gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of ABO glycosyltransferase genotypes by use of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes (1995)

An A allele of the group A glycosyltransferase was detected that had the same sequence as the B gene at nucleotide 523 but was identical to the A gene at positions 700 and 793. The identification of this variant gene makes genotyping at nucleotide 523 unreliable. However, analysis of the genes at other sites of nucleotide variation may accurately identify phenotypes.
Activation of bovine oocytes matured <i>in vitro</i> by injection of bovine and human spermatozoa or their cytosolic fractions (2001)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bovine spermatozoa possess so-called sperm factor in the cytosolic fraction (CF) which activates bovine oocytes, and whether bovine oocytes matured in vitro are activated by microinjection of CF extracted from spermatozoa of other species. In the first experiment, bovine and human spermatozoa were microinjected into ooplasm of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Secondly, CF from bovine and human spermatozoa were injected into bovine oocytes. In the third, CF from human spermatozoa was injected into human unfertilised oocytes obtained 18-20 h after clinical intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We found that microinjection of bovine spermatozoa into bovine oocytes induced oocyte activation, as shown by resumption of meiosis and formation of a female pronucleus, at a significantly higher rate than the bovine sham injection (63.0% vs 43.0%; p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in activation rate between the human sperm injection (35.9%) and the human sham injection (22.9%). Furthermore, microinjection of bovine sperm CF into bovine oocytes induced oocyte activation at a significantly higher rate than the human CF injection or sham injection (75.9% vs 14.8%, 20.4%; p < 0.01). Formation of a single female pronucleus and second polar body extrusion was observed in 95.1% of activated oocytes after bovine sperm CF injection. When human sperm CF was injected into human unfertilised oocytes, the activation rate was significantly higher than following sham injection (76.9% vs 44.0%; p < 0.05). These results indicate the presence of sperm factor in bovine sperm CF which activate bovine oocytes, and suggest the possibility that sperm factor has species-specificity at least between bovine and human.
Impairment of axonal development and of synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons of synapsin I-deficient mice. (1995)

Synapsin I, the most abundant of all neuronal phosphoproteins, is enriched in synaptic vesicles. It has been hypothesized to regulate synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release from adult nerve terminals. The evidence for such roles has been highly suggestive but not compelling. To evaluate the possible involvement of synapsin I in synaptogenesis and in the function of adult synapses, we have generated synapsin I-deficient mice by homologous recombination. We report herein that outgrowth of predendritic neurites and of axons was severely retarded in the hippocampal neurons of embryonic synapsin I mutant mice. Furthermore, synapse formation was significantly delayed in these mutant neurons. These results indicate that synapsin I plays a role in regulation of axonogenesis and synaptogenesis.
High-speed single cell dispensing system (2011)

In this paper, we discuss the single cell dispensing system to increase both the speed and the success rate of single cell dispensing. Two pairs of capacitance sensors are placed in a biochip to detect the flow velocity of cells, and the air pressure is applied to eject cells by synchronizing the timing. Then, the system theoretically has a capability to eject 3 cells/sec with maximum flow velocity is 10 mm/sec. Finally, we succeeded in automatic dispensing of a single polystyrene bead (=100 μm) from a biochip to culture well atmosphere using developed cell ejection system with the success rate of 50 %. Furthermore, we also succeeded in single swine oocyte dispensing by developed system.
Effect of Exogenous Lipase on Dough Lipids During Mixing of Wheat Flours (1998)

ABSTRACT In control dough, endogenous wheat lipase was inactive, because the triacylglycerol (TAG), 1,2‐diacylglycerol (DAG 1,2 ), and 1,3‐diacylglycerol (DAG 1,3 ) fractions of nonpolar lipids were not affected by mixing. Conversely, the free fatty acid (FFA) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) fractions decreased, mainly due to the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) catalyzed by wheat lipoxygenase. Addition of exogenous lipase to flour (15 lipase units [LU] per gram of dry matter) resulted in substantial modification of nonpolar lipids during dough mixing. Due to the 1,3 specificity of the lipase used in this experiment, the TAG and DAG 1,3 fractions decreased, whereas the MAG and FFA fractions increased. The DAG 1,2 fraction increased at the beginning of mixing and decreased after 40 min of mixing. Moreover, part of the PUFA released by lipase activity was oxidized by wheat lipoxygenase, resulting in major losses of PUFA. Conversely, the net content of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SMUFA) remained constant, because the free SMUFA content increased primarily at the expense of the esterified forms. For a constant mixing time of 20 min, increasing the amount of lipase added to dough (from 2.5 to 25 LU/g of dry matter) resulted in a linear decrease in the TAG fraction and a linear increase in the SMUFA content in the FFA fraction. At the same time, the PUFA content of the FFA fraction increased only for additions of lipase to flour of >5 LU/g of dry matter, due to partial oxidation by wheat lipoxygenase.
Maize Tricin-Oligolignol Metabolites and their Implications for Monocot Lignification (2016)

