gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment. (2017)

Multiple myeloma accounts for 1.6% of all cancer cases and approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies in the United States. In 2015, an estimated 28,850 new cases of multiple myeloma were diagnosed in the United States, and the disease caused more than 11,000 deaths. Patients older than 65 years account for 85% of those diagnosed with multiple myeloma, and there is a twofold increased incidence in blacks compared with whites. Patients may present with bone pain or with symptoms that are often nonspecific, such as nausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, recurrent infections, and weight loss. Many patients present with only laboratory abnormalities, such as anemia, renal disease, and elevated protein levels. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma requires increased numbers of immature, abnormal, or atypical plasma cells in the bone marrow; a monoclonal protein in the serum or urine; or characteristic bone lesions. The diagnostic workup in a patient with suspected multiple myeloma should include a complete blood count with differential; serum chemistries; creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, and beta2-microglobulin tests; immunoglobulin studies; skeletal survey; and bone marrow evaluation. Initiation of chemotherapy and assessment of eligibility for autologous stem cell transplantation require referral to an oncologist. Most patients with multiple myeloma will receive thromboprophylaxis, bisphosphonate therapy, and prophylaxis against infection at some point in their treatment. Family physicians play a role in assessing these patients for infection, adverse treatment effects, and renal and thrombotic complications, and in managing issues related to pain, nutrition, and psychosocial support.
Tissue-Preserving Antibody Cocktails to Differentiate Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, and Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung (2013)

Both antibody cocktails are excellent in differentiating primary lung ACA from SCC, as well as excluding SmCC and ACAs from all other sites on small specimens. A cocktail of desmoglein 3 + cytokeratin 5/napsin A is slightly superior compared with p40/thyroid transcription factor 1 cocktail.
Analysis of high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography images of Bentheim sandstone under elevated confining pressures (2016)

ABSTRACT A sample of Bentheim sandstone was characterized using high‐resolution three‐dimensional X‐ray microscopy at two different confining pressures of 1 MPa and 20 MPa. The two recordings can be directly compared with each other because the same sample volume was imaged in either case. After image processing, a porosity reduction from 21.92% to 21.76% can be deduced from the segmented data. With voxel‐based numerical simulation techniques, we determined apparent hydraulic transport properties and effective elastic properties. These results were compared with laboratory measurements using reference samples. Laboratory and computed volumes, as well as hydraulic transport properties, agree fairly well. To achieve a reasonable agreement for the effective elastic properties, we define pressure‐dependent grain contact zones in addition to mineral phases in the digital rock images. From that, we derive a specific digital rock physics template resulting in a very good agreement between laboratory data and simulations. The digital rock physics template aims to contribute to a more standardized approach of X‐ray computed tomography data analysis as a tool to determine and predict elastic rock properties.
A DISCUSSION ON SEISMIC BINARY GAIN SWITCHING AMPLIFIERS * (1967)

ABSTRACT Geophysical field equipment has undergone rapid changes in the past decade; from simple AGC amplifiers and galvo cameras to binary gain switching amplifiers and digital recorders, all in an attempt to keep pace with the new geophysical interpretive methods developed, and the growing acceptance of the terminology, methods, and philosophy of communication theory. The additional tools of the digital recorder and digital computer make it possible to utilize these new techniques in geophysical processing. Accomplishing these new techniques demands severe requirements on the digital field recording process in handling the decreasing energy return from the seismometer, and to fully realize the capabilities of digital techniques in reducing data. Simple automatic gain control may be used. However, in the more sophisticated interpretive methods, such as autoregression and deconvolution, it is necessary to reconstruct the actual energy levels in the computer. Recording the control signal used in master AGC or programmed gain control may prove satisfactory; however the accuracy of control versus gain is limited to I% for such analog instrumentation. To utilize the computer to its fullest extent, and to accurately perform these new techniques, requires an accuracy of I% or better. This accuracy is obtainable by using a step gain control where the gain is increased by fixed steps in which each step represents a gain in amplification by a constant factor. The accuracy in this case can be made dependent only on the tolerance of resistors used as attenuators or feedback elements. Preferably the constant factor of gain steps should be a number easily handled by the computer. By using 6 db steps it becomes a simple matter to shift binary numbers, such as multiplying or dividing by 10 in the decimal system. The requirements or parameters for such an amplifier system, and the elements of the amplifier necessary to achieve these requirements are presented.
Analysis and Prediction of Edge Effects in Laser Bending (2000)

