gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical heart transplantation without routine endomyocardial biopsy. (1993)

In a prospective clinical study, routine endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) for early detection of cardiac allograft rejection was replaced by two noninvasive diagnostic techniques. In 32 patients who underwent transplantation during a 6-month period, intramyocardial electrogram (IMEG) amplitude was recorded with the telemetry function of a dual-chamber pacemaker system. An amplitude decrease of more than 8% below the individual range of variability in overnight long-term recordings served as an indicator of rejection. A prolongation of the time interval Te--the time span between maximal posterior wall contraction and peak retraction velocity--of more than 20 msec was used as an additional indicator of rejection-related left ventricular dysfunction. For patient safety, routine EMBs were still performed but remained undisclosed to the transplantation team. The pathologist was asked to intervene in cases of discrepancies between biopsy results and medical decisions, but no such intervention was necessary. Twenty-seven rejection episodes were treated medically, of which 22 were diagnosed noninvasively. In four patients, EMB, ordered because noninvasive parameters remained inconclusive, led to medical treatment. No false negative IMEG results were observed. Retrospective correlation with rejection gave a 100% negative predictive value for IMEG and a 96.9% negative predictive value for echocardiographic diagnosis. We conclude that omission of a schedule of routine biopsies is justified, if the described techniques of IMEG and echocardiography are meticulously applied and indicate normal cardiac function. EMB remains indicated if noninvasive parameters are not conclusive or if false-positive IMEG results, which were observed in the presence of infection or arrhythmias, are suspected. The frequency of EMB can be reduced by 90%, compared to conventional routine biopsy schedules. Diagnostic safety is increased because the additional information gained from IMEG and echocardiography is helpful in the interpretation of EMBs.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of a rectenna element for microwave power transmission (1992)

A method has been devised to experimentally characterize a packaged GaAs Schottky barrier diode by inserting it into a microstrip test mount. The nonlinear equivalent circuit parameters of the diode are determined by a small-signal test method. A large-signal measurement using the same test mount has also been configured to determine the power conversion efficiency from microwave to DC as well as determining the de-embedded network impedance of the diode. A nonlinear circuit simulation program using a multireflection algorithm is used to verify the experimental results for the 2.45-GHz diode. A Ka-band mixer diode is simulated for a 35-GHz rectenna. Based on the simulation results, a patch-type 35-GHz rectenna is designed and tested in a waveguide simulator. The efficiency is 29% with 120-mW input power. Because the diode could generate undesirable harmonic radiation, a frequency-selective surface is designed to reduce the second harmonic radiation for a 2.45-GHz rectenna. Theoretical results agree fairly well with experiments for all these studies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
B Cell Growth and Differentiation Factors (1984)

The role of T lymphocytes in regulation of B cell responsiveness has been recognized for over a decade. Early studies assigned part of this regulation to a soluble product, initially designated T cell-replacing factor or TRF. Recently, investigators have discovered a level of factor complexity skillfully camouflaged by this simple term. Accordingly, the concept has now matured to encompass a battery of antigen non-specific, genetically unrestricted soluble factors which govern all aspects of B cell immunity: activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we review our developing knowledge of this area. While many questions remain unresolved, there seems cause for optimism and a hope that increased understanding of these factors and their mode of action will eventually reveal the basis of B cell immunoregulation.
Intracortical Origins of Interocular Suppression in the Visual Cortex (2005)

