gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A transient postmamillary component of the rat fornix during development: implications for interspecific differences in mature axonal projections (1987)

We have used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to study the development of the postcommissural fornix in albino rats. The fornix reaches the caudal hypothalamus a day or two before birth. Before fornix axons can be seen entering the mamillary nuclei, a prominent contingent of the fornix can be followed beyond the mamillary bodies. This postmamillary component continues to grow into the midbrain and pontine tegmentum during the first postnatal week as the projection to the mamillary nuclei is being elaborated. During the second and third postnatal weeks, the postmamillary component of the fornix becomes progressively smaller until it is completely eliminated. The cells of origin of this transient postmamillary component of the fornix are found within the subicular complex of the hippocampal region. Most, if not all, of the cells of origin of the postmamillary component of the fornix survive the period during which this projection is eliminated. Consistent with these observations is the interpretation that the axons of the fornix that eventually enter and arborize within the mamillary nuclei and are maintained in the adult, arise during development as interstitial collaterals from parent fibers, the distal portions of which are subsequently eliminated. While not present in adult rats, a postmamillary component of the fornix has been described in other species, such as the cat (Nauta, 1958). It would seem, therefore, that in this case the interspecific variations in projection patterns result from the differential elaboration and elimination of an initially quite similar pattern of connections.
Bronchial epithelial cells regulate fibroblast proliferation (1995)

Chronic bronchitis frequently leads to irreversible airway obstruction. Alteration of airway architecture with abnormal airway connective tissue is thought to play an important role in this process. We hypothesized that the epithelial cells that line the airways modulate the development of peribronchial fibrosis and fixed airway obstruction by directing fibroblast proliferation. To assess this, we examined stimulatory activities for human lung fibroblast proliferation in bovine bronchial epithelial cell-conditioned medium. The conditioned medium stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts in a serum-free culture system in a concentration-dependent manner. The fibroblast growth stimulatory activity was heterogenous, with molecular masses of > 50 and approximately 10 kDa. Bronchial epithelial cell-conditioned medium also contained fibroblast growth inhibitory factors, including both transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and, based on indomethacin sensitivity, cyclooxygenase products. TGF-beta appeared to contribute to the morphological change of fibroblasts induced by the conditioned medium. Co-culture of human lung fibroblasts with bronchial epithelial cells resulted in a stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. In summary, airway epithelial cells appear to regulate fibroblast proliferation and may play a role in peribronchial fibrosis in chronic bronchitis.
Etching of SiC Using Inductively Coupled Plasma (1998)

Single‐crystal SiC etching in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) chamber using a gas mixture of has been investigated for the first time. The dependence of etch rate on ICP power, substrate dc bias, and oxygen percentage was studied. It is found that etch rate increases with ICP power and substrate dc bias, and an etch rate exceeding 200 nm/min can be obtained at −100 V substrate dc bias. The etch rate is as high as 20 nm/min, even when there is no substrate bias. Clean and smooth surfaces can be obtained readily. Trenches with different depths were etched and their profiles were examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Application of the Ion‐interaction Model to the Solubility Prediction of LiCl‐HCl‐MgCl<sub>2</sub>‐H<sub>2</sub>O System at 20 °C (2005)

Abstract Component solubility in HCl‐LiCl‐MgCl 2 ‐H 2 O system of high ionic strength at 20 °C was predicted by using the Pitzer's ion‐interaction model. The results indicated that the model supplied a very good prediction of the component solubility of the system mentioned above. The values of parameters of β 0 , β 1 and C ϕ of HCl, LiCl and MgCl 2 were obtained from optimization of literature data, while those of θ MN and ψ MNX were calculated from a least‐squares optimization procedure to couple activity coefficient with solubility data. According to the ion‐interaction model, no additional parameters need to be determined for more complex systems. The study provided theoretical basis for the manufacture process, which was proposed by Gao and employed to extract LiCl and MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O from salt lake brine.
A Brief History of Barometric Instrument Development (1966)

THROUGHOUT a long history in the field of aviation instrumentation, a great variety of problems in development has been encountered by the Aviation Division of Smiths Industries . In the early days, these tended to be of a rudimentary nature and sometimes had a humorous aspect, whereas in later years, more complex and obscure phenomena arose which often required extensive investigation.
Cytokines induce apoptosis in beta-cells isolated from mice lacking the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS-/-). (2000)

