gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmission of stationary nonlinear optical pulses in dispersive dielectric fibers. II. Normal dispersion (1973)

Theoretical calculations supported by numerical simulations show that utilization of the nonlinear dependence of the index of refraction on intensity makes possible the transmission of picosecond optical pulses without distortion in dielectric fiber waveguides with group velocity dispersion. In the case of normal dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2 &lt; 0) discussed here [the case of anomalous dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2 &gt; 0) was discussed in an earlier letter], the stationary pulse is a ``dark'' pulse or envelope shock. Numerical simulations show that such pulses are stable under the influence of small perturbations, white noise, or absorption. Important considerations relating to the practical applications of both ``bright'' and ``dark'' pulses are also discussed.
Trends in the global funding and activity of cancer research (2008)

Cancer research has carved an astonishing trajectory giving rise to a multi billion euro global network covering most domains of science and including all manner of research funders from industry to government and philanthropic funders. We have estimated that in 2004/2005 the global spend on cancer research was 14,030 million euro, with the USA, dominated by the NCI (c. 83%) accounting for the largest absolute spend. This is between 2 and 3 times the level of per capita spend compared to EU-15 and Europe, respectively. In Europe, the UK is at comparable levels of spend compared to the USA. Funding for cancer research in Europe is split almost 50:50 between philanthropic and governmental sources. Cancer research productivity in terms of outputs (publications) is slightly greater in Europe compared to the USA with an increasing trend towards more applied (clinical) outputs. Both the USA and Europe have equally strong industry-supported output levels.
The Effect of Propofol on Oxidative Stress in Platelets from Surgical Patients (1999)

This study demonstrates that propofol inhibits cellular oxidative damage, measured in platelets from surgical patients. Neither thiopental nor the fat emulsion (Intralipid) showed any effect. Moreover, propofol increased the antioxidant defense of glutathione. This could be applied in the protection of tissues from ischemic damage.
Modelling of the musculoskeletal system including its physiology: scientific and clinical applications (2014)

Introduction – Modelling tools are available to increase our understanding related to the normal physiology of the musculoskeletal system (MSS) and clinical implications of MSS dysfunctions. Grossly, three modelling approaches can be adopted (direct, inverse and hybrid modelling). Materials and methods – Inverse modelling is based on validated data combined using data fusion methods. Direct modelling is processing more complex models based on Physics law and less on measurements. Hybrid models are built from measured data fused with direct-like models. Results – Modelling methods are illustrated in this paper on aponeurosis role, thorax behaviour during breathing, hand functions, etc. Discussion – From a physiological point-of-view, inverse modelling seems to bring more satisfactory results because all model data can be validated. The clinical usefulness from direct and hybrid modelling are more difficult to assess because result validation cannot be fully performed. Conclusions – Before adopting a modelling strategy, one must carefully assess the aim of the research to be attempted. If validation is of importance, such as during clinical activities, then inverse modelling is advised. Direct and most hybrid models seem to be limited because of the lack of extensive validation. Some hybrid models can be used in applied research when results focus on the measured data.
Probabilistic Neural Networks Application for Vehicle Classification (2006)

Federal, state, and local agencies use vehicle classification data for planning, design, and conducting safety and operational evaluation of highway facilities. In conformity with federal reporting requirements, most states use the “F” scheme which classifies vehicles based on their axle configurations; primarily the number of axles and the length of axle spacings. However, the scheme is prone to errors resulting from imprecise demarcation of class thresholds. To improve classification, the problem is hereby viewed as a pattern recognition problem in which statistical techniques such as probabilistic neural networks (PNN) can be used to assign vehicles to their correct classes. In this research, the network was trained and applied to field data composed of individual vehicle’s axle spacing and number of axles per vehicle. The PNN reduced the error rate by 3.3% compared to an existing classification algorithm. The error rate was further reduced by 6.5% when the individual vehicle’s gross weight was added as a classification variable. These results confirm the promise of neural networks in axle classification but the technique still requires additional field validation as well as exploration of additional variables to improve categorization of vehicles into the F or other schemes.
The decomposition of an arbitrary three-dimensional planar polygon into a set of convex polygons (1986)

