gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FORMATION AND CHEMILUMINESCENT DECOMPOSITION OF DIOXETANES IN THE GAS PHASE (1979)

Abstract— High resolution chemiluminescence spectra have been obtained of the singlet electronically excited products of O 2 ( 1 Δ) plus alkene, dioxetane forming, reactions. The experiments were conducted in a flow apparatus at pressures of 1–5 torr. The spectra are a measure of the unrelaxed initial distribution of energy in the excited product. Results are reported for ethylene, 1, 1‐difluoroethylene. methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, n ‐butyl vinyl ether, ketene, ketene‐d 2 , allene, unsymdimethyl allene, dimethyl ketene, 2‐methoxy propene, 1‐ethoxy propene, 2‐bromo propene, and N, N‐ dimethyl isobutenyl amine. Chemiluminescence activation energies, representing the cycloaddition process, and absolute quantum yields for singlet excited product, ranging from 10 ‐ ‐ 4 to 2.5 × 10 ‐ ‐ 2 . are reported for 10 alkenes. Several of the reactions, 1,1‐difluoroethylene, ketene, ethylene and allene give formaldehyde 1 nπ* product with excess vibrational‐rotational energy and a higher quantum yield than reactions not displaying this phenomenon. This is an indication of at least partially statistical partitioning of the energy in excess of that needed to electronically excite the formaldehyde. The experiments with ketene and ketene‐d 2 provide the first evidence for the existence of unsubstituted 1,2‐dioxetanone. The results from several of the experiments, particularly those with 2‐methoxy propene and I‐ethoxy propene are consistent with the mechanism of Goddard, which predicts regioselective and stereoselective attack of O 2 ( 1 Δ) upon alkoxy substituted alkenes having allylic hydrogen.
Josephson current and multiple Andreev reflections in graphene SNS junctions (2008)

The Josephson effect and superconducting proximity effect were observed in superconductor-graphene-superconductor (SGS) Josephson junctions with coherence lengths comparable to the distance between the superconducting leads. By comparing the measured gate dependence of the proximity induced subgap features (multiple Andreev reflections) and of the supercurrent to theoretical predictions, we find that the diffusive junction model yields close quantitative agreement with the results. By contrast, predictions of the ballistic SGS model are inconsistent with the data. We show that all SGS devices reported so far, our own as well as those of other groups, fall in the diffusive junction category. This is attributed to substrate induced potential fluctuations due to trapped charges and to the invasiveness of the metallic leads.
Radioimmunassay for measurement of triiodothyronine in human serum (1971)

