gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parity-Check Polar Coding for 5G and Beyond (2018)

In this paper, we propose a comprehensive Polar coding solution that integrates reliability calculation, rate matching and parity-check coding. Judging a channel coding design from the industry's viewpoint, there are two primary concerns: (i) low-complexity implementation in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and (ii) superior \& stable performance under a wide range of code lengths and rates. The former provides cost- \& power-efficiency which are vital to any commercial system; the latter ensures flexible and robust services. Our design respects both criteria. It demonstrates better performance than existing schemes in literature, but requires only a fraction of implementation cost. With easily-reproducible code construction for arbitrary code rates and lengths, we are able to report "1-bit" fine-granularity simulation results for thousands of cases. The released results can serve as a baseline for future optimization of Polar codes.
Innate Immunity and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Activated Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Exacerbate Murine Autoimmune Cholangitis and Fibrosis §Δ (2010)

Our data suggests a primary role of innate immunity in the exacerbation of autoimmune cholangitis and also become a logical explanation for the recurrence of PBC following liver transplantation in the absence of major histocompatability complex compatibility. We submit that PBC begins with loss of tolerance to PDC-E2 and a multilineage antimitochondrial response in which autoreactive CD8(+) T cells are critical. However, the perpetuation of disease and its exacerbation will also be modulated by innate immune mechanisms.
A Framework For Analyzing Ethical Issues in Marketing (1986)

The need for understanding the diverse nature of ethical dilemmas con fronting the field of marketing is attested to by the growing number of articles on the subject (e.g., Bartels 1967; Baumhart 1961; Brenner and Molander 1977; Cavanaugh 1981; Dubinsky et. al 1981; Ferrell and Gre sham 1985). What is needed, but has not been forthcoming from these analyses, is a useful comprehensive, decision-oriented framework to aid marketers in thinking about the different ethical dilemmas. The devel opment of an appropriate structure would allow for a more systematic investigation of the different ethical issues and facilitate the integration of existing knowledge. The related processes of classification, analysis and generalization ultimately can provide the basis for developing a more systematic approach to the study of marketing ethics. Other writers in the area of marketing ethics (e.g., Ferrell and Gresham 1985; Hunt and Vitell 1986) have attempted to develop frameworks but, while useful, their systems have generally failed to help integrate knowledge about the subject in a way that can aid in solving ethical problems. It is the intention of the authors to briefly discuss two dominant ethical perspectives so that they may act as guides in the presentation of a frame work for classifying different marketing decisions that have ethical conse quences. The article continues by demonstrating how such a framework can be useful to both academics and practitioners in analyzing ethical dilemmas. The early introduction of ethical perspectives in this article should make the examples used in the classification framework more meaningful. Fur ther, the questions raised by each perspective becomes the focus of the analysis when illustrating how the framework is used in the last section of the article. Applying the framework to marketing decision making is, of
Machine learning applications in drug development (2019)

Due to the huge amount of biological and medical data available today, along with well-established machine learning algorithms, the design of largely automated drug development pipelines can now be envisioned. These pipelines may guide, or speed up, drug discovery; provide a better understanding of diseases and associated biological phenomena; help planning preclinical wet-lab experiments, and even future clinical trials. This automation of the drug development process might be key to the current issue of low productivity rate that pharmaceutical companies currently face. In this survey, we will particularly focus on two classes of methods: sequential learning and recommender systems, which are active biomedical fields of research.
Enhancement of electron transport by horizontal molecular orientation of oxadiazole planar molecules in organic amorphous films (2009)

To demonstrate the effect of molecular orientation on charge transport characteristics in vacuum-deposited organic amorphous films, the electrical and optical properties of films of two oxadiazole derivatives were investigated. One of them has bulky tert-butyl terminals and forms an isotropic film, whereas the other has planar bipyridyl terminals and forms a highly anisotropic film. The very large optical anisotropy of the latter means that the planar molecules stack horizontally, leading to large overlaps of π-orbitals and more than 30 times higher electron mobility though the geometric and electronic structures of the main conformers of the two derivatives are quite similar.
Supervised grammar induction using training data with limited constituent information (1999)

Corpus-based grammar induction generally relies on hand-parsed training data to learn the structure of the language. Unfortunately, the cost of building large annotated corpora is prohibitively expensive. This work aims to improve the induction strategy when there are few labels in the training data. We show that the most informative linguistic constituents are the higher nodes in the parse trees, typically denoting complex noun phrases and sentential clauses. They account for only 20% of all constituents. For inducing grammars from sparsely labeled training data (e.g., only higher-level constituent labels), we propose an <i>adaptation</i> strategy, which produces grammars that parse almost as well as grammars induced from fully labeled corpora. Our results suggest that for a partial parser to replace human annotators, it must be able to automatically extract higher-level constituents rather than base noun phrases.
Crystalline Transition from H <sub>2</sub> Ti <sub>3</sub> O <sub>7</sub> Nanotubes to Anatase Nanocrystallines Under Low‐Temperature Hydrothermal Conditions (2006)

