gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
"Chlorine Dioxide for the Treatment of Microbiological Growth and Elimination of Under Deposit Corrosion in Refinery and Oilfield Source Water Systems" (2013)

Abstract The control of microbiological fouling in industrial cooling water for ‘open-recirculating’ and ‘once-through’ systems is important for reducing corrosion as well as increasing process efficiency and equipment longevity. Microbial biofilms insulate well and cause significant loss of heat transfer efficiency. In addition, they promote ‘under-deposit corrosion’ by multiple microbial induced corrosion (MIC) mechanisms. Furthermore, in ‘once-through’ seawater-cooled water systems where there is potential for colonization by various species, mussels create additional problems. Historically, microbiological growth is controlled through a continuous chlorine feed, either as gaseous chlorine or sodium hypochlorite form. Gaseous chlorine has been largely eliminated because of safety concerns involving handling. Sodium hypochlorite is frequently used, but has significant problems involving storage, onsite generation and its usage in high concentrations leading to corrosion. In addition, recent environmental regulations limit the amount of these oxidants and their reaction by-products, such as tri-halomethanes, which can be discharged into waterways. Chlorine dioxide an alternative that is a highly effective and safe microbiological control program. It is superior in offers a performance to all other chemistries with none of the environmental disadvantages. It is capable of maintaining excellent control of microbiological growth in cooling water systems and hence removing potential for MIC. This paper discusses how chlorine dioxide is generated, highlights its effectiveness against microbiological bacteria and presents the results of applications under various operating conditions, including those encountered in the Middle East. The author recognizes SPE copyright
Cytosolic Accumulation of L-Proline Disrupts GABA-Ergic Transmission through GAD Blockade (2016)

Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), which degrades L-proline, resides within the schizophrenia-linked 22q11.2 deletion suggesting a role in disease. Supporting this, elevated L-proline levels have been shown to increase risk for psychotic disorders. Despite the strength of data linking PRODH and L-proline to neuropsychiatric diseases, targets of disease-relevant concentrations of L-proline have not been convincingly described. Here, we show that Prodh-deficient mice with elevated CNS L-proline display specific deficits in high-frequency GABA-ergic transmission and gamma-band oscillations. We find that L-proline is a GABA-mimetic and can act at multiple GABA-ergic targets. However, at disease-relevant concentrations, GABA-mimesis is limited to competitive blockade of glutamate decarboxylase leading to reduced GABA production. Significantly, deficits in GABA-ergic transmission are reversed by enhancing net GABA production with the clinically relevant compound vigabatrin. These findings indicate that accumulation of a neuroactive metabolite can lead to molecular and synaptic dysfunction and help to understand mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disease.
Training Full-Page Handwritten Text Recognition Models without Annotated Line Breaks (2019)

Training Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) models typically requires large amounts of labeled data which often are line or page images with corresponding line-level ground truth (GT) transcriptions. Many digital collections have page-level transcriptions for each image, but the transcription is unformatted, i.e., line breaks are not annotated. Can we train lined-based HTR models using such data? In this work, we present a novel alignment technique for segmenting page-level GT text into text lines during HTR model training. This text segmentation problem is formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the cost of aligning predicted lines with the GT text. Using both simulated and HTR model predictions, we show that the alignment method identifies line breaks accurately, even when the predicted lines have high character error rates (CER). We removed the GT line breaks from the ICDAR-2017 READ dataset and trained a HTR model using the proposed alignment method to predict line breaks on-the-fly. This model achieves comparable CER w.r.t. to the same model trained with the GT line breaks. Additionally, we downloaded an online digital collection of 50K English journal pages (not curated for HTR research) whose transcriptions do not contain line breaks, and achieve 11% CER.
Hydrogen Recycling by <i>Rhizobium leguminosarum</i> Isolates and Growth and Nitrogen Contents of Pea Plants ( <i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) (1983)

