gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Concept of Integration (2012)

INTEGRATION was one of those enigmatic anotions that crept into the vocabulary of the African American liberation struggle of the twentieth century, which then seemingly turned into a palimpsest, blotting out any trace of its historical origins. A term that “everyone” apparently understood but which most failed to interrogate, integration was commonly perceived as the “inverse” of segregation—which was only true insofar one was willing to reduce each term to a spatial metaphor, with segregation indicating societal “exclusion” and integration signifying “inclusion.” This makeshift conceptual simplification was frequently patched over by the drafting of desegregation as an intermediate term standing for the inversion of segregation, with integration now elevated to a more or less utopian concept of how a society sans racial distinctions ought to appear. The purpose of this essay is to trace the Great Depression origins of integration nomenclature, review the sharpening of its parameters in a long-forgotten “integration versus separation” debate, and provide a baseline argument for a more extensive set of questions and answers to come. The goal of “integration,” like “freedom” for the anticolonialists, stands like a great shining blur down at the far end of the struggle road, drawing and inspiring all who fight for it, but becoming not clearer but blurrier the closer one gets to it. Each of these terms has a sufficiently clear and immediate political content; just as “freedom” in the colonial context means the end of alien rule, “integration” plainly enough means the free and open access by Negroes to the common rights of all citizens. But what then? In the ex-colonies freedom from alien rule has marked only the beginning of the struggle for freedom. Here the conquest of civil rights carries us toward those vague and shadowy places where all the
Electron-Bombardment Conductivity of Dielectric Films (1951)

Films of some dielectrics become conductive under the influence of electron bombardment. This conductivity is investigated both for steady and for alternating bombardment in its dependence particularly on temperature, current density and the potential difference across the dielectric. The gain, i.e. the ratio of current through the film to the bombarding current increases strongly with temperature. On arsenic sulphide films, the gain reaches 40,000. The effect is discussed in the light of theories of conduction in dielectrics and of recent work on allied subjects.
Intravenous Transfusion of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Reduces Neointima Formation After Vascular Injury (2003)

Endothelial cell damage is one important pathophysiological step of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Accelerated reendothelialization impairs neointima formation. We evaluated the role of intravenously transfused endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on reendothelialization and neointima formation in a mouse model of arterial injury. Spleen-derived mouse mononuclear cells (MNCs) were cultured in endothelial basal medium. A total of 91.8+/-3.2% of adherent cells showed uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Dil-Ac-LDL) and lectin binding after 4 days. Immunostaining and long-term cultures confirmed the endothelial progenitor phenotype. To determine the effect of stem cell transfusion on reendothelialization, mice received either fluorescent-labeled spleen-derived MNCs or in vitro differentiated EPCs intravenously after endothelial injury of the carotid artery. Transfused cells were strictly restricted to the injury site, and lectin binding confirmed the endothelial phenotype. Homing of transfused cells to the site of injury was only detectable in splenectomized mice. Cell transfusion caused enhanced reendothelialization associated with a reduction of neointima formation. Systemically applied spleen-derived MNCs and EPCs home to the site of vascular injury, resulting in an enhanced reendothelialization associated with decreased neointima formation. These results allow novel insights in stem cell biology and provide additional information for the treatment of vascular dysfunction and prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
An architecture for noncooperative QoS provision in many-switch systems (1999)

With the proliferation of high-speed networks and networked services, provisioning differentiated services to a diverse user base with heterogeneous QoS requirements has become an important problem. The traditional approach of resource reservation and admission control provides both guarantees and graded services, however, at the cost of potentially underutilized resources and limited scalability. We describe a WAN QoS provision architecture that adaptively organizes best-effort bandwidth into stratified services with graded QoS properties such that the QoS needs of a diverse user base can be effectively met. This architecture-SBS (stratified best-effort service)-promotes a simple user/simple network realization where neither the user nor the network is burdened with complex computational responsibilities. SBS is scalable, efficient, and adaptive, and it complements the guaranteed service architecture, sharing a common network substrate comprised of GPS routers. It is also a functional complement, provisioning QoS efficiently commensurate with user needs, albeit at the cost of weaker protection. SBS is suited to noncooperative network environments where users behave selfishly and resource contention resolution is mediated by the principle of competitive interaction. A principal feature of SBS is the transformation of user-centric QoS provision mechanisms-a defining characteristic of competitive interaction entailing intimate user control of internal network resources-into network-centric mechanisms while preserving the former's resource allocation paradigm. End-to-end QoS control is facilitated by decentralized control based on Lagrangian optimization-achieve a target end-to-end QoS at minimum cost or resource usage-which, in turn, is amenable to distributed implementation. SBS achieves per-flow QoS control with zero per-flow state at routers and a packet header whose size is independent of hop count. SBS, in spite of foregoing both resource reservation and admission control, is able to provision stable, graded QoS.
Enantioselective Claisen Rearrangements with a Hydrogen-Bond Donor Catalyst (2008)

