gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquefaction Process Evaluation for Floating LNG (2013)

The gas expander processes have attracted growing interest for FLNG facilities due to utilization of non-flammable fluids i.e. nitrogen as refrigerant and simplicity in configuration and operation. New developments of the processes show that the efficiency is getting closer to the established mixed refrigerant or cascade processes. The objective of this thesis is to do a fair and consistent comparison between three proposed expander process schemes for FLNG i.e. the MODEC/APCI process, the LINDE/SBM process and the CB&I/Randall with ?Niche? process. Each process was evaluated on the same basis for capacity, air temperature, cooling water temperature, heat exchanger sizing and component efficiencies. The DMR process was also used as the baseline. The analysis was primarily done using HYSYS and ASPEN-plus simulation programs in combination with the literature study. In general all the expander-based processes evaluated clearly have a disadvantage in term of process efficiency and capacity when they are compared to the DMR process. The primary difference concerns the power generation where one additional gas turbine is necessary for the expander-based process in order to get the intended capacity of 3 MTPA LNG production. However, the expander-based processes are excellent in safety and simpler in operation, which may offset this drawback particularly for FLNG operation. The Niche process, particularly the one with the precooling system, has the highest process efficiency among the expander processes. The evaluation reveals that in general we need higher complexity to achieve higher process efficiency. The MODEC/APCI process has the largest number of equipment units, and is considered as the most complex process and the heaviest one. The opposite of the MODEC/APCI process, the Linde/SBM is the simplest one, but it has the lowest process efficiency. The MODEC/APCI occupy more space due to the use of Coil Wound Heat Exchanger (CWHE), which is considered to be less compact than Plate Fin Heat Exchanger (PFHE), larger piping system due to low pressure and vacuum operation, and the higher need for cooling water giving a larger and more complex utility system. The Niche process may have smaller footprint due to smaller size of the pipes and utilization of compact PFHE. The use of CWHE in the MODEC/APCI is safer because it provides double containment. This is an advantage that offset the drawback in footprint aspect. In contrary, the Niche process is the lowest in term of safety among the expander-based processes due to the use of PFHE, which provides only single containment, and hydrocarbon as refrigerant even though only in gas phase. Each process has unique advantages over the others, and there are some trade-offs and compromises among efficiency, simplicity and safety. The process selection will therefore depend on the specifics of a particular FLNG project.
Class Formation and Political: A Trans-Tasman Dialogue (2008)

The retreat from aggregate representations of class has opened the way for a reassessment of its role in both Australia and New Zealand's history. This article focuses on two recent New Zealand research projects to review our traditional interpretations of class-based coalitions, interpretations that have often been deeply shaped by the Australian and British scholarship. The first and oldest of these projects has related political change nationally and locally to analyses of demographic class formation in New Zealand's oldest industrial suburbs and its most densely populated urban region, southern Dunedin; the second set out to explain the dominance of conservative parties for most of the twentieth century by investigating electoral behaviour in ten provincial towns. The article concludes with some comparative remarks on how this 'class work' might inform similar studies in Australia.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Epoxidation of Olefins with Chiral (Salen)manganese( III) Complexes Bearing 4‐Methyl‐3‐((R)‐1‐phenylpropyl) salicylideneamine as a Constituent. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Caracterização e evolução da história natural da zona costeira de Tibau, Grossos e Areia Branca/RN (2022)

Geodiversity encompasses several aspects; pedological, hydrological, geological among others, of which we will deal with the geomorphological component, which acts as a record of different evolutionary processes throughout the Earth's natural history. Within this context, the present work aims to define the elements that occurred on the coast of Tibau, Grossos and Areia Branca/RN, serving as basis for undertanding the morphology of the area, serving as a basis for the further study or geodiversity. Recovering natural history, from the formation of the Potiguar Basin, with the separation of the Gondwana Super Continent, to the most recent morphological changes, bringing the constitution and age of constitution of the geological formations, the Tibau Formation, Jandaíra and Barreiras. As for the features, it was identified as barcanoid dunes(active and inactive dunes and sand sheets), marine deposits (Beach rocks), as well as alluvial deposits associated with the Apodi-Mossoró estuary , coastal plains, cliffs and association with coastal plateaus and presence of a reef line (Beach rocks).
T-Cell lymphoma model for the analysis of interleukin 1-mediated T-cell activation. (1981)

