gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gecko ι-crystallin: How cellular retinol-binding protein became an eye lens ultraviolet filter (2000)

Eye lenses of various diurnal geckos contain up to 12% iota-crystallin. This protein is related to cellular retinol-binding protein type I (CRBP I) but has 3,4-didehydroretinol, rather than retinol, as a ligand. The 3,4-didehydroretinol gives the lens a yellow color, thus protecting the retina by absorbing short-wave radiation. iota-Crystallin could be either the gecko's housekeeping CRBP I, recruited for an additional function in the lens, or the specialized product of a duplicated CRBP I gene. The finding of the same CRBP I-like sequence in lens and liver cDNA of the gecko Lygodactylus picturatus now supports the former option. Comparison with iota-crystallin of a distantly related gecko, Gonatodes vittatus, and with mammalian CRBP I, suggests that acquiring the additional lens function is associated with increased amino acid changes. Compared with the rat CRBP I structure, the iota-crystallin model shows reduced negative surface charge, which might facilitate the required tight protein packing in the lens. Other changes may provide increased stability, advantageous for a long-living lens protein, without frustrating its role as retinol transporter outside the lens. Despite a number of replacements in the ligand pocket, recombinant iota-crystallin binds 3,4-didehydroretinol and retinol with similar and high affinity (approximately 1.6 nM). Availability of ligand thus determines whether it binds 3,4-didehydroretinol, as in the lens, or retinol, in other tissues. iota-Crystallin presents a striking example of exploiting the potential of an existing gene without prior duplication.
Business information in transition: the business information resources survey 2000 (2000)

Surveys the use of information in UK business libraries, based on a questionnaire mailed in November 1999 to 525 libraries.
The Cognitive Informatics Theory and Mathematical Models of Visual Information Processing in the Brain (2009)

It is recognized that the internal mechanisms for visual information processing are based on semantic inferences where visual information is represented and processed as visual semantic objects rather than direct images or episode pictures in the long-term memory. This article presents a cognitive informatics theory of visual information and knowledge processing in the brain. A set of cognitive principles of visual perception is reviewed particularly the classic gestalt principles, the cognitive informatics principles, and the hypercolumn theory. A visual frame theory is developed to explain the visual information processing mechanisms of human vision, where the size of a unit visual frame is tested and calibrated based on vision experiments. The framework of human visual information processing is established in order to elaborate mechanisms of visual information processing and the compatibility of internal representations between visual and abstract information and knowledge in the brain.
Growth-Differentiation Factor 15 Predicts Worsening of Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2012)

We identified GDF-15 as a clinically valuable marker for predicting transition in albuminuria stage in T2DM beyond conventional risk markers. These findings were confirmed in nondiabetic HT subjects.
The AIS-5000 parallel processor (1988)

The AIS-5000 is a commercially available massively parallel processor which was designed to operate in an industrial environment. It has fine-grained parallelism with up to 1024 processing elements arranged in a single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) architecture. The processing elements are arranged in a one-dimensional chain that, for computer vision applications, can be as wide as the image itself. The overall architecture of the system is described. Various components of the system are discussed, including details of the processing elements, data I/O (input/output) pathways and parallel memory organization. A virtual two-dimensional model for programming image-based algorithms for the system is also presented. Performance benchmarks are given for certain simple and complex functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Condensed tannins. 16. Synthesis of (−)-flavans from (+)-dihydroflavonols (1963)

Research Article| May 01 1963 Condensed tannins. 16. Synthesis of (−)-flavans from (+)-dihydroflavonols DG Roux DG Roux 1Leather Industries Research Institute, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1963) 87 (2): 435–439. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0870435 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation DG Roux; Condensed tannins. 16. Synthesis of (−)-flavans from (+)-dihydroflavonols. Biochem J 1 May 1963; 87 (2): 435–439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0870435 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1963 The Biochemical Society1963 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Predictive data mining to support clinical decisions: An overview of heart disease prediction systems (2012)

