gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superparamagnetic Relaxation and Magnetic Anisotropy Energy Distribution in CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinel Ferrite Nanocrystallites (1999)

Superparamagnetism is a unique feature of magnetic nanoparticles. Spinel ferrite nanoparticles provide great opportunities for studying the mechanism of superparamagnetic properties. CoFe2O4 nanocrystallites have been synthesized with a microemulsion method. The neutron diffraction studies and the temperature-dependent decay of magnetization show the superparamagnetic relaxation occurring in these nanoparticles. The neutron diffraction shows a high degree of inversion with the 78% tetrahedral sites occupied by Fe3+ cations. The nanoparticles with a 12 nm diameter have a blocking temperature around 320 K. The field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements display a divergence below the blocking temperature. The energy barrier distribution of magnetic anisotropy is derived from the temperature-dependent decay of magnetization. The magnetic anisotropy is clearly the origin of the divergence in the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements. The energy barrier distribution function is used in a computer simulation of the zero-field-cooled magnetization, and the calculated magnetization has a great consistency with experimentally measured values. These studies on the magnetic anisotropy distribution elucidate the mechanism of superparamagnetic relaxation and facilitate the design and control of superparamagnetic properties in nanoparticles.
Characterization of a novel cofilin isoform that is predominantly expressed in mammalian skeletal muscle. (1994)

Cofilin is an actin-modulating protein of 20 kDa, which is widely distributed throughout muscle and non-muscle cells. By means of immunoblotting combined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we found that two cofilin variants, muscle type (M-type) and non-muscle type (NM-type), exist in mammals, while a single isoform exists in chickens. During in vitro myogenesis of mouse C2 cells, expression of the M-type cofilin was upregulated. To better understand the nature of the M-type cofilin, we cloned cDNAs encoding M-type cofilin from the cDNA library of C2 myotubes and determined the entire sequence. The deduced peptide sequence contained a nuclear localization signal and a putative actin-binding sequence as reported in NM-type cofilin. The sequence showed 81% identity in the amino acid residues with the mouse NM-type cofilin sequence and, interestingly, higher homology (96% identity) with that of chicken cofilin. The mRNA encoding M-type cofilin, though it contains two variants that differ in the size of their 3'-non-coding sequences, was detected predominantly in heart, skeletal muscle, C2 myotubes, and testis by Northern blotting, while the mRNA for NM-type cofilin was seen in a variety of non-muscle tissues. The presence of the muscle type isoform of cofilin strongly suggests that cofilin is deeply involved in the regulation of actin function not only in non-muscle cells but also in muscle cells.
Modulation of the <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Peroxin 5 Quaternary Structure by Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 1 Ligands (2004)

The import of proteins containing the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) into the Leishmania glycosome is dependent on the docking of the PTS1-loaded LdPEX5 cytosolic receptor with LdPEX14 on the glycosome surface. Here we show that, in the absence of PTS1, LdPEX5 is a tetramer that is stabilized by two distinct interaction domains; the first is a coiled-coil motif encompassing residues 277 to 310, whereas the second domain is localized to residues 1 to 202. By using microcalorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, and size exclusion chromatography techniques, we show that PTS1 peptide binding to LdPEX5 tetramers promotes their dissociation into dimeric structures, which are stabilized by a coiled-coil interaction. Moreover, we demonstrated that the resulting LdPEX5-PTS1 complex is remarkably stable and exhibits extremely slow dissociation kinetics. However, binding of LdPEX14 to LdPEX5 modulates the LdPEX5-PTS1 affinity as it decreases the thermodynamic dissociation constant for this latter complex by 10-fold. These changes in the oligomeric state of LdPEX5 and in its affinity for PTS1 ligand upon LdPEX14 binding may explain how, under physiological conditions, LdPEX5 can function to deliver and unload its cargo to the protein translocation machinery on the glycosomal membrane.
Simplified calculation of dipole energy transport in a multilayer stack using dyadic Green’s functions (2007)

We extend the model of Chance, Prock and Silbey [1] and analytically determine the Poynting vector in the direction perpendicular to the plane of a multilayer organic device. The result is used to predict the spatial profile of Förster energy transfer, the radiative output of an organic light emitting device, and to calculate the efficiency of surface plasmon polariton-mediated energy transfer across a thin silver film.
Efficient Checkpointing of Multi-threaded Applications as a Tool for Debugging, Performance Tuning, and Resiliency (2016)

