gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Short-pulse high-intensity laser-generated fast electron transport into thick solid targets (1997)

The transport of fast electrons generated by 1 ps, 1 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ wavelength laser pulses focused to spot diameters of 20 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and peak intensities of up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}$ W ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ on to solid aluminum targets is considered using a relativistic Fokker-Planck equation, which is solved by reducing it to an equivalent system of stochastic differential equations. The background is represented by $\mathbf{E}=\ensuremath{\eta}{\mathbf{j}}_{b},$ where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the resistivity and ${\mathbf{j}}_{b}$ is the background current density. Collisions, electric and magnetic fields, and changes in resistivity due to heating of the background are included. Rotational symmetry is assumed. The treatment is valid for fast electron number densities much less than that of the background, fast electron energies much greater than the background temperature, and time scales short enough that magnetic diffusion and thermal conduction are negligible. The neglect of ionization also limits the validity of the model. The intensities at which electric and magnetic fields become important are evaluated. The electric field lowers the energy of fast electrons penetrating the target. The magnetic field reduces the radial spread, increases the penetration of intermediate energy fast electrons, and reflects lower energy fast electrons. Changes in resistivity significantly affect the field generation. The implications for $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission diagnostics are discussed.
Evaluation of Micropayment Schemes (1997)

This paper evaluates four micropayment schemes: Millicent, MicroMint, Payword, and Wenbo Mao&apos;s simple cash payment technique for the Internet. The paper first describes the differences between macro- and micropayment schemes, the notion of anonymity in electronic commerce, and common features used in payment protocols. It then examines details of the four payment protocols. The paper concludes with a summary of the features of the four payment schemes and compares their computation costs and storage requirements. 1.0 Introduction
Barycentric Interpolators for Continuous Space and Time Reinforcement Learning (1998)

In order to nd the optimal control of continuous state-space and time reinforcement learning (RL) problems, we approximate the value function (VF) with a particular class of functions called the barycentric interpolators. We establish su cient conditions under which a RL algorithm converges to the optimal VF, even when we use approximate models of the state dynamics and the reinforcement functions. 1
RAGE recycles at the plasma membrane in S100B secretory vesicles and promotes Schwann cells morphological changes (2008)

RAGE is a multiligand receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in regeneration of injured peripheral nerve and cell motility. RAGE is implicated in the development of various chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory responses, and diabetic complications. The correlation between RAGE endocytic trafficking and RAGE function is still uninvestigated. S100B is one of the ligands of RAGE. The molecular mechanisms responsible of S100B translocation in exocytic vesicles are still poorly investigated. In the present study we elucidate the role of RAGE endocytic trafficking in promoting S100B secretion in Schwann cells. Here we show that RAGE-induced secretion of S100B requires phosphorylated caveolin1-dependent endocytosis of RAGE. Endocytosis of RAGE in response to ligand binding promotes the fusion of endosomes with S100B-positive secretory vesicles. Src promotes the fusion of endosomes with S100B-secretory vesicles. Inhibition of src induces RAGE degradation. RAGE-mediated src activation induces cav1 phosphorylation and relocalization in the perinuclear compartment. RAGE signaling and recycling are required for S100-induced Schwann cells morphological changes and are inhibited by high-glucose, suggesting a possible link between diabetes and peripheral nerve injury. Indeed, high glucose inhibits RAGE-mediated src activation. Src inhibition blocks RAGE recycling, S100B secretion, and morphological changes. In summary, we identified a novel pathway of vesicular trafficking required for the amplification of RAGE signaling and cytoskeleton dynamics that is potentially involved in the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve.
Assessing lesion malignancy by scanning small-angle x-ray scattering of breast tissue with microcalcifications (2019)

