gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular mechanisms of connexin32 mutations associated with CNS manifestations (2002)

Both oligodendrocytes and myelinating Schwann cells express the gap junction protein connexin32 (Cx32). Mutations in the gene encoding Cx32 (GJB1) cause the X-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX). Although most CMTX patients do not have clinical central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, subclinical evidence of CNS dysfunction is common. We investigated the cellular effects of a subgroup of GJB1/Cx32 mutations that have been reported to cause clinical CNS dysfunction. We hypothesized that these mutants have dominant-negative effects on other connexins expressed by oligodendrocytes, specifically Cx45. We expressed these and other Cx32 mutants in communication-incompetent as well as Cx45-expressing HeLa cells, and analyzed the transfected cells by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. In communication-incompetent cells, the mutants associated with CNS phenotypes failed to reach the cell membrane and were instead retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (A39V, T55I) or Golgi apparatus (M93V, R164Q, R183H), although rare gap junction plaques were found in cells expressing M93V or R183H. In HeLa cells stably expressing Cx45, these Cx32 mutants showed a similar expression pattern, and did not alter the pattern of Cx45 expression. These results indicate that Cx32 mutants that are associated with a CNS phenotype do not interact with Cx45, but may instead have other toxic effects in oligodendrocytes.
The Effects of Estrone (Ogen) on Spinal Bone Density of Postmenopausal Women (1991)

The effects of cyclical treatment with estrone sulfate (0.3, 0.625, or 1.25 mg), plus calcium carbonate, on spinal trabecular bone density were compared with placebo in 120 postmenopausal women in this 2-year, multicenter, double-blind study. While the placebo and 0.3-mg treatment groups lost bone density (-3.6% and -5.1%), the 0.625- and 1.25-mg treatment groups experienced no significant change from baseline at 24 months (-0.8% and +0.7%). The 1.25-mg treatment group was significantly different from the placebo group at 12, 18, and 24 months. Although the 0.625-mg treatment group was significantly different from the placebo group only at 18 months, the data suggest that 0.625 and 1.25 mg of estrone sulfate had different effects than placebo and 0.3 mg of estrone sulfate and, given with supplemental calcium, are effective doses for the prevention of spinal bone loss.
Chemistry and applications of oxynitride perovskites (2012)

Oxynitride perovskites of early transition metals and rare earth or alkaline earth elements have been reported in the last decade as non-toxic pigments, colossal magnetoresistive materials, high permittivity dielectrics and photocatalysts. Nitride and oxide may occupy the same sites in the perovskite structure, forming solid solutions with ratios that are adjusted by synthesis. The valence states of cations, the bond covalency and the energy of the electronic states can be tuned by the introduction of nitrogen as a consequence of its lower electronegativity, higher electronic polarisability and higher formal anion charge relative to oxygen. This feature article will discuss the influence of the above factors on the crystal chemistry and properties of this group of materials that have emerged as a result of the development of new and controlled synthetic methodologies.
CATALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF ACETAMIDE BY ACETIC ACID<sup>1</sup> (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCATALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF ACETAMIDE BY ACETIC ACID1William A. Noyes and Walter F. GoebelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 10, 2286–2295Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01431a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01431a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views169Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An indirect bioluminescence method for the quantitative measurement of polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis (1991)

A method is presented which allows the quantification of the effects of chemotactic factors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the basis of a sensitive ATP measurement using bioluminescence. The assay measures those cells which have migrated through a commercial 3 micron filter system (Transwell). The assay was tested under standardized conditions with different chemotactic agents (leukotriene B4 [LTB4], N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [FMLP], N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-methyl ester [M-FMLP]). Under appropriate conditions the migration of PMN-cells is time-dependent and linear for 60 minutes. Spontaneous migration of PMN cells is simultaneously quantified in a simple way, and the value obtained allows a determination of the actual chemotactic situation of the PMN cells. In healthy humans the spontaneous migration varied between 4.2% and 14.4% of the total number of PMN cells. An optimal chemotactic activity was detected at 10(-8)/mol/l for FMLP and 10(-7) mol/l for M-FMLP in PMN leukocytes, which correlates with literature values. It was also found that in contrast to EDTA blood, heparinized blood lowers the ATP level of PMN cells (by about 50%) and therefore heparinized blood is not recommended for chemotactic experiments. This assay is a simple tool for quantification of the spontaneous migration, and the chemotactic response to specific factors and their inhibitors in particular for pharmacological experiments. In contrast to the 'classical' chemotactic assays this method also permits the simultaneous testing of the influence of chemotactic substances on cellular ATP levels.
Replicative Senescence Induced by Romo1-derived Reactive Oxygen Species (2008)

