gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient polygonal intersection determination with applications to robotics and vision (2005)

Several robotic and computer vision applications depend upon the efficient determination of polygonal self- and mutual-intersection checking. The commonly used algorithms for intersection checking rely upon static geometric primitives, such as lines and vertices. When these geometric primitives are dynamic, that is moving or changing shape, these algorithms become inefficient due to repeated actions that do not utilize topological features of the primitives. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for line segment intersection checking that builds a query structure and then updates the structure using previously computed topological data. We exploit the fact that the amount of model deformation is limited during any single iteration, yielding a relatively small bookkeeping cost to maintain the query structure. The result is an algorithm whose asymptotic runtime complexity in the expected case is better than competing methods. We then suggest an extension of this work into higher dimensions (polytope intersection for 3D and higher).
Complications in the Treatment of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (1997)

The complexity of the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) begins with the initial diagnosis. The most common problems were improper use and application of the Pavlik harness and failure to obtain reduction the hip. Excessive abduction increases the risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the capital femoral epiphysis and excessive flexion has been associated with transient femoral nerve palsy and possible inferior dislocation of the hip. Failure to achieve a concentric reduction may result in a major complication. Excessive capsular laxity, excessive femoral antetorsion, excessive acetabular antetorsion, or deficiency and inadequacy of the acetabulum may affect in resubluxation or redislocation after reduction. The sequelae of AVN are serious. Achieving and maintaining a deep concentric reduction appears most important to avoid the complications associated with AVN. The goal of this report is to provide the orthopaedic surgeon with information for managing and treating the child who has experienced on adverse outcome or a complication in the treatment of DDH. However, long term follow-up of children is recommended until they reach skeletal maturity.
Diffusion of<i>n</i>-type dopants in germanium (2014)

Germanium is being actively considered by the semiconductor community as a mainstream material for nanoelectronic applications. Germanium has advantageous materials properties; however, its dopant-defect interactions are less understood as compared to the mainstream material, silicon. The understanding of self- and dopant diffusion is essential to form well defined doped regions. Although p-type dopants such as boron exhibit limited diffusion, n-type dopants such as phosphorous, arsenic, and antimony diffuse quickly via vacancy-mediated diffusion mechanisms. In the present review, we mainly focus on the impact of intrinsic defects on the diffusion mechanisms of donor atoms and point defect engineering strategies to restrain donor atom diffusion and to enhance their electrical activation
Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview (2020)

Abstract Legumes and cereals contain high amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients but also anti-nutritional factors. Major anti-nutritional factors, which are found in edible crops include saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitor, and goitrogens. Anti-nutritional factors combine with nutrients and act as the major concern because of reduced nutrient bioavailability. Various other factors like trypsin inhibitors and phytates, which are present mainly in legumes and cereals, reduce the digestibility of proteins and mineral absorption. Anti-nutrients are one of the key factors, which reduce the bioavailability of various components of the cereals and legumes. These factors can cause micronutrient malnutrition and mineral deficiencies. There are various traditional methods and technologies, which can be used to reduce the levels of these anti-nutrient factors. Several processing techniques and methods such as fermentation, germination, debranning, autoclaving, soaking etc. are used to reduce the anti-nutrient contents in foods. By using various methods alone or in combinations, it is possible to reduce the level of anti-nutrients in foods. This review is focused on different types of anti-nutrients, and possible processing methods that can be used to reduce the level of these factors in food products. Graphical abstract A brief overview of beneficial effects of anti-nutrients and reduction strategy.
Polylactides (2002)

Abstract Introduction Historical Outline Synthesis and Purification of Monomers Synthesis of Polymers Homopolymers Linear Copolymers Graft Copolymers Branched Polymers Cross‐linked Polymers Polymer Blending Additives Fiber‐reinforced Plastics Molding Thermal Treatments Pore Formation Highly Ordered Structures Crystallization Crystal Structure Morphology Physical Properties Thermal Properties Mechanical Properties Electric Properties Optical Properties Surface Properties Permeability Swelling and Solubility Viscosity Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Mechanisms Effects of Surrounding Media Effects of Material Factors Biodegradation Applications Outlook and Perspectives Patents Acknowledgments
A New Frame Recompression Algorithm Integrated with H.264 Video Compression (2007)

To reduce the size and bandwidth requirement of a frame memory for video compression, a number of memory recompression algorithms have been proposed. These previous algorithms are performed independently of a video compression standard and therefore do not take advantage of the information obtained during the processing of the compression standard. This paper proposes a new recompression algorithm that makes use of the information from H.264 intra prediction results. The proposed algorithm decomposes a frame into 4times4 blocks which are then compressed into 64-bit segments. The result of 4times4 intra prediction is used to select the scan order of the 4times4 block and DPCM (differential pulse code modulation) is performed along this scan order. Then, the DPCM results are further compressed by Golomb-Rice coding. The proposed recompression algorithm is implemented in hardware and integrated with an H.264 encoder. The proposed algorithm improves the average PSNR by 2.9dB compared to the previous work in (Lee, 2003). The hardware cost for the implementation of the recompression algorithm is 28 K gates and the additional latency to read the compressed frame memory is 162 cycles per a macroblock
Recent advances in drug therapy for myopia (2013)

