gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Growth Stage and Application Site on Tolerance of Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) to Haloxyfop (1996)

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate seedling rice tolerance to haloxyfop and to determine soil moisture effects on root, shoot, and root plus shoot uptake. Visible injury to rice at 4 wk after treatment increased with each increase of haloxyfop rate from 40 to 160 g ai/ha, regardless of growth stage. Less injury was observed at equivalent rates in four-leaf than in younger rice. Similarly, equivalent haloxyfop rates reduced shoot fresh weight of one- to three-leaf rice more than shoot fresh weight of four-leaf rice. There was no interation between soil moisture levels (19 and 24%) and haloxyfop activity. Fresh weights were less when haloxyfop at 40 or 80 g/ha was absorbed by both roots and shoots than when absorption was by either roots or shoots alone. However, at 80 g/ha fresh weight was similar whether haloxyfop was absorbed by roots or shoots alone. Root uptake, in the presence of 160 g/ha haloxyfop, did not contribute to reduced fresh weight with root plus shoot treatments because of the initial foliar activity incurred.
Data-analysis strategies for image-based cell profiling (2017)

Image-based cell profiling is a high-throughput strategy for the quantification of phenotypic differences among a variety of cell populations. It paves the way to studying biological systems on a large scale by using chemical and genetic perturbations. The general workflow for this technology involves image acquisition with high-throughput microscopy systems and subsequent image processing and analysis. Here, we introduce the steps required to create high-quality image-based (i.e., morphological) profiles from a collection of microscopy images. We recommend techniques that have proven useful in each stage of the data analysis process, on the basis of the experience of 20 laboratories worldwide that are refining their image-based cell-profiling methodologies in pursuit of biological discovery. The recommended techniques cover alternatives that may suit various biological goals, experimental designs, and laboratories' preferences.
RNA Degradation in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisae</i> (2012)

All RNA species in yeast cells are subject to turnover. Work over the past 20 years has defined degradation mechanisms for messenger RNAs, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, and noncoding RNAs. In addition, numerous quality control mechanisms that target aberrant RNAs have been identified. Generally, each decay mechanism contains factors that funnel RNA substrates to abundant exo- and/or endonucleases. Key issues for future work include determining the mechanisms that control the specificity of RNA degradation and how RNA degradation processes interact with translation, RNA transport, and other cellular processes.
Selection of bacteriocin producer strains of lactic acid bacteria from a dairy environment. (2002)

Two strains showing bacteriocin production were selected from a total of 206 lactic acid bacteria isolated from samples of milk, milk serum, whey and homemade cheeses in Southern Cordoba, Argentina. This property was detected by means of well diffusion assays. The strains were identified as Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus durans. The protein nature of those substances was proved by showing their sensitivity to type IV and XXV proteases, papaine, trypsin, pepsin and K proteinase. The bacteriocins inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringes and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, an A-enterotoxin and a B-enterotoxin producers. All of these bacteria are common pathogens usually associated with food borne diseases (ETA). These lactic acid bacteria or their bacteriocins could be suitable candidates for food preservation and specially useful in the our regional dairy industry.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride from Bis(<i>tert</i>-butylamino)silane and N<sub>2</sub> Plasma (2015)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon nitride (SiNx) is deemed essential for a variety of applications in nanoelectronics, such as gate spacer layers in transistors. In this work an ALD process using bis(tert-butylamino)silane (BTBAS) and N2 plasma was developed and studied. The process exhibited a wide temperature window starting from room temperature up to 500 °C. The material properties and wet-etch rates were investigated as a function of plasma exposure time, plasma pressure, and substrate table temperature. Table temperatures of 300-500 °C yielded a high material quality and a composition close to Si3N4 was obtained at 500 °C (N/Si=1.4±0.1, mass density=2.9±0.1 g/cm3, refractive index=1.96±0.03). Low wet-etch rates of ∼1 nm/min were obtained for films deposited at table temperatures of 400 °C and higher, similar to that achieved in the literature using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of SiNx at >700 °C. For novel applications requiring significantly lower temperatures, the temperature window from room temperature to 200 °C can be a solution, where relatively high material quality was obtained when operating at low plasma pressures or long plasma exposure times.
Synthesis of Amino‐ and Hydroxybiphenyls by Radical Chain Reaction of Arenediazonium Salts (2008)

