gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active Spine Modeling Representing a 6 Year-Old Child (2014)

In a car crash, properly restrained forward facing children may sustain head injuries due to contact with the car interior. Emergency events such as braking and steering will influence the kinematics of the child, thereby affecting the child’s interaction with the restraint systems. Volunteer experiments (Stockman et al. 2013) have shown that children around six years of age, properly restrained on a booster cushion, may slip out of the shoulder belt during a 1g emergency event, while older children can maintain their posture better. A numerical human body model of the 6 year-old would be a valuable tool to study and improve the performance of restraint systems in the pre-crash phase. Compared to a crash, an emergency event typically has low g and long duration loading; hence, the muscle activity will influence the kinematics of the child. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop an active 6 year-old human body model.The 6 year-old facet occupant multi body model in the MADYMO code (TASS, Rijswijk, the Netherlands) was selected. The spine is composed of rigid vertebral bodies connected with spherical joints. Muscle activity was implemented by applying torques at each vertebral joint for flexion-extension and lateral bending. The torque actuators were controlled by proportional, integrative and derivative controllers comparing the current joint angles to an initial posture reference value. The controller gains were based on adult data and scaled by 50% for a first version of the active child model. The resulting active 6 year-old model was used to simulate the volunteer experiments by Stockman et al. 2013. The model was seated on a booster cushion and loaded with the average experimental pulse. The first version of the active child model had a significantly improved biofidelity compared to the original facet model, with shape and magnitude of displacements similar to the volunteer data, see Figure.It is concluded that the first version active 6 year-old model can reproduce this specific emergency event. Future work should focus on controller gain optimization and further validation.
Establishing the Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis as an Expression Host for Production of the Saposin-Like Domain of the Aspartic Protease Cirsin (2013)

Typical plant aspartic protease zymogens comprise a characteristic and plant-specific insert (PSI). PSI domains can interact with membranes, and a role as a defensive weapon against pathogens has been proposed. However, the potential of PSIs as antimicrobial agents has not been fully investigated and explored yet due to problems in producing sufficient amounts of these domains in bacteria. Here, we report the development of an expression platform for the production of the PSI domain of cirsin in the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. We successfully generated K. lactis transformants expressing and secreting significant amounts of correctly processed and glycosylated PSI, as well as its nonglycosylated mutant. A purification protocol with protein yields of ∼4.0 mg/liter was established for both wild-type and nonglycosylated PSIs, which represents the highest reported yield for a nontagged PSI domain. Subsequent bioactivity assays targeting phytopathogenic fungi indicated that the PSI of cirsin is produced in a biologically active form in K. lactis and provided clear evidence for its antifungal activity. This yeast expression system thereby emerges as a promising production platform for further exploring the biotechnological potential of these plant saposin-like proteins.
A physiological role for oxalic acid biosynthesis in the wood-rotting basidiomycete <i>Fomitopsis palustris</i> (2001)

A metabolic mechanism for oxalic acid biosynthesis in the wood-rotting basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris has been proposed on the basis of biochemical analyses of glucose metabolism. There was a strong correlation between glucose consumption and oxalate production. Oxalic acid was found to accumulate in the culture fluid in about 80% of the theoretical yield or about 5-fold, on the basis of the fungal biomass harvested. The results clearly indicate that glucose was not completely oxidized to CO(2) by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle but converted mainly to oxalate. The determination of the 12 enzymes concerned has revealed the occurrence of the unprecedented metabolic coupling of the TCA and glyoxylate cycles that support oxalate biosynthesis. In this metabolic system, isocitrate lyase (EC ), together with oxaloacetase (EC ), was found to play a pivotal role in yielding oxalate from oxaloacetate via the acetate-recycling routes. Moreover, malate dehydrogenase (EC ), with an extraordinarily high activity among the enzymes tested, was shown to play an important role in generating NADH by oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. Thus, it is proposed that the wood-rotting basidiomycete acquires biochemical energy by oxidizing glucose to oxalate.
Synthesis and characterization of a hyperbranched polyol with long flexible chains and its application in cationic UV curing (2000)