The response of neurons in the primary visual cortex to an optimally oriented grating is usually suppressed quite dramatically when a second grating of, for example, orthogonal orientation is superimposed. Such "cross-orientation suppression" has been implicated in the generation of cortical orientation selectivity and local response normalization. Until recently, little experimental evidence was available concerning the neurophysiological substrate of this phenomenon, although an involvement of intracortical inhibition was commonly assumed. However, Freeman et al. (2002) proposed that cortical cross-orientation suppression is caused by suppression in the thalamus and depression at geniculocortical synapses. Here, we examine a dichoptic form of cross-orientation suppression, termed interocular suppression and thought to be involved in binocular rivalry (Sengpiel et al., 1995a). We show that its dependency on the drift rate of the suppressing stimulus is consistent with a cortical origin; unlike monocular cross-orientation suppression, it cannot be evoked by very fast-moving stimuli. Moreover, we find that previous adaptation to the orthogonal stimulus essentially eliminates interocular suppression. Because adaptation is a cortical phenomenon, this result also argues in favor of a cortical locus of suppression, again unlike monocular cross-orientation suppression, which is not affected by adaptation to the suppressor (Freeman et al., 2002). Finally, interocular suppression is greatly reduced in the presence of the GABA antagonist bicuculline. Together, our study demonstrates that interocular suppression is substantially different from monocular cross-orientation suppression and is mediated by inhibitory circuitry within the visual cortex.
Continuous Monitoring of Distance-Based Range Queries (2010)

Given a positive value r, a distance-based range query returns the objects that lie within the distance r of the query location. In this paper, we focus on the distance-based range queries that continuously change their locations in a euclidean space. We present an efficient and effective monitoring technique based on the concept of a safe zone. The safe zone of a query is the area with a property that while the query remains inside it, the results of the query remain unchanged. Hence, the query does not need to be reevaluated unless it leaves the safe zone. Our contributions are as follows: 1) We propose a technique based on powerful pruning rules and a unique access order which efficiently computes the safe zone and minimizes the I/O cost. 2) We theoretically determine and experimentally verify the expected distance a query moves before leaving the safe zone and, for majority of queries, the expected number of guard objects. 3) Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach is close to optimal and is an order of magnitude faster than a naïve algorithm. 4) We also extend our technique to monitor the queries in a road network. Our algorithm is up to two order of magnitude faster than a naïve algorithm.
A multi-purpose threshold detector for mobile radio application (2002)

In mobile radio systems, a receiver can always benefit from side information about transmission quality. This can be useful during call set-up or simply detection or decoding. However, this information is usually signal-to-noise ratio dependent, hence not easy to implement in a dynamic manner in the receiver. The authors present a multi-purpose threshold detector for mobile radio application. Its detection capability is independent of the signal-to-noise ratio above a pre-defined lower limit. After a brief description of the principle, they show what is the decision variable to be computed and to which threshold it should be compared. They first apply the proposed scheme to synchronization acquisition in spread-spectrum CDMA systems. Computer simulation results depict the gain brought by the proposed detector. They finally examine other potential applications such as signal-to-noise ratio estimation for both CDMA and TDMA systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automation of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Crop Research (2013)

Automatic feedback control of precision irrigation scheduling allows thedetermination of optimum soil water potential for crops, close determination of Nfertilizer requirements, and other measures of crop development and yield responses.Soil water potential (SWP) was measured with granular matrix sensors (GMS;Watermark Soil Moisture Sensors Model 200SS, Irrometer Co., Riverside, Calif.,USA) at 0.2-m depth below onion and potato rows. Sensors were calibrated to SWP.The GMS were connected to a datalogger (CR10X datalogger, Campbell Scientific,Logan, Utah, USA) via five multiplexers (AM416 multiplexer, Campbell Scientific).The datalogger was programmed to read the GMS in each irrigation treatment zone 4to 8 times a day and irrigate each zone individually as necessary. Irrigations werecontrolled by the datalogger signaling a controller (SDM-CD16AC controller,Campbell Scientific) connected to solenoid valves for each zone. The pressure in thedrip lines was maintained at 69 kPa by a pressure regulator in each zone. The amountof water applied in each zone was recorded by a water meter installed between thesolenoid valve and the drip tape. The irrigation criteria for onion (Allium cepa) andpotato (Solanum tuberosum) were determined for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Nfertilizer requirements may be reduced due to reduced N leaching under SDI.
Recent Studies of Bismuth Telluride and Its Alloys (1961)

