gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A major protein component of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> biofilm matrix (2005)

Microbes construct structurally complex multicellular communities (biofilms) through production of an extracellular matrix. Here we present evidence from scanning electron microscopy showing that a wild strain of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis builds such a matrix. Genetic, biochemical and cytological evidence indicates that the matrix is composed predominantly of a protein component, TasA, and an exopolysaccharide component. The absence of TasA or the exopolysaccharide resulted in a residual matrix, while the absence of both components led to complete failure to form complex multicellular communities. Extracellular complementation experiments revealed that a functional matrix can be assembled even when TasA and the exopolysaccharide are produced by different cells, reinforcing the view that the components contribute to matrix formation in an extracellular manner. Having defined the major components of the biofilm matrix and the control of their synthesis by the global regulator SinR, we present a working model for how B. subtilis switches between nomadic and sedentary lifestyles.
Economic analysis of oil shale operations featuring gas combustion retorting (1974)

This report is primarily involved with the economics of producing a high-quality, semirefined shale oil (Syncrude) from oil shale. The study envisions two options for Syncrude production, 50,000 and 100,000 barrels per calendar day, with an integrated system of underground mining, aboveground processing, and waste handling. The 50,000 barrel per day complex will require a capital investment of $279,450,100 (excluding land cost) and will provide a discounted cash flow (DCF) rate of 12% at a Syncrude selling price of $5.66 per barrel. The larger complex will require a capital investment of $522,375,400, but the Syncrude selling price declines to $5.15 per barrel to yield the 12% DCF.
Strength and muscle specificity of a compact promoter derived from the slow troponin I gene in the context of episomal (gutless adenovirus) and integrating (lentiviral) vectors (2012)

The data obtained in the present study confirm that ΔUSEx3 is a strong and robust muscle-specific promoter in the context of HDAd (cell culture and in vivo) and LV (cell culture). However, it was less efficient in vivo in the context of LV.
Intra-articular hyaluronans: the treatment of knee pain in osteoarthritis (2010)

The etiology of pain in osteoarthritis is multifactoral, and includes mechanical and inflammatory processes. Intra-articular injections of hyaluronans (HAs) are indicated when non-pharmacological and simple analgesics have failed to relieve symptoms. The HAs appear to reduce pain by restoring both mechanical and biomechanical homeostasis in the joint. There are five FDA-approved injectable preparations of HAs: Hyalgan(®), Synvisc(®), Supartz(®), Orthovisc(®) and Euflexxa(®). They all appear to relieve pain from 4 to 14 weeks after injection and may have disease-modification properties. Although several randomized controlled trials have established the efficacy of this treatment modality, additional high quality randomized control studies with appropriate comparison are still required to clearly define the role of intra-articular HA injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Diagnostic imaging of breast implants: role of MRI. (2003)

The role of MRI in the evaluation of breast implants, based on the observations collected over a 2-year period at the "Istituto di Radiologia" of the "Università Cattolica del S. Cuore" of Rome, is reported. In women with breast implants both mammography and sonography have a lower diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of the glandular parenchyma. At present, MRI plays a primary role in patients with breast implants for the diagnosis of rupture. Based on the international literature its sensitivity is 90-95% and the specificity is 95-100%. Therefore, it can be considered the gold standard procedure in the diagnosis of locoregional recurrence. In spite of the excellent sensitivity and specificity of MRI in the evaluation of patients with breast implants, the integration with information from clinical examinations and conventional imaging is required together with an exhaustive knowledge of this method whose development is still in progress.
Performing color space conversions with three-dimensional linear interpolation (1995)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
Specific features of field emission from submicron cathode surface areas at high current densities (1998)

Using numerical treatment of experimentally obtained Fowler–Nordheim emission plots, radii of nanotips, formed by the build-up process in strong electric fields on the surface of the tungsten base cathode were determined. It was found that the typical size of such structures depended upon the conditions of their forming and was in the range of 10–50 Å. The field emission characteristics of these emitters for extremely high electric fields and current densities J were studied. Studies of the emission current kinetics from a single nanotip show that at J&gt;Jblunting∼3–5×109 A/cm2 an irreversible change of the tip submicrogeometry—“blunting” of the nanoemitter—takes place. Its apex radius increases 3–5 times. The maximum attainable J values from nanotips exceed the values for annealed substrate emitters up to 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. These values range from 1010 to 1011 A/cm2 depending on the size, structure, and geometry of tips. The results are presented of numerical simulation of cathode thermal regime, using the heat-transfer equation approach. It has been shown, that the explosive destruction of emitter and initiation of the vacuum breakdown is due not to heating of nanotips by high-density emission currents but to the energy accumulation in the base emitter bulk. The theoretical approach has been developed to the description of energy extraction accompanying the emission from ultrasmall structures (smaller than the free-path length for electron-phonon scattering). It was found that the maximum value of the total emission current was practically constant for emitting object from ∼10 up to ∼50 Å in size.
Gas Permeability Properties of Polysulfone Membranes Containing the Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 (2001)

