gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GRAVITATIONAL LENS MODELING WITH GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZERS (2011)

Strong gravitational lensing of an extended object is described by a mapping from source to image coordinates that is nonlinear and cannot generally be inverted analytically. Determining the structure of the source intensity distribution also requires a description of the blurring effect due to a point spread function. This initial study uses an iterative gravitational lens modeling scheme based on the semilinear method to determine the linear parameters (source intensity profile) of a strongly lensed system. Our 'matrix-free' approach avoids construction of the lens and blurring operators while retaining the least squares formulation of the problem. The parameters of an analytical lens model are found through nonlinear optimization by an advanced genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimizer (PSO). These global optimization routines are designed to explore the parameter space thoroughly, mapping model degeneracies in detail. We develop a novel method that determines the L-curve for each solution automatically, which represents the trade-off between the image chi-square and regularization effects, and allows an estimate of the optimally regularized solution for each lens parameter set. In the final step of the optimization procedure, the lens model with the lowest chi-square is used while the global optimizer solves for the source intensity distribution directly. This allows us to accurately determine the number of degrees of freedom in the problem to facilitate comparison between lens models and enforce positivity on the source profile. In practice we find that the GA conducts a more thorough search of the parameter space than the PSO.
Separation of Sub-Units of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) by Agarose Gel Chromatography (1972)

Summary The molecular weight of antihemophilic factor (AHF) in plasma and cryoprecipitate was studied by chromatography on agarose gel (Bio-Gel A, 1.5 M). At a pH of 7.4 and the ionic strength of plasma, AHF appeared in the void volume as a sharp, symmetrical peak, indicating a molecular weight of 1.5 million or greater. Similar findings were obtained in a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia. At a pH of 7.7, the major peak of AHF-activity was again found in the void volume, but a spreading of activity into higher elution volumes was also observed. In 1 M NaCl, pH 7.4, AHF dissociated into active sub-units of varying molecular size. The molecular weights of the smallest subunits were estimated to be 169,000-194,000. These studies provide further evidence that AHF is a high molecular weight substance, not associated with fibrinogen, whose quarternary structure may be disrupted to produce active sub-units of varying sizes.
Investigations on the Transient Wall Heat Transfer at Start-Up for SI Engines with Gasoline Direct Injection (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The introduction of CO<sub>2</sub>-reduction technologies like Start-Stop or the Hybrid-Powertrain and the future emissions regulations require a detailed optimization of the engine start-up. The combustion concept development as well as the calibration of the ECU makes it necessary to carry out an explicit thermodynamic analysis of the combustion process during the start-up. As of today, the well-known thermodynamic analysis using in-cylinder pressure traces at stationary condition is transmitted to the highly dynamic engine start-up. Due to this approximation the current models for calculation of the transient wall heat fluxes by Woschni, Hohenberg and Bargende do not lead to desired results. But with a fraction of approximately 40 % of the burnt fuel energy, the wall heat is very important for the calculation of energy balance and for the combustion process analysis during start-up. The paper shows how the transient heat fluxes to the combustion chamber wall can be measured during the engine start-up. Needing an offset correction which can not be carried out properly at engine start-up conditions, the indirect heat flux measuring method can not be used. Due to the high engine speed gradients, a novel heat flux sensor is used for the time-resolved heat flux density measurements. The working principle of this Atomic-Layer-Thermopile sensor is based on a thermoelectric field created by the transverse Seebeck effect. Because of the sensors high frequency response, highly time-resolved local heat flux density measurements up to 1 MHz range can be realized. Results of investigations at homogenous and stratified engine start-up in a DISI engine are presented and the influence of the measured wall heat flux on the cylinder pressure analysis is explained. It is obvious that only a novel heat flux model for the engine start-up process makes the cyclic resolved thermodynamic analysis good enough to allow an efficient optimization of the engine start-up. The shown experiments help understand the physical effects and set an extensive data base for modeling the wall heat transfer during the engine start-up.</div>
Molecular Wires:  Extended Coupling and Disorder Effects (1996)

Molecular wires are studied with respect to disorder and to increased electronic connectivity. We find that, with increased connectivity, the tendency to exhibit sharp changes of the conductance with modifications of the bridge structure is reduced. We find that the conductance falls off exponentially with distance for injection energies below the bridge energy band, and shows quantum behavior (oscillatory with wire length) for injection in the band. With disorder, we find that the distribution of conductances is lognormal, the parameters of which depend on disorder and on connectivity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Well-Defined Poly(α-methylstyrene)-<i>b</i>-poly(dimethylsiloxane) Block Copolymers (2001)

