gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A computer-based method of segmenting ground glass nodules in pulmonary CT images: comparison to expert radiologists' interpretations (2005)

Ground glass nodules (GGNs) have proved especially problematic in lung cancer diagnosis, as despite frequently being malignant they have extremely slow growth rates. In this work, the GGN segmentation results of a computer-based method were compared with manual segmentation performed by two dedicated chest radiologists. CT volumes of 8 patients were acquired by multi-slice CT. 21 pure or mixed GGNs were identified and independently segmented by the computer-based method and by two readers. The computer-based method is initialized by a click point, and uses a Markov random field (MRF) model for segmentation. While the intensity distribution varies for different GGNs, the intensity model used in MRF is adapted for each nodule based on initial estimates. This method was run three times for each nodule using different click points to evaluate consistency. In this work, consistency was defined by the overlap ratio (overlap volume/mean volume). The consistency of the computer-based method with different initial points, with a mean overlap ratio of 0.96±0.02 (95% confidence interval on mean), was significantly higher than the <i>inter</i>-observer consistency between the two radiologists, indicated by a mean overlap ratio of 0.73±0.04. The computer consistency was also significantly higher than the <i>intra</i>-observer consistency of two measurements from the same radiologist, indicated by an overlap ratio of 0.69±0.05 (<i>p-value</i> < 1E-05). The concordance of the computer with the expert interpretation demonstrated a mean overlap ratio of 0.69±0.05. As shown by our data, the consistency provided by the computer-based method is significantly higher than between observers, and the accuracy of the method is no worse than that of one physician’s accuracy with respect to another, allowing more reproducible assessment of nodule growth.
The defence of plasma osmolality. (1984)

The studies reported in this abstract are the result of various tests of osmosensitivity and sodium sensitivity on drinking, vasopressin secretion and sodium excretion in dogs before and after discrete lesions of the OVLT. A successful lesion was defined as destruction of 95% of the OVLT without significant damage to periventricular tissue. Destruction of the OVLT elevated the threshold increase in plasma osmolality required to elicit drinking to intravenous infusion of hypertonic NaCl from 8 +/- 2 to 23 +/- 2 mosmol/kg H2O, and reduced water intake at these threshold osmolalities from 43 +/- 4 to 15 +/- 3 ml/kg. The water intake following 24 h of water, but not food, deprivation was 36 +/- 7 before the lesion and 43 +/- 9 ml/kg following, volumes which did not differ statistically. However, the effect of 24 h water deprivation on plasma osmolality and sodium excretion was altered by OVLT lesions. In control dogs, water deprivation increased plasma osmolality from 301 +/- 2 to 308 +/- 2 mosm/kg, plasma vasopressin from 2.0 +/- 0.3 to 6.8 +/- 1.3 pg/ml and plasma renin activity from 3.3 +/- 1.2 to 10.4 +/- 3.0 ng AI/ml/3 h and a natriuresis of 2 mEq of sodium/kg. Following OVLT lesions, water deprivation did not result in natriuresis. Furthermore, plasma osmolality increased from 314 +/- 7 to 331 +/- 6 mosmol/kg, vasopressin from 1.6 +/- 0.5 to 5.3 +/- 1.0 pg/ml and PRA from 9.6 +/- 2.4 to 18.2 +/- 5.4 ng AI/ml/3 h. The increase in plasma vasopressin was small in relation to the large rise in plasma osmolality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
What did Gerald Ford do, and when did he do it? (1994)

