gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution structure determination by ALCHEMI (1983)

ALCHEMI (Atom Location by CHanneling Enhanced Microanalysis) enables the site occupancy of atoms in single crystals to be determined. In this article the fundamentals of the method for both EDS and EELS will be discussed. Unlike HRTEM, ALCHEMI does not place stringent resolution requirements on the microscope and, because EDS clearly distinguishes between elements of similar atomic number, it can offer some advantages over HRTEM. It does however, place certain constraints on the crystal. These constraints are: a) the sites of interest must lie on alternate crystallographic planes, b) the projected charge density on the alternate planes must be significantly different, and c) there must be at least one atomic species that lies solely on one of the planes. An electron beam incident on a crystal undergoes elastic scattering; in reciprocal space this is seen as a diffraction pattern and in real space this is a modulation of the electron current across the unit cell. When diffraction is strong (i.e., when the crystal is oriented near to the Bragg angle of a low-order reflection) the electron current at one point in the unit cell will differ significantly from that at another point.
Transcription Factor AP-2 Controls Transcription of the Human Transforming Growth Factor-α Gene (1997)

The epidermal growth factor receptor is vital for normal development and plays a role in oncogenesis. The level of activation of this receptor by transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is controlled, in part, by the rate of transcription of the TGF-alpha gene. In the characterization of the proximal TGF-alpha promoter by DNase I footprinting, a 43-base pair element (-88 to -130 relative to the transcription start site), designated TalphaRE I, was found that was specifically protected by nuclear proteins from human mammary carcinoma MDA468 cells. TalphaRE I was essential for the maximal expression of the TGF-alpha gene as indicated by deletion and mutagenesis analyses. TalphaRE I consists of two cis-acting elements, a proximal regulatory element (PRE, -89 to -103) and a distal regulatory element (DRE, -121 to -128). Both elements were able to form specific complexes with protein from MDA468 cell nuclear extracts and are necessary for the full activity of the entire 1.1-kilobase pair TGF-alpha promoter. Competition and antibody studies determined that the DRE contains a binding site for the transcription factor AP-2, while the protein that binds to the PRE has yet to be identified. When linked upstream to the heterologous herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter, the TalphaRE I enhanced transcription up to 11-fold in MDA468 cells. Cotransfection of an AP-2 expression vector was able to activate transcription from the TalphaREI-TK construct in a DRE-dependent manner. These results further our understanding of how TGF-alpha transcription is regulated.
Overview of simulation models for partial discharge and electrical treeing to determine feasibility for estimation of remaining life of machine insulation systems (2011)

Partial discharge (PD) produces characteristic indications and patterns about the state of an insulation system, which can be studied via computer numerical simulations. Whilst experiments are critical to understanding how these PD patterns affect the aging of insulation systems through the formation and growth of electrical trees, they are also difficult and expensive to setup and actual physical effects sometimes take days and even months to show up. Accurate numerical simulation models can be a workaround, in such a scenario, to aid in studies related to condition monitoring of insulation materials. This paper is a prelude to research into developing prognosis tools for machine condition monitoring. Here we provide an overview of simulation attempts with respect to modeling partial discharge and electrical treeing. A comparison of different simulation approaches is given as per research objective and fidelity to reported experimental data. The reported studies have been used to explore the suitability of using models to extract information from these two phenomena to determine the health of insulation systems, especially in regards to rotating machines, on shipboard power systems with emphasis on the notional concept of an all-electric ship (AES).
Improving fingerprint based access control system using quick response code (2015)

Access control systems have been widely used in physical security to authenticate the passing people and control their entrance. The existing systems can be classified into the fingerprint based system, the proximity card based system, etc. according to the adopted authentication techniques. However, proximity cards are easy to lose, while fingerprints also become less reliable because they can be copied to make fakes. It appears access control systems relying on only one single authentication technique can be really risky. In this paper, we improve the traditional fingerprint based access control system with an additional authentication process and a remote authorization scheme, both of which are based on Quick Response Code (QR code). The second authentication process leverages the one-time password (OTP) and the personalized response to a challenge contained in the QR code to enhance security. The authorization scheme assists a remote manager to grant temporary access to otherwise unauthorized personnel using the time-stamped authorization information stored in the QR code. We have implemented the prototype of the proposed system in the .NET framework. Our experiments show the prototype takes about 77 ms to offer more rigorous authentication and 134 ms to provide both strengthened authentication and authorization.
High-performance IR detectors at SCD present and future (2005)

