gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retention of Ionizable Compounds on HPLC. pH Scale in Methanol−Water and the p<i>K</i> and pH Values of Buffers (1996)

Several properties of methanol−water mixtures (molar volume, molar refractivity, Debye−Hückel parameters, pH scale, HPLC-useful pH range, dissociation constants of acids) are studied. Some macroscopic properties are used to calculate the extent of the methanol−water interaction. Solute properties, such as pKa values, depend on the preferential solvation of the solute by the three solvents that coexist in the mixture (methanol, water, methanol−water aggregrates). Based on this preferential solvation and on the methanol−water interaction, equations that relate the pKa values of acids with the solvent composition are derived. The equations are applied to several acids widely used to prepare HPLC buffers. The pKa of an acid and the pH of a buffered solution at any methanol−water composition can be easily calculated from the proposed equations. The chromatographic retention of any solute can be thus related to the real pH value of the mobile phase used. This procedure is more rigorous and should give better results than the usual method of relating the retention to the pH value of the aqueous buffer before mixing it with methanol.
Improved HER Catalysis through Facile, Aqueous Electrochemical Activation of Nanoscale WSe<sub>2</sub> (2018)

In the search for nonprecious metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been proposed as promising candidates. Here, we present a facile method for significantly decreasing the overpotential required for catalyzing the HER with colloidally synthesized WSe<sub>2</sub>. Solution phase deposition of 2H WSe<sub>2</sub> nanoflowers (NFs) onto carbon fiber electrodes results in low catalytic activity in 0.5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> with an overpotential at -10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> of greater than 600 mV. However, two postdeposition electrode processing steps significantly reduce the overpotential. First, a room-temperature treatment of the prepared electrodes with a dilute solution of the alkylating agent Meerwein's salt ([Et<sub>3</sub>O][BF<sub>4</sub>]) results in a reduction in overpotential by approximately 130 mV at -10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Second, we observe a decrease in overpotential of approximately 200-300 mV when the TMDC electrode is exposed to H<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, or K<sup>+</sup> ions under a reducing potential. The combined effect of ligand removal and electrochemical activation results in an improvement in overpotential by as much as 400 mV. Notably, the Li<sup>+</sup> activated WSe<sub>2</sub> NF deposited carbon fiber electrode requires an overpotential of only 243 mV to generate a current density of -10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Measurement of changes in the material work function and charge transfer resistance ultimately provide rationale for the catalytic improvement.
In vivo gene transfer of insulin gene into neonatal rats by the HVJ-liposome method resulted in sustained transgene expression. (1996)

In Many areas of disease such as homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, no known effective therapy exists. The time is ripe for the introduction of gene therapy for the management of incurable disorders. However, for clinical gene therapy it is necessary to establish an efficient and non toxic gene delivery system. Recently, we have developed a gene delivery system mediated by Sendai virus as a potential means of gene therapy. However, this HVJ-liposome method has some disadvantages: (1) transient transgene expression; and (2) no integration. In gene therapy, it is desirable for transgenes to be expressed for as long as possible. To deal with this issue, we hypothesized that gene transfer into newborn animals would result in sustained expression of transgene. Our results demonstrated that transgene expression in liver was subsequently sustained for at least up to 8 weeks, as detected by reverse transcriptase PCR and radioimmunoassay, while our previous studies documented that transgene expression in adult animals disappeared within 2 weeks. Interestingly, we detected the presence of transgene in the host genomic DNA extracted from the nuclei of hepatic cells assessed by PCR. These findings provide new important information for gene therapy, although the mechanisms of sustained transgene expression are not clear.
Wittgenstein et Valéry : Deux figures de la modernité (1) (1986)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Electronic structures of iron and cobalt pyrites (1993)

We report self-consistent, all-electron, local-spin-density calculations of energy bands of iron and cobalt pyrites (${\mathrm{FeS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CoS}}_{2}$). We find ${\mathrm{FeS}}_{2}$ to be a moderately small-band-gap semiconductor and ${\mathrm{CoS}}_{2}$ to be an almost half-metallic ferromagnet. The predicted Fermi surface of ${\mathrm{CoS}}_{2}$ is described.
Photosynthetic adjustment in field-grown ponderosa pine trees after six years of exposure to elevated CO2 (1999)