Scanning small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were performed on 36 formalin-fixed breast tissue biopsies obtained from two patients. All samples contained microcalcifications of type II, i.e. formed by hydroxyapatite. We demonstrate the feasibility of classifying breast lesions by scanning SAXS of tissues containing microcalcifications with a resolution of 35 [Formula: see text]m [Formula: see text] 30 [Formula: see text]m. We report a characteristic Bragg peak found around q = 1.725 nm<sup>-1</sup> that occurs primarily for malignant lesions. Such a clear SAXS fingerprint is potentially linked to structural changes of breast tissue and corresponds to dimensions of about 3.7 nm. This material property could be used as an early indicator of malignancy development, as it is readily assessed by SAXS. If this fingerprint is combined with other known SAXS features, which also indicate the level of malignancy, such as lipid spacing and collagen periodicity, it could complement traditional pathology-based analyses. To confirm the SAXS-based classification, a histopathological workup and a gold standard histopathological diagnosis were conducted to determine the malignancy level of the lesions. Our aim is to report this SAXS fingerprint, which is clearly related to malignant breast lesions. However, any further conclusion based on our dataset is limited by the low number of patients and samples. Running a broad study to increase the number of samples and patients is of great importance and relevance for the breast-imaging community.
Cloning of cDNAs encoding a rabbit renal brush border membrane protein immunologically related to band 3. Sequence similarity with microsomal dipeptidase (1991)

Distinct anion transport processes have been identified in the mammalian renal proximal tubule, but none of the responsible proteins or genes have been isolated. A 43 kDa rabbit microvillus membrane protein that is immunologically related to the erythroid anion exchanger (band 3) was a candidate for a renal anion transporter. To examine the structural relationship with band 3, we cloned cDNAs encoding the 43 kDa protein. The 43 kDa band-3-like protein was purified, and a novel sequence of 24 amino acids was obtained from the N-terminus. Degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized based on this sequence, and the polymerase chain reaction with single-sided specificity was used to amplify and clone a 1330 bp cDNA from rabbit renal cortex. Additional overlapping 272 bp and 1123 bp cDNAs were obtained by synthesizing and screening a rabbit renal cortical cDNA library. The composite sequence was 1483 bp, terminated with (A)16, and was similar in size to the principal transcript expressed in rabbit renal cortex. The single long open reading frame was predicted to encode a protein composed of 410 amino acids with a molecular mass of 45,193 Da; 15 amino acids predicted to reside at the N-terminus were absent in the mature protein and may constitute a signal peptide. There was only limited sequence similarity with human erythroid band 3. Rather, the sequence was highly similar to microsomal dipeptidase, including the presence of a signal peptide and a consensus sequence for covalent linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol. In summary, the 43 kDa protein from rabbit renal cortex that is recognized by a monospecific antibody to erythroid band 3 is most likely a microvillus membrane dipeptidase.
Epigenome-wide association study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Turin) identifies novel genetic loci associated with smoking (2012)

A single cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) site within coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3 (F2RL3) was recently found to be hypomethylated in peripheral blood genomic DNA from smokers compared with former and non-smokers. We performed two epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) nested in a prospective healthy cohort using the Illumina 450K Methylation Beadchip. The two populations consisted of matched pairs of healthy individuals (n = 374), of which half went on to develop breast or colon cancer. The association was analysed between methylation and smoking status, as well as cancer risk. In addition to the same locus in F2RL3, we report several loci that are hypomethylated in smokers compared with former and non-smokers, including an intragenic region of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene (AHRR; cg05575921, P = 2.31 × 10(-15); effect size = 14-17%), an intergenic CpG island on 2q37.1 (cg21566642, P = 3.73 × 10(-13); effect size = 12%) and a further intergenic region at 6p21.33 (cg06126421, P = 4.96 × 10(-11), effect size = 7-8%). Bisulphite pyrosequencing validated six loci in a further independent population of healthy individuals (n = 180). Methylation levels in AHRR were also significantly decreased (P < 0.001) and expression increased (P = 0.0047) in the lung tissue of current smokers compared with non-smokers. This was further validated in a mouse model of smoke exposure. We observed an association with breast cancer risk for the 2q37.1 locus (P = 0.003, adjusted for the smoking status), but not for the other loci associated with smoking. These data show that smoking has a direct effect on the epigenome in lung tissue, which is also detectable in peripheral blood DNA and may contribute to cancer risk.
Immunocytochemical localization of the neuron-specific form of the c- src gene product, pp60c-src(+), in rat brain (1990)