The anionic synthesis is reported for AB and ABA narrow distribution block copolymers of poly(α-methylstyrene) (PAMS, A) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, B) with molecular weights ranging between 8.2 × 103 and 1.9 × 105. In one approach living PAMS end-capped with a short polystyrene block (PAMS−PSLi) was obtained by the tert-butyllithium initiated polymerization of AMS in THF at −78 °C followed by the sequential addition of styrene, 2−3 equiv of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane (EDS) at −20 °C, and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) at 25 °C. A more convenient synthesis without the use of styrene is the direct end-capping of living PAMSLi with EDS at −10 °C followed by the polymerization of D3 at 25 °C. The living block copolymers were then end-capped with Me3SiCl or coupled with Me2SiCl2 to give matching AB and ABA narrow distribution block copolymers. The glass transition temperatures of the PAMS blocks were at least 10 °C higher than that of the PAMS−PS blocks.
The never-ending struggle for balance (1997)

article Share on The never-ending struggle for balance Author: Pamela Samuelson Univ. of California at Berkeley Univ. of California at BerkeleyView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 40Issue 5May 1997pp 17–21https://doi.org/10.1145/253769.253776Published:01 May 1997Publication History 2citation223DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations2Total Downloads223Last 12 Months12Last 6 weeks2 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Intraoperative nuclear imaging probe (2002)

Novel radiopharmaceuticals have recently generated a resurgence of interest in the use of hand-held, intraoperative nuclear probes to provide in vivo localization of tumors. A hand-held intraoperative nuclear imaging probe is being developed based on a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube. A compact bench-top prototype system has been built which is capable of providing real-time images with 2.5-mm resolution (for /sup 99m/Tc) over a 7-cm-diameter active area. The design and measured performance of the prototype are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Femtosecond Cr^4-:YAG laser with an L-fold cavity operating at a 12-GHz repetition rate (2000)

Pulses of 55-fs width and 1.2-GHz repetition rate at 1.52 mum are generated from an L-fold cavity Cr(4+):YAG laser by optimization of the lasing-beam mode inside the gain medium. The pulse width is comparable with that obtained from a standard Z-fold cavity. The pulses are characterized by a second-harmonic-generation frequency-resolved optical gating method. The pulse shape deviates from a sech(2) function because of its broad shoulders. With further miniaturization it should be possible to extend the Cr(4+):YAG mode-locked operation to multigigahertz rates.
Lanthanide(III) ion catalyzed reaction of ammonia and nitriles: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted‐<i>s</i>‐triazines (1988)

Abstract Lanthanum and yttrium trifluoromethanesulfonates at 1 mole % concentration, have been found to catalyze a reaction between ammonia and aromatic nitriles to yield symmetrically substituted 2,4,6‐triaryl‐ s ‐triazines. The generally high yields and relatively mild reaction conditions of this procedure suggest it as an alternative to other aromatic nitrile cyclotrimerization reactions. Of the aliphatic nitriles studied, acetonitrile and cyclopropanecarbonitrile gave good yields of triazine, propionitrile and butyronitrile gave significantly reduced yields of triazines 3b and 3c respectively. Rearrangement of 3a and 3b to alkylated‐4‐aminopyrimidines was observed.
Flt3 Ligand Synergizes With Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor or Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor to Mobilize Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Into the Peripheral Blood of Mice (1997)

Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) are increasingly being used in the clinic as a replacement for bone marrow (BM) in the transplantation setting. We investigated the capacity of several different growth factors, including human flt3 ligand (FL), alone and in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF ) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF ), to mobilize colony forming cells (CFU) into the peripheral blood (PB) of mice. Mice were injected subcutaneously (SC) with growth factors daily for up to 10 days. Comparing the single agents, we found that FL alone was superior to GM-CSF or G-CSF in mobilizing CFU into the PB. FL synergized with both GM-CSF or G-CSF to mobilize more CFU, and in a shorter period of time, than did any single agent. Administration of FL plus G-CSF for 6 days resulted in a 1,423-fold and 2,717-fold increase of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and colony-forming unit granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM) in PB, respectively, when compared with control mice. We also followed the kinetics of CFU numerical changes in the BM of mice treated with growth factors. While GM-CSF and G-CSF alone had little effect on BM CFU over time, FL alone increased CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM threefold and fivefold, respectively. Addition of GM-CSF or G-CSF to FL did not increase CFU in BM over levels seen with FL alone. However, after the initial increase in BM CFU after FL plus G-CSF treatment for 3 days, BM CFU returned to control levels after 5 days treatment, and CFU-GM were significantly reduced (65%) after 7 days treatment, when compared with control mice. Finally, we found that transplantation of FL or FL plus G-CSF-mobilized PB cells protected lethally irradiated mice and resulted in long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution.
Polymeric microspheres for radionuclide synovectomy containing neutron-activated holmium-166. (1992)

