gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Transcriptional Silencing in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Requires a Heterochromatin Histone Acetylation Pattern (1996)

Heterochromatin in metazoans induces transcriptional silencing, as exemplified by position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster and X-chromosome inactivation in mammals. Heterochromatic DNA is packaged in nucleosomes that are distinct in their acetylation pattern from those present in euchromatin, although the role these differences play in the structure of heterochromatin or in the effects of heterochromatin on transcriptional activity is unclear. Here we report that, as observed in the facultative heterochromatin of the inactive X chromosome in female mammalian cells, histones H3 and H4 in chromatin spanning the transcriptionally silenced mating-type cassettes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are hypoacetylated relative to histones H3 and H4 of transcriptionally active regions of the genome. By immunoprecipitation of chromatin fragments with antibodies specific for H4 acetylated at particular lysine residues, we found that only three of the four lysine residues in the amino-terminal domain of histone H4 spanning the silent cassettes are hypoacetylated. Lysine 12 shows significant acetylation levels. This is identical to the pattern of histone H4 acetylation observed in centric heterochromatin of D. melanogaster. These two observations provide additional evidence that the silent cassettes are encompassed in the yeast equivalent of metazoan heterochromatin. Further, mutational analysis of the amino-terminal domain of histone H4 in S. cerevisiae demonstrated that this observed pattern of histone H4 acetylation is required for transcriptional silencing. This result, in conjunction with prior mutational analyses of yeast histones H3 and H4, indicates that the particular pattern of nucleosome acetylation found in heterochromatin is required for its effects on transcription and is not simply a side effect of heterochromatin formation.
Prevalence and determinants of obesity - a cross-sectional study of an adult Northern Nigerian population (2011)

There is a high prevalence of obesity in northern Nigeria and women are significantly more affected. The high prevalence is independently associated with female sex, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperuricaemia. Public health education is urgently needed in order to reduce this burden and prevent other non-communicable cardiovascular disorders.
Enhanced Wavefield Separation of OBS Data (2011)

In ocean-bottom seismic (OBS) data processing, wavefield separation results are sometimes affected by high levels of noise on the vertical component Z, while the pressure component P is in general of good quality. Nonetheless, Z is needed to achieve complete pre-stack wavefield separation and also to drive processes such as mirror imaging and up-down deconvolution. To address the problem of noise on Z affecting wavefield separation results, we propose a new method which first estimates a multiple model from the downgoing wavefield in a least-squares fashion. Next, this multiple model is used as a measure of seismic signal coherency to calculate an enhanced upgoing wavefield with minimal noise degradation. We show the benefits of this new method on a real data example from the Caspian Sea.
Crosslinking of casein components by transglutaminase. (1980)

Transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl crosslinks and the sub-stitution of a variety of primary amines for the γ-carboxyamide groups of protein-bound glutaminyl residues. As a first step in the use of transglutaminase for enzymic modification of food proteins, the reactivity of bovine casein components (αs1-, β-, and K-caseins) in the transglutaminase reaction was compared, and the properties of casein modified by this enzyme were examined. The reactivity of K-casein was lower than that of αs1-or β-caseins. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that each casein component was poly-merized through formation of intermolecular crosslinks by transglutaminase. Ultracentrifugal experiments in the absence of calcium ions revealed that complex for-mation between αs1-casein (or β-casein) and K-casein was not impaired by this modification. The functional properties of αs1- and β-caseins in the presence of calcium ions (e.g. precipi-tation and micelle formation) were essentially retained after the modification. These results suggest that transglutaminase would be a useful tool to polymerize casein without damaging its special properties.
Monitoring of Hemostasis in Combat Trauma Patients (2004)

