gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic Constituents from the Rhizomes of<i>Curcuma zedoaria</i> (2014)

Curcuma zedoaria also known as Temu putih is traditionally used in food preparations and treatment of various ailments including cancer. The cytotoxic activity of hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and the methanol-soxhlet extracts of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes was tested on two human cancer cell lines (Ca Ski and MCF-7) and a noncancer cell line (HUVEC) using MTT assay. Investigation on the chemical components in the hexane and dichloromethane fractions gave 19 compounds, namely, labda-8(17),12 diene-15,16 dial (1), dehydrocurdione (2), curcumenone (3), comosone II (4), curcumenol (5), procurcumenol (6), germacrone (7), zerumbone epoxide (8), zederone (9), 9-isopropylidene-2,6-dimethyl-11-oxatricyclo[6.2.1.0(1,5)]undec-6-en-8-ol (10), furanodiene (11), germacrone-4,5-epoxide (12), calcaratarin A (13), isoprocurcumenol (14), germacrone-1,10-epoxide (15), zerumin A (16), curcumanolide A (17), curcuzedoalide (18), and gweicurculactone (19). Compounds (1-19) were evaluated for their antiproliferative effect using MTT assay against four cancer cell lines (Ca Ski, MCF-7, PC-3, and HT-29). Curcumenone (3) and curcumenol (5) displayed strong antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 8.3 ± 1.0 and 9.3 ± 0.3 μg/mL, resp.) and were found to induce apoptotic cell death on MCF-7 cells using phase contrast and Hoechst 33342/PI double-staining assay. Thus, the present study provides basis for the ethnomedical application of Curcuma zedoaria in the treatment of breast cancer.
4-Quinolones and the SOS response (1989)

The SOS DNA repair system is induced in bacteria treated with 4-quinolones. However, whether the response exacerbates or repairs the damage caused by these drugs is still unclear. The recA13 and the recB21 mutations impair recombination repair and render bacteria unable to induce the SOS response when treated with nalidixic acid or other agents that affect DNA synthesis. However, UV treatment induces the SOS response in recB21 mutants but not in recA13 mutants. Both these mutants are hypersensitive to nalidixic acid and, therefore, either recombination repair or SOS repair would appear to repair DNA damage caused by the drug. However, since the lexA3 mutation (which also renders bacteria incapable of inducing the SOS response without affecting recombination repair) had no effect on the susceptibility of bacteria to nalidixic acid, the SOS response neither contributes to nor repairs DNA damage caused by the drug. Consequently, it would seem that the hypersensitivity of the recA13 and recB21 mutants to nalidixic acid is due to their deficiency in recombination repair. This view was confirmed by testing a recA430 mutant that is recombination-repair proficient but SOS repair-deficient and finding it to be no more sensitive to nalidixic acid than its parent. Thus it would appear that, although induced by nalidixic acid treatment, the SOS DNA repair system does not play any role in bacterial responses to the damage caused by the drug. In contrast, the recombination repair system does repair damage caused by nalidixic acid.
Quinazoline Derivatives from 2-Phenyl-4-quinazolinylhydrazine (1984)

Abstract Formic acid and acetyl and benzoyl chloride were treated with 2-phenyl-4-quinazolinylhydrazine (1) under mild conditions to afford the corresponding hydrazides which were converted into 5-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline, 2-methyl-5-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline, and 2,5-diphenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline (3a) respectively by heating over their melting points. Reaction of 1 with aldehydes produced the corresponding hydrazones which give the corresponding [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines (3a–i) on pyrolysis. Carbon disulfide underwent ring closure with 1 to 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-c]quinazoline-3-thiol which was readily converted into the corresponding alkylthio compounds by treatment with alkyl halides. Further, 4-(4-arylmethylene-5-oxo-2-phenyl-2-imidazolinylamino)-2-phenylquinazolines were obtained via the condensation of 4-arylmethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-ones with 1.
A Modular Vaccine Platform Combining Self‐Assembled Peptide Cages and Immunogenic Peptides (2019)

