gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics of MHC genesis unraveled by sequence analysis of the 1,796,938-bp HLA class I region (1999)

The intensely studied MHC has become the paradigm for understanding the architectural evolution of vertebrate multigene families. The 4-Mb human MHC (also known as the HLA complex) encodes genes critically involved in the immune response, graft rejection, and disease susceptibility. Here we report the continuous 1,796,938-bp genomic sequence of the HLA class I region, linking genes between MICB and HLA-F. A total of 127 genes or potentially coding sequences were recognized within the analyzed sequence, establishing a high gene density of one per every 14.1 kb. The identification of 758 microsatellite provides tools for high-resolution mapping of HLA class I-associated disease genes. Most importantly, we establish that the repeated duplication and subsequent diversification of a minimal building block, MIC-HCGIX-3.8-1-P5-HCGIV-HLA class I-HCGII, engendered the present-day MHC. That the currently nonessential HLA-F and MICE genes have acted as progenitors to today's immune-competent HLA-ABC and MICA/B genes provides experimental evidence for evolution by "birth and death," which has general relevance to our understanding of the evolutionary forces driving vertebrate multigene families.
Fluorescent Structural DNA Nanoballs Functionalized with Phosphate-Linked Nucleotide Triphosphates (2010)

Highly labeled DNA nanoballs functionalized with phosphate-linked nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) were developed as a source of dNTPs for DNA polymerase. The particles were prepared by strand-displacement polymerization from a self-complementary circular template. Imaged by atomic force microscopy, these functionalized particles appear as condensed fuzzy balls with diameters between 50 and 150 nm. They emit a bright fluorescent signal, detected in 2 ms exposures with a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 when imaged using a TIR fluorescence microscope.
Mybl2, downregulated during colon epithelial cell maturation, is suppressed by miR-365 (2011)

Altered profiles of gene expression reflect the reprogramming of intestinal epithelial cells during their maturation along the crypt-luminal axis. To focus on genes important in this process, and how they in turn are regulated, we identified 14 transcripts commonly downregulated in expression during lineage-specific maturation of the immortalized cell lines Caco-2 (absorptive), HT29Cl16E (goblet), and HT29Cl19A (secretory) induced by contact inhibition of growth or the short-chain fatty acid butyrate. One such gene, Mybl2 (Myb-related protein B), has been linked to the stem cell phenotype, and we report is also markedly suppressed in maturing cells along the crypt-luminal axis in vivo. Mybl2 is not significantly downregulated transcriptionally during colon cell maturation, but we identified a potential micro-RNA (miRNA)-binding sequence in the Mybl2 3'-untranslated region that mediates reporter gene suppression in differentiating colon cells. Accordingly, miRNAs predicted to bind this functional target are upregulated in differentiating colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo; expression of one of these, hsa-miR-365 (but not hsa-324-5p), suppresses Mybl2 protein expression in proliferating Caco-2 cells. These data demonstrate that miRNA silencing plays an important role in regulating gene expression in maturing colon epithelial cells, and that utilizing a target-centered approach, rather than profiling global miRNA expression, can identify physiologically relevant, functional miRNAs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolidine‐Fused Spirooxindoles via Organocatalytic [3 + 2] 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Maleimides. (2015)

Abstract In the presence of the Cinchona alkaloid‐based squaramide organocatalyst QSQ, the [3+2] cycloaddition of isatin‐derived azomethine ylides with maleimides proceeds readily to deliver pyrrolidine‐fused spirooxindoles.
ROR1 as a novel therapeutic target for EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer patients with the EGFR T790M mutation. (2014)

ROR1 expression has a differential effect on outcome to erlotinib and chemotherapy in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. High ROR1 expression significantly limits PFS in erlotinib-treated patients with T790M mutations and ROR1-directed therapies can enhance the efficacy of treatment. In contrast, high ROR1 expression confers longer PFS to chemotherapy in the same group of patients. The role of chemotherapy and erlotinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with high ROR1 expression warrants further investigation.
A Vietnamese family chronicle: twelve generations on the banks of the Hat River (1992)

