gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (1973)

An intertemporal model for the capital market is deduced from the portfolio selection behavior by an arbitrary number of investors who aot so to maximize the expected utility of lifetime consumption and who can trade continuously in time. Explicit demand functions for assets are derived, and it is shown that, unlike the one-period model, current demands are affected by the possibility of uncertain changes in future investment opportunities. After aggregating demands and requiring market clearing, the equilibrium relationships among expected returns are derived, and contrary to the classical capital asset pricing model, expected returns on risky assets may differ from the riskless rate even when they have no systematic or market risk. ONE OF THE MORE important developments in modern capital market theory is the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin mean-variance equilibrium model of exchange, commonly called the capital asset pricing model.2 Although the model has been the basis for more than one hundred academic papers and has had significant impact on the non-academic financial community,' it is still subject to theoretical and empirical criticism. Because the model assumes that investors choose their portfolios according to the Markowitz [21] mean-variance criterion, it is subject to all the theoretical objections to this criterion, of which there are many.4 It has also been criticized for the additional assumptions required,5 especially homogeneous expectations and the single-period nature of the model. The proponents of the model who agree with the theoretical objections, but who argue that the capital market operates as if these assumptions were satisfied, are themselves not beyond criticism. While the model predicts that the expected excess return from holding an asset is proportional to the covariance of its return with the market
A Real-Time Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification System with Wearable Electrocardiogram (2011)

Long term continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG) in a free living environment provides valuable information for prevention on the heart attack and other high risk diseases. A design of a real-time wearable ECG monitoring system with cardiac arrhythmia classification is proposed in this paper. One of the striking advantages is that ECG analog front-end and on-node digital processing are designed to remove most of the noise and bias. In addition, a novel layered hidden Markov model is seamlessly integrated to classify multiple cardiac arrhythmias in real time. Last, human activities by an accelerometer can be identified to reduce the chance of false alarm in classification due to the motion artifacts.
Mutual effects of nitric oxide and iron on the growth of marine algae (2005)

Experiments on the effects of nitric oxide (NO) and iron on the growth of marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum were conducted.The results are as follows: exogenous NO could increase the growth rate of marine algae and raise the biomass remarkably under iron-deficient conditions. But it was a complicated process that the phytoplankton growth was influenced by NO and iron, which was controlled by the NO concentration, the nutrition level of the culture medium and the iron concentration, etc. Meanwhile, the iron concentration in the medium also has a direct influence on the growth and NO release capacity of the algae. Therefore, the effects of NO and iron on the growth of marine phytoplankton were mutual.
Synthesis and relaxivity of neutral dimeric Gd(III) complexes derived from L-lysine with long chain alkyl esters (2005)

Four novel ester-amino ligands were synthesized by bis-acylation of octadecanyl, hexadecanyl, tetradecanyl and dedecanyl L-lysinate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid mono-anhydride (EDTA-MA), respectively. The corresponding neutral dimeric Gd(M) complexes were gained by reacting these ligands with GdCl3.6H(2)O. All ligands and complexes were characterized by FTIR, H-1 NMR and elemental analysis. The longitunal relaxation time (T,) was measured, and their stability were investigated by competition with Ca2+ and EDTA. The results indicate that the relaxivity of these netral binuclear Gd(III) complexes are higher than that of Gd-DTPA.
Modeling, Synthesis and Characterization of a Millimeter-Wave Multilayer Microstrip Liquid Crystal Phase Shifter (1997)

Electromagnetic simulation software is used for modeling the properties of a 2–15 GHz liquid crystal microstrip phase shifter previously designed at Thomson-CSF. After experimental validation of the computed results, the software is applied to the modeling of a new 30–40 GHz multilayer microstrip phase shifter, where the active medium is a liquid crystal inserted between solid dielectric substrates. Measurements carried out at between 10 and 40 GHz on 4.35 cm long lines are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A maximum experimental phase shift of 219.3° at 37 GHz (about 50°/ cm) was observed for a structure with a commercial liquid crystal (BDH-E44) and silica substrates.
Reactive Oxygen Species in Skeletal Muscle Signaling (2011)

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a ubiquitous phenomenon in eukaryotic cells' life. Up to the 1990s of the past century, ROS have been solely considered as toxic species resulting in oxidative stress, pathogenesis and aging. However, there is now clear evidence that ROS are not merely toxic species but also-within certain concentrations-useful signaling molecules regulating physiological processes. During intense skeletal muscle contractile activity myotubes' mitochondria generate high ROS flows: this renders skeletal muscle a tissue where ROS hold a particular relevance. According to their hormetic nature, in muscles ROS may trigger different signaling pathways leading to diverging responses, from adaptation to cell death. Whether a "positive" or "negative" response will prevail depends on many variables such as, among others, the site of ROS production, the persistence of ROS flow or target cells' antioxidant status. In this light, a specific threshold of physiological ROS concentrations above which ROS exert negative, toxic effects is hard to determine, and the concept of "physiologically compatible" levels of ROS would better fit with such a dynamic scenario. In this review these concepts will be discussed along with the most relevant signaling pathways triggered and/or affected by ROS in skeletal muscle.
Structure and Function of Intercellular Junctions in Human Cervical and Vaginal Mucosal Epithelia1 (2011)