Several laboratories have recently demonstrated that the requirement for macrophages in mitogen-induced production of murine T-cell interleukin 2 (IL-2; formerly referred to as "T-cell growth factor") could be circumvented by using the macrophage-derived peptide interleukin 1 (IL-1; formerly referred to as "lymphocyte-activating factor"). Using two cloned T-cell lymphomas, we investigated the mechanism through which IL-1 exerted its effect on IL-2 production. One of the cell lines used (LBRM-33 5A4) produces large concentrations of IL-2 upon mitogen stimulation, whereas the second (LBRM-33 1A5) is incapable of producing IL-2 in response to mitogen. It was observed that addition of purified IL-1 to nonproducer 1A5 cells converted them to a state in which subsequent mitogen stimulation triggered production of IL-2. The concentration of IL-2 produced by IL-1 treated 1A5 cells was equivalent in magnitude to that generated by mitogen-stimulated 5A4 cells (500-1000 units/ml, or approximately 1000 times the concentration of IL-2 contained in conventional preparations of murine mitogen-conditioned medium). The observations that (i) brief exposure to IL-1 was sufficient for 1A5 cell conversion to IL-2 production and (ii) IL-1 could actively be absorbed from culture medium by live or fixed 1A5 cells led us to propose the existence of IL-1 receptors on responsive 1A5 cells. On the basis of these experiments, we have postulated that IL-1 mediates its effect on immune reactivity (enhancement of thymocyte mitogenesis and induction of antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses) by maturation of a subset of immature T cells to the point where they are capable of IL-2 production. Subsequent release of IL-2 after ligand activation allows for clonal expansion of activated T cells which mediate particular effector functions.
Gallensäuren: Wiederentdeckt (1995)

Abstract Gallensäuren, für Verdauung und Resorption der Nahrung wesentlich, sind als Abbauprodukte des Cholesterins maßgeblich an dessen Homöostase beteiligt. Pharmakalogisch als Transportsysteme für leberspezifische Arzneimittel (Drug Targeting), zur Resorptionsverbesserung und als neue Cholesterinsenker interessant, bieten sie auch neue Möglichkeiten für Naturstoffsynthesen, molekulare Erkennung und Kombinatorik.
Human T-helper lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis recognize the nicotinic receptor alpha subunit. (1987)

Myasthenia gravis is a human disease caused by an autoimmune response against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR). Since the molecular structure of AcChoR is well known, myasthenia gravis is an excellent system for studying the recognition of a complex membrane antigen in the human immune system. Human T-helper (TH) cell lines reactive to the AcChoR were isolated from four myasthenic patients by selection with native AcChoR from Torpedo californica. The selected TH cells could efficiently recognize native and fully denatured AcChoR. The vast majority of the TH-stimulating AcChoR epitopes were located on the denatured alpha subunit of AcChoR. Antibody competition experiments using a panel of rat anti-AcChoR monoclonal antibodies showed that 39-45% of the autoantibodies present in the sera of these same patients bound to the conformation-sensitive "main immunogenic region" (MIR), also located on the alpha subunit. However, AcChoR-induced stimulation of the T cells could not be inhibited with up to 20-fold molar excess of different rat anti-MIR monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that the Torpedo AcChoR alpha subunit contains conformation-insensitive epitopes that play a role in the autosensitization of TH cells and that seem to be physically separated from the MIR. The specificity of the TH cell response may contribute to directing the B-cell response to other alpha-subunit determinants, such as the MIR itself.
Photoshop Masking & Compositing (2004)

