gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor Budding in Colorectal Carcinoma (2015)

Tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma has been associated with poor outcome in multiple studies, but the absence of an established histologic cutoff for "high" tumor budding, heterogeneity in study populations, and varying methods for assessing tumor budding have hindered widespread incorporation of this parameter in clinical reports. We used an established scoring system in a population-based cohort to determine a histologic cutoff for "high" tumor budding and confirm its prognostic significance. We retrieved hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from 553 incident colorectal carcinoma cases. Each case was previously characterized for select molecular alterations and survival data. Interobserver agreement was assessed between 2 gastrointestinal pathologists and a group of 4 general surgical pathologists. High budding (≥ 10 tumor buds in a ×20 objective field) was present in 32% of cases, low budding in 46%, and no budding in 22%. High tumor budding was associated with advanced pathologic stage (P < 0.001), microsatellite stability (P = 0.005), KRAS mutation (P = 0.010), and on multivariate analysis with a > 2 times risk of cancer-specific death (hazard ratio = 2.57 [1.27, 5.19]). After multivariate adjustment, by penalized smoothing splines, we found increasing tumor bud counts from 5 upward to be associated with an increasingly shortened cancer-specific survival. By this method, a tumor bud count of 10 corresponded to approximately 2.5 times risk of cancer-specific death. The interobserver agreement was good with weighted κ of 0.70 for 2 gastrointestinal pathologists over 121 random cases and 0.72 between all 6 pathologists for 20 random cases. Using an established method to assess budding on routine histologic stains, we have shown that a cutoff of 10 for high tumor budding is independently associated with a significantly worse prognosis. The reproducibility data provide support for the routine widespread implementation of tumor budding in clinical reports.
Altered pupillary size and darkness and light reflexes in Alzheimer's disease. (1997)

The purpose was to compare resting pupil diameter in darkness and light, and the pupillary darkness and light reflexes between a group of patients with Alzheimer's disease and a group of healthy old people. Nine medication free patients with Alzheimer's disease and nine healthy control subjects, matched for sex and age with the patients, participated. There were six men and three women and the median age was 72 years in both groups. Pupil diameter was monitored with an infrared television pupillometer. Resting pupil diameter was smaller in the Alzheimer's disease group (P = 0.041, in darkness). The amplitude and the maximum dilatation velocity of the darkness reflex were smaller for the Alzheimer's disease group (maximum dilatation velocity P < 0.002). The amplitude and the 75% recovery time of the light reflex response were reduced in the Alzheimer's disease group (P < 0.002 and P = 0.034 respectively). There was no difference in the latency of the reflex response between the two groups. The reduced pupil size and diminished darkness reflex in the Alzheimer's disease group are consistent with a sympathetic deficit in the patients. The reduction in light reflex amplitude and recovery time are likely to be secondary to the grossly diminished pupil size in the patient group. The lack of any change in light reflex latency in the patients with Alzheimer's disease argues against an afferent defect. The pupillary changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease are qualitatively the same as those seen in healthy old people and are consistent with the notion of "accelerated aging" in Alzheimer's disease.
Electro-creasing instability in deformed polymers: experiment and theory (2011)

Subjected to an electric field, a substrate-bonded polymer film develops a biaxial compressive stress parallel to the film. Once the electric field reaches a critical value, the initially flat surface of the polymer locally folds against itself to form a pattern of creases. We show that mechanical deformation of the polymer significantly affects the electro-creasing instability. Biaxially pre-stretching the polymer film before bonding to the substrate greatly increases the critical field for the instability, because the pre-stretch gives a biaxial tensile stress that counteracts the electric-field-induced compressive stress. We develop a theoretical model to predict the critical field by comparing the potential energy of the film at flat and creased states. The theoretical prediction matches consistently with the experimental results. The theory also explains why biaxially pre-stretching a dielectric-elastomer film greatly enhances the measured breakdown field of the film.
3β‐Hydroxy‐5‐keto‐5.6‐seco‐cholestan‐6‐säure und Umwandlungsprodukte (1962)

Abstract Die Verseifung der 3β‐Acetoxy‐5‐keto‐5.6‐seco‐cholestan‐6‐säure (VII) gelingt nicht, da sich hierbei stets Essigsäure unter Ausbildung einer Δ 3 ‐Doppelbindung abspaltet. Die freie 3β‐Hydroxy‐Verbindung VI konnte durch Hydrierung von 3β‐Benzyloxy‐5‐keto‐5.6‐seco‐cholestan‐6‐säure (V) gewonnen werden. Es werden eine verbesserte Synthese von V und Umwandlungsprodukte von VI beschrieben. –‐ Die Konfiguration des 3‐Keto‐5β‐hydroxy‐B‐nor‐koprostan‐6β‐säuremethylester (XVI) wird durch Vergleich optischer Rotationsdispersionskurven bestimmt. Damit kann auch die sterische Anordnung des β‐Lactons XIX und davon abgeleiteter Verbindungen angegeben werden.
Introduction (1985)

