gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films Grown in Flow (2016)

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are crystalline polymer networks whose modular 2D structures and permanent porosity motivate efforts to integrate them into sensing, energy storage, and optoelectronic devices. These applications require forming the material as a thin film instead of a microcrystalline powder, which has been achieved previously by including a substrate in the reaction mixture. This approach suffers from two key drawbacks: COF precipitates form concurrently and contaminate the film, and variable monomer and oligomer concentrations during the polymerization provide poor control over film thickness. Here we address these challenges by growing 2D COF thin films under continuous flow conditions. Initially homogeneous monomer solutions polymerize while pumped through heated tubing for a given residence time, after which they pass over a substrate. When the residence time and conditions are chosen judiciously, 2D COF powders form downstream of the substrate, and the chemical composition of the solution at the substrate remains constant. COF films grown in flow exhibit constant rates of mass deposition, enabling thickness control as well as access to thicker films than are available from previous static growth procedures. Notably, the crystallinity of COF films is observed only at longer residence times, suggesting that oligomeric and polymeric species play an important role in forming the 2D COF lattice. This approach, which we demonstrate for four different frameworks, is both a simple and powerful method to control the formation of COF thin films.
Reliable L control of positive switched systems with time-varying delays (2013)

This paper deals with the reliable L1 control problem of positive switched systems with time-varying delays. Under the case where both stable and unstable subsystems coexist, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the exponential stability of positive switched systems with time-varying delays, and the average dwell time approach is utilized for the stability analysis. The result is also extended to solve the reliable L1 control problem. All the results are formulated in a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be easily verified or implemented. The obtained theoretical results are demonstrated by a numerical example.
Issues in distributed database security (2003)

The requirements for multilevel security have been shown to conflict with some database integrity and consistency properties. The authors examine the data consistency requirements for a distributed database system, consider the effects of multilevel security on meeting those requirements, and consider architecture for achieving them. They discuss the problem of providing serializability in a single-site database system and propose a solution based on optimistic concurrency control. They then extend this solution to a distributed database system. They also describe an approach for weak consistency concurrency control in a distributed database system based on the Optimistic Protocol.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-resolution, high-speed photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent optical converter (1999)

We demonstrate a photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent optical converter driven by ultraviolet light that provides a 35-mus response time and an optical resolution of 124 line pairs/mm. The device, implemented in KNbO(3) , operates with a modulating intensity of 85 mW/cm(2) , which corresponds to an optical switching energy per bit of 0.5 pJ. A conversion rate of the order of 90 Gbits/(s cm(2)) is achieved. The conversion between the ultraviolet light and the visible laser beam at lambda=532 nm occurs through anisotropic Bragg diffraction at a modulated interband photorefractive grating. Our device has a better optical resolution and conversion rate than optically addressed solid-state spatial light modulators based on the photorefractive effect and multiple quantum wells, and it is also faster than devices based on liquid crystals.
Speculation-based conflict resolution in hardware transactional memory (2009)

Conflict management is a key design dimension of hardware transactional memory (HTM) systems, and the implementation of efficient mechanisms for detection and resolution becomes critical when conflicts are not a rare event. Current designs address this problem from two opposite perspectives, namely, lazy and eager schemes. While the former approach is based on an purely optimistic view that is not well-suited when conflicts become frequent, the latter results too pessimistic because resolves conflicts too conservatively, often limiting concurrency unnecessarily. In this paper, we present a hybrid, pseudo-optimistic scheme of conflict resolution for HTM systems that recaptures the concept of speculation to allow transactions to continue their execution past conflicting accesses. Simulation results show that our proposal is capable of combining the advantages of both classical approaches. For the STAMP transactional benchmarks, our hybrid scheme outperforms both eager and lazy systems with average reductions in execution time of 8 and 17%, respectively, and it decreases network traffic by another 17% compared to the eager policy.
Identification of a Cytosolically Directed NADH Dehydrogenase in Mitochondria of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1998)

