gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended ATHENA alignment performance and application for the 100-nm technology node (2001)

Applying current and forthcoming optical lithography Step & Scan systems for IC manufacturing with 100 nm device resolution requires constant reduction of the relevant product overlay contributors. The system's wafer alignment sensor plays a key role in determining the attainable product overlay. In this paper, it is shown that modulating the phase of the coherent illumination sources of a phase-grating alignment system improves measurement repeatability. This reduces the single-machine overlay contribution. In addition, by using extended functionality and new procedures to elucidate the optimal wafer alignment strategy, it is shown that the alignment system can resist advanced IC processing effects on alignment marks. This means that a further reduction of the process-induced overlay contribution can be accomplished.
An Ontology-Based Approach to Context Modeling and Reasoning in Pervasive Computing (2007)

The behavior of pervasive applications should depend not only on their internal state and user interactions but also on the context sensed during their execution. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based generic context management (GCoM) model. The GCoM model facilitates context reasoning by providing structure for contexts, rules and their semantics. Context and context semantics in GCoM model are represented using the upper and the lower level ontology. Rules are represented using ontology compatible rule languages. Even though ontology data has static nature, GCoM model is designed to be dynamic and reusable in multiple domains of pervasive applications where resource limitation is a key issue. Initial prototype of the use of the model is created and the result obtained is promising
Oxidant-induced DNA damage of target cells. (1988)

In this study we examined the leukocytic oxidant species that induce oxidant damage of DNA in whole cells. H2O2 added extracellularly in micromolar concentrations (10-100 microM) induced DNA strand breaks in various target cells. The sensitivity of a specific target cell was inversely correlated to its catalase content and the rate of removal of H2O2 by the target cell. Oxidant species produced by xanthine oxidase/purine or phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated monocytes induced DNA breakage of target cells in proportion to the amount of H2O2 generated. These DNA strand breaks were prevented by extracellular catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase. Cytotoxic doses of HOCl, added to target cells, did not induce DNA strand breakage, and myeloperoxidase added extracellularly in the presence of an H2O2-generating system, prevented the formation of DNA strand breaks in proportion to its H2O2 degrading capacity. The studies also indicated that H2O2 formed hydroxyl radical (.OH) intracellularly, which appeared to be the most likely free radical responsible for DNA damage: .OH was detected in cells exposed to H2O2; the DNA base, deoxyguanosine, was hydroxylated in cells exposed to H2O2; and intracellular iron was essential for induction of DNA strand breaks.
Stacking technology for a space constrained microsystem (2002)

In this paper we present a stacking technology for an integrated packaging of an intelligent transducer which is formed by a micromachined silicon transducer and an integrated circuit chip. Transducer and circuitry are stacked on top of each other with an intermediate chip in between. The bonding of the transducer and the intermediate chip is done by flip chip solder bump bonding. The bonding between the above two-layer stack and the circuit chip is done by conductive adhesive bonding combined with gold studs. We demonstrate the stacking technologies on passive test chips rather than real devices and report on technological details.
Numerical modeling and simulation technique in time-domain for multibeam echo sounder (2017)

A Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) is commonly used for rapid seafloor mapping. We herein present a time-domain integrated system simulation technique for MBES development. The Modeling and Simulation (M&S) modules consist of four parts: sensor array signal transmission, propagation and backscattering modeling in the ocean environment, beamforming of the received signals, and image processing. Also, the simulation employs a ray-theory-based algorithm to correct the reconstructed bathymetry, which has errors due to the refraction caused by the vertical sound velocity profile. The developed M&S technique enables design parameter verification and system parameter optimization for MBES. The framework of this technique can also be potentially used to characterize the seabed properties. Finally, typical seafloor images are presented and discussed. Keywords: Image position, MBES, Multibeam echo sounder, Multibeam sonar
WETCORR instrument used for measuring the wetness impact on stone facades. STEP-CT90-0107. (1997)

