gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear techniques for interference suppression in spread-spectrum systems (1990)

The binary nature of direct-sequence signals is exploited to obtain nonlinear filters that outperform the linear filters hitherto used for this purpose. The case of a Gaussian interferer with known autoregressive parameters is considered. Using simulations, it is shown that an approximate conditional mean (ACM) filter of the Masreliez type performs significantly better than the optimum linear (Kalman-Bucy) filter. For the case of interferers with unknown parameters, the nature of the nonlinearity in the ACM filter is used to obtain an adaptive filtering algorithm that is identical to the linear transversal filter except that the previous prediction errors are transformed nonlinearly before being incorporated into the linear prediction. Two versions of this filter are considered: one in which the filter coefficients are updated using the Widrow LMS algorithm, and another in which the coefficients are updated using an approximate gradient algorithm. Simulations indicate that the nonlinear filter with LMS updates performs substantially better than the linear filter for both narrowband Gaussian and single-tone interferers, whereas the gradient algorithm gives slightly better performance for Gaussian interferers but is rather ineffective in suppressing a sinusoidal interferer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regional Chemotherapy for Recurrent Squamous Head and Neck Cancers Through a Saphenous Vein Interposition Graft (1993)

Regional chemotherapy for head and neck cancers is effective, but the intra-arterial catheter is not without problems. We interposed a segment of saphenous vein within the carotid system to administer chemotherapeutic agents percutaneously via the arterialized venous segment. From 1983 to 1990, saphenous vein interposition graft was performed after radiotherapy in 24 patients with persistent or recurrent squamous head and neck cancers, which were also considered unresectable. There was no operative mortality. Two patients developed thrombosed vein graft; another two had wound infection; and one patient had a neck hematoma. Cisplatin was administered percutaneously every week via the saphenous vein graft. The response rate was 64% (complete response, 23%; partial response, 41%), and the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 31%. The 1-year survival rates for patients with complete, partial, and no response were 80%, 33%, and 13%, respectively. Saphenous vein interposition graft is a safe and convenient way of delivering intra-arterial chemotherapy, and it provides significant palliation for patients with recurrent nonresectable squamous head and neck cancers after radiotherapy.
A review of forecast error covariance statistics in atmospheric variational data assimilation. II: Modelling the forecast error covariance statistics (2008)

Abstract This article reviews a range of leading methods to model the background error covariance matrix (the B ‐matrix) in modern variational data assimilation systems. Owing partly to its very large rank, the B ‐matrix is impossible to use in an explicit fashion in an operational setting and so methods have been sought to model its important properties in a practical way. Because the B ‐matrix is such an important component of a data assimilation system, a large effort has been made in recent years to improve its formulation. Operational variational assimilation systems use a form of control variable transform to model B. This transform relates variables that exist in the assimilation's ‘control space’ to variables in the forecast model's physical space. The mathematical basis on which the control variable transform allows the B‐matrix to be modelled is reviewed from first principles, and examples of existing transforms are brought together from the literature. The method allows a large rank matrix to be represented by a relatively small number of parameters, and it is shown how information that is not provided explicitly is filled in. Methods use dynamical properties of the atmosphere (e.g. balance relationships) and make assumptions about the way that background errors are spatially correlated (e.g. homogeneity and isotropy in the horizontal). It is also common to assume that the B ‐matrix is static. The way that these, and other, assumptions are built into systems is shown. The article gives an example of how a current method performs. An important part of this article is a discussion of some new ideas that have been proposed to improve the method. Examples include how a more appropriate use of balance relations can be made, how errors in the moist variables can be treated and how assumptions of homogeneity/isotropy and the otherwise static property of the B ‐matrix can be relaxed. Key developments in the application of dynamics, wavelets, recursive filters and flow‐dependent methods are reviewed. The article ends with a round up of the methods and a discussion of future challenges that the field will need to address. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A Novel Method for Unsupervised and Supervised Conversational Message Thread Detection (2016)

