gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selected Issues in Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Gels (2007)

In this perspective, we discuss select issues investigated in recent studies on liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and gels−soft solids having a mobile director. A considerable amount of knowledge accumulated during the past decade proves that LCEs are not simple extensions of liquid crystals (LCs) and elastomers. The strong coupling of orientational order of LCs and rubber elasticity of polymer networks leads to novel stimulus-response behavior that provides not only a wealth of academically interesting issues but also numerous potential applications including soft actuators, components of artificial muscles, and nonlinear optical devices. We mainly focus on the responses of LCEs swollen by a low molecular mass LC to the temperature variations and electric fields. The temperature response reveals that their macroscopic volume and shape are strongly coupled with nematic order; therefore, they behave as the anisotropic gels with temperature-responsive volume and shape. In fast response to electric fields, the swollen LCEs exhibit a macroscopic deformation as well as a significant change in birefringence. This pronounced electrooptical and mechanical effect suggests that they are promising materials for electrically driven soft actuator, and it also provides an important basis to understand a LCE-specific deformation mode induced during a 90° rotation of director. We also highlight some characteristic textures and distortions driven by director realignment observed in the frustrated LCEs under mechanically constrained geometries. In addition, we discuss the phase transition and slow dynamics specific to polydomain LCEs having disordered directors. We summarize the unresolved and challenging issues regarding these topics.
Host Defense in Infantile Osteopetrosis (1979)

Since infants with malignant osteopetrosis often die from infection at an early age, we studied several aspects of host defense in five such infants. No consistent abnormality was found in cellular or humoral immunity. Monocyte cellular chemotaxis and phagocytosis were normal in four tested infants. However, all four of these infants had decreased intracellular bacterial killing by monocytes. Neutrophil function tests in five infants showed that two had defective bacterial phagocytosis and four had reduced cellular chemotaxis, decreased nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and decreased intracellular bacterial killing. The severity of the decreased bactericidal capacity of granulocytes did not correlate with the number of circulating immature granulocytes. Our data suggest that abnormal function of circulating monocytes and granulocytes may contribute to impaired host resistance to infection. We postulate that this defect may reflect a more generalized inherited abnormality of phagocytic cells and perhaps osteoclasts that plays a role in the pathogenesis of infantile osteopetrosis.
Expression and chromosomal mapping of mouse Gpx2 gene encoding the gastrointestinal form of glutathione peroxidase, GPX-GI. (1997)

GPX-GI is a cytosolic tetrameric Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, similar in properties to GPX-1. Unlike the almost ubiquitous GPX-1, GPX-GI is mainly expressed in the epithelium of gastrointestinal tract. GPX-GI contributes to at least fifty percent of GPX activity in rodent small intestinal epithelium. The total GPX activity consists of at least 70% of selenium-dependent GPX activity in this compartment. By analyzing a panel of mouse interspecies DNA from the Jackson Laboratory's backcross resource, we mapped Gpx2 gene to mouse chromosome 12 between D12Mit4 and D12Mit5, near the Ccs1 locus which contains a colon cancer susceptibility gene. A pseudogene, Gpx2-ps is mapped to mouse chromosome 7. Comparison of Gpx2 gene expression in three pairs of C57BL/6Ha and ICR/Ha mice which are respectively resistant and sensitive to dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer, we found a higher Gpx2 mRNA level in C57BL/6Ha colon than ICR/Ha colon. Interestingly, a lower level of GPX activity is found in the resistant strain of mice. Because GPX-1 has three times higher specific activity than GPX-GI, our data suggest that the decreased GPX activity may result from a higher level of Gpx2 gene expression in those cells co-express Gpx1 gene.
Thermostable Molecular Sieves, Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-34, for the Removal of NO<i><sub>X</sub></i> with C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> in the Coexistence of O<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and SO<sub>2</sub> (1997)

Selective reduction of NO with C3H6 under an oxidizing atmosphere was studied over various Cu ion-exchanged molecular sieves. All examined Cu ion-exchanged catalysts are active for NO reduction with C3H6 in a large excess of O2; however, the temperature at the maximum NO conversion depends on the kind of molecular sieves. In particular, it was found that Cu-SAPO-34 is sometimes more active than Cu-ZSM-5. Thermal stability of SAPO-34 was extremely high, and consequently, decrease in the activity to NO selective reduction on Cu-SAPO-34 was negligible over 60 h at 673 K in an atmosphere containing 15 vol % H2O. After thermal treatment at 1073 K in a humidified atmosphere, decrease in the activity to NO reduction was also small. Although the activity of Cu-SAPO-34 to NO reduction was decreased slightly with the coexistence of SO2, it is expected that the activity of Cu-SAPO-34 is sustained over a long period.
Dating of glauconite from the Ngalia Basin, Northern Territory, Australia∗ (1971)

