gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
InP-based heterostructure bipolar transistors (2003)

Bipolar transistors that are believed to be the fastest ever reported have been fabricated using a technology which exploits extreme nonequilibrium electron transport in In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As. High base doping with a low base sheet resistance has been achieved by growing the base region at temperatures (425-450 degrees C) lower than is usual for beam epitaxy. A typical layer structure is shown. The 350-AA-thick Be-doped InGaAs base (p=1*10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/) has a base sheet resistance of 400 Omega / Square Operator . Although a 150-AA undoped setback was used, Be diffusion during growth reduced this to about 75 AA. Hole concentrations in InGaAs up to 5.6*10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ have been achieved at a growth temperature as low as 365 degrees C. The dependence of the Hall mobility on carrier concentration does not exhibit any unusual features at these low growth temperatures. High n-type doping is also required in the emitter and collector contact regions to reduce series resistance. A Sn-doped InGaAs contact layer with n=7*10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ has a sheet resistance less than 5 Omega / Square Operator , and contact resistances as low as 10/sup -8/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ have been achieved. The ability to significantly outperform ultra-high-speed Si electronics has been demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sales of Meals and Snacks Away From Home Continue to Increase (1998)

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing
Predicting hospital charge and stay variation. The role of patient teaching status, controlling for diagnosis-related group, demographic characteristics, and severity of illness. (1985)

Teaching hospitals have higher charges than nonteaching hospitals, and teaching patients within a single institution incur higher charges than do private patients. Teaching hospitals claim that these higher charges are due to caring for patients with more complex illnesses. Critics claim that the increased charges are primarily related to the hospitals' medical education function. Hospital charges and stay were compared across three physician groups: private patients with a community attending physician, teaching patients with a community attending physician, and teaching patients with a faculty attending physician. Severity of illness differences were controlled for by selecting patients from four Diagnosis Related Groups; refining these groups by surgical codes and age; identifying prehospital and inhospital severity of illness control variables; and omitting death and transfer cases in a second analysis. Least squares regression with logarithmic transformations of the dependent variables revealed that placement of patients on the teaching service with a faculty attending physician led to significantly higher charges as compared with private, nonteaching patients. The patients on the teaching service with a community attending physician did not incur significantly higher charges. It was also revealed that many severity of illness variables predicted a significant amount of variation in hospital charges, even after controlling for diagnostic group and teaching status of the patient.
Synthesis of Nitrogen- and Oxygen-heterocycles Using Ketene-S,N-acetals (1986)

Ketene-2.g-acetalsderived from tertiary thioamides are interesting
High-rate low-temperature growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (2010)

We report the low-temperature growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high growth rates by a photo-thermal chemical vapour deposition (PTCVD) technique using a Ti/Fe bilayer film as the catalyst. The bulk growth temperature of the substrate is as low as 370 °C and the growth rate is up to 1.3 µm min(-1), at least eight times faster than the values reported by traditional thermal CVD methods. Transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that as-grown CNTs are uniformly made of highly crystalline 5-6 graphene shells with an approximately 10 nm outer diameter and a 5-6 nm inner diameter. The low-temperature rapid growth of CNTs is strongly related to the unique top-down heating mode of PTCVD and the use of a Ti/Fe bimetallic solid solution catalyst. The present study will advance the development of CNTs as interconnects in nanoelectronics, through a CMOS-compatible low-temperature deposition method suitable for back-end-of-line processes.
Conditional lethal expression of the vaccinia virus L1R myristylated protein reveals a role in virion assembly (1994)

