gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise considerations, signal magnitudes, and detection limits in a hollow cathode discharge by optogalvanic spectroscopy (1980)

It is demonstrated that the noise in a hollow cathode discharge results mainly from statistical fluctuations of the electrons in the circuit. For the elements Na, U, Eu, and Zr, approximately one extra electron is produced for every one thousand photons absorbed. The nondependence of the magnitude of the optogalvanic signal on the ionization potential of the irradiated atom leads us to postulate a mechanism where the principal effect of laser irradiation is to pump energy into the electron gas.
The efficacy and safety of aflibercept and conbercept in diabetic macular edema (2018)

Diabetic macular edema (DME) has shown an increasing prevalence during the past years and is the leading cause of diabetic retinopathy blindness. Traditional treatment modalities include laser and corticosteroid therapy, which, however, either act through unclear mechanisms or cause cataracts and elevated intraocular pressure. In recent years, as the pathogenic role of VEGF in DME has been well-recognized, the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs has become the first-line treatment of DME due to their great efficacy in improving visual acuity and mitigating macular edema. Advantages have been shown for aflibercept and conbercept, the two recombinant decoy receptors that can bind VEGF with high specificity and affinity, in DME treatment in clinical trials conducted both worldwide and in People's Republic of China. This review introduces the structural characteristics and molecular mechanisms of action of these two anti-VEGF drugs, and summarizes the clinical trials evaluating their efficacy and safety, with the hope to provide clues for designing optimal and personalized therapeutic regimens for DME patients.
Polydextrose: Physiological Function, and Effects on Health (2016)

Polydextrose (PDX) is a non-digestible oligosaccharide used widely across most sectors of the food industry. It is a randomly linked glucose oligomer containing small amounts of sorbitol and citric acid. The random bonds in PDX prevent mammalian digestive enzymes from readily hydrolyzing the molecule and it has a reported energy value of 1 kcal/g. These properties have led to the acceptance in many countries that PDX provides similar physiological effects as other dietary fibers and has shown prebiotic potential. Dietary intervention with prebiotics has been shown to selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of intestinal bacteria associated with several physiological benefits on health. Therefore, the objective of this review was a survey of the literature on the effect of supplementation with PDX in health, and to list the benefits for maintaining health and/or reducing the development of diseases.
Nanostructured Holograms for Broadband Manipulation of Vector Beams (2013)

We report a new type of holographic interface, which is able to manipulate the three fundamental properties of light (phase, amplitude, and polarization) over a broad wavelength range. The design strategy relies on replacing the large openings of conventional holograms by arrays of subwavelength apertures, oriented to locally select a particular state of polarization. The resulting optical element can therefore be viewed as the superposition of two independent structures with very different length scales, that is, a hologram with each of its apertures filled with nanoscale openings to only transmit a desired state of polarization. As an implementation, we fabricated a nanostructured holographic plate that can generate radially polarized optical beams from circularly polarized incident light, and we demonstrated that it can operate over a broad range of wavelengths. The ability of a single holographic interface to simultaneously shape the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light can find widespread applications in photonics.
Hollow-fiber-based flexible probe for remote measurement of infrared attenuated total reflection (2009)

A hollow optical-fiber probe for infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is developed. A newly designed ATR prism, optimized for use with hollow optical fibers, is proposed. Results from preliminary experiments show the potential uses of the probe in clinical applications. The probe is appropriate for in vivo applications because it is consists of only nontoxic and chemically durable materials.
India (2016)

Abstract Political thought in India was based partly on religious texts, which explained dharma (morality) and the caste system, partly on arthashastras, which gave pragmatic advice on how to pursue wealth and power (of these only Kautilya’s survives). The king’s role was to support dharma and caste by coercive power. The tension between morality and necessity is the most original aspect of Indian political thought. Kautilya discussed numerous alternatives in both foreign and domestic policy; he stressed the importance of economic management as the basis of military power. The Buddha was revolutionary in founding a religious community in which caste did not matter, but regarded the political sphere as irrelevant to his concerns.
Stalking the Yeti: Protective Jurisdiction, Foreign Affairs Removal, and Complete Preemption (2007)

