gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pricing randomized allocations (2010)

Randomized mechanisms, which map a set of bids to a probability distribution over outcomes rather than a single outcome, are an important but ill-understood area of computational mechanism design. We investigate the role of randomized outcomes (henceforth, lotteries) in the context of a fundamental and archetypical multi-parameter mechanism design problem: selling heterogeneous items to unit-demand bidders. To what extent can a seller improve her revenue by pricing lotteries rather than items, and does this modification of the problem affect its computational tractability? Our results show that the answers to these questions hinge on whether consumers can purchase only one lottery (the buy-one model) or purchase any set of lotteries and receive an independent sample from each (the buy-many model). In the buy-one model, there is a polynomial-time algorithm to compute the revenue-maximizing envy-free prices (thus overcoming the inapproximability of the corresponding item pricing problem) and the revenue of the optimal lottery system can exceed the revenue of the optimal item pricing by an unbounded factor as long as the number of item types is at least 4. In the buy-many model with n item types, the profit achieved by lottery pricing can exceed item pricing by a factor of Θ(log n) but not more, and optimal lottery pricing cannot be approximated within a factor of O(ne) for some e > 0, unless NP ⊆ ∩δ>0 BPTIME(2O(nδ)). Our lower bounds rely on a mixture of geometric and algebraic techniques, whereas the upper bounds use a novel rounding scheme to transform a mechanism with randomized outcomes into one with deterministic outcomes while losing only a bounded amount of revenue.
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition (2015)

Deeper neural networks are more difficult to train. We present a residual learning framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used previously. We explicitly reformulate the layers as learning residual functions with reference to the layer inputs, instead of learning unreferenced functions. We provide comprehensive empirical evidence showing that these residual networks are easier to optimize, and can gain accuracy from considerably increased depth. On the ImageNet dataset we evaluate residual nets with a depth of up to 152 layers---8x deeper than VGG nets but still having lower complexity. An ensemble of these residual nets achieves 3.57% error on the ImageNet test set. This result won the 1st place on the ILSVRC 2015 classification task. We also present analysis on CIFAR-10 with 100 and 1000 layers. The depth of representations is of central importance for many visual recognition tasks. Solely due to our extremely deep representations, we obtain a 28% relative improvement on the COCO object detection dataset. Deep residual nets are foundations of our submissions to ILSVRC & COCO 2015 competitions, where we also won the 1st places on the tasks of ImageNet detection, ImageNet localization, COCO detection, and COCO segmentation.
PPAR control: it's SIRTainly as easy as PGC (2009)

This review describes recent advances in our knowledge of the regulatory interactions influencing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-regulated genes. We address recent advances highlighting the role of PPARgamma (PPARG) coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and lipin-1 in co-ordinating the expression of genes controlling nutrient handling. We evaluate the possibility that SIRT1 lies at the heart of a regulatory loop involving PPARalpha, PGC-1alpha (PPARA, PPARGC1A as given in the HUGO Database), and lipin-1 (LPIN1 as listed in the HUGO Database) that ultimately controls the metabolic response to varying nutrient and physiological signals via a common mechanism mediated by post-translation modifications (deacetylation) of both PPARalpha and PGC-1s. Finally, we comment on the potential of pharmaceutical manipulation of these targets as well as the possible problems associated with this strategy.
Two-dimensional blood flow vector and wall shear stress of carotid artery obtained with dual-angle Doppler method (2016)

Biomechanical assessment of atherosclerosis has been mainly studied by tissue characterization and elasticity measurement of arterial wall in biomedical ultrasound. On the other hand, fluid shear stress on the artery is also known as an important factor to change vascular endothelium properties leading to atherosclerosis. Ultrasound is a suitable imaging modality to measure blood flow with high temporal resolution. However, conventional Doppler method merely measures the velocity component along the ultrasonic beam. In the present study, two-dimensional blood flow vectors in carotid artery are measured by dual-angle Doppler measurement and validation of the method is performed in comparison with particle image velocimetry. Further, wall shear stress is calculated by flow distribution in the carotid artery. The study contributes to understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in a non-invasive manner.
The structure of cacalone (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe structure of cacaloneFrancisco Yuste, Eduardo Diaz, Fernando Walls, and Krzysztof JankowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 26, 4103–4106Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00888a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00888a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The dependence of crude papain yields on different collection (‘tapping’) procedures for papaya latex (1980)

