gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Work Function Tuning and Material Characteristics of Lanthanide-Incorporated Metal Nitride Gate Electrodes for NMOS Device Applications (2006)

A versatile method to tune the work function Phi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sub> of metal nitride (MN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) metal gates by incorporating lanthanide elements for the applications in NMOS devices is demonstrated. By incorporating lanthanide elements such as terbium (Tb), erbium (Er), or ytterbium (Yb) into MN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> metal gates such as TaN and HfN, the work function of these MN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> can be tuned continuously down to 4.2-4.3 eV even after rapid thermal annealing up to 1000 degC, owing to the very low Phi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sub> values of lanthanide elements. Material and electrical properties of lanthanide-MN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> are investigated, and the results indicate that N concentration is an important parameter for the resistivity, work function, and thermal stability of lanthanide-MN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> metal gates. Therefore, it needs to be carefully optimized in the process. In addition, transistor characteristics with Ta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.9</sub> Tb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.1</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> are also demonstrated, and several issues regarding the process integration of these novel materials are discussed
Risk of Connective-Tissue Diseases and Other Disorders after Breast Implantation (1994)

We found no association between breast implants and the connective-tissue diseases and other disorders that were studied.
The effects of tissue‐non‐specific alkaline phosphatase gene therapy on craniosynostosis and craniofacial morphology in the FGFR2<sup>C342Y/+</sup> mouse model of Crouzon craniosynostosis (2015)

These results suggest that TNAP deficiency may mediate FGFR2-associated craniosynostosis. Future studies should incorporate injection of recombinant TNAP protein, to avoid potential side effects and variable efficacy of lentiviral gene delivery.
Accumulation of acyl-enzyme in <scp>dd</scp>-peptidase-catalysed reactions with analogues of peptide substrates (1991)

Thioester substrates can be used to study the hydrolysis and transfer reactions catalysed by beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases. With the latter enzymes, accumulation of the acyl-enzyme can be detected directly. The efficiency of various amines as acceptor substrates was in excellent agreement with previous results obtained with peptide substrates of the DD-peptidases. The results indicated the presence of a specific binding site for the acceptor substrates. Although most of the results agreed well with a simple partition model, more elaborate hypotheses will be needed to account for all the data presented.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLATION OF A CARBONYL ANION EQUIVALENT, AN EFFICIENT METHOD OF PREPARING ALPHA‐HYDROXYCARBONYL SYSTEMS, AND KETENE THIOACETAL MONOXIDE DERIVATIVES (1974)

Abstract Aus dem Sulfid‐sulfoxid (I) erhält man über das mit Butyllithium hergestellt Anion die Alkylierungsprodukte (II), die mit Butyllithium und den ungesättigten Ketonen (III) die Verbindungen (IV) ergeben.
THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR DYNAMIC SOARING IN THE JETSTREAM AND IN THE LOW-LEVEL JET (1974)

For static soaring all sources of energy have now been utilized. By means of topographical winds, thermal-convection and mountain waves results have been achieved which never could have been dreamed of at the beginning of rnotorless flying. Dynamic soaring, however, on which soaring pioneers had pinned so much hope, still represents an unsolved problem.
Review Lecture - Fast ionic conduction in solid (1984)

Abstract Four classes of solid ionic conductors may be distinguished: (a) ion exchangers, (b) electrolytes, (c) electrodes, and (d) chemical stores. Each has important applications with different fabrication requirements. Fast ion transport is required in electric-power applications, and various strategies are discussed for power batteries. The design of new materials begins with a theoretical model for ionic transport; the situation in stoichiometric compounds is compared with that in doped compounds, and electrolytes are contrasted with mixed ionic-electronic conductors. The most significant parameters for the synthetic chemist are the factors that govern the activation enthalpy ∆Hm for diffusion, the concentration c of mobile carriers, and the temperature Tt for any phase transition from a normal to a fast ionic conductor. Strategies for decreasing ∆Hm and increasing c prove to be ion-specific, and the most successful strategies for each mobile ion are presented. The origin of a Tt in stoichiometric com­pounds and the distinction between smooth and first-order transitions are also considered.
Virtual structures and heterogeneous nodes in dependency graphs for detecting metamorphic malware (2014)