Inside the STEP project STEP-CT90-0107 a study of the local impact of temperature and wetness has been carried out by use of WETCORR instruments. The new developed WETCORR instruments worked as planned through the test period, and increased knowledge about the deterioration processes on Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, was obtained.\nBased on the last years testing results, the WETCORR instrument today is sold to several countries and they are also used in a new EU project, WOOD-ASSESS.
Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes mitochondrial fragmentation via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission–fusion proteins (2011)

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo continual fusion and fission to maintain their morphology and functions, but the mechanism involved is still not clear. Here, we investigated the effect of mitochondrial oxidative stress triggered by high-fluence low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI) on mitochondrial dynamics in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1) and African green monkey SV40-transformed kidney fibroblast cells (COS-7). Upon HF-LPLI-triggered oxidative stress, mitochondria displayed a fragmented structure, which was abolished by exposure to dehydroascorbic acid, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, indicating that oxidative stress can induce mitochondrial fragmentation. Further study revealed that HF-LPLI caused mitochondrial fragmentation by inhibiting fusion and enhancing fission. Mitochondrial translocation of the profission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was observed following HF-LPLI, demonstrating apoptosis-related activation of Drp1. Notably, overexpression of Drp1 increased mitochondrial fragmentation and promoted HF-LPLI-induced apoptosis through promoting cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation, whereas overexpression of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a profusion protein, caused the opposite effects. Also, neither Drp1 overexpression nor Mfn2 overexpression affected mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial depolarization, or Bax activation. We conclude that mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated through Drp1 and Mfn2 causes an imbalance in mitochondrial fission-fusion, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, which contributes to mitochondrial and cell dysfunction.
Influence of phosphorus and formononetin on isozyme expression in the <i>Zea mays‐Glomus intraradices</i> symbiosis (1998)

Maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Great Lakes 586) plants were either inoculated with the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith, or grown in the presence of the isoflavone formononetin or were provided with both G. intraradices and formononetin. All plants were grown in soil containing one of five levels of inorganic P (between 8 and 110 µg g −1 soil). By 3 weeks there were significant differences in a number of enzyme activities and in the pattern of isoenzymes in roots colonized by the VAM fungus or treated with formononetin. One NAD‐malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme was expressed only in mycorrhizal roots, whether treated or not with formononetin. Despite differences in the soil P level, the expression of this isozyme was not observed in non‐mycorrhizal roots, indicating specific expression in the mycorrhizae. We suggest that MDH isozyme could serve as a specific, early indicator of the Zea‐Glomus symbiosis. Differences in the esterase (EST) isozyme pattern were not detectable between VAM and non‐VAM roots, suggesting that this enzyme system is not a good parameter for the evaluation of mycorrhizal colonization. As available P in the soil increased, total EST activity appeared to increase as well. Interestingly, total peroxidase (POX) activity increased along with P suggesting that as plant P nutrition improved, both cell wall ramification and the quantity of defense peroxidases increased as well. Total POX activity from mycorrhizal roots was inversely correlated with root colonization, indicating that there was suppression of POX activity by the host under low soil P. Most interestingly, formononetin further decreased POX activity regardless of the level of P or mycorrhizal status. This may suggest one mechanism by which formononetin enhances root VAM colonization. The presence of this isoflavone suppressed POX activity in mycorrhizal roots allowing a rapid penetration and spread of the fungus in the root cortex. The interplay between host root, soil P levels, secondary metabolites and endogenous host enzyme activities and a particular VAM fungus has a profound effect on the efficiency, duration and functioning of an endomycorrhizal symbiosis.
Synthesis of dihydrothymidine and thymidine glycol 5'-triphosphates and their ability to serve as substrates for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (1987)