In this study, we have explored the first use of the siliceous MCM-41 molecular sieve as an additive to enhance the gas permeability characteristics of a high-performance polysulfone. For all gases tested (N2, O2, CO2, CH4), the permeability increased in proportion to the weight percent of MCM-41 present in the film. At the same time, calculated ideal selectivities remained almost constant irrespective of MCM-41 loading. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, supported by molecular mechanics calculations, revealed hydrogen-bonding interactions between polysulfone and MCM-41. The increase in permeability, without a loss in selectivity, which is not observed with dense silica or zeolites, suggests that using a mesoporous molecular sieve as the adsorbent additive enhances contact and penetration of the polymer.
The Captaincy of the Second Portuguese Voyage to Brazil, 1501–1502 (1945)

On the 8th of March, 1500, a fleet of thirteen ships and caravels departed from Lisbon under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral. Two of the caravels were destined for East Africa and the others for Calicut, on the Malabar coast of India, where they were sent to obtain cargoes of spices and other Eastern commodities, to establish friendly relations with its ruler, and to leave a factory for future trade. Vasco da Gama with his fleet had preceded; Cabral followed to reap the reward. The route was carefully selected to secure the safest and best passage to the Cape of Good Hope. The ships of the fleet were clumsy so that the course must be taken with the most favorable winds. They sailed somewhat to the west of south from the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Brazil was reached, probably for the first time. After remaining here for about a week taking on supplies of water and wood, the main fleet continued to India. Before doing so, possession of this discovery was taken for the Crown, though it was not then known whether it was mainland or an island. A small supply ship was sent back to Lisbon carrying letters for the King, among them one by Pedro Vaz de Caminha telling of the sojourn and describing the natives, and another by the king’s astrologer, Master John. Both of these letters still exist. The date of the arrival of the supply ship in Portugal is not known but it was probably early in July, 1500. The news of the discovery was of great interest to the King and to the Portuguese people, but their chief concern was with the success of the India fleet, and Caminha’s letter reported that little of value was found in the new land during Cabral’s stay. The discovery made by Cabral was considered of sufficient importance, however, to warrant sending a second fleet for further investigation. The King and the cosmographers wished to know whether it was mainland, as they undoubtedly suspected, and if so its extent. If such were the case, they desired to claim the land for Portugal under the Bull of May 4, 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed June 4, 1494. If it were an island, the Spice Islands farther to the west might be reached as Columbus had claimed. The merchants were interested in its commercial value particularly for obtaining pearls and dye wood and in its possibilities for the cultivation of sugar cane. In the latter of these Bartolomeo Marchioni, a wealthy Florentine, who had long resided in Lisbon and operated sugar plantations in Madeira and elsewhere, could anticipate profits, if the land were fertile and native labor adequate. The New Christians or converted Jews evidently also saw in this new land the possibility of escape from persecution in Portugal and a chance for wealth from the products which might be found there.
Game theory-based opponent modeling in large imperfect-information games (2011)

We develop an algorithm for opponent modeling in large extensive-form games of imperfect information. It works by observing the opponent's action frequencies and building an opponent model by combining information from a precomputed equilibrium strategy with the observations. It then computes and plays a best response to this opponent model; the opponent model and best response are both updated continually in real time. The approach combines game-theoretic reasoning and pure opponent modeling, yielding a hybrid that can effectively exploit opponents after only a small number of interactions. Unlike prior opponent modeling approaches, ours is fundamentally game theoretic and takes advantage of recent algorithms for automated abstraction and equilibrium computation rather than relying on domain-specific prior distributions, historical data, or a handcrafted set of features. Experiments show that our algorithm leads to significantly higher win rates (than an approximate-equilibrium strategy) against several opponents in limit Texas Hold'em --- the most studied imperfect-information game in computer science --- including competitors from recent AAAI computer poker competitions.
Optical Fibre Flowmeters (1984)

A brief review is given of some STL work on optical flowmeters. These devices have involved the use of optical fibres with turbine or vane meters, vortex shedding and cross-correlation techniques. Assessments are made of these and future developments.
Potential of the histoculture drug-response assay to contribute to cancer patient survival. (1995)

