gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in Lymphoproliferative Disease (1991)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and lymphoprolifcrative disease in patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. B lymphocytes in tissues from these patients often contain EBV genomes. Expression of the EBV genes EBNA-1, EBNA-2, and LMP and the B cell genes CD23, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 has been demonstrated in lymphoblastoid cells in vitro and in B lymphocytes in tissues from patients with lymphoproliferative disease. In contrast, B cells in tissue from patients with Burkitt lymphoma usually show expression of EBNA-1, but not the other viral or B cell genes. Expression of EBNA-1 with variable expression of LMP has been reported in tissue from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The different patterns of viral and cellular gene expression in these diseases have important implications for their treatment.
A tribute to Sidney Farber – the father of modern chemotherapy (2006)

Sidney Farber, world-renowned paediatric pathologist, made major contributions to his field but is acknowledged as the father of the modern era of chemotherapy. He recognised that folic acid stimulated leukaemic cell growth and enhanced disease progression. He hypothesised that folic acid antagonists would inhibit or arrest the proliferation of cancer cells. His landmark study, published in 1948, demonstrated that a number of folic acid antagonists, including 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid (aminopterin) produced temporary remissions in children with acute undifferentiated leukaemia. These observations lead to the development and use of other chemotherapeutic agents, either singly or, more effectively, in combination for treating childhood and adult malignancies. He introduced actinomycin D for the treatment of metastatic and localised Wilms tumour. Under his guidance and leadership, both the 'Jimmy Fund', one of the first comprehensive paediatric oncology treatment centres, and the Children's Cancer Research Foundation, which later became the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, were founded.
Detailed kinetic analysis of oil shale pyrolysis TGA data (2011)

Abstract There are significant resources of oil shale in the western United States, which if exploited in an environmentally responsible manner would provide secure access to transportation fuels. Understanding the kinetics of kerogen decomposition to oil is critical to designing a viable process. A dataset of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the Green River oil shale is provided and two distinct data analysis approaches—advanced isoconversional method and parameter fitting are used to analyze the data. Activation energy distributions with conversion calculated using the isoconversional method (along with uncertainties) ranged between 93 and 245 kJ/mol. Root mean square errors between the model and experimental data were the lowest for the isoconversional method, but the distributed reactivity models also produced reasonable results. When using parameter fitting approaches, a number of models produce similar results making model choice difficult. Advanced isoconversional method is better in this regard, but maybe applicable to a limited number of reaction pathways. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
The Mechanism of Orientation in Si Graphoepitaxy by Laser or Strip Heater Recrystallization (1983)

An explanation is presented for the (100) texture and <100> orientation observed in Si graphoepitaxy by laser and strip heater recrystallization. With radiational heating, solid crystalline ribbons and islands, having a predominance of (100) texture, can coexist with molten Si. Crystallites with (100) texture and <100> parallel to the axis of a surface‐relief grating are preferentially retained in partially molten regions, and these crystallites seed subsequent solidification, yielding the overall orientation.
[Sclerotherapy in children]. (1993)

The treatment of superficial venous pathology of child is still not very developed. Yet, the frequency is certainly above the estimation of 2% made in 1969. The importance of its expansion should leads us to consider a precocious treatment. Every delay might be the source of difficulties in the future therapeutics. The preliminary non prospective study realized here, includes 43 young patients, whose mothers had varicose. The functional investigations were made after a clinical examination evocative of anomaly and they permit to evidence 6 significant reflux. The therapeutic attitude depended on the type of disease observed going from abstention till surgery. A soft sclerotherapy, generally well accepted, was a successful method without complications. The results difficult to evaluate except in case of reflux, were generally good. The main difficulty is the acceptance of this method by the medical staff, after the parents' agreement. The sclerotherapy is perfectly possible in childhood, often to be wished in case of disease, sometimes necessary, but must remain careful.
Energy-subtraction Compton scatter camera design considerations: a Monte Carlo study of timing and energy resolution effects (1997)

An energy-subtraction Compton scatter camera (ESCSC) was previously proposed for medical imaging applications. This ESCSC consists of a primary detector system (silicon) and a secondary detector system (cadmium-zinc-telluride) for preferred detection of Compton scatter and photoelectric absorption interactions, respectively. To further evaluate the usefulness of this ESCSC for medical imaging, the following characteristics have been simulated: the random emission of gamma-rays in time; detector timing, energy and spatial resolution; list mode data acquisition; and post-acquisition coincidence analysis. The resulting optimization of detector characteristics, data acquisition and analysis techniques, and administered activity is presented and discussed. One significant result of these simulations is that a localized activity of about 1.0 mCi allows for recovery of the majority of preferred events while eliminating the majority of interfering events when 10 and 50 ns FWHM timing resolutions for silicon and cadmium-zinc-telluride, respectively, are assumed. Consequently, the Proposed ESCSC should be capable of acquiring data for administered activities similar to those used with current mechanically-collimated imaging cameras.
Preface: The Search for Effectiveness in the World's Premier Development Institution (2009)

