gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic Hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone in Transgenic Mice Selectively Alters Responsiveness of the α-Subunit Gene to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogens (1999)

Steroid hormones can act either at the level of the hypothalamus or the pituitary to regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression. However, their exact site of action remains controversial. Using the bovine gonadotropin alpha-subunit promoter linked to an expression cassette encoding the beta-subunit of LH, we have developed a transgenic mouse model where hypersecretion of LH occurs despite the presence of elevated ovarian steroids. We used this model to determine how hypersecretion of LH could occur when steroid levels are pathological. During transition from the neonatal period to adulthood, the endogenous LHbeta subunit gene becomes completely silent in these mice, whereas the alpha-directed transgene and endogenous alpha-subunit gene remain active. Interestingly, gonadectomy stimulates expression of the endogenous alpha and LHbeta subunit genes as well as the transgene; however, only the endogenous LHbeta gene retains responsiveness to 17beta-estradiol and GnRH. In contrast, LH levels remain responsive to negative regulation by androgen. Thus, alpha-subunit gene expression, as reflected by both the transgene and the endogenous gene, has become independent of GnRH regulation and, as a result, unresponsive to estradiol-negative feedback. This process is accompanied by a decrease in estrogen receptor alpha gene expression as well as an increase in the expression of transcription factors known to regulate the alpha-subunit promoter, such as cJun and P-LIM. These studies provide in vivo evidence that estrogen-negative feedback on alpha and LHbeta subunit gene expression requires GnRH input, reflecting an indirect mechanism of action of the steroid. In contrast, androgen suppresses alpha-subunit expression in both transgenic and nontransgenic mice. This suggests that androgens must regulate alpha-subunit promoter activity independently of GnRH. In addition to allowing the assessment of site of action of sex steroids on alpha-subunit gene expression, these studies also indicate that chronic exposure of the pituitary to LH-dependent ovarian hyperstimulation leads to a heretofore-undescribed pathological condition, whereby normal regulation of alpha, but not LHbeta, subunit gene expression becomes compromised.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) Studies of Ions and Solvents Insertion into Highly Porous Activated Carbons (2010)

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique provides a direct assessment to the behavior of electroadsorbed ions and solvent molecules confined in micropores of activated carbon electrodes in contact with practically important aprotic electrolyte solutions. The estimated value of the solvation number equal to 3 is evident for a partial desolvation of Li(+) cations when adsorbed in carbon micropores.
Primary IgA nephropathy: current challenges and future prospects (2018)

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, exhibiting a variable clinical and pathological course and significantly contributing to the global burden of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Current standards of care focus on optimization of antihypertensive and antiproteinuric therapies (typically renin- angiotensin system blockade) to reduce disease progression. Much recent attention has focused on whether additional immunosuppression confers better outcomes than supportive management alone, and indeed, several trials have demonstrated renoprotective effects following the use of oral corticosteroids. However, results have been inconsistent, and perceived benefits must be balanced against risks and adverse effects associated with generalized immunosuppression, as highlighted by the high-profile STOP-IgAN and TESTING clinical trials. Recent translational research in vitro and animal models of IgAN have generated greater insight into potential therapeutic targets for this complex autoimmune disease. Deeper understanding of the roles of the mucosal immune barrier, complement activation and deposition, T-cell dependent and independent mechanisms of B cell activation, and of the deposition and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways of nephritogenic polymeric IgA1 complexes (e.g., signaling of immune receptors via spleen tyrosine kinase) has formed the rationale for the development of novel agents and clinical trials of more targeted therapies. However, translating findings into clinical practice is challenging, with many immunopathological features of IgAN specific to humans. Recent comprehensive reviews outline current understanding of mechanisms of IgAN as well as ongoing and future clinical trials; it is not our aim to replicate this here. Instead, we take a mechanistic approach to current treatment strategies, outlining advantages and limitations of each before exploring ongoing research with potential translation into future targeted therapies for this complex disease.
Volume phase gratings for spectroscopy, ultrafast laser compressors, and wavelength division multiplexing (1999)

Volume phase (VP) gratings are now available and being applied to the applications of astronomical spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultrafast lasers, and wavelength division multiplexers. A volume phase grating results from the recording of an interferometric pattern within the volume of a material which, when suitably processed, becomes a modulation of the material's index of refraction. When a VP grating is substantially illuminated, the light interacts with the material due tot he recorded pattern. Light propagates within and out of the VP grating according to Bragg diffraction. Definitions of various VP gratings designed and fabricated to study performance are provided as relating to the applications listed above. Performance parameters include diffraction efficiency, spectral coverage, and angular coverage. Descriptions of the test methods are given. Performance data is provided and compared to the respective design.
Development of Bacterial Spot on Near-Isogenic Lines of Bell Pepper Carrying Gene Pyramids Composed of Defeated Major Resistance Genes (1999)

