gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ground-based differential absorption lidar for water-vapor profiling: assessment of accuracy, resolution, and meteorological applications (1998)

The accuracy and the resolution of water-vapor measurements by use of the ground-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system of the Max-Planck-Institute (MPI) are determined. A theoretical analysis, intercomparisons with radiosondes, and measurements in high-altitude clouds allow the conclusion that, with the MPI DIAL system, water-vapor measurements with a systematic error of <5% in the whole troposphere can be performed. Special emphasis is laid on the outstanding daytime and nighttime performance of the DIAL system in the lower troposphere. With a time resolution of 1 min the statistical error varies between 0.05 g/m(3) in the near range using 75 m and-depending on the meteorological conditions-approximately 0.25 g/m(3) at 2 km using 150-m vertical resolution. When the eddy correlation method is applied, this accuracy and resolution are sufficient to determine water-vapor flux profiles in the convective boundary layer with a statistical error of <10% in each data point to approximately 1700 m. The results have contributed to the fact that the DIAL method has finally won recognition as an excellent tool for tropospheric research, in particular for boundary layer research and as a calibration standard for radiosondes and satellites.
Clinical importance of insulin secretion and its interaction with insulin resistance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications (2001)

Type 2 diabetes primarily develops from pathogenic defects in the mechanisms of insulin secretion and hepatic and peripheral insulin action. The consequent disruption of normal glucose metabolism involves a number of organ systems and is ultimately manifested in fasting and daytime hyperglycemia. Chronically elevated blood glucose concentrations determine the progression of the disease by further exacerbating insulin resistance and causing beta-cell exhaustion in addition to decreasing their responsiveness to glucose. The beta-cell secretory dysfunction is characterized by the lack of the early phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion and the insufficient and delayed late phase of secretion. Glycemic levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are directly related to the risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications, the main cause of the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. The goal of treatment is to decrease the risk and delay the progression of these complications by improving glycemic control. Current oral antidiabetic agents, used as monotherapy or in combination, include traditional insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers and inhibitors of carbohydrate absorption. A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and recent findings on the significance of meal-related glycemia to overall glycemic control are expanding the therapeutic options for treating this disease.
Trilayered MoS$_{\bf 2}$ Metal –Semiconductor–Metal Photodetectors: Photogain and Radiation Resistance (2013)

Trilayered MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors (PDs) exhibit the photogain is up to 24 with high responsivity (~1.04 A/W). This is because photocarriers generated at the MoS2 between two Au electrodes drift toward the metal-semiconductor interfaces due to band bending under applied bias and are then trapped at the surface state sites at the Au/MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interfaces, giving rise to the decrease in Schottky barrier height. Moreover, MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MSM PDs show fast operation speed; as the contact spacing reduces from 8 to 4 μm, the rise time and fall time of PDs reduce from 70 to 40 μs and from 110 to 50 μs, respectively. Trilayered MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MSM PDs can operate even after 2-MeV proton illumination with ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> fluences, indicating the high radiation tolerance. This work demonstrates that trilayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> opens up a new dimension for 2-D nanomaterial applications in harsh electronics.
Temperature Dependence of Thermal Boundary Resistances between Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Some Typical Counterpart Materials (2012)

We directly measured the temperature dependence of thermal boundary resistances (TBRs) between multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and different materials at elevated temperatures. Using the steady-state heat flow and the noncontacted measurement method, we could conveniently obtain the TBR-temperature relations. Our results indicate that the TBR-temperature relations vary distinctively with different contact materials when heating temperatures change from about 300 to 450 K; that is, the CNT-metal TBRs increase with increasing temperatures, whereas the CNT-insulator TBRs decrease. As a comparison, the TBRs between superaligned MWCNTs were measured and we found that the CNT-CNT TBRs remain basically unchanged as temperatures increase. We also found that the magnitude of TBRs between MWCNTs and different materials could differ from each other significantly. These results suggest that the choice of the right electrode may have an obvious influence on the thermal properties and other properties of the CNT-based devices. From another perspective, in view of some existing theoretical models about TBRs, our results support the validity of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the calculation of CNT-solid TBRs at elevated temperatures.
Characterization of the Fe-rich corner of Al–Fe–Si–Ti (2013)

