gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease (2003)

There is considerable evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This possibility has been strengthened by recent studies in animal models, which have shown that a selective inhibitor of complex I of the electron transport gene can produce an animal model that closely mimics both the biochemical and histopathological findings of PD. Several agents are available that can modulate cellular energy metabolism and that may exert antioxidative effects. There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are a major source of free radicals within the cell. These appear to be produced at both the iron-sulfur clusters of complex I as well as the ubiquinone site. Agents that have shown to be beneficial in animal models of PD include creatine, coenzyme Q(10), Ginkgo biloba, nicotinamide, and acetyl-L-carnitine. Creatine has been shown to be effective in several animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and currently is being evaluated in early stage trials in PD. Similarly, coenzyme Q(10) is also effective in animal models and has shown promising effects both in clinical trials of PD as well as in clinical trials in Huntington's disease and Friedreich's ataxia. Many other agents show good human tolerability. These agents therefore are promising candidates for further study as neuroprotective agents in PD.
Clinical and Public Health Implications of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (2001)

With 41% of the world’s population at risk of malaria, with as many as 400 million new clinical cases and 1.5–2.7 million deaths occurring each year, malaria is a major public health threat (1). In the fight against malaria, antimalarial chemotherapy is, and will remain for the foreseeable future, the most fundamental component of malaria control (2). Although other control strategies have shown promise in reducing malaria-associated morbidity and mortality, the need for people living in areas with malaria transmission to have ready access to effective antimalarial drugs remains essential.
Isolation, purification, and characterization of insect repellents from Curcuma longa L (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation, purification, and characterization of insect repellents from Curcuma longa LHelen C. F. Su, Robert Horvat, and Ghulam JilaniCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 2, 290–292Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00110a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00110a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views566Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new tr(i)p to sense pain: TRPA1 channel as a target for novel analgesics (2008)

Pain sensation occurs at multiple levels of the nervous system, involving a myriad of molecules and signaling pathways that contribute to the detection of noxious stimuli, and the modulation, initiation and propagation of electrical activity in nociceptors, a subset of primary sensory neurons. The fact that several types of ion channels or their splice variants are highly expressed in nociceptors and are critical for pain transduction has prompted scientists to examine their physiological roles in order to better understand the neuromolecular mechanisms of the pain pathway. Recent reports have demonstrated that TRPA1, a member of the mammalian transient receptor potential cation channel family, acts as a key chemical nocisensor in response to diverse chemical stimuli. The TRPA1 channel represents a new target for novel analgesics to specifically eliminate pain sensation of various stimuli.
The permeability of silver to oxygen (1963)

Some results on the dependence of the permeability Q of silver to oxygen on temperature T° K in the range 500° C to 850° C, and on oxygen pressure P in the range 120 torr to 2050 torr, are given. It is found that Q [is proportional to] P0.46 and log Q = 0.3244 - 5035/T (T < 630° C), log Q = - 2.108 - 2841/T (T > 630° C). Using a silver capillary 4 ft long, 1 mm in outside diameter and of 0.005 in. wall thickness as a controllable gas leak for ion sources, etc., an estimate of the life of such a device is given, together with its cost.
Deposition of GaAs Epitaxial Layers by Organometallic CVD: Temperature and Orientation Dependence (1983)

Epitaxial layers of have been grown in an atmospheric organometallic CVD system, for a wide variety of gas phase reactant partial pressures and over a broad range of temperature (450°–1050°C). The growth rates for (100), , (110), (11l)Ga, and (11l)As substrates are reported as functions of temperature and gas composition. Three distinct temperature dependent regions of growth are identified, corresponding to a mid‐temperature mass transport limited range, a low‐temperature kinetic controlled regime, and a high‐temperature desorption limited region. The growth rate is studied as a function of the growth parameters and substrate orientation, and is related to the decomposition of the two reactants trimethylgallium and arsine. A model for the epitaxial growth of by the organometallic process is proposed, based on these findings.
First metal complexes of 6,6′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine: from molecular wires to applications in carbonylation catalysis (2010)

