gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Marine Seismic Energy Sources: Acoustic Performance Comparison (1982)

Abstract A survey of marine seismic energy sources was presented at the 1977 annual meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Acoustic performance of seventeen sources was given; ten of the sources were air gun arrays. Several of the arrays and other sources are no longer in use. Higher pressure 13.8 MPa (200 psi)} air guns, more-efficient air and water guns and other sources have been developed to replace the discontinued sources. These recent developments are described and their acoustic performance are compared with other sources currently used in production surveys. Two criteria are used for the comparison:far field acoustic pressure of the initial pulse-referenced to one meter and in the 0-128 Hz recording pass band and the initial-to-bubble pulse ratio in the same pass band, and energy flux spectral density of the far field signature referenced to one meter from the source. Introduction Before the mid 1960's the selection of a marine seismic energy source was simple; it was generally dynamite. However, even then, a number of non-dynamite sources were in various stages of development. For example, the first shallow-water air gun crew was deployed offshore Texas in 1966 and the first production deep-water marine air gun crew started work in early 1967 offshore California. The following year Kramer, Peterson and Walter edited the "Seismic Energy Sources 1968 Handbook" - an excellent early presentation of the subject. Figure 1, a reproduction of Figure 21 from their Handbook, shows the Rayleigh-Willis diagram which relates the period of gaseous-bubble oscillation to its potential energy at maximum bubble size. A range of pneumatic, electrical-discharge and propane-oxygen sources are shown on the diagram along with several charge sizes of dynamite. A comparison of marine sources was presented by Giles and Johnston in 1977; a copy of the comparison summary is shown as Table I. The acoustic performance of 17 sources was given with ten of them being air gun arrays. Performance data was based on a recorded far field signature of the source. The results were given as the peak-to-peak amplitude of the initial pulse (in bars referenced to one meter) and the ratio of the initial-to-bubble pulse. Both results were stated in the 0-125 Hz pass band. A range of sources types still existed in 1977 as the reader can determine from the table. The most recent geophysical activity report published by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (Senti, 1981) was used to prepare the data given in Table II. The source categories are self-explanatory except, possibly, implosive. Implosive sources include the water gun, steam gun and the mechanical displacement- type source known as Flexi choc. (Note that an electrical source gives an implosive signature but it is listed separately). Approximately two thirds of the line-miles were surveyed using compresses air as the source. Only a small percentage (zero in the USA) of marine work utilized solid-chemical sources.
A Practical Synthesis of (2<i>S</i>, 3<i>R</i>)‐3‐Amino‐2‐methylpentanoic Acid from <scp>L</scp>‐Aspartic Acid (1994)

Abstract L ‐Aspartic acid by successive N ‐tosylation, anhydride formation, and reduction was converted into (3 S )‐3‐(tosylamino)butano‐4‐lactone ( 4 ). Electrophilic methylation of 4 , subsequent iodo‐esterification and nucleophilic methylation, followed by saponification and deprotection, gave (2 S , 3 R )‐3‐amino‐2‐methylpentanoic acid ( 2 ) with an ee of > 99% in seven steps and in an overall yield of 34%.
Saturated flow of water through clay loam subsoil material of the Brolliar and Springerville soil series. (1970)

The water transmission characteristics of subsoil material from the Brolliar and Springerville soil series of northern Arizona were determined. The flow behavior of the soils was ascertained using a system that measured the hydraulic head difference across a soil sample when known flow rates through the soil sample were being produced. Current theories for describing non-Darcy behavior together with quantitative expressions were used to describe and offer possible explanations for the hydrologic behavior of the soil materials. Extremely low permeability rates were found for both soils at all porosities and hydraulic gradients. The flow-hydraulic gradient relationship was found to be non-linear. Non-linearity was more pronounced at very low gradients for both soils. The Springerville soil materials with higher clay and salt content exhibited the least departure from linearity. As porosity increased, flow behavior became more Darcy-like for both soils. The flow behavior of these two major soil series have important implications to management of the watersheds where these soils are found.
Central Venous Oxygen Saturation in Shock (1972)

