gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crystal δ‐endotoxins of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>: Models for their mechanism of action on the insect gut (1993)

Abstract The crystal δ‐endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) are a family of insecticidal proteins which have been known for some time to kill insects by lysing their gut epithelial cells, but the precise molecular mechanism of toxicity has remained elusive. The recent publication of the crystal structure of a Bt δ‐endotoxin has made it possible for us to model the molecular events that occur as the toxin binds to its receptor and inserts into the membrane to form a pore. Using our knowledge of insect gut physiology, we can also predict the effect on the insect of the formation of a toxic pore. We present a new model to explain the events that occur in the insect gut during toxin action.
The Saint and the schoolmaster, or Jbala Warlord and Rifian reformer revisited: conflicting views of Islam in a confrontation and power clash in colonial Northern Morocco, 1924–25 (2001)

(2001). The Saint and the schoolmaster, or Jbala Warlord and Rifian reformer revisited: conflicting views of Islam in a confrontation and power clash in colonial Northern Morocco, 1924–25. The Journal of North African Studies: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 29-60.
Dónde están los neocons (2006)

Relative EVT was broadly similar between joint angles, likely because neuromuscular activation during both explosive and plateau (maximum) phases of contraction changed proportionally, and due to the opposing changes in twitch and octet evoked responses with joint angle.
Flexures for large stroke electrostatic actuation in MEMS (2013)

The stroke of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) stage suspended by a flexure mechanism and actuated by electrostatic comb-drives is limited by pull-in. A method to analyze the electrostatic stability of a flexure mechanism and to optimize the stroke with respect to the footprint of flexure mechanisms is presented. Four flexure mechanisms for large stroke are investigated; the standard folded flexure, the slaved folded flexure, the tilted folded flexure and the Watt flexure. Given a certain stroke and load force, the flexures are optimized to have a minimum wafer footprint. From these optimizations it is concluded that the standard folded flexure mechanism is the best flexure mechanism for relatively small strokes (up to 40 m) and for larger strokes it is better to use the tilted folded flexure. Several optimized flexure mechanisms have been fabricated and experimentally tested to reach a stroke of 100 m. The displacement of the fabricated stages as a function of the actuation voltage could be predicted with 82% accuracy, limited by the fairly large tolerances of our fabrication process.
Hepatocyte cell lines: their use, scope and limitations in drug metabolism studies (2006)

Gaining knowledge on the metabolism of a drug, the enzymes involved and its inhibition or induction potential is a necessary step in pharmaceutical development of new compounds. Primary human hepatocytes are considered a cellular model of reference, as they express the majority of drug-metabolising enzymes, respond to enzyme inducers and are capable of generating in vitro a metabolic profile similar to what is found in vivo. However, hepatocytes show phenotypic instability and have a restricted accessibility. Different alternatives have been explored in the past recent years to overcome the limitations of primary hepatocytes. These include immortalisation of adult or fetal human hepatic cells by means of transforming tumour virus genes, oncogenes, conditionally immortalised hepatocytes, and cell fusion. New strategies are currently being used to upregulate the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes in cell lines or to derive hepatocytes from progenitor cells. This paper reviews the features of liver-derived cell lines, their suitability for drug metabolism studies as well as the state-of-the-art of the strategies pursued in order to generate metabolically competent hepatic cell lines.
Graft transmission of post‐transcriptional gene silencing: target specificity for RNA degradation is transmissible between silenced and non‐silenced plants, but not between silenced plants (2000)

Using the grafting procedure, we examined the transmission of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana which had been transformed with the coat protein gene, including the 3' non-translated region of the sweet potato feathery mottle potyvirus. Transmission of PTGS from silenced lines to non-silenced ones was bidirectional, but occurred efficiently from root stocks to scions. The level of transgene methylation in non-silenced scions grafted onto silenced root stocks was not increased. When grafted scions which had become silenced were removed from silenced root stocks and regrafted onto non-silenced or vector-transformed root stocks, PTGS was maintained. However, their progeny did not show PTGS. Previously we reported that our transgenic lines had different target specificities of PTGS for RNA degradation: one line recognized only the 3' part of the transgene mRNA while others involved the whole transgene mRNA (Sonoda et al. 1999, Phytopathology, 89, 385-391). Using these lines, we showed that target specificity of PTGS induced in non-silenced scions after grafting was determined by that in silenced root stocks. However, unexpectedly, target specificity of PTGS induced in silenced scions was not changed [corrected] by grafting onto silenced root stocks showing different target specificity, indicating that the second PTGS from silenced root stocks was not superimposed to silenced scions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Phosphinic Acid and Its Salts with Diphenylacylphosphinic Acid and Its Methyl Ester. (1989)