The quaternary system Al-Fe-Si-Ti was studied in the iron-rich corner for sections at 50, 60 and 70 at.% Fe at 900 °C. Isothermal phase equilibria were investigated by a combination of optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) followed by Rietveld refinement and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). Phase boundaries of the phases, in particular of the Laves phase (Fe<sub>2</sub>Ti) and of the extended phase field of A2/B2/D0<sub>3</sub>, were investigated. Selected samples containing the Laves phase and the B2 phase were characterized by microhardness measurements at different compositions throughout the quaternary homogeneity range of the phases.
발표논문 : 프로젝트금융(PF)을 통한 항만 안전시설에 대한 SOC 민간투자의 활성화 (2012)

항만은 우리나라 경제발전에 필수적 사회기반시설이며, 경제성장과 국가경쟁력의 확보는 항만시설에 대한 개발과 투자와 직결되어 있다. 특히 우리나라의 국가 총생산액에서 무역을 통한 수출입 무역액은 절대적 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸인 우리나라는 이러한 수출입 교역화물의 대부분이 항만을 통하여 처리된다. 항만은 선박을 안전하게 정박시키고 여객의 승·하선과 화물의 적하에 적합한 필요시설의 안전성이 갖추어져야 하는데, 항만에 소재되어 있는 각종 항만시설에 안전성을 갖추어야 한다. 즉 각종 항만시설에 안전성을 높이기 위한 시설보강 및 이를 운영할 수 있는 안전시스템의 구축이 요청된다. 다만 이러한 항만 안전시설과 항만 안전시스템을 구축할 수 있는 재원의 마련과 자본의 조달이 문제된다. 정부재정 만으로는 현대화된 항만 안전시설 및 항만 안전시스템의 구축을 위한 자본조달에 어려움이 있다. 이에 민간자본의 유치를 통한 항만 안전시설 및 안전시스템을 구축하도록 해야 할 것이며, 그 구체적인 방안으로 재정·금융법제의 정비라는 측면에서 항만 프로젝트금융(PF)을 통해 항만 안전시설에 대한 민간투자의 활성화에 대하여 다루고자 한다. 본 연구의 「Ⅱ. 항만 안전시설 및 안전시스템 구축을 위한 SOC재정의 한계와 민간투자의 필요성」에서는 항만사고의 위험성과 안전예방이 요청되는 이유와 항만시설의 수요확대 및 현대화된 안전시스템 구축 그리고 항만 SOC시설에 대한 국가재정 지원의 한계와 민간투자의 필요성을 언급하였다. 「Ⅲ. 항만 PF의 의의와 재정·금융법상의 근거」를 통하여 항만 안전시설과 안전시스템 구축에 필요한 부족한 재원을 충당하고 대규모 민간자본을 조달하는 방안으로 BTO, BTL, BOT, BOO, BLT, ROT, ROO 등 민간투자를 위한 PF방식을 고려해 보도록 제안한다. 이는 항만 안전시설과 안전시스템의 새로운 건설이나 구축 혹은 노후된 시설을 교체하기 위한 재정·금융의 지원방안이 된다. 또한 항만 PF에 적용되는 근거법에는 「사회기반시설에 대한 민간투자법」이 있다. 「Ⅳ. 항만 PF의 계약과 재정·금융법상의 효력」에서는 「사회기반시설에 대한 민간투자법」에 따라 설립된 ``사회기반시설투융자회사``는 항만PF 사업의 시행회사가 되어 정부의 주무부처와 사회기반시설인 항만 SOC에 대한 PF사업의 실시를 실시협약을 체결하며, 항만 PF계약의 당사자가 된다. 특히 항만 프로젝트 회사인 ``사회기반시설투융자회사``과 관련하여 「은행법」이나 「보험업법」 등의 주식취득제한 등 규제와 승인 그리고 「독점규제및공정거래에관한법률」에서의 기업집단에 포함되는지, 그리고 기업결합과 경제력집중 규제의 대상이 되는 지가 문제된다. 또한 항만 PF 프로젝트에 참가하는 항만PF 사업주와 프로젝트 회사 및 항만시설을 건설하는 시공회사 및 준공된 항만시설을 관리·운영하는 회사 등 관계자들 사이에 적절한 위험배분에 대한 합의를 바탕으로 하는 여러 계약들이 체결되며 그에 따른 PF사업의 시행권과 담보적 효력 등이 발생하게 된다. 「Ⅴ. 항만 PF의 재원과 재정·금융법상의 자본조달의 방법」에는 항만 안전시설이라는 사회기반시설의 건설에는 소요되는 막대한 자본조달의 방안으로 사업주가 투자한 항만 PF 프로젝트 회사의 자본금 그리고 은행 등 금융기관이 중심이 되는 대출채권단의 대출에 대하여 다루고 있다. 이와 함께 대출채권단들 역시 자본을 조성하기 위한 수단으로 항만 PF사업의 대출채권을 기초자산으로 하는 부동산 유동화증권(MBS)이나 커버드본드(CB)의 발행을 모색하는 것이 바람직하지만 이를 항만PF와 관련된 자산유동화에 적용할 수 있는 법제가 아직 마련되어 있지 못하다. 「Ⅵ. 항만 PF의 위험과 재정·금융법상의 담보·신용보강·세제지원」에서는 항만PF 대출에는 필연적으로 보증이나 물적담보와 같은 담보가 뒷받침 되어야 함을 다룬다. 또한 신용보강을 위한 방안으로 이용되었던 ``최소운영수입보장제도``를 항만 PF 부문에서 다시 부활하도록 하거나 ``투자위험분담금``도 제도를 적용하며, 해지지급금제도나 추가출자나 자금보충약정 그리고 책임준공약정과 지체보상금 제도 그리고 항만 PF 시공회사의 유치권 포기 약정을 비롯한 신용보강을 위한 제 약정들은 유효하게 적용하도록 하는 것이 항만 PF 사업의 성공적 수행을 위하여 필요하다. 세제의 면에서도 프로젝트금융투자회사에 대한 지원으로, 법인세 감면이나 취득세·등록세 감면 등의 규정(이 항만 PF에 따른 ``사회기반시설투융자회사``에도 유효하게 적용되도록 법제를 정비해야 한다.
Scale estimation for monocular SLAM using depth from defocus (2018)