This study presents a three step algorithm for the decomposition of arbitrary, three dimensional, planar polygons into convex polygons. Through a series of translations and rotations, an arbitrary polygon is mapped onto the x-y plane, then broken into a set of convex polygons, and finally mapped back to the polygon's original coordinate system for filling and display by special graphics hardware. Keywords: Computer graphics; polygons; polygon decomposition; polygon concavity.
The reaction of trifluoromethyl radicals with ammonia (1970)

Abstract The reaction of trifluoromethyl radicals with ammonia in the gas phase has been studied in the temperature range 30‐352°. Product formation is not explicable simply in terms of the reactions: and curvature of the Arrhenius plot at high and low temperatures suggests that there are additional sources of fluoroform.
ZZ domain of dystrophin and utrophin: topology and mapping of a β-dystroglycan interaction site (2007)

Dystrophin forms part of a vital link between actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix via the transmembrane adhesion receptor dystroglycan. Dystrophin and its autosomal homologue utrophin interact with beta-dystroglycan via their highly conserved C-terminal cysteine-rich regions, comprising the WW domain (protein-protein interaction domain containing two conserved tryptophan residues), EF hand and ZZ domains. The EF hand region stabilizes the WW domain providing the main interaction site between dystrophin or utrophin and dystroglycan. The ZZ domain, containing a predicted zinc finger motif, stabilizes the WW and EF hand domains and strengthens the overall interaction between dystrophin or utrophin and beta-dystroglycan. Using bacterially expressed ZZ domain, we demonstrate a conformational effect of zinc binding to the ZZ domain, and identify two zinc-binding regions within the ZZ domain by SPOTs overlay assays. Epitope mapping of the dystrophin ZZ domain was carried out with new monoclonal antibodies by ELISA, overlay assay and immunohistochemistry. One monoclonal antibody defined a discrete region of the ZZ domain that interacts with beta-dystroglycan. The epitope was localized to the conformationally sensitive second zinc-binding site in the ZZ domain. Our results suggest that residues 3326-3332 of dystrophin form a crucial part of the contact region between dystrophin and beta-dystroglycan and provide new insight into ZZ domain organization and function.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ar‐BINMOL Ligands by [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement to Probe Their Catalytic Activity in 1,2‐Addition Reactions of Aldehydes with Grignard Reagents. (2013)

Abstract This publication also contains the syntheses of several Ar‐BINMOL ligands including the one applied in the presented asymmetric Grignard reactions.
Evaluación de técnicas parasitológicas en el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis por Strongyloides stercoralis. (2012)

Objetivos: Comparamos la eficacia de cinco técnicas en el diagnóstico de Strongyloides stercoralis en muestras fecales. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron las muestras de heces de 109 pobladores de Nagazú, Pasco (Perú). Cada muestra fue sometida a 5 técnicas parasitológicas: examen directo, técnica de sedimentación espontánea en tubo, técnica de Baermann modificada en copa por Lumbreras, Cultivo de Dancescu y cultivo en agar. Resultados: De las 109 muestras fecales, 42 (38,5%) presentaron S. stercoralis en al menos una de las técnicas utilizadas. Al comparar las técnicas entre si el cultivo en agar en placa detectó la mayoría de los casos: 40, seguido del Cultivo de Dancescu con 39 casos, la técnica de Baermann, con 25 casos, la técnica de sedimentación espontánea en tubo, con 16 casos, y finalmente, el examen directo, con 2 casos. No hubo diferencia significativa entre el cultivo en agar en placa y el Cultivo de Dancescu, pero sí entre éstos y el resto de las técnicas estudiadas. Conclusiones: A partir de estos resultados concluimos que tanto el Cultivo de Dancescu como el cultivo en agar en placa son herramientas bastante sensibles y de bajo costo para mejorar el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis humana por lo que deberían ser implementadas en los laboratorios cuando esta infección deba descartarse. Estos métodos podrían ser utilizados en ciertas poblaciones seleccionadas, tales como niños desnutridos, trabajadores en riesgo, alcohólicos y antes de iniciar una terapia inmunosupresora a fin de evitar el riesgo de una hiperinfección.
Learning Instance Weights in Multi-Instance Learning (2008)

