gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic Verification of ISDN Network Layer Protocol (1990)

This paper presents an algorithmic procedure for checking logical correctness of communication protocols and discusses its application to the Q.931 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) network layer protocol. A protocol is specified as a collection of communicating finite-state machines (FSMs). The procedure described here consists of two steps. In the first step, the FSMs in the protocol are composed into a global FSM using the incremental composition and reduction (ICR) method. This method minimizes the state explosion problem by reducing the number of states in the global FSM by approximately one to two orders of magnitude while maintaining its observational equivalence. The second step checks whether the behavior of the service FSM, an FSM that models the services expected from the protocol, is a subset of the global FSM's behavior. A software tool, called APROVE (A Protocol Verifier), implements this procedure. We present the formal specification of Q.931 as a collection of 14 communicating FSMs. The results of its verification using APROVE are also reported. Several cases of incompleteness in the English language specification of Q.931 were detected in this exercise.
Novel microwave-induced steps of intrinsic Josephson junctions in mesa-shaped BSCCO single crystals (1996)

We have been investigated the current - voltage characteristics of naturally stacked intrinsic Josephson junctions in mesa-shaped single crystals, having dimensions in the ab plane larger than the Josephson penetration depth, without and with microwave irradiations. In the absence of microwave irradiation, a gaplike feature and multiple resistive branches that imply SIS series junctions were observed in the current - voltage characteristic. Under appropriate conditions of microwave irradiation, we successfully observed striking microwave-induced subharmonic steps, caused by the phase-locked oscillation of a coupled multifluxon, with nearly equal voltage separations on the I - V characteristics of a mesa in the cavity resonant mode.
Preparation, properties, and reductive alkylation of arylhydrazides (1998)

1-Acyl-2-arylhydrazines (1), readily obtained in high yield from the condensation of arylhydrazines and the appropriate liquid carboxylic acid (2), underwent reductive alkylation with the same or different liquid carboxylic acids (2) and NaBH4 to give 1-acyl-2-alkyl-2-arylhydrazines (3) in good to moderate yields. The carboxylic acid has both the role of supplying the entering alkyl group and of acting as solvent. Most likely, it also modifies the BH4- anion to an active reducing agent under those conditions. The 1H NMR criteria for identifying the location of acylation of hydrazines and E and Z isomers are given. The MS spectra of the prepared hydrazides were analyzed in order to identify relevant structural features leading to specific fragmentations.Key words: 1-acyl-2-arylhydrazine, 1-acyl-2-alkyl-2-arylhydrazine, reductive alkylation, sodium tetrahydroborate, carboxylic acid.
The test-retest variability of the caloric test: A comparison of a modified air irrigation with the conventional water technique (1996)

The bithermal caloric test has traditionally been carried out using water but air may also be used. One of the reported disadvantages of air is the high test-retest variability (Coats et al., 1976). A recent study by Moon and Munro (1996) demonstrated that the variability could be reduced by modifying the air irrigator probe to allow greater control of probe placement and direction of air flow within the ear canal. The aim of the present study was to compare the test-retest variability of the modified air technique and the conventional water technique. Twelve normal subjects underwent four full caloric tests: twice with water and twice with air. The results show that it is possible to obtain a similar test-retest variability with the two techniques. The range for canal paresis and directional preponderance are also similar. While further research is required, the modified air technique appears to provide a reliable alternative to the traditional water technique.
Broadband RF stage architecture for software-defined radio in handheld terminal applications (1999)

Broadband RF is a general-purpose common RF stage for every standard within a set of RF bands. The RF stage architecture presented in this article is suitable for software-defined radios. This article first defines the conceptual scheme of a handheld software defined radio (SDR) terminal, and then describes how the direct conversion principle is applied to the SDR. The discussion focuses on receiver hardware implementation and systematic control.
Association between low concentrations of antibodies to protein α and Rib and invasive neonatal group B streptococcal infection (2006)

These findings support the notion that antibodies to GBS surface proteins contribute to the protection against neonatal infection.
Achilles Tendinitis (1992)

Achilles tendinitis is a problem encountered frequently. There are certain anatomical and biomechanical principles that help explain the etiology of this entity. We prefer to separate our thinking into “insertional” and “noninsertional” Achilles tendinitis. This is helpful because it allows nonoperative and operative treatment to be problem specific and systematic.
A Study of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Hydroxybenzenes over Platinum and Rhodium Catalysts (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Hydroxybenzenes over Platinum and Rhodium CatalystsHilton A. Smith and Billy L. StumpCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 12, 2739–2743Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01473a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01473a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views581Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
2-Triazole-Substituted Adenosines:  A New Class of Selective A<sub>3</sub>Adenosine Receptor Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists (2006)

