gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced numbers of IL‐7 receptor (CD127) expressing immune cells and IL‐7‐signaling defects in peripheral blood from patients with breast cancer (2007)

Interleukin-7-receptor-signaling plays a pivotal role in T-cell development and maintenance of T-cell memory. We studied IL-7Ralpha (CD127) expression in PBMCs obtained from patients with breast cancer and examined IL-7 receptor-mediated downstream effects defined by STAT5 phosphorylation (p-STAT5). Reduced numbers of IL-7Ralpha-positive cells were identified in CD4+ T-cells as well as in a CD8+ T-cell subset defined by CD8alpha/alpha homodimer expression in patients with breast cancer. PBMCs obtained from healthy donors (n = 19) and from patients with breast cancer (n = 19) exhibited constitutive p-STAT5 expression in the range of 0-6.4% in CD4+ T-cells and 0-4% in CD8+ T-cells. Stimulation with recombinant human IL-7 for 15 min increased p-STAT5 expression up to 36-97% in CD4+T-cells and to 26-90% in CD8+T-cells obtained from healthy control donors (n = 19). In contrast, PBMCs obtained from 13/19 patients with breast cancer did not respond to IL-7 as defined by STAT5 phosphorylation, despite expression of IL-7Ralpha on T-lymphocytes. T-cells were further characterized for IL- 2 and IFN-gamma production induced by PMA/Ionomycin. PBMCs from 9/19 patients with breast cancer showed decreased IL-2 and IFN-gamma production combined with IL-7-signaling defects; PBMCs from 4 patients with breast cancer exhibited deficient IL-7-signaling, yet intact cytokine production. Reduced numbers of IL-7Ralpha-positive cells and nonresponsiveness to IL-7, defined by lack of STAT5 phosphorylation, characterizes the immunological profile in T-cells from patients with breast cancer.
<title>Ultrasound imaging using diffraction tomography in a cylindrical geometry</title> (2002)

Tomographic images of tissue phantoms and a sample of breast tissue have been produced from an acoustic synthetic array system for frequencies near 500 kHz. The images for sound speed and attenuation show millimeter resolution and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution tomographic images with frequencies that can deeply penetrate tissue. The image reconstruction method is based on the Born approximation to acoustic scattering and is a simplified version of a method previously used by Andre (Andre, et. al., Int. J. Imaging Systems and Technology, Vol 8, No. 1, 1997) for a circular acoustic array system. The images have comparable resolution to conventional ultrasound images at much higher frequencies (3-5 MHz) but with lower speckle noise. This shows the potential of low frequency, deeply penetrating, ultrasound for high-resolution quantitative imaging.
Activity of the cytosolic isozyme of thymidine kinase in human primary lung tumors with reference to malignancy. (1988)

Activity increase of the cytosolic isozyme of thymidine kinase (TK) in resected specimens of lung tumor patients would be a useful marker for tumor malignancy and prognosis. In 24 resected cases of malignant lung tumors, the whole enzyme extracts of the tumorous part of the specimens showed that the activities of TK, thymidylate synthetase, and ribonucleotide reductase increased at an average of 469 (P less than 0.001), 208 (not significant), and 193% (P less than 0.02) of the corresponding enzymes in the tumor-uninvolved lung parts, respectively. Two TK isozymes, cytosolic and mitochondrial TKs, were separated better by means of p-aminophenyl 3'-TMP:CH-Sepharose gel affinity column chromatography for precise quantitation of the activity than by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. These separated isozymes from the tumorous part of the specimens were characteristically very similar to the isozymes of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of the xenograft (CPX-101) of human lung tumor transplanted in athymic nude mice, respectively. The cytosolic isozyme activity isolated by this method from the tumorous part was remarkably higher and more varied than that of the tumor-uninvolved part, while that of the mitochondrial isozyme was lower and less agitated. The tumor doubling time showed a good inverse correlation to the activity of the cytosolic isozyme of TK when compared logarithmically (r = -0.798, P less than 0.01). Poorly differentiated tumors exhibited significantly higher activities of the TK cytosolic isozyme than did well-to-moderately differentiated tumors (766.0 +/- 379.1 and 308.1 +/- 119.5 pmol/mg of protein/h, mean +/- SE, respectively), a phenomenon also seen in the activities of the tumors with versus without recurrences within 12 mo after resection (803.6 +/- 278.7 and 124.1 +/- 42.1 pmol/mg of protein/h, respectively). The levels of these relationships using the cytosolic TK activity provided a clearer indication of prognosis and the state of the malignancy than those using the whole extract TK activity.
Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) (2007)