ABSTRACT Disease severity caused by races 1 through 6 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on eight near-isogenic lines (isolines) of Early Calwonder (ECW) with three major resistance genes (Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3) in different combinations was evaluated in the greenhouse and field. Strains representing races 1, 3, 4, and 6 caused similar high levels of disease severity, followed by races 2 and 5 on susceptible ECW. Race 3 caused severe disease on all isolines lacking resistance gene Bs2. Race 4, which defeats Bs1 and Bs2, caused less disease on isoline ECW-12R (carries Bs1 + Bs2), than on isolines ECW, ECW-10R (carries Bs1), and ECW-20R (carries Bs2). Similar results were obtained with race 4 strains in field studies conducted during 1997 and 1998. In greenhouse studies, race 6, which defeats all three major genes, caused less disease on isoline ECW-13R (carries Bs1 + Bs3) and ECW-123R (carries Bs1 + Bs2 + Bs3) than on isolines ECW, ECW-10R, ECW-20R, and ECW-30R (carries Bs3), but not on ECW-23R (carries Bs2 + Bs3). In greenhouse studies with commercial hybrids, strains of races 4 and 6 caused less disease on Boynton Bell (carries Bs1 + Bs2) than on Camelot (carries no known resistance genes), King Arthur (carries Bs1), and X3R Camelot (carries Bs2). Race 6 caused less disease on hybrid R6015 (carries Bs1 + Bs2 + Bs3) and Sentinel (carries Bs1 + Bs3) than on Camelot. Residual effects were not as evident in field studies with race 6 strains. Defeated major resistance genes deployed in specific gene combinations (i.e., gene pyramids) were associated with less area under the disease progress curve than when genes were deployed individually in isolines of ECW or commercial hybrids. Successful management of bacterial spot of pepper is achieved incrementally by integrating multiple tactics. Although there is evidence of residual effects from defeated genes, these effects alone likely will not provide acceptable bacterial spot control in commercial production fields. However, when combined with sanitation practices and a judicious spray program, pyramids of defeated resistance genes may aid in reducing the risk of major losses due to bacterial spot.
Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings (2018)

Multilingual Word Embeddings (MWEs) represent words from multiple languages in a single distributional vector space. Unsupervised MWE (UMWE) methods acquire multilingual embeddings without cross-lingual supervision, which is a significant advantage over traditional supervised approaches and opens many new possibilities for low-resource languages. Prior art for learning UMWEs, however, merely relies on a number of independently trained Unsupervised Bilingual Word Embeddings (UBWEs) to obtain multilingual embeddings. These methods fail to leverage the interdependencies that exist among many languages. To address this shortcoming, we propose a fully unsupervised framework for learning MWEs 1 that directly exploits the relations between all language pairs. Our model substantially outperforms previous approaches in the experiments on multilingual word translation and cross-lingual word similarity. In addition, our model even beats supervised approaches trained with cross-lingual resources.
Induction of a MHC class I-restricted, CD8 positive cytolytic T-cell response by chimeric HIV-1 virus-like particles in vivo: implications on HIV vaccine development (1994)

New insights into HIV-pathogenesis suggest that the cell mediated immune response might play a crucial role in controlling HIV infection by suppressing HIV-replication in CD4-positive cells by a lymphokine-like soluble factor and by killing HIV-infected cells via classical CTL mediated lysis. This type of a cellular immune response rather than an antibody response seems to be most promising to protect if not from infection, so at least from disease. Therefore rationally designed candidate vaccines should be capable of inducing a cell mediated immunity in addition to a humoral immune response. In order to avoid adverse side effects upon immunization, carefully selected antigens and epitopes should be presented in a favourable manner to the immune system. In previous experiments, we could demonstrate that the gag-polyprotein precursor, known to include a series of T-helper and CTL epitopes, assembles to highly immunogenic, complete noninfectious HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLP). Based on these VLP we developed a novel antigen presentation system, which allows the presentation of selected epitopes derived from HIV reading frames other than gag to the immune system. Alternatively complete derivatives of the HIV-1 external glycoprotein can be presented by the VLP. Immunological analysis of different VLP preparations in a BALB/c mouse model revealed the induction of a strong CTL response. The significance of these observations for future vaccine strategies is discussed.
Q-learning using fuzzified states and weighted actions and its application to omni-direnctional mobile robot control (2009)

