gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Grinding Media Shapes on Breakage Parameters (2007)

Abstract In the present study, the effect of grinding media shape on breakage parameters was investigated. Balls and cylpebs were used as the grinding media. It was observed that the grinding of quartz obeyed first‐order breakage kinetics in the case of balls and cylpebs. Higher breakage rates were noted with cylpebs than with balls. Furthermore, it was found that the primary breakage distribution function is dependent on the feed size (i.e., non‐normalizable), but independent of the grinding media shape. The effect of grinding time on the product size distribution has also been investigated. Following four and ten minute grindings, cylpebs produced a relatively finer product compared to balls.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cell proliferation: focus on cancer cells. (2006)

In addition to its role in the adult mammalian nervous system as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of several kinds of cells including cancer cells. GABA is synthesized predominantly from glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase and exerts its effects via ionotropic GABA(A) receptors and/or metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. In this review, the current state of knowledge regarding the role of the GABAergic system in peripheral nonneuronal cell proliferation is described, and recent advances in elucidation of the mechanisms leading to cell proliferation are discussed.
Comparison Study on Polysaccharide Fractions from <i>Laminaria japonica</i>: Structural Characterization and Bile Acid Binding Capacity (2017)

Our previous study has suggested that the crude polysaccharide obtained from Laminaria japonica by acid assisted extraction (LP-A) have significant bile acid-binding capacity, which probably ascribed to its specific structure characterization. The relationship between structure characterization and bile acid-binding capacity of the purified LP-A fractions are still unknown. This paper conducted a comparison study on the structure characterization and bile acid-binding capacity of three LP-A fractions (LP-A4, LP-A6, and LP-A8). The results indicated that LP-A4, LP-A6, and LP-A8, characterized as mannoglucan, fucomannoglucan, and fucogalactan, had significantly different structure characterization. Furthermore, the bile acid-binding capacity of LP-A8 was obviously higher than the other fractions, which may be attributed to its highly branched structure, abundant sulfate, fucose, and galactose in chemical composition and denser interconnected macromolecule network in molecular morphology. This study provides scientific evidence for the potential utilization of LP-A8 as an attractive functional food supplement candidate for the hyperlipidemia population.
Oral delivery of bioencapsulated exendin‐4 expressed in chloroplasts lowers blood glucose level in mice and stimulates insulin secretion in beta‐<scp>TC</scp>6 cells (2012)

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) increases insulin secretion but is rapidly degraded (half-life: 2 min in circulation). GLP-1 analogue, exenatide (Byetta) has a longer half-life (3.3-4 h) with potent insulinotropic effects but requires cold storage, daily abdominal injections with short shelf life. Because patients with diabetes take >60 000 injections in their life time, alternative delivery methods are highly desired. Exenatide is ideal for oral delivery because insulinotropism is glucose dependent, with reduced risk of hypoglycaemia even at higher doses. Therefore, exendin-4 (EX4) was expressed as a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-fusion protein in tobacco chloroplasts to facilitate bioencapsulation within plant cells and transmucosal delivery in the gut via GM1 receptors present in the intestinal epithelium. The transgene integration was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Expression level of CTB-EX4 reached up to 14.3% of total leaf protein (TLP). Lyophilization of leaf material increased therapeutic protein concentration by 12- to 24-fold, extended their shelf life up to 15 months when stored at room temperature and eliminated microbes present in fresh leaves. The pentameric structure, disulphide bonds and functionality of CTB-EX4 were well preserved in lyophilized materials. Chloroplast-derived CTB-EX4 showed increased insulin secretion similar to the commercial EX4 in beta-TC6, a mouse pancreatic cell line. Even when 5000-fold excess dose of CTB-EX4 was orally delivered, it stimulated insulin secretion similar to the intraperitoneal injection of commercial EX4 but did not cause hypoglycaemia in mice. Oral delivery of the bioencapsulated EX4 should eliminate injections, increase patient compliance/convenience and significantly lower their cost.
Wireless Local Area Network Security : An Investigation Into Security Tool Usage In Wireless Networks (2003)

