gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Glutamate Receptor-Interacting Proteins GRIP1 and GRIP2 (1999)

The molecular mechanisms underlying the targeting and localization of glutamate receptors at postsynaptic sites is poorly understood. Recently, we have identified a PDZ domain-containing protein, glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), which specifically binds to the C termini of AMPA receptor subunits and may be involved in the synaptic targeting of these receptors. Here, we report the cloning of GRIP2, a homolog of GRIP1, and the characterization of the GRIP1 and GRIP2 proteins in the rat CNS. GRIP1 and GRIP2 are approximately 130 kDa proteins that are highly enriched in brain. GRIP1 and GRIP2 are widely expressed in brain, with the highest levels found in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Biochemical studies show that GRIP1 and GRIP2 are enriched in synaptic plasma membrane and postsynaptic density fractions. GRIP1 is expressed early in embryonic development before the expression of AMPA receptors and peaks in expression at postnatal day 8-10. In contrast, GRIP2 is expressed relatively late in development and parallels the expression of AMPA receptors. Immunohistochemistry using the GRIP1 antibodies demonstrated that GRIP1 is expressed in neurons in a somatodendritic staining pattern. At the ultrastructural level, DAB and immunogold electromicroscopy studies showed that GRIP1 was enriched in dendritic spines near the postsynaptic density and was expressed in dendritic shafts and in peri-Golgi regions in the neuronal soma. GRIP1 appeared to be clustered at both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. These results suggest that GRIP1 and GRIP2 are AMPA receptor binding proteins potentially involved in the targeting of AMPA receptors to synapses. GRIP1 also may play functional roles at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, as well as in early neuronal development.
A Magnetic Thin-Film Recording System for Fast Transients in Nuclear Diagnostics (1972)

The development of a fast transient recording system is described. A magnetic thin film is used to record an electrical signal in the form of a domain wall. The recorder has a risetime on the order of a nanosecond and a dynamic range of better than 30 dB. Readout of the record is compatible with computer (megabit) cycle times.
Inducing indel mutation in the <i>SOX6</i> gene by zinc finger nuclease for gamma reactivation: An approach towards gene therapy of beta thalassemia (2017)

β-thalassemia is a common autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a deficiency in the synthesis of β-chains. Evidences show that increased HbF levels improve the symptoms in patients with β-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia. In this study, ZFN technology was applied to induce a mutation in the binding domain region of SOX6 to reactivate γ-globin expression. The sequences coding for ZFP arrays were designed and sub cloned in TDH plus as a transfer vector. The ZFN expression was confirmed using Western blot analysis. In the next step, using the site-directed mutagenesis strategy through the overlap PCR, a missense mutation (D64V) was induced in the catalytic domain of the integrase gene in the packaging plasmid and verified using DNA sequencing. Then, the integrase minus lentivirus containing ZFN cassette was packaged. Transduction of K562 cells with this virus was performed. Mutation detection assay was performed. The indel percentage of the cells transducted with lenti virus containing ZFN was 31%. After 5 days of erythroid differentiation with 15 μg/mL cisplatin, the levels of γ-globin mRNA were sixfold in the cells treated with ZFN compared to untreated cells. In the meantime, the measurement of HbF expression levels was carried out using hemoglobin electrophoresis and showed the same results. Integrase minus lentivirus can provide a useful tool for efficient transient gene expression and helps avoid disadvantages of gene targeting using the native virus. The ZFN strategy applied here to induce indel on SOX6 gene in adult erythroid progenitors may provide a method to activate fetal hemoglobin expression in individuals with β-thalassemia.
[Intellectual quotient and environmental exposure to low doses of lead]. (2006)

