gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specialty Polymers from Lignin (1989)

The chemical and technological aspects of lignin modification and utilization are discussed. Competition with petrochemicals does not, for a number of reasons, permit the commercial utilization of non-oil based products made from lignin. However, pressure from governments and the public for a cleaner environment and new pulping processes (organosolv processes) may inevitably result in full scale industrial use of lignin other than fuel within the not too distant future.
Coupling signalling pathways to transcriptional control: nuclear factors responsive to cAMP. (1997)

Several endocrine and neuronal functions are governed by the cAMP-dependent signalling pathway. In eukaryotes, transcriptional regulation upon stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase signalling pathway is mediated by a family of cAMP-responsive nuclear factors. This family consists of a large number of members that may act as activators or repressors. These factors contain the basic domain/ leucine zipper motifs and bind as dimers to cAMP-response elements (CRE). The function of CRE-binding proteins (CREBs) is modulated by phosphorylation by several kinases. Direct activation of gene expression by CREB requires phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A to the serine-133 residue. Among the repressors, ICER (Inducible cAMP Early Repressor) deserves special mention. ICER is generated from an alternative CREM promoter and constitutes the only inducible cAMP-responsive element binding protein. Furthermore, ICER negatively autoregulates the alternative promoter, thus generating a feedback loop. In contrast to the other members of the CRE-binding protein family, ICER expression is tissue specific and developmentally regulated. The kinetics of ICER expression are characteristic of an early response gene. Our results indicate that CREM plays a key physiological and developmental role within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We have previously shown that the transcriptional activator CREM is highly expressed in postmeiotic cells. Spermiogenesis is a complex process by which postmeiotic male germ cells differentiate into mature spermatozoa. This process involves remarkable structural and biochemical changes that are under the hormonal control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. We have addressed the specific role of CREM in spermiogenesis using CREM-mutant mice generated by homologous recombination. Analysis of the seminiferous epithelium from mutant male mice reveals that spermatogenesis stops at the first step of spermiogenesis. Late spermatids are completely absent, while there is a significant increase in apoptotic germ cells. A series of postmeiotic germ cell-specific genes are not expressed. Mutant male mice completely lack spermatozoa. This phenotype is reminiscent of cases of human infertility. We have shown that ICER is regulated in a circadian manner in the pineal gland, the site of the hormone melatonin production. This night-day oscillation is driven by the endogenous clock (located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN). The synthesis of melatonin is regulated by a rate-limiting enzyme, the serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT). By using the CREM-deficient mice and by analysis of the regulatory region of the gene encoding the serotonin NAT, we have established that ICER is responsible for the amplitude and rhythmicity of NAT and thus for the oscillation in the hormonal synthesis of melatonin.
Corpus-based stochastic finite-state predictive text entry for reduced keyboards: application to Catalan. (2001)

Users of digital mobile\n\t\t\t\t phones have access to an increasing\n\t\t\t\t number of text-based services but\n\t\t\t\t most of them can only use a very reduced\n\t\t\t\t keyword for text entry. Traditionally,\n\t\t\t\t this has been solved by means\n\t\t\t\t of multiple tapping and delays or next-character\n\t\t\t\t keys (e.g. 66(pause)666 for\n\t\t\t\t no), which is slow (two taps per letter\n\t\t\t\t on average), inconvenient, and prone\n\t\t\t\t to error. Recently, some mobile terminals\n\t\t\t\t offer dictionary-based predictive\n\t\t\t\t text-entry schemes which, in almost\n\t\t\t\t all cases, allow for one-tap-per-letter\n\t\t\t\t text entry (e.g. 367 for for). This\n\t\t\t\t paper shows how text corpora can be\n\t\t\t\t used to build stochastic finite-state automata\n\t\t\t\t which may in turn be easily\n\t\t\t\t used to implement predictive text entry\n\t\t\t\t for medium-sized languages such\n\t\t\t\t as Catalan, not currently supported\n\t\t\t\t by major predictive-text-entry companies.
The annular flow, electrothermal plug ramjet (1985)

