gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics analysis of the arm for the badminton forehand smash (2015)

Purpose：Badminton is an excellent sport for enhancing fitness; however, incorrect swinging motions may lead to sport injuries. In order to forecast the sport injury risk, this paper investigates the kinematic and stress variations on the arm during the various phases of a badminton forehand smash movement (i.e., the preparing, swinging, stroking, and following phases). Methods: Based on biological, kinematic, and dynamic concepts and principles, we develop a dynamic model of arm swing paths whose feasibility is assessed using four types of motion paths: a correctly positioned badminton smash (Path 1), a smash recovery following a successful smash shot (Path 2), and two error motions that commonly occur during smash shots (Paths 3 and 4). We then conduct a motion analysis of these four paths to determine the kinetic chain of the forehand smash and the influence that stress and muscle strength exertion have on badminton players’ arms. Results: We find that Path 2 easily induces sport injuries in the humerus and triceps brachii; Path 3 causes serious sport injuries in the forearm, wrist, biceps brachii; and Path 4 poses greater risk of injury to the forearm, wrist, musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, and musculus extensor carpi radialis. Conclusions: The proposed biomechanics model can therefore be used to predict post-motion exertion points, making it a useful reference tool for training and teaching.
Phosphate Uptake in an Obligately Marine Fungus II. Role of Culture Conditions, Energy Sources, and Inhibitors (1967)

Phosphate uptake in the obligately marine fungus, Thraustochytrium roseum, is maximal at pH 7.5 to 7.8, is dependent on temperature, and varies with phosphate concentration. Pyruvate and succinate stimulate phosphate uptake, although they do not increase respiration. The uncoupling agents, 2,4-dinitrophenol and dicoumerol, inhibit phosphate uptake but stimulate oxygen consumption only in the presence of NaCl. Oligomycin inhibits both processes. Among the inhibitors of protein synthesis, chloramphenicol reduces phosphate uptake without affecting respiration. Puromycin is unique in that it greatly enhances phosphate uptake and abolished the lag period associated with this phenomenon. It does not affect respiration.
SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ATRAZINE AND DICAMBA IN WATER BY PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION (2005)

It is presented the development of a new and easy analytical method for the simultaneous determination of atrazine and dicamba in water. Under the experimental conditions proposed, atrazine showed a linear dynamic range of 0.3 to 4.9 µg mL-1, a limit of detection of 0.1 µg mL-1 and a limit of quantification of 0.3 µg mL-1; similarly, dicamba showed a linear dynamic range of 0.8 to 8.8 µg mL-1, a limit of detection of 0.2 µg mL-1 and a limit of quantification of 0.8 µ mL-1. Partial Least Squares Regression (Type 1) was applied for the resolution of spectral interferences between analytes, obtaining recovery percentages higher than 95 % for both compounds in synthetic mixtures. Finally, quantitative determination of both herbicides in tap, well and sea water samples, was carried out successfully by the proposed method, previous preconcentration of the analytes by solid phase extraction
Clustering and feature extraction in a 3D real-time echo management framework (2002)

The on-board perception process is a fundamental part of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) expert system. The possibility of using the sonar to build a real-time mental image of the environment is specially interesting in this perspective. This paper describes the research using a real-time framework for autonomous sonar based 3D perception. A spherically organised map is used to continuously keep track of the spatial relationships between echoes. This local map is intended to support several of the AUV processes with sonar based information, for example collision avoidance at the low level and feature extraction for object modelling and identification at a higher level. Experiments in the Trondheim fjord has resulted in promising cluster maps where the majority of 3D sonar returns corresponds to the target objects. An approach for real-time feature extraction and object modelling within this framework is presented. It is specially illustrated that when this sonar image is made at the time of echo acquisition, real-time echo clustering and surface modelling becomes feasible using inexpensive hardware.
Antidiabetic effect of long-term supplementation with <i>Siraitia grosvenori</i> on the spontaneously diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rat (2007)

Siraitia grosvenori Swingle (SG) is a traditional Chinese fruit used as a folk medicine. Its extract (SG-ex) contains potent sweet elements with a sweetness several hundred times higher than table sugar. We investigated the antidiabetic effect of SG-ex in the type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. Diabetic 7-week-old GK rats were fed a diet supplemented with 0.4 % of the SG-ex for 13 weeks, and its antidiabetic effects were evaluated. SG-ex had no effect on food intake or body weight. In oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), SG-ex supplementation improved the insulin response at 15 min (control, 63 (sem 6) pm; SG-ex, 107 (sem 20) pm; P < 0.05) and reduced the plasma glucose level at 120 min after the glucose administration (control, 18.5 (sem 0.8) mm; SG-ex, 14.8 (sem 0.7) mm; P < 0.05). The total amount of insulin in whole pancreas taken from fasting rats was higher in the SG-ex-supplemented group, which may explain the greater capacity to secrete insulin during the OGTT. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both the liver and the plasma were lower in the SG-ex-supplemented group, suggesting that an absorbable component in SG-ex has an antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation, thereby counteracting the oxidative stress caused by a diabetic state. Excreted urine volume and urinary albumin level for 24 h were both reduced in the SG-ex-supplemented group, suggesting the attenuation of kidney damage that is caused by diabetes. These data indicate that SG-ex supplementation may prevent complications and attenuate pathological conditions for type 2 diabetes, along with its sweet characteristics.
Antagonistic Effect of the Combination Gemcitabine/Topotecan in Ovarian Cancer Cells (2001)