Laser forming of sheet metal offers the advantages of requiring no hard tooling and thus reduced cost and increased flexibility. It also enables forming of some materials and shapes that are not possible now. In single-axis laser bending of plates, the bending edge is found to be somewhat curved and the bending angle varies along the laser-scanning path. These phenomena are termed edge effects, which adversely affect the accuracy of the bending and result in undue residual stress. Numerical investigations are carried out to study the process transiency and the mechanism of the edge effects. Temperature dependency of material properties and strain-rate dependency of flow stress are considered in the numerical simulation to improve prediction accuracy. Numerical results are validated in experiments. Patterns of edge effects and resultant residual stress distributions are examined under a wide range of conditions. A more complete explanation for the mechanism of the edge effects is given.
372. Organic peroxides. Part II. Esters of the monopercarbonic acids (1953)

A. G. Davies and K. J. Hunter, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1808 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530001808
Sp1 and Sp3 Recruit Histone Deacetylase to Repress Transcription of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Promoter in Normal Human Somatic Cells (2002)

Activation of telomerase is crucial for cells to gain immortality. In human cells, telomerase activity is tightly regulated by the expression of its catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). In most normal human somatic cells, hTERT is not expressed, and its suppression acts as an important gatekeeper against tumorigenesis. Here we describe the systematic analyses of hTERT promoter to understand the transcriptional repression mechanism of the hTERT gene in normal human somatic cells. Through the serial deletion analysis of hTERT promoter in normal human fibroblasts, we identified a critical repressive element on the hTERT promoter. The repressive element formed DNA-protein complexes with Sp1 and Sp3 in nuclear extracts. Using formaldehyde cross-linked chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we found that Sp1 and Sp3 were associated with the endogenously repressed hTERT promoter in human fibroblasts. Furthermore, Sp1 and Sp3 interacted with histone deacetylase (HDAC) in these cells. Overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of Sp1 and Sp3, which contained mainly the HDAC2-binding domain, relieved the HDAC-mediated repression of the hTERT promoter. Taken together, these results suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 associate with the hTERT promoter, recruiting HDAC for the localized deacetylation of nucleosomal histones and transcriptional silencing of the hTERT gene in normal human somatic cells.
Osteogenesis after bone and bone marrow transplantation. The ability of ceramic materials to sustain osteogenesis from transplanted bone marrow cells: preliminary studies. (1983)

The ability of four different ceramic materials to support osteogenesis when placed with bone marrow into an intermuscular site was studied. In the search for biodegradable porous ceramic materials that could be used for bone replacement and that would slowly be replaced by bone by means of "creeping substitution," the authors fabricated porous alumina, calcium aluminate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate. Specially shaped compacts, impregnated with autologous bone marrow, were inserted into intermuscular pouches in rabbits and retrieved after 14-182 days. Newly formed bone was found within the contents of the well after 14 days and was visible at all times up to 182 days. The bone was frequently found to have adhered to the ceramic and to have penetrated the interior if the pore size was greater than 100 micron. Further investigation of the use of synthetic materials in bone replacement is warranted due to the finding that some porous ceramic material permit bony ingrowth from autologous marrow cells.
Optimization of Guanidination Procedures for MALDI Mass Mapping (2002)

