gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heavy Metal Ions Inhibition of Jack Bean Urease: Potential for Rapid Contaminant Probing (2004)

The kinetics of heavy metal ions inhibition of jack bean urease was studied by progress curve analysis in a reaction system without enzyme-inhibitor preincubation. The inhibition was found to be biphasic with an initial, small inhibitory phase changing over the time course of 5-10 min into a final linear steady state with a lower velocity. This time-dependent pattern was best described by mechanism B of slow-binding inhibition, involving the rapid formation of an EI complex that subsequently undergoes slow conversion to a more stable EI* complex. The kinetic parameters of the process, the inhibition constants Ki and Ki* and the forward k5 and reverse k6 rate constants for the conversion, were evaluated from the reaction progress curves by nonlinear regression treatment. Based on the values of the overall inhibition constant Ki*, the heavy metal ions were found to inhibit urease in the following decreasing order: Hg2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+ > Co2+ > Fe3+ > As3+. With the Ki* values as low as 1.9 nM for Hg2+ and 7.1 nM for Cu2+, 100-1000 times lower than those of the other ions, urease may be utilized as a bioindicator of the trace levels of these ions in environmental monitoring, bioprocess control or pharmaceutical analysis.
Shape-based image retrieval (2009)

Shape is one of the most important image features for retrieval of images in a Content-Based Image Retrieval system. However, due to inherent difficulties and limitations of processes to describe a shape, this feature is fairly less commonly used. We propose a neural network-based shape retrieval system in which moment invariants and/or Zernike moments form a feature vector to describe the shape of an object. Fuzzy k-means clustering groups similar images in an image collection into k-clusters whereas neural network facilitates efficient retrieval of similar images. Neural network is trained by the clustering results of all of the images in the data collection such that its input is the feature vector obtained through the calculated moments and its output dictates the degree of membership among the k-clusters. Retrieval results and performance of the proposed system is compared and analyzed against an earlier proposed system.
Genetic Expression in the Developing Brain (1983)

The adult mouse brain contains complex populations of polyadenylated [poly(A)+] and nonpolyadenylated [poly(A)-] messenger RNA's (mRNA's). These mRNA's are separate sequence populations, similar in complexity, and in combination are equivalent to approximately 150,000 different mRNA sequences, of average length. Essentially all of the "adult" poly(A)+ mRNA's are present in the brain at birth. In contrast, most of the poly(A)- mRNA's are absent. Brain poly(A)- mRNA's begin to appear soon after birth, but the full adult complement is not reached until young adulthood. This suggests that these poly(A)- mRNA's specify proteins required for the biological capabilities of the brain that emerge during the course of postnatal development.
A Sweet Polydopamine Nanoplatform for Synergistic Combination of Targeted Chemo-Photothermal Therapy (2015)

Inspired by sweet or sugar-coated bullets that are used for medications in clinics and the structure and function of biological melanin, a novel kind of sweet polydopamine nanoparticles and their anticancer drug doxorubicin loaded counterparts are prepared, which integrate an active targeting function, photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy into one polymeric nanocarrier. The oxidative polymerization of lactosylated dopamine and/or with dopamine are performed under mild conditions and the resulting sweet nanoparticles are thoroughly characterized. When exposed to an 808 nm continuous-wave diode laser, the magnitude of temperature elevation not only increases with the concentration of nanoparticles, but can also be tuned by the laser power density. The nanoparticles possess strong near infrared light absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and good photostability. The nanoparticles present tunable binding with RCA120 lectin and a targeting effect to HepG2 cells, confirmed by dynamic light scattering, turbidity analysis, MTT assay, and flow cytometry. Importantly, the sweet nanoparticles give the lowest IC50 value of 11.67 μg mL(-1) for chemo-photothermal therapy compared with 43.19 μg mL(-1) for single chemotherapy and 67.38 μg mL(-1) for photothermal therapy alone, demonstrating a good synergistic effect for the combination therapy.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Heparan Sulfate: From Attachment to Entry Inhibition (2013)

