gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Simulation of Quantum Computations (2018)

Quantum computation is a promising emerging technology which, compared to conventional computation, allows for substantial speed-ups, e.g., for integer factorization or database search. However, since physical realizations of quantum computers are in their infancy, a significant amount of research in this domain still relies on simulations of quantum computations on conventional machines. This causes a significant complexity which current state-of-the-art simulators try to tackle with a rather straight forward array-based representation and by applying massive hardware power. There also exist solutions based on decision diagrams (i.e., graph-based approaches) that try to tackle the exponential complexity by exploiting redundancies in quantum states and operations. However, these existing approaches do not fully exploit redundancies that are actually present. In this paper, we revisit the basics of quantum computation, investigate how corresponding quantum states and quantum operations can be represented even more compactly, and, eventually, simulated in a more efficient fashion. This leads to a new graph-based simulation approach which outperforms state-of-the-art simulators (array-based as well as graph-based). Experimental evaluations show that the proposed solution is capable of simulating quantum computations for more qubits than before, and in significantly less run-time (several magnitudes faster compared to previously proposed simulators). An implementation of the proposed simulator is publicly available online at http://iic.jku.at/eda/research/quantum_simulation.
Optimal Resource Allocation for Projects (1999)

Out of the opportunities available management must decide which ones will be pursued and how many resources will be assigned to each. Usually, these opportunities (projects) are evaluated for economic feasibility, and then the favorable ones pursued. Several questions arise regarding the allocation of available resources to the approved projects: In which order should the projects be done, or should they be done concurrently? How many resources should be assigned to each project? Given the multitude of factors affecting such decisions, one would expect complex formulas to describe the optimal allocation of resources. Contrary to expectations, the formulas describing optimal allocation are intelligible and practical in use.
Stretchable, elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion (2011)

This Perspective reviews stretchable, elastic materials and devices of use for the conversion of solar energy. Stretchable and extremely flexible photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical cells would be useful as, for example, power sources for rugged and collapsible electronic and biomedical devices, foldable, weather-resistant solar roofs for applications in the field, and conformable solar panels for one-time bonding to the curved surfaces of buildings and vehicles. The review discusses elastic substrates, semiconductors, and electrodes. It then describes examples of whole devices comprising these elastic components. The Perspective tends to emphasize materials of interest for excitonic solar cells—e.g., organic solar cells, those based on semiconductor nanocrystals, and dye sensitized solar cells—because of their potential for stretchability and extreme flexibility, but also discusses crystalline photovoltaic devices and nanostructured photoelectrochemical cells.
Coronary computed tomography angiography indicates complexity of percutaneous coronary interventions (2012)

Preprocedural lesion assessment by CCTA indicates complexity of PCI. In patients with suspected complex coronary anatomy, prior CCTA adds important information for planning PCI.
Template‐Dependent Incorporation of Spin‐Labeled Thymidine Analogs into Viral DNA (1989)

Abstract The synthesis of novel pppU d analogs substituted at position C(5) with tethered nitroxide radicals is reported. It is shown that these analogs can serve as good substrates for E. coli DNA polymerase (Pol I) and T‐4 DNA polymerase using lambda‐phage DNA as template. The template‐dependent incorporation of the substrates was established by radio‐labeling and ESR experiments.
Modulation of the CD8 <sup>+</sup> -T-Cell Response by CD4 <sup>+</sup> CD25 <sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Infection (2005)

CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells have been shown to maintain peripheral tolerance against self and foreign antigens. In this study we analyzed the effect of circulating CD4+ CD25+ T cells on CD8+-T-cell responses of patients with chronic and resolved hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We demonstrated that circulating CD4+ CD25+ T cells modulate the function and expansion of HBV-specific CD8+ cells ex vivo in all patients, regardless of whether they have chronic or resolved HBV infection. The possible role of CD4+ CD25+ T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic HBV infection is not supported by these data. However, these results might have implications for optimizing future immunotherapeutic approaches to HBV treatment.
The use of image analysis and automation for measuring mitotic index in apical conifer meristems (1998)

The methodology for determination of mitotic index (MI) from apical meristems of conifers was improved to permit the efficient processing of large sample numbers. Improvements were made at three different stages of the method. Firstly, hydrolysis, staining, cytoplasmic bleaching, washing of samples, and temperature regimes were automated, which reduced the need for labour and improved the standardization of chemical treatment. Secondly, the use of vertical and controlled pressure for squashing improved the quality of the preparations and decreased the fraction of discarded preparations. Thirdly, an interactive image analysis system for estimation of MI from preparations was constructed. This system increased the efficiency of analysis of preparations, but did not eliminate subjective manual classification of nuclei into cell cycle stages. The possibility of using fully automated image analysis for estimation of MI was investigated using a standard image processing sequence and by multivariate analysis of image analysis parameters. For this, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect cell cycle stage related clustering of nuclei in score plots. PCA was also used to construct a model based on interphase nuclei that enabled correct classification of 25 nuclei from five cell cycle stages as either dividing or non-dividing.
Characteristics of the Fall-Prone Patient (1987)

