gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Processed by High-Pressure Torsion (2007)

Experiments were conducted on an AZ61 magnesium alloy to evaluate the microstructural characteristics and the mechanical properties after processing by High-Pressure Torsion (HPT). The results show that processing by HPT produces excellent grain refinement with average grain sizes of ∼0.22 and ∼0.11 μm after processing at 423 K and room temperature, respectively. Tensile testing after HPT revealed the potential for achieving superplastic elongations with a maximum recorded elongation of 620% when testing at a temperature of 473 K. Using microhardness measurements, it is demonstrated that the the microstructure gradually evolves with increasing torsional straining in HPT so that ultimately there is a reasonably homogeneous structure across the disk.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (1990)

We report serial electrophysiologic observations in a patient with acute bulbar and respiratory paralysis following ingestion of saxitoxin-contaminated clams. Prolonged distal motor and sensory latencies, slowed conduction velocities, and moderately diminished amplitudes were present at the outset. All values returned to normal over 5 days. These findings, the result of incomplete sodium channel blockade, distinguish paralytic shellfish poisoning from most other acute paralytic illnesses.
Macrophage therapy for murine liver fibrosis recruits host effector cells improving fibrosis, regeneration, and function (2011)

Macrophage cell therapy improves clinically relevant parameters in experimental chronic liver injury. Paracrine signaling to endogenous cells amplifies the effect. The benefits from this single, defined cell type suggest clinical potential.
Heterostructures based on two-dimensional layered materials and their potential applications (2015)

The development of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials is driven by fundamental interest and their potential applications. Atomically thin 2D materials provide a wide range of basic building blocks with unique electrical, optical, and thermal properties which do not exist in their bulk counterparts. The van der Waals interlayer interaction enables the possibility to exfoliate and reassemble different 2D materials into arbitrarily and vertically stacked heterostructures. Recently developed vapor phase growth of 2D materials further paves the way of directly synthesizing vertical and lateral heterojunctions. This review provides insights into the layered 2D heterostructures, with a concise introduction to preparative approaches for 2D materials and heterostructures. These unique 2D heterostructures have abundant implications for many potential applications.
Graptolite zones in the Skiddaw group in Cumberland, England (1962)

In the area between the Lorton Fells and Outerside, where the stratigraphic succession is most nearly complete, the graptolite zonal succession in descending order is as follows: zone of Didymograptus hirundo and the zone of D. extensus. The extensus zone is capable of threefold division into the subzone of Isograptus gibberulus, subzone of Didymograptus nitidus, and the subzone of D. deflexus. Below the subzone of D. deflexus the Skiddaw group has proved unfossiliferous to date.
XML schema re-engineering using a conceptual schema approach (2005)

At present, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is popular for both data presentation and data transfer activities. XML Documents follow XML Schemas. It is possible to use them as database schemas and databases. An XML Schema can be hierarchical or flat. The hierarchical one is normally used for data presentation and the flat one is for data transfer. This research project emphasizes on the data transfer application of XML. The objective of the project is to develop a technique to reengineer poorly designed XML Schemas into the normalized ones. A software tool is developed. The tool accepts well-formatted XML Schemas and well-formatted and validated XML documents as data sources. They are reengineered into the optimal normal form schemas which guarantee not to have redundancies. The Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM) is used as the conceptual schema model of XML databases.
Electromagnetic biaxial microscanner with mechanical amplification at resonance (2015)

We present the design, fabrication, and measurement results of an electromagnetic biaxial microscanner with mechanical amplification mechanism. A gimbaled scanner with two distinct single-crystal silicon layer thicknesses and integrated copper coils has been fabricated with combination of surface and bulk micromachining processes. A magnet assembly consisting of an array of permanent magnets and a pole piece has been placed under the substrate to provide high strength lateral magnetic field oriented 45° to two perpendicular scanning axes. Micromirror has been supported by additional gimbal to implement a mechanical amplification. A 1.2mm-diameter mirror with aluminum reflective surface has been actuated at 60Hz for vertical scan and at 21kHz for horizontal scan. Maximum scan angle of 36.12° at 21.19kHz and 17.62° at 60Hz have been obtained for horizontal and vertical scans, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Methanol Decomposition Catalysts for Production of H<sub>2</sub> and CO (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Characterization and Fate of Telomerase-expressing Epithelia during Kidney Repair (2011)