Healthcare organizations are faced with challenges to provide cost-effective and high quality patient care. Both administrators and clinicians need to analyze a wealth of data available in the databases of healthcare information systems in order to discover knowledge and to make informed decisions. This is critical in particular to enhance the effectiveness of disease treatment and preventions. It becomes of more important in case of heart disease (HD) that is regarded as the primary reason behind death in adults. Data mining serves as an analysis tool to discover hidden relationships and patterns in HD medical data. This paper reviews five models constructed of single and combined data mining techniques to support clinical decisions in (HD) diagnosis and prediction. The five systems provide automatic pattern recognition and attempts to uncover relationships among different parameters and symptoms of HD. Each system exhibits set of strengths and limitations in terms of the type of data it handles, accuracy, ease of interpretation, reliability and generalization ability. Poor generalization ability is still a major open issue for data mining in healthcare mainly because of the lack of input data and cost of re-processing.
Enhanced oral bioavailability and anti‐tumour effect of paclitaxel by 20(s)‐ginsenoside Rg3<i>in vivo</i> (2012)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of paclitaxel in combination with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 on its anti-tumour effect in nude mice. In the Caco-2 transport assay, the apparent permeability from the apical side to the basal side (P(app)) (A-B) and P(app) (B-A) of paclitaxel were measured when co-incubated with different concentrations of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3. The results indicated that the penetration of paclitaxel through the Caco-2 monolayer from the apical side to the basal side was facilitated by 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and the maximum inhibition was achieved at 80 µM (p < 0.05). The pharmacokinetic parameters of paclitaxel after oral co-administration of paclitaxel (40 mg/kg) with various doses of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 in rats were investigated by an in vivo pharmacokinetic experiment. The results showed that the AUC of paclitaxel co-administered with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 was significantly higher (p < 0.001 at 10 mg/kg) compared with the control. The relative bioavailability (RB) % of paclitaxel with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 was 3.4-fold (10 mg/kg) higher than that of the control. The effect of paclitaxel orally co-administered with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 against human tumour MCF-7 xenografts in nude mice was also evaluated. Paclitaxel (20 mg/kg) co-administered with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 (10 mg/kg) exhibited an effective anti-tumour activity with the relative tumor growth rate (T/C) values of 39.36% (p <0.05). The results showed that 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 enhanced the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel in rats and improved the anti-tumour activity in nude mice, indicating that oral co-administration of paclitaxel with 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 could provide an effective strategy in addition to the established i.v. route.
Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies (2015)

Flip-chip (FC) packaging is a key technology for realizing high performance, ultra-miniaturized and high-density circuits in the micro-electronics industry. In this technique the chip and/or the substrate is bumped and the two are bonded via these conductive bumps. Many bumping techniques have been developed and intensively investigated since the introduction of the FC technology in 19601 such as stencil printing, stud bumping, evaporation and electroless/electroplating2. Despite the progress that these methods have made they all suffer from one or more than one drawbacks that need to be addressed such as cost, complex processing steps, high processing temperatures, manufacturing time and most importantly the lack of flexibility. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective laser-based bump forming technique known as Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)3. Using the LIFT technique a wide range of bump materials can be printed in a single-step with great flexibility, high speed and accuracy at RT. In addition, LIFT enables the bumping and bonding down to chip-scale, which is critical for fabricating ultra-miniature circuitry.
Heterologous Expression and Biochemical Characterization of two Functionally Different Type I Fatty Acid Synthases from <i>Brevibacterium Ammoniagenes</i> (1997)

The coryneform bacterium, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, contains two structurally related but functionally differentiated type I fatty acid synthases, FAS-A and FAS-B. Isolation of homogeneous preparations of both enzymes was achieved by constructing specific fasA and fasB expression systems. In B. ammoniagenes, insertional mutagenesis of fasB allowed the specific production of enzymatically active FAS-A. The corresponding fasA mutant was not suited for FAS-B purification as the level of this enzyme was extremely low, in the fasA-disruptants. Instead, FAS-B could be efficiently expressed in the heterologous host, Escherichia coli. Using specific antisera against each of the two FAS variants, FAS-A was shown to be the predominant FAS protein in B. ammoniagenes. In contrast the two enzymes are expressed at comparable rates in E. coli even though the same upstream sequences were associated with fasA and fasB, as in B. ammoniagenes. Due to their differential capacities of being activated to the phosphopantetheine-containing holo-enzyme in the heterologous host, only FAS-B but not FAS-A exhibited overall FAS activity when isolated from E. coli. Irrespective of their origin, the purified FAS-A and FAS-B proteins were indistinguishable with respect to their flavin fluorescence, their subunit size and their sucrose density gradient sedimentation characteristics. Nevertheless, the in vitro products of both enzymes differ characteristically: while FAS-A synthesizes mainly the 18-carbon fatty acids oleate and stearate with only traces of palmitate, the major product of FAS-B is palmitic acid. No unsaturated fatty acids are produced by FAS-B. Thus, the two B ammoniogenes type I fatty acid synthases differ, in spite of their very similar overall protein structure, in both their ability to synthesize oleic acid and in their chain-length specificities.
Oral nabilone capsules in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and pain (2007)

