gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiological factors affecting transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii (1976)

Cells of Azotobacter vinelandii (ATCC 12837) can be transformed by exogenous deoxyribonucleic acid towards the end of exponential growth. Transformation occurs at very low frequencies when the deoxyribonucleic acid is purified or when the transformation is carried out in liquid medium. Optimal transformation occurs on plates of Burk nitrogen-free glucose medium containing either high phosphate (10 mM) or low calcium (0 to 0.29 mM) content. Higher levels of calcium are inhibitory, whereas magnesium ions are essential for transformation and growth. Extracellular polymer and capsule are increasingly inhibitory to transformation and are most abundant when the calcium content of the medium is high. Transformation is optimal at pH 7.0 to 7.1 and at 30 C, conditions which also coincide with minimal extracellular polymer production. Nonencapsulated strains are excellent transformation recipients. Glycine-induced pleomorphism reduces the transformation frequency and the degree of inhibition is dependent on the phosphate concentration of the medium. Rifampin resistance and shifts from adenine, hypoxanthine, uracil, and nitrogenase auxotrophy to prototrophy can be achieved. Although single marker transfer is always greater than double marker transfer, the data suggest that rifampin resistance is linked to hypoxanthine, adenine and uracil protorophy at intervals of increasing distance. Rifampin resistance did not appear to be linked to nitrogenase.
PREOPERATIVE ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY LOW REACTIVE LEVEL LASER THERAPY (LLLT) IN ONCOLOGIC PATIENTS : A PRELIMINARY REPORT (1991)

In vitro cellular and in vivo animal studies have pointed to the possible boosting effect of Low reactive-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on the autoimmune system of immunodeficient cancer-inoculated animals, resulting in an increase in the expected life-span of the irradiated animals. Following such studies, the authors designed a study to evaluate the effect of LLLT as an adjunctive therapy for conventional surgical intervention in cancer in man. A comparative study of different types of irradiation from low incident energy level lasers was performed on 60 oncologic patients, irradiation being delivered during the immediate preoperative period, External irradiation with a semiconductor laser (wavelength 890 nm); internal irradiation with a helium-neon laser (wavelength 632.8 nm); and a combination of both methods was applied. The most effective irradiation was the external one made with a semiconductor laser, Studies were carried out on white cell components in blood, assays of immunoglobulin activity (IgA, IgM and IgG) were made, in addition to the determination of the behaviour ot' T-lymphocyte fractions (active roseate T-cells, T-helpers and T-suppressors) post LLLT. It was seen from the data that the total immunoresponse actually increased following LLLT, with no visible increase in tumoural remnant size. Although more detailed qualitative experimentai and controlled work must be done before this application of LLLT can be carried out on a regular basis, the authors feel strongly that in this preliminary report. the findings point to an exciting and possible use for LLLT. in particular for the photoactivation of the autoimmune system and tumoural antigen photomodification, and in general for the treatment of immunodeficiency.
Physical activity and cancer prevention: from observational to intervention research. (2001)

The purpose of this review is to articulate how progress in epidemiological research on physical activity and cancer prevention can be made. This report briefly reviews the accumulated evidence for an etiological role of physical activity in the prevention of cancer of the colon, breast, prostate, testes, lung, endometrium, and ovary and summarizes the evidence for a causal association for each of these sites. The evidence for a causal association between physical activity and colon and breast cancers is found to be "convincing," for prostate cancer to be "probable," for lung and endometrial cancers to be "possible," and for testicular and ovarian cancers to be currently "insufficient" to make any definitive conclusions. The emerging literature on physical activity and cancer prevention intervention studies is presented, and an overview of the literature on physical activity intervention is also provided. Given the level of evidence that is currently available for the associations between physical activity and cancer, it is argued that for additional progress to be made in this field, there need to be intervention studies on physical activity and cancers of the colon and breast. For the remaining cancer sites, better designed observational epidemiological studies are needed that address the identified methodological limitations found in previous studies. These limitations include crude and incomplete physical activity assessment, lack of adequate control for confounding and effect modification, as well as a lack of consideration of the underlying biological mechanisms that are operative. This review concludes with detailed recommendations for future research in this field.
Investigating touchscreen accessibility for people with visual impairments (2008)

Touchscreen computing devices such as the iPhone are becoming more common. However this technology is largely inaccessible to people with visual impairments. We present the results of a requirements capture study that illustrates the problems with touchscreen accessibility, and the choices visually impaired people make when choosing assistive technology. We investigate ways of overcoming touchscreen accessibility problems by comparing a raised paper overlay touchscreen based MP3 player, with a touchscreen gesture based player. Twelve blindfolded participants, and one visually impaired person, were able to operate both players, though there were problems with short impact related operations in the gesture player. From our results we provide guidelines for future designers, to help them exploit the potential of touchscreen technology for visually impaired people.
Cathepsin D in breast cancer cells can digest extracellular matrix in large acidic vesicles. (1990)