The effects of low-level lead exposure on children's intelligence quotient (IQ) were investigated in 64 Sardinian adolescents (13-16 years old). To estimate potential early adverse effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS) due to very low-level lead, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of adolescents with present blood lead concentrations (PbB) generally below 10 microg/dl was measured. We analyzed blood lead concentration and individual IQ of 32 Sardinian children living in Portoscuso, a town 2 Km far from a lead smelter, and of other 32 controls living in S. Antioco, a town about 15 Km far from the same smelter. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (WISC-R) was administered. The relation between IQ and blood lead concentration was estimated by linear multivariate models adjusting for several potential confounders, such as the educational and socio-economic level of the parents. The blood lead concentration was in average significantly higher in the Portoscuso group compared to controls. The linear model applied to the total population studied (n 64) showed that the blood lead concentration was inversely and significantly associated with IQ, with an extrapolated decline of 1.29 points in total IQ for each microg/dl increase of lead blood concentration. According to the recent scientific literature on this topic, results of our pilot study suggest the need to further lower the blood lead concentration for children to a threshold significantly below 10 microg/dl, value till now considered "safe" for the children's CNS.
Interconnecting formalisms (1995)

The necessity to deal simultaneously with different formalisms seems to be intrinsic to the discipline of Software Engineering, particularly in relation to modularity, reusability and incrementality. In order to accomodate this diversity of formalisms, some authors have proposed the adoption of a common semantic domain for the different specification languages, and their translation into a common style of predicate logic. In this paper, we suggest that an alternative approach may be taken where the different modelling approaches are formalized individually in a common mathematical framework - Category Theory, and relationships are established between them using functors. Several examples are adduced to support this view and the generality of the approach is illustrated by formalizing reusability as a property of a functor relating two such formalisms.
Impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on some key parameters and production of rhG-CSF in batch fermentation (2008)

The impact of different levels of agitation speed, carbondioxide and dissolved oxygen concentration on the key parameters and production of rhG-CSF in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)PLysS were studied. Lower carbondioxide concentrations as well as higher agitation speeds and dissolved oxygen concentrations led to reduction in the acetate concentrations, and enhanced the cell growth, but inhibited plasmid stability and rhG-CSF expression. Similarly, higher carbondioxide concentrations and lower agitation speeds as well as dissolved oxygen concentrations led to enhanced acetate concentrations, but inhibited the cell growth and protein expression. To address the bottlenecks, a two-stage agitation control strategy (strategy-1) and two-stage dissolved oxygen control strategy (strategy-2) were employed to establish the physiological and metabolic conditions, so as to improve the expression of rhG-CSF. By adopting strategy-1 the yields were improved 1.4-fold over constant speed of 550 rpm, 1.1-fold over constant dissolved oxygen of 45%, respectively. Similarly, using strategy-2 the yields were improved 1.6-fold over constant speed of 550 rpm, 1.3-fold over constant dissolved oxygen of 45%, respectively.
Co-Culture of Human Bronchial Fibroblasts and CD4+ T Cells Increases Th17 Cytokine Signature (2013)

Interaction between bronchial fibroblasts and T cells seems to promote specifically Th17 cells profile in asthma. These results suggest that cellular interaction particularly between T cells and fibroblasts may play a pivotal role in the regulation of the inflammatory response in asthma.
Robust correction of spike noise: Application to diffusion tensor imaging (2009)

Echo-planar imaging (EPI) -based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is particularly prone to spike noise. However, existing spike noise correction methods are impractical for corrupted DTI data because the methods correct the complex MRI signal, which is not usually stored on clinical MRI systems. The present work describes a novel Outlier Detection De-spiking technique (ODD) that consists of three steps: detection, localization, and correction. Using automated outlier detection schemes, ODD exploits the data redundancy available in DTI data sets that are acquired with a minimum of six different diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) with similar signal and noise properties. A mathematical formulation, describing the effects of spike noise on magnitude images, yields appropriate measures for an outlier detection scheme used for spike detection while a normalization-dependent outlier detection scheme is used for spike localization. ODD performs accurately on diverse DTI data sets corrupted by spike noise and can be used for automated control of DTI data quality. ODD can also be extended to other MRI applications with data redundancy, such as dynamic imaging and functional MRI.
Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Azidation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids (2015)

