gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of High-Temperature Stable Co-Silicide from Co<sub>0.92</sub>Ta<sub>0.08</sub>/Si Systems (2001)

We investigated the formation and thermal stability of Co-silicide films using Co–Ta alloy films on (100) Si substrates. Co–Ta alloy films were deposited by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering using Co and Ta targets. The content of Ta in the films was controlled at 8 at.%. The Co-silicide films were formed through a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process in N 2 ambient. Compared with the Co/Si systems, the formation of CoSi 2 occurs at higher temperatures in Co 0.92 Ta 0.08 /Si systems. X-Ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses showed the presence of strong (200)-preferred orientation in the Co-silicide films formed from Co 0.92 Ta 0.08 /Si systems. We observed that Co-silicide films formed from Co 0.92 Ta 0.08 /Si systems maintained low sheet resistance values upon annealing at 950°C, while those of Co-silicide from Co/Si systems increased significantly. The improvement of the thermal stability of the Co-silicide films from Co 0.92 Ta 0.08 /Si systems is due to the formation of Ta-compounds such as the TaSi 2 phase at the grain boundaries or at the surface of the CoSi 2 films.
Modelling and fabrication of optimum structure of novel interdigital sensors for food inspection (2011)

SUMMARY Modelling of an interdigital sensor‐based sensing system for the detection of dangerous contaminated marine biotoxin in seafood has been carried out. Three interdigital sensors having new electrode configurations have been analysed using COMSOL Multiphysics. All sensors were designed to have an equal number of electrodes with the same sensing area. Based on the maximum sensitivity, the best electrode configuration has been chosen. Experiments on raw seafood contaminated with domoic acid have been conducted using the new fabricated sensor and very good results were obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Lactogen Receptor-binding Site 1 of Human Prolactin (1996)

Prolactin (PRL) binds to two molecules of PRL receptor (PRLR) through two regions referred to as binding sites 1 and 2. Although binding site 1 has been generally assigned to the pocket delimited by helix 1, helix 4, and the second half of loop 1, the residues involved in receptor binding have not yet all been precisely identified. In an earlier alanine-scanning mutational study, we identified three major binding determinants in loop 1 of human PRL (hPRL) (Goffin, V., Norman, M. & Martial, J. A.(1992) Mol. Endocrinol. 6, 1381-1392). Here we focus on the two other regions that form binding site 1, namely helices 1 and 4. Putative binding residues, selected on the basis of a three-dimensional model of hPRL constructed in this laboratory, were mutated to alanine, and recombinant hPRL mutants produced in Escherichia coli were tested for their ability to bind to the PRLR and to stimulate Nb2 cell proliferation. We thus identified nine single mutations (three in helix 1 and six in helix 4) whose effect was to reduce both binding and mitogenic activity by more than half as compared with wild-type hPRL, indicating the functional involvement of the corresponding residues. Adding these to the three binding determinants identified in loop 1, we now propose a complete picture of PRLR-binding site 1 of hPRL. As we earlier hypothesized, the binding site 1 determinants of hPRL differ from those of human growth hormone, a hPRL homolog.
Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Improves Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes (1996)

Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathophysiology of type II diabetes and a major impediment to successful therapy. The identification of treatments that specifically target insulin resistance could improve diabetes management significantly. Since IGFs exert insulin-like actions and increase insulin sensitivity when administered at supraphysiological doses, we determined the effect of 6 weeks of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) administration on insulin resistance and glycemic control in obese insulin-resistant patients with type II diabetes. A total of 12 patients with type II diabetes were recruited for the study. Subcutaneous administration of rhIGF-I (100 micrograms/kg b.i.d.) significantly lowered blood glucose. Fructosamine declined from 369 to 299 mumol/l by 3 weeks of administration and then declined further to 271 at the end of 5 weeks. Glycosylated hemoglobin, which was 10.4% pretreatment, declined to 8.1% at the end of therapy. Mean 24-h blood glucose during a modal day was 14.71 +/- 4.5 mmol/l pretreatment and declined to 9.1 +/- 3.21 mmol/l by the end of treatment. These improvements in glycemia were associated with a decrease in serum insulin levels. Mean insulin concentrations declined from 108.0 to 57.0 pmol/l during the modal day measurements and from 97.2 to 72.0 pmol/l during the mixed-meal tolerance test. Changes in glycemia were accompanied by a marked increase in insulin sensitivity. The insulin sensitivity index (SI) calculated from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) after the method of Bergman et al. (Bergman RN, Finegold DT, Ader M: Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo. Endocr Rev 6:45-86, 1985) increased 3.4-fold. Furthermore, the improvement in glycemic control was accompanied by a change in body composition with a 2.1% loss in body fat as calculated by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry without change in total body weight. Significant side effects were present in some subjects, although nine subjects were able to complete at least 4.5 weeks of the protocol and six subjects completed the entire 6 weeks. Supraphysiological IGF-I concentrations were maintained throughout the study, increasing from 206 micrograms/l in the control period to 849 micrograms/l at the end of 6 weeks of rhIGF-I treatment. The increase in IGF-I levels was accompanied by a significant increase in IGF binding protein-2 levels, a slight reduction in IGF binding protein-3 levels, and an increase in levels of IGF binding protein-1. In summary, IGF-I significantly lowered blood glucose as reflected by short-term and long-term indexes of glycemic control and increased insulin sensitivity. It remains to be determined whether a dosage can be administered that avoids significant side effects and still achieves reasonable glycemic control.
Developing Continuous-Flow Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists (2009)

Microfluidic devices are emerging as true alternatives to traditional batch processes, as evidenced by recent applications in important synthetic transformations. Besides biologically important oligomers such as β-peptides and oligosaccharides, pharmaceutically active substances have been the target of the most recent investigations. Furthermore, synthetic processes posing challenges to process chemists such as highly exothermic or explosive reactions and reactions that are difficult to control on large scale (such as radical transformations) have been of particular interest. This account briefly introduces the concepts of continuous-flow microreactors, and reviews our investigations on the application of microfluidic devices in synthetic transformations such as glycosylations, amide bond formations mediated by trimethylaluminum, radical-based transformations, and deoxyfluorinations.
Reservoir Fluid Sampling Revisited—A Practical Perspective (2006)

Abstract PVT fluid properties are an integral part of determining the ultimate oil recovery and characterization of a reservoir, and are a vital tool in our attempts to enhance the reservoir's productive capability. However, as the experimental procedures to obtain these are time consuming and expensive, they are often based on analyses of a few reservoir fluid samples, which are then applied to the entire reservoir. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to ensure that representative samples are taken, as they are fundamental to the reliability and accuracy of a study. Critical to the successful sampling of a reservoir fluid is the correct employment of sampling procedures and well conditioning prior to and during sampling. There are two general methods of sampling; surface and subsurface sampling. However, within these there exist different methods that can be more applicable to a particular type of reservoir fluid than to another. Further to this, well conditioning can differ depending on the type of reservoir fluid. Sampling methods for each reservoir type will be discussed with an emphasis on scenarios where difficulties arise, such as near critical reservoir fluids and saturated reservoirs. Methods including single-phase sampling and iso-kinetic sampling, which have been used increasingly in the last decade, will also be discussed with some detail as will preserving the representativeness of other components in the sample including asphaltenes, mercury and sulphur compounds. The paper presents a discussion aimed at better understanding the methods available, concepts behind the methods, well conditioning and problems involved in obtaining representative fluid samples.
Supply chain forecasting – Collaborative forecasting supports supply chain management (2000)

Supply chain management is built on the principles of partnerships and the development and use of the connections that exist between the links of the chain to provide information that will increase the efficiency of all members in the chain. Success stories abound describing lower costs, shorter lead times and increased customer service. Collaborative forecasting applies supply chain management concepts to the forecasting function and uses available information and technology to force a shift from independent, forecasted demand to dependent, known demand. Eventually, the future of forecasting may evolve to the point where forecasting is not even necessary. Demand information will be supplied completely by supply chain partners and the need to predict demand will be eliminated.
Preparation of Active and Stable Biocatalytic Hydrogels for Use in Selective Transformations (1998)

