gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competition in the market of health insurance and health care utilization (2017)

This dissertation examines the determinants of competition and consumer access in the health care market, and supply- and demand-side determinants of health care use under the Affordable Care Act (ACA).\nThe first essay studies insurer entry into the federally-facilitated health insurance market under the ACA. Motivated by the fact that insurers’ service areas can be subsets of rating areas, and the substantial variation in plan composition within a rating area, I explore variations in the type of plans offered and insurers’ decisions to enter a rating area. I find that availability of medical providers, population size, and metropolitan status are important in insurers’ decisions to enter a rating area. Medical cost affects the entry of restricted network plans.\nThe second essay examines how supply-side incentives affect treatment choice for depression. Using claims data from Florida’s Medicaid program, I find large variations in initiating antidepressant treatment among newly diagnosed patients with three plan types: Fee-for-Service (FFS), Primary Care Case Management (PCCMs) and Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). Compared to FFS, PCCMs and ACOs are more likely to provide antidepressant but no office-based care. I use the control function approach to mitigate the self-selection bias and find that ACOs tend to use lower cost medication options. Despite the use of low-cost alternatives for ACOs, no differences are found in subsequent psychiatric hospitalization or emergency room visits among plans. Different provider contractual relationships may partially explain treatment choice differences.\nThe third essay investigates whether the ACA policy of free preventive services affects utilization of preventive care. I use variation in commercially-insured enrollees to examine the demand and supply prices of four preventive services. Despite an average 53 percentage point decrease in demand prices for these services, the actual service use only increased by 17 percent from 2007 to 2011, possibly due to little or no change in prices paid to providers. Using risk adjustment tools to predict and control for patient underlying health status, I find similar changes in demand prices and rates of service use across six health plan types, consistent with preventive visits being provider rather than consumer choices.
Two-Beam Cross-Correlation:  A Method To Characterize Transport Phenomena in Micrometer-Sized Structures (1999)

To determine flow properties, namely, the velocity and angle of the flow in microstructured channels, an experimental realization based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is described. For this purpose, two micrometer-sized spatially separated volume elements have been created. The cross-correlation signal from these has been recorded and evaluated mathematically. In addition to previous results, two-beam cross-correlation allows for fast and easy determination of even small (down to 200 μm/s) flow velocities, as well as simultaneous measurement of diffusion properties of single dye molecules within a rather short detection time of 5-100 s and an error rate of less than 20%. The spatial flow resolution is around 1-2 μm, limited by the diameter of the volume element. Furthermore, vectorial flow data can be obtained and evaluated. A discussion of the theoretical background and an experimental verification of the theoretical results is performed. The feasibility of fast and easy data processing is shown if the flow time is the only desired information. Possible applications of this precise and simple method are the determination of transportation effects within artificial microstructures for CE and HPLC, fast chemical kinetics, and high-throughput screening.
Theory and fabrication of 4 × 4 single-mode fused optical fiber couplers (1990)

The theory, fabrication, and performance of monolithic 4 x 4 single-mode fused couplers is reported. The field coupling matrix is derived and used to show that a device having equal coupling between the four fibers may be obtained. The fabrication of such a device is described, and measurements show that the device exhibits excellent coupling uniformity and low excess loss. The wavelength response of a device designed for equal coupling at 1.53 microm is shown between 1.2 and 1.6 microm.
Effect Of Genotype, Age And Season On Hatchability Of Egg (1970)