The Nguyen of Kim Bai (a village in the Red River delta in Vietnam) traces its ancestry back to at least the 15th century. The region is also considered to be the birthplace of the Vietnamese race (the epic revolt of the Trung sisters against the Chinese occupiers occurred here).
Novel diagnosis and therapy for hepatoma targeting HBV-related carcinogenesis through alternative splicing of FIR (PUF60)/FIRΔexon2 (2018)

Hepatoma Research is an open access journal and focuses on all topics related to hepatoma. The following articles are especially welcome: pathogenesis, clinical examination and early diagnosis of hepatoma, complications of hepatoma, and their preventions and treatments, etc.
Development of an Unsteady‐State Model for Control of Polymer Grade Transitions in Ziegler‐Natta Catalyzed Reactor Systems (2007)

Abstract The dynamics of the activity and polymer growth in Ziegler‐Natta catalysts has been well established in the literature. 1 , 2 The corresponding dynamic behaviour of the reactor system is predicted using a segregation model approach and the unsteady state model of residence time distribution previously developed. 3 The model is therefore able to predict reactor performance for a time‐varying catalyst flow rate through the reactor, as well as time‐varying concentrations of monomer, co‐catalyst and chain termination agent. A method of determining grade transition policies by the use of the developed reactor models is then presented. It is demonstrated that the reactor productivity, catalyst efficiency, average chain length and polydispersity can be controlled by the catalyst flow rate and reactor monomer and hydrogen concentrations. The relationship between the required polymer product properties and the system flow rates is determined. Case studies are presented that evaluate various transition strategies for a specific polymer grades.
Fabrication of Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Composite Nanosheets and Their Applications for Cr(VI) Removal in Aqueous Solution (2012)

In this paper, we report on the simple, reliable synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy)/graphene oxide (GO) composite nanosheets by using sacrificial-template polymerization method. Herein, MnO(2) nanoslices were chosen as a sacrificial-template to deposit PPy, which served as the oxidant as well. During the polymerization of pyrrole on surface of GO nanosheets, MnO(2) component was consumed incessantly. As a result, the PPy growing on the surface of GO nanosheets has the morphology just like the MnO(2) nanoslices. This method can provide the fabrication of PPy nanostructures more easily than conventional route due to its independence of removing template, which usually is a complex and tedious experimental process. The as-prepared PPy/GO composite nanosheets exhibited an enhanced properties for Cr(VI) ions removal in aqueous solution based on the synergy effect. The adsorption capacity of the PPy/GO composite nanosheets is about two times as large as that of conventional PPy nanoparticles. We believe that our findings can open a new and effective avenue to improve the adsorption performance in removing heavy metal ions from waste water.
Production of Laccase by <i>Trametes hirsuta</i> Grown in an Immersion Bioreactor and its Application in the Docolorization of Dyes from a Leather Factory (2004)

Abstract An alternative system for producing laccase on a bioreactor scale by the white‐rot fungus Trametes hirsuta is proposed. The experiments were performed in an immersion bioreactor (employing cuttings of stainless steel sponges as a support) and the culture medium was supplemented with copper sulfate (1 mM). Operating under these conditions, it was possible to obtain a maximum laccase activity of nearly 5,000 U/L within 9 days. In addition, the ability of the crude laccase produced to decolorize two synthetic acid dyes utilized in the leather industry (Luganil Green and Sella Solid Red) was investigated. The effect of the pH and the enzyme activity on decolorization was analyzed. It was found that a pH of 4.0 and a laccase activity of 300 U/L were optimal for Luganil dye decolorization (16.2 % in 2 hours). Sella Solid Red showed its highest decolorization (around 40 % in 2 hours) when used at pH 5.0 and at a laccase activity of 1,000 U/L.
Transport studies of protonated emeraldine polymer: A granular polymeric metal system (1987)

