gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient algorithm for L<inf>1</inf>-norm principal component analysis (2012)

Principal component analysis (PCA) (also called Karhunen - Loève transform) has been widely used for dimensionality reduction, denoising, feature selection, subspace detection and other purposes. However, traditional PCA minimizes the sum of squared errors and suffers from both outliers and large feature noises. The L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm based PCA (more precisely L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1,1</sub> norm) is more robust. Yet, the optimization on L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -PCA is much harder than standard PCA. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient algorithm to solve the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -PCA problem. We carry out extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed algorithm, and verify the robustness against image occlusions. Both numerical and visual results show that L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -PCA is consistently better than standard PCA.
Accurately determining the composition and thickness of layers in a GaAs/InGaAs superlattice (1994)

The layer thicknesses and composition of molecular beam epitaxy grown four period 200 Å/100 Å GaAs/InGaAs superlattice structures with nominal indium concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% were determined by transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, double crystal x-ray diffraction (DXRD), photoreflectance (PR), and photoluminescence (PL). The results show that the indium concentration obtained by DXRD is a little low and that obtained by PR and PL is a little high, and that the discrepancies are larger for the larger indium concentrations. We show that both discrepancies can be accounted for by relaxation of the lattice, elastic relaxation as represented by a radius of curvature, and/or plastic deformation as represented by mismatch of dislocations. For the case of elastic relaxation the tetragonal distortion is less than it would be if the sample were perfectly pseudomorphic. The fractions by which it is reduced for the 10%, 15%, and 20% samples was 0.91, 0.86, and 0.77 as determined by DXRD and 0.80, 0.78, and 0.85 as determined by PR/PL.
A generator of high voltage pulses with subnanosecond risetime and adjustable duration (1969)

A voltage generator capable of delivering pulses of up to 30 kv with subnanosecond risetimes and duration adjustable in the range 4-40 ns has been developed. The design is based on a hybrid transmission line system and employs as the switching elements spark gaps through which an overvoltage is passed, at atmospheric pressure. Unwanted voltage wave reflections have been adequately suppressed and oscillograms of typical pulses are included.
Anodic Dissolution and Selective Etching of Gallium Phosphide (1972)

Current voltage curves and the effective dissolution valence have been determined for electrodes in solution. At electrode potentials of a few volts the current density for p‐type is a factor of 104 greater than for n‐type electrodes. This difference allows selective removal of p material from p‐n structures. Application of this selective etching to the fabrication of mesa structures for light emitting diodes, and to junction delineation, is discussed. At large current densities, 6 charges are transferred per dissolved molecule in distinction to the 3 transferred charges found previously in alkaline solution at low current densities.
Solid Surface Shape and the Alignment of an Adjacent Nematic Liquid Crystal (1972)

We show that elastic strain energy may account for the tendency of some nematic liquid crystals to lie parallel to the direction of rubbing on a solid surface that has been slightly deformed by rubbing, or perpendicular to a surface that is slightly rough in two dimensions.
IMPROVED VISUALIZATION OF HENLE FIBER LAYER BY CHANGING THE MEASUREMENT BEAM ANGLE ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (2010)

Positioning the measurement beam perpendicular to HFL enhanced visualization performance.
Research of Self-Adjust Size of Sliding Window Model in P2P-Based VoD System (2010)

Nowadays,the VoD service is widly popular on the Internet,pepople glance over video clips of news,entertainment,film on the line.It is still an arduous challenge to deploy VoD service on the Internet,since the magnanimous media data storage and the high quota band width consumed as well as the large amount expenses needed which the high performance the service operational capability brought.No doubt that P2P-VoD's appearance would bring hope that fundamentally solved the question,movies are split into chunks that can be storaged at partners,each service's consumer is the service's provider simultaneously by some strategies.On present's Internet had already deployed some P2P-VoD systems,but these systems still generally had seriously playback startup latency and low load balancing,etc.The paper proposed attempts to solve and optimize the meets.The results show that our mechanism is effective in suppressing the playback startup latency(drops to original 1/2) and reducing the wokload of P2P-VoD system.
Expression and clinical role of growth differentiation factor-15 in ovarian carcinoma effusions. (2010)

Soluble GDF-15 is universally present in effusions from patients with ovarian carcinoma, and tumor cells represent a likely source for soluble GDF-15 in effusions. Growth differentiation factor-15 emerges as a potential prognostic biomarker in ovarian carcinoma.
Chelating Agents Suppress Pupation of the Cabbage Looper13 (1968)

