gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond laser filament induced condensation and precipitation in a cloud chamber (2016)

A unified picture of femtosecond laser induced precipitation in a cloud chamber is proposed. Among the three principal consequences of filamentation from the point of view of thermodynamics, namely, generation of chemicals, shock waves and thermal air flow motion (due to convection), the last one turns out to be the principal cause. Much of the filament induced chemicals would stick onto the existing background CCN's (Cloud Condensation Nuclei) through collision making the latter more active. Strong mixing of air having a large temperature gradient would result in supersaturation in which the background CCN's would grow efficiently into water/ice/snow. This conclusion was supported by two independent experiments using pure heating or a fan to imitate the laser-induced thermal effect or the strong air flow motion, respectively. Without the assistance of any shock wave and chemical CCN's arising from laser filament, condensation and precipitation occurred. Meanwhile we believe that latent heat release during condensation /precipitation would enhance the air flow for mixing.
Adaptive automated scheduler in Prognostics Health Management (2012)

A mechanism for Automated Scheduler in maintenance management is explored in this paper where the duration of the maintenance tasks are not predefined, rather generated dynamically. An adaptive learning system is employed to determine the duration of a future task based on similar prior tasks. Durations of some maintenance tasks are calculated using statistical regression where nature and specification of the task are well defined. However, for other tasks where the durations are dependent upon the condition of several other parts and subsystems, they are derived through machine learning methodologies like Neural Network and Bayesian rule. Moreover, the duration of the tasks is further refined by Prognostics Health Management assessment that predicts impending failure based on near real time condition of vehicles and its subsystems. Determining the task durations dynamically based on prior knowledge or from prognostic data will make the schedule efficient, saving money and resources required for maintenance.
Homography-based ground area detection for indoor mobile robot using binocular cameras (2011)

Drivable area detection is an important issue for mobile robot to work in indoor and outdoor environments with safety and security with respect to itself and environment. In this paper, we propose an approach to detect the ground area for indoor mobile robots with binocular cameras. At first, the ground induced homography between onboard binocular cameras is calibrated. In ground area detection, the right eye image is warped to left eye by the homography and subtracted by the left eye image. From the difference image the rough non-ground regions can be detected. Then the closed contours on the difference image and the left eye image are searched to segment them into regions. These corresponding regions are compared to judge whether they belong to ground plane. The conducted experiments show that the proposed method is valid in detecting ground area.
Modulation Techniques For Deep-Space Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) Optical Communication (1988)

JPL is actively pursuing the use of optical communications with deep-space probes using the extremely energy-efficient pulse-position modulation (PPM) format. We are studying and developing the critical technologies for this, including the use of different modulation schemes for efficiently producing laser pulses over a broad range of repetition rates. Diode-pumped Nd:YAG is envisioned to be the source, and two principal types of modulation are available: Q-switching and cavity dumping. These two techniques are discussed, and numerical calculations of cavity dumping are described.
Polyamine Acetylation Modulates Polyamine Metabolic Flux, a Prelude to Broader Metabolic Consequences (2007)

Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the polyamine-acetylating enzyme spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) significantly increases metabolic flux through the polyamine pathway. The concept derives from the observation that SSAT-induced acetylation of polyamines gives rise to a compensatory increase in biosynthesis and presumably to increased flow through the pathway. Despite the strength of this deduction, the existence of heightened polyamine flux has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. Here, we use the artificial polyamine precursor 4-fluoro-ornithine to measure polyamine flux by tracking fluorine unit permeation of polyamine pools in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Conditional overexpression of SSAT was accompanied by a massive increase in intracellular and extracellular acetylated spermidine and by a 6-20-fold increase in biosynthetic enzyme activities. In the presence of 300 microM 4-fluoro-ornithine, SSAT overexpression led to the sequential appearance of fluorinated putrescine, spermidine, acetylated spermidine, and spermine. As fluorinated polyamines increased, endogenous polyamines decreased, so that the total polyamine pool size remained relatively constant. At 24 h, 56% of the spermine pool in the induced SSAT cells was fluorine-labeled compared with only 12% in uninduced cells. Thus, SSAT induction increased metabolic flux by approximately 5-fold. Flux could be interrupted by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis but not by inhibition of polyamine oxidation. Overall, the findings are consistent with a paradigm whereby flux is initiated by SSAT acetylation of spermine and particularly spermidine followed by a marked increase in key biosynthetic enzymes. The latter sustains the flux cycle by providing a constant supply of polyamines for subsequent acetylation by SSAT. The broader metabolic implications of this futile metabolic cycling are discussed in detail.
Photocatalytic performance of Fe-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>nanoparticles under visible-light irradiation (2017)

