gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organizing for Change: A Community Law Response to Police Misconduct (1993)

This paper addresses the problem of police misconduct in a historical and theoretical context that examines prior efforts at reform and argues for the development of a new, collaborative approach. This examination critiques the domination of legal strategies in the past and looks for community-based initiatives with a view to achieving fundamental structural change. The context is local and particularized in the City of Toronto and in a community legal clinic. The lessons, it is argued, are universal. Clinic files, media accounts, and inquiry records are drawn upon to center the discussion in the "real world" of poverty, perception, and public response.
Control Issues for MEMS (2004)

This paper discusses control issues for MEMS devices, starting with a brief overview of MEMS technology evolution, continuing with a characterization of increasing demand for control technology, and concluding with a case study outlining control issues in the high port count (1024/spl times/1024) photonic crossconnect. In this application, MEMS mirrors are controlled in a closed loop to deliver low-optical connection insertion loss and a high resistance to vibration, while optimizing response time. To close the control loop, extraction of reduced DOF 3D mirror models from finite element mechanical model is shown to be a very effective approach in predicting and optimizing dynamic performance of the nonlinear mirror drive. Another issue discussed is time-efficient calibration of the million optical connection points.
A novel high current density switching effect in electrically conductive polymer composite materials (1997)

The electrical switching properties of electrically conductive polymer composites are studied at high current densities. It is shown that the switching properties at high current densities are substantially different from those at low current densities which depend on a positive temperature coefficient of resistance effect. Experiments are described that show that this type of switching appears to be a general feature in conductor-filled polymer composite materials and a qualitative model for the switching phenomenon is proposed. These results suggest that conductor-filled polymer composite materials can provide a new nonmechanical way of rapidly limiting high power short-circuit currents. This should have broad applications in the circuit protection industry.
[Microcirculation and blood coagulation in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing antidiabetic therapy of different types]. (1977)

A comparative study of the peculiarities of the course of diabetes and metabolic disturbances, and also of the indices of capillary permeability, biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels, platelet aggregation, coagulorgam and blood clot retraction was carried out in the group of patients treated with insulin and sacharreducing sulfanilamides. Marked derangements in the microcirculatory system concerning both the vascular wall proper and of the rheological properties of the blood were revealed. These derangements were more distinct in the patients over 45 years of age with prolonged affection and the presence of vascular complications but proved to be independent of the therapy carried out.
OBJECT-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS IN THE ALPINE FOREST ENVIRONMENT (1999)

Context based classification is an important field of study in digital image analysis. Neighbouring pixels may possibly have almost equal grey values. The information of local homogenous patterns in a patch based landscape organisation has lead to studies, assuming the organisation of landscape patterns as being a complex of local spectral distributions. Image segmentation techniques are well known and an advanced algorithm is used in this study. New sensor generations meet the strong market demands from end-users, who are interested in image resolution that will help them observe and monitor their specific objects of interest. The mixed pixel problem and the increasing difficulties in the spectral analysis of high resolution images make it necessary to develop additional methods of classification. The key factor is to concentrate on the spectral properties of the objects of interest. This has important consequences. The increasing resolution (&lt;5 m) leads to very complex spectral analysis. Fuzzy logic decision rules offer here a large reduction in complexity and a proper aid to group the spatial objects into meaningful classes. In this study, a new software package is used for object-based classification, developed by DELPHI2 ™ Creative Technologies. With this software, the segmentation procedure has to be set according to the image resolution and the scale of the expected objects. For foresters, the typical spatial object can range from forest-stands to crown surfaces. According to user preferences, objects of interest are grouped into a class. The fuzzy logic decision rules for class membership are the framework in which the expert knowledge has been embedded. The synergy of the spectral properties, the neighbourhood object influences and the expert
Intelligent typo correction for text mining through machine learning (2015)

Typo detection and correction is an important process in many text mining applications. This research focuses on automatic typo detection and correction for processing text documents that are unstructured, contain many grammar and spelling errors, and have many self-invented terminologies that can be interpreted only through domain-specific knowledge. In this paper we present an intelligent typo detection and correction (ITDC) system. Its 'intelligence' is reflected by automatically identifying and accurately correcting a broad range of typos, from simple typos such as duplication, omission, transposition, substitution characters, to complex spelling errors, such as word boundary errors, unconventional use of acronyms, etc. ITDC utilises general language knowledge and domain-specific knowledge extracted by machine learning algorithms. It is evaluated through a case study that involves the automatic processing of automotive fault diagnostic text documents. The experiment results show that the proposed system outperforms some of the state-of-art spell checking systems.
Mannich Reaction Mechanisms (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMannich Reaction MechanismsTHOMAS F. CUMMINGS and J. REID SHELTONCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 3, 419–423Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01073a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01073a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5073Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cinnamyl Alcohol and Analogs as Attractants for Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1989)

