gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiviral Management of Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza (2006)

The goals of antiviral treatment for influenza are to decrease symptoms and functional disability and, more important, to decrease associated complications, hospitalizations, and mortality. Four drugs have been approved for treatment of and prophylaxis against influenza in the United States, but they are underutilized. The M2 ion channel inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine are effective for prophylaxis, and they decrease the duration of symptoms if they are used for early treatment of influenza A. The rapid emergence of resistance during therapy and, recently, the circulation of resistant H3N2 viruses in the community have decreased the usefulness of these M2 ion channel inhibitors. Early therapy with neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, either oseltamivir or zanamivir, reduces the duration of symptoms, the duration of disability, and the risk of lower respiratory tract complications. Oseltamivir has been shown to decrease antibiotic use, the number of hospitalizations, and, probably, the risk of death after influenza. NA inhibitors might provide substantial benefits in the treatment of pandemic influenza, with reductions in the numbers of hospitalizations and deaths occurring if such treatment (1) is made available in sufficient time, through rapid distribution, and (2) is available in sufficient quantities as a result of stockpiling. Both of the aforementioned NA inhibitors are highly effective for prophylaxis. Geographically targeted mass chemoprophylaxis might contain the spread of a pandemic virus, but multiple hurdles to successful implementation exist. Resistance to oseltamivir occurs with the H274Y variant in viruses that contain N1; however, to date, such variants have been less fit, have not been transmitted from person to person, and have retained susceptibility to zanamivir. Alternative agents and approaches, including parenteral and combination therapy, for the treatment of influenza are needed in the near and long term.
Inverse relationship of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2/neu gene expression in human renal cell carcinoma. (1990)

Expression of the oncogenes, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, HER2/neu, c-myc, and c-fos, in renal cell carcinoma and corresponding nonneoplastic kidney tissue of 30 patients has been analyzed by Northern blot analysis. In renal cell carcinoma an inverse relationship of EGF receptor and HER2/neu gene expression was detected, with high expression of the EGF receptor gene in 22 of 30 (73%) cases and low expression of the HER2/neu gene in 28 of 30 (93%) cases. Furthermore, altered expression of the oncogenes c-myc and c-fos was detected in renal cell carcinoma, which appears to be related to the tumor grade of malignancy. Additional Southern blot analysis of six renal cell carcinomas gave no indication of chromosomal rearrangement events or gene amplification.
Periodical Literature of International Law (1945)

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Controlling Planar and Vertical Ordering in Three-Dimensional (In,Ga)As Quantum Dot Lattices by GaAs Surface Orientation (2006)

Anisotropic surface diffusion and strain are used to explain the formation of three-dimensional (In,Ga)As quantum dot lattices. The diffusion characteristics of the surface, coupled with the elastic anisotropy of the matrix, provides an excellent opportunity to influence the dot positions. In particular, quantum dots that are laterally organized into long chains or chessboard two-dimensional arrays vertically organized with strict vertical ordering or vertical ordering that is inclined to the sample surface normal are accurately predicted and observed.
mediaBlocks (1999)

MediaBlocks is a tangible interface for physically capturing, transporting, and retrieving online digital media, as well as for physically and digitally manipulating this media. We present a description and video demonstration of mediaBlocks' function, and consider the work as a beginning towards alleviating the abstraction and complexity endemic to traditional computational interfaces.
Study on Apriori Algorithm and its Application in Grocery Store (2013)

Among the many mining algorithms of associations rules, Apriori Algorithm is a classical algorithm that has caused the most discussions; it can effectively carry out the mining association rules. With large database, the process of mining association rules is time consuming. The efficiency becomes crucial factor. Moreover, Apriori algorithm is improved by reducing the number of scanning data base. The proposed algorithm reduces the storage room, improves the competency of performance with negligible error of the algorithm. Finally, the improved Apriori algorithm can solve the problem of traditional Apriori algorithm. After analyzing the Apriori algorithm, this algorithm is incapable due to it scans the database several times. Based on the planning of getting to database once, a new recoverd algorithm formed on the Apriori is put forward in this paper. Experiments show that it can mostly adds computation competency, i.e. minimize the calculating time and space. This algorithm has been broadly used for Grocery rooms in customer consumer knowledge mining.
The estimation of vitamin‐E activity by paper chromatography (1953)

