gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphological evidence of reduced bone resorption in the osteosclerotic (<i>oc</i>) mouse (1985)

Osteopetrosis, a metabolic bone disease characterized by a generalized sclerosis of the skeleton, is inherited as an autosomal recessive in a number of mammalian species. The pathogenesis of congenital osteopetrosis is mediated by a reduction in bone resorption as a result of decreased osteoclast function. This hypothesis is based on both functional and structural evidence of reduced bone resorption in all mutations examined to date. The present study examined the histology of cartilage and bone, the ultrastructure of osteoclasts, and the morphology of mineralized bone surfaces in a lethal osteopetrotic mutation, the osteosclerotic (oc) mouse. Histologically, epiphyseal cartilage growth plates, especially the hypertrophic zone, are markedly thickened in oc mice and metaphyses contain excessive osteoid, features characteristic of rickets. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that less than one-quarter of osteoclasts in oc mice demonstrated evidence of ruffled border formation compared with three-quarters of the osteoclasts in normal littermates. In mutants, ruffled borders were less elaborate and cytoplasmic processes penetrated into bone surfaces, suggesting that bone may be removed by mechanical rather than by enzymatic means. There was little morphological evidence of cartilage degradation and broad laminae limitantes persisted in mutants. Mineralized surfaces that undergo resorption in normal mice showed no evidence of bone resorption by scanning EM in mutants. The presence of a rachitic condition, the observations of reduced bone resorption, and the possible contribution of undermineralized matrices to decreased bone resorption are characteristics of the osteosclerotic mutation which suggest that it is a unique osteopetrotic mutant in which to study both the development and regulation of skeletal metabolism.
Novel 1-phenylpiperazine and 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives as high-affinity .sigma. ligands (1991)

sigma receptors may represent an exciting new approach for the development of novel psychotherapeutic agents. Unfortunately, many of the commonly used sigma ligands lack selectivity (e.g., many bind at phencyclidine or dopamine receptors) or suffer from other serious drawbacks. Recently, we described a series of 2-phenylaminoethanes that bind at sigma receptors with high affinity and selectivity. Because there is evidence that 1-phenylpiperazines can structurally mimic the 2-phenylaminoethane moiety, we prepared a series of 1-phenylpiperazines and related analogues and incorporated structural features already shown to enhance the sigma binding of the 2-phenylaminoethanes. Several of these derivatives bind at sigma receptors with high affinity (Ki = 1-10 nM) and lack appreciable affinity for phencyclidine and dopamine receptors. In as much as certain of these agents structurally resemble the high-affinity, but nonselective, sigma ligand haloperidol, and because they bind with 10 times the affinity of haloperidol, we have apparently identified what appears to be the primary sigma pharmacophore of that agent.
Numerical Investigation of Centerbodiless RDE Design Variations (2015)

The pressure gain of detonation has great potential to increase efficiency of cycles involving combustion. Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) have a great deal of promise as a detonation based combustor. The RDE’s advantages over current pulsed detonation cycles include needing only a single initiation, having a more uniform exhaust pressure, compact design, and capability to process high flow rates. However, without consideration for pressure losses due to friction or shock strength, it is possible to lose the efficiency advantages RDEs have over conventional combustion. Some recent numerical studies have shown it may be possible to ignite an RDE that has only the outer wall, with air going through the center instead of a centerbody. These centerbodiless RDE Designs may entrain flow and impart momentum to more air, which may increase the total propulsive efficiency. In addition, their unique design with fewer walls for reflection may result in fewer reversals and blow-outs of the RDE. This may expand the range of operation for certain applications. A numerical study using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program Fluent, by ANSYS is being performed to test three dimensional (3D) configurations of centerybodyless RDE. The effect of various alterations to the design will be studied, including hydrogen injection hole size alteration, longitudinal walls, and an ejector. A simple Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model will be used to better simulate mixing of hydrogen and air. Detonation will test for steady operation for multiple cycles.
All-optical timing extraction using an optical tank circuit (1990)

An ultrafast all-optical timing extraction method using an optical tank circuit is described, and experimental results at 2 Gb/s are reported. A Fabry-Perot resonator, whose free spectral range is equal to the clock frequency of the incoming optical data stream, is utilized as the optical tank circuit. Its fully passive structure and ultra-high-bit-rate operation ( approximately Tb/s) is possible through decreasing resonator length.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and Synthesis of a Novel Water-Soluble NMDA Receptor Antagonist with a 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane Group (2005)

