gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Financial Development, Labor and Market Regulations and Growth (2005)

This paper investigates the importance that market regulation and financial imperfections have on firm growth. We analyse institutions af- fecting labor market as Employment Protection Laws (EP) and Product Market Regulation (PM). We show that together with the beneficial effects of financial development, a firm will get less financing, and thus investless, in a weak financial market (finance effect), the strictness of product and labor market regulations also affect firm growth (labor effect). In particular, we show that the stricter the rules the more detrimental the influence on growth in sectoral value added for a large number of countries. We also show that the labor effect overcomes the positive finance effect.
Pursuit eye movements to second-order motion targets (2001)

We studied smooth-pursuit eye movements elicited by first- and second-order motion stimuli. Stimuli were random dot fields whose contrast was modulated by a Gaussian window with a space constant of 0.5 degrees. For the first-order stimuli, the random dots simply moved across the screen at the same speed as the window; for the second-order stimuli the window moved across stationary or randomly flickering dots. Additional stimuli which combined first- and second-order motion cues were used to determine the degree and type of interaction found between the two types of motion stimuli. Measurements were made at slow (1 degrees/s) and moderate (6 degrees/s) target speeds. At a velocity of 1 degrees/s the initiation, transition, and steady-state phases of smooth pursuit in response to second-order motion targets are severely affected when compared with the smooth pursuit of first-order motion targets. At a velocity of 6 degrees/s there is a small but significant deficit in steady-state pursuit of second-order motion targets but not much effect on pursuit initiation.
Ruthenium Complexes are pH-Activated Metallo Prodrugs (pHAMPs) with Light-Triggered Selective Toxicity Toward Cancer Cells (2017)

Metallo prodrugs that take advantage of the inherent acidity surrounding cancer cells have yet to be developed. We report a new class of pH-activated metallo prodrugs (pHAMPs) that are activated by light- and pH-triggered ligand dissociation. These ruthenium complexes take advantage of a key characteristic of cancer cells and hypoxic solid tumors (acidity) that can be exploited to lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. Five ruthenium complexes of the type [(N,N)<sub>2</sub>Ru(PL)]<sup>2+</sup> were synthesized, fully characterized, and tested for cytotoxicity in cell culture (1<sub>A</sub>: N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) and PL, the photolabile ligand, = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine (6,6'-dhbp); 2<sub>A</sub>: N,N = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and PL = 6,6'-dhbp; 3<sub>A</sub>: N,N = 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) and PL = 6,6'-dhbp; 4<sub>A</sub>: N,N = bipy and PL = 4,4'-dimethyl-6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine (dmdhbp); 5<sub>A</sub>: N,N = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and PL = 4,4'-dihydroxybipyridine (4,4'-dhbp). The thermodynamic acidity of these complexes was measured in terms of two pK<sub>a</sub> values for conversion from the acidic form (X<sub>A</sub>) to the basic form (X<sub>B</sub>) by removal of two protons. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data is discussed for 2<sub>A</sub>, 2<sub>B</sub>, 3<sub>A</sub>, 4<sub>B</sub>, and 5<sub>A</sub>. All complexes except 5<sub>A</sub> showed measurable photodissociation with blue light (λ = 450 nm). For complexes 1<sub>A</sub>-4<sub>A</sub> and their deprotonated analogues (1<sub>B</sub>-4<sub>B</sub>), the protonated form (at pH 5) consistently gave faster rates of photodissociation and larger quantum yields for the photoproduct, [(N,N)<sub>2</sub>Ru(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>. This shows that low pH can lead to greater rates of photodissociation. Cytotoxicity studies with 1<sub>A</sub>-5<sub>A</sub> showed that complex 3<sub>A</sub> is the most cytotoxic complex of this series with IC<sub>50</sub> values as low as 4 μM (with blue light) versus two breast cancer cell lines. Complex 3<sub>A</sub> is also selectively cytotoxic, with sevenfold higher toxicity toward cancerous versus normal breast cells. Phototoxicity indices with 3<sub>A</sub> were as high as 120, which shows that dark toxicity is avoided. The key difference between complex 3<sub>A</sub> and the other complexes tested appears to be higher uptake of the complex as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and a more hydrophobic complex as compared to 1<sub>A</sub>, which may enhance uptake. These complexes demonstrate proof of concept for dual activation by both low pH and blue light, thus establishing that a pHAMP approach can be used for selective targeting of cancer cells.
Engineering and physics considerations for a linear theta-pinch hybrid reactor (LTPHR) (1976)

