gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrrolidines from Sulfinimine-Derived Pyrrolidine 2-Phosphonates. Synthesis of Pyrrolidine 225C (2006)

[reaction: see text] The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of aldehydes with sulfinimine-derived 3-oxo pyrrolidine phosphonates represents a new method for the asymmetric synthesis of ring-functionalized cis-2,5-disubstituted 3-oxo pyrrolidines.
Study of the Effect of Xanthan Gum Based Graft Copolymer on Water Based Drilling Fluid (2014)

AbstractThis research article consists of the synthesis of xanthan gum (XG)-g-polyacrylamide (PAA) copolymer and its effect in the development of water based drilling fluids. The graft copolymer was synthesized with varying concentration of XG to obtain shear stable and long chain graft copolymer. The obtained graft copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized graft copolymer was then utilized as an additive for the development of water based drilling fluid system. The rheological properties of developed drilling fluids have increased significantly with the increase in graft copolymer concentration and these fluids have the capability to control fluid loss during filtration studies. The fluid loss volume was further reduced to 7 ml after the addition of bridging agent. The filtration and rheological properties of this system were compared with conventional water based drilling fluid system developed using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer. It was observed that drilling fluid developed using graft copolymer has better rheological and filtration properties than the drilling fluid formulated using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer.Keywords: graft copolymerxanthan gumshaledrilling fluidshear thinning
Utility Adjuvants<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Abstract: Utility adjuvants are adjuvants that are tank-mixed in the spray solution to improve the spray application process, but do not directly influence herbicide efficacy. However, by improving the spray application process, utility adjuvants can indirectly improve herbicide efficacy. There are five primary utility adjuvant types: compatibility agents, deposition agents, drift control agents (sometimes referred to as antidrift agents or drift retardants), defoaming agents, and water conditioning agents, and three secondary utility adjuvant types: acidifying agents, buffering agents, and colorants (dye markers). Herbicides can react either physically or chemically with other spray mixture components to form an unsprayable mixture. Compatibility agents prevent these reactions from occurring. Drift control agents and deposition agents increase the amount of herbicide deposited on target surfaces. The primary function of drift control agents is to reduce the amount of spray solution that moves off-target. Indirectly, the amount of herbicide reaching target surfaces can be increased. A defoaming agent will reduce or prevent foam produced in the spray mixture. Ions in the spray solution can interact with various herbicides, decreasing efficacy. Water conditioning agents will counteract the effect of the ions on herbicides. Water conditioning agents must be added before the herbicide to prevent herbicide–ion interaction. Acidifying and buffering agents function in a similar fashion, reducing or increasing spray solution pH. A buffering agent will maintain a pH range, whereas an acidifying agent will not. Colorants are dyes that are added to the spray solution to produce a visible color on the sprayed area to assist the applicator in applying the herbicide. Abbreviations: ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials; DCA, direct control agent; DUE, deposits per unit emission; EO-PO, ethylene oxide–propylene oxide block copolymers; EO-POD, EO-PO ethylenediamines; MW, moleculare weight; PVA, polyvinly alcohol; VMD, volume median diameter; WCA, water conditioning agent.
Anisotropic binders for polymer/liquid crystal dispersions (1994)

Abstract The synthesis and phase behavior of linear and crosslinked side‐group epoxy polymers are described. These polymers are used in dispersons with low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystals, and the observation of phase separation in these systems is demonstrated.
Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Current Applications and Emerging Approaches (2016)

The presence of acquired mutations within the <i>JAK2</i>, <i>CALR,</i> and <i>MPL</i> genes in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) affords the opportunity to utilise these mutations as markers of minimal residual disease (MRD). Reduction of the mutated allele burden has been reported in response to a number of therapeutic modalities including interferon, JAK inhibitors, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation; novel therapies in development will also require assessment of efficacy. Real-time quantitative PCR has been widely adopted for recurrent point mutations with assays demonstrating the specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility required for clinical utility. More recently, approaches such as digital PCR have demonstrated comparable, if not improved, assay characteristics and are likely to play an increasing role in MRD monitoring. While next-generation sequencing is increasingly valuable as a tool for diagnosis of MPN, its role in the assessment of MRD requires further evaluation.
Positron emission tomography: An overview (2006)

