gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulse Width Modulation Applied to Olfactory Stimulation for Intensity Tuning (2015)

For most olfactometers described in the literature, adjusting olfactory stimulation intensity involves modifying the dilution of the odorant in a neutral solution (water, mineral, oil, etc.), the dilution of the odorant air in neutral airflow, or the surface of the odorant in contact with airflow. But, for most of these above-mentioned devices, manual intervention is necessary for adjusting concentration. We present in this article a method of controlling odorant concentration via a computer which can be implemented on even the most dynamic olfactometers. We used Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), a technique commonly used in electronic or electrical engineering, and we have applied it to odor delivery. PWM, when applied to odor delivery, comprises an alternative presentation of odorant air and clean air at a high frequency. The cycle period (odor presentation and rest) is 200 ms. In order to modify odorant concentration, the ratio between the odorant period and clean air presentation during a cycle is modified. This ratio is named duty cycle. Gas chromatography measurements show that this method offers a range of mixing factors from 33% to 100% (continuous presentation of odor). Proof of principle is provided via a psychophysical experiment. Three odors (isoamyl acetate, butanol and pyridine) were presented to twenty subjects. Each odor was delivered three times with five values of duty cycles. After each stimulation, the subjects were asked to estimate the intensity of the stimulus on a 10 point scale, ranging from 0 (undetectable) to 9 (very strong). Results show a main effect of the duty cycles on the intensity ratings for all tested odors.
Analysis of Human Adenovirus Type 19 Associated with Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis and its Reclassification as Adenovirus Type 64 (2012)

HAdV-D19 associated with EKC (HAdV-D64) originated from a recombination between HAdV-D19p, HAdV-D37, and HAdV-D22, and was mischaracterized because of a shared hexon gene. HAdV-D19p is not infectious for corneal epithelial cells, thus explaining the lack of any association with keratitis.
Evaluation of DASH Algorithms on Dynamic Satellite-Enhanced Hybrid Networks (2018)

Video streaming is nowadays the dominant Internet application contributing to most of the generated IP traffic. In the 5G era, network slicing and dynamic management can lead to link changes due to handover for offloading and/or optimization purposes, making bottleneck bandwidth and experienced latency varying over time. In this framework, satellite can play a role for an efficient backhauling in several challenging scenarios. Therefore, Adaptive Bit-Rate (ABR) capability in the streaming applications is of paramount importance not only to face up network load variations (usual design requirement), but also to take into account physical changes. This paper aims to investigate performance of two MPEG-DASH ABR algorithms, which mainly cover the main adaptation approaches (throughput-based and buffer-based), on simulated scenarios stressing the link change events and introducing at least a satellite link. The overall performance analysis leverages on the Network Simulator NS-3.
Magnetic Janus Particles Prepared by a Flame Synthetic Approach: Synthesis, Characterizations and Properties (2009)

Spherical Janus particles consisting of γ-Fe2O3 and SiO2 bicompartments are effectively prepared through a flame synthetic route. The excellent colloidal stability of these particles offers versatile choices for further manipulating them to form different types of assembled structures. As an example, the synthesis of hollow capsules with a magnetic core and a soft Au/PVP-film shell is demosntrated. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
MultiBac turns sweet (2012)

The baculovirus/insect cell system has proven to be a powerful tool for the expression of eukaryotic proteins. Therapeutics, especially in the field of vaccinology, are often composed of several different protein subunits. Conventional baculoviral expression schemes largely lack efficient strategies for simultaneous multi-gene expression. The MultiBac technology which is based on an engineered genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in combination with specially designed transfer vectors is an elegant way for flexible generation of multi-subunit proteins in insect cells. Yet, the glycosylation pattern of insect cell-derived products is not favorable for many applications. Therefore, a modified version of MultiBac, SweetBac, was generated allowing for a flexible glycosylation of target proteins in insect cells. Beyond the SweetBac technology MultiBac can further be designed for bridging the gap between cell engineering and transient modulation of host genes for improved and product tailored expression of recombinant proteins.
Acetone sterilization in ophthalmic surgery. (1977)

