gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided Surgical Planning for Implantation of Hearing Aids Based on CT Data in a VR Environment (2001)

A study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of a preoperative fitting test for an implantable hearing aid in a virtual reality (VR) environment. High-resolution spiral computed tomography (CT) of the mastoid bone was performed, and the results of a mastoidectomy were simulated with manual segmentation on a standard medical workstation. CT was also performed on a temporal bone specimen obtained at real mastoidectomy, and the bone margins were segmented automatically with threshold-based techniques. A triangulated surface representation of the bone structures including the mastoid cavity was generated. These data as well as the computer-aided design (CAD) files of the medical devices were transferred into a VR environment. The CAD components of the hearing aid were manipulated to simulate the surgical implantation procedure. Merging CAD data of an implantable hearing aid with CT data of the temporal bone in a VR environment was shown to be a feasible method of providing three-dimensional information for the presurgical determination of fit and mountability. Advances in hardware and software are expected to improve the usability of this method. Although clinical studies are needed, these results may serve as an impetus for exploring the use of low-cost, widely available VR computer equipment in a potentially broad field of clinical applications.
Transmitter architecture using digital generation of RF signals (2004)

This paper describes architecture for a CDMA RF transmitter implemented in digital CMOS. The functions of up-conversion and filtering are carried out in the digital domain. A band-pass delta-sigma modulator is used to produce a one-bit output containing the desired analog signal, which is then fed to switching-mode power amplifier. Issues for the digital logic implementation to facilitate proper modulator operation at the required high clock rates (>3.3 GHz) are discussed in detail.
Learning the Curriculum with Bayesian Optimization for Task-Specific Word Representation Learning (2016)

We use Bayesian optimization to learn curricula for word representation learning, optimizing performance on downstream tasks that depend on the learned representations as features. The curricula are modeled by a linear ranking function which is the scalar product of a learned weight vector and an engineered feature vector that characterizes the different aspects of the complexity of each instance in the training corpus. We show that learning the curriculum improves performance on a variety of downstream tasks over random orders and in comparison to the natural corpus order.
Moving Object Tracking from Videos Based on Enhanced Space-Time-Range Mean Shift and Motion Consistency (2007)

Video surveillance and object tracking have drawn increased interests in recent years. This paper addresses the problem of moving object tracking from image sequences captured from stationary cameras. Based on the previous work on video segmentation using joint space-time-range mean shift, we extend the scheme to enable the tracking of moving objects. Large displacements of pdf modes in consecutive image frames are exploited for tracking. We also improve the above mean shift-based video segmentation by introducing edge-guided merging of over-segmented regions. This can be viewed as an extension of the enhanced mean shift 2D image segmentation in [2] to the enhanced space-time-range mean shift video segmentation. Experiments have been conducted on several indoor and outdoor videos. Our preliminary results and performance evaluation have indicated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
XII.—Interaction of nitric oxide with silver nitrate (1899)

E. Divers, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1899, 75, 83 DOI: 10.1039/CT8997500083
Microstructure Control of Nanoporous Silica Thin Film Prepared by Sol-gel Process (2007)

Nanoporous silica films were prepared by sol-gel process with base, acid and base/acid two-step catalysis. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and particle size analyzer were used to characterize the microstructure and the particle size distribution of the sols. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopic ellipsometer were used to characterize the surface microstructure and the optical properties of the silica films. Stability of the sols during long-term storage was investigated. Moreover, the dispersion relation of the optical constants of the silica films, and the control of the microstructure and properties of the films by changing the catalysis conditions during sol-gel process were also discussed.
Interactive view-dependent rendering of large isosurfaces (2002)

We present an algorithm for interactively extracting and rendering isosurfaces of large volume datasets in a view-dependent fashion. A recursive tetrahedral mesh refinement scheme, based on longest edge bisection, is used to hierarchically decompose the data into a multiresolution structure. This data structure allows fast extraction of arbitrary isosurfaces to within user specified view-dependent error bounds. A data layout scheme based on hierarchical space filling curves provides access to the data in a cache coherent manner that follows the data access pattern indicated by the mesh refinement.
Efficient test generation for army network protocols with conflicting timers (2002)