An experimental study of the temperature- ($T$) dependent dc conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, the electric field ($E$) dependence of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and the $T$-dependent thermopower $S$ as a function of protonation level ($0.0<x\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}]}{[\mathrm{N}]}\ensuremath{\leqq}0.5$) of emeraldine polymer is presented. The conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(300 \mathrm{K})$ varies from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ to 10 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with increasing protonation, while $\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{T}_{0}}{T})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$, with ${T}_{0}$ decreasing with increasing $x$. Above a threshold field ${E}_{t}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{E}_{0}}{E})$, with ${E}_{0}$ constant. The thermopower $S$ changes sign with increasing $x$ and is proportional to $T$ for $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$. The transport properties are the first systematic evidence for the formation of a granular polymeric metal.
An Advanced Model for the Estimation of the Surface Solar Irradiance Under All Atmospheric Conditions Using MSG/SEVIRI Data (2012)

A new advanced model for estimation of surface solar irradiance from satellite (AMESIS), designed to estimate with better accuracy the incident solar radiation at the surface from the spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) satellite measurements, has been developed. The new generations of sensors such as SEVIRI payload on board the geostationary meteosat second generation gives an opportunity to improve the solar irradiance estimation at surface with accuracy as well as the high spatial and time resolution for a large geographical area according to the needs of solar energy applications. The model developed takes into account the effect of aerosol, the overcast and partially cloudy coverage, and provides irradiance solar maps every 15 min both for monitoring purposes and for monthly, annual averages of surface solar irradiance. Cloud and aerosol microphysical parameters are retrieved by using VIS and IR SEVIRI channels, while surface solar irradiance is retrieved through the high-resolution broadband visible channel. Comparisons with the Global Atmosphere Watch station ground-based measurements of incoming solar radiation agree with the values retrieved with AMESIS model. The results show a very good correlation of about 0.99, a root mean square and a bias ranging, respectively, between 1 and 2.7 J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and -0.6 and 0.4 J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> depending on the station.
Chlordimeform and Related Compounds: Toxicological Studies with House Flies12 (1973)

Toxicity of chlordimeform and 15 formamidine analogues to Musca domestica L. was investigated. None of the compounds were toxic at levels practical for house fly coutrol: however, some compounds were more active than others. With the exception of 2 alkyl-substituted morpholino derivatives, the N, N -dialkyl formamidines were more active than the N -monoalkyl analogues. Moreover the toxicity of these active compounds was apparently synergized by piperonyl but oxide to a limited extent.

House flies rapidly metabolized radiolabeled chlordimeform following topical application or injection. Identified metabolites included N' -(4-chloro- o -tolyl) -N- methylformamidine (demethylchlordimeform), 4'-chloro- o -formotoluidide, and 4-chloro- o -toluidine. Pretreatment of house flies with piperonyl but oxide considerably inhibited chlonlimeform metabolism. In addition to increased levels of the parent compound this effect was manifested by a marked decrease in formation of water-soluble metabolites and lower excretion of chlordimeform-14C-equivalents as compared with house flies treated with chlordimeform alone. Chlordimeform was N -demethylated to demethyl-chlordimeform in vitro by microsomes prepared from homogenates of house fly abdomens.

In general, the metabolism of chlordimeform following topical application or injection into the house fly, a chlordimeform-tolerant organism, proceeded at a much faster rate than that previously reported for two spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and southern cattle ticks, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), two chlordimeform-susceptible organisms.
The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review (2013)

Congenital toxoplasmosis poses a substantial burden of poor health globally. Toxoplasmosis should be included in future updates of the global burden of disease and the corresponding data should be used to support public health interventions to reduce disease burden.
A Synergistic Effect of Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Smoking in Association with CHD (1999)