Many studies have been conducted and books have been written over the past few decades about the World Bank, which I refer to from here on as ‘the Bank’. But what has been written about up to now has largely missed a critical issue. Writers have been concerned mainly, and justifiably, with the Bank's external role within world development, that is, its political economy, its place within the process of globalization, the character of its lending, to whom it lends, what conditions it imposes, how far it accounts for socioeconomic concerns such as the natural environment, the kind of advice it gives, and, most recently, who should own it. This study, without ignoring the wealth of wider issues, looks at the Bank as an organization. That is, is it configured organizationally to do the job it is supposed to do and, if not, what should be done about it? In particular, the question is whether the reorganizations that have taken place over about the past twenty years have made the Bank more capable of doing the job it is supposed to do, as they have each laid claim. This book is thus about the problems of organization and reorganization as much as it is about the problems of assisting third-world development, and perhaps it would serve as a case study in organizational reform as much as a critique of the way development assistance is conceived and managed.
Online Monitoring System for Performance Fault Detection (2014)

To achieve the exaFLOPS performance within a contained power budget, next generation supercomputers will feature hundreds of millions of components operating at low- and near-threshold voltage. As the probability that at least one of these components fails during the execution of an application approaches certainty, it seems unrealistic to expect that any run of a scientific application will not experience some performance faults. We believe that there is need of a new generation of light-weight performance and debugging tools that can be used online even during production runs of parallel applications and that can identify performance anomalies during the application execution. In this work we propose the design and implementation of a monitoring system that continuously inspects the evolution of running applications and the health of the system. To achieve minimum runtime overhead while maintaining the desired level of flexibility, we propose a decoupled approach in which accurate monitoring is performed at kernel-level while performance anomaly disambiguation and corrective actions are performed at user-level. We evaluate our monitoring system on a 32-core AMD Interlagos compute node: First, we show that the runtime overhead of the monitoring system is negligible (0-2%). Then we show how our system can be used to precisely identify performance faults in two different scenarios. In the first, we inject OS noise while in the second we simulate the execution of a data analytics application next to a scientific simulation.
Botulinum toxin type a induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain (2008)

These results indicate for the first time that BTX-A may induce direct analgesic effects in patients with chronic neuropathic pain independent of its effects on muscle tone and suggest novel indications for BTX-A in analgesia.
The Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the use of nuclear weapons (1997)

Of the 51 opinions handed down by the Court of the Hague (28 by the Permanent Court of International Justice and 23 by the International Court of Justice), there is little doubt that the two delivered on 8 July 1996 in response to requests submitted by the WHO World Health Assembly and the United Nations General Assembly will become landmarks in the history of the Court, if not in history itself.
Gene-expression Analysis Identifies Specific Patterns of Dysregulated Molecular Pathways and Genetic Subgroups of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2016)

It is suggested that these significantly dysregulated genes are highly specific and potentially utilizable as prognostic markers and may lead to a better understanding of human hepatocarcinogenesis.
Swift, "Lilliputian," and Catullus (1956)

Journal Article Swift, "Lilliputian," and Catullus Get access Sheridan Baker Sheridan Baker 1University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 3, Issue 11, 1 November 1956, Pages 477–479, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/3.11.477b Published: 01 November 1956
Optimization of irda irlap link access protocol (2003)

The widespread installation of millions of Infrared Data Association (IrDA) infrared (IR) ports in mobile devices for wireless communication applications necessitates for throughput performance optimization of the IR links at the IrDA link access protocol (IrLAP) link layer. For IrDA connectivity, link-layer throughput optimization is important for any line bit-error rate (BER). The paper provides a mathematical model with which we derive a simple equation linking IrLAP throughput with physical and link-layer parameters. Simple equations for optimum values of window size and frame length for maximum link-layer throughput as a function of BER are derived. A study of the importance of parameters such as link minimum turnaround time and F-timer time out period is presented. Finally, a protocol improvement that utilizes special supervisory frames (S frames) to pass transmission control is proposed to deal with delays introduced by F-timer expiration. Results indicate that employing the special S frame highly improves throughput performance when optimum window and frame-size values are implemented.
Footprint-based biometric verification (2008)

