gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perylene diimides: a thickness-insensitive cathode interlayer for high performance polymer solar cells (2014)

With the power conversion efficiency of polymer solar cells (PSCs) approaching the milestone value of 10%, their instability associated with a low work function metal cathode, particularly in the presence of oxygen and moisture, becomes a critical issue for real applications. To alleviate the air-sensitive problem, two easy-accessible solution-processed, environmentally friendly organic small-molecule cathode interlayers, with perylene diimides (PDI) as the core and amino (PDIN) or amino N-oxide (PDINO) as the terminal substituent, are explored. Benefitting from the extended planar structure of the PDI units, the two interlayer materials show high conductivities of ∼10−5 S cm−1, which make them capable of functioning efficiently in a wide thickness range of 6 to 25 nm. This is the first time that thickness-insensitive small-molecule-based cathode interlayers are reported. It is also found that the work function tuning effect of the two PDI-based interlayers allows high work function metals (such as Au and Ag) to act as the cathode. With the conventional device structure with PTB7 as a donor and PC70BM as an acceptor, the PDINO-based devices exhibit an efficiency of 8.24% with Al as the top electrode and 8.16% with Ag as the top electrode, much higher than that of the corresponding Ca/Al-based device (6.98%). The high efficiency of 8.35% is also achieved in the device with PTB7-Th as the donor. The success of the two PDI-interlayers indicates that π-delocalized planar structures with high electron affinities could be particularly useful in developing high-performance organic interlayer materials.
<i>Bordetella pertussis</i> adenylate cyclase toxin translocation across a tethered lipid bilayer (2013)

Numerous bacterial toxins can cross biological membranes to reach the cytosol of mammalian cells, where they exert their cytotoxic effects. Our model toxin, the adenylate cyclase (CyaA) from Bordetella pertussis, is able to invade eukaryotic cells by translocating its catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane of target cells. To characterize its original translocation process, we designed an in vitro assay based on a biomimetic membrane model in which a tethered lipid bilayer (tBLM) is assembled on an amine-gold surface derivatized with calmodulin (CaM). The assembled bilayer forms a continuous and protein-impermeable boundary completely separating the underlying calmodulin (trans side) from the medium above (cis side). The binding of CyaA to the tBLM is monitored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. CyaA binding to the immobilized CaM, revealed by enzymatic activity, serves as a highly sensitive reporter of toxin translocation across the bilayer. Translocation of the CyaA catalytic domain was found to be strictly dependent on the presence of calcium and also on the application of a negative potential, as shown earlier in eukaryotic cells. Thus, CyaA is able to deliver its catalytic domain across a biological membrane without the need for any eukaryotic components besides CaM. This suggests that the calcium-dependent CyaA translocation may be driven in part by the electrical field across the membrane. This study's in vitro demonstration of toxin translocation across a tBLM provides an opportunity to explore the molecular mechanisms of protein translocation across biological membranes in precisely defined experimental conditions.
Why pulsatility still matters: a review of current knowledge (2014)

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have become standard therapy option for patients with advanced heart failure. They offer several advantages over previously used pulsatile-flow LVADs, including improved durability, less surgical trauma, higher energy efficiency, and lower thrombogenicity. These benefits translate into better survival, lower frequency of adverse events, improved quality of life, and higher functional capacity of patients. However, mounting evidence shows unanticipated consequences of continuous-flow support, such as acquired aortic valve insufficiency and acquired von Willebrand syndrome. In this review article we discuss current evidence on differences between continuous and pulsatile mechanical circulatory support, with a focus on clinical implications and potential benefits of pulsatile flow.
Language models based on semantic composition (2009)

In this paper we propose a novel statistical language model to capture long-range semantic dependencies. Specifically, we apply the concept of semantic composition to the problem of constructing predictive history representations for upcoming words. We also examine the influence of the underlying semantic space on the composition task by comparing spatial semantic representations against topic-based ones. The composition models yield reductions in perplexity when combined with a standard n-gram language model over the n-gram model alone. We also obtain perplexity reductions when integrating our models with a structured language model.
Recent developments and future trends in PLC programming languages and programming tools for real-time control (2002)

The programmable logic controller (PLC) is changing to reflect the demands of sequencing and continuous processing applications. The PLC can be thought of as a hardened computer with high speed I/O and communications ports with bus interfacing for multiprocessor or coprocessor enhancements, and a BIOS that supports those features. PLC manufacturers now retain control over both aspects of the PLC which interoperate in a proprietary manner. Via the delineation of the two may come a standard real time operating system or real time kernel which would give rise to true applications portability. Specific topics addressed include relay ladder logic, a structured approach to error dynamic diagnostic information (EDDI), state control language, and process control function blocks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Die pfropfcopolymerisation von vinylestern auf polyalkylenoxyde (1962)

