gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Neuropathology associated with dementia]. (2005)

As dementing diseases are too numerous to refer to all of them, I confine my description to the neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia (ALSD), and cerebral vascular pathology of three unique vascular diseases causing dementia. 1) ALSD: The cortical neuropathology of this condition exhibit two main unique profiles in addition to mainly temporal lobe-located cortical changes. One is ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, and the other a localized neuronal degeneration in the transitional zone between the hippocampal CA1 and subiculum. 2) Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): The characteristic vascular change of this condition is marked intimal thickening of the middle and small arteries with relatively preserved smooth muscle cells in the media. The scalp arteries escape this lesion, indicating non-ischemic pathomechanisms for the baldness seen in this condition. 3) Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): The main lesions of the cerebral vessels are smooth muscle cell degeneration of deep perforating and small meningeal arteries with deposition of granular osomiophilic material in the media of the affected vessels. 4) Sneddon syndrome: This condition characterized by livedo reticularis and recurrent multiple infarctions shows marked sclerotic changes in the deep perforating arterioles and main cerebral arteries with relatively spared middle- and small-sized meningeal arteries.
A structured light approach for 3d surface reconstruction with a stereo line-scan system (2014)

In this paper we present a novel technique for optical 3d surface reconstruction using line scan cameras in combination with structured light. The approach generating structured light is customized to the special demands of line-scan image capturing. Due to the distributed generation of light and the absence of shading elements we obtain a light intensity that is comparable with conventional line lights. Thus we achieve short integration times, which is a necessary condition in most line-scan applications. Furthermore, with our our approach we can generate different pattern sequences, which allows us to implement coded light methods such as time correlation or phase shifting. The light patterns can be switched synchronously with the captured lines of the camera so that a single scanning of a surface is sufficient to calculate a high quality 3d reconstruction.
Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry (2005)

Coronavirus (CoV) infection of humans is usually not associated with severe disease. However, discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV revealed that highly pathogenic human CoVs (HCoVs) can evolve. The identification and characterization of new HCoVs is, therefore, an important task. Recently, a HCoV termed NL63 was discovered in patients with respiratory tract illness. Here, cell tropism and receptor usage of HCoV-NL63 were analyzed. The NL63 spike (S) protein mediated infection of different target cells compared with the closely related 229E-S protein but facilitated entry into cells known to be permissive to SARS-CoV-S-driven infection. An analysis of receptor engagement revealed that NL63-S binds angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, the receptor for SARS-CoV, and HCoV-NL63 uses ACE2 as a receptor for infection of target cells. Potent neutralizing activity directed against NL63- but not 229E-S protein was detected in virtually all sera from patients 8 years of age or older, suggesting that HCoV-NL63 infection of humans is common and usually acquired during childhood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV shares its receptor ACE2 with HCoV-NL63. Because the two viruses differ dramatically in their ability to induce disease, analysis of HCoV-NL63 might unravel pathogenicity factors in SARS-CoV. The frequent HCoV-NL63 infection of humans suggests that highly pathogenic variants have ample opportunity to evolve, underlining the need for vaccines against HCoVs.
Laser-Induced Size Reduction of Noble Metal Particles (1999)

Irradiation of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm to gold particles of less than 50 nm in aqueous solution was found to cause the shape change and size reduction of the particles. Typically, the nonspherical gold particles between 20 and 50 nm in diameter disappeared, whereas the number of gold particles of spherical shape less than 10 nm increased. The size reduction ceased after 5 min irradiation. The maximum diameter in the size distribution decreased to ca. 10 nm when the laser fluence was increased up to nearly 800 mJ cm-2. The temperature of the gold particles was estimated from the absorbed laser energy by the particles and was found to rise as high as the boiling point of gold; these results were supported by the measurements of the blackbody radiation from the particles. The shape change and size reduction are considered to occur through melting and vaporization of the gold particles. The high temperature, which causes melting and vaporization, is a result of the strong absorption of the laser energy by the particles and the low heat transfer to the surrounding water.
3-Cyclohexylaminopropane-1-sulfonic acid hemihydrate (2006)

