gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The release of genetically engineered micro‐organisms and viruses into the environment (1998)

This review considers the reasons for, and research governing, the regulation and monitoring of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses (GEMs) released into the environment. The hazards associated with releasing GEMs into the environment are the creation and evolution of new pests and diseases, and damage to the ecosystem and non target species. The similarities and differences between GEMs and conventional micro-organisms are discussed in relation to risk assessment. Other issues covered include the persistence of micro-organisms in the environment, transgene dispersal to non-engineered microbes and other organisms, the effects of transgenes and transformation on fitness, and the evolution of pests and pathogens that are given or acquire transgenes. Areas requiring further research are identified and recommendations for risk assessment made. CONTENTS Summary 173 I. Introduction 173 II. A comparison of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses and conventional micro-organisms 174 III. Persistence in the environment 175 IV. Transfer of transgenes to other species 176 V. The evolution of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses and natural micro-organisms acquiring transgenes 178 VI. Damage to non-target species and ecosystem function 178 VII. Influences on the evolution of other organisms 179 VIII. Conclusions and discussion 180 References 181.
Pretreatment with a Heat-Killed Probiotic Modulates the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Attenuates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice (2019)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Inflammation contributes to cancer development and inflammatory bowel disease is an important risk factor for CRC. The aim of this study is to assess whether a widely used probiotic <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> can modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and protect against colitis and colitis-associated CRC. We studied the effect of heat-killed cells of <i>E. faecalis</i> on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Pretreatment of <i>E. faecalis</i> or NLRP3 siRNA can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages in response to fecal content or commensal microbes, <i>P. mirabilis</i> or <i>E. coli</i>, according to the reduction of caspase-1 activation and IL-1β maturation. Mechanistically, <i>E. faecalis</i> attenuates the phagocytosis that is required for the full activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In in vivo mouse experiments, <i>E. faecalis</i> can ameliorate the severity of intestinal inflammation and thereby protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and the formation of CRC in wild type mice. On the other hand, <i>E. faecalis</i> cannot prevent DSS-induced colitis in NLRP3 knockout mice. Our findings indicate that application of the inactivated probiotic, <i>E. faecalis</i>, may be a useful and safe strategy for attenuation of NLRP3-mediated colitis and inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis.
Sustained Release Preparations, XVI. Collagen as a Drug Carrier (1984)

Abstract Collagen‐drug complexes were prepared by dispersing acid swollen collagen (1 to 2 % on a dry weight basis) in water, adding a tetracycline antibiotic and inducing crosslinking with formaldehyde while maintaining the slurry at temperatures below 0°C. Water was mechanically removed from the spongelike network and the material was air dried. The ability of acid swollen collagen to retain tetracycline antibiotics was independent of the pH of the slurry used. Maximal release in vitro (220 mg/g of sponge) was obtained from a collagen‐oxytetracycline dihydrate system. The same preparation implanted in rabbits provided plasma levels of 2–4 μg/ml lasting more than 7 days.
The Effect of Playing Video Advertisement Inside a Car on Driver Visual Distraction (2018)

With the development of in-car technologies and the use of portable devices such as tablets inside the car, one of the most interesting topics for different companies might be to promote advertising within the car. The most important issue with regard to advertising inside the vehicle is the safety issues and issues related to driver distraction. The NHTSA regulation, restricted in- car advertising in 2014, whereas, by increasing the use of in-vehicle devices and technologies, in 2016 showing video images in the vehicles were allowed under certain circumstances. The current research aims to assess the degree of visual distraction of driver caused by video advertisements broadcasted inside a car. The results of this study indicate that the type of advertisement has a direct impact on the visual distraction of the driver. In addition, findings indicate that in case of playing an advertisement in a simple form (accommodated by a speech), a safer situation might be expected compared to situations in which the same advertisement has been broadcasted by a musical content (with or without a speech).
Application of polymeric nanoparticles and micelles in insulin oral delivery (2015)

