gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Radiographer/Radiologist Double Film Reading with Single Reading in Breast Cancer Screening (1996)

OBJECTIVES - To assess the efficacy of dual film reading in screening mammography with a suitably trained radiographer as the second reader and to determine a suitable decision model for radiographer/radiologist double reading. SETTING - Three breast screening centres in South Thames (West) region. METHODS - Seven radiographers with prior film reading training double read 17 202 screening mammograms with a radiologist. Screening performance of radiographers and radiologists was assessed taking into account interval cancers. The efficacy of radiographer/radiologist double reading was assessed in terms of changes in sensitivity and specificity compared with radiologist single reading. RESULTS - Radiographers yielded equivalent sensitivity but lower specificity than radiologist film readers. The effect of double reading between radiographer/radiologist pairs was an increase in sensitivity of 6-4%, which was achieved at the cost of a 0-6% decrease in specificity. This was reached by a decision system involving radiologists' review of radiographer queries and recall classifications. If all radiographer queries were recalled a large increase in sensitivity would be counterbalanced by an equally large decrease in specificity. CONCLUSIONS - Radiographer/radiologist double reading resulted in similar increases in sensitivity as those previously reported in radiologist double reading studies. Radiologist review of radiographer reported abnormalities is a suitable means by which to limit excess recall.
<i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L. water extract induces transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increases tensile strength of healing skin wounds (2014)

We demonstrated that PL aqueous extract improves skin wound healing in rats. However, further research need to be performed to find optimal therapeutic concentration, and exact underlying mechanism prior obtained results may be introduced into the clinical practice.
Expression of Solvent-Forming Enzymes and Onset of Solvent Production in Batch Cultures of <i>Clostridium beijerinckii</i> (“ <i>Clostridium butylicum</i> ”) (1988)

Clostridium beijerinckii ("Clostridium butylicum") NRRL B592 and NRRL B593 were grown in batch cultures without pH control. The use of more sensitive and accurate procedures for the determination of solvents in cultures led to the recognition of the onset of solvent production about 2 h earlier than the previously assigned point and at a higher culture pH for both strains. Reliable assays for solvent-forming enzyme activities in cell extracts have also been developed. The results showed that activities of solvent-forming enzymes in strain NRRL B592 started to increase about 1 h before the measured onset of solvent production and that the increase in activities of solvent-forming enzymes was not simultaneous. The degree of increase of these enzyme activities for both strains ranged from 2- to 165-fold, with acetoacetate decarboxylase and butanol-isopropanol dehydrogenase showing the largest activity increases. However, the pattern of increase of enzyme activities differed significantly in the two strains of C. beijerinckii. When an increase in solvent-forming enzyme activities was first detected in strain NRRL B592, the culture pH was at 5.7 and the concentrations of total acetic and butyric acids were 5.2 and 3.6 mM, respectively. For strain NRRL B593, the corresponding pH was 5.5. Thus, the culture conditions immediately preceding the expression of solvent-forming enzyme activities differed significantly from those that have been correlated with the production of solvents at later stages of growth.
Inert dust insecticides: Part II. The nature of effective dusts (1944)

The conditions required in an inert dust for it to become an effective insecticide against grain weevils have been investigated. Particle size and intrinsic hardness are important, but not the only, factors. In the case of carborundum, particles larger than 15μ are without action, probably because they do not adhere to insects, and effectiveness increases as the size is reduced from 10μ to about 2μ where a maximum effectiveness is reached. The effectiveness of a large number of different substances has been tested by a simple method which eliminates complications arising from particle size differences, and the results show a rough correlation of effectiveness with hardness. In general, materials softer than calcite are ineffective, and effectiveness increases with hardness, but the method of preparation of dusts is also important. Some dry‐ground powders are inferior to those wet‐ground, a phenomenon which appears to be due to some kind of surface change—possibly the formation of a Beilby polish layer. The effectiveness of some dusts can also be considerably altered by superficial chemical treatment. A theory is proposed, based on an experiment with an artificial membrane system, to explain the mechanism by which dusts promote evaporation of water from insects. It is suggested that clean crystalline surfaces of effective dusts can absorb, or in some way penetrate, the water‐resistant epicuticle.
Common gene expression signatures in Parkinson’s disease are driven by changes in cell composition (2020)

