gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Nucleobase p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>Values in Model Mononucleotides Shows RNA−RNA Duplexes To Be More Stable than DNA−DNA Duplexes (2004)

To understand why the RNA-RNA duplexes in general has a higher thermodynamic stability over the corresponding DNA-DNA duplexes, we have measured the pK(a) values of both nucleoside 3',5'-bis-ethyl phosphates [Etp(d/rN)pEt] and nucleoside 3'-ethyl phosphates [(d/rN)pEt] (N = A, G, C, or T/U), modeling as donors and acceptors of base pairs in duplexes. While the 3',5'-bis-phosphates, Etp(d/rN)pEt, mimic the internucleotidic monomeric units of DNA and RNA, in which the stacking contribution is completely absent, the 3'-ethyl phosphates, (d/rN)pEt, mimic the nucleotide at the 5'-end. The pK(a) values of the nucleobase in each of these model nucleoside phosphates have been determined with low pK(a) error (sigma = +/-0.01 to 0.02) by (1)H NMR (at 500 MHz) with 20-33 different pH measurements for each compound. This study has led us to show the following: (1) All monomeric DNA nucleobases are more basic than the corresponding RNA nucleobases in their respective Etp(d/rN)pEt and (d/rN)pEt. (2) The pK(a) values of the monomeric nucleotide blocks as well as Delta pK(a) values between the donor and acceptor can be used to understand the relative base-pairing strength in the oligomeric duplexes in the RNA and DNA series. (3) The Delta G*(pKa) of the donor and acceptor of the base pair in duplexes enables a qualitative dissection of the relative strength of the base-pairing and stacking in the RNA-RNA over the DNA-DNA duplexes. (4) It is also found that the relative contribution of base-pairing strength and nucleobase stacking in RNA-RNA over DNA-DNA is mutually compensating as the % A-T/U content increases or decreases. This interdependency of stacking and hydrogen bonding can be potentially important in the molecular design of the base-pair mimics to expand the alphabet of the genetic code.
Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. (1978)

Murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts produce polypeptide growth factors and release them into serum-free medium. These factors stimulate cells to divide in monolayer cultures and also to form colonies that grow progressively soft agar. Three major peaks of activity are seen, with apparent molecular weights of 25,000, 12,000, and 7000. The sarcoma growth factors are heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive, and active in nanogram quantities when tested for growth stimulation of untransformed rat and mouse fibroblasts. All three molecular species are also capable of competing for membrane epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors when tested with 125I-labeled EGF. They differ from mouse EGF, however, in their molecular weights, in their inability to react with anti-EGF antibodies, and in their ability to convert cells to anchorage independent (agar) growth. For the above reasons, we conclude that the sarcoma growth factors are a new class of polypeptide tropic factors that confer on fibroblasts in vitro properties associated with the transformed phenotype.
Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>Activity in Normal and<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>-Infected Rabbit Eyes (2003)

The decrease in PLA(2) activity in the rabbit eye with age or after sleep and its increase during sleep or with the progression of infection are consistent with its role as an innate host defense factor.
Cellular and molecular factors that regulate the differentiation and apoptosis of germinal center B cells. Anti-Ig down-regulates Fas expression of CD40 ligand-stimulated germinal center B cells and inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis (1996)

To investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the selection, differentiation, and apoptosis of germinal center (GC) B cells, we have established a culture system containing a follicular dendritic cell (FDC) line, HK. The mAb, 3C8, which is specific to HK cells and recognizes dendritic network in the GC, was developed and provided additional evidence that HK cells are related to FDC by sharing a unique surface Ag. The roles for CD40 ligand (CD40L) and T cell-derived cytokines in the differentiation of GC B cells were investigated in our culture system. We show that there are two distinct stages of GC B cell differentiation. In the early stage, GC B cells undergo spontaneous apoptosis unless they are stimulated by CD40L. In the secondary stage, IL-10 directs GC B cell differentiation toward the generation of plasma cells, while the absence of IL-10 stimulation leads to the generation of memory B cells. The major function of CD40L was found in the enhancement of cell recovery and the augmentation of memory B cell generation. Although GC B cells are Fas+, GC B cells are at first resistant to, but then become sensitive to, anti-Fas killing after 24 h in culture with CD40L, which coincides with the gradual increase in Fas expression on GC B cells. Furthermore, anti-Ig down-regulated Fas expression on CD40L-stimulated GC B cells, suggesting that Ag receptor engagement down-regulates Fas expression and prevents Fas-mediated apoptosis of GC B cells. Our data imply that GC T cells have an important role in the differentiation and apoptosis of GC B cells. GC T cells expressing both CD40L and Fas ligand have a dual function on GC B cells, helper or killer, depending on the status of target B cells. In the early stage, GC T cells stimulate the extensive proliferation of GC B cells, ensuring a large repertoire of B cells for selection. In the later stage, GC T cells kill B cells via Fas-Fas ligand interactions unless GC B cells are positively selected by Ags present on FDC.
The antiparallel loops in gal DNA (2008)

