gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low TRBP Levels Support an Innate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance in Astrocytes by Enhancing the PKR Antiviral Response (2005)

Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in astrocytes produces minimal new virus particles due, in part, to inefficient translation of viral structural proteins despite high levels of cytoplasmic viral mRNA. We found that a highly reactive double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein kinase (PKR) response in astrocytes underlies this inefficient translation of HIV-1 mRNA. The dsRNA elements made during acute replication of HIV-1 in astrocytes triggers PKR activation and the specific inhibition of HIV-1 protein translation. The heightened PKR response results from relatively low levels of the cellular antagonist of PKR, the TAR RNA binding protein (TRBP). Efficient HIV-1 production was restored in astrocytes by inhibiting the innate PKR response to HIV-1 dsRNA with dominant negative PKR mutants, or PKR knockdown by siRNA gene silencing. Increasing the expression of TRBP in astrocytes restored acute virus production to levels comparable to those observed in permissive cells. Therefore, the robust innate PKR antiviral response in astrocytes results from relatively low levels of TRBP expression and contributes to their restricted infection. Our findings highlight TRBP as a novel cellular target for therapeutic interventions to block productive HIV-1 replication in cells that are fully permissive for HIV-1 infection.
Analysis of fast block matching motion estimation algorithms for video super-resolution systems (2008)

In general, all the video super-resolution (SR) algorithms present the important drawback of a very high computational load, mainly due to the huge amount of operations executed by the motion estimation (ME) stage. Commonly, there is a trade-off between the accuracy of the estimated motion, given as a motion vector (MV), and the computational cost associated. In this sense, the ME algorithms that explore more exhaustively the search area among images use to deliver better MVs, at the cost of a higher computational load and resources use. Due to this reason, the proper choice of a ME algorithm is a key factor not only to reach real-time applications, but also to obtain high quality video sequences independently of their characteristics. Under the hardware point of view, the preferred ME algorithms are based on matching fixed-size blocks in different frames. In this paper, a comparison of nine of the most representative Fast Block Matching Algorithms (FBMAs) is made in order to select the one which presents the best tradeoff between video quality and computational cost, thus allowing reliable real-time hardware implementations of video super-resolution systems.
Integrated video and data transmission in the TDD ALOHA-reservation wireless LAN (2002)

The proliferation of personal communication networks and an increasing demand for multimedia communications stimulate the development of wireless multimedia networking. This paper considers integrated variable bit-rate video and data transmission over a wireless LAN which consists of a single base station and many terminals. The performance of a LAN with the TDD ALOHA-reservation MAC protocol is evaluated through simulation in the presence of transmission errors. Selective-repeat ARQ control is carried out over both video and data. Regarding video traffic, we also examine the applicability of a packet discard technique, which discards packets with elapsed time of more than a threshold value. The simulation results show that the ARQ is indispensable to video as well as data, while the packet discard technique is effective just for high bit-error rates at which only poor performance is achieved.
Membranes with Fast and Selective Gas‐Transport Channels of Laminar Graphene Oxide for Efficient CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2014)

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were engineered to be assembled into laminar structures having fast and selective transport channels for gas separation. With molecular‐sieving interlayer spaces and straight diffusion pathways, the GO laminates endowed as‐prepared membranes with excellent preferential CO 2 permeation performance (CO 2 permeability: 100 Barrer, CO 2 /N 2 selectivity: 91) and extraordinary operational stability (>6000 min), which are attractive for implementation of practical CO 2 capture.
Amino Acid Repetitions in the Dihydropteroate Synthase of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Lead to Sulfonamide Resistance with Limited Effects on Substrate <i> K <sub>m</sub> </i> (2001)

Sulfonamide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is due to changes in the chromosomal folP (sulA) gene coding for dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). The first reported laboratory-selected sulfonamide-resistant S. pneumoniae isolate had a 6-bp repetition, the sul-d mutation, leading to a repetition of the amino acids Ile(66) and Glu(67) in the gene product DHPS. More recently, clinical isolates showing this and other repetitions have been reported. WA-5, a clinical isolate from Washington State, contains a 6-bp repetition in the folP gene, identical to the sul-d mutation. The repetition was deleted by site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme kinetic measurements showed that the deletion was associated with a 35-fold difference in K(i) for sulfathiazole but changed the K(m) for p-aminobenzoic acid only 2.5-fold and did not significantly change the K(m) for 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine pyrophosphate. The enzyme characteristics of the deletion variant were identical to those of DHPS from a sulfonamide-susceptible strain. DHPS from clinical isolates with repetitions of Ser(61) had very similar enzyme characteristics to the DHPS from WA-5. The results confirm that the repetitions are sufficient for development of a resistant enzyme and suggest that the fitness cost to the organism of developing resistance may be very low.
Clinical Failure of CMV Retinitis With Intravitreal Cidofovir Is Associated With Antiviral Resistance (1998)

