gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of Ad-36 and its E4orf-1 protein in modulating glycemic control (2011)

Current treatment strategies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) include a range of anti-diabetic drugs, supplemented by lifestyle modifications to reduce dietary fat intake and body fat. However, for their anti-diabetic action, most drugs recruit insulin signaling pathways, which are already impaired in T2DM. Also, compliance and success in achieving sustained improvements in diet or obesity over the long term is marginal. Therefore, an agent that improves diabetes independent of insulin signaling or lifestyle changes may be highly useful. Human adenovirus Ad36 offers such a model. Ad36 improves glycemic control in chow-fed mice or rats and attenuates diabetes and hepatic steatosis in high fat(HF)-fed mice, despite the HF intake and without reducing adiposity. In human adults, natural Ad36 infection predicts better glycemic control and lower hepatic lipid stores. Ex-vivo cell signaling studies suggest that in mice, Ad36 activates Ras-mediated phosphatidyl- inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway (Ras/PI3K) to up-regulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose, and suppresses glucose output from the liver. This study determined if the anti-diabetic properties of Ad36 could be creatively harnessed. Objective 1 determined that Ad36 seropositivity was associated with improved glycemic control and lower hepatic lipids in Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American children and adolescents. Objective 2 determined which of the conventional contributors of insulin sensitivity are modulated by Ad36. In vitro, Ad36 increased preadipocyte differentiation, de-novo lipogenesis, and fat oxidation. Ad36 increased the proportion of small adipocytes in mice on a chow diet, whereas in HF-fed mice, Ad36 increased the proportion of large adipocytes. Adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis were not affected by Ad36. Objective 3 determined the E4orf1 protein of Ad36 mediates its anti-hyperglycemic property. E4orf1 is sufficient and necessary to improve glucose uptake. Mirroring the actions of Ad36, in vitro, E4orf1 also up-regulates the Ras/PI3K pathway, and adiponectin –an insulin sensitizing adipokine, and down-regulates inflammatory cytokine expression. E4orf1 increases glucose uptake in, preadipocytes and adipocytes. In hepatocytes, E4orf1 reduces glucose output and the metabolic studies indicate it favors less hepatic lipid storage. Overall, this study offers a broad foundation to further determine the potential of E4orf1 as an anti-diabetic agent.
Elevated serum levels of soluble ICAM‐1 in non‐Hodgkin’s lymphomas correlate with tumour burden, disease activity and other prognostic markers (1996)

The serum levels of soluble ICAM-1 (CD54) were significantly elevated in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL, n=127) and hairy cell leukaemia (HCL, n=15) compared with healthy controls (n=31). In high-grade malignant NHL (n=79) the sICAM-1 levels correlated with the tumour mass as reflected in the Ann Arbor staging system but not with bulky disease. Further, the sICAM-1 levels correlated with disease activity as reflected by the presence of B symptoms and with other known prognostic markers. In particular serum thymidine kinase (sTK). In patients with low-grade malignant NHL (n=48) a trend towards higher serum levels of sICAM-1 was found in patients with advanced stage and B symptoms. In both low and high-grade malignant NHL, elevated levels of sICAM-1 were associated with poorer overall and disease-free survival. The present results indicated that sICAM-1 levels have a prognostic power equal to that of other serum markers claimed to be of prognostic value in NHL, namely serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m), serum thymidine kinase (sTK), albumin and orosomucoid. The cellular origin and the possible interactions between soluble and surface ICAM-1 and its ligands needs further exploration.
The use of preintervention and postintervention thallium imaging for assessing the early and late effects of experimental coronary arterial reperfusion in dogs. (1984)

