gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced childhood mortality after standard measles vaccination at 4-8 months compared with 9-11 months of age. (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the impact on mortality of standard Schwarz measles immunisation before 9 months of age. DESIGN--Children vaccinated in 1980-3 at 4-5, 6-8, and 9-11 months of age were followed to migration, death, or the age of 5 years. SETTING--One urban district and nine villages in two rural areas of Guinea-Bissau. SUBJECT--307 children vaccinated at 4-8 months and 256 at 9-11 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mortality from 9 months to 5 years of age for children immunised at 4-5, 6-8, and 9-11 months. RESULTS--Mortality was significantly lower in children vaccinated at 6-8 months than at 9-11 months (mortality ratio = 0.63, (95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.97), p = 0.047). As vaccination was provided in semiannual or annual campaigns it is unlikely that age at vaccination reflected a selection bias. The trend was the same in all three study areas. Improved survival after early immunisation was not related to better protection against measles infection. With a Cox multivariate regression model to adjust for age, sex, season at risk, season at birth, measles infection, and region, children vaccinated at 4-8 months had a mortality ratio of 0.61 (0.40 to 0.92, p = 0.020) compared with children vaccinated at 9-11 months. Reimmunised children tended to have lower mortality than children who received only one vaccine (0.59 (0.28 to 1.27, p = 0.176)). CONCLUSION--Standard measles vaccination before 9 months is not associated with higher childhood mortality than is the currently recommended strategy of immunising from 9 months, and it may reduce mortality. This has implications for measles immunisation strategy in developing countries.
Passively synchronized two-color mode-locked fiber system based on master-slave lasers geometry (2004)

Using a master - slave configuration, a robust synchronization was achieved for two-color Erbium and Ytterbium mode-locked fiber lasers. Due to enhanced nonlinear interaction in the fiber, noise-free pulse-locking was achieved allowing for a cavity mismatch tolerance of 140 microm. This is the highest tolerable cavity-length difference ever been obtained for synchronized mode-locked oscillators.
THE SYNTHESIS OF CUSCOHYGRINE (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE SYNTHESIS OF CUSCOHYGRINEHENRY RAPOPORT and EUGENE JORGENSENCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1949, 14, 4, 664–669Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01156a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01156a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views177Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[To investigate pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen in 2008]. (2009)

EV71 among the pathogen of HFMD in Shenzhen in 2008 was majority. These EV71 may belong to the same genegroup with Anhui predominant strains.
Fine-Grained Parallel Compacting Garbage Collection through Hardware-Supported Synchronization (2010)

Parallel garbage collection seeks to exploit the inherent parallelism of graph tracing by evenly distributing the set of objects in the heap among all available processing resources. Any straightforward implementation, however, suffers from prohibitive overheads since each access to the worklist of objects and to the objects themselves needs to be protected by synchronization, especially so in the case of compacting collectors. For this reason, known parallel collectors sacrifice a great deal of work distribution granularity and scalability to keep the synchronization costs acceptable. In this paper, we present a case study of a different approach. Our parallel compacting collector is based on Cheney's copying algorithm, employs a single worklist and distributes garbage collection work on an object-by-object basis. This way, it achieves well balanced work distribution and good scalability. To solve the synchronization problem, we introduce a low-cost multi-core garbage collection coprocessor and take advantage of hardware-supported synchronization. We built an FPGA-based prototype with a single-core main processor supported by a multi-core garbage collection coprocessor. Measurement results show that an 8-core garbage collection coprocessor decreases the duration of garbage collection cycles by a factor of up to 7.4, while a 16-core configuration still achieves a factor of up to 12.1.
Global Space Exploration Until 2025 a European Perspective (2008)

Space exploration is an emblematic domain of space activities where traditionally only established space powers have been active. But, following the evolution of the space context new actors are increasingly interested to be involved in those activities principally for international prestige reasons. An increasing number of actors are thus taking on ambitious plans with orbiters, robotic landers, sample return and human exploration missions. However, complementing national endeavours international cooperation has over the years become a central element of the strategy of most countries involved in space exploration since it is a demanding effort. Human and robotic space exploration endeavours are embedded in a complex system of different “earthly” factors. These determinants will influence the decisions taken today for programmes which will be carried out in the future. It is therefore indispensable to be prepared for the on-going changes in the world which might affect the planning and the aspirations of spacefaring countries. Europe’s long-term exploration programme thus cannot be decoupled from emerging global trends and the plans of other major space-faring actors who shape the global environment for space exploration. This presentation is intended as a first step in paving the way towards further reflection on the future position and role of Europe in space exploration. It provides a contribution to strategic policy-making by highlighting some of the variables influencing the evolution of the international system in which Europe will have to operate until 2025, as well as plans and ambitions for major and emerging space actors.
Synthesis of Polymer Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticle with the Highest Grafting Density via Controlled Radical Polymerization (2009)