Highly active and stable biocatalytic materials were produced by copolymerizing enzymes with vinyl sugar monomers. These materials display very high activity in organic solvents and are active and stable in aqueous systems at elevated temperatures.
Ionizing Radiation Greatly Improves Gene Transfer Efficiency in Mammalian Cells (1996)

The vast majority of clinical protocols involving gene therapy today rely on viral vectors for gene transduction. The primary reason that plasmid vectors have not been widely used for gene therapy trials is their relatively low rate of stable gene transfer. We show here that ionizing radiation can improve plasmid transfection efficiency in both normal and neoplastic human and mouse cells. As high as 1,400-fold improvement in transfection efficiency can be seen in primary human fibroblasts treated with 9 Gy. Radiation improves transfection efficiency in a dose-dependent manner of only linearized plasmid DNA in transformed or immortalized cells, but of both linearized and supercoiled plasmid in normal human fibroblasts. The gene transfer dose-response curves are linear for neoplastic cell lines and exponential for primary cell lines. This suggests that radiation can improve gene integration by at least two mechanisms, one that may require free DNA ends and one that does not. The 2-hr delay described here, from the time of irradiation to the beginning of enhanced gene integration, suggests an inducible process that becomes active after the bulk of the radiation damage has been repaired. Our data further suggest that radiation may be useful to target human gene therapy using plasmid vectors.
Super slim multiband inverted-F antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS operation (2010)

This paper presents the design of a super slim multiband wrapped inverted-F antenna that covers the frequency bands allocated for GSM, DCS and PCS wireless services. In the first step, the quarter-wavelength size (at 850 MHz) open-end arm of an inverted-F radiator is folded and meandered. Then the antenna is wrapped using a fourth-order folding technique to reduce its projection area to only 40 10 3mm. Full wave EM simulations show that the antenna excites a lower mode resonance at about 850MHz and a higher one at about 1900MHz. Its radiation pattern is nearly omni-directional with a gain of about 2.5dBi at the lower band and 4.6dBi at the upper band. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. A close agreement between simulated and measured result is achieved. The measured 6-dB return loss or VSWR 31 bandwidths for the lower and upper resonances are 200MHz (770 to 970 MHz) and 280MHz (1710 to 1990 MHz) respectively. These bandwidths are sufficient to cover GSM 850/900/1800/1900MHz, DCS 1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz bands. Because of its compact volume the proposed antenna is a very attractive candidate for modern slim size portable transceivers.
Improvements in survival of adults diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia in the early 21st century (2008)

