gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Dapsone in the Prevention and Treatment of<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>Pneumonia: A Review (1998)

Dapsone, with or without trimethoprim or pyrimethamine, has strong anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity, as demonstrated by in vitro methods, animal studies, and clinical trials. The drug blocks folic acid synthesis of P. carinii by inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase activity. Dapsone is efficiently absorbed (70%-80%) from the gastrointestinal tract, reaches peak serum concentration in 2-6 hours, and is adequately distributed to the fluid of the alveolar spaces. Synergistic effects against P. carinii are noted when trimethoprim is combined with dapsone. This combination is recommended for therapeutic use for P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) as an alternative for patients who cannot take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Evidence from more than 40 studies of dapsone as prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients shows that dapsone, either alone or in combination with pyrimethamine, is as effective as aerosolized pentamidine or atovaquone but slightly less effective than TMP-SMZ. Adverse effects include rash, anemia, methemoglobinemia, agranulocytosis, and hepatic dysfunction. Desensitization can be accomplished with many cases. Dapsone is the most cost-effective prophylaxis currently available for PCP.
Optical spectra of undoped and rare-earth-(=Pr, Nd, Eu, and Er) doped transparent ceramic Y3Al5O12 (1991)

Undoped and rare-earth- (Pr, Nd, Eu, and Er) doped transparent Y3Al5O12 ceramics have been prepared, and their optical spectra have been measured. It is found that absorption coefficient of the undoped ceramic Y3Al5O12 is almost independent of wavelength with 0.258 cm−1, which gives transmittance of the undoped ceramic Y3Al5O12 to be, for example, 95% for a 2-mm height. Peaks in the absorption and emission spectra of Pr:Y3Al5O12 are assigned to the transitions in 4f2 configuration. The transitions from the multiplets with total angular momentum J=0 to multiplets with even J momentum are strong as predicted by Judd–Ofelt theory. The overall and detail structure of the absorption and emission spectra of Nd:Y3Al5O12 is the same as those in a previous publication. However, the absorption coefficient at nonabsorbing wavelengths by Nd3+ is reduced from more than 1.7 to 0.25 cm−1. A simple estimation of the population inversion threshold of the Nd:Y3Al5O12 ceramic reveals that the threshold is still about 25 times larger than that of single-crystal Nd:Y3Al5O12. Peaks in the absorption and emission spectra of Er:Y3Al5O12 ceramic are assigned to the transitions in 4f11 configuration. The transition energies agree well with those reported for single-crystal Er:Y3Al5O12 and the other hosts within 30 cm−1. A Stark splitting scheme for some multiplets has been constructed. Peaks in the emission, absorption, and excitation spectra of Eu:Y3Al5O12 ceramic are assigned to the transitions in 4f6 configuration. The transition energies are in very good agreement with those of single-crystal Eu:Y3Al5O12 within 8 cm−1 for the emission peaks and 3 cm−1 for the absorption and excitation peaks. Spectral characteristics and derivation of a broad peak in the absorption spectrum at around 280 nm are discussed in some detail.
The placenta as a determinant of fetal well-being in normal and abnormal equine pregnancies. (1991)

