gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Static VAr compensator design and application for UK transmission system regulation (1991)

The demand on the transmission system in England is leading towards higher power loadings without the introduction of new overhead lines. Criteria for system performance are not being relaxed. To maintain system performance at higher loadings with generation remote from the load has required the construction of nine static VAr compensators (SVC). The authors describe two types of compensator, one connected at 400 kV and one at 275 kV. The authors describe the actual network conditions and the characteristics of the SVCs to meet these conditions. Studies of transient and dynamic performance follow, with comparisons of tests of SVC controls conducted both on a factory simulator and on site.
Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study. (2003)

In this initial, dose-ranging, 12-week study, treatment with rhvCNTF resulted in more weight loss than placebo. These preliminary findings require confirmation in large prospective clinical trials.
Nitrosation of Uric Acid by Peroxynitrite (1998)

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), formed by the reaction between nitric oxide (. NO) and superoxide, has been implicated in the etiology of numerous disease processes. Low molecular weight antioxidants, including uric acid, may minimize ONOO---mediated damage to tissues. The tissue-sparing effects of uric acid are typically attributed to oxidant scavenging; however, little attention has been paid to the biology of the reaction products. In this study, a previously unidentified uric acid derivative was detected in ONOO--treated human plasma. The product of the uric acid/ONOO- reaction resulted in endothelium-independent vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta, with an EC50 value in the range of 0.03-0.3 microM. Oxyhemoglobin, a .NO scavenger, completely attenuated detectable .NO release and vascular relaxation. Uric acid plus decomposed ONOO- neither released .NO nor altered vascular reactivity. Electrochemical quantification of .NO confirmed that the uric acid/ONOO- reaction resulted in spontaneous (thiol-independent) and protracted (t1/2 approximately 125 min) release of .NO. Mass spectroscopic analysis indicated that the product was a nitrated uric acid derivative. The uric acid nitration/nitrosation product may play a pivotal role in human pathophysiology by releasing .NO, which could decrease vascular tone, increase tissue blood flow, and thereby constitute a role for uric acid not previously described.
Improving Explicit Congestion Notification with the Mark-Front Strategy (2000)

Delivering congestion signals is essential to the performance of networks. Current TCP/IP networks use packet losses to signal congestion. Packet losses not only reduces TCP performance, but also adds large delay. Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) delivers a faster indication of congestion and has better performance. However, current ECN implementations mark the packet from the tail of the queue. In this paper, we propose the mark-front strategy to send an even faster congestion signal. We show that mark-front strategy reduces buffer size requirement, improves link efficiency and provides better fairness among users. Simulation results that verify our analysis are also presented.
Design of flow chamber with electronic cell volume capability and light detection optics for multilaser flow cytometry (1984)

A multibeam optical detection system has been developed with a high optical efficiency, achieved through a reduction in the number of optical interfaces employed in the system. This reduction is made possible by a combination of employing simple lenses, gluing the objective lens directly upon the face of the flow cuvette and the extraction of only one fluorescence signal from each laser beam. A modified flow chamber is also described that includes fluidic resistance elements for the elimination of most of the electric shielding normally associated with electronic cell volume measurements.
Management of the Older Person With Atrial Fibrillation (2002)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a higher incidence of mortality, stroke, and coronary events than is sinus rhythm. AF with a rapid ventricular rate may cause a tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy. Immediate direct-current (DC) cardioversion should be performed in patients with AF and acute myocardial infarction, chest pain due to myocardial ischemia, hypotension, severe heart failure, or syncope. Intravenous beta blockers, verapamil, or diltiazem may be given to slow immediately a very rapid ventricular rate in AF. An oral beta blocker, verapamil, or diltiazem should be used in persons with AF if a fast ventricular rate occurs at rest or during exercise despite digoxin. Amiodarone may be used in selected patients with symptomatic life-threatening AF refractory to other drugs. Nondrug therapies should be performed in patients with symptomatic AF in whom a rapid ventricular rate cannot be slowed by drugs. Paroxysmal AF associated with the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome should be treated with a permanent pacemaker in combination with drugs. A permanent pacemaker should be implanted in patients with AF and with symptoms such as dizziness or syncope associated with ventricular pauses greater than 3 seconds that are not drug-induced. Elective DC cardioversion has a higher success rate and a lower incidence of cardiac adverse effects than does medical cardioversion in converting AF to sinus rhythm. Unless transesophageal echocardiography has shown no thrombus in the left atrial appendage before cardioversion, oral warfarin should be given for 3 weeks before elective DC or drug cardioversion of AF and should be continued for at least 4 weeks after maintenance of sinus rhythm. Many cardiologists prefer, especially in older persons, ventricular rate control plus warfarin rather than maintaining sinus rhythm with antiarrhythmic drugs. Digoxin should not be used to treat patients with paroxysmal AF. Patients with chronic or paroxysmal AF at high risk for stroke should be treated with long-term warfarin to achieve an International Normalized Ratio of 2.0 to 3.0. Patients with AF at low risk for stroke or with contraindications to warfarin should receive 325 mg of aspirin daily.
The synchronous data flow programming language LUSTRE (1991)