The reoxidation of NADH generated in reactions within the mitochondrial matrix of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is catalyzed by an NADH dehydrogenase designated Ndi1p (C. A. M. Marres, S. de Vries, and L. A. Grivell, Eur. J. Biochem. 195:857-862, 1991). Gene disruption analysis was used to examine possible metabolic functions of two proteins encoded by open reading frames having significant primary sequence similarity to Ndi1p. Disruption of the gene designated NDH1 results in a threefold reduction in total mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity in cells cultivated with glucose and in a fourfold reduction in the respiration of isolated mitochondria with NADH as the substrate. Thus, Ndh1p appears to be a mitochondrial dehydrogenase capable of using exogenous NADH. Disruption of a closely related gene designated NDH2 has no effect on these properties. Growth phenotype analyses suggest that the external NADH dehydrogenase activity of Ndh1p is important for optimum cellular growth with a number of nonfermentable carbon sources, including ethanol. Codisruption of NDH1 and genes encoding malate dehydrogenases essentially eliminates growth on nonfermentable carbon sources, suggesting that the external mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase and the malate-aspartate shuttle may both contribute to reoxidation of cytosolic NADH under these growth conditions.
<i>Röntgen</i>‐Kontrastmittel: (2,4,6‐Trijodbenzoyl)‐aminosäuren (1971)

Abstract New N‐(3, 5 substituted 2,4,6‐triiodobenzoyl)‐amino acids have been synthesized as potential X ‐ray contrast agents for chloecystography. Toxicity, bilitropism, urotropism, and cholecystographic quality of these compounds are given.
Capturing with EEG the Neural Entrainment and Coupling Underlying Sensorimotor Synchronization to the Beat (2013)

Synchronizing movements with rhythmic inputs requires tight coupling of sensory and motor neural processes. Here, using a novel approach based on the recording of steady-state-evoked potentials (SS-EPs), we examine how distant brain areas supporting these processes coordinate their dynamics. The electroencephalogram was recorded while subjects listened to a 2.4-Hz auditory beat and tapped their hand on every second beat. When subjects tapped to the beat, the EEG was characterized by a 2.4-Hz SS-EP compatible with beat-related entrainment and a 1.2-Hz SS-EP compatible with movement-related entrainment, based on the results of source analysis. Most importantly, when compared with passive listening of the beat, we found evidence suggesting an interaction between sensory- and motor-related activities when subjects tapped to the beat, in the form of (1) additional SS-EP appearing at 3.6 Hz, compatible with a nonlinear product of sensorimotor integration; (2) phase coupling of beat- and movement-related activities; and (3) selective enhancement of beat-related activities over the hemisphere contralateral to the tapping, suggesting a top-down effect of movement-related activities on auditory beat processing. Taken together, our results are compatible with the view that rhythmic sensorimotor synchronization is supported by a dynamic coupling of sensory and motor related activities.
Reflection Removal Using a Dual-Pixel Sensor (2019)

Reflection removal is the challenging problem of removing unwanted reflections that occur when imaging a scene that is behind a pane of glass. In this paper, we show that most cameras have an overlooked mechanism that can greatly simplify this task. Specifically, modern DLSR and smartphone cameras use dual pixel (DP) sensors that have two photodiodes per pixel to provide two sub-aperture views of the scene from a single captured image. ``Defocus-disparity'' cues, which are natural by-products of the DP sensor encoded within these two sub-aperture views, can be used to distinguish between image gradients belonging to the in-focus background and those caused by reflection interference. This gradient information can then be incorporated into an optimization framework to recover the background layer with higher accuracy than currently possible from the single captured image. As part of this work, we provide the first image dataset for reflection removal consisting of the sub-aperture views from the DP sensor.
Faecal enzymes: in vivo human skin irritation (1994)

Digestive enzymes in faeces have been reported to possess skin irritation potential. The present study was designed to investigate the in vivo irritant potentials of faecal concentrations of proteolytic and lipolytic digestive enzymes in bile salt mixtures. In a 21-day cumulative irritation assay, clinical evaluation and noninvasive bioengineering techniques were used. 5 days occlusive exposure to phosphate buffer (pH = 8) caused no visual skin damage but reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated significant vasodilation (p < 0.01) and increases in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH were also observed (p < 0.01). These increases were still present at days 12 and 19. Occlusive exposure to physiologic concentrations of faecal enzymes resulted in significant visual and objective scores at day 5, 12, and 19, with increased readings as a function of exposure time (p < 0.01). The enzyme mixture containing lipase caused delayed onset of skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption compared to elastase and chymotrypsin containing solutions. Prolonged occlusive exposure to digestive enzymes in faecal concentrations caused severe skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption in a human model, suggesting a possible etiologic role of digestive enzymes in perianal, circumstomal or diaper dermatitis.
Convergence rates for Tikhonov regularisation of non-linear ill-posed problems (1989)