One hundred twenty-four horse placentas were evaluated according to gross appearance, weight and surface area. Grossly abnormal placentas were photographed, and histological sections were taken from abnormal appearing areas, and from representative areas (pregnant horn, non-pregnant horn, body and cervical pole) in both normal and abnormal placentas. Information about the resulting foals was obtained and correlations examined. Histological sections were reviewed and related to the resulting foals. Four normal fresh placentas were infused with dyes to ascertain the blood supply to various areas. Foal weight was statistically related to both allantochorionic surface area and allantochorionic weight. When normal placental surface area was divided by foal weight and related to gestational age, a statistical (P less than 0.0001 and r = 0.829) relationship emerged. Long cords were seen frequently with fetal demise. Histological abnormalities in the placenta were highly associated with fetal demise or fetal abnormalities, with only 2 normal Thoroughbred foals resulted from the 23 placentas exhibiting abnormal histology. Among the ponies, the same relationship held, with 3 normal ponies delivered from 9 abnormal placentas. Normal placentas were associated with normal offspring in most cases. Perfusion studies indicated that, in the four placentas studied, one umbilical artery supplied the cervical area and the non-pregnant horn, whereas the other supplied the pregnant horn. The body had a mixed supply from both arteries. This study evaluated the feto-placental unit in terms of normal and abnormal measurements and histology related to foal outcome. The presence of abnormal histological appearance of the placenta appeared to be more closely associated with foal abnormality than the percentage of placental area involved in the abnormal process. More information is needed before placental blood supply can be related to abnormal processes.
Roujan (Hérault). Saint-Jean (1986)

Colin Marie-Geneviève. Roujan (Hérault). Saint-Jean. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 16, 1986. pp. 195-196.
Phonon dispersion and Raman scattering in hexagonal GaN and AlN (1998)

We present the results of room- and low-temperature measurements of second-order Raman scattering for perfect GaN and AlN crystals as well as the Raman-scattering data for strongly disordered samples. A complete group-theory analysis of phonon symmetry throughout the Brillouin zone and symmetry behavior of phonon branches, including the analysis of critical points, has been performed. The combined treatment of these results and the lattice dynamical calculations based on the phenomenological interatomic potential model allowed us to obtain the reliable data on the phonon dispersion curves and phonon density-of-states functions in bulk GaN and AlN.
DISSOLUTION OF CELLULOSE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS IN THE PRESENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF AMINES AND SO<sub>2</sub> (1974)

The dissolution of cellulose in 100 organic solvents in the presence of small amounts of amines and SO2 has been investigated.It is found that natural cellulose is dissolved in 34 solvents, while regenerated one is not dissolved under the conditions investigated. Microscopic observation of the dissolution process shows that the cellulose fibers are at first cleaved and then dissolved into the solution from the fracture surfaces without appreciable swelling.The specific conductivities of the tertiary and the related solutions, the solubility of cellulose in the solution which contains amine excess to SO_??_, and the IR spectra of the cellulose solutions are measured. Considerations on the properties of effective organic solvents and amines, together with the discussions on the results of above measurements, give the conclusions: 1) organic solvents which act as electron acceptor are effective for the dissolution, and 2) cellulose is dissolved by forming the tertiary complex, a small fraction of which dissociates to Cell-O-SO_??_2N_??_R3H.
Propane Dehydrogenation in a Proton-conducting Fuel Cell (2008)

The process and reaction mechanism of propane dehydrogenation in a proton-conducting fuel cell were studied at 600−700 °C using Y-doped BeCeO3 as protonic electrolyte and Pt as electrode catalysts. The electrochemical dehydrogenation of propane was in competition with side reactions caused by the gas species (H2, C2H6, C2H4 etc.), which were the products of nonelectrochemical reactions (e.g., thermal cracking) in the anode chamber. Among those side electrochemical reactions, hydrogen disassociation into hydrogen ions was predominant. At 650 °C electrochemical dehydrogenation of propane has a higher activation energy than hydrogen disassociation over the anode platinum catalyst; however, the former reaction was more readily achieved at 700 °C.
Serotonin and melatonin in the iris/ciliary processes and their involvement in intraocular pressure. (1994)

From the evidence available it is clear that melatonin and serotonin receptors exist in the iris/ciliary processes of the rabbit. These receptors may be involved in maintaining the intraocular pressure (IOP). However, the published results on this point are often contradictory, perhaps because of the variation in the species of animals used and the methodology employed. It is also clear that the data obtained from studies on the rabbit cannot be directly applied to man. Nevertheless, present information points to the possibility that drugs influencing specific serotonin and/or melatonin receptors may be used to influence IOP in man and thus have a therapeutic effect.
Quantifying the influence of Bessel beams on image quality in optical coherence tomography (2016)