Polyamines, especially spermine, inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as open channel blockers. Two types of water-soluble NMDA receptor antagonist, ACCn (1) and TGCn (2), with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane cyclic polyamine group, were synthesized and the effects of both compounds on NMDA receptors were studied using voltage-clamp recordings of recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These compounds inhibited macroscopic currents in both NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B receptor subtypes in oocytes voltage-clamped at -70 mV. Inhibition by the compounds of NR1/NR2A receptors were more prominent than that of NR1/NR2B receptors. The inhibitory effects of ACCn (1) on both NMDA receptors were more potent than those of TGCn (2).
Study on enhancement of condensation heat transfer using an electric field (2000)

Enhancement of condensation heat transfer using a nonuniform electric field was experimentally investigated for horizontal smooth and low-finned tubes. In the experiments, a wire electrode parallel to the tube was placed beneath the tube. The experimental parameters were the distance and voltage between the wire electrode and the tube, and the condensation heat flux. Results of the present experiment for the low-finned tube indicate that, as the applied voltage increases, the enhancement ratio increases steeply at a certain voltage and it reaches 2.4. It was observed that the condensate flow pattern falling down from the bottom of the tube changed from a flat film to circular columns at a critical voltage. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(4): 269–279, 2000
Timing issues related to the automated placement and routing of high performance ASICs (2002)

Discusses the timing issues and methodologies involved in the automated placement and routing of high speed ASICs. As device sizes shrink and clock speeds increase, timing driven layout becomes critical in meeting time-to-market deadlines. The concepts covered include clock tree synthesis, net timing constraints, critical path timing constraints, pin-to-pin delay calculation and back-annotation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Selective CVD tungsten as an alternative to blanket tungsten for submicron plug applications on VLSI circuits (2002)

The authors discuss the major reasons and solutions for selectivity loss during selective tungsten deposition. By applying these solutions to the selective process the nucleation count on the dielectric can be reduced to less than 1 nuclei/cm/sup 2/. In addition, a novel process has been developed in most photoresist is used as a sacrificial layer and an antinucleation layer is used to reduce the tungsten nucleation count on the surface of the dielectric to 0 nuclei/cm/sup 2/. The chemistry involved in producing a low-resistance contact on 0.7- mu m-diameter contacts is also discussed. Electrical test results showing contact resistance data on 0.7- mu m-diameter via chains with corresponding bridging data are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experience With Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation in 114 Septuagenarians. (2014)

Outcomes of deceased donor (DD) kidney transplantation (KT) in patients ≥70 years of age are understudied. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed DD KT outcomes in patients (pts) ≥70 years transplanted at our center. All pts received antibody induction with FK, half-dose MMF, ± steroids. Results: Over a 10.5 year period, we performed 114 KTs in pts ≥70 (mean 74 years, range 70-84) including 43 pts ≥75. The recipient group included 60 males and 77 Caucasians with a mean waiting time of 20 months. 75 pts (66%) received kidneys from expanded criteria donors (ECDs) including 14 dual KTs. Delayed graft function occurred in 26%. With a mean follow-up of 3 years, pt survival was 83% and kidney graft survival was 77%. One year and death-censored kidney graft survival rates were 91% and 89%. Results were similar in pts < or ≥75 years of age. Of 26 graft losses (GL), 10 occurred within 1 year (6 poor graft function, 4 death with a functioning graft [DWFG]). Of the 16 remaining late GLs, 11 were DWFGs, 3 chronic allograft/polyomavirus nephropathy, and 2 other. DWFG accounted for 15 of the 26 (58%) GLs. In the 11 surviving pts with GL, 2 were retransplanted, 5 are on the waiting list, and 4 died after resuming dialysis. At present, 90 of the 95 surviving pts (95%) have functioning grafts. Causes of death in 19 pts were cardiovascular (13), sepsis (3), and malignancy (3). The incidences of acute rejection and major infection were 14% and 45%. In 33 cases, the mate kidney from the same donor was transplanted into a <70 year old pt (mean age 55.3 years) at our center. With a mean follow-up of 5 years, pt (79% and 94%, p=0.15) and kidney graft survival (64% and 67%) rates in the donor-matched pairs were comparable in the older and younger age cohorts, respectively. Death-censored kidney graft survival (81% older versus 69% younger) rates demonstrated that the older group had more DWFGs (21% versus 3%, p=0.05). Conclusions: Advanced recipient age has a minimal effect on short-term outcomes as acceptable results can be achieved in appropriately selected elderly pts using predominantly ECD kidneys, which may not be appropriate for younger pts. However, medium-term outcomes are largely influenced by a higher incidence of DWFGs in the elderly, suggesting that matching strategies for kidney and patient longevity are warranted.
Characterization of poly(3,3‐bisethoxymethyl oxetane) and poly(3,3‐bisazidomethyl oxetane) and their block copolymers (1989)

