gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in advanced or metastatic NSCLC with high blood-based tumor mutational burden: primary analysis of BFAST cohort C randomized phase 3 trial (2022)

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is being explored as a predictive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. BFAST (NCT03178552)-an open-label, global, multicohort trial-evaluated the safety and efficacy of first-line targeted therapies or immunotherapy in patients with unresectable Stage IIIB or IV advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who were selected for biomarker status using blood-based targeted next-generation sequencing. In the Phase 3 cohort C evaluating blood-based (b)TMB as a biomarker of atezolizumab efficacy, patients with bTMB of ≥10 (N = 471) were randomized 1:1 to receive atezolizumab or platinum-based chemotherapy per local standard of care. Cohort C did not meet its primary endpoint of investigator-assessed progression-free survival in the population with bTMB of ≥16 (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 1.00; P = 0.053). Adverse events leading to treatment withdrawal occurred in 10% of patients in the atezolizumab arm and 20% in the chemotherapy arm. Adverse events of special interest occurred in 42% of patients in the atezolizumab arm and 26% in the chemotherapy arm. A prespecified exploratory analysis compared the bTMB clinical trial assay with the FoundationOne Liquid Companion Diagnostic assay and showed high concordance between assays. Additional exploration of bTMB to identify optimal cutoffs, confounding factors, assay improvements or cooperative biomarkers is warranted.
Computational Fluid Dynamics as a Development Tool for Rotary Blood Pumps (2001)

Abstract: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is beginning to significantly impact the development of biomedical devices, in particular rotary cardiac assist devices. The University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development has extensively used CFD as the primary tool to analyze and design a novel axial flow blood pump having a magnetically suspended rotor. The blood‐contacting surfaces of the pump were developed using a design strategy based on CFD that involved closely coupling a Navier‐Stokes solver to a parameterized geometry modeler and advanced mesh movement techniques. CFD‐based blood damage models for shear‐induced hemolysis as well as surrogate functions describing thrombosis potential were employed to help guide design improvements. This CFD‐based design approach resulted in the timely development of a pump subjected to multiple geometric refinements without building expensive physical prototypes for each design iteration. A physical prototype of the final improved pump was fabricated and experimentally analyzed using particle imaging flow visualization. The CFD predicted results correlated well with the experimental data including pressure‐flow (H‐Q) performance and specific flow field features. It is estimated that the present CFD‐based design approach shortened the overall design time frame from an order of years to months.
Cyanine Conformational Restraint in the Far-Red Range (2017)

Far-red cyanine fluorophores find extensive use in modern microscopy despite modest quantum yields. To improve the photon output of these molecules, we report a synthetic strategy that blocks the major deactivation pathway: excited-state trans-to-cis polyene rotation. In the key transformation, a protected dialdehyde precursor undergoes a cascade reaction to install the requisite tetracyclic ring system. The resulting molecules exhibit the characteristic features of conformational restraint, including improved fluorescence quantum yield and extended lifetime. Moreover, these compounds recover from hydride reduction with dramatically improved efficiency. These observations enable efficient single-molecule localization microscopy in oxygenated buffer without addition of thiols. Enabled by modern organic synthesis, these studies provide a new class of far-red dyes with promising spectroscopic and chemical properties.
Asymmetrical gradient coil for head imaging (2002)

This work presents a novel approach to develop dedicated transverse gradient coils for head imaging. The proposed coil design is based on the stochastic optimization of an asymmetrical stream function and improves the matching between the region-of-interest and the homogeneous gradient volume. Additionally, the electric field produced by these asymmetrical coils is 30% lower than that produced by standard symmetrical designs, which minimizes the risk of magnetostimulation of nerves in fast imaging techniques. A prototype of the asymmetrical gradient coil was built to test the method and magnetic field produced by the prototype was measured. Magnetic field measurements and electrical parameters of coils are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Evaluation of fused silica for DUV laser application by short-time diagnostics (2000)