A convenient, specific, precise, and reproducible radioimmunoassay system for measurement of triiodothyronine (T(3)) in human serum has been developed. The procedure compares the ability of standards and unknowns to compete with radioactive T(3) for binding sites on a T(3)-binding antiserum produced in rabbits by immunization with human thyroglobulin. The assay is set up in the presence of 250 ng thyroxine (T(4)) in all tubes, to mobilize T(3) from its binding with the thyronine-binding globulin (TBG), and athyreotic sheep serum in standards to correct for the TBG in the unknowns. The method regularly detected 0.4 ng T(3), which would correspond to a T(3) concentration of 100 ng/100 ml when 400 mul of serum is analyzed. The mean recovery of unlabeled T(3) added to normal serum pools was 106%. Serial dilution of hyperthyroid sera containing high concentrations of T(3) with athyreotic sheep serum yielded expected values. The serum T(3) concentration in 80% of 31 euthyroid normal subjects was less than 100 ng/100 ml (range < 100-170 ng/100 ml); it was greater than 170 ng/100 ml in 89% of 27 sera of hyperthyroid patients with untreated Graves' disease (range < 100-1300, mean 519 in 25 sera with detectable T(3)). The concentration of serum T(3) fell, frequently to undetectable levels, during treatment of hyperthyroid patients with antithyroid drugs. The serum T(3) concentration in four hypothyroid patients was less than 100 ng/100 ml.
Regulatory Domains of Snf1-Activating Kinases Determine Pathway Specificity (2006)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Snf1 kinase can be activated by any one of three upstream kinases, Sak1, Tos3, or Elm1. All three Snf1-activating kinases contain serine/threonine kinase domains near their N termini and large C-terminal domains with little sequence conservation and previously unknown function. Deletion of the C-terminal domains of Sak1 and Tos3 greatly reduces their ability to activate the Snf1 pathway. In contrast, deletion of the Elm1 C-terminal domain has no effect on Snf1 signaling but abrogates the ability of Elm1 to participate in the morphogenetic-checkpoint signaling pathway. Thus, the C-terminal domains of Sak1, Tos3, and Elm1 help to determine pathway specificity. Additional deletion mutants of the Sak1 kinase revealed that the N terminus of the protein is essential for Snf1 signaling. The deletion of 43 amino acids from within the N terminus of Sak1 (residues 87 to 129) completely blocks Snf1 signaling and activation loop phosphorylation in vivo. The Sak1 kinase domain (lacking both N-terminal and C-terminal domains) is catalytically active and specific in vitro but is unable to promote Snf1 signaling in vivo when expressed at normal levels. Our studies indicate that the kinase domains of the Snf1-activating kinases are not sufficient by themselves for their proper function and that the nonconserved N-terminal and C-terminal domains are critical for the biological activities of these kinases.
Socio-economic, dietary, activity, nutrition and body weight transitions in South Korea (2003)

Examining a system of transitions on a national level in one country that has undergone rapid economic development may provide a strategy for examining how such transitions operate in other nations.
Odd–Even Effect of Repeating Aminoethylene Units in the Side Chain of N-Substituted Polyaspartamides on Gene Transfection Profiles (2011)

A series of the N-substituted polyaspartamides possessing repeating aminoethylene units in the side chain was prepared in this study to identify polyplexes with effective endosomal escape and low cytotoxicity. All cationic N-substituted polyaspartamides showed appreciably lower cytotoxicity than that of commercial transfection reagents. Interestingly, a distinctive odd–even effect of the repeating aminoethylene units in the polymer side chain on the efficiencies of endosomal escape and transfection to several cell lines was observed. The polyplexes from the polymers with an even number of repeating aminoethylene units (PA-Es) achieved an order of magnitude higher transfection efficiency, without marked cytotoxicity, than those of the polymers with an odd number of repeating aminoethylene units (PA-Os). This odd–even effect agreed well with the buffering capacity of these polymers as well as their capability to disrupt membrane integrity selectively at endosomal pH, leading to highly effective endosomal escape of the PA-E polyplexes. Furthermore, the formation of a polyvalent charged array with precise spacing between protonated amino groups in the polymer side chain was shown to be essential for effective disruption of the endosomal membrane, thus facilitating transport of the polyplex into the cytoplasm. These data provide useful knowledge for designing polycations to construct safe and efficient nonviral gene carriers.
Multiple robot path coordination using artificial potential fields (2002)

A technique for coordinating the paths of multiple robots in the presence of obstacles is presented. To accomplish this, the robots are prioritized. A path that avoids only the stationary obstacles is planned for the highest-priority robot. A trajectory for the next-lowest priority robot is planned so that it avoids both the stationary obstacles and the higher-priority robot, which is treated as a moving obstacle. This process is continued until trajectories for all of the robots have been planned. The planning is accomplished by first mapping the real space of the robots into configuration-space-time. Potential fields are applied around the c-space-time obstacles and are used to modify the path of the robot. The advantage of using artificial potential fields is that they offer a relatively fast and efficient way to solve for safe trajectories around both stationary and moving obstacles. In the method used to perform path planning, a trial path through the c-span-time is chosen and then modified under the influence of the potential fields until an appropriate path is found.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Current-mode subthreshold MOS implementation of the Herault-Jutten autoadaptive network (1992)

