gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting Cancer with ‘Smart Bombs‘: Equipping Plant Virus Nanoparticles for A ‘Seek and Destroy’ Mission (2009)

This article discusses plant virus nanoparticles as a weapon in the war on cancer. The successes and failures of numerous nanoparticle strategies are discussed as a background to consideration of the plant virus nanoparticle approach. To have therapeutic benefit, the advantages of the targeted nanoparticle must outweigh the problems of colloidal stability, uptake by the reticuloendothelial system as well as the requirement for clearance from the body. Biodegradable nanoparticles are considered to have the most promise to address these complex phenomena. After justifying the choice of biodegradable particles, the article focuses on comparison of micelles, liposomes, polymers and modified plant viruses. The structural uniformity, cargo capacity, responsive behavior and ease of manufacturing of plant virus nanoparticles are unique properties that suggest they have a wider role to play in targeted therapy. The loading of chemotherapeutic cargo is discussed, with specific reference to the advantage of reversible transitions of the capsid of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus. These features will be contrasted and compared with other biodegradable 'smart bombs' that target cancer cells.
Development of Transparent Conductive Films Based on Printed Electronics (2015)

The transparent conductive film(TCF)is a thin-film material with excellent conductivity and high transmittance in the visible range.In recent years,as the electronic products becoming more and more popular,transparent conductive films are getting more and more attention.In this paper,the disadvantages of the indium tin oxide(ITO)transparent conductive films which dominate the market currently are analyzed.And the researches carried out on the new type of transparent conductive film in recent years are also overviewed.The main research directions about the transparent conductive films in the field of printed electronics are summarized.One direction is improving the conventional doped metal oxide TCF,including the inkjet printing of ITO films or using other doped metal oxides.Another direction is to find new transparent conductive film material.And their latest progresses are summarized respectively.
Full‐Text Access and Laser Videodiscs: The National Agricultural Library System (1986)

The National Agricultural Library has developed a database, mounted on videodisc technology, that successfully integrates digital data and analog graphics. The digital data are manipulated by use of a microcomputer, which also controls access to the graphics. The graphics are displayed on a separate video monitor. This article discusses problems encountered in converting a print product to videodisc.
Effects of Temperature on the Emulsification in Surfactant-Water-Oil Systems (2003)

The effect of temperature on the emulsification has been investigated by discontinuous molecular dynamic simulation. When a large oil drop is put in water, on one hand the mixing entropy makes it divide into small oil drops; on the other hand the interactions among particles drives the small oil drops fowards aggregation. The evolution of the mean size of oil drops obeys the exponential delay law. There exist an active temperature, at which, the addition of surfactants has obvious effect on the emulsification. The surfactants with low HLB value (e.g. H 1 T 3 ) make the dispersity of emulsion decrease, and the surfactants with high HLB value (e.g. H 2 T 2 and H 3 T 1 ) make a contribution to increase the dispersity of emulsion.
Simultaneous synthesis of 2‐phenylethanol and <scp>L</scp>‐homophenylalanine using aromatic transaminase with yeast Ehrlich pathway (2008)

2-Phenylethanol is a widely used aroma compound with rose-like fragrance and L-homophenylalanine is a building block of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. 2-phenylethanol and L-homophenylalanine were synthesized simultaneously with high yield from 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid and L-phenylalanine, respectively. A recombinant Escherichia coli harboring a coupled reaction pathway comprising of aromatic transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase, carbonyl reductase, and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was constructed. In the coupled reaction pathway, the transaminase reaction was coupled with the Ehrlich pathway of yeast; (1) a phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (YDR380W) as the enzyme to generate the substrate for the carbonyl reductase from phenylpyruvate (i.e., byproduct of the transaminase reaction) and to shift the reaction equilibrium of the transaminase reaction, and (2) a carbonyl reductase (YGL157W) to produce the 2-phenylethanol. Selecting the right carbonyl reductase showing the highest activity on phenylacetaldehyde with narrow substrate specificity was the key to success of the constructing the coupling reaction. In addition, NADPH regeneration was achieved by incorporating the GDH from Bacillus subtilis in the coupled reaction pathway. Based on 40 mM of L-phenylalanine used, about 96% final product conversion yield of 2-phenylethanol was achieved using the recombinant E. coli.
Utility-optimal random-access control (2007)