In this paper, we first reported the crystalline transition from H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanotubes to anatase TiO 2 nanocrystallines under low‐temperature hydrothermal conditions (∼140°C). A newly proposed mechanism for the crystalline transition from H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanotubes to anatase TiO 2 nanocrystallines under low‐temperature conditions is discussed in detail, which is supported by X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electronic microscope, selected‐area electron diffraction, and crystal structure models.
Poly(p-phenylenediamine)/graphene nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications (2012)

Herein, we report new nanocomposite materials based on poly(p-phenylenediamine) (PpPD) and hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) sheets as efficient binder-free electrode materials for supercapacitors. The nanocomposites are synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of a para-phenyldiamine monomer in the presence of graphene sheets in acidic medium. The initial weight ratio of monomer to graphene is varied to get nanocomposites of different polymer to graphene weight ratios. The electrochemical performances of these nanocomposites as a supercapacitor electrode are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in two electrode configuration. The nanocomposite with polymer to graphene weight ratio 1 : 2 shows a maximum specific capacitance of 248 F g−1 at a specific current density of 2 A g−1 and also demonstrates high rate capability. The maximum energy density of the fabricated symmetrical supercapacitor cells based on the mass of active electrodes is calculated to be 8.6 W h kg−1 and 5.8 W h kg−1 at a power density of 0.5 kW kg−1 and 5 kW kg−1, respectively. The nanocomposites retain 72% of their initial capacitance after 1000 cycles of charge–discharge at a high specific current density of 10 A g−1.
Quantification of protein transcytosis in the human colon carcinoma cell line CaCo‐2 (1990)

The transepithelial absorption of food-type proteins has been shown to proceed by endocytosis along two functional pathways: a minor direct pathway allowing transport of intact protein and a major lysosomal degradative pathway. The human colon carcinoma cell line CaCo-2 grown on Millipore filters was used here further to characterize these pathways by measuring HRP transport across the cell monolayer in Ussing chambers. In the apical-basal direction, this transport mainly occurred along the degradative pathway and was inhibited at 4 degrees C (7.41 +/- 1.26 pmoles/h.cm2 vs. 27.40 +/- 8.91 at 37 degrees C). The amount conveyed via the direct pathway was very small (0.89 +/- 0.35 pmoles/h.cm2) and did not diminish at 4 degrees C (1.43 +/- 0.59 pmoles/h.cm2). In the basal-apical direction, HRP transport along the degradative pathway at 37 degrees C was similar to the apical-basal value and was inhibited at 4 degrees C (16.40 +/- 4.05 vs. 2.72 +/- 2.52 pmoles/h.cm2), but along the direct pathway, it was eight times the apical-basal value (8.36 +/- 3.11 pmoles/h.cm2) and was inhibited at 4 degrees C (2.43 +/- 0.78 pmoles/h.cm2). Intact HRP fluxes were not correlated with the electrical resistance of the filters, indicating transport via a transcellular route. Monensin at 10(-5) M did not affect direct or degradative transport in the apical-to-basal direction. These results suggest that in CaCo-2 cells HRP undergoes bidirectional transcytosis by a fluid-phase mechanism, but the extent of degradation during that transport varies according to the membrane (apical or basal) where it is presented.
Modeling and Reasoning with Bayesian Networks (2009)

This book is a thorough introduction to the formal foundations and practical applications of Bayesian networks. It provides an extensive discussion of techniques for building Bayesian networks that model real-world situations, including techniques for synthesizing models from design, learning models from data, and debugging models using sensitivity analysis. It also treats exact and approximate inference algorithms at both theoretical and practical levels. The treatment of exact algorithms covers the main inference paradigms based on elimination and conditioning and includes advanced methods for compiling Bayesian networks, time-space tradeoffs, and exploiting local structure of massively connected networks. The treatment of approximate algorithms covers the main inference paradigms based on sampling and optimization and includes influential algorithms such as importance sampling, MCMC, and belief propagation. The author assumes very little background on the covered subjects, supplying in-depth discussions for theoretically inclined readers and enough practical details to provide an algorithmic cookbook for the system developer.
The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers toward General and Engineering Applications: Polymers that are Upgraded from Biodegradable Polymers, Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Polymers, and Newly Developed (2017)

