gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combination of Microneedles with PLGA Nanoparticles as a Potential Strategy for Topical Drug Delivery (2011)

Penetration of PLGA nanoparticles in the hairless mouse skin petreated by microneedles was studied in vitro using nanoparticles containing coumarin 6 and R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) as fluorescent probe. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualize the distribution of nanoparticles and the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to quantify the amount of the nanoparticles. The CLSM images revealed that nanoparticles (diameter 160.1&#xB1; 1.97nm) could penetrate into the skin through the microconduits created with microneedles and reach the depth of more than 42.19µ m. The quantitative results showed that the amount of nanoparticles deposited in the skin increased by microneedles was about twice that in the control group in a period of 48h. However, the nanoparticle was not able to reach the receptor compartment. In additional, the penetration and the distribution of nanoparticles was significantly influenced by the particle size (diameter ranged from 160.1&#xB1; 1.97nm to 288.2&#xB1; 6.62nm). These results suggested that the combination of PLGA nanoparticles with microneedles could be a useful method to increase topical drug delivery and improving therapy by supplying drug reservoirs to the skin.
In Operando Acoustic Detection of Lithium Metal Plating in Commercial LiCoO2/Graphite Pouch Cells (2020)

The characterization and detection of lithium metal plating during standard operation of commercial Li-ion batteries has been a long-term challenge; the nature of lithium metal plating is unpredictable and highly dependent on operating temperature and charge rate. In operando detection of lithium plating is critical for ongoing and future developments of conventional Li-ion batteries, including fast charging capabilities, extreme temperature applications, and lithium metal secondary batteries. In this study, we describe the use of acoustic ultrasound to detect lithium metal plating on commercial graphite anodes within a standard form factor. Extending from previous work on ultrasound as a battery diagnostic tool, this proof-of-concept study delineates statistically significant linear relationships between ultrasonic time-of-flight and graphite staging, and acoustic time-of-flight and post mortem electrochemical measurements to characterize the extent of lithium metal plating.
A new promoter‐probe vector for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> using fungal glucoamylase cDNA as the reporter gene (1993)

A system is described for the selection of DNA sequences showing promoter activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a heterologous reporter enzyme which is efficiently secreted by the yeast host. A multicopy shuttle plasmid of the YEp-type was constructed so as to carry multiple unique cloning sites at the 5' end of the Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase cDNA. Glucoamylase can only be expressed upon insertion at one of these unique cloning sites of a DNA fragment from any source, provided it is endowed with promoter function in S. cerevisiae. As the glucoamylase signal-peptide is functional in S. cerevisiae, the enzyme is efficiently secreted by the yeast transformants. This phenotype can be very easily detected on plate assays and accurately quantified by spectrophotometric analysis of the culture supernatant. Since S. cerevisiae naturally lacks amylolytic activity, any wild-type strain can be used as a host in this system. To evaluate the system, a DNA pool of random fusions was created by ligating sau 3A digested S. cerevisiae genomic DNA to the BglII-linearized vector. The resulting hybrid plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae and several transformants secreting glucoamylase to varying degrees were obtained.
A planning model for the management of groundwater quality (1979)

A dynamic planning model is presented for the optimal management of groundwater quality in regional aquifer systems. The groundwater system is conjunctively managed as a water supply resource and as a storage reservoir for waste water residuals. The waste waters are discharged to the groundwater basin through injection wells. Within the groundwater system, constituents are assumed to follow first‐order chemical or biochemical reactions and linear equilibrium adsorption. The Galerkin finite element method is used to transform the flow and mass transport equations of the aquifer system into systems of ordinary differential equations which are imbedded as constraint equations in the planning model. The mathematical model, which is structured as a nonconvex programing problem, allows the planner or resource manager to determine (1) the optimal pumping and injection schedules (rates and locations) required to satisfy an exogenous water target and waste load demand and (2) the maximum injection concentrations that can be discharged to the basin without degrading the quality of the aquifer. Operational policies are developed for a 480‐day operational cycle for a hypothetical groundwater basin, where it is assumed that groundwater extraction represents the principal resource of the aquifer system. Linear programing is used to identify the optimal planning policies. The important parameters affecting the optimal decisions are discussed.
Nanodosemeters based on gel scintillators (2006)

