gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscular, bronchomotor and cardiovascular reflexes elicited by mechanical stimulation of the respiratory tract (1969)

1. The effects of mechanical stimulation in the nose, epipharynx, laryngopharynx and tracheobronchial tree, and of chemical irritation of the nasal mucosa, were studied on various somatic and autonomic functions in cats. 2. Action potentials were recorded from the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles of spontaneously breathing cats, and from the phrenic and lumbar nerves of paralysed, artificially ventilated cats. Expulsive processes such as sneezing and coughing evoked from the nasal, laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial mucosae were characterized by strong diaphragmatic and abdominal expiratory discharges; synchronous discharges in these antagonistic respiratory muscles and their motoneurones often occurred especially during laryngopharyngeal stimulation of coughing. 3. The ‘aspiration reflex’ elicited from the epipharynx was characterized by brief bursts of high‐frequency activity in the phrenic nerve and diaphragm, and was usually not followed by any expiratory activity in the rectus abdominis or its motoneurones. 4. In paralysed, artificially ventilated cats stimulation of the laryngeal and tracheobronchial regions caused large increases both in total lung resistance and in tracheal constrictor nerve fibre activity, indicating reflex tracheo‐bronchoconstriction; similar stimulation of the epipharyngeal and nasal mucosae decreased both total lung resistance and tracheal constrictor nerve fibre activity, indicating reflex bronchodilation. 5. In paralysed cats, stimulation of each of the four sites in the respiratory tract caused a reflex increase in systemic blood pressure, the largest hypertensive response coming from the epipharynx. Nervous activity in cervical sympathetic efferent fibres was increased by the stimulations, especially those of the epipharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal regions. 6. There was good correlation in time and magnitude between the changes in total lung resistance and in bronchoconstrictor fibre activity, and also between the changes in blood pressure and in efferent sympathetic discharge, although the mechanical changes lagged behind the nervous ones. 7. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats stimulation of the respiratory tract evoked large variations in blood pressure accompanying the spasmodic respiratory efforts, probably by mechanical effects.
Thermostat (2017)

The advent of new memory technologies that are denser and cheaper than commodity DRAM has renewed interest in two-tiered main memory schemes. Infrequently accessed application data can be stored in such memories to achieve significant memory cost savings. Past research on two-tiered main memory has assumed a 4KB page size. However, 2MB huge pages are performance critical in cloud applications with large memory footprints, especially in virtualized cloud environments, where nested paging drastically increases the cost of 4KB page management. We present Thermostat, an application-transparent huge-page-aware mechanism to place pages in a dual-technology hybrid memory system while achieving both the cost advantages of two-tiered memory and performance advantages of transparent huge pages. We present an online page classification mechanism that accurately classifies both 4KB and 2MB pages as hot or cold while incurring no observable performance overhead across several representative cloud applications. We implement Thermostat in Linux kernel version 4.5 and evaluate its effectiveness on representative cloud computing workloads running under KVM virtualization. We emulate slow memory with performance characteristics approximating near-future high-density memory technology and show that Thermostat migrates up to 50% of application footprint to slow memory while limiting performance degradation to 3%, thereby reducing memory cost up to 30%.
Personalized Medicine for Targeted and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy of Lung and Bladder Cancer (2013)

The personalized medicine revolution is occurring for cancer chemotherapy. Biomarkers are increasingly capable of distinguishing genotypic or phenotypic traits of individual tumors, and are being linked to the selection of treatment protocols. This review covers the molecular basis for biomarkers of response to targeted and cytotoxic lung and bladder cancer treatment with an emphasis on platinum-based chemotherapy. Platinum derivatives are a class of drugs commonly employed against solid tumors that kill cells by covalent attachment to DNA. Platinum–DNA adduct levels in patient tissues have been correlated to response and survival. The sensitivity and precision of adduct detection has increased to the point of enabling subtherapeutic dosing for diagnostics applications, termed diagnostic microdosing, prior to the initiation of full-dose therapy. The clinical status of this unique phenotypic marker for lung and bladder cancer applications is detailed along with discussion of future applications.
Geometric constraints on phase coexistence in vanadium dioxide single crystals (2017)

The appearance of stripe phases is a characteristic signature of strongly correlated quantum materials, and its origin in phase-changing materials has only recently been recognized as the result of the delicate balance between atomic and mesoscopic materials properties. A vanadium dioxide (VO<sub>2</sub>) single crystal is one such strongly correlated material with stripe phases. Infrared nano-imaging on low-aspect-ratio, single-crystal VO<sub>2</sub> microbeams decorated with resonant plasmonic nanoantennas reveals a novel herringbone pattern of coexisting metallic and insulating domains intercepted and altered by ferroelastic domains, unlike previous reports on high-aspect-ratio VO<sub>2</sub> crystals where the coexisting metal/insulator domains appear as alternating stripe phases perpendicular to the growth axis. The metallic domains nucleate below the crystal surface and grow towards the surface with increasing temperature as suggested by the near-field plasmonic response of the gold nanorod antennas.
AlGaN-based Deep Ultraviolet LEDs by Plasma assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2011)