Abstract Paper chromatography has recently been applied to the separation and estimation of the individual tocopherols. The present communication draws attention to errors that are likely to arise if a solution of ‘Vaseline’ petroleum jelly in ethyl ether is used to impregnate the filter paper in order to achieve phase‐reversal. The use of liquid paraffin B.P., dissolved in light petroleum, not only overcomes these objections, but enables the elution after chromatography to be simplified. Losses of tocopherols are minimized by chromatography in an inert atmosphere. The modified technique, which is described in detail, has consistently given recovery figures of 95%, or better, when tested with mixtures of synthetic tocopherols.
Activation of Metallocenes for Olefin Polymerization As Monitored by IR Spectroscopy (2005)

Binary mixtures of Cp2ZrMe2, Cp2ZrCl2, dimethylaluminum chloride, trimethylaluminum, and methylaluminoxane (MAO), as well as Cp2ZrMe2 with boron-based activators, have been studied by in situ IR spectroscopy (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, Me = methyl). The position of a strong band near 800 cm(-1), corresponding to the out-of-plane vibration of the Cp hydrogen atoms, is sensitive to the bonding environment around Zr and can be used to monitor reactions and the formation of new products in these mixtures. Harmonic frequencies determined by density functional theory correlate well with experimental values and have been used to assist in the interpretation of the data. The frequency of the Cp out-of-plane vibration, ranging from 797 to 832 cm(-1) in our experiments, is found to increase with increasing electron density on the Cp ring and decreasing Zr-Cp distance. In the mixture of MAO and Cp2ZrMe2, a stable complex is rapidly formed at low Al/Zr ratios. A mechanism that may explain the need for a large MAO excess is proposed for the activation of metallocenes with MAO. The proposed mechanism involves the formation of dimers or oligomers of MAO cages that tend to dissipate the charge of the anion. This destabilization of the Cp2ZrMe2-MAO complex facilitates the formation of the catalytically active cation.
Stereochemical Control of Reductions. 9. Haptophilicity Studies with 1,1-Disubstituted 2-Methyleneacenaphthenes (2002)

A series of 1-methyl-2-methyleneacenaphthenes has been synthesized, bearing an additional variable substituent (R) at the 1-position. These compounds have been hydrogenated in ethanol over a 5% Pd/C catalyst under standardized conditions in order to assess the haptophilicity of R, its ability to enforce addition of hydrogen from its own face of the molecule by coordination to the catalyst surface. The order of decreasing haptophilicity, assessed as the product epimer ratio, for the groups studied was R = CH(2)NH(2), CH(2)NMe(2), CH(2)OH, CHNOH, CH(2)OMe, CHO, CONH(2), CH(2)NHCOMe, COOK, COMe, CN, CONHOH, COOH, COOMe, COONa, COOLi. Because knowledge of group haptophilicities offers potential for stereochemical control in such reductions, comparisons are provided with haptophilic orders found in other molecular systems. It is shown that absolute haptophilicities can be manipulated by varying the dielectric constant of the solvent employed.
Biological Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Trophic Factors (1996)

Recent revolutionary discoveries in the structure and function of the nervous system have substantiated the early optimism expressed by Ramon y Cajal on the regenerative potential of neurons. A systematic study of the mechanisms of neural injury and repair has generated exciting new ideas on how to assist the innate restorative potential of the nervous system by using substances that address specific pathogenetic events (biological or rational therapies). The greatest challenge for these interventions is the prevention of neuronal cell death, which is the inevitable outcome of many common diseases of the nervous system and which limits the efficacy of more traditional treatment approaches (i.e., approaches to restore the neuronal phenotype). Trophic factors are excellent candidates because they are naturally implemented to promote the survival of neurons in development. Among many neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a model for consideration of a trophic therapy because of its grave epidemiological impact and the massive death of neurons in multiple brain sites. In the present paper, we propose an approach to design trophic therapies for AD, considering also the pertinent clinical and ethical issues. We also integrate the trophic approach with other ways to promote neural regeneration, including the use of small organic molecules. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is used as a paradigmatic trophic factor, because of a wealth of evidence for its robust effects on working memory (i.e., a type of cognition that is severely impaired in AD); other trophic factors, discussed in the text, may also have the potential as drugs for this disorder. It is likely that a comprehensive approach to treat AD will involve multiple substances selective for particular pathogenetic events and nerve cell types.
Development of paints with infrared radiation reflective properties (2015)

