gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating Hapten Clustering as a Strategy to Enhance Vaccines against Drugs of Abuse (2014)

Vaccines for drugs of abuse have yet to achieve full clinical relevance, largely due to poor/inconsistent immune responses in patients. The use of multivalent scaffolding as a means to tailor drug-hapten density and clustering was examined in the context of drug-immune response modulation. A modular trivalent hapten containing a diglycine spacer, triAM1(Gly)2, was synthesized and shown to elicit anti-nicotine antibodies at equivalent affinity and concentration to the monovalent AM1 analog, despite in this instance having a lower effective hapten density. Augmenting this data, the corresponding monovalent hapten AM1(Gly)2 resulted in enhanced antibody affinity and concentration. Drug-hapten clustering represents a new vaccine paradigm, and, while examined only in the context of nicotine, it should be readily translatable to other drugs of abuse.
<title>Approach for semicustom integrated-sensor system manufacturing in a commercial CMOS technology</title> (1996)

In this work the development of a design and manufacturing methodology for application-specific integrated sensor systems in silicon, that extends the ASIC standard cell approach for circuits, is presented. The standard design environment of a commercial foundry is used. A library of micromachined sensors and specific interface circuit cells has been added to the foundry's libraries. A fabrication structure has been set up in which the CMOS foundry process is followed by a micromachining post-processing transparent to the user. This includes back-side membrane fabrication. A number of standard sensor cell types have been developed: ISFET chemical sensors, gas flow and infrared radiation sensors based on thermopiles and piezoresistive pressure sensors. Mass-beam structures suitable for accelerometer devices have also been fabricated.
Hyper-Frequency Wave Guides-General Considerations and Experimental Results* (1936)

A peculiar form of electrical propagation is described below. It makes use of extremely high frequencies — even beyond those generally employed in radio. In some respects it resembles ordinary wire transmission but unlike the latter there are no return conductors, at least of the usual kind. In this transmission, electromagnetic waves are sent through guides made up either of an insulator alone or of an insulator surrounded by a conductor. In a special case this insulator may be air. There are at least four different types of waves or electrical configurations that may be propagated. One of them is such that theory indicates its attenuation through a hollow conductor continuously decreases with increase of frequency. Although the paper deals largely with the nature of this transmission, some of the fundamental pieces of apparatus used in experimental work are described. They include generators, receivers and wave-meters.
Molecular beam study of laser-induced chemical etching of Si(111) by chlorine molecules (1988)

Chemical etching of Si(111) surface by chlorine molecules under 355 and 560 nm irradiation has been studied using a continuous wave supersonic molecular beam. Only two products, SiCl and SiCl2, were observed. The translational energy distributions of the gaseous products have been measured as a function of laser fluence, and can be fitted with Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions. Study on the effect of translational energy of incident chlorine molecules on the reaction rate is also presented for the first time.
CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL BURN WOUND SEPSIS BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF SULFAMYLON COMPOUNDS (1968)

Discussion and Summary The successful control of burn wound sepsis by use of Sulfamylon burn cream has greatly altered the management of the burn wound and its prognosis. The character of the healing wound has altered, with persistence of eschar now seen, due to suppression of microbial debriding action. This problem has been resolved by discontinuing therapy and applying dressings if necessary to hasten eschar separation. The use of a water soluble base, which is 62% water, has resulted in a decrease in evaporative water loss, with a consequent reduction in the metabolic load on the patient. This is evident in the reduction of weight loss in the post‐burn period. The control of local sepsis appears to add to this gain, since it too represents a decrease in metabolic demand. The survival of epithelial islands in deep dermal burns which had previously been converted to full‐thickness injury by infection has resulted in healing of such injuries without resort to skin grafting. The hydrotherapy procedures permit a daily gentle debridement of matured eschar, and a consequent reduction in the frequency of surgical debridement has occurred. The reduction in the need for general anaesthetic has simplified wound management and minimized weight loss due to cancelled meals. The drug is simple to compound and to apply. Areas housing many burn patients are now odorless, in striking contrast to the environment previously existing. The elimination of burn wound sepsis has, however, increased the magnitude of other clinical problems in burn management. The most prominent of these are the pulmonary complications, specifically a diffuse pneumonia. This is not a hematogenous Pseudomonas pneumonia, which was formerly a common complication of burn wound sepsis, but a bronchopneumonia, often associated with patches of atalectasis. The mortality statistics show a consistent reduction of 50% in death rate; most of the change has occurred in burns of less than 50% of body surface. There has been no improvement in death rate of burns of over 60%, although the cause of death has changed from one of wound infection to pneumonia. Burn wound sepsis has been relegated to a minor role in burn mortality by the use of topical Sulfamylon therapy.
[Psychoanalysis and facism: two incompatible approaches. The difficult role of Edoardo Weiss]. (1988)

