gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel NICE (nitrogen implantation into CMOS gate electrode and source-drain) structure for high reliability and high performance 0.25 μm dual gate CMOS (2002)

We have proposed a novel structure with high reliability and high performance by nitrogen implantation into gate electrode and source-drain region for 0.25 /spl mu/m dual gate CMOS. It was found that the hot carrier resistance of both N-ch and P-ch MOSFETs can be effectively improved by incorporating nitrogen into the gate oxide with nitrogen implantation on the poly silicon gate. Moreover it was found that Ti-salicided shallow junction for 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS can be successfully formed without increasing the junction leakage current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ORAL RABIES VACCINE: EVALUATION OF ITS INFECTIVITY IN THREE SPECIES OF RODENTS (1976)

The safety of oral rabies vaccine was evaluated in 3 species of rodents, animals which might inadvertently consume field-distributed vaccine baits intended for foxes. The potentials for infection from bait ingestion and transmission through cannibalism were evaluated. Results indicate that ingestion of the vaccine baits used in these experiments will result in infection and disease of some rodents. Of 64 rodents which ate baits, 19 (30%) died of clinical rabies; the diagnosis was confirmed in 11 (17%), and 2 (3%) had demonstrable rabies virus in their salivary glands. Only 3 of 112 (3%) rodents that ate vaccine-infected rodents contracted rabies, and none had demonstrable virus in their salivary glands.
Pathway of Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine Biosynthesis in <i>Phaseolus aureus</i> (1968)

Studies with extracts obtained from mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) showed that UDP-N-acetyl d-glucosamine is formed from d-fructose 6-phosphate by a series of the following enzymic reactions: [Formula: see text]UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine inhibits the first reaction in the multistep pathway leading to its biosynthesis.
Neuronal nicotinic receptor beta2 and beta4 subunits confer large differences in agonist binding affinity. (1998)

We used equilibrium binding analysis to characterize the agonist binding properties of six different rat neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit combinations expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The alpha4beta2 receptor bound [3H]cytisine with a Kdapp of 0.74 +/- 0. 14 nM. The rank order of Kiapp values of additional nicotinic ligands, determined in competition assays, was cytisine < nicotine < acetylcholine < carbachol < curare. These pharmacological properties of alpha4beta2 expressed in oocytes are comparable to published values for the high affinity cytisine binding site in rat brain (alpha4beta2), demonstrating that rat neuronal nicotinic receptors expressed in X. laevis oocytes display appropriate pharmacological properties. Use of [3H]epibatidine allowed detailed characterization of multiple neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit combinations. Kdapp values for [3H]epibatidine binding were 10 pM for alpha2beta2, 87 pM for alpha2beta4, 14 pM for alpha3beta2, 300 pM for alpha3beta4, 30 pM for alpha4beta2, and 85 pM for alpha4beta4. Affinities for six additional agonists (acetylcholine, anabasine, cytisine, 1, 1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium, lobeline, and nicotine) were determined in competition assays. The beta2-containing receptors had consistently higher affinities for these agonists than did beta4-containing receptors. Particularly striking examples are the affinities displayed by alpha2beta2 and alpha2beta4, which differ in 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium, nicotine, lobeline, and acetylcholine affinity by 120-, 86-, 85-, and 61-fold, respectively. Although smaller differences in affinity could be ascribed to different alpha subunits, the major factor in determining agonist affinity was the nature of the beta subunit.
Capillary-driven microfluidic chips with evaporation-induced flow control and dielectrophoretic microbead trapping (2014)

This work reports our efforts on developing simple-to-use microfluidic devices for point-of-care diagnostic applications with recent extensions that include the trapping of microbeads using dielectrophoresis (DEP) and the modulation of the liquid flow using integrated microheaters. DEP serves the purpose of trapping microbeads coated with receptors and analytes for detection of a fluorescent signal. The microheater is actuated once the chip is filled by capillarity, creating an evaporation-induced flow tuned according to assay conditions. The chips are composed of a glass substrate patterned with 50-nm-thick Pd electrodes and microfluidic structures made using a 20-μm-thick dry-film resist (DFR). Chips are covered/sealed by low temperature (50°C) lamination of a 50-μm-thick DFR layer having excellent optical and mechanical properties. To separate cleaned and sealed chips from the wafer, we used an effective chip singulation technique which we informally call the “chip-olate” process. In the experimental section, we first studied dielectrophoretic trapping of 10-μm beads for flow rates ranging from 80 pL s−1 to 2.5 nL s−1 that are generated by an external syringe pump. Then, we characterized the embedded microheater in DFR-covered chips. Flow rates as high as 8 nL s−1 were generated by evaporation-induced flow when the heater was biased by 10 V, corresponding to 270-mW power. Finally, DEP-based trapping and fluorescent detection of functionalized beads were demonstrated as the flow was generated by evaporation-induced flow after the microfluidic structures were filled by capillarity.
Trehalose Synthesis by Sequential Reactions of Recombinant Maltooligosyltrehalose Synthase and Maltooligosyltrehalose Trehalohydrolase from <i>Brevibacterium helvolum</i> (2000)