Abstract The yields of fresh papaya latex, dry latex (crude papain) and proteolytic activity were studied with respect to fruit age (1.5–3 months); sex of the tree (those which produce fruit: female and hermaphrodite); time (5:30 a.m.‐2:00 p.m.) of latex collection; pattern and frequency of fruit incisions. The yields from 250 randomly selected trees (750 fruits) were investigated under these different conditions. Yields of fresh latex are frequently unreliable guides to yields of proteolytic activity. In contrast to the literature recommendations, the yields of crude papain from female and hermaphrodite trees and during different periods of the day were similar. The proteolytic activity differs significantly with time of collection only with hermaphrodite trees. The proteolytic activity of hermaphrodite crude papain is usually less than that from females (under some conditions only 60% of that from females). Yields of crude papain were higher in older fruits (2.5–3 months) from both sexes. The proteolytic activity of the crude papain was highest in the younger fruits (1.5–2 months) from female trees (30% higher than from older fruits); these activity differences with age were not significant with hermaphrodite trees. No significant differences in crude papain yields were encountered using three or six incisions per fruit at weekly intervals. The optimum procedure is to tap 2.5–3‐month‐old fruit of both sexes with three incisions between dawn and the start of rains in early afternoon, at about 4‐day intervals.
Volumetric HIFU ablation under 3D guidance of rapid MRI thermometry (2009)

A volumetric sonication method is proposed that produces volume ablations by steering the focal point along a predetermined trajectory consisting of multiple concentric outward-moving circles. This method was tested in vivo on pig thigh muscle (32 ablations in nine animals). Trajectory diameters were 4, 12, and 16 mm with sonication duration depending on the trajectory size and ranging from 20 to 73 s. Despite the larger trajectories requiring more energy to reach necrosis within the desired volume, the ablated volume per unit applied energy increased with trajectory size, indicating improved treatment efficiency for larger trajectories. The higher amounts of energy required for the larger trajectories also increased the risk of off-focus heating, especially along the beam axis in the near field. To avoid related adverse effects, rapid volumetric multiplane MR thermometry was introduced for simultaneous monitoring of the temperature and thermal dose evolution along the beam axis and in the near field, as well as in the target region with a total coverage of six slices acquired every 3 s. An excellent correlation was observed between the thermal dose and both the nonperfused (R=0.929 for the diameter and R=0.964 for the length) and oedematous (R=0.913 for the diameter and R=0.939 for the length) volumes as seen in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted difference images and T2-weighted postsonication images, respectively. Histology confirmed the presence of a homogeneous necrosis inside the heated volumes. These results show that volumetric high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) sonication allows for efficiently creating large thermal lesions while reducing treatment duration and also that the rapid multiplane MR thermometry improves the safety of the therapeutic procedure by monitoring temperature evolution both inside as well as outside the targeted volume.
Partitioning Graph Databases - A Quantitative Evaluation (2013)

Electronic data is growing at increasing rates, in both size and connectivity: the increasing presence of, and interest in, relationships between data. An example is the Twitter social network graph. Due to this growth demand is increasing for technologies that can process such data. Currently relational databases are the predominant technology, but they are poorly suited to processing connected data as they are optimized for index-intensive operations. Conversely, graph databases are optimized for graph computation. They link records by direct references, avoiding index lookups, and enabling retrieval of adjacent elements in constant time, regardless of graph size. However, as data volume increases these databases outgrow the resources of one computer and data partitioning becomes necessary. We evaluate the viability of using graph partitioning algorithms to partition graph databases. A prototype partitioned database was developed. Three partitioning algorithms explored and one implemented. Three graph datasets were used: two real and one synthetically generated. These were partitioned in various ways and the impact on database performance measured. We defined one synthetic access pattern per dataset and executed each on the partitioned datasets. Evaluation took place in a simulation environment, ensuring repeatability and allowing measurement of metrics like network traffic and load balance. Results show that compared to random partitioning the partitioning algorithm reduced traffic by 40-90%. Executing the algorithm intermittently during usage maintained partition quality, while requiring only 1% the computation of initial partitioning. Strong correlations were found between theoretic quality metrics and generated network traffic under non-uniform access patterns.
Does selegiline monotherapy in Parkinson's disease act by symptomatic or protective mechanisms? (1992)

Selegiline monotherapy has been clearly demonstrated to delay the development of disability in early, otherwise untreated Parkinson's disease patients. It remains uncertain, however, whether this benefit is due to protective effects on residual neurons or to symptomatic effects that mask the detection of underlying disability. This paper examines the evidence and theory supporting the hypotheses that selegiline acts by protective or symptomatic mechanisms and considers what future studies might help clarify these issues.
Estimation of Optimal Blank Holder Force Trajectories in Segmented Binders Using an ARMA Model (2003)

