gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peter Lomas in the twenty-first century (2011)

Peter Lomas qualified in Medicine at Manchester University, and worked in the neurosurgical unit of Manchester Royal Infirmary and then as a General Practitioner for 6 years before training as a Fr...
ON THE INFLUENCE OF STILBAMIDINE UPON MYELOMA CELLS (1946)

Abstract Injections of stilbamidine cause morphological changes in myeloma cells. During this treatment large basophilic granules appear in the cytoplasm which show a tendency to become confluent. These granules stain red with pyronine and can be visualized in the supravital stain with neutral red. One of the main constituents of these inclusions consists of ribose nucleic acid. These morphological changes seem to be limited to myeloma cells, since in none of the other bone marrow elements do comparable granules or inclusions develop.
High efficiency stable inverted perovskite solar cells without current hysteresis (2015)

The inverted CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> cell fabricated using a two-step method with H<sub>2</sub>O as an additive in a PbI<sub>2</sub> solution exhibited an extremely high FF of 85%.
Sindbis virus pathogenesis: phenotypic reversion of an attenuated strain to virulence by second-site intragenic suppressor mutations (1993)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the E2c neutralizing antigenic site on the Sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein define a pathogenesis domain that affects neonatal mouse virulence. Sequence analysis of E2c MAb escape mutants showed that the domain included E2 amino acids 62, 96 and 159. The pathogenesis domain is also influenced by changes at E2 position 114. Mutation of E2 residues Asn 62 to Asp or Lys 159 to Glu results in suppression of the attenuated phenotype conferred by a mutation from Ser to Arg at E2 position 114. Possible mechanisms of phenotypic suppression within the E2c pathogenesis domain were investigated by using site-directed mutagenesis to determine the effects of specific combinations of positively charged, negatively charged and uncharged amino acid substitutions at E2 positions 62, 114 and 159. Phenotypic reversion to virulence by second-site suppressor mutations at E2 amino acids 62 or 159 was not dependent on ionic interaction with the residue at E2 114. Rather, suppression appeared to be the result of independent virulence effects mediated by specific residues.
Effects of dwarfing genes on some agronomic characteristics of wheat. (2010)

To investigate the effects of dwarfing genes Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b and Rht8 on agronomic traits of wheat,we use molecular markers analysis combined with pedigree information,124 wheat cultivars widely used in Chinese major wheat production regions were classified into different categories based on the dwarf genes carried,then the effects of dwarf genes on plant height,length of flag leaf,spikes per individual and kernels per spike were analyzed based on these data from the field and root length data from the lab.Results indicated that(1)The screening of 124 varieties with molecular markers revealed that there were 23 genotypes with dwarfing gene Rht-B1b,7 genotypes with dwarfing gene Rht-D1b and 22 genotypes with dwarfing gene Rht8,and 34 genotypes with two dwarfing genes of Rht-B1b and Rht8,and 16 genotypes with two dwarfing genes of Rht-D1b and Rht8.(2)The effects of dwarfing genes Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b and Rht8 on agronomic traits of wheat showed that the strongest effect on reducing plant height was observed for dwarf genes Rht-D1b and Rht-B1b,and then Rht8,and no significant differences was observed in seedling root length;The length of flag leaf of wheat cultivars with Rht8 was significantly longer than that of other dwarfing genes;there were no significant differences observed in spikes per individual;the kernels number per spike of wheat cultivars with dwarfing genes Rht-D1b and Rht8 were significantly higher than that with dwarf gene Rht-B1b.To summarize,the dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b shorten the flag leaf length largely while reducing plant height,the dwarfing gene Rht8 had much less negative effects on other agronomic traits and also could reduce plant height to some extent,meanwhile increasing grain number per spike.Rht8 is an ideal dwarfing gene for wheat improvement.
Robust activating timing for SRAM SA with replica cell voltage boosted circuit (2016)

