gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid PPC methodology using multi-step correction and implementation for the sub-100-nm node (2003)

As semiconductor devices are scaled down to the sub-100nm node, the fine control of ACLV (across-chip line-width variation) to improve the performance of chips and the expansion of the process window to enhance yield are required. One of the techniques reducing ACLV is MPPC (model-based process proximity correction). However, it increases pattern complexity and does not guarantee enough process windows. Therefore, we propose a HPPC (hybrid PPC) methodology combining RPPC (rule-based PPC) and MPPC, which correct the gate on active by MPPC for device performance and the field gate by RPPC for process window. In addition, we optimize SRAF (sub-resolution assist feature) design to improve process windows further at the full chip level and apply the multi-step correction, which corrects optical and etch proximity effects separately to minimize ACLV. As the result of the application to the 90nm logic gate, we achieve over 0.3um DOF (depth of focus) and the line-width variation within ±5% of the target CD (critical dimension).
Adaptive monitoring in microkernel OSs (2010)

The microkernel architecture has been investigated by both industries and the academia for the development of dependable Operating Systems (OSs). This work copes with a relevant issue for this architecture, namely unresponsive components because of deadlocks and infinite loops. In particular, a monitor sends heartbeat messages to a component that should reply within a timeout. The timeout choice is tricky, since it should be dynamically adapted to the load conditions of the system. Therefore, our approach is based on an adaptive heartbeat mechanism, in which the timeout is estimated from past response times. We implement and compare three estimation algorithms for the choice of the timeout in the context of the Minix 3 OS. From the analysis we derive useful guidelines for choosing the best algorithm with respect to system requirements.
Immobilization of β-Cyclodextrin on Silica Gel (1986)

Abstract β-Cyclodextrin (β-CyD) was covalently immobilized on silica gel by chlorination of silica gel with thionyl chloride or silicon tetrachloride, followed by the reaction of the resulting chlorinated silica gel with β-CyD in pyridine. The amounts of the immobilized β-CyD were 8×10−5 to 1.4×10−4 mol per 1 g of the β-CyD–silica gel composites. On heating, the composites did not exhibit weight decrease up to 250 °C. The β-CyD in the composites formed 1 : 1 complex with phenol in aqueous solutions, and the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the complex was 6×10−3 mol dm−3 at 25 °C. The immobilized β-CyD exhibited catalytic activity in the cleavage of 4-nitrophenyl acetate at 25 °C, pH 8.7.
Development of a Quantitative Structure−Property Relationship Model for Estimating Normal Boiling Points of Small Multifunctional Organic Molecules (1999)

Computer-assisted quantitative structure-property relationship techniques are applied in the development of a robust and accurate model of normal boiling points (boiling at 760 mmHg) for a very diverse set of 268 small organic molecules. Most of the molecules included in this study contain two or more functional groups. The final model yields a tight fit to the training set data (R2 = 0.963), with a fit error of 6.5%. More importantly, the model is also shown to perform well in external prediction. The mean prediction error for boiling points for a 78-member external test set was 12.3 degrees C, or 8.3%. A detailed analysis of the small number of compounds that were either outliers or not well predicted illustrates areas for potential improvement of the methodology used.
Volume Calculation of Venous Thrombosis Using 2D Ultrasound Images (2005)

Venous thrombosis screening exams use 2D ultrasound images, from which medical experts obtain a rough idea of the thrombosis aspect and infer an approximate volume. Such estimation is essential to follow up the thrombosis evolution. This paper proposes a method to calculate venous thrombosis volume from non-parallel 2D ultrasound images, taking advantage of a priori knowledge about the thrombosis shape. An interactive ellipse fitting contour segmentation extracts the 2D thrombosis contours. Then, a Delaunay triangulation is applied to the set of 2D segmented contours positioned in 3D, and the area that each contour defines, to obtain a global thrombosis 3D surface reconstruction, with a dense triangulation inside the contours. Volume is calculated from the obtained surface and contours triangulation, using a maximum unit normal component approach. Preliminary results obtained on 3 plastic phantoms and 3 in vitro venous thromboses, as well as one in vivo case are presented and discussed. An error rate of volume estimation inferior to 4,5% for the plastic phantoms, and 3,5% for the in vitro venous thromboses was obtained.
Density Functional Theory Study of Sn Adsorption on the CeO<sub>2</sub>Surface (2011)

