gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chain transfer to polymer in emulsion polymerization (1999)

Abstract Chain transfer to polymer in emulsion polymerizations of acrylate monomers and vinyl acetate has been studied using 13 C NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the chemistry by which chain transfer occurs and to quantify the mol% branches resulting from the reaction. In emulsion polymerizations of n‐butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate, chain transfer to polymer proceeds via abstraction of hydrogen atoms from backbone tertiary C‐H bonds and typically gives rise to 2‐4 mol% branches in the polymers obtained at complete conversion, the level of branching increasing with reaction temperature. For these acrylates, there is no evidence for a significant difference between the extent of chain transfer to polymer. In emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate, chain transfer to polymer proceeds mainly via H‐abstraction from methyl side‐groups, though there is a small contribution from abstraction at backbone tertiary C‐H bonds. The levels of branching that result are substantially lower than in acrylate emulsion polymerizations, typically being in the range 0.6‐0.8 mol% in the polymers obtained at complete conversion. The level of branching increases with temperature and as the degree of monomer starving (and hence instantaneous conversion) increases. Emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate with a small amount (5‐20 wt%) of n‐butyl acrylate gives rise to a significant increase in the level of branching (to values around 1.3‐1.6 mol%), which results predominantly from H‐abstraction of backbone tertiary C‐H bonds in n‐butyl acrylate repeat units by propagating radicals with vinyl acetate end units.
Calcium-Dependent Stimulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity in A431 Cells by Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation (1998)

Ionizing radiation at 2 Gy activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity in A431 squamous carcinoma cells and as a consequence transiently activates a downstream effector, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A dose-response analysis shows fourfold activation 3-5 min after irradiation at 0.5 Gy with no additional activation after doses up to 4 Gy. Activation is independent of protein kinase C as defined by marginal effects of protein kinase C down-regulation and the protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine. In contrast, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA/AM), a Ca2+ antagonist (TMB-8) and a phospholipase C inhibitor (U73223), which inhibits radiation-induced Ca2+ oscillations, all block MAPK stimulation. The upstream component, Raf-1, is also activated through a mechanism that is dependent on EGFR and Ca2+. Activation of Raf-1, monitored by tyrosine phosphorylation and co-immunoprecipitation with Ras, was inhibited by BAPTA/AM and TMB-8, indicating that the Ca2+-dependent step occurs at or before the interaction of Ras and Raf-1. Neither the Ras guanosine triphosphate exchange protein, SOS, nor Ca2+-activated tyrosine kinases linked to the MAPK pathway, focal adhesion kinase and PYK2, were stimulated by radiation. In contrast, EGF activated SOS as shown by the enhanced association of SOS with EGFR in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. These results suggest that activation of EGFR-dependent downstream signaling induced by radiation differs from that induced by the natural ligands of EGFR.
Strength‐Interval Curves for Cardiac Tissue Predicted Using the Bidomain Model (1996)

The bidomain model predicts complex anodal and cathodal strength-interval curves, with the anodal curve containing a dip (supernormal stimulation). These results resemble the experimental observations of Dekker.
One‐pot synthesis of aryl and heteroaroyl‐substituted hydroxypyrazolines from the reactions of β‐alkoxyvinyl trichloromethyl ketones with heteroarylhydrazides (2006)

Abstract The one‐step regiospecific synthesis of a novel series of 10 trichloromethyl‐, aryl‐, and heteroaroyl‐substituted 5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazolines affords 1‐(2‐thenoyl)‐, 1‐(2‐furoyl)‐, and 1‐(isonicotinoyl)‐3‐aryl‐5‐hydroxy‐5‐trichloromethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazoles in 63–92% yields from the cyclocondensation reactions of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐4‐methoxy‐4‐aryl‐3‐buten‐2‐ones (where aryl substituents are –C 6 H 5 , 4‐CH 3 C 6 H 4 , 4‐OCH 3 C 6 H 4 , 4‐FC 6 H 4 , 4‐ClC 6 H 4 , 4‐BrC 6 H 4 ) with 2‐thiophenecarboxylic hydrazide, furoic hydrazide, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide, respectively. Dehydration reaction of two 2‐pyrazolines with P 2 O 5 furnished the corresponding 1H‐pyrazoles in low yields (21–29%). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:685–691, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20261
Electronic contract negotiation as an application niche for mobile agents (2002)