Within vaccinia virus-infected cells, the product of the L1R open reading frame is covalently modified by myristic acid at the penultimate NH2-terminal glycine residue. Previously we have shown that while the L1R protein is a constituent of both intracellular mature virus particles and extracellular enveloped virions which are released from the infected cell, it is associated exclusively with the primary membranes surrounding the virion core. Given this rather specific localization, it was of interest to study the potential role of this essential gene in virus replication and morphogenesis. To this end, we have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus in which expression of the L1R gene can be transcriptionally repressed. Without the inducer isopropylthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), synthesis of the L1R protein was blocked, resulting in a total inhibition of plaque formation. Velocity sedimentation of viral particles labeled in the presence of [3H]thymidine, grown in the absence of IPTG, revealed a substantial reduction in viral DNA incorporation into virions. Likewise, proteolysis of the major core proteins p4a, p4b, and p25K, believed to occur during the final stages of virion maturation, was severely impaired. In the absence of L1R expression, only immature virions could be detected by electron microscopy. Transient expression of a plasmid containing the full-length L1R gene driven by its own promoter was able to complement and rescue the defective phenotype. However, a plasmid bearing a mutation in the myristyl acceptor glycine residue was unable to biologically rescue the recombinant, and the protein was not detected in purified virions.trans complementation using a truncated, myristylated form of the L1R protein partially rescued the defective mutant. Collectively, these data suggest that myristic acid mediates essential interactions of the L1R protein with viral membranes and/or other virion components that lead to the productive assembly, maturation, and release of particles.
Adobe Boxes: Locating Object Proposals using Object Adobes (2016)

Despite the previous efforts of object proposals, the detection rates of the existing approaches are still not satisfactory enough. To address this, we propose Adobe Boxes to efficiently locate the potential objects with fewer proposals, in terms of searching the object adobes that are the salient object parts easy to be perceived. Because of the visual difference between the object and its surroundings, an object adobe obtained from the local region has a high probability to be a part of an object, which is capable of depicting the locative information of the proto-object. Our approach comprises of three main procedures. First, the coarse object proposals are acquired by employing randomly sampled windows. Then, based on local-contrast analysis, the object adobes are identified within the enlarged bounding boxes that correspond to the coarse proposals. The final object proposals are obtained by converging the bounding boxes to tightly surround the object adobes. Meanwhile, our object adobes can also refine the detection rate of most state-of-the-art methods as a refinement approach. The extensive experiments on four challenging datasets (PASCAL VOC2007, VOC2010, VOC2012, and ILSVRC2014) demonstrate that the detection rate of our approach generally outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, especially with relatively small number of proposals. The average time consumed on one image is about 48 ms, which nearly meets the real-time requirement.
MICROSTRUCTURE ARRAYS PRODUCED BY ION MILLING (1970)

Techniques have been developed using argon ion milling to produce high-density microstructure arrays of permalloy magnetic dipoles for use in magnetic bubble devices. Ion milling is used to replace the chemical etch process in the usual photolithographic method, which results in an order-of-magnitude improvement in density. A 1000-bit I and bar shift register has been made in which the spacing between elements in 7.5μ, and the width of the elements are ∼ 1μ. The entire structure is 0.25 mm (or 10 mil) square.
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma in a Dog: A Benign Variant of Nephroblastoma (1989)

A nephroblastoma consisting predominantly of mature mesenchymal components developed in a 7-month-old male beagle dog. The dog was necropsied after experimental use. There were no abnormal signs or laboratory tests prior to necropsy. The left kidney was slightly enlarged, and the tumorous area of the kidney was gray-white. The cut surface of the tumor, occupying the upper one-third of the kidney, revealed a solid, rubbery, yellow-white mass. The tumor was about 3.0 cm in its greatest diameter, showed replacement growth pattern, and lacked a capsule (Fig. 1). Histologically, the tumor was mainly composed of spindle cells arranged in interlacing bundles that were intermingled with the normal renal tissue; however, there was no sharp demarcation between bundles and the surrounding renal parenchyma. The greater part of the tumor had a loose myxomatous pattern with an alcian blue-positive matrix, but dense, cellular, fibromatous areas with transition to the myxomatous areas were also noted (Fig. 2). Spindle cells (fibroblasts) had scanty cytoplasm with cigar-shaped nuclei and were negative for phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining. Neither nuclear atypia nor mitotic figures were detected. Within the myxomatous area, cysts of various sizes were recognized in addition to entrapped nephrons. The small cysts were dilated
Minicolumn Detection Methods for Aflatoxin in Raw Peanuts: Collaborative Study (1981)

