gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uniaxial stress and wave mode dependence of magnetoacoustic responses in iron-base alloys (2002)

A detailed investigation was performed on magnetoacoustic responses of compressional waves and shear waves, with two different orientations of polarization, propagating in a low carbon, high yield strength steel specimen at various uniaxial stress levels. The experimental technique was to measure the fractional frequency shift of phase-locked acoustic waves as a function of net magnetic induction, Delta f(B)/f. For the present study, the orientation of wave vector was fixed perpendicular to the uniaxial stress axis. The results show an almost negligible effect of tensile stress, which is normally unexpected, but a very pronounced effect of compressive stress. These results clearly indicate a limitation of the validity of the model based on magnetic domain wall motion. In an attempt to interpret these new results, the uniaxial stress effects on magnetostriction and magnetization curves were investigated, and the effect of tensile stress-induced magnetic dipolar fields was examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neuartige synthetische Aspekte der Phosphonat‐Phosphat‐Umlagerung, 1. Ein allgemeiner Zugang zu 1,2‐Propadienylphosphaten (1980)

Abstract Aus den Acylphosphonaten 1 und den 1‐Alkinen 2 werden in Toluol die Dialkyl‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkinyl)phosphonate 3 synthetisiert. Diese lagern sich in Alkohol/Na‐Alkoxid zu den 2‐Propinyl‐phosphaten 4 und den 1,2‐Propadienyl‐phosphaten 5 um. In Dimethylsulfoxid/Natrium‐bis(trimethylsilyl)amid erhält man hauptsächlich 5 .
PROGRESS OF PREMATURE INFANTS FED A FORMULA CONTAINING DEMINERALIZED WHEY (1963)

One hundred fifty-two premature infants were fed a formula in which the protein was partially derived from demineralized electrodialyzed whey. The resulting formula has the same fat, carbohydrate, and protein content as the other commercially available "simulated human milks," but 50% of the protein is from whey and the total electrolyte load is lower. In consequence the total osmolar load is considerably reduced. Studies of infants fed this new formula were compared with studies using a "simulated human milk." The new formula was well accepted. The infants grew well in weight and height. Values for blood urea nitrogen, and total protein and phosphorus in serum, were the same for both formulas. Slight but significant differences were found in cholesterol, albumin, and gamma-globulin levels. The difference in the food efficiency ratio between the two formulas was not statistically significant.
ABSCESS-FORMING FACTOR(S) PRODUCED BY <i>STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS</i> II (1963)

Lam, Gow T. (Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), Francis J. Sweeney, Jr., Charlotte M. Witmer, and Robert I. Wise. Abscess-forming factor(s) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. II. Abscess formation and immunity by a Staphylococcus and its mutants. J. Bacteriol. 86:87-91. 1963.-Three mutants were derived from a virulent parent strain of Staphylococcus aureus by ultraviolet irradiation. One mutant retained coagulase but lost its hemolytic activity; a second had no coagulase but retained its hemolysin; and a third contained hemolysin and bound coagulase but no free coagulase. The parent strain was coagulase-positive, hemolysin-positive, and possessed all the known extracellular products. All four strains were compared by bacteriophage typing, mannitol utilization, and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The four isolates were studied for their pathogenicity in Swiss albino mice and four strains of inbred mice. Their immunological characteristics as studied by repeated subcutaneous injections are reported. The importance of hemolysin and the coagulase in abscess formation is discussed. Local immunity was produced only by the parent strain, but abscesses were produced by all the strains containing coagulase.
Evaluating Machine Translation Quality Using Short Segments Annotations (2015)

Abstract We propose a manual evaluation method for machine translation (MT), in which annotators rank only translations of short segments instead of whole sentences. This results in an easier and more efficient annotation. We have conducted an annotation experiment and evaluated a set of MT systems using this method. The obtained results are very close to the official WMT14 evaluation results. We also use the collected database of annotations to automatically evaluate new, unseen systems and to tune parameters of a statistical machine translation system. The evaluation of unseen systems, however, does not work and we analyze the reasons
Loss of miR-126 is crucial to pancreatic cancer progression (2012)