This paper designs medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks through the network utility maximization (NUM) framework. A network-wide utility maximization problem is formulated, using a collision/persistence-probabilistic model and aligning selfish utility with total social welfare. By adjusting the parameters in the utility objective functions of the NUM problem, we can also control the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness of radio resource allocation. We develop two distributed algorithms to solve the utility-optimal random-access control problem, which lead to random access protocols that have slightly more message passing overhead than the exponential-backoff protocols, but significant potential for efficiency and fairness improvement. We provide readily-verifiable sufficient conditions under which convergence of the proposed algorithms to a global optimality of network utility can be guaranteed, and numerical experiments that illustrate the value of the NUM approach to the complexity-performance tradeoff in MAC design.
Wireless sensor networking of everyday objects in a smart home environment (2008)

Within a smart home environment the information processing is supposed to be thoroughly integrated into everyday objects. This introduces the need to keep track of the everyday objects and their state changes produced based on the userpsilas interaction with them. Such information is useful in recognizing the userpsilas activities, situations, etc. In this paper we present a ZigBee communication protocol based wireless sensor networking of 42 everyday objects (embedded with 81 simple state change sensors of 8 sensor types) in a living laboratory smart home environment. The system was evaluated in a realistic setup with background noise. The sensing module has shown promising results with an overall system precision of 91.2% and a recall of 98.8% in keeping track of the state changes to everyday objects. The signal strength measure above the acceptable limit of >10 dB to obtain reliable data communication was found to be 97.5% checked at 8 different locations in a home environment. Finally the transmission-reception range was evaluated to be 33 m with a single wall obstruction and 19 m with multiple wall obstruction in an indoor environment.
Stacked-Spiral RF Inductor With Vertical Nano-Powder Magnetic Core in CMOS (2011)

This letter reports a novel concept of vertical stacked-spiral RF inductor with integrated nano-powder-magnetic-core in standard CMOS. A proof-of-concept design in a foundry 0.18 6-metal CMOS using a new post-CMOS backend process (CMOS+) is depicted. Measurement shows significant improvement in inductance of 35% and quality factor of 41% up to multi-GHz in prototype. An -density of 420 at 1.2 GHz is achieved. Limiting factors for the relatively low factor in the prototypes and improvement method are discussed.
Secondary structure of ovalbumin messenger RNA (1976)

The secondary structure of highly purified ovalbumin mRNA was studied by automated thermal denaturation techniques and the data were subjected to computer processing. Comparative studies with 20 natural and synthetic model nucleic acids suggested that the secondary structure of ovalbumin mRNA possesses the following features: the extent of base pairing of ovalbumin mRNA is similar to that found in tRNAs or ribosomal RNAs; the secondary structure of ovalbumin mRNA is more thermolabile than any of the model compounds tested, including the copolymer poly(A-U); ovalbumin mRNA does not have extensive G-C rich stems as found in tRNAs or ribosomal RNAs; the base composition of the double-stranded regions reveals 54% G-C residues which was significantly higher than that noted in the whole molecule (approximately 41.5% G-C). The presence of 46% A-U pairs in short stems of about five base pairs would have a very large destabilizing effect on the secondary structure of ovalbumin mRNA. However, at 0.175 M monovalent cations and 36 degrees C most of the secondary structure of ovalbumin mRNA is preserved. These data suggest that the double-stranded regions in ovalbumin mRNA are of sufficient length to provide the necessary stability for maintaining the open loop regions in an appropriate conformation which may be required for the biological function of ovalbumin mRNA. Furthermore, the lability of the double-stranded regions in ovalbumin mRNA may also be important for the biological function of this mRNA.
Assessing quality of healing in skin: Review of available methods and devices (2014)

The process of wound healing is dynamic and takes place over months to years, during which there is a resolution of angiogenesis, continued wound contraction, and connective tissue remodeling. The outcome of this process is most commonly the formation of a scar, defined as a fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues destroyed by injury or disease. Scars often have a lowered or total loss of vital skin functions and imbue a large burden on both the patient and the health care system as a whole. Scar treatments are plentiful but are often unsatisfactory or inconsistent. No single treatment method has been universally adopted. To evaluate the clinical treatment as well as research focused on developing novel methods for scar management, objective studies of the progression of scar formation and the properties of mature scars are needed. Several parameters, including barrier function as well as mechanical and physiological properties, need to be taken into account when both categorizing and treating healing wounds and scars. To date, there is no available methodology that provides a comprehensive evaluation of a scar's properties. This review aims at presenting an overview of available scar assessment methods and devices, ranging from analysis of collagen properties in tissue biopsies to noninvasive methods for studies of mechanical parameters such as breaking strength and skin elasticity. In the cases where conclusive studies have been performed, the differences between normal skin and scar with respect to the above parameters are presented. Furthermore, this review highlights areas where the development of additional modalities are needed.
Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression by Anaerobes Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis (2000)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common disorder characterized by increased levels of anaerobic bacteria in the genital tract. BV has been associated with an increased rate of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effects of BV-associated anaerobic bacteria on HIV expression in monocytoid cells and T cells were examined. Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus and Prevotella bivia stimulated HIV expression in monocytoid cells, whereas Bacteroides ureolyticus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Lactobacillus acidophilus did not enhance HIV expression. P. asaccharolyticus also enhanced HIV expression in T cells and activated HIV long-terminal-repeat transcription in U38 cells. This report suggests a mechanism by which disturbances in vaginal flora could lead to a higher rate of sexual transmission of HIV. Furthermore, this study supports the idea that treatment of BV might serve as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease (2006)

