gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer/Keratinocyte Carcinoma: A Review of Diagnostic Accuracy of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Diagnostic Tests and Technologies (2007)

Some of these new imaging technologies have the capability of providing new, three-dimensional in vivo, in situ understanding of NMSC development over time. Some of the new technologies described here have the potential to make it from the bench to the clinic.
Fabrication of high-performance InP MESFETs with in-situ pulse-plated metal gates (2002)

Although InP has higher saturation velocity and higher thermal conductivity than GaAs, its use in the active channel of electron devices has been limited by lack of suitable Schottky gate technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that high-performance InP MESFETs with Schottky barrier heights (SBHs)=0.85-0.89 eV can be realized by a novel in-situ electrochemical etching/plating technique. The InP Schottky barriers produced by this electrochemical process are free of interfacial oxides and Fermi level pinning is removed, realizing workfunction-dependent SBHs. High-barrier height, low-leakage and stable InP MESFETs are realized for the first time using this process.
The Growth Hormone Dependence of a Somatomedin-Binding Protein in Human Serum* (1981)

We previously reported that a serum somatome-din (SM)-binding protein is GH dependent in the rat. We now show that a similarly sized SM-binding protein in humans is also GH dependent. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA), purified from medium conditioned by the BRL-3A rat liver cell line, was radioiodinated and used as a human SM analog for these studies. A normal human serum pool and sera obtained from nine GH-deficient patients before and after GH treatment were gel filtered on Sephadex G-200 in 0.05 M NH4HCO3. Specifi c [l25I]MSA-binding activity was measured in each column fraction. When pre-GH sera were gel filtered over Sephadex G-200, specific [I25I]MSA-binding activity was low and eluted in the γ-globulin region (peak II), in the albumin region (peak III), or in both depending upon the patient. After GH treatment, specific [125I]MSA binding increased dramatically and was always found primarily in peak II, resembling the pattern for normal human serum. For three patients, Sephadex G-200 column pools were chromatographed on Sephadex G-50-1 M acetic acid to dissociate and separate binding protein from SM activity. SM activity was measured by a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay in chick embryo fibroblasts and by a competitive protein-binding assay using rat serum binding protein. SM activity coeluted with specific [l25I]MSA-binding activity on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of normal, pre-GH, and post-GH sera and was higher in column fractions from post-GH and normal sera than from pre-GH sera. To determine whether [l25I]MSA-binding activity measurements on Sephadex G-200 column fractions reflected the distribution of binding capacity, Scatchard analysis of MSA binding to stripped binding protein was performed on Sephadex G-200 pools that had been gel filtered on Sephadex G-50-1 M acetic acid. The maximal binding capacity was found in the Sephadex G-200 column fractions identified by the highest [125I]MSA binding activity. Binding capacities of peak II binding protein increased several-fold after GH treatment. We conclude that the level of a γ-globulin-sized SM-binding protein is GH dependent in humans.
Radar waypoint navigator for underground mining (2014)

A radar-based sensor for underground mine localisation is described. The sensor is designed to mount on mine machinery travelling along developed mine tunnels (roadways), directly measuring distance to the tunnel walls and inferring progression along the tunnel using waypoint navigation principles. A sensor test platform and mine-site trial is described, wherein the performance of the radar-based sensor is compared to direct measurements from a suite of laser scanning measurement instruments. The radar-based system achieved the required measurement accuracy for ranging to the tunnel walls, and also achieved promising results for roadway progression for cases where the targeted waypoints were relatively distinct. Related research on radar target identification for waypoint discrimination is noted.
Complete sectioning of axillary sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer. Analysis of two different step sectioning and immunohistochemistry protocols in 246 patients (2002)

Serial sectioning and IHC are recommended for the evaluation of SLNs. The optimal extent of the histopathological work up should be studied further.
The Dynamics of Virus and Rickettsial Infections (1955)

To those engaged in the field of virology, this book will serve to corroborate the realization that virology has emerged at last from the growing pains of adolescence and has come of age, and to those working in allied sciences, even a general perusal of this volume will provide convincing evidence that the virologist has not only come into his own but he is making revealing contributions and propounding fundamental concepts which now touch many disciplines.This book constitutes the proceedings of an International Symposium on the Dynamics of Virus and Rickettsial Infections held in Detroit, Michigan, October 21–23, 1953, at the Henry Ford Hospital. Thirty-three investigators, six of whom came from abroad, were invited to present papers on the results of their recent studies in the three major divisions of the virus field: animal, bacterial, and plant.The material presented is largely a summary and appraisal of current knowledge on virus and rickettsial infections and an evaluation of the newly emerging concepts resulting from recent studies of the authors and their colleagues.
Significance of the contour of the lateral surface of the maxilla for planning osteotomy lines in orthognathic surgery. (1993)

