gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occupational asthma due to heated polypropylene (1994)

A 35 year-old nonatopic woman was referred to the hospital for possible work-related asthma. She had worked as an operator, at a plant producing polypropylene bags, for the previous four yrs. Her main complaint was a productive cough with dyspnoea and wheezing, as well as rhinitis over the past 3 yrs. She had been absent from work for 6 months on maternity leave, and had improved greatly. She was on a beta 2-adrenergic agent and had to take it at least four times daily. Baseline spirometry whilst at work showed marked airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 43% predicted (pred). After two months away from work FEV1 improved to 89% pred; provocative concentration of histamine causing a 25% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was 3.6 mg.ml-1 (mild airway hyperresponsiveness). Return to work resulted in a marked deterioration in FEV1, and serial peak expiratory flow (PEFR) values. PC20 was 0.11 mg.ml-1 (severe airway hyperresponsiveness) one week after she had returned to work. Specific inhalation challenges with polypropylene heated to 250 degrees C resulted in a late asthmatic reaction. As formaldehyde is one of the degradation products of heating polypropylene, we exposed her to it for up to 2 h, but we elicited no bronchospastic reaction. We conclude that heated polypropylene should be listed as one of the agents that causes occupational asthma.
Wide-Sense Nonblocking Networks (1988)

A new method for constructing wide-sense nonblocking networks is presented. Application of this method yields (among other things) wide-sense nonblocking generalized connectors with n inputs and outputs and size $O( n\log n )$, and with depth k and size $O ( n^{1 + 1/k} ( \log n )^{1 - 1/k} )$.
A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries (2015)

The vanadium redox flow battery, which was first suggested by Skyllas-Kazacos and co-workers in 1985, is an electrochemical storage system which allows energy to be stored in two solutions containing different redox couples.
Techniques for cubic algebraic surfaces (1990)

A survey of some techniques that may have potential for free-form modeling with algebraic surfaces is continued. Classical results as well as several recent innovations are included. Specific attention is paid to cubic algebraic surfaces, although many of the ideas presented have application to algebraic surfaces of any degree. Topics addressed include piecewise constructions, interpolation to points and space curves, and parameterization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cold trapped ions as quantum information processors (2002)

In this tutorial we review the physical implementation of quantum computing using a system of cold trapped ions. We discuss systematically all the aspects for making the implementation possible. Firstly, we go through the loading and confining of atomic ions in the linear Paul trap, then we describe the collective vibrational motion of trapped ions. Further, we discuss interactions of the ions with a laser beam. We treat the interactions in the travelling-wave and standing-wave configuration for dipole and quadrupole transitions. We review different types of laser cooling techniques associated with trapped ions. We address Doppler cooling, sideband cooling in and beyond the Lamb-Dicke limit, sympathetic cooling and laser cooling using electromagnetically induced transparency. After that we discuss the problem of state detection using the electron shelving method. Then quantum gates are described. We introduce single-qubit rotations, two-qubit controlled-NOT and multi-qubit controlled-NOT gates. We also comment on more advanced multiple-qubit logic gates. We describe how quantum logic networks may be used for the synthesis of arbitrary pure quantum states. Finally, we discuss the speed of quantum gates and we also give some numerical estimations for them. A discussion of dynamics on off-resonance transitions associated with a qualitative estimation of the weak-coupling regime is included in Appendix A and of the Lamb-Dicke regime in Appendix B.
A STUDY OF THE VELOCITY OF REACTION BETWEEN PHENOL AND FORMALDEHYDE. (1913)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA STUDY OF THE VELOCITY OF REACTION BETWEEN PHENOL AND FORMALDEHYDE.Benjamin. JablonowerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1913, 35, 6, 811–820Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1913Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1913https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02195a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02195a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views35Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pyrimidine Derivatives and Related Compounds. XVI. Synthesis of 1, 3-Disubstituted 5-Cyanouracil Derivatives and Related Compounds (1972)

Ring closure reactions for synthesizing 1-substituted 5-cyanouracils, 3-substituted 5-cyanouracils, 1-substituted 5-carboxyuracils and 1-substituted 5-acetyluracils were investigated where substitutents were methyl, butyl, phenyl, and cyclohexyl. These compounds were then methylated in 1-or 3-position to give 1, 3-disubstituted uracil derivatives which were useful as intermediates for drugs.
Effects of overexpression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase on NFκB activation, IL-2 production and stress-activated protein kinases in the murine T cell line EL4 (1998)