5,6-Dihydrothymidine 5'-triphosphate (DHdTTP) was synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of thymidine 5'-triphosphate (dTTP). Thymidine glycol 5'-triphosphate (dTTP-GLY) was prepared by bromination of dTTP followed by treatment with Ag2O. The modified nucleotides were extensively purified by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alkaline phosphatase digestion of DHdTTP and dTTP-GLY gave the expected products (5,6-dihydrothymidine and cis-thymidine glycol), the identities of which were confirmed by reverse-phase HPLC using authentic markers. HPLC analysis of the alkaline phosphatase digested DHdTTP revealed that DHdTTP was a mixture of C5 diastereoisomers [(5S)- and (5R)-DHdTTP]. Despite the significant distortion of the pyrimidine ring in DHdTTP, it was incorporated in place of dTTP during primer elongation catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment. The rate of incorporation of DHdTTP was about 10-25-fold lower than that of dTTP. On the other hand, dTTP-GLY, which also has a distorted pyrimidine ring, did not replace dTTP, and no elongation of the primer was observed. In order to study the preference of incorporation of the diastereoisomers of DHdTTP into DNA, salmon testes DNA, activated by exonuclease III, was used as a template for DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment in the presence of [3H]DHdTTP (S and R mixture) and normal nucleotides. After enzymatic digestion of the DNA to nucleosides, the products were analyzed by HPLC. The ratio of the isomers incorporated into DNA (S:R = 73.27) was virtually the same as that of the [3H]DHdTTP substrates (S:R = 79.21).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms. (2007)

Both lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction have a very high prevalence among aging men, and there is some clinical evidence that they may share a common pathophysiology. Consequently, several preliminary studies of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors-sildenafil and tadalafil-have recently been conducted in men with concomitant erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms to determine whether these agents are effective for the treatment of symptomatic BPH. These studies have demonstrated efficacy, both alone and in combination with an alpha-blocker, in treating lower urinary tract symptoms along with sexual dysfunction. However, larger-scale randomized studies are necessary to determine long-term safety, efficacy, and cost effectiveness.
A 0.8-V 4096-Pixel CMOS Sense-and-Stimulus Imager for Retinal Prosthesis (2013)

This paper presents a 0.8-V CMOS imager with 4096 pixels and an integrated sense-and-stimulus (SAS) function for retinal prosthesis. The pixel consists of a photon-to-biphasic-current converter (sense) and a balanced current-mode stimulator (stimulus) to achieve a highly integrated and low-power solution for high-resolution vision recovery. Three operation modes, that is, test mode, programming (PG) mode, and implanted (IP) mode, have been implemented for various purposes. In test mode, the internal signals are multiplexed out serially for chip verification. In PG mode, the output pattern of the current stimulator array is programmable by external addresses for patterned electrical stimulus experiments of retina. In IP mode, the chip is fully functional with a minimized number of input/output as four optimized for in vivo operation. A prototype chip with a 64 × 64 SAS-pixel array, a 30 × 30 × μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> pixel size, and a 33.3% fill factor was designed and fabricated in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18- μm CMOS image sensor technology. The proposed chip was operational under a wide supply range from 0.8 to 1.8 V. The measured conversion gains and maximal biphasic current amplitudes are 144 nA/lx (1.8 V), 21 nA/lx (0.8 V), ± 50 & μA (1.8 V), and ±10 & μA (0.8 V), respectively. The proposed SAS CMOS imager presents an integrated SAS solution for artificial retina with the highest array resolution of 4096 pixels and a low power consumption of 0.18 mW at 12.5 ft/s and a 0.8-V supply under 300-lx illumination.
An Intemporal Model of Asset Prices in a Markov Economy with a Limiting Stationary Distribution (1992)

A testable single-beta model of asset prices is presented. If state variables have a long-run stationary joint density function, then the rate return on a very long-term default-free discount bond will be perfectly correlated with the representative investor’s marginal utility of consumption. Thus, the covariance of an asset’s return with the return on such a bond will be an appropriate measure of the asset’s riskiness. The model can be, therefore, applied or tested even though the market portfolio or aggregate consumption may not be observable. It also is shown that the expected rate of return on a very long-term bond is equal to its variance. This proposition can be tested to determine whether state variables follow stationary processes.
Triacylglycerol and coronary heart disease (1997)