Many organisations and individuals installing wireless local area networks (WLANs), which are based on the IEEE 802.11 b standard, have little understanding of the security issues that surround this technology. This study was initiated to determine how WLAN security issues affect organisations in Perth, Western Australia. The scope of the study was restricted to 802.llb WLANs operating in infrastructure mode, where all traffic is transmitted by wireless access points (APs). This study was conducted in two phases. The general aims of the first phase were to determine the number of detectable WLANs in the Perth Central Business District (CBD) and subsequently, the percentage of them that have enabled Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). Additionally, phase 1 was able to show how many WLANs were still using the manufacturer's default settings and how the network devices may be grouped according to manufacturer. The general aims of the second phase were to find out if the IT managers of various Perth organisations were aware of the security issues related to WLANs and to find out the degree to which the security tools and processes have been implemented. These aims were also achieved and in addition, anecdotal information was collected and analysed. The results of this study indicate that in the Perth CBD, the majority of those persons responsible for the implementation and management of wireless networks are aware of the problems and have taken steps to secure their networks.
Crypt-restricted proliferation and commitment to the Paneth cell lineage following <i>Apc</i> loss in the mouse intestine (2005)

Loss of Apc appears to be one of the major events initiating colorectal cancer. However, the first events responsible for this initiation process are not well defined and the ways in which different epithelial cell types respond to Apc loss are unknown. We used a conditional gene-ablation approach in transgenic mice expressing tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase all along the crypt-villus axis to analyze the immediate effects of Apc loss in the small intestinal epithelium, both in the stem-cell compartment and in postmitotic epithelial cells. Within 4 days, Apc loss induced a dramatic enlargement of the crypt compartment associated with intense cell proliferation, apoptosis and impairment of cell migration. This result confirms the gatekeeper role of Apc in the intestinal epithelium in vivo. Although Apc deletion activated beta-catenin signaling in the villi, we observed neither proliferation nor morphological change in this compartment. This highlights the dramatic difference in the responses of immature and differentiated epithelial cells to aberrant beta-catenin signaling. These distinct biological responses were confirmed by molecular analyses, revealing that Myc and cyclin D1, two canonical beta-catenin target genes, were induced in distinct compartments. We also showed that Apc is a crucial determinant of cell fate in the murine intestinal epithelium. Apc loss perturbs differentiation along the enterocyte, goblet and enteroendocrine lineages, and promotes commitment to the Paneth cell lineage through beta-catenin/Tcf4-mediated transcriptional control of specific markers of Paneth cells, the cryptdin/defensin genes.
Structure and photoluminescence properties of KSr_4(BO_3)_3:Eu^3+ red-emitting phosphor (2011)

We have synthesized a Eu3+-activated KSr4(BO3)3 red phosphor by solid state reactions. Rietveld refinement on X-ray diffraction data indicates that Eu3+ ions are inclined to occupy Sr(2) (8c) site in the structure of KSr4(BO3)3. The composition-optimized KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ exhibits a dominant emission peak at 612 nm (5D0-7F2) with CIE coordinates of (0.64, 0.35) under the excitation at 394 nm. By codoping M+ ions (M = Li, Na, and K) in KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ to compensate the charge unbalance, the intensities of emission spectra at 612 nm can be increased greatly, but the CIE coordinates will not be changed. The red-emitting KSr4(BO3)3:Eu3+ phosphor may be potential candidate in the fabrication of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Activation of blue emission from oxidized porous silicon by annealing in water vapor (1998)

It is reported that annealing of oxidized porous silicon in water vapor at about 250 °C drastically enhances its blue emission. Infrared absorption studies indicate that this annealing increases all the absorption peaks related to O–H vibrations, except for that of free silanol which disappears completely. No traces of carbon-related signals are observed. The latter result makes a clear objection to blue-band luminescence models based on adsorbed carbon compounds. Although the possibility of silanol-related origins cannot be ruled out, we suggest that some passivation effect of adsorbed hydroxyls on Si nanostructures surrounded by SiO2 is also likely.
Testing 3-D IC Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) by Direct Probing (2013)

