gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The doubling dose of ionizing radiation for drosophilia, mice, and humans (1997)

It is part of the lore of radiation genetics that Drosophila is much more resistant to the genetic effects of radiation than the mouse. For across-species comparisons and risk setting, an estimate of the mutational doubling dose (DD) for human germ cells (immature oocytes and spermatogonia) was approximately 2 Sv equivalents. Neel and Lewis suggested that the population DD for mouse spermatogonia was approximately 1.3 Sv equivalents, with the rate for immature oocytes even higher, because of the failure to recover mutations in the late litters of radiated females. With the incorporation of cluster mutations into the mouse DD estimate, as discussed by Selby here last year, these mouse DD can only go higher. Given the relative agreement between these two mammals, I have now reviewed all the pertinent Drosophila data, the results of which review will be presented. There are many difficulties to combining the results of the various relevant Drosophila studies, but, to a first approximation, a population DD of approximately 4 Gy emerges. There is, thus, given the uncertainties in such estimates, agreement within a factor of 2 between the three species, with such different life histories. The coincidence, to what extent a simple function of targetmore » size, and to what extent the result of an evolutionary adjustment by virtue of which induced mutation rates (i.e., repair inefficiencies) are proportional to generation length rather than absolute time.« less
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF LEISHMANIA COMPLEXES BY A REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY (2005)

A real-time PCR assay for the detection of four Leishmania complexes (L. Viannia, L. mexicana, L. donovani/infantum, and L. major) was developed and evaluated. The assay was developed to detect the glucosephosphate isomerase gene and capitalizes on DNA sequence variability within that gene for Leishmania complex identification. Primer/probe sets were created and tested against a panel of 21 known negative controls and on DNA extracted from cultured promastigotes or from tissue biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The assay was highly specific, as no amplification products were detected in the negative control samples while simultaneously retaining a high degree of complex-specific diagnostic accuracy for cultured organisms and patient clinical samples. Real-time PCR offers rapid (within hours) identification of Leishmania to the complex level and provides a useful molecular tool to assist both epidemiologists and clinicians.
Ammonia Assimilation by Rhizobium Cultures and Bacteroids (1975)

The enzymes involved in the assimilation of ammonia by free-living cultures of Rhizobium spp. are glutamine synthetase (EC. 6.o.I.2), glutamate synthase (L-glutamine:2-oxoglutarate amino transferase) and glutamate dehydrogenase (ED I.4.I.4). Under conditions of ammonia or nitrate limitation in a chemostat the assimilation of ammonia by cultures of R. leguminosarum, R. trifolii and R. japonicum proceeded via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. Under glucose limitation and with an excess of inorganic nitrogen, ammonia was assimilated via glutamate dehydrogenase, neither glutamine synthetase nor glutamate synthase activities being detected in extracts. The coenzyme specificity of glutamate synthase varied according to species, being linked to NADP for the fast-growing R. leguminosarum, R. melitoti, R. phaseoli and R. trifolii but to NAD for the slow-growing R. japonicum and R. lupini. Glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were assayed in sonicated bacteroid preparations and in the nodule supernatants of Glycine max, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Lupinus luteus, Medicago sativa, Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris nodules. All bacteroid preparations, except those from M. sativa and P. coccineus, contained glutamate synthase but substantial activities were found only in Glycine max and Lupinus luteus. The glutamine synthetase activities of bacteroids were low, although high activities were found in all the nodule supernatants. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was present in all bacteroid samples examined. There was no evidence for the operation of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase system in ammonia assimilation in root nodules, suggesting that ammonia produced by nitrogen fixation in the bacteroid is assimilated by enzymes of the plant system.
UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF STATE-RESPIRATORY INTERACTION DURING SLEEP A Model-Based Approach (1996)

