gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MAPCloud: Mobile Applications on an Elastic and Scalable 2-Tier Cloud Architecture (2012)

The rise in popularity of mobile applications creates a growing demand to deliver richer functionality to users executing on mobile devices with limited resources. The availability of cloud computing platforms has made available unlimited and scalable resource pools of computation and storage that can be used to enhance service quality for mobile applications. This paper exploits the observation that using local resources in close proximity to the user, i.e. local clouds, can increase the quality and performance of mobile applications. In contrast, public cloud offerings (e.g. Amazon Web Services) offer scalability at the cost of higher delays, higher power consumption and higher price on the mobile device. In this paper we introduce MAP Cloud, a hybrid, tiered cloud architecture consisting of local and public clouds and show how it can be leveraged to increase both performance and scalability of mobile applications. We model the mobile application as a workflow of tasks and aim to optimally decompose the set of tasks to execute on the mobile client and 2-tier cloud architecture considering multiple QoS factors such as power, price, and delay. Such an optimization is shown to be NP-Hard, we propose an efficient simulated annealing based heuristic, called CRAM that is able to achieve about84% of optimal solutions when the number of users is high. We evaluate CRAM and the 2-tier approach via implementation(on Android G2 devices and Amazon EC2, S3 and Cloud Front)and extensive simulation using two rich mobile applications(Video-Content Augmented Reality and Image processing). Our results indicate that MAP Cloud provides improved scalability as compared to local clouds, improved efficiency (power/delay)(about 32% lower delays and power) and about 40% decrease in price in comparison to only using public cloud.
Inhibitors of cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase I) (2010)

All known cathepsin C inhibitors are believed to have a covalent interaction with the Cys-234 residue of the enzyme. The electrophilic and sometimes peptidic nature of these molecules is associated with poor metabolic stability and is also a potential safety concern. Thus, overcoming developability issues is a serious hurdle for these compounds and there can be little doubt that this is the principal reason why no cathepsin C inhibitors appear to have reached clinical development so far.
Unconventional ligands and modulators of nicotinic receptors (2002)

Evidence gathered from epidemiologic and behavioral studies have indicated that neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of a number of neurologic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. In the mammalian brain, neuronal nAChRs, in addition to mediating fast synaptic transmission, modulate fast synaptic transmission mediated by the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, respectively. Of major interest, however, is the fact that the activity of the different subtypes of neuronal nAChR is also subject to modulation by substances of endogenous origin such as choline, the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid, neurosteroids, and beta-amyloid peptides and by exogenous substances, including the so-called nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligands, of which galantamine is the prototype, and psychotomimetic drugs such as phencyclidine and ketamine. The present article reviews and discusses the effects of unconventional ligands on nAChR activity and briefly describes the potential benefits of using some of these compounds in the treatment of neuropathologic conditions in which nAChR function/expression is known to be altered.
The Case for Custom Storage Backends in Distributed Storage Systems (2020)

For a decade, the Ceph distributed file system followed the conventional wisdom of building its storage backend on top of local file systems. This is a preferred choice for most distributed file systems today, because it allows them to benefit from the convenience and maturity of battle-tested code. Ceph’s experience, however, shows that this comes at a high price. First, developing a zero-overhead transaction mechanism is challenging. Second, metadata performance at the local level can significantly affect performance at the distributed level. Third, supporting emerging storage hardware is painstakingly slow. Ceph addressed these issues with BlueStore, a new backend designed to run directly on raw storage devices. In only two years since its inception, BlueStore outperformed previous established backends and is adopted by 70% of users in production. By running in user space and fully controlling the I/O stack, it has enabled space-efficient metadata and data checksums, fast overwrites of erasure-coded data, inline compression, decreased performance variability, and avoided a series of performance pitfalls of local file systems. Finally, it makes the adoption of backward-incompatible storage hardware possible, an important trait in a changing storage landscape that is learning to embrace hardware diversity.
Hierarchical Micro- and Nanoscale Structures on Surfaces Produced Using a One-Step Pattern Transfer Process (2011)

A one-step pattern transfer process was developed to produce arrays of hierarchical micro- and nanostructures of organosilanes. The method is based on vapor deposition through polydimethylsiloxane stamps coated with close-packed nanospheres and, as such, creating hierarchical microscale and nanoscale templates, respectively. This method offers intrinsic advantages of simplicity to be used in any laboratory environment and high throughput, that is, a 1 in. wafer can be covered in 6 h. In addition, the size and geometry can be controlled via knowledge of microcontact printing and particle lithography. Finally, the approach is generic in nature and may be utilized to produce designed functionalities.
Interfacial reactions and bump reliability of various Pb-free solder bumps on electroless Ni-P UBMs (2004)

