gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Character-based units for unlimited vocabulary continuous speech recognition (2017)

We study character-based language models in the state-of-the-art speech recognition framework. This approach has advantages over both word-based systems and so-called end-to-end ASR systems that do not have separate acoustic and language models. We describe the necessary modifications needed to build an effective character-based ASR system using the Kaldi toolkit and evaluate the models based on words, statistical morphs, and characters for both Finnish and Arabic. The morph-based models yield the best recognition results for both well-resourced and lower-resourced tasks, but the character-based models are close to their performance in the lower-resource tasks, outperforming the word-based models. Character-based models are especially good at predicting novel word forms that were not seen in the training data. Using character-based neural network language models is both computationally efficient and provides a larger gain compared to the morph and word-based systems.
Audiologists and the Current Status of Audiology in Asia (2006)

Programs in Audiology in Asia were somewhat different from those of other countries in the U.S. and Europe since social welfare issues were often related to socioeconomic status. However, recent GNP increase and social status have made a remarkable progress in Audiology programs in some countries such as ones in India. The top priority should be given to correct and fair systems for the benefit of the hearing-impaired and for the dedicated audiology professionals.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnets with improved impact toughness (2005)

An effort to increase the impact toughness of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets by adding small amounts of Al, Nd, Ga, Cu, and Nb was successful. No significant compromise to magnetic properties occurred. Based on this work, a series of sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets with improved toughness was developed, which we call ToughNEO™. Small precipitates, which may contribute to the improvement of toughness, were observed using scanning electron microscope for all samples with improved toughness. Tumbling and drilling tests further verified the improved toughness of these developed ToughNEO™ magnets.
On the self-fractional Fourier functions (1996)

It is shown that a self-fractional Fourier function for an angle where N and M are indivisible integers (N < M), is also a self-fractional Fourier function for angles (j = 1, 2, ...). This allows us to define a self-fractional Fourier function of order M. An eigenvalue of a fractional Fourier operator for angle is equal to , where L is an integer.
Transsphenoid basilar skull fracture: CT patterns. (1993)

The authors studied computed tomographic (CT) scans obtained in 40 patients with transsphenoid basilar skull fractures to establish if there were reproducible patterns of fracture along lines of weakness. Medical records were reviewed. Four major fracture patterns were identified: anterior transverse (n = 22), lateral frontal diagonal (n = 7), posterior transverse (n = 16), and mastoid diagonal (n = 3). Eight patients had two fracture patterns. Eleven of 40 patients (28%) died as a result of their head injury. The diagonal patterns were statistically significantly more frequently associated with in-hospital mortality than were the transverse fractures (P = .014). Complications included blindness, cranial nerve injury, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and hearing loss. These results indicate that transsphenoid basilar skull fractures occur along reproducible lines of weakness, including a coronal plane through the anterior sphenoid body and pterygoid plates, a coronal plane through the posterior sphenoid body and clivus, and the sphenopetrosal synchondrosis.
Regionale Mobilität sächsischer Auszubildender: Die späten Folgen des Nachwendegeburtenknicks (2013)

Die Situation für Ausbildungsbewerber und -betriebe hat sich, nicht nur in Sachsen, gewandelt. Während in früheren Jahren die Zahl der Ausbildungsbewerber jene der verfügbaren Lehrstellen oft weit übertraf, wird aktuell immer häufiger ein Mangel an Auszubildenden beklagt. Der Beitrag rekapituliert zum einen die Ursachen für diesen Wandel und beleuchtet zum anderen, wie sich dieser auf das Mobilitätsverhalten der in Sachsen wohnhaften Auszubildenden auswirkte. Der zeitliche Vergleich von Auspendlerquoten, -distanzen und -zielen zeigt, dass die in Sachsen lebenden Lehrlinge auf die – überwiegend demographisch bedingte – Entspannung der Ausbildungssituation mit einer rückläufigen Mobilitätsneigung reagierten.
Outline of a theory of cellular heterogeneity. (1984)

