gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1 Origins and Targets of Translational Control (1996)

ORIGINS OF TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL The central idea of translational control proclaims that gene expression can be regulated by the efficiency of utilization of messenger RNA in specifying protein synthesis. This notion emerged only a few years after the articulation of the central dogma of molecular biology (Crick 1958) and very soon after the formulation of the messenger hypothesis. In 1961, Jacob and Monod perceived that “the synthesis of individual proteins may be provoked or suppressed within a cell, under the influence of specific external agents, and… the relative rates at which different proteins are synthesized may be profoundly altered, depending on external conditions.” They pointed out that such regulation “is absolutely essential to the survival of the cell,” and went on to advance the concept of an unstable RNA intermediary between gene and protein as a key feature of their elegant model for transcriptional control (Jacob and Monod 1961). The idea that this mRNA could be subject to differential utilization depending on the circumstances was accorded scant attention in the bacterial culture of the time, but it was taken up enthusiastically by workers in other fields, to the extent that 10 years later, one writer could allude to the “now classical conclusion” that eggs contain translationally silent mRNA that is activated upon fertilization (Humphreys 1971). The term Translational Control was certainly in use as early as 1968, by which date at least four clearly distinct exemplars had been recognized and were already coming under mechanistic scrutiny. The groundwork for these...
Triaging early-stage lung cancer patients into non-surgical pathways: who, when, and what? (2015)

More lung cancer patients are being diagnosed at an earlier stage due to improved diagnostic imaging techniques, a trend that is expected to accelerate with the dissemination of lung cancer screening. Surgical resection has always been considered the standard treatment for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, non-surgical treatment options for patients with early-stage NSCLC have evolved significantly over the past decade with many new and exciting alternative treatments now available. These alternative treatments include radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), percutaneous cryoablation therapy (PCT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), including stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy. We describe the established alternatives to surgical resection, their advantages and disadvantages, potential complications and efficacy. We then describe the optimal treatment approach for patients with early-stage NSCLC based on tumor operability, size and location. Finally, we discuss future directions and whether any alternative therapies will challenge surgical resection as the treatment of choice for patients with operable early-stage lung cancer.
Stereochemical Diversity in Lignan Biosynthesis of<i>Arctium lappa</i>L. (2002)

The stereochemistry of lignan biosynthesis in Arctium lappa L. is regulated organ-specifically. (+)-Secoisolariciresinol [81% enantiomeric excess (e.e.)] was isolated from A. lappa petioles. In sharp contrast, lignans whose predominant enantiomers have the opposite absolute configuration to that of (+)-secoisolariciresinol [i.e., (-)-matairesinol (>99% e.e.), (-)-arctigenin (>99% e.e.), and (-)-secoisolariciresinol (65% e.e.)] were isolated from seeds of the species. The stereochemical diversity of secoisolariciresinol was demonstrated with enzyme preparations from A. lappa petioles and seeds. Thus, a petiole enzyme preparation catalyzed the formation of (+)-pinoresinol (33% e.e.), (+)-lariciresinol (30% e.e.), and (+)-secoisolariciresinol (20% e.e.) from achiral coniferyl alcohol in the presence of NADPH and H202, whereas that from ripening seeds catalyzed the formation of (-)-pinoresinol (22% e.e.), (-)-lariciresinol (>99% e.e.), and (-)-secoisolariciresinol (38% e.e.) under the same conditions. In addition, the ripening seed enzyme preparation mediated the selective formation of the optically pure (>99% e.e.) (-)-enantiomer of matairesinol from racemic (+/-)-secoisolariciresinols in the presence of NADP. These results indicate that the stereochemical mechanism for lignan biosynthesis in A. lappa varies with organs, suggesting that multiple lignan-synthesizing isozymes are involved in the stereochemical control of lignan formation in A. lappa.
Modeling the Universal Set/Reset Characteristics of Bipolar RRAM by Field- and Temperature-Driven Filament Growth (2011)