We investigate the potential of foot biometric features based on geometry, shape, and texture and present algorithms for a prototype rotation invariant verification system. An introduction to origins and fields of application for footprint-based personal recognition is accompanied by a comparison with traditional hand biometry systems. Image enhancement and feature extraction steps emphasizing specific characteristics of foot geometry and their permanence and distinctiveness properties, respectively, are discussed. Collectability and universality issues are considered as well. A visualization of various test results comparing discriminative power of foot shape and texture is given. The impact on real-world scenarios is pointed out, and a summary of results is presented.
Myeloblastic Cell Lines Mimic Some but Not All Aspects of Human Cytomegalovirus Experimental Latency Defined in Primary CD34<sup>+</sup>Cell Populations (2013)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant human pathogen that achieves lifelong persistence by establishing latent infections in undifferentiated cells of the myeloid lineage, such as CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. When latency is established, viral lytic gene expression is silenced in part by a cellular intrinsic defense consisting of Daxx and histone deacetylases (HDACs) because pp71, the tegument transactivator that travels to the nucleus and inactivates this defense at the start of a lytic infection in differentiated cells, remains in the cytoplasm. Because the current in vitro and ex vivo latency models have physiological and practical limitations, we evaluated two CD34(+) myeloblastic cell lines, KG-1 and Kasumi-3, for their ability to establish, maintain, and reactivate HCMV experimental latent infections. Tegument protein pp71 was cytoplasmic, and immediate-early (IE) genes were silenced as in primary CD34(+) cells. However, in contrast to what occurs in primary CD34(+) cells ex vivo or in NT2 and THP-1 in vitro model systems, viral IE gene expression from the laboratory-adapted AD169 genome was not induced in the presence of HDAC inhibitors in either KG-1 or Kasumi-3 cells. Furthermore, while the clinical strain FIX was able to reactivate from Kasumi-3 cells, AD169 was not, and neither strain reactivated from KG-1 cells. Thus, KG-1 and Kasumi-3 experimental latent infections differ in important parameters from those in primary CD34(+) cell populations. Aspects of latency illuminated through the use of these myeloblastoid cell lines should not be considered independently but integrated with results obtained in primary cell systems when paradigms for HCMV latency are proposed.
Organic insulating films of nanometer thicknesses (1996)

It is demonstrated that monolayers of organic molecules (long chain hydrocarbons) as thin as 1.9 nm, deposited by the self-assembly technique on silicon, form high performance electrically insulating barriers. Their properties are compared with those of silicon dioxide. Leakage current densities through the organic monolayers of the order of 10−8–10−7A/cm2 have been obtained. These values are 4–5 decades lower than those for silicon dioxide of equivalent thickness. Larger tunneling barriers for organic monolayers than for silicon dioxide explain these results.
Reply by the Authors to O. Ozcan, D. A. Johnson, and R. L. Simpson (1995)

https://doi.org/10.2514/3.60010
Automatic Recognition of Crater-like Structures in Terrestrial and Planetary Images (2005)

PLANETARY IMAGES. Jon Earl, Agustin Chicarro, Christian Koeberl, Pier Giorgio Marchetti, and Martin Milnes, LogicaCMG UK Ltd (Space & Defense Division), Chaucer House, The Office Park, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7LP, United Kingdom (Jon.Earl@logicacmg.com; Martin.Milnes@logicacmg.com); ESA/ESTEC, Scientific Programme, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, the Netherlands (Agustin.Chicarro@esa.int); Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (christian.koeberl@univie.ac.at); ESA/ESRIN, Earth Observation Programme (EOP-GDR), Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, Italy (Pier.Giorgio.Marchetti@esa.int).
The emergence of high volume copper ball bonding (2004)

Copper ball bonding has emerged as a high-volume semiconductor assembly process. It already is well established in the high-power, low-pin count market segment. In addition to having better properties than gold, copper provides higher electrical and thermal conductivity, higher strength and stiffness, and better intermetallic reliability than comparable gold ball bonds. As these benefits are demonstrated, it migrates into higher I/O, more demanding, fine pitch product lines. Cost savings achievable with copper ball bonding are substantial and represent a major cost improvement for our highly competitive industry.
The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones (2004)

Proposal Throughout the lifetime of oil producing wells, a common problem encountered is excessive gas and/or water production. High producing gas-oil or water-oil ratio is normally responsible for both rapid productivity decline, and increase in operating costs caused by gas or water processing. The result is often a premature shut-in of wells because production has become uneconomical. Foamed gels have been used as selective barriers to counteract disproportionate gas-oil and/or water-oil ratios in oil production. However, knowledge of the effects of critical parameters such as wettability of the porous medium and pore geometry on foamed gel-blockage performance remains incomplete. In this work micro-scale experiments, which involve the microscopic observation of flowing and trapped foamed gel in etched-glass micromodels were performed. The purpose of the research work is to provide new insights into the sensitivity of foamed gel blockage to porous media wettability and pore geometry. The experimental results indicated that foamed gels present higher blocking efficiency in oil-wet systems than in water-wet systems. Under experimental conditions, foamed gels exhibit higher blocking efficiency at lower pore body to pore throat aspect ratios. The plugging treatment exhibits stability after subsequent steps of gas and brine injection. Ultimately, the combination of foam and gel has both technical and economic advantages that make foamed gels superior mobility control agents.
A steering law for three double-gimbal control moment gyro systems (1975)