Past work on application checkpointing systems has either focused on enabling application resiliency or as a tool for debugging (as in record-replay literature). Each of these use cases for checkpoints places different constraints on the constructed checkpointing system. When used for resiliency, checkpointing systems must minimize their interference with the running application. When used for record-replay and numerical debugging, checkpointing systems instead must focus on correlating the contents of a checkpoint to user-visible data structures in order to aid in the debugging process. Past literature has ignored the use of checkpoints in application performance tuning. While existing performance profiling tools enable the identification of hotspots in an application, creating full application checkpoints immediately prior to a hotspot enables rapid iteration on the performance of that hotspot. In this paper, we present a checkpointing system for all three of these use cases: resiliency, application debugging, and application performance tuning. We present a novel checkpointing framework that creates efficient checkpoints of multithreaded C programs using a hybrid compile-time and runtime approach. This approach reduces the framework's dependency on platform-specific features and improves its efficiency using insights from static and dynamic application analysis. Across a wide range of benchmarks we demonstrate that our framework incurs low overheads: ~5% on average and in many cases less than 1%.
Glycoside Synthesis with Anomeric 1-<i>N</i>-Glycobiosyl-1,2,3-triazoles<sup>1</sup> (1996)

Abstract 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of the acetylated 1,2-trans- and 1,2-cis-cellobiosyl, -lactosyl, -maltosyl, and -melibiosyl azides with various acetylenedicarboxylic acid esters gave the corresponding 1-N-glycobiosyl-1,2,3-triazoles (1a,b,c-8a,b,c) which have been used as glycosyl donors for the synthesis of oligosaccharides (15-17) and an anthracycline type antibiotic (18).
Point mutations in the dystrophin gene. (1992)

Defining the range of mutations in genes that cause human disease is essential to determine the mechanisms of genetic variation and the function of gene domains and to perform precise carrier and prenatal diagnosis. The mutations in one-third of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients remain unknown as they do not involve gross rearrangements of the dystrophin gene. The size and complexity of the gene have prohibited the systematic definition of point mutations. We have developed a method for the identification of these mutations by nested amplification, chemical mismatch detection, and sequencing of reverse transcripts of trace amounts of dystrophin mRNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Analysis of the entire coding region (11 kilobases) in seven patients has resulted in detection of a sequence change in each case that is clearly sufficient to cause the disease. All mutations should cause premature translational termination, and the resulting phenotypes are thus equivalent to those caused by frameshifting deletions. The results support a particular functional importance for the C-terminal region of dystrophin. Application of this approach to mutation detection will extend direct carrier and prenatal diagnosis to virtually every affected family.
How Visibility and Divided Attention Constrain Social Contagion (2012)

How far and how fast does information spread in social media? Researchers have recently examined a number of factors that affect information diffusion in online social networks, including: the novelty of information, users' activity levels, who they pay attention to, and how they respond to friends' recommendations. Using URLs as markers of information, we carry out a detailed study of retweeting, the primary mechanism by which information spreads on the Twitter follower graph. Our empirical study examines how users respond to an incoming stimulus, i.e., a tweet (message) from a friend, and reveals that dynamically decaying visibility, which is the increasing cognitive effort required for discovering and acting upon a tweet, combined with limited attention play dominant roles in retweeting behavior. Specifically, we observe that users retweet information when it is most visible, such as when it near the top of their Twitter feed. Moreover, our measurements quantify how a user's limited attention is divided among incoming tweets, providing novel evidence that highly connected individuals are less likely to propagate an arbitrary tweet. Our study indicates that the finite ability to process incoming information constrains social contagion, and we conclude that rapid decay of visibility is the primary barrier to information propagation online.
Processing software source text in automated design recovery and transformation (2002)

Software source text is the raw material of program understanding and transformation systems. In order to share the results of source analyses, both between phases of a design recovery process, and between tools and systems in different processes, a source text interchange format is needed. The paper describes a simple technique, 'source factoring', by which a common structural decomposition of source text can address the many issues of preprocessing, macro processing, lexical analysis, design recovery, and automated transformation. Above all, source factorization allows the results of design analysis to be attached to source, and the results of source transformation to be reinstalled cleanly into the code base. This view of source text underlies the architecture of a successful software maintenance system which has processed billions of lines of legacy code in all major programming languages.
Contents (2013)

The London Lord Mayors' Shows were high-profile and lavish entertainments that were at the centre of the cultural life of the City of London in the early modern period. The Show was staged annually to celebrate the inauguration of the new Lord Mayor. The London mayoralty was not simply an entity of civic power, but always had its ritual and ceremonial dimensions. Pageantry was a feature of the day's entertainment. This book focuses on the social, cultural and economic contexts, in which the Shows were designed, presented and experienced, and explores the Shows in textual, historical, bibliographical, and archival and other contexts. It highlights the often-overlooked roles of the artificer and those other craftsmen who contributed so valuably to the day's entertainment. The Show was the concern of the Great Twelve livery companies from the ranks of one of which the Lord Mayor was elected. The book discusses, inter alia, the actors' roles, the props, music and costumes used during the Show and looks at how important emblems and imagery were to these productions. Pageant writers and artificers took advantage of the space available to them just as dramatists did on the professional stage. From 1585 onwards the Lord Mayor's Show was with increasing frequency transmitted from event to text in the form of short pamphlets produced in print runs ranging from 200 to 800 copies. The book also demonstrates the ways in which the Shows engaged with the changing socio-economic scene of London and with court and city politics.
Model Studies on the Oxidative Stability of Odor-Active Thiols Occurring in Food Flavors (1996)

