gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sterile-Male Method of Population Control (1959)

The principle of animal population control through the use of sexually sterile males has been demonstrated for insects. Sexually sterile males that retain their sexual vigor and behavior will exert greater influence in regulating animal populations than can be achieved by destroying or removing the same number of individuals from the population. This hypothesis is supported by calculations showing theoretical population trends in assumed insect and animal populations subjected to treatments that destroy or eliminate certain percentages of the individuals as compared with a procedure that retains or replaces the same number of males in the population after sterilization. The maximum regulating effect that can be achieved is in direct proportion to the ratio of sterile to fertile males competing for mates. The advantages of inducing sexual sterility in a natural population of an insect species by chemical or other treatment over the method of rearing and releasing a dominating population of sterile males are considered. It is suggested that the sterile-male method may have practical application for undesirable populations of certain wild animals as well as for insects.
Nanographene Oxide–Hyaluronic Acid Conjugate for Photothermal Ablation Therapy of Skin Cancer (2014)

Melanoma skin cancer is one of the most dangerous skin cancers and the main cause of skin-cancer-related mortality. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been used as an effective transdermal delivery carrier of chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. In this work, a nanographene oxide-HA conjugate (NGO-HA) was synthesized for photothermal ablation therapy of melanoma skin cancer using a near-infrared (NIR) laser. Confocal microscopy and ex vivo bioimaging clearly visualized the remarkable transdermal delivery of NGO-HA to tumor tissues in the skin of mice, which might be ascribed to highly expressed HA receptors and relatively leaky structures around tumor tissues, enabling the enhanced permeation and retention of nanoparticles. The NIR irradiation resulted in complete ablation of tumor tissues with no recurrence of tumorigenesis. The antitumor effect was confirmed by ELISA for caspase-3 activity and histological and immunohistochemical analyses with TUNEL assay for tumor apoptosis. Taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of transdermal NGO-HA for photothermal ablation therapy of melanoma skin cancers.
Retrospective Analysis of Time to Recurrence in the ATAC Trial According to Hormone Receptor Status: An Hypothesis-Generating Study (2005)

Time to recurrence was longer for anastrozole- than tamoxifen-treated patients in both ER+/PgR+ and ER+/PgR- subgroups, but the benefit was substantially greater in the PgR- subgroup. As this was an "exploratory" analysis, this effect should be considered as hypothesis generating and assessed prospectively in other trials comparing the adjuvant use of an aromatase inhibitor with tamoxifen.
An Augmented Reality (AR) CAD System at Construction Sites (2011)

Augmented Reality (AR) technologies allow computer-generated content to be superimposed over a live camera view of the real world. Although AR is still a very promising technology, currently only a few commercial applications for industrial purposes exploit the potential of adding contextual content to real scenarios. Most of AR applications are oriented to fields such as education or entertainment, where the requirements in terms of repeatability, fault tolerance, reliability and safety are low. Different visualization devices, tracking methods and interaction techniques are described in the literature, establishing a classification between Indoor and Outdoor AR systems. On the one hand, the most common AR developments correspond to Indoor AR systems where environment conditions can be easily controlled. In these systems, AR applications have been oriented traditionally to the visualization of 3D models using markers. On the other hand, outdoor AR developments must face additional difficulties such as the variation on lighting conditions, moving or new objects within the scene, large scale tracking, etc... which hinder the development of new systems in real scenarios.
Neurochemistry and Delirium (1999)

Acute confusional state or delirium is one of the most common organic brain syndromes especially in the elderly. It develops suddenly, within hours or days, and often during a period of hospitalization. In this paper we review the results of our studies on the neurochemistry of delirium.
Personal networks and Multimedia rendering (2008)

