gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of Surface ReO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Sites on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis (2015)

The nature of activated surface ReOx sites and surface reaction intermediates for supported ReOx/Al2O3 catalysts during propylene self-metathesis were systematically investigated for the first time using in situ spectroscopy (Raman, UV–vis, XAS (XANES/EXAFS) and IR). In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that olefins selectively interact with the surface dioxo ReO4 sites anchored at acidic alumina hydroxyls. In situ UV–vis indicates that surface Re5+ and some Re6+ sites form, and in situ XAS indicates a reduction in the number of Re═O bond character in the propylene self-metathesis reaction environment, especially as the temperature is increased. The appearance of oxygenated products during propylene activation supports the conclusion that catalyst activation involves removal of oxygen from the surface rhenia sites (pseudo-Wittig mechanism). Isotopic CD3CD═CD2 → CH3CH═CH2 switch experiments demonstrate the presence of surface Re═CD2 and Re═CDCD3 reaction intermediates, with the surface Re═CD2 species being the most abundant reaction intermediate. In situ IR spectroscopy indicates the presence of significant surface propylene π complexes on alumina and rhenia sites of the catalyst, which complicates analysis of surface reaction intermediates during propylene self-metathesis.
Toward optimal spatial filters for demultiple and wavefield splitting of ocean-bottom seismic data (2002)

Abstract Suppressing the receiver-side sea-surface ghost with its accompanying water-layer reverberations in multicomponent sea-floor data can be performed in both the frequency–wavenumber and the frequency–space domains. Similarly, separation of ocean-bottom seismic (OBS) data into upgoing P- and S-mode responses can be formulated in both domains. The frequency–space domain algorithms can be attractive when the sea-floor medium has lateral velocity variations or the data are irregularly sampled along the sea floor, which requires that the data be processed with local, compact decomposition filters having optimal angular (wavenumber) response. By deriving the frequency–space domain formulas, we find an exact representation for the demultipled pressure response. This formula involves filter convolutions over the data, with filters having a long spatial impulse response. The filtering can be approximated in the wavenumber domain by, for example, power series, Chebyshev polynonomial fitting, Pade approximants, or continued fraction expansions. The filters must then be Fourier transformed back to the frequency–space domain, where the resulting filter is convolved with the data. The implies that the demultipled OBS data must be computed by numerical solution of a differential equation. Alternatively, the spatial filtering can be formulated as a filter design problem, where the filtering is performed by an optimal filter. This latter formulation can to some extent handle local variations in the medium properties along the sea floor, and it does not require solving a differential equation for the multiple suppressed pressure.
Bortezomib as a Potential Treatment for Prostate Cancer (2004)

Androgen ablation and chemotherapy provide effective palliation for most patients with advanced prostate cancer, but eventually progressing androgen-independent prostate cancer threatens the lives of patients usually within a few years, mandating improvement in therapy. Proteasome inhibition has been proposed as a therapy target for the treatment of solid and hematological malignancies. The proteasome is a ubiquitous enzyme complex that is a hub for the regulation of many intracellular regulatory pathways; because of its essential function, this enzyme has become a new target for cancer treatment. Studies with bortezomib (VELCADE, formerly known as PS-341) and other proteasome inhibitors indicate that cancer cells are especially dependent on the proteasome for survival, and several mechanisms used by prostate cancer cells require proteasome function. Bortezomib has been studied extensively in vitro and in vivo, and anticancer activity has been seen in cell and animal models for several solid tumor types, including prostate cancer. A Phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose of once-weekly bortezomib has been completed. This trial included a large fraction of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. The maximum tolerated dose was reached at 1.6 mg/m(2). A correlation was seen among bortezomib dose, proteasome inhibition, and positive modulation of serum prostate-specific antigen. There was also evidence of down-regulation of serum interleukin 6, a downstream nuclear factor kappaB effector. This Phase I trial and preclinical studies support additional testing of bortezomib in combination with radiation or chemotherapy for androgen-independent prostate cancer.
The Effects of Recognition (1942)

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Channeling of Carbon Monoxide during Anaerobic Carbon Dioxide Fixation (2000)

