gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF BRANCHED CHAIN ACIDS IN CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUTILIZATION OF BRANCHED CHAIN ACIDS IN CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESISKonrad Bloch, L. C. Clarke, and Isaac HararyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 14, 3859–3860Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01643a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01643a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preamble Design for Non-Contiguous Spectrum Usage in Cognitive Radio Networks (2009)

Cognitive radios can significantly improve spectrum efficiency by using locally available spectrum. The efficiency, however, depends heavily on their transceiver design. In particular, being able to use non-contiguously aligned spectrum bands simultaneously is a critical requirement. Prior work in this area requires a control channel so that transmitter/receiver pairs can synchronize on their spectrum usage patterns. However, this approach can suffer from high cost and control congestion. In this paper, we propose an in-band solution for informing receivers the spectrum usage patterns. By judiciously designing packet preambles, we embed the spectrum usage patterns in each data packet. Using the legacy 802.11 preamble structure, we focus on choosing the appropriate preamble sequences to maintain reliable packet detection in the presence of noise and interference. We verify our design using simulation and show that it can lead to reliable packet transmissions comparable to those of contiguous spectrum usage. We also identify the impact of interference on our design and propose refinements to choose the preamble sequence using information on the interference.
Synthesis of 3D nitrogen-doped graphene/Fe3O4 by a metal ion induced self-assembly process for high-performance Li-ion batteries (2013)

We demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene (3D N–G)/nanoparticle anode architectures consisting of 3D N–G networks and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In such a hybrid structure, the N–G networks act as a buffer matrix to accommodate the volume change of Fe3O4, and the interconnected N–G sheets effectively prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles during cycling, both of which enable the structural integrity and electrochemical stabilization of such composite electrodes. Furthermore, the as-obtained porous nitrogen-doped hybrid materials promote efficient transport of both lithium ions and electrons upon charging/discharging, and also provide defect sites as Li+ active sites on the surface of N–G sheets. As a result, the hybrids exhibit much-improved lithium storage performance.
IV.—On Volcanos (1870)

Having listened with much pleasure to several able lectures on Geology and Palæontology which have already been delivered in this Hall, I believe I am correct in affirming, that the general tendency of these discourses has been altogether in one direction; the object being, to impress forcibly upon your minds the opinion that the various changes which have taken place in the earth's history, inhabitants, and surface configuration, have been mainly effected by what may be termed external agencies, i.e ., by forces acting from without, slow but sure in their operations, yet but comparatively so feeble in their energy as to demand a practically unlimited amount of time being placed at their disposal to enable them to accomplish those great revolutions which we see and know to have taken place in the geological history of our globe.
Flexible Hollow Light Guide Tube for Excimer Lasers (1988)

It is expected that the application of excimer lasers as medical laser will popularize in the near future. When UV beam delivery systems are positively necessary. Using the excimer lasers have high peak (ca. 10MW), short pulse width (several 10ns) and repeat pulse (under 200 pps). We are having investigates of KrF (wavelength: 248nm) and XeCl (308nm) laser beam transmission with the hollow tube. The hollow tube in our experiments is made up of the aluminum foil (light reflector) and the thin teflon (spacer).In this experiments of KrF laser, random polarized beam transmittance was obtained ca. 26%/m, if polarized beam was ca. 35%/m. The delivery average power and energy were ca. 1 watt/m (235kW peak power) and 5.4mJ per pulse respectively.On the other hand, XeCl laser (random polarized) beam transmittance was obtained ca. 36%/m, if polarized beam was ca. 49%/m. The delivery average power and energy were ca. 3 watt/m (2mw peak power) and 30mJ per pulse respectively.
Preparation and properties of starch-based biopolymers modified with difunctional isocyanates (2010)