By targeting cells that provide protection against infection, HIV-1 causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Infection starts when gp120, the viral envelope glycoprotein, binds to CD4 and to a chemokine receptor usually CCR5 or CXCR4. As many microorganisms, HIV-1 also interacts with heparan sulfate (HS), a complex group of cell surface associated anionic polysaccharides. It has been thought that this binding, occurring at a step prior to CD4 recognition, increases infectivity by pre-concentrating the virion particles at the cell surface. Early work, dating from before the identification of CCR5 and CXCR4, showed that a variety of HS mimetics bind to the gp120 V3 loop through electrostatic interactions, compete with cell surface associated HS to bind the virus and consequently, neutralize the infectivity of a number of T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 strains. However, progress made to better understand HIV-1 attachment and entry, coupled with the recent identification of additional gp120 regions mediating HS recognition, have considerably modified this view. Firstly, the V3 loop from CXCR4-using viruses is much more positively charged compared to those using CCR5. HS inhibition of cell attachment is thus restricted to CXCR4-using viruses (such as T-cell line-adapted HIV-1). Secondly, studies aiming at characterizing the gp120/HS complex revealed that HS binding was far more complex than previously thought: in addition to the V3 loop of CXCR4 tropic gp120, HS interacts with several other cryptic areas of the protein, which can be induced upon CD4 binding, and are conserved amongst CCR5 and CXCR4 viruses. In view of these data, this review will detail the present knowledge on HS binding to HIV-1, with regards to attachment and entry processes. It will discuss the perspective of targeting the gp120 co-receptor binding site with HS mimetic compounds, a strategy that recently gave rise to entry inhibitors that work in the low nanomolar range, independently of co-receptor usage.
Mangiferin: a Promising Anticancer Bioactive (2016)

Of late, several biologically active antioxidants from natural products have been investigated by the researchers in order to combat the root cause of carcinogenesis, in other words, oxidative stress. Mangiferin, a therapeutically active C-glucosylated xanthone, is extracted from pulp, peel, seed, bark and leaf of Mangifera indica. These polyphenols of mangiferin exhibit antioxidant properties and tend to decrease the oxygen-free radicals, thereby reducing the DNA damage. Indeed, its capability to modulate several key inflammatory pathways undoubtedly helps in stalling the progression of carcinogenesis. The current review article emphasizes an updated account on the patents published on the chemopreventive action of mangiferin, apoptosis induction made on various cancer cells, along with proposed antioxidative activities and patent mapping of other important therapeutic properties. Considering it as promising polyphenol, this paper would also summarize the diverse molecular targets of mangiferin.
Evaluation of the IL 368 Clinicard Analyser (1973)

An assessment of the performance of the IL 368 Clinicard Analyser is given. The methods tested were urea, sugar, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase. Overall a good precision and correlation with the routine laboratory methods was found. The machine should prove useful for the analysis of frequently requested emergency determinations.
Endocrine Control of Calcium Metabolism and Parturient Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cattle (1971)

Calcium plays a key role in many fundamental biologic processes including neuromuscular excitability, membrane permeability and blood coagulation in addition to being an essential structural component of the skeleton. The precise control of calcium ions in extracellular fluids is vital, therefore, to the health of animals and man. To maintain a constant concentration of calcium, despite marked variations in intake and excretion, endocrine control mechanisms have evolved that primarily consist of the interactions of three major hormones. Although the direct roles of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D frequently are emphasized in the control of blood calcium, other hormones such as adrenal corticosteroids, estrogens, thyroxine, somatotrophin and glucagon may contribute to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis under certain conditions. The objectives of this report are: (a) to summarize and illustrate some recent findings on the structure and function of calcium control mechanisms under normal and pathologic conditions; and (b) to relate these findings where indicated to the pathogenic mechanisms of parturient hypocalcemia and paresis in dairy cattle.
An Introduction to the Linear Mixed Model for Orthopaedic Research (2014)