Interactions between proteins bound to distant sites along a DNA molecule require bending and twisting deformations in the intervening DNA. In certain systems, the sterically allowed protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions are hypothesized to produce loops with distinct geometries that may also be thermodynamically and biologically distinct. For example, theoretical models of Gal repressor/HU-mediated DNA-looping suggest that the antiparallel DNA loops, A1 and A2, are thermodynamically quite different. They are also biologically different, since in experiments using DNA molecules engineered to form only one of the two loops, the A2 loop failed to repress in vitro transcription. Surprisingly, single molecule measurements show that both loop trajectories form and that they appear to be quite similar energetically and kinetically.
Origin of Direct Somatic Embryos from Cultured Inflorescence Axis Segments of Freesia refracta (1994)

Somatic embryos were initiated directly from the young inflorescence axis of Freesia refracta cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 2 mg/L IAA and 3 mg/L BAP. The first cell divisions occurred 2 d after culture initiation and were mainly in the parenchyma cells of the outer part of the bundle sheath. Few cell divisions were observed in either the inner part of the vascular sheath or the cortex. After the first cell division, the two daughter cells differentiated into basal cell and proembryo cell. The second cell division in the proembryo was either at a right angle or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the embryo. Somatic embryos developed with an obvious suspensor. Somatic embryos originated solely at the originally morphologic lower ends of explant segments without floral buds and showed polarity. We also present evidence for the single-cellular origin of direct somatic embryos in F. refracta inflorescence cultures.
A review on applications of rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle charging stations (2021)

Today’s technology allows people to remotely control and monitor many systems. In these technological systems, robots or unmanned vehicles are generally used, which are controlled remotely without human interaction. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which does not have a pilot on it, is one of the unmanned vehicles capable of flying either remotely or automatically. UAVs are among the systems that are used in many fields for military, civil, and academic purposes and are constantly developing in parallel with the advancement of technology. One of the biggest problems of UAVs that are effectively used in many areas is undoubtedly flight times. To overcome this situation, charging stations are used and allow the UAV batteries to be charged without human intervention. In this article, a review study about the charging stations developed for charging batteries used in UAVs has been made. In this study, the findings obtained as a result of literature research on charging stations were analyzed and the performances of charging stations were compared. The main purpose of this review study is to guide people who will develop a charging station for rotary-wing UAVs by providing a preliminary research opportunity and to help choose one of the wired or wireless charging stations according to the needs in the applications to be developed.
Template Matching Advances and Applications in Image Analysis (2016)

In most computer vision and image analysis problems, it is necessary to define a similarity measure between two or more different objects or images. Template matching is a classic and fundamental method used to score similarities between objects using certain mathematical algorithms. In this paper, we reviewed the basic concept of matching, as well as advances in template matching and applications such as invariant features or novel applications in medical image analysis. Additionally, deformable models and templates originating from classic template matching were discussed. These models have broad applications in image registration, and they are a fundamental aspect of novel machine vision or deep learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), which perform shift and scale invariant functions followed by classification. In general, although template matching methods have restrictions which limit their application, they are recommended for use with other object recognition methods as pre- or post-processing steps. Combining a template matching technique such as normalized cross-correlation or dice coefficient with a robust decision-making algorithm yields a significant improvement in the accuracy rate for object detection and recognition.
Reactions of Zinc Dialkyls with (Perfluorophenyl)boron Compounds:  Alkylzinc Cation Formation vs C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub> Transfer (2001)

Reaction between ZnR2 and [H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4] in ether leads to the salts [RZn(OEt2)3][B(C6F5)4], while mixtures of ZnR2 (R = Me, Et) and B(C6F5)3 in toluene-d8 undergo facile alkyl/C6F5 group exchange to give Zn(C6F5)2·(toluene). Mixtures of ZnR2 and B(C6F5)3 in hydrocarbon/diethyl ether solvent mixtures react with alkyl transfer to afford the ion pairs [RZn(OEt2)3][RB(C6F5)3], whereas the reaction of ZnEt2 with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in toluene-d8 proceeds with β-H abstraction to give ethene and Ph3CH, with the subsequent rapid formation of Zn(C6F5)2.
Safety of Arylsulfatase A Overexpression for Gene Therapy of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (2007)