Symposium dedicated to the work of Professor Paul J. Mishkin. This essay explores the Mishkin's theory of protective jurisdiction and applyies it to contemporary controversies.
Sub-Carrier Loading Strategies for DCO-OFDM LED Communication (2019)

LEDs, particularly those used for Visible Light Communications (VLC), have a limited bandwidth, while above their 3 dB bandwidth, the roll-off is relatively gentle. If the modulation bandwidth would be limited to the 3 dB LED bandwidth, the achievable rate would be unacceptably constrained. Hence, effective communication systems need to optimize the use of bandwidth significantly above this 3 dB point. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular method to fine-tune the amount of power and constellation as a function of the channel response over different frequencies. Various power and bit loading strategies have been proposed and simulated in literature, but their performance was not captured in expressions. This manuscript derives these for optimal waterfilling, uniform and pre-emphasized power loading for the LED channel, that severely attenuates high frequencies. We also investigate the influence of practical discrete constellations and verify our new results experimentally. Interestingly, simple uniform loading only falls less than 1~2% short of the throughput achieved by waterfilling, but when we restrict OFDM to discrete QAM constellation sizes, the penalty for uniform loading is 1.5 dB. Inspired by the good performance of uniform power loading, we propose an algorithm to find the best discrete bit loading for uniform power within an optimized band. As pre-emphasis is nonetheless attractive because a flattened channel does not need adaptive sub-carrier loading, we quantify its penalty. This can be modest provided that the system can adapt its transmit bandwidth, thereby adaptively switching upper sub-carriers to zero power.
Successful Treatment of Six Cases of Indirect Carotid-Cavernous Fistula with Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (Onyx) Transvenous Embolization (2009)

Background: Endovascular transvenous treatments have become the mainstay in the management of indirect carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). However, the standard coil techniques are associated with a substantial failure and complication rate. The ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) Liquid Embolization System has advantages over coils, including the ability to penetrate and occlude vessels of small caliber or with difficult access. Methods: This was a review of 5 consecutive patients with indirect type D CCFs who underwent 6 procedures using the Onyx system alone at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, between December 2005 and May 2007. The cavernous sinus was catheterized with MTI Echelon-10 or Rebar-14 microcatheters via the femoral vein using an inferior petrosal approach to the cavernous sinus in 5 procedures and directly via the superior ophthalmic vein in 1 procedure. Results: All 5 patients had complete closure of the fistulas as seen on imaging and full reversal of ophthalmic manifestations without lingering complications and with substantially shorter procedure times than with conventional approaches. Conclusions: The Onyx system is a safe and useful method of closing indirect CCFs transvenously. This is the first series report of the use of the Onyx system alone in the treatment of these vascular abnormalities.
Nonsense codons in human beta-globin mRNA result in the production of mRNA degradation products. (1992)

Human beta zero-thalassemic beta-globin genes harboring either a frameshift or a nonsense mutation that results in the premature termination of beta-globin mRNA translation have been previously introduced into the germ line of mice (S.-K. Lim, J.J. Mullins, C.-M. Chen, K. Gross, and L.E. Maquat, EMBO J. 8:2613-2619, 1989). Each transgene produces properly processed albeit abnormally unstable mRNA as well as several smaller RNAs in erythroid cells. These smaller RNAs are detected only in the cytoplasm and, relative to mRNA, are longer-lived and are missing sequences from either exon I or exons I and II. In this communication, we show by using genetics and S1 nuclease transcript mapping that the premature termination of beta-globin mRNA translation is mechanistically required for the abnormal RNA metabolism. We also provide evidence that generation of the smaller RNAs is a cytoplasmic process: the 5' ends of intron 1-containing pre-mRNAs were normal, the rates of removal of introns 1 and 2 were normal, and studies inhibiting RNA synthesis with actinomycin D demonstrated a precursor-product relationship between full-length mRNA and the smaller RNAs. In vivo, about 50% of the full-length species that undergo decay are degraded to the smaller RNAs and the rest are degraded to undetectable products. Exposure of erythroid cells that expressed a normal human beta-globin transgene to either cycloheximide or puromycin did not result in the generation of the smaller RNAs. Therefore, a drug-induced reduction in cellular protein synthesis does not reproduce this aspect of cytoplasmic mRNA metabolism. These data suggest that the premature termination of beta-globin mRNA translation in either exon I or exon II results in the cytoplasmic generation of discrete mRNA degradation products that are missing sequences from exon I or exons I and II. Since these degradation products appear to be the same for all nonsense codons tested, there is no correlation between the position of translation termination and the sites of nucleolytic cleavage.
Hypoglycemic/hypoxic condition <i>in vitro</i> mimicking the tumor microenvironment markedly reduced the efficacy of anticancer drugs (2011)