The present work focuses on the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of a nanosized Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalyst. The samples were synthesized by the sol–gel method and characterized by using techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The powder XRD spectra revealed that the synthesized samples are pure and crystalline in nature and show a tetragonal anatase phase of TiO2. The Raman spectroscopy also confirmed the formation of an anatase phase structure in both pure and Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The UV–visible and PL spectra illustrated the red shift in Fe-doped TiO2 NPs. The FTIR spectra indicated the vibrational band of the Ti–O lattice. The photocatalytic experimental results demonstrate that Fe-doped TiO2 NPs effectively degrade MB under visible-light illumination. Interestingly, the prepared TiO2 NPs with a dopant concentration of 3.0 mole% showed the maximum photocatalytic activity under investigation.
Treatment of prostate cancer: Watchful waiting, radical prostatectomy, and cryoablation (2000)

Current advances in diagnostic modalities and screening has lead to diagnosis of prostate cancer at an earlier stage (the so-called “stage shift” phenomenon), making primary treatments of localized disease of extreme importance in management. Therapeutic modalities include conservative management, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, and newer techniques such as cryoablation surgery and brachytherapy. This review will focus on the non-radiation, non-hormonal primary treatment of localized prostate cancer and discuss the popularity and success of “watchful waiting,” radical surgery, and cryoablation along with their advantages and disadvantages. These treatments will be compared to the qualities of an ideal treatment, which include cost effectiveness, efficacy, convenience of administration, tolerance by patients, low morbidity and mortality, and minimal impact on quality of life. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 18:37–44, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Improved Synthesis of Nomegestrol Acetate (2014)

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are synthetic steroids, or progestins, which are structurally related to testosterone or to progesterone. Many progestins have been synthesized and approved for OCs, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), or the treatment of some gynecological disorders. Nomegestrol acetate (NOMAc) is a newly approved OC and has gained rapid acceptance in many countries for OC or HRT. The synthesis of NOMAc remains challenging and costly. We have developed a novel and improved procedure for the synthesis of NOMAc with a total of 11 steps and an overall good yield without the use of hazardous reagents.
Verification of an industrial rule-based manufacturing system using REX (2008)

Abstract. Formal methods are not used in their full potential for enhancing software quality in industry. We argue that seamless support in a high-level specification tool is a viable way to provide system designers with powerful and paradigm specific formal verification techniques. Event condition action (ECA) rules can be used to model and implement reactive behavior in, for example, the semantic web. Independently of target system, the behavior of rule-based systems are known to be hard to analyze. The REX tool is a rule-based front-end to the timed automata CASE-tool Uppaal. The model-checker in Uppaal is used by REX enabling seamless support for model-checking rule-based specifications. This paper presents experiences from modeling and verifying a system of industrial complexity as interacting rules using REX. We conclude that repeatedly performing formal analysis when constructing a system with interacting rules is a viable way of coping with the complexity of the model. Additionally, we present an implemented algorithm for optimizing the model to reduce the effect of state-space explosion. 1
Thermal modeling of a wafer in a rapid thermal processor (1995)

A model, using geometric optics, has been developed to calculate the illumination of a wafer inside a rapid thermal processor. The main parameters of the model are: the processing chamber geometry, the lamp number and location, the reflector characteristics, and the wafer temperature. Each incident light component, i.e., direct or reflected, is identified, its contribution to the illumination of the wafer is calculated through a 3D analytical model, and the corresponding contour maps are depicted. Then, the heat diffusion equation is numerically solved in two dimensions, and thermal maps of a Si wafer are given versus various experimental conditions, such as the effect of patterning the reflectors, of individually adjusting the electrical power applied to each lamp, and the impact of rotating the wafer or using crossed lamp banks. The latter method, while being easy to implement, is shown to give excellent thermal uniformity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria (2017)

Here, we present new criteria aimed to optimize early, sensitive, and specific clinical diagnosis of PSP on the basis of currently available evidence. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Requirements for SIP-Based Session Peering (2011)

This memo defines Best Current Practices for session peering between
SIP Service Providers for voice or other types of multimedia traffic
exchanges. In its current state, this document describes high-level
guidelines and general requirements for session peering for multimedia
interconnect . It also defines a minimum set of requirements
applicable to session peering for voice over IP, presence and instant
messaging interconnects. It is intended to become best current
practices based on the use cases discussed in the SPEERMINT working
group.
Transformation of butanes over ZSM-5 zeolites. Part 1.—Mechanism of cracking of butanes over H-ZSM-5 (1991)