During the University of Delaware (UD's) and CCNY's (City College of the City University of New York) ongoing effort to generate conformance tests for the US Army network protocol MIL-STD 188-220, a significant obstacle has been addressed-when multiple timers are running simultaneously, a test sequence may become unrealizable if there are conflicting conditions based on the protocol's timers. This problem, termed the conflicting timers problem, is handled in the hitherto generated tests by manually expanding a protocol's extended FSM based on the set of conflicting timers, resulting in test sequences that are far from minimum-length. Similar inconsistencies, but based on arbitrary linear variables, are present in the extended FSMs modeling VHDL specifications. This paper presents an efficient solution to the conflicting timers problem that eliminates the redundancies of manual state expansion. CCNY's inconsistency removal algorithms are applied to a new model for real-time protocols with multiple timers. The new model captures complex timing dependencies by using simple linear expressions. this modeling technique, combined with the CCNY's inconsistency removal algorithms, is expected to significantly shorten the test sequences without compromising their fault coverage.
Breast Differentiation and Its Implication in Cancer Prevention (2005)

Sporadic breast cancer is a fatal disease most frequently diagnosed in American women from all ethnic groups, suggesting that primary prevention should be the ultimate goal for breast cancer control. We have developed a novel paradigm for breast cancer prevention arising from the well-established knowledge that an early first full-term pregnancy protects the breast against neoplastic transformation, as well as from our studies of the biological principle underlying this protection. We have shown experimentally that the first pregnancy induces the expression of a specific genomic signature in the breast that results from the completion of a cycle in this organ's differentiation driven by the reproductive process. This signature, in turn, is a biomarker associated with a possible overall lifetime decrease in breast cancer risk. We have shown in an experimental model that a short treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin, a placental hormone secreted during pregnancy, induces the same genomic signature that occurs in pregnancy, inhibiting not only the initiation but also the progression of mammary carcinomas, and stopping the development of early lesions such as intraductal proliferations and carcinoma in situ. These observations indicate that human chorionic gonadotropin given for a very short period, only until this genomic signature is acquired, has significant potential as a chemopreventive agent, protecting the normal cell from becoming malignant. This is a novel concept which challenges the current knowledge that a chemopreventive agent needs to be given for a long period of time to suppress a metabolic pathway or abrogate the function of an organ.
Computational analysis of crystallization trials (2002)

A system for the automatic categorization of the results of crystallization experiments generated by robotic screening is presented. Images from robotically generated crystallization screens are taken at preset time intervals and analyzed by the computer program Crystal Experiment Evaluation Program (CEEP). This program attempts to automatically categorize the individual crystal experiments into a number of simple classes ranging from clear drop to mountable crystal. The algorithm first selects features from the images via edge detection and texture analysis. Classification is achieved via a self-organizing neural net generated from a set of hand-classified images used as a training set. New images are then classified according to this neural net. It is demonstrated that incorporation of time-series information may enhance the accuracy of classification. Preliminary results from the screening of the proteome of Thermotoga maritima are presented showing the utility of the system.
Optimizing alkaline lysis for DNA plasmid recovery (2003)