Excimer laser pulses ((lambda) equals 193 nm, (lambda) equals 248 nm) induce transient and permanent defects in highly UV transparent optical glass for microlithography. Usually laser damage of fused silica is evaluated by time consuming and expensive marathon tests characterized by about 10<SUP>9</SUP> pulses at repetition rates of 400-1000 Hz and fluences of 0.5-10 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. Alternatively, short time tests using high laser energy densities have been developed to quickly evaluate influences of changes in the production technology. The following evaluation methods are used: Laser induced absorption at 193 nm measured by laser induced deflection (LID), Laser induced fluorescence at 650 nm (LIF) excited by 193 nm or 248 nm laser irradiation, H<SUB>2</SUB> content measurement by means of a pulsed Raman spectroscopy at 248 nm laser excitation. Both, the LIF signal and the H<SUB>2</SUB> concentration are measured locally resolved in a non-destructive way. The applied energy densities of the above methods vary from 1 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> to 600 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The front face technique for investigating large diameter samples, e.g. mask blanks (6 inches and 9 inches), have been established.
High-pressure processing â effects on microbial food safety and food quality (2008)

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a nonthermal process capable of inactivating and eliminating pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms. This novel technology has enormous potential in the food industry, controlling food spoilage, improving food safety and extending product shelf life while retaining the characteristics of fresh, preservative-free, minimally processed foods. As with other food processing methods, such as thermal processing, HPP has somewhat limited applications as it cannot be universally applied to all food types, such as some dairy and animal products and shelf-stable low-acid foods. Herein, we discuss the effects of high-pressure processing on microbial food safety and, to a lesser degree, food quality.
Comparison of zwitterionic <i>N</i>-alkylaminomethanesulfonic acids to related compounds in the Good buffer series (2010)

Several N-alkyl and N,N-dialkylaminomethanesulfonic acids were synthesized (as zwitterions and/or sodium salts) to be tested for utility as biological buffers at lower pH levels than existing Good buffer compounds (aminoalkanesulfonates with a minimum of two carbons between amine and sulfonic acid groups as originally described by Norman Good, and in common use as biological buffers). Our hypothesis was that a shorter carbon chain (one carbon) between the amino and sulfonic acid groups should lower the ammonium ion pK(a) values. The alkylaminomethanesulfonate compounds were synthesized in aqueous solution by reaction of primary or secondary amines with formaldehyde/sodium hydrogensulfite addition compound. The pK(a) values of the ammonium ions of this series of compounds (compared to existing Good buffers) was found to correlate well with the length of the carbon chain between the amino and sulfonate moeties, with a significant decrease in amine basicity in the aminomethanesulfonate compounds (pK(a) decrease of 2 units or more compared to existing Good buffers). An exception was found for the 2-hydroxypiperazine series which shows only a small pK(a) decrease, probably due to the site of protonation in this compound (as confirmed by X-ray crystal structure). X-ray crystallographic structures of two members of the series are reported. Several of these compounds have pK(a) values that would indicate potential utility for buffering at pH levels below the normal physiological range (pK(a) values in the range of 3 to 6 without aqueous solubility problems) - a range that is problematic for currently available Good buffers. Unfortunately, the alkylaminomethanesulfonates were found to degrade (with loss of their buffering ability) at pH levels below the pK(a) value and were unstable at elevated temperature (as when autoclaving) - thus limiting their utility.
Software Internationalization: Testing Methods for Bidirectional Software (2009)

Testing Global software differs from conventional software testing in that the test design approach and the testing methods must consider the defined and implied issues of specific culture, language, date format, and currency format. In the case of Bidirectional software testing (Software targeting Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, and Urdu markets) there are many unique and crucial aspects that require thorough and carefully planned and executed tests. In this paper we propose testing methods that can be used to test critical aspects of bi-directional software in general and specifically Arabic software. These testing methods are discussed in the context of the Dynamic Systems Development Methodology (DSDM) process lifecycle that integrate internationalization (I18 n) and localization(L10 n) processes into the software lifecycle.
Airborne Tactical Intent-Based Conflict Resolution Capability (2009)