Acetone is a potent bactericidal agent and has considerable value for the routine disinfection of surfaces. The reason for the poor showing of acetone in previously reported tests was that it was not used in concentrated form, and our tests also confirmed its relative ineffectiveness when diluted. The inability of acetone to eliminate spores is an important disadvantage but most commonly used bactericidal agents also are deficient in this respect. Although acetone is active in the presence of protein it does not penetrate blood clots. Therefore, instruments should be cleaned of blood and tissue fragments before using acetone to disinfect them, as with other methods of sterilization. Acetone can make ordinary sterilizers unnecessary in our offices. I believe that it is a superior antiseptic for use in sterilizing sharp instruments in the operating room and can be used for all instruments when autoclaving or gas sterilization is not feasible or not available.
Protein adsorption of biomedical polymers influences activated monocytes to produce fibroblast stimulating factors (1992)

The studies presented in this manuscript were based upon the hypothesis that monocytes/macrophages selectively produce cytokines and growth factors due to their interactions with polymers and proteins which are adsorbed to their surfaces. These factors in turn selectively influence the ability of fibroblasts to proliferate. The factors which influence fibroblast proliferation were released from monocytes incubated with polymers: Biomer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene (PE), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), Dacron, and control polystyrene with and without preadsorption with physiological concentrations of IgG, fibrinogen, fibronectin, hemoglobin, or albumin. No simple correlation was found between adsorbed protein, biomedical polymer, and the ability of monocytes to produce growth factors and cytokines which influence fibroblast proliferation. This is evidence for selective protein-polymer interactions which in turn selectively activate monocytes to produce variable cell cycle competence and progression factors controlling fibroblast growth.
Assessing heat-adhesive emulsions for tack coats (2005)

The use of conventional emulsions for tack coats can cause problems as they frequently stick to the tyres of construction vehicles. Consequently, the bond between the asphalt layers is inadequate. Recently, new types of emulsions have been developed from very low-penetration bitumen that contain no flux. They are known as ‘heat-adhesive’ emulsions and they are resistant to construction vehicles. However, the adhesive ability of these new emulsions has not previously been studied closely, particularly at low temperatures. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of different heat-adhesive emulsions and to verify their performance in service in comparison with the response of a conventional emulsion. For this reason a new shear test—the LCB test—has been developed. This test is carried out at different temperatures, both on laboratory specimens and on cores extracted from recently constructed pavements, where the same emulsions and dosages have been used. It is the modified heat-adhesive emulsion that performs best over the selected range of temperatures. The conventional heat-adhesive emulsion, while performing well at medium temperatures, does not achieve the same resistance at the other temperatures as it is more temperature susceptible.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the regulator region of <i>mecA</i> gene in methicillin‐resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) (1992)

Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis were performed for the identification of the regulator genes of methicillin resistance in the genome of a MRSA strain N315. Two open reading frames (orfs) were identified in the 5'-flanking region of the mecA gene. Predicted amino acid sequences of these orfs showed extensive homology to the co-inducer and the repressor protein of the penicillinase (PCase) production in Staphylococcus aureus as well as in Bacillus licheniformis. These orfs are considered to encode putative co-inducer and repressor proteins specific for the regulation of methicillin resistance in MRSA.
Efficient Intracavity Beam Combining of Multiple Lasers in a Composite Cavity (2010)

High power or high energy solid-state lasers are required in many applications, but are limited in beam quality or brightness at high pump level by thermal effects. Beam combining with two lasers is an effective way to solve this problem and has been successfully realized in the past In order to get higher output energy with good beam quality, researchers often regard the two-channel combined configuration as the elementary laser and combine an even number of elementary lasers in a tree architecture These direct extending schemes can successfully combine 2N channel lasers into one beam intracavity, but the whole scaling geometry is really complicated and bulk, which bring more difficulties for alignment among multiple branches. Besides all these additions of laser beams are only obtained with spatial Gaussion beams Using a planar interferometric coupler, Ishaaya firstly reported intracavity beam addition of transverse multimode laser beam distributions In these schems, the thick planar interferometric coupler with a high-precision plane is the key component. But it is difficult to fabricate this coupler, further, the intracavity loss will increase when multiple beams being combined. In addition, most of these more than two-channel combining schemes are based on the open-ended configuration Generally speaking, these kinds of cavities are not very easy to implement at present. Recently, we have presented a new close-ended Four-Mirror Cavity to combine two beams with two gain media intracavity Base on this, in this letter, we propose a novel and practical composite-cavity, named Six-Mirror Cavity, to combine four beams with four gain media intracavity. This cavity is based on a close-ended configuration, which makes the output very stable, even when multiple channels combining at the high pump level. Also, it is not the direct extending of the two-channel scheme as the conventional strategies, the
<title>Object-oriented versus logical conventional implementation of a MMIIS</title> (1992)

The main components of a multimodality medical image interpretation system (MMIIS) are: (1) a user interface, (2) an image database, storing image objects along with their description, (3) expert systems (ES) in various medical imaging domains and particularly in image processing (IP), and (4) an IP actor, toolbox of standard IP procedures. To implement such a system, we are building two prototypes: one with an object-oriented (OO) expert system and one with a classical logical expert system. In these two different approaches, we have to model the medical imaging objects and represent them. Both approaches use an OO data model even if its implementation is different in: (1) the characteristics of each ES, in managing knowledge and inferences (uncertainty, non-monotonicity, backward and forward chaining, meta- knowledge), (2) the environment to implement the different experts and to activate IP procedures, and (3) the communication means between the experts and the other components. In the OO approach, an ES based on smalltalk is used, and in the conventional one an adhoc Prolog ES was built. Our goal is to compare their advantages and disadvantages in implementing a MMIIS.
1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2-<i>b</i>]pyrrole: The Electronic Structure Elucidated by Photoelectron Spectroscopy (1987)

Abstract The electronic structures of 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole and some of its alkyl derivatives were studied by means of He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy combined with the MNDO calculation and a first-order perturbation theoretical method. The first five bands of the parent pyrrolopyrrole are assigned, from the top, to the π5(au), π4(au), π3(bg), π2(bg), and σ(ag) bands respectively. The MO model, which explains well the spectral data, indicates that the nitrogen lone-pair electrons are mainly delocalized in the π4, π2, and π1 orbitals. The ionization potentials of the HOMO levels of these compounds, which are characterized by the large pz contributions from the α-carbons, are the lowest among the hitherto known π-electron-excessive heteroaromatic compounds. 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole is concluded to be the system with the most efficient π-electron-donating ability among 10π-electron systems.
New Vaccine Technologies (2001)

This book systematically addresses all the major available direct and enabling technologies which have contributed to the revolutionized research and development, thus improvements to existing vaccines. Its target audience is both research and development workers in the field, as well as health-care personnel who use vaccines. It should serve as an
Some Chemical Principles Applicable to Some Silver and Gold Staining Methods for Neuropathological Studies (1976)

Some of the chemical principles involved in some silver and gold staining procedures for neuropathological studies are analyzed in the light of experience with methods for astrocytes, microglia, axons and reticulin fibers. The role of formalin fixation, and of treatment with ammonium bromide or oxidizing agents prior to staining for glial cells or reticulin fibers respectively, is described. The silver staining methods are divided into two fundamentally different groups. One is based on the use of silver diammine solutions with or without other substances such as carbonates or pyridine, and at varying times, gold toning. This group encompasses a great variety of techniques for staining glial cells, reticulin fibers and axons. The second group is based on the use of weak solutions of silver ions, reduction in a photographic developer, treatment with gold chloride, and a second reduction in oxalic acid. This group is represented by methods for staining axons and reticulin fibers. A brief analysis of the gold and mercuric chloride methods for astrocytes is also given.
Aortenklappenersatz durch Fascia lata (1970)