Subunit vaccines use delivery platforms to present minimal antigenic components for immunization. The benefits of such systems include multivalency, self-adjuvanting properties, and more specific immune responses. Previously, the design, synthesis, and characterization of self-assembling peptide cages (SAGEs) have been reported. In these, de novo peptides are combined to make hubs that assemble into nanoparticles when mixed in aqueous solution. Here it is shown that SAGEs are nontoxic particles with potential as accessible synthetic peptide scaffolds for the delivery of immunogenic components. To this end, SAGEs functionalized with the model antigenic peptides tetanus toxoid<sub>632-651</sub> and ovalbumin<sub>323-339</sub> drive antigen-specific responses both in vitro and in vivo, eliciting both CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell and B cell responses. Additionally, SAGEs functionalized with the antigenic peptide hemagglutinin<sub>518-526</sub> from the influenza virus are also able to drive a CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell response in vivo. This work demonstrates the potential of SAGEs to act as a modular scaffold for antigen delivery, capable of inducing and boosting specific and tailored immune responses.
Oligo Tröger's bases—new molecular scaffolds (2012)

Oligo Tröger's bases are compounds containing two or more Tröger's base subunits (1,5-methanodiareno[b,f][1,5]diazocines) sharing one or more arene parts. Due to their interesting molecular shapes, these compounds are studied as chiral molecular tweezers, clips, cavitands, clefts, calixes, etc. This review includes all available data on oligo Tröger's bases, and introduces their preparation and properties to a wide audience.
Coreceptor Utilization of HIV Type 1 Subtype E Viral Isolates from Thai Men with HIV Type 1-Infected and Uninfected Wives (2002)

HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 play an important role in viral entry and pathogenesis. To better understand the role of viral tropism in HIV-1 transmission, we examined the coreceptor utilization of viral isolates obtained from men enrolled in a study of heterosexual transmission in northern Thailand. Viral isolates were obtained from HIV-1-positive males who had either HIV-1-infected spouses (RM; n = 5) or HIV-1-uninfected spouses (HM; n = 10). Viral isolates from 1 of the 5 RM males and 2 of the 10 HM males were CCR5 tropic, whereas isolates from 3 RM males and 6 of the HM male isolates were CXCR4 tropic. Of the nine X4-tropic isolates, seven also used at least one of the following coreceptors: CCR8, CCR1, CCR2b, or CX3CR1, and none employed CCR5 as an additional coreceptor. More importantly, three isolates, RM-15, HM-13, and HM-16 (one from a transmitter and two from nontransmitter), did not infect GHOST4.cl.34 cells expressing any of the known coreceptors. Further analysis using MAGI-plaque assays, which allow visualization of infected cells, revealed that RM-15 had low numbers of infected cells in MAGI-R5 and MAGI-X4 cultures, whereas HM-13 and HM-16 had high levels of plaques in MAGI-X4 cultures. Replication kinetics using activated lymphocytes revealed that these three isolates replicated in CCR5(+/+) as well as CCR5(-/-) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that these isolates did not have an absolute requirement of CCR5 for viral entry. All three isolates were sensitive to the X4-antagonistic compounds T-22 and AMD3100. Analysis of the C2V3 region did not reveal any significant structural differences between any of the Thai subtype E isolates. Thus, there was no association between the pattern of coreceptor usage and transmissibility among these subtype E HIV-1 isolates.
Pharmacokinetics of riluzole: evidence for glucuronidation as a major metabolic pathway not associated with UGT1A1 genotype (2007)