In two groups of patients, oxygen saturation was determined in blood drawn simultaneously from several locations: superior vena cava (SSVCO2) (central venous blood); right atrium (SRAO2); right ventricle (SRVO2); pulmonary artery (SO2) systemic artery (SARTO2) and inferior vena cava (SIVCO2). Values
Interaction of Polymers with Near-Critical Carbon Dioxide (1989)

The kinetics and equilibria of carbon dioxide transport in a wide variety of polymers have been studied at pressures up to the saturated vapor pressure at 25°C. Gravimetric data were obtained by rapid weighing of polymer films of varied thickness during desorption at atmospheric pressure, following exposures to compressed CO2 for various times and pressures. Transport kinetics are Fickian, and diffusivity increases with CO2 concentration. The solubility of CO2 generally increases with increasing content of polar groups in the polymer. For several glassy polymers, the isotherms plotted vs. CO2 activity are sigmoid in shape, combining dual-mode character at low activity with Flory-Huggins form at high activity. The assembled evidence shows that near-critical CO2 behaves as a polar, highly volatile organic solvent, rather than as a simple gas, in its interactions with polymers.
THE INFLUENCE OF HLA A-B-DR MATCHING ON CYTOMEGALOVIRUS DISEASE AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION (1992)

We examined the prevalence of cytomegalovirus infectious episodes, as defined by clinical, virological, and serological criteria (i.e., CMV disease), in 660 kidney graft recipients; 109 patients (16.5%) developed the disease, and 551 did not. No significant statistical link between CMV disease prevalence and a given HLA-A, -B, or -DR allele was observed. However, patients with HLA-DR7 matched grafts were statistically more frequently found (P < 0.01) in the group of recipients who developed CMV disease as compared with the group who did not develop CMV disease. Furthermore, among patients who developed CMV disease, a significant increase of HLA-DR7 matched over DR7 mismatched patients was noted, whereas no difference between matched and mismatched recipients for the other HLA-DR alleles was found. No difference in the severity of graft failure, often observed during, or immediately after, the CMV episode, was noted between patients matched or mismatched for HLA-DR7. Our data suggest that donor/recipient matching for HLA-DR7 is associated with increased CMV disease.
Vascular injury in dogs during ischemia-reperfusion: improvement with ATP-MgCl2 pretreatment (1988)

The aim of this study was to determine whether ATP-MgCl2 or isoproterenol pretreatment would attenuate the increase in canine gracilis muscle vascular resistance and permeability associated with 4 h of occlusive ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. To this end, the osmotic reflection coefficient for total plasma proteins (omega), isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci), precapillary resistance (Ra), postcapillary resistance (Rv), and total vascular resistance (Rt) were determined for the following conditions: control, ischemia, and ischemia plus pretreatment with ATP-MgCl2 or isoproterenol. Reperfusion, after ischemia, significantly reduced omega from 0.94 +/- 0.02 to 0.64 +/- 0.02, whereas Pci was decreased by 50 +/- 4%, indicating a dramatic increase in vascular permeability. Ischemia-reperfusion was also associated with an increase in Rt of 230 +/- 22%. Similar results were obtained in muscles pretreated with isoproterenol. However, in muscles pretreated with ATP-MgCl2, omega averaged 0.98 +/- 0.09, Pci was reduced by only 15 +/- 8%, and Rt was increased by just 25 +/- 12%. The effect of ATP-MgCl2 on neutrophilic oxidative metabolism was evaluated by measuring superoxide production by activated neutrophils in the presence and absence of ATP-MgCl2. Superoxide production by activated neutrophils was significantly attenuated by ATP-MgCl2. The results of these studies indicate that pretreatment with ATP-MgCl2, but not isoproterenol, is remarkably effective in attenuating the increase in skeletal muscle vascular resistance and permeability induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The protective effect of ATP-MgCl2 may be related in part to its ability to inhibit neutrophilic superoxide production.
Mechanisms of Erosion. (1980)

