gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complex Formation of Crosslinked Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Resins with Copper(II) (1976)

Abstract Poly(4-vinylpyridine) was crosslinked with 1,4-dibromobutane, The obtained resin (DBQP) formed a stable complex with Cu2+, and the adsorption capacity of DBQP varied with the degree of crosslinking. The complex, formation of DBQP with Cu2+ was studied by examining the adsorption equilibrium and the spectroscopic measurement. The resin complex seems to be formed via no step-by-step mechanism, and the stability constant was appreciably large in comparison with those of non-crosslinked polymers and of a monomeric analogue. In the highfy crosslinked resins, the ligand-field is relatively weak and the stability of the Cu2+ complex is decreased.
Hybrid carbon fiber/carbon nanotube composites for structural damping applications (2013)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on the surface of carbon fibers utilizing a relatively low temperature synthesis technique; graphitic structures by design (GSD). To probe the effects of the synthesis protocols on the mechanical properties, other samples with surface grown CNTs were prepared using catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD). The woven graphite fabrics were thermally shielded with a thin film of SiO2 and CNTs were grown on top of this film. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed the grown species to be multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The damping performance of the hybrid CNT-carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite was examined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Mechanical testing confirmed that the degradations in the strength and stiffness as a result of the GSD process are far less than those encountered through using the CCVD technique and yet are negligible compared to the reference samples. The DMA results indicated that, despite the minimal degradation in the storage modulus, the loss tangent (damping) for the hybrid composites utilizing GSD-grown MWCNTs improved by 56% compared to the reference samples (based on raw carbon fibers with no surface treatment or surface grown carbon nanotubes) over the frequency range 1-60 Hz. These results indicated that the energy dissipation in the GSD-grown MWCNTs composite can be primarily attributed to the frictional sliding at the nanotube/epoxy interface and to a lesser extent to the stiff thermal shielding SiO2 film on the fiber/matrix interface.
Toxicity of cotton phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi (1993)

The sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins desoxyhemigossypol, desoxymethoxyhemigossypol, and hemigossypolone formed in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) stem xylem infected with Verticillium dahliae were shown to be highly toxic to zoopathogenic fungi. This appears to be the first study of the toxicity of terpenoid phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi. The toxicities of the phytoalexins expressed as MIC (micrograms ml-1) values were 8 to 128 against four isolates of Candida albicans and one isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. These highly toxic compounds or their derivatives may prove useful for the treatment of animal mycoses.
Wavelength discrimination at detection threshold (1990)

The experiments that we report aim to elucidate the linkage between cone outputs and color sensation. This is investigated by measuring wavelength discrimination between stimuli at threshold levels of detection. Stimuli are large spots (0.75 deg) presented on a white background. A 2 x 2 alternate forced choice method is used to measure simultaneously the detection of different wavelengths and discrimination between them. This method reveals at least four distinguishable colors, indicating the presence of four different sets of mechanisms at threshold. These are associated with the color sensations of orange, pale yellow, green, and blue. There is also evidence for a fifth imperfectly distinguished color (violet) in the shortest wavelength region. Results show that the boundaries between the distinguishable colors have little variation in their spectral positions. This is compatible with the presence of fixed perceptual boundaries in the spectrum dividing the different types of detection mechanism. The correspondence of the spectral locations of the distinguishable colors to the cone opponent responses revealed in the spectral sensitivity function suggests that these color sensations are postreceptoral in origin, arising from different combinations of the three cone outputs.
Inductive loop technology (LOT) as an alternative surface surveillance system-demonstration results (2003)

Under the Runway Incursion Reduction Program (RIRP), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is investigating the use of inductive loop technology (LOT) as an alternative non-cooperative surveillance sensor. A LOT surveillance system has been installed at Long Beach Airport (LGB) in California. This paper presents some test results and status of this implementation of an existing technology inductive loops, into a new area-the airport surface. The paper will provide an overview of the program, technologies investigated and test results obtained from the installation at Long Beach airport.
Inhibition of Src Kinase Blocks High Glucose–Induced EGFR Transactivation and Collagen Synthesis in Mesangial Cells and Prevents Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice (2013)