Neurons express high levels of a variant form of the c-src gene product, denoted pp60c-src(+), which contains a 6 amino acid insert in the amino-terminal half of the c-src protein. We have determined the localization of pp60c-src(+) in neurons using an affinity-purified anti-peptide antibody, referred to as affi-SB12, that exclusively recognizes this neuron-specific form of the c-src gene product. Using affi-SB12, we examined the distribution of pp60c-src(+) by immunoperoxidase staining of sections through adult rat brains, pp60c-src(+) was widely distributed in rat brain and appeared to be differentially expressed in subpopulations of neurons. The majority of immunoreactive neurons was found in the mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons, and medulla. Telencephalic structures that contained substantial populations of pp60c-src(+)-immunoreactive neurons included layer V of the cerebral cortex and the ventral pallidum. Within individual neurons, pp60c-src(+) immunoreactivity was localized to the cell soma and dendritic processes, while labeling of axons and nerve terminals (puncta) was not as readily detected. Dense accumulations of immunoreactive axons were rare, being most prominent in portions of the inferior and superior olive, and in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. While the regional distribution of pp60c-src(+) immunoreactivity does not correlate with any specific neuronal cell type or first messenger system, this unique pattern of expression of pp60c-src(+) suggests the existence of a previously uncharacterized functional organization within the brain. Furthermore, the localization of this neuron-specific tyrosine kinase in functionally important areas of the nerve cell, namely, dendritic processes, axons, and nerve terminals, suggests that pp60c-src(+) may regulate pleiotropic functions in specific classes of neurons in the adult central nervous system.
Betafectin ® Potentiates The Microbicidal Activities of Human Leukocytes Measured Ex vivo in Healthy Human Volunteers (1995)

MACKIN, W; BRUNKE-REESE, D; CROTTY, C; CAFRO, L; DAUNAIS, M; CABRERA, J; FISETTE, L; BLEICHER, P Author Information
A compact low-power supply-insensitive CMOS current reference (2012)

A simple low-power current reference using dual-threshold MOS transistors is introduced. The area required for this reference is small and the sensitivity of the output current to the supply voltage is low. Simulation results show that an implementation of this current reference in a TSMC 0.18um CMOS process with a 1.8V power supply is constant to within ±1.25% over the temperature range of -10°C to 100°C. In this implementation, the active area is 86 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , the power dissipation is 72μW, and the worst process corner nonlinearity due to temperature variations is bounded by ±4.16%.
Uncoating of vaccinia virus (1985)

Input vaccinia virus deoxyribonucleoproteids with buoyant densities (in CsCl) very similar (if not identical) to those of viral cores have been found in large cytoplasmic structures in which viral DNA replication takes place. The deoxyribonucleoproteids consist of at least five major and two minor core proteins and viral DNA which is protected against DNase digestion. It is suggested that viral core-like deoxyribonucleoproteids rather than released DNA are used in vaccinia-infected cells both for delayed-early gene transcription and viral DNA replication.
Simultaneous measurement of intracellular pH and Ca2+ in insulin-secreting cells by spectral imaging microscopy (1996)