The ability to recycle H(2) evolved by nitrogenase is thought to be of importance in increasing the efficiency of N(2) fixation and to be a factor in increasing plant yield in symbiotic systems. To determine whether this ability is a significant factor in the Rhizobium leguminosarum-Pisum sativum L. system, plants were inoculated with R. leguminosarum isolates which differed in their ability to oxidize H(2) and in their relative efficiency of N(2) fixation. These plants were grown at three levels of irradiance and harvested after 3, 4, and 5 weeks of growth for determination of C(2)H(2) reduction, H(2) evolution and uptake, plant dry weight, and N content. Plants inoculated with uptake hydrogenase-positive (Hup) isolates did not exhibit higher dry weight or N content than those inoculated with Hup isolates under any of the growth conditions studied. The efficiency of the nitrogenase system of Hup isolates increased at a low irradiance, a factor which may allow them to compete successfully with Hup isolates. In some HupR. leguminosarum isolates, H(2) oxidation is coupled to ATP formation, whereas in others, it is not. There were no differences in plant dry weight and N content in plants inoculated with the two types and grown for 5 weeks at three irradiance levels. The addition of H(2) to Hup nodules whose supply of photosynthate had been removed by stem excision did not increase C(2)H(2) reduction in either coupled or uncoupled types.
Venturi Tubes — Another Look At A Basic Principle (1975)

A Venturi tube is a construction in a pipeline that is used to measure flow rates. Various formulas for measuring flow are given. The basic principles of operation are explained.
First Documentation of In Vivo and In Vitro Ivermectin Resistance in Sarcoptes scabiei (2004)

Ivermectin is increasingly being used to treat scabies, especially crusted (Norwegian) scabies. However, treatment failures, recrudescence, and reinfection can occur, even after multiple doses. Ivermectin resistance has been documented for some intestinal helminths in animals with intensive ivermectin exposure. Ivermectin resistance has also been induced in arthropods in laboratory experiments but, to date, has not been documented among arthropods in nature. We report clinical and in vitro evidence of ivermectin resistance in 2 patients with multiple recurrences of crusted scabies who had previously received 30 and 58 doses of ivermectin over 4 and 4.5 years, respectively. As predicted, ivermectin resistance in scabies mites can develop after intensive ivermectin use.
Sea Lamprey (<i>Petromyzon marinus</i>) in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior: History of Invasion and Control, 1936–78 (1980)

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) entered the upper three Great Lakes in the late 1930s and began making sharp inroads into the fish stocks by the mid-1940s in lakes Huron and Michigan and the mid-1950s in Lake Superior. The first serious attempts to control the parasite began in 1950 with the installation of mechanical barriers along the United States shore of Lake Huron to block spawning runs. Electrical barriers, developed in 1952, were installed in 132 tributaries of the Great Lakes by 1960, but control measures did not become effective until after 1958, when a selective toxicant — the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) — was used to destroy larval lampreys in streams. In the 21 years, 1958–78, 1223 treatments of tributaries of the upper three lakes with TFM were completed in 334 streams — 91 in Canada and 243 in the United States. Evidence of the success of the control program was soon obvious: first by reduced sea lamprey spawning runs as measured by the numbers of adults taken at electrical barriers; second by significant decreases in the incidence of sea lamprey wounds on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); and finally by the excellent responses of major fish stocks to sea lamprey control. All three of the upper lakes have large numbers of lake trout, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and other salmonids available to the sport fishery and in some areas to the commercial fishing industry. Although the sea lamprey control program has been successful, it is important that emphasis be placed on developing new and innovative methods to reduce the dependence on lampricides. It is expected that a fully integrated program will eventually comprise several methods, including permanent barrier dams on selected streams and the use of sterilants, attractants, repellents, and biological controls, as well as chemical lampricides.Key words: sea lamprey, distribution, abundance, history, predation, integrated controls, Huron, Michigan, Superior
A synthesis, test and debug environment for rapid prototyping of DSP designs (2002)