The Le Fort I osteotomy is one of the most frequently used procedures in orthognathic surgery. The preoperative planning of a Le Fort I osteotomy usually involves a two-dimensional lateral radiograph. On the lateral radiograph, the movement of the maxilla in the sagittal and vertical planes can be simulated, and the position of the osteotomy line in relation to the occlusion can be determined. However, the lateral radiograph consists of two dimensions, whereas, during surgery, three dimensions have to be considered. The contour of the lateral surface of the maxilla and its individual regional variations are not reflected on the lateral radiograph. Therefore, this third dimension's influence on treatment planning is investigated. Discrepancies of the position of planned osteotomy cuts are described after the transfer from two to three dimensions. Discrepancies of the positions of reference points and lines are up to 3.3 mm. Therefore, it is not possible to transfer reference points and reference lines from the lateral radiograph to the maxilla nor to move the mobilized maxilla along the planned osteotomy lines in a precise manner. It is possible to indicate the general direction of the osteotomy lines. Results of this study show the necessity for the precise control of three-dimensional positioning of the maxilla during treatment planning, cast surgery, and actual surgery.
Metronidazole (1980)

Metronidazole is currently approved for use against Trichomonas infection and amebiasis. It is also effective against giardiasis, "nonspecific vaginitis," and anaerobic infections and bactericidal against almost all obligately anaerobic organisms; Actinomyces, Arachnia, and Propionibacterium are exceptions. Metronidazole diffuses well into all tissues and penetrates the central nervous system well. It normally has only a relatively minor impact on the colonic flora. The drug is well tolerated. Adverse reactions include reversible neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, and disulfiram-like reaction when taken with alcohol. Of more concern are its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in some, but not all, animals. These are considered low risks, and follow-up studies of patients treated to date do not reveal an increased incidence of cancer, but physicians and patients must decide whether the benefit from therapy outweighs the potential risk. Metronidazole should only be used for approved indications, except in the research setting, and should not be used prophylactically, although it is effective.
IL-23 promotes growth and proliferation in human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (2010)

Interleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine, comprising IL-12p40 and the cloned IL-23-specific p19 subunit, was identified as a cancer-associated cytokine in a recent study. Like IL-12, IL-23 is expressed predominantly by activated dendritic cells and phagocytic cells. These cytokines antagonistically regulate local inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment and infiltration by intraepithelial lymphocytes. We have previously demonstrated the expression of IL-23 and its receptors in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HOSCC) cell lines and tissue. Hence, this study investigated whether IL-23 has a role in the growth and proliferation of oral cancer cells by examining the expression kinetics of IL-23 and NF-kappaB activity, in vitro and in vivo. IL-23, which constitutively expressed in oral cancer, was enhanced by TNF-alpha and IL-23. IL-23 promotes cell proliferation in oral cancer and enhances the transport of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB p65, RelA) to the nucleus in HSC-3 cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay showed that IL-23 strongly induces RelA activity, and confirmed this finding by knockdown of IL-23 using RNA interference. Although RelA activity was down-regulated by anti-human IL-23p19 polyclonal antibody, used to neutralize the activity of IL-23, apoptosis was not induced. Immunohistochemistry revealed a weak IL-23 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of inflammatory infiltrating cells and in the cancer cells derived from 14 of 40 cases (35%) of oral SCC. In contrast, strong RelA immunoreactivity was observed in 30 of 40 cases of SCC (75%), especially consistent with IL-23 positive cells in SCC tissues. These data suggest that IL-23 up-regulates the growth and cell proliferation of oral cancer by promoting the nuclear transactivation of RelA.
Cationic polymers for gene delivery: designs for overcoming barriers to systemic administration. (2001)

Cationic, polymer-based delivery systems have faced limitations in the systemic delivery of therapeutic gene drugs due to difficulties in formulation, in vivo stabilization, toxicity and low transfection efficiencies. Strategies for overcoming some of these barriers have utilized knowledge gained from the fields of colloidal stabilization and protein trafficking. This review highlights recent efforts in polycation preparations that include the development of new polymers for gene delivery, the modification of traditional polycations with hydrophilic polymers for salt and serum stability and the addition of bioactive functionalities to polymers for enhanced intracellular trafficking. These studies have resulted in polymer/DNA composites with increased stability and delivery efficiencies.
Some Limitations to the Spherical Flame Assumption Used in Phenomenological Engine Models (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is used to illustrate how the presence of walls can significantly influence the shape of a spark-ignited premixed gas flame, even when wall boundary layers are neglected. This in-viscid model is based on tracking the flame interface as it interacts with the combustion-generated flow field. Comparisons made with a quasi-dimensional phenomenological model show that the assumption of a spherical flame surface held centered at the ignition location can lead to a large underprediction of the flame area. This occurs because the spherical flame is prematurely truncated by the chamber walls, and because the spherical assumption constrains the flame surface-to-volume ratio to be the absolute minimum. In contrast, results from the two-dimensional model show that the flame slows down as it approaches a wall since the velocity induced by volume expansion must be zero normal to the boundary. Truncation of the flame area by the wall is therefore delayed, and as the flame moves further from the ignition site its interactions with the combustion-generated flow field result in a more highly curved flame of significantly greater area.</div>
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates (1980)