Based on meta-analysis of prospective studies from the epidemiological literature, TAG is a risk factor for CVD, independent of HDL-cholesterol. The RR values were 1.3 and 1.8 for a 1 mmol/l increase in TAG among men and women respectively. Adjustment for HDL-cholesterol and other risk factors attenuated these estimates, but they remained statistically significant. Recent prospective findings from the Stanford Five City Project (Gardner et al. 1996) and the Physicians' Health Study (Stampfer et al. 1996) further demonstrate that TAG and LDL size are highly inter-related risk factors for CHD. Quantitative genetic analysis from large-scale family studies show that these correlations reflect common genetic influences that may be important for understanding genetic susceptibility to CHD.
Friction Stir Welding of High Carbon Tool Steel (SK85) below Eutectoid Temperature (2009)

The present study is concerned with applying FSW to a high carbon tool steel (0.85 wt % carbon, JIS-SK85, AISI-1080) with below and above A₁(726℃) welding conditions and analyzing the joints as well as evaluating the joint quality. Defect-free joints can be successfully fabricated and the joint structure and the mechanical properties were investigated for both conditions. The microstructures of the above A₁ joints mainly consisted of martensite. Therefore, the micro-hardness of the above A₁ joints is significantly higher at more than 1000HV. The tensile tests results are scattered and some of the joints are fractured at the stir zone while others are fractured the base metal. On the other hand, the microstructures of the below A₁ joints consist of ferrite with globular cementite, and grain-refinement occurs because no phase transformation to the martensite structures occurs. The high carbon tool steel was successfully friction-stir was welded below the A₁ and a method has been established to obtain sound joints which show a stable fracture and a good strength.
스마트폰 내비게이션 앱의 주행사용 중 User Interface 조작요소의 사용성 평가 (2014)

자동차 내비게이션 시스템은 스마트 디바이스의 출현으로 많은 변화를 겪고 있고 특히 스마트폰이 기존 내비게이션의 자리를 대체해가고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 주행상황 중 스마트폰 내비게이션 앱의 조작요소에 대한 사용성 평가로서 본 연구의 결과들은 내비게이션 앱의 조작요소에서 필요한 사용성 원칙들을 제시하고 있다. 현재 내비게이션 앱들은 아직 초기단계로서 사용성 측면에서 많은 개선점을 보이고 있다. 따라서 선정된 내비게이션 앱 3종에 대한 주행상황 조작요소의 사용성 평가를 통해 조작요소의 문제점을 도출하고 개선방향을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 사용성 원칙과 이에 따른 평가리스트 도출을 위해 UX 및 UI 전문가들을 통한 휴리스틱 평가방법을 사용하였으며 도출된 평가리스트를 통해 선정된 테스터를 대상으로 5개 조작과제에 대한 사용성 평가 및 FGI를 진행하였다. 연구결과에 의하면 3개의 앱 중에서 블랙박스 기능은 T-map, 올레내비는 블랙박스기능을 제외한 나머지 조작요소에서 높은 사용성 점수를 보였으며 이는 간단한 조작절차와 의도한 기능으로의 자유로운 전환 및 직관성에서 기인하는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구결과는 조작체계 설계단계에서 사용성 원칙에 의한 평가를 통해 개발이 이루어져야 하고 이를 고려하여 디자인해야 함을 의미하고 있다.
Digital filtering with applications to electrocardiogram processing (1968)

