gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensory Deprivation (1961)

Volunteer subjects, exposed to an environment in which visual, auditory, and tactile sensations are reduced as much as possible, experience a variety of subjective disturbances ranging from anxiety and oppression to illusions and hallucinations. Investigators using different methods<sup>1-4</sup>have reported wide variations in results. At the present time the fundamental determinants of the phenomena observed are still in question. In previous reports from this laboratory,<sup>2,3</sup>it has been suggested that 3 factors must be considered in studies of sensory deprivation: sensory deprivation per se, concomitant social isolation, and concomitant reduction in kinesthetic cues due to immobilization. We have directed experimentation to assess the role of each of these as separately as possible. A recent paper<sup>3</sup>described work in which meaningless visual stimulation (a flashing light) was given to subjects in a previously standardized sensory deprivation situation; the findings sug
Dynamic simulation of a thermomechanical pulp refiner (1997)

Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe a model for dynamic simulation of a TMP refiner. The temperature profile along the radius of the refiner, outlet consistency and motor load are considered as outputs of the simulation, whereas the chip screw speed and dilution water flow setpoints are the inputs. The dynamic model of the refiner, as such, has been derived from first principles. The motor load and input dynamics, however, are based on black-box identifications. The model has been implemented in MATLABISIMULINK. Simulations are compared to corresponding data from experiments with the refiner.
BotCatch: A Behavior and Signature Correlated Bot Detection Approach (2013)

Botnet has become one of the most serious threats to Internet security. Compared with network-based bot detection approaches, host-based approaches can discover more insights of unknown bots, and we may completely eliminate bots if we can successfully detect them on end-host. Host-based approaches mainly include signature and behavior-based detection approaches. In this paper we propose a behavior and signature correlated bot detection approach, BotCatch. Firstly, we present the design of BotCatch. There are four components in BotCatch: analysis engine, signature analysis engine, behavior analysis engine, and correlation engine. The analysis engine assigns the suspicious sample to signature analysis engine and behavior analysis engine. These two engines analyze the sample and generate signature and behavior analysis result. Then correlation engine correlates these two analysis results to generate the final detection result. There is also a feedback mechanism which presents the correlation result to behavior analysis engine to guide its learning procedure. Secondly, we analyze the effectiveness of our correlation approach compared with signature-based and behavior-based bot detection approach. The analysis indicate that our correlation approach can effectively improve the detection accuracy. Thirdly, we evaluate our approach through experiments and the result indicate that our approach can detect bots effectively.
Heterogeneous Congestion Control: Efficiency, Fairness and Design (2006)

When heterogeneous congestion control protocols that react to different pricing signals (e.g. packet loss, queueing delay, ECN marking etc.) share the same network, the current theory based on utility maximization fails to predict the network behavior. Unlike in a homogeneous network, the bandwidth allocation now depends on router parameters and flow arrival patterns. It can be non-unique, inefficient and unfair. This paper has two objectives. First, we demonstrate the intricate behaviors of a heterogeneous network through simulations and present a rigorous framework to help understand its equilibrium efficiency and fairness properties. By identifying an optimization problem associated with every equilibrium, we show that every equilibrium is Pareto efficient and provide an upper bound on efficiency loss due to pricing heterogeneity. On fairness, we show that intra-protocol fairness is still decided by a utility maximization problem while inter-protocol fairness is the part over which we don't have control. However it is shown that we can achieve any desirable inter-protocol fairness by properly choosing protocol parameters. Second, we propose a simple slow timescale source-based algorithm to decouple bandwidth allocation from router parameters and flow arrival patterns and prove its feasibility. The scheme needs only local information.
Compressed Abstract Syntax Trees for Mobile Code (2008)

