gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new Cu-Zn solder wetting layer for improved impact reliability (2009)

The excessive growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) and the formation of microvoids in the interface between Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder and Cu substrate have been a serious problem which may degrade the solder joints reliability. Recently, a new Cu-Zn alloy solder wetting layer for the Pb-free solders has been developed to reduce the IMC growth rate. In this paper, the kinetics of IMC growth and the shear strength of SAC solder joints formed on electroplated Cu-Zn wetting layer were investigated. And, drop impact reliability of SAC/Cu-Zn joints was evaluated. The solder joints were fabricated by reflowing Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC 405) solder balls on electroplated Cu-20 wt% Zn wetting layers. An experiment of the SAC solder joints on electroplated Cu layers was also carried out for comparison. After soldering, Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> IMC formed on Cu or Cu-Zn wetting layer. The typical double layer of Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> and Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn with microvoids formed during aging at the solder/Cu interfaces. On the contrary, only Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> formed at the SAC/Cu-Zn interfaces with aging. Neither Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn nor microvoids were found in these specimens. The growth rate of IMCs at the SAC/Cu-Zn interfaces was much slower than that at the SAC/Cu interfaces. Cu-Zn wetting layer was very effective to reduce the IMC growth. IMC growth was controlled by volume diffusion. The shear test was carried out with SAC 405 solder bumps formed on Cu or Cu wetting layers. The shear strength of SAC solder bumps on Cu or Cu-Zn layers decreased with aging. The shear strength of SAC solder on Cu-Zn pads was slightly higher than that of SAC solder on Cu layer at the same aging time. Since all specimens showed ductile fracture in the solders, the shear strength of the solder bumps depended on the strength of solder ball. Drop test were conducted with the assembly which was fabricated using SAC 405 solder balls and two printed circuit boards. The mean number of drops to failure of Cu/SAC/Cu and Cu-Zn/SAC/Cu-Zn specimens was about 150 and about 350 drops, respectively. Though the mean number of drops to failure decreased with increasing aging time, the mean number of drops to failure of Cu-Zn/SAC/Cu-Zn specimens was higher than that of Cu/SAC/Cu specimens.
Transition to chemical turbulence (1991)

Experiments have been conducted on Turing-type chemical spatial patterns and their variants in a quasi-two-dimensional open spatial reactor with a chlorite-iodide-malonic acid reaction. A variety of stationary spatial structures-hexagons, stripes, and mixed states-were observed, and transitions to these states were studied. For conditions beyond those corresponding to the emergence of patterns, a transition was observed from stationary spatial patterns to chemical turbulence, which is marked by a continuous motion of the pattern within a domain and of the grain boundaries between domains. The transition to chemical turbulence was analyzed by measuring the correlation length, the average pattern speed, and the total length of the domain boundaries. The emergence of chemical turbulence is accompanied by a large increase in the defects in the pattern, which suggests that this is an example of defect-mediated turbulence.
Vision-based human interface with user-centered frame (2002)

This paper presents a vision-based human-computer interface system that enables the user to move a target object in 3D CG world by moving his/her hand. Unlike conventional systems, the system does not need any camera calibration. In addition, it uses a user-centered frame so that the user can control the object by hand motions matched with human intuition. For example, the user can move the object forward by moving his/her hand forward even if he/she has changed his/her body position. The system is based on the multiple view affine invariance theory. It calculates hand positions as invariant coordinates in the basis derived from four points on the user's body. Actual system implementation and experimental results show the usefulness of the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Crystal Structure of the Emptied Clathrate Form <b>(</b>δ<sub>e</sub> Form) of Syndiotactic Polystyrene (1997)

The crystal structure of the emptied clathrate form (δe form) of syndiotactic polystyrene, obtained by removing the guest molecules from different clathrate δ forms, is presented. Chains in s(2/1)2 helical conformation are packed in the monoclinic unit cell with axes a = 17.4 Å, b = 11.85 Å, c = 7.70 Å, and γ = 117° according to the space group P21/a. The crystalline density of the emptied clathrate form (0.977 g/cm3) is lower than that of the amorphous phase (1.055 g/cm3). The differences between the structures of the emptied clathrate form and clathrate δ forms are discussed by the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns and packing energy calculations.
Positive electron affinity of fullerenes: Its effect and origin (2004)

