gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sterol patterns of cultured zooxanthellae isolated from marine invertebrates: Synthesis of gorgosterol and 23-desmethylgorgosterol by aposymbiotic algae (1982)

QUANTITATIVE STEROL COMPOSITIONS OF CULTURED ZOOXANTHELLAE ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC INVERTEBRATE HOSTS: Zoanthus sociatus (a zoanthid), Oculina diffusa (a scleractian coral), Tridacna gigas (a giant clam), Melibe pilosa (a nudibranch), and Aiptasia pulchella (a sea anemone) are reported. The results clearly demonstrate large differences in sterol patterns of zooxanthellae and that there is no obvious relationship between the taxonomic affiliation of the host and the sterol pattern of its isolated symbiont. The sterols of the zooxanthellae of O. diffusa (Cnidaria) and T. gigas (Mollusca) are qualitatively equivalent. Based on the structures of the two major free sterols synthesized by each alga, the zooxanthellae from different hosts were separated into three distinct groups. It was also found that an aposymbiotic alga can synthesize the unique marine sterols gorgosterol and 23-desmethylgorgosterol. Most of the sterols were identified by using mass spectroscopy and 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance. Spectroscopic data are reported for four novel sterols-(23,24R)-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-(22E)-en-3beta-o l, 23-methyl-5alpha-cholest-22E-en-3beta-ol, cholesta-5,14-dien-3beta-ol, and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8(14)-24-dien-3beta-ol.
Expression of <i><scp>HvCslF9</scp></i> and <i><scp>HvCslF6</scp></i> barley genes in the genetic background of wheat and their influence on the wheat β‐glucan content (2013)

Abstract The dietary fibre (1,3;1,4)‐β‐ d ‐glucan (β‐glucan), is a major quality parameter of cereals. Grain β‐glucan content is the most important factor from the aspect of human health maintenance. The grain of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) is one of the most important β‐glucan sources having a β‐glucan content 10 times higher than that of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Winter wheat/winter barley ‘Mv9kr1’/‘Igri’ 1HS ditelosomic and ‘Mv9kr1’/‘Igri’ 7H disomic addition lines carrying the HvCslF9 and HvCslF6 barley genes, respectively, were used to investigate the additive effect of barley cellulose synthase‐like genes on the wheat β‐glucan content. A significantly higher β‐glucan level was detected in the leaves and grains of the wheat/barley 1HS and 7H addition lines compared to the control wheat line. The expression of the HvCslF9 and HvCslF6 genes in the genetic background of wheat was also determined by quantitative RT‐PCR . The expression pattern of the HvCslF9 gene transcript showed a gradual increase throughout grain development, while the HvCslF6 gene was normally transcribed at relatively high levels. In leaves, the transcript of the HvCslF9 gene could not be detected at the end of tillering, while the HvCslF6 gene was still strongly expressed at this time in the 7H addition line. This study mapped the HvCslF9 gene to the short arm of the 1H chromosome. The HvGlb1 barley gene, encoding (1,3;1,4)‐β‐ d ‐glucan endohydrolase isoenzyme EI , is possibly involved in the regulation of the β‐glucan level during grain development. Previously this was also mapped to the barley 1H chromosome, and this study suggested that it was located on the 1HL chromosome arm. It was also concluded that the independent expression of the HvCslF9 gene in the wheat background resulted in a slight increase in the β‐glucan content. The results provide new insights into the expression and regulation of the HvCslF genes in the genetic background of wheat and indicate that cisgenesis can be used to increase the leaf and grain β‐glucan content in wheat.
Low dielectric constant, fluorine-doped SiO2 for intermetal dielectric (1996)

Shrinking device geometry has produced a need for lower dielectric constant materials for intermetal dielectric to reduce circuit RC time constants and intertrace ‘‘cross-talk’’ capacitance and reduce power consumption at high frequency. One such material is F-doped SiO2. This study utilized an electron cyclotron resonance high-density oxygen plasma source to produce SiO2 from a mixture of SiH4 and SiF4, O2, and Ar. The total silicon gas flow was held constant and the ratio of SiH4 to SiF4 was varied from 0% to 100%. The fluorine content was measured using nuclear resonance analysis (NRA) with the reaction 19F(p,αγ)16O. A comparison of the NRA data and the ratio of the Fourier transform infrared Si–F absorbance near 934 cm−1 to the Si–O peak near 1080 cm−1 gives a proportionality constant of 144. The refractive index and dielectric constant were determined as a function of fluorine content. The dielectric constant decreased linearly from 4.0 at zero F to 3.55 at 10.5 at. % F and the refractive index decreased from 1.474 to 1.417. Film stress, thermal stability, moisture absorption, and electrical breakdown were also measured. Film stress decreased from 150 to 70 MPa compressive as the F content increased.
Efficient 3-μm difference frequency generation using direct-bonded quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3 ridge waveguides (2006)