Abstract Diphenylacylphosphinic acid (Ia) and its methyl ester (Ib) react with ammonium phosphinate (II) to give the azaphosphorinanes (III).
SmartLOCUS: An autonomous, self-assembling sensor network for indoor asset and systems management (2005)

Indoor localization technology is a prerequisite to location aware services within building infrastructures. For large buildings, or frequently remodeled indoor spaces, a scalable, easily deployed localization system is required to avoid recurring costs of installation. Current localization systems require extensive manual intervention during installation. Additionally, localization computations are centralized, rendering them inflexible and not easily scalable. In this report, we describe a localization system formed by a wireless location aware network that is self-assembling. The nodes compute their locations autonomously in the face of topology changes and the localization algorithm is distributed enabling new nodes to localize themselves. These features make the system easy to deploy and scalable. We also suggest how this system can be used in commercial applications such as asset tracking.
The Gut Microbiota and Healthy Aging: A Mini-Review (2018)

The gut microbiota shows a wide inter-individual variation, but its within-individual variation is relatively stable over time. A functional core microbiome, provided by abundant bacterial taxa, seems to be common to various human hosts regardless of their gender, geographic location, and age. With advancing chronological age, the gut microbiota becomes more diverse and variable. However, when measures of biological age are used with adjustment for chronological age, overall richness decreases, while a certain group of bacteria associated with frailty increases. This highlights the importance of considering biological or functional measures of aging. Studies using model organisms indicate that age-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to unhealthy aging and reduced longevity. The gut microbiome depends on the host nutrient signaling pathways for its beneficial effects on host health and lifespan, and gut dysbiosis disrupting the interdependence may diminish the beneficial effects or even have reverse effects. Gut dysbiosis can trigger the innate immune response and chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to many age-related degenerative pathologies and unhealthy aging. The gut microbiota communicates with the host through various biomolecules, nutrient signaling-independent pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms. Disturbance of these communications by age-related gut dysbiosis can affect the host health and lifespan. This may explain the impact of the gut microbiome on health and aging.
Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. (2000)

We evaluated the field use of two serologic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the direct agglutination test (DAT) and rK39 dipstick test, in the context of a case-control study. Most VL cases in Nepal are currently diagnosed on clinical grounds and with relatively non-specific tests such as the formol-gel test. Among 14 newly diagnosed VL patients with bone-marrow slides confirmed positive in two independent laboratories, the sensitivity of both tests was 100%. Among 113 controls with no personal or household history of VL, the specificity of the rK39 was 100% while that of the DAT was 93%. The rK39 was less expensive than DAT, and has the advantages of ease of use and obtaining results within minutes. The wider use of the rK39 dipstick test could improve the specificity of VL diagnosis in Nepal.
폐광산 인근 지역에서 생산되는 농산물의 중금속 오염도 평가 (2020)