Photosynthesis of tree seedlings is generally enhanced during short-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO(2), but longer-term photosynthetic responses are often more variable because they are affected by morphological, biochemical and physiological feedback mechanisms that regulate carbon assimilation to meet sink demand. To examine biochemical and morphological factors that might regulate the long-term photosynthetic response of field-grown trees to elevated CO(2), we grew ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) trees in open-top chambers for six years in native soil at ambient CO(2) (35 Pa) and elevated CO(2) (70 Pa) at a site near Placerville, CA. Trees were well watered and exposed to natural light and ambient temperature. At the end of the sixth growing season at elevated CO(2), net photosynthesis was enhanced 53%, despite reductions in photosynthetic capacity. The positive net photosynthetic response to elevated CO(2) reflected greater relative increases in Rubisco sensitivity compared with the decreases resulting from biochemical adjustments. Analyses of net photosynthetic rate versus internal CO(2) partial pressure curves indicated that reductions in photosynthetic capacity in response to elevated CO(2) were the result of significant reductions in maximum photosynthetic rate (20%), Rubisco carboxylation capacity (36%), and electron transport capacity (21%). Decreased photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by reductions in various photosynthetic components, including total chlorophyll (24%), Rubisco protein content (38%), and mass-based leaf nitrogen concentration (14%). Net photosynthesis was unaffected by morphological adjustments because there was no change in leaf mass per unit area at elevated CO(2). An apparent positive response of photosynthetic adjustment in the elevated CO(2) treatment was the redistribution of N within the photosynthetic system to balance Rubisco carboxylation and electron transport capacities. We conclude that trees, without apparent limitations to root growth, may exhibit photosynthetic adjustment responses in the field after long-term exposure to elevated CO(2).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND KONFIG. VON ALPHA‐(PHENYLTHIO)‐CHALKONEN UND ALPHA‐(PHENYLSULFONYL)‐CHALKONEN (1970)

Abstract Durch Kondensation des Phenacylsulfids (I) mit den aromatischen Aldehyden (II) (Erhitzen in Eisessig/Ammoniumacetat/Piperidin) werden die Chalkone (III) dargestellt (13‐5 3% Ausbeute), die nach ihren IR‐Spektral‐ und Dipolmoment‐Daten die angegebene cis‐Konfiguration besitzen.
Neural network based multi sensor heart sound analysis (2002)

It is demonstrated how neural nets, used for nonlinear modeling and signal classification, can estimate from a continuous recording of an acoustical stethoscope signal the beginning of a cardiac cycle, the systolic and diastolic time intervals and suggest suitable diagnoses in case of heart failures and arrhythmia. While during the training phase multisensor signals and catheterized verifications of heart failures have been utilized, the PC-based diagnostic system analyzes heart sound signals quasi-on-line in a way similar to how physicians perform their subjective learning and interpretation of stethoscopic signals. The systolic and diastolic time intervals of healthy probands as well as patients with heart failures estimated by the neural network were found to be in excellent correspondence with measurements. Also, the sound pattern recognition results demonstrate the high accuracy, though training and test sets were based on different sources. Using this method a valuable documentation of heart failure development or treatment with the auscultation technique is possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hard x-ray optics: from HEFT to NuSTAR (2004)

Focusing optics are now poised to dramatically improve the sensitivity and angular resolution at energies above 10 keV to levels that were previously unachievable by the past generation of background limited collimated and coded-aperture instruments. Active balloon programs (HEFT), possible Explorer-class satellites (NuSTAR - currently under Phase A study), and major X-ray observatories (Con-X HXT) using focusing optics will play a major role in future observations of a wide range of objects including young supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, and galaxy clusters. These instruments call for low cost, grazing incidence optics coated with depth-graded multilayer films that can be nested to achieve large collecting areas. Our approach to building such instruments is to mount segmented mirror shells with our novel error-compensating, monolithic assembly and alignment (EMAAL) procedure. This process involves constraining the mirror segments to successive layers of graphite rods that are precisely machined to the required conic-approximation Wolter-I geometry. We present results of our continued development of thermally formed glass substrates that have been used to build three HEFT telescopes and are proposed for NuSTAR. We demonstrate how our experience in manufacturing complete HEFT telescopes, as well as our experience developing higher performance prototype optics, will lead to the successful production of telescopes that meet the NuSTAR design goals.
Comparative Ocular Anatomy in Commonly Used Laboratory Animals (2012)

Interspecies differences in ocular anatomy can alter the way a drug interacts locally within the eye, whether administered directly to the eye or systemically. It is therefore important to understand these differences and how they can influence the outcome and interpretation of safety or efficacy data for ocular therapeutics. The eye is a complex system of tissues integrated into a functional sense organ. Oriented toward the toxicologist or ocular researcher, this chapter will discuss the individual ocular tissues in commonly used laboratory animals in comparison with humans and will provide a basic understanding of ocular anatomy including quantitative comparisons when possible in these species. It will also act as a reference to the terminology that will be encountered in subsequent chapters.
External Knee Joint Design Based on Normal Motion (1985)