Lignin is an abundant aromatic plant cell wall polymer consisting of phenylpropanoid units in which the aromatic rings display various degrees of methoxylation. Tricin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one], a flavone, was recently established as a true monomer in grass lignins. To elucidate the incorporation pathways of tricin into grass lignin, the metabolites of maize (Zea mays) were extracted from lignifying tissues and profiled using the recently developed 'candidate substrate product pair' algorithm applied to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. Twelve tricin-containing products (each with up to eight isomers), including those derived from the various monolignol acetate and p-coumarate conjugates, were observed and authenticated by comparisons with a set of synthetic tricin-oligolignol dimeric and trimeric compounds. The identification of such compounds helps establish that tricin is an important monomer in the lignification of monocots, acting as a nucleation site for starting lignin chains. The array of tricin-containing products provides further evidence for the combinatorial coupling model of general lignification and supports evolving paradigms for the unique nature of lignification in monocots.
Thermal stress evaluation of a PCRAM material Ge2Sb2Te5 (2006)

In addition to the huge resistivity changes, the phase-change switching process is accompanied by a significant volume change (Pedersen et al., 2001), which in turn can result in large stresses. This can become a serious reliability issue, particularly in small device cells utilizing under- and over-layers of suitable contact metals. It is important then to evaluate the magnitude and the sign of stress during the phase changes, and to ascertain the effect of capping layers. In this paper, we report distinct stress signatures in a phase change material, Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Te <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> (GST). As GST may be integrated in devices with Ti/TiN (for adhesion and diffusion barrier considerations), the stress evolution in such sandwiched structures is addressed
Early Initiation of β Blockade in Heart Failure: Issues and Evidence (2005)

Despite clinical trials demonstrating that inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems can reduce the mortality and morbidity risk associated with heart failure, these drugs have remained underutilized in general clinical practice. In particular, many patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction fail to receive beta blockers, although this class of drugs, as well as other antihypertensive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, are recommended as part of routine heart failure therapy by national expert consensus guidelines. In-hospital initiation of beta-blocker therapy may improve long-term utilization by physicians and compliance by patients through obviating many of the misperceived dangers associated with beta blockade. The following review of the clinical trial data from the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) trial, the Metoprolol Controlled-Release Randomized Intervention Trial in Heart Failure (MERIT-HF), the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II), the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) trial, and the Initiation Management Predischarge Process for Assessment of Carvedilol Therapy for Heart Failure (IMPACT-HF) trial on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of beta blockers indicates that early initiation can be safely achieved and can improve patient outcomes.
Paradoxical regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins by 17β-oestradiol in human breast cancer cells MCF-7 (1999)

Tumorigenesis is related to the dysregulation of cell growth or cell death pathways. Hence, elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the modulation of pro- or anti-apoptotic proteins is important in furthering understanding of breast cancer aetiology and may aid in designing prevention and treatment strategies. In the present study, we examined the role of 17beta-oestradiol on the regulation of apoptosis in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Using multi-probe RNAase protection assays, we found changes in the mRNA levels of several Bcl-2 family proteins upon treatment of MCF-7 cells with 17beta-oestradiol. Unexpectedly, we found a paradoxical effects of 17beta-oestradiol on two anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x. Treatment with 17beta-oestradiol resulted in up-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein, but down-regulated Bcl-x(L) mRNA and protein. The effect of 17beta-oestradiol on Bcl-x(L) occurred at concentration-dependent fashion. The effect was specific to 17beta-oestradiol since other steroid hormones exert no effect on Bcl-x(L). Tamoxifen, an anti-oestrogen, blocked the down-regulation of Bcl-x(L) by 17beta-oestradiol demonstrating this effect is oestrogen receptor-dependent. We speculate that different members of the Bcl-2 family proteins may be regulated through different pathway and these pathways may be modulated by 17beta-oestradiol.
Integration of multilayer regression analysis with structure-based pronunciation assessment (2010)

