gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antioxidative Properties of Probucol Estimated by the Reactivity with Superoxide and by Electrochemical Oxidation. (2001)

The reaction of probucol with superoxide (O2(*-)) was investigated in acetonitrile using both electron spin resonance (ESR) and electrochemical techniques. The formation of phenoxyl radical was observed during the reaction of probucol with O2(*-) by ESR spectroscopy. The reaction of probucol with O2(*-) in acetonitrile was followed by cyclic voltammetry. With the addition of probucol, the oxidation peak current of O2(*-) decreased concentration dependently. This suggests that probucol reacts with O2(*-), that is, probucol scavenges O2(*-) in acetonitrile. 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone was identified as the major product of the reaction of probucol with O2(*-) in acetonitrile. Electrochemical oxidation of probucol was also performed. Probucol gives an irreversible oxidation peak at ca. +1.4 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode in the cyclic voltammogram. Controlled-potential electrolysis was carried out at +1.2 V in a divided cell. 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, 4,4'-dithiobis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), and 4,4'-trithiobis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) were identified as the products of anodic oxidation. These redox properties of probucol may correlate with the physiological activities.
El continuismo económico de Vicente Fox (2001)

El triunfo de Vicente Fox después de 71 años de monopolio priísta en la presidencia de la República así como sus promesas de campaña, han generado una expectativa de cambio en todos los órdenes de la vida nacional que ya empieza, de manera dramática, a toparse con la cruda realidad. Confrontar las propuestas de campaña con las primeras definiciones del área económica del equipo de transición, tiene la utilidad de conocer cuántos son los grados de libertad en materia de política económica y cuánta también la voluntad política del nuevo gobierno para empezar a redefinir las bases que permitan un crecimiento suficiente, sostenido y justo. Es este el objetivo del presente artículo.
Drug Metabolism in Preclinical Drug Development: A Survey of the Discovery Process, Toxicology, and Computational Tools (2017)

This review provides a purview of computational methods of pre-clinical toxicologic assessments for novel small molecule drugs that may be of use for novice and experienced investigators as well as academic and commercial drug discovery entities.
Studies of the minimum temperature at which human platelets can be stored with full maintenance of viability (1986)

Platelet concentrates from normal donors were stored for 3 days under identical conditions except for the temperature of storage, which was maintained at 21 +/- 0.5, 19.5 +/- 0.5, or 18 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Immediate posttransfusion recovery of the stored platelets determined by 51Cr labeling averaged 47, 47, and 48 percent after storage at 21, 19.5, and 18 degrees C, respectively (differences not significant). Mean life span of the transfused platelets, however, was 8.12, 5.21, and 1.85 days at 21, 19.5, and 18 degrees C, respectively. The difference between mean life span following storage at 21 degrees C was significantly different from that after storage at 18 degrees C (p less than 0.03). Reduction in viability after storage at the lower temperature correlated with the reduction in the number of discoid platelets. These findings indicate that platelet viability is compromised after storage for 3 days at 18 degrees C and, possibly, at 19.5 degrees C, and illustrate the need for quality control of temperature in short-term platelet storage.
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression and its regulation in gastric cancer cells (2009)