The biological buffer 3-cyclo­hexyl­amino­propane-1-sulfonic acid (CAPS, C9H19NO3S) crystallizes in the space group C2/c with two CAPS mol­ecules and one water mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. As is the case for other amino­sulfonic acids, CAPS is a zwitterion. Mol­ecules are linked into hydrogen-bonded dimers by inter­actions involving one of the amine protons and sulfonic acid O atoms, and these dimers are further linked through hydrogen bonding via the water mol­ecule to form layers. These layers are linked by out-of-plane hydrogen bonds involving the other amine proton.
Too Costly to Be Ill: Psychiatric Disorders among Hospitalized Migrant Workers in Shenzhen (1999)

It has been estimated that there are now about 100 million economic migrants ‘floating’ in China’s cities and towns. Although these rural people are subjected to profound discrimination vis-‡-vis employment, welfare, court-ship and legal rights, their mental health problems are largely unknown. The present study examines retrospectively the psychiatric morbidity and treatment of 112 migrant workers who were hospitalized in the only psychiatric hospital in Shenzhen, China’s first special economic zone, over a 2-year period. The most common reason for hospitalization was socially intolerable behaviour and the most common diagnosis was schizophreniform psychosis. More female than male patients seemed to have social precipitants, which were most commonly labour conflicts and love or marital problems. Most patients improved with treatment but, because of the lack of health insurance coverage, 25% of them were discharged against medical recommendation. Since access to health services for less socially disruptive psychiatric disorders among migrants is greatly limited, empowering social and health policies are essential for enhancing their health status. The findings of the present study challenge the Chinese state as to how far it should pursue rapid economic growth without giving adequate attention to its adverse impact on the nation’s health and health care.
SLO3 auxiliary subunit LRRC52 controls gating of sperm KSPER currents and is critical for normal fertility (2015)

Following entry into the female reproductive tract, mammalian sperm undergo a maturation process termed capacitation that results in competence to fertilize ova. Associated with capacitation is an increase in membrane conductance to both Ca(2+) and K(+), leading to an elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+) critical for activation of hyperactivated swimming motility. In mice, the Ca(2+) conductance (alkalization-activated Ca(2+)-permeable sperm channel, CATSPER) arises from an ensemble of CATSPER subunits, whereas the K(+) conductance (sperm pH-regulated K(+) current, KSPER) arises from a pore-forming ion channel subunit encoded by the slo3 gene (SLO3) subunit. In the mouse, both CATSPER and KSPER are activated by cytosolic alkalization and a concerted activation of CATSPER and KSPER is likely a common facet of capacitation-associated increases in Ca(2+) and K(+) conductance among various mammalian species. The properties of heterologously expressed mouse SLO3 channels differ from native mouse KSPER current. Recently, a potential KSPER auxiliary subunit, leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein 52 (LRRC52), was identified in mouse sperm and shown to shift gating of SLO3 to be more equivalent to native KSPER. Here, we show that genetic KO of LRRC52 results in mice with severely impaired fertility. Activation of KSPER current in sperm lacking LRRC52 requires more positive voltages and higher pH than for WT KSPER. These results establish a critical role of LRRC52 in KSPER channels and demonstrate that loss of a non-pore-forming auxiliary subunit results in severe fertility impairment. Furthermore, through analysis of several genotypes that influence KSPER current properties we show that in vitro fertilization competence correlates with the net KSPER conductance available for activation under physiological conditions.
Radical copolymerization of N-vinylformamide with unsaturated carboxylic acids (2009)

