gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An <i>Acvr1</i> R206H knock-in mouse has fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (2012)

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP; MIM #135100) is a debilitating genetic disorder of dysregulated cellular differentiation characterized by malformation of the great toes during embryonic skeletal development and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification postnatally. Patients with these classic clinical features of FOP have the identical heterozygous single nucleotide substitution (c.617G > A; R206H) in the gene encoding ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Gene targeting was used to develop an Acvr1 knock-in model for FOP (Acvr1(R206H/+)). Radiographic analysis of Acvr1(R206H/+) chimeric mice revealed that this mutation induced malformed first digits in the hind limbs and postnatal extraskeletal bone formation, recapitulating the human disease. Histological analysis of murine lesions showed inflammatory infiltration and apoptosis of skeletal muscle followed by robust formation of heterotopic bone through an endochondral pathway, identical to that seen in patients. Progenitor cells of a Tie2(+) lineage participated in each stage of endochondral osteogenesis. We further determined that both wild-type (WT) and mutant cells are present within the ectopic bone tissue, an unexpected finding that indicates that although the mutation is necessary to induce the bone formation process, the mutation is not required for progenitor cell contribution to bone and cartilage. This unique knock-in mouse model provides novel insight into the genetic regulation of heterotopic ossification and establishes the first direct in vivo evidence that the R206H mutation in ACVR1 causes FOP.
Aliasing Errors in Signature in Analysis Registers (1987)

The authors discuss aliasing errors in signature analysis registers for self-testing networks and review analytical results. The results show that when p, the probability that an error will occur at a network output, is close to 1/2, there is a bound of the aliasing error. The analysis uses a graph to represent the probability of transition, the Markov process, and z-transforms to analyze the behavior of the signature analysis register. For very small p(p→0) and very large p(p→1), the aliasing error solution for primitive polynomials is a series of terms (1-ε)n in magnitude (where n is the number of random patterns being applied to the network or the length of the network output sequence). As compared with nonprimitive polynomials, whose solution is n(1-ε)n or n2(1-ε)n, in general primitive polynomials are much better with respect to aliasing. Simulation results are shown for aliasing errors for these polynomials, which give insight as to how aliasing occurs.
Polarization‐Dependent Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Isolated Silver Nanoaggregates (2003)

Ultrasensitive to nanogaps: Raman scattering from pairs of silver nanoparticles bound together by hemoglobin varies strongly with incident polarization. Experiments and electrodynamic calculations (see graphic) show that only that part of the incident field that is polarized parallel to the dimer axis generates intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The results support the idea that nanogaps between particles are a key ingredient of ultrasensitive SERS analysis.
Interaction of an autotransporter passenger domain with BamA during its translocation across the bacterial outer membrane (2009)

Autotransporters are a superfamily of virulence factors produced by Gram-negative bacteria consisting of a large N-terminal extracellular domain ("passenger domain") and a C-terminal beta barrel domain ("beta domain"). The mechanism by which the passenger domain is translocated across the outer membrane (OM) is unknown. Here we show that the insertion of a small linker into the passenger domain of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 autotransporter EspP effectively creates a translocation intermediate by transiently stalling translocation near the site of the insertion. Using a site-specific photocrosslinking approach, we found that residues adjacent to the stall point interact with BamA, a component of a heterooligomeric complex (Bam complex) that catalyzes OM protein assembly, and that residues closer to the EspP N terminus interact with the periplasmic chaperones SurA and Skp. The EspP-BamA interaction was short-lived and could be detected only when passenger domain translocation was stalled. These results support a model in which molecular chaperones prevent misfolding of the passenger domain before its secretion and the Bam complex catalyzes both the integration of the beta domain into the OM and the translocation of the passenger domain across the OM in a C- to N-terminal direction.
<title>Multichannel fiber optic switches based on MOEM systems</title> (1997)

Fiber-optic switches become more and more appealing components not only in the field of optical communication, but also in measurements systems, sensors and data storage. We have developed a number of concepts for fiber-optic switches, all based on different types of special micro-optical components, actuated by miniaturized mechanical systems, primarily piezoelectric actuators. We present micro-optical configurations and discuss their potential for the creation of different-types of miniaturized switches. Keywords: micro-optics, micro-optical switches, piezoelectric actuators
Interactions between Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and heroin (2012)