The histoculture drug-response assay (HDRA) was recently evaluated in a retrospective clinical trial and was found to correlate to drug sensitivity, resistance, and patient survival. To further investigate the potential of HDRA to contribute to patient survival, 215 patients with gastric cancer from 45 medical centers were tested with the HDRA in a blinded study after resection of the primary lesion. One hundred sixty-eight patients received at least 20 mg/m2 of mitomycin C and a minimum of 30 g UFT, a mixture of tegafur and uracil at a molar ratio of 1:4, thereby making them eligible for the study. Of these cases 128 were evaluable by the HDRA. The evaluable patient tumors were tested by the HDRA with the [3H]thymidine incorporation end point measured by microautoradiography to be drug "sensitive" or "resistant." The in vitro conditions for distinguishing sensitivity and resistance that matched the response rates for historical controls for gastric carcinoma were 90% inhibition rate and 0.12 microgram/ml for mitomycin C and 70% inhibition rate and 1 microgram/ml for 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Most importantly in the blinded study, the overall and disease-free survival rates of the HDRA-sensitive group were found to be significantly higher than those of the HDRA-resistant group tested under the above conditions. The data further indicate the importance of three-dimensional tumor culture for obtaining accurate clinical information. The results demonstrate that the HDRA response correlates to patient survival, which suggests the potential of the HDRA to contribute to patient survival in gastric cancer when used prospectively.
Purification and properties of LR1, an inducible DNA binding protein from mammalian B lymphocytes (1993)

LR1 is a lipopolysaccharide-inducible B cell-specific DNA binding activity, with sites in the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and switch regions. We describe the purification of this 106-kDa protein from nuclear extracts of PD31 murine pre-B cells, using three chromatographic steps. The DNA binding activity of LR1 is dependent upon phosphorylation, and we show that LR1 is post-translationally modified by N-acetylglucosamine addition. The importance of regulatory modification to LR1 DNA binding activity is apparent from the chromatographic pattern on the anion exchange resin Mono Q: while the LR1 polypeptide elutes over a broad salt range from the column, DNA binding activity is confined to a narrow peak eluting at the highest salt.
Low‐Cost Facile Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Copper Electrodes by Nanosecond Laser Ablation (2015)

Low-cost Cu flexible transparent conducting electrodes (FTCEs) are fabricated by facile nanosecond laser ablation. The fabricated Cu FTCEs show excellent opto-electrical properties (transmittance: 83%, sheet resistance: 17.48 Ω sq(-1)) with outstanding mechanical durability. Successful demonstration of a touch-screen panel confirms the potential applicability of Cu FTCEs to the flexible optoelectronic devices.
Q-modulation of a surface emitting laser and an integrated detuned cavity (1994)

A vertical cavity surface emitting laser with a vertically integrated detuned cavity is proposed and analyzed. Intensity modulation is achieved by changing the refractive index inside the detuned cavity. It is expected that standard methods of dynamic analysis (the rate equations) will be unsuitable for this structure, so a new method of analysis in which optical sidebands are calculated separately is used. The theory predicts the laser will show the usual relaxation oscillation response near f/sub r/, and a relatively constant response throughout the microwave and millimeter wave bands. This is in contrast to direct modulation, in which the response beyond f/sub r/ declines at the rate 40 dB/decade. It is also in contrast to the Q-modulation of lasers for which the rate equations apply, in which case the decline is 20 dB/decade.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Triazolobenzodiazepine Derivative (III): Synthesis of s-Triazolo-[4,3-a]-benzimidazolo-[1,2-d][1,4]-benzodiazepines (1995)

Abstract A 7H-benzimidazolo-[1,2-d] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one was isolated in high yield from a condensation reaction of 2-(o-aminophenyl)benzimidazole with bromoacetyl bromide. The reactivity of 7H-benzimidazolo-[1,2-d] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one have been studied.
Interaction between therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer’s disease and physiological Aβ clearance mechanisms (2015)

Most therapeutic agents are designed to target a molecule or pathway without consideration of the mechanisms involved in the physiological turnover or removal of that target. In light of this and in particular for Alzheimer's disease, a number of therapeutic interventions are presently being developed/investigated which target the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). However, the literature has not adequately considered which Aβ physiological clearance pathways are necessary and sufficient for the effective action of these therapeutics. In this review, we evaluate the therapeutic strategies targeting Aβ presently in clinical development, discuss the possible interaction of these treatments with pathways that under normal physiological conditions are responsible for the turnover of Aβ and highlight possible caveats. We consider immunization strategies primarily reliant on a peripheral sink mechanism of action, small molecules that are reliant on entry into the CNS and thus degradation pathways within the brain, as well as lifestyle interventions that affect vascular, parenchymal and peripheral degradation pathways. We propose that effective development of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic strategies targeting Aβ peptide will require consideration of the age- and disease-specific changes to endogenous Aβ clearance mechanisms in order to elicit maximal efficacy.
Reverse engineering legacy user interfaces using interaction traces (2003)