The first square planar rhodium(I) complexes containing the 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine ligand have been prepared. The complexes form molecular wires in the solid state and are active catalysts for the carbonylation of methyl acetate.
6,15 남북공동선언과 이행에 대한 북한의 평가 분석 (2007)

2000년 6월 분단 이후 최초의 남북정상회담 개최와 그 결과 도출된 ``6·15 남북공동선언``은 남북관계를 규율하는 기본틀로 작용하고 있다. 본 연구는 남북공동선언 7년의 시점에서 6·15 선언과 그 이행에 대해 북한이 표명한 내용을 검토하여 그 의미를 분석하려는 것이다. 첫째, 6·15 선언에 대한 북한의 정의에서 파악할 수 있는 핵심 사항은 6·15 선언은 북한의 통일전략이 관철된 것이며, 북한은 여전히 사회주의 통일을 지향하고 있다는 것이다. 동시에 북한은 6·15 선언을 통해 남한의 반미연북화를 남한과 함께 합법적·공개적으로 추진할 수 있게 되었다고 평가하고 있다. 둘째, 북한은 6·15 선언의 가장 중요한 성과로 남한에서 반미자주와 연북통일이 대세화 되었다는 점을 들고 있다. 셋째, 6·15 선언이후 북한의 대남전략은 ``민족공조전략``으로 체계화되었으며, 이는 6·15 선언의 공동실천이라는 명분을 내세워 미국 배제 및 한·미동맹 와해, 남한으로부터의 경제지원 획득 및 대공체제 와해를 도모하는 전략인 것이다. 이러한 상황에서 한국은 어떠한 방향에서 대북정책을 재정립하는 것이 바람직할 것인가?
Rheology of Nanosilica-Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Blends: Formation of a “Heterogeneous Network” Facilitated by Interfacially Anchored Hybrid Nanosilica (2017)

Exclusive localization of nanofillers at the interface of immiscible polymer blend has been confirmed to be effective in improving compatibility and facilitating the formation of nanofiller-network with very low percolation threshold, while the rheology of such nanofiller compatibilized blends has seldom been investigated. Herein, we present a systematic rheological study on nanosilica-compatibilized PVDF/PLLA (poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(l-lactide)) blends. The linear viscoelastic properties of the systems are evaluated using small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS). It is found that the interfacial jammed Janus grafted silica (JGS) located at the interface increases dynamic moduli at low frequency even with very low filler loadings. The nonterminal effects become more pronounced with increasing JGS loadings. Weighted relaxation spectra inferred from SAOS reveals that the shape relaxation of PVDF-droplets is strongly influenced by addition of JGS. The solid-like behavior of JGS-filled blends has been attributed to both the orderly arrangement of JGS at PVDF–PLLA interface and the molecular entanglement between the grafted long tails of JGS with the molecular chains of the component polymers. In other words, JGS at the interface not only promotes strong interfacial interactions between phases, but also stimulates the formation of unique nanoparticle–polymer hybrid network, termed as “heterogeneous network” with the silica as the junctions.
An Integrated Database of the Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis: Towards Functional Genomics (2005)

An integrated genome database is essential for future studies of functional genomics. In this study, we update cDNA and genomic resources of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, and provide an integrated database of the genomic and cDNA data by extending a database published previously. The updated resources include over 190,000 ESTs (672,396 in total together with the previous ESTs) and over 1,000 full-insert sequences (6,773 in total). In addition, results of mapping information of the determined scaffolds onto chromosomes, ESTs from a full-length enriched cDNA library for indication of precise 5'-ends of genes, and comparisons of SNPs and indels among different individuals are integrated into this database, all of these results being reported recently. These advances continue to increase the utility of Ciona intestinalis as a model organism whilst the integrated database will be useful for researchers in comparative and evolutionary genomics.
Electrochemically Controlled Atom by Atom Deposition of Gold to Polyaniline (2010)

