gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing Double-robust Estimators of Causal Effects (2008)

This article describes the implementation of a double-robust estimator for pretest–posttest studies (Lunceford and Davidian, 2004, Statistics in Medicine 23: 2937–2960) and presents a new Stata command (dr) that carries out the procedure. A double-robust estimator gives the analyst two opportunities for obtaining unbiased inference when adjusting for selection effects such as confounding by allowing for different forms of model misspecification; a double-robust estimator also can offer increased efficiency when all the models are correctly specified. We demonstrate the results with a Monte Carlo simulation study, and we show how to implement the double-robust estimator on a single simulated dataset, both manually and by using the dr command.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases from human bone marrow stromal cell line KM 102 has erythroid‐potentiating activity, suggesting its possibly bifunctional role in the hematopoietic microenvironment (1990)

In this study, we demonstrated that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) produced by human bone marrow stromal cell line KM-102 had erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA) which stimulates the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells. We, then, propose a scheme for the bifunctional role of TIMP/EPA in hematopoietic microenvironment, that is, the maintenance of the integrity of bone marrow matrix and the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells proceeding on the matrix.
Autoxidative Behavior of Unsaturated Fatty Acidsin Different Molecular Forms (1995)

The oxidative stability of unsaturated lipids generally decreases with increase in unsaturation. Highly unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (22 6 n-3, DHA) and icosapentaenoic acid (20 5 n-3, EPA) are thus more easily oxidized in air, with consequent decrease in food quality. Few reports on the autoxidative behavior of fatty acids in different molecular forms have appeared to date. The autoxidative behavior of fatty acids (FA), fatty acid methylesters (FAME), triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL), all possessing essentially the same fatty acid compositions, was thus examined in this study at 30°C in the dark and the results were compared. The study was made with and then without antioxidant tocopherols (Toc).PL was the most oxidatively stable, followed by TG>FAME>FA, with or without Toc under the autoxidation conditions used. PL hydroperoxide decomposed into carbonyl compounds more quickly than any other lipid. Autoxidative behavior of complex lipid such as PL was different from simple lipids like FA, FAME and TG.
Passive Fraunhofer-wavelength atomic filter at 4227 nm (1991)

We have demonstrated 25% internal photon conversion efficiency of a new passive atomic filter. The signal wavelength matches an intense Fraunhofer line at 422.7 nm, thereby offering enhanced sunlight rejection. A quasimolecular interaction promotes rapid energy transfer between the 4p (1)P(1) level and the 4p (3)P(J) level of neutral calcium for wavelength shifting of 422.7-nm light into 657.3-nm emission. We discuss augmentation of the photon conversion efficiency by radiation trapping.
Thin films improve 50-GHz DWDM devices (2002)

The high performance and simple structure of 50-GHz thin-film filters provide an effective alternative to arrayed-waveguide-grating and fiber-Bragg-grating technologies.
A universal GNSS (GPS/Galileo/Glonass/Beidou) SoC with a 0.25mm<sup>2</sup> radio in 40nm CMOS (2013)

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have a spectrum allocation shown in Fig. 19.4.1. The time-to-first-lock and location accuracy can be improved through simultaneous reception of two different satellite signals. This usually necessitates the use of two dedicated receivers [1] driven by a single and sometimes two separate synthesizers, which increases complexity, die area, and most importantly current consumption. To solve this problem, the architecture shown in Fig. 19.4.1 is proposed. The SoC consists of one single reconfigurable low-IF receiver, a single fractional-N frequency synthesizer, and a digital baseband processor. Since different satellite signals are uncorrelated and are buried well below the noise floor, they can be amplified and downconverted by the same RF/analog chain as an image of one another, and then separated in the digital domain by the corresponding correlator and signal processor. In the case of simultaneous GPS/Galileo and Glonass dual reception, the LO (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LO_GG</sub> ) is set to 1588.608MHz. As a result, the GPS/Galileo signal becomes the image of the Glonass satellite signal with an IF frequency of 13.1MHz. Similarly, when the LO (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LO_GB</sub> ) is set to 1568.256MHz, the resulting IF frequency is about 7.1MHz for GPS/Galileo and Beidou dual reception. For GPS/Galileo-only reception, the LO (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LO_GPS</sub> ) is set to 1571.328MHz resulting in an IF frequency of 4.092MHz.
Treatment of Acquired Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis: a Topic Review (1992)