"Click chemistry" was explored to synthesize two series of 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine derivatives (1-14). Binding affinity at the human A(1), A(2A), and A(3)ARs (adenosine receptors) and relative efficacy at the A(3)AR were determined. Some triazol-1-yl analogues showed A(3)AR affinity in the low nanomolar range, a high ratio of A(3)/A(2A) selectivity, and a moderate-to-high A(3)/A(1) ratio. The 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl regiomers typically showed decreased A(3)AR affinity. Sterically demanding groups at the adenine C2 position tended to reduce relative A(3)AR efficacy. Thus, several 5'-OH derivatives appeared to be selective A(3)AR antagonists, i.e., 10, with 260-fold binding selectivity in comparison to the A(1)AR and displaying a characteristic docking mode in an A(3)AR model. The corresponding 5'-ethyluronamide analogues generally showed increased A(3)AR affinity and behaved as full agonists, i.e., 17, with 910-fold A(3)/A(1) selectivity. Thus, N(6)-substituted 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine analogues constitute a novel class of highly potent and selective nucleoside-based A(3)AR antagonists, partial agonists, and agonists.
Variation of trapping/detrapping properties as a function of the insulator size (1993)

Using the scanning electron microscope we have investigated the physical parameters determining the size effect of various dielectric samples submitted to a surface electric field. It is shown that the size effect is a function of the static permittivity and of the space charge distribution. The results are explained by the consideration of charge diffusion and polarization relaxation processes resulting from the space charge formation. A one-dimensional mathematical model has also been used to describe space charge distribution. The findings were consistent with the experimental observations.
Frequency independent suppression of interference signals on spread-spectrum communications (2002)

A novel device, called the frequency-independent strong-signal suppressor (FISSS), is described. It is placed after the antenna and uses an amplitude-dependent voltage standing wave ratio that exhibits a very sharp transition from matched load to open load. Signals having amplitudes greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g. the interfering signals) are absorbed, while weaker signals (e.g. the spread-spectrum signal) are reflected and extracted by means of a directional coupler. Some laboratory results are described such as the suppression of one or a few CW tones by tens of decibels and the improvement of bit error rate performance of a direct-sequence spread system by tens of decibels. The extension of the FISSS to frequency hopping is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biodegradable Protein-Based Rockets for Drug Transportation and Light-Triggered Release (2014)

We describe a biodegradable, self-propelled bovine serum albumin/poly-l-lysine (PLL/BSA) multilayer rocket as a smart vehicle for efficient anticancer drug encapsulation/delivery to cancer cells and near-infrared light controlled release. The rockets were constructed by a template-assisted layer-by-layer assembly of the PLL/BSA layers, followed by incorporation of a heat-sensitive gelatin hydrogel containing gold nanoparticles, doxorubicin, and catalase. These rockets can rapidly deliver the doxorubicin to the targeted cancer cell with a speed of up to 68 μm/s, through a combination of biocatalytic bubble propulsion and magnetic guidance. The photothermal effect of the gold nanoparticles under NIR irradiation enable the phase transition of the gelatin hydrogel for rapid release of the loaded doxorubicin and efficient killing of the surrounding cancer cells. Such biodegradable and multifunctional protein-based microrockets provide a convenient and efficient platform for the rapid delivery and controlled release of therapeutic drugs.
THE GREAT BATTERY SEARCH (1998)

This article explains why the hunt for the ideal EV battery is continuing. There is not a winner yet, but nickel-metal hydride technology has progressed enough for initial real-world deployment. Lithium-based systems may hold promise for the long term if they can overcome safety and cost issues.
Treatment options for glioblastoma (2006)

Following the seminal trial conducted by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC), concurrent temozolomide and radiotherapy has become the new standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Investigation of emerging therapies (which are now used as salvage therapy) such as small-molecule inhibitors (for example, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors) and convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of targeted toxins (for example, interleukin-13/pseudomonas exotoxin) is likely to build on the EORTC/NCIC treatment platform and will, it is hoped, improve survival rates in patients with GBM. The majority of adjuvant Phase I and II trials being conducted by the brain tumor consortia are based on the EORTC/NCIC treatment platform and have added a targeted therapy in an effort to find a promising synergistic treatment. Furthermore, researchers in the consortia are continuing to explore treatments for recurrent GBM, not otherwise eligible for local therapies, such as CED. The treatments under study include novel cytotoxic chemotherapy as well as small-molecule inhibitors; these are being assessed in a variety of Phase I or II trials.
Combining pay-per-view and video-on-demand services (2003)