Bleeding is clearly a major cause of morbidity and death after trauma. When bleeding is attributable to transection of major vessels, surgical repair is appropriate. Posttraumatic microvascular bleeding attributable to coagulopathy secondary to metabolic derangements, hypothermia, and depletion or dysfunction of cellular and protein components requires a different approach. Although transfusion of blood products may be necessary to replace the blood loss, it does not always correct the problem of microvascular bleeding. The type of injury, mode of care, and treatment objectives differ significantly for combat-wounded soldiers versus civilian trauma patients. Although hemorrhage is responsible for 50% of combat deaths, published information about coagulation monitoring among combat patients is very limited. These articles summarize the appropriate monitoring of hemostasis among combat trauma patients, review the unique nature of combat casualties and the medical system used to treat them, and discuss information available from civilian studies. Because the development of coagulopathy is relatively infrequent in the young, otherwise healthy, military population, the routine screening measures currently used are adequate to guide initial blood product administration. However, as new intravenous hemostatic agents are used for these patients, better laboratory measures will be required. Although hemorrhage is the leading cause of death for combat casualties, catastrophic hemorrhage is rarely a prehospital combat medical management problem because, when it occurs, it tends to cause death before medical care can be provided. In civilian environments, most seriously injured victims can be reached and transported by emergency medical services personnel within minutes; in combat, it often takes hours simply to transport casualties off the battlefield. In combat situations, even if the transport distances are small, the hazardous nature of the forward combat areas frequently prevents medical personnel from quickly reaching the wounded. Furthermore, whereas civilian blunt trauma victims may have a "golden hour," casualties with penetrating battlefield trauma often have only a "platinum 5 minutes." Because of the challenges of treating hemorrhage during combat, it is important for military medical personnel to understand their options for treating hemorrhage quickly and efficiently. These articles discuss the causes of posttraumatic microvascular bleeding and the potential treatment options for controlling catastrophic hemorrhage in combat areas.
PSP toxin analysis and discrimination of the naturally co-occurring Alexandrium tamarense and A. minutum (Dinophyceae) in Cork Harbour, Ireland (2008)

A mixed community composed of a non-toxic form of Alexandrium tamarense and a\nparalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin-producing A. minutum develops on an annual basis in Cork\nHarbour, Ireland. The understanding of the ecological mechanisms that influence the population\ndynamics of these bloom-forming species is fragmentary, partly due to the difficulty in the discrimination\nbetween Alexandrium species in mixed phytoplankton assemblages by conventional light\nmicroscopy. During 2 surveys carried out in the estuary in July and September 2005, taxon-specific\nlarge subunit rRNA targeted probes were used in a whole-cell fluorescent in situ hybridisation assay\nto facilitate the detection and quantification of Alexandrium spp. in seawater samples. The Alexandrium\nspp. concentrations derived with molecular probes were on average half those obtained using\nan Utermöhl sedimentation chamber and calcofluor. Results showed the dominance of A. tamarense\nover A. minutum in July and an almost exclusive presence of A. minutum in September. Alexandrium\nspp. did not quantitatively dominate the total dinoflagellate assemblage and cell concentrations were\nlower than those found in bloom situations, nonetheless reaching more than 1 × 104 cells l–1 locally on\nboth occasions. The PSP toxins GTX3 and GTX2 were detected in all field samples, concentrations\nbeing associated with greater abundances of A. minutum in September. Despite probable inaccuracies\ninherent in the sampling methodology, the estimated intracellular toxin quotas in A. minutum\nwere higher in the areas of the estuary that connected different water bodies and where cells may be\nsubjected to regimes of high turbulence and rapid changes of salinity and temperature.
Controlling the Formation of Metallic Nanoparticles on Functionalized Silicon Surfaces (2012)

With scaling down the size of the features in modern electronic devices, it becomes vital to control surface reactions at the interface for clean deposition on semiconductor substrates. Chemical functionalization of silicon surfaces provides a new approach for tuning the structure and properties of the interfaces formed with this semiconductor. The functionalized surfaces, such as H–Si(100), NH–Si(100), and NH2–Si(100) can be used to prevent surface oxidation at the silicon interface, and OH–Si(100) can be utilized to limit surface diffusion in a reaction with a metal–organic precursor. A model copper metal–organic precursor, copper (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)vinyltrimethylsilane or Cu(hfac)VTMS, was used to grow copper nanostructures by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), as verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared spectroscopy (MIR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) supported with density functional theory calculations (DFT). These methods help to follow surface reaction products and kinetics of surface processes. The NH2–Si(100) surface yields the largest copper nanostructures at room temperature, and this surface is the most reactive in the CVD process. Understanding the molecular-level mechanisms of the copper deposition onto functionalized surfaces will help to control the nanostructure formation, their properties, and the interface with the solid substrate.
Familial nephropathy in Cocker Spaniels (1985)

