gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Creation and Reduction of a Morphologically Detailed Model of a Leech Heart Interneuron (2006)

Conductance-based neuron models aid in understanding the role intrinsic and synaptic currents play in producing neuronal activity. Incorporating morphological detail into a model allows for additional analysis of nonhomogeneous distributions of active and synaptic conductances, as well as spatial segregation of electrical events. We developed a morphologically detailed "Full Model" of a leech heart interneuron that replicates reasonably well intracellular recordings from these interneurons. However, it constitutes hundreds of compartments, each increasing parameter space and simulation time. To reduce the number of compartments of the Full Model, while preserving conductance densities and distributions, its compartments were grouped into functional groups that each share identical conductance densities. Each functional group was sequentially reduced to one or two compartments, preserving surface area, conductance densities, and its contribution to input resistance. As a result, the input resistance and membrane time constant were preserved. The axial resistances of several compartments were rescaled to match the amplitude of synaptic currents and low-threshold calcium currents and the shape of action potentials to those in the Full Model. This reduced model, with intrinsic conductances, matched the activity of the Full Model for a variety of simulated current-clamp and voltage-clamp data. Because surface area and conductance distribution of the functional groups of the Full Model were maintained, parameter changes introduced into the reduced model can be directly translated to the Full Model. Thus our computationally efficient reduced morphology model can be used as a tool for exploring the parameter space of the Full Model and in network simulations.
Solvent replacement to thermo‐responsive nanoparticles from long‐subchain hyperbranched PSt grafted with PNIPAM for encapsulation (2013)

Abstract Long‐subchain hyperbranched polystyrene (lsc‐hp PSt) with uniform subchain length was obtained through copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry from seesaw macromonomer of PSt having one alkynyl group anchored at the chain centre and two azido group attached to both chain ends [alkynyl‐(PSt‐N 3 ) 2 ]. After precipitation fraction, different portions of lsc‐hp PSt having narrow overall molecular weight distribution were obtained for further grafting with alkynyl‐capped poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (alkynyl‐PNIPAM), which was obtained via single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization of NIPAM with propargyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as the initiator and grafted onto the peripheral azido groups of lsc‐hp PSt via click chemistry. Thus, amphiphilic lsc‐hp PSt grafted with PNIPAM chains (lsc‐hp PSt‐ g ‐PNIPAM) was obtained and would have star‐like conformation in tetrahydrofuran (THF). By replacing THF with water, lsc‐hp PSt‐ g ‐PNIPAM was dissolved at molecular level in aqueous solution due to the hydrophilicity of PNIPAM and exhibited thermal induced shrinkage of PNIPAM arms. The water‐insoluble lsc‐hp PSt would collapse densely and could be served as a reservoir to absorb hydrophobic chemicals in aqueous solution. The influence of overall molecular weight of lsc‐hp PSt on the absorption of pyrene was studied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF SERUM FIBRINOLYSIN BY SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PEPTONE, AND CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES (1949)

FORMATION OF FIBRINOLYSIN FROM ITS INACTIVE PRECURSOR IN SERUM WAS OBSERVED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: (a) by adding the specific antigen to serum from sensitized guinea pigs; (b) by mixing normal guinea pig serum with peptone, agar, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfuric acid, glycogen, pneumococcal polysaccharides, and heparin. Activation of profibrinolysin by these agents differs from chloroform or streptokinase activation in that it requires the presence of some serum constituent non-precipitable with the euglobulin fraction and destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions is discussed. The findings reported support the concept that proteolysis is part of the process determining the release of histamine and other toxic products. It is suggested that the presence of fibrinokinase may be responsible for the toxicity of serum induced in vitro by a number of agents.
Conjugating precision and acquisition time in a Doppler broadening regime by interleaved frequency-agile rapid-scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy (2017)