The annular flow, electrothermal plug ramjet is examined as a possible means of achieving rapid projectile acceleration for applications such as direct space payload launches. Electrothermal plug ramjet performance is examined for cases when hydrogen propellant is treated 1) as a perfect gas and 2) as a gas that can dissociate and ionize and then recombine at finite rates in the nozzle. Performance results for these cases are compared to the performance of a conventional ramjet operating with a perfect gas hydrogen propellant. Models describing electrothermal plug ramjet and conventional ramjet operation are presented and it is shown that, for a given flight velocity, there is an optimum rate of heat addition per unit mass of propellant. Propellant dissociation and ionization losses are found to be small and the nozzle flow is shown to be near chemical equilibrium rather than in a chemically frozen state. Diffuser shock losses are found not to degrade performance to unacceptably low levels. Fluid particle residence times are found to be small compared with those required for significant flowfield changes and it is argued that assuming quasisteady flow does not introduce significant errors. Thermal efficiencies over selected launch cycles are between 30 and 40% and pressure, temperature, and power requirements are demonstrated to be reasonable.
Delivery of four‐dimensional radiotherapy with TrackBeam for moving target using a dual‐layer MLC: dynamic phantoms study (2009)

Respiratory motion has been considered a clinical challenge for lung tumor treatments due to target motion. In this study, we aimed to perform an experimental evaluation based on dynamic phantoms using MLC-based beam tracking. TrackBeam, a prototype real-time beam tracking system, has been assembled and evaluated in our clinic. TrackBeam includes an orthogonal dual-layer micro multi-leaf collimator (DmMLC), an on-board mega-voltage (MV) portal imaging device, and an image processing workstation. With a fiducial marker implanted in a moving target, the on-board imaging device can capture the motion. The TrackBeam workstation processes the online MV fluence and detects and predicts tumor motion. The DmMLC system then dynamically repositions each leaf to form new beam apertures based on the movement of the fiducial marker. In this study, a dynamic phantom was used for the measurements. Three delivery patterns were evaluated for dosimetric verification based on radiographic films: no-motion-lung-tumor (NMLT), three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), and four-dimensional tracking radiotherapy (4DTRT). The displacement between the DmMLC dynamic beam isocenter and the fiducial marker was in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. With radiographic film analysis, the planar dose histogram difference between 3DCRT and NLMT was 48.6% and 38.0% with dose difference tolerances of 10% and 20%. The planar dose histogram difference between 4DTRT and NLMT was 15.2% and 4.0% respectively. Based-on dose volume histogram analysis, 4DTRT reduces the mean dose for the surrounding tissue from 35.4 Gy to 19.5 Gy, reduces the relative volume of the total lung from 28% to 18% at V20, and reduces the amount of dose from 35.2 Gy to 15.0 Gy at D20. The experimental results show that MLC-based real-time beam tracking delivery provides a potential solution to respiratory motion control. Beam tracking delivers a highly conformal dose to a moving target, while sparing surrounding normal tissue.
A spatially resolving x-ray crystal spectrometer for measurement of ion-temperature and rotation-velocity profiles on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak (2008)

A new spatially resolving x-ray crystal spectrometer capable of measuring continuous spatial profiles of high resolution spectra (lambda/d lambda>6000) of He-like and H-like Ar K alpha lines with good spatial (approximately 1 cm) and temporal (approximately 10 ms) resolutions has been installed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Two spherically bent crystals image the spectra onto four two-dimensional Pilatus II pixel detectors. Tomographic inversion enables inference of local line emissivity, ion temperature (T(i)), and toroidal plasma rotation velocity (upsilon(phi)) from the line Doppler widths and shifts. The data analysis techniques, T(i) and upsilon(phi) profiles, analysis of fusion-neutron background, and predictions of performance on other tokamaks, including ITER, will be presented.
Spatial Analysis and Modeling of Traffic Incidents for Proactive Incident Management and Strategic Planning (2010)

