gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient direct simulation Monte Carlo method for low Mach number noncontinuum gas flows based on the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model (2009)

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is the preferred approach for simulating rarefied gas flows in complex geometries. However, the standard DSMC method becomes inefficient in the limit M=U¯/⟨c⟩→0 when the thermal velocity fluctuations which scale with the speed of sound ⟨c⟩ are much larger than characteristic ensemble-averaged flow speed U¯. In this paper, we propose a modified DSMC algorithm which simulates the linearized Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) approximation to the Boltzmann equation. The particles in this method are uniformly distributed in space and have a rest-state, equilibrium Maxwellian velocity distribution. The deviations from the equilibrium state are captured by weightings, indicating that each particle represents a noninteger expectation for finding gas molecules with the simulation particle’s velocity in the spatial cell where it is found. The BGK approximation makes the implementation of such a method simple and efficient because the BGK collision rule can be implemented by adjusting particle weightings without the need to create new particles during the simulation. The method can be incorporated into existing DSMC simulation programs with minimal changes. We apply the new algorithm to two test problems—pressure-driven flow through a nanochannel and flow around an isolated sphere. Results obtained with the new method are in excellent agreement with previous theories and simulations.
Some Effects of Moisture Migration and Persistence in Building Materials (1982)

While mass transfer of moisture with air, as infiltration and exfiltration, is now a concern in building performance, when these correctable errors are minimized, migration of moisture by the laws of physics will still occur. The tendency is to presume that moisture migrates in straight lines, as flow perpendicularly through thin materials. However, migration will occur in all materials or constructions in any direction that vapor pressures dictate, including migration laterally in sheet materials if interstitial paths exist. As example, lateral migration through felts was demonstrated by use of tritiated water vapor as a tracer. Strips of felts immersed in water for 100 days did expand across the fibers, as expected, but they shrank in the longitudinal direction. Uncoated felts responded promptly to changes in relative humidity, but coated felts, with their partially protected fibers, persisted to expand for a while even after the exposure relative humidity had been decreased. Felts even at sub-zero temperature expanded and contracted with changes in relative humidity induced by silica gel and by ice. Field examples of moisture migration and persistence are given, and attention is called to overlooked freezing induced by radiative cooling to the sky at night that decreases surface temperatures as much as 5.5°C (10°F) even at freezing temperatures.
Synthesis of Uridine Derivatives Containing Amino Acid Residues (2003)

Abstract Convenient synthesis of uridine derivatives containing amino acid residues were carried out successfully by reacting triazolated uridine with the hydrochloride salts of some amino acid esters, which provides a general method for the direct introduction of amino acid group onto nucleoside residue.
The flowering of flat displays (1997)

The author describes how new and improved display technologies are giving electronics a fresh look. Active-matrix liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with improved image quality and larger viewing angles are on the verge of replacing CRTs, while reflective displays (with very low power consumption) and cholesteric displays (which need no power to retain an image) are making new portable products possible.
Nondestructive Evaluation (2004)

Abstract The technology of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) includes all nondamaging or nonintrusive methods for determining material identity; for evaluating material properties, composition, structure, or serviceability; and for detecting discontinuities and defects in materials. Nondestructive tests commonly are used for quality control, process control, and for reliability assurance of materials, protective coatings, components, welds, assemblies, structures, and operating systems. The use of these tests helps prevent premature failure of materials during processing, manufacturing, or assembly, and during service under anticipated operating stresses and environments. Nondestructive evaluation provides an essential service toward achieving the goal of optimum plant and system operation. An overview of NDE methods and applications that apply to most inspection demands that can arise in the chemical industry is presented. Candidates for inspection with NDE range from massive aircraft and pressure vessels to minute fibers used in the construction of high strength composites and fine arts objects. Techniques applicable to such a wide range of items may be classified as external energy tests, where the signal or probing medium is generated externally to the system being evaluated, or passive energy tests, where the signal comes from the system itself. Probe sources range from the ultrasonic and microwave through γ‐ and X‐rays. Surface investigation, leak detection, flaw sizing, imaging of material systems, and routine inspections are all carried out using NDE.
Metabolism of heptadecapeptide gastrin in humans studied by region-specific antisera. (1985)

The metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin (G17) in vivo, and in serum in vitro, was studied by radioimmunoassay using region specific antisera, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. After infusion of G17 intravenously in normal human volunteers, COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive G17 fragments were generated. At a steady state, approximately 15% of COOH-terminal immunoreactivity was attributable to G14-like material and up to 25% of total NH2-terminal immunoreactivity was attributable to two NH2-terminal fragments; one had the chromatographic properties of 1-13 G17, and the other was less acidic and less hydrophobic. After stopping the infusion of G17, the latter fragments accounted for progressively greater proportions of total gastrin activity. When G17 was incubated in serum in vitro, there was time-dependent and temperature-dependent loss of immunoreactivity, and again COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive fragments were formed. Removal of the NH2-terminal pyroglutamic acid was probably the rate limiting step because synthetic 2-17 G17 was degraded more rapidly in serum (t1/2, 2-3 h) than G17 (t1/2, 3-5 h). EDTA blocked degradation at the COOH-terminus of both 2-17 G17 and G17 but cleavage at the NH2-terminus still occurred, giving rise to a G14-like peptide. The rate of conversion of G17 in serum was not enough to account for the production of fragments in vivo, and it is proposed that these are formed when G17 encounters enzymes on cell surfaces, perhaps during passage through the capillary circulation. The production of these fragments needs to be considered in interpreting studies of the identity, metabolism, and release of gastrin in health and disease.
Volumetric Analysis of Vascularized Serous Pigment Epithelial Detachment Progression in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (2019)

Three-dimensional, volumetric, en face OCTA analysis of vsPED progression illustrated two anatomic outcomes: filled, typically multilayered fibrovascular PED versus persistent vsPED. The filled multilayered PED displayed a reduction in PED height and volume, greater CNV/PED flow ratio, and fewer anti-VEGF injections versus the persistent vsPED and may represent a more stable anatomic outcome while the persistent vsPED may indicate a more unstable morphology.
Through pore diameter in the cell wall of Chara corallina (2001)

Determination of pore size of the cell wall of Chara corallina has been made by using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) series as the hydrophilic probing molecules. In these experiments, the polydispersity of commercial preparation of PEGs was allowed for. The mass share (gamma(p)) of polyethylene glycol preparation fractions penetrating through the pores was determined using a cellular 'ghost', i.e. fragments of internodal cell walls filled with a 25% solution of non-penetrating PEG 6000 and tied up at the ends. In water, such a 'ghost' developed a hydrostatic pressure close to the cell turgor which persisted for several days. The determination of gamma(p), for polydisperse polyethylene glycols with different average molecular mass (M) was calculated from the degree of pressure restoration after water was replaced by a 5-10% polymer solution. Pressure was recorded using a dynamometer, which measures, in the quasi-isometric mode, the force necessary for the partial compression of the 'ghost' in its small fragment. By utilizing the data on the distribution of PEG 1000, 1450, 2000, and 3350 fractions over molecular mass (M), it was found that gamma(p), for these polyethylene glycols corresponded to the upper limit of ML=800-1100 D (hydrodynamic radius of molecules, r(h)=0.85-1.05 nm). Thus, the effective diameter of the pores in the cell wall of Chara did not exceed 2.1 nm.
Apple, Ovicidal Effects of Methomyl (Lannate-L) on Beneficial Insects, 1980 (1981)

Abstract To assess the effects of Lannate-L on the eggs of beneficial insects seven treatments and a water control were used in each of 6 experiments. The treatment rates (litre (ounces) of Lannate-L/378.5 litre (100 gallons) water) were: (I) 0.95 litre (32 ounces); (2) 0.83 litre (28 ounces); (3) 0.71 litre (24 ounces); (4) 0.59 litre (20 ounces); (5) 0.47 litre (16 ounces); (6) 0.35 litre (12 ounces); (7) 0.24 litre (8 ounces); (8) water control.
Philosophy in America. (1966)

Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Philosophy in America. Edited by Max Black. (London: Allen & Unwin. 1965. Pp. 307. Price 42s). Bernard Mayo Bernard Mayo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 65, October 1966, Pages 376–377, https://doi.org/10.2307/2218508 Published: 01 October 1966
Effect of precipitate structure on hot deformation of Al-Mg-Mn alloys (1993)

The size and nature of precipitates have strong effects on microstructural evolution from the cold-worked state through the course of deformation at high temperatures. Through selected heat treatments and minor alloying alterations the precipitate structure of AA5083 has been manipulated. Minor additions of Zr have been used to create fine (50 to 100 nm) precipitates. The number and size distribution of medium-sized (<1 {mu}m) Mn-rich precipitates were modified by increasing the Mn concentration in conjunction with several heat treatment paths. Effects of these precipitates on the dislocation structure, recrystallization behavior and grain growth during high-temperature deformation have been elucidated.
Application of a Combined Catalyst and Sorbent for Steam Reforming of Methane (2010)

The performance of a combined catalyst and sorbent material designed for reforming hydrocarbons was evaluated by reacting methane with steam at different temperatures and pressures in a reactor packed with the material. The combined material was in the form of small spherical pellets comprised of a sorbent core of lime encased in a porous shell made largely of sintered alumina that supported a nickel catalyst. On the basis of previous research, two shell formulations were included in the study. One shell formulation contained a small quantity of CaO for strengthening of the shells, whereas the other contained a similar quantity of La2O3. Reaction testing of the combined catalyst and sorbent over a temperature range of 550−650 °C and a pressure range of 1.0−10.0 atm showed that pellets with either shell formulation were capable of producing H2 at or near thermodynamic equilibrium levels during a period when CO2 was being rapidly absorbed by the core material. Limited lifecycle testing of the combined catalyst and sorbent was also conducted at 650 °C and 1.0 atm over 10 cycles of H2 production and sorbent regeneration. A product stream with 98 mol % H2 (dry basis) was produced during the rapid CO2 absorption period of each cycle. However, the length of this period declined with each cycle.
Zum Einfluß von Fumarsäure, Salzsäure, Natriumformiat, Tylosin und Toyocerin auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit (1992)

Zusammenfassung In einem Versuch mit 6 × 12 Ferkeln wurde die Wirkung des Säureanions sowie eines Probiotikums und Antibiotikums auf die Wachstumsparameter und die Verdaulichkeit von Rohnährstoffen untersucht. Dem Futter wurde neben einer Kontrollration 1,8% Fumarsäure, 1,4% Salzsäure (HCl), 1,8% Natriumformiat (Nafo), 50 ppm Toyocerin (0,5 Mio. Keime/g) und 40 ppm Tylosin zugelegt. Die beiden Säuren wiesen eine identische pH‐Wert‐Absenkung im Futter auf. Der Versuch umfaßte zwei Fütterungsabschnitte, wobei im ersten ein Prestarterfutter und im zweiten ein Ferkelaufzuchtfutter in pelletierter Form ad libitum bei Einzelhaltung der Tiere in Käfigen eingesetzt wurde. Im Wachstumsversuch waren die täglichen Zunahmen und die Futteraufnahme durch den HCl‐Zusatz durchgehend signifikant vermindert. Die Fumarsäure‐Gruppe war in der Gesamtperiode kaum verbessert zur Kontrollration. Die Zulagen an 1,8% Nafo und 40 ppm Tylosin erreichten um 2,8% bzw. 5,6% höhere Zunahmen und waren in der Futterverwertung jeweils signifikant um 4,0% verbessert. Die Toyocerin‐Gruppe war in den täglichen Zunahmen und der Futteraufnahme um 8,1 bzw. 9,0% verschlechtert. Im zweiten Fütterungsabschnitt waren die täglichen Zunahmen durch Zusatz von Fumarsäure, Nafo und Tylosin um 3,8%, 4,9% und 6,2% erhöht. Die Futterverwertung war in diesem Abschnitt durch Tylosin um 3,9%, Fumarsäure um 5,1% und Nafo sowie Toyocerin um jeweils 5,6% verbessert. Die scheinbaren Verdaulichkeiten des Rohproteins, der Bruttoenergie und Trockensubstanz wurden durch 1,8% Nafo‐Zulage im ersten Abschnitt jeweils signifikant erhöht. Tylosin verursachte für die Trockensubstanz eine nachweisbare Steigerung der Verdaulichkeit. Der HCl‐Zusatz verbesserte gesichert die Verdaulichkeiten der Bruttoenergie und Trockensubstanz. Im zweiten Abschnitt war die Verdaulichkeit des Rohproteins von den Behandlungen unbeeinflußt und die HCl‐Gruppe wies signifikant höhere Verdaulichkeiten der Bruttoenergie und Trockensubstanz auf. Die Durchfallhäufigkeit war im ersten Abschnitt durch den Tylosin‐Zusatz signifikant vermindert, die Nafo‐ und HCl‐Behandlung zeigte eine starke Reduzierung, die Zulagen an Toyocerin und Fumarsäure hatte auf die Durchfallhäufigkeit wenig oder keinen Einfluß. Im zweiten Abschnitt wurden nur noch sehr selten Durchfälle beobachtet.
Isolation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from mature bovine articular cartilages. (1985)

