gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Communication Quantization for Data-Parallel Training of Deep Neural Networks (2016)

We study data-parallel training of deep neural networks on high-performance computing infrastructure. The key problem with scaling data-parallel training is avoiding severe communication/computation imbalance. We explore quantizing gradient updates before communication to reduce bandwidth requirements and compare it against a baseline implementation that uses the MPI allreduce routine. We port two existing quantization approaches, one-bit and threshold, and develop our own adaptive quantization algorithm. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated and compared with MPI_Allreduce when training models for the MNIST dataset and on a synthetic benchmark. On an HPC system, MPI_Allreduce outperforms the existing quantization approaches. Our adaptive quantization is comparable or superior for large layers without sacrificing accuracy. It is 1.76 times faster than the next best approach for the largest layers in our benchmark and achieves near-linear speedup in data-parallel training.
Speculative early register release (2006)

The late release policy of conventional renaming keeps many registers in the register file assigned in spite of containing values that will never be read in the future. In this work, we study the potential of a novel scheme that speculatively releases a physical register as soon as it has been read by a predicted last instruction that references its value. An auxiliary register file placed outside the critical paths of the processor pipeline holds the early released values just in case they are unexpectedly referenced by some instruction. In addition to demonstrate the feasibility of a last-use predictor, this paper also analyzes the auxiliary register file (latency and size) required to support a speculative early release mechanism that uses a perfect predictor. The obtained results set the performance bound that any real speculative early release implementation is able to reach. We show that in a processor with a 64int+64fp register file, a perfect early release supported by an unbounded auxiliary register file has the potential of speeding up computations up to 23% and 47% for SPECint2000 and SPECfp2000 benchmarks, respectively. Speculative early release can also be used to reduce register file size without losing performance. For instance, a processor with a conventionally managed 96int+96fp register file could be replaced for equal IPC with a 64int+64fp register file managed with perfect early register release and backed with a 64int+64fp auxiliary register file, this representing a 12% IPS (Instructions Per Second) increase if the processor frequency were constrained by the register file access time.
Recovery of Potassium from K-Feldspar by Thermal Decomposition with Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum and CaCO<sub>3</sub>: Analysis of Mechanism and Kinetics (2016)

The thermal decomposition mechanism of K-feldspar with industrial waste of FGD gypsum to produce soluble potassium (K) salt was investigated. Effects of the reaction temperature and the amount of reagents used on the recovery of K were studied. The results showed that increasing the reaction temperature and mass ratio of CaCO3/KAlSi3O8 and CaSO4/KAlSi3O8 was beneficial to the decomposition of K-feldspar. The recovery ratio of K was higher than 90% with the mass ratio of KAlSi3O8:CaSO4:CaCO3 = 1:1:3 at 1373 K for 40 min, and the product K2SO4 with a purity of 91.3% was obtained. A crystal structure disintegration mechanism for KAlSi3O8 was proposed on the basis of the characterization of phase transformation sequences by XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDS. It was found that two product layers formed successively during the KAlSi3O8 decomposition process. K was enriched in the outer product layer, and the decomposition rate was controlled by Ca diffusion through the inner one. Based on the experimental results, a kinetics model of K-feldspar decomposition was established using the Crank-Ginstling-Brounshtein equation, and the apparent activation energy was determined.
Energetically optimal travel across terrain: visualizations and a new metric of geographic distance with anthropological applications (2006)

We present a visualization and computation tool for modeling the caloric cost of pedestrian travel across three dimensional terrains. This tool is being used in ongoing archaeological research that analyzes how costs of locomotion affect the spatial distribution of trails and artifacts across archaeological landscapes. Throughout human history, traveling by foot has been the most common form of transportation, and therefore analyses of pedestrian travel costs are important for understanding prehistoric patterns of resource acquisition, migration, trade, and political interaction. Traditionally, archaeologists have measured geographic proximity based on "as the crow flies" distance. We propose new methods for terrain visualization and analysis based on measuring paths of least caloric expense, calculated using well established metabolic equations. Our approach provides a human centered metric of geographic closeness, and overcomes significant limitations of available Geographic Information System (GIS) software. We demonstrate such path computations and visualizations applied to archaeological research questions. Our system includes tools to visualize: energetic cost surfaces, comparisons of the elevation profiles of shortest paths versus least cost paths, and the display of paths of least caloric effort on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). These analysis tools can be applied to calculate and visualize 1) likely locations of prehistoric trails and 2) expected ratios of raw material types to be recovered at archaeological sites.
Modulation in Kinetics of Lactone Ring Hydrolysis of Camptothecins upon Interaction with Topoisomerase I Cleavage Sites on DNA (1998)

