gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Charge Control Layer on the Electroluminescent Characteristic of Blue and White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2014)

We investigated blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a charge control layer (CCL) to produce high efficiency and improve the half-decay lifetime. Three types of devices (device A, B, and C) were fabricated following the number of CCLs within the emitting layer (EML), maintaining the thickness of whole EML. The CCL and host material, 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene, which has a bipolar property, was able to control the carrier movement with ease inside the EML. Device B demonstrated a maximum luminous efficiency (LE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.19 cd/A and 5.78%, respectively. It also showed that the enhancement of the half-decay lifetime, measured at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2, was 1.5 times longer than that of the conventional structure. A hybrid white OLED (WOLED) was also fabricated using a phosphorescent red emitter, bis(2-phenylquinoline)-acetylacetonate iridium III doped in 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolyl-biphenyl. The property of the hybrid WOLED with CCL showed a maximum LE and an EQE of 13.46 cd/A and 8.32%, respectively. It also showed white emission with Commission International de L'Éclairage coordinates of (x = 0.41, y = 0.33) at 10 V.
Photochemical crosslinking of soluble wool keratins produces a mechanically stable biomaterial that supports cell adhesion and proliferation (2010)

Abstract Keratins extracted from various “hard tissues” such as wool, hair, and nails are increasingly being investigated as a source of abundant, biocompatible materials. In this study we explored a recent photochemical method to crosslink solubilized wool keratoses, with the aim of producing a mechanically favorable biomaterial. Wool proteins were isolated by oxidizing the disulfides and extracting the resulting soluble keratoses. The α‐ and γ‐keratose fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify their constituent proteins. Hydrogels were produced by covalent crosslinking of the α‐keratoses via a photo‐oxidative process catalyzed by blue light, a ruthenium complex, and persulfate. The presence of dityrosine crosslinks was demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The crosslinked α‐keratose material had moderate tensile strength and elasticity, and high adhesive strength. The material displayed modest shrinking after crosslinking, however the shrinking could be prevented by crosslinking in the presence of 2.5% glycerol, resulting in gels that did not shrink or swell. Small solutes such as Tris and glycerol influenced the crosslink density and elastic modulus of the crosslinked material. The α‐keratose was able to support adhesion and growth of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in vitro . The fabrication of mechanically stable keratin biomaterials by this facile photo‐crosslinking method may be useful for various tissue engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Inhibitory effects of 4-vinylbenzaldehyde and 4-vinylbenzoic acid on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase (2005)

Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) catalyzes both the hydroxylation of tyrosine into o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols into o-quinones which form brown or black pigments. Here, the inhibitory effects of 4-vinylbenzaldehyde and 4-vinylbenzoic acid on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase have been investigated. The results showed that both 4-vinylbenzaldehyde and 4-vinylbenzoic acid could inhibit both monophenolase activity and diphenolase activity of the enzyme. For the monophenolase activity, 4-vinylbenzoic acid could lengthen the lag time, but 4-vinylbenzaldehyde could not. Both 4-vinylbenzaldehyde and 4-vinylbenzoic acid decreased the steady-state activity, and the IC50 values were estimated as 93 microM and 3.0 mM for monophenolase activity, respectively. For the diphenolase activity, the inhibitory capacity of 4-vinylbenzaldehyde was stronger than that of 4-vinylbenzoic acid, and the IC50 values were estimated as 23 microM and 0.33 mM, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that inhibition by both compounds was reversible and their mechanisms were mixed-II type; their inhibition constants were also determined and compared.
Phase Transformation of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (3 mol% Y<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) in Fuel Cell Caused by Manganese Diffusion (1998)

The diffusion coefficient of Mn in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 3 mol%Y2O3) and the structural change in YSZ have been investigated. The diffusion coefficients of Mn were determined to be 7×10−14 m2/s at 1573 K and 2×10−13 m2/s at 1673 K by analyzing the concentration profiles of Mn in YSZ/Mn3O4 diffusion couples. The solubilities of MnOx were 7.4 mol% and 7.6 mol% at 1573 and 1673 K, respectively. Remarkable grain growth was observed on the YSZ side near the interface. The dissolution of MnOx almost up to the solubility limit of 7.6 mol% resulted in grain growth and the phase transformation from the tetragonal phase to the fluorite-type cubic phase. These results were discussed by comparing with the previous studies on the ZrO2–Y2O3–MnOx ternary system and on the ZrO2–MnO binary system.
Enhancement of ionic liquid-aided fractionation of birchwood. Part 1: autohydrolysis pretreatment (2013)