The surface-initiated ATRP of benzyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene from magnetite nanoparticle is investigated, without the use of sacrificial (free) initiator in solution. It is observed that the grafting density obtained is related to the polymerization kinetics, being higher for faster polymerizing monomer. The grafting density was found to be nearly 2 chains/nm2for the rapidly polymerizing benzyl methacrylate. In contrast, for the less rapidly polymerizing styrene, the grafting density was found to be nearly 0.7 chain/nm2. It is hypothesized that this could be due to the relative rates of surface-initiated polymerization versus conformational mobility of polymer chains anchored by one end to the surface. An amphiphilic diblock polymer based on 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate is synthesized from the polystyrene monolayer. The homopolymer and block copolymer grafted MNs form stable dispersions in various solvents. In order to evaluate molecular weight of the polymer that was grafted on to the surface of the nanoparticles, it was degrafted suitably and subjected to gel permeation chromatography analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the grafting reaction.
Neural network encoding approach comparison: an empirical study (2002)

The authors report the results of an empirical study about the effect of input encoding on the performance of a neural network in the classification of numerical data. Two types of encoding schemes were studied, namely numerical encoding and bit pattern encoding. Fisher Iris data were used to evaluate the performance of various encoding approaches. It was found that encoding approaches affect a neural network's ability to extract features from the raw data. Input encoding also affects the training errors, such as maximum error, root square error, the training times and cycles needed to attain these error thresholds. It was also noted that an encoding approach that uses more input nodes to represent a single parameter generally can result in relatively lower training errors for the same training cycles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fabrication of a nanocrystalline Ni–Co/CoO functionally graded layer with excellent electrochemical corrosion and tribological performance (2006)

Nanocrystalline (NC) Ni-Co/CoO functionally graded materials with excellent lubricating, high anti-corrosion and anti-wear performance were fabricated by electrodeposition and subsequent cyclic thermal oxidation and quenching. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy investigations show that bulk Ni-Co gradient deposits with an average grain size in the range of 13-40 nm demonstrated a graded structure transition from face-centred cubic to hexagonal close packed and graded composition changes from Ni-rich to Co-rich regions with the increase in deposit thickness. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated the surface layer of NC Ni-Co graded materials to be mainly composed of dense and ultrafine CoO with a (111) preferred orientation. The NC Ni-Co/CoO functionally graded materials exhibited significantly enhanced corrosion resistance in both NaOH and NaCl solutions and remarkably improved wear resistance and dry self-lubricating performance when compared with the NC Ni and Ni-Co graded deposits under dry sliding wear conditions. The higher corrosion and tribological performance of NC Ni-Co/CoO graded materials can be attributed to the graded microstructure within the deposits, the anti-corrosion barrier of a dense oxide layer and the solid lubrication effect of CoO-rich tribo-surface films.
VISUAL GENDER AND ITS MOTIVATIONAL AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS - A USER STUDY (2008)

Cognitive and motivational effects of more neutral or androgynous-looking virtual characters versus more pronouncedly feminine-looking or masculine-looking virtual characters are explored. In a user study, 158 students aged 17-19 encountered four virtual characters that were visually manipulated to represent gender stereotypicality versus androgyny. One aim was to explore students’ attitudes towards the different characters as seen in how they ranked them as preferred presenters and how they articulated their arguments for doing so. Another aim was to look for patterns as to which character(s) influenced female and male students most posi-tively with respect to their attitudes towards a university level computer engineering programme. The combina-tion of these two aims allowed us to compare more conscious and articulated with less conscious and unarticu-lated, user responses. Results from the study are presented and discussed. We conclude by pointing towards future research and applications.
Onset of incoherency and defect introduction in the initial stages of molecular beam epitaxical growth of highly strained In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As on GaAs(100) (1990)

Direct evidence for interplanar relaxation in islands at the initial stages of strained epitaxy is presented using molecular beam epitaxically deposited In0.5Ga0.5As on GaAs(100). Concomitant existence of atomic displacements in the substrates to unexpectedly large depths of ∼150 Å is found. In incoherent islands, defects are found to be introduced symmetrically near the island edges.
Q-switching of Er:YAG (2.9 μm) solid-state laser by PLZT electrooptic modulator (1997)