Testing the integrity of interconnects realized by through silicon vias (TSVs) in 3-D integrated circuits (3-D IC) is considered a challenging task. TSVs are excessively small and fragile for current probe technology. In this paper, a new spring-type probe using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology is presented. The implemented MEMS probe supports the required pitch for TSV direct probing and minimizes the undesired scrub marks on TSV surface. Simulation results indicate that the implemented MEMS probe can operate at the gigahertz frequency range without significant test signal degradation.
ACE-8PSK: band-limited 8PSK with an Almost Constant Envelope (1995)

8PSK modulation is of increasing interest in satellite communications applications where bandwidth efficiency is a prime concern. However, its adoption in practical systems has been limited, largely due to its increased sensitivity to channel and transmitter imperfections as compared with QPSK and other modulation schemes. In particular, band-limited 8PSK is highly susceptible to the interference associated with adjacent channel spectral regrowth caused by transmitter nonlinearity. Spectral regrowth may lead to substantial performance degradation or make necessary an increase in the spacing between carriers. The transmitted carrier may suffer levels of spurious RF emission which exceed system specifications or spectral mask regulations. This paper proposes new low complexity trellis coding techniques which can be applied to conventional 8PSK modulation, and which lead to substantially reduced levels of spectral regrowth. When the coding is applied, the modulated signal exhibits a reduced degree of envelope fluctuation, and hence it is less affected by amplitude nonlinearity. The schemes are termed Almost-Constant-Envelope 8PSK (ACE-8PSK). Combined with outer FEC coding, ACE-8PSK can achieve greater power efficiency than QPSK, and provide significant performance advantages on the nonlinear channel in terms of bit error rate and the spectral purity of transmissions.
El Derecho internacional: Un vocabulario disciplinar para la crítica y la reforma (2002)

The current study investigated the compensatory load redistribution due to osteoarthritis of the elbow joint using ground reaction forces of all four legs, simultaneously measured on a treadmill with integrated force plates. Three groups of dogs were used: the first group was clinically sound; the second group suffered from a naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the elbow joint, and a reversible lameness was induced in the third group. The naturally occurring osteoarthritis resulted in a compensatory gait pattern to reduce the stress on the affected limb. The load was reduced on the lame limb and increased on the contralateral hindlimb. The symmetry index indicated a weight-shift to the contralateral forelimb and diagonal hindlimb, which resulted in a more balanced weight distribution than in normal dogs. Dogs with induced lameness showed comparable but less pronounced alterations. These results suggested that forelimb lameness could lead to overload on non-affected extremities and the vertebral spine.
A NOVEL QUAD-BAND (GSM850 TO IEEE 802.11A) PIFA FOR MOBILE HANDSET (2013)

In this paper, a novel planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with slotted ground structure is proposed for multiband mobile communication application. The multimode performance is applied for multiband operation in our design. The proposed antenna has good impedance matching characteristics for GSM850/900, DCS1800/1900, LTE2300/2500, IEEE 802.11a/b. The measured radiation e-ciency of proposed antenna is all higher than 69% in GSM (824{960MHz)/DCS (1710{1880MHz)/PCS (1850{1990MHz)/LTE (2300{2400MHz, 2500{2690MHz)/802.11b (2.4{2.48GHz), and is up to 50% in IEEE 802.11a (5.15{5.825GHz).
Sequential interleukin 3 and granulocyte‐macrophage–colony stimulating factor therapy in patients with bone marrow failure with long‐term follow‐up of responses (2003)

Sequential IL-3/GM-CSF effectively raised blood counts in some patients with bone marrow failure at doses that were tolerated well. These results indicate that early-acting growth factors can induce durable, multilineage responses in a subset of individuals with bone marrow failure.
The Role of Immunotherapy in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (1983)

• The use of immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is controversial. Twenty-four trials have been reported in which 1,491 patients with AML received various forms of immunotherapy, including BCG, methanol extract residue (MER) of BCG, or<i>Corynebacterium parvum</i>. Some patients were immunized with allogeneic or autologous leukemia blast cells. In only four of the 24 trials was a significant prolongation of remission reported. Pooled data from all 24 studies were analyzed further. No statistically significant difference in duration of remission between patients who received maintenance chemotherapy alone and those who received maintenance chemotherapy plus immunotherapy was found. A significant survival advantage for those patients who received BCG and chemotherapy for maintenance therapy was detected. A beneficial biologic effect for the patients treated with BCG is suggested but this was not a disease-free survival advantage, and had no impact on cure of patients with AML. Immunotherapy, as currently conceived, seems to have no substantial benefit for patients with AML receiving optimal chemotherapy. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1983;143:1726-1731)
Group mutual exclusion in tree networks (2003)