A boosted replica cell voltage control scheme has been proposed for reducing the process-variation of SRAM sense amplifier. This technique suppresses the timing variation by boosting the replica cell voltage. Simulation result shows that the variation of the generated timing was 34.6% smaller when compared with conventional technique, and the cycle time is reduced by 17% at a 0.85 V VDD operation in TSMC 65 nm technology with this scheme.
Phytoremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene contaminated air by D. deremensis and O. microdasys plants (2014)

If an office containing 2.5 ppm of each of BTEX and had an approximate volume of 30 m3, it contains 16, 8, 22 and 22 mg/m3 benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene, respectively. Using ten O. microdasys pots with the same size used in this study, can remove benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene totally after 36, 40, 30 and 39 hours.The authors recommended studying the efficiency of the plants for removal of BTEX from air at higher range of concentrations such as 20-30 ppm.
Clinical Efficacy of a Wearable Defibrillator in Acutely Terminating Episodes of Ventricular Fibrillation Using Biphasic Shocks (2003)

The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) automatically detects and treats ventricular tachyarrhythmias without the need for assistance from a bystander, while at the same time allowing the patient to ambulate freely. It represents an alternative to emergency medical services for outpatient populations with a temporary risk of sudden cardiac death. While the original devices used a monophasic truncated exponential waveform for cardioversion/defibrillation shocks, a new, biphasic shock was developed for the next device generation. In 12 patients undergoing electrophysiological testing for ventricular tachyarrhythmias, termination of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) was attempted via the WCD. In 22 episodes, induced VF was promptly terminated by the first 70 J (n=12) or 100 J (n=10) biphasic shocks. Time between arrhythmia initiation and shock delivery was 22 +/- 6 seconds (70 J) and 21 +/- 6 seconds (100 J) (P=NS). The measured transthoracic impedance was 71 +/- 5 Ohms (64-79 Ohms) for the 70 J shock and 64 +/- 8 Ohms (47-72 Ohms) for the 100 J shock. The present study demonstrates that a single low energy biphasic shock delivered by the WCD, reliably terminates electrically induced VF (100% of episodes). The results of this study suggest that there is an acceptable safety margin to the maximum output of the device (150 J). Despite our promising data, we recommend that programming all shocks for maximum energy output should be done when using the WCD in ambulatory patients.
Petro-physical Properties Bias around Uncertain Facies Boundary: Analysis, Correction by Conditional Property Interface Filter (CoPIF) and Impact on Ensemble-based Assisted History Match (2014)

Summary With the advent of Ensemble methods for Assisted History Matching of reservoir models, it has become increasingly common to use initial ensembles of reservoir models consisting of a fixed (certain) grid geometry and variable (uncertain) 3D facies distributions and 3D petro-physical property distributions conditional upon facies. In such process, 3D facies realizations are often derived by modifying facies boundary locations around certain known 3D features (often from seismic interpretation). In the context of a fixed grid, distributions of petro-physical parameters are biased because all the models in the initial ensemble are such that facies boundaries are located at grid boundary locations; in reality, the facies boundary can be located anywhere, and the petro-physical properties of cells containing facies boundaries differ from strictly facies-dependent statistics. The bias results, typically, in excessive variance of petro-physical parameters in initial ensembles in cells which possibly belong to different facies. Such variance bias has detrimental consequences on iterative inversion processes, incrementally introducing a cumulative error on the match term. A 3D Facies Boundary Filter has been developed to statistically correct this bias over ensembles of initial models. The filter relies on the construction of a refined grid and simple averaging of petro-physical properties and is based on a hypothesis of piecewise linearity of facies boundaries between cell centres. In any ensemble approach, a filtered ensemble would be used to compute unbiased updates and such updates applied upon un-filtered ensembles. The filter helps obtain better matched models (closer to initial ensemble and/or, in synthetic cases, the truth) and ultimately determines better performance forecast. The bias will be illustrated through a simple 1D example, a 3D synthetic dataset and a real 3D field model. The principle of the filter will be detailed. The impact of the filter on the petro-physical statistics will be illustrated as well as its impact within the context of EnKF Assisted History Match.
The development of cortical connections (2006)

