gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convolutional Neural Networks over Tree Structures for Programming Language Processing (2014)

Programming language processing (similar to natural language processing) is a hot research topic in the field of software engineering; it has also aroused growing interest in the artificial intelligence community. However, different from a natural language sentence, a program contains rich, explicit, and complicated structural information. Hence, traditional NLP models may be inappropriate for programs. In this paper, we propose a novel tree-based convolutional neural network (TBCNN) for programming language processing, in which a convolution kernel is designed over programs' abstract syntax trees to capture structural information. TBCNN is a generic architecture for programming language processing; our experiments show its effectiveness in two different program analysis tasks: classifying programs according to functionality, and detecting code snippets of certain patterns. TBCNN outperforms baseline methods, including several neural models for NLP.
New syntheses of arylphosphinic acids from the reaction of ethyl diethoxymethylphosphinate with aryl bromides and phenols (1995)

The chemistry of the hypophosphorous acid synthon, ethyl diethoxymethylphosphinate 1 has been further developed to afford efficient new routes to arylphosphinic acids 6 and 2-hydroxyphenylphosphinic acids 10. In one approach, a palladium(0) catalysed P–H insertion has been used; the second approach utilises a lithium-based ortho rearrangement of aryl phosphonates, readily prepared from the Atherton–Todd reaction of 1 with phenols. In both cases, the phosphinic acids were obtained in a final step by acid deprotection.
The infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures (2010)

These results provide evidence that the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana has potential for use as an alternative vector control tool against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes under conditions typical of indoor resting environments. Nonetheless, the observed variation in effective virulence reveals the need for further study to optimize selection of isolates, dose and use strategy in different eco-epidemiological settings.
Track edge effects in tilted and conventional perpendicular recording (2003)

Track edge effects in tilted and conventional perpendicular recording are analyzed. The write fields are calculated utilizing a three dimensional micromagnetic simulation that includes both the write pole and the soft underlayer. The dynamic reversal time and thermal stability of the recording layer are analyzed using a recent model involving mode analysis and the optimal collective reversal barrier. For conventional perpendicular recording, the effect of the write field angle at the track edge is to lower the medium energy barrier, which increases the guard-band width. For tilted perpendicular recording, the guard band is decreased due to an energy barrier increase caused by the write field angle.
Bias-assisted photoelectrochemical etching of p-GaN at 300 K (2000)

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of p-type GaN has been realized in room temperature, 0.1 M KOH solutions. PEC etching of GaN was achieved by applying a positive bias to the surface of the p-GaN layer through a deposited titanium mask. The applied bias reduces the field at the semiconductor surface, which induced the dissolution of the GaN. The effect of bias on etch rate and morphology was examined. It was found that insulating the Ti mask from the KOH solution with Si3N4 significantly increases the etch rate. The rms roughness of the etched region decreased as the bias voltage increased. Etch rates as high as 4.4 nm/min were recorded for films etched at 2 V.
Reflectivity of Metals at High Temperatures (1972)

The reflectivity and other optical constants of metals at high temperatures are discussed on the basis of the Drude theory and the theory of electron-phonon collision. The electron-phonon collision frequency is dependent on the temperature through the temperature dependence of the phonon population. The temperature dependence of the collision frequency determines that of optical properties of metals. Variations of the real and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and of the complex refractive index with temperature are considered. General expressions for the temperature coefficients of the optical constants are given. The reflectivity is shown to decrease with increasing temperature. Numerical calculations were carried out for several metals at a few wavelengths and at temperatures from room temperature to their melting temperatures. The results are given in graphs and in a table. Curves for the reflectivity show that the absolute value of the temperature coefficient of the reflectivity is greater for a metal having a lower reflectivity at room temperature. Calculated values of the reflectivity at room temperature are in reasonable agreement with handbook data. However, the calculated reflectivity for silver at its melting point is not coincident with the reported experimental data (the only data available at present), in spite of the qualitative agreement between our results and the experiment. A brief discussion on possible explanations of the discrepancy is made.
Temperature-Responsive Cell Culture Surfaces Enable “On−Off” Affinity Control between Cell Integrins and RGDS Ligands (2004)