Radical precipitative copolymerization of N-vinylformamide with acrylic and methacrylic acids in isopropanol at 60°C, with azobisisobutyric acid dinitrile as initiator, was studied. The conditional values of the relative reactivities were found: r 1 = 0.068 ± 0.008 and r 2 = 1.638 ± 0.025 for the N-vinylformamide-methacrylic acid copolymer and r 1 = 0.15 ± 0.03 and r 2 = 0.19 ± 0.09 for the N-vinylformamide-acrylic acid copolymer.
Battery Aging and Its Influence on the Electromotive Force (2007)

Li-ion is currently the most commonly used battery chemistry in portable applications. Accurate state-of-charge SOC and remaining run-time indication for portable devices is important for user convenience and to prolong the lifetime of batteries. The actual SOC algorithms, which the main companies use in practice, make use of the so-called electromotive force emf. In these SOC systems it is assumed that the emf of an Li-ion battery only depends on aging to a limited extent. In this paper, novel emf measurement and modeling efforts are presented as a function of battery aging. As will be shown, a better understanding of this dependence is useful for improving SOC accuracy.
Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Hepatic Ethoxyresorufin O-Dealkylation Activity by Naturally Occurring Coumarins (1996)

Several naturally occurring coumarins contained in the human diet have been found to be effective inhibitors and inactivators of murine hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase in vitro [Cai, Y., Bennett, D., Nair, R.V., Ceska, O., Ashwood-Smith, M., and DiGiovanni, J. (1993) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 6, 872-879]. In the present study, these same coumarins decreased the content of cytochrome P450 (P450) in either 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)- or phenobarbital-induced murine hepatic microsomes but did not have a major effect on heme content. Detailed in vitro studies with [14C]coriandrin, which selectively inhibits and inactivates P450 1A1-mediated EROD activity, demonstrated that it covalently bound, in a preferential manner, to hepatic microsomal protein from MC-pretreated mice. A linear relationship was observed between covalent binding and loss of EROD activity. The inclusion of electrophile trapping agents in the incubations significantly inhibited the covalent binding of [14C]coriandrin to microsomal protein. In addition, the covalent binding of [14C]coriandrin was decreased 46% by 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF), 58% by a monoclonal antibody with specificity toward MC-induced form(s) of P450, and 60% by ethoxyresorufin, implicating the bioactivation of coriandrin by P450 1A1. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [14C]coriandrin-bound microsomal protein from MC-pretreated mice showed that [14C]coriandrin bound covalently to a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 49 kDa. Again, addition of 7,8-BF or polyclonal antibody against P450 1A1 reduced the covalent binding of [14C]coriandrin to this specific protein band. Interestingly, coriandrin was also found to be a potent inhibitor and inactivator of purified human P450 1A1. These results demonstrate that certain coumarins to which humans are exposed in the diet are bioactivated by P450 1A1 to reactive intermediates that subsequently form covalent adducts with the apoprotein, effectively destroying enzyme activity. Thus, certain naturally occurring coumarins may have a significant effect on human health.
Maximum Transmission Unit Signalling Extensions for the Label Distribution Protocol (2005)

Proper functioning of RFC 1191 path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
discovery requires that IP routers have knowledge of the MTU for each
link to which they are connected. As currently specified, the Label
Distribution Protocol (LDP) does not have the ability to signal the
MTU for a Label Switched Path (LSP) to the ingress Label Switching
Router (LSR). In the absence of this functionality, the MTU for each
LSP must be statically configured by network operators or by
equivalent off-line mechanisms. This document specifies experimental
extensions to LDP in support of LSP MTU discovery. This memo defines
an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
Performance comparison of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms for hard real-time systems (2003)

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is an effective low-power design technique for embedded real-time systems. In recent years, many DVS algorithms have been proposed for reducing the energy consumption of embedded hard real-time systems. However, the proposed DVS algorithms were not quantitatively evaluated under a unified framework, making it a difficult task to select an appropriate DVS algorithm for a given application/system. In this paper, we compare several key DVS algorithms recently proposed for hard real-time periodic task sets, analyze their energy efficiency, and discuss the performance differences quantitatively. Our evaluation results give quantitative answers to several important DVS questions.
Performance Evaluation of Sensing Fabrics for Monitoring Physiological and Biomechanical Variables (2005)