We propose a new approach to staging the disease based on clinical and immunological response to treatment. We oppose clinical remission to immunological remission and define total clinical remission as the goal of therapy. We describe the use, side effects and indications of established therapies. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are only a symptomatic treatment as is plasma exchange. Usefulness and limits of thymectomy, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are described here. Their goal is to reduce the auto-immune process. Long-term hazards from these medications are described and methods to reduce their potential risks are suggested. We suggest the number of patients having life threatening complications while undergoing aggressive immunosuppression can be reduced by a systematic approach to follow-up. In the second part of this review article, adapting management to specific situations is emphasized in refractory disease, respiratory failure, neonatal and juvenile forms of the disease. The special situation of seronegative myasthenia is discussed.
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of TAS‐108, a Novel Anti‐Oestrogen, in Healthy Post‐Menopausal Japanese Women: A Phase I Single Oral Dose Study (2009)

TAS-108 is a novel steroidal anti-oestrogen, expected to be useful for the treatment of breast cancer. The present study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of TAS-108 following the administration at a single oral dose of 40 mg to up to 120 mg in 12 post-menopausal women and the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of the drug. All adverse events were mild and involved transient symptoms that resolved without therapeutic intervention. TAS-108 was readily absorbed and plasma levels of TAS-108 steadily declined, apparently in a multi-exponential manner. C(max) and AUC(0-12) were proportionally increased with increasing dose of TAS-108. The C(max) and AUC(0-t) of TAS-108 and its metabolite, deEt-TAS-108, were significantly increased to approximately 150% when TAS-108 was administered after a meal. Food did not affect the elimination half-life of TAS-108 or its metabolites. In this escalating dose-study of TAS-108, the drug was well tolerated by healthy post-menopausal Japanese women. The pharmacokinetics of TAS-108 indicated dose proportionality, and its bioavailability was significantly increased by food intake.
Effects of high‐energy electron beam on low‐density polyethylene materials containing EVA (2004)

Abstract A series of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) blends with different amounts of ethylene–vinyl–acetate (EVA) was prepared and irradiated with 10 MeV electron beam in the range of 0–250 kGy at room temperature in air. EVA was used as a compatibilizer and softener in four different amounts: 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt %, based on polyethylene (PE). The crosslinking of the samples was studied on the basis of gel‐content measurements as well as some thermal and mechanical properties of the specimens. The results indicated that the LDPE and LDPE–EVA blends could be crosslinked by a high‐energy electron beam, of which their thermal and mechanical properties changed effectively, however, because of EVA content of the polymer; the blends were more sensitive to lower doses of radiation. These studies were carried out to obtain a suitable compound for heat‐shrinkable tubes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1049–1052, 2004
Reactivity pattern of in situ generated tetraethylammoniun superoxide with some flavonoids (2007)

A number of flavonoids have been allowed to react under the mild reaction conditions of tetraethylammonium superoxide in dry dimethylformamide at room temperature. As an outcome, 3-hydroxyflavones 1a-c undergo oxidative ring cleavage to afford 2-benzoyloxyphenylglyoxylic acids 2a-c, whereas the substrates 1d-f result in the formation of acids 2d-f alongwith 3d-f.
Studies on the Formation of Glutathionylcobalamin:  Any Free Intracellular Aquacobalamin Is Likely to Be Rapidly and Irreversibly Converted to Glutathionylcobalamin (2004)

A decade ago Jacobsen and co-workers reported the first evidence for the presence of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl) in mammalian cells and suggested that it could in fact be a precursor to the formation of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B(12), adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin (Pezacka et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990, 169, 443). It has also recently been proposed by McCaddon and co-workers that GSCbl may be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (McCaddon et al. Neurology 2002, 58, 1395). Aquacobalamin is one of the major forms of vitamin B(12) isolated from mammalian cells, and high concentrations of glutathione (1-10 mM) are also found in cells. We have now determined observed equilibrium constants, K(obs)(GSCbl), for the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione in the pH range 4.50-6.00. K(obs)(GSCbl) increases with increasing pH, and this increase is attributed to increasing amounts of the thiolate forms (RS(-)) of glutathione. An estimate for the equilibrium constant for the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and the thiolate forms of glutathione of approximately 5 x 10(9) M(-1) is obtained from the data. Hence, under biological conditions the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is essentially irreversible. The rate of the reaction between aquacobalamin/hydroxycobalamin and glutathione for 4.50 < pH < 11.0 has also been studied and the observed rate constant for the reaction was found to decrease with increasing pH. The data were fitted to a mechanism in which each of the 3 macroscopic forms of glutathione present in this pH region react with aquacobalamin, giving k(1) = 18.5 M(-1) s(-1), k(2) = 28 +/- 10 M(-1) s(-1), and k(3) = 163 +/- 8 M(-1) s(-1). The temperature dependence of the observed rate constant at pH 7.40 ( approximately k(1)) was also studied, and activation parameters were obtained typical of a dissociative process (DeltaH++ = 81.0 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS++ = 48 +/- 2 J K(-1) mol(-1)). Formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin is rapid; for example, at approximately 5 mM concentrations of glutathione and at 37 degrees C, the half-life for formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is 2.8 s. On the basis of our equilibrium and rate-constant data we conclude that, upon entering cells, any free (protein-unbound) aquacobalamin could be rapidly and irreversibly converted to GSCbl. GSCbl may indeed play an important role in vitamin B(12)-dependent processes.
IPTV streaming source classification (2012)

