gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TLR2 Directing PD-L2 Expression Inhibit T Cells Response in Schistosoma japonicum Infection (2013)

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was shown to be an important immune receptor involved in the recognition of schistosome antigens, especially soluble egg antigen (SEA). In mice models with Schistosoma japonicum acute infection, we observed enhanced T cell-mediated immune responses in TLR2 knock out (TLR2(-/-)) mice compared with B6 mice. In Schistosoma japonicum chronic infection models, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) expression as well as TLR2 expression gradually increased in B6 mice, while only PD-L2 expression significantly decreased in TLR2(-/-) mice. Meanwhile, Programmed Death 1(PD-1) expression on CD4(+)T cells was down-regulated in TLR2(-/-) mice after a large number of egg appeared. We also found that stimulation with schistosome antigens, especially SEA, could up-regulate PD-L2 expression on BMDCs in a TLR2-dependent manner in vitro. Schistosome antigens primed-BMDCs with impaired expression of TLR2 or PD-L2 could induce CD4(+)T cells to produce low level of IL-10 or high level of IFN-γ. Our results indicated that TLR2 signaling can direct PD-L2 expression on DCs, which binds to PD-1 mainly on CD4(+)T cells, to help inhibit T cells response in Schistosoma japonicum infection.
Direct targeting of genetically modified tumour cells to FcγRI triggers potent tumour cytotoxicity (2005)

Expression of the type I receptor for Fc domain of immunoglobulin (Ig)G (Fc gammaRI or CD64) is restricted to myeloid effector cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and a subset of dendritic cells. Previous work has indicated a role for Fc gammaRI in antibody-dependent phagocytosis and lysis of tumour cells. We hypothesised that tagging of tumour cells with an anti-Fc gammaRI single chain Fv (sFv) may facilitate targeting to this receptor on effector cells, thereby initiating tumour cytotoxicity. A vector encoding the sFv for an Fc gammaRI-specific antibody (H22), linked to the transmembrane domain of platelet-derived growth factor was constructed. Transfected tumour cells expressed high surface levels of functional H22-sFv, which greatly enhanced susceptibility for phagocytosis and lysis by monocytes and macrophages. The expression of H22-sFv evoked the ability of tumour cells to directly activate monocytes, as evidenced by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6. Moreover, growth of tumour cells in mice expressing H22-sFv was profoundly delayed (or absent) in transgenic mice expressing human Fc gammaRI. These results demonstrated that tumour cells can be readily modified to activate cell effector mechanisms, a strategy that may be useful for in vivo targeting in patients.
Collaborative Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Object Search (2017)

We examine the problem of joint top-down active search of multiple objects under interaction, e.g., person riding a bicycle, cups held by the table, etc. Such objects under interaction often can provide contextual cues to each other to facilitate more efficient search. By treating each detector as an agent, we present the first collaborative multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm to learn the optimal policy for joint active object localization, which effectively exploits such beneficial contextual information. We learn inter-agent communication through cross connections with gates between the Q-networks, which is facilitated by a novel multi-agent deep Q-learning algorithm with joint exploitation sampling. We verify our proposed method on multiple object detection benchmarks. Not only does our model help to improve the performance of state-of-the-art active localization models, it also reveals interesting co-detection patterns that are intuitively interpretable.
Studies of GaAs–oxide interfaces with and without Si interlayer (1990)

We have studied the properties of metal–oxide–semiconductor structures fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiO2 upon GaAs substrates. We have characterized the dependence of these properties upon the presence of a silicon interlayer, the type and the degree of misorientation of the substrate, and the type of plasma enhancement. We conclude that the presence of a silicon interlayer is beneficial for n-type GaAs if the oxide is deposited by a remote plasma technique. For such oxides on n-type GaAs coated with silicon, integration of the quasi-static capacitance curve suggests a band-bending range of 0.6–0.9 V. Also for these samples, we observe a hysteresis of order 0.6 V, and shifts of only 0.2 V in the midpoint of the rise from minimum to maximum capacitance upon changing frequency from 10 to 200 kHz. The benefits of using a silicon interlayer with a direct plasma deposited SiO2 film are less evident. It is assumed that much of the improvement of these results arises not from a large reduction of the interface density but rather from a shift of the spectrum towards the conduction band edge. This appears evident from the improvement on n-type samples coincident with a degradation on p-type samples. The total band bending change derived from the integral from the quasi-static capcitance–voltage curves is less sensitive to this interlayer than is the frequency dispersion.
An introduction to artificial neural networks in bioinformatics--application to complex microarray and mass spectrometry datasets in cancer studies (2008)

