gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Tendon-Driven Robot Joint Stiffness using GA-based Learning (2006)

A tendon-driven robot mechanism allows us to control the joint stiffness independantly of the joint torques. Generally, the optimal joint stiffness for desired tasks cannot be found easily. So we adopt a Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) to describe the trajectory of the stiffness matrix, and modify the parameters using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find the optimal trajectories. As typical tasks that have impulsive disturbance forces, we choose ball hitting and receiving tasks. The optimal joint stiffness for the hitting task gives the ball the fastest initial speed after the hit, on the other hand, the one for the receiving gives the slowest speed. We use a 2 DOF robotic arm driven with 6 tendons, because we can adjust all of elements of the joint stiffness matrix independently of the joint torques. After modifying conventional GA to fit it for real robot experiments, we make two kinds of experiments given above and show the results.
Mercury atomic absorption by mercury atoms in water observed with a liquid core waveguide as a long path absorption cell (2004)

Atomic absorption by mercury atoms in water was observed by using a liquid core waveguide (LCW) as a long pass absorption cell. Mercury atoms in an aqueous solution were generated through mixing a mercury standard solution and a NaBH4 solution. Atomic absorption spectrum by the generated mercury atoms in the solution was observed. Also atomic absorption by mercury atoms dissolved in water from the gas phase was detected. The observed mercury atomic absorption spectrum has a broadband structure with peak absorption at 255 nm and a bandwidth of 20 nm. The peak wavelength of mercury atomic absorption in water is very close to that of mercury atomic absorption in the gas phase. The bandwidth of mercury atomic absorption in water is much broader than that of mercury atomic absorption in the gas phase, but narrower than that of the absorption spectrum of simple molecules in an aqueous solution. The possible application of this discovery is discussed. Although the absorption cross-section of mercury atomic absorption in water is much smaller than that of mercury atomic absorption in the gas phase, the application of a LCW as a long path absorption cell for detecting mercury atomic absorption in an aqueous solution significantly improved the sensitivity of mercury detection.
Temper proof data distribution for universal verifiability and accuracy in electoral process using blockchain (2017)

In this article, a secure and verifiable electronic voting scheme is proposed. Encrypted votes are accumulated and prepared in the form of block on each electronic polling booth at the end of polling time. The resultant block from each electronic polling booth is distributed to the authorized nodes of group for temper proof block chaining that assures the internal verifiability. The external verifiability is attained through the redistribution of temper proof Blockchain ledger to the validated and authorized nodes of auditing group. The temper proof property of electoral data is achieved using an emerging Blockchain Technology. Whereas the secure data distribution in the form of temper proof blocks and ledger amongst the authenticated group members is accomplished through the cryptographically secure group oriented scenario. The individual and universal verifiability features in our proposed scheme make the electoral process transparent, reliable and verifiable.
Emission Control of Two-Stroke Motorcycle Engines by the Butterfly Exhaust Valve (1980)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The 1979 U.S. EPA emission standards on larger-sized two-stroke cycle engine motorcycles were very strict. This paper discusses the butterfly exhaust valve system installed on the YAMAHA RD400 Daytona Special which is the only two-stroke cycle engine motorcycle in the controlled 400cc class.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper also refers to the structure of the valve system and the principle of valve operation as well as its effects on reducing exhaust emissions, improving brake specific fuel consumption, and increasing engine power at part-throttle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition, the butterfly exhaust valve system has a great effect on reducing engine surge due to the cyclic variations in combustion inherent in two-stroke cycle engines. The reduction ratio of engine surge is expressed quantitatively in our unique method. The above effects were investigated by means of exhaust gas velocity measurements and by analysis of combustion pressure.</div>
Plasminogen, absorbed by Escherichia coli expressing curli or by Salmonella enteritidis expressing thin aggregative fimbriae, can be activated by simultaneously captured tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) (1994)