Designers, photographers, and artists use Photoshop to create fantastic and realistic images for illustrations, fine art, and editorial content. Whether they're landscape or portrait photographers, illustrators or fine artists, masking and compositing are essential skills to master for combining images to the extent that it is impossible to tell where one image stops and the other one begins. In this completely revised edition of her best-selling guide to masking and compositing, Photoshop artist and educator Katrin Eismann--along with compositing experts Sean Duggan and James Porto--takes readers through numerous step-by-step examples, highlighting the tools and techniques used for masking and combining images. Featuring work by leading artists and photographers, this book focuses on the techniques used to create compelling compositions, including making fast and accurate selections, mastering Photoshop's masking tools, and implementing the concept and photography from start to finish. The book addresses working with Photoshop's selection tools; selecting and maintaining fine details and edges; and working with difficult image elements, such as cloth, hair, or translucent objects. All-new photographic examples, updated instruction to cover the latest version of Adobe Photoshop, and an expanded section on shooting photographs for composite work make this a must-have guide for anyone interested in photographing and creating professional composite images. Visit www.peachpit.com/pmc2e to download dozens of the images featured in this book and practice the illustrated techniques with the same files used in the book. Also, download a full, free chapter on how to use the Pen Tool, one of the best selection tools in Photoshop.
Parametric analysis and calibration of the STS-1 seismometer of the IRIS/IDA Seismographic Network (1994)

Abstract We have estimated the observed system response of STS-1 sensors installed at stations of the IRIS/IDA Seismographic Network using cross-spectral analysis of random binary calibration signals. Systematic deviations of up to 1% in amplitude and 1° in phase between the measured and the manufacturers “nominal” responses are observed in the range 0.2 to 100 mHz and up to 12% in amplitude and 5° in phase for frequencies above 5 Hz. A parametric analysis of the STS-1 seismometer is developed that leads to a more complete pole and zero model of the sensor, accounting accurately both for small changes in individual instrument parameters and for the effects of an incomplete compensation of the mechanical response by the feedback circuit. This model is then used to fit the observed responses with a precision of 0.2% for the amplitude and 0.1° for the phase over the entire useful bandwidth of the instrument.
C-Reactive Protein in the Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis (2005)

In infants with suspected NEC, normal serial CRP values would favor aborted antibiotic therapy and early resumption of feedings. CRP becomes abnormal in both stage II and stage III NEC. In infants with NEC, persistently elevated CRP after initiation of appropriate medical management suggests associated complications, which may require surgical intervention.
Impaired ICOSL in human myeloid dendritic cells promotes Th2 responses in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma (2014)

Our data show that mDCs from patients with AR display impaired expression of ICOSL, and this defect licenses mDCs to promote aberrant IL-13- and IL-5-producing Th2 cell responses.
Nogo-A expression dynamically varies after spinal cord injury (2015)

The mechanism involved in neural regeneration after spinal cord injury is unclear. The myelin-derived protein Nogo-A, which is specific to the central nervous system, has been identified to negatively affect the cytoskeleton and growth program of axotomized neurons. Studies have shown that Nogo-A exerts immediate and chronic inhibitory effects on neurite outgrowth. In vivo, inhibitors of Nogo-A have been shown to lead to a marked enhancement of regenerative axon extension. We established a spinal cord injury model in rats using a free-falling weight drop device to subsequently investigate Nogo-A expression. Nogo-A mRNA and protein expression and immunoreactivity were detected in spinal cord tissue using real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. At 24 hours after spinal cord injury, Nogo-A protein and mRNA expression was low in the injured group compared with control and sham-operated groups. The levels then continued to drop further and were at their lowest at 3 days, rapidly rose to a peak after 7 days, and then gradually declined again after 14 days. These changes were observed at both the mRNA and protein level. The transient decrease observed early after injury followed by high levels for a few days indicates Nogo-A expression is time dependent. This may contribute to the lack of regeneration in the central nervous system after spinal cord injury. The dynamic variation of Nogo-A should be taken into account in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
New Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitors with Antioxidant Activity Based on 4-Carboxamidobenzimidazole-2-ylpyrroline and -tetrahydropyridine Nitroxides and Their Precursors (2009)