N,N'-Diphenylguanidinium ion associated with the noncoordinating BArF counterion is shown to be an effective catalyst for the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a variety of substituted allyl vinyl ethers. Highly enantioselective catalytic Claisen rearrangements of ester-substituted allyl vinyl ethers are then documented using a new C2-symmetric guanidinium ion derivative.
Imaging in flow. (1979)

Imaging in flow has been valuable in investigating discrepancies in flow cell measurements due to cell orientation and flow dynamics. This paper discusses optical consideration in flow imaging, slit and full field imaging systems and various cell motion arresting techniques from the standpoint of image plane exposure and suitable detector choices. It concludes with an explanation of the slit-imaging techniques employed in a multidimensional slit-scan flow system and slit-scan correlation system.
Physiological Factors of the Small Intestine in Design of Active Capsule Endoscopy (2005)

Wireless capsule endoscope is a device used to examine the diseases in the small intestine. At present, the capsule endoscope moves through the gastrointestinal tract by natural propulsion of peristalsis. In order to achieve real-time diagnosis and treatment-related procedure, the capsule endoscope is required to be self-actuated and controlled. Different from soild environment, the small intestine is an extremely flexible tube. The unique structure and tissue cause many challenges for the capsule actuation. In this paper, the features, motility, and frictional force of the small intestine are analyzed for determining the design strategy. In-vitro experiment results show the power of magnetic force needed for driving the capsule and the factors that affect the magnitude of the driving force as well. Based on the analysis of the small intestime, a scheme of magnetically-actuated active endoscopy is proposed in the end.
<i>ortho</i>‐Selective Phenol‐Coupling Reaction by Anodic Treatment on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode Using Fluorinated Alcohols (2009)

Enlarged scope by fluorinated mediators: Oxyl radicals are easily formed on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes and can be exploited for the ortho-selective coupling to the corresponding biphenols (see scheme). At partial conversion, a clean transformation is achieved that can be applied to electron-rich as well as fluorinated phenols.
Effects of lead and cadmium on adrenal and thyroid functions in rats. (1977)

The design proposal 'Firewall' combines the already known characteristics of concrete with the new possibilities of 3D-concrete printing. The concrete material is naturally strong, has a great freedom and by its mass a large accumulation capacity. With the 3D-concrete printing an even greater freedom of form can be achieved. Because there are no restrictions through molds and cases it's possible to make cavities, integrating pipes, ducts, cables, and combinations with other materials.\n\nThe design proposal consists of a wall with a fireplace, built from a pattern of concrete spheres filled with translucent material. This design will challenge the possibilities of 3D-concrete printing, making it an interesting experiment to investigate and explore this innovative technique. The design has been elaborated in cooperation with the Technical University Eindhoven and Cement&amp;Beton Centrum.
Generation of alkoxyalkynylketenes from a bicyclic precursor. Cycloaddition chemistry with alkynes and theoretical studies regarding the formation of five- versus six-membered ring products (2003)

A bicyclic [2.2.2]octadiene framework in which the ethano bridge contains a carbonyl group, an alkynyl and a trimethylsiloxy or hydroxy group has been utilized to generate alkoxyalkynylketenes via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction under relatively mild conditions (138 C). This is an outstanding result since the retro-Diels-Alder reaction of [2.2.2]bicyclic compounds proceeds quantitatively but at unusually high temperatures (>500C). The ketenes generated undergo [2+2] cycloadditions to alkynes in a sequence of events that lead to the formation of five-or six-membered ring products. We show using quantum chemical calculations that formation of five-or six-membered rings in the overall process is a function of the substituents on the alkynes used to trap the ketenes.
Lens protein gene expression: alpha-crystallins and MIP. (1991)

