gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved small molecule drug release from<i>in situ</i>forming poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds incorporating poly(β-amino ester) and hydroxyapatite microparticles (2014)

In situ forming implants are an attractive choice for controlled drug release into a fixed location. Currently, rapidly solidifying solvent exchange systems suffer from a high initial burst, and sustained release behavior is tied to polymer precipitation and degradation rate. The present studies investigated addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) and drug-loaded poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) microparticles to in situ forming poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based systems to prolong release and reduce burst. PBAEs were synthesized, imbibed with simvastatin (osteogenic) or clodronate (anti-resorptive), and then ground into microparticles. Microparticles were mixed with or without HA into a PLGA solution, and the mixture was injected into buffer, leading to precipitation and creating solid scaffolds with embedded HA and PBAE microparticles. Simvastatin release was prolonged through 30 days, and burst release was reduced from 81 to 39% when loaded into PBAE microparticles. Clodronate burst was reduced from 49 to 32% after addition of HA filler, but release kinetics were unaffected after loading into PBAE microparticles. Scaffold dry mass remained unchanged through day 15, with a pronounced increase in degradation rate after day 30, while wet scaffolds experienced a mass increase through day 25 due to swelling. Porosity and pore size changed throughout degradation, likely due to a combination of swelling and degradation. The system offers improved release kinetics, multiple release profiles, and rapid solidification compared to traditional in situ forming implants.
A Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM)‐Based Approach to Mycolactones A/B (2011)

The total synthesis of the mycobacterial toxins mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) has been accomplished based on a strategy built around the construction of the mycolactone core through ring-closing metathesis. By employing the Grubbs second-generation catalyst, the 12-membered core macrocycle of mycolactones, with a functionalized C2 handle attached to C11, was obtained in 60-80 % yield. The C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12-C20) was completed by a highly efficient modified Suzuki coupling between C13 and C14, while the attachment of the C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain was achieved by Yamaguchi esterification. Surprisingly, a diene containing a simple isopropyl group attached to C11 could not be induced to undergo ring-closing metathesis. By employing fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, the synthetic mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) were demonstrated to display similar apoptosis-inducing and cytopathic effects as mycolactones A/B extracted from Mycobacterium ulcerans. In contrast, a simplified analogue with truncated upper and lower side chains was found to be inactive.
Dupuytren's disease and frozen shoulder induced by treatment with a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (1998)

I n a series of 12 patients with inoperable gastric carcinoma who had treatment with a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (Marimastat) for more than one month, six developed a frozen shoulder or a condition resembling Dupuytren's disease.
PERSPECTIVES ON PEDIATRIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTIONS (1992)

Although the numbers of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the United States are among the most rapidly growing populations, pediatric patients still comprise only approximately 2% of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in developed countries. In developing nations, however, children comprise 5 to 20% of the people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in these countries is astounding. As the global community evolves, it is important for pediatricians to be aware of the seriousness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on the world's community of children. Drs. Quinn, Ruff and Halsey present a well-informed and sobering perspective on the incidence, patterns of transmission, clinical manifestations, medical management, social impact and preventive considerations regarding human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in developing nations. There are many important lessons and insights to be gained from the experiences in Africa and Haiti and we would encourage all physicians to read and think about this important article.
Eubiosis and dysbiosis: the two sides of the microbiota. (2016)

The microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by a great number of microbial species living in balance by adopting mutualistic strategies. The eubiosis/dysbiosis condition of the gut microbiota strongly influences our healthy and disease status. This review briefly describes microbiota composition and functions, to then focus on eubiosis and dysbiosis status: the two sides of the microbiota.
Carcinogenicity in mice of mutagenic compounds from glutamic acid and soybean globulin pyrolysates (1984)

2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole and 2- aminodipyrido [1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole, potent mutagens from glutamic acid pyrolysate, were given orally to CDF1 mice of both sexes at concentrations of 0.05% in pellet diet. 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, potent mutagens from soybean globulin pyrolysate, were given to CDF1 mice of both sexes at concentrations of 0.08%. Hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangioendothelial sarcomas in the brown adipose tissue were induced in high incidence by all these compounds.
Presence of a classical RRM-fold palm domain in Thg1-type 3'- 5'nucleic acid polymerases and the origin of the GGDEF and CRISPR polymerase domains (2010)

Based on this relationship and the phyletic patterns of these enzymes we infer that the Thg1 protein is likely to represent an archaeo-eukaryotic branch of the same clade of proteins that gave rise to the mobile CRISPR polymerases and in bacteria spawned the GGDEF domains. Thg1 is likely to be close to the ancestral version of this family of enzymes that might have played a role in RNA repair in the last universal common ancestor.
Bond Pad Structure Reliability (1988)