In the last years video streaming over IP networks has changed the entertainment habits of society. Video on demand and multicast services have proliferated, bringing new challenges. Although the majority of the new service providers are compliant with copyright protection policies, some services are streamed without the proper rights, leading to a new kind of content piracy. Therefore, content right owners are interested in finding out the distribution channel followed by these unauthorized contents, in order to learn about illegal distributor sources. We present the first approach to this problem, in which we deal with the classification of IPTV streamed contents on satellital (DVB-S) or terrestrial (DVB-T) sources, both for live and delayed streaming. Our proposal is based on analyzing the time distribution of IP packet dispatches, extracting high-order statistics, and performing the source classification using a SVM. The reported results show the goodness of the proposed approach.
Fast Random‐Forest‐Based Human Pose Estimation Using a Multi‐scale and Cascade Approach (2013)

Since the recent launch of Microsoft Xbox Kinect, research on 3D human pose estimation has attracted a lot of attention in the computer vision community. Kinect shows impressive estimation accuracy and real‐time performance on massive graphics processing unit hardware. In this paper, we focus on further reducing the computation complexity of the existing state‐of‐the‐art method to make the real‐time 3D human pose estimation functionality applicable to devices with lower computing power. As a result, we propose two simple approaches to speed up the random‐forest‐based human pose estimation method. In the original algorithm, the random forest classifier is applied to all pixels of the segmented human depth image. We first use a multi‐scale approach to reduce the number of such calculations. Second, the complexity of the random forest classification itself is decreased by the proposed cascade approach. Experiment results for real data show that our method is effective and works in real time (30 fps) without any parallelization efforts.
Effects of solution environment on mammalian cell fermentation broth properties: Enhanced impurity removal and clarification performance (2010)

The processing of recombinant proteins from high cell density, high product titer cell cultures containing mammalian cells is commonly performed using tangential flow microfiltration (MF). However, the increased cellular debris present in these complex feed streams can prematurely foul the membrane, adversely impacting MF capacity and throughput. In addition, high cell density cell culture streams introduce elevated levels of process-related impurities, which increase the burden on subsequent purification operations to remove these complex media components and impurities. To address this challenge, an evaluation of mammalian cell culture broth buffer properties was examined to determine if enhanced impurity removal and clarification performance could be achieved. A framework is presented here for establishing optimized mammalian cell culture buffer conditions, involving trade-offs between product recovery and purification and improved clarification at manufacturing-scale production. A reduction in cell culture broth pH to 4.7-5.0 induced flocculation and impurity precipitation which increased the average feed particle-size. These conditions led to enhanced impurity removal and improved MF throughput and filter capacity for several mammalian systems. Feed conditions were further optimized by controlling ionic composition along with pH to improve product recovery from high cell density/high product titer cell cultures.
Presence of Prostaglandin EP<sub>4</sub> Receptor Gene Expression in a Rat Gastric Mucosal Cell Line (1996)

RGM-1 is an epithelial cell line established from gastric mucosa of adult Wistar rats. In this study, we characterized this newly established cell line by Northern blot analysis. We also investigated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and hexosamine production in RGM-1 by PGE2. Northern blot analysis did not detect any transcript of proton pump, gastrin receptor, histidine decarboxylase, somatostatin and pepsinogen 1, indicating the absence of characteristics of parietal, ECL, D and chief cells in RGM-1 cells. However, this periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive cell line expressed prostaglandin EP4 receptor mRNA but not EP1 and EP3 receptor mRNAs. [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA of the cells was not increased by PGE2. In contrast, PGE2 increased hexosamine content in RGM-1 cells. These results suggest that RGM-1 may be a useful model of gastric mucosal cells and that PGE2 plays a role on mucin synthesis in RGM-1 cells possibly via EP4 receptors.
Apparatus for the laser-optical measurement of stress in thin films: Results on CuNi (1998)

Dedicated to the investigation of the temperature dependence of mechanical stress in thin films (up to 700 °C in vacuum), a sensitive apparatus has been built up to measure the substrate curvature of a beam-shaped sample by deflection of a splitted laser beam from both ends. The measuring sensivity is about 0.1 MPa for a typical film thickness of 1000 nm. The long-term value over 24 h is about ±0.5 MPa due to ambient-temperature drifts. The determination of absolute stress magnitudes is possible by comparative measurements between the measuring bending beam and a reference one before and after film deposition or film removal. Investigations on sputtered Cu0.57Ni0.42Mn0.01 films have shown that (1) the stress relaxes above 300 °C and remains nearly constant between 430 and 550 °C during the first heating, (2) a hysteresis behavior occurs during the repeated cycles, and (3) the stress at room temperature increases a little with the cycle number.
Correction of periodic motion artifacts along the slice selection axis in MRI (1990)