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) microspheres containing neutron-activated 166Ho were investigated as potential agents for radionuclide synovectomy. Stable 165Ho, complexed to acetylacetone (AcAc), was incorporated into PLA spheres by the solvent evaporation technique. Spheres prepared with the optimal mean particle size of 7.2 microns (range 2-13 microns) containing 25.4% 165Ho-AcAc (9.1% 165Ho) were irradiated in a high neutron flux to produce 31.1-36.0 mCi 166Ho. In vitro human plasma studies showed that the irradiated spheres retained 99.0 +/- 0.01% of the 166Ho at 314 hr. In-vivo retention studies were conducted by administering irradiated PLA spheres with 257-591 microCi 166Ho into the joint space of normal rabbits (n = 6). Biodistribution analysis and gamma camera analysis showed 166Ho retention in the joint space after 120 hr of 97.7% +/- 0.8% and 98.2% +/- 2.4%, respectively, with no uptake by the lymph nodes. The ease with which the PLA spheres can be made in the optimal size range for later irradiation and their ability to retain the 166Ho make them attractive agents for radionuclide synovectomy.
Effects of capillary diameter on thermospray sample introduction to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1988)

Decreasing the exit orifice diameter for thermospray vaporisation to 50 µm is shown to provide analyte transport efficiencies of 53% and signal to noise ratio enhancements of about 40 when compared with a pneumatic system for the introduction of samples into an ICP. Higher exit gas velocities with lower diameter capillaries are thought to provide improved primary and tertiary aerosols. Cascade impactor studies suggest that improvements in tertiary aerosols result in a more efficient utilisation of the transported analyte for signal production.
The SN2 displacements at 2-norbornyl brosylates (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe SN2 displacements at 2-norbornyl brosylatesKlaus Banert and Wolfgang KirmseCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 13, 3766–3767Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00377a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00377a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views544Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supercontinuum lightwave source generating 50 GHz spaced optical ITU grid seamlessly over S-, C- and L-bands (2003)

A supercontinuum (SC) lightwave source is presented that emits precise 50 GHz spaced optical carriers on the ITU grid over a seamless spectral range from 1425 to 1675 nm covering the S-, C- and L-bands. Optical powers from −15.7 to −3.9 dBm are obtained over the whole S-, C- and L-band range. The optical signal-to-noise ratio and the linewidth are investigated to estimate the quality of the optical carriers in the generated SC lightwave.
maxPET, a dedicated mammary and axillary region PET imaging system for breast cancer (2001)

Presents initial measurements from a high-performance prototype dedicated PET camera (maxPET) designed for mammary and axillary region imaging. The system consists of two 15/spl times/15 cm/sup 2/ planar scintillation detector plates operating in coincidence, with each plate composed of 25 modular detectors. The modular detectors are comprised of a 9/spl times/9 array of 3/spl times/3/spl times/20 mm/sup 3/ lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) detector elements, read out by a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PS-PMT). A multiplexing readout scheme is used to reduce the number of readout channels from 200 (4X and 4Y readouts per PS-PMT) to 8 channels per plate. The detectors have a measured intrinsic spatial resolution of 2.3 mm. Over 95% of the 4050 crystals in the system can be identified in flood histograms of the detector plates. The coincidence timing resolution for the entire system is 8.1 ns. A line source phantom was scanned with the system and images reconstructed using focal plane tomography. The estimated resolution in projection images is 4 mm based on profiles taken through the line source phantom images. The goal of the maxPET system will be to aid in breast cancer patient management by assisting in imaging women with dense fibro-glandular breasts, detecting axillary lymph node metastases without surgery, and monitoring chemotherapy effectiveness. Future research on the maxPET system will focus on changes to the electronics to improve count rate performance and timing resolution and the mounting of the detectors on a rotating gantry for tomographic studies.
Optimal Parameters of Two-Degrees-of-Freedom PID Control Systems (1987)

A new method of optimal parameter setting for PID control systems with two-degrees-of-freedom is proposed. The method uses a frequency domain performance index, and, hence, can be applied directly (without modelling procedure) if the frequency response data of controlled objects are obtained. The performance index used here has close relation to “Time-weighted Integral of Square Error (TISE)”. By using this method, the optimal parameters are calculated for four classes of controlled objects that are first-or second-order lag plus dead time systems without zero point. By simulation, it is assured that these parameters realize less than 20% (12% on average) overshoot, nearly minimum settling time and nearly smallest TISE. The results of simulation also indecates that our method is superior to or, at least, as good as the conventional ones.
Role of Group II Secretory Phospholipase A <sub>2</sub> in Atherosclerosis (1999)