Described is a microscopic spectral imaging approach to monitor pH and Ca2+ simultaneously from combined spectra of multiple ion indicators. Emitted light from a cell is focused onto a grating spectrograph and spectra are imaged with a cooled charge-coupled device camera. The combined spectral output of fura 2 and SNARF-1 was analyzed to follow changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and intracellular pH (pHi) simultaneously and to correct the Ca2+ signal for concurrent changes in pHi. Responses of individual hamster insulinoma (HIT-T15) cells to effectors of ion homeostasis were heterogeneous. Treatment with NH4Cl increased pHi and transiently increased [Ca2+]i. Removal of NH4Cl induced cytosolic acidification concomitant with either no change or sustained increases in [Ca2-]i. Glucose treatment generally resulted in rapid and sustained increases in both [Ca2+]i and pHi but also heterogeneous pHi and [Ca2+]i responses. Corrections of the fura 2 signal for pH were important for following Ca2+ transitions elicited by NH4Cl but were less important for glucose-induced responses. The spectral imaging microscope provides a sensitive method for simultaneous measurements of pHi and [Ca2+]i in single cells.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Be Significantly Enhanced by the Cationic Polymer Polybrene (2014)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors, which can undergo self-renewal and give rise to multi-lineages. A great deal of attentions have been paid to their potential use in regenerative medicine as potential therapeutic genes can be introduced into MSCs. Genetic manipulations in MSCs requires effective gene deliveries. Recombinant adenoviruses are widely used gene transfer vectors. We have found that although MSCs can be infected in vitro by adenoviruses, high virus titers are needed to achieve high efficiency. Here, we investigate if the commonly-used cationic polymer Polybrene can potentiate adenovirus-mediated transgene delivery into MSCs, such as C2C12 cells and iMEFs. Using the AdRFP adenovirus, we find that AdRFP transduction efficiency is significantly increased by Polybrene in a dose-dependent fashion peaking at 8 μg/ml in C2C12 and iMEFs cells. Quantitative luciferase assay reveals that Polybrene significantly enhances AdFLuc-mediated luciferase activity in C2C12 and iMEFs at as low as 4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively. FACS analysis indicates that Polybrene (at 4 μg/ml) increases the percentage of RFP-positive cells by approximately 430 folds in AdRFP-transduced iMEFs, suggesting Polybrene may increase adenovirus infection efficiency. Furthermore, Polybrene can enhance AdBMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs as early osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase activity can be increased more than 73 folds by Polybrene (4 μg/ml) in AdBMP9-transduced iMEFs. No cytotoxicity was observed in C2C12 and iMEFs at Polybrene up to 40 μg/ml, which is about 10-fold higher than the effective concentration required to enhance adenovirus transduction in MSCs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Polybrene should be routinely used as a safe, effective and inexpensive augmenting agent for adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in MSCs, as well as other types of mammalian cells.
Gene encoding parathyroid hormone. Nucleotide sequence of the rat gene and deduced amino acid sequence of rat preproparathyroid hormone. (1984)

The nucleotide sequence of the rat parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene was established from a 14.5-kilobase pair fragment of rat liver DNA cloned in bacteriophage Charon 4A. The transcriptional unit of the gene of 2.5 kilobase pairs is interrupted by two introns (1600 and 111 base pairs). Blot hybridization of restriction enzyme digests of rat spleen DNA using 32P-labeled fragments of the cloned PTH gene suggests that the gene is unique and present in a single copy in the genome. A promoter sequence (Goldberg-Hogness or TATA box) is situated 28 base pairs upstream from the point of initiation of transcription which was found by S1 nuclease mapping and by oligonucleotide-primed reverse transcription of rat PTH mRNA. The gene is flanked on its 5' side by repetitive DNA and contains a different, more abundant repetitive DNA on its 3' side. The mRNA encoded by the parathyroid hormone gene consists of 800 +/- 50 nucleotides as determined by electrophoresis on agarose gels. The 5' untranslated region of the mRNA contains three AUG triplets. Only one AUG triplet initiates biosynthesis of preproparathyroid hormone (prepro-PTH). The 3' untranslated segment of the mRNA contains two AATAAA sequences characteristic of polyadenylation signals. The mRNA encodes prepro-PTH, a precursor of PTH of 115 amino acids. When the amino acid sequence of the rat precursor is compared with the analagous bovine and human precursors, it becomes evident that the hormone sequences are highly conserved in two regions of known function near the NH2 terminus and in a third region near the carboxyl terminus whose biologic function, if any, has not yet been defined.
Treatment Efficacy (1996)

