gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Aspergillus carbonarius</i> in Corinth Raisin and Wine‐Producing Vineyards in Greece: Population Composition, Ochratoxin A Production and Chemical Control (2004)

Abstract Vineyard surveys of Corinth raisin cultivar carried out in the Peloponnese region of Greece during 2002 and of wine‐producing grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache Rouge) on the island of Rhodes, Greece, during 2003, demonstrated the occurrence of various Aspergillus spp. in berries of bunches at harvest. Aspergillus niger and A. carbonarius were predominantly isolated from sampled berries. Although the prevailing Aspergillus spp. isolates belonged mainly to A. niger aggregate, isolates of A . carbonarius were by far the most efficient Ochratoxin A (OTA) producers as revealed by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test. This study provides the first evidence concerning the composition of Aspergillus populations in raisin and wine‐producing vineyards and offers convincing data for their ability to produce various levels of OTA in Corinth raisins and wine‐producing grapes in Greece. Furthermore, it demonstrates that chemical applications with the fungicide Switch, especially under low to intermediate Aspergillus infection of vineyards, could both significantly reduce the occurrence of OTA‐producing Aspergillus spp. and restrict sour rot severity. In contrast, vineyard applications with the fungicides Carbendazim or Chorus were ineffective in controlling the fungus in Corinth raisin cultivar.
Quality control assessment of polyherbal formulation based on a quantitative determination multimarker approach by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using polarity switching combined with multivariate analysis (2015)

An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of 28 major bioactive compounds in Mentat tablet, a complex Indian herbal medicine used in the treatment of neurological disorder and improvement of mental health. Multiple-reaction monitoring scanning was employed for quantification in positive and negative ion switching mode. The analysis was accomplished on Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C<sub>18</sub> column with linear gradient elution of water/formic acid (0.1%) and acetonitrile/formic acid (0.1%) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The proposed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r<sup>2</sup> , 0.9984-0.9999), precision (RSD, 0.22-2.11%), stability (RSD, 0.16-1.78%), and recovery (RSD ≤ 3.74%), under optimum conditions. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.28 to 3.88 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of 28 compounds in 20 batches of Mentat tablet. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed to evaluate the similarity and variation of the 20 samples based on the characteristics of 28 bioactive compounds. Results indicated that this method is rapid, sensitive, and reliable to show the quality of the Mentat tablet's composition, hence may be used for quality control of polyherbal formulations having similar markers/raw herbs.
Adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to polymer scaffolds occurs via distinct ECM ligands and controls their osteogenic differentiation (2006)

The osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or poly(caprolactone) (PCL), two widely used polymeric biomaterials that have been reported to differentially support osteogenic differentiation, was compared in these studies. Here we report that MSCs cultured in 3-D PLGA scaffolds for up to 5 weeks significantly upregulate osteocalcin gene expression levels. By contrast, osteocalcin expression was markedly downregulated in 3-D PCL-based constructs over the same time course. We hypothesized that differential adsorption of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins present in serum-containing culture medium and subsequent differences in integrin-mediated adhesion are responsible for these differences, and tested this hypothesis using thin (2-D) polymeric films. Supporting this hypothesis, significant amounts of fibronectin and vitronectin deposited onto both materials in serum-containing osteogenic media, with type-I collagen present in lower amounts. Adhesion-blocking studies revealed that MSCs adhere to PCL primarily via vitronectin, while type-I collagen mediates their attachment to PLGA. These adhesive mechanisms correlated with higher levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 2 weeks of monolayer culture on PLGA versus PCL. These data suggest that the initial adhesion of MSCs to PLGA via type-I collagen fosters osteogenesis while adhesion to PCL via vitronectin does not, and stress the need for an improved molecular understanding of cell-ECM interactions in stem cell-based therapies.
The System ZnO[middle dot]CdO[middle dot]B[sub 2]O[sub 3], Phase Relationships. and Fluorescence (1959)