Most efforts aimed at reducing the costs of video-on-demand services have focussed on reducing the cost of distributing the top ten to twenty videos by broadcasting them in a periodic fashion rather than waiting for individual requests. Unfortunately nearly all existing VoD broadcasting protocols require client set-top boxes (STB) to include enough local storage to store up to 55 percent of each video being viewed. Here we present a novel VoD broadcasting protocol that does not make that demand. Our dual broadcasting protocol can accommodate clients who do not have any storage device in their STB while providing a much lower maximum waiting time to customers whose STB includes a disk drive. We also discuss two possible extensions to this new protocol. One of them is aimed at reducing the bandwidth requirements of the protocol while the other extends the functionality of the VoD service by providing reverse and fast forward controls.
Preparation of zirconia thin films via sol-gel process from inorganic precursor (2000)

ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> thin films were prepared by sol-gel technology from suitable zirconia aqueous colloidal suspensions containing nano-crystalline ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> at room temperature synthesized by hydrothermal process from inorganic precursor (ZrOCl<SUB>2</SUB> (DOT) 8 H<SUB>2</SUB>O). By adding a soluble organic binder PVP to the suspension prior to application, it substantially increased the coating refractive index and the abrasion- resistance as well as the laser damage threshold. The features of the coatings and the colloidal suspensions were investigated. Multilayer highly reflective dielectric coatings were also elaborated by laying down quarterwave- thick alternating coatings of the binder-aided zirconia and silica, which was prepared with the sol-gel process from TEOS. Laser damage thresholds of 20 and 18 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> (1064 nm, 1 ns) were achieved for single ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>-PVP coating and ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>-PVP/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> multilayers respectively.
3D Drone-cell deployment optimization for drone assisted radio access networks (2017)

Drone-cell can enhance both the capacity and the coverage of Radio Access Networks (RAN) through relaying data between base stations and potential users. In this paper, we investigate the 3D spatial deployment problem of drone-cell in Drone Assisted Radio Access Networks (DA-RAN), and propose a solution based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. According to the drone-to-ground channel model, we formulate the drone-cell deployment problem with the objective to maximize coverage ratio of necessary users, while maintaining the link qualities between drone-cells and RAN. We design the per-Drone Iterated PSO (DI-PSO) algorithm to find the optimized deployments corresponding to different number of drone-cells. Simulation results show that the drone-cell deployments generated by the DI-PSO algorithm can improve RAN connectivity, and achieve higher coverage ratio when compared with the pure PSO based approach.
Series-parallel association of FET's for high gain and high frequency applications (1994)

This paper presents a simple approach in the design of composite field effect transistors with low output conductance. These transistors consist of the series association of two transistors, with the transistor connected to the drain terminal wider than the transistor connected to the source terminal. It is shown that this composite transistor has the same DC characteristics as a long-channel transistor of uniform width. A composite transistor has two main advantages over its "DC equivalent" transistor of uniform width: significant area savings and a higher cutoff frequency. The main application is low-voltage, high-frequency analog circuits. The proposed technique is particularly suited for analog design in gate arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Protocols (2001)

Plasmid Vectors Nicola Casali and Sabine Ehrt Isolation of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Paul D. van Helden, Thomas C. Victor, Robin M. Warren, and Eileen G. van Helden Extraction of RNA from Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Methods, Considerations, and Applications Irene M. Monahan, Joseph A. Mangan, and Philip D. Butcher Transposon Mutagenesis in Mycobacteria Using Conditionally Replicating Mycobacteriophages Stoyan S. Bardarov, Svetoslav S. Bardarov, Jr., and William R. Jacobs, Jr Gene Replacement and Transposon Delivery Using the Negative Selection Marker sacB Mary Jackson, Luis Reinaldo Camacho, Brigitte Gicquel, and Christophe Guilhot Gene Replacement Using Pretreated DNA Bhavna G. Gordhan and Tanya Parish Gene Replacement in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG Using rpsL+ as a Dominant Negative Selectable Marker Peter Sander, Burkhard Springer, and Erik C. Boettger Transcription Start-Site Mapping Farahnaz Movahedzadeh, Jorge A. Gonzalez-Y-Merchand, and Robert A. Cox Fluorescence and Brightfield Cytology of Live M. tuberculosis Cells Rory P. Cooney, Natalie J. Garton, and Michael R. Barer Phage Replication Technology for Diagnosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing Ruth McNerney Detection of Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a Dot Blot Hybridization Strategy Thomas C. Victor and Paul D. van Helden Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing of Mycobacteria Dick van Soolingen, Petra E. W. de Haas, and Kristin Kremer Preparation of Culture Filtrate Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ida Rosenkrands and Peter Andersen Analysis of the Capsule of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mamadou Daffe and Marie-Antoinette Laneelle Analysis of the Lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Richard A. Slaydenand Clifton E. Barry, 3rd In Vitro Model of Hypoxically Induced Nonreplicating Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lawrence G. Wayne Macrophage Virulence Assays Pauline T. Lukey and Elizabeth U. Hooker Analysis of Mycobacterium-Infected Macrophages by Immunoelectron Microscopy and Cell Fractionation Wandy Beatty and David G. Russell Real-Time PCR Using Molecular Beacons: A New Tool to Identify Point Mutations and to Analyze Gene Expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Riccardo Manganelli, Sanjay Tyagi, and Issar Smith Electronic Access to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sequence Data Julian Parkhill Proteomics Joanna C. Betts and Marjorie A. Smith Functional Genomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using DNA Microarrays Michael Wilson, Martin Voskuil, Dirk Schnappinger, and Gary K. Schoolnik Storage of Mycobacterial Strains Kristin Kremer, Tridia van der Laan, and Dick van Soolingen Safety in the Laboratory Heidi Alderton and Debbie Smith
Review on Ejector Efficiencies in Various Ejector Systems (2014)