Secretory nonpancreatic phospholipase A2 (group II sPLA2) is induced in inflammation and present in atherosclerotic lesions. In an accompanying publication we demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing group II sPLA2 developed severe atherosclerosis. The current study was undertaken to determine whether 1 mechanism by which group II sPLA2 might contribute to the progression of inflammation and atherosclerosis is by increasing the formation of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. In vivo measurements of bioactive lipids were performed, and in vitro studies tested the hypothesis that sPLA2 can increase the accumulation of bioactive phospholipids. We have shown previously that 3 oxidized phospholipids derived from the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC) stimulated endothelial cells to bind monocytes, a process that is known to be an important step in atherogenesis. We now show that these 3 biologically active phospholipids are significantly increased in livers of sPLA2 transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet as compared with nontransgenic littermates. We present in vitro evidence for several mechanisms by which these phospholipids may be increased in sPLA2 transgenics. These studies demonstrated that polyunsaturated free fatty acids, which are liberated by sPLA2, increased the formation of bioactive phospholipids in LDL, resulting in increased ability to stimulate monocyte-endothelial interactions. Moreover, sPLA2-treated LDL was oxidized by cocultures of human aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells more efficiently than untreated LDL. Analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed that the bioactive phospholipids, compared with unoxidized PAPC, were less susceptible to hydrolysis by human recombinant group II sPLA2. In addition, HDL from the transgenic mice and human HDL treated with recombinant sPLA2 in vitro failed, in the coculture system, to protect against the formation of biologically active phospholipids in LDL. This lack of protection may in part relate to the decreased levels of paraoxonase seen in the HDL isolated from the transgenic animals. Taken together, these studies show that levels of biologically active oxidized phospholipids are increased in sPLA2 transgenic mice; they also suggest that this increase may be mediated by effects of sPLA2 on both LDL and HDL.
Preparation of glasses and ceramics by the sol-gel method. (1988)

ゾル-ゲル法は,金属アルコキシド,その他の金属有機化合物,あるいは無機化合物を均質な溶液とし,溶液中での化合物の加水分解,重合反応によって溶液をゾルを経てゲル化させ,ゲルの加熱によって所望の組成をもつ酸化物ガラスおよび所望の結晶相をもつセラミックスを得る方法である。この方法では,とくに金属アルコキシドを使用すると,ガラスおよびセラミヅクスを従来の方法にくらぺてはるかに低温で合成することができる。本総合論文ではiはじめに,ゾル-ゲル法の概要を述べ,つぎに,ゲル化時にバルク体およびファイバーとして成形し,その後の加熱によって形を変えないで,ガラスまたはセラミックスの成形体を得る方法について,シリカガラスを例として詳述する。
The Intelligent Container - A Cognitive Sensor Net for Fruit Logistics (2014)

The Intelligent Container is a wireless sensor network for the control of perishable goods such as vegetables, fruits or meat. Several data interpretation tools are implemented in the sensor nodes. These can estimate temperature related quality losses, supervise sensor deployment and measurement intervals, and detect malfunctioning sensors. In order to retrieve information about the ripening directly from the transported fruits, the ripening indicator ethylene is detected using a newly developed highly sensitive and selective gas measurement system. The intelligent container allows the realisation of the new logistic paradigm of dynamic FEFO (First Expire First Out): the remaining life time—estimated shelf life—of the transported fruits is used to control the logistic process. This paper describes the developments performed on the Intelligent Container by the University of Bremen and its partners.
Tissue type is a major modifier of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine content of human genes (2011)

The discovery of substantial amounts of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), formed by the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), in various mouse tissues and human embryonic stem (ES) cells has necessitated a reevaluation of our knowledge of 5mC/5hmC patterns and functions in mammalian cells. Here, we investigate the tissue specificity of both the global levels and locus-specific distribution of 5hmC in several human tissues and cell lines. We find that global 5hmC content of normal human tissues is highly variable, does not correlate with global 5mC content, and decreases rapidly as cells from normal tissue adapt to cell culture. Using tiling microarrays to map 5hmC levels in DNA from normal human tissues, we find that 5hmC patterns are tissue specific; unsupervised hierarchical clustering based solely on 5hmC patterns groups independent biological samples by tissue type. Moreover, in agreement with previous studies, we find 5hmC associated primarily, but not exclusively, with the body of transcribed genes, and that within these genes 5hmC levels are positively correlated with transcription levels. However, using quantitative 5hmC-qPCR, we find that the absolute levels of 5hmC for any given gene are primarily determined by tissue type, gene expression having a secondary influence on 5hmC levels. That is, a gene transcribed at a similar level in several different tissues may have vastly different levels of 5hmC (>20-fold) dependent on tissue type. Our findings highlight tissue type as a major modifier of 5hmC levels in expressed genes and emphasize the importance of using quantitative analyses in the study of 5hmC levels.