gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resonance domain surface relief diffractive lens for the visible spectral region (2013)

Early expectations for a role of diffractive lenses were dramatically lessened by their high order overlapping foci, low optical powers, and competing advances in refractive micro-optics. By bringing the Bragg properties of volume holograms to diffractive lenses we got rid of ghost diffractive orders and the critical trade-off between diffraction efficiency, number of phase levels, and spatial feature-size. Binary off-axis resonance domain diffractive lens with high numerical aperture of 0.16 was designed with analytical effective grating theory, fabricated by direct e-beam writing, etched in fused silica and experimentally investigated. More than 81% measured diffraction efficiency exceeds twice the limits of thin binary optics.
An integrated capacitively coupled transformer and its application for RF IC's (2002)

This paper describes a low voltage topology that uses a passive element that is described as a "capacitively coupled transformer" (CCT). This structure can be easily implemented using an IC technology that supports both on chip MIM capacitors and high Q-inductors. The structure is used to design a low noise amplifier at 1.9 GHz. The LNA consumes 4 mA of current has a input IP3 of -4.5 dBm, a noise figure of 2.3 dB for a source resistance of 50 /spl Omega/, a minimum noise figure of 1.9 dB, and a gain of 10.1 dB. The topology maintains a high linearity without sacrificing noise figure and gain for a supply voltage of 1 V.
Efficient steam generation by inexpensive narrow gap evaporation device for solar applications (2017)

Technologies for solar steam generation with high performance can help solving critical societal issues such as water desalination or sterilization, especially in developing countries. Very recently, we have witnessed a rapidly growing interest in the scientific community proposing sunlight absorbers for direct conversion of liquid water into steam. While those solutions can possibly be of interest from the perspective of the involved novel materials, in this study we intend to demonstrate that efficient steam generation by solar source is mainly due to a combination of efficient solar absorption, capillary water feeding and narrow gap evaporation process, which can also be achieved through common materials. To this end, we report both numerical and experimental evidence that advanced nano-structured materials are not strictly necessary for performing sunlight driven water-to-vapor conversion at high efficiency (i.e. ≥85%) and relatively low optical concentration (≈10 suns). Coherently with the principles of frugal innovation, those results unveil that solar steam generation for desalination or sterilization purposes may be efficiently obtained by a clever selection and assembly of widespread and inexpensive materials.
Congenital long QT syndrome (2008)

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a hereditary cardiac disease characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval at basal ECG and by a high risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Disease prevalence is estimated at close to 1 in 2,500 live births. The two cardinal manifestations of LQTS are syncopal episodes, that may lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death, and electrocardiographic abnormalities, including prolongation of the QT interval and T wave abnormalities. The genetic basis of the disease was identified in the mid-nineties and all the LQTS genes identified so far encode cardiac ion channel subunits or proteins involved in modulating ionic currents. Mutations in these genes (KCNQ1, KCNH2, KCNE1, KCNE2, CACNA1c, CAV3, SCN5A, SCN4B) cause the disease by prolonging the duration of the action potential. The most prevalent LQTS variant (LQT1) is caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene, with approximately half of the genotyped patients carrying KCNQ1 mutations. Given the characteristic features of LQTS, the typical cases present no diagnostic difficulties for physicians aware of the disease. However, borderline cases are more complex and require the evaluation of various electrocardiographic, clinical, and familial findings, as proposed in specific diagnostic criteria. Additionally, molecular screening is now part of the diagnostic process. Treatment should always begin with beta-blockers, unless there are valid contraindications. If the patient has one more syncope despite a full dose beta-blockade, left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) should be performed without hesitation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy should be considered with the final decision being based on the individual patient characteristics (age, sex, clinical history, genetic subgroup including mutation-specific features in some cases, presence of ECG signs - including 24-hour Holter recordings - indicating high electrical instability). The prognosis of the disease is usually good in patients that are correctly diagnosed and treated. However, there are a few exceptions: patients with Timothy syndrome, patients with Jervell Lange-Nielsen syndrome carrying KCNQ1 mutations and LQT3 patients with 2:1 atrio-ventricular block and very early occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias.
High-resolution zero-dispersion wavelength fluctuation mapping in dispersion-shifted fiber (2002)

