gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic modification to improve disease resistance in crops (2019)

Summary Plant pathogens are a significant challenge in agriculture despite our best efforts to combat them. One of the most effective and sustainable ways to manage plant pathogens is to use genetic modification ( GM ) and genome editing, expanding the breeder's toolkit. For use in the field, these solutions must be efficacious, with no negative effect on plant agronomy, and deployed thoughtfully. They must also not introduce a potential allergen or toxin. Expensive regulation of biotech crops is prohibitive for local solutions. With 11–30% average global yield losses and greater local impacts, tackling plant pathogens is an ethical imperative. We need to increase world food production by at least 60% using the same amount of land, by 2050. The time to act is now and we cannot afford to ignore the new solutions that GM provides to manage plant pathogens.
Factored partially observable Markov decision processes for dialogue management (2005)

This work shows how a dialogue model can be represented as a factored Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). The factored representation has several benefits, such as enabling more nuanced reward functions to be specified. Although our dialogue model is significantly larger than past work using POMDPs, experiments on a small testbed problem demonstrate that recent optimisation techniques scale well and produce policies which outperform a traditional fully-observable Markov Decision Process. This work then shows how a dialogue manager produced with a POMDP optimisation technique may be directly compared to a handcrafted dialogue manager. Experiments on the testbed problem show that automatically generated dialogue managers outperform several handcrafted dialogue managers, and that automatically generated dialogue managers for the testbed problem successfully adapt to changes in speech recognition accuracy. 1
Incorporation and degradation of hydroxyapatite implants of different surface roughness and surface structure in bone. (1990)

The interface of dense hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with different surface roughness was investigated after implantation into the spongy bone of the distal femur of rabbits by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following transverse fractures in the interface. Each implant displayed considerable changes in surface morphology caused by leaching (increasing pore diameter), corrosion (particulate disintegration), and active resorption by osteoclasts. Macrophages were involved in "cleaning" the surface via phagocytosis of loose implant particles. Newly formed surface elevations provided adhesion points for fibers and fibrils. Subsequent mineralization of these areas stabilized the interdigitation of surface elevations and extracellular matrix with adhering fibers and contributed to the tensile strength in the interface. This investigation provides further knowledge about HA implants, which seem to be partially resorbed by osteoclast-like cells.
Experimental Investigation of Sensibility of a New Type of VIV Suppression Device (2013)

We presented experimental investigation concerning vortex induced vibration(VIV) of marine risers with crescent spoilers pasted on the surface as the suppression devices and analyses the sensibility in this paper.Several plexiglass pipes with external diameters of 18 mm,wall thickness 2 mm and a total length of 1.5 m are used to simulate marine risers.Risers are able to vibrate in both in-line(I-L) and cross-flow(C-F) direction through universal joints,the current velocity is varied from 0.6 m/s and 0.7 m/s.According to the differences of screw height,screw pitch and erected 八' or inverted,we designed 8 suppression risers and a bare model without suppression devices but with equal load via injecting water.Dynamic strain records were obtained through the dynamic strain gauges which were stick on the surface of the risers.The experimental data are contrastive studied and the results indicate that the suppression devices of crescent spoilers can effectively decrease the displacement of VIV in C-F direction.If the crescent spoiler are pasted in the style of inverted 八',the efficiency is a little better,which doesn't deny the all-direction efficiency.The characters of suppression devices including screw height and screw pitch can influence the efficiency,and the height is higher or the pitch is farther,the efficiency is better.
A Model for the Dynamics of Bidders in the Simulation of Keyword Auctions (2011)

A dynamic population model is proposed for the study of keyword auctions run on search engines. In this model bidders decide to join or leave the auction, depending on the results of the previous auction round. Through the use of a simulation scenario, we show that the model converges to a steady state quite fast, and that a significant portion of the bidders act just for one or two rounds, while a few bidders submit bids for most of the auction rounds but do not exhibit a concentration power on the advertising space awarded by the search engine.
Identity Management Systems for the Internet of Things: A Survey Towards Blockchain Solutions (2018)

