gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>PIK3CA</i> Mutations and Copy Number Gains in Human Lung Cancers (2008)

We investigated the frequency and function of mutations and increased copy number of the PIK3CA gene in lung cancers. PIK3CA mutations are one of the most common gene changes present in human cancers. We analyzed the mutational status of exons 9 and 20 and gene copy number of PIK3CA using 86 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, 43 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, 3 extrapulmonary small cell cancer (ExPuSC) cell lines, and 691 resected NSCLC tumors and studied the relationship between PIK3CA alterations and mutational status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway genes (EGFR, KRAS, HER2, and BRAF). We also determined PIK3CA expression and activity and correlated the findings with effects on cell growth. We identified mutations in 4.7% of NSCLC cell lines and 1.6% of tumors of all major histologic types. Mutations in cell lines of small cell origin were limited to two ExPuSC cell lines. PIK3CA copy number gains were more frequent in squamous cell carcinoma (33.1%) than in adenocarcinoma (6.2%) or SCLC lines (4.7%). Mutational status of PIK3CA was not mutually exclusive to EGFR or KRAS. PIK3CA alterations were associated with increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and phosphorylated Akt expression. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of PIK3CA inhibited colony formation of cell lines with PIK3CA mutations or gains but was not effective in PIK3CA wild-type cells. PIK3CA mutations or gains are present in a subset of lung cancers and are of functional importance.
Planar Chiral Cyclic Ether:  Asymmetric Resolution and Chirality Transformation (2005)

Remarkably stable planar chirality was found in a nine-membered diallylic cyclic ether. Enantiomerically enriched ether was prepared by a kinetic resolution of a racemic one, which is valuable as a novel type of chiral building block.
Enhancing GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor α1 Subunit Levels in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Inhibits Epilepsy Development in an Animal Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (2006)

Differential expression of GABA(A) receptor (GABR) subunits has been demonstrated in hippocampus from patients and animals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but whether these changes are important for epileptogenesis remains unknown. Previous studies in the adult rat pilocarpine model of TLE found reduced expression of GABR alpha1 subunits and increased expression of alpha4 subunits in dentate gyrus (DG) of epileptic rats compared with controls. To investigate whether this altered subunit expression is a critical determinant of spontaneous seizure development, we used adeno-associated virus type 2 containing the alpha4 subunit gene (GABRA4) promoter to drive transgene expression in DG after status epilepticus (SE). This novel use of a condition-dependent promoter upregulated after SE successfully increased expression of GABR alpha1 subunit mRNA and protein in DG at 1-2 weeks after SE. Enhanced alpha1 expression in DG resulted in a threefold increase in mean seizure-free time after SE and a 60% decrease in the number of rats developing epilepsy (recurrent spontaneous seizures) in the first 4 weeks after SE. These findings provide the first direct evidence that altering GABR subunit expression can affect the development of epilepsy and suggest that alpha1 subunit levels are important determinants of inhibitory function in hippocampus.
The Universal Modular Platform (1995)

Abstract A new and patented design for offshore wellhead platforms has been developed to meet a ‘fast track’ requirement for increased offshore production, from field locations not yet identified. The new design uses modular construction to allow for radical changes in the water depth of the final location and assembly line efficiency in fabrication. By utilizing high strength steels and structural support from the well conductors the new design accomidates all planned production requirements on a support structure significantly lighter and less expensive than the conventional design it replaces. Twenty two platforms based on the new design were ready for installation within 18 months of the project start. Installation of the new platforms began in 1992 for drilling support and 1993 for production support. The new design has become the Company standard for all future production platforms. Large savings in construction costs have been realized through its light weight, flexibility in both positioning and water depth, and its modular construction.
Locoregional therapy of the primary tumour in de novo stage IV breast cancer in 216 066 patients: A meta-analysis (2020)

