gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of secondary electron emission and plasma density enhancement for plasma exposed surfaces using an optically isolated Faraday cup (2002)

We present secondary electron yield and plasma enhancement factor data for silicon surfaces exposed to Ar, He, N2, O2, H2, and BF3 plasmas, for incident ion energies from 0.5–10 keV. A fiber-optic isolated Faraday cup was used to directly measure the ion current Jion, allowing a direct measurement of the secondary electron yield. This method automatically accounted for the effect of pulse-induced plasma density enhancement due to the ionization of neutral gas by accelerated secondary electrons, which we observed and measured quantitatively. The values of the secondary electron yields measured by this method were higher than published values measured by the conventional (ultraclean surface and ultrahigh vacuum) methods but lower than published values measured by previous plasma immersion ion implantation methods.
Automated di/dt stressmark generation for microprocessor power delivery networks (2011)

In this paper, we propose a method for automated di/dt stressmark generation to test maximum voltage droop in a microprocessor power delivery network. The di/dt stressmark is an instruction sequence which draws periodic high and low current pulses that maximize voltage fluctuations including voltage droops. In order to automate di/dt stressmark generation, we devise a code generator with the ability to control instruction sequencing, register assignments, and dependencies. Our framework uses a Genetic Algorithm in scheduling and optimizing candidate instruction sequences to create a maximum voltage droop. The results show that our automatically generated di/dt stressmarks achieved more than 40% average increase in voltage droop compared to hand-coded di/dt stressmarks and typical benchmarks in experiments covering three microprocessor architectures and five power delivery network (PDN) models. Additionally, our method considers all the units in a microprocessor, as opposed to a previous ILP scheduling method that handles only execution units.
Artificial Oxygen Carriers – a Critical Analysis (2002)

During the last years there were new developments in the field of artificial oxygen carriers. Two products which had been in clinical studies were taken off the market. Clinical trials of one further product were halted in January 2001. On the other side two products have filed for approval, and Hemopure™??(Biopure, Cambridge, MA, USA), a bovine, polymerized hemoglobin, gained approval in April 2001 in South Africa. Besides the products in clinical studies, there are also new hemoglobinbased oxygen carriers in preclinical testing. Due to binding of NO donators as well as increase of viscosity and molecular size they should possess reduced vasoactivity and reduced gastrointestinal effects. This article gives an overview of clinical studies, new developments, and side effects such as antigenicity, hemoglobin-endotoxin interactions and vasoactivity.
In Defence of Reason in Religion (2002)

In his article, «In Defense of Reason in Religion,» Jones reacts to current trends to minimize the role of reason in religion by attempting to show that if religionists desire their religious beliefs to correspond to knowledge, the noetic tool most likely to achieve this goal is reason. This he does by reviewing the leading epistemological ap- proaches to metaphysical knowledge, and showing that each relies to some extent on reason. He further argues that all of them must utilize reason if they wish to at- tempt to critically verify their findings. Then he argues that religious knowledge is a type of metaphysical knowl- edge. He shows that the leading approaches to obtaining religious knowledge parallel the various approaches to metaphysical knowledge, and have similar reliance on reason. Even in the case of supernatural revelation, rea- son is used in identifying and interpreting the revelation. Therefore, Jones concludes, «reason is the primary mechanism for obtaining religious knowledge.»
A Method to Find Longevity-Selected Positions in the Mammalian Proteome (2012)

Evolutionary theory suggests that the force of natural selection decreases with age. To explore the extent to which this prediction directly affects protein structure and function, we used multiple regression to find longevity-selected positions, defined as the columns of a sequence alignment conserved in long-lived but not short-lived mammal species. We analyzed 7,590 orthologous protein families in 33 mammalian species, accounting for body mass, phylogeny, and species-specific mutation rate. Overall, we found that the number of longevity-selected positions in the mammalian proteome is much higher than would be expected by chance. Further, these positions are enriched in domains of several proteins that interact with one another in inflammation and other aging-related processes, as well as in organismal development. We present as an example the kinase domain of anti-müllerian hormone type-2 receptor (AMHR2). AMHR2 inhibits ovarian follicle recruitment and growth, and a homology model of the kinase domain shows that its longevity-selected positions cluster near a SNP associated with delayed human menopause. Distinct from its canonical role in development, this region of AMHR2 may function to regulate the protein's activity in a lifespan-specific manner.
A PVT Tolerant 10 to 500 MHz All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop With Coupled TDC and DCO (2010)