The cannabinoid receptor agonist Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhances the antinociceptive effects of µ-opioid receptor agonists, raising the possibility of using a combination of THC and opioids for treating pain. This study examined the effects of noncontingent and contingent administration of THC on intravenous heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Self-administration of different unit doses of heroin (0.0001-0.1 mg/kg/infusion) generated a typical inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. In one experiment (n=4), noncontingent THC (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) dose dependently shifted the heroin dose-response curve downward in three monkeys and slightly leftward in one monkey. In a second experiment (n=4), monkeys could self-administer THC alone (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/infusion), heroin alone, or a mixture of THC and heroin. THC alone did not maintain responding above that obtained with saline; however, increasing the THC dose with heroin dose dependently decreased the number of infusions received and the rate of responding, as compared with data that were obtained with heroin alone. These results indicate that THC does not significantly enhance the positive reinforcing effects of heroin, further supporting the view that combining cannabinoid and opioid receptor agonists (e.g. for treating pain) does not increase, and might decrease, the abuse liability of individual drugs.
Controllable p-type doping of GaAs nanowires during vapor-liquid-solid growth (2009)

We report on controlled p-type doping of GaAs nanowires grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy on (111)B GaAs substrates using the vapor-liquid-solid growth mode. p-type doping of GaAs nanowires was realized by an additional diethyl zinc flow during the growth. Compared to nominally undoped structures, the current increases by more than six orders of magnitude. The transfer characteristics of fabricated nanowire metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices proved p-type conductivity. By adjusting the II/III ratio, controlled doping concentrations from 4.6×1018 up to 2.3×1019 cm−3 could be achieved at a growth temperature of 400 °C. The doping concentrations were estimated from electrical conductivity measurements applied to single nanowires with different diameters. This estimation is based on a mobility versus carrier concentration model with surface depletion included.
Advances in the calibration of atom probe tomographic reconstruction (2009)

Modern wide field-of-view atom probes permit observation of a wide range of crystallographic features that can be used to calibrate the tomographic reconstruction of the analyzed volume. In this study, methodologies to determine values of the geometric parameters involved in the tomographic reconstruction of atom probe data sets are presented and discussed. The influence of the tip to electrode distance and specimen temperature on these parameters is explored. Significantly, their influence is demonstrated to be very limited, indicating a relatively wide regime of experimental parameters space for sound atom probe tomography (APT) experiments. These methods have been used on several specimens and material types, and the results indicate that the reconstruction parameters are specific to each specimen. Finally, it is shown how an accurate calibration of the reconstruction enables improvements to the quality and reliability of the microscopy and microanalysis capabilities of the atom probe.
Electrical and Optical Properties of the II–V Compounds (1961)

The noncubic II–V semiconductors have been studied recently by several workers. A review will be given of the present situation. The energy gaps of these materials range from 0.13 to over 1 ev. Room temperature mobilities of 10–15 000 cm2/v sec have been observed. Anisotropy of electrical and optical properties have been reported for several of the compounds. For CdAs2 it has been possible to explain the anisotropy of Hall mobility by a simple energy band model.
Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease (2019)

The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive sugar consumption is associated to metabolic diseases and insulin resistance in humans. To this end, we focus on understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of fructose and glucose transport and sensing in the intestine, the intracellular signaling effects of dietary sugar metabolism, and its impact on glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Finally, the peripheral and central effects of dietary sugars on the gut-brain axis will be reviewed.
Sickle‐cell haemoglobin polymerization: is it the primary pathogenic event of sickle‐cell anaemia? (2007)

Sickle cell anaemia is associated with a mutant haemoglobin, HbS, which forms polymers in the red blood cells of patients. The primary role of the HbS polymerization for the pathophysiology has been questioned: observations in patients and model organisms contradict deterministic scenarios of sickling crises triggered by polymerization. However, results with knock-out sickle-cell mice, which were cured by delaying HbS polymerization, reconfirm polymerization's primary role. To reconcile the contradictory observations, this article reviews recent findings on two steps in polymerization: homogeneous nucleation of fibres, and their growth. The fibre growth is faster by far than for any other protein ordered structure. This is due to a negligible free-energy barrier for incorporation into a fibre, determined by an entropy gain, stemming from the release of water molecules structured around HbS. The kinetics of fibre nucleation have shown that the formation of the polymer nucleus is preceded by a metastable droplet of a dense liquid. The properties of the dense liquid are sensitive functions of solution composition, including components in micro- and nanomolar amounts. This mechanism allows low-concentration solution components to strongly affect the nucleation kinetics, accounting for the high variability of the disease. These insights can potentially be utilized for control of HbS polymerization and treatment of the disease.
Histological changes on the renal glomeruli by the Streptozotocin and Alloxan-induced diabetic mouse (2000)