The universal variation pattern of the total energy of various fullerenes including single-walled carbon nanotubes with respect to their extra charge is revealed by the density-functional-theory calculations. The parabolic energy-charge curve with its lowest energy value corresponding to a negatively charged fullerene indicates that these carbon materials have positive electron affinity and are not in the most stable state. The positive electron affinity seems to originate from the pi-electrons and is found to be related to the aggregation property of fullerenes.
Bifrost: A Python/C++ Framework for High-Throughput Stream Processing in Astronomy (2017)

Radio astronomy observatories with high throughput back end instruments require real-time data processing. While computing hardware continues to advance rapidly, development of real-time processing pipelines remains difficult and time-consuming, which can limit scientific productivity. Motivated by this, we have developed Bifrost: an open-source software framework for rapid pipeline development. (a) Bifrost combines a high-level Python interface with highly efficient reconfigurable data transport and a library of computing blocks for CPU and GPU processing. The framework is generalizable, but initially it emphasizes the needs of high-throughput radio astronomy pipelines, such as the ability to process data buffers as if they were continuous streams, the capacity to partition processing into distinct data sequences (e.g. separate observations), and the ability to extract specific intervals from buffered data. Computing blocks in the library are designed for applications such as interferometry, pulsar dedispersion and timing, and transient search pipelines. We describe the design and implementation of the Bifrost framework and demonstrate its use as the backbone in the correlation and beamforming back end of the Long Wavelength Array (LWA) station in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, NM.
A pilot study on less-stressful bowel preparation for virtual colonoscopy screening with follow-up biopsy by optical colonoscopy (2005)

Objective: To investigate a less stressful bowel preparation for polyp screening by virtual colonoscopy (VC) with follow-up biopsy on the positive findings by optical colonoscopy (OC). Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight volunteers of age older than 40 -- receiving low-residue diet and laxatives of magnesium citrate, bisacodyl tablets and suppository -- were divided into three groups. In Group I, 16 volunteers took three 40cc oral doses of MD-Gastroview with the three meals respectively, the day prior to VC procedure. In Group II, 18 volunteers ingested barium sulfate suspension (2% w/v, 250 cc/dose) at bedtime and in the next day morning of VC. In Group III, 24 volunteers received 60 cc of MD-Gastroview at bedtime and in the next day morning of VC. Following colon inflation with CO<sub>2</sub>, computer tomography (CT) abdominal images were acquired by a standard single-slice detector-band VC protocol, i.e., 5 mm collimation, 1 mm reconstruction, 1.5-2.0:1.0 pitch, 120 kVp and 100-150 mA. The CT density of the tagged residual fluid was measured. An image segmentation algorithm was applied to remove electronically the residue fluid. Results: The average fluid density was 97 HU for Group I, 221 HU for Group II2, and 599 HU for Group III. These three groups’ density means are significantly different (p < 0.001 one-way ANOVA). After the electronic cleansing, the % of cleansed fluid regions was 5.5%, 16.5% and 93.1% (p<0.0001 Chi square) for these groups respectively. Conclusion: A less-stressful bowel preparation with low residue diet and MD-Gastroview oral contrast is feasible for VC screening with follow-up biopsy on the positive findings by OC.
Primary Frequency Response and Control of Power System Frequency (2018)

This report is a supplement to the report Frequency Control Requirements for Reliable Interconnection Frequency Response.\n\nTo see the main report and all of its supplemental materials, visit https://certs.lbl.gov/project/interconnection-frequency-response.
Declining yields in oranges: Appraisal of 220 mature orange orchards in five counties indicates possible causes of downward trend in production (1957)

Average production of southern California oranges dropped from 370 to 265 field boxes per acre—for navels—and from 290 to 265 field boxes per acre—for Valencias—over a 12-year period. Many individual orchards in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Orange counties—the three areas most seriously affected—showed a production decline of as much as 100 to 250 field boxes per acre during the same period.
Permeability characteristics of polymeric bilayer membranes from methacryloyl and butadiene lipids (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPermeability characteristics of polymeric bilayer membranes from methacryloyl and butadiene lipidsK. Dorn, R. T. Klingbiel, D. P. Specht, P. N. Tyminski, H. Ringsdorf, and D. F. O'BrienCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 6, 1627–1633Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00318a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00318a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views446Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Decreased Fidelity in Replicating CpG Methylation Patterns in Cancer Cells (2005)