Polyaniline (PANI) has been an effective matrix for hosting and preserving metal nanoclusters. In the case of gold, the tetrachloroaurate anion has a high affinity for the imine sites of PANI. Upon contact with PANI, is spontaneously reduced to metallic gold, but the size of the formed Au clusters cannot be precisely controlled. Herein, we report on the electrochemical method of controlled deposition of one atom by one atom of gold per imine site of PANI. By controlling the potential, we keep PANI in an oxidized state while exposing it to a solution of to form a complex, which is reduced to atomic gold by sweeping the potential negative. This frees up the imine sites of PANI again and makes them accessible for the next Au deposition cycle. The repeated deposition of Au atoms follows a cyclic pathway. The amount of gold deposited using this method is consistent for each repeated cycle.
DNA-Free Genome Editing of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa Protoplasts Using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complexes (2018)

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has already proved its efficiency, versatility and simplicity in numerous applications in human, animal, microbe and plant cells. Together with the vast amount of genome and transcriptome databases available, it represents an enormous potential for plant breeding and research. Although most changes produced with CRISPR/Cas9 do not differ from naturally occurring mutations, the use of transgenesis during varietal development can still trigger GMO legislation in countries that rely on process-based regulation. Moreover, stable integration of DNA coding for genome-editing tools into plant genomes can result in insertional mutagenesis, while its prolonged expression can cause mutations in off-target sites. These pitfalls can be avoided with the delivery of preassembled ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) composed of purified recombinant enzyme Cas9 and <i>in vitro</i>-transcribed or synthesized sgRNA. We therefore aimed to develop a DNA-free protocol for site-directed mutagenesis of three species of the genus <i>Brassica</i> (<i>B. oleracea, B. napus</i>, and <i>B. rapa</i>) with the use of RNPs. We chose cabbage, rapeseed and Chinese cabbage as species representatives and introduced RNPs into their protoplasts with PEG 4000. Four sgRNAs targeting two endogenous genes (the <i>FRI</i> and <i>PDS</i> genes, two sgRNAs per gene) were introduced into all three species. No mutations were detected after transfection of rapeseed protoplasts, while we obtained mutation frequencies of 0.09 to 2.25% and 1.15 to 24.51% in cabbage and Chinese cabbage, respectively. In both species, a positive correlation was displayed between the amount (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 μg) of Cas9 enzyme and sgRNA introduced and mutation frequency. Nucleotide changes (insertions and deletions) were detected 24 h after transfection and did not differ 72 h after transfection. They were species-, gene- and locus-dependent. In summary, we demonstrated the suitability of RNP transfection into <i>B. oleracea</i> and <i>B. rapa</i> protoplasts for high-efficiency indel induction of two endogenous genes. Due to the relatively high mutation frequencies detected (up to 24.51%), this study paves the way for regeneration of precisely mutated <i>Brassica</i> plants without the use of transgenesis.
PharmGKB summary (2013)

Barbarino, Julia M.; Staatz, Christine E.; Venkataramanan, Raman; Klein, Teri E.; Altman, Russ B. Author Information
Pulsed UV-Light Penetration of Characterization and the Inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 in Solid Model Systems (2008)