Journal Article Cinnamyl Alcohol and Analogs as Attractants for Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Get access Robert L. Metcalf, Robert L. Metcalf Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard L. Lampman Richard L. Lampman Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 82, Issue 6, 1 December 1989, Pages 1620–1625, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.6.1620 Published: 01 December 1989 Article history Received: 28 October 1988 Accepted: 14 March 1989 Published: 01 December 1989
Eleven quick tips to build a usable REST API for life sciences (2018)

In recent years, technological advances have greatly expanded the range of data types generated by life sciences researchers. These span domains such as molecular structures, nucleotide and protein sequences, metabolomics, and chemogenomics, resulting in hundreds of public resources holding diverse data sets for reuse in multiple formats [1]. Most resources focus on a specific data type, yet their value for researchers is enhanced once cross-referenced and combined with expert annotation and knowledge. Cross-referencing has increasingly been achieved by implementing website application programming interfaces (web APIs), providing programming-language−agnostic methods to access online resources. Web APIs enable dynamic data exchange between resources, augment websites with additional data, and can provide access to large data sets. Web APIs also enhance adherence to FAIR data principles by making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable [2], thus increasing the value of those resources.

Representational state transfer (REST) [3] is a popular method for providing interoperability between a client and server [4] using the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), the same building block as the world wide web, [5] and a common exchange format, e.g., JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [6]. REST APIs are considered easier to develop than previous web-service standards, e.g., Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). However, REST specifies a set of requirements that any implementation of a REST API must address. Although well-known resources such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (https://www.w3.org) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (https://www.ietf.org/) provide guidance on how to implement such a service, they can be difficult to understand and may have limited documentation. We present here 11 quick tips for creating and maintaining REST web APIs that were developed while implementing various web APIs (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/services) for European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)’s data resources.
A Study on the Shredding of End-of-Life Vehicles and Materials Separation (2003)

ABSTRACT The treatment of end-of-life vehicle(ELV) has been studied for the recycling of materials including automobile shredder residue(ASR). ELV was shredded and separated in practical plant which had shredders with cyclones, screens, magnetic separators and eddy current separators, etc. Constituent materials of ELV were analyzed from the shredded products. For this aim, three old cars made by domestic automobile manufacturers, i.e. Sonata II, Sephia and Prince were chosen and delivered in pressed form without engine, tires, and doors, etc. From the separation of shredder products, iron scrap was observed to be the major material of ELV accounting for 60.1% of total weight and nonferrous metals involving Al, Cu, Zn, etc. were about 2%. Light fluff, about 90% of total fluff product was comprised with plastic, fiber, sponge, etc., and the fraction of 5cm undersize in light fluff reached about 70.5%. However, heavy fluff mainly contained plastic and rubber. Among the constituent materials of fluff and plastic showed the highest calorific value more than 10,000 kcal/kg and leather and rubber showed relatively high chlorine content with 10.3 and 2.55 wt.%, respectively. In addition, electric wires and plastics in ASR could be efficiently separated by employing the air separation technology.
A Unique Loop Extension in the Serine Protease Domain of Haptoglobin Is Essential for CD163 Recognition of the Haptoglobin-Hemoglobin Complex (2006)

Haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein are homologous hemoglobin-binding proteins consisting of a complement control repeat (alpha-chain) and a serine protease domain (beta-chain). Haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex formation promotes high affinity binding of hemoglobin to the macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 leading to endocytosis and degradation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. In contrast, complex formation between haptoglobin-related protein and hemoglobin does not promote high affinity interaction with CD163. To define structural components of haptoglobin important for CD163 recognition, we exploited this functional difference to design and analyze recombinant haptoglobin/haptoglobin-related protein chimeras complexed to hemoglobin. These data revealed that only the beta-chain of haptoglobin is involved in receptor recognition. Substitution of 4 closely spaced amino acid residues of the haptoglobin beta-chain (valine 259, glutamate 261, lysine 262, and threonine 264) abrogated the high affinity receptor binding. The 4 residues are encompassed by a part of the primary structure not present in other serine protease domain proteins. Structural modeling based on the well characterized serine protease domain fold suggests that this sequence represents a loop extension unique for haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein. A synthetic peptide representing the haptoglobin loop sequence exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on receptor binding of haptoglobin-hemoglobin.
<sup>32</sup>Si im Niederschlag von Freiberg — Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit von <sup>32</sup>Si für die Grundwasserdatierung <sup>32</sup>Si in the Precipitation of Freiberg — a Contribution to the Applicability of <sup>32</sup>Si for Groundwater Dating (1986)