The kinetics of hydrolysis of the alpha-hydroxylactone ring of anticancer agents belonging to the camptothecin (CPT) series has been followed using their fluorescence emission. Data obtained for CPT, CPT-11, and SN-38, either in their free form or in the presence of DNA and/or topoisomerase I (top1), have been compared. DNA was modeled using three types of double-strand oligonucleotides corresponding to top1 cleavage site enhanced in the presence of the drug (olg1), top1 site independent of CPT (olg2), and nonspecific synthetic oligonucleotide containing only AT and no GC base pairs (olg3). Cleavage assays indicated the absence of top1-mediated cleavage on olg3, both in the presence and in the absence of CPT. The kinetics data also showed ratio-dependent stabilization of the lactone forms of CPTs when in the presence of an excess of olg1 or olg2, but not of olg3. These observations correlate with the previously reported preferential binding of CPTs to guanines. Although lactone hydrolysis was not perturbed by top1 alone, this enzyme hindered lactone stabilization by specific oligonucleotides. After addition of top1 to CPT-olg1 or CPT-olg2 complexes, the lactone ring of the drug was destabilized. No lactone stabilization was observed when olg1 was added to CPT-top1 complexes or when olg1-top1 complexes were added to CPT.
Die kanonische Verteilung in Der klassischen Näherung (1981)

Die kanonische Verteilung (4.49) ist ein einfaches Ergebnis von grundlegender Bedeutung, das sich in der Praxis als äußerst brauchbar erweist. In Kapitel 4 haben wir gezeigt, wie über die kanonische Verteilung Gleichgewichtseigenschaften der verschiedensten Systeme direkt bestimmt werden. Speziell haben wir sie zur Ermittlung der magnetischen Eigenschaften eines Spin-Systems und zur Bestimmung des Drucks und der spezifischen Wärme eines idealen Gases verwendet. In den Übungen von Kapitel 4 wurden noch weitere interessante Anwendungsmöglichkeiten untersucht. Es würde jedoch zu weit führen, sollten wir die große Anzahl anderer wichtiger Anwendungsgebiete besprechen — dies wäre Stoff für mehrere Bücher. In diesem Kapitel wollen wir zeigen, welch einfache und brauchbare Ergebnisse unmittelbar aus der kanonischen Verteilung folgen, wenn die Näherungsmethoden der klassischen Mechanik angewendet werden können.
New and Biologically Active Imidazole Alkaloids from Two Sponges of the Genus <i>Leucetta</i> (2002)

Chemical investigation of two sponges, Leucetta chagosensis and Leucetta cf chagosensis, collected from the Great Barrier Reef and the Fiji Islands, respectively, has led to the isolation of three new imidazole alkaloids (1-3), along with the known compounds isonaamine B (4) and naamine A (5). The structures of the new compounds (1-3) were elucidated by employing spectroscopic techniques (NMR, MS, UV, and IR). The structures of the known compounds 4 and 5 were determined by comparison of their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be cytotoxic toward several tumor cell lines (GI(50) values ranged from 1.3 to 7.0 microg/mL).
Language design for program manipulation (1992)

The design of procedural and object-oriented programming languages is considered with respect to how easily programs written in those languages can be formally manipulated. Current procedural languages such as Pascal, Modula-2 and Ada; generally support such program manipulations, except for some annoying anomalies and special cases. Three main areas of language design are identified as being of concern from a manipulation viewpoint: the interface between concrete and abstract syntax; the relationship between the abstract syntax and static semantics naming, scoping and typing; and the ability to express basic transformations (folding and unfolding). Design principles are suggested so that the problems identified for current languages can be avoided in the future.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Waltzing with the Versatile Platform of Graphene to Synthesize Composite Photocatalysts (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTWaltzing with the Versatile Platform of Graphene to Synthesize Composite PhotocatalystsNan Zhang†‡, Min-Quan Yang†‡, Siqi Liu†‡, Yugang Sun*§, and Yi-Jun Xu*†‡View Author Information† State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China‡ College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China§ Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 18, 10307–10377Publication Date (Web):September 3, 2015Publication History Received4 May 2015Published online3 September 2015Published inissue 23 September 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00267https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00267review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views18179Altmetric-Citations1017LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Composites,Electromagnetic radiation,Oxides,Photocatalysts,Two dimensional materials Get e-Alerts
Bistable optofluidic attenuator with integrated electrowetting actuation and high dynamic range (2011)

We present a novel miniaturized transmission-type optical attenuator based on optofluidic technology. A microfluidic chip has been developed which is fabricated on wafer scale, based on full-wafer-bonding with a dry film resist. The optical transmission of the chip can be changed simply by displacing a highly absorbent liquid with a transparent one. Due to the integration of an electrowetting actuator for driving the liquids, the attenuator is ultra-compact (11×23×1.6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) and does not need any external components. When using oil soluble dyes as the absorbent liquid, various transmission spectra can be defined. Depending on the input wavelength range, attenuations as high as 47 dB can be reached, while the switching times for a 2 mm aperture can be as low as 100 ms.
Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis (2006)