An all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) with all components working with time interval or period signals is demonstrated. The ADPLL consists mainly of a free-running ring oscillator (FRO), a time to digital converter (TDC), a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), a digital divider and a digital loop filter. In the proposed architecture, the TDC and DCO have an equal time resolution from the common FRO. The digital divider keeps the loop gain constant when the frequency multiplication factor changes. As a result, the ADPLL is inherently stable regardless of the variations of the process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT). The ADPLL is fabricated in 0.13 ¿m CMOS process. Measurement results show that it works well over wide operation conditions, with the input frequencies ranging from 37.5 KHz to 25 MHz, frequency multiplication factors from 10 to 255, output frequencies from 10 MHz to 500 MHz, and supply voltages from 0.6 V to 1.6 V.
Continuous steering-function control of robot carts (1989)

Three alternative approaches for eliminating steering discontinuities are presented: changing the steering mechanism, changing the guide-point on the cart, or changing the curves on the path. The first approach requires a steering mechanism that allows the cart to move in any direction without changing its heading. The most common configurations in an automatically guided vehicle are the steered-wheel and differential-drive types. The second approach may be a reasonable choice for differential-drive carts but less so for steered-wheel carts because of their limited maneuverability. For applications where the third approach is preferred, two types of curves providing continuous steering functions for both steered-wheel and differential-drive carts are proposed: Cartesian quintics for lane changes and polar splines for symmetric turns of arbitrary angle. These curves have computationally simple, closed-form expressions that provide continuous curvature and precise matching of the boundary conditions at the line-curve junctions on the paths.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HAN-based monopropellant assessment for spacecraft (1996)

The growing cost of space missions, the need for increased mission performance, and concerns associated with environmental issues are changing rocket design and propellant selection criteria. Whereas a propellant's performance was once defined solely in terms of specific impulse and density, now environmental safety, operability, and cost are considered key drivers. Present emphasis on these considerations has heightened government and commercial launch sector interest in Hydroxylammonium Nitrate (HAN)-based liquid propellants as options to provide simple, safe, reliable, low cost, and high performance monopropellant systems.
On Rasselas (1972)

Journal Article On Rasselas Get access Ian White Ian White Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume VI, Issue 1, July 1972, Pages 6–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/VI.1.6 Published: 01 July 1972
Absolute Quantitation of DNA Methylation of 28 Candidate Genes in Prostate Cancer Using Pyrosequencing (2011)

Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and its mapping is likely to provide biomarkers for improved diagnostic and risk assessment in prostate cancer (PCa). We quantified and compared absolute methylation levels among 28 candidate genes in 48 PCa and 29 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) samples using the pyrosequencing (PSQ) method to identify genes with diagnostic and prognostic potential. RARB, HIN1, BCL2, GSTP1, CCND2, EGFR5, APC, RASSF1A, MDR1, NKX2-5, CDH13, DPYS, PTGS2, EDNRB, MAL, PDLIM4, HLAa, ESR1 and TIG1 were highly methylated in PCa compared to BPH (p < 0.001), while SERPINB5, CDH1, TWIST1, DAPK1, THRB, MCAM, SLIT2, CDKN2a and SFN were not. RARB methylation above 21% completely distinguished PCa from BPH. Separation based on methylation level of SFN, SLIT2 and SERPINB5 distinguished low and high Gleason score cancers, e.g. SFN and SERPINB5 together correctly classified 81% and 77% of high and low Gleason score cancers respectively. Several genes including CDH1 previously reported as methylation markers in PCa were not confirmed in our study. Increasing age was positively associated with gene methylation (p < 0.0001). Accurate quantitative measurement of gene methylation in PCa appears promising and further validation of genes like RARB, HIN1, BCL2, APC and GSTP1 is warranted for diagnostic potential and SFN, SLIT2 and SERPINB5 for prognostic potential.
Critical review perspective: elemental speciation analysis methods in environmental chemistry – moving towards methodological integration (2009)

