gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain-Containing Protein 2a (MFSD2A) Has Roles in Body Growth, Motor Function, and Lipid Metabolism (2012)

The metabolic adaptations to fasting in the liver are largely controlled by the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), where PPARα upregulates genes encoding the biochemical pathway for β-oxidation of fatty acids and ketogenesis. As part of an effort to identify and characterize nutritionally regulated genes that play physiological roles in the adaptation to fasting, we identified Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (Mfsd2a) as a fasting-induced gene regulated by both PPARα and glucagon signaling in the liver. MFSD2A is a cell-surface protein homologous to bacterial sodium-melibiose transporters. Hepatic expression and turnover of MFSD2A is acutely regulated by fasting/refeeding, but expression in the brain is constitutive. Relative to wildtype mice, gene-targeted Mfsd2a knockout mice are smaller, leaner, and have decreased serum, liver and brown adipose triglycerides. Mfsd2a knockout mice have normal liver lipid metabolism but increased whole body energy expenditure, likely due to increased β-oxidation in brown adipose tissue and significantly increased voluntary movement, but surprisingly exhibited a form of ataxia. Together, these results indicate that MFSD2A is a nutritionally regulated gene that plays myriad roles in body growth and development, motor function, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, these data suggest that the ligand(s) that are transported by MFSD2A play important roles in these physiological processes and await future identification.
EfeUOB (YcdNOB) is a tripartite, acid‐induced and CpxAR‐regulated, low‐pH Fe<sup>2+</sup> transporter that is cryptic in <i>Escherichia coli</i> K‐12 but functional in <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 (2007)

Escherichia coli possesses iron transporters specific for either Fe2+ or Fe3+. Although Fe2+ is far more soluble than Fe3+, it rapidly oxidizes aerobically at pH > or = 7. Thus, FeoAB, the major Fe2+ transporter of E. coli, operates anaerobically. However, Fe2+ remains stable aerobically under acidic conditions, although a low-pH Fe2+ importer has not been previously identified. Here we show that ycdNOB (efeUOB) specifies the first such transporter. efeUOB is repressed at high pH by CpxAR, and is Fe2+-Fur repressed. EfeU is homologous to the high-affinity iron permease, Ftr1p, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. EfeO is periplasmic with a cupredoxin N-terminal domain; EfeB is also periplasmic and is haem peroxidase-like. All three Efe proteins are required for Efe function. The efeU gene of E. coli K-12 is cryptic due to a frameshift mutation - repair of the single-base-pair deletion generates a functional EfeUOB system. In contrast, the efeUOB operon of the enterohaemorrhagic strain, O157:H7, lacks any frameshift and is functional. A 'wild-type' K-12 strain bearing a functional EfeUOB displays a major growth advantage under aerobic, low-pH, low-iron conditions when a competing metal is provided. 55Fe transport assays confirm the ferrous iron specificity of EfeUOB.
Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on serum pepsinogen I, gastrin, and insulin in duodenal ulcer patients: a 12-month follow-up study. (1994)

We conclude that H. pylori is the leading and direct cause of higher serum concentration of pepsinogen I and gastrin in duodenal ulcer patients.
Rectified motion of a mercury drop in an asymmetric structure (1996)

We describe a macroscopic experimental realization of force-free motion. Our system is a mercury drop, in a capillary of asymmetric roughness, subjected to an oscillatory force of zero average value. The force is of electrocapillary nature and the shape of the potential the drop is subjected to reflects the capillary roughness. In certain ranges of frequencies and intensities of the applied external force, the motion of the drop is rectified. On time scales much larger than the period of the applied force, this motion is uniform. The average velocity of the drop as a function of the frequency and intensity of the external field. These results compare qualitatively well with recent theoretical predictions. In particular, at a given frequency, there is an optimum value of the applied external force for which the average velocity is maximum.
The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in commercially prepared plasma products. (1976)

Commercially available lots of plasma derivatives prepared between 1957 and 1975 were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay. In all, 69 per cent of lots of plasma protein fraction, 40 per cent of factor IX concentrate, 20 per cent of normal serum albumin, 13 per cent of antihemophilic factor, 3 per cent of fibrinogen, and 0.7 per cent of immune serum globulin lots tested were HBsAg-positive. There was great variation in the prevalence of HBsAg-positive lots of each product among the different manufacturers, reflecting not only differences in methods of processing plasma, but also differences in donor populations. Those manufacturers relying upon volunteer donor plasma or placental source material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg-positive lots of final products than those relying upon commercial donor plasma. There was a marked decrease in the prevalence of positive lots during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine plasma donor screening for HBsAg. However, current requirements for plasma screening have not resulted in totally HBsAg-free plasma products. Use of more sensitive and more reliable tests for HBsAg will probably reduce contamination of plasma pools with HBsAg to undetectable levels. Despite HBsAg-status, however, the "high-risk" plasma products (fibrinogen, antihemophilic factor, factor IX concentrate) must still be considered capable of transmitting hepatitis and used only with the strictest indications.
Curcumin, a medicinal herbal compound capable of inducing the heat shock response (2001)