Legacy system user-interface reengineering is an increasingly popular area in research and practice. Many legacy user-interfaces get reengineered to reproduce them in modern graphical user-interfaces, integrate them with other systems' front-ends, or most important, open them for Web-access. Often, it is desired to reengineer the user-interface without changing the legacy system code because the system performance is satisfactory and/or due to the prohibitive cost or risk. In such cases, lightweight non-invasive reengineering methods are needed. 
This thesis presents a novel method for reverse engineering legacy character-based user-interfaces using traces of interaction between the legacy system and its users, as the only input. This “interaction reverse engineering” method produces a behavioral model of the legacy user-interface and discovers important usage scenarios of the legacy system services, represented by the frequent patterns of interaction with its user-interface. Then, a complementary forward engineering method uses the model and patterns to build a new task-centered front-end. 
Our method consists of three steps and is implemented in a prototype tool called the Legacy Navigation Domain Identifier (LeNDI). First, the system-user dialog is recorded in the form of interaction traces using a specially instrumented emulator. These traces capture the screen snapshots forwarded to the user terminal and the user keyboard actions in return. Second, LeNDI builds a behavioral state-transition model for the legacy user-interface, whose states represent the legacy user-interface screens and whose transitions represent the permissible user actions on each screen. To build the model, LeNDI extracts a vector of features for every snapshot, clusters similar snapshots together, and finally induces a classifier that can classify new snapshots to one of the existing clusters. Third, LeNDI uses one of its two novel interaction pattern mining algorithms, IPM and IPM2, to mine the interaction traces for patterns of user activity. Associated with these steps, is a process of user feedback and revision to verify the results. 
Our interaction reverse engineering method is code-independent and utilizes a novel easy-to-collect input, the interaction traces. Currently, it can reverse engineer block-mode data transfer protocols, e.g., IBM 3270. It is lightweight in terms of the time, cost and skills required. It supersedes the current manual labor-intensive time-consuming industrial practices. Several case studies were conducting to reverse engineer the user interaction with a number of real legacy systems, with very encouraging results.
Handbook of Applied Algorithms: Solving Scientific, Engineering, and Practical Problems (2008)

Discover the benefits of applying algorithms to solve scientific, engineering, and practical problems Providing a combination of theory, algorithms, and simulations, Handbook of Applied Algorithms presents an all-encompassing treatment of applying algorithms and discrete mathematics to practical problems in hot application areas, such as computational biology, computational chemistry, wireless networks, and computer vision. In eighteen self-contained chapters, this timely book explores: * Localized algorithms that can be used in topology control for wireless ad-hoc or sensor networks * Bioinformatics algorithms for analyzing data * Clustering algorithms and identification of association rules in data mining * Applications of combinatorial algorithms and graph theory in chemistry and molecular biology * Optimizing the frequency planning of a GSM network using evolutionary algorithms * Algorithmic solutions and advances achieved through game theory Complete with exercises for readers to measure their comprehension of the material presented, Handbook of Applied Algorithms is a much-needed resource for researchers, practitioners, and students within computer science, life science, and engineering. Amiya Nayak, PhD, has over seventeen years of industrial experience and is Full Professor at the School of Information Technology and Engineering at the University of Ottawa, Canada. He is on the editorial board of several journals. Dr. Nayak's research interests are in the areas of fault tolerance, distributed systems/algorithms, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Ivan StojmenoviC?, PhD, is Professor at the University of Ottawa, Canada (www.site.uottawa.ca/~ivan), and Chair Professor of Applied Computing at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Dr. Stojmenovic? received the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. His current research interests are mostly in the design and analysis of algorithms for wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks.
Resting State EEG-based biometrics for individual identification using convolutional neural networks (2015)

Biometrics is a growing field, which permits identification of individuals by means of unique physical features. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based biometrics utilizes the small intra-personal differences and large inter-personal differences between individuals' brainwave patterns. In the past, such methods have used features derived from manually-designed procedures for this purpose. Another possibility is to use convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automatically extract an individual's best and most unique neural features and conduct classification, using EEG data derived from both Resting State with Open Eyes (REO) and Resting State with Closed Eyes (REC). Results indicate that this CNN-based joint-optimized EEG-based Biometric System yields a high degree of accuracy of identification (88%) for 10-class classification. Furthermore, rich inter-personal difference can be found using a very low frequency band (0-2Hz). Additionally, results suggest that the temporal portions over which subjects can be individualized is less than 200 ms.