We fabricate 50-mm-long direct-bonded quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3 ridge waveguides for difference frequency generation in the 3-μm wavelength range. Conversion efficiency of 40%/W is achieved using a 1-μm-band pump and a 1.55-μm-band signal, and a 0.26-mW output is obtained. We also use the device to demonstrate methane gas detection at around 3.3μm.
<b>Nucleotide sequence and role in DNA amplification of the direct repeats composing the amplifiable element AUD1 of <i>Streptomyces lividans</i> 66</b> (1996)

The amplifiable unit of DNA no. 1 (AUD1) of Streptomyces lividans consists of three 1 kb repeats (left direct repeat, LDR; middle direct repeat, MDR; and the slightly different right direct repeat, RDR) and two 4.7 kb repeats alternately arranged in identical orientation to each other. Both 4.7 kb repeats have been sequenced. They are identical and contain one open reading frame (orf4.7). The deduced amino acid sequence has a low similarity to chitinases, and two amino acid repeats present high similarities to fibronectin type III modules. Sequencing had previously shown that the ORF corresponding to each 1 kb repeat encodes a putative DNA-binding protein. Crude extracts of Escherichia coli overexpressing the orfRDR-encoded protein and of S. lividans Jni1, having a high amplification of AUD1 and therefore orfMDR, were used in gel retardation assays. The orfRDR- and probably the orfMDR-encoded proteins can bind to an imperfect palindromic sequence upstream from MDR and RDR and to another sequence downstream from RDR. An extrachromosomal DNA amplification system was constructed containing different combinations of the sequences composing AUD1. In mutants having a deletion of the chromosomal AUD1, the 4.7 kb repeats could be reduced in size, mutated or replaced by E. coli DNA without altering the ability to amplify when RDR was present. Therefore, the only function of the 4.7 kb repeats in amplification is to provide directly repeated DNA sequences. When RDR was lacking or mutated, no amplification was observed. This strongly suggests that the DNA-binding protein encoded by orfRDR is required for AUD1 amplification.
Survey and benchmark of block ciphers for wireless sensor networks (2006)

Cryptographic algorithms play an important role in the security architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Choosing the most storage- and energy-efficient block cipher is essential, due to the facts that these networks are meant to operate without human intervention for a long period of time with little energy supply, and that available storage is scarce on these sensor nodes. However, to our knowledge, no systematic work has been done in this area so far. We construct an evaluation framework in which we first identify the candidates of block ciphers suitable for WSNs, based on existing literature and authoritative recommendations. For evaluating and assessing these candidates, we not only consider the security properties but also the storage- and energy-efficiency of the candidates. Finally, based on the evaluation results, we select the most suitable ciphers for WSNs, namely Skipjack, MISTY1, and Rijndael, depending on the combination of available memory and required security (energy efficiency being implicit). In terms of operation mode, we recommend Output Feedback Mode for pairwise links but Cipher Block Chaining for group communications.
Antigen presentation by human B cells: T cell proliferation induced by Epstein Barr virus B lymphoblastoid cells. (1982)

T cell proliferation in response to antigen requires the presence of an antigen-presenting accessory cell. The accessory cell most commonly associated with antigen presentation has been the macrophage (Mo). This study demonstrates that B cells in the form of Epstein Barr virus-transformed B lymphoblasts (EBV-B) are able to present tetanus toxoid (TT) to human T cells and induce proliferation of these cells. T cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood were shown to undergo blast transformation and proliferation in response to TT and irradiated EBV-B cells. Furthermore, TT-reactive T cell blasts were shown to proliferate in the presence of EBV-B cells and TT, but not with other antigens. There was a progressive increase to a plateau in T blast proliferation with increasing numbers of EBV-B cells added to the culture. The concentration of TT required for optimal antigen presentation was similar for EBV-B cells and for Mo. TT-specific cloned T cells also proliferated in response to TT and EBV-B cells and could be continuously grown in culture with TT, interleukin 2-containing supernatant, and EBV-B cells in place of autologous Mo. EBV-B cells pulsed with TT could also act as antigen-presenting cells. The proliferative response of T cell clones to TT in the presence of EBV-B cells was inhibited by antiserum to human p29,34 glycoprotein but not by anti-beta 2-microglobulin. This inhibition was shown to result from interaction with Ia-like determinants on EBV-B cells. These results indicate that B lymphoblastoid cells in man are able, like Mo, to present antigen to T cells in the context of Ia-like determinants.
Comparison of Immunologic Assays for Detecting Immune Responses in HIV Immunotherapeutic Studies: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Trial A5181 (2010)