The authors consider non-linear ill-posed problems in a Hilbert space setting, they show that Tikhonov regularisation is a stable method for solving non-linear ill-posed problems and give conditions that guarantee the convergence rate O( square root delta ) for the regularised solutions, where delta is a norm bound for the noise in the data. They illustrate these conditions for several examples including parameter estimation problems. In an appendix, they study the connection between the ill-posedness of a non-linear problem and its linearisation and show that this connection is rather weak. A sufficient condition for ill-posedness is given in the case that the non-linear operator is compact.
Some Basic Concepts of Translators and Identifiers Used in Telephone Switching Systems (1951)

The functions and typical designs of translators as applied to automatic telephone switching systems are first reviewed. The fundamental similarity of some existing translation schemes is noted and a discussion given of the factors which can be juggled to obtain economic application of such schemes.
Predicting Lower-Extremity Injuries Among Habitual Runners (1989)

This prospective study of 583 habitual runners used baseline information to examine the relationship of several suspected risk factors to the occurrence of running-related injuries of the lower extremities that were severe enough to affect running habits, cause a visit to a health professional, or require use of medication. During the 12-month follow-up period, 252 men (52%) and 48 women (49%) reported at least one such injury. The multiple logistic regression results identified that running 64.0 km (40 miles) or more per week was the most important predictor of injury for men during the follow-up period (odds ratio = 2.9). Risk also was associated with having had a previous injury in the past year (odds ratio = 2.7) and with having been a runner for less than 3 years (odds ratio = 2.2). These results suggest that the incidence of lower-extremity injuries is high for habitual runners, and that for those new to running or those who have been previously injured, reducing weekly distance is a reasonable preventive behavior.
Human cancer genetics (2006)

The short report will be focused on the genetic basis and possible mechanisms of tumorigenesis, common types of cancer, the importance of genetic diagnosis of cancer, and the methodology of cancer genetic diagnosis. They will also review presymptomatic testing of hereditary cancers, and the application of expression profiling to identify patients likely to benefit from particular therapeutic approaches.
Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐Fluoro‐2‐<i>C</i>‐Methyl‐<scp>D</scp>‐Ribofuranoses (2006)

Abstract The synthesis of methyl 3,5‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐2‐C‐methyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside and the conversion to the corresponding 1‐O‐acetyl‐3,5‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐2‐C‐methyl‐D‐ribofuranose and 1,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐2‐C‐methyl‐D‐ribofuranose is reported. The key synthetic step is the fluorination of the tertiary center of methyl 3,5‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐C‐methyl‐β‐D‐arabinofuranoside to provide methyl 3,5‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐2‐C‐methyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside. Keywords: SynthesisRibofuranosesFluorinationOligonucleotides Acknowledgement Dr. R. F. Schinazi is the principal founder and former consultant of Pharmasset Inc. His laboratory received no funding for this work. This paper is dedicated to the loving memory of our friend and colleague Dr. J. Christian Mason. Additional informationNotes on contributorsJ. Christian Mason Deceased April 2005.
Predicting shim gaps in aircraft assembly with machine learning and sparse sensing (2018)

A modern aircraft may require on the order of thousands of custom shims to fill gaps between structural components in the airframe that arise due to manufacturing tolerances adding up across large structures. These shims, whether liquid or solid, are necessary to eliminate gaps, maintain structural performance, and minimize pull-down forces required to bring the aircraft into engineering nominal configuration for peak aerodynamic efficiency. Currently, gap filling is a time-consuming process, involving either expensive by-hand inspection or computations on vast quantities of measurement data from increasingly sophisticated metrology equipment. In either case, this amounts to significant delays in production, with much of the time being spent in the critical path of the aircraft assembly. In this work, we present an alternative strategy for predictive shimming, based on machine learning and sparse sensing to first learn gap distributions from historical data, and then design optimized sparse sensing strategies to streamline the collection and processing of data. This new approach is based on the assumption that patterns exist in shim distributions across aircraft, and that these patterns may be mined and used to reduce the burden of data collection and processing in future aircraft. Specifically, robust principal component analysis is used to extract low-dimensional patterns in the gap measurements while rejecting outliers. Next, optimized sparse sensors are obtained that are most informative about the dimensions of a new aircraft in these low-dimensional principal components. We demonstrate the success of the proposed approach, known within Boeing as PIXel Identification Despite Uncertainty in Sensor Technology (PIXI-DUST), on historical production data from 54 representative Boeing commercial aircraft. Our algorithm successfully predicts 99% of the shim gaps within the desired measurement tolerance using around 3% of the laser scan points that are typically required; all results are rigorously cross-validated.
Human anaphylatoxin (C3a) from the third component of complement. Primary structure. (1975)