A series of dideoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates, d-ApA, d-ApT, d-TpA, and TpT, were synthesized chemically and the diastereoisomers of each dimer were separated [Miller, P. S., Yano, J., Yano, E., Carroll, C., Jayaraman, K., & Ts'o, P. O. P. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 5134]. The 1H NMR spectra of these compounds are similar to those of their parent diester compounds. Specifically, the assignments of the 1H resonances of the two diastereoisomers of d-ApA (designated as 1 and 2) were reaffirmed by comparing with the unmodified, parent d-ApA. The absolute configuration of the phosphonate methyl group of the two isomers (d-ApA)1 and (d-ApA)2 was determined by the NOE technique. The 1H NMR spectra of the diastereoisomers of d-ApA, as well as the corresponding monomer components dAp and CH3pdA, and TpT were analyzed by spectrum simulation techniques. Thus, all the coupling constants and chemical shifts of the proton resonances of the deoxyribofuranose ring and the phosphonate methyl group could be precisely determined. These data provide the information for an analysis of the sugar puckering and backbone conformations of these novel nonionic nucleic acid analogues. It was found that the conformations of the sugar-phosphate backbones of each isomer are similar to each other and are similar to the conformations of the parent dinucleoside monophosphates. The average adenine stacking conformations of (d-ApA)1 and (d-ApA)2 were described in numerical coordinates derived from a computer analysis which included both ring-current magnetic anisotropy and atomic diamagnetic anisotropy effects. The two computer-derived conformational models are similar to those derived from the graphic approximation based only on the ring-current effects. For each pair of dimer analogues, the base stacking mode of isomer 1 is similar to that of its parent diester while the extent of base overlap in isomer 2 is less than that in isomer 1. The results of the conformational analysis based on NMR data are consistent with the results obtained from ultraviolet and circular dichroism measurements on these dimers.
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Color Using Color Image Processing. (1998)

The natural color of five representative areas of the human face, the lip, brow, nose, left cheek and right cheek, is analyzed using the HSV(hue, saturation, value)color space that is fitted with human color sense.From the relationships among the HSV parameters for these areas, it is found that the hue of lip is not correlated with that of the other areas.This suggests that the hue of the lip in a virtual facial image can be treated independently from other facial colors.A virtual facial color image is synthesized using the average facial color in HSV color space determined from 64 males.On the basis of the difference in color of each pixel between the average facial image and the individual one, a method for emphasizing the individual characteristics in facial color is proposed.The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through sensory evaluation by paired comparisons of enhanced virtual facial images.
A framework for mapping with resource co-allocation in heterogeneous computing systems (2002)

In heterogeneous computing systems, an application often requires multiple resources of different types to be allocated simultaneously. This is the resource co-allocation problem. We develop a framework for mapping a collection of applications with resource co-allocation requirements. In our framework, application tasks have two types of constraints to be satisfied: precedence constraints and resource-sharing constraints. We use a graph theoretic framework to capture these constraints. A directed acyclic graph is used to represent precedence constraints of tasks within an application and a compatibility graph is used to represent resource-sharing constraints among tasks of applications. Both these graphs are used to find maximal independent sets of tasks that can be executed concurrently. The objective of the mapping is to minimize the overall schedule length for a given set of applications. We develop heuristic algorithms to solve the mapping problem with resource co-allocation constraints. We also provide a two-phase algorithm that can be used for run-time adaptation. We conducted simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of our heuristic algorithms. Simulation results for our algorithms show a performance improvement of 10% to 30% over a baseline algorithm of list scheduling which considers only the precedence constraints and allocates tasks from the resulting order. This paper demonstrates the importance of considering the co-allocation requirements when mapping applications in heterogeneous computing environments including grid environments.
Advanced Concepts: Enabling Future AF Missions Through the Discovery and Demonstration of Emerging Revolutionary Technologies (2012)

Abstract : The Advanced Concepts effort worked to ?enable future Air Force missions through the discovery and demonstration of emerging revolutionary technology.? Reviews of technological fields were conducted for launch, near-space, and in-space propulsion. The reviews yielded a set of key technological challenges that were of particular importance for the effort. Individual, small-scale research projects were conducted to address the key challenges. One research effort, FRC propulsion, was successfully transitioned. Several other projects including: radiometric forces for long duration flight in near-space, liquid droplet thrusters for constellation maintenance, and HEATS for responsive, high capability microsatellite operation look promising.
Mechanism and Regulation of the Glutamine‐Dependent Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> (1989)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Subunit Structure Reactions Catalyzed by the Enzyme Selective Inactivation of the Glutamine-Dependent Activities Reversible Dissociation of the Enzyme into Catalytically Active Subunits Catalytic Mechanism Allosteric Regulation Sequence Studies and Considerations Relating to Liver Mitochondrial Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase and Other Enzymes
Spatially and temporally specific expression in mouse hippocampus of Usp9x, a ubiquitin-specific protease involved in synaptic development (2005)

