gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenolysis of alkanes. Part 5.—Effect of metal dispersion in ruthenium/alumina catalysts on the hydrogenolysis of propane and of n-butane (1990)

Turnover frequencies for the hydrogenolysis of propane and of n-butane decrease with increasing dispersion for a series of Ru/Al2O3 catalysts prepared from Ru(acac)3, having values of H/Ru between 0.07 and 1.05. Activation energies for reactant removal do not vary greatly or systematically with dispersion, but product selectivities found with n-butane do. Thus at 480 K, selectivity to methane (S1) decreases markedly, and those to ethane (S2) and to propane (S3) increase correspondingly, with increasing dispersion; and most notably the very highly dispersed catalyst maintains its high value of S2 to > 520 K, at which temperature the catalyst of lowest dispersion produces almost pure methane.These variations are interpreted in terms of a combination of geometric and electronic factors; an ensemble-size requirement determines the rate, but an increasing electron deficiency with increasing dispersion favours a 2,3-adsorbed C4 intermediate, which preferentially forms ethane. The results are compared with those in the literature for other supported Ru catalysts, and it is concluded that the method of preparation, as well as the kind of support and the particle size, affect turnover frequency.
Epigenetic subtyping of white blood cells using a thermoplastic elastomer-based microfluidic emulsification device for multiplexed, methylation-specific digital droplet PCR (2019)

Epigenetic markers attract increasing attention for the study of phenotypic variations, which has led to the investigation of cell-lineage DNA methylation patterns that correlate with human leukocyte populations for obtaining counts of white blood cell (WBC) subsets. Current methods of DNA methylation analysis involve genome sequencing or loci-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR). Herein, a multiplexed digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) workflow for determining epigenetic-based WBC differential count is described for the first time. A microfluidic emulsification device fabricated from a commercially available thermoplastic elastomer (e.g., Mediprene) promotes customizability and cost-effectiveness of the methodology, which are prerequisites for translation into clinical and point-of-care diagnostics. Bisulfite-treated DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood is encapsulated in droplets with ddPCR reagents containing primers and fluorescent hydrolysis probes specific for CpG loci correlated with WBC sub-population types. The method enables multiplexed detection of various methylation sites within a single droplet. Both qPCR and immunofluorescence staining (IF) were conducted to validate the capacity of the ddPCR methodology to accurately determine WBC sub-populations using epigenetic analysis of methylation sites. ddPCR results correlated closely to cell proportions obtained using IF, whereas qPCR significantly underestimated these values for both high and low copy number gene targets.
A new mechanism of pipeline defect formation in CMOS devices (1994)

Pipeline defects, also known as "diffusion pipes", were widely reported in bipolar devices. They were recently reported to occur in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices. We report a new mechanism of the formation of pipeline defects in CMOS devices. Moderate dose (2E13-2E14 cm/sup -2/) arsenic implants, under certain process conditions, can result in pipeline defects causing leakage between implanted regions. Enhanced diffusion of phosphorus along oxidation induced defects formed as a result of implant damage is proposed as a mechanism for the formation of pipeline defects. A low temperature furnace recrystallization step in inert ambient prior to subsequent high temperature processing was found to be critical to eliminating this defect mechanism.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sustained hemodynamic and clinical effects of a new cardiotonic agent, WIN 47203, in patients with severe congestive heart failure. (1983)