Curli are fimbrial structures expressed by Escherichia coli that specifically interact with matrix proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. Similar structures are also expressed by Salmonella enteritidis and have been denoted thin aggregative fimbriae. Bacteria expressing curli and thin aggregative fimbriae were found to bind radiolabelled plasminogen as well as the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). By contrast, E. coli carrying a gene locus with an insertionally inactivated chromosomal curlin subunit were unable to bind the two human proteins. The purified subunit polypeptides of curli and thin aggregative fimbriae bound plasminogen and t-PA with high affinity (1 x 10(8) to 2 x 10(8) M-1). The binding of plasminogen and t-PA to curli-expressing E. coli was only partially inhibited by fibronectin and laminin. Plasminogen absorbed from human plasma by curli-expressing E. coli was readily converted to plasmin by t-PA; both plasmin and t-PA were functionally active when bound to the bacteria. A simultaneous binding of fibrinolytic proteins and matrix proteins to fimbriae of E. coli and S. enteritidis could provide these pathogens with both adhesive and invasive properties.
Synthesis of Polysulfides Containing the Triazeno Group and Their Application as Photoresists in Excimer Laser Polymer Ablation (1997)

Two bifunctional unsaturated monomers containing the photosensitive triazene group were synthesized and reacted with dithiols. A radical polyaddition afforded polysulfides which carry the photosensitive chromophores in their backbone. The molar masses reach up to 10 400 g/mol and the glass transitions range between −2 and 39 °C. With respect to their application as dry photoresists for excimer laser ablation, thermo- and photolytical decomposition of monomers and polymers were investigated. TGA measurements revealed that the polymers were stable up to 255 °C, slightly below those of the monomers (270 °C). For photolysis in solution observed by UV/vis spectroscopy, the triazene absorption vanished on a time scale of seconds. Pulsed laser patterning was performed at 193 nm and with PMMA as a reference system. The sensitivity of the resists to irradiation was higher for PMMA and also the structural precision seemed to be slightly better for the standard, both probably owing to the applied wavelength. In contrast, the amount of redeposited material and the roughness of the polymer surface could be improved by using the triazene-containing resists.
The Transcription Factor Early Growth Response 1 (Egr-1) Advances Differentiation of Pre-B and Immature B Cells (1998)

In mature B lymphocytes, the zinc finger transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1) is one of the many immediate-early genes induced upon B cell antigen receptor engagement. However, its role during earlier stages of lymphopoiesis has remained unclear. By examining bone marrow B cell subsets, we found Egr-1 transcripts in pro/pre-B and immature B lymphocytes, and Egr-1 protein in pro/pre-B-I cells cultivated on stroma cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-7. In recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-2-deficient mice overexpressing an Egr-1 transgene in the B lymphocyte lineage, pro/pre-B-I cells could differentiate past a developmental block at the B220(low) BP-1(-) stage to the stage of B220(low) BP-1(+) pre-B-I cells, but not further to the B220(low) BP-1(+) CD25(+) stage of pre-B-II cells. Therefore, during early B lymphopoiesis progression from the B220(low) BP-1(-) IL-2R- pro/pre-B-I stage to the B220(low) BP-1(+) IL-2R+ pre-B-II stage seems to occur in at least two distinct steps, and the first step to the stage of B220(low) BP-1(+) pre-B-I cells can be promoted by the overexpression of Egr-1 alone. Wild-type mice expressing an Egr-1 transgene had increased proportions of mature immunoglobulin (Ig)M+ B220(high) and decreased proportions of immature IgM+ B220(low) bone marrow B cells. Since transgenic and control precursor B cells show comparable proliferation patterns, overexpression of Egr-1 seems also to promote entry into the mature B cell stage. Analysis of changes in the expression pattern of potential Egr-1 target genes revealed that Egr-1 enhances the expression of the aminopeptidase BP-1/6C3 in pre-B and immature B cells and upregulates expression of the orphan nuclear receptor nur77 in IgM+ B cells.
MR‐based attenuation correction for hybrid PET‐MR brain imaging systems using deformable image registration (2010)