Large buildings situated in hot regions of the Globe need to be agreeable to their residents. Air conditioning is extensively used to make these buildings comfortable, with consequent energy consumption. Absorption of solar visible and infrared radiations are responsible for heating objects on the surface of the Earth, including houses and buildings. To avoid excessive energy consumption, it is possible to use coatings formulated with special pigments that are able to reflect the radiation in the near- infrared, NIR, spectrum. To evaluate this phenomenon an experimental study about the reflectivity of paints containing infrared-reflective pigments has been made. By irradiating with an IR source and by measuring the surface temperatures of the samples we evaluated: color according to ASTM D 2244-14, UV/VIS/NIR reflectance according to ASTM E 903-12 and thermal performance. Additionally, the spectral reflectance and the IR emittance were measured and the solar reflectance of the samples were calculated. The results showed that plates coated with paints containing IR-reflecting pigments displayed lower air temperature on the opposite side as compared to conventional coatings, indicating that they can be effective to reflect NIR and decrease the temperature of buildings when used in roofs and walls.
Wound Healing of the Nasal and Paranasal Mucosa: A Review (2002)

First observations regarding the specific regulation of epithelial regeneration by growth factors have underlined the complex relationship between extracellular matrix and epithelium during the repair process. However, only poor and aspecific correlations can be described between endoscopically and histomorphologically defined postoperative phases.
A study of the tribological behavior of carbon‐nanotube‐reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene composites (2006)

Abstract The tribological properties of the high‐strength and high‐modulus ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) film and the UHMWPE composites reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT/UHMWPE) were investigated using a nanoindenter and atomic force microscope (AFM). The MWCNT/UHMWPE composites films exhibited not only high wear resistance but also a low friction coefficient compared to the pure UHMWPE films. We attribute the high wear resistance to the formation of the new microstructure in the composites due to the addition of MWCNTs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of salt tolerance in two cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) by exogenous application of proline at seedling stage. (2010)

Abstract: This study was carried out to study the possibility of salt tolerance induction in two cultivars of sorghum by exogenous application of different levels (0, 50 mM and 100 mM) of proline. Salt treatments (100 mM) adversely affected the germination percentage, growth and chlorophyll contents of both cultivars. However, applications of proline alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress. However, high concentration of proline (100 mM) was not as much effective as compared to low concentration i.e. 50 mM in both cultivars.
Segmentation, Differentiation, and Flexible Pricing: Experiences with Information Technology and Segment-Tailored Strategies (1994)

:Information technology (IT) radically alters the cost of capturing, storing, and analyzing information, and thus dramatically alters the value of the historical data represented by a firm’s detailed transaction records of customer interactions. Yet, information systems are seldom used to their full potential in developing flexible pricing strategies and tailored offerings for individual customers, based either on the actual cost of serving these customers or on their demonstrated preferences and requirements. This will become increasingly crucial in industries with heterogeneous customers and with costs that vary widely across customers, in order to enable flexible pricing and to provide services that are accurately targeted at the needs of specific customer segments. In addition, accurate, detailed, and robust cost-accounting systems and expertise in the interpretation of performance data will increasingly become essential for competing successfully; those firms prevented from accurate microsegmentation by corporate culture and tradition, by regulation, or by an outmoded information infrastructure will be vulnerable to newer and more nimble competitors. In particular, being the low-cost provider with economies of scale will not provide adequate defense against targeted cream-skimming by opportunistic competitors, able to offer lower prices to selected customer segments. The earliest academic papers on the strategic implications of information technology explicitly adopted a framework recommending that firms adopt a single, simple generic strategy from a small set (cost leadership, differentiation, or niche). In contrast, recent experience suggests that IT may enable firms to select from more finely tuned strategic options, and that it may require them to implement mulLiple strategies simultaneously.
Mechanistic Debris Generated by Twister Ribozymes (2017)

Twister RNAs represent a recently discovered class of natural ribozymes that promote rapid cleaving of RNA backbones. Although an abundance of theoretical, biochemical, and structural data exist for several members of the twister class, disagreements about the architecture and mechanism of its active site have emerged. Historically, such storms regarding mechanistic details typically occur soon after each new self-cleaving ribozyme class is reported, but paths forward exist to quickly reach calmer conditions.
A Two-Stage Hypospadias Repair Applicable to All Degrees of the Anomaly (1987)

No AccessJournal of UrologyPenis1 Jun 1987A Two-Stage Hypospadias Repair Applicable to All Degrees of the Anomaly Hyman H. RabinovitchMD Hyman H. RabinovitchHyman H. Rabinovitch More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)76126-5AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "A Two-Stage Hypospadias Repair Applicable to All Degrees of the Anomaly." The Journal of Urology, 137(6), p. 348A © 1987 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 137Issue 6June 1987Page: 348A Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1987 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Hyman H. Rabinovitch More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Joint source-channel error detection with standard compatibility for wireless video transmission (2003)