To determine if thallium-201 imaging of myocardial perfusion can be used as an early predictor of myocardial salvage after reperfusion, 24 adult dogs were subjected to complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery with release of the snare 2 hr later. Separate doses of thallium (1 mCi) and microspheres were given 15 min before, 5 min after, and 1 hr after release of the snare. Gamma camera images of the heart were obtained after each injection of thallium. Preinjection images were also acquired before the second and third doses and were subtracted from the postinjection images to eliminate the counts due to residual activity from the prior injections. The chest was then closed and the dog allowed to recover. The chest was reopened 48 hr later, final doses of thallium and microspheres were administered, and the heart was imaged. After the dog was killed, the left ventricle was sliced from apex to base, and any infarct was outlined with triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining. The slices were then subdivided into pieces of approximately 1 g each and then well counted for microsphere determination of regional myocardial blood flows. Thallium images were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Fifteen dogs with myocardial infarctions, as assessed by TTC staining, all had thallium image defects during coronary arterial occlusion. Thallium scans obtained immediately after reperfusion demonstrated increased anterior wall thallium activity in nine dogs, normal activity in four dogs, and decreased activity in two dogs. In 14 of the 15 dogs, relative thallium activity correlated with the occlusion/normal zone flow ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesis and Size Control of Monodispersed Al-sulphonated Polycarboxylic Acid (Al-SPCA) Nanoparticles with Improved Squeeze Performance and Their Transport in Porous Media (2012)

Abstract Sulphonated polymers are used in oilfield for scale inhibition. In this study, Al-sulphonated polycarboxylic acid (SPCA) hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by an environmentally friendly approach. Particle size of these materials was controlled at about 80 nm by applying hydrothermal synthetic method with urea as slow neutralization agent. Reaction parameters such as concentration of salt solution, reaction time, urea concentration and ionic strength were investigated to optimize nanoparticle synthesis. The mobility of Al-SPCA hybrid nanoparticles decreases dramatically in 1% (w/w) KCl solution. Using phosphino-polycarboxylic acid (PPCA) as dispersant, nanoparticles were well suspended in 1% KCl solution. Absorption of PPCA to hybrid nanoparticles increases its negative surface charge and decreases particle deposition. The retention and long term flowback performance of hybrid nanoparticles were compared with the neat chemical squeeze simulation in ground core column experiments. The results showed that the slow release of sulphonated polymer from hybrid nanoparticles in porous medium leads to an enhanced squeeze treatment efficiency and successful inhibitor treatment in the oil field.
Relationships between Circulating and Intracellular Thyroid Hormones: Physiological and Clinical Implications* (1981)

THYROXINE (T4), measured as protein-bound iodine, was the first hormone to be quantitated in human serum. As a consequence, it was possible to demonstrate clear relationships between circulating T4 concentrations and many of the physiological manifestations of thyroid hormone excess or deficiency. In 1952, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) was identified in human plasma and metabolic studies in man soon led to the realization that this hormone was 3–4 times as potent metabolically as T4 (1–4). At that time, the question was first raised as to whether T4 or T3 was the “active” thyroid hormone (3). This question became even more pertinent when it was suggested first in 1955 (5) and shown conclusively in 1970 that T4 could be converted to T3 by peripheral human tissues (6, 7). These studies were made possible by the development of methods for quantitating T3 in human serum, initially by competitive protein binding techniques, followed soon thereafter by specific and sensitive RIAs.
Screening for Lignin-degrading Actinomycetes and Characterization of their Activity against [14C]Lignin-labelled Wheat Lignocellulose (1984)

A sedimentation chamber and Andersen sampler were used to isolate a range of actinomycetes on selective and non-selective media. The occurrence of different actinomycete groups in natural substrates was compared and strains were screened for the ability to degrade ball-milled straw or to grow on lignin-related phenolic compounds. Evidence for ligninolytic activity in representatives of several genera was obtained by assaying 14CO2 evolution from [14C]lignin-labelled wheat lignocellulose. Most of the straw-degrading isolates were assigned to the genera Thermomonospora and Micromonospora, but only representatives of the latter were found to be active against [14C]lignin. Of the non-straw-degrading strains also examined, some which could utilize phenolic substrates produced 14CO2 from the [lignin-14C]lignocellulose, and two of these were selected for further study. These strains, Thermomonospora mesophila and a Streptomyces sp., attacked [14C]lignin yielding 14CO2 and water-soluble 14C-labelled compounds during primary growth. This activity was not accounted for by the utilization of phenolic acids linked to the carbohydrate fraction of wheat lignocellulose and was unaffected by cultural parameters known to influence lignin degradation by white-rot fungi.
Use of isoxazolium salts for carboxyl group modification in proteins. Trypsin (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of isoxazolium salts for carboxyl group modification in proteins. TrypsinPeter Bodlaender, Gad Feinstein, and Elliott ShawCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 12, 4941–4949Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00840a043https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00840a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Assembly of a coordination cage with four aromatic channel receptors on the outside (2002)