We propose a novel approach to cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy (CRDS) in which spectra acquired with a frequency-agile rapid-scanning (FARS) scheme, i.e., with a laser sideband stepped across the modes of a high-finesse cavity, are interleaved with one another by a sub-millisecond readjustment of the cavity length. This brings to time acquisitions below 20 s for few-GHz-wide spectra composed of a very high number of spectral points, typically 3200. Thanks to the signal-to-noise ratio easily in excess of 10 000, each FARS-CRDS spectrum is shown to be sufficient to determine the line-centre frequency of a Doppler broadened line with a precision of 2 parts over 10<sup>11</sup>, thus very close to that of sub-Doppler regimes and in a few-seconds time scale. The referencing of the probe laser to a frequency comb provides absolute accuracy and long-term reproducibility to the spectrometer and makes it a powerful tool for precision spectroscopy and line-shape analysis. The experimental approach is discussed in detail together with experimental precision and accuracy tests on the (30 012) ← (00 001) P12e line of CO<sub>2</sub> at ∼1.57 μm.
SMSF: The pros and cons of individual vs corporate trustees (2013)

Of the nearly 500,000 SMSFs about 70% of them have individuals as trustees yet most advisers will recommend a corporate trustee. This article is an attempt to the facts available to readers so that they can consider the most appropriate structure when they set up a SMSF.
Generalized sampling theorems in multiresolution subspaces (1997)

It is well known that under very mild conditions on the scaling function, multiresolution subspaces are reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs). This allows for the development of a sampling theory. In this paper, we extend the existing sampling theory for wavelet subspaces in several directions. We consider periodically nonuniform sampling, sampling of a function and its derivatives, oversampling, multiband sampling, and reconstruction from local averages. All these problems are treated in a unified way using the perfect reconstruction (PR) filter bank theory. We give conditions for stable reconstructions in each of these cases. Sampling theorems developed in the past do not allow the scaling function and the synthesizing function to be both compactly supported, except in trivial cases. This restriction no longer applies for the generalizations we study here, due to the existence of FIR PR banks. In fact, with nonuniform sampling, oversampling, and reconstruction from local averages, we can guarantee compactly supported synthesizing functions. Moreover, local averaging schemes have additional nice properties (robustness to the input noise and compression capabilities). We also show that some of the proposed methods can be used for efficient computation of inner products in multiresolution analysis. After this, we extend the sampling theory to random processes. We require autocorrelation functions to belong to some subspace related to wavelet subspaces. It turns out that we cannot recover random processes themselves (unless they are bandlimited) but only their power spectral density functions. We consider both uniform and nonuniform sampling.
Multiparametric Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Used for Risk Stratification Among Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction (1998)

A multiparametric heart rate variability analysis was performed to prove if combined heart rate variability (HRV) measures of different domains improve the result of risk stratification in patients after myocardial infarction. In this study, standard time domain, frequency domain and non-linear dynamics measures of HRV assessment were applied to 572 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Three parameter sets each consisting of 4 parameters were applied and compared with the standard measurement of global heart rate variability HRVi. Discriminant analysis technique and t-test were performed to separate the high risk groups from the survivors. The predictive value of this approach was evaluated with receiver operator (ROC) and positive predictive accuracy (PPA) curves. Results--The discriminant analysis shows a separation of patients suffered by all cause mortality in 80% (best single parameter 74%) and sudden arrhythmic death in 86% (73%). All parameters of set 1 show a high significant difference (p < 0.001) between survivors and non-survivors based on two-tailed t-test. The specificity level of the multivariate parameter sets is at the 70% sensitivity level (ROC) about 85-90%, whereas HRVi shows maximum levels of 70%. The PPA in the all cause mortality group is at the 70% sensitivity level twice as high as the univariate HRV measure and increases to more than fourfold as high within the VT/VF group. In conclusion, in this population, the multiparametric approach with the combination of four parameters from all domains especially from NLD seems to be a better predictor of high arrhythmia risk than the standard measurement of global heart rate variability.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4-Aryl-2,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenols by a Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction (1994)