In the effort to advance toward a theory of cellular function that is not completely mechanistic, I have encountered a variable whose significance is often overlooked. This is the degree of heterogeneity of organic tissue, which may vary from highly homogeneous conditions to quite large degrees of heterogeneity, primarily with respect ot chemical bonding. For several decades, I have dealt with the theoretical analysis of this type of problem, and here I give a condensed outline of the conceptual changes to which such an analysis is likely to lead. I believe the time is ripe to compare these theoretical arguments with observations. The data that occasion this note are those of Rubin [Rubin, H. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 5121-5125]; they and numerous similar observations suggest the possibility of an advance toward a nonreductionist model of cellular function along lines that are here indicated; the theoretical model is thought of as operating entirely within the framework of quantum mechanics.
Adipose Tissue Metabolites and Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Asian Indian Men (2004)

Obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with changes in adipose tissue release of leptin, adiponectin, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs). We have previously described that persons originating from the Indian subcontinent (Asian Indians) manifest excessive insulin resistance even in the absence of obesity. Therefore, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that nondiabetic, insulin-resistant Asian Indians differ from less insulin-resistant Caucasians of similar age and body composition in adipose tissue production of leptin and adiponectin, and in suppression of plasma NEFA concentrations during hyperinsulinemia. Seventy-nine Asian Indian men were compared with 61 Caucasian men. Higher plasma NEFAs and leptin in Asian Indians (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.003 for NEFAs and leptin, respectively) and lower plasma concentrations of adiponectin (P = 0.009) were not explained by body fat content and distribution. Oral glucose tolerance test studies revealed that Caucasian men had greater suppression of plasma NEFAs than Asian Indian men. We conclude that plasma concentrations of the adipose tissue metabolites leptin and NEFAs are higher and that of adiponectin is lower in insulin-resistant Asian Indians compared with more insulin-sensitive Caucasians. These differences may contribute to the excessive prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in nonobese Asian Indians.
Massive induction of donor-type class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in rejecting cardiac allografts in the rat. (1985)

DA (RT1a) hearts were transplanted into PVG (RT1c) or DA recipients, excised on days 1, 3, 5, or 7 after grafting, and examined by immunohistological techniques and quantitative absorption analyses, using allospecific mouse anti-rat class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) monoclonal antibodies. Cryostat sections stained by the peroxidase technique demonstrated that, in the normal heart, class I antigens were largely restricted to vascular endothelium and interstitial cells, with no observable staining of the myocardial cells except at the intercalated discs. Class II antigens were found only on occasional interstitial dendritic cells. The picture at day 1 after transplantation was not noticeably different. By day 3, however, there was clear patchy induction of both class I and class II antigens on the myocardial cells, usually in the region of cellular infiltrates. By day 5, class I antigens had been strongly induced throughout the graft, with the myocardial cells being very strongly positive. Class II antigens were also uniformly expressed on myocardial cells at day 5, and at this stage the vascular endothelium was also strongly positive. Quantitative absorption analyses showed a 10-fold increase in class I antigen content in cardiac allografts at day 5 after transplantation when compared with normal DA heart. DA heart isografts showed no increase in class II antigens, but it was interesting that, by 5 d after grafting, there appeared to be some expression of class I antigens on the myocardial cells. Quantitative absorptions showed a threefold increase in class I antigens on 5-d isografts when compared with normal DA heart.
3D TSV mid-end processes and assembly/packaging technology (2011)

Increasing demand for new and more advanced electronic products with a smaller form factor, superior functionality and performance with a lower overall cost has driven semiconductor industry to develop more innovative and emerging advanced packaging technologies.
Spectral Selection for a Biometric Recognition System Based on Hand Veins Detection Through Image Spectrometry. (2009)

