gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel SVM-based hysteresis current controller (1998)

In this paper, a novel space vector modulation (SVM)-based hysteresis current controller (HCC) for squirrel cage induction motors is proposed. This technique utilizes all advantages of the HCC and SVM technique. The controller determines a set of space vectors from a region detector and applies a space vector selected according to the main HCC. A set of space vectors including the zero vector to reduce the number of switchings is determined from the sign of the output frequency and output signals of three comparators with a little larger hysteresis band than that of the main HCC. A simple hardware implementation is proposed and experimental results of the SVM-based HCC are also shown.
Wall Transitions in Coupled Films (1965)

Néel walls have been generally observed in Permalloy films below a certain thickness whereas thicker films seem to support Bloch walls or cross-tie walls. Two coupled Permalloy films of 81% Ni-19% Fe composition separated by a layer of silicon monoxide were used to study domain wall interactions. Néel walls with no Bloch lines were observed in 900-Å coupled film segments with 300-Å film separation. In a single layer of Permalloy of this thickness, Bloch walls predominate. Since the separating layer is an insulator and nonferromagnetic, the interaction is thought to be magnetostatic. The films were prepared in a step fashion on a single substrate so that uncoupled and coupled portions of a film, prepared in the same evaporation, could be observed simultaneously using Bitter powder pattern technique. Multiple-step coupled structures of varying film thickness with constant separation and varying separation with constant film thickness were prepared with thicknesses chosen in the region of Néel-Bloch transition. The coercive force of the coupled film segments is lower than that of similar uncoupled film segments. The coercive force starts to decrease at film separations of approximately 1100 Å.
On The Rate and Extent of Drug Delivery to the Brain (2007)

To define and differentiate relevant aspects of blood-brain barrier transport and distribution in order to aid research methodology in brain drug delivery. Pharmacokinetic parameters relative to the rate and extent of brain drug delivery are described and illustrated with relevant data, with special emphasis on the unbound, pharmacologically active drug molecule. Drug delivery to the brain can be comprehensively described using three parameters: Kp,uu (concentration ratio of unbound drug in brain to blood), CLin (permeability clearance into the brain), and Vu,brain (intra-brain distribution). The permeability of the blood-brain barrier is less relevant to drug action within the CNS than the extent of drug delivery, as most drugs are administered on a continuous (repeated) basis. Kp,uu can differ between CNS-active drugs by a factor of up to 150-fold. This range is much smaller than that for log BB ratios (Kp), which can differ by up to at least 2,000-fold, or for BBB permeabilities, which span an even larger range (up to at least 20,000-fold difference). Methods that measure the three parameters Kp,uu, CLin, and Vu,brain can give clinically valuable estimates of brain drug delivery in early drug discovery programmes.
Clustered table-based macromodels for RTL power estimation (2003)

Macromodeling is considered the most effective approach to RTL power estimation. Among the macromodels presented in the literature, table-based ones have overcome some of the limitations of conventional, equation-based solutions. In this paper we propose some enhancements to the basic implementation of table-based macromodels that improve the estimation accuracy while preserving the intrinsic robustness.
Is autoinducer-2 a universal signal for interspecies communication: a comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the synthesis and signal transduction pathways (2004)

The genomic analysis indicates that the LuxS enzyme required for AI-2 synthesis is widespread in bacteria, while the periplasmic binding protein LuxP is only present in Vibrio strains. Thus, other organisms may either use components different from the AI-2 signal transduction system of Vibrio strains to sense the signal of AI-2, or they do not have such a quorum sensing system at all.
Left Ventricular Rotation and Twist: Why Should We Learn? (2011)

The left ventricle twists in systole storing potential energy and untwists (recoils) in diastole releasing the energy. Twist aids left ventricular ejection and untwist aids relaxation and ventricular filling. Therefore, rotation and torsion are important in cardiac mechanics. However, the methodology of their investigations is limited to invasive techniques or magnetic resonance imaging. With the advent of speckle tracking echocardiography, however, rotation and torsion (twist) become familiar to echocardiographers. In this review, I outline the mechanism and influencing factors of rotation and torsion with the anticipation of the routine use of these measurements in clinical practice.
Class modules in object-oriented software development (2002)

A discussion is presented of the possibilities of viewing software construction activities as identifying software components and wiring them together to perform prescribed functions. It is shown that class modules provide an extension to object-oriented programming languages. They can be used to naturally encapsulate external functionalities of subsystems. With such a construct, the interface complexity can be controlled at its minimum; only information pertinent to intermodule communications need and should be present in a module's interface definition. More importantly, class modules could potentially make subsystems easier to understand and maintain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Diluted Lidocaine in Local Anesthesia for Facelift Procedures (2007)

