gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobility modulation in a quasi-one-dimensional Si-MOSFET with a dual-gate structure (1992)

The electrical transport characteristics of a quasi-one-dimensional Si-MOSFET with a dual-gate structure are studied. In this device, the width of the one-dimensional channel can be changed continuously using the field effect and the intervals between one-dimensional subbands as well. By making part of the channel narrower, strong oscillations in differential conductance, even negative differential conductance, have been observed at 4.2 K, indicating the enhanced modulation of the electron mobility by inter-subband scattering suppression.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Metal-interconnection-free integration of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes with AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2015)

We report a metal-interconnection-free integration scheme for InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) and AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) by combining selective epi removal (SER) and selective epitaxial growth (SEG) techniques. SER of HEMT epi was carried out first to expose the bottom unintentionally doped GaN buffer and the sidewall GaN channel. A LED structure was regrown in the SER region with the bottom n-type GaN layer (n-electrode of the LED) connected to the HEMTs laterally, enabling monolithic integration of the HEMTs and LEDs (HEMT-LED) without metal-interconnection. In addition to saving substrate real estate, minimal interface resistance between the regrown n-type GaN and the HEMT channel is a significant improvement over metal-interconnection. Furthermore, excellent off-state leakage characteristics of the driving transistor can also be guaranteed in such an integration scheme.
Optimal Experimental Design with R (2011)

Experimental design is often overlooked in the literature of applied and mathematical statistics: statistics is taught and understood as merely a collection of methods for analyzing data. Consequently, experimenters seldom think about optimal design, including prerequisites such as the necessary sample size needed for a precise answer for an experi
Radiochemical analysis of Tc-99m human serum albumin with high-pressure liquid chromatography: concise communication. (1982)

High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be performed with an aqueous size-exclusion column to separate proteins or other macromolecules on the basis of molecular size. An HPLC system with a Spherogel-TSK SW column was modified to detect simultaneously uv absorption and radioactivity. Characteristic retention times (RT) were determined for pure human serum albumin (HSA) (RT = 17 min) and pertechnetate (RT = 28.5 min). When analysis was performed on Tc-99m HSA preparations, Tc-99m radioactivity was resolved into five different peaks, with RT ranging from 10.2 to 28.5 min. Less than 2% radioactivity was associated with the pertechnetate peak, whereas the remaining Tc-99m was protein bound. Most of the activity (90%) corresponded to the albumin peak, and 7% was bound to contaminants of high molecular weight with RTs of 10.2 and 14 min. Rapid separation of various radiochemical components differing in molecular size provides an improved basis for understanding the biodistribution of a Tc-99m HSA preparation. This technique would be useful for the preparation and analysis of various radiolabeled macromolecules such as enzymes, immunoglobulins, and other proteins.
Study of information loss in packet voice systems (1989)

Once a voice buffer is full, it remains full for a certain period, during which many packets are possibly blocked, resulting in consecutive clippings in voice. The packet loss rate during this period changes slowly and has large fluctuations. It is shown that the temporal behavior of packet loss, especially at high rate, is inherently determined by voice correlation and system capacity and is independent of buffer size. Buffering may reduce the occurrence of short blocking periods associated with low rates packet loss but does not affect long ones associated with high packet loss rates. In fact, increasing the buffer size merely extends nonblocking periods, and thereby reduces the overall average packet loss rate, but packet-loss performance within existing blocking periods is not significantly improved. A simple tool is developed for calculating the boundary performance. It is found that it is possible to design a packet-switched voice system without buffering only at the expense of supporting a fewer number of calls. The issue of voice delay allocation between source and network is discussed, and it is shown that it is more effective to keep the network delay short while extending the source delay.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase (2018)

Metformin is a first-line drug for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes, yet its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Metformin exerts its antihyperglycemic action primarily through lowering hepatic glucose production (HGP). This suppression is thought to be mediated through inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, and thus elevation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), though this proposition has been challenged given results in mice lacking hepatic AMPK. Here we report that the AMP-inhibited enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (FBP1), a rate-controlling enzyme in gluconeogenesis, functions as a major contributor to the therapeutic action of metformin. We identified a point mutation in FBP1 that renders it insensitive to AMP while sparing regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P<sub>2</sub>), and knock-in (KI) of this mutant in mice significantly reduces their response to metformin treatment. We observe this during a metformin tolerance test and in a metformin-euglycemic clamp that we have developed. The antihyperglycemic effect of metformin in high-fat diet-fed diabetic FBP1-KI mice was also significantly blunted compared to wild-type controls. Collectively, we show a new mechanism of action for metformin and provide further evidence that molecular targeting of FBP1 can have antihyperglycemic effects.
Macrophage tumoricidal activity induced by human C-reactive protein. (1986)