This paper reviews the work which has been carried out in these Laboratories during the past two years on single crystals of bismuth telluride and its alloys. The combination of experiments on Faraday rotation with those performed previously on galvanomagnetic effects has established that there are 3- and 6-valley band structures associated with p- and n-type Bi2Te3, respectively. However, observations of the anisotropy ratio for the electrical conductivity and of the galvanomagnetic coefficients for heavily doped n-type material have shown that the shape of the equal-energy surfaces is dependent on carrier concentration. Similar conclusions have been drawn from the behavior of the Seebeck coefficient at low temperatures. Measurements on Bi2Te3 at low temperatures and on alloys of Bi2Te3 have shown that the lattice thermal conductivity is particularly sensitive to the substitution of atoms of I, Se, or S for those of Te. It has also been shown that the anisotropy ratio for the lattice thermal conductivity is almost the same for the alloys as for pure Bi2Te3.
Optimization of p-doping profile of 1.3-/spl mu/m InGaAsP/InP MQW lasers for high-temperature operation (1998)

Summary form only given. It was shown theoretically and experimentally that an increase of p-doping concentration in the vicinity of a separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) of 1.3-/spl mu/m multiple quantum well (MQW) InGaAsP-InP lasers leads to improvement of the device temperature performance. Tne present work shows that alignment of p-doping profile within the SCH layer allows us to achieve even lower threshold current and to minimize temperature sensitivity of external efficiency.
Prime-Boost with Alternating DNA Vaccines Designed to Engage Different Antigen Presentation Pathways Generates High Frequencies of Peptide-Specific CD8+ T Cells (2006)

The route for presentation of Ag to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells following DNA vaccination is critical for determining outcome, but the pathways involved are unclear. In this study, we compare two different DNA vaccine designs aimed to elicit CD8+ T cell responses against a specific peptide-epitope either by direct- or cross-presentation. Each carries sequences from tetanus toxin (TT) to provide essential CD4+ T cell help. In the first already proven design, the peptide-epitope is fused to the N-terminal domain of fragment C from TT. This appears to act mainly by cross-presentation. In the second design, the peptide-epitope is encoded by a minigene, with induction of Th responses mediated by coexpression of a hybrid invariant chain molecule, incorporating a single determinant from TT (p30) in exchange for class II-associated invariant chain peptide. This design appears to act mainly via direct presentation from transfected APCs. Both vaccines mediated Th-dependent priming of CD8+ T cells in mice, but the kinetics and level of the responses differed markedly, consistent with engagement of distinct pathways of Ag presentation. Importantly, the vaccines could be combined in an alternating prime-boost regime, in either order, generating substantially expanded memory CD8+ T cells, with potent effector function. Taken together, these results demonstrate that vaccination protocols involving different modes of Ag presentation at prime and boost can significantly improve the effectiveness of immunization.
New HRCT-Based Measurement of the Human Outer Ear Canal as a Basis for Acoustical Methods (2013)

The values obtained can be employed to develop a method that represents the shape of the auditory canal as accurately as possible to allow the best possible outcomes for hearing aid fitting.
Calculation of the noninertial space-charge force and the coherent synchrotron radiation force for short electron bunches in circular motion using the retarded Green’s function technique (1996)

The space-charge forces for short electron bunches in circular motion can be very different from the space-charge forces for short electron bunches undergoing straight-line motion. The two major effects introduced by the circular motion are an off-axis, so-called ``noninertial space-charge'' effect, in which there is essentially no net energy loss of the bunch, and a coherent synchrotron radiation effect, in which the bunch radiates coherent energy. The consequence of these effects is a potentially large growth in the electron bunch's transverse emittance. We derive an expression for these forces from a Green's function approach, starting with the definitions of the retarded scalar and vector potentials. In particular, we find an expression for the total electric field along the direction of motion from a short line of charge in circular motion. These expressions in turn can be used in numerical particle simulations to estimate the amount of emittance growth, including the effects of suppressing the coherent synchrotron radiation by reducing the beam pipe dimensions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Arsenic Trioxide Selectively Induces Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Apoptosis Via a Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Pathway (1999)