The cortex receives its major sensory input from the thalamus via thalamocortical axons, and cortical neurons are interconnected in complex networks by corticocortical and callosal axons. Our understanding of the mechanisms generating the circuitry that confers functional properties on cortical neurons and networks, although poor, has been advanced significantly by recent research on the molecular mechanisms of thalamocortical axonal guidance and ordering. Here we review recent advances in knowledge of how thalamocortical axons are guided and how they maintain order during that process. Several studies have shown the importance in this process of guidance molecules including Eph receptors and ephrins, members of the Wnt signalling pathway and members of a novel planar cell polarity pathway. Signalling molecules and transcription factors expressed with graded concentrations across the cortex are important in establishing cortical maps of the topography of sensory surfaces. Neural activity, both spontaneous and evoked, plays a role in refining thalamocortical connections but recent work has indicated that neural activity is less important than was previously thought for the development of some early maps. A strategy used widely in the development of corticocortical and callosal connections is the early overproduction of projections followed by selection after contact with the target structure. Here we discuss recent work in primates indicating that elimination of juvenile projections is not a major mechanism in the development of pathways feeding information forward to higher levels of cortical processing, although its use is common to developing feedback pathways.
Selective biocatalytic deacylation studies on furanose triesters: a novel and efficient approach towards bicyclonucleosides (2007)

Lipozyme TL IM catalyses the deacylation of 4-C-acyloxymethyl-3,5-di-O-acyl-1,2-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-L-threo-pentofuranose to form 3,5-di-O-acyl-4-C-hydroxymethyl-1,2-O-(1-methylethylidene)-alpha-D-xylo-pentofuranose in a highly selective and efficient manner. The rate of lipase-catalyzed deacylation of tributanoyl furanose is 2.3 times faster than the rate of deacylation of the triacetyl furanose derivative. In order to confirm the structure of the lipase-catalyzed deacylated product, it was converted to a bicyclic sugar derivative, which can be used for the synthesis of bicyclic nucleosides of importance in the development of novel antisense and antigene oligonucleotides. Further, it has been established that the monohydroxy product of the lipase-catalyzed reaction is the result of selective deacylation of the 4-C-acyloxymethyl function in the substrate and not of any acyl migration process.
The Future of Spreadsheets in the Big Data Era (2018)

The humble spreadsheet is the most widely used data storage, manipulation and modelling tool. Its ubiquity over the past 30 years has seen its successful application in every area of life. Surprisingly the spreadsheet has remained fundamentally unchanged over the past three decades. As spreadsheet technology enters its 4th decade a number of drivers of change are beginning to impact upon the spreadsheet. The rise of Big Data, increased end-user computing and mobile computing will undoubtedly increasingly shape the evolution and use of spreadsheet technology. To explore the future of spreadsheet technology a workshop was convened with the aim of "bringing together academia and industry to examine the future direction of spreadsheet technology and the consequences for users". This paper records the views of the participants on the reasons for the success of the spreadsheet, the trends driving change and the likely directions of change for the spreadsheet. We then set out key directions for further research in the evolution and use of spreadsheets. Finally we look at the implications of these trends for the end users who after all are the reason for the remarkable success of the spreadsheet.
Loop formation in polynucleotide chains. I. Theory of hairpin loop closure (1982)