Abstract syntax trees (ASTs) have numerous advantages as a mobile code format over the more commonly used bytecode-based formats. Not only are ASTs portable, inherently safer, and more suitable for optimization, but we show that they also compress more densely. We have developed a prototype framework for AST compression, which we have used to compress Java programs. Our generic implementation reduces the size of regular Java archives by a factor of 3 to 8 and improves on the best published Java-specific compression scheme by 5–50%.
Determination of hypoxic region by hypoxia marker in developing mouse embryos in vivo: A possible signal for vessel development (2001)

Hypoxia is a well-known signal for angiogenesis, but the recent proposal that hypoxia exists in developing embryonic tissues and that it induces vascular development remains to be proven. In the present study, we demonstrate the presence of hypoxia in normal developing embryos by means of a hypoxia marker, pimonidazole, and its associated antibody. Our data clearly show that hypoxia marker immunoreactivity was highly detected in developing neural tubes, heart, and intersomitic mesenchyme at an early stage of organogenesis, suggesting that hypoxia may exist in the early stages of embryo development. We also found that hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were spatiotemporally co-localized with possible hypoxic regions in embryos. Investigation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) expression provides evidence that endothelial cells proliferate and form the vessels in the hypoxic region in developing organs. Furthermore, we found that hypoxia induced both HIF-1alpha and VEGF in F9 embryonic stem and differentiated cells. Thus, we suggest that hypoxia may exist widely in developing embryonic tissues and that it may act as a signal for embryonic blood vessel formation in vivo.
Activation of oncogenes in human oral cancer cells: a novel codon 13 mutation of c-H-ras-1 and concurrent amplifications of c-erbB-1 and c-myc. (1989)

By NIH3T3 transfection assay in conjunction with in vitro transient neomycin selection, activated c-H-ras-1 oncogenes were detected in two squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, ZA and HOC-313, newly established from human oral cancer patients. ZA had a point mutational activation at the 13th codon, this activation of c-H-ras-1 being novel in human cancer cells, while HOC-313 appeared to have an activation at the 12th codon. In ZA, 16- to 32-fold amplification of the EGF receptor gene, c-erbB-1 and a few-fold amplification of c-myc were detected. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to multistep carcinogenesis in human cells.
Trans-dentinal Stimulation of Tertiary Dentinogenesis (2001)

Trans-dentinal stimulation of tertiary dentinogenesis has long been recognized, and has traditionally been ascribed to diffusion of irritant substances arising during injury and restorative treatment. Identification of bio-active components, especially growth factors including TGF-beta s, sequestered within dentin matrix provides a new explanation for cellular signaling during tertiary dentinogenesis. Both isolated dentin matrix components and pure growth factors (TGF-beta s) have been shown to signal cellular events leading to reactionary and reparative tertiary dentinogenesis. Release of these bio-active components from dentin matrix may arise during carious attack and other injury to the tissue, and also during subsequent surgical intervention and restoration of the tooth. Both cavity-conditioning agents and leaching from restorative materials may contribute to release of these components. Distance of diffusion, as determined by cavity residual dentin thickness, and other restorative parameters may influence the signaling process after release of these components. Careful consideration of the interplay between tissue injury and surgical and restorative material factors is required for optimum exploitation of the exquisite regenerative capacity of dentin-pulp for more biological approaches to clinical treatment of dental disease.
High voltage thyristor for HVDC transmission and static VAr compensators (2003)

A 9 kV tandem thyristor was realized using an asymmetrical thyristor and a diode connected in series. The device processing steps are outlined. Simulation results and measured electrical data are reported. A comparison is made with two 4.2 kV, conventional, symmetrical thyristors connected in series, focusing on the tradeoff between static and dynamic power losses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Phase 3 Trial of Difelikefalin in Hemodialysis Patients with Pruritus (2019)

Patients treated with difelikefalin had a significant reduction in itch intensity and improved itch-related quality of life as compared with those who received placebo. (Funded by Cara Therapeutics; KALM-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03422653.).
Comparison of tafenpquine (WR238605) and primaquine in the post-exposure (terminal) prophylaxis of vivax malaria in Australian Defence Force personnel (2002)

