gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CONGO RED BIREFRINGENT STRUCTURES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN SENILE DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE (1988)

Serial cryostat sections of hypothalamus from four cases of Alzheimer-type dementia and four controls were stained with Congo red and examined for birefringence. Green birefringence and dichroism was associated with (a) neurofibrillary tangles, which were most numerous at the level of the tuberomammillary nucleus where they were found in large acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons; (b) neuropil processes within tangle fields; (c) a few plaque cores in the mammillary body; (d) spicules at the ependyma of the third ventricle, and (e) blood vessels. Birefringence (e) had different properties from (a) to (d) and was considered to be due to collagen. The ependymal spicules did not react with an antibody which recognized the tangles and neuropil processes. Each Alzheimer case had many more tangles than the control cases. Birefringence in (b)-(d) tended to be greater in the Alzheimer than in the control cases. This study confirms previous reports of large numbers of tangles in circumscribed areas of caudal hypothalamus in Alzheimer-type dementia and demonstrates that Congo red staining reveals abnormalities in hypothalamic structures (neuropil processes and ependyma) not demonstrated by other staining techniques.
Superparamagnetic Silica‐Iron Oxide Nanocomposites for Application in Hyperthermia (2004)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles embedded in silica are studied for application in hyperthermia. The temperature increase is studied when submitting the samples to a weak alternating magnetic field. The influence of the iron oxide size distribution, saturation magnetization, out of phase susceptibility and anisotropy constant is discussed. A theoretical calculation of power loss is carried out and agrees with experimental data.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Benzaldehydes (2000)

A combined system of RuCl[(R, R)-YCH(C(6)H(5))CH(C(6)H(5))NH(2)](eta(6)-arene) (Y = NSO(2)C(6)H(4)-4-CH(3) or O) and t-C(4)H(9)OK catalyzes the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various benzaldehyde-1-d derivatives with 2-propanol to yield (R)-benzyl-1-d alcohols in 95-99% ee and with >99% isotopic purity. Reaction of benzaldehydes with a DCO(2)D-triethylamine mixture and the R,R catalyst affords the S deuterated alcohols in 97-99% ee.
An Improved Whole‐Seed Assay for Screening Wheat Germplasm for Polyphenol Oxidase Activity (2001)

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes darkening and discoloration of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) foods such as noodles. Consequently, a simple, nondestructive, quantitative assay for determining PPO on one to a few wheat seeds could identify superior germplasm and eliminate inferior breeding lines, thus greatly assisting the development of wheat cultivars with superior noodle color. We sought to (i) examine current PPO whole‐seed assays and develop an improved assay that would facilitate rapid, efficient evaluation of wheat breeding lines and cultivars, be amenable to single seeds, and not adversely affect seed viability; (ii) use the assay to evaluate a large collection of wheat germplasm with the aim of identifying lines with very low PPO levels for crossing; and (iii) gain additional information on the location of PPO gene(s). Phenol, L‐tyrosine, catechol, methyl catechol, 3,4 dihydroxyphenyalanine (L‐DOPA), and caffeic acid were evaluated as potential substrates. Kinetic studies indicated that L‐DOPA and catechol at pH 6.5 produced the greatest enzyme activity. L‐DOPA did not reduce seed viability, whereas catechol is reportedly toxic to seeds. A standard assay [1.5 mL of 10 m M L‐DOPA in 50 m M 3‐( N ‐morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer, pH 6.5, with 3 to 5 seeds constantly rotated in a 2‐mL microcentrifuge tube for 0.5 or 1 h at room temperature] was used to screen 1953 germplasm accessions grown in a common environment. Lines with low levels of PPO (i.e., 10% of the population) were identified; 24 of 66 lines displayed low PPO when evaluated under a second environment. Lastly, chromosome 2D was identified as a location of PPO gene(s) based on ‘Langdon’ durum/‘Chinese Spring’ D‐genome substitution lines, and homoeologous group 2 nullisomic/tetrasomic stocks of Chinese Spring. The L‐DOPA standard assay described here provides a robust and efficient method of evaluating germplasm and cultivars for PPO.
Diagnosing and treating neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in primary care (2015)