The tumor-suppressor miRNA 126 (miR-126) is downregulated in many tumors and has recently been placed at the heart of complex metastatic pathways. Hamada and colleagues have identified miR-126 as being downregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient samples and cell lines. The protein ADAM9 has been implicated in the progression of various solid tumors including PDAC. ADAM9 is overexpressed in PDAC and also a direct target of miR-126. The miR-126/ADAM9 axis was subsequently established to control migration and invasion in PDAC, as well as reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. miR-126 is also known to target other crucial oncogenes in PDAC such as KRAS and CRK. Replacing miR-126 in PDAC patients may be a novel strategy for preventing progression and metastasis.
Time course of changes in antioxidant activity of milk from dairy cows fed a trehalose‐supplemented diet (2012)

This study was to investigate the time course of changes to the antioxidant activity of milk from cows fed a trehalose-supplemented diet, and to determine possible underlying mechanisms for observed changes. Six Holstein cows were used, and subjected to two experimental feeding periods consisting of a 1% trehalose-supplemented diet for 10 days, followed by a basal diet only (no trehalose) for 10 days. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities in milk were gradually increased during the trehalose supplementation period and were highest at the end of the second period. However, trehalose was not detected in the milk and plasma of dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with trehalose for 10 days, indicating that the increased antioxidant activity in the milk of trehalose-fed cows is not due to the direct transfer of trehalose to the milk. Plasma DPPH activities exhibited a similar time course to that seen for milk. Relative superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the rumen were higher 3 days after the end of trehalose supplementation than at any other time during the experimental periods. These results suggested that the improved antioxidant activity in milk and plasma of cows fed a trehalose-supplemented diet was due to improved ruminal relative SOD activity.
Investigation of room-temperature multiwavelength fiber-ring laser that incorporates an SOA-based phase modulator in the laser cavity (2005)

A theoretical and experimental study of a multiwavelength fiber-ring laser that incorporates a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in the laser cavity as a phase modulator to suppress the homogeneous line broadening is presented. The analysis reveals that the phase shift introduced by the SOA-based phase modulator is more significant than that formed using a LiNbO/sub 3/ phase modulator, which leads to a better suppression of the homogeneous line broadening. Multiwavelength lasing with small wavelength spacing and improved stability at room temperature is achieved. A fiber-ring laser based on the proposed approach is implemented. Stable multiwavelength operation with up to 26 wavelengths and wavelength spacing as small as 0.19 nm at room temperature is demonstrated.
Trends in hospital network participation and system affiliation, 2007-2012. (2014)

Key Findings. (1) Hospital network participation from 2007 to 2012 increased in larger hospitals (more than 150 beds), non-government not-for-profit hospitals, and metropolitan hospitals. Network participation changed inconsistently in other types of hospitals. (2) Hospital system affiliation has generally increased in hospitals of all sizes, non-government not-for-profit hospitals, hospitals in all census regions, CAHs, and both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan hospitals. There are notably higher percentages of system affiliation among midsized and large hospitals, investor-owned hospitals, and metropolitan hospitals compared to their counterparts.
Electric and magnetic noise blocks the 60 Hz magnetic field enhancement of steady state c-myc transcript levels in human leukemia cells (1995)