Citrus canker and huanglongbing (HLB, or citrus greening) are two serious diseases that affect crops around the world, but have not yet infected California groves. Find out how to keep these diseases out of the state.
A Novel Estimation-Based Backoff Algorithm in the IEEE 802.11 Based Wireless Network (2010)

This paper proposes a new backoff algorithm to enhance both the delay and the throughput of the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in the IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks. The proposed algorithm, which is named as the Estimation-based Backoff Algorithm (EBA), observes the number of the idle slots during the backoff period in order to estimate the number of active nodes in the network. Especially, when the number of nodes or the amount of traffic dramatically varies, the proposed algorithm determines a more appropriate contention window based on the estimation algorithm. This paper evaluates the performance of the proposed EBA by using simulation, and it compares the EBA's performance with other backoff algorithms such as the binary exponential back-off (BEB), the exponential increase exponential decrease (EIED), the exponential increase linear decrease (EILD), the pause count backoff (PCB) and the history based adaptive backoff (HBAB). The simulation results show that the EBA outperforms the other backoff algorithms because it has better adaptability to the network load variation. By comparing the performance of the EBA to that of the BEB, which is defined in the IEEE 802.11, the EBA increases the network throughput by around 25%, and it decreases the mean packet delay by about 50% when the number of nodes is 70.
Mammographic Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk Factors Among Women Having Elective Screening (1993)

We assessed the association between Wolfe mammographic patterns and breast cancer risk factors among 239 women who attended the Breast Evaluation Unit screening program of the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, from November 1984 through April 1986. Evaluation consisted of a breast cancer risk assessment based on a questionnaire concerning commonly accepted breast cancer risk factors, along with a physical breast examination and mammogram. Increased age, weight, and parity were associated with a low-risk pattern; late age at first birth, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive use were associated with a high-risk pattern. Our findings support those of previous studies, except for those concerning use of oral contraceptives. Further exploration is needed to ascertain whether the association of oral contraceptive use with high-risk patterns indicates a pathway through which estrogens may increase the risk of breast cancer.
Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in large scale field trials (2000)

Preliminary results indicate 94% efficacy against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by serotypes included in the vaccine in fully or partially vaccinated children. Preliminary evidence from large scale field trials indicates that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are effective in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease as well as acute otitis media and pneumonia in children and represents a significant advance in the prevention of childhood infectious diseases.
Correction: Choroid Sprouting Assay: An Ex Vivo Model of Microvascular Angiogenesis (2013)

Angiogenesis of the microvasculature is central to the etiology of many diseases including proliferative retinopathy, agerelated macular degeneration and cancer. A mouse model of microvascular angiogenesis would be very valuable and enable access to a wide range of genetically manipulated tissues that closely approximate small blood vessel growth in vivo. Vascular endothelial cells cultured in vitro are widely used, however, isolating pure vascular murine endothelial cells is technically challenging. A microvascular mouse explant model that is robust, quantitative and can be reproduced without difficulty would overcome these limitations. Here we characterized and optimized for reproducibility an organotypic microvascular angiogenesis mouse and rat model from the choroid, a microvascular bed in the posterior of eye. The choroidal tissues from C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac mice and Sprague Dawley rats were isolated and incubated in Matrigel. Vascular sprouting was comparable between choroid samples obtained from different animals of the same genetic background. The sprouting area, normalized to controls, was highly reproducible between independent experiments. We developed a semi-automated macro in ImageJ software to allow for more efficient quantification of sprouting area. Isolated choroid explants responded to manipulation of the external environment while maintaining the local interactions of endothelial cells with neighboring cells, including pericytes and macrophages as evidenced by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. This reproducible ex vivo angiogenesis assay can be used to evaluate angiogenic potential of pharmacologic compounds on microvessels and can take advantage of genetically manipulated mouse tissue for microvascular disease research.
Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Progress Toward Safe Clinical Products (2011)

Adult stem cell therapies have provided success for more than 50 years, through reconstitution of the hematopoietic system using bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and mobilized peripheral blood transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated therapy is a fast-growing field that has proven safe and effective in the treatment of various degenerative diseases and tissue injuries. Since the first derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), there has been impressive progress toward developing safe clinical applications from PSCs. Recent successes in transgene-free iPSC reprogramming have brought attention to the potential of clinical applications of these pluripotent cells, but key hurdles must be overcome, which are discussed in this review. Looking to the future, it could be advantageous to derive MSC from iPSC or human ESC in cases where genetic engineering is needed, since in the PSCs, clones with "safe harbor" vector integration could be selected, expanded, and differentiated. Here, we describe the status of the progress of the use of MSC and PSCs in clinical trials and analyze the challenges that should be overcome before iPSC-derived MSC therapy can be used widely in the clinic.
High-birefringent and high-gain erbium-doped polarization-maintaining fiber. (1994)