Advanced Multimedia functionalities become an increasingly important element of future mobile devices. The related content however needs to be reproduced on suitable displays. Streaming the video or graphics in "raw" bitmap form will consume enormous bandwidth with respective power consumption and hardware problems. This article presents an approach to render the objects to be displayed inside the remote display itself; hence, compact descriptions of the content will be sent across a local or personal network. Experiments with a mobile device and the IP based X. 11 protocol stack show encouraging results in terms of bandwidth requirements and display quality.
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in KH2PO4, KH2AsO4, NH4H2PO4, and NH4H2AsO4 (1950)

Studies have been made of the proton magnetic resonance absorption at 30 Mc/sec. in KH2PO4, KH2AsO4, NH4H2PO4, and NH4H2AsO4. Both line shapes and relaxation times have been measured from 87°K to 293°K. The potassium salts show closely similar magnetic resonance properties. Their relaxation times show relatively small variation in the temperature interval studied. The characteristic times derived therefrom do not obey any simple exponential law in the reciprocal temperature. Single crystals of KH2PO4 do not seem to show anisotropy in the relaxation time. A formula is given which relates the anisotropy of the motion of magnetic dipoles to the anisotropy of transverse local field variation. The ammonium salts show two minima in their relaxation time vs. temperature curves. One minimum corresponds to a temperature at which the acid hydrogens are the most effective relaxation agent and the other to a temperature where the ammonium ion hydrogens are most effective. The line shapes are also of a composite character. This is most clearly shown below 100°K where the absorption lines appear to be super-positions of the broad NH4 line for which that of NH4Cl is typical and the narrow line found in KH2PO4 or KH2AsO4. Possible interpretations of the experimental results are discussed with reference to the motions of the protons in these crystals.
Macroporous poly(<scp>L</scp>‐lactide) scaffold 1. Preparation of a macroporous scaffold by liquid–liquid phase separation of a PLLA–dioxane–water system (2002)

A biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) macroporous scaffold with a regular and highly interconnected structure in the size range from 50 to 150 mu m was fabricated from a PLLA--dioxane--water ternary system with the use of the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. The phase diagram of PLLA with molecular weight above 200,000 was measured. It was found that a small change in the water content in the solvent caused a large shift in the cloud-point temperature. The porous morphology of the scaffold was closely related to the quenching route and formulation parameters, including polymer concentration, quenching temperature, aging time, and solvent composition of the ternary system. The porous morphology development in the scaffold was recorded as a function of aging time by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). For systems with lower polymer concentrations (<4.5 wt%), polymer sedimentation occurred in the later stages of phase separation. A slight increase in the water content of the solvent mixture caused the sedimentation boundary to expand to higher polymer concentration. For systems with higher polymer concentrations (> or = 4.5 wt%), the development of phase separation was restricted by gelation that resulted from the crystallization of the PLLA chains. This gelation effect was greater at high polymer concentrations and low quenching temperatures. The macroporous expected scaffold could be optimized from the slow development of phase separation during the long coarsening process.
Microglia in neurodegenerative disorders and neuroinflammation (2014)

Microglia often accumulate around degenerating neurons. These macrophage-like immune cells produce a variety of neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors. Thus, the accumulation of glia in various neurologic disorders does not reflect only gliosis, but likely results in an active contribution to neuroinflammation, neural degeneration, and cell regeneration. We previously showed that glutamate is the most neurotoxic factor released by activated microglia, and suppressing glutamate release from microglia can inhibit disease progression in various animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, when exposed to harmful stimuli, neurons also produce and release various factors that serve as "help-me" signals. For example, the CX3C chemokine fractalkine, interleukin-34, and fibroblast growth factor-2 are secreted from damaged neurons; these help-me signals induce various microglial activities to rescue neurons, including upregulated phagocytosis of toxicants and damaged debris, and production of antioxidant enzymes and other neurotrophic factors. Elucidating the interactions between neurons and microglia will help uncover the mechanisms underlying chronic neuroinflammatory conditions, and may provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Development of vancomycin and lysostaphin resistance in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate (2001)

Glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is poorly understood. The diversity of change documented in cell walls of clinical glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) isolates is evidence that a single genetic or biochemical change cannot account for resistance in all isolates described to date. Therefore, identification of new GISA clinical isolates provides an opportunity to gain insight into the range of adaptive strategies employed by staphylococci to survive in the presence of glycopeptides. In April 1999, a GISA isolate was obtained from the blood of a 63-year-old dialysis patient in Illinois. This isolate was one of six clonally identical MRSA isolates (A-F) serially obtained from the blood of this patient who was receiving vancomycin therapy. All isolates were resistant to oxacillin (MIC > 256 mg/L). The initial isolate had an MIC of vancomycin of 1 mg/L. However, the presence of a subpopulation that could grow in the presence of 5 mg/L of vancomycin indicated that this isolate was predisposed to the acquisition of the GISA phenotype (MIC of vancomycin 10-12 mg/L), which occurred 13 days later, associated with an increased MIC of the endopeptidase lysostaphin and slightly increased cell wall thickness. The first and last isolates in the series, A and F, resisted killing when incubated in vancomycin 2 mg/L, resisted autolysis when incubated in Triton X-100 and had a decreased expression of a c. 116 kDa autolytic band, properties that were different from glycopeptide-susceptible control isolates. Lysostaphin resistance was not accompanied by alterations in the peptidoglycan pentaglycine cross-bridge or a decrease in oxacillin MIC. These data, when taken together with the demonstration of increased cross-linking in isolate F compared with isolate A, demonstrate that vancomycin resistance in these isolates probably occurred by a mechanism different from that of other GISA isolates described to date.
ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium‐Sulfur Battery (2014)

Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC, DUT‐106) with tailored pore structure is synthesized using a versatile approach based on ZnO nanoparticles avoiding limitations present in conventional silica hard templating approaches. The benefit of the process presented here is the removal of all pore building components by pyrolysis of the ZnO/carbon composite without any need for either toxic/reactive gases or purification of the as‐prepared hierarchical porous carbon. The carbothermal reduction process is accompanied by an advantageous growing of distinctive micropores within the thin carbon walls. The resulting materials show not only high internal porosity (total pore volume up to 3.9 cm 3 g −1 ) but also a large number of electrochemical reaction sites due to their remarkably high specific surface area (up to 3060 m 2 g −1 ), which renders them particularly suitable for the application as sulfur host material. Applied in the lithium‐sulfur battery, the HPC/sulfur composite exhibits a capacity of >1200 mAh g −1 ‐sulfur (>750 mAh g −1 electrode) at a high sulfur loading of ≥ 3 mg cm −2 as well as outstanding rate capability. In fact, this impressive performance is achieved even using a low amount of electrolyte (6.8 μl mg −1 sulfur ) allowing for further weight reduction and maintenance of high energy density on cell level.
Electrochromic tungsten oxide: doping with two or three other metal oxides (1994)

Tungsten-containing thin films have been electrodeposited from aqueous solution. The composition of films were tailored in two ways: first by doping the WO3 with up to three other metal oxides to alter the structure, spectra and diffusion characteristics through the film; second, by adjusting the voltage used for deposition, the mole fractions, x, of dopant metals were altered further.
Optical and Electrical Characteristics of GaN-based Blue LEDs after Low-current Stress (2012)

We analyzed the changes in electrical and optical characteristics of 1 multiple-quantum-well (MQW) blue LEDs grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate after a stress test. Experiments were performed by injecting 50 mA current for 200 hours to TO-CAN packaged sample chips. We selected the value of injection current for stress through the junction-temperature measurement by using the forward-voltage characteristics of a diode to maintain a sufficiently low junction temperature during the test. The junction temperature at the selected injection current of 50 mA was 308 K. Experiments were performed under the assumption that the average junction temperature of 308 K did not affect the characteristics of the ohmic contact and the GaN-based materials. Before and after the stress test, we measured and analyzed current-voltage, light-current, light distribution on the LED surface, wavelength spectrum and relative external quantum efficiency (EQE). After the stress test, it was observed experimentally that the optical power and the relative EQE decreased. We theoretically investigated and experimentally proved that these phenomena are due to the increased nonradiative recombination rate caused by the increased defect density.
Metabolic pathway of homophthalic acid in Pseudomonas alcaligenes (1993)

