gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship of ?- and ?-opioid receptors to GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system, including antinociceptive brainstem circuits (1998)

Inhibition of neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie some of the excitatory effects of opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we examined the relationship of the cloned mu- and delta-opioid receptors (MOR1 and DOR1, respectively) to GABAergic neurons in brain and spinal cord. This was done by combining immunofluorescent staining for MOR1 or DOR1 with that for GABA or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD); fluorescent retrograde tract-tracing was used in some cases to identify neurons with particular projections. In rats, cells double labeled for GABA and MOR1 were observed in layers II-VI of the parietal cortex and in layers II-IV of the piriform cortex. In the hippocampus, double labeling was observed in the dentate gyrus and in regions CA1 and CA3. Double labeling was very prominent in the striatum and in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus; it was also observed in other portions of the diencephalon. However, double labeling for GABA and MOR1 was never observed in the cerebellar cortex. Cells double labeled for GABA and MOR1 were common in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the medial rostral ventral medulla (RVM) of both rats and monkeys, suggesting that involvement of GABAergic neurons with supraspinal opioid antinociception may extend to primates. In the RVM of rats, many of those double-labeled neurons were retrogradely labeled from the dorsal spinal cord. In contrast, double-labeled neurons in the PAG were almost never retrogradely labeled from the RVM. No unequivocal examples of double labeling for DOR1 and GAD were found in any region of the CNS that we examined in either rats or monkeys. However, GABAergic neurons were often apposed by DOR1 immunoreactive varicosities. Our findings suggest that activation of mu-opioid receptors directly modulates the activity of GABAergic neurons throughout the CNS, including neurons involved in the supraspinal component of opioid analgesia. In contrast, delta-opioid receptors appear to be positioned to modulate the activity of GABAergic neurons indirectly.
Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase-Green Fluorescent Protein Fusion Gene: New Tool for Gene Transfer Studies and Gene Therapy (1998)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (TK) are commonly used markers in gene transfer studies. The latter gene has also proven to be an effective tool in cancer “suicide” gene therapy. To facilitate rapid and reliable selection of cells expressing TK, we constructed a plasmid expressing a TK-green fluorescent protein fusion gene (TK-GFP). In this fusion gene, the expression of each component is coupled to one another, permitting accurate determination of the percentage of cells expressing TK by detecting the green fluorescence produced by GFP. Transfection of the fusion plasmid to mammalian cells revealed that the construct is fully functional, making the cells both fluorescent and sensitive to ganciclovir.
Emergent Tendon Transfer in Hand Trauma: A Case Report (2013)

In this report we describe our encounter of a case of hand trauma referred to our center presenting with incomplete left thumb amputation at metacarpal level with extensor pollicis longus (EPL) and flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon avulsion from the tenomuscular junction. After metacarpal bone fixation the ulnar digital artery was anastomosed and the digital nerves were coapted. Transfer of extensor indicis proprius (EIP) to EPL and side-to-side suturing of the FPL to the deep flexor tendon of the index finger were performed.
Supramolecular Assemblies of Different Carbon Nanotubes for Photoconversion Processes (2006)

Carbon nanotubes are tested as integrative components in multifunctional hybrid photovoltaic cells and reveal their significant promise for applications as photochemical energy-conversion systems. As shown in the figure, they possess monochromatic power-conversion efficiencies of up to 10.7 % for single carbon nanotube/pyrene+/ZnP8– stacks.
Multiple Positive and Negative Elements Involved in the Regulation of Expression of GSY1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2003)

GSY1 is one of the two genes encoding glycogen synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both the GSY1 message and the protein levels increased as cells approached stationary phase. A combination of deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed a complex promoter containing multiple positive and negative regulatory elements. Expression of GSY1 was dependent upon the presence of a TATA box and two stress response elements (STREs). Expression was repressed by Mig1, which mediates responses to glucose, and Rox1, which mediates responses to oxygen. Characterization of the GSY1 promoter also revealed a novel negative element. This element, N1, can repress expression driven by either an STRE or a heterologous element, the UAS of CYC1. Repression by N1 is dependent on the number of these elements that are present, but is independent of their orientation. N1 repressed expression when placed either upstream or downstream of the UAS, although the latter position is more effective. Gel shift analysis detected a factor that appears to bind to the N1 element. The complexity of the GSY1 promoter, which includes two STREs and three distinct negative elements, was surprising. This complexity may allow GSY1 to respond to a wide range of environmental stresses.
Current Mode Control for Boost Converters With Constant Power Loads (2011)