In response to a change in posture from supine or sitting to standing, autonomic reflexes normally maintain blood pressure (BP) by selective increases in arteriovenous resistance and by increased cardiac output, ensuring continued perfusion of the central nervous system. In neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH), inadequate vasoconstriction and cardiac output cause BP to drop excessively, resulting in inadequate perfusion, with predictable symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness and falls. The condition may represent a central failure of baroreceptor signals to modulate cardiovascular function, a peripheral failure of norepinephrine release from cardiovascular sympathetic nerve endings, or both. Symptomatic patients may benefit from both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. Among the latter, two pressor agents have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: the sympathomimetic prodrug midodrine, approved in 1996 for symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, and the norepinephrine prodrug droxidopa, approved in 2014, which is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension caused by primary autonomic failure (Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure). A wide variety of off-label options also have been described (e.g. the synthetic mineralocorticoid fludrocortisone). Because pressor agents may promote supine hypertension, NOH management requires monitoring of supine BP and also lifestyle measures to minimize supine BP increases (e.g. head-of-bed elevation). However, NOH has been associated with cognitive impairment and increases a patient's risk of syncope and falls, with the potential for serious consequences. Hence, concerns about supine hypertension - for which the long-term prognosis in patients with NOH is yet to be established - must sometimes be balanced by the need to address a patient's immediate risks.
Desensitization studies using perifused rat pituitary cells show that growth hormone-releasing hormone and His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2 stimulate growth hormone release through distinct receptor sites (1991)

The hexapeptide His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (GHRP-6) and GH-releasing factor (GHRH) produced a rapid release of GH upon perifusion of dispersed rat pituitary cells. In contrast to the native hormone GHRH, GHRP-6 elicited a response of short duration. When perifusion of each secretagogue was continued until the cells no longer released GH, a challenge by the alternative secretagogue immediately resulted in a secondary release of GH. These results are consistent with each secretagogue causing desensitization of discrete receptor-linked second messenger pathways. Cells which were perifused for 1 min with GHRP-6 required continued perifusion with culture medium alone for 60 min before they completely regained responsiveness to a subsequent challenge with GHRP-6. Somatostatin (SRIF) was able to inhibit the action of either secretagogue completely. However, when both GHRH and GHRP-6 were perifused together, SRIF attenuated but did not block GH secretion. These perifusion data add support to conclusions derived from static cell culture studies, that GHRH and GHRP-6 act through different receptor sites and that through discrete signalling pathways their individual effects on GH release are amplified.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING ADDITIVES ON BIODEGRADATION OF POLY(E-CAPROLACTONE) (2000)

The influence of different processing additives on the biodegradation of poly(e-caprolactone)film in the compost with plant treatment active sludge is described in this paper. Poly(c-caprolactone) was incubated for several weeks in compost in natural and laboratory conditions. The characteristic parameters of plant treatment active sludge such as : temperature, pH, moisture content and activity of dehydrogenases and their influence on degradation of poly(c-caprolactane) are presented and discussed . The loss of weight, intrinsic viscosity, tensile strength and morphological changes were tested during the period of degradation . Results of measurement indicate that the biodegradation of poly(c-caprotactone) without additives was very fast in compost with plant treatment active sludge and after six weeks the polymer film was completely assimilated . The introducing of processing additives gives better tensile strength of the materials and less vulnerable to microorganisms attack.
Fabrication of porous calcium polyphosphate implants by solid freeform fabrication: A study of processing parameters andin vitro degradation characteristics (2001)

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) involves the creation of a solid 3-D object of desired shape by successively adding raw materials in particles or layers. Its use in fabricating surgical implants is being explored. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using SFF to build porous parts of calcium polyphosphate (CPP), a linear condensed phosphate that has been suggested as a material for forming bioresorbable skeletal replacement implants. CPP powders (<25 microm in particle size) were added to an UV curable monomer (SOMOS 6110) at a solids loading of 25 vol %, with the addition of a commercial dispersant to prevent particle agglomeration and settling. Viscosity and cure depth measurements were performed to insure that CPP suspension met the requirements deemed necessary for use in SFF. The CPP suspension was bulk cured and sintered in molds in order to assess binder removal and sintering parameters. Using a three-point bend test, the ultimate bending strength and energy-to-fracture of sintered CPP samples simulating parts to be formed by this strategy were characterized. In vitro degradation studies using 0.1M of tris-buffered solution were performed to assess the effect of aging on mechanical properties of the samples as a function of the processing route and resulting structures. The polymer binder successfully was removed from the cured ceramic suspension by developing a procedure that combined slow heating rates with low temperature dwells. Sintering CPP at 585 degrees C for 1 h produced amorphous material samples with average porosity of 27.7 +/- 2.0%. Sintering CPP at 600 degrees C for 1 h produced a crystalline material with samples having an average porosity of 22.9 +/- 1.3%. Crystalline CPP was found to exhibit superior bend strength and toughness compared with amorphous CPP. Both samples experienced a decline in mechanical properties during in vitro degradation; however, the effects were more pronounced with the amorphous CPP samples. Amorphous CPP was found to degrade four times faster than crystalline CPP, as shown by high levels of phosphate present in the degradation solution and a noticeable increase in the porosity of the samples. Crystalline CPP was more resistant to attack as dissolution was limited to surface features of the sintered particles.
Absolute distance measurement by dual-comb interferometry with adjustable synthetic wavelength (2013)