The transformations of butane and isobutane over H-ZSM-5 have been studied at 773 K with a special emphasis on the mode of activation of butanes on the acidic sites. The change in the product selectivity with the total conversion of butane (and isobutane) was examined. At low conversion levels, butane is cracked exclusively by a carbonium-ion mechanism into three combinations of products, CH4+ C3H6, C2H6+ C2H4, and H2+ C4H8. The contributions of the three pathways are 42–44%, 38–36% and 20%, respectively. The ratio does not depend on the partial pressure of butane. As the degree of conversion increases, the formation of propane increases, indicating that the activation of butane by a hydride-transfer mechanism is involved. Thus, in the conversion range 20–40%, the contribution of the carbonium-ion mechanism is reduced to 50–60%, 40–50% of butane being activated by the hydride-transfer mechanism. The contribution of the hydride-transfer mechanism increases as the partial pressure of the reactant increases.At very low conversion levels, isobutane undergoes cracking through a carbonium-ion mechanism to form (CH4+ C3H6) and (H2+ C4H8) with a ratio of 2:1. At higher conversion levels the activation by the hydride-transfer mechanism predominates. In the conversion range 13–24% this mechanism accounts for ca. 60% of isobutane activation.
Detection of minimal residual bcr/abl transcripts by a modified polymerase chain reaction (1988)

The Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) involves reciprocal translocation of the bcr gene and the c-abl oncogene. The fused bcr/abl gene is transcribed into two types of chimeric mRNA. By means of a combined method of S1 nuclease protection and polymerase chain reaction, we amplified sequences representative of the chimeric bcr/abl transcripts. Only 5 micrograms of total cellular RNA is needed and the chimeric bcr/abl message can be detected at a dilution of 1:100,000. We also detected residual chimeric bcr/abl transcripts in the remission samples from two Ph1-positive CML patients. This technique has the potential to identify a subpopulation of Ph1-positive CML patients in remission who are at high risk of relapse.
A maximum likelihood framework for determining moving edges (1989)

The determination of moving edges in an image sequence is discussed. An approach is proposed that relies on modeling principles and likely hypothesis testing techniques. A spatiotemporal edge in an image sequence is modeled as a surface patch in a 3-D spatiotemporal space. A likelihood ratio test enables its detection as well as simultaneous estimation of its related attributes. It is shown that the computation of this test leads to convolving the image sequence with a set of predetermined masks. The emphasis is on a restricted but widely relevant and useful case of surface patch, namely the planar one. In addition, an implementation of the procedure whose computation cost is merely equivalent to a spatial gradient operator is presented. This method can be of interest for motion-analysis schemes, not only for supplying spatiotemporal segmentation, but also for extracting local motion information. Moreover, it can cope with occlusion contours and important displacement magnitude. Experiments have been carried out with both synthetic and real images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lysosomal cathepsin B plays an important role in antigen processing, while cathepsin D is involved in degradation of the invariant chain in ovalbumin‐immunized mice (2000)

We previously reported that CA074, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, modulates specific immune responses from the T helper 2 (Th2) type to Th1 type in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. In the present study, we found that a similar type of immune deviation was also induced in mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). However, treatment of mice with pepstatin A, a specific cathepsin D inhibitor, suppressed the OVA-specific proliferation of lymphocytes and blocked the development of both Th1 and Th2 cellular responses. These inhibitors did not appear to have any direct influence in vitro on functions of naive lymphocytes. OVA antigen (47 000 MW) was digested mainly into 40 000 MW protein in vitro by lysosomal proteases from naive BALB/c mice, and its digestion was markedly inhibited by the addition of CA074, but not by addition of pepstatin A, during incubation. However, pepstatin A strongly suppressed the degradation of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) molecule in vivo and in vitro. Thus, cathepsin B appears to process antigens directed to preferential activation of Th2 cells, while cathepsin D may be responsible for the degradation of Ii, the processing of which is essential in initiating the antigen-specific activation of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells. These lysosomal proteases may have different functions in regulating immune responses.
Amplitude, phase and frequency estimation based on the analytic representation of power system signals (2005)

Power Quality problems have a significant impact in electrical power systems. Therefore, real-time techniques to detect and quantify these problems are getting much attention. This paper proposes a new approach based on the real wavelet transform of the analytic representation of distorted power signals. To generate the analytic signal, two methods are given. The first method is based on Fast Fourier Transform, whereas the second is Finite Impulse Response filter based. The general structure of a DSP/FPGA based system used for the prototyping of the measurement device system and the experimental results are included.
A novel technique for preparing a mono-particle layer on a substrate through the epoxy-amino cross-linking (2006)

