gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substitution reactions of benzo[b]thiophen derivatives. Part VII. Reactions of 4-hydroxybenzo[b]thiophen, its 3-methyl derivative, and related compounds (1973)

Electrophilic substitution reactions of 4-hydroxybenzo [b]thiophen and its 3-methyl derivative are described. Formylation under modified Gattermann conditions and bromination with N-bromosuccinimide gave the 5-substituted product in each case, whereas treatment with bromine in carbon tetrachloride gave the corresponding 5,7-dibromo-compound. Nitration in acetic acid gave a mixture of the 5-nitro-, the 7-nitro-, and the 5,7-dinitro-compounds, of which the 5-nitro-compound was the major component in each case. Claisen rearrangement of 4-allyloxybenzo[b]thiophen and its 3-methyl derivative gave the appropriate 5-allyl-4-hydroxy-compound. Fries rearrangement of 4-acetoxybenzo[b]thiophen with aluminium chloride in boiling benzene gave a mixture of 7-acetyl-4-hydroxybenzo[b]thiophen (90%) and its 2,3-dihydro-derivative (7%). Similar treatment of 4-acetoxy-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen gave a mixture of 7-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen (21%) and the 2-acetyl isomer (68%). Bromination of 4-methylsulphonyloxybenzo[b]thiophen in acetic acid gave a mixture of 3-bromo-(60%) and 5-bromo-4-methylsulphonyloxybenzo[b] thiophen (20%) and the corresponding 5,7-dibromo-compound (6%), together with two unidentified products. 3-Bromomethyl-4-methylsulphonyloxybenzo[b]thiophen, obtained by treatment of the corresponding 3-methyl compound with N-bromosuccinimide. was used as a key intermediate in the synthesis of 2-(4-hydroxy-3-benzo[b]thienyl)ethylamine, the sulphur analogue of 4-hydroxytryptamine.
Instrumented climbing holds and performance analysis in sport climbing (2009)

In three different events (national climbing Championship, sport climbing world cup, and training session), one hold was instrumented with two 3-D force transducers. Subsequently, the mechanical parameters of climbing were defined and analyzed, and the force vector diagrams visualized for quantification of performance. The more experienced a climber is, the smaller the contact force, the shorter the contact time, the smaller the impulse, the better the smoothness factor, the higher the friction coefficient, the more continuous the movement of the center of pressure (in specific holds), and the smaller the Hausdorff dimension (less chaotic force time graph). The Hausdorff dimension correlates highly with all other parameters and with the appearance of the vector diagrams, and is thus suited to serve as the most important performance parameter. Training improves the mechanical parameters. The measurement and analysis of mechanical parameters and their visualization in terms of force vector diagrams are a useful tool for quantifying the performance of a climber on a specific instrumented hold.
The next generation of guidar technology (2005)

The next generation of Guided Radar (GUIDAR) is based on Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radar signal processing. Just as spread spectrum technology has revolutionized the communications industry, UWB is dramatically changing radar signal processing. These advanced signal-processing techniques are adapted to leaky coaxial cable technology in the next generation GUIDAR to provide new features and enhanced performance. At the core of the new technology is an ultra high-speed digital correlator implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Complementary orthogonal codes based on Golay codes are used to produce thumbtack correlation functions simultaneously in multiple range bins. The net result is "near continuous wave (CW)" performance in forty to eighty 11.6-meter long-range bins with targets located within one meter along the length of cable. This is a dramatic improvement over the 3% duty cycle of the original GUIDAR and the typical 100 to 200 meter long zones of current CW leaky cable sensors. Orthogonal complementary codes are transmitted on each of two leaky coaxial cables. The response from two parallel receive cables is fed to a full synchronous detection receiver. The orthogonal nature of the code allows the composite coded pulse response to be de-multiplexed into the independent response for each of the two cables. This ultra-high speed correlation process involves the addition and subtraction of the sampled in-phase and quadrature-phase responses to the multiple range bin accumulators at 10 million samples per second.
Pain Experienced by Patients During Periodontal Maintenance Treatment (2002)

Recognition of patients who are likely to experience pain during periodontal treatment can be facilitated by the use of 2 questions on dental anxiety and the VAS response to probing during examination.
Surgical staging in carcinoma of the prostate: The RTOG experience (1984)

One hundred thirty-six patients with carcinoma of the prostate entered on phase III RTOG studies (RTOG 75-06 and RTOG 77-06) between 1976 and the end of 1980 underwent staging lymphadenectomy prior to irradiation. The operative reports and histological findings have been reviewed in order to determine the patterns of intrapelvic tumor spread and to correlate the type of surgical procedure and the extent of lymphatic dissection with the incidence and type of postirradiation complications (primarily genital and lower extremity lymphedema). The surgical procedures were classified into three categories according to extent: 1) biopsy only, 2) limited (diagnostic) dissection, and 3) complete (therapeutic) dissection. The incidence of postirradiation lymphedema was found to be strongly dependent upon the extent of dissection. Patients undergoing limited (diagnostic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation have a 25-30% risk of developing this debilitating complication. In patients undergoing complete (therapeutic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation lymphedema has been observed in 66% of cases.
Characteristics of putrescine uptake in isolated rat enterocytes (1988)

