gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of silicon reflection-type arrayed-waveguide gratings with distributed Bragg reflectors (2013)

Silicon reflection-type arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs) consisting of all straight array waveguides are experimentally demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. The AWG has 14 output channels with 400 GHz channel spacing and a footprint of 230 μm×530 μm. The minimum on-chip loss of 3.0 dB and crosstalk of -20 dB are achieved by using a second-order distributed Bragg reflector facet.
Cover Image (2018)

The cover image, by Ju Youn Jung et al., is based on the Paper Comparison of fatigue, depression, and anxiety as factors affecting posttreatment health-related quality of life in lung cancer survivors, DOI 10.1002/pon.4513.
Experimental test and numerical shape optimization of a point pivoted absorber for wave energy conversion (2015)

This paper presents a numerical study on an innovative system for converting energy from waves. It consists of a point pivoted body which oscillates in presence of waves. The system uses a linear electrical generator which converts floating movements of the buoyant body into electrical power. The buoyant body floats, describing an arc, by means of two hinges. A suitable Power Take-off Device (PTO) is placed between buoy support arms and the fixed structure and has the function to convert the mechanical power of the linear oscillating motion of the connecting piston into electrical power. A design assumption is made on the PTO control system: PTO reaction force is assumed to be linearly dependent on piston oscillation velocity with a given force-speed gain. This coefficient is strictly connected to electrical generator characteristics and its value has an effect on power conversion efficiency . A scaled model of this system has also been tested in the wave/towing tank facility of Department of industrial Engineering (DII) of University of Naples “Federico II”. A variety of numerical analyses, such as potential flow simulations and Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations, have been performed to predict the system performances. Numerical and experimental analyses have included the performances of the baseline geometry, both in free response and under wave excitation, in order to characterize the response of the system, and results have been used to understand which parameters affect more the power production. Finally a numerical optimization procedure has been carried out to optimize the shape of the converter with the final objective of increasing the generated power, eventually imposing a constraint on the amount of immersed volume. In this way, a modified configuration has been predicted with higher power output and the same value of submerged volume, but with different shape.
Studies on Phthalocyanine Derivatives. V. On the Salts of Iron Phthalocyaninetetra- (4) -sulfonic Acid. (1955)

SDS c.m.c.
ChemInform Abstract: AGENTS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PART 23, 2‐SUBSTITUTED 1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12A‐OCTAHYDROPYRAZINO(2,1‐B)(3)BENZAZEPINES AND 3‐SUBSTITUTED 1,3,4,4A,5,6,11‐OCTAHYDROPYRAZINO(1,2‐B)(2)BENZAZEPINES (1975)

Abstract Ausgehend von den Lactamen (Ia) bzw. (Ib) werden über die Lactilnäther (II) und die Nitroverbindungen (III) die Amine (IVa) bzw. (IVb) dargestellt, die mit dem Oxalsäureester (V) zu den Heterocyclen (VIa) bzw. (VIb) cyclisiert werden.
Flux Concentrator for High-Intensity Pulsed Magnetic Fields (1959)

Use of multiturn coil structure in the production of several hundred kilogauss pulsed fields is discussed with specific emphasis on coil life. The magnetic force that shortens the coil life is reduced by introducing a flux concentration device. Into the multiturn coil is inserted a rigid, slotted metal slug that generates induction current in such a way as to shift the magnetic flux from the multiturn to the central vacuum region and serves as a flux concentrator. Electromagnetically and mechanically this scheme is a convenient synthesis of the multiturn and single turn coils. The advantage of this scheme is most apparent for tape-wound coil structures, and a quantitative analysis of the flux pattern relevant to this coil system is given. An analog computer is employed in solving the time dependence of the field. The results are documented by experimental tests carried out with a 3000-μf, 4-kv capacitor bank.
Genetically Targeted Binary Labeling of Retinal Neurons (2014)