The traditional way to identify malicious programs is to compare the code body with a set of previously stored code patterns, also known as signatures, extracted from already identified malware code. To nullify this identification process, the malware developers can insert in their creations the ability to modify the malware code when the next contamination process takes place, using obfuscation techniques. One way to deal with this metamorphic malware behavior is the use of dependency graphs, generated by surveying dependency relationships among code elements, creating a model that is resilient to code mutations. Analog to the signature model, a matching procedure that compares these graphs with a reference graph database is used to identify a malware code. Since graph matching is a NP-hard problem, it is necessary to find ways to optimize this process, so this identification technique can be applied. Using dependency graphs extracted from binary code, we present an approach to reduce the size of the reference dependency graphs stored on the graph database, by introducing a node differentiation based on its features. This way, in conjunction with the insertion of virtual paths, it is possible to build a virtual clique used to identify and dispose of less relevant elements of the original graph. The use of dependency graph reduction also produces more stable results in the matching process. To validate these statements, we present a methodology for generating these graphs from binary programs and compare the results achieved with and without the proposed approach in the identification of the Evol and Polip metamorphic malware.
Fabrication and thermal-chemical stability of magnetoresistive random-access memory cells using α-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ bottom spin valves (2001)

This paper discusses fabrication, stability and device characteristics of Si//spl alpha/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (25 nm)/Co (3 nm)/Cu (2.3 nm)/Co (3.1 nm)Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ (2.5 nm) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin-valve magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) cells 6 /spl mu/m wide and 18 /spl mu/m long dimension. Fabricated single-bit and 3/spl times/3-bit MRAM cells had very good GMR performance for MRAM characteristics and excellent endurance in undergoing standard high-temperature semiconductor processes. The high thermal, and chemical stability of /spl alpha/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ bottom GMR spin valves is mainly attributed to the good thermal stability associated with the high blocking temperature (about 390/spl deg/C) and the good corrosion resistance of the /spl alpha/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ antiferromagnetic material. In this paper, models for an individual /spl alpha/-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ bottom GMR spin-valve MRAM cell using SPICE device model elements are introduced for the first time. The SPICE model is useful for predicting the MRAM device characteristics related to the speed and power dissipation in different MRAM bit arrays and under various operating conditions.
Using differential ray tracing in stray light analysis (2012)

This paper describes differential ray tracing and shows how it can be used to great advantage in stray light analysis. Tracing a differential ray from a source to a target yields a set of derivatives that contain a complete first-order description of a ray bundle surrounding the ray being traced. These derivatives provide the information needed for aiming rays and transforming a sample area on a target surface into a solid angle seen by the source. By using targeted differential rays, we eliminate the need for defining importance curves for generating scattered rays. Convergence is accelerated, and the resulting irradiance distributions end up smoother than what one usually obtains with the traditional Monte Carlo approach. This paper also shows how the derivatives from a single ray can be used to define and propagate Gaussian beams without the need for secondary rays.
NK Markers Are Expressed on a High Percentage of Virus-Specific CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells (2000)

NK cells have been phenotypically defined by the expression of specific markers such as NK1.1, DX5, and asialo-GM1 (ASGM1). In addition to NK cells, a small population of CD3+ T cells has been shown to express these markers, and a unique subpopulation of NK1. 1+CD3+ T cells that expresses an invariant TCR has been named "NKT cells." Here, we describe NK marker expression on a broad spectrum of MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted T cells that are induced after acute viral infection. From 5 to >500 days post lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, more than 90% of virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells coexpress one or more of these three prototypical NK markers. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of NK cells with anti-ASGM1 Ab resulted in the removal of 90% of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and 50-80% of virus-specific CD4+ T cells. This indicates that studies using in vivo depletion to determine the role of NK cells in immune defense could potentially be misinterpreted because of the unintended depletion of Ag-specific T cells. These results demonstrate that NK Ags are widely expressed on the majority of virus-specific T cells and indicate that the NK and T cell lineages may not be as distinct as previously believed. Moreover, the current nomenclature defining NKT cells will require comprehensive modification to include Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that express prototypical NK Ags.
Phase II study of irinotecan as first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma (2001)

The current antitumor efficacy results show that 350 mg/m(2) of CPT-11 administered every 3 weeks is an active and feasible first-line chemotherapy regimen for patients with CRC. Finally, the overall safety data confirmed that CPT-11 is a well tolerated treatment.
In vivo search for butyrate responsive sequences using transgenic mice carrying A gamma gene promoter mutants (1996)

