gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Corona Voltmeter and the Electric Strength of Air (1920)

An improved form of the corona voltmeter is described. Precision measurements of crest values of high alternating voltage taken in the high-tension circuit are compared with the indications of the corona voltmeter. The law of corona has been determined to a higher degree of accuracy, and a modification in the form of the law as heretofore accepted is revealed. As based on the precision voltage measurements the corona voltmeter is proposed as a natural secondary standard of high voltages. Its advantages as a standard, and its practical operation are described.
Environmental Meaning and Ecosystem Management: Perspectives from Environmental Psychology and Human Geography (1996)

The contribution of human dimensions research to the ecological paradigm emerging in natural resource management involves the development of contextually rich, and spatially and historically specific, understandings of places. As an eclectic and integrative field of inquiry, environmental psychology offers a growing body of research that promotes a view of the person as a social agent who seeks out and creates meaning in the environment. As developed in environmental psychology, research from the adaptive, goal‐directed, and sociocultural paradigms is reviewed to illustrate alternative approaches to studying environmental meaning. These paradigms, taken together, provide complementary conceptual approaches for assessment and mapping of the diverse and often competing environmental meanings that various constituencies attach to natural resources. From human geography, the concept of place offers a framework for integrating environmental meanings into ecosystem management. Place constitutes a concrete focal point where natural forces, social relations, and human meanings overlap and can be integrated in theory and practice.
Anatomical Correlates of Functional Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex (1999)

Much of what is known about activity-dependent plasticity comes from studies of the primary visual cortex and its inputs in higher mammals, but the molecular bases remain largely unknown. Similar functional plasticity takes place during a critical period in the visual cortex of the mouse, an animal in which genetic experiments can readily be performed to investigate the underlying molecular and cellular events. The experiments of this paper were directed toward understanding whether anatomical changes accompany functional plasticity in the developing visual cortex of the mouse, as they do in higher mammals. In normal mice, transneuronal label after an eye injection clearly delineated the monocular and binocular zones of area 17. Intrinsic signal optical imaging also showed monocular and binocular zones of area 17 but revealed no finer organization of ocular dominance or orientation selectivity. In normal animals, single geniculocortical afferents serving the contralateral eye showed great heterogeneity and no clustering consistent with the presence of ocular dominance patches. Growth and elaboration of terminal arbor continues beyond postnatal day 40 (P40), after the peak of the critical period. After prolonged monocular deprivation (MD) from P20 to P60, transneuronal labeling showed that the projection serving the ipsilateral eye was severely affected, whereas the effect on the contralateral eye's pathway was inconsistent. Optical imaging also showed profound effects of deprivation, particularly in the ipsilateral pathway, and microelectrode studies confirmed continued functional plasticity past P40. Reconstruction of single afferents showed that MD from P20 to P40 promoted the growth of the open eye's geniculocortical connections without causing the closed eye's contralateral projection to shrink, whereas MD from P20 to P60 caused an arrest of growth of deprived arbors. Our findings reveal numerous similarities between mouse and higher mammals in development and plasticity, along with some differences. We discuss the factors that may be responsible for these differences.
Kullback-Leibler divergence -based improved particle filter (2014)

In this paper, we develop an improved particle filtering algorithm for nonlinear states estimation. In case of standard particle filter, the latest observation is not considered for the evaluation of the weights of the particles as the importance function is taken to be equal to the prior density function. This choice of importance sampling function simplifies the computation but can cause filtering divergence. In cases where the likelihood function is too narrow as compared to the prior function, very few particles will have significant weights. Hence a better proposal distribution that takes the latest observation into account is desired. The proposed algorithm consists of a particle filter based on minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence distance to generate the optimal importance proposal distribution. The proposed algorithm allows the particle filter to incorporate the latest observations into a prior updating scheme using the estimator of the posterior distribution that matches the true posterior more closely. In the comparative study, the state variables are estimated from noisy measurements of these variables, and the various estimation techniques are compared by computing the estimation root mean square error with respect to the noise-free data. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, outperforms the standard particle filter, the unscented Kalman filter, and the extended Kalman filter algorithms.
Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-emulsified poly(lactic-<i>c</i><i>o</i>-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for reversal of multidrug resistance<i>in vitro</i> (2012)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the factors in the failure of anticancer chemotherapy. In order to enhance the anticancer effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, inhibition of the P-gp efflux pump on MDR cells is a good tactic. We designed novel multifunctional drug-loaded alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs; SN-38 is 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin), with TPGS-emulsified PLGA NPs as the carrier and modulator of the P-gp efflux pump and SN-38 as the model drug. TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs were prepared using a modified solvent extraction/evaporation method. Physicochemical characterizations of TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs were in conformity with the principle of nano-drug delivery systems (nDDSs), including a diameter of about 200 nm, excellent spherical particles with a smooth surface, narrow size distribution, appropriate surface charge, and successful drug-loading into the NPs. The cytotoxicity of TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs to MDR cells was increased by 3.56 times compared with that of free SN-38. Based on an intracellular accumulation study relative to the time-dependent uptake and efflux inhibition, we suggest novel mechanisms of MDR reversal of TPGS/PLGA NPs. Firstly, TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs improved the uptake of the loaded drug by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the form of unbroken NPs. Simultaneously, intracellular NPs escaped the recognition of P-gp by MDR cells. After SN-38 was released from TPGS/PLGA/SN-38 NPs in MDR cells, TPGS or/and PLGA may modulate the efflux microenvironment of the P-gp pump, such as mitochondria and the P-gp domain with an ATP-binding site. Finally, the controlled-release drug entered the nucleus of the MDR cell to induce cytotoxicity. The present study showed that TPGS-emulsified PLGA NPs could be functional carriers in nDDS for anticancer drugs that are also P-gp substrates. More importantly, to enhance the therapeutic effect of P-gp substrates, this work might provide a new insight into the design of pharmacologically inactive excipients that can serve as P-gp modulators instead of drugs that are P-gp inhibitors.
Multi-classification by categorical features via clustering (2008)