The association and activation of the IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase (IRAK) to the IL-1 receptor complex is one of the earliest events detectable in IL-1 signal transduction. We generated permanent clones of the murine T cell line EL4 6.1 overexpressing human (h)IRAK to evaluate the role of this kinase in IL-1 signaling. Overexpression of hIRAK enhanced IL-1-stimulated activation of the transcription factor NFkappaB, whereas a truncated form (N-IRAK) specifically inhibited IL-1-dependent NFkappaB activity. In clones stably overexpressing hIRAK a weak constitutive activation of NFkappaB correlated with a low basal IL-2 production which was enhanced in an IL-1-dependent manner. Compared to the parental cell line the dose-response curve of IL-1-induced IL-2 production was shifted in both potency and efficacy. These results demonstrate that IRAK directly triggers NFkappaB-mediated gene expression in EL4 cells. Qualitatively different effects were observed for the IL-1-induced activation of stress-activated protein (SAP) kinases: permanent overexpression of IRAK did not affect the dose dependence but prolonged the kinetics of IL-1-induced activation of SAP kinases, suggesting that this signaling branch may be regulated by distinct mechanisms.
Recent Approaches to Novel Anti-Alzheimer Therapy (2004)

Insufficient cholinergic neurotransmission in AD is responsible for a progressive loss of cognition and motor capacities. The cholinergic hypothesis has provided the rationale for the current treatment approaches based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, recent data focus on the complex nature of AD and disclose the involvement of other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenalin, dopamine, histamine, excitatory amino acids and neuropeptides among others. Interestingly, recent research has revealed that in severe AD brains the levels of AChE are considerably reduced whereas BuChE activity increases, thus aggravating the toxicity of beta A. In such instances, it is possible that BuChE may be a more suitable target than AChE. Oxidative stress has been implicated in CNS degenerative disorders such as AD and PD. Therefore, owing to their capacity to inhibit oxidative damage, MAOIs are potential candidates as anti-Alzheimer drugs. More recently, a novel drug--TV3326--was designed, based upon two pharmacophores: the carbamate moiety from rivastigmine, an AChE inhibitor; and the propargyl group from rasagiline, a MAO inhibitor. This drug exhibits cholinesterase and selective brain MAO inhibitory activities, reduces apoptosis and stimulates the processing of APP alpha, hence reducing the possibility of generation of the toxic beta A. Thus, TV3326 may be expected to contribute positively to the cognitive benefits of Alzheimer's patients. Anyhow, the development of drugs with several targets and diverse pharmacological properties may conclusively demonstrate the most beneficial therapy.
Diffusion Barrier Effects Against Cu of W-N Layer Formed by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Nitridation on W Layer (1995)

To improve the diffusion barrier effects of W against Cu, W-N/W multilayers formed by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) N 2 plasma exposure on W layers were investigated. Cu/W-N/W/Si multilayer structures were measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and electric resistance change. The W-N/W films showed a dramatic improvement in barrier properties over those of metallic W films. When the thickness of the W-N/W barrier layer was only 5 nm, the Cu/W-N/W/Si multilayer retained the multilayer structure even after annealing at 873 K for 1 h in H 2 without increase of resistivity. The thickness of the W-N layer formed by ECR plasma nitridation was less than 1-2 nm, which provided an excellent barrier effect.
How to Maximize IRA Accumulations (2000)

The article provides guidelines on how CPAs can help some individual retirement account (IRA) owners prolong the distribution period by naming a designated beneficiary, establishing multiple IRAs or recalculating the owner's life expectancy. To compute required IRA distributions for an account with 110 designated beneficiary, an owner uses the single life expectancy tables to determine his or her life expectancy. Having a designated beneficiary allows the owner to use the joint life expectancy tables to compute required distributions based on the joint life expectancy of the owner and the designated beneficiary. Owners with several IRAs compute the minimum distributions using the appropriate life expectancy for each account. The aggregate of the required distributions from all traditional IRAs must be made during the year, but distributions can be made from any of the owner's traditional IRAs. The decision regarding which account to take distributions from can affect the future earnings and distributions from the various accounts.
Lower critical solution coexistence curve and physical properties (density, viscosity, surface tension, and interfacial tension) of 2,6-lutidine + water (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLower critical solution coexistence curve and physical properties (density, viscosity, surface tension, and interfacial tension) of 2,6-lutidine + waterCarlos A. Grattoni, Richard A. Dawe, C. Yen Seah, and Jane D. GrayCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1993, 38, 4, 516–519Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/je00012a008Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1092Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (404 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Novel Method of Spam Mail Detection using Text Based Clustering Approach (2010)