The present work reports on the preparation of thermoplastic starch (TPS) modified in situ with a diisocyanate derivative. Evidence of the condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups of starch and glycerol with the isocyanate function (NCO) was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The evolution of the properties of the ensuing TPS, in term of mechanical properties, microstructure, and water sensitivity, was investigated using tensile mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and water uptake. The results showed that the addition of isocyanate did not affect the crystallinity of the TPS and slightly reduced the water uptake of the material. The evolution of the mechanical properties with ageing became less pronounced by the addition of the isocyanate as their amount exceeded 4 to 6wt%.
Characterization of exoplanets from their formation II. The planetary mass-radius relationship (2012)

The research of exoplanets has entered an era in which we characterize extrasolar planets. This has become possible with measurements of radii and luminosities. Meanwhile, radial velocity surveys discover also very low-mass planets. Uniting all this observational data into one coherent picture to better understand planet formation is an important, but difficult undertaking. Our approach is to develop a model which can make testable predictions for all these observational methods. We continue to describe how we have extended our formation model into a self-consistently coupled formation and evolution model. We show how we calculate the internal structure of the solid core and radiogenic heating. We also improve the protoplanetary disk model. Finally, we conduct population synthesis calculations. We present how the planetary mass-radius relationship of planets with primordial H/He envelopes forms and evolves in time. The basic shape of the M-R relation can be understood from the core accretion model. Low-mass planets cannot bind massive envelopes, while super-critical cores necessarily trigger runway gas accretion, leading to "forbidden" zones in the M-R plane. For a given mass, there is a considerable diversity of radii. We compare the synthetic M-R relation with the observed one, finding good agreement for a>0.1 AU. The synthetic radius distribution is characterized by a strong increase towards small R, and a second, lower local maximum at ~1 Jovian radius. The increase towards small radii reflects the increase of the mass function towards low M. The second local maximum is due to the fact that radii are nearly independent of mass for giant planets. A comparison of the synthetic radius distribution with Kepler data shows agreement for R>2 Earth radii, but divergence for smaller radii. We predict that in the next few years, Kepler should find the second, local maximum at ~1 Jovian radius.
O flâneur e a cidade na literatura brasileira: proposta de uma leitura benjaminiana (2010)

A partir de alguns elementos mobilizados por Walter Benjamin para refletir sobre a obra de Baudelaire e a modernidade, este artigo pretende propor uma leitura de alguns destes autores da literatura brasileira mostrando como suas obras colocam em cena uma leitura da modernidade que permite pensar sobre as transformações que ela opera no olhar sobre cidade e sobre as condições de produçáo da obra literária e o papel do artista. Para tanto, escolhemos os textos que remetem à figura do flâneur, figura privilegiada a partir de qual se prefigura uma narrativa sobre a cidade e a modernidade.
Securing the internet through the detection of anonymous proxy usage (2015)

Businesses and educational facilities employ network filtering to control what internet sites their users access. This is done to help protect network assets, to protect data from being stolen and to comply with company policies on internet usage. Anonymous proxies can be used to bypass most filtering systems put in place and this can remove the protection that the filtering systems provide. Unless the web proxy being used is being hosted by the end user or someone they know, then the identity of whoever is hosting the proxy is unknown and they are potentially untrustworthy. The proxy website could have been set up to eavesdrop on the data flow between the end user's machine and the internet. Sites like this would normally log information for later inspection and data sent from a business user's machine could contain confidential information about the company or the user. This research aims to identify the characteristics or signatures whenever a user is using a web proxy by developing a Detection System that records packets and analyses them looking for identifying patterns of web proxies. One of the main focuses of the research will be detecting the usage of proxy websites that use SSL encryption.
Murine cytokine responses following multiple oral immunizations using lipid‐formulated mycobacterial antigens (2007)