The subsolidus phase relationships were investigated using x‐ray and petrographic methods. Two compounds were isolated: which fuses at about 860°C and which melts congruently at . Excitation by either 2537Aå or cathode rays produces a maximum orange (6200Aå) fluorescence in with 0.004 wt % Mn and a maximum red (6400Aå) fluorescence in with 0.080 wt % Mn. The fluorescence of was examined using Ag, Sn, Tl, Pb, and Sb as single activators as well as sensitizers with Mn.
MURPHY: A Robot that Learns by Doing (1987)

MURPHY consists of a camera looking at a robot arm, with a connectionist network architecture situated in between. By moving its arm through a small, representative sample of the 1 billion possible joint configurations, MURPHY learns the relationships, backwards and forwards, between the positions of its joints and the state of its visual field. MURPHY can use its internal model in the forward direction to envision sequences of actions for planning purposes, such as in grabbing a visually presented object, or in the reverse direction to imitate, with its arm, autonomous activity in its visual field. Furthermore, by taking explicit advantage of continuity in the mappings between visual space and joint space, MURPHY is able to learn non-linear mappings with only a single layer of modifiable weights.
Effect of Total Parenteral Nutrition Plus Morphine on Bacterial Translocation in Rats (1993)

These observations demonstrate the important role that morphine plays in promoting translocation, presumably by disrupting fasting motility and enhancing bacterial overgrowth.
Differential ability of T<sub>h</sub>1 and T<sub>h</sub>2 T cells to express Fas ligand and to undergo activation-induced cell death (1994)

Stimulation of previously activated T cells through the antigen receptor can result in the apoptotic death of the responding cell, a process referred to as activation-induced cell death (AICD). This process appears to involve Fas (CD95) and its ligand (Fas-L). The distribution of Fas and Fas-L on various T cell subsets has not been extensively characterized. We have therefore analyzed cells committed to a Th1- or Th2-type differentiation pattern for the expression and function of Fas-L. Using both a sensitive bioassay and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that cloned Th1 cells express high levels of Fas-L, whereas cloned Th2 cells express only low levels. The expression of Fas-L by Th1 and Th2 cells correlates with the relative abilities of these two cell types to undergo AICD. Whereas AICD is readily observed in cultures of cloned Th1, but not Th2 cells, Th2 cells are capable of undergoing apoptosis in the presence of Th1 cells expressing Fas-L. The ability of T cells to undergo AICD appears to be unrelated to the presence of various cytokines. Thus, the Fas/Fas-L pathway appears to be critical for the induction of AICD and this pathway is differentially regulated in cells committed to either Th1 or Th2 differentiation.
Genome-Scale Dna Methylation Analysis (2010)

The haploid human genome contains approximately 29 million CpGs that exist in a methylated, hydroxymethylated or unmethylated state, collectively referred to as the DNA methylome. The methylation status of cytosines in CpGs and occasionally in non-CpG cytosines influences protein–DNA interactions, gene expression, and chromatin structure and stability. The degree of DNA methylation at particular loci may be heritable transgenerationally and may be altered by environmental exposures and diet, potentially contributing to the development of human diseases. For the vast majority of normal and disease methylomes however, less than 1% of the CpGs have been assessed, revealing the formative stage of methylation mapping techniques. Thus, there is significant discovery potential in new genome-scale platforms applied to methylome mapping, particularly oligonucleotide arrays and the transformative technology of next-generation sequencing. Here, we outline the currently used methylation detection reagents and their application to microarray and sequencing platforms. A comparison of the emerging methods is presented, highlighting their degrees of technical complexity, methylome coverage and precision in resolving methylation. Because there are hundreds of unique methylomes to map within one individual and interindividual variation is likely to be significant, international coordination is essential to standardize methylome platforms and to create a full repository of methylome maps from tissues and unique cell types.
Optimization of a microfluidic cartridge for Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) application and bio-testing for DNA/RNA extraction (2008)