We report the development of AlGaN-based deep UV LEDs by RF plasma-assisted MBE. Devices emitting at 273 nm were evaluated at bare-die configuration and found to have an output power of 1.3 mW at 100 mA injection current and external quantum efficiency of 0.4%.
Characterization and modeling of a ZnO nanowire ultraviolet photodetector with graphene transparent contact (2013)

We report the demonstration of a ZnO nanowire ultraviolet photodetector with a top transparent electrode made of a few-layered graphene sheet. The nanowires have been synthesized using a low-cost electrodeposition method. The detector is shown to be visible-blind and to present a responsivity larger than 104 A/W in the near ultraviolet range thanks to a high photoconductive gain in ZnO nanowires. The device exhibits a peak responsivity at 370 nm wavelength and shows a sub bandgap response down to 415 nm explained by an Urbach tail with a characteristic energy of 83 meV. The temporal response of the detector and the power dependence are discussed. A model of the photoconductive mechanism is proposed showing that the main process responsible for the photoconductive gain is the modulation of the conducting surface due to the variation of the surface depletion layer and not the reduction of recombination efficiency stemming from the electron-hole spatial separation. The gain is predicted to decrease at high incident power due to the flattening of the lateral band bending in agreement with experimental data.
A Thermodynamic Polymer Cross-Linking System Based on Radically Exchangeable Covalent Bonds (2006)

A thermodynamic covalent cross-linking system utilizing alkoxyamine units as thermally reversible covalent bonds was demonstrated. By heating the poly(methacrylic ester)s containing alkoxyamine units on the side chain, the cross-linking reaction was achieved as a result of a radical exchange reaction of alkoxyamine moieties. Kinetic studies have revealed that the cross-linking behavior depends remarkably on concentration and reaches equilibrium at a given reaction time, and characteristic reaction behaviors for thermodynamic reactions have been observed. The de-cross-linking reaction was carried out by heating the cross-linked polymer in the presence of an excess amount of alkoxyamine. It was found that the cross-linked points thermally dissociate and that the reaction system is reversible under stoichiometric control.
Opioid Tolerance – A Predictor of IncreasedLength of Stay and Higher Readmission Rates (2014)

The increasing use of opioids to manage pain in the United States over the last decade has resulted in a subset of our population developing opioid tolerance. While the management of opioid tolerant patients during acute episodes of care is well known to be a challenge amongst health care providers, there is little in the literature that has studied opioid tolerance as a predictor of outcomes. We conducted a review on all admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital over a period of 6 months, from January 2013 to June 2013, and identified opioid tolerant patients at admission using the FDA definition of opioid tolerance. To compare risk adjusted groups, we placed opioid tolerant patients and control patients into groups determined by expected length of stay of less than 2 days, 2 to 5 days, 5 to 10 days, and greater than 10 days. Opioid tolerant patients were then compared to the control for outcomes measures including observed length of stay and readmission rates. Our results show that all opioid tolerant patients have a significantly longer length of stay and a greater 30 day all cause readmission rate than the control group (P < 0.01). This trend was found in the first 3 risk adjusted groups, but not in the fourth group where expected length of stay was greater than 10 days. The opioid tolerant population is at risk given the poorer outcomes and higher health care costs associated with their care. It is imperative that we identify opportunities for improvement and delineate specific pathways for the care of these patients.
An NADH-Inspired Redox Mediator Strategy to Promote Second-Sphere Electron and Proton Transfer for Cooperative Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction Catalyzed by Iron Porphyrin (2020)

We present a bioinspired strategy for enhancing electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction catalysis by cooperative use of base-metal molecular catalysts with intermolecular second-sphere redox mediators that facilitate both electron and proton transfer. Functional synthetic mimics of the biological redox cofactor NADH, which are electrochemically stable and are capable of mediating both electron and proton transfer, can enhance the activity of an iron porphyrin catalyst for electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO, achieving a 13-fold rate improvement without altering the intrinsic high selectivity of this catalyst platform for CO<sub>2</sub> versus proton reduction. Evaluation of a systematic series of NADH analogues and redox-inactive control additives with varying proton and electron reservoir properties reveals that both electron and proton transfer contribute to the observed catalytic enhancements. This work establishes that second-sphere dual control of electron and proton inventories is a viable design strategy for developing more effective electrocatalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, providing a starting point for broader applications of this approach to other multielectron, multiproton transformations.
Agriculture for Space: People and Places Paving the Way (2017)