A microorganism capable of degrading homophthalic acid as a sole source was isolated from garden soil. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas alcaligenes. The organism degraded homphthalate by a pathway which involved phenylactate and p-hydroxyphenylacetate as intermediates. The intermediates have been identified by physico-chemical methods. A tentative pathway for the degradation of homophthalate is proposed based on isolation of intermediates, oxygen uptake studies and presence of enzymes involved in the degradation.
Production of 2,3-butanediol by Bacillus Stearothermophilus: Fermentation and Metabolic Pathway (2008)

The fermentation of different sugars by Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 2027 to obtain 2,3-butanediol is described. Fermentation tests in shake flasks show the complete conversion of sucrose to BD (91% yield) and acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) using a starting sugar concentration of 30 g/L. A similar result is obtained with sugar cane molasses, whereas glucose and fructose afford lower yields. Other disaccharides and monosaccharides are also tested without appreciable results. B. stearothermophilus forms a mixture of 2R,3R-butanediol and the meso isomer derived both from reduction of R-AC and from the BD cycle as demonstrated by the presence of AC reductase and acetylacetoin synthase.
Functional properties of carbohydrate-depleted tissue plasminogen activator (1984)

In order to evaluate the importance of the carbohydrate moiety of human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), human melanoma (Bowes) cells were treated with a glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin (TM), and cellular fractions were assayed for fibrinolytic activity. Where glycosylation was inhibited by 90% and protein synthesis by 30%, TPA specific activity measured by fibrinolytic assays decreased 6-10-fold in the tissue culture medium and cell cytosol with a concomitant 2-fold increase in the 100000g microsomal pellet. In addition, TPA purified to apparent homogeneity was treated with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (Endo-H), producing a fraction that in contrast to native TPA did not adsorb to concanavalin A-Sepharose (Con A-Sepharose). This fraction represented TPA from which 85-90% of N-linked carbohydrate residues had been removed. Native TPA effectively activated plasminogen in the presence of fibrin (Km = 1 microM, kcat = 0.09 s-1) whereas saturation of the enzyme was not achieved at 100 microM plasminogen in the absence of fibrin. Glycosidase-treated and native TPA activated plasminogen at identical high rates in the presence and at identical negligible rates in the absence of fibrin. These studies indicate that the inhibition of glycosylation of TPA results in the inhibition of secretion of the molecule as has been observed for some other glycoproteins. The enzymatic removal of N-linked carbohydrate from purified TPA does not change its unique fibrin-directed properties.
Highly Flexible and Transparent Polyionic‐Skin Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Biomechanical Motion Harvesting (2018)

Abstract The advances of flexible electronics have raised demand for power sources with adaptability, flexibility, and multifunctionalities. Triboelectric nanogenerators are promising replacements for traditional batteries. Here, a highly soft skin‐like, transparent, and easily adaptable biomechanical energy harvester, based on a hybrid elastomer and with a polyionic hydrogel as the electrification layer and current collector, is developed. By harvesting the energy in human motion, the device generates an open‐circuit voltage of 70 V, a short‐circuit current density of 30.2 mA m −2 , and a maximum power density of 2.79 W m −2 in a single‐electrode working mode. Further, it is demonstrated that the device can deliver power under bending, curling or by simple tapping when attached to human skin. In addition, the optimal counterpart of the polyionic layer with highest electronegativity difference is selected from a series of contact electrification materials based on a two‐electrode working mode, where a flexible device with the matching counterparts is investigated. Serving as ionic conductor and electrification layer, this polyionic material shows promising application in future development of self‐powered flexible electronics.
Rebound Phenomenon in Glycerol Test (1985)