Clinical failure of intravitreal cidofovir occurs infrequently, but may be associated with cidofovir-resistant CMV selected by prior ganciclovir or cidofovir treatment. Ocular CMV disease can result from a localized infection with a resistant CMV strain, and antiviral resistance may develop at a local site of infection independently from resistance that develops systemically.
Isolation and characterization of the common intermediate in dichotomous reaction catalyzed by tryptophan side chain oxidase. (1983)

Tryptophan side chain oxidase from Pseudomonas catalyzes the pH-dependent dichotomous conversion of tryptophan residues to a,p-didehydro-and p-hydroxytryptophan.When tryptophan side chain oxidase I1 and N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide, a model substrate, were incubated at 25 "C in 10 m M Tris-HC1, pH 8.0, a 5-min lag was shown for the formation of N-acetyl-a,p-didehydrotryptophanamide, the main product under these conditions.The analysis of the reaction by high performance liquid chromatography showed that an entity distinct from the products accumulated extensively at the initial stage of the reaction and it decayed nonenzymatically with a half-life of 8 min to give the a,pdidehydro derivative.The formation of the #I-hydroxy derivative was favored when the pH was decreased in the latter stage.Nucleophiles such as methylmercaptan, methyl alcohol, pyrrole, cysteine, and glutathione trapped this intermediate to give the corresponding psubstituted derivatives such as N-acetyl-p-methylthio-L-tryptophanamide.The unstable intermediate was extractable by methylene chloride, in which the intermediate survived for several days at -20 "C, but in an aqueous solution, it was readily converted to give a,p-
Artificial neural development for pulsed neural network design-a simulation experiment on animat's cognitive map genesis (2002)

We propose the artificial neural development method that generates the three-dimensional multi-regional pulsed neural network arranged in three layers of the nerve area layer, the nerve sub-area layer, and the cell layer. In this method, the neural development process consists of the first genome-controlled spatiotemporal generation of a neural network structure and the latter spiking activity-dependent regulation of it. For design of genomes, the steady state genetic algorithm is used and it is applied to genomes partially designed manually. Simulation experiments are conducted to generate pulsed neural networks of an animat that moves in an environment. We evolve and develop an animat's cognitive map as a multi-regional place recognition circuit that focuses on the place cell area. Through these experiments, we confirm that our method is useful for designing a multi-regional pulsed neural network of the animat that shows biologically realistic features.
Standardization of the Chromium-51 Release, Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Assay: Cryopreservation of Mouse Effector and Target Cells2 (1977)

Utilizing controlled cryopreservation techniques, we were able to standardize the 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and thereby ensured reliable comparisons between results obtained on different days. Optimal conditions for freezing of both effector and target cells were quite similar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 7.5-10.0% was employed as the cryoprotective agent and cells were frozen at the rate of -1 degrees C/minute. The handling procedures for the cells before and after freezing were important. Factors affecting recovery of functional reactivity were related to toxicity of DMSO for the cells, the osmotic stress placed upon the cells as the DMSO was being removed after thawing, the handling temperature of the freshly thawed cells, and the susceptibility of cells to mechanical damage immediately after thawing. The recovery of lymphocytes after freezing was about 70%; the recovery of cytotoxicity was around 85%. Syngeneic cytotoxic reactivity induced by inoculation with the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus was cryopreserved, as were allogeneic cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxic reactivity. Multiple tests employing effector cells from the same frozen pool gave reproducible results; the standard error of the mean percent cytotoxicity was less than 1.5%. Cryopreserved target cells gave decreased day-to-day variability in susceptibility to lysis, since the same population of cells could be employed in each assay. These results demonstrated conclusively that we can now have a constant source of effector cells and target cells, which can be used from assay to assay as an internal standard.
Genetic Analysis of Developmentally Regulated Resistance to Downy Mildew (<i>Hyaloperonospora parasitica</i>) in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2005)