Silver salts and triphosphine ligands with biphenyl substituents assemble to give coordination cages with four external aromatic channel receptors in a pseudo-tetrahedral arrangement.
Notes - Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. 2-Acylamido- and 2-Sulfonamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamides (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. 2-Acylamido- and 2-Sulfonamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamidesJ. Vaughan, Jr., J. Eichler, and G. AndersonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 6, 700–701Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1956Publication History Published online4 March 2003Published inissue 1 June 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01112a612RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (227 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Artificial regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli by RNase P. (1995)

Plasmids encoding various external guide sequences (EGSs) were constructed and inserted into Escherichia coli. In strains harboring the appropriate plasmids, the expression of fully induced beta-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced by more than 50%, while no reduction in such activity was observed in strains with non-specific EGSs. The inhibition of gene expression was virtually abolished at restrictive temperatures in strains that were temperature-sensitive for RNase P (EC 3.1.26.5). Northern blot analysis showed that the steady-state copy number of EGS RNAs was several hundred per cell in vivo. A plasmid that contained a gene for M1 RNA covalently linked to a specific EGS reduced the level of expression of a suppressor tRNA that was encoded by a separate plasmid. Similar methods can be used to regulate gene expression in E. coli and to mimic the properties of cold-sensitive mutants.
Experimental analysis of gene assembly with TopDown one-step real-time gene synthesis (2009)

Herein we present a simple, cost-effective TopDown (TD) gene synthesis method that eliminates the interference between the polymerase chain reactions (PCR) assembly and amplification in one-step gene synthesis. The method involves two key steps: (i) design of outer primers and assembly oligonucleotide set with a melting temperature difference of >10 degrees C and (ii) utilization of annealing temperatures to selectively control the efficiencies of oligonucleotide assembly and full-length template amplification. In addition, we have combined the proposed method with real-time PCR to analyze the step-wise efficiency and the kinetics of the gene synthesis process. Gel electrophoresis results are compared with real-time fluorescence signals to investigate the effects of oligonucleotide concentration, outer primer concentration, stringency of annealing temperature, and number of PCR cycles. Analysis of the experimental results has led to insights into the gene synthesis process. We further discuss the conditions for preventing the formation of spurious DNA products. The TD real-time gene synthesis method provides a simple and efficient method for assembling fairly long DNA sequence, and aids in optimizing gene synthesis conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report that utilizes real-time PCR for gene synthesis.
Effect of silk degumming on the structure and properties of silk fibroin (2018)

Two different silk fibroin samples were obtained by the Na2CO3 and urea degumming methods of silk fibers in the same fiber dissolution system, respectively. The molecular weight and viscosity of the fibroin samples were analyzed by the methods of SDS-PAGE, rheological, and etc. Then, different silk fibroin membranes (SFMs) and blank microspheres were prepared, and the effects of degumming methods on the silk fibroin were studied via analyzing the differences of SFMs and blank microspheres of the two samples. The experimental results showed that the viscosity of fibroin solution was positively correlated with its molecular weight. The fibroin prepared by the Na2CO3 degumming was lower than the one prepared by the urea degumming in the viscosity of the fibroin solution under the same mass concentration. Degumming with Na2CO3 exhibited the obvious effects on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of SFM, tensile strength decreased almost 10% and breaking elongation reduced more than 50%. Blank microspheres prepared from silk fibroin degummed with the different methods showed different particle sizes and its distribution. The microspheres prepared from silk fibroin degummed with the Na2CO3 had the smaller particle sizes and more concentrated distribution compared with those with the urea.
Garbage Truck of the Brain (2013)

An intercellular “glymphatic” pathway clears cell waste from the brain and may reveal new targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Continuous particle fractionation based on gravitational sedimentation in split-flow thin cells (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTContinuous particle fractionation based on gravitational sedimentation in split-flow thin cellsStephen R. Springston, Marcus N. Myers, and J. Calvin. GiddingsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 2, 344–350Publication Date (Print):January 15, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00129a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00129a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Development and Characterization of a Solid Phase for Single-Step Enrichment of Pathogenic Targets (2008)