Low concentrations of As(2)O(3) (</=1 micromol/L) induce long-lasting remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) without significant myelosuppressive side effects. Several groups, including ours, have shown that 0.5 to 1 micromol/L As(2)O(3) induces apoptosis in APL-derived NB4 cells, whereas other leukemic cells are resistant to As(2)O(3) or undergo apoptosis only in response to greater than 2 micromol/L As(2)O(3). In this report, we show that the ability of As(2)O(3) to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells is dependent on the activity of the enzymes that regulate cellular H(2)O(2) content. Thus, NB4 cells have relatively low levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase and have a constitutively higher H(2)O(2) content than U937 monocytic leukemia cells. Glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTpi), which is important for cellular efflux of As(2)O(3), is also low in NB4 cells. Moreover, As(2)O(3) further inhibits GPX activity and increases cellular H(2)O(2) content in NB4 but not in U937 cells. Selenite pretreatment of NB4 cells increases the activity of GPX, lowers cellular H(2)O(2) levels, and renders NB4 cells resistant to 1 micromol/L As(2)O(3). In contrast, concentrations of As(2)O(3) that alone are not capable of inducing apoptosis in NB4 cells induce apoptosis in the presence of the GPx inhibitor mercaptosuccinic acid. Similar effects are observed by modulating the activity of catalase with its inhibitor, aminotriazol. More important from a therapeutic point of view, U937 and HL-60 cells, which require high concentrations of As(2)O(3) to undergo apoptosis, become sensitive to low, clinically acceptable concentrations of As(2)O(3) when cotreated with these GPx and catalase inhibitors. The induction of apoptosis by As(2)O(3) involves an early decrease in cellular mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in H(2)O(2) content, followed by cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and the classic morphologic changes of apoptosis.
Sandwich-Type Germanotungstates:  Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Dimeric Polyoxoanions [M<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>(GeW<sub>9</sub>O<sub>34</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>12</sup><sup>-</sup> (M = Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>) (2004)

The novel dimeric germanotungstates [M(4)(H(2)O)(2)(GeW(9)O(34))(2)](12)(-) (M = Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+)) have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, and (183)W-NMR spectroscopy. X-ray single-crystal analyses were carried out on Na(12)[Mn(4)(H(2)O)(2)(GeW(9)O(34))(2)].38H(2)O (Na(12)()-1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, with a = 13.0419(8) A, b = 17.8422(10) A, c = 21.1626(12) A, beta = 93.3120(10) degrees, and Z = 2; Na(11)Cs(2)[Cu(4)(H(2)O)(2)(GeW(9)O(34))(2)]Cl.31H(2)O (Na(11)()Cs-2) crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P, with a = 12.2338(17) A, b = 12.3833(17) A, c = 15.449(2) A, alpha = 100.041(2) degrees, beta = 97.034(2) degrees, gamma = 101.153(2) degrees, and Z = 1; Na(12)[Zn(4)(H(2)O)(2)(GeW(9)O(34))(2)].32H(2)O (Na(12)()-3) crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P, with a = 11.589(3) A, b = 12.811(3) A, c = 17.221(4) A, alpha = 97.828(6) degrees, beta = 106.169(6) degrees, gamma = 112.113(5) degrees, and Z = 1; Na(12)[Cd(4)(H(2)O)(2)(GeW(9)O(34))(2)].32.2H(2)O (Na(12)()-4) crystallizes also in the triclinic system, space group P, with a = 11.6923(17) A, b = 12.8464(18) A, c = 17.616(2) A, alpha = 98.149(3) degrees, beta = 105.677(3) degrees, gamma = 112.233(2) degrees, and Z = 1. The polyanions consist of two lacunary B-alpha-[GeW(9)O(34)](10)(-) Keggin moieties linked via a rhomblike M(4)O(16) (M = Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd) group leading to a sandwich-type structure. (183)W-NMR studies of the diamagnetic Zn and Cd derivatives indicate that the solid-state polyoxoanion structures are preserved in solution. EPR measurements on Na(12)()-1 at frequencies up to 188 GHz and temperatures down to 4 K yield a single, exchange-narrowed peak, at g(iso) = 1.9949, typical of Mn systems, and an upper limit of |D| = 20.0 mT; its magnetization studies still await further theoretical treatment. Detailed EPR studies on Na(11)()Cs-2 over temperatures down to 2 K and variable frequencies yield g( parallel ) = 2.4303 and g( perpendicular ) = 2.0567 and A( parallel ) = 4.4 mT (delocalized over the Cu(4) framework), with |D| = 12.1 mT. Magnetization studies in addition yield the exchange parameters J(1) = -11 and J(2) = -82 cm(-)(1), in agreement with the EPR studies.
Low idle current LTE power amplifier with 2 nd harmonic control (2012)