The authors describe LUSTRE, a data flow synchronous language designed for programming reactive systems-such as automatic control and monitoring systems-as well as for describing hardware. The data flow aspect of LUSTRE makes it very close to usual description tools in these domains (block-diagrams, networks of operators, dynamical sample-systems, etc.), and its synchronous interpretation makes it well suited for handling time in programs. Moreover, this synchronous interpretation allows it to be compiled into an efficient sequential program. The LUSTRE formalism is very similar to temporal logics. This allows the language to be used for both writing programs and expressing program properties, which results in an original program verification methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>SOX2</i> Silencing in Glioblastoma Tumor-Initiating Cells Causes Stop of Proliferation and Loss of Tumorigenicity (2008)

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive cerebral tumor, is invariably lethal. Glioblastoma cells express several genes typical of normal neural stem cells. One of them, SOX2, is a master gene involved in sustaining self-renewal of several stem cells, in particular neural stem cells. To investigate its role in the aberrant growth of glioblastoma, we silenced SOX2 in freshly derived glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Our results indicate that SOX2 silenced glioblastoma TICs, despite the many mutations they have accumulated, stop proliferating and lose tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice. SOX2 is then also fundamental for maintenance of the self-renewal capacity of neural stem cells when they have acquired cancer properties. SOX2, or its immediate downstream effectors, would then be an ideal target for glioblastoma therapy.
Optimum switching points for array reconfiguration controller (2002)

The authors present a technique for finding the irradiance levels for optimum switching of photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumping systems operating with a multistage electrical array reconfiguration controller (EARC). Depending on the starting current requirements and the irradiance levels, the EARC reconfigures a PV array to be in parallel connection at a low irradiance level and in series connection at a high irradiance level. In this way, the quality of load matching in a PV power system will be improved because at low irradiance levels the power available to the motor in parallel connection is greater than the power available in a series connection and vice versa at higher irradiance levels. Optimum switching occurs when the power output of a parallel-connected array equals the power output of a series-connected array for a given irradiance level.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wavelet neural networks for function learning (1995)

A wavelet-based neural network is described. The structure of this network is similar to that of the radial basis function (RBF) network, except that in the present paper the radial basis functions are replaced by orthonormal scaling functions that are not necessarily radial-symmetric. The efficacy of this type of network in function learning and estimation is demonstrated through theoretical analysis and experimental results. In particular, it has been shown that the wavelet network has universal and L/sup 2/ approximation properties and is a consistent function estimator. Convergence rates associated with these properties are obtained for certain function classes where the rates avoid the "curse of dimensionality". In the experiments, the wavelet network performed well and compared favorably to the MLP and RBF networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structure and reactivity of a new anionic N-heterocyclic carbene silver(i) complex (2005)

The efficient synthesis of aN-benzoyliminoimidazolium ylide provides access to a new type of N-hetereocyclic anionic carbene, from which air stable Ag(I) and Cu(II) complexes and a catalytically active Rh(I) complex were formed.
Syntheses of <i>trans</i>-5- Oxo-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-<i>b</i>]pyrroles and <i>trans</i>-5-Oxo-hexahydro-furo[3,2-<i>b</i>]pyrroles (Pyrrolidine <i>trans</i>-Lactams and <i>trans</i>-Lactones):  New Pharmacophores for Elastase Inhibition (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUELetterNEXTSyntheses of trans-5- Oxo-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles and trans-5-Oxo-hexahydro-furo[3,2-b]pyrroles (Pyrrolidine trans-Lactams and trans-Lactones): New Pharmacophores for Elastase InhibitionSimon J. F. Macdonald, David J. Belton, Doreen M. Buckley, Julie E. Spooner, Michael S. Anson, Lee A. Harrison, Keith Mills, Richard J. Upton, Michael D. Dowle, Robin A. Smith, Christopher R. Molloy, and Catherine RisleyView Author Information Enzyme Chemistry 2, Development Chemistry 3, Physical Sciences, and Enzyme Pharmacology, GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K. Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 21, 3919–3922Publication Date (Web):September 12, 1998Publication History Received21 April 1998Published online12 September 1998Published inissue 1 October 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm981026shttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm981026srapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1014Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Allyl group,Amides,Lactones,Organic compounds,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Distribution and Metabolism of L- and DTriiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) in the Rat: Preferential Accumulation of L-T<sup>3</sup>by Hepatic and Cardiac Nuclei as a Probable Explanation of the Differential Biological Potency of T3 Enantiomers* (1983)