Abstract A theoretical model to determine the probability of loop formation, based on an elaborated form of the Jacobson‐Stockmayer theory of cyclization equilibria, has been developed and used on RNA chains of homogeneous puckering and lengths up to 2 7 residues. The probability Q x ( q , γ0, ε0) of occurrence of hairpin loops of a particular chain x is given by Q x ( q , γ0, ε0) = [ W ( q ) δ r ][2Γ q (γ0)δγ] [E q ,γ0 (ε0) δε] where W ( q ) is the three‐dimensional density distribution function of end‐to‐end vectors r centered about the ideal loop closure position q ; Γ q (γ0) is an angular correlation factor that restricts the orientation of terminal bonds (i.e., bond x and bond 1) in the loop to a specified value Δθ = cos −1 (γ0) when r adopts a value within a range δ r from position q ; and E q ,γ0 (ε0) is the probability that ε falls within δε of ε0 when r and γ assume the values denoted by the respective subscripts. The parameter ε is related to the angle between a hypothetical bond ( x + 1) and bond 1. In these calculations, E q γ0 (ε0) was set equal to 1. For randomly coiling models previously developed to reproduce polynucleotide unperturbed dimensions, loop closure probability is maximized with chains of length 2 2 residues. Larger hairpin loops of 2 4 –2 5 residues, also favored in C3′‐ endo random coils of this type, are potential models of tRNA unfolding. W ( q ) is a stronger determinant of loop closure than Γ q (γ0). The angular correlation effect is most noticeable at chain lengths 2 2 and 2 3 where 2Γ q (γ0) deviates from unity.
Anthrax lethal toxin and <i>Salmonella</i> elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms (2008)

Caspase-1 cleaves the inactive IL-1beta and IL-18 precursors into active inflammatory cytokines. In Salmonella-infected macrophages, caspase-1 also mediates a pathway of proinflammatory programmed cell death termed "pyroptosis." We demonstrate active caspase-1 diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and localized in discrete foci within macrophages responding to either Salmonella infection or intoxication by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT). Both stimuli triggered caspase-1-dependent lysis in macrophages and dendritic cells. Activation of caspase-1 by LT required binding, uptake, and endosome acidification to mediate translocation of lethal factor (LF) into the host cell cytosol. Catalytically active LF cleaved cytosolic substrates and activated caspase-1 by a mechanism involving proteasome activity and potassium efflux. LT activation of caspase-1 is known to require the inflammasome adapter Nalp1. In contrast, Salmonella infection activated caspase-1 through an independent pathway requiring the inflammasome adapter Ipaf. These distinct mechanisms of caspase-1 activation converged on a common pathway of caspase-1-dependent cell death featuring DNA cleavage, cytokine activation, and, ultimately, cell lysis resulting from the formation of membrane pores between 1.1 and 2.4 nm in diameter and pathological ion fluxes that can be blocked by glycine. These findings demonstrate that distinct activation pathways elicit the conserved cell death effector mechanism of caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis and support the notion that this pathway of proinflammatory programmed cell death is broadly relevant to cell death and inflammation invoked by diverse stimuli.
SRAM design on 65nm CMOS technology with integrated leakage reduction scheme (2004)

A 4Mb SRAM is designed and fabricated on a 65nm CMOS technology. It features a 0.57 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ 6T cell with large noise margin down to 0.7V for low-voltage operation. The fully synchronized subarray contains an integrated leakage reduction scheme with sleep transistor. It also has a built-in programmable defect "screen" circuit for high volume manufacturing.
Two GC-MS methods for the analysis of acrylamide in foods (2002)

Deux methodes chromatographiques GC-MS permettant de determiner l'acrylamide dans les produits alimentaires sont decrites. Elles debutent par le gonflement des composants solides avec de l'eau. L'acrylamide est extrait avec du propanol-1 dans la premiere methode et avec de l'eau dans la deuxieme. Dans la methode 1, l'eau est eliminee par distillation azeotropique du propanol-1 tandis que dans la methode 2 l'acrylamide est repris de l'extrait aqueux dans du butanone-2. Les sels et les autres materiaux polaires sont elimines du fait de leur solubilite limitee dans l'acetonitrile; les matieres grasses sont reparties entre l'hexane et l'acetonitrile. La separation par chromatographie gazeuse est realisee sur une phase stationnaire Carbowax et la detection est effectuee par spectrometrie de masse en mode ionisation chimique ou electronique.
A Temporal Dependency Aware Approach for Scheduling Real-Time Tasks on Multi-Core Platforms (2019)