Verschiedene fascienähnliche Gewebe des Körpers wurden für den Herzklappenersatz versucht. Aus Perikard gebildete Klappen führten wegen Schrumpfung und Insuffizienz immer zum Mißerfolg. Unsere Versuche mit der hinteren Rectus-abdominis-Scheide waren vielversprechend, aber es erwies sich als schwierig, genügend Gewebe zu beschaffen. Experimentelle Versuche mit autologer Fascia lata zeigen, daß dieses Gewebe Qualitäten aufweist, die den Klappenersatz erlauben. Seit 1962 wurden in Zürich die Aortenklappen von 180 Patienten durch Fascia lata ersetzt. Hier werden die 141 bis Ende 1968 operierten Patienten berücksichtigt.
<i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine prevents chronic alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat liver (2006)

An early event that occurs in response to alcohol consumption is mitochondrial dysfunction, which is evident in changes to the mitochondrial proteome, respiration defects, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) has emerged as a potential therapeutic for treating alcoholic liver disease through mechanisms that appear to involve decreases in oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production as well as the alleviation of steatosis. Because mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and a target for oxidative damage, we tested the hypothesis that SAM treatment during alcohol exposure preserves organelle function. Mitochondria were isolated from livers of rats fed control and ethanol diets with and without SAM for 5 wk. Alcohol feeding caused a significant decrease in state 3 respiration and the respiratory control ratio, whereas SAM administration prevented these alcohol-mediated defects and preserved hepatic SAM levels. SAM treatment prevented alcohol-associated increases in mitochondrial superoxide production, mtDNA damage, and inducible nitric oxide synthase induction, without a significant lessening of steatosis. Accompanying these indexes of oxidant damage, SAM prevented alcohol-mediated losses in cytochrome c oxidase subunits as shown using blue native PAGE proteomics and immunoblot analysis, which resulted in partial preservation of complex IV activity. SAM treatment attenuated the upregulation of the mitochondrial stress chaperone prohibitin. Although SAM supplementation did not alleviate steatosis by itself, SAM prevented several key alcohol-mediated defects to the mitochondria genome and proteome that contribute to the bioenergetic defect in the liver after alcohol consumption. These findings reveal new molecular targets through which SAM may work to alleviate one critical component of alcohol-induced liver injury: mitochondria dysfunction.
<title>Probing structure of blood plasma proteins with solvatochromic fluorescent probes based on Nile red and its derivatives</title> (1997)

Uncharged long-wave fluorescent probes, Nile red and its derivatives varying in lipophilicity, were used for probing hydrophobic binding sites of human serum albumin (HSA) and lipoproteins (LP) in norm and pathology. The synchro-scan fluorescence spectra (synchronous scanning of both excitation and emission wavelengths at constant (Delta) (lambda) ) of the probes were studied in HSA solutions and in whole blood plasma. The parameters of the spectra were sensitive to pH-induced conformational NyieldsB transition in HSA. In blood plasma, each of the probes displayed a two-component synchro-scan spectrum revealing two pools of the dye bound to HSA (longer wavelength) and LP (shorter wavelength). The probe distribution between LP and HSA was also sensitive to NyieldsB transition. The LP/HSA probe distribution ratio was shown to increase significantly in certain pathologies, due to either hypoalbuminemia or lowered ligand-binding capacity of HSA. Also, spectral shifts were observed in the band of albumin-bound probe. The determination of the distribution parameter may be proposed as an informative and feasible diagnostic test.
Generation of delayed replicas of maximal-length linear binary sequences (1964)

By making use of the shift-and-add property of the maximal-length linear binary sequence, phase-delayed versions of the same sequence can be obtained by means of linear logic networks (modulo 2 adders) in conjunction with the sequence generator (e.g. a feedback shift register). This approach gives an alternative to the straightforward one which actually introduces the required time delays.The optimum way of deriving delayed versions in order to minimise the number of serial logical operations is indicated. The maximum number of serial additions required is given closely by log2n, where n denotes the number of binary stages in the generator. The advantages and shortcomings of this approach are briefly discussed.
CO2 농도 및 기온 상승에 대한 현사시나무의 광합성 반응 (2014)