Over past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of pulmonary clinics dedicated to diagnosing and treating primary sleep disorders. An important contributing factor to this phenomenal expansion of the field of sleep medicine is the recognition of the need to better understand the effects of sleep on respiratory control, since it is during sleep that potentially harmful apneas or hypopneas occur in apparently normal individuals. Previous studies have shown that sleep onset leads to a reduction in metabolic rate and the baseline level of ventilation, and an elevation of circulatory delay and average P^cxn'^These changes work together with the accompanying depression of upper airway muscle tone and chemoresponsiveness to alter the operating set-point of the respiratory control system. In the light stages of sleep, the decrease in damping may be large enough to offset the reduction in controller gain leading to a system that is more susceptible to oscillation^'''. Under conditions of high loop gain, spontaneous oscillations in ventilation can develop as a result of feedback instability*. Alternatively, because of decreased damping, continual random excitation from a variety of sources, including influences from other physiological control systems, can also produce significant periodic and nonperiodic variability in breathing^. A number of studies have reported a close association between ventilatory oscillations and fluctuations in sleep state*''*''. These observations suggest a third possibility: that respiratory variability during sleep may be due to primary fluctuations in state. It is likely, however, that more than one of the above three mechanisms are at play in any given instance of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Moreover, it is probably reasonable to expect that there will be considerable interplay among the multiple factors and that these relationships will likely be complex and dynamic. Physical intuition and conventional physiological methodology are not the best tools for unraveling the mechanisms underlying such complex interactions. Under these circumstances, the rigorous framework provided by a quantitative
Growth dynamics and thickness-dependent electronic structure of topological insulator Bi2Te3 thin films on Si (2009)

We use real-time reflection high energy electron diffraction intensity oscillation to establish the Te-rich growth dynamics of topological insulator thin films of Bi2Te3 on Si(111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. In situ angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), scanning tunneling microscopy and ex situ transport measurements reveal that the as-grown Bi2Te3 films without any doping are an intrinsic topological insulator with its Fermi level intersecting only the metallic surface states. Experimentally, we find that the single-Dirac-cone surface state develops at a thickness of two quintuple layers (2 QL). Theoretically, we show that the interaction between the surface states from both sides of the film, which is determined by the penetration depth of the topological surface state wavefunctions, sets this lower thickness limit.
Frequency‐dependent interference by magnetic fields of nerve growth factor‐induced neurite outgrowth in PC‐12 cells (1995)

We have shown that 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields within the 5-10 microTesla (microT) rms range cause an intensity-dependent reduction in nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation of neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells. Here we report on the frequency dependence of this response over the 15-70 Hz range at 5 Hz intervals. Primed PC-12 cells were plated in collagen-coated, 60 mm plastic petri dishes with or without 5 ng/ml NGF and were exposed to sinusoidal magnetic fields for 22 h in a CO2 incubator at 37 degrees C. One 1,000-turn coil, 20 cm in diameter, generated vertically oriented magnetic fields. The dishes were stacked on the center axis of the coil to provide a range of intensities between 3.5 and 9.0 microT rms. The flux density of the ambient DC magnetic field was 37 microT vertical and 19 microT horizontal. The assay consisted of counting over 100 cells in the central portion (radius < or = 0.3 cm) of each dish and scoring cells positive for NO. Sham exposure of cells treated identically with NGF demonstrated no difference in the percentage of cells with NO between exposed and magnetically shielded locations within the incubator. Analysis of variance demonstrated flux density-dependent reductions in NGF-stimulated NO over the 35-70 Hz frequency range, whereas frequencies between 15 Hz and 30 Hz produced no obvious reduction. The results also demonstrated a relative maximal sensitivity of cells at 40 Hz with a possible additional sensitivity region at or above 70 Hz. These findings suggest a biological influence of perpendicular AC/DC magnetic fields different from those identified by the ion parametric resonance model, which uses strictly parallel AC/DC fields.
TiO<sub>2</sub>Nanotube Layers on Ti Substrates for High Efficiency Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

