gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute diarrhoea in children. (1985)

our data is that the three groups were alike from the start.(3) We believe that Dr Taylor overrates the importance of a few data points, say the eight points around -6 50o in the medium group.Were four out of these points instead scattered from -7 to -9O, then no one would think of bimodality.In fact we cannot determine from the present study whether this population is bimodal.A large number of values are neces- sary to disprove a Gaussian distribution.Rather arbitrarily we divided "fast" from "slow" losers in early menopause at -3°% per year.With the three groups thus divided a X2 test showed no difference between the groups.(4) We compared the 14 women with an increased bone mineral content with other women, and our point was that the "positive difference" was not related to calcium intake.Furthermore, when we compared these 14 women with the 14 with the greatest losses we found that the latter weighed more and had higher concentrations of oestrogens.This is described elsewhere and may show how "fast" losers can be picked up by biochemical means.Again, however, this does not seem to be con- nected to calcium intake.We know of one way, and one only, of preventing postmenopausal bone loss, and that is hormone replacement therapy.
Challenges to develop novel anti‐inflammatory and analgesic drugs (2016)

Chronic inflammatory diseases and persistent pain of different origin represent common medical, social, and economic burden, and their pharmacotherapy is still an unresolved issue. Therefore, there is a great and urgent need to develop anti‐inflammatory and analgesic agents with novel mechanisms of action, but it is a very challenging task. The main problem is the relatively large translational gap between the preclinical experimental data and the clinical results due to characteristics of the models, difficulties with the investigational techniques particularly for pain, as well as species differences in the mechanisms. We summarize here the current state‐of‐the‐art medication and related ongoing strategies, and the novel targets with lead molecules under clinical development. The first members of the gold‐standard categories, such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and opioids, were introduced decades ago, and since then very few drugs with novel mechanisms of action have been successfully taken to the clinics despite considerable development efforts. Several biologics targeting different key molecules have provided breakthrough in some autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, but they are expensive, only parenterally available, their long‐term side effects often limit their administration, and they do not effectively reduce pain. Some kinase inhibitors and phosphodiesterase‐4 blockers have recently been introduced as new directions. There are in fact some promising novel approaches at different clinical stages of drug development focusing on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1/ankyrin 1 channel antagonism, inhibition of voltage‐gated sodium/calcium channels, several enzymes (kinases, semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidases, and matrix metalloproteinases), cytokines/chemokines, transcription factors, nerve growth factor, and modulation of several G protein‐coupled receptors (cannabinoids, purinoceptors, and neuropeptides). WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1427. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1427 This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Retinoic acid receptor α dominant negative form causes steatohepatitis and liver tumors in transgenic mice (2004)

Although attention has focused on the chemopreventive action of retinoic acid (RA) in hepatocarcinogenesis, the functional role of RA in the liver has yet to be clarified. To explore the role of RA in the liver, we developed transgenic mice expressing RA receptor (RAR) alpha- dominant negative form in hepatocytes using albumin promoter and enhancer. At 4 months of age, the RAR alpha- dominant negative form transgenic mice developed microvesicular steatosis and spotty focal necrosis. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation activity of fatty acids and expression of its related enzymes, including VLCAD, LCAD, and HCD, were down-regulated; on the other hand, peroxisomal beta-oxidation and its related enzymes, including AOX and BFE, were up-regulated. Expression of cytochrome p4504a10, cytochrome p4504a12, and cytochrome p4504a14 was increased, suggesting that omega-oxidation of fatty acids in microsomes was accelerated. In addition, formation of H2O2 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was increased. After 12 months of age, these mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma of the liver. The incidence of tumor formation increased with age. Expression of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 was enhanced and the TCF-4/beta-catenin complex was increased, whereas the RAR alpha/ beta-catenin complex was decreased. Feeding on a high-RA diet reversed histological and biochemical abnormalities and inhibited the occurrence of liver tumors. These results suggest that hepatic loss of RA function leads to the development of steatohepatitis and liver tumors. In conclusion, RA plays an important role in preventing hepatocarcinogenesis in association with fatty acid metabolism and Wnt signaling.
Phase filter enhanced STED-4Pi fluorescence microscopy: theory and experiment (2005)