The rate of glucose utilization in tumor cells is significantly enhanced as compared to normal cells and this biochemical characteristic is utilized in PET imaging using FDG as a major workhorse. The PET systems as well as cyclotrons producing positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals have undergone continuous technological refinements. While PET (CT) systems enable fusion images as well as precise attenuation correction, the self-shielded cyclotrons developed provide dedicated systems for in-house production of a large number of PET radiopharmaceuticals. The application of PET images in oncology includes those of pulmonary, colorectal, breast, lymphoma, head & neck, bone, ovarian and GI cancers. The PET has been recognized as promising diagnostic tool to predict biological and physiological changes at the molecular level and hence offer a potential area for future applications including Stem Cell research.
An in vitro method which assesses corneal epithelial toxicity due to antineoplastic, preservative and antimicrobial agents. (1989)

We developed an in vitro model for studying the cytotoxicity of pharmacologic agents on corneal epithelium employing 3H-thymidine incorporation. Primary rabbit corneal epithelial cell cultures were established, and the cells plated prior to each experiment. 3H-thymidine incorporation was measured after the addition of drug or vehicle to these confluent cells, and dose-response curves were generated. Marked inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation was reached at chemotherapeutic concentrations achieved clinically for cytosine arabinoside (10(-7) M), methotrexate (10(-3) M), and 5-fluorouracil (10(-6) M). A 10(-4) M concentration of 2-deoxycytidine, a naturally occurring competitive inhibitor of cytosine arabinoside, protected cells up to a concentration of 10(-5) M. We utilized these data to undertake an in vivo prophylaxis study in 13 leukemia patients receiving high-dose iv cytosine arabinoside. Topical deoxycytidine 10(-4) M and 1% prednisolone phosphate, given 12 hours prior to the start of antileukemic therapy, were effective in reducing symptoms and signs of keratitis; both were better than historical placebo-treated eyes. Ophthalmic preservatives were studied in vitro at concentrations used clinically: benzalkonium chloride (BAC) (0.004-0.02%) was the most toxic, thimerosal (TMS) (0.001-0.004%) intermediate, and chlorobutanol (CHB) (0.2-0.5%) the least toxic. Antiviral agents (final concentration) included: trifluridine (TFT) (1.0%), ethyldeoxuridine (EDU) (2.0%), and idoxuridine (IDU) (0.1%). Dose but not time-dependent concentrations of these 3 agents were noted to cause toxicity; however, (E)-5(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) (0.1%) was non-toxic. Similarly, tobramycin and amikacin were significantly less toxic than gentamicin and neomycin in this system. These in vitro cytotoxicity data correlate well with previous in vivo and pre-clinical corneal epithelial toxicity studies. Our model may be useful in the toxicologic study of future topical ophthalmic agents.
Effectiveness of a field trap barrier system for controlling Aedes albopictus: a “removal trapping” strategy (2018)

We provide the first evidence of the effectiveness of this trap barrier system, which is based on the combined effect of (i) removing adult mosquitoes living in the area, and (ii) hampering the migration of mosquitoes from outside into the treated area. Further investigation is needed to understand its efficacy for other species, other locations and at-risk communities, and to evaluate its application for reducing the prevalence of dengue, Zika and chikungunya diseases.
Glycemic Index of Foods in Individual Subjects (1990)

