gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deprenyl reduces the death of motoneurons caused by axotomy (1992)

Deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, appears to slow the progression of neurological deficits in Parkinson's disease and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms for the slowing of the diseases are unknown. Deprenyl can reduce the death of murine substantia nigra neurons when administered after the neurons are damaged in MPTP parkinsonism by increasing the neurons' survival after they are damaged, rather than by just protecting the neurons against damage by blocking the conversion of MPTP to its active form as was previously thought. The death of immature motoneurons after separation from their muscle targets by axotomy provides a model for assessing trophically dependent neuronal survival. To determine whether deprenyl can alter the survival of neurons other than those in the substantia nigra, we examined the survival of rat facial motoneurons after axotomy at 14 days of age. Using a combination of immunocytochemistry for choline acetyl transferase and Nissl staining, we found that deprenyl treatment (10 mg/kg every second day) increased by 2.2 times the number of motoneurons surviving 21 days after the axotomy. This finding showed that deprenyl treatment can rescue neurons other than those in the substantia nigra and can compensate in part for the loss of target-derived trophic support caused by axotomy.
The Rate of Sulphide Formation During Photographic Sulphur Sensitization: Measurement of Proton Evolution (1972)

AbstractA method for measuring the production of protons in a photoemulsion has been applied to the measurement of the sulphur senSitizatIOn reaction. The formation of sulphide from conventional quantities of sensitizer was followed continuously in the digesting emulsion. Reactions of several different sensitizers generally obeyed first order kinetics, although in some cases an induction period was obferved. The generally written reaction for thiosulphate was confirmed. The results did not support a sensitization mechanism involving en lanced reaction at the sensitivity specks.RésuméUne méthode de mesure des protons libérés dans une émulsion photographique a été utilisée pour étudier la sensibilisation Sulfurée. La formation de sulfure à partir de quantités normales de sensibilisateurs a été suivie en continu pendant la maturation. Avec la plupart des sensibilisateurs, les cinétiques de réaction sont du premier ordre, toutefois, dans certains cas, on observe une période d.induction. La formule de la réaction generalement admise pour le thiosulfate a été confirmée: Les résultats ne corroborent pas un mécanisme de sensibilisation faisant intervenir une réactivlte accrue au nlveau des germes de sensibilité.ZusammenfassungEine Methode zur Messung der Proto~cnbildung in einer Photoemulsion wurde zur Bestimmung der schwefelsensibilisierungsreaktion angewandt. Die Sulfidbildung aus üblichen Mengen an Sensibilisator wurde kontinuier in der Reifemulsoin verflogt. Reaktionen von mehreren vershiedenen Sensibilisatoren folgten allgemein der Kinetik von Reaktionen erster Ordnung, Obwohl in enigen Fällen eine Induktionsperiode beobachtet wurde. Die allgemein bekannte Reaklion für Thiosulfat wurde bestätigt. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen nicht einen Sensibilisierungsmechanismus, der aufeiner bevorzugten Reaktion an den Empfindlichkcitskeimen beruht.RiassuntoII metoda per misurare la formazione di protoni nelle cmulsioni fotografiche, è stato applicato alla misura c1ell’andamento della reazione di sensibilizzazione solforante.La formazione di solfuro a partire da quantità convenzionali di sensibilizzatore solforante è stata seguita di continuo durante il tempo I maturazione dell’emulsione.Le reazioni di alcuni sensibilizzatori di classi diverse genera Imente ubbidiscono alia cinetica di primo ordine; per quanto, in alcuni casi, la stato osservato un certo periodo di induzione. Comunque la reazione, generalmente indicata per it tiosolfato, è stata confermata.I risultati, tuttavia, non convalidano I’idea di un meccanismo di sensibilizzazione interessantc anche un aumento di reazione dei centri di sensibilità.
Offshore Investment Funds (1999)