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease in which the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin therapy has been the best choice for the clinical management of diabetes mellitus. The current insulin therapy is via subcutaneous injection, which often fails to mimic the glucose homeostasis that occurs in normal individuals. This provokes numerous attempts to develop a safe and effective noninvasive route for insulin delivery. Oral delivery is the most convenient administration route. However, insulin cannot be well absorbed orally because of its rapid enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, nanoparticulate carriers such as polymeric nanoparticles and micelles are employed for the oral delivery of insulin. These nanocarriers protect insulin from degradation and facilitate insulin uptake via a transcellular and/or paracellular pathway. This review article focuses on the application of nanoparticles and micelles in insulin oral delivery. The recent advances in this topic are also reviewed.
Radiation Chemistry of Polyethylene. XIII. Alkyl Radical Decay Kinetics in Single Crystalline and Extended-Chain Samples of Linear Polyethylene (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadiation Chemistry of Polyethylene. XIII. Alkyl Radical Decay Kinetics in Single Crystalline and Extended-Chain Samples of Linear PolyethyleneWalter Y. Wen, David R. Johnson, and Malcolm DoleCite this: Macromolecules 1974, 7, 2, 199–204Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60038a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60038a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Shape memory alloy consortium and demonstration</title> (2000)

The Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Consortium (SMAC) has been developing actuators and magnetically actuated SMA materials. This paper will summarize the overall SMAC developments, and concentrate on the development of a SMA torsional actuator. This is being developed for quasi-static twisting the V-22 rotor blades for added performance. The paper provides updated results to the 1999 SPIE paper on this subject, including further and more focused development of the actuator that combines thermoelectric heat control with SMA materials.
Dinitrofuran derivatives (1979)

Abstract The synthesis and properties of twelve 2‐substituted 3,5‐dinitrofurans are described. These derivatives include bromo‐, iodo‐, azido‐, hydroxy‐, amino‐, 3,5‐dinitro‐2‐furanyl‐, 5‐nitro‐2‐furanyl‐, acetamido‐, and carbamate compounds.
YAG-derived fiber for high-power narrow-linewidth fiber lasers (2012)

We present experimental and modeling results investigating rare earth-doped (Er and Yb) YAG-derived silica fibers (RYDF) as candidates for use in high-power narrow-linewidth fiber lasers. Fabrication of the RYDFs via a rod-in-tube method, starting from crystalline YAG, and its transformation to the amorphous state is described. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) suppression results from material properties that cooperate to yield a low Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC), namely reduced photoelastic constant and increased acoustic velocity, mass density, and Brillouin spectral width relative to silica. We find typical BGC values for large-mode-area RYDFs to be around 0.5×10<sup>-11</sup> m/W. Utilizing a materials model, these results are extrapolated to compositionally-design further reductions to the BGC, including introducing other co-dopants to the mixture. Finally, we focus on the Yb-doped RYDF (YYDF) and show that it is a good candidate for use in kW-class narrow-linewidth fiber lasers via spectroscopy and amplifier experiments. The RYDFs are found to be very similar to conventional aluminosilicate fibers. We also find that YYDFs offer improved compatibility with phase modulating the laser for further increases in the SBS threshold. Using novel fiber fabrication methods with less-common and low-silica materials can lead to promising glass recipes with ultra-low intrinsic BGCs.
Recent Developments to the MICHELLE 2-D/3-D Electron Gun and Collector Modeling Code (2005)

Recent developments to the MICHELLE electron gun and collector design tool are reported in this paper. The MICHELLE code is a new finite-element (FE) two-dimensional and three-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell code that has been designed to address the recent beam optics modeling and simulation requirements for vacuum electron devices, ion sources, and charged-particle transport. Problem classes specifically targeted include depressed collectors, gridded-guns, multibeam guns, sheet-beam guns, and ion thrusters. The focus of the development program is to combine modern FE techniques with improved physics models. The code employs a conformal mesh, including both structured and unstructured mesh architectures for meshing flexibility, along with a new method for accurate, efficient particle tracking. New particle emission models for thermionic beam representation are included that support primary emission, with an advanced secondary emission model. This paper reports on three significant advances to MICHELLE over the past year; hybrid structured/unstructured mesh support, a time-domain electrostatic algorithm, and an ion plasma model with charge exchange.
Fast neutrino conversions: Ubiquitous in compact binary merger remnants (2017)

The massive neutron star (NS) or black hole (BH) accretion disk resulting from NS--NS or NS--BH mergers is dense in neutrinos. We present the first study on the role of angular distributions in the neutrino flavor conversion above the remnant disk. In particular, we focus on ``fast'' pairwise conversions whose rate depends on the local angular intensity of the electron lepton number carried by neutrinos. Because of the emission geometry and the flux density of ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ being larger than that of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$, fast conversions prove to be a generic phenomenon in NS--NS and NS--BH mergers for physically motivated disturbances in the mean field of flavor coherence. Our findings suggest that, differently from the core-collapse supernova case, fast flavor conversions seem to be unavoidable in compact mergers and could have major consequences for the jet dynamics and the synthesis of elements above the remnant disk.
Preparation of macroporous polymer scaffolds using calcined cancellous bone as a template (2005)

