gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the mean differential group delay of periodically spun, randomly birefringent fibers (2002)

Spinning is one of the most effective and well-known ways to reduce polarization mode dispersion of optical fibers. In spite of the popularity of spinning, a detailed theory of spin effects is still lacking. We report an analytical expression for the mean differential group delay of a randomly birefringent spun fiber. The result holds for any periodic spin function with a period shorter than the fiber's beat length.
Fast, multiple optimizations of quadratic dose objective functions in IMRT (2006)

Inverse treatment planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy may include time consuming, multiple minimizations of an objective function. In this paper, methods are presented to speed up the process of (repeated) minimization of the well-known quadratic dose objective function, extended with a smoothing term that ensures generation of clinically acceptable beam profiles. In between two subsequent optimizations, the voxel-dependent importance factors of the quadratic terms will generally be adjusted, based on an intermediate plan evaluation. The objective function has been written in matrix-vector format, facilitating the use of a recently published, fast quadratic minimization algorithm, instead of commonly applied gradient-based methods. This format also reduces the calculation time in between subsequent minimizations, related to adjustment of the voxel-dependent importance factors. Sparse matrices are used to limit the required amount of computer memory. For three patients, comparisons have been made with a gradient method. Mean speed improvements of up to a factor of 37 have been achieved.
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from a Protozoan Parasite (2001)

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) from parasitic protozoa have been shown to exert a wide variety of effects on cells of the host innate immune system. However, the receptor(s) that are triggered by these protozoan glycolipids has not been identified. Here we present evidence that Trypanosoma cruzi-derived GPI anchors and GIPLs trigger CD25 expression on Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells transfected with CD14 and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), but not wild-type (TLR-2-deficient) Chinese hamster ovary cells. The protozoan-derived GPI anchors and GIPLs containing alkylacylglycerol and saturated fatty acid chains or ceramide were found to be active in a concentration range of 100 nM to 1 microM. More importantly, the GPI anchors purified from T. cruzi trypomastigotes, which contain a longer glycan core and unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of the alkylacylglycerolipid component, triggered TLR-2 at subnanomolar concentrations. We performed experiments with macrophages from TLR-2 knockout and TLR-4 knockout mice, and found that TLR-2 expression appears to be essential for induction of IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO by GPI anchors derived from T. cruzi trypomastigotes. Thus, highly purified GPI anchors from T. cruzi parasites are potent activators of TLR-2 from both mouse and human origin. The activation of TLR-2 may initiate host innate defense mechanisms and inflammatory response during protozoan infection, and may provide new strategies for immune intervention during protozoan infections.
Serial Schedules for Belief-Propagation: Analysis of Convergence Time (2008)

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are usually decoded by running an iterative belief-propagation algorithm over the factor graph of the code. In the traditional message-passing schedule, in each iteration all the variable nodes, and subsequently all the factor nodes, pass new messages to their neighbors. Recently several studies show that serial scheduling, in which messages are generated using the latest available information, significantly improves the convergence speed in terms of number of iterations. It was observed experimentally in several studies that the serial schedule converges in exactly half the number of iterations compared to the standard parallel schedule. In this correspondence we provide a theoretical motivation for this observation by proving it for single-path graphs.
Volumetric display based on multiple mini-projectors and a rotating screen (2015)

A method has been proposed to realize a transparent volumetric display using multiple mini-projectors and a rotating screen. Correct two-dimensional cross-sectional images are projected on a bidirectional scattering projection screen, which rotates to form a three-dimensional (3-D) image due to human vision persistence. An illumination subsystem is designed to ensure the accurate synchronization between the projectors and the rotating screen. Therefore, low-speed and low-cost miniature display devices can be used in the mini-projectors to realize dynamic volumetric imaging, which can satisfy all criteria of real 3-D vision with full color and high resolution. Experimental results of volumetric imaging realized by this method are also presented.
Transforming Embedded Java Code into Custom Tags (2006)