This paper presents the result of a work orientated to the spectral optimization of the acquisition devices in vascular biometrics systems. Spectral windows are proposed which will allow to design a multispectral system with a few and well defined bands, obtaining a more robust and reliable device, compared with the standard single band systems. This is in accordance to general trend of electro-optical and infrared acquisition systems in the field of the detection and remote sensing, where the work focus is on obtaining optimized bands. To carry out this work a Hyperespectral Imaging System (HIS) has been used as the acquisition system. In order to analyze the large amount of information and to select the spectral bands, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been done.
Low-Power FinFET design schemes for NOR address decoders (2010)

This paper presents and evaluates six novel, low-power, FinFET-based design schemes of the conventional NOR address decoder. These schemes differ in front- and back-gate connections and input signal swing. Simulations of these schemes were performed using a 32nm FinFET technology model and the schemes' performance was evaluated in terms of dynamic current consumption, delay, and leakage current consumption. The Low-Power (LP) scheme, a scheme where the FinFETs' back gates are reverse-biased for lower-power operation, was used as the base scheme for comparisons. The Shorted-Gate (SG) High Precharge Swing scheme has a better performance tradeoff than the other presented schemes, including the LP scheme. While dynamic power is 10.9% to 11.9% more than the LP scheme, the SG-High Precharge Swing scheme is 48.1% to 59.9% faster and dissipates 93.0% to 99.7% less leakage power than the LP scheme. In addition, the SG-High Precharge Swing scheme requires less supporting hardware as it needs one less voltage level and one less voltage conversion buffer than the LP scheme.
<i>β</i> Galactosidase Complementation: A Cell-Based Luminescent Assay Platform for Drug Discovery (2007)

Many cell-based assays interrogating cell pathway activation employ protocols that require microscopic imaging techniques. However, such assays are not in general widely adopted for primary screening. Protein complementation, particularly of enzymes, provides an alternative approach for cell pathway analysis, with a principal advantage that is amenable to high throughput screening using microtiter plate protocols. Notably, α complementation of the enzyme β-galactosidase has been exploited as a technology in this regard, using substrates that generates luminescent signals. This review describes the various uses of this flexible technology to cell-based assay development.
Monotherapy of essential hypertension with a converting-enzyme inhibitor. (1983)

The antihypertensive effectiveness of twice-daily dosing with the converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, was examined in a multicenter study of 294 patients (181 white, 111 black, two oriental) with essential hypertension whose supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) was 95 mm Hg or higher after 4 to 6 weeks of preliminary placebo administration. In this double-blind study, the patients were randomized into one placebo and three captopril-treated groups: twice-daily placebo (n = 77) or twice-daily captopril 25 mg (n = 77), 50 mg (n = 71), or 100 mg (n = 69). The average decreases in SDBP after 8 weeks of treatment were 5.2%, 7.7%, 11.7%, and 10.5%, respectively. Only the two higher dose groups differed significantly from the placebo group; they also differed from the lowest dose group. The proportions of patients classified as having normalized pressures (SDBP less than 90 mm Hg) in the four groups were 39%, 47%, 70%, and 50%. If the results were analyzed by race, all three captopril-treated groups differed significantly from the placebo-treated group in the white patients but not in the black patients. However, direct comparisons between the white and black groups showed a difference only at the low, 25 mg twice daily (b.i.d.), captopril dose. Thus, although conventionally given on a three-times daily basis, the twice-daily (12-hourly) administration of captopril provides effective antihypertensive treatment in doses of 50 or 100 mg b.i.d. Moreover, white patients also exhibit a significant response to captopril at doses as low as 25 mg b.i.d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effectiveness of female controlled barrier methods in preventing sexually transmitted infections and HIV: current evidence and future research directions (2005)

Increased investment in the development and identification of female controlled barrier methods offers promise that additional products will be available in the years ahead. Generalizing trial results to a community setting, promoting products that may be less effective than male condoms, and bringing an effective product to scale introduce public health challenges that warrant attention. The need for female controlled barrier methods that provide women with the opportunity to take an active role in reducing their STI/HIV risk are urgently needed and constitute an essential tool to prevent continued spread of these infections.
Effects of improved process for CuO-Doped NKN lead-free ceramics on high-power piezoelectric transformers (2011)