An erbium-doped polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber has been manufactured. The core is codoped with Ge and Al and a gain of 36 dB is achieved. The fiber design utilizes the combined effects of an elliptical stress-inducing cladding and an elliptical core to achieve a high birefringence of 3.1 X 10-4 and a polarization crosstalk below -37 dB for a 10 m length. To optimize the birefringence, a model of the distribution of thermal stress in an elliptical-cladding fiber has been developed, which yields an accurate expression for the birefringence. The additional geometrical birefringence due to the elliptical shape of the core can be superimposed on this result. Measurements of birefringence versus wavelength confirm the predictions of the model. The erbium-doped polarization-maintaining fiber has been tested in an all-PM fiber ring laser having highly linearly polarized output.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Performance and functionality in overlay networks (2005)

Overlay networks create virtual topologies on top of the existing networking infrastructure and come as a middle layer between end-user applications and the basic network services. The main reasons of using an intermediate level of communication are the new service functionality and the improved performance offered by application specific protocols that can be deployed in overlay networks. This thesis explores the benefits offered by overlay networks and introduces new mechanisms that improve performance and offer additional functionality to networking applications. 
Multicast services are rarely used today, mainly due to scalability and security concerns. An overlay architecture addresses these issues by moving the service management and deployment above the network infrastructure. We present an architecture for transparent overlay multicast and an optimal distributed flow control for reliable multicast in overlay networks that scales with the number of participants and groups. 
Even though capacity grows exponentially over time, latency is difficult to improve. We present an overlay approach that can substantially decrease the number of delayed packets in wide area reliable communication and increase the delivery ratio of best effort communication, leading to improved performance in time-sensitive applications such as Voice over IP.
Nonlinear tire lateral force versus slip angle curve identification (2004)

Vehicle steering dynamics depends on the tire lateral characteristics. In particular, the relationship between the tire lateral force and the slip angle is a crucial element in the analysis and design of vehicle lateral dynamics and controls. This relationship is generally obtained through laboratory tests, but the laboratory test procedures have two major limitations: (I) the simulated road surface may not represent certain real road conditions; (II) the test environment may not sufficiently mimic the tire characteristics under realistic operating conditions, such as large tire-vehicle interactions under emergency conditions or the changes of suspension and/or steering geometry. It is advantageous to develop an identification approach for tire lateral characteristics using a minimum set of on-board vehicle sensors when the tires are operated in a real configuration and environment. An ideal identification procedure should be insensitive to noise and predict the vehicle lateral behavior accurately. A pointwise updating approach with a Kalman filter using a nonlinear vehicle model is designed to address this problem. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated using tires with and without snow chains.
Twice-exceptionality in the classroom (2012)

Who are twice-exceptional students, what are their needs and how does a teacher best facilitate their learning in the primary classroom? The purpose of this paper is to identify issues surrounding twice-exceptionality and explore how classroom teachers can overcome some of these educational issues. Three foci are addressed: teacher attitudes toward twice-exceptional students, issues surrounding misdiagnosis and the importance of curriculum differentiation for learners. Teachers need a comprehensive understanding of the condition, equipped with a positive attitude and ample curriculum differentiation options tailored to individual strengths and weaknesses. Quality support for students in their primary years will result in individual success in future schooling and work life. With enough attention, adequate support and an education tailored to their needs, they can not only succeed, but excel in life.
High-speed fluorescence imaging system for freely moving animals (2009)

An image sensor to be used in a miniature microscope system for recording brain activity over a wide cortical area (4-9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) is presented. The image sensor is a 32 times 32 pixel array fabricated in bulk CMOS process. Each pixel has a 74 mum times 34 mum photodiode. The SNR performance of the image sensor is comparable to current state-of-the-art voltage-sensitive dye imaging sensors. The power consumption and weight of the proposed microscope is much lower than other voltage-sensitive dye imaging systems and can be used on awake and freely moving animals.
TA 8.3 A 110dB THD, 18mW DAC Using Output Sampling and Feedback to Reduce Distortion (2015)

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with-110dB total harmonic distortion (THD) is required to generate signals for linearity tests of data acquisition channels and sensors. Low power and a minimal number of external components are important to the application. A 256kHz noise shaped bit stream is provided with a maximum signal frequency of 100Hz. The out-of-band quantiza-tion noise has to be attenuated to less than-50dB. A topology that minimized the number of critical circuit blocks in the DAC is preferable to minimize the design tasks and risks. Figure 8.3.1a illustrates a common 1b DAC architecture. One bit input data is converted in a switched-capacitor DAC and filter for good jitter tolerance. This is followed by a continuous time filter for further removal of quantization noise and high-frequency signal images. A buffer may be required to drive a low impedance load at the analog output. All components shown in this arrange-
G88-886 Growing Sprouts (1988)