A clinical diagnosis of chronic renal failure associated with nephron atrophy and fibrosis was made in 4 blue roan Cocker Spaniels. The lesion was considered to be the result of a primary glomerulopathy. All dogs were closely related. The findings were similar to those previously described for renal cortical hypoplasia. On the basis of the morphological findings and genetic characteristics, the use of the more appropriate term, familial nephropathy is encouraged.
VPC prediction (2007)

Indirect branches have become increasingly common in modular programs written in modern object-oriented languages and virtual machine based runtime systems. Unfortunately, the prediction accuracy of indirect branches has not improved as much as that of conditional branches. Furthermore, previously proposed indirect branch predictors usually require a significant amount of extra hardware storage and complexity, which makes them less attractive to implement. This paper proposes a new technique for handling indirect branches, called Virtual Program Counter (VPC) prediction. The key idea of VPC prediction is to treat a single indirect branch as multiple virtual conditional branches in hardware for prediction purposes. Our technique predicts each of the virtual conditional branches using the existing conditional branch prediction hardware. Thus, no separate storage structure is required for predicting indirect branch targets. Our evaluation shows that VPC prediction improves average performance by 26.7% compared to a commonly-used branch target buffer based predictor on 12 indirect branch intensive applications. VPC prediction achieves the performance improvement provided by at least a 12KB (and usually a 192KB) tagged target cache predictor on half of the examined applications. We show that VPC prediction can be used with any existing conditional branch prediction mechanism and that the accuracy of VPC prediction improves when a more accurate conditional branch predictor is used.
Pipeline defects in CMOS MOSFET devices caused by SWAMI isolation (1992)

A pipeline defect which became a leakage path between source and drain in an n-channel MOSFET was identified. It was found that a 20-second Wright-etch will clearly delineate the pipe. The cause of the pipeline was the improper SWAMI (side wall masked isolation) etch which generated stress at the island corners. This stress generated high density dislocation lines which made vacancies readily available for enhanced phosphorus diffusion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mannan antigenemia in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections. (1976)

Because it is often difficult to diagnose invasive Candida infections, a sensitive hemagglutination inhibition assay to detect the surface antigen, mannan, was developed. Mannan antigenemia was detected early in the course of infection in 4 of 14 patients with systemic candidiasis and 2 of 5 patients with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis. Mannan was not detected in 48 patients with noninvasive Candida or other systemic mycotic infections or in 99% of 234 patients in other control groups. Mannan antibodies were almost universally present in both candidiasis and control groups. In four patients with systemic candidiasis, an early period of mannan antigenemia was followed by a rapid rise in mannan antibody titer. These findings suggest that antemortem diagnosis would be improved in one-third of cases of invasive Candida infection detected by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive test for serum mannan would be an early and specific signal of invasive disease.
ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound (2018)

The purpose of these Guidelines is to review the published techniques of ultrasound in labor and their practical applications, to summarize the level of evidence regarding the use of ultrasound in labor and to provide guidance to practitioners on when ultrasound in labor is clinically indicated and how the sonographic findings may affect labor management. We do not imply or suggest that ultrasound in labor is a necessary standard of care.
Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update (2013)

This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
Antidepressants for neuropathic pain (2005)

Antidepressants are effective for a variety of neuropathic pains. The best evidence available is for amitriptyline. There are only limited data for the effectiveness of SSRIs. It is not possible to identify the most effective antidepressant until more studies of SSRIs are conducted.
Transgenic Inhibition of Synaptic Transmission Reveals Role of CA3 Output in Hippocampal Learning (2008)