The mucosal epithelium is a major portal for microbial invasion. Mucosal barrier integrity is maintained by the physical interactions of intercellular junctional molecules on opposing epithelial cells. The epithelial mucosa in the female reproductive tract provides the first line of defense against sexually transmitted pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but little is known concerning the structure and molecular composition of epithelial junctions at this site. In the present study, the distribution of tight, adherens, and desmosomal junctions were imaged in the human endocervix (columnar epithelium) and ectocervix (stratified squamous epithelium) by electron microscopy, and permeability was assessed by tracking the penetration of fluorescent immunoglobulin G (IgG). To further define the molecular structure of the intercellular junctions, select junctional molecules were localized in the endocervical, ectocervical, and vaginal epithelium by fluorescent immunohistology. The columnar epithelial cells of the endocervix were joined by tight junctions that excluded apically applied fluorescent IgG. In contrast, the most apical layers of the ectocervical stratified squamous epithelium did not contain classical cell-cell adhesions and were permeable to IgG. The suprabasal and basal epithelial layers in ectocervical and vaginal tissue contained the most robust adhesions; molecules characteristic of exclusionary junctions were detected three to four cellular layers below the luminal surface and extended to the basement membrane. These data indicate that the uppermost epithelial layers of the ectocervix and vagina constitute a unique microenvironment; their lack of tight junctions and permeability to large-molecular-weight immunological mediators suggest that this region is an important battlefront in host defense against microbial pathogens.
Myotube depolarization generates reactive oxygen species through NAD(P)H oxidase; ROS‐elicited Ca<sup>2+</sup> stimulates ERK, CREB, early genes (2006)

Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to physiological intracellular signaling events. We determined ROS generation in primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle after field stimulation (400 1-ms pulses at a frequency of 45 Hz) or after depolarization with 65 mM K+ for 1 min. Both protocols induced a long lasting increase in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence used as ROS indicator. Addition of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, PEG-catalase, a ROS scavenger, or nifedipine, an inhibitor of the skeletal muscle voltage sensor, significantly reduced this increase. Myotubes contained both the p47phox and gp91phox phagocytic NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, as revealed by immunodetection. To study the effects of ROS, myotubes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations (100-200 microM) that did not alter cell viability; H2O2 induced a transient intracellular Ca2+ rise, measured as fluo-3 fluorescence. Minutes after Ca2+ signal initiation, an increase in ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation and of mRNA for the early genes c-fos and c-jun was detected. Inhibition of ryanodine receptor (RyR) decreased all effects induced by H2O2 and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin decreased ryanodine-sensitive calcium signals. Activity-dependent ROS generation is likely to be involved in regulation of calcium-controlled intracellular signaling pathways in muscle cells.
Design and Application of Criminal Investigation DSS Based on Case Reasoning (2010)

Expert knowledge in the criminal investigation area is mostly empirical and tacit, which brings great difficulties to construct criminal investigation decision support system (CIDSS). Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a kind of incremental learning method that records successful-solved cases with their experiences to effectively overcome the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition and be helpful to solve similar crime problems. From the actual demands of police force, author designs a framework of CIDSS based on case reasoning, and discusses its function, process, and technical points, so as to provide a feasible tool for criminal investigation, crisis intervention and early warning.
SceneCut: Joint Geometric and Object Segmentation for Indoor Scenes (2018)

This paper presents SceneCut, a novel approach to jointly discover previously unseen objects and non-object surfaces using a single RGB-D image. SceneCut's joint reasoning over scene semantics and geometry allows a robot to detect and segment object instances in complex scenes where modern deep learning-based methods either fail to separate object instances, or fail to detect objects that were not seen during training. SceneCut automatically decomposes a scene into meaningful regions which either represent objects or scene surfaces. The decomposition is qualified by an unified energy function over objectness and geometric fitting. We show how this energy function can be optimized efficiently by utilizing hierarchical segmentation trees. Moreover, we leverage a pre-trained convolutional oriented boundary network to predict accurate boundaries from images, which are used to construct high-quality region hierarchies. We evaluate SceneCut on several different indoor environments, and the results show that SceneCut significantly outperforms all the existing methods.
A Shared-Electrode and Nested-Tube Structure Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Motion Energy Harvesting (2019)