A major stumbling block to understanding neural circuits is the extreme anatomical and functional diversity of interneurons. Subsets of interneurons can be targeted for manipulation using Cre mouse lines, but Cre expression is rarely confined to a single interneuron type. It is essential to have a strategy that further restricts labeling in Cre driver lines. We now describe an approach that combines Cre driver mice, recombinant adeno-associated virus, and rabies virus to produce sparse but binary labeling of select interneurons--frequently only a single cell in a large region. We used this approach to characterize the retinal amacrine and ganglion cell types in five GABAergic Cre mouse (Mus musculus) lines, and identified two new amacrine cell types: an asymmetric medium-field type and a wide-field type. We also labeled several wide-field amacrine cell types that have been previously identified based on morphology but whose connectivity and function had not been systematically studied due to lack of genetic markers. All Cre-expressing amacrine cells labeled with an antibody to GABA. Cre-expressing RGCs lacked GABA labeling and included classically defined as well as recently identified types. In addition to the retina, our technique leads to sparse labeling of neurons in the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus, and can be used to express optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin and protein sensors such as GCaMP. The Cre drivers identified in this study provide genetic access to otherwise hard to access cell types for systematic analysis including anatomical characterization, physiological recording, optogenetic and/or chemical manipulation, and circuit mapping.
D-2-hydroxyglutarate is essential for maintaining oncogenic property of mutant IDH-containing cancer cells but dispensable for cell growth (2015)

Cancer-associated isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 mutations gain a new activity of reducing α-KG to produce D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), which is proposed to function as an oncometabolite by inhibiting α-KG dependent dioxygenases. We investigated the function of D-2-HG in tumorigenesis using IDH1 and IDH2 mutant cancer cell lines. Inhibition of D-2-HG production either by specific deletion of the mutant IDH1-R132C allele or overexpression of D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH) increases α-KG and related metabolites, restores the activity of some α-KG-dependent dioxygenases, and selectively alters gene expression. Ablation of D-2-HG production has no significant effect on cell proliferation and migration, but strongly inhibits anchorage independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in xenografted mouse models. Our study identifies a new activity of oncometabolite D-2-HG in promoting tumorigenesis.
<i>Mfsd2a</i> encodes a novel major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein highly induced in brown adipose tissue during fasting and adaptive thermogenesis (2008)

This study describes the identification of Mfsd2a (major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a), a novel mammalian major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein, and an additional closely related protein, Mfsd2b. Most intron/exon junctions are conserved between the two genes, suggesting that they are derived from a common ancestor. Mfsd2a and Mfsd2b share a 12 transmembrane alpha-helical domain structure that bears greatest similarity to that of the bacterial Na(+)/melibiose symporters. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Mfsd2a localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mfsd2a is expressed in many tissues and is highly induced in liver and BAT (brown adipose tissue) during fasting. Mfsd2a displays an oscillatory expression profile in BAT and liver, consistent with a circadian rhythm. Although the basal level of Mfsd2a expression is relatively low in mouse BAT, it is greatly induced during cold-induced thermogenesis and after treatment with betaAR (beta-adrenergic receptor) agonists. This induction is totally abolished in beta-less (betaAR-deficient) mice. These findings indicate that Mfsd2a is greatly up-regulated in BAT during thermogenesis and that its induction is controlled by the betaAR signalling pathway. The observed induction of Mfsd2a expression in cultured BAT cells by dibutyryl-cAMP is in agreement with this conclusion. The present study suggests that Mfsd2a plays a role in adaptive thermogenesis.
Inductance Coefficients of Three-Phase Inductor Alternators: Part I - Analytical Study (1969)

