gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of connections between zona incerta and brainstem in rats (1998)

To understand better the organisation of zona incerta of the thalamus, this study has examined the patterns of connections that this nucleus has with various nuclei of the brainstem. Injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B were made into the dorsal raphe, midbrain reticular nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal grey matter, pontine reticular nucleus, substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and ventral tegmental area of Sprague-Dawley rats, and their brains were processed by using standard tracer-detection methods. In general, our results show that zona incerta forms the major zone in the thalamus where these ascending brainstem axons terminate and from which descending axons that travel back to these same brainstem centres originate. These incertal inputs and outputs are limited largely to a distinct sector of zona incerta, the dorsal sector. An exception to this pattern is evident in the incertal projection to the deep layers of the superior colliculus; this projection, unlike all of the others, arises from cells in the ventral sector of zona incerta. Our results also show little evidence for a well-defined topography of projection between the brainstem and the zona incerta. For instance, small injections into each brainstem nucleus result in labelled terminals and in cells spread throughout much of the dorsal sector of zona incerta, with no local zone of concentration within the sector. Again, an exception to this pattern is seen in the incertal projection to the superior colliculus. This projection, unlike the others, shows a clear topographical organisation: A medial-lateral shift in the injection site in the colliculus results in a lateral-medial shift in the position of labelled cells in zona incerta. Curiously, even though the incertal projection to the colliculus appears to be mapped, the collicular projection back to zona incerta is not mapped. In conclusion, then, a number of brainstem nuclei (except for the deep collicular layers) have strong and overlapping connections within the same sector of zona incerta. This convergence of many functionally diverse brainstem afferents within zona incerta places this nucleus in a strategic position to sample the general activity of the brainstem and, perhaps, acts as a relay of this information to higher centres, such as the dorsal thalamic relay nuclei and the cerebral hemispheres.
Spread source/drain (SSD) MOSFET using selective silicon growth for 64 Mbit DRAMs (2003)

A novel MOSFET structure which has a small occupied area for 64-Mb DRAMs (dynamic RAMs) is proposed. The source-drain regions are raised by using a selective silicon growth technique. Because of lateral growth of the silicon over the gate and the field, the contact area can overlap the gate and the field. Moreover, the shallow source-drain junction of the raised source-drain structure realizes the reduction of the gate length and the isolation spacing. As a result, the MOSFET can minimize the total occupied area. It has been verified that this MOSFET has the potential to realize high-density LSIs such as 64-Mb DRAMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prevalence of Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Streptococcal Carriage in Children: A Meta-analysis (2010)

Prevalence rates of GAS disease and carriage varied by age; children who were younger than 5 years had lower rates of throat cultures that were positive for GAS.
Language Efficiency and Visual Technology (2004)

When collaborators work on a physical task, seeing a common workspace transforms their language use and reduces their overall collaborative effort. This article shows how visual information can make communication more efficient. In an experiment, dyads collaborated on building a puzzle. They communicated without a shared visual space, using a shared space featuring immediately updated visual information, and using a shared space featuring delayed visual updating. Having the shared visual space helps collaborators understand the current state of their task and enables them to ground their conversations efficiently, as seen in the ways in which participants adapted their discourse processes to their level of shared visual information. These processes are associated with faster and better task performance. Delaying the visual update reduces benefits and degrades performance. The shared visual space is more useful when tasks are visually complex or when participants have no simple vocabulary for describing their environments.
A discriminative approach to polyphonic piano note transcription using supervised non-negative matrix factorization (2013)

We introduce a novel method for the transcription of polyphonic piano music by discriminative training of support vector machines (SVMs). As features, we use pitch activations computed by supervised non-negative matrix factorization from low-level spectral features. Different approaches to low-level feature extraction, NMF dictionary learning and activation feature extraction are analyzed in a large-scale evaluation on eight hours of piano music including synthesized and real recordings. We conclude that the proposed method delivers state-of-the-art results and clearly outperforms SVMs using simple spectral features.
OVARIAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-α GENE EXPRESSION: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION TO THE THECAINTERSTITIAL CELLS (1987)

Rat ovaries were examined for the presence of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). Immature diethylstilbestrol-primed rats were treated for 3 days prior to sacrifice with or without FSH. Their ovaries were either fixed in formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry or the RNA was extracted for northern blot analysis. Hybridization with a rat TGF-alpha cDNA probe revealed a 4.5 kilobase mRNA whose abundance was markedly stimulated in the rats treated with FSH. Immunohistochemical staining, using a sequence specific monoclonal antibody to TGF-alpha, MF9, detected immunoreactive TGF-alpha only in the interstitial and theca cells. FSH treatment resulted in no appreciable change in the immunostaining. These results suggest that TGF-alpha is synthesized in the ovary, perhaps in the theca-interstitial compartment.
Molecular Cloning and Tissue‐Specific RNA Processing of a Murine Receptor‐Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (1994)