This study was designed to evaluate which of several T-cell-specific, immune response assays are the most relevant in measuring the key characteristics of an effective immune response to HIV-1. Using 5 HIV-1 antigens as stimulants, we assessed lymphocyte proliferation, supernatant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) cytokine production (CP), single-cell IFN-gamma production by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, with and without Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs), and intracellular cytokine production (ICC) for IFN-gamma and interleukin 2 (IL-2) by flow cytometry. We used these to compare specimens from HIV-1-infected subjects who were virally suppressed with a stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen (group A) with specimens from subjects not on ART but with HIV-1 viremia of <3,000 copies/ml (group B). The lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) did not significantly differentiate between the two groups. Using fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the CP and ELISPOT assays for IFN-gamma detected the greatest differences between the two groups, specific for three of the five HIV-1 antigens, whereas significant differences were seen only in response to one antigen when cryopreserved cells were used. The strongest correlations were seen between the CP and ELISPOT assays. The ELISPOT B-LCL assay showed a cell concentration-dependent increase in IFN-gamma production compared to that shown by the standard ELISPOT assay but did not differentiate between the groups. In the ICC assay, greater numbers of IFN-gamma-producing T cells were seen in group B, and little or no detectable IL-2 production was seen in both groups. These studies highlight complexities of immunologic monitoring of T-cell responses in multisite clinical trials in HIV infection and outline considerations for optimizing these efforts.
Discovery of 1-(3,3-Dimethylbutyl)-3-(2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-(7-methyl-2-(methylamino)pyrido[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidin-6-yl)phenyl)urea (LY3009120) as a Pan-RAF Inhibitor with Minimal Paradoxical Activation and Activity against <i>BRAF</i> or <i>RAS</i> Mutant Tumor Cells (2015)

The RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK cascade is an essential signaling pathway, with activation typically mediated through cell surface receptors. The kinase inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, which target oncogenic BRAF V600E, have shown significant clinical efficacy in melanoma patients harboring this mutation. Because of paradoxical pathway activation, both agents were demonstrated to promote growth and metastasis of tumor cells with RAS mutations in preclinical models and are contraindicated for treatment of cancer patients with BRAF WT background, including patients with KRAS or NRAS mutations. In order to eliminate the issues associated with paradoxical MAPK pathway activation and to provide therapeutic benefit to patients with RAS mutant cancers, we sought to identify a compound not only active against BRAF V600E but also wild type BRAF and CRAF. On the basis of its superior in vitro and in vivo profile, compound 13 was selected for further development and is currently being evaluated in phase I clinical studies.
Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Michael Additions: Recent Progress with New Phosphorus Ligands (1998)

A breakthrough in copper-catalyzed enantioselective Michael additions was achieved recently by Feringa et al. by using the chiral phosphorus amidite 1. With few mol % of this ligand and copper(II) triflate, highly enantioselective 1,4-additions of diorganozinc reagents to numerous cyclic enones can be carried out.
Towards a memristive hardware secure hash function (MemHash) (2017)

Hardware based hash functions might provide a low cost and low power alternative to the classic solutions, which are based on implementations of mathematical cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, we propose MemHash, a hardware secure hash function built using memristive technology that exploits the unique properties of memristors. The MemHash operation is based on intrinsic device characteristics. Furthermore, it exploits process variations for implicit key embedding, thus creating a keyed-hash message authentication code (HMAC) that does not involve a separate key generation and management process. MemHash comprises a memristive crossbar with a differential read mechanism and a scrambler unit. The scrambler unit receives the input message as a bit stream and digitally mixes it with data read from the array. For every bit of the message, the scrambler generates a write address and a value to perform a single-cell write cycle to the crossbar. Because the crossbar is designed to be extremely sensitive to the write disturb phenomenon, every single-cell write alters additional cells in the design, thus increasing the entropy. The differential read mechanism provides sensitivity to process variations and robustness in operating conditions, yielding a PUF-like effect. MemHash is evaluated with a 16 × 16 memristive crossbar structure. Our simulation results demonstrate the statistical characteristics of the proposed design, showing close-to-optimal uniqueness and diffuseness.
Thermal spray 2001 : new surfaces for a new millennium : proceedings of the Intenational Thermal Spray Conference, 28-30 May, 2001, Singapore (2001)

