gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autoimmunity in kidney diseases (2008)

Renal involvement in autoimmunity has many facets. Glomerular, tubular and vascular structures are targeted and damaged as a consequence of autoimmune processes. Most dramatic and life-threatening causes are observed with diseases that result in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (GN), frequently accompanied by involvement of additional non-renal organs. Typical diseases with these characteristics are anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitidis, anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) GN and proliferative lupus nephritis. The leading cause of rapidly progressive GN is ANCA-associated GN and is the main focus of this article. Two major ANCA antigens have been described, namely proteinase 3 (PR3), with a cytoplasmic immunfluorescence staining pattern, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), with a perinuclear pattern. ANCA-associated diseases include Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and a renal limited disease form that presents solely with necrotizing crescentic GN. Because of the strong ANCA association with the aforementioned diseases, ANCA has become a valuable diagnostic tool for clinicians. Moreover, a variety of in vitro and in vivo findings have established the causal role of ANCA in the disease development. Recently, the membrane-PR3 expression pattern on neutrophils was shown to have clinical significance, suggesting membrane-PR3 as a novel biomarker. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that membrane-PR3 expression is restricted to a stable subset of neutrophils. This subset is determined by the existence of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored NB1 receptor (CD177). Better understanding of the PR3-NB1 interaction may have therapeutic implications with the development of more selective drugs.
One-step patterning of hollow microstructures in paper by laser cutting to create microfluidic analytical devices (2012)

In this paper, we report a simple, low-cost method for rapid, highly reproductive fabrication of paper-based microfluidics by using a commercially available, minitype CO(2) laser cutting/engraving machine. This method involves only one operation of cutting a piece of paper by laser according to a predesigned pattern. The hollow microstructures formed in the paper are used as the 'hydrophobic barriers' to define the hydrophilic flowing paths. A typical paper device on a 4 cm × 4 cm piece of paper can be fabricated within ∼7-20 s; it is ready for use once the cutting process is finished. The main fabrication parameters such as the applied current and cutting rate of the laser were optimized. The fabrication resolution and multiplexed analytical capability of the hollow microstructure-patterned paper were also characterized.
Cellular responses to bacterial cell wall components are mediated through MyD88-dependent signaling cascades (2000)

MyD88 is an adaptor molecule essential for signaling via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1 receptor family. TLR4 is a member of the TLR family and a point mutation in the Tlr4 gene causes hyporesponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C3H/HeJ mice. We have previously shown that both TLR4- and MyD88-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to LPS. In this study we examined the responsiveness of these two knockout mice to various bacterial cell wall components. Cells from TLR4-deficient mice responded to several kinds of LPS, peptidoglycan and crude cell wall preparation from Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial lysates. In contrast, macrophages and splenocytes from MyD88-deficient mice did not respond to any of the bacterial components we tested. These results show that MyD88 is essential for the cellular response to bacterial cell wall components.
A Three-Level Three-Phase Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with a Star-Delta Connected Transformer (2016)

This paper investigates a three-level three-phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter with a star-delta connected transformer. The soft-switching region is analyzed for two and three-level operation, using symmetrical voltage waveforms, showing an increased ZVS range for three-level operation. A large number of switching modes are identified and are modeled with piecewise-linear equations. To facilitate a practical implementation of a controller, a modulation strategy is proposed that results in a Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) operation and relies on analytical equations, using a small amount of switching modes, while obtaining close-to-minimal rms currents. The ZVS range and the proposed control strategy are supported by measurements obtained from an experimental setup.
<i>Salmonella</i> inhibits monocyte differentiation into CD11chiMHC-IIhi cells in a MyD88-dependent fashion (2010)

Monocytes and DCs originate from a shared precursor in the bone marrow, and steady-state DCs in lymphoid organs develop directly from the precursor rather than via a monocyte intermediate. However, monocytes can differentiate into DCs in tissues such as the lung and gut mucosa and into macrophages in most tissues. As Ly6C hi monocytes accumulate in lymphoid organs during oral Salmonella infection, we investigated their ability to develop into potential DCs, identified as CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells, in infected hosts. Ly6C hi monocytes, isolated from the blood of Salmonella-infected mice, developed into CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells after culture with GM-CSF or Flt3L. In contrast, the same monocytes cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and heat-killed Salmonella did not differentiate into CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells. The bacteria-induced differentiation block was dependent on TLRs, as monocytes from MyD88-/- mice converted into CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells even in the presence of bacteria. We hypothesized that Salmonella-activated wild-type monocytes secreted mediators that inhibited differentiation of MyD88-/--derived monocytes. However, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, or IL-12p70 did not account for the inhibition. Finally, monocyte-derived CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells pulsed with OVA peptide or protein did not induce proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells but rather, suppressed the ability of DCs to activate CD4+ T cells. Overall, the data show that Ly6C hi monocytes from Salmonella-infected mice develop into CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells with poor antigen-presentation capacity when cultured ex vivo, and that monocyte exposure to Salmonella inhibits their differentiation into CD11c hi MHC-II hi cells in a MyD88-dependent fashion.
An Augmented Reality 3D Pop-Up Book: The Development of a Multimedia Project for English Language Teaching (2012)