Offshore investment funds are alleged to have engaged in trading behavior that is different from their onshore counterparts because they may be subject to less supervision and regulation. In particular, they may trade more intensely. They could also pursue more aggressively certain trading strategies such as positive feedback trading or herding that could contribute to a greater volatility in the market. Using a unique data set, this chapter compares the trading behavior in the Korean stock market between offshore investment funds with their onshore counterparts registered in the US and UK. There are a number of interesting findings. First, there is indeed evidence suggesting that the offshore funds trade more intensely than their onshore counterparts. Second, however, there is no evidenOffshore investment funds are alleged to have engaged in trading behavior that is different from their onshore counterparts because they may be subject to less supervision and regulation. In particular, they may trade more intensely. They could also pursue more aggressively certain trading strategies such as positive feedback trading or herding that could contribute to a greater volatility in the market. Using a unique data set, this chapter compares the trading behavior in the Korean stock market between offshore investment funds with their onshore counterparts registered in the US and UK. There are a number of interesting findings. First, there is indeed evidence suggesting that the offshore funds trade more intensely than their onshore counterparts. Second, however, there is no evidence that the offshore funds engage in positive feedback trading. In contrast, there is strong evidence that the funds from the U.S. and U.K. do. Third, while offshore funds do herd, they do so far less than onshore funds in the U.S. or UK. Fourth, offshore funds hold less glamour stocks (e.g. stocks with high P/E) in their portfolio than funds in the U.S. or U.K. do. Moreover, flight to glamour stocks during the in-crisis period is less evident in the case of offshore funds. In sum, offshore funds are no especially worrisome monsters.
Hyper IgM immunodeficiency. A primary dysfunction of B lymphocyte isotype switching. (1983)

Immunological evaluations (lymphocyte markers, B cell differentiation, T cell function) were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four individuals with hyper IgM immunodeficiency. Number, proportion, and proliferation of T lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subpopulations were relatively normal in affected individuals. The percentage and number of B cells expressing surface IgM and IgD were either normal or elevated in both blood and lymph nodes. However, surface IgG- and IgA-bearing B lymphocytes were completely absent. In vitro stimulation of blood lymphocytes with both T cell-dependent and T-cell independent polyclonal B cell activators resulted in normal numbers of IgM plasma cells and IgM secretion in cultures, but failed to induce any IgG- or IgA-producing cells. This failure of isotype switching was intrinsic to the B cell population and did not involve aberrant T cell help or suppression. Therefore, individuals with this disorder possess an intrinsic B cell dysfunction that is not related to abnormal T cell regulation.
Anechoic Chamber Upgrade. (1995)

Abstract : Hardware and software upgrades have been made recently to an anechoic chamber at the Adelphi Laboratory Center (ALC). A new data acquisition system (using Scientific Atlanta equipment) has been installed and connected to a Dell 386 personal computer. This computer has been dedicated to the chamber to be used solely for data acquisition and analysis. The computer can be connected to the ALC facility network so that data can be downloaded to any location within the ALC campus. (AN)
Quadrature Imbalance Compensation for PDM QPSK Coherent Optical Systems (2009)

In this letter, we study the impact of quadrature imbalance (QI) on the performance of optical communications systems using polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), with coherent detection and digital signal processing. We compare, via simulation, the performance of three QI compensation algorithms, suitable for PDM QPSK coherent optical receivers, including a novel, blind, adaptive, constrained equalizer, based on the constant modulus algorithm. We show that dedicated QI compensation is mandatory and cannot be substituted by conventional adaptive electronic equalizers designed for intersymbol interference mitigation.
The Use of Sensory Action Potentials in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Disease (1990)