The growing demand for computing power in many sectors of industry calls for the utilization of multi-core processors. In order to take advantage of multi-core computing resources, efficient and effective multi-core task scheduling strategies are needed. Directed acyclic graphs (DAG) are commonly used to represent the task execution dependencies that any pair of tasks with dependencies need to be executed in the specified order. In this paper, we investigated and improved the DAGs based task model to consider the temporal property of data dependencies between tasks that the second task does not have to wait until the completion of the precedent task. Based on such a model, we proposed two scheduling strategies: static decomposed scheduling (SDS) and dynamic decomposed scheduling (DDS). The experimental results on both synthesized tasks and real industrial embedded programs show that SDS and DDS achieved good performance when compared with some of the state-of-the-art scheduling strategies.
Toxic potential of the plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the context of its disposition and metabolism in primates and man. (1982)

Although human toxicity from exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is unknown, reports of animal toxicity from DEHP have stimulated extensive toxicological studies. In the absence of direct toxicity data, information on the disposition and metabolism of DEHP in primates and man may enhance our assessment of the toxic potential of DEHP in man. Studies of DEHP disposition and metabolism in the African Green monkey and man show that the compound is rapidly and extensively metabolized. It is excreted largely in the urine (greater than 90%) as conjugated (glucuronide) oxidation products of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; excretion in feces accounts for the other 10% of the administered DEHP. Plasma disappearance of parenterally administered DEHP is equally rapid so that by 24 hr following DEHP administration, plasma DEHP concentrations are virtually undetectable, while greater than 70% of the dose has been excreted in urine and stool. The transience of DEHP in primates and the extent to which it is metabolized and conjugated may play a role in the observed lack of toxicity.
Physiological and Anatomical Circuitry between Agouti-Related Protein and Leptin Signaling* (1999)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an orexigenic neuropeptide that acts via central melanocortin receptors, and whose messenger RNA (mRNA) levels are elevated in leptin-deficient mice. Fasting associated with a decline in circulating leptin normally causes a 15-fold elevation of hypothalamic Agrp mRNA levels but has no effect in leptin-deficient mice. Chronic hyperleptinemia associated with the tubby and Cpe(fat) mutations has no effect on Agrp mRNA levels, but short term leptin administration causes a 17% reduction of Agrp mRNA levels in nonmutant mice and a 700% reduction in leptin-deficient mice. In young nonobese animals, melanocortin receptor blockade associated with the Ay mutation causes complete resistance to leptin-induced weight loss. Dual in situ hybridization reveals that Agrp-expressing neurons in the medial portion of the arcuate nucleus constitute a subpopulation different from Pomc-expressing neurons, and that a significant proportion of Agrp-expressing neurons (10-25%) coexpresses the leptin receptor, Lepr-b. Immunocytochemistry confirms distinct locations of AGRP- and POMC-expressing cell bodies, but reveals an overlapping distribution of their terminal fields in the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular hypothalamus, and the dorsomedial hypothalamus. These results suggest that in the fed state, AGRP is normally suppressed by leptin, and that release of this suppression during fasting leads to increased ingestive behavior.
Face mask sampling reveals antimicrobial resistance genes in exhaled aerosols from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy volunteers (2018)

We identified aerosolised AMR genes in patients repeatedly exposed to antimicrobials and in healthy volunteers at lower frequencies and levels. The discrepancies between paired samples add weight to the view that sputum content does not define aerosol content. Mask sampling is a simple approach yielding samples from all subjects and information distinct from sputum analysis. Our results raise the possibility that patient-generated aerosols may be a significant means of AMR dissemination that should be assessed further and that consideration be given to related control measures.
Natural language processing and its future in medicine (1999)

If accurate clinical information were available electronically, automated applications could be developed to use this information to improve patient care and lower costs. However, to be fully retrievable, clinical information must be structured or coded. Many online patient reports are not coded, but are recorded in natural-language text that cannot be reliably accessed. Natural language processing (NLP) can solve this problem by extracting and structuring text-based clinical information, making clinical data available for use. NLP systems are quite difficult to develop, as they require substantial amounts of knowledge, but progress has definitely been made. Some NLP systems have been developed and tested and have demonstrated promising performance in practical clinical applications; some of these systems have already been deployed. The authors provide background information about NLP, briefly describe some of the systems that have been recently developed, and discuss the future of NLP in medicine.