The group mutual exclusion (GME) problem deals with sharing a set of (m) mutually exclusive resources among all (n) processes of a network. Processes are allowed to be in a critical section simultaneously provided they request the same resource. We present three group mutual exclusion solutions for tree networks. All three solutions do not use process identifiers, and use bounded size messages. They achieve the best context-switch complexity, which is O(min (n, m)). The first solution uses a fixed root of the tree and uses 0 to O(n) messages per critical section entry. This solution supports an unbounded degree of concurrency, thus provides the maximum resource utilization. The second solution also uses a fixed root, but uses a reduced number of messages for the critical section entry. It generates an average of O(log n) messages per critical section entry and also allows an unbounded degree of concurrency. However, the concurrency may be limited in some parts of the network. We remove the restriction of using a fixed root in the third solution in addition to maintaining all other desirable properties of the second solution.
Human α-Thrombin Preparations (1977)

Thrombin production from human Cohn fraction III paste (>20 g; 340 ± 110 mg/kg paste, N = 65) has yielded predominantly α-thrombin (97 ± 3%, N = 29), with high clotting and esterase activities (2.8 + 0.4 US “NIH” units/μg protein; 88 ± 8% esterase active, N = 65), free of detectable plasmin(ogen) and Factors II, VII, IX(a) or X(a). Preparations in 0.75 M NaCl (pH/v6) at 2-7 mg/ml (A250nm = 1,83 m-1 cm-1 cm 0.10 M NaOH) retain activities frozen at <-50°C for >1 year. The enzyme (My 36,600 + 800, N = 9) consists of two polypeptides (A chain Mr 4,600 ± 200, N = l6; B chain Mp 32,000 ± 1,000, N = 22), is an isoionically heterogeneous glycoprotein (pI 7.0, 7.3, 7.6; carbohydrate-staining B chain), displays sparing solubility (e.g., in 0.15 M NaCl, pH~7; precipitates in H2O), is easily denatured (low I; pH <5 or >10; T1/2 53°C), and autolyzes to non-clotting derivative forms (β- followed by 7-thrombin; both <1% clotting of α-thrombin). Chloride salts (I 3, pH 8.3) of Group I (except Li) enhanced a-thrombin (1 mg/ml) thermal stability (T1/2 60-61 vs 49°C for Li+), whereas Group II salts reduced its stability (T1/2 40, 44, 48°C for Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, respectively). Autolytic loss of clotting activity (22°C, 48 h) followed the series: Na+ (>90% loss) > K+ (90$) > Rb+ (70%) >Cs+ (30%) > Li+ (10%)~Ca2+~Sr2+~Mg2+ > Ba2+ (<1%). Clotting activity was correlated with enzymic homogeneity of α-thrombin (3.09 ± 0.57 US units/μg extrapolated pure-active enzyme, N = 29). (Supported in part by USPHS Grant HL I3160)
Model Based Transient Control and Component Degradation Monitoring in Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants DE-FG07-02ID22612 (Formerly: DE-FG03-02SF22612/A000) Quarter 2 Report January - March 2003 (2003)

OAK - B204 Quarterly report for January 2003 - March 2003.
Rectangular Patterns Using Block Copolymer Directed Assembly for High Bit Aspect Ratio Patterned Media (2010)

We report a nanofabrication method that combines block copolymer directed assembly with e-beam lithography to achieve highly uniform rectangular patterns with a critical dimension of 16 nm, a full pitch of 27 nm, and arbitrary aspect ratio. This fabrication method enables geometries that are not natural to block copolymer assembly, preserves both the feature uniformity and the center-to-center spacing of the original block copolymer, sustains long-range translational order, and facilitates high-resolution, high-density patterns through feature density multiplication. These highly uniform arrays of dense rectangular features are particularly attractive for fabricating magnetic bit patterned media with high bit aspect ratio.
Prominent action of butyrate over β-hydroxybutyrate as histone deacetylase inhibitor, transcriptional modulator and anti-inflammatory molecule (2019)