When a new technology is introduced, the migration of existing applications to the new technology must be carefully considered. Automation can make some migrations feasible that otherwise may be too risky or expensive to be worth the advantages of the new technology. In this paper we describe a technique for migrating Web applications using embedded Java code into a custom tag implementation. The technique uses source code transformation techniques to analyze and separate the Java from the Web pages. The code is then automatically transformed to custom Java classes which are invoked from the modified Web pages containing custom tags. The result is a Web application with identical function and appearance, but where the business logic (the Java code) has been separated from the presentation (the Web pages).
Comparison of Search Strategies of KLEE Concolic Testing Tool (2012)

Concolic (Concrete+symbolic) testing is an automated test case generation technique that works on target source code. This paper analyzes the branch coverage performances of the search strategies of a Concolic testing tool KLEE. In addition, we implemented the breadth first search (BFS) strategy to get higher branch coverage in KLEE. To compare the effectiveness of the search strategies, we applied KLEE to GNU Coreutils version S.9 and compared the branch coverage of these search strategies and analyze their results.
Itaconyl Chloride (2003)

Abstract Itaconyl Chloride product: Itaconyl chloride
Electrochemical array sensors for plating waste stream monitoring (1992)

Electrochemical sensors are being developed to aid in waste reduction efforts for plating operations and in environmental remediation. An important feature of these sensor systems are solid-state multielement microelectrode arrays. The individual elements of these arrays will be selected so that a variety of chemical species can be detected using a single device. In addition, we are developing a compact electronics package, consisting of a potentiostat, signal generator, and microcomputer with user-friendly software to use in conjunction with the arrays. This report discusses the selection process for array elements, advantages of the use of microelectrodes, and application to the analysis of actual plating rinse tank systems.
Ring-Opening Polymerization of <scp>d</scp>,<scp>l</scp>-Lactide Using Rare-Earth μ-Oxo Isopropoxides as Initiator Systems (1997)

International audience
Is organic photovoltaics promising for indoor applications? (2016)

This work utilizes organic photovoltaics (OPV) for indoor applications, such as powering small electronic devices or wireless connected Internet of Things. Three representative polymer-based OPV systems, namely, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)], and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]], were selected as the donor materials in blend with fullerene derivatives for comparison under low light level condition using fluorescent lamps. PCDTBT based devices are found to be the best performing system, generating 13.9 μW/cm2 corresponding to 16.6% power conversion efficiency at 300 lx, although PTB7 based devices show the highest efficiency under one sun conditions. This high performance suggests that OPV is competitive to the other PV technologies under low light condition despite much lower performance under one sun condition. Different properties of these devices are studied to explain the competitive performance at low light level. A low energy consuming method for maximum power point tracking is introduced for the operation of the OPV devices. Finally, a 14 cm × 14 cm OPV module with 100 cm2 active area is demonstrated for real applications. These findings suggest that OPV, in particular, PCDTBT based devices, could be a promising candidate for indoor applications.
Unilateral Renal Ischemia as a Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Fibrosis in Cats (2015)

The objectives of this study were to define the acute and chronic effects of 1-hour unilateral in vivo renal ischemia on renal function and histology in cats. Twenty-one adult purpose-bred research cats were anesthetized, and 1 kidney underwent renal artery and vein occlusion for 1 hour. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations, urine protein:creatinine ratio, urine-specific gravity, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit, platelet concentration and function, and white blood cell count were measured at baseline and variable time points after ischemia. Renal histopathology was evaluated on days 3, 6, 12, 21, 42, and 70 postischemia; changes in smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen were examined. Following ischemia, whole animal glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced (57% of baseline on day 6; P < .05). At the early time points, the ischemic kidneys exhibited severe acute epithelial necrosis accompanied by evidence of regeneration of tubules predominantly within the corticomedullary junction. At later periods, postischemic kidneys had evidence of tubular atrophy and interstitial inflammation with significantly more smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen staining and interstitial fibrosis when compared with the contralateral control kidneys. This study characterizes the course of ischemic acute kidney injury in cats and demonstrates that ischemic acute kidney injury triggers chronic fibrosis, interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy in feline kidneys. These late changes are typical of those observed in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease.
Employing bacterial microcompartment technology to engineer a shell-free enzyme-aggregate for enhanced 1,2-propanediol production in Escherichia coli (2016)

