gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Potent Populism (2011)

Abstract This chapter examines policy debates over China's relations with Japan from 1997 through 2008, highlighting interactions between elite policy advisors and the public. It combines analysis from 218 academic articles together with numerous Chinese writings from the decade that reveal the emergence of a subtle but significant shift in Chinese experts' views of Japan. Four elements stand out: (1) growing recognition that China's own actions can exacerbate a security dilemma with Japan; (2) acknowledgment of the costs of negative popular sentiments toward Japan; (3) a more nuanced view of Japanese society and politics; (4) and increased confidence in China's future power position through Japan. The chapter delves into this shift. Since the turn of the century, a new group has emerged as an important player in shaping Chinese foreign policy—the public. Through the use of various media such as the internet, the Chinese public have become far more informed, assertive, and engaged in foreign relations.
Reversal by L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS), a L-norepinephrine precursor of reserpine- or tetrabenazine-induced hypothermia. (1986)

The effects of L-threo-DOPS on the hypothermia and the decrease of brain norepinephrine (NE) concentration in the mouse pretreated with reserpine or tetrabenazine were studied. Reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or tetrabenazine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant decrease in body temperature. The i.p. injection of L-threo-DOPS (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) reversed these hypothermia in a dose-dependent manner. These hypothermia were also antagonized by the i.c. injection of NE (5 micrograms/mouse). Both reserpine and tetrabenazine markedly decreased the brain content of NE, and L-threo-DOPS (400 mg/kg, i.p.) recovered it. These results suggested that L-threo-DOPS would reverse the reserpine- or tetrabenazine-induced hypothermia at least in part by the formation of NE in the central nervous system.
Excitation of Lamb waves over a large frequency-thickness product range for corrosion detection (2017)

For corrosion detection, it is often desirable that a Lamb wave mode is highly sensitive to surface thinning and enjoys some degree of mode purity at a particular frequency. In view of this, this paper aims to generate a variety of Lamb wave modes over broad frequency bands to ensure an abundant supply of candidates for corrosion detection, and further, establish a strategy to find appropriate operation points efficiently and effectively. Firstly, a short-duration laser pulse is applied to generate Lamb waves over a large frequency-thickness product range. The selection of symmetric modes or anti-symmetric modes is obtained by addition or subtraction of signals captured by two identical transducers which are symmetrically coupled on both sides of the plate. Subsequently, the S0 mode at a non-dispersive frequency bandwidth is employed to improve the accuracy of the transmitter–receiver distance. Based on those, three selection criteria including mode separability, amplitude ratio and corrosion sensitivity, are presented to efficiently determine the suitable operation points (i.e., mode types and frequencies). The experimental results show that the simulated corrosion could be correctly detected and accurately localized at the chosen modes and frequencies.
Occupational Exposure Associated with Reproductive Dysfunction (2004)

Evidence suggestive of harmful effects of occupational exposure on the reproductive system and related outcomes has gradually accumulated in recent decades, and is further compounded by persistent environmental endocrine disruptive chemicals. These chemicals have been found to interfere with the function of the endocrine system, which is responsible for growth, sexual development and many other essential physiological functions. A number of occupations are being reported to be associated with reproductive dysfunction in males as well as in females. Generally, occupations involving the manufacture/or application of some of the persistent chemicals that are not easily degradable as well as bio-accumulative chemicals, occupations involving intensive exposure to heat and radiation, occupations involving the use of toxic solvents as well as toxic fumes are reported to be associated with reproductive dysfunction. Occupational exposure of males to various persistent chemicals have been reported to have male mediated adverse reproductive outcomes in the form of abortion, reduction in fertility etc. with inconclusive or limited evidence. Nevertheless, there is a need for more well designed studies in order to implicate any individual chemical having such effects as in most occupations workers are exposed to raw, intermediate and finished products and there are also several confounding factors associated with lifestyles responsible for reproductive dysfunction. There is an urgent need to look at indiscriminate use of persistent chemicals especially pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POP's) as these chemicals enter the food chain also and could be potential for exposure during the critical period of development. It is also necessary to impart information, and to educate about the safe use of these chemicals, as a very sensitive reproduction issue is involved with exposure to these chemicals. Occupational exposures often are higher than environmental exposures, so that epidemiological studies should be conducted on these chemicals, on a priority basis, which are reported to have adverse effects on reproduction in the experimental system.
Network Data and Measurement (1990)