The maximal recommended local anesthetic dose of lidocaine is 7 mg/kg; higher doses are used in tumescent liposuction. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of high-dose diluted lidocaine administered together with epinephrine for local anesthesia in facelift procedures. This was a prospective study of six female patients undergoing elective facelift surgery. The local anesthetic solution consisted of 0.33% lidocaine, 0.07% sodium bicarbonate, and 1:600,000 epinephrine in normal saline. Plasma lidocaine levels were determined in the course of 24 hours and were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Patients' age was 58.5 +/- 8 years and weight 68.5 +/- 18.7 kg. Mean lidocaine dose was 21.6 +/- 3.6 mg/kg (range, 17.5-26.3 mg/kg) infiltrated subcutaneously over 20 minutes or less. No lidocaine-related adverse effects were recorded. Major bleeding was not observed. Postoperative analgesia was required only at 11.8 +/- 4.6 hours after surgery. Pharmacokinetic analysis was peak concentration 1.41 +/- 0.4 microg/mL, time to reach peak concentration 9.3 +/- 1.6 hours, terminal half-life 6.2 +/- 1.5 hours, area under the curve from time zero to last data point 1379.8 +/- 470 microg/min/mL, and area under the curve from time zero to infinity 1530.6 +/- 471.6 microg/min/mL. Plasma lidocaine concentrations formed almost a plateau between 2 and 12 hours (ie, at approximately 1.2 microg/mL) after infiltration. It is concluded that local anesthesia with diluted lidocaine at a dose 3.1 times higher than the currently recommended dose (7 mg/kg) administered with epinephrine yielded a peak plasma lidocaine level that was 72% below the level considered safe (5 microg/mL).
Recent Advances in Memristive Materials for Artificial Synapses (2018)

Abstract Neuromorphic architectures are in the spotlight as promising candidates for substituting current computing systems owing to their high operation speed, scale‐down ability, and, especially, low energy consumption. Among candidate materials, memristors have shown excellent synaptic behaviors such as spike time‐dependent plasticity and spike rate‐dependent plasticity by gradually changing their resistance state according to electrical input stimuli. Memristor can work as a single synapse without programming support, which remarkably satisfies the requirements of neuromorphic computing. Here, the most recent developments in memristor‐based artificial synapses are introduced with their excellent synaptic behaviors accompanied with detailed explanation of their working mechanisms. As conventional memristive materials, metal oxides are reviewed with recent advancements in heterojunction technologies. An overview of organic materials is presented with their remarkable synaptic behaviors including their advantages of biocompatibility, low cost, complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor compatibility, and ductility. 2D materials are also introduced as promising candidates for artificial synapses owing to their flexibility and scalability. As emerging materials, halide perovskites and low‐dimensional materials are presented with their synaptic behaviors. In the last section, future challenges and research directions are discussed. This review article is hoped to be a guide to rational materials design for the artificial synapses of neuromorphic computing.
Platelets and atherosclerosis (1994)

Despite the broad array of mechanisms designed to protect the endothelial lining of every blood vessel in the body and maintain the fluid state of blood, injury does occur. Chronic and recurrent damage result in development of lesions characteristic of atherosclerosis. The loss of vascular integrity associated with the pathological process of atherogenesis triggers the haemostatic mechanism. As a result, fibrin and platelets become a part of atherosclerotic lesions and play a role in their progression. Growth of the plaques and destruction of normal endothelium triggers further involvement of platelets leading to occlusion of arteries in the heart and brain, resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Understanding the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and limiting its contribution may reduce morbidity and mortality of this dread disease.
Frequency of Disinfectant Resistance Genes and Genetic Linkage with β-Lactamase Transposon Tn<i>552</i>among Clinical Staphylococci (2002)

A total of 61 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 177 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from the blood of patients with bloodstream infections and from the skin of both children under cancer treatment and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The MIC analyses revealed that 118 isolates (50%) were resistant to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). The frequencies of resistance to a range of antibiotics were significantly higher among BC-resistant staphylococci than among BC-sensitive staphylococci. Of 78 BC-resistant staphylococcal isolates, plasmid DNA from 65 (83%), 2 (3%), 43 (55%), and 15 (19%) isolates hybridized to qacA or -B (qacA/B), qacC, blaZ, and tetK probes, respectively. The qacA/B and blaZ probes hybridized to the same plasmid in 19 (24%) staphylococcal strains. The plasmids harboring both qacA/B and blaZ genes varied from approximately 20 to 40 kb. The Staphylococcus epidermidis Fol62 isolate, harboring multiresistance plasmid pMS62, contained qacA/B and blaZ together with tetK. Molecular and genetic studies indicated different structural arrangements of blaZ and qacA/B, including variable intergenic distances and transcriptional directions of the two genes on the same plasmid within the strains. The different organizations may be due to the presence of various genetic elements involved in cointegration, recombination, and rearrangements. These results indicate that qac resistance genes are common and that linkage between resistance to disinfectants and penicillin resistance occurs frequently in clinical isolates in Norway. Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals.
RDF Aggregate Queries and Views (2005)