Chronic exposure to high glucose leads to diabetic nephropathy characterized by increased mesangial matrix protein (e.g., collagen) accumulation. Altered cell signaling and gene expression accompanied by oxidative stress have been documented. The contribution of the tyrosine kinase, c-Src (Src), which is sensitive to oxidative stress, was examined. Cultured rat mesangial cells were exposed to high glucose (25 mmol/L) in the presence and absence of Src inhibitors (PP2, SU6656), Src small interfering RNA (siRNA), and the tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor, TAPI-2. Src was investigated in vivo by administration of PP2 to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic DBA2/J mice. High glucose stimulated Src, TACE, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2, p38), and collagen IV accumulation in mesangial cells. PP2 and SU6656 blocked high glucose-stimulated phosphorylation of Src Tyr-416, EGFR, and MAPKs. These inhibitors and Src knockdown by siRNA, as well as TAPI-2, also abrogated high glucose-induced phosphorylation of these targets and collagen IV accumulation. In STZ-diabetic mice, albuminuria, increased Src pTyr-416, TACE activation, ERK and EGFR phosphorylation, glomerular collagen accumulation, and podocyte loss were inhibited by PP2. These data indicate a role for Src in a high glucose-Src-TACE-heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-EGFR-MAPK-signaling pathway to collagen accumulation. Thus, Src may provide a novel therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression and Antidepressant Action (2011)

Epigenetic mechanisms, which control chromatin structure and function, mediate changes in gene expression that occur in response to diverse stimuli. Recent research has established that environmental events and behavioral experience induce epigenetic changes at particular gene loci and that these changes help shape neuronal plasticity and function and hence behavior. Some of these changes can be stable and can even persist for a lifetime. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that aberrations in chromatin remodeling and subsequent effects on gene expression within limbic brain regions contribute to the pathogenesis of depression and other stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety syndromes. Likewise, the gradually developing but persistent therapeutic effects of antidepressant medications may be achieved in part via epigenetic mechanisms. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of stress-related disorders and focuses on three distinct aspects of stress-induced epigenetic pathology: the effects of stress and antidepressant treatment during adulthood, the lifelong effects of early-life stress on subsequent stress vulnerability, and the possible transgenerational transmission of stress-induced abnormalities.
Complement C3a and C5a modulate osteoclast formation and inflammatory response of osteoblasts in synergism with IL‐1β (2011)

There is a tight interaction of the bone and the immune system. However, little is known about the relevance of the complement system, an important part of innate immunity and a crucial trigger for inflammation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the presence and function of complement in bone cells including osteoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and osteoclasts. qRT-PCR and immunostaining revealed that the central complement receptors C3aR and C5aR, complement C3 and C5, and membrane-bound regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 were expressed in human MSC, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Furthermore, osteoblasts and particularly osteoclasts were able to activate complement by cleaving C5 to its active form C5a as measured by ELISA. Both C3a and C5a alone were unable to trigger the release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from osteoblasts. However, co-stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β significantly induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression as well as the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) indicating that complement may modulate the inflammatory response of osteoblastic cells in a pro-inflammatory environment as well as osteoblast-osteoclast interaction. While C3a and C5a did not affect osteogenic differentiation, osteoclastogenesis was significantly induced even in the absence of RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) suggesting that complement could directly regulate osteoclast formation. It can therefore be proposed that complement may enhance the inflammatory response of osteoblasts and increase osteoclast formation, particularly in a pro-inflammatory environment, for example, during bone healing or in inflammatory bone disorders.
Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes: A Peeling Method for the Formation of Graphene Nanoribbons (2009)

Zipper examined: Elegant unzipping procedures result in the clean opening of multiwalled carbon nanotubes, leading to graphene nanoribbons (see scheme). Since graphene exhibits outstanding electronic properties, this method may be important in the development of modern nanoelectronic applications.
The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System laser transmitter (2000)

Summary form only given.The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) scheduled to launch in 2001, is the sole instrument for the ICESat (Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) mission. GLAS will be a satellite laser altimeter and atmospheric lidar whose primary mission is the global monitoring of the earth's ice sheet mass balance. GLAS will also provide high precision land topography and global monitoring of aerosols and cirrus cloud heights. The current state-of-the-art in space based solid-state lasers is the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter (MOLA), on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft collecting topography data of Mars. The GLAS laser will generally have an order of magnitude higher performance than MOLA in power, beam quality, etc., and represents the next generation of space-based remote sensing laser transmitters.
Preliminary Report on Ultrafiltration-Induced Polarization Chromatography—An Analog of Field-Flow Fractionation (1976)