A novel method of efficient spam mail classification using clustering techniques is presented in this research paper. E-mail spam is one of the major problems of the today's internet, bringing financial damage to companies and annoying individual users. Among the approaches developed to stop spam, filtering is an important and popular one. A new spam detection technique using the text clustering based on vector space model is proposed in this research paper. By using this method, one can extract spam/non-spam email and detect the spam email efficiently. Representation of data is done using a vector space model. Clustering is the technique used for data reduction. It divides the data into groups based on pattern similarities such that each group is abstracted by one or more representatives. Recently, there is a growing emphasis on exploratory analysis of very large datasets to discover useful patterns, it is called data mining. Each cluster is abstracted using one or more representatives. It models data by its clusters. Clustering is a type of classification imposed on a finite set of objects. If the objects are characterized as patterns, or points in a n-dimensional metric space, the proximity measure can be the Euclidean distance between pair of points or similarity in the form of the cosine of the angle between the vectors corresponding to the documents. In the work considered in this paper, an efficient clustering algorithm incorporating the features of K-means algorithm and BIRCH algorithm is presented. Nearest neighbour distances and K-Nearest neighbour distances can serve as the basis of classification of test data based on supervised learning. Predictive accuracy of the classifier is calculated for the clustering algorithm. Additionally, different evaluation measures are used to analyze the performance of the clustering algorithm developed in combination with the various classifiers. The results presented at the end of the paper in the results section show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Primary and Secondary Osteoporosisʼ Incidence of Subsequent Vertebral Compression Fractures After Kyphoplasty (2004)

Steroid-induced compression fractures appear to have an increased incidence of subsequent fractures after the kyphoplasty procedure. The kyphoplasty protocol with concurrent medical osteoporotic regimen does not appear to increase, and may serve to reduce, the incidence of remote and adjacent fractures for primary osteoporotic fractures.
Genotoxicity testing: current practices and strategies used by the pharmaceutical industry (1995)

Current guidelines and recommendations for genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals are disparate, both in terms of the most appropriate tests to use and the protocols to follow. Recent attempts have been made to standardise genotoxicity testing procedures, coinciding with the current review of the OECD guidelines and the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). However, as with other aspects of non-clinical safety assessment of pharmaceuticals, guidelines have been prepared by evaluation of general chemical data due to the lack of specific information on pharmaceuticals. To address this, a project was undertaken to collect and collate information specifically pertaining to the genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals in order to obtain a clear understanding of international strategy and procedures in the pharmaceutical industry. It is clear that the practices and regional variations are strongly influenced by national guidelines and do not necessarily follow companies' preferences. However, there is a surprising amount of variation in approach between companies on some issues. This is evident in how companies define a genotoxin. This ranges from a positive result in an in vivo assay as indicative of a genotoxin (43%) to any positive result in vitro or in vivo (30%). Indeed many companies (particularly in Japan) will terminate development on the strength of a clear positive result in an Ames test. There is much debate within the ICH process concerning tests to detect gene mutations in mammalian cells as part of a primary test battery. This survey shows that in general, the pharmaceuticals industry has severe doubts about these assays. Thirty-seven (78%) of the 47 participating pharmaceutical companies include an in vitro test to detect gene mutation in mammalian cells as part of their routine test battery. The HPRT test using Chinese hamster cells has the most widespread use, although there is only limited use of such tests in Japan. Compound development has been affected by the results of such tests, but usually only in terms of clarification of equivocal results in other genotoxicity tests in the test battery. The majority (63%) of companies do not support its use as a primary regulatory requirement, and 83% do not consider the mouse lymphoma assay (L5178Y) an acceptable replacement for in vitro mammalian cytogenetics. In conclusion, this survey has provided valuable information on the current modus operandi of the international pharmaceutical industry for consideration in current harmonisation initiatives.
Body-bootstrapped-buffer circuit for CMOS static power reduction (2008)