본 연구에서는 대구·경북지역 36개 폐광산 인근지역에서 생산되는 25개 농산물 1,059건에 대하여 카드뮴, 납, 비소 오염도 조사와 더불어 위험평가를 실시하였다. 정량한계는 카드뮴 0.59 μg/kg, 납 0.42 μg/kg, 총비소 0.55 μg/kg, 무기비소 화학종에서는 arsenite [(As(Ⅲ)) 1.74 μg/kg], arsenate [(As(Ⅴ)) 2.25 μg/kg]이었으며, 직선성은 모두 0.9995 이상으로 나타났고, 무기비소의 함량은 arsenite (As(Ⅲ))와 arsenate (As(Ⅴ))의 합으로 하였다. 평균 회수율은 카드뮴 96.3-97.7%, 납 95.8-98.2%, 총비소 96.1-98.0%, arsenite 94.8%, arsenate 115.4% 이었고, C.V.% (Coefficient of Varidation)는 모두 5% 미만으로 나타났다. 농산물의 중금속 평균 함량은 도라지 0.244±0.164 mg/kg, 대파 0.145±0.133 mg/kg, 참깨 0.124±0.136 mg/kg, 고사리 0.109±0.070 mg/kg, 취나물 0.103±0.093 mg/kg, 마늘 0.071±0.063 mg/kg의 순으로 카드뮴의 오염도가 높았고, 납은 참깨 0.040±0.085 mg/kg, 도라지 0.039±0.056 mg/kg, 고구마 0.034±0.058 mg/kg, 들깻잎 0.034±0.016 mg/kg, 호박 0.032±0.065 mg/kg, 매실 0.028±0.012 mg/kg의 순으로 높은 오염도를 보였다. 무기비소는 쌀에 한하여 조사되었는데 평균 0.082±0.035 mg/kg의 오염도를 보였다. 카드뮴의 경우 쌀 1.19×10-1 μg/kg b.w./day (14.37% of PTMI), 대파 2.77×10-2 μg/kg b.w./day (3.34% of PTMI), 감자 2.08×10-2 μg/kg b.w./day (2.51% of PTMI), 사과 1.39×10-2 μg/kg b.w./day (1.67% of PTMI), 양파 1.13×10-2 μg/kg b.w./day (1.37% of PTMI)의 순이었고, 납의 경우 사과 1.29×10-2 μg/kg b.w./day (2.05% of PTWI), 고구마 7.49×10-3 μg/kg b.w./day (1.19% of PTWI), 쌀 7.15×10-3 μg/kg b.w./day (1.14% of PTWI), 호박 5.01×10-3 μg/kg b.w./day (0.79% of PTWI), 양파 4.80×10-3 μg/kg b.w./day (0.76% of PTWI)의 순으로 납 노출량이 높았다. 본 연구의 조사대상 25개 품목 농산물을 모두 일시에 섭취한다고 가정하였을 경우, 카드뮴은 PTMI 대비 28.21%, 납은 PTWI 대비 7.94%, 무기비소는 쌀 단일품목에 한해 PTWI 대비 15.16%의 위해도를 보임으로써, 본 연구에서 진행하였던 중금속에 대한 인체 위해정도는 우려할 수준이 아닌 것으로 확인되었다.
Overview of oversampling clock and data recovery circuits (2006)

Phase-locked loop (PLL) based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuits use a 2x-oversampling (2XO) of the incoming non-return to zero (NRZ) data stream to recover the data. As an extension of the idea, 3x-oversampling (3XO) CDR circuits provide improved performance in the presence of total asymmetric jitter. This paper presents an overview of the oversampling CDR circuits with an emphasis on digital architectures. These include, but are not limited to, the 3XO jitter-tolerant variable-interval 3XO architecture, the 3XO eye-tracking architecture, and the blind oversampling architecture. We propose a modified architecture that utilizes multiple rotating phases to improve the performance of the 3XO eye-tracking architecture
Scientific computing using virtual high-performance computing (2008)

High-performance computing systems are important in scientific computing. Clusters of computer systems --- which range greatly in size --- are a common architecture for high-performance computing. Small, dedicated clusters are affordable and cost-effective, but may not be powerful enough for real applications. Larger dedicated systems are expensive in absolute terms and may be inefficient because many individual groups may not be able to provide sustained workload for the cluster. Shared systems are cost-effective, but then availability and access become a problem.
Drowned carbonate platforms in the Huon Gulf, Papua New Guinea (2004)