A hyperbranched polyol with long flexible chains on the molecule surface was synthesized and characterized. The effect of the hyperbranched polyol as flexibilizer and chain-transfer agent on cationic UV curing was investigated. It was found the hyperbranched polyol could markedly improve the mechanical properties of cured film. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1353–1356, 2000
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF MULTILAYERED VISCOELASTIC MEDIA USING WAVE PROPAGATION THEORY (2008)

本研究の目的は，FWD試験の時系列データを用いて構造評価するための新しい動的逆解析法（W-BALM）を開発することである．本方法の大きな特徴は，フォークトモデルで構成される粘弾性多層体に作用する衝撃荷重の波動伝播の理論解を順解析に組み込んでいることである．逆解析では，各層のフォークトモデルのパラメータの値を推定している．逆解析には打切り特異値分解を組み込んだGauss Newton法を用い，時間領域で解析たわみと測定たわみが一致するようにパラメータを決定している．実測データを用いて本理論で逆解析を行い動的逆解析ソフトウェアD-BALMで得られた結果と比較した．両者の結果は類似しているが，W-BALMの結果の方が初期値によるばらつきが若干少ない．
Immunogold-Silver Staining — Autometallography: Recent Developments and Protocols (1996)

In the early eighties, a series of papers were published to introduce a reliable and easy-to-handle technique for light microscopical and ultrastructural autometallographic studies. Specific methods were developed to demonstrate endogenous zinc pools of zinc ions in synaptic and secretory vesicles; exogenous mercury, silver bound as sulphide or selenide crystals, in lysosomes; and tissue-bound gold ions resulting from medicamented aurothiocompounds. It was demonstrated that gold ions chemically bound in the lysosomes had to be reduced to metallic gold before they could be silver-amplified. This understanding made it feasible to apply autometallographic amplification for magnifying colloidal-gold particles in thick, semithin and ultrathin sections. As a result, the highly sensitive in situ colloidal gold-labeled detection of peptides, proteins and amines by immunocytochemistry (immuno gold-silver staining [IGSS]), carbohydrates by lectin histochemistry; and DNA and RNA by in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and in situ 3SR techniques were born. Here, we present an overview of the literature on IGSS techniques used for light and electron microscopic studies and also give guidelines for using IGSS based on our own experience.
Bootstrapping deny-by-default access control for mobile ad-hoc networks (2008)

We investigate the bootstrapping of policy-based access control in a deny-by-default mission-critical MANET. In the absence of any initial policies, a deny-by-default system fundamentally prevents all traffic flow. Providing all policies prior to deployment assumes advanced knowledge of all possible future scenarios - an assumption that is often unrealistic in practice; furthermore, policies may change over time. Thus, alternatively, network nodes can be initialized with a small set of initial policies (which we refer to as an axiomatic set of policies) that allow them to obtain additional policies, update outdated policies, and establish connectivity with neighboring nodes - a process that we refer to as bootstrapping. We identify a set of axiomatic policies for bootstrapping a deny-by-default system, propose a bootstrap protocol for neighbor link setup, and study how policies can be propagated within the MANET. Safety and liveness of the proposed bootstrap protocol are formally proved via model checking in SPIN. We also analyze the tradeoff between network vulnerability (the fraction of time that a nodepsilas policy is out-of-date) and the overhead incurred by different policy-dissemination approaches.
Treatment options for localized scleroderma. (2000)

Localized scleroderma, or morphea, is a chronic disease that causes a thickening and induration of the skin. For plaque type morphea, the treatments of choice include super-potent corticosteroids and calcipotriol. For the more generalized forms, as well as the linear forms, UVA is currently the best therapeutic modality. Patients with localized scleroderma are managed by both rheumatologists and dermatologists. There is still much therapeutic uncertainty in this disease.
Adrenomedullin2 (ADM2)/Intermedin (IMD) in Rat Ovary: Changes in Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy and Its Role in Ovulation and Steroidogenesis1 (2014)