We studied 12 subjects with diabetes to determine how well the glycemic index (GI) predicted the ranking of glycemic responses of different foods in individuals. All subjects ate three mixed meals (bread, rice, or spaghetti with GIs of 100, 79, and 61, respectively) four times in a randomized complete block design. The mean glycemic response areas of the different meals ranked according to the predicted GI in every individual. The observed mean +/- SD GI values of the meals were significantly different from each other (bread 100 +/- 7, rice 75 +/- 9, spaghetti 54 +/- 9), with no significant difference in response between subjects. It is concluded that individuals share common mean GI values for different foods. Within confidence limits determined by the variability of glycemic responses, the number of repeated tests conducted, and the expected GI difference, the GI can be used to predict the ranking of the mean glycemic responses of mixed meals taken by individuals.
Living battery – biofuel cells operating in vivo in clams (2012)

Biofuel cells implanted in living clams and producing sustainable electrical power in vivo were integrated in batteries. The “electrified” clams, being biotechnological living “devices”, were able to generate electrical power using physiologically produced glucose as the fuel. The activity of the living batteries was dependent on the environmental conditions which are affecting physiological processes in clams. The living batteries generated open circuitry voltage (Voc), short circuitry current (Isc) and maximum power (Pmax) of ca. 800 mV, 25 μA, 5.2 μW and ca. 360 mV, 300 μA, 37 μW for the serial and parallel connections of 3 “electrified” clams, respectively. A clam-battery was connected to a capacitor which was charged up to 240 mV providing accumulation of electrical energy up to 28.8 mJ. Discharging the capacitor on an electrical motor resulted in the motor rotation. The “electrified” clams integrated in batteries demonstrated the possibility of activating electrical/electronic devices using energy produced in vivo.
Surgical Renal Ischemia: A Contemporary Overview (2008)

Clinical use of glomerular filtration rate measurement, kidney injury biomarkers and the application of glomerular filtration rate based renal functional diagnostic criteria may allow improved diagnosis, management and reporting of renal functional outcomes. Prospective, controlled clinical studies are much needed to accurately characterize the relationship between warm ischemia and renal dysfunction.
Seeing the forest for the trees: hierarchical displays of hypertext structures (1988)

Most recent hypertext systems support hierarchy only as a restricted subset of directed graph structure. Consequently they do not provide many of the capabilities for graphical information hiding and structure manipulation that a tree makes possible. This paper describes display techniques developed for IGD, a hypertext system that supports the creation of large graphical documents whose arbitrary directed graph structure is embedded in a strict hierarchy. IGD offers the full generality of arbitrary keyworded links, while simultaneously allowing hierarchies to be easily manipulated and displayed with much of their structural detail selectively abstracted.
Inorganic Chemistry of the Transition Elements (1972)

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.
A Data-Driven Response Virtual Sensor Technique with Partial Vibration Measurements Using Convolutional Neural Network (2017)

Measurement of dynamic responses plays an important role in structural health monitoring, damage detection and other fields of research. However, in aerospace engineering, the physical sensors are limited in the operational conditions of spacecraft, due to the severe environment in outer space. This paper proposes a virtual sensor model with partial vibration measurements using a convolutional neural network. The transmissibility function is employed as prior knowledge. A four-layer neural network with two convolutional layers, one fully connected layer, and an output layer is proposed as the predicting model. Numerical examples of two different structural dynamic systems demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. The excellence of the novel technique is further indicated using a simply supported beam experiment comparing to a modal-model-based virtual sensor, which uses modal parameters, such as mode shapes, for estimating the responses of the faulty sensors. The results show that the presented data-driven response virtual sensor technique can predict structural response with high accuracy.
Sensors for Use with Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (1986)

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) designates artificially applied electrical activation of muscles to restore function lost as a result of neurological lesions. FNS prostheses are currently being designed to restore urinary bladder control, standing, walking, and hand function. All of these prostheses need sensors for interaction with the human users and the environment. This paper discusses each of these prostheses with special regard to the use of sensors and the design specifications that the sensors must meet.
Late Potentials Abolition as an Additional Technique for Reduction of Arrhythmia Recurrence in Scar Related Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation (2012)