The identification of low abundance target nucleic acids in a complex matrix can be challenging due to the abundance background material. Current methods use two-step processes which are time consuming, prone to contamination and usually limited to one pathogen. In this study we describe a single-step target-capture approach using magnetic microbeads with capture probes covalently attached through a phosphorus dendrimer linker. This approach was also used successfully for simultaneous capturing of two low abundance pathogenic nucleic acids present in a complex matrix (800fold excess of background nucleic acids) by using a multi-pathogen solid phase. The thermal stability of the solid phase allows denaturation and capture to proceed sequentially and the recovery of the targets to be performed by heat denaturation without the risk of probe shedding. The critical variables involved in the development of the solid phase and the steps required for further optimization are discussed.
Clickable Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s as Versatile Building Blocks (2008)

Abstract Cationic ring‐opening polymerization techniques are very sensitive to nucleophiles, which make it difficult to introduce different functional groups into these polymers. Clickable poly(2‐oxazoline)s were synthesized and functionalization was performed by the copper(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between alkynes and azides. Therefore, an alkyne function is introduced into the polymer backbone by utilizing alkyne toluene‐4‐sulfonates as an initiator. The polymerization kinetics were investigated for four different 2‐substituted‐2‐oxazolines and well‐defined acetylene‐functionalized poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)s with different lengths were synthesized having ≈100% functionality. One of these polymers was used to demonstrate its applicability in the azide‐alkyne click reaction by reaction with different azide compounds. magnified image
A novel zoom-lens spectrograph for a small astronomical telescope (1996)

A novel astronomical spectrograph has been constructed using a zoom lens as the focusing element. The linear dispersion is continuously variable from 33 to 1272 Å mm −1 by the use of a grating turret with three gratings and a zoom lens with a focal length range of 50–250 mm. The absorption losses and chromatic aberration are shown to be acceptable. The instrument has been used successfully on a 0.4-m Cassegrain telescope with a cooled CCD detector for a number of student projects, including the determination of the redshift of the brightest quasar, 3C 273.
397. Hydrazine. Part III. The hydrazinium salts of complex fluoro-acids of tin, antimony, and bismuth (1953)

W. Pugh, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1934 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530001934
Carbon doped GaN buffer layer using propane for high electron mobility transistor applications: Growth and device results (2015)

The creation of a semi insulating (SI) buffer layer in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) devices is crucial for preventing a current path beneath the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). In this investigation, we evaluate the use of a gaseous carbon gas precursor, propane, for creating a SI GaN buffer layer in a HEMT structure. The carbon doped profile, using propane gas, is a two stepped profile with a high carbon doping (1.5 × 1018 cm−3) epitaxial layer closest to the substrate and a lower doped layer (3 × 1016 cm−3) closest to the 2DEG channel. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry measurement shows a uniform incorporation versus depth, and no memory effect from carbon doping can be seen. The high carbon doping (1.5 × 1018 cm−3) does not influence the surface morphology, and a roughness root-mean-square value of 0.43 nm is obtained from Atomic Force Microscopy. High resolution X-ray diffraction measurements show very sharp peaks and no structural degradation can be seen related to the heavy carbon doped layer. HEMTs are fabricated and show an extremely low drain induced barrier lowering value of 0.1 mV/V, demonstrating an excellent buffer isolation. The carbon doped GaN buffer layer using propane gas is compared to samples using carbon from the trimethylgallium molecule, showing equally low leakage currents, demonstrating the capability of growing highly resistive buffer layers using a gaseous carbon source.
Classification, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (2015)

Current multiple sclerosis phenotypic classifications include relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome, radiologically isolated syndrome, primary-progressive multiple sclerosis, and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. The McDonald 2010 diagnostic criteria provide formal guidelines for the diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. These require demonstration of dissemination in space and time, with consideration given to both clinical findings and imaging data. The criteria also require that there exist no better explanation for the patient's presentation. The clinical history, examination, and MRI should be most consistent with multiple sclerosis, including the presence of features typical for the disease as well as the absence of features that suggest an alternative cause, for a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis to be proposed.