This volume presents close to 200 papers from the premier international conference on thermal spraying. The proceedings cover a broad range of topics on developments in thermal spray research and industrial applications. Contents: Applications (17 papers) Thermal barrier coatings (9 papers ) Ceramics, intermetallics, and metal composite coatings (14 papers) Polymer feedstocks and coatings (6 papers) Nanostructured materials (7 papers) Cold spray processes and coatings (6 papers) Equipment and systems (17 papers) Coating treatments (8 papers) Microstructural focused studies (11 papers) Diagnostics and process control (13 papers) Formation impact and solidification of droplets (10 papers) Modeling and simulation (14 papers) Mechanical properties (10 papers) Wear and erosion (12 papers) Corrosion properties and characteristics (12 papers) Nondestructive testing and quality control (7 papers) Commercial aspects (7 papers) Historical endnote: the origins of thermal spray literature and more!
Time Constants of Cardiac Function and Their Calculations (2010)

Left ventricular diastolic time constant, Tau, is the most established index to describe left ventricular diastolic function. However, the lack of a practical method for the measurement of Tau has been an uncomfortable reality which formerly kept all but a few researchers from making use of it. Recently, the non invasive calculation of Tau in an echo lab was accomplished through formulas developed by universal mathematical method. Tau was first suggested by the fact that left ventricular diastole is an active process, and we can therefore predict that there must be some other time constants which can be used to describe other active movement of ventricular muscles during isovolumic period. Similar mathematical manipulation was employed to develop formulas for "the other Tau(s)". Such Tau(s) represent new sets of indexes useful for the description of cardiac function. They are expected to be the most established indices given the fact Tau is revealing the power of ventricular muscles without interference from either preload or afterload.
Pyridine Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands as Supports for Au(I)−Ag(I) Interactions:  Formation of a Chiral Coordination Polymer (2004)

Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [H(pyCH(2))(2)im]BF(4), with silver oxide in dichloromethane readily yields [Ag((pyCH(2))(2)im)(2)]BF(4), 1.BF(4)(). 1.BF(4) is converted to the analogous Au(I)-containing species, [Au((pyCH(2))(2)im)(2)]BF(4), 3, by a simple carbene transfer reaction in dichloromethane. Further treatment with two equivalents of AgBF(4) produces the trimetallic species [AuAg(2)((pyCH(2))(2)im)(2)(NCCH(3))(2)](BF(4))(3), 4, which contains two silver ions each coordinated to the pyridine moieties on one carbene ligand and to an acetonitrile molecule in a T-shaped fashion. Monometallic [Ag((py)(2)im)(2)]BF(4), 5, and [Au((py)(2)im)(2)]BF(4), 6, are made analogously to 1.BF(4) and 3 starting from 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene tetrafluoroborate, [H(py)(2)im]BF(4). Addition of excess AgBF(4) to 6 yields the helical mixed-metal polymer, ([AuAg((py)(2)im)(2)(NCCH(3))](BF(4))(2))(n), 7 which contains an extended Au(I)-Ag(I) chain with short metal-metal separations of 2.8359(4) and 2.9042(4) A. Colorless, monometallic [Hg((pyCH(2))(2)im)(2)](BF(4))(2), 8, is easily produced by refluxing [H(pyCH(2))(2)im)]BF(4) with Hg(OAc)(2) in acetonitrile. The related quinolyl-substituted imidazole, [H(quinCH(2))(2)im]PF(6), is produced analogously to [H(pyCH(2))(2)im]BF(4). [Hg((quinCH(2))(2)im)(2)](PF(6))(2), 9, is isolated in good yield as a white solid from the reaction of Hg(OAc)(2) and [H(quinCH(2))(2)im]PF(6). The reaction of [H(quinCH(2))(2)im]PF(6) with excess Ag(2)O produces the triangulo-cluster [Ag(3)((quinCH(2))(2)im)(3)](PF(6))(3), 11. All of these complexes were studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and complexes 3-9 were additionally characterized by X-ray crystallography. These complexes are photoluminescent in the solid state and in solution with spectra that closely resemble those of the ligand precursor.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Largazole, a Potent Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase (2008)