In this study, specific interactions between immobilized RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) cell adhesion peptides and cell integrin receptors located on cell membranes are controlled in vitro using stimuli-responsive polymer surface chemistry. Temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide) (P(IPAAm-co-CIPAAm)) copolymer grafted onto tissue culture grade polystyrene (TCPS) dishes permits RGDS immobilization. These surfaces facilitate the spreading of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) without serum depending on RGDS surface content at 37 degrees C (above the lower critical solution temperature, LCST, of the copolymer). Moreover, cells spread on RGDS-immobilized surfaces at 37 degrees C detach spontaneously by lowering culture temperature below the LCST as hydrated grafted copolymer chains dissociate immobilized RGDS from cell integrins. These cell lifting behaviors upon hydration are similar to results using soluble RGDS in culture as a competitive substitution for immobilized ligands. Binding of cell integrins to immobilized RGDS on cell culture substrates can be reversed spontaneously using mild environmental stimulation, such as temperature, without enzymatic or chemical treatment. These findings are important for control of specific interactions between proteins and cells, and subsequent "on-off" regulation of their function. Furthermore, the method allows serum-free cell culture and trypsin-free cell harvest, essentially removing mammalian-sourced components from the culture process.
Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid‐enriched phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine on butyrate‐induced growth inhibition, differentiation and apoptosis in Caco‐2 cells (2005)

Phospholipids are fascinating in terms of important bio-functional compounds. The present work investigated the effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) on butyrate-induced growth inhibition, differentiation and apoptosis using Caco-2 cells. Growth inhibition of Caco-2 cells became apparent 24 h after addition of PC while it took 48 h with PS. Alkaline phosphatase activity of Caco-2 cells increased with combined PC or PS and sodium butyrate (NaBT) at 72 h, indicating that PC and PS enhanced cell differentiation in the presence of NaBT. An increased enrichment factor was also found when cells were treated with combinations of PC or PS and NaBT. These results suggest that marine PC and PS can be considered to be potentially useful colon cancer chemotherapy agents with high bio-availability.
Selective extraction of a two-dimensional optical image by synthesis of the coherence function (1992)

We propose a novel manner for optical ranging and imaging by adopting a synthesis of the optical coherence function. The optical coherence function with a periodic delta-function-like shape can be synthesized in the sense of time averaging by modulating the laser frequency with an appropriate waveform, in which the direct frequency-modulation characteristic of a semiconductor laser diode is used. This method does not require either mechanically driven references or Fourier-transform calculations. Selective extraction of a two-dimensional image from an object was successfully performed in a basic experiment.
Changes in Cognition and Amyloid-β Processing with Long Term Cholesterol Reduction using Atorvastatin in Aged Dogs (2010)

Human studies suggest either a protective role or no benefit of statins against the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that statin-mediated cholesterol reduction in aged dogs, which have cognitive impairments and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, would improve cognition and reduce neuropathology. In a study of 12 animals, we treated dogs with 80 mg/day of atorvastatin for 14.5 months. We did not observe improvements in discrimination learning; however, there were transient impairments in reversal learning, suggesting frontal dysfunction. Spatial memory function did not change with treatment. Peripheral levels of cholesterol, LDLs, triglycerides, and HDL were significantly reduced in treated dogs. Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid and brain remained unaffected. However, β-secretase-1 (BACE1) protein levels and activity decreased and correlated with reduced brain cholesterol. Finally, lipidomic analysis revealed a significant decrease in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty in temporal cortex of treated aged dogs. Aged beagles are a unique model that may provide novel insights and translational data that can predict outcomes of statin use in human clinical trials. Treatment with atorvastatin may be beneficial for brain aging by reducing BACE1 protein and omega6:omega3 ratio, however, the potential adverse cognitive outcomes reported here should be more carefully explored given their relevance to human clinical outcomes.
The Diagnostic Process with Special Reference to Errors (1971)

An analysis is made of the losses due to errors in the diagnostic process. The basic assumption is that the doctor should try to maximize expected utility, where the utility allows both for the health of the patient and for »costs« of various kinds. This assumption leads to the view that in general the doctor should make use of a diagnostic search tree. Owing to the difficulty of estimating utilities and of back-tracking in a large tree it is convenient for him to use substitutes for utility, called quasi-utilities, such as mean information transfer or expected weight of evidence. After listing a number of such quasi-utilities, the effect on their expectations due to error is considered. The losses can be larger than might have been supposed. Much of the analysis could also be applied to scientific problems other than to medical diagnosis.
Electrodialysis for Recovering Salts from a Urine Solution Containing Micropollutants (2006)