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ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF HUMAN BODY SURFACES (1962)

Abstract : Reverberation chamber decay times were measured with and without human body surfaces exposed to the sound field. From these measurements, acoustic absorption coefficients were computed for human body surfaces. These were small compared to similar coefficients for laboratory animals. Typical values for the absorption coefficients measured for human body surfaces were in the range of 1 to 2 percent. Little variation was found from 1 to 20 kc. Measurements wd with other values obtained by different methods.
Homoepitaxial growth of catalyst-free GaN wires on N-polar substrates (2010)

The shape of c-oriented GaN nanostructures is found to be directly related to the crystal polarity. As evidenced by convergent beam electron diffraction applied to GaN nanostructures grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on c-sapphire substrates: wires grown on nitridated sapphire have the N-polarity ([0001¯]) whereas pyramidal crystals have Ga-polarity ([0001]). In the case of homoepitaxy, the GaN wires can be directly selected using N-polar GaN freestanding substrates and exhibit good optical properties. A schematic representation of the kinetic Wulff’s plot points out the effect of surface polarity.
Tolerance to enteral tube feeding diets in hypoalbuminemic critically ill, geriatric patients. (1992)

Tolerance of elemental (for example, Peptamen [PEP]) or free amino acid (for example, Vivonex TEN [VIV]) tube feeding diets is controversial, especially in the critically ill patient who is hypoalbuminemic. A prospective, randomized trial was conducted to compare differences between feeding PEP (n = 8) or VIV (n = 8) in critically ill, elderly (average age of 66 years) patients. Diets were administered through nasogastric or postpyloric feeding tubes. Eleven patients had diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; all underwent surgical treatment. Patients were fed each diet at full strength, beginning with 20 to 30 milliliters per hour and advancing by 10 to 20 milliliters every day until goal rate was reached, usually on day 4. Assessment was made for ability to comply with rate of tube feeding ordered, compliance with caloric goal and tolerance (as evidenced by abdominal discomfort and diarrhea). Diarrhea was qualitatively defined as more than three stools per day and then quantitatively as the mean number of stools daily. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of compliance with prescribed tube feeding order or caloric goal or the presence of diarrhea and abdominal discomfort. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the actual number of stools per day (PEP equals 1.38 versus VIV equals 2.25, p less than 0.02). Serum albumin concentrations upon initiation of the diets were 2.3 grams per deciliter in both groups. We conclude that tolerance to the two diets were similar because it was possible to feed enterally either PEP or VIV in critically ill, hypoalbuminemic patients (serum albumin concentrations of less than 2.5 grams per deciliter) successfully, irrespective of diet. Although there were more stools in the VIV group, this did not reduce compliance with the goals.
Constitutive activation of the neurotensin receptor 1 by mutation of Phe<sup>358</sup> in Helix seven (2002)

1. The neurotensin receptor 1, NTS1, is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains (TM) that mediates most of the known effects of the neuropeptide. Our previous studies have pointed to extracellular loop 3 and adjacent TM7 as being potentially involved in agonist-induced activation of the NTS1. 2. Here we investigated residues in these domains that might be involved in transconformational activation of the rat NTS1. Single amino acid mutated receptors were expressed in COS cells and inositol phosphate (IP) and cyclic AMP productions were studied. 3. The F358A mutation in TM7 resulted in a time- and receptor concentration-dependent increase in spontaneous IP production. At expression levels of 12 pmol mg(-1), agonist-independent IP production was increased 10 fold over basal for the F358A mutant receptor whereas the wild type NTS1 exhibited virtually no spontaneous activity at expression levels of 7.5 pmol mg(-1). 4. Neurotensin remained agonist on the F358A mutant receptor with a maximal effect that amounted to greater than twice basal IP levels. SR 48692 was inverse agonist at the mutant receptor, reversing IP production almost back to the levels measured in wild type NTS1-transfected cells. 5. Cyclic AMP production was not constitutively activated with the F358A mutant receptor but was stimulated by neurotensin with the same concentration dependence as that observed with the wild type NTS1. 6. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a constitutively active mutant of the NTS1. The data are consistent with TM7 being involved in the transconformational changes that lead to agonist-induced coupling of the NTS1 to Gq.
Cell cultures as models for drug absorption across the intestinal mucosa. (1991)

This review deals with cell culture models for studies of drug absorption across the intestinal mucosa. The selection of appropriate cells and cell culture conditions is discussed, guidelines for the characterization of the cell models are presented, and the intestinal barriers to drug absorption are discussed and compared with those in the cell culture models. Finally, recent applications of the cell culture models in drug and peptide absorption and metabolism studies are reviewed.
Photophysical Properties of Xanthophylls in Carotenoproteins from Human Retina¶ (2003)