The ejector efficiencies affect the ejector expansion systems significantly. This paper provides a literature review on ejector efficiency in various ejector systems, such as refrigeration and heat pump systems (transcritical systems and subcritical systems), solar systems, and steam systems. The definitions of ejector efficiency and ejector component efficiencies in literature are summarized. The assumed constant ejector component efficiencies used in ejector modeling, and the empirical correlations of ejector efficiencies derived based on measured data are summarized and compared; the methods of determining energy efficiencies are summarized. The effects of ejector geometries, operation conditions and working fluid characteristics (single phase or two-phase, zeotropic or azeotropic) on ejector efficiencies are discussed. The prospects of ejector application in and beyond the field of refrigeration are also discussed. The potential of ejector used in the low-pressure working fluids ejector systems are discussed based on variation of ejector efficiencies. This review will be useful for the further research on ejector efficiency, optimum operation and control of ejector expansion systems.
Improving Depth Sensitive Fluorescence Spectroscopy With Wavefront Shaping by Spectral and Spatial Filtering (2019)

Depth sensitive optical spectroscopy preferentially detects optical spectra from different depths in layered samples, which plays a crucial role in many applications such as the optical diagnosis of epithelial precancer and cancer. In depth sensitive optical measurements, multiple light scattering in tissues significantly degrades the depth sensitivity to a subsurface target layer. To address this issue, feedback based wavefront shaping led by guide stars can be used to refocus light to increase the depth sensitivity to a target layer. However, the lack of intrinsic guide stars in tissues or tissue-like samples often leads to poor enhancement in depth sensitive Raman/fluorescence measurements (~20% in the past literature) from the target layer due to the contribution from the overlaying non-target layer. In this study, we demonstrate that spatial filtering and spectral filtering can significantly improve the performance of depth sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy assisted by feedback based wavefront shaping in tissue-like scattering phantoms. The two filtering techniques work by effectively increasing the relative contribution from the target layer to the feedback signal during wavefront optimization through spatially and spectrally rejecting off-target fluorescence light, which is essentially similar to the role of time or coherence gating. When the filtering techniques are applied, a maximum of three-fold enhancement in fluorescence contribution from the target layer is observed, which is in contrast to nearly no enhancement in case of no filtering. This significant enhancement has not been reported previously for depth sensitive optical spectroscopy in the area of feedback based wavefront shaping. Therefore, our work represents a new advance towards the application of wavefront shaping in depth resolved optical spectroscopy for the characterization of layered structures such as epithelial tissues or drug tablets, in which the creation of an external guide star is challenging or not allowed.
An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites (2011)

There are various manufacturing processes for the interlacement of yarns to produce three-dimensional (3D) fabric structures as preforms for textile composites. The manufacturing route is determined by the end-use of composites and therefore the composite industry does not solely rely on one method but a selection of methods for fabric formation. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive overview on fabrication methods that can be used for making 3D textile woven preforms for composites. There are many different views on what 3D woven fabrics are, but one common understanding is that 3D fabrics must have substantial dimension in the thickness direction formed by layers of fabrics or yarns. In this paper we classify 3D woven textiles into those that can be manufactured on the conventional weaving technology and those that require specially made weaving machines/devices. This paper attempts to provide useful information for both the textile and composite engineers in developing textile composites for advanced applications.