Ways to grow different sprouts are discussed in this NebGuide. Sprouts are tasty and delicious, and growing them is a simple process, although it does require a few minutes of your time each day to get quality sprouts. They can be grown year-round, and provide an opportunity for simple gardening projects for limited spaces and for children. Seeds often used for sprouting include mung bean, soybean, lentil and alfalfa. When purchasing seeds for sprouting, be sure to get seeds that have not been treated with a fungicide, insecticide or any other material. This type of seed is available at health food stores and many supermarkets.
INDOLPhos: novel hybrid phosphine-phosphoramidite ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation and hydroformylation (2007)

Hybrid bidentate phosphine-phosphoramidite ligands are prepared in a modular 2-step sequence and their rhodium complexes display high selectivity in rhodium catalysed hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions.
Influence of hemodynamic forces on vascular endothelial function. In vitro studies of shear stress and pinocytosis in bovine aortic cells. (1984)

The relationships between fluid shear stress, a physiologically relevant mechanical force in the circulatory system, and pinocytosis (fluid-phase endocytosis) were investigated in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells using a specially designed apparatus. Continuous exposure to steady shear stresses (1-15 dyn/cm2) in laminar flow stimulated time- and amplitude-dependent increases in pinocytotic rate which returned to control levels after several hours. After 48 h continuous exposure to steady shear stress, removal to static conditions also resulted in a transient increase in pinocytotic rate, suggesting that temporal fluctuations in shear stress may influence endothelial cell function. Endothelial pinocytotic rates remained constant during exposure to rapidly oscillating shear stress at near physiological frequency (1 Hz) in laminar flow. In contrast, however, a sustained elevation of pinocytotic rate occurred when cells were subjected to fluctuations in shear stress amplitude (3-13 dyn/cm2) of longer cycle time (15 min), suggesting that changes in blood flow of slower periodicity may influence pinocytotic vesicle formation. As determined by [3H]thymidine autoradiography, neither steady nor oscillating shear stress stimulated the proliferation of confluent endothelial cells. These observations indicate that: (a) alterations in fluid shear stress can significantly influence the rate of formation of pinocytotic vesicles in vascular endothelial cells, (b) this process is force- and time-dependent and shows accommodation, (c) certain patterns of fluctuation in shear stress result in sustained elevation of pinocytotic rate, and (d) shear stresses can modulate endothelial pinocytosis independent of growth stimulation. These findings are relevant to (i) transendothelial transport and the metabolism of macromolecules in normal endothelium and (ii) the role of hemodynamic factors in the localization of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo.
Extracting Material Information from the CT Numbers by Artificial Neural Networks for Use in the Monte Carlo Simulations of Different Tissue Types in Brachytherapy (2013)

Background: The artificial neural networks (ANNs) are useful in solving nonlinear processes, without the need for mathematical models of the parameters. Since the relationship between the CT numbers and material compositions is not linear, ANN can be used for obtaining tissue density and composition. Objective: The aim of this study is to utilize ANN for determination of the composition and mass density of different tissues to be used in Monte Carlo simulation in treatment planning of brachytherapy. Methods: The ANN were used for mass density calibration. The density and composition of several human body tissues, along with their corresponding CT numbers are used as the training samples. Finally, when the ANN is trained, the neural network would give us the material information, i.e. mass density, electron density, and material composition, by entering the CT numbers of different tissues into the network as its input. The tissue compositions and densities predicted by the ANN for each CT number were compared with the real values of such parameters. The tissue parameters predicted by the ANN were used as the phantom materials for obtaining the dose at different distances from Pd-103 and Cs-137 brachytherapy sources. Finally, the doses at different distances of the real phantoms were compared with doses inside the phantoms predicted by Neural Network. Results: According to the results of these studies, the Neural Network algorithm used in this investigation can be used for accurate prediction of the material compositions of different tissues. For example, it can give the mass densities of bone, muscle, and water with the percentage differences of 0.52%, -0.95%, and 0% respectively. Comparison of the dose distribution inside the water phantom predicted by ANN and the real water phantom shows a percentage difference of less than 0.66% and 2% for Cs-137 and Pd-103, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Artificial Neural Networks are applicable in determination of tissue density and material compositions from the CT images data, and the material compositions and density of the phantoms (bone, muscle, and water) obtained by this method can be used for material definition in Monte Carlo simulations.