Interviews, observational data, and quantitative data on physical condition were collected on 100 hospitalized patients at the time of a fall and compared with data from 100 randomly selected patients who had not fallen. Those who had fallen were more likely to have had a previous fall, presence of a secondary diagnosis, intravenous therapy, impaired gait, used walking aids, and have a poor mental status. Correctly classified by these variables were 80.5% of the patients. Examination of the falls and the false negative group revealed three types of patient falls: physiological anticipated, physiological unanticipated, and accidental falls. Appropriate preventive strategies for each type of fall are suggested.
Recovery and reuse of ionic liquids and palladium catalyst for Suzuki reactions using organic solvent nanofiltration (2006)

The separation, post-reaction, of ionic liquids and catalysts from reaction products is an unresolved challenge in the application of ionic liquids to organometallic catalysis. This paper addresses this challenge using organic solvent nanofiltration technology. Suzuki reactions were carried out in a homogeneous solution, comprising 50 ∶ 50 wt% ethyl acetate and ionic liquid. The post reaction mixture was diluted further with ethyl acetate and then separated by nanofiltration into a permeate fraction and a retained (retentate) fraction. The product was recovered in the nanofiltration permeate, while the ionic liquid and palladium catalyst were retained by the membrane and recycled into subsequent consecutive reactions. Thus, the organic solvent nanofiltration was able to separate the Suzuki reaction product from both catalyst and ionic liquid. Three ionic liquids were tested: cocosalkyl pentaethoxi methyl ammonium methosulfate (ECOENG™500), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (CyPhos®101). All the ionic liquids screened showed positive effects on the catalytic stability, significantly reducing the formation of palladium black and providing high reaction yields over consecutive recycles. The best performance was observed for the CyPhos®101 system. Additional investigations employing this ionic liquid showed that the reaction–recycle process can be successfully performed at lower catalyst–substrate ratios, leading to higher catalyst turnover numbers.
Interferon‐β mediates stromal cell rescue of T cells from apoptosis (1999)

The resolution of immune responses is characterized by extensive apoptosis of activated T cells. However, to generate and maintain immunological memory, some antigen-specific T cells must survive and revert to a resting G0/G1 state. Cytokines that bind to the common gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor promote the survival of T cell blasts, but also induce proliferation. In contrast, soluble factors secreted by stromal cells induce Tcell survival in a resting G0/G1 state. We now report that interferon-beta is the principal mediator of stromal cell-mediated Tcell rescue from apoptosis. Interferon-alpha and -beta promote the reversion of blast Tcells to a resting G0/G1 configuration with all the characteristic features of stromal cell rescue; such as high Bcl-XL expression and low Bcl-2. Type I interferons and stromal cells stimulate apparently identical signaling pathways, leading to STAT-1 activation. We also show that this mechanism may play a fundamental role in the persistence of T cells at sites of chronic inflammation; suggesting that chronic inflammation is an aberrant consequence of immunological memory.
Study and Design of a Cylindrical Lens Array Antenna for Wideband Electronic Scanning. (1983)

Abstract : This Interim Report presents the results of studies leading to the design of a cylindrical lens-array antenna for two-dimensional electronic scanning when the signal has a wide instantaneous bandwidth. The constant-path cylindrical lens defined by Rotman and Franchi is studied for contours, phase aberrations, amplitude distortions, and surface incidence angles. One form of this lens is the R-2R lens, which is chosen for this project. Design of the antenna for low sidelobes is considered. In azimuth, when the beam is scanned off the antenna axis the sidelobes are affected by the curvature of the lens outer surface. In elevation, the sidelobes are affected by feed/lens diffraction. Performance of the electronic-scan antenna with a wideband signal is a function of the number of line feeds that are used to illuminate the cylindrical lens.
Electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury (2001)

The use of electricity to stimulate nerves or muscles is nothing new. In the 18th century Galvani recognized that electricity could be converted into "nerve force". Numerous applications of electrical stimulation have been explored, most notably cardiac pacing, cochlear implants or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units for pain control. Spinal cord injury (SCI), with its "transecting lesion" that leaves intact nervous system below the injury completely disconnected from the centers that exert motor control provides the ideal opportunity for electrical stimulation use. Multiple applications are being investigated, including those for aerobic conditioning/cardiovascular exercise, cough and breathing assistance, improving bowel and bladder control, erection and ejaculation, hand grasp, spasticity management, neuro-muscular reeducation, standing and walking, etc. This review will focus on innovative and technologically advanced applications of electrical stimulation in the management of patients with spinal cord injury.
LP‐6: <i>Late‐News Poster:</i> In‐Plane EPD with an Embedded Collecting Electrode in a Spacer (2003)