For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide range of high performance infra-red detectors, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These detectors have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, Time Delay Integration scanning systems, Hand-Held cameras, Missile Warning Systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength range is based on its well established 2-D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2-D Focal Plane Array (FPA) detectors have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30 μm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20 μm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77-85K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR detectors based on the epitaxial growth of Antimonide Based Compound Semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based detector operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR detector with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 μm. For the LWIR wave-length range SCD manufactures both linear Hg<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te (MCT) detectors with a line of 250 elements and Time Delay and Integration (TDI) detectors with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype un-cooled detector which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 μm and a typical NETD of 50mK at F/1. In this paper we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our detectors for the MWIR and LWIR detection.
Enhanced testing of clock faults (2007)

A test methodology for the control signals including clock logic, ripple reset and register file read/write control of the Cortex-A8trade high performance microprocessor core is presented. The target fault models include the stuck-at fault, transition fault and hold time fault models.
Artificial intelligence-guided analysis of cytologic data. (1990)

A design for the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology with large databases of clinical and objective cytologic data, such as are on file at the University of Chicago, is presented. Among the key features of this approach are the use of a knowledge representation structure based upon an associative network, the use of a Bayesian belief network as a method of managing uncertainty in the system, and the use of neural networks and unsupervised learning algorithms as a means of discovering patterns within this database. Such an automated approach is necessary, given the complexity and interdependence of these data, to gain an understanding of their dependence structure and to assist in their exploration and analysis.
MUC5B is a major gel-forming, oligomeric mucin from human salivary gland, respiratory tract and endocervix: identification of glycoforms and C-terminal cleavage (1998)

Mucins from human whole saliva, as well as from respiratory- and cervical-tract secretions, were subjected to density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl/0.5 M guanidinium chloride. A polydisperse population of MUC5B mucins was demonstrated in all samples using anti-peptide antisera (LUM5B-2, LUM5B-3 and LUM5B-4) raised against sequences within the MUC5B mucin. The sequences recognized by the LUM5B-2 and LUM5B-3 antisera are located within the domains flanking the highly glycosylated regions of MUC5B, and reduction increased the reactivity with these antibodies, suggesting that the epitopes are partially shielded and that these regions are folded and stabilized by disulphide bonds. Rate-zonal centrifugation before and after reduction showed MUC5B to be a large oligomeric mucin composed of disulphide-linked subunits. In saliva and respiratory-tract secretions, populations of MUC5B mucins with different charge densities were identified by ion-exchange HPLC, suggesting the presence of MUC5B 'glycoforms'. In trachea, the F2 monoclonal antibody against the sulpho-Lewis C structure reacted preferentially with the later-to-be-eluted populations. An antibody (LUM5B-4) recognizing a sequence in the C-terminal domain of MUC5B identified, after reduction, the mucin subunits as well as smaller fragments, suggesting that some of the MUC5B mucins are cleaved within the C-terminal domain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that MUC5B is produced by cells dispersed throughout the human submandibular and sublingual glands, in the airway submucosal glands as well as the goblet cells, and in the epithelium and glands of the endocervix. The F2 antibody stained a subpopulation of the MUC5B-producing cells in the airway submucosal glands, suggesting that different cells may produce different glycoforms of MUC5B in this tissue.
Simulation of the control method for the adaptive front lighting system (2009)

Author name used in this publication: K. W. E. Cheng
There is more to the 3Rs than Replacement: Reduction and Refinement in animal experimentation (2014)

According to Wikipedia, the earliest references to animal experimentation appear in Greek writings of the 2nd and 4th Century BC1. Needless to say, we have come a long way in the intervening years. Animal experimentation is now regulated by law in many countries. ‘Animal ethics committees’, typically made up of lay people, scientists and vets, are required to undertake a cost–benefit analysis for proposed projects, weighing up the likely benefit to society against any harm and suffering animals may experience. Furthermore, the ethical framework first described by William Russell and Rex Burch in their seminal 1959 publication2 – the so-called 3Rs: the use of non-animal methods to achieve the same scientific goals (replacement), or where this is not possible, that researchers use methods which cause the minimum pain and suffering (refinement) while also obtaining the best information possible from the fewest number of animals (reduction) – is now also a legal requirement in many countries. Thanks in part to initiatives such as the UK's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), recent years have seen a massive increase in the number of techniques developed which aim to replace the use of animals in research, teaching and testing, an achievement which should be celebrated.
Low-Dose Propofol for the Abortive Treatment of Pediatric Migraine in the Emergency Department (2012)

