gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino acid substitutions in the hepatitis C virus core region are the important predictor of hepatocarcinogenesis (2007)

We showed previously that amino acid (aa) substitutions in hepatitis C virus core region (HCV-CR) are negative predictors of virologic response to pegylated interferon (IFN) plus ribavirin therapy. HCV-CR induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice, but the clinical impact is still unclear. To evaluate the impact of aa substitutions in HCV-CR on hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed a follow-up study on 313 noncirrhotic consecutive naïve patients infected with HCV genotype 1b who received IFN monotherapy. The median follow-up was 14.7 years. A sustained virologic response (SVR) after the first IFN was achieved by 65 patients (20.8%) (group A). Of 248 patients (79.2%) of non-SVR after first IFN, 112 (35.8%) did not receive additional IFN (group B), and the remaining 136 (43.5%) received multicourse IFN monotherapy (group C). As a whole, cumulative hepatocarcinogenesis rates in double wild-type (arginine at aa 70/leucine at aa 91) of HCV-CR were significantly lower than those in nondouble wild-type. Multivariate analyses identified 3 parameters (fibrosis stage 3, nondouble wild-type of HCV-CR, and group B) that tended to or significantly influenced hepatocarcinogenesis independently. With regard to hepatocarcinogenesis rates in group C according to HCV-CR and the mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) during IFN-free period, significantly higher rates were noted in patients of nondouble wild-type with ALT levels of more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (25.7%) compared with the others (2.4%). Conclusion: Amino acid substitutions in the HCV-CR are the important predictor of hepatocarcinogenesis. In multicourse IFN therapy to nondouble wild-type, we emphasize the importance of reducing the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis by mean ALT during an IFN-free period below 1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
<i>c-ros:</i> the vertebrate homolog of the <i>sevenless</i> tyrosine kinase receptor is tightly regulated during organogenesis in mouse embryonic development* (1992)

The c-ros proto-oncogene is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila sevenless tyrosine kinase receptor. Examination of c-ros mRNA transcripts in the mouse embryo reveals a stringent pattern of expression. Only kidney, intestine and lung exhibit ros-specific RNA using sensitive techniques such as RNAase protection and in situ hybridization. The temporal and spatial arrangement of c-ros transcripts is coincident with the phenotypic induction and proliferation of epithelium during organogenesis of the kidney and intestine. The data provide evidence for a role of c-ros in the obligate cell-cell interactions that characterize the morphogenic induction and proliferation of epithelial cells in the kidney, intestine and lung. The c-ros tyrosine kinase receptor may provide a signal transduction pathway for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Use of tergitol-7 in photogalvanic cell for solar energy conversion and storage: Toluidine blue-glucose system (1996)

Photogalvanic effects were studied in a photogalvanic cell containing toluidine blue, glucose and tergitol-7 as a photosensitizer, reductant and surfactant, respectively. The photocurrent and photopotential generated by this system were 70 μA and 315 mV, respectively. The effects of different parameters on the electrical output of the cell were observed. Current/voltage characteristics of the cell have also been studied, and a mechanism has been proposed for the generation of photocurrent in photogalvanic cell.
Effect of Intervals between Doses on the Development of Tolerance to Isosorbide Dinitrate (1987)

We studied the development of tolerance to isosorbide dinitrate in 12 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. The effect of 30 mg of isosorbide dinitrate on treadmill exercise performance was assessed before and at one, three, and five hours after a single dose. As compared with placebo, the drug increased treadmill walking time until the onset of angina and until the development of moderate angina over the five-hour observation period (P less than 0.05). The patients then received 30 mg of isosorbide dinitrate twice, three times, and four times daily for a period of one week, and exercise performance was assessed before and at one, three, and five hours after the final morning dose. During sustained treatment two and three times daily, treadmill walking time was longer throughout the five-hour testing period than during the placebo phase (P less than 0.05). In contrast, during treatment four times daily, treadmill walking time was prolonged at one hour (P less than 0.05) but not at three and five hours after the last dose. We conclude that tolerance to the clinical effects of isosorbide dinitrate develops with a sustained dosage of 30 mg four times daily, but not when the drug is given two or three times daily.
Timing responses to questions in dialogue (2013)

Questions and answers play an important role in spoken dialogue systems as well as in human-human interaction. A critical concern when responding to a question is the timing of the response. While human response times depend on a wide set of features, dialogue systems generally respond as soon as they can, that is, when the end of the question has been detected and the response is ready to be deployed. This paper presents an analysis of how different semantic and pragmatic features affect the response times to questions in two different data sets of spontaneous human-human dialogues: the Swedish Spontal Corpus and the US English Switchboard corpus. Our analysis shows that contextual features such as question type, response type, and conversation topic influence human response times. Based on these results, we propose that more sophisticated response timing can be achieved in spoken dialogue systems by using these features to automatically and deliberately target system response timing.
[Non-native conformational states of immunoglobulins: thermodynamic and functional analysis of rabbit IgG]. (1996)