A series of functionally substituted 4-aryl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenols were prepared by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction (Suzuki reaction) of aryl halides with a novel tris[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(trimethylsilyloxy)phenyl]boroxin intermediate.
Pecan Weevil: Suppression of Larvae with the Fungi Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana and the Nematode Neoaplectana dutkyi13 (1973)

Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Neoaplectana dulkyi Jackson, were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field as pathogens of larvae of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn). Selected treatments with these pathogens significantly increased mortality of larvae in field experiments within 20 days after soil treatment. Effectiveness of pathogens varied with isolate, culture technique, and method of application.
Demosthenes-A technology-independent power DMOS layout generator (2002)

A methodology to automate DMOS layout generation starting from electrical specifications is presented. The main features of the Demosthenes technology independent layout generator that make it possible to synthesize lateral and vertical DMOS in different low and high voltage technologies are described. The built-in electrical model used by the generator to extract the device layout resistance is exposed and the accuracy of the model, ranging from 1% to 15%, is reported, according to comparisons with silicon measurements. In the future, the Demosthenes generator will be extended to support the next generation of BCD technology. In addition, electrical modeling capabilities will be improved by generating detailed electrical simulation models that make it possible to accurately simulate DMOS switching.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Proinflammatory Cytokines and Treatment of Disease (1998)

Bacterial infections in the immunocompromised host cause considerable mortality, and even recently developed antimicrobial strategies often fail to cure these infections, especially in granulocytopenic patients. Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have been shown to stimulate host defense mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The possible role of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 as modulators of host resistance to bacterial infections is discussed. Interleukin-1 has been effective in various animal models of potentially lethal bacterial infection, even during severe granulocytopenia. The protective mechanism of IL-1 may be mediated by downregulation of cytokine receptors and cytokine production and induction of acute phase proteins. Moreover, in subacute and chronic infections IL-1 interferes with microbial outgrowth via mechanisms that have only been partly elucidated.
Diode Laser-Based Sensor for Fast Measurement of Binary Gas Mixtures | NIST (1999)

Abstract : The development and characterization of a gas sensor to measure binary mixtures of oxygen and the vapor from a series of volatile organic compounds, with a time resolution of 10 milliseconds, is described. The sensor is diode laser-based, all signal processing is performed digitally, and control of the sensor and electronics, data collection, and real time readout is by a laptop computer. The discussion will focus on the methods used for laser selection, phase sensitive detection, data storage, and concentration measurements for species which do not possess well resolved rotational-vibrational spectra.
Synthesis of a 1‘-Aminomethylthymidine and Oligodeoxyribonucleotides with 1‘-Acylamidomethylthymidine Residues (2004)

Reported here is a 10-step synthesis of a phosphoramidite building block of 1'-aminomethylthymidine that starts from 2-deoxyribose. The framework of the branched aminonucleoside was elaborated from a known 1-cyano-1-bromo glycosyl donor, whose reaction with the silylated nucleobase furnished the 1'-cyanide, which was reduced to the desired aminomethylnucleoside. The N-allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc)-protected nucleoside was converted to a phosphoramidite building block and incorporated into the oligonucleotides 5'-GCAT*TATTAC-3', and 5'-GCAT*TAT*TAC-3', where T* denotes 1'-acylamidomethylthymidine residues. Removal of the Alloc protecting group and acylation with the residue of pyrene-1-yl-butanoic acid were achieved on support, using microwave irradiation to ensure full conversion. The UV-melting point of the duplex of the singly and doubly modified decamers with their fully complementary target sequence is 0.1-6.9 degrees C higher than that of the unmodified control duplex, depending on the salt concentration. This suggests that the aminomethyl linker may allow for the placing of a functional "payload" in the minor groove of DNA duplexes without disrupting the helix. Oligonucleotides thus endowed with functional modifications may become useful for biomedical applications.
FLOTATION MINI PILOT PLANT EXPERIENCE AT FALCONBRIDGE LIMITED (2006)