Small-size PLZT 8.5/65/35 ceramic modulators with the length of 4-6 mm are used to obtain Q-switched pulses of the Er:YAG lasers-the pulsewidth 150 ns, energy of the single pulse up to 5 mJ, if followed by a number of the small-intensity postlasing pulses-the total energy of pulses is up to 10 mJ.
Use of a Lyophilized Bovine Collagen Matrix in Postoperative Wound Healing (1999)

A Type I bovine collagen matrix provided a safe, readily available alternative to traditional methods of second intention healing. It minimized wound care while reducing the time for complete healing. A larger study should be performed to confirm the results of this pilot study.
Recent Advances in Homomorphic Encryption: A Possible Future for Signal Processing in the Encrypted Domain (2013)

Since the introduction of the notion of privacy homomorphism by Rivest et al. in the late 1970s, the design of efficient and secure encryption schemes allowing the performance of general computations in the encrypted domain has been one of the holy grails of the cryptographic community. Despite numerous partial answers, the problem of designing such a powerful primitive has remained open until the theoretical breakthrough of the fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme published by Gentry in the late 2000s. Since then, progress has been fast-paced, and it can now be reasonably said that practical homomorphic encryption-based computing will become a reality in the near future.
ACTIVE SENSING OF A NONHOLONOMIC WHEELED MOBILE ROBOT (2002)

This paper focuses on active sensing of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMRs). Active sensing solves the following problem: given a current knowledge about the robot state and the environment, how to select the next sensing action or sequence of actions. A vehicle is moving autonomously through a static environment gathering information from sensors. The sensor data are used to generate the robot actions in order to move around a reference trajectory with preset initial starting and desired goal configurations and imposed constraints. The paper presents a method for the determination of optimal trajectories based on optimization techniques. A suitable performance criterion is formulated to characterize the uncertainty and the extraction of information from sensor data. Finally results from experiments are given. 1.
Die Behandlung der Induratio penis plastica mit Superoxiddismutase-Injektion (1988)

Die Induratio penis plastica oder Peyroniesche Erkrankung ist gekennzeichnet durch die Bildung fibröser Plaques zwischen Tunica albuginea und Corpora cavernosa. In den letzten Jahren häuften sich die Hinweise auf eine pathogens Wirkung von Sauerstoffradikalen bei akuten und chronischen Entzündungen. Peroxinorm enthält Orgotein (Superoxiddismutase), das einen katalytischen Effekt ausübt und Sauerstoffradikale abbauen kann.
Lifting of soft tissues: old philosophy, new approach – A method of internal stitching (APTOS NEEDLE) (2004)

Carrying out aesthetic operations aimed at lifting soft tissues (face lift – classic or endoscopic, mastopexy, etc.) envisages moving subcutaneous soft tissues to a new, aesthetically more advantageous, higher position, and stitching them with noose sutures. The same aim is pursued by the method APTOS THREAD – a method allowing of lifting soft tissues by means of specially designed threads provided with microscopic angle-wise projections. While the former is used only in an open operational wound, making it possible to achieve stable, long-term outcomes, the latter is minimally invasive, to be performed with no cuts, not always, however, with a long-term effect. We have decided to unite the possibility of stitching soft tissues with noose sutures without mobilization thereof with the advantage of the minimally invasive APTOS THREAD method, to have devised a specially designed atraumatic needle which we called the APTOS NEEDLE and developed a new technology of soft tissue lifting without skin cuts. The APTOS NEEDLE is double-edged, while the tissue-suturing thread is factory-connected with the needle in the middle. Depending on the nature of the operation, the needle may be either straight, or curved along the circumference. Such a needle possesses a possibility of bilateral passability which does provide its passage under the skin along a polygonal or long contour without completely emerging to the skin surface, which makes it possible for the thread to pass under the skin, allowing subcutaneous stitching of soft tissues, without skin retractions, to finally yield an even pulled up contour. The APTOS NEEDLE method makes it possible to carry out the operations aimed at lifting the soft tissues of the forehead, lateral portions of the brow, buccozygomatic areas, sagged neck, as well as mastopexy. We have used this method since May 2003 in a total of 82 cases. The operations are carried out fast and easily, with neither operational wound, nor haemorrhage, accompanied by inconsiderably pronounced postoperative pain syndrome, absence of a cutaneous wound and scar, it all followed by a short rehabilitation period with a long-lasting and stable post-interventional effect.
Optimization of volumetric breast density estimation in digital mammograms (2017)