The glycerol effect for endolymphatic hydrops is well known for an improvement in pure tone threshold three hours after glycerol administration. However, long-term effects of glycerol, i.e., longer than three hours after administration, are unknown. In this study, audiometric tests were administered during 10 hours following glycerol administration in order to determine the long-term effects of glycerol in cases of Meniere's disease, sudden deafness, and normal subjects. The following results were obtained; 1) The long-term effects of glycerol in the pure tone threshold were observed only in cases of Meniere's disease and were classified into the following four types: "descending type", "descending and ascending type", "ascending type" and "unchanged type". 2) The long-term effects, including rebound phenomenon, on hearing ability did not appear in cases of sudden deafness and normal subjects. 3) About 50% of patients with Meniere's disease showed rebound phenomenon on hearing ability and it was considered to be specific for Meniere's disease.
Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency (2016)

Today's best perovskite solar cells use a mixture of formamidinium and methylammonium as the monovalent cations. With the addition of inorganic cesium, the resulting triple cation perovskite compositions are thermally more stable, contain less phase impurities and are less sensitive to processing conditions. This enables more reproducible device performances to reach a stabilized power output of 21.1% and ∼18% after 250 hours under operational conditions. These properties are key for the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics.
Effect of Pressure on emf of Thermocouples (1961)

``Pressure'' thermal emf's have been measured for constantan, Pt, Ni, alumel, Pt 10% Rh, Cu, chromel, and Ni 18% Mo for a ΔT of 100°C over a pressure range 0 to 72 kbar. Corrections due to pressure for common thermocouples made of pairs of these metals have been deduced. A number of thermocouple pairs have been compared at temperatures up to 1200°C and pressures up to 58 kbar. Below 200 to 300° the deviations between them agree quite well with the absolute data on single metals taken at ΔT of 100°C. At higher temperatures the deviations diminish and generally reverse. It appears that the deviation δT of the readings of two thermocouples at a given pressure follow roughly the relationship δT = A (P)ΔT+B(P)ΔT2, where ΔT is the temperature interval in the pressurized zone, A (P) and B (P) are functions of pressure (roughly linear), and B (P) is generally opposite in sign to A (P) and is large enough to dominate the A (P) term at higher ΔT's.
Ferroelectric and structural properties of Ba2−xSrxNaNb5O15 thin films prepared on La0.05Sr0.95TiO3 substrates (2008)

The Sr-substituted Ba2NaNb5O15 (Ba2−xSrxNaNb5O15) thin films were prepared on the La0.05Sr0.95TiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. When the substrate temperature was fixed at 700°C, the thin films exhibited highly c-axis orientation and smooth surface. The c-axis orientation and surface roughness do not depend much on Sr concentration. These thin films consisted of small grains with a diameter of 50–80nm against the film thickness of 400nm. The postannealed Ba2−xSrxNaNb5O15 thin films exhibited good P-E hysteresis loops. The remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) at x=1.4 were 2Pr=59.4μC∕cm2 and 2Ec=182.0kV∕cm, respectively. Its leakage current was 4.0×10−7A∕cm2. The low leakage current contributes to the increase in band gap with Sr substitution.
Entangled double-helix phase (2003)

We present a novel phase with an entangled double-helix structure. Beams with this phase have the same transverse patterns as those of interference between two doughnut beams. This proposed method allows a complete set of the superpositions of the doughnut modes or the orbital angular momentum states with different topological orders to be obtained. Furthermore, it introduces a simple continuous and controlled rotation of the transverse patterns by use of a spatial light modulator. It can be used to form a three-dimensional structure by three-dimensional trapping in an optical tweezers setup or to study the quantum characteristics of an optical vortex.