Applications of genomic and proteomic technologies have seen a major increase, resulting in an explosion in the amount of highly dimensional and complex data being generated. Subsequently this has increased the effort by the bioinformatics community to develop novel computational approaches that allow for meaningful information to be extracted. This information must be of biological relevance and thus correlate to disease phenotypes of interest. Artificial neural networks are a form of machine learning from the field of artificial intelligence with proven pattern recognition capabilities and have been utilized in many areas of bioinformatics. This is due to their ability to cope with highly dimensional complex datasets such as those developed by protein mass spectrometry and DNA microarray experiments. As such, neural networks have been applied to problems such as disease classification and identification of biomarkers. This review introduces and describes the concepts related to neural networks, the advantages and caveats to their use, examples of their applications in mass spectrometry and microarray research (with a particular focus on cancer studies), and illustrations from recent literature showing where neural networks have performed well in comparison to other machine learning methods. This should form the necessary background knowledge and information enabling researchers with an interest in these methodologies, but not necessarily from a machine learning background, to apply the concepts to their own datasets, thus maximizing the information gain from these complex biological systems.
A new restoring algorithm for the preferential enhancement of edge gradients (1976)

We present here a new restoring algorithm that is based on use of a “median-window filter.” This is intrinsically a nonlinear operation that, when cyclically used with any linear restoring algorithm, can typically enhance edge gradients by a factor of 5:1 with nearly a complete absence of Gibbs oscillation.
Synthesis and characterization of sonochemically-aminated 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (1999)

Abstract A novel method has been achieved for the preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) from TCTNB in toluene by animation with ammonium hydroxide solution under the influence of ultrasonic irradiation. Samples of this sonochemically-aminated TATB (FP-TATB) were studied for its powder characteristics. It was found that the arithmetic median diameter (vol%) and BET surface area of FP-TATB are 15 micrometers and 1.2 m2/g, respectively. To evaluate shock initiation, samples of FP-TATB were pressed to high density (1.8g/cc) and subjected to initiation spot-size testing, and the results were compared with those from micronized TATB (UF-TATB), an IHE booster material. Data from this test indicated that the FP-TATB is slightly more sensitive to shock initiation than the UF-TATB as measured by the dent depth of the witness plate.
Modeling and Control of a Novel Robotic Actuator (1988)

With the increased use of robots in industry and the military, new robot-specific actuators will be developed to better meet functional requirements. One concept to be considered is a stiff pneumatic-hydraulic actuator for mobile anthropomorphic robot application. This thesis documents analysis of the feasibility of such an actuator. Computer modeling and simulation are accomplished. A hardware test bed with microcomputer control and parameter sensing interface is designed and constructed for the purpose of model validation and demonstrations. Automatic control software is designed and implemented on the test bed, and performance evaluations are made. From the observations made during the analysis process, design recommendations are formulated and proposed.
Down-regulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor α Signaling Is Required for Sacculation and Type I Cell Formation in the Developing Lung (2003)

Although retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to be critical for lung development, little is known about when RA is required and the role of individual RA receptors (RAR) in this process. Previously reported data from an RA responsive element RARE-lacZ reporter mouse show that when epithelial tubules are branching and differentiating RA signaling becomes markedly down-regulated in the epithelium. It is unclear why this down-regulation occurs and what role it might play in the developing lung. Here we analyze the effects of preventing potential progenitors of the distal lung from turning off RA signaling by locally expressing constitutively activated RARalpha or RARbeta chimeric receptors (RARVP16) in branching airways of transgenic mice. Continued RA activation resulted in lung immaturity in both cases, but the phenotypes were remarkably different. RARalphaVP16 lungs did not expand to form saccules or morphologically identifiable type I cells. High levels of surfactant protein C (Sp-C), thyroid transcription factor-1 (Ttf1), and Gata6, but not Sp-A or Sp-B in the epithelium at birth suggested that in these lungs differentiation was arrested at an early stage. These alterations were not observed in RARbetaVP16 lungs, which showed relatively less severe changes. Our data suggest a model in which activation of RAR signaling at the onset of lung development establishes an initial program that assigns distal cell fate to the prospective lung epithelium. Down-regulation of RA signaling, however, is required to allow completion of later steps of this differentiation program that ultimately form mature type I and II cells.
THE PREPARATION OF SOME SUBSTITUTED GLYCOLS BY ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PREPARATION OF SOME SUBSTITUTED GLYCOLS BY ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTIONMILTON J. ALLENCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1950, 15, 2, 435–437Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01148a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01148a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fault-tolerant CAM architectures: a design framework (2003)