Radically shortened: In the propagation step of the title reaction, the cyclohexadienyl radical intermediate is oxidized by an arenediazonium ion to give the biaryl product (see scheme) while simultaneously a new aryl radical and nitrogen are formed.
A theoretical study of perovskites related to CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbX<sub>3</sub>(X = F, Cl, Br, I) (2018)

<bold>MAPI</bold>and related perovskites have been studied using a hybrid DFT/HF DFT method with a simplified “corner” model. Bond dissociation energies and<sup>1</sup>H,<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N and<sup>207</sup>Pb absolute shieldings were calculated.
Bunching and antibunching in the fluorescence of semiconductor nanocrystals (2001)

The fluorescence of single-colloidal CdSe quantum dots is investigated at room temperature by means of the autocorrelation function over a time scale of almost 12 orders of magnitude. Over a short time scale, the autocorrelation function shows complete antibunching, indicating single-photon emission and atomiclike behavior. Over longer time scales (up to tens of seconds), we measure a bunching effect that is due to fluorescence intermittency and that cannot be described by fluctuations between two states with constant rates. The autocorrelation function also exhibits nonstationary behavior related to power-law distributions of On and Off times.
On Random Pattern Test Length (1984)

The testing of large logic networks with random patterns is examined. Work by previous workers for single faults is extended to a class of multiple fault situations. Not only is the problem of fault detection in the presence of nonmasking multiple faults treated, but the question of distinguishing between them is also examined. It is shown that a test that merely exposes each fault has a high probability of distinguishing between the faults. The relationships between quality, diagnostic resolution, and random pattern test length are developed. The results have application to self-test schemes that use random patterns as stimuli.
Hepatic Regeneration and Erythropoietin Production in the Rat (1977)

The regenerating liver produces erythropoietin in response to hypoxia. The amounts of erythropoietin produced in animals subjected to hepatectomy are significantly higher than those observed in sham-operated animals. Hepatic erythropoietin production appears to be dependent upon the stage of regeneration with the highest levels being produced during the period of greatest proliferation and increase in liver mass.
IMPROVED HORNER-WADSWORTH-EMMONS PREPARATION OF α-METHYL- OR α-ETHYL-α,β-UNSATURATED ESTERS FROM ALDEHYDES (2001)

The E-isomer selectivity of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of aldehydes to form α-methyl- or α-ethyl-α,β-unsaturated esters has been improved by using lithium tert-butoxide as the base, triethyl-2-phosphonopropionate or triethyl-2-phospho-nobutyrate as the phosphonate, an aldehyde, and hexane as the reaction solvent. Greater E-isomer selectivity was observed in the formation of α-methyl-α,β-unsaturated esters than α-ethyl-α,β-unsaturated esters. These compounds are useful intermediates for the synthesis of insect pheromones and natural products.
Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates myeloid cell leukemia-1 expression through neuropilin-1-dependent activation of c-MET signaling in human prostate cancer cells (2010)

This study demonstrated that Mcl-1 overexpression is associated with PCa bone metastasis. Activation of VEGF165-NRP1-c-MET signaling could confer PCa cells survival advantages by up-regulating Mcl-1, contributing to PCa progression.
Significance of Ras Signaling in Cancer and Strategies for its Control (2015)

Ras is a GTP-binding protein and is the most widely studied oncoprotein. To achieve its biological activity, it must undergo post-translation modification. Ras acts as a typical molecular switch. The GTP-bound Ras can activate several downstream effector pathways. Ras signaling regulates many important physiologic processes within a cell, such as cell cycle progression, survival, apoptosis, etc. Several studies have found mutation in Ras or its effectors in various types of tumors. Therefore, Ras or its downstream effectors can be attractive drug targets against various types of tumors in cancer therapeutics. Some therapeutic agents against Ras effectors, such as Raf, MEK1/2, PI3K, AKT etc., have successfully managed to enter into phase I and II trials. This targeted drug design could be envisaged in mainly four ways, such as prevention of Ras-GTP formation, covalent locking of the GDP-bound Ras, inhibition of Ras-effector interactions, or impairment of post-translational modification of Ras. In this review we summarize the normal Ras signaling as well its aberrant signaling in tumors and various strategies to inhibit Ras signaling.
Geodesic Acoustic Waves in Hydromagnetic Systems (1968)