On return from duty in North Solomons Province (including Bougainville Island), Papua New Guinea, 586 Australian Defence Force personnel received either primaquine (14-d) or tafenoquine (3-d) post-exposure malaria prophylaxis. Within 12 months, 6 of the 214 volunteers receiving primaquine and 7 of 378 receiving tafenoquine had developed vivax malaria. Overall, volunteers preferred the shorter course of tafenoquine.
Growth of Native Oxide and Accumulation of Organic Matter on Bare Si Wafer in Air (1993)

This letter reports the effect of organic matter on the growth of native oxide on a Si surface. Bare Si wafers and Si wafers with native oxide were stored under various conditions in a clean room and the thickness of native oxide was examined. In the case of the bare Si wafers, the native oxide hardly grew in a closed system but the native oxide grew to 6 Å in an open system when the storage time was 24 h. On the other hand, in the case of Si wafers with native oxide, this suggests that accumulation of organic matter occurs on Si wafers in the open system in the clean room. It was suggested that the accumulation of organic matter on Si wafers facilitates the growth of native oxide.
BAX is involved in regulating follicular growth, but is dispensable for follicle atresia in adult mouse ovaries (2007)

Mammalian females are endowed with a finite number of primordial follicles at birth or shortly thereafter. Immediately following the formation of the primordial follicle pool, cohorts of these follicles are recruited to begin growth, and this recruitment continues until the primordial follicle population is depleted. Once recruited, a follicle will either grow and ovulate or undergo atresia. Follicle atresia results from the apoptotic death of follicular cells. Members of the BCL-2 family of proteins are important regulators of apoptosis in most cells including in the ovary. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the proapoptotic BAX is an important regulator of follicle survival. We used a variety of histological and biochemical techniques to investigate the impact of Bax deletion on follicle growth and death. We observed that the Bax deletion results in delayed vaginal opening and altered follicular growth. Young adult Bax-deficient ovaries contained increased numbers of primordial follicles and a trend towards reduced numbers of growing follicles. Bax deficiency led to a reduction in average litter size, and also a reduction in the number of oocytes ovulated in response to exogenous gonadotropins. In contrast, Bax deficiency did not alter follicle atresia. In conclusion, BAX appears to be an important regulator of follicle growth, but is dispensable for follicle atresia in mice.
Editorial (1998)

AT THE threshold of her career as a qualified nurse, a student at last week’s Royal College of Nursing/Nursing Standard Jobs Fair was buoyed up by the interest of potential employers. With every exhibitor apparently keen to sign her up on the spot, she felt valued and full of optimism for the future. In fact, she offered living proof that, as secretary of state for health Frank Dobson told the Labour Party conference last week, hope is good for health.
Programmable logic controllers (1996)

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are at the forefront of manufacturing automation. Many factories use programmable logic controllers to cut production costs and/or increase quality. PLCs and their unique language, ladder logic, are the workhorses of factory automation. Higher-level languages, such as sequential function charts and function blocks, ease the programming task for large systems. However, ladder logic remains the dominant language at present.
Numerical solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation for semiconductor devices by application of a diffusion-equation finite difference scheme (2008)

An effective iterative finite difference method for solving a nonlinear Poisson equation for semiconductor device theory is presented. The nonlinear Poisson equation is replaced by an equivalent diffusion equation. As a result, a stable and fully controlled iterative method was found to solve this equation, regardless of the level of heterostructure complexity and the type of electrical contacts, passivating dielectric layers or environment. Selected numerical results obtained using this method for a gated HgCdTe photodiode with metal contacts are reported.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF ALDOSTERONE IN PATIENTS WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE: EFFECT OF RIFAMPICIN TREATMENT ON GLUCOCORTICOID AND MINERALOCORTICOID METABOLISM (1987)