Although developmentally regulated disease resistance has been observed in a variety of plant-pathogen interactions, the molecular basis of this phenomenon is not well understood. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0) expresses a developmentally regulated resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica isolate Emco5. Col-0 seedlings support profuse mycelial growth and asexual spore formation in the cotyledons. In contrast, Emco5 growth and reproduction is dramatically (but not completely) restricted in the first set of true leaves. Subsequent leaves exhibit progresssively increased resistance. This adult resistance is strongly suppressed by expression of the salicylic acid-degrading transgene NahG and by loss-of-function mutations in the defense-response regulators PAD4, NDR1, RAR1, PBS3, and NPR1. In contrast to Col-0, the Wassilewskija-0 (Ws-0) ecotype supports profuse growth of Emco5 at all stages of development. Gene-dosage experiments and segregation patterns indicate that adult susceptibility in Ws-0 is incomepletely dominant to adult resistance in Col-0. Genetic mapping in a Col x Ws F2 population revealed a major locus on the bottom arm of chromosome 5, which we named RPP31. Analysis of T-DNA insertion lines indicated that the Columbia allele of RPP8, though tightly linked to RPP31, is not necessary for adult resistance.
Le libertà delle città italiane nel tardo medioevo: qualche riflessione (2020)

La historia de la libertad en las ciudades italianas de fines de la Edad Media se enfrenta a una "gran narrativa" que interpreta la experiencia política de las ciudades con una tradición comunitaria como una experiencia extraordinaria de la libertad republicana, a partir de algunas convicciones sólidas: que las Comunas habían sido una expresión plena de la libertad de los ciudadanos, que la degeneración de las luchas entre facciones había llevado a su crisis, y que los regímenes señoriales habían marcado el final de la libertad allanando el camino para las invasiones extranjeras de finales del siglo XV. El paradigma central de la "gran narrativa de la libertad" es la identificación de las experiencias políticas de las ciudades italianas de tradición comunal con el sistema político republicano. Sin embargo, esta identificación parece ser una "comprensión previa" interpretativa que no se refleja en la documentación. Tenemos que volver a investigar el significado de las libertates en las ciudades italianas de finales de la Edad Media, sustrayendonos a una carga ideológica tan pesada, para comprender la variedad de los significados premodernos del concepto de libertad centrado principalmente en la reivincidación de libertad como ausencia de dependencia o un régimen político arbitrario. Metodológicamente se trata de comenzar de nuevo a partir del análisis de la documentación y de una exégesis afinada del lenguaje de las fuentes, que revela la extraordinaria variedad de significados y declinaciones asumidas por la noción de libertad en las ciudades italianas entre los siglos XII y XIV.
Psoriatic patients have a distinct structural and functional fecal microbiota compared with controls (2019)

Alterations in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriatic arthritis. This work aimed to characterize the gut microbial signature of patients with active psoriasis as compared with age-, body mass index- and comorbidity-matched non-psoriatic controls and to correlate them with differential expression of metabolic pathways. Fecal samples were processed and 16S rRNA was sequenced. PICRUSt was used to perform an analysis of metabolic pathways. Of the 46 participants, 52% (n = 24) suffered from psoriasis. There was a significant difference in β-diversity between the two groups. Psoriatic patients had a significant increase in the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla as compared with matched controls. At the genus level, psoriatic patients had a unique bacterial composition. At the species level, the psoriatic patients showed significant increases in the relative proportions of (false discovery rate, <0.05) in Ruminoccocus gnavus, Dorea formicigenerans and Collinsella aerofaciens, while Prevotella copri and Parabacteroides distasonis were significantly decreased as compared with controls. PICRUSt analysis revealed increases in metabolic pathways related to lipopolysaccharide function in the psoriatic cohort. These data demonstrate unique fecal microbial and metabolic signatures in psoriatic patients.
Caregiver Burden and Health-related Quality of Life Among Stroke Caregivers (2004)

Purpose: This study was performed to examine the relationship between caregiver burden and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in family caregivers of stroke patients in the community. Methods: Subjects were 33 stroke patients who had a experience of hospitalization during last 1 year and their family. Data were obtained from personal interview by nursing students in October, 2003. We assessed the functional status of stroke patients, caregiver burden and the HRQOL of caregivers using SF-8. Results: A higher subjective burden was related to dependent functional status of patients than independent(P
Effect of molecular weight (M<sub><i>w</i></sub>) of<i>N</i>‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers on body distribution and rate of excretion after subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration to rats (1987)

A copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-methacryloyltyrosinamide was prepared and fractionated using Sepharose 4B/6B (1:1) chromatography to produce eight HPMA copolymer fractions of narrow polydispersity and mean molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 12 to 778 kD. These fractions were radioiodinated and injected intravenously, subcutaneously, and intraperitoneally into rats. Their bloodstream-concentration profiles were monitored and rates of excretion assessed. Following intravenous administration the circulating blood volume available to the copolymers was not molecular-weight-dependent. A molecular-weight threshold limiting glomerular filtration was identified at approximately 45 kD, and preparations greater than this threshold were lost from the bloodstream only slowly by extravasation. Molecular weight did not influence the movement of copolymers from the peritoneal compartment to the bloodstream after intraperitoneal injection. The transfer rates observed could be accounted for by bulk phase lymphatic drainage alone, no transcapillary routes being implicated. Following subcutaneous administration the largest HPMA copolymer fraction (Mw = 778 kD, diameter approximately 30 nm) showed increased retention at the site of the injection, approximately 20% of the dose remaining there after 21 days. This could result from physical restriction of movement or from internalization into local phagocytic cells. The smaller copolymer fractions moved readily into the bloodstream whence they were either lost in the urine or they gradually penetrated into other tissues and organs. Long-term (21 days) body distribution of copolymers following both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration showed size-dependent accumulation in organs of the reticuloendothelial system.
Experimental queueing analysis with long-range dependent packet traffic (1996)

Traffic measurement studies from a wide range of working packet networks have convincingly established the presence of significant statistical features that are characteristic of fractal traffic processes, in the sense that these features span many time scales. Of particular interest in packet traffic modeling is a property called long-range dependence (LRD), which is marked by the presence of correlations that can extend over many time scales. We demonstrate empirically that, beyond its statistical significance in traffic measurements, long-range dependence has considerable impact on queueing performance, and is a dominant characteristic for a number of packet traffic engineering problems. In addition, we give conditions under which the use of compact and simple traffic models that incorporate long-range dependence in a parsimonious manner (e.g., fractional Brownian motion) is justified and can lead to new insights into the traffic management of high speed networks.
Design of sub-10-picoseconds on-chip time measurement circuit (2004)

The rapid pace of change in IC technology, specifically in speed of operation, demands sophisticated design solutions for IC testing methodologies. Moreover, the current technology of system-on-chip (SOC) makes great demands for testing internal speed accurately as the limitation on accessing internal nodes using I/O pins becomes more difficult. This paper presents two high-resolution time measurement schemes for digital BIST applications, namely: two-delay interpolation method (TDIM) and time amplifier. The two schemes are combined to produce a completely new design for BIST time measurement which offers two main advantages: a low range of timing measurement which has never been achieved before, and a small size of layout occupying 0.2 mm/sup 2/ or equivalent to 3020 transistors. These two features are undoubtedly compatible with present high-speed SOC design architectures.
Fast, Efficient and Low E‐Factor One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)Arenes (2017)

Abstract The homocoupling of aryl halides and the heterocoupling of aryl halides with either aryl bromides or arenes bearing an ortho‐lithiation directing group are presented. The use of a Pd catalyst, in combination with t‐BuLi, allows for the rapid and efficient formation of a wide range of polyaromatic compounds in a one pot procedure bypassing the need for the separate preformation of an organometallic coupling partner. These polyaromatic structures are obtained in high yields, in 10 min at room temperature, with minimal waste generation (E‐factors as low as 1.5) and without the need for strict inert conditions, making this process highly efficient and practical in comparison to classical methods. As illustration, several key intermediates of widely used BINOL‐derived structures are readily prepared.
La Biblioteca del Estado de Sajonia y la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Dresde y su colección especializada de arte contemporáneo, fotografía y diseño industrial y gráfico (2001)

La Biblioteca del Estado de Sajonia tuvo como origen la biblioteca de los príncipes electores de este territorio histórico, quienes siempre manifestaron un gran interés por el arte. La bibliografía sobre arte ha tenido desde sus comienzos un protagonismo especial. La colección ha ido enriqueciéndose con el paso del tiempo, especialmente a partir de que se le reconociera la condición de biblioteca especializada en 1966 y la de biblioteca central de arte y música de la República Democrática de Alemania en 1983. Dada la carencia de divisas extranjeras que padeció esta república, hubo que acudir compensatoriamente al intercambio de publicaciones. Los dieciocho volúmenes de la "Bibliografía de Bellas Artes", editada por la biblioteca, ofrecieron un buen material para el mismo.
Ultraviolet photon absorption in single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes and peapods: Heating-induced phonon line broadening, wall coupling, and transformation (2007)

Ultraviolet photon absorption has been used to heat single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes and peapods in vacuum. By increasing the laser intensity up to $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mW}$, a downshift and a broadening of the optical phonons are observed corresponding to a temperature of $1000\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The UV Raman measurements are free of blackbody radiation. We find that the linewidth changes for the ${G}_{+}$ and ${G}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ bands differ considerably in single-wall carbon nanotubes. This gives evidence that the phonon decay process is different in axial and radial tube directions. We observe the same intrinsic linewidths of graphite (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) for the $G$ band in single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes. With increasing temperature, the interaction between the walls is modified for double-wall carbon nanotubes. Ultraviolet photon induced transformations of peapods are found to be different on silica and diamond substrates.