Resistive switching memory (RRAM) devices generally rely on the formation/dissolution of conductive filaments through insulating materials, such as metal oxides and chalcogenide glasses. Understanding the mechanisms for filament formation and disruption in resistive switching materials is a critical step toward the development of reliable and controllable RRAM for future-generation storage. In particular, the capability to control the filament resistance and the reset current through the compliance current during filament formation may provide a key signature to clarify the switching mechanism. This paper provides a physically based explanation for the universal resistance switching in bipolar RRAM devices. A numerical model of filament growth based on thermally activated ion migration accounts for the resistance switching characteristics. The same physical picture is extended to numerically model the reset transition. The impact of migration parameters and experimental setup on the set/reset characteristics is discussed through numerical simulations.
Closed-form cauchy-schwarz PDF divergence for mixture of Gaussians (2011)

This paper presents an efficient approach to calculate the difference between two probability density functions (pdfs), each of which is a mixture of Gaussians (MoG). Unlike Kullback-Leibler divergence (D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">KL</sub> ), the authors propose that the Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) pdf divergence measure (D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CS</sub> ) can give an analytic, closed-form expression for MoG. This property of the D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CS</sub> makes fast and efficient calculations possible, which is tremendously desired in real-world applications where the dimensionality of the data/features is very high. We show that D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CS</sub> follows similar trends to D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">KL</sub> , but can be computed much faster, especially when the dimensionality is high. Moreover, the proposed method is shown to significantly outperform D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">KL</sub> in classifying real-world 2D and 3D objects, and static hand posture recognition based on distances alone.
pH control mechanisms of tumor survival and growth (2010)

A distinguishing phenotype of solid tumors is the presence of an alkaline cellular feature despite the surrounding acidic microenvironment. This phenotypic characteristic of tumors, originally described by Otto Warburg, arises due to alterations in metabolism of solid tumors. Hypoxic regions of solid tumors develop due to poor vascularization and in turn regulate the expression of numerous genes via the transcription factor HIF-1. Ultimately, the tumor microenvironment directs the development of tumor cells adapted to survive in an acidic surrounding where normal cells perish. The provision of unique pH characteristics in tumor cells provides a defining trait that has led to the pursuit of treatments that target metabolism, hypoxia, and pH-related mechanisms to selectively kill cancer cells. Numerous studies over the past decade involving the cancer-specific carbonic anhydrase IX have re-kindled an interest in pH disruption-based therapies. Although an acidification of the intracellular compartment is established as a means to induce normal cell death, the defining role of acid-base disturbances in tumor physiology and survival remains unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize recent data relating to the specific role of pH regulation in tumor cell survival. We focus on membrane transport and enzyme studies in an attempt to elucidate their respective functions regarding tumor cell pH regulation. These data are discussed in the context of future directions for the field of tumor cell acid-base-related research.
Effect of Transverse Magnetic Field on Build-up Region of 6 MV Photon Beam (2017)

저 강도 자기장을 이용하여 기존의 6 MV 광자선에 대한 선량 상승보다 향상된 선량 변조 방법을 제안하고 이를 실험적으로 선량 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 0.5 T (Tesla) 강도를 지니는 두 개의 네오디뮴 영구 자석을 광자선에 수직 방향으로 자기장을 인가하였다. 자석과 자석 간의 거리(MMD)와 자석과 물 표면 간의 거리(MSD)에 따라 자기장을 인가한 경우와 인가하지 않은 경우에서의 선량 상승 영역의 선량 변화를 측정하였다. 자석과 자석 간의 거리가 6 cm이고 자석과 물 표면 간의 거리가 2.5 cm 조건에서 기존 6 MV 광자선의 선량 상승 곡선과 비교하여 <TEX>$D_{0mm}$</TEX>, <TEX>$D_{2mm}$</TEX>, <TEX>$D_{5mm}$</TEX>, <TEX>$D_{10mm}$</TEX> 가 각각 6.8 %, 14.6 %, 6.9 %, 2.1 %의 향상된 선량 효과를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 피부와 매우 인접한 곳에 위치해 있는 표적 체적을 방사선 치료할 경우, 인체 외부에 바로 자기장을 인가하면서 기존 광자선보다 향상된 선량 상승을 기대할 수 있어 임상 적용 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to present an improved method of dose modulation over the increase of build-up for existing 6 MV photon beam. Two neodymium permanent magnets with a strength of 0.5 T (Tesla) were applied with a magnetic field perpendicular to the photon beam. The effects of dose on build-up region with or without the magnetic field were measured according to the magnet-to-magnet distance (MMS) and the magnet-to-surface distance (MSD). For MMS = 6 cm and MSD = 2.5 cm, <TEX>$D_{0mm}$</TEX>, <TEX>$D_{2mm}$</TEX>, <TEX>$D_{5mm}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$D_{10mm}$</TEX> showed improved doses of 6.8 %, 14.6 %, 6.9 %, and 2.1 %, respectively, as compared with 6 MV open beam. In this study, the device with low strength magnetic field can be applied directly to the outside of the human body when the target volume located close to the skin is delivered with radiation. It is expected that the method of build-up modulation using a low strength magnetic field will be feasible in the clinical applications.
Progress in neural networks (1991)

