gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photojunction Field-Effect Transistor Based on a Colloidal Quantum Dot Absorber Channel Layer (2015)

The performance of photodetectors is judged via high responsivity, fast speed of response, and low background current. Many previously reported photodetectors based on size-tuned colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have relied either on photodiodes, which, since they are primary photocarrier devices, lack gain; or photoconductors, which provide gain but at the expense of slow response (due to delayed charge carrier escape from sensitizing centers) and an inherent dark current vs responsivity trade-off. Here we report a photojunction field-effect transistor (photoJFET), which provides gain while breaking prior photoconductors' response/speed/dark current trade-off. This is achieved by ensuring that, in the dark, the channel is fully depleted due to a rectifying junction between a deep-work-function transparent conductive top contact (MoO3) and a moderately n-type CQD film (iodine treated PbS CQDs). We characterize the rectifying behavior of the junction and the linearity of the channel characteristics under illumination, and we observe a 10 μs rise time, a record for a gain-providing, low-dark-current CQD photodetector. We prove, using an analytical model validated using experimental measurements, that for a given response time the device provides a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement in photocurrent-to-dark-current ratio compared to photoconductors. The photoJFET, which relies on a junction gate-effect, enriches the growing family of CQD photosensitive transistors.
Proteasome‐dependent degradation of oxidized proteins in MRC‐5 fibroblasts (1998)

Fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and the removal of oxidized proteins was followed by determining protein-bound carbonyls. Fibroblasts are able to increase the turnover of metabolically radiolabeled proteins after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. It was demonstrated for the first time, that the increased protein turnover was accompanied by a removal of protein-bound carbonyl groups. The proteasome-specific inhibitor lactacystin was able to inhibit the elimination of protein-bound carbonyl groups. Therefore, the key role of the proteasome in the degradation of oxidized proteins in fibroblasts could be demonstrated.
Towards Interactivity on Texturing Implicit Surfaces: A Distributed Approach. (2001)

We describe a distributed system for texture mapping implicit surfaces. The method uses a particle system\nassociated with the gradient vector field of the function that defines an implicit surface to acquire texture\ncoordinates at a support surface. As each particle trajectory is independent of each other, this method has a\nspecial suitability to run in parallel. Our results show good improvement as more processors are added to\nthe system, with speedups of up to 13 with 32 processors, performance such as required by an interactive\nsystem.
Molecular and bioengineering strategies to improve alginate and polydydroxyalkanoate production by Azotobacter vinelandii. (2007)

Several aspects of alginate and PHB synthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii at a molecular level have been elucidated in articles published during the last ten years. It is now clear that alginate and PHB synthesis are under a very complex genetic control. Genetic modification of A. vinelandii has produced a number of very interesting mutants which have particular traits for alginate production. One of these mutants has been shown to produce the alginate with the highest mean molecular mass so far reported. Recent work has also shed light on the factors determining molecular mass distribution; the most important of these being identified as; dissolved oxygen tension and specific growth rate. The use of specific mutants has been very useful for the correct analysis and interpretation of the factors affecting polymerization. Recent scale-up/down work on alginate production has shown that oxygen limitation is crucial for producing alginate of high molecular mass, a condition which is optimized in shake flasks and which can now be reproduced in stirred fermenters. It is clear that the phenotypes of mutants grown on plates are not necessarily reproducible when the strains are tested in lab or bench scale fermenters. In the case of PHB, A. vinelandii has shown itself able to produce relatively large amounts of this polymer of high molecular weight on cheap substrates, even allowing for simple extraction processes. The development of fermentation strategies has also shown promising results in terms of improving productivity. The understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of PHB synthesis, and of its metabolic relationships, has increased considerably, making way for new potential strategies for the further improvement of PHB production. Overall, the use of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating molecular and bioengineering aspects is a necessity for optimizing alginate and PHB production in A. vinelandii.
A longitudinal study of changes in frequency and technical standard of endodontic treatment in a Swedish population (1989)