The conventional Q-learning algorithm is described by a finite number of discretized states and discretized actions. When the system is represented in continuous domain, this may cause an abrupt transition of action as the state rapidly changes. To avoid this abrupt transition of action, the learning system requires fine-tuned states. However, the learning time significantly increases and the system becomes computationally expensive as the number of states increases. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel Q-learning algorithm, which uses fuzzified states and weighted actions to update its state-action value. By applying the concept of fuzzy set to the states of Q-learning and using the weighted actions, the agent efficiently responds to the rapid changes of the states. The proposed algorithm is applied to omni-directional mobile robot and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Systems Analysis for Peptide Systems Chemistry (2019)

Living systems employ both covalent chemistry and physical assembly to achieve complex behaviors. The emerging field of systems chemistry, inspired by these biological systems, attempts to construct and analyze systems that are simpler than biology, while still embodying biological design principles. Due to the multiple phenomena at play, it can be difficult to predict which phenomena will dominate and when. Conversely, there may be no single rate-limiting step, but rather a reaction network that is difficult to intuit from a purely experimental approach. Mathematical modeling can help to sort out these issues, although it can be challenging to build such models, especially for assembly kinetics. Numerical and statistical methods can play an important role to facilitate the synergistic and iterative use of modeling and experiment, and should be part of a systems chemistry curriculum. Three case studies are presented here, from our work in peptide-based systems, to illustrate some of the tools available for model construction, model simulation, and experimental design. Examples are provided in which these tools help to evaluate hypotheses, uncover design principles, and design new experiments.
A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact (2007)

High-speed biplane x-ray and neutral density targets were used to examine brain displacement and deformation during impact. Relative motion, maximum principal strain, maximum shear strain, and intracranial pressure were measured in thirty-five impacts using eight human cadaver head and neck specimens. The effect of a helmet was evaluated. During impact, local brain tissue tends to keep its position and shape with respect to the inertial frame, resulting in relative motion between the brain and skull and deformation of the brain. The local brain motions tend to follow looping patterns. Similar patterns are observed for impact in different planes, with some degree of posterior-anterior and right-left symmetry. Peak coup pressure and pressure rate increase with increasing linear acceleration, but coup pressure pulse duration decreases. Peak average maximum principal strain and maximum shear are on the order of 0.09 for CFC 60 Hz data for these tests. Peak average maximum principal strain and maximum shear decrease with increasing linear acceleration, coup pressure, and coup pressure rate. Linear and angular acceleration of the head are reduced with use of a helmet, but strain increases. These results can be used for the validation of finite element models of the human head.
Effectiveness of Prehospital Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in the Management of Acute Pulmonary Edema (2006)

The prehospital use of CPAP is feasible, may avert the need for endotracheal intubation, and may reduce short-term mortality.
Solving Large-Scale Sparse Semidefinite Programs for Combinatorial Optimization (2000)

We present a dual-scaling interior-point algorithm and show how it exploits the structure and sparsity of some large-scale problems. We solve the positive semidefinite relaxation of combinatorial and quadratic optimization problems subject to boolean constraints. We report the first computational results of interior-point algorithms for approximating maximum cut semidefinite programs with dimension up to 3,000.
An Overview of Incremental Hash Function Based on Pair Block Chaining (2010)

Hash function plays an important role in the area of information security. It is widely used to provide data integrity, message authentication, digital signature and password protection. Since incremental hash function was proposed in 1994, it has gained much attention for its property. It is high-speed to compute hash value of updated message according to previous hash value instead of re-computing it from scratch as tranditional hash function. it posseses not only efficiency but also security problems. There are a lot of scheme about it. At present, XOR Scheme and PCIHF Scheme are two typical incremental hash function based on pair block chaining. This article provides an overview of incremental hash function based on pair block chaing, namely the research on theory, efficiency, security and appliction.
Numerical analysis of blood flow through a stenosed artery using a coupled multiscale simulation method (2002)