Augmented Reality (AR) for academic purposes is growing in the same upward direction as the expansion of smart multimedia into education and lifelong learning. This paper reports on an AR curriculum materials research and development project which employs storytelling as a teaching technique in a blended learning environment for Grade Three students in Bangkok learning English. It involved an AR 3D pop-up book as a tool for teachers to deliver the story of a children's book, namely The Seed Shooting Game, to teach various English language aspects to young children. The primary rationale supporting this research was the high demand and appreciation of the potential to integrate Augmented Reality into classrooms effectively to enhance learning. This article aims to detail each phase of the production process: pre-production, production and post production. The population for this study were 484 Grade Three Thai students of whom 99 were purposively selected. An added finding was the depth of learning - comprehension and engagement gained from the English lesson were higher than their pre-test scores. The majority of participants indicated that the Augmented Reality book was a stimulating educational resource that increased the desire to learn.
TIME ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION LAND ON THE EXAMPLE OF MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATION AND ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION PHENOL (2015)

Czas wystąpienia zanieczyszczenia w powierzchni ziemi jest informacją prawnie relewantną, bowiem to właśnie ten parametr nierzadko determinuje możliwość wykazania związku pomiędzy działalnością danego podmiotu, a skutkiem w postaci zanieczyszczenia. W zależności od tego, kiedy doszło do zdarzenia i kto był jego sprawcą, zanieczyszczenie może zostać uznane np. za szkodę w powierzchni ziemi albo zanieczyszczenie historyczne. Odwołując się do właściwości fenolu, który jest substancją zarówno występującą w środowisku w stanie naturalnym, jak i ważnym półproduktem stosowanym w przemyśle chemicznym, przeanalizowano możliwość określenia czasu wystąpienia tego zanieczyszczenia w powierzchni ziemi na podstawie znajomości czasu połowicznego rozkładu. Wyniki analiz przedstawiono na wykresach, z których w ocenie autorów oszacować można prawdopodobny czas powstania zanieczyszczenia. Wykonane obliczenia potwierdzają, że uwzględniając stosunkowo szybką biodegradowalność analizowanej substancji, pomiar jej stężenia w gruntach typu B i C powinien nastąpić maksymalnie w terminie odpowiednio do 170 i do 90 dni od momentu wystąpienia zanieczyszczenia. Wyniki analiz wskazują ponadto, że na terenach użytkowanych przemysłowo, pomiar stężenia fenolu wykonany w terminie powyżej 90 dni (przyjmując 10-dniowy czas rozpadu) a czasem nawet 20 dni (dla dwudniowego czasu rozpadu) od momentu powstania zanieczyszczenia nie znajduje uzasadnienia. W ocenie autorów, znajomość powyższych faktów może mieć kluczowe znaczenie w doborze parametrów pomiarowych oraz dla określenia podmiotu odpowiedzialnego za zanieczyszczenie powierzchni ziemi np. fenolem.
Single Color Fluorescent Indicators of Protein Phosphorylation for Multicolor Imaging of Intracellular Signal Flow Dynamics (2004)