The Internet of Things aims at connecting everything, ranging from individuals, organizations, and companies to things in the physical and virtual world. The digital identity has always been considered as the keystone for all online services and the foundation for building security mechanisms such as authentication and authorization. However, the current literature still lacks a comprehensive study on the digital identity management for the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we firstly identify the requirements of building identity management systems for IoT, which comprises scalability, interoperability, mobility, security and privacy. Then, we trace the identity problem back to the origin in philosophy, analyze the Internet digital identity management solutions in the context of IoT and investigate recent surging blockchain sovereign identity solutions. Finally, we point out the promising future research trends in building IoT identity management systems and elaborate challenges of building a complete identity management system for the IoT, including access control, privacy preserving, trust and performance respectively.
PDE4 inhibition and a corticosteroid in chronically antigen exposed conscious guinea‐pigs (1998)

This model demonstrates differential airway responses to acute and chronic antigen challenge. Repeated administration of dexamethasone and Ro 20-1724 with each OvA exposure attenuated all of the chronic inflammatory responses: early and late phase responses, hyperreactivity and eosinophilia.
Visual analysis of massive web session data (2012)

Tracking and recording users' browsing behaviors on the web down to individual mouse clicks can create massive web session logs. While such web session data contains valuable information about user behaviors, the ever-increasing data size has placed a big challenge to analyzing and visualizing the data. An efficient data analysis framework requires both powerful computational analysis and interactive visualization. Following the visual analytics mantra “Analyze first, show the important, zoom, filter and analyze further, details on demand”, we introduce a two-tier visual analysis system, TrailExplorer2, to discover knowledge from massive log data. The system supports a visual analysis process iterating between two steps: querying web sessions and visually analyzing the retrieved data. The query happens at the lower tier where terabytes of web session data are processed in a cluster. At the upper tier, the extracted web sessions with much smaller scale are visualized on a personal computer for interactive exploration. Our system visualizes a sorted list of web sessions' temporal patterns and enables data exploration at different levels of details. The query-visualization-exploration process iterates until a satisfactory conclusion is achieved. We present two case studies of TrailExplorer2 using real world session data from eBay to demonstrate the system's effectiveness.
PHNs can be gamechangers if consumers are in the team (2015)

From a consumer's perspective, the replacement of Medicare Locals with the Primary Health Networks has drawn little enthusiasm. Perhaps this is because the consumer movement and the community have not generally understood their role.
Techniques applied to obtain very high resolution 3-D seismic imaging at an Athabasca tar sands thermal pilot (1987)

A high resolution, 3-D seismic base survey was conducted at Amoco’s Gregoire Lake In-Situ Steam Pilot (GLISP) located in northeastern Alberta, Canada, approximately 40 km south of Fort McMurray. Other partners in the project are AOSTRA (Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority) and Petro Canada. The prime purpose for acquiring the base survey was to use this information as a basis of comparison with future surveys of a similar type in order to locate and monitor the progress of in-situ heat movement.
Prothrombin fragment 1 X 2 X 3, a major product of prothrombin activation in human plasma. (1986)