We study the point-spread and optical transfer-function (OTF) of a stimulated emission depletion (STED)-4Pi fluorescence microscope that provides diffraction unlimited resolution along the optic axis. Our calculations take into account the orientation of the linear transition dipole moment of the fluorescent molecules with respect to that of the focal field. We demonstrate a subdiffraction axial resolution of 44–48 nm for water-immersion lenses, corresponding to a 7–8-fold expansion of the OTF beyond the diffraction barrier of a single lens confocal microscope, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions for the conditions applied. Furthermore, we study phase modifications of the wavefront of the stimulating beam that strengthen weakly transferred frequencies within the OTF support. The enlarged bandwidth enables the separation of objects at 76 nm axial distance.
Intramolecular diyl trapping. Total synthesis of dl-hirsutene (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular diyl trapping. Total synthesis of dl-hirsuteneR. Daniel Little and George W. MullerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 10, 2744–2749Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00400a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00400a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1083Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multiparameter Computational Modeling of Tumor Invasion (2009)

Clinical outcome prognostication in oncology is a guiding principle in therapeutic choice. A wealth of qualitative empirical evidence links disease progression with tumor morphology, histopathology, invasion, and associated molecular phenomena. However, the quantitative contribution of each of the known parameters in this progression remains elusive. Mathematical modeling can provide the capability to quantify the connection between variables governing growth, prognosis, and treatment outcome. By quantifying the link between the tumor boundary morphology and the invasive phenotype, this work provides a quantitative tool for the study of tumor progression and diagnostic/prognostic applications. This establishes a framework for monitoring system perturbation towards development of therapeutic strategies and correlation to clinical outcome for prognosis.
New silica-gel-bound polyazacycloalkanes and characterization of their copper(<scp>II</scp>) complexes using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (1996)

Several tetraazamacrocycle-bonded silica gels have been synthesized and characterized. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and 1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane have been covalently bound to silica gel and their respective copper(II) complexes characterized. Three different methods were used for capacity determinations: quantitative ESR measurements of copper(II) complexes, nitrogen, carbon and copper elemental analysis and UV/VIS measurements.
PAMAM Dendrimers Cross the Blood–Brain Barrier When Administered through the Carotid Artery in C57BL/6J Mice (2017)

Drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) is challenging due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and drug delivery into the brain overcoming the BBB can be achieved using nanoparticles such as dendrimers. The conventional cationic dendrimers used are highly toxic. Therefore, the present study investigates the role of novel mixed surface dendrimers, which have potentially less toxicity and can cross the BBB when administered through the carotid artery in mice. In vitro experiments investigated the uptake of amine dendrimers (G1-NH2 and G4-NH2) and novel dendrimers (G1-90/10 and G4-90/10) by primary cortical cultures. In vivo experiments involved transplantation of G4-90/10 into mice through (1) invasive intracranial injections into the striatum; and (2) less invasive carotid injections. The animals were sacrificed 24-h and 1-week post-transplantations and their brains were analyzed. In vivo experiments proved that the G4-90/10 can cross the BBB when injected through the carotid artery and localize within neurons and glial cells. The dendrimers were found to migrate through the corpus callosum 1-week post intracranial injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that the migrating cells are the dendrimer-infected glial cells. Overall, our results suggest that poly-amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers may be used as a minimally invasive means to deliver biomolecules for treating neurological diseases or disorders
<i>The Knot Book: An Elementary Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Knots</i> (1995)

Introduction Tabulating knots Invariants of knots Surfaces and knots Types of knots Polynomials Biology, chemistry, and physics Knots, links, and graphs Topology Higher dimensional knotting Knot jokes and pastimes Appendix Suggested readings and references Index Corrections to the 2004 AMS printing.
The cyclic executive model and Ada (2003)

Periodic processes are major parts of many real-time embedded computer applications. The programming language Ada permits programming of simple periodic processes, but it has some serious limitations: producing Ada programs with real-time performance comparable to that of programs produced to date using traditional cyclic executives requires techniques that are specific to one machine or compiler. The authors present and evaluate the cyclic executive model for controlling periodic processes. The features and limitations of Ada for programming cyclic executive software are discussed and demonstrated, and some practical techniques for circumventing Ada problems are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CD8+ T-cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 infection may not be due to chemokines RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β (1996)

Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Coercivity Enhancement of Sintered Nd-Fe-B Magnets by Grain Boundary Diffusion with DyH<sub>3</sub>Nanoparticles (2013)