Abstract Rb‐Sr and K‐Ar measurements have been made on five glauconite samples from the near basal Treuer Member of the Vaughan Springs Quartzite of the Ngalia Basin, Northern Territory, Australia. Comparison of results between and within the two groups of data demonstrates that variable losses of radiogenic strontium and argon have occurred, but allows a minimum age of 1280 m.y. to be calculated for the member. Sedimentation began in the Ngalia Basin shortly before the time of deposition of this member. Regional correlations suggest that this minimum age applies to the adjacent Amadeus Basin as well. Measurements were also made on glauconite from a single sample of the Lower Palaeozoic Djagamara Formation which is in the same sequence. It yields a mid‐Ordovician K‐Ar age which generally agrees with the broad range of post‐Lower Cambrian to pre‐Carboniferous age determined from fossil evidence in bounding formations. A low Rb/Sr ratio prevented calculation of a Rb‐Sr age, but the combination of K‐Ar age and Rb‐Sr measurements allowed an accurate initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of .739 to be determined. This is much greater than ocean water values, and it appears that such information on young samples and/or those of low Rb/Sr ratio could help define the source material for glauconite formation.
Apatone® Treatment Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Human Synovial, Fibroblasts Following Metal Particulate Exposure by Reducing NF-κB Levels (2009)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Measuring longitudinal white matter changes: comparison of a visual rating scale with a volumetric measurement. (2006)

Volumetric measurements of WMH offer a more reliable, sensitive, and objective alternative to visual rating scales in studying longitudinal white matter changes.
Bacteriorhodopsin analogue from anthryl chromophores (1990)

Preparation and properties of the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) analogue having the 3,7-dimethyl-9-(9-anthryl)-2E,4E,6E,8E-nonatetraenal (12) chromophore is described. Synthesis of the chromophore has been achieved by successive introduction of C 5 units to 9-anthraldehyde (3) via the Horner reaction. The all-trans chromophore has been characterized by its ultraviolet–visible and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Incubation of 12 with bacterioopsin suspension (prepared by photobleaching of bR isolated from Halobacteriumhalobium) at ambient temperature in the dark gave the new bR analogue 15, which showed an absorption band at 545 nm, and an opsin shift of 5575 cm −1 . The new pigment is stable to hydroxylamine in the dark. It showed light–dark adaptation with the light-adapted form absorbing at a slightly red-shifted value of 550 nm. All-trans-retinal did not replace the anthryl chromophore in competitive bindings. Photolysis of the bR analogue 15, followed by difference spectrophotometric analysis, indicated formation of a photoproduct with an absorption band near 400 nm. The results are discussed in terms of the stereoelectronic requirements of the bR reaction centre. Keywords: bacteriorhodopsin (bR), retinal analogue, reconstitution, opsin shift (OS), external point charge model (EPC).
Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity (1985)

Vigorous exercise is associated with a sensation of well-being, and this subjective state has been objectively quantified with psychometric, cardiovascular, and neurophysiological data. Reductions in state anxiety have been demonstrated to follow acute physical activity, and this response persists for 2-5 h. Chronic physical activity has been associated with reductions in anxiety and depression, as well as increases in self-esteem. This research has been limited to designs of a correlational nature, and the issue of causality vs mere association has not been resolved or addressed. Three hypotheses based upon distraction, monoamine metabolism, and endorphin release are discussed in this paper. Investigators have traditionally attempted to illustrate the mechanism involved in improved mood following exercise by testing one of these or related hypotheses, but it is likely that advances will not be made in this area until these hypotheses are examined in a multiple or synergistic manner. It is concluded that each of the hypotheses reviewed remains tenable.
Model-based measurement of food portion size for image-based dietary assessment using 3D/2D registration (2013)

Dietary assessment is important in health maintenance and intervention in many chronic conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, there is currently a lack of convenient methods for measuring the volume of food (portion size) in real-life settings. We present a computational method to estimate food volume from a single photographical image of food contained in a typical dining plate. First, we calculate the food location with respect to a 3D camera coordinate system using the plate as a scale reference. Then, the food is segmented automatically from the background in the image. Adaptive thresholding and snake modeling are implemented based on several image features, such as color contrast, regional color homogeneity and curve bending degree. Next, a 3D model representing the general shape of the food (e.g., a cylinder, a sphere, etc.) is selected from a pre-constructed shape model library. The position, orientation and scale of the selected shape model are determined by registering the projected 3D model and the food contour in the image, where the properties of the reference are used as constraints. Experimental results using various realistically shaped foods with known volumes demonstrated satisfactory performance of our image based food volume measurement method even if the 3D geometric surface of the food is not completely represented in the input image.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Prostaglandins, Interleukin 1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Bacterial Meningitis (1990)