After acute kidney injury, mice with short telomeres develop increased damage with reduced proliferative capacity, which suggests an important role for telomere length in kidney repair. The enzyme telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert) regulates telomere length; embryonic stem cells and certain adult stem cells express mTert, but whether cells in the adult kidney express mTert and whether these cells play a role in renal repair are unknown. Here, we found that telomerase protein and mRNA were highly enriched in renal papilla, a proposed niche of kidney stem cells. Using mTert-GFP reporter mice, we detected mTert in a subset of papillary epithelial cells comprising the collecting duct predominantly but also the loop of Henle. Approximately 5% of mTert-GFP(+) cells were label retaining, a characteristic of stem cells. mTert mRNA levels increased in renal papilla after ischemia-reperfusion injury, but genetically labeled mTert-expressing papillary cells neither divided nor migrated out of the renal papilla during kidney repair. In summary, these data suggest that cells expressing telomerase reverse transcriptase are not a progenitor-cell population, and they do not play a direct role in kidney repair.
Game theory-based defense mechanisms against DDoS attacks on TCP/TCP-friendly flows (2011)

While there are significant advances in information technology and infrastructure which offer new opportunities, cyberspace is still far from completely secured. In many cases, the employed security solutions are ad hoc and lack a quantitative decision framework. To this end, game theory poses huge potential in building a defense architecture based on a solid analytical setting. In this paper, we explore the applicability of game theoretic approaches to the cyber security problem while keeping the focus on active bandwidth depletion attacks on TCP/TCP-friendly flows. We model the interaction between the attacker and the defender as a game in two attack scenarios: (i) one single attacking node for Denial of Service (DoS) and (ii) multiple attacking nodes for Distributed DoS (DDoS). The defender's challenge is to determine optimal firewall settings to block rogue traffic while allowing legitimate ones. Our analysis considers the worst-case scenario where the attacker also attempts to find the most effective sending rate or botnet size. In either case, we build a static game model to compute the Nash equilibrium that represents the best strategy for the defender. We validate the effectiveness of our game theoretic defense mechanisms via extensive simulation.
RGTA OTR 4120, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan mimetic, increases wound breaking strength and vasodilatory capability in healing rat full‐thickness excisional wounds (2008)

ReGeneraTing Agents (RGTAs), a family of polymers engineered to protect and stabilize heparin-binding growth factors, have been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, the effects of one of these polymers, RGTA OTR4120, on healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in rats were investigated. Two 1.5 cm diameter circular full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of a rat. After creation of the wounds, RGTA OTR4120 was applied. The progress of healing was assessed quantitatively by evaluating the wound closure rate, vasodilatory capability, and wound breaking strength. The results showed a triple increase of the local vascular response to heat provocation in the RGTA OTR4120-treated wounds as compared with vehicle-treated wounds. On days 14 and 79 after surgery, the wounds treated with RGTA OTR4120 gained skin strength 12% and 48% of the unwounded skin, respectively, and displayed a significantly increased gain in skin strength when compared with control animals. These results raise the possibility of efficacy of RGTA OTR4120 in accelerating surgically cutaneous wound healing by enhancing the wound breaking strength and improving the microcirculation.
Projector-Based Augmentation (2007)

Projector-based augmentation approaches hold the potential of combining the advantages of well-establishes spatial virtual reality and spatial augmented reality. Immersive, semi-immersive and augmented visualizations can be realized in everyday environments – without the need for special projection screens and dedicated display configurations. Limitations of mobile devices, such as low resolution and small field of view, focus constrains, and ergonomic issues can be overcome in many cases by the utilization of projection technology. Thus, applications that do not require mobility can benefit from efficient spatial augmentations. Examples range from edutainment in museums (such as storytelling projections onto natural stone walls in historical buildings) to architectural visualizations (such as augmentations of complex illumination simulations or modified surface materials in real building structures). This chapter describes projector-camera methods and multi-projector techniques that aim at correcting geometric aberrations, compensating local and global radiometric effects, and improving focus properties of images projected onto everyday surfaces.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to detect non-contiguous scar following atrial fibrillation ablation: identifying our knowledge gaps (2014)

This editorial refers to ‘Cardiac magnetic resonance and electroanatomical mapping of acute and chronic atrial ablation injury: a histological validation study’, by J.L. Harrison et al. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht560. 

The advent of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has revolutionized our approach to this most common of arrhythmias, and in selected instances the procedure is now considered first-line therapy. Indeed, over the past decade, tools and techniques have evolved to the stage where this procedure is routinely offered to many patients with refractory paroxysmal and early persistent AF. However, the recurrence rate following ablation continues to present an ongoing challenge with need for repeat ablation procedures in anywhere between 20% and 50% of patients. While there may be many reasons for recurrence, key amongst these is the development of recurrent pulmonary vein (PV) to left atrial (LA) connection. Over recent years, the success in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging of ventricular scar has led to attempts to reproduce these results in the atrium.