We review the different measurements that can be derived from recordings of compound sensory action potentials, and describe how less commonly measured aspects may be of use in clinical situations. In addition to the frequently obtained maximum conduction velocity and amplitude, minimum conduction velocity may be measured if near nerve electrodes and response averaging are used. Minimum conduction velocity is a sensitive measure of both axonal and demyelinating peripheral nerve pathology. Activity-dependent conduction is another aspect of sensory conduction that may provide additional information for the clinician. Refractory period of transmission has been used to diagnose subtle demyelinating lesions, as well as some axonal disorders. Supernormal period and the conduction of trains of stimuli may also be useful, although, at present, they remain predominantly research tools.
DNA Vaccine Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Present Status and Future Direction (2008)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, a vaccine therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) was developed as a curative treatment. In 1999, the amyloid beta (Abeta) reduction in AD model transgenic mice with active vaccination with Abeta peptide was first reported. Although the clinical trials of active vaccination for AD patients were halted due to the development of meningoencephalitis in some patients, from the analysis of the clinical and pathological findings of treated patients, the vaccine therapy is thought to be effective. Based on such information, the vaccines for clinical application of human AD have been improved to control excessive immune reaction. Recently, we have developed non-viral DNA vaccines and obtained substantial Abeta reduction in transgenic mice without side effects. DNA vaccines have many advantages over conventional active or passive immunization. In this article, we review conventional vaccine therapies and further explain our non-viral DNA vaccine therapy. Finally, we show some data regarding the mechanisms of Abeta reduction after administration of DNA vaccines. DNA vaccination may open up new avenues of vaccine therapy for AD.
<title>Model of computation for Fourier optical processors</title> (2000)

We present a novel and simple theoretical model of computation that captures what we believe are the most important characteristics of an optical Fourier transform processor. We use this abstract model to reason about the computational properties of the physical systems it describes. We define a grammar for our model's instruction language, and use it to write algorithms for well-known filtering and correlation techniques. We also suggest suitable computational complexity measures that could be used to analyze any coherent optical information processing technique, described with the language, for efficiency. Our choice of instruction language allows us to argue that algorithms describable with this model should have optical implementations that do not require a digital electronic computer to act as a master unit. Through simulation of a well known model of computation from computer theory we investigate the general-purpose capabilities of analog optical processors.
Energency response shortstop inhibition during the approach to an acrylic acid runaway polymerization (1993)

Abstract The most common cause for runaway polymerizations of glacial acrylic acid (AA) is overheating of the material due to mechanical failure, human error, or nearby fire. Under such circumstances, dissolved oxygen (D.O) is consumed more rapidly than the AA stabilizer, p‐methoxyphenol (MEHQ), and “oxygen stravation” is the immediate cause of polymerization onset. From the known kinetics of oxygen disappearance, it is possible to calculate D.O. concentrations during a heatup period and to predict the time remaining until that concentration becomes unacceptably low. This information provides guidance for the timely activation of an emergency response shortstop inhibitor injection system so that there is enough time for adequate mixing of the inhibitor, phenothiazine (PTZ), to prevent or mitigate the polymerization.
Two-Dimensional Noninterpenetrating Transition Metal Coordination Polymers with Large Honeycomb-like Hexagonal Cavities Constructed from a Carboxybenzyl Viologen Ligand (2005)

A viologen derivative, 1,1‘-bis(4-carboxybenzyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium dichloride (H2BpybcCl2) as a versatile ligand, has been designed and synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction. A series of transitional metal coordination polymers of {(Bpybc)3[M2(H2O)6](OH)4·15H2O}n (M = Mn 1, Ni 2, Co 3) were synthesized by addition of MCl2 into aqueous solution of H2BpybcCl2. X-ray single crystal diffraction studies confirm that the complexes are isostructural to each other and crystallize in space group R3̄ (no. 148) with a = b = 17.525(3) Å, c = 26.230(5) Å, and Z = 3 for exemplified Mn complex. Each metal ion coordinates to three Bpybc ligands, and each Bpybc ligand bridges two metal ions, thereby creating an infinite two-dimensional (6, 3) network with large honeycomb-like hexagonal cavities. The whole structure is a noninterpenetrating framework sustained by hydrogen bonding interactions.
Precipitation of Zn<sub>2</sub>Al LDH by urease enzyme (2005)