The conversion of the blood coagulation zymogen prothrombin to thrombin is associated with the production of several cleavage intermediates and products. In contrast to earlier studies of prothrombin cleavage in chemically defined systems, the current investigation examines the fragmentation of human prothrombin in normal plasma. Radiolabeled prothrombin was added to platelet-poor relipidated normal human plasma, and clotting was initiated with the addition of Ca(II) and kaolin. Analysis of the radiolabeled prothrombin cleavage products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate and beta-mercaptoethanol identified a heretofore unobserved product of prothrombin activation with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000. This product was identified as fragment 1 X 2 X 3, the NH2-terminal 286 amino acids of prothrombin. The product was isolated from a prothrombin digest by immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-prothrombin:Ca(II) antibodies and by preparative gel electrophoresis. Its amino-terminal sequence is identical to that of prothrombin. Digestion of this product with either Factor Xa or thrombin yields, at a minimum, fragment 1 X 2 and fragment 1. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the products obtained by digestion with Factor Xa of the unknown activation product indicated 3 amino acid residues at each cycle consistent with the presence of fragment 1, fragment 2, and fragment 3. To unambiguously identify the COOH-terminal amino acid sequence of the product, its factor Xa digestion products were separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Edman degradation of one peptide revealed the complete sequence of fragment 3. On this basis, we identify the Mr 45,000 polypeptide as fragment 1 X 2 X 3 and indicate that it is a prominent product of prothrombin conversion to thrombin when activation occurs in plasma.
Myotubes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells mirror in vivo insulin resistance (2016)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) represent a unique tool for the study of the pathophysiology of human disease, because these cells can be differentiated into multiple cell types in vitro and used to generate patient- and tissue-specific disease models. Given the critical role for skeletal muscle insulin resistance in whole-body glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes, we have created a novel cellular model of human muscle insulin resistance by differentiating iPS cells from individuals with mutations in the insulin receptor (IR-Mut) into functional myotubes and characterizing their response to insulin in comparison with controls. Morphologically, IR-Mut cells differentiated normally, but had delayed expression of some muscle differentiation-related genes. Most importantly, whereas control iPS-derived myotubes exhibited in vitro responses similar to primary differentiated human myoblasts, IR-Mut myotubes demonstrated severe impairment in insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Transcriptional regulation was also perturbed in IR-Mut myotubes with reduced insulin-stimulated expression of metabolic and early growth response genes. Thus, iPS-derived myotubes from individuals with genetically determined insulin resistance demonstrate many of the defects observed in vivo in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle and provide a new model to analyze the molecular impact of muscle insulin resistance.
Malaria: A Reemerging Disease in Africa (1998)

A recent upsurge of malaria in endemic-disease areas with explosive epidemics in many parts of Africa is probably caused by many factors, including rapidly spreading resistance to antimalarial drugs, climatic changes, and population movements. In Africa, malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and is transmitted by Anopheles gambiae complex. Control efforts have been piecemeal and not coordinated. Strategies for control should have a solid research base both for developing antimalarial drugs and vaccines and for better understanding the pathogenesis, vector dynamics, epidemiology, and socioeconomic aspects of the disease. An international collaborative approach is needed to build appropriate research in a national context and to effectively translate research results into practical applications in the field. The Multilateral Initiative for Malaria in Africa can combine all of the above strategies to plan and coordinate partnerships, networking, and innovative approaches between African scientists and their Northern partners.
Improving binary compatibility in VLIW machines through compiler assisted dynamic rescheduling (2002)

One of the main problems that prevents extensive use of VLIW architectures for non-numeric programs is lack of object code (or binary) compatibility among different implementations of the same architecture. This is due to exposing all architectural features to generate code at compile time. New features of a VLIW machine may lead to incorrect results by executing the code compiled for the older machine. In this paper, a new approach to overcome this problem is presented, which we call dynamic VLIW generation (DVG). It is performed with the help of code annotation provided by the compiler, to reduce the complexity of the required hardware. In the DVG technique, operations are rescheduled for the new machine at the time of instruction cache miss repair. In this way, the rescheduler hardware is not located in the execution pipeline engine avoiding potentially longer cycle times. To simplify the dependency checking hardware, dependency information is encoded for each operation at compile time. This information can be combined into the final binary code, or may be provided as a separate file, which can be loaded into memory at execution time by the OS loader. In this technique operations can be rescheduled speculatively and a mechanism is presented to prevent destroying the contents of live registers. Experimental results show that the performance of rescheduled code using the DVG technique is about 10% worse than code compiled directly for the target processor.
Cache-Conscious Concurrency Control of Main-Memory Indexes on Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Systems (2001)

