gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Evolution of the Lower-Hybrid Drift Instability in a Current Sheet (2004)

The lower-hybrid drift instability is simulated in an ion-scale current sheet using a fully kinetic approach with values of the ion to electron mass ratio up to m(i)/m(e)=1836. Although the instability is localized on the edge of the layer, the nonlinear development increases the electron flow velocity in the central region resulting in a strong bifurcation of the current density and significant anisotropic heating of the electrons. This dramatically enhances the collisionless tearing mode and may lead to the rapid onset of magnetic reconnection for current sheets near the critical scale.
A micromachined preconcentrator for enhanced trace detection of illicit materials (2004)

In this paper, we design and fabricate a robust micromachined cascade avalanche sorbent plate array (CASPAR) preconcentrators. The CASPAR is designed to provide a low pressure drop compatible with high flow collections, high vapour collection efficiency for target analytes, a low thermal mass for a shot thermal time constant, and low power operation. The preconcentrator is integrated to existing chemical agent and trace explosive detectors, and successfully tested. Comparison of conventional preconcentrator and CASPAR characteristics are discussed.
Cyclopentadithiophene based polymers—a comparison of optical, electrochemical and organic field-effect transistor characteristics (2010)

A series of cyclopentadithiophene based polymers have been synthesized by oxidative polymerisation or palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Polymers have been prepared with backbones containing benzothiadiazole, benzoxadiazole, 2,2′-bithiophene, phenyl and fluorene units. The backbone structure is shown to have a large effect on the film morphology, and the optical and electrochemical properties in solution and the solid state. We show that the polymer composition can be used to tune the band gap over the entire visible spectrum. Spin-coated films of these polymers have been used as the active layer of organic field effect transistors and hole mobilities up to 3.7 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 have been measured under ambient conditions.
Organosulfates as Tracers for Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Formation from 2-Methyl-3-Buten-2-ol (MBO) in the Atmosphere (2012)

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) is an important biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emitted by pine trees and a potential precursor of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in forested regions. In the present study, hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of MBO was examined in smog chambers under varied initial nitric oxide (NO) and aerosol acidity levels. Results indicate measurable SOA from MBO under low-NO conditions. Moreover, increasing aerosol acidity was found to enhance MBO SOA. Chemical characterization of laboratory-generated MBO SOA reveals that an organosulfate species (C(5)H(12)O(6)S, MW 200) formed and was substantially enhanced with elevated aerosol acidity. Ambient fine aerosol (PM(2.5)) samples collected from the BEARPEX campaign during 2007 and 2009, as well as from the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign during 2011, were also analyzed. The MBO-derived organosulfate characterized from laboratory-generated aerosol was observed in PM(2.5) collected from these campaigns, demonstrating that it is a molecular tracer for MBO-initiated SOA in the atmosphere. Furthermore, mass concentrations of the MBO-derived organosulfate are well correlated with MBO mixing ratio, temperature, and acidity in the field campaigns. Importantly, this compound accounted for an average of 0.25% and as high as 1% of the total organic aerosol mass during BEARPEX 2009. An epoxide intermediate generated under low-NO conditions is tentatively proposed to produce MBO SOA.
Entrapment and Mobilization of Residual Oil in Bead Packs (1988)

Summary Phase behavior, interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, and density data were determined for the system 2% CaCl2 brine/isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/isooctane. Liquid pairs from this system were used in a test of capillary number as a correlating function for mobilization of residual oil in geometrically similar porous media as provided by bead packs. Close correlation of results was obtained for a more than five-fold variation in permeability and a more than six-fold variation in IFT. Extensive investigation was also made of the change in trapped oil saturation given by vertical upward flooding; the ratio of gravity to capillary forces varied more than 100-fold. A correlation between trapped oil saturation and Bond number was obtained that was in good agreement with previous results obtained for gas entrapment. However, capillary numbers for entrapment of a given reduced residual oil saturation (ROS) were found to be slightly higher than those for entrapment of gas. Relative permeabilities were independent of whether the trapped phase was oil or gas and were determined mainly by the magnitude of the trapped nonwetting-phase saturation. Capillary numbers for mobilization of residual oil from bead packs were much higher than typical values for sandstones. For bead packs that had been consolidated by sintering, capillary numbers for prevention of entrapment increased and those for mobilization decreased. The net result was that differences in capillary numbers for mobilization and entrapment were greatly reduced and results became more akin to relationships observed for consolidated sandstones.
Creep behaviour of polymer blends based on epoxy matrix and intractable high <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> thermoplastic (2004)