Persistent accumulation of DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is proposed to be a major contributor toward the aging process. Furthermore, an increase in age-associated ROS is strongly correlated with aging in various species, including humans. Here we showed that the enforced expression of the ROS modulator 1 (Romo1) triggered premature senescence by ROS production, and this also contributed toward induction of DNA damage. Romo1-derived ROS was found to originate in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Romo1 expression gradually increased in proportion to population doublings of IMR-90 human fibroblasts. An increase in ROS production in these cells with high population doubling was blocked by the Romo1 knockdown using Romo1 small interfering RNA. Romo1 knockdown also inhibited the progression of replicative senescence. Based on these results, we suggest that age-related ROS levels increase, and this contributes to replicative senescence, which is directly associated with Romo1 expression.
Explorations of Strategic Orientation (SO) Dimensions on Small Firm Growth and the Challenge of Resources (2013)

The strategy-firm growth relationship has been a problematical one for researchers in spite of the significant conceptual, empirical, and theoretical contributions made in this area. While strategy as a broad term signals the maximization of available inputs for a firm, it is the distinctive choices that are available within strategy formulation, termed as Strategic Orientation (SO) by Venkatraman, that has elicited little consensus. The six dimensions of SO construct, as conceptualized by Venkatraman (1989), are analysis, pro-activeness, riskiness, aggressiveness, futurity, and defensiveness. This paper argues that it is the specific SO dimensions or their combinations that contribute to small firm growth depending upon their context rather than the either or
Pseudoesters and Derivatives. XXII. Synthesis of 5-Hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-ones and 5-Hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones by Ammonolysis of 5-Methoxyfuran-2(5H)-ones and Derivatives (1984)

The ammonolysis of 4-substituted 5-methoxyfuran-Z(55)-ones 42-e-under mild conditions affords the respective 5-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin -2ones 5 2 -5 However.4-dialkylamino derivatives 42.8 do not react with ammonia under the same conditions.Similar ammonolysis of furanone derivatives 7-a,b, 10 and 2 yields the pyrrolidinones 8;?,b_ and hexahydroisoindolones 1 2 , and 1_4, respectively.The corresponding methoxylactams 6 5 -3 92-b and 1 2 a r e readily obtained by refluxing the hydroxylactams
Tim-3 promotes tumor-promoting M2 macrophage polarization by binding to STAT1 and suppressing the STAT1-miR-155 signaling axis (2016)

T cell Ig mucin-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint inhibitor, shows therapeutic potential. However, the molecular mechanism by which Tim-3 regulates immune responses remains to be determined. In particular, very little is known about how Tim-3 works in innate immune cells. Here, we demonstrated that Tim-3 is involved in the development of tumor-promoting M2 macrophages in colon cancer. Manipulation of the Tim-3 pathway significantly affected the polarization status of intestinal macrophages and the progression of colon cancer. The Tim-3 signaling pathway in macrophages was explored using microarray, co-immunoprecipitation, gene mutation, and high-content analysis. For the first time, we demonstrated that Tim-3 polarizes macrophages by directly binding to STAT1 via residue Y256 and Y263 in its intracellular tail and inhibiting the STAT1-miR-155-SOCS1 signaling axis. We also identified a new signaling adaptor of Tim-3 in macrophages, and, by modulating the Tim-3 pathway, demonstrated the feasibility of altering macrophage polarization as a potential tool for treating this kind of disease.
The postnatal growth of the rat lung III. Morphology (1974)

Abstract In order to investigate the postnatal growth of the gas exchange apparatus, the lungs of rats aged 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 21 days were fixed by intra‐tracheal instillation of glutaraldehyde. The analysis and interpretation of the morphological changes observed by light and electron microscopy were based on the results of previous morphometric and autoradiographic studies performed on the same material. The newborn rat has no alveoli, but breathes with smooth walled air channels and saccules, which correspond to the prospective alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs, respectively. The bulk of alveoli are formed between days 4 and 13 by a rapid outgrowth of secondary septa from the primary septa present at birth. The arrangement of elastic fibers during this period suggests that these may play a role in septal outgrowth. Based on ultrastructural observations a model is described for the capillarisation of the secondary septa. Some evidence is given that alveoli may also be formed by outpouchings in the walls of terminal bronchioles. Primary and secondary septa have initially an immature appearance. They both show an apparently double capillary network, whereas the mature interalveolar septum is just wide enough to accommodate a single capillary. Possible mechanisms for this structural transformation which occurs within three weeks after birth are discussed.
Direction-finding with sparse rectangular dual-size spatial invariance array (1998)