The hemodynamic and clinical effects of WIN 47203, a newly synthesized noncatecholamine, nonglycosidic inotropic agent, were studied in 11 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Intravenous WIN 47203 increased cardiac index from 1.93 +/- 0.36 to 2.87 +/- 0.45 l/min/m2 (p less than 0.001) and reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 27.0 +/- 8.4 to 16.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 75.2 +/- 6.7 to 72.4 +/- 6.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and systemic vascular resistance from 1591 +/- 397 to 1071 +/- 293 dyn-sec-cm5 (p less than 0.001); heart rate was unchanged. Oral WIN 47203 produced similar hemodynamic improvement. Hemodynamic monitoring of six consecutive doses did not demonstrate evidence for attenuation of effectiveness. Chronic therapy with WIN 47203 produced substantial symptomatic improvement and increased maximal oxygen uptake at 1 week. Patients were further improved after 4 weeks of WIN 47203, and maximal oxygen uptake increased from 9.0 +/- 1.9 to 11.6 +/- 2.5 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.01 vs control). No overt clinical or laboratory manifestations of toxicity were observed. Withdrawal of WIN 47203 in two patients in whom clinical benefit was not sustained resulted in clinical and hemodynamic deterioration, which was reversed by reinstitution of the drug. Therefore, this study demonstrates the acute and sustained cardiotonic efficacy of WIN 47203 in man. If long-term administration remains well tolerated and without side effects, this drug appears to be very promising for treatment of chronic severe congestive heart failure.
Decompressing Emulsion Droplets Favors Coalescence (2008)

The destabilization process of an emulsion under flow is investigated in a microfluidic device. The experimental approach enables us to generate a periodic train of droplet pairs, and thus to isolate and analyze the basic step of the destabilization, namely, the coalescence of two droplets which collide. We demonstrate a counterintuitive phenomenon: coalescence occurs during the separation phase and not during the impact. Separation induces the formation of two facing nipples in the contact area that hastens the connection of the interfaces prior to fusion. Moreover, droplet pairs initially stabilized by surfactants can be destabilized by forcing the separation. Finally, we note that the fusion mechanism is responsible for a cascade of coalescence events in a compact system of droplets where the separation is driven by surface tension.
Synthesis of lumped models from N-port scattering parameter data (1994)

A closed form technique is described which allows the synthesis of an N-node lumped network from N-port scattering parameter (S-parameter) data. The synthesis is appropriate for networks where N is very large, for example, high speed digital interconnect networks. The resulting lumped model can be used in SPICE and other simulators. The synthesis is valid for any structure that is small with respect to wavelength. Thus it is also appropriate for synthesizing lumped models of simple discontinuities, such as step junctions and cross junctions. A description of the theory and several examples are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Applied anthropology anyone? (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate) (2011)

As a boundary‐straddling branch of knowledge, anthropology is a classically dangerous academic domain. But it is only “anti‐science” if one conceptualizes “science” perversely.
Surface Topography Induces Fibroblast Adhesion on Intrinsically Nonadhesive Poly(ethylene glycol) Substrates (2009)

Important in developing new biomaterials is the prevention of unspecific protein adsorption and cell interactions that in vivo can lead to a foreign body reaction. On the other hand, the material should support the growth of a specific cell type in a defined way. We investigate the possibility of manipulating cellular behavior on an intrinsically nonadhesive material by topographic patterning without additional surface chemistry modifications. The biomaterial applied is a hydrogel cross-linked from star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomers (starPEG). Cell biological studies with a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) showed that, while substrates with a smooth surface are nonadhesive, as expected, imprinted topography enabled cell adhesion and spreading. The fibroblasts aligned to micrometer groove patterns and were, depending on the respective dimensions, able to span or enter the grooves. Especially substrates with topography dimensions in the cell size range or smaller (<10 microm) lead to an establishment of stable cell-surface contacts (vinculin and actin accumulation). On micrometer post patterns the cells spread on top of the pillars and wrapped around the structures. The strong influence of the topography shows that nonadhesive materials do not necessarily have to be specifically biofunctionalized to enable cell adhesion. Possible explanations for the peculiar cell behavior are discussed in terms of (initial) protein adsorption and geometry-dependent cytoskeletal arrangements.
Enzymatic Synthesis of (<i>S</i>‐(−)‐3‐(3,4‐Dihydroxyphenyl)lactic Acid (1988)

Abstract The first enzymatic synthesis of ( S )‐(−)‐3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid, a DOPA metabolite and naturally occurring compound with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, is described. L‐Hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase was used as enzyme.
Processing Variable-depth Streamer Data - First Attempt (2011)