Recently, considerable progress has been made in the design of digital signal processing (DSP) integrated circuits and systems. In order to address the need for rapid and economical production and testing of hardware prototypes, a hardware and software system called DIODES is being developed for the rapid prototyping, testing and debugging of DSP designs. DIODES will allow the user to design a DSP system, have it partitioned into predefined function blocks, have it assembled using advanced packing technology and then thoroughly test and debug the design both stand-alone and in a larger electronic system environment. This paper gives an overview of the whole system focussing particularly on the debugging hardware and software support environment. The algorithmic description is translated by the DIODES synthesis software into a structural specification suitable for High-Density Interconnect (HDI) fabrication. The synthesis process includes the insertion of test capabilities into the hardware to allow for debugging the design. The rapid turnaround of HDI fabrication means that the user can have a prototype DIODES module in hand ready for testing within at most a day or two, and at moderate cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Activity and expression of the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) is altered by long‐term diabetes in epineurial arterioles of the rat sciatic nerve (2005)

These studies suggest that long-term diabetes causes vascular dysfunction in epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve that includes a decrease in capsaicin-induced vasoconstriction that is likely due to a decrease in the expression of vanilloid receptor 1.
UDPglucuronic Acid Pyrophosphatase Assay with the Aid of Alkaline Phosphatase. (1977)

A simple and sensitive method has been described for the determination of UDPglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity. Pyrophosphatase-free alkaline phosphatase preparation is added to the reaction mixture in order to hydrolyze the phosphate esters (UMP and alpha-D-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate) produced by pyrophosphatase. The inorganic phosphate liberated is measured by a modification of Fiske and SubbaRow's method. The phosphatase coupled method is time saving, easy to perform and accurate. It can also be used for pyrophosphatase assays with other nucleotide substrates like UDPglucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, NAD+, NADH, NADP+ and NADPH.
Multiple-Loop Design Technique for High-Performance Low-Dropout Regulator (2017)

A new multiple-loop design technique for high-performance low-dropout (LDO) regulator designs has been proposed and successfully implemented in many commercial products for portable smart phone and tablet PC applications. The proposed LDO is composed of five loops that allows designers to obtain a good tradeoff between quiescent current and other performances, such as undershoot, overshoot, and so on. A total of one bandgap reference and 38 LDOs (including n-type and p-type LDOs, which will be named NLDO and PLDO, respectively) were integrated in one power-management IC chip for powering an application processor inside mobile devices. The proposed LDO has been fabricated based on 0.13-μm CMOS process and supplies various current capacities from 50 to 600 mA; 38 LDOs have been designed and supply different output voltage levels from 0.7 to 3.0 V. One of the proposed NLDOs consumes 14 μA of the quiescent current and features under 56/24 mV of undershoot/overshoot at VOUT = 1V as the load current steps up from 0 to 300 mA with 300 mA/1 μs on a 1-μF output capacitor. The measured output load and line regulations are 1.8 and 0.4 mV, respectively. The measured integrated output noise from 10 Hz to 100 kHz at ILOAD = 10% of maximum current shows 80 μVrms. The package chip size is 6.25× 6.25 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with 169 balls.
Occurrence of Clinical and Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay (2002)

Twenty-nine dairy farms were selected to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis, prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and bacterial aetiology in the West Littoral Region of Uruguay. In samples taken by the owner and frozen at -20 degrees C during a week the incidence rate of clinical mastitis was determined as 1.2 cases per 100 cow-months at risk. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated pathogen in 37.5% of 40 milk samples from clinical cases obtained in 1 month. No bacteria grew in the 32.5% of the total samples. A sub-sample including 1077 dairy cows from randomly selected farms was used to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. These samples were taken on one visit to each farm. The prevalence was 52.4% on a cow basis and 26.7% on an udder quarter basis. In 55.1% of the quarters of the selected animals with more than 300,000 cells/ml there was no growth. The isolated pathogens from sub-clinical cases and their relative frequencies were: Staphylococcus aureus 62.8%, Streptococcus agalactiae 11.3%, Enterococcus sp. 8%, coagulase-negative staphylococci 7.4%, Streptococus uberis 6.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1.8%, Escherichia coli 1.5% and Staphylococcus hyicus coagulase-positive 0.6%.
Ultrahigh‐speed growth of GaN by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2011)