We derive a generalization bound for multi-classification schemes based on grid clustering in categorical parameter product spaces. Grid clustering partitions the parameter space in the form of a Cartesian product of partitions for each of the parameters. The derived bound provides a means to evaluate clustering solutions in terms of the generalization power of a built-on classifier. For classification based on a single feature the bound serves to find a globally optimal classification rule. Comparison of the generalization power of individual features can then be used for feature ranking. Our experiments show that in this role the bound is much more precise than mutual information or normalized correlation indices.
Research on the Rewards and Punishment Mechanism in the Project Progress Management (2006)

First, the author of this article makes the hypothesis that the former reward mechanism and the penalty mechanism is the rewards and punishment mechanism, then he designs the mathematical model for the rewards and punishment mechanism. After that he studies the determining factor of the rewards and punishment mechanism from the two aspects of contractor and the owner and proposes two new concepts: the restriction intensity of the resources, the using intensity of fluctuation fund when he carries on the optimized analysis to the mathematical model. Finally, based on the above he carries on the optimization for the former project progress model from the two aspects of the contractor and the owner, establishes two new optimized models and makes an explanation for the model.
Interferon γ-producing γδ T cell-dependent antibody isotype switching in the absence of germinal center formation during virus infection (1998)

Ig class switching usually occurs as a consequence of cognate interactions between antigen-specific B cells and CD4 + αβ T cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of immunocompetent mice induces a rapid T-independent neutralizing IgM response followed by a long-lived T-dependent IgG response. Surprisingly, αβ T cell-deficient (TCRα −/− ) mice also produced neutralizing IgG antibodies when infected with live VSV or with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the VSV glycoprotein (Vacc-IND-G), but not when immunized with UV-inactivated VSV (UV-VSV). The neutralizing IgG responses did not require the presence of NK cells or complement, but were crucially dependent on IFN-γ and were predominantly of the IgG2a isotype. IgG production depended on residual CD3 + non-αβ T cell populations present in the TCRα −/− mice, which produced IFN-γ upon in vitro stimulation. A key role for γδ T cells was confirmed by the fact that TCRβ −/− mice also generated strong neutralizing IgG responses to VSV, whereas TCRβ −/− δ −/− mice produced very low titers. The neutralizing IgG responses of TCRα −/− mice were accompanied by the development of memory B cells, but not by antigen-specific germinal center (GC) formation. Thus, during viral infection of αβ T cell-deficient mice, γδ T cells may provide the signals that are required for isotype switching.
Differential Inhibition of Six Copper Amine Oxidases by a Family of 4-(Aryloxy)-2-butynamines:  Evidence for a New Mode of Inactivation (2004)

A series of compounds derived from a previously identified substrate analogue of copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) (Shepard et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 3645-3658) has been screened against six different CuAOs with a view to designing potent and selective inhibitors. The substrate analogues investigated were 4-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-butyn-1-amine, 4-(2-methylphenoxy)-2-butyn-1-amine, 4-(3-methylphenoxy)-2-butyn-1-amine, 4-(4-methylphenoxy)-2-butyn-1-amine, and 4-phenoxy-2-butyn-1-amine. These compounds were screened against equine plasma amine oxidase (EPAO), Pisum sativum amine oxidase (PSAO), Pichia pastoris lysyl oxidase (PPLO), bovine plasma amine oxidase (BPAO), human kidney diamine oxidase (KDAO), and Arthrobacter globiformis amine oxidase (AGAO) to examine the effect of different substituent groups on potency. Despite the similar structures of the 4-aryloxy analogues evaluated, striking differences in potency were observed. In addition, crystal structures of AGAO derivitized with 4-(2-naphthyloxy)-2-butyn-1-amine and 4-(4-methylphenoxy)-2-butyn-1-amine were obtained at a resolution of 1.7 A. The structures reveal a novel and unprecedented reaction mechanism involving covalent attachment of the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde turnover product to the amino group of the reduced 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor. Collectively, the structural and inhibition results support the feasibility of designing selective mechanism-based inhibitors of copper amine oxidases.
Herbacetin Is a Novel Allosteric Inhibitor of Ornithine Decarboxylase with Antitumor Activity (2015)