Abstract Automatic pronunciation assessment has several difﬁculties.Adequacy in controlling the vocal organs is often estimatedfrom the spectral envelopes of input utterances but the envelopepatterns are also affected by other factors such as speaker iden-tity. Recently, a new method of speech representation was pro-posed where these non-linguistic variations are effectively re-moved through modeling only the contrastive aspects of speechfeatures. This speech representation is called speech struc-ture. However, the often excessively high dimensionality ofthe speech structure can degrade the performance of structure-based pronunciation assessment. To deal with this problem, weintegratemultilayerregressionanalysiswiththestructure-basedassessment. The results show higher correlation between hu-man and machine scores and also show much higher robustnessto speaker differences compared to widely used GOP-basedanalysis.Index Terms: CALL, speech structure, regression, GOP 1. Introduction Automatic pronunciation assessment is a task used to evalu-ate only the linguistic aspect of utterances. However, speechfeatures inevitably include acoustic variations caused by non-linguistic factors such as the speaker, communication chan-nel and noise. The same pronunciation can lead to differentacoustic observations due to different speakers and differentenvironments. To deal with these variations, modern pronun-ciation assessment approaches mainly make use of statisticalmethods to model the distributions of the acoustic features [1].These methods can achieve relatively high performance whenthere is a good match between training and testing conditions.Buttheirperformancealwaysdegradessigniﬁcantlywhentheseconditions are mismatched. In Automatic Speech Recogni-tion (ASR), speaker adaptation techniques have proved effec-tive at reducing mismatches. However, if the acoustic modelsused in pronunciation assessment are adapted to learners, in-correct pronunciations might be recognized as correct due toover-adaptation [2].To solve the mismatch problem, the third author of thispaper proposed a new speech representation, called speechstructure, which aims at removing the non-linguistic factorsin speech features [3]. In contrast to classical speech models,speech structures make use of
Acridone-Based Inhibitors of Inosine 5‘-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase:  Discovery and SAR Leading to the Identification of <i>N</i>-(2-(6-(4-Ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)propan-2-yl)-2- fluoro-9-oxo-9,10-dihydroacridine-3-carboxamide (BMS-566419) (2007)

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanosine nucleotides, catalyzes the irreversible nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide dependent oxidation of inosine-5'-monophosphate to xanthosine-5'-monophosphate. Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF), a prodrug of mycophenolic acid, has clinical utility for the treatment of transplant rejection based on its inhibition of IMPDH. The overall clinical benefit of MMF is limited by what is generally believed to be compound-based, dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity that is related to its specific pharmacokinetic characteristics. Thus, development of an IMPDH inhibitor with a novel structure and a different pharmacokinetic profile may reduce the likelihood of GI toxicity and allow for increased efficacy. This article will detail the discovery and SAR leading to a novel and potent acridone-based IMPDH inhibitor 4m and its efficacy and GI tolerability when administered orally in a rat adjuvant arthritis model.
The Benefits of Variable Area Fan Nozzles on Turbofan Engines (2011)

A variable area nozzle (VAN) on the bypass stream of a turbofan engine may prove to be necessary for a sufficient surge margin on an ultra-high bypass ratio fan. It is shown that such a nozzle also has benefits with respect to fuel burn and noise. The fuel burn will reduce typically about 10 % during departure and approach and likely 2 % in cruise. The noise reduction is in the order of 2 dB for sideline and flyover. Jet mixing noise in cruise is reduced by typically 1.0 dB, the reduction of broadband shock noise being larger. A VAN complements the fan rotational speed n with an additional parameter for controlling the working point on the fan performance map. The smallest nozzle area is needed only for a single flight condition, TOC, while for all other conditions, the nozzle exit area can be enlarged, yielding lower fan pressure ratios, higher mass flows and propulsive efficiencies, lower noise emissions and higher flutter margins for the fan. The benefits are studied for a UHBR fan with a pressure ratio of 1.5 at TOC. The optimal nozzle enlargement for this fan varies from small values in the range of a few percent during cruise to values larger than 15 % for take-off and approach, depending on the actual fan performance map.
A Solid State Oscilloscope Display (1961)

A new solid-state display device utilizing certain unique properties of piezoelectric and electroluminescent materials is described and the principles of operation are reviewed. The device requires only four properly timed electrical inputs to produce a spot of light at any selected point on the display panel. The timing relationships are derived and a system capable of producing the required drive signals is described. Oscilloscope patterns are generated on the panel by a point-by-point plot of suitably processed X-and Y-input signals.
Leakage power reduction techniques of 45 nm static random access memory (SRAM) cells (2011)

As the technology scales down to 90 nm and below, static random access memory (SRAM) standby leakage power is becoming one of the most critical concerns for low power applications. In this article, we review three major leakage current components of SRAM cells and also discuss some of the leakage current reduction techniques including body biasing, source biasing, dynamic VDD, negative word line, and bit line floating schemes. All of them are achieved by controlling different terminal voltages of the SRAM cell in standby mode. On the other hand, performance loss occurs simultaneously with leakage saving. To validate the effectiveness of low power techniques, the leakage current, static noise margin, and read current of SRAM cells, based on the UMC 45 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process with leakage current reduction techniques has been simulated. The results indicate that by using the dynamicVDD and source biasing schemes, greater leakage suppressing capability, although with a higher performance loss, can be obtained. Therefore, the SRAM cell optimization scheme must consider the trade-off between power consumption and speed performance.