The macula of the human retina contains high amounts of the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin [a mixture of (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin and (3R,3'S-meso)-zeaxanthin]. Recently, it was shown that the uptake and the stabilization of zeaxanthin and lutein into the retina are likely to be mediated by specific xanthophyll-binding proteins (XBP). Here, we have used femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy to study the dynamics of the S1 state of these xanthophylls in xanthophyll-enriched and native XBP. The results from the native XBP and the enriched XBP were then compared with those for carotenoids in organic solvents and in detergent micelles. Steady-state and transient absorption spectra show that the incorporation of xanthophylls into the protein causes a redshift of the spectra, which is stronger for lutein than for zeaxanthin. The transient absorption spectra further indicate that a part of the xanthophylls remains unbound in the xanthophyll-enriched XBP. The transient absorption spectra of the native XBP prove the presence of both xanthophylls in native XBP. Although the S1 lifetime of lutein does not exhibit any changes when measured in solution, micelles or XBP, we have observed the influence of the environment on the S1 lifetime of meso-zeaxanthin, which has a longer (12 ps) lifetime in XBP than in solution (9 ps). The most pronounced effect was found for vibrational relaxation in the S1 state, which is significantly slower for xanthophylls in XBP compared with micelles and solution. This effect is more pronounced for meso-zeaxanthin, suggesting a specific site of binding of this carotenoid to XBP.
Convection and heat transfer (1992)

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No. 1 ESS Logic Circuits and Their Application to the Design of the Central Control (1964)

The central control is composed of thousands of relatively simple logic circuits, intricately interconnected to perform the primary data processing functions of the No. 1 electronic switching system. This paper discusses both the circuit development of the basic modules and their application to the logic design of some of the high-speed arithmetic circuits required in the central control. Special electrical design features, wiring rules, and circuit pack assignment procedures are also described.
10 MHz PWM converters with GaAs VFETs (2002)

Switching speeds of currently available power switches have limited pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques to 1 to 2 MHz. High-speed (<2 ns switching) GaAs vertical field-effect transistors (VFETs) have overcome the limitation. These devices have been incorporated in 10 MHz, PWM, boost and buck 5 W power stages that have demonstrated good efficiencies (>85%) and very high power densities (500 W/in./sup 3/).
PIPE TRANSPORTATION OF MINCED FISH PASTE (1980)

ABSTRACT A pipe system was designed wherein minced fish paste was forced from the wide portion of a pipe to the narrow portion by an air cylinder, and extruded from the narrow portion. Pressure losses of minced fish paste in the narrow portion were transmitted through a transducer rod, and determined by two strain gages. The data for volumetric flow rate as a function of pressure loss were simulated by the power‐law flow model equation with yield stress, and fitted well to the equation. It was concluded from agreement of rheological constants that pressure loss was proportional to pipe length. However, some disagreements of rheological constants appeared when the ratio of pipe length to pipe inside diameter was decreased. This result was explained by the assumption that the entrance effect would become more pronounced. Contrary to expectation from the data of pure water through the pipe bend, pressure losses of minced fish paste through the pipe bend were not so large. This fact might be related to the Bingham plastic nature of minced fish paste. In pipe transportation of minced fish paste, shear‐thinning behavior was not found at a constant shear rate. While shear stress of minced fish paste ranged from 21000–29000 dyne cm −2 , shear rate ranged roughly from 20–240 set −1 . Flow behavior index was around 0.90 and the flow curve was almost a straight line. Yield stress was around 20000 dyne cm −2 , and about two‐thirds the total stress required for the flow at 240 set −1 .
Design Methodology for Global Resonant H-Tree Clock Distribution Networks (2006)

Design guidelines for resonant H-tree clock distribution networks are presented in this paper. A distributed model of a two level resonant H-tree is presented, supporting the design of low power, low skew, and low jitter resonant H-tree clock distribution networks. Excellent agreement is shown between the proposed model and SpectraS simulations. A case study is presented that demonstrates the design of a two level resonant H-tree network, distributing a 5 GHz clock signal in a TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology. The design methodology enables tradeoffs among design variables to be examined, such as the operating frequency, size of the on-chip inductors and capacitors, the output resistance of the driving buffer, and the interconnect width
Cyclic imides. <b>16</b>. Hydroxy and methoxy derivatives of aminophthalimide and phthalhydrazide (1995)