A steering law for three double-gimbal control moment gyro (CMG) systems is proposed. This steering law is applicable to systems with almost any configuration of CMGs and the CMG-out operation needs no special modification. Examples of three double gimbal CMG systems in an orthogonal configuration and in a parallel configuration are shown along with the results of digital simulations. Simulation results show that any command torque can always be met except when the system is in a singular state and that, whenever the system is in, or close to, a singularity, the steering law drives the system state out of the vicinity of the singularity.
Global Disturbances in Autonomic Function Yield Cardiovascular Instability and Hypertension in the Chromogranin A Null Mouse (2009)

We reported previously that chromogranin A (Chga) knockout (KO) mice are hypertensive and hyperadrenergic. Here we sought to determine the basis of such alterations by probing physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological responses to perturbations of the autonomic nervous system. In the conscious state, KO mice had substantially elevated basal high blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR); immobilization stress caused increments in systolic BP and HR in both wild-type (WT) and KO mice, with higher maxima but blunted increments in the KO state. Catestatin (CST; CHGA(352-372)) selectively diminished stress-induced increments in BP and HR in KO mice, implicating CST as an antihypertensive peptide, even in stressful conditions. Heightened plasma catecholamines in KO mice returned to WT level after CST. Stress caused further increments in catecholamines in WT mice but no change in KO mice. KO mice displayed diminished baroreflex sensitivity in response to either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside, accounting for exaggerated pressor and depressor responses to these compounds; baroreceptor function was normalized by CST. To probe the relative roles of endogenous/basal sympathetic vs. parasympathetic tone in control of BP and HR, we used the muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist atropine or the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol; HR and BP responses to each antagonist were exaggerated in KO animals. We conclude that ablation of Chga expression results in global disturbances in autonomic function, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, that can be abrogated (or rescued), at least in part, by replacement of CST. The results point to mechanisms whereby CHGA and its CST fragment act to control cardiovascular homeostasis.
Directed evolution of specific receptor–ligand pairs for use in the creation of gene switches (2005)

Despite their versatility and power in controlling gene regulation in nature, nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) have largely eluded utility in heterologous gene regulation applications such as gene therapy and metabolic engineering. The main reason for this void is the pleiotropic interference of the receptor-ligand combination with regulatory networks in the host organism. In recent years, numerous strategies have been developed to engineer ligand-receptor pairs that do not cross-interact with host regulatory pathways. However, these strategies have either met with limited success or cannot be readily extended to other ligand-receptor pairs. Here, we present a simple, effective, and readily generalizable strategy for reengineering NHRs to respond specifically to a selected synthetic ligand. The method involves generation of genetic diversity by stepwise individual site saturation mutagenesis of a fixed set of ligand-contacting residues and random point mutagenesis, followed by phenotypic screening based on a yeast two-hybrid system. As a test case, this method was used to alter the specificity of the NHR human estrogen receptor alpha in favor of the synthetic ligand 4,4'-dihydroxybenzil, relative to the natural ligand 17beta-estradiol, by >10(7)-fold. The resulting ligand-receptor pair is highly sensitive to the synthetic ligand in human endometrial cancer cells and is essentially fully orthogonal to the wild-type receptor-natural ligand pair. This method should provide a powerful, broadly applicable tool for engineering receptors/enzymes with improved or novel ligand/substrate specificity.
Nuclear Medicine progress report for quarter ending March 31, 1986 (1986)

An in vitro analysis of the susceptibility of the 3,3-dimethyl-branched (DMIPP) and 3-monomethyl-branched (BMIPP) analogues, and the parent straight-chain 15-para-iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPP) to oxidation by an acyl CoA oxidase enzyme are described. The degree of myocardial retention appears to be directly related to the susceptibility to ..beta..-oxidation. Glucose analogues labeled with single photon emitting radionuclides are desirable candidates for measuring brain glucose utilization using SPECT. Because of the attractive radionuclidic properties of iodine-123, a new deoxy-substituted iodovinyl-substituted carbohydrate has been prepared and evaluated in rats with the objective of achieving high brain uptake. The model agent, methyl-2-deoxy-2-(E)-(/sup 125/I)iodovinyl-2,4,6-0-tri-acetyl-..beta..-D-altropyranoside, was prepared by a 5-step sequence of reactions. The new radioiodinated iodovinyl-branched carbohydrate showed significant brain uptake (2.31% dose/gm at 2 min), and retention (0.78% dose/gm at 60 min) in rats. The new carbohydrate represents the first reported transport of radioiodide stabilized onto carbon of a sugar molecule across the blood-brain barrier.