gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coordination structures of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> in Akazara scallop troponin C in solution (2001)

FTIR spectroscopy has been applied to study the coordination structures of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions bound in Akazara scallop troponin C (TnC), which contains only a single Ca2+ binding site. The region of the COO- antisymmetric stretch provides information about the coordination modes of COO- groups to the metal ions: bidentate, unidentate, or pseudo-bridging. Two bands were observed at 1584 and 1567 cm-1 in the apo state, whereas additional bands were observed at 1543 and 1601 cm-1 in the Ca2+-bound and Mg2+-bound states, respectively. The intensity of the band at 1567 cm-1 in the Mg2+-bound state was identical to that in the apo state. Therefore, the side-chain COO- group of Glu142 at the 12th position in the Ca2+-binding site coordinates to Ca2+ in the bidentate mode but does not interact with Mg2+ directly. A slight upshift of COO- antisymmetric stretch due to Asp side-chains was also observed upon Mg2+ and Ca2+ binding. This indicates that the COO- groups of Asp131 and Asp133 interact with both Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the pseudo-bridging mode. Therefore, the present study directly demonstrated that the coordination structure of Mg2+ was different from that of Ca2+ in the Ca2+-binding site. In contrast to vertebrate TnC, most of the secondary structures remained unchanged among apo, Mg2+-bound and Ca2+-bound states of Akazara scallop TnC, as spectral changes upon either Ca2+ or Mg2+ binding were very small in the infrared amide-I' region as well as in the CD spectra. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the spectral changes upon Ca2+ binding were larger than that upon Mg2+ binding. Moreover, gel-filtration experiments indicated that the molecular sizes of TnC had the order apo TnC > Mg2+-bound TnC > Ca2+-bound TnC. These results suggest that the tertiary structures are different in the Ca2+- and Mg2+-bound states. The present study may provide direct evidence that the side-chain COO- groups in the Ca2+-binding site are directly involved in the functional on/off mechanism of the activation of Akazara scallop TnC.
Relative Immunogenicity of PorA Subtypes in a Multivalent <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> Vaccine Is Not Dependent on Presentation Form (2003)

The hexavalent meningococcal vaccine HexaMen, containing six PorAs on two vesicles, was tested in clinical studies. Although fourfold increases in serum bactericidal activity (SBA) titers against all of the PorAs were observed, there were significant differences between PorA-specific SBA titers. SBA titers were mainly directed against one PorA from each vesicle, P1.5-2,10 and P1.5-1,2-2, and were lower against the other PorAs, especially P1.7-2,4 and P1.19,15-1. We investigated whether these differences were due to immunological interference that resulted in competition between the three PorAs on the same vesicle or whether they were caused by a difference in the immunogenicities of the separate PorAs. Therefore, mice were immunized either with HexaMen, with six monovalent outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) representing the same six PorAs simultaneously (HexaMix), or with only one of the monovalent OMVs. The immunoglobulin G and SBA titers after HexaMen immunization in mice resembled the results obtained in clinical studies. Although immunization with HexaMix gave higher titers than immunization with HexaMen for some PorAs, the pattern of high and low titers was the same. Similar differences in immunogenicity between subtypes were seen after monovalent immunization when interference was eliminated as a cause of the differences. Monovalent immunization resulted in higher titers for P1.5-1,2-2 and P1.7,16 than immunization with HexaMen. However, no significant differences were found for the weakly immunogenic PorAs, P1.7-2,4 and P1.19,15-1. Since immunization with the six PorAs in the trivalent presentation form (HexaMen) and in the mixture of monovalent vesicles (HexaMix) resulted in the same pattern of high and low titers, we concluded that the differences between the PorA-specific responses are due to differences in the immunogenicities of the various PorAs and not due to interference that results in competition between different PorAs.
A Performance Model to Estimate Execution Time of Scientific Workflows on the Cloud (2014)