Adrenomedullin2 (ADM2) is reported to facilitate embryo implantation and placental development. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to identify if ADM2 has a functional role in ovary to facilitate its reproductive actions. This study shows that the expression of ADM2 is differentially regulated in rat estrous cycle and that ADM2 increases the synthesis and secretion of 17beta-estradiol accompanied with an increase in the expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1), estrogen receptor Esr1, and enzymes involved in steroidogenesis in equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)-treated rat ovaries. In addition, inhibition of endogenous ADM2 function in eCG-treated immature rats caused impaired ovulation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of Adm2 and receptor activity modifying protein 3 is higher in the ovary on Day 18 compared to nonpregnant and pregnant rats on Day 22. ADM2-like immunoreactivity is localized in granulosa cells, blood vessels, oocytes, cumulous oophorus, and corpus luteum of pregnant ovaries, suggesting a potential role for ADM2 in the ovary. This is supported by the presence of ADM2-like immunoreactivity in the corpus luteum during pregnancy and a decline in aromatase immunoreactivity in corpus luteum on Day 9 of gestation in rats infused with ADM2 antagonist during implantation and decidualization phase. Taken together, this study suggests a potential involvement of ADM2 in the rat ovary in regulating synthesis of estradiol to support ovulation and facilitate efficient implantation and placental development for a successful pregnancy.
Effect of monoglycerides on the percutaneous absorption of papaverine hydrochloride. (1990)

The skin permeation enhancement of papaverine hydrochloride by free fatty acids (C3-C12), monoglycerides (side chains C5-C12) and caprylic acid (C8) esters was evaluated using the excised hairless rat skin. Enhancement was marked in the case of glyceryl monocaprylate; the cumulative amount of papaverine that permeated through skin over 28 hours from an aqueous suspension was 29.7 mg/cm2 with, and 26.9 micrograms/cm2 without glyceryl monocaprylate. The mechanism of enhancement was studied by measuring the effect the enhancers had on the diffusion and partition parameters of papaverine. Free fatty acids mainly affected the drug's diffusion, and monoglycerides mainly affected the drug's partition. For monoglyceride enhancers, a good linear relationship between the flux of papaverine and the amount of enhancer in skin was established. n-Octanol-water partition coefficients (log Pcal) of the enhancers were selected as indicators of their physicochemical properties, and related to their penetration-enhancing abilities. A parabolic relationship was found between the log of the flux of papaverine and log Pcal, for all types of enhancers. The relationship may be a good indicator in predicting enhancing effects.
Das Ribonukleinsäure-Ribonuklease-System von Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Zur Stoffwechselregulation bei Eukaryoten / On the Metabolic Regulation in Eucaryotes: The Ribonucleic Acid-Ribonuclease System in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1971)

A “latent” ribosomal ribonuclease was demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was repressed by glucose parallel to the respiratory enzymes during logarithmic growth. It was induced by oxygen after consumption of glucose, and while the cells were growing on ethanol. In the growing cell, this ribonuclease was associated with the ribosomes. It hydrolyzed non-functional polynucleotide bonds only leaving untouched the integrity and functionality of the ribosomal structure. Though this ribonuclease was not integrated into the mitochondria, its synthesis depended upon the intact and coupled respiratory chain, similar to the mitochondrial enzymes proper. The function of the ribosomal ribonuclease seems to be the adaptation of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid content to the specific growth conditions together with the protein synthesis capacity of the cell. Hence, the enzyme serves the economy of the cell: when the cells grow fast during the fermentative phase only little ribonucleic acid is degraded; during the oxidative phase, when metabolic activity is low, ribonucleic acid is hydrolzyed as a saving mechanism. The switching between glycolytic and aerobic metabolism, which is brought about by alternating synthesis of the respective enzymes, is closely related to the ribonucleic acid turnover in the yeast cell and is probably regulated analogously in higher organisms.
Stilbenoid Dendrimers (1998)

A convergent synthesis in which all trans double bonds were constructed by Wittig–Horner reactions produces dendrimers of the general structure 1. With long-chain alkoxy residues on the periphery of the benzene rings, the first two generations display liquid crystalline behavior.
Non‐invasive prospective targeting of arterial <i>P</i> in subjects at rest (2008)