e22173 Background: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with the biological behavior in several kinds of cancer, but few studies have addressed the expression and regulation of CXCR4 in gastric cancer. Methods: Five gastric cancer cell lines were studied. The expression of CXCR4 was investigated using RT-PCR, Westerning blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The regulation of CXCR4 expression by hypoxia, dexamethasone, and the proinflammatory cytokines was evaluated. Results: CXCR4 mRNA and proteins were detectable by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, in all five cell lines. However, MKN-28, MKN-45, MKN-74, and SNU 16 cells did not express membrane CXCR4, but had abundant CXCR4 in their cytoplasm, as determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. In contrast, a small population of KATO III cells expressed membrane CXCR4. Hypoxia up-regulated CXCR4 proteins and enhanced membrane expression of CXCR4 in human gastric cancer KATO III cells, which constitutively expressed membrane CXCR4 in a steady state, as revealed by Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. This hypoxia-induced expression of CXCR4 was mediated via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. In addition, KATO III cells exposed to hypoxia demonstrated enhanced migration in response to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, a specific ligand for CXCR4. However, MKN-28, MKN-45, MKN-74, and SNU-16 cells, which lack membrane CXCR4 in a steady state, showed no change in CXCR4 expression in hypoxic condition. Treatment with IFN-γ, TGF-β, TNF-α, and dexamethasone did not induce any change in CXCR4 expression in all five gastric cancer cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that hypoxia up-regulates the membrane expression of functional CXCR4 via HIF-1α in human gastric cancer cells that basally express membrane CXCR4 in a steady state in vitro. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Juvenile nephropathy in a Boxer, a Rottweiler, a Collie and an Irish Wolfhound (2000)

Juvenile nephropathy was diagnosed in a Boxer, a Rottweiler, a Collie and an Irish Wolfhound dog, each presenting with signs compatible with chronic renal failure. The diagnosis in each case was based on the presence of persistence of poorly differentiated tissue (immature glomeruli and/or tubules, persistent mesenchyme) on histopathologic examination. Although juvenile nephropathy has been reported in many breeds of dog, this is the first report of the condition in the Collie and the Irish Wolfhound and only the second description in the Boxer and the Rottweiler. The possibility of an inherited origin of the condition in these four breeds is at present unknown.
Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Used as Support in Iron‐Catalyzed, High‐Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (2011)

Abstract High‐temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis for the production of short‐chain olefins over iron catalysts supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated under industrially relevant conditions (340 °C, 25 bar, H 2 /CO=1) to elucidate the influence of nitrogen and oxygen functionalization of the CNTs on the activity, selectivity, and long‐term stability. Surface functionalization of the CNTs was achieved by means of a gas‐phase treatment using nitric acid vapor at 200 °C for oxygen functionalization (O‐CNTs) and ammonia at 400 °C for the subsequent nitrogen doping (N‐CNTs). Ammonium iron citrate impregnation followed by calcination was applied for the deposition of iron nanoparticles with particle sizes below 9 nm. Subsequent to reduction in pure H 2 at 380 °C, the Fe/N‐CNT and Fe/O‐CNT catalysts were applied in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, in which they showed comparable initial conversion values with an excellent olefin selectivity [ S (C 3 –C 6 )>85 %] and low chain growth probability ( α ≤0.5). TEM analysis of the used catalysts detected particle sizes of 23 and 26 nm on O‐CNTs and N‐CNTs, respectively, and Fe 5 C 2 was identified as the major phase by using XRD, with only traces of Fe 3 O 4 . After 50 h time on stream under steady‐state conditions, an almost twofold higher activity compared to the Fe/O‐CNT catalysts had been maintained by the Fe/N‐CNT catalysts, which are considered excellent Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for the production of short‐chain olefins owing to their high activity, high selectivity to olefins, low chain growth probability, and superior long‐term stability.
Micromachined cell fusion device (2002)

A cell fusion device was designed and fabricated by micromachining technology. The device has 18 pairs of 40 /spl mu/m thick electrodes. It was designed for one-to-one based fusion. The polymer-molding and electroplating technique was applied for the fabrication of the cell fusion device. Dielectrophoretic force was used for attracting cells and making pearl chains. Electrofusion of two Chinese cabbage cells was successfully achieved by square pulsed electric fields. The electrofusion of cells was accomplished in 10 minutes.
Epigenetics: A Molecular Link Between Environmental Factors and Type 2 Diabetes (2009)

Although obesity, reduced physical activity, and aging increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, many people exposed to these risk factors do not develop the disease. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genetic variants that explain some of the interindividual variation in diabetes susceptibility (1–5). There is also a growing body of literature suggesting a role for epigenetic factors in the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Nevertheless, our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms linking environmental factors and type 2 diabetes still remains limited. This perspective will provide some insights into epigenetic mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes.