We report herein the promising application of TiO2 nanotubes formed on a Ti substrate to a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell illuminated from the back-side. We found that anodization of a Ti substrate in an extremely dilute perchloric acid solution yielded the formation of a high aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotube layer on the Ti substrate. The nanotube layer has the equivalent surface area for dye-adsorption to a TiO2 nanoparticle layer. This novel one-dimensional TiO2 material provided efficient carrier generation interfaces as well as an efficient transport pathway for the carriers, evidenced by the enhanced photocurrent and photovoltage of the cell.
2D LC/MS Analysis of Membrane Proteins from Breast Cancer Cell Lines MCF7 and BT474 (2004)

Membrane proteins play a central role in the interaction of the cell with its environment and in the function of subcellular organelles. The current study focused on developing a better understanding of the membrane proteome of two well-characterized breast cancer cell lines. Membranes from osmotically lysed BT474 and MCF7 cells were treated with cyanogen bromide followed by a combination of trypsin and Staphylococcus V8 protease to obtain hydrophilic peptides from membrane proteins. The complex peptide mixtures obtained were separated by 2-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled online with a nano-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (2D LC/nanoESI-MS). The strong cation exchange column used in the first dimension of the separation was eluted in an automated fashion using a series of salt steps of increasing concentration. Peptides eluted from each of the salt steps were separated using a capillary reversed-phase HPLC column, the output of which was directed through a nano-electrospray fused silica tip into the mass spectrometer. Peptides were fragmented by collision-induced dissociation (CID) and analyzed by data-dependent MS/MS followed by database searching using the Sequest algorithm. Analysis of the data revealed both similarities and expected differences between proteins identified from these cell lines. As demonstrated by others, mRNA and the HER2/neu protein tyrosine kinase-linked receptor in BT474 cells is up regulated compared to its level in MCF7, while the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha is known to be up regulated in MCF7 cells. As expected, our studies showed identification of peptides from HER2 in BT474 while estrogen receptor peptides were detected in the MCF7 line. A total of 604 proteins were identified from BT474 membranes while 313 proteins were found from MCF7. The results are discussed in terms of the known differences in both protein and mRNA expression between these two breast cancer cell lines and also in the context of other known phenotypic differences between these cells.
Marine Active Source Electromagnetic Sounding For Hydrocarbon Detection (2004)

Active source electromagnetic (EM) sounding bridges the gap between 3D seismic and exploration drilling by providing a method of mapping sub-surface electrical resistivity variations from the seafloor. While 3D seismic identifies the geological structures that may contain hydrocarbons, under many circumstances they do not reveal the presence of hydrocarbons themselves. Active source EM sounding exploits the large resistivity contrast between resistive hydrocarbon saturated reservoirs, and the surrounding more conductive sedimentary layers saturated with aqueous saline fluids. Under the right circumstances it can confirm the presence of hydrocarbons by identifying their resistive characteristics. This means that the possibility of drilling dry exploration wells is significantly reduced, as is the need for extensive appraisal drilling.
Fundamental Concepts of Fish Passage in Scandinavian Countries (1993)

The earliest Scandinavian fishways were successfully excavated in cold rivers of Norway for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (S. trutta) for more than a hundred years ago. Latest statistics show that half of the 400 Norwegian fishways do not operate properly. On one hand the main reason for malfunction is lack of maintenance, yet, on the other hand lack of migrating fish or undesirable constructions. During the last decades mainly overflow fishways have been constructed there. In Sweden pool and weir fishways with orifices have traditionally been favoured. Fishway construction and fish planting side by side have proven successful in many rivers. In Finland planting of salmon and trout is usually carried out by hydropower companies, and hatcheries are often situated in large dammed rivers. On the pretext that wild fish bring diseases along, opposition to fishways has arisen. Up to now fishways, which usually are of the vertical slot type, have mostly been built in small watersheds and in many cases for freshwater species such as whitefish (Coregonus sp) and cyprinids.
“The Lightning of My Being”: The Byronic Struggle and Apotheosis of John Proctor (2016)

Abstract Though some view John Proctor, the protagonist of Arthur Miller's Salem drama, The Crucible, as a modern example of the tragic hero, this article considers whether he bears an equal or greater resemblance to the Byronic hero, a character type with a more diverse and complicated heritage than commentators typically recognize. In particular, I examine Proctor's resemblance to three Byronic types—the Gothic Villain, the Noble Outlaw, and the Prometheus figure—with the aim of highlighting Byronic features of Proctor's heroism that Miller would have encountered on the page, stage or screen, even if he had never read Byron.
Distance control of sound images by a two-dimensional Ioudspeaker array. (1992)