Worldwide, approximately 30-50 millions of people are living in small scale gold mining areas and are primarily burdened by mercury vapour. In the frame of our study, 306 mercury (Hg) vapour burdened adults, working and/ or living in two small scale gold mining areas in Zimbabwe and Tanzania and 58 volunteers from near-by unburdened communities were medically investigated. In addition, blood, urine and hair samples from each participant were analyzed for mercury. Altogether, 26 anamnestic and 24 clinical signs and symptoms, which may be caused by Hg vapour, were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the influence of the mercury concentration in the bio-monitors on the evaluated anamnestic and clinical signs and symptoms taking into account age, gender, health status, alcohol consumption, use of pesticides and gasoline sniffing. Out of the resulting correlations between concentration and effect, ROC-curves were calculated to determine best estimates of the cut-off-values in the bio monitors. For the parameters ataxia of gait and sadness cut-off-values of 4.7 and 3.6 microg Hg/g crea in urine were calculated. These values were converted to a rounded LOAEL of 3.5 microg Hg vapour/m(3) air. In analogy to the US EPA Report (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1997) and the European Position Paper (Pirrone et al. 2001), uncertainty factors of 30 and 50 were applied, resulting in a proposed reference concentration (RfC) in ambient air of 0.1 microg Hg vapour/m(3) and 0.07 microg Hg vapour/m(3), respectively.
Superresolution for Nonbirefringent Objects (1964)

The theory of a superresolution experiment is developed. To achieve superresolution one must know in advance some properties of the objects, e.g., nonbirefringence, time independence, or wavelength independence. Assuming that the objects are nonbirefringent, it would be wasteful to use the two possible states of independent linear polarization of the light for simultaneously carrying the same information twice through the image-forming system. One can avoid this waste by inserting polarizers and certain double-refracting components into the system, so that the two states of polarization instead carry different information through the conventional image-forming system. The transfer function of such a superresolution system is derived for coherent and incoherent object illumination. It confirms qualitatively the results of previously reported experiments. A modification of the system is then proposed so that the one-dimensional restriction of the original concept is eliminated. The transfer function for the modified system is derived and numerical examples are presented. The modification imposes a further constraint on the class of allowed objects: the objects must be time-independent or only slowly time-varying.
Behavior of organic compounds confined in monoliths of sol–gel silica glass. Effects of guest–host hydrogen bonding on uptake, release, and isomerization of the guest compounds (2001)

Various proteins, catalysts, and other compounds can be encapsulated or diffused into porous sol–gel glasses, but little is known about their interactions with the glass matrix. We report unexpectedly large effects that hydrogen bonding between organic compounds and sol–gel silica has on equilibria and reactions involving these guest compounds. Silica monolith immersed in a solution takes up the organic solute. Styrene, which is incapable of hydrogen bonding, becomes evenly distributed between external solution and the glass. Aniline and N,N-diethyl-p-methoxybenzamide, which are capable of hydrogen bonding, become extracted into the glass when the solvent (neat CCl4) does not interfere with their hydrogen bonding with silica. They become evenly distributed between the solution and the glass when a component of the solvent (DMF added to CCl4) or chemical modification (trimethylsilylation) of the silica surface suppresses hydrogen bonding of the guests with the surface. Ultraviolet spectra show that silica–guest interactions are present when the guest uptake is excessive and absent when this uptake is balanced. Ultraviolet spectra of aniline show that the hydrogen atoms are donated by silica to the guest. Not only the extent, but also the rate, of uptake is enhanced when the guest makes hydrogen bonds to the silica matrix; suppression of these bonds lowers the uptake rate. Silica monolith extracts trans-3,3′-diacetylazobenzene from a CCl4 solution 1250-fold. Upon addition of DMF, hydrogen bonds are broken, and the monolith completely releases the solute into the external solution. Five derivatives of azobenzene (3,3′-dimethyl-, 3-acetyl-, 3,3′-diacetyl-, 3,5-diacetyl-, and 3,3′,5,5′-tetraacetylazobenzene), which differ in the propensity for accepting hydrogen atoms, served as photochromic probes and showed the effect of hydrogen bonding on reactivity. Both the photoinduced (trans-to-cis) and the subsequent thermal (cis-to-trans) isomerizations of the five derivatives obey the first-order law in glass as well as in free solution. When the solvent (neat CCl4) allows hydrogen bonding, the proportion of the isomers in the photostationary state differs between the glass and solution, and the rate constant for the thermal reaction is two to four times (in different derivatives) smaller in the glass than in solution. Evidently, hydrogen bonding retards the rearrangement of the probe molecules in the silica matrix. When hydrogen bonding is abolished (by addition of DMF to CCl4), the compositions of the photostationary state in the glass and in solution become equal, and so do the rate constants. Effects of hydrogen bonding on enzymes encapsulated in sol–gel glass and on the distribution of analytes between the glass monolith and the sample solution should be taken into consideration when designing accurate biosensors.
[Effect of lead exposure during pregnancy on hippocampal long-term potentiation and expression of NMDAR-2A mRNA in the off-spring rats]. (2001)