In breast cancer cell lines, pro-cathepsin D is synthesized in excess and abnormally processed, resulting in its slower maturation and increased secretion into the culture medium. Since this lysosomal protease is only active at acidic pH, we have searched for acidic compartments other than lysosomes where cathepsin D might be active when MCF7 cells are plated on corneal extracellular matrix. We found large acidic intracellular vesicles (1.5 to 20 microns in diameter) by acridine orange and 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine staining, two fluorescent probes which reveal acidic compartments. These vesicles were actively acidified. They were 2- to 20-fold more abundant in MCF7 breast cancer cells and primary cultures of human breast cancers cells than in primary cultures of normal mammary epithelial cells. In living MCF7 cells, high resolution video-enhanced microscopy showed that these vesicles were mobile and intracellular. Double immunolocalization indicated that they contained mature cathepsin D (but no detectable pro-cathepsin D) and endocytosed extracellular material. This material (dextran, transferrin, and extracellular matrix) and the association with other lysosomal enzymes varied according to the vesicles, suggesting their heterogeneity (large endosomes or phagosomes). We conclude that, in breast cancer cells, cathepsin D may digest intracellularly phagocytosed and/or endocytosed extracellular matrix in large acidic vesicles. We propose that the higher expression of cathepsin D associated with the increased number of large acidic vesicles in breast cancer cells may facilitate digestion of basement membrane and consequently metastasis.
Comparison of Chemical Composition of Peritoneal Fluid and Serum (1978)

It is hypothesized that peritoneal fluid might be used as an alternative vehicle for monitoring the clinical chemistry of patients on peritoneal dialyses and save these patients the venesection and resultant blood loss. Peritoneal fluid was obtained before 47.2% of 106 dialysis treatments and compared with simultaneous serum samples. Very close correlation was noted for phosphorus, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, and sodium (r greater than 0.82, p less than 10(-6)), and we conclude that peritoneal fluid may be useful for monitoring these chemistries. The peritoneal fluid concentrations of calcium and albumin were consistently 20% and 43% lower than the corresponding serum values. Because the peritoneal fluid is in equilibrium with the serum, it could also be used to measure protein binding of low molecular-weight substances in vivo that cross the peritoneal membrane. The results presented here fail to support the suggestion that urate is bound to serum proteins in vivo.
Development Trends in Optical Connectivity (2016)

This paper surveys various emerging technological advancements in fiber connectivity, which are enabling disruptive evolution in system design. Major topics of innovation include performance, manufacturing, density, deployment, added functionality, and network intelligence.
Automatic Test Case Generation of C Program Using CFG (2010)

Software quality and assurance in a software company is the only way to gain the customer confidence by removing all possible errors. It can be done by automatic test case generation. Taking popularly C programs as tests object, this paper explores how to create CFG of a C program and generate automatic Test Cases. It explores the feasibility and nonfeasibility of path basis upon no. of iteration. First C is code converted to instrumented code. Then test cases are generated by using Symbolic Testing and random Testing. System is developed by using C#.net in Visual Studio 2008. In addition some future research directions are also explored.
Fluidization state of ultrafine powders. (1988)

The fluidity of submicron powders was studied in a small-scale transparent column. Powders of Ni, Si3N4, SiC, Al2O3 and TiO2 were smoothly fluidized when gas velocity exceeded the apparent minimum fluidization velocity. The electrical conductivity of the particles did not affect the fluidizing quality in the range of the present experiments. All the tested submicron particles formed agglomerates during fluidization. The agglomerate size and the apparent minimum fluidization velocity were dependent on species of particles and fluidizing gas. The equilibrium size of agglomerates calculated from the apparent minimum fluidization velocity and the sedimentation velocity was in the range of 70-700 μm. However, the agglomerates of CaCO3 and ZrO2 were very cohesive and could not be evaluated. The primary particle size was not a proper measure for the classification of fine particles.
Cytoplasmic Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Mediates Competition between Folate-dependent Deoxyribonucleotide andS-Adenosylmethionine Biosyntheses (2002)

Folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism is required for the synthesis of purines and thymidylate and for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Methionine is subsequently adenylated to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a cofactor that methylates DNA, RNA, proteins, and many metabolites. Previous experimental and theoretical modeling studies have indicated that folate cofactors are limiting for cytoplasmic folate-dependent reactions and that the synthesis of DNA precursors competes with SAM synthesis. Each of these studies concluded that SAM synthesis has a higher metabolic priority than dTMP synthesis. The influence of cytoplasmic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cSHMT) on this competition was examined in MCF-7 cells. Increases in cSHMT expression inhibit SAM concentrations by two proposed mechanisms: (1) cSHMT-catalyzed serine synthesis competes with the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase for methylenetetrahydrofolate in a glycine-dependent manner, and (2) cSHMT, a high affinity 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-binding protein, sequesters this cofactor and inhibits methionine synthesis in a glycine-independent manner. Stable isotope tracer studies indicate that cSHMT plays an important role in mediating the flux of one-carbon units between dTMP and SAM syntheses. We conclude that cSHMT has three important functions in the cytoplasm: (1) it preferentially supplies one-carbon units for thymidylate biosynthesis, (2) it depletes methylenetetrahydrofolate pools for SAM synthesis by synthesizing serine, and (3) it sequesters 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and inhibits SAM synthesis. These results indicate that cSHMT is a metabolic switch that, when activated, gives dTMP synthesis higher metabolic priority than SAM synthesis.
Relationship between psychostimulant-induced "high" and dopamine transporter occupancy. (1996)

The ability of cocaine to inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT) appears to be crucial for its reinforcing properties. The potential use of drugs that produce long-lasting inhibition of the DAT as a mean of preventing the "high" and reducing drug-seeking behavior has become a major strategy in medication development. However, neither the relation between the high and DAT inhibition nor the ability to block the high by prior DAT blockade have ever been demonstrated. To evaluate if DAT could prevent the high induced by methylphenidate (MP), a drug which like cocaine inhibits the DAT, we compared the responses in eight non-drug-abusing subjects between the first and the second of two MP doses (0.375 mg/kg, i.v.) given 60 min apart. At 60 min the high from MP has returned to baseline, but 75-80% of the drug remains in brain. Positron-emission tomography and [11C]d-threo-MP were used to estimate DAT occupancies at different times after MP. DAT inhibition by MP did not block or attenuate the high from a second dose of MP given 60 min later, despite a 80% residual transporter occupancy from the first dose. Furthermore some subjects did not perceive a high after single or repeated administration despite significant DAT blockade. These results indicate that DAT occupancy is not sufficient to account for the high, and that for DAT inhibitors to be therapeutically effective, occupancies > 80% may be required.
An Automatic Assessment System for Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Speech Using Feature Sequence Generator and Recurrent Neural Network (2019)

Alzheimer disease and other dementias have become the 7th cause of death worldwide. Still lacking a cure, an early detection of the disease in order to provide the best intervention is crucial. To develop an assessment system for the general public, speech analysis is the optimal solution since it reflects the speaker's cognitive skills abundantly and data collection is relatively inexpensive compared with brain imaging, blood testing, etc. While most of the existing literature extracted statistics-based features and relied on a feature selection process, we have proposed a novel Feature Sequence representation and utilized a data-driven approach, namely, the recurrent neural network to perform classification in this study. The system is also shown to be fully-automated, which implies the system can be deployed widely to all places easily. To validate our study, a series of experiments have been conducted with 120 speech samples, and the score in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve is as high as 0.838.
Prediction and Mitigation of Torsional Vibrations in Drilling Systems (2016)

Abstract Drilling systems are subject to torsional vibrations that are excited by bit-rock or by drillstring formation interaction forces. These torsional oscillations can be distinguished by mode shape and frequency. Well-known stick/slip oscillations are characterized by low frequencies (usually below 1 Hz) and affect the entire drill-string. High-frequency torsional oscillations (HFTO), in contrast, name the excitation of a high-order natural mode (reaching 400 Hz). In case of HFTO, the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) is exposed to high dynamics loads. Torsional vibrations compromise drilling efficiency and tool reliability. To address these challenges, we are proposing a method for automated BHA optimization based on mechanical drill string models. Through extensive analysis of high-frequency (1400 Hz sampling frequency) data from field measurements, an analytical, verified, and easy to use criterion for the prediction of the excited torsional mode and the corresponding loads was derived. The criterion is based on the comparison of the resulting excitation from cutting forces at the bit and the damping of a torsional mode. The criterion is unique for every torsional mode and can be used to rank the susceptibility of torsional modes for HFTO or stick/slip. A software application (Torsional Oscillation Advisor, TOA) has been developed for user-friendly interpretation of the underlying analytical method towards practical issues. The use of the TOA provides valuable input for drilling optimization: For stick/slip, the influence of various drill pipe sizes and the length of the drill pipe section on torsional stick/slip mode are analyzed. It is shown that the limit for stable drilling in case of bit induced stick/slip can be extended by stiffer drill pipes whereas the influence of the length of the drill pipe section is marginal. The material of the bit and its mass distribution is shown to have a considerable influence on the excitation of HFTO. The software also enables automated BHA optimization in both new product development and tool operation phases. A numerical optimization approach is used to minimize the susceptibility of the bottom-hole assembly for stick/slip and HFTO for given constraints of the geometry and material parameters. Herein, a significant increase of stable drilling conditions regarding weight on bit and bit rotational speed with respect to torsional oscillations is achieved. Even small changes in the drilling system design have a visible impact on the torsional stability. The ability to identify and predict modes of stick/slip and HFTO that are most likely to be excited while drilling, an extension of the stable drilling zone and the estimation of loads before field deployment will result in higher drilling efficiency, more reliable tools and lower non-productive time.
Intra-day Solar Irradiance Forecasting Based on Artificial Neural Networks (2019)