Optimization of the alkaline lysis (P2) and neutralization (N3) steps in the recovery of DNA plasmids was pursued. Experiments were conducted at the test‐tube and 5‐litre scales with 3 kb (pUC18) and 20 kb (pQR150) plasmids. The scale and degree of mixing/shear did not affect the optimum yield of supercoiled plasmid during the P2 step, but did effect the time required for the optimum to be achieved. This optimum time for P2 at the large scale was longer (8–9 min), especially when a low‐shear impeller was used. Also, when the yield of supercoiled plasmid reached a maximum during the P2 step, the purity (percentage of plasmids in the supercoiled form) simultaneously reached a minimum. As the duration of the N3 step increased from 1 to 6 min, the yield of the supercoiled plasmids remained fairly constant, provided that a lowshear impeller was used. The neutralized (post‐N3) plasmid solution was shear‐sensitive; however, mixing with a Rushton turbine in a tank (maximum energy dissipation rate in the mixing tank, ɛ max , 12 m 2 /s 3 ; mixingndash;tank power consumption/volume of mixing tank, 2.0 W/m 3 ) for 5–10 min resulted in a slight decrease in supercoiled plasmid and a notable increase in genomic DNA concentrations. The loss of the larger 20 kb plasmid (20%) was more than for the 3 kb plasmid. Finally, preparing the cells for alkaline lysis with lysozyme or lowndash;pressure homogenization did not increase the plasmid yield. Furthermore, the homogenizer broke up the genomic DNA into fragments that followed through the entire Qiagen prep with the plasmids as impurities.
Electrolytic Reduction and Electrorefining of Uranium to Develop Pyrochemical Reprocessing of Oxide Fuels (2010)

Two series of pyrochemical reprocessing tests for oxide fuels, consisting of pretreatment, electrolytic reduction, and electrorefining processes, were conducted using ~100 g of UO2. In the pretreatment process, UO2 pellets of the starting material were oxidized into U3O8 powder, which simulated fuel decladding by voloxidation. Then, UO2 sinter with a porosity of 30 to 38% was fabricated from the U3O8 powder. Two cathode baskets charged with ~100 g of the UO2 sinter were prepared, and two electrolytic reduction tests were carried out in a LiCl-Li2O electrolyte at 650°C. The results suggested that the reduction to uranium metal could be completed within 10 h with the current efficiency >62%. It was verified that the porous UO2 sinter was of great advantage to the electrolytic reduction process. In the subsequent electrorefining process, the reduction products were charged in two anode baskets, and electrolysis was carried out in a LiCl-KCl-UCl3 electrolyte at 500°C. Within 8 h, most of the uranium metal was anodically dissolved into the electrolyte with the current efficiency >88%. Dendritic uranium metal was collected on a stainless steel cathode. Consequently, it was demonstrated that a refined uranium metal could be produced from UO2 pellets with a high degree of efficiency.
Design of multilevel threshold matrices for ordered dither digital halftoning, optimized for edge sharpness, detail reproduction and texture (2003)

More generalized forms of a half-toning cell for ordered-dither digital halftoning are investigated. The subdivision of these into subcells and the systematic assignment to the latter of threshold values result in favorable characteristics which can be evaluated visually in spatial terms and analytically in terms of their frequency range. This enables the most suitable type of array to be found for a given output medium. By using these arrays instead of the square matrices with clustered threshold value distribution which are customary in many cases, it is possible to improve both the line reproduction and the visible texture to an extent which would otherwise only become feasible by means of improvements in the hardware.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The thermionic energy converter as a topping cycle for more efficient heat engines—new triode designs with a longitudinal magnetic field (2005)

A new concept for converting heat energy to electrical energy using thermionic energy converters (TECs) is proposed. It has potential for increasing the Carnot efficiency to an unprecedented 80% when the TEC is combined as a topping cycle with a conventional external combustion engine. The optimal electrical power density, 5–20 W cm−2, is satisfactory for many applications including stationary power generators and propulsion drives for vehicles. But unfortunately the substantial losses, ∼50% of the output power, that have been needed to compensate the space charge have prevented the TEC from realizing its thermodynamic potential. We present two ways of overcoming this limitation. Both utilize a triode configuration (rather than a simple diode) with a longitudinal magnetic field. In the first method the magnetic field together with the grid separate the relatively few hot electrons required for volume generation of Cs ions used for the space charge compensation from the majority of the thermal electrons which constitute the current to the collector. In the second method the Cs ions are generated on the surface of the grid wires and injected into the space between the electrodes. Grid wires with high work functions are required for this.
Cloning and expression in<i>Escherichia coli</i> of the gene encoding β‐C‐4‐oxygenase, that converts β‐carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in<i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i> (1995)