The in vitro interaction between the new antimetabolite gemcitabine (GEM) and topotecan (TPT) was analyzed in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. The growth inhibitory effect was assessed after 3 days of drug exposure. GEM and TPT obtained in vitro IC50 values of 2.1 +/- 0.9 and 33.7 +/- 10.2 nM, respectively. The interaction between GEM and TPT was evaluated by exposing cancer cells at increasing doses of GEM (0.1, 1, and 10 nM) and TPT (1, 10, 100, and 1000 nM). Analysis of data about the interaction between GEM and TPT was performed by applying the isobole method. An antagonistic effect was noticed when GEM was combined with TPT in the tested concentration range. DNA analysis was also performed and showed an augmentation of cells blocked in the G2/M phase during TPT exposure, while an increase of blocked cells in the G0/1, phase was observed after GEM treatment. This latter effect was predominant when the two drugs were used in combination. We also investigated the effect of sequential exposure to drugs, pretreating A2780 cells for 24 h with TPT and then for 48 h with GEM, and, conversely, pretreating A2780 cells with GEM for 24 h and thereafter with TPT for 48 h. Both these combined sequential treatments showed an antagonist effect of the drugs' combination. Long-term growth inhibition effect was established by clonogenic assay performed after 10 days of culture after drug treatment. Also these data confirmed the antagonistic effect between GEM and TPT in A2780 ovarian cancer cells.
A contour fill method for alpha-numeric character image generation (2002)

A new, high speed method filling in the contours of alpha-numeric characters which produces accurate and correct image patterns is proposed. The method is called the improved edge fill method because it improves on a previously developed edge fill method. It does so by selecting fill pixels from contour lines expressed by Freeman's chain code and using combinations for neighboring the codes and accordingly processing time is reduced by about 20% over conventional methods. For binary image contour filling, the method eliminates faults found in conventional edge fill methods, and in consequence the areas inside contour lines are filled in rapidly and correctly. The method's effectiveness is examined in experiments using both Arabic numerals and letters of the Roman alphabet. As a result it is found that this filling method is able to produce correct and accurate image patterns and that it can be applied to alpha-numeric character contour filling.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dummy sequence insertion (DSI) for PAPR reduction in the OFDM communication system (2004)

OFDM communications system is very useful for the high data rate transmission. However, power efficiency of HPA (high power amplifier) is very poor, since there should be a large back-off because of the high PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) of the OFDM signal. Otherwise, OFDM signal may be distorted by the nonlinear HPA. In this paper, we propose a DSI (dummy sequence insertion) method for PAPR reduction. The complementary sequence and the combination of the correlation sequence belong to the dummy sequence. Flipping technique can be combined into DSI method to effectively lower the PAPR reduction. Also, PAPR threshold technique escalates the processing speed. Unlike the conventional PTS (partial transmit sequence) and SLM (selected mapping) methods, the specified dummy sequence is inserted only for PAPR reduction and any kind of side information is not necessary. So, BER of the DSI method is independent of the error in the dummy data sequence. Although the DSI method is not better than the conventional PTS and block coding methods with respect to the PAPR reduction performance, the DSI method improves the BER performance than the conventional PTS and is even more spectrally efficient than the conventional block coding for PAPR reduction.
Poly‐2‐ and poly‐4‐vinylpiperidine (1957)

Abstract Poly‐2‐vinylpiperidine and poly‐4‐vinylpiperidine were prepared from poly‐2‐vinylpyridine and poly‐4‐vinylpyridine, respectively, by catalytic hydrogenation at a hydrogen pressure of 3500 p.s.i. and a temperature of 220–250°C., using a palladium catalyst. The hydrochlorides, acetyl derivatives, and phenyl thioureates of the new polymers could also be obtained. The molecular weights of the polymers were estimated by light scattering and viscosity in chloroform and methanol solution and were found to lie in the range of 10,000 to 35,000. The electrochemical properties were investigated by potentiometric titration and electrophoresis. From the character of the titration curves it was concluded that no appreciable nearest neighbor interaction exists in polyvinylpiperidine. By an analysis of the combined potentiometric‐electrophoretic data an intrinsic acid dissociation constant p K 0 = 10.08 ± 0.07 was calculated. The discrepancy between this value and the value of the dissociation constants of monomeric piperidines, p K ≈ 11, has been further investigated by thermochemical measurements.
A theory of non-Gaussian option pricing (2007)