Two species of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, called DS-PGI and DS-PGII, have been isolated from mature bovine articular cartilages. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at low ionic strength in 0.01 M phosphate the dermatan sulfate proteoglycans appeared as a single polydisperse species whose molecular weight ranged from 80,000 to 140,000. The dermatan sulfate proteoglycans eluted as a single peak on Sepharose CL-4B chromatography in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and showed no tendency to separate into two components. Following chondroitinase AC and ABC digestion, a core protein was obtained whose molecular weight was 45,000. However, what appeared to be a single dermatan sulfate proteoglycan was consistently separated into two species of distinctly different mobilities by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at high ionic strength in 0.375 M Tris. The molecular weight of the smaller species (DS-PGII) ranged from 87,000 to 120,000. The molecular weight of the larger species (DS-PGI) ranged from 165,000 to 285,000. DS-PGI self-associates in 0.375 M Tris, while DS-PGII does not. This phenomenon was exploited to separate DS-PGI and DS-PGII by preparative electrophoresis on 5 to 20% gradient slab gels. The immunological identities of the individual species, DS-PGI and DS-PGII, were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antiserum to cartilage-specific proteoglycan monomer from bovine articular cartilage and polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to DS-PGII. The polyclonal antiserum to cartilage-specific proteoglycan monomer did not react with DS-PGI or DS-PGII, indicating that DS-PGI and DS-PGII possess different core proteins from cartilage-specific proteoglycan monomer. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against the mixture of DS-PGI and DS-PGII reacted strongly with DS-PGII, but weakly or not at all with DS-PGI. These results suggest that DS-PGI and DS-PGII possess different core proteins and may represent two different species of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans.
Ultrafast Electron and Phonon Response of Oriented and Diameter-Controlled Germanium Nanowire Arrays (2014)

Carrier and phonon dynamics in dense arrays of aligned, single-crystal Ge nanowires (NWs) of controlled diameter are investigated by ultrafast optical pump-probe measurements, effective medium calculations, and elasticity analysis. Both a pronounced induced absorption and the amplitude and spectral range of Fabry-Perot oscillations observed in the probe signal are predicted for the NW array/air metamaterial by effective medium calculations. Detected temporal oscillations of reflectivity are consistent with excitation of radial breathing mode acoustic phonons by the intense pump pulse.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles Through Reactions of Nucleophiles with Acrylonitriles. Part 15. Synthesis of Some New Functionalized Benzo(b) pyrans and Indeno(1,2‐b)pyrans of Potential Biological Activity. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ODK tables (2013)