Butyrate and R-β-hydroxybutyrate are two related short chain fatty acids naturally found in mammals. Butyrate, produced by enteric butyric bacteria, is present at millimolar concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract and at lower levels in blood; R-β-hydroxybutyrate, the main ketone body, produced by the liver during fasting can reach millimolar concentrations in the circulation. Both molecules have been shown to be histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and their administration has been associated to an improved metabolic profile and better cellular oxidative status, with butyrate inducing PGC1α and fatty acid oxidation and R-β-hydroxybutyrate upregulating oxidative stress resistance factors FOXO3A and MT2 in mouse kidney. Because of the chemical and functional similarity between the two molecules, we compared here their impact on multiple cell types, evaluating i) histone acetylation and hydroxybutyrylation levels by immunoblotting, ii) transcriptional regulation of metabolic and inflammatory genes by quantitative PCR and iii) cytokine secretion profiles using proteome profiling array analysis. We confirm that butyrate is a strong HDAC inhibitor, a characteristic we could not identify in R-β-hydroxybutyrate in vivo nor in vitro. Butyrate had an extensive impact on gene transcription in rat myotubes, upregulating PGC1α, CPT1b, mitochondrial sirtuins (SIRT3-5), and the mitochondrial anti-oxidative genes SOD2 and catalase. In endothelial cells, butyrate suppressed gene expression and LPS-induced secretion of several pro-inflammatory genes, while R-β-hydroxybutyrate acted as a slightly pro-inflammatory molecule. Our observations indicate that butyrate induces transcriptional changes to a higher extent than R-β-hydroxybutyrate in rat myotubes and endothelial cells, in keep with its HDAC inhibitory activity. Also, in contrast with previous reports, R-β-hydroxybutyrate, while inducing histone β-hydroxybutyrylation, did not display a readily detectable HDAC inhibitor activity and exerted a slight pro-inflammatory action on endothelial cells.
Power to the People: The Role of Humans in Interactive Machine Learning (2014)

Systems that can learn interactively from their end‐users are quickly becoming widespread. Until recently, this progress has been fueled mostly by advances in machine learning; however, more and more researchers are realizing the importance of studying users of these systems. In this article we promote this approach and demonstrate how it can result in better user experiences and more effective learning systems. We present a number of case studies that demonstrate how interactivity results in a tight coupling between the system and the user, exemplify ways in which some existing systems fail to account for the user, and explore new ways for learning systems to interact with their users. After giving a glimpse of the progress that has been made thus far, we discuss some of the challenges we face in moving the field forward.
Group effective indices of different types of optical fibers measured around 1550 nm (1994)

The effective group indices of different single mode fiber types (standard, dispersion shifted or dispersion compensated, polarization maintaining, pure silica core, erbium doped) have been measured in the wavelength range 1.500–1.580 μm; their values range from 1.4635 to 1.4778 at 1.54 μm. These values have been determined by a resonant-cavity method, which provides an accuracy to the fourth decimal place.
<sup>pp42/44</sup>MAP Kinase Is a Component of the Neurogenic Pathway Utilized by Nerve Growth Factor in PC12 Cells (1992)

Nerve growth factor-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pp42/44MAP) kinase was characterized by sequential column chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, phenyl-Sepharose CL4B, and S-200. The kinase displayed an apparent molecular mass of 42 kDa and reacted with an antiphosphotyrosine antibody. Peptide mapping of myelin basic protein revealed the presence of one phosphopeptide that was phosphorylated on Thr-97. pp42/44MAP kinase activity was dependent on Mg2+ and inhibited by K252a both in vitro and in vivo. Nerve growth factor-stimulated kinase activation was diminished by down-regulation of protein kinase C with 200 nM 12-phorbol 13-myristate acetate or with staurosporine (1 nM), a protein kinase C inhibitor. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked nerve growth factor-mediated neurite extension as well as diminished activation of pp42/44MAP kinase. Our data demonstrate that activation of this kinase system by nerve growth factor displays a requirement for both protein kinase C as well as protein tyrosine kinase. In addition, other agents that are capable of promoting neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, such as fibroblast growth factor or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, do so independently of activating this kinase system.