Light scattered by turbid tissue is known to degrade optical coherence tomography (OCT) image contrast progressively with depth. Bessel beams have been proposed as an alternative to Gaussian beams to image deeper into turbid tissue. However, studies of turbid tissue comparing the image quality for different beam types are lacking. We present such a study, using numerically simulated beams and experimental OCT images formed by Bessel or Gaussian beams illuminating phantoms with optical properties spanning a range typical of soft tissue. We demonstrate that, for a given scattering parameter, the higher the scattering anisotropy the lower the OCT contrast, regardless of the beam type. When focusing both beams at the same depth in the sample, we show that, at focus and for equal input power and resolution, imaging with the Gaussian beam suffers less reduction of contrast. This suggests that, whilst Bessel beams offer extended depth of field in a single depth scan, for low numerical aperture (NA < 0.1) and typical soft tissue properties (scattering coefficient, μs = 3.7 mm(-1) and high scattering anisotropy, g > 0.95), superior contrast (by up to ~40%) may be obtained over an extended depth range by a Gaussian beam combined with dynamic focusing.
Evaluation of selected seed treatment fungicides and combinations for kenaf stand establishment. (2000)

Carvajal is a graduate student in the MSU Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. For more information, contact Dr. Batson at (662) 325-2585; e-mail, bbatson@plantpath.msstate.edu. This research report was published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the MSU Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine. It was edited and designed by Robert A. Hearn, publications editor. Vol. 22, No. 10 Research Report March 2000
X-ray analysis of ZnSe/ZnSTe quantum structure (1996)

A novel microstructure of an A1BA2-type ZnSTe/ZnSe quantum structure has been investigated by high-resolution x-ray two-axis diffraction, reflectivity, and x-ray topography which offer a nondestructive, high-strain-sensitive method for analyzing low-dimensional structures. The results show that the molecular-beam-epitaxy growth condition was well controlled to suppress dislocations extending from the substrate and the epitaxial layers have high crystalline quality. The ZnS0.665Te0.335 epilayer undergoes a tensile strain with εT∥=2.5633×10−2 and εT⊥=8.8254×10−2 while a compressed strain with εB∥=2.7864×10−3 and εB⊥=9.5061×10−3 exists in the first layer of ZnSe. The interfacial roughness is about 5 Å and the lateral correlation length ≥2000 Å.
Catalysis with Soluble Hybrids of Highly Branched Macromolecules with Palladium Nanoparticles in a Continuously Operated Membrane Reactor (2003)

Abstract The continuous recovery and recycling of soluble metal nanoparticles by means of ultrafiltration is described, employing hybrids of palladium nanoparticles with highly branched amphiphilic polyglycerol as a catalyst for cyclohexene hydrogenation as a model reaction. In a continuously operated membrane reactor a productivity of 29000 TO over 30 exchanged reactor volumes was observed for nanoparticles of 2.2 nm size, with a maximum rate of 1200 TO h −1 . Catalysis by soluble metal complexes can be excluded. After 30 hours of operation, some decrease in activity is observed which is due to deposition of palladium on the ultrafiltration membrane, however this material does not contribute to catalytic activity.
<title>Overt and covert verification via magnetic optical security devices</title> (2002)