A novel sparse array geometry embedding two sizes of spatial invariances is presented for use with a new ESPRIT-based (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) algorithm for aperture extension. The half-wavelength invariance yields unambiguous but high-variance direction cosine estimates to disambiguate low-variance but cyclically ambiguous estimates from the larger invariance. With larger invariance at 60 half-wavelengths, resolution threshold for two closely spaced emitters is reduced by 50 dB and estimation error by 100-fold. Array design formulas are also presented.
Inorganic, Organometallic, and Organic Analogues of Carbenes (1966)

Abstract This review deals with inorganic, organometallic, and organic compounds, as well as with elements, that on the basis of their electronic structure and their reactions can be regarded formally as analogues of carbenes. These “carbene analogues” include in particular the compounds of monovalent boron, aluminum, nitrogen, and phosphorus; those of divalent silicon, germanium, tin, and lead; atomic oxygen; atomic sulfur; and atomic selenium. The preparation and chemical properties of the carbenes and their analogues are compared.
Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Ellipsoids Undergoing Rotational Brownian Motion (1962)

The nuclear spin relaxation times T1 and T2 have been calculated for two identical nuclei of spin I = ½ fixed in an ellipsoid undergoing rotational Brownian motion. The ellipsoid is subject to small random changes in orientation in which the rotation probabilities about its three major axes are different. This anisotropic motion yields five nuclear correlation times; isotropic motion yields only one correlation time. The results are applicable provided that the static dipolar coupling is effectively averaged to small values by the rotational motion. For nonviscous liquids, T1 = T2. When the rotation probabilities about two axes are equal, the relaxation-time expressions simplify a great deal, but they retain the essential relaxation features of anisotropic rotational motion; the number of nuclear correlation times is reduced to three; the relaxation times for rapid motion have been calculated as a function of the ratio of the two rotation probabilities for this case. The relaxation rates in ellipsoids of revolution obeying the Stokes approximation for motion in a continuous medium have been compared to those for spheres having the same volume. The rates for very nonspherical particles are large compared to those for the spheres. An example of internal motion of the internuclear vector within the ellipsoid is calculated.
A Theoretical Approach of the Measurement of Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes by Optical Transmission¶ (2000)

The osmotic fragility of the erythrocyte membrane to hypotonic solutions is investigated theoretically. The fragility curves exhibit a strong transmittance rise. This variation is assumed to result from changes in the scattering properties of erythrocytes under dialysis resulting from swelling and hemolysis. The refractive indices of erythrocytes are obtained through the Lorentz-Lorenz relation based on hemoglobin and water contents. The scattering cross sections (needed to calculate the collimated transmittance) and the forward scattered intensity (needed to calculate the incoherent transmittance) are expressed according to the simple algebraic relations of the anomalous diffraction approximation. It is shown that swelling (or shrinking) has no influence on the collimated transmittance. Hemolysis alone causes the abrupt sigmoidal increase of the collimated transmittance with time. The possible transmittance increase (decrease) observed during swelling (shrinking) is due to incoherent transmittance and depends on the detecting solid angle value of the experimental setup.
The Black Book of ADHD (2010)

In 1998, the American Medical Association Scientific Counsel wrote that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best researched disorders in medicine. Since then, rapidly emerging research coupled with increased interest by clinicians and the public have advanced the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD in patients of all ages. In treating patients with ADHD and their families, we hope that symptoms are reduced throughout the day leading to improved functioning, enhanced self-confidence, and better quality of life for all involved. Because of the volume of information, there is a need for clinicians to have rapid access to up to date reviews of clinically relevant information to assist in the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of ADHD and associated psychiatric comorbidities. For the clinician, satisfaction comes from playing an instrumental role in facilitating this optimal outcome. This educational review presents information in brief text and tables for quick reference for the busy practitioner.
High-order essentially non-oscillatory scheme for viscoelasticity with fading memory (1997)

