gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Validation Method for X-ray Mammogram Registration Algorithms Using a Projection Model of Breast X-ray Compression (2007)

Establishing spatial correspondence between features visible in X-ray mammograms obtained at different times has great potential to aid assessment and quantitation of change in the breast indicative of malignancy. The literature contains numerous nonrigid registration algorithms developed for this purpose, but existing approaches are flawed by the assumption of inappropriate 2-D transformation models and quantitative estimation of registration accuracy is limited. In this paper, we describe a novel validation method which simulates plausible mammographic compressions of the breast using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived finite element model. By projecting the resulting known 3-D displacements into 2-D and generating pseudo-mammograms from these same compressed magnetic resonance (MR) volumes, we can generate convincing images with known 2-D displacements with which to validate a registration algorithm. We illustrate this approach by computing the accuracy for two conventional nonrigid 2-D registration algorithms applied to mammographic test images generated from three patient MR datasets. We show that the accuracy of these algorithms is close to the best achievable using a 2-D one-to-one correspondence model but that new algorithms incorporating more representative transformation models are required to achieve sufficiently accurate registrations for this application.
Better<i>k</i>-best parsing (2005)

We discuss the relevance of k-best parsing to recent applications in natural language processing, and develop efficient algorithms for k-best trees in the framework of hypergraph parsing. To demonstrate the efficiency, scalability and accuracy of these algorithms, we present experiments on Bikel's implementation of Collins' lexicalized PCFG model, and on Chiang's CFG-based decoder for hierarchical phrase-based translation. We show in particular how the improved output of our algorithms has the potential to improve results from parse reranking systems and other applications.
The Esterification of Oleic Acid with Ethanol Accompanied by Membrane Separation (1987)

Abstract The use of water-permeable membranes for gas separation in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol was studied. The perfect conversion due to the equilibrium shift was obtained by using a polyimide membrane for removal of water vapor generated by the esterification.
The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in viral infectionsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum. (2006)

The cellular biological function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a major intracellular protein degradation pathway, and as an important modulator for the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been greatly appreciated over the last decade. The critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent. Many viruses have been reported to evolve different strategies to utilize the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for their own benefits. Here, we review the general background and function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, summarize our current understanding of how viruses use this pathway to target cellular proteins, and finally, discuss the roles of this pathway in enteroviral infection, and the potential therapeutic application of proteasome inhibition in myocarditis.
A Blind SNR Estimation Algorithm for MPSK Signals (2006)

The generalized split-symbol moment estimator (GSSME) comes from the SSME with the change that the symbol interval is divided into several subintervals greater than two. An iterative GSSME-based blind signal-to-noise (SNR) estimation algorithm for MPSK signals is presented in this paper, and the relationship between the sample numbers per symbol and the number of subintervals is derived. Simulations are performed for BPSK, QPSK and 8PSK signals, respectively, and comparisons are made with the SSME. It is shown that the GSSME can achieve a lower bias and mean square error (MSE). Further the performance of the GSSME is independent of the modulation order M of the MPSK signals
Nanoparticles as Fluid Loss Control Additives for Hydraulic Fracturing of Tight and Ultra-Tight Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations (2014)

Injection of polymeric solutions, either as slick water or cross-linked fluids, in order to propagate a fracture and distribute proppants and keep the fracture open is a common practice in hydraulic fracturing of unconventional tight and ultra-tight formations. In addition to propagation of a main fracture, polymeric fluids will be invading the already existing network of micro-fractures and extending the network connected to the main fracture. Fluid loss into the matrix rock and micro-fractures is inevitable, so is the use of a comparable fluid loss additive to reduce the filtrate volume. Different classes of nanoparticles have been used by several researchers to carry different agents including surfactants and enzymes for hydraulic fracturing purposes. Nano-sized pores and micro-sized fractures in tight and ultra-tight formations require a nano to micro-sized fluid loss additive to improve propagation of the hydraulic fractures by efficiently reducing the fluid loss. In this study, application of silica and polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles as fluid loss additives for three sets of core plugs with permeability values within the 10−5 −10−4 mD, 0.01–0.1 mD and 1–40 mD range was investigated. The nano-sized material used in this study significantly reduced the fluid loss volume for the cores with permeability values below 0.1 mD when mixed only with 2% KCl or with low concentrations of guar polymer prepared in 2% KCl. Combination of the fluid loss additive application with chemical carrying application makes these nanoparticle systems a suitable package for hydraulic fracturing of tight and ultra-tight formations.
Photoinduced Reactions of<i>para</i>-Quinones with Bicyclopropylidene Leading to Diverse Polycyclic Compounds with Spirocyclopropanes (2013)