The adsorption behaviors and electronic properties of Sn on the CeO2(111) surface were systematically investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Our results suggested that Sn on the hollow site is more stable than that on the top oxygen site at the coverage of 0.25 ML, while Sn on the top oxygen site is the most stable configuration when the coverage of Sn is equal to or higher than 0.5 ML. Charge density difference (CDD) analysis indicates that electrons transfer from the Sn adatom to the substrate, leading to the reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ ion, which is in agreement with the experimental spectroscopy. The reduction degree of the substrate increases with the Sn coverage, which is well supported by the CDD and spin-resolved density of states (DOS) of the most stable xSn/CeO2(111) configurations. The adsorption of Sn can partially activate the surface oxygen of ceria. The tentative study of a probe molecule CO adsorption on the Sn/CeO2(111) surface indicates that CO adsorption is enhanced due to the strong tin–ceria interactions.
AIAA 2002-3239 Geometric, Kinematic and Radiometric Aspects of Image-Based Measurements (2002)

This paper discusses theoretical foundations of quantitative image-based measurements for extracting and reconstructing geometric, kinematic and dynamic properties of observed objects. New results are obtained by using a combination of methods in perspective geometry, differential geometry, radiometry, kinematics and dynamics. Specific topics include perspective projection transformation, perspective developable conical surface, perspective projection under surface constraint, perspective invariants, the point correspondence problem, motion fields of curves and surfaces, and motion equations of image intensity. The methods given in this paper are useful for determining morphology and motion fields of deformable bodies such as elastic bodies, viscoelastic mediums and fluids. Table of
Choline transporter‐like protein 4 (<scp>CTL</scp>4) links to non‐neuronal acetylcholine synthesis (2013)

Synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) by non-neuronal cells is now well established and plays diverse physiologic roles. In neurons, the Na(+) -dependent, high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is absolutely required for ACh synthesis. In contrast, some non-neuronal cells synthesize ACh in the absence of CHT1 indicating a fundamental difference in ACh synthesis compared to neurons. The aim of this study was to identify choline transporters, other than CHT1, that play a role in non-neuronal ACh synthesis. ACh synthesis was studied in lung and colon cancer cell lines focusing on the choline transporter-like proteins, a five gene family choline-transporter like protein (CTL)1-5. Supporting a role for CTLs in choline transport in lung cancer cells, choline transport was Na(+) -independent and CTL1-5 were expressed in all cells examined. CTL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at highest levels and knockdown of CTL1, 2, and 5 decreased choline transport in H82 lung cancer cells. Knockdowns of CTL1, 2, 3, and 5 had no effect on ACh synthesis in H82 cells. In contrast, knockdown of CTL4 significantly decreased ACh secretion by both lung and colon cancer cells. Conversely, increasing expression of CTL4 increased ACh secretion. These results indicate that CTL4 mediates ACh synthesis in non-neuronal cell lines and presents a mechanism to target non-neuronal ACh synthesis without affecting neuronal ACh synthesis.
CO<sub>2</sub>Blood Oxygen Level–dependent MR Mapping of Cerebrovascular Reserve in a Clinical Population: Safety, Tolerability, and Technical Feasibility (2012)

CVR mapping by using a prospectively targeted CO(2) stimulus and BOLD MR imaging is safe, well tolerated, and technically feasible in a clinical patient population.
Tenofovir alafenamide: A novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2015)

Despite substantial progress in the development of antiretroviral regimens that durably suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, new agents that maintain high efficacy while further optimizing the safety of lifelong, chronic therapy are needed. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF; formerly known as GS-7340) is a novel prodrug of the antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate tenofovir (TFV) with improved properties relative to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Although potent and generally well tolerated, TDF therapy has been associated with changes in markers of renal function, decreases in bone mineral density and a rare occurrence of serious renal adverse events, including Fanconi's Syndrome. The renal and bone toxicity observed with TDF is associated with high circulating plasma levels of TFV. TAF was discovered to be a more efficient prodrug able to further refine HIV therapy and better address life-long therapy in an older and increasingly comorbid HIV infected population. By enhancing stability in biological matrices while being rapidly activated in cells, TAF produces higher levels of intracellular TFV diphosphate, the pharmacologically active metabolite, in HIV-target cells at substantially reduced oral doses of TFV equivalents. All TFV released in the body is eventually eliminated renally; therefore, lowering the TFV equivalents administered reduces off-target kidney exposure. Effective therapy is thus achieved at approximately 90% lower systemic exposure to TFV, translating to statistically and clinically significant improvement in safety parameters associated with bone mineral density and markers of renal function.
Migration of deuterium to C-20 in the rearrangement reaction of 17.ALPHA.-deuterated 5.ALPHA.-pregnane-3.ALPHA., 20.ALPHA.-diol disulfate by hot acid hydrolysis to 17.ALPHA.-ethyl-17.BETA.-methyl-5.ALPHA.-androst-13(14)-en-3.ALPHA.-ol. (1978)