The etiology of Parkinson's disease is largely unknown. Genome-wide transcriptomic studies in bulk brain tissue have identified several molecular signatures associated with the disease. While these studies have the potential to shed light into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, they are also limited by two major confounders: RNA post-mortem degradation and heterogeneous cell type composition of bulk tissue samples. We performed RNA sequencing following ribosomal RNA depletion in the prefrontal cortex of 49 individuals from two independent case-control cohorts. Using cell type specific markers, we estimated the cell type composition for each sample and included this in our analysis models to compensate for the variation in cell type proportions. Ribosomal RNA depletion followed by capture by random primers resulted in substantially more even transcript coverage, compared to poly(A) capture, in post-mortem tissue. Moreover, we show that cell type composition is a major confounder of differential gene expression analysis in the Parkinson's disease brain. Accounting for cell type proportions attenuated numerous transcriptomic signatures that have been previously associated with Parkinson's disease, including vesicle trafficking, synaptic transmission, immune and mitochondrial function. Conversely, pathways related to endoplasmic reticulum, lipid oxidation and unfolded protein response were strengthened and surface as the top differential gene expression signatures in the Parkinson's disease prefrontal cortex. Our results indicate that differential gene expression signatures in Parkinson's disease bulk brain tissue are significantly confounded by underlying differences in cell type composition. Modeling cell type heterogeneity is crucial in order to unveil transcriptomic signatures that represent regulatory changes in the Parkinson's disease brain and are, therefore, more likely to be associated with underlying disease mechanisms.
A review of single-phase on-board integrated battery charging topologies for electric vehicles (2015)

The paper provides an extensive overview of single-phase on-board integrated battery chargers for electric vehicles (EVs). Although commercial EVs are still to be equipped with integrated chargers, a multitude of topologies have been proposed for integration. Therefore, the need for classification arises. This paper aims to give an overview of topologies based on functionality of their integrated components. Moreover, it attempts to provide an extensive analysis of their operating principles. All the topologies are classified into three major groups. At first, topologies in which only the converter is integrated are considered. This is followed by configurations based on switched reluctance machines (SRM) in which both the converter and the machine are integrated. At last, the integration of both converter and induction machine (IM) or permanent magnet machine (PM) is elaborated within the third group. Here an example of obtained experimental results is also given. Finally, a short quantitative comparison of the topologies is provided in a table format.
A Hierarchical Pose-Based Approach to Complex Action Understanding Using Dictionaries of Actionlets and Motion Poselets (2016)

In this paper, we introduce a new hierarchical model for human action recognition using body joint locations. Our model can categorize complex actions in videos, and perform spatio-temporal annotations of the atomic actions that compose the complex action being performed. That is, for each atomic action, the model generates temporal action annotations by estimating its starting and ending times, as well as, spatial annotations by inferring the human body parts that are involved in executing the action. Our model includes three key novel properties: (i) it can be trained with no spatial supervision, as it can automatically discover active body parts from temporal action annotations only, (ii) it jointly learns flexible representations for motion poselets and actionlets that encode the visual variability of body parts and atomic actions, (iii) a mechanism to discard idle or non-informative body parts which increases its robustness to common pose estimation errors. We evaluate the performance of our method using multiple action recognition benchmarks. Our model consistently outperforms baselines and state-of-the-art action recognition methods.
Peer Reviewed: Top-Down Proteomics (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeaturesNEXTPeer Reviewed: Top-Down ProteomicsA growing number of labs are using many types of mass spectrometers to directly analyze intact proteins and to improve conversion of MS data into biological knowledgeNeil L. KelleherCite this: Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 11, 196 A–203 APublication Date (Web):June 1, 2004Publication History Published online1 June 2004Published inissue 1 June 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac0415657https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0415657newsACS Publications. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views6643Altmetric-Citations468LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (407 KB) Get e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Proteomics Get e-Alerts
Quantitative studies of some aspects of living cationic polymerization (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative studies of some aspects of living cationic polymerizationMichael SzwarcCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 21, 4616–4623Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00223a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00223a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expression of the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma (MM)--correlation with prognostic factors. (2007)