Accurate measurements of arterial P(CO(2)) (P(a,CO(2))) currently require blood sampling because the end-tidal P(CO(2)) (P(ET,CO(2))) of the expired gas often does not accurately reflect the mean alveolar P(CO(2)) and P(a,CO(2)). Differences between P(ET,CO(2)) and P(a,CO(2)) result from regional inhomogeneities in perfusion and gas exchange. We hypothesized that breathing via a sequential gas delivery circuit would reduce these inhomogeneities sufficiently to allow accurate prediction of P(a,CO(2)) from P(ET,CO(2)). We tested this hypothesis in five healthy middle-aged men by comparing their P(ET,CO(2)) values with P(a,CO(2)) values at various combinations of P(ET,CO(2)) (between 35 and 50 mmHg), P(O(2)) (between 70 and 300 mmHg), and breathing frequencies (f; between 6 and 24 breaths min(-1)). Once each individual was in a steady state, P(a,CO(2)) was collected in duplicate by consecutive blood samples to assess its repeatability. The difference between P(ET,CO(2)) and average P(a,CO(2)) was 0.5 +/- 1.7 mmHg (P = 0.53; 95% CI -2.8, 3.8 mmHg) whereas the mean difference between the two measurements of P(a,CO(2)) was -0.1 +/- 1.6 mmHg (95% CI -3.7, 2.6 mmHg). Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed no significant differences between P(ET,CO(2)) and P(a,CO(2)) over the ranges of P(O(2)), f and target P(ET,CO(2)). We conclude that when breathing via a sequential gas delivery circuit, P(ET,CO(2)) provides as accurate a measurement of P(a,CO(2)) as the actual analysis of arterial blood.
Cancer stem cells and human malignant melanoma (2008)

Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in hematological malignancies and several solid cancers. Similar to physiological stem cells, CSC are capable of self-renewal and differentiation and have the potential for indefinite proliferation, a function through which they may cause tumor growth. Although conventional anti-cancer treatments might eradicate most malignant cells in a tumor, they are potentially ineffective against chemoresistant CSC, which may ultimately be responsible for recurrence and progression. Human malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and drug-resistant cancer. Detection of tumor heterogeneity, undifferentiated molecular signatures, and increased tumorigenicity of melanoma subsets with embryonic-like differentiation plasticity strongly suggest the presence and involvement of malignant melanoma stem cells (MMSC) in the initiation and propagation of this malignancy. Here, we review these findings in the context of functional properties ascribed to melanocyte stem cells and CSC in other cancers. We discuss the association of deregulated signaling pathways, genomic instability, and vasculogenic mimicry phenomena observed in melanoma subpopulations in light of the CSC concept. We propose that a subset of MMSC may be responsible for melanoma therapy-resistance, tumor invasiveness, and neoplastic progression and that targeted abrogation of a MMSC compartment could therefore ultimately lead to stable remissions and perhaps cures of metastatic melanoma.
CRPCG—Clustering Routing Protocol based on Connected Graph (2011)

In order to balance the load between cluster head, save the energy consumption of the inter-cluster routing, enhance reliability and flexibility of data transmission, the paper proposes a new clustering routing protocol based on connected graph (CRPCG). The protocol optimizes and innovates in three aspects: cluster head election, clusters formation and clusters routing. Eventually, a connected graph is constituted by the based station and all cluster heads, using the excellent algorithm of the graph theory, to guarantee the network connectivity and reliability, improve the link quality, balance node energy and prolong the network life cycle. The results of simulation show that, the protocol significantly prolong the network life cycle, balance the energy of network nodes, especially in the phase of intercluster data transmission, improving the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
CVO Vehicle-to-Roadside Communications Applications (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Applications of Vehicle to Roadside Communications are examined as they apply to Commercial Vehicle Operations. The roadside infrastructure, in-vehicle electronics and the need for industry standards are explored. A macro view discusses federally funded projects that are seeding the infrastructure required to rapidly deploy this emerging technology. From a micro view, individual fleet, operator and governmental advantages are discussed. Weigh station preclearance and electronic toll collection are discussed, as well as future applications such as data exchange, automated border crossings and in-vehicle signing. The requirement for an open and expandable architecture to meet current and future needs is concluded.</div>
Hydraulic Control Systems (1968)