Photoinduced reactions of bicyclopropylidene (BCP) with para-quinones (p-quinones) including benzoquinones, naphthoquinones, and anthraquinones were found to proceed via different cycloaddition pathways and lead to diverse polycyclic products bearing spiropropyl moiety. Photocycloaddition of BCP with benzoquinones gave spirooxetanes as the primary products, which upon irradiation were able to rearrange into the spiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-diones as secondary photoproducts. Chemoselectivity of the photocycloaddition of BCP with naphthoquinones relies largely on the substitution groups linked to the C═C in between the two carbonyl groups to give different types of products. Photoreaction of BCP with 9,10-anthraquinone gave not only the spirooxetane product, but also a novel spiro[indan-1,1'-phthalan]-3'-one product whose formation might be initiated by a transannular attack of the C4 cyclopropyl radical to the para-carbonyl group. Mechanisms involved in the formation of diverse primary or secondary products in the photoreactions of BCP with p-quinones were proposed. Some of the photoreactions also hold potentials as useful synthetic protocols for important spiropolycyclic compounds such as sesquiterpenes.
STAT6 deficiency in a mouse model of allergen‐induced airways inflammation abolishes eosinophilia but induces infiltration of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (1999)

These results indicate that factors which signal through STAT6 are important regulators of eosinophilia of allergic airway inflammation, regulating TH2-type cytokine production both in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
Series Compensator Based on Cascaded Transformers Coupled With Three-Phase Bridge Converters (2016)

This paper proposes a multilevel series compensator (MSC) to deal with voltage sags/swells, harmonic compensation, or reactive power compensation. Such a device can be considered as a dynamic voltage restorer or a series active power filter (Series-APF). The MSC can improve the power quality of loads located in stiff systems. The configuration is based on three-phase bridge (TPB) converters connected by means of cascaded single-phase transformers. This arrangement permits the use of a single dc-link. A generalization for K -stages in which K -transformers are coupled with K-TPB converters is presented. The topology permits generating a high number of levels in the voltage waveforms with a low number of power switches in comparison with a classic topology. The multilevel waveforms are generated by the converters through a suitable pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategy that takes into consideration the transformer turns ratios. Modularity and simple maintenance make the proposed MSC an attractive solution compared with some conventional configurations. Model, PWM strategy, and overall control are discussed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are presented as well.
Roles of Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Sensitive Na<sup>+</sup>Current, TTX-Resistant Na<sup>+</sup>Current, and Ca<sup>2+</sup>Current in the Action Potentials of Nociceptive Sensory Neurons (2002)

Nociceptive sensory neurons are unusual in expressing voltage-gated inward currents carried by sodium channels resistant to block by tetrodotoxin (TTX) as well as currents carried by conventional TTX-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels. To examine how currents carried by each of these helps to shape the action potential in small-diameter dorsal root ganglion cell bodies, we voltage clamped cells by using the action potential recorded from each cell as the command voltage. Using intracellular solutions of physiological ionic composition, we isolated individual components of current flowing during the action potential with the use of channel blockers (TTX for TTX-sensitive sodium currents and a mixture of calcium channel blockers for calcium currents) and ionic substitution (TTX-resistant current measured by the replacement of extracellular sodium by N-methyl-D-glucamine in the presence of TTX, with correction for altered driving force). TTX-resistant sodium channels activated quickly enough to carry the largest inward charge during the upstroke of the nociceptor action potential (approximately 58%), with TTX-sensitive sodium channels also contributing significantly ( approximately 40%), especially near threshold, and high voltage-activated calcium currents much less (approximately 2%). Action potentials had a prominent shoulder during the falling phase, characteristic of nociceptive neurons. TTX-resistant sodium channels did not inactivate completely during the action potential and carried the majority (58%) of inward current flowing during the shoulder, with high voltage-activated calcium current also contributing significantly (39%). Unlike calcium current, TTX-resistant sodium current is not accompanied by opposing calcium-activated potassium current and may provide an effective mechanism by which the duration of action potentials (and consequently calcium entry) can be regulated.
Donor-derived interferon gamma is required for inhibition of acute graft-versus-host disease by interleukin 12. (1998)

We have demonstrated that a single injection of interleukin (IL)-12 on the day of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) inhibits acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in mice. This effect of IL-12 can be diminished by anti-interferon (IFN)-gamma mAb. To determine the mechanism by which IFN-gamma affects IL-12-mediated GVHD protection, we have compared the effect of IL-12 on GVHD in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or IFN-gamma gene knockout (GKO) recipients of fully major histocompatibility complex plus minor antigen-mismatched allogeneic BMT from WT or GKO BALB/c mice. Lethal acute GVHD was readily induced in the absence of IFN-gamma. IL-12 inhibited GVHD mortality to a similar extent in WT and GKO recipients of WT allogeneic BMT. However, neither WT nor GKO recipients were protected by IL-12 from GVHD induced by GKO allogeneic BMT. Moreover, the effective inhibition of host-reactive donor T cell activation and expansion that is associated with IL-12-mediated GVHD protection was dependent on the ability of BALB/c donors to produce IFN-gamma. These results demonstrate that (a) acute GVHD can be induced in the absence of IFN-gamma, (b) host IFN-gamma does not play a critical role in IL-12-induced GVHD protection, and (c) the protective effect of IL-12 against GVHD is dependent on the ability of the donor to produce IFN-gamma.
Separate promoters direct expression of <i>phoAIII</i>, a member of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> alkaline phosphatase multigene family, during phosphate starvation and sporulation (1991)