A single stage gas gun and a whirling arm rig have been used to study the erosion of mono- and poly-crystalline MgO and Al and mono-crystalline LiF targets by millimeter scale steel and WC - 6% Co spheres. Both single and multiple impact studies were variously performed as functions of impact angle, impact velocity, particle size, method of surface preparation and (in the case of mono-crystalline targets) surface orientation. The resultant damage was variously studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, dislocation etching and surface profilometry, and the corresponding mass losses were determined gravimetrically. In addition, a computer model of oblique impact was developed and tested against the experimental observations. The results show that the variation of impact crater dimensions with impact conditions can generally be explained satisfactorily, but that it is difficult to relate mass loss to crater geometry in quantitative terms under either single or multi-particle impact conditions. They also suggest that the erosion of semi-brittle materials is determined primarily by the intersection of the lateral and median (or radial) cracks formed about the impact craters, and that ductile materials erode by the detachment of thin platelets formed by extrusion of piled-up material between subsequently arriving particles and the underlying substrate. (Author)
STATE GOVERNMENT State Printing and Documents: Amend Open Meeting and Open Record Requirements of State Agencies (1992)

SB 604 amends title 50 of the Georgia Code by changing several provisions addressing the requirements of open meetings of state government agencies and access to public records. The most significant changes include requiring prior notice to the public of the subject of emergency meetings, limiting access to public meetings concerning the job evaluation and rating of a public officer, altering the standard necessary to collect attorneys'; fees from an agency which has violated the open meeting or public record access requirements, and limiting the public disclosure of names and other information concerning candidates for the executive head of state agencies and universities.
RF-MEMS components for broadband applications (2003)

Key elements for switching matrices are reported. Single RF-MEMS toggle switches yield an insertion loss of 0.2 dB @ 30 GHz and an isolation of 25dB @ 30 GHz. Shielded RF crosses for routing the signal path in the switching matrix yield an insertion loss of 0.75dB @ 20 GHz in the under-cross path and 0.6 dB (simulated) in the over-cross path with an isolation higher than 40dB between under- and over-cross path. Double 90 degree bends with compensated air-bridges show an insertion loss of less than 0.1dB up to 20 GHz.
Three- and Four-Dimensional High-Resolution National Radar Mosaic (2004)

The United States National Weather Service has implemented the communication infrastructure that facili- tates the central collection and distribution of base level data in real time from 130 NEXRAD sites to users in govern- ment agencies, universities, and private industries. The Na- tional Severe Storms Laboratory is utilizing the infrastruc- ture to integrate the radars within a system to produce a 3D radar mosaic grid for contiguous United States. The mosaic system takes base level data from all available radars at any given time, performs quality control, and then combines re- flectivity observations from individual radars onto a single unified 3D Cartesian frame. The 3-D radar mosaic is cur- rently generated at 1-km horizontal resolution over 21 ver- tical levels and a 5-min update cycle. The 3D reflectivity grid can be used for multi-sensor severe storm algorithms, regional rainfall products generation, aviation weather appli- cations, and data assimilations for convective scale numer- ical weather modeling as well as serving as an operational- research test bed. Preliminary tests of the system have shown that the high-resolution rapid update national 3D reflectivity mosaic can be generated in real-time with less than 10 min latency using modest computer resources. ture, has instituted a National Mosaic and multi-sensor QPE (Quantitative Precipitation Estimation), or NMQ, system and research program. The NMQ system takes base level data from all available radars at any given time, performs qual- ity control, and then combines reflectivity observations from individual radars onto a unified 3D Cartesian grid that cov- ers the contiguous United States (CONUS). The CONUS 3D radar mosaic grid has a 1-km horizontal resolution over 21 vertical levels with a 5-minute update cycle.
Extending the Boundries of Casing Drilling (2004)