Triboelectric nanogenerators with the function of harvesting human motion energy have attracted wide attention. Here, we demonstrate a shared-electrode and nested-tube structure triboelectric nanogenerator (SNTN) for harvesting human motion energy. The design of the SNTN employs flexible silicone rubber as the negative friction material and Ni-coated polyester conductive textile as the positive friction material and the electrode material. The entire structure consists of an inner triboelectric unit and an outer triboelectric unit. The inner triboelectric unit is formed by a hollow inner tube and a hollow middle tube, while the hollow middle tube and a hollow outer tube constitute the outer triboelectric unit. The hollow middle tube is used as the shared tube, and the electrode in the middle tube is used as the shared electrode of the two triboelectric units. Our research demonstrates that the output performance of the SNTN was improved significantly compared with a single triboelectric unit due to the cooperation of the two triboelectric units. When the SNTN is pressed by 300 N external force, output open-circuit voltage of 180 V and output short-circuit current of 8.5 μA can be obtained. The output electrical energy can light up 31 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially (displaying "XZTC") and can drive a digital clock after rectifying storage, which shows application prospects in the field of illuminating devices and portable electronics.
The role of friction and secondary flaws on deflection and re-initiation of hydraulic fractures at orthogonal pre-existing fractures (2006)

In this study, we explore the nature of plane-strain hydraulic fracture growth in the presence of pre-existing fractures such as joints without or with secondary flaws. The 2-D plane-strain fracture studied can be taken as a cross-section through the short dimensions of an elongated 3-D fracture or as an approximate representation of the leading edge of a 3-D fracture where the edge curvature is negligible. The fluid-driven fracture intersects a pre-existing fracture to which it is initially perpendicular and is assumed not to immediately cross, but is rather deflected into the pre-existing fracture. The intersection results in branching of the fracture and associated fluid flow into the pre-existing fracture. Further growth results in opening and frictional sliding along the pre-existing fracture. Fracture propagation in an impermeable homogeneous elastic medium and fluid invasion into a pre-existing fracture are both driven by an incompressible, Newtonian fluid injected at a constant rate. The frictional stress on the surfaces of pre-existing fractures is assumed to obey the Coulomb law. The governing equations for quasi-static fluid-driven fracture growth are given and a scaling is introduced to help identify important parameters. The displacement discontinuity method and the finite difference method are employed to deal with this coupling mechanism of rock fracture and fluid flow. In order to account for fluid lag, a method for separately tracking the crack tip and the fluid front is included in the numerical model. Numerical results are obtained for internal pressure, frictional contact stresses, opening and shear displacements, and fluid lag size, as well as for fracture re-initiation from secondary flaws. After fracture intersection, the hydraulic fracture growth mode changes from tensile to shearing. This contributes to increased injection pressure and to a reduction in fracture width. In the presence of pre-existing fractures, the fluid-driven cracks can be arrested or retarded in growth rate as a result of diversion of fluid flow into and frictional sliding along the pre-existing fractures. Frictional behaviour significantly affects the ability of the fluid to enter or penetrate the pre-existing fracture only for those situations where the fluid front is within a certain distance from the intersecting point. Importantly, fluid penetration requires higher injection pressure for frictionally weak pre-existing fractures. Fracture re-initiation from secondary flaws can reduce the injection pressure, but re-initiation is suppressed by large sliding on pre-existing fractures that are frictionally weak.
해설논문 : 간세포암종에서 전신항암화학요법의 최신 지견 (2008)

Despite recent developments in various chemotherapeutic agents and the performing of numerous clinical trials, chemotherapy still produces unsatisfactory results in hepatocellular carcinoma due to poor clinical benefit compared with untreated controls and its significant toxicity. The presence of liver cirrhosis, its complications, and decreased liver function increase the complexity of chemotherapy. There is recent evidence that targeted agents and antiangiogenic agents such as thalidomide are somewhat effective whilst having minimal toxicities. Some patients are cured by aggressive chemotherapy alone or in combination with other modalities. Therefore, if a patient is in good condition and the tumor shows some response to chemotherapy, aggressive chemotherapy might be considered. Although conventional chemotherapeutic agents are not very effective in many patients, their utility might be improved by lowering toxicities using reduced doses or by selecting only responsive patients if adequate chemosensitivity tests are available. Imaging studies have been conventional tools for evaluating tumor responses, but their results are not always reliable. Establishing criteria for accurately determining tumor responses is urgently needed, along with better chemotherapeutic drugs and regimens. (Korean J Hepatol 2008;14:4-11)
Data Clustering of Hybrid Rocket Combustion Flame (2019)