Abstract We reported improved performance of a new in‐plane structure. The characteristics of driving voltage, response time and shield effect of electric field cross‐talk are dramatically improved by introducing a collecting electrode embedded in the spacer that surrounds each pixel. A test cell exhibits excellent performance of switching with total duration time of 280 ms at 10 V and reproduced a gray scale in 260 dpi image by shielding the cross‐talk.
Edge-adaptive transforms for efficient depth map coding (2010)

In this work a new set of edge-adaptive transforms (EATs) is presented as an alternative to the standard DCTs used in image and video coding applications. These transforms avoid filtering across edges in each image block, thus, they avoid creating large high frequency coefficients. These transforms are then combined with the DCT in H.264/AVC and a transform mode selection algorithm is used to choose between DCT and EAT in an RD-optimized manner. These transforms are applied to coding depth maps used for view synthesis in a multi-view video coding system, and provides up to 29% bit rate reduction for a fixed quality in the synthesized views.
Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Starch Gelatinization. I. Commercial Native and Modified Starches (1979)

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to examine the gelatinization behaviour of native starches and modified wheat starches. The results indicated that the shape of the endotherms varied between native starches and also between modified wheat starches. Substitution appeared to decrease both the gelatinization energy and gelatinization peak temperature while the cross‐linked starches also displayed lower gelatinization energies but slightly higher peak temperatures. Oxidation, dextrinisation and acid cut wheat starches all posses lower gelatinization energies but higher peak temperatures than unmodified wheat starch.
Analysis of ankyrin-B gene mutations in patients with long QT syndrome. (2006)

This novel missense mutation in the ankyrin-B gene may be a cause of type 4 LQTS. Ankyrin-B gene mutation might not play the major role in LQTS in Japanese.
Optical fiber end preparation: a new method for producing perpendicular fractures in glass fibers, coated-glass fibers, and plastic-clad fibers (1981)

A new method for cutting optical fibers is presented. A smooth scratch, without any visible cracks and chipping, is circumferentially made around the complete periphery before the fiber is fractured by simple axial tension. Break angles of 0.5 degrees are easily obtained. Coated-glass fibers and plastic-clad fibers are cut properly for the first time owing to the novel scratching procedure. A compact tool is used to perform the required sequence of operations automatically.
Tristability in a Light-Actuated Single-Molecule Magnet (2013)

Molecules exhibiting bistability have been proposed as elementary binary units (bits) for information storage, potentially enabling fast and efficient computing. In particular, transition metal complexes can display magnetic bistability via either spin-crossover or single-molecule magnet behavior. We now show that the octahedral iron(II) complexes in the molecular salt [Fe(1-propyltetrazole)6](BF4)2, when placed in its high-symmetry form, can combine both types of behavior. Light irradiation under an applied magnetic field enables fully reversible switching between an S = 0 state and an S = 2 state with either up (M(S) = +2) or down (M(S) = -2) polarities. The resulting tristability suggests the possibility of using molecules for ternary information storage in direct analogy to current binary systems that employ magnetic switching and the magneto-optical Kerr effect as write and read mechanisms.
Expression patterns of the <i>ATM</i> gene in mammary tissues and their associations with breast cancer survival (2007)

The ATM gene expression was down-regulated in breast cancer tissues and a high ATM gene expression level in breast cancer tissue was associated with a favorable prognosis.
Coupling meshes in 3D problems involving movements (1992)

A technique for use in finite-element models for coupling independent three-dimensional meshes together is presented. The coupling is done at an interface using Lagrange multipliers which can be identified as the normal component of B on the interface. This technique is particularly well suited to the analysis of devices with moving parts where the modeling of the moving parts at different positions is required. The proposed scheme was used to model a switched reluctance motor which has been modeled previously using conventional finite elements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Supply chain network downsizing with product line pruning using a new demand substitution (2015)

This paper presents an optimization model for downsizing a multi-product supply chain facing bankruptcy risk, where multi-functional production facilities are shared for producing a group of substitutable products. In order to determine the potential demand after discontinuation of certain product types, the proposed mixed integer programming model incorporates a new general formulation of demand substitution, which allows arbitrary demand diversion and arbitrary replacement rates between products under investigation. The new substitution formulation enables considering uneven substitutions for supply chain network design and therefore it extends currently used substitution approaches. A series of systematically generated downsizing cases confirm the validity of the here proposed approach, and illustrate how downsized chains can successfully adopt to the new circumstances.
Induction and Evasion of Host Defenses by Type 1-Piliated Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1998)