A DNA fragment encoding two enzymes leading to trehalose biosynthesis, maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (BvMTS) and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (BvMTH), was cloned from the nonpathogenic bacterium Brevibacterium helvolum. The open reading frames for the two proteins are 2,331 and 1,770 bp long, respectively, and overlap by four nucleotides. Recombinant BvMTS, BvMTH, and fusion gene BvMTSH, constructed by insertion of an adenylate in the overlapping region, were expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified BvMTS protein catalyzed conversion of maltopentaose to maltotriosyltrehalose, which was further hydrolyzed by BvMTH protein to produce trehalose and maltotriose. The enzymes shortened maltooligosaccharides by two glucose units per cycle of sequential reactions and released trehalose. Maltotriose and maltose were not catalyzed further and thus remained in the reaction mixtures depending on whether the substrates had an odd or even number of glucose units. The bifunctional in-frame fusion enzyme, BvMTSH, catalyzed the sequential reactions more efficiently than an equimolar mixture of the two individual enzymes did, presumably due to a proximity effect on the catalytic sites of the enzymes. The recombinant enzymes produced trehalose from soluble starch, an abundant natural source for trehalose production. Addition of alpha-amylase to the enzyme reaction mixture dramatically increased trehalose production by partial hydrolysis of the starch to provide more reducing ends accessible to the BvMTS catalytic sites.
Building with stress-skin panels (1983)

A promising new technique for constructing homes that employs stress-skin panels is described. In this method, the insulation, drywall, and sheathing are hung in a single panel. The panels are made in 4 x 8 ft. and up and are either laminated or foamed in place. Both processes require strict manufacturing controls.
Calcium sensitization as new principle of inotropic therapy in end-stage heart failure?1 (1998)

CGP 48506 is an inotropic agent with calcium-sensitizing properties in the human heart, that is devoid of inhibitory activity on human cardiac phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. It offers, therefore, a new form of positive inotropic therapy that can be useful for the bridging treatment of heart failure before transplantation. On the other hand, levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer showing less-effective inotropic effects accompanied by increased cAMP levels.
Microfilming Techniques for Data Gathering and Field Research (1970)

The foreign area specialist who goes into the field frequently finds it very difficult to acquire all the documentary materials he needs in the time available. Rare books, documents, and newspapers may be in libraries or in archival collections, but unless the writing is to be done in the field, it is difficult to use these sources. Furthermore, collections of papers, letters, clippings, pamphlets, and manuscripts are frequently available from private sources, political parities, and organizations, if one attempts to locate such collections, but they can rarely be borrowed, and certainly not for the length of time needed for thorough research. Similar difficulties may face the scholar engaged in domestic research. My answer to this problem has been to develop techniques for microfilming documents on location under adverse conditions using a minimum of equipment, which can be carried easily in a brief case. With a camera and a few other small items, it is quite easy and economical to microfilm materials and, if necessary, to process the films either at home or under very primitive field conditions.
Retinoblastoma‐independent regulation of cell proliferation and senescence by the p53–p21 axis in lamin A /C‐depleted cells (2011)

The expression of A-type lamin is downregulated in several cancers, and lamin defects are the cause of several diseases including a form of accelerated aging. We report that depletion of lamin A/C expression in normal human cells leads to a dramatic downregulation of the Rb family of tumor suppressors and a defect in cell proliferation. Lamin A/C-depleted cells exhibited a flat morphology and accumulated markers of cellular senescence. This senescent phenotype was accompanied by engagement of the p53 tumor suppressor and induction of the p53 target gene p21 and was prevented by small hairpin RNAs against p53, p21, or by the oncoprotein Mdm2. The expression of E2F target genes, normally required for cell cycle progression, was downregulated after lamin A/C depletion but restored after the inactivation of p53. A similar senescence response was observed in myoblasts from a patient with a lamin A mutation causing muscular dystrophy. We thus reveal a previously unnoticed mechanism of controlling cell cycle genes expression, which depends on p53 but does not require the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors and that can be relevant to understand the pathogenesis of laminopathies and perhaps aging.
Prospects for Methanol Production (2014)

This chapter discusses the potential of methanol as an alternative fuel along with the prospects for its production using biomimetic pathways for efficient conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol based on single-carbon biotransformations. It focuses on methanol production through biocatalysis and is organized in three parts. First, the effects of fuel sources and their influence on the global carbon cycle and atmospheric accumulations of CO2 are discussed. Second, the potential utility of methanol as an alternative fuel and the scope of different methods for its commercial production are outlined. Finally, the use of biological systems in efficient conversion processes leading to methanol is elucidated with specific emphasis on dehydrogenase-catalyzed synthesis of methanol from carbon dioxide. The stabilization of enzymes in sol-gel materials provides a strategy for efficient utilization of enzymes in conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol. Immobilization of these enzymes confers additional thermal and environmental stability to the enzyme structure due to elimination or minimization of protein unfolding pathways. The moles of methanol produced are plotted as a function of the moles of the terminal electron donor (NADH). The enhancement of methanol production in sol-gel was due to confinement and matrix effects. The overall yield of the reaction for methanol production through this pathway depended on several factors. The sequential enzymatic conversion pathway to methanol production from CO2 provides several significant advantages. In the long range, with appropriate resource allocations, enzymatic biomethanol production pathways offer appealing prospects for practical development of new self-sustainable technologies.
Electromechanical properties of nichrome (80/20 wt-%) thin film fabricated by low energy ion sputtering (2008)

The electromechanical properties of nichrome (Ni–Cr 80/20 wt-%) used as a common material for application in thin film strain gauges have been studied. The composition and oxidation of Ni–Cr film fabricated by low energy ion beam sputtering has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy. The microstructure of the film was determined by a TEM. The temperature coefficient of resistance has been determined by a Nanovolt/Microohm meter. The gauge factor has been determined by the cantilever method. Low stable temperature coefficient of resistance values of resistance stability and the desired sheet resistance have been obtained. It meets the main demanded properties for its application to strain sensitive film.
Cyber threats and defence approaches in SCADA systems (2014)

The use of SCADA systems has been increased since the 1960s as a need arose to more efficiently monitor and control the status of remote equipment. And they are becoming more and more susceptible to cyber-attacks due to utilize standard protocols and increase connectivity. The objective of this paper is to introduce our on-going work and discuss challenges and opportunities for preventing network and application protocol attacks on SCADA systems.
Bacteriophage-based nanoprobes for rapid bacteria separation (2015)

The lack of practical methods for bacterial separation remains a hindrance for the low-cost and successful development of rapid detection methods from complex samples. Antibody-tagged magnetic particles are commonly used to pull analytes from a liquid sample. While this method is well-established, improvements in capture efficiencies would result in an increase of the overall detection assay performance. Bacteriophages represent a low-cost and more consistent biorecognition element as compared to antibodies. We have developed nanoscale bacteriophage-tagged magnetic probes, where T7 bacteriophages were bound to magnetic nanoparticles. The nanoprobe allowed the specific recognition and attachment to E. coli cells. The phage magnetic nanprobes were directly compared to antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoprobes. The capture efficiencies of bacteriophages and antibodies on nanoparticles for the separation of E. coli K12 at varying concentrations were determined. The results indicated a similar bacteria capture efficiency between the two nanoprobes.
Molecular characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from sheep (2010)

Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are commonly found in faeces of food animals and pose threat to human and livestock. The prevalence and characterization of STEC on the basis of virulence genes from lambs with and without diarrhea was studied. A total of 50 E. coli isolates belonging to 13 different serogroups were isolated from 40 diarrhoeic and 31 healthy lambs. All the isolates were screened for the presence of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 15 (30%) (9 diarrhoeic and 6 healthy) E. coli strains were designated as Shiga toxigenic E. coli. Among 15 STEC isoltes, 26.7%, 20%, 46.7% and 80% were found to harbour stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA genes respectively. All STEC were further characterized by the production of turbid zones of hemolysis on Soyabean casein digest agar supplemented with 5% sheep erythrocytes and 10 mM CaCl2.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BENZINDENE PROSTAGLANDINS: A NOVEL POTENT CLASS OF STABLE PROSTACYCLIN ANALOGS (1982)

Abstract Aus dem Cyclopentanon (Ia) entsteht eine Methylenverbindung (Ib), aus der nach bekannten und ausführlich beschriebenen Methoden über die Phenole (II) und (III) die Benzinden‐Prostaglandine (IV)‐(VI) hergestellt werden.
TCP Nice (2002)