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) enhance the breakdown of metabolites such as 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) to propionic acid. The encapsulation of proteins within the BMC is mediated by the presence of targeting sequences. In an attempt to redesign the Pdu BMC into a 1,2-PD synthesising factory using glycerol as the starting material we added N-terminal targeting peptides to glycerol dehydrogenase, dihydroxyacetone kinase, methylglyoxal synthase and 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase to allow their inclusion into an empty BMC. 1,2-PD producing strains containing the fused enzymes exhibit a 245% increase in product formation in comparison to un-tagged enzymes, irrespective of the presence of BMCs. Tagging of enzymes with targeting peptides results in the formation of dense protein aggregates within the cell that are shown by immuno-labelling to contain the vast majority of tagged proteins. It can therefore be concluded that these protein inclusions are metabolically active and facilitate the significant increase in product formation.
Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human spinal cord injury (2005)

Olfactory ensheathing cells transplanted into the injured spinal cord in animals promote regeneration and remyelination of descending motor pathways through the site of injury and the return of motor functions. In a single-blind, Phase I clinical trial, we aimed to test the feasibility and safety of transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheathing cells into the injured spinal cord in human paraplegia. Participants were three male paraplegics, 18-55 years of age, with stable, complete thoracic injuries 6-32 months previously, with stable spinal column, no implanted prostheses, and no syrinx. Olfactory ensheathing cells were grown and purified in vitro from nasal biopsies and injected into the region of damaged spinal cord. The trial design includes a matched injury group as a control for the assessors, who are blind to treatment status. Assessments, made before transplantation and at regular intervals subsequently, include MRI, medical, neurological and psychosocial assessments, and standard American Spinal Injury Association and Functional Independence Measure assessments. One year after cell implantation, there were no medical, surgical or other complications to indicate that the procedure is unsafe. There is no evidence of spinal cord damage nor of cyst, syrinx or tumour formation. There was no neuropathic pain reported by the participants, no change in psychosocial status and no evidence of deterioration in neurological status. Participants will be followed for 3 years to confirm long-term safety and to compare neurological, functional and psychosocial outcomes with the control group. We conclude transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheathing cells into the injured spinal cord is feasible and is safe up to one year post-implantation.
Constitutive Expression of a Murine Interferon Alpha Gene in Hamster Cells and Characterization of Its Protein Product (1985)

The coding part of a murine interferon alpha (MuIFN-alpha) gene was cloned into an expression plasmid containing the simian virus 40 early promoter and the rabbit beta-globin polyadenylation signal. This construct was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, together with a plasmid containing the Ecogpt gene as a selection marker. Resulting colonies were assayed for constitutive interferon production and analysed for integration of MuIFN-alpha genes. There was no obvious correlation between the number of genes integrated and the amount of interferon produced. The highest producer, designated CHO-pSV10EF-3, contained four copies of the mouse gene and constitutively secreted up to 100 000 International Units of interferon per ml per day. The MuIFN-alpha subspecies produced by this clone was characterized by analysis of its antiviral activity on heterologous cells, heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and chromatofocusing. The results obtained indicate that it is identical or closely related to a minor component present in conventional MuIFN-alpha preparations.
Balancing font sizes for flexibility in automated document layout (2013)

This paper presents an improved approach for automatically laying out content onto a document page, where the number and size of the items are unknown in advance. Our solution leverages earlier results from Oliveira (2008) wherein layouts are modeled by a guillotine partitioning of the page. The benefit of such method is its efficiency and ability to place as many items on a page as desired. In our model, items have flexible representations and texts may freely change their font sizes to fit a particular area of the page. As a consequence, the optimization goal is to find a layout that produces the least noticeable difference between font sizes, in order to obtain the most aesthetically pleasing layout. Finding the best areas for text requires knowledge of how typesetting engines actually render text for a particular setting. As such, we also model the behavior of the TeX typesetting engine when computing the height to be occupied by a text block as a function of the font size, text length and line width. An analytical approximation for text placement is then presented, refined by using curve fitting over TeX-generated data. As a practical result, the resulting layouts for a newspaper generation application are also presented. Finally, we discuss these results and directions for further research.
Programmed cell deaths (2004)