Pharmacokinetic studies of riluzole show a large inter-individual variability of the drug's clearance and serum concentrations. Optimizing the individual dosage of riluzole may have the potential to improve the effect of riluzole treatment on survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Limited data are available on the in vivo metabolic elimination of riluzole. From in vitro experiments, CYP1A2 seems to be mainly involved in riluzole clearance. However, in vitro studies suggest that formation of riluzole-glucuronide plays a role and may determine the drug's pharmacokinetic variability in patients to some extent. In the current study the formation of riluzole-glucuronide was examined in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. It also aimed at relating glucuronidation of riluzole to differential UGT1A1*28 genotypes. The formation of riluzole-glucuronide was confirmed in serum from a group of 14 ALS patients taking riluzole. Riluzole-glucuronide concentrations were positively associated with those of riluzole. In a separate group of 131 ALS patients taking riluzole, the UGT1A1*28 genotype was not associated with trough or peak serum concentrations of riluzole. This study provides evidence that the in vivo metabolic elimination of riluzole in ALS patients involves glucuronidation. The results do not indicate that glucuronidation of riluzole highly contributes to the drug's inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability.
Nutritional factors and autoimmunity. I. Immunopathology of zinc deprivation in New Zealand mice. (1981)

Abstract Although alteration of dietary protein and lipid content has been demonstrated to modify the progression of murine autoimmune disease, relatively little is known regarding the influence of trace metal nutriture on such immunologic phenonema. To investigate such interactions, groups of NZB mice at 6 wk and 6 mo of age were fed diets containing 100 ppm zinc (control), 9 ppm zinc (designated marginal deficiency), 5 ppm zinc (designated moderate deficiency), and 2.5 ppm zinc (designated severe deficiency). Further, to control for the inanition of mice fed the zinc deficient diets, a group of mice were pair-fed the control diet in amounts equal to the intake of mice fed 5 ppm zinc. NZB mice who began the study at 6 wk of age and who were fed 9 ppm zinc experienced a progression of autoimmune disease similar to that observed in the ad libitum-fed control mice. In contrast, young mice fed either 5 or 2.5 ppm zinc showed a delay in the onset of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, as reflected by significantly higher packed cell volume and hemoglobin values, lower titers of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulins, and prolonged lifespan. The delay in the progression of these features was partially accounted for by depression of food intake and consequent caloric deprivation. However, mice fed 5 ppm zinc had higher packed cell volume and hemoglobin values, and lower anti-erythrocyte autoantibody titers and serum immunoglobulin levels than did their pair-fed controls, indicating that deprivation of zinc accounted for a significant share of the alteration in autoimmunity by nutritional manipulation. In contrast, NZB mice that began to consume the diets at 6 mo of age showed a moderate slowing but not a reversal of the autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The retardation of autoimmunity in older NZB mice was almost entirely due to the inanition that accompanied zinc deprivation, as reflected by a similar slowing of the onset of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in pair-fed controls. These results reaffirm the possibility of utilizing nutritional factors to alter murine autoimmune disease, and further establish the potential importance of trace metals in the development and maintenance of immunocompetence.
Overview of Low-Complexity Video Transcoding from H.263 to H.264 (2006)

With the standardization of H.264/AVC by ITU-T and ISO/IEC and the adaptatation into new hardware, the necessity of transcoding between existing standards and H.264 will arise to achieve interoperability between hardware devices. Because of the many new prediction parameters as well as the pixel-based deblocking filter and the new transform of H.264 this is a difficult task to perform. In our work we propose a fast cascaded pixel-domain transcoder from H.263 to H.264 for both intra- and inter-frame coding. The rate-distortion (RD) performance of the encoded bitstreams is compared to an exhaustive full-search approach. Our approach leads to 9% higher data rate in average, but the computational complexity for the prediction can be reduced by 90% and more. It will be shown that the algorithms proposed for H.263 are applicable for transcoding MPEG-2 to H.264, too
Neural Progenitor Cell Terminology (2018)

Since descriptions of neural precursor cells (NPCs) were published in the late 19th century, neuroanatomists have used a variety of terms to describe these cells, each term reflecting contemporary understanding of cellular characteristics and function. As the field gained knowledge through a combination of technical advance and individual insight, the terminology describing NPCs changed to incorporate new information. While there is a trend toward consensus and streamlining of terminology over time, to this day scientists use different terms for NPCs that reflect their field and perspective, i.e., terms arising from molecular, cellular, or anatomical sciences. Here we review past and current terminology used to refer to NPCs, including embryonic and adult precursor cells of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
Efficient internal exon recognition depends on near equal contributions from the 3′ and 5′ splice sites (2011)