Many distributed applications can make use of large background transfers --transfers of data that humans are not waiting for--to improve availability, reliability, latency or consistency. However, given the rapid fluctuations of available network bandwidth and changing resource costs due to technology trends, hand tuning the aggressiveness of background transfers risks (1) complicating applications, (2) being too aggressive and interfering with other applications, and (3) being too timid and not gaining the benefits of background transfers. Our goal is for the operating system to manage network resources in order to provide a simple abstraction of near zero-cost background transfers. Our system, TCP Nice, can provably bound the interference inflicted by background flows on foreground flows in a restricted network model. And our microbenchmarks and case study applications suggest that in practice it interferes little with foreground flows, reaps a large fraction of spare network bandwidth, and simplifies application construction and deployment. For example, in our prefetching case study application, aggressive prefetching improves demand performance by a factor of three when Nice manages resources; but the same prefetching hurts demand performance by a factor of six under standard network congestion control.
<title>Thermal neutron imaging using microchannel plates</title> (1993)

Microchannel plates (MCPs) are compact electron multipliers of high gain, widely used for the high resolution imaging of charged particles and photons. In this paper, we consider the use of lead glass MCPs for the imaging of thermal neutrons. Two contrasting techniques are described. The first method involves direct neutron detection within a special channel plate structure containing lithium and/or boron. We review the constraints of glass chemistry on the attainable lithium oxide and boron oxide fractions and, hence, on the maximum neutron detection efficiency. The second method involves the detection, using MCPs of standard glass composition, of the internal conversion electrons from a thin gadolinium foil. We present the first measurements of the detection efficiency, pulse height resolution and imaging properties of a pulse-counting MCP/Gd detector system.
Environmentally friendly natural materials-based photoacid generators for next-generation photolithography (2011)

We describe the development of new triphenylsulfonium photoacid generators (TPS PAGs) with semifluorinated sulfonate anions containing glucose or other natural product groups, and their successful application to patterning sub-100 nm features using 254 nm and e-beam lithography. The TPS PAGs with functionalized octafluoro-3-oxapentanesulfonate were synthesized efficiently in high purity and high yield by utilizing simple and unique chemistries on 5-iodooctafluoro-3-oxapentanesulfonyl fluoride. The PAGs has been fully evaluated in terms of chemical properties, lithographic performance, environmental friendliness or toxicological impact. The PAGs are non-toxic and it is susceptible to chemical degradation and to microbial attack under aerobic/anaerobic conditions. These new PAGs are very attractive materials for high resolution photoresist applications and they are particularly useful in addressing the environmental concerns caused by PFOS and other perfluoroalkyl surfactants.
Software architecture for a miniature radio system (2002)

The software design methods used in the Spectrum 2000 radio system are described. This software system is designed to adapt automatically to any hardware configuration and provide a high degree of reusability. Additional features of the software system that were helpful during development or have the potential to reduce costs are discussed. Benefits resulting from the use of object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design methodologies in both the short-term development phase and the long-term maintenance phase are identified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2020 (2021)

Abstract This essay introduces Social Text's collaborative issue on the events of 2020.
행렬연산자의 감도분석에 관한 연구 (1997)

Matrix operators has been widely used in analytical models which pursuit to finding the transformation properties of real world. As the estimator of matrix elements may contain the uncertainties, however, it is necessary for parameter variations to carry out the sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present the various methods concerned with sensitivity analysis for matrix operators. Among them we find that the eigenvalue sensitivity approach, especially, is the best way for analyzing either the microscopic sensitivity analysis or the macroscopic analysis for changing parameters of matrix operators. A brief illustration is provided, and possible extensions to other field are outlined.
W-band beam-steerable MEMS-based reflectarray (2011)

This paper presents recent advances on reconfigurable reflectarrays at the University of Perugia. In particular, the activities carried out in the framework of the FP7 project ARASCOM (“MEMS and Liquid Crystal based” Agile Reflectarray Antennas for Security and COMmunication). As for ARASCOM outcomes, the purpose of the project is the design of a very large reconfigurable reflectarray controlled with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for mm-wave imaging system at 76.5 GHz. A system with sufficient resolution to detect concealed weapons impose challenging requirements on the antenna, which shall be made of hundreds of thousands elements. The problem has been addressed by exploiting some innovative solutions and architectures that will be described in this document. In particular, the dimensioning of the reflectarray, the proposed 1-bit geometry of elementary cell, and the innovative biasing control architecture are reported together with the MEMS design and fabrication and the experimental results of a demonstrating board that validated the adopted procedure.