Oral vaccination of mice with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid-formulation induces a gamma-interferon response that can be measured systemically, and confers protection against aerosolized mycobacterial challenge. Here, we have investigated cytokine responses following the vaccination, drawing comparisons between mice that received single or multiple oral immunizations and between mice receiving formulations containing live BCG or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens. Single oral immunization with lipid-formulated live BCG invoked secreted and cellular IFN-gamma responses in mice 8 weeks post-vaccination, the magnitudes of which were significantly elevated in mice receiving multiple immunizations over the 8-week period. Single oral immunization with live BCG also invoked an interleukin-2 response (but not TNF-alpha or IL-4), although the magnitude was not elevated by multiple immunizations. Multiple immunizations with lipid-formulated soluble or particulate non-replicating mycobacterial antigens failed to invoke cytokine responses, except for a low-level IFN-gamma response in mice multiple immunized with lipid-formulated heat-killed BCG. These results are discussed in contrast to the known patterns of cytokine induction following parenteral-route immunization with live or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens and with practical reference to the development of oral-delivery vaccines against tuberculosis.
Severe Alterations in Lipid Composition of Frontal Cortex Lipid Rafts from Parkinson’s Disease and Incidental Parkinson’s Disease (2011)

Lipid rafts are cholesterol- and sphingomyelin-enriched microdomains that provide a highly saturated and viscous physicochemical microenvironment to promote protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions. We purified lipid rafts from human frontal cortex from normal, early motor stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and incidental Parkinson's disease (iPD) subjects and analyzed their lipid composition. We observed that lipid rafts from PD and iPD cortices exhibit dramatic reductions in their contents of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (22:6-n3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Also, saturated fatty acids (16:0 and 18:0) were significantly higher than in control brains. Paralleling these findings, unsaturation and peroxidability indices were considerably reduced in PD and iPD lipid rafts. Lipid classes were also affected in PD and iPD lipid rafts. Thus, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were increased in PD and iPD, whereas cerebrosides and sulfatides and plasmalogen levels were considerably diminished. Our data pinpoint a dramatic increase in lipid raft order due to the aberrant biochemical structure in PD and iPD and indicate that these abnormalities of lipid rafts in the frontal cortex occur at early stages of PD pathology. The findings correlate with abnormal lipid raft signaling and cognitive decline observed during the development of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Structural Damage Detection Based on the Method of the Residual Modal Forces Analysis (1999)

With eigenstructure assignment technique,the method for updating the finite element models of structures is developed.On the basis of the method of residual modal force analysis,the algorithm for determining the location of damage is presented.The eigenmode sensitivity analysis is used to assess the damage severity.A numerical example is given to demonstrate the application of the present method.
The Medieval Wool-Sack: A Study in Economic History (1972)

(1972). The Medieval Wool-Sack: A Study in Economic History. Textile History: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 92-99.
Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method as a Real-Time Pile-Up Solver of Scintillation Pulses (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The pile-up rejection in nuclear spectroscopy has been confronted recently by several pile-up correction schemes that compensate for distortions of the signal and subsequent energy spectra artifacts as the counting rate increases. We study here a real-time capability of the event-by-event correction method, which at the core translates to solving many sets of linear equations. Tight time limits and constrained front-end electronics resources make well-known direct solvers inappropriate. We propose a novel approach based on the Gauss-Seidel iterative method, which turns out to be a stable and cost-efficient solution to improve spectroscopic resolution in the front-end electronics. We show the method convergence properties for a class of matrices that emerge in calorimetric processing of scintillation detector signals and demonstrate the ability of the method to support the relevant resolutions. The sole iteration-based error component can be brought below the sliding window induced errors in a reasonable number of iteration steps, thus allowing real-time operation. An area-efficient hardware implementation is proposed that fully utilizes the method's inherent parallelism. </para>
Point-Counterpoint: To Screen or Not To Screen for Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcusaureus</i> (2010)