A fusion-fission hybrid reactor based on pulsed, high-..beta.., linear theta-pinch magnetic confinement is considered. A preliminary design which incorporates key physics, engineering and economic considerations is presented. An extensive presentation of the system energy balance is made, and this energy balance is evaluated parametrically. The feasibility of end-loss reduction is addressed.
Reliable PPG-based algorithm in atrial fibrillation detection (2016)

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia. Since AF is a risk factor for stroke, automatic detection of AF is an important public health issue. Currently, the most useful and accurate tool for diagnosing AF is electrocardiography (EKG). On the other hand, PPG-based AF detection desires exploration. Photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an alternative technique to obtain the heart rate information by pulse oximetry. Convenience makes PPG promising in identifying arrhythmia like AF. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of analyzing PPG waveforms to identify patients with AF. With the extracted features from multiple parameters, including interval and amplitude of PPG signals, patients were classified into AF and non-AF by support vector machine (SVM). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and statistical measures were applied to evaluate model performances. Among 468 patients' signals recorded in clinic environments, we achieve ROC area under curve, sensitivity and accuracy of 0.971, 0.942, and 0.957, respectively. The result suggests that the PPG-based AF detection algorithm is a promising pre-screening tool to help doctors monitoring patient with arrhythmia.
Association of protein with the cell wall of Streptococcus mutans (1980)

Cell walls from Streptococcus mutans were prepared by conventional technique and subjected to a series of extraction procedures involving classical protein solvents. The extracted walls contained several non-peptidoglycan amino acids and were also amenable to radiolabeling with [125I]sodium iodide and chloramine T. The cell walls could be chemically modified with tetranitromethane and diazo-1H-tetrazole, suggesting the presence of tyrosine or histidine or both. Flourescence spectra of the walls revealed the presence of either tyrosine or tryptophan. Several proteases, including pronase, trypsin, subtilisin, and proteinase K, removed some of the label from the walls. In contrast, treatment of the walls with salts or denaturants did not result in the solubilization of label. When the walls were solubilized with mutanolysin and subjected to chromatography, three peaks of radioactivity with apparent molecular weights of 73,000, 39,000, and 9,600 were observed. Wall digests subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single band of radioactivity corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 79,000. Isoelectric focusing of labeled wall digest gave rise to two major bands of radioactivity with isoelectric points of approximately 2.4 and 5.6. The results suggest that the cell wall of S. mutans contains tightly and possibley covalently bound polypeptide molecules. We propose that the cell wall polypeptides of S. mutans serve as factors in the attachment of the bacteria to smooth surfaces.
Purification and identification of monoubiquitin-phosphoglycerate mutase B complex from human colorectal cancer tissues (2001)

Ubiquitin-conjugated proteins in human colorectal cancer tissues were analyzed by the immunoprecipitation with the antibody FK2 against conjugated ubiquitin followed with SDS-PAGE. In these immunoprecipitable proteins, a 38-kDa protein was abundant in the tumor regions but almost absent in the adjacent normal regions in 17/26 patients, thus we attempted to purify it. Using immunoaffinity chromatography with the antibody FK2 followed by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, approximately 10 pmol of this protein was separated from 34 g of the pooled cancerous tissue and transferred onto a PVDF membrane. The 38-kDa protein was further digested with Achromobacter protease I, resulting in several peptide fragments. Amino acid sequences of these peptides showed complete sequence identity to those derived from either ubiquitin or phosphoglycerate mutase-B, suggesting that the 38-kDa protein is monoubiquitinated phosphoglycerate mutase-B, whose calculated mass is 37,369 Da. Western blot using an antibody against phosphoglycerate mutase-B revealed the presence of the 38-kDa protein in the anti-ubiquitin immunoprecipitates derived from the tumor regions, but not from normal counterparts. In addition, part of non-ubiquitinated phosphoglycerate mutase-B (29 kDa) was also found in the anti-ubiquitin immunoprecipitates, whose levels were higher in the tumor regions than in the adjacent normal regions. These results suggest that monoubiquitination of phosphoglycerate mutase-B as well as formation of a noncovalent complex containing ubiquitin and phosphoglycerate mutase-B increases in colorectal cancer and novel modification of phosphoglycerate mutase-B might have a pathophysiological role.
The <i>P450-4</i> Gene of <i>Gibberella fujikuroi</i> Encodes <i>ent</i> -Kaurene Oxidase in the Gibberellin Biosynthesis Pathway (2001)