The unmethylated or methylated status of individual CpG sites is faithfully copied into daughter cells. Here, we analyzed the fidelity in replicating their methylation statuses in cancer cells. A single cell was clonally expanded, and methylation statuses of individual CpG sites were determined for an average of 12.5 DNA molecules obtained from the expanded population. By counting the deviation from the original methylation patterns inferred, the number of errors was measured. The analysis was done in four gastric cancer cell lines for five CpG islands (CGI), and repeated six times (total 1,495 clones sequenced). HSC39 and HSC57 showed error rates <1.0 x 10(-3) errors per site per generation (99.90-100% fidelity) for all the five CGIs. In contrast, AGS showed significantly elevated error rates, mainly due to increased de novo methylation, in three CGIs (1.6- to 3.2-fold), and KATOIII showed a significantly elevated error rate in one CGI (2.2-fold). By selective amplification of fully methylated DNA molecules by methylation-specific PCR, those were stochastically detected in KATOIII and AGS but never in HSC39 and HSC57. When methylation of entire CGIs was examined for eight additional CGIs, KATOIII and AGS had frequent methylation, whereas HSC39 and HSC57 had few. KATOIII and AGS had four and eight times, respectively, as high expression levels of DNMT3B as HSC39. These data showed that some cancer cells have decreased fidelity in replicating methylation patterns in some CGIs, and that the decrease could lead to methylation of the entire CGIs.
Improvement of transformation efficiency through in vitro methylation and SacII site mutation of plasmid vector in Bifidobacterium longum MG1 (2010)

The different cleavage patterns of pYBamy59 plasmid isolated from E. coli DH5alpha and B. longum MG1 by the cell extract of B. longum MG1 suggested that the main reason for low transformation efficiency was related to the restriction modification (R-M) system. To confirm correlation between R-M system and transformation efficiency, in vitro methylation and site directed mutagenesis was performed in pYBamy59. Sequence analysis of pYBamy59 fragments digested by the cell extract of B. longum MG1 revealed that all fragments were generated by restriction of sequence recognized by SacII endonuclease. When pYBamy59 from E. coli was methylated in vitro by CpG or GpC methyltransferase, it was protected from SacII digestion. Site directed mutagenesis which removed SacII sites from pYBamy59 or in vitro methylation of pYBamy59 showed eight to fifteen-fold increases in the transformation efficiency over intact pYBamy59. Modification of SacII related R-M system in B. longum MG1 and in vitro methylation in pYBamy 59 can improve transformation efficiency in this strain. The result showed that R-M system is a factor to limit introduction of exogenous DNA and in vitro modification was a convenient method to overcome barrier of R-M system for transformation.
Lymph-node metastases: efficacy for detection with helical CT in patients with gastric cancer. (1995)

Helical CT is effective for detection of metastatic lymphadenopathy from gastric cancer. CT attenuation and lymph-node configuration aid in diagnosis of malignant adenopathy.
Sedation with 4‐hydroxybutyric acid: A potential pitfall in the diagnosis of SSADH deficiency (2004)

Deficiency of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) is a rare neurometabolic disorder with accumulation of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4-HBA) as a biochemical hallmark. We present a boy with an unresolved severe neurological disorder and intermittent elevation of 4-HBA in serum and CSF which was later shown to result from iatrogenic administration of 4-HBA for sedation purposes.
LV100 AIPS Technology—For Future Army Propulsion (1992)

The overall design of and Advanced Integrated Propulsion System (AIPS), powered by an LV100 gas turbine engine, is presented along with major test accomplishments. AIPS was a demonstrator program that included design, fabrication, and test of an advanced rear drive powerpack for application in a future heavy armored vehicle (54.4 tonnes gross weight). The AIPS design achieved significant improvements in volume, performance, fuel consumption, reliability/durability, weight and signature reduction. Major components of AIPS included the recuperated LV100 turbine engine, a hydrokinetic transmission, final drives, self-cleaning air filtration (SCAF), cooling system, signature reduction systems, electrical and hydraulic components, and control systems with diagnostics/prognostics and maintainability features.
BRCA1-IRIS Overexpression Promotes Formation of Aggressive Breast Cancers (2012)

BRCA1-IRIS overexpression triggers aggressive breast tumor formation, especially in patients with HER2(+) or TN/BL subtypes. We propose that BRCA1-IRIS inhibition may be pursued as a novel therapeutic option to treat these aggressive breast tumor subtypes.
Electronic interaction between photoexcited poly(<i>p</i>-phenylene vinylene) and carbon nanotubes (2000)