The mechanism of the hot acid hydrolysis of 5α-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol disulfate was studied with the substrate containing deuterium in the 17α position. About 75% of the isotopic atom was retained in the formation of 17α-ethyl-17β-methyl-5α-androst-13 (14)-en-3α-ol. The stereospecific migration of deuterium to ethyl side chain of the product is suggesting that the rearrangement proceeded mainly via concerted mechanism.
Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination in mice devoid of any Sμ tandem repeat (2004)

Immunoglobulin heavy-chain class-switch recombination (CSR) occurs between highly repetitive switch sequences located upstream of the constant region genes. However, the role of these sequences remains unclear. Mutant mice were generated in which most of the I mu -- C mu intron was deleted, including all the repeats. Late B-cell development was characterized by a severe impairment, but not a complete block, in class switching to all isotypes despite normal germ line transcription. Sequence analysis of the I mu -- C mu intron in in vitro activated-mutant splenocytes did not reveal any significant increase in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-induced somatic mutations. Analysis of switch junctions showed that, in the absence of any S mu repeat, the Imicro exon was readily used as a substrate for CSR. In contrast to the sequence alterations downstream of the switch junctions, very few, if any, mutations were found upstream of the junction sites. Our data suggest that the core E mu enhancer could be the boundary for CSR-associated somatic mutations. We propose that the core E mu enhancer plays a central role in the temporal dissociation of somatic hypermutation from class switching.
Clarifying Human White Matter (2016)

Progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now makes it possible to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain. These tracts are important because they carry many of the signals communicated between different brain regions. MRI methods coupled with biophysical modeling can measure the tissue properties and structural features of the tracts that impact our ability to think, feel, and perceive. This review describes the fundamental ideas of the MRI methods used to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain.
Human Copy Number Variation and Complex Genetic Disease (2011)

Copy number variants (CNVs) play an important role in human disease and population diversity. Advancements in technology have allowed for the analysis of CNVs in thousands of individuals with disease in addition to thousands of controls. These studies have identified rare CNVs associated with neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. In addition, copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) are present at higher frequencies in the population, show high diversity in copy number, sequence, and structure, and have been associated with multiple phenotypes, primarily related to immune or environmental response. However, the landscape of copy number variation still remains largely unexplored, especially for smaller CNVs and those embedded within complex regions of the human genome. An integrated approach including characterization of single nucleotide variants and CNVs in a large number of individuals with disease and normal genomes holds the promise of thoroughly elucidating the genetic basis of human disease and diversity.
Dehydrogenation of a phosphonate substrate analogue by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1974)

S-(+)-3,4-Dihydroxybutylphosphonic acid, an isosteric analogue of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, was synthesized stereospecifically and shown to be an effective substrate for rabbit muscle glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol 3-phosphate-NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8). Non-isosteric phosphonate analogues of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate showed neither substrate nor inhibitory activity with the enzyme.
Q-learning Based on Neural Network in Learning Action Selection of Mobile Robot (2007)

This paper focuses on the learning action selection in behavior-based autonomous mobile robot. Autonomous mobile robot needs a large space to store the state-action pair in the application of tabular Q-learning. Neural network has a good ability of generalization, so in this paper Q-learning based on neural network is developed which has a good ability to approximate to Q-function. The Q-learning based on neural network is applied to autonomous mobile robot for goal directed obstacle avoidance. Results of simulation show that the mobile robot can learn to select proper actions itself to accomplish the task autonomously.
The reaction of homophthalic acid and some aza analogues with vilsmeier reagent: a reinvestigation (2001)

Abstract Homophthalic acid and its pyrido and 8‐methylquinolino analogues with dimethylformamide/phosphoryl chloride at 0 ° give the appropriate 4‐(dimethylaminomethylene)isochroman‐1,3‐dione ( 2a, 2b, 2c , respectively). Under the literature conditions for conversion of 2a to 2‐methyl‐1‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline‐4‐carboxylic acid ( 3a ), the aza analogues give instead 7‐hydroxy‐5‐oxo‐5 H ‐pyrano[4,3‐ b ]pyridine‐8‐carbox‐aldehyde ( 5b ) and 3‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1‐oxo‐1 H ‐pyrano[4,3‐ b ]quinoline‐4‐carboxaldehyde ( 5c ), respectively. Modified conditions were required to isolate analogues 3b and 3c . Further, while reaction of 2a with hydrogen chloride in methanol gave the known change to methyl 1‐oxo‐1 H ‐isochromene‐4‐carboxylate ( 4 ), 2b and 2c gave only products of oxa‐ring cleavage. Methyl 2‐( cis ‐2‐hydroxyvinyl)‐8‐methylquinoline‐3‐carboxylate ( 8 ) was the main product from 2c , while a novel quinolizinium species ( 11 ) was formed in good yield from 2b.
Retinoid modulation of estradiol-stimulated growth and of protein synthesis and secretion in human breast carcinoma cells. (1990)