Hypoxia in tumours Tumours contain areas of low oxygen (hypoxia) because cancer cells grow and divide so fast that the blood vessels can't keep up with their oxygen requirement. Cells in a hypoxic region are prone to metastasis, but the reasons for this are unknown. Erler et al. have now discovered high levels of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) in hypoxic cells. High LOX content was associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. In mice, LOX inhibition reduced metastases, suggesting that it is a possible therapeutic target.
复杂射影的空格的 eigen 函数 (1998)

In the complex n-dimensional projective space CP~n. let λ_p(=4p(p+n)) be the eigenvaiue of the Laplace-Beltrami operator and H_p be the space of all eigen functions of eigen valueλ_p. The reproducing kernel h_p(z, w) of H_p is constructed explicitly in this paper. and a system ofcomplete orthogohal functions of H_p is construncted from h_p(z, w)(p=1,2…).
Coupled Modeling of Borehole Instability and Multiphase Flow for Underbalanced Drilling (2002)

Abstract Underbalanced drilling techniques have been applied to avoid or mitigate formation damage, reduce lost circulation risks, and increase the rate of penetration. However, drilling with a bottomhole pressure less than the formation pore pressure will usually increase the risk of borehole instability due to shear or tensile failure of the rock adjacent to the borehole. The extent of rock failure is very sensitive to the pressure in the annulus between the drill pipe, collars or BHA and the formation. The capacity of the drilling fluids to effectively circulate cuttings and cavings to surface is also strongly sensitive to the annular flow velocity. This paper describes the coupling of two popular software packages STABView™ and WELLFLO7™ to solve the complex interaction of borehole instability, rock yielding, collapse, detachment, and wellbore hydraulics during underbalanced drilling operations. In particular, a profile of the average borehole diameter can be predicted that accounts for hole enlargement in weak rock formations, and its consequences for annular pressures and flow velocities. The use of these two models running in a coupled mode is illustrated with two examples. The first one is a case study of a sidetracked well that was drilled underbalanced using coiled tubing technology in western Canada. Severe tight hole problems and poor hole cleaning had been experienced during drilling operations, and ultimately the bottomhole assembly became stuck. Subsequent borehole stability analyses indicated that significant hole enlargement was occurring in two weak shaley intervals. Wellbore hydraulics analyses showed that the liquid velocities achieved in the enlarged intervals of this well were low, which led to an accumulation of cuttings and cavings, thus resulting in the stuck pipe. A second, hypothetical horizontal well case is also described in order to illustrate the procedures for characterizing the operating envelope (i.e., optimal annular pressures and flow rates) prior to drilling an underbalanced well. This example demonstrates additional features of the two software programs for simulating the complexities of hole failure, erosion and enlargement in an annulus with a two-phase fluid for both strong and weak rock cases.
Immuno-Gold Electron Microscopy in Virus Diagnosis and Research (2024)

Immuno-Gold Electron Microscopy for Virus Diagnosis: Immune Complexing (E.L. Palmer and M.L. Martin). Solid-Phase Immune Electron Microscopy of Virus Preparations (R.G. Milne). Gold Labeling in Negative Stain Immune Electron Microscopy (P.J.C. Dopping-Hepenstal and J.E. Beesley). The Grid-Cell-Culture Technique (A.D. Hyatt and B.T. Eaton). Use of Microspheres for Immune Scanning Electron Microscopy (J.P. Andersson, U.G. Andersson, and A. Sonnerborg). Immuno-Gold Electron Microscopy in Virus Research: The Colloidal Gold Probe, An Overview of Its Application in Viral Cytochemistry (S. Garzon and M. Bendayan). Detection of Viral and Cellular Structures by Post-Embedding Immunocytochemistry (G.N. Williams and P. Faulkner). Multiple Labeling of Thin Sections (M. Nielsen and L. Bastholm). Immuno-Gold Replica Technique for Study of Virus-Infected Cells (K. Mannweiler, H. Hohenberg, G. Rutter, and W. Bohn). Detection and Analysis of Viral Proteins by Immuno-Gold Labeling (K.G. Murti). Cryo-Sectioning (H.K. Hagler). Improvements of Immuno Dection Using Ultra-Small Gold Probes and Cryosections (J.L.M. Leunissen and P. van de Plas). Freeze Substitution in Virus Research: A Preview (H. Schwartz, H. Hohenberg, and B.M. Humbel). Ultrastructural In Situ Hybridization Using Immuno-Gold (G.L. Bassell and R.H. Singer). Use of Colloidal Gold and Silver Enhancement in Scanning Electron Microscopy (A.D. Hyatt and S.M. Brookes).
Digital signature for contract signing in service commerce (2015)