Recent research addressed the importance of optimizing L2 cache utilization in the design of main memory indexes and proposed the so-called cache-conscious indexes such as the CSB+-tree. However, none of these indexes took account of concurrency control, which is crucial for running the real-world main memory database applications involving index updates and taking advantage of the off-the-shelf multiprocessor systems for scaling up the performance of such applications. Observing that latching index nodes for concurrency control (CC) incurs the so-called coherence cache misses on shared-memory multiprocessors thus limiting the scalability of the index performance, this paper presents an optimistic, latch-free index traversal (OLFIT) CC scheme based on a pair of consistent node read and update primitives. An experiment with various index CC implementations for the B+tree and CSB+-tree shows that the proposed scheme shows the superior scalability on the multiprocessor system as well as the performance comparable to that of the sequential execution without CC on the uniprocessor system. 1.
The Effect of the Administration of Various Fatty Acids on the Blood Ketone Levels of Ruminants (1949)

The widespread occurrence of ketosis in dairy cattle has made this a disease of practical as well as of theoretical importance. Considerable work has been done in vitro on the precursors of the ketone bodies, and some work has been done i~ vivo with laboratory animals, but very little has been done with ruminants. Since ketosis is a much greater practical problem in ruminants than in any other species, and since ruminants very often do not react in the same manner as smaller laboratory animals, it was deemed desirable to study this problem using ruminants as experimental animals. A preliminary report of this work appeared earlier in abstract form (12).
AuSi Eutectic System: A Study in Hermetic MEMS Wafer Level Packaging (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Highly Enantioselective Hydroformylation of Olefins Catalyzed by Rhodium(I) Complexes of New Chiral Phosphine−Phosphite Ligands (1997)

A new chiral phosphine−phosphite ligand, (R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1‘-binaphthalen-2‘-yl (S)-1,1‘-binaphthalene-2,2‘-diyl phosphite [(R,S)-BINAPHOS, (R,S)-2a], was synthesized. Its Rh(I) complex was prepared, and its structure has been characterized by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Using Rh(I) complexes of (R,S)-2a and its enantiomer, highly enantioselective hydroformylation of styrene has been performed (94% ee, iso/normal = 88/12). The catalyst system was also effective for a variety of other olefins. Some other phosphine−phosphite ligands bearing 1,1‘-binaphthyl and biphenyl backbones, such as (S)-3,3‘-dichloro-6-(diphenylphosphino)-2,2‘,4,4‘-tetramethylbiphenyl-6‘-yl (R)-1,1‘-binaphthalene-2,2‘-diyl phosphite [(S,R)-BIPHEMPHOS, (S,R)-5a], (R,R)-2a, (R,S)-2b, (R)-2c, and (R)-5b, were tested for asymmetric hydroformylation. The results indicate that the sense of enantioface selection for the prochiral olefins is mainly determined by the absolute configuration of the phosphine site, for example, the (R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1‘-binaphthalen-2‘-yl group in (R,S)-2a. The relative configurations of the two biaryl groups in the phosphine−phosphites play crucial roles in the degree of the enantioselectivities, that is, the (R*,S*)-isomer generally gives products in high ee's and the (R*,R*)-isomer does in low ee's. Treatment of Rh(acac)[(R,S)-2a] with a 1:1 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gave a hydridorhodium complex, RhH(CO)2[(R,S)-2a], as a single species. Trigonal bipyramidal structure is suggested for this complex, in which the hydride and the phosphite moiety are located at the apical positions and the phosphine and the two carbonyls occupy the equatorial positions. The interchange of the phosphine and the phosphite sites with each other through rapid pseudorotations has not been observed in RhH(CO)2[(R,S)-2a]. The structural deviations of the monohydride complexes from an ideal trigonal bipyramid seem to be larger in (R*,R*)-isomers than in the corresponding (R*,S*)-isomers. The existence of only one active species involved in the Rh(I)−(R,S)-2a-catalyzed hydroformylation has been manifested by the plot of ln([R]/[S]) of the hydroformylation product vs the reciprocals of the reaction temperatures. The higher thermodynamic stability of Rh(acac)[(R,S)-2a] than its diastereomer Rh(acac)[(R,R)-2a] is demonstrated in relation to the restricted configuration of (R)-2c to (R,S)-2c in its complex formation with Rh(I).
Water-Soluble GdF<sub>3</sub> and GdF<sub>3</sub>/LaF<sub>3</sub> NanoparticlesPhysical Characterization and NMR Relaxation Properties (2006)