Chronic lead exposure during brain development is known to affect cognitive and behavioral functions in children and animals. The lead exposure on pregnant rats was used as a model to examine the effects of lead on the long-term potentiation(LTP) in hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG) region in vivo and the expression of NMDAR-2A mRNA by in situ hybridization in the off-springs. Female rats were exposed to 0.5 g/L or 2 g/L lead acetate in drinking water since 10 days before mating to weaning. The filial rats of 70-90 days old with blood lead levels below 100 micrograms/L were prepared for recording their DG-evoked population spike(PS) in the hippocampal DG area in vivo. The results showed that the range of LTP were (136 +/- 31)% in low lead group, (145 +/- 30)% in high lead group, and (319 +/- 114)% in control group. The reduction of NMDAR-2A mRNA expression 34%-44% in the granule and pyramidal cell layers caused by lead were seen in 21 days old rats. It indicated that the cognitive deficits induced by low-level lead exposure in early stage of life may persist to adulthood, and the modified NMDAR gene expression may play a key role in the cognitive deficits associated with lead exposure during development.
Enhanced fluorescence using silver nanoparticles patterned by e-beam lithography (2005)

The interest in optical properties of colloidal metals is driven by their applications to chemistry and optics. Metallic nanoparticles have the ability to enhance the local optical fields and change the spectroscopic properties of organic molecules as well as allow for design new optical devices. Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) is yielding enormous opportunities for enhanced fluorescence sensing and imaging in microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip, clinical diagnostics, microarrays, and cellular applications. MEF is a through-space phenomenon relying on interaction of fluorophores with metallic nano-particles in the presence of excitation light. MEF can be utilized to produce new fluorometric devices with dramatically increased sensitivity. We report on metal-enhanced fluorescence measured on a silicon surface with silver nanoparticles patterned with electron beam lithography. We employ a combinatorial approach, depositing silver particles ranging in size, shape, inter-particle spacing, and nominal thickness. Two nanoparticle shapes were investigated, square and triangular in cross section with side dimensions ranging from 50 nm to 130 nm and spaced at distances ranging from 150 nm to 390 nm center-to-center. The fluorescence enhancement of several fluorophores was measured with excitation sources consisting of an Ar ion laser at 488/514 nm and a HeNe laser at 633 nm. This approach allows an easy and direct comparison of the fluorescence enhancement to the particle size, shape, inter-particle spacing, and excitation wavelength.
Alcohol and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk Defined by Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status: A Prospective Cohort Study (2005)

The observed association between risk of developing postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer and alcohol drinking, especially among those women who use postmenopausal hormones, may be important, because the majority of breast tumors among postmenopausal women overexpress ER.
Y <scp>RNA</scp> fragment in extracellular vesicles confers cardioprotection via modulation of <scp>IL</scp> ‐10 expression and secretion (2017)

Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) reduce myocardial infarct size via secreted extracellular vesicles (CDC-EVs), including exosomes, which alter macrophage polarization. We questioned whether short non-coding RNA species of unknown function within CDC-EVs contribute to cardioprotection. The most abundant RNA species in CDC-EVs is a Y RNA fragment (EV-YF1); its relative abundance in CDC-EVs correlates with CDC potency <i>in vivo</i> Fluorescently labeled EV-YF1 is actively transferred from CDCs to target macrophages via CDC-EVs. Direct transfection of macrophages with EV-YF1 induced transcription and secretion of IL-10. When cocultured with rat cardiomyocytes, EV-YF1-primed macrophages were potently cytoprotective toward oxidatively stressed cardiomyocytes through induction of IL-10. <i>In vivo,</i> intracoronary injection of EV-YF1 following ischemia/reperfusion reduced infarct size. A fragment of Y RNA, highly enriched in CDC-EVs, alters <i>Il10</i> gene expression and enhances IL-10 protein secretion. The demonstration that EV-YF1 confers cardioprotection highlights the potential importance of diverse exosomal contents of unknown function, above and beyond the usual suspects (e.g., microRNAs and proteins).
Lysosomal evaluation of endometrioma capsule epithelium and endometrium of patients with or without endometriosis. (2005)