Variable-depth streamer acquisition is emerging as a key technique for providing wide bandwidth seismic data. With several data sets acquired across the world, it has consistently produced high quality images in terms of seismic resolution, structure stratigraphy and low-frequency penetration. This is demonstrated through three data examples in this paper. The variation receiver depth introduces receiver ghost diversity across different offsets. Such diversity enables the joint deconvolution method to fully remove the receiver ghost. This kind of data also tends to be less noisy due to the deep tow of the cable. These two factors allow variable-depth streamer data to have a spectrum from 2.5 Hz up to the source notch. A key challenge in processing is how to optimize the de-multiple step. SRME, for example, can be difficult to apply because of variation of the receiver ghost. This problem can be handled by adjusting the model wavelet in the common offset domain.
Frequency‐domain near‐infrared photo diffusion imaging: Initial evaluation in multitarget tissuelike phantoms (1998)

In this paper, an initial evaluation of our finite element based frequency-domain image reconstruction algorithm is performed for experiments where multiple millimeter-sized heterogeneities are embedded within a tissue-equivalent (optically) background medium having multicentimeter dimensions. The cases considered consist of several interesting geometry and optical property contrast combinations including (i) two different-sized targets with the same contrast at three different separation distances; (ii) two different-sized targets with different contrasts at two different separation distances; and (iii) three targets with the same and different sizes and contrasts, respectively. The reconstruction algorithm that has been used is an enhanced version of our originally developed regularized least squares approach that now includes total variation minimization, dual meshing, and spatial low-pass filtering. Quantitative measures of image quality including the size, location, and shape of the embedded heterogeneities along with errors in their recovered optical property values are presented. The results show that multiple targets can be clearly detected for all combinations of locations, sizes, and contrast levels considered, but the quantitative nature of this detection is influenced by these parameters.
Incorporation of Unnatural Non-α-Amino Acids into the N-Terminus of Proteins in a Cell-Free Translation System (2011)

Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis allows us to introduce unnatural α-amino acids into internal positions of proteins in response to expanded codons such as amber and four-base codons. To improve the unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, the incorporation of unnatural α-amino acids and non-α-amino acids into the N-terminus of proteins has been achieved using expanded initiation codons. Here, we describe the method for the incorporation of fluorescent-labeled non-α-amino acids into the N-terminus of proteins in a cell-free translation system.
Distribution and elimination of intravenously injected urinary trypsin inhibitor (1991)

Elimination of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) after intravenous injection of 125I-labelled UTI was followed by serial plasma and urine samples in three male volunteers. The plasma half-life of 125IUTI during 0-3 h after injection was 33 min and during the following 4 hours the half-life was 2 hours. Free, biologically active inhibitor was found in the urine during the first four hours after injection. Most of the radioactivity in the urine, however, corresponded to free 125I probably released during the degradation of UTI in the kidney. The distribution of UTI was studied after injection of 125IUTI in rats by measurement of radioactivity in excised organs. Fifteen min after the injection 44% of the radioactivity was found in the kidneys and 9% in the liver, implying that the kidneys are the primary site of UTI metabolism.
New reaction mode of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction using Sn(OSO2CF3)2 and N-ethylpiperidine (1997)

Excellent Z or E selectivity is observed in the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reactions of methyl bis(trifluoroethyl)phosphonoacetate 2 with aryl alkyl ketones 3a–d or aldehydes 3f,g using Sn(OSO 2 CF 3 ) 2 in the presence of N-ethylpiperidine, which should have a different reaction mode to those using sodium hydride.
Design of turbo-MUD receivers with density evolution in overloaded CDMA systems (2005)