We propose electronic contract negotiation-a sub-part of the more general area of electronic commerce-as an example application for mobile agents. We start by presenting a set of requirements that an application should fulfil in order to take advantage of mobile agents and show that not all distributed applications meet these requirements. We then present contract negotiation, an example of an application that can potentially take full advantage of mobile agents. The paper also contains an introduction to a mobile agent system being developed at Hamburg University and show how it can be used to implement contract negotiation.
Redistribution of cyclosiloxanes to favor formation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (1993)

Abstract Efforts to optimize the formation of the cyclic D 5 oligomer (D = Me 2 SiO) of polydimethylsiloxane have led to the development of a new class of redistribution catalyst, the silyl perchlorates. Where as previous Lewis and Bronsted acid catalysts have transformed D 3 almost exclusively into D 3n oligomers, use of phenyldimethylsilyl perchlorate as the catalyst gives predominantly D 4 , D 5 , and other non‐D 3 n oligomers. This redistribution reaction is particularly useful for obtaining large amounts of the difficulty available D 5 . Similar studies of D 4 with variation of solvent and catalyst led to little redistribution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances in Fried Fast Foods (2016)

A simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as a marker for lipid peroxidation in fried fast foods. The method uses the reaction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and TBA in the glacial acetic acid medium. The method was precise, sensitive, and highly reproducible for quantitative determination of TBARS. The precision of extractions and analytical procedure was very high as compared to the reported methods. The method was used to determine the TBARS contents in the fried fast foods such as Shami kebab, samosa, fried bread, and potato chips. Shami kebab, samosa, and potato chips have higher amount of TBARS in glacial acetic acid-water extraction system than their corresponding pure glacial acetic acid and vice versa in fried bread samples. The method can successfully be used for the determination of TBARS in other food matrices, especially in quality control of food industries.
Metal–Polyelectrolyte Complexes. I. The Polyacrylic Acid–Copper Complex (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal–Polyelectrolyte Complexes. I. The Polyacrylic Acid–Copper ComplexHarry P. Gregor, Lionel B. Luttinger, and Ernst M. LoeblCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1955, 59, 1, 34–39Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150523a011https://doi.org/10.1021/j150523a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1601Altmetric-Citations264LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Amorphous Silicon Produced by Ion Implantation: Etching Rate in Solution and Effect of Annealing (1984)

Etude de l'effet de l'etat de Si amorphe sur les cinetiques d'attaque dans l'acide HF. Etude par reflexion IR de deux types d'echantillons implantes avec des ions As + et Si +
The incredible shrinking transistor (1999)

The steady down-scaling of CMOS device dimensions has been the main stimulus to the growth of microelectronics and the computer industry over the past two decades. The more an IC is scaled, the higher becomes its packing density, the higher its circuit speed, and the lower its power dissipation. Today, after many generations of scaling, the smallest feature in a CMOS transistor is approaching atomic dimensions and off-state leakage current per transistor has been rising because thermal energy does not scale. So how much longer can CMOS scaling continue? As the integration level of ICs moves toward 100 million transistors in the next few years, key issues of transistor design must be reexamined for 0.10-0.13-μm generation technology. In previous CMOS generations, it was possible to disregard many parasitic components like off-state leakage and gate current. But in the not-so-distant future, these undesirables will grow rapidly as the fundamental limits imposed by thermodynamics and quantum mechanics close in on the technology. Fortunately the margins in today's devices will be enough to blunt the impact of such effects for perhaps a few generations. All the same, extracting the most performance while extending the limit of CMOS will require several elaborate schemes, including multiple threshold voltages, optimum two-dimensional nonuniform doping, and near atomic level control of gate oxide thickness and source-drain profile.
일반논문 1 : 김종익의 유언과 경성여자의학전문학교 설립과정 (2011)

Dr. Rosetta Hall, an American missionary physician, and Dr. Jeong-hee Gil, a young Korean physician, founded the Joseon (Keijo) Women`s Training Institute in 1928. Between 1933 and 1937, Dr. Gil and her husband, Dr. Kim Tak-won, maintained and financed the medical institute. Supporting the institute placed a heavy burden on the young doctors who were just establishing their private medical practice. Despite this burden, they undertook the work necessary to elevate the institute to a full medical college. In order to generate the substantial funds needed to establish the medical college, they created a foundation for the “creation of a women`s medical college” in 1934 and solicited funding. In 1937, a philanthropist interested in furthering education, Mr. Kim Jong-ik, agreed to donate the funding necessary to elevate the institute to a medical college. Mr. Kim, however, unexpectedly contracted dysentery and died. In his will, Mr. Kim bequeathed a portion of his estate to upgrading the institute to a medical college. The executor, contrary to Mr. Kim`s intent as set forth in his will, however, did not use the funds to elevate the institute, but rather established a completely new women`s medial college. The executor`s actions were a clear violation of Drs. Kim`s and Gil`s legal rights as beneficiaries under the will. They, nonetheless, accepted the outcome, because challenging the executor`s actions under Japanese rule would have been futile as Dr. Kim was a noted anti-Japanese patriot well known to the Japanese. Moreover, Sato Gozo had been Dr. Kim`s teacher at the Keijo Medical College. Most importantly, their dream of establishing a women`s medical college in Korea had been realized regardless of how. Regardless of whether the institute had been elevated to a medical college or not, Drs. Kim Tak-won and Gil Jeong-hee made great sacrifices to further the education of women medical doctors in Korea and should be recognized for their great contributions to the creation of Korea Women`s Medical College.
The interaction of methylene blue, azure B, and thionine with DNA: Formation of complexes with polynucleotides and mononucleotides as model systems (1995)