Quantitative Finance, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2002, 415–431
The design and control of a jointed-leg type of a quadrupedal robot for locomotion on irregular ground (1999)

In this paper, a study of a quadrupedal walking robot capable of walking on the irregular ground is presented. The robot has specially-designed feet with toes making soft and safe landings on uneven surfaces. Using the toe angle and landing force sensors integrated within the feet, its gait control algorithm can adapt the foot trajectory to the ground profile, while the body weight is evenly distributed on the supporting legs. After the landing of a foot, the roll and pitch angles of the body are measured and controlled to keep the body attitude parallel to the plane of support. The contents of this study are the design concept and working principle of the foot, including the gait control algorithm for walk on the irregular ground. Experimental results are reported.
Immediate effects of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate combination on exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics in patients with left ventricular failure. (1979)

Resting hemodynamics improve during vasodilator administration in patients, with congestive heart failure (CHF), but the effects of these agents on exercise is unknown. Twenty-two patients with class II or III CHF performed bicycle exercise to symptomatic maximum before and 90 minutes after random double-blind administration of oral hydralazine (100 mg) and isosorbide dinitrate (40 mg) (11 patients, group 1) or placebo (11 patients, group 2). Exercise duration was unchanged after treatment in either group. Maximal oxygen consumption changed insignificantly in both groups, from 12.6 +/- 1.2 (SEM) to 13.6 +/- 1.6 ml/kg/min in group 1, and from 11.7 +/- 1.4 to 13.4 +/- 1.7 ml/kg/min in group 2. Maximal cardiac index was unchanged in both group 1 (4.00 +/- 0.33 to 4.41 +/- 0.29 l/min/m2) and group 2 (4.11 +/- 0.43 to 4.14 +/- 0.42 l/min/m2). Systemic vascular resistance at peak exercise was also unchanged in both group 1 (14.1 +/- 1.6 to 11.8 +/- 1.0 units) and group 2 (14.7 +/- 1.6 to 13.5 +/- 1.6 units). at submaximal exercise (300 kilopond-meters/min), however, cardiac index after treatment increased in group 1 (0.51 +/- 0.18 l/min/m2, p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (-3.3 +/- 1.3 units, p less than 0.05), but were unchanged in group 2. Thus, although vasodilators do not improve maximal exercise capacity acutely, they can improve hemodynamics at lower work loads which may, therefore, be better tolerated in patients with CHF.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis of <i>p</i>-Nitroaniline on Vacuum Evaporation and Chemically Deposited Silver-Coated Alumina Substrates (1992)

In this study we investigated the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties of p-nitroaniline, which is a potential chemical for use in optical disk coating(s) and also an important compound used as an intermediate or precursor in the manufacture of chemical agents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and antioxidants. The SERS spectra of p-nitroanaline ( p-NA), adsorbed on or near the surface of either vacuum thermally evaporated or chemically prepared silver-coated alumina substrates, have been recorded in the frequency region from 200 to 1800 cm −1 . The performances of these substrates to enhance the Raman scattering signals were not possible to compare with each other because of different experimental conditions. The infrared (IR) (500–1800 cm −1 ) and Raman (200–1800 cm −1 ) spectra have been recorded for the solution of p-NA. Vibrational assignments were made for the molecule in the frequency region. The Raman enhancement factor was estimated to be on the order of 10 6 , and the absolute limit of optical detection was determined to be 30 femtograms.
Insulin therapy in type II diabetes (1997)

Insulin therapy can control glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes. Because of insulin resistance, high doses may be required initially to attain satisfactory control; however, also because of insulin resistance, hypoglycemia with insulin therapy is much less common among patients with type II diabetes than among those with type I diabetes. Insulin therapy need not be permanent. In some cases, temporary worsening of disease is the result of glucose toxicity and insulin can be discontinued or doses reduced when disease severity subsides. On the other hand, beta-cell failure is progressive, and with long duration of diabetes, permanent insulin therapy may be necessary to achieve satisfactory glucose control.
Evaluation of a fluidic oscillator as a molecular-weight sensor of gases (1970)