Kwon, Soon-Sun PhD; Lee, Kyoung Min MD; Chung, Chin Youb MD; Lee, Seung Yeol MD; Park, Moon Seok MD Author Information
Oral therapy with dipyridamole limits ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans (2005)

One week of oral treatment with the nucleoside uptake inhibitor dipyridamole (200 mg, slow release, twice daily) significantly limits ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans in vivo, as assessed by technetium Tc 99m-labeled annexin A5 scintigraphy of forearm skeletal muscle.
Antiviral Strategies of Chinese Herbal Medicine Against PRRSV Infection (2020)

Bioactive compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are gradually becoming an effective alternative in the control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) because most of the commercially available PRRSV vaccines cannot provide full protection against the genetically diverse strains isolated from farms. Besides, the incomplete attenuation procedure involved in the production of modified live vaccines (MLV) may cause them to revert to the more virulence forms. TCMs have shown some promising potentials in bridging this gap. Several investigations have revealed that herbal extracts from TCMs contain molecules with significant antiviral activities against the various stages of the life cycle of PRRSV, and they do this through different mechanisms. They either block PRRSV attachment and entry into cells or inhibits the replication of viral RNA or viral particles assembly and release or act as immunomodulators and pathogenic pathway inhibitors through cytokines regulations. Here, we summarized the various antiviral strategies employed by some TCMs against the different stages of the life cycle of PRRSV under two major classes, including direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and indirect-acting antivirals (IAAs). We highlighted their mechanisms of action. In conclusion, we recommended that in making plans for the use of TCMs to control PRRSV, the pathway forward must be built on a real understanding of the mechanisms by which bioactive compounds exert their effects. This will provide a template that will guide the focus of collaborative studies among researchers in the areas of bioinformatics, chemistry, and proteomics. Furthermore, available data and procedures to support the efficacy, safety, and quality control levels of TCMs should be well documented without any breach of data integrity and good manufacturing practices.
calculation of Muscle Strength per Unit Cross-Sectional Area of Human Muscle by Means of Ultrasonic Measurement (1969)

The strength per unit area of the muscle was calculated in 245 healthy human subjects, including 119 male and 126 female by means of the ultrasonic photography of the cross-section of the acting muscle bundle, together with the measurement of the muscle strength developed by the subject with maximum effort. The result was summarized as the following: 1). The ultrasonic method used in this work was possibly admitted as the best way to calculate the cross-sectional area of the muscle. 2). The arm strength was fairly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the flexor of the upper arm regardless of age and sex. 3). The strength per unit cross-sectional area of flexor of the upper arm was 6.3kg/cm^2 in the average, standard deviation of O.81kg/cm^2 at extended position. When cross-sectional area of muscle was measured at flexed position of the forearm the strength per unit area was calculated to be 4.7kg/cm^2. 4). As to the individual variation, the strength per unit area was distributed in a range from 4kg/cm^2 to 8kg/cm^2. 5). The strength per unit cross-sectional area was almost the same in male and female regardless of age.
Integrated Optical Acousto-Optic Switching (1985)

Acousto-optic interactions are well known and widely used since long. The main applications for bulk optic devices are Bragg-cells for beam deflection and frequency shifting. Acousto-optic interactions using integrated otpical (I0) waveguides and surface acoustic waves (SAW) are very promising because of expected high efficiency. After some fundamentals we concentrate on I0 single-mode strip-waveguides which can be influenced by SAW. Three different types of structures will be discussed in detail: the surface-acoustic wave driven interferometer (SAWDIF), the surface-acoustic wave driven directional coupler (SAWDIC), both for modulation and switching, and the I0 Bragg-cell, which combines a waveguide-switch with an optical frequency shifter. Experimental results as well as applications for these structures will be presented.
Color and Emotion- a study on the affective judgment across media and in relation to visual stimuli (2006)