Abstract Polymer blends based on intractable, high temperature‐resistant thermoplastic polyetherimide (PEI) and epoxy‐amine (EA) were processed by dissolution of the thermoplastic into the epoxy‐amine precursors, followed by subsequent reaction. Because the PEI concentration was higher than the critical concentration, phase separation produced a dispersion of crosslinked thermoset (EA) in a PEI matrix. The creep behaviour of the blends were investigated in the temperature range near the glass transition of the thermoset phase. To account for the experimental data, two ways of modelling were explored, assuming (1) perfect coupling between phases (2) total debonding. Comparison between experimental data and modelling results indicates that a strong debonding process takes place even at low stress. This conclusion is in fair agreement with the low value of the estimated interfacial adhesion at the PEI matrix–EA particles interface. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Image-based Position Estimation and Adaptive Modulation Coding in Vehicular Communication (2011)

Vehicle position estimation is a key technology for Inter-Vehicle Communications, while template matching can be used to get information of vehicular position. In the paper, a simplified template matching, namely area-based template match is considered. A vehicular communication system designed for wireless data application is proposed where a camera is fixed in a vehicle which is served as a base station. By means of comparison between the outline area of vehicular image and reference templates, the base station can obtain the position estimation of the vehicle. The reference templates can be pre-calculated from a group of field experiment data. Based on supervised learning, we develop an image-based vehicle position estimation method and evaluate its effect on an adaptive coding modulation scheme. The computer simulation results show that in the wireless fading channel with the OFDM physical model, compared with fixed modulation coding scheme, the studied adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme taking account of the position estimation can gain greater throughput.
Stimulation of respiration by methylene blue in rat liver mitochondria (1997)

The effect of methylene blue on isolated rat liver mitochondria in the presence and absence of chloroacetaldehyde was investigated. Fatty acid oxidation was inhibited by chloroacetaldehyde and subsequently stimulated by methylene blue. Assessment of tightly coupled mitochondria revealed decreasing respiratory control ratios induced by increasing concentrations of methylene blue and methylene blue provoked mitochondrial swelling. In uncoupled mitochondria, methylene blue promoted a concentration-dependent stimulation of respiration. These findings provide evidence that methylene blue, the redox dye currently used as an antidote for encephalopathy associated with alkylating chemotherapy, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and acts as an electron transfer mediator to stimulate mitochondrial respiration.
p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated by CD28-mediated signaling and is required for IL-4 production by human CD4+CD45RO+ T cells and Th2 effector cells. (1999)

T cell proliferation and cytokine production usually require stimulation via both the TCR/CD3 complex and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. Using purified human CD4+ peripheral blood T cells, we show that CD28 stimulation alone activates p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 alpha). Cell proliferation induced by CD28 stimulation alone, a response attributed to CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells, was blocked by the highly specific p38 inhibitors SB 203580 (IC50 = 10-80 nM) and RWJ 67657 (IC50 = 0.5-4 nM). In contrast, proliferation induced by anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAbs was not blocked. Inhibitors of p38 also blocked CD4+ T cell production of IL-4 (SB 203580 IC50 = 20-100 nM), but not IL-2, in response to CD3 and CD28 stimulation. IL-5, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma production were also inhibited, but to a lesser degree than IL-4. IL-4 production was attributed to CD4+CD45RO+ T cells, and its induction was suppressed by p38 inhibitors at the mRNA level. In polarized Th1 and Th2 cell lines, SB 203580 strongly inhibited IL-4 production by Th2 cells (IC50 = 10-80 nM), but only partially inhibited IFN-gamma and IL-2 production by Th1 cells (<50% inhibition at 1 microM). In both Th1 and Th2 cells, CD28 signaling activated p38 alpha and was required for cytokine production. These results show that p38 alpha plays an important role in some, but not all, CD28-dependent cellular responses. Its preferential involvement in IL-4 production by CD4+CD45RO+ T cells and Th2 effector cells suggests that p38 alpha may be important in the generation of Th2-type responses in humans.
Hybrid Computation 1976 and Its Future (1976)

Simply defined, a hybrid computer is the sophisticated combination of a real-time interrupt-oriented digital computer with one or more parallel analog processors. Each device is used so as to exploit its own best advantage toward the orderly, rapid solution of the problem at hand in a synergistic manner. This typically involves the preparation and use of mathematical models that dynamically describe the system being studied, using both algebraic and differential relations.
Comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome (1999)