Serotonin induces vasoconstriction in the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. Platelets acquire serotonin from the extracellular space by serotonin transporter and release it following aggregation. There is a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene promoter associated with transcriptional efficacy and plasma serotonin levels. To examine whether the polymorphism is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the Japanese, we analyzed 144 male CHD patients with an onset age before 65 and 222 apparently healthy men. The L allele was observed significantly more frequently in the CHD patients (26%) than in the control subjects (19%); the odds ratio was 1.48 (p <0.03). A significant interaction between the polymorphism and smoking was observed for CHD (p = 0.03), suggesting that the two have a synergistic effect on CHD. Odds ratio of the combination of the L allele and smoking was 1.95 (p <0.003). The 5-HTT gene promoter polymorphism may play a role in susceptibility to CHD, particularly when it is combined with smoking.
Pearl Millet as a Bait Crop for the Management of the Indian Peanut Clump Virus (1997)

Clump disease is one of the major constraints to groundnut production in sandy soils in the state of Rajasthan (Matliur and Sobti, 1993). The disease is also present in die states of Audhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, and it is caused by the Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) (Reddy et al.y 1988) a furovirus transmitted by the root obligate endoparasite fungus Polymyxa sp. (Ratna et aL, 1991). No resistance could be identified in more tiian 9000 groundnut lines, including wild Arachis species, tested in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Chemicals such as nematicides, though effective to reduce disease incidence are hazardous and not economical for small scale farmers. Although soil solarization has been shown to be effective in reducing the disease incidence it can only be applied to small patches, additionally it can be polluting if no degradable plastic sheets are used (Reddy et aly 1988).
Encapsulation and Controlled Release of a Hydrophobic Drug Using a Novel Nanoparticle‐Forming Hyperbranched Polyester (2005)

An amphiphilic, hyperbranched polymer suitable for use in controlled drug delivery is reported. This polymer was obtained by modification of the hyperbranched aliphatic polyester Boltorn H20 (H20) with succinic anhydride and then glycidyl methacrylate, and formed nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The critical association concentration was 7.4 x 10(-3) g . L(-1), as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy using pyrene as a molecular probe. A static/dynamic laser light scattering (LLS) study revealed that the average particle size was 39.4 nm with a low particle size distribution (PDI=0.04), and that each particle was composed of about 350 amphiphilic molecules. Daidzein, a hydrophobic traditional Chinese medicine, was encapsulated during particle formation and the release properties were determined. The optimal feeding concentration of daidzein to hyperbranched polyester was 4.9 x 10(-5) g . mL(-1) to 5.0 x 10(-3) g . mL(-1) with a loading efficiency of 76.1%. In the presence of the enzyme Lipase PS, the drug loaded nanoparticles degraded in a random one-by-one manner and released the drug over a few days. This system is therefore a novel controlled drug release system based on nanoparticles formed of hyperbranched polyester. Encapsulation of daidzein by hyperbranched polyester particles.
Gradual Discontinuation of Lithium Augmentation in Elderly Patients With Unipolar Depression (1997)