The authors explore translinear circuits in subthreshold MOS technology and current-mode design techniques for the implementation of neuromorphic analog network processing. The architecture, also known as the Herault-Jutten network, performs an independent component analysis and is essentially a continuous-time recursive linear adaptive filter. Analog I/O interface, weight coefficients, and adaptation blocks are all integrated on the chip. A small network with six neurons and 30 synapses was fabricated in a 2- mu m double-polysilicon, double-metal n-well CMOS process. Circuit designs at the transistor level yield area-efficient implementations for neurons, synapses, and the adaptation blocks. The authors discuss the design methodology and constraints as well as test results from the fabricated chips.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genetic control of distal stem cell fate within root and embryonic meristems (2015)

The root meristem consists of populations of distal and proximal stem cells and an organizing center known as the quiescent center. During embryogenesis, initiation of the root meristem occurs when an asymmetric cell division of the hypophysis forms the distal stem cells and quiescent center. We have identified NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) and two closely related paralogs as being required for the initiation of the root meristem. All three genes are expressed in the hypophysis, and their expression is dependent on the auxin-signaling pathway. Expression of these genes is necessary for distal stem cell fate within the root meristem, whereas misexpression is sufficient to transform other stem cell populations to a distal stem cell fate in both the embryo and mature roots.
The sequential rejection principle of familywise error control (2010)

Closed testing and partitioning are recognized as fundamental principles of familywise error control. In this paper, we argue that sequential rejection can be considered equally fundamental as a general principle of multiple testing. We present a general sequentially rejective multiple testing procedure and show that many well-known familywise error controlling methods can be constructed as special cases of this procedure, among which are the procedures of Holm, Shaffer and Hochberg, parallel and serial gatekeeping procedures, modern procedures for multiple testing in graphs, resampling-based multiple testing procedures and even the closed testing and partitioning procedures themselves. We also give a general proof that sequentially rejective multiple testing procedures strongly control the familywise error if they fulfill simple criteria of monotonicity of the critical values and a limited form of weak familywise error control in each single step. The sequential rejection principle gives a novel theoretical perspective on many well-known multiple testing procedures, emphasizing the sequential aspect. Its main practical usefulness is for the development of multiple testing procedures for null hypotheses, possibly logically related, that are structured in a graph. We illustrate this by presenting a uniform improvement of a recently published procedure.
Solid-fuel regression rate and combustion behavior of vortex hybrid rocket engines (1999)

A series of static engine firings were conducted to investigate the solid-fuel regression rate behavior and operating characteristics of vortex hybrid rocket engines. The vortex hybrid engine configuration is characterized by a unique coaxial, co-swirling, counter-flowing vortex combustion field in the cylindrical fuel port. To generate this type of flow field, gaseous oxygen was injected through a swirl injector located between the aft-end of the fuel grain and the inlet to the converging portion of the exit nozzle. Test firings with thrusts up to 960 N (215 lb3 were conducted with GOX and HTPB. Fuel regression rates up to 650% larger than those in similar classical hybrids were measured. Empirical correlations were developed to accurately describe the experimental regression rates over more than an order of magnitude variation in mass flux. In addition to local mass flux and GOX injection velocity, geometric engine variables, such as engine contraction ratio and length-to-diameter ratio, had a significant influence on the measured regression rates. Physically descriptive, non-dimensional regression rate and heat transfer correlations were also developed. Throttling and re-start capability were demonstrated.
Piezoelectric Fiber Composites with Interdigitated Electrodes (1997)