Cancer/testis (CT) antigens are potential targets for cancer immunotherapy, with NY-ESO-1 being among the most immunogenic. In several clinical trials in malignant melanoma (MM) patients, NY-ESO-1 protein/peptides showed clear evidence of inducing specific immunity. However, little is known about NY-ESO-1 expression in primary and metastatic MM and its relationship to disease progression. We analyzed NY-ESO-1 expression immunohistochemically in a series of primary and metastatic MMs and its relation to prognostic parameters and survival. We studied 61 primary and 63 metastatic MM specimens (from 61 and 56 patients, respectively). The prevalence of NY-ESO-1 expression was significantly higher in metastatic versus primary tumors [18/56 (32%) versus 8/61 (13%), P = 0.015]. There was a significant association between initial stage at presentation and NY-ESO-1 expression [stage I (3.45%), stage II (9.52%) and stage III (45.45%), P = 0.0014]. Primary MMs expressing NY-ESO-1 were significantly thicker than NY-ESO-1 negative cases (median thickness 4.7 mm versus 1.53 mm respectively, P = 0.03). No significant difference was seen in overall survival. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 is more frequently expressed in metastatic than in primary MM and its expression is associated with thicker primary lesions and a higher frequency of metastatic disease, indicative of a worse prognosis. Our study suggests that patients with metastatic MM who express NY-ESO-1 may benefit from NY-ESO-1-based immunotherapy.
Purification of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural and Its Catalytic Conversion to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid (2014)

A simple and effective water extraction method is presented for the purification 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) obtained from a biomass dehydration system. Up to 99% of the HMF can be recovered and the HMF in aqueous solution is directly converted to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) as the sole product. This purification technique allows an integrated process to produce FDCA from fructose via HMF prepared in an isopropanol monophasic system, with an overall FDCA yield of 83% obtained. From Jerusalem raw artichoke biomass to FDCA via HMF prepared in a water/MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) biphasic system, an overall FDCA yield of 55% is obtained.
Structure of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E2 Antigenic Site 412 to 423 in Complex with Antibody AP33 (2012)

We have determined the crystal structure of the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) AP33, bound to a peptide corresponding to hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein antigenic site 412 to 423. Comparison with bnAb HCV1 bound to the same epitope reveals a different angle of approach to the antigen by bnAb AP33 and slight variation in its β-hairpin conformation of the epitope. These structures establish two different modes of binding to E2 that antibodies adopt to neutralize diverse HCV.
Regenerative braking algorithm for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with continuously variable transmission (2007)

A novel regenerative braking algorithm based on continuously variable transmission is proposed to make effective and maximum use of the brake energy in order to improve fuel economy. In the braking torque distribution of the novel regenerative algorithm, the regenerative torque is determined by considering the vehicle velocity, the maximal generation torque and state of the electric motor, the maximal charging power and voltage of the energy storage component. The actual driven wheels braking pressure which is reduced by the amount of the regenerative braking force is supplied from the electronic hydraulic brake system. The novel regenerative baking algorithm maximizes the actual regenerative power recuperated by the energy storage component. The simulation results show that actual regenerative power recuperation by the novel algorithm is more than the conventional one, and life-span of brake disks is also prolonged.
Performance evaluation of visible-light wireless communication system using white LED lightings (2004)

White LED offers advantageous properties such as high brightness, reliability, lower power consumption and long lifetime. White LEDs are expected to serve in the next generation of lamps. An indoor visible-light wireless communication system using white LED lightings has been proposed from our laboratory. In the proposed system, these devices are used not only for illuminating rooms but also for a wireless optical communication system. Generally, plural lights are installed in our room. So, their optical path difference must be considered. We discuss about the influence of intersymbol interference and the difference between visible-light wireless communication and other optical wireless communication. Based on numerical analyses, we show that the system will expect as indoor communication of next generation.
A comparative evaluation of name-matching algorithms (2003)

Name matching---recognizing when two different strings are likely to denote the same entity---is an important task in many legal information systems, such as case-management systems. The naming conventions peculiar to legal cases limit the effectiveness of generic approximate string-matching algorithms in this task. This paper proposes a three-stage framework for name matching, identifies how each stage in the framework addresses the naming variations that typically arise in legal cases, describes several alternative approaches to each stage, and evaluates the performance of various combinations of the alternatives on a representative collection of names drawn from a United States District Court case management system. The best tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency in this collection was achieved by algorithms that standardize capitalization, spacing, and punctuation; filter redundant terms; index using an abstraction function that is both order-insensitive and tolerant of small numbers of omissions or additions; and compare names in a symmetrical, word-by-word fashion.
Direct Arylation of Simple Azoles Catalyzed by 1,10-Phenanthroline Containing Palladium Complexes: An Investigation of C4 Arylation of Azoles and the Synthesis of Triarylated Azoles by Sequential Arylation (2011)