In toroidal systems with geodesic curvature an electrostatic acoustic mode occurs with plasma motion in the magnetic surfaces, perpendicular to the field. In typical stellarators this mode should dominate ordinary sound waves associated with motion along the field.
Best practices for standardized performance testing of infrared thermographs intended for fever screening (2018)

Infrared (IR) modalities represent the only currently viable mass fever screening approaches for outbreaks of infectious disease pandemics such as Ebola virus disease and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Non-contact IR thermometers (NCITs) and IR thermographs (IRTs) have been used for fever screening in public areas such as airports. While NCITs remain a more popular choice than IRTs, there has been increasing evidences in the literature that IRTs can provide great accuracy in estimating body temperature if qualified systems are used and appropriate procedures are consistently applied. In this study, we addressed the issue of IRT qualification by implementing and evaluating a battery of test methods for objective, quantitative assessment of IRT performance based on a recent international standard (IEC 80601-2-59). We tested two commercial IRTs to evaluate their stability and drift, image uniformity, minimum resolvable temperature difference, and radiometric temperature laboratory accuracy. Based on these tests, we illustrated how experimental and data processing procedures could affect results, and suggested methods for clarifying and optimizing test methods. Overall, the insights into thermograph standardization and acquisition methods provided by this study may improve the utility of IR thermography and aid in comparing IRT performance, thus improving the potential for producing high quality disease pandemic countermeasures.
Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as a coupling agent for polypropylene composites filled with ink‐eliminated waste paper sludge flour (2003)

Abstract Ink‐eliminated sludge flour (IESF), a waste residue from the recycling treatment of waste paper, is a promising new kind of filler for thermoplastic polymers with a good price/performance ratio and advantages for environmental protection. In this study, high‐impact polypropylene (PP) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were chosen as a polymer matrix and a coupling agent, respectively, for the preparation of IESF/PP composites, and the structures and properties of the obtained composites were also investigated. The experimental results revealed that IESF not only induced the crystallization orientation of PP along the b axis but also had a restraining effect on the formation of the β phase during the recrystallization of PP from the melt; the addition of MAPP further strengthened this effect to some extent. In addition, the proper addition of MAPP was helpful for improving the thermal stability of the IESF/PP composites. With the strengthening of the interfacial interaction between the IESF and PP matrix by MAPP, the resultant efficient stress transfer from the PP matrix to the IESF particles led to increased tensile and flexural strength. However, the original greater rigidity of MAPP, with respect to PP, reduced the toughness of the composites and caused some negative effects on the impact strength and the elongation at break. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2320–2325, 2004
Nicotine Concentration in Leaves of Flue‐cured Tobacco Plants as Affected by Removal of the Shoot Apex and Lateral Buds (2008)

It is believed that the nicotine concentration in tobacco is closely correlated with the amount of nitrogen (N) supplied. On the other hand, N uptake mainly occurs at the early growth stage, whereas nicotine concentration increases at the late growth stage, especially after removing the shoot apex. To identify the causes of the increased nicotine concentration in tobacco plants, and to compare the effects of different ways of mechanical wounding on nicotine concentration, field experiments were carried out in Fuzhou, Fujian Province in 2003 and 2004. Excision of the shoot apex had almost no influence on N content in the plant; however, it caused dramatic increases in nicotine concentration in leaves, especially in the middle and upper leaves. An additional increase of the nicotine concentration was obtained by removal of axillary buds. The wounding caused by routine leaf harvests, however, did not change the leaf nicotine concentration, and neither did reducing leaf harvest times. The present results revealed no direct relationship between N supply and nicotine concentration in tobacco leaves, and indicate that not all kinds of mechanical wounding were capable of stimulating nicotine synthesis in tobacco plants. Since nicotine production is highly dependent on the removal of apical meristems and hence on the major sources of auxin in the plant, and application of 1-naphthylacetic acid onto the cut surface of the stem after removing the shoot apex markedly decreased the nicotine concentration in different leaves and the total nicotine content in the plant, the results suggest that decreased auxin supply caused by removal of the shoot apex as a kind of mechanical wounding might regulate nicotine synthesis in the roots of tobacco plants.
Comparison of current methods for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol quantitation. (1979)