An original turbo multiuser detector for overloaded coded DS-CDMA systems is presented and studied; the performance of the proposed system is tested by Monte Carlo simulations and by means of the density evolution theory. The turbo-MUD receiver is based on the use a combination of a linear MMSE detector in the first stage and an interference cancellation scheme in the successive ones. The inputs of both receivers are the soft information from a bank of turbo decoders. The performance of the proposed receiver can be effectively predicted in overloaded communication systems by means of the density evolution technique; the use of this technique also permits the proper number of MMSE iterations to be evaluated, making the design of the receiver easier.
Bio-inspired melanin nanoparticles induce cancer cell death by iron adsorption (2018)

Dysregulation of iron metabolism is a common characteristic of cancer cells. The rapid proliferation of the tumour cells means that there is an increased dependence upon iron compared to healthy cells. Chelation of iron can be undertaken with a number of different compounds, however, simply lowering systemic iron levels to control tumour growth is not possible since iron is essential for cellular metabolism in the rest of the body. Nanoparticulate iron chelators could overcome this difficulty by targeting to the tumour either by the passive enhanced permeation and retention effect, or by targeting ligands on the surface. Nanoparticles were prepared from melanin, which is a naturally occurring pigment that is widely distributed within the body, but that can chelate iron. The prepared nanoparticles were shown to be ~220 nm, and could adsorb 16.45 mmoles iron/g melanin. The nanoparticles showed no affect on control fibroblast cells at a concentration of 200 μM, whereas the immortalised cancer cell lines showed at least 56% reduction in cell growth. At a concentration of 1 mM melanin nanoparticles the cell growth could be reduced by 99% compared to the control. The nanoparticles also show no significant haemotoxicity, even at concentration of 500 μM. Melanin nanoparticles are therefore a viable prospect for destroying cancer cells via iron starvation.
Genome-Wide Identification of Human Functional DNA Using a Neutral Indel Model (2006)

It has become clear that a large proportion of functional DNA in the human genome does not code for protein. Identification of this non-coding functional sequence using comparative approaches is proving difficult and has previously been thought to require deep sequencing of multiple vertebrates. Here we introduce a new model and comparative method that, instead of nucleotide substitutions, uses the evolutionary imprint of insertions and deletions (indels) to infer the past consequences of selection. The model predicts the distribution of indels under neutrality, and shows an excellent fit to human-mouse ancestral repeat data. Across the genome, many unusually long ungapped regions are detected that are unaccounted for by the neutral model, and which we predict to be highly enriched in functional DNA that has been subject to purifying selection with respect to indels. We use the model to determine the proportion under indel-purifying selection to be between 2.56% and 3.25% of human euchromatin. Since annotated protein-coding genes comprise only 1.2% of euchromatin, these results lend further weight to the proposition that more than half the functional complement of the human genome is non-protein-coding. The method is surprisingly powerful at identifying selected sequence using only two or three mammalian genomes. Applying the method to the human, mouse, and dog genomes, we identify 90 Mb of human sequence under indel-purifying selection, at a predicted 10% false-discovery rate and 75% sensitivity. As expected, most of the identified sequence represents unannotated material, while the recovered proportions of known protein-coding and microRNA genes closely match the predicted sensitivity of the method. The method's high sensitivity to functional sequence such as microRNAs suggest that as yet unannotated microRNA genes are enriched among the sequences identified. Furthermore, its independence of substitutions allowed us to identify sequence that has been subject to heterogeneous selection, that is, sequence subject to both positive selection with respect to substitutions and purifying selection with respect to indels. The ability to identify elements under heterogeneous selection enables, for the first time, the genome-wide investigation of positive selection on functional elements other than protein-coding genes.
Adhesive and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Phosphorus-Containing Thermoplastic Polyimides (1995)