4-Carboxamidobenzimidazoles were previously described as PARP inhibitor compounds. Here we report upon 4-carboxamido-1H-benzimidazoles substituted in the 2-position with nitroxides or their amine or hydroxylamine precursors. Among the new molecules, a highly active PARP inhibitor 4h (IC(50) = 14 nM) was identified with antioxidant/radical scavenger activity. We concluded that in most cases sterically hindered amines are better PARP inhibitors than their oxidized form and structural changes in the 2-substituted 4-carboxamido-1H-benzimidazoles (such as N-substitution or changing the position of the carboxamide group) were detrimental to PARP inhibition activity but not to antioxidant activity. These results indicate the advantages of combining an antioxidant nitroxide or nitroxide precursor with a PARP inhibitor molecule to decrease or eliminate the deleterious processes initiated by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). The radical scavenging capability of 4h was demonstrated by EPR study of urine collected after drug administration.
Multichannel Virtual Access Points for Seamless Handoffs in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks (2011)

Within IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), client stations can move freely, but because of the short range of their Access Points (APs), they usually need to reassociate with different APs to continue to communicate. When changing APs, a client station starts a process known as a handoff that can take up to 2 seconds, which is too long for real-time applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP). Various solutions have been proposed to change or improve the client behaviour when doing a handoff. Previously, we proposed the idea of Virtual Access Points (VAP) implemented on APs in which a client station changes APs without disrupting its current communication. Based on this new concept, we have developed a solution called Multichannel Virtual Access Points (mVAP) to take advantage of APs operating on multiple channels. We have implemented mVAP using PACMAP, a tool for packet manipulation, and evaluated its performance. Our results show that mVAP is a new efficient technique for seamless handoffs without performance degradation.
Anion‐Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells: Synthesis Strategies, Properties and Perspectives (2015)

Abstract This review focuses on various synthesis strategies of anion‐exchange membranes (AEMs) for fuel cells, diverse methodologies of AEM‐forming, together with relationship between structures and properties. AEMs are discussed from seven categories, including (1) AEMs derived from Nafion precursors with sulfonyl fluoride groups, which display excellent stability and well‐developed morphologies that similar to Nafion, but has potentially high costs. (2) AEMs prepared by grafting technologies, such as chemical grafting technique, ATRP technique, plasma grafting technique and radiation grafting technique. (3) AEMs based on functionalized commercial polymers, including PVA, SEBS, CPP, PEEK, PES, PEI, PPO, and so on. (4) AEMs prepared by newly‐synthesized polymers, in which the most interesting approach is to synthesize alkaline multi‐block copolymers with enough long hydrophilic/hydrophobic blocks. (5) AEMs containing heterogeneous composition, which mainly prepared by blending and sol‐gel methods, reinforced or pore‐filling AEMs and IPN or s‐IPN. (6) AEMs with functional groups different from quaternary ammonium, which includes the studies of new type of AEMs with highly chemical stability in alkaline solution. (7) Hybrid membranes combining AEM with PEM, in which new configuration results in different performances. At last, conclusions and perspectives for the future researches of AEMs are presented.
Perylenediimide functionalized bridged-siloxane nanoparticles for bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (2012)

Perylenediimide functionalized bridged siloxane nanoparticles were prepared by direct hydrolysis and condensation of a perylenediimide silane precursor in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The sizes of the particles were controlled by adjusting organotrialkoxysilane, base, and TEOS concentrations. Using this modified Stöber method, we were able to incorporate a higher load of organic content (∼70%) into the siloxane core compared to typical organically modified Stöber silica nanoparticles. The size, shape, and surface morphology of these functionalized particles were visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Their compositions were confirmed by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The photovoltaic performance of these nanohybrids in the poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer matrix was evaluated. The device made from a sample annealed at 150 °C showed reasonably good photovoltaic performance with a power conversion efficiency of 1.56% under standard test conditions of AM 1.5G spectra at an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm(-2).
A New Total Synthesis of Porritoxin (2006)