Bond pads typically have oxides below the metallization which act to insulate the pads from the substrate. These oxides are grown or deposited as part of the primary front-end process of the device. Different oxides are seen to have varying tolerance to the associated mechanical loading and ultrasonic scrubbing, resulting in bond pad cracking. The front-end process can thus influence bond quality. A study was done to characterize various oxides and also different metal systems consisting of aluminum and titanium tungsten alloy. The proper choice of metallization was found to give significant improvement in tolerance of bond-process-induced stresses. >
A broadband transformation-optics metasurface lens (2014)

We present a transformational metasurface Luneburg lens based on the quasi-conformal mapping method, which has weakly anisotropic constitutive parameters. We design the metasurface lens using inhomogeneous artificial structures to realize the required surface refractive indexes. The transformational metasurface Luneburg lens is fabricated and the measurement results demonstrate very good performance in controlling the radiated surface waves.
Compound parabolic concentrators for narrowband wireless infrared receivers (1995)

We discuss the design of optical concentrators based on dielectric and hollow compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs), for use in free-space infrared communication receivers. In order to acheive a high signal-to-noise ratio in a direct-detection receiver, it is desirable to use an optical bandpass filter that passes the signal but attenuates ambient radiation. Placement of a planar bandpass filter at the entrance aperture of a CPC results in a receiver having a narrow passband and high gain, but a narrow acceptance angle. The addition of a second, angle-transforming CPC at the entrance aperture allows the receiver to achieve simultaneously a narrow passband and an acceptance angle approaching 90 deg. We have employed a Monte Carlo ray tracing method to calculate the optical gains of several optical concentrator designs. We find that the optical gains of single and double CPCs are, respectively, about 94% and 93% those of ideal optical concentrators, while addition of planar bandpass filters decreases these gains to about 88% and 86%, respectively. We compare the performance and size of CPC-based concentrators with those based on dielectric hemispheres fitted with hemispherical bandpass filters.
Reduced graphene oxide anchored Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>as a high performance electrochemical supercapacitor (2015)

Developing new materials for electrochemical supercapacitors with higher energy density has recently gained tremendous impetus in the context of effective utilization of renewable energy. Herein, we report a simple one-pot synthesis of bundled nanorods of Cu(OH)2 embedded in a matrix of reduced graphene oxide (Cu(OH)2@RGO) under mild hydrothermal conditions of 80 °C for 1 h. The synthesized material shows a high BET surface area of 78.7 m(2) g(-1) and a mesoporous nature with a broad pore-size distribution consisting of structural pores as well as inter-particle pores. Raman spectroscopy suggests an intimate interaction between Cu(OH)2 and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) creating more defects by destruction of sp(2) domains which would help the defect-assisted charge transport during electrochemical processes. When investigated as an electrochemical supercapacitor, Cu(OH)2@RGO shows a high capacitance of 602 F g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1) in 1 M KOH in a three-electrode cell configuration. Detailed electrochemical studies indicate that the Faradic processes are diffusion controlled and follow a quasi-reversible kinetics. Further, a two-electrode symmetric cell shows good energy density and power density (84.5 Wh kg(-1) at 0.55 kW kg(-1) and 20.5 Wh kg(-1) at 5.5 kW kg(-1)) characteristics demonstrating superior application potential of this common low-cost transition metal hydroxide for high performance energy storage devices.
Sand Fracturing With Liquid Carbon Dioxide (1982)