The main motivation for development of biobased polymers was their biodegradability, which is becoming important due to strong public concern about waste. Reflecting recent changes in the polymer industry, the sustainability of biobased polymers allows them to be used for general and engineering applications. This expansion is driven by the remarkable progress in the processes for refining biomass feedstocks to produce biobased building blocks that allow biobased polymers to have more versatile and adaptable polymer chemical structures and to achieve target properties and functionalities. In this review, biobased polymers are categorized as those that are: (1) upgrades from biodegradable polylactides (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and others; (2) analogous to petroleum-derived polymers such as bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (bio-PET); and (3) new biobased polymers such as poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF). The recent developments and progresses concerning biobased polymers are described, and important technical aspects of those polymers are introduced. Additionally, the recent scientific achievements regarding high-spec engineering-grade biobased polymers are presented.
Interaction of a hindered piperidine stabilizer with hydroxy‐substituted aromatic carbonyl compounds in the photostabilization of polypropylene (1982)

Abstract The effect of a hindered piperidine compound, Bis[2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl] sebacate on the photostability and light‐stabilizing performance of hydroxy‐substituted benzophenone and anthraquinone compounds in polypropylene film has been examined using three different light exposure units. The stabilizing effects observed were found to be highly dependent on the utraviolet content (300–340 nm) of the light source. In the absence of this utraviolet component the hindered piperidine compound inhibited the photolysis of all the hydroxy‐substituted compounds, whereas in its presence no protective effect was observed. In fact, direct absorption of ultraviolet light was found to be totally ineffective in photostabilizing the polymer. The protective effects were associated with the ability of the hindered piperidine compound to destroy the hydroperoxides formed during processing. This was confirmed by the observation of no protective action with unsubstituted benzophenone and anthraquinone through both steady‐state and laser flash‐photolysis experiments. A further novel protective effect was observed when the hindered piperidine molecule was linked to the anthraquinone chromophore in the 2‐position to the carbonyl group. In this case photoprotection is associated with an intramolecular excited‐state quenching process.
L1-CAM expression in ccRCC correlates with shorter patients survival times and confers chemoresistance in renal cell carcinoma cells (2010)

Conflicting data exist about the expression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To determine the clinical usefulness of L1-CAM as a therapeutic or prognostic marker molecule in renal cancer patients, we analyzed its expression on a cohort of 282 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. L1-CAM expression was found in 49.5% of 282 renal cancer tissues. Importantly, L1-CAM expression in patients with ccRCC was associated with significantly shorter patient survival time. We further present evidence that L1-CAM was involved in the resistance against therapeutic reagents like rapamycin, sunitinib and cisplatin. The downregulation of L1-CAM expression decreased renal cancer cell proliferation and reduced the expression of cyclin D1. In addition, we found out that Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) deficiency was accompanied by a downregulation of the transcription factor PAX8 and L1-CAM. In normal renal tissue, PAX8 and L1-CAM were co-expressed in collecting duct cells. Importantly, the downregulation of PAX8 by small interfering RNA increased the expression of L1-CAM and concomitantly induced the migration of renal cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed in 65.3% of 282 RCC patients a downregulation of PAX8 expression. With chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we additionally demonstrate that PAX8 can bind to the promoter of L1-CAM and we further observed that the downregulation of PAX8 was accompanied by increased L1-CAM expression in a high fraction of ccRCC patients. In summary, we show that VHL and PAX8 are involved in the regulation of L1-CAM in renal cancer and L1-CAM represents an important therapeutic and prognostic marker protein for the treatment of ccRCC.
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils as accessory cells for T‐cell activation: major histocompatibility complex class II restricted antigen‐dependent induction of T‐cell proliferation (2000)

Polymophonuclear cells (PMN) of healthy donors do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens or the T-cell costimulatory molecules CD80 or CD86. Expression of these receptors, however, is seen in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. We now report that, by culturing PMN of healthy donors with autologous serum, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), de novo synthesis of MHC class II, CD80 and CD86 could be induced. MHC class II-positive PMN acquired the capacity to present staphylococcus enterotoxin to peripheral T cells, apparent as induction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) synthesis and proliferation of the T cells. Moreover, the PMN also processed tetanus toxoid (TT) and induced proliferation of TT-specific T cells in a MHC class II-restricted manner. Taken together, these data indicate that PMN can be activated to function as accessory cells for T-cell activation.
A new metal-to-metal antifuse with amorphous carbon (1998)

We report the development of a new metal-to-metal antifuse with amorphous carbon as the dielectric. Amorphous carbon antifuses have several characteristics making them superior to amorphous silicon antifuses, including lower values of OFF-state leakage current, ON-state resistance, dielectric constant, and breakdown voltage. Most importantly, amorphous carbon antifuses do not show ON-OFF switching, which is observed in amorphous silicon antifuses. A new model is proposed to explain the breakdown mechanism and ON-state reliability of amorphous carbon antifuses.
Spinal TLR4 mediates the transition to a persistent mechanical hypersensitivity after the resolution of inflammation in serum-transferred arthritis (2011)