Contract in service commerce is crucial. Contract signing can be time consuming and costly process, especially if buyer and seller are far from each other. This problem can be solved by using digital signature. We propose a method for contract signing which can be proved with signer identity card. Using this method, buyer and seller can check and signed their document conveniently using Web application from any places with Internet connection.
An Anisotropic Phong BRDF Model (2000)

Abstract We present a BRDF model that combines several advantages of the various empirical models currently in use. In particular, it has intuitive parameters, is anisotropic, conserves energy, is reciprocal, has an appropriate non-Lambertian diffuse term, and is well-suited for use in Monte Carlo renderers.
ARC15105 Is a Potent Antagonist of Von Willebrand Factor Mediated Platelet Activation and Adhesion (2012)

The potency, pharmacokinetic profile, and SC bioavailability of ARC15105 support its clinical investigation for chronic inhibition of von Willeband factor -mediated platelet activation.
Molar group contributions to polymer flammability (2002)

Abstract The specific heat‐release rate is the molecular‐level fire response of a burning polymer. The Federal Aviation Administration obtains the specific heat‐release rate of milligram samples by analyzing the oxygen consumed by the complete combustion of the pyrolysis gases during a linear heating program. Dividing the specific heat‐release rate (W/g) by the rate of the temperature rise (K/s) of a sample during a test gives a material fire parameter with the units (J/g K) and significance of the heat (release) capacity. The heat‐release capacity appears to be a true material property that is rooted in the chemical structure of the polymer and is calculable from additive molar group contributions. Hundreds of polymers of known chemical compositions have been tested to date, providing over 40 different empirical molar group contributions to the heat‐release capacity. Measured and calculated heat‐release capacities for over 80 polymers agree to within ±15%, suggesting a new capability for predicting flammability from the polymer chemical structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 548–563, 2003
Vaginal and Pelvic Floor Responses to Sexual Stimulation (1979)

ABSTRACT Vaginal vascular responses to vibratory stimulation of the clitoris, recorded as changes in the amplitude of oscillations of light reflectance at the heart‐beat frequency, are: a) very repeatable, b) widespread throughout the vagina but of greater amplitude in its lower anterior wall than elsewhere, c) of very short latency (2–3 sec), but cumulative over 30 sec or more. Such responses are not imitated by raising the abdominal pressure, voluntarily contracting the pelvic floor or the flexors or adductors of the hips, or raising the blood pressure by exercise. They are absent in the foot, hand and rectum when present in the vagina. Sexual fantasy provokes vaginal responses very similar to those from vibratory stimulation of the clitoris, though somewhat less repeatable. Mean vaginal light reflectance, averaged over a cardiac cycle, responds to the same stimuli which affect the amplitude of pulsation. It is, however, much more subject to artifact. Changes in thermal conductivity closely parallel those in amplitude of oscillation of reflectance, with a time‐lag which is probably mainly instrumental. Vibratory stimulation of the clitoris causes sustained reflex contraction of the pelvic floor. This reflex (never, it seems, previously described) may be regarded as a tonic counterpart of the well‐known phasic bulbocavernosus reflex. The vascular events at and after orgasm and their relationship to features of the pelvic floor electromyogram are described and illustrated; the heart rate falls greatly during the 10 sec after orgasm, the amplitude of vaginal vascular pulsation remains above its prestimulation value for as long as 15 min, and pelvic floor electromyographic activity remains enhanced for at least 2 min.
C677T substitution in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene as a risk factor for venous thrombosis and arterial disease in selected patients. (1999)

These data suggest that in selected patients homozygosity for the MTHFR mutation increases the risk of both arterial and venous thromboses and that differences in selection criteria for the patient group may be responsible in part for the controversial association of the MTHFR mutation and vascular disease.
Open-loop tanlock carrier recovery structure for BPSK and its performance (1995)

The tanlock carrier recovery structure has been shown to be the low SNR approximation to the optimum ML carrier phase estimator for a carrier with linear data modulations such as MPSK. It has long been known to have better performance than a Costas' loop or a squarer/PLL for BPSK, because its tangent-function phase detector characteristic has an extended linear range compared to the sine-function phase detector characteristic of the latter loops. Its implementation in conventional closed-loop form, however, requires the use of a divider which suffers from the problem of output overflow when the input divisor signal becomes very small. We suggest here an open-loop implementation which does not require the use of a divider and a VCO. The operational and performance advantages of this open-loop implementation over the conventional closed-loop implementation are pointed out. Some sample BER results for a coherent receiver employing this open-loop tanlock carrier recovery system are obtained via computer simulations. The results show that the receiver achieves significant performance gains over differential detection.