Successful gene therapy approaches for metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), based either on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) or direct central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer, highlighted a requirement for high levels of arylsulfatase A (ARSA) expression to achieve correction of disease manifestations in the mouse model. Full assessment of the safety of ARSA expression above physiological levels thus represents a prerequisite for clinical translation of these approaches. Here, using lentiviral vectors (LVs), we generated two relevant models for the stringent evaluation of the consequences of ARSA overexpression in transduced cells. We first demonstrated that ARSA overexpression in human HSPCs does not affect their clonogenic and multilineage differentiation capacities in clonogenic assays and in a neonatal hematochimeric mouse model. Further, we studied ARSA overexpression in all body tissues by generating transgenic mice overexpressing the ARSA enzyme by LV up to 15-fold above the normal range and carrying multiple copies of LV in their genome. Characterization of these mice demonstrated the safety of ARSA overexpression in two main gene therapy targets, HSPCs and neurons, with maintenance of the complex functions of the hematopoietic and nervous system in the presence of supraphysiological enzyme levels. The activity of other sulfatases dependent on the same common activator, sulfatase-modifying factor-1 (SUMF1), was tested in ARSA-overexpressing HSPCs and in transgenic mice, excluding the occurrence of saturation phenomena. Overall, these data indicate that from the perspective of clinical translation, therapeutic levels of ARSA overexpression can be safely achieved. Further, they demonstrate an experimental platform for the preclinical assessment of the safety of new gene therapy approaches.
Musical feedback during exercise machine workout enhances mood (2013)

Music making has a number of beneficial effects for motor tasks compared to passive music listening. Given that recent research suggests that high energy musical activities elevate positive affect more strongly than low energy musical activities, we here investigated a recent method that combined music making with systematically increasing physiological arousal by exercise machine workout. We compared mood and anxiety after two exercise conditions on non-cyclical exercise machines, one with passive music listening and the other with musical feedback (where participants could make music with the exercise machines). The results showed that agency during exercise machine workout (an activity we previously labeled jymmin - a cross between jammin and gym) had an enhancing effect on mood compared to workout with passive music listening. Furthermore, the order in which the conditions were presented mediated the effect of musical agency for this subscale when participants first listened passively, the difference in mood between the two conditions was greater, suggesting that a stronger increase in hormone levels (e.g., endorphins) during the active condition may have caused the observed effect. Given an enhanced mood after training with musical feedback compared to passively listening to the same type of music during workout, the results suggest that exercise machine workout with musical feedback (jymmin) makes the act of exercise machine training more desirable.
Progesterone Regulates Osteopontin Expression in Human Trophoblasts: A Model of Paracrine Control in the Placenta?* (1997)

Osteopontin (OPN), a matrix glycosylated phosphoprotein, has been proposed to play a role(s) in basic cellular processes, such as neovascularization and tissue remodeling, which are essential to placental morphogenesis and embryo implantation. We have shown OPN to be expressed by cytotrophoblasts of the chorionic villus, and a putative progesterone regulatory element in the OPN promoter suggests hormonal regulatory control. This led us to test the hypothesis that progesterone regulates OPN expression in human cytotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts isolated from human placentas were treated with combinations of progesterone, RU486, and/or aminoglutethimide, and their expression of OPN was assessed by Northern hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The expression of OPN messenger RNA (mRNA) declined as trophoblasts aggregated, but rebounded at later times when syncytia and mononuclear cytotrophoblasts coexisted in culture. Progesterone increased OPN mRNA expression by aggregating mononuclear cytotrophoblasts. Aminoglutethimide suppression of endogenous steroidogenesis by syncytiotrophoblasts inhibited OPN expression, whereas the addition of exogenous progesterone to cells treated with aminoglutethimide reversed this inhibitory effect. These observations were confirmed at the protein level by immunocytochemistry. Treatment of cytotrophoblasts with both progesterone and RU486 inhibited the up-regulatory effect on OPN mRNA associated with exposure to progesterone alone, further confirming a direct effect of progesterone. We conclude that progesterone up-regulates OPN expression in human cytotrophoblasts, and we propose that in vivo, progesterone secretion by syncytiotrophoblasts regulates the expression of OPN by the underlying cytotrophoblasts. As the receptors for OPN, alpha(v) integrins, are expressed by syncytiotrophoblasts, we postulate that these paracrine regulatory mechanisms contribute to the adhesive and/or signaling events between the two trophoblast cell types of the chorionic villus.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of substituted phenazines (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of substituted phenazinesEberhard Breitmaier and Ulrich HollsteinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 12, 2104–2108Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00874a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00874a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views654Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sequence of Central Nervous System Myelination in Human Infancy. II. Patterns of Myelination in Autopsied Infants (1988)