There are several advantages to accurate reproduction of knee motion in an external joint assembly such as a knee brace: reduction of pistoning forces, better ligament protection, kinematic compatability. The geometry and kinematics of the normal human knee were studied and the results applied to external joint design. Geometrically, the posterior portions of the femoral condyles were found to be spherical in shape. These spherical surfaces are projected in sagittal plane radiographs as circles with center points coincident with those of the spheres. A line connecting these centers defines an axis system and enables three-dimensional orientation of the femur on the tibia to be determined using sagittal-plane radiographs. Knee kinematics was determined as a function of flexion angle for 14 fresh cadavers and 8 volunteers. Results were in the form of eulerian rotations and displacements. The data were normalized to the size of the average knee and the results from the 22 trials were averaged. The most obvious motion was internal rotation of the tibia with flexion; however, varus rotation and posterior translation of the origin were also evident. An external joint system was then designed to mimic "average" knee motion during flexion. The joints have been incorporated into a knee brace, and clinical evaluation has begun. Other applications include cast bracing and hinge distraction.
Head-aimed vision system improves tele-operated mobility (2004)

A head-aimed vision system greatly improves the situational awareness and decision speed for tele-operations of mobile robots. With head-aimed vision, the tele-operator wears a head-mounted display and a small three axis head-position measuring device. Wherever the operator looks, the remote sensing system "looks". When the system is properly designed, the operator's occipital lobes are "fooled" into believing that the operator is actually on the remote robot. The result is at least a doubling of: situational awareness, threat identification speed, and target tracking ability. Proper system design must take into account: precisely matching fields of view; optical gain; and latency below 100 milliseconds. When properly designed, a head-aimed system does not cause nausea, even with prolonged use.
<title>Polyimide optical waveguide with multi-fan-out for multichip module system</title> (1998)

We have been developing a special purpose parallel processor system with a compact size and a high performance specific for the scientific computation. A multichip module (MCM) with a high speed bus is indispensable to achieve such parallel processor system. We have developed a high speed bus for such MCM using a polyimide optical waveguide with micro-mirrors. We can easily obtain many output signals from one input signal in this optical waveguide. Such polyimide optical waveguide with micro-mirrors is formed on a MCM substrate which is called an optical plate. An optical coupling between the polyimide optical waveguide and the laser diode or the photodetector on LSI chips is performed through the micro-mirror. We observed twenty output signals for the photodetectors from one input signal in the polyimide waveguide of fabricated test module. We have also evaluated the performance of parallel processor system using such MCM with the polyimide optical waveguide by computer simulation.
Large-scale EMM identification based on geometry-constrained visual word correspondence voting (2011)

We present a large-scale Embedded Media Marker (EMM) identification system which allows users to retrieve relevant dynamic media associated with a static paper document via camera-phones. The user supplies a query image by capturing an EMM-signified patch of a paper document through a camera phone. The system recognizes the query and in turn retrieves and plays the corresponding media on the phone. Accurate image matching is crucial for positive user experience in this application. To address the challenges posed by large datasets and variation in camera-phone-captured query images, we introduce a novel image matching scheme based on geometrically consistent correspondences. A hierarchical scheme, combined with two constraining methods, is designed to detect geometric constrained correspondences between images. A spatial neighborhood search approach is further proposed to address challenging cases of query images with a large translational shift. Experimental results on a 200k+ dataset show that our solution achieves high accuracy with low memory and time complexity and outperforms the baseline bag-of-words approach. © 2011 ACM.
Role of Au−C Interactions on the Catalytic Activity of Au Nanoparticles Supported on TiC(001) toward Molecular Oxygen Dissociation (2010)

High-resolution photoemission and density functional calculations on realistic slab surface models were used to study the interaction and subsequent dissociation of O(2) with Au nanoparticles supported on TiC(001). The photoemission results indicate that at 150 K O(2) adsorbs molecularly on the supported gold nanoparticles, and upon heating to temperatures above 200 K the O(2) --> 2O reaction takes place with migration of atomic oxygen to the TiC(001) substrate. The addition of Au to TiC(001) substantially enhances the rate of O(2) dissociation at room temperature. The reactivity of Au nanoparticles supported on TiC(001) toward O(2) dissociation is much larger than that of similar nanoparticles supported either on TiO(2)(110) or MgO(001) surfaces, where the cleavage of O-O bonds is very difficult. Density functional calculations carried out on large supercells show that the contact of Au with TiC(001) is essential for charge polarization and an enhancement in the chemical activity of Au. Small two-dimensional particles which expose Au atoms in contact with TiC(001) are the most reactive. While O(2) prefers binding to Au sites, the O atoms interact more strongly with the TiC(001) surface. The oxygen species active during the low-temperature (<200 K) oxidation of carbon monoxide on Au/TiC(001) is chemisorbed O(2). Once atomic O binds to TiC(001), the chemisorption bond is so strong that temperatures well above 400 K are necessary to remove the O adatoms from the TiC(001) substrate by direct reaction with CO. The high reactivity of Au/TiC(001) toward O(2) at low-temperature opens the route for the transformation of alcohols and amines on the supported Au nanoparticles.
Continuous speech recognition using large vocabulary word spotting and CV syllable spotting (2002)

