gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A magnetic neural network utilizing universal arithmetic modules for pulse-train signal processing (2003)

The authors consider two types of magnetic neural network architecture based on pulse-train signal processing with high reliability. One is realized by neuron units and synapse units, both of which use only a universal arithmetic module (UAM) having adder, multiplier, and delay (memory) functions all in one unit. This architecture thus results in an extremely homogeneous implementation. The other is realized by dividing the function of the UAM into a neuron unit and a synapse unit. The neuron unit provides functions of nonlinear adder and memory by using the properties of the magnetic core such as pulse storage, integration, and nonlinearity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conduction Cooling Of Nd:Glass Slab Lasers (1986)

Isolation cooling of slab geometry solid state lasers potentially solves a number of problems with direct cooling. We have tested a static gas cooled Nd:Glass slab laser to determine the advantages and limitations of this type of cooling system. This paper reports on these tests and discusses approaches to improve the average power of such a laser. The zig-zag slab geometry laser is an established method of reducing thermo-optical effects in solid state lasers. Eggleston et.al.,1 built and tested a small test-bed Nd:Glass slab laser that confirmed computer model performance predictions but demonstrated the need to carefully control the heat distribution within the slab. Eggleston et.al.'s work also indicated problems with direct fluid cooling the slab. In addition to coolant sealing difficulties a degradation of the total internal reflection faces due to contamination and etching was apparent. Since the zig-zag geometry involves many reflections off this surface any increase in loss is extremely undesirable. This under-standing led to the design and construction of a second generation of slab lasers that avoided the difficulties of direct fluid cooling by using cooling across a thin static aas gap.2 Joseph Chernoch was awarded the patent for conduction cooled slab lasers in July 19723 but to our knowledge a slab geometry laser using this cooling approach was never constructed. The laser built to examine the merits of static gas conduction cooling is shown in cross-section in Fig. 1. A (150 x 45 x 6.3) mm slab of Hoya LHG 5 phosphate glass with 8% Nd doping was used for these tests. Pumping was provided by two 15 cm long xenon flashlamps surrounded by second surface silver reflectors. The inner cooling pane was a 1 mm thick pyrex window supported and sealed by flexible elastomer such that it was free to be pressed against teflon spacers over the slab by the water flow. This allowed a variable gas gap thickness and easy mounting for the glass slab. This sealed static environment avoids slab surface contamination and provides a 'soft' thermal boundary against sudden changes in coolant temperature. One disadvantage of the gas conduction cooling design is the reflection loss of pump radiation at the solid to gas interfaces. We measured a slope efficiency increase of 33% when the gas gap was filled with water. Antireflection coatings on the window and the slab would improve flashlamp coupling but cannot prevent the rejection of radiation outside the critical angle for this solid to gas boundary. It can be noted that a permanent conduction layer of static fluid would be acceptable if a seal around the slab face could be made and convection of the thin static fluid layer in the flat plane of the slab could be effectively baffled.
A Detection System for Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (1981)

ABSTRACT A vibration-compensated beam deflection sensing system usable as detector for photoacoustic spectroscopy is described.
Transition from laboratory to manufacturing for a dry laser-assisted cleaning technology (1998)

A photon flux from a laser can provide an alternative method to clean and prepare industrial surfaces. The laser-based cleaning method presented in this paper uses only photons coupled with a laminar, flowing gas which is inert to the surface. This method can eliminate or reduce the water and chemical volumes used in industrial applications. In this paper, the development issues bringing a technology into the mainstream are discussed.
Genealogy and fine mapping of <i>obscuravenosa</i>, a gene affecting the distribution of chloroplasts in leaf veins, and evidence of selection during breeding of tomatoes (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>; Solanaceae) (2007)