	 

	Key words: Bit line floating, body biasing, Dynamic VDD, low power design, negative word line, source biasing, static random access memory (SRAM).
Oligonucleotides Containing Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: The Influence of 7-Substituted 8-Aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosines on the Duplex Structure and Stability (1999)

Oligonucleotides containing 7-substituted 8-aza-7-deazaguanines (=6-amino-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones) were prepared by automated solid-phase synthesis. A series of 7-alkynylated 8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosines (see 4a – d) were synthesized with the 7-iodonucleoside 3c as starting material and by the Pd0/CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with various alkynes. Phosphoramidites were prepared from the 7-substituted 8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine derivatives carrying halogeno, cyano, and hexynyl substituents. From the melting profiles of oligonucleotide duplexes, the Tm values as well as the thermodynamic data were determined. A significant duplex stabilization by the 7-substituents was observed for the DNA⋅DNA duplexes, but not in the case of DNA⋅RNA hybrids.
Model With Distributed Vectorial Premotor Bursters Accounts for the Component Stretching of Oblique Saccades (1997)

During oblique saccades, the durations of the horizontal and vertical components are stretched until they are approximately equal. Models of the saccadic system have been proposed that provide a mechanism for that stretching. However, they fail to simulate the pattern of activity recorded from premotor medium lead burst neurons (MLBNs) in the brain stem. A new model of the saccadic system is proposed that accounts for both the component stretching of oblique movements and the pattern of activity recorded in MLBNs. MLBNs that project to horizontal (or vertical) motoneurons actually have a wide span of on-directions (the direction associated with the largest discharge) around the cardinal direction. We infer from the wide span of their on-directions that, at the level of individual MLBNs, the vectorial signal present in spatially organized structures (e.g., the superior colliculus) is not decomposed into the separate horizontal and vertical components represented by the motoneurons. Nonetheless, all prior models of the saccadic system have decomposed the vectorial premotor command into horizontal and vertical commands at the level of the MLBNs. That decomposition was explicit, because individual MLBNs, with a sine- or cosine-shaped directional tuning curve, were used. We propose here that the decomposition into horizontal and vertical commands is carried out only at the level of the motoneurons. This decomposition is implicit, because no single MLBN encodes the horizontal or vertical command; the command only exists implicitly in the activity of the population of MLBNs. The new vectorial burster model correctly simulates the pattern of activity recorded in primate MLBNs, and the components of its oblique saccades are stretched. Two mechanisms contribute to this stretching: the distribution of MLBN tuning curves and the inhibition exerted by the contralateral population of MLBNs. In contrast, feedback control of the saccade contributes negligibly to the stretching. Even though the vectorial burster model predicts a component stretching, it is not constrained to produce perfectly straight oblique saccades because no trajectory control is implemented. The amount of curvature depends on the similarity of the horizontal and vertical systems (both neural and mechanical). In this model, stretching is interpreted simply as a side effect of the properties of the MLBNs' tuning curves. The distributed MLBNs of the vectorial burster model forces the general organization of the saccadic system to be reconsidered. We propose that a distributed architecture in which several different neural systems cooperate is needed.
An Improved Redox Dye-Staining Method Using 5-Cyano-2,3-Ditoryl Tetrazolium Chloride for Detection of Metabolically Active Bacteria in Activated Sludge (2004)

A fluorochrome-staining method using 5-cyano-2,3-ditoryl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) was improved to enhance the sensitivity of detection of metabolically active bacteria in activated sludge. The highest efficiency of CTC staining was obtained with 6 mM CTC in MOPS buffer at pH 6.5. CTC staining efficiency was also increased by adding a substrate mixture (0.05% peptone, 0.05% yeast extract and 1 mM glucose), Meldola's Blue as an electron transfer mediator and KCN. The bacterial counts detected by the CTC staining method thus improved accounted for 41-76% of the total counts in activated sludge with the average value being 54%. This value was approximately two-fold higher than those obtained by the traditional CTC staining assay which has been performed in phosphate buffer or phosphate-buffered saline without any addition of external substrate or electron transfer mediator. There was a high positive correlation between CTC-stained direct counts and the plate counts of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria or viable cell counts measured using a LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. The viable population in the activated sludges as measured by BacLight staining and plate counting accounted for 73±7.6% and 8.7±4.7% of the total population, respectively. These data suggested that most of the "viable but nonculturable" bacteria (i.e., BacLight-positive but unculturable population) potentially existing in the sludge system were so metabolically active as to be detectable by the improved CTC staining method.