gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Assays and Sequencing Are Less Sensitive Than Point Mutation Assays for Detection of Resistance in Mixed HIV-1 Genotypic Populations (1999)

Summary: The sensitivity and discriminatory power of the 151 and 215 amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) were evaluated, and their performance for the detection of drug resistance in mixed genotypic populations of the reverse transcription (RT) gene of HIV-1 were compared with T7 sequencing, cycle sequencing, the line probe assay (LiPA) HIV-1 RT test, and the recombinant virus assay (RVA). ARMS and the LiPA HIV-1 RT test were shown to be able to detect minor variants that in particular cases comprised only 1%. T7 sequencing on an ALF semiautomated sequencer could correctly score mixtures only when variants were present at 50%. Cycle sequencing on an ABI PRISM 310 improved the sensitivity for mixtures to about 25%. Using RVA, it was shown that at least 50% of the virus population needed to carry the resistance mutation at codon 184 to afford phenotypic resistance against lamivudine. The two point mutation assays therefore proved to be more sensitive methods than sequencing and RVA to reliably determine a gradual shift in HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in follow-up of patients infected with HIV-1. In 4 of 5 treated patients who were followed by ARMS, a gradual shift in resistant genotypic populations was observed during a period of 6 to 19 months. For 1 patient, a shift from wild to mutant type at position 151 occurred within 2 months, without mixed genotypic intermediate type's being detected.
Controlling Relative Humidity in Modified Atmosphere Packages of Tomato Fruit (1992)

The feasibility of controlling relative humidity in modified atmosphere packages using compounds possessing Type III sorption isotherm behavior was studied. Ten grams each of dry sorbitol, xylitol, NaCl, KCl, or CaCl 2 sealed with one maturegreen tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit at 20C in simulated packages for 48 days resulted in stable relative humidities of ≈75%, 80%, 75%, 85%, and 35%, respectively. Relative humidity was a function of the ratio of chemical to fruit mass. Relative humidities within control packages were in the range of 96% to 100% throughout the experiments. A simple system that uses spunbonded polyethylene pouches for the application of this humidity control method to packages is described. The storage life of packaged red-ripe tomato fruit at 20C was extended from 5 days using no pouch to 15 to 17 days with a pouch containing NaCl, mainly by retardation of surface mold development.
Cloning and disruption of the <i>PpURA5</i> gene and construction of a set of integration vectors for the stable genetic modification of <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (2003)

A pair of degenerate primers was used for amplification and cloning of a DNA fragment containing parts of the P. pastoris URA5 and SEC65 genes. Using additional information from a partial genomic sequence of P. pastoris, we cloned and sequenced a 1.9 kb chromosomal fragment containing the complete orotate-phosphoribosyltransferase-encoding URA5 gene. A disruption cassette was constructed by replacing a small part of the open reading frame with a kanamycin-resistance gene. The P. pastoris wild-type strain NRRL Y-11430 was transformed with the disruption cassette and an ura5 auxotrophic strain was identified. To generate marker constructs that can be reused in successive transformations of a single strain, we constructed two lacZ-PpURA3-lacZ and lacZ-PpURA5-lacZ cassettes and used them to disrupt PpOCH1. The PpURA3 and PpURA5 genes in the disruptants were then successfully recycled by selecting for resistance to 5'-fluoro-orotic acid. We also assembled a set of modular plasmids that can be used for the stable genetic modification of P. pastoris via a double cross-over event. The sequence presented here has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession No. AY303544.
Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy (2002)

Abstract Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy (LVSEM), defined as operation in the energy range below 5 keV, has become perhaps the most important single operational mode of the SEM. This is because the LVSEM offers advantages in the imaging of surfaces, in the observation of poorly conducting and insulating materials, and for high spatial resolution X-ray microanalysis. These benefits all occur because a reduction in the energy Eo of the incident beam leads to a rapid fall in the range R of the electrons since R ∼k.E0 1.66. The reduction in the penetration of the beam has important consequences.
Comparative evaluation of howling detection criteria in notch-filter-based howling suppression (2010)

Notch-filter-based howling suppression (NHS) is a popular approach to acoustic feedback control in public address and hands-free communication systems. The NHS method consists of two stages: Howling detection and notch filter design. While the design of notch filters is well established, there is little agreement in the NHS literature on how the detection problem should be tackled. Moreover since the NHS literature consists mainly of patents, only few experimental results have been reported. A unifying framework for howling detection is provided and a comparative evaluation of existing and novel howling detection criteria is performed.
Thermal and elastic properties of Cu–Zr–Be bulk metallic glass forming alloys (2007)