A technique for preparing porous polymeric scaffolds using calcined cancellous bone as template has been developed. The scaffolds prepared by this method were morphologically similar to the structure of the demineralized bone matrix (DBM), i.e. scaffolds prepared by this novel method possessed high porosity, interconnected pores and uniform pore distribution. In addition, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds prepared by this novel method were significantly improved as compared to that of the scaffolds prepared by conventional solvent cast-particle leaching (SC-PL) method. The effects of concentration of the polymer solution on the structure, porosity and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated and the results showed that the mechanical properties of the scaffolds could be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the polymer solution. The advantages mentioned above suggest that this novel method might be a useful technique to prepare polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Thallium(<scp>I</scp>) carboxylates: a new class of reagents for the formation of α-iodocarboxylates (1973)

Treatment of an alkene with a thallium(I) carboxylate and iodine gives the corresponding α-iodocarboxylate in high yield, thereby affording a regiospecific and inexpensive modification for the Prevost reaction.
Approaches to understanding the impact of life-history features on plant-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics (2012)

Natural plant-pathogen associations are complex interactions in which the interplay of environment, host, and pathogen factors results in spatially heterogeneous ecological and epidemiological dynamics. The evolutionary patterns that result from the interaction of these factors are still relatively poorly understood. Recently, integration of the appropriate spatial and temporal context of the metapopulation has permitted an essential conceptual advance stressing the importance of these factors in evolutionary interactions. Yet, a major aspect of host and pathogen biologies that still needs considerable attention is that of the impact of particular life-history traits of both host and pathogen and how these may influence patterns of disease incidence and prevalence and the evolution of host resistance and pathogen infectivity. Here we outline the importance of both empirical comparisons and simulation modelling as a means of uncovering the full impact of host and pathogen life history traits on co-evolutionary dynamics.
Practical Regular Expression Mining and its Information Quality Applications. (2002)

Abstract: Regular expressions are convenient devices representing common patterns in collections of text strings that can be used as filters insuring information quality in textual data. An algorithm inducing a representative regular expression given a set of text strings (possibly containing errors) is described. Such an algorithm is useful in estimating information quality and performing automated cleansing of legacy data or the data obtained by the means of automated sensing (e.g. OCR). A number of practical heuristics improving algorithm’s reallife performance are introduced. A framework employing this algorithm is outlined.
Relationships among Ionic Lattice Energies, Molecular (Formula Unit) Volumes, and Thermochemical Radii (1999)

The linear generalized equation described in this paper provides a further dimension to the prediction of lattice potential energies/enthalpies of ionic solids. First, it offers an alternative (and often more direct) approach to the well-established Kapustinskii equation (whose capabilities have also recently been extended by our recent provision of an extended set of thermochemical radii). Second, it makes possible the acquisition of lattice energy estimates for salts which, up until now, except for simple 1:1 salts, could not be considered because of lack of crystal structure data. We have generalized Bartlett's correlation for MX (1:1) salts, between the lattice enthalpy and the inverse cube root of the molecular (formula unit) volume, such as to render it applicable across an extended range of ionic salts for the estimation of lattice potential energies. When new salts are synthesized, acquisition of full crystal structure data is not always possible and powder data provides only minimal structural information-unit cell parameters and the number of molecules per cell. In such cases, lack of information about cation-anion distances prevents use of the Kapustinskii equation to predict the lattice energy of the salt. However, our new equation can be employed even when the latter information is not available. As is demonstrated, the approach can be utilized to predict and rationalize the thermochemistry in topical areas of synthetic inorganic chemistry as well as in emerging areas. This is illustrated by accounting for the failure to prepare diiodinetetrachloroaluminum(III), [I(2)(+)][AlCl(4)(-)] and the instability of triiodinetetrafluoroarsenic(III), [I(3)(+)][AsF(6)(-)]. A series of effective close-packing volumes for a range of ions, which will be of interest to chemists, as measures of relative ionic size and which are of use in making our estimates of lattice energies, is generated from our approach.
The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook (2002)