Fluidic oscillator molecular weight of flowing mono- and polyatomic gases, discussing frequency dependence on pressure drop and temperature
Characterization of the structure, properties, and reactivity of a cobalt(II) macrocyclic complex (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of the structure, properties, and reactivity of a cobalt(II) macrocyclic complexAndreja Bakac, Mark E. Brynildson, and James H. EspensonCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1986, 25, 23, 4108–4114Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00243a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00243a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1866Altmetric-Citations130LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Femtogram mass detection using photothermally actuated nanomechanical resonators (2003)

Nanomechanical devices with very small mass and size have the potential for mass sensing at the level of individual molecules. In the present study, we designed nanomechanical mass sensors, demonstrated their operation under ambient pressure and temperature, and achieved femtogram-level mass sensitivity. Our nanomechanical resonators were gold-coated silicon cantilevers with resonance frequencies in the range of 1 to 10 MHz, characteristic thicknesses of 50–100 nm, and force constants of about 0.1 N/m. Using a cantilever with a resonant frequency of 2.2 MHz that was excited photothermally, we measured a mass change of 5.5 fg upon chemisorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. Our analysis indicates that, by decreasing the mass of the cantilever and increasing the excitation amplitude, even higher mass sensitivity can be realized in an easily accessible frequency range (&lt;100 MHz).
Charitable Trusts in Maryland (1937)

At the time as of which we took over the principles of Common Law and Equity from England, trusts of the character known as Charitable Trusts had long been recognized and enforced in that country.A brief mention of the condition of the law on that subject in England is necessary for any intelligent consideration of the course of decisions in the States of this country.It is commonly said that charitable trusts have three leading and distinguishing features,' viz:
Polymer dispersed liquid crystals for high efficiency displays (2005)

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films serve as the basis for a variety of high-efficiency electro-optical effects. In the most general sense, as PDLC materials consists of micron-sized domains of a liquid crystal, with the domain size determined by a continuous polymer matrix running through the film. Depending on the choice of liquid crystal and polymer, a variety of electro-optical effects have been demonstrated. Of these effects, scattering and dichroic-based displays are the most advanced, although development of cholesteric and smectic-based PDLC materials is of high interest. The present dominance of twisted nematic (1N) and supertwisted nematic (S1N) displays means that only technologies which offer dear advantages over these standards can progress to commercialization. One of the limitations of TN displays is a poor optical efficiency and limited viewing angle due to the presence of polarizers. PDLC materials, on the other hand, do not require the use of polarizers, and as such can offer advantages of high optical efficiency and wide viewing angles. High optical efficiencies is an attractive feature for many display applications, offering the opportunity to unseat TN in these areas. This paper summarizes recent progress in PDLC materials development, as well as in applications of these materials to projection and direct-view displays.
Hierarchical Recognition of Propositional Arguments with Perceptrons (2004)

this paper translates these observations into constraints which are enforced to hold in a solution, and guide the recognition strategy. A limitation of the system is that it makes no attempt to recognize arguments which are split in many phrases
Mesoporous Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> with High Surface Area and Controllable Pore Size by F<sup>−</sup>-Ion Doping: Applications for High-Power Li-Ion Battery Anode (2009)

A pioneering effort has been made to develop F−-ion-doped anatase TiO2 with a spherical shape and mesoporous structure synthesized by a unique, low-temperature urea-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The electrochemical anode performance of pristine TiO2 for lithium-ion batteries was improved significantly by utilizing F−-ion doping. TiO2 doped with 10 mol % fluorine ions achieved a reversible capacity of 157 mA h/g after 100 cycles. In addition, the rate capability of the F−-ion-doped TiO2 was encouraging, with a stabilized capacity of 144 mA h/g at 30C (C rating) of charge (Li extraction).
Terminal uridylyl transferase of Vigna unguiculata: purification and characterization of an enzyme catalyzing the addition of a single UMP residue to the 3′-end of an RNA primer (1981)

An enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a single UMP residue from UTP to the 3'-end of an RNA primer and which is referred to as terminal uridylyl transferase (TUT) has been extensively purified from the membrane fraction of vigna unguiculata leaves. The purification procedure involved (i) solubilization by cation depletion (ii) DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography (iii) affinity chromatography of poly(U)-Sepharose 4B and (iv) glycerol gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was approximately 50,000 as determined by velocity sedimentation. Under conditions that were optimal for UMP-incorporation (5 mM Mg2+, low salt, 30 degrees C) TUT displayed a marked specificity for UTP as substrate, was unable to incorporate deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and required a single-stranded oligo- or polyribonucleotide as primer. When oligoA20, tRNAasp of E. coli or alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 were used as primers at various substrate to primer ratio's, the vast majority of the product appeared to consist of primer molecules elongated with a single UMP residue as shown by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis and nearest neighbour analysis. We believe TUT to be a novel enzyme which has not been reported before and which may be a feasible tool in RNA sequencing as it enables the specific 3'-terminal labeling of RNA molecules.