gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chitin synthesis and degradation as targets for pesticide action (1993)

Various pesticides are being used to destabilize, perturb, or inhibit crucial biochemical and physiological targets related to metabolism, growth, development, nervous communication, or behavior in pestiferous organisms. Chitin is an eukaryotic extracellular aminosugar biopolymer, massively produced by most fungal systems and by invertebrates, notably arthropods. Being an integral supportive component in fungal cell wall, insect cuticle, and nematode egg shell, chitin has been considered as a selective target for pesticide action. Throughout the elaborate processes of chitin formation and deposition, only the polymerization events associated with the cell membrane compartment are so far available for chemical interference. Currently, the actinomycetes-derived nucleoside peptide fungicides such as the polyoxins and the insecticidal benzoylaryl ureas have reached commercial pesticide status. The polyoxins and other structurally-related antibiotics like nikkomycins are strong competitive inhibitors of the polymerizing enzyme chitin synthase. The exact biochemical lesion inflicted by the benzoylaryl ureas is still elusive, but a post-polymerization event, such as translocation of chitin chains across the cell membrane, is suggested. Hydrolytic degradation of the chitin polymer is essential for hyphal growth, branching, and septum formation in fungal systems as well as for the normal molting of arthropods. Recently, insect chitinase activity was strongly and specifically suppressed by allosamidin, an actimomycetes-derived metabolite. In part, the defense mechanism in plants against invasion of pathogens is associated with induced chitinases. Chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers are able to act as elicitors which induce enhanced levels of chitinases in various plants. Lectins which bind to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine strongly interfere with fungal and insect chitin synthases. Plant lectins with similar properties may be involved in plant-pathogen interaction inter alia by suppressing fungal invasion.
Spectral and nonlinear optical characteristics of nanocomposites of ZnO–CdS (2008)

In this article, we present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO–CdS nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. The optical band gap (Eg) of the material is tunable between 2.62 and 3.84 eV. The emission peaks of ZnO–CdS nanocomposites change from 385 to 520 nm almost in proportion to changes in Eg. It is possible to obtain a desired luminescence color from UV to green by simply adjusting the composition. The nonlinear optical response of these samples is studied by using nanosecond laser pulses from a tunable laser at the excitonic resonance and off-resonance wavelengths. The nonlinear response is wavelength dependent, and switching from saturable absorption (SA) to reverse SA (RSA) has been observed for samples as the excitation wavelength changes from the excitonic resonance to off-resonance wavelengths. Such a changeover in the sign of the nonlinearity of ZnO–CdS nanocomposites is related to the interplay of exciton bleach and optical limiting mechanisms. The ZnO–CdS nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behavior at off-resonant wavelengths. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increase with increasing CdS volume fraction at 532 nm. The observed nonlinear absorption is attributed to two photon absorption followed by weak free carrier absorption. The enhancement of the third-order nonlinearity in the composites can be attributed to the concentration of exciton oscillator strength. This study is important in identifying the spectral range and composition over which the nonlinear material acts as a RSA based optical limiter. ZnO–CdS is a potential nanocomposite material for the tunable light emission and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.
ER stress-induced mediator C/EBP homologous protein thwarts effector T cell activity in tumors through T-bet repression (2019)

Understanding the intrinsic mediators that render CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment is a requirement to develop more effective cancer immunotherapies. Here, we report that C/EBP homologous protein (Chop), a downstream sensor of severe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is a major negative regulator of the effector function of tumor-reactive CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Chop expression is increased in tumor-infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, which correlates with poor clinical outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Deletion of Chop in T cells improves spontaneous antitumor CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity and boosts the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy. Mechanistically, Chop in CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells is elevated primarily through the ER stress-associated kinase Perk and a subsequent induction of Atf4; and directly represses the expression of T-bet, a master regulator of effector T cell function. These findings demonstrate the primary role of Chop in tumor-induced CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of blocking Chop or ER stress to unleash T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
Performance of a Reflective Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Pumped by a 1480-nm Laser Diode (1993)

Reflective erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), in which both the pump and signal lights are twice-passed though the gain medium by using optical circulators and reflectors, perform better than conventional EDFAs. This new type of EDFA was proposed in 1990 [1] and several theoretical analyses have been carried out [2,3], but no detailed experimental results have yet been reported. This paper presents measured and calculated results for reflective EDFAs and compares them with those for conventional forward-pumped EDFAs.
A New Small-Scale Reaction Calorimeter That Combines the Principles of Power Compensation and Heat Balance (2003)

We developed a new prototype reaction calorimeter with an integrated infrared−attenuated total reflection (IR−ATR) probe that has a sample volume of 45 mL and uses a metal block as an intermediate thermostat. Isothermal conditions are maintained using the power compensation principle. An additional heat balance using Peltier elements is implemented to compensate for changes of the reactor-sided heat-transfer coefficient and to circumvent corresponding calibration steps. The new calorimeter has been tested using the neutralization of NaOH with H2SO4 and the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride. These experiments showed the precision of the new calorimeter and its capability to deal with fast and highly exo- or endothermic reactions. The kinetic parameters obtained from the IR and calorimetric measurements agree well with each other and with literature values. Even for the investigated simple reaction schemes, the IR−ATR probe provided additional information from what is obtained from the calorimetric signal alone.
Characterization of the Candiru Antigenic Complex (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), a Highly Diverse and Reassorting Group of Viruses Affecting Humans in Tropical America (2011)

The genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae consists of approximately 70 named viruses, currently assigned to nine serocomplexes (species) based on antigenic similarities. Sixteen other named viruses that show little serologic relationship to the nine recognized groups are also classified as tentative species in the genus. In an effort to develop a more precise classification system for phleboviruses, we are attempting to sequence most of the named viruses in the genus with the goal of clarifying their phylogenetic relationships. In this report, we describe the serologic and phylogenetic relationships of 13 viruses that were found to be members of the Candiru serocomplex; 6 of them cause disease in humans. Analysis of full genome sequences revealed branching inconsistencies that suggest five reassortment events, all involving the M segment, and thus appear to be natural reassortants. This high rate of reassortment illustrates the inaccuracy of a classification system based solely on antigenic relationships.
A randomized double-blind trial on perioperative administration of probiotics in colorectal cancer patients (2010)

AIM:To investigate whether probiotic bacteria,given perioperatively,might adhere to the colonic mucosa, reduce concentration of pathogens in stools,and modulate the local immune function. METHODS:A randomized,double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 31 subjects undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer.Patients were allocated to receive either a placebo(group A,n=10),or a dose of 10 7 of a mixture of Bifidobacterium longum(BB536) and Lactobacillus johnsonii(La1)(group B,n=11),or the same mix...
Voice over IP: Strategies for the Converged Network (2000)

From the Publisher:
In the last few years, engineers have refined technologies that allow you to transmit multimedia information - voice, fax, video - over the same Internet Protocol (IP) network you use for data. This comprehensive guide delivers a lucid overview of today's Voice over IP technologies - and helps you analyze whether a multimedia IP solution makes sense for your organization. Packed with illuminating case studies, clear explanations of VoIP standards and topologies, and practical advice on applications and implementation, Voice over IP is all you need to get a handle on network convergence, whether you're a network engineer, a telecommunications professional, or an operations manager.
Feasibility of Magnetic Particle Films for Curie Temperature-Controlled Processing of Composite Materials (2001)

The feasibility of using magnetic particulate susceptor materials for induction heating during bonding of polymer matrix composite materials is investigated. If properly designed, these systems should rapidly heat to the particulate material Curie temperature and dwell at that temperature without feedback control. This performance is only possible by maximizing hysteresis heating while eliminating eddy current heating and shielding effects. Models of eddy current heating, hysteresis heating, field penetration thickness, and heat transfer in a particulate film are presented. These models are then used to predict heating behavior of particulate films containing metallic ferromagnetic (nickel), hard magnetic (strontium ferrite), and soft magnetic (nickel zinc ferrite) materials. The results show that soft or semi-hard insulating magnetic materials are best suited for susceptor particles for a broad range of potential military applications. Polymer films with around 10% volume fraction of these materials should be capable of heating rates up to 100 deg C/s in moderate strength 1-10 MHz induction fields.
The VraS/VraR two-component regulatory system required for oxacillin resistance in community-acquired methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2006)