This article reviews about recent advances of studies on drug therapy for myopia,introducing the common drug therapies and therapies for choroidal neovascularization.This article proposes some ideas of future treatment for myopia.This review introduces the new usage of some traditional drugs including atropine,pirenzepine,apomorphine,7-methylxanthine,and reviews the latest advances in studies on photodynamic therapy and monoclonal antibody drugs therapy for myopia.
Silicon molecular beam epitaxy on gallium arsenide (1985)

Si overlayers have been grown under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on GaAs (100) single crystals by means of molecular beam epitaxy. For growth temperatures above 400 °C (2×1) low-energy electron diffraction patterns of the Si overlayers were observed at all film thicknesses produced (1–5000 Å). By means of Auger electron spectroscopy it was found that the surface of the grown Si was enriched with As and Ga. Two different mechanisms contribute to the enrichment and lead to a high (∼1018/cm3) background doping level. With Rutherford backscattering using ion channeling it was found that there is considerable lattice disorder at the Si-GaAs interface, although the crystal quality of the Si improves markedly towards the Si surface for thicker layers where the minimum channeling yield drops to 9%. With medium energy ion scattering it was established that no island formation occurs during initial stages of the growth.
Comparison of Talbot and 1-to-N-way phase-locked array resonators (1997)

Phased-array resonators provide an important basis for achieving high output powers from arrays of low-power elements. We have recently proposed a novel form of 1-to-N-way phased-array resonator based on the beam splitting and regeneration characteristics of rectangular sectioned multimode waveguides. We compare its performance with that of the widely used, yet problematic, Talbot resonator. Our design is found to have significant advantages over the Talbot resonator in terms of improved modal stability, unique photon-mixing characteristics, and near- and far-field outputs of quasi-Gaussian form.
New compounds for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (2018)

Survival with pulmonary arterial hypertension has significantly improved in the last two decades with the development and approval of different compounds. This review highlights the properties of molecules that more recently became available for specific treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
ACTIVATION VOLUME OF FePt-TaN NANOCRYSTALLINE THIN FILMS WITH HIGH COERCIVITY (1997)

Coercivity and magnetic aftereffect of nanocrystalline L10 type FePt films is discussed in connection with magnetocrystalline anisotropy and grain size. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy field shows very large value up to more than 40kOe dependent on annealing temperature. This large magnetocrystalline anisotropy enabled to maintain large KuV/kT value more than 40 (10 years stability) even with very fine grain size of 7∼8 nm, which described the potential of this alloy film to resist thermal fluctuation of magnetisation. Although intergranular exchange coupling enhances the thermal stability of the films, it is successfully described that the change in magnetic viscosity is qualitatively coincident with that of KuV/kT value. Activation volume Vac of these films is much larger than grain volume, which is likely to be attributable to the existence of intergranular exchange coupling.
Fast pulsed electroluminescence from polymer light-emitting diodes (2002)

Transient electroluminescence (EL) from polymer light emitting diodes is investigated by measurements of the response to short voltage pulses. The carrier mobility is derived from the delay time between the electrical pulse and the onset of EL, μ≈3×10−4 cm2/V s. Bilayer devices with a polyethylene-dioxythiophene (PEDOT), hole injection layer are also studied. The delay time between the electrical pulse and the onset of EL is independent of the thickness of the injection layer, implying that the conducting PEDOT functions as a part of the electrode. When a dc forward bias is applied to the device, the delay time decreases, probably as a result of the shift of the emission zone towards the anode. The EL turn-on depends on the amplitude of the voltage pulse. The data are modeled by an equivalent circuit with a fixed capacitance connected in parallel with a nonlinear resistance. The solution of the differential equation depends on the exact form of the device’s I–V curve. Two analytical solutions are provided, and an analysis based on space-charge-limited current is presented. By applying a dc forward bias in advance to precharge the space-charge capacitance, the turn-on response time is reduced to 12 ns. The EL decay consists of two components with time constants of 15 ns and 1 μs. The decay does not depend on either the amplitude of the voltage pulse or the prebias.
Survivable SCADA Via Intrusion-Tolerant Replication (2013)