Improved procedures for guanidination of lysine-containing peptides, a derivatization that results in increased MALDI mass spectral signal intensities are presented. The complete conversion of lysines to homoarginines can be accomplished in as little as 5 min. The method is demonstrated on a model peptide and on tryptic digests of three proteins. To demonstrate the applicability to proteomics samples, it is successfully applied to the digest of 50 fmol of a protein. Approaches for concentrating and purifying low-quantity protein digests following guanidination are evaluated. Experiments with the model peptide GRGDSPK enable investigation of the specificity of the guanidination reaction.
Age-Related Changes in the Extracellular Matrix of Nucleus Pulposus and Anulus Fibrosus of Human Intervertebral Disc (2008)

Collagen and PGs appeared to undergo specific age-related changes in the human IVD. Although the total contents of these 2 families of molecules decreased during aging, individual species of small nonaggregating PGs showed species-specific age-related changes. Interestingly, the level of biglycan rose and remained elevated in all 3 compartments of the disc with aging. The functional significance of these alterations is yet to be determined.
Positron emission tomography for modelling of geochemical transport processes in clay (2005)

Summary The transport of water and salt solutions in unsaturated clay and clay rock was measured using the positron emission tomography (PET). The experimental device is described. KF marked with 18 F was used as conservative hydrodynamic tracer to image the flow profiles at different times. Homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes were identified. Hydrodynamic model parameters could be determined for the homogeneous regime. The results demonstrate the advantage of PET measurements for investigations of transport processes in geological matrices. They yield quantitative values of the spatial distribution in regard to the flow pattern inside the samples which are important for the validation and parameter estimation of geochemical transport models.
Resilient Localization for Sensor Networks in Outdoor Environments (2005)

The process of computing the physical locations of nodes in a wireless sensor network is known as localization. Self-localization is critical for large-scale sensor networks because manual or assisted localization is often impractical due to time requirements, economic constraints or inherent limitations of deployment scenarios. We have developed a service for reliably localizing wireless sensor networks in environments conducive to ranging errors by using a custom hardware-software solution for acoustic ranging and a family of self-localization algorithms. The ranging solution improves on previous work, extending the practical measurement range threefold (20-30m) while maintaining a distance-invariant median measurement error of about 1% of maximum range (33cm). The localization scheme is based on least squares scaling with soft constraints. Evaluation using ranging results obtained from sensor network field experiments shows that the localization scheme is resilient against large-magnitude ranging errors and sparse range measurements, both of which are common in large-scale outdoor sensor network deployments.
Rapid oxygen ion diffusion and surface exchange kinetics in PrBaCo2O5+x with a perovskite related structure and ordered A cations (2007)

As part of an investigation of new cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, we have investigated particular perovskite oxides with ordered A cations which, in turn, localize the oxygen vacancies into layers. The oxygen exchange kinetics of polycrystalline samples of the oxygen-deficient double perovskite PrBaCo2O5+x (PBCO) have been determined by electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) and by oxygen-isotope exchange and depth profiling (IEDP). The ECR and IEDP measurements reveal that PBCO has high electronic conductivity and rapid oxygen ion diffusion and surface exchange kinetics. Both techniques demonstrate that the oxygen kinetics in this structure type are significantly faster than in corresponding disordered perovskites.
High-speed InP-based digital optical switches (2002)

Digital optical switches (DOS) are very desirable from a practical point of view because they can provide flexibility for changing polarization, wavelength, temperature, and to some extent the device geometrical parameters, without sacrificing crosstalk performance. In this paper, a new InGaAsP-InP QW tapered Y-branch digital optical switch is proposed which has been demonstrated to be fabrication-tolerant, compact, low loss, and has high speed switching capability.
First-principles studies of GaN(0001) heteroepitaxy on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zr</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0001</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2005)