Carbon monoxide is an intermediate in carbon dioxide fixation by diverse microbes that inhabit anaerobic environments including the human colon. These organisms fix CO(2) by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. The bifunctional CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) catalyzes several key steps in this pathway. CO(2) is reduced to CO at a nickel iron-sulfur cluster called cluster C located in the CODH subunit. Then, CO is condensed with a methyl group and coenzyme A at cluster A, another nickel iron-sulfur cluster in the ACS subunit. Spectroscopic studies indicate that clusters A and C are at least 10-15 A apart. To gain a better understanding of how CO production and utilization are coordinated, we have studied an isotopic exchange reaction between labeled CO(2) and the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA with the CODH/ACS from Clostridium thermoaceticum. When solution CO is provided at saturating levels, only CO(2)-derived CO is incorporated into the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, when high levels of hemoglobin or myoglobin are added to remove CO from solution, there is only partial inhibition of the incorporation of CO(2)-derived CO into acetyl-CoA. These results provide strong evidence for the existence of a CO channel between cluster C in the CODH subunit and cluster A in the ACS subunit. The existence of such a channel would tightly couple CO production and utilization and help explain why high levels of this toxic gas do not escape into the environment. Instead, microbes sequester this energy-rich carbon source for metabolic reactions.
Skeletal Muscle Signaling and the Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response to Exercise (2013)

Endurance training lowers heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise, but the mechanisms and consequences remain unclear. To determine the role of skeletal muscle for the cardioventilatory response to exercise, 8 healthy young men were studied before and after 5 weeks of 1-legged knee-extensor training and 2 weeks of deconditioning of the other leg (leg cast). Hemodynamics and muscle interstitial nucleotides were determined during exercise with the (1) deconditioned leg, (2) trained leg, and (3) trained leg with atrial pacing to the heart rate obtained with the deconditioned leg. Heart rate was ≈ 15 bpm lower during exercise with the trained leg (P<0.05), but stroke volume was higher (P<0.05) and cardiac output was similar. Arterial and central venous pressures, rate-pressure product, and ventilation were lower during exercise with the trained leg (P<0.05), whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was similar. When heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing, stroke volume decreased (P<0.05), but cardiac output, peripheral blood flow, arterial pressures, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged. Circulating [norepinephrine], [lactate] and [K(+)] were lower and interstitial [ATP] and pH were higher in the trained leg (P<0.05). The lower cardioventilatory response to exercise with the trained leg is partly coupled to a reduced signaling from skeletal muscle likely mediated by K(+), lactate, or pH, whereas the lower cardiac afterload increases stroke volume. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle training reduces the cardioventilatory response to exercise without compromising O2 delivery, and it can therefore be used to reduce the load on the heart during physical activity.
Phantom mode signaling in VLSI systems (2002)

Differential signaling uses double the number of interconnects when compared to single ended signaling. The signal to interconnect usage of a differential signal is (n/2) balanced signals per n interconnects. A method is described which can increase the interconnect usage to (n-1) balanced signals per n wires. The additional bandwidth is achieved by inserting signal information into the common mode signal between two or more interconnects. Simulations in 0.251 /spl mu/m CMOS technology have indicated that bit rates of 1 Gb/s are achievable using the common mode signaling technique. These additional balanced signals can be sent in the same or opposing directions to the original information. Several schemes are described including voltage and current signaling and a bussed structure is proposed. A simple receiver structure is used to extract the common mode signal.
Noise masking of S-cone increments and decrements (2014)

S-cone increment and decrement detection thresholds were measured in the presence of bipolar, dynamic noise masks. Noise chromaticities were the L-, M-, and S-cone directions, as well as L-M, L+M, and achromatic (L+M+S) directions. Noise contrast power was varied to measure threshold Energy versus Noise (EvN) functions. S+ and S- thresholds were similarly, and weakly, raised by achromatic noise. However, S+ thresholds were much more elevated by S, L+M, L-M, L- and M-cone noises than were S- thresholds, even though the noises consisted of two symmetric chromatic polarities of equal contrast power. A linear cone combination model accounts for the overall pattern of masking of a single test polarity well. L and M cones have opposite signs in their effects upon raising S+ and S- thresholds. The results strongly indicate that the psychophysical mechanisms responsible for S+ and S- detection, presumably based on S-ON and S-OFF pathways, are distinct, unipolar mechanisms, and that they have different spatiotemporal sampling characteristics, or contrast gains, or both.
Thin locks (2004)

Language-supported synchronization is a source of serious performance problems in many Java programs. Even single-threaded applications may spend up to half their time performing useless synchronization due to the thread-safe nature of the Java libraries. We solve this performance problem with a new algorithm that allows lock and unlock operations to be performed with only a few machine instructions in the most common cases. Our locks only require a partial word per object, and were implemented without increasing object size. We present measurements from our implementation in the JDK 1.1.2 for AIX, demonstrating speedups of up to a factor of 5 in micro-benchmarks and up to a factor of 1.7 in real programs.
Phase II study of verubulin (MPC-6827) for the treatment of subjects with recurrent glioblastoma naïve to treatment with bevacizumab. (2011)