A new method of sound-image distance-control using a loudspeaker array is discussed. It is shown that a stable sound image can be localized in front of the loudspeaker array. An audio signal is fed to the loudspeakers of the array with appropriate time delays so that the sound waves from the loudspeakers focus at one point between the listener and the loudspeakers.
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media: Alpha- or Beta-Nickel Hydroxide on the Surface of Platinum? (2017)

Reducing the energy consumption of a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a platinum (Pt) electrode is important for the hydrogen economy. Herein, we report the loading of alpha- or beta-nickel hydroxide (α- or β-Ni(OH)2) nanostructures on the surface of a Pt electrode to improve its catalytic activity and stability for HER in alkaline electrolytes. Both experimental and theoretical studies reveal that β-Ni(OH)2 is a better co-catalyst of Pt than α-Ni(OH)2 for promoting the HER, attributed to the higher water dissociation ability of β-Ni(OH)2, as well as the stronger interactions between β-Ni(OH)2 and the Pt electrode. Particularly, the overpotential of the HER in 0.1 M KOH at 10 mA cm–2 is decreased from 278 mV at the Pt electrode to 92 mV at the β-Ni(OH)2/Pt electrode, and the Tafel slope decreased from 62 to 42 mV dec–1, correspondingly. The performance of the β-Ni(OH)2/Pt catalytic electrode surpasses that of most of the previously reported electrodes for the same purpose.
Large-effective-area uncoupled few-mode multi-core fiber (2012)

Characteristics of few-mode multi-core fiber (FM-MCF) were numerically analyzed and experimentally confirmed. The cores of FM-MCF were designed to support transmission of LP(01) and LP(11) modes from the point of bending loss of LP(11) and LP(21) modes. Inter-core crosstalk between LP(11) mode was calculated to determine core pitch of fibers. It was confirmed that the fabricated fibers was two-mode transmission over C-band and L-band with the effective area of LP(01) mode of about 110 μm(2) at 1550 nm. The crosstalk of the fibers was estimated to be smaller than -30 dB at 1550 nm after 100-km propagation. The crosstalk dependence on wavelength was also measured and matched well with the simulated results.
Comparison of <i>p</i> -Nitrophenol Biodegradation in Field and Laboratory Test Systems (1984)

Acclimation of microbial communities exposed to p-nitrophenol (PNP) was measured in laboratory test systems and in a freshwater pond. Laboratory tests were conducted in shake flasks with water, shake flasks with water and sediment, eco-cores, and two sizes of microcosm. The sediment and water samples used in the laboratory experiments were obtained from the pond. After a 6-day acclimation period, PNP was biodegraded rapidly in the pond. When the pond was treated with PNP a second time, biodegradation began immediately. The acclimation periods in laboratory test systems that contained sediment were similar to that in the pond. The acclimation period was threefold longer in shake flasks without sediment. PNP was biodegraded more slowly by microbial communities acclimated in the laboratory than it was in the pond, and the rate of biodegradation varied with the type of test. The number of bacteria able to mineralize PNP increased by 3 orders of magnitude in the pond during the acclimation period. Similar increases accompanied acclimation in the laboratory systems.
Efficient, polarization-independent, reflective liquid crystal phase grating (1997)

A reflective liquid crystal diffraction grating is proposed which makes use of the maximum available surface area. The structure consists of alternating stripes, each a twisted-nematic domain with surface orientation perpendicular to that of its neighbors. All domains have the same twist sense. This device yields, in principle, 100% diffraction efficiency independent of incident polarization.
LPS-induced liver injury in<scp>d</scp>-galactosamine-sensitized mice requires secreted TNF-α and the TNF-p55 receptor (2000)

Lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine induced lethality and apoptotic liver injury is dependent on endogenously produced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The present study was undertaken to determine whether membrane-associated or secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 or p75 receptor was responsible for survival and hepatic injury after lipopolysaccharide administration in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. Transgenic mice expressing null forms of TNF-alpha, the p55 and p75 receptor, and mice expressing only a cell-associated form of TNF-alpha were challenged with 8 mg D-galactosamine and 100 ng lipopolysaccharide. Mortality and apoptotic liver injury were only seen in wild-type and p75 knockout mice. p75 Knockout mice had significantly higher concentrations of plasma TNF-alpha than any other experimental group (P </= 0.05) and tended to have the highest mortality and liver injury. In contrast, p55 and TNF-alpha knockout mice and animals expressing only a cell-associated form of TNF-alpha exhibited no mortality or liver injury. We conclude that survival and apoptotic liver injury in response to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine are dependent exclusively on secreted TNF-alpha signaling through the p55 receptor.
Multimode Analysis of the Hollow Plasma Channel Wakefield Accelerator (1999)

The hollow plasma channel is analyzed as an accelerating structure. The excitation of the channel by an ultrarelativistic beam is analyzed. Coupling to the fundamental and all higher-order azimuthal modes of the excited electromagnetic fields is derived. Implications of this work for plasma-based accelerators, including beam loading and beam breakup, are discussed. Small initial transverse displacements of the beam are shown to couple to deflecting modes in the channel. The asymptotic growth rate of the resultant beam breakup instability is analyzed and a method for reducing the growth is proposed.
Extraction of Causal-Association Networks from Unstructured Text Data (2009)

Causality is an expression of the interactions between variables in a system. Humans often explicitly express causal relations through natural language, so extracting these relations can provide insight into how a system functions. This thesis presents a system that uses a grammar parser to extract causes and effects from unstructured text through a simple, pre-deﬁned grammar pattern. By ﬁltering out non-causal sentences before the extraction process begins, the presented methodology is able to achieve a precision of 85.91% and a recall of 73.99%. The polarity of the extracted relations is then classiﬁed using a Fisher classiﬁer. The result is a set of directed relations of causes and effects, with polarity as either increasing or decreasing. These relations can then be used to create networks of causes and effects. This “Causal-Association Network” (CAN) can be used to aid decision-making in complex domains such as economics or medicine, that rely upon dynamic interactions between many variables.
On Advances in Cancer Suicide-genes Therapy (2014)

Also, the CD/-5-FC system enhances the effects of the radiotherapy. ela tumor xenografts were randomly divided into five groups: group A (control), group B (intratumoraly injected with and Ad-CD/5-FC), group C (radiation only) and group D (intratumoraly injected with and Ad-CD/5-FC and radiation). The groups C and D received a single (12.5 Gy) or fractionated (3 Gy x 5 days) radiation respectively. The group D showed a greater decrease in the tumor growth by up to 2.4fold (P<0.01) and 2.5-fold (P<0.05), for 12.5 Gy or 3 Gy x 5 days respectively as compared to the group C. GCV-TP is incorporated into DNA, stopping the replication and causing cell death. his mechanism of DNA damage is p53-dependent,
Alizarin-beta- d-galactoside: a new substrate for the detection of bacterial beta-galactosidase (2000)

We describe the synthesis of a new substrate for the detection of bacterial beta-galactosidase. This substrate, alizarin-beta-D-galactoside, is readily hydrolysed to release alizarin which complexes with various metal ions to form brightly coloured chelates. A total of 367 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were examined for their ability to hydrolyse three chromogenic substrates: alizarin-beta-D-galactoside (Aliz-gal), cyclohexenoesculetin-beta-D-galactoside (CHE-gal) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (X-gal). A total of 182 strains (49.6%) were found to hydrolyse at least one of the three substrates. All of these 182 strains (100%) hydrolysed Aliz-gal whereas only 170 (93.4%) and 173 (95.1%) hydrolysed CHE-gal and X-gal, respectively. We conclude that alizarin-beta-D-galactoside is a highly sensitive substrate for the demonstration of beta-galactosidase.