By changing pH within the pH range 2-7, the processes of intramolecular rearrangement in the multidomain structure of rabbit IgG were induced which resulted in the formation of four IgG conformers - N, NA, I and NI, differing in the amount of structure in the CH2 domain and as well as in its interaction with the neighboring domains. The stability of the IgG conformers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and expressed in terms of thermodynamic parameters, delta H, Tm, and delta G. The pH-dependent changes in thermal stability of IgG and the range of stability for the conformers were described by conformational (phase) diagrams. The native N-conformer exists at pH 7.0-5.5. At pH < 5.5 the formation of the NA conformer showing significant decooperation (lower extent of interaction) of the domains occurs. Decooperation permits the CH2 domain in the NA conformer to undergo conformational transitions independently of the rest of the molecule-the property which cannot be observed for the more cooperative N-conformer of IgG. The formation of the intermediate I-state occurs at pH < 3 as a consequence of unfolding of the tertiary structure of the CH2 domain, while its secondary structure and compact tertiary structure of the remainder of the IgG domains remain unchanged. Such partially structured and stable states of immunoglobulins have not yet been described. Reversibility of pH-induced transitions in IgG was studied using calorimetry and ligand-binding assays involving the C1q component of the complement, protein A, antigen and monospecific anti-CH2 domain antibodies as conformational probes reporting local conformational changes in the CH2 domain and its interdomain interfaces. Refolding of IgG from the I-state by increasing pH results in the formation of a functionally active N1 conformer differing from native IgG by a changed balance of interdomain interactions. In addition to previously reported data suggesting a greater extent of the CH2 and CH1 domain interactions in the NI conformer, this conformer was shown to possess a lower extent of interaction of the CH2 and CH3 domains. The changed stability and a balance of domain interactions in the NI conformer results in changes in some of the effector functions including enhanced two-site binding to protein A and antigen-dependent binding to C1q with a concomitant decrease in the affinity of protein A binding site and reduced antigen binding capacity of the high affinity IgG. Low affinity IgG does not change the antigen-binding parameters after refolding to the N1 conformer.
Molecular Size Distribution in Linear Condensation Polymers<sup>1</sup> (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular Size Distribution in Linear Condensation Polymers1Paul J. FloryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 10, 1877–1885Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1936https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01301a016Request reuse permissionsArticle Views3010Altmetric-Citations800LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (858 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Theory-Based Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm for X-Band Polarimetric Radars (2009)

Abstract Although much work has been done at S band to automatically identify hydrometeors by using polarimetric radar, several challenges are presented when adapting such algorithms to X band. At X band, attenuation and non-Rayleigh scattering can pose significant problems. This study seeks to develop a hydrometeor identification (HID) algorithm for X band based on theoretical simulations using the T-matrix scattering model of seven different hydrometeor types: rain, drizzle, aggregates, pristine ice crystals, low-density graupel, high-density graupel, and vertical ice. Hail and mixed-phase hydrometeors are excluded for the purposes of this study. Non-Rayleigh scattering effects are explored by comparison with S-band simulations. Variable ranges based on the theoretical simulations are used to create one-dimensional fuzzy-logic membership beta functions that form the basis of the new X-band HID. The theory-based X-band HID is applied to a case from the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project 1 (IP1) network of X-band radars, and comparisons are made with similar S-band hydrometeor identification algorithms applied to data from the S-band polarimetric Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) prototype radar, KOUN. The X-band HID shows promise for illustrating bulk hydrometeor types and qualitatively agrees with analysis from KOUN. A simple reflectivity- and temperature-only HID is also applied to both KOUN and CASA IP1 data to reveal benefits of the polarimetric-based HID algorithms, especially in the classification of ice hydrometeors and oriented ice crystals.
Performance of circular QAM constellations with time varying phase noise (2012)

Time varying phase noise is a limiting factor in highspeed wireless communication systems, e.g., microwave backhaul links in cellular networks. This paper seeks to investigate the performance of circular M-ary quadrature amplitude modulations (M-QAMs) in the presence of time varying phase noise. A new approximate union bound expression for the symbol-error probability (SEP) of a specific circular M-QAM constellation is derived. Numerical results show that this expression is accurate at medium-to-high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for different constellation orders, M. Next, exact closed-form expressions for the SEP of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulations in the presence of phase noise are derived. Extensive simulations are carried out to compare the performance of rectangular and circular QAM modulations in the presence of time varying phase noise, where it is demonstrated that circular QAM modulations can outperform their rectangular counterparts when considering the effect of time varying phase noise.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Virazole by Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase of<i>Enterobacter aerogenes</i> (1986)