A bio-microfluidic cartridge has been developed with integrated reservoir and valves for Lab on a chip (LOC) applications, e.g. extracting DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) from human blood. A combination of different materials such as thermoplastic and elastomer are used to fabricate the microfluidic cartridge.
Averting Behavior by Victims in the Presence of Public Good Characteristics (1996)

This paper is basically the extension of Oates' model. It is argued that Pigouvian tax alone cannot correct the common forms of externalities with alleviation beh-aviors in the presence of public good characteristics. In our model, subsidy would be necessary to achieve Pareto-optimality. On the other hand, types of averting beh-aviors would depend upon alleviation technologT, which may classify them as three types: (a)pure private activity; (b)pure public activity; (c)impure public activity. Taking type (b), this paper examines the influence of risk attitudes on the provision of externality with averting behavior and on the proper size of a Pigouvian correction when the externality is a random variable whose distribution is affected by aver-ting behaviors. Then we conclude that an increase in risk aversion could lead to an increase in the level of externality for some plausible conditions. The influence of risk attitudes on the provision 4' averting behavior will depend on the level of emis-sion (ambient risk) individuals face, which leads to two types of averting behavior either reducing variance of consumption externality (risk-reducing behavior) or increasing variance of consumption externality (risky behavior). The effect of uncertainty on the provision of averting behavior is also examined and it is found that the provision of averting behavior is higher than if individuals were indifferent to risk.
Subfragments of the large terminal repeat cause glucocorticoid-responsive expression of mouse mammary tumor virus and of an adjacent gene. (1983)

After transfection of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral DNA into cultured cells, the DNA is transcribed in a glucocorticoid-sensitive fashion. The large terminal repeat (LTR) region of MMTV is 1,328 nucleotides long and contains the regulatory information necessary for the hormonal response. We have constructed a MMTV LTR-thymidine kinase (tk) chimeric gene and have tested the biological activity of molecules containing various deletions in the LTR after transformation of LTK- APRT- mouse cells. In the TK+ transformants, both a LTR- tk chimeric RNA and an authentic tk RNA are correctly initiated and transcribed. The synthesis of the chimeric RNA as well as that of the tk RNA is hormonally regulated. A plasmid containing 202 nucleotides of LTR DNA 5' to the RNA initiation site is fully sensitive to glucocorticoids; 50 nucleotides still cause a residual inducibility.
Discovery of (2<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>)-1-(2-Aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic Acid Hydrochloride (GAP-134)<sup>13</sup>, an Orally Active Small Molecule Gap-Junction Modifier for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (2009)

Rotigaptide (3) is an antiarrhythmic peptide that improves cardiac conduction by modifying gap-junction communication. Small molecule gap-junction modifiers with improved physical properties were identified from a Zealand Pharma peptide library using pharmaceutical profiling, established SAR around 3, and a putative pharmacophore model for rotigaptide. Activity of the compounds was confirmed in a mouse cardiac conduction block model of arrhythmia. Dipeptide 9f (GAP-134) was identified as a potent, orally active gap-junction modifier for clinical development.
Scalable Video Streaming With Fine-Grain Adaptive Forward Error Correction (2009)

In this paper, we investigate a fine-grain adaptive forward error correction (FGA-FEC) coding scheme for scalable video bitstreams. In our work, both the embedded source bitstream and the error-control codes are granularly adapted at block level in intermediate overlay nodes to satisfy heterogeneous users with both different video frame-rate/spatial resolution/quality preferences and different network connections. The proposed FGA-FEC scheme encodes and adapts the embedded source-coded bitstream in such a way that if part of the video source data is actively dropped, parity bits protecting that piece of data are also removed, yielding an efficient result without any transcoding.
Does a More Precise Chemical Description of Protein–Ligand Complexes Lead to More Accurate Prediction of Binding Affinity? (2014)