There are few more compelling questions in clinical microbiology today than the issue of whether or not to screen for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with the results being used to institute infection control interventions aimed at preventing transmission of MRSA in health care environments. Numerous different matters must be addressed when considering a screening program. Who is to be screened, what method is to be employed to detect MRSA, and what sites should be sampled? When and how often should the screening be performed? Who is going to pay for the screening, and, finally and perhaps most importantly, how are screening results to be communicated to health care providers and what kind of interventions are best undertaken based on the results? Numerous governmental agencies have mandated MRSA screening programs, and yet several authorities in infection control organizations have questioned the appropriateness of mandated screening. In this Point-Counterpoint feature, Dr. Lance Peterson of Evanston Hospital (Evanston, IL) offers his perspective on why screening for MRSA is to be encouraged. Dr. Daniel Diekema of the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine (Iowa City, IA) offers an opposing view.
Study of Multi-Beam Accelerator Driven Thorium Reactor (2011)

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Characterization of iron(II).cntdot.bleomycin-mediated RNA strand scission (1993)

The ability of iron(II).bleomycin to mediate RNA degradation was further characterized. At micromolar concentrations, FeII.BLM was shown to effect cleavage of Escherichia coli tRNA(1His) and a Schizosaccharomyces pombe amber suppressor tRNA construct in an efficient fashion. In contrast, E. coli tRNA(Cys) and yeast mitochondrial tRNA(Asp) and tRNA(fMet) precursors were not substrates for FeII.BLM. Also shown to be a good substrate for cleavage by FeII.BLM was yeast 5S ribosomal RNA. Since HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mRNA has previously been shown to be degraded by Fe.BLM (Carter et al., 1990a), members of the three major classes of RNA have now been shown to undergo Fe.BLM-mediated strand scission. For each of the substrate RNAs, cleavage occurred at sites unique to that substrate. Although RNA cleavage occurred at numerous sequences, 5'-G-pyr-3' sites were prominent. Likewise, while cleavage was noted in regions anticipated to be double-stranded, as well as in single-stranded regions, a disproportionate number of cleavages were noted at the junction between single- and double-stranded regions. As found in earlier studies, RNA cleavage was much more selective than DNA cleavage. Further, when RNA cleavage was carried out in the presence of reagents such as Mg2+, spermidine, and NaCl, the selectivity of cleavage was further enhanced. The highly selective and efficient cleavage of a number of RNA molecules reinforces our earlier suggestion that RNA may constitute a therapeutically relevant target for bleomycin.
Low-Cost, Air-Processed Quantum Dot Solar Cells via Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis (2020)

Despite significant advances in the development of high-efficiency and stable quantum dot (QD) solar cells (QDSCs), recent synthetic and fabrication routes still require improvements to render QDSCs commercially feasible. Here, we describe a low-cost, industrially viable fabrication method of QDSCs under an ambient atmosphere (humid air and room temperature) using stable, high-quality, and small-sized PbS QDs prepared with low-cost, greener precursors [i.e., thioacetamide (TAA)] compared to the widely used bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide [(TMS)<sub>2</sub>S], at low temperatures without requiring any stringent conditions. The low reaction temperature, medium reactivity of TAA, and diffusion-controlled particle growth adopted in this approach provide an opportunity to synthesize ultrasmall (emission peak ∼700 nm) to larger PbS QDs (emission peak ∼1050 nm). This also enables well-controlled large-scale (multigram) synthesis with a rough estimated production cost of PbS of 8.11 $ per gram (based on materials cost), which is the lowest among the available PbS QDs produced using wet chemistry routes. QDSCs fabricated using 3.25 nm PbS QDs (bandgap 1.29 eV) under ambient conditions yield a high circuit current density (<i>J</i><sub>sc</sub>) of 32.4 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> (one of the highest values of <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> ever reported) with a power conversion efficiency of 7.8% under 1 sun simulated sunlight at AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). These devices exhibit better photovoltaic performance compared to devices fabricated with more traditional PbS QDs synthesized with (TMS)<sub>2</sub>S under an ambient atmosphere, confirming the quality of PbS QDs produced with our method. The diffusion-controlled TAA-based synthetic route developed herein is found to be very promising for synthesizing size-tunable PbS QDs for photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications.
Tris(chalkogeno)carbenium‐Ionen [C(XR)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>(X = O, S, Se, Te): ein experimenteller und quantenchemischer Vergleich (1996)