We describe an in vivo approach, in transgenic mice, aimed to identify promoter elements responsible for the induction of gamma globin expression by butyrate. Transgenic lines carrying human A gamma gene promoter truncations at position -141, -201, -382, and -730 A gamma were treated with alpha amino butyric acid (alpha ABA), and effects on gamma globin expression were analyzed at the messenger RNA level. No induction of gamma gene expression was observed in animals carrying promoters truncated at positions -141, -201, or -382 A gamma, suggesting either that butyrate response elements (BRE) are not located in the proximal gamma gene promoter or, if they were, they require the cooperation of upstream sequences for gamma gene induction. Two animals from one line carrying the -730 A gamma truncation responded to alpha ABA treatment with significant increases in gamma gene expression, indicating that a BRE is located between position -382 and -730 region of the A gamma gene promoter. Because the maximum induction by alpha ABA is observed in transgenic mice carrying a A gamma gene promoter extending to nucleotide -1350, it is likely that another butyrate responsive element is located between -730 and -1350 of the A gamma gene promoter. These results indicate that the transgenic mouse model can be used for identification of DNA regions that contain cis elements involved in gamma globin gene inducibility.
Immunotherapy of Type I Diabetes Mellitus* (1991)

Journal Article Immunotherapy of Type I Diabetes Mellitus Get access JENNIFER B. MARKS, JENNIFER B. MARKS 1Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami School Of Medicine Miami, Florida 33101 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JAY S. SKYLER JAY S. SKYLER 1Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami School Of Medicine Miami, Florida 33101 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 72, Issue 1, 1 January 1991, Pages 3–9, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-72-1-3 Published: 01 January 1991 Article history Received: 01 July 1990 Published: 01 January 1991
Expression of syndecan, a putative low affinity fibroblast growth factor receptor, in the early mouse embryo (1991)

Syndecan is an integral membrane proteoglycan that binds cells to several interstitial extracellular matrix components and binds to basic fibroblast-growth factor (bFGF) thus promoting bFGF association with its high-affinity receptor. We find that syndecan expression undergoes striking spatial and temporal changes during the period from the early cleavage through the late gastrula stages in the mouse embryo. Syndecan is detected initially at the 4-cell stage. Between the 4-cell and late morula stages, syndecan is present intracellularly and on the external surfaces of the blastomeres but is absent from regions of cell-cell contact. At the blastocyst stage, syndecan is first detected at cell-cell boundaries throughout the embryo and then, at the time of endoderm segregation, becomes restricted to the first site of matrix accumulation within the embryo, the interface between the primitive ectoderm and primitive endoderm. During gastrulation, syndecan is distributed uniformly on the basolateral cell surfaces of the embryonic ectoderm and definitive embryonic endoderm, but is expressed with an anteroposterior asymmetry on the surface of embryonic mesoderm cells, suggesting that it contributes to the process of mesoderm specification. In the extraembryonic region, syndecan is not detectable on most cells of the central core of the ectoplacental cone, but is strongly expressed by cells undergoing trophoblast giant cell differentiation and remains prominent on differentiated giant cells, suggesting a role in placental development. Immunoprecipitation studies indicate that the size of the syndecan core protein, although larger than that found in adult tissues (75 versus 69 x 10(3) Mr), does not change during peri-implantation development. The size distribution of the intact proteoglycan does change, however, indicating developmental alterations in its glycosaminoglycan composition. These results indicate potential roles for syndecan in epithelial organization of the embryonic ectoderm, in differential axial patterning of the embryonic mesoderm and in trophoblast giant cell function.
The Prosthetics Clinic Team. (1954)