The author was used for the ICR mouse and induced diabetes with the streptozotocin(50mg/kg)and alloxan(40mg/kg). After the testing and the identifying the diabetes, the histological changes of the glomerulus, blood test for the values of blood sugar, and urine test for the values of urine protein were investigated. The results are as follows : 1. The values of high blood sugar appeared from the 2 group were about , in the treated groups with the streptozotocin and alloxan. The glycosuria were obviously continued from the 2 weeks to the 12 weeks of the streptozotocin and the alloxan treated groups and the proteinuria was in the 4 weeks and 8 weeks of streptozotocin treated group and were + in all the 12 weeks. The ketonuria were generally negative. 2. In the view of the light microscope, there was no significant histological changes until the 8 weeks. However, in the 12 weeks group treated with the streptozotocin, the mesangial matrix of glomerulus increased Bowman's capsules adhered to each other and changed them to the crescence shapes because of increasing the exothelial cells.
<title>Optical 3-D monitoring VLSI structures</title> (1992)

Phase object pattern analysis has shown the possibility of considerably increasing microscope spatial resolution. Experiments have revealed more than ten times resolution enhancement. Some phase object images inside an Airy disk are presented.
Multi-service, Multi-protocol Management for Residential Gateways (2007)

International audience
Towards automating underwater measurement of fish length: a comparison of semi-automatic and manual stereo–video measurements (2017)

Abstract Underwater stereo–video systems are widely used for counting and measuring fish in aquaculture, fisheries, and conservation management. Length measurements are generated from stereo–video recordings by a software operator using a mouse to locate the head and tail of a fish in synchronized pairs of images. This data can be used to compare spatial and temporal changes in the mean length and biomass or frequency distributions of populations of fishes. Since the early 1990s stereo–video has also been used for measuring the lengths of fish in aquaculture for quota and farm management. However, the costs of the equipment, software, the time, and salary costs involved in post processing imagery manually and the subsequent delays in the availability of length information inhibit the adoption of this technology. We present a semi-automatic method for capturing stereo–video measurements to estimate the lengths of fish. We compare the time taken to make measurements of the same fish measured manually from stereo–video imagery to that measured semi-automatically. Using imagery recorded during transfers of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) from tow cages to grow out cages, we demonstrate that the semi-automatic algorithm developed can obtain fork length measurements with an error of less than 1% of the true length and with at least a sixfold reduction in operator time in comparison to manual measurements. Of the 22 138 SBT recorded we were able to measure 52.6% (11 647) manually and 11.8% (2614) semi-automatically. For seven of the eight cage transfers recorde,d there were no statistical differences in the mean length, weight, or length frequency between manual and semi-automatic measurements. When the data were pooled across the eight cage transfers, there was no statistical difference in mean length or weight between the stereo–video-based manual and semi-automated measurements. Hence, the presented semi-automatic system can be deployed to significantly reduce the cost involved in adoption of stereo–video technology.
Photoactivatable green fluorescent protein as a single‐cell marker in living embryos (2005)

Selective marking of a single cell within an embryo is often difficult to perform with existing methods. Here, we report a minimally invasive optical technique that uses 405-nm laser light to photoactivate a variant of green fluorescent protein (PAGFP). Single cells and small groups of cells (n < 10) are successfully marked, from a region of cells injected and electroporated with PAGFP, in both whole chick embryo explants and in ovo. Photoactivated cells display normal cell migratory behaviors and retain a bright GFP signal for at least 24 hr when followed with confocal time-lapse microscopy. We determined that using a low-magnification objective (approximately x 10) and low laser power (approximately 1-10%) leads to a steady increase in fluorescence signal within a photoactivated cell and minimizes photobleaching. The utility of PAGFP photoactivation was tested to address a specific question in developmental biology. Specifically, we asked whether neighboring migratory cells that emerge from the hindbrain and invade surrounding peripheral tissues maintain neighbor relationships while traveling to the destination sites. We found that some neural crest do not maintain neighbor relationships, such that two neighboring cells near the neural tube cells may populate different branchial arches. The ability to optically photoactivate PAGFP in a single or small group of cells and follow individual cell migratory behaviors within a living embryo offers a powerful, minimally invasive cell marking tool for precise, in vivo cell migration studies.
Towards Context-aware Surveys Using Bluetooth Beacons (2016)