Prolonged exposure of rodent beta-cells to combinations of cytokines induces the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and Fas expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell death. It also induces the expression of potential "defense" genes, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heat shock protein (hsp) 70. NO is a radical with multifaceted actions. Recent studies have shown that NO, in addition to having cytotoxic actions, may regulate gene transcription. It remains unclear whether NO mediates cytokine-induced gene expression and subsequent beta-cell death. Previous studies using NO synthase blockers yielded conflicting results, which may be due to nonspecific effects of these agents. In this study, we examined the effects of cytokines on gene expression, determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and viability, determined by nuclear dyes, of pancreatic islets or fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-purified beta-cells isolated from iNOS knockout mice (iNOS-/-, background C57BL/6x129SvEv) or their respective controls (C57BL/6x129SvEv). The combination of cytokines used was interleukin-1beta (50 U/ml) plus gamma-interferon (1,000 U/ml) plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1,000 U/ml). The lack of cytokine-induced iNOS activity in the iNOS-/- islet cells was confirmed by RT-PCR and nitrite determination. Cytokines induced a >3-fold increase in Fas and MnSOD mRNA expression in wild-type (WT) and iNOS-/- islets. On the other hand, hsp 70 was induced in WT but not in iNOS-/- islets. Prolonged (6-9 days) exposure of WT islets to cytokines leads to an 80-90% decrease in islet cell viability, whereas viability decreased by only 10-30% in iNOS-/- islet cells. To determine the mode of cytokine-induced cell death, FACS-purified beta-cells were exposed to the same cytokines. After 9 days, the apoptosis index was similarly increased in WT (39 +/- 3%) and iNOS4-/- (33 +/- 4%) beta-cells. On the other hand, cytokines increased necrosis in WT (20 +/- 4%) but not in iNOS-/- (7 +/- 3%) beta-cells. From these data, we concluded that 1) NO is required for cytokine-induced hsp 70 mRNA expression but not for Fas and MnSOD expression, 2) cytokines induce both apoptosis and necrosis in mouse beta-cells, and 3) cytokine-induced apoptosis is mostly NO-independent, whereas necrosis requires NO formation.
High-level dynamic memory management for object-oriented real-time systems (1996)

Dynamic memory management in real-time systems is difficult because most traditional allocation and deallocation algorithms are unpredictable in terms of their worst-case memory utilization and execution times. This paper describes recent work on a new memory management system designed specifically to support hard-real-time allocation, automatic garbage collection, and defragmentation of the free pool. The memory management system consists of special hardware circuits placed between the CPU's level-two caches and its memory subsystem. Benefits include worst-case allocation delays of two microseconds and typical memory utilizations that exceed binary-buddy allocators by over 30%. A commercial implementation of this technology is currently under development.
Amplification and elevated expression of c-myc in a chemically induced mouse colon tumor. (1985)

The amplification and level of expression of four cellular oncogenes was investigated in dimethylhydrazine-induced Mouse Colon Tumor 36 of Corbett et al. [Corbett, T. H. Griswold, D. P., Jr., Roberts, B. J., Peckham, J. C., and Schabel, F. M., Jr. Cancer (Phila.), 40:2660-2680, 1977], which has been used to evaluate potential chemotherapeutic agents. A 30- to 40-fold amplification of c-myc was observed in the tumor DNA as compared to the DNA of normal colonic mucosa and liver. No changes were observed in the number of copies of c-mos, erbB, or bas. Digestion with three different restriction enzymes demonstrated that there was no major alteration in the genomic structure of c-myc in the amplified DNA. The level of c-myc RNA was 10-fold higher in both the total and polyadenylated RNA from the tumor when compared to RNA from normal colonic mucosa. Probes specific for the three myc exons were used in hybridization experiments and demonstrated that all three exons were present in the amplified DNA and in the mRNA.
Silver and Gold Nanocluster Catalyzed Reduction of Methylene Blue by Arsine in a Micellar Medium (2002)

In anionic micelles, SDS has been found to remove the kinetic barrier for the reaction between methylene blue (MB) and arsine. The color bleaching (reduction) of SDS micelle bound MB by arsine gives a quantitative measure of arsenic concentration in the sub-parts-per-million levels for a test sample. Arsine is generated by reacting NaBH4 with arsenic-containing samples present along with the other reagents. The extent of the micelle-bound dye reduction is facilitated in the presence of Ag or Au nanoparticles. The micelles, in turn, help to increase the collision probability between the dye and arsine, whereas nanoparticles help the electron relay from AsH3 to the micelle-bound dye. This method depicts for the first time a simple, reproducible way to demonstrate nanoparticle-catalyzed dye reduction by arsine in an organized medium.
Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNAs of Clinical Isolates by Endonuclease HpaI (1986)