Traffic events involving secondary incidents can be particularly problematic for the public and for incident managers. This paper explores the associations of spatial characteristics, including geometric and land use factors, with secondary and nonsecondary incidents. The data used in this study are 2006 incident records from Hampton Roads in Virginia and roadway inventory data, enhanced through geographic information systems to include detailed spatial information. Secondary incidents in the same and opposite directions were identified by using a queue-based method. Such incidents represented nearly 2% of total recorded incidents but showed longer durations than other incidents. The study found statistically significant differences between the distributions of secondary and nonsecondary incidents, implying that higher risks of secondary incidents in certain roadway segments are not necessarily correlated with relatively high risk of nonsecondary incidents. Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and negative binomial regression models were estimated by combining traffic exposure, road segment characteristics, and spatial–land use information to explore factors associated with secondary incidents. The models provided helpful information for effective assignment of incident management resources and for support of regionally based strategic planning.
The effect of deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D or calcium and vitamin D and of variations in the source of dietary protein on the supporting tissues of the rat molar (1969)

An histological investigation has been carried out on the periodontal tissues of young rats fed for eight weeks on diets deficient either in calcium (calcium content 0.026 per cent; calcium to phosphorus ratio 0.058), vitamin D, or calcium and vitamin D, in which protein was supplied either as blood albumen or egg albumen. When the diet contained blood albumen, the deficiency of calcium resulted in alveolar changes resembling osteoporosis and in a reduction in the number and diameter of the fibres of the periodontal ligament. When the diet contained blood albumen, the deficiency of calcium and vitamin D caused alveolar changes resembling osteoporosis and a reduction in the number and diameter of the fibres of the periodontal ligament. The deficiency of vitamin D had no obvious effect on the periodontal tissues of the rat. The substitution of egg albumen for the blood albumen in the diets intensified the osteoporotic changes caused by the deffciency of calcium. In rats deficient in calcium and vitamin D it superimposed an osteomalacic change, resulting in a condition of the alveolar process which resembled a combination of osteomalacia and osteoporosis. It also increased the incidence of areas of resorption of primary cementum in all dietary groups. The cementoid on the surface of secondary cementum behaved under these conditions of dietary stress in the same way as the osteoid. The manner in which the dietary deficiencies may produce these changes is discussed.
The Cysteine-Rich Region and Secreted Form of the Attachment G Glycoprotein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Enhance the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response despite Lacking Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Restricted Epitopes (2006)

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response is important for the control of viral replication during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The attachment glycoprotein (G) of RSV does not encode major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitopes in BALB/c mice (H-2(d)). Furthermore, studies to date have described an absence of significant CTL activity directed against this protein in humans. Therefore, G previously was not considered necessary for the generation of RSV-specific CTL responses. In this study, we demonstrate that, despite lacking H-2(d)-restricted epitopes, G enhances the generation of an effective CTL response against RSV. Furthermore, we show that this stimulatory effect is independent of virus titers and RSV-induced inflammation; that it is associated primarily with the secreted form of G; and that the effect depends on the cysteine-rich region of G (GCRR), a segment conserved in wild-type isolates worldwide. These findings reveal a novel function for the GCRR with potential implications for the generation of protective cellular responses and vaccine development.
Cloud Computing Architected: Solution Design Handbook (2011)

Cloud Computing Architected describes the essential components of a cloud-based application and presents the architectural options that are available to create large-scale, distributed applications spanning administrative domains. The requirements of cloud computing have far-reaching implications for software engineering. Applications must be built to provide flexible and elastic services, and designed to consume functionality delivered remotely across of spectrum of reliable, and unreliable, sources. Architects need to consider the impact of scalability and multi-tenancy in terms of: New development tools Internet-based delivery and mobile devices Identity federation Fragmented services and providers Exploding information volume Availability and elasticity techniques New business models and monetization strategies Revised software development cycle Increased operational automation This book looks at these and other areas where the advent of cloud computing has the opportunity to influence the architecture of software applications.
Correction: Gag-Positive Reservoir Cells Are Susceptible to HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Mediated Clearance In Vitro and Can Be Detected In Vivo (2013)