Treatment of adults with acute myeloblastic leukemia has changed substantially over the past two decades. Currently available estimates of survival do not reflect results from present state-of-the-art treatment due to a lag between the availability of new treatments and data concerning their effect on survival on the population level when traditional cohort analysis is used. We estimated trends in age-specific 5- and 10-year relative survival of acute myeloblastic leukemia patients aged over 15 years old for 5-year calendar periods from 1980-1984 through 2000-2004 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Period analysis was employed to reveal recent developments in prognosis. Five and 10-year relative survival improved greatly between 1980-1984 and 2000-2004 for all patients except those aged over 75 years old. Improvements were greatest for patients aged 15-34, with increases in 5- and 10-year relative survival of greater than 30% points in this group. Five and 10-year relative survival reached 52.3% and 47.9%, respectively, in this group in 2000-2004. Less pronounced but still substantial improvements in relative survival were seen in the 35-54 and 55-64 age groups. Survival was unchanged, at less than 5%, for patients aged over 75 years old. Our period analysis reveals major improvement on the population level in long-term prognosis of younger patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, most likely explained by multiple incremental improvements in care including better and more specific diagnosis, improvements in and extension of the use of stem cell transplantation and high dose therapy, and improved supportive care.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones corresponding to transcripts from the BamHI H and F regions of the Epstein-Barr virus genome (1987)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mutant P3HR1 is incapable of immortalizing B lymphocytes because of a 6.8-kilobase deletion in the BamHI W, Y, and H regions of the viral genome (M. Rabson, L. Gradoville, L. Heston, and G. Miller, J. Virol. 44:834-844, 1982). To characterize transcripts that are encoded in this region, poly(A)+ RNA from the EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line JY was isolated, and this RNA was used to generate a cDNA library in lambda gt10. By screening 500,000 recombinant bacteriophages with the BamHI H fragment, we isolated 10 cDNA clones and characterized them in detail. One group of six cDNA clones was derived from a 2.9-kilobase early transcript encoded by the IR2 repeat element and showed restriction site polymorphism for the enzyme SmaI. The second group consisted of four cDNA clones, all of which contained the BamHI-H right reading frame (BHRF1), and used the polyadenylation signal at base pair 662 in the BamHI F fragment. Computer analysis of the hydrophobicity of the BHRF1 protein revealed that it is likely to be a membrane protein. Northern blotting experiments with RNA from an EBV producer line, B95-8, and a tightly latent lymphoblastoid B-cell line, IB4, revealed that BHRF1 is contained in at least two different mRNA species which can be detected during the latent cycle of EBV. These data and the recent characterization of a spliced transcript (containing five exons in common with other known latent messages [M. Bodescot and M. Perricaudet, Nucleic Acids Res. 14:7103-7113, 1986]) suggest that alternative splicing is used to generate transcripts containing BHRF1, as for the EBV nuclear antigen 1 transcripts. Furthermore, the observation that a potential oncogene activated in human follicular lymphomas is homologous to the BHRF1-encoded polypeptide (M. L. Cleary, S.D. Smith, and J. Sklar, Cell 47:19-28, 1986) suggests a possible role for this putative viral protein in EBV-induced growth transformation of B lymphocytes.
A knowledge-based design environment for graphical network editors (2003)

A graphical editor design environment that incorporates and applies knowledge about application domains has been developed. The goal is to move a design environment closer toward its application. As an example of this generation of design support systems, a design environment for graphical editors in the domain of object-oriented inheritance networks is presented. In addition to the general knowledge about graphs, the system knows about inheritance mechanisms in object-oriented systems, and it knows about the nodes being classes and the links representing the superclass relation. This knowledge is used to provide guidance, critiques, and constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacological Antilipolysis Restores Insulin Sensitivity During Growth Hormone Exposure (2001)

Stimulation of lipolysis and the induction of resistance to insulin's actions on glucose metabolism are well-recognized effects of growth hormone (GH). To evaluate whether these two features are causally linked, we studied the impact of pharmacologically induced antilipolysis in seven GH-deficient patients (mean [+/- SE] age 37 +/- 4 years). Each subject was studied under four different conditions: during continuation of GH replacement alone (A), after discontinuation of GH replacement for 2 days (B), after GH replacement and short-term coadministration of acipimox (250 mg, p.o., b.i.d., for 2 days) (C), and after administration of acipimox alone (D). At the end of each study, total and regional substrate metabolisms were assessed in the basal state and after a 3-h hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp. Serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) were elevated with GH alone (A) and suppressed with acipimox (C and D). Basal rates of lipid oxidation were highest with GH alone (A), and suppressed by 50% with acipimox (B versus D, P < 0.01; A versus C, P < 0.05). Basal glucose oxidation rates were lowest with GH alone (A) and highest with acipimox (C and D) (P = 0.01). Insulin-stimulated rates of total glucose turnover were significantly lower with GH alone as compared with all other conditions (P = 0.004). Insulin sensitivity as assessed by the M value (rate of glucose infusion) was reduced with GH alone as compared with all other conditions (M value in mg. kg(-1). min(-1): GH alone [A], 2.55 +/- 0.64; discontinuation of GH [B], 4.01 +/- 0.70; GH plus acipimox [C], 3.96 +/- 1.34; acipimox alone [D], 4.96 +/- 0.91; P < 0.01). During pharmacological antilipolysis, GH did not significantly influence insulin sensitivity (C versus D; P = 0.19). From our results, we reached the following conclusions: 1) Our data strongly suggest that the insulin antagonistic actions of GH on glucose metabolism are causally linked to the concomitant activation of lipolysis. 2) In addition, GH may induce residual insulin resistance through non-FFA-dependent mechanisms. 3) The cellular and molecular mechanisms subserving the insulin antagonistic effects of GH remain to be elucidated.
Identification and Characterization of Proteins Associated with Plant Tolerance to Heat Stress (2008)