Abstract Treatment of N ‐alkyl derivatives of 3,6‐dichlorophthalimide and 4,5‐dichlorophthalimide with potassium nitrite gave 3‐hydroxy‐6‐nitro‐ and 4‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrophthalimides. The potassium salts of these phenols were alkylated by dialkyl sulfates. The products were reduced to the 3‐amino‐6‐alkoxy‐ and 4‐amino‐5‐alkoxyphthalimides, and the fluorescence emission spectra of these products were measured. Hydrazinolysis of the phthalimides in a toluene medium gave phthalhydrazides. The luminescence spectra of several aminophthalhydrazides were measured. The infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectra of these and of some nitrophthalhydrazides were measured and aspects of these spectra characteristic of phthalhydrazides were identified.
Approaches to the development and marketing approval of drugs that prevent cancer. (1995)

The broad concept of chemoprevention applies to the prevention of clinical cancer by the administration of chemical agents. Current approaches to the development and marketing approval of drugs to prevent cancer are described by a Working Group from the National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration. A strategy is presented that identifies candidate drugs, with examples that illustrate how drugs are characterized for efficacy through in vitro transformation modulation and mechanistic assays, and in vivo tumor modulation models of carcinogenesis. Requirements and recommendations for safety evaluation in toxicology testing are given, and the evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug effects and potential surrogate end point biomarkers in Phase I trials are discussed. Appropriate subject populations are identified. Phase II trials should emphasize the evaluation of surrogate end point biomarkers that are highly correlated with cancer incidence and may serve as an estimate of cancer incidence reduction. In Phase III trials the interim analysis of a validated surrogate end point of cancer incidence may facilitate timely and cost-effective marketing of efficacious drugs.
Patients treated for amebic liver abscess develop cell-mediated immune responses effective in vitro against <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>. (1986)

We studied the afferent and efferent cell-mediated immune response in 15 patients treated for amebic liver abscess. Patients had a lower T4 to T8 ratio (1.25 +/- 0.65) compared with age- and sex-matched controls (1.89 +/- 0.44, p less than 0.01) due to a decrease in T4-"helper" cells and an increase in T8-"suppressor" cells (p less than 0.01). The in vitro proliferative response of patient T lymphocytes to the plant mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) was depressed; responses to phytohemagglutinin were not. The proliferative response of patient lymphocytes to an amebic soluble protein preparation (SPP) was greater than the mitogenic response seen in control lymphocytes (mean of 68,300 delta cpm and 22,300 delta cpm, respectively, p less than 0.001), correlated with the T4 to T8 ratio (p less than 0.05) and the duration of time from initiation of antiamebic therapy (p less than 0.01). Supernatants from patient lymphocytes exposed to the amebic SPP activated normal monocyte-derived macrophages to kill virulent axenic E. histolytica trophozoites (p less than 0.001); patient monocyte-derived macrophages activated by Con A-elicited lymphokine could also kill amebae. Finally, when incubated with the amebic SPP for 5 days, T lymphocytes from patients were able to kill virulent amebae (p less than 0.005); patient T lymphocytes not exposed to the amebic SPP or control T lymphocytes incubated for 5 days with the amebic SPP were not cytotoxic to E. histolytica trophozoites. In summary, after cure of amebic liver abscess, specific cell-mediated immune mechanisms develop that are effective in vitro against the parasite.
Improved Synthesis of 3,3,3-Trifluoropropyne (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImproved Synthesis of 3,3,3-TrifluoropropyneWilliam G. Finnegan and William P. NorrisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 4, 1139–1140Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01039a511https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01039a511research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views332Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges (2011)

During the last decade numerous protocols have been published using the method of ball milling for synthesis all over the field of organic chemistry. However, compared to other methods leaving their marks on the road to sustainable synthesis (e.g. microwave, ultrasound, ionic liquids) chemistry in ball mills is rather underrepresented in the knowledge of organic chemists. Especially, in the last three years the interest in this technique raised continuously, culminating in several high-quality synthetic procedures covering the whole range of organic synthesis. Thus, the present tutorial review will be focused on the highlights using this method of energy transfer and energy dissipation. The central aim is to motivate researchers to take notice of ball mills as chemical reactors, implementing this technique in everyday laboratory use and thus, pave the ground for future activities in this interdisciplinary field of research.
Hybrid car promises high performance and low emissions (1994)

Swedish engineers have designed a specialized electrical generator, gas turbine, electrical-drive system, and automated vehicle-control system to reduce automotive emissions without compromising energy efficiency. This article describes a four-door sedan, called the Volvo Environmental Concept Car (ECC), that uses its gas turbine for highway driving and to recharge the battery that powers its electrical drive system in the city. In addition to running on either fuel or electricity, the Volvo ECC is a true hybrid-drive vehicle that can shift to turbine or battery power by means of a programmable vehicle-management unit. While the Volvo ECC is not yet commercially available, its design and ongoing testing are providing valuable emissions and performance information for making hybrid-drive cars a reality.