Patients presenting with de novo stage IV metastatic breast cancer have a complex disease which is normally treated with palliative intent and systemic therapy. However, there is mounting evidence that resection of the primary tumour and/or localised radiotherapy (locoregional therapy; LRT) could be associated with overall survival improvements. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to inform decision making. Using the PubMed, Cochrane and Ovid SP databases, a literature review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effect of LRT on overall survival. Studies were analysed for the impact of LRT on survival. All forms of LRT resulted in a significant 31.8% reduction in mortality (N = 42; HR = 0.6823 (95% CI 0.6365; 0.7314)). Surgical resection resulted in a significant 36.2% reduction in mortality (N = 37; HR = 0.6379 (95% CI 0.5974; 0.6811)). The prospective trials reported a 19.23% reduction in mortality which was not statistically significant (N = 3, HR = 0.8077 (95% CI 0.5704; 1.1438). 216 066 patients were included. This is the largest meta-analysis regarding this question to date. Our meta-analysis shows that LRT of the primary tumour seems to improve overall survival in de novo stage IV disease. Therefore, this therapeutic option should be considered in selected patients after a careful multidisciplinary discussion.
Implementation and experimental set-up of a Modular Multilevel Converter in a Multi Terminal DC/AC transmission network (2016)

In this paper the realization of a Multi Terminal DC pilot is presented. For the interaction with the medium voltage AC grid, a Modular Multilevel Converter has been designed for its features in low harmonic content, scalability, and flexibility. The Energy buffering of the converter will allow the converter to sustain either AC or DC grids. The operation of the converter is simulated together with the first experimental results of the implementation.
Quantum Key Distribution with Higher-Order Alphabets Using Spatially Encoded Qudits (2006)

We present a proof of principle demonstration of a quantum key distribution scheme in higher-order -dimensional alphabets using spatial degrees of freedom of photons. Our implementation allows for the transmission of 4.56 bits per sifted photon, while providing improved security: an intercept-resend attack on all photons would induce an average error rate of 0.47. Using our system, it should be possible to send more than a byte of information per sifted photon.
A new Viterbi Decoder design for code rate K/N (2002)

A novel VLSI architecture is proposed for implementing a long constraint length Viterbi Decoder (VD) for code rate k/n. This architecture is based on the encoding structure where k input bits are shifted into k shift registers in each cycle. The architecture is designed in a hierarchical manner by breaking the system into several levels and designing each level independently. At each level, the number of computation units, the interconnection between the units as well as allocation and scheduling issues have been determined. In-place storage of accumulated path metrics and trace back implementation of the survivor memory have also been addressed. The resulting architecture is regular, flexible and achieves a better than linear tradeoff between hardware complexity and computation time.
Biology of the Hair Follicle: The Basics (2006)

The mammalian hair follicle represents a unique, highly regenerative neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction system that contains numerous stem cells. It is the only organ in the mammalian organism that undergoes life-long cycles of rapid growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and resting periods (telogen). These transformations are controlled by changes in the local signaling milieu, based on changes in expression/activity of a constantly growing number of cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and their cognate receptors as well as of transcription factors and enzymes that have become recognized as key mediators of hair follicle cycling. Transplantation experiments have shown that the driving force of cycling, the "hair cycle clock," is located in the hair follicle itself. However, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms that drive this oscillator system remain unclear. These controls of hair follicle cycling are of great clinical interest because hair loss or unwanted hair growth largely reflect undesired changes in hair follicle cycling. To develop therapeutic agents for the management of these hair cycle abnormalities, it is critical to decipher and pharmacologically target the key molecular controls that underlie the enigmatic "hair cycle clock."
Effects of molecular oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and antioxidants upon in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (1990)

