gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der katalysierten Phasengrenzreaktion von Wasserstoff mit Palladium, Tantal und Titan (1962)

Abstract Die autokatalytische Bildung metallartiger Hydride und die katalytische Wasserstoffübertragung auf hydridbildende Metalle lassen vermuten, daß der Phasengrenzreaktion des Wasserstoffes an diesen Metallen eine atomare Adsorption in Spalten molekularer Dimensionen vorangeht. Diese Vermutung konnte durch mehrere voneinander unabhängige Beobachtungen an Palladium, Tantal und Titan gestützt werden. Ausgehend von einer einfachen Modellvorstellung wird ein Mechanismus für die Phasengrenzreaktion des Wasserstoffes vorgeschlagen, bei dem solche Spalten und Korngrenzen in Metall als katalytisch aktive Stellen von Bedeutung sind. Die Wasserstoffübertragung auf Folien einer Palladium‐Silber‐Legierung läßt sich sowohl zur Nutzbarmachung von Wasserstoff zur elektrochemischen Energiegewinnung als auch zu seiner Reinstdarstellung bei Zimmertemperatur anwenden.
Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for novel treatments of schizophrenia (2017)

Support for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia has led to increasing focus on restoring proper glutamatergic signaling as an approach for treatment of this devastating disease. The ability of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission has thus attracted considerable attention for the development of novel antipsychotics. Consisting of eight subtypes classified into three groups based on sequence homology, signal transduction, and pharmacology, the mGlu receptors provide a wide range of targets to modulate NMDAR function as well as glutamate release. Recently, allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors have been developed that allow unprecedented selectivity among subtypes, not just groups, facilitating the investigation of the effects of subtype-specific modulation. In preclinical animal models, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the group I mGlu receptor mGlu<sub>5</sub> have efficacy across all three symptom domains of schizophrenia (positive, negative, and cognitive). The discovery and development of mGlu<sub>5</sub> PAMs that display unique signal bias suggests that efficacy can be retained while avoiding the neurotoxic effects of earlier compounds. Interestingly, mGlu<sub>1</sub> negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) appear efficacious in positive symptom models of the disease but are still in early preclinical development. While selective group II mGlu receptor (mGlu<sub>2/3</sub>) agonists have reached clinical trials but were unsuccessful, specific mGlu<sub>2</sub> or mGlu<sub>3</sub> receptor targeting still hold great promise. Genetic studies implicated mGlu<sub>2</sub> in the antipsychotic effects of group II agonists and mGlu<sub>2</sub> PAMs have since entered into clinical trials. Additionally, mGlu<sub>3</sub> appears to play an important role in cognition, may confer neuroprotective effects, and thus is a promising target to alleviate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Although group III mGlu receptors (mGlu<sub>4/6/7/8</sub>) have attracted less attention, mGlu<sub>4</sub> agonists and PAMs appear to have efficacy across all three symptoms domains in preclinical models. The recent discovery of heterodimers comprising mGlu<sub>2</sub> and mGlu<sub>4</sub> may explain the efficacy of mGlu<sub>4</sub> selective compounds but this remains to be determined. Taken together, compounds targeting mGlu receptors, specifically subtype-selective allosteric modulators, provide a compelling alternative approach to fill the unmet clinical needs for patients with schizophrenia.
LiDAR-IMU Time Delay Calibration Based on Iterative Closest Point and Iterated Sigma Point Kalman Filter (2017)

The time delay calibration between Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) is an essential prerequisite for its applications. However, the correspondences between LiDAR and IMU measurements are usually unknown, and thus cannot be computed directly for the time delay calibration. In order to solve the problem of LiDAR-IMU time delay calibration, this paper presents a fusion method based on iterative closest point (ICP) and iterated sigma point Kalman filter (ISPKF), which combines the advantages of ICP and ISPKF. The ICP algorithm can precisely determine the unknown transformation between LiDAR-IMU; and the ISPKF algorithm can optimally estimate the time delay calibration parameters. First of all, the coordinate transformation from the LiDAR frame to the IMU frame is realized. Second, the measurement model and time delay error model of LiDAR and IMU are established. Third, the methodology of the ICP and ISPKF procedure is presented for LiDAR-IMU time delay calibration. Experimental results are presented that validate the proposed method and demonstrate the time delay error can be accurately calibrated.
See-through multi-projection three-dimensional display using transparent anisotropic diffuser (2016)