A potent antiviral agent, Virazole (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), was synthesized from inosine and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (TCA) by a two step reaction with purified purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) of Enterobacter aerogenes AJ 11125. The first step involves the production of ribose-1-phosphate (R-1-P) through the phosphorolysis of inosine. The second step involves the production of Virazole through the transribosyl reaction of R-1-P and TCA. The R-1-P produced from inosine was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and used as a substrate for Virazole synthesis without crystallization. TCA (10 mm) was transformed to Virazole with a 75% yield (molar basis) in the presence of 50mm R-1-P. Enzymatically synthesized Virazole was isolated from a large scale reaction mixture and identified by physicochemical means. The Km values of PNPase for TCA and hypoxanthine were 167mm and 5.6 mm, respectively.
An RF doormat for tracking people's room locations (2013)

Many occupant-oriented smarthome applications such as automated lighting, heating and cooling, and activity recognition need room location information of residents within a building. Surveillance based tracking systems used to track people in commercial buildings, are privacy invasive in homes. In this paper, we present the RF Doormat - a RF threshold system that can accurately track people's room locations by monitoring their movement through the doorways in the home. We also present a set of guidelines and a visualization to easily and rapidly setup the RF-Doormat system on any doorway. To evaluate our system, we perform 580 doorway crossings across 11 different doorways in a home. Results indicate that our system can detect doorway crossings made by people with an average accuracy of 98%. To our knowledge, the RF Doormat is the first highly accurate room location tracking system that can be used for long time periods without the need for privacy invasive cameras.
Fluidic gyro torquer (1975)

The objective of this program is to develop fluidic torquer technology for missile guidance and control seeker type gyros. This report presents the technology in the development of a proportional/digital fluidic torquer and the associated electrofluid converter. The conceptual design feasibility and hardware performance characteristics are confirmed by the evaluation material. The cost-effectiveness of the torquer design is established by the use of off-the-shelf items and design simplicity. High-g survival and reliability requirements of the converter are verified by a 10,000-g cannon launch test environment. The study of the concept indicates that implementation of fluidic gyro torquing is feasible.
Binary Construction of Quantum Codes of Minimum Distance Three and Four (2004)

We give elementary recursive constructions of binary self-orthogonal codes with dual distance four for all even lengths n/spl ges/12 and n=8. Consequently, good quantum codes of minimum distance three and four for such length n are obtained via Steane's construction and the CSS construction. Previously, such quantum codes were explicitly constructed only for a sparse set of lengths. Almost all of our quantum codes of minimum distance three are optimal or near optimal, and some of our minimum-distance four quantum codes are better than or comparable with those known before.
Complex interaction of BCRP/ABCG2 and imatinib in BCR-ABL–expressing cells: BCRP-mediated resistance to imatinib is attenuated by imatinib-induced reduction of BCRP expression (2006)

Imatinib, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effluxed from cells by the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), yet published studies to date fail to demonstrate resistance to imatinib cytotoxicity in BCRP-overexpressing cells in vitro. We investigated cellular resistance to imatinib in BCR-ABL-expressing cells transduced and selected to overexpress BCRP (K562/BCRP-MX10). These cells exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in resistance to imatinib (P < .05) and a 7- to 12-fold increase in resistance to mitoxantrone, a known BCRP substrate. Resistance to imatinib was completely abolished by the specific BCRP inhibitor fumitremorgin C. Studies of the mechanism of the diminished resistance to imatinib compared with mitoxantrone revealed that imatinib decreased the expression of BCRP in K562/BCRP-MX10 cells without affecting mRNA levels. BCRP levels in cells that do not express BCR-ABL were not affected by imatinib. Loss of BCRP expression was accompanied by imatinib-induced reduction of phosphorylated Akt in the BCRP-expressing K562 cells. The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 also decreased BCRP levels in K562/BCRP-MX10 cells. These studies show that BCRP causes measurable imatinib resistance, but this effect is attenuated by imatinib-mediated inhibition of BCR-ABL, which in turn downregulates overall BCRP levels posttranscriptionally via the PI3K-Akt pathway.
Structural Basis for Substrate Specificity Differences of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isozymes (2000)