Predicting the binding affinities of large sets of diverse molecules against a range of macromolecular targets is an extremely challenging task. The scoring functions that attempt such computational prediction are essential for exploiting and analyzing the outputs of docking, which is in turn an important tool in problems such as structure-based drug design. Classical scoring functions assume a predetermined theory-inspired functional form for the relationship between the variables that describe an experimentally determined or modeled structure of a protein-ligand complex and its binding affinity. The inherent problem of this approach is in the difficulty of explicitly modeling the various contributions of intermolecular interactions to binding affinity. New scoring functions based on machine-learning regression models, which are able to exploit effectively much larger amounts of experimental data and circumvent the need for a predetermined functional form, have already been shown to outperform a broad range of state-of-the-art scoring functions in a widely used benchmark. Here, we investigate the impact of the chemical description of the complex on the predictive power of the resulting scoring function using a systematic battery of numerical experiments. The latter resulted in the most accurate scoring function to date on the benchmark. Strikingly, we also found that a more precise chemical description of the protein-ligand complex does not generally lead to a more accurate prediction of binding affinity. We discuss four factors that may contribute to this result: modeling assumptions, codependence of representation and regression, data restricted to the bound state, and conformational heterogeneity in data.
Imprinting and Selective Binding of Di- and Tri-Peptides in Ultrathin TiO2-Gel Films in Aqueous Solutions (2002)

Abstract Di- and tri-peptides dissolved in water were alternately assembled with titanium n-butoxide to produce ultrathin nanocomposite films. Upon removal of the peptide templates, the titanium oxide film showed selective binding of peptides from dilute aqueous solution.
Recent progress in multiphoton microfabrication (2008)

Abstract Multiphoton microfabrication enables the production of three‐dimensional microstructures with sub‐100 nm resolution via direct laser writing using a femtosecond, pulsed laser beam. The range of materials available for multiphoton processing has increased steadily over the past decade, and the extent of potential applications has increased correspondingly. Current application areas include photonics, microelectromechanical systems, and microelectronics. We review the fundamentals of multiphoton microfabrication and recent progress on materials and applications. Approaches for the mass production of three‐dimensional structures created with multiphoton fabrication are also discussed.
Hyperglucagonemia--a partial explanation for the increased amylase/creatinine clearance in pancreatitis. (1983)

Hyperglucagonemia accompanies several clinical conditions characterized by increased amylase/creatinine clearance. We tested the hypothesis that glucagon may be responsible for this augmented clearance. Therefore, a constant glucagon infusion was given to eight volunteers in order to attain physiological levels comparable to those obtained during acute pancreatitis. The amylase/creatinine clearance increased from 0.84 +/- 0.8% to a mean of 1.30 +/- 1.14% (p less than 0.001). This was, however, less than the clearance of 2.94 +/- 0.23% observed during acute pancreatitis. The rise in amylase clearance during acute pancreatitis is, therefore, only partially explained by the hyperglucagonemia.
Conceptual designs of 50 kA 20 MJ superconducting ohmic heating coils (1979)

Two conceptual designs of 20 MJ superconducting coils are described which were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of an ohmic heating system. Both NbTi and Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn superconductors were considered for both 7 tesla and 9 tesla maximum fields. Cabled and braided conductors were investigated and the braided conductors are identified as the best alternative due to their high operating current densities and because of its porosity. The coils are designed to be cryostable for bipolar operation from +7 tesla to -7 tesla and from +9 tesla to -9 tesla maximum fields within 1 second. The structural design addresses the distribution of structure and structural materials used in the pulsed field environment. Both the immersion cooled (pool boil) and the forced flow cooled coils are described.
Facile preparation of anatase/SiO2 spherical nanocomposites and their application in self-cleaning textiles (2007)

Anatase TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by a sol–gel process at a low temperature. The structural properties of these as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing that TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of SiO2 spheres. The spherical TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposites were coated onto cotton fabrics by a simple dip-pad–dry-cure process. The treated cotton fabrics demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity in comparison to pure TiO2 treated cotton fabrics in a typical photocatalytic test using a model compound of Neolan Blue 2G dye. Our results demonstrate that this composite material is a step towards better self-cleaning performance of textile materials.
Correcting Errors Beyond the Guruswami-Sudan Radius in Polynomial Time (2005)