Receptive field calculus, Jan J. Koenderink visual reconstruction and data fusion, D. Suter visual perception of translational and rotational motion, Jim-Shih Liaw, Irwin K. King and Michael A. Arbib neural network for recovering observer motion, David J. Heeger and Allan D. Jepson image segmentation using a multilayer Kohonen's self-organizing feature map, Minsoo Suk and Jean Koh illusory contours and image segmentation - neural network architectures, Josef Skrzpek and Brian Ringer grouping and segmentation using neural networks - applications to edge detection, texture segmentation and fac recognition, B.S. Manjunath and R. Chellappa object recognition using constraint satisfaction networks, Ruud M. Bolle, Andrea Califano and Rick Kjeldsen.
Sodium iron pyrophosphate: A novel 3.0 V iron-based cathode for sodium-ion batteries (2012)

Extending the pyrophosphate chemistry for rechargeable Na-ion batteries, here we report the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of Na2FeP2O7, a novel Fe-based cathode material for sodium batteries. Prepared by conventional solid-state as well as solution-combustion synthesis (at 600 °C), the Na2FeP2O7 adopts a triclinic structure (space group: P-1) with three-dimensional channels running along [100], [− 110] and [01-1] directions. With no further optimization, the as-synthesized Na2FeP2O7 cathode was found to be electrochemically active, delivering a reversible capacity of 82 mAh·g− 1 with the Fe3 +/Fe2 + redox potential centered around 3 V (vs. Na/Na+). With its theoretical capacity of ~ 100 mAh·g− 1 and potential high rate-capability, Na2FeP2O7 forms a promising novel cathode material, with the distinction of being the first ever pyrophosphate-class of cathode for sodium-ion batteries.
Release of heat-labile enterotoxin subunits by Escherichia coli (1982)

Most of the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) synthesized by Escherichia coli is cell associated; however, a small portion of LT (approximately 10%) is released by bacterial cells into the culture supernatant. The LT subunit B (LT-B) produced by a cloned LT-B gene (tox B) was released in amounts equal to the parent LT release. In contrast, no release of LT subunit A (LT-A) or its smaller derivatives was observed in strains containing cloned toxA genes. The data suggest that LT-B is necessary for the release of LT-A across the bacterial membrane.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL OVER SOME POLY-COMPONENT CATALYSTS (1934)

Numerous experiments have been carried out on the decomposition of alcohol, alcohol and water, and alcohol and carbon dioxide mixtures over poly-component catalysts at temperatures up to 500 °C. Quantitative data on the gaseous and the liquid products were obtained. The properties of the poly-component catalysts, as evidenced by the simple primary and secondary reactions, have been shown to be qualitatively those of the single components.Methane can be produced in one or more of several secondary reactions, namely, the decomposition of acetaldehyde, the hydrogenation of carbon oxides and the decomposition of ethylene. Ethane can be produced in one or both of two reactions consisting of auto-oxidation and reduction of the alcohol, or the secondary hydrogenation of ethylene, confirming previous work. Carbon dioxide, in most cases, is formed as a result of the water-gas reaction and the decomposition of carbon monoxide. In other cases its origin is obscure. The results of certain experiments in which carbon dioxide and hydrogen were the major constituents of the off-gas cannot be explained in the same way. Reactions involving ketene decomposition and polymerization, and hydration of alcohol, have been suggested as possible explanations.
Python machine learning : machine learning and deep learning with Python, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow (2017)