In particular, a number of studies have used CMR late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in order to characterize non-invasively the extent and distribution of scarring present following AF ablation.1–3 However, translation of the excellent results obtained from CMR imaging of ventricular scar to the atrium has faced the considerable hurdles associated with image resolution in a thin-walled structure and the absence of a widely available and standardized protocol for analysis of atrial scar. Several studies demonstrated that CMR could identify the extent of LA scarring present at 3 months post-ablation and observed that patients with more extensive scar (or greater percentage scar around the PV circumference) had a lower AF recurrence rate.2,4 In addition, there appears to be a correlation between measured contact force at the time of ablation and the extent of CMR-determined …
Metalloproteinases Are Involved in Lipopolysaccharide– and Tumor Necrosis Factor-–Mediated Regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 Chemokine Receptor Expression (1999)

The neutrophil-specific G-protein-coupled chemokine receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, bind with high affinity to the potent chemoattractant interleukin-8 (IL-8). The mechanisms of IL-8 receptor regulation are not well defined, although previous studies have suggested a process of ligand-promoted internalization as a putative regulatory pathway. Herein, we provide evidence for two distinct processes of CXCR1 and CXCR2 regulation. Confocal microscopy data showed a redistribution of CXCR1 expression from the cell surface of neutrophils to internal compartments after stimulation with IL-8, whereas stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) did not induce CXCR1 internalization but instead mediated a significant loss of membrane-proximal CXCR1 staining intensity. To investigate whether proteolytic cleavage was the mechanism responsible for LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced downmodulation of IL-8 receptors, we tested a panel of proteinase inhibitors. The downmodulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 by LPS and TNF-alpha was most dramatically inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors; 1, 10-phenanthroline and EDTA significantly attenuated LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced loss of CXCR1 and CXCR2 cell surface expression. Metalloproteinase inhibitors also blocked the release of CXCR1 cleavage fragments into the cell supernatants of LPS- and TNF-alpha-stimulated neutrophils. In addition, while treatment of neutrophils with LPS and TNF-alpha inhibited IL-8 receptor-mediated calcium mobilization and IL-8-directed neutrophil chemotaxis, both 1, 10-phenanthroline and EDTA blocked these inhibitory processes. In contrast, metalloproteinase inhibitors did not affect IL-8-mediated downmodulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 cell surface expression or receptor signaling. Thus, these findings may provide further insight into the mechanisms of leukocyte regulation during immunologic and inflammatory responses.
New gettering using misfit dislocations in homoepitaxial wafers with heavily boron-doped silicon substrates (1989)

The gettering mechanism due to misfit dislocations in P/P+ epitaxial wafers is clarified for copper-diffused epitaxial wafers. The epilayer thickness of the sample is 2.2 μm and the substrate resistivity of the sample is 0.0015–0.002 Ω cm. It is dipped in a Cu(NO3 )2 -HF solution and annealed at 900 °C for 30 min. The in-depth Cu profile obtained by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy shows a distinctive peak at the P+ -substrate side in the vicinity of the epi/sub interface. This peak coincides with that of dislocation density for their location in depth. Furthermore, from energy dispersive spectroscopy observation the diffused copper is found to be effectively gettered at misfit dislocations as copper silicide from moiré fringe.
Feature article. Preparation of new polyimide–silica hybrid materials via the sol–gel process (1992)

After a description of the preparation of polymer-metal oxide hybrid materials via the sol-gel method, recent results on the preparation of new polyimide-silica hybrid materials are reviewed. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) can be hydrolysed and polycondensed to form a three-dimensional silica-gel network in a solution of polyamic acids, the precursor polymers of polyimides, and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Films of the polyamic acid-silica gel mixtures can be cast onto glass plates, and can then be heated to 300 °C to convert the component matrix polymers to polyimides. Five kinds of polyamic acid have been designed and prepared. One of them was the usual polyamic acid, having no connection site with silica, whereas others had ethoxysilyl groups in the polymer backbone. The polyimide-silica hybrid films containing 70 wt.% of silica were self-standing and tough. The transparent-opaque changing points shifted to higher silica content with increasing ethoxysilyl-group content of the matrix polyimides. The silica particles were dispersed homogeneously in the matrix polyimides, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The size of the silica particles increased with increasing silica content, and decreased with increasing ethoxysilyl content. Results of the dynamic-mechanical analysis indicate that movement of the polyimide chain in the matrix is restricted, especially when the polyimides contain higher amounts of ethoxysilyl. The tensile strength of the hybrid films showed no decrease with increasing silica content, whereas the tensile modulus increased in all cases except that where the matrix polyimide did not contain any ethoxysilyl groups.
BACK EXTRUSION OF POWER LAW FLUIDS1 (1987)