Incorporation of a concentration of 0.5% chelated copper, iron, and zinc as complexes of the chelating agent Chelatex®, in the larval diet of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) completely prevented pupation. Similar results were obtained with EDTA (tetrasodium salt of ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid), ferrous chloride, and a combination of these 2 substances at similar concentrations. All these materials, even at 0.05% concentration, delayed development and occasionally caused developmental aberrations.
Proliferating Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells in Long Term Monolayer Culture: Expression of Aromatase, Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage, and 3<i>β</i>-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase* (1990)

The development of long term culture conditions with which to study the regulation of expression of aromatase, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) in human granulosa-lutein cells is described in this report. Conditions have been established for the dispersal, growth, freezing, and storage of functional human granulosa cells isolated from preovulatory follicles of women undergoing laparoscopy for gamete intrafallopian tube transfer and in vitro fertilization procedures. Optimal growth conditions for human granulosa-lutein cells were determined by plating cells at a low density and testing the capacity of a variety of culture conditions to support growth. A combination of fetal bovine serum (FBS), horse serum, and the serum substitute UltroSer G was found to increase cell number to maximal levels, 8- to 10-fold higher than with sera alone. Human granulosa-lutein cells grown under these conditions had a doubling rate of 36-40 h and were morphologically distinct from human theca interna cells grown under similar conditions. Human granulosa-lutein cells treated with forskolin retracted and rounded up, whereas cultures of human ovarian theca interna cells or human fibroblasts treated similarly did not retract. Human granulosa-lutein cells were grown for successive passages and transferred to serum-free medium containing forskolin, LH, hCG, or cholera toxin. Addition of these agents resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in aromatase activity and progesterone secretion. In these studies FSH treatment was found not to increase aromatase activity. In a study of the time course of 3 beta HSD activity in the absence of forskolin under serum-free conditions, it was found that 3 beta HSD activity increased 3-fold during the 72-h treatment period. Forskolin-stimulated 3 beta HSD activity also increased in a time-dependent manner, with levels in treated cells 3-fold higher than those in control cells. Northern analysis performed on total RNA obtained from forskolin- or hCG-stimulated granulosa-lutein cells confirmed that the increase in aromatase activity was associated with a corresponding increase in levels of mRNA specific for aromatase cytochrome P-450. Levels of mRNA encoding cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 were similarly increased in cells treated with forskolin compared with unstimulated values at each of the time points investigated. Under serum-free conditions in the absence of stimulation, the 3.4-kilobase band of aromatase cytochrome P-450 mRNA was detectable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reflection (2014)

By knowing which upcoming action a user might perform, a mobile application can optimize its user interface for accomplishing the task. However, it is technically challenging for developers to implement event prediction in their own application. We created Reflection, an on-device service that answers queries from a mobile application regarding which actions the user is likely to perform at a given time. Any application can register itself and communicate with Reflection via a simple API. Reflection continuously learns a prediction model for each application based on its evolving event history. It employs a novel method for prediction by 1) combining multiple well-designed predictors with an online learning method, and 2) capturing event patterns not only within but also across registered applications--only possible as an infrastructure solution. We evaluated Reflection with two sets of large-scale, in situ mobile event logs, which showed our infrastructure approach is feasible.
PARSE: simulation of message passing communication networks (2002)

The number of design decisions for communication network hardware in message passing distributed memory systems is quite large, as illustrated by many different implemented and proposed designs. Many of the decisions are driven by, on one side, performance requirements of targeted applications for the parallel system, and on the other side, hardware implementation costs. To obtain cost effective communication hardware matching a certain application domain, use of a parallel architecture simulation framework is inevitable. The simulator presented here, named PARSE, offers a base for such a framework. It can accurately simulate a wide range of communication architectures and, unlike analytic communication models, does properly model all performance aspects. Changing parameters of simulated architectures is very flexible and the object oriented implementation of the simulator facilitates future extensions and enhancements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple-Pursuer/One-Evader Pursuit–Evasion Game in Dynamic Flowfields (2017)

In this paper, a reachability-based approach is adopted to deal with the pursuit–evasion differential game between one evader and multiple pursuers in the presence of dynamic environmental disturbances (for example, winds or sea currents). Conditions for the game to be terminated are given in terms of reachable set inclusions. Level set equations are defined and solved to generate the forward reachable sets of the pursuers and the evader. The time-optimal trajectories and the corresponding optimal strategies are subsequently retrieved from these level sets. The pursuers are divided into active pursuers, guards, and redundant pursuers according to their respective roles in the pursuit–evasion game. The proposed scheme is implemented on problems with both simple and realistic time-dependent flowfields, with and without obstacles.
Identification of insulin in the tear film and insulin receptor and IGF-1 receptor on the human ocular surface. (2002)