Data on social networks may be gathered for all ties linking elements of a closed population (“complete” network data) or for the sets of ties surrounding sampled individual units (“egocentric” network data). Network data have been obtained via surveys and questionnaires, archives, observation, diaries, electronic traces, and experiments. Most methodological research on data quality concerns surveys and questionnaires. The question of the accuracy with which informants can provide data on their network ties is nontrivial, but survey methods can make some claim to reliability. Unresolved issues include whether to measure perceived social ties or actual exchanges, how to treat temporal elements in the definition of relationships, and whether to seek accurate descriptions or reliable indicators. Continued research on data quality is needed; beyond improved samples and further investigation of the informant accuracy/reliability issue, this should cover common indices of network structure, address the consequences of sampling portions of a network, and examine the robustness of indicators of network structure and position to both random and nonrandom errors of measurement.
Differences in the glycaemic response to dextran and maltodextrin ingestion in man (1997)

The 'mountain passes are higher in the tropics' (MPHT) hypothesis posits that reduced climate variability at low latitudes should select for narrower thermal tolerances, lower dispersal and smaller elevational ranges compared with higher latitudes. These latitudinal differences could increase species richness at low latitudes, but that increase may be largely cryptic, because physiological and dispersal traits isolating populations might not correspond to morphological differences. Yet previous tests of the MPHT hypothesis have not addressed cryptic diversity. We use integrative taxonomy, combining morphology (6136 specimens) and DNA barcoding (1832 specimens) to compare the species richness, cryptic diversity and elevational ranges of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado; approx. 40°N) and the Andes (Ecuador; approx. 0°). We find higher species richness and smaller elevational ranges in Ecuador than Colorado, but only after quantifying and accounting for cryptic diversity. The opposite pattern is found when comparing diversity based on morphology alone, underscoring the importance of uncovering cryptic species to understand global biodiversity patterns.
Circulating thrombomodulin as a novel endothelial cell marker: Comparison of its behavior with von willebrand factor and tissue‐type plasminogen activator (1992)

Circulating thrombomodulin is a novel endothelial cell marker, which may reflect the endothelial injury. Plasma levels of thrombomodulin were quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with hematological malignancies, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, collagen disease, thrombotic disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and the thrombomodulin values were compared with those of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) which are released from stimulated or damaged endothelial cells. The mean plasma concentrations of thrombomodulin in these disease states were elevated as compared with healthy subjects. A relatively high mean thrombomodulin level was observed in DIC, liver disease, and collagen disease. Abnormally high thrombomodulin values (greater than normal mean value + 3 SD) were found in 32.3% of patients with hematological malignancies, 57.7% of patients with liver disease, 39.3% of patients with diabetes mellitus, 30.0% of patients with collagen disease, 23.1% of patients with thrombotic disease, and 69.0% of patients with DIC. Plasma concentrations of both vWf:Ag and t-PA were also elevated in these patients. On the whole, the plasma thrombomodulin concentration was positively correlated with vWf:Ag (r = 0.441, P less than 0.001) and t-PA (r = 0.398, P less than 0.001). These findings indicate that the elevation of plasma thrombomodulin is frequently seen in a variety of diseases and circulating thrombomodulin is possibly useful for evaluating the endothelial damage in selected disease states.
Beerdigungskosten (1967)