Scientific workflows, which capture large computational problems, may be executed on large-scale distributed systems such as Clouds. Determining the amount of resources to be provisioned for the execution of scientific workflows is a key component to achieve cost-efficient resource management and good performance. In this paper, a performance prediction model is presented to estimate execution time of scientific workflows for a different number of resources, taking into account their structure as well as their system-dependent characteristics. In the evaluation, three real-world scientific workflows are used to compare the estimated makespan calculated by the model with the actual makespan achieved on different system configurations of Amazon EC2. The results show that the proposed model can predict execution time with an error of less than 20% for over 96.8% of the experiments..
Influence of Water Solubility, Side-Chain Degradability, and Side-Chain Structure on the Degradation of Phthalic Acid Esters under Methanogenic Conditions (1997)

Water solubility and the degradability of side chains estrifying phthalic acid are some of the factors that could influ ence the degradation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). To assess the importance of these factors, the degradation of butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (BEHP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and didecyl phthalate (DDP) as well as the alcohols estrifying these PAEs was examined using a methanogenic butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP)-degrading enrichment culture. We also set out to determine whether the degradation of resistant PAEs could be stimulated by the addition of a PAE known to be degradable. The investigation strongly indicates that water solubility is a major factor limiting degradation of hydrophobic PAEs. In the study conducted, PAEs having high water solubility (DBP, BBP, BEHP, and DHP) were degraded, whereas those having low water solubility were not (DEHP, DOP, and DDP). The investigation also showed that all alcohols, commonly used in PAEs, were degraded to methane and carbon dioxide. It also seems possible that anaerobic degradation of persistent PAEs may be stimulated by organisms in cultures degrading less resistant phthalates.
Total internal reflection microscopy: a surface inspection technique (1981)

Structure at and near the surface of a transparent sample or in a film on a transparent substrate can be observed by illuminating the sample from within using a well-collimated polarized laser beam incident at an angle equal to or greater than the critical angle of the sample material and examining the air side of the surface using an optical microscope. Although the technique is similar to dark-field microscopy, additional information can be obtained here concerning the size and depth of scattering sites on or near the surface. This technique, total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM), is complementary to phase contrast (Nomarski) microscopy. Two TIRM microscopes are shown, one of which is used as an attachment to a commercial Nomarski microscope and the second of which is used in laser damage measurements. This surface inspection technique had been used to study surface polishing and cleaning methods, laser damage nucleation sites, ion milling of optical surfaces, and thin film inclusions. A biological application for liquid medium studies is suggested. A description of the electric fields present at and near the air sample interface is given.
A Novel Methodology to Address the Internet AS-Level Data Incompleteness (2014)

In the last decade, many studies have used the Internet autonomous system (AS)-level topology to perform several analyses, from discovering its graph properties to assessing its impact on the effectiveness of worm-containment strategies. Yet, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) data used to reveal the topologies are far from complete. Our contribution is threefold. First, we analyze BGP data currently gathered by the most famous route collector projects, highlighting and explaining the causes of their incompleteness. We found that large areas of the Internet are not properly captured due to the geographical location of route collector feeders and due to BGP filters, such as export policies and decision processes. Second, we propose a methodology based on a new metric, named p2c-distance, which is able to: 1) identify the minimum number of ASs required to obtain an Internet AS-level topology that is closer to reality; and 2) identify a ranking list of these ASs to show that it is possible to obtain nonnegligible coverage improvements with a limited number of appropriately chosen feeding ASs. Third, we characterize the ASs that were found to be part of the solution of the above covering problems. We found that the route collectors are rarely connected to these ASs, thus highlighting that much effort is needed to devise a route collector infrastructure that ideally would be able to capture a complete view of the Internet.
A Geometric Approach to Mapping Bitext Correspondence (1996)

The first step in most corpus-based multilingual NLP work is to construct a detailed map of the correspondence between a text and its translation. Several automatic methods for this task have been proposed in recent years. Yet even the best of these methods can err by several typeset pages. The Smooth Injective Map Recognizer (SIMR) is a new bitext mapping algorithm. SIMR's errors are smaller than those of the previous front-runner by more than a factor of 4. Its robustness has enabled new commercial-quality applications. The greedy nature of the algorithm makes it independent of memory resources. Unlike other bitext mapping algorithms, SIMR allows crossing correspondences to account for word order differences. Its output can be converted quickly and easily into a sentence alignment. SIMR's output has been used to align over 200 megabytes of the Canadian Hansards for publication by the Linguistic Data Consortium.
Murine and human very small embryonic‐like cells: A perspective (2012)