Edoardo Weiss, the only direct disciple of Freud in Italy, returned to Trieste, his native town, in 1919 after a long period of psychoanalitical studies in Vienna. An enthusiastic acceptance of Freud's ideas in the cultural, mainly Jewish, circles in Trieste was parallel to a sort of distrust of the Fascist ideology. In 1930 Weiss decided to move to Rome where he hoped to be able to found an Italian psychoanalytical movement. The Catholic Church, Fascist Ideology, philosophical Idealism and scientific Positivism were all factors hampering the spread of psychoanalysis in Italy. In 1932 Weiss founded the Italian Psychoanalytical Society in Rome with a very small number of followers. The relations between Weiss' newborn Society and the dictatorship were going to be quite troublesome. Ernst Jones was drastically accused by Weiss of misrepresenting his entrée with Mussolini. Thanks to Weiss' efforts the Italian society was acknowledged by the I.P.A. Finally, mention will be made of Weiss' forced move to America as a result of the racial laws, and of the consequences for the future of Psychoanalysis in Italy.
Extent of integration of potato markets in West Bengal a case study of five markets (2015)

In the wake of globalization of agriculture, area under potato in India has increased significantly and its product has started playing a very crucial role in its sustainable marketing. The supply of potato one hand and the demand for them on the other, at a particular time and market, will determine the wholesale price. The changes in these determinants over a period of a year will affect the price which will lead to seasonality effect in price series with high magnitude depending on the change in the magnitude of demand and supply. The presence of many intennediaries and concentration of potato trade in a few hands have resulted in exploitation of growers and consumers. It is believed that poor efficiency in the marketing channels and poor marketing infrastructure leading to high and fluctuating consumer prices and only a small portion of the consumer rupee reaching the producer farmers. The semi perishable nature of the product, inadequacy of appropriate storage facility, inadequate and slow transportation leads to reduction in the degree of integration among different potato markets. This paper examines these aspects in some selected regulated wholesale markets for potato in West Bengal. It was showed that major potato markets are well integrated while less important markets are weakly integrated.
Nitro-Methyl Redox Coupling: Efficient Approach to 2-Hetarylbenzothiazoles from 2-Halonitroarene, Methylhetarene, and Elemental Sulfur (2013)

A simple, straightforward, and atom economic approach to 2-hetarylbenzothiazoles starting from 2-halonitroarene, methylhetarene, and elemental sulfur under mild conditions is described. The method is highlighted by the direct redox nitro-methyl reaction for carbon-nitrogen bond formation without an added oxidizing or reducing agent.
Delay-time investigation of electromagnetic waves through homogeneous medium and photonic crystal left-handed materials (2004)

Results of the delay time for the electromagnetic wave to reach its final direction through both photonic crystal and homogeneous medium are presented. The delay- or transient-time results, based on different cases and different incoming wave angles, show that the diffracted beam is trapped at the interface. This delay time is longer for the negative refractive index photonic crystal and is almost twice the duration of the delay time for the positive one. For the homogeneous medium, we also find that at the interface between a right- and left-handed medium the delay time is even longer than in the photonic crystal case. A comparison between left-handed behavior in photonic crystals and homogeneous media is reported.
Risk of Kidney Failure Associated with the Use of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (1994)

People who often take acetaminophen or NSAIDs have an increased risk of ESRD, but not those who often take aspirin.
Synthesis of 3, 5-Di-sec-butylphenol (1971)

Synthesis of 3, 5-di-sec-butylphenol, an intermediate in the synthesis of auxin b lactone, was described. Hydrogenation of 3, 5-di-sec-butylphenol afforded 1, 3-di-sec-butylcyclo-hexane.
Lithography oriented DfM for 65 nm and beyond (2006)