In the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin accumulates under stress conditions. Astaxanthin is a red carotenoid pigment which possess antioxidative activity. We have cloned the gene for beta-C-4 oxygenase (beta-carotene ketolase) from the green algae H. pluvialis. The cloning method took advantage of a strain of E. coli which was genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene. An expression cDNA library of H. pluvialis was transfected to cells of this strain and visually screened for brown-red pigmented colonies. One colony out of 100,000 transformants showed color change due to accumulation of canthaxanthin. The cDNA clone in this transformant colony encodes the enzyme beta-C-4 oxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of beta carotene to canthaxanthin via echinenone. This enzyme does not convert zeaxanthin to astaxanthin. It is concluded that in H. pluvialis astaxanthin is synthesized via canthaxanthin and therefore an additional enzyme is predicted, which converts canthaxanthin to astaxanthin.
Improved Culture Conditions for the Growth and Detection of <i>Borrelia </i>from Human Serum (2013)

In this report we present a method to cultivate Borrelia spirochetes from human serum samples with high efficiency. This method incorporates improved sample collection, optimization of culture media and use of matrix protein. The method was first optimized utilizing Borrelia laboratory strains, and later by demonstrating growth of Borrelia from sera from fifty seropositive Lyme disease patients followed by another cohort of 72 Lyme disease patients, all of whom satisfied the strict CDC surveillance case definition for Lyme disease. The procedure resulted in positive cultures in 47% at 6 days and 94% at week 16. Negative controls included 48 cases. The positive identification of Borrelia was performed by immunostaining, PCR, and direct DNA sequencing.
Syntheses and Structures of Bis-Amidinate–Alane Complexes (2014)

Insertion reactions of α,ω-bis-carbodiimides (RNCN)2X (1–5: R = Et, t-Bu, Ph; X = C3H6, C4H8) with 2 equiv of AlMe3 yielded the dinuclear tethered bis-amidinate–alane complexes [RNC(Me)NAlMe2]2X (R = Et, X = C4H8 (6); R = t-Bu, X = C3H6 (7), C4H8 (8)). Analogous reactions with 4 equiv of AlMe3 resulted in the coordination of two additional AlMe3 molecules, yielding the tetranuclear bis-amidinate complexes [EtN(AlMe3)C(Me)NAlMe2]2X (X = C3H6 (9), C4H8 (10)) and [t-BuNC(Me)N(AlMe3)AlMe2]2X (X = C3H6 (11), C4H8 (12)). In addition, equimolar reactions between (RNCN)2X (R = Et, X = C3H6, C4H8; R = Ph, X = C4H8) and 2 equiv of AlMe3 at elevated temperatures occurred with intramolecular cyclization and formation of [EtNC(Me)NC3H6N(AlMe3)CNEt]AlMe2 (13) and [RNC(Me)NC4H8N(AlMe3)CNR]AlMe2 (R = Et (14), Ph (15)). Hydrolysis of 11 gave the protonated free ligand PhNC(Me)NC4H8N(H)CNPh (16) in high yield. 6–16 were characterized by elemental analyses, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (7, 10–14, 16).
Software copy protection systems: structure, analysis, attacks (2003)

Copy protection systems are a reliable way to protect programmers' rights and to stimulate market development because they prevent unauthorized software use and copying. The main functions and structure of such systems are discussed. Possible attacks and breaking of copy protection systems are considered. One of the strongest systems, called the Iron Curtain, is described. Recommendations for selection of the right copy protection system are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Natural Infection of Wild-Born Mandrills ( <i>Mandrillus sphinx</i> ) with Two Different Types of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (2001)