2088 Background: Treatment options are limited for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Verubulin is a microtubule destabilizer and vascular disrupting agent that achieves high brain concentration relative to plasma in animals. Methods: Adults with recurrent GBM who failed prior standard therapy were eligible. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS-6). Eligible subjects had a KPS ≥ 60, were free of active cardiovascular disease and uncontrolled hypertension and had no prior treatment with angiogenic inhibitors. Verubulin was administered at 3.3mg/m2as a 2-hour IV infusion once weekly for 3 consecutive weeks in a 4-week cycle. Response was assessed using the Macdonald criteria. The planned sample size was thirty-four subjects. Results: 31 adults were treated (20 men; 11 women). All subjects had prior tumor resection, a median of two chemotherapies (up-front with RT and salvage); the majority were in first relapse (77%). Median age and KPS were 56 years (range 23-74) and 90 (range 70-100), respectively. Median number of verubulin cycles completed was 2 (range 0-12); one subject remains on treatment. The most common adverse events were fatigue (19%), nausea (10%) and constipation (6%). One subject discontinued the study due to a grade 2 ventricular arrhythmia. Another subject with significant cardiovascular risk factors had a non-fatal myocardial infarction. 3 subjects (10%) did not complete at least 2 cycles of treatment and were not evaluated for disease response. The PFS-6 was 14% (4/28) [90% CI: 3%, 25%] with a median PFS time of 1.8 months [90%CI: 1.8, 1.9], a mean PFS time of 2.6 months [range 0.8-11.9], a median overall survival of 9.9 months [90%CI: 8.3, 11.6] and a mean overall survival of 6.7 months [range 1.1-15.9]. Best overall response by Macdonald criteria was partial response (n=3; 10%) and stable disease (n=7; 23%). Median duration of stable disease was 3.9 months [90% CI: 3.8, 4.0]. Conclusions: Single agent verubulin, in this dose and schedule, in adults with recurrent GBM is well tolerated and associated with acceptable toxicity, and appears to have modest activity.
The association of pineal calcification with drug-induced dystonic movements (1990)

There is evidence that reduced melatonin secretion is associated with the pathophysiology of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders including tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. It has been recently reported that pinealectomized rats developed increased incidence and severity of spontaneous chewing movements compared to normal controls. Increased chewing movements in rats has been suggested to reflect acute drug-induced dystonias in humans. To investigate the relationship between melatonin secretion and the pathophysiology of neuroleptic-induced dystonic movements, the presence and size of pineal calcification (PC) on CT scan was studied in relation to the severity of dystonic movements in 34 neuroleptic-treated chronic schizophrenic patients. The incidence of pathologically enlarged PC (greater than 1 cm in diameter) in the schizophrenic patients was 8-9 times greater than the incidence reported in the literature among nonpsychiatric patients. In addition, there were significant differences (p less than .0001) between the severity of dystonic movements in patients with no PC and those with pathologically enlarged PC, and between the severity of the dystonic movements in patients with PC of less than 1 cm and those with PC of greater than 1 cm diameter. These findings indicate an association between the pathophysiology of neuroleptic-induced dystonic movements and the presence of enlarged PCs and suggest that disturbances of melatonin secretion is associated with the emergence of neuroleptic-induced dystonic movements in schizophrenic patients. Further studies using direct measurements of plasma melatonin levels are required more precisely to confirm the association between pineal melatonin secretion and the pathophysiology of drug-induced dystonic movement disorders.
Inaccuracy and imprecision of reticulocyte counting. (1989)

Reticulocyte count is an essential clinical test to detect erythropoietic activity. The test has been done manually with the use of one of three dyes: new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue, and azure B. When reticulocyte counts with the different dyes were compared, correlation was good. When reticulocyte counts obtained by use of the dyes were compared with the count obtained by an automated counter, correlation was high. In a sampling study, the specimen prepared by a spinner method gave smaller variations than a wedge method. Intertechnologist bias was higher than inter-specimen or intra-specimen bias: The variation of the reticulocyte count was examined with from 200 to 2,000 cells; with 1,000 cells or more, variation was low. From these results, we concluded that more than 1,000 erythrocytes on one slide prepared by the spinner method should be analyzed. Clear standards for cell identification are also needed.
Verification of a Cryptographic Primitive (2015)

This article presents a full formal machine-checked verification of a C program: the OpenSSL implementation of SHA-256. This is an interactive proof of functional correctness in the Coq proof assistant, using the Verifiable C program logic. Verifiable C is a separation logic for the C language, proved sound with respect to the operational semantics for C, connected to the CompCert verified optimizing C compiler.
A Variable-Work-Function Polycrystalline- Si -xGex Gate Material for Submicrometer CMOS Technologies (1991)