The aim of the study was to identify the comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in a population of children with Down syndrome (DS). All children with DS within a defined population of South Birmingham were identified. The Asperger Syndrome Screening Questionnaire and the Child Autism Rating Scale were completed and diagnosis made according to ICD-10 criteria following interview and observation. Thirty-three of 58 identified children completed the measures, four of whom received a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder. This is equivalent to a minimum comorbid rate of 7%. The questionnaire items concerning social withdrawal, restricted or repetitive interests, clumsiness, and unusual eye contact were associated with an autistic disorder. Of the remaining 29 participating children, 11 also displayed marked obsessional and ritualistic behaviours. The comorbid occurrence of autism and DS is at least 7%. It is important that these children are identified and receive appropriate education and support. A full assessment of social, language, and communication skills and behaviour is crucial, particularly in children with DS who appear different from other children with DS. Potential mechanisms accounting for this comorbidity are discussed.
Statements (1985)

The churches today are called to confess anew their faith, and to repent for the times when Christians have remained silent in the face of injustice or threats to peace. The biblical vision of peace with justice for all, of wholeness, of unity for all God's people is not one of several options for the followers of Christ. It is an imperative in our time. (Peace and Justice Statement, WCC Sixth Assembly, Vancouver 1983)
Preparation of Human IgA as By‐Product of Routine Fractionation (1972)

Abstract. IgA is prepared from fraction III by a variety of techniques, the most suitable being the extraction of the paste with distilled water, precipitation of the bulk of proteins with caprylic acid, and batch adsorption of IgA on DEAE‐cellulose at pH 5.7 (0.015 m acetate buffer), elution being achieved with 0.09 m acetate buffer. The purified protein contains no IgM, but some IgG (2±1%), the yield being 0.4–0.6 g/100 g paste of fraction III.
Complexes of Urea and Symmetrical Tetraalkylammonium Halides<sup>1</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComplexes of Urea and Symmetrical Tetraalkylammonium Halides1Shuji Saito, Melissa Lee, and Wen-Yang WenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 22, 5107–5112Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00974a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00974a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views250Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new anisotropic diffusion method, application to partial volume effect reduction (2006)

The partial volume effect is a significant limitation in medical imaging that results in blurring when the boundary between two structures of interest falls in the middle of a voxel. A new anisotropic diffusion method allows one to create interpolated 3D images corrected for partial volume, without enhancement of noise. After a zero-order interpolation, we apply a modified version of the anisotropic diffusion approach, wherein the diffusion coefficient becomes negative for high gradient values. As a result, the new scheme restores edges between regions that have been blurred by partial voluming, but it acts as normal anisotropic diffusion in flat regions, where it reduces noise. We add constraints to stabilize the method and model partial volume; i.e., the sum of neighboring voxels must equal the signal in the original low resolution voxel and the signal in a voxel is kept within its neighbor's limits. The method performed well on a variety of synthetic images and MRI scans. No noticeable artifact was induced by interpolation with partial volume correction, and noise was much reduced in homogeneous regions. We validated the method using the BrainWeb project database. Partial volume effect was simulated and restored brain volumes compared to the original ones. Errors due to partial volume effect were reduced by 28% and 35% for the 5% and 0% noise cases, respectively. The method was applied to in vivo "thick" MRI carotid artery images for atherosclerosis detection. There was a remarkable increase in the delineation of the lumen of the carotid artery.
The Gamma Globulins and Their Clinical Significance (1959)

IN 1948 Arne Tiselius was awarded the Nobel Prize for having developed the technic of electrophoresis, which separates the serum proteins into four major fractions: albumin, and three distinct globulins named alpha, beta and gamma. Since Tiselius1 first identified the gamma globulins as the major antibody proteins, progress in elucidating their physiologic and clinical significance has advanced steadily. Measurement of changes in the amount of serum gamma globulins has proved useful in the diagnosis of disease, and the development of practical plasma-fractionation technics by E. J. Cohn and his co-workers in the early nineteen forties has provided human gamma globulins . . .
Heterogeneity in MT1-MMP activity with ischemia-reperfusion and previous myocardial infarction: relation to regional myocardial function (2010)