The molecular cloning of a murine receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, termed PTP NU-3, with an extracellular cell-adhesion-molecule-like domain is reported. NU-3 was isolated from 11.5-day total mouse embryonic RNA by reverse-transcriptase PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides flanking the conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domain. This produced a 280-bp DNA probe which was subsequently employed to screen a mouse embryonic kidney library. Several overlapping cDNA clones were isolated, collectively forming a cDNA of 6.0 kb that encodes a putative 211-kDa protein. Northern-blot analysis of total RNA from adult and embryonic mouse tissues indicates the existence of two major PTP NU-3 transcripts of approximately 6 kb and 7 kb. Both messages are expressed predominantly in brain tissues and neuronal-derived cell lines, although detectable levels of the 7-kb message were found in other non-neuronal tissues. We have identified a unique 132-bp exon segment that is present in the 7-kb message but is completely absent in the 6-kb transcript, suggesting tissue-specific levels of expression and RNA processing. Analysis of the amino acid sequence encoded by the 132-bp segment reveals that it completes a partial fibronectin type-III element resulting in a protein with a total of nine such elements. Bacterial expression of the two catalytic domains demonstrated that only the first domain possesses enzymic activity towards a tyrosine phosphorylated substrate.
Characterization of ret proto-oncogene mRNAs encoding two isoforms of the protein product in a human neuroblastoma cell line. (1990)

The ret proto-oncogene expresses four major mRNA species of different lengths in human malignant cell lines and rat tissues. We isolated ret proto-oncogene cDNA clones from a cDNA library of a human neuroblastoma line, Nagai, which over-expressed these mRNAs. Four cDNA clones differing from each other in their 3' portions were analysed. The sequence of the region common to the cDNA clones is essentially identical to a reported cDNA sequence derived from THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells, that encodes a protein with characteristic features of receptor-type tyrosine kinase. From the 3' heterogeneity, two isoforms of the ret proto-oncogene product of 1072 and 1114 residues that differed from each other in their 9 and 51 C-terminal amino acids are predicted. Comparison of the structures of cDNA clones with that of the genomic clone showed that the 3' heterogeneity is produced by alternative polyadenylation and splicing of mRNA. Northern blot analysis using various fragments of cDNA indicated that the 4.5 kb, 3.9 kb and possibly 7.0 kb transcripts may encode a protein of 1072 residues, while the 6.0 kb transcript and a (minor) 4.6 kb transcript may encode a protein of 1114 residues.
New normalization procedure for modulation spectroscopy (1987)

We report a new type of normalization procedure for modulation spectroscopy experiments in order to obtain the relative change in the reflectance (transmittance) spectrum ΔR/R(ΔT/T). Our new technique utilizes a servomechanism driven variable neutral density filter which keeps the dc component of the signal from the detector constant by varying the intensity of the light striking the sample. This method is particularly useful for photoreflectance measurements which can have background problems due to scattered pump light and/or photoluminescence. Advantages for other modulation spectroscopies, particularly in the region of the fundamental band gap of semiconductors, also will be discussed.
HPLC of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoclusters (2002)

Polydisperse samples of Au nanoparticles protected with monolayers of hexanethiolate ligands (C6 MPCs) and with mixed monolayers of hexanethiolate and mercaptoundecanoic acid (C6/MUA MPCs) have been chromatographically separated using C8 120-A columns and acetone/ toluene mobile phase. The spectral details of eluted peaks and of quantized double-layer charging features in the differential pulse voltammetry of collected fractions were used to show that the elution orders of C6 MPC mixtures and of C6/MUA MPC mixtures were different. For C6 MPCs, the smallest MPCs were eluted first, whereas the smallest C6/MUA MPCs were eluted last. The reversal of order of elution was rationalized in terms of intermolecular interactions with the stationary phase, dominant for the C6 MPC, being suppressed by the heightened polarity of the monolayer surface of the C6/MUA MPCs, making a size exclusion mechanism dominant. The range of apparent core diameters of the separated nanoparticles was 1.3-2 nm.
Energy Efficient Transmission over Space Shift Keying Modulated MIMO Channels (2012)