Abstract Polymerisiert man Vinylacetat in Anwesenheit von Polyalkylenoxyden, so entziehen die wachsenden, sehr reaktiven Polyvinylacetat‐Radikale den Polyalkylenoxyden labile Wasserstoffatome, wobei sie sich gleichzeitig selbst absättigen. An die entstehenden Polyalkylenoxyd‐Makroradikale addiert sich der monomere Vinylester, was die Bildung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten zur Folge hat. Diese Reaktion wurde in homogener Phase insbesondere an dem Komponentenpaar Vinylacetat/Polyäthylenoxyd untersucht. Die Polymerisation wurde zu hohem Umsatz mit vorwiegend präparativer Zielsetzung durchgeführt. Das Interesse an einer derartigen Untersuchung ergibt sich aus folgenden Gründen: (a)Vinylacetat und Äthylenoxyd sind nach bisher bekannten Methoden nicht copolymerisierbar; man gewinnt also durch die Pfropfcopolymerisation neue Makromoleküle. (b)Bei der Substanzpolymerisation von Vinylacetat in Anwesenheit höherer Polyäthylenoxyde erhält man außergewöhnlich hohe Ausbeuten an Pfropfcopolymerisaten, wie sie sonst bei Pfropfcopolymerisationen und besonders bei solchen, die über den Mechanismus der Kettenübertragung verlaufen, sehr selten sind. Deshalb besteht ein großes präparatives Interesse an dieser Reaktion. Ist nun bei der Substanzpolymerisation von Vinylacetat Polyäthylenoxyd anwesend, so entsteht ein Gemisch verschiedener Pfropfcopolymerisate mit Anteilen, die überwiegend gebundenes Polyäthylenoxyd enthalten, und anderen, die bevorzugt aus Polyvinylacetat aufgebaut sind. Je nach dem Molverhältnis der Ausgangskomponenten liegt das Maximum entweder bei den polyäthylenoxydreichen oder bei den polyvinylacetatreichen Produkten. Bei der Bestimmung der Ausbeute sind bei Umfällungen und Extraktionen die gelegentlich beträchtlichen Anteile an Pfropfcopolymerisat in den Mutterlaugen zu berücksichtigen. Durch Alkoholyse obiger Produkte sind Pfropfcopolymerisate von Vinylalkohol mit Polyalkylenoxyd darstellbar. Vergleichende Versuche mit Polypropylenoxyd ergaben, daß dieses weniger gut Ketten überträgt als Polyäthylenoxyd. Die Ergebnisse der Pfropfcopolymerisation mit den niedermolekularen Homologen des Vinylacetats entsprechen weitgehend den Resultaten, die mit Vinylacetat erhalten wurden.
Detection of water-related charge in electronic dielectrics (1989)

We observed an unusual behavior of low-temperature silicon dioxide based materials in the metal-oxide-semiconductor system. We used the triangular voltage sweep (TVS) technique to detect the motion of mobile charge in the dielectrics. The observed TVS spectra were different from those usually attributed to common contaminants in silicon dioxides, such as sodium. We came to the conclusion that these unusual TVS traces are due to the motion of protons formed through the electrical decomposition of water absorbed in these materials. The unique features of the water-related TVS traces may provide a method for detection of water-related instability in electronic dielectrics.
Validation of Zebrafish (&lt;italic&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/italic&gt;) Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Normalization (2007)

The normalization of quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) is important to obtain accurate gene expression data. The most common method for qRT-PCR normalization is to use reference, or housekeeping genes. However, there is emerging evidence that even reference genes can be regulated under different conditions. qRT-PCR has only recently been used in terms of zebrafish gene expression studies and there is no validated set of reference genes. This study characterizes the expression of nine possible reference genes during zebrafish embryonic development and in a zebrafish tissue panel. All nine reference genes exhibited variable expression. The beta-actin, EF1alpha and Rpl13alpha genes comprise a validated reference gene panel for zebrafish developmental time course studies, and the EF1alpha, Rpl13alpha and 18S rRNA genes are more suitable as a reference gene panel for zebrafish tissue analysis. Importantly, the zebrafish GAPDH gene appears unsuitable as reference gene for both types of studies.
Nanoscale Particle Arrays Induced by Highly Ordered Protein Assemblies (2002)

