gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Environments for Testing Software Systems (1990)

As software becomes a larger part of many products, thorough testing becomes increasingly important. The testing process begins before the requirements are finished and continues until the product is discontinued. In this paper, we discuss the software testing process, its difficulties and costs. We set forth the features of a testing support system and how the Buster test support system — currently in use at over 50 sites throughout AT&T — helps realize those features. We also discuss further steps to increase the effectiveness of software testing and increase the value of the final product.
Production of Vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) in the yeast Pichia pastoris (1997)

Accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) is a recently identified toxin of Vibrio cholerae. Preliminary studies using crude toxin extracts in animal models indicate that Ace increases transcellular ion transport, which is proposed to contribute to diarrhea in cholera. The lack of purified toxin has hindered elucidation of the mechanism of action of Ace. In this study, ace was cloned and was expressed in and secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Secreted toxin constituted 50% of the total supernatant protein from Pichia pastoris. Presumed monomer and dimer forms with molecular masses of 9 and 18 kDa, respectively, were observed. The 18-kDa form predominated. Biological activity was assayed by studying ion fluxes across epithelial membranes in Ussing chambers. Among the characteristics of Ace was the unusual property of staining with silver but not Coomassie blue stain. To our knowledge this is the first report of a biologically active bacterial toxin produced with the P. pastoris system. The purified protein may now be used in studies of the mechanism of action of Ace in physiologic systems.
A Distributional Framework for Data Valuation (2020)

Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its foundational role, a key limitation of the data Shapley framework is that it only provides valuations for points within a fixed data set. It does not account for statistical aspects of the data and does not give a way to reason about points outside the data set. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework -- distributional Shapley -- where the value of a point is defined in the context of an underlying data distribution. We prove that distributional Shapley has several desirable statistical properties; for example, the values are stable under perturbations to the data points themselves and to the underlying data distribution. We leverage these properties to develop a new algorithm for estimating values from data, which comes with formal guarantees and runs two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art algorithms for computing the (non-distributional) data Shapley values. We apply distributional Shapley to diverse data sets and demonstrate its utility in a data market setting.
Chemical Potential Shift in Overdoped and Underdoped<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>La</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CuO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1997)

The downward shift of the electron chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ with hole doping in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ has been deduced from the shifts of photoemission and inverse-photoemission spectra. While the shift is large ( $\ensuremath{\sim}$1.5 eV/hole) in overdoped samples, it is suppressed ( $<0.2$ eV/hole) in underdoped samples, implying a divergent charge susceptibility near the metal-insulator transition. In the overdoped regime, the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and the electronic specific heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are consistently explained within Fermi-liquid theory, whereas the same analysis gives unphysical results in the underdoped regime, indicating the breakdown of the Fermi-liquid picture in the underdoped regime.
Kinetic Analysis of Solution Reaction between CR and Silane Coupling Agents (1990)

In this study, as one way of developing the new cross-linking method that is curable in water, kinetic analysis of solution reaction between CR and silane coupling agents was attemped. First, CR was reacted with silane coupling agents in solution state. According to the time, reaction quantity was pursued by gas chromatography. Also, reaction rate coefficient and activation energy were calculated from the reaction quantity. Silane coupling agents which were used in this study were MPS, CPS and VES.
New Fluoroquinolones: A Class of Potent Antibiotics (2005)

The discovery of antibiotics opened a new era in the treatment against several pathogenic microorganisms that can disable or kill humans. The appearance of the fluoroquinolones (based on nalidixic acid, 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates), in the early 1980's, gave a new impetus in the treatment of infectious diseases. Despite these favourable properties, the earlier fluoroquinolones had limited potency against some clinically important organisms, especially Gram-positive pathogens so that the development of resistance to these organisms has become a serious problem. Thus the development of new fluoroquinolones with a better pharmacokinetic profile, potency, broad spectrum of activity, solubility, prolonged serum half-life and oral and parenteral routes of administration has been a major focus on recent research. The increasing interest in this class led me to review the promising new fluoroquinolones in clinical trials.
“Water-cycle” mechanism for writing and erasing nanostructures at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface (2010)