There is compelling evidence that oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several major cardiovascular diseases. In atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, and heart failure, expression of superoxide is increased in blood vessels, and endothelial vasomotor function is impaired, presumably caused in large part by inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide. Endothelial dysfunction is predictive of cardiovascular risk, and probably plays a key role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and its complications. In preliminary studies in hypercholesterolemic mice and in older humans, we have found high levels of superoxide in the aortic valve, as well as aorta. We speculate that superoxide, in addition to playing a key role in atherogenesis, may play a key role in signaling that leads to calcific aortic valvular stenosis. Antioxidant enzymes, especially the three isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), modulate basal levels of superoxide and protect against vasomotor dysfunction. A common gene variant of extracellular SOD (ecSOD) is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease. We have made recombinant adenoviruses to examine cardiovascular effects of ecSOD and its heparin-binding domain. This approach might be used to study the almost 500 other proteins with a heparin-binding domain. Finally, several key unanswered questions in relation to oxidative stress and atherosclerosis are raised, and proposed as fruitful areas of research.
A rapid method for the determination of ultrafilterable calcium in serum. (1981)

Alterations of calcium homeostasis may be expressed as hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and normocalcemia with abnormal distribution of serum calcium fractions. The accurate diagnosis of disorders of calcium homeostasis requires the direct determination of free (ionized) serum calcium. The major problem in the direct measurement of ionized calcium with a calcium-sensitive electrode is the dependence on an anaerobic environment. We evaluated the determination of ultrafilterable calcium in serum as an index of free calcium unbound concentration. Ultrafilterable calcium measured in normal subjects by membrane binding analysis was (mean +/- S.E.M.) 4.8 +/ 0.14 mg/dl. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 2.9% for ultrafilterable calcium and 3.0% for the calculated fraction bound to proteins. Storage at 0 degrees C had minimal effects: the interassay coefficient of variation was 5.1% for ultrafilterable calcium and 8.5% for the protein-bound fraction. The same determinations in a serum pool standard showed an interassay coefficient of variation of 4.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Freezing and thawing for up to three times did not affect ultrafilterable calcium concentration. In 56 subjects who were normocalcemic, hypercalcemic, or hypocalcemic, simultaneous determination of ionized calcium (by a calcium electrode) and ultrafilterable calcium showed a correlation coefficient of 0.91 (p less than 0.001). These results show that membrane-binding analysis by ultrafiltration is a valid method, suitable for the routine determination of unbound (free) calcium in normal subjects and in patients with disorders with calcium homeostasis.
5G security: Analysis of threats and solutions (2017)

5G will provide broadband access everywhere, entertain higher user mobility, and enable connectivity of massive number of devices (e.g. Internet of Things (IoT)) in an ultrareliable and affordable way. The main technological enablers such as cloud computing, Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are maturing towards their use in 5G. However, there are pressing security challenges in these technologies besides the growing concerns for user privacy. In this paper, we provide an overview of the security challenges in these technologies and the issues of privacy in 5G. Furthermore, we present security solutions to these challenges and future directions for secure 5G systems.
UPF-based formal verification of low power techniques in modern processors (2015)

Ensuring from the correctness of system on a chip (SoC) designs after the insertion of high level power management strategies that are disconnected from low level controlling signals, is a serious challenge to be addressed. This paper proposes a methodology for formally verifying dynamic power management strategies on implementations in modern processors. The proposed methodology is based on correspondence checking between a golden model without power features as a specification and a pipelined implementation with various power management strategies. Our main contributions in this paper are: 1) extracting Power Management Unit (PMU) from Unified Power Format (UPF) and Global Power Management (GPM), 2) automatically integrating PMU into the implementation and 3) checking the correspondence between two models with efficient symbolic simulation. The experimental results show that our method enables the designers to verify the designs with different power management strategies up to several thousands of lines of Register Transfer Level (RTL) code in minutes. In comparison with existing methods such as [7], our method reduces the number of state variables, the number of clauses, the number of symbolic simulation steps, and the CPU time by 11.04×, 17.57×, 2.08× and 13.71×, respectively.
Collagenase Expression in Transgenic Mouse Skin Causes Hyperkeratosis and Acanthosis and Increases Susceptibility to Tumorigenesis (1995)