A mathematical model, using dimensionless terms, was developed to describe the behavior of power law fluids in a back extrusion (annular pumping) device. A graph and a table were prepared to determine rheological properties from experimental data. Expressions to calculate shear stress and shear rate at the plunger wall were obtained. The model was experimentally validated by comparing values obtained with the back extrusion device to those obtained with a concentric cylinder viscometer.
Integrated Departure Route Planning (2008)

This paper describes research on the integrated departure route planning (IDRP) operational concept and supporting functions that will assist traffic flow management (TFM) personnel conducting departure management. IDRP will provide automated support and information to help decision makers evaluate and implement different solutions, taking into account all significant data such as filed flight plans and acceptable alternatives, surface departure queues, predicted convective weather and traffic congestion impacts to routes in the terminal area and nearby en route airspace, and forecast uncertainty. By bringing all of these factors into a single integrated environment, IDRP will reduce the time needed to make departure management decisions and coordinate their implementation, increase the effectiveness of the decisions made, and support efficient revision of departure management plans as weather and traffic situations change. IDRPpsilas background and operational concept are described, followed by an overview of a prototype used to demonstrate and evaluate the concept. Results are presented from a series of interviews with experts having TFM experience; these sessions helped to enhance the operational concept and refine the information requirements for the prototype. Next steps are to implement the IDRP prototype in operational centers for the purpose of obtaining further data about the usage and benefits of the capabilities, and to conduct additional laboratory research exploring more highly automated IDRP functionality and addressing integration issues.
A new genus and species of Tydeidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from New Zealand (1969)

A new genus and species of tydeid mite, Australotydaeus kirsteneae n. g., n. sp., is described from the South Island of New Zealand. The specimens on which the description is based were collected from the foliage of an indigenous, subalpine scrub plant Olearia colensoi Hook. f.
Dietary Manipulation of Methotrexate‐Induced Enterocolitis (1991)

Administration of chemotherapy is limited by host toxicity, which is often manifested by severe enterocolitis. This study evaluated the effects of a liquid, elemental, chemically defined diet (ED) supplemented with 2% glutamine (Glu‐ED) compared with a polypeptide diet (PPD) on the morbidity and mortality after methotrexate (MTX) administration. Fischer 344 rats (n=80) were fed either a regular rat chow diet (RD), a 2% glycine supplemented elemental diet (Gly‐ED), a 2% glutamine‐supplemented elemental diet (GLU‐ED), and a glycine‐supplemented polypeptide diet(Gly‐PPD) for 7 days prior to administration of MTX (20 mg/kg, ip). After 72 hours, eight rats per group were killed; portal vein and vena cava blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, small intestine, and cecum were sampled for bacterial culture. Remaining animals were followed to calculate survival. One hundred percent of the Gly‐PPD and 25% of the Glu‐ED animals survived compared with 0% of the Gly‐ED animals. Our data showed that ED resulted in an increased quantity of intestinal Gram‐negative bacteria and diminished intestinal mucosal height and mucosal DNA/protein content. The polypeptide diet prevented intestinal mucosal atrophy, avoided MTX‐induced enterocolitis and significantly improved animal survival compared with an elemental diet with or without glutamine supplementation. ( Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15 :307–312, 1991)
A Novel Class of Orally Active Non-Peptide Bradykinin B<sub>2</sub> Receptor Antagonists. 2. Overcoming the Species Difference between Guinea Pig and Man (1998)

Recently we reported the identification of a series of 8-[[3-(N-acylglycyl-N-methylamino)-2, 6-dichlorobenzyl]oxy]-3-halo-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as the first orally active non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists (1-3). These compounds inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BK to guinea pig ileum membrane preparations expressing B2 receptors with nanomolar IC50's and also displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activities against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs at 1 mg/kg by oral administration. However, it was found that their affinities for the B2 receptors in human A-431 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma) were much lower. Intensive modifications of the terminal substituents at the glycine moiety elucidated the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for human B2 receptors, leading to an extended basic framework which incorporated a novel key pharmacophore. Thus, we overcame the species difference and identified the first clinical candidate 18c (FR167344) with IC50's of 0.66 and 1.4 nM for guinea pig ileum and human A-431 cells, respectively. This compound displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activity against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs with an ED50 value of 0.17 mg/kg by oral administration. This novel non-peptide B2 antagonist is extremely potent both in vitro and in vivo by oral administration and is expected to be the first member of a new class of drug for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.