gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Pathways of N‐Kinase Activation in PC12 Cells (1990)

Past work established a cell-free assay for a nerve growth factor (NGF)-activated protein kinase activity (designated N-kinase) that utilizes tyrosine hydroxylase and histone H1 as substrates and that is distinct from a variety of well-characterized kinases. This study explores the specificity and mechanistic pathway(s) by which N-kinase activity is regulated in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. N-kinase is rapidly activated in these cells by treatment with NGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), phorbol ester, or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Our data indicate that the stimulated activity is the same for each agent by several criteria: It exhibits the same characteristic biphasic elution pattern by Mono S fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), except for the case of dibutyryl cyclic AMP in which one of the activity peaks is somewhat shifted; it shows the same elution pattern by FPLC on a Superose 12 column; it possesses identical substrate specificity; and, except in the case of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, it does not show additivity when each agent is added simultaneously with NGF. The multiple forms of N-kinase are interconvertible in that rechromatography on a Mono S column yields a single peak of activity. Also, when NGF and dibutyryl cyclic AMP are simultaneously presented to cells, the chromatographic profile resembles that with NGF alone. Activation occurs through several independent initial pathways. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester pretreatment prevents N-kinase activation by phorbol ester, but not by the other agents. A PC12 cell-derived line deficient in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase II activity exhibits N-kinase activation by all treatments except dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The properties of N-kinase suggests that it is similar or identical to the ribosomal S6 protein kinase described by Blenis and Erikson. Additional experiments revealed that N-kinase activity can be stimulated in several cell lines in addition to PC12 cells. These findings indicate that the N-kinase can be activated via multiple second-messenger pathways and that it could therefore potentially play a significant role in mediating shared intracellular responses to various extracellular signals.
Designed Glucose-Responsive Microgels with Selective Shrinking Behavior (2011)

We report on the synthesis of various glucose-responsive microgels based on N-alkylacrylamide derivatives and phenylboronic acid (PBA) as a glucose sensing moiety. Depending on their chemical composition, the microgels exhibit opposite behaviors in response to glucose concentration increase: they can either swell or shrink, using two different mechanisms for glucose recognition. Both behaviors may be suitable for glucose sensing and insulin delivery. When glucose binds a single boronate receptor, the microgel swells as glucose concentration increases. This mechanism can be used to deliver a drug by diffusion through the network. In other cases, glucose binds specifically to two boronates, which creates additional cross-links within the network and provokes shrinkage. Such systems are promising for the development of sensors with improved selectivity and also as potential "intelligent" valves in microfabricated delivery systems. By a rational choice of the constituting units of the network structure, we show how to favor one or the other type of response to glucose variation. Therefore, glucose-swelling microgels operating under physiological conditions have been obtained by copolymerization with an appropriate choice of alkylacrylamide monomer and boronate derivative. At a pH above the pK(a) of the boronic acid derivative, the same structures shrink in response to glucose concentration. The nature of the cross-linker is a key parameter to enable this dual behavior. In other microgels, an amine group is introduced in the vicinity of the boronic acid, which lowers its pK(a) and favors microgel contraction at physiological pH. This work has allowed us to give some general rules to control the swelling/shrinking behavior of glucose-responsive microgels.
Refinement of the Automated Method for Human Islet Isolation and Presentation of a Closed System for In Vitro Islet Culture (2004)

A standardized technique of islet isolation is presented applying novel means to improve enzymatic digestion and to meet cGMP standards.
Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25<sup>bright</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

In the homeostasis of the immune system regulatory cells play a major role. Removal of one group of regulatory cells, the CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells, leads to autoimmune manifestations in experimental animal models, and reintroduction of this population prevents disease. This study addresses the role of such regulatory T cells in humans with an autoimmune disease, where we demonstrate the presence of CD25(bright)CD4(+) T cells in the target organ of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The patients displayed an enrichment of CD25(bright)CD4(+) T cells in synovial fluid as compared to peripheral blood. These cells are functional regulatory cells, as they were able to suppress in vitro proliferation of autologous T cells, both from synovial and peripheral blood origin. Although the frequency of CD25(bright)CD4(+) T cells varied between patients, it was found to be constant over time in any one joint during each relapse. Numbers were also comparable in two inflamed knee joints of one and the same patient, emphasizing the symmetry of the disease. In summary, it is striking that in addition to all activated, potentially pathological T cells the synovial fluid from RA patients also contains CD25-expressing CD4(+) T cells with a regulatory capacity.
Self-Validating Inferential Sensors with Application to Air Emission Monitoring (1997)