In the processes of plant domestication and variety development, some traits are under direct selection, while others may be introduced by indirect selection or linkage. In the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum = Solanum lycopersicum), and all other Solanaceae examined, chloroplasts are normally absent from subepidermal and mesophyll cells surrounding the leaf veins, and thus, veins appear clear upon subillumination. The tomato mutant obscuravenosa (obv), in contrast, contains chloroplasts in cells around the vein, and thus, veins appear as dark as the surrounding leaf tissue. Among tomato cultivars, the obv allele is common in processing varieties bred for mechanical harvest, but is otherwise rare. We traced the source of obv in processing tomatoes to the cultivar Earliana, released in the 1920s. The obv locus was mapped to chromosome 5, bin 5G, using introgression lines containing single chromosome segments from the wild species L. pennellii. This region also contains a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for plant height, pht5.4, which cosegregated with SP5G, a paralog of self-pruning (sp), the gene that controls the switch between determinate and indeterminate growth in tomato. The pht5.4 QTL was partially dominant and associated with a reduced percentage of red fruit at harvest. Our data suggest that the prevalence of obv in nearly all processing varieties may have resulted from its tight linkage to a QTL conferring a more compact, and horticulturally desirable, plant habit.
Demonstration on protein A of two distinct immunoglobulin-binding sites and their role in the mitogenic activity of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Cowan I on human B cells. (1982)

Abstract The immunoglobulin-binding capacity of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) and its role in the triggering of B cell proliferation induced by SpA-containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan first strain (Cowan Staph) were investigated. Monoclonal lymphocytes from 34% of patients with surface IgM (slgM)-bearing B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were found capable of binding to SpA. A similar proportion of monoclonal serum IgM proteins also showed the ability to react with SpA, whereas the remaining proportion of either slgM-bearing B cell CLL or monoclonal serum IgM proteins did not reveal any SpA-reactivity. Monomeric subunits as well as F(ab’)2µ fragments obtained from SpA-reactive monoclonal IgM proteins retained SpA-binding capacity, even though it was lower than that of native 19S IgM molecules. The SpA-reacting structure present on IgM molecules was snared by human polyclonal IgG and human F(ab’)2γ and F(ab’)2µ fragments but not by human Fcγ fragments or rabbit polyclonal IgG. The inactivation of tyrosil residues of SpA, which are essential for its Fcγ-binding ability, virtually abolished the capacity of SpA and Cowan Staph to react with rabbit IgG and human Fcγ fragments, but it did not alter the reactivity of either SpA or Cowan Staph with IgM molecules. The mitogenic activity of Cowan Staph on normal human B cells was inhibited by addition to the cell cultures of human polyclonal IgG or SpA-reactive monoclonal IgM proteins, but it was poorly influenced or not by influenced at all by addition of rabbit polyclonal IgG. Moreover, the inactivation of SpA-Fcγ-binding regions on Cowan Staph failed to affect the ability of these bacteria to induce proliferation of normal human B cells. In contrast, the Cowan Staph-induced proliferative response of surface IgG- (slgG) bearing B lymphocytes from a patient with CLL was abrogated either by addition to the cell cultures of very small amounts of rabbit polyclonal IgG or inactivation of the Fcγ-binding regions of SpA present on the bacterial cell wall. These data indicate the existence on SpA molecules of an IgM F(ab’)2-reactive site, distinct from the Fcγ-binding region. They also suggest that, even though the classical SpA-Fcγ interaction can represent a triggering signal for the Cowan Staph-induced proliferation of slgG-bearing B lymphocytes, the binding of SpA present on the bacterial cell wall to slgM is primarily responsible for the mitogenic activity of Cowan Staph on normal human B cells.
Modified circular patch antenna (1993)