Curcumin, a widely used medicinal compound, induces the heat shock response in vitro as measured by expression of heat shock protein 70. The mechanism of heat shock protein 70 induction depends on activation of heat shock factor-1. Examining known inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB for their ability to induce heat shock protein 70 may be a valid screening method to discover novel pharmacologic inducers of the heat shock response.
Selective Withdrawal Through A Point Sink And Pycnocline Formation In A Linearly Stratified Flow (1984)

Experiments were carried out on selective withdrawal through a point sink in the endwall of a rectangular tank containing a linearly stratified fluid. The results indicate that the withdrawal layer half thickness d may be expressed as d/(Q/N)1/3 = 1.02 (standard error .02), where Q is discharge through the point sink in the endwall and N is the buoyancy frequency of the fluid. This result is restricted to the inertial regime for which Q/νL>l, where ν is kinematic viscosity and L the tank length. An attempt to account for asymmetry in the withdrawal layer and in the evolving background density profile did not significantly reduce experimental scatter. The development of a sharp pycnocline in the initially linear stratification can be predicted using a kinematic approach. A solution is presented of the equations of conservation of mass and volume for an incompressible, nondiffusive fluid, using steady-state empirical relations between d, Q, N, and the velocity field in lieu of the momentum equations. Predictions based on this solution are compared with experimental results, with generally good agreement.
A Study of the Instantaneous Air Velocities in a Plane behind the Wings of Certain Diptera Flying in a Wind Tunnel (1970)

ABSTRACT The variations in several kinematic parameters of Calliphora erythrocephala were studied on flies flying in a wind tunnel. Variation was equally pronounced at both the and bottom of the wingstroke. The wakes of Calliphora erythrocephala and Phormia regina flying in moving air exhibited extremely low turbulence, while considerable turbulence indicative of stall was present in the wakes of flies flying in still air. The air velocities recorded as functions of time in the wakes of both Phormia and Calliphora are consistent with most lift being produced in the downstroke, with the first part of the upstroke also contributing to the production of lift.
Optimization issues in automated production of printed circuit boards: operations sequencing, feeder configuration and load balancing problems (2002)

In electronics industry, the widely used automatic placement machines insert or amount electronic components, supplied from sequential or random access feeders, to predefined locations on printed circuit boards. The sequencing of placement operations, the assignment of component types to feeder cells and load balancing in these machines directly influence productivity. In this research, such sequencing, assignment and balancing problems, arising under various machine architectures, are modeled based on a decomposition leading to travelling salesman, rural postman, assignment, quadratic assignment and/or line balancing problems. For each machine architecture a specific heuristic solution procedure, involving iterative deployment and solution of two or more of these problems is suggested. Results are presented for some test problems. An implementation in a production facility is also discussed.
Adjuvant and Herbicide Concentration in Spray Droplets Influence Phytotoxicity<sup>1</sup> (2002)

Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effects of adjuvant and herbicide concentrations on imazamox, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and ICIA 0604 phytotoxicity, independent of spray retention. Equal amounts of herbicide were applied to oat in a single 0.5-μl drop or four 0.5-μl drops. Changes in adjuvant concentration influenced herbicide phytotoxicity more with application in one concentrated drop rather than in four dilute drops. Overall, herbicide phytotoxicity was greater when low adjuvant concentrations were applied in four dilute drops compared with a single concentrated drop. But when the same total amount of adjuvant was applied in one or four drops, herbicide phytotoxicity in a single drop was generally equal to or greater than in four drops. These results suggest that high herbicide phytotoxicity with high herbicide and adjuvant concentrations in low spray volumes in the field was primarily because of increased herbicide absorption rather than spray retention.Nomenclature: ICIA 0604 (proposed common name, tralkoxydim), 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)cyclohex-2-enone; imazamox; imazethapyr; nicosulfuron; oat, Avena sativa L.Additional index words: Absorption, spray coverage, spray volume.Abbreviations: MVO, methylated vegetable oil; NIS, nonionic surfactant.
The Causes of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease* (1989)

RESEARCH on the cause of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has in the past focused on potentially unique and specific abnormalities that could provide a unitary explanation for these illnesses [Graves' disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and primary thyroid failure]. Evolving knowledge of the human immune system and results of studies on thyroid autoimmunity have suggested to us for many years (1) that the cause of autoimmunity is instead multifactorial. We believe that some level of self-reactivity is a normal—indeed, necessary—aspect of immune function. The development of autoimmune disease involves genetic and environmental influences that amplify normal self-reactivity and which evolve over a lifetime. The course is not always unidirectional, since activation of autoregulatory responses can apparently reverse it. In this article we first provide an abbreviated summary of immune function and then review contemporary research on autoimmunity as related to the thyroid gland, including studies that begin to explain immune responses in molecular terms. Last, we offer a construction of AITD as a multifactorial process evolving through recognizable stages over years and attempt to integrate the experimental findings into this scheme.
Monoclonal antibodies to reovirus sigma 1 and mu 1 proteins inhibit chromium release from mouse L cells (1996)

Reovirus intermediate subviral particles (ISVPs) but not intact virions or cores have been shown to possess the capacity to permeabilize mouse L cells as determined by a 51Cr release assay. We used monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against proteins exposed on the ISVP surface (sigma 1, mu 1, and lambda 2) to probe the role(s) of these proteins in membrane interaction and penetration. One sigma 1-specific MAb (MAb-G5) and two mu 1-specific MAbs (MAb-10H2 and MAb-8H6) inhibited reovirus-induced 51Cr release when added pre- or post-ISVP attachment to L cells. MAb-G5 inhibits 51Cr release by interfering with ISVP attachment (via sigma 1) to L-cell receptor sites. The mu 1-specific MAbs (MAb-10H2 and MAb-8H6) inhibit 51Cr release by interfering with an undefined post-L-cell-attachment event that involves bivalent binding of the mu 1-specific MAbs to an epitope located in a central region of the mu 1 protein.
Lasers: invention to application. Final report (1987)

Contents include: The laser--still young at 25; Lasers in modern industries; Lasers in communications and information processing; Lasers in medicine; Lasers in science; Interactions between the science and technology of lasers; Glossary.
Scavenger Receptor C-type Lectin Binds to the Leukocyte Cell Surface Glycan Lewisx by a Novel Mechanism (2007)

The scavenger receptor C-type lectin (SRCL) is unique in the family of class A scavenger receptors, because in addition to binding sites for oxidized lipoproteins it also contains a C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) that interacts with specific glycans. Both human and mouse SRCL are highly specific for the Lewis(x) trisaccharide, which is commonly found on the surfaces of leukocytes and some tumor cells. Structural analysis of the CRD of mouse SRCL in complex with Lewis(x) and mutagenesis show the basis for this specificity. The interaction between mouse SRCL and Lewis(x) is analogous to the way that selectins and DC-SIGN bind to related fucosylated glycans, but the mechanism of the interaction is novel, because it is based on a primary galactose-binding site similar to the binding site in the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Crystals of the human receptor lacking bound calcium ions reveal an alternative conformation in which a glycan ligand would be released during receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes (2019)

The incomplete identification of structural variants (SVs) from whole-genome sequencing data limits studies of human genetic diversity and disease association. Here, we apply a suite of long-read, short-read, strand-specific sequencing technologies, optical mapping, and variant discovery algorithms to comprehensively analyze three trios to define the full spectrum of human genetic variation in a haplotype-resolved manner. We identify 818,054 indel variants (<50 bp) and 27,622 SVs (≥50 bp) per genome. We also discover 156 inversions per genome and 58 of the inversions intersect with the critical regions of recurrent microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. Taken together, our SV callsets represent a three to sevenfold increase in SV detection compared to most standard high-throughput sequencing studies, including those from the 1000 Genomes Project. The methods and the dataset presented serve as a gold standard for the scientific community allowing us to make recommendations for maximizing structural variation sensitivity for future genome sequencing studies.
Affordable HIV diagnosis and monitoring for scaling up ARV treatment programmes (2005)

Laboratory monitoring of HIV / AIDS represents a significant challenge to any Third-World country where the total cost of 
disease monitoring may in fact exceed their annual health budget. Many obstacles are noted in the provision of affordable and 
accessible laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV / AIDS in a resource-poor setting. These include lack of or poor 
laboratory infrastructure, absence of technical skills, and more specifically absent or poor laboratory management skills. 
Reagent costs are generally high and large capital outlay for sophisticated equipment is required. Facilitating informed 
decision-making for implementation of the appropriate technology is therefore essential. The wide array of technologies 
available for CD4 and viral load monitoring, in particular, pose significant dilemmas for laboratories initiating such 
programmes. Potential laboratory sites are flooded with information and literature and seldom have the infrastructure or funds 
to complete validations of optional methodologies before implementation. The objectives of this session were to introduce participants to technologies available for monitoring of HIV with particular 
reference to resource-poor settings and to highlight particular technologies currently in the research and development phase 
that may have relevance in future implementation strategies. The panel comprised a team of local researchers in the field 
(Professors Stevens, Glencross and Sherman, Ms Rekhviashvili and Ms Wallis) with an international perspective on the field of 
HIV viral load monitoring provided by Dr Susan Fiscus, a virologist representing the University of North Carolina and the Forum 
for Collaborative HIV Research in Washington, DC. Dr Terry Marshall, responsible for the laboratory component of the South 
African National ARV Rollout Programme, presented the progress of this implementation to date.
Human Recombinant Activin-A Inhibits Proliferation of Human Fetal Adrenal Cells<i>In Vitro</i>* (1990)