Abstract Agricultural systems for space have been discussed since the works of Tsiolkovsky in the early 20 th century. Central to the concept is the use of photosynthetic organisms and light to generate oxygen and food. Research in the area started in 1950s and 60s through the works of Jack Myers and others, who studied algae for O 2 production and CO 2 removal for the US Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Studies on algal production and controlled environment agriculture were also carried out by Russian researchers in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia beginning in 1960s including tests with human crews whose air, water, and much of their food were provided by wheat and other crops. NASA initiated its Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Program ca. 1980 with testing focused on controlled environment production of wheat, soybean, potato, lettuce, and sweetpotato. Findings from these studies were then used to conduct tests in a 20 m 2 , atmospherically closed chamber located at Kennedy Space Center. Related tests with humans and crops were conducted at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in the 1990s. About this same time, Japanese researchers developed a Controlled Ecological Experiment Facility (CEEF) in Aomori Prefecture to conduct closed system studies with plants, humans, animals, and waste recycling systems. CEEF had 150 m 2 of plant growth area, which provided a near-complete diet along with air and water regeneration for two humans and two goats. The European Space Agency MELiSSA Project began in the late 1980s and pursued ecological approaches for providing gas, water and materials recycling for space life support, and later expanded to include plant testing. A Canadian research team at the University of Guelph developed a research facility ca. 1994 for space crop research. The Canadian team eventually developed sophisticated canopy-scale hypobaric plant production chambers ca. 2000 for testing crops for space, and have since expanded their testing for a wide range of controlled environment agriculture topics. Most recently, a group at Beihang University in Beijing designed, built and tested a closed life support facility (Lunar Palace 1), which included a 69-m 2 agricultural module for air, water, and food production for three humans. As a result of these studies for space agriculture, novel technologies and findings have been produced; this includes the first use of light emitting diodes for growing crops, one of the first demonstrations of vertical agriculture, use of hydroponic approaches for subterranean crops like potato and sweetpotato, crop yields that surpassed reported record field yields, the ability to quantify volatile organic compound production (e.g., ethylene) from whole crop stands, innovative approaches for controlling water delivery, approaches for processing and recycling wastes back to crop production systems, and more. The theme of agriculture for space has contributed to, and benefited from terrestrial, controlled environment agriculture and will continue to do so into the future.
A comparison of the analgesic effects of butorphanol with those of meloxicam after elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs. (2003)

This study was designed to compare the analgesic effects of butorphanol with those of meloxicam following ovariohysterectomy. Fifteen dogs were premedicated with 0.05 mg/kg body weight (BW) of acepromazine by intramuscular (IM) injection, plus 0.2 mg/kg BW of meloxicam by subcutaneous (SC) injection. Fifteen dogs were premedicated with 0.05 mg/kg BW of Acepromazine, IM, plus 0.2 mg/kg BW of butorphanol, IM. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental, and dogs were maintained on halothane. All pain measurements were performed by 1 experienced individual, blinded to treatment. Pain scores and visual analogue scales (VAS) were performed at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours postpremedication. An analgesiometer was used to determine the pressure required to produce an active avoidance response to pressure applied at the incision line. Pain scores, VAS, and analgesiometer scores were analyzed by using a generalized estimating equations method. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Animals that received meloxicam demonstrated significantly lower pain scores and VAS than did animals that received butorphanol in the first 12 hours after surgery. Results of this study suggest that meloxicam will produce better postoperative analgesia than will butorphanol. Mucosal bleeding times were performed on cooperative animals in the study group (11 butorphanol, 13 meloxicam). Bleeding times were performed prior to premedication, 6 hours following premedication, and 24 hours after premedication. The 6- and 24-hour readings were compared with baseline bleeding times by using a paired t-test with a Bonferroni correction (a significance level of P < 0.025). Bleeding times did not change significantly over time.
Seed‐specific expression of a bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in <i>Vicia narbonensis</i> increases protein content and improves carbon economy (2004)

An ambitious aim in plant breeding and biotechnology is to increase the protein content of crop seeds used for food and feed. Using an approach to manipulate assimilate partitioning, we succeeded in elevating the protein content in legume seeds up to 50%. Transgenic bean plants were generated which express a Corynebacterium glutamicum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in a seed-specific manner. The bacterial enzyme was not feedback inhibited by malate. Transgenic seeds showed a higher [14C]-CO2 uptake and about a threefold increased incorporation of labelled carbon into proteins. Changed metabolite profiles of maturing cotyledons indicated a shift of metabolic fluxes from sugars/starch into organic acids and free amino acids. These changes were consistent with an increased carbon flow through the anaplerotic pathway catalysed by PEPC. Consequently, transgenic seeds accumulated up to 20% more protein per gram seed dry weight. Additionally, seed dry weight was higher by 20%-30%. We conclude that PEPC in seeds is a promising target for molecular plant breeding.
Confocal DNA cytometry: A contour‐based segmentation algorithm for automated three‐dimensional image segmentation (2002)

Automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry enables measurement of volume and DNA content of large numbers of nuclei in thick histological sections within an acceptable time. This makes large-scale studies feasible, whereby the advantages of CLSM can be exploited fully. The intuitive modular segmentation algorithm presented in this study detects and separates overlapping objects, also in two-dimensional (2D) space. Therefore, this algorithm may also be suitable for other applications.
Translation of the human C3b/C4b receptor mRNA in a cell-free system and by Xenopus oocytes (1989)

The C3b/C4b complement receptor (CR1) is a large, single-chain integral membrane glycoprotein present on erythrocytes, leukocytes, glomerular podocytes, and splenic dendritic-reticular cells that mediates the binding of complement-coated particles and immune complexes. CR1 is unusual in that it is polymorphic in size with the four allelic variants having molecular weights of 190,000, 220,000, 250,000, and 280,000 (SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions). The in vitro translation of the common (Mr 220,000) allelic variant CR1 has been achieved by using mRNA in lysates of rabbit reticulocytes and in Xenopus oocytes. HL-60, a promyelocytic human leukemic cell line, was treated with DMSO to induce differentiation and synthesis of CR1. Poly(A+) RNA was purified from these cells by column chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. In the rabbit reticulocyte system, no CR1 was detected unless the translation mixture was denatured. In the presence of methylmercuric hydroxide, the CR1 translation product, unlike most translation products, had the same molecular weight in gel electrophoresis as the high-mannose-containing pro-CR1 and was 15-20K larger than nonglycosylated CR1. This suggests that a cotranslational modification of CR1 structure occurs, probably involving a proteolytic cleavage event. When poly(A+) RNA was translated in Xenopus oocytes, CR1 could be detected by treatment of oocytes with anti-CR1 monoclonal antibody followed by fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG. CR1 was diffusely distributed but preferentially localized to the vegetal surface. The molecular weight of this product, identified in immunoprecipitates of lysates of [35S]methionine-labeled oocytes, was identical with that of CR1 of HL-60.
Performance comparison of three different estimators for the Nakagami m parameter using Monte Carlo simulation (2000)

Nakagami distribution has proven useful for modeling the multipath faded envelope in wireless channels. The shape parameter of the Nakagami distribution, known as the m parameter, can be estimated in different ways. In this contribution, the performance of the inverse normalized variance, Tolparev-Polyakov, and the Lorenz estimators have been compared through Monte Carlo simulation, and it has been observed that the inverse normalized variance estimator is superior to the others over a broad range of m values.
Leading power SCET analysis of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll"><mml:msup><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mi>J</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo><mml:mi>ψ</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:math> (2004)

Recently, Belle and BaBar Collaborations observed surprising suppression in the endpoint $J/\psi$ spectrum, which stimulates us to examine the endpoint behaviors of the $e^+ e^- \to J/\psi gg$ production. We calculate the $J/\psi$ momentum and angular distributions for this process within the framework of the soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). The decreasing spectrum in the endpoint region is obtained by summing the Sudakov logarithms. We also find a large discrepancy between the NRQCD and SCET spectrum in the endpoint region even before the large logarithms are summed, which is probably due to the fact that only the scalar structure of the two-gluon system is picked out in the leading power expansion. A comparison with the process $\Upsilon \to \gamma gg$ is made.
A New Route to 4-Phenyl-2(1H) Quinazolinones; Reactions of 2-Amino Benzophenones with Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate (1980)

Abstract We have been interested in the synthesis of substituted quinazolinones as a part of our continuing research programme in search of potent physiologically active molecules. The present communication explores further synthetic uses of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI), a reagent developed by Graf1,2 and extensively employed in the preparation of a wide variety of heterocyclic systems as well in various synthetic conversions3.
FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E DIRETRIZES CURRICULARES NACIONAIS: PARA ONDE CAMINHA A EDUCAÇÃO? (2000)

Este texto analiza las pautas curriculares para la formacion de maestros para la educacion compulsoria, propuso en mayo de 2000 por lo MEC. Las pautas parecen ser basadas en la idea de que hay un problema pedagogico, expresado por la insuficiencia del curriculum; y uno institucional, definido por la baja cualidad de las instituciones actuales. La reforma propuso acciones tecnicas en estas dos magnitudes. Por contrario, sugiero que estas dos magnitudes necesiten ser entendidas, fundamentalmente, como campos politicos, en otros terminos, que el proposito de la formacion debe discutirse en la esfera politica. Basado en el estudio de Labarre, yo defiendo que la ambivalencia entre las ideas de igualdad democratica y eficacia social contribuye para el predominio de la logica de la movilidad social que se explicita en ambas las magnitudes de las pautas propuestas.