Tumor tissues are often hypoxic because of defective vasculature. We previously showed that tumor tissues are also often deprived of glucose. The efficacy of anticancer drugs is affected by the tumor microenvironment, partly because of the drug delivery and cellular drug resistance; however, the precise mechanisms remain to be clarified. In the present study, we attempted to clarify whether hypoglycemic/hypoxic condition, which mimics the tumor microenvironment, might induce drug resistance, and if it did, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Pancreatic cancer-derived PANC-1 cells were treated with serial dilutions of anticancer drugs and incubated in either normoglycemic (1.0 g/L glucose) or hypoglycemic (0 g/L glucose) and normoxic (21% O(2)) or hypoxic (1% O(2) ) conditions. The 50% inhibitory concentration of gemcitabine was 1000 times higher for PANC-1 cells incubated under the hypoglycemic/hypoxic condition than for those incubated under the normoglycemic/normoxic condition. Conventional anticancer drugs target rapidly growing cells, so that non-proliferating or slowly proliferating cells usually show resistance to drugs. Though the cell cycle was delayed, sufficient cellular uptake and DNA incorporation of gemcitabine occurred under the hypoglycemic/hypoxic condition to cause DNA lesions and S-phase arrest. To overcome hypoglycemic/hypoxia-induced drug resistance, we examined kinase inhibitors targeting Chk1 or cell-survival signaling pathways. Among the compounds examined, the combination of UCN-01 and LY294002 partially sensitized the cells to gemcitabine under the hypoglycemic/hypoxic condition. These findings suggested that the adoption of suitable strategies may enhance the cytotoxicities of clinically used anticancer drugs against cancer cells.
Validation of a standardized portable fluorescence method for determining trace beryllium in workplace air and wipe samples (2006)

Beryllium is widely used in industry for its unique properties; however, occupational exposure to beryllium particles can cause potentially fatal disease. Consequently, exposure limits for beryllium particles in air and action levels on surfaces have been established to reduce exposure risks for workers. Field-portable monitoring methods for beryllium are desired in order to facilitate on-site measurement of beryllium in the workplace, so that immediate action can be taken to protect human health. In this work, a standardized, portable fluorescence method for the determination of trace beryllium in workplace samples, i.e., air filters and dust wipes, was validated through intra- and inter-laboratory testing. The procedure entails extraction of beryllium in 1% ammonium bifluoride (NH(4)HF(2), aqueous), followed by fluorescence measurement of the complex formed between beryllium ion and hydroxybenzoquinoline sulfonate (HBQS). The method detection limit was estimated to be less than 0.02 microg Be per air filter or wipe sample, with a dynamic range up to greater than 10 microg. The overall method accuracy was shown to satisfy the accuracy criterion (A< or = +/-25%) for analytical methods promulgated by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Interferences from numerous metals tested (in >400-fold excess concentration compared to that of beryllium) were negligible or minimal. The procedure was shown to be effective for the dissolution and quantitative detection of beryllium extracted from refractory beryllium oxide particles. An American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International voluntary consensus standard based on the methodology has recently been published.
Erodability of Partially Dehydrated Gelled Drilling Fluid and Filter Cake (1992)