As Technology node is advancing, we are forced to use relatively low resolution lithography tool. And these situation results in degradation of pattern fidelity. hot spot, lithographic margin-less spot, appears frequently by conventional design rule methodology. We propose two design rule methodology to manage hot spot appearances in the stage of physical pattern determination. One is restricted design rule, under which pattern variation is very limited, so hot spot generation can be fully controlled. Second is complex design rule combined with lithography compliance check (LCC) and hot spot fixing (HSF). Design rule, by itself, has a limited ability to reduce hot spot generation. To compensate the limited ability, both LCC including optical proximity correction and process simulation for detecting hot spots and HSF for fixing the detected hot spots are required. Implementing those methodology into design environment, hot spot management can be done by early stage of physical pattern determination. Also newly developed tool is introduced to help designers easily fixing hot spots. By using this tool, the system of automatic LCC and HSF has been constructed. hot spots-less physical patterns through this system can be easily obtained and turn-back from manufacture to design can be avoided.
THE GENETIC BASIS FOR A THIRD KETONE GROUP IN MENTHA SPICATA L (1960)

N Mentha spicata L. and the related species, M . longifolia (L.) Huds. and M . Irotundifolia L., the ketone constituent of the oil is important in three ways.
Discovery of CTCF-Sensitive Cis-Spliced Fusion RNAs between Adjacent Genes in Human Prostate Cells (2015)

Genes or their encoded products are not expected to mingle with each other unless in some disease situations. In cancer, a frequent mechanism that can produce gene fusions is chromosomal rearrangement. However, recent discoveries of RNA trans-splicing and cis-splicing between adjacent genes (cis-SAGe) support for other mechanisms in generating fusion RNAs. In our transcriptome analyses of 28 prostate normal and cancer samples, 30% fusion RNAs on average are the transcripts that contain exons belonging to same-strand neighboring genes. These fusion RNAs may be the products of cis-SAGe, which was previously thought to be rare. To validate this finding and to better understand the phenomenon, we used LNCaP, a prostate cell line as a model, and identified 16 additional cis-SAGe events by silencing transcription factor CTCF and paired-end RNA sequencing. About half of the fusions are expressed at a significant level compared to their parental genes. Silencing one of the in-frame fusions resulted in reduced cell motility. Most out-of-frame fusions are likely to function as non-coding RNAs. The majority of the 16 fusions are also detected in other prostate cell lines, as well as in the 14 clinical prostate normal and cancer pairs. By studying the features associated with these fusions, we developed a set of rules: 1) the parental genes are same-strand-neighboring genes; 2) the distance between the genes is within 30kb; 3) the 5' genes are actively transcribing; and 4) the chimeras tend to have the second-to-last exon in the 5' genes joined to the second exon in the 3' genes. We then randomly selected 20 neighboring genes in the genome, and detected four fusion events using these rules in prostate cancer and non-cancerous cells. These results suggest that splicing between neighboring gene transcripts is a rather frequent phenomenon, and it is not a feature unique to cancer cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Phase‐Transfer Catalysis to the Synthesis of Mono‐ and Bis‐stilbenes and Styryls. (1986)

Abstract Reactions between the compounds (I) and (IV) with an active methyl group and the aldehydes (II) and (VI) under optimized conditions allow the synthesis of the desired products (III), (V), (VII) and (VIII) in predominantly good to excellent yields.
Electrostatic charging and control of droplets in microfluidic devices (2012)

Precharged droplets can facilitate manipulation and control of low-volume liquids in droplet-based microfluidics. In this paper, we demonstrate non-contact electrostatic charging of droplets by polarizing a neutral droplet and splitting it into two oppositely charged daughter droplets in a T-junction microchannel. We performed numerical simulation to analyze the non-contact charging process and proposed a new design with a notch at the T-junction in aid of droplet splitting for more efficient charging. We experimentally characterized the induced charge in droplets in microfabricated devices. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation. Finally, we demonstrated highly effective droplet manipulation in a path selection unit appending to the droplet charging. We expect our work could enable precision manipulation of droplets for more complex liquid handling in microfluidics and promote electric-force based manipulation in 'lab-on-a-chip' systems.
The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Occurrence of Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in asparagine-linked sugar chains. (1979)