In the last few years, the smart textile area has become increasingly widespread, leading to developments in new wearable sensing systems. Truly wearable instrumented garments capable of recording behavioral and vital signals are crucial for several fields of application. Here we report on results of a careful characterization of the performance of innovative fabric sensors and electrodes able to acquire vital biomechanical and physiological signals, respectively. The sensing function of the fabric sensors relies upon newly developed strain sensors, based on rubber-carbon-coated threads, and mainly depends on the weaving topology, and the composition and deposition process of the conducting rubber-carbon mixture. Fabric sensors are used to acquire the respitrace (RT) and movement sensors (MS). Sensing features of electrodes, instead rely upon metal-based conductive threads, which are instrumental in detecting bioelectrical signals, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG). Fabric sensors have been tested during some specific tasks of breathing and movement activity, and results have been compared with the responses of a commercial piezoelectric sensor and an electrogoniometer, respectively. The performance of fabric electrodes has been investigated and compared with standard clinical electrodes.
Infrastructure in Kohonen maps (2003)

Different Kohonen maps have been studied in order to establish whether dimensional and shape aspects are important for map performance. The results presented indicate that for the same number of nodes, two-dimensional maps perform slightly better than three-dimensional maps. On the other hand, there was no difference in performance due to map shape. Different adaptation rules have been studied and compared with respect to map convergence. One of the rules, center adaptation, has been shown to result in faster convergence. Two measures are proposed to establish the unimodality in map response and the internal organization of a trained map.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Th17 Cells and IL-17 in Protective Immunity to Vaginal Candidiasis (2011)

These results imply that IL-17 and Th17, along with innate antimicrobial factors, have a role in the immune response to vaginal candidiasis.
Non-Lethal Infection of Aminergic Reticular Core Neurons: Age-Dependent Spread of ts Mutant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus from the Nose (1988)

In order to induce a non-lethal infection restricted to central aminergic neurons projecting to the olfactory bulbs a series of temperature sensitive (ts) and G-protein monoclonal antibody escape mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were instilled into the nasal cavity of mice. In three-week (wk)-old NMRI mice four monoclonal antibody escape mutants caused an extensive infection of the olfactory epithelium and, like a wild type strain, a lethal brain infection after spread along olfactory pathways. Three ts mutant strains showed an attenuated pathogenic potential. Strain G31 caused a lethal infection with a somewhat prolonged course while the strain G11 failed to invade the nervous system. Strain G41 showed minimal invasion of central nervous system in three-wk-old mice and caused a lethal infection in newborn and one-wk-old mice. In contrast, two-wk-old mice survived infection with this mutant, which spread along olfactory pathways and rather selectively affected aminergic reticular core neurons in the diagonal band, the locus ceruleus and the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. Thus, an age-dependent virus infection of the olfactory pathways can cause restricted lesions in the brain providing a model for studies of virus-induced changes in aminergic neurotransmission.
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Reactive Oxygen Species vs. NHE-1 Reactivation (2011)

1) Reperfusion injury would result from ROS-triggered MAPK-mediated NHE-1 phosphorylation (and reactivation) during reperfusion; 2) sildenafil protects the myocardium by favouring NHE-1 dephosphorylation and bypassing ROS generation.
Rapid Blue Light Regulation of a Trichoderma harzianum Photolyase Gene (1999)