Electrodialysis was investigated for the separation of micropollutants from nutrients in anthropogenic urine. In a continuously operated process, the nutrients were concentrated up to a factor of 3.2. The concentration factor was limited by water transport across the membrane. Water transport was caused by osmosis and electroosmosis, and a model was developed to describe these phenomena. The removal of several spiked micropollutants was investigated in continuous electrodialysis experiments. Ethinylestradiol was removed completely during the whole operating period. Diclofenac and carbamazepine were initially retained, but limited permeation (5-10%) occurred after longer operating times (90 days). Retentions of propranolol and ibuprofen were also high initially, but substantial breakthroughs occurred during extended operation. Considerable adsorption on the membranes was observed for all compounds. The permeation mechanism of several compounds appears to depend on the adsorbed amount on the membrane, which indicates that partitioning and diffusion mechanisms play an important role in the permeation transport. Partial desorption occurred in leaching experiments with polarity reversal, and almost quantitative desorption was observed after incubation of the membranes with Filter Count Gel Solution. Because environmental concentrations are much lower than the concentrations spiked here, it can be anticipated that operation without significant permeation is possible in practice during extended periods of time.
A Statistical Approach to the Interpretation of Silicon-29 NMR of Zeolites (1983)

A moment analysis of 29Si MAS spectra of zeolites is shown to provide direct information on the number of second-nearest-neighbor Al-Al pairs. Monte Carlo computer calculations are described of randomized Al distributions in zeolite frameworks, under restrictions of Loewenstein's and Dempsey's rules. The method is applied to a hypothetical square planar lattice which allows the various Al distribution patterns to be visualized in simple displays, and to the zeolite X and Y framework. The results are compared with experimental data taken from the literature.
Editor's outlook (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTEditor's outlookNeil E. Gordon Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1930, 7, 2, 225Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1930Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 February 1930Published inissue 1 February 1930https://doi.org/10.1021/ed007p225RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views127Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Structure of a malaria parasite antigenic determinant displayed on filamentous bacteriophage determined by NMR spectroscopy: Implications for the structure of continuous peptide epitopes of proteins (2001)

The NANP repeating sequence of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum was displayed on the surface of fd filamentous bacteriophage as a 12-residue insert (NANP)(3) in the N-terminal region of the major coat protein (pVIII). The structure of the epitope determined by multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy of the modified pVIII protein in lipid micelles was shown to be a twofold repeat of an extended and non-hydrogen-bonded loop based on the sequence NPNA, demonstrating that the repeating sequence is NPNA, not NANP. Further, high resolution solid-state NMR spectra of intact hybrid virions containing the modified pVIII proteins demonstrate that the peptides displayed on the surface of the virion adopt a single, stable conformation; this is consistent with their pronounced immunogenicity as well as their ability to mimic the antigenicity of their native parent proteins.
Modeling and perspectives of the Si nanocrystals–Er interaction for optical amplification (2003)

In the present article, a detailed study of the optical properties of the Er-doped Si nanocrystals system, obtained through ion implantation of Er in samples containing Si nanocrystals formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is reported. In particular, we present a phenomenological model based on an energy level scheme taking into account the strong coupling between each Si nanocrystal (NC) and the neighboring Er ions, and considering the interactions between pairs of Er ions too, such as the concentration quenching effect and the cooperative up-conversion mechanism. Based on this model, we wrote down a system of coupled first order differential rate equations describing the time evolution of the population of both the Si NC and the Er related excited levels. By studying the steady state and time resolved luminescence signals at both the 1.54 and 0.98 \ensuremath{\mu}m Er lines and at the Si nanocrystals emission (at around 0.8 \ensuremath{\mu}m), we were able to fit the experimental data in a wide range of Er concentration (between $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3})$ and excitation pump power (in the range $1--{10}^{3}\mathrm{mW}),$ determining a value of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the coupling constant describing the interaction between Si NC and Er ions, and of $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the cooperative up-conversion coefficient. Moreover, an energy transfer time of \ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}s has been estimated, confirming that Si nanocrystals can actually play a crucial role as efficient sensitizers for the rare earth. In addition, the role of Si nanocrystals and of strong gain limiting processes, such as cooperative up-conversion and confined carriers absorption from an excited NC, in determining positive gain at 1.54 \ensuremath{\mu}m will be investigated in details. The impact of these results on the fabrication of optical amplifiers will be finally addressed.
Multifunctional POSS Cyclic Carbonates and Non-Isocyanate Polyhydroxyurethane Hybrid Materials (2016)