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of insulin in human tear film and the presence of insulin and IGF-1 receptor on the human ocular surface. These results suggest that the pancreatic hormone may play a metabolic and/or mitogenic role on the ocular surface.
Characterizing Amino Acid Variations of Scavenger Receptors by Class Information Gain (2013)

Conserved amino acids in sequences, which may be discovered as patterns across or along sequences, reveal functional domains within proteins. Conversely, less conserved amino acid sequences reveal areas of evolutionary divergence. Traditional protein classification trains patterns using pre-defined class labels (i.e. information about the input sequences such as gene name or family) in order to predict the class of novel sequences. However, these supervised algorithms may be inherently biased by such class dependent techniques. Therefore, we have created an unsupervised algorithm that is not affected by the inherent errors or class balance biases in the class labels. Our algorithm first discovers statistically significant sequence patterns, then aligns and clusters them into Aligned Pattern Clusters (APCs), which represent conserved amino acid sequences. APCs reveal sequence patterns (horizontal regions of amino acid homology), regions of conservation (vertical regions of amino acid homology), and regions of divergence (areas of vertical amino acid variation) within families of proteins. Finally, the algorithm verifies the results using two measures -- class entropy and class information gain -- both of which incorporate the class labels. The advantage of our method is that it does not require any a priori knowledge of a protein's structure or function. We applied our unsupervised algorithm to the class A Scavenger Receptor (cA-SR) protein family consisting of two distinct but related proteins, MARCO and SRAI. Using MARCO and SRAI as the class labels, we applied our class measures, class entropy and information gain. We found that class entropy revealed conservation of patterns and amino acids between sequences from all classes. The class information gain indicated which of these amino acids were found distinct to the MARCO class or the SRAI class, which allowed us to make important predictions as to the differing biological functions of these proteins.
Critical issues concerning root resorption: a contemporary review. (2005)

Root resorption, an unwanted sequela of orthodontic treatment, has received much attention in the recent past. This is clearly evident from the enormous amount of literature published regarding this single iatrogenic issue. These research works should provide practitioners with great insight into the clinical, histologic, therapeutic, predictive, and genetic aspects as well as the molecular basis of the resorptive process. Yet the scientific community reading these reports is left with confounding questions requiring a proper organization of the published literature. This review is aimed at answering some critical issues concerning root resorption after orthodontic treatment. It also tries to update the theoretical information regarding the resorptive process, with an insight into recent human genetic and molecular-level research.
The Vacuolar Transporter Chaperone (VTC) Complex Is Required for Microautophagy (2006)

Microautophagy involves direct invagination and fission of the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane under nutrient limitation. This occurs by an autophagic tube, a specialized vacuolar membrane invagination that pinches off vesicles into the vacuolar lumen. In this study we have identified the VTC (vacuolar transporter chaperone) complex as required for microautophagy. The VTC complex is present on the ER and vacuoles and at the cell periphery. On induction of autophagy by nutrient limitation the VTC complex is recruited to and concentrated on vacuoles. The VTC complex is inhomogeneously distributed within the vacuolar membranes, showing an enrichment on autophagic tubes. Deletion of the VTC complex blocks microautophagic uptake into vacuoles. The mutants still form autophagic tubes but the production of microautophagic vesicles from their tips is impaired. In line with this, affinity-purified antibodies to the Vtc proteins inhibit microautophagic uptake in a reconstituted system in vitro. Our data suggest that the VTC complex is an important constituent of autophagic tubes and that it is required for scission of microautophagic vesicles from these tubes.
Development of a color‐tunable polychromatic organic‐light‐emitting‐diode device for roll‐to‐roll manufacturing (2016)

Abstract A flexible vertically stacked flexible polychromatic color‐tunable OLED has been developed by means of low resistive intermediate electrode technology. The polychromatic OLED has a capability to show 16 million colors with 105% National Television Committee Standard (NTSC) color reproduction. The device can produce arbitrary shape with arbitrary colors, suitable for artistic expressions, just as many as those used in information displays. Independently controlled red, green, and blue light‐emitting layers are stacked vertically. With conventional indium tin oxide technology, because of the temperature restriction, it was quite difficult to achieve low resistance on plastic substrate. The reported numbers were all more than 80 Ω/□. According to the surface mobility control using Fick's law analysis, low sheet resistance 7.34 Ω/□ on plastic film was developed. At first, flexible 7.17 cm 2 transparent OLED was fabricated for the performance confirmation of transparent electrode. And then polychromatic color‐tunable OLED with the same size were successfully fabricated on plastic. With optical length optimization for each color stack of polychromatic OLED, more than 100% color reproduction in National Television Committee Standard was achieved by stack design. The polychromatic device can be used for colored illumination, as well as for organic‐light‐emitting display pixels for three times emission than conventional pixel design. The device is fabricated on plastic substrate so that the polychromatic organic‐light‐emitting‐diode device is manufacturable with roll‐to‐roll production line.
Isotachophoresis-Based Surface Immunoassay (2017)