Hydraulic Fluids. Fluid Flow Fundamentals. Hydraulic Pumps and Motors. Hydraulic Control Valves. Hydraulic Power Elements. Electrohydraulic Servovalves. Electrohydraulic Servomechanisms. Hydromechanical Servomechanisms. Nonlinearities in Control Systems. Pressure and Flow Control Valves. Hydraulic Power Supplies. Index.
A novel latch-up free SCR-LDMOS with high holding voltage for a power-rail ESD clamp (2013)

The low snapback holding voltage of the SCR-LDMOS device makes it susceptible to latch-up failure, when used in power-rail ESD (electro-static discharge) clamp circuits. In order to eliminate latch-up risk, this work presents a novel SCR-LDMOS structure with an N-type implantation layer to achieve a 17 V holding voltage and a 5.2 A second breakdown current. The device has been validated using TLP measurement analysis and is applied to a power-rail ESD clamp in half-bridge driver ICs.
Trimming of antigenic peptides in an early secretory compartment. (1994)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind peptides of 8-10 residues in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and convey them to the cell surface for inspection by CD8-expressing T cells (TCD8+). Antigenic peptides are predominantly derived from a cytosolic pool of polypeptides. The proteolytic generation of peptides from polypeptides clearly begins in the cytosol, but it is uncertain whether the final proteolytic steps occur before or after peptides are transported into the ER by the MHC-encoded peptide transporter (TAP). To study the trimming of antigenic peptides in the secretory pathway in the absence of cytosolic processing, we used an NH2-terminal signal sequence to target to the ER of TAP-deficient cells, "tandem" peptides consisting of two defined TCD8+ determinants arranged from head to tail. We find that in contrast to cytosolic proteases in TAP-expressing cells, which are able to liberate antigenic peptides from either end of a tandem peptide, proteases (probably aminopeptidases) present in an early secretory compartment preferentially liberate the COOH-terminal determinant. These findings demonstrate that proteolytic activities associated with antigen processing are not limited to the cytosol, but that they also exist in an early secretory compartment. Such secretory aminopeptidases may function to trim TAP-transported peptides to the optimal size for binding to class I molecules.
A global perspective on cancer prevention (2007)

Many cases of cancer are preventable, is the main message of Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective, a report from the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR). This report, which updates the first report in 1997, evaluates the relevant evidence. On the basis of this work the international expert panel developed ten recommendations for cancer prevention.
Surface Properties and Pore Structure of Anthracite, Bituminous Coal and Lignite (2018)

Properties of coal surface and pore structure are important aspects to be investigated in coal preparation and utilization. In order to investigate the limits of different probe methods, a comprehensive approach was comparatively used to probe surface properties and pore structure of anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite. Surface morphology of the three coal samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Combining mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), physisorption method with carbon dioxide (CO2) at 273 K and nitrogen (N2) at 77 K was used to quantify a broad pore size distribution of coals, while FT-IR and water vapor sorption methods were used to study the coal surface properties. The results show that wedge-shaped pores develop with the increase of coal rank due to compression effect. The determined specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume of N2 decrease with the increase of coal rank, while CO2 SSA and pore volume are of a kind of U-shaped function of coal rank. MIP results indicate that that the pore size of 10–100 nm accounted for 70.7–97.5% of the total volume in the macropore range. Comparison of different methods indicates that micropores cannot be fully covered by the standard probes. CO2 adsorption technique can only probe micropores in the range of 0.5 nm to 0.9 nm. Water vapor is not an effective probe to detect the micropores in coals, due to that the water clusters is mainly filled in mesopores and macropores. The results also show that both water vapor adsorption and FT-IR analysis can provide qualitative information of coal surface, rather than qualification of functional groups.