We present a novel technique for immobilizing nanoparticles on a substrate. This method contains two techniques, which are a preparing technique of self-assembled monomolecular layers (SAMs) terminated in an epoxy group or an amino group on surface of nanoparticles or a substrate and a reaction technique between the epoxy and amino groups. The epoxy terminated SAMs or the amino terminated SAMs were prepared on nanoparticle surfaces or a substrate surface by a chemical adsorption technique using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane or (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane. The particles dispersed in an organic solvent were coated on the substrate, and then the epoxy and amino groups were reacted each other. Unreacted nanoparticles were removed by washing. As a result, the nanoparticles were immobilized to the substrate surface through covalent bonds of the epoxy-amine cross-linking. By using this method, a mono nanoparticle layer could be formed on the substrate.
Geant4 Physics Processes for Microdosimetry Simulation: Design Foundation and Implementation of the First Set of Models (2007)

New physical processes specific for microdosimetry simulation are under development in the Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic package. The first set of models implemented for this purpose cover the interactions of electrons, protons and light ions in liquid water; they address a physics domain relevant to the simulation of radiation effects in biological systems, where water represents an important component. The design developed for effectively handling particle interactions down to a low energy scale and the physics models implemented in the first public release of the software are described.
Traffic flow calculation method for substation communication network (2016)

The efficient and reliable transmission of traffic flow in Substation Communication Network (SCN) is conducive to the safe and steady operation of Substation Automatic System. In order to calculate and analyze the SCN traffic flow efficiently, this paper proposes a traffic-flow distribution analytical model, where the transmission process of traffic flow in a branch is described as the mapping relationship between the input node and output node. Based on this mapping relationship, the transmission path of traffic flow and the topology structure of information communication network can be described. In addition, the fault event analytical model of communication network is presented to depict the possible fault scenarios in the traffic-flow transmission process. Furthermore, a stochastic network calculus theory is employed to construct the architecture of the end-to-end delay analysis of traffic-flow transmission, and is used to evaluate the traffic-flow transmission performance in SCN. In the scenarios, by comparing the related mathematical calculation which is developed by classical network performance analysis software OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool) as well as the model and performance analytical method proposed in this paper, the rationality of the traffic-flow distribution analytical model is verified and the effectiveness of proposed performance analytical method is confirmed.
Novel Solid-State Polymer Electrolyte Consisting of a Porous Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Thin Film and Oligoethylene Glycol (2004)

A novel solid-state polymer electrolyte was constructed using layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte assembly of linear poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), combined with a plasticization step using oligoethylene glycol dicarboxylic acid (OEGDA). This composite film exhibits a relatively high ionic conductivity of 9.5 x 10(-5) S/cm at 25 degrees C and 22% relative humidity. Detailed characterization of the composite was undertaken using grazing-angle Fourier transform infrared (GA-FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impedance spectroscopy. After immersing the LPEI/PAA films into OEGDA aqueous solutions, the films exhibited a swelling behavior and increased surface roughness indicative of porosity induced by reorganization of ionic interactions between LPEI and PAA in acidic solution. This internal porous structure allows inclusion of OEGDA within the multilayer and increased ionic conductivity under ambient conditions due to the combined effects of plasticization of the LbL matrix by atmospheric water as well as the added mobility of ions in molten OEGDA within the composite.
Threonine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes (2001)

The removal of the 1-carbon of threonine can occur via threonine dehydrogenase or threonine aldolase, this carbon ending up in glycine to be liberated by the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system and producing CO(2). Alternatively, in the threonine dehydratase pathway, the 1-carbon ends up in alpha-ketobutyrate, which is oxidized in the mitochondria to CO(2). Rat hepatocytes, incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium, were incubated with 0.5 mM L-[1-(14)C]threonine, and (14)CO(2) production was measured. Added glycine (0.3 mM) marginally suppressed threonine oxidation. Cysteamine (0.5 mM), a potent inhibitor of the glycine cleavage system, reduced threonine oxidation to 65% of controls. However, alpha-cyanocinnamate (0.5 mM), a competitive inhibitor of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid uptake, reduced threonine oxidation to 35% of controls. These data provided strong evidence that approximately 65% of threonine oxidation occurs through the glycine-independent threonine dehydratase pathway. Glucagon (10(-7) M) increased threonine oxidation and stimulated threonine uptake by these cells. In summary, the majority of threonine oxidation occurs through the threonine dehydratase pathway in rat hepatocytes, and threonine oxidation is increased by glucagon, which also increases threonine's transport.