A continuous-speech recognition system for Japanese text input is described. The system is speaker dependent and recognizes continuous phrasal speech. A consonant-vowel (CV) concatenation syllable lattice and a word lattice are generated from input speech using a vector-quantization-based continuous DP matching technique. These lattices are converted into Japanese written form using a word dictionary and grammatical information. Two methods for acoustic processing are proposed: a large vocabulary word spotting technique using high-frequency words and an optimization method for adjusting CV templates to a speaker by maximizing recognition accuracy. In recognition experiments, 500 words were selected as word templates, covering more than 90% of the technical words in reports written about X-ray computer tomography scanning. 1000 CV syllables were generated using these words. A word spotting accuracy of more than 70% and a CV spotting accuracy of 72% were obtained after iterative training. The CV spotting accuracy was improved by about 10% through iterative training.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enzymatic Dissociation and Culture of Normal Human Mammary Tissue to Detect Progenitor Activity (2004)

Normal human mammary tissue is composed of a glandular epithelium embedded within a fibrous and fatty stroma. Collagenase and hyaluronidase digestion of normal reduction mammoplasty specimens followed by differential centrifugation yields a suspension of single cells and cell aggregates that contain elements of the terminal ductal lobular units and stromal components of the mammary gland. The terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) can be further dissociated to complete viable single-cell suspensions by treatment with trypsin, dispase II, and deoxyribonuclease I. These suspensions are suitable for cell separation and analysis in culture. Such studies indicate the existence of biologically distinct subpopulations of luminal-restricted, myoepithelial-restricted, and bipotent mammary epithelial progenitors detected by their ability to generate colonies of the corresponding progeny types in serum-free cultures. This review summarizes the methodology of the techniques required to generate and characterize the colonies obtained in vitro from these progenitors, as well as the special considerations and potential pitfalls associated with performing these protocols.
Design of two-dimensional FIR digital filters used for broadband digital beamforming by combination of spectral transformation and window method (2002)

We propose a method for designing two-dimensional (2D) complex coefficient digital filters for digital beamforming (DBF) antennas. In our method, the DBF network is regarded as a 2D digital filter designed by spectral transformations. The spectral transformations are approximated such that the beam pattern of the resulting broadband digital beamformer is nearly independent of frequency including sidelobe characteristics. We use a window method to approximate the transformations. This method is suitable for designing DBF networks used for our proposed beamspace adaptive array antenna for broadband signals.
Integration of Offshore Wind Farm Using a Hybrid HVDC Transmission Composed by the PWM Current-Source Converter and Line-Commutated Converter (2013)

This paper investigates the feasibility of the application of a hybrid HVDC transmission system for the grid integration of offshore wind farms. The proposed hybrid HVDC consists of a pulse width modulated current source converter (PWM-CSC) and a line-commutated converter (LCC). The PWM-CSC is connected to the offshore wind farm and the LCC connects the onshore grid. The hybrid topology takes advantages from self-commutated converters as well as LCCs. On the one hand, LCC-based HVdc is the most mature technology with the lowest power losses and lowest cost. On the other hand, PWM-CSC has the same features that a voltage source converter for offshore applications, i.e., the ability to operate without an external commutation voltage, reactive power control capability, and a relative small footprint. Moreover, both the PWM-CSC and the LCC are current source converters and hence the coupling can be effortlessly done. The control design for the entire system is presented and verified using numerical simulations. Simulations are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC under different conditions including changes in the wind speed and ac and dc faults.
Subtelomeric Duplications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosomes III and XI: Topology, Arrangements, Corrections of Sequence and Strain‐Specific Polymorphism (1996)

We have determined the sequence of a 3·42 kb segment from the left arm of chromosome III (coordinates 5394–8815 of Oliver et al., 1992). Instead of four open reading frames (ORFs) listed previously, the verified sequence reveals the presence of only one ORF, renamed YCL070/73c, encoding a protein of 615 amino acids. The putative product of ORF YCL070/73c shows 98·5% identity and 99% similarity with the protein of the same length encoded by ORF YKR106w from the right arm of chromosome XI and displays a topology characteristic for the Major Facilitators Superfamily of membrane proteins. These corrections will be deposited in the EMBL data library under the Accession Number X59720. In strain S288C the subtelomeric sequence 4319–11 215 of chromosome III is 98·3% identical with the subtelomeric sequence of 658 204–665 061 from the right arm of chromosome XI. Using various subtelomeric probes from chromosome III (coordinates 2097–3646 of S288C) we have analysed eight different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and the closely related species S. douglasii: some S. cerevisiae strains have additional duplications and longer chromosomes XI; in all strains chromosome III contains the 1200–11 000 segment (strain FL100 is disomic) while S. douglasii does not show any hybridization in this region.