The crystallin genes encode the major soluble proteins of the lens. Some of the crystallin genes are expressed exclusively in the lens while others are also expressed in different tissues. The two alpha-crystallin genes, alpha A and alpha B, differ in their tissue specificity. Transcription of the alpha A-crystallin gene occurs only in the lens, while the alpha B-crystallin gene is also expressed in other tissues, including heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung and brain. MIP (also called MP26), the major intrinsic protein of the lens fiber membranes, is also expressed exclusively in the lens. Correct expression of both alpha-crystallin and MIP are required for normal lens function. Here we review our studies on the molecular basis of expression of the alpha-crystallin and MIP genes in the lens. The 5' flanking sequences containing the initiation site of transcription of the alpha A-crystallin, alpha B-crystallin and MIP genes were fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, and the expression of this reporter gene was studied in transient assays and transgenic mice. DNA sequences flanking the 5' end of the alpha A-crystallin gene contain regulatory elements responsible for the lens-specific expression and developmental regulation of the CAT gene in transgenic mice. Interestingly, although some of the murine alpha A-crystallin regulatory sequences are conserved in the human and chicken genes, different functional regulatory elements appear to control the expression of the murine and chicken alpha A-crystallin genes. The 5' flanking sequence of the alpha B-crystallin gene preferentially directs expression of the CAT gene to the lens and to skeletal muscle. Different regulatory elements of the alpha B-crystallin gene appear to be responsible for its transcription in various tissues. The 5' flanking sequence of the MIP gene also contains regulatory elements that direct expression of the CAT gene to lens cells; these sequences are not functional in transfected non-lens cells and are different from the cis regulatory elements controlling alpha-crystallin gene expression. The multiplicity of cis-regulatory elements controlling the transcription of these three genes indicates the complexity of the mechanisms that regulate gene expression in the lens.
Study on quality standard of Qianlie Shule Capsules. (2009)

Objective To establish methods for the quality control of Qianlie Shule Capsules.Methods TLC was used to identify Herba Epimedii,Radix Astragali and Cyathula officinalis Kuan in this preparation;HPLC was used to determine the content of icariin.Results The icariin,astragaloside Ⅳ and Cyathula officinalis Kuan were detected by TLC.The linear range of icariin was 0.37～7.47 μg by HPLC with the average recovery of 98.9 %.The RSD was 2.2 % in a reproducibility test.The content of icariin in this preparation was formulated above 8.0 mg/g.Conclusion These methods can be used for the quality control of Qianlie Shule Capsules.
Outlier Robust ICP for Minimizing Fractional RMSD (2007)

We describe a variation of the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm for aligning two point sets under a set of transformations. Our algorithm is superior to previous algorithms because (1) in determining the optimal alignment, it identifies and discards likely outliers in a statistically robust manner, and (2) it is guaranteed to converge to a locally optimal solution. To this end, we formalize a new distance measure, fractional root mean squared distance (FRMSD), which incorporates the fraction of inliers into the distance function. Our framework can easily incorporate most techniques and heuristics from modern registration algorithms. We experimentally validate our algorithm against previous techniques on 2 and 3 dimensional data exposed to a variety of outlier types.
Domain-specific information extraction structures (2004)

Information describing an event can frequently be found on several Web pages, each of which is often poorly structured and incomplete; the set of pages is typically repetitive, often contradictory and verbose. In order to deliver high quality information to a variety of devices in different contexts and roles, we need to provide information that is more succinct. Our approach to this problem is to use domain-specific templates to extract information selectively from the original pages into XML documents, which act as a canonical structure. The extracted information can then be transformed into a form suitable for the intended application. A further series of output transformations are then applied to format the information appropriately, e.g. as speech. simple text or published on the Web. We illustrate our approach with an application in reporting soccer matches.
Attack Graph Generation and Analysis Techniques (2016)

As computer networks are emerging in everyday life, network security has become an important issue. Simultaneously, attacks are becoming more sophisticated, making the defense of computer networks increasingly difficult. Attack graph is a modeling tool used in the assessment of security of enterprise networks. Since its introduction a considerable amount of research effort has been spent in the development of theory and practices around the idea of attack graph. This paper presents a consolidated view of major attack graph generation and analysis techniques.
On synchronization in OFDM systems using the cyclic prefix (1996)

In this paper, we present a data-based method for simultaneous Maximum Likelihood (ML) symbol timing and carrier-frequency offset estimation in Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The cyclic extension, a guardspace preceding OFDM frames, is of decisive importance for this method. It is shown that the redundancy introduced by this cyclic extension allows the estimation to be performed without additional pilots. Simulations show that the performance of the frequency estimator is usable in a tracking mode while the timing estimation can be used in an acquisition mode.
Interoperable and adaptive fuzzy services for ambient intelligence applications (2010)

In Ambient Intelligence (AmI) vision, people should be able to seamlessly and unobtrusively use and configure the intelligent devices and systems in their ubiquitous computing environments without being cognitively and physically overloaded. In other words, the user should not have to program each device or connect them together to achieve the required functionality. However, although it is possible for a human operator to specify an active space configuration explicitly, the size, sophistication, and dynamic requirements of modern living environment demand that they have autonomous intelligence satisfying the needs of inhabitants without human intervention. This work presents a proposal for AmI fuzzy computing that exploits multiagent systems and fuzzy theory to realize a long-life learning strategy able to generate context-aware-based fuzzy services and actualize them through abstraction techniques in order to maximize the users' comfort and hardware interoperability level. Experimental results show that proposed approach is capable of anticipating user's requirements by automatically generating the most suitable collection of interoperable fuzzy services.
Evidence for two different types of insecticidal P2 toxins with dual specificity in Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies (1989)