P + polycrystalline silicon-germanium (poly- Si, - ,Ge,) is an attractive alternative to polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) for the gate material in submicrometer CMOS tech- nologies. The work function of P+ poly-Si,- $ex decreases with increasing Ge content, by more than 0.3 V from 0 to 60%. This allows the trade-off between the PMOS and NMOS chan- nel-doping designs to be adjusted by varying the Ge content in a single P+ gate material. PMOS and NMOS surface-channel devices may be simultaneously realized by using this reduced- work-function gate material. Lower gate sheet resistances can be achieved using lighter anneals in a P+ poly-Si,-,Ge, gate CMOS technology, since significantly lower temperatures are sufficient to activate boron implanted into Si,- $ex films com- pared to Si films. Poly-Si,-,Ge, films with Ge mole fractions up to 0.6 were found to be completely compatible with silicon VLSI fabrication processes, and their use as the gate material does not introduce significant additional process complexity.
Novel regioselective iodination of estradiol, estriol, and estrone using iodine–copper(<scp>II</scp>) acetate (1982)

C. A. Horiuchi and J. Y. Satoh, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 671 DOI: 10.1039/C39820000671
A Fully-Coupled Geomechanics and Flow Model for Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Engineering Applications (2010)

Abstract In this paper we present a practical fully-coupled geomechanics and flow model for application to hydraulic fracturing, especially in tight gas reservoirs, and other reservoir engineering applications. The mathematical formulation is consistent with conventional finite-difference reservoir simulation code to include any number of phases, components and even thermal problems. In addition, the propagation of strain displacement front as a wave, and the relevant changes in stress with time, can be tracked through the wave component of the geomechanics equations. We show the development of an efficient finite-difference computer code for rock deformation including thermal and wave propagation effects. The numerical approach chosen uses two different control volumes—one for fluid and heat flow and another one for rock deformation. The ultimate goal is to provide a tool to assess the effect of pore pressure, cooling or heating the reservoir, and propagation of a strain wave resulting from hydraulic fracturing on the reservoir rock frame. This information is crucial for determining the effect of shear stress on opening or closing of natural fractures during creation of hydraulic fractures, and changes in shear- and compressional- wave velocities for seismic imaging purposes. A specific application of the product of this research is to simulate fracture propagation, gel cleanup and water block issues in hydraulic fracturing. The modeling results indicate significant change in shear stresses near hydraulic fractures as a result of hydraulic fracture face displacement perpendicular to the fracture face and not as much from pore pressure change because the filtrate does not travel very far into the reservoir. Similarly, temperature change effects are also very significant in changing stress distribution.
Stabilization of α-Chymotrypsin and Lysozyme Entrapped in Water-in-Silicone Oil Emulsions (2002)

A system of entrapping proteinaceous material in water-in-silicone oil emulsions using silicone surfactants is described. Although contact between cyclic and linear silicones and proteins is well-known to facilitate protein/enzyme denaturation, the additional presence of silicones bearing a few hydrophilic groups (silicone surfactants) in these W/O systems dramatically lowers the degree of protein denaturation. Spectrophotometric activity assays of α-chymotrypsin and lysozyme performed using a UV/visible spectrophotometer revealed that the enzymes entrapped within these emulsion systems retain activity that is equal to, or in some cases greater than, that of controls. The results suggest that these emulsions are a viable means by which to store proteinaceous materials.
The Taxonomy, Ecology and Chorology of African Ebenaceae II. The Non-Guineo-Congolian Species of Diospyros (Excluding sect. Royena) (1988)

F. White, The Taxonomy, Ecology and Chorology of African Ebenaceae II. The Non-Guineo-Congolian Species of Diospyros (Excluding sect. Royena), Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de Nationale Plantentuin van België, Vol. 58, No. 3/4 (Dec. 31, 1988), pp. 325-448
Low power dual transmission gate adiabatic logic circuits and design of SRAM (2004)

A dual transmission gate adiabatic logic (DTGAL) suitable for driving large capacitance is presented. DTGAL, has no non-adiabatic energy loss on output loads by using feedback control from next-stage buffer outputs. The minimization of energy consumption was investigated by choosing the optimal size of DTGAL circuits. A 64/spl times/64-b adiabatic SRAM is designed. The proposed DTGAL circuits are used to recover the charge of large switching capacitance on bit-lines, word-lines, and address decoders in fully adiabatic manner. The power consumption of the proposed SRAM is significantly reduced as the energy transferred to large capacitance buses is mostly recovered. Energy and functional simulations were performed using the net-list extracted from the layout. HSPICE simulation results indicate that the proposed SRAM attains energy savings of 65% to 90% as compared with the conventional CMOS implementation for clock rates ranging from 25 to 200 MHz.
464XLAT: Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation (2013)

This document describes an architecture (464XLAT) for providing limited IPv4 connectivity across an IPv6-only network by combining existing and well-known stateful protocol translation (as described in RFC 6146) in the core and stateless protocol translation (as described in RFC 6145) at the edge.464XLAT is a simple and scalable technique to quickly deploy limited IPv4 access service to IPv6-only edge networks without encapsulation.