Inferential sensors, or soft sensors, refer to a modeling approach to estimating hard-to-measure process variables from other easy-to-measure, on-line sensors. Since many sensors are used as input variables to estimate the output, the probability that one of the sensors fails increases significantly. In this paper, we propose a self-validating inferential sensor approach based on principal component analysis (PCA). The input sensors are validated using a fault identification and reconstruction approach proposed in Dunia et al. AIChE J. 1996, 42, 2797−2812. A principal component model is built for the input sensors for sensor validation, and the validated principal components are used to predict output variables using linear regression or neural networks. If a sensor fails, the sensor is identified and reconstructed with the best estimate from its correlation to other sensors. The principal components are also reconstructed accordingly for prediction. The number of principal components used in sensor validation and prediction are chosen differently based on different criteria. The typical input correlation or collinearity is utilized for sensor validation and removed in predicting the output to avoid ill-conditioning. The self-validating soft sensor approach is applied to air emission monitoring, where continuous monitoring of the air pollutants is required for environmental regulations.
Characterization of Aroma-active Compounds in Dry Flower of Malva sylvestris L. by GC-MS-O Analysis and OAV Calculations (2013)

In this study, the aroma-active compounds in the dried flower of Malva sylvestris L. were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). A light yellow oil with a sweet odor was obtained with a percentage yield of 0.039% (w/w), and 143 volatile compounds (89.86%) were identified by GC-MS. The main compounds were hexadecanoic acid (10.1%), pentacosane (4.8%) and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (4.1%). The essential oil consisted mainly of hydrocarbons (25.40%) followed by, alcohols (18.78%), acids (16.66%), ethers (5.01%) ketones (7.28%), esters(12.43%), aldehydes (2.30%) and others (2.00%). Of these compounds, 20 were determined by GC-O and AEDA, to be odor-active (FD (flavor dilution) factor ≥ 1). β-Damascenone (FD = 9, sweet), phenylacetaldehyde (FD = 8, floral, honey-like) and (E)-β-ocimene (FD = 8, spicy) were the most intense aroma-active compounds in M. sylvestris. In order to determine the relative contribution of each of the compounds to the aroma of M. sylvestris, odor activity values (OAVs) were used. β-Damascenone had the highest odor activity values (OAV) (50,700), followed by (E)-β-ionone (15,444) and decanal (3,510). In particular, β-damascenone had a high FD factors, and therefore, this compound was considered to be the main aroma-active components of the essential oil. On the basis of AEDA, OAVs, and sensory evaluation results, β-damascenone is estimated to be the main aroma-active compound of the essential oil.
Image analysis and 3-D visualization of intracerebral brain hemorrhage (2002)

A new 3D technique for the human spontaneous intracerebral brain hemorrhage (ICH) region segmentation and quantification is presented in this paper. The ICH primary region segmentation algorithm uses the K-means histogram-based clustering algorithm. The ICH edema region segmentation algorithm employs an iterative morphological processing of the ICH brain data. A volume rendering technique is used for the effective 3D visualization of ICH segmented regions. A computer program is developed for use in the human spontaneous ICH study involving large number of patients. Some experimental measurements and visualization results are presented which were computed on real ICH patient brain data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dual cylindrical wave laser-Doppler method for measurement of skin friction in fluid flow (1987)

The objective of the present work is to overcome the inadequacies of conventional skin friction measuring methods in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. An instrument has been developed for measurement of the instantaneous velocity gradient in a boundary layer at a solid surface, from which the instantaneous wall shear stress can be deduced. The principle of the device is akin to that of dual beam Laser Doppler Anemometer. Instead of crossing two laser beams to produce the measuring volume, the present technique uses interference between two closely spaced cylindrical waves emanating from the solid surface. The interference fringes which constitute the measuring volume appear to be radiating from a point on surface. Keywords: Skin friction; Fluid flow; Lasers; Boundary layers; Doppler method; Wall shear stress; Laser beams; Cylindrical waves.
Magnesium-adenosine triphosphate in the treatment of shock, ischemia, and sepsis (1992)

ATP-MgCl2 improves cellular and organ function and survival following experimental shock, ischemia, and sepsis. Studies also indicate that ATP-MgCl2 can be administered safely in experimental animals and in normal human volunteers, as well as in patients following various adverse circulatory conditions. Further trials should be undertaken to determine the effects on cell and organ function in patients following traumatic shock and sepsis.
Different Expression of TNF-α Receptors and Prostaglandin E2Production in Normal and Fibrotic Lung Fibroblasts: Potential Implications for the Evolution of the Inflammatory Process (2000)