Abstract Thermally stable, soluble and amorphous bis(m-aminophenoxy) triphenylphosphine oxide (m-BAPPO) based polyimides were synthesized in controlled high molecular weight via solution imidization. Several dianhydrides were used to establish chemical-structure-physical property behavior. The m-BAPPO based polyimides were characterized by several techniques, including intrinsic viscosity, thermal analysis, single lap shear adhesive bond strength and thermo-mechanical behavior. The resulting phosphorus-containing polyimides were demonstrated to be thermally stable via dynamic TGA in air up to 500°C and showed 10 ∼ 20% char yield at 750°C, suggesting improved fire resistance. In addition, these polyimides showed good tensile modulus, ductile stress-strain behavior and excellent adhesion to a Ti-6A1-4V substrate, as determined by single lap shear tests. The rheological behavior was investigated by using a parallel plate type viscometer which confirmed that the materials were true thermoplastics. Tailoring the polyimides with the non-reactive phthalimide end group inhibited crosslinking and chain extension and, hence, was essential for the observed good processibility.
Differential effects of Bcl‐2 overexpression on fibre outgrowth and survival of embryonic dopaminergic neurons in intracerebral transplants (1999)

The causes of death of transplanted neurons are not known in detail, but apoptotic mechanisms involving caspase activation are likely to play a role. We examined whether overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 may enhance the survival of dopaminergic [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive] grafted neurons. For this purpose, we prepared cells from embryonic day 13 ventral mesencephalon (VM) of mice overexpressing human Bcl-2, or from their wild-type littermates. The bcl-2 transgene was strongly expressed in these cells, and resulted in protection of neuronal cultures from death triggered by serum deprivation or exposure to staurosporine. To model pretransplantation stress more closely in vitro, we stored dissociated embryonic mesencephalic cells for 8 h in the same type of medium used for intracerebral transplantation. This resulted in massive cell death as quantified by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and increased DNA fragmentation. Although this cell loss was strongly reduced by a caspase inhibitor, Bcl-2 had no significant protective effect. Finally, mesencephalic cell suspensions were xenografted into the striatum of immunosuppressed hemiparkinsonian rats. Neither the survival of TH-immunopositive transplanted neurons nor the functional recovery of the rats was improved by Bcl-2, although the Bcl-2 protein was strongly expressed in transgenic grafts 5 weeks after implantation, and dopaminergic fibre outgrowth from the grafts was significantly improved. These data suggest that cell death in neuronal transplants involves apoptotic mechanisms that can bypass negative regulation by Bcl-2.
Studies on the isomers of pentagermane and tetragermane (1968)

Proton magnetic resonance, Raman, infrared, and mass spectroscopic studies have been used to characterise n- and iso-forms of Ge4H10 and Ge5H12. Some properties of a species which may be neo-Ge5H12 are also reported.
Mining web site link structures for adaptive web site navigation and search (2003)

Mining Web Site Link Structures for Adaptive Web Site Navigation and Search by Jianhan Zhu Supervisors: Dr. Jun Hong Faculty of Informatics Professor John G. Hughes Faculty of Informatics This thesis is concerned with mining the log file of a Web site for knowledge about the Web site and its users, and using the knowledge to assist users to navigate and search the Web site effectively and efficiently. First, we investigate approaches to adapting the organization and presentation of a Web site by learning from the Web site link structure and user behavior of the Web site. Approaches are developed for presenting a Web site using a link hierarchy and a conceptual link hierarchy respectively based on how users have used the Web site link structure. Link hierarchies and conceptual link hierarchies can be used to help users navigate the Web site. Second, we develop approaches for building a first-order Markov chain model of user navigation on the Web site link structure, link hierarchy, and conceptual link hierarchy respectively. Under a collaborative assumption, the model can be used for link prediction that assists users to navigate the Web site. Third, approaches are developed for ranking Web pages based on how users have used the Web site link structure. The page rankings can be used to help users search the Web site. The approaches developed in the thesis have been implemented in a prototype called Online Navigation Explorer (ONE). First, link hierarchies and conceptual link hierarchies are visualized in ONE. Second, link prediction using Markov chain models is integrated with link hierarchies and conceptual link hierarchies in ONE. Third, search results are visualized in ONE. Experimental results show that ONE can help users navigate a Web site and search for their desired information on the Web site effectively and efficiently. The work presented in the thesis is a step towards the development of an adaptive Web site, which can assist users to navigate the Web site and search for their desired information on the Web site.