The compositional dependence of thermal and elastic properties of Cu–Zr–Be ternary bulk metallic glass forming alloys was systematically studied. There exists a linear relationship between the glass transition temperature Tg and the total Zr concentration. G decreases linearly with increasing Zr concentration as well. The results also show that Tg, shear modulus G, and Poisson’s ratio ν are very sensitive to changes in compositions. Low Tg, low G, and relatively high ν can be achieved with high Zr and Ti concentration.
Chitosan: An Attractive Biocompatible Polymer for Microencapsulation (2003)

Abstract Chitosan is a weak cationic polysaccharide composed essentially of β (1 → 4) linked glucosamine units together with some N ‐acetylglucosamine units. It is obtained by extensive deacetylation of chitin, a polysaccharide common in nature. Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic natural polymer that exhibits excellent film‐forming ability. As a result of its cationic character, chitosan is able to react with polyanions giving rise to polyelectrolyte complexes. Therefore, because of these interesting properties, it has become the subject of numerous scientific reports and patents on the preparation of microspheres and microcapsules. The techniques employed to microencapsulate with chitosan include, among others, ionotropic gelation, spray drying, emulsion phase separation, simple and complex coacervation, and polymerization of a vinyl monomer in the presence of chitosan. The aim of this work is to review some of the more common techniques used and to put forward the results obtained by our research group in preparing chitosan‐based microcapsules: for taste masking and improving the stability of a nutritional oil, the sustained release of drugs, as well as the preparation of chitosan superparamagnetic microcapsules for the immobilization of enzymes. Scanning electron micrograph of some superparamagnetic chitosan particles and magnetic hysteresis loop of the microparticles. magnified image Scanning electron micrograph of some superparamagnetic chitosan particles and magnetic hysteresis loop of the microparticles.
Molecular Modeling Study of the Norfloxacin-DNA Complex (2002)

Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics were performed to investigate the interaction of norfloxacin with the DNA oligonucleotide 5'-d(ATACGTAT)(2). Eight quinolone-DNA binding structures were built by molecular modeling on the basis of experimental results. A 100ps molecular dynamics calculation was carried out on two groove binding models and six partially intercalating models. The resulting average structures were compared with each other and to free DNA structure as a reference. The favorable binding mode of norfloxacin to a DNA substrate was pursued by structural assess including steric hindrance, presence of hydrogen-bonding, non-bonding energies of the complex and presence of abnormal structural distortion. Although two of the intercalative models showed the highest binding energy and the lowest non-bonding interaction energy, they presented structural features which contrast with experimental results. On the other hand, one groove binding model demonstrated the most acceptable structure when the experimental observation was accounted. In this model, hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl and carboxyl group of the norfloxacin rings with the DNA bases was present, and norfloxacin binds to the amine group of the guanine base which protrudes toward the minor groove of B-DNA.
Use of Low-Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors in Sour Systems (2005)

Abstract Low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) continue to gain acceptance as alternatives to traditional hydrate control techniques. While these products have been in use for numerous years, there have been few reports of the use of LDHIs in sour systems. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been known to affect the conditions at which hydrates become stable. Often, the presence of percent levels of H2S significantly increases the temperature at which hydrates can form in hydrocarbon production and transmission systems compared to the corresponding sweet system. Many questions have been raised as to whether the presence of H2S affects the performance of LDHIs. While LDHI performance tests in sweet systems have become routine, it is very difficult to test LDHI performance in the presence of significant H2 S. Despite the difficulties in studying LDHIs in sour systems in the laboratory or pilot scale tests, several field applications of LDHIs have been conducted over the last several years. This paper will detail five case histories of successful field applications of both kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) and anti-agglomerants (AAs) in sour systems. The results show that LDHIs can indeed be used effectively to control hydrates in sour systems.
A Generalized Channel Preemption Model for Multiclass Traffic in Mobile Wireless Networks (2007)

This paper presents a generalized channel preemption model (GCPM) for multiclass traffic in mobile wireless networks. In the proposed model, a mobile call is identified by four parameters - call type, traffic class, channel requirement, and preemption ratio - in which different classes of traffic can have different priority levels. To effectively reduce dropping probability, high-priority handoff calls are allowed to fully or partially preempt low-priority ongoing calls when the mobile network becomes congested. A fully preempted call can be completely disconnected, whereas a partially preempted call can still communicate with certain degree of quality-of-service degradation. We introduce an analytical model with multidimensional Markov chains. In the model, a cost function, which is expressed as a weighted sum of the ongoing calls to be preempted and the bandwidth reduction rate in the preempted calls, is defined to select candidate calls from a certain traffic class. The statistical result from the model allows us to tune the parameters of the GCPM to support high-priority handoff calls and therefore offers new insights in understanding the tradeoffs in supporting multiclass traffic.
Interleukin-6 promotes androgen-independent growth in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. (2003)