Treatment of tuberculosis with rifampicin in patients with pre-existing adrenal failure has been reported to induce adrenal crisis due to alteration of cortisol metabolism by induction of hepatic mixed liver oxygenase enzymes. To determine whether mineralocorticoid metabolism is altered by rifampicin treatment, we established the pharmacokinetics of immunoreactive aldosterone. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and plasma half-life of this material were measured before and after 6 days of rifampicin treatment (600 mg/day) in seven patients with Addison's disease due to tuberculosis. Antipyrine clearance and urinary 6-beta-hydroxycortisol excretion was determined to demonstrate induction of the cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes. Infusion of aldosterone at a constant rate of 0.17 mg/h over 4.5 h produced steady state concentrations after 2 h, with no difference before and after rifampicin treatment (mean +/- SD, 1649 +/- 144 vs 1586 +/- 80 pg/ml, respectively). The disappearance curve of IR-aldosterone from plasma was biexponential. No change could be observed in the plasma half-lives (alpha-phase 29 +/- 1.9 min vs 30 +/- 1.5 min, beta-phase 129 +/- 3.2 min vs 126 +/- 4.3 min), the MCR (1.47 +/- 0.1 l/h/kg vs 1.46 +/- 0.1 l/h/kg), and the volume of distribution (9.9 +/- 1.9 vs 10.2 +/- 0.3 l). The antipyrine half-life decreased significantly from 12.2 +/- 2.6 h to 7.6 +/- 0.9 h (P less than 0.05) with a rise in antipyrine clearance from 0.38 +/- 0.07 to 0.80 +/- 0.23 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.05) and no change in the volume of distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Automatic behavior descriptors for psychological disorder analysis (2013)

We investigate the capabilities of automatic nonverbal behavior descriptors to identify indicators of psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We seek to confirm and enrich present state of the art, predominantly based on qualitative manual annotations, with automatic quantitative behavior descriptors. In this paper, we propose four nonverbal behavior descriptors that can be automatically estimated from visual signals. We introduce a new dataset called the Distress Assessment Interview Corpus (DAIC) which includes 167 dyadic interactions between a confederate interviewer and a paid participant. Our evaluation on this dataset shows correlation of our automatic behavior descriptors with specific psychological disorders as well as a generic distress measure. Our analysis also includes a deeper study of self-adaptor and fidgeting behaviors based on detailed annotations of where these behaviors occur.
TGF-β1 promotes colorectal cancer immune escape by elevating B7-H3 and B7-H4<i>via</i>the miR-155/miR-143 axis (2016)

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) suppresses T cell function, promoting tumor immune escape. Yet, whether the depression of TGF-β1 on T cell function is mediated by co-inhibitory molecules B7-H3 and B7-H4 remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 elevated the expression of miR-155 in colorectal cancer cells through SMAD3 and SMAD4. The upregulated miR-155 attenuated miR-143 by inhibiting its direct target, the transcription factor CEBPB. Consequently, the direct target genes of miR-143, B7-H3 and B7-H4, were augmented in the cytoplasm and membrane of tumor cells. Over-expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in HCT-116 cells induced T cells to secrete TGF-β1 and the immunosuppressive cytokines IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17. Restoration of miR-143 inhibited the growth of HCT-116 xenograft tumors in mice, and also repressed the expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in the tumors. Thus, this study reveals the mechanism by which TGF-β1 leads to T cell-mediated tumor evasion through an increase in B7-H3 and B7-H4 expression.
<i>In vitro</i> models for liver toxicity testing. (2013)