Abstract Longitudinal studies of endodontic treatment are rare. The purpose of this investigation was to study changes in frequency, technical standard and treatment need in a Swedish population with an interval of 5–7 years. The number of endodontically treated teeth in the population increased while the number of periradicular radiolucencies was at about the same level at the second examination. The number of radiolucencies found in endodontically treated teeth was reduced while it was increased in untreated teeth. The number of root fillings ending ≤2 mm from the apex of the tooth as well as fillings with a proper seal had increased at the second examination, but still only 40.2% ended ≤2 mm from the apex of the tooth and 59.1% of the root fillings were judged to have a proper seal. It was concluded that a great need for endodontic treatment existed in the population examined. A slight improvement in the quality of the treatment was evident at the second examination. However, the technical standard was still poor and obviously affected the outcome of the treatment. It is the opinion of the authors that endodontic treatment methods should be simplified as much as possible in an effort to improve the technical quality of the treatment. The prognosis of endodontic treatment would then improve as well.
An interactive learning environment for VLSI design (2003)

The Interactive Learning Environment is designed to combine the traditional resources of a textbook with the "hands on" design experiences that are vital to a real understanding of basic engineering principles. The ILE builds on the technology developed for the World Wide Web to provide a learning environment that can be easily accessed from any browser. In addition to browseable text, JAVA-based CAD tools can be accessed through interactive figures embedded in the text where students can investigate circuit behavior under the guidance of focused tutorials.
Fingerprint Matching (2010)

Fingerprint matching has been successfully used by law enforcement for more than a century. The technology is now finding many other applications such as identity management and access control. The authors describe an automated fingerprint recognition system and identify key challenges and research opportunities in the field.
<i>Peer Instruction: A User's Manual</i> (1997)

I. OVERVIEW. 1. Introduction. 2. Peer Instruction. 3. Motivating the Students. 4. A Step-by-Step Guide to Preparing for a Peer Instruction Lecture. 5. Sample Lecture. 6. Epilogue. II. RESOURCES. 7. Mechanics Baseline Test. 8. Force Concept Inventory. 9. Questionnaire Results. 10. Reading Quizzes. 11. Concept Tests. 12. Conceptual Exam Questions. Appendix: Disk Instructions. Index.
Controlling the aqueous solubility of PNIPAM with hydrophobic molecular units (2016)

The effect of co-polymerization of thermo-sensitive polymers with hydrophilic or hydrophobic co-monomers on the LCST and the structure of proximal water remains a fundamental and challenging problem. Here, in this study, we employ all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the aqueous solubility of a thermo-sensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), a hydrophobic polymer polystyrene (PS) and block co-polymers of PNIPAM-co-PS. The simulations of pure oligomers of PNIPAM and PS and their co-polymers are conducted below and above the LCST of PNIPAM to elucidate the effect of increase in number of PS units in PNIPAM-co-PS co-polymers on the coil-to-globule transition of PNIPAM and structure of proximal water. Our simulations suggest that while the LCST of pure PNIPAM oligomers is strongly associated with the structural changes in the proximal water molecules present near PNIPAM, inclusion of PS units disrupts the interactions between PNIPAM and water and promotes the faster dehydration of PNIPAM chains above its LCST. This phenomenon is manifested by a coil-to-globule transition in PNIPAM chains present in PNIPAM-co-PS co-polymers at much shorter times as compared to the pure PNIPAM oligomers. Our results also reveal that with increase in the number of PS units in PNIPAM-co-PS co-polymers the coil-to-globule transition is accelerated.
Cyclic Stretch Enhances Gap Junctional Communication Between Osteoblastic Cells (1998)