Recently, the therapeutic benefit of lithium augmentation in old age has come into question. These data, in light of the documented high incidence of side effects after lithium use in elderly patients, resulted in the design of a prospective, placebo-controlled lithium augmentation withdrawal study in elderly patients with unipolar depression. Twelve eligible geriatric patients (10 women and 2 men; mean [+/-SD] age, 76.2 +/- 5.7 years) with DSM-III-R unipolar depression receiving adjunct lithium therapy were randomized to receive continued lithium augmentation or matching placebo (withdrawal rate 150 mg/day/wk). At each clinic visit, patients were assessed for depression (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Geriatric Depression Rating Scale) and lithium-induced toxicities (a 21-item side-effect checklist, renal and thyroid biochemistry). Over the 2-year observation period, the placebo group reported a decrease in composite 21-item side-effect score and specific lithium toxicities (e.g., urinary urgency, hand tremor, and renal/thyroid abnormalities). Two patients in the lithium maintenance group had a recurrence of depression at 61 and 96 weeks, respectively, immediately after a stressful life event (cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or death of spouse), and two patients had a recurrence in the placebo group at 7 and 92 weeks, respectively, without any apparent changes in life stresses. No other prognostic risk factors for recurrence were identified. Depression that recurred in patients who were receiving placebo was relatively resistant to reinstitution of lithium augmentation therapy. In otherwise stable geriatric patients with unipolar depression, the documented benefits of reduced side effects should be weighed against the risk of recurrence and subsequent lithium resistance before withdrawal of lithium augmentation.
Hampering Immune Suppressors (2013)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with suppressive properties that preferentially expand in cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mainly suppress T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, inhibit natural killer cell activation, and induce the differentiation and expansion of regulatory T cells. The wide spectrum of MDSC suppressive activity in cancer and its role in tumor progression have rendered these cells a promising target for effective cancer immunotherapy. In this review we briefly discuss the origin of MDSCs and their main mechanisms of suppression and focus more on the approaches developed up to date targeting of MDSCs in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients.
Preservatives in cosmetics: reactivity of allergenic formaldehyde‐releasers towards amino acids through breakdown products other than formaldehyde<sup>*</sup> (2010)

The reactivity of distinctive formaldehyde-releasers towards amino acids is not limited to formaldehyde release.
Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar (1998)

Radar Fundamentals: Technical Perspective (R. Raney). Radar Fundamentals: The Geoscience Perspective (A. Lewis & F. Henderson). Radargrammetry (F. Leberl). Polarimetry in Radar Remote Sensing: Basic and Applied Concepts (W.-M. Boerner, et al.). Imaging Radar Interferometry (S. Madsen & H. Zebker). Agricultural Applications With Radar (B. Brisco & R. Brown). Mapping Soil Moisture Distribution With Imaging Radar (M. Dobson & F. Ulaby). Forestry Applications Using Imaging Radar (D. Leckie). Radar Geology (J. Ford). Geomorphic and Hydrologic Applications of Active Microwave Remote Sensing (A. Lewis). SAR for Oceanography (M.-C. Mouchot & R. Garello). Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice Using Imaging Radar (D. Hall). Applications of Imaging Radar to Land Use and Land Cover Mapping (C. Lo). Radar Applications in Urban Analysis, Settlement Detection and Population Estimation (F. Henderson & Z.-G. Xia). Applications of Imaging Radar to Archaeological Research (D. Holcomb). Radar Education, Data Sources and Data Collection (A. Lewis, et al.). Glossary of Selected Terms. Index. Color Illustrations.
Abbott's night of the short knives (2013)

The standard selection criteria for members of the Senior Executive Service of the Australian Public Service state that they should 'shape strategic thinking, achieves results, exemplify personal drive and integrity, cultivate productive working relationships, and communicate with influence'. The third of these goes to the crucial working relationship between SES public servants and their political masters.
Reciprocal regulation of the content of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA by NGF in PC12 cells (1997)

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are involved in the synthesis of dopamine and other monoamine neurotransmitters, and their activities can be regulated by a number of physiological stimuli. An interesting finding has been that (-)-deprenyl and some other irreversible monoamine B oxidase inhibitors increase AADC gene expression and that these compounds can exert neuronal protection/rescue effects. In this study, we have investigated the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), and of (-)-deprenyl on AADC and TH gene expression in PC12 cells. Cells were treated with different doses of NGF (0.2-50 ng/ml) for up to 3 days. Northern and blot hybridizations were performed to detect AADC and TH mRNA. The results show that NGF can down-regulate AADC gene expression while increasing TH gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Treatment with (-)-deprenyl alone increases the gene expression of AADC, and (-)-deprenyl further counteracts the reductions induced by NGF. This study introduces novel results with regard to the regulation of the gene expression of AADC in PC12 cells, which is not paralleled by the other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. These findings support the existence of an interaction between NGF and AADC gene expression that may be associated with the process of neuronal degeneration or regeneration.