Photolyases and blue light receptors belong to a superfamily of flavoproteins that make use of blue and UVA light either to catalyze DNA repair or to control development. We have isolated a DNA photolyase gene (phr1) from Trichoderma harzianum, a common soil fungus that is of interest as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne plant pathogens and as a model for the study of light-dependent development. The sequence of phr1 is similar to other Class I Type I eukaryotic photolyase genes. Low fluences of blue light rapidly induced phr1 expression both in vegetative mycelia, which lack photoprotective pigments, and, to a greater extent, in conidiophores. Thus, visible light induces the development of pigmented, resistant spores as well as the expression of phr1, perhaps announcing in this way the imminent exposure to the more damaging short wavelengths of sunlight. Light induction of phr1 in non-sporulating mutants shows that a complete sporulation pathway is not required for photoregulation. The light requirements for photoinduction of phr1 were not altered in dimY photoperception mutants. This suggests that photoinduction of sporulation and of photolyase expression is distinct in their photoreceptor system or in the transduction of the blue light signal.
The achilles heel of tuberculosis control. (1956)

The weak spot of our enemy, tuberculous disease, is its curability in its early stage. Its strong point is its capacity for multiplication by virtue of its contagiousness. Ignorance and delay in diagnosis inevitably result in one person with open tuberculosis infecting one or more other persons and these each infect one or more other persons and so on ad infinitum. It is as simple as guinea pigs and dandelions! This multiplication business has got to stop! Find the early case, cure it with chemotherapy, prevent it from becoming a spreader of disease. There’s nothing new in this. We have been so busy on the one hand with our humanitarian efforts to relieve suffering that we have failed on the other hand to prevent suffering. It’s true that we formerly lacked the powerful chemotherapeutic agents we now have but for years we have had the most important diagnostic tool available for any infectious disease, the tuberculin test. The weak spot of tuberculosis control is the incontrovertible fact that about six weeks after a human being is infected, we can by a simple and a highly reliable test tell that he has been infected. The significance of the tuberculin test may be summarized thus: A person not infected with the tubercle bacillus is not sensitive to tuberculin! A person not infected cannot be made sensitive to tuberculin just by its repeated use. When the test is positive, that person harbors a tuberculous focus somewhere in the body. A weakly positive test does not disprove
Structural Approach for COX-2 Inhibition (2004)

The design of selective COX-2 inhibitors is a new approach to obtain potent, anti-inflammatory drugs but with less side effects. Several families of such inhibitors were reported in literature. In this review, the drug design processes used to understand their binding mode and the origin of selectivity of these compounds are described.
[Radiochemical purity and stability of Tc-99m-pyrophosphate]. (2001)

The in vitro stability of 99mTc(Sn)-pyrophosphate depends on the initial radioactive concentration of 99mTc and time after labeling. Best results were obtained when the preparation contained ascorbic acid as a chemical stabilizer. Its concentration in the range of 50-60 micrograms/ml is sufficient to keep the content of 99mTc-pertechnetate below 5% during six hours, both in freshly prepared samples and those kept at low temperatures for seven days.
Delta‐NT or NT MoM: which is the most appropriate method for calculating accurate patient‐specific risks for trisomy 21 in the first trimester? (2003)

In the calculation of risk for trisomy 21 by NT the NT MoM approach is inaccurate and inappropriate because the underlying assumptions are not valid. In contrast, the delta-NT approach gives accurate estimates of risks.
Oriented Colloidal‐Crystal Thin Films by Spin‐Coating Microspheres Dispersed in Volatile Media (2006)

A simple, reproducible, and reliable method to crystallize sub-micrometer-size spherical colloids using a mixture of volatile solvents as dispersion media is presented. Strongly diffracting direct opal structures of high uniformity are attainable over large areas within minutes and without further processing. Thickness and orientation control is also possible through this technique. In the figure, both [111] (left) and [100] (right) oriented lattices deposited on glass slides are shown.
Fas and Fas ligand expression in cystic fibrosis airway epithelium (1999)

Fas/FasL interaction is probably implicated in the human CF airway apoptotic pathway. The mechanisms of induction of FasL expression and its role in inducing tissue damage or remodelling or in controlling local inflammatory cell apoptosis remain to be determined.