### An overview of epigenetic regulation.

Although there is no uniform definition of epigenetics, it has been described as heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the nucleotide sequence (6). Epigenetic modifications can be passed from one cell generation to the next (mitotic inheritance) and between generations of a species (meiotic inheritance). In plants, it is well established that epigenetic modifications can be inherited from one generation to the next (7). However, there is only limited information about the inheritance of epigenetic traits between generations in animals (8,9). Notably, epigenetic effects may also be affected by the environment, making them potentially important pathogenic mechanisms in complex multifactorial diseases such as type 2 diabetes (Fig. 1). Epigenetic factors include DNA methylations, histone modifications, and microRNAs, and they can help to explain how cells with identical DNA can differentiate into different cell types with different phenotypes. This perspective will focus on the roles of DNA methylation and histone modification in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.



FIG. 1. 
Model proposing a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.



Cytosine residues occurring in CG dinucleotides are targets for DNA methylation in vertebrates, and DNA methylation is associated with …
Immunogenic Properties of α(1 → 6) Dextran, Its Protein Conjugates, and Conjugates of Its Breakdown Products in Mice (1984)

Mice were immunized with alpha (1-6) dextran, either as such or coupled to protein carriers, and their anti-dextran response was measured by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay and the Farr assay. Like earlier investigators we found that protein-conjugated dextran was more antigenic than plain dextran. Our novel findings were that (1) a standard dose (30 micrograms of dextran per injection) coupled to strongly antigenic protein (chicken serum albumin (CSA) was three times more antigenic than dextran coupled to weakly antigenic bovine serum albumin (BSA); (2) dextrans of low molecular weight (1000-10,000 daltons) coupled to CSA induced at least ten times stronger secondary responses than did a similarly coupled macromolecular dextran (5-40 million daltons); (3) variation of the CHO/protein ratio from 0.3 to 1 had little effect on the antigenicity of the dextran. Increase of the ratio from one appeared to decrease immunogenicity when BSA was the carrier but not when CSA was the carrier.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia due to a two amino acid deletion in the fourth calcium-binding domain of alpha IIb: demonstration of the importance of calcium-binding domains in the conformation of alpha IIb beta 3 (1996)

Abstract The integrin alpha IIb beta 3, a calcium-dependent heterodimer, plays a critical role in platelet aggregation. The alpha IIb subunit of the heterodimer contains four highly conserved putative calcium-binding domains in its extracellular portion. During studies of the molecular basis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a child of mixed Caucasian background whose platelets expressed little alpha IIb beta 3 on their surface, we found the patient heterozygous for a two amino acid deletion in the fourth alpha IIb calcium-binding domain. When this alpha IIb mutant was expressed in COS-1 cells, we found that the deletion did not interfere with the assembly of alpha IIb beta 3 heterodimers, but altered their conformation such that they were neither recognized by the heterodimer-specific antibody A2A9 nor able to undergo further intracellular processing or transport to the cell surface. These results suggest that the calcium-binding domains in alpha IIb play an important role maintaining the overall conformation of alpha IIb beta 3. To confirm this suggestion, we deleted each of the four 12 amino acid calcium-binding domains in alpha IIb by in vitro mutagenesis and expressed the mutants along with beta 3 in COS-1 cells. Each construct formed a heterodimer with beta 3, but none of the heterodimers interacted with A2A9 or underwent further intracellular processing. These data indicate that the calcium-binding domains in alpha IIb are not involved in alpha IIb beta 3 heterodimer formation, but their presence is required for the intracellular transport of alpha IIb beta 3 to the cell surface.
Comparison of second- and third-order distortion in intensity modulated InGaAsP lasers and a LiNbO3 external modulator (1989)