Multi-instance (MI) learning is a variant of supervised machine learning, where each learning example contains a bag of instances instead of just a single feature vector. MI learning has applications in areas such as drug activity prediction, fruit disease management and image classification. This thesis investigates the case where each instance has a weight value determining the level of influence that it has on its bag’s class label. This is a more general assumption than most existing approaches use, and thus is more widely applicable. The challenge is to accurately estimate these weights in order to make predictions at the bag level. An existing approach known as MILES is retroactively identified as an algorithm that uses instance weights for MI learning, and is evaluated using a variety of base learners on benchmark problems. New algorithms for learning instance weights for MI learning are also proposed and rigorously evaluated on both artificial and realworld datasets. The new algorithms are shown to achieve better root mean squared error rates than existing approaches on artificial data generated according to the
Blood contacts during surgical procedures (1991)

Operating room personnel are at risk for infection with blood-borne pathogens through blood contact. To describe the nature and frequency of blood contact and its risk factors, trained observers monitored a sample of operations performed by six surgical services at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga, for 6 months. In 62 (30.1%) of 206 operations, at least one blood contact was observed. Of 1828 operating room person-procedures observed, 96 (5.3%) had 147 blood contacts (133 skin contacts [90%], 10 percutaneous injuries [7%], and four eye splashes [3%]). The mean number of blood contacts per 100 personprocedures was highest for surgeons (18.6). The frequency of percutaneous injury was similar among surgeons and scrub staff (mean, 1.2 per 100 workerprocedures for each group). Risk factors for surgeons' blood contacts were (1) performing a trauma, burn, or orthopedic emergency procedure (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 8.7); (2) patient blood loss exceeding 250mL ([ill] 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.7); and (3) being in the operating room longer than 1 hour (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 7.1). Of 110 blood contacts among surgeons, 81 (74%) were potentially preventable by additional barrier precautions, such as face shields and fluid-resistant gowns. Twenty-one (84%) of 25 blood contacts among surgeons in procedures in which all three risk factors were present were potentially preventable by additional barriers. Of 29 blood contacts among anesthesia and circulating personnel, 20 (69%) would have been prevented by glove use. For surgical procedures in which operating room personnel are at increased risk of blood contact, reevaluation of surgical technique, use of appropriate barrier precautions, and development of punctureresistant glove materials are indicated. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;265:1533-1537)
CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES - Far-Hydrolyzed Cellulose Acetates (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCELLULOSE DERIVATIVES - Far-Hydrolyzed Cellulose AcetatesC. J. Maim, K. T. Barkey, Martin. Salo, and D. C. MayCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 1, 79–83Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50565a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50565a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views184Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Polymers:  the Role of Molecular and Colloidal Length Scales (2004)

Dimensionality is known to play a key role in the solution behavior of nano- and mesoparticles. In particular, the shape and the range of the attractive van der Waals interparticle potential are determined by the number of microscopic versus mesoscopic dimensions. For single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), where two of the dimensions are nanoscopic and one is mesoscopic, the intertube attraction is relatively short ranged, albeit very steep. The very large attraction (compared to the thermal energy, K(b)T) among long SWNTs leads to aggregation at different levels and constitutes a major barrier for manipulation and utilization of SWNTs. This study demonstrates that it is possible to shape the intertube potential by decorating SWNTs with end-tethered polymers. In good solvent conditions for the polymers, entropic repulsion among the tethered chains generates a free energy barrier that prevents SWNTs from approaching the attractive part of the intertube potential. Consequentially, stable dispersions of individual, well separated SWNTs can be prepared. Investigation of different chain lengths and tethering densities of the polymers as well as the interparticle potentials for nanometric versus mesoscopic particles suggests that polymer-induced steric stabilization provides a generic method for separation of SWNTs from mixtures of colloidal species, as demonstrated experimentally.
Genetically Defined Subsets of Human Pancreatic Cancer Show Unique <i>In Vitro</i> Chemosensitivity (2012)

Chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells correlated with some specific genetic profiles. These results support the hypothesis that genetic subsets of pancreatic cancer exist, and these genetic backgrounds may permit one to personalize the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer in the future. Further work will need to confirm these responses and determine their magnitude in vivo.
Multi-ionic lithium salts increase lithium ion transference numbers in ionic liquid gel separators (2016)

Solid ion-gel separators for lithium or lithium ion batteries have been prepared with high lithium ion transference numbers (<italic>t</italic><sub>Li+</sub> = 0.36), high room temperature ionic conductivities (<italic>σ</italic> → 10<sup>−3</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup>), and moduli in the MPa range.
World Intellectual Property Report 2017 - Intangible Capital in Global Value Chains (2017)

The World Intellectual Property Report 2017 examines the crucial role of intangibles such as technology, design and branding in international manufacturing. Macroeconomic analysis is complemented by case studies of the global value chains for three products – coffee, photovoltaic energy cells and smartphones – to give an insightful picture of the importance of intellectual property and other intangibles in modern production.
Proactive location-based context aware services using agents (2009)

In recent years, there is a growing interest for location-dependent information services among mobile users. Mobile phones are used by most of the users not only to communicate, but also to access the information they need from every place and at anytime. In this article, we introduce an agent-based approach to provide location-dependent and context aware services proactively, which are always relevant to the user's context to provide a complete satisfaction of Location-Based Services. The services are based on the location of the user, the activity that he is involved in at a particular instance (based on user's daily planner), his profile (interest) and the time at which the data is retrieved. This proposed approach also identifies the entities that are more feasible for providing profile data, and a decentralised solution using mobile agents that act intelligently to retrieve all related information for the user's planned activity. Moreover, an efficient caching mechanism called 'History and Priority-based approach' that provides the user with context-oriented data periodically and a cache replacement policy called 'Profile based, Target-Driven Cache Replacement Policy' which filters unwanted data from the cache that is not useful for the user has been proposed in this article.
New synthetic reactions. Alkylation of lactam derivatives (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNew synthetic reactions. Alkylation of lactam derivativesBarry M. Trost and Robert A. KunzCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 16, 2475–2476Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00930a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00930a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views348Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microneedle-mediated delivery of viral vectored vaccines (2016)

Microneedle array platforms are a promising technology for vaccine delivery, due to their ease of administration with no sharp waste generated, small size, possibility of targeted delivery to the specified skin depth and efficacious delivery of different vaccine formulations, including viral vectors. Areas covered: Attributes and challenges of the most promising viral vector candidates that have advanced to the clinic and that have been leveraged for skin delivery by microneedles; The importance of understanding the immunobiology of antigen-presenting cells in the skin, in particular dendritic cells, in order to generate further improved skin vaccination strategies; recent studies where viral vectors expressing various antigens have been coupled with microneedle technology to examine their potential for improved vaccination. Expert opinion: Simple, economic and efficacious vaccine delivery methods are needed to improve health outcomes and manage possible outbreaks of new emerging viruses. Understanding what innate/inflammatory signals are required to induce both immediate and long-term responses remains a major hurdle in the development of the effective vaccines. One approach to meet these needs is microneedle-mediated viral vector vaccination. In order for this technology to fulfil this potential the industry must invest significantly to further develop its design, production, biosafety, delivery and large-scale manufacturing.
Low HDL levels in sepsis versus trauma patients in intensive care unit (2017)

Lipid profile was totally different between sepsis and trauma in ICU patients: HDL levels were low in septic patients, whereas their concentration was not altered in trauma patients. This major difference reinforces the necessity to explore the therapeutic potential of HDL in sepsis.
Medical near Infrared Spectroscopy 35 Years after the Discovery (2012)

Peer reviewed: Yes