Four experiments were carried out to describe emotional responses to color and to analyze the relationship between color attributes and emotional dimensions. Conceptualization and measurement systems of emotion were discussed and emotional responses to colors were assessed in terms of valence, arousal, and dominance dimensions (Mehrabian, 1978; Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957), using Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) (Lang, 1980). The patterns of affective judgment were presented according to hue, Chroma, and lightness. Chroma was positively correlated with each of the three emotional dimensions in all experiments. In order to account for the cognitive quantity of color, stimuli were selected following hue and tone categorizations and based on the CIELab Lch system. Empirical evidence indicates that emotional responses to color vary more strongly with regard to tone than to hue categories. Moreover, the influence of the presentation medium on emotional response to color was investigated by presenting colors either on DIN A5-size paper or on CRT monitors. Utilizing the empirical results, a practical application tool was suggested for marketing purposes. \n\nIn addition, emotional response to color was examined in a cross-modality stimulus context. Other than colors, modalities of visual stimulus, such as pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005), film-clips, and adjectives were employed as background stimuli. Context effect was investigated by comparison to prior results and the emotional response to colors in arousal shifted significantly toward less excited. Judgmental shifts of affectivity of background stimuli were also analyzed. Furthermore, the process of affective judgment of colors was debated and future studies were proposed.
CLXXIII.—The influence of groups and associated rings on the stability of certain heterocyclic systems. Part II. The substituted succinimides (1927)

S. S. G. Sircar, J. Chem. Soc., 1927, 1252 DOI: 10.1039/JR9270001252
The Di-<i>t</i>-Butylphosphinyl Directed <i>ortho</i> Metalation Group. Synthesis of Hindered Dialkylarylphosphines (1998)

Using the new P(O) t Bu2 Directed Metalation Group, a variety of ortho-substituted aryl di-t-butylphenylphosphine oxides (2a-k) have been prepared, its relative metalation ability has been established, and reduction and homocoupling products (Scheme 4) have been obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRAZONES OF PIPERIDINO‐N‐ACETOHYDRAZIDE AND MORPHOLINO‐N‐ACETOHYDRAZIDE OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INTEREST (1976)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung der Ester (I) mit Hydrazinhydrat und dann mit den Aldehyden (III) gelangt man über (II) zu den Verbindungen (IV).
A MgF<sup>2</sup>/MgO multiple protecting layer in ac plasma‐display panels (2000)

Abstract— A MgF 2 /MgO multiple protecting layer coated on a MgO layer in ac plasma‐display panels (AC‐PDPs) was developed to obtain high brightness and low driving voltages. The material characteristics of this layer were examined by carefully changing the deposition conditions, and the display characteristics of AC‐PDPs using this protecting layer were studied. It was demonstrated that this new method is effective in lowering the firing and sustaining voltages of PDPs and enhancing the brightness of the panel as well.
New Insights into the Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Glucocorticoids: An Emerging Role for Glucocorticoid-Receptor-Mediated Transactivation (2013)

Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used for the treatment of numerous (autoimmune) inflammatory diseases. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, the GR translocates to the nucleus, where it acts either as a homodimeric transcription factor that binds glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in promoter regions of glucocorticoid (GC)-inducible genes, or as a monomeric protein that cooperates with other transcription factors to affect transcription. For decades, it has generally been believed that the undesirable side effects of GC therapy are induced by dimer-mediated transactivation, whereas its beneficial anti-inflammatory effects are mainly due to the monomer-mediated transrepressive actions of GR. Therefore, current research is focused on the development of dissociated compounds that exert only the GR monomer-dependent actions. However, many recent reports undermine this dogma by clearly showing that GR dimer-dependent transactivation is essential in the anti-inflammatory activities of GR. Many of these studies used GR(dim/dim) mutant mice, which show reduced GR dimerization and hence cannot control inflammation in several disease models. Here, we review the importance of GR dimers in the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs/GR, and hence we question the central dogma. We summarize the contribution of various GR dimer-inducible anti-inflammatory genes and question the use of selective GR agonists as therapeutic agents.
Measurement of individual cell migration parameters for human tissue cells (1992)