Alkaline phosphatase (APase) expression can be induced in Bacillus subtilis by phosphate starvation or by sporulation. We have recently shown that there are multiple APase structural genes contributing to the total alkaline phosphatase expression in B. subtilis. The expression of the alkaline phosphatase III gene (phoAIII) was analysed under both phosphate-starvation induction and sporulation induction conditions. phoAII is transcribed from two promoter regions, PV and PS. The PV promoter initiated transcription 37 bp before the translation initiation codon and was used to transcribe phoAIII during phosphate-starvation induction in vegetative cells. The PS promoter initiated transcription 119 bp before the translation initiation codon and was used during sporulation induction. Genes which have previously been shown to affect total vegatative APase, pho regulon genes phoP, phoR and phoS, affected expression of phoAIII during phosphate starvation. Genes known to affect expression of total sporulation APase, i.e. spoIIA, spoIIG and spoIIE, affected phoAIII expression during sporulation induction. Our data show that one member of the APase multigene family, phoAIII, contributes to the total APase expression both during phosphate-starvation induction and sporulation induction, and that the mechanism of regulation includes two promoters, each requiring different regulatory genes.
Flagellin from Gram-Negative Bacteria is a Potent Mediator of Acute Pulmonary Inflammation in Sepsis (2003)

Flagellin is a recently identified bacterial product that elicits immune response via toll-like receptor 5. Here, we demonstrate that flagellin is an extraordinarily potent proinflammatory stimulus in the lung during sepsis. In vitro, flagellin triggers the production of interleukin (IL)-8 by human lung epithelial (A549) cells, with 50% of the maximal response obtained at a concentration of 2 x 10(-14) M. Flagellin also induces the expression of ICAM-1 in vitro. Intravenous administration of flagellin to mice elicited a severe acute lung inflammation that was significantly more pronounced than following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Flagellin induced a local release of proinflammatory cytokines, the accumulation of inflammatory cells, and the development of pulmonary hyperpermeability. These effects were associated with the nuclear translocation of the transcription NF-kappaB in the lung. Flagellin remained active in inducing pulmonary inflammation at doses as low as 10 ng/mouse. In the plasma of patients with sepsis, flagellin levels amounted to 7.1 +/- 0.1 ng/mL. Plasma flagellin levels showed a significant positive correlation with the lung injury score, with the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference as well as with the duration of the sepsis. Flagellin emerges as a potent trigger of acute respiratory complications in gram-negative bacterial sepsis.
Exploring the Impact of Historically Black Colleges in Promoting the Development of Undergraduates' Self-Concept (2000)

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of how institutional context affected the development of self-concept in a sample of 273 African American college students, 67% of whom were female. The findings from this study suggest that students attending church affiliated historically Black colleges develop significantly higher self-ratings in three domains of self-concept--psychosocial wellness, academic, and achievement orientation--than do students attending similar predominantly White institutions.
Mammalian and <i>Escherichia coli</i> signal recognition particles (1994)

Recent evidence from both biochemical and genetic studies indicates that protein targeting to the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane and the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane may have more in common than previously thought. A ribonucleoprotein particle was identified in Escherichia coli that consists of at least one protein (P48 or Ffh) and one RNA molecule (4.5S RNA), both of which exhibit strong sequence similarity with constituents of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP). Like the mammalian SRP, the E. coli SRP binds specifically to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins. Depletion of either P48 or 4.5S RNA affects translation and results in the accumulation of precursors of several secreted proteins. This review discusses the recent studies and speculates on the position of the SRP in the complex network of protein interactions involved in translation and membrane targeting in E. coli.
The Role of GM-CSF in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (1993)

After a first study showed that GM-CSF following chemotherapy effectively accelerated neutrophil recovery and reduced early mortality in high risk patients with AML, a second study was begun in which GM-CSF was applied preceding chemotherapy and continuing until neutrophil recovery in the initial 5 chemotherapy courses for patients with newly diagnosed AML. The CR rate in patients of 16-75 (median 50) years was 75% in GM-CSF patients and 84% in controls. GM-CSF patients showed a trend to more frequent rapid blast clearance and fewer persistent leukemias and a significantly superior remission duration as of this update two-and-a-half years after the study started. It should be shown later by this study whether GM-CSF multiple course priming and longterm administration adds to the cure rate of patients with AML.
Basal metabolic rate and liver tumors due to azo dyes. (1951)