Abstract Ultrafiltration-induced polarization chromatography (UPC), belonging to the class of field-flow fractionations, is examined in some depth mathematically, and predictions based on this examination are tested against preliminary experimental data. Both analysis and experiments are performed for slit flow between porous confining walls with a superimposed cross flow perpendicular to these walls. Integration of the diffusion equation for an idealized two-dimensional flow suggests that UPC is a very promising alternate to gel permeation chromatography, both for determining polymer diffusion coefficients and estimating the molecular-weight distribution of mixtures. These predictions are borne out to a substantial degree by experiments with monodisperse native proteins, but it is clear that important practical problems remain to be solved. The most important of these are adsorption of protein and deviation of flow distribution from that modeled.
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL COLD-STOCKPILED PATCHING MATERIALS FOR REPAIRS IN COLD AND WET WEATHER (1990)

Results of the field evaluation of five experimental binders used to produce cold-stockpiled patching materials for repairs in cold and wet weather are described. The materials were compared against an MC-800 cutback control mix. The experimental mixes were made with a latex-modified MC-800 cutback and four high-float, medium-set (HFMS) emulsion binders. One of the HFMS binder mixes contained fibers. The procedures were specifically designed to minimize the likelihood that variables other than the binder were the proximate cause of repair failures. The failure criteria used are also described. Field evaluations were made from March 1986 to May 1987. Two HFMS mixes performed better than the companion control mix. Because the latex-modified cutback mix did not perform satisfactorily, no further development was recommended. An economic analysis showed that premium mixes need only extend the average service life by a modest amount to provide a lower annualized cost than conventional mixes. For example, a $120/ton mix lasting 2 years provides substantial savings compared to a $30/ton mix lasting 1 year. Extended field trials of stockpiled mixtures using HFMS binders are recommended. Field trials using fibers are also recommended.
Carbon nanotube field effect transistors for the fast and selective detection of human immunoglobulin G (2008)

We report a field effect transistor (FET) based on a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) which can selectively detect human immunoglobulin G (HIgG). HIgG antibodies, which are strongly adsorbed onto the walls of the SWCNTs, are the basic elements of the recognition layer. The non-specific binding of proteins and the effects of other interferences are avoided by covering the non-adsorbed areas of the SWCNTs with Tween 20. The selectivity of the sensor has been tested against bovine serum albumin (BSA), the most abundant protein in plasma. HIgG in aqueous solution with concentrations from 1.25 mg L(-1) (8 nM) can be readily detected with response times of about 10 min. The SWCNT networks that form the basis of the sensor are easily grown by chemical vapour deposition. Silver screen-printed electrodes make the sensor quick to build. The sensitivity obtained with this sensor is similar to other FET devices based on SWCNTs built using much more complicated lithography processes. Moreover, the sensor is a reagentless device that does not need labels to detect HIgG.
Surface-induced dissociation of molecular ions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (1991)

A method is reported by which surface-induced dissociation is used to activate ions stored in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The method employs a short (< 5 /-Is), fast-rising (< 20-ns rise time), high voltage direct current (dc) pulse, which is applied to the endcaps of a standard Paul-type quadrupole ion trap. This is in contrast to the application of an alternating current (ac) signal normally used to resonantly excite and dissociate ions in the trap. The effect of the de pulse is to cause the ions rapidly to become unstable in the radial direction and subsequently to collide with the ring electrode. Sufficient internal energy is acquired in this collision to cause high energy fragmentations of relatively intractable molecular ions such as pyrene and benzene. The dissociations of limonene are used to demonstrate that high energy demand processes increase in relative importance in the dc pulse experiment compared with the usual resonance excitation method used to cause activation. The fragments are scanned out of the ion trap using the conventional mass-selective instability scan mode. Simulations of ion motion in the trap provide evidence that surface collisions occur at kinetic energies in the range of tens to several hundred electronvolts. The experiments also demonstrate that production of fragment ions is sensitive to the phase of the main radiofrequency drive voltage at the point when the dc is initiated.
Multiplexed 256 Element Ingaas Detector Arrays For 0.8-1.7 um Room-Temperature Operation (1988)

InGaAs photodetectors have been configured into linear arrays of 30 x 30 micron photodetectors spaced 50 microns apart. The devices have typical responsivities of 0.9 A/W (86-percent QE) at 1.3 microns and exhibit room temperature dark currents below 100 pA. A 256-element array has been mounted in a Reticon multiplexer and configured into a PAR optical multichannel analyzer to extend spectral response out to 1.7 microns. Individual InGaAs detectors have been fabricated for response out to 2.2 microns with dark current below 1 microA (-1V) and 50-percent QE at room temperature.
High Precision Active-Matrix Self-Capacitive Touch Panel Based on Fluorinated ZnO Thin-Film Transistor (2014)