Fibroglandular tissue volume and percent density can be estimated in unprocessed mammograms using a physics-based method, which relies on an internal reference value representing the projection of fat only. However, pixels representing fat only may not be present in dense breasts, causing an underestimation of density measurements. In this work, we investigate alternative approaches for obtaining a tissue reference value to improve density estimations, particularly in dense breasts. Two of three investigated reference values (F1, F2) are percentiles of the pixel value distribution in the breast interior (the contact area of breast and compression paddle). F1 is determined in a small breast interior, which minimizes the risk that peripheral pixels are included in the measurement at the cost of increasing the chance that no proper reference can be found. F2 is obtained using a larger breast interior. The new approach which is developed for very dense breasts does not require the presence of a fatty tissue region. As reference region we select the densest region in the mammogram and assume that this represents a projection of entirely dense tissue embedded between the subcutaneous fatty tissue layers. By measuring the thickness of the fat layers a reference (F3) can be computed. To obtain accurate breast density estimates irrespective of breast composition we investigated a combination of the results of the three reference values. We collected 202 pairs of MRI's and digital mammograms from 119 women. We compared the percent dense volume estimates based on both modalities and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients. With the references F1-F3 we found respectively a correlation of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Best results were obtained with the combination of the density estimations ([Formula: see text]). Results show that better volumetric density estimates can be obtained with the hybrid method, in particular for dense breasts, when algorithms are combined to obtain a fatty tissue reference value depending on breast composition.
Q-circuit Tutorial (2004)

Q-circuit is a list of macros that greatly simplifies the construction of quantum circuit diagrams (QCDs) in LaTeX with the help of the Xy-pic package. This tutorial should help the reader acquire the skill to render arbitrary QCDs in a matter of minutes. Q-circuit is available for free at this http URL.
Population distribution and effects on drug metabolism of a genetic variant in the 5′ promotor region of CYP3A4 (1999)

This promotor region polymorphism does not appear to play a major role in determining constitutive CYP3A4 expression.
Abstract 3244: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potent microtubule targeting antitumor agents that circumvent Pgp and βIII-tubulin mediated resistance (2011)

Abstract Despite the unprecedented success of microtubule targeting agents such as paclitaxel in cancer chemotherapy, overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and/or βIII-tubulin can cause clinical resistance to these agents. This limits their utility as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, several antitubulin agents, particularly the taxoids, have poor water solubility, so that their administration requires formulations that generate hypersensitivity reactions. Recently, we reported two analogs based on 2,6-dimethylcyclopenta[d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds that circumvent both these drawbacks. To study the structure-activity relationship of these new antimitotic agents, we have designed furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as isosteres of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. We synthesized 2-methyl- and 2-desmethylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines AG1 and AG16 from the corresponding 4-chloro and 4-amino analogs, respectively, by treatment with N-methyl-4-methoxyaniline or with 4-methoxyiodobenzene followed by N4-methylation. The synthesis of the 4-chloro analog involved the reaction between acetamidine chloride and diethyl 2-(prop-2-ynyl)malonate in the presence of sodium metal, followed by base-catalyzed cyclization and chlorination. The 4-amino analog was synthesized by treating 1-hydroxypropan-2-one with malononitrile followed by cyclization using formamidine. The compounds AG1 and AG16 inhibit the growth of all the tumor cells in the NCI 60-cell panel with two-digit nanomolar GI50 values and also depolymerize cellular microtubules at low nanomolar concentrations. These compounds inhibit the assembly of purified tubulin (AG1, IC50 = 1.9 ± 0.1 µM; AG16, IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.5 µM) and the binding of colchicine to tubulin (AG1, 63% inhibition at 1 µM, 86% at 5 µM; AG16, 71% at 1 µM, 96% at 5 µM). These compounds are fully active in tumor cells overexpressing either Pgp or βIII-tubulin, thus overcoming two important mechanisms associated with tumor resistance to paclitaxel. We have thus identified a potentially important new scaffold, the furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, for antitubulin agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3244. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3244
Effect of Nasal Dilators on Perceived Odor Intensity (1997)

Subjects wearing nasal dilators rated olfactory stimuli as being more intense compared with ratings done without nasal expansion. The results support a perceptual constancy model in olfaction.