Methicillin/oxacillin (Oxa) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is primarily mediated by the acquired penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) encoded by mecA. PBP2a acts together with native PBP2 to mediate oxacillin resistance by contributing complementary transpeptidase and transglycosylase activities, respectively. The VraS/VraR two-component regulatory system is inducible by cell-wall antimicrobials (beta-lactams, glycopeptides) and controls transcriptional induction of many cell-wall genes including pbp2 and itself. We investigated the role of VraS/VraR in the phenotypic expression of oxacillin resistance by inactivating vraS in community-acquired MRSA clinical isolates that lack functional genes encoding the mecA regulatory sequences mecI and mecR1. Inactivation of vraS abrogated oxacillin resistance, and complementation with the vraS operon restored the resistance phenotype. mecA transcription increased in the vraS mutants; however, PBP2a abundance was similar to that of the wild type. Although pbp2 transcription decreased in the vraS mutants, overexpression of the pbp2 operon did not restore resistance. These data demonstrate that although expressions of mecA and pbp2 are required for oxacillin resistance, they are not sufficient. Therefore, the vraS/vraR regulatory system plays a crucial role in allowing MRSA to respond to beta-lactams by regulation of a gene target other than the known effectors of methicillin resistance.
Mixed Orientation State Induced by Expansion Flow of a Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymer (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTMixed Orientation State Induced by Expansion Flow of a Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline PolymerDavid K. Cinader and Wesley R. BurghardtView Author Information Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Cite this: Macromolecules 1998, 31, 25, 9099–9102Publication Date (Web):November 12, 1998Publication History Received20 July 1998Revised20 October 1998Published online12 November 1998Published inissue 1 December 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma981139lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma981139lrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views243Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Magnetic properties,Materials,Molecular properties,Polymers,Scattering Get e-Alerts
Adaptive Interference Mitigation for Multilevel Flash Memory Devices (2011)

NAND multilevel cell flash memory devices are gaining popularity because they can increase the memory capacity by storing two or more bits to a single cell. However, when the number of levels of a cell increases, the inter-cell interference which shifts threshold voltage becomes more critical. There are two approaches to alleviate the errors caused by the voltage shift. One is the error correcting codes, and the other is the signal processing methods. In this paper, we focus on signal processing methods to reduce the inter-cell interference which causes the voltage shift, and propose two algorithms which reduce the voltage shift effects by adjusting read voltages. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms are effective for interference mitigation.
The Role of MicroRNA in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. (2010)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the consequence of an abnormal immune response to environmental factors in genetically susceptible hosts. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, 22-nucleotide, noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules involved in the post-tran-scriptional regulation of 30% of protein-coding genes. Differential expression of miRNAs is described in multiple autoimmune-related conditions such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and asthma. Recently, unique miRNA expression profiles have been described in epithelial cells of patients with active ulcerative colitis, Crohn's ileitis, and Crohn's colitis, as well as in the peripheral blood of patients with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. miRNA expression profiles also change in the progression from normal colonic tissue to dysplastic tissue, with unaffected tissue from IBD patients and inflamed tissue from IBD patients showing intermediate profiles. Understanding the role of miRNAs in IBD may lead to future insights into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Aggregation of platelets by Fusobacterium necrophorum (1985)

Broth cultures and washed cells of 13 of 24 bovine isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum aggregated human platelets in platelet-rich plasma. The cell-free culture fluid was inactive. Bacteria stored at 4 degrees C in saline remained active for at least 3 months, but they did not release activity into the storage solution. Aggregation typically began within 1 min after the addition of 10(3) bacteria to 10(3) platelets was complete within 5.5 min. Assays for cytosolic lactic dehydrogenase revealed that platelet lysis did not occur. The release of [14C]serotonin from platelets preincubated with this amine accompanied aggregation, indicating that this was a typical aggregation-degranulation reaction. Platelet aggregation was inhibited by EDTA (88% at 2.0 mM), aspirin (75% inhibition at 1.0 mM), and quinacrine (80% inhibition at 0.25 mM). Thus the reaction was an ion-dependent, cyclooxygenase-sensitive event. Gel-filtered platelets were less sensitive to aggregation than were platelets in plasma, but this sensitivity was fully restored by the addition of plasma and partially restored with fibrinogen. Biotyping of the cultures revealed that none of the avirulent, B-type strains of F. necrophorum could aggregate platelets, whereas 13 of 16 virulent A type strains were positive. These results suggest that platelet aggregation by F. necrophorum is related to the virulence of this organism.
Chemical Vapor Detection Using a Reconstituted Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex (2014)

The sensing of vapor odorants is highly demanded in the field of life and medical sciences. Although olfactory receptors (ORs) have potentials to recognize volatile organic compounds, the interaction of ORs, chemical vapors, and peptide components in olfactory mucus has yet to be analyzed to develop OR-based sensors. A bioinspired electrophysiology technique is shown to record the response of reconstituted insect ORs to chemical vapors. To mimic the interface between ORs and olfactory mucus, OR expressing spheroids were loaded into a hydrogel microchamber array. A negative extracellular field potential shift of spheroids was successfully observed by the stimulation of their vapor cognate ligand. Importantly, the ligand repertoire of the OR of malaria vector mosquito examined by this method differed from that of in vivo studies. Our method is useful to develop protein-based gas sensing techniques and to examine the binding of ORs and chemical vapors.
Performance and costs of particle air filtration technologies (2002)