These studies clearly provide experimental evidence that IL-6 initiates and/or enhances the transition of prostate cancer cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent phenotype.
The 11,600-MW protein encoded by region E3 of adenovirus is expressed early but is greatly amplified at late stages of infection (1992)

We have reported that an 11,600-MW (11.6K) protein is coded by region E3 of adenovirus. We have now prepared two new antipeptide antisera that have allowed us to characterize this protein further. The 11.6K protein migrates as multiple diffuse bands having apparent Mws of about 14,000, 21,000, and 31,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting as well as virus mutants with deletions in the 11.6K gene were used to show that the various gel bands represent forms of 11.6K. The 11.6K protein was synthesized in very low amounts during early stages of infection, from the scarce E3 mRNAs d and e which initiate from the E3 promoter. However, 11.6K was synthesized very abundantly at late stages of infection, approximately 400 times the rate at early stages, from new mRNAs termed d' and e'. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and RNA blot experiments indicated that mRNAs d' and e' had the same body (the coding portion) and the same middle exon (the y leader) as early E3 mRNAs d and e, but mRNAs d' and e' were spliced at their 5' termini to the major late tripartite leader which is found in all mRNAs in the major late transcription unit. mRNAs d' and e' and the 11.6K protein were the only E3 mRNAs and protein that were scarce early and were greatly amplified at late stages of infection. This suggests that specific cis- or trans-acting sequences may function to enhance the splicing of mRNAs d' and e' at late stages of infection and perhaps to suppress the splicing of mRNAs d and e at early stages of infection. We propose that the 11.6K gene be considered not only a member of region E3 but also a member of the major late transcription unit.
Reduced Risk of Sudden Death From Chest Wall Blows (Commotio Cordis) With Safety Baseballs (2002)

In this experimental model of low-energy chest wall impact, safety baseballs reduced (but did not abolish) the risk of sudden cardiac death. More universal use of these safety baseballs may decrease the risk of sudden death on the playing field for young athletes.
On-Chip Thin Film Zernike Phase Plate for In-Focus Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Organic Materials (2012)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for imaging nanostructures, yet its capability is limited with respect to the imaging of organic materials because of the intrinsic low contrast problem. TEM phase plates have been in development for decades, yet a reliable phase plate technique has not been available because the performance of TEM phase plates deteriorates too quickly. Such an obstacle prohibits in-focus TEM phase imaging to be routinely achievable, thus limiting the technique being used in practical applications. Here we present an on-chip thin film Zernike phase plate which can effectively release charging and allow reliable in-focus TEM images of organic materials with enhanced contrast to be routinely obtained. With this stable system, we were able to characterize many polymer solar cell specimens and consequently identified and verified the existence of an unexpected nanoparticle phase. Furthermore, we were also able to observe the fine structures of an Escherichia coli specimen, without staining, using this on-chip thin film phase plate. Our system, which can be installed on a commercial TEM, opens up exciting possibilities for TEM to characterize organic materials.
Robust reliable H<inf>&#x221E;</inf> control in the presence of sensor failure (2008)

The reliable H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> control problem for time-varying delayed discrete-time systems is proposed for the case of a simultaneous presence of sensor failures. A more practical general mode of sensor is presented to describe sensor failures. Based on a linear matrix inequality(LMI) technique, a static output feedback reliable controller is designed, such that, in normal and fault cases of sensor, the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and has an H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> disturbance attenuation bound. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Targeting the Shift from M1 to M2 Macrophages in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice Treated with Fasudil (2013)

We observed the therapeutic effect of Fasudil and explored its mechanisms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fasudil, a selective Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg/d in early and late stages of EAE induction. Fasudil ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE at different stages, and decreased the expression of ROCK-II in spleen, accompanied by an improvement in demyelination and inhibition of inflammatory cells. Fasudil mainly inhibited CD4(+)IL-17(+) T cells in early treatment, but also elevated CD4(+)IL-10(+) regulatory T cells and IL-10 production in late treatment. The treatment of Fasudil shifted inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in both early and late treatment, being shown by inhibiting CD16/32, iNOS, IL-12, TLR4 and CD40 and increasing CD206, Arg-1, IL-10 and CD14 in spleen. By using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, iNOS and Arg-1, as two most specific markers for M1 and M2, was inhibited or induced in splenic macrophages and spinal cords of EAE mice treated with Fasudil. In vitro experiments also indicate that Fasudil shifts M1 to M2 phenotype, which does not require the participation or auxiliary of other cells. The polarization of M2 macrophages was associated with the decrease of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1. These results demonstrate that Fasudil has therapeutic potential in EAE possibly through inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibiting inflammatory responses.
Highly Flexible Graphene Derivative Hybrid Film: An Outstanding Nonflammable Thermally Conductive yet Electrically Insulating Material for Efficient Thermal Management (2020)