Abstract The quest for cleaner frac fluids has led to the development of sand fracturing using liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as thesand carrying fluid- CO2 is handled at surface as a liquid at approximately 1 MPapressure and −35 °C. Special blending equipment has been developed to inject proppant directly into the liquid CO2 at these surface conditions. The sand ladenliquid CO2 is then pumped by conventional frac equipment. At stabilized reservoir temperature and pressure the liquid CO2 vaporizes in a gas well, or vaporizes and is partially dissolved in the reservoir oilin an oil well. The greatest potential of liquid CO2 fracturing is the elimination ofmost of the formation damage normally associated with fracturing fluids and the very rapid clean up and evaluation of thewell following the stimulation. Introduction CO2 is a liquid gas that is readily applicable to oil field stimulation use because of its unique phase behaviour(Figure 1). CO2 can be transported as a liquid at −20 ° to −40 ° C. As these temperatures are non cryogenic, the CO2 can be pumped with conventional frac equipment and injected directly into the well as aliquid. Upon heating up to reservoir equilibrium temperature and expanding to reservoir equilibrium pressure, CO2 will vaporize to the gaseous state. The gaseous CO2 will then, flow back from the formationto the well bore with the lower viscosity of gas, will not exhibit any surface tension as liquids do and will aid formation liquid production from the well by reducing the pressure gradient up the tubing. CO2 is very soluble in crude oil 11 and slightly soluble in water 12 CO2 aidsrecovery in oil bearing formations as it is misible with most crudes and greatly reduces oil viscosity 6 CO2 dissolved in water will form weak carbonic acid which has a pH of 3. There is no indication that CO2 or the resultant carbonic acid does any formation damage in sandstone reservoirs. CO2 has been used since early the 1960's in fracture stimulation of oil and gas wells 7. The CO2 was pumped with theoil or water base frac fluid in ratio's sufficient to gas lift the liquid back to surface after the frac. Further development led to higher CO2 ratios where the liquid CO2 was effectively part of the frac generating 1iquid (50%), with the proppant pumped in oil, water or methanol through conventional frac equipment. The improvements were the reduction of the liquid fracfluid volume and the ample gas energy supplied to recover the liquid from formation. The latest development in CO2 fracturing is injecting proppant directly into the liquid CO2 and using liquid CO2 as the sole frac fluid. The obvious improvements are the elimination of any residual liquid left in the formation from the frac fluid, and a frac fluid recovery mechanism that is not depel1dent on reservoir result.
The transplanted liver graft is capable of clearing asymmetric dimethylarginine (2004)

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been recognized as an endogenous inhibitor of the arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Its concentration is tightly regulated by urinary excretion and degradation by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), which is highly expressed in the liver. Considering the liver as a crucial organ in the clearing of ADMA, we hypothesized increased ADMA levels during hepatic failure and, consequently, a decline of ADMA concentrations after successful liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the liver in the metabolism of ADMA in patients undergoing liver transplantation. In this prospective study, we investigated the course of ADMA concentrations in 42 patients undergoing liver transplantation and results showed that preoperative ADMA concentrations were higher in patients with acute (1.26 micromol/L, P < .001) and in patients with chronic (.69 micromol/L, P < .001) hepatic failure compared with healthy volunteers (.41 micromol/L). In addition, ADMA concentrations decreased from the preoperative day to the first postoperative day in both the acute (Delta(ADMA): -.63 micromol/L, P = .005) and the chronic hepatic failure group (Delta(ADMA): -0.15 micromol/L, P < .001). Furthermore, in patients who experienced acute rejection, ADMA concentrations were higher during the whole first postoperative month compared with nonrejectors (P = .012). Moreover, in 11 of 13 rejectors (85%) a clear increase in ADMA concentration preceded the onset of the first episode of rejection, which was confirmed by liver biopsy. In conclusion, our results indicate that the transplanted liver graft is quickly capable of clearing ADMA, suggesting preservation of DDAH. In addition, increased ADMA concentrations in the posttransplantation period reflect serious dysfunction of the liver graft during acute rejection.
Requirement of lipophosphoglycan for intracellular survival of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> within human monocytes. (1990)

The function of the lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani parasites was investigated in human peripheral monocytes. In contrast to wild-type L. donovani which grow in monocytes, incubation of monocytes with two variant lines of L. donovani, defective in lipophosphoglycan expression, resulted in the entry of the variant cells into the monocytes and their subsequent destruction. Passive transfer of lipophosphoglycan to the variant cells led to prolonged survival in monocytes. These results indicate that lipophosphoglycan is required by the parasite for intracellular survival. To investigate one possible protective role of the glycoconjugate, preincubation of monocytes with a suspension of lipophosphoglycan and subsequent treatment of the cells with PMA or opsonized zymosan resulted in an attenuation of the oxidative burst; the attenuation effect was concentration dependent on the glycoconjugate and independent of preincubation time. Moreover, hydrophobic beads, coated with lipophosphoglycan, were phagocytized by monocytes and found to inhibit oxygen consumption in monocytes activated with PMA. These results suggest a possible relationship between the absence of lipophosphoglycan in the variant parasites and their inability to survive within monocytes. Although the precise molecular basis remains to be elucidated, the ability of lipophosphoglycan to impair the microbial oxidative response may be a contributing factor in its requirement for intracellular survival.
The condition of improving throughput both of high and low priority at the same time (2002)

There is a conservation law that states that the sum of the average queuing delays within a set of multiplexed flow is independent of priority control. However with reference to ARQ specifically, we can adopt the idea of "goodput" (normalized throughput) to evaluate the efficiency of the transmission. With this, we discover that there are cases when the goodput of high-prioritized and low-prioritized flows can both improve at the same time. To achieve this, we will need routers that are able to handle priority control adaptively. This is confirmed theoretically in this paper, which uses a simple go-back-N model as a basis for calculation.
Attacking Automatic Video Analysis Algorithms: A Case Study of Google Cloud Video Intelligence API (2017)