Normal human lung fibroblasts downregulate the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by activated monocytes through the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), contributing to the local control of the inflammatory process. In this study, we provide evidence that fibroblasts derived from diseased tissue, such as fibrotic lung fibroblasts, exhibit different functional features compared with normal cells, with particular regard to their modulatory role. Indeed, fibrotic fibroblasts (FF) spontaneously produced less PGE(2) (3,300 +/- 410 pg/ml) compared with normal fibroblasts (NF) (7,500 +/- 270 pg/ml) and, as a consequence, they showed a reduced ability to downregulate the production of TNF-alpha by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- activated monocytes. The percentage of inhibition induced by normal cells on the production of TNF-alpha by LPS-activated monocytes was 61 +/- 5.9%, whereas the inhibitory effect exerted by fibrotic cells was reduced to 32 +/- 4% (P < 0.01). We have also observed that the ability of TNF-alpha to induce PGE(2) was impaired in FF and was related to a reduced expression of cyclooxygenase 2. This was possibly due to the reduction of the expression of TNF receptors (TNFRs) in fibrotic cell lines compared with normal cell lines. Flow cytometry revealed that the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of both isoforms of TNFR was significantly lower in FF compared with NF. The MFI of TNFR1 was 3. 55 +/- 0.12 for NF and 1.78 +/- 0.35 for FF (P < 0.001). The MFI of TNFR2 was 1.95 +/- 0.27 for NF and 0.99 +/- 0.16 for FF (P < 0.01). The analysis of the effect of TNF-alpha on some functions associated with collagen metabolism in NF and FF showed an increase of the expression of the receptor for collagen type I (alpha(2)beta(1) integrin) in NF (42 +/- 10%) and an even larger increase in FF (102 +/- 23%) (P < 0.05). Interestingly, unlike NF, TNF-alpha failed to increase matrix metalloproteinase 1 levels in FF and did not cause any growth inhibition in these cells. The reduced capability of fibrotic cells to produce PGE(2) either spontaneously or after TNF-alpha treatment may lead to an unrestrained release of TNF-alpha from activated monocytes and, as a result of the reduced expression of TNFRs, to a different response of these cells to TNF-alpha. These changes may be important in the evolution of the inflammatory process, potentially contributing to its transformation into a chronic and self-perpetuating process.
Wavelength-sweeping technique for measuring the beat length of linearly birefringent optical fibers (1983)

In this Letter a new method is proposed for measuring the beat length of linearly birefringent optical fibers. In this method the beat length is determined from the wavelength dependence of the phase difference between two orthogonally polarized HE(11) modes at the output end of a sample fiber. The important feature of this method is the wide range of the measurable beat length (0.4 mm-1 m:) The principle, the experimental setup, and the result of the experiment are described.
Biological responses to liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) are improved by a PAF antagonist. (1990)

Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is an experimental oxygen-carrying blood substitute. Previous studies in our laboratory with hydrogenated soy lecithin-based LEH indicated that while this solution maintained some physicochemical and oxygen-carrying properties of red blood cells, it evoked several transient (30-120 min) untoward biological responses, such as hypertension, tachycardia, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, and elevation of plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Such biochemical, hematological, and hemodynamic derangements are also produced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). The purpose of this study was to test the biological responses to administration of a newly produced synthetic distearoyl phosphatidylcholine-based LEH (s-DSPC-LEH) in the normal conscious rat (n = 6-11) and to examine the role of PAF in these processes. Systemic (IV) administration of S-DSPC-LEH caused transient hypotension (-23 +/- 8 mmHg, P less than 0.05), bradycardia (-24 +/- 11 bpm, P less than 0.05) followed by tachycardia (+62 +/- 21 bpm, P less than 0.05), decreased cardiac index (217 +/- 21 ml/min/kg, P less than 0.01), increased peripheral resistance (0.570 +/- 0.003 mmHg/ml/min/kg, P less than 0.01), transient leukocytosis (+6,870 +/- 1,801/microliters, P less than 0.05), hemoconcentration (+5.2 +/- 0.4%, P less than 0.01), thrombocytopenia (-160 +/- 18 X 10(3)/microliters, P less than 0.01), and increase in plasma TXB2 (45.0 +/- 1.9 pg/100 microliters, P less than 0.01). Separate infusion of the liposome vehicle or free hemoglobin, the two components of s-DSPC-LEH, did not evoke any consistent responses. Administration of the PAF antagonist BN 50739 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to LEH prevented the hemodynamic changes and hemoconcentration induced by s-DSPC-LEH. These data suggest that hemoglobin/phospholipid interactions might account for the transient side effects of s-DSPC-LEH, possibly through interactions with blood elements and the resultant production of PAF and TXA2. Furthermore, PAF antagonists incorporated into or co-administered with LEH might enhance its biological applications.
Preparation and swelling characterization of poly (<i>n</i>‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based porous hydrogels (2004)

Abstract Nine different poly( n ‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based hydrogels, including nonionic, cationic, and anionic hydrogels, were synthesized in with and without the addition of pore‐forming agents. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized with dry gel density measurements, scanning electron microscopy observations, and the determination of the swelling ratio swelling kinetics. All the results showed that the cationic hydrogels had faster swelling kinetics than the anionic and nonionic hydrogels. The addition of pore‐forming agents (NaHCO 3 and carboxymethylcellulose) during the synthesis process led to porous hydrogels with lower dry densities, swelling ratios, and swelling kinetic parameter values. An empirical equation was developed to successfully correlate the swelling kinetic parameter with the hydrogel swelling ratio. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3651–3658, 2004
Clinical clues and clinical rules: Primary vs secondary headache (2003)