We have studied the electronic interaction between photoexcited poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT's) using photoluminescence (PL) and photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. We have found that the MWNT's strongly interact with the photoexcited PPV, while there is no significant interaction in the ground state. The \ensuremath{\pi} conjugation of PPV was slightly reduced in the composite, reflecting the nanoscopic structural influence of the MWNT's. On the basis of its temperature and frequency dependence, the PIA spectrum was found to originate from the same species as the pure PPV film, namely, triplet excitons formed in PPV via intersystem crossing. We have concluded that the predominant electronic interaction is the nonradiative energy transfer of singlet excitons from the PPV to the MWNT's.
ADVANCES MAKE GAS-TO-LIQUIDS PROCESS COMPETITIVE FOR REMOTE LOCATIONS (1997)

By employing a new generation of cobalt-based catalysts, a new process designated GasCat F-T, achieves higher productivity and improved catalytic performance compared to existing Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) techniques. The process also reduces capital requirements and operating costs by employing an advanced slurry bubble-column reactor (SBCR). GasCat has major implications for large, remote gas reserves because of the limited options previously available for exploiting the potential of such reservoirs. While LNG and methanol projects have typically provided remote oil and gas producers with their most attractive development alternatives, the advent of economically attractive, large-scale F-T projects offers a superior option for monetizing remote reserves.
Vemurafenib: a new treatment for BRAF-V600 mutated advanced melanoma (2012)

The BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, has demonstrated improved progression-free and overall survival compared with chemotherapy in a randomized trial, and represents a new standard of care in patients with advanced melanoma harboring a BRAF-V600 mutation. A BRAF-V600 mutation is identified in approximately half of patients with cutaneous melanoma, and is unequivocally a biomarker predictive of profound clinical benefit for these patients. However, acquired vemurafenib resistance is a major clinical challenge and therapy is not yet curative. A substantial body of translational research has been performed alongside clinical trials of vemurafenib, providing key insights into the molecular basis of response and resistance. This review summarizes the development of vemurafenib for the treatment of BRAF-V600 mutant melanoma and discusses how knowledge of critical signaling pathways will be applied for its optimal clinical use in future.
Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase-B by Condensed Pyridazines and Pyrimidines:  Effects of Lipophilicity and Structure−Activity Relationships (1998)

A number of condensed pyridazines and pyrimidines were synthesized and tested for their monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and MAO-B inhibitory activity. Their lipophilicity was examined by measuring partition coefficients and RP-HPLC capacity factors, revealing some peculiar electronic and conformational effects. Further insights were obtained by X-ray crystallography and a thermodynamic study of RP-HPLC retention. Structure−activity relations highlighted the main factors determining both selectivity and inhibitory potency. Thus, while most of the condensed pyridazines were reversible inhibitors of MAO-B with little or no MAO-A effects, the pyrimidine derivatives proved to be reversible and selective MAO-A inhibitors. Substituents on the diazine nucleus modulated enzyme inhibition. A QSAR analysis of X-substituted 3-X-phenyl-5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-ones showed lipophilicity to increase MAO-B and not MAO-A inhibitory activity.
A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study of <scp>THC</scp>/<scp>CBD</scp> spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment (2014)

These findings demonstrate that, in a meaningful proportion of otherwise treatment-resistant patients, clinically important improvements in pain, sleep quality and SGIC of the severity of their condition are obtained with THC/CBD spray. THC/CBD spray was well tolerated and no new safety concerns were identified.
Recent progress in DNA analysis by capillary electrophoresis (2002)

A number of recent developments in DNA analysis by capillary electrophoresis are here reviewed. They include capillary arrays for fast, parallel DNA sequencing as well as microfabricated capillary arrays. Microfluidic chips for DNA sizing and quantitation are also covered, as well as microdevices containing arrays of regular obstacles acting as size-separators during DNA migration. Screening of DNA point mutations by two much improved techniques is also reported: in one case, such mutations are detected (but only on relative short, ca. 60-70 base-long fragments) by free electrophoresis in rather acidic (pH ca. 3) buffers; in the case of single-strand chain polymorphism, an improved technique is described based on near-neutral pH buffers with mixtures of Tris/MES cations/zwitterions. When studying the behavior of inorganic and organic cations in the Debye-Hückel layer of DNA, it was found that the latter (especially a large number of Good's buffers and other zwitterions, such as His) would bind to the DNA filament not only via charge interaction, but also via additional bonds, notably hydrogen bonds, thus altering the electrophoretic (and possibly the biological) behavior of DNA molecules. However, whether or not borate ions would bind to DNA remains still an unsettled question. Finally, capillary electrophoresis was found to be instrumental in measuring fine physicochemical parameters pertaining to DNA polyelectrolytes, such as their free mobility and their translational diffusion coefficients.