The first part of this paper is a description of the design of low-pass, bandpass, high-pass, and notched filter difference equations using Z-transform techniques. The difference equation coefficient word lengths are significantly reduced by using a set of second-order difference equations. These equations have a form that minimizes computation. The second part of the paper contains applications of these filters to the processing of electrocardiograms (ECG). The filters are included as subroutines in a program that also includes an adaptive muscle-tremor filter, an "optimum" ECG estimator, and optimum estimators for the arrival time of various parts of the ECG waveform. Clinical results are presented.
Fast Non-Contact Dielectric Characterization for SiC MOS Processing (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
A Land Use Survey of Developed Areas in England and Wales (1977)

This paper was first given to The British Cartographic Society meeting in the Autumn of 1976. It discusses the project, its origins and development, and the close liaison between the Department of the Environment and Fairey Surveys Ltd. in its execution.
Non-Oxide Sol–Gel Chemistry: Preparation from Tris(dialkylamino)silazanes of a Carbon-Free, Porous, Silicon Diimide Gel (1999)

The acid-catalyzed ammonolysis of the hitherto unknown compound tris(dimethylamino)silylamine (1), which is prepared from SiCl4 in high yield and purity, results in the preparation of a silicon diimide gel. The probable first step in this process is the acid-catalyzed self-condensation of 1 to the cyclic trimer [{(CH3)2N}2SiNH]3. This ammonolysis under mild conditions in THF provides a semirigid translucent gel. On drying under mild conditions in an ammonia atmosphere this non-oxide gel yields a high surface area silicon diimide xerogel that is the first example of a porous non-oxide silicate gel.
Spatial correlation as leading indicator of catastrophic shifts (2009)

Generic early-warning signals such as increased autocorrelation and variance have been demonstrated in time-series of systems with alternative stable states approaching a critical transition. However, lag times for the detection of such leading indicators are typically long. Here, we show that increased spatial correlation may serve as a more powerful early-warning signal in systems consisting of many coupled units. We first show why from the universal phenomenon of critical slowing down, spatial correlation should be expected to increase in the vicinity of bifurcations. Subsequently, we explore the applicability of this idea in spatially explicit ecosystem models that can have alternative attractors. The analysis reveals that as a control parameter slowly pushes the system towards the threshold, spatial correlation between neighboring cells tends to increase well before the transition. We show that such increase in spatial correlation represents a better early-warning signal than indicators derived from time-series provided that there is sufficient spatial heterogeneity and connectivity in the system.
Experimental observation of large room-temperature current gains in a Stark effect transistor (1991)

We report experimental observation of room-temperature current gains as large as 50 in a novel transistor grown in the InAs/GaSb/AlSb material system. Due to the unique degree of flexibility this material system offers in choosing band alignments, the base and collector terminals are separated by a quantum barrier while electrons traveling between the emitter and collector terminals do not tunnel across any classically forbidden regions, even though a quasi-bound state exists in the quantum well collector. This asymmetry in current conduction between the terminals of the device leads to transistor action: applying a bias to the base terminal electrostatically modulates the emitter-collector current through Stark shifts of the energy levels in the quantum well collector, while the quantum barrier between the base and collector terminals suppresses the base current. Because transport through the structure is dependent on resonant transmission, this novel transistor holds promise for the fabrication of high-speed circuits.
The storage products in genetic and swainsonine-induced human mannosidosis (1983)

Swainsonine induces the accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in human fibroblasts. The composition of the storage products shows that swainsonine completely inhibits lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase and alters processing of glycoproteins by inhibiting Golgi alpha-D-mannosidase II. Comparison of the storage products in genetic and swainsonine-induced mannosidosis suggests that human fibroblasts contain a lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase that is unaffected in genetic mannosidosis.
Discrete representation of signals (1972)

In processing continuous-time signals by digitalmeans, it is necessary to represent the signal by a digital sequence. There are many ways other than periodic sampling for obtaining such a sequence. The requirements for such representations and some examples are discussed within the framework of simulating linear time-invariant systems. The representation of digital sequences by other digital sequences is also discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of such representations to implement a nonlinear warping of the digital frequency axis. Some applications and hardware implementation of this digital-frequency warping are described.