The currency of over 70 countries is protected today by security ink incorporating microscopic optical interference filters. The physics of light interference enables the manufacture of multi-layer security devices such as these that are both highly chromatic and color shifting. Further, the technique of thin film deposition allows the inclusion of layers that perform magnetically as well as optically. This investigation involved the creation of security devices that bring together the usually separate functionalities of overt optical and covert magnetic verification into a single device. This allows the devices to be used both for information storage as well as for overt detection and verification--thereby creating improved protection without the addition of separate security devices. Two examples are explored: an optically variable magnetic stripe and a product tag into which an identifiable covert pattern is magnetized. Integrated devices were produced using several different magnetic metals and alloys. The optical and magnetic characteristics of each device were measured and the results included in this report. Devices were built using single-component magnetic layers as well as more complex magnetic materials. Parameters relevant to magnetic materials include remanence (field strength remaining after magnetization) and coercivity (resistance to demagnetization). Also relevant to optical devices is their so-called color travel-often plotted as an arc in a* b* or L* a* b* space. The color travel of sample devices was measured to allow comparison.
Rociverine, a new antispasmodic agent with balanced neurotropic and myotropic activity. (1978)

A systematic study in vitro and in vivo of the antispasmodic agent 2-(diethylamino)-1-methylethyl cis-1-hydroxy (bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylate (rociverine) showed that its activity is both antimuscarinic and directly muscle-relaxant. The antimuscarinic activity is weaker than that of atropine, N-butylscopolammonium bromide and dicyclomine whilst the direct muscle-relaxant activity is equal to or greater than that of papaverine. The peculiarly balanced ratio of the neurotropic and myotropic components ensures that the antispasmodic effect is the outcome of both, without one prevailing over the other. This not only rules out major atropine-like side-effects but renders rociverine potentially effective on spasm of the different viscera, of particular interest in viscera in which there is only minor involvement of cholinergic structures. The muscle-relaxant activity of rociverine is achieved by inhibiting the availability of Ca2+ at contraction site and not through an antiphosphodiesterasic mechanism, which might explain the absence of muscle-relaxant effects on the smooth musculature of the blood vessels.
Goodness criteria for programming language grammar rules (2006)

The grammar of a programming language is important as it is used in developing software engineering tools. Sometimes grammars of programming languages are not readily available or they are incomplete; hence they are inferred from a set of valid programs. An exact grammar can not be learned from a set of positive samples (set of valid programs) alone as there exists many grammars which accept the given input programs; we call these grammars complete grammars. Therefore, given an incomplete grammar, there exists many sets of grammar rules which can make it complete. Due to many possible sets of grammar rules, the grammar inference process faces the problem of selecting a good set of grammar rules. We address the problem of grammar rule selection when they are inferred using an automatic are traditionally used for assessing the complexity of grammar based software. The experiments show that the grammar based metrics are not sufficient for this purpose as there exist several rules which have the same metric value. Hence we propose two rule selection criteria. Experiments are done to assess different criteria. Experiments show that proposed criteria, when coupled with grammar metrics, select reasonably good grammar rules.
Towards Data-Centric Security in Ubiquitous Computing Environments (2009)

The vision of data-centric security promises to enable efficient security in future ubiquitous computing environments, which are heavily pervaded with embedded devices and generally to complex to manage manually. We survey the existing work of various areas needed for data-centric security, point out their relationships, and comment on their applicability in these future environments. Furthermore, we present two concepts that explicitly employ the distinct UbiComp characteristics to foster data-centric security.
FastQuery: A Parallel Indexing System for Scientific Data (2011)

Modern scientific datasets present numerous data management and analysis challenges. State-of-the-art index and query technologies such as FastBit can significantly improve accesses to these datasets by augmenting the user data with indexes and other secondary information. However, a challenge is that the indexes assume the relational data model but the scientific data generally follows the array data model. To match the two data models, we design a generic mapping mechanism and implement an efficient input and output interface for reading and writing the data and their corresponding indexes. To take advantage of the emerging many-core architectures, we also develop a parallel strategy for indexing using threading technology. This approach complements our on-going MPI-based parallelization efforts. We demonstrate the flexibility of our software by applying it to two of the most commonly used scientific data formats, HDF5 and NetCDF. We present two case studies using data from a particle accelerator model and a global climate model. We also conducted a detailed performance study using these scientific datasets. The results show that FastQuery speeds up the query time by a factor of 2.5x to 50x, and it reduces the indexing time by a factor of 16 on 24 cores.
The Implications of Automated Assembly (1977)