Abstract We demonstrate the ultrahigh‐speed growth of thick GaN layers by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and present an investigation of the properties of the resulting GaN crystals. A series of GaN layers with a thickness of around 700 μm were grown homoepitaxially on freestanding GaN substrates at various growth rates ranging from 107–1870 μm/h, using a conventional atmospheric HVPE reactor. The growth rate increased almost linearly with the feed rate of source materials, reaching 1870 μm/h when the HCl flow rate is 650 sccm. The surfaces of all the homoepitaxial layers were specular, and no cracks or pits were observed. The X‐ray rocking curve measurement showed that the full width at half maximum values did not depend on the growth rate, and had small values of 23–30 arcsec for (0002) reflections and 39–58 arcsec for (30‐32) reflections. Plan‐view cathodoluminescence imaging revealed that the dislocation density had virtually no dependence on the growth rate and had small values of around 3 × 10 6 cm ‐2 even at the highest growth rate (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Predicting Severity Of Parkinson’s Disease Using Deep Learning (2018)

Parkinson's disease is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorder. As the dopamine-generating neurons in parts of the brain become damaged or die, people begin to experience difficulty in speaking, writing, walking, or completing other simple tasks. These symptoms grow worse over time, thus resulting in the increase of its severity in patients. In this paper, we have proposed a methodology for the prediction of Parkinson's disease severity using deep neural networks on UCI's Parkinson's Telemonitoring Voice Data Set of patients. We have used 'TensorFlow' deep learning library of python to implement our neural network for predicting the severity. The accuracy values obtained by our method are better as compared to the accuracy obtained in previous research work.
Measuring Relative-Story Displacement and Local Inclination Angle Using Multiple Position-Sensitive Detectors (2010)

We propose a novel sensor system for monitoring the structural health of a building. The system optically measures the relative-story displacement during earthquakes for detecting any deformations of building elements. The sensor unit is composed of three position sensitive detectors (PSDs) and lenses capable of measuring the relative-story displacement precisely, even if the PSD unit was inclined in response to the seismic vibration. For verification, laboratory tests were carried out using an Xθ-stage and a shaking table. The static experiment verified that the sensor could measure the local inclination angle as well as the lateral displacement. The dynamic experiment revealed that the accuracy of the sensor was 150 μm in the relative-displacement measurement and 100 μrad in the inclination angle measurement. These results indicate that the proposed sensor system has sufficient accuracy for the measurement of relative-story displacement in response to the seismic vibration.
LearnAFL: Greybox Fuzzing With Knowledge Enhancement (2019)

Mutation-based greybox fuzzing is a highly effective and widely used technique to find bugs in software. Provided initial seeds, fuzzers continuously generate test cases to test the software by mutating a seed input. However, the majority of them are “invalid” because the mutation may destroy the format of the seeds. In this paper, we present a knowledge-learn evolutionary fuzzer based on AFL, which is called LearnAFL. LearnAFL does not require any prior knowledge of the application or input format. Based on our format generation theory, LearnAFL can learn partial format knowledge of some paths by analyzing the test cases that exercise the paths. Then LearnAFL uses these format information to mutate the seeds, which is efficient to explore deeper paths and reduce the test cases exercising high-frequency paths than AFL. We compared LearnAFL with AFL and some other state-of-the-art fuzzers on ten real-world programs. The result showed that LearnAFL could reach branch coverage 120% and 110% of that of AFL and FairFuzz, respectively. LearnAFL also found 8 unknown vulnerabilities in GNU Binutils, Libpng and Gif2png, all of which have been reported to the vendors. Besides, we compared the format information learned from the initial seed of an ELF file with a format standard of ELF files. The result showed that LearnAFL learns about 64% part of the file format without any prior knowledge.
Structural heterogeneity in HLA‐B70, a high‐frequency antigen of black populations * (1993)