We have previously demonstrated that exposure of human cultured cells to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields causes an increase in steady state transcript levels for the proto-oncogene c-myc. A study by Litovitz et al. (T.A. Litovitz D. Krause and J.M. Mullins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 178(1991) 862) suggests that the induction of bioeffects from exposure to 60 Hz fields requires that the exposure field be coherent for some minimum length of time (approximately 10s). A related study demonstrated that these effects can be blocked by superposition of temporally incoherent magnetic noise fields. In this paper we investigate whether or not the superposition of a magnetic noise field can block the bioeffect of a coherent 60 Hz magnetic field on the transcript levels of the prooo-oncogene c-myc in HL60 cells. Experiments were performed using band-limited magnetic noise fields (30–90 Hz, 6.7 μT rms), and coherent 60 Hz magnetic fields (6.7 μT rms). The results show that exposure to the 60 Hz field alone produces approximately a 40% enhancement in the steady state level of the c-myc transcript. Superposition of the noise field on the 60 Hz field inhibited the enhancement of the c-myc transcript to the extent that no statistically significant was observed. This study provides additional proof of the coherence time requirement, and of the validity of the noise superposition method to block electric and magnetic field induced bioeffects.
Diradical diions of m-bis(naphthyl) and (anthyryl) phenylenes as new high-spin molecules (1994)

Ferromagnetic spin alignment is observed in double one-electron-oxidized or -reduced conjugated molecules, m-bis(9-anthryl) phenylene dication diradical 12˙+ and m-bis(1-naphthyl) phenylene dianion diradical 22˙–, based on EPR experiments at cryogenic temperature.
Lipoplex size determines lipofection efficiency with or without serum (2003)

In order to identify factors affecting cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer, the relationships were examined among cationic liposome/DNA complex (lipoplex)-cell interactions, lipoplex size and lipoplex-mediated transfection (lipofection) efficiency. It was found that lipofection efficiency was determined mainly by lipoplex size, but not by the extent of lipoplex-cell interactions including binding, uptake or fusion. In addition, it was found that serum affected mainly lipoplex size, but not lipoplex-cell interactions, which effect was the major reason behind the inhibitory effect of serum on lipofection efficiency. It was concluded that, in the presence or absence of serum, lipoplex size is a major factor determining lipofection efficiency. Moreover, in the presence or absence of serum, lipoplex size was found to affect lipofection efficiency by controlling the size of the intracellular vesicles containing lipoplexes after internalization, but not by affecting lipoplex-cell interactions. In addition, large lipoplex particles showed, in general, higher lipofection efficiency than small particles. These results imply that, by controlling lipoplex size, an efficient lipid delivery system may be achieved for in vitro and in vivo gene therapy.
Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Films Deposited by the Oxidation of Tetramethyltin and Trimethylantimony (1982)

Antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO) films have been prepared by simultaneous oxidation of tetramethyltin (TMT) and trimethylantimony (TMA) at relatively low temperatures (450°–585°C). Since TMT and TMA have similar vapor pressures at room temperature (∼100 mm Hg at 25°C), the TMA was diluted in a pressurized argon cylinder to accurately control the doping concentration of antimony in the tin oxide. This deposition technique has allowed the growth of films with excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining the high transparency of undoped tin oxide. For instance, conductivities greater than 1000 (Ω‐cm)−1 have been obtained in 5000Å films with an optical transmission of over 80% in the visible spectrum. The effect of the deposition parameters on the growth rate and their influence on the film characteristics have been investigated over a wide range of conditions for preparing films with controllable electrical and optical properties.
Treatment of epilepsy: the GABA‐transaminase inhibitor, vigabatrin, induces neuronal plasticity in the mouse retina (2008)