Providers of critical infrastructure services strive to maintain the high availability of their SCADA systems. This paper reports on our experience designing, architecting, and evaluating the first survivable SCADA system-one that is able to ensure correct behavior with minimal performance degradation even during cyber attacks that compromise part of the system. We describe the challenges we faced when integrating modern intrusion-tolerant protocols with a conventional SCADA architecture and present the techniques we developed to overcome these challenges. The results illustrate that our survivable SCADA system not only functions correctly in the face of a cyber attack, but that it also processes in excess of 20 000 messages per second with a latency of less than 30 ms, making it suitable for even large-scale deployments managing thousands of remote terminal units.
Statistical Measures of Parameter Estimates from Models Fit to Respiratory Impedance Data: Emphasis on Joint Vanabilities (1986)

To describe respiratory mechanical impedance data, many investigators have proposed electromechanical models and then fit them to data using formal parameter estimation techniques. This approach has resulted in confusion as to how to interpret the resulting estimated values, and hence as to which model is most appropriate. A key cause of this confusion is that most studies rely on the quality of fit between the model and the data as the only measure of model validity rather than performing adequate statistical analysis of the parameter estimates themselves. This paper describes several statistical measures that should be applied to parameter estimates obtained from forced oscillation data. Specifically, we describe standard errors of the parameter estimates, confidence intervals for each parameter estimate, and the joint confidence region for the parameters. Much emphasis is placed on the joint confidence region which, unlike the interval, allows for simultaneous variations in parameters. The measures are applied to an often used six-element model for respiratory impedance data of dogs from 4 to 64 Hz. This application indicated that even when fitting data over this frequency range, parameter estimates are not well defined and the parameter estimated with least accuracy is airway resistance.
Raman spectroscopy in gemmology as seen from a ‘jeweller's’ point of view (2012)

Some gemstones (diamonds, coloured stones or assembled gems) found in the jewellery commerce, when observed by an optical microscopy or even at naked eye, exhibit unusual characteristics, such as inclusions incorporated at different depths. The investigation by confocal Raman micro‐spectroscopy allowed identification of a blue sapphire and of nanocrystalline anatase in the same surface region of a cut and polished diamond. Moreover, hematite (α‐Fe2O3) inclusions of rectangular shape, embedded at different depths, ranging from a few microns to some tens of microns beneath the gemstone surface, were identified in the coloured stones. Finally, a detailed study of an assembled gem evidenced spectral features that can be put in relation with its fabrication process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active oxygen detection using Quartz Crystal Microbalance method under inductively coupled oxygen plasma (2008)

Active oxygen generated under inductively coupled oxygen plasma such as atomic oxygen radicals and molecular oxygen radicals has been successfully monitored utilizing the Ag(silver)-coated and Carbon-coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) method. The Ag-coated QCM showed a frequency shift (i.e., mass change on the electrode surface of the crystal) of over 6500 Hz in 100 seconds, which corresponds to an increase of approximately 6500 ng in mass conversion while the Carbon-coated QCM showed a slight mass-decrease in 300 seconds.
Hollow gold and platinum nanoparticles by a transmetallation reaction in an organic solution (2005)

Transmetallation reaction between hydrophobized silver nanoparticles with hydrophobized chloroaurate and chloroplatinate ions in chloroform results in the formation of hollow gold and platinum shell nanoparticles respectively.
Integrated system identification and PID controller tuning by frequency loop-shaping (2003)

A systematic design methodology for proportional integral-derivative controllers is presented. Starting from data sets, a model of the system and its uncertainty bounds are obtained. The parameters of the controller are turned by a convex optimization algorithm, minimizing a weighted difference between the actual loop transfer function and a target in an L/sub 2//L/sub /spl infin// sense. The target selection is guided by the identified model and its uncertainty. The problem of disjoint data sets and/or different models for the same system is also addressed. The method has proved successful in numerous practical cases showing both expediency in controller design and implementation and improved performance over existing controllers.
Design and realisation of a new hardware efficient IP core for the 1-D discrete Fourier transform (2005)

The authors present a new hardware efficient design approach and the associated intellectual property (IP) core design for a one-dimensional (1-D) discrete Fourier transform (DFT). They optimise the proposed DFT design, at both the algorithmic and architectural levels, to provide low hardware cost. At the algorithmic level, first a radix-2c algorithm is used to split a 1-D length-N DFT into multiple 1-D length-N/2c DFTs to facilitate computation sharing between parallel DFT outputs. Then, the length-N/2c DFT is formulated into cyclic convolution form to facilitate the reduction of hardware cost. By applying a word-level sharing technique to explore the symmetries of DFT coefficients, four parallel outputs are obtained simultaneously for each length-N/2c DFT. At the architectural level, the design is implemented with a filter-based architecture that can be optimised by bit-level sub-expression sharing. This facilitates the efficient implementation of multiple complex constant multiplications through shifting and addition operations. Compared with some existing designs, the proposed DFT design has lower hardware cost and better timing performance. Moreover, to facilitate design exploration of system integrators using the system-on-chip (SoC) design, the proposed DFT design is realised in soft core format possessing the flexibility of parameter configurations through a graphic user interface (GUI), signal-to-noise (SNR) calculation on the proposed DFT design with finite wordlength effects, and automatic generation of synthesisable VERILOG codes, synthesis scripts, and testbenches. Using the proposed DFT IP design environment, the system integrators can easily generate the desired DFT/IDFT IP core to meet different SoC applications that encapsulate the DFT/IDFT design. An example of the multimedia applications, artificial reverberation on MPEG audio, of the proposed DFT/IDFT IP core is introduced.
A quick dilatometric method for control and study of plastic fats (1954)