A biomineralization process based on the promotion of precipitating agent by the urea-urease enzymatic system is developed to prepare ZnAl layered double hydroxide materials and the effects of the enzymatic reaction parameters on the structural and textural properties of the materials are investigated on the basis of XRD and EM analysis.
Accuracy of patient self-medication with topical eardrops (2000)

Topical eardrops are commonly prescribed by otolaryngologists and general practitioners and many believe that patient compliance is poor, although this has not been studied in a properly controlled manner. Thirty-nine patients with otitis externa were reviewed four times during a two-week course of topical eardrops and their treatment compliance studied. The patients tended to undermedicate themselves, and this tendency increased over the two-week period. Patients were administering significantly fewer drops by the end of day 11 than by the end of day 3 (p = 0.2). Compliance patterns were extremely poor, in that only 40 per cent of patients were managing to self-medicate within a 25 per cent error margin by the end of day 3. These findings may have future implications in the ongoing debate on eardrop use.
A comparison of HMM, Na&#x00EF;ve Bayesian, and Markov model in exploiting knowledge content in digital ink: A case study on handwritten music notation recognition (2010)

The performance of a model is dependent not only on the amount of knowledge available to the model but also on how the knowledge is exploited. We investigate the recognition of handwritten musical notation based on three related probabilistic inference techniques: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Markov Models (MMs) and Naïve Bayes (NBs). Music notes are written on a tablet. A sequence of ink patterns representing this symbol is captured and subsequently employed for constructing the models of HMMs, MMs and NBs. The proposed approach exploits both global and local information derived from ink patterns which we have demonstrated the exploitation of this information via different features employed in different HMMs. The specificity and sensitivity measures of these classification models are compared using unseen test datasets. The findings show that HMM outperformed MM and NB models, due to the ability of HMM in exploiting both transitional probability (transition matrix A) and the overall likelihood of the observed events (emission matrix B). Also, HMMs with more hidden states outperformed those with less states, since a larger model has more capacity. In conclusion, our approach demonstrated that HMM can better exploit information extracted from ink patterns than models of MM or NB, and therefore is an optimal inference technique to encoding useful information for musical notation representation.
HAaaS: Towards Highly Available Distributed Systems (2012)

High availability is a valuable property in distributed systems. The master-slave model is used wildly in data management systems for high performance. However, many master-slave systems still have SPOF (Single Point of Failure) for the single master node. We exploit a generalized solution to meet several common use cases for different master-slave systems. The solution makes the high availability as a service (HAaaS), which uses a shared storage infrastructure to make the master stateless and provides an automatic fail over of high-availability service. We deploy the HAaaS in many master-slave subsystems in our unstructured data management system (UDMS) to make the UDMS highly available. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our solution.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of a Human Intestinal Lactoferrin Receptor (2001)

Lactoferrin (Lf), a major iron-binding protein in human milk, has been suggested to have multiple biological roles such as facilitating iron absorption, modulating the immune system, embryonic development, and cell proliferation. Our previous binding studies suggested the presence of a specific receptor for Lf (LfR) in the small intestine of newborn infants, which may facilitate iron absorption. We here report the cloning and the functional expression of the human intestinal LfR and the evidence of its involvement in iron metabolism. The entire coding region of the LfR cDNA was cloned by PCR based on amino acid sequences of the purified native LfR (nLfR). The recombinant LfR (rLfR) was then expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system and purified by immobilized human Lf (hLf) affinity chromatography where binding of hLf to the rLfR was partially Ca(2+) dependent. The apparent molecular mass was 136 kDa under nonreducing conditions and 34 kDa under reducing conditions. 125I-hLf bound to the rLfR with an apparent K(d) of approximately 360 nM. These biochemical properties of the rLfR are similar to those of the nLfR. RT-PCR revealed that the gene was expressed at high levels in fetal small intestine and in adult heart and at lower levels in Caco-2 cells. PI-PLC treatment of Caco-2 cells indicated that the LfR is GPI anchored. In Caco-2 cells transfected with the LfR gene, 125I-hLf binding and 59Fe-hLf uptake were increased by 1.7 and 3.4 times, respectively, compared to those in mock-transfected cells. Our findings demonstrate the presence of a unique receptor-mediated mechanism for nutrient uptake by the newborn.
The study on the Process Capability Index for Continuously Improvement Quality Safety (2006)