The catalytic decarboxylative nitrogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids for the synthesis of alkyl azides is reported. A series of tertiary, secondary, and primary organoazides were prepared from easily available aliphatic carboxylic acids by using K2S2O8 as the oxidant and PhSO2N3 as the nitrogen source. The EPR experiment sufficiently proved that an alkyl radical process was generated in the process, and DFT calculations further supported the SET process followed by a stepwise SH2 reaction to afford azide product.
Two Years Follow Up after Conversion 1:1 from Twice to Once-Daily Tacrolimus in Liver Transplantation: Quality of Life, Patientsʼ Compliance and Drug Efficacy Evaluation (2012)

Introduction: Patient's compliance is a key point after transplantation. We describe our experience about conversion from twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus in liver transplantation (LT). Methods: Conversion was instituted on 72 patients (median age, 55 [19-73] years), receiving Tacrolimus BID from at least 6 months (range 6-232), in mono or double therapy, who had undergone liver transplantation more than 6 months before, with stable LFT's and renal function levels. The dose conversion from twice-daily to once-daily tacrolimus was prescribed 1:1. Follow-up was at least 24 months. A questionnaire was submitted to all the patients to value their compliance before and after conversion. ALT, AST, creatinine, glycemia, lipid pattern and Tacrolimus level were recorded the conversion-day and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months afterward. For statistical analysis we used t Student test. Results: All patients were satisfied after conversion: 89% of them declared an improvement in terms of quality of life after conversion. Despite no modification of once-daily tacrolimus dosage during follow-up in most patients, mean Tacrolimus levels were decreased at 1 month after conversion, if compared to baseline, in 74% (p< 0,0003). No statistical evidence was noted on AST, ALT, creatinine, glycemia and lipids pattern at 1,3, 6 and 12 months controls. Glycemia levels were statistically lower 24 months after conversion (p< 0.05). Discussion: A drug conversion 1:1 from a twice-daily to a once daily prolonged release drug makes a patients happier making feel him confortable and it is also safe for liver and kidney function. The initial decrease in tacrolimus levels do not affect liver function, kidney function, glycemia and lipids pattern.
The refined 2.0 Å X‐ray crystal structure of the complex formed between bovine β‐trypsin and CMTI‐I, a trypsin inhibitor from squash seeds (<i>Cucurbita maxima</i>) Topological similarity of the squash seed inhibitors with the carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from potatoes (1989)

The stoichiometric complex formed between bovine beta-trypsin and the Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor I (CMTI-I) was crystallized and its X-ray crystal structure determined using Patterson search techniques. Its structure has been crystallographically refined to a final R value of 0.152 (6.0-2.0 A). CMTI-I is of ellipsoidal shape; it lacks helices or beta-sheets, but consists of turns and connecting short polypeptide stretches. The disulfide pairing is CYS-3I-20I, Cys-10I-22I and Cys-16I-28I. According to the polypeptide fold and disulfide connectivity its structure resembles that of the carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from potatoes. Thirteen of the 29 inhibitor residues are in direct contact with trypsin; most of them are in the primary binding segment Val-2I (P4)-Glu-9I (P4') which contains the reactive site bond Arg-5I-Ile-6I and is in a conformation observed also for other serine proteinase inhibitors.
Molecular and evolutionary analyses of a variable series of genes in Borrelia burgdorferi that are related to ospE and ospF, constitute a gene family, and share a common upstream homology box (1996)