Absolute distances were measured using two femtosecond lasers of different pulse repetition rates by revisiting the dual-comb interferometric method proposed by Coddington et al (2009 Nature Photon. 3 351–6). The apparatus built for experiments was designed to eliminate the dead zones in the measurement range by separating the measurement pulses from the reference pulses using orthogonal polarization. In addition, the pulse repetition rate of the signal laser was made tunable in order to extend the non-ambiguity range (NAR) by adaptively adjusting the synthetic wavelength in consideration of the de facto measurement stability in the air. Actual tests performed in the open air proved that a target distance of 69.3 m is measured without interruptions at a 200 µs update rate in the presence of a ~170 µm drift of the optical path length caused by the fluctuation of the refractive index of air. The proposed hardware system design for effective NAR extension will facilitate the use of dual-comb interferometry for various terrestrial applications.
Noise-predictive decision-feedback detection for multiple-input multiple-output channels (2005)

The decision-feedback (DF) detector is a nonlinear detection strategy for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels that can significantly outperform a linear detector, especially when the order in which the inputs are detected is optimized according to the so-called Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) ordering. The DF detector may be implemented as the cascade of a linear detector, which mitigates interference at the expense of correlating the noise, followed by a noise predictor, which exploits the correlation in the noise to reduce its variance. With this architecture, existing linear detectors can be easily upgraded to DF detectors. We propose a low-complexity algorithm for determining the BLAST ordering that is facilitated by the noise-predictive architecture. The resulting ordered noise-predictive DF detector requires fewer computations than previously reported ordered-DF algorithms. We also propose and derive the ordered noise-predictive minimum-mean-squared-error DF detector and show how to determine its BLAST ordering with low complexity.
LGP2 is a positive regulator of RIG-I– and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses (2010)

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm. RLRs are comprised of N-terminal caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs) and a DExD/H-box helicase domain. The third member of the RLR family, LGP2, lacks any CARDs and was originally identified as a negative regulator of RLR signaling. In the present study, we generated mice lacking LGP2 and found that LGP2 was required for RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. In particular, LGP2 was essential for type I IFN production in response to picornaviridae infection. Overexpression of the CARDs from RIG-I and MDA5 in Lgp2(-/-) fibroblasts activated the IFN-beta promoter, suggesting that LGP2 acts upstream of RIG-I and MDA5. We further examined the role of the LGP2 helicase domain by generating mice harboring a point mutation of Lys-30 to Ala (Lgp2 (K30A/K30A)) that abrogated the LGP2 ATPase activity. Lgp2 (K30A/K30A) dendritic cells showed impaired IFN-beta productions in response to various RNA viruses to extents similar to those of Lgp2(-/-) cells. Lgp2(-/-) and Lgp2 (K30A/K30A) mice were highly susceptible to encephalomyocarditis virus infection. Nevertheless, LGP2 and its ATPase activity were dispensable for the responses to synthetic RNA ligands for MDA5 and RIG-I. Taken together, the present data suggest that LGP2 facilitates viral RNA recognition by RIG-I and MDA5 through its ATPase domain.
XQuery query over XML update streams (2010)

This paper aimed at accept accurate output query results for the XQuery query over the XML Streams, and presents a solution based on XML Streams. Dynamically insert the update events into the XML Streams, constructed XML update Streams, so that we can receive continuous and precise results. XQuery language based on XPath queries use FLOWR expressions to achieve the complexity of queries on XML data Streams. Extract the main path to separate the absolute path and relative path, merge the paths which have dependent relationship, Rewrite the FLWOR expression, to improve the efficiency of XQuery queries. The experimental results show that the proposed method can impove the processing efficiency, receive precise query results.
Kilohertz scanning all-fiber optical delay line using piezoelectric actuation (2004)

Commercial applications for fiber sensing and low-coherence interferometry are rapidly growing in medical, industrial and aerospace markets. These new instruments must be smaller, more robust and less expensive. An all-fiber optical delay line or “fiber stretcher”, using piezoelectric (PZT) actuation, offers a simple solid-state solution that eliminates free space optics. The challenges for PZT fiber stretchers include: reducing non-linearity and hysteresis, achieving sufficient scan range with minimum fiber length, maximizing scan frequency and reducing losses in the drive electronics. PZT actuators are essentially large ceramic capacitors that must be rapidly charged and discharged to achieve fast scanning. The mechanical response of the PZT ceramic is greater than 10 kHz which makes it practical to scan at four kilohertz. A thin-walled piezoelectric disk or cylinder achieves 4.5 millimeters of fiber stretch using 20 meters of coiled fiber. Digitally controlled series resonant electronics produce a 1200 volt sinusoidal drive signal at a fixed frequency of four kilohertz while dissipating only 16 Watts. An all-fiber optical delay line module, using piezoelectric actuators and a series resonant drive, is a miniature, robust and efficient alternative to free-space optics with dithering mirrors or spinning polygons.
Progressive Thermal Desorption of Vapor Mixtures from a Preconcentrator with a Porous Metal Foam Internal Architecture and Variable Thermal Ramp Rates (2005)