Python Machine Learning, Third Edition is a comprehensive guide to machine learning and deep learning with Python. Packed with clear explanations, visualizations, and working examples, the book covers all the essential machine learning techniques in depth. This new third edition is updated for TensorFlow 2 and the latest additions to ...
A parking algorithm for Parking Assist System (2011)

A vertical parking algorithm for a parking assist system is presented. Practical aspects of parking efficiency are emphasized. Goal point optimization and collision avoidance methods are adapted to improve arc based parking strategy. The algorithm is geometry proved and validated by simulation. It is going to be applied in Parking Assist System.
An analysis of carbon nanotube structure wettability before and after oxidation treatment (2008)

In this work contact angle measurements have been carried out on different carbon nanotube-based materials. Thin layers of entangled carbon nanotubes have been considered, together with thick mats of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Pressed single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphite have also been considered, for comparison.
“Enchantment” in San Francisco (1989)

During the past decade, Nancy Van Norman Baer, a curator of the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco, has organized a succession of brilliant dance exhibitions. Beginning with Pavlova!, the series continued with Dance in Art, and later included Bronislava Nijinska: A Dancer's Legacy, which New Yorkers like myself had the good fortune to view at the Cooper Hewitt Museum. Recently, Ms. Baer did it again and when curiosity impelled me to fly west to see the show, the effort was well rewarded. This time Ms. Baer had assembled a bewitching collection of materials relating to the career of Serge Pavlovitch Diaghilev, calling it Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909-1929. Considering how rare and beautiful the materials are, how loath their owners must have been to part with them even for a short time, and also considering how difficult it is these days to obtain the wherewithal for such events, Ms. Baer's accomplishment was truly magical. The exhibition, originally scheduled for display in San Francisco from December 3, 1988, to February 26, 1989, was briefly extended and may yet travel to Monte Carloand the exhibition catalog is an essential acquisition for ballet lovers.
Development of a Photolabile Carbonyl-Protecting Group Toolbox (2011)

New salicyl alcohol derived photolabile carbonyl protecting groups have been developed, and the effect of substituents on the photochemical properties of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) has been studied. The 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl groups at the α position prove to be important to the efficiency of the deprotection reactions, as shown in the photo reactions of the acetal 9. On the other hand, expansion of the salicyl alcohol's benzene skeleton to naphthalene does not improve the photochemical properties of PPGs. A neutral protecting protocol has been generalized to new PPGs with α,α-diaryl salicyl alcohol backbone. Thus, installation of PPGs onto aldehydes is readily achieved at 140 °C without using any other chemical reagents. These PPGs are stable under acidic conditions typical for hydrolyzing acetals and constitute orthogonal protecting groups with traditional 1,3-dioxane/1,3-dioxolane for carbonyl compounds. Highly efficient release of carbohydrate molecules is demonstrated, which can be potentially useful in site-specific release and immobilization of carbohydrates for preparation of high-density microarrays. With the enriched PPG toolbox, PPGs are divided into three subgroups based on their UV absorption profiles. PPGs from different subgroups can be sequentially removed by using different UV irradiation wavelengths. For PPGs absorbing UVA (λ >315 nm), photochemical deprotection can be carried out with sunlight in high yields.
Effect of anti-IgE antibodies on Fc εRI-bound IgE (1996)

Anti-IgE mAbs have always been used to trigger mediator release from basophils or mast cells. Now nonanaphylactogenic anti-human IgE Abs are in clinical evaluation as a therapeutic agent against atopic disease. We have found a mAb that is nonanaphylactogenic but recognizes receptor-bound IgE. Interestingly, the Ab prevents the association of IgE with its receptor if immune complexes were formed between IgE and anti-IgE mAb. This explained the phenomenon that addition of anti-IgE Ab to receptor-bound IgE resulted in a decrease of receptor-bound IgE, because IgE dissociating from the receptor was complexed, altering the thermodynamic balance of receptor-bound vs free IgE. Our data show that there are nonanaphylactogenic Abs that do not directly interfere with the receptor binding site on IgE and are capable of preventing the association of IgE with its high affinity receptor. This unique feature would render such an anti-IgE Ab a possible candidate for immunotherapy of atopy.
Properties of an atmospheric pressure radio-frequency argon and nitrogen plasma (2006)