We propose a see-through multi-projection three-dimensional (3D) display using a transparent anisotropic diffuser. By immersing a metal-coated anisotropic diffuser into index matching oil which has the same refractive index of anisotropic diffuser, a transparent anisotropic diffuser is implemented. The reflectance of the transparent anisotropic diffuser is analyzed with the transfer matrix. Two multi-projection methods are proposed based on reflection type integral imaging and multi-view method. Especially, the reflection type multi-view-based system is realized with a curved anisotropic diffuser. High resolution see-through 3D display can be realized with the proposed methods. They can be used in various applications with the two multi-projection methods. In order to show the augmented reality features, real objects and virtual 3D images are presented at the same time in the experimental setup.
The Architecture Of A Single-chip Processor Array For Videocompression (2005)

Different standards for videocompression demand a flexible approach for integrating this functionality into multimedia terminals and computers. In this summary a programmable processor array (FUSC, dataflow, four processorelemcnts) and the corresponding decoding-software is investigated. Summary Future multimedia information- and communication-systems will have the capability of processing compressed digital video. Several standardizationdftees have proposed compression-algorithms for Merent application are
Location of Nd dopant in fluorapatite, Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F: Nd (1973)

A doping-vehicle dependence of the relative substitution of Nd at the two non-equivalent Ca sites in fluorapatite has been verified. By implication, similar differences may be expected for other rare-earth dopants in other apatites. Detailed structure refinements based on especially reliable single-crystal X-ray diffraction data from (i) undoped, (ii) Nd2O3-doped, and (iii) NdF3-doped synthetic fluorapatite were used. An analysis of ratios of site-occupancy factors, based on Nd3+-for-Ca2+ as the substitution model, led to the conclusions that (i) Nd substitutes at both Ca(l) and Ca(2) sites in approximately equal atomic fractions in the NdF3-doped material and (ii) Nd substitutes only at the Ca(2) site in the Nd2O3-doped material. These results correlate well with reports that neodymium-doped fluorapatite crystals prepared as solid-state laser hosts differ in spectra, growth rate, and laser quality with the source of dopant (NdF3 or Nd2O3).
Zinc finger protein 274 regulates imprinted expression of transcripts in Prader-Willi syndrome neurons (2017)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay and hyperphagia/obesity and is caused by the absence of paternal contribution to chromosome 15q11-q13. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of PWS, we previously discovered an epigenetic complex that is comprised of the zinc-finger protein ZNF274 and the SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase and that silences the maternal alleles at the PWS locus. Here, we have knocked out ZNF274 and rescued the expression of silent maternal alleles in neurons derived from PWS iPSC lines, without affecting DNA methylation at the PWS-Imprinting Center (PWS-IC). This suggests that the ZNF274 complex is a separate imprinting mark that represses maternal PWS gene expression in neurons and is a potential target for future therapeutic applications to rescue the PWS phenotype.
Network security through conservation of complexity (2003)

The problem of network security is approached from the point of view of Kolmogorov complexity (see Evans. S, et al., Proc. DARPA Inf. Survivability Conf. & Exposition II, vol 2. p.322-33, 2001). The principle of conservation of complexity is utilized to identify healthy complexity norms objectively and detect attacks via deviation of these norms under TCP/IP. Observed complexity changes that fall within expected hounds are indicators of system health, while complexity changes outside the expected bounds for normal protocol and application use are indicators of system fault or attack. Experimental results using FTP normal and attack sessions are presented.
Nonnoble‐Metal‐Based Plasmonic Nanomaterials: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives (2018)