Summary form only given. Accurate dispersion management has become critical in high-speed wavelength-division multiplexing optical links. Several nondestructive techniques have been developed to measure the dispersion variations along the length of the fiber. However, occasionally very accurate information about the zero-dispersion wavelength (/spl lambda//sub 0/) is needed. Our technique provides a very accurate measurement of the spatial fluctuation of /spl lambda//sub 0/ and its spatial distribution. This technique, which uses four-wave mixing, can be applied also to measure the fluctuation in the chromatic dispersion and to other fibers /spl lambda//sub 0/ in the vicinity of 1.5 /spl mu/m.
Statistical Pipeline Leak Detection Techniques for All Operating Conditions (2000)

In the past ten years, a number of pipeline leak detection systems have been implemented on various operational pipelines. Unfortunately, the feedback from pipeline operators illustrates that many of these systems have not performed satisfactorily for the following reasons: They generate frequent nuisance alarms when there is no leak in a pipeline. They are difficult for users to understand. They are expensive to maintain. Consequently, there is a tendency for leak alarms to be neglected and in some cases the systems are switched off completely. This paper examines the application of state-of-the-art technology (ATMOS PIPE) to various gas and liquid pipelines. Following the technical introduction, the paper addresses the performance of the system under all operating conditions. Experience on different pipelines demonstrates that It is possible to have a reliable real-time leak detection system. An effective leak detection system need not be highly complicated. System maintenance cost can be minimised with the use of new technology.
Statistical algorithm for nonuniformity correction in focal-plane arrays (1999)

A statistical algorithm has been developed to compensate for the fixed-pattern noise associated with spatial nonuniformity and temporal drift in the response of focal-plane array infrared imaging systems. The algorithm uses initial scene data to generate initial estimates of the gain, the offset, and the variance of the additive electronic noise of each detector element. The algorithm then updates these parameters by use of subsequent frames and uses the updated parameters to restore the true image by use of a least-mean-square error finite-impulse-response filter. The algorithm is applied to infrared data, and the restored images compare favorably with those restored by use of a multiple-point calibration technique.
A novel method for determining the phase-noise behavior of resonator-oscillators (2005)

A novel approach to the theory of phase-noise in resonator-oscillators will be given that is based on a combination of a large-signal-small-signal method, harmonic balance, and a modified Rice-model of signals plus noise. The method will be explained using a simple example. Since the type of oscillator under consideration not only de-attenuates eigen-oscillations but also noise in the spectral vicinity of the eigen-frequency, a signal is generated that is quasi-harmonic, and that might be described by means of a pseudo-Fourier-series expansion. Due to the specific description of the internal noise-sources, it is possible to use a time-domain description that at the same time reveals information about the spectral components of the signal. By comparison of these components, the spectrum of the oscillation might be determined. Relations between the spectrum of internal noise sources and the generated oscillator-signal will be recognized. The novel method will thus enable the designer to predict the phase-noise behavior of a specific oscillator-design.
Web mining from competitors' websites (2005)