Anläßlich des Todes eines Gesellschafters (Gesellschafters-Geschäftsführers) können einer GmbH eigene Aufwendungen entstehen, bei denen eine Zuwendung an die Erben des Gesellschafters von vornherein nicht in Betracht kommt und die daher ohne weiteres bei der GmbH abzugsfähige Betriebsausgaben sind, z. B. die Kosten einer von der GmbH eingebrachten Todesanzeige, die Ausgaben für einen von ihr übersandten Kranz oder die Kosten einer von ihr veranstalteten Todesfeier. Bei den eigentlichen Kosten der Beerdigung aber ist davon auszugehen, daß Kosten dieser Art grundsätzlich von den Erben zu tragen sind. Übernimmt die GmbH solche Aufwendungen, so liegt darin in der Regel die Zuwendung eines Vorteils auf Grund des Gesellschaftsverhältnisses. Für einen Dritten, der nicht im Gesellschaftsverhältnis steht, würde die GmbH die Beerdigungskosten nicht übernehmen. Ob den Erben die Beerdigungskosten bar erstattet werden oder ob die GmbH die Beerdigung selbst durchführen läßt, ist dabei grundsätzlich ohne Belang.
Production of   Interferon by Cultured Human Lymphocytes Stimulated with a Purified Membrane Protein (P30) from Toxoplasma gondii (1988)

Purified P30, the principal iodinatable membrane protein of Toxoplasma gondii, induced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seropositive individuals but not from seronegative individuals. Culture supernatants from stimulated cells of seropositive individuals blocked the growth of T. gondii in human fibroblasts, whereas those from antibody-negative individuals failed to do so. The anti-toxoplasmic effect of culture supernatants correlated with the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and the destruction of tryptophan, as previously described for fibroblasts treated with recombinant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). The anti-toxoplasmic effect was blocked by monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma. The protective effect correlated with the amount of IFN-gamma in the culture supernatant, as measured by inhibition of viral CPE. Thus, the level of IFN-gamma appears to be an important immune factor in protection against toxoplasmosis in humans.
[Enhancement of gut absorptive function by early enteral feeding enriched with L-glutamine in severe burned miniswines]. (1995)

14 miniswines (with multiple catheterization and 30% TBSA full thickness burns) were randomly and equally divided into N-Gln group and GLN group. Animals of GLN group were supplied with L-glutamine by 0.64%/kg.d and N-GLN group received equal amount of non-glutamine amino acids. Portal venous blood flow and gut absorptions of glucose, amino acids as well as fat were determined on PBD (post burn day) 1, 4, 7 and 10. The results indicated that the gut absorption obviously decreased in both group on PBD1, but the absorption of glucose and amino acids were much higher in Gln group than that of N-Gln group (P < 0.01). The absorptions of glucose, fat amino acids quickly increased in Gln group from PBD4, and tended to reach the preburn level on PBD7 and PBD10, meanwhile N-Gln group exhibited a slow increase of gut absorption. The absorptions of glucose, fat and amino acids were obviously lower than those of preburn on PBD7 and PBD10 (P < 0.01). This result suggests that oral feeding of glutamine improves efficiently the gut absorptive function after severe burns.
Study on dispersion and surface modification of diamond powders by ultrasound exposure (2003)

When diamond particles are used as abrasive agents, diamond particles have to disperse homogeneously. Consequently, many dispersants are developed to improve the dispersion property of abrasive agents, whereas improvement of surface properties of abrasive agents using dispersant is not essential. We attempted intrinsic surface modification of diamond particles used as abrasive agents by ultrasound exposure. The change of zeta potential by ultrasound exposure was confirmed. Sub-micro diamond particles with average size smaller than 0.3 /spl mu/m were obtained.
An Advanced Adaptive Least Recently Used Buffer Management Algorithm for SSD (2019)