The application scope of plasmonic nanostructures is rapidly expanding to keep pace with the ongoing development of various scientific findings and emerging technologies. However, most plasmonic nanostructures heavily depend on rare, expensive, and extensively studied noble metals such as Au and Ag, with the limited choice of elements hindering their broad and practical applications in a wide spectral range. Therefore, abundant and inexpensive nonnoble metals have attracted attention as new plasmonic nanomaterial components, allowing these nonnoble-metal-based materials to be used in areas such as photocatalysis, sensing, nanoantennas, metamaterials, and magnetoplasmonics with new compositions, structures, and properties. Furthermore, the use of nonnoble metal hybrids results in newly emerging or synergistic properties not observed from single-metal component systems. Here, the synthetic strategies and recent advances in nonnoble-metal-based plasmonic nanostructures comprising Cu, Al, Mg, In, Ga, Pb, Ni, Co, Fe, and related hybrids are highlighted, and a discussion and perspectives in their synthesis, properties, applications, and challenges are presented.
Soft computing applications in aircraft sensor management and flight control law reconfiguration (2002)

A sensor management system based on soft computing techniques has been developed and implemented in the flight control system of a small commercial aircraft. Unlike in the conventional sensor management system, the signals from sensors are assigned weights based on fuzzy membership functions and the consolidated signal is computed as a weighted average. This approach improves the quality of the consolidated signal and reduces transients due to sensor failures. This soft voting is extended to soft flight control law reconfiguration. In addition, a virtual sensor has been introduced as an arbitrator which enables the isolation of the failed sensor in the duplex operation and the detection of a sensor failure in the simplex operation. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated by using an extensive simulation model of a small commercial aircraft, developed by airframe and control system manufacturers on the basis of an existing business jet. Furthermore, the system has been successfully evaluated and compared to standard techniques by means of pilot-in-the-loop simulations on the Research Flight Simulator of the National Aerospace Laboratory in The Netherlands. This application, developed within a Brite/EuRam research project, is characterized by the effective combination of novel soft computing techniques with standard, well proven methods of the aircraft industry. The properties of the conventional sensor management system have been retained, with the additional advantage that the quality of the consolidated signal is improved, the failure-induced transients are reduced, and the consolidated signal remains available up to the last valid sensor.
g ⋆ -closed sets in ideal topological spaces (2014)

I n 2003, M.K.R.S.Veerakumar [10], introduced the concepts of g # -closed sets in topological Spaces. The aim of this paper to study some characterization and properties of g # closed set with respect to an ideal  topological space and also discuss here is how - closed set are related to some other types of closed sets.
Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus infections. (2000)

Influenza epidemics account for more than 20,000 deaths in the United States each year, as well as substantial morbidity, medical costs, and time away from work and school. Since the 1950s, the principal weapon against these seasonal epidemics has been killed virus vaccine formulations. Despite massive efforts to immunize at-risk individuals against influenza, not everyone receives the vaccine. In addition, use of some drugs, such as amantadine and rimantadine, can lead to the development of drug resistant viruses in infected individuals and to transmission of these viruses to susceptible individuals. The many factors that contribute to the high annual incidence of influenza virus infections mandate prompt clinical recognition and appropriate patient management. Rapid diagnostic tests have been developed that may make it possible to avoid the use of antibacterial drugs, quickly decide whether isolation of infected patients is needed, and discharge hospitalized patients sooner.
Evolution of MiRingBack service to multimedia MiRingBack service in the IMS framework (2006)