Previous studies have reported markedly lower biological potency of D-T3 than would be predicted from its relative affinity for the specific nuclear L-T3 receptor as measured in vitro. Studies were undertaken to define the basis of this discrepancy. In vitro studies of the relative binding affinities of [125I]L-T3 and [125I]D-T3 using either whole nuclei or partially purified solubilized receptor confirmed several previous reports which had indicated only small relative differences. The mean L/D binding ratio of all in vitro studies was 1.43. In contrast, we determined from measurement of final a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity that the potency ratio (L/D) after seven daily injections of graded doses of L- and D-T3 was 6.7 for liver, with 95% confidence limits of 4.1 to 10.8, and 15.9 for heart, with 95% confidence limits of 5.1 to 50.2. Difference in biological potency could not be attributed to differences in the metabolism of L- and D-T3. Thus, tracer [125I]L- and [125I]D-T3 studies showed that the mean residence time, t, of L-T3 was not different from that of D-T3 [10.6 ± (SE) 3.1 h vs. 11.4 ± 3.8 h]. The MCR for L-T3 was 19.1 ± 4.4 ml/h-100 g BW and for D-T3, 26.1 ± 5.6 ml/h 100 g BW. The volume of distribution of L-T3 (181 ml/100 g BW) was 68% that of D-T3 (263 ml/100 g BW), in part owing to the 27% greater plasma binding (bp) of L-T3. Moreover, the calculated free hormone clearance (MCR x bp) of D-T3 was only 8% greater than for L-T3. Throughout the 24 h after injection of the [125I]L- or D-T3, concentrations of the D-enantiomer in liver were almost twice those of [125I]L-T3, whereas in heart [126I]D-T3 concentrations were half or less those of [125I]L-T3. Nevertheless, in both liver and heart, the integrated nuclear occupancy of LT3 was 5 to 6 times that of D-T3, approaching the ratio in biological potency observed in the tissues. Thus, selective nuclear binding of L-T3 us. D-T3 in vivo appears to be a major determinant in the relative biological effects of these enantiomers. (Endocrinology113: 1236, 1983)
Effects of Pirenzepine on Dai-kenchu-to-Induced Elevation of the Plasma Neuropeptide Levels in Humans (2006)

Dai-kenchu-to has been used for the treatment of abdominal obstructions, including bowel obstructions and a feeling of coldness in the abdomen. We reported that Dai-kenchu-to increases plasma neuropeptide [motilin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P]-like immunoreactive substances (IS) levels and that its pharmacologic effects on the gastrointestine are due to changes in gastrointestinal mucosa-regulatory peptide levels. We examined the effects of the selective M(1) muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine on the elevation of Dai-kenchu-to-induced plasma neuropeptide (gastrin, motilin, somatostatin, VIP, CGRP, substance P)-IS levels in human volunteers and the area under the plasma neuropeptide concentration-time curve from 0 to 240 min (AUC(0-->240 min)), which were calculated from the plasma neuropeptide concentration-time curves from each volunteers. Oral pretreatment with pirenzepine reduced the Dai-kenchu-to-induced elevation of plasma motilin and VIP-IS levels and AUC(0-->240 min). Combined treatment with Dai-kenchu-to and pirenzepine increased plasma somatostatin-IS levels and decreased plasma gastrin-IS levels and had no effects on plasma CGRP- and substance P-IS levels and AUC(0-->240 min) compared with administration of Dai-kenchu-to alone. Dai-kenchu-to appeared to induce the release of motilin and VIP into plasma mainly through the activation of M(1) muscarinic receptors, and pirenzepine may affect the pharmacologic action of Dai-kenchu-to by elevation of plasma motilin and VIP levels.
Prospects of HA-Based Universal Influenza Vaccine (2015)

Current influenza vaccines afford substantial protection in humans by inducing strain-specific neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Most of these Abs target highly variable immunodominant epitopes in the globular domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Therefore, current vaccines may not be able to induce heterosubtypic immunity against the divergent influenza subtypes. The identification of broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) against influenza HA using recent technological advancements in antibody libraries, hybridoma, and isolation of single Ab-secreting plasma cells has increased the interest in developing a universal influenza vaccine as it could provide life-long protection. While these BnAbs can serve as a source for passive immunotherapy, their identification represents an important step towards the design of such a universal vaccine. This review describes the recent advances and approaches used in the development of universal influenza vaccine based on highly conserved HA regions identified by BnAbs.
Meteorological Controls on Wind Turbine Wakes (2012)