Resource description framework (RDF) is a rapidly expanding Web standard. RDF databases attempt to track the massive amounts of Web data and services available. In this paper, we study the problem of aggregate queries. We develop an algorithm to compute answers to aggregate queries over RDF databases and algorithms to maintain views involving those aggregates. Though RDF data can be stored in a standard relational DBMS (and hence we can execute standard relational aggregate queries and view maintenance methods on them), we show experimentally that our algorithms that operate directly on the RDF representation exhibit significantly superior performance.
Specific blockade of slowly activating I<sub>sK</sub> channels by chromanols — impact on the role of I<sub>sK</sub> channels in epithelia (1996)

Chromanols, which were recently shown to inhibit cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion in colon crypts via a blockade of a cAMP-activated K+ conductance, were analyzed for their effects on distinct cloned K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The lead chromanol 293B specifically inhibited I(sK) channels with an IC50 of 7 micromol/l without affecting the delayed rectifier Kv1.1 or the inward rectifier Kir2.1. Moreover, several other chromanols displayed the same rank order of potency for I(sK) inhibition as demonstrated in colon crypts. Finally, we tested the effects of the previously described I(sK) blocker azimilide on cAMP mediated Cl- secretion in rat colon crypts. Similar to 293B azimilide inhibited the forskolin induced Cl- secretion. These data suggest that I(sK) protein induced K+ conductances are the targets for the chromanol 293B and its analogues, and azimilide.
Ultrafast transmission electron microscopy using a laser-driven field emitter: Femtosecond resolution with a high coherence electron beam (2016)

We present the development of the first ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UTEM) driven by localized photoemission from a field emitter cathode. We describe the implementation of the instrument, the photoemitter concept and the quantitative electron beam parameters achieved. Establishing a new source for ultrafast TEM, the Göttingen UTEM employs nano-localized linear photoemission from a Schottky emitter, which enables operation with freely tunable temporal structure, from continuous wave to femtosecond pulsed mode. Using this emission mechanism, we achieve record pulse properties in ultrafast electron microscopy of 9Å focused beam diameter, 200fs pulse duration and 0.6eV energy width. We illustrate the possibility to conduct ultrafast imaging, diffraction, holography and spectroscopy with this instrument and also discuss opportunities to harness quantum coherent interactions between intense laser fields and free-electron beams.
Vitamin B-6 Status Indices Are Lower in Pregnant than in Nonpregnant Women but Urinary Excretion of 4-Pyridoxic Acid Does Not Differ (1993)

The cause of reduced plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration and the validity of plasma PLP concentration as a vitamin B-6 status indicator during pregnancy are not well understood. In this study, pregnant and nonpregnant women consumed a controlled diet for 5 d to exclude dietary intake as a factor in altered vitamin B-6 metabolic utilization. Plasma PLP and pyridoxal (PL) concentrations were significantly lower and higher, respectively, and plasma PL+PLP concentration was significantly lower during pregnancy. When plasma PLP and PL concentrations were normalized based on plasma albumin concentration, the differences were less marked but were still significant. The erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient was significantly greater in pregnant women which is a further indication of reduced vitamin B-6 concentrations in the blood. No difference was observed in the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid between the pregnant and nonpregnant women. Results of this study demonstrate that vitamin B-6 status indices are lower during pregnancy without differences in the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid.
Medical waste management plan (2017)

The development objective of the Emergency Health and Nutrition Project for Yemen is to prevent and/or mitigate the negative effects of medical waste on human health and the environment. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are include : (i) to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the exposure of health workers, patients and the public to the risks from medical waste; (ii) storage and handling errors can cost thousands of dollars in wasted vaccine and revaccination, and create medical waste; (iii) every facility should have detailed written protocols for routine and emergency vaccine storage and handling and they should be updated annually; (iv) health care providers and personnel may be exposed to general infections, blood-borne pathogens, and other potential infectious materials (OPIM) during care and treatment, as well as during collection, handling, treatment, and disposal of health care waste; (v) use safer needle devices and needleless devices to decrease needle stick or other sharps exposures; (vi) waste should be collected daily at the same time (or as frequently as required) and transported to the designated central storage/treatment site; (vii) establish procedures and mechanisms to provide for separate collection of urine, feces, blood, vomits, and other wastes from patients treated with genotoxic drugs. Such wastes are hazardous and should be treated accordingly; (viii) bulk liquids to be transported off-site shall, in addition to the above requirements, be placed in rigid containers; (ix) reuse of equipment following sterilization and disinfection (e.g. sharps containers).
Design of an off-axis see-through display based on a dynamic phase correction approach (2011)