Summary A dilatometric method is presented which is of considerable convenience and reliability in application to commercial fats, notably shortening and margarine. The instrument is of volumetric type with mercury as confining fluid. The simplified calculations give results in terms of “Solid Content Index,” which is an approximation to the true % solid. The apparatus is applicable not only to basic study of composition and processing but is adaptable to hydrogenation control where it has been used with notable success for several years. With shortenings, for instance, the method cuts substantially the deviation from normal consistency encountered with the best thermal methods. Despite the high precision the determination can be completed in about two hours. Part of the reason for the combined precision and speed is a “tempering” step introduced to expedite approach to a steady state prior to final measurement.
Parallel singular value decomposition of complex matrices using multidimensional CORDIC algorithms (1996)

The singular value decomposition (SVD) of complex matrices is computed in a highly parallel fashion on a square array of processors using Kogbetliantz's analog of Jacobi's eigenvalue decomposition method. To gain further speed, new algorithms for the basic SVD operations are proposed and their implementation as specialized processors is presented. The algorithms are 3-D and 4-D extensions of the CORDIC algorithm for plane rotations. When these extensions are used in concert with an additive decomposition of 2/spl times/2 complex matrices, which enhances parallelism, and with low resolution rotations early on in the SVD process, which reduce operation count, a fivefold speedup can be achieved over the fastest alternative approach.
Development of integrated tactile display devices (2009)

As a major human sensory function, the implementation of the tactile sensation for the human-machine interface has been one of the core research interests for long time. In this research, tactile display devices based on dielectric elastomer are introduced among the works recently done by ourselves. Using dielectric elastomer for the construction of the tactile interface, it can provide stimulation on the human skin without any additional electromechanical transmission. Softness and flexibility of the device structure, ease of fabrication, possibility for miniaturization, and cost effectiveness are the representative benefits of the presented devices. Especially, the device application is open to a wide variety of purposes since the flexible structure offers excellent adaptability to any contour of the human body as well as the other objects. In this paper, the design of the interfaces is briefly explained and several examples of implementation are introduced.
Ischemia and reperfusion injury (2015)

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), one of the key problems in clinical transplantation, is an inevitable consequence of organ procurement and implantation procedure. There are two major stages of IRI with distinct mechanisms of tissue damage: loss of blood supply to the organ, and alterations in local pH, glycogen consumption, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. Organ injury is perpetuated by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of innate immune cells. The innate immune sensors (Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptor, nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor) are involved in ischemia reperfusion injury. IRI is an inevitable consequence of organ procurement and implantation procedure. The chapter also discusses the current understanding of IRI in immune activation, as well as the conversion of an immunologically quiescent organ to a highly inflammatory one. Identification of new molecular pathways (Tim-1/4, inflammasome) provides targets for new drugs to reduce organ damage.
A Differentiation-dependent Splice Variant of Myosin Light Chain Kinase, MLCK1, Regulates Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability (2004)

Activation of Na(+)-nutrient cotransport leads to increased tight junction permeability in intestinal absorptive (villus) enterocytes. This regulation requires myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation mediated by MLC kinase (MLCK). We examined the spatiotemporal segregation of MLCK isoform function and expression along the crypt-villus axis and found that long MLCK, which is expressed as two alternatively spliced isoforms, accounts for 97 +/- 4% of MLC kinase activity in interphase intestinal epithelial cells. Expression of the MLCK1 isoform is limited to well differentiated enterocytes, both in vitro and in vivo, and this expression correlates closely with development of Na(+)-nutrient cotransport-dependent tight junction regulation. Consistent with this role, MLCK1 is localized to the perijunctional actomyosin ring. Furthermore, specific knockdown of MLCK1 using siRNA reduced tight junction permeability in monolayers with active Na(+)-glucose cotransport, confirming a functional role for MLCK1. These results demonstrate unique physiologically relevant patterns of expression and subcellular localization for long MLCK isoforms and show that MLCK1 is the isoform responsible for tight junction regulation in absorptive enterocytes.