The solvent-free chemical fixation of carbon dioxide with glycidyl ether functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) yields mono- and polydisperse multifunctional POSS cyclic carbonates. The silica equivalent content of POSS carbonates varies between 28.5 and 42.1 wt %, whereas 15.4–20.8 wt % carbon dioxide is incorporated. On cure with hexamethylenediamine and isophoronediamine, POSS carbonates and their blends with polyol-based cyclic carbonates produce organic/inorganic hybrid polyhydroxyurethane thermosets without requiring the need of isocyanate monomers. These blends prolong both gel and pot life time of NIPU formulations, thus allowing the preparation of tailored NIPU/POSS hybrid materials for casting and coating applications. Young’s modulus and tensile strength improve with increasing POSS content as a result of higher cross-link density and silica content. Submicron phases are formed during polymerization due to self-assembly and nanophase separation as was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the incorporation of POSS significantly improves scratch resistance of optically transparent and colorless NIPU/POSS coatings as examined by the surface gloss and SEM images.
Prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena under uniform field in liquid nitrogen (2003)

We present a study of breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena (streamers) in liquid nitrogen under quasi uniform electric field, under ac and impulse voltage. Streamers preceding breakdown are studied by high speed visualization and recording of emitted light, with hydrostatic pressure up to 0.5 MPa. In these conditions, breakdown is mainly due to negative streamers initiated at lower voltage than positives. This result is in contrast with previous measurements carried out in point plane gaps: in this geometry breakdown is due to positive streamers since their propagation is much easier. It is also shown that the ratio of impulse to ac breakdown voltage in LN2 is surprisingly low, close to 1. Practical consequences for the design of high voltage insulation in superconducting systems are then discussed.
PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS (1981)

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 13-15, 1981 / Bahia Hotel, San Diego, California
Performance analysis of a dynamic programming track before detect algorithm (2002)

We analyze a dynamic programming (DP)-based track before detect (TBD) algorithm. By using extreme value theory we obtain explicit expressions for various performance measures of the algorithm such as probability of detection and false alarm. Our analysis has two advantages. First the unrealistic Gaussian and independence assumptions used in previous works are not required. Second, the probability of detection and false alarm curves obtained fit computer simulated performance results significantly more accurately than previously proposed analyses of the TBD algorithm.
Mechanically strong and electrically conductive multilayer MXene nanocomposites (2019)

Polymer nanocomposites offer the opportunity to bridge properties of nanomaterials to the macroscale. In this work, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is used to demonstrate nanocomposites of 2D titanium carbide nanosheets (MXene) and clay nanoplatelets (montmorillonite) to fabricate freestanding thin films with unique multifunctional properties. These thin films can be tuned by adjusting the thickness to exhibit a tensile strength of 138 MPa-225 MPa, EMI specific shielding effectiveness normalized to thickness and density up to 24 550 dB cm<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, and sheet resistance from 855 Ω sq<sup>-1</sup>-3.27 kΩ sq<sup>-1</sup> (corresponding to a range of conductivity from 53 S m<sup>-1</sup> to 125 S m<sup>-1</sup>). This composite is the strongest MXene-based LbL film prepared to date, in part due to the nacre-like brick-and-mortar structure. Ultra-strong, multifunctional films of this nature are desirable for many applications ranging from membranes, to structural and multifunctional composites, energy harvesting and storage, and materials for aerospace.
Alzheimer's disease: β‐Amyloid protein and tau (2002)

Research on the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made great strides over the last decade. This progress is the result of protein chemical analysis of two extracellular and intracellular fibrillary lesions in AD brain conducted during the 1980s, which identified beta-amyloid protein (A beta) and tau as their major components, respectively. Linkage analysis of familial AD identified four responsible genes: three causative genes (beta-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2) and one susceptibility gene (apolipoprotein E epsilon 4). All those genes causing and predisposing to AD exhibit a common phenotype: an increased production of A beta 42, a longer, more amyloidogenic A beta species, and/or its enhanced deposition. This observation was substantiated when presenilins were shown to be directly involved in A beta production. Whereas A beta deposition is relatively specific for AD, tau deposition is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and is assumed to be intimately associated with neuronal loss. The genetic analysis of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) revealed the presence of mutations in the tau gene in affected members. Thus, tau can lead to intracellular tau deposits and neuronal loss, although the mechanism remains to be clarified. Taken together, A beta might exert neurotoxicity through tau, leading to neuronal loss in the AD brain.