The design and the analysis of an off-axis (50°) diffractive imaging optical system is presented in this paper. A 10°x15° field of view is considered. The optical system is composed of two diffractive optical elements. A static diffractive optical element having a frozen phase transfer function is used to perform a virtual point in the considered field of view. A dynamic diffractive optical element having an adapted calculated phase transfer function is used to compensate for aberrations of the static element. Using a sequential creation of virtual image points and considering human eye characteristics, it is shown that a nine points virtual image can be obtained with current technology. Moreover, it is presented that aberrations can be compensated whatever the position of the virtual point in the 10°x15° field of view. Finally, using rigorous coupled wave analysis, it is shown that an average diffraction efficiency of 79% can be reached across the considered field of view with a standard deviation of nearly 5%.
The Adsorption of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide by Bacteria, its Action in Releasing Cellular Constituents and its Bactericidal Effects (1951)

SUMMARY: The form of the uptake curve of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is that of an adsorption isotherm. Tested on six different bacteria, the maximum amounts of CTAB adsorbed showed variations from one organism to another. When ceils of Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli or Salmonella pullorum are suspended in water, the ultra-violet spectrum of the supernatant liquid has a maximum absorption at a wave-length of 260 mμ. The height of this maximum is greatly increased when the cells are suspended in CTAB solutions instead of water. Free purines and pyrimidines contribute to this maximum. There is a parallel relationship between the leakage of 260 mμ.-absorbing material, glutamic acid and inorganic phosphorus from two CTAB-treated Gram-positive bacteria, when their release is followed during the initial rapid phase of leakage. There is a similar relationship for Each. coli. although no glutamic acid is released. Release of cell constituents from CTAB-treated Staph. aureus continues slowly for some time after the initial process and is accompanied by a decrease in dry weight of the cells and a gradual change from positive to negative in their Gram-staining reaction. The rate of release of cellular constituents was increased by raising the temperature or by treatment with high concentrations of CTAB. Treatment of suspensions with sufficient CTAB to sterilize them released amounts of cell constituents comparable to those released by placing the cells in boiling water. When smaller amounts of CTAB were used, a quantitative relationship was found between the amount of CTAB present, the proportion of cells killed and the amount of 260 mμ.-absorbing material released.
Endocytosis of Viruses and Bacteria (2014)

Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments, they take advantage of the endocytosis machinery and exploit the network of endocytic organelles for penetration into the cytosol or as sites of replication. In this review, we discuss the endocytic entry processes used by viruses and bacteria and compare the strategies used by these dissimilar classes of pathogens.
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Modified Spherical and Cube-Like Gold Nanoparticles as Extrinsic Raman Labels in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based Heterogeneous Immunoassays (2008)

This paper reports on the characterization and preliminary comparison of gold nanoparticles of differing surface modification and shape when used as extrinsic Raman labels (ERLs) in high-sensitivity heterogeneous immunoassays based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). ERLs are gold nanoparticles coated with an adlayer of an intrinsically strong Raman scatterer, followed by a coating of a molecular recognition element (e.g., antibody). Three types of ERLs, all with a nominal size of ∼30 nm, were fabricated by using spherical citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (sp-cit-Au NPs), spherical CTAB-capped gold nanoparticles (sp-CTAB-Au NPs), or cube-like CTAB-capped gold nanoparticles (cu-CTAB-Au NPs) as cores. The performance of these particles was assessed via a sandwich immunoassay for human IgG in phosphate buffered saline. The ERLs fabricated with sp-CTAB-Au NPs as cores proved to be more than 50 times more sensitive than those with sp-cit-Au NPs as cores; the same comparison showed that the ERLs with cu-CTAB-Au NPs as cores were close to 200 times more sensitive. Coupled with small differences in levels of nonspecific adsorption, these sensitivities translated to a limit of detection (LOD) of 94, 2.3, and 0.28 ng/mL, respectively, for the detection of human IgG in the case of sp-cit-Au NPs, sp-CTAB-Au NPs, and cu-CTAB-Au NPs. The LOD of the cu-CTAB-Au NPs is therefore ∼340 times below that for the sp-cit-Au NPs. Potential applications of these labels to bioassays are briefly discussed.