Purified C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypical acute phase reactant of humans, activated inflammatory mouse macrophages to a tumoricidal state. The activation by CRP was not due to small amounts of contaminating lipopolysaccharide. CRP at 10 micrograms/ml induced significant tumoricidal capacity in resident macrophages; the mouse macrophage cell lines PU5 1.8, RAW 264.7, and J774; as well as elicited macrophages from two lipopolysaccharide nonresponder strains, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10Sc. Macrophages obtained from bone marrow-derived monocytes grown in vitro and exudate macrophages depleted of T-cells were also readily activated by microgram/ml amounts of CRP. Removal of CRP from culture medium using anti-CRP antibodies or phosphorylcholine-agarose beads abrogated the induction of tumoricidal activity. CRP acted independently of both lymphokines and lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, CRP may serve as a physiologically relevant macrophage activator, contributing to the heightened nonspecific host resistance associated with the early stages of a systemic inflammatory response.
Ultrafast All‐Optical Signal Processing Devices (2008)

Semiconductor-based Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices a key technology for the next generation of ultrahigh bandwidth optical communication systems!The introduction of ultra-fast communication systems based on all-optical signal processing is considered to be one of the most promising ways to handle the rapidly increasing global communication traffic. Such systems will enable real time super-high definition moving pictures such as high reality TV-conference, remote diagnosis and surgery, cinema entertainment and many other applications with small power consumption. The key issue to realize such systems is to develop ultra-fast optical devices such as light sources, all-optical gates and wavelength converters.Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices discusses the state of the art development of semiconductor-based ultrafast all-optical devices, and their various signal processing applications for bit-rates 100Gb/s to 1Tb/s.Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices: Provides a thorough and in-depth treatment of the most recent achievements in ultrafast all-optical devices Discusses future networks with applications such as HD-TV and super-high definition moving screens as a motivating background for devices research Covers mode-locked semiconductor lasers, electro-absorption modulator based 160Gb/s signal sources, SOA based symmetric Mach-Zehnder type all-optical gates, intersubband transition gate device, and more Explains the technical issues behind turning the ultra-fast optical devices into practical working tools Examples of above 160Gb/s transmission experiments Discusses future prospects of the ultra-fast signal processing devices This invaluable reference will provide device researchers and engineers in industry, researchers at universities (including graduate students, and post doctorial researchers and professors) and research institutes with a thorough understanding of ultrahigh bandwidth optical communication systems. Device and communication market watchers will also find this book useful.
Preliminary Evaluation Study of a Prototype Hollow Fiber Membrane for the Continuous Membrane Autotransfusion System (1999)

A totally new autotransfusion system has been developed utilizing a hollow fiber membrane, based upon plasmapheresis technology. Prior to fabricating the system, it was essential to evaluate the basic performance characteristics of the filter, which was designed particularly for the new system. The objective of this study was to prove or disprove that such a system would be available using this filter. An in vitro study was conducted on the filter using bovine blood. The result of the study showed that the filter could process 2-20% of hematocrit blood at a flow rate greater than 250 ml/min of inlet blood continuously. Moreover, it could concentrate 5-20% hematocrit blood to hematocrit percentages greater than 40% by a single passage through the filter. These results seemed to prove that a rapid, continuous, and compact autotransfusion system could be developed using this filter.
Dispersion Characteristics of TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles Coated with the SiO<sub>2</sub> Nano-Film by Atomic Layer Deposition (2011)