The study was conducted to study the effects of genotype and age of hen and hatching season on hatchability of egg. Hatching eggs were collected from hens having three genotypes viz. White Leghorn (WLH), Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Fayoumi covering three age groups (28 to 40, 41 to 60 and 61 weeks & above) at winter, monsoon and summer seasons. The study revealed that the highest (P<0.05) average hatchability was observed in winter (78.62%) followed by monsoon (76.70%) and summer (75.79%). Among different genotypes the highest (P<0.001) hatchability was found in Fayoumi (78.34%) followed by White Leghorn (76.48%) and Rhode Island Red (74.59%). Considering the age of hen, highest (P<0.05) hatchability was found in the age group between 41 to 60 weeks (77.99%) followed by 61 weeks and above (76.49%) and 28 to 40 weeks (75.71%) of age. From the findings it can be concluded that the winter season was suitable for hatching of eggs and the performance of Fayoumi hen was better in terms of hatchability of egg. On the other hand, the age of hen between 41 to 60 weeks was better for producing hatching eggs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v37i1.9863 BJAS 2008; 37(1): 17-22
Intermediate Filament Proteins in the Embryonic Inner Ear of Mice Under Normal Conditions and After Exposure to Ototoxic Drugs (1990)

The expression of the intermediate filament subclasses cytokeratins (CKs), vimentin, and neurofilament triplet proteins (NFs) was analysed in the embryonic inner ear of the CBA/CBA mouse, in vivo and in vitro, using well-defined monoclonal antibodies. Some of the cultured inner ears were exposed to 1-10 micrograms/ml of the ototoxic drugs gentamicin, ethacrynic acid or cisplatin. There was no difference in the expression of IF pattern in the cultured inner ears as compared with the in vivo developed labyrinths. Exposure to the ototoxic drugs did not affect the expression of CKs, vimentin, or NFs. CKs 8 and 18 were identified in all inner ear epithelia. In the mature hair cells, only the apical surfaces showed immunoreactivity to CKs. In addition, CKs 7 and 19 were visualized in the epithelia involved in maintaining endolymph homeostasis. The ganglion cells showed co-expression of CKs, vimentin and NFs, each having a characteristic localization in the cells.
Synthetic fingerprint-database generation (2003)

This work complements our previous efforts in generating realistic fingerprint images for test purposes. The main variability which characterizes the acquisition of a fingerprint through an on-line sensor is modeled and a sequence of steps is defined to derive a series of impressions from the same master-fingerprint. This allows large fingerprint databases to be randomly generated according to some given parameters. The experimental results validate our technique and prove that it can be very useful for performance evaluation, learning and testing in fingerprint-based systems.
Development and clinical trials of the new human rabies vaccine of tissue culture (human diploid cell) origin. (1978)

A new type of rabies vaccine for human prophylaxis was developed by workers at the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Vaccine is prepared from rabies virus infected tissue cultures of human diploid cells and is inactivated following concentration and purification of virus. Vaccine is being successfully used for prophylactic and postexposure treatment in humans with reduced number of doses and is virtually free from adverse reactions associated with the use of other types of rabies vaccines.
Transcriptional Regulation of Salivary Proline‐rich Protein Gene Expression<sup>a</sup> (1998)

Mechanisms governing gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes are remarkably complex. The results from in vivo transgenic and in vitro transfection studies designed to identify cis-element(s) and trans-factor(s) associated with the salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) gene expression are utilized as a paradigm to discuss the regulation of salivary-specific gene expression. Particular attention is given to the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the salivary PRP R15 gene regulation. In rodents, the PRPs are selectively expressed in the acinar cells of salivary glands, and are inducible by the beta-agonist isoproterenol as well as by dietary tannins. The results from a series of experiments using chimeric reporter constructs containing different lengths of the R15 distal enhancer region, their mutations, and various expressing constructs are analyzed and discussed. These data suggest that the inducible nuclear orphan receptor NGFI-B may participate in the regulation of salivary acinar cell-specific and inducible expression of the rat R15 gene via three distinct distal NGFI-B sites. Taken together, a model for the induction of R15 gene expression by isoproterenol is proposed. However, the exact molecular basis of this NGFI-B-mediated transactivation of cAMP-regulated R15 expression remains to be established.
Towards Symmetric Multi-threaded Optimistic Simulation Kernels (2012)