ABSTRACT Partially dehydrated-gelled drilling fluid and filter cake must be displaced from the wellbore annulus to achieve a successful primary cement job. A term ‘Erodability of drilling fluid’ is defined in this paper and was calculated from measured parameters in a large-scale test model. Differential pressures were measured in the annular space between the casing and a man-made, permeable formation and also inside the casing. Three different drilling fluids used in typical field operations were tested. Each drilling fluid was tested over a period of four days. Experimental data on erodability of drilling fluid filter cake is presented as a function of time, flow rate, and aging. A mechanism is proposed for the erosion of partially dehydrated-gelled drilling fluid and filter cake. Recommendations are given to improve the removal of partially dehydrated-gelled drilling fluid and filter cake and thus achieve a successful primary cement job in field operations.
Oxidation of Arsenite by a Soil Isolate of <i>Alcaligenes</i> (1976)

A strain of Alcaligenes , isolated from soil and grown in nutrient broth in the presence of arsenite, possessed the ability to oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Washed cell suspensions consumed one‐half mol of oxygen/mol of arsenite and produced arsenate. The optimum pH for arsenite oxidation was 7.0. The K m for arsenite was 1.5 × 10 ‐4 M and V max was 6.7 μl of oxygen/min. The arsenite‐oxidizing enzyme system was induced by growth in arsenite. Response of the arsenite‐oxidizing enzyme system to respiratory inhibitors suggested that electrons resulting from arsenite oxidation by an oxido‐reductase with a bound flavin are transferred via cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase to oxygen. The presence of the cytochromes in crude extract was confirmed by spectral measurements.
Studies on the fauna and zonal distribution of Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) in Nei Mongol Autonomous Region. (1990)

The present paper is the first report on the fauna and zonal distribution of Tettigoniodea in Nei Mongol Autonomous Region. The study is based on the specimens and materials collected during the years 1983-1988. The collection sites are widely distributed in 70 banners of the autonomous region and cover all the vegetation zones (Fig. 1). A. Bright coniferious forest zone of cold-temperate type. b. Deciduous broad-leaf forest zone of mid-temperate type, C. Forest steppe subzone of mid-temperate type, D. Typical steppe subzone of mid-temperate type, E. Desert steppe subzone of mid-temperate type, F. Forest steppe subzone of warm-temperate type, G. Typical steppe of warm-temperate type, H. Desert steppe subzone of warm-temperate type, Ⅰ. Steppe desert subzone of warm-temperate type, and J. Typical desert subzone of warm-temperate type.2000 specimens of Tettigoniodea are collected, which belong to 5 families, 26 genera and 58 species (Tab. 1). The species of the family Tettigoniidae occupy about 74.2%, those of the fami- ly Gryllidae 17.3%, and the rest 7.5%. Judging from the faunal composition of Tettigoniodea, the palaearctic species are absolutely dominant (80.3%), with species from northeast China, east Siberia and Mongolia as the principle component (Tab. 2). The endemic species (10.3%) are limited to the forest steppe subzone of mid-temperate type in the northeastern part and to the desert zone of the western part. Some of the northeast China species and a few Central Asian species may invade the mid-region steppe zones. Most components of Tettigoniodea species are distributed in the steppe and forest steppe zones of the east and central parts of the region, rather than the western desert zone. The former is fairly rich and abundant in species of the subfamily Tettigoninae, whereas the latter, in the subfamily Deracanthinae (Tab. 4). The typical steppe and desert steppe subzones are intermediate in their respective fauna.Based on the distribution of Tettigoniodea in various vegetation zones, the similarity of faunal composition among the different vegetation zones is interpreted by means of S(?)rensen's index (Tab. 3). As the result of clustering analysis, 10 vegetation zones or subzones are classified into 6 large regions: Forest region, Steppe region, Desert region, Forest steppe region of warm-temperate type, Typical steppe region of warm-temperate type, and Desert steppe region of warm-temperate type (Fig. 2). The characteristics of composition and distribution of Tettigoniodea in all the zonal regions are illustrated in detail. Meanwhile, the geographical division of the insect fauna related to the autonomous region is discussed and reviewed.
Computer Techniques for the Study of Patterns in the Electroencephalogram (1962)

A process has been explored, using the Lincoln TX-O computer, for detecting patterns in the electroencephalogram and for recognizing the characteristics of the EEG corresponding to individual subjects. Preliminary results indicate that a number of different subjects and states of the same subject can be distinguished with excellent probability.
Integrating ontological knowledge and textual evidence in estimating gene and gene product similarity (2006)