Pre-mRNA splicing is carried out by the spliceosome, which identifies exons and removes intervening introns. In vertebrates, most splice sites are initially recognized by the spliceosome across the exon, because most exons are small and surrounded by large introns. This gene architecture predicts that efficient exon recognition depends largely on the strength of the flanking 3' and 5' splice sites. However, it is unknown if the 3' or the 5' splice site dominates the exon recognition process. Here, we test the 3' and 5' splice site contributions towards efficient exon recognition by systematically replacing the splice sites of an internal exon with sequences of different splice site strengths. We show that the presence of an optimal splice site does not guarantee exon inclusion and that the best predictor for exon recognition is the sum of both splice site scores. Using a genome-wide approach, we demonstrate that the combined 3' and 5' splice site strengths of internal exons provide a much more significant separator between constitutive and alternative exons than either the 3' or the 5' splice site strength alone.
A 23 GHz Active Mixer with Integrated Diode Linearizer in SiGe BiCMOS Technology (2003)

Active mixers operating at 23 GHz are designed and fabricated in SiGe technology. An integrated diode linearizer is used to improve the linearity of the mixer. Measurement and simulation show excellent agreement. Typically, 10 dB double-sideband noise figure, 10 dBm IIP3 and 2 dB conversion gain are measured, featuring low noise and high linearity in a same design.
Photocurrents in Weyl semimetals (2017)

The generation of photocurrent in an ideal two-dimensional Dirac spectrum is symmetry forbidden. In sharp contrast, we show that three-dimensional Weyl semimetals can generically support significant photocurrents due to the combination of inversion symmetry breaking and finite tilts of the Weyl spectra. Symmetry properties, chirality relations, and various dependencies of this photovoltaic effect on the system and the light source are explored in detail. Our results suggest that noncentrosymmetric Weyl materials can be advantageously applied to room temperature detections of mid- and far-infrared radiations.
Implementation of a portable Fortran 77 compiler using modern tools (1979)

I have recently written a portable compiler [1] for the Fortran 77 language [2]. It attacks an old language with new tools: the parser is generated automatically from an LALR(1) grammar, the program is produced by code generators designed for another language. These tools proved very valuable, but they are based on theory and experience one or two decades fresher than that underlying Fortran, so they really do not fit this application. The following discusses the approach taken, the ways in which the tools had to be bent to do the job, the properties of Fortran that seem to cause the most trouble, and the costs of writing a portable compiler. It also describes certain aspects of the approach to code generation, since others may wish to use the same tools. This paper does not describe low-level details of the implementation. This compiler is intimately connected with the programming language C[3]. The compiler is written in C, it uses tools written in C, the input/output library uses the standard C library, and it uses the second pass of a C compiler as code generator. To a much smaller extent, this compiler is based on the UNIX operating system, since all of the development work was done on UNIX systems and the current version of the compiler assumes the UNIX system process structure. It would require a serious but not enormous effort to move this compiler to a different operating system; it would be impossible to move it to a non-C environment.
A model free fuzzy logic based rotor position sensorless switched reluctance motor drives (2002)

Switched reluctance motor drives may be used in many commercial applications due to their simplicity and inexpensiveness. However, they require rotor position information in order to operate. In many systems, though, rotor position sensors are undesirable and have disadvantages. To overcome the disadvantages induced by position sensors, a number of sensorless methods for switched reluctance motors have been proposed by researchers. Nevertheless, these methods present limitations, such as restrictions on the motor operating conditions and ineffectiveness at high speeds and at standstill operation. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based sensorless control algorithm is described and a description of the implemented hardware system is given. The scheme may be used under all motor operating conditions including standstill and startup. An important feature is that saturation effects and real time nonidealiarities are not ignored, but no mathematical model is required. The system also incorporates techniques to overcome measurement errors and inaccuracies.
Intracellular localization of tumor-associated antigens in murine and human malignant melanoma. (1977)