Our data suggest that variations in the number of lysosomes may underlie the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
80 x 60 element thermoelectric infrared focal plane array for high-volume commercial use (2009)

This paper presents an 80 x 60 element thermoelectric infrared focal plane array that provides high responsivity and a low cost/high volume potential. The device has been designed to have a responsivity of 2100 V/W. The overall chip size is 12.2mm x 9.3mm with a 10.4mm x 7.8mm imaging area. Each detector consists of three pairs of p-n polysilicon thermocouples with external dimensions of 130um x 130um and an internal resistance of 90k ohms. The thermal time constant for this device is ≈ 16ms. Compatible with standard CMOS processes this bulk micromachined focal plane array delivers near microbolometer performance making very low cost infrared cameras economically feasible.
Concerns Regarding Lipoprotein Particle Measurement by Ion Mobility Analysis (2008)

We read with interest the report by Caulfield et al. (1) describing a new method for measuring lipoprotein particle concentrations by ion mobility (IM)1 analysis. There is growing evidence that the LDL particle concentration, as assessed by apolipoprotein B (apo B) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, is a better discriminator of cardiovascular risk than the LDL cholesterol concentration, and measures of VLDL and HDL particles have also been suggested to have clinical advantages over analyses of their lipid counterparts. For these reasons, methods capable of quantifying lipoprotein particle concentrations accurately and efficiently are of considerable interest, and we congratulate the authors on their efforts.

As part of the validation of the IM method, Caulfield and colleagues present several plots that compare IM-measured particle concentrations with corresponding lipid or apolipoprotein measurements. The results of some of these comparisons do not agree with expectations and raise concerns in our minds about the accuracy of the measured particle concentrations. As the authors point out, only a moderate association is expected between VLDL, LDL, and HDL particle concentrations and the corresponding lipid measurements, given that the cholesterol and triglyceride contents of these lipoproteins are …
Health Libraries Now (2007)

The results of the statistical survey of the Victorian health library services are discussed. The survey is shown to be extremely helpful in determining the various changes that have taken place in the functioning of health libraries over a period of time. The author also presents different steps that can be employed for improving the situations of these libraries.
Synovial sarcoma of the mediastinum. (2002)

Synovial sarcomas are exceedingly rare neoplasms of the mediastinum. We herein report a case of synovial sarcoma occurring in the mediastinum of an 11-year-old boy. The patient presented with superior vena cava syndrome, and the tumor was found located in the upper superior mediastinum. Due to the large size of the tumor making complete removal impossible, an incisional biopsy was performed. The biopsy showed the typical biphasic pattern of synovial sarcoma. After surgery, the patient received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and was still alive 2 years after diagnosis.
Facile synthesis of MOF-5 confined in SBA-15 hybrid material with enhanced hydrostability (2012)

A MOF-5 [Zn(4)O(BDC)(3); BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate]@SBA-15 hybrid material has been prepared by using SBA-15 as a matrix. This hybrid material exhibits improved hydrostability under ambient conditions and unique gas adsorption behavior compared with pristine MOF-5.
Elevated constitutive IkappaB kinase activity and IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in Hs294T melanoma cells lead to increased basal MGSA/GRO-alpha transcription. (1999)