This paper describes how current mode control provides active damping for boost converters with constant power loads. Small-signal control-to-output transfer functions are derived for peak or valley current mode controlled boost converter with a downstream regulated converter modeled as constant power load. Furthermore, it is shown how load current feedforward presents an effective way to improve power load transient responses. Modeling and design approaches are validated by test circuit simulations, demonstrating stable operations using current mode control under constant power loads, and improved power step load transient responses based on load current feedforward.
Synthesis of Core Functionalized Polymer Micelles and Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles (2008)

We present the synthesis of novel core reactive spherical polymeric micelles and nanoparticles using nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) techniques. These nanostructures have terpyridine functionality selectively located within their hydrophobic core domain and have been further modified by metal complexation (with Fe, Ru, and Cu) within this domain to afford novel metal functionalized polymer nanostructures. The hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) of these micelles and hybrid nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the dimensions of the nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confirmation of the complexation was achieved using UV–vis analysis. The reactivity of the Cu-tethered metal complex within the nanostructures was investigated and was found to be an active catalyst for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition “click” reaction of azido and alkynyl functionalized small molecules. This strategy provides a versatile synthetic route toward the selective incorporation of active sites within the core domain of a polymer nanoparticle.
A metallic glass surface acoustic wave device (2003)

An acoustic wave device that utilizes an isotropic metallic glass substrate called Vitreloy 1 has been designed, fabricated and experimentally tested. Bulk and surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been excited using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and an aluminum nitride (AlN) film deposited on the glass. Using EMAT excitation, the elastic constants and bulk shear wave velocity were determined. In order to excite SAWs in the metallic glass, piezoelectric AlN films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The transmission response exhibited the characteristics of a SAW resonator although the insertion loss was high at about 40 dB. The resulting SAW velocity was about 2400 m/s.
Structural failure prediction using simplified lithography simulation models (2007)

Existing approaches to predict those locations in a full-chip layout representing a high risk of structural failure, i.e.,
bridging or pinching, either rely on lithography simulation using empirical resist models or on a more abstract empirical
analysis of aerial image characteristics. Both approaches bear the risk of extrapolating an empirical model well beyond
the regime within which it was calibrated and where it can be considered reliable. In this paper, we present as an
alternative a systematic method (a) to build a simple, sturdy constant threshold (CTR) model that is valid over the
required process window and (b) to determine empirical criteria for structural failure detection based on simulations
with this CTR model. Even though such a model is not capable of accurately predicting the dimension of structures, it
captures trends of the printing behavior very well, even into the failure regime. From standard wafer data, such as used
for optical proximity correction (OPC) model building, it is straightforward to find out which test structures are not
resolved well with a given process. Combined with the CTR model simulation results, this can be used to determine
threshold values for the space and width of simulated structures that indicate structural failure, separately for bridging
and pinching. The predictive power of this approach has already been verified on hardware and is used in production.
Interactions Between Cardiovascular and Pain Modulatory Systems: Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications (1991)

Cardiovascular and Pain Regulatory Systems. Several recent findings provide evidence that cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems are interactive. The physiological responses to acute pain are discussed and hypothetical organizational models that explain how cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems interact are proposed. The adaptive value of interactions between cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems is discussed. It is proposed that maladaptive cardiovascular‐somatosensory interactions may contribute to several cardiovascular disorders such as essential hypertension, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, and life‐threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Key Compression and its Application to Digital Fingerprinting (2001)

Digital fingerprinting technologies are becoming an increasingly important tool to protect valuable content and other intellectual property. This paper describes an efficient method whereby any watermarking technology can be utilized to construct digital fingerprints that can distinguish individual instantiations of protected data without requiring replication of the data. This technology enables large amounts of data to be selectively distributed to large numbers of people over a limited medium such as a broadcast channel or CD-ROM. An application of this technology – protection of motion pictures for in-flight entertainment systems – will be specifically discussed. Note: This is a reprint of an article that was originally submitted for publication in April 2001.
Interactive High‐Quality Maximum Intensity Projection (2000)

Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) is a volume rendering technique which is used to visualize high‐intensity structures within volumetric data. At each pixel the highest data value, which is encountered along a corresponding viewing ray is depicted. MIP is, for example, commonly used to extract vascular structures from medical data sets (angiography). Due to lack of depth information in MIP images, animation or interactive variation of viewing parameters is frequently used for investigation. Up to now no MIP algorithms exist which are of both interactive speed and high quality. In this paper we present a high‐quality MIP algorithm (trilinear interpolation within cells), which is up to 50 times faster than brute‐force MIP and at least 20 times faster than comparable optimized techniques. This speed‐up is accomplished by using an alternative storage scheme for volume cells (sorted by value) and by removing cells which do not contribute to any MIP projection (regardless of the viewing direction) in a preprocessing step. Also, a fast maximum estimation within cells is used to further speed up the algorithm.
Regulation of secreted protein production by filamentous fungi: recent developments and perspectives (1993)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
The Vascular System as a Target of Metal Toxicity (2007)

Vascular system function involves complex interactions among the vascular endothelium, smooth muscle, the immune system, and the nervous system. The toxic metals cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) can target the vascular system in a variety of ways, ranging from hemorrhagic injury to subtle pathogenic remodeling and metabolic changes. Acute Cd exposure results in hemorrhagic injury to the testis, although some strains of animals are resistant to this effect. A comparison of Cd-sensitive with Cd-resistant mouse strains showed that expression of the Slc39a8 gene, encoding the ZIP8 transporter, in the testis vasculature endothelium is responsible for this difference. Endogenously, ZIP8 is a Mn(2+)/HCO(3)(-)symporter that may also contribute to Cd damage in the kidney. Chronic Cd exposure is associated with various cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and cardiomyopathy and it is reported to have both carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic activities. At noncytotoxic concentrations of 10-100nM, Cd can inhibit chemotaxis and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells. These angiostatic effects may be mediated through disruption of vascular endothelial cadherin, a Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecule. With regard to As, ingestion of water containing disease-promoting concentrations of As promotes capillarization of the liver sinusoidal endothelium. Because capillarization is a hallmark precursor for liver fibrosis and contributes to an imbalance of lipid metabolism, this As effect on hepatic endothelial cells may be a pathogenic mechanism underlying As-related vascular diseases. With regard to Pb, perinatal exposure may cause sustained elevations in adult blood pressure, and genetically susceptible animals may show enhanced sensitivity to this effect. Taken together, these data indicate that the vascular system is a critical target of metal toxicity and that actions of metals on the vascular system may play important roles in mediating the pathophysiologic effects of metals in specific target organs.
Development of gunfire sound classification system with a smartphone using ANN (2018)

This paper introduces the development of a system for a gunfire sound classification using a smartphone. The sound is detected using microphones connected to an embedded system to further process and transform it into a digital format. Artificial Neural Network is adopted as a recognition process for classifying the gunfire sound in the interested sound group. It is found that 6 different types of gunfire sound can be classified correctly with the proposed system. Also, the system can differentiate other sounds from the interested gunfire sounds. This proposed classifying system is expected to help analyze and find the source of the gun, in time, in the patrol area even better.
Theory and Experiment on Coupled-Waveguide Optical Modulators with Schottky Contacts (1979)

Coupled-waveguide optical modulators with Schottky contacts are analysed in two waveguide configurations, namely, in embedded-waveguide configuration and in rib-waveguide configuration. It is shown that the heterostructured embedded-waveguide device is suitable for efficient modulation and that the homostructured rib-waveguide device has fairly small modulating power per bandwidth P/Δf in spite of its simpler structure. GaAs homostructured rib-waveguide devices including those with two sections of alternating Δβ were fabricated, and optical modulation was carried out at the light wavelength of 1.06 µm.
Sintering of Nanophase γ‐Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Powder (1996)

The sintering of ultrafine γ‐Al 2 O 3 powder (particle size ∼10–20 nm) prepared by an inert gas condensation technique was investigated in air at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min. Qualitatively, the kinetics followed those of transition aluminas prepared by other methods. Measurable shrinkage commenced at ∼ 1000°C and showed a region of rapid sintering between ∼1125° and 1175°C followed by a transition to a much reduced sintering rate at higher temperatures. Starting from an initial density of ∼0.60 relative to the theoretical value, the powder compact reached a relative density of 0.82 after sintering to 1350°C. Compared to compacts prepared from the as‐received powder, dispersion of the powder in water prior to compaction produced a drastic change in the microstructural evolution and a significant reduction in the densification rate during sintering. The incorporation of a step involving the rapid heating of the loose powder to ∼1300°C prior to compaction (which resulted in the transformation to α‐Al 2 O 3 ) provided a method for significantly increasing the density during sintering.
Danger Signals Activating the Immune Response after Trauma (2012)