The traditional solid-state drive buffer management algorithm generally adopts fixed structures and parameters, leading to their poor adaptability. For example, after the underlying flash translation layer (FTL) or the upper workload is changed, the traditional algorithm's performance fluctuates significantly. Focusing on this problem, based on the cross-layer aware method, we propose an Advanced Adaptive Least Recently Used buffer management algorithm (AALRU). The core idea of the AALRU is that by sensing the characteristics of the upper workload and the status of the underlying FTL, the AALRU adaptively adjusts its structure, parameters, and write-back strategy to optimize the buffer's performance. First, the AALRU divides the buffer into two parts: read buffer and write buffer, and their proportion is adjusted by sensing the read-write characteristics of the workload and the underlying read-write latency. Second, the AALRU employs different granularities to manage the buffer. On one hand, for data loading and migrating, the AALRU adopts page-level granularity, which can avoid the problem of hot and cold data page entanglement in block management, and thus improve the buffer hit ratio. On the other hand, for data writing back to the FTL, the AALRU adopts block-level granularity, which can enhance the continuity of write requests and thus reduce the underlying FTL's garbage collection overhead. Finally, when the clustered data are written back, by sensing the underlying FTL's garbage collection status, the AALRU adaptively adjusts the page-padding trigger threshold to reconstruct the continuity of the write-back data, which can mitigate the underlying FTL's garbage collection overhead. The experimental results show that the AALRU has the best adaptability to different FTLs and test workloads, and it can achieve optimal or near-optimal results.
Glucose exchanges in a salt marsh‐estuary: Biological activity and chemical measurements1 (1980)

Spatial changes in concentrations and uptake rates of glucose in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh estuary (Duplin River, Sapelo Island, Georgia) were determined to assess the source and fate of glucose in the system. Concentrations were highly variable along the length of the river and over several tidal periods, with high values (5–20 µ g· liter −1 ) in March and low values (1–10 µ g·liter −1 ) in August. Glucose was rapidly cycled in the headwaters as indicated by uptake rates and turnover times. Respiration of added [ 14 C]glucose was relatively constant within the system and temporally. Two striking features of this system were a glucose gradient from Doboy Sound (high glucose) water toward the transitional zone (low glucose) and another one from the headwaters (high glucose) toward the transitional zone, and a decrease in activity in the 3‐ µ m size fraction from Doboy Sound toward the transitional zone and an increase in activity from this zone toward the headwaters. Conclusions based on various hydrological and biological time scales indicate that glucose exchange associated with the tides (i.e. glucose mixing between zones) is small compared to recycling within the system.
Improving a Complex Finite‐Difference Ground Water Flow Model Through the Use of an Analytic Element Screening Model (1998)

Abstract This paper demonstrates that analytic element models have potential as powerful screening tools that can facilitate or improve calibration of more complicated finite‐difference and finite‐element models. We demonstrate how a two‐dimensional analytic element model was used to identify errors in a complex three‐dimensional finite‐difference model caused by incorrect specification of boundary conditions. An improved finite‐difference model was developed using boundary conditions developed from a far‐field analytic element model. Calibration of a revised finite‐difference model was achieved using fewer zones of hydraulic conductivity and lake bed conductance than the original finite‐difference model. Calibration statistics were also improved in that simulated base‐flows were much closer to measured values. The improved calibration is due mainly to improved specification of the boundary conditions made possible by first solving the far‐field problem with an analytic element model.
Completely Miscible Nanocomposites (2011)

Mixing in: Attachment of a polymer-brush layer to the surface of nanoparticles makes the nanoparticles miscible with the polymer matrix. Adjusting the length of the attached polymer chains enables exact control of the distance between adjacent nanoparticles (see picture).
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-2α (HIF-2α) Is Involved in the Apoptotic Response to Hypoglycemia but Not to Hypoxia (2001)

Deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) and/or glucose (hypoglycemia) represents a serious stress that affects cellular survival. The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), which has been implicated in the cellular response to hypoxia (Semenza, G. L. (1999) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15, 551-578), mediates apoptosis during hypoxia (Halterman, M. W., Miller, C. C., and Federoff, H. J. (1999) J. Neurosci. 19, 6818-6824 and Carmeliet, P., Dor, Y., Herbert, J. M., Fukumura, D., Brusselmans, K., Dewerchin, M., Neeman, M., Bono, F., Abramovitch, R., Maxwell, P., Koch, C. J., Ratcliffe, P., Moons, L., Jain, R. K., Collen, D., and Keshet, E. (1998) Nature 394, 485-490), but the function of its homologue HIF-2alpha remains unknown. Therefore, the role of HIF-2alpha in cellular survival was studied by targeted inactivation of the HIF-2alpha gene (HIF-2alpha(-/-)) in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. In contrast to HIF-1alpha deficiency, loss of HIF-2alpha did not protect ES cells against apoptosis during hypoxia. Both HIF-1alpha(-/-) and HIF-2alpha(-/-) ES cells were, however, resistant to apoptosis in response to hypoglycemia. When co-cultured with wild type ES cells, HIF-2alpha(-/-) ES cells became rapidly and progressively enriched in hypoglycemia but not in hypoxia. Thus, HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha may have distinct roles in responses to environmental stress, and despite its name, HIF-2alpha may be more important in the survival response to environmental variables other than the level of oxygen.
Discrimination between forms of vitamin E by humans with and without genetic abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism. (1992)

To study the mechanisms of discrimination between various forms of vitamin E, four normal subjects, one patient with lipoprotein lipase deficiency, and three patients with abnormal apolipoprotein B-100 production were given an oral dose containing three tocopherols labeled with differing amounts of deuterium (2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-(5,7-(C2H3)2)tocopheryl acetate (d6-RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate), 2S,4'R,8'R-alpha-5-(C2H3)tocopheryl acetate (d3-SRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate), and 2R,4'R,8'R-gamma-(3,4-2H)tocopherol (d2-RRR-gamma-tocopherol). The tocopherol contents of plasma, red cells, and lipoproteins were measured up to 76 h after the dose. In normal subjects all three tocopherols were absorbed and secreted in chylomicrons with equal efficiencies. Both d2-gamma- and d3-SRR-alpha-tocopherols peaked at similar concentrations in the other lipoprotein fractions, then decreased similarly, but 2-4 times more rapidly than did d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol. A lipoprotein lipase-deficient patient and a patient with prolonged production of chylomicrons with absent apolipoprotein B-100 also demonstrated the lack of discrimination between tocopherols during absorption. Despite abnormal apolipoprotein B-100 production in two patients, the "VLDL" was preferentially enriched in d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Our results show that there is no discrimination between the three tocopherols during absorption and secretion in chylomicrons, but subsequently there is a preferential enrichment of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) with RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Catabolism of this VLDL results in the maintenance of plasma RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations.
The relative proliferation index as a more sensitive parameter for evaluating lymphoproliferative responses of cancer patients to mitogens and alloantigens (1977)

Lymphocyte proliferation (LP) assays were performed in microculture using the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A); the T + B cell mitogens, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL); and a pool of allogeneic stimulating leukocytes in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) in lung and breast cancer patients and normal individuals. The resultant data were expressed in three different ways: (1) as mean counts per minute (CPM) of tritiated thymidine incorporation; (2) as a stimulation index (SI) and (3) as a relative proliferation index (RPI). The RPI is defined as the ratio of net CPM (nCPM) in experimental cultures with stimulant (E) minus medium control cultures (C) of a test individual to the mean nCPM of three or more normal individuals examined in the same assay on the same day. These expressions were then compared for their ability to discriminate between LP responses in cancer patients and normal individuals. The RPI value and selected cut-off values gave the most sensitive measure for the determination of depressed proliferative responses. These analyses demonstrated that lung carcinoma patients were depressed to PHA (50%), MLC (47%), PWM (43%) and Con A (40%). To a lesser degree, breast carcinoma patients were also depressed to MLC (36%), PHA (31%), PWM (27%) and Con A (19%). Our data indicate that the use of the RPI in the analysis of LP response represents an improved method for detecting impaired response of lymphocytes to general mitogens and alloantigens which can consistently reveal immunosuppression in many cancer patients and may be useful for serial monitoring of individual patients.