Nanoscale control of the metal-insulator transition in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures can be achieved using local voltages applied by a conductive atomic force microscope (c-AFM) probe. One proposed mechanism for such process involves adsorbed H2O which dissociates into OH− and H+ which are then selectively removed by a biased AFM probe. To test this mechanism, writing and erasing experiments are performed in a vacuum AFM using various gas mixtures. Writing ability is suppressed in those environments where H2O is not present. The self-erasure process in air can be strongly suppressed by creating a modest vacuum or replacing the humid air with dry inert gas. These experiments provide strong constraints for theories of both the writing process as well as the origin of interfacial conductance.
The importance of <i>k</i>‐space trajectory on off‐resonance artifact in segmented echo‐planar imaging (2013)

Segmented interleaved echo planar imaging (EPI) is a highly efficient data acquisition technique; however, EPI is sensitive to artifacts from off-resonance spins. The choice of k-space trajectories is important in determining how off-resonance spins contribute to image artifacts. Top-down and center-out trajectories are theoretically analyzed, simulated, implemented, and tested in phantom and volunteer experiments. Theoretical results show off-resonance artifact manifests as a simple positional shift for the top-down trajectory, while for the center-out trajectory off-resonance artifact manifests as a splitting of the object, which entails both shift and blurring. These results were validated using simulation and phantom scan data where a frequency-offset was introduced ranging from -300 Hz to +300 Hz. As predicted by the theoretical results, inferior image quality was observed for the center-out trajectory in a single volunteer. Off-resonance produces more severe and complex artifacts with the center-out trajectory than the top-down trajectory.
The Science of Sugar Confectionery (2000)

Confectionery is a topic close to many people's hearts and its manufacture involves some interesting science. The confectionery industry is divided into three classes: chocolate, flour and sugar confectionery. It is the background science of this latter category that is covered in The Science of Sugar Confectionery. The manufacture of confectionery is not a science based industry, as these products have traditionally been created by skilled confectioners working empirically. In fact, scientific understanding of the production process has only been acquired retroactively. Historically however, sugar confectionery has had technological synergies with the pharmaceutical industry, such as making sugar tablets and applying panned sugar coatings. This book gives an introduction to the subject, with some basic definitions and commonly used ingredients and then moves on to discuss the chemistry of various types of sugar confectionery. These include "sugar glasses" (boiled sweets), "grained sugar products" (fondants), toffees and fudges, "hydrocolloids" (gums, pastilles and jellies) and concludes with a chapter dedicated to sugar-free confectionery.
Compressibility and Excitation Location Effects on High Reynolds Numbers Active Separation Control (2003)

The effects of compressibility and excitation slot location on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers are explored. The model, which was tested in a cryogenic pressurized wind tunnel, simulates the upper surface of a 20% thick Glauert‐ Goldschmied-type airfoil at zero angle of attack. The boundary layers on the model are turbulent becausethetunnelsidewallboundary layere owsoverit.Withoutcontrol,thee ow separatesatthehighly convex area of the model and a large turbulent separation bubble is formed. Periodic excitation was applied to control the separation bubble. Two alternative blowing slot locations, as well as the effect of compressibility and steady suction or blowing, were studied. During the test, the chord Reynolds numbers ranged from 1.1 £ £10 7 to 3£ £10 7 and the Mach numbers ranged from 0.25 to 0.7. It was found that excitation must be introduced slightly upstream of the separation region at low Mach number. Introduction of excitation upstream of the shock wave is more effective than at its foot. Compressibility reduces the ability of steady mass transfer and periodic excitation to control the separation bubble, but periodic excitation has an effect on the integral parameters, which is similar to that observed in low Mach numbers. Blowing becomes more effective than suction at transonic speeds, whereas the opposite was found in low Mach numbers. The data presented provide a proper validation case for unsteady numerical design tool that will enable exploring the full potential of unsteady e ow control.
Thermal Stress Analysis in Structural Elements of HRSG Casing (2012)

Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) are arranged at the tail end of gas turbines in combined cycle power plants (CCPPs), and are designed to withstand the hot gas environment approaching 600â. In addition to higher thermal to power efficiency, CCPPs show superior response characteristics compared to those of other conventional steam power plants. For that reason, frequent load changes on the system, which sometimes include daily start and stop (DSS) operation, would impose additional burden on the structural elements. The main objective of this work is to analyze the thermal stress conditions as related to the observed failure on the structural elements of HRSG casing, and to find root causes of failure of mechanical integrity. To achieve this goal, field measurements were performed to record temperatures of wall and stiffener of the casing from a real plant in operation. To consider the effect of hot gas on the casing, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of gas flow inside the HRSG with appropriate wall conditions using FLUENT V12. Thermal stress analysis on the thin wall of the casing and stiffeners of HRSG was conducted with the temperature data from the CFD results, using ANSYS Workbench V12. Summarizing the computational results, some limited ideas were presented which would be useful to prevent damages.
Development of a Far-Red to Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Calcium Ion and its Application to Multicolor Neuronal Imaging (2011)