Sterile injury can cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that resembles the host response during sepsis. The inflammatory response following trauma comprises various systems of the human body which are cross-linked with each other within a highly complex network of inflammation. Endogenous danger signals (danger-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs; alarmins) as well as exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) play a crucial role in the initiation of the immune response. With popularization of the "danger theory," numerous DAMPs and PAMPs and their corresponding pathogen-recognition receptors have been identified. In this paper, we highlight the role of the DAMPs high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-33 (IL-33) as unique dual-function mediators as well as mitochondrial danger signals released upon cellular trauma and necrosis.
A new subaperture approach to high squint SAR processing (2001)

A high squint subaperture (HSS) algorithm was developed from the perspective of a strip map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system and has the ability to focus SAR data at extremely high squint angle of 55/spl deg/ with less than 1.27% mainlobe expansion or even higher squint angles if larger mainlobe expansion can be tolerated. The unique characteristic of this algorithm is that the subapertures are formed by multiplying the received signal with a set of overlapped complex conjugated reference signals where the chirp rate varies in the azimuth direction. This is done to solve the range focus problem that arises after the azimuth input signal undergoes the range walk removal procedure. As the IISS algorithm only involves short fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and avoids interpolation, it is computationally efficient and allows for small data buffers and facilitates hardware real-time implementation. The distinct feature of this algorithm is its simplicity of implementation, which is vital in real time processing and motion compensation when the squint angle may be changing continuously.
Synthesis of “Mixed Type” Oligosaccharide Mimetics Based on a Carbohydrate Scaffold (2002)

In multivalent glycoligands including cluster glycosides, one type of sugar epitope is normally clustered. Such molecules have been valuable tools for investigation and inhibition of cell adhesion processes. They have, for example, served as in vitro antiadhesives in mannose-specific bacterial adhesion. Wild-type bacteria, however, utilize a number of different sugar epitopes for adhesion, involving bacterial lectins of different specificity. The synthesis of glycomimetics containing sugar derivatives from different sugar series is therefore of interest, with the eventual goal of providing multivalent glycoligands of a more complex type. The synthesis of novel “mixed” glycoclusters, starting from the trifunctional galactoside 10 that serves as a carbohydrate scaffold, is hence presented here. Compound 10 has three potential reactive sites, which were addressed successively. Firstly, peptide coupling with the carboxy-functionalized mannoside 11 furnished the disaccharide mimetic 13, which in turn provided the trisaccharide mimetic 19 after peptide coupling with the amino-functionalized fucoside 17. Finally, a pentasaccharide mimetic 23 was obtained after thiourea-bridging with acetylated lactosyl isothiocyanate.
Effect of Thin Film Stress and Oxygen Precipitation on Warpage Behavior of Large Diameter P/P+ Epitaxial Wafers (1989)

150 mm p/p+ (100) epitaxial silicon wafers with various backsurface treatments were processed through the first three steps of a simulated integrated circuit device fabrication process. Warpage was measured after each step to study the influence of cumulative film depositions on wafer warpage. The results indicate that warpage behavior is influenced by thin film stress including the epitaxial layer, and that oxygen precipitation has minimal influence on warpage. Also of importance was the effectiveness of pre‐epitaxial precipitate nucleation via the backsurface film depositions which resulted in enhanced oxygen precipitation during the integrated circuit device fabrication process.
Rough terrain walking for bipedal robot by using ZMP criteria map (2009)

A new method for bipedal walking on rough terrain by using ZMP criteria map is proposed. The rough terrain walking is classified to “step up” and “step down” by landing timing of a swing leg. The walking pattern is modified in real-time according to the difference between the ideal timing and the measured timing by a force sensor on the foot. In the case of “step up”, the landing timing is faster than the ideal, and the swing leg trajectory should be change to follow the step so that the ZMP based balance of the sudden caused double support phase is kept. In the case of “step down”, the landing timing is later than the ideal, and the swing leg trajectory should be change to seek the ground so that the balance of the unknown future double support phase is kept. The modified walking pattern is decided based on the ZMP criteria map. The ZMP criteria map can indicate a safe landing timing and landing position of a swing leg. By referring the ZMP criteria map, the robust walking pattern can be planned. The proposed method is implemented to HRP-2, and the effectiveness is confirmed through experiments.