The western Huon Gulf, Papua New Guinea, is an actively subsiding foreland basin dominated by drowned carbonate platforms. We investigated these platforms using new high‐resolution multibeam, side‐scan sonar and seismic data, combined with submersible observations and previously published radiometric and sedimentary facies data. The data reveal 14 distinct drowned carbonate platforms and numerous pinnacles/banks that increase in age (∼20–450 kyr) and depth (0.1–2.5 km) NE toward the Ramu‐Markham Trench. Superimposed on this overall downward flexing of the platforms toward the trench is a systematic tilting of the deep platforms 15 m/km toward the NW and the shallow platforms 2 m/km toward the SE. This may reflect the encroaching thrust load from the NW (Finisterre Range) and spatial variations in the flexural rigidity of the underlying basement. The drowned platforms form a complex system of promontories and reentrants, with abundant pinnacles and banks preserved at similar depths seaward of the main platforms. This configuration closely mimics the present‐day Huon coastline and its seaward islands fringed by modern coral reefs. The platforms retain structural, morphologic, and sedimentary facies evidence of primary platform growth, drowning, and subsequent backstepping, despite some lateral erosion of the platform margins (<100 m slope defacement) by mass wasting. Both platforms and pinnacles are composite features containing multiple terrace levels and notches, corresponding to multiple phases of growth, emergence, and drowning in response to rapid climatic and sea level changes during the evolution of each structure. On the basis of all observational and numerical modeling data, we propose a chronology for the initiation, growth, and drowning of the 14 platforms. Over shorter timescales (≤100 kyr) the rate and amplitude of eustatic sea level changes are critical in controlling initiation, growth, drowning or subaerial exposure, subsequent reinitiation, and final drowning of the platforms. However, continued tectonic subsidence and basement substrate morphology influence the overall backstepping geometry and subsequent tilting of the platforms over longer timescales (≥100–500 kyr).
Detection and identification of probable endemic fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, and worldwide pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, by real-time PCR (2011)

A real-time PCR method for detection and identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii was developed and evaluated using DNA from single-colony or koala nasal smears. Two TaqMan minor groove binder probes that distinguished between these species were designed corresponding to the internal sequences of the CAP59 gene for both species. The real-time PCR assay had 100% specificity, as assessed using 13 reference strains and 300 environmental strains. Twelve smear samples from healthy koalas were analyzed by direct real-time PCR. This method successfully detected C. gattii and C. neoformans in one and three koalas, respectively.
Across-the-road photo traffic radars: new calibration techniques (2004)

We discuss simulator units for calibrating across-the-road Doppler traffic radar transceivers used in enforcement of highway speed limits. Two units of very similar design were developed, one operating at K-band (24 GHz) and the other at Ka-band (35 GHz). The signal received from the radar transmitter is frequency-modulated at rates that correspond to the expected Doppler shift for approaching and receding vehicles travelling at speeds of 25 to 200 km/h. The modulated signal is subsequently retransmitted back to the radar receiver, which demodulates it and then displays the simulated speed. The required calibration accuracy is 1.6 km/h at 90 km/h.
Human Capital versus Signaling Models: University Access and High School Dropouts (2001)

Under the educational sorting hypothesis, an environment in which some individuals are constrained from entering university will be characterized by increased pooling at the high school graduation level, as compared to an environment with greater university access. This results because some potential high school dropouts and university enrollees choose the high school graduate designation in order to take advantage of high‐ability individuals who are constrained from entering university. This is in stark contrast to human capital theory, which predicts higher university enrollment but identical high school dropout rates in regions with greater university access. I test the contradictory high school dropout predictions of the human capital and signaling models using NLSYM and NLSYW education data from the late 1960s and early 1970s. I find that labor markets that contain universities have higher high school dropout rates. This result is consistent with a signaling model and inconsistent with a pure human capital model.
The Feasibility and Reliability of Using a Home Screening Test to Detect Gingival Inflammation (1995)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of using a home screening occult blood test to detect the presence of gingival inflammation. Fifty (50) healthy male and female subjects participated in this study. Pre- and post-stimulation saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood. Subjects brushed for one minute to stimulate gingival bleeding associated with inflammation. Saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood using a commercial screening kit. Following the screening test, a bleeding index (BOP) was determined and used as an indicator of gingival inflammation. Those with a BOP > 50% were assigned to the high group. Those with a BOP of 31 to 50% were assigned to the middle group, and those with a BOP of < or = 30% were assigned to the low group. Twelve subjects in the high group, 10 subjects in the mid group, and 2 subjects in the low group tested positive for occult blood following stimulation. A chi-square analysis showed an association between the screening test for occult blood and the groups (P = 0.0001). The test sensitivity was 75.9% and the specificity was 90.5%.
Deflection in the 20AX SYSTEM (1974)

A description is given of the main electron-optical, electrical, and mechanical features of the deflection yoke that provides automatic convergence in the 20AX system. Sectionally wound saddle coils are used, and the shells in which they are mounted incorporate reference pieces to minimize assembly tolerances. An easy to operate assembly of multi-pole magnet rings provides for static convergence, color purity, and raster symmetry adjustment.
Zebrafish myelopoiesis and blood cell development (2001)