To improve optical imaging of Ca(2+) and to make available a distinct color window for multicolor imaging, we designed and synthesized CaSiR-1, a far-red to near-infrared fluorescence probe for Ca(2+), using Si-rhodamine (SiR) as the fluorophore and the well-known Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA. This wavelength region is advantageous, affording higher tissue penetration, lower background autofluorescence, and lower phototoxicity in comparison with the UV to visible range. CaSiR-1 has a high fluorescence off/on ratio of over 1000. We demonstrate its usefulness for multicolor fluorescence imaging of action potentials (visualized as increases in intracellular Ca(2+)) in brain slices loaded with sulforhodamine 101 (red color; specific for astrocytes) that were prepared from transgenic mice in which some neurons expressed green fluorescent protein.
Forage Intake and Grazing Performance by Dairy Cows (1953)

This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.
Operation-based update propagation in a mobile file system (1999)

In this paper we describe a technique called operation-based update propagation for efficiently transmitting updates to large files that have been modified on a weakly connected client of a distributed file system. In this technique, modifications are captured above the file-system layer at the client, shipped to a surrogate client that is strongly connected to a server, re-executed at the surrogate, and the resulting files transmitted from the surrogate to the server. If re-execution fails to produce a file identical to the original, the system falls back to shipping the file from the client over the slow network. We have implemented a prototype of this mechanism in the Coda File System on Linux, and demonstrated performance improvements ranging from 40 percents to nearly three orders of magnitude in reduced network traffic and elapsed time. We also found a novel use of forward error correction in this context.
Factors Essential for the Evolution of Sunstruck Flavor (1963)

(1963). Factors Essential for the Evolution of Sunstruck Flavor. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 21, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1963, pp. 181-193.
Characterization of the adsorption of Xyloglucan to Cellulose (1994)

The binding of xyloglucan- and cello-oligosaccharides to celluloses can be expressed by Langmuir adsorption isotherms, in which the levels of adsorption maxima are all similar but very low. In the present study, although the adsorption constant increased with increases in the degree of polymerization (DP) of the 1,4-rβ-glucosyl residues of xyloglucan- and cello-oligosaccharides, the adsorption constant of cellopentitol to cellulose was similar to that of hendecosanosaccharide (glucose/xylose, 12 : 9), demonstrating less extensive binding in the case of xyloglucan oligosaccharides in spite of longer chains of 1,4-rβ-glucosyl residues. The binding to cellulose of xyloglucans from pea and Tamarindus indica can also be expressed as Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The adsorption constant for pea xyloglucan with a DP for 1,4-rβ-glucosyl residues of 150 was obviously higher than that for Tamarindus xyloglucan with a DP of 3,000. The adsorption maximum and adsorption constant of Tamarindus xyloglucan decreased gradually as the DP of 1,4-rβ-glucosyl residues decreased from 3,000 to 64. This result demonstrates that fucosylated pea xyloglucan has a higher adsorption constant for cellulose than non-fucosylated Tamarindus xyloglucan when the DP of 1,4-rβ-glucosyl residues is identical. These findings indicate that xyloglucan binds to cellulose as a mono-layer and fucosyl residues contribute to the increase in adsorption affinity.
Metallic Nanoprobes for Enhanced Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2003)

Metallic Nanoprobe Fabrication: Current approaches include deposition of metal island films on substrates and salt-induced aggregation of metallic colloids; good enhancement is observed but reproducibility is a serious issue; variability in nanoprobe fabrication is responsible for assay variability. Our approach is to synthesize metallic nanosphere structures with controlled interparticle spacing to exploit significant field enhancement between particles; start with simplest structure nanosphere dimer; dimers permit fully solution-based assay.
Intralesional granulocyte‐monocyte colony‐stimulating factor followed by subcutaneous interleukin‐2 in metastatic melanoma: a pilot study in elderly patients (2001)