Efficiently detecting conversation threads from a pool of messages, such as social network chats, emails, comments to posts, news etc., is relevant for various applications, including Web Marketing, Information Retrieval and Digital Forensics. Existing approaches focus on text similarity using keywords as features that are strongly dependent on the dataset. Therefore, dealing with new corpora requires further costly analyses conducted by experts to find out new relevant features. This paper introduces a novel method to detect threads from any type of conversational texts overcoming the issue of previously determining specific features for each dataset. To automatically determine the relevant features of messages we map each message into a three dimensional representation based on its semantic content, the social interactions in terms of sender/recipients and its timestamp; then clustering is used to detect conversation threads. In addition, we propose a supervised approach to detect conversation threads that builds a classification model which combines the above extracted features for predicting whether a pair of messages belongs to the same thread or not. Our model harnesses the distance measure of a message to a cluster representing a thread to capture the probability that a message is part of that same thread. We present our experimental results on seven datasets, pertaining to different types of messages, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in the detection of conversation threads, clearly outperforming the state of the art and yielding an improvement of up to a 19%.
<i>Rhodococcus equi</i> Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals: Case Reports and Review of the Literature (2010)

Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive, coryneform bacterium that causes zoonotic infection mainly in horses and foals. It sometimes affects humans presenting as cavitary pneumonia. Immunocompromised patients, including HIV-infected patients, are more susceptible to R. equi infection. We present 10 cases of R. equi infection in HIV-positive patients admitted to our institute from 1991 to June 2008. Moreover, we have reviewed 272 cases of R. equi infection in HIV-infected persons, published from 1986 through 2008. With respect to the literature data, the R. equi strains isolated in our case series showed lower sensitivity to ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cotrimoxazole. Prompt diagnosis, early initiation of antiretroviral treatment and combined antimicrobial treatment seem to be effective to eradicate the infection and to improve the outcome.
The Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) Cell Population of the Arcuate Nucleus: Sex Differences and Effects of Prenatal Testosterone in Sheep (2009)

Recent work in sheep has identified a neuronal subpopulation in the arcuate nucleus that coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (referred to here as KNDy cells) and that mediate the negative feedback influence of progesterone on GnRH secretion. We hypothesized that sex differences in progesterone negative feedback are due to sexual dimorphism of KNDy cells and compared neuropeptide and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in this subpopulation between male and female sheep. In addition, because sex differences in progesterone negative feedback and neurokinin B are due to the influence of testosterone (T) during fetal life, we determined whether prenatal T exposure would mimic sex differences in KNDy cells. Adult rams had nearly half the number of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, dynorphin, and progesterone receptor-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus as did females, but the percentage of KNDy cells colocalizing progesterone receptors remained high in both sexes. Prenatal T treatment also reduced the number of dynorphin, neurokinin B, and progesterone receptor-positive cells in the female arcuate nucleus; however, the number of kisspeptin cells remained high and at levels comparable to control females. Thus, sex differences in kisspeptin in the arcuate nucleus, unlike that of dynorphin and neurokinin B, are not due solely to exposure to prenatal T, suggesting the existence of different critical periods for multiple peptides coexpressed within the same neuron. In addition, the imbalance between inhibitory (dynorphin) and stimulatory (kisspeptin) neuropeptides in this subpopulation provides a potential explanation for the decreased ability of progesterone to inhibit GnRH neurons in prenatal T-treated ewes.
Using TLM for Exploring Bus-based SoC Communication Architectures (2006)

As billion transistor system-on-chips (SoC) become commonplace and design complexity continues to increase, designers are faced with the daunting task of meeting escalating design requirements in shrinking time-to-market windows, and have begun using an IP-based SoC design methodology that permits reuse of key SoC functional components. Since the communication architectures connecting components in these SoC designs significantly impact system performance, it is imperative that designers explore the communication design space efficiently, quickly and early in the design flow. Transaction level modeling (TLM) is an emerging abstraction that facilitates early exploration of SoC architectures. This paper outlines a typical IP-based SoC design flow, and presents the cycle count accurate at transaction boundaries (CCATB) modeling abstraction which is a fast, efficient and flexible approach for exploring bus-based communication architectures in SoC designs. The CCATB models not only take less time to model but are also faster to simulate than existing modeling abstractions for communication architecture exploration such as pin-accurate BCA (PA-BCA) and transaction based BCA (T-BCA). Experimental results on several industrial SoC subsystem case studies show that CCATB models are faster than PA-BCA by as much as 120% on average and by 67% on average when compared to T-BCA, demonstrating the advantages of CCATB-based TLM abstraction for exploring bus-based SoC communication architectures.
β-Alanine supplementation and military performance (2015)