The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook: Introductory Theory and Applications in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Finance provides an overview of the theory and practical applications of wavelet transform methods. The author uses several hundred illustrations, some in color, to convey mathematical concepts and the results of applications. The first chapter presents a brief overview of the wavelet transform, including a short history. The remainder of the book is split into two parts: the first part discusses the mathematics of both discrete and continuous wavelet transforms while the second part deals with applications in a variety of subject areas, such as geophysics, medicine, fluid turbulence, engineering testing, speech and sound analysis, image analysis, and data compression. These application chapters make the reader aware of the similarities that exist in the use of wavelet transform analysis across disciplines. A comprehensive list of more than 700 references provides a valuable resource for further study.The book is designed specifically for the applied reader in science, engineering, medicine, finance, or any other of the growing number of application areas. Newcomers to the subject will find an accessible and clear account of the theory of continuous and discrete wavelet transforms, providing a large number of examples of their use across a wide range of disciplines. Readers already acquainted with wavelets can use the book to broaden their perspective.
Dose‐volume delivery guided proton therapy using beam on‐line PET system (2006)

Proton therapy is one form of radiotherapy in which the irradiation can be concentrated on a tumor using a scanned or modulated Bragg peak. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the proton-irradiated volume accurately. The proton-irradiated volume can be confirmed by detection of pair annihilation gamma rays from positron emitter nuclei generated by the target nuclear fragment reaction of irradiated proton nuclei and nuclei in the irradiation target using a positron emission tomography (PET) apparatus, and dose-volume delivery guided proton therapy (DGPT) can thereby be achieved using PET images. In the proton treatment room, a beam ON-LINE PET system (BOLPs) was constructed so that a PET apparatus of the planar-type with a high spatial resolution of about 2 mm was mounted with the field of view covering the isocenter of the beam irradiation system. The position and intensity of activity were measured using the BOLPs immediately after the proton irradiation of a gelatinous water target containing 16O nuclei at different proton irradiation energy levels. The change of the activity-distribution range against the change of the physical range was observed within 2 mm. The experiments of proton irradiation to a rabbit and the imaging of the activity were performed. In addition, the proton beam energy used to irradiate the rabbit was changed. When the beam condition was changed, the difference between the two images acquired from the measurement of the BOLPs was confirmed to clearly identify the proton-irradiated volume.
Dissociation reactions of hydrogen in remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposition silicon nitride (2001)

Dominant hydrogen dissociation reactions during annealing of hydrogenated amorphous-silicon nitride were determined by comparison of the bond density dynamics with various reaction models. The sample material was produced with remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition, deposited at high-ammonia-to-silane flow ratios (ammonia rich). The heat treatment was performed with rapid thermal annealing at various annealing temperatures and times as well as samples containing different stoichiometries and isotopes (hydrogenated and deuterated). The experiments showed that hydrogen loss during annealing is mostly due to molecular hydrogen (H2) release as long as SiH bonds are contained in the film. After their exhaustion, an ammonia (NH3) producing reaction prevails at temperatures between 600 and 900 °C.
A training framework for stack and Boolean filtering-fast optimal design procedures and robustness case study (1996)

A training framework is developed in this paper to design optimal nonlinear filters for various signal and image processing tasks. The targeted families of nonlinear filters are the Boolean filters and stack filters. The main merit of this framework at the implementation level is perhaps the absence of constraining models, making it nearly universal in terms of application areas. We develop fast procedures to design optimal or close to optimal filters, based on some representative training set. Furthermore, the training framework shows explicitly the essential part of the initial specification and how it affects the resulting optimal solution. Symmetry constraints are imposed on the data and, consequently, on the resulting optimal solutions for improved performance and ease of implementation. The case study is dedicated to natural images. The properties of optimal Boolean and stack filters, when the desired signal in the training set is the image of a natural scene, are analyzed. Specifically, the effect of changing the desired signal (using various natural images) and the characteristics of the noise (the probability distribution function, the mean, and the variance) is analyzed. Elaborate experimental conditions were selected to investigate the robustness of the optimal solutions using a sensitivity measure computed on data sets. A remarkably low sensitivity and, consequently, a good generalization power of Boolean and stack filters are revealed. Boolean-based filters are thus shown to be not only suitable for image restoration but also robust, making it possible to build libraries of "optimal" filters, which are suitable for a set of applications.