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of numerous breast carcinoma cell lines. In this study we demonstrated that RA inhibits estradiol stimulation of proliferation of the estrogen-dependent breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and ZR-75. RA inhibition of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell proliferation is associated with the marked stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of a 75,000 molecular weight protein. Minor stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of other proteins was also noted, including 160,000, 95,000, 89,000, 82,000, 52,000 and 46,000 molecular weight proteins. Increased synthesis and secretion of the Mr 75,000 protein was noted with as little as 10 nM RA. Stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of this protein occurred within 24 h of adding the retinoid and at the time of RA inhibition of cellular proliferation. RA stimulated the production and secretion of this protein both in the absence and presence of estradiol. Stimulation of the secretion and synthesis was not noted in the presence of difluoromethyl-ornithine or tamoxifen, both of which significantly inhibited cellular proliferation. The estrogen-dependent breast carcinoma cell line ZR-75 when exposed to RA also expressed increased synthesis of the Mr 75,000 and 46,000 proteins but increased synthesis was not noted in the RA-resistant cell line MDA-MB-231. Stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of the Mr 75,000 and/or 46,000 proteins may be intimately involved in RA inhibition of cellular proliferation.
FNMS communications platform (2002)

The architecture and design of the FNMS (FTS-2000 network management system) communications platform is presented. Paradigms of the FNMS communications based on the FOG client-server model are also described. The FNMS communications platform is implemented in C++ using the object-oriented design methodology. The network status management (NSM) system, a major application of FNMS, is designed to process and display in near-real-time the information of network received from various AT&T operations support systems of the FTS-2000 network. Messages about network status are first collected and processed by a 3B2 front-end hub. They are then distributed to a 3B2 back-end hub for database processing and to twenty-five or so SUN workstations for graphic display. The front-end and back-end hubs and workstations are connected via an Ethernet-based local area network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of the Effects of (2S,3S)-2,3-Methanomethionine, (2R,3R)-2,3-Methanomethionine, and (2R,3R)-2,3-Methanophenylalanine on the Conformations of Small Peptides (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of the Effects of (2S,3S)-2,3-Methanomethionine, (2R,3R)-2,3-Methanomethionine, and (2R,3R)-2,3-Methanophenylalanine on the Conformations of Small PeptidesKevin Burgess, Kwok-Kan Ho, and Biman PalCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 13, 3808–3819Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00118a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00118a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views161Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A New Aerobic Oxidation System Using Pd-Cu Catalysts in the Presence of CO (1994)

Abstract Oxidation of benzylic ethers, tosylamides, and 9,10-dihydroanthracene could be performed efficiently under O2 and CO atmosphere in the presence of PdCl2-CuCl2 catalysts to give the corresponding esters (lactones), amides and anthraquinone, respectively.
A Flipped Voltage Follower based low-dropout regulator with composite power transistor (2011)

This paper presents an improved design for the low-dropout regulator (LDO) based on the Flipped Voltage Follower (FVF) structure. A FVF based LDO regulator with composite power transistor (CPT) is proposed. It reduces the minimum biasing current requirement of the power transistor in Single-Transistor-Control (STC) LDO regulator whilst enhancing the loop gain as well as bandwidth performance. The proposed LDO regulator has been validated using GLOBALFOUNDRIES 0.18-μm CMOS process. Using the FVF STC structure as the benchmark, the simulation results have shown that the proposed CPT LDO regulator has a better load transient and accuracy than that of the STC and Buffered Flipped Voltage Follower (BFVF) counterpart whilst maintaining low voltage operation.
Regularized sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction using bregman iterations (2008)

In parallel imaging, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction is usually degraded by the ill-conditioning problem, which becomes especially serious at large acceleration factors. Existing regularization methods have been shown to alleviate the problem. However, they usually suffer from image artifacts at high acceleration factors due to the large data inconsistency resulting from heavy regularization. In this paper, we propose Bregman iteration for SENSE regularization. Unlike the existing regularization methods where the regularization function is fixed, the method adaptively updates the regularization function using the Bregman distance at different iterations, such that the iteration gradually removes the aliasing artifacts and recovers fine structures before the noise finally comes back. With a discrepancy principle as the stopping criterion, our results demonstrate that the reconstructed image using Bregman iteration preserves both sharp edges lost in Tikhonov regularization and fines structures missed in total variation (TV) regularization, while reducing more noise and aliasing artifacts.