The DNAs of 20 strains of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) isolated from epidemiologically unrelated individuals, and of 15 strains isolated from vesicles of vaccinees with varicella or zoster after vaccination, were compared by restriction enzyme cleavage using HpaI. Differences were found in the sizes of the HpaI-F, -G and -K fragments of the wild strains. The gel migration patterns of the HpaI-F and -G fragments, but not of the HpaI-K fragment, were polymorphic in the different strains isolated from the vaccinees. The effects of serial passages in vitro and in humans on the genome stability of VZV were investigated by HpaI analysis. The DNA profiles of the HpaI-K fragments from six isolates recovered from room-mates infected in a single outbreak were identical, but the mobilities of their HpaI-F and -G fragments varied. The DNA profiles of the Oka vaccine virus after 10 and 85 passages in human embryo cells differed only in the HpaI-F fragment. The profiles of these fragments in DNA derived from two isolates obtained at different times from a vaccinee with varicella followed by zoster were compared with those of the Oka (parental) and Oka (vaccine) strains, and identical results were obtained for the two viruses. In addition, the same DNA profiles of HpaI fragments were obtained from three sequential isolates from one person and also from two isolates from another with varicella and zoster. Thus, it was concluded that: three variable fragments (HpaI-K, -F and -G) were not changed in the DNAs of isolates derived from the same patient; HpaI-K was stable both on passage in vitro and after human transmission in the case of the same outbreak, but was different among all wild-type strains isolated in epidemiologically unrelated outbreaks; HpaI-F was very unstable both on passage in vitro and in human infections by either vaccine or wild-type strains; HpaI-G was not influenced by passage in vitro but varied among wild-type strains. Using physical maps of VZV DNA established by others, three variable regions on the viral genome were identified. One was located near the 0.16 coordinate, which is covered by HpaI-K (variable region I, VRI). Another was represented by HpaI-F (VRII), the most unstable fragment, and mapped at about the 0.35 coordinate. The third was VRIII near the right terminus, covered by HpaI-G.
Gaining insights into multicore cache partitioning: Bridging the gap between simulation and real systems (2008)

Cache partitioning and sharing is critical to the effective utilization of multicore processors. However, almost all existing studies have been evaluated by simulation that often has several limitations, such as excessive simulation time, absence of OS activities and proneness to simulation inaccuracy. To address these issues, we have taken an efficient software approach to supporting both static and dynamic cache partitioning in OS through memory address mapping. We have comprehensively evaluated several representative cache partitioning schemes with different optimization objectives, including performance, fairness, and quality of service (QoS). Our software approach makes it possible to run the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark suite to completion. Besides confirming important conclusions from previous work, we are able to gain several insights from whole-program executions, which are infeasible from simulation. For example, giving up some cache space in one program to help another one may improve the performance of both programs for certain workloads due to reduced contention for memory bandwidth. Our evaluation of previously proposed fairness metrics is also significantly different from a simulation-based study. The contributions of this study are threefold. (1) To the best of our knowledge, this is a highly comprehensive execution- and measurement-based study on multicore cache partitioning. This paper not only confirms important conclusions from simulation-based studies, but also provides new insights into dynamic behaviors and interaction effects. (2) Our approach provides a unique and efficient option for evaluating multicore cache partitioning. The implemented software layer can be used as a tool in multicore performance evaluation and hardware design. (3) The proposed schemes can be further refined for OS kernels to improve performance.
TDMA in Adaptive Resonant Beam Charging for IoT Devices (2018)

Resonant beam charging (RBC) can realize wireless power transfer (WPT) from a transmitter to multiple Internet of Things devices via resonant beams. The adaptive RBC (ARBC) can effectively improve its energy utilization. In order to support multiuser WPT in the ARBC system, we propose the time-division multiple access (TDMA) method and design the TDMA-based WPT scheduling algorithm. Our TDMA WPT method has the features of concurrently charging, continuous charging current, individual user power control, constant driving power, and flexible driving power control. The simulation shows that the TDMA scheduling algorithm has high efficiency, as the total charging time is roughly half (46.9% when charging 50 receivers) of that of the alternative scheduling algorithm. Furthermore, the TDMA for WPT inspires the ideas of enhancing the ARBC system, such as flow control and quality of service.
Real-time motion detection of functional MRI data (2004)

The objective of this work was to implement a motion-detection algorithm on a commercial real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) processing package for neurosurgical planning applications. A real-time motion detection module was implemented on a commercial real-time processing package. Simulated functional data sets with introduced translational, in-plane rotational, and through-plane rotational motion were created. The coefficient of variation (COV) of the center of intensity was used as a motion quantification metric. Coefficients of variation were calculated before and after image registration to determine the effectiveness of the motion correction; the limits of correctability were also determined. The motion-detection module allowed for real-time quantification of the motion in an fMRI experiment. Along with knowledge of the limits of correctability, this enables determination of whether an experiment needs to be reacquired while the patient is in the scanner. This study establishes the feasibility of using real-time motion detection for presurgical planning fMRI and establishes the limits of correctable motion. PACS number: 87.61.-c
Identifying decision strategies in a consumer choice situation (2008)