Direct triarylation and sequential triarylation reactions of simple azoles catalyzed by [Pd(phen)(2)]PF(6) are described. Simple azoles, such as N-methylimidazole, thiazole, and oxazole, were observed to undergo triaryaltion reactions even at their C4 positions when treated with aryl iodides in the presence of [Pd(phen)(2)]PF(6) as a catalyst and a stoichiometric amount of Cs(2)CO(3) in DMA at 150 °C. Using excess amounts of azoles, selective C5 monoarylation was achieved by using the same catalytic system. Subsequent efforts demonstrated that C5 arylated azoles undergo exclusive C2 arylation using [Pd(phen)(2)]PF(6) as the catalyst with galvinoxyl as an additive. Finally, unprecedented C4 arylation reactions of 2,5-diaryl-azoles occur by using the new catalytic system to give the corresponding triarylated products in good to excellent yields. The results of mechanistic studies suggest that the C2 arylation process takes place by way of an electrophilic aromatic substitution (S(E)Ar) palladation pathway, while arylation reactions at the C4 position occur via a S(E)Ar palladation and/or radical mechanism. Finally, a concise, three-step synthesis of the Tie-2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor has been executed starting with commercially available N-methylimidazole by a route that employs the new sequential arylation process.
Toxins from sea cucumbers (holothuroids): chemical structures, properties, taxonomic distribution, biosynthesis and evolution. (1999)

Studies on structures, biological activities, chemical properties, taxonomic distribution, biosynthesis, and evolution of toxins from sea cucumbers (the phylum Echinodermata, the class Holothurioidea) were reviewed with special emphasis on recent results from our laboratory. These toxins are triterpene oligoglycosides having very often one or several sulfate groups in carbohydrate moieties. Their aglycones belong to lanostane derivatives and sometimes contain shortened side chains. Many aglycones are labile in the acid medium. There is a relationship between structures of the glycosides and taxonomic positions of corresponding animals, producers of these toxins. Toxins from sea cucumbers act on delta 5-sterol-containing biological membranes with the formation of glycoside-sterol complexes followed by the disturbance of membrane permeability and inhibition of activities of some membrane enzymes. The presence of the toxins causes the alterations in membrane sterol compositions of toxic sea cucumbers in comparison with non-toxic species. These alterations include the change of delta 5-sterols for those having 7(8)- and 9(11)-double bonds as well as biotransformation of a part of free sterol fractions into sterol sulfates and sterol xylosides.
General One-Pot, Three-Step Methodology Leading to an Extended Class of<i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Cations:  Spontaneous Nucleophilic Addition, Cyclization, and Hydride Loss (2004)

A new class of phenanthridinium derivative has been isolated from the reaction of 2-bromoethyl-phenanthridinium bromide with a range of primary amines in excellent yields. The reaction pathway is unprecedented and proceeds via three cascade steps: nucleophilic attack of a primary amine on the iminium moiety of a heteroaromatic ring system and cyclization to form a five-membered ring, followed by hydride loss to yield a rearomatized dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridinium derivative. A range of NMR phase transfer experiments were carried out to elucidate the mechanistic pathway, and the methodology has been further developed by means of a biphasic system using N-bromosuccinimide as a co-oxidizing agent. The method has also been extended to other N-heterocyclic cation derivatives such as quinolinium and quinazolinium.
Flexible layering in hierarchical drawings with nodes of arbitrary size (2004)

Graph drawing is an important area of information visualization which concerns itself with the visualization of relational data structures. Relational data like networks, hierarchies, or database schemas can be modelled by graphs and represented visually using graph drawing algorithms. Most existing graph drawing algorithms do not consider the size of nodes when creating a drawing. In most real world applications, however, nodes contain information which has to be displayed and nodes thus need a specific area to display this information. The required area can vary significantly between di#erent nodes in the same graph. In this paper we present an algorithm for the layering step of hierarchical graph drawing methods that is able to take the sizes of the nodes into account. It further allows the user to choose between compact drawings with many temporary (dummy) nodes and less compact drawings with fewer dummy nodes. A large number of dummy nodes can significantly increase the running time of the subsequent steps of hierarchical graph drawing methods.