Electroless Ni-P UBMs combined with screen-printing of solder pastes are one of the lowest cost flip-chip bumping techniques. Pb-free solder bumps on electroless Ni-P UBM can be easily fabricated as various Pb-free solder alloy pastes are available. Therefore, interfacial reactions between electroless Ni-P UBM and Pb-free solders should be investigated, because they are greatly affected by small amounts of alloying such as Ag, Cu, and Bi in Pb-free solders. Reliability of Pb-free solder bumps can be greatly affected by intermetallic growth and P-rich Ni layer at the interface. Recently, Pb-free solder alloys such as SnAg, SnAgCu, SnCu, and SnAgBi have been suggested as promising candidates for substituting Sn37Pb solder. In this study, these four alloys were selected as solder bump materials for electroless Ni-P UBM. The effects of Ag, Cu, and Bi in Pb-free alloys on interfacial reactions and bump reliability at electroless Ni-P/solder interfaces were investigated. It was found that the consumption rate of Ni-P UBM was much slower in SnAgCu and SnCu alloys than in SnAg and SnAgBi alloys during solder reflow. SnAgCu and SnCu solders also showed lower Ni-P UBM consumption rate than SnAg and SnAgBi during aging. In particular, more Cu-containing Sn0.7Cu solder showed lower Ni-P UBM consumption than SnAg0.5Cu solder for the same heat treatment conditions. Consumption of Ni-P UBM can be reduced by adding Cu, as Cu addition initially causes (Cu,Ni)/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/ phase rather than Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ phase. Bi addition in Pb-free solder alloys did not affect interfacial reaction with Ni-P UBMs. However, higher mechanical properties and lower melting point of Pb-free solder alloys can be obtained by Bi addition. Bump shear test results showed that all failure occurred inside soft solders, and shear strength was proportional to ultimate tensile strength of solder alloys. However, because P-rich Ni layer has been reported as a brittle failure site, it is suggested that Cu-containing Pb-free solder alloys such as SnAgCu and SnCu showing lower interfacial reaction rate with Ni-P UBMs are preferable.
Acceleration of Deswelling of Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel by the Treatment of a Freeze-Dry and Hydration Process (1997)

Abstract The deswelling rate of a thermally-sensitive gel consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) crosslinked by 4% N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was accelerated at above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) by the treatment of a freeze-dry and hydration process (freeze-dry treatment); it was roughly 102 times faster than the gel without a freeze-dry treatment. The values of the apparent activation energy (Ea’s) for the conventional gel crosslinked by 2 and 4% MBA was roughly 140 kJ mol−1 each, and those for freeze-dry treated gel crosslinked by 2, 4, and 10% MBA were 24, 25, and 12 kJ mol−1, respectively. An SEM photomicrograph showed that the freeze-dry treatment made the gel porous. The freeze-dry treated gel exhibited a weaker shrinking force, and showed easy expansion compared with the conventional gel. An expansion of the diffusion area of water and a decrease of the thickness of the surface layer for a macroporous gel could be the reason for the increase in the deswelling rate.
An angular displacement transducer (1980)

A miniature non-contacting displacement transducer i described, designed to measure the static and dynamic angular rotation of a shaft. The measurement techniques uses an infra-red light source, a specially constructed fibre-optic probe and a receiver. Amplitude measurements within a range of 0+or-180 degrees may be made for frequencies from 0 to 500 Hz. The transducer has continuous resolution, producing a voltage output related to instantaneous angular displacement.
Understanding the complexity of γδ T‐cell subsets in mouse and human (2012)

γδ T cells are increasingly recognized as having important functional roles in a range of disease scenarios such as infection, allergy, autoimmunity and cancer. With this has come realization that γδ cells are not a homogeneous population of cells with a single physiological role. Instead, ever increasing complexity in both phenotype and function is being ascribed to γδ cell subsets from various tissues and locations, and in both mouse and human. Here, we review this complexity by describing how diverse γδ cell subsets are generated in the murine thymus, and how these events relate to subsequent γδ subset function in the periphery. We then review the two major γδ cell populations in human, highlighting the several similarities of Vδ1(+) cells to certain murine γδ subsets, and describing the remarkable functional plasticity of human Vδ2(+) cells. A better understanding of this spectrum of γδ cell phenotypes should facilitate more targeted approaches to utilise their tremendous functional potential in the clinic.
Let's all paint! (2009)