Analysis of polypeptides in the crystalline delta-endotoxins from different Bacillus thuringiensis strains revealed two antigenically similar forms of the P2 protein which differed in molecular mass, peptide profile, and amino acid sequence. Purified preparations of the two forms displayed the characteristic dual toxicity of the P2 protein towards members of the orders Lepidoptera and Diptera in vivo but differed markedly in potency for the insects tested. Both species of the P2 protoxin, solubilized and activated by sequential proteolysis with insect gut extract and alpha-chymotrypsin, retained activity in vivo and in vitro, despite the removal of 144 residues from the N terminus. For the low-molecular-mass form, the dual insecticidal activity was reproducible in the in vitro assays.
Improved transmit null steering for MIMO-OFDM downlinks with distributed base station antenna arrays (2006)

Space-division multiple-access (SDMA) is a communication technique that enables a base station to communicate with several mobile users simultaneously. The ability of the base station to spatially separate several users depends on the pairwise cross correlations between the channel matrices of the users (the inter-user correlation). In this paper, we propose an improved null steering downlink multiple-input-multiple-output-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system that reduces both the inter-user correlation and the near-far problem resulting in a significant enhancement in system performance. In this system, several base station multiantenna arrays are distributed in a given area. Each array communicates with the base station via optical fiber links, and all transmitter signal processing is performed at the base station. Multiantenna users are spatially separated such that only a subset of the users is served by each tone of the OFDM symbol. The served users are selected based on an algorithm that reduces the inter-user correlations. Distributing the arrays around the users also balances the channel matrix leading to significant reduction in the effect of the near-far problem. The channel matrix of each user is assumed correlated and Ricean distributed. Several data symbols can be spatially multiplexed to each user over each OFDM tone with high reliability and with good total system capacity.
Optical isolator using two tandem phase modulators (2011)

We propose and demonstrate an integrated optical isolator in InP using two phase modulators in series. The phase modulators are driven with a single-frequency signal in quadrature. Theoretically there is no effect on the forward signal, and the carrier of the backward signal can be eliminated, the energy distributed to other frequencies. We achieve a carrier isolation of 11 dB and an excess insertion loss of 2.3 dB. Such an isolator can be monolithically integrated with a laser without extra materials or magnetic fields.
Selected-area deposition of diamond films (1990)

Selected-area deposition of diamond film has been accomplished on Si substrates prepared by two different methods: reactive-ion etching (RIE) and amorphous-Si masking (ASM). In the RIE method, a Si substrate polished by a diamond paste was patterned with a photoresist mask, and the unprotected areas were etched by RIE, followed by a complete removal of the photoresist films. The diamond deposition was done by electron-assisted chemical-vapor deposition (CVD), and diamond films grew only in the areas once covered with the photoresist films and not etched by RIE. In the ASM method, a polished Si substrate was also photolithographically masked with photoresist, followed by a uniform deposition of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film. The photoresist film was then lifted off together with the overlay of deposited a-Si:H, leaving the polished Si surface patterned with an a-Si:H mask. In this case, the diamond deposition was done by microwave plasma CVD, and diamond films grew only in the areas not covered with a-Si:H. In both cases, well-defined diamond patterns with line/space dimensions of a few micrometers were formed on the substrates.
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines (2009)

We report that the complex generated from Pd[P(o-tol)(3)](2) and the alkylbisphosphine CyPF-t-Bu is a highly active and selective catalyst for the coupling of ammonia with aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfonates. The couplings of ammonia with this catalyst conducted with a solution of ammonia in dioxane form primary arylamines from a variety of aryl electrophiles in high yields. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol % were sufficient for reactions of many aryl chlorides and bromides. In the presence of this catalyst, aryl sulfonates also coupled with ammonia for the first time in high yields. A comparison of reactions in the presence of this catalyst versus those in the presence of existing copper and palladium systems revealed a complementary, if not broader, substrate scope. The utility of this method to generate amides, imides, and carbamates is illustrated by a one-pot synthesis of a small library of these carbonyl compounds from aryl bromides and chlorides, ammonia, and acid chlorides or anhydrides. Mechanistic studies show that reactions conducted with the combination of Pd[P(o-tol)(3)](2) and CyPF-t-Bu as catalyst occur with faster rates and higher yields than those conducted with CyPF-t-Bu and palladiun(II) as catalyst precursors because of the low concentration of active catalyst that is generated from the combination of palladium(II), ammonia, and base.