Prostaglandins (PGs), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) are likely mediators of local inflammatory reactions. We measured PGE2, PGI2, IL-1 beta, and TNF concentrations in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (on admission, CSF1, and 18 to 30 hours later, CSF2) from 80 infants and children with bacterial meningitis. Forty patients received dexamethasone sodium (0.6 mg/kg per day in four intravenous doses) and 40 received an intravenous saline placebo. In CSF1, PGE2, PGI2, IL-1 beta, and TNF were detected in 90%, 56%, 98%, and 71% of specimens with mean (+/- SEM) concentrations of 462 +/- 65, 377 +/- 62, 1266 +/- 242, and 799 +/- 227 pg/mL, respectively. Concentrations of PGE2 correlated significantly with PGI2, IL-1 beta, TNF, and lactate and inversely correlated with glucose concentrations in the first CSF specimens. The PGE2, PGI2, IL-1 beta, and TNF were still detected in 40%, 18%, 97%, and 60%, respectively, of second CSF specimens obtained from placebo-treated patients. Compared with patients who had detectable PGI2 or TNF alpha concentrations in CSF2 specimens, those placebo-treated patients with no detectable PGI2 or TNF alpha activity in CSF2 had a lower incidence of neurological sequelae. Dexamethasone-treated patients had significantly lower PGE2, IL-1 beta, and lactate concentrations and higher glucose concentrations in CSF 18 to 30 hours later, shorter duration of fever, and a lower incidence of neurological sequelae than did placebo-treated patients.
Wireless networking testbed and emulator (WiNeTestEr) (2014)

Repeatability, isolation and accuracy are the most desired factors while testing wireless devices. However, they cannot be guaranteed by traditional drive tests. Channel emulators play a major role in filling these gaps in testing. In this paper we present an efficient channel emulator which is better than existing commercial products in terms of cost, remote access, support for complex network topologies and scalability. We present the hardware and software architecture of our channel emulator and describe the experiments we conducted to evaluate its performance against a commercial channel emulator.
Reflecting Surfaces of Aluminum<!--<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-10.5594_J10126">*</xref>--> (1935)

Aluminum is inherently a good reflector of radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infra-red portions of the spectrum. Means of developing and maintaining this high reflectivity in commercial reflectors are described. The new Alzak process of electrolytic brightening and oxide coating makes available aluminum reflectors, both specular and diffuse, having reflection factors up to about 85 per cent. The Alzak reflectors have a hard, abrasion resisting coating of clear transparent aluminum oxide on the surface which makes them weather-resistant and easily cleaned.
Elucidation of the tumoritropic principle of hypericin (2005)

Hypericin is a potent agent in the photodynamic therapy of cancers. To better understand its tumoritropic behaviour, we evaluated the major determinants of the accumulation and dispersion of hypericin in subcutaneously growing mouse tumours. A rapid exponential decay in tumour accumulation of hypericin as a function of tumour weight was observed for each of the six tumour models investigated, and a similar relationship was found between tumour blood flow and tumour weight. Moreover, there was a close correlation between the higher hypericin uptake in RIF-1 tumours compared to R1 tumours and tumour vessel permeability. To define the role of lipoproteins in the transport of hypericin through the interstitial space, we performed a visual and quantitative analysis of the colocalization of hypericin and DiOC18-labelled lipoproteins in microscopic fluorescent overlay images. A coupled dynamic behaviour was found early after injection (normalised fluorescence intensity differences were on the whole less than 10%), while a shifted pattern in localisation of hypericin and DiOC18 was seen after 24 h, suggesting that during its migration through the tumour mass, hypericin is released from the lipoprotein complex. In conclusion, we were able to show that the tumour accumulation of hypericin is critically determined by a combination of biological (blood flow, vessel permeability) and physicochemical elements (affinity for interstitial constituents).
Nonuniform attenuation correction using simultaneous transmission and emission converging tomography (1992)

Photon attenuation in cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a major factor contributing to the quantitative inaccuracy and the decrease in specificity of lesion detection. A measured map of the attenuation distribution was used in combination with iterative reconstruction algorithms to accurately compensate for the variable attenuation in the chest. The transmission and emission data were acquired simultaneously using a multidetector, fan-beam collimated SPECT system with a transmission line source (Tc-99m) precisely aligned at the focal line opposite one of the detectors and of a different energy than the emission source (Tl-201). The contamination of transmission data by the high-energy photopeaks of Tl-201 was removed based on measurements from emission-only acquisition detectors. An algorithm was derived to eliminate scatter of Tc-99m transmission photons into the lower-energy Tl-201 window of all three detectors. Results are given for both phantom and patient studies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Elektronenoptik (1950)