Rhona Whiteford discusses how to use paint effectively and in a fun way in your setting
Improved anomaly detection in crowded scenes via cell-based analysis of foreground speed, size and texture (2011)

A robust and efficient anomaly detection technique is proposed, capable of dealing with crowded scenes where traditional tracking based approaches tend to fail. Initial foreground segmentation of the input frames confines the analysis to foreground objects and effectively ignores irrelevant background dynamics. Input frames are split into non-overlapping cells, followed by extracting features based on motion, size and texture from each cell. Each feature type is independently analysed for the presence of an anomaly. Unlike most methods, a refined estimate of object motion is achieved by computing the optical flow of only the foreground pixels. The motion and size features are modelled by an approximated version of kernel density estimation, which is computationally efficient even for large training datasets. Texture features are modelled by an adaptively grown code-book, with the number of entries in the codebook selected in an online fashion. Experiments on the recently published UCSD Anomaly Detection dataset show that the proposed method obtains considerably better results than three recent approaches: MPPCA, social force, and mixture of dynamic textures (MDT). The proposed method is also several orders of magnitude faster than MDT, the next best performing method.
Alielic exchange in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using novel ColE1‐type vectors and a family of cassettes containing a portable <i>oriT</i> and the counter‐selectable <i>Bacillus subtilis sacB</i> marker (1992)

An improved method for allele replacement in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed. The two main ingredients of the method are: (i) novel ColE1-type cloning vectors derived from pBR322 and pUC19; and (ii) a family of cassettes containing a portable oriT, the sacB gene from Bacillus subtilis as a counter-selectable marker, and a chloramphenicol-resistance gene allowing positive selection of both oriT and sacB. Introduction of plasmid-borne DNA into the chromosome was achieved in several steps. The DNA to be exchanged was first cloned into the new ColE1-type vectors. After insertion of the oriT and sacB sequences, these plasmid were conjugally transferred into P. aeruginosa and plasmid integrants were selected. Plating on sucrose-containing medium allowed positive selection for both plasmid excision and curing since Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains containing the sacB gene in single- or multiple copy were highly sensitive to 5% sucrose in rich medium. This procedure was successfully used to introduce an agmR mutation into P. aeruginosa wild-type strain PAO1 and should allow the exchange of any DNA segment into any non-essential regions of the P. aeruginosa chromosome.
Graphical Models, Exponential Families, and Variational Inference (2007)

The formalism of probabilistic graphical models provides a unifying framework for capturing complex dependencies among random variables, and building large-scale multivariate statistical models. Graphical models have become a focus of research in many statistical, computational and mathematical fields, including bioinformatics, communication theory, statistical physics, combinatorial optimization, signal and image processing, information retrieval and statistical machine learning. Many problems that arise in specific instances-including the key problems of computing marginals and modes of probability distributions-are best studied in the general setting. Working with exponential family representations, and exploiting the conjugate duality between the cumulant function and the entropy for exponential families, Graphical Models, Exponential Families and Variational Inference develops general variational representations of the problems of computing likelihoods, marginal probabilities and most probable configurations. It describes how a wide variety of algorithms- among them sum-product, cluster variational methods, expectation-propagation, mean field methods, and max-product-can all be understood in terms of exact or approximate forms of these variational representations. The variational approach provides a complementary alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo as a general source of approximation methods for inference in large-scale statistical models.
Derivatization in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of neurosteroids. (2001)

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is now considered to be the most promising analytical method for the determination of biological substances, especially nonvolatile or highly polar substances. However, some compounds do not show enough sensitivity in LC/MS and soft-ionization methods commonly used in LC/MS, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), sometimes do not give satisfactory structural information. This report presents an overview of the derivatization methods in the LC/MS analysis of neurosteroids or neuroactive neurosteroids, which are synthesized and accumulated in the nervous system. The derivatization of pregnenolone 3-sulfate, one of these steroids, with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole gave a satisfactory sensitivity during the quantitative analysis using LC/ESI-MS. The obtained results are much lower than those previously obtained using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or radioimmunoassay. On the other hand, the derivatization to acetate was useful for the treatment of labile catechol estrogens in rat brains and gave enough structural information in LC/APCI-MS, which confirmed the existence of catechol estrogens in mammalian brains.
Theorieteil (1992)

Die verschiedenen Bildschirmtypen werden durch das Kriterium unterteilt, auf welche Art das Bild auf dem Bildschirm erzeugt und gehalten wird. Die zwei zu unterscheidenden Techniken kommen bei den Speicherbildschirmen und den Refresh-Bildschirmen zur Anwendung.
Evolution of Carbonylation Catalysis: No Need for Carbon Monoxide (2004)

Progress in organometallic catalysis began with the discovery of the Roelen reaction (hydroformylation with carbon monoxide and hydrogen) in 1938 and the Reppe reaction (hydrocarboxylation with carbon monoxide and water) in 1939. Since then, carbonylation chemistry by using carbon monoxide has occupied a central position in organometallic chemistry, as it relates to organic synthesis. There is, however, the problem of using gaseous carbon monoxide (a toxic greenhouse gas) in this chemistry. Recently, some strategies that address this issue have appeared. This minireview describes carbonylation reactions that can be conducted without the direct use of carbon monoxide. These carbonylation reactions provide reliable and accessible tools for synthetic organic chemists.
On the Role of Sparse and Redundant Representations in Image Processing (2010)

Much of the progress made in image processing in the past decades can be attributed to better modeling of image content and a wise deployment of these models in relevant applications. This path of models spans from the simple l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm smoothness through robust, thus edge preserving, measures of smoothness (e.g. total variation), and until the very recent models that employ sparse and redundant representations. In this paper, we review the role of this recent model in image processing, its rationale, and models related to it. As it turns out, the field of image processing is one of the main beneficiaries from the recent progress made in the theory and practice of sparse and redundant representations. We discuss ways to employ these tools for various image-processing tasks and present several applications in which state-of-the-art results are obtained.
Adaptive filtering in data communications with self improved error reference (2002)

The observed signals that usually play the role of error references for adaptive echo cancellers and channel equalizers in data communications are basically composed by data plus a residual error. The goal of such systems is to eliminate those errors to enhance the present data. However, in some systems, depending on the convergence stage, the presence of data in the error reference may mask or distort the true error reference (the residual echo or ISI). This paper shows a new perspective on how to use old samples of the observed error to improve the current error reference. It exploits the discrete or the constant envelope nature of the data to build up an error cost function that matches the instantaneous optimal one: their corresponding MLE. These new error surfaces present a more robust (or uniform) behavior during the convergence period since they offer a proper unmasked residual error as error reference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spasm of Accommodation Associated with Closed Head Trauma (2002)

Spasm of accommodation, creating pseudomyopia, is generally associated with miosis and excess convergence as part of spasm of the near reflex. It may also exist as an isolated entity, usually attributed to psychogenic causes. We present six cases of accommodative spasm associated with closed head injury. All patients were male, ranging in age between 16 and 37 years. The degree of pseudomyopia, defined as the difference between manifest and cycloplegic refraction, was 1.5 to 2 diopters. A 3-year trial of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia in one patient did not lead to reversal of the spasm when the cycloplegia was stopped. All patients required the manifest refraction to see clearly at distance. The pseudomyopia endured for at least 7 years following head trauma. This phenomenon may represent traumatic activation or disinhibition of putative brain stem accommodation centers in young individuals.
Support vector machine for multiuser detection in CDMA communications (2003)

We apply support vector machines (SVM) or optimal margin classifiers to multiuser detection problems. SVM are well suited for multiuser detection problems as they are based on principles of statistical learning theory where the goal is to construct a maximum margin classifier. We show that a linear SVM converges to the MMSE receiver in the noiseless case. The SVM are also modified to construct nonlinear receivers by using kernel functions and they approximate optimal nonlinear multiuser detection receivers. Using the sequential minimization optimization (SMO) algorithm, we implement SVM as receivers in CDMA systems and compare SVM with traditional and adaptive receivers. The simulation performance of SVM compares favorably to these receivers.
Reducing Irrational Personality Traits, Trait Anxiety, and Intra- Interpersonal Needs in High School Students (1978)

This article examines the impact on 30 high school students of 12 hours of exposure to Rational Behavior Training (RBT) and 10 days of exposure to a controlled conflict situation in a wilderness environment. When compared with a control group, the treatment group showed a marked and statistically significant reduction in irrational personality traits and intra-interpersonal needs as measured by the Irrational Personality Trait Inventory and the Student Needs Questionnaire. These results suggest that members of the treatment group, as compared to the control group, are viewing themselves as more rational human beings and appear to be better prepared to cope more rationally with their intra-interpersonal environments.