Considering the very low toxicity observed, this treatment might be indicated in elderly patients for whom systemic therapy is no longer a viable option. Improved scheduling and timing could result from further studies.
STATISTICAL NOTIONS OF DATA DISCLOSURE AVOIDANCE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO TRADITIONAL STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY: DATA SWAPPING AND LOGLINEAR MODELS (1996)

For most data releases especially those from censuses, the U. S. Bureau of the Census has either released data at high levels of aggregation or applied a data disclosure avoidance procedure such as data swapping or cell suppression before preparing micro-data or tables for release. In this paper, we present a general statistical characterization of the goal of a statistical agency in releasing confidential data subject to the application of disclosure avoidance procedures. We use this characterization to provide a framework for the study of data disclosure avoidance procedures for categorical variables. Consider a sample of n observations on p variables, which may be discrete or continuous. Our general characterization is in terms of the smoothing of a multi-dimensional empirical distribution function (an ordered version of the data), and sampling from it using bootstrap-like selection. Both the smoothing and the sampling introduce alterations to the data and thus a bootstrap sample will not necessarily be the same as the original sample-- this works to preserve the confidentiality of individuals providing the original data. Two obvious questions are: How well confidentiality is preserved by such a process? Have the smoothing and sampling disguised fundamental relationships among the p variables of interest to others who will work only with the altered data? Rubin (1993) has provided a closely related characterization and approach based on multiple imputation. We explain some of these ideas in greater detail in the context of categorical random variables and compare them to methods in current use for data disclosure avoidance such as data swapping and cell suppression. We also relate this approach the data disclosure avoidance methods to statistical analysis associated with the use of loglinear models for cross-classified categorical data.
Providing unrestricted VCR functions in multicast video-on-demand servers (2002)

Full support for interactive VCR functions can be achieved only by dedicating a channel for each customer. Unfortunately, channel dedication should not be used in a multicast video-on-demand (VoD) system, because it degrades scalability; and hence economical viability, which is usually achieved by multicasting videos. The authors, therefore, propose and evaluate a fully-interactive, yet scalable, on-demand service in multicast VoD systems. In the proposed framework, support for interactive operations is provided by (1) allocating a fraction of the VoD-server's channel capacity to handle interactive operations which would otherwise be blocked, and (2) using partial caching of programs in customers' premise equipment (CPE) to merge customers back in synchronization with broadcast channels. Their evaluation results indicate that batching policies under the proposed framework can make an attractive tradeoff between scalability and customers' QoS.
Formation and reactions of sulfenic acids in proteins (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation and reactions of sulfenic acids in proteinsWilliam S. AllisonCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1976, 9, 8, 293–299Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50104a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50104a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1223Altmetric-Citations234LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Agent-Based Approach for Evaluating Basic Design Options of Management Accounting Systems (2013)

This paper investigates the effectiveness of reducing errors in management accounting systems with respect to organizational performance. In particular, different basic design options of management accounting systems of how to improve the information base by measurements of actual values are analyzed in different organizational contexts. The paper applies an agent-based simulation based on the idea of NK fitness landscapes. The results provide broad, but no universal support for conventional wisdom that lower inaccuracies of accounting information lead to more effective adaptation processes. Furthermore, results indicate that the effectiveness of improving the management accounting system subtly interferes with the complexity of the interactions within the organization and the coordination mode applied
Indole derivatives as agrochemicals (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of indole derivatives prepared as potential agrochemicals is reported. The 1‐carbamoyl‐2‐indolinones 5 showed moderate nematicidal activity while the acylureas 8 were weak insecticides. The 2,4‐dinitrophenyl oxime 11c proved to be a potent herbicide with a narrow spectrum of activity.
A cross-layer design for MIMO Rayleigh fading channels (2004)

This paper presents a cross-layer design for packet data transmission over a wireless channel employing transmit diversity. The design combines the use of adaptive modulation (AM) at the physical layer and truncated automatic repeat request protocol (T-ARQ) at the data link layer. The link adaptation process is intended to operate over a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading channel using transmit diversity through space-time block coding (STBC). Two metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed MIMO cross-layer design, namely, the probability of outage and the achievable average spectral efficiency. Results show that this design achieves better performance than adaptive modulation used without ARQ retransmissions in the presence of STBC.