The paper develops expressions for various inductance coefficients of three-phase inductor alternators on the basis of a harmonic permeance distribution in the air gap. These expressions involve harmonics in the MMF distribution of the armature windings and also harmonics in the permeance distribution due to the non- uniform air gap. The analysis shows that, when the armature carries current, both odd and even harmonic voltages are induced in it. However, a certain group of harmonics can be eliminated by suitably choosing the number of rotor teeth and stator teeth and number of coils per phase. It is also shown in the analysis that inductor alternators having an odd number of rotor teeth are superior to those with an even number of rotor teeth. Performance equations of both types of alternators are also established.
Intracellular sorting of the tail-anchored protein cytochrome b5 in plants: a comparative study using different isoforms from rabbit and Arabidopsis (2007)

Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are bound to membranes by a hydrophobic sequence located very close to the C-terminus, followed by a short luminal polar region. Their active domains are exposed to the cytosol. TA proteins are synthesized on free cytosolic ribosomes and are found on the surface of every subcellular compartment, where they play various roles. The basic mechanisms of sorting and targeting of TA proteins to the correct membrane are poorly characterized. In mammalian cells, the net charge of the luminal region determines the sorting to the correct target membrane, a positive charge leading to mitochondria and negative or null charge to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here sorting signals of TA proteins were studied in plant cells and compared with those of mammalian proteins, using in vitro translation-translocation and in vivo expression in tobacco protoplasts or leaves. It is shown that rabbit cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) with a negative charge is faithfully sorted to the plant ER, whereas a change to a positive charge leads to chloroplast targeting (instead of to mitochondria as observed in mammalian cells). The subcellular location of two cyt b5 isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana (At1g26340 and At5g48810, both with positive net charge) was then determined. At5g48810 is targeted to the ER, and At1g26340 to the chloroplast envelope. The results show that the plant ER, unlike the mammalian ER, can accommodate cytochromes with opposite C-terminal net charge, and plant cells have a specific and as yet uncharacterized mechanism to sort TA proteins with the same positive C-terminal charge to different membranes.
Remapping the Somatosensory Cortex after Stroke: Insight from Imaging the Synapse to Network (2009)

Together, thousands of neurons with similar function make up topographically oriented sensory cortex maps that represent contralateral body parts. Although this is an accepted model for the adult cortex, whether these same rules hold after stroke-induced damage is unclear. After stroke, sensory representations damaged by stroke remap onto nearby surviving neurons. Here, we review the process of sensory remapping after stroke at multiple levels ranging from the initial damage to synapses, to their rewiring and function in intact sensory circuits. We introduce a new approach using in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging to determine how the response properties of individual somatosensory cortex neurons are altered during remapping. One month after forelimb-area stroke, normally highly limb-selective neurons in surviving peri-infarct areas exhibit remarkable flexibility and begin to process sensory stimuli from multiple limbs as remapping proceeds. Two months after stroke, neurons within remapped regions develop a stronger response preference. Thus, remapping is initiated by surviving neurons adopting new roles in addition to their usual function. Later in recovery, these remapped forelimb-responsive neurons become more selective, but their new topographical representation may encroach on map territories of neurons that process sensory stimuli from other body parts. Neurons responding to multiple limbs may reflect a transitory phase in the progression from their involvement in one sensorimotor function to a new function that replaces processing lost due to stroke.
Harnessing Connectivity in a Large-Scale Small-Molecule Sensitivity Dataset (2015)

We present the largest CCL sensitivity dataset yet available, and an analysis method integrating information from multiple CCLs and multiple small molecules to identify CCL response predictors robustly. We updated the CTRP to enable the cancer research community to leverage these data and analyses.
Tool path generation for 3D laser cladding using adaptive slicing technology (2005)