Grain boundary diffusion technique with DyH₃ nanoparticles was applied to fabricate Dy-less sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets with high coercivity. The magnetic properties and microstructure of magnets were systematically studied. The coercivity and remanence of grain boundary diffusion magnet were improved by 60% and reduced by 7% compared with those of the original magnet, respectively. Meanwhile, both the remanence temperature coefficient (α) and the coercivity temperature coefficient (β) of the magnets were improved after diffusion treatment. Investigation shows that Dy is preferentially enriched as (Nd, Dy)₂Fe 14 B phase in the surface region of the Nd₂Fe 14 B matrix grains indicated by the remarkable enhancement of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy field of the magnet. As a result, the magnet diffused with a small amount of Dy nanoparticles possesses enhanced coercivity without remarkably sacrificing its magnetization.
Spectral hole-burning in long-haul WDM transmission (2004)

Spectral hole burning in long-haul WDM transmission systems is reviewed, including: impact of different loading and aging conditions, modeling and experimental results obtained on installed systems, as well as measurements in broad band amplifiers.
Detection of pneumococcus from whole blood, buffy coat and serum samples by PCR during bacteremia in mice (1999)

Whole blood, purified leukocyte fraction and serum were investigated as specimens for the detection of pneumococcal bacteremia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in mice. The PCR findings were compared to the blood culture results. Samples were taken from animals 3 and 12 h after intraperitoneal bacterial challenge. The pneumococcal culture was positive in 27% and 77% of blood samples at 3 and 12 h after challenge, respectively. All whole blood samples were positive by PCR at both time points. Of the buffy coat samples, two of the three pools were PCR-positive at 3 h and all pools at 12 h after bacterial challenge. In the serum sample group, only 40% of the sera were PCR-positive at 3 h, while at 12 h 90% of the samples were PCR-positive. According to these results, whole blood seems to be the best specimen for the detection of pneumococcal DNA by PCR in bacteremic mice.
Intrajoint comparisons of gene expression patterns in human osteoarthritis suggest a change in chondrocyte phenotype (2005)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative cartilage disease with varying degrees of severity within a given joint. The purpose of this study was to define a sampling procedure for comparing human minimal and advanced OA cartilage in the same patient and to determine basic patterns of gene expression in these regions. A specific hypothesis under study was that the expression level of Bcl-2 would correlate with Sox9 and aggrecan mRNA expression in vivo as has been demonstrated in vitro. Femoral condylar advanced OA cartilage was located within 1cm of overt lesions, and minimal cartilage was taken from areas with no obvious surface defects. Histological sections were scored for disease severity and chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyproline content was determined. The expression level of nine specific genes (aggrecan, collagen type II, Bcl-2, Sox9, Link protein, osteopontin, and MMP-13, -3, and -9) was determined by quantitative real time PCR. The scores for fibrillation, chondrocyte cloning, and proteoglycan depletion were significantly different between advanced and minimal OA cartilage. The advanced OA cartilage had significantly less chondroitin sulfate than the minimal OA cartilage. Osteopontin mRNA expression showed a 3.6-fold increase in advanced compared to minimal OA cartilage. In contrast, the level of mRNA coding for aggrecan, link protein, Bcl-2, Sox9 and MMP-3, -9, -13 were all decreased in advanced compared to minimal cartilage in the majority of the patients studied. Collagen type II mRNA expression displayed a wide-range of variation. A statistically significant correlation was observed both between Bcl-2 and Sox9 mRNA level, and between Bcl-2 and aggrecan mRNA expression. The patient matched comparison of minimal and advanced OA cartilage revealed differences in cellular and tissue characteristics, and changes in gene expression that may be involved in OA progression. In addition, Bcl-2 may also play a role in regulating the expression of aggrecan through Sox9 in vivo as well as in vitro.
On the use of parenteral magnesium salts in the treatment of acute ischaemic heart disease: a brief review. (1993)

With the advent of pharmacological, mechanical and surgical revascularization as firstline therapies in acute coronary artery disease syndromes, the search for adjunctive pharmacotherapy against reocclusion and reperfusion injury has intensified. In addition, safe pharmacotherapeutic intervention conferring survival advantage is required for those at high risk ineligible for recanalization or beta blockade. Of major importance, in this vein, is the intriguing association between parenteral magnesium and the amelioration of myocardial ischaemia and the eradication of lethal ischaemic ventricular arrhythmias reasserted in both animal and human studies. In addition, in more recent years, parenteral magnesium has been linked to the amelioration of reperfusion injury in animal experiments. In this paper we shall review the literature with respect to myocardial ischaemia, its pathophysiology and treatments. In doing so, we shall present data that strongly supports the logistic use of parenteral magnesium compounds as essential therapy in the treatment of acute ischaemic heart disease associated with necrosis, and a potential role in ablating reperfusion injury.
Antitumor Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Cyclopenta[b]benzofuran, Silvestrol (2009)