A concise and efficient total synthesis of the phytotoxin porritoxin is described. The key step of the synthesis is based upon a Parham cyclization methodology which enables the creation of the lactam unit embedded in the title compound framework with the concomitant formation of the tethered hydroxyakyl chain.
A Comparison of Ruthenium‐Catalysed Arene Hydrogenation Reactions in Water and 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquids (2003)

Abstract The hydrogenation of benzene and other arene substrates under biphasic conditions is evaluated using the catalyst precursor Ru(η 6 ‐C 10 H 14 )(pta)Cl 2 (pta=1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane) immobilised in water and 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids. The effect that contamination of the 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids with chloride has on the hydrogenation reaction has also been examined. Of the immobilisation solvents tested the optimum solvent was found to be chloride‐free 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Catalytic turnovers in this solvent are highest, and in general, turnovers for the hydrogenation reactions follow the trend: chloride‐free 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate > water > chloride‐contaminated 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
The design and fabrication of microfluidic flow sensors (2003)

This paper presents a unique integration of CMOS flow sensors with two different novel microchannel structures. The design and fabrication of the flow sensors with their integrated microchannels are described. The design of the flow sensors consists of utilizing the layers available in the 2.0 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process. A three resistor anemometer along with a thermocouple is investigated as the structures for the flow sensors. Fabrication of the designs is done through the MOSIS CMOS 2.0 /spl mu/m process. The MEMS flow sensors and microchannels are then completed by using post-processing steps.
Closely Packed Microstrip Lines as Very High Speed Chip-to-Chip Interconnects (1987)

As the density, complexity, and speed of VLSI circuits continue to increase, it has become apparent that the chip-to-chip interconnections can limit overall performance of an integrated system. Here the analysis is discussed of interconnections as long transmission lines whose cross-sectional dimensions are the order of several micrometers. The relevant parameters are signal delay, loss, crosstalk, and spatial density. The time domain response of coupled microscopic transmission lines is also shown. Preliminary results indicate that conventional quasi-TEM analysis is inadequate but that modification can bring about substantial improvement. A proposed two-level structure appears to offer an attractive combination of high-speed (c/1.8), low crosstalk (less than ten percent over 10 cm), low loss (0.05 dB/mm at 1 GHz), and high density (35/µm period) and can operate at frequencies exceeding 1 GHz.
Regulation of recombinant human brain tandem P domain K<sup>+</sup>channels by hypoxia: a role for O<sub>2</sub>in the control of neuronal excitability? (2004)

The tandem P domain potassium channels, TREK1 and TASK1, are expressed throughout the brain but expression patterns do not significantly overlap. Since normal pO2 in central nervous tissue is as low as 20 mmHg and can decrease even further in ischemic disease, it is important that the behaviour of human brain ion channels is studied under conditions of acute and chronic hypoxia. This is especially true for brain-expressed tandem P-domain channels principally because they are important contributors to neuronal resting membrane potential and excitability. Here, we discuss some recent data derived from two recombinant tandem P-domain potassium channels, hTREK1 and hTASK1. Hypoxia represents a potent inhibitory influence on both channel types and occludes the activation by arachidonic acid, intracellular acidosis and membrane deformation of TREK1. This casts doubt on the idea that TREK1 activation during brain ischemia might facilitate neuroprotection via hyperpolarising neurons in which it is expressed. Interestingly, hypoxia is unable to regulate alkalotic inhibition of TREK1 suggesting that this channel may be more intimately involved in control of excitability during physiological or pathological alkalosis.