Headache is a common condition, accounting for many specialist office visits annually. International Headache Society classification and diagnostic guidelines are invaluable tools for evaluating the headache patient. These guidelines can be enhanced with clinical clues that aid in determining whether a particular headache is primary or secondary. The secondary causes of pain must be ruled out; some neurological imaging techniques and other investigations have proved more helpful than others in this regard. Fortunately, the vast majority of headaches encountered will be of the primary type. Clinicians often have difficulty distinguishing between the types of primary headache disorders, which is crucial when considering treatment options. (Adv Stud Med. 2003;3(6C):S550-S555)
Quantum cascade photodetector (2004)

A photovoltaic intersubband detector based on electron transfer on a cascade of quantum levels is presented: A quantum cascade detector (QCD). The highest photoresponse of intersubband transition-based photovoltaic detectors is demonstrated: 35mA∕W at null bias. The deduced absorption is of the same order of magnitude as that of a classical quantum-well infrared photodetector, i.e., 20%. Because they work with no dark current, QCDs are very promising for small-pixel large focal plane array applications.
Polymers in Conservation (1993)

150 years of plastics degradation, C.J. Williamson fundamental aspects of polymer degradation, I.C. McNeill preservation of natural macromolecules, C.V. Horie Oriental lacquer - a natural polymer, H.F. Jaeschke stability and function of coatings used in conservation, E. Rene de la Rie textile conservation, J.S. Crighton degradation and conservation of cellulosics and their esters, J.M. Cardamone et al the degradation of cellulose triacetate by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular modelling, M. Derham et al investigation of the archival stability of cellulose triacetate film - the effect of additives to CTA support, Y. Shinagawa et al film storage, M. Jacobsen paper conservation - some polymeric aspects, D.J. Priest early advances in the use of acrylic resins for the conservation of antiquities, M. Robson action of light on dyed and pigmented polymers, N.S. Allen.
NOVEL REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION METHOD CONFIRMS INHIBITION OF BACTERIA EXPOSED TO DOMESTIC WASTEWATER (2004)

For suspended growth activated sludge systems, the growth of bacteria is necessary to avoid washout due to intentional sludge wasting, overflow f rom secondary clarifiers, and endogenous biomass decay.The central anabolic process, ribosome genesis, is the key to the growth of bacteria, and previous research has described the relationship between cellular ribosome levels and growth rate.Ribosome genesis starts with the expression of rrn operons to produce a polycistronic transcript, which is then processed in two steps by RNases to produce precursor rRNAs and then mature rRNAs.The rRNAs are finally combined with ribosomal proteins to produce a ribosome.Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic which inhibits the secondary processing of precursor rRNA and leads to abnormally high levels of precursor rRNA.Previously, fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) were used to determine the level of precursor 16S rRNA with unprocessed 3' termini (pre16S-3' rRNA).The results suggested that an unidentified growth inhibitor is present in municipal wastewater that affects a fraction of an Acinetobacter calcoaceticus T microbial population, and this finding formed the basis of my research.The main objective of my research was to determine whether the growth of bacteria in activated sludge systems is inhibited by wastewater.For this research, two molecular biology methods were utilized to determine whether the secondary processing of precursor 16S rRNA was inhibited.FISH was used to investigate the secondary processing of pre16S-3' rRNA in individual cells, while a novel reverse transcription (RT) method was developed to investigate the secondary processing of the 5' end of precursor 16S rRNA (pre16S-5' rRNA) for an entire population by determining the ratio of pre16S-5' rRNA to 16S rRNA (pre16S-5'/16S).These methods were applied to samples from pure cultures and activated sludge exposed to defined growth media and wastewater.The results of combining these methods with respirometry suggest that a high pre16S-5'/16S is an indication of growth inhibition for A. calcoaceticus T grown in domestic wastewater and the secondary processing of pre16S-5' rRNA is more sensitive than pre16S-3' rRNA.Finally, the RT method was modified to provide a sensitive measure of the growth state of bacterial populations in activated sludge systems.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Salts of Hexahalodigallate(II) and tEtrahalogallate(III) Anions (1984)

This chapter contains sections titled: Triphenylphosphonium Hexabromodigallate(II),[(C6H5)3PH]2[Ga2X6](X=Cl,Br or I) Tetraphenylphosphonium Hexabromodigallate(II) Tetrabutylammonium Tetrachloro-and Tetraiodogallte(III) Tetrabutylammonium Tetraiodogallate(III) Tetraethylammonium Tetrabromogallate(III)