Hearing impairment in adults is a prevalent chronic condition, associated with psychosocial and quality-of-life handicaps. Recent investigations have demonstrated that individuals with handicapping hearing impairments do indeed benefit from the rehabilitative services offered by audiologists, with the primary intervention being hearing aid provision. My objective here is to review the experimental research, program evaluation data, and case studies documenting the efficacy of hearing aids, with an emphasis on the functional and communicative benefits accruing from hearing aid use. It is hoped that the information contained herein will provide clinicians with outcome data to share with the hearing impaired, toward the goal of encouraging such individuals to take advantage, at least for a trial period, of one of the many technologies available to assist them to function better in their daily lives.
Hotline von Microsoft (1994)

Wenn Ihnen Arbeitskollegen, Service-Center, lokale Händler etc nicht mehr weiterhelfen können, dann steht Ihnen noch die kostenlose telephonische Unterstützung von Microsoft in München (für Österreich und die BRD) zur Verfügung.
PLC connector with fibre physical contact (1997)

A novel planar lightwave circuit (PLC) connector utilising physical contact (PC) between bare fibres and waveguides was developed. This connector allows the use of PLC-based optical modules without fibre pigtails. The fabricated connectors successfully realised average connection and return losses of 0.25 and 43 dB, respectively.
An application of Marquardt's procedure to the seismic inverse problem (1986)

The seismic inverse problem is to infer characteristics of the subsurface from measurements of the wave field at the surface. The Marquardt procedure offers one approach to this problem. In applying this procedure, a linear relationship is developed between the wave field and some parameter which describes a physical property of the subsurface. Then a selection criterion is designed to choose the subsurface parameter which provides the best match for the observed seismic data.
Temporal secretion of a multicellulolytic system in <i>Myxobacter</i> sp. AL‐1 (2000)

The Gram-negative soil micro-organism Myxobacter sp. AL-1 possesses at least five extracellular cellulases, the production of which is regulated by the growth cycle. We cloned the complete gene for one of these cellulases, termed cel9, which encoded a 67-kDa modular family 9 endoglycohydrolase, which was produced during the stationary phase of growth and was strongly enhanced by avicel. The predicted product of cel9 matches the structural architecture of family 9 cellulases such as Thermonospora fusca endo/exocellulase E4. Cel9 protein was synthesized in Escherichia coli from a multicopy plasmid and in Bacillus subtilis from the isopropyl thiogalactoside-inducible Pspac promoter and was purified from the culture medium. Thermal stability, optimum pH and temperature dependence of Cel9 were similar when expressed from either source, and were indistinguishable from related cellulases produced by thermophilic bacteria. Downstream from cel9 was found a partial ORF, designated cel48, the deduced product of which was highly similar to bacterial exocellobiohydrolases and processive endoglucanases belonging to family 48 of the glycosyl hydrolases. The cel9 and cel48 genes appear to be arranged as part of an operon.
<title>Access protocols for photonic WDM multirings with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers</title> (1996)

The paper illustrates novel proposals for medium access control protocols in all-optical communication networks based on WDM multichannel ring architectures providing one slotted channel for each destination node. In such networks, nodes are equipped with one fixed- wavelength receiver and one tunable transmitter. Three access protocols based on local status information are described. A channel inspection capability is assumed to be available for the implementation of the access protocols. Global fairness control algorithms derived from those adopted in the Metaring metropolitan area network are also proposed. Access delays and throughputs are taken as performance indices for a simulation-based comparison of the proposed protocols, in the case of a 16-node multiring with either balanced or unbalanced traffic. Simulation results show that the throughput limitations and the fairness problems induced by the network architecture can be overcome with relatively simple access protocols.