This paper presents a framework for user-oriented text mining. It is then illustrated with an example of discovering knowledge from competitors' websites. The knowledge to be discovered is in the form of association rules. A user's background knowledge is represented as a concept hierarchy developed from documents on his/her own website. The concept hierarchy captures the semantic usage of words and relationships among words in background documents. Association rules are identified among the noun phrases extracted from documents on competitors' websites. The interestingness measure, i.e. novelty, which measures the semantic distance between the antecedent and the consequent of a rule in the background knowledge, is computed from the co-occurrence frequency of words and the connection lengths among words in the concept hierarchy. A user evaluation of the novelty of discovered rules demonstrates that the correlation between the algorithm and the human judges is comparable to that between human judges.
Oxidation (2015)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Overview of industrial oxidation processes 2.1. Inorganic chemicals 2.1.1. Sulfur derivatives 2.1.2. Carbon derivatives 2.1.3. Nitrogen derivatives 2.1.4. Chlorine derivatives 2.2. Organic chemicals 2.2.1. Olefins and alkynes 2.2.2. Epoxides 2.2.3. Hydroperoxides 2.2.4. Alcohols 2.2.5. Aldehydes 2.2.6. Ketones 2.2.7. Phenols and derivatives 2.2.8. Carboxylic acids, saturated 2.2.9. Carboxylic acids and anhydrides, unsaturated 2.2.10. Carboxylic acids and anhydrides, aromatic 2.2.11. Esters, lactones and carbonates 2.2.12. Nitriles 2.2.13. Oxidized nitrogen compounds 2.2.14. Chlorinated compounds 2.2.15. Sulfur compounds 3. Thermodynamics; Stability of Hydrocarbons 4. Reaction Types 5. Homolytic Oxidation 5.1. Historical Development; Reaction Mechanism; Radical Reactivity 5.2. Kinetics of Autoxidation 5.3. Differences between Liquid‐ and Gas‐Phase Autoxidations 5.4. Homolytic Oxidation in the Liquid Phase 5.4.1. Secondary Reactions of Radicals, Peroxides, and other Intermediates 5.4.2. Metal Catalysis in Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation 5.4.3. Inhibitors of Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation 5.4.4. Special Cases of Homolytic Oxidation 5.4.5. Process Technology of Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation 5.5. Homolytic Gas‐Phase Oxidation 5.6. Gas Explosions and Safety Data 6. Heterolytic Oxidation 6.1. Heterolytic Oxidation in the Liquid Phase 6.2. Heterogeneously Catalyzed Gas‐Phase Oxidation 6.2.1. Oxidation Catalysts 6.2.2. Process Technology of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidations
Statistical location detection with sensor networks (2006)

The paper develops a systematic framework for designing a stochastic location detection system with associated performance guarantees using a wireless sensor network. To detect the location of a mobile sensor, the system relies on RF-characteristics of the signal transmitted by the mobile sensor, as it is received by stationary sensors (clusterheads). Location detection is posed as a hypothesis testing problem over a discretized space. Large deviations results enable the characterization of the probability of error leading to a placement problem that maximizes an information-theoretic distance (Chernoff distance) among all pairs of probability distributions of observations conditional on the sensor locations. The placement problem is shown to be NP-hard and is formulated as a linear integer programming problem; yet, large instances can be solved efficiently by leveraging special-purpose algorithms from the theory of discrete facility location. The resultant optimal placement is shown to provide asymptotic guarantees on the probability of error in location detection under quite general conditions by minimizing an upper bound of the error-exponent. Numerical results show that the proposed framework is computationally feasible and the resultant clusterhead placement performs near-optimal even with a small number of observation samples in a simulation environment.
Enhanced near IR absorption in random, RIE-textured silicon solar cells: the role of surface profiles (2003)

We report on the role of surface profiles exhibiting comparable reflectance in random reactive ion etched textured Si solar cells. Internal quantum efficiency measurements demonstrate significant near IR absorption enhancement with peaks at /spl lambda/ /spl sim/ 1120 nm and 1050 nm. Using Fourier analysis of random surfaces, we find a majority of spatial structures in /spl sim/ 0.3-5-/spl mu/m range. This random distribution of subwavelength periodic structures leads to enhanced oblique coupling into Si through diffractive optics mechanisms. The random surfaces supporting finer features create diffraction orders propagating at larger angles enhancing near IR absorption through oblique light propagation. Random surfaces with larger features create almost vertically propagating diffraction orders resulting in little oblique coupling, and for some structures, almost no enhanced near IR absorption.
Quantitative and Mechanistic Understanding of AZD1775 Penetration across Human Blood–Brain Barrier in Glioblastoma Patients Using an IVIVE–PBPK Modeling Approach (2017)