In modern society, advanced technology has facilitated the emergence of multifunctional appliances, particularly, portable electronic devices, which have been growing rapidly. Therefore, flexible thermally conductive materials with the combination of properties like outstanding thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation, mechanical flexibility, and strong flame retardancy, which could be used to efficiently dissipate heat generated from electronic components, are the demand of the day. In this study, graphite fluoride, a derivative of graphene, was exfoliated into graphene fluoride sheets (GFS) via the ball-milling process. Then, a suspension of graphene oxide (GO) and GFSs was vacuum-filtrated to obtain a mixed mass, and subsequently, the mixed mass was subjected to reduction under the action hydrogen iodide at low temperature to transform the GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Finally, a highly flexible and thermally conductive 30-μm thick GFS@rGO hybrid film was prepared, which showed an exceptional in-plane thermal conductivity (212 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup>) and an excellent electrical insulating property (a volume resistivity of 1.1 × 10<sup>11</sup> Ω·cm). The extraordinary in-plane thermal conductivity of the GFS@rGO hybrid films was attributed to the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of the filler components and the highly ordered filler alignment. Additionally, the GFS@rGO films showed a tolerance to bending cycles and high-temperature flame. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the GFS@rGO films increased with increasing the rGO content and reached a tensile strength of 69.3 MPa and a Young's modulus of 10.2 GPa at 20 wt % rGO. An experiment of exposing the films to high-temperature flame demonstrated that the GFS@rGO films could efficiently prevent fire spreading. The microcombustion calorimetry results indicated that the GFS@rGO had significantly lower heat release rate (HRR) compared to the GO film. The peak HRR of GFS@rGO10 was only 21 W·g<sup>-1</sup> at 323 °C, while that of GO was 198 W·g<sup>-1</sup> at 159 °C.
Periodic and quasi-periodic satellite relative orbits at critical inclination (2009)

Orbit at the critical inclination is a practical option for long-term satellite formations flying around an oblate Earth. This paper establishes that passive and periodic relative orbits with cross-track motion are only possible at the critical inclination under conditions that all satellites share the same inclination, the same semi-major axis and the same eccentricity. Furthermore, a quasi-periodic relative orbit is achieved near the critical inclination by matching the orbital energy and the polar component of the orbital angular momentum. These matching conditions can be expressed in terms of the actual orbit variables. Our theoretical result shows that these conditions are equivalent to matching the orbital period and the rate of the mean anomaly.
Über Aromatenkomplexe von Metallen, XII. Rhenium(I)‐Komplexe des Benzols und Mesitylens (1957)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung des Systems ReCl 5 /AlCl 3 /Al mit Mesitylen bei 130° unter Stickstoff am Rückflußkühler bzw. mit Benzol im Bombenrohr wurde im Sinne der allgemeinen Bruttogleichung magnified image hellgelbes, gegen Hydrolyse völlig beständiges [Re I (C 6 H 3 (CH 3 ) 3 ) 2 ]⊕‐ und [Re I (C 6 H 6 ) 2 ]⊕‐ Kation dargestellt. Die freien Basen sind stabil. Der dem Durch‐dringungskomplexcharakter beider Kationen entsprechende Diamagnetismus wurde durch magnetische Untersuchungen an magnified image bewiesen. Die Reduktion zum ungeladenen Elementkomplex gelang nicht.
THE SOLUTE AND WATER RELATIONS OF <i>AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA</i> ECOTYPES DIFFERING IN THEIR SALT TOLERANCE (1981)

SUMMARY The water, ion, proline, amide, amino acid and quaternary onium contents of ecotypes of Agrostis stolonifera isolated from salt marsh, spray zone and inland habitats were determined over a range of external salt concentrations. When grown at high salinites the plants exhibited inhibition in the root water absorption and reduction in the shoot water content, these being most pronounced in the inland ecotype and least in the salt marsh ecotype. In the presence of salt the accumulation of Na + and Cl − in both shoots and roots was accompanied by a decline in tissue potassium content. At high salinities the increase in tissue ion content was greatest in the inland ecotype and least in the salt marsh ecotype. Proline, asparagine, glutamine, serine and glycine betaine showed increases in response to salinity, these being most pronounced in the salt marsh ecotype. The inland and spray zone ecotypes exhibited marked decreases in the aspartate and glutamate contents when grown at high salinities. With polyethylene glycol or mannitol in culture solutions, the salt marsh ecotype exhibited a greater ability to resist losses in shoot water content and to increase shoot proline, asparagine, glutamine and serine contents, than the inland and spray zone ecotypes. Changes in the solute and water status are discussed in relation to salt tolerance of the ecotypes.
A Colorimeter for Use with Disc Mixture* (1931)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Dorothy Nickerson, "A Colorimeter for Use with Disc Mixture*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 21, 640-642 (1931) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article