An enantioselective total synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product (+)-largazole (1) is described. It is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor. Our synthesis is convergent and involves the assembly of thiazole 3-derived carboxylic acid with amino ester 4 followed by cycloamidation of the corresponding amino acid. The synthesis features an efficient cross-metathesis, an enzymatic kinetic resolution of a beta-hydroxy ester, a selective removal of a Boc-protecting group, a HATU/HOAt-promoted cycloamidation reaction, and synthetic manipulations to a sensitive thioester functional group.
β-amyloid oligomers and prion protein (2011)

The relationship between Alzheimer disease (AD) and prion-related encephalopathies (TSE) has been proposed by different points of view. Recently, the scientific attention has been attracted by the results proposing the possibility that PrPc, the protein whose pathologic form is responsible of TSE, can mediated the toxic effect of β amyloid (Aβ) oligomers. The oligomers are considered the culprit of the neurodegenerative process associated to AD, although the pathogenic mechanism activated by these small aggregates remain to be elucidated. In the initial study based on the binding screening PrPc was identified as ligand /receptor of Aβ oligomers, while long term potentiation (LTP) analysis in vitro and behavioural studies in vivo, demonstrated that the absence of PrPc abolished the damage induced by Aβ oligomers. The high affinity binding Aβ oligomers-PrPc has been confirmed, whereas a functional role of this association has been excluded by three different studies. We approached this issue by the direct application of Aβ oligomers in the brain followed by the behavioural examination of memory deficits. Our data using PrP knock-out mice suggest that Aβ 1-42 oligomers are responsible for cognitive impairment in AD but PrPc is not required for their effect. Similarly, in two other studies the LTP alterations induced by Aβ 1-42 oligomers was not influenced by the absence of PrP. Possible explanations of these contradictory results are discussed.
Gambia (1992)

Obwohl Jawara mit einigem Stolz darauf hinweisen kann, daß in seinem Land seit der Unabhängigkeit 1965 ein Mehrparteiensystem besteht, wird das politische Geschehen eindeutig von der PPP bestimmt, die seit den Wahlen 1987 31 der 36 gewählten Parlamentsabgeordneten stellt, während fünf auf die NCP (National Convention Party) von Sheriff Mustapha Dibba entfallen. Bei den Gemeinderatswahlen am 29.5. gingen alle Sitze in Banjul an die PPP, während in der Provinz drei Sitze an die PPP, zwei an Unabhängige und einer an die GPP (Gambia People’s Party) fielen. Die NCP konnte keinen Sitz gewinnen. Der Bürgermeister von Banjul, James F.P. Gomez (PPP), wurde am 18.6. — erstmals durch Direktwahl — mit großer Mehrheit wiedergewählt. Die Gründung der Gambia People’s Democratic Party (PDP) im September unter Führung des Arztes Lamin Bojang bedeutete eine weitere Schwächung der NCP, da die meisten der PDP-Funktionäre vorher dieser Partei angehört oder ihr nahegestanden hatten, darunter der PDP-Generalsekretär Jabel Sallah, der einen Parlamentssitz der NCP innehatte, sowie der Hauptfinancier der NCP, Solo Dabo, ein reicher Diamantenhändler, der im Juli aus der NCP ausgeschlossen worden war. Bojang beklagte die zu langsame Entwicklung Gambias und das Fehlen einer echten Demokratie. Als Ziele der PDP nannte er landwirtschaftliche Selbstversorgung, Bildung für alle und die rasche Vollendung der Entwicklungsinfrastruktur. Die PDP unterscheidet sich darin kaum von PPP und NCP. Im Hinblick auf die 1992 fälligen Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen beantragten PDP und GPP die Einsetzung einer unabhängigen Wahlkommission und forderten die gleichen Möglichkeiten der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit für alle Parteien. Jawara, der auf dem 5. Parteitag der PPP am 4.12. erneut zum Generalsekretär gewählt wurde, gab zum Abschluß des Parteitages unerwartet bekannt, daß er bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen 1992 nicht mehr kandidieren wolle. Nach Demonstrationen der Parteibasis und auf Drängen des ZK der PPP, das am 18.12. zu einer außerordentlichen Sitzung zusammentrat, revidierte Jawara jedoch seine Entscheidung. Von vielen war bereits ein Machtvakuum befürchtet worden.
Characterization of the metal-ceramic bonding in the Ag/MgO(001) interface from ab initio calculations (2003)

Characterization of the metal-ceramic bonding in the Ag/MgO(001) interface from ab initio calculations