The Holaday-Velasco method and a modified Holaday method have been compared. The former method combines the speed and simplicity of the Holaday extraction and cleanup with the sensitivity of the minicolumn originally described by Velasco. The combination method has been approved by the AOAC and the AACC for determining aflatoxin in corn. The Holaday method was modified by substituting toluene for benzene in the solvent partition, and methylene chloride for chloroform in the minicolumn development to eliminate use of hazardous solvents. The neutral alumina in the Holaday minicolumn was changed from activity V to activity III to provide a more stable column. At aflatoxin levels in raw peanuts of 13-20 ng/g, the presence of aflatoxin was missed by the modified Holaday method in 4 analyses (3 laboratories) of 42 reported. There were no misses in this contamination range by the Holaday-Velasco method. There were no misses by either method with samples containing greater than 20 ng total aflatoxins/g. Analysis of uncontaminated raw peanuts by the modified Holaday method resulted in 2 false positives of 14 reports; the Holaday-Velasco method produced no false positive reports from 15 analyses of uncontaminated peanuts. The Holaday-Velasco method was adopted official first action for peanuts.
Transcription elongation of the murine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene is regulated in vitro at two downstream elements by different attenuation mechanisms. (1995)

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) plays an important role in cell proliferation. Its expression is tightly regulated at the mRNA and protein levels and is found to be deregulated in various malignancies. The rapid and dramatic induction of cellular ODC mRNA upon serum addition raised the possibility that a transcriptional attenuation mechanism may be involved in the regulation of ODC gene expression. Using transcription in HeLa nuclear extract and isolated transcription complexes, we have identified two sites of transcription arrest downstream to the transcription start site: Attenuator 1 (Att.1) located at +220, near two repeats of a USF/Myc-Max binding consensus sequence and attenuator 2 (Att.2) located at +1590 near a long stretch of T-residues. The two attenuators exhibit distinct properties as revealed by elongation of briefly initiated and partially purified transcription complexes: Att.1 serves as a transient pause site while arrest at Att.2 is more prolonged. The arrest at both attenuators is modulated by the general elongation factor TFIIS. In a promoter independent transcription system, using partially purified RNA polymerase II, only Att.2 was recognized efficiently. This suggests that the recognition of Att.2 is an intrinsic property of the polymerase while Att.1 recognition has to be facilitated by an auxiliary factor/s.
Mice with a Targeted Disruption of the AE2 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.gif"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Cl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>HCO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math> Exchanger Are Achlorhydric (2004)

The AE2 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger is expressed in numerous cell types, including epithelial cells of the kidney, respiratory tract, and alimentary tract. In gastric epithelia, AE2 is particularly abundant in parietal cells, where it may be the predominant mechanism for HCO3- efflux and Cl- influx across the basolateral membrane that is needed for acid secretion. To investigate the hypothesis that AE2 is critical for parietal cell function and to assess its importance in other tissues, homozygous null mutant (AE2(-/-)) mice were prepared by targeted disruption of the AE2 (Slc4a2) gene. AE2(-/-) mice were emaciated, edentulous (toothless), and exhibited severe growth retardation, and most of them died around the time of weaning. AE2(-/-) mice exhibited achlorhydria, and histological studies revealed abnormalities of the gastric epithelium, including moderate dilation of the gastric gland lumens and a reduction in the number of parietal cells. There was little evidence, however, that parietal cell viability was impaired. Ultrastructural analysis of AE2(-/-) gastric mucosa revealed abnormal parietal cell structure, with severely impaired development of secretory canaliculi and few tubulovesicles but normal apical microvilli. These results demonstrate that AE2 is essential for gastric acid secretion and for normal development of secretory canalicular and tubulovesicular membranes in mouse parietal cells.
Unusual Organization for Lactose and Galactose Gene Clusters in <i>Lactobacillus helveticus</i> (2003)

