gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incidence of needle‐tract seeding following prostate biopsy for suspected cancer: a review of the literature (2014)

With the widespread clinical use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), biopsy of the prostate has become one of the most commonly performed urological procedures. In general it is well tolerated, although there is some morbidity and risk of infection. In recent years, there have been increasing concerns that prostate biopsy may lead to tumour seeding along the needle tract. The aim of the present paper was to review the evidence on the prevalence of tumour seeding after prostate biopsy and to define the risk of this event in the context of current clinical practice. A PubMed literature search was conducted in January 2014 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Literature was examined with emphasis on the incidence of seeding, clinical presentation and on risk factors including type of needle used, transrectal vs transperineal approach, as well as tumour grade and stage. In all, 26 publications were identified reporting needle-tract seeding after prostate biopsy. In all, 42 patients with needle-tract seeding were identified. In most cases, seeding was reported after transperineal biopsy of the prostate, while nine cases occurred after transrectal biopsy. Based on the reviewed series the incidence of seeding appears to be <1%. The increase in the number of biopsies and cores taken at each biopsy over the years has not resulted in an increase in the reported cases of seeding. In conclusion, seeding along the needle track is a rare complication after prostate biopsy. Its actual incidence is presently difficult to quantify. It is reasonable to advise appropriate counselling and take measures to reduce this event where possible; however, we do not advocate avoidance of biopsies as the benefits of appropriate cancer diagnosis and management outweigh any potential risks from seeding.
Time-gated imaging through scattering media using stimulated Raman amplification (1991)

We propose the use of stimulated Raman scattering for time-gated image amplification and demonstrate its use for the detection of images through a strongly scattering material. Using 30-ps pulses from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, we have amplified and detected images through a suspension of nondairy creamer with a spatial resolution of less than 300 microm and at concentrations such that the nonscattered extinction ratio was e(-33). Our time-gated image amplifier can produce images under conditions in which the scattering medium is sufficiently dense that an image cannot be seen by using multiple exposures on a streak camera or time-integrated exposures on a sensitive, low-noise CCD camera.
Studies of the cloned 37-kDa subunit of activator 1 (replication factor C) of HeLa cells. (1992)

The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon requires the action of two accessory proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and activator 1 (A1, also called replication factor C). A1 is an enzyme that contains five different subunits (145, 40, 38, 37, and 36.5 kDa). In this paper, we describe the isolation of the gene encoding the 37-kDa subunit from HeLa cells. This gene was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence shows a high degree of homology to the 40-kDa subunit of A1; they both contain the identical ATP-binding motif, but in contrast to the bacterial expressed 40-kDa protein, the 37-kDa expressed protein did not bind ATP. Both the 37- and 40-kDa proteins share substantial homology with the phage T4 gene 44 protein and to a lesser extent with the tau and gamma subunits of the E. coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Polyclonal antibodies against the bacterially expressed 37- and 40-kDa proteins do not crossreact and are specific in their interaction. Antibodies against the 37-kDa protein maximally inhibited (by 50%) the A1-dependent synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase delta; antibodies against the 40-kDa protein quantitatively inhibited the same reaction. When A1-dependent synthesis of DNA was partially inhibited by antibodies against the 40-kDa subunit, the addition of antibodies against the 37-kDa subunit inhibited DNA synthesis to a greater extent than the anti-37-kDa antibody alone. These results suggest that both the 37- and 40-kDa subunits of A1 are required for the biological role of A1 and that they may function differently in this process.
Personal security environment on Palm PDA (2002)

Digital signature schemes are based on the assumption that the signing key is kept in secret. Ensuring that this assumption holds is one of the most crucial problems for all current digital signature applications. This paper describes the solution developed and prototyped by the authors - using a mobile computing device with a smart-card reader for creating digital signatures. We give an overview of several common settings for digital signature applications and the problems they have, also describing several frameworks for mobile security applications. A discussion about the choice of devices, design issues, concrete solutions and their security concerns follows. We conclude that although nothing can prevent careless private key handling, careful management is easier and more convenient when using our solution.
Complete Genetic Correction of iPS Cells From Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (2009)