Robust video transmission over wireless channels is very critical due to channel impairments and to their effect on the compressed bitstream. Error detection is a clue point as, if errors are detected, their concealment may be performed. In spite of that, data assisted error detection is often not sufficient to guarantee error detection is correctly performed in any case. A joint source-channel error detection approach is thus proposed in the paper, where standard compatibility is kept, as the source decoder needs not to be modified in order to exploit the proposed technique. This technique may be useful in any case of packet transmission where data assisted error detection is particularly difficult to be performed for some packet partition and compatibility to a standard is required. With the proposed technique, information about the source coded bitstream may be exploited in order to reduce the redundancy added and the amount of data to be discarded. In particular, the case of MPEG-4 video transmission is analyzed in the paper.
Chip Embedded Wafer Level Packaging Technology for Stacked RF-SiP Application (2007)

In this paper, chip to wafer stacking and embedding active components by wafer level technologies were described. The radio frequency (RF) module-like component was chosen as the test vehicle in this study. Analog wafer were treated to less than 50μm thickness and then singulated. The thin chip were die bonded, by chip stacking method, on to the digital wafer and embedded by lamination of dielectric layers, Aginomoto build up film (ABF) in this case. Laser drilling process was adapted to open the via to the pads on the analog chips and digital wafers. The vias and traces were Cu plated to form the interconnection between the chips and the component IO pads. Results of this study show the benefits of the structure can provide more precise alignment and more reliable chip to wafer stacking without any voids or defects. Meanwhile, the presented wafer level process gives a much simple and cost effective package. Besides, high aspect ratio build up process by multi-layer ABF lamination and Cu interconnection were well developed. By the described process integration, vertical chip stacked and embedded RF module within 300μm thickness, excluding the solder ball, could be demonstrated. All the realization of this small size RF module will be revealed in more detail. Reliability tests such as the 288°C solder dipping and 260°C level 3 preconditioning test were carried out to further clarify the component property. Results of the reliability test and the corresponding failure analysis were described in this paper.
Review article: gene therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology (1997)

Gene therapy for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is an exciting prospect because of the fundamental cure that is potentially available. The gastrointestinal system, and especially the liver, is an area that will be central to the development of gene therapy. Techniques for gene replacement include homologous recombination and gene augmentation. For the treatment of cancer antisense strategy, pro-drug activation systems and gene immunotherapy are being investigated. Gene-carrying vectors divide into viral- and non-viral-based vectors, each with advantages and limitations. The accurate delivery of these vectors to sufficient numbers of target cells in vivo is still a major barrier to clinical use. Diseases that may be helped by gene therapy include: gastrointestinal malignancies, viral hepatitis, the haemophilias, hypercholesterolaemia, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and metabolic diseases of the liver and cystic fibrosis. In this review we will outline the principles of gene therapy, delivery vectors under investigation, diseases that may benefit from this technology and some of the remaining problems to be overcome.
Variable deflection response of sensitive CNT-on-fiber artificial hair sensors from CNT synthesis in high aspect ratio microcavities (2015)

Crickets, locusts, bats, and many other animals detect changes in their environment with distributed arrays of flow-sensitive hairs. Here we discuss the fabrication and characterization of a relatively new class of pore-based, artificial hair sensors that take advantage of the mechanical properties of structural microfibers and the electromechanical properties of self-aligned carbon nanotube arrays to rapidly transduce changes in low speed air flow. The radially aligned nanotubes are able to be synthesized along the length of the fibers inside the high aspect ratio cavity between the fiber surface and the wall of a microcapillary pore. The growth self-positions the fibers within the capillary and forms a conductive path between detection electrodes. As the hair is deflected, nanotubes are compressed to produce a typical resistance change of 1-5% per m/s of air speed which we believe are the highest sensitivities reported for air velocities less than 10 m/s. The quasi-static response of the sensors to point loads is compared to that from the distributed loads of air flow. A plane wave tube is used to measure their dynamic response when perturbed at acoustic frequencies. Correlation of the nanotube height profile inside the capillary to a diffusion transport model suggests that the nanotube arrays can be controllably tapered along the fiber. Like their biological counterparts, many applications can be envisioned for artificial hair sensors by tailoring their individual response and incorporating them into arrays for detecting spatio-temporal flow patterns over rigid surfaces such as aircraft.