An atmospheric pressure capacitive discharge source has been developed that operates at power densities over 100 W cm−3. The ground state nitrogen atom concentration was measured at the exit of the source by titration with NO, and it was found to reach a maximum of 3.0 ± 0.8 × 1017 cm−3 at 6.0 vol% N2 in argon, 250 °C and 150 W cm−3. This is equivalent to 2.3 vol% of N atoms in the afterglow. At these conditions, the electron density and temperature are estimated to be 3.1 × 1012 cm−3 and 1.2 eV. A plug-flow model of the plasma and afterglow was developed, and it was determined that the maximum N atom concentration achievable is limited by three body recombination.
Ribosomal protein synthesis is not regulated at the translational level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: balanced accumulation of ribosomal proteins L16 and rp59 is mediated by turnover of excess protein. (1988)

We have investigated the mechanisms whereby equimolar quantities of ribosomal proteins accumulate and assemble into ribosomes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Extra copies of the cry1 or RPL16 genes encoding ribosomal proteins rp59 or L16 were introduced into yeast by transformation. Excess cry1 or RPL16 mRNA accumulated in polyribosomes in these cells and was translated at wild-type rates into rp59 or L16 proteins. These excess proteins were degraded until their levels reached those of other ribosomal proteins. Identical results were obtained when the transcription of RPL16A was rapidly induced using GAL1-RPL16A promoter fusions, including a construct in which the entire RPL16A 5'-noncoding region was replaced with the GAL1 leader sequence. Our results indicate that posttranscriptional expression of the cry1 and RPL16 genes is regulated by turnover of excess proteins rather than autogenous regulation of mRNA splicing or translation. The turnover of excess rp59 or L16 is not affected directly by mutations that inactivate vacuolar hydrolases.
H. pylori-infection and antibody immune response in a rural Tanzanian population (2006)

H. pylori seropositivity was highly prevalent in Tanzania and the immunological response was Th2-dominant. Th2-dominant immune response, possibly caused by concurrent bacterial or parasitic infections, could explain, in part, the lower risk of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer in Africa.
VEGF Receptor Signal Transduction (2001)

The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) currently includes VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, and placenta growth factor (PlGF). Several of these factors, notably VEGF-A, exist as different isoforms, which appear to have unique biological functions. The VEGF family proteins bind in a distinct pattern to three structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted VEGF receptor-1, -2, and -3. Neuropilins, heparan-sulfated proteoglycans, cadherins, and integrin alphavbeta3 serve as coreceptors for certain but not all VEGF proteins. Moreover, the angiogenic response to VEGF varies between different organs and is dependent on the genetic background of the animal. Inactivation of the genes for VEGF-A and VEGF receptor-2 leads to embryonal death due to the lack of endothelial cells. Inactivation of the gene encoding VEGF receptor-1 leads to an increased number of endothelial cells, which obstruct the vessel lumen. Inactivation of VEGF receptor-3 leads to abnormally organized vessels and cardiac failure. Although VEGF receptor-3 normally is expressed only on lymphatic endothelial cells, it is up-regulated on vascular as well as nonvascular tumors and appears to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. A large body of data, such as those on gene inactivation, indicate that VEGF receptor-1 exerts a negative regulatory effect on VEGF receptor-2, at least during embryogenesis. Recent data imply a positive regulatory role for VEGF receptor-1 in pathological angiogenesis. The VEGF proteins are in general poor mitogens, but binding of VEGF-A to VEGF receptor-2 leads to survival, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells and mediation of vascular permeability. This review outlines the current knowledge about the signal transduction properties of VEGF receptors, with focus on VEGF receptor-2.