Harmonic distortion (HD)1,2 and third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD)3,4 in intensity-modulated semiconductor lasers are important considerations In any multichannel subcarrier system.5,6 This is especially true in a lightwave CATV system containing as many as sixty amplitude modulated signals.7 Typical specifications for this type of system might be a total second- and third-order distortion of approximately –60 dBc. We compare the distortion due to direct current modulation of InGaAsP lasers with that obtained using an external LiNbO3 intensity modulator.
Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity: Sibling-Sibling Correlation (1973)

Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity is released into the blood with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves. This enzyme activity has been measured in the blood of 317 normal children and 227 normal adults. A significant sibling-sibling correlation of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase values was found in the 94 sibling pairs tested. Frequency distributions of serum enzyme values in both children and adults suggest the existence of two populations with regard to serum activity of this enzyme.
Disruption Recovery for a Vessel in Liner Shipping (2015)

Container vessels in liner shipping are operated on closed-loop routes following a preannounced schedule. In practice, when a vessel embarks on a voyage on the sea, there are lots of uncertain factors that may delay a vessel from its original schedule, even if some uncertainty has been considered in the tactical network design. In this paper, we propose an operational-level solution to recover the disrupted schedule caused by a delay, where we consider different operational actions such as speeding up, port skipping, and port swapping. For the case where only speeding up is allowed, we approach the problem by nonlinear programming and obtain certain structural results of the optimal recovery schedule. It shows that speeding up can effectively handle a delay that is not too large. When there is a large delay, which may be called a major disruption, we study the problem with more options such as port skipping and swapping and develop dynamic programming algorithms on the discretized time space. We also provide a method to estimate a lower bound of the problem that enables us to evaluate the relative error caused by the discretized time space in dynamic programming. Numerical studies are conducted to validate our results and derive managerial insights.
Optimization of a Type III Secretion System-Based <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Live Vector for Antigen Delivery (2007)

During the last few years, the use of type III secretion system-based bacterial vectors for immunotherapy purposes has been assessed in various applications. We showed that a type III secretion-based Pseudomonas aeruginosa vector delivering the ovalbumin (OVA) antigen induced an efficient specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte immune response against OVA-expressing cells. Because of the intrinsic toxicity of the vector, further virulence attenuation was needed. Therefore, we explored the effects of the deletion of quorum-sensing genes and the aroA gene toward toxicity and efficiency of the vector strain. The aroA mutation in our strain (making the strain auxotrophic for aromatic amino acids) conferred a strikingly reduced toxicity, with the bacterial lethal dose being more than 100 times higher than that of the parental strain. The quorum-sensing gene mutation alone was associated with a slightly reduced toxicity. In a prophylactic OVA-expressing melanoma mouse model, an OVA-delivering aroA-deficient mutant was the most efficient at a low dose (10(5)), but dose enhancement was not associated with a greater immune response. The quorum-sensing-deficient strain was the most efficient at a mild dose (10(6)), but this dose was close to the toxic dose. Combination of both mutations conferred the highest efficiency at an elevated dose (10(7)), in agreement with the known negative effects of quorum-sensing molecules upon T-cell activation. In conclusion, we have obtained a promising immunotherapy vector regarding toxicity and efficiency for further developments in both antitumor and anti-infectious strategies.
Multipurpose sensor tips for scanning near-field microscopy (1996)

The reproducible micromachining of hollow metal tips on Si cantilevers and their applicability to scanning probe microscopy techniques are described. Provided with apertures below 130 nm and hollow pyramidal tips proved to be highly suited probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). First results of combined SFM/SNOM measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of the new sensors are presented. The SNOM images show a resolution of about 100 nm demonstrating the usefulness of these probes.
Reproducibility and Prognosis of Quantitative Features Extracted from CT Images (2014)