Attenuation correction for hybrid PET-MR scanners was easily achieved by individualizing an atlas CT to the MR data set using a deformable model without requiring user interaction. The method provided clinical accuracy while eliminating the need for an additional CT scan for PET attenuation correction.
Principles of Artificial Neural Networks (1997)

The book should serve as a text for a university graduate course or for an advanced undergraduate course on neural networks in engineering and computer science departments. It should also serve as a self-study course for engineers and computer scientists in the industry. Covering major neural network approaches and architectures with the theories, this text presents detailed case studies for each of the approaches, accompanied with complete computer codes and the corresponding computed results. The case studies are designed to allow easy comparison of network performance to illustrate strengths and weaknesses of the different networks.
Ring-laser bias using reciprocal optical components (1969)

Ring-laser biasing, to reduce nonlinear rotation sensitivity, normally requires either nonreciprocal optical components or rotation of the whole laser. It is shown that biasing can be achieved by using the finite transit time of light propagation between two time-varying optical phase shifters.
High-temperature Schottky diodes with thin-film diamond base (1990)

High-temperature (500-580 degrees C) current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of gold contacts to boron-doped homoepitaxial diamond films prepared using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method are described. Schottky diodes were formed using gold contacts to chemically cleaned boron-doped homoepitaxial diamond films. These devices incorporate ohmic contacts formed by annealing Au(70 nm)/Ti(10 nm) layers in air at 580 degrees C. The experiments with homoepitaxial diamond films show that the leakage current density increases with the contact area. This implies that a nonuniform current distribution exists across the diode, presumably due to crystallographic defects in the diamond film. As a result, Au contacts with an area >1 mm/sup 2/ are essentially ohmic and can be used to form back contacts to Schottky diodes. Schottky diodes fabricated in this matter also show rectifying I-V characteristics in the 25-580 degrees C temperature range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Energetics of excited states in the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (2010)

There is an enormous potential in applying conjugated polymers in novel organic optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Although prototypes and first products exist, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental processes and energetics involved during photoexcitation is still lacking and limits further device optimizations. Here we report on a unique analysis of the excited states involved in charge generation by photoexcitation. On the model system poly(3-hexylthiophene), we demonstrate the general applicability of our approach. From photoemission spectroscopy of occupied and unoccupied states, we determine the transport gap to 2.6 eV, which we show to be in agreement with the onset of photoconductivity by spectrally resolved photocurrent measurements. For photogenerated singlet exciton at the absorption edge, 0.7 eV of excess energy are required to overcome the binding energy; the intermediate charge-transfer state is situated only 0.3 eV above the singlet exciton. Our results give direct evidence of energy levels involved in the photogeneration and charge transport within conjugated polymers.
A techno-economic analysis on NaS battery energy storage system supporting peak shaving (2015)

The merits of electricity grid in Shanghai and sodium sulfur (NaS) storage techniques situation are introduced. High-energy NaS battery energy storage system (BESS) is very suitable for peak shaving of electricity grid. A cost–benefit analysis model of NaS BESS is established to study the electricity price mechanism in load shift in the light of an example of NaS BESS in Meisei University. Capacity price, energy price and twofold electricity price mechanism are discussed under the fixed payback period. The results show that twofold electric power price mechanism is fitter for NaS BESS than onefold energy price mechanism while onefold capacity price mechanism is not suitable for NaS BESS. The discharge price of NaS BESS has an advantage over Shanghai's electricity price in industrial and commercial peak periods when its construction cost descends to 1000 yuan kWh−1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of dielectric contrast and topography on the near field scattered by an inhomogeneous surface (1995)

The influence of topography and variations of optical properties on the near field scattered by an inhomogeneous sample is analyzed. A perturbative expression of the near field is derived and its range of validity is investigated. This expression shows quantitatively how dielectric contrast and topography modulate the near-field distribution close to a surface. It is shown that the near-field images, produced by conventional near-field optical devices, are sensitive to the integral of the dielectric contrast along the vertical direction across the sample. This point is illustrated by a numerical simulation of the near field scattered by surfaces exhibiting submicronic asperities and subsurface structures.
Approaches towards enhanced transepithelial drug delivery. (2006)