We conduct first-principles total-energy density functional calculations to study the heteroepitaxial growth behavior of GaN(0001) on $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}(0001)$ substrates. Using repeated free-surface terminated slabs, our calculated surface energies suggest that the $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}(0001)$ surface is Zr terminated. The relative stability of six different models of the $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}(0001)∕\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}(0001)$ interface is examined as a function of the chemical potentials of Ga and Zr, and the most favorable interface consists of tetrahedrally coordinated N with one Ga-N bond and three N-Zr bonds. This interface structure gives rise to N-polarity in the GaN epitaxial film. Both of these findings agree with previously reported experimental results.
Platelet Function in Essential Thrombocythemia (1978)

Platelets from two patients with essential thrombocythemia failed to aggregate or release serotonin in response to concentrations of epinephrine that aggregated platelets from normal controls. Therefore, we studied their alpha-adrenergic receptors, using 3H-dihydroergocryptine (3H-DHE), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. These platelets contained an average (mean +/- S.E.) of 210 +/- 18 and 227 +/- 27 3H-DHE binding sites per platelet--less than half that found on control platelets, 464 +/- 37 (P less than 0.01). In contrast, platelets from two other patients with essential thrombocythemia responded to epinephrine and contained a normal number of 3H-DHE sites. Platelets in essential thrombocythemia demonstrated normal kinetics of 3H-DHE binding and normal affinities for 3H-DHE and for epinephrine. When control platelets were preincubated with a half-saturating concentration of 3H-DHE, there was a diminution of epinephrine-induced platelet function comparable to that seen in essential thrombocythemia. Thus, a deficiency of alpha-adrenergic receptors may account for diminished functional responsiveness of platelets to epinephrine in some patients with essential thrombocythemia.
Modeling Jet Engine Aerosols in the Postcombustor Flow Path and Sampling System (2007)

Aircraft emissions contribute to climate change in the atmosphere and air pollution in the neighborhood of airports. Assessment of the magnitude of the environmental impact of these emissions calls for the combined use of measurements and modeling studies. This paper addresses the use of a computational-fluid-dynamics-based modeling and simulation tool that accounts for and integrates fluid dynamics, chemistry, and particle microphysics relevant to aircraft emissions. The models include sulfate and nitrate aerosol precursors, thermophoresis, coagulation, nucleation, soot activation, condensation/evaporation, and interaction between the gaseous species and theparticles.Thecurrentcapabilitiesaredemonstratedbytheresultsofseveralapplications:the firststageofahighpressureturbine,thesamplingprobes,thesamplinglines,andapressure-reductionchamber.Theyindicatethatthis modelingandsimulationtoolcanbeusedtocomplementtheexperimentalstudiesaswellastoassistthedevelopment of sampling and measurement methodology for particle emissions.
Protein kinase inhibition by fasudil hydrochloride promotes neurological recovery after spinal cord injury in rats (2000)

Fasudil hydrochloride showed promise of effectiveness in promoting neurological recovery after traumatic SCI. Possible mechanisms of this effect include protein kinase inhibition and decreased infiltration by neutrophils.
Grain boundary diffusion of aluminum in polycrystalline silicon films (1980)

Grain boundary diffusion of Al in poly-Si films has been measured by an Auger sputter profiling technique in a temperature range of 350–425 °C. The Al atoms were observed to diffuse through Si grain boundaries, then accumulated near a poly-Si/SiO2 interface. By concentrating on the initial stage of diffusion, the diffusion problem was analyzed using a simple model in which a steady-state flux of Al though Si grain boundaries is accumulated by an effectively infinite sink at the poly-Si/SiO2 interface. Auger measurements yielded quantitative information regarding the concentration gradient in the middle of the poly-Si layer and the amount of accumulation near the poly-Si/SiO2 interface. From this information, the grain boundary diffusion coefficient of Al in Si Db was determined. The temperature dependence of Db fits an Arrhenius-type relation with D°b =1.3×107 cm2/s and Qb =2.64 eV. The measured activation energy was found to be consistent with that of the grain boundary diffusion of P and B as well as the dislocation diffusion As in Si.
Regularized Solutions to the Aerosol Data Inversion Problem (1991)