Programmed cell death is a major component of both normal development and disease. The roles of cell death during either embryogenesis or pathogenesis, the signals that modulate this event, and the mechanisms of cell demise are the major subjects that drive research in this field. Increasing evidence obtained both in vitro and in vivo supports the hypothesis that a variety of cell death programs may be triggered in distinct circumstances. Contrary to the view that caspase-mediated apoptosis represents the standard programmed cell death, recent studies indicate that an apoptotic morphology can be produced independent of caspases, that autophagic execution pathways of cell death may be engaged without either the involvement of caspases or morphological signs of apoptosis, and that even the necrotic morphology of cell death may be consistently produced in some cases, including certain plants. Alternative cell death programs may imply novel therapeutic targets, with important consequences for attempts to treat diseases associated with disregulated programmed cell death.
Metal-ion-assisted hydrolysis of dipeptides involving a serine residue in a neutral aqueous solutionElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Kinetic studies involving pH and concentration profiles of the rate constant. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/ob/b2/b209565c/ (2003)

Dipeptides having a serine residue at the C-terminus, X-Ser, where X is an appropriate amino acid residue, were efficiently hydrolyzed in the presence of ZnCl2 at pH 7.0. The rapid hydrolysis of X-Ser is due to an autocatalysis of the hydroxy group in the serine residue, and is found to be accelerated by a metal ion, in particular by ZnCl2. Roles of the metal ion in the hydrolysis of peptides involving a serine residue, in relation to the recently reported protein cleavages, are discussed.
Peeling stress analyzed for resistance to delamination - application to multiple thin films on a thick substrate (2004)

Timoshenko examined axial stresses and bending in bimetal thermostats; he did not examine interfacial stresses. Research has since proceeded on two fronts - approximate analyses of interfacial peeling and shear in a bimaterial beam or plate, and examination of axial stress and warpage in a multilayer beam. This paper draws on an exact partial solution for peeling at all interfaces in a multilayer beam, and presents a case study of multiple layers on silicon. It is a significant advantage to have a negative peeling stress at the free edge in order to prevent delamination from starting. The sign and magnitude of the peeling moment in a bimaterial beam or plate indicate the sign of the peeling stress at the free edge and a relative measure of its magnitude. These immediately show whether a resistance or a propensity to delamination exists at the free edge of the interface. This paper describes an exact solution for the peeling moments at each interface in a multilayer beam; it also offers a new insight into how peeling stresses arise. The method gives values at all interfaces, irrespective of the temperatures of bonding at each. It is equally applicable to layers of similar thicknesses, and to thin films on a thick substrate. An analysis is made of a silicon substrate with three thin layers applied at different temperatures. The peeling moment and shear force in each interface is determined. A discussion is included on the effects of changes to material properties and thicknesses; this analysis found that for all reasonable variations in layer thickness and properties the interfaces on the Silicon-on-Insulator wafer are inherently resistant to the start of delamination at room temperature.
Couette charger for measurement of equilibrium and energization flow electrification parameters: application to transformer insulation (1988)

The fluid under test (e.g. transformer oil) fills the annulus between coaxial circular cylinders that are covered by the solid of interest (e.g., metal or oil-impregnated paper backed by metal). The inner cylinder can rotate at speeds giving controlled laminar and turbulent flows (for fluids as viscous as transformer oil). This relatively compact apparatus allows for flexibility in testing liquids, trace impurities, and solid insulation without involving large amounts of material. By virtue of the reentrant flow, it acts like a pipe of infinite length and thus provides for the measurement of basic electrification parameters even in highly insulating systems, where the electrical development length for a pipe flow system is likely to be longer than the practical length of a test section. By sampling the charge entrained in the azimuthal flow at a sufficiently slow rate, equilibrium parameters can be deduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Synthesis of Adrenaline-like Compounds (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Synthesis of Adrenaline-like CompoundsGabor. Fodor and Ödon. KovacsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 3, 1045–1048Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01171a079https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01171a079research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views999Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts