gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Adherent Cells Developed in Dexter‐Type Long‐Term Cultures from Human Umbilical Cord Blood (2000)

We have previously shown that when human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are cultured in standard Dexter-type long-term cultures (D-LTC), adherent cells develop forming a discrete net on the bottom of the culture flask. The identity of such cells, however, has not been defined. Accordingly, the major goal of the present study was to characterize the adherent cells developed in standard UCB D-LTC. Cultures were established from 14 UCB samples and from nine bone marrow (BM) samples, as controls. Both UCB and BM cultures were initiated with the same number of mononuclear cells (MNC) (2.5 x 10(6) MNC/ml). After three weeks in culture, adherent cell numbers in UCB D-LTC were 24%-30% of the numbers found in BM cultures. More than 90% of the adherent cells in UCB D-LTC expressed the acid phosphatase enzyme, whereas no alkaline phosphatase-positive cells were observed. This was in contrast to BM D-LTC, in which alkaline and acid phosphatase were expressed by 60%-75% and 20%-45% of the adherent cells, respectively. Immunochemical analysis showed that CD61 (osteoclast marker) and Factor VIII (endothelial cell marker) were not expressed by the adherent cells developed in UCB cultures. Interestingly, the majority of such cells expressed CD1a (dendritic cell marker), CD14, CD68 and CD115 (antigens mainly expressed by macrophagic cells). When the cultures were supplemented with the recombinant cytokines epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), only GM-CSF had a significant positive effect on adherent cell number. In order to test for some functional properties of the adherent cells developed in culture, production of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed. IL-6 and TNF-alpha showed elevated levels in UCB D-LTC, whereas SCF levels were always below detection. Finally, analysis of fibroblast progenitors (fibroblast colony-forming units [CFU-F]) showed that these cells were present in BM samples (6 CFU-F/10(5) MNC) and were totally absent in UCB samples. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that the vast majority of the adherent cells developed in standard UCB D-LTC belong to the macrophage lineage and that fibroblasts seem to be absent. Interestingly, the high proportion of CD1a+ cells suggests that dendritic cells are also present in these cultures.
In Vitro pH-Dependent Drug Release from N<SUP>4</SUP>-(4-Carboxybutyryl)-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and Its Conjugate with Poly-L-lysine or Decylenediamine-dextran T70 (1989)

N4-(4-Carboxybutyryl)-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (glu-ara-C), the conjugate of glu-ara-C and poly-L-lysine (PLL), (PLL-glu-ara-C), and the conjugate of glu-ara-C and decylenediamine-dextran T70 (T70-C10), (T70-C10-glu-ara-C), were prepared. Drug regeneration from glu-ara-C and the conjugates was investigated in buffered solutions of pH 4,5,7,7.4 and 8. The character of the drug release from the conjugates was different from that from glu-ara-C. Namely, the release of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) from glu-ara-C was accelerated under both weakly acidic and weakly basic conditions, while it was accelerated only under weakly basic conditions from the conjugates. Overall, the drug release profiles from the conjugates showed similar patterns. However, under neutral and weakly basic conditions, ara-C was regenerated more rapidly from PLL-glu-ara-C than from T70-C10-glu-ara-C. During the incubation of glu-ara-C and the conjugates under weakly acidic conditions, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (ara-U) was detected and its amount increased with time to similar extents.
A Spectral CT Method to Directly Estimate Basis Material Maps From Experimental Photon-Counting Data (2017)

The proposed spectral CT method solves the constrained one-step spectral CT reconstruction (cOSSCIR) optimization problem to estimate basis material maps while modeling the nonlinear X-ray detection process and enforcing convex constraints on the basis map images. In order to apply the optimization-based reconstruction approach to experimental data, the presented method empirically estimates the effective energy-window spectra using a calibration procedure. The amplitudes of the estimated spectra were further optimized as part of the reconstruction process to reduce ring artifacts. A validation approach was developed to select constraint parameters. The proposed spectral CT method was evaluated through simulations and experiments with a photon-counting detector. Basis material map images were successfully reconstructed using the presented empirical spectral modeling and cOSSCIR optimization approach. In simulations, the cOSSCIR approach accurately reconstructed the basis map images (<1% error). In experiments, the proposed method estimated the low-density polyethylene region of the basis maps with 0.5% error in the PMMA image and 4% error in the aluminum image. For the Teflon region, the experimental results demonstrated 8% and 31% error in the PMMA and aluminum basis material maps, respectively, compared with -24% and 126% error without estimation of the effective energy window spectra, with residual errors likely due to insufficient modeling of detector effects. The cOSSCIR algorithm estimated the material decomposition angle to within 1.3 degree error, where, for reference, the difference in angle between PMMA and muscle tissue is 2.1 degrees. The joint estimation of spectral-response scaling coefficients and basis material maps was found to reduce ring artifacts in both a phantom and tissue specimen. The presented validation procedure demonstrated feasibility for the automated determination of algorithm constraint parameters.
Multicolor FISH methods in current clinical diagnostics (2013)

Multicolor FISH (mFISH) assays are currently indispensable for a precise description of derivative chromosomes. Routine application of such techniques on human chromosomes started in 1996 with the simultaneous use of all 24 human whole-chromosome painting probes in multiplex-FISH and spectral karyotyping. Since then, multiple approaches for chromosomal differentiation based on multicolor-FISH (MFISH) assays have been developed. Predominantly, they are applied to characterize marker or derivative chromosomes identified in conventional banding analysis. Since the introduction of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), mFISH is also applied to verify and further delineate aCGH-detected aberrations. For the latter, it is important to consider the fact that aCGH cannot detect or characterize balanced rearrangements, which are important to be resolved in detail in infertility diagnostics. In addition, mFISH is necessary to distinguish different imbalanced situations detectable in aCGH; small supernumerary marker chromosomes have to be differentiated from insertions or unbalanced translocations. This review presents an overview on the available mFISH methods and their applications in pre- and post-natal clinical genetics.
Engineering Challenges in the Development of an Encapsulated Cell System for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (2000)

Implantation of glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting cells is promising in providing a treatment for type I diabetes, which is more effective, less invasive, and potentially less costly than conventional insulin injections. However, in spite of promising results with animal studies, a clinical product or therapeutic procedure based on encapsulated cells does not yet exist. This is because a number of barriers remain to be addressed, which include a source of functional cells, a stable, biocompatible membrane offering immune protection to the implant, a construct architecture ensuring cell viability and construct function, and the engineering of immune acceptance of the construct post-implantation. This article reviews these barriers and the current state-of-the-art, with special emphasis on the engineering challenges involved, and discusses possible ways to tackle the complex problems currently preventing this approach from reaching clinical practice.
Coal and modern coal processing : an introduction (1979)

Introductory accounts of the formation, structure and main properties of coal are presented. Brief description of processes for conversion of coal to gas, liquid fuels, coke and graphite, and for its combustion for heating and power generation is given. The book is based on a series of lectures given at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and presupposes only a basic knowledge of chemistry. The nine chapters are abstracted separately.
Resonator Networks outperform optimization methods at solving high-dimensional vector factorization (2019)

We develop theoretical foundations of Resonator Networks, a new type of recurrent neural network introduced in Frady et al. (2020) to solve a high-dimensional vector factorization problem arising in Vector Symbolic Architectures. Given a composite vector formed by the Hadamard product between a discrete set of high-dimensional vectors, a Resonator Network can efficiently decompose the composite into these factors. We compare the performance of Resonator Networks against optimization-based methods, including Alternating Least Squares and several gradient-based algorithms, showing that Resonator Networks are superior in several important ways. This advantage is achieved by leveraging a combination of nonlinear dynamics and "searching in superposition," by which estimates of the correct solution are formed from a weighted superposition of all possible solutions. While the alternative methods also search in superposition, the dynamics of Resonator Networks allow them to strike a more effective balance between exploring the solution space and exploiting local information to drive the network toward probable solutions. Resonator Networks are not guaranteed to converge, but within a particular regime they almost always do. In exchange for relaxing this guarantee of global convergence, Resonator Networks are dramatically more effective at finding factorizations than all alternative approaches considered.
Structural Requirements for Double-Stranded RNA Binding, Dimerization, and Activation of the Human eIF-2α Kinase DAI in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1995)

The protein kinase DAI is activated upon viral infection of mammalian cells and inhibits protein synthesis by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha). DAI is activated in vitro by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), and binding of dsRNA is dependent on two copies of a conserved sequence motif located N terminal to the kinase domain in DAI. High-level expression of DAI in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is lethal because of hyperphosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha; at lower levels, DAI can functionally replace the protein kinase GCN2 and stimulate translation of GCN4 mRNA. These two phenotypes were used to characterize structural requirements for DAI function in vivo, by examining the effects of amino acid substitutions at matching positions in the two dsRNA-binding motifs and of replacing one copy of the motif with the other. We found that both copies of the dsRNA-binding motif are required for high-level kinase function and that the N-terminal copy is more important than the C-terminal copy for activation of DAI in S. cerevisiae. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the requirements for dsRNA binding in vitro and for activation of DAI kinase function in vivo closely coincide. Two mutant alleles containing deletions of the first or second binding motif functionally complemented when coexpressed in yeast cells, strongly suggesting that the active form of DAI is a dimer. In accord with this conclusion, overexpression of four catalytically inactive alleles containing different deletions in the protein kinase domain interfered with wild-type DAI produced in the same cells. Interestingly, three inactivating point mutations in the kinase domain were all recessive, suggesting that dominant interference involves the formation of defective heterodimers rather than sequestration of dsRNA activators by mutant enzymes. We suggest that large structural alterations in the kinase domain impair an interaction between the two protomers in a DAI dimer that is necessary for activation by dsRNA or for catalysis of eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation.
Aquatic Exercise Is Effective in Improving Exercise Performance in Patients with Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2012)

Background. Peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) and muscle function are more decreased in patients with a combination of chronic heart failure (CHF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2DM) compared to patients with only one of the conditions. Further, patients with 2DM have peripheral complications that hamper many types of conventional exercises. Aim. To evaluate the efficacy and applicability of eight-week aquatic exercise in patients with the combination of CHF and 2DM. Methods. Twenty patients (four women) with both CHF and 2DM (age 67.4 ± 7.1, NYHA II-III) were randomly assigned to either aquatic exercise or a control group. The patients exercised for 45 minutes 3 times/week in 33-34°C, swimming pool. Results. The training programme was well tolerated. Work rate (+11.7 ± 6.6 versus -6.4 ± 8.1 watt, P < 0.001) and VO(2peak) (+2.1 ± 0.8 versus -0.9 ± 1.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P < 0.001) and walking capacity (P = 0.01) increased significantly in the training group. Muscle function was also significantly improved and Hba1c decreased significantly (P < 0.01) during training, while fasting glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and lipids were unchanged . Training also increased vitality measured by SF-36 significantly (P = 0.05). Conclusion. Aquatic exercise could be used to improve exercise capacity and muscle function in patients with the combination of CHF and 2DM.
Self-Time Alignment Method for Patient-Based Quality Control (2017)

The development of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based detectors resulted in significant improvement of time-offlight (TOF) resolution in PET. Higher standards in validating TOF information are desirable, since TOF reconstruction is sensitive to the misplacement of events based on time measurements. On photomultiplier (PMT) based scanners, time alignment estimation was stable over long periods of time, so frequent time calibration procedures were not necessary. New high performance SiPM PET scanners will require close monitoring in performance, at least over the initial phase of clinical use. This may result in a renewed interest in a self-time alignment (TA) method, primarily as a quality control (QC) procedure. In this work we use the idea behind the self TA procedure, where unknown object activity is estimated from non-TOF data. Modeled TOF data are compared against measured data in order to find individual detectors' time offsets (TOs). TOs are estimated simultaneously by matching the TOF center of mass between modeled and measured TOF data. This method can be considered as a refinement of the currently used Siemens TA procedure. The method is generalized for continuous bed motion (CBM) acquisition, which is becoming standard on Siemens scanners. An additional advantage is that the CBM daily QC phantom can be axially shorter, since it is not required to cover all the field of view at once. The algorithm was tested on a Siemens Vision, next generation SiPM PET/CT scanner prototype, and mCT scanner. An image quality phantom and patient data were used for this investigation. The SiPM prototype TOF reconstructions showed that relatively small errors in time offsets can be detected in the final image. This leads to higher standards for newly designed scanners. The patient data reconstruction showed that undetected residual TOs can be corrected by use of the self TA procedure. The mCT scanner CBM patient data verified the method application for this scanning mode.
Theory of spin-polarized metastable-atom-deexcitation spectroscopy: Ni-He (1990)

Metastable spin-polarized ${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ atoms incident on a Ni surface undergo deexcitation in a process which yields electrons from the Ni. The number produced is observed to depend on the relative spin of the Ni and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ atoms. The normalized difference in the ejected-electron intensity produced by ${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ atoms with opposite spin polarizations increases dramatically with increasing kinetic energy of the electrons. A theory of this asymmetry is presented. It is found that the experimental results can be reproduced only by the use of a realistic potential for the Ni electrons in the vacuum region. With such a potential it is found that ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions which result from the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{*}}$-surface interaction are neutralized at \ensuremath{\sim}4.5 A\r{} from the Ni surface, a much larger distance than given by previous estimates. The experiment is shown to reflect the polarization of Ni electrons at the He ion, and it is estimated that the Ni magnetization at the Fermi energy and far from the Ni surface is \ensuremath{\simeq}-20%.
Dynamics and control of switchmode power conversions in distributed power systems (1992)

Comprehensive analysis, modeling, and design techniques are developed for distributed power systems. Dynamic interactions caused by paralleling, stacking, and cascading converter modules are analyzed. Incorporating the effects of all subsystem interactions, systematic design procedures are established in order to optimize the dynamic performance of large-scale distributed power systems. An advanced three-loop control scheme is developed to optimize the dynamics of multimodule converters. A design-oriented model reduction technique is employed to design power supplies utilizing a stacked configuration of multi-module converters. An unterminated modeling and design approach is proposed to optimize the dynamics of cascaded converter stages, while ensuring the stability and compatibility of the integrated system. Systematic design procedures for intermediate filters are developed.
Joint Spatial Division and Multiplexing: Opportunistic Beamforming and User Grouping (2013)

Joint Spatial Division and Multiplexing (JSDM) is a recently proposed scheme to enable massive MIMO like gains and simplified system operations for Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) systems. The key idea lies in partitioning the users into groups with approximately similar covariances, and use a two stage downlink beamforming: a pre-beamformer that depends on the channel covariances and minimizes interference across groups and a multiuser MIMO precoder for the effective channel after pre-beamforming, to counteract interference within a group. We first focus on the regime of a fixed number of antennas and large number of users, and show that opportunistic beamforming with user selection yields significant gain, and thus, channel correlation may yield a capacity improvement over the uncorrelated "isotropic" channel result of Sharif and Hassibi. We prove that in the presence of different correlations among groups, a block diagonalization approach for the design of pre-beamformers achieves the optimal sum-rate scaling. Next, we consider the regime of large number of antennas and users, where user selection does not provide significant gain. Here, we propose a simplified user grouping algorithm to cluster users into groups when the number of antennas becomes very large, in a realistic setting where users are randomly distributed and have different angles of arrival and angular spreads depending on the propagation environment. Our subsequent analysis leads to a probabilistic scheduling algorithm, where users within each group are preselected at random based on probabilities derived from the large system analysis, depending on the fairness criterion. This is advantageous since only the selected users are required to feedback their channel state information (CSIT).
Whole-Body Three-dimensional MR Angiography with a Rolling Table Platform: Initial Clinical Experience (2002)

A technique for performing whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with multi-station three-dimensional MR angiography by using a self-developed rolling table platform that integrates the surface coil was evaluated in three volunteers and 10 patients. Use of the surface coil resulted in high signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios, which translated into sensitivity and specificity of 95.3% and 95.2%, respectively, for detection of significant stenoses (luminal narrowing, >50%) in lower extremity peripheral vascular disease.
Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Autoimmune Gastritis (2005)

A familial component to the tendency to develop autoimmune gastritis has long been recognized. Although linkage to certain HLA alleles and an association with the endocrine autoimmune diseases thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes have been reported, little further progress has been achieved in clinical studies. In contrast, the mouse model of gastritis induced in the BALB/c strain by thymectomy in the third day of life has identified four linkage regions; two on distal chromosome 4 (Gasa1 and Gasa2), one on chromosome 6 (Gasa3) and one in the H2 (Gasa4). Three of these four genes colocalize with NOD mouse diabetes susceptibility genes--the strongest concordance identified to date between any two autoimmune diseases--reflecting the association between autoimmune diabetes and type 1 gastritis in humans.
Plasma concentrations of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone are elevated in patients on chronic haemodialysis (2000)

alpha-MSH is increased in the circulation of chronic haemodialysis patients and particularly so in case of detectable endotoxaemia. Reduction of renal clearance is unlikely to contribute to the observed rise of the peptide because alpha-MSH concentration is not increased in patients with chronic renal failure who are not yet on dialysis. It is likely that dialysis-associated endotoxaemia, directly and/or through cytokine release, enhances the production of the anti-inflammatory mediator alpha-MSH that limits host reactions.
Compressive sensing based multi‐user detection for machine‐to‐machine communication (2013)

ABSTRACT With the expected growth of machine‐to‐machine communication, new requirements for future communication systems have to be considered. More specifically, the sporadic nature of machine‐to‐machine communication, low data rates, small packets and a large number of nodes necessitate low overhead communication schemes that do not require extended control signaling for resource allocation and management. Assuming a star topology with a central aggregation node that processes all sensor information, one possibility to reduce control signaling is the estimation of sensor node activity. In this paper, we discuss the application of greedy algorithms from the field of compressive sensing in a channel coded code division multiple access context to facilitate a joint detection of sensor node activity and transmitted data. To this end, a short introduction to compressive sensing theory and algorithms will be given. The main focus, however, will be on implications of this new approach. Especially, we consider the activity detection, which strongly determines the performance of the overall system. We show that the performance on a system level is dominated by the missed detection rate in comparison with the false alarm rate. Furthermore, we will discuss the incorporation of activity‐aware channel coding into this setup to extend the physical layer detection capabilities to code‐aided joint detection of data and activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.