Due to the growth of video data on Internet, automatic video analysis has gained a lot of attention from academia as well as companies such as Facebook, Twitter and Google. In this paper, we examine the robustness of video analysis algorithms in adversarial settings. Specifically, we propose targeted attacks on two fundamental classes of video analysis algorithms, namely video classification and shot detection. We show that an adversary can subtly manipulate a video in such a way that a human observer would perceive the content of the original video, but the video analysis algorithm will return the adversary's desired outputs. We then apply the attacks on the recently released Google Cloud Video Intelligence API. The API takes a video file and returns the video labels (objects within the video), shot changes (scene changes within the video) and shot labels (description of video events over time). Through experiments, we show that the API generates video and shot labels by processing only the first frame of every second of the video. Hence, an adversary can deceive the API to output only her desired video and shot labels by periodically inserting an image into the video at the rate of one frame per second. We also show that the pattern of shot changes returned by the API can be mostly recovered by an algorithm that compares the histograms of consecutive frames. Based on our equivalent model, we develop a method for slightly modifying the video frames, in order to deceive the API into generating our desired pattern of shot changes. We perform extensive experiments with different videos and show that our attacks are consistently successful across videos with different characteristics. At the end, we propose introducing randomness to video analysis algorithms as a countermeasure to our attacks.
UPSCALING OF CARBONATE ROCKS FROM MICROPORE SCALE TO CORE SCALE (2013)

In this paper, an integrated micropore-scale to core-scale modeling method is proposed to capture both the different scale pore structures and multiphase flow properties in carbonate rocks. The first upscaling is at submicrometer to micrometer scale. The micropore-scale upscaling is accounted for through the micropore network model, which is extracted through three-dimensional micropore digital rocks based on two-dimensional high-resolution carbonate images and could describe the geometric and hydraulic properties of micropores. The second upscaling is in the tens to hundreds of micrometers scale. The macropore-scale upscaling is described through a dual-pore network, which is constructed based on the integration of macropore and micropore networks and could describe the macro- and micropore characteristics simultaneously. The last upscaling is at millimeter to centimeter scale. Core-scale upscaling is described by a capillary equilibrium method, which could produce the integrated relative permeability curve of whole core plug. This integrated upscaling method could capture the detailed micro- and macropore structures in carbonate rock and then upscaling the relative permeability curve to the core scale, which could be used for large-scale grid calculations of carbonate reservoir simulations.
Investigation of ejaculatory disorder by silodosin in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia (2012)

It was demonstrated that the administration of silodosin induced ejaculatory disorder at a high incidence. Since it is possible that the high frequency of ejaculatory disorder by silodosin may reduce QOL, it is considered necessary to provide sufficient information related to ejaculatory disorder at the time of treatment with silodosin.
<title>FPAs and thin film binary optic microlens integration</title> (1996)

The relatively large detector size of conventional focal plane arrays often acts as a limiting source of noise currents and requires these devices to run at undesirably low temperatures. To reduce the detector size without reducing the detector's quantum efficiency, we have developed efficient on-focal plane collection optics consisting of arrays of thin film binary optic microlenses on the back surface of hybrid detector array structures. P/n polarity photodiodes of an unusual `planar-mesa' geometry were fabricated in epitaxial HgCdTe deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on the `front' side of a CdZnTe substrate. Diffractive (8 - 16 phase level) Ge microlenses were deposited on 48 micrometers centers in a registered fashion (using an IR mask aligner and appropriate marks on the front surface of the CdZnTe) on the back side of the substrate using a lifting process. The lifting process circumvents some of the process limitations of the more conventional chemical etching method to diffractive microlens processing, allowing them to approach more closely their theoretical efficiency limit of > 95%. Prior to microlens deposition, but after diode fabrication, the test structures were flip- chip bonded or `hybridized' using indium interconnections to metallic strip lines which had been photolithographically deposited on sapphire dice (a process equally compatible with a silicon integrated circuit readout). After hybridization, the CdZnTe was thinned to equal the focal length of the lenses in the CdZnTe material. Optical characterization has demonstrated that the microlenses combined with the detector mesas concentrate light sufficiently to increase the effective collection area. The optical size of the mesa detectors being larger than the theoretical diffraction limit of the microlenses precludes determining whether the lenses themselves produce the theoretical diffraction-limited gain, but they clearly decrease required detector area by at least 3 - 6X. To our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of IR detectors and binary optics microlens integration.