Nanowires are created by nucleation of nanometer-scaled noble metal particles on microtubules formed from highly ordered protein assemblies. The periodic functional groups of amino acids serve as active sites for nucleation and binding of the metallic nanoparticles to form ordered patterns of particles, which, by further particle growth, generate quasi-continuous metal coatings (see Figure).
Detection of Olfactory Dysfunction Using Olfactory Event Related Potentials in Young Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

Unbiased olfactory dysfunction of different severity found in multiple sclerosis patients suggests an organic impairment which could be related to neuroinflammatory and/or neurodegenerative processes of olfactory networks, supporting the recent findings on neurophysiopathology of disease.
Designing an ATM-based broadband network: an overview (2002)

As ATM technology moves from testbeds and trial systems to full-service deployment, the analysis and synthesis of ATM networks need more attention. This paper highlights the main areas where the multi-service network design differs from that of the present telecommunications network, and offers an overview of an integrated solution to the entire analysis and synthesis problem. More detailed analysis is provided in two main areas: the network-wide link sizing and the end-to-end performance at both the call and cell levels. The performance evaluation is based on a precise and computationally efficient method.
Automatic Detection of Buildings and Changes in Buildings for Updating of Maps (2010)

There is currently high interest in developing automated methods to assist the updating of map databases. This study presents methods for automatic detection of buildings and changes in buildings from airborne laser scanner and digital aerial image data and shows the potential usefulness of the methods with thorough experiments in a 5 km2 suburban study area. 96% of buildings larger than 60 m2 were correctly detected in the building detection. The completeness and correctness of the change detection for buildings larger than 60 m2 were about 85% (including five classes). Most of the errors occurred in small or otherwise problematic buildings.
Turbine Design and Application, Volume 1 (1972)

4 I.Typical bltuh_-row velocity diagrams and surface static-pressure dist rilmli.n.(list rilmtion around t lw hlad(, row as a funet ion of axial distance.The area ])('tw('on th(' two em'v(,s rol)r(,s(,nts tho total Mad(, forco acting on the flow in lb.tangential dir('('lion.Thus, _.VII(_F( ' Pp P. The axial solidity, _, is ' V (4-27) _p .,2. 1 (pl'_),.,
Beta-arrestin Biased Agonism/Antagonism at Cardiovascular Seven Transmembrane-spanning Receptors (2012)

Heptahelical, G protein-coupled or seven transmembrane-spanning receptors, such as the β-adrenergic and the angiotensin II type 1 receptors, are the most diverse and therapeutically important family of receptors in the human genome, playing major roles in the physiology of various organs/tissues including the heart and blood vessels. Ligand binding activates heterotrimeric G proteins that transmit intracellular signals by regulating effector enzymes or ion channels. G protein signaling is terminated, in large part, by phosphorylation of the agonist-bound receptor by the G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), followed by βarrestin binding, which uncouples the phosphorylated receptor from the G protein and subsequently targets the receptor for internalization. As the receptor-βarrestin complex enters the cell, βarrestin-1 and -2, the two mammalian βarrestin isoforms, serve as ligand-regulated scaffolds that recruit a host of intracellular proteins and signal transducers, thus promoting their own wave of signal transduction independently of G-proteins. A constantly increasing number of studies over the past several years have begun to uncover specific roles played by these ubiquitously expressed receptor adapter proteins in signal transduction of several important heptahelical receptors regulating the physiology of various organs/ systems, including the cardiovascular (CV) system. Thus, βarrestin-dependent signaling has increasingly been implicated in CV physiology and pathology, presenting several exciting opportunities for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of CV disorders. Additionally, the discovery of this novel mode of heptahelical receptor signaling via βarrestins has prompted a revision of classical pharmacological concepts such as receptor agonism/antagonism, as well as introduction of new terms such as “biased signaling”, which refers to ligand-specific activation of selective signal transduction pathways by the very same receptor. The present review gives an overview of the current knowledge in the field of βarrestin-dependent signaling, with a specific focus on CV heptahelical receptor βarrestin-mediated signaling and on “biased” CV heptahelical receptor ligands that promote or inhibit it. Exciting new possibilities for cardiovascular therapeutics arising from the delineation of this βarrestin-dependent signaling are also discussed.
Comparison of plasmid- and chromosome-based polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acids (1993)