Energy-efficient communication using a class of spatial modulation (SM) that encodes the source information entirely in the antenna indices is considered in this paper. The energy-efficient modulation design is formulated as a convex optimization problem, where minimum achievable average symbol power consumption is derived with rate, performance, and hardware constraints. The theoretical result bounds any modulation scheme of this class, and encompasses the existing space shift keying (SSK), generalized SSK (GSSK), and Hamming code-aided SSK (HSSK) schemes as special cases. The theoretical optimum is achieved by the proposed practical energy-efficient HSSK (EE-HSSK) scheme that incorporates a novel use of the Hamming code and Huffman code techniques in the alphabet and bit-mapping designs. Experimental studies demonstrate that EE-HSSK significantly outperforms existing schemes in achieving near-optimal energy efficiency. An analytical exposition of key properties of the existing GSSK (including SSK) modulation that motivates a fundamental consideration for the proposed energy-efficient modulation design is also provided.
Structural genomics: An approach to the protein folding problem (2001)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Developmental expression of 2ar (osteopontin) and SPARC (osteonectin) RNA as revealed by in situ hybridization (1988)

2ar has been identified as a gene inducible by tumor promoters and growth factors in a variety of cultured mouse cell lines (Smith, J. H., and D. T. Denhardt. 1987. J. Cell. Biochem. 34:13-22). Sequence analysis shows that it codes for mouse osteopontin, an RGDS-containing, phosphorylated, sialic acid-rich Ca++-binding protein originally isolated from bone (Oldberg, A., A. Franzen, and D. Heinegard. 1986. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:8819-8823; Prince, C. W., T. Oosawa, W. T. Butler, M. Tomana, A. S. Brown, and R. E. Schrohenloer. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:2900-3907.). In this paper we use Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization to localize expression of 2ar during mouse embryogenesis. 2ar RNA is first detected in developing limb bones and calvaria at 14.5 d p.c., in a population of cells distinct from those expressing SPARC (osteonectin). High levels of 2ar expression are also seen in the bone marrow-derived granulated metrial gland cells of the deciduum and placenta, and in a number of epithelial tissues, including embryonic and postnatal kidney tubules, uterine epithelium and sensory epithelium of the embryonic ear. The temporal and spatial pattern of 2ar expression seen in vivo suggests that the protein plays a wider role than previously realized, in processes which are not confined to bone development.
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINIUM IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID (1972)

Introduction Aldehydes, ketones, amines, anilines and organic sulphur compounds are being studied in this laboratory as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium alloys. The present paper deals with salicylaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, cinnamicaldehyde and anisaldehyde as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium-57S in hydrochloric acid solutions. It is known that the behaviour of inhibitors changes with the metal or even with the change in the composition of the alloy.
Aspartate taxis mutants of the Escherichia coli tar chemoreceptor (1988)

The Tar protein of Escherichia coli belongs to a family of methyl-accepting inner membrane proteins that mediate chemotactic responses to a variety of compounds. These transmembrane signalers monitor the chemical environment by means of specific ligand-binding sites arrayed on the periplasmic side of the membrane, and in turn control cytoplasmic signals that modulate the flagellar rotational machinery. The periplasmic receptor domain of Tar senses two quite different chemoeffectors, aspartate and maltose. Aspartate is detected through direct binding to Tar molecules, whereas maltose is detected indirectly when complexed with the periplasmic maltose-binding protein. Saturating levels of either aspartate or maltose do not block behavioral responses to the other compound, indicating that the detection sites for these two attractants are not identical. We initiated structure-function studies of these chemoreceptor sites by isolating tar mutants which eliminate aspartate or maltose taxis, while retaining the ability to respond to the other chemoeffector. Mutants with greatly reduced aspartate taxis are described and characterized in this report. When present in single copy in the chromosome, these tar mutations generally eliminated chemotactic responses to aspartate and structurally related compounds, such as glutamate and methionine. Residual responses to these compounds were shifted to higher concentrations, indicating a reduced affinity of the aspartate-binding site in the mutant receptors. Maltose responses in the mutants ranged from 10 to 80% of normal, but had no detectable threshold shifts, indicating that these receptor alterations may have little effect on maltose detection sensitivity. The mutational changes in 17 mutants were determined by DNA sequence analysis. Each mutant exhibited a single amino acid replacement at residue 64, 69, or 73 in the Tar molecule. The wild-type Tar transducer contains arginines at all three of these positions, implying that electrostatic forces may play an important role in aspartate detection.
A Comparative Case‐Control Study of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma (1990)