Presents a novel design framework for designing fault tolerant/self-checking content addressable memories (CAM). The proposed methodology produces a CAM structural architecture starting from a functional description of some high level properties of the device (design directives). The analysis focuses on the functional level; in particular, the paper concentrates on functional level synthesis, by considering the transformation from the functional description to the structural definition. Some examples will be provided as support to the description.
An 8-b 100-MSample/s CMOS pipelined folding ADC (2001)

Although cascading reduces the number of folders used in folding analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), it demands wider bandwidth. The pipelining scheme proposed in this work greatly alleviates the wide bandwidth requirement of the folding amplifier. The pipelining is implemented with simple differential-pair folders. The key idea is to use odd multiples of folders with distributed interstage track/holds cooperatively with an algorithm for coding and digital error correction for the nonbinary system. The pipelined folding ADC prototyped using 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS exhibits a differential nonlinearity (DNL) of /spl plusmn/0.4 LSB and an integral nonlinearity (INL) of /spl plusmn/1.3 LSB at 100 MSample/s. The chip occupies 1.4 mm/spl times/1.2 mm in active area and consumes 165 mW at 5 V.
ERK Regulates the Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated Interaction of Gab1 and the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (2001)

Based on our previous observations that active ERK associates with and phosphorylates Gab1 in response to HGF, and the prediction that the ERK phosphorylation site is adjacent to one of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) SH2 binding motifs, we examined the possibility that ERK phosphorylation can regulate the Gab1/PI3K association. The HGF-mediated association of Gab1 with either full-length GST-p85 or its isolated N- or C-terminal SH2 domains was inhibited by approximately 50% in the setting of ERK inhibition, a result confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of the native proteins. A 14-amino acid peptide encoding (472)YVPMTP(477) (one of the major p85 binding sites in Gab1 and the predicted ERK phosphorylation site) was synthesized with either phosphotyrosine alone (pY), or phosphotyrosine + phosphothreonine (pYT). In both pull-down assays and competition assays, pYT demonstrated a higher affinity for p85 than did pY alone. Finally, examination of the phosphorylation state of Akt after HGF stimulation revealed that ERK inhibition resulted in a decrease in Akt activation at both 5 and 10 min. These results suggest that activated ERK can phosphorylate Gab1 in response to HGF stimulation and thereby potentiate the Gab1/PI3K association and subsequent PI3K activation.
[On the chemistry of etofenamate, a novel anti-inflammatory agent from the series of N-arylanthranilic acid derivatives (author's transl)]. (1977)

Etofenamate is 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-N-(a,a,a,-trifluorom-tolyl)anthranilate and has been selected as an antiphlogistic agent for percutaneous therapy. Its characteristic alcohol-ether-ester structure brings about an increase in lipophilia and in its ability to penetrate through the intact skin. Furthermore, its oily consistency renders it ideal for pharmaceutical formulation in gels. The physico-chemical material constants, partition coefficients (RM values) as a measure for lipophilia, spectra and molecular models of etofenamate are described. Various methods of synthesis of etofenamate and of its intermediates are described. Structural identification is made of by-products simultaneously obtained in the reaction. Pure etofenamate is obtained through repeated molecular distillation. The synthesis is carried out uniformly with protected reaction components and, after splitting off the protective groups, extremely pure etofenamate is obtained.
4-Selective Pyridine Functionalization Reactions via Heterocyclic Phosphonium Salts (2017)

Pyridines are widely used across the chemical sciences in applications ranging from pharmaceuticals, ligands for metal complex and battery technologies. Direct functionalization of pyridine C–H bonds is an important strategy to make useful pyridine derivatives, but there are few ways to selectively transform the 4-position of the scaffold. We recently reported that pyridines can be converted into heterocyclic phosphonium salts that can serve as generic handles for multiple subsequent bond-forming processes. Reactions with nucleophiles and transition-metal cross-couplings will be described to make C–O, C–S, C–N, and C–C bonds in a diverse range of pyridines including those embedded in complex pharmaceuticals. 1 Introduction 2 Direct, Regioselective Functionalization of Pyridines 3 4-Position Selectivity via Metal Catalysis 4 Versatile Functional Groups versus Specific Bond Constructions 5 Phosphonium Salts as Reagents for Pyridine Functionalization 6 Conclusions
Inhibition of pancreatic carcinoma by homo- and heterocombinations of antibodies against EGF-receptor and its kin HER2/ErbB-2 (2013)