Resting CD4+ T cells infected with HIV persist in the presence of suppressive anti-viral therapy (ART) and are barriers to a cure. One potential curative approach, therapeutic vaccination, is fueled by recognition of the ability of a subset of elite controllers (EC) to control virus without therapy due to robust anti-HIV immune responses. Controllers have low levels of integrated HIV DNA and low levels of replication competent virus, suggesting a small reservoir. As our recent data indicates some reservoir cells can produce HIV proteins (termed GPR cells for Gag-positive reservoir cells), we hypothesized that a fraction of HIV-expressing resting CD4+ T cells could be efficiently targeted and cleared in individuals who control HIV via anti-HIV cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To test this we examined if superinfected resting CD4+ T cells from EC express HIV Gag without producing infectious virus and the susceptibility of these cells to CTL. We found that resting CD4+ T cells expressed HIV Gag and were cleared by autologous CD8+ T cells from EC. Importantly, we found the extent of CTL clearance in our in vitro assay correlates with in vivo reservoir size and that a population of Gag expressing resting CD4+ T cells exists in vivo in patients well controlled on therapy.
Spatial co-location for device association (2011)

Device association is one of the most common interaction primitives used in today's mobile device space. Yet, the existing approaches rely on traditional (e.g., sharing a pass key across devices, etc.) or tangible methods (e.g., bumping devices together, shaking with a similar pattern, etc.) and are mostly limited to pairing two devices. In this paper, we present "GroupTap", an intuitive and secure device association mechanism for multiple devices. It leverages spatial co-location features while ensuring tangibility and user centric control for better user experience. The fact that mobile devices need to be physically co-located for forming an association, the spatial co-location could be used as a trigger for initiating the association. For conforming co-location, we exploit connected physical objects and simple tapping interaction, i.e., devices need to tap one or multiple connected physical objects (placed in a particular location) to convey association request. We envisage that this approach is simple, rapid, efficient and would yield a superior user experience. We discuss the design rationales and present technical details of GroupTap in this paper.
1H NMR Solution Structure of an Active Monomeric Interleukin-8 (1995)

The solution structure of a monomeric form of interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been solved using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemically synthesized nonnatural analog [IL-8 (4-72) L25 NH-->NCH3] has the same activity as that of native IL-8. Thirty structures were generated using the hybrid distance geometry and simulated annealing protocol using the program X-PLOR. The structure is well-defined except for N-terminal residues 4-6 and C-terminal residues 67-72. The rms distribution about the average structure for residues 7-66 is 0.38 A for the backbone atoms and 0.87 A for all heavy atoms. The structure consists of a series of turns and loops followed by a triple-stranded beta sheet and a C-terminal alpha helix. The structure of the monomer is largely similar to the native dimeric IL-8 structures previously determined by both NMR and X-ray methods. The major difference is that, in the monomeric analog, the C-terminal residues 67-72 are disordered whereas they are helical in the two dimeric structures. The best fit superposition of the backbone atoms of residues 7-66 of the monomer structure on the dimeric IL-8 structures showed rms differences of 1.5 and 1.2 A respectively. The turn (residues 31-35), which is disulfide linked to the N-terminal region, adopts a conformation in the monomer similar to that seen in the dimeric X-ray structure (rms difference 1.4 A) and different from that seen in the dimeric NMR structure (rms difference 2.7 A).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Doing Homework on a Telecommunications Network (1992)