In 2006, very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells were described as a pluripotent population of prospectively isolated stem cells in adult murine bone marrow (mBM) and human umbilical cord blood (hUCB). While rigorous proof of pluripotency is still lacking, murine VSEL cells have been shown to overlap with an independently identified population of neural crest derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The presence of primitive mesenchymal precursors within the VSEL cell population may partially explain the findings that have led to the concept of an "embryonic-like" stem cell in mBM. However, our own studies on human VSEL cells revealed very little similarity between murine VSEL cells and their reportedly equivalent population in hUCB. On the contrary, our data strongly suggest that human VSEL cells are an aberrant and inactive population that cannot expand in vitro and has neither embryonic nor adult stem cell like properties. Here we critically re-examine the data supporting stemness and pluripotency of murine and human VSEL cells, respectively.
Mutations in <i>SDHD</i> , a Mitochondrial Complex II Gene, in Hereditary Paraganglioma (2000)

Hereditary paraganglioma (PGL) is characterized by the development of benign, vascularized tumors in the head and neck. The most common tumor site is the carotid body (CB), a chemoreceptive organ that senses oxygen levels in the blood. Analysis of families carrying the PGL1 gene, described here, revealed germ line mutations in the SDHD gene on chromosome 11q23. SDHD encodes a mitochondrial respiratory chain protein-the small subunit of cytochrome b in succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (cybS). In contrast to expectations based on the inheritance pattern of PGL, the SDHD gene showed no evidence of imprinting. These findings indicate that mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain tumors and that cybS plays a role in normal CB physiology.
APPLICATION OF THE IMAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR TEXTILE IDENTIFICATION (2006)

Abstract Computer image analysis techniques used for identifying textile products, especially linear textile products, are presented in this paper, together with a brief review of the historical development of these methods. Automatic and semi-automatic image correction methods are described, which are often applied for identification of linear textile products, and can also be used to identify spliced yarn-end connections.
What perceptible information can be implemented in talking head animations (2002)

In this paper, we describe our talking head animation system. We scan and analyze high resolution static 3D faces from multiple subjects and extract deformation characteristics by principal component analysis. The extracted components have similarities across subjects and are used to reconstruct arbitrary facial postures for face animation driven by 3D kinematic data. We also build a simple lip model to estimate lip surfaces not visible to our 3D scanner. We present some results of 3D face analysis, including the effects of varying the number of principal components used to animate a talking head.
Motion capture and visualization of the hip joint with dynamic MRI and optical systems (2004)

Abstract We present a methodology for motion tracking and visualization of the hip joint by combining MR images and optical motion capture systems. MRI is typically used to capture the subject's anatomy while optical systems are used to capture and analyse the relative movement between adjacent bones of the joint. Reflective markers are attached to the subject's skin and their trajectories are tracked and processed. However, the skin surface deforms while in motion due to muscle contraction leading to significant errors in the estimation of trajectories. In order to reduce these errors, we use MR images to capture both the anatomy and the trajectories of the bone. Prior to the scanning, we attach skin markers to the subject in order to analyse the markers displacements relative to the bone. We reconstruct the anatomical models of the subject and we compute the markers trajectories from the images. Using these calculated trajectories, we select the best markers configuration based on the criteria of markers displacements. The optimized configuration is used for recording external movements with the optical motion capture system. The resulting animation is mapped onto the virtual body of the subject including internal bones and the joint motion is visualized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Adenosine Triphosphate Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole (2008)

Chemical Sensors and detectors play important roles in FIA systems. We have developed a molecularly imprinted polymer based amperometric sensor, which allows the detection of trace concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), aiming at food safety applications. The sensor has a small carbon electrode covered with an overoxidized polypyrrole film imprinted with an ATP molecule. The sensor operated in the triple pulse amperometric mode and was characterized in both the batchwise and flowinjection measurements. We have detected trace levels of ATP down to 5 nM without employing any separate preconcentration techniques.
Peroxytrifluoroacetic Acid. II. The Oxidation of Anilines to Nitrobenzenes<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPeroxytrifluoroacetic Acid. II. The Oxidation of Anilines to Nitrobenzenes1William D. EmmonsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 13, 3470–3472Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01642a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1092Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (420 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Electromagnetic confinement for vertical casting or containing molten metal (2023)