Ionic liquid-cosolvent systems have been proposed as selective solvent media for lignocellulosic materials. We present the ionic liquid-aided fractionation of silver birch (Betula pendula) combined with an autohydrolysis pretreatment. Contrary to untreated birchwood meal, autohydrolyzed birchwood meal reveals quantitative dissolution in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and distinct separation into the individual wood polymers upon regeneration in acetone/water. The process yields two main fractions, a cellulose-rich precipitate with a residual lignin content of 13–15% and another virtually pure lignin fraction. No cellulose yield loss is observed during the ionic liquid processing step. A comprehensive mass balance of the process, including insoluble material, wash waters, and soluble residues, is provided. The product fractions are characterised for their chemical compositions, molar mass distributions and structural characteristics by Klason lignin and sugar analysis, 13C NMR, GPC and WAXS. The study investigates the effects of wood particle size and autohydrolysis intensity on fractionation efficiency and selectivity.
Burst DSP demodulator for low E/sub b//N/sub 0/ operation (2002)

The authors describe a receive filter modification that improves carrier and symbol timing recovery in a burst DSP (digital signal processing) QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) demodulator for satellite communications. The experimental DSP demodulator has a low unique word miss probability (Pmiss) and cycle-skipping-rate at low E/sub b//N/sub 0/ (3 dB or less). The S/N (signal-to-noise ratio) of the carrier recovery is increased by about 1 dB and the S/N of the symbol timing recovery is increased by at least 3 dB. Pmiss is improved by a factor of 100 over that of a conventional DSP demodulator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MMIC tunable active notch filter (1996)

A novel microwave notch filter is reported which has a single-stage reflection topology. The identical RLC reflection terminations employ independent voltage controlled elements. As a result, the Q-factor and notch frequency can be varied. An experimental notch filter, tunable from 2 to 3.5 GHz, has been successfully realised using monolithic technology.
A Catalytic Role for Protic Solvents in Conformational Interconversion (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Catalytic Role for Protic Solvents in Conformational InterconversionFeng Xu, Anping Wang, J. B. Vaughn, and T. A. CrossView Author Information Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics Department of Chemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 38, 9176–9177Publication Date (Web):September 25, 1996Publication History Received11 January 1996Published online25 September 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9600892https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9600892rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Ethanol,Molecular structure,Noncovalent interactions,Peptides and proteins,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Molecular construction and optimization of anti-human IL-1α/β dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig<sup>TM</sup>) molecules (2009)

Signal transduction through the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) pathway mediates a strong pro-inflammatory response, which contributes to a number of human diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Within the IL-1 family, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta are both agonistic ligands for IL-1R, whereas IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is an endogenous antagonist that binds to IL-R, but does not signal. Therefore, the ideal therapeutic strategy would be blocking both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, but not IL-1ra. However, due to low sequence homology between the three members of the family, it has been exceedingly difficult to identify potent therapeutic agents, e.g., monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), that selectively recognize both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, but not IL-1ra. Currently, several anti-IL-1 therapeutic agents in clinical development either inhibit only IL-1beta (i.e., anti-IL-1beta mAb), or recognize all three ligands (i.e., anti-IL-1R mAb or IL-1R Trap). We have recently developed a novel dual variable domain immunoglobulin (or DVD-Ig) technology that enables engineering the distinct specificities of two mAbs into a single functional, dual-specific, tetravalent IgG-like molecule. Based on this approach, we have developed anti-human IL-1alpha/beta DVD-Ig molecules using several pairs of monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential, and present a case study for optimal design of a DVD-Ig agent for a specific target pair combination.
Effect of chilling bovine oocytes on their developmental competence (1996)

Bovine oocytes are damaged when chilled to temperatures near 0 degree C. We have determined the temperatures at which this injury occurs, as well as its kinetics and the functional consequences for oocytes both at the germinal vesicle-stage (GV) and after in vitro maturation (IVM). Cooling GV oocytes had no effect on their nuclear maturation or fertilization. Compared to control oocytes held at 30 degrees C, the development of GV oocytes into blastocysts following maturation and fertilization was unaffected by cooling them to 20 degrees C for 30 min (blastocyst formation: 25% vs 26%, respectively), but development decreased after cooling them to 10 degrees C and 0 degree C (blastocyst: 6% and 1%, respectively). Cooling oocytes after maturation gave similar results, with no difference between controls and oocytes cooled to 20 degrees C (blastocyst: 25% and 26%, respectively). However, cooling them to 10 degrees C and 0 degree C did reduce development (blastocyst: 8% and 3%, respectively). Chilling oocytes to 0 degree C for 30 sec reduced their cleavage and blastocyst formation by > 40%; there was a high negative correlation between the length of exposure and subsequent survival, both for GV-stage and for IVM oocytes. The extreme sensitivity of both GV and IVM oocytes to chilling can explain the limited success obtained for cryopreservation of bovine oocytes by conventional slow-cooling procedures.
Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Devices (2007)