In this article we address the reshuffle of the design of optimistic simulation kernels in order to fit multi-core/multi-processor machines. This is done by providing a reference optimistic simulation architecture based on the symmetric multi-threaded paradigm, where each simulation kernel instance is allowed to run a dynamically changing set of worker threads that share the whole load of LPs hosted by that kernel, and that can run both application-level event handlers and kernel-level housekeeping tasks. With this organization, CPU-cores can be dynamically reassigned to the different kernels depending on fluctuations of the workload, so to maximize productivity in an orthogonal manner with respect to traditional load balancing schemes, typically employed in the context of single-threaded simulation kernels. In order to optimize efficiency and reduce wait-for-lock-release phases while synchronizing worker threads running in kernel mode, we borrow from Operating Systems' theory by readapting the top/bottom-halves paradigm to the design of optimistic simulation systems. We also present a real implementation of our multi-threaded architecture within the ROme OpTimistic Simulator (ROOT-Sim), namely an open-source C-based simulation platform implemented according to the PDES paradigm and the optimistic synchronization approach. Experimental results for an assessment of the validity of our proposal are presented as well.
High resolution dynamic gain equalizer using super-high Δ planar lightwave circuit technology (2004)

A dynamic gain equalizer has been successfully demonstrated based on super-high-/spl Delta/ PLC with 53-channel AWGs and novel trench formation technology. Low insertion loss and well-fitted spectral response were achieved over 55-nm wavelength range.
Dual-inverter-based MPPT algorithm for grid-connected photovoltaic systems (2009)

A novel MPPT algorithm for three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic generation systems is presented in this paper. Reference is made to a conversion scheme consisting in two balanced arrays of PV modules, each one feeding a standard two-level three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). The dc-link voltages of each VSI are regulated according with the requirement of the proposed MPPT algorithm, based on the comparison of the operating points of the two PV arrays. Inverters are connected to grid by a three-phase transformer with open-ends winding configuration on inverters side. The resulting conversion structure performs as a power active filter, doubling the power capability of a single VSI, with the additional benefit of voltage multilevel waveforms. The proposed MPPT algorithm has been successfully verified by numerical simulation and experimental tests.
Mesophase structures in poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate bibenzoate) (1997)

Films of poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(ethylene naphthalate bibenzoate) (PENBB) have been drawn under a variety of conditions of temperature and strain rate to determine the conditions under which a nematic-like mesophase structure can be produced. In PEN the combination of low temperature and high-strain rate encourages mesophase formation, while in PENBB the mesophase was formed under all conditions where it proved possible to draw the material at all. A molecular modelling study of the mesophase in PEN and in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) offers possible structures for the mesophase and showed that the mesophase structure could be stable once formed © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acylation of Pullulan by Ring-Opening of Lactones (1998)

In this paper, we report on the production of modified pullulan derivatives that have been produced in solution by ring-opening ε-caprolactone and [l]-lactide using a tin octanoate [Sn(Oct)2] catalyst system in DMSO. These derivatives designated as hexanoates (1 and 2) and dilactates (4−7) have been characterized and have varying degrees of substitution (DS). 1 and 2 were characterized by interesting thermal properties as well as crystalline morphology. From DSC analysis, 2, unlike the parent polysaccharide, appears to melt at 114 °C. The crystalline morphology of this polymer was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and d spacings were calculated. This pullulan derivative possessed new crystallographic reflections not seen in either pullulan or poly (ε-caprolactone). The pullulan-6 dilactate samples (4−7), produced had DS values ranging from 0.1 to 0.75. Depending upon the DS, these samples were soluble in a wide range of organic solvents including acetone and methanol. Although these materials did not exhibit any observable melting transitions from inspection of DSC, glass transition temperatures were detected for 5 [DS = 0.21], 6 [DS = 0.44], and 7 [DS = 0.80], at 130, 120, and 90 °C, respectively. As confirmed by 13C NMR, the ring-opening process for all of these pullulan derivatives appears to be taking place through an acyl−oxygen cleavage, producing an ester linkage to the backbone with a hydroxy terminus.
Discovery of Potent Hexapeptide Agonists to Human Neuromedin U Receptor 1 and Identification of Their Serum Metabolites (2015)