Dilute ethereal solutions of mercaptoacetone (MA), 2-mercapto-3-butanone (MB), 3-mercapto-2-pentanone (MP), 2-methyl-3-furanthiol (MFT), and 2-furfurylthiol (FFT), either alone or in pairs, were stored at 6 °C. During a period of 10 days the oxidation of the thiols to the corresponding disulfides or mixed disulfides was followed by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In diethyl ether MFT showed the highest oxidation rate, which decreased in the order MFT ≫ MA > MB = MP = FFT. After 1 day, mixed disulfides (e.g. MFT−FFT, FFT−MB) were detectable when pairs of the five thiols dissolved in diethyl ether were stored at 6 °C. MFT oxidized more slowly in dichloromethane than in diethyl ether, and it was stable in pentane. However, a heat treatment increased the oxidation rate of MFT dissolved in dichloromethane or pentane. Keywords: 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol; 2-furfurylthiol; disulfide formation
Fabrication of an Optical Biosensor Based on Immobilized MBTH and Tyrosinase for Determination of Phenolic Compounds (2006)

Fabrication of biosensor for phenolic compounds determination employing optical method is described. The biosensor involved bi-layer which consist of immobilized 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) in composite nafion/sol-gel silicate film and immobilized tyrosinase in chitosan film. The enzymatic oxidation product of phenolic compounds were stabilized through the formation of adduct with MBTH which can be monitored spectrophotometrically at wavelength of 490 run. The fabricated biosensor gave a linear response towards phenol, catechol and m-cresol in the concentration range of 5.0-74.0 /spl mu/M, 5.0-91.0 /spl mu/M, 9.0-120.0 /spl mu/M with detection limit of 1.9, 2.1, 4.0 /spl mu/M, respectively. The biosensor was stable for a duration of at least 3 months.
A host protein (La) binds to a unique species of minus-sense leader RNA during replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. (1983)

Baby hamster kidney cells infected with the minus-strand RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were found to contain three small viral leader RNA species of the minus sense. The longest minus-strand leader RNA was 54 nucleotides long and was complexed with the host cell La protein that was immunoprecipitated by antisera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The La protein is normally found associated with RNA polymerase III transcripts in their unprocessed form. Shorter minus-strand leader RNA species of 45-48 nucleotides were more abundant but were not associated with the La protein. Unlike the plus-strand leader RNA of VSV, the minus-strand leader RNAs were not detected in the nucleus in any form. The minus-strand leader RNAs accumulated gradually throughout the infection and could not be found in association with the viral nucleocapsid protein. The sequence required for La protein binding on the 54-nucleotide-long minus-strand leader is similar to that at the 3' end of the La protein binding-plus-strand leader RNA and, thus, we propose a role for the La protein in the replication of VSV.
Angle metrology at INRIM in the framework of the EMRP Project SIB58 (2015)

In the framework of a European Project, focused on the improvement of the traceability of angle measurements to the SI unit radian, the Italian Institute of Metrology (INRIM) will develop three new devices. An angle standard used to calibrate angle artefacts, angular encoders and autocollimators (AC), a small angle generator used to calibrate electronic levels and ACs and a reference interferometer used to measure small tilts. The resolution and accuracy target of the three devices is of the order of 0.01” (50 nrad). The working principle of the three devices and the preliminary results are reported.
Growth Kinetics of Reaction Layers in Flip Chip Joints with Cu-cored Lead-free Solder Balls (2004)

The growth kinetics of the reaction layers formed in the flip chip joints using Cu-cored Sn-5 mass%Ag balls was investigated. In particular, the effect of Ni coating over the Cu core was investigated on the microstructures of flip chip joints with Ni/Au plated Cu pads after reflow soldering and the subsequenct heat exposure at 373 K, 398 K and 423 K. A Ni-Sn reaction layer formed at the Cu core/Sn-5Ag interface in the joint using the Cu-cored Sn-5Ag ball with Ni coating over the Cu core with reflow soldering. A similar Ni-Sn reaction layer formed at the joint interface between the Sn-5Ag solder and the Ni/Au plated Cu pad with reflow soldering. The growth rates of those Ni-Sn reaction layers following the subsequent heat exposure were slower than that of the Cu-Sn reaction layer formed at the Cu core/Sn-5Ag interface in the joint with the Cu-cored Sn-5Ag ball without Ni coating over the Cu core. In this study, the activation energies of the growth of the reaction layers and the shear load of the joint were also investigated.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cathepsin K contribute differently to osteoclastic activities (2003)