A short review of ionic liquids (ILs) and their applications as electrolytes for electrochemical devices, such as electric double layer capacitors, fuel cells, lithium batteries, and solar cells, are presented here. The properties of ILs, such as non-volatility, non-flammability, wide liquid temperature ranges, and wide electrochemical windows, have the potential to be improved, including improvements in durability and safety, extending the operational temperature ranges and enabling improvements in power and energy densities of the devices.
A neural network architecture for the decoding of long constraint length convolutional codes (1990)

A neural network decoder designed to provide a constant output of decoded data for long-constraint-length convolutional codes (K⩾11) is presented. With only local connections between neurons and digital EX-OR cells, direct hardware implementation in a VLSI ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) is feasible. Decoder strategy is discussed along with toggling strategy. Architectural modifications to decode other code rates are also discussed
Isotope and Elemental Effects Indicate a Rate-Limiting Methyl Transfer as the Initial Step in the Reaction Catalyzed by <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthase (2004)

Cyclopropane fatty acid (CFA) synthases catalyze the formation of cyclopropane rings on unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that are natural components of membrane phospholipids. The methylene carbon of the cyclopropane ring derives from the activated methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), affording S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcys) and a proton as the remaining products. This reaction is unique among AdoMet-dependent enzymes, because the olefin of the UFA substrate is isolated and unactivated toward nucleophilic or electrophilic addition, raising the question as to the timing and mechanism of proton loss from the activated methyl group of AdoMet. Two distinct reaction schemes have been proposed for this transformation; however, neither was based on detailed in vitro mechanistic analysis of the enzyme. In the preceding paper [Iwig, D. F. and Booker, S. J. (2004) Biochemistry 43, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi048693+], we described the synthesis of two analogues of AdoMet, Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine (SeAdoMet) and Te-adenosyl-L-telluromethionine (TeAdoMet), and their intrinsic reactivity toward polar chemistry in which AdoMet is known to be involved. We found that the electrophilicity of AdoMet and its onium congeners followed the series SeAdoMet > AdoMet > TeAdoMet, while the acidity of the carbons adjacent to the relevant heteroatom followed the series AdoMet > SeAdoMet > TeAdoMet. When each of these compounds was used as the methylene donor in the CFA synthase reaction, the kinetic parameters of the reaction, k(cat) and k(cat) K(M)(-1), followed the series SeAdoMet > AdoMet > TeAdoMet, suggesting that the reaction takes place via methyl transfer followed by proton loss, rather than by processes that are initiated by proton abstraction from AdoMet. Use of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-d(3)]methionine as the methylene donor resulted in an inverse isotope effect of 0.87 +/- 0.083, supporting this conclusion and also indicating that the methyl transfer takes place via a tight s(N)2 transition state.
Decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor levels and production of material enhancing epidermal growth factor binding accompany the temperature-dependent changes from normal to transformed phenotype. (1979)

Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Kirsten sarcoma virus (Ts cells) exhibited normal monolayer morphology identical to that observed for uninfected cells (NRK cells) at the nonpermissive temperature, 39 degrees C, but grew as multilayered foci resembling NRK cells transformed by the wild-type virus (KNRK cells) at 32 degrees C, the permissive temperature. NRK cell division was stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), and these cells showed high levels of EGF receptors, as determined by 125I-labeled EGF binding. KNRK cells were unresponsive to EGF and no EGF receptors were detectable. Ts cells also were unresponsive to EGF at both temperatures, but exhibited just detectable EGF binding at 32 degrees C and 10-15% of NRK cell binding at 39 degrees C. Use of EGF added to the culture medium by these cells paralleled the receptor levels. Crossfeeding experiments among NRK, KNRK, and Ts cultures indicated that Ts cells at the permissive temperature and KNRK cells at both temperatures produced a heat-stable substance(s) which stimulated DNA synthesis in NRK cells independent of the presence of serum or of EGF. Conditioned medium from the transformed cultures also significantly enhanced EGF binding to NRK cells. These studies demonstrated a correlation between the transformed phenotype and the receptor levels of a potent cell mitogen, EGF, which was readily reversible in the Ts cultures. In addition, cultures expressing the transformed phenotype produced material that did not compete for the EGF receptor but did enhance EGF binding, in contrast to other reports involving sarcoma virus-transformed cells.
Self-Aggregating Deep Cavitand Acts as a Fluorescence Displacement Sensor for Lysine Methylation (2016)