At least five genes of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway are clustered on chromosome 4 of Gibberella fujikuroi; these genes encode the bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase/ent-kaurene synthase, a GA-specific geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, and three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. We now describe a fourth cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene (P450-4). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of extracts of mycelia and culture fluid of a P450-4 knockout mutant identified ent-kaurene as the only intermediate of the GA pathway. Incubations with radiolabeled precursors showed that the metabolism of ent-kaurene, ent-kaurenol, and ent-kaurenal was blocked in the transformants, whereas ent-kaurenoic acid was metabolized efficiently to GA(4). The GA-deficient mutant strain SG139, which lacks the 30-kb GA biosynthesis gene cluster, converted ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid after transformation with P450-4. The B1-41a mutant, described as blocked between ent-kaurenal and ent-kaurenoic acid, was fully complemented by P450-4. There is a single nucleotide difference between the sequence of the B1-41a and wild-type P450-4 alleles at the 3' consensus sequence of intron 2 in the mutant, resulting in reduced levels of active protein due to a splicing defect in the mutant. These data suggest that P450-4 encodes a multifunctional ent-kaurene oxidase catalyzing all three oxidation steps between ent-kaurene and ent-kaurenoic acid.
Grape and Grape Seed Extract Capacities at Protecting LDL against Oxidation Generated by Cu 2+ , AAPH or SIN-1 and at Decreasing Superoxide THP-1 Cell Production. A Comparison to other Extracts or Compounds (2003)

A large body of evidence supports the key role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare the capacity of natural polyphenols (PP) from Vitis vinifera and Olea europea at protecting LDL against oxidation brought about by Cu2+, oxygen-centered radical-generating AAPH, or peroxynitrite-generating SIN-1 in vitro systems, or at impairing superoxide production in promonocyte cells (THP-1) conveniently differentiated into adherent macrophages. PP were either from the whole grape (fraction A) containing mainly procyanidins, (epi)-catechin and anthocyanins, or from grape seed extracts (fractions B and C) consisting of tannins and procyanidin oligomers with a higher content in B than in C, or from a grape skin extract (fraction D) consisting mainly of anthocyanins, or from a hydrosoluble olive mill wastewater PP extract (fraction E) containing hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein. Chlorogenic acid (F) and catechin (G) were taken as archetypes of PP preventing oxidation partly as copper scavenger and as radical scavenger only, respectively. All grape fractions were efficient towards Cu2+ system (equally or more efficient than F), whereas they were rather poorly efficient towards AAPH and SIN-1 (less efficient than G but as efficient as F). Among the PP fractions, B was the most effective at protecting LDL in the SIN-1 system and at impairing THP-1 superoxide production. Taken together, these data suggest that the PP fraction from grape seed rich in procyanidins achieves the best compromise between the direct and indirect (i.e. cell-mediated) types of action in protecting LDL against oxidation, strengthening the need for improving the knowledge of its bioavailability in humans.
A Short-Range Ship Navigation System Based on Ladar Imaging and Target Tracking for Improved Safety and Efficiency (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A new maritime navigation system based on a laser range-finder scanner for obstacle avoidance and precise maneuvering operations is described in this paper. The main novelty of this work is the adaptation and implementation of known technology for laser range finding and algorithms for target tracking into a system that operates in real time and has been tested in different natural sea and inland navigation scenarios. The principal components of this system, namely, 1) the laser range finder, 2) the scanning unit, and 3) the data processing and displaying unit, are described in detail. Ladar images are dense horizontally and sparse vertically as a compromise between capturing relevant features and quick frame formation. Images are processed for range outlier removal, and significant observable patterns are extracted. This multiple-target tracking problem is tackled using robust Kalman filtering techniques for continuous tracking of each detected observation. We minimize unreliable track initializations and preserve tracks from deletion during temporal misobservations. The evaluation in open-sea and inland waterways gave good results, making the system valid for precise maneuvering, fluent navigation, and accident mitigation. Objects of interest, from boats to ships, are detected and robustly tracked; pier and lock chamber sketches are reliable; bridge height estimation is precise; and narrow waterways (river banks and bridge columns) are correctly detected. The prototype developed can be considered to be a very valuable complementary device to traditional radar-based techniques that are not totally valid for accurate short-range exploration, improving efficiency and safety in ship operations. </para>
Stereoselective Metabolism of Fenoldopam and Its Metabolites in Human Liver Microsomes, Cytosol, and Slices (1997)