The basal transcription of the CXC chemokine, melanocyte growth stimulatory activity (MGSA)/growth-regulated protein (GRO)-alpha, is up-regulated in Hs294T melanoma cells compared with the normal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Previous studies characterized a cytokine-inducible, functional nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB consensus element in the immediate 5' regulatory region of the MGSA/GRO-alpha gene at -78 bp. Although the cytokine-inducible mechanisms for transcription of this gene are fairly well delineated, the mechanisms involved in its basal up-regulation of transcription in Hs294T melanoma cells are poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated an increased rate of IkappaB-alpha degradation in Hs294T cells, which leads to an increased nuclear localization of NF-kappaB (R. L. Shattuck-Brandt and A. Richmond. Cancer Res., 57: 3032-3039, 1997). Here we demonstrate that Hs294T melanoma cells have elevated basal IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity relative to RPE cells, causing an increased constitutive IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation. We also show here that the resultant elevated nuclear NF-kappaB (p50/p65) in these cells is responsible for the increased basal transcription of MGSA/GRO-alpha. Pretreatment of Hs294T or RPE cells with proteasome inhibitors MG115 or MG132 captures the slower migrating, constitutively phosphorylated form of IkappaB-alpha in Hs294T melanoma cells, but not in RPE cells. In addition, a phospho-specific antibody that specifically recognizes the inhibitory form of IkappaB that is phosphorylated at Ser-32 reacted with IkappaB-alpha in Hs294T cell, but not in unstimulated RPE cells. Although the basal level of protein expression of IKK-alpha or IKK-beta are the same in both Hs294T and RPE cells, immunoprecipitation with IKK-alpha antibody combined with activity assay reveal a constitutively active IKK complex in Hs294T melanoma cells. Cotransfection of a 350-bp MGSA/GRO-alpha promoter-luciferase reporter construct with either the dominant negative IKK-alpha or the repressors of NF-kappaB, the IkappaB-alpha wild type or mutants lacking the inducible phosphorylation sites, demonstrates that the increased basal MGSA/GRO-alpha transcription in the Hs294T cells is due to the enhanced nuclear activation of NF-kappaB.
Effect of Amylose Content on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Potato-Starch-Based Edible Films (2008)

The present study investigated the amylose content and the gelatinization properties of various potato starches extracted from different potato cultivars. These potato starches were used to prepare edible films. Physical and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The crystallinity of selected native starches and edible films made of the same starches were determined by X-ray diffraction. The amylose content of potato starches varied between 11.9 and 20.1%. Gelatinization of potato starches in excess water occurred at temperatures ranging from 58 to 69 degrees C independently of the amylose content. The relative crystallinity was found to be around 10-13% in selected native potato starches with low, medium, and high amylose content. Instead, films prepared from the same potato starches were found to be practically amorphous having the relative crystallinity of 0-4%. The mechanical properties and the water vapor permeability of the films were found to be independent of the amylose content.
Smart Interconnected Infrastructure for Security and Safety in Public Places (2019)

In this paper, we present work in progress on the development of an intelligent interconnected infrastructure for public security and protection domain. In contrast to other Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks, the proposed system aims to effectively combine device and human awareness to achieve situational awareness, so as to provide a protection and security environment for citizens. The emphasis is placed on tourists, by creating the appropriate infrastructure to address a set of urgent situations, such as health-related problems and missing children in overcrowded environments, supporting smart links between humans and entities on the basis of goals, and adapting device operation to comply with human objectives, profiles and privacy. The framework effectively combines state-of-the-art technologies on IoT data collection and analytics, knowledge representation and interoperability, crowdsourcing, data fusion and decision-making.
Flow-velocity measurements with a laser diode array (1997)

To measure flow velocity, a new technique, laser diode array velocimetry, generates multiple laser spots (four or more) separated by short distances (20-100 mum) at the probe volume. Particles that pass through the probe volume generate a signal that is analyzed by a digital signal processor for frequency content. The product of frequency and laser-to-laser spot separation determines the velocity. Rotating wire and wind-tunnel experiments confirm the performance of the new technique. An error analysis showed that the uncertainties in the processed diode array velocimetry signal frequency were less than 0.3%, and uncertainties in the beam-to-beam separation were less than +/-0.05%.