Mechanical loading is essential to maintain skeletal integrity. Because gap junctions in bone are affected by mechanical factors, we studied whether stretch, an anabolic stimulus for osteoblasts, modulates direct intercellular communication in these cells. Gap junctional communication during stretch was assessed using a newly developed method, the "parachute assay," which allows monitoring of dye diffusion without disruption of the plasma membrane. Application of cyclic stretch for 2 or 24 h to well-coupled ROS 17/2.8 cells resulted in a 56.5% and 30.4% increase in dye coupling, respectively, compared with resting conditions. Stretch increased dye diffusion less dramatically (12.4% compared with unstimulated cells) in the poorly coupled UMR 106-01 cells. The stretch-induced increase of cell coupling was abolished in the presence of the gap junctional inhibitor, heptanol. Steady-state mRNA levels of connexin43 (Cx43), the gap junction protein that mediates cell-to-cell diffusion of negatively charged dyes between osteoblasts, were not different between control and stretched ROS 17/2.8 or UMR 106-01 cultures after various periods of cyclic stretch. However, phosphorylated forms of Cx43 protein were more abundant in stretched ROS 17/2.8 than in controls. This was associated with increased punctate Cx43-specific immunostain at appositional membranes of stretched cells. Thus, cyclic stretch increases gap junctional communication between osteoblastic cells by modulating intracellular localization of Cx43.
Characterization of antigenic determinants in histoplasmin that stimulate Histoplasma capsulatum-reactive T cells in vitro (1988)

Although antigen-reactive T lymphocytes play a central role in the host response to Histoplasma capsulatum, little is known of the nature of Histoplasma antigens recognized by these cells in vitro. Employing a murine T-cell line and two clones that are reactive with histoplasmin, we examined whether activation of T cells by histoplasmin required the presence of carbohydrate or protein moieties. The approach taken was to modify carbohydrate or protein molecules in histoplasmin by chemical or enzymatic digestion or by lectin adsorption. In parallel, antigen was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to correlate alterations in functional activity with changes in the electrophoretic appearance of histoplasmin. Treatment of histoplasmin with periodate (0.1 M, 0.05 M, and 0.01 M) or with the endoglycosidases N-glycanase and endoglycosidase H sharply diminished the capacity of histoplasmin to trigger responses by T cells. Reactivity of T cells to histoplasmin that had been adsorbed with lectins binding mannose, glucose, or galactose was reduced by greater than 70%; conversely, the responses by T cells to antigen that had been adsorbed with lectins specific for fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or N-acetylglucosamine ranged from 82 to 91% of that to control antigen. Proliferative responses by T cells to histoplasmin that had been digested with chymotrypsin, protease, or trypsin were 2 to 43% of control values. The electrophoretic appearance of histoplasmin was modified by some but not all of the treatments. Partially purified H and M antigens triggered proliferation of T cells. Thus, both carbohydrates and proteins must be present to induce optimal responses by T cells. A portion of the carbohydrates is N linked to proteins, and alpha-D-mannose (or alpha-D-glucose) and beta-D-galactose are the sugar ligands of carbohydrate-containing antigens.
Transistors and Junction Diodes in Telephone Power Plants (1954)

This paper describes the use of junction diodes, reference voltage diodes, and junction transistors in regulated rectifiers for telephone power plants. It discusses the pertinent characteristics of these semiconductor devices, together with illustrative circuits in which they are used to control the flow of direct current power.
Power of exclusion for parentage verification and probability of match for identity in American kennel club breeds using 17 canine microsatellite markers (2003)

DNA analysis of microsatellite markers has become a common tool for verifying parentage in breed registries and identifying individual animals that are linked to a database or owner. Panels of markers have been developed in canines, but their utility across and within a wide range of breeds has not been reported. The American Kennel Club (AKC) authorized a study to determine the power to exclude non-parents and identify individuals using DNA genotypes of 17 microsatellite markers in two panels. Cheek swab samples were voluntarily collected at Parent Breed Club National Specialty dog shows and 9561 samples representing 108 breeds were collected, averaging 88.5 dogs per breed. The primary panel of 10 markers exceeded 99% power of exclusion for canine parentage verification of 61% of the breeds. In combination with the secondary panel of seven markers, 100% of the tested breeds exceeded 99% power of exclusion. The minimum probability match rate of the first panel was 3.6 x 10(-5) averaged across breeds, and with the addition of the second panel, the probability match rate was 3.2 x 10(-8); thus the probability of another random, unrelated dog with the same genotype is very low. The results of this analysis indicated that, on average, the primary panel meets the AKC's needs for routine parentage testing, but that a combination of 10-15 genetic markers from the two panels could yield a universal canine panel with enhanced processing efficiency, reliability and informativeness.
Constant Depth Reducibility (1984)