LP abolition is an effective endpoint of VT ablation and its prognostic value compares favorably to that achieved by programmed electrical stimulation.
Metabolic Bioactivation Reactions Potentially Related to Drug Toxicities (1997)

The majority of metabolic transformations that xenobiotics undergo in mammalian systems leads to more polar and, in general, less pharmaco-logically and toxicologically potent products. This generalization has led to the proposal that evolutionary factors influencing the emergence of the principal enzymes responsible for the biotransformations of xenobiotics have a link to the improved survival potential of those individuals equipped with enzyme systems capable of converting otherwise toxic substances produced by plantand animal-based food sources to nontoxic metabolites (Jakoby and Ziegler 1990).
Reactions of bicyclic nitroxides involving reduction of the nitrosyl group (1973)

The preparation of nortropane N-oxyl (8-azabicyclo[3.2. 1]octane N-oxyl) and some homologs and derivatives is described. This radical oxidizes hydrogen peroxide and 2-propanol; labeling studies show that the bridgehead protons are not involved in these reactions. Nortropane N-oxyl dimerizes irreversibly in several solvents to give a product resulting from attack at a bridgehead position. In benzene at temperatures from 10 to 65°, the rate of this reaction is described by the equation kdec = 1010.9 exp(-21,700 plusmn; 1800 cal/RT) M-1 sec-1. The homolog, 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl, decays very much more slowly. In benzene at 30° this decay appears to be a first- rather than a second-order process.
Heat transport through a biological membrane—An asymmetric property? Technical issues of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods (2010)

Abstract To investigate heat transport across a biological membrane, we performed a series of reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) simulations on a model dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer system at the atomistic level. In a detailed analysis of the initially irritating results, we show how and to which extent the RNEMD method (in the special case of an ordered, heterogeneous system, like a bilayer in water) is influenced by simulation conditions. We prove that the interplay between the description of the long range forces and the nonequilibrium algorithm can lead to significant changes in the apparent local thermal conductivity profile across the membrane. As this is the first case reported where the otherwise robust RNEMD results are not directly interpretable, we discuss not only the reasons but also several concepts to handle this effect. Note that this is not a flaw of the RNEMD method but of the simulation framework it is performed in. Therefore, the considerations apply to other equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal conductivities, too, and care must be taken when heterogeneous systems or interfaces appear in simulations. The complete understanding of the directly obtained results finally allows us to describe the heat flow across the membrane qualitatively. On this basis, we show that the tail–tail interface of the bilayer is the most hindering region for the heat flow, and thus, dominates the overall thermal conductivity of the membrane. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Glycine-directed peptide amidation: presence in rat brain of two enzymes that convert p-Glu-His-Pro-Gly-OH into p-Glu-His-Pro-NH2 (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). (1984)

To study the possibility of glycine-directed amidation in rat brain, we synthesized the substrate p-Glu-His-Pro-Gly-OH. Adult and neonatal rat brain and adult rat pituitary were sonicated, frozen and thawed, and fractionated by gel permeation chromatography, and fractions from each tissue were assayed for enzymatic activity capable of converting this model substrate into thyrotropin-releasing hormone. We report the presence in rat brain and rat pituitary of two enzymes catalyzing conversion of p-Glu-His-Pro-Gly-OH into thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Based on the differing chemical and physical properties of these two enzymes and their differing affinities for a number of p-Glu-His-Pro-aa-OH analogs (in which aa = glycine, beta-alanine, gamma-butyric acid, and delta-aminovaleric acid), we conclude that there are two distinct enzymatic processes for the terminal amidation of peptides in brain and that COOH-terminal extensions other than glycine are capable of directing COOH-terminal amidation.
36.4L: <i>Late‐News Paper</i> : 4.0‐in. TFT‐OLED Displays and a Novel Digital Driving Method (2000)

Abstract We propose a novel type of digital driving manner of TFT‐OLED display by time‐ratio gray‐scale (TRG) expression. The advantage of this is remarkable especially in large, color, or high‐resolution TFT‐OLED displays. A 4.0