Fenoldopam is a racemic mixture (R-FEN, S-FEN) that is a selective dopamine (DA-1) receptor agonist with pronounced cardiovascular and renal effects in humans. Metabolism of fenoldopam in human liver microsomes, cytosol, and slices was stereoselective for glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. Microsomal and cytosolic fractions were supplemented with appropriate cofactors to obtain enzyme activity. There was no evidence of metabolism of fenoldopam by cytochrome P-450. R-FEN was metabolized to fenoldopam-8-sulfate (8-SO4), 7-methoxy fenoldopam (7-MeO), 8-methoxy fenoldopam (8-MeO), and two glucuronidated products. The 7-MeO formed with incubation of R-FEN in human liver slices was further metabolized to an unknown sulfated product. S-FEN was metabolized to fenoldopam-7-sulfate (7-SO4), a second unknown sulfated product, 7-MeO, 8-MeO, and two glucuronidated products. Metabolism of S-FEN and R-FEN in human liver slices to 7-MeO occurred at the same rate, whereas further metabolism of 7-MeO was stereospecific and slower for the S-isomer of 7-MeO. Fenoldopam has served as an excellent model compound for comparison of metabolism in human liver slices with metabolism in subcellular fractions. The parallel pathways of fenoldopam metabolism lessen the possible impact of drug-drug interactions.
Aerobic residential onsite sewage systems: an evaluation of treated-effluent quality. (2003)

This retrospective cohort study used existing data to evaluate the quality of effluent from three of the most common types of onsite residential aerobic treatment sewage systems (Multi-Flo, Norweco, and Whitewater) installed in Kitsap County, Washington. Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal-coliform-bacteria parameters were used to determine performance. Although most (77 percent) of the systems were less than one year old at the time of sampling, over a third failed to meet NSF certification standards for BOD5 and TSS in effluent (< 30 milligrams per liter [mg/L]). Over two-thirds of systems failed to meet Washington State Board of Health Treatment Standard 2 criteria for BOD5 and TSS (< 10 mg/L). Furthermore, an average of 59 percent of the systems failed to meet state standards for fecal coliform (< 800 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters).
A fast bit allocation method for MPEG layer III (2003)

The MPEG/audio layer III has been widely used to store the CD-quality music sequences. The layer III is an asymmetric codec in the sense that the complexity of the audio encoder is much higher than that of the decoder. A key task leading to the higher complexity is the bit allocation. The MPEG/audio layer III encoder has adopted schemes such as nonuniform quantization and Huffman coding to achieve high coding efficiency. However, all these schemes do not have the problem in quality and bit-rate controls. The usual method follows an iterative approach to perform bit allocation to achieve both quality and bit rate tuning. This method has immense complexity and will sacrifice the quality to fit bit rate. This paper presents an efficient allocation method, which has merits in both complexity and quality control.
Reusable cryptographic fuzzy extractors (2004)

We show that a number of recent definitions and constructions of fuzzy extractors are not adequate for multiple uses of the same fuzzy secret---a major shortcoming in the case of biometric applications. We propose two particularly stringent security models that specifically address the case of fuzzy secret reuse, respectively from an outsider and an insider perspective, in what we call a chosen perturbation attack. We characterize the conditions that fuzzy extractors need to satisfy to be secure, and present generic constructions from ordinary building blocks. As an illustration, we demonstrate how to use a biometric secret in a remote fuzzy authentication protocol that does not require any storage on the client's side.
ZnSe/ZnMgSSe blue laser diode (1992)

The continuous wave operation of an ZnSe/ZnMgSSe laser diode was achieved for the first time at 77K. Blue stimulated emission was observed at a wavelength of 447nm and the threshold current density was 225A/cm2.
A 2.45-GHz RFID Tag with On-Chip Antenna (2006)

Powered exclusively by on-chip antenna, a 2.45-GHz RFID tag with RF read/write capabilities has been realized in 0.13-mum CMOS process. By eliminating external antenna, the 0.5-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> tag presents a low-cost alternative for achieving high-end features such as bi-directional communication, anti-collision and rewritable memory that are attainable only with off-chip solutions
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐DIHYDROXYPHENETHANOLAMINE AS AN ADRENERGIC AGENT (1976)

Abstract Aus dem Aldehyd (I) erhält man durch Behandlung mit Trimethylsilylcyanid und Reduktion mit Lithiumalanat den Aminoalkohol (II), aus dem, ggf. über (III) die Substitutionsprodukte (IVa) und (IVb) erhalten werden.
Left Atrial Morphology, Size and Function in Patients With Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Primary Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy　– Comparative Strain Imaging Study – (2016)

LA reservoir and pump function were significantly impaired in both TTR-CA and HCM patients compared with controls, but mainly in the former group, irrespective of LA volume and LV ejection fraction, likely caused by a more altered LA wall structure. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1830-1837).
Free energy perturbation simulations of the inhibition of thermolysin: prediction of the free energy of binding of a new inhibitor (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFree energy perturbation simulations of the inhibition of thermolysin: prediction of the free energy of binding of a new inhibitorKenneth M. Merz Jr. and Peter A. KollmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 15, 5649–5658Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00197a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00197a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views378Altmetric-Citations117LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts