gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
406 Optimum Design of Optical Multilayer Coatings for Solar Cell : Study on Spectral Control Considering Spectral-response Characteristics of Absorbing Layers (2005)

Usually solar panels are coated with anti-reflection films on their surface. The films aim to reduce and control the reflection from the surface of the panels. If multilayer thin films coating on the solar panel has the function of spectral control considering spectral-response characteristics of the absorbing layer of solar cell in addition to the anti-reflective function, optical and electrical losses will be reduced and the conversion efficiency will be improved. Several design results of multilayer thin films for CIGS solar cell by using the optimum design program for optical thin films developed in our laboratory are reported in this paper.
Characteristics of Bio-Oil-Syngas and Its Utilization in Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis (2007)

The Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using bio-oil-syngas has been investigated as a potential approach to obtaining clean liquid bio-fuels. Bio-oil-syngas, defined as the syngas obtained from bio-oil steam reforming, was generated via the catalytic steam reforming of homemade bio-oil. Bio-oil reforming performances including the hydrogen yield, carbon conversion, and main composition of the bio-oil-syngas have been investigated over three different catalysts (C12A7/15%Mg, 12%Ni/γ-Al2O3, and 1%Pt/γ-Al2O3) in a fixed-bed flow reactor. It was found that the most important parameters for steam reforming of the bio-oil were the temperature, the molar ratio of steam to carbon fed (S/C), and the reforming catalyst types. H2 and CO2 were the major reforming products together with a small amount of CO and CH4 in the effluent gaseous products of bio-oil steam reforming. The new catalyst C12A7/15%Mg exhibited high reforming activity under the optimum steam reforming conditions. The hydrogen yield of about 71% with a carbon conversion over 93% was obtained over the C12A7/15%Mg catalyst under reforming conditions of T = 750 °C, S/C = 6.0, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 26 000 h-1. Furthermore, FTS was performed in a fixed-bed flow reactor by using the H2/CO/CO2/N2 mixture as a model bio-oil-syngas. The effects of temperature (T), total pressure (P), contact time (W/F), and the CO2/(CO + CO2) ratio (r) on the FTS performance were investigated over the coprecipitated iron catalyst of Fe/Cu/Al/K. To obtain a higher total carbon (CO + CO2) conversion and higher C5+ selectivity, it was found that the optimum FTS conditions over the Fe/Cu/Al/K catalyst are T = 280∼300 °C, P = 1.0∼2.0 MPa, and W/F> 12.5 gcat·h·mol-1. A total carbon (CO + CO2) conversion of about 36% and a C5+ selectivity of about 44% were obtained under typical reaction conditions: T = 300 °C, P = 1.5 MPa, and W/F= 12.5 gcat·h·mol-1. It was also found that the CO2/(CO + CO2) ratio of the syngas has a remarkable effect on FTS performance, and r < 0.5 is more suitable for FTS in our investigated range. The characteristics of steam reforming catalysts and the FTS catalyst were also investigated by various characterization measurements.
A microscale multi-inlet vortex nanoprecipitation reactor: Turbulence measurement and simulation (2009)

Microscale reactors capable of generating turbulent flow are used in Flash NanoPrecipitation, an approach to produce functional nanoparticles with unique optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Microreactor design and optimization could be greatly enhanced by developing reliable computational models of the nanoprecipitation process. A microscale multi-inlet vortex nanoprecipitation reactor was investigated using microscopic particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics. Velocity data such as the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy displayed good agreement between experiment and simulation over flow conditions ranging from fully laminar to turbulent, demonstrating the accuracy of the simulation model over the entire turbulent transition range.
Effect of Self-Assembled Monolayer on Electroluminescence Properties of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2008)

We investigate the effect of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as a hole injection layer on the electroluminescence (EL) properties of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We modify the surface of an indium–tin-oxide (ITO) substrate using (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxysilane (F-SAM) and n-decyltriethoxysilane (CH3-SAM). The current of the OLED with F-SAM is higher that those of the OLEDs with or without CH3-SAM at the same voltage and the same as that of an OLED with copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). In addition, the half-lifetime of the OLED with F-SAM is 2500 times greater than that of the OLED without the hole injection layer and about twice that of the OLED with CuPc. We discuss the conduction mechanism of the OLED in terms of the barrier height of the hole injection and the voltage distribution of the organic layers.
The morphology of various types of cell death in prenatal tissues (1973)

Abstract The morphology of physiological cell death and of necroses caused by treatment with various embryotoxic substances (cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, vitamin A, vincristine, 6‐aminonicotinamide, 6‐mercaptopurine) and Mg deficiency were studied electron microscopically in rat and mouse embryos and fetuses. Three types of necroses were distinguished in control tissues. (1) Condensation and fragmentation of single cells undergoing phagocytosis, with lysosomal disintegration of the fragments in neighboring cells. (2) Primary formation of lysosomes in dying cells, with activation and subsequent destruction and phagocytosis of the fragments by neighboring cells. This type of cell death in most instances was found during destruction of organs and large cell units. (3) Disintegration of cells into fragments, which were optically no longer detectable, without involvement of the lysosomal system, e.g., in embryonic and epiphyseal cartilage before ossification. In cases of embryolethal toxic agents, e.g., Mg deficiency, cell necroses of large areas prevailed, which were characterized by typical pyknoses (rough, dense chromatin) and lack of lysosomes. In the case of teratogenic effects, however, substances that disturb replication, transcription, and translation (cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, 6‐mercaptopurine) caused an increase in the number of necroses of type 1. It can, therefore, be assumed that under these conditions similar processes take place in physiological and experimentally induced necroses. After administration of vitamin A, labilization of lysosomes and necroses of type 2 were observed.
Synthesis of Proanthocyanidins. Part 1. The First Oxidative Formation of the Interflavanyl Bond in Procyanidins (2008)

A novel and efficient method for the oxidative condensation of tetra-O-methyl-3-oxocatechin 4 with tetra-O-methylcatechin is described. Treatment of a solution of 3 (2 equiv) and 4 (1 equiv) with silver tetrafluoroborate readily affords the phenolic per-O-methyl ethers of 3-oxocatechin(4-8)-catechin 18 and 19. Subsequent metal hydride reduction provides access to procyanidin B-3 analogues with the 3,4-cis diastereomers predominating.
Scheduling in hybrid clouds (2012)

Schedulers for cloud computing determine on which processing resource jobs of a workflow should be allocated. In hybrid clouds, jobs can be allocated on either a private cloud or a public cloud on a pay per use basis. The capacity of the communication channels connecting these two types of resources impacts the makespan and the cost of workflow execution. This article introduces the scheduling problem in hybrid clouds presenting the main characteristics to be considered when scheduling workflows, as well as a brief survey of some of the scheduling algorithms used in these systems. To assess the influence of communication channels on job allocation, we compare and evaluate the impact of the available bandwidth on the performance of some of the scheduling algorithms.
Phloem‐specific expression of pyrophosphatase inhibits long distance transport of carbohydrates and amino acids in tobacco plants (1996)

ABSTRACT As reported in a previous paper [Lerchl et al . (1995) Plant Cell , 7, 259–270], expression of Escherichia coli inorganic pyrophosphatase in the cytosol under the control of the phloem‐specific rol C promoter from, Agobacterium rhizogenes results in decreased growth of transgenic tobacco plants. In this paper we investigate the effect of the phloem‐specific expression of pyrophosphatase on phloem metabolism, and on plant growth and allocation. A small decrease in the hexose phosphate/UDP‐glucose ratio, the ATP/ADP ratio and the respiration rate in the midribs of the transformants provides evidence Hint mobilization of sucrose via pyrophosphate‐dependent reactions is necessary for phloem energy metabolism. The source leaves of the transformants had higher levels of carbohydrates and amino acids and a much higher glutamine/glutamate ratio than the wild type, showing that export was inhibited and that the growth inhibition was not due to a lack of photoas‐similates or organic nitrogen in the leaves. The accumulation of photoassimilates was paralleled by a decrease in photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, a small increase in hexose phosphates and triose phosphates and a decrease in glycerate 3‐phosphate in the source leaves. There was a decrease of soluble sugars and amino acids in sink leaves of the transformants. In sink leaves amino acids decreased more than carbohydrates and a decrease in the glutamine/ glutamate ratio was observed. This was accompanied by a large decrease of nitrate. Sugars and amino acids were also reduced in the root tips of the transformants. The carbohydrate /amino acid ratio decreased 5‐fold in the root tips, indicating a particularly smile shortage of carbohydrates. Relatively high levels of sugars and amino acids in the basal regions of the root and the increase in sugars in the midrib indicate that there is also increased leakage of assimilates out of the phloem during long‐distance transport. Metabolism is required to maintain phloem function along the transport route, as well as for the initial step of loading. The transformants showed decreased stem and root growth. The growth inhibition was largest in conditions allowing rapid growth of the wild type (high light and nitrogen supply).
Wet silicon bulk micromachined THz waveguides for low-loss integrated sensor applications (2010)

Wet Si bulk micromachining enables producing hexagonally shaped waveguides (WH) with superior performance and are applicable to low THz frequency range. We discuss the fabrication process, hexagonal cross-section analysis, and balance between loss mitigation and operational frequency band of WH.
Strategies for decentralized resource management (1987)

Decentralized resource management in distributed systems has become more practical with the availability of communication facilities that support multicasting. In this paper we present several example solutions for managing resources in a decentralized fashion, using multicasting facilities. We review the properties of these solutions in terms of scalability, fault tolerance and efficiency. We conclude that decentralized solutions compare favorably to centralized solutions with respect to all three criteria.
Diffusion in correlated random potentials, with applications to DNA (2004)

Many biological processes involve one-dimensional diffusion over a correlated inhomogeneous energy landscape with a correlation length xi(c). Typical examples are specific protein target location on DNA, nucleosome repositioning, or DNA translocation through a nanopore, in all cases with xi(c) approximately 10 nm. We investigate such transport processes by the mean first passage time (MFPT) formalism, and find diffusion times which exhibit strong sample to sample fluctuations. For a displacement N, the average MFPT is diffusive, while its standard deviation over the ensemble of energy profiles scales as N(3/2) with a large prefactor. Fluctuations are thus dominant for displacements smaller than a characteristic N(c) >> xi(c) : typical values are much less than the mean, and governed by an anomalous diffusion rule. Potential biological consequences of such random walks, composed of rapid scans in the vicinity of favorable energy valleys and occasional jumps to further valleys, is discussed.
Origin of the Difference in Order−Disorder Transition Temperature between Polystyrene-<i>block</i>-poly(2-vinylpyridine) and Polystyrene-<i>block</i>-poly(4-vinylpyridine) Copolymers (2007)

Three polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (S2VP diblock) and three polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (S4VP diblock) copolymers with varying molecular weights and block compositions were synthesized via anionic polymerization, and their order−disorder transition temperatures (TODTs) were determined using oscillatory shear rheometry and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It has been found that for comparable molecular weight and block composition the TODT of S4VP diblock copolymer is exceedingly high compared with that of S2VP diblock copolymer. The experimental observation has been confirmed by theoretical predictions from currently held mean-field theory. For the theoretical predictions, temperature-dependent interaction parameters for the polystyrene (PS)/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) pair and the PS/poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) pair were determined from SAXS profiles obtained at varying temperatures ranging from 125 to 185 °C for a low-molecular-weight (LMW) S2VP diblock copolymer and ranging from 160 to 195 °C for an LMW S4VP diblock copolymer and curve fitting to the Leibler theory. The molecular weights of LMW S2VP and LMW S4VP diblock copolymers employed were 10 200 and 2720, respectively, enabling us to obtain SAXS profiles in the disordered state of the respective block copolymers. The temperature-dependent specific volumes of PS, P2VP, and P4VP were determined at temperatures ranging from 25 to 200 °C using spectroscopic ellipsometry. To find the origin of the experimentally observed difference in TODT between S2VP and S4VP diblock copolymers, the thermally stimulated current method and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy were employed to investigate differences in polarizability between S2VP and S4VP diblock copolymers. It is concluded that much higher TODT of S4VP diblock copolymers as compared with the TODT of S2VP diblock copolymers is attributable to the stronger polarizability of P4VP in S4VP diblock copolymer compared with the polarizability of P2VP in S2VP diblock copolymer.
Perceptions of Family Planning among Rural Kenyan Women (1983)

In this paper, 1981 survey data on the perceptions of family planning, and the family planning program of a sample of 1339 rural Kenyan women are examined. In spite of reasonable levels of family planning knowledge and approval, as well as generally favorable perceptions of family planning program goals, little contraceptive use was observed. High levels of desired fertility (average woman desired 8.00 children, male: 8.66 children) and the success of current noncontraceptive spacing practices were noted as possible explanations. Concern over the safety, availability, and cost of contraceptives was also noted as a contributory factor. The sample found that socioeconomic level correlated positively with approval especially in levels of work and education. Of all the women with any knowledge of family planning, only 30.1% had ever used any method and only 50% of the methods last used were efficient. Only 16.5% of the women who had knowledge of modern methods used them. Other factors in the low usage rates are distance from family planning clinics and lack of contact with any such facilities, their personnel, methods, or clients. In the absence of significant contraceptive practice, total fertility is determined largely by lactation practices. Considering the average number of children desired (8) and that breast feeding lasts for about 20 months, there is little need for modern contraception to achieve the ideal family size. The paper goes on to examine breast feeding duration and corresponding intervals between births to determine total actual fertility; actual levels do not exceed desired fertility levels and for many women actually fall short of desired fertility. Average birth interval was 34.9 months; total fertility level was 6.9 with observed breastfeeding intervals. This analysis shows that in Kenya, until the supply of children exceeds the demand, desired birth intervals are not achieved by current noncontraceptive practices, such as breast feeding, and the perception of family planning methods and costs change, there will be no increase in use of family planning methods or a lowering of fertility levels.
EFFICIENT ELECTROLUMINESCENCE FROM GaAs DIODES AT 300°K (1966)

The light-emitting diodes described in this Letter differ from standard type diodes insofar as the amphoteric dopant Si is the dominant impurity on both sides of the junction. The p-n junction is completely solution regrown. The highly compensated p region gives rise to a wide active region up to 50 μ in width. The interesting feature of these diodes is their high external quantum efficiencies at 300°K. Values up to 6% have been measured on diodes, when an antireflecting coat has been applied.
Microcalorimetry as a tool in mechanistic studies of organic reactions (2002)

Abstract Isothermal microcalorimetry is a powerful tool in studies of organic reactions in solution. Both reaction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters at a single temperature are conveniently derived by this technique. Some applications of batch microcalorimetry in reaction mechanistic studies are reviewed. These include kinetic and thermodynamic studies of aromatization reactions of biologically interesting oxides, hydrates of aromatic hydrocarbons and studies of complex reactions and equilibria. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expressão de genes de vias de reparo de dano ao DNA em células infectadas por papilomavírus humano (HPV). (2014)

Os papilomavrus humanos (HPV) so vrus de DNA que infectam epitlios em regies anatmicas especficas. Alguns tipos de HPV, denominados de "alto risco oncognico", tm associao etiolgica com o cncer do colo do tero. Estes vrus expressam dois oncogenes, E6 e E7, que cooperam para imortalizar queratincitos humanos in vitro, alterando o ciclo celular e o programa de diferenciao destas clulas. Estes efeitos, por sua vez, promovem o acmulo de defeitos mitticos e instabilidade genmica, contribuindo transformao maligna. Alteraes nos sistemas de reparo de dano ao DNA associadas presena de HPV tm sido descritas em diferentes modelos experimentais. No entanto, at o momento no tem sido analisado de maneira sistemtica o efeito do HPV na expresso dos genes envolvidos nestas diferentes vias. No presente estudo, avaliamos de maneira comparativa a expresso de 135 genes envolvidos nas vias de reparo de dano ao DNA em queratincitos primrios humanos (QPH) e em linhagens derivadas de carcinomas do colo do tero positivas (SiHa e HeLa) e negativas (C33A) para HPV. Observamos que, quando comparadas aos QPH, as linhagens tumorais apresentaram um grande nmero de genes diferencialmente expressos. Alm disso, quando comparamos as linhagens tumorais HPV positivas com a linhagem HPV negativa (C33A) identificamos 9 genes cuja expresso diferencia as linhagens HPV positivas da linhagem HPV negativa. Os dados de expresso gnica foram confirmados por PCR em tempo real e western-blot. Alm disso, foi realizado o silnciamento de dois desses genes, TREX1 e RPA1, nas clulas tumorais HPV positivas. Os dados obtidos mostram que o silnciamento dos genes RPA1 eTREX1 tem um impacto importante, na viabilidade das linhagens tumorais. Nossos resultados indicam a presena de alteraes importantes na expresso de genes envolvidos nas vias de reparo de dano ao DNA em linhagens derivadas de tumores do colo do tero. Alm disso, as diferenas no padro de expresso observadas nos genes associados a estas vias nas diferentes linhagens tumorais sugere que diferentes combinaes de alteraes podem estar envolvidas na gnese deste tipo tumoral. Por outro lado, a identificao de um grupo de genes com expresso alterada entre as linhagens HPV positivas e a linhagem HPV negativa indica que os mesmos podem ter um papel importante no estabelecimento/progresso de tumores associados infeo por HPV.
<i>PHR1</i> and <i>PHR2</i> of <i>Candida albicans</i> Encode Putative Glycosidases Required for Proper Cross-Linking of β-1,3- and β-1,6-Glucans (1999)

PHR1 and PHR2 encode putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface proteins of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. These proteins are functionally related, and their expression is modulated in relation to the pH of the ambient environment in vitro and in vivo. Deletion of either gene results in a pH-conditional defect in cell morphology and virulence. Multiple sequence alignments demonstrated a distant relationship between the Phr proteins and beta-galactosidases. Based on this alignment, site-directed mutagenesis of the putative active-site residues of Phr1p and Phr2p was conducted and two conserved glutamate residues were shown to be essential for activity. By taking advantage of the pH-conditional expression of the genes, a temporal analysis of cell wall changes was performed following a shift of the mutants from permissive to nonpermissive pH. The mutations did not grossly affect the amount of polysaccharides in the wall but did alter their distribution. The most immediate alteration to occur was a fivefold increase in the rate of cross-linking between beta-1,6-glycosylated mannoproteins and chitin. This increase was followed shortly thereafter by a decline in beta-1,3-glucan-associated beta-1, 6-glucans and, within several generations, a fivefold increase in the chitin content of the walls. The increased accumulation of chitin-linked glucans was not due to a block in subsequent processing as determined by pulse-chase analysis. Rather, the results suggest that the glucans are diverted to chitin linkage due to the inability of the mutants to establish cross-links between beta-1,6- and beta-1,3-glucans. Based on these and previously published results, it is suggested that the Phr proteins process beta-1,3-glucans and make available acceptor sites for the attachment of beta-1,6-glucans.
Inflammation and Immune System Activation in Aging: A Mathematical Approach (2013)

Memory and learning declines are consequences of normal aging. Since those functions are associated with the hippocampus, I analyzed the global gene expression data from post-mortem hippocampal tissue of 25 old (age ≥ 60 yrs) and 15 young (age ≤ 45 yrs) cognitively intact human subjects. By employing a rigorous, multi-method bioinformatic approach, I identified 36 genes that were the most significant in terms of differential expression; and by employing mathematical modeling, I demonstrated that 7 of the 36 genes were able to discriminate between the old and young subjects with high accuracy. Remarkably, 90% of the known genes from those 36 most significant genes are associated with either inflammation or immune system activation. This suggests that chronic inflammation and immune system over-activity may underlie the aging process of the human brain, and that potential anti-inflammatory treatments targeting those genes may slow down this process and alleviate its symptoms.
A red-emitting fluorescent probe based on flavone for hydrazine detection and its application in aqueous solution (2016)

On account of the biological harmfulness of hydrazine, we have designed and synthesized a novel red-emitting fluorescent probe based on 3-hydroxyflavone.