Abstract In two studies on mobile phone purchase decisions, we investigated consumers’ decision strategies with a newly developed process tracing tool called InterActive Process Tracing (IAPT). This tool is a combination of several process tracing techniques (Active Information Search, Mouselab, and retrospective verbal protocol). After repeatedly choosing one of four mobile phones, participants formalized their strategy so that it could be used to make choices for them. The choices made by the identified strategies correctly predicted the observed choices in 73% (Experiment 1) and 67% (Experiment 2) of the cases. Moreover, in Experiment 2 we directly compared Mouselab and eye tracking with respect to their impact on information search and strategy description. We found only minor differences between these two methods. We conclude that IAPT is a useful research tool to identify choice strategies, and that using eye tracking technology did not increase its validity beyond that gained with Mouselab.
Commercial Mushrooms and Bean Sprouts Are a Source of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2005)

Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely reported to be ubiquitous in the environment, attempts to reliably isolate this opportunistic pathogen from environmental sources have often had limited success. In many cases, if present, P. aeruginosa is not detectable in quantifiable amounts and requires
High‐temperature mutual solubilities of hydrocarbons and water. Part I: Benzene, cyclohexane and <i>n</i>‐hexane (1983)

Abstract The mutual solubilities at the three‐phase equilibrium pressure of three C 6 hydrocarbons (benzene, cyclohexane and n ‐hexane) and water have been experimentally investigated up to 482 K. A thermodynamic analysis of these new measurements and of critically selected literature data has been carried out to the three‐phase critical end point. Information is also provided on the two‐phase critical locus. The solubility of hydrocarbons in water has been used to calculate Henry's constants, while the solubility of water in the hydrocarbons has been correlated with a modified version of the Redlich‐Kwong equation of state. Consideration is also given to the effect of pressure on the mutual solubilities.
Architecture & Design of Affordable and Highly Available Enterprise Cloud Service (2013)

Cloud computing is a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in additional infrastructure, licensing additional software or training new personnel. Enterprises must embrace this bleeding edge real-time business model in order to compete in the current marketplace. Deployment of enterprise applications in public cloud can reduce investment on IT infrastructure both in terms of hardware and software, whenever new services are to be provisioned. Furthermore, cloud services are quite attractive to business because of its dynamic scalability, privacy, performance and ability to handle heterogeneous environments. Instead of spending a lot of time in figuring out server setup and working on routers, it is judicious to subscribe cloud based 24/7 support and affordable services. It’s an extremely important consideration to subscribe to at least two cloud vendors for smooth running of applications and ensure application availability by switching from one provider to another with minimal management effort. In this article we have proposed an architecture and design of a cost affordable online enterprise cloud application that subscribes to two public cloud vendors with respect to cost and availability parameters. We also present the reasons for the current trend of enterprises moving towards 24/7 online business cloud services.
Estimates of Direction and Intensity of the Palaeomagnetic Field from the Mugga Mugga Porphyry, Australia (1966)

The mean direction of NRM in Mugga Mugga Porphyry (late Silurian or early Devonian intrusion near Canberra) is calculated to have declination 16° E and inclination −40° with Fisher precision estimate (k) equal to 43. This corresponds to a palaeomagnetic pole at 158° W, 71° N. Alternating field and thermal demagnetization, as well as divergence of the mean from the present field direction, indicate stability and that the NRM is primary thermoremanence. The intensity (M) of NRM which is destroyed by heating in zero field through a particular temperature range is compared with the intensity (M′) of TRM acquired by cooling in the Earth's field through the same temperature range. By studying different temperature intervals, several estimates of M/M′ were obtained from each specimen. If arbitrary correction is made for the effects of alteration above 550 °C, M/M′ was found to be constant within a factor of about 2 over all temperature intervals in four samples. This suggests that serious decay of NRM has not occurred, and that M may be close to the original NRM intensity. Assuming intensity to be proportional to applied field, it is estimated that the Earth's field at the time when the Mugga Mugga Porphyry was intruded was approximately a quarter of its present intensity. A large number of estimates of M/M′ is required before any estimate of ancient field intensity can be made; this is likely to apply to future studies of palaeointensity.
Patch-Based Video Denoising With Optical Flow Estimation (2016)

A novel image sequence denoising algorithm is presented. The proposed approach takes advantage of the self-similarity and redundancy of adjacent frames. The algorithm is inspired by fusion algorithms, and as the number of frames increases, it tends to a pure temporal average. The use of motion compensation by regularized optical flow methods permits robust patch comparison in a spatiotemporal volume. The use of principal component analysis ensures the correct preservation of fine texture and details. An extensive comparison with the state-of-the-art methods illustrates the superior performance of the proposed approach, with improved texture and detail reconstruction.