<b>Purpose:</b> AZD1775, a first-in-class, small-molecule inhibitor of the Wee1 tyrosine kinase, is under evaluation as a potential chemo- and radiosensitizer for treating glioblastoma. This study was to prospectively, quantitatively, and mechanistically investigate the penetration of AZD1775 across the human blood-brain barrier (BBB).<b>Experimental Design:</b> AZD1775 plasma and tumor pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 20 patients with glioblastoma. The drug metabolism, transcellular passive permeability, and interactions with efflux and uptake transporters were determined using human derived <i>in vitro</i> systems. A whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model integrated with a four-compartment permeability-limited brain model was developed for predicting the kinetics of AZD1775 BBB penetration and assessing the factors modulating this process.<b>Results:</b> AZD1775 exhibited good tumor penetration in patients with glioblastoma, with the unbound tumor-to-plasma concentration ratio ranging from 1.3 to 24.4 (median, 3.2). It was a substrate for ABCB1, ABCG2, and OATP1A2, but not for OATP2B1 or OAT3. AZD1775 transcellular passive permeability and active efflux clearance across MDCKII-ABCB1 or MDCKII-ABCG2 cell monolayers were dependent on the basolateral pH. The PBPK model well predicted observed drug plasma and tumor concentrations in patients. The extent and rate of drug BBB penetration were influenced by BBB integrity, efflux and uptake active transporter activity, and drug binding to brain tissue.<b>Conclusions:</b> In the relatively acidic tumor microenvironment where ABCB1/ABCG2 transporter-mediated efflux clearance is reduced, OATP1A2-mediated active uptake becomes dominant, driving AZD1775 penetration into brain tumor. Variations in the brain tumor regional pH, transporter expression/activity, and BBB integrity collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of AZD1775 penetration into brain tumors. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7454-66. ©2017 AACR</i><i>See related commentary by Peer et al., p. 7437</i>.
Perigee: Efficient Peer-to-Peer Network Design for Blockchains (2020)

A key performance metric in blockchains is the latency between when a transaction is broadcast and when it is confirmed (the so-called, confirmation latency). While improvements in consensus techniques can lead to lower confirmation latency, a fundamental lower bound on confirmation latency is the propagation latency of messages through the underlying peer-to-peer (p2p) network (inBitcoin, the propagation latency is several tens of seconds). The de facto p2p protocol used by Bitcoin and other blockchains is based on random connectivity: each node connects to a random subset of nodes. The induced p2p network topology can be highly suboptimal since it neglects geographical distance, differences in bandwidth, hash-power and computational abilities across peers. We present Perigee, a decentralized algorithm that automatically learns an efficient p2p topology tuned to the aforementioned network heterogeneities, purely based on peers' interactions with their neighbors. Motivated by the literature on the multi-armed bandit problem, Perigee optimally balances the tradeoff between retaining connections to known well-connected neighbors, and exploring new connections to previously-unseen neighbors. Experimental evaluations show that Perigee reduces the latency to broadcast by $33\%$. Lastly Perigee is simple, computationally lightweight, adversary-resistant, and compatible with the selfish interests of peers, making it an attractive p2p protocol for blockchains.
Multiphoton Microscopy of Live Tissues With Ultraviolet Autofluorescence (2009)

Current research on multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy is primarily focused on imaging the signal from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleatide (NADH) in tissue. NADH levels in cells are useful reporters of metabolic information, as well as early indicators in precancer and cancer diagnosis. While NADH is typically imaged in the 400-500 nm spectral window, the amino acid tryptophan is the major source of tissue fluorescence in the Ultraviolet range. Here, we briefly review current progress in multiphoton autofluorescence imaging of live tissues and cells, and report our recent findings of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in vivo</i> mouse skin imaging based on multiphoton excited tryptophan autofluorescence. This new method enables noninvasive imaging of skin tissue at video-rate and allows for the visualization and identification of cellular components in the epidermis, dermis, and muscle layers. It is also possible to image through small blood vessels in the mouse skin and observe circulating leukocytes <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> .
Reversal of multidrug resistance by the anti-malaria drug artesunate in the esophageal cancer Eca109/ABCG2 cell line (2013)

The overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to tumor cells. ABCG2 is a member of the ABC superfamily. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between ABCG2 expression and the MDR of esophageal cancer and to estimate the therapeutic benefit of downregulating ABCG2 expression and reversing chemoresistance in esophageal cells using artesunate (Art). The Eca109/ABCG2 cell line was established by transfecting the ABCG2 gene into Eca109 cells. The Eca109/ABCG2 esophageal cancer cells with ABCG2 gene overexpression were resistant to adriamycin (ADM), daunorubicin (DNR) and mitoxantrone (MIT), which indicated that ABCG2 may be associated with drug resistance in esophageal cancer. Art is a noteworthy antimalarial agent, particularly in severe and drug-resistant cancer cases, as Art is able to reverse drug resistance. In the present study, Art also exerted profound anticancer activity. The mechanism for the reversal of multidrug resistance by Art in esophageal carcinoma was analyzed using cellular experiments, but still remains largely unknown.
Sifting of a Potent Convex Hull Algorithm for Scattered Point Set Using Parallel Programming (2013)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been prominently working for the designed to sculpt the world. With the growth and data and increasing sophistication of analysis and processing techniques the traditional sequential methods of performing GIS processing on desktop computers is insufficient. This paper is based on analysis and the performance of 3D convex hull algorithm for the three flavors of parallel architecture considering spatial scatter point data using parallel programming. As GIS use huge set of scatter data for processing and development of many product, a Convex Hull of planner scattered point set will useful in the area of planning and grafting the satellite image in GIS. Analysis is based on the parallel algorithm on OpenMP, MPI and Hybrid of HPC (High Performance Computing) architecture also improvement strategy for the huge data point available for computing such as GIS spatial data with respective OpenMP, MPI and Hybrid is stated.
Removal of Arsenic (V) From Water by Adsorption on Aluminum and Ferric Hydroxides (1973)

The removal of arsenic from drinking water at water‐treatment plants is shown here to be affected by pH and doses of suitable coagulants.
Laryngeal Force Sensor: Quantifying Extralaryngeal Complications after Suspension Microlaryngoscopy (2018)

Objectives To develop a novel sensor capable of dynamically analyzing the force exerted during suspension microlaryngoscopy and to examine the relationship between force and postoperative tongue complications. Study Design Prospective observational study. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Methods The laryngeal force sensor is a designed for use during microphonosurgery. Prospectively enrolled patients completed pre- and postoperative surveys to assess the development of tongue-related symptoms (dysgeusia, pain, paresthesia, and paresis) or dysphagia (10-item Eating Assessment Tool [EAT-10]). To prevent operator bias, surgeons were blinded to the force recordings during surgery. Results Fifty-six patients completed the study. Of these, 20 (36%) developed postoperative tongue symptoms, and 12 (21%) had abnormal EAT-10 scores. The mean maximum force across all procedures was 164.7 N (95% CI, 141.0-188.4; range, 48.5-402.6), while the mean suspension time was 34.3 minutes (95% CI, 27.4-41.2; range, 7.1-108.1). Multiple logistic regression showed maximum force (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.29; P = .019) and female sex (30.1%; 95% CI, 22.7%-37.5%; P < .001) as significant predictors for the development of tongue-related symptoms. The only significant predictor of an abnormal postoperative EAT-10 score was an increased maximum force (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P = .045). Conclusions The laryngeal force sensor is capable of providing dynamic force measurements throughout suspension microlaryngoscopy. An increase in maximum force during surgery may be a significant predictor for the development of tongue-related symptoms and an abnormal EAT-10 score. Female patients may also be at greater risk for developing postoperative tongue symptoms.