Trajectory-based operations with self-separation involve the aircraft taking the primary role in the management of its own trajectory in the presence of other traffic. In this role, the flight crew assumes the responsibility for ensuring that the aircraft remains separated from all other aircraft by at least a minimum separation standard. These operations are enabled by cooperative airborne surveillance and by airborne automation systems that provide essential monitoring and decision support functions for the flight crew. An airborne automation system developed and used by NASA for research investigations of required functionality is the Autonomous Operations Planner. It supports the flight crew in managing their trajectory when responsible for self-separation by providing monitoring and decision support functions for both strategic and tactical flight modes. The paper focuses on the latter of these modes by describing a capability for tactical intent-based conflict resolution and its role in a comprehensive suite of automation functions supporting trajectory-based operations with self-separation.
Rewriting queries with arbitrary aggregation functions using views (2006)

The problem of rewriting aggregate queries using views is studied for conjunctive queries with arbitrary aggregation functions and built-in predicates. Two types of queries over views are introduced for rewriting aggregate queries: pure candidates and aggregate candidates . Pure candidates can be used to rewrite arbitrary aggregate queries. Aggregate candidates can be used to rewrite queries containing aggregate functions definable in terms of a commutative-semigroup operation. For both types of candidates (as well as for several relaxations of these candidates), the unfolding property holds. This allows characterizations for query equivalence to be used to determine whether a candidate is a rewriting of a query. The complexity of the rewriting-existence problem is also studied and upper and lower complexity bounds are given.
Epidermal Cell Fate Determination in <i>Arabidopsis</i> : Patterns Defined by a Steroid-Inducible Regulator (1994)

The Arabidopsis mutant ttg lacks both trichomes (epidermal hairs) and anthocyanin pigments. Trichomes and anthocyanins are restored by the constitutive expression of the maize transcriptional regulator (R). The expression of an R-glucocorticoid receptor chimeric protein results in a steroid hormone-dependent, conditional allele of R that functions in whole Arabidopsis plants. The response of the chimeric protein to pulses of hormone was used to define the pattern and timing of trichome formation on the developing leaf epidermis. Each adaxial epidermal leaf cell appears to have an equal probability of differentiating into a trichome; there is a temporal zone of decision for trichome cell fate that proceeds as a wave from the tip to the base of developing leaves.
Enhancing and Inhibiting TGF-β Signaling in Infection (2015)

Influenza activates extracellular TGF-β, which promotes bacterial coinfection; whereas the innate immune response of infected cells inhibits TGF-β signaling.
Magnetic sLrxci Magneto.Optical Properties of TtoFeOo Amor-phoTAS Films (1987)

Therelationship betweenthemagneto-optical characteristicsand themedium noise of TbFeCofilmsis studied.TheMs changeswith temperature in Fe-richand Tb-richfilmsdiffermarkedly. Magnetic inversionsoccurredat hightemperatures in filmswith a largeMs, causing a demagnetizing fieldwhichleft blanksectionsin therecorded bitsand increasedtheplayback noise.At normaltemperatures, Tb-richfilmshave a smallMs and,as a result,less modulationnoise. Experimental Procedure We made TbFeCoamorphous films usingRF bias andmagnetron sputtering. Thecrystallization temperature Tx was measuredfrom changesin the electrical resistivity with temperature usinga fourprobemethod. Analysis of the filmcomposition was performed with the ICPS methodwith an accuracy of ±1 percent.The evaluationof carrier-to-noiseratio for the disk was performed usinga pregrooved disk which had been fabricatedon a glasssubstrate with a 2P method.
Temporal analysis of a landslide by means of a ground-based SAR interferometer (2003)

A ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) interferometer is used to retrieve the velocity field of a landslide. High-resolution images are obtained by means of a time domain SAR processor. An in-depth analysis of the sequence of SAR interferograms enables the recognition of a slowly deforming upper scarp in the scene, and a debris flow that feeds the accumulation zone of the landslide, where a fast change in terrain morphology is observed. The estimated deformation map is in agreement with the available measurements obtained by means of Global Positioning System receivers. Results show that GB-SAR interferometry is a cost-effective solution for the monitoring of landslides. The proposed method is shown to be a valid complement to space- and airborne SAR and to the traditional geodetic instruments.
COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATOR FOR ISOLATION ENHANCEMENT IN 5G COMMUNICATION ANTENNA ARRAY (2018)

A square-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) filtering structure for isolation improvement is presented in this paper. The proposed research work investigates the design and development of a simple and compact CSRR structure. In order to verify the performance of the proposed filtering element and improve the isolation among the closely placed antenna elements, arrays of configured CSRR structures are implemented between two antenna elements. An array of configured CSRR elements has been integrated with the printed antenna on the top and bottom layers. The proposed filtering elements offer an enhancement in isolation by 25 dB as compared to the simple array. The entire configuration has been simulated using the Ansoft HFSS simulator. Finally, the proposed design is fabricated and experimentally validated. In the experiment, coupling suppression of -51 dB at the operating frequency is successfully achieved, resulting in a recovery of the array pattern. The proposed antenna is highly efficient, which is suitable to be utilized for 5G communication.
Studies <i>in vitro</i> on the uptake and degradation of sodium hyaluronate in rat liver endothelial cells (1984)

Rat liver endothelial cells in primary cultures at 7 degrees C bind radioactively labelled sodium hyaluronate (HA; Mr 400 000) specifically and with high affinity (Kd = 6 X 10(-11) M). Maximal binding capacity is approx. 10(4) molecules per cell. Inhibition experiments with unlabelled HA and oligosaccharides from HA indicate that each molecule is bound by several receptors acting co-operatively and that the single receptor recognizes a tetra- or hexa-saccharide sequence of the polysaccharide. At 37 degrees C the liver endothelial cells endocytose the HA. The process combines the features of a receptor-mediated and a fluid-phase endocytosis. The rate of internalization does not show any saturation with increasing HA concentration, but is approximately proportional to the polysaccharide concentration at and above the physiological concentration. At 50 micrograms of free HA/l each liver endothelial cell accumulates 0.1 fg of the polysaccharide/min. Fluorescent HA accumulates in perinuclear granules, presumably lysosomes. Degradation products from HA appear in the medium about 30 min after addition of the polysaccharide to the cultures. The radioactivity from HA containing N-[3H]acetyl groups or 14C in the sugar rings is recovered mainly as [3H]acetate and [14C]acetate respectively. Estimations of the capacity of liver endothelial cells to internalize and degrade HA in vitro indicate that these cells may be primarily responsible for the clearance of HA from human blood in vivo.
Precise Equilibrium Constants from Spectrophotometric Data:  BrCl in Br<sub>2</sub>/Cl<sub>2</sub> Gas Mixtures (2003)

The equilibrium constant for the reaction, Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ BrCl(g), is estimated using the classic spectrophotometric method with precise data and a multispectrum fitting approach. Analysis of spectra for 18 Cl2:Br2 mixing ratios yields K° = 9.1 at 22 °C, with a nominal statistical error (1 σ) of 0.04. This error translates into a remarkable precision of 0.4 cm-1 in the dissociation energy of BrCl, easily beating that for the current best spectroscopic estimate (±5 cm-1). However, a sensitivity analysis shows that K° is susceptible to small systematic errors and minor changes in the least-squares fit model, leading to a more conservative estimate of 2% error. The derived K° is consistent with statistical mechanical estimates that employ the current value for the BrCl dissociation energy, but it differs considerably from some recently measured and used values, which range from 6.4 to 10.4. The revised estimate of the BrCl dissociation energy is 𝒟e = 18 248 ± 2 cm-1.
In vivo animal trials with a scanning CO2 laser osteotome (2005)