We compared six precipitation methods for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol quantitation with an ultracentrifugation method, the accuracy of which was improved by correcting for 4% manipulative loss in the d greater than 1.063 fractions. For purposes of comparison, the apoprotein B-associated cholesterol (average 56 mg/L) measured by immunoassay in the d greater than 1.063 fractions was subtracted. In 65 plasma samples from men, women, and children, a heparin-Mn2+ procedure with Mn2+ at 46 mmol/L produced results slightly higher (+16 mg/L), while results with Mn2+ at 92 mmol/L averaged slightly lower (-8 mg/L) than the comparison ultracentrifuge method. Results that were about 5% low were obtained by the dextran sulfate 500-Mg2+ (-25 mg/L) and phosphotungstate-Mg2+ (-31 mg/L) methods. A heparin-Ca2+ method produced results 10% high (+58 mg/L). Results by a polyethylene glycol-6000 precipitation method were 12% low (-64 mg/L). Precision was better with the two heparin-Mn2+ and the dextran sulfate 500-Mg2+ procedures, with CVs of 4%, intermediate with phosphotungstate-Mg2+ and polyethylene glycol-6000 (CV 6-7%), and poorest with heparin-Ca2+ (CV 10%). Precipitation by phosphotungate-Mg2+ appeared more sensitive to reagent concentration and temperature variations than either the heparin-Mn2+ or dextran sulfate 500-Mg2+ methods. We conclude that these precipitation methods are not equivalent, but give rise to significant systematic differences in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol quantitation.
Efficient pipelining of nested loops: unroll-and-squash (2002)

The size and complexity of current custom VLSI have forced the use of high-level programming languages to describe hardware, and compiler and synthesis technology to map abstract designs into silicon. Since streaming data processing in DSP applications is typically described by loop constructs in a high-level language, loops are the most critical portions of the hardware description and special techniques are developed to optimally synthesize them. We introduce a new method for mapping and pipelining nested loops efficiently into hardware. It achieves fine-grain parallelism even on strong intra- and inter-iteration data-dependent inner loops and, by sharing resources economically, improves performance at the expense of a small amount of additional area. We implemented the transformation within the Nimble Compiler environment and evaluated its performance on several signal processing benchmarks. The method achieves up to 2× improvement in the area efficiency compared to the best known optimization techniques.
Microsatellite instability occurs frequently and in both diploid and aneuploid cell populations of Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinomas. (1994)

Alterations of microsatellites consisting of extra or missing copies of these sequences occur at relatively high frequencies in sporadic and hereditary colorectal adenocarcinomas, gastric and pancreatic cancers, and at lower frequencies in endometrial, bladder, ovarian, and other carcinomas. We determined the prevalence of microsatellite instability in esophageal adenocarcinoma, Barrett's esophagus, and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Assays were performed on 105 patients, including 28 subjects with Barrett's metaplasia, 36 with Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma, and 42 with primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Flow cytometric nuclear sorting based on DNA content was performed on 25 of the adenocarcinomas prior to DNA extraction. Specimens from 11 of the 106 patients (10%) showed instability at 1 or more chromosomal loci. Instability was seen in 2 of 28 patients (7%) with Barrett's metaplasia alone, in 8 of 36 (22%) with adenocarcinoma, and in 1 of 42 (2%) with squamous cell carcinoma. Among the 25 flow cytometrically sorted adenocarcinomas, instability occurred in 8 (32%); sorted diploid nuclei from these tumors showed instability in 4 of 8 cases (50%). These data indicate that microsatellite instability occurs frequently in Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma. They also suggest that in esophageal adenocarcinomas, microsatellite instability can develop as an early event in metaplasia and in diploid tumor cells, before aneuploidy occurs.
Coupled power theorem and orthogonality relations for optical disk waveguides (1977)