Activins and inhibins are dimeric peptides which are structurally and functionally related to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). The mRNA for the activin and inhibin subunits is expressed in the adrenal gland. Because members of the TGF-beta superfamily have effects on mitogenesis, we examined the effect of recombinant human activin-A (rh-activin-A) on proliferation of midgestation human fetal adrenal cells in vitro. Dose-dependent growth inhibition by rh-activin-A was obtained, with an ED50 of 1 ng/ml. Rh-activin-A inhibited basal and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated fetal zone cell proliferation, but did not alter basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated growth. TGF-beta combined with rh-activin-A demonstrated additive inhibition of fetal adrenal growth. These findings suggest a potential autocrine or paracrine role for activin-A in modulating the growth and/or subsequent involution of the human fetal adrenal gland.
Silver nanoparticles‐modified films versus biomedical device‐associated infections (2010)

A serious issue related to biomedical devices (BDs) is that of bacterial infections. BDs colonized by bacteria may cause infection or mortality. To prevent such infections, an effective strategy is to develop novel BDs with antibacterial abilities via various surface modification processes. Thus, plenty of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)-modified films were brought forward to because of their potential applications in improving the antibacterial properties of BDs. This article reviews the difficulties in diagnosing and treating biomedical device-associated infections as well as the state of arts in fabricating the Ag NPs-modified films for antibacterial applications. In addition, the nanoeffect of silver particles and the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs are also discussed. It is clear that safe and durable Ag NPs-modified films are more desirable for the BDs prone to bacteria. To further extend the investigations on controlling the toxicity path of Ag NPs to both bacteria and mammalian cells, developing novel green fabrication processes with more 'cleaner' (without accompaniment of ligands or reduction agents) Ag NPs should be the first mission for the material scientists to complete.
Breakdown voltage in LDMOS transistors using internal field rings (1991)

The optimization of the floating-ring parameters and the breakdown voltage of a lateral DMOS (LDMOS) transistor using a single floating ring is presented. A first-order analytical approach is presented, showing the upper limit of the position of the ring, with respect to the channel, and the doping concentration within the ring to increase the breakdown voltage. A 2D numerical calculation of the breakdown voltage and on-resistance of the LDMOS transistor is also presented. The results, which support the analytical approach, allow the use of simple design rules for the implementation of high-voltage LDMOS transistors on a thick epitaxial layer. It is shown that improvements of breakdown voltage is obtained if the distance between the channel and the field ring is equal to the field plate length and the doping concentration in the ring satisfies a specific relationship. With a single ring, the breakdown voltage increases from 170 to 280 V for the same device area and to over 480 V if the area is allowed to increase by 25%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power (2008)

We analyze the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers considering thermal, non-linear, damage and pump coupling limits as well as fiber mode field diameter (MFD) restrictions. We derive new general relationships based upon practical considerations. Our analysis shows that if the fiber's MFD could be increased arbitrarily, 36 kW of power could be obtained with diffraction-limited quality from a fiber laser or amplifier. This power limit is determined by thermal and non-linear limits that combine to prevent further power scaling, irrespective of increases in mode size. However, limits to the scaling of the MFD may restrict fiber lasers to lower output powers.
Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Chromatographic Science (1989)

The unique properties of supercritical fluids have prompted their use for a variety of applications in the field of analytical chemistry. Perhaps the most widely cited use of these compressed fluids has been in the field of chromatography, either as mobile phase eluents or as extraction solvents. This study examines the various modes in which supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be employed by the chromatographer. Extraction, solubilization, and fractionation conditions are predicted by the application of well-known solution thermodynamic principles. Experimental results are reported for the removal of lipid phases from natural products and the coextraction of pesticide moieties. Finally, a method of predicting the required mobile phase pressures for solubilizing and fractionating oligomeric mixtures in supercritical fluid chromatography is compared with literature data.
Power Distribution Systems for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Venues (2008)

This paper describes the standards and guidelines on which the distribution systems of the Olympic venues are based. According to the importance and demand of the electricity load of the venues,a multi-power source distribution system is adopted,in which the loads are grouped,the multi-power sources are independent from each other and provide electricity to respective loads,and the temporary electricity demands are met by connecting to and switching between the multi-power sources. This method reduceds the impact of supply failures and rationally allocates the facilities to meet the electricity demand during and after the Olympic Games.