Deposition of SiO2 nanofilm on TiO2 particles using atomic layer deposition method is reported. The SiO2 film was prepared at the room temperature using the chemicals Si(OC2H5)4, C2H5N and H2O as precursor, catalyst and reactant gas, respectively. The thickness, composition and uniformity of the SiO2 coating on TiO2 surface were characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, EDS and XPS measurements. In HRTEM analysis, the growth rate was about 0.33 angstroms/cycle. EDS and XPS analysis showed the surface composition of TiO2 nanoparticles was silicon oxide. Zeta potential, particle size distribution and sedimentation test results indicated that dispersibility of coated nanoparticles was higher than that of uncoated nanoparticles because of the electrostatic repulsion between the SiO2-coated layers on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. These results suggested that the SiO2 coating could modify the surface characteristics of the TiO2 nanoparticles and improve the dispersibility of the TiO2 primary nanoparticles.
Foundations of Rotational Isomeric State Theory and General Methods for Generating Configurational Averages (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFoundations of Rotational Isomeric State Theory and General Methods for Generating Configurational AveragesP. J. FloryCite this: Macromolecules 1974, 7, 3, 381–392Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60039a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60039a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views956Altmetric-Citations294LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The role of IL-2 secreted from genetically modified tumor cells in the establishment of antitumor immunity. (1994)

Although the importance of CD4+ T cells for the induction of an effective CD8+ cytolytic T cell response is well documented, the mechanism by which MHC class II-negative tumor cells recruit CD4+ T help is not well understood. We have previously shown that IL-2 or IFN-gamma gene-modified CMS-5 tumor cells do not grow in syngeneic mice; however, mice which rejected the cytokine-secreting tumor cells develop a protective immune response against a challenge with parental tumor cells. Here we show that rejection of IL-2-secreting CMS-5 cells is not mediated by T cells. However, establishment of a protective immune response against CMS-5 tumor cells requires the presence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets during the period of immunization with IL-2-secreting CMS-5 cells as well as during the effector phase. Extensive histologic analysis has failed to detect the presence of T cells at the site of immunization with either IL-2- or IFN-gamma-secreting CMS-5 cells. The main infiltrate at the site of inoculation with IL-2-secreting CMS-5 cells consisted of NK cells that appeared to play a role in their rejection. The predominant infiltrate at the site of inoculation with IFN-gamma-secreting CMS-5 cells consisted of macrophages. These observations argue against a direct role for the intact tumor cell in presenting either T helper or CTL epitopes to the immune system, and support the view that specialized APC are responsible for the in vivo priming of a T cell response against MHC class I-restricted Ag.
High-Quality Large-Area Graphene from Dehydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2012)

Recent studies show that, at the initial stage of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene, the isolated carbon monomers will form defective carbon clusters with pentagons that degrade the quality of synthesized graphene. To circumvent this problem, we demonstrate that high-quality centimeter-sized graphene sheets can be synthesized on Cu foils by a self-assembled approach from defect-free polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a high vacuum (HV) chamber without hydrogen. Different molecular motifs, namely coronene, pentacene, and rubrene, can lead to significant difference in the quality of resulting graphene. For coronene, monolayer graphene flakes with an adequate quality can be achieved at a growth temperature as low as 550 °C. For the graphene obtained at 1000 °C, transport measurements performed on back-gated field-effect transistors (FETs) with large channel lengths (∼30 μm) exhibit a carrier mobility up to ∼5300 cm2 V–1 s–1at room temperature. The underlying growth mechanism, which mainly involves surface-mediated nucleation process of dehydrogenated PAHs rather than segregation or precipitation process of small carbon species decomposed from the precursors, has been systematically investigated through the first-principles calculations. Our findings pave the way for optimizing selection of solid carbon precursors and open up a new route for graphene synthesis.
New beginnings, continued success (2006)

In his first EIC message as D&T's new editor in chief, Tim Cheng notes that D&T has developed strong relationships with key electronic-design and test communities over the past several years. Such partnerships help to broaden the readership and further strengthen D&T's position as the leading magazine for the professional design, test, and design automation communities.
Zeolites as catalysts in oil refining (2014)

Oil is nowadays the main energy source and this prevalent position most probably will continue in the next decades. This situation is largely due to the degree of maturity that has been achieved in oil refining and petrochemistry as a consequence of the large effort in research and innovation. The remarkable efficiency of oil refining is largely based on the use of zeolites as catalysts. The use of zeolites as catalysts in refining and petrochemistry has been considered as one of the major accomplishments in the chemistry of the XXth century. In this tutorial review, the introductory part describes the main features of zeolites in connection with their use as solid acids. The main body of the review describes important refining processes in which zeolites are used including light naphtha isomerization, olefin alkylation, reforming, cracking and hydrocracking. The final section contains our view on future developments in the field such as the increase in the quality of the transportation fuels and the coprocessing of increasing percentage of biofuels together with oil streams. This review is intended to provide the rudiments of zeolite science applied to refining catalysis.
Reactant Selectivity and Regiospecificity in the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes on Metal-Substituted Aluminophosphates (2006)