The feasibility of a nanodosemeter based on a liquid scintillator cocktail of four components (ethoxylated nonylphenol, pseudocumene, water and a lipophilic mixture) is studied. The dosemeter can work in distinct gel phases, for which the radioactive substance can be confined inside aqueous nanoscale structures of different size. For water volumes ranging 0-15%, it results in a gel with micelles of 4 nm radius. For water volumes ranging 30-50%, the resulting liquid-crystal gel contains nanostructures of approximately 20 nm radius. The low-energy electron emission arising from the decay of (3)H and (55)Fe is counted in a commercial liquid-scintillation counting spectrometer for both homogeneous and gel samples. The counting efficiency gap between the two phases is used to compute the average energy deposited inside the micelle.
Adaptive set pinning (2008)

As part of the trend towards Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) for the next leap in computing performance, many architectures have explored sharing the last level of cache among different processors for better performance-cost ratio and improved resource allocation. Shared cache management is a crucial CMP design aspect for the performance of the system. This paper first presents a new classification of cache misses - CII: Compulsory, Inter-processor and Intra-processor misses - for CMPs with shared caches to provide a better understanding of the interactions between memory transactions of different processors at the level of shared cache in a CMP. We then propose a novel approach, called set pinning, for eliminating inter-processor misses and reducing intra-processor misses in a shared cache. Furthermore, we show that an adaptive set pinning scheme improves over the benefits obtained by the set pinning scheme by significantly reducing the number of off-chip accesses. Extensive analysis of these approaches with SPEComp 2001 benchmarks is performed using a full system simulator. Our experiments indicate that the set pinning scheme achieves an average improvement of 22.18% in the L2 miss rate while the adaptive set pinning scheme reduces the miss rates by an average of 47.94% as compared to the traditional shared cache scheme. They also improve the performance by 7.24% and 17.88% respectively.
Bone sarcomas in 239Pu-treated mice. (1980)

Female ICR mice were injected with a monomeric form of 239Pu (180.1 kBq/kg) at the age of 10 weeks and during the long-term contamination the incidence of bone sarcomas was studied. Average survival of 100 control mice was 545 +/- 14 days, the 100 plutonium-given mice survived 420 +/- 10 d and 50 sarcoma-bearing animals 456 +/- 11 days. Most of the 61 induced sarcomas were located in the spine (70%) and in trabecular parts of the other bones. Among these 61 tumors there were 55 osteoblastic osteosarcomas, 4 immature undifferentiated sarcomas and 2 angiosarcomas. In 6 tumor-bearing mice metastases were observed in lungs, liver, intracranial cavity and in mediastinal lymph nodes. Among control mice only one osteogenic mandibular sarcoma was verified. The osteosarcoma incidence was evaluated with respect to the retained activity and cumulative average skeletal dose. The results were discussed and compared with data published by others.
Enzymological aspects of the pathways for trimethylamine oxidation and C1 assimilation in obligate methylotrophs and restricted facultative methylotrophs (1975)

Extracts of trimethylamine-grown W6A and W3A1 (type M restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine dehydrogenase whereas similar extracts of Bacillus PM6 and Bacillus S2A1 (type L restricted facultative methylotrophs) contain trimethylamine mono-oxygenase and trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase but no trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Extracts of the restricted facultatives and of the obligate methylotroph C2A1 contain hexulose phosphate synthase-hexulose phosphate isomerase activity; hydroxypyruvate reductase was not detected. Neither the restricted facultatives nor the obligates 4B6 and C2A1 contain all the enzymes of the hexulose phosphate cycle of formaldehyde assimilation as originally proposed by Kemp & Quayle (1967). Organisms PM6 and S2A1 lack transaldolase and use a modified cycle involving sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphate and sedoheptulose diphosphatase. The obligates 4B6 and C2A1, and the type M organisms W6A and W3A1, use a different modification of the assimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle involving the Entner-Doudoroff-pathway enzymes phosphogluconate dehydratase and phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase. The lack of fructose diphosphate aldolase and hexose diphosphatase in these organisms may be a partial explanation of their restricted growth-substrate range. Enzymological evidence suggests that all the obligates and the restricted facultatives use a dissimilatory hexulose phosphate cycle to accomplish the complete oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2 and water.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Characterization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors (2008)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is becoming increasingly widely used in the field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, mainly for characterization of the sensor assemblies, but also as a diagnostic and as a quantitative detection method. The advantages of using EIS are outlined, the information that can be obtained from spectra that is useful for sensor development, and the possibilities for quantitative measurements are discussed. Illustrative examples include the characterization of the interfacial region associated with self-assembled monolayers, the use of impedance to deduce electrooxidation kinetics of nucleic acids in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation in order to avoid adsorption, cation-exchange-polymer-coated electrochemical sensors used for the analysis of trace metal ions in environmental samples and redox-mediated electrochemical enzyme biosensors.
In Vitro Cultivation of the Vascular Phase of <i>Sarcocystis capracanis</i> and <i>Sarcocystis tenella</i><sup>1</sup> (1986)