지구온난화와 같은 기후변화에 적응력이 높은 조림수종을 탐색하는 연구의 일환으로 CO2농도 및 기온 상승이 현사시나무의 광합성생리에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 현사시나무는 CO2농도 및 기온 상승에 의해서 줄기의 신장생장이 억제되고 광합성 능력이 저하되었다. 그리고 광합성능력과 관련된 색소(엽록소a, b, 카로티노이드)의 함량이 감소하였다. 특히 탄소고정계의 활성과 관련된 엽록소a의 감소가 현저하게 나타났다. 그리고 광-광합성곡선과 A-Ci곡선에서 광화학계의 활성을 나타내는 순양자수율이 7％, 전자전달속도가 14％ 감소하고, 탄소고정계의 활성을 나타내는 탄소고정효율이 52％, 재인산화속도가 24％ 감소하였다. 이러한 결과로 CO2농도 및 기온 상승에 의한 현사시나무의 광합성능력 저하는 광화학계 및 탄소고정계의 활성저하에 기인하나, 탄소고정계의 활성저하가더 크게 작용하였음을 알 수 있다.
Surface-Grafted, Environmentally Sensitive Polymers for Biofilm Release (1999)

Controlling bacterial biofouling is desirable for almost every human enterprise in which solid surfaces are introduced into nonsterile aqueous environments. One approach that is used to decrease contamination of manufactured devices by microorganisms is using materials that easily slough off accumulated material (i.e., fouling release surfaces). The compounds currently used for this purpose rely on low surface energy to inhibit strong attachment of organisms. In this study, we examined the possible use of environmentally responsive (or "smart") polymers as a new class of fouling release agents; a surface-grafted thermally responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), was used as a model compound. PNIPAAM is known to have a lower critical solubility temperature of approximately 32 degrees C (i.e., it is insoluble in water at temperatures above 32 degrees C and is soluble at temperatures below 32 degrees C). Under experimental conditions, >90% of cultured microorganisms (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Halomonas marina) and naturally occurring marine microorganisms that attached to grafted PNIPAAM surfaces during 2-, 18-, 36-, and 72-h incubations were removed when the hydration state of the polymer was changed from a wettability that was favorable for attachment to a wettability that was less favorable. Of particular significance is the observation that an organism known to attach in the greatest numbers to hydrophobic substrata (i.e., H. marina) was removed when transition of PNIPAAM to a more hydrated state occurred, whereas an organism that attaches in the greatest numbers to hydrophilic substrata (i.e., S. epidermidis) was removed when the opposite transition occurred. Neither solvated nor desolvated PNIPAAM exhibited intrinsic fouling release properties, indicating that the phase transition was the important factor in removal of organisms. Based on our observations of the behavior of this model system, we suggest that environmentally responsive polymers represent a new approach for controlling biofouling release.
A Double-Blind Comparison of Granisetron and Placebo for the Treatment of Acute Migraine in The Emergency Department (1991)

Three hundred and ninety-seven patients who presented to the emergency department were screened for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iv granisetron (40 micrograms/kg or 80 micrograms/kg) in acute migraine. Twenty-eight patients fulfilled the stringent eligibility criteria and completed the study. Rescue medication was required 2 h post-infusion in 8 of 10 patients receiving granisetron 40 micrograms/kg, 5 of 10 patients receiving granisetron 80 micrograms/kg, and 6 of 8 patients receiving placebo. Significant improvement (p less than 0.05) in headache pain (on a visual analogue scale and categorical scale) was observed in the 80-micrograms/kg group. Headache pain evaluated with the Hunter headache scale indicated improvement for the sensory and affective components of headache pain in both granisetron groups. Except for more nausea at 30 min in the placebo group, no significant differences were noted between treatments. All three treatments were well tolerated. Granisetron may be effective for acute migraine headache; however, further studies with increased patient numbers are required.