Our results indicate that silvestrol is a potent anti-cancer compound in vivo that exerts its activity by affecting survival pathways as well as angiogenesis. We propose that silvestrol mediates its effects by preferentially inhibiting translation of malignancy-related mRNAs. Silvestrol appears to be well tolerated in animals.
Recommended Practice for Patch Management of Control Systems (2008)

A key component in protecting a nation’s critical infrastructure and key resources is the security of control systems. The term industrial control system refers to supervisory control and data acquisition, process control, distributed control, and any other systems that control, monitor, and manage the nation’s critical infrastructure. Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) consists of electric power generators, transmission systems, transportation systems, dam and water systems, communication systems, chemical and petroleum systems, and other critical systems that cannot tolerate sudden interruptions in service. Simply stated, a control system gathers information and then performs a function based on its established parameters and the information it receives. The patch management of industrial control systems software used in CIKR is inconsistent at best and nonexistent at worst. Patches are important to resolve security vulnerabilities and functional issues. This report recommends patch management practices for consideration and deployment by industrial control systems owners.
Role of AMPA receptors in homocysteine‐NMDA receptor‐induced crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPK (2017)

Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle has been reported to play a role in neurotoxicity through activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)-mediated signaling pathway. The proposed mechanisms associated with homocysteine-NMDAR-induced neurotoxicity involve a unique signaling pathway that triggers a crosstalk between extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPKs, where activation of p38 MAPK is downstream of and dependent on ERK MAPK. However, the molecular basis of the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation is not understood. This study investigates whether α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) play a role in facilitating the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation. Using surface biotinylation and immunoblotting approaches we show that treatment with homocysteine leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit in neurons, but have no effect on the surface expression of GluA1-AMPAR subunit. Inhibition of NMDAR activation with D-AP5 or ERK MAPK phosphorylation with PD98059 attenuates homocysteine-induced decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit. The decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit is associated with p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which is inhibited by 1-napthyl acetyl spermine trihydrochloride (NASPM), a selective antagonist of GluA2-lacking Ca<sup>2+</sup> -permeable AMPARs. These results suggest that homocysteine-NMDAR-mediated ERK MAPK phosphorylation leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit resulting in Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the GluA2-lacking Ca<sup>2+</sup> -permeable AMPARs and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Cell death assays further show that inhibition of AMPAR activity with 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4,tetrahydrobenzoquinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX)/6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3, -dione (CNQX) or GluA2-lacking Ca<sup>2+</sup> -permeable AMPAR activity with NASPM attenuates homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. We have identified an important mechanism involved in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity that highlights the intermediary role of GluA2-lacking Ca<sup>2+</sup> -permeable AMPARs in the crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPKs.
Problems associated with medical therapy of canine hyperadrenocorticism. (1990)

The cause of hyperadrenocorticism determines treatment. Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) can be treated surgically with bilateral adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy, or it can be managed medically with the adrenocorticolytic agent o,p'DDD or the cortisol synthesis inhibitor ketoconazole. Unilateral adrenocortical tumors should be surgically removed because of metastatic potential, although medical therapy has been used with some success. Regardless of the treatment method chosen, canine Cushing's syndrome cannot be treated easily, inexpensively, or without close monitoring and follow-up.
Lipopolysaccharidefrom the Periodontal Pathogen<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>Prevents Apoptosis of HL60-Derived Neutrophils InVitro (2003)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis prevented apoptosis of HL60-derived neutrophils, which could not be restored upon the addition of interleukin-10. Signaling of P. gingivalis LPS through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), not TLR4, may account for the inhibiting effect of P. gingivalis LPS on apoptosis and provide a mechanism for the development of destructive periodontal inflammation.
Wavefront control in a spatial heterodyne-based multi-aperture imager (2012)

We examine a multi-aperture imaging system using a Boulder Nonlinear Systems (BNS) Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) for a wavefront control device. Such setup allows for focusing and tracking of a target over a fine angle while preserving high resolution imaging in a compact system. The SLM provides the necessary phase to focus, track and image a target. The effects of implementing a SLM on the multi aperture imaging system were investigated. The stepped phase and use of 2π resets from SLM was modeled for simulation. The result confirms the expectation that a periodic reset of the quadratic phase bowl introduces phase grating modulations, which produces "ghost images" around the desired zero order image.