The timing and synchronization of postnatal myelination in the human central nervous system (CNS) are complex. We found eight time-related patterns of CNS myelination during the first two postnatal years in autopsied infants. The intensity of myelination was graded in 162 infants with diverse diseases on an ordinal scale of degrees 0-4. The Ayer method for maximum likelihood estimates for censored data was utilized to generate curves of the temporal changes in the percent of infants with degrees 0 through 4 of myelin in 62 white matter sites. These sites fall into eight subgroups determined by the presence or absence of microscopic myelin (degree 1) at birth and the median age at which mature myelin (degree 3) is reached. There is variability in the timing of myelination within and across axonal systems, and early onset of myelination is not always followed by early myelin maturation. We reexamined general rules governing the timing of myelination proposed by previous investigators, and found that those rules are neither complete nor inviolate, and that there is a complex interplay among them. This study specifies distinct periods of maturation in which myelinating pathways are potentially vulnerable to insult during the first two postnatal years.
Surveillance of cell and tissue perturbation by receptors in the <scp>LRC</scp> (2015)

The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encompasses several sets of genes with a common evolutionary origin and which form a branch of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Comparisons of LRC genes both within and between species calls for a high degree of plasticity. The drive for this unprecedented level of variation is not known, but it relates in part to interaction of several LRC products with polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. However, the range of other proposed ligands for LRC products indicates a dynamic set of receptors that have adapted to detect target molecules relating to numerous cellular pathways. Several receptors in the complex bind a molecular signature in collagenous ligands. Others detect a variety of motifs relating to pathogens in addition to cellular stress, attesting to the opportunistic versatility of LRC receptors.
Residual WBC subsets in filtered prestorage RBCs (2003)

These results suggest that overall efficacy of WBC filtration correlates with removal of WBC subsets.
Ordering on multiple lengthscales in a series of side group liquid crystal block copolymers containing a cholesteryl-based mesogen (2005)

Hierarchical ordering in a side group liquid crystal block copolymer is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A series of block copolymers with a range of compositions was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization, comprising a polystyrene block and a poly(methyl methacrylate) block bearing chiral cholesteryl mesogens. Smectic ordering is observed as well as microphase separation of the block copolymer. Lamellar structures were observed for far larger volume fractions than for coil-coil copolymers (up to a volume fraction of liquid crystal block, = 0.8). A sample with = 0.86 exhibited a hexagonal-packed cylinder morphology, as confirmed by SAXS and TEM. The matrix comprised the liquid crystal block, with the mesogens forming smectic layers. For the liquid crystal homopolymer and samples with high , a smectic-smectic phase transition was observed below the clearing point. At low temperature, the smectic phase comprises coexisting domains with monolayer S coexisting with interdigitated S domains. At high temperature a S phase is observed. This is the only structure observed for samples with lower . These unprecedented results point to the influence of block copolymer microphase separation on the smectic ordering.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in the Near-Infrared (1988)

Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra (SERS) of pyridine on both silver and gold electrodes. The enhancement factor is higher than that found for visible excitation, and the band intensities are somewhat different. There is no indication of photochemical damage or change of the sample when near-infrared radiation is used, even at relatively high power levels.
The Application of Welfare Economics to Problems of Economic Development (1960)

A great deal of the energy of the economics profession over the last 150 years has gone into attempting to elucidate the relationship between some fairly weak value postulates as to what the objectives and purposes of the econoniy ought to be, and their implications for economic policy. The whole of classical economics, in Effect, is a defence of the decentralisation of decisions through a competitive market process and an analysis of the conditions under which some kind of optimum would be achieved by decentralised decision-making decentralised to individual consumers and suppliers of original inputs on the one hand and to a series of entrepreneurs whose job it is to transform inputs into outputs on the other hand. The conditions under which these decentralised decision-makers, acting solely on the basis of the guidance given to them by the prices of the things bought and sold, will make decisions which are in some sense socially optimum, have been a major concern of economists right down to the present time. There has been a considerable clarification of this so-called 'welfare economics' literature within the last decade.
Increased expression of heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, TGF alpha and epiregulin in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. (2000)

The data indicates a selective up-regulation of a subclass of ligands of the EGF-system in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. We suggest this could be a mechanism to escape androgen dependence in prostate cancer.