Regularized solutions to the aerosol data inversion problem are presented. An approximate form of generalized cross validation is developed that is applicable to this linearly constrained inverse problem. The results obtained with this algorithm for choosing the smoothing parameter are compared with those obtained by the method of discrepancy and by minimizing an unbiased estimate of the inverted errors. Examples are presented that demonstrate the importance of using generalized cross validation to choose the smoothing parameter when the magnitude of the errors in the data is difficult to estimate.
In situ monitoring of ocean chlorophyll via laser-induced fluorescence backscattering through an optical fiber (1989)

The first seagoing test of a prototype laser/fiber-optic system for in situ detection of ocean chlorophyll fluorescence is described. Radiation at 488 nm originating from a shipboard argon laser was transmitted through 20 of 200-microm core optical fiber to the distal tip mounted on the microstructure profiler, the Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler. The backscattered fluorescence emission signal was collected through the same fiber and processed on board ship. A series of measurements indicated that (1) successful isolation of shipinduced vibrations could be achieved using our optical bench framework to maintain optical alignments; (2) ambient chlorophyll concentrations could be detected in situ; (3) a Raman scattering signal from water could also be detected and should provide an internal standard against which chlorophyll fluorescence may be calibrated.
Frequency and peak stretch magnitude affect alveolar epithelial permeability (2008)

The present study measured stretch-induced changes in transepithelial permeability to uncharged tracers (1.5-5.5 A) using cultured monolayers of alveolar epithelial type-I like cells. Cultured alveolar epithelial cells were subjected to uniform cyclic (0, 0.25 and 1.0 Hz) biaxial stretch from 0% to 12, 25 or 37% change in surface area (DeltaSA) for 1 h. Significant changes in permeability of cell monolayers were observed when stretched from 0% to 37% DeltaSA at all frequencies, and from 0% to 25% DeltaSA only at high frequency (1 Hz), but not at all when stretched from 0% to 12% DeltaSA compared with unstretched controls. At stretch oscillation amplitudes of 25 and 37% DeltaSA, imposed at 1 Hz, tracer permeability increased compared with that at 0.25 Hz. Cells subjected to a single stretch cycle at 37% DeltaSA (0.25 Hz), to simulate a deep sigh, were not distinguishable from unstretched controls. Reducing stretch oscillation amplitude while maintaining a peak stretch of 37% DeltaSA (0.25 Hz) via the application of a simulated post-end-expiratory pressure did not protect barrier properties. In conclusion, peak stretch magnitude and stretch frequency were the primary determining factors for epithelial barrier dysfunction, as opposed to oscillation amplitude.
New double exposure technique using alternating phase-shifting mask with reversed phase (2004)

We propose a new double exposure technique to obtain a balanced intensity profile through focus using an alternating phase-shifting mask (alt-PSM) with a reversed phase. To cancel the intensity imbalance caused by the mask topography and phase error, an additional alt-PSM which has a reversed phase is prepared and exposed at the same position on a wafer. In practical application, two alt-PSMs with reversed phase relative to each other are placed along the scan direction (y-direction) in a 4X-reticle. The imbalanced images are added in a complementary manner by repeating exposure at a half dose and step at a half pitch along the y-direction. The throughput loss can be minimized by using a chip layout with two alt-PSMs in one reticle. The impact of position error between two exposures on lithography performance is discussed, and a 20-nm position error is shown to be tolerable for 80-nm L/S patterns. Both theoretical discussions and experimental data show that even a no Cr-undercut design and a 10° phase error are acceptable. Also, this double exposure technique can lower the risk of defect printing. Such large tolerance regarding the topographical design, phase error, and phase defects is the key to the application of alt-PSM technology in low k1 lithography beyond the 65-nm node.