Existing monitoring methods for protein phosphorylation involved in intracellular signal transduction in vivo are exclusively based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which needs the measurement of the change in fluorescence intensities at two wavelengths. Therefore, it is difficult to monitor protein phosphorylation together with other related signaling processes, such as second messengers and protein translocation. To overcome this problem, we developed novel fluorescent indicators, each containing a differently colored (cyan and green) single fluorophore. The present indicator is a tandem fusion protein containing a kinase substrate domain, a circularly permuted fluorescent protein (cpFP), and a phosphorylation recognition domain. The cpFP is obtained by dividing a green fluorescent protein mutant (GFP) at residue 144-145 and linking the carboxy and amino portions thereof with a peptide linker. The substrate domain used in this study is a peptide sequence that is phosphorylated by insulin receptor. Phosphorylation of the substrate domain induces its interaction with the phosphorylation recognition domain, which causes a conformational change in the cpFP and a change in its fluorescence. The cyan and green indicators exhibited 10% decrease and 15% increase, respectively, in their fluorescence intensities upon phosphorylation. Using this cyan indicator and GFP-tagged mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), we found that insulin-induced protein phosphorylation occurred immediately upon the addition of insulin, whereas nuclear translocation of MAPK occurred 7 min later. By tailoring the substrate domains and the phosphorylation recognition domains in these cyan and green indicators, the present approach should be applicable to the in vivo analysis of a broad range of protein phosphorylation processes, together with other intracellular signaling processes.
Omnidirectional reflection by multilayer dielectric mirrors (2000)

Periodic structures reflect strongly at frequencies and angles of incidence corresponding to photonic bandgaps. It has recently been shown that for a suitable choice of high and low refractive indices nh and nℓ, a high-low dielectric multilayer can reflect strongly at all angles of incidence. An accurate and simple analytic approximation for the location of the band edges for the s and p polarizations is given. The region in the (nℓ,nh) plane where omnidirectional reflection occurs is determined. This region lies above a curve which has its minimum value of nh(≈2.247n1) at nℓ≈1.492n1, where n1 is the refractive index of the medium of incidence. The minimum occurs when the optical paths in the high and low refractive index layers are in the ratio 1.362 to 1.
Automatic programming in LISP (1975)

"Automatic programming" is presently a popular part of research in artificial intelligence. It has been defined ambitiously as "reducing the effort required to get a task running on a computer". That definition has some interest for symbolic computing, because the success of the best-known systems has led to their wide distribution in places where there are no experts to advise casual users, who may therefore have much trouble in understanding the systems well enough to get their computations working efficiently and without excessive numbers of debugging runs. Designers generally exploit their own knowledge of favourable peculiarities of their systems to code users' problems which are slightly out of the ordinary. If the number of types of peculiarity is small, it should be possible to mechanize this part of a designer's intuition and make life correspondingly easier for the inexperienced user. The question is worth more study: evidence provided by inspection of some designers' coding of exercises and by my own automatic production of parts of programs for two problems (one in fluid mechanics and one in thermodynamics) suggests that systematic programming in this direction is feasible. I hope to report some detailed results in a later note.
Electrochemistry of natural products. II. Electrolytic oxidation of some simple 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline phenols (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemistry of natural products. II. Electrolytic oxidation of some simple 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline phenolsJames M. Bobbitt, H. Yagi, S. Shibuya, and J. T. StockCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 20, 3006–3010Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00819a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00819a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views161Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A single aqueous reference equilibrium constant for amide synthesis–hydrolysis (2002)

Experimentally measured equilibrium constants at a given pH in part reflect the contributions of ionisation of acidic and basic groups present. These contributions can be isolated from the equilibrium constant by expressing all reactant concentrations in terms of the uncharged forms only. This article presents methods to calculate uncharged reference equilibrium constants for amide synthesis/hydrolysis reactions. For zwitterions in particular these methods are not always straightforward. It is explained how (microscopic) pKa values can be estimated where experimental values are not available. A large number of equilibrium data are analysed for hydrolysis or synthesis of protected and unprotected di- and tri-peptides, beta-lactam antibiotics, and acyl acids and amides. This reveals just how similar the reference equilibrium constants are when ionisation is properly accounted for (K0ref = 103.6 M−1) regardless of the molecular form of the reactants involved.
REGISTRATION OF RCBV AND ADC MAPS WITH STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MR IMAGES IN GLIOMA PATIENTS: STUDY AND VALIDATION (2007)

The main goal of this study is to use image registration techniques to combine functional and structural information from different MR-derived images (ADC and rCBV maps, contrast enhanced T1-weighted MR images) in patients diagnosed with brain gliomas. This is a particularly challenging registration problem due to the diverse image characteristics and to the inconsistency between structural and functional image features. Specific registration protocols have been designed, including the selection of critical parameters, for the alignment of the multi-modal information. In addition, we have developed a visual assessment protocol to evaluate the accuracy of registration results obtained with the proposed methods. Preliminary results suggest that misregistration errors are below the functional image resolutions, thus achieving sub-voxel accuracy
Disulfide cross-linking influences symbiotic activities of nodule peptide NCR247 (2016)