It is necessary to deal with the process capability index carefully because it has been developed with certain assumptions. Companies make a decision on processes through the results obtained by using and treating data extracted from the processes. However if they have incorrect or wrong results, they cannot lead to proper outputs but also bring to loss of the competition in quality. Therefore, this study will show a method to analysis Cp (process capability ; CP) and an idea of mass-production on Pp (process performance ; PP) based on the Sigma Estimate which is one of the uncertainty in the process capability index and makes a lot of error. To apply this method, it is essential to understand and to analyze the processes exactly. Especially, it is required to establish the more accurate process capability index that can quickly and properly respond to changes on processes to recognize the small changes on the process which lies in specification in mass production system that the continual monitoring of quality managers is required.
Effect of high-fat feeding on expression of genes controlling availability of dopamine in mouse hypothalamus (2009)

Expression of five genes involved in availability of dopamine was increased after a high-fat diet. Failure to reduce dopamine availability sufficiently, to counter the feeding reward effect, could contribute to diet-induced obesity in these mice.
Preparation and characterization of hybrid conducting polymer–carbon nanotube yarn (2011)

Hybrid polypyrrole (PPy)-multi walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) yarns were obtained by chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on the surface and within the porous interior of twisted MWNT yarns. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical, mechanical and electrical measurements. It was found that the hybrid PPy-MWNT yarns possessed significantly higher mechanical strength (over 740 MPa) and Young's modulus (over 54 GPa) than the pristine MWNT yarn. The hybrid yarns also exhibited substantially higher electrical conductivity (over 235 S cm(-1)) and their specific capacitance was found to be in excess of 60 F g(-1). Measurements of temperature dependence of electrical conductivity revealed semiconducting behaviour, with a large increase of band gap near 100 K. The collected low temperature data are in good agreement with a three-dimensional variable range hopping model (3D-VRH). The improved durability of the yarns is important for electrical applications. The composite yarns can be produced in commercial quantities and used for applications where the electrical conductivity and good mechanical properties are of primary importance.
Modeling the third loop of short‐chain snake venom neurotoxins: Roles of the short‐range and long‐range interactions (2001)

The influence of long-range interactions on local structures is an important issue in understanding protein folding process and protein structure stability. Using short-chain snake venom neurotoxin as a model system, we have studied the conformational properties of eight different loop III sequences either in the environment of one of the short-chain neurotoxin, erabutoxin b (PDB ID 1nxb), or in free state by Monte Carlo simulated annealing method. The surrounding protein structure was found to be crucial in stabilizing the loop conformation. Although all the eight peptides prefer type V β turn in solution, three of them (KPGI, KPGV, KSGI) turn to type II β turn and the other five (KKGI, KKGV, KNGI, KQGI, and KRGV) are confined to more rigid type V β turn conformation in the protein structure. Using flexible tetra-glycine-peptide to screen the backbone conformational space in the protein environment also validates the results. This study shows that long-range interactions do contribute to the stability and the types of conformation for a surface loop in protein, while short-range interactions may only provide candidate conformations, which then have to be filtered by the long-range interactions further. Proteins 2001;42:6–16. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Torcetrapib impairs endothelial function in hypertension (2011)

Torcetrapib induces a sustained impairment of endothelial function, decreases eNOS mRNA, protein as well as NO release, stimulates vascular ROS and ET production, an effect that is prevented by chronic ET(A/B)-receptor blockade. These unexpected off-target effects of torcetrapib need to be ruled out in the clinical development of novel CETP inhibitors, particularly before a large patient population at increased cardiovascular risk is exposed to these compounds.