During sustained high-intensity military training or simulated combat exercises, significant decreases in physical performance measures are often seen. The use of dietary supplements is becoming increasingly popular among military personnel, with more than half of the US soldiers deployed or garrisoned reported to using dietary supplements. β-Alanine is a popular supplement used primarily by strength and power athletes to enhance performance, as well as training aimed at improving muscle growth, strength and power. However, there is limited research examining the efficacy of β-alanine in soldiers conducting operationally relevant tasks. The gains brought about by β-alanine use by selected competitive athletes appears to be relevant also for certain physiological demands common to military personnel during part of their training program. Medical and health personnel within the military are expected to extrapolate and implement relevant knowledge and doctrine from research performed on other population groups. The evidence supporting the use of β-alanine in competitive and recreational athletic populations suggests that similar benefits would also be observed among tactical athletes. However, recent studies in military personnel have provided direct evidence supporting the use of β-alanine supplementation for enhancing combat-specific performance. This appears to be most relevant for high-intensity activities lasting 60-300 s. Further, limited evidence has recently been presented suggesting that β-alanine supplementation may enhance cognitive function and promote resiliency during highly stressful situations.
An Interior Point Algorithm for Minimum Sum-of-Squares Clustering (1999)

An exact algorithm is proposed for minimum sum-of-squares nonhierarchical clustering, i.e., for partitioning a given set of points from a Euclidean m-space into a given number of clusters in order to minimize the sum of squared distances from all points to the centroid of the cluster to which they belong. This problem is expressed as a constrained hyperbolic program in 0-1 variables. The resolution method combines an interior point algorithm, i.e., a weighted analytic center column generation method, with branch-and-bound. The auxiliary problem of determining the entering column (i.e., the oracle) is an unconstrained hyperbolic program in 0-1 variables with a quadratic numerator and linear denominator. It is solved through a sequence of unconstrained quadratic programs in 0-1 variables. To accelerate resolution, variable neighborhood search heuristics are used both to get a good initial solution and to solve quickly the auxiliary problem as long as global optimality is not reached. Estimated bounds for the dual variables are deduced from the heuristic solution and used in the resolution process as a trust region. Proved minimum sum-of-squares partitions are determined for the first time for several fairly large data sets from the literature, including Fisher's 150 iris.
A Trench Isolation Technology for High-Speed and Low-Power Dissipation Bipolar LSI's (1987)

Several self-aligned bipolar technologies have been developed to achieve high-speed and low-power dissipation bipolar LSI's (1×2×3). These technologies reduce collector-base capacitance and extrinsic base resistance. In order to realize much high-speed bipolar LSI performance, it is necessary to reduce collector-substrate capacitance and wiring capacitance simultaneously, although it is rather difficult.
Targeted Drugs in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2008)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which results from a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of the chromosomes 9 and 22 t(9;22)(q34;q11). This translocation creates two new genes, BCR-ABL on the 22q- (Ph chromosome) and the reciprocal ABL-BCR on 9q-. The BCR-ABL gene encodes for a 210-kD protein with deregulated tyrosine kinase (TK) activity, which is crucial for malignant transformation in CML. The recognition of the BCR-ABL gene and corresponding protein led to the synthesis of small-molecule drugs, designed to interfere with BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activation by competitive binding at the ATP-binding site. The first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), introduced into clinical practice in 1998, was imatinib mesylate. Imatinib became the first choice drug in chronic phase CML, because of its high efficacy, low toxicity and ability to maintain durable hematological and cytogenetic responses. However, approximately 20-25% of patients initially treated with imatinib will need alternative therapy, due to drug resistance, which is often caused by the appearance of clones expressing mutant forms of BCR-ABL. Second-generation TKIs have provided new therapeutic option for the patients resistant to imatinib. Dasatinib is the first, second-generation TKI, approved in the US and European Union for the treatment of CML patients with imatinib resistance or intolerance. This drug is a dual SRC-ABL kinase inhibitor, active in most clinically relevant BCR-ABL mutations, except highly resistant T315I. Other second-generation TKIs include nilotinib, bosutinib and INNO 406. Apart from TKIs, the promising group of molecules is inhibitors of Aurora family of serine-threonine kinases. One of these molecules, MK0457, has entered clinical trials, and initial reports indicate that this compound could be active in disease associated with T315I mutation. Thus, wide spectrum of new agents, with different mode of action, is currently in clinical development for CML. It is likely that combination therapy will be the best therapeutic strategy in the future.