[C(OR) 3 ]+‐Ionen werden anders stabilisiert als [C(XR) 3 ] + ‐lonen (X = S, Se, Te) . Während bei RO‐substituierten Carbenium‐Ionen hauptsächlich die Polarität der C δ+ ‐O δ− ‐Bindung die Stabilität bestimmt, ist die C‐X‐Bindung in den homologen S‐, Se‐ und Te‐haltigen Ionen umgepolt, und die Stabilisierung erfolgt durch den σ‐ und π‐dativen Einfluß der Chalkogenzentren. Dies folgt aus ab‐initio‐Rechnungen an [C(XH) 3 ] + ‐Ionen und experimentellen Untersuchungen an den neuen Verbindungen [C(XR) 3 ][PF 6 ] (X  S, Se, Te; R  2,4,6‐ i Pr 3 C 6 H 2 ).
Controlling the Processing of Smart City Data in the Cloud with Domain-Specific Languages (2014)

In this paper a new user interface for the processing of big geospatial data in the Cloud is presented. The paper focuses on the processing of Smart City data since this kind of data is inherently large and becomes more and more important for the maintenance and planning of sustainable future Smart Cities. The user interface is facilitated by Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) that are tailored to the urban planning domain. In this paper a modelling method for DSLs is described and then applied to an example use case from the research project IQmulus funded by the European Commission. The resulting DSL is specified using a Parsing Expression Grammar (PEG) which is used to automatically generate a language parser. Furthermore, a technique to interpret scripts written in the Domain-Specific Language is presented. This technique makes use of mapping rules that specify how the interpreter has to translate terms in the DSL to processing services in the Cloud.
Development of 20% efficient GaInAsP solar cells (2002)

The authors report on the development of two compositions of a GaInAsP lattice-matched to GaAs for photovoltaic applications. Successful development of cascade solar cells necessitates the development of both high bandgap (1.5 to 1.9 eV) as well as low bandgap (0.7 to 1.4 eV) materials. The GaInAsP lattice-matched to GaAs is an excellent candidate for the high band gap material. Ga/sub 0.84/In/sub 0.16/As/sub 0.68/P/sub 0.32/ cells, with a band gap of 1.55 eV, have been developed that have demonstrated a V/sub oc/ of 1.047 volts, a J/sub sc/ of 22.5 mA/cm/sup 2/, a fill factor of 0.849, and an active area efficiency of 21.8 per cent under AM1.5 direct illumination. A Ga/sub 0.84/In/sub 0.16/As/sub 0.68/P/sub 0.32/ tunnel diode has also been developed with a peak current of 4.33/spl times/102/spl sim/mA/cm/sup 2/ at a voltage of 65 mV. Both the Ga/sub 0.84/In/sub 0.16/As/sub 0.68/P/sub 0.32/ cell and tunnel diode are being used in conjunction with a Ge cell to develop a monolithic Ga/sub 0.84/In/sub 0.16/As/sub 0.68/P/sub 0.32Ge cascade cell. Ga/sub 0.68/In/sub 0.32/As/sub 0.34/P/sub 0.66/ cells, with a band gap of 1.7 eV, have been developed that have demonstrated a V/sub oc/ of 1.161 volts, a J/sub sc/ of 28.9 mA/cm2 a fill factor of 0.86, and an active area efficiency of 21.4 per cent under AMO illumination. The Ga/sub 0.68/In/sub 0.32/As/sub 0.34/P/sub 0.66/ cells have also demonstrated resistance to radiation damage as well as a recovery of preirradiation performance after low temperature annealing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>