Piezoelectric Fiber Composites were previously introduced as an alternative to monolithic piezoceramic wafers for structural actuation applications. This manuscript was an investigation into the improvement of piezoelectric fiber composite performance through a nonconventional electroding scheme. Two microelectromechanical models were developed that predict the composite properties. These models were used to examine the trends of composite properties versus fiber volume fraction for various constituent materials. Several etched electrode PZT fiber composites, with fiber volume fractions ranging from 7% to 58%, were manufactured and tested. Experimental measurements showed excellent agreement with both the trends and magnitude of model predicted values. The maximum fiber volume fraction composites demonstrated a capacitance (E3 /Eo) of 550, piezoelectric free strain constants (d 33 and d 31 ) of 150 pm/V and-70 pm/V, and piezoelectric clamped stress (e 33 ) of 5 C/m 2 , showing a substantial improvement over previous piezoelectric fiber composites with uniform electrodes. Maximum strain values of 1700 ppm were measured, indicating higher in-plane actuation than monolithic piezoceramics.
Decoding algorithms for reconfigurable space-time turbo codes (2004)

In this paper the flexibility of space-time turbo codes to work with different antenna configurations and constellations is examined. Original contributions are presented for the enhancement of current decoding algorithms and their extension to four transmit antennas. Besides, a metric is proposed for the evaluation of quality of service (QoS) without explicit PER measurement.
Improved stability for piezoelectric crystals grown in the lead indium niobate–lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate system (2007)

Higher coercive fields (EC) and depoling temperatures (TR∕T) were obtained for crystals in the Pb(In1∕2Nb1∕2)O3–Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIN–PMN–PT) ternary system. Data are given for a crystal boule with starting composition 0.24PIN-0.44PMN-0.32PT, and with chemical distributions along the growth direction. The dielectric, piezoelectric, and elastic properties were determined. Similar to binary PMN–PT, ternary PIN–PMN–PT crystals have outstanding piezoelectric properties (e.g., d33∼900–1900pm∕V, k33∼0.83–0.92). In addition, PIN stabilizes piezoelectric performance by doubling EC (∼6kV∕cm) and increasing TR∕T by ∼20°C. These improvements are advantageous for acoustic transducers used in high-drive applications.
Determination of Heavy Metal Inos Using Conductometric Biosensor Based on Sol-Gel Immobilized Urease (2002)

Heavy-metal ions are ubiquitous in nature, thus resulting in a serious environmental problem. Due to their high toxicity, there is an obvious need to determine them rapidly on site at trace levels. Although the typical detection methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are widely used for the determination of heavy-metal ions, 1 both methods require very sophisticated equipment and can not be used for field monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for simple and potable detection method. In general, electrochemical methods are able to selectively detect heavy-metal ions with less complex instrumentation. The techniques developed so far include ion-selective electrodes, polarography, and other voltammetric methods. 2 In recent years, electrochemical biosensors have received a great attention as promising alternatives for the determination of heavy-metal ions. A number of examples have been reported 3-9 and most of the biosensors are based on the use of urease enzyme immobilized by glutaraldehyde crosslinking with bovine serum albumin on electrode surface. 3-6 The determination of heavy-metal ions using the urease-immobilized biosensor is based on the measurement of the urease enzymatic activity which is inhibited by heavy-metal ions. It is well known that the inhibition of the urease by these ions results from the reaction with sulfhydryl groups of the active site of the enzyme. 10-12 The urease converts urea into ammonium and bicarbonate ions. urease NH2CONH2 + 3 H2O 2NH4 + + HCO3 - + OH
NADPH Oxidase Mediates Tissue Factor–Dependent Surface Procoagulant Activity by Thrombin in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2002)

These findings indicate that the NADPH oxidase is essentially involved in the redox-sensitive induction of TF mRNA expression and surface procoagulant activity by thrombin. This response is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent activation of p38 MAP kinase and the PI 3-kinase/protein kinase B/Akt pathway. Given that active TF promotes thrombin formation, the NADPH oxidase may play a crucial role in perpetuating the thrombogenic cycle in the injured vessel wall.
Properties and Structure of Spinel Li‐Mn‐O‐F Compounds for Cathode Materials of Secondary Lithium‐ion Battery (2001)