Abstract Proposal Shell has targeted casing and liner drilling as one of five mature technologies for an accelerated uptake within its group E & P companies. A 9 5/8" surface casing drilling job performed onshore Brunei in September 2003 utilized a new design of casing drill shoe that extends the depth range of rotary casing drilling. The convertible drill shoe has a novel feature that allows the cutting structure and blades to be extruded outwards once section TD is reached. By this process, the drill shoe converts to a cementing shoe, allowing the casing to be cemented in place. The cementing shoe and next hole section can then be drilled without interference from the casing drill shoe cutting structure and blades. Application of the extrusion process allows a more aggressive and durable cutting structure on the casing drill shoe and hence allows deeper, more resistant formations to be drilled. The paper will describe the planning, implementation and subsequent results from this world’s first convertible casing drill shoe job that led to a world record depth achieved for this type of rotary casing drilling, and a cost effective option for setting vertical surface casings.
Characterization and Immunohistochemical Localization of the 15 kD Protein Isolated from Rat Lung Lamellar Bodies (1993)

We have characterized a protein of approximately 15 kD (lb15) derived from rat lung lamellar bodies, and then sequenced the first 42 residues. Following the normal isopycnic sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, we diluted the band containing the crude lamellar body fraction with an equal volume of cold distilled water and further centrifuged it at 2,000 x g for 30 min to pellet a fraction of lamellar bodies. Under the electron microscope, this fraction appeared intact and highly purified. When this fraction was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the major protein was one of 15 kD, regardless of whether the fraction was extracted or unextracted, reduced or unreduced; only a small amount of 35 kD protein was detected with Coomassie Blue staining. Disruption of lamellar bodies revealed that the limiting membrane was particularly enriched with lb15. Immunohistochemistry indicated that lb15 was present in lamellar bodies and tubular myelin, suggesting it was secreted along with the lipid. Amino acid analysis revealed a protein with 13.5% basic and 10.6% acidic residues. The N-terminal appeared particularly highly charged, with 32% of the charged residues in the first 14 amino acids. The lb15 protein is identical to rat lysozyme for the first 23 residues, with the important exception of residue 6, which is histidine in lb15 and cysteine in lysozyme. Residue 24 was not identified. Lb15 was also present in lavage material. We conclude that lb15 is the major protein in rat lung lamellar bodies, has a highly charged N-terminal, and shares some sequence homology with rat lysozyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A practical harmonics elimination method for multilevel inverters (2005)

This paper proposes a new practical harmonics elimination method for multilevel inverters. Unlike other methods published before, the proposed method does not need to solve high order polynomials. Only four simple equations and minimum calculation time are needed.
Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease. V. An inception cohort 5 years later: disease remissions and changes in diagnoses in well established and undifferentiated connective tissue diseases. (1998)

Patients with a well established CTD usually continued with the same diagnosis. Patients with undifferentiated CTD tended to remain undifferentiated or to remit.
A new echographic cryoprobe for in vivo ultrasonic monitoring of skin cryosurgery (2002)