The hippocampus is an area of the brain involved in learning and memory. It contains parallel excitatory pathways referred to as the trisynaptic pathway (which carries information as follows: entorhinal cortex --> dentate gyrus --> CA3 --> CA1 --> entorhinal cortex) and the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex --> CA1 --> entorhinal cortex). We developed a generally applicable tetanus toxin-based method for transgenic mice that permits inducible and reversible inhibition of synaptic transmission and applied it to the trisynaptic pathway while preserving transmission in the monosynaptic pathway. We found that synaptic output from CA3 in the trisynaptic pathway is dispensable and the short monosynaptic pathway is sufficient for incremental spatial learning. In contrast, the full trisynaptic pathway containing CA3 is required for rapid one-trial contextual learning, for pattern completion-based memory recall, and for spatial tuning of CA1 cells.
Two‐Dimensional electrophoresis of human serum proteins following acute myocardial infarction (1989)

Serum proteins associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) under nonreducing conditions. Proteins a, b, c (Mr 13,000; pI6.2, 6.7 and 7.5, respectively) and e(Mr27,000; pI5.2) appear simultaneously approximately 30 h after infarction, reach maximum intensity after 48 h and progressively decline thereafter. Protein d (Mr15,000; pI7-8.5; identified as hemoglobin) sometimes appears within 18 h of infarction. Proteins a-c are not detected in the 2-DE patterns of healthy myocardium, infarcted myocardium, pectoral muscle or tongue, but e is present in all and tentatively identified as myosin light chain. Other myocardial proteins which are either reduced in amount following infarction or more specifically associated with myocardium than pectoral muscle are not detected in the serum of AMI patients. Analysis of unconcentrated urine by SDS-PAGE and silver staining does not reveal proteins specific to AMI.
<title>Computed radiography acceptance testing</title> (1995)

Compact sized computed radiography (CR) systems based on photostimulable phosphor technology are now being more widely used in radiology departments. Measurement of imaging performance at time of installation is essential to ensure that the CR system is operating within the manufacturer's specifications and producing a clinically acceptable image quality. At any given radiation dose, CR imaging performance primarily relates to image contrast, spatial resolution, and noise. Tests for these key aspects of CR performance are described and typical results, as obtained with a commercial system, are presented.
Characterization of video codecs as autoregressive moving average processes and related queueing system performance (1991)

A method of characterizing video codec sources in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks as an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process is described. Measurements of long-term mean and the autocorrelation function of cell interarrival times allow the parameter estimation of the ARMA model. The video source is then described by ARMA model. Furthermore, it is shown that the multiplexed stream of video cells is also an ARMA process. Such a cell stream is then applied to a model of a queuing system to obtain performance measures of the system. Perturbation analysis is then performed on the functional behavior of the queuing system by appropriate perturbation of the model parameters to determine cell waiting time sensitivity due to slight variations of the input process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonanimal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid for Lip Augmentation and Facial Rhytid Ablation (2004)

Nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid is an effective and safe facial soft tissue expander. Its duration varies with each facial area treated.
Separation of PEGylated α‐Lactalbumin from Unreacted Precursors and Byproducts Using Ultrafiltration (2007)

There is considerable clinical interest in the use of "second-generation" therapeutic proteins produced by conjugation of the native protein with various polymers including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). One of the challenges in the production of polymer-protein conjugates is the need to remove residual polymer, native (unreacted) protein, and any reaction byproducts from the final therapeutic formulation. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using ultrafiltration for the purification of a model PEGylated protein. Sieving data were obtained using PEGylated alpha-lactalbumin, the native protein, and the poly(ethylene glycol) over a range of pH, ionic strength, and filtrate flux using both neutral and charge-modified composite regenerated cellulose membranes. Purification of the PEGylated protein was achieved using a two-stage diafiltration process. The first stage used a neutral membrane to remove the unreacted protein and any small reaction byproducts while retaining the large PEGylated product. The second stage used a negatively charged membrane to remove the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) while retaining the PEGylated alpha-lactalbumin as a result of strong electrostatic interactions. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of using membrane-based separations for the purification of second-generation therapeutic proteins.