Nabilone is superior to placebo, domperidone and prochlorperazine but not metoclopramide or chlorpromazine. Cannabinoids do not add to benefits of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists. Side effects are greater for nabilone than for prochlorperazine, in most studies patients prefered nabilone over prochlorperazine. Nabilone is ineffective in acute pain but benefits in neuropathic pain and central hypersensitization. Recent guidelines place nabilone as a second to fourth line drug for neuropathic pain.
The potential of parathyroid hormone as a therapy for osteoporosis. (2003)

Over the past 10 years, therapeutic optimism in osteoporosis has been fueled by the development of agents that inhibit the resorption of bone. An increase in bone density with the bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate, for example, is associated with significant reductions in vertebral and hip fracture incidence. Although bone is clearly stronger when these agents are used, there is no conclusive evidence that they improve the microarchitectural defects that characterize the disorder. It has been known for years that parathyroid hormone (PTH) can be an anabolic agent in animals. Recently, it has been confirmed that low-dose, intermittent administration of PTH is associated with selective anabolic effects in human subjects, whereas higher doses administered continuously are associated with catabolic effects. This observation has led to an experimental design in which PTH is administered to human subjects once daily in doses that do not regularly lead to adverse events, such as hypercalcemia. Two-year studies using PTH alone have been directed at postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in women and at men with idiopathic osteoporosis. In both women and men, PTH leads to marked increases in bone density at the lumbar spine and also, significantly, in the hip. In PMO, PTH is associated with significant reductions in vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. When PTH is used in combination with an anti-resorptive agent, like estrogen, the markedly positive effects on bone mass are also seen in PMO and in those with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. After PTH is withdrawn, but estrogen therapy is continued, the gains in bone mass are maintained. It is not known whether gains in bone mass are maintained if PTH is withdrawn without continuing therapy with an anti-resorptive agent; however, preliminary data suggest that the gains in bone mass begin to be lost. Bone biopsy samples in PMO and in men with idiopathic osteoporosis, before and after therapy with PTH, when subjected to histomorphometric analysis show marked increases in cortical thickness and improvements in indices of trabecular connectivity, thus allaying concerns that PTH may cause cortical thinning. It would appear that the increase in cortical wall thickness is due, in part, to stimulation by PTH of periosteal apposition at a rate greater than its effect to cause endocortical resorption. In all studies reported to date, PTH appears to be well tolerated. The era of anabolic therapy for osteoporosis is at hand, with PTH being the first to be tested with sufficient rigor to demonstrate its efficacy.
A New Instrument for the Determination of Radio Path Delay due to Atmospheric Water Vapor (1985)

A new water-vapor radiometer is being developed to determine atmospheric path-delay corrections for geodynamics applications. The radiometer has microwave channels at 20.7, 22.2, and 31.4 GHz, and includes new features which should promote radiometric precision while at the same time reduce instrument complexity. The instrument will be compact, portable, and will possess a self-diagnostic capability to ensure reliability. The performance objective is the determination of the line-of-sight path delay though the atmosphere due to water vapor with a one-sigma error less than 0.5 cm at the zenith.
Input impedance of a multilayer insulated monopole antenna (2002)

An efficient modal expansion method was developed for the analysis of the sleeve monopole antenna fed by a coaxial line [Shen and McPhie, 1995]. This method is employed to calculate the current distribution and input impedance of a multilayer insulated monopole antenna fed by a coaxial transmission line. The modal expansion analysis is facilitated by the introduction of a perfectly matched boundary (PMB), which is the combination of an electrical wall and a magnetic wall. The resulting guided-wave structure is then divided into several sub-regions; the electromagnetic fields in these subregions are expressed by the summation of their modal functions weighted by some unknown expansion coefficients. These coefficients, which lead to the current distribution and input impedance of the antenna, are found by enforcing the boundary and continuity conditions at conducting surfaces and regional interfaces. An efficient recursive algorithm is presented to implement the analysis of an arbitrary multilayer insulated monopole antenna. The modal expansion method presented not only takes the effect of the coaxial feed line into account, but is also valid for the cases of a thick monopole antenna and a monopole immersed in a multilayer dielectric cylinder of arbitrary permittivity. Numerical results for the input impedance of a dielectric-coated monopole antenna and an air-insulated monopole are compared with experimental ones available in the literature.
Spread slotted ALOHA techniques for mobile and personal satellite communication systems (1992)