1 Assistant Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California; Western Area Consultant for Prosthetic and Orthopedic Clinics, Veterans Administration; member of the Upperand Lower-Extremity Technical Committees of ACAL. 2 It must be emphasized that these prescriptions, even though they be signed by the physician, should correctly be the product of consultation by the entire team. It is perhaps in the preparation of these prescriptions that the knowledge of each team member is utilized to the fullest. the increasing complexity of medicine and its related sciences, the day is past when a single man can cope successfully with all the specialized problems in the treatment of injury and disease. The horse-and-buggy doctor did an excellent job considering the limited number of drugs and facilities available to him. His results, however, can in no way compare with those obtained at a wellconducted, modern clinic, where a team of physicians as well as representatives of all the allied medical specialties are available. A comparable situation now prevails in the field of artificial limbs. The basic Prosthetics Clinic Team is composed of a physician, a therapist, and a prosthetist. Workers in other fields, say a psychiatrist or psychologist, a social worker, a vocational counselor, or an engineer, should be available for consultation when the basic team considers that such services are required. Each member of the team has been trained to perform one particular job well, and, despite the considerable education and experience of each of these team members, no one man could be expected to carry out the entire procedure beginning with surgery and ending with the fitting and training of the patient. Although it is not generally stated, the patient himself is also a member of the team, since during the period of fitting and training he must cooperate by carrying out the instructions of the various team members and at the same time make and convey his own observations on the good and bad qualities of the prosthesis.
Dealing with uncertainty in ancestral sequence reconstruction: sampling from the posterior distribution (2007)

Abstract The goal of ancestral inference is to have as accurate a picture of ancestral function as possible. Thus, it is worthwhile to try to understand the nature and cause of the sequence and functional bias, and how to overcome this bias. This chapter argues that the bias inherent in in the choice to reconstruct the ancestral sequence with the highest posterior probability, along with the optimization bias due to site-specific model inaccuracy, may have biased the frequencies with which certain amino acids are inferred. Amino acids that tend to have consistently low posterior probabilities are most probably undersampled. A simple strategy to address amino acid sampling bias when reconstructing ancestral proteins in the laboratory is discussed.
Low-sidelobe phased array antenna characteristics using the planar near-field Scanning technique: Theory and experiment (1990)

Abstract : Characteristics of a low-sidelobe phased array antenna are investigated using the technique of planar near-field scanning. The theory associated with the planar near-field scanning technique, with and without probe compensation, is reviewed and an application of the theory is made. The design of an experimental low-sidelobe phased array antenna consisting of monopole elements which are corporate-fed using high precision transmit/receive modules is described. Accurate array radiation patterns are obtained both theoretically and experimentally using centerline scanning at less than one wavelength distance from the antenna. The effects of the antenna probe on the array near- field pattern, plane-wave spectrum, and far-field pattern are demonstrated theoretically using a method of moments numerical simulation. Comparisons of the array theoretical near-zone electric field and array received voltage due to a V-dipole near-field transmitting probe are made. It is shown that a V-dipole theoretical probe antenna can accurately model a practical near-field measurement probe consisting of an open-ended rectangular waveguide surrounded with anechoic material. (rrh)
CFTR Gene Transfer Reduces the Binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Epithelium (1997)

Much of the morbidity and mortality seen in cystic fibrosis (CF) is related to chronic infection of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some studies have attributed the strong relationship between CF and Pseudomonas colonization to the presence of increased numbers of specific cell-surface receptors, although other work suggests that this relates to the presence of mucus. Several groups are now assessing the use of gene transfer as a novel form of treatment for CF. We have examined whether P. aeruginosa binding to freshly obtained CF respiratory epithelial cells is increased, and have studied the effects of transfer of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene on this attachment. Binding of P. aeruginosa to noncultured nasal epithelial cells from both CF patients (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 15) was studied with scanning electron microscopy. Binding was also assessed for CF cells following transfection with CFTR/liposome complexes. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to assess the effects of gene transfer on chloride fluxes. Adherence of P. aeruginosa directly to the cell surface of CF airway epithelium was significantly (P < 0.001) increased over that in non-CF controls. Liposome-mediated CFTR gene transfer resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the numbers of bacteria bound to ciliated epithelial cells. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed correction of the basic chloride defect. Thus, in CF, the absence of normal CFTR results in increased binding of P. aeruginosa to respiratory epithelial cells. This abnormality can be corrected in vitro by restoration of CFTR function. This has important implications both for the pathogenesis of CF and for the future application and assessment of gene therapy for this disease.
Synthesis and Size‐Dependent Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse EuS Nanocrystals (2005)

Size-controllable monodisperse europium(II) sulfide (EuS) nanocrystals were synthesized by thermal decomposition of single molecular precursors [Eu(phen)(ddtc)3] or [Eu(bpy)(ddtc)3]. These crystals range from nano-polygons to nanocubes, and have uniform sizes from 2.6 to 20 nm (see Figure). They show size-dependent optical and magnetic properties. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2296/2006/z500294_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.