Polyamines are necessary for the growth of eukaryotic cells and are supplied either by new synthesis or cellular uptake. To our knowledge, no information is available on polyamine uptake by gastrointestinal cells. In the current study, isolated villous enterocytes from the rat accumulated putrescine to an eightfold concentration gradient. Uptake was temperature dependent, saturable, and inhibited by 1 mM KCN. Kinetic analysis showed a Km of 1.23 X 10(-5) M and a Vmax of 2.60 X 10(-10) mol.10(6) cells-1.15 min-1. Enterocytes from the distal one-fourth of the gut showed the highest rate of uptake. Putrescine uptake was inhibited by cadaverine and spermine but not by the amino acids asparagine, AIB, or leucine. Sodium replacement by choline, lithium, N-methyl-D-glucamine, or tetramethylammonium significantly inhibited uptake, but replacement of Na+ by sucrose or mannitol was without effect. The inhibition observed was believed to be due to the ability of the cations to interact in some way with the carrier. Neither ouabain nor digitoxigenin had any effect on uptake. These data indicate that putrescine is accumulated by villous enterocytes by a carrier-mediated process that does not appear to involve Na+ contransport.
False discovery control with p-value weighting (2006)

We present a method for multiple hypothesis testing that maintains control of the false discovery rate while incorporating prior information about the hypotheses. The prior information takes the form of p-value weights. If the assignment of weights is positively associated with the null hypotheses being false, the procedure improves power, except in cases where power is already near one. Even if the assignment of weights is poor, power is only reduced slightly, as long as the weights are not too large. We also provide a similar method for controlling false discovery exceedance.
Guest-Induced Diminishment in Fluorescence Quenching and Molecule Sensing Ability of A Novel Cyclodextrin−Peptide Conjugate (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTGuest-Induced Diminishment in Fluorescence Quenching and Molecule Sensing Ability of A Novel Cyclodextrin−Peptide ConjugateMohammed Akhter Hossain, Keita Hamasaki, Keiko Takahashi, Hisakazu Mihara, and Akihiko UenoView Author Information Department of Bioengineering Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan Faculty of Engineering Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics, 1583 Iiyama Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-02, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 30, 7435–7436Publication Date (Web):July 7, 2001Publication History Received5 March 2001Published online7 July 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0105921https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0105921rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views884Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Fluorescence,Hydrocarbons,Molecules,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
The Glucoamylase Multigene Family in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>var.<i>diastaticus</i>: An Overview (1991)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used widely both as a model system for unraveling the biochemical, genetic, and molecular details of gene expression and the secretion process, and as a host for the production of heterologous proteins of biotechnological interest. The potential of starch as a renewable biological resource has stimulated research into amylolytic enzymes and the broadening of the substrate range of S. cerevisiae. The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, consisting of linear (amylose) and branched glucose polymers (amylopectin), is catalyzed by alpha- and beta-amylases, glucoamylases, and debranching enzymes, e.g., pullulanases. Starch utilization in the yeast S. cerevisiae var. diastaticus depends on the expression of the three unlinked genes, STA1 (chr. IV), STA2 (chr. II), and STA3 (chr. XIV), each encoding one of the extracellular glycosylated glucoamylases isozymes GAI, GAII, or GAIII, respectively. The restriction endonuclease maps of STA1, STA2, and STA3 are identical. These genes are absent in S. cerevisiae, but a related gene, SGA1, encoding an intracellular, sporulation-specific glucoamylase (SGA), is present. SGA1 is homologous to the middle and 3' regions of the STA genes, but lacks a 5' sequence that encodes the domain for secretion of the extracellular glucoamylases. The STA genes are positively regulated by the presence of three GAM genes. In addition to positive regulation, the STA genes are regulated negatively at three levels. Whereas strains of S. diastaticus are capable of expressing the STA genes, most strains of S. cerevisiae contain STA10, whose presence represses the expression of the STA genes in an undefined manner. The STA genes are also repressed in diploid cells, presumably by the MATa/MAT alpha-encoded repressor. STA gene expression is reduced in liquid synthetic media, it is carbon catabolite repressed by glucose, and is inhibited in petite mutants.
Hybrid thin film WDM and optical switch devices for optical add/drop (2002)