With the rising influence of the Gene Ontology, new approaches have emerged where the similarity between genes or gene products is obtained by comparing Gene Ontology code annotations associated with them. So far, these approaches have solely relied on the knowledge encoded in the Gene Ontology and the gene annotations associated with the Gene Ontology database. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that improvements to these approaches can be obtained by integrating textual evidence extracted from relevant biomedical literature.
Improving the Clinical Evidence of Bone Graft Substitute Technology in Lumbar Spine Surgery (2012)

Bone graft substitutes have been used routinely for spine fusion for decades, yet clinical evidence establishing comparative data remains sparse. With recent scrutiny paid to the outcomes, complications, and costs associated with osteobiologics, a need to improve available data guiding efficacious use exists. We review the currently available clinical literature, studying the outcomes of various biologics in posterolateral lumbar spine fusion, and establish the need for a multicenter, independent osteobiologics registry.
Evropská bezpečnostní a obranná politika – odpověď na evropské bezpečnostní ambice? (2000)

Evropska unie (EU) se na konci 90. let rozhodla angažovat i v bezpecnostnich a obranných otazkach. Pro mnohe je to logicke zavrseni evropske integrace a zasadni zjednoduseni evropske bezpecnostni architektury, kde budou hrat důležitou roli dvě organizace – EU a NATO. Projekt Evropske bezpecnostni a obranne politiky (ESDP) jako nastroj EU ke zvladani krizi ve svem nejbližsim okoli ziskal důležitost diky zhodnoceni evropske ucasti na řeseni kosovske krize a předevsim pak na letecke kampani proti SRJ. Zaroveň byla rozhodujici tež podpora dvou hlavnich evropských vojenských velmoci – Francie a Velke Britanie –, jejichž pozice se v těchto otazkach sbližily.Evropska rada se na svem zasedani v Helsinkach shodla na konkretnim cili – na vytvořeni vojenských kapacit, ktere maji být připravene k nasazeni v roce 2003. Přitom důležite bude nejen posilovani evropských kapacit, ale tež jejich vztah k NATO a využiti jeho stavajicich prostředků a struktur. Kromě miry provazanosti a autonomie obou organizaci v připadě těchto operaci je citlivou rovněž otazka zapojeni spojenců stojicich mimo EU. Nova dimenze politiky EU bude mit dlouhodobý zasadni vliv na podobu NATO, a tim i transatlantických vztahů. Pohled USA na projekt ESDP tedy neni rozhodně zanedbatelný. Prozatim převažuje mirně ostražitý přistup zdůrazňujici hranice přijatelnosti pro americkou stranu a možna nebezpeci.Kontroverznim bodem zůstava prozatim otazka financnich zdrojů, ktere si zlepseni evropských vojenských schopnosti a urcita mira autonomie EU vyžada. Tlak na zvýseni obranných výdajů, na stanoveni urcitých kriterii a přinejmensim na změnu struktury obranných výdajů se bude střetavat s politikou rozpoctových omezeni. Nepřehlednutelným bude rovněž způsob provazani velkých evropských zbrojnich projektů s restrukturalizaci evropskeho obranneho průmyslu.Dlouhodobými výzvami zůstane hrozba nesplnitelných ocekavani vkladaných do ESDP a nutnost teprve vybudoval bezpecnostni povědomi mezi evropskou veřejnosti. Bez definice evropských zajmů a cilů pochopitelných sirokou veřejnosti je ovsem podpora vojenských operaci EU diskutabilni a v konecnem důsledku se bez ni EU neobejde.
Probing the hotspot interaction length in NbN nanowire superconducting single photon detectors (2017)

We measure the maximal distance at which two absorbed photons can jointly trigger a detection event in NbN nanowire superconducting single photon detector microbridges by comparing the one-photon and two-photon efficiencies of bridges of different overall lengths, from 0 to 400 nm. We find a length of 23 ± 2 nm. This value is in good agreement with the size of the quasiparticle cloud at the time of the detection event.