Neuromedin U (NMU) and S (NMS) display various physiological activities, including an anorexigenic effect, and share a common C-terminal heptapeptide-amide sequence that is necessary to activate two NMU receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2). On the basis of this knowledge, we recently developed hexapeptide agonists 2 and 3, which are highly selective to human NMUR1 and NMUR2, respectively. However, the agonists are still less potent than the endogenous ligand, hNMU. Therefore, we performed an additional structure-activity relationship study, which led to the identification of the more potent hexapeptide 5d that exhibits similar NMUR1-agonistic activity as compared to hNMU. Additionally, we studied the stability of synthesized agonists, including 5d, in rat serum, and identified two major biodegradation sites: Phe(2)-Arg(3) and Arg(5)-Asn(6). The latter was more predominantly cleaved than the former. Moreover, substitution with 4-fluorophenylalanine, as in 5d, enhanced the metabolic stability at Phe(2)-Arg(3). These results provide important information to guide the development of practical hNMU agonists.
Antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of immune complexes in clinical tuberculosis. (1986)

Immune complexes were isolated from sera of tuberculosis patients by precipitation with 2.5% polyethylene glycol. The precipitates were characterized by quantitative determination of different immunoglobulin classes by single radioimmunodiffusion, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for presence of serum components, Ouchterlony's double diffusion method for detection of complement components C3 and C4, and immuno-dot assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. The results showed that polyethylene glycol precipitates of patients' sera were indeed immune complexes, as they contained immunoglobulins, albumin, complement components, and mycobacterial antigens, whereas precipitates from control sera contained mainly albumin. The antibodies present in immune complexes were specific to M. tuberculosis antigen and showed no binding to Escherichia coli antigens. Immune complex levels, as determined by the ability to bind M. tuberculosis antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were significantly higher in tuberculosis patients (n = 22) than in healthy control subjects (n = 18). Thus, immune complex level could be a useful parameter in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis.
CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells control Th2‐driven pathology during pulmonary respiratory syncytial virus infection (1997)

BALB/c mice vaccinated with vaccinia virus expressing the major surface glycoprotein G of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) develop lung eosinophilia during RSV challenge. The G protein is remarkable in that it induces CD4+, but no CD8+ T cells in this mouse strain. Studies using passive T cell transfers show that co-injection of CD8+ T cells greatly reduces the Th2-driven lung eosinophilia caused by G-specific CD4+ T cells. By contrast, vaccination with the fusion protein (F) induces both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but not lung eosinophilia during RSV infection. These observations suggest that CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in preventing Th2-driven pathology. We therefore depleted mice with anti-CD8 antibodies in vivo. This treatment allowed lung eosinophilia to develop in F-primed mice. Depletion of interferon (IFN)-gamma had a similar effect, suggesting that secretion of this cytokine is the mechanism by which CD8+ T cells exert their effect. To test whether similar effects occurred in other strains of mice, RSV-infected C57BL/6 mice (which do not develop eosinophilia after sensitization to G) were treated with anti-IFN-gamma. Again, these mice developed eosinophilia. In this strain, genetic deletion of CD8-alpha, beta2-microglobulin or genes coding for the transporter associated with antigen presentation (which in each case eliminates CD8+ T cells) caused lung eosinophilia during RSV infection. These studies show the critical roles that CD8+ T cells and IFN-gamma production play in regulating Th2-driven eosinophilia and provide a unifying explanation for previous studies of lung eosinophilia. We propose that vaccines designed to enhance CD8+ T cell recognition might avoid disease caused by CD4+ Th2 cells.
Passive Immunization against the Local Shwartzman Reaction (1972)