We compare the use of integrated hybrid switch/WDM components as compared to discrete components for switched OADM systems. System issues such as loss balancing, ripple accumulation, and bandwidth narrowing are also discussed.
Detecting signals of drug–drug interactions in a spontaneous reports database (2007)

The spontaneous reports database is a valuable resource for detecting signals of DDIs. In particular, the additive model is more sensitive in detecting such signals. The multiplicative model may further help qualify the strength of the signal detected by the additive model.
Influence of primary-level and primary-frequency ratios on human distortion product otoacoustic emissions (2006)

The combined influence of primary-level differences (L1-L2) and primary-frequency ratio (f2/f1) on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) level was investigated in 20 normal-hearing subjects. DPOAEs were recorded with continuously varying stimulus levels [Neely et al. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1248-1259 (2005)] for the following stimulus conditions: f2= 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz and f2/f1=1.05 to 1.4; various L1-L2, including one individually optimized to produce the largest DPOAE. For broadly spaced primary frequencies at low L2 levels, the largest DPOAEs were recorded when L1 was much higher than L2, with L1 remaining relatively constant as L2 increased. As f2/fl decreased, the largest DPOAEs were observed when L1 was closer to L2 and increased as L2 increased. Optimal values for L1-L2 and f2 f1 were derived from these data. In general, average DPOAE levels for the new L1-L2 and f2/f1 were equivalent to or larger than those observed for other stimulus combinations, including the L1-L2 described by Kummer et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 3431-3444 (1998)] and those defined by Neely et al. in which L1-L2 was evaluated, but f2/f1 was fixed at 1.2.
Towards Measuring Stress with Smartphones and Wearable Devices During Workday and Sleep (2013)

Work should be a source of health, pride, and happiness, in the sense of enhancing motivation and strengthening personal development. Healthy and motivated employees perform better and remain loyal to the company for a longer time. But, when the person constantly experiences high workload over a longer period of time and is not able to recover, then work may lead to prolonged negative effects and might cause serious illnesses like chronic stress disease. In this work, we present a solution for assessing the stress experience of people, using features derived from smartphones and wearable chest belts. In particular, we use information from audio, physical activity, and communication data collected during workday and heart rate variability data collected at night during sleep to build multinomial logistic regression models. We evaluate our system in a real work environment and in daily-routine scenarios of 35 employees over a period of 4 months and apply the leave-one-day-out cross-validation method for each user individually to estimate the prediction accuracy. Using only smartphone features, we get an accuracy of 55 %, and using only heart rate variability features, we get an accuracy of 59 %. The combination of all features leads to a rate of 61 % for a three-stress level (low, moderate, and high perceived stress) classification problem.
Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride. Studies on Direct and Indirect Reductive Amination Procedures<sup>1</sup> (1996)

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is presented as a general reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones. Procedures for using this mild and selective reagent have been developed for a wide variety of substrates. The scope of the reaction includes aliphatic acyclic and cyclic ketones, aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, and primary and secondary amines including a variety of weakly basic and nonbasic amines. Limitations include reactions with aromatic and unsaturated ketones and some sterically hindered ketones and amines. 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) is the preferred reaction solvent, but reactions can also be carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and occasionally in acetonitrile. Acetic acid may be used as catalyst with ketone reactions, but it is generally not needed with aldehydes. The procedure is carried out effectively in the presence of acid sensitive functional groups such as acetals and ketals; it can also be carried out in the presence of reducible functional groups such as C-C multiple bonds and cyano and nitro groups. Reactions are generally faster in DCE than in THF, and in both solvents, reactions are faster in the presence of AcOH. In comparison with other reductive amination procedures such as NaBH(3)CN/MeOH, borane-pyridine, and catalytic hydrogenation, NaBH(OAc)(3) gave consistently higher yields and fewer side products. In the reductive amination of some aldehydes with primary amines where dialkylation is a problem we adopted a stepwise procedure involving imine formation in MeOH followed by reduction with NaBH(4).
An algorithm for finding the largest approximately common substructures of two trees (1998)

Ordered, labeled trees are trees in which each node has a label and the left-to-right order of its children (if it has any) is fixed. Such trees have many applications in vision, pattern recognition, molecular biology and natural language processing. We consider a substructure of an ordered labeled tree T to be a connected subgraph of T. Given two ordered labeled trees T/sub 1/ and T/sub 2/ and an integer d, the largest approximately common substructure problem is to find a substructure U/sub 1/ of T/sub 1/ and a substructure U/sub 2/ of T/sub 2/ such that U/sub 1/ is within edit distance d of U/sub 2/ and where there does not exist any other substructure V/sub 1/ of T/sub 1/ and V/sub 2/ of T/sub 2/ such that V/sub 1/ and V/sub 2/ satisfy the distance constraint and the sum of the sizes of V/sub 1/ and V/sub 2/ is greater than the sum of the sizes of U/sub 1/ and U/sub 2/. We present a dynamic programming algorithm to solve this problem, which runs as fast as the fastest known algorithm for computing the edit distance of two trees when the distance allowed in the common substructures is a constant independent of the input trees. To demonstrate the utility of our algorithm, we discuss its application to discovering motifs in multiple RNA secondary structures (which are ordered labeled trees).
Reviving lithium cobalt oxide-based lithium secondary batteries-toward a higher energy density (2018)