The systemic absorption of drugs is limited by their physicochemical properties and by physiological processes. Intense research efforts have been directed towards the development of novel strategies for enhancing systemic absorption of poorly absorbed molecules, administered orally or by other noninvasive routes. This article discusses some of these absorption enhancement strategies with respect to intestinal and other transmucosal drug delivery routes.
Merging toward natural clusters (2009)

To findout how many clusters exist in a sample set is an old yet unsolved problem in unsupervised clustering. This problem inevitably occurs in region merging/growing, a well studied and popular technique in image segmentation. Region merging usually needs a stop criterion. The stop criterion is not automatically determined and often has to be set manually to arrive at a sensible segmentation, which is rather difficult for natural images. To address this problem, we present a robust stop criterion that is based on a novel distinctness predicate for adjacent regions. The predicate discerns distinct regions by examining the evidence of the boundary between neighboring regions. Requiring that every region should be distinct from each other, the proposed method is able to choose a stop point where a natural partition is most likely. Under a region merging framework, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the stop criterion using two merging criterion: one based on optimizing a global functional, and another based on a local criterion. Experimental results and comparison are given at the end. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
RDMA over Commodity Ethernet at Scale (2016)

Over the past one and half years, we have been using RDMA over commodity Ethernet (RoCEv2) to support some of Microsoft's highly-reliable, latency-sensitive services. This paper describes the challenges we encountered during the process and the solutions we devised to address them. In order to scale RoCEv2 beyond VLAN, we have designed a DSCP-based priority flow-control (PFC) mechanism to ensure large-scale deployment. We have addressed the safety challenges brought by PFC-induced deadlock (yes, it happened!), RDMA transport livelock, and the NIC PFC pause frame storm problem. We have also built the monitoring and management systems to make sure RDMA works as expected. Our experiences show that the safety and scalability issues of running RoCEv2 at scale can all be addressed, and RDMA can replace TCP for intra data center communications and achieve low latency, low CPU overhead, and high throughput.
Photonic microcells for quantum optics applications (2008)

This thesis presents the development of photonic microcells for use as the host for coherent optics phenomena and related applications. A photonic microcell consists of a length of hollow-core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF) with a gas-filled core that is spliced to conventional optical fibre at either end to seal the gas within the fibre. Towards the goal of demonstrating and assessing the coherence properties of quantum optical effects in photonic microcells, the fabrication of two types of HC-PCF is presented. The established photonic bandgap HC-PCF offers extremely low transmission loss of ~10 dB/km over kilometre distances. However, the fibre has a limited transmission bandwidth of ~50 THz and exhibits modal coupling unfavourable for many applications. Work is presented on the tailoring of this fibre by control and shaping of the core-surround in order to improve its modal properties. A second type of HC-PCF is based on a large-pitch lattice, whose guidance relies on a new mechanism. This fibre exhibits a much improved bandwidth (>1000 THz) and has a relatively higher but still practical loss of ~1 dB/m. The development of photonic microcells at microbar pressure level and with low optical insertion loss is shown, an important step in the improvement of the technology for coherent optics applications which will take advantage of the extreme gas-laser interaction efficiency achieved in HC-PCF. Finally, quantum optical effects are demonstrated in HC-PCF and photonic microcells loaded with both the molecular gas acetylene and atomic vapour rubidium. The observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in acetylene-filled HC-PCF represents the first such observation in a molecular gas, while the use of a photonic microcell allows a comparison of many experimental configurations to explore the coherence properties of coherent optical systems in the core of a HC-PCF. Furthermore, EIT is observed unambiguously in a rubidium loaded HC-PCF for the first time, and the anti-relaxation effects of a polymer coating demonstrated in this configuration.
Corneal Spheres derived from Human Embryonic and Human Pluripotent Parthenogenetic Stem Cells (2011)