Human artificial chromosome (HAC) has several advantages as a gene therapy vector, including stable episomal maintenance that avoids insertional mutations and the ability to carry large gene inserts including the regulatory elements. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have great potential for gene therapy, as such cells can be generated from the individual's own tissues, and when reintroduced can contribute to the specialized function of any tissue. As a proof of concept, we show herein the complete correction of a genetic deficiency in iPS cells derived from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) model (mdx) mice and a human DMD patient using a HAC with a complete genomic dystrophin sequence (DYS-HAC). Deletion or mutation of dystrophin in iPS cells was corrected by transferring the DYS-HAC via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). DMD patient- and mdx-specific iPS cells with the DYS-HAC gave rise to differentiation of three germ layers in the teratoma, and human dystrophin expression was detected in muscle-like tissues. Furthermore, chimeric mice from mdx-iPS (DYS-HAC) cells were produced and DYS-HAC was detected in all tissues examined, with tissue-specific expression of dystrophin. Therefore, the combination of patient-specific iPS cells and HAC-containing defective genes represents a powerful tool for gene and cell therapies.
Endodermal ABA Signaling Promotes Lateral Root Quiescence during Salt Stress in<i>Arabidopsis</i>Seedlings   (2013)

The endodermal tissue layer is found in the roots of vascular plants and functions as a semipermeable barrier, regulating the transport of solutes from the soil into the vascular stream. As a gateway for solutes, the endodermis may also serve as an important site for sensing and responding to useful or toxic substances in the environment. Here, we show that high salinity, an environmental stress widely impacting agricultural land, regulates growth of the seedling root system through a signaling network operating primarily in the endodermis. We report that salt stress induces an extended quiescent phase in postemergence lateral roots (LRs) whereby the rate of growth is suppressed for several days before recovery begins. Quiescence is correlated with sustained abscisic acid (ABA) response in LRs and is dependent upon genes necessary for ABA biosynthesis, signaling, and transcriptional regulation. We use a tissue-specific strategy to identify the key cell layers where ABA signaling acts to regulate growth. In the endodermis, misexpression of the ABA insensitive1-1 mutant protein, which dominantly inhibits ABA signaling, leads to a substantial recovery in LR growth under salt stress conditions. Gibberellic acid signaling, which antagonizes the ABA pathway, also acts primarily in the endodermis, and we define the crosstalk between these two hormones. Our results identify the endodermis as a gateway with an ABA-dependent guard, which prevents root growth into saline environments.
Molecular nanosensors based on the inter-sheet tunneling effect of a bilayer graphene (2010)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel high-performance molecule sensor using the inter-sheet tunneling effect of a bilayer graphene. Nanosensors for ethanol molecules have been fabricated based on mechanical exfoliation and e-beam lithography for demonstrating the feasibility. Experiments reveled that by making electric contacts to different sheets of a bilayer graphene, inter-sheet effects can be exposed. As a result, the “inter-layer” sensor has a much higher (a typical result showed more than 8 times higher) sensitivity than that of an “intra-layer” sensor, in which the electric contacts are placed on the same layer. The adoption of the inter-sheet effects remarkably enriched the applicable transduction mechanisms. These include the enhanced edge effects due to the extra sides, inter-sheet tunneling due to the spacing change caused by molecule adsorption/desorption, force/displacement, pressure, surface tension, and heating, and potentially inter-sheet doping due to the open step.
HUBUNGAN KEJADIAN DEPRESI DAN INSOMNIA PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA TRESNO MUKTI TUREN MALANG (2015)

Depresi merupakan masalah kejiwaan yang seringkali menyerang Lansia. Depresi adalah perasaan sedih dan pesimis, berhubungan dengan penderitaan,  berupa serangan pada diri sendiri atau perasaan marah yang dalam. Kondisi lain yang sering ditemui pada Lansia yaitu insomnia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kejadian depresi dan insomnia pada Lansia di Panti Werdha Tresno Mukti Turen Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian “ Cross Sectional ” dengan variabel independen (kejadian depresi) dan variabel dependen (kejadian insomnia). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Total Sampling Technique dengan jumlah sampel 34 responden. Berdasarkan uji Chi-Square didapatkan data P value/nilai probabilitas X 2 tabel (7,815), dan R 2 = 0,514. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara kejadian depresi dan insomnia pada Lansia di Panti Werdha Tresno Mukti Turen, Malang. Perlu dilakukan  penelitian lanjutan dengan menyempurnakan uji validitas pada setiap instrumen penelitian dan menggunakan pendekatan lainnya seperti Case Control Study Design. Kata Kunci : Depresi, Insomnia, Lansia.
Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art (2003)

Abstract After several decades of theoretical developments, desk studies, experimental wind turbines and prototype wind farms, the first large‐scale commercial developments of offshore wind farms are now being built. To support and accelerate this development, the European Commission funded a project, ‘Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe’ (CA‐OWEE), which aimed to gather, evaluate, synthesize and distribute knowledge on all aspects of offshore wind energy, including offshore technology, electrical integration, economics, environmental impacts and political aspects. The partners are from a wide range of fields and include developers, utilities, consultants, research institutes and universities. This article reports on the final conclusions of this project, with the complete report being available online at http://www.offshorewindenergy.org . Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Silicones Released from Household Items and Baby Articles by Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry (2014)

Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) enables screening of articles of daily use made of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), commonly known as silicone rubber, to assess their tendency to release low molecular weight silicone oligomers. DART-MS analyses were performed on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Flexible silicone baking molds, a watch band, and a dough scraper, as baby articles different brands of pacifiers, nipples, and a teething ring have been examined. While somewhat arbitrarily chosen, the set can be regarded as representative of household items, baby articles, and other objects made of silicone rubber. For comparison, two brands of silicone septa and as blanks a glass slide and a latex pacifier were included. Differences between the objects were mainly observed in terms of molecular weight distribution and occasional release of other compounds in addition to PDMS. Other than that, all objects made of silicone rubber released significant amounts of PDMS during DART analysis. To provide a coarse quantification, a calibration based on silicone oil was established, which delivered PDMS losses from 20 μg to >100 μg during the 16-s period per measurement. Also, the extraction of baking molds in rapeseed oil demonstrated a PDMS release at the level of 1 μg mg(-1). These findings indicate a potential health hazard from frequent or long-term use of such items. This work does not intend to blame certain brands of such articles. Nonetheless, a higher level of awareness of this source of daily silicone intake is suggested.
Apparatus (1960)

R. A. Chalmers, D. A. Thomson and E. L. Anderson, Analyst, 1960, 85, 226 DOI: 10.1039/AN9608500226
Divacancy in 4H-SiC (2006)

Electron paramagnetic resonance and ab initio supercell calculations suggest that the P6/P7 centers, which were previously assigned to the photoexcited triplet states of the carbon vacancy-antisite pairs in the double positive charge state, are related to the triplet ground states of the neutral divacancy. The spin density is found to be located mainly on three nearest C neighbors of the silicon vacancy, whereas it is negligible on the nearest Si neighbors of the carbon vacancy.
Effectiveness of short-term feeding strategies for altering conjugated linoleic acid content of beef1,2 (2003)

A steer finishing trial was performed to determine the effect of short-term dietary regimens on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of muscle tissues. The experimental design was an incomplete 3 x 2 factorial, with three levels of soybean oil (SBO; 0, 4, and 8% of diet DM) and two levels of forage (20 vs. 40% of diet DM). Forty Angus x Hereford steers averaging 504 +/- 29.0 kg were allotted randomly to one of four treatments for the last 6 wk of the finishing period. Treatments were: 80:20 concentrate:forage control diet (C); 80:20 concentrate:forage + 4% SBO (C4); 60:40 concentrate:forage + 4% SBO (F4); and 60:40 concentrate:forage + 8% SBO (F8). After 42 d on the experimental diets, steers were sacrificed and samples were collected from the chuck, loin, and round muscle groups. Fatty acid (FA; mg/100 mg of FA) composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Data were statistically analyzed with mixed models procedures. The performance and carcass quality model included the effects of SBO and forage. The model for FA composition included the effects of SBO, forage, muscle group, and interactions. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear effects of SBO. There were no differences in growth performance among treatments (P > 0.05). Increasing dietary SBO linearly decreased dressing percent (P = 0.04), and tended to linearly decrease marbling score (P = 0.12) and quality grade (P = 0.08). The only CLA isomer detected in tissue samples was cis-9,trans-11. Addition of SBO to diets linearly increased linoleic acid (18:2n-6; P = 0.04) and tended to linearly increase linolenic acid (18:3n-3; P = 0.10) in muscle tissues. The CLA in lean tissues was decreased (P = 0.005) with SBO-containing diets. These findings suggest that increased PUFA may limit ruminal production of CLA and trans-vaccenic acid (VA) and/or may depress stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression or activity in lean tissues, which in turn limits CLA formation and accretion in tissues. Increasing dietary forage tended to increase 18:0, 18:2n-6, CLA, and 18:3n-3 (P < 0.15), suggesting that increased forage may mitigate toxic effects of PUFA on ruminal biohydrogenation, thereby increasing the pool of CLA and VA available for CLA formation and accretion in tissues. Short-term feeding of elevated SBO and forage levels can alter FA profiles in muscle tissues.
Economía regional desde una perspectiva neoclásica: De convergencia y otras historias (1996)