Virtually all uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli encode filamentous surface adhesive organelles called type 1 pili. High-resolution electron microscopy of infected mouse bladders revealed that type 1 pilus tips interacted directly with the lumenal surface of the bladder, which is embedded with hexagonal arrays of integral membrane glycoproteins known as uroplakins. Attached pili were shortened and facilitated intimate contact of the bacteria with the uroplakin-coated host cells. Bacterial attachment resulted in exfoliation of host bladder epithelial cells as part of an innate host defense system. Exfoliation occurred through a rapid apoptosis-like mechanism involving caspase activation and host DNA fragmentation. Bacteria resisted clearance in the face of host defenses within the bladder by invading into the epithelium.
Topical Androgen Treatment for ACNE a Review (1978)

Acne results from the increased production of sebum and the accumulation of sebum in the sebaceous duct. Androgens have a direct influence on this condition as they stimulate both the formation of sebum and the hyperkeratinisation of the upper part of the duct which leads eventually to its obstruction. Clinical tests have demonstrated that most acne patients do not have an increased level of androgen in the blood. They do, however, show an increased conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-dihy-drotestosterone (5-alpha-DHT) in the skin. This latter hormone is responsible for the stimulation of the sebaceous gland. The enzymic conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha-DHT can be inhibited by progesterone. Progesterone, when applied topically in an alcohol/water solution, is 80 percent metabolized in the skin and is not converted into androgens in the body. It may therefore be expected that the topical application of progesterone will not give rise to side effects in either men or women. Preliminary trials are in agreement with this expectation. Extensive clinical investigations of an alcohol/ water solution of progesterone are therefore recommended, as this may be the first clinically useful, locally active, antiandrogen to be effective in the treatment of acne.
Development and Evaluation of High-Temperature Conformance Polymer Systems (2005)

Abstract Conformance polymer systems have been successfully applied for many years to control undesired water production from hydrocarbon wells. However, currently available polymer systems present a number of limitations for high-temperature conformance applications (&gt; 300°F). Based on laboratory research, this paper documents the results of the development and evaluation of polymer gel systems used as sealants to shut off water production in high-temperature environments. The polymer systems were evaluated by their effectiveness to: (a) provide adequate gel time for placement (up to 400°F), (b) limit permeability to water at temperatures up to 375°F in sandpack flow experiments, and (c) provide long-term thermal stability in sandpack flow experiments at elevated temperature (up to one-year study). A commercially available polymer system that has been successfully used in field applications (up to 275°F) has been modified to extend its applicability up to 375°F. Recently developed base polymer, crosslinker, and retarder were tested successfully to extend the temperature range of applicability of this polymer system. Discussed are: (1) methodology used for gelation time measurement of polymer systems at elevated temperatures, and (2) laboratory results regarding gelation time of crosslinked polymer systems when varying temperature, base polymer concentration, crosslinker concentration, retarder concentration, salinity of mixing brine, and/or pH of solution. Additionally, this paper discusses and describes the dynamic flow through porous media experiments performed to simulate high-temperature / high-pressure reservoir conditions to evaluate the performance of polymer systems at elevated temperatures (up to 375°F). Specifically, this paper details: (1) the physical laboratory equipment and test conditions used for dynamic flow studies, (2) experimental procedure regarding short-term and long-term testing, and (3) the effect of temperature versus permeability reduction over time.
Theoretical Analysis of Unswept Normal Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction Control Using Streamwise Flaps (2006)

This paper provides a theoretical model f or normal unswept shock wave/boundary layer interaction ( SBLI ) control using an upstream and downstream flap. The amount of flap deflection controls the bleed/suction rate through a plenum chamber . The cavity allows rapid thickening of the boundary layer approachin g the shock, which splits into a series of weaker shocks forming a lambda shock foot, thus reducing wave drag . Th e analysis assist s in the understanding of the control influences produced in the SBLI . It is applied to the MART system at M 1=1.4 as well as to validate and improve the understanding of unimorph flap control at M 1=1.5 .
A Statistical Model for Predicting Incipient Point and Quantity of Gas Condensate in Gas Pipelines (2006)

With the rapid increase in gas consumption, the role of pipelines as a transportation means of natural gas is increasing. In general, when natural gas is being transported in pipelines, some liquid mainly from formation of condensate is introduced and this phenomenon makes operational problems more complex in the gas industry. Thus, an appropriate method is necessary for predicting the effect of presence of gas condensate on operational efficiency. In this study, a statistical model was developed using an integrated single- and two-phase flows concept. Using this model, the effects of the incipient point of gas condensate and its quantity on outlet pressure were analyzed. Also, the effect of variations of flow regimes in two-phase region on outlet pressure after the incipient point was analyzed.