Propofol seems to be effective for the abortive treatment of pediatric migraine headache in the PED. Further prospective trials are warranted to either support or refute these initial findings.
Deciphering the Transcriptional Regulation of Cholesterol Catabolic Pathway in Mycobacteria (2014)

Cholesterol degradation plays a prominent role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; therefore, to develop new tools to combat this disease, we need to decipher the components comprising and regulating the corresponding pathway. A TetR-like repressor (KstR) regulates the upper part of this complex catabolic pathway, but the induction mechanism remains unknown. Using a biophysical approach, we have discovered that the inducer molecule of KstR in M. smegmatis mc(2)155 is not cholesterol but 3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid, one of the first metabolic intermediates. Binding this compound induces dramatic conformational changes in KstR that promote the KstR-DNA interaction to be released from the operator, retaining its dimeric state. Our findings suggest a regulatory model common to all cholesterol degrading bacteria in which the first steps of the pathway are critical to its mineralization and explain the high redundancy of the enzymes involved in these initial steps.
Radical Intermediates in the Photoinduced Formation of Benzene Cation-Radicals over H-ZSM-5 Zeolites (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadical Intermediates in the Photoinduced Formation of Benzene Cation-Radicals over H-ZSM-5 ZeolitesVadim A. Bolshov, Alexander M. Volodin, George M. Zhidomirov, Alexander A. Shubin, and Alexander F. BediloCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 31, 7551–7554Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100082a027https://doi.org/10.1021/j100082a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Multiple Pathways Are Co-regulated by the Protein Kinase Snf1 and the Transcription Factors Adr1 and Cat8 (2003)

ADR1 and CAT8 encode carbon source-responsive transcriptional regulators that cooperatively control expression of genes involved in ethanol utilization. These transcription factors are active only after the diauxic transition, when glucose is depleted and energy-generating metabolism has shifted to the aerobic oxidation of non-fermentable carbon sources. The Snf1 protein kinase complex is required for activation of their downstream target genes described previously. Using DNA microarrays, we determined the extent to which these three factors collaborate in regulating the expression of the yeast genome after glucose depletion. The expression of 108 genes is significantly decreased in the absence of ADR1. The importance of ADR1 during the diauxic transition is illustrated by the observation that expression of almost one-half of the 40 most highly glucose-repressed genes is ADR1-dependent. ADR1-dependent genes fall into a variety of functional classes with carbon metabolism containing the largest number of members. Most of the genes in this class are involved in the oxidation of different non-fermentable carbon sources. These microarray data show that ADR1 coordinates the biochemical pathways that generate acetyl-CoA and NADH from non-fermentable substrates. Only a small number of ADR1-dependent genes are also CAT8-dependent. However, nearly one-half of the ADR1-dependent genes are also dependent on the Snf1 protein kinase for derepression. Many more genes are SNF1-dependent than are either ADR1- or CAT8-dependent suggesting that SNF1 plays a broader role in gene expression than either ADR1 or CAT8. The largest class of SNF1-dependent genes encodes regulatory proteins that could extend SNF1 dependence to additional pathways.
CNN-MERP: An FPGA-based memory-efficient reconfigurable processor for forward and backward propagation of convolutional neural networks (2016)

Large-scale deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in machine learning applications. While CNNs involve huge complexity, VLSI (ASIC and FPGA) chips that deliver high-density integration of computational resources are regarded as a promising platform for CNN's implementation. At massive parallelism of computational units, however, the external memory bandwidth, which is constrained by the pin count of the VLSI chip, becomes the system bottleneck. Moreover, VLSI solutions are usually regarded as a lack of the flexibility to be reconfigured for the various parameters of CNNs. This paper presents CNN-MERP to address these issues. CNN-MERP incorporates an efficient memory hierarchy that significantly reduces the bandwidth requirements from multiple optimizations including on/off-chip data allocation, data flow optimization and data reuse. The proposed 2-level reconfigurability is utilized to enable fast and efficient reconfiguration, which is based on the control logic and the multiboot feature of FPGA. As a result, an external memory bandwidth requirement of 1.94MB/GFlop is achieved, which is 55% lower than prior arts. Under limited DRAM bandwidth, a system throughput of 1244GFlop/s is achieved at the Vertex UltraScale platform, which is 5.48 times higher than the state-of-the-art FPGA implementations.
Line drawings of octree-represented objects (1988)

The octree structure represents the space occupied by an object as a juxtaposition of cubes, where the sizes and position coordinates of the cubes are integer powers of 2 and are defined by a recursive decomposition of three-dimensional space. This makes the octree structure highly sensitive to object location and orientation, and the three-dimensional shape of the represented object obscure. It is helpful to be able to see the actual object represented by an octree, especially for visual performance evaluation of octree algorithms. Presented in this paper is a display algorithm that helps visualize the three-dimensional space represented by the octree. Given an octree, the algorithm produces a line drawing of the objects represented by the octree, using parallel projection, from any specified viewpoint with hidden lines removed. The order in which the algorithm traverses the octree has the property that if node x occludes node y , then node x is visited before node y . The algorithm produces a set of long, straight visible edge segments corresponding to the visible surface of the polyhedral object represented by the octree. Examples of some line drawing produced by the algorithm are given. The complexity of the algorithm is also discussed.
Modeling the dynamics of speech and noise for speech feature enhancement in ASR (2008)

In this paper a switching linear dynamical model (SLDM) approach for speech feature enhancement is improved by employing more accurate models for the dynamics of speech and noise. The model of the clean speech feature trajectory is improved by augmenting the state vector to capture information derived from the delta features. Further a hidden noise state variable is introduced to obtain a more elaborated model for the noise dynamics. Approximate Bayesian inference in the SLDM is carried out by a bank of extended Kalman filters, whose outputs are combined according to the a posteriori probability of the individual state models. Experimental results on the AURORA2 database show improved recognition accuracy.
Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache (2015)

None of the new included studies have provided additional information to change the conclusions of the last published version of the original Cochrane review. Caffeine has shown effectiveness for treating PDPH, decreasing the proportion of participants with PDPH persistence and those requiring supplementary interventions, when compared with placebo. Gabapentin, hydrocortisone and theophylline have been shown to decrease pain severity scores. Theophylline has also been shown to increase the proportion of participants that report an improvement in pain scores when compared with conventional treatment.There is a lack of conclusive evidence for the other drugs assessed (sumatriptan, adrenocorticotropic hormone, pregabalin and cosyntropin).These conclusions should be interpreted with caution, due to the lack of information to allow correct appraisal of risk of bias, the small sample sizes of the studies and also their limited generalisability, as nearly half of the participants were postpartum women in their 30s.
A real-time task-oriented speech understanding system using keyword-spotting (1992)

The authors describe a real-time task-oriented spontaneous speech understanding system which extracts semantic content from the spotted keyword lattice using a newly developed LR parser. The parser is driven whenever a keyword candidate is spotted. The keyword candidates are fed into the parser to construct a semantic structure using a grammar. This efficient parsing enables real-time initial-state-free speech understanding. The parser comprises the following functional components: initial-state processing to check if a keyword candidate can be an initial keyword and to create a parsing stack, keyword connection processing to check if a current keyword can connect with a subsentence candidate, and sentence acceptance processing to check if subsentence candidates can be accepted as a sentence candidate. Experimental results for a fast-food task consisting of 30 keywords are presented to show the effectiveness of the system. >
Thermal Treatment of Poplar Hemicelluloses at 180 to 220 °C under Nitrogen Atmosphere (2016)

Hemicelluloses were separated from poplar wood and exposed to thermal treatment. Changes in chemical content were investigated from 180 °C to 220 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal gravimetric analysis were used to characterize the hemicellulose before and after the thermal treatment. The effects of temperature on hygroscopicity and color were measured. The results showed that hemicelluloses were sensitive to temperature. β-glucosidic bonds and side chains in hemicelluloses were cleaved around 180 °C, and the increased temperature promoted the breaking process. Esterification reactions happened during the treatment. When the treatment temperature reached 220 °C, all side chains broke down, and partial carbonization occurred. Therefore, the color became darker, and the hydrophobicity increased. This study could help to explain the changes in wood that occur during thermal treatment.