In this paper we describe the application of high-order essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) finite difference schemes to the viscoelastic model with fading memory. ENO schemes can capture shocks as well as various smooth structures in the solution to a high-order accuracy without spurious numerical oscillations. We first verify the stability and resolution of the scheme. We apply the scheme to a nonlinear problem with a known smooth solution and check the order of accuracy. Then we apply the scheme to a linear problem with initial discontinuities. Discontinuity locations and strengths in the solutions of such problems can be found explicitly by making use of a pointwise estimate obtained in this paper for the Green’s function of the equations, which contains two Dirac <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="delta"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\delta</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-functions decaying exponentially. We check the resolution of the discontinuities by the scheme. After verifying that the scheme is indeed high-order accurate, produces sharp, non-oscillatory shocks with the correct location and strength, we then proceed in applying it to the nonlinear case with discontinuous or smooth initial conditions, and study the local properties (in time) as well as the long time behavior of the solutions. We conclude that the ENO scheme is a robust, accurate numerical tool to supplement theoretical analysis to study such equations with memory terms. It should also provide an efficient and reliable practical tool when such equations must be solved numerically in applications.
Modeling the Spectral Effects of Water and Soil as Surface Contaminants in a High Resolution Optical Image Simulation (2006)

The primary interest of this research is to introduce selected environmental effects into RIT's Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) Model. DIRSIG is capable of producing high resolution images (meter scale) using Computer Aided Design models (CAD) of buildings, vehicles, trees, etc. across the full optical spectrum (0.35-25µm). Currently, these objects are modeled in a pristine manner and there is no option to simulate them after exposure to environmental effects. Ideally, we would like to subject a given material to these environmental effects and then accurately model the modified reflected or emitted spectrum. As a first step, we have chosen to model moisture and dust on surfaces by implementing a model of the effects of a thin layer of water and soil coverage, respectively, on the spectral reflectance and emittance of different materials. Using new techniques for field instruments in a laboratory setting, we have established the relationship between the surface contaminant and its effect on the target in question. These results will be incorporated into the DIRSIG modeling tool for wider use.
NMR observations of drawn polymers. VII. Nylon 66 fibers (1971)

Abstract Wide‐line NMR spectra have been obtained on an oriented sample of drawn nylon 66 fibers at temperatures between −196°C and 200°C and at alignment angles between the fiber axis and the magnetic field of 0°, 45°, and 90°. At −196°C, 20°C, and 180°C, the complete angle dependence of the NMR spectrum has been measured. The second moments of these spectra have been compared to theoretical second moments calculated for various models of chain segmental motion in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the low‐temperature segmental motion (γ process) and the high‐temperature segmental motion (α c process). In agreement with earlier suggestions, the present results indicate that the γ process consists of segmental motion in noncrystalline regions. The overall decrease in second moment caused by the γ process is consistent with a model in which all noncrystalline segments rotate around axes nearly fixed in space. Furthermore, this decrease shows a pronounced dependence on the alignment angle. It is believed that this is due to tie molecules which become highly oriented along the fiber axis during drawing; their axes of rotation will therefore be nearly parallel to the fiber axis. The segments in noncrystalline entities such as chain folds and chain ends are less well oriented along the fiber axis and make an essentially isotropic contribution to the second moment decrease. The second moment at 180°C indicates the presence of considerable motion in the crystalline regions, and this motion is denoted the α c process. The second moment S c of the crystalline regions is strongly dependent on the alignment angle, the predominant feature being a relatively high value of the second moment when the fiber axis is directed parallel to the magnetic field. This is in qualitative, but not quantitative, agreement with the motional model recently advanced by McMahon, which assumes full rotation of the chains around their axes. Excellent quantitative agreement with experiment has been obtained by superimposition of rotational oscillation around the chain axis of amplitude roughtly 50°, and torsion of the chains with neighboring CH 2 groups oscillating around the CC bond with a relative amplitude of about 40°. A model in which the chains perform rotational jumps of 60° between two equilibrium sites has also been considered (60° flip‐flop motion). A distinction between this model and rotational oscillation has not been possible.
View generation for a virtual camera using multiple depth maps (2004)

Abstract This paper proposes a method of generation of images taken from a virtual viewpoint, based on depth information on the object when viewed from multiple positions. First, the depth map from a viewpoint is converted to the depth map of the object as viewed from a virtual point. Then, based on the depth map from another viewpoint, the occlusion area of the virtual viewpoint depth map is complemented and the depth value is corrected. By appropriate use of real images through interpolation of depth values and smoothing, a virtual viewpoint image is generated. Applying the proposed method makes it possible to generate a virtual viewpoint image with less occlusion, even for a viewpoint deviating greatly from the actual camera position. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 81–88, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20110