We found a novel primate lentivirus in mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). To clarify the evolutionary relationships and transmission patterns of human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV), we screened blood samples from 30 wild-born healthy Cameroonian mandrills. Five (16.7%) of them were seropositive for SIV. Three SIV strains were isolated from the five seropositive mandrills by cocultivation of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with PBMCs of rhesus macaques, a human T cell line (M8166), and/or a cynomolgus macaque T cell line (HSC-F). One of the newly isolated SIV strains was intravenously inoculated into two rhesus macaques and resulted in chronic infection. In the SIV-infected macaques at 45 weeks after inoculation, we observed a mild decline in the number of peripheral CD4(+) lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, and blastic follicular dendritic cells with mild follicular hyperplasia in the peripheral lymph nodes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the pol sequence showed that the newly found SIVs from Cameroonian mandrills did not cluster with SIVmndGB1, which is the former representative strain of SIVmnd. The SIVmnds from Cameroon formed a new, independent lineage that branched before the root of the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage with 996 of 1000 bootstrap replications. They clustered host specifically, and exhibited about 16.9% diversity at the level of nucleotide sequence among Cameroonian SIVmnd strains. These results indicate that the SIVmnds isolated in Cameroon are a novel type of SIVmnd and have infected Cameroonian mandrills for a long time. We therefore designated the Cameroonian SIVmnd as SIVmnd type 2 and redesignated SIVmndGB1 as SIVmnd type 1. To date, M. sphinx is the only primate species other than humans that is naturally infected with two different types of SIV.
Records of riverbome turbidity currents and indications of slope failures in the Rhone delta of Lake Geneva (1988)

The sublacustrine topography of the Rhone delta in Lake Geneva is characterized by a channel that can be traced about 9 km beyond the mouth of the river. Two instrumented moorings were deployed from June to August 1985 in the channel axis at depths of 150 and 201 m to detect underflows of dense, sediment‐laden river water. Each array consisted of three current meters and a thermistor chain. Data were recorded every 15 min (currents) or 30 min (temperatures). During 78 d of effective measurement, 31 well‐defined downslope events were recorded, five with speeds >50 cm s −1 . Major events correlate with discharge peaks of the Rhone, and current activity is characterized by single pulses lasting a few hours. Some flow events were accompanied by temperature increases of up to 3°C, suggesting two different current origins: the first is intrusion of sediment‐laden, warm river water into the cold bottom water of the lake as a dense turbidity underflow, and the second is turbidity‐current flow triggered by sliding or slumping of delta deposits. Damage caused to instruments and breakage of mooring links suggests sliding of large amounts of deltaic sediments or avalanchelike turbidity currents.
Xanthan and Glucomannan Mixtures:  Synergistic Interactions and Gelation (2002)

The synergistic interaction between xanthan and glucomannan in solution and in the gel phase has been studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The study in solution of the polysaccharidic mixture indicates a preferred stoichiometry of the interaction corresponding to a weight fraction of xanthan around 0.55. This finding is in reasonable agreement with the differential scanning calorimetry measurements carried out on the gel phase. Models from conformational analysis based on these results were formulated in terms of 1:1 and 2:1 Konjac glucomannan/xanthan molecular assemblies. The experimental and calculation results clearly indicate the involvement of the side chains of xanthan and suggest that the ordered portions of the macromolecular complex in solution act in the gel phase as junction zones.
Ylides and imines of phosphorus (1993)

Theoretical Description of the Bonding in Ylides Introduction to Phosphonium Ylides Preparation of Phosphonium Ylides Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 1: Cleavages and Decompositions Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 2: With Electrophilic Reagents Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 3: With Multiple-Bonded Compounds and Three-Membered Rings The Wittig Reaction 1: Scope and Applications The Wittig Reaction 2: Mechanism and Stereochemistry Phosphonate Carbanions (Phosphono Ylides) Phosphinoxy Carbanions (Phosphino Ylides) Other Phosphorus Ylides/Carbanions Iminophosphoranes and Related Compounds Transition Metal Complexes with Ylides Index.