In this paper, the effects of the electrical proper- ties of CuO-doped (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) (NKN) ceramics prepared separately using the B-site oxide precursor method (BO method) and conventional mixed-oxide method (MO method) on high-power piezoelectric transformers (PTs) were investigated. The performances of PTs made with these two substrates were compared. Experimental results showed that the output power and temperature stability of PTs could be enhanced because of the lower resonant impedance of the ceramics prepared using the BO method. In addition, the output power of PTs was more affected by the resonant impedance than by the mechanical quality factor (Q(m)) of the ceramics. The PTs fabricated with ceramics prepared using the BO method showed a high efficiency of more than 94% and a maximum output power of 8.98 W (power density: 18.3 W/cm(3)) with temperature increase of 3°C under the optimum load resistance (5 kΩ) and an input voltage of 150 V(pp). This output power of the lead-free disk-type PTs is the best reported so far.
Teaching evidence-based medicine: a clinician's perspective. (2013)

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) was introduced to provide an organised approach to clinicians and other health care providers in using research to care for their patients [1]. By highlighting the importance of research in patient care, EBM has also provided many researchers a strong sense of purpose, with increased awareness that their everyday activities are being recognised as relevant to patient care. Most medical schools have some form of the EBM training programme at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and many researchers, clinical epidemiologists, and biostatisticians together with clinicians are actively engaged in teaching EBM to students of medicine and other health sciences. However, the flourishing activities of EBM education bring along challenges.
How to talk to a hologram (2006)

There is a growing need for creating life-like virtual human simulations that can conduct a natural spoken dialog with a human student on a predefined subject. We present an overview of a spoken-dialog system that supports a person interacting with a full-size hologram-like virtual human character in an exhibition kiosk settings. We also give a brief summary of the natural language classification component of the system and describe the experiments we conducted with the system.
Design of Integrity Function on Centimeter Level Augmentation Service (CLAS) in Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (2016)

Centimeter Level Augmentation Service (CLAS) in Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under development and will begin in 2018 with a four satellite constellation. The outline of the service, contents of the broadcast augmentation information, a design framework for constructing a satellite based RTK-PPP (Real Time Kinematic Precise Point Positioning) service were presented in ION GNSS+ 2014 [1]. A signal design, a user interface design, and a message standardization plan for CLAS were presented in ION GNSS+ 2015 [2]. In this paper, new topics concerning a design of integrity function for CLAS is described. To realize the practical application of CLAS, it is necessary to detect an abnormal signal caused by a faulty satellite or by an irregular ionospheric or tropospheric characteristic at every epoch in real time as the integrity function. We show the status of system design of CLAS in consideration with the integrity function.
Computer tomosynthesis: a versatile three-dimensional imaging technique (2005)

Tomosynthesis permits the representation of internal structures of an object by an arbitrary number of frontal sections (tomosynthetic slices), from a finite set of radiographs, each imaging the object at a different projection angle. Tomosynthetic reconstructions produce a sharp image of structures lying in the desired tomosynthetic slice, on which blurred images of object detail lying outside the plane of interest are superimposed. Slice thickness is largely de termined by the projection angle. Advantageous features of tomosynthesis are the limited size of the projection angle required, the selective positioning of the tomosynthetic plane after recording of the radiographs, and the computational simplicity permitting real-time implementation. Applications to dental radiography demonstrate the feasibility to synthesize tomographic slices with a thickness of about 3 mm from as few as 8 radiographs exposed on a circular projection cone with half-angle of 4.5/sup 0/. The reconstructions not only indicate the relative spatial position of the dental tissues, but also show clinically relevant structures not visible in the original radiographs.
Altered regulation of Src tyrosine kinase by transforming growth factor β1 in a human hepatoma cell line (1998)

Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-betas) are the potent growth inhibitors for various cell types. Certain transformed cells, however, show poor response to TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition, which contributes to their uncontrolled proliferation. Recently, we have reported that TGF-beta1 induces degradation of activated Src tyrosine kinase in rat fibroblasts. To elucidate the alteration in TGF-beta signaling pathway in tumor cells that cannot respond to the cytokine, we compared the effects of TGF-beta1 on Src kinase in two human hepatoma cell lines, TGF-beta1-insensitive Mahlavu cells and TGF-beta1-sensitive HepG2 cells. TGF-beta1 decreased Src kinase activity in HepG2 cells, but increased cellular Src levels and Src kinase activity in Mahlavu cells. Co-incubation of Mahlavu cells with TGF-beta1 and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) decreased Src protein levels and Src kinase activity, inducing TGF-beta1 sensitivity. TGF-beta1 induced tyrosine dephosphorylation of Ras guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (Ras-GAP) and Ras inactivation in HepG2 cells, but induced Ras-GAP phosphorylation and Ras activation in Mahlavu cells. The Src kinase inhibitor abolished the increase of Src kinase activity in TGF-beta1-treated Mahlavu cells, and induced TGF-beta1 sensitivity. These findings suggest that regulation of Src kinase by TGF-beta1 is altered in Mahlavu cells. The altered regulation of Src may contribute to TGF-beta1 insensitivity in this cell line, at least in part through activation of Ras.
Note on Dr. Berkson's Criticism of Tests of Significance (1943)

When, about eighteen years ago, I was looking for a good example to illustrate the test of straightness appropriate to regression lines, I felt myself particularly lucky to find one in which the departure from linearity was of a somewhat unusual kind, and in which a superficial examination by graphical methods, without submitting the subjective impression to any objective test, was likely to be misleading. The case chosen was from a comprehensive paper by A.H. Hersh on the influence of temperature on the number of eye facets developed in Drosophila melanogaster in a number of homozygous and heterozygous phases of the bar factor. Several of these phases showed to graphical inspection a remarkable discontinuity in the rate or direction of change in the neighborhood of 24oC. The heterozygote between the wild gene and that known as ultra-bar, on the other hand, gave frequencies which, if examined uncritically, or by methods capable of detecting only the obvious, would have failed to indicate that anything remarkable was happening at the critical temperature. It was, therefore, of some little interest to see whether a new criterion based on the rigorous solution of a problem of distribution then but recently cleared up, would enable the experimenter with such material to detect features of importance in his data, which, without such aid, would have escaped his notice. Dr. Joseph Berkson writing, curiously enough, in 1942, when the advantages of objective tests are at least more widely appreciated than they were, refers to this example in the September number of this JOURNAL. He has drawn the graph. He has applied his statistical insight and his biological experience to its interpretation. He enunciates his conclusion that ‘on inspection it appears as straight a line as one can expect to find in biological material.’ The fact that an objective test had demonstrated that the departure from linearity was most decidedly significant is, in view of the confidence which Dr. Berkson places upon subjective impressions, taken to be evidence that the test of significance was misleading, and therefore worthless.
Study of Mixtures of Methane and Carbon Dioxide as Fuels in a Single Cylinder Engine (CLR) (1977)

A single cylinder four stroke engine (CLR) was used. to investigate the feasibility of using mixtures of methane and carbon dioxide as an alternate fuel. Effects of fuel quality on engine power output and brake specific fuel consumption were investigated at 800, 1600, 2400, 2800 and 3200 rpm using full throttle setting with various spark timing, equivalence ratio and maximum load. Results indicated that using fuel mixtures having quality of 65/35 or better in methane and carbon dioxide ratio along with optimum spark timing and operating equivalence ratio corresponding to maximum fuel economy, engine power losses and brake specific fuel consumption increases could be kept below 10% compared to the maximum power produced with pure methane fuel.
The isolation of the isomers of hexane from petroleum (1930)

This paper describes the isolation of four of the five isomers of hexane from an klahoma crude petroleum. The fifth isomer, 2-2-dimethylbutane, was not found.