Abstract Passive immunization with rabbit antiserum to endotoxin prevented the Shwartzman reaction due to homologous and heterologous endotoxins. Homologous protection lasted at least 1 month, was conferred with the 19S fraction, and was accompanied by accelerated clearance of radioactive endotoxin from the circulating blood. Heterologous protection was not accompanied by accelerated clearance of endotoxin and bore no relationship to “0” antibody. Antiserum to the epimerase-deficient rough mutant J5 of Escherichia coli 0:111, which cannot incorporate “0” antigenic units, gave better protection than antiserum to smooth endotoxins. These results indicate that antiserum prevents the Shwartzman reaction by action against a toxic antigen common to endotoxins from unrelated bacterial genera; that loss of “0” antigenic units may enhance the production of protective antisera; and that accelerated clearance of endotoxin from the circulation is not necessary for protection.
Histological, morphometric and histochemical changes in the submandibular gland of the rat under experimental protein-calorie malnutrition. (1985)

Submandibular salivary glands of rats, subjected to experimental protein-calorie malnutrition, were studied by histologic, morphometric and histochemical methods. Marked alterations were observed. Acinar atrophy, a severe decrease in the volumetric proportion of the granular duct, and a decrease in the protein content of the granular duct cells were all recorded. Neutral mucosubstances were reduced in both acinar and granular duct cells.
Catalysis by Ion‐Exchange Resins (2008)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Classes of Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts: The Importance of Porosity Examples of Industrial Catalysis by Ion‐Exchange Resins Synthesis of Ion‐Exchange Resins Structure, Influence of Water, and Acidity in Ion‐Exchange Resins Accessibility, Swelling, and Mass Transfer Effects Mechanisms of Reactions Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid Resins Kinetics of Reactions Catalyzed by Ion‐Exchange Resins Deactivation and Stability of Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts Modified and Metal‐Containing Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Catalysts akin to Ion‐Exchange Resins Summary and Outlook Acknowledgments
Higher order feed-forward control of reticle writing error fingerprints (2015)

The understanding and control of the intra-field overlay budget becomes crucial particularly after the introduction of multi-patterning applications. The intra-field overlay budget is built-up out of many contributors, each with its own characteristic. Some of them are (semi-)static like the reticle writing error (RWE) fingerprint, the scanner lens fingerprint, or the intra-field processing signature. Others are more dynamic. Examples are reticle heating and lens heating due to the absorption of a small portion of the exposure light. Ideally, all overlay contributors that are understood and known could be taken out of the feed-back control loop and send as feed-forward corrections to the scanner. As a consequence, only non-correctable overlay residuals are measured on the wafer. In the current work, we have studied the possibility to characterize the reticle writing error fingerprint by an off-line position measurement tool and use this information to send feed-forward corrections to the ASML TWINSCAN<sup>TM</sup> exposure tool. The current work is an extension of the work we published earlier. To this end, we have selected a reticle pair out of 50 production reticles that are used to manufacture a 28-nm technology device. These two reticles are special in the sense that the delta fingerprint contains a significant higher order RWE signature. While previously only the linear parameters were sent as feed-forward corrections to the ASML TWINSCAN<sup>TM</sup> exposure tool, this time we additionally demonstrate the capability to correct for the non-linear terms as well. Since the concept heavily relies on the quality of the off-line mask registration measurements, a state-of-the-art reticle registration tool was chosen. Special care was taken to eliminate any effects of the tool induced shifts that may affect the quality of the measurements. The on-wafer overlay verification measurements were performed on an ASML YieldStar metrology tool as well as on a different vendor tool. In conclusion, we have extended and proven the concept of using off-line reticle registration measurements to enable higher order feed-forward corrections the ASML TWINSCAN<sup>TM</sup> scanner. This capability has been verified by on-wafer overlay measurements. It is demonstrated that the RWE contribution in the overlay budget can be taken out of the feedback control loop and sent as feed-forward corrections instead. This concept can easily be extended when more scanner corrections become available.