Sheet metal forming is one of the most important and frequently used manufacturing processes in industry today. One of the key parameters affecting the forming process is the blank holder force (BHF). In the past, researchers have demonstrated the advantages of varying the blank holder force during the forming process, that is, the two primary modes of failure in sheet metal forming (wrinkling and tearing) are avoided. This gives rise to improved formability, higher accuracy and better part consistency. In recent years, researchers have also shown increasing interest in forming processes where the blank holder force is varied spatially with the help of segmented binders or flexible binders. In this paper, we have combined the above two aspects and used a robust method to determine the blank holder force trajectories for a non-circular part using segmented binders. The proposed strategy is verified by implementing it into a finite element simulation. Binder force is treated as a system input. The displacement of the binder is used as a measure of the tendency to wrinkle, and is therefore treated as a system output. The parameters of the system are continuously identified and updated using a deterministic Auto-Regressive Moving-Average model (ARMA). The model is then used to control the binder displacement to a prescribed value by adjusting the system input, i.e., the binder force. In this manner, individual binder force profiles for each of the segmented binders are obtained. Due to the generic nature of the ARMA model, the strategy proposed in this paper can be applied to a variety of forming problems, making it a robust approach.
Targeting Wee1-like protein kinase to treat cancer (2010)

New anticancer agents are needed in order to overcome the resistance of cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. At present, many of the molecular events that drive the malignant transformation and progression have been identified and there is optimism that the development of agents that specifically target such events will improve treatment outcomes. Cancer cells present common alterations in components of pathways that are involved in the normal cell cycle regulation and in mechanisms of DNA damage repair. Wee1-like protein kinase is a tyrosine kinase with a key role as an inhibitory regulator of the G2/M checkpoint that precedes entry into mitosis. Abrogation of this checkpoint through Wee1 inhibition may result in increased antitumor activity of agents that cause DNA damage such as radiation therapy or some cytotoxic agents. This has been confirmed in preclinical studies and results of clinical studies evaluating a Wee1 inhibitor are awaited to establish its activity in combination with chemotherapy. Here we review the role of Wee1 tyrosine kinase in the control of the G2/M checkpoint and the effects of G2/M checkpoint abrogation through Wee1 inhibition. We present results of preclinical studies with Wee1 inhibitors and the results of the first clinical trial recently reported, evaluating MK-1775, a small-molecule inhibitor of Wee1.
An Innovative Miniature Bite Force Recorder (2011)

In this study, a detailed description of development of a new novel bite force recorder (gnathodynamometer) using solid state components is vividly explained. This state of the art authenticated device can be used to assess the complex function of human bite force, which is the net resultant combination of functional response of various craniomandibular structures consisting of interrelated components, like the muscles of mastication, joints, teeth and the neuromuscular system. The consistency and accuracy of the bite force recorder was reaffirmed by doing a detailed laboratory calibration and clinical testing on 30 adult subjects.
THE PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME (GLOSSOPTOSIS, MICROGNATHIA, CLEFT PALATE) (1961)

Thirty-nine cases of the Pierre Robin syndrome have been reviewed. In one-fourth of the cases, a history of an intrauterine disturbance in early pregnancy was noted. The entity appears to occur more frequently in offspring of elderly mothers. A positive family history was noted in two instances. The history is typical, with difficulty in swallowing and recurrent cyanotic episodes noted in the newborn. The child often reveals marked sternal retraction, excessive mucous secretion and stertorous respirations which appear quite alarming when in the supine position, but there is usually marked improvement when the child is placed in the prone position, allowing the ptotic tongue to fall forward. Physical examination reveals micrognathia (producing an "Andy Gump" appearance), cleft palate or other defects of the hard and soft palate, and various anomalies of the tongue, the most common being glossoptosis. The associated defects are discussed. In the majority of cases the Pierre Robin syndrome is seen without other significant defects than the triad of micrognathia, cleft palate and glossoptosis. Medical and nursing care are considered. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of ocular disease in these children, e.g., congenital glaucoma and retinal detachment. It is recommended that all cases of the Pierre Robin syndrome have a thorough ophthalmologic examination under anesthesia, including dilatation for ophthalmoscopy and tonometry, prior to 1 year of age.
4.1 14nm 6th-generation Core processor SoC with low power consumption and improved performance (2016)