The effects of various concentrations of dithiothreitol, molecular oxygen, and several antioxidants upon the in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum were studied. The optimal dithiothreitol concentration was between 0.65 and 1.62 mM, and the optimum oxygen concentration was 3.0% +/- 0.5% in both the presence and absence of additional antioxidants. It was discovered that the reduced sulfhydryl concentration and the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium were stabilized after 5 days. The water-soluble antioxidants cobalt chloride, cocarboxylase, mannitol, and histidine were individually tested for their ability to increase treponemal growth in vitro. The optimum concentrations for these antioxidants were 21 nM, 4.3 nM, 0.55 mM, and 0.23 mM, respectively. When combined at these concentrations, the mixture of antioxidants stimulated the in vitro replication of T. pallidum. The number of treponemes in cultures with the antioxidants averaged a 59-fold increase, compared with a 43-fold increase in cultures lacking the antioxidants. It was further demonstrated that histidine and mannitol were the most critical components of this mixture. Catalase and superoxide dismutase were investigated for their ability to promote the growth and maintain viability of T. pallidum in tissue culture. The optimum concentrations for these enzymes were 10,000 U/liter and 25,000 U/liter, respectively. When these enzymes and the above antioxidants were combined and added to a chemically reduced modified Eagle medium, the treponemes increased an average of 70-fold, compared with an average of 35-fold in cultures lacking them. Furthermore, this medium, T. pallidum culture medium, supported the replication of T. pallidum at oxygen concentrations from 5 to 7% with little loss in yield or viability. The lipid-soluble antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E acetate were also shown to enhance the in vitro growth of T. pallidum in this medium.
Polymer additives: II. Chemical and aesthetic property modifiers (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymer additives: II. Chemical and aesthetic property modifiersMalcolm P. Stevens Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 7, 535Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 July 1993Published inissue 1 July 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ed070p535Request reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Volume Mesh Generation and Finite Element Analysis of Trabecular Bone Magnetic Resonance Images (2007)

In order to help the assessment of trabecular bone diseases and complement Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in diagnosis process, it is needed an accurate mechanical characterization of trabecular bone structure to estimate the risk of fracture and evaluate micro-architecture deterioration. As Finite Element modeling has become a well-established method for analysis of complex structures, an algorithm has been developed to build a Finite Element mesh from three-dimensional reconstruction information in voxels. Generated mesh is loaded in a Finite Element analysis software in order to simulate micro-architecture mechanical behavior under compression conditions. Most part of related researches have been based on ex vivo micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) scans. This study uses three-dimensional trabecular bone reconstructions from high resolution Magnetic Resonance images acquired in vivo.
[Experience of surgical treatment for cervical esophageal carcinoma]. (2008)

For patients with early stage cervical esophageal carcinoma and with proximal end of residual normal esophagus longer than 2 cm, the optimal therapy should be surgery. For most of the patients, surgery combined with neoadjuvant radiotherapy is the ideal therapeutic strategy, which can lower the risk of positive revised margin, improve the possibility of preserving the laryngeal function and result in the improvement of 5-year survival rate. Esophagectomy without thoracotomy should be preferred. Combined organ resection or bilateral lymph node dissection should be chosen carefully because these operating procedures may lead to severe injury and function lose.
An Alternative Arithmetic Approach to the Water Jugs Problem (2014)

The Water Jug problem is a famous problem in Artificial Intelligence, Problem solving, Recreational, Computer Programming and Psychology. The solution of the problem mainly based on heuristic approach or some search methods such as Breadth First Search (BFS) or Depth First Search (DFS) or Diophantine approach. In BFS, we will be certainly reaching the goal but time taken to reach the goal will be too much. In the same manner in DFS also time taken to reach the goal is not predictable. In contrast to this, in the Diophantine approach (m x + n y =d) normally we will be assuming the value of x and y, so it takes time to find the solution. In this paper, a new arithmetic approach, Extended Euclidean approach which is used to solve the problem, it is simple and suitable for manual calculation or programming language implementation. Analysis of the solution involves various steps and some illustrative examples are provided. General Terms General terms are Arithmetic approach, BFS Algorithms, DFS Algorithms, Diophantine approach.
Nfil3 is crucial for development of innate lymphoid cells and host protection against intestinal pathogens (2014)