We introduce a new family of error-correcting codes that have a polynomial-time encoder and a polynomial-time list-decoder, correcting a fraction of adversarial errors up to /spl tau//sub M/ = 1 - /sup M+1//spl radic/(M/sup M/R/sup M/) where R is the rate of the code and M /spl ges/ 1 is an arbitrary integer parameter. This makes it possible to decode beyond the Guruswami-Sudan radius of 1 /spl radic/R for all rates less than 1/16. Stated another way, for any /spl epsiv/ > 0, we can list-decode in polynomial time a fraction of errors up to 1 - /spl epsiv/ with a code of length n and rate /spl Omega/(/spl epsiv//log(1//spl epsiv/)), defined over an alphabet of size n/sup M/ = n/sup O(log(1//spl epsiv/))/. Notably, this error-correction is achieved in the worst-case against adversarial errors: a probabilistic model for the error distribution is neither needed nor assumed. The best results so far for polynomial-time list-decoding of adversarial errors required a rate of O(/spl epsiv//sup 2/) to achieve the correction radius of 1 - /spl epsiv/. Our codes and list-decoders are based on two key ideas. The first is the transition from bivariate polynomial interpolation, pioneered by Sudan and Guruswami-Sudan [1999], to multivariate interpolation decoding. The second idea is to part ways with Reed-Solomon codes, for which numerous prior attempts at breaking the O(/spl epsiv//sup 2/) rate barrier in the worst-case were unsuccessful. Rather than devising a better list-decoder for Reed-Solomon codes, we devise better codes. Standard Reed-Solomon encoders view a message as a polynomial f(X) over a field F/sub q/, and produce the corresponding codeword by evaluating f(X) at n distinct elements of F/sub q/. Herein, given f(X), we first compute one or more related polynomials g/sub 1/(X), g/sub 2/(X), ..., g/sub M-1/(X) and produce the corresponding codeword by evaluating all these polynomials. Correlation between f(X) and g/sub i/(X), carefully designed into our encoder, then provides the additional information we need to recover the encoded message from the output of the multivariate interpolation process.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of Potent and Selective Somatostatin Analogues Incorporating Novel Peptoid Residues (1998)

We report the synthesis, bioactivity, and structure-activity relationship studies of compounds related to the Merck cyclic hexapeptide c[Pro6-Phe7-d-Trp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11], L-363,301 (the numbering in the sequence refers to the position of the residues in native somatostatin). The Pro residue in this compound is replaced with arylalkyl peptoid residues. We present a novel approach utilizing beta-methyl chiral substitutions to constrain the peptoid side-chain conformation. Our studies led to molecules which show potent binding and increased selectivity to the hsst2 receptor (weaker binding to the hsst3 and hsst5 receptors compared to L-363, 301). In vivo, these peptoid analogues selectively inhibit the release of growth hormone but have no effect on the inhibition of insulin. The biological assays which include binding to five recombinant human somatostatin receptors carried out in two independent laboratories and in vivo inhibition of growth hormone and insulin provide insight into the relationship between structure and biological activity of somatostatin analogues. Our results have important implications for the study of other peptide hormones and neurotransmitters.
Food (2015)

Abstract While food may be defined in the biological sense as being safe or nutritious to consume, in any given culture all that is edible is not eaten. In considering food and food consumption beyond the biological perspective we are introduced to the social appetite – the social patterning of food production, distribution, preparation, and consumption. Examining the social appetite brings into focus the structure–agency debate in terms of the degree to which people's food choices are an outcome of their social environment versus personal choice. Food is a used as a marker of social identity, and food consumption patterns vary with gender, ethnicity, religion, and class. Food studies, the province of a broad range of disciplines, are increasingly exploring the complex question of why we eat the way we do.