Interactions of rhizobia with legumes establish the chronic intracellular infection that underlies symbiosis. Within nodules of inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) legumes, rhizobia differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This terminal differentiation is driven by host nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides that orchestrate the adaptation of free-living bacteria into intracellular residents. Medicago truncatula encodes a family of >700 NCR peptides that have conserved cysteine motifs. NCR247 is a cationic peptide with four cysteines that can form two intramolecular disulfide bonds in the oxidized forms. This peptide affects Sinorhizobium meliloti transcription, translation, and cell division at low concentrations and is antimicrobial at higher concentrations. By preparing the three possible disulfide-cross-linked NCR247 regioisomers, the reduced peptide, and a variant lacking cysteines, we performed a systematic study of the effects of intramolecular disulfide cross-linking and cysteines on the activities of an NCR peptide. The relative activities of the five NCR247 variants differed strikingly among the various bioassays, suggesting that the NCR peptide-based language used by plants to control the development of their bacterial partners during symbiosis is even greater than previously recognized. These patterns indicate that certain NCR bioactivities require cysteines whereas others do not. The results also suggest that NCR247 may exert some of its effects within the cell envelope whereas other activities occur in the cytoplasm. BacA, a membrane protein that is critical for symbiosis, provides protection against all bactericidal forms of NCR247. Oxidative folding protects NCR247 from degradation by the symbiotically relevant metalloprotease HrrP (host range restriction peptidase), suggesting that disulfide bond formation may additionally stabilize NCR peptides during symbiosis.
Trends in Capillary Electrophoresis: 1997 (1997)

This article is intended to present an overview of developments in the field of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and its application to the analysis of micro-environments. Instrumental developments in injection and detection methods and the separation chemistries are outlined. Emphasis is placed on methods and means that have significantly improved the capability of CE. Subsequently, several selected applications to the exploration of microenvironments such as CE-based sensors, CE on microchip, and single cell analysis are described. The recent advancements in these areas are highlighted.
Simulation insights into thermally conductive graphene-based nanocomposites (2010)

Abstract Dispersing nanoparticles in a polymer can enhance both mechanical and transport properties. Nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity could be obtained by using thermally conductive nanoparticles. Carbon-based nanoparticles are extremely promising, although high resistances to heat transfer from the nanoparticles to the polymer matrix could cause significant limitations. This work focuses on graphene sheets (GS) dispersed within n-octane. Although pristine GS agglomerate, equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations suggest that when the GS are functionalized with short branched hydrocarbons along the GS edges, they remain well dispersed. Results are reported from equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to assess the effective interactions between dispersed GS, the self-assembly of GS, and the heat transfer through the GS–octane nanocomposite. Tools are designed to understand the effect of GS size, solvent molecular weight and molecular architecture on GS dispersability and GS–octane thermal conductivity. Evidence is provided for the formation of nematic phases when the GS volume fraction increases within octane. The atomic-level results are input for a coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation that predicts anisotropic thermal conductivity for GS-based composites when the GS show nematic phases. Keywords: multi-scale simulationsgraphenethermal conductivity Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the DoE-funded Center for Applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes – (Award Register#: ER64239 0012293). DVP and AS acknowledge partial financial support by DOD-EPSCOR: FA9550-10-1-0031. DK and AS acknowledge additional support provided by DOE: DE-SC0001902. The computations were carried out at the OU Supercomputing Center for Education and Research (OSCER); at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois (NCSA) under TeraGrid allocations TG-CTS-090017 and TG-CTS080042; and at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory.
Role of the posterior calf muscles in normal gait. (1978)

The role of the calf muscles during the single-limb stance phase of gait was assessed in fifteen normal subjects and in seven with either an amputation or a neuromuscular deficit. Normal activity of the muscles, paralysis by nerve blocks, and stability versus instability of the ankle were studied. Pelvic displacement and velocity, step length, and step time were evaluated for each limb during the gait cycle, and the contribution of activity of calf muscles to each was determined. Limb-segment position, lower-limb joint angles, over-all cadence, velocity, and stride length were measured to reveal compensatory mechanisms in the absence of muscle strength in the calf. The results indicate that the force produced by activity of calf muscles is used to restrain the body's own forward momentum and not used to propel it further. Absence of the calf muscle causes an immediate compensatory reaction directed toward maintaining over-all stability rather than speed.