In the absence of amplification methods for proteins, the immune-detection of low-abundance proteins using antibodies is fundamentally limited by binding kinetic rates. Here, we present a new class of surface-based immunoassays in which protein-antibody reaction is accelerated by isotachophoresis (ITP). We demonstrate the use of ITP to preconcentrate and deliver target proteins to a surface decorated with specific antibodies, where effective utilization of the focused sample is achieved by modulating the driving electric field (stop-and-diffuse ITP mode) or applying a counter flow that opposes the ITP motion (counterflow ITP mode). Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model protein, we carry out an experimental optimization of the ITP-based immunoassay and demonstrate a 1300-fold improvement in limit of detection compared to a standard immunoassay, in a 6 min protein-antibody reaction. We discuss the design of buffer chemistries for other protein systems and, in concert with experiments, provide full analytical solutions for the two operation modes, elucidating the interplay between reaction, diffusion, and accumulation time scales and enabling the prediction and design of future immunoassays.
Next‐generation <scp>DNA</scp> barcoding: using next‐generation sequencing to enhance and accelerate <scp>DNA</scp> barcode capture from single specimens (2014)

DNA barcoding is an efficient method to identify specimens and to detect undescribed/cryptic species. Sanger sequencing of individual specimens is the standard approach in generating large-scale DNA barcode libraries and identifying unknowns. However, the Sanger sequencing technology is, in some respects, inferior to next-generation sequencers, which are capable of producing millions of sequence reads simultaneously. Additionally, direct Sanger sequencing of DNA barcode amplicons, as practiced in most DNA barcoding procedures, is hampered by the need for relatively high-target amplicon yield, coamplification of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes, confusion with sequences from intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria (e.g. Wolbachia) and instances of intraindividual variability (i.e. heteroplasmy). Any of these situations can lead to failed Sanger sequencing attempts or ambiguity of the generated DNA barcodes. Here, we demonstrate the potential application of next-generation sequencing platforms for parallel acquisition of DNA barcode sequences from hundreds of specimens simultaneously. To facilitate retrieval of sequences obtained from individual specimens, we tag individual specimens during PCR amplification using unique 10-mer oligonucleotides attached to DNA barcoding PCR primers. We employ 454 pyrosequencing to recover full-length DNA barcodes of 190 specimens using 12.5% capacity of a 454 sequencing run (i.e. two lanes of a 16 lane run). We obtained an average of 143 sequence reads for each individual specimen. The sequences produced are full-length DNA barcodes for all but one of the included specimens. In a subset of samples, we also detected Wolbachia, nontarget species, and heteroplasmic sequences. Next-generation sequencing is of great value because of its protocol simplicity, greatly reduced cost per barcode read, faster throughout and added information content.
A novel device design to lower the on-resistance in GaN trench MOSFETs (2016)

GaN is one of the best suited materials for high-power devices due to its superior material properties such as high breakdown field, wide band gap and high saturation drift velocity. Consequently, GaN power devices have gained increased attention in recent years. Numerous vertical GaN power transistors have been demonstrated in the past few years [1-4]. One of the preferred GaN vertical device designs is the trench MOSFET. In the traditional trench MOSFET structure [2-4], the channel forms via p-GaN inversion at the dielectric/p-GaN interface resulting in a relatively high on-resistance due to the poor electron mobility in the channel. In this work, we present a novel device design to lower the on-resistance in a trench MOSFET. By inserting a MOCVD regrown GaN interlayer prior to the dielectric deposition (MOCVD Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) on the trenched structure, lower on-resistance is achieved due to enhancement in the electron mobility of the channel. For an optimal GaN interlayer thickness of 10 nm, a low on-resistance (active area) of 0.97 mΩ.cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> alongside enhancement mode operation (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> = 3 V) is demonstrated.
Stress Analysis Considerations for Deep Submergence Ceramic Pressure Housings (1992)

A brief review on the structural characteristics of ceramics is given. Three potential failure criteria that may be used to stress analyze ceramic pressure housings are discussed. Additional comments and recommendations are made concerning the task of structural analysis specific to deep submergence ceramic pressure housings. Ceramics, External pressure housing, Ocean engineering.