Abstract The interactions of methylene blue, azure B, and thionine with calf thymus DNA, [poly (dG‐dC)] 2 , [poly(dA‐dT)] 2 , and the constituent mononucleotides 2′‐deoxyguanosine‐5′‐monophosphate(dGMP), 2′‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐monophosphate(dAMP), 2′‐deoxycytidine‐5′‐monophosphate(dCMP), and thymidine‐5′‐monophosphate(dTMP) have been studied by steady‐state absorption spectroscopy and with equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard plots for binding of the dyes to the nucleic acid polymers were convex downward at low binding ratios, characteristic of intercalation, and binding constants for this mode were calculated under conditions of varying ionic strength. For each of the dyes, binding constants with [poly(dG‐dC)] 2 and [poly(dA‐dT)] 2 were of the same order of magnitude, so that previously reported (G‐C) preferentially is not very marked. At high binding ratios, the Scatchard plots did not return to the abscissa but curved upward, indicative of a weaker cooperative binding mode, occurring under conditions where the dye is in excess, which is suggested to be external stacking of the dye molecules promoted by the polyanion. The dependence of the absorption spectra on added salt demonstrated a shift in the strong binding mode for the three dyes with [poly(dA‐dT)] 2 with increasing ionic strength, while with [poly(dG‐dC)] 2 this does not occur. The dyes were found to bind to purine but not pyrimidine mononucleotides with dGMP and dAMP, 1:1 complexes were formed initially and also 1:2 dye/nucleotide complexes with increasing nucleotide concentrations. Under low salt conditions, binding to dAMP was slightly stronger than to dGMP for the three dyes studied, while at high ionic strength, when the binding constants are significantly lower, all binding constants become very similar. Binding to mononucleotides is suggested to be primarily stabilised by π‐π stacking interactions between the planar dyes and the nucleobases: for thionine and azure B there also appears to be H‐bonds between the exocyclic amines and the sugar–phosphates conferring extra stability. Neither increasing the number of phosphate groups on the nucleotides nor changing from deoxyribose to ribose sugars had any significant effect on the binding constants. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IC package and bonding wire modeling software and its application to RFIC design (2003)

This paper presents an IC package and bonding wire modeling software which generates an equivalent lumped circuit model from physical information of IC package and bonding wires. The resulting model takes into account the effects of frequency-dependent resistance, capacitance, as well as self and mutual inductance. The accuracy of the modeling approach has been verified using a 20-pin lead-less plastic chip carrier package. Furthermore, the application of the IC package characterization software to the design of a 700 MHz CMOS VCO has also been demonstrated.
cgmOLAP: Efficient Parallel Generation and Querying of Terabyte Size ROLAP Data Cubes (2006)

We present the cgmOLAP server, the first fully functional parallel OLAP system able to build data cubes at a rate of more than 1 Terabyte per hour. cgmOLAP incorporates a variety of novel approaches for the parallel computation of full cubes, partial cubes, and iceberg cubes as well as new parallel cube indexing schemes. The cgmOLAP system consists of an application interface, a parallel query engine, a parallel cube materialization engine, meta data and cost model repositories, and shared server components that provide uniform management of I/O, memory, communications, and disk resources.
An Optimally Integrated Track Recovery System for Aerial Bathymetry (1983)