Abstract The homopolymers, poly(3,3‐bisethoxymethyl oxetane) (polyBEMO), poly(3,3‐bisazidomethyl oxetane) (polyBAMO), and triblock copolymers based on these homopolymers and a statistical copolymer center block composed of BAMO and 3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane AMMO were synthesized and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, modulus‐temperature, optical microscopy, membrane osmometry, and solution and melt viscosity. The values of K and a for the Mark‐Houwink equation were found to be 7.29 × 10 −3 mL/g and 0.80, respectively, for polyBEMO at 25°C using number‐average molecular weights. Glass transition temperatures were in the range −25 to −40°C and melting temperatures were between 65 and 90°C for all polymers. The melting temperature was found to increase as expected with molecular weight. Melt viscosities of triblock copolymers with polyBAMO end blocks were at least an order of magnitude lower than those with polyBEMO end blocks and clear optically, suggesting that the polyBAMO‐based triblock copolymers formed one phase in the melt, while the polyBEMO‐based triblock materials (milk white) phase separated. The addition of filler raised the melt viscosity to a level between that predicted by the Guth‐Smallwood and the Mooney equations.
Oxidation of Thioether Ligands in Pseudotetrahedral Cyclopentadienylruthenium Complexes:  Toward a New Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Sulfoxides<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Ionic ruthenium thioether complexes [Cp(LL')Ru(SRR')]PF(6) (LL' = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2) (1), Ph(2)PC(2)H(4)PPh(2) (2), (Ph(3)P, CO) (3), Me(2)PC(2)H(4)PPh(2) (4), (S,S)-Ph(2)PCHMeCHMePPh(2) (5), SRR' = MeSPh (a), MeS-i-Pr (b), MeSBz (c), i-PrSBz (d), EtSBz (e), MeSCy (f), SC(4)H(8) (g)) were synthesized from the corresponding chloro complexes [Cp(LL')RuCl] and thioethers. 5a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (No. 19), with a = 11.269(3) Å, b = 15.104(2) Å, c = 23.177(4) Å, and Z = 4. 5b crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1) (No. 4), with a = 10.539(5) Å, b = 16.216(9) Å, c = 11.011(8) Å, beta = 106.04(2) degrees, and Z = 2. A similar ligand exchange reaction yielded the analogous sulfoxide complexes [Cp(LL')Ru(S(O)RR')]PF(6) (6-10). 10a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (No. 19), with a = 14.1664(13) Å, b = 15.792(2) Å, c = 17.641(2) Å, and Z = 4. 10b.0.93CH(2)Cl(2) crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (No. 19), with a = 12.069(2) Å, b = 17.379(2) Å, c = 19.760(5) Å, and Z = 4. The thioether complexes can also be directly converted to sulfoxide complexes with the strong oxygen transfer reagent dimethyldioxirane (DMD). No crossover products are formed when mixtures of two thioether complexes (e.g., 1a/2c or 1c/2a) are treated with DMD, demonstrating that no Ru-S bond cleavage is involved. Moderate diastereoselectivities are observed for the oxygen transfer to chiral, racemic thioether complexes 3 (8-28%) and 4 (34-60%). Oxidation of the (S,S)-CHIRAPHOS complexes 5, however, is highly stereoselective (de = 46-98%). Treatment of the sulfoxide complexes 10 with sodium iodide removes the chiral, nonracemic sulfoxides from the metal with retention of the configuration at sulfur.
Irreversible Ligands with High Selectivity Toward δ and μ Opiate Receptors (1983)

Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.
Cellular and genetic approaches to myocardial regeneration (2008)

Injection of (stem) cells into the damaged heart has a positive effect on cardiac function. In this thesis two strategies for improving myocardial regeneration over classical cell therapy were investigated.

The first is to induce cardiomyogenic differentiation by genetically engineering cells to express the transcription factor myocardin (a regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiation). We found that overexpression of myocardin induces a large part of the cardiac muscle gene expression program in various non-muscle cells. Forced expression of myocardin enables cardiac infarction scar fibroblasts to conduct a cardiac action potential, and injection of myocardin-transduced MSCs resulted in greater preservation of cardiac function and reduced detrimental remodeling compared to untreated MSCs in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Indicating that overexpression of myocardin endows cells with several beneficial properties of cardiomyocytes.