Abstract The spinel Li‐Mn‐O‐F compound cathode materials were synthesized by solid‐state reaction from calculated amounts LiOH‐H 2 O, MnO 2 (EMD) and LiF. The results of the electrochemical test demonstrated that these materials exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. It's initial capacity is ‐ 115 mAh.g 1 and reversible efficiency is about 100%. After 60 cycles, its capacity is still around 110 mAh.g 1 with nearly 100% reversible efficiency. The spinel Li‐Mn‐O‐F compound possibly has two structure models: interstitial model [Li]‐[Mn 3+ x Mn 4+ 2‐x ]O 4 F δ , in which the fluorine is located on the interstice of crystal lattice, and substituted model [Li]‐[Mn 3+ x Mn 4+ 2‐x ]O 4‐δ F δ , which the fluorine atom substituted the oxygen atom. The electrochemical result supports the interstitial model [Li][Mn 3+ x Mn 4+ 2‐x ]O 4 F δ .
Off-line synchronous resampling of vibration measurements (2002)

A lot of advanced signal processing and analysis methods are available for digitized vibration signals with a fixed sampling frequency. On the other hand, specialized hard- and firmware has been designed and commercialized to synchronize the sampling frequency during a measurement with a second but related event. A well known mechanical application is the extraction of "order-related" phenomena of engine vibrations, based on the measurement of the rotation speed of one of its components. This paper describes the background and use of well-established digital signal processing techniques like digital resampling and filtering to convert signals from one domain into another, using a known or measured relation between both domains (e.g. between the time domain and the engine cycle domain). It particularly illustrates how phenomena can hardly be analyzed or interpreted in one domain, but become clear and obvious in the other domain. Emphasis of the paper is on the application to vibration measurements rather than on, theoretical aspects of the digital signal processing techniques involved.
Cyclosporin A in Fat Emulsion Carriers: Experimental Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution (1995)

In the commercially available intravenous formulation of Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun), polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) is used as a solubilizing agent. We have recently reported that the acute nephrotoxic effect of this preparation was alleviated by replacing Cremophor EL with a soybean oil-based fat emulsion in a rat model. To further explore the potential of fat emulsions as carriers for cyclosporin A, data on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution are required. In this study in pigs, the pharmacokinetics of soybean oil-cyclosporin A was compared to that of Sandimmun. The two formulations seemed bioequivalent, as there were no significant differences in the systemic clearances, volumes of distribution or elimination half-lives. Moreover, the tissue distributions of soybean oil-cyclosporin A and Sandimmun were compared in rats. These studies also included two additional lipid-based carriers: one based on iodized ester of poppy seed oil and the other on a liposomal preparation. The tissue distributions were found to be similar regardless of the carriers used. Fat emulsion carriers seem to offer possibilities for preparing better tolerated intravenous formulations of cyclosporin A while maintaining the same characteristics concerning pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution.
Recent advances in microbial fermentation for dairy and health (2017)

Microbial fermentation has been used historically for the preservation of foods, the health benefits of which have since come to light. Early dairy fermentations depended on the spontaneous activity of the indigenous microbiota of the milk. Modern fermentations rely on defined starter cultures with desirable characteristics to ensure consistency and commercial viability. The selection of defined starters depends on specific phenotypes that benefit the product by guaranteeing shelf life and ensuring safety, texture, and flavour. Lactic acid bacteria can produce a number of bioactive metabolites during fermentation, such as bacteriocins, biogenic amines, exopolysaccharides, and proteolytically released peptides, among others. Prebiotics are added to food fermentations to improve the performance of probiotics. It has also been found that prebiotics fermented in the gut can have benefits that go beyond helping probiotic growth. Studies are now looking at how the fermentation of prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides can help in the prevention of diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and colorectal cancer. The potential to prevent or even treat disease through the fermentation of food is a medically and commercially attractive goal and is showing increasing promise. However, the stringent regulation of probiotics is beginning to detrimentally affect the field and limit their application.