Vigabatrin was a major drug in the treatment of epilepsy until the discovery that it was associated with an irreversible constriction of the visual field. Nevertheless, the drug is still prescribed for infantile spasms and refractory epilepsy. Disorganization of the photoreceptor nuclear layer and cone photoreceptor damage have been described in albino rats. To investigate the vigabatrin-elicited retinal toxicity further, we examined the retinal tissue of albino mice treated with two vigabatrin doses. The higher dose did not always cause the photoreceptor layer disorganization after 1 month of treatment. However, it triggered a massive synaptic plasticity in retinal areas showing a normal layering of the retina. This plasticity was shown by the withdrawal of rod but not cone photoreceptor terminals from the outer plexiform layers towards their cell bodies. Furthermore, both rod bipolar cells and horizontal cells exhibited dendritic sprouting into the photoreceptor nuclear layer. Withdrawing rod photoreceptors appeared to form ectopic contacts with growing postsynaptic dendrites. Indeed, contacts between rods and bipolar cells, and between bipolar cells and horizontal cells were observed deep inside the outer nuclear layer. This neuronal plasticity is highly suggestive of an impaired glutamate release by photoreceptors because similar observations have been reported in different genetically modified mice with deficient synaptic transmission. Such a synaptic deficit is consistent with the decrease in glutamate concentration induced by vigabatrin. This description of the neuronal plasticity associated with vigabatrin provides new insights into its retinal toxicity in epileptic patients.
Fast switching lateral insulated gate transistor (1986)

The switching speed of the Lateral Insulated Gate Transistor (LIGT) is slow compared to that of similar LDMOS power devices. The LIGT described in this paper, however, is designed to have both fast, switching and high current conduction. The speed improvement is achieved by using a modified LIGT structure, where an additional n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> region is added to the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> injector. The turn-off time of this modified LIGT is less than 450 nanoseconds, while turn-on is under 100 nanoseconds. Computer simulation is used to understand the role of the shorted anode in improving the switching speed of the LIGT. A comparison with fabricated devices is shown to be in good qualitative agreement.
Oct4 Expression in Immature Teratoma of the Ovary (2010)

Immature teratoma of the ovary is an uncommon tumor comprising 1% of ovarian malignancies. The amount of immature neuroepithelium in the teratoma is an important prognostic factor. Although the current grading system based on this criterion is widely accepted, the biological significance of immature neuroepithelium is poorly understood. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of Oct4 (also known as Oct3 or POU5F1), a transcription factor expressed in primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells, along with that of PAX6, a transcription factor contributing to neurogenesis, and CD56, a known marker for tumors of neural origin, in 18 cases of pure immature teratoma of the ovary. Oct4 was expressed in the immature neuroepithelium of all 7 grade-3 cases and 2 grade-2 cases. It was not expressed in 4 grade-2 cases and all 5 grade-1 cases. These tumor cells lacked CD30 or α-fetoprotein expression, which supported the diagnosis of pure immature teratoma. PAX6 was expressed in the immature neuroepithelium of all immature teratomas, but not in Oct4-positive cells. CD56 was expressed in neural components of various maturities including PAX6-positive immature neuroepithelium, but not in Oct4-positive cells. These data suggest that the expression of these markers probably reflects the differentiation status of neural tissue in immature teratomas. The finding that Oct4 expression was exclusively detected in immature neuroepithelium of high-grade immature teratomas indicates that Oct4 might serve as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of highly malignant cases of immature teratoma.
Interfacial and Oil/Water Emulsions Characterization of Potato Protein Isolates (2011)

Interfacial and emulsifying properties of potato protein isolate (PPI) have been studied to evaluate its potential application to stabilize oil/water emulsions at two pH values (2 and 8). The amount, type, and solubility of proteins and the size of aggregates have been determined in aqueous dispersion. Air-water and oil-water interfacial properties (adsorption, spreading, and viscoelastic properties) have been determined as a function of concentration and pH using soluble phases of PPI. The behavior of PPI stabilized oil/water emulsions has been then analyzed by droplet size distribution measurements and interfacial concentration. PPI exhibits low solubility over a wide range of pH values, with the presence of submicrometer aggregates. The pH value exerts a negligible effect on interfacial tension (oil-water) or surface pressure (air-water) but displays very important differences in viscoelastic properties of the interfacial films formed between oil and water. In this sense, pH 8 provides a major elastic response at oil-water interfaces as compared to pH 2. In relation with this result, a much higher ability to produce fine and stable emulsions is noticed at pH 8 as compared to pH 2. Consequently, there is an evident relationship between the rheological properties of the oil-water interfacial films and the macroscopic emulsion behavior.
Elucidation of the Ebola Virus VP24 Cellular Interactome and Disruption of Virus Biology through Targeted Inhibition of Host-Cell Protein Function (2014)