Environmental context. Elemental speciation defines mobility, accumulation behaviour and toxicity of elements in the environment. Environmental processes are then modelled using species information. Hence, it is important for environmental chemists to rely on unequivocal, precise and accurate analytical data for the identification and quantification of elemental species. Abstract. We review the application of speciation analysis used in environmental chemistry studies to gain information about the molecular diversity of elements in various environmental compartments. The review focuses on three major analytical methodologies: electrochemical, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and methods that couple chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. In particular, the review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, and to demonstrate that both the chemistry of the element and the nature of the environmental compartment determine the choice of the preferred analytical technique. We demonstrate that these two factors can lead to technique-dependent shortcomings that contribute to the current gaps in knowledge of elemental speciation in the environment. In order to fill those gaps, multi-method approaches are urgently needed. Finally, we present a selection of recent studies that exhibit the potential to use complementary techniques to overcome method-dependent limitations in order to reduce ambiguities and to gain more confidence in the assignment of the molecular structure of elements in environmental samples.
Looking at or through? (2014)

Wearable near-eye displays pose interesting challenges for interface design. These devices present the user with a duality of visual worlds, with a virtual window of information overlaid onto the physical world. Because of this duality, we suggest that the wearable interface would benefit from understanding where the user's visual attention is directed. We explore the potential of eye tracking to address this problem, and describe four eye tracking techniques designed to provide data about where the user's attention is directed. We also propose some attention-aware user interface techniques demonstrating the potential of the eyes for wearable displays user interface management.
Gene Silencing by Methyl‐CPG‐Binding Proteins (2007)

An important consequence of CpG methylation is the local silencing of gene expression. In part this can be mediated by direct interference of methylation with the binding of transcription factors. The major component of silencing, however, appears to be the binding of repressors that have an affinity for methyl-CpG. We have studied two proteins that bind to methylated DNA, methyl-CpG-binding protein 1 (MeCP1) and MeCP2. MeCP2 is a relatively abundant chromosomal protein whose localization in the nucleus is primarily dependent on CpG methylation. We find that MeCP2 is a potent transcriptional repressor with a genome-wide distribution. MeCP1 requires multiple methylated CpGs for binding and has previously been implicated as a methyl-CpG-dependent transcriptional repressor. Recent cloning of a candidate gene for a component of MeCP1 may provide clues to its mechanism of action.
Quantum information with Rydberg atoms (2010)

Rydberg atoms with principal quantum number $n⪢1$ have exaggerated atomic properties including dipole-dipole interactions that scale as ${n}^{4}$ and radiative lifetimes that scale as ${n}^{3}$. It was proposed a decade ago to take advantage of these properties to implement quantum gates between neutral atom qubits. The availability of a strong long-range interaction that can be coherently turned on and off is an enabling resource for a wide range of quantum information tasks stretching far beyond the original gate proposal. Rydberg enabled capabilities include long-range two-qubit gates, collective encoding of multiqubit registers, implementation of robust light-atom quantum interfaces, and the potential for simulating quantum many-body physics. The advances of the last decade are reviewed, covering both theoretical and experimental aspects of Rydberg-mediated quantum information processing.
Electric Plastics (1998)

This article reviews the importance of conductive polymer. The big chemical company is marketing the polythiophene under the trade name Baytron. The material could also be used to make plastics paintable by adding the conductive agent first, or in the electrodes of small, high-performance tantalum capacitors found in telecommunications, computer, and automotive products. Probably the most significant commercialization of conductive polymers was for flexible, long-lived batteries that were produced in quantity by Bridgestone Corp. and Seiko Co. in Japan and by BASF/Varta in Germany. Conductive polymers are long, carbon-based chains composed of simple repeating units called monomers. The list of potential applications for conductive polymers remains a long one, and includes antiradiation coatings, batteries, catalysts, deicer panels, electrochromic windows, electromechanical actuators, embedded-array antennas, fuel cells, lithographic resists, nonlinear optics, radar dishes, and wave guides. However, how big an impact the materials will make in these markets remains unclear.
Heat Shock Protein and Apoptosis in Supraspinatus Tendinopathy (2008)

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are often upregulated following oxidative and other forms of stress. Based on reports of excessive apoptosis in torn supraspinatus tendon and mechanically loaded tendon cells, we hypothesized heat shock proteins may be present in rodent and human models of tendinopathy due to their central role in caspase dependent apoptotic cell signaling. We used a running rat supraspinatus tendinopathy overuse model with custom microarrays to investigate the process at a genetic level. Additionally torn supraspinatus tendon and matched intact subscapularis tendon samples were collected from patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Control samples of subscapularis tendon were collected from 10 patients undergoing arthroscopic stabilization surgery and evaluated using semiquantative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We identified substantial upregulation of heat shock proteins and apoptotic genes in the rodent model. We further confirmed increased levels of heat shock protein and apoptotic regulatory genes in human supraspinatus and subscapularis tendon. This finding suggests heat shock proteins play a role in the cascade of stress-activated programmed cell death and degeneration in tendinopathy and may provide a novel target in preventing tendinopathies.
Analysis of cell division parameters and cell cycle gene expression during the cultivation of Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions (2001)

Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures were characterized for the first time in detail in terms of biomass accumulation, cell division rate and cell cycle phase durations. Subsequently, this model system was used to follow the transcription profile of key cell cycle genes during a complete cultivation cycle. According to the calculated changes in the relative division rate over time, the cell cycle genes could be classified into four groups based on their transcriptional expression pattern. These differential patterns of gene expression are discussed with respect to the putative roles of the different cell cycle genes in the division cycle. Analysis of protein levels showed that mRNA levels did not correlate with protein levels in all cases. Results obtained in other systems, such as BY‐2 cell suspensions or plants, confirm that cell suspension cultures of A . thaliana are suitable for the analysis of cell cycle regulation.
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence (1985)

Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD4 receptor and its central role in promotion of HIV-1 infection (1995)

Interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the cell surface receptor CD4 are responsible for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into host cells in the vast majority of cases. HIV-1 replication is commonly followed by the disappearance or receptor downmodulation of cell surface CD4. This potentially renders cells nonsusceptible to subsequent infection by HIV-1, as well as by other viruses that use CD4 as a portal of entry. Disappearance of CD4 from the cell surface is mediated by several different viral proteins that act at various stages through the course of the viral life cycle, and it occurs in T-cell lines, peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes, and monocytes of both primary and cell line origin. At the cell surface, gp120 itself and in the form of antigen-antibody complexes can trigger cellular pathways leading to CD4 internalization. Intracellularly, the mechanisms leading to CD4 downmodulation by HIV-1 are multiple and complex; these include degradation of CD4 by Vpu, formation of intracellular complexes between CD4 and the envelope precursor gp160, and internalization by the Nef protein. Each of the above doubtless contributes to the ultimate depletion of cell surface CD4, although the relative contribution of each mechanism and the manner in which they interact remain to be definitively established.
Clinical Utility of Urinary Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Community-Acquired, Travel-Associated, and Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease (2003)

The clinical utility of Legionella urinary antigen assays for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease was assessed by using samples from 317 culture-proven cases. The sensitivities of the Binax enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Biotest EIA were found to be 93.7 and 94.4% for travel-associated infection and 86.5 and 76.0% for community-acquired infection but only 44.2 and 45.7% for nosocomially acquired infection, respectively.
Mutational analysis of the adeno-associated virus type 2 Rep68 protein helicase motifs (1997)

The adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) Rep78 and Rep68 proteins are required for viral replication. These proteins are encoded by unspliced and spliced transcripts, respectively, from the p5 promoter of AAV and therefore have overlapping amino acid sequences. The Rep78 and Rep68 proteins share a variety of activities including endonuclease, helicase, and ATPase activities and the ability to bind AAV hairpin DNA. The part of the amino acid sequence which is identical in Rep78 and Rep68 contains consensus helicase motifs that are conserved among the parvovirus replication proteins. In the present study, we mutated highly conserved amino acids within these helicase motifs. The mutant proteins were synthesized as maltose binding protein-Rep68 fusions in Escherichia coli cells and affinity purified on amylose resin. The fusion proteins were assayed in vitro, and their activities were directly compared to those of the fusion protein MBP-Rep68 delta, which contains most of the amino acid sequences common to Rep78 and Rep68 and was demonstrated previously to have all of the in vitro activities of wild-type Rep78 and Rep68. Our analysis showed that almost all mutations in the putative helicase motifs severely reduced or abolished helicase activity in vitro. Most mutants also had ATPase activity less than one-eighth of the wild-type levels and lacked endonuclease activity.
Biological X‐Ray Microanalysis (1979)

By means of X-ray microanalysis it is now practical to detect approximately 10(-19) g of an element in a static-probe analysis within an ultrathin section, with analytical spatial resolution in the range 20--30 nm. The main difficulties for biological microanalysis are connected not with sensitivity but with specimen preparation and beam damage. Careful cryopreparation, beginning with the quench-freezing of a small block of tissue, is essential even for determining the storage sites, or sites of binding in vivo, of physiologically active elements. In frozen-dried or frozen-hydrated sections of quench-frozen tissue, it is now possible to measure local mass fractions of diffusible as well as of bound elements.