En los ultimos anos. Ios macroeconomistas de orientacion neoclasica han mostrado un gran interes por algunas cuestiones de economia regional. Este articulo explica por que y explora algunos de los temas centrales de esta li-teratura. Tras resumir brevemente el marco teorico que ha guiado esta linea de investigacion y la metodologia empleada en el analisis empirico de la con-vergencia regional, se examinan algunos de los resultados mas relevantes de trabajos recientes. A continuacion, se discute la que parece ser la interpreta-cion dominante de la evidencia empirica y algunas de sus implicaciones tanto teoricas como de politica regional. Finalmente, se cuestionan algunos aspectos de esta interpretacion y se senalan algunos temas que merecerian mayor atencion en la investigacion futura.
White Organic Light-Emitting Diode Using Blue-Light-Emitting Zn(HPB)<sub>2</sub> Material (2007)

A novel blue light emitter, zinc(II) [2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole] [Zn(HPB)2], has been synthesized and evaluated in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). Hereby, an OLED with a white light emission and a high color stability using Zn(HPB)2 and a layer of tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum (Alq3) doped with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) (Alq3:DCJTB) as emitters has been demonstrated. The structure of this OLED is indium–tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis-(1-naphthl)-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB; 40 nm)/Zn(HPB)2 (40 nm)/Alq3:DCJTB (40 nm)/LiF/Al. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of the white emission are (0.32, 0.33) at an applied voltage of 14 V. The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of Zn(HPB)2 showed emission peaks at a wavelength of 455 nm.
In vitro glucose uptake by isolated rat hemi-diaphragm study of Aegle marmelos Correa root (2008)

The methanol extract of the root of Aegle marmelos, a medicinal plant, was fractionated into eight fractions using column chromatography. The anti-diabetic activity of all the fractions was studied using the glucose uptake by isolated rat hemidiaphragm in vitro model. Using the bioassay-guided fractionation, two compounds 1 and 2 were isolated by column chromatography and identified as 6-methyl-4-chromanone and skimmianine respectively by NMR and mass spectral methods.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice: A Roundtable Discussion (1998)

Abstract Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods make possible the use of flexible Bayesian models that would otherwise be computationally infeasible. In recent years, a great variety of such applications have been described in the literature. Applied statisticians who are new to these methods may have several questions and concerns, however: How much effort and expertise are needed to design and use a Markov chain sampler? How much confidence can one have in the answers that MCMC produces? How does the use of MCMC affect the rest of the model-building process? At the Joint Statistical Meetings in August, 1996, a panel of experienced MCMC users discussed these and other issues, as well as various "tricks of the trade" This article is an edited recreation of that discussion. Its purpose is to offer advice and guidance to novice users of MCMC—and to not-so-novice users as well. Topics include building confidence in simulation results, methods for speeding and assessing convergence, estimating standard errors, identification of models for which good MCMC algorithms exist, and the current state of software development. Key Words: Bayesian softwareConvergence assessmentGibbs samplerMetropolis-Hastings algorithm
Discovery of numerous specific topics via term co-occurrence analysis (2010)

We describe efficient techniques for construction of large term co-occurrence graphs, and investigate an application to the discovery of numerous fine-grained (specific) topics. A topic is a small dense subgraph discovered by a random walk initiated at a term (node) in the graph. We observe that the discovered topics are highly interpretable, and reveal the different meanings of terms in the corpus. We show the information-theoretic utility of the topics when they are used as features in supervised learning. Such features lead to consistent improvements in classification accuracy over the standard bag-of-words representation, even at high training proportions. We explain how a layered pyramidal view of the term distribution helps in understanding the algorithms and in visualizing and interpreting the topics.
Organizing query completions for web search (2010)

All state-of-the-art web search engines implement an auto-completion mechanism - an assistive technology enabling users to effectively formulate their search queries by predicting the next characters or words that they are likely to type. Query completions (or suggestions) are typically mined from past user interactions with the search engine, e.g., from query logs, clickthrough patterns, or query reformulations; they are ranked by some measure of query popularity, e.g., query frequency or clickthrough rate. Current query suggestion tools largely assume that the set of suggestions provided to the users is homogeneous, corresponding to a single real-world interpretation of the query. In this paper, we hypothesize that, in some cases, users would benefit from an alternative presentation of the suggestions, one where suggestions are not only ordered by likelihood but also organized by high-level user intent. Rich search suggestion interaction frameworks that reduce the user effort in identifying the set of relevant suggestions open new and promising directions towards improving user experience. Along these lines, we propose clustering the set of suggestions presented to a search engine user, and assigning an appropriate label to each subset of suggestions to help users quickly identify useful ones. For this, we present a variety of unsupervised clustering techniques for search suggestions, based on the information available to a large-scale web search engine. We evaluate our novel search suggestion presentation techniques on a real-world dataset of query logs. Based on a set of user studies, we show that by extending the existing assistance layer to effectively group suggestions and label them - while accounting for the query popularity - we substantially increase the user's satisfaction.