In this study we report on the molecular characterization of a series of genes that constitute a gene family related to ospE and ospF. Some members of this family appear to represent recombined or variant forms of ospE and ospF. Variant ospE and ospF genes were found in several Borrelia burgdorferi isolates, demonstrating that their occurrence is not a phenomenon relevant to only a single isolate. Hybridization analyses revealed that the upstream sequence originally identified 5' of the full-length ospEF operon exists in multiple copies ranging in number from two to six depending on the isolate. This repeated sequence, which we refer to as the upstream homology box (UHB), carries a putative promoter element. In some isolates, UHB elements were found to flank copies of ospE and ospF that exist independently of each other. We refer to this group of UHB-flanked genes collectively as the UHB gene family. The evolutionary relationships among UHB gene family members were assessed through DNA sequence analysis and gene tree construction. These analyses suggest that some UHB-flanked genes might actually represent divergent forms of other previously described genes. Analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the UHB-flanked genes among B. burgdorferi isolates demonstrated that these patterns are highly variable among isolates, suggesting that these genes are not phylogenetically conserved. The variable restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns could indicate recombinational activity in these sequences. The presence of numerous copies of the UHB elements and the high degree of homology among UHB-flanked genes could provide the necessary elements to allow for homologous recombination, leading to the generation of recombination variants of UHB gene family members.
Determination of equivalent x-ray spectra from attenuation data. (1995)

A method is described whereby a polyenergetic x-ray spectrum, as produced by a typical x-ray tube used in radiographic imaging, is approximated by an equivalent spectrum consisting of a small number of discrete x-ray photon energies, i.e. a line spectrum. The equivalent spectrum is found by a least squares fit to attenuation data for three different attenuating materials. Computer simulation and experimental measurements show that a three-energy equivalent spectrum accurately predicts the attenuation properties of the polyenergetic spectrum. The accuracy is limited by the uncertainty in the known values of the x-ray linear attenuation coefficients.
College Students' Experience on Peer Feedback in a Low-level Writing Class (2015)

The study investigates students' perception on peer feedback activities in a
low-level ESL writing class. Four types of data was used; questionnaires,
interviews, a journal, and writing samples. Twenty-seven students who enrolled
in a writing course participated in the study. Their positive perception on peer
feedback was enhanced after experiencing peer feedback. Even though they
worry about their peers' quality of feedback, it is not as bad as they worried.
Peer feedback is beneficial to them in that it makes them engage in learning, and
leads to an autonomous learning. In addition, it has many other useful purposes
to students and teachers. The students are also talking about conditions for peer
feedback activities; such as prior training, anonymous feedback, and group
construction. Discussions are included based on the findings.
Regulation of Sexual Development of <i>Plasmodium</i> by Translational Repression (2006)

Translational repression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) plays an important role in sexual differentiation and gametogenesis in multicellular eukaryotes. Translational repression and mRNA turnover were shown to influence stage-specific gene expression in the protozoan Plasmodium. The DDX6-class RNA helicase, DOZI (development of zygote inhibited), is found in a complex with mRNA species in cytoplasmic bodies of female, blood-stage gametocytes. These translationally repressed complexes are normally stored for translation after fertilization. Genetic disruption of pbdozi inhibits the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complexes, and instead, at least 370 transcripts are diverted to a degradation pathway.
Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium (2010)

The Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium provided a forum for current research on sudden oak death, caused by the exotic, quarantine pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Ninety submissions describing papers or posters on the following sudden oak death/P. ramorum topics are included: biology, genetics, nursery and wildland management, monitoring, ecology, and diagnostics.
The saturated methyl branched fatty acids of adult human skin surface lipid (1977)

In adult human skin surface lipid, the saturated branched fatty acids are made up of the same type of compounds present in vernix caseosa lipid but in different amounts. This implies that these compounds are truly endogenous products of the adult human being. The basic carbon skeletons of these compounds are normal even, normal odd, iso even, iso odd and anteiso odd (‘even’ and ‘odd’ referring to the number of C-atoms in the chain). The internal portion of each type of chain can contain additionally mainly one but sometimes two and rarely even three methyl branches all located on the even numbered C-atoms from the carboxyl group. The 4-methyl position is favored. These internal methyl branched acids are most likely biosynthesized by substitution of an occasional methylmalonyl-CoA for malonyl-CoA by the appropriate starter after the chain has been begun to yield the five basic carbon skeletal types of chain listed above. Thus, by varying the starter, the chain length, and the position of the internal methyl branch, numerous acids are formed even though they constitute only about 11% of the total saturated acids of AHSSL. It is postulated that these acids are made in slightly different amounts for each individual and constitute a part of his ‘chemical signature’.
The differentiation and movement of presomitic mesoderm progenitor cells are controlled by Mesogenin 1 (2012)