Nanoparticles consisting of either a solid core of GdF3 or an 80/20 mixture of GdF3 and LaF3 have been prepared for use as NMR and MRI relaxation agents. To obtain high aqueous solubilities, the particles were coated with either citrate (cit) groups (in the case of GdF3 nanoparticles), giving the nanoparticle a negatively charged surface, or 2-aminoethyl phosphate (AEP) groups (in the case of GdF3/LaF3 = 80/20), giving the nanoparticle a positively charged surface at physiological pH. In the presence of the 80/20 GdF3/LaF3:AEP, the paramagnetic contribution to the water spin−lattice relaxation rate was observed to be 7.5 s-1 at a nanoparticle concentration of 9.0 nM (0.78 mg/mL, 25 °C, 600 MHz 1H Larmor frequency). Similarly, paramagnetic rates of 10.5 s-1 were observed for water using the GdF3:cit nanoparticles at a nanoparticle concentration of 0.55 nM (0.77 mg/mL, 25 °C, 600 MHz 1H Larmor frequency). Relaxivity measurements confirmed the potential of the particles for applications as contrast agents at MRI imaging field strengths. T1 and T2 experiments of the GdF3:cit revealed mass relaxivities of 7.4 ± 0.2 and 8.4 ± 0.2 s-1 (mg/mL)-1, respectively, at 1.5 T, whereas identical measurements at 3.0 T revealed respective relaxivities of 8.8 ± 0.2 and 9.4 ± 0.2 s-1 (mg/mL)-1. The relatively high mass relaxivities exhibited by the nanoparticles may also find uses in NMR studies in which spin−lattice relaxation times are prohibitively long, as in the case of highly deuterated proteins. Direct interaction with the protein can be minimized by the use of surface charges opposite to the net charge of the molecule, whereas the nanoparticles are easily removed by ultracentrifugation.
Injury-induced BMP signaling negatively regulates <i>Drosophila</i> midgut homeostasis (2013)

Although much is known about injury-induced signals that increase rates of Drosophila melanogaster midgut intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation, it is largely unknown how ISC activity returns to quiescence after injury. In this paper, we show that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway has dual functions during midgut homeostasis. Constitutive BMP signaling pathway activation in the middle midgut mediated regional specification by promoting copper cell differentiation. In the anterior and posterior midgut, injury-induced BMP signaling acted autonomously in ISCs to limit proliferation and stem cell number after injury. Loss of BMP signaling pathway members in the midgut epithelium or loss of the BMP signaling ligand decapentaplegic from visceral muscle resulted in phenotypes similar to those described for juvenile polyposis syndrome, a human intestinal tumor caused by mutations in BMP signaling pathway components. Our data establish a new link between injury and hyperplasia and may provide insight into how BMP signaling mutations drive formation of human intestinal cancers.
The response of spatial distribution pattern of the main population of Castanopsis eyrei communities to human-caused disturbance (2005)

The dynamic state in response to human-caused disturbance of Castanopsis eyrei and Syzygium buxifollium populations was investigated after a study of the spatial distribution pattern of several main populations in Castanopsis eyrei communities. The results show that human-caused disturbance improved the aggregated nature of Castanopsis eyrei population but reduced that of Syzygium buxifolium population. With increasing tree ages. the effects of disturbed intensity on the aggregated nature of Castanopsis eyrei lessened gradually and the effects on that of Syzygium buxifolium were from small to big and to small.