With the saturation of revenue from voice services, telecom operators are feeling the pressure to introduce new services to increase the average revenue per user. Customized ring-back is one of the services that is gaining momentum across the globe. The service enables the subscriber (i.e., the called party) to provide customized ring-back tone to a calling party, as provisioned by the subscriber in his/her profile, maintained in a network element. Lucent Technologies has developed the MiRingBack (MRB) service to meet this need in prevailing deployed networks. Telecom networks are going through two stages of evolution. Packet-based services (e.g., packet services in wireless networks, voice over packet in wireline networks) are being introduced, and a unified, access-independent packet core network called IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is being developed to enable converged end-user services. In this paper we address how MRB can seamlessly evolve to adapt to changing network paradigms and thereby be enriched to provide not only customized audio ring-back tones, but also multimedia content such as text, image, audio, or video. We describe the evolution of MRB service to Multimedia MiRingBack (MmRB) service using the packet service capabilities of the network as a converged end-user service in the IMS domain. We identify and address the challenges in the evolution of MRB service and detail the call flow for MmRB. We also present experimental results from prototypical lab implementation in the IMS domain.
Spoken Language Derived Measures for Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment (2011)

Spoken responses produced by subjects during neuropsychological exams can provide diagnostic markers beyond exam performance. In particular, characteristics of the spoken language itself can discriminate between subject groups. We present results on the utility of such markers in discriminating between healthy elderly subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Given the audio and transcript of a spoken narrative recall task, a range of markers are automatically derived. These markers include speech features such as pause frequency and duration, and many linguistic complexity measures. We examine measures calculated from manually annotated time alignments (of the transcript with the audio) and syntactic parse trees, as well as the same measures calculated from automatic (forced) time alignments and automatic parses. We show statistically significant differences between clinical subject groups for a number of measures. These differences are largely preserved with automation. We then present classification results, and demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in the area under the ROC curve (AUC) when using automatic spoken language derived features in addition to the neuropsychological test scores. Our results indicate that using multiple, complementary measures can aid in automatic detection of MCI.
Low voltage, high performance, GHz range STW clocks with BAW crystal stability (2006)

An alternative method for improving the temperature stability and the close-to-carrier phase noise performance of low-voltage (LV) surface transverse wave (STW) based oscillators in the lower GHz frequency range is presented. The method is verified by a 1 GHz STW based oscillator (STWO), injection locked to the 10-th overtone of a 100 MHz bulk acoustic wave (BAW) crystal controlled comb spectrum oscillator (CCCSO). Within the injection locking bandwidth (ILBW) of the STWO which is selected to be large enough to compensate for temperature induced frequency shifts and fabrication tolerances of the STW devices, the STWO tracks the 10-th overtone of the CCCSO and adopts its close-in phase noise which is typically 10 to 30 dB better compared to the free running STWO. At carrier offsets, larger than 10 kHz, the STWO can no longer track the noise modulation of the CCCSO, therefore, the phase noise at such offsets, down to the noise floor, is dominated by the much lower phase noise of the STWO. On the other hand, the temperature stability of the system is determined by the BAW crystal and is typically by a factor of 10 better compared to the free running STWO. Suppression of the fundamental 100 MHz CCCSO frequency and its undesired overtones from the STWO output spectrum is performed by two STW resonators identical to the one stabilizing the STWO. The laboratory prototype is operated from a 1.25V dc source, consumes 50 mA of dc current and maintains lock over a (-40 to +85)deg C temperature range. The suppression of the 100 MHz CCCSO overtone residues in the output spectrum is -60 dB referenced to the -14 dBm output signal at 1 GHz. The phase noise suppression at 1 kHz carrier offset is estimated as -130 dBc/Hz which represents about 26 dB improvement compared to the free running STWO
An acquired hypocalciuric hypercalcemia autoantibody induces allosteric transition among active human Ca-sensing receptor conformations (2007)