An autonomous robot must map its environment and estimate its egomotion to perform effectively. Monocular simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) can generate maps of the robot’s environment, except for the absolute scale. Alternatives based on stereo or RGB-D camera based SLAM systems can obtain the metric scale but have disadvantages in terms of the cost, size and power requirements. This thesis is focused on the development of an absolute metric scale monocular SLAM system for autonomous robots. A depth from defocus (DfD) technique that relies on image blur is used to estimate the metric scale. However, existing methods for DfD suffer from ambiguities caused by texture, motion blur, and the location of the focal plane. The novelty of this research is combining DfD with camera motion to resolve estimation errors caused by these ambiguities and compute a reliable measure of metric scale. Monocular SLAM algorithms are also prone to scale drift, where the scale gradually changes while mapping. It is demonstrated that integrating DfD into monocular SLAM eliminates scale drift and results in accurate metric scale maps.
Functionalized Congeners of 1,4-Dihydropyridines as Antagonist Molecular Probes for A<sub>3</sub> Adenosine Receptors (1999)

4-Phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives are selective antagonists at human A3 adenosine receptors, with Ki values in a radioligand binding assay vs [125I]AB-MECA [N(6)-(4-amino-3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarbamoyl-adenosine] in the submicromolar range. In this study, functionalized congeners of 1,4-dihydropyridines were designed as chemically reactive adenosine A3 antagonists, for the purpose of synthesizing molecular probes for this receptor subtype. Selectivity of the new analogues for cloned human A3 adenosine receptors was determined in radioligand binding in comparison to binding at rat brain A1 and A2A receptors. Benzyl ester groups at the 3- and/or 5-positions and phenyl groups at the 2- and/or 6-positions were introduced as potential sites for chain attachment. Structure-activity analysis at A3 adenosine receptors indicated that 3,5-dibenzyl esters, but not 2,6-diphenyl groups, are tolerated in binding. Ring substitution of the 5-benzyl ester with a 4-fluorosulfonyl group provided enhanced A3 receptor affinity resulting in a Ki value of 2.42 nM; however, a long-chain derivative containing terminal amine functionalization at the 4-position of the 5-benzyl ester showed only moderate affinity. This sulfonyl fluoride derivative appeared to bind irreversibly to the human A3 receptor (1 h incubation at 100 nM resulting in the loss of 56% of the specific radioligand binding sites), while the binding of other potent dihydropyridines and other antagonists was generally reversible. At the 3-position of the dihydropyridine ring, an amine-functionalized chain attached at the 4-position of a benzyl ester provided higher A3 receptor affinity than the corresponding 5-position isomer. This amine congener was also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of a biotin conjugate, which bound to A3 receptors with a Ki value of 0.60 microM.
Identification of altered proteins in nonfat dry milk powder prepared from heat-treated skim milk (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification of altered proteins in nonfat dry milk powder prepared from heat-treated skim milkNicholas Parris, Anthony E. White, and Harold M. Farrell Jr.Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 3, 824–829Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00093a050https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00093a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views235Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Effect of a Metal Electrode on the Electroluminescence of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (1996)