Due to intrinsic aggressiveness and lack of effective therapies, prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains dismal. Because the only molecular targeted drug approved for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a kinase inhibitor specific to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and this receptor collaborates with another kinase, called HER2 (human EGF-receptor 2), we assumed that agents targeting EGFR and/or HER2 would effectively retard pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Accordingly, two immunological strategies were tested in animal models: (i) two antibodies able to engage distinct epitopes of either EGFR or HER2 were separately combined, and (ii) pairs of one antibody to EGFR and another to HER2. Unlike the respective single monoclonal antibodies, which induced weak effects, both types of antibody combinations synergized in animals in terms of tumor inhibition. Immunological cooperation may not depend on receptor density, antigenic sites, or the presence of a mutant RAS protein. Nevertheless, both types of antibody combinations enhanced receptor degradation. Future efforts will examine the feasibility of each strategy and the potential of combining them to achieve sustained tumor inhibition.
Remote concealed weapons and explosive detection on people using millimeter-wave holography (1996)

The need for a concealed weapons and explosive detection systems in uncontrolled environments has increased in recent years. Traditional metal detector inspection systems are limited to controlled environments such as security check points and cannot detect plastic explosives. Civilian and military security personnel need technologies capable of detection of concealed weapons and explosives at remote distances for enhanced safety reasons. A possible solution to this problem is a new inspection technique that uses wide-band millimeter wave holography to form very high resolution images. The millimeter-wave frequency region is ideally suited for detecting concealed weapons or explosives because radiation easily penetrates clothing and does not present a health hazard to the operator or people under surveillance. Remote wide-band millimeter-wave imaging results of concealed threats up to 25 ft feet are shown in this paper
Optimized Projections for Compressed Sensing (2007)

Compressed sensing (CS) offers a joint compression and sensing processes, based on the existence of a sparse representation of the treated signal and a set of projected measurements. Work on CS thus far typically assumes that the projections are drawn at random. In this paper, we consider the optimization of these projections. Since such a direct optimization is prohibitive, we target an average measure of the mutual coherence of the effective dictionary, and demonstrate that this leads to better CS reconstruction performance. Both the basis pursuit (BP) and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) are shown to benefit from the newly designed projections, with a reduction of the error rate by a factor of 10 and beyond.
Current strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2009)

Symptoms of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affect cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental functioning. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents. An estimated 2 to 16 percent of school-aged children have been diagnosed with the disorder. The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the primary care setting is similar to that in the general community, depending on the diagnostic criteria and population studied. The causality of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is relatively unknown. Most recent studies focus on the role of dopamine; norepinephrine; and, most recently, serotonin neurotransmitters. The disorder is classified into three general subtypes: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined. Screening tools and rating scales have been devised to assist with the diagnosis. Appropriate treatment can dramatically improve the function and quality of life of the patient and family. Pharmacologic treatment includes stimulants, such as methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts, or nonstimulants, such as atomoxetine. Behavioral approaches, particularly those that reward desirable behavior, are also effective. A combination of pharmacologic and behavioral therapies is recommended.
Presentation and survival of patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in Jos, Nigeria (2009)

AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe the pattern of presentation and survival in Jos, Nigeria. We identified 48 HIV-positive patients with AIDS-KS and matched them for age and sex with an equal number of HIV-positive patients without AIDS-KS. We compared their clinical, immunological, virological characteristics and survival. They were similar in age and body mass index profile but patients with AIDS-KS had more tuberculosis co-infection (P, 0.02), lower median CD4 count (P, 0.003) and higher mortality (P, 0.002). Surprisingly, patients with AIDS-KS had lower levels of median viral load (29,347 copies/mL) compared with controls (80,533 copies/mL). We recommend specific AIDS-KS therapy in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy in order to improve survival.
Influence of Thermomechanical Treatments and Cycling on The Martensitic Transformation and Shape Recorvery of Fe-Mn-Si Alloys (1989)

The influence of different parameters on the shape memory effect and the transformation temperatures has been determined.In this respect it has been found that annealing at an intermediate temperature, after hot rolling, yields a maximum shape recovery.It is believed that partial removal of the work hardened structure is necessary while prevention of permanent slip in the matrix is essential, to obtain good shape recovery.Also the influence of strain cycling and thermal cycling is determined.The shape memory effect increased after each strain cycle and the amount of martensite formed increased after each thermal cycle.Both observations can be accounted for by an increased nucleation rate.Also the heating and cooling rate are important parameters in this respect.