A low idle current power amplifier (PA) including an analog-predistortion bias circuit and 2nd harmonic control circuit is presented to improve the linearity performance. For 1.85 GHz long-term evolution signals with 10- and 20-MHz bandwidths, the PA delivers a power-added efficiency of 36.1%, a gain of 31.1 dB, and an adjacent channel leakage ratio of −31.4 dBc at an average output power of 28 dBm. Even though the PA operates near a class-B mode with total quiescent current of 23mA, it achieves a good linearity for the signal with 20 MHz bandwidth. In addition, the efficiency is further enhanced to 40% by employing envelope tracking technique.
Enhancement and Tunability of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Mediated by Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Thin Plasmonic Films (2015)

The properties of thermal radiation exchange between hot and cold objects can be strongly modified if they interact in the near field where electromagnetic coupling occurs across gaps narrower than the dominant wavelength of thermal radiation. Using a rigorous fluctuational electrodynamics approach, we predict that ultra-thin films of plasmonic materials can be used to dramatically enhance near-field heat transfer. The total spectrally integrated film-to-film heat transfer is over an order of magnitude larger than between the same materials in bulk form and also exceeds the levels achievable with polar dielectrics such as SiC. We attribute this enhancement to the significant spectral broadening of radiative heat transfer due to coupling between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on both sides of each thin film. We show that the radiative heat flux spectrum can be further shaped by the choice of the substrate onto which the thin film is deposited. In particular, substrates supporting surface phonon polaritons (SPhP) strongly modify the heat flux spectrum owing to the interactions between SPPs on thin films and SPhPs of the substrate. The use of thin film phase change materials on polar dielectric substrates allows for dynamic switching of the heat flux spectrum between SPP-mediated and SPhP-mediated peaks.
Wide-field diffraction phase microscope for precision metrology (2014)

We demonstrate a wide-field diffraction phase microscope for large field of view quantitative phase imaging. The instrument provides an extremely stable, single-shot, full-field and robust imaging modality for nanoscale metrology and SLM characterization.
Calcium Metabolism and Structure in the Peripheral Vasculature (1988)

This paper reviews in vitro investigations of resistance vessels taken from individuals with essential hypertension and from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Unlike mesenteric resistance vessels from SHRs, the calcium sensitivity of subcutaneous resistance vessels from essential hypertensive patients is not increased, but decreased. However, like the resistance vessels from SHRs, the structure of the resistance vessels from the essential hypertensive patients (expressed in terms of their media thicknesses) was increased. In studies with SHRs, the increased media are found to be associated with cellular hyperplasia. If this also is true for the resistance vasculature of patients with essential hypertension, this may explain findings that antihypertensive treatment reduces blood pressure more readily than vascular structure. These findings could also be relevant as regards the rather limited effect of such treatment on hypertension-related diseases such as infarction.
Animal Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus: CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells Cause a Cytokine Storm That Is Chemically Tractable by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 Receptor Agonist Therapy (2014)

A dysregulated overly exuberant immune response, termed a "cytokine storm," accompanies virus-induced acute respiratory diseases (VARV), is primarily responsible for the accompanying high morbidity and mortality, and can be controlled therapeutically in influenza virus infection of mice and ferrets by administration of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor (S1P1R) agonists. Here, two novel findings are recorded. First, in contrast to influenza infection, where the cytokine storm is initiated early by the innate immune system, for pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a model of RSV, the cytokine storm is initiated late in infection by the adaptive immune response: specifically, by virus-specific CD8 T cells via their release of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Blockading these cytokines with neutralizing antibodies blunts the cytokine storm and protects the host. Second, PVM infection is controlled by administration of an S1P1R agonist.