Corneal blindness is common. Cornea transplants are the most commonly performed organ transplants, but the need for corneal grafts worldwide far outweighs the supply of healthy donor corneas. Here we describe a differentiation protocol that yields corneal orbs from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as well as from human pluripotent parthenogenetic stem cells (hpSC), and therefore can be manufactured free of transmissible pathogens. Cornea and other tissues generated from parthenogenetic stem cells that are homozygous at HLA loci have a distinct immunologic advantage over fully allogeneic grafts, and this report is the first to describe multilayered cornea generated from hpSC. The differentiated corneal product is layered and anatomically similar to normal human cornea, expresses appropriate corneal markers at the mRNA and protein (and secreted protein) levels, and is permeable to topical ophthalmic drugs. This 3D stem cell-derived cornea is a foundational step in development of appropriately organized, functional corneal grafts from hESC and hpSC for use in in vitro assays as well as regenerative therapies.
INHIBITION OF HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTAL GROWTH BY PHOSPHONATED HYDROXY CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, NON-PHOSPHONATED HYDROXY CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND POLY (ACRYLIC ACID) (1997)

The influence of inhibitors containing various functional groups (i. e., phosphonate, hydroxyl, and carboxyl) on the kinetics of crystal growth of hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been studied at pH=7.40, 37°C and at low supersaturations. It has been found that the crystal growth of HAP is significantly retarded in the presence of micromolar concentrations of hydroxy phosphonoacetic acid (HPA) and 2-phosphono butane 1, 2, 4- tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), with PBTC being a more potent inhibitor than HPA. Three other inhibitors, α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (i. e., glycolic acid, GLA; malic acid, MLA; mandelic acid, MDA), dicarboxylic acid (malonic acid, MNA), and poly (acrylic acid), PAA, all exhibit inhibitory activity but to a varying degree. Among these inhibitors the overall effectiveness, in terms of decreasing power, is PAA>MLA>MNA>GLA>MDA. The retarding effect of these inhibitors is discussed in relation to the calcium-inhibitor complex formation on the HAP seed crystals and the structural features of the inhibitor molecules. The fit of the experimental data to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm supports a mechanism of inhibition through molecular adsorption of the inhibitor ions on the surface of the growing crystals.
Chronic Total Coronary Occlusions: A Review of their Special Features and the Existing Techniques of Percutaneous Treatment (2003)

coronary artery is the complete obstruction of the vessel aged at least one month according to most researchers or three months according to others. The term is also used to describe total occlusions with TIMI grade 1 flow, the so-called “functional occlusions”, which are defined as the presence of only faint, late anterograde flow in the absence of a discernible lumen. These occlusions represent 5% to 15% of the total number of angioplasty procedures of a cath lab activity and this percentage depends on the selection of the cases and the experience of the staff. Successful recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion remains even today, 20 years after the first angioplasty procedure was performed, a challenge for interventional cardiologists. The most significant limitation to successful recanalization is the failure of the guide wire to cross the lesion.
Synthesis of Cyclopentenimines from <i>N</i>-Allyl Ynamides via a Tandem Aza-Claisen Rearrangement–Carbocyclization Sequence (2013)

We describe here details of our investigations into Pd-catalyzed and thermal aza-Claisen-carbocyclizations of N-allyl ynamides to prepare a variety of α,β-unsaturated cyclopentenimines. The nature of the ynamide electron-withdrawing group and β-substituent plays critical roles in the success of this tandem cascade. With N-sulfonyl ynamides, the use of palladium catalysis is required, as facile 1,3-sulfonyl shifts dominate under thermal conditions. However, since no analogous 1,3-phosphoryl shift is operational, N-phosphoryl ynamides could be used to prepare similar cyclopentenimines under thermal conditions through zwitter ionic intermediates that undergo N-promoted H-shifts. Alternatively, by employing ynamides bearing tethered carbon nucleophiles, the zwitter ionic intermediates could be intercepted, giving rise rapidly to more complex fused bi- and tricyclic scaffolds.