Accurate solar irradiance forecasting is important for improving forecasting precision of photovoltaic (PV) power. In this study, an intra-day (i.e. 1 to 6 hours ahead) machine learning model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented for forecasting the intra-day incident solar irradiance (GI). The methodology included the implementation of the optimal ANN topology which was trained and validated on historical yearly datasets. The forecasting results demonstrated a normalised root mean square error (nRMSE) in the range of 4.23% to 9.51%. The lowest nRMSE of 4.23% was achieved for the hour-ahead forecast while the highest nRMSE of 9.51% was observed when forecasting at a horizon of 6 hours ahead. Finally, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) varied from 4.10% to 8.19% for the 1 hour to 6 hours ahead forecasts respectively.
Hydrophilisation of silicone rubber for medical applications (2003)

Abstract Silicone rubber is one of the biomaterials used for preparation of medical implants. The properties of silicone rubber and methods of their evaluation are surveyed with respect to the medical applications. For some applications the hydrophobic character of silicone rubber is undesirable and possibilities of its hydrophilisation are presented in this review as well. Special attention is paid to the process of preparation of hydrophilic silicone rubber–hydrogel composite materials based on acrylic and methacrylic acids derivatives and to the properties of such materials. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Asynchronous collaborative writing through annotations (2004)

Annotation is central to iterative reviewing and revising activities in asynchronous collaborative writing. Currently most digital annotation models and systems assume static context information and provide far less functionality than physical annotations. We extend prior annotation research by Marshall and Cadiz and design an activity-oriented annotation model to mimic the rich functionality of physical annotations for an enhanced collaborative writing process. In this model, we define an annotation life cycle and support annotation version control. We implement a collaborative writing system that supports improved in-situ communication and cross-role feedback based on our annotation model.
Electrical properties of heteroepitaxial grown tin-doped indium oxide films (1996)

Oriented thin-film tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) was heteroepitaxially grown on optically polished (100) or (111) planes of single-crystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates using e-beam evaporation or dc magnetron sputtering techniques. Pole figure x-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the heteroepitaxial relations were (001)ITO∥(001)YSZ, [100]ITO∥[100]YSZ, and (111)ITO∥(111)YSZ, [110]ITO∥[110]YSZ, respectively. X-ray rocking curve analyses and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry revealed that the e-beam evaporated heteroepitaxial ITO films had much higher crystallinity than the one deposited by dc magnetron sputtering. Both carrier density and Hall mobility of the e-beam evaporated heteroepitaxial films showed steady increases in a wide temperature range, which could be interpreted in terms of the increasing Sn-doping efficiency caused by the improvement of the crystallinity of In2O3 host lattice, and hence the decreasing Sn-based neutral scattering centers.
The Role of Oxidation in the Migration Mechanism of Layered Silicate in Poly(propylene) Nanocomposites (2006)

Abstract Summary: Evidence of clay migration from the core to the surface of poly(propylene)/montmorillonite nanocomposites is provided. A three‐ to fivefold increase in the clay concentration of the surface is obtained during isothermal heating in oxidative atmosphere. The mechanism of migration is investigated by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It is shown that oxygen plays a fundamental role in the migration mechanism. ρ Si versus c for the annealed samples. magnified image ρ Si versus c for the annealed samples.
The Responsiveness of Search Engine Indexes (2001)

Search engines are an important tool for information foraging on the web. The\nbroad details of how they work is, therefore, of relevance to both information\nseekers and providers. Yet search engines are known to only index a fraction\nof the web, up to a maximum of 16% in one recent study. A search engine\nmust crawl the web periodically in order to maintain an up to date index, but,\ngiven the limitations of total coverage, how can it decide which sites to cover\nand which to ignore? One answer lies in research showing the importance of\nweb links in identifying useful sources of information. This paper reports on an\nexperiment to investigate the effect of link count on the indexing of 1000 sites\nin three search portals over a period of seven months. It was found that,\nalthough all engines added sites during the period of the survey, only Google\nshowed evidence of being very responsive to the existence of links on the test\nsite, whereas AltaVista’s results were very stable over time