The effect of periodic motion of a single magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slice in the direction of the slice selection axis is modeled as amplitude modulation of the raw data with a motion kernel along the phase encoding direction in the Fourier domain. It is shown that this motion can be detected in 1-D projections of the raw data along the frequency encoding direction which in combination with appropriate filtering leads to the recovery of the motion kernel. It is demonstrated by means of simulation examples that significant reduction in the amplitude of ghost artifacts is obtained when the image is filtered by the inverse of the motion kernel. Some issues to be investigated before the technique can be used in a clinical environment are mentioned.
Developing of somatic self-rating scale and its reliability and validity (2010)

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of the Somatic Self-rating Scale(SSS). Methods The sample consisted of 589 outpatients and 64 inpatients, which all the patients completed Zung's Scales at the same time to test criterion validity of the SSS. And 24 inpatients were selected randomly to take a retest after two weeks without antidepressant treatment. Result The test-retest reliability of the SSS was 0.96 and the Cronbach' s αcoefficients was 0.89. The correlation coefficients of the four factors with the total scale score ranged from 0.76 to 0.88, the correlation coefficients of the four factors ranged from 0. 56 to 0.70. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit index for GFI, NFI, NNFI, CFI, IFI were all approaching 0.9, REMEA = 0. 064,x2/df = 3.67. The factor loadings ranged from 0. 427 to 0.732. Correlations with Zung's Scales were in range of 0.74to 0. 80 while the four factors were in range of 0.55 to 0.74. Drawing the ROC curve and the area under the curve was 0.841. Conclusion The SSS has a high reliability and a good validity and can be used in general hospital.

Key words: 
General hospital; The somatic self-rating scale; Reliability; Validity
False positive results with the use of chlamydial antigen detection tests in the evaluation of suspected sexual abuse in children (1988)

The presence of rectal or genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in children is frequently considered an indicator of sexual abuse. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection in these children has been complicated by the use of antigen detection methods instead of culture. We report five cases in which the use of chlamydial antigen detection tests in the evaluation of suspected child abuse gave false positive results. An enzyme immunoassay was used in two cases (Chlamydiazyme; Abbott Diagnostics) and a direct fluorescent antibody test was used in the remaining three cases (Microtrak; Syva). The sites examined were the urethra, vagina and rectum. In all cases chlamydial cultures obtained several days later with no interim antibiotic therapy were negative. Four of the five children examined were probably victims of sexual abuse. The enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescent antibody tests have been evaluated primarily for urethral and cervical cultures from adults; neither test has been approved or evaluated for rectal or genital sites in children. At these sites use of both tests may be associated with a large proportion of false positives caused by contamination with fecal flora which can cross-react with the antibodies used in the test. These tests also have limited utility in populations where the prevalence of chlamydial infection is low (less than 10%), as has been reported for sexually abused children. Because of the medicolegal implications only "gold standard" methods (i.e. culture) performed by a competent laboratory should be used in evaluating chlamydial infection in sexually abused children.
Dynamic bit rate conversion in multipoint video transcoding (2003)

This paper investigates the bit-rate conversion and bit re-allocation for video combining in a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). To combine the pre-encoded multiple video sequences into a single sequence, the total bit-rate may overwhelm the outgoing channel bandwidth. Instead of multiplexing, we apply the transcoding approach to control the bit-rate and reallocate the bits in order to improve the pictures quality. To speed up the operation, a video transcoder usually reuses the decoded motion vectors to reencode the video sequences. Those decoded motion vectors also serve as a good indication of the picture activities. In this paper we uniformly distribute the bit-rate to the combined sequence and then use the motion information and the Lagrange optimization method to reallocate the bits to each sub-picture. The simulation results show that the PSNR distribution of the sub-sequence is more uniform and the video qualities of the active subsequences are much improved.
Factors associated with motor speech control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. (2010)

The findings of this study suggest that motor impairment severity, cognition and language functions are associated with the motor speech control among children with CP.
An integrated analog test simulation environment (2003)

An integrated test simulation environment which links circuit simulation data and tester simulation is presented. This environment is critical to the computer-aided development of test packages for analog integrated circuits. A working example is presented. The overall benefit of the integrated simulation environment described is a shortening of the test development cycle. By allowing the test engineer to begin test package development earlier, the overall, IC design/test process shifts from a serial task to one with significant overlap.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>