After a myocardial infarction (MI), an episode of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) can result in a greater impairment of left ventricular (LV) regional function (LVRF) than that caused by an initial I/R episode in the absence of MI. Membrane type-I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) proteolytically processes the myocardial matrix and is upregulated in LV failure. This study tested the central hypothesis that a differential induction of MT1-MMP occurs and is related to LVRF after I/R in the context of a previous MI. Pigs with a previous MI [3 wk postligation of the left circumflex artery (LCx)] or no MI were randomized to undergo I/R [60-min/120-min left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion] or no I/R as follows: no MI and no I/R (n = 6), no MI and I/R (n = 8), MI and no I/R (n = 8), and MI and I/R (n = 8). Baseline LVRF (regional stroke work, sonomicrometry) was lower in the LAD region in the MI group compared with no MI (103 ± 12 vs. 188 ± 26 mmHg·mm, P < 0.05) and remained lower with peak ischemia (35 ± 8 vs. 88 ± 17 mmHg·mm, P < 0.05). Using a novel interstitial microdialysis method, MT1-MMP was directly measured and was over threefold higher in the LCx region and over twofold higher in the LAD region in the MI group compared with the no MI group at baseline. MT1-MMP fluorogenic activity was persistently elevated in the LCx region in the MI and I/R group but remained unchanged in the LAD region. In contrast, no changes in MT1-MMP occurred in the LCx region in the no MI and I/R group but increased in the LAD region. MT1-MMP mRNA was increased by over threefold in the MI region in the MI and I/R group. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that a heterogeneous response in MT1-MMP activity likely contributes to regional dysfunction with I/R and that a subsequent episode of I/R activates a proteolytic cascade within the MI region that may contribute to a continued adverse remodeling process.
Control of liquid crystal pretilt angles by using organic/inorganic hybrid interpenetrating networks (2009)

A new photoalignment method of controlling the pretilt angle of liquid crystals (LCs) by using organic/inorganic hybrid interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is proposed and demonstrated. In the hybrid IPN alignment layer system, the competition between poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCi) favoring planar alignment and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) favoring vertical alignment made it possible to achieve pretilt angle in a wide range from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, and adjust pretilt angle as a function of PDMS content. In addition, we achieved the high azimuthal anchoring energy at the intermediate pretilt angle by using PDMS as the vertical-aligning component.
Light and electron microscopic studies of physical injury to the skin I. Suction (1974)

Suction applied to the skin causes almost immediate paranuclear vacuolization in keratinocytes but does not affect the dendritic cells. If suction is prolonged dermo‐epidermal separation occurs at a level between the basal cell membrane and basal lamina.
Preparation and Applications of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites (2009)

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) can be incorporated into polymer matrices to form CNTs/polymer composites exhibiting outstanding mechanical,electrical and nonlinear optical properties.The crystallization and morphology of the polymers can be strongly affected by small additions of CNTs.A large number of research results have demonstrated that these composite materials have found many potential applications in the fields of e.g.photovoltaic cells,organic light-emitting device,optical limiting,all-optical switches,protective coatings,and artificial muscles as well.This review introduced the preparation of CNTs/polymer composites,and their potential applications in many high-technology fields.
Gene Ontology annotation status of the fission yeast genome: preliminary coverage approaches 100% (2006)

In this review, we present an overview of the Gene Ontology (GO) structure and describe how the GO is implemented for Sz. pombe and made available via Sz. pombe GeneDB (http://www.genedb.org/genedb/pombe/). We give a detailed progress report of Sz. pombe GO annotation, providing the current status of both manual and automatic annotations. Fission yeast has at least one GO annotation for 98.3% of its genes (excluding annotations to 'unknown' terms), greater than the current percentage coverage for any other organism. Approximately 65% (3225 gene products) have at least one annotation to each of the three ontologies (biological process, cellular component and molecular function). Approximately 30% (1443 gene products) have GO terms derived directly from small-scale experiments in fission yeast, supporting the validity of fission yeast as a model eukaryote and a reference organism.
Microarray Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Aging (2004)

The purpose of this study was to investigate gene expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia. We utilized the microarray technology to simultaneously compare the expression profile of 12,000 human genes in cerebral cortex of AD and normal aging. To identify gene expression related to neurodegeneration, beside the presence of amyloid deposition, we used control brains with abundant amyloid plaques, derived from cognitively normal elderly subjects. The microarray analysis indicated that 314 genes were differentially expressed in AD cerebral cortex, with differences greater than 5 folds in 25 genes. RT-PCR performed on a selected group of genes confirmed the increased expression of the interferon-induced protein 3 in AD brain. This protein, which is highly inducible by both type I and type II interferons, was not previously associated with the neurodegenerative disease.