An airborne system has been developed for charting shallow coastal and inland waters. The primary components of this system are an aerial survey camera, a profiling laser radar, an analytical stereo plotter, and a multisensor track recovery system (TRS). The TRS comprises a gimbaled inertial navigation system and a number of auxiliary sensors which acquire redundant position and attitude information. The sensor data are combined postmission using a U-D factorized Kalman filter and modified Bryson-Frazier smoother to compute accurate estimates of the orientation parameters of the survey camera at the times of film exposure. These parameters are used to position each overlapping pair of photographs on the analytical plotter to form a stereo image and corresonding analytical stereomodel from which water depth measurements are made. Flight trial results demonstrate that the TRS can achieve radial position and attitude accuracies which exceed 1 m and 2 arcmin root mean square (rms), respectively, and that this level of performance is sufficient to enable water depth measurements to be made to an accuracy of better than 0.65 m (rms).
Christianity and dissent in Roman North Africa: changing perspectives in recent work (1972)

The history of North African Christianity in antiquity is a peculiar blend of the local and the universal. Whether we consider the ‘catholic’ or the ‘dissenting’ traditions represented in it, we find ourselves at the intersection of two worlds. It was not only the ‘Catholicism’ of Optatus, Augustine and Aurelius and their friends and successors that linked the African Church with the Great Church across the seas. Professor Frend long ago drew attention to the similarities between the ecclesiologies of the Donatist and of other western schismatic churches. More recently we have been given a portrait of another such ‘dissident’ Church by M. Meslin in his impressive study of the Arian communities of the Danubian lands. As these developed in the course of the later fourth century, after earlier flirtation with the idea of an imperial Church cast in some ‘Arian’ mould, they came to bear many of the same features of ‘dissent’ which distinguished the Donatists. Donatism was no mere aberration; it was the local expression of a permanent religious option. But unlike the other ‘dissenting’ churches of the Roman world, Donatists did not adopt their dissenting posture as a mere response of defeated men driven into a corner by a hostile imperial and ecclesiastical establishment. It had a long pre-history in the African tradition of Christianity.
Direct Evidence for Methyl Group Coordination by Carbon-Oxygen Hydrogen Bonds in the Lysine Methyltransferase SET7/9 (2011)

SET domain lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) are S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the site-specific methylation of lysyl residues in histone and non-histone proteins. Based on crystallographic and cofactor binding studies, carbon-oxygen (CH · · · O) hydrogen bonds have been proposed to coordinate the methyl groups of AdoMet and methyllysine within the SET domain active site. However, the presence of these hydrogen bonds has only been inferred due to the uncertainty of hydrogen atom positions in x-ray crystal structures. To experimentally resolve the positions of the methyl hydrogen atoms, we used NMR (1)H chemical shift coupled with quantum mechanics calculations to examine the interactions of the AdoMet methyl group in the active site of the human KMT SET7/9. Our results indicated that at least two of the three hydrogens in the AdoMet methyl group engage in CH · · · O hydrogen bonding. These findings represent direct, quantitative evidence of CH · · · O hydrogen bond formation in the SET domain active site and suggest a role for these interactions in catalysis. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis of AdoMet binding indicated that these interactions are important for cofactor binding across SET domain enzymes.
Naranjo Question Answering using End-to-End Multi-task Learning Model (2019)

In the clinical domain, it is important to understand whether an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is caused by a particular medication. Clinical judgement studies help judge the causal relation between a medication and its ADRs. In this study, we present the first attempt to automatically infer the causality between a drug and an ADR from electronic health records (EHRs) by answering the Naranjo questionnaire, the validated clinical question answering set used by domain experts for ADR causality assessment. Using physicians' annotation as the gold standard, our proposed joint model, which uses multi-task learning to predict the answers of a subset of the Naranjo questionnaire, significantly outperforms the baseline pipeline model with a good margin, achieving a macro-weighted f-score between 0.3652 - 0.5271 and micro-weighted f-score between 0.9523 - 0.9918.
The finite-frequency sensitivity kernel for migration residual moveout and its applications in migration velocity analysis (2008)

Abstract We have derived a broadband sensitivity kernel that relates the residual moveout (RMO) in prestack depth migration (PSDM) to velocity perturbations in the migration-velocity model. We have compared the kernel with the RMO directly measured from the migration image. The consistency between the sensitivity kernel and the measured sensitivity map validates the theory and the numerical implementation. Based on this broadband sensitivity kernel, we propose a new tomography method for migration-velocity analysis and updating — specifically, for the shot-record PSDM and shot-index common-image gather. As a result, time-consuming angle-domain analysis is not required. We use a fast one-way propagator and multiple forward scattering and single backscattering approximations to calculate the sensitivity kernel. Using synthetic data sets, we can successfully invert velocity perturbations from the migration RMO. This wave-equation-based method naturally incorporates the wave phenomena and is best teamed with the wave-equation migration method for velocity analysis. In addition, the new method maintains the simplicity of the ray-based velocity analysis method, with the more accurate sensitivity kernels replacing the rays.