Abstract We present an approach for determining in vitro the means and distributions of a set of phenomenological parameters, including cell speed and persistence time, which can be used to evaluate the effect of isotropic variations in the extracellular environment on the motility of human tissue cells. Using time‐lapse videomicroscopy and semi‐automated image analysis, we tracked the paths traveled by slow‐moving, isolated human vascular smooth muscle cells over 48 hours on surfaces of petri dishes coated with 10 μg/mL of the adhesive extracellular matrix proteins type IV collagen, fibronectin or laminin. By applying a persistent random walk model to experimental data for mean‐squared displacement as a function of time for these cells, we rigorously distinguished individual cells with different motile characteristics not obvious based on qualitative comparisons between the structures of individual cell paths. We also positively identified the presence of immotile cells. Based on the behavior of 34 to 77 cells on each substrate, we found mean cell speeds and persistence times on the order of 10 micron/h and 3 hours, respectively, on all three ECM substrates, while the fraction of motile cells varied from 65% on laminin to 78% on collagen. On all three surfaces experimental number distributions of speed and persistence time could be described by normal and exponential waiting time distributions, respectively. Our approach provides a framework for addressing questions concerning the mechanistic relationship between cellular and environmental properties and cell motility.
AN AFM PROBE CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON μ-SYNTHESIS (2008)

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one of the most important tools for measuring atomic resolution. The AFM system maintains constant force between a tip and the sample in order to track the sample topography. The controller that maintains the constant interaction force plays a significant role in measurement accuracy. This paper presents a μ-synthesis controller design to deal with model uncertainty and establish a measurement error bound. The system's nonlinearity and the set-point drift are lumped into a multiplicative uncertainty. The performance bound allows specification of the error magnitude over the frequency range. Simulation results show that the proposed control can tolerate uncertainties. The error spectrum from the experiments shows consistency with the design specifications. Images were taken to compare μ-synthesis control with a well-tuned PID control at a 480μm/s scan rate. The results verify the outstanding performance of the μ-controller.
Mouse lumbar and cervical spinal cord blood flow measurements by arterial spin labeling: Sensitivity optimization and first application (2009)

In spinal cord injuries (SCI), tissue edema and consequent ischemia play an important role in neuronal damage. The assessment of quantitative spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) would be very valuable to help in understanding SCI pathophysiology. SCBF has previously been measured in animals with invasive techniques such as hydrogen clearance or labeled microspheres. A recent preliminary study also demonstrated the feasibility of assessing cervical SCBF by MRI with arterial spin labeling (ASL). However, due to bulk motion and field inhomogeneities, the feasibility of perfusion MRI at lower levels of the SC (thoracic, lumbar) remained an open question. In the present study, absolute SCBF measurements were carried out at both the cervical C3 and lumbar L1 levels of mouse SC using an adapted presaturated flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (presat-FAIR) ASL technique at 11.75T. Quantitative SCBF maps (resolution of 133 x 133 microm(2)) showed significantly lower gray matter (GM) perfusion values at the L1 level as compared to the C3 level (6% and 11% for the ventral and dorsal horns and 8% for total GM). The presat-FAIR technique was then successfully applied to a mouse model of hemisection performed at the L1 level, illustrating the potential of ASL to help in SC pathology characterization.
Intensity-dependent spread-a theory of human vision and a machine vision filter with interesting properties (2003)

Summary form only given. Extensive psychophysical evidence indicates that the spatial and temporal filtering properties of the human visual system depend on local retinal image illuminance; as illuminance decreases, signals are integrated over larger areas and longer time. A model that reproduces the spatial effect is as follows. There are three layers, an array of photodetectors, a spreading network, and an array of output channels. The output of each photodetector spreads its signals in the network, in a way to be described, and the signal leaving each point in the output array is the sum of signals arriving at that point. If the point spread function were constant, this system would simply act as a spatial filter, convolving the spread function with the input.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>