In a series of transgenic mice, the human tissue collagenase gene was expressed in the suprabasal layer of the skin epidermis. Visually, the mice had dry and scaly skin which upon histological analysis revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and epidermal hyperplasia. At the ultrastructural level, intercellular granular materials were absent in the transgenic skin epidermis but contact was maintained through the intact desmosomes. Despite a diversity of underlying etiologies, similar morphological hyperproliferative changes in the epidermis are observed in the human skin diseases of lamellar ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that when the transgenic mouse skin was treated once with an initiator (7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene) and then twice weekly with a promoter (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), there was a marked increase in tumor incidence among transgenic mice compared with that among control littermates. These experiments demonstrate that by overexpressing the highly specific proteolytic enzyme collagenase, a cascade of events leading to profound morphological changes which augment the sensitivity of the skin towards carcinogenesis is initiated in the epidermis.
Analysis of Human Skin Emanations by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. 2. Identification of Volatile Compounds That Are Candidate Attractants for the Yellow Fever Mosquito (<i>Aedes </i><i>aegypti</i>) (1999)

Volatile compounds emanated from human skin were studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The purpose of this study was to identify compounds that may be human-produced kairomones which are used for host location by the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). The procedure used to collect volatiles was chosen because of prior knowledge that attractive substances can be transferred from skin to glass by handling. Laboratory bioassays have shown that the residuum on the glass remains attractive to mosquitoes until the compounds of importance evaporate. The sampling and analytical procedures modeled the above-cited process as closely as possible except that the evaporation of compounds from the glass surface was accomplished by thermal desorption from glass beads in a heated GC injection port. This made possible the solventless injection of volatiles onto the column. The compounds were cryofocused on the head of the column with liquid nitrogen prior to GC separation. A single stage of mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole instrument was used for mass analysis. A combination of electron ionization and pulsed positive ion/negative ion chemical ionization modes on two different GC columns (one polar, one relatively nonpolar) was used to identify most of the 346 compound peaks detected by this technique.
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse (1989)

Abstract Hair analysis for drugs of abuse by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is an effective means for identifying drug abusers. Hair can be collected under close supervision without embarrassment and is not subject to evasive maneuvers (false negatives) such as temporary abstention, excessive fluid intake, and substitution or adulteration of specimens. Hair analysis has a wide window of detection ranging from months to years and provides information concerning the severity and pattern of an individual's drug use. Hair analysis is also not subject to evidential false positives, such as those caused by poppy seed ingestion, spiking of drinks or food, and mix-up or contamination of specimens. In part, these problems can be avoided because hair analysis can always be repeated with a newly collected specimen. The results of animal experiments and of various clinical, forensic, and criminal justice applications are described.
Subsurface tumor progression investigated by noninvasive optical second harmonic tomography (1999)

Nonlinear optical imaging with femtosecond (10(-15)-second) laser technology was used to evaluate the subsurface tumor progression in control, dysplasia, and cancerous 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-treated hamster cheek pouch mucosa tissues. Two-dimensional images of hamster cheek pouch mucosa tissues were obtained by scanning the second harmonic signal at various sagittal and axial positions. The spatial mapping of the second harmonic signals showed depth differentiation between normal, dysplasia, and a more advanced cancerous state. This nonlinear optical method offers a noninvasive in situ imaging tool to the medical community.
Irrigation handle with temperature sensor and flow control (1973)

Abstract A new caloric test irrigation handle incorporating a temperature sensor and flow control valve was found to provide temperature measurements which accurately represented temperature of the irrigation fluid. Fluid temperature within the handle was never more than .06° different from that in the nozzle tip, whereas bath temperatures ranged unpredictably between 0.12° to 0.46° higher. There was a delay of about 10 seconds between a step‐wise change in water bath temperature and the appearance of this change in the irrigation nozzle; there was no measurable delay between registration of temperature change in the handle and in the nozzle. A change of 1.5° in irrigation fluid temperature was found to be erroneously registered in the water bath as 1.8° but correctly registered in the handle.
Modelling microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (2000)

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is finding an ever increasing worldwide market in the automotive and other sectors. It offers a range of mechanical properties superior to those of other cast irons, and shows excellent economic competitiveness with steels and aluminium alloys. The aim of the present research is to develop a generic model that will enable the producers of ADI to optimise their product in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties, hence minimising the need for expensive and exhaustive experimental trials and reducing alloy development lead times.