ODK Tables is an Android app that allows users to enter and curate tabular data. Users can explore the data through a variety of built-in views or build custom views using HTML/JavaScript. It also supports the linking of multiple data tables. Data values can be updated in a variety of ways, including using mobile data collection tools such as ODK Collect, that support rich data types including multi-media, or by communicating with low-cost phones over SMS. Additionally, ODK Tables supports a simple synchronization scheme appropriate for a distributed workforce and backed up on cloud servers. The goal of ODK Tables is to lower barriers to developing customized information applications by making it easy to customize data views using standard web technologieś that do not require recompilation. Our experience in working with many organizations in the developing world led us to make feature choices based on their input (through an on-line survey) with particular consideration to the potential pool of developers available. In this paper, we report on our implementation of ODK Tables and some of its performance parameters. We have designed it to be a flexible solution for a variety of use cases, including logistics management, public health, and environment monitoring where previously collected data is often revisited and updated.
Openings Through Endothelial Cells Associated with Increased Microvascular Permeability (1999)

Rapid increases in microvascular permeability are associated with the appearance of openings in microvascular endothelium, which are believed to develop between the endothelial cells of venules. Reconstruction of these openings, from electron micrographs of serial sections of the endothelium reveal that many pass through the periphery of the endothelial cells close to intact intercellular junctions. Transcellular pathways are the principal type of opening induced in microvascular endothelium by the ionophore A23187, by VEGF, and by high transmural pressures. Some mediators induce the fusion of vacuoles with the luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium, and it is suggested that the transcellular openings may develop from vacuolar channels.
Optimization of fed‐batch penicillin fermentation: A case of singular optimal control with state constraints (1989)

The determination of the optimal feeding profile of a fed-batch fermentation requires the solution of a singular optimal control problem that is often complicated by constraints imposed on the state variables. Such constraints can be a maximum allowable biomass concentration beyond which oxygen transfer is severely limited or maximum substrate concentration to avoid side reactions. Due to these state constraints and the singular nature of the problem, complete solutions are especially hard to obtain and almost nonexistent in the literature. In this work the feed concentration is employed as the control variable in a solution approach that first determines the optimal reactor substrate concentration and subsequently solves for the feed concentration profile that results in the optimal reactor profile. Calculations for the fed-batch penicillin fermentation indicate sharp increases in productivity over frequently employed strategies.
Identification of Key Residues for the Binding of Glucagon to the N-Terminal Domain of its Receptor: An Alanine Scan and Modeling Study (2012)

Glucagon plays an essential role in the glycemia maintenance during fasting, but also aggravates hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. A series of analogues of glucagon were synthesized replacing each amino acid of the C-terminal region (residues 15-29) with alanine. The residues affecting the binding to the glucagon receptor are found to be located on one face of the glucagon helix. Several 3-dimensional models of the N-terminal domain of the glucagon receptor in complex with its ligand peptide were built and used to analyze the peptide-receptor interface in terms of the nature of the peptide residues and the interactions they form with the receptor. The models suggest that glucagon keeps its native helical structure upon binding, and that a large part of the interface formed with the receptor is hydrophobic. We find that in the C-terminal region, F22, V23, M27, and D15 are the most important residues for peptide binding. They bury a large portion of their solvent accessible surface area and make numerous interactions with the receptor mainly of the hydrophobic type.
SSRIs and Ejaculation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Fixed-Dose Study With Paroxetine and Citalopram (2001)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known to induce delayed orgasm and ejaculation. However, different SSRIs may differentially delay ejaculation. A double-blind, fixed-dose study in healthy men with lifelong rapid ejaculation was performed to evaluate potential differences between clinically relevant doses of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine and citalopram, in their effects on ejaculation. Thirty men with an intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) less than 1 minute were randomly assigned to receive paroxetine (20 mg/day) and citalopram (20 mg/day) for 5 weeks, after taking half the dosage in the first week. During the 1-month baseline and 6-week treatment period, IELTs were measured at home by using a stopwatch procedure. The trial was completed by 23 men. Analysis of variance revealed a between-group difference in the evolution of IELT delay over time (p = 0.0004); the IELT after paroxetine and citalopram gradually increased from 18 and 21 seconds to approximately 170 and 44 seconds, respectively. Paroxetine 20 mg/day exerted a strong delay (8.9-fold increase), whereas citalopram 20 mg/day mildly delayed ejaculation (1.8-fold increase). These results indicate that paroxetine leads to a significant delay in orgasm and ejaculation, whereas citalopram seems to have less of an effect on it.