Bovine prothrombin contains three asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains were quantitatively released from the polypeptide backbone by hydrazinolysis. All of the oligosaccharides thus obtained contain N-acetylneuraminic acid. Sialidase treatment of these acidic oligosaccharides released three isomeric oligosaccharides, N-1, N-2 and N-3. N-3 was a typical complex type asparagine-linked sugar chain widely found in other glycoprotein, while N-1 and N-2 were unique, because they contain Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc grouping in the outer chain moiety. By comparing the data of methylation analysis of the acidic oligosaccharides before and after sialidase treatment, the structures of the sugar chains of bovine prothrombin were confirmed as a mixture of NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6[NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 3(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3]Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc leads to Asn and their partially desialized forms.
Synthesis of nitrogen ceramic povvders by carbothermal reduction and nitridation Part 1 Silicon nitride (1991)

AbstractAbstractSilicon nitride powders of high α content were prepared from mixtures of very fine amorphous silica and carbon powders in flowing nitrogen at 1400–1500°C. The higher the reaction temperature within this range the lower the yield of silicon nitride in spite of a higher rate of SiO generation. The overall reaction rate increased with increasing nitrogen flowrate. An increase of carbon content of the starting mixtures increased the reaction rate by increasing the rate of SiO formation as well as the rate of Si3N4 nucleation. It is thought that the effect of the carbon particle size on the reaction rate is more significant than that of the specific surface area. The amount of silicon carbide formed and the α/β ratio in the reaction products were strongly affected by a change of the source of carbon used in the starting mixtures.MST/1346a
Determination of Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> by Yeast Fermentation Method Improvements Related to Use of Sulfite Cleavage and a New Fermentometer (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Vitamin B1 by Yeast Fermentation Method Improvements Related to Use of Sulfite Cleavage and a New FermentometerAlfred Schultz, Lawrence Atkin, and Charles FreyCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1942, 14, 1, 35–39Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i560101a013https://doi.org/10.1021/i560101a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Digital reconstruction of teeth using near-infrared light (2019)

Cone beam computed tomography has demonstrated value by offering enhanced conceptualization of features of teeth in the 3D space. However, these systems require higher effective radiation doses to image teeth. Previous research from our group has used non-ionizing near-infrared (NIR) light for diagnosing demineralization and caries in human tooth enamel. However, use of safe NIR radiation for rapid, 3D imaging of tooth anatomy has not been described previously. Here we describe a optical setup to rapidly laser scan teeth ex vivo using 1310nm NIR laser diode. We also detail a novel process that uses laser scanning to create stacks of images of extracted teeth, and construct highly accurate 3D models. Our 3D reconstructive models offer promising starting points to recover anatomical details using pixel intensities within these images as projection data to diagnose carious lesions, and can assist in providing rapid and affordable technology-enabled early caries screenings to patients.
For most large underdetermined systems of equations, the minimal 𝓁<sub>1</sub>‐norm near‐solution approximates the sparsest near‐solution (2006)

Abstract We consider inexact linear equations y ≈ Φ x where y is a given vector in ℝ n , Φ is a given n × m matrix, and we wish to find x 0,ϵ as sparse as possible while obeying ‖ y − Φ x 0,ϵ ‖ 2 ≤ ϵ. In general, this requires combinatorial optimization and so is considered intractable. On the other hand, the 𝓁 1 ‐minimization problem is convex and is considered tractable. We show that for most Φ, if the optimally sparse approximation x 0,ϵ is sufficiently sparse, then the solution x 1,ϵ of the 𝓁 1 ‐minimization problem is a good approximation to x 0,ϵ . We suppose that the columns of Φ are normalized to the unit 𝓁 2 ‐norm, and we place uniform measure on such Φ. We study the underdetermined case where m ∼ τ n and τ > 1, and prove the existence of ρ = ρ(τ) > 0 and C = C (ρ, τ) so that for large n and for all Φ's except a negligible fraction, the following approximate sparse solution property of Φ holds: for every y having an approximation ‖ y − Φ x 0 ‖ 2 ≤ ϵ by a coefficient vector x 0 ∈ ℝ m with fewer than ρ · n nonzeros , This has two implications. First, for most Φ, whenever the combinatorial optimization result x 0,ϵ would be very sparse, x 1,ϵ is a good approximation to x 0,ϵ . Second, suppose we are given noisy data obeying y = Φ x 0 + z where the unknown x 0 is known to be sparse and the noise ‖ z ‖ 2 ≤ ϵ. For most Φ, noise‐tolerant 𝓁 1 ‐minimization will stably recover x 0 from y in the presence of noise z . We also study the barely determined case m = n and reach parallel conclusions by slightly different arguments. Proof techniques include the use of almost‐spherical sections in Banach space theory and concentration of measure for eigenvalues of random matrices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.