The effect of metal on the emission characteristics of a ITO-poly(p-phenylenevinylene)-M (M: Al, In, Mg, or Ca) electroluminescence device was studied. The emission peak at 550 nm is substantially smaller than that at 515 nm for devices with metals which have a larger work function. In the case of photoluminescence, the thinner the poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) film the smaller is the 550-nm peak observed using an Al electrode. These results are discussed in terms of the interaction of metal with PPV at the PPV-metal interface.
Blue light generation using bulk single crystals of niobium-doped KTiOPO4 (1994)

We report here new solid-solution KTiOPO4 (KTP) isomorphs, namely K1−xNbxTi1−xOPO4 and K1−xTaxTi1−xOPO4, suitable for the second-harmonic generation (SHG) of blue light. Aliovalent substitution of the Ti4+-K+ pair in KTP with Nb5+ or Ta5+ increases substantially the optical birefringence (nz−ny,x) of KTP, and blueshifts the SHG cutoff wavelengths for propagation along the x and y axes. A birefringence increase of ∼70%, and a SHG cutoff wavelength as short as 892 nm have been experimentally observed in crystals of K1−xNbxTi1−xOPO4. Detailed single-crystal x-ray structure determination reveals that the Nb substitution is ordered, with Nb strongly favoring the cis-Ti(1) sites. We discuss possible correlation between this preferential substitution and the observed compositional dependence of nonlinear susceptibilities d24, and d15. Optimal solid-solution compositions for the noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling of the 1.064 and 0.946 μm lines of Nd:YAG lasers are presented, and potential applications for these new materials are outlined.
Intracellular calcium during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum: a new fura-2 derivative avoids sequestration of the indicator and allows long-term calcium measurements. (1992)

During stimulation of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae with the chemoattractant cAMP, extracellular calcium is taken up by the cells. The aim of this study was to determine the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca++]i) during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium cells. In contrast to most vertebrate cells, three major drawbacks were encountered: 1) the indicator fura-2 could not be introduced into the cells by incubation with the ester form, 2) once loaded, the dye was rapidly sequestered into vesicles, 3) the organic anion transport blocker probenecid was not suitable to block sequestration. These problems were met by introducing the indicator into the cells with the scrape-loading technique adapted for use with Dictyostelium and the construction of a new fura-2 derivative, fura-2-dextran. Scrape-loading of Dictyostelium yielded up to 40% of labeled, vital cells. Fura-2-dextran fulfilled the following criteria: 1) it remained homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm of motile Dictyostelium cells, 2) it retained the fluorescence intensity of fura-2 and the affinity for calcium binding, 3) it was very well suitable to demonstrate changes of [Ca++]i in serum-stimulated fibroblasts. [Ca++]i-measurements with fura-2-dextran in chemotactically active D. discoideum amoebae revealed that the large decrease in the extracellular calcium concentration is not accompanied by an overall change in [Ca++]i. Chemotaxis in this organism occurs in the absence of global changes in [Ca++]i. However, we cannot exclude either short-lived or local changes just beneath the plasma membrane.
Evaluation of Dry Processes for Removing Sulfur Dioxide from Power Plant Flue Gases (1965)

Recent developments in SO2 removal from combustion gases by dry techniques in this country and abroad are reviewed. Process flow-sheets, operating conditions, by-product yields, and relative costs of a purification system for an 800-megawatt powerplant are discussed.
Improved single-carrier frequency domain equalization systems (2009)