Hybrid rocket propulsion is a promising technology for many applications, because it allows for cost reductions, still being able to deliver similar performance as solid and liquid propulsion. However, the complex fluid dynamic and combustion phenomena taking place in the hybrid rocket combustion chamber are not fully understood yet and still a matter of ongoing research. In the last years, many combustion tests with different paraffin-based fuels were performed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) with an optically accessible combustion chamber. For gaining a better insight into the combustion process, the tests were captured with a high-speed video camera. This led to a huge amount of data images for each test, which needed to be analysed in detail. In the framework of this study, the combustion data set was clustered with a K-means++ algorithm, in order to get insights into the complex flow phenomena. Since the algorithm might converge to local optimal solutions, many repetitions were performed to ensure that a global optimal solution is reached. Moreover, an analysis was necessary to estimate the number of relevant clusters in each experiment. From the results it is possible to observe that different clusters, corresponding to different combustion phases, were found by the algorithm.\nMoreover, the combustion flame behaviour is changing depending on the oxidizer mass flow and fuel.
Cytochemical localization of terminal N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in cellular compartments of intestinal goblet cells: implications for the topology of O-glycosylation. (1984)

The O-linked oligosaccharides of mucin-type glycoproteins contain N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) that is not found in N-linked glycoproteins. Because Helix pomatia lectin interacts with terminal GalNAc, we used this lectin, bound to particles of colloidal gold, to localize such sugar residues in subcellular compartments of intestinal goblet cells. When thin sections of low temperature Lowicryl K4M embedded duodenum or colon were incubated with Helix pomatia lectin-gold complexes, no labeling could be detected over the cisternal space of the nuclear envelope and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A uniform labeling was observed over the first and several subsequent cis Golgi cisternae and over the last (duodenal goblet cells) or the two last (colonic goblet cells) trans Golgi cisternae as well as forming and mature mucin droplets. However, essentially no labeling was detected over several cisternae in the central (medial) region of the Golgi apparatus. The results strongly suggest that core O-glycosylation takes place in cis Golgi cisternae but not in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The heterogenous labeling for GalNAc residues in the Golgi apparatus is taken as evidence that termination of certain O-oligosaccharide chains by GalNAc occurs in trans Golgi cisternae.
21-Gene Recurrence Score Assay Could Not Predict Benefit of Post-mastectomy Radiotherapy in T1-2 N1mic ER-Positive HER2-Negative Breast Cancer (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> It is still controversial whether post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is necessary for women with T1-2 N1mic ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay has been validated in T1-2 N1 breast cancer to be prognostic of locoregional recurrence (LRR) and overall survival (OS). This study aims to evaluate the predict value of 21-gene recurrence score assay for the benefit of PMRT in T1-2 N1mic ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer. <b>Methods:</b> A population-based cohort study was performed on women with T1-2 N1mic ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer who underwent mastectomy and were evaluated using the 21-gene RS in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry between 2004 and 2015. Clinical characteristics as well as OS and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were compared between patients with and without PMRT in patients with a Low-, Intermediate-, and High-RS. Multivariate COX regression analysis was performed to investigate if the 21-gene RS assay could predict benefit of PMRT in this group of breast cancer patients. <b>Results:</b> A total of 1571 patients met the criteria of our study and were enrolled, including 970 patients in the Low-Risk group (score <18), 508 in the Intermediate-Risk group (score 18-30), and 93 patients in the High-Risk group (score >30). In the High-Risk group, there were more patients with age ≥50 (87.0 vs. 64.3%, <i>P</i> = 0.040) and received chemotherapy with a borderline significance (91.3 vs. 72.9%, <i>P</i> = 0.066) in the PMRT subgroup than in the no PMRT subgroup. In all three groups, OS was comparable between the PMRT subgroup and the no PMRT subgroup. Furthermore, multivariate analysis did not show any OS benefit for PMRT based on the 21-gene recurrence score. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study showed that the 21-gene RS assay was not able to predict the benefit of PMRT for OS in women with T1-2 N1mic ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer. However, further prospective larger sample-size trials are warranted to determine if a benefit exists.
Fabrication and Testing of l = 2 Optical Vortex phase masks for Coronography (2010)

In this paper we present the fabrication process and tests of two different types of l = 2 spiral phase plates (SPPs), designed for an Optical Vortex Coronagraph (OVC) in the visible wavelength regime. Each phase mask is realized dividing the spirals area in sectors respectively of 8 and 512 of levels using lithographic nanofabrication approach. The SPPs produces different optical vortices (OVs) with topological charge l that depends on the number of steps and on the wavelength. We found that the residual light in the central dark region of the OV tends to zero as the number of steps increases.