We hypothesized that myocardial regeneration might be enhanced by including novel cell types with supportive functions in cell therapy strategies. We found that the mesothelial cells of the human epicardium, like embryonic epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) can form fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Indicating that EPDCs from human adults recapitulate at least part of the differentiation potential of their embryonic counterparts, which form various essential supportive cell types during heart development.
Spreading of the Gamow-Teller Resonance in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>90</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Nb and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>208</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Bi (1997)

Spreading properties of the Gamow-Teller resonance in ${}^{90}$Nb and ${}^{208}$Bi are studied within an approach including the $2p2h$ configuration mixing and the ground-state correlations beyond the random-phase approximation. The M3Y interaction and single-particle wave functions within the standard harmonic oscillator potential are used in numerical calculations. The single-particle energies around the Fermi surface are replaced with the empirical values or those given by a Woods-Saxon potential. Results obtained provide a reasonable account for recent experimental findings. The extension of the present approach to hot nuclei is also provided.
Induction of immune tolerance during administration of monoclonal antibody to L3T4 does not depend on depletion of L3T4+ cells. (1988)

Treatment of mice with mAb to L3T4 profoundly depletes T helper cells. This treatment inhibits humoral and cellular immunity, retards autoimmunity, and permits the induction of Ag-specific tolerance. Treatment of BALB/c mice with F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 inhibits humoral immunity without depleting L3T4+ cells, which is evidence that mAb to L3T4 may inhibit T helper cell function in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate that F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 also permits the induction of immune tolerance in a manner that is independent of T cell depletion. C57BL/6 mice were treated with 1 mg of F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 every other day for 18 days and from the onset were challenged weekly with the immunogen 2C7, a rat mAb to chicken ovalbumin. These mice failed to respond to 2C7 not only during the treatment period but also for at least 5 mo thereafter. This immune tolerance was Ag-specific; the mice rapidly produced antibodies to subsequent challenge with another Ag, human gamma-globulin. Unlike intact anti-L3T4, which immediately depletes L3T4+ cells by greater than 90%, F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 did not initially deplete cells and caused only a partial reduction by the end of the 18-day treatment. This partial reduction of L3T4+ cells did not contribute to the induction of tolerance because mice that were first challenged with 2C7 3 days after stopping the F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 treatment, when L3T4+ cells were lowest, had a normal Ir to 2C7. These findings demonstrate that mAb to L3T4 permits induction of Ag-specific immune tolerance by a mechanism independent of its ability to deplete L3T4+ cells. They also show that F(ab')2 anti-L3T4 treatment does not impair humoral immunity when immunization is initiated after treatment is stopped. Because L3T4 is homologous to CD4 in humans, our findings suggest that F(ab')2 anti-CD4 may offer significant advantages over the use of intact anti-CD4 as an immunosuppressive agent in humans.
Enhancing underwater images and videos by fusion (2012)

This paper describes a novel strategy to enhance underwater videos and images. Built on the fusion principles, our strategy derives the inputs and the weight measures only from the degraded version of the image. In order to overcome the limitations of the underwater medium we define two inputs that represent color corrected and contrast enhanced versions of the original underwater image/frame, but also four weight maps that aim to increase the visibility of the distant objects degraded due to the medium scattering and absorption. Our strategy is a single image approach that does not require specialized hardware or knowledge about the underwater conditions or scene structure. Our fusion framework also supports temporal coherence between adjacent frames by performing an effective edge preserving noise reduction strategy. The enhanced images and videos are characterized by reduced noise level, better exposed-ness of the dark regions, improved global contrast while the finest details and edges are enhanced significantly. In addition, the utility of our enhancing technique is proved for several challenging applications.
High‐dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre (2004)

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of riboflavin for the prevention of migraine. An open label study was performed in a specialized outpatient clinic. Patients received 400 mg riboflavin capsules per day. Headache frequency, duration, intensity and the use of abortive drugs were recorded at baseline and 3 and 6 months after treatment. Headache frequency was significantly reduced from 4 days/month at baseline to 2 days/month after 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). The use of abortive drugs decreased from 7 units/month to 4.5 units/month after 3 and 6 months of treatment (P < 0.05). In contrast, headache hours and headache intensity did not change significantly. We could demonstrate a significant reduction of headache frequency following riboflavin treatment. In addition, the number of abortive anti-migraine tablets was reduced. In line with previous studies our findings show that riboflavin is a safe and well-tolerated alternative in migraine prophylaxis.
A Quantitative Assessment Of Image Reversal, A Candidate For A Submicron Process With Improved Linewidth Control (1986)

The performance of the image reversal process is evaluated. As image reversal includes process parameters to control the slope of the resist profile it offers the possibility to compensate for the bulk effect. Additionally dye can be added to the resist to some extent, to reduce reflections at the substrate, without degrading the slope. Data was collected to quantify the potential of image reversal with respect to the latitude for development and exposure dose variations for both the imidazole, the ammonia and the AZ5214 process. Trends indicating how to find the best operating point for each process will be discussed. To demonstrate the submicron capabilities of image reversal resist patterns with lines and spaces down to 0.5 μm over 0.5 μm topography will be shown.