A structure determination in combination with a kinetic study of the steroid converting isozyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, SS-ADH, is presented. Kinetic parameters for the substrates, 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-ol, 5beta-androstane-17beta-ol-3-one, ethanol, and various secondary alcohols and the corresponding ketones are compared for the SS- and EE-isozymes which differ by nine amino acid substitutions and one deletion. Differences in substrate specificity and stereoselectivity are explained on the basis of individual kinetic rate constants for the underlying ordered bi-bi mechanism. SS-ADH was crystallized in complex with 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan -24-acid (cholic acid) and NAD(+), but microspectrophotometric analysis of single crystals proved it to be a mixed complex containing 60-70% NAD(+) and 30-40% NADH. The crystals belong to the space group P2(1) with cell dimensions a = 55.0 A, b = 73.2 A, c = 92.5 A, and beta = 102.5 degrees. A 98% complete data set to 1.54-A resolution was collected at 100 K using synchrotron radiation. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method utilizing EE-ADH as the search model. The major structural difference between the isozymes is a widening of the substrate channel. The largest shifts in C(alpha) carbon positions (about 5 A) are observed in the loop region, in which a deletion of Asp115 is found in the SS isozyme. SS-ADH easily accommodates cholic acid, whereas steroid substrates of similar bulkiness would not fit into the EE-ADH substrate site. In the ternary complex with NAD(+)/NADH, we find that the carboxyl group of cholic acid ligates to the active site zinc ion, which probably contributes to the strong binding in the ternary NAD(+) complex.
Physiological response of central metabolism in <i>Escherichia coli</i> to deletion of pyruvate oxidase and introduction of heterologous pyruvate carboxylase (2005)

We studied the physiological response of Escherichia coli central metabolism to the expression of heterologous pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) in the presence and absence of pyruvate oxidase (POX). These studies were complemented with expression analysis of central and intermediary metabolic genes and conventional in vitro enzyme assays to evaluate glucose metabolism at steady-state growth conditions (chemostats). The absence of POX activity reduced nongrowth-related energy metabolism (maintenance coefficient) and increased the maximum specific rate of oxygen consumption. The presence of PYC activity (i.e., with POX activity) increased the biomass yield coefficient and reduced the maximum specific oxygen consumption rate compared to the wildtype. The presence of PYC in a poxB mutant resulted in a 42% lower maintenance coefficient and a 42% greater biomass yield compared to the wildtype. Providing E. coli with PYC or removing POX increased the threshold specific growth rate at which acetate accumulation began, with an 80% reduction in acetate accumulation observed at a specific growth rate of 0.4 h-1 in the poxB-pyc+ strain. Gene expression analysis suggests utilization of energetically less favorable glucose metabolism via glucokinase and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in the absence of functional POX, while the upregulation of the phosphotransferase glucose uptake system and several amino acid biosynthetic pathways occurs in the presence of PYC. The physiological and expression changes resulting from these genetic perturbations demonstrate the importance of the pyruvate node in respiration and its impact on acetate overflow during aerobic growth.
RBFNN-based hole identification system in conducting plates (2001)

A neural-based signal processing system that exploits radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is proposed to solve the problem of detecting and locating circular holes in conducting plates by means of nondestructive eddy currents testing. The capabilities of basic multilayer perceptron and radial basis function (RBF) schemes are first investigated. Since the achieved performance revealed insufficient, a two-step procedure is then analyzed: in the first step, an RBFNN is used to estimate the distances between the hole's center and the eddy current magnetic sensors; a least square algorithm is then exploited in order to locate the hole starting from the previously estimated distances. The performance of the proposed system are tested on a database of simulated experiments based on the a priori knowledge of the corresponding boundary value direct problem solution, by taking advantage of the closed-form analytical expression of the solution in order to generate a wide range of possible sensor-hole configurations. Both noiseless and noisy measurements are taken into account for assessing the system robustness. The main result achieved is discussed.
Use of Achiral (Diphosphine)RuCl<sub>2</sub>(Diamine) Precatalysts as a Practical Alternative to Sodium Borohydride for Ketone Reduction (2006)

Stoichiometric sodium borohydride is frequently used in the chemoselective reduction of ketones to racemic secondary alcohols. Catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation using (diphosphine)RuCl2(diamine) complexes provides a practical and economic alternative. A range of substrates were investigated and the optimum precatalyst identified in each case. Norcamphor was reduced with high diastereoselectivity using (Ph3P)2RuCl2(en); (E)-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one was reduced with good chemoselectivity, and acetophenone was hydrogenated very efficiently using the same precatalyst. Isophorone and 3-dimethylaminopropiophenone were effectively hydrogenated using (dppf)RuCl2(en).
Intraoperative Evaluation of Lumpectomy Margins by Imprint Cytology With Histologic Correlation (2002)

Imprint cytology is an accurate, simple, rapid, and cost-effective method for determining the margin status of breast conservation therapy specimens intraoperatively in the community hospital setting. This method allows a survey of the entire surface area of the lumpectomy specimen, which is not practical using frozen section evaluation.