In Texas, elementary school pupils are doing homework on a telecommunications network. A professor, a principal, and a production manager for a telecommunications network spearheaded this innovative use of an educational technology system. They got a pilot project started in one innercity school in 1991, and it has already spread to six surrounding school districts. The endeavor now involves parents, elementary teachers and administrators, university faculty and students, telecommunications technologists, videotex writers, and business sponsors. The children in the pilot program averaged two hours a week of extra-credit homework on the network during the school months. During their summer vacation, these children were allowed to keep equipment for accessing the telecom network at home. In June and July their average time online increased to over two hours a week on videotex programs that exercised math, writing, and reading. For this group, an educational technology system that involved doing homework on a telecommunications network definitely increased academic time on task.
Promotion of Activity and Selectivity by Alkanethiol Monolayers for Pd-Catalyzed Benzyl Alcohol Hydrodeoxygenation (2014)

In reactions of aromatic oxygenates, one promising strategy for improving selectivity toward desirable products is to control the ensembles of available surface sites and thus the adsorbed conformations of reactive intermediates. For this study, alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers with variable surface densities were employed to restrict the conformation of adsorbed benzyl alcohol on Pd for enhancing hydrodeoxygenation selectivity to toluene and reducing decarbonylation selectivity to benzene. Toluene selectivity was dramatically improved on a 1-octadecanethiol-coated catalyst at the cost of a large decrease in reaction rate. On the other hand, deposition of a sparser 1-adamantanethiol (AT) coating improved selectivity to a smaller extent, but resulted in a higher reaction rate than that of the uncoated catalyst. Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were used to further characterize this chemistry on a Pd(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. The TPD results match the selectivity results for the thiol-coated supported catalysts, revealing that increasing the surface density of thiols selectively shuts down decarbonylation while still allowing hydrodeoxygenation. The improved activity and selectivity for the AT-coated surface is attributed to weakened interactions of the phenyl ring with the surface.
Compact Powdered Detergent Process Technologies (2017)

This chapter pertains to the evolution of detergent making processes required for the manufacture of compact powders in marketplace. The transition to compact detergents also drove manufacturers with spray drying capacity to look into high density zeolite particles bound by polymers etc., to boost finished product density. One of the key raw materials for the spray drying process is the anionic surfactant paste. Falling film reactor technology provides a means to produce anionic surfactant paste with very low levels of sodium sulfate thus providing more formulation room. Production of high active surfactant stocks centers around the ability to neutralize, handle, store, and transport these stocks. Related to ultra high active surfactant stocks, maximum activity is constrained by high viscosities, and minimum water level coming in from the neutralization medium. The maximum loading is dependent on surfactant type, surfactant stock activity, and type of agglomeration powder.
Pulsed frequency modulation of superconducting resonators (1978)

Adiabatic frequency modulation of a superconducting resonator has been achieved by pulsed microwave interference. The technique has been shown to produce phase-coherent variable-frequency pulse-power gain.
Field and laboratory observations of Dreissena polymorpha larvae: abundance, growth, mortality and food demands (1989)

Afin de tenter de connaitre comment les larves de D.p. font face aux facteurs environnementaux durant leur periode planctotrophique, la croissance et la mortalite des larves ont ete prises en compte ainsi que des facteurs intervenant sur la survie des larves (predation, qualite des œufs, manque de nourriture)
Dynamic Task Scheduling using Genetic Algorithms for Heterogeneous Distributed Computing (2005)

An algorithm has been developed to dynamically schedule heterogeneous tasks on heterogeneous processors in a distributed system. The scheduler operates in an environment with dynamically changing resources and adapts to variable system resources. It operates in a batch fashion and utilises a genetic algorithm to minimise the total execution time. We have compared our scheduler to six other schedulers, three batch-mode and three immediate-mode schedulers. We have performed simulations with randomly generated task sets, using uniform, normal, and Poisson distributions, whilst varying the communication overheads between the clients and scheduler. We have achieved more efficient results than all other schedulers across a range of different scenarios while scheduling 10,000 tasks on up to 50 heterogeneous processors.