A circular microstrip antenna with a modified structure is presented. By adjusting the feed location along the circumference of the patch it is possible to match the antenna with a microstrip line of any impedance. The impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics are unaffected by this structural modification.
VEGF-A stimulation of leukocyte adhesion to colonic microvascular endothelium: implications for inflammatory bowel disease (2005)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by increased leukocyte recruitment and subsequent tissue damage. An increase in the density of the microvasculature of the colon during IBD has been suggested, leading to the concept that angiogenesis may play a pathological role in IBD. Increased tissue and serum levels of the angiogenic cytokine VEGF-A have been reported in cases of active IBD. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that VEGF-A exerts a proinflammatory effect on colon microvascular endothelium that contributes to colonic inflammation. Leukocyte adhesion to VEGF-A-stimulated colon microvascular endothelial cells was examined using a parallel-plate hydrodynamic flow chamber. ICAM-1 adhesion molecule expression on colonic microvascular endothelium also was determined in response to VEGF-A stimulation, along with characterization of leukocyte adhesion molecule expression. High-dose VEGF-A (50 ng/ml) stimulation increased neutrophil and T cell adhesion to and decreased rolling velocities on activated endothelium, whereas low-dose VEGF-A (10 ng/ml) was without effect. Colonic endothelium constitutively expressed ICAM-1, which was significantly increased by treatment with 50 ng/ml VEGF-A or 10 ng/ml TNF-alpha but not 10 ng/ml VEGF-A. T cells expressed CD18 and CD11a with no expression of CD11b, whereas neutrophils expressed CD18, CD11a, and CD11b. Finally, VEGF-A-dependent leukocyte adhesion was found to occur in a CD18-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that VEGF-A levels found in IBD exert a proinflammatory effect similar to other inflammatory agents and suggest that this cytokine may serve as an intermediary between angiogenic stimulation and cell-mediated immune responses.
Ultraviolet-initiated photografting of glycidyl methacrylate onto styrene-butadiene rubber (1999)

Photografting reaction onto styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) as a function of monomer concentration, grafting method, irradiation time, and the carbon black content has been studied using ultraviolet (UV). Glycidyl methacrylate and benzophenone are used as monomer and initiator, respectively. The occurrence of graft reaction onto SBR surface is identified by infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) analysis. The degree of monomer graft increases with monomer concentration and tends to level off at high monomer concentration (>8.3M/L). Graft ratio also increases with UV irradiation time. Carbon black content is found as one of important factors that determine the monomer graft efficiency. The amount of monomer graft onto SBR decreases with increasing carbon black content and it is attributed to the reduction of irradiation absorbance due to the presence of carbon black. The occurrence of reaction between glycidyl methacrylate grafted SBR and nylon-6 via melt phase reaction is also identified using IR-ATR analysis. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1733–1739, 1999
Wide-field-of-view heterodyne receiver using a photorefractive double phase-conjugate mirror (1991)

The use of a double phase-conjugate mirror to increase the angular field of view of an optical heterodyne receiver is investigated. Fields of view and overall efficiencies far larger than those predicted by the antenna theorem for conventional heterodyne systems are obtained.
High voltage pulse cable and connector experience in the kicker systems at SLAC (2002)

The SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) 2-mile linear accelerator uses a wide variety of pulse kicker systems that require high voltage cable and connectors to deliver pulses from the drivers to the magnet loads. Many of the drivers in the SLAC kicker systems use cable lengths up to 80 ft and are required to deliver pulses of up to 40 kV, with rise and fall times on the order of 20 ns. Significant pulse degradation from the cable and connector assembly cannot be tolerated. Other drivers are required to deliver up to 80-kV, 20- mu s pulses over cables 20 ft long. Several combinations of an applicable high-voltage cable and matching connector have been used at SLAC to determine the optimum assembly that meets the necessary specifications and is reliable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tensile Fatigue Limits of Prosthodontic Adhesives (1991)