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the first step of polyamine biosynthesis that is associated with cell growth and tumor formation. Existing catalytic inhibitors of ODC have lacked efficacy in clinical testing or displayed unacceptable toxicity. In this study, we report the identification of an effective and nontoxic allosteric inhibitor of ODC. Using computer docking simulation and an in vitro ODC enzyme assay, we identified herbacetin, a natural compound found in flax and other plants, as a novel ODC inhibitor. Mechanistic investigations defined aspartate 44 in ODC as critical for binding. Herbacetin exhibited potent anticancer activity in colon cancer cell lines expressing high levels of ODC. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of herbacetin effectively suppressed HCT116 xenograft tumor growth and also reduced the number and size of polyps in a mouse model of APC-driven colon cancer (ApcMin/+). Unlike the well-established ODC inhibitor DFMO, herbacetin treatment was not associated with hearing loss. Taken together, our findings defined the natural product herbacetin as an allosteric inhibitor of ODC with chemopreventive and antitumor activity in preclinical models of colon cancer, prompting its further investigation in clinical trials.
A large-signal analysis of broad-band klystrons with design applications (1977)

For the design of a high-performance broad-band klystron, an accurate large-signal analysis is made. By a one-dimensional analysis program using a disk model of the electron stream, the interaction between a bunched electron beam and the electric field in each cavity gap is studied, taking into consideration space-charge forces, relativistic effects, and electric field distributions in ungridded gaps; beam loading is included by an iterative method at each intermediate gap, and the energy exchange in the output gap is obtained from the change in kinetic energy. On the five-cavity UHF-TV klystron designed with this program and having a conversion efficiency of over 60 percent, the debunching effect of the electric field in intermediate cavity gaps and the behavior of vibrating electrons in the output gap are clarified. Calculated conversion efficiency is shown to agree well with measured efficiency over the pass-band. Additionally, by a two-dimensional analysis program, the effect of the cathode magnetic coefficient on the electron bunching is studied.
Exploring Software Naturalness through Neural Language Models (2020)

The Software Naturalness hypothesis argues that programming languages can be understood through the same techniques used in natural language processing. We explore this hypothesis through the use of a pre-trained transformer-based language model to perform code analysis tasks. Present approaches to code analysis depend heavily on features derived from the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) while our transformer-based language models work on raw source code. This work is the first to investigate whether such language models can discover AST features automatically. To achieve this, we introduce a sequence labeling task that directly probes the language models understanding of AST. Our results show that transformer based language models achieve high accuracy in the AST tagging task. Furthermore, we evaluate our model on a software vulnerability identification task. Importantly, we show that our approach obtains vulnerability identification results comparable to graph based approaches that rely heavily on compilers for feature extraction.
Bacterial cell-free expression technology to in vitro systems engineering and optimization (2017)

Cell-free expression system is a technology for the synthesis of proteins <i>in vitro</i>. The system is a platform for several bioengineering projects, e.g. cell-free metabolic engineering, evolutionary design of experiments, and synthetic minimal cell construction. Bacterial cell-free protein synthesis system (CFPS) is a robust tool for synthetic biology. The bacteria lysate, the DNA, and the energy module, which are the three optimized sub-systems for <i>in vitro</i> protein synthesis, compose the integrated system. Currently, an optimized <i>E. coli</i> cell-free expression system can produce up to ∼2.3 mg/mL of a fluorescent reporter protein. Herein, I will describe the features of ATP-regeneration systems for <i>in vitro</i> protein synthesis, and I will present a machine-learning experiment for optimizing the protein yield of <i>E. coli</i> cell-free protein synthesis systems. Moreover, I will introduce experiments on the synthesis of a minimal cell using liposomes as dynamic containers, and <i>E. coli</i> cell-free expression system as biochemical platform for metabolism and gene expression. CFPS can be further integrated with other technologies for novel applications in environmental, medical and material science.
Dissolvable Plug and Perf System Eliminates Mill-Outs in Multistage Stimulations (2015)

Technology Update Of all the technologies that have propelled the unconventional boom in the United States over the past 15 years, plug and perf (P&P) remains the No. 1 method for stimulating multistage wells, enabling operators to achieve significant economic gains in previously inaccessible reservoirs. Unconventional wells have become longer, with laterals extending as far as 10,000 ft and beyond. When combined with tighter spacing between stages, this growing lateral length has dramatically increased stage counts. In North American land activity, stages per lateral have nearly doubled in most basins since 2008, thanks in part to increased efficiencies in P&P operations. P&P relies on the use of a wireline or electric line to convey perforating guns and plugs to isolate sections of a reservoir for hydraulic fracturing. After the well is stimulated, the plugs are milled out with some type of mechanical intervention, such as the use of coiled tubing (CT). Over the years, P&P has been improved with the development of composite plugs, as opposed to permanent-style plugs, that can be milled out in a continuous operation, pump-down operations to replace mechanical conveyance, and toe-initiator valves, which eliminate the need to mechanically convey perforations for the initial stage of the P&P operation. Despite these advances, mechanical intervention remains costly and risky, and in some instances may damage the recently placed fractures. In cases of low reservoir pressure or extended-reach laterals, milling can be especially problematic. Returns do not easily reach the surface, and friction and helical buckling effects can often result in CT lockup, preventing the CT from reaching the required depth to remove plugs in the toe section of the well. Debris left behind from milled-out plugs in the wellbore can result in the CT becoming stuck, thus driving up costs and further delaying production. These limitations signaled the need for the industry to move a step beyond conventional P&P technology. A new, dissolvable P&P system eliminates the need for mechanical intervention to remove plugs, enabling an unlimited number of stages to be stimulated. Launched in February, the dissolvable P&P completions system has been successfully implemented in many of the major unconventional plays in North America.
MORPHOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, AND SURGERY OF IDIOPATHIC VITREORETINAL MACULAR DISORDERS (1990)

Macular pucker, the vitreomacular traction syndrome, and impending macular hole are three idiopathic macular disorders sometimes treated by vitreous surgery. Each condition has distinctive clinical features, pathogenic mechanisms, vitreoretinal anatomy, surgical findings, results, and complications. The clinical and pathologic features of these three conditions are compared based on a series of: (1) 101 idiopathic macular pucker cases for which clinicopathologic correlation with transmission electron microscopy (CPC-EM) was available, (2) 24 cases of the vitreomacular traction syndrome (7 patients with CPC-EM), and (3) 43 cases of impending macular hole (7 patients with CPC-EM). All cases of macular pucker, 16 cases of vitreomacular traction syndrome, and 15 cases of impending macular hole have been reported. The median visual acuity for patients with epiretinal membrane and vitreomacular traction syndrome improved from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/70 and 20/50 postoperatively. Macular holes occurred postoperatively in 11 of 43 patients with impending macular hole. The three conditions must be differentiated clinically so that proper recommendations regarding prognosis and possible surgical management can be made.
Mixture of Behaviors in a Bayesian Driver Model (2009)

The Human Centered Design (HCD) of Partial Autonomous Driver Assistance Systems (PADAS) requires Digital Human Models (DHMs) of human control strategies for traffic scenario simulations. We present a probabilistic model architecture for generating descriptive models of human driver behavior: Bayesian Autonomous Driver (BAD) models.\nThey implement the sensory-motor system of human drivers in\na psychological motivated mixture-of-experts (= mixture-of-schema) architecture with autonomous and goal-based attention allocation processes. Under the assumption of stationarity behavioral processes models are specified across at least two time slices. Learning data are time series of relevant variables: percepts, goals, and\nactions. We can represent individual or groups of human and artificial agents. Models propagate information in various directions. When working top-down, goals emitted by a cognitive layer select a corresponding expert (schema), which propagates actions, relevance of areas of interest (AoIs) and perceptions. When working bottom-up, percepts trigger AoIs, actions, experts and goals. When the task or goal is defined and the model has certain percepts evidence\ncan be propagated simultaneously top-down and bottom-up and the appropriate expert (schema) and its behavior can be activated. Thus, the model can be easily extended to implement a modified version of the SEEV visual scanning or attention allocation model of Horrey, Wickens, and Consalus. In contrast to Horrey et al. the model can predict the probability of attending a certain AoI on the basis of single, mixed, and even incomplete evidence (goal\npriorities, percepts, effort to switch between AoIs). In this paper we present the architecture and a proof of concept with plausible but artificial data.
Keloid-derived fibroblasts show increased secretion of factors involved in collagen turnover and depend on matrix metalloproteinase for migration (2005)

Cultured keloid fibroblasts showed increased production of collagen and MMPs, and TGF-beta1 played a role in this regulation of production. In addition, increased production of MMPs had a role in the high migratory activity of cultured keloid fibroblasts.