Heat stress is a major abiotic stress limiting plant growth and productivity in many areas of the world. Understanding mechanisms of plant adaptation to heat stress would facilitate the development of heat-tolerant cultivars for improving productivity in warm climatic regions. Protein metabolism involving protein synthesis and degradation is one of the most sensitive processes to heat stress. Changes in the level and expression pattern of some proteins may play an important role in plant adaptation to heat stress. The identification of stress-responsive proteins and pathways has been facilitated by an increasing number of tools and resources, including two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and the rapidly expanding nucleotide and amino acid sequence databases. Heat stress may induce or enhance protein expression or cause protein degradation. The induction of heat-responsive proteins, particularly heat shock proteins (HSPs), plays a key role in plant tolerance to heat stress. Protein degradation involving various proteases is also important in regulating plant responses to heat stress. This review provides an overview of recent research on proteomic profiling for the identification of heat-responsive proteins associated with heat tolerance, heat induction and characteristics of HSPs, and protein degradation in relation to plant responses to heat stress.
Intranuclear Neuronal Inclusions in Huntington's Disease and Dentatorubral and Pallidoluysian Atrophy: Correlation between the Density of Inclusions andIT15CAG Triplet Repeat Length (1998)

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by CAG triplet repeat expansion in IT15 which leads to polyglutamine stretches in the HD protein product, huntingtin. The pathological hallmark of HD is the degeneration of subsets of neurons, primarily those in the striatum and neocortex. Specific morphological markers of affected cells have not been identified in patients with HD, although a unique itranuclear inclusion was recently reported in neurons of transgenic animals expressing a construct encoding the N-terminal part (including the glutamine repeat) of huntingtin (Davies et al., 1997). In order to understand the importance of this finding, we sought for comparable nuclear abnormalities in autopsy material from patients with HD. In all 20 HD cases examined, anti-ubiquitin and N-terminal huntingtin antibodies identified itranuclear inclusions in neurons and the frequency of these lesions correlated with the length of the CAG repeat in IT15. In addition, examination of material from the related HD-like triplet repeat disorder, dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy, also revealed intranuclear neuronal inclusions. These findings suggest that intranuclear inclusions containing protein aggregates may be common feature of the pathogenesis of glutamine repeat neurodegenerative disorders.
Temperature Control of Phospholipid Biosynthesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1971)

The higher the growth temperature of Escherichia coli cultures the greater is the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the bacterial phospholipids. When fatty acids are exogenously supplied to E. coli, higher growth temperatures will likewise increase the relative incorporation of saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. One of the steps in the utilization of fatty acids for phospholipid biosynthesis is, therefore, temperature-controlled. The temperature effect observed in vivo with mixtures of (3)H-oleate and (14)C-palmitate is demonstrable in vitro by using mixtures of the coenzyme A derivative of these fatty acids for the acylation of alpha-glycerol phosphate to lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acids. In E. coli extracts, the relative rates of transacylation of palmityl and oleyl coenzyme A vary as a function of incubation temperature in a manner which mimics the temperature control observed in vivo. The phosphatidic acid synthesized in vitro shows a striking enrichment of oleate at the beta position analogous to the positional specificity observed in phospholipids synthesized in vivo.