Cross-reacting tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated to be present in the cytoplasm of melanocytes in malignant melanoma. We have utilized both the leukocyte migration inhibition and the lymphocyte stimulation assays to determine the intracellular location(s) of these antigens in both human malignant melanoma and B-16 murine melanoma. The results of both assays indicate that this antigen(s) is associated with the membranous organelles, particularly the melanin granules, and is not found in the soluble components of the cytoplasm, as suggested by other studies.
Demenza vascolare sottocorticale: inquadramento clinico e diagnostico-terapeutico (2011)

L’invecchiamento della popolazione richiama l’attenzione sulle malattie croniche che accompagnano la senescenza. Tra queste, la demenza costituisce una priorità per la sua crescente prevalenza, per il grado di disabilità che comporta, per la mancanza ad oggi di cure risolutive, per il carico assistenziale che\nrichiede ai caregiver e, dati anche gli aspetti economici, alla società nel suo complesso. La demenza vascolare (VaD), seconda solo alla Malattia di Alzheimer (AD) per frequenza, è in realtà un insieme di quadri nosologici molto diversi che hanno in comune la genesi vascolare. Tra questi, la VaD sottocorticale è particolarmente frequente in età avanzata, ha un esordio subdolo, un andamento ingravescente, sintomi neuropsicologici, motori e psicoaffettivi caratteristici ed è spesso sottodiagnosticata. Ad oggi\nsi ritiene che le forme vascolari “pure” rappresentino una quota limitata dei casi di demenza e che nella maggioranza dei casi la genesi del disturbo cognitivo dell’anziano sia di tipo “misto” neurodegenerativo e vascolare. In quest’ottica, ed in considerazione della mancanza di cure efficaci, la prevenzione dei\nfattori di rischio vascolari, prima fra tutti l’ipertensione arteriosa, acquistano un ruolo fondamentale, sia in termini di prevenzione primaria, sia di rallentamento del processo patologico già in atto. In questa rassegna saranno presi in considerazione i principali aspetti epidemiologici, diagnostici e classificativi, clinici e terapeutici della VaD, in particolare della forma sottocorticale.
Scale invariant feature extraction for identifying an object in the image using Moment invariants (2010)

Feature extraction is the first and foremost activity in object recognition and detection processing. It reduces the amount of data by representing the image in the form of distinctive, representative interest points. This paper deals with the extraction of global features from the pre-processed images. Geometric Moment invariant produces a set of seven normalized moment invariants that are invariant under shifting, scaling and rotation. Geometric Moment invariant is widely used to extract global features for pattern recognition due to its discrimination power and robustness. After the feature extraction is done the dimensionality of the feature is reduced using the concept of Principal Component Analysis. Finally, the reduced feature vector is used for the recognition of object using the Nearest Neighbor.
Transaction chopping (1995)

Chopping transactions into pieces is good for performance but may lead to nonserializable executions. Many researchers have reacted to this fact by either inventing new concurrency-control mechanisms, weakening serializability, or both. We adopt a different approach. We assume a user who —has access only to user-level tools such as (1) choosing isolation degrees 1ndash;4, (2) the ability to execute a portion of a transaction using multiversion read consistency, and (3) the ability to reorder the instructions in transaction programs; and —knows the set of transactions that may run during a certain interval (users are likely to have such knowledge for on-line or real-time transactional applications). Given this information, our algorithm finds the finest chopping of a set of transactions TranSet with the following property: If the pieces of the chopping execute serializably, then TranSet executes serializably . This permits users to obtain more concurrency while preserving correctness. Besides obtaining more intertransaction concurrency, chopping transactions in this way can enhance intratransaction parallelism. The algorithm is inexpensive, running in O(n×(e+m)) time, once conflicts are identified, using a naive implementation, where n is the number of concurrent transactions in the interval, e is the number of edges in the conflict graph among the transactions, and m is the maximum number of accesses of any transaction. This makes it feasible to add as a tuning knob to real systems.