The nucleotide sequences of the Lactobacillus helveticus lactose utilization genes were determined, and these genes were located and oriented relative to one another. The lacLM genes (encoding the beta-galactosidase protein) were in a divergent orientation compared to lacR (regulatory gene) and lacS (lactose transporter). Downstream from lacM was an open reading frame (galE) encoding a UDP-galactose 4 epimerase, and the open reading frame had the same orientation as lacM. The lacR gene was separated from the downstream lacS gene by 2.0 kb of DNA containing several open reading frames that were derived from fragmentation of another permease gene (lacS'). Northern blot analysis revealed that lacL, lacM, and galE made up an operon that was transcribed in the presence of lactose from an upstream lacL promoter. The inducible genes lacL and lacM were regulated at the transcriptional level by the LacR repressor. In the presence of glucose and galactose galE was transcribed from its promoter, suggesting that the corresponding enzyme can be expressed constitutively. Lactose transport was inducible by addition of lactose to the growth medium.
Study Progress of the Random Copolymer PP (2010)

The current situation on random copolymer propylene(PP)and the relationship between character,structure and property were studied.The study progress of α-olefin copolymerization such as PP and ethylene,butene,hexene and the modification of copolymer were reviewed.Then the prospect of random copolymer PP was pointed out.
Skin Autofluorescence (2008)

Our study is the first observation of skin autofluorescence measurement as an independent predictor of development of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
Absence of auto-antibodies against cardiac troponin I predicts improvement of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction (2008)

We demonstrate for the first time that the prevalence of cTnI-Abs in patients with AMI has an impact on the improvement of the LVEF over a study period of 6-9 months.
Mono-Exponential Fitting in T2-Relaxometry: Relevance of Offset and First Echo (2015)

The fitted offset parameter in T2 relaxometry is influenced by imperfect refocusing pulses. Using the offset as a fitting parameter and discarding the first echo is a fast and easy method to minimize the error in T2, particularly for low to intermediate echo train length.
Real-time Image Generation for Compressive Light Field Displays (2013)

With the invention of integral imaging and parallax barriers in the beginning of the 20th century, glasses-free 3D displays have become feasible. Only today—more than a century later—glasses-free 3D displays are finally emerging in the consumer market. The technologies being employed in current-generation devices, however, are fundamentally the same as what was invented 100 years ago. With rapid advances in optical fabrication, digital processing power, and computational perception, a new generation of display technology is emerging: compressive displays exploring the co-design of optical elements and computational processing while taking particular characteristics of the human visual system into account. In this paper, we discuss real-time implementation strategies for emerging compressive light field displays. We consider displays composed of multiple stacked layers of light-attenuating or polarization-rotating layers, such as LCDs. The involved image generation requires iterative tomographic image synthesis. We demonstrate that, for the case of light field display, computed tomographic light field synthesis maps well to operations included in the standard graphics pipeline, facilitating efficient GPU-based implementations with real-time framerates.
Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution or CuI-Catalyzed Coupling Route to Martinellic Acid (2002)

Condensation of β-amino ester 8b with triflate 7 gives N-aryl amino ester 11, which is converted into 2-substituted 4-oxoquinoline 4 using an intramolecular Dieckmann reaction as the key step. CuI-mediated coupling of β-amino ester 8a with 1,4-diiodobenzene followed by an intramolecular acylation and Pd-catalyzed carbonylation provide another manner to 4. Alkylation of 4 and subsequent reductive amination deliver the cyclic imine 14, which is transformed into triamine 3 by ordinary operations. Guanylation of 3 under mild condition followed by deprotection results in the synthesis of martinellic acid 1.
Involvement of the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway and use of TNF-α antagonists for treatment of the mucopolysaccharidoses (2009)