C3a anaphylatoxin is derived from the third component (C3) of the blood complement system. Selective proteolysis of C3 by activated proenzymes indigenous to blood generates the C3a fragment. Human C3a was isolated from inulin-activated serum containing 6-aminohexanoic acid, according to recently published procedures (Hugli, T. E., Vallota, E., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1472-1498). The human C3a fragment is a highly cationic molecule exhibiting an approximate molecular weight of 9000 and composed of 77 amino acid residues. It consists of a single polypeptide chain containing 8% cysteine and lacks both tryptophan and carbohydrate. A tentative primary structure for the human C3a molecule, deduced from overlapping peptides obtained after cyanogen bromide cleavage, tryptic and chymotryptic digestion, is: See article. Two cystelhylcysteine sequences were established at positions 22, 23 and 56, 57 in human C3a. The 6 half-cystine residues in C3a are all interconnected through three disulfide linkages intersecting in a disulfide knot. The functionally amino acid residues distributed among 14 residues at the COOH-terminal end of C3a. This unusually cationic COOH-terminal region of C3a is presumed to play an important role in the interaction of this protein molecule with cellular receptors. A comparison between the linear sequence of human C3a and the NH2-terminal sequences of light and heavy chains of human immunoglobulin indicates that limited identity exists.
Innovative Solar Optical Materials (1984)

A variety of optical coatings are discussed in the context of solar energy utilization. Well-known coatings such as transparent conductors (heat mirrors), selective absorbers, and reflective films are surveyed briefly. Emphasis is placed on the materials' limitations and on use of lesser-known optical coatings and materials. Physical and optical properties are detailed for protective antireflection films, cold mirrors, fluorescent concentrator materials, radiative cooling surfaces, and optical switching films including electrochromic, thermochromic, photochromic, and liquid crystal types. For many of these materials, research has only recently been considered, so various design and durability issues need to be addressed.
<title>Demonstration of red/white projections and rod-Lcone color</title> (2002)

In the late 1950's Edwin Land, while developing instant color film, repeated James Clerk Maxwell's 1861 three-color projection experiments. By accident, a two-color red and white projection appeared on the screen. Fascinated by the multicolored images that he saw, Land studied the phenomena extensively, published a series of papers and developed with Texas Instruments, a prototype red and white television system. This talk will demonstrate Land's original Red and White projections using equipment on loan from the Rowland Institute. In the late 1960s and early 70s McKee, Benton and McCann investigated color images from stimuli that excited only rods and long-wave (L) cones. They used dark adaptation curves, flicker-fusion rates, the Stiles-Crawford Effect, and apparent sharpness to differentiate rod and M/S-cone responses. They showed that color from rods and L cones under the right stimulus conditions was nearly identical to cone-cone color. This talk will also demonstrate color from rod -L cone interactions.
Protective Effects of Lithospermic Acid B on Diabetic Nephropathy in OLETF Rats Comparing with Amlodipine and Losartan (2008)

Background: Lithospermic acid B (LAB), an active component isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae, has been reported to have renoprotective effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animal models. We examined the effects of LAB on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy compared with amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, in Otsuka Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Methods: LAB (20 mg/kg), amlodipine (10 mg/kg), or losartan (10 mg/kg) was given orally once daily to 10-week-old male OLETF rats for 28 weeks.
Fractal nature of short-term systolic BP and HR variability during lower body negative pressure (1994)

We have shown previously that the heart rate variability (HRV) signal is fractal in nature with a high degree of complexity, as given by the calculated fractal dimension (DF). We have also reported that loss of complexity, as indicated by a reduction in DF of HRV, is associated with orthostatic hypotension and impending syncope. To extend this investigation of cardiovascular responses, we have investigated the signal characteristics of short-term systolic blood pressure variability (BPV) coincident with measurements of HRV during orthostatic stress. Eight healthy men completed a test protocol of 20 min supine rest followed sequentially by 10 min at each of -5, -15, -25, -40, and -50 mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and 10 min supine recovery. We found that resting BPV and HRV were fractal with approximately 70% of both variables in the fractal component of the variability signal. The slope of the 1/f beta relationship was 1.16 +/- 0.12 for HRV and 2.31 +/- 0.17 for BPV. With increasing levels of orthostatic stress, the 1/f beta slope of HRV increased significantly to 1.68 +/- 0.08 at -50 mmHg LBNP, whereas the 1/f beta slope was unchanged for BPV. Indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity derived from heart rate variability suggested reduced and increased values, respectively, as the LBNP increased. These data indicate important differences in heart rate and blood pressure control under orthostatic stress.