Persistent pain after resolution of clinically appreciable signs of arthritis poses a therapeutic challenge, and immunosuppressive therapies do not meet this medical need. To investigate this conversion to persistent pain, we utilized the K/BxN serum transfer arthritis model, which has persistent mechanical hypersensitivity despite the resolution of visible inflammation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in neuropathic and other pain models. We compared the relative courses of serum transfer arthritis and mechanical hypersensitivity in wild type (WT) and Tlr4(-/-) mice. K/BxN serum transfer induced similar joint swelling and inflammation from days 4-22 in WT and Tlr4(-/-) mice. Unlike WT mice, Tlr4(-/-) mice displayed a significant reversal in mechanical hypersensitivity and diminished appearance of glial activation markers after resolution of peripheral inflammation. Intrathecal (IT) delivery of a TLR4 antagonist, lipopolysaccharide Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS; 10 μg), on days 6, 9, and 12 abrogated the transition to persistent mechanical hypersensitivity in WT arthritic mice, while later administration had no impact. We utilized a lipidomics liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology to determine spinal cord profiles of bioactive lipid species after early LPS-RS treatment compared to vehicle-treated control animals. WT arthritic mice had reduced spinal levels of the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) on day 6, compared to IT LPS-RS-treated mice. Direct IT application of 15d-PGJ(2) (0.5 μg) on day 6 improved mechanical hypersensitivity in arthritic mice within 15 min. Hence, TLR4 signaling altered spinal bioactive lipid profiles in the serum transfer model and played a critical role in the transition from acute to chronic postinflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity.
Circulating FGF21 proteolytic processing mediated by fibroblast activation protein (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone implicated in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and body weight, is considered to be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite observations that FGF21 is rapidly proteolysed in circulation rending it potentially inactive, little is known regarding mechanisms by which FGF21 protein levels are regulated. We systematically investigated human FGF21 protein processing using mass spectrometry. In agreement with previous reports, circulating human FGF21 was found to be cleaved primarily after three proline residues at positions 2, 4 and 171. The extent of FGF21 processing was quantified in a small cohort of healthy human volunteers. Relative abundance of FGF21 proteins cleaved after Pro-2, Pro-4 and Pro-171 ranged from 16 to 30%, 10 to 25% and 10 to 34%, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) was found to be the primary protease responsible for N-terminal cleavages after residues Pro-2 and Pro-4. Importantly, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was implicated as the protease responsible for C-terminal cleavage after Pro-171, rendering the protein inactive. The requirement of FAP for FGF21 proteolysis at the C-terminus was independently demonstrated by in vitro digestion, immunodepletion of FAP in human plasma, administration of an FAP-specific inhibitor and by human FGF21 protein processing patterns in FAP knockout mouse plasma. The discovery that FAP is responsible for FGF21 inactivation extends the FGF21 signalling pathway and may enable novel approaches to augment FGF21 actions for therapeutic applications.
Evaluation of the Novel Myocardial Perfusion Positron-Emission Tomography Tracer <sup>18</sup> F-BMS-747158-02 (2009)

18F-BMS-747158-02 is a very attractive new PET perfusion tracer that allows quantitative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion over a wide flow range. The long half-life of 18F renders this tracer useful for clinical PET/CT applications in the workup of patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease.
Fervidobacterium gondwanense sp. nov., a New Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacterium Isolated from Nonvolcanically Heated Geothermal Waters of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia (1996)

A new thermophilic, carbohydrate-fermenting, obligately anaerobic bacterial species was isolated from a runoff channel formed from flowing bore water from the geothermally heated aquifer of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. The cells of this organism were nonsporulating, motile, gram negative, and rod shaped and generally occurred singly or in pairs. The optimum temperature for growth was 65 to 68 degrees C, and no growth occurred at temperatures below 44 degrees C or above 80 degrees C. Growth was inhibited by 10 micrograms of lysozyme per ml, 10 micrograms of penicillin per ml, 10 micrograms of tetracycline per ml, 10 micrograms of phosphomycin per ml, 10 micrograms of vancomycin per ml, 10 micrograms of vancomycin per ml, and NaCl concentrations greater than 0.2%. The optimum pH for growth was 7.0, and no growth occurred at pH 5.5 or 8.5. The DNA base composition was 35 mol% guanine plus cytosine, as determined by thermal denaturation. The end products of glucose fermentation were lactate, acetate, ethanol, CO2, and H2. Sulfur, but not thiosulfate, sulfite, or sulfate, was reduced to sulfide. Phase-contrast microscopy of whole cells and an electron microscopic examination of thin sections of cells revealed the presence of single terminal spheroids, a trait common in members of the genus Fervidobacterium. However, a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence revealed that the new organism could not be assigned to either of the two previously described Fervidobacterium species. On the basis of these observations, we propose that the new organism should be designated a new Fervido-bacterium species, Fervidobacterium gondwanense. The type strain of this species is strain AB39 (= Australian Collection of Microorganisms strain ACM 5017.