Summary 1.Rats were fed 0.064 per cent of m′ methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks during which certain dye-free diets were fed which altered the basal metabolic rate; the dye was then fed for another 4 weeks. Other rats were fed 0.06 per cent of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) for 20 weeks in diets which altered the BMR. 2.Hyperthyroid animals receiving DAB usually failed to survive, but the incidence of tumors in the survivors was high.Hyperthyroidism induced in precancerous rats in the absence of azo dye also increased tumor incidence. Thiouracil appeared to increase tumor incidence in rats fed DAB, but the more potent depressant, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil, failed to affect a development of tumors when given during the period of interruption. 3.Liver slices from hyperthyroid rats destroyed less than one-fourth as much DAB as slices from normal rats. Slices from rats fed high levels of riboflavin destroyed nearly twice as much dye as slices from control rats, but when the rats which received high riboflavin were made hyperthyroid, the ability to destroy the dye decreased, although liver riboflavin remained high. 4.In media containing inorganic salts and nicotinamide, homogenates from normal livers destroyed the dye at a high rate, while homogenates from hyperthyroid livers failed to destroy much dye. Homogenates from hyperthyroid livers destroyed approximately normal amounts of dye when hexose diphosphate was added to the medium.
Design of 16-bit 400MSPS current steering D/A converter (2009)

In this study, design of a 16-bit, 400MSPS high-speed high-resolution current steering D/A converter is described. With pipelined thermometer decoding, multi-stage synchronous latch, current-source matching array design, two-stage active cascade design, and current switch nonlinear capacitor bootstrapping compensation technologies, DAC dynamic performances at high frequency are improved. The DAC uses the design in 0.25 um CMOS process technology. Its die size is 4.84 mm × 4.9 mm. High-frequency broadband SFDR>63 dBc@Fout=(331/1024) × 400 MHz & F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sample</sub> =400 MHz.
Data Specific Spatially Varying Regularization for Multimodal Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (2009)

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) allows in vivo localization and quantification of fluorescence biodistributions in whole animals. The ill-posed nature of the tomographic reconstruction problem, however, limits the attainable resolution. Improvements in resolution and overall imaging performance can be achieved by forming image priors from geometric information obtained by a secondary anatomical or functional high-resolution imaging modality such as X-ray computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. A particular challenge in using image priors is to avoid the use of assumptions that may bias the solution and reduced the accuracy of the inverse problem. This is particularly relevant in FMT inversions where there is not an evident link between secondary geometric information and the underlying fluorescence biodistribution. We present here a new, two step approach to incorporating structural priors into the FMT inverse problem. By using the anatomic information to define a low dimensional inverse problem, we obtain a solution which we then use to determine the parameters defining a spatially varying regularization matrix for the full resolution problem. The regularization term is thus customized for each data set and is guided by the data rather than depending only on user defined a priori assumptions. Results are presented for both simulated and experimental data sets, and show significant improvements in image quality as compared to traditional regularization techniques.
The Role of Leukotrienes in the Regulation of Tone and Responsiveness in Isolated Human Airways (2000)

Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and histamine are the major determinants of inherent tone in isolated human bronchi, which is mainly the result of a balance of continual production and release of contractile mediator, in particular cysteinyl-leukotrienes and to a lesser extent histamine, and on the other side bronchodilating prostanoids. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are also powerful constrictors of isolated human airways through direct interaction with Cys-LT1 receptors on airway smooth muscle, and with a potency 1,000-fold higher than histamine. On stimulation inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and mst cells produce and release significantly increased amounts of leukotrienes leading to smooth muscle contration in vitro. In isolated human airways, leukotrienes are the most important mediators of allergen and adenosine-induced contractile responses. The induction of allergen responses in passively sensitized airways is not only related to an increased release of leukotrienes and histamines, but also to an enhanced responsiveness of the airway smooth muscle, particularly to LTC4. Studies in isolated human airways in vitro have demonstrated that understanding the regulation of human airway tone and airway reactivity are closely linked to the understanding of baseline and stimulated production of and smooth muscle responsiveness to leukotrienes in vitro and in vivo.
Colony Defense by Africanized and European Honey Bees (1982)

Africanized and European honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations showed quantitative differences in colony defensive behavior. Africanized bees responded faster and in much larger numbers than European honey bees and produced 8.2 and 5.9 times as many stings during two different experiments. Times to react to alarming stimuli were negatively correlated with the number of bees responding and to the total number of stings. The number of bees responding was significantly correlated to the total number of stings only for the Africanized population.