Enzyme replacement therapy is currently available for three of the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) but has limited effects on the skeletal lesions. We investigated the involvement of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MPS bone and joint disease, and the use of the anti-TNF-alpha drug, Remicade (Centocor, Inc.), for treatment. TLR4 KO (TLR4(lps-/-)) mice were interbred with MPS VII mice to produce double-KO (DKO) animals. The DKO mice had longer and thinner faces and longer femora as revealed by micro-computed tomography analysis compared with MPS VII mice. Histological analyses also revealed more organized and thinner growth plates. The serum levels of TNF-alpha were normalized in the DKO animals, and the levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 in articular chondrocytes were corrected. These findings led us to evaluate the effects of Remicade in MPS VI rats. When initiated at 1 month of age, i.v. treatment prevented the elevation of TNF-alpha, receptor activator of NF-kappaB, and other inflammatory molecules not only in the blood but in articular chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Treatment of 6-month-old animals also reduced the levels of these molecules to normal. The number of apoptotic articular chondrocytes in MPS VI rats was similarly reduced, with less infiltration of synovial tissue into the underlying bone. These studies revealed the important role of TLR4 signaling in MPS bone and joint disease and suggest that targeting TNF-alpha may have positive therapeutic effects.
Salivary Biomarkers Associated With Gingivitis and Response to Therapy (2014)

Salivary PGE2 and MIP-1α discriminate gingivitis from health, and patients with gingivitis who return to clinical health continue to produce inflammatory mediators for weeks after dental prophylaxis.
Alveolar type II cell response in rats exposed to aerosols of alpha-cristobalite. (1990)

Alpha-cristobalite causes pulmonary interstitial disease in humans and experimental animals. Aerosol exposure of rats to cristobalite for 8 days results in early and sustained alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in areas of inflammation characterized by the presence of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Irregular interstitial fibrosis and coalescence of alveoli are apparent by day 120. The inflammatory response is characterized by increased lavage cell recoveries, principally macrophages and neutrophils. Lavage recoveries of protein, nonpolar lipid, phospholipid, and saturated phosphatidylcholine also are increased. The recovery ratio for two important surfactant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, is decreased at all points following exposure. Our morphologic analyses, together with results correlating lavage cell and lipid recoveries, point to the potential importance of macrophages and neutrophils in the epithelial cell response to cristobalite exposure.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Epigenetics (2005)

Epigenetic abnormalities, such as aberrant methylation of CpG islands, are inherited over cell divisions, and play important roles in carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands specific to tumor cells can be used as a marker to detect cancer cells or cancer-derived DNA, taking advantage of the high sensitivity of methods to detect aberrant methylation. Methylations of specific genes or methylation patterns of groups of genes were found to be associated with responses to chemotherapeutics and prognosis. Methylation in non-cancerous tissues is now attracting attention as a tumor risk marker, and is emerging as a target for cancer prevention. Epigenetic alterations are potentially reversible. The use of DNA demethylating agents has turned out to be effective for hematological malignancies, and is being tested in solid tumors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and methods for gene-specific epigenetic modification are being developed. Application of epigenetics to cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, and possibly to cancer prevention, is coming into clinics.
The Time-Triggered Sensor Fusion Model (2001)

The time-triggered sensor fusion model decom-poses a real time system into three levels, a node level, containing the sensors and the actuators, a cluster level that gathers measurements and per-forms sensor fusion, and an application level where an application program makes control decisions based on an environmental information provided by the cluster level. Because the application code is independent of the employed sensors, the system is open to sensor reconfigurations and reuse of the application code. Furthermore the model contains a hardware-independent application interface and a time-triggered smart transducer network. An application of the presented ideas is shown with a mobile robot controlled by a Time-Triggered Protocol network.