32Si im Niederschlag von Freiberg — Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit von 32Si für die Grundwasserdatierung 32Si in the Precipitation of Freiberg — a Contribution to the Applicability of 32Si for Groundwater Dating was published in Band 22, Heft 4 April 1986 on page 121.
救急車により転院搬送された医療機関内心停止例についての調査報告(A report of cardiac arrests transported from medical facilities) (2021)

要旨 救急隊が対応する心停止転院搬送例に関し，救急隊からみた要請元医療機関の課題を明らかにする。広島市消防局での2015年から4年間の心停止例のうち，要請元医療機関で心停止と判断された転院搬送例を対象とし，救急救命処置録などから心停止時の状況，患者転帰などを収集し，患者属性と予後との関連を分析した。対象は71例（転院搬送例の0.3%）であった。46例（65%）が診療所から救急要請された。要請元医療機関における心肺蘇生実施は，62例（87%）であった。救急隊到着時に8例（11%）が自己心拍再開，1例（1%）が高度徐脈であった。残る62例については，52例（73%）が心肺蘇生中であったが，2例（3%）は心停止であるが心肺蘇生が中断され，8例（11%）は心肺蘇生が実施されず心停止で，救急隊により心肺蘇生が始められた。これら10例に脳機能良好な生存退院はなかった。転院先病院到着までの自己心拍再開群は，それ以外に比べて脳機能良好な生存退院率が高かった（75% vs. 17%，p<0.01）。要請元医療機関での心停止の認識と心肺蘇生の実施に課題があり，心肺蘇生実施率を増やし自己心拍再開を目指す必要がある。
The Tra2 core of the IncP(alpha) plasmid RP4 is required for intergeneric mating between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans (1996)

Escherichia coli cells and Streptomyces mycelia are able to form close contacts in the absence of a conjugative system which might facilitate intergeneric plasmid transfer without the genes required for mating pair formation (Tra2) of the RP4 plasmid. The same Tra2 genes found to be essential for RP4 plasmid transfer, RSF1010 mobilization, and donor-specific phage propagation in E. coli were also required for intergeneric transfer between E. coli and Streptomyces lividans.
Insulating gap in FeO: Correlations and covalency (1997)

We report calculations of the electronic structure of FeO in the local-density approximation (LDA) and LDA+U approximation with and without rhombohedral distortion. In both cases LDA renders an antiferromagnetic metal, and LDA+U opens a Hubbard gap. However, the character of the gap is qualitatively different in the two structures, and the difference can be traced down to the underlying LDA band structure. An analysis of the calculations gives insight into the origin of the insulating gap in 3d monoxides, and into the role of the k dependency of U, missing in the contemporary LDA+U method.
Substrate specificity of new methyl-directed DNA endonuclease GlaI (2008)

The list of good substrates for GlaI includes a fully methylated site 5'-CGCG-3'/3'-GCGC-5', sites with three cytosines of a general structure 5'-PuMGM-3'/3'-PyGMG-5', and one recognition sequence with two methylated cytosines 5'-AMGT-3'/3'-TGMA-5', where M is 5-methylcytosine.GlaI intermediate substrates include sites with three methylated cytosines of a general structure 5'-GMPuM-3'/3'-MGPyG-5', as well as a site with two methylcytosines 5'-GMGT-3'/3'-CGMA-5'. The site 5'-GMGC-3'/3'-CGMG-5' may be considered a low activity substrate.
Nanomolar Determination of the Ferrocene Derivatives Using a Recycling Enzyme Electrode. Development of a Redox Label Immunoassay (1995)