Surveys are nowadays used for a variety of physical and digital services to collect feedback from users. They are often difficult to fill in and might have only a limited value since users’ context is often either missing or tedious to be entered manually. Research has shown that simplifying the forms and enriching them with contextual information can improve the quality and quantity of user feedback. We propose a context-aware survey approach by monitoring the user context with Bluetooth Low Energy devices. We implemented and evaluated a prototype that infers the location and usage context and adapts the feedback forms accordingly.
Clinically important factors influencing endothelial function. (2002)

The endothelium, a continuous cellular monolayer lining the blood vessels, has an enormous range of important homeostatic roles. It serves and participates in highly active metabolic and regulatory functions including control of primary hemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, platelet and leukocyte interactions with the vessel wall, interaction with lipoprotein metabolism, presentation of histocompatibility antigens, regulation of vascular tone and growth and further of blood pressure. Many crucial vasoactive endogenous compounds like prostacyclin, thromboxane, nitric oxide, endothelin, angiotensin, endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor, free radicals and bradykinin are formed in the endothelial cells to control the functions of vascular smooth muscle cells and of circulating blood cells. These versatile and complex systems and cellular interactions are extremely vulnerable. The balances may be disturbed by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors including psychological and physical stress, disease states characterized by vasospasm, inflammation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion and aggregation, thrombosis, abnormal vascular proliferation, atherosclerosis and hypertension. The endothelial cells are also the site of action of many drugs and exogenous toxic substances (e.g. smoking, alcohol). As markers and assays for endothelial dysfunction, direct measurement of nitric oxide, its metabolites from plasma and urine, functional measurement of vascular nitric oxide dependent responses and assay of different circulating markers have been used. In numerous pathological conditions (e.g. atherosclerosis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, hyperhomocysteinemia, diabetes, renal failure, transplantation, liver cirrhosis) endothelial dysfunction has been described to exist. Some of them, as well as hormonal and nutritional factors and drug treatment will be discussed in this short review.
Barbados tackles RTIs. (1996)

The women who gathered on an island in the Caribbean didn't go there for some R&R. They went there to discuss RTIs. The Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) Seminar Workshop, held in Barbados last March 16-19, 1992, convened with participants representing various women organizations and medico-legal professionals in various fields of specialization who are specially concerned with reproductive tract infections. It was sponsored by the International Women's Health Coalition and the Women and Development Unit of the University of West Indies. Institute for Social Studies and Action (ISSA) Executive Director Alexandrina Marcelo was one of the participants in the workshop. She presented a paper on the current status of RTIs and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) affecting Filipinos, particularly women. About 30 participants attended the seminar, which concluded by voicing a growing alarm over these diseases and by emphasizing that immediate action should be part of the world leaders' plans for women's health and reproductive rights. The participants all agreed on the increasing danger of the disease and its widespread infection, and they drafted a "Call to Action" to all governments and world leaders, expressing the delegates' belief that RTIs and STDs should be given importance by not only those suffering from infection but also by governments all over the world.
Advanced Integrated Single-Stage Power Factor Correction Techniques (2001)

This dissertation presents the in-depth study and innovative solutions of the advanced integrated single-stage power-factor-correction (S2PFC) techniques, which target at the low- to medium-level power supplies, for wide range of applications, from power adapters and computers to various communication equipment. To limit the undesirable power converter input-current-harmonic's impact on the power line and other electronics equipment, stringent current harmonic regulations such as IEC 61000-3-2 have already been enforced. The S2PFC techniques have been proposed and intensively studied, in order to comply these regulations with minimal additional component count and cost. This dissertation provides a systematic study of the S2PFC input-current-shaping (ICS) mechanism, circuit topology generalization and variation, bulk capacitor voltage stress and switch current stress, converter design and optimization, and evaluation of the state-of-the-art S2PFC techniques with universal-line input. Besides, this presentation also presents the development of novel S2PFC techniques with a voltage-doubler-rectifier front end to both improve the performance and reduce the cost of S2PFC converters for (international voltage range) universal-line applications. The calculation and experimental results show that the proposed techniques offer a more cost-effective and efficient solution than industries' current practice, with universal-line input and converter power level up to 600 W. Finally, further improved technique is also presented with reduced filter inductor size and increased power density.
Soil water saturation: Dielectric determination (1987)

Dielectric measurements of moist soils are used to determine water saturations. The degree of saturation of water is determined using a mixing law for the composite structure (soil, water, and air) which is verified experimentally. For the lower water saturation range (<60%), a particularly simple form for the relationship between fractional water content θ and measured dielectric constant can be formulated. In particular, for sandy soils at 23°C, the fractional water content is given by θ = 0.128( ϵ c ) ½ − 0.204.