We study the reproducibility of quantitative imaging features that are used to describe tumor shape, size, and texture from computed tomography (CT) scans of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CT images are dependent on various scanning factors. We focus on characterizing image features that are reproducible in the presence of variations due to patient factors and segmentation methods. Thirty-two NSCLC nonenhanced lung CT scans were obtained from the Reference Image Database to Evaluate Response data set. The tumors were segmented using both manual (radiologist expert) and ensemble (software-automated) methods. A set of features (219 three-dimensional and 110 two-dimensional) was computed, and quantitative image features were statistically filtered to identify a subset of reproducible and nonredundant features. The variability in the repeated experiment was measured by the test-retest concordance correlation coefficient (CCCTreT). The natural range in the features, normalized to variance, was measured by the dynamic range (DR). In this study, there were 29 features across segmentation methods found with CCCTreT and DR ≥ 0.9 and R(2) Bet ≥ 0.95. These reproducible features were tested for predicting radiologist prognostic score; some texture features (run-length and Laws kernels) had an area under the curve of 0.9. The representative features were tested for their prognostic capabilities using an independent NSCLC data set (59 lung adenocarcinomas), where one of the texture features, run-length gray-level nonuniformity, was statistically significant in separating the samples into survival groups (P ≤ .046).
‘For the last many years in England everybody has been educating the people, but they have forgotten to find them any books’: The Mechanics’ Institutes Library Movement and its Contribution to Working-Class Adult Education during the Nineteenth Century (2013)

The impact of the mechanics’ institute library movement is investigated, providing an opportunity to identify the impact these libraries had on a predominately working-class adult readership both before and after the passing of the Public Libraries Act in 1850. In particular, the impact that the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics’ Institutes had on the library movement is explored. The contention made before the Select Committee on Public Libraries in 1849 that ‘for the last many years in England everybody has been educating the people, but they have forgotten to find them any books’ is reassessed. In addition, the view held by some education historians that mechanics’ institutes were ‘frivolous and their libraries were only used for fiction’ is challenged.
Metal ions and flexibility in a viral RNA pseudoknot at atomic resolution (2002)

Many pathogenic viruses use programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting to regulate translation of their structural and enzymatic proteins from polycistronic mRNAs. Frameshifting is commonly stimulated by a pseudoknot located downstream from a slippery sequence, the latter positioned at the ribosomal A and P sites. We report here the structures of two crystal forms of the frameshifting RNA pseudoknot from beet western yellow virus at resolutions of 1.25 and 2.85 A. Because of the very high resolution of 1.25 A, ten mono- and divalent metal ions per asymmetric unit could be identified, giving insight into potential roles of metal ions in stabilizing the pseudoknot. A magnesium ion located at the junction of the two pseudoknot stems appears to play a crucial role in stabilizing the structure. Because the two crystal forms exhibit mostly unrelated packing interactions and local crystallographic disorder in the high-resolution form was resolvable, the two structures offer the most detailed view yet of the conformational preference and flexibility of an RNA pseudoknot.
Sequence-Specific Fragmentation of Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorbed Protein/Peptide Ions (1995)

By utilizing delayed pulsed ion extraction of ions generated via the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) technique, fast (< 320 ns) metastable ion fragmentation is observed for both peptide and protein analytes in the ion source of a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Small peptides such as the oxidized B chain of bovine insulin exhibit fragmentation at the amide linking bond between peptide residues. Overlapping sequence information is provided by fragmentation from both the C- and N-terminal ends of the peptide (cn-, yn-, and z*n-type fragment ions). Larger proteins can also exhibit a wealth of sequence specific fragment ions in favorable cases. One example is cytochrome c, which undergoes substantial (approximately 80%) fast fragmentation at the amide bonds along the amino acid backbone of the protein. Only amide bond cleavages initiating from the C-terminal end (cn fragments) are observed. The observed fragmentation pattern provides a significant amount of potential sequence information for these molecules. External mass calibration of the intact protonated molecular ions is demonstrated with mass accuracies typically around 100 ppm. Mass accuracies for the observed fragment ions ranged from +/- 0.20 Da for the smaller peptides studied (i.e., oxidized B chain of bovine insulin) to +/- 0.38 Da for the largest protein studied (cytochrome c), based upon the known sequences.