This paper predicts the reductions in the indoor mass concentrations of particles attainable from use of filters in building supply airstreams and also from use of stand-alone fan-filter units. Filters with a wide efficiency range are considered. Predicted concentration reductions are provided for indoor-generated particles containing dust-mite and cat allergen, for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles, and for outdoor air fine-mode particles. Additionally, this paper uses a simple model and available data to estimate the energy and total costs of the filtration options. Predicted reductions in cat and dust-mite allergen concentrations range from 20 to 80%. To obtain substantial, e.g. 50%, reductions in indoor concentrations of these allergens, the rate of airflow through the filter must be at least a few indoor volumes per hour. Increasing filter efficiencies above approximately ASHRAE Dust Spot 65% does not significantly reduce predicted indoor concentrations of these allergens. For ETS particles and outdoor fine-mode particles, calculations indicate that relatively large, e.g. 80%, decreases in indoor concentrations are attainable with practical filter efficiencies and flow rates. Increasing the filter efficiency above ASHRAE 85% results in only modest predicted incremental decreases in indoor concentration. Energy costs and total costs can be similar for filtration using filters with a wide range of efficiency ratings. Total estimated filtration costs of approximately $0.70 to $1.80 per person per month are insignificant relative to salaries, rent, or health insurance costs.
Static application security testing for crypto-currency ecosystems (2014)

In this position paper we discuss challenges and solutions to identify security vulnerabilities in crypto-currency ecosystems using static analysis. We first give a brief overview of crypto-currency ecosystems, which are undergoing tremendous growth in recent years around the world. Then we analyze three real vulnerabilities in crypto-currency systems, and explain the difficulty for SAST (Static Application Security Testing) software to detect them. We then propose a framework to resolve this problem, which can be easily integrated into existing SAST software, and utilize the distributed storage capability of existing crypto-currency networks.
High yield synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa by regioselective fluorination of protected L-dopa with [18F]acetylhypofluorite. (1986)

Regioselective fluorination of a completely protected phosgene derivative of 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-L-alanine (5-(benzyl-3',4'-carbonate)-oxazolidine-2,5-dione) with gaseous 18F-labeled acetylhypofluorite and [18F]F2 in acetonitrile is described. Fluorination with [18F]acetylhypofluorite yields 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa with 95% radiochemical purity; fluorination of the same substrate with [18F]F2 yields a mixture of all three structural isomers in a ratio of 70:16:14 for 6-, 5-, and 2-fluoro compounds. Radiochemical yield, relative to [18F] acetylhypofluorite, measured at the end of the synthesis, is (21 +/- 4)% (N = 8). The synthesis requires approximately 40 min (50 min if HPLC was done) and yields the final radiopharmaceutical in a two-step procedure. The specific activity of the final product was approximately 763 mCi/mmol at the end of a 40-min synthesis when 30-min irradiation was used.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Metal Ions with Triketones. Part 2. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Reactions of Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) with Heptane‐2,4,6‐trione in Methanol ‐ Water (70:30 v/v). (1986)

Abstract The rate constants for the formation of 1:1 complexes with the ligand as well as its monodeprotonated form are determined.
A quantitative evaluation of anticoagulants in experimental nephrotoxic nephritis. (1975)

The protective effects of anticoagulants in nephrotoxic nephritis in rabbits have been studied, using various doses of heparin and defibrination with ancrod. Massive doses of heparin (2000 units/kg/day) were required before significant reduction in glomerular fibrin deposition, extracepillary cell proliferation and urea retention occurred. Doses of 300 and 1000 units/kg/day were insufficient to modify fibrin deposition and cell proliferation. Defibrination with ancrod provided protection, judged by histological and functional criteria, comparable to 2000 units of heparin/kg/day; but fibrin could still be demonstrated in the glomeruli of animals treated with 2000 units of heparin/kg/day, contrasting with the virtual absence of fibrin in animals given ancrod.
Systems Biology, Metabolomics, and Cancer Metabolism (2012)

Constructing metabolic profiles of 60 cancer cell lines by integrating metabolomics and systems biology revealed increased glycine consumption in highly proliferative cancer cells.