The primary control on the magnitude of the power losses induced by wind turbine wakes in large wind farms is the hub-height wind speed via its link to the turbine thrust coefficient. Hence, at low to moderate wind speeds (between cut-in and rated turbine wind speeds) when the thrust coefficient is high, wake losses are proportionally larger and decrease to be virtually undetectable at wind speeds above rated wind speeds. Wind direction is also critical. Not only does it determine the effective spacing between turbines but also the wind speed distribution is primarily determined by synoptic forcing and typically has a predominant direction from which wind speeds tend to be higher (from southwest for much of the central United States and northern Europe). Two other interlinked variables, turbulence intensity (TI), and atmospheric stability also dictate wake losses. Quantifying, understanding, modeling, and predicting this complex and interdependent system is therefore critical to understanding and modeling wind farm power losses due to wakes, and to optimizing wind farm layout. This paper quantifies the impact of these variables on the power loss due to wakes using data from the large offshore wind farms located at Horns Rev and Nysted in Denmark.
[Bronchial cyst in the endocardium of the left heart. Case report with review of cardiac heterotopic tissues]. (1993)

Connatal heterotopies are rare accidental findings fore-most without clinical symptoms. The present case report describes an asymptomatic multilocular bronchial cyst of a 72 years old woman which occurred in the left ventricular endocard of the anterior papillary muscle and which was covered with ciliated and occasionally multilayered epithelium. Today the knowledge about these rare cardial heterotopies is important, because they are not only accidental postmortal findings but also the clinical importance is rising as consequence of the improved diagnostic imaging procedures with a high resolution. The histogenesis and the classification of cardial heterotopies is discussed.
Fully 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐Fluoro Substituted Nucleic Acids Induce RNA Interference in Mammalian Cell Culture (2007)

RNA interference is a phenomenon in which RNA molecules elicit potent and sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing. Recent studies have shown that small interfering RNA containing pyrimidine 2'-fluoro modifications elicit RNAi. In this study, we demonstrate that fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids can be generated for RNAi studies through either custom solid-phase synthesis or in vitro transcription using a mutated polymerase and fluorinated nucleoside triphosphates. Single-stranded and hybridized fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids were subjected to a ribonuclease to assess their resistance to digestion. Duplex siFNA and antisense fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids were evaluated for their ability to knockdown green fluorescent protein expression in mammalian cell culture. Based on the results, fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids can be successfully generated, and fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids products show superior resistance to digestion over native RNA. Melt curve analysis suggests that transcribed fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids may contain base miscoding errors or early termination products. Small interfering fluoronucleic acid can induce RNAi and the silencing efficiency is nearly equivalent to the unmodified small interfering RNA species. Silencing from antisense fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids was greatly reduced relative to the duplex form. The lack of silencing activity from single-stranded fully-2'-fluorinated nucleic acids, combined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction data showing that mRNA decreases following siFNA treatment, suggests that knockdown from siFNA is likely enzymatically driven as opposed to simple translational arrest.
Membrane-anchored Heparin-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor Acts as a Tumor Survival Factor in a Hepatoma Cell Line (1997)

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which belongs to the EGF family, is produced as a membrane-anchored form (pro-HB-EGF) and later processed to a soluble form (sHB-EGF). It is known that high expression of pro-HB-EGF occurs in hepatoma tissues, although its biological meaning remains unknown. We established two types of hepatoma cell lines (AH66tc), which stably produce pro-HB-EGF and sHB-EGF, respectively. While sHB-EGF-producing cells (sHB-AH) showed rapid growth, pro-HB-EGF-producing cells (pHB-AH) showed markedly suppressed cell growth as compared with the parental cells. Transforming growth factor beta or serum-starved conditions induced apoptosis of mock and sHB-AH as well as the parental cells, but not of pHB-AH. The resistance to apoptosis upon serum-starved treatment was correlated with an increase in the rate of the G1 phase in the cell cycle due to up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The mechanism underlying this resistance of pHB-AH to apoptosis was thought to be related to the prolonged half-life of the EGF receptor followed by continuous phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues. These observations demonstrate a unique function of pro-HB-EGF that is not observed for the mature form and show that pro-HB-EGF may act as a tumor survival factor in hepatoma cells.
Validity and Reliability of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC) (1997)

Clinical global impressions of change (CGICs) are important measures of efficacy in clinical trials. CGIC scales have been used extensively as primary outcome criteria in psychopharmacological trials and in early clinical trials for antidementia drugs (e.g., Schneider and Olin, 1994). CGICs have been reported to be the most sensitive index of change in 14 of 17 dementia trials, when compared to other measures (Lehmann, 1984).