The bZIP transcription factor Nfil3 (also known as E4BP4) is required for the development of natural killer (NK) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). We find that Nfil3 plays a critical role in the development of other mucosal tissue-associated innate lymphocytes. Type 3 ILCs (ILC3s), including lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like cells, are severely diminished in both numbers and function in Nfil3-deficient mice. Using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that Nfil3 is critical for normal development of gut-associated ILC3s in a cell-intrinsic manner. Furthermore, Nfil3 deficiency severely compromises intestinal innate immune defense against acute bacterial infection with Citrobacter rodentium and Clostridium difficile. Nfil3 deficiency resulted in a loss of the recently identified ILC precursor, yet conditional ablation of Nfil3 in the NKp46(+) ILC3 subset did not perturb ILC3 numbers, suggesting that Nfil3 is required early during ILC3 development but not for lineage maintenance. Lastly, a marked defect in type 2 ILCs (ILC2s) was also observed in the lungs and visceral adipose tissue of Nfil3-deficient mice, revealing a general requirement for Nfil3 in the development of all ILC lineages.
Structural TEM study of nonpolar<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:math>-plane gallium nitride grown on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">¯</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace width="0.3em"/><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mi>H</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-SiC by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (2005)

Conventional and high-resolution electron microscopy have been applied for studying lattice defects in nonpolar $a$-plane GaN grown on a $4H$-SiC substrate with an AlN buffer layer. Samples in plan-view and cross-sectional configurations have been investigated. Basal and prismatic stacking faults together with Frank and Shockley partial dislocations were found to be the main defects in the GaN layers. High-resolution electron microscopy in combination with image simulation supported Drum's model for the prismatic stacking faults. The density of basal stacking faults was measured to be $\ensuremath{\sim}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The densities of partial dislocations terminating ${I}_{1}$ and ${I}_{2}$ types of intrinsic basal stacking faults were $\ensuremath{\sim}4.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, respectively. The energy of the ${I}_{2}$ stacking fault in GaN was estimated to be $(40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{erg}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ based on the separation of Shockley partial dislocations.
Vidatox 30 CH has tumor activating effect in hepatocellular carcinoma (2017)

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term used to describe many kinds of products, practices, and systems that are not part of conventional medicine. Cancer patients usually do everything they can to combat the disease, manage its symptoms, and cope with the side effects of treatment. Unfortunately, patients who use CAM underestimate the risk of interaction with cancer therapy or worse they omit conventional therapy thus reducing the possibility of cancer remission. Herein we analyzed the effects of Vidatox 30 CH (venom extracted from the Junceus Rhopalurus scorpion) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. We found out that Vidatox increases HCC proliferation and invasion whereas it does not seem to interact with sorafenib, the orally active multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results suggest that the concentration of Vidatox used in the present study has not anti-neoplastic effects and care must be taken in hiring Vidatox in patients with HCC.
Multimedia traffic management principles for guaranteed ATM network performance (1990)

A framework is presented for the specification of performance requirements, and several high-level design principles for performance-driven ATM traffic controls based on resource reservation are developed. Simulation results illustrate that to guarantee performance levels, bursty traffic should be statistically multiplexed only if connection peak rates are low relative to the network link speed or burst durations are short. A pragmatic traffic management approach that favors simplicity and robustness in the traffic control design rather than optimizing bandwidth efficiency is stressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
FASCAPLYSIN as a Specific Inhibitor for CDK4: Insights from Molecular Modelling (2012)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a key role in the cell cycle and are important anti-cancer drug targets. The natural product fascaplysin inhibits CDK4 with surprising selectivity (IC(50) = 0.4 µM) compared to the close homolog CDK2 (IC(50) = 500 µM). Free energy calculations of the positively charged fascaplysin and an uncharged iso-electronic derivative in the CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitor complexes indicate that the positive charge of fascaplysin is crucial for selectivity. This finding will guide further improvements in the design of fascaplysin-based selective inhibitors for CDK4.
Superphosphoric Acid by Absorption of Phosphorus Pentoxide Vapor (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSuperphosphoric Acid by Absorption of Phosphorus Pentoxide VaporJ. H. Walthall and M. M. Striplin Jr.Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1941, 33, 8, 995–1000Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50380a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50380a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
In Vitro Diffusion of DYE Through the End-Plates and the Annulus Fibrosus of Human Lumbar Inter-Vertebral Discs (1970)

(1970). In Vitro Diffusion of DYE Through the End-Plates and the Annulus Fibrosus of Human Lumbar Inter-Vertebral Discs. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 589-607.