Laser cladding (LC) combined with CAD/CAM can be used to perform rapid tooling and prototyping applications in an industrial environment. Most existing laser cladding processes are adapted into slicing technology, in which a CAD model is represented by a stack of flat and thin layers. Under this strategy, a CAD model is sliced horizontally into a set of planar layers with constant thickness. This paper presents a procedure and an algorithm that allows the slice thickness to be adapted as a function of the arc length of the CAD model geometry. Additionally an adaptive slicing procedure, based on non planar layers is presented in this paper. For LC on curved substrates it is essential to adapt the slicing plane to the shape of the existing surface. The tool paths are generated by determining the intersection curves between part surface and the curved slicing plane. This can be done by computing the intersection curve between a general parametric surface and a tesselated CAD model. This article also includes a tool path generation procedure using direct slicing. Direct slicing generates precise contour curves for each layer from the solid model and avoids an intermediate representation, such as the STL format. Slicing with curved surfaces and direct slicing is explained on the example of hard-facing of oil drilling tools.
Synthesis of C<sub>40</sub>‐Symmetrical Fully Conjugated Carotenoids by Olefin Metathesis (2011)

Abstract In an effort to push olefin metathesis to the limits of conjugation in reactants and products, the C 40 ‐symmetrical carotenoids β,β‐carotene ( 1 ), lycopene ( 2 ), (3 R ,3′ R )‐zeaxanthin ( 3 ), and rac ‐isozeaxanthin ( 4 ), which are conjugated undecaenes, have been synthesized from C 21 ‐terminal hexaenes by treatment with Grubbs' second‐generation Ru catalyst in dichloromethane at 50 °C.
Suppressor of cytokine signaling‐1, a possible cause for regulatory T cells in hepatitis?† (2008)

We read with interest the article by Torisu et al. on the protective role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1), a negative-feedback molecule for cytokine signaling, in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis.1 The authors observed that hepatocyte-specific SOCS1-conditional knockout (L-SOCS1 cKO) mice showed enhanced ConA-induced hepatitis compared with wild-type mice. They also found that proapoptotic signals, including signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and Fas expression were also elevated in L-SOCS1 cKO mice. The authors attribute the mechanism to the prevention of Fas and tumor necrosis factor-α–induced hepatocyte apoptosis. SOCS1 is a known inhibitor of cytokine signaling pathways and has been shown to be a regulator of immune tolerance. T cells from SOCS1−/− mice can proliferate after anti–T cell receptor stimulation in the absence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or anti-CD28 costimulatory signals.2 In addition, SOCS1 expression is very high in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which has led to the possibility that SOCS1 is involved in Treg function.3 Indeed, the suppressive activity of SOCS1-deficient Tregs is less than that of wild-type Tregs.4 Recently, Tregs were found to mediate the tolerance in ConA-induced hepatitis.5 This suppressive effect was caused by the induction of IL-10 produced by Tregs and the accompanying inhibition of IL-2. However, the mechanisms by which Tregs induce tolerance and alleviate liver injury in ConA-induced hepatitis still remain to be elucidated. In addition, it is well known that Con A-induced liver injury is mainly caused by the accumulation of activated T cells and natural killer T cells, which is the result of dysfunction of Tregs. So, further research should be carried out to investigate SOCS1 functions of Tregs in ConA-induced hepatitis. These studies will not only improve our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of Treg function in hepatitis, but also bring great benefits to the treatment and prevention of liver diseases. Yichuan Xiao*, Yanyun Zhang* , * Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
A Novel Multi-task Software Architecture Applied in the Intelligent Insulin Injector - An Improved Polling Loop (2011)

It seems impossible for some kinds of microprocessors to run a perfect commercial or open source embedded OS, for their limited internal resources and computing power, As a result, it appears to be more difficult for them to deal with complex multiple tasks. In order to solve the design problem of multi-task software architecture in such processors, we proposed a novel method: improved polling loop, which was developed from the traditional polling loop, based on event-driven programming, running without any embedded OS, and successfully applied in the intelligent insulin injector[1]. This method overcomes the problem that may exist in the traditional polling loop method when responding to more than two tasks coming sequentially, which is caused by the fixed scanning order once the codes is written down. Our method dynamically allocates tasks and implements them strictly in the order of a specified priority. It has the feature of dynamic time allocation, high system stability and convenience of making changes in system functionality in the future.
The Mapping of Aerospace Meteorology in the Brazilian Space Program: Challenges and Opportunities for Rocket Launch (2015)