Single-carrier frequency domain Equalization (SC-FDE) systems, which offer similar complexity and performance to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems but enjoy a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), are promising techniques in the future generation of wireless communications. In this paper, an improved SC-FDE system is proposed, in which the cyclic prefix (CP) is only inserted in front of even frames. In the receiver, the even frames are detected using conventional FDE techniques while two methods named overlap-save (OLS) FDE and overlap-add (OLA) FDE are proposed to detect the odd frames. Simulation results show that the improved SC-FDE receiver based on OLS FDE method can outperform about 0.5 dB E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> over conventional SC-FDE system. Hence the proposed SC-FDE system can enjoy a higher spectral efficiency as well as save the sent power in the transmitter with respect to conventional SC-FDE system.
Selective Magnesiation of Chloro-iodopurines:  An Efficient Approach to New Purine Derivatives (2006)

[reaction: see text] Both 6-chloro-2-iodo-9-isopropylpurine (1) and 2-chloro-6-iodo-9-benzylpurine (4) undergo a selective I/Mg exchange reaction with iPrMgCl at -80 degrees C. The reaction course at 0 degrees C is different. Magnesiation of 1 proceeds with the migration of magnesium to the 8 position of the purine nuclei. In the case of 4, substitution of iodine with an alkyl group from the Grignard reagent accompanied with a Cl/Mg exchange reaction takes place, and 6-alkyl-2-magnesiated purines (9) are formed. Thus prepared Grignard reagents afford the corresponding alcohols by the reaction with aldehydes.
Operational experience of HVDC Light (2001)

1. SUMMARY HVDC Light is an electric power transmission technology based on Voltage Source Converters with Pulse Width Modulation and modem HVDC cables. This type of converters with modem power electronics has interesting characteristics based on separate and fast-acting controls of active and reactive powers. The technology is well suited for connection of networks that otherwise are difficult or impossible to interconnect. It's suitability is based on accurate control of the transmitted active power and independent control of the reactive power in the connected AC networks. HVDC Light is designed at standard units between 10 and 300 MW and are built in transportable housings. This together with the above technical characteristics make them suitable for various applications of power transmission, such as exchange of power between networks, infeed of wind power to a network or as a feeder to an isolated load. There are four HVDC Light transmissions in operation in the world: one each in the countries of Sweden, Denmark, Australia and US. The HVDC Light links so far in operation or under construction have been justified for network interconnection or infeed of windpower. The speed and accuracy of both active and reactive controls have been used in customised ways in each of the above projects and is a key to success for HVDC Light projects. As the first project, the Gotland Light in Sweden started operation in November 1999 and the others came along during 2000. The operational experiences for the Gotland Light, Tjaereborg, Directlink and Eagle Pass projects regarding the use of the controllability of HVDC Light projects is presented.
Report: Speech Processing Application Standards (1986)

The usefulness of voice store and forward products and services depends on the compatibility and interoperability of different systems. This document describes a voice store and forwarding standard that guarantees the compatibility of AT&T products. Current AT&T voice store and forward (VSF) products share common algorithms, and procedures for speech coding, silence detection, and channel compression, based on 16 kilobits per second (kb/s) sub-band speech coding applications. The AT&T VSF standard includes the following components:
Wurtzite CoO (2005)

Cobalt oxide in the wurtzite modification has been prepared by a nonaqueous solution route and its structure determined using neutron and X-ray powder diffraction. SQUID magnetization measurements and low-temperature neutron diffraction do not show evidence for long range magnetic order, perhaps reflecting magnetic frustration intrinsic to the wurtzite structure type. Density functional calculations of the electronic structure of wurtzite CoO suggest that electron correlations must be explicitly considered in order to correctly describe this unusual material.
A 0.14pJ/b Inductive-Coupling Inter-Chip Data Transceiver with Digitally-Controlled Precise Pulse Shaping (2007)

A transceiver for inductive-coupling is realized. By using a pulse-shaping circuit, the transmitter energy is 0.11pj/b. Due to device scaling from 180nm CMOS to 90nm CMOS, the receiver energy is 0.03pJ/b. The overall energy dissipation is 20times lower than previous work, without degrading the data rate of 1Gb/s.