Hauptebenenlage elektrischer Linsen I 124 § 5. Die Brennweite der Lochblendenlinse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• .125 § 6. Optische Ableitung der Brennweitenformel (239) . . . . . . . . . . . .127 § 7. Berechnung der Brennweiten und der Hauptebenenlage elektrischer Linsen II 129 1 2 V 2 m v = -2 m v k + e .(15) 1 Ist vk = 0 oder ist e V so groß, daß 2m v~ daneben vernachlässigt werden kann, so ist 1 -2 m v 2 = e V.(16) Gleichung (16) gibt uns nun die Möglichkeit, die Elektronengeschwindigkeit statt durch V durch den Wert der Potentialdifferenz V (bzw.v2-V1) anzugeben, d.
Spectrum coordination protocols and algorithms for cognitive radio networks (2008)

This thesis focuses on the problem of efficiently sharing spectrum resources in wireless networks through the use of appropriate spectrum etiquette protocols and related coordination algorithms. The performance of the proposed class of spectrum etiquette protocols is evaluated in various wireless network scenarios and compared with simpler reactive interference avoidance schemes. After validating its utility for coordination between existing wireless standards (such as IEEE 802.11/WiFi, Bluetooth, and 802.16/WiMax), the spectrum etiquette protocol is extended to serve as the foundation for a more complete adaptive wireless network where radio nodes may cooperate by forming or joining autonomous ad hoc clusters with multi-hop routing. A cognitive radio protocol stack is proposed for this scenario and validated using a combination of ns-2 simulations and experiments on the ORBIT radio grid testbed.The spectrum etiquette protocol proposed here is based on the Common Spectrum Coordination Channel (CSCC) approach which allows explicit coordination for spectrum usage among heterogeneous wireless radio nodes by announcement of their operation parameters such as frequency, power, rate, interference, etiquette policies, etc. An experimental proof-of-concept protocol evaluation is conducted to examine interoperability between WiFi and Bluetooth networks, demonstrating significant performance gains with CSCC as compared to the case with no coordination. Simpler reactive interference avoidance schemes in which radio nodes adjust their transmit parameters such as frequency, power and transmission time based on local observations are also examined in more detail for comparison with CSCC. In particular, we present a detailed comparison between reactive algorithms and proactive CSCC-based etiquette for a co-existence scenario in which both 802.11b and 802.16a operate in the same shared spectrum.With a higher level of spectrum coordination complexity, we examine the ad hoc collaboration scenario in which radio nodes may cooperate with each other to form so-called adaptive wireless networks with multi-hop routing. The CSCC protocol provides a reasonable foundation for this scenario as well by serving as a bootstrapping and resource coordination protocol for radios involved in ad hoc collaboration. Using the CSCC as a base, we propose a complete cognitive radio protocol stack which includes bootstrapping, network/service discovery, cross-layer routing and name/address translation. Each protocol component is validated using a combination of ORBIT experiments and ns-2 simulations.
Deafness and retinal degeneration in a novel USH1C knock‐in mouse model (2010)

Usher syndrome is the leading cause of combined deaf-blindness, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the auditory and visual impairment are poorly understood. Usher I is characterized by profound congenital hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and progressive retinitis pigmentosa beginning in early adolescence. Using the c.216G>A cryptic splice site mutation in Exon 3 of the USH1C gene found in Acadian Usher I patients in Louisiana, we constructed the first mouse model that develops both deafness and retinal degeneration. The same truncated mRNA transcript found in Usher 1C patients is found in the cochleae and retinas of these knock-in mice. Absent auditory-evoked brainstem responses indicated that the mutant mice are deaf at 1 month of age. Cochlear histology showed disorganized hair cell rows, abnormal bundles, and loss of both inner and outer hair cells in the middle turns and at the base. Retinal dysfunction as evident by an abnormal electroretinogram was seen as early as 1 month of age, with progressive loss of rod photoreceptors between 6 and 12 months of age. This knock-in mouse reproduces the dual sensory loss of human Usher I, providing a novel resource to study the disease mechanism and the development of therapies.
Regulation of hepatitis B virus replication by epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs (2013)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome forms a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) minichromosome that persists in the nucleus of virus-infected hepatocytes. HBV cccDNA serves as the template for viral mRNA synthesis and is subject to epigenetic regulation by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, were also directly connected to the epigenetic machinery through a regulatory loop. Epigenetic modifications have been shown to affect miRNA expression, and a sub-group of miRNAs (defined as epi-miRNAs) can directly target effectors of the epigenetic machinery. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the epigenetic mechanisms controlling HBV cccDNA function, primarily focusing on the epi-miRNA functions operating in HBV replication. Investigation of the epigenetic regulation of HBV replication may help to discover novel potential therapeutic targets for drug development with the goal to eradicate the HBV cccDNA pool in hepatocytes.