Somites are formed from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and give rise to the axial skeleton and skeletal muscles. The PSM is dynamic; somites are generated at the anterior end, while the posterior end is continually renewed with new cells entering from the tailbud progenitor region. Which genes control the conversion of tailbud progenitors into PSM and how is this process coordinated with cell movement? Using loss- and gain-of-function experiments and heat-shock transgenics we show in zebrafish that the transcription factor Mesogenin 1 (Msgn1), acting with Spadetail (Spt), has a central role. Msgn1 allows progression of the PSM differentiation program by switching off the progenitor maintenance genes ntl, wnt3a, wnt8 and fgf8 in the future PSM cells as they exit from the tailbud, and subsequently induces expression of PSM markers such as tbx24. msgn1 is itself positively regulated by Ntl/Wnt/Fgf, creating a negative-feedback loop that might be crucial to regulate homeostasis of the progenitor population until somitogenesis ends. Msgn1 drives not only the changes in gene expression in the nascent PSM cells but also the movements by which they stream out of the tailbud into the PSM. Loss of Msgn1 reduces the flux of cells out of the tailbud, producing smaller somites and an enlarged tailbud, and, by delaying exhaustion of the progenitor population, results in supernumerary tail somites. Through its combined effects on gene expression and cell movement, Msgn1 (with Spt) plays a key role both in genesis of the paraxial mesoderm and in maintenance of the progenitor population from which it derives.
Low-dimensional quantum devices (1996)

Novel submicron devices can now be made from extremely pure crystals containing small numbers of electrons. Using these structures the fundamentals of quantum mechanics can be studied in which fitting theory to experiment only requires the material parameter of effective mass to be known. In this article I will discuss how the technological advances in the semiconductor industry, developed to produce the next generation of micro-chips, have been appropriated by the physics community to test how electron transport processes vary when devices are made smaller than some important physical length scales. Most of the devices I will discuss are made using a two-dimensional electron gas trapped at the interface between GaAs and AlGaAs. This is then laterally patterned to force current transport through a small region. Devices have been demonstrated in which electrons traverse the device without scattering (one-dimensional ballistic conductance), while other devices reveal the nature of single electron transport (zero-dimensional dots). The quantum mechanical wave nature of electron transport is very elegantly shown in devices which mimic optical apparatus such as Fabry - Pérot interferometers and lenses. The application of a strong magnetic field to zero-dimensional devices reveal phenomena remarkably similar to the Aharonov - Böhm effect seen in metal loops. This tells us a great deal about how a magnetic field applied to a two-dimensional electron gas forces electrons to travel around the edge of a device.
Principles of Physical Chemistry (2000)

I. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Properties of Gases. 2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 3. Thermochemistry. 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 5. Chemical Equilibrium. 6. Phase Equilibrium. 7. The Thermodynamics of Solids. 8. Thermodynamics of Nonelectrolytic Solutions. 9. Thermodynamics of Electrolytic Solutions. II. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND BONDING. 10. The Mathematics of Chance. 11. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. 12. Translational, Rotational and Vibrational Energies of Molecular Systems. 13. The Electronic Structure of Atoms. 14. Molecular Structure and Bonding. III. SPECTROSCOPY. 15. Rotational, Vibrational, and Electronic Spectra. 16. Magnetic and Diffraction Spectroscopy. IV. STATISTICAL MECHANICS. 17. Molecular Energy Distributions-Kinetic Theory of Gases. 18. Statistical Thermodynamics. V. KINETICS AND DYNAMICS. 19. Phenomenological Kinetics. 20. Theoretical Kinetics and Reaction Dynamics. Epilogue. Bibliography. Appendices. Index.