Matrix-addressed capacitive sensing is popularly employed in advanced multi-touch panels. While the number of simultaneous touch points of a passively addressed matrix is limited, the simultaneous touch points of an actively addressed matrix are constrained only by the size of the matrix and can be more densely packed. Since the touch panel is typically inserted between a display panel and the user, it would be the best if the transistors in an active-matrix touch panel are transparent. Reported presently is such a panel realized using a fluorinated zinc oxide transparent thin-film transistor technology. The technology can be applied to construct panels requiring high touch resolution, such as precision stylus pen-based writing, fingerprint sensing and sensing of the area of the touch, etc.
Proofs that yield nothing but their validity or all languages in NP have zero-knowledge proof systems (1991)

In this paper the generality and wide applicability of Zero-knowledge proofs, a notion introduced by Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff is demonstrated. These are probabilistic and interactive proofs that, for the members of a language, efficiently demonstrate membership in the language without conveying any additional knowledge. All previously known zero-knowledge proofs were only for number-theoretic languages in NP fl CONP. Under the assumption that secure encryption functions exist or by using &quot;physical means for hiding information,&quot; it is shown that all languages in NP have zero-knowledge proofs. Loosely speaking, it is possible to demonstrate that a CNF formula is satisfiable without revealing any other property of the formula, in particular, without yielding neither a
Development of Pedestrian-to-Vehicle Communication System Prototype for Pedestrian Safety Using both Wide-Area and Direct Communication (2008)

We propose a prototype pedestrian-to-vehicle communication system which uses a cellular phone and wireless communication to improve the safety of pedestrians. One of the effectual measures against pedestrian-to-vehicle accidents is to make each of pedestrians and drivers find the others and recognize the risk from out of sight and with time to spare for avoidance of accidents. A pedestrian-to-vehicle communication system was developed by using a cellular phone and a car navigation system equipped with GPS and wireless communication function. We focused on intersections as a traffic scene to be covered by the system. After data was exchanged via FOMA in a wide area, information could be exchanged between a pedestrian and a vehicle via WLAN 20 m, 100 m away from an intersection to different directions in about 20 ms. And, the system could give an alarm to pedestrians and cars with collision risk.
Pyrrolo-Annelated Tetrathiafulvalenes:  The Parent Systems (2000)

The synthesis of a number pyrrolo-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes, including the parent bis(pyrrolo[3,4-d])tetrathiafulvalene (7) is decribed. Starting from readily available 4,5-bis(bromomethyl)-1, 3-dithiole-2-thione (14) and sodium tosylamide, the parent 7 and the asymmetric monopyrrolo tetrathiafulvalenes 23a,b were prepared in good yields via a nonclassical and simple pyrrole synthesis. Furthermore, a series of asymmetrical N-alkylated monopyrrolo/monodihydropyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes was prepared starting from primary amines and 14. A detailed study of the fundamental redox behavior of this class of heterocycles is reported. NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and PM3 MO calculations revealed that the pyrrolo-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes have highly extended pi-surfaces. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of the monopyrrolo tetrathiafulvalenes 22b and 24b, together with preliminary formation of a charge-transfer complex between the parent donor 7 and TCNQ, are also reported.
Achieving Illumination Invariance Using Image Filters (2007)

In this chapter we are interested in accurately recognizing human faces in the presence of large and unpredictable illumination changes. Our aim is to do this in a setup realistic for most practical applications, that is, without overly constraining the conditions in which image data is acquired. Specifically, this means that people's motion and head poses are largely uncontrolled, the amount of available training data is limited to a single short sequence per person, and image quality is low. In conditions such as these, invariance to changing lighting is perhaps the most significant practical challenge for face recognition algorithms. The illumination setup in which recognition is performed is in most cases impractical to control, its physics difficult to accurately model and face appearance differences due to changing illumination are often larger than those differences between individuals Additionally, the nature of most realworld applications is such that prompt, often real-time system response is needed, demanding appropriately efficient as well as robust matching algorithms. In this chapter we describe a novel framework for rapid recognition under varying illumination, based on simple image filtering techniques. The framework is very general and we demonstrate that it offers a dramatic performance improvement when used with a wide range of filters and different baseline matching algorithms, without sacrificing their computational efficiency.