Over the years, various liver-derived <i>in vitro</i> model systems have been developed to enable investigation of the potential adverse effects of chemicals and drugs. Liver tissue slices, isolated microsomes, perfused liver, immortalized cell lines, and primary hepatocytes have been used extensively. Immortalized cell lines and primary isolated liver cells are currently most widely used <i>in vitro</i> models for liver toxicity testing. Limited throughput, loss of viability, and decreases in liver-specific functionality and gene expression are common shortcomings of these models. Recent developments in the field of <i>in vitro</i> hepatotoxicity include three-dimensional tissue constructs and bioartificial livers, co-cultures of various cell types with hepatocytes, and differentiation of stem cells into hepatic lineage-like cells. In an attempt to provide a more physiological environment for cultured liver cells, some of the novel cell culture systems incorporate fluid flow, micro-circulation, and other forms of organotypic microenvironments. Co-cultures aim to preserve liver-specific morphology and functionality beyond those provided by cultures of pure parenchymal cells. Stem cells, both embryonic- and adult tissue-derived, may provide a limitless supply of hepatocytes from multiple individuals to improve reproducibility and enable testing of the individual-specific toxicity. This review describes various traditional and novel <i>in vitro</i> liver models and provides a perspective on the challenges and opportunities afforded by each individual test system.
Creating New Supramolecular Materials by Architecture of Three-Dimensional Nanocrystal Fiber Networks (2002)

The architecture of three-dimensional interconnecting self-organized nanofiber networks from separate needlelike crystals of L-DHL (lanosta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol:24,25-dihydrolanosterol = 56:44) in di-isooctylphthalate has been achieved for the first time, on the basis of the completely new concept of branching creation by additives (branching promoters). [In this work, an additive, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVACP), is used at a concentration of several 10 ppm.] We demonstrate that this novel technique enables us to produce previously unknown self-supporting supramolecular functional materials with tailormade micro- or nanostructures, possessing significantly modified macroscopic properties, by utilizing materials thus far considered to be "useless". In addition, both the self-organized structure and the properties of the new materials can be fine-tuned by altering the processing conditions. Our results show that the formation of the interconnecting 3D self-organized network structure is controlled by a new mechanism, so-called crystallographic mismatch branching mechanism, as opposed to the conventionally adopted molecular self-assembly mechanism. The principles and criteria for the selection of branching promoters are also discussed from the point of view of molecular structures.
On Approximately Realizing and Characterizing Pure Mode-I Interface Fracture Between Bonded Dissimilar Materials (2011)

Bimaterial systems in which two dissimilar materials are adhesively joined by a thin adhesive interlayer have been widely used in a variety of modern industries and engineering structures. It is well known that interfacial fracture is the most common failure mode for these bimaterial systems. Particularly, the interface fracture is a mixed mode in nature mode-I (pure peel) and mode-II (pure shear) due to the disrupted symmetry by the bimaterial configuration. Obviously, characterizing individual fracture modes, especially mode-I fracture, is essential in understanding and modeling the complex mixed mode fracture problems. Meanwhile, the J-integral is a highly preferred means to characterize the interfacial fracture behaviors of a bimaterial system because it cannot only capture more accurate toughness value, but also facilitate an experimental characterization of interfacial traction-separation laws (cohesive laws). Motivated by these important issues, a novel idea is proposed in the present work to realize and characterize the pure mode-I nonlinear interface fracture between bonded dissimilar materials. First, a nearly pure mode-I fracture test can be simply realized for a wide range of bimaterial systems by almost eliminating the mode-II component based on a special and simple configuration obtained in this work. Then, the concise forms of the J-integral are derived and used to characterize the interfacial fracture behaviors associated with classical and shear deformation beam theories. The proposed approach may be considered as a promising candidate for the future standard mode-I test method of bimaterial systems due to its obvious accuracy, simplicity, and applicability, as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results.
Inhibition of Leukocyte Adhesion by Developmental Endothelial Locus-1 (Del-1) (2009)

The leukocyte adhesion to endothelium is pivotal in leukocyte recruitment which takes place during inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious conditions. The interaction between leukocytes and endothelium requires an array of adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells, thereby promoting leukocyte recruitment into sites of inflammation and tissue injury. Intervention with the adhesion molecules provides a platform for development of anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This review will focus on developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1), an endogenous inhibitor of leukocyte adhesion.