The best established proteolytic event of osteoclasts is bone matrix solubilization by the cysteine proteinase cathepsin K. Here, however, we draw the attention on osteoclastic activities depending on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We discuss the observations supporting that MMPs contribute significantly to bone matrix solubilization in specific areas of the skeleton and in some developmental and pathological situations. Our discussion takes into account (1) the characteristics of the bone remodeling persisting in the absence of cathepsin K, (2) the ultrastructure of the resorption zone in response to inactivation of MMPs and of cathepsin K in different bone types, (3) bone resorption levels in MMP knockout mice compared to wild-type mice, (4) the identification of MMPs in osteoclasts and surrounding cells, and (5) the effect of different bone pathologies on the serum concentrations of specific collagen fragments believed to discriminate between cathepsin K and MMP cleavage. Next, we provide evidence that MMPs are very critical for osteoclast migration, thereby controlling also the cell-matrix interactions required for cell attachment/detachment. The evidence supporting this role is based on a model of osteoclast recruitment in primitive long bones, an assay of osteoclast invasion through collagen gel, and the effect of proteinase inhibitors/knockouts in these models. Furthermore, we mention observations indicating a role of MMPs in initiation of bone resorption. Finally, we emphasize the many distinct ways MMPs may alter focally the extracellular environment thereby regulating the osteoclast behavior. Although the understanding of MMPs in osteoclast biology is rapidly expanding, it is suspected that important roles remain to be discovered.
Millimeter radar: current assessment, future directions (1994)

After a short introduction to millimeter wavelength (MMW) radar, this paper presents a current survey and assessment of MMW technology, especially as it relates to radar applications; discusses some important recent research in MMW propagation modeling, clutter characterization, and multipath prediction; presents some examples of recent and on-going MMW radar hardware development programs in the military, phenomenology/instrumentation, and commercial areas; and concludes with a brief discussion of possible future directions for millimeter wavelength radar.
Orodispersible tablets of meloxicam using disintegrant blends for improved efficacy (2007)

In the present work, orodispersible tablets of meloxicam were designed with a view to enhance patient compliance. A combination of super-disintegrants i.e., sodium starch glycolate- croscarmellose sodium or sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone were used along with directly compressible mannitol to enhance mouth feel. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, wetting time, water absorption ratio and in vitro dispersion time. Based on in vitro dispersion time (approximately 10 s), two formulations (one from each batch) were tested for in vitro drug release pattern (in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer), short-term stability (at 45o for 3 w) and drug-excipient interaction (IR spectroscopy). Among the two formulations, the formulation prepared by direct compression method using 2% w/w sodium starch glycolate and 1.5% w/w croscarmellose sodium was found to be a better formulation (t 50% = 22 min) based on the in vitro drug release characteristics compared to conventional commercial tablet formulation (t 50% = 68 min). Short-term stability studies on the formulations indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in vitro dispersion time (P<0.05).
Flame‐retardant cotton fabrics by reaction of cellulose with phosphorus trichloride–DMF adduct (1973)

Abstract Cotton sateen fabric was found to react with the 1 : 2 adduct of phosphorus trichloride and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in DMF or DMF—chloroform solutions at room temperature. During this reaction, the fabric acquired flame resistance. The introduction of as little as 1.2% phospohorus and 0.4% nitrogen, achieved at adduct concentrations as low as 2–5% in reaction times of 5–30 min, was sufficient to impart a useful level of flame retardancy. The effect of the adduct concentration, reaction time, and wash procedures on the flame resistance and other properties of the resultant cotton fabrics was studied. Moderate increases in the wet and dry wrinkle recovery were imparted by the treatment, but the use of high concentrations of adduct were somewhat detrimental to the tensile strength of the fabric. However, adduct concentrations of 20–25% produced a rather durable finish which passed the standard vertical flame test after 20 home launderings. Gradual loss of flame resistance during repeated laundering is attributable to ion exchange properties gradually acquired by the fabric. Based on analytical and in frared spectral data, the initial reaction of cellulose with the PCl 3 —DMF adduct is thought to involve elimination of one mole of DMF to form celluloseOP linkages, as well as some cellulose crosslinking via a second formimidate group of the adduct. Gradual hydrolysis during multiple launderings apparently yields cellulose acid phosphates responsible for the calcium ion uptake and decrease in flame resistance.
A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation (2000)

Robot-delivered quantitative and reproducible sensorimotor training enhanced the motor performance of the exercised shoulder and elbow. The robot-treated group also demonstrated improved functional outcome. When added to standard multidisciplinary rehabilitation, robotics provides novel therapeutic strategies that focus on impairment reduction and improved motor performance.