The seven-spanning calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activates multiple G proteins including Gq and Gi, and thereby activates a variety of second messengers and inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. However, the exact signaling mechanisms underlying the functional activity of CaSR are not yet fully understood. The heterozygous inactivation of CaSR or its inhibition by antibody blocking results in either familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia or acquired hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (AHH), respectively. Here, we report the identification of a unique CaSR autoantibody in an AHH patient. Paradoxically, we find that this autoantibody potentiates the Ca(2+)/Gq-dependent accumulation of inositol phosphates by slightly shifting the dose dependence curve of the Ca(2+) mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol turnover to the left, whereas it inhibits the Ca(2+)/Gi-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in HEK293 cells stably expressing human CaSR. Treatment of these same cells with a calcimimetic, NPS-R-568, augments the CaSR response to Ca(2+), increasing phosphatidylinositol turnover and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and overcoming the autoantibody effects. Our observations thus indicate that a calcium-stimulated CaSR primed by a specific autoantibody adopts a unique conformation that activates Gq but not Gi. Our findings also suggest that CaSR signaling may act via both Gq and Gi to inhibit PTH secretion. This is the first report of a disease-related autoantibody that functions as an allosteric modulator and maintains G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in a unique active conformation with its agonist. We thus speculate that physiological modulators may exist that enable an agonist to specifically activate only one signaling pathway via a GPCR that activates multiple signaling pathways.
Trophic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on fetal rat hypothalamic cells in culture (1990)

The hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-I is a trophic factor for primary fetal rat hypothalamic cells was tested, since we previously reported a potent mitogenic effect of this peptide on virally-transformed hypothalamic cells. It was found that insulin-like growth factor-I produced significant and dose-dependent increases in the survival of fetal hypothalamic neurons in primary mixed glial/neuronal cultures. By 48 h in vitro, cultures treated with insulin-like growth factor-I (6 nM) had twice as many neurite-bearing cells as controls, while by day 15 a five-fold difference was present. The peptide was similarly active in promoting neuronal survival in neuron-enriched (98% neurons) hypothalamic cultures. Mixed hypothalamic cultures had specific binding sites for insulin-like growth factor-I. In addition, the neurons grown in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-I had a more differentiated morphology and had significantly higher levels of protein kinase C, an enzyme that increases during neurite formation and synaptogenesis. Finally, glial-enriched cultures (greater than 99% glial cells) obtained from the fetal hypothalamus showed increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to insulin-like growth factor-I. These results further support the contention that insulin-like growth factor-I is a neurotrophic factor and suggest that it may participate in the normal development of the hypothalamus by increasing neuronal survival/differentiation and stimulating glial growth.
Large-scale Generative Modeling to Improve Automated Veterinary Disease Coding (2018)

Supervised learning is limited both by the quantity and quality of the labeled data. In the field of medical record tagging, writing styles between hospitals vary drastically. The knowledge learned from one hospital might not transfer well to another. This problem is amplified in veterinary medicine domain because veterinary clinics rarely apply medical codes to their records. We proposed and trained the first large-scale generative modeling algorithm in automated disease coding. We demonstrate that generative modeling can learn discriminative features when additionally trained with supervised fine-tuning. We systematically ablate and evaluate the effect of generative modeling on the final system's performance. We compare the performance of our model with several baselines in a challenging cross-hospital setting with substantial domain shift. We outperform competitive baselines by a large margin. In addition, we provide interpretation for what is learned by our model.
The photoreaction of TiO<SUB align="right">2 and Au/TiO<SUB align="right">2 single crystal and powder with organic adsorbates (2012)

The review deals with the principles of photoreactions over TiO2 with emphasis on both single crystals and nano particles. The main fundamental reactions of prototype organic compounds are given and analysed. Hydrogen production from alcohols as an example of sustainable production of energy carriers is also presented and discussed. After an overview of the principles of adsorption and reaction of ethanol (as an example of bio–fuel) over TiO2 single crystals the focus is on production of hydrogen over TiO2 nano–particles in presence of transition metals. A comparison of the merit of a series of transition metals with respect to their activity in electron capture from the conduction band and subsequent transfer during hydrogen photo–production is also given. The review ends by giving two main examples of the effect of Au/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 for the production of hydrogen from linear alcohols.