The objective is to develop a general theoretical framework for a class of spread slotted ALOHA (SSA) systems. The contributions include: modeling of a generalized spread slotted ALOHA (SSA) system; derivation of computationally efficient closed form expressions for the SSA system throughput and delay taking into account receiver complexity; and presentation of numerical results to validate the derivation as well as to substantiate the superior performance of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate that SSA schemes offer significant improvements in terms of throughput, delay, and network stability against excessive loading at very acceptable levels of receiver implementation complexities. Also, SSA is found to be highly robust to errors in the time of arrivals and eliminates the need for a guard time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preparation of N,N‘-Disilylated 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene Chelates and Their Group 4 Metal Complexes for Ethylene Polymerization (1998)

The reaction of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene with trimethylchlorosilane and tri(isopropyl)chlorosilane gives N,N‘-disilylated products (1a,b) in moderate yields. Double deprotonation of 1a,b with n-BuLi yields the dilithiated products (2a,b) in 78−85% yield. The reaction of 2a,b with TiCl4 produces diamidotitanium(IV) dichlorides, {1,8-C10H6(NSiMe3)2}TiCl2 (3a) and {1,8-C10H6(NSi(i-Pr)3)2}TiCl2 (3b). The crystal structure of 3a shows that the complex has an unusually large Cl−Ti−Cl angle (120.5°). Meanwhile, the bulkier substituents on the nitrogen atoms of 3b are significantly away from the naphthalene plane. The reaction of 2a,b with ZrCl4 produces a bis(diamido)zirconium(IV) complex {1,8-C10H6(NSiMe3)2}2Zr (4a) and a diamidozirconium(IV) dichloride {1,8-C10H6(NSi(i-Pr)3)2}ZrCl2 (4b), respectively. The crystal structure of 4b shows that the molecule forms a dimer associated through two chloro bridges in the solid state. Facile monomethylation and transmetalation of 3a to form a dinuclear aluminum complex (5) were observed when it was exposed to trimethylaluminum. The molecular structure of 5 is identified with an independent synthesis and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of 5 shows that two nitrogen centers and two aluminum centers comprise a metallacycle in a butterfly shape. In contrast, only monomethylation of 3b occurs at room temperature. However, no sign of methylation was observed for 4b at all. With a modified methylalumoxane (MAO), transfer of methyl and isopropyl groups to 3a and 3b was observed at room temperature. However, the transmetalated product 5 was not observed under the particular conditions. It is found that 3a and 3b show the marginal reactivity for ethylene polymerization in the presence of MAO.
Molecular evolution of plant β‐glucan endohydrolases (1995)

The evolutionary relationships of two classes of plant beta-glucan endohydrolases have been examined by comparison of their substrate specificities, their three-dimensional conformations and the structural features of their corresponding genes. These comparative studies provide compelling evidence that the (1-->3)-beta-glucanases and (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases from higher plants share a common ancestry and, in all likelihood, that the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases diverged from the (1-->3)-beta-glucanases during the appearance of the graminaceous monocotyledons. The evolution of (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases from (1-->3)-beta-glucanases does not appear to have invoked 'modular' mechanisms of change, such as those caused by exon shuffling or recombination. Instead, the shift in specificity has been acquired through a limited number of point mutations that have resulted in amino acid substitutions along the substrate-binding cleft. This is consistent with current theories that the evolution of new enzymic activity is often achieved through duplication of the gene encoding an existing enzyme which is capable of performing the required chemistry, in this case the hydrolysis of a glycosidic linkage, followed by the mutational alteration and fine-tuning of substrate specificity. The evolution of a new specificity has enabled a dramatic shift in the functional capabilities of the enzymes. (1-->3)-beta-Glucanases that play a major role, inter alia, in the protection of the plant against pathogenic microorganisms through their ability to hydrolyse the (1-->3)-beta-glucans of fungal cell walls, appear to have been recruited to generate (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases, which quite specifically hydrolyse plant cell wall (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucans in the graminaceous monocotyledons during normal wall metabolism. Thus, one class of beta-glucan endohydrolase can degrade beta-glucans in fungal walls, while the other hydrolyses structurally distinct beta-glucans of plant cell walls. Detailed information on the three-dimensional structures of the enzymes and the identification of catalytic amino acids now present opportunities to explore the precise molecular and atomic details of substrate-binding, catalytic mechanisms and the sequence of molecular events that resulted in the evolution of the substrate specificities of the two classes of enzyme.