It is imperative to the successful automation of any product to establish and maintain satisfactory standards of component input.
Clinical Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain L-92 on Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2005)

Studies in animals have suggested that lactic acid bacteria alleviate allergic diseases, however, little information is available on their clinical effect on allergy in humans. Thus, we examined the efficacy of orally administered Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 (L-92) on perennial allergic rhinitis. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 49 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were randomized to receive either 100 mL of heat-treated fermented milk containing L-92 (n = 25) or acidified milk without lactic acid bacteria (placebo; n = 24) for 8 wk. The severity of symptoms was evaluated based on the changes in the scores of clinical symptoms. Oral administration of milk fermented with L-92 resulted in a statistically significant improvement of nasal symptom-medication scores. Ocular symptom-medication scores of patients in the L-92 intervention group tended to improve compared with those in the placebo group. In addition, clear decreases of the scores of swelling and color of the nasal mucosa were observed in the L-92 intervention group at 6 and 8 wk after the start of ingestion of fermented milk. There were no significant differences in serum antihouse dust mite immunoglobulin E levels nor in T helper type 1/T helper type 2 ratio between the 2 groups. These results suggest that oral administration of L-92 can alleviate the symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis, however, statistically significant changes were not shown in blood parameters.
Edge Gain Suppression of a Planar-Type InGaAs–InP Avalanche Photodiodes With Thin Multiplication Layers for 10-Gb/s Applications (2004)

Edge-breakdown free InP-InGaAs avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for 10-Gb/s operation were fabricated. Two-dimensional current profiles were measured to investigate the edge breakdown on double-stepped planar APDs. The edge breakdown prominent at high gain increased with the absorption layer thickness for a fixed multiplication thickness (0.25 μm). The edge breakdown was suppressed for 0.4-μm absorption layer at the gain of ten. A simple physical model was proposed to predict the results successfully. To suppress the edge breakdown, the multiplication layer thickness should be selected so that the breakdown voltage is minimum at the selected thickness.
A Clean Cryo-Vacuum System with High Pumping Speeds for All Gas Species (1971)

Calibration of the Harvard College Observatory spectrometers that are to fly aboard the Apollo telescope mount (ATM) required a completely clean vacuum system having the capability for pumping hydrogen, helium, argon, and other inert gases at high speeds between 10−6 and 10−8 Torr. The spectrometer performance would be degraded if contaminated by exposure to hydrocarbons, electromagnetic radiation, or metallic films. For this reason, a cryogenically pumped system was selected. This paper describes the concept, development, and operation of the vacuum system which was both cryo-condensation and cryosorption pumped in the molecular flow range. Molecular sieve, bonded to liquid helium-cooled panels, provided the clean, fast, and economical pumping device. Data presented show pumping speeds measured, adsorbent capacity of molecular sieve, liquid helium consumption rates, and cryogenic performance of the system. This data permits analysis of the cryo-vacuum pumping technique for other applications.
Testing draft horses (1926)

“When animals are viewed from the standpoint of machines they are wonderful mechanisms. Not only are they self-feeding, self-controlling, self-maintaining and self-reproducing, but they are far more economical in the energy they are able to develop from a given weight of fuel material, than any other existing form of motor.\nWhile they are like the steam engine in requiring carbonaceous fuel, oxygen and water for use in developing energy; these are made to combine in the animal body at a much lower temperature than is possible in the steam engine, and a much smaller proportion of the fuel value is lost in the form of heat, when work is being done.”
Pacing-Induced Dys-Synchrony Preconditions Rabbit Myocardium Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2006)

Intermittent dys-synchrony is equally cardioprotective as "classical" IPC. Stretch-mediated signaling is a more likely trigger for VP PC than ischemia. VP PC is potentially applicable in cardiac surgery.