The purpose of this paper is to study reducibilities that can be computed by combinational logic networks of polynomial size and constant depth containing AND's, OR's and NOT's, with no bound placed on the fan-in of AND-gates and OR-gates. Two such reducibilities are defined, and reductions and equivalences among several common problems such as parity, sorting, integer multiplication, graph connectivity, bipartite matching and network flow are given. Certain problems are shown to be complete, with respect to these reducibilities, in the complexity classes deterministic logarithmic space, nondeterministic logarithmic space, and deterministic polynomial time. New upper bounds on the size-depth (unbounded fan-in) circuit complexity of symmetric Boolean functions are established.
Structure–Toxicity Relationships for the Fathead Minnow, <i>Pimephales promelas</i>: Narcotic Industrial Chemicals (1983)

Narcosis is a reversible state of arrested activity of protoplasmic structures caused by a wide variety of organic chemicals. This nonspecific mode of toxic action was found predominant in acute toxicity studies of industrial chemicals and fish. This paper presents 96-h LC50 values for 65 industrial chemicals including alcohols, ketones, ethers, alkyl halides, and substituted benzenes. The common mode of action permitted the development of a structure–toxicity relationship as follows: log LC50 = −0.94 log P + 0.94 log (0.000068P + 1) −1.25 where P is the n-octanol/water partition coefficient. The data show that the toxicity of the chemicals to fish is directly comparable with the toxicity in mammals when expressed as chemical activity.
Preparation and characterization of surface capped CdSe nanoparticles from an aqueous solution (2006)

CTAB(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)-capped CdSe nanoparticles were prepared by using a 4 : 1(v/v) distilled water-isopropyl alcohol mixture. The cadmium chloride and sodium selenosulfate were used as the cadmium and selenium source. By the analysis of XRD and XPS, the resultant particle was confirmed to be cubic CdSe phase. TEM image showed CdSe nanoparticles with empty core. The CTAB-capped sample showed an maximum absorption at 418nm, blue-shifting compared with bulk CdSe, which indicated stronger quantum confinement effect compared with uncapped sample. From FT-IR analysis, it was found that the presence of the new peaks in the <TEX>$850{\sim}1250cm^{-1}$</TEX> range indicated the existence of chemical bonding between CTAB and surface of CdSe nanoparticles. Also TG analysis indicated that there were two weight-loss steps for the CTAB-capped CdSe nanoparticles. It was suggested that CTAB played a significant role in protecting CdSe nanoparticles.
Liquid Crystal Blue Phase to Isotropic Transition and Electric Field Response (1980)

Abstract The cholesteric liquid crystal 4”-(2-methylbutylphenyl)-4′-(2-methylbutyl)-4-biphenyl-carboxylate has a pronounced blue phase (BP). DSC calorimetry shows 3 peaks in the cholesteric to isotropic transition region. The phases are identified by polarizing microscopy. The BP has two forms which are separated by a first order transition. The isotropic to BP transition appears to be a form of second order transition. An applied electric field induces the transition from BP (1) to the cholesteric focal conic phase.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES (1946)

1. An improved method is outlined for the isolation and purification of the pneumococcal transforming substance. This method makes use of the fact that citrate inhibits the destructive action of the enzyme, desoxyribonuclease, which is released together with the active material during lysis of the living bacterial cells. A fivefold greater yield of purified transforming agent is obtained by the present method than by the procedure previousiy described. 2. The specific transforming substance has been isolated from pneumococci of types II and VI, in addition to Type III. In each instance the biologically active material has been found to consist of desoxyribonucleic acid.
Midbody and primary cilium of neural progenitors release extracellular membrane particles enriched in the stem cell marker prominin-1 (2007)