Viral pathogenesis in the infected cell is a balance between antiviral responses and subversion of host-cell processes. Many viral proteins specifically interact with host-cell proteins to promote virus biology. Understanding these interactions can lead to knowledge gains about infection and provide potential targets for antiviral therapy. One such virus is Ebola, which has profound consequences for human health and causes viral hemorrhagic fever where case fatality rates can approach 90%. The Ebola virus VP24 protein plays a critical role in the evasion of the host immune response and is likely to interact with multiple cellular proteins. To map these interactions and better understand the potential functions of VP24, label-free quantitative proteomics was used to identify cellular proteins that had a high probability of forming the VP24 cellular interactome. Several known interactions were confirmed, thus placing confidence in the technique, but new interactions were also discovered including one with ATP1A1, which is involved in osmoregulation and cell signaling. Disrupting the activity of ATP1A1 in Ebola-virus-infected cells with a small molecule inhibitor resulted in a decrease in progeny virus, thus illustrating how quantitative proteomics can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets.
High-power galvanically isolated DC/DC converter topology for future automobiles (2004)

This paper presents a 2 kW three-phase dual active bridge converter (DAB3) which converts power between 42 V and 300 V and is easily scalable up to 20 kW. The DAB3 has been selected for this application based on detailed simulations comparing different suitable topologies. The circuits investigated in this paper can operate in a soft-switching manner enabling a reduction in device switching losses and therewith an increase in switching frequency. Candidate topologies under investigation are the serial resonant converter (SR), the single-phase dual active bridge (DAB1) and the three phase dual active bridge (DAB3). Key-features are the galvanic isolation, reduced cooling costs, and the capability of transferring energy over a wide voltage range.
Addressing Process Safety Hazards: Replacement of para-Methoxybenzyl Chloride Leads to a Safer and Shorter Route (2014)

Access to kilogram amounts of 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (1) was required in support of a development program. The initial synthesis used 4-methoxybenzyl chloride (PMBCl, 2) as a reagent to set the protecting group, which required a careful hazard analysis prior to use in the first generation synthesis of 1. The hazards associated with PMBCl made it a non-viable choice for long-term supplies, and therefore alternative chemistry was developed with a special emphasis on safety and efficiency. The final synthesis proceeds in two chemical steps with a high overall yield (80%) and the available data support the safety of the developed process.
Bronchial Mucus Hypersecretion in Acute Quadriplegia: Macromolecular Yields and Glycoconjugate Composition (1991)

In acute quadriplegia we have noted that about one in five patients develops unexplained production of markedly excessive and tenacious bronchial mucus. Spontaneous recovery from mucus hypersecretion usually occurs within weeks to months. Mucus samples collected from 12 patients have been found to be abnormal. Macromolecular contents of single aspirates yielded as much as 500 mg. Analytical ultracentrifuge analysis showed the mucus to contain considerable epithelial glycoprotein (GP) of typical buoyant density; its amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were characteristic of the GP from hypersecretory bronchial mucus such as in chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. In five patients studied after recovery from hypersecretion, there tended to be relatively less GP. The mucus samples contained a high density glycoconjugate (GC): this had sugars of GP but also reacted positively with a monoclonal antibody to keratan sulfate. Its amino acid composition was different from that of GP: threonine was lower and glycine was higher than in GP. In mucus from one patient who died, chondroitin sulfate ABC and hyaluronic acid were identified as well. This suggests proteoglycans are involved in the pathophysiology of mucus hypersecretion. The sudden onset and spontaneous recovery of hypersecretion suggests that it is not due to gland hypertrophy. We speculate that in acute quadriplegia it is due to disturbed neuronal control of bronchial mucus gland secretion, perhaps related to initial disappearance and later reappearance of peripheral sympathetic nervous system tone.