A dual-mode aggregative host:guest indicator displacement sensing system has been created for the detection of trimethylated peptides and determination of histone demethylase activity. The combination of selective recognition of suitably sized trimethylammonium salts and reversible lipophilic aggregation of the host:guest complex provides a unique quenching mechanism that is not only dependent on affinity for sensitivity but the lipophilicity of the indicator. In addition, aggregation can be controlled by the application of chaotropic anions in the mixture, allowing a second level of discrimination between hard lysine groups and softer trimethyllysines.
Coating by laser surface treatment (1993)

The application of optical engineering in industrial processing is gaining greater acceptance. The range of surface treatment processes available goes all the way from transformation hardening, annealing, shock hardening and bending (as processes which do not involve melting) to processes which involve melting such as surface melting, surface alloying, surface cladding and those processes which involve some form of photochemistry such as laser chemical vapour deposition, laser physical vapour deposition and stereolithography. One of these processes, laser cladding, has been recently extended at University of Liverpool to provide a technique of rapid alloy scanning whereby variable composition laser clad tracks can be laid down by the laser thus giving the whole range of compositions in the alloy system in a single sample. Evaluation of specimens of this type can be carried out by a range of micro testing techniques including corrosion testing procedures. Laser surface treatment processes available for the production of corrosion resistant surfaces are reviewed. These include surface melting, surface alloying and surface cladding procedures. Consideration is then given to the new variable composition laser melt track technique with particular reference to the rapid prototyping of corrosion resistant alloys.
(−)Epigallocatechingallate protects the mitochondria against the deleterious effects of lipids, calcium and adenosine triphosphate in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted male Wistar rats (2008)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on mitochondrial lipids, lipid peroxides, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, calcium and adenosine triphosphate in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction in male Wistar rats. Rats were pretreated with EGCG (30 mg kg(-1) body weight) orally using an intragastric tube daily for a period of 21 days. After that, ISO (100 mg kg(-1) body weight) was subcutaneously injected to rats at intervals of 24 h for two days. ISO induced rats showed significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids with subsequent decrease in the levels of phospholipids in mitochondrial fraction of the heart. ISO induction also caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) and significant decrease in the activity of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase in mitochondrial fraction of the heart. A significant increase in the levels of calcium and significant decrease in the levels of adenosine triphosphate were observed in ISO-induced mitochondrial heart. Prior treatment with EGCG (30 mg kg(-1)) significantly protected these alterations and maintained normal mitochondrial function. Thus, this study confirmed the protective effect of EGCG on mitochondria in experimentally induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats.
Activation energy and curing behavior of resol‐ and novolac‐type phenolic resins by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (2003)

Abstract The thermal behavior, thermal degradation kinetics, and pyrolysis of resol and novolac phenolic resins with different curing conditions, as a function of the formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) molar ratio (1.3, 1.9, and 2.5 for the resol resins and 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 for the novolac resins) were investigated. The activation energy of the thermal reaction was studied with differential scanning calorimetry at five different heating rates (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40°C/min) between 50 and 300°C. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis at five different heating rates (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40°C/min) from 30 to 800°C. The low molar ratio resins exhibited a higher activation energy than the high molar ratio resins in the curing process. This meant that less heat was needed to cure the high molar ratio resins. Therefore, the higher the molar ratio was, the lower the activation energy was of the reaction. As the thermal decomposition of the resol resins proceeded, the activation energy sharply decreased at first and then remained almost constant. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition for novolac resins with F/P = 0.5 or F/P = 0.7 was almost identical in all regions, whereas that for novolac resins with F/P = 0.9 gradually decreased as the reaction proceeded. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2589–2596, 2003
Hardware Context-Switch Methodology for Dynamically Partially Reconfigurable Systems (2010)

Nowadays, the hardware of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can be reconfigured both dynamically and partially. A dynamically and partially reconfigurable system can share hardware contexts among various hardware tasks. However, such FPGA systems require much memory to save the hardware context. To solve this problem, this work proposes a methodology for switching hardware context in dynamically partially reconfigurable FPGA systems. This method can reduce the reconfiguration time and memory size of hardware context-switching by analyzing the characteristic of bit indexes and frame addresses. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces 10.674% in hardware reconfiguration time, 47.47% in memory size, and 41.25% in resource overhead.