A coupled power theorem is developed which is applied to radial line (disk) optical dielectric waveguides. This theorem is utilized to develop transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic orthogonality relations for modes propagating in perfect disk guides. Because azimuthal variation is easily controlled, the disk guide can be employed as a device for coupling energy from a single source to a large number of optical fiber guides.
A scalable, GFP‐based pipeline for membrane protein overexpression screening and purification (2005)

We describe a generic, GFP-based pipeline for membrane protein overexpression and purification in Escherichia coli. We exemplify the use of the pipeline by the identification and characterization of E. coli YedZ, a new, membrane-integral flavocytochrome. The approach is scalable and suitable for high-throughput applications. The GFP-based pipeline will facilitate the characterization of the E. coli membrane proteome and serves as an important reference for the characterization of other membrane proteomes.
Correlation between serum biomarkers and BODE index in patients with stable COPD (2009)

No single specific serum inflammatory mediator was completely correlated with BODE variable parameters in patients with stable COPD. Serum MCP-1 may be an important biomarker for identifying COPD subjects from healthy smokers and classifying COPD severity.
Functional identity of a primer recognition protein as phosphoglycerate kinase. (1990)

Primer recognition proteins (PRP) are cofactors of DNA polymerase alpha and may have a role in lagging strand DNA replication. Purified PRP from HeLa cells and human placenta are composed of two subunits of 36,000 (PRP 1) and 41,000 (PRP 2) daltons. Upon tryptic digestion, amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides, and homology search against a protein sequence data base, we have identified PRP 2 to be the glycolytic enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). The activities of PRP and PGK increase coordinately in the PRP purification procedure. PRP activity is inhibited by the PGK substrate 3-phosphoglycerate and the competitive inhibitor of substrate binding, DL-alpha-glycerol 3-phosphate. 5'-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine, which inactivates PGK by binding to the nucleotide binding site, also inhibits PRP. For PRP activity, the two substrate binding sites of PGK are necessary in addition to the as yet unidentified PRP 1 polypeptide.
S1P<sub>2</sub> receptor regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate effects on conventional outflow physiology (2011)

Elevated intraocular pressure is the main risk factor in primary open-angle glaucoma, involving an increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow in the juxtacanalicular region of the conventional outflow pathway which includes the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal (SC). Previously, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was shown to decrease outflow facility in porcine and human eyes, thus increasing outflow resistance and intraocular pressure. Owing to S1P's known effect of increasing barrier function in endothelial cells and the robust expression of the S1P₁ receptor on the inner wall of SC, we hypothesized that S1P₁ receptor activation promotes junction formation and decreases outflow facility. The effects of subtype-specific S1P receptor compounds were tested in human and porcine whole-eye perfusions and human primary cultures of SC and TM cells to determine the receptor responsible for S1P effects on outflow resistance. The S1P₁-specific agonist SEW2871 failed to both mimic S1P effects in paired human eye perfusions, as well as increase myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in cell culture, a prominent outcome in S1P-treated SC and TM cells. In contrast, the S1P₂ antagonist JTE-013, but not the S1P₁ or S1P₁,₃ antagonists, blocked the S1P-promoted increase in MLC phosphorylation. Moreover, JTE-013 prevented S1P-induced decrease in outflow facility in perfused human eyes (P < 0.05, n = 6 pairs). Similarly, porcine eyes perfused with JTE-013 + S1P did not differ from eyes with JTE-013 alone (P = 0.53, n = 3). These results demonstrate that S1P₂ , and not S1P₁ or S1P₃, receptor activation increases conventional outflow resistance and is a potential target to regulate intraocular pressure.