Expansion of the neocortex requires symmetric divisions of neuroepithelial cells, the primary progenitor cells of the developing mammalian central nervous system. Symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells are known to form a midbody at their apical (rather than lateral) surface. We show that apical midbodies of neuroepithelial cells concentrate prominin-1 (CD133), a somatic stem cell marker and defining constituent of a specific plasma membrane microdomain. Moreover, these apical midbodies are released, as a whole or in part, into the extracellular space, yielding the prominin-1-enriched membrane particles found in the neural tube fluid. The primary cilium of neuroepithelial cells also concentrates prominin-1 and appears to be a second source of the prominin-1-bearing extracellular membrane particles. Our data reveal novel origins of extracellular membrane traffic that enable neural stem and progenitor cells to avoid the asymmetric inheritance of the midbody observed for other cells and, by releasing a stem cell membrane microdomain, to potentially influence the balance of their proliferation versus differentiation.
Development of Kinect-Based Pose Recognition Model for Exercise Game (2016)

최근 Wii Sport나 Xbox Fitness 등 실제와 똑같이 몸을 움직이도록 하는 기능성 운동 게임인 엑서 게임이 인기를 끌고 있다. 그런데 이런 체감형 운동 게임에서는 사용자가 운동 자세를 얼마나 정확하게 취했는지 자세의 교정이 얼마나 필요한지를 알 수 있기 위하여 자세 인식이 크게 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 고령자를 대상으로 한 운동프로그램 콘텐츠에서 사용자의 자세 정보를 인식하기 위하여 키넥트 센서에서 제공하는 골격 모델의 특징점을 추출하여 각각의 특징벡터를 생성하여 만든 운동 자세 인식 모델 방법을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 제안하는 운동 자세 인식 모델의 설계 및 구현을 설명하였고, 간단한 실험을 통해서 제안된 운동 자세 인식 모델의 사용 가능성을 증명하였다. 실험결과 10명의 참여자들의 12가지 운동 자세에 대한 전체 평균은 94.52% 정도 일치율을 보였다. Recently there has been growing popularity in exergame, such as Wii Sport or Xbox Fitness game, which enables users to get physical exercise while playing the games. In such experienced exercise games, the user's posture recognition is very important to find out exactly how much the users need to take their body posture as compared to the proper posture. This paper proposes a new exercise posture recognition model designed for the exercise game content for the elderly. The proposed model is based on extracting feature points of a skeleton model provided by the Kinect sensor to generate the feature vectors to recognize the user's exercise posture information. This paper describes the design and implementation of the exercise posture recognition model and demonstrates the feasibility of this proposed posture recognition model through a simple experiment. The experimental results showed 94.52% of average accordance rate for 12 exercise postures of 10 participants.
Devlopment of chimaeric two‐cell mouse embryos produced by allogenic exchange of single nucleus from two‐ and eight‐cell embryos (1989)

Synchronous or asynchronous chimaeras were produced by transplanting a single nucleus of two- and eight-cell embryos from CD-1xCD-1 or BALB/CxBALB/C albino strains into one enucleated blastomere of a late F1 (C57/BLxCBA) x F1 two-cell embryo. The cytoplasmic volume of the blastomere was reduced in some instances by 50%. These chimaeric embryos were cultured in vitro and transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. The distribution of each component to the pups and to the day-10 embryos after transfer to recipients was determined by examining their coat color and by glucose phosphate isomerase analysis, respectively. The contribution of progeny of the nuclear-transplanted cell with nonreduced cytoplast to the pups was 83% when synchronous; this proportion decreased to 43% when asynchronous because the progeny tended to migrate to the trophoblast and/or to the primitive endoderm. When the recipient cytoplast was reduced by 50%, the contribution of the nuclear-transplanted cell progeny to the pups was 79% when synchronous and 80% when asynchronous. This shows that allogenic exchange of a single nucleus at the two-cell stage by nuclear transfer is an effective procedure for producing highly asynchronous mouse chimaeras and suggests that larger and advanced blastomeres tend to be excluded from the inner cell mass of the embryo, but smaller, advanced blastomeres do not.
Development of selective blockers for Ca2+-activated Cl- channel using Xenopus laevis oocytes with an improved drug screening strategy (2008)

Our results provide an optimal drug screening strategy suitable for high throughput screening, and propose N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)anthranilic acid as an improved CaCC blocker.