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) animal model offers a unique opportunity to discover novel genes required for the control of normal vertebrate myeloid cell development. It is well suited for both developmental and genetic analyses: eg, genome-wide chemical mutagenesis screens have led to the identification of specific new genes affecting vertebrate erythropoiesis. Mutants defective in one or more hematopoietic functions will be useful as models of human disease and will assist in the elucidation of lineage-specific developmental programs. By using a combination of forward genetic mutagenesis screens and emerging strategies based on transgenic and antisense knockdown approaches, it should be possible to dissect the genetic programs that lead to myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic syndromes and to acute myeloid leukemia.
Ubiquitination of Histone H2B by Rad6 Is Required for Efficient Dot1-mediated Methylation of Histone H3 Lysine 79 (2002)

Dot1 is a non-SET domain protein that methylates histone H3 at lysine 79, a surface-exposed residue that lies within the globular domain. In the context of a nucleosome, H3 lysine 79 is located in close proximity with lysine 123 of histone H2B, a major site for ubiquitination by Rad6. Here we show that Rad6-mediated ubiquitination of H2B lysine 123 is important for efficient methylation of lysine 79, but not lysine 36, of histone H3. In contrast, lysine 79 methylation of H3 is not required for ubiquitination of H2B. Our study provides a new example of trans-histone regulation between modifications on different histones. In addition, it suggests that Rad6 affects telomeric silencing, at least in part, by influencing methylation of histone H3.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sugar-Bearing Chitosan Derivatives:  Aqueous Solubility and Biodegradability (2003)

The extended use of chitosan in biomedical fields has been limited by its insoluble nature in a biological solution. To endow the water solubility in a broad range of pH, chitosan derivatives were prepared by the covalent attachment of a hydrophilic sugar moiety, gluconic acid, through the formation of an amide bond. These sugar-bearing chitosans (SBCs) were further modified by the N-acetylation in an alcoholic aqueous solution. Thereafter, the effect of the gluconyl group and the degree of N-acetylation (DA) on the water solubility at different pHs and on the biodegradability of chitosan were investigated. The SBCs showed the water solubility in a broader range of pH than chitosan, whereas they were still insoluble at neutral and alkali pH. The N-acetylation of SBCs significantly affected the water solubility, for example, the SBCs with the DA, ranging from 29% to 63%, were soluble in the whole range of pH. This might result from the improved hydrophilicity by the gluconyl group, accompanied by the role of the N-acetyl group that disturbed the hydrogen bonding between amino groups of chitosan. From the biodegradation tests, determined by the decrease in the viscosity of a polymer solution exposed to lysozyme, it was evident that the gluconyl group attached to chitosan improved the biodegradability. Thus, it was possible to control the biodegradability of chitosan by adjusting the amounts of gluconyl and N-acetyl groups in the chitosan backbone. The N-acetylated SBCs, soluble in the broad range of pH, might be useful for various biomedical applications.
<title>Role of mitochondrial photodamage in PDT-induced apoptosis</title> (1998)

PDT with sensitizers that target mitochondria for photodamage induces a rapid apoptotic response in murine leukemia cells. Immediately after irradiation, we observed loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential ((Delta) (Psi) <SUB>m</SUB>), and transfer of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol. Within 3 min, there was a marked increase in caspase-3 activity, but not of caspases 1,4,5,6 or 8. While phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue on an 85 kDa protein was a prominent consequence of PDT, this was inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporin, a drug which enhanced the apoptotic response to PDT. Tyrosine phosphorylation may therefore not be a requisite for PDT-induced apoptosis. These results are consistent with a mechanism whereby mitochondrial photodamage, leading to the release of cytochrome c (and perhaps other factors), can directly trigger caspase activation and apoptosis. We have previously reported that the apoptotic response to PDT was delayed when both mitochondria and the plasma membrane were targeted for photodamage. We found that the membrane photodamage resulted in inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase activity. This enzyme is one source of ceramide biosynthesis, suggesting that ceramide formation via sphingomyelinase activity enhances the apoptotic response to PDT.