Tensile fatigue limits and ultimate tensile strengths of some prosthodontic adhesive systems were determined. Ni-Cr-Be cylinders were: electro-etched, chemically etched, and sand-blasted prior to being bonded end-to-end with BIS-GMA and 4-META adhesives. Bonded specimens were stored in distilled de-ionized water for three days prior to being tested. Fifteen paired specimens per group were subjected to a cyclic tensile load for 1000 cycles. Tensile fatigue limits were determined by the staircase method. Five specimens per group were tested for ultimate tensile strength. In addition, those specimens which survived the 1000 cycles during fatigue testing were also tested for ultimate tensile strength. Statistical evaluations to compare tensile fatigue limits and ultimate tensile strengths for fatigued and non-fatigued specimens were then performed. The results indicated that the tensile fatigue limit and the ratio of fatigue limit to ultimate tensile strength of the sand-blasted, 4-META adhesive system were significantly lower than those of the other systems tested. The application of a cyclic load significantly decreased the ultimate tensile bond strength of the 4-META adhesive. Application of a cyclic load had no significant effect on the ultimate tensile bond strengths of the BIS-GMA systems tested.
The Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on EGR Tolerance in Spark Ignited Engines (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Small (up to 1% by volume) amounts of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) were added to the intake charge of a single-cylinder, stoichiometric spark ignited engine to determine the effect of H<sub>2</sub> addition on EGR tolerance. Two types of tests were performed at 1500 rpm, two loads (3.1 bar and 5.5 bar IMEP), two compression ratios (11:1 and 14:1) and with two fuels (gasoline and natural gas). The first test involved holding EGR level constant and increasing the H<sub>2</sub> concentration. The EGR level of the engine was increased until the CoV of IMEP was &gt; 5% and then small amounts of hydrogen were added until the total was 1% by volume. The effect of increasing the amount of H<sub>2</sub> on engine stability was measured along with combustion parameters and engine emissions. The results showed that only a very small amount of H<sub>2</sub> was necessary to stabilize the engine. At amounts past that level, increasing the level of H<sub>2</sub> had no or only a very small effect.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The second test was to fix the H<sub>2</sub> level at 1% by volume and measure the EGR limit increase of the engine. At low load conditions, the EGR limit increased from the previous high of 25% to over 50% for gasoline and from 20% to 28% for CNG. At high load conditions, the EGR limit was achieved when the engine reached wide-open throttle and the addition of extra EGR would have required reducing the engine load. The results of this test indicate that the addition of even small amounts of H<sub>2</sub> can significantly improve the EGR tolerance of the engine when fueled with gasoline. This improvement in EGR tolerance can lead to reduced emissions and the potential to improve fuel economy by allowing high compression ratio operation. High IMEP was not tested with natural gas. Part load performance and EGR tolerance was explored to characterize the benefit hydrogen enriched EGR can provide to the emerging stoichiometric heavy duty natural gas engine community.</div>
Improvement in the Oxidation Resistance of Oxide‐Matrix Silicon Carbide‐Particulate Composites by Mullite Infiltration (2003)

A SiC–∼50 vol% mullite‐particulate composite fabricated by melt infiltration was found to exhibit excellent oxidation resistance at temperatures >1500°C in air. Cristobalite was found on the surface of samples after 100 h oxidation at temperatures of 1515°, 1620°, and 1650°C. The oxidation rate constant at 1515°C was almost comparable to hot‐pressed bulk SiC, and at least 1 order of magnitude lower than the lowest value for the oxide‐matrix SiC‐particulate composites made by conventional processes, as reported in the literature and made by melt infiltration in the present study.
UV Stability of High Birefirngence Liquid Crystals (2004)

The ultraviolet stability of several high birefringence liquid crystal structures was studied. Compounds containing carbon-carbon double bond or triple bond are less stable than those containing merely phenyl rings. In addition to the structural effect, absorption wavelength also plays an important role to the degradation mechanisms.
Improvements in SOVA-based decoding for turbo codes (2002)

In this paper, we propose two modifications to soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) for turbo code decoding. One is to limit the reliability values to a small range to compensate for the defect brought by overestimating those values in the original SOVA. The other is to employ a new block interleaver to combat the tail effect of SOVA-based turbo code decoding. The simulation results show that the new SOVA with both modifications is able to obtain a similar result to that achieved by a maximum a posteriori (MAPI) algorithm with a random interleaver. In this paper, we also provide the results of the SOVA with the Battail's updating rule and compare them to those of the SOVA with the updating rule proposed by Hagenauer.
A 2 MW flywheel for hybrid locomotive power (2003)