With an ever increasing number of foodborne outbreaks in the U.S. tied to produce, novel processing technologies are needed. One such technology is pulsed ultraviolet (UV) light, which provides broadband spectrum light between 100 and 1100 nm, but more than 50% falls into the UV region. However, the efficacy of such a technology is not fully understood, and there is some concern as to the penetrability of pulsed UV-light through opaque materials. Inactivation and energy penetration data obtained from the treatment of agar (clear solid medium) and whey protein (opaque solid medium) gels after treatment with pulsed UV-light were used to construct several models to estimate the amount of energy penetrating the sample at a given depth and the inactivation of E. coli K12. The amount of broadband energy being transmitted through the materials decreased by as much as 60% at a depth of 10 mm. The inactivation curves obtained indicated that the relationship between energy dose and inactivation was non-linear, and the Weibull model was used to estimate microbial inactivations. Three approaches were undertaken to determine the needed model parameters. The first model (Weibull model 1) used a single set of values for the two Weibull distribution parameters. This model was found to accurately estimate the reductions of E. coli K12 based on R2 and RMSE values. The second approach (Weibull model 2) simultaneously solved for the extinction coefficient value in the exponential dose model in addition to the two Weibull distribution parameters. This model was found to increase the R2 values and decrease the RMSE values. However, this model was found to underestimate the dose. The third approach (Weibull model 3) was to determine the two Weibull distribution parameters at each depth. This approach more accurately estimated reductions and dose, but was determined to be overfitted. Each model had its advantages and disadvantages, but in all three it was observed that broadband energy was not a suitable predictor of microbial inactivation. The results presented in this study indicated that pulsed UV-light can penetrate opaque materials up to 10 mm deep with decreasing energy levels, and that the Weibull model can be used to model the inactivation of E. coli K12 with correlation coefficients of 0.75 and 0.79.
Advanced Modulation Schemes for Short-Range Optical Communications (2010)

The performance of advanced modulation schemes for spectrally efficient data transmission is reviewed, targeting short-range intensity-modulated optical channels with direct detection. Hereby, the focus lies on the performance of multilevel pulse-amplitude modulation combined with electronic equalization and, as an alternative modulation scheme, discrete multitone. A comprehensive statistical analysis of clipping noise is presented and exact expressions for the performance of symmetrically clipped discrete multitone are derived. It is shown that the clipping noise is impulsive and obeys a generalized Laplace distribution. The bit-error probability due to clipping is studied in detail, and it is found that the impact of clipping noise is reduced for an increasing number of subchannels. Finally, the optical link margins of multilevel pulse-amplitude modulation in combination with electronic equalization and that of discrete multitone in combination with margin-adaptive bit loading are compared. It is found that even symmetrically clipped discrete multitone suffers from its large crest factor in the peak-power-limited channel and that, in many instances, pulse-amplitude modulation provides higher link margins for the same target bit-error probability.
Increased c-fos expression in spinal neurons after irritation of the lower urinary tract in the rat (1992)

This study utilized neuronal c-fos expression to examine the spinal pathways involved in processing nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferent input from the lower urinary tract (LUT) of the urethane-anesthetized rat. C-fos protein was detected immunocytochemically in only a small number of cells (< 2 cells/L6 section) in control animals. However, chemical irritation with 1% acetic acid or mechanical stimulation of the LUT markedly increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons (56-180 cells/L6 section) in four regions of the caudal lumbosacral (L6-S1) spinal cord: medial dorsal horn (MDH), lateral dorsal horn, dorsal commissure (DCM), and sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Only small numbers of c-fos-positive cells were detected in rostral lumbar segments, a region that is thought to receive nociceptive input from the LUT via afferent pathways in sympathetic nerves. The distribution of c-fos-positive cells in the L6 spinal cord varied according to the stimulus (i.e., urethral catheter, bladder distension, or chemical irritation). Distension of the urinary bladder increased the number of c-fos-positive cells mainly in DCM and SPN regions of the cord. In contrast, irritation of the LUT increased c-fos expression largely in DCM and MDH areas. Spinal cord transection (T8 level) did not alter the c-fos expression induced by a catheter or chemical irritation, indicating that gene expression was mediated by spinal pathways. Denervation experiments showed that c-fos expression was induced by activation of afferent pathways in the pelvic and pudendal nerves. These results suggest that neurons in several regions of the spinal cord are involved in processing afferent input from different parts of the LUT. Neurons in the DCM appear to have an important role since they respond to both nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs and to visceral (pelvic nerve) and somatic (pudendal nerve) afferent pathways. Thus, these neurons may be involved in the mechanisms of visceral-somatic referred pain.
A method of run-time detecting DDos attacks (2008)

Abstract: Distribution denial-of-service (DDoS) constitutes one of the major threats and among the hardest security problems in today’s Internet. However, DDoS detection techniques, such as signature-based detection, anomaly-based detection, and wavelet-based signal analysis, face the considerable challenge of determining network-based flooding attacks from sudden increases in legitimate activity or flash events. In this paper, we study the basic characteristic of network traffic, and propose a method for meeting the challenge. By taking full advantage of known traffic in normal state, we design a detection algorithm for dealing with DDoS attacks. We have carried out experiments with actual data to evaluate the algorithm. The results show that it can recognize DDoS attacks.
Distributed Optimization by Ant Colonies (1992)

Ants colonies exhibit very interesting behaviours: even if a single ant only has simple capabilities, the behaviour of a whole ant colony is highly structured. This is the result of coordinated interactions. But, as communication possibilities among ants are very limited, interactions must be based on very simple flows of information. In this paper we explore the implications that the study of ants behaviour can have on problem solving and optimization. We introduce a distributed problem solving environment and propose its use to search for a solution to the travelling salesman problem. The problem of interest is how almost blind animals manage to establish shortest route paths from their colony to feeding sources and back. In the case of ants, the media used to communicate among individuals information regarding paths and used to decide where to go consists of pheromone trails. A moving ant lays some pheromone (in varying quantities) on the ground, thus marking the path it followed by a trail of this substance. While an isolated ant moves essentially at random, an ant encountering a previously laid trail can detect it and decide with high probability to follow it, thus reinforcing the trail with its own pheromone. The collective behaviour that emerges is a form of autocatalytic behaviour — or allelomimesis — where the more are the ants following a trail, the more that trail becomes attractive for being followed. The process is thus characterized by a positive feedback loop, where the probability with which an ant chooses a path increases with the number of ants that chose the same path in the preceding steps. In Fig.1 we present an example of how allelomimesis can lead to the identification of the shortest path around an obstacle.
Magnetic characterisation of thin film recording media (1993)

The basic magnetic characterization techniques for thin recording media are critically examined in relation to the requirements for modern high-storage-density materials. The applicability and usefulness of remanence curves for the characterization of thin-film media are discussed together with the recently developed Delta I(H) technique. The origins of the relation between these measurements and cooperative reversal are presented, together with the improved data showing the correlation between Delta I(H) and noise. This discussion is extended to include the time-dependent phenomena and in particular the activation volume, including the effects of intergranular coupling. Data are presented to show these effects in both single-layer alloy films and laminated systems, and the implications for ultimate recording density are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation (2015)

Friction and wear remain as the primary modes of mechanical energy dissipation in moving mechanical assemblies; thus, it is desirable to minimize friction in a number of applications. We demonstrate that superlubricity can be realized at engineering scale when graphene is used in combination with nanodiamond particles and diamondlike carbon (DLC). Macroscopic superlubricity originates because graphene patches at a sliding interface wrap around nanodiamonds to form nanoscrolls with reduced contact area that slide against the DLC surface, achieving an incommensurate contact and substantially reduced coefficient of friction (~0.004). Atomistic simulations elucidate the overall mechanism and mesoscopic link bridging the nanoscale mechanics and macroscopic experimental observations.
Powder diffraction data for copper hexafluorides: Ba <sub>2</sub> CuF <sub>6</sub> and Pb <sub>2</sub> CuF <sub>6</sub> (1995)

Based on the crystal structure determination of orthorhombic Ba 2 CuF 6 (space group Cmca ), the previous X-ray powder patterns given for Ba 2 CuF 6 (PDF 21-809) and Pb 2 CuF 6 (PDF 22-654) are reindexed.