Intel's 6th generation Core processor (code named “Skylake” or SKL) was designed to enable PC performance and user-experience at smaller and thinner form factors and enable fan-less PC platforms. It required optimization to an extremely low thermal design point (TDP). The lower average power consumption of SKL vs. the previous generation considerably increases the system battery life and allows full-day battery life or thinner designs with smaller batteries. The SKL product family is manufactured using an Intel 14nm tri-gate CMOS 11-metal-layer technology, as with the previous Core generation. Different dice include: 2 or 4 cores, a shared last-level cache (LLC, 1MB/core), a scalable graphic processor (GP) with 24, 48 or 72 execution units (EU), an image processing unit (IPU, supporting 4 cameras simultaneously), 2 channels of DDR3/LPDDR3/DDR4, a display engine (DE) and 3 display IO ports configurable to eDP, DP or HDMI. In mobile SKUs, the peripheral control hub (PCH) resides in the same package (MCP) as the CPU and communicates through an on-package IO (OPIO) bus. For desktop (DT), the PCH resides on the platform. Fig. 4.1.1 presents the SKL block diagram for the minimum configuration (2 cores, 24 EU GP, MCP). A key challenge was the need to add new capabilities, while reducing power, especially for some of the popular uses (media, casual gaming, speech recognition and advanced imaging).
Evolution Of The Band Gaps And Band Edges Of Quaternary Ga1−yInyAsxSb1−x/InAs Alloys As A Function of Composition (2005)

Using atomistic pseudopotential calculations we study the evolution of: (i) the conduction band edge Ec; (ii) the valence band edge Ev , and (iii) the fundamental band gap of the quaternary Ga1−yInyAsxSb1−x alloy lattice‐matched to InAs as a function of the composition (x, y). We find a negative bowing parameter for Ec of the quaternary alloy with respect to the conduction edges of the linearly interpolated (InAs)y(GaAs0.08Sb0.92)1−y system in contradiction with previous models. The transition from staggered (type‐II) to broken‐gap (type‐III) lineup relative to InAs is predicted to occur at composition x = 0.59, y = 0.62. The quaternary alloy grown on InAs has a minimum band gap at composition x = 0.85, y = 0.87.
Crown and root length, and root‐crown ratios of lower incisor teeth of mongoloid, non‐mongoloid retarded and normal individuals (1971)

Crown and root lengths were measured and root‐crown ratios calculated for lower incisor teeth of mongoloid (M), non‐mongoloid retarded (NM) and normal (N) subjects. The teeth from all subjects had been extracted for periodonlal disease except those teeth from normal children which had been extracted for orthodontic reasons. Both crowns and roots of the M teeth were shorter than NM and N teeth. Crowns of the teeth from older mongoloids and non‐mongoloids tended to be shorter than those of younger patients, probably due to attrition. However the roots of the teeth of older mongoloids were longer than those of younger mongoloids; in all cases root formation was complete. Regression analysis showed that the root‐crown ratios of the mongoloid central and lateral incisors and non‐mongoloid lateral incisors were positively related to age (P < .05). This association was related to attrition in the NM and N teeth, whereas for M teeth, the association was influenced by root length. It was considered that short roots and unfavourable root‐crown ratios of incisor teeth in the mongoloid children may contribute to early mobility and subsequent tooth loss.
Vascular Injury Induces Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Id3 Gene (2001)

The molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the vasculature in response to injury are poorly understood. Members of the inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) class of helix-loop-helix transcription factors are known to regulate the growth of a variety of cell types; however, the expression of the various Id genes in SMCs and in vascular lesions has not been examined. In the present study, the yeast 2-hybrid system was used to clone Id genes from a cultured rat aortic SMC library. By use of ubiquitous E proteins as bait, Id3 and a novel isoform of Id3 (Id3a) were cloned. Id3a is the product of alternative splicing of the Id3 gene, resulting in inclusion of a 115-bp "coding intron," which encodes a unique 29-amino acid carboxyl terminus for the Id3a protein. Unlike Id3, Id3a mRNA was not detected in the normal rat carotid artery. However, after balloon injury, Id3a was abundantly expressed throughout the neointimal layer. In addition, mRNA of the human homologue of Id3a (Id3L) was detected in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of these Id3 isoforms in cultured rat aortic SMCs revealed that infection of SMCs with an adenovirus overexpressing Id3a (in contrast to Id3) resulted in a significant decrease in cell number versus AdLacZ-infected cells. DNA fragmentation analysis suggested that this decrease in SMC viability was due to increased apoptotic activity in cells infected with adenovirus overexpressing Id3a. These results provide evidence that alternative splicing of the Id3 gene may represent an important mechanism by which neointimal SMC growth is attenuated during vascular lesion formation.