By breaking through the energy density limits step-by-step, the use of lithium cobalt oxide-based Li-ion batteries (LCO-based LIBs) has led to the unprecedented success of consumer electronics over the past 27 years. Recently, strong demands for the quick renewal of the properties of electronic products every so often have resulted in smarter, larger screened, more lightweight devices with longer standby times that have pushed the energy density of LCO-based LIBs nearly to their limit. As a result, with the aim of achieving a higher energy density and lifting the upper cut-off voltage of LCO above 4.45 V (vs. Li/Li+), the development of LCO-based all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with a Li metal anode and LCO-based full cells with high-performance anodes have become urgent scientific and technological requirements. This review summarizes the key challenges of synthesizing LCO-based LBs with a higher energy density from the perspectives of structure and interface stability, and gives an account of effective modification strategies in view of the electrodes, liquid electrolytes, binders, separators, solid electrolytes and LCO-based full cells. The improvement mechanisms of these modification strategies and the controversy over them are also analyzed critically. Moreover, some perspectives regarding the remaining challenges for LCO-based LBs towards a higher energy density and possible future research focuses are also presented.
Phase Effects in the Diffraction of Light: Beyond the Grating Equation (2005)

Diffraction gratings affect the absolute phase of light in a way that is not obvious from the usual derivation of optical paths using the grating equation. For example, consider light which encounters first one and then the second of two parallel gratings. If one grating is moved parallel to its surface, the phase of the light diffracted from the grating pair is shifted by 2pi each time the grating is moved by one grating constant, even though the geometric path length is not altered by the motion. This additional phase shift must be included when incorporating diffraction gratings in interferometers.
Conversion efficiency limits and bandgap designs for multi-junction solar cells with internal radiative efficiencies below unity (2016)

We calculated the conversion-efficiency limit ηsc and the optimized subcell bandgap energies of 1 to 5 junction solar cells without and with intermediate reflectors under 1-sun AM1.5G and 1000-sun AM1.5D irradiations, particularly including the impact of internal radiative efficiency (ηint) below unity for realistic subcell materials on the basis of an extended detailed-balance theory. We found that the conversion-efficiency limit ηsc significantly drops when the geometric mean ηint* of all subcell ηint in the stack reduces from 1 to 0.1, and that ηsc degrades linearly to logηint* for ηint* below 0.1. For ηint*<0.1 differences in ηsc due to additional intermediate reflectors became very small if all subcells are optically thick for sun light. We obtained characteristic optimized bandgap energies, which reflect both ηint* decrease and AM1.5 spectral gaps. These results provide realistic efficiency targets and design principles.
Efficacy of High-Dose Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against Experimental Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by Strains of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (1999)

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanate against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae could be improved by increasing the pediatric amoxicillin unit dose (90 versus 45 mg/kg of body weight/day) while maintaining the clavulanate unit dose at 6.4 mg/kg/day. A rat pneumonia model was used. In that model approximately 6 log10 CFU of one of four strains of S. pneumoniae (amoxicillin MICs, 2 microg/ml [one strain], 4 microg/ml [two strains], and 8 microg/ml [one strain]) were instilled into the bronchi of rats. Amoxicillin-clavulanate was given by computer-controlled intravenous infusion to approximate the concentrations achieved in the plasma of children following the administration of oral doses of 45/6.4 mg/kg/day or 90/6.4 mg/kg/g/day divided every 12 h or saline as a control for a total of 3 days. Infusions continued for 3 days, and 2 h after the cessation of infusion, bacterial numbers in the lungs were significantly reduced by the 90/6.4-mg/kg/day equivalent dosage for strains for which amoxicillin MICs were 2 or 4 microg/ml. The 45/6.4-mg/kg/day equivalent dosage was fully effective only against the strain for which the amoxicillin MIC was 2 microg/ml and had marginal efficacy against one of the two strains for which amoxicillin MICs were 4 microg/ml. The bacterial load for the strain for which the amoxicillin MIC was 8 microg/ml was not reduced with either dosage. These data demonstrate that regimens which achieved concentrations in plasma above the MIC for at least 34% of a 24-h dosing period resulted in significant reductions in the number of viable bacteria, indicating that the efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanate can be extended to include efficacy against less susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae by increasing the amoxicillin dose.