One of the main difficulties encountered in cryosurgery is the uncertainty in the extent and depth of the tissue effectively treated during the freezing process. Our objective was to evaluate ultrasonic control of skin cryosurgery using a new echographic cryoprobe in vivo. The echographic cryoprobe, developed specifically for dermatology applications, combines a high-frequency (20 MHz) miniature ultrasonic transducer and a N/sub 2/O-driven closed-cryoprobe. The operation of the echographic cryoprobe was assessed, under in vivo conditions similar to those used in human therapeutics, on normal skin of 3 females "Large-White" pigs under anesthesia. The edge of the growing ice layer was successfully and reproducibly detected and located during the freezing process. The average rate of growth (10/sup -2/ mm/s) of the iceball was found to be 12.2/spl plusmn/1.0 (pig No. 1), 9.0/spl plusmn/1.0 (pig No. 2), 8.4/spl plusmn/0.9 (pig No. 3). The echographic cryoprobe had a built-in high-frequency ultrasonic transducer that served two functions. It enabled in vivo real-time monitoring of depth penetration of the iceball and gives important feedback to the operator or to the console relating to the rare of growth of the iceball. Automatic (i.e., operator-independent) detection of the echo signal from the freezing front and calculation of the depth penetration of the iceball was possible.
Extracellular Vesicles in Physiology, Pathology, and Therapy of the Immune and Central Nervous System, with Focus on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Tools (2016)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures released by most cell types. They are characterized by a specific set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells. In addition, pathophysiological roles of EVs in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders are well established. In recent years focus has been shifted on therapeutic use of stem cell derived-EVs. Use of stem cell derived-EVs present distinct advantage over the whole stem cells as EVs do not replicate and after intravenous administration, they are less likely to trap inside the lungs. From the therapeutic perspective, the most promising cellular sources of EVs are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easy to obtain and maintain. Therapeutic activity of MSCs has been shown in numerous animal models and the beneficial paracrine effect of MSCs may be mediated by EVs. The various components of MSC derived-EVs such as proteins, lipids, and RNA might play a specific therapeutic role. In this review, we characterize the role of EVs in immune and central nervous system (CNS); present evidences for defective signaling of these vesicles in neurodegeneration and therapeutic role of EVs in CNS.
ChemInform Abstract: QUANTITATIVE DEALKYLATION OF ALKYL ESTERS VIA TREATMENT WITH TRIMETHYLSILYL IODIDE. A NEW METHOD FOR ESTER HYDROLYSIS (1977)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Estern wie z.B. (I) mit dem Silyljodid (II) in Tetrachlormethan bei 50°C ergibt über die entsprechenden, quantitativ gebildeten Silylester die Säuren (III) in neutralem Medium.
Effects of overexpression of gamma-Glutamyl hydrolase on methotrexate metabolism and resistance. (2001)

Intracellular metabolism of methotrexate (MTX) to MTX-polyglutamates (MTXPG) is one determinant of cytotoxicity. Steady-state accumulation of MTXPG seems to depend on the activity of two enzymes: folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), which adds glutamate residues, and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH), which removes them. Overexpression of GGH would be expected to decrease intracellular MTXPG, thereby increasing efflux of MTX and decreasing cytotoxicity. Increased expression of GGH has been shown to be associated with resistance to MTX in human sarcoma cell lines and a rat hepatoma cell line. To clarify the specific role of GGH in determining MTX sensitivity, we investigated the phenotype produced by forced GGH overexpression in two cell types. Furthermore, because MTX and folic acid share metabolic pathways, we measured the effects of GGH overexpression on folic acid metabolism. The full-length cDNA for GGH, subcloned into a constitutive expression vector, was transfected into a human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) and a human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell line. Compared with the clones containing an empty vector, the GGH-overexpressing cells express 15- to 30-fold more GGH mRNA, more GGH protein, and 15- to 90-fold more GGH enzyme activity. GGH overexpression altered MTX accumulation and metabolism to long-chain polyglutamates. In contrast to expectations, however, GGH overexpression did not confer resistance to short MTX exposures in either cell line. Changes in MTX metabolism were found to be balanced by alterations in accumulation and metabolism of folic acid. The ratio of MTX:folate accumulation may be a better predictor of MTX cytotoxicity than the accumulation of either alone. We conclude that, at least for these two cell lines, GGH overexpression alone is insufficient to produce clinical resistance to MTX.
Adeno-associated virus type 2-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication: involvement of p78rep/p68rep and the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (1992)

Microinjection of wild-type adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) DNA and infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA into the nuclei of human epithelioid SW480 cells leads to specific inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Mutational analysis of the AAV genome showed that this negative interference can be assigned to a functional AAV-2 rep gene. Moreover, the p78rep/p68rep proteins are sufficient for the anti-HIV-1 effects. The rep gene also inhibits the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) gene driven by the U3/R portion of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in the absence of tat expression. This suggests that the U3/R portion of HIV-1 contains elements responsible for the AAV-2 rep-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 LTR-driven CAT gene expression and, probably, also of HIV-1 replication. The results add support for the general significance of AAV-2 and specifically the rep gene as tools for down-regulating heterologous gene expression.