The meteorological and oceanographic conditions are crucial for the successful launch of aerospace vehicles. However, the decision-making process using environmental information is a complex problem, since it depends on a constant review of current and future weather conditions. To understand this process in the Brazilian Space Program (BSP) context, this paper aims to be the first attempt to map out the systemic view of applied meteorology for the launch missions of aerospace vehicles. Various Brazilian stakeholders were interviewed and their perspectives were analyzed by using a problem structuring method known as Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA). With this approach, it was possible to identify different concepts in each group of respondents regarding the current situation of Aerospace Meteorology. One particularly relevant result was identified: weather forecast is not merely a tool to be used to modify the chronology of a mission and to fully provide support in decision-making during the rocket launches in Brazil. Furthermore, the paper shows that the Aerospace Meteorology needs to improve technical processes and to develop a weather decision support system with decisionmakers’ preferences regarding the uncertainty in weather forecasts. SODA has shown to be a support tool to understand the real situation of meteorology for the launch of aerospace vehicles and appropriate to aid in future planning in the BSP.
Heat-Resistant Fungi of Importance to the Food and Beverage Industry (1994)

Spoilage of pasteurized and canned fruit and fruit products caused by heat-resistant molds have been reported repeatedly in recent years. Species most commonly implicated in fruit and fruit product disintegration are Byssochlamys fulva, Byssochlamys nivea, Neosartorya fischeri, Talaromyces flavus, and Eupenicillium brefeldianum. These organisms are saprophytic rather than parasitic and usually contaminate fruits on or near the ground. They can survive heat treatments used for fruit processing and can grow and spoil the products during storage at room temperature, which results in great economic losses. Mold heat resistance is attributed to the formation of sexual spores, ascospores. Ascospores have a wide range of heat resistance, depending on species, strain, age of organism, heating medium, pH, presence of sugars, fats, and acids in heating medium, growth conditions, etc. The mechanism(s) of thermoresistance are not clear; probably some very stable compound(s) critical to germination and outgrowth are present in the heat-resistant ascospores. Besides spoilage, the heat-resistant molds produce a number of toxic secondary metabolites, such as byssotoxin A; byssochlamic acid; the carcinogen, patulin, the tremorgenic substances, fumitremorgin A and C, and verruculogen; fischerin, which caused fatal peritonitis in mice; and eupenifeldin, a compound possessing cytotoxicity as well as in vivo antitumor activity. Growth of heat-resistant fungi can be controlled by lowering the water activity, adding sulfur dioxide, sorbate, or benzoate; washing of fruits in hypochlorite solution before heat treatment reduces the number of ascospores and makes the heat destruction more successful. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of thermoresistance and develop new methods for the complete inactivation of resistant ascospores.
Lethal cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants: Clinical, radiological, and neuropathological findings (1992)

Fifteen premature infants with lethal congenital cytomegalovirus infection were studied to determine the clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropathological characteristics of the disease in this population. Nine infants were liveborn but died at a postnatal age of 18 +/- 21 days; 6 infants were stillborn. Clinical findings in liveborn infants included microcephaly (77%), seizures (55%), hypotonia (33%), and multiple contractures (18%). Ophthalmological findings included chorioretinitis, optic atrophy, and corneal opacities. Neuroradiological findings included the postnatal evolution of periventricular calcification in 1 infant, and cerebellar hypoplasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in 1 infant. Neuropathological findings included periventricular necrosis and calcification (12), associated diffuse calcification frequently involving the convexity of the gyri (6), cerebellar hypoplasia (5), periventricular leukomalacia (2), intraventricular hemorrhage (2), hydrocephalus (2), and porencephalic cyst (1). Intranuclear inclusion bodies within the brain were observed in 4 infants, whereas systemic inclusion bodies were present in all infants. These data indicate several atypical findings in preterm infants rarely reported in term infants, including hypotonia, multiple contractures, periventricular leukomalacia, and optic atrophy.