We conducted a comparative case-control study of colorectal cancer and adenoma involving 221 cases with colorectal cancer, 525 cases with colorectal adenoma and 578 neighborhood controls. Daily vegetables intake was associated with lower risks of distal colon adenoma (relative risks (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39-0.89) and rectal cancer (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25-0.84). Daily beans intake was associated with lower risk of colon adenoma (RR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.91 for the proximal colon and RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.88 for the distal colon) and daily intake of seaweeds was associated with lower risk of rectal cancer (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22-0.82). Daily intake of fish and shellfish also showed an inverse association with the risk of colon adenoma (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.45-0.99 for the proximal colon and RR = 0.70, 0.52-0.94 for the distal colon). Generally, intakes of animal or vegetable fat-rich foods, especially meats, were associated with decreases in risks of both adenoma and cancer, though the association of cancer was not statistically significant. Other than dietary factors, daily alcohol drinking was associated with an increased risk of adenoma in the proximal colon (RR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.15-3.29) and ex-drinkers showed higher risks for colon adenoma and colorectal cancer. Sports or occupational activities and coffee drinking were inversely associated and family history of colorectal cancer was positively associated with the risk of both colorectal adenoma and cancer.
Array-based carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors for detection of DNT in environments containing complex analyte mixtures (2001)

Thin films of carbon black-organic polymer composites have been deposited across two metallic leads, with sorption of vapors producing swelling-induced resistance changes of the detector films. To identify and classify vapors, arrays of such vapor sensing elements have been constructed in which each element of the array contains a different polymer as the insulating phase and a common conductor, carbon black, as the conducting phase. The differing gas-solid partition coefficients for the various polymers of the detector array produce a pattern of differential resistance changes that is used to classify vapors and vapor mixtures. The performance of this detector array system towards 2,4-dinitrotoluene, the predominant signature in the vapor phase above land mines, in the presence high concentrations of water or of acetone has been evaluated.
Fatal Overdosage with Cisplatin (2004)

This paper presents a case of fatal overdosage due to an accidental massive administration (750 mg instead of 170 mg) of cisplatin, an anticancer agent, to a 63-year-old patient suffering from lymphoma. Platinum was measured in various postmortem samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Heart and peripheral blood concentrations of platinum were 1515 and 1253 micro g/L, respectively. Concentrations in urine and bile were 1038 and 501 micro g/L, respectively. Renal dialysis was started immediately after the end of cisplatin perfusion, when the mistake was noticed, but the patient deceased at day 16, presenting renal and hepatic insufficiency, ototoxicity, and pancytopenia.
SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE reduces gibberellin biosynthesis at the <i>Arabidopsis</i> shoot apex to regulate the floral transition (2014)

In Arabidopsis thaliana environmental and endogenous cues promote flowering by activating expression of a small number of integrator genes. The MADS box transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) is a critical inhibitor of flowering that directly represses transcription of these genes. However, we show by genetic analysis that the effect of SVP cannot be fully explained by repressing known floral integrator genes. To identify additional SVP functions, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptome data and show that GIBBERELLIN 20 OXIDASE 2, which encodes an enzyme required for biosynthesis of the growth regulator gibberellin (GA), is upregulated in svp mutants. GA is known to promote flowering, and we find that svp mutants contain elevated levels of GA that correlate with GA-related phenotypes such as early flowering and organ elongation. The ga20ox2 mutation suppresses the elevated GA levels and partially suppresses the growth and early flowering phenotypes of svp mutants. In wild-type plants, SVP expression in the shoot apical meristem falls when plants are exposed to photoperiods that induce flowering, and this correlates with increased expression of GA20ox2. Mutations that impair the photoperiodic flowering pathway prevent this downregulation of SVP and the strong increase in expression of GA20ox2. We conclude that SVP delays flowering by repressing GA biosynthesis as well as integrator gene expression and that, in response to inductive photoperiods, repression of SVP contributes to the rise in GA at the shoot apex, promoting rapid induction of flowering.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-guided Vascular Interventions (2005)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides superior soft-tissue imaging and no known harmful effects, has the potential as an alternative modality to guide various medical interventions. This review will focus on MR-guided endovascular interventions and present its current state and future outlook. In the first technical part, enabling technologies such as developments in fast imaging, catheter devices, and visualization techniques are examined. This is followed by a clinical survey that includes proof-of-concept procedures in animals and initial experience in human subjects. In preclinical experiments, MRI has already proven to be valuable. For example, MRI has been used to guide and track targeted cell delivery into or around myocardial infarctions, to guide atrial septal puncture, and to guide the connection of portal and systemic venous circulations. Several investigational MR-guided procedures have already been reported in patients, such as MR-guided cardiac catheterization, invasive imaging of peripheral artery atheromata, selective intraarterial MR angiography, and preliminary angioplasty and stent placement. In addition, MR-assisted transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures in patients have been shown in a novel hybrid double-doughnut x-ray/MRI system. Numerous additional investigational human MR-guided endovascular procedures are now underway in several medical centers around the world. There are also significant hurdles: availability of clinical-grade devices, device-related safety issues, challenges to patient monitoring, and acoustic noise during imaging. The potential of endovascular interventional MRI is great because as a single modality, it combines 3-dimensional anatomic imaging, device localization, hemodynamics, tissue composition, and function.