In this paper, we present a new CMOS circuit design for increasing the threshold voltages (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> ) of MOSFETS to reduce power consumption. Using a single voltage source VDD, the proposed circuit generates both the high positive and negative voltages, which are connected to the body nodes of MOSFETs to increase the reverse-bias voltage between the source and body in order to raise V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> . Consequentially, static power consumption is reduced. The circuit is integrated into a 256-bit Ripple Carry Adder and a 32-bit Braun multiplier. Simulation results based on Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Private Limited’s (CHRT) 0.25-μm, 0.18-μm and Berkeley Predictive Technology Model’s (BPTM) 90-nm processes showed good trade-offs between power savings and delay.
Lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: Thiobarbituric acid-reactive material and catalytic iron salts in synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients (1984)

Thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive material is present in serum and knee joint synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients, consistent with lipid peroxidation occurring in vivo. The amount of TBA-reactive material in synovial fluid correlates with the concentration of iron salts present as determined by the bleomycin method, presumably because iron is an important catalyst of radical reactions in vivo. There appear to be significant correlations between the contents of TBA-reactive material and bleomycin-detectable iron in synovial fluid and the activity of rheumatoid arthritis as assessed with a clinical index of local inflammation and with various laboratory parameters.
Iterations chaotiques série-parallele pour des équations non lineaires de point fixe (1974)

On etend a des equations non lineaires de point fixe des methodes d'iterations chaotiques etudiees par Chazan et Miranker pour des systemes lineaires. 
L'outil de base de cette etude est la notion d'operateur contractant en norme vectorielle: c'est par l'internediaire des matrices de contraction que passent, dans ce contexte d'operateurs non lineaires, les resultats de convergence classique des methodes iteratives de resolution de systemes lineaires. Tous ces resultats sont en fait cas particulier d'un meme theoreme 9Theoreme 4 dans le texte0 qui regle la convergence d'une iteration chaotique non lineaire. On retrouve, comme cas particuliers, des resultats de Ortega et Theinboldt pour le cas non lineaire.
Approaches to automatic parameter fitting in a microscopy image segmentation pipeline: An exploratory parameter space analysis (2013)

The underlying parameter spaces pose a challenge for manual as well as automated parameter optimization, as the parameter spaces can show several local performance maxima. Hence, optimization strategies that are not able to jump out of local performance maxima, like the hill climbing algorithm, often result in a local maximum.
Metamorphic transformations of opaque minerals in some eucrites (1998)

Eucrites have undergone varying degrees of metamorphism on their parent body. We investigated mineralogical constraint on the eucrite metamorphism, especially from opaque mineralogy. Three eucrites with distinct degrees of metamorphism were studied : Y-75011,84 is the least equilibrated basaltic clast, Juvinas shows complex histories of shock and thermal metamorphism, and A-881388 is an extensively annealed and unbrecciated. Three eucrites with different metamorphic histories show distinct opaque mineralogy. In Y-75011,84,ilmenite and troilite are found crystallized in the mesostasis and opaque precipitates within pyroxenes are barely recognized. Juvinas has complicated texture, consisting of a variety of lithologies : Minute precipitates within pyroxene area and recrystallized mesostases. In A-881388,during extensive prolonged annealing episode, opaque phases, such as ilmenite, troilite, and chromite are almost completely separated from silicate phases and segregated, resulting in a formation of opaque nodules. Several geothermometers, experimental results and the textural appearance of A-881388 suggest that it might have slowly cooled from near 1000-1050℃ to &acd;800℃ during a prolonged annealing episode. While chromite is not observed in Y-75011,84,Juvinas and A-881388 contain chromite in recrystallized mesostases and in an nodule respectively. This implies that chromite could be a metamorphic product.
A 3.125-Gb/s clock and data recovery circuit for the 10-Gbase-LX4 Ethernet (2004)

A 3.125-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit using a half-rate digital quadricorrelator frequency detector and a shifted-averaging voltage-controlled oscillator is presented for 10-Gbase-LX4 Ethernet. It can achieve low-jitter operation and improve pull-in range without a reference clock. This CDR circuit has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. It occupies an active area of 0.6 /spl times/ 0.8 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 83 mW from a single 1.8-V supply. The measured bit-error rate is less than 10/sup -12/ for 2/sup 7/ - 1 PRBS 3.125-Gb/s data. It can meet the jitter tolerance specifications for the 10-Gbase-LX4 Ethernet application.