The use of Flotation Mini Pilot Plant Technology (MPP) has become increasingly more popular in recent years as an alternative to conventional piloting. The inherent advantages over conventional piloting include smaller sample size, reduced time to steady state and ability to perform variability analysis among others. Sampling and testing of the ore on an End-Member level is a key enabling technology to allow for use of a smaller sample size while stratifying the composite distribution. Falconbridge Technology Centre (FTC) has recently partnered with Canadian Process Technologies Inc. of Vancouver, B.C. in the specification, purchase and commissioning of a Mini Pilot Plant to support its process development and optimization efforts. The FTC Mini Pilot Plant is only the second such unit in use world wide and represents a new lower throughput limit in mini pilot technology. The FTC Mini Pilot Plant includes grinding, feed preparation, conventional cell flotation, pin mill regrinding, column flotation and reagent delivery, PLC control and PI data collection at nominal throughput rate of 10 kg/hr. The paper describes Falconbridge Technology Center experience in commissioning of the Mini Pilot Plant with a Cu/Ni/PGM sulphide ore followed by a validation of the technology while processing an existing ore using a current concentrator flowsheet. The End-Member sampling approach along with commissioning experience and modifications are discussed. Metallurgical results from the MPP and concentrator operating results are presented and compared. Further refinements and modifications for future project work are discussed.
A novel 2 * 2 multi-arm type of optical switch using multimode interference couplers (2006)

We have proposed a novel 2 × 2 optical switch using multimode interference (MMI) coupler. This switch comprises four arms, located between two MMI couplers, and works by controlling a phase shifter, situated in each arm. Compared with conventional Mach-Zehnder type of optical switches, BPM simulation of this device predicted a high tolerance to fabrication errors. We fabricated the device with silica waveguides, and confirmed that it functioned with an insertion loss of 4.1dB and an extinction ratio of about 20dB.
Ultraviolet irradiation of blood prevents transfusion-induced sensitization and marrow graft rejection in dogs (1986)

In a canine model using DLA-identical littermate pairs, we have shown that a regimen of three transfusions of donor blood given 24, 17, and 10 days before transplant uniformly leads to marrow graft rejection, presumably due to sensitization to minor (non-DLA) histocompatibility antigens. Untransfused dogs uniformly achieve sustained engraftment. In the present study, we investigated whether the exposure of blood to ultraviolet (UV) light (220–300 nm) prior to transfusion prevented sensitization of the recipient and allowed for successful marrow engraftment. Ten dogs were each given three pretransplant transfusions from the marrow donor. Each transfusion consisted of 50 mL of whole blood exposed in vitro to UV light for a total of 1.35 J/cm2. All ten dogs achieved engraftment. In contrast, all four dogs that had received sham-exposed transfusions rejected their grafts. In vitro studies revealed that although cell viability was not affected, leukocytes contained in UV-exposed blood were unable to function as stimulator cells in mixed leukocyte cultures or as accessory cells in mitogen- stimulated cultures. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that accessory cells are involved in transfusion-induced sensitization. We conclude that in vitro exposure of blood to UV light before transfusion prevents sensitization and allows for subsequent marrow engraftment.
Observation of sound-induced corneal vibrational modes by optical coherence tomography (2015)

The mechanical stability of the cornea is critical for maintaining its normal shape and refractive function. Here, we report an observation of the mechanical resonance modes of the cornea excited by sound waves and detected by using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The cornea in bovine eye globes exhibited three resonance modes in a frequency range of 50-400 Hz. The vibration amplitude of the fundamental mode at 80-120 Hz was ~8 µm at a sound pressure level of 100 dB (2 Pa). Vibrography allows the visualization of the radially symmetric profiles of the resonance modes. A dynamic finite-element analysis supports our observation.
Structures of Human Transthyretin Complexed with Thyroxine at 2.0 Å Resolution and 3',5'-Dinitro-<i>N</i>-acetyl-<scp>L</scp>-thyronine at 2.2 Å Resolution (1996)