The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) is currently developing an Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) as part of the Next Generation High-Speed Rail program sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The ALPS consists of a gas turbine and synchronous alternator, combined with an induction motor coupled flywheel energy storage system (FESS). The prime power and FESS are coupled through a DC power link, as is the conventional AC traction drive system. The energy system includes auxiliary support systems to provide thermal management, bearing systems, controls, and power conversions. The energy exchange capacity of the flywheel is 360 MJ (100 kW-hr). This paper presents the requirements, considerations, and design of the integrated turbine and flywheel power system. Significant development efforts have gone into the high-speed synchronous alternator, the flywheel power converter, and the highspeed induction machine for the flywheel, the flywheel itself and its magnetic bearings. The fabrication status of these components and testing progress is also reported.
Design techniques for a light weight high power spiral antenna (2005)

A lightweight spiral antenna with high power handling capabilities has been designed. The spiral is formed by a copper tube embedded in a dielectric material and is backed by a lightweight cavity. The development of this antenna involved an extensive experimental and theoretical investigation which resulted in new data regarding power handling capabilities, maximum absolute gain, polarization, VSWR, beamWidth and efficiency.
Impaired retrograde membrane traffic through endosomes in a mutant <scp>CHO</scp> cell defective in phosphatidylserine synthesis (2012)

Phosphatidylserine (PS), a relatively minor constituent in the plasma membrane (PM), participates in various cellular processes such as clearance of apoptotic cells and recruitment of signaling molecules. PS also localizes in the membranes of endocytic organelles, such as recycling endosomes (REs). We recently showed that in REs, PS binds to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of evectin-2, thereby regulating retrograde traffic from REs to the Golgi. However, direct evidence that PS has a role in retrograde traffic is lacking. Here, we examined the contribution of PS to endosomal membrane traffic by exploiting a mutant CHO cell line (PSA-3) that is defective in PS synthesis. In PSA-3 cells, the Golgi localization of TGN38, a protein that circulates between the Golgi and the PM through endosomes by retrograde traffic, was abolished, whereas the localizations of other organelle markers remained unchanged. Increasing the cellular PS level by adding ethanolamine to the culture medium restored the Golgi localization of TGN38. Tracking the endocytic fate of cell surface TGN38 that was labeled by anti-TGN38 antibody showed that retrograde transport of TGN38 was impaired at endosomes, not at the PM. These findings provide direct evidence that intracellular PS is required for retrograde traffic through endosomes.
The Use of rhBMP-2 in Interbody Fusion Cages (2000)

The arthrodesis was found to occur more reliably in patients treated with rhBMP-2-filled fusion cages than in controls treated with autogenous bone graft, although the sample size was limited. There were no adverse events related to the rhBMP-2 treatment. This study is one of the first to show consistent and unequivocal osteoinduction by a recombinant growth factor in-humans.
The stability limits of highly active nitrogen doped carbon ORR nano-catalysts: a mechanistic study of degradation reactions (2018)

A new approach in electrode catalysis bearing immense potential for electrochemical technologies is the prospect of carbon-based electrodes. Pristine carbon nanostructures are relatively inert and modifications like nitrogen doping are known for their beneficial effects on the electrochemical activity of carbon nanomaterials in both alkaline and acidic media. However, the long-term stability of these materials, especially in an acidic environment, is rarely mentioned. Here, we evaluate the stability and long-term degradation of nitrogen doped graphene flakes as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst with theoretical and experimental techniques. We assume that nitrogen dopants in the graphene sheet interact with e- and H+ at the electrode-electrolyte interface, leading to NH3 scission and continuous catalyst deactivation. With Density Functional Theory calculations, NH3 scission pathways of pyridinic, graphitic and pyrrolic nitrogen species were analyzed and compared under different operating conditions which are relevant for low and intermediate temperature fuel cells. The computational results are correlated with electrochemical measurements in solid acid fuel cells in a humidified oxygen environment at 240 °C.