Several laboratories have demonstrated that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than culture or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in genitourinary tract specimens when various DNA targets are used for amplification, including the cryptic plasmid, major outer membrane protein (MOMP), or rRNA genes. We compared the performances of five different PCR assays, including assays with two plasmid, two MOMP, and one rRNA targets, by amplifying serial dilutions of C. trachomatis DNA and testing genitourinary tract specimens. By using published procedures, two different plasmid primers had sensitivities of 0.1 fg for C. trachomatis plasmid DNA and 10 fg for total cellular DNA. The sensitivities of the assays with the two MOMP primers were 0.1 and 10 pg, and the sensitivity for the assay with the rRNA primers was 1 pg for cellular DNA. Both plasmid-based assays detected 38 of 38 confirmed Chlamydiazyme-positive specimens, whereas the assays with the MOMP and rRNA primers detected 36 of 38 and 29 of 38 confirmed Chlamydiazyme-positive specimens, respectively. Six of 18 Chlamydiazyme-negative specimens collected from individuals whose specimens were positive by culture or immunofluorescence were positive by both plasmid-based PCRs; 4 of these were positive by PCR with the MOMP primers and 3 were positive by PCR with the rRNA primers. The results obtained with both purified DNA and genitourinary tract specimens indicated that the plasmid-based PCRs are more sensitive than bacterial chromosome-based PCRs for detecting C. trachomatis.
Ultra Reliable UAV Communication Using Altitude and Cooperation Diversity (2017)

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serving as aerial base stations is expected to become predominant in the next decade. However, in order, for this technology, to unfold its full potential, it is necessary to develop a fundamental understanding of the distinctive features of air-to-ground (A2G) links. As a contribution in this direction, this paper proposes a generic framework for the analysis and optimization of the A2G systems. In contrast to the existing literature, this framework incorporates both height-dependent path loss exponent and small-scale fading, and unifies a widely used ground-to-ground channel model with that of A2G for the analysis of large-scale wireless networks. We derive analytical expressions for the optimal UAV height that minimizes the outage probability of an arbitrary A2G link. Moreover, our framework allows us to derive a height-dependent closed-form expression for the outage probability of an A2G cooperative communication network. Our results suggest that the optimal location of the UAVs with respect to the ground nodes does not change by the inclusion of ground relays. This enables interesting insights about the deployment of future A2G networks, as the system reliability could be adjusted dynamically by adding relaying nodes without requiring changes in the position of the corresponding UAVs. Finally, to optimize the network for multiple destinations, we derive an optimum altitude of the UAV for maximum coverage region by guaranteeing a minimum outage performance over the region.
Comparison between wheat embryos isolated mechanically and by floating off from organic solvents (1975)

Wheat embryos floated off from organic solvents have been compared with mechanically isolated embryos. The results of comparative investigations, including germination,in vivo formation of polysomes and efficiency of cell free preparations forin vitro protein synthesis, favour the use of floated embryos for studies of biochemical processes during germination.
An Open Source Implementation of ITU-T Recommendation P.808 with Validation (2020)

The ITU-T Recommendation P.808 provides a crowdsourcing approach for conducting a subjective assessment of speech quality using the Absolute Category Rating (ACR) method. We provide an open-source implementation of the ITU-T Rec. P.808 that runs on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. We extended our implementation to include Degradation Category Ratings (DCR) and Comparison Category Ratings (CCR) test methods. We also significantly speed up the test process by integrating the participant qualification step into the main rating task compared to a two-stage qualification and rating solution. We provide program scripts for creating and executing the subjective test, and data cleansing and analyzing the answers to avoid operational errors. To validate the implementation, we compare the Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) collected through our implementation with MOS values from a standard laboratory experiment conducted based on the ITU-T Rec. P.800. We also evaluate the reproducibility of the result of the subjective speech quality assessment through crowdsourcing using our implementation. Finally, we quantify the impact of parts of the system designed to improve the reliability: environmental tests, gold and trapping questions, rating patterns, and a headset usage test.
Comparison of labor induction with misoprostol vs. oxytocin/prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> in term pregnancy (1996)

Misoprostol is significantly more effective for labor induction than oxytocin/PGE2 gel. The maternal intrapartum and neonatal outcomes were the same for both induction regimens. From a clinical and perinatal perspective, misoprostol is an acceptable choice for labor induction.
A Passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser with a Variable Pulse Width Using LiF:F<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup> Color-Center Crystal in a Dual-Cavity Configuration (1995)

We report a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser using a dual-cavity configuration which enables the pulse width to be varied between 24 ns and 32 ns. We used a LiF:F 2 - color-center crystal for passive Q-switching and an auxiliary cavity for lasing the emitted light from the LiF:F 2 - crystal. The lasing in the auxiliary cavity causes the LiF:F 2 - to reclose and a tail of the Q-switched pulse to be cut out. The rate equations were used to investigate the output characteristics from a Q-switched laser with a dual-cavity configuration. The experimental results were in good agreement with the results of the theoretical simulation.