We studied the distribution of the ubiquitin-specific protease Usp9x in mouse brain as it relates to the potential role of ubiquitin proteasome system in synaptic plasticity. Usp9x is the mouse homolog of faf, known for its function in synaptic development in Drosophila. In adults, high levels of expression of Usp9x protein were found in layer V of neocortex, Purkinje cells in cerebellum, and specific hippocampal subfields. In hippocampal pyramidal cells, Usp9x expression was higher in CA3 than in CA1. This regional specificity was detected at postnatal day 22 but not at postnatal day 15. In adult mice, the CA1-CA3 difference was partially accounted for by a difference in the level of Usp9x mRNA, suggesting that transcription of Usp9x was differentially regulated between hippocampal subfields. Two synaptic marker proteins, synaptotagmin and spinophilin, were both more abundant in the striatum oriens of CA3 than in the similar region of CA1, correlating with the distribution of Usp9x, a result compatible with a role for Usp9x in synaptic development in mouse hippocampus. Ube1x, the enzyme responsible for the initial step in ubiquitin conjugation, was preferentially concentrated in the dendrites of the CA1 neurons instead of the CA3 neurons, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between ubiquitin conjugation and deubiquitination in CA3 and CA1. This spatial and temporal specificity in expression of Usp9x and Ube1x protein raises interesting questions about the roles of these ubiquitin enzymes in the differential functions of CA1 and CA3.
Selective Binding of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners by a Monoclonal Antibody:  Analysis by Kinetic Exclusion Fluorescence Immunoassay (2001)

A previously described monoclonal antibody, S2B1, was highly selective for coplanar (non-ortho-chlorinated) PCB congeners in enzyme immunoassays that measured binding at equilibrium. In the present study, kinetic exclusion fluoroimmunoassay (KinExA) was used to determine the dissociation constants (Kd) and on and off rates (k(on), k(off)) for binding of various PCB congeners to affinity-purified S2B1 IgG and Fab fragments in solution. This method revealed that mono- and di-ortho-chlorinated PCBs were bound by S2B1, but the on rates were slower, and the off rates faster by 6-60-fold, than with congeners that had no ortho chlorines. Although the sensitivity of immunoassays may be improved by using competing haptens that S2B1 binds more weakly than the parent PCB, the KinExA results demonstrate that congener specificity is an intrinsic property of S2B1 and does not require weaker binding haptens. KinExA also provided new information on the percentage of active binding sites, valence, and effects of buffer, solvent, and biotinylation on S2B1. The advantages and drawbacks of KinExA for measuring antibody-ligand binding are described.
Emerging Technology and Spectrum Policy Reform (2018)

Emerging technology, coupled with effective policy reform, could lead to tremendous gains in spectral efficiency. This would alleviate the spectrum scarcity that many nations have experienced. To be effective, reform in spectrum policy must fit the realistic capabilities of emerging technology, as well as applicable economic theory. This paper discusses three general approaches to reform. The first approach is increased reliance on market-based mechanisms, possibly leading to a spectrum property system. The second approach is the expanded use of commons, or blocks of spectrum that are available to all devices for sharing. It is argued that both approaches have significant merit that regulators should exploit. However, each of these approaches is ineffective when taken to its extreme, where one must make unfounded assumptions about technology. The third approach discussed in this paper is sharing between a primary spectrum user that is licensed, and one or more secondary users, where secondary users may not cause harmful interference to the primary spectrum user. Many people underestimate the potential importance of this third approach in today’s debates over spectrum policy reform. Emerging technology such as cognitive radio, location technology, and secure micropayment schemes will make a variety of primary-secondary sharing schemes ranging from real-time secondary markets to unlicensed opportunistic access more practical. Each of these schemes could be highly beneficial for a different set of applications and circumstances.
Enzymatic Protecting Group Techniques (1991)

Author: Waldmann, Herbert et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Issued: 1994-06; Keywords: CATALYZED REGIOSELECTIVE ESTERIFICATION; IRREVERSIBLE ACYL TRANSFER; SECONDARY HYDROXYL-GROUPS; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; PEPTIDE-SYNTHESIS; CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS; SELECTIVE ACYLATION; PENICILLIN ACYLASE; HEPTYL ESTERS; OXIME ESTERS; Title: ENZYMATIC PROTECTING GROUP TECHNIQUES