An effective CO(2) laser osteotomy without aggravating thermal side effects and healing delay is possible using the described irradiation technique. It allows an arbitrary cut geometry and may result in new advantageous bone surgery procedures.
Successes And Failures In Measles Control (1994)

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) of the World Health Organization has a global target of reducing measles incidence by 90% and mortality by 95% from pre-EPI levels by 1995. Both developed and developing countries that have given priority to measles control have substantially reduced measles morbidity and mortality, and some have come close to eliminating measles. A variety of vaccination schedules and strategies have been used, which reflect the differing program goals, health services infrastructure, and availability of resources in different countries. Failure to control measles has usually been due to a failure to implement planned strategies adequately. The highest priority in measles control is to assist countries, especially the lowest-income countries, to implement vaccination programs more effectively.
The development of the Schmidt telescope (2009)

Abstract Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935) was born in Estonia. After a few years of studying engineering he ran an optical workshop in Mittweida, Saxonia, between 1901 and 1927. Astronomers appreciated the quality of his telescopes. Starting in 1925, on behalf of the Hamburg Observatory, he developed a short focal length optical system with a large field of view. For this purpose, Schmidt moved his workshop to the observatory. He succeeded in inventing the “Schmidt telescope” which allows the imaging of a large field of the sky without any distortions. Schmidt's first telescope (spherical mirror diameter 0.44 m, correction plate 0.36 m diameter, aperture ratio 1:1.75, and focal length 0.625 m) has been used since 1962 at the Boyden Observatory in Bloemfontein/South Africa. Apart from his 0.36m telescope, Schmidt produced a second larger one of 0.60m aperture. Shortly after Schmidt's death, the director of the observatory published details on the invention and production of the Schmidt telescope. After World War II, Schmidt telescopes have been widely used. The first large Schmidt telescope, the “Big Schmidt” (1.26 m), Mount Palomar, USA, was completed in 1948. The 0.80 m Schmidt telescope of Hamburg Observatory, planned since 1936, finished in 1954, is now on Calar Alto/Spain (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity by Valproic Acid Blocks Adipogenesis (2004)

Adipogenesis is dependent on the sequential activation of transcription factors including the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and steroid regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). We show that the mood stabilizing drug valproic acid (VPA; 0.5-2 mm) inhibits mouse 3T3 L1 and human preadipocyte differentiation, likely through its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory properties. The HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) also inhibited adipogenesis, whereas the VPA analog valpromide, which does not possess HDAC inhibitory effects, did not prevent adipogenesis. Acute or chronic VPA treatment inhibited differentiation yet did not affect mitotic clonal expansion. VPA (1 mm) inhibited PPARgamma induced differentiation but does not activate a PPARgamma reporter gene, suggesting that it is not a PPARgamma ligand. VPA or TSA treatment reduced mRNA and protein levels of PPARgamma and SREBP1a. TSA reduced C/EBPalpha mRNA and protein levels, whereas VPA only produced a decrease in C/EBPalpha protein expression. Overall our results highlight a role for HDAC activity in adipogenesis that can be blocked by treatment with VPA.
Oculopharyngodistal Myopathy (1977)

An autosomal dominant, heredofamilial myopathy consisted of slowly progressive ptosis and extraocular palsy, and weakness of the masseter, facial, and bulbar muscles, as well as distal involvement of the limbs starting around 40 years of age or later. No other neurological symptoms or disturbances of other organs or tissues were observed. In one case, autopsy disclosed no remarkable change in the central and peripheral nervous system, and muscle biopsy specimens from all patients showed myopathic patterns without any specific change. A descriptive term, "oculopharyngodistal myopathy," was proposed to separate the present illness from other ocular myopathies.