The molecular structures of two human transthyretin (hTTR, prealbumin) complexes, co-crystallized with thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine; T(4)), and with 3',5'-dinitro-N-acetyl-LL-thyronine (DNNAT), were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. Crystals of both structures are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2, and have two independent monomers in the asymmetric unit of the crystal lattice. These structures have been refined to 17.0% for 8-2.0 A resolution data for the T(4) complex (I), and to R = 18.4% for 8-2.2 A resolution data for the DNNAT structure (II). This report provides a detailed description of T(4) binding to wild-type hTTR at 2.0 A resolution, as well as DNNAT. In both structures, the two independent hormone-binding sites of the TTR tetramer are occupied by ligand. A 50% statistical disorder model was applied to account for the crystallographic twofold symmetry along the binding channel and the lack of such symmetry for the ligands. Results for the co-crystallized T(4) complex show that T(4) binds deep in the hormone-binding channel and displaces the bound water previously reported for T(4) soaked into a native transthyretin crystal [Blake & Oatley (1977). Nature (London), 268, 115-120]. DNNAT also binds deeper in the channel toward the tetramer center than T(4) with the nitro groups occupying the symmetrical innermost halogen pockets. The N-acetyl moiety does not form polar contacts with the protein side chains as it is oriented toward the center of the channel. The weak binding affinity of DNNAT results from the loss of hydrophobic interactions with the halogen binding pockets as observed in T(4) binding. These data suggest that the halogen-binding sites toward the tetramer center are of primary importance as they are occupied by analogues with weak affinity to TTR, and are therefore selected over the other halogen sites which contribute more strongly to the overall binding affinity.
Comparative performance of packings for gas‐liquid contacting columns (1973)

Abstract The performances of Raschig rings, Pall rings, Intalox saddles, and Berl saddles were compared in respect to pressure drop and mass transfer efficiency, in a 6‐in. I. D. tower having a packed height of 4‐ft., over a matrix of gas and liquid flowrates representing the irrigating and loading flow regimes. The mass transfer experiments were conducted employing a gas absorption system in which both phase films control the overall rate of mass transfer, an improvement in terms of industrial applicability over many previous studies. The Berl saddles were observed to yield the lowest pressure drops of the four. The Intalox saddles yielded the highest overall mass transfer coefficients, followed closely by the Berl saddles and Raschig rings.
The MPEG-7 query format: a new standard in progress for multimedia query by content (2007)

In recent years, the amount of Internet accessible digital audiovisual media files has vastly increased. Therefore the need to describe the media (by way of metadata) has also increased significantly. MPEG-7 (finalized in 2001) provides a comprehensive and rich metadata standard for the description of multimedia content. Unfortunately, a standardized query format does not exist for MPEG-7, or other multimedia metadata. Such a standard would provide for communications between querying clients and databases, supporting cross-modal and cross-media retrieval. The lSO/lEC SC29WG11 committee decided therefore to contribute to this application space by adding such functionality as a new part of the MPEG-7 series of standards. In response to a Call for Proposals, six proposals were submitted. This paper describes the strengths of each proposal as well as the resulting draft standard for the MPEG-7 query format.
Study of nutrition status of children in rural areas of Gansu Province (1998)

Objective:This paper to dig out the main problem existed in Children's nutrition of Gansu rural areas. Methods: we use height for age, weight for age and weight for height as indicators for evaluating children's nutrition status. Resultes: In Gansu rural areas, under-weight children rate took 10.2%,stunded rate 25 .9% and maramus rate 6.8%. Conclusion:It was concluded that the majoy nutrition problem is long term protein-energy malnutrition, especially for childrenaround time weaning period.