An apparatus and method adapted to confine a molten metal to a region by means of an alternating electromagnetic field. As adapted for use in the present invention, the alternating electromagnetic field given by B.sub.y =(2.mu..sub.o .rho.gy).sup.1/2 (where B.sub.y is the vertical component of the magnetic field generated by the magnet at the boundary of the region; y is the distance measured downward form the top of the region, .rho. is the metal density, g is the acceleration of gravity and .mu..sub.o is the permeability of free space) induces eddy currents in the molten metal which interact with the magnetic field to retain the molten metal with a vertical boudnary. As applied to an apparatus for the continuous casting of metal sheets or rods, metal in liquid form can be continuously introduced into the region defined by the magnetic field, solidified and conveyed away from the magnetic field in solid form in a continuous process.
Effects of change in spectral resolution and channel position on radiative transfer model-based atmospheric correction techniques applied to imaging spectrometers (2002)

Removing atmospheric effects is the first step before extracting physical parameters from remote sensing data. Imaging spectrometers (IS), with contiguous narrow bands, can give access to some of the parameters required to constrain radiative transfer codes (RTC) used to model radiance at the sensor. Since existing and future IS have different characteristics, the author presents some preliminary results on the impact of spectral resolution and band position on some of the steps involved in RT-based atmospheric correction: estimation of apparent reflectance, retrieval of atmospheric water vapor, target elevation, estimation of atmospheric optical depth. Radiance spectra of various land surfaces (vegetated areas, bare soils, etc.) under various atmospheric conditions are simulated using the MODTRAN2 RTC and "degraded" to mimic existing and future airborne and spaceborne IS. Preliminary results at this stage confirm that coarser spectral resolution lessens the accuracy of the retrieved parameters. They also demonstrate that for estimation of atmospheric water vapor and target elevation, bands have to be centered at the maximum absorption for a better sensitivity and that spaceborne instruments give better results due to the increased path length. However, increased path length is a limitation for the estimation of apparent reflectance. An accurate estimate of the visibility seems to be impossible without a previous knowledge of surface reflectance or the presence of a dark target such as a body of water in the scene.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nephrocalcinosis in Intestinal Bypass Patients (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We have read with interest the article by Cryer et al<sup>1</sup>titled "Renal Failure After Small Intestinal Bypass for Obesity." We have followed up more than 40 intestinal bypass patients at our institution since 1963 and reported the occurrence of hyperoxaluria and urinary tract calculi in 1973.<sup>2</sup> In one of our patients, nephrocalcinosis and marked renal insufficiency without clinical or roentgenographic evidence of nephrolithiasis developed ten years after an intestinal bypass operation. A substantial decrease in creatinine clearance and increase in serum creatinine were first noted five years after surgery and moderate deterioration of renal function has continued during the last five years. However, we have not seen renal insufficiency in 21 other patients whether or not they have developed calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 50-year-old woman weighing 127 kg (280 lb) underwent a 51-cm (20-inch) jejunotransverse colostomy in December 1965. Before
A multiprojection noncontact fluorescence tomography setup for imaging arbitrary geometries (2005)

Optical imaging and tomography in tissues can facilitate the quantitative study of several important chromophores and fluorophores in-vivo. Due to this fact, there has been great interest in developing imaging systems offering quantitative information on the location and concentration of chromophores and fluorescent probes. However, most imaging systems currently used in research make use of fiber technology for delivery and detection, which restricts the size of the photon collecting arrays leading to insufficient spatial sampling and field of view. To enable large data sets and full 360<sup>o</sup> angular measurements, we developed a novel imaging system that enables 3D imaging of fluorescent signals in bodies of arbitrary shapes in a non-contact geometry in combination with a 3D surface reconstruction algorithm. The system consists of a rotating subject holder and a lens coupled Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera in combination with a fiber coupled laser scanning device. An Argon ion laser is used as the source and different filters are used for the detection of various fluorophores or fluorescing proteins. With this new setup a large measurements dataset can be achieved while the use of inversion models give a high capacity for quantitative 3D reconstruction of fluorochrome distributions as well as high spatial resolution. The system is currently being tested in the observation of the distribution of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expressing T-lymphocytes in order to study the function of the immune system in a murine model.