Abstract A recycling bienzyme electrode for determination of nanomolar ferrocene concentration was developed. The electrode consists of a laccase – glucose dehydrogenase bienzyme membrane coupled with an oxygen electrode. Laccase catalyzes the oxidation of ferrocene with oxygen. Oxidized ferrocene is an electron acceptor for the reaction of glucose oxidation catalyzed by glucose dehydrogenase. The cyclic process of oxidation/reduction of ferrocene gives substrate recycling. The detection is achieved by measuring the decrease in oxygen concentration. In this system the detection limit for ferroceneacetic acid was 0.2 nM. Addition of anti-ferrocene-NCS antibodies blocked the electrode response to ferrocene-NCS, while they had no influence on the determination of ferrocenedicarbonic acid and paminophenol. The application of these electrodes to immunoassays with ferrocene derivatives as a label is discussed.
A physical organogel electrolyte: characterized by in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single-ion-predominent conduction (2013)

Electrolytes are characterized by their ionic conductivity (σ(i)). It is desirable that overall σ(i) results from the dominant contribution of the ions of interest (e.g. Li(+) in lithium ion batteries or LIB). However, high values of cationic transference number (t+) achieved by solid or gel electrolytes have resulted in low σ(i) leading to inferior cell performances. Here we present an organogel polymer electrolyte characterized by a high liquid-electrolyte-level σ(i) (~10(1) mS cm(-1)) with high t+ of Li(+) (>0.8) for LIB. A conventional liquid electrolyte in presence of a cyano resin was physically and irreversibly gelated at 60°C without any initiators and crosslinkers, showing the behavior of lower critical solution temperature. During gelation, σ(i) of the electrolyte followed a typical Arrhenius-type temperature dependency, even if its viscosity increased dramatically with temperature. Based on the Li(+)-driven ion conduction, LIB using the organogel electrolyte delivered significantly enhanced cyclability and thermal stability.
Blind detection of interleaver parameters (2006)

Interleaving is a key component of many digital communication systems involving error correction schemes. It provides a form of time diversity to guard against bursts of errors. Recently, interleavers have become an even more integral part of the code design itself, if we consider for example turbo and turbo-like codes. In a non-cooperative context, such as passive listening, it is a challenging problem to estimate the interleaver parameters. In this paper we propose an algorithm that allows us to estimate the parameters of the interleaver at the output of a binary symmetric channel and to locate the codewords in the interleaved block. This gives us some clues about the interleaving function used.
Synergistic effects of an innovative combination therapy on treating Alzheimer's disease involving modulation of gut dysbiosis (2020)

Abstract Background Chronic neuro‐inflammation leading to excessive neuronal damages predates the presence of clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by many years. Due to the complex pathogenesis of AD, a multi‐target regimen using a combination therapy is proposed to be essential to the effectiveness of AD therapy. Method An innovative combination therapy using a newly developed multi‐functional Aβ antibody (NP106) and a novel curcumin derivative (TML‐6) was applied to treat APP/PS1 mice. To investigate whether synergistic effects of combination therapy on reducing AD‐like pathology in APP/PS1 mice alter fecal microbiome, high‐throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Result Here, we demonstrate that monotherapy with either weekly intraperitoneal injection of low‐dose NP106 or TML‐6‐supplemented diet for four months showed beneficial effects on counteracting AD‐like pathology in APP/PS1 mice, while combination therapy using these two drugs outperformed monotherapy and exerted synergistic effects on improving behavioral abnormality and reducing cerebral Aβ accumulation. Data from microbiome indicate that the gut bacterial community structure of APP/PS1 mice was different from those of wt littermates. Intriguingly, relative abundant genera of APP/PS1 mice can be restored by either monotherapy or combination therapy to levels similar to wt littermates, indicating that these treatments possessed prebiotic effects against gut dysbiosis. Importantly, analyses of samples diversity further reveal that combination therapy might lead to better normalization of microbiota. Conclusion Combination therapy exerted synergistic effects on attenuating AD‐like pathological features and behavioral deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of combination therapy were concurrent with the normalization of gut microbiota.
Properties of the FDTD Method Relevant to the Analysis of Microwave Power Problems (2006)

The objective of the paper is to provide a systematic consideration and generalization of properties and features of the FDTD method in the context of its use in solving microwave power problems. This is aimed at filling the gap between the general theory of the FDTD method and the specific practice of its applications by microwave power engineers. The paper starts with a comparison of FDTD to other methods like FEM, from the perspective of microwave power simulations. It then discusses FDTD-specific models of lossy and dispersive media, conformal boundaries, field singularities, and modal excitation as well as error bounds due to numerical dispersion. Theoretical overview is illustrated with examples. References are provided to the literature where more details and application notes can be found.