A vapor preconcentrator has been designed with the porous polymer (Tenax) packed into a highly porous metal foam to facilitate thermal conductivity and temperature uniformity throughout the bed of the preconcentrator during heating. Vapors were desorbed using linear temperature programming from room temperature to a maximum temperature of 170 or 200 degrees C; the programmed duration of the thermal ramp was varied from 10 to 180 s. The partial separation of vapor mixtures that are thermally desorbed from the preconcentrator has been examined in terms of a metric for resolution, using methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, and dimethyl methylphosphonate as a test mixture. Vapors desorbed as a sequence of partially separated overlapping peaks, as observed with a polymer-coated flexural plate wave sensor. It was shown that vapor mixture resolution improved as the total time of the thermal ramp was extended from 30 to 120 s. In this way, the preconcentrator serves to act as a preseparator in addition to its usual functions for sampling, signal modulation, and improving sensitivity. Overlapping peaks were modeled, and peak areas were extracted using an exponentially modified Gaussian model. Peak areas were independent of the thermal ramp rate. Uses of such preconcentrators with multivariate detectors, such as sensor arrays, are discussed.
Models of bottom-up and top-down visual attention (2000)

When we observe our visual environment, we do not perceive all its components as being equally interesting. Some objects automatically and effortlessly “pop-out” from their surroundings, that is, they draw our visual attention, in a “ bottom-up” manner, towards them. In a first approximation, focal visual attention acts as a rapidly shiftable “spotlight,” which allows only the selected information to reach higher levels of processing and representation. Most models of the bottom-up control of attention are based on the concept of a saliency map, that is, an explicit two-dimensional map that encodes the conspicuity of objects in the visual environment. Competition among neurons in this map gives rise to a single winning location that corresponds to the next attended target. Inhibiting this location automatically allows the system to attend to the next most salient location. A first body of work in this thesis describes a detailed computer implementation of such a scheme, focusing on the problem of combining information across modalities, here orientation, intensity and color information, in a purely stimulus-driven manner. The model is applied to common psychophysical stimuli as well as to very demanding visual search tasks. Its successful performance is used to address the extent to which the primate visual system carries out visual search via one or more such saliency maps and how this can be tested. 
We next address the question of what happens once our attention is focused onto a restricted part of our visual field. There is mounting experimental evidence that attention is far more sophisticated than a simple feed-forward spatially-selective filtering process. Indeed, visual processing appears to be significantly different inside the attentional spotlight than outside. That is, in addition to its properties as a feed-forward information processing and transmission bottleneck, focal visual attention feeds back and locally modulates, in a “top-down” manner, the visual processing and representation of selected objects. The second body of work presented in this thesis is concerned with a detailed computational model of basic pattern vision in humans and its modulation by top-down attention. We start by acquiring a complete dataset of five different simple psychophysical experiments, including discriminations of contrast, orientation and spatial frequency of simple pattern stimuli by human observers. This experimental dataset places strict constraints on our model of early pattern vision. The model, however, is eventually able to reproduce the entire dataset while assuming plausible neurobiological components. The model is further applied to existing psychophysical data which demonstrates how top-down attention alters performance in these simple psychophysical discrimination experiments. Our model is able to quantitatively account for all observations by assuming that attention strengthens the non-linear cortical interactions among visual neurons.
A network communication protocol for distributed virtual environment systems (1996)

Virtual environment (VE) applications involve many different tasks, including interfacing with input and output devices, providing responsive user interaction, and simulating a dynamic environment. The variety and number of tasks lends the application to a distributed computing system, where different tasks are performed by different computing resources. A critical issue that arises from such a design is how information is communicated between tasks. In particular, for virtual environments, how information is communicated promptly is the critical issue. In this work, we describe a pattern of communication common between VE tasks which is not addressed by other communication protocols, namely the communication of state information that continuously changes. We describe a new protocol based on an updatable queue abstraction which allows obsolete state information to be discarded, and compare a prototype implementation of that abstraction with a standard communication protocol.
Online junction temperature measurement via internal gate resistance during turn-on (2014)

A new method for junction temperature measurement of power semiconductor switches is presented. The measurement exploits the temperature dependent resistance of the temperature sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP): the internal gate resistance. This dependence can be observed during the normal switching transitions of an IGBT or MOSFET, and as a result the presented method uses the integral of the gate voltage during the turn-on delay. A measurement circuit can be integrated into a gate driver with no modification to converter or gate driver operation and holds significant advantages over other TSEP based measurement methods, primarily being: an absence of any dependence on operating conditions such as load current, and the potential to achieve higher sensitivity (20mV/C or more) than alternative TSEPs.