Although the B70 antigen exhibits allele frequencies of 8-23% in African and American black populations, it remains poorly defined. Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding B70 antigens from six cell lines has identified a group of three closely related alleles: B*1503, B*1509 and B*1510, that form a subgroup of the B15 family. The sequences of these alleles and, in particular, B*1503, are close to that of the HLA-B consensus consistent with the difficulty in their serological definition. The products of the three alleles correspond to three electrophoretically detected variants of the B70 antigen and some correlation with the B71 and B72 subspecificities of the B70 antigen can be made. A fourth allele, B*7901, previously described by Choo et al. (J. Immunol. 147: 174-180, 1991) that was not serologically typed as B70, differs by a single nucleotide substitution from B*1510. The sensitivity of alloantibodies to single differences in peptide binding residues suggest a role for bound peptides in the HLA-B70 alloantigenic specificities. The heavy chains encoded by the four alleles differ at four peptide binding residues of the antigen recognition site, the evolutionary modification of which can be explained in terms of interallelic recombination events.
3-Level Asymmetric Full-Bridge Soft-Switched PWM Converter for 3-Phase Unfolding Based Battery Charger Topology (2019)

In this paper, the authors propose a new topology referred to as 3-Level Asymmetric Full Bridge (3LAFB) for back-end isolated DC-DC stage required in three-phase rectifiers based on unfolding approach. The three-phase unfolding based approach improves the power density and efficiency of the converter for isolated battery charging applications. The DC-DC stage used in this approach is usually implemented by two separate converters for processing different time-varying power from each of the two soft DC links. The authors propose a single 3-level DC-DC converter that can simultaneously process power from both the soft-dc links. This results in further reduction in size of the converters based on unfolding approach. Modulation strategy is also proposed for this 3LAFB topology such that the conduction duration of the 4-quadrant switches are minimized and all the active devices soft-switch. With the proposed modulation, converter has the ability to process different powers from each of the DC links that are required to maintain power factor correction (PFC) action on the grid side. Ideal converter simulation waveforms are used to explain the operation of the converter. Hardware results from a 2 kW prototype are presented at three different operating conditions that cover the full voltage range at the input. The results provided validate the proposed converter ability to meet the requirements of the DC-DC stage in an unfolding rectifier.
An Exact Formula for Calculating Inverse Radial Lens Distortions (2016)

This article presents a new approach to calculating the inverse of radial distortions. The method presented here provides a model of reverse radial distortion, currently modeled by a polynomial expression, that proposes another polynomial expression where the new coefficients are a function of the original ones. After describing the state of the art, the proposed method is developed. It is based on a formal calculus involving a power series used to deduce a recursive formula for the new coefficients. We present several implementations of this method and describe the experiments conducted to assess the validity of the new approach. Such an approach, non-iterative, using another polynomial expression, able to be deduced from the first one, can actually be interesting in terms of performance, reuse of existing software, or bridging between different existing software tools that do not consider distortion from the same point of view.
Analysis and experiment of thin metal-clad fiber polarizer with index overlay (1997)

Fiber polarizers, based on side-polished single-mode fibers covered with a deposited thin metal film and index overlay, were investigated by us. By modeling their interaction region as a layered planar structure and using the quasi-ray-optic method, we theoretically examined the resonant absorption of light in this structure. In such an approach, the characteristics of fiber polarizers can be found without solving the refractive index of any surface plasmon mode. Fiber polarizers with different liquid overlays were presented by us and polarization extinction ratio about 60 dB was achieved. Our theoretical analyzes agreed with experimental results. The advantages of our approach are discussed.