Sporozoites of Sarcocystis capracanis and S. tenella (Apicomplexa) penetrated all four cell types tested (bovine monocytes, BM; bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, CPA; Madin-Darby bovine kidney; and ovine monocytes). Sporozoites of S. tenella developed to meronts in BM and CPA; those of S. capracanis developed to meronts in BM only. Both species of Sarcocystis developed to large first-generation meronts followed by small meronts. At 40 to 50 days after inoculation (DAI) of sporozoites, considerably more merozoites of S. tenella were harvested from CPA (24.9 X 10(6) merozoites/75-cm2 flask; n = 4) than from BM (1.9 X 10(6) merozoites/75-cm2 flask; n = 4). Merozoites of S. capracanis were most numerous in BM at 88 to 100 DAI during which time 2.1 X 10(6) merozoites/75-cm2 flask (n = 4) were harvested.
Probing the Domain Architecture and Structural Dynamics of Caspase-6 for its Specific Regulation (2021)

Their smaller size, inherent non-toxicity and tunable properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract researchers for their use in biological applications such as drug delivery, imaging and therapeutics. Understanding the <em>in vivo</em> fate of these AuNPs are essential for their potential effects in both the environment and the body. In this dissertation, mass spectrometric imaging methods using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and laser desorption/ionization (LDI-MS) have been investigated to monitor the <em>in vivo</em> fate of AuNPs. AuNP injected mouse tissue samples can be obtained and readily imaged to track the injected AuNPs using these methods. A first-ever imaging of 2 nm monolayer protected AuNPs <em>in vivo</em> using LA-ICP-MS is described. In addition, sub-organ biodistribution of AuNPs using LA-ICP-MS has been investigated. An alternative quantification strategy that can be used for LA-ICP-MS is expressed. A dual mode imaging method that can be used to monitor the stability of AuNPs by combining LA-ICP-MS and LDI-MS is reported.
Symbolic pole/zero calculation using SANTAFE (1995)

The aim of symbolic analysis is to gain insight into circuit behavior. To study the behavior of analog circuits, the locations of the poles and zeros have to be known. Unfortunately, no general method exists to calculate the poles and zeros symbolically for polynomials of degree greater than four from transfer functions in coefficient form. The CAD tool SANTAFE (Symbolic Analysis of Transfer Functions) applies the signal-flow graph method, which permits to keep the result in a factorized or partially factorized form. The graphic view provided by a signal-flow graph offers insight into the internal interactions between the circuit elements and, as will be demonstrated, enables the user to perform circuit knowledge-based approximations. A novel procedure based on symbolic Newton-iteration, accurately calculates high-order transfer functions in the desired pole/zero form. Another special routine, based on element weight ratios rather than numerical values, enables the simplification of large symbolic expressions without numerical values for each parameter. With the program SANTAFE, even large networks can be analyzed symbolically. This will be shown with an example of a wide band BiCMOS operational amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>In Vitro</i>Drug Combination Studies of Letermovir (AIC246, MK-8228) with Approved Anti-Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Anti-HIV Compounds in Inhibition of HCMV and HIV Replication (2015)

Despite modern prevention and treatment strategies, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a common opportunistic pathogen associated with serious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, such as transplant recipients and AIDS patients. All drugs currently licensed for the treatment of HCMV infection target the viral DNA polymerase and are associated with severe toxicity issues and the emergence of drug resistance. Letermovir (AIC246, MK-8228) is a new anti-HCMV agent in clinical development that acts via a novel mode of action and has demonstrated anti-HCMV activity in vitro and in vivo. For the future, drug combination therapies, including letermovir, might be indicated under special medical conditions, such as the emergence of multidrug-resistant virus strains in transplant recipients or in HCMV-HIV-coinfected patients. Accordingly, knowledge of the compatibility of letermovir with other HCMV or HIV antivirals is of medical importance. Here, we evaluated the inhibition of HCMV replication by letermovir in combination with all currently approved HCMV antivirals using cell culture checkerboard assays. In addition, the effects of letermovir on the antiviral activities of selected HIV drugs, and vice versa, were analyzed. Using two different mathematical techniques to analyze the experimental data, (i) additive effects were observed for the combination of letermovir with anti-HCMV drugs and (ii) no interaction was found between letermovir and anti-HIV drugs. Since none of the tested drug combinations significantly antagonized letermovir efficacy (or vice versa), our findings suggest that letermovir may offer the potential for combination therapy with the tested HCMV and HIV drugs.
Production and characterization of recombinant human CLN2 protein for enzyme-replacement therapy in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (2001)

Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a fatal recessive childhood disease caused by mutations in the CLN2 gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase I. As a step towards understanding the protein and developing therapeutics for the disease, we have produced and characterized recombinant human CLN2 (ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 2) protein from Chinese-hamster ovary cells engineered to secrete high levels of the enzyme. The protein was secreted as an inactive soluble proenzyme of approximately 65 kDa that appears as a monomer by gel filtration. Upon acidification, the protein is processed to mature form and acquires activity. The enzyme is efficiently delivered to the lysosomes of LINCL fibroblasts by mannose 6-phosphate-receptor-mediated endocytosis (EC(50) approximately 2 nM), where it remains active for long periods of time (t(1/2) approximately 12 days). In addition, the enzyme is taken up by rat cerebellar granule neurons by mannose 6-phosphate-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Treatment of LINCL fibroblasts with recombinant CLN2 protein restores normal enzyme activity and ameliorates accumulation of the major storage protein, mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c.
Bacterial natural transformation by highly fragmented and damaged DNA (2013)

DNA molecules are continuously released through decomposition of organic matter and are ubiquitous in most environments. Such DNA becomes fragmented and damaged (often <100 bp) and may persist in the environment for more than half a million years. Fragmented DNA is recognized as nutrient source for microbes, but not as potential substrate for bacterial evolution. Here, we show that fragmented DNA molecules (≥ 20 bp) that additionally may contain abasic sites, cross-links, or miscoding lesions are acquired by the environmental bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi through natural transformation. With uptake of DNA from a 43,000-y-old woolly mammoth bone, we further demonstrate that such natural transformation events include ancient DNA molecules. We find that the DNA recombination is RecA recombinase independent and is directly linked to DNA replication. We show that the adjacent nucleotide variations generated by uptake of short DNA fragments escape mismatch repair. Moreover, double-nucleotide polymorphisms appear more common among genomes of transformable than nontransformable bacteria. Our findings reveal that short and damaged, including truly ancient, DNA molecules, which are present in large quantities in the environment, can be acquired by bacteria through natural transformation. Our findings open for the possibility that natural genetic exchange can occur with DNA up to several hundreds of thousands years old.
Analytical and finite-element modeling of a localized-mass sensor (2008)

Analytical and finite-element models of a localized-mass sensor fabricated with thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) are reported. A Masonpsilas model-based analytical approach to understand the non-linear behavior of the sensor is introduced. On the other hand, careful finite-element analysis (FEA) of the sensor is carried out for different mass-loading configurations. Based on both modeling and experimental results, the non-linear behavior of the localized-mass sensorpsilas responsivity is confirmed.
Object Localization by Joint Audio-Video Signal Processing. (2000)

Abstract There are many different approaches either for the localization of sound sources or for tracking of visible objects in image sequences. However, most applications use only one modality, that is, they process only audio or video information for object localization. In this paper we introduce a method for the estimation of object positions based on joint audio-video information. The key technique is a modified decentralized Kalman filter (MDKF), where the object localization problem is viewed as state estimation. First, the position of the object is estimated based on audio and video information separately. Then, the locally estimated results are further processed in a decentralized Kalman filter for data fusion. At the output we obtain the joint estimation results. Experiments have shown that the joint estimation provides more correct localization results than obtained by using audio or video information only. 1 Introduction Object localization based on audio and video information is an important topic in various applications, e.g. analysis of dynamic scenes, video conferences, analysis of traffic situations, and others. In the past, many methods have been reported for object localization based on audio
Purification, Cloning, and Synthesis of a Novel Salivary Anti-thrombin from the Mosquito <i>Anopheles albimanus</i> (1999)

An anti-thrombin peptide (anophelin) was isolated from the salivary glands of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus through molecular sieving and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified peptide inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, thrombin esterolytic activity on a synthetic substrate, and thrombin cleavage of fibrinogen. The purified anti-thrombin had a molecular mass of 6342.4 Da. Its amino terminus was blocked, but internal sequence yielded three peptide sequences, which were used to design oligonucleotide probes for polymerase chain reaction amplification of salivary gland cDNA and isolation of the full-length clone. Analysis of the sequence of anophelin shows no similarities to any other anti-thrombin peptides. Anophelin was successfully synthesized and characterized to be a tight-binding, specific, and novel inhibitor of thrombin.
“Greener” Friedel−Crafts Acylations: A Metal- and Halogen-Free Methodology (2011)

The utility of methanesulfonic anhydride for promoting the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids is disclosed. This reagent allows the preparation of aryl ketones in good yield with minimal waste containing no metallic or halogenated components, clearly differentiating it from other available methodologies.