The rate of n-hexane reactions with O2 increased in parallel with the concentration of hexyl hydroperoxide (ROOH) intermediates and with the number of Mnredox sites in microporous MnAPO-5 and MnAPO-18 catalysts. These data confirmed the catalytic nature of oxidation pathways and the mechanistic resemblance between n-alkane and cycloalkane oxidation pathways. Cyclohexane oxidation turnover rates were higher on MnAPO-5 than on MnAPO-18, because small channels in the latter inhibit contact between reactants and Mn active centers. In contrast, n-hexane oxidation turnover rates (per redox-active Mn center) were similar on MnAPO-5 and MnAPO-18, because smaller n-hexane reactants diffuse rapidly and contact active sites in both microporous structures. MnAPO-18 is able to select reactants based on their size, but no regiospecificity was detected on MnAPO-18 or MnAPO-5 for n-hexane oxidation to alkanols, aldehydes, and ketones (7−8% terminal selectivity). The relative reactivity of primary and secondary C−H bonds in n-hexane was identical on both catalysts (kprim/ksec = 0.10−0.11) and similar to that predicted from relative C−H bond energies in n-hexane using Evans−Polanyi relations. Spatial constraints within MnAPO-18 did not lead to any preference for terminal oxidation or to hexanoic acid as the main product, in contradiction with previous reports on materials with identical structure. The lack of specific regioselectivity on MnAPO-18 is not unexpected, in view of its large intracrystalline cages, of the accepted involvement of ROOH intermediates, and of the lack of diffusional constraints on the rates of n-hexane oxidation on MnAPO-18 catalysts.
Localization of thrombomodulin-binding site within human thrombin. (1990)

A binding site for thrombomodulin on human thrombin (alpha-thrombin) was elucidated by identifying an epitope for a monoclonal antibody for thrombin (MT-6) which inhibited the activation of protein C by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex by directly inhibiting the binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin. An 8.5-kDa fragment isolated by digestion of thrombin with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a peptide isolated by reversed-phase HPLC after reduction of the 8.5-kDa fragment, which was composed of three peptides linked by disulfide-bonds, bound directly to MT-6 and thrombomodulin. The amino acid sequence of the peptide coincided with the sequence of residues Thr-147 to Asp-175 of the B-chain of thrombin. A synthetic peptide corresponding to Thr-147 to Ser-158 of the B-chain inhibited the binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin. Elastase-digested thrombin, which was cleaved between Ala-150 and Asn-151, lost its binding affinity for both MT-6 and thrombomodulin. These findings indicate that the binding site for thrombomodulin is located within the sequence between Thr-147 and Ser-158 of the B-chain.
Measuring fluid velocities with speckle patterns (1977)

A new full-field technique for mapping lines of constant velocity in a fluid flow is demonstrated. The technique utilizes light scattered from scattering sites within a selected plane of interest of the flow field. The laser-speckle pattern thus formed is used with the established methods of speckle photography and interferometry to determine the velocity field. A double pulsed ruby laser is used to measure the velocity profile in a circular pipe. Turbulent flow fields will place a limitation on the technique; this limit is primarily a function of available equipment.
Nanoencapsulation, Nano-guard for Pesticides: A New Window for Safe Application (2016)

The application of nanotechnology in pesticide delivery is relatively new and in the early stages of development. This technology aims to reduce the indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides and ensure their safe application. This critical review investigated the potential of nanotechnology, especially the nanoencapsulation process for pesticide delivery. In-depth investigation of various nanoencapsulation materials and techniques, efficacy of application, and current research trends are also presented. The focus of ongoing research was on the development of a nanoencapsulated pesticide formulation that has slow releasing properties with enhanced solubility, permeability, and stability. These properties are mainly achieved through either protecting the encapsulated active ingredients from premature degradation or increasing their pest control efficacy for a longer period. Nanoencapsulated pesticide formulation is able to reduce the dosage of pesticides and human exposure to them, which is environmentally friendly for crop protection. However, lack of knowledge of the mechanism of synthesis and lack of a cost-benefit analysis of nanoencapsulation materials hindered their application in pesticide delivery. Further investigation of these materials' behavior and their ultimate fate in the environment will help the establishment of a regulatory framework for their commercialization. The review provides fundamental and critical information for researchers and engineers in the field of nanotechnology and especially the use of nanoencapsulation techniques to deliver pesticides.