A global system model of the systemic circulation is combined with a local finite element solution to simulate blood flow in a stenosed coronary artery. Local fluid dynamic issues arise in connection with the detailed flow patterns within the stenosed coronary artery while the global system model is used to simulate the response of the rest of the circulation to the local perturbation. A PISO type finite element technique is employed to compute the local blood flow. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous incompressible flow across the stenosed coronary artery. A detailed lumped parameter model simulates the characteristics of the coronary circulation and is imbedded in a coarse-grained lumped parameter model of the entire cardiovascular system. These two methods are coupled in that the lumped parameter calculations provide the time-dependent boundary conditions for the local finite element calculation. In turn, the local fluid dynamical computation provides estimates for the pressure drop across the stenosis, which is subsequently used to refine the lumped parameter calculation. Results are obtained for an axisymmetric coronary artery model with a stenosis of 90% area reduction over one cardiac cycle. Numerical results show that the flow rate and resistance are strongly coupled. Compared with the flow rate distribution computed from the global simulation with constant resistance, the coupled solution predicts a flow rate with only slight changes. The high flow rate during diastole increases the stenosis pressure drop and resistance. In turn, this increased resistance of the stenosis slightly reduces the flow rate computed in the lumped parameter simulation.
Multidimensional Modeling of Physiological Tremor for Active Compensation in Handheld Surgical Robotics (2016)

Precision, robustness, dexterity, and intelligence are the design indices for current generation surgical robotics. To augment the required precision and dexterity into normal microsurgical work-flow, handheld robotic instruments are developed to compensate physiological tremor in real time. The hardware (sensors and actuators) and software (causal linear filters) employed for tremor identification and filtering introduces time-varying unknown phase delay that adversely affects the device performance. The current techniques that focus on three-dimensions (3-D) tip position control involves modeling and canceling the tremor in three axes (x-, y-, and z -axes) separately. Our analysis with the tremor recorded from surgeons and novice subjects shows that there exists significant correlation in tremor across the dimensions. Based on this, a new multidimensional modeling approach based on extreme learning machines is proposed in this paper to correct the phase delay and to accurately model 3-D tremor simultaneously. Proposed method is evaluated through both simulations and experiments. Comparison with the state-of-the art techniques highlight the suitability and better performance of the proposed approach for tremor compensation in handheld surgical robotics.
Time course of angiopoietin-2 release during experimental human endotoxemia and sepsis (2009)

LPS is a triggering factor for Ang-2 release in men. Circulating Ang-2 appears in the systemic circulation during experimental human endotoxemia in a distinctive temporal sequence and correlates with TNF-alpha and E-selectin levels. In addition, not only higher baseline Ang-2 concentrations, but also a persistent increase in Ang-2 during the early course identifies septic patients with unfavorable outcome.
Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. (1988)

Two hundred forty-five patients with variant angina were followed for an average of 80.5 months (range, 36-184 months). Survival rate at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 98%, 97%, 97%, and 93%, respectively. Survival rate without myocardial infarction at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years was 86%, 85%, 83%, and 81%, respectively. By univarite analysis, ST segment elevation in both the anterior and inferior electrocardiographic leads was the most important factor influencing survival, followed by use of calcium antagonists, left ventricular function, smoking, and alcohol intake. The variables that significantly correlated with survival without myocardial infarction were use of calcium antagonists, left ventricular function, extent and severity of coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass surgery, and disease activity. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that intake of calcium antagonists, extent and severity of coronary artery disease, and ST segment elevation in both the anterior and inferior leads were significant independent predictors of survival without myocardial infarction. We conclude that long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina is relatively good and that use of calcium antagonists improves it.
Ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption with partially hidden access structure and its application to privacy‐preserving electronic medical record system in cloud environment (2016)

Abstract With the development of cloud computing, more and more sensitive data are uploaded to cloud by companies or individuals, which brings forth new challenges for outsourced data security and privacy. Ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption (CP‐ABE) provides fine‐grained access control of encrypted data in the cloud; in a CP‐ABE scheme, an access structure, also referred to as ciphertext‐policy, is sent along with a ciphertext explicitly, and anyone who obtains a ciphertext can know the access structure associated with the ciphertext. In certain applications, access structures contain very sensitive information and must be protected from everyone except the users whose private key attributes satisfy the access structures. In this paper, we propose a new model for CP‐ABE with partially hidden access structure (See Figure 2). In our model, each attribute consists of two parts: an attribute name and its value; if the private key attributes of a user do not satisfy the access structure associated with a ciphertext, the specific attribute values of the access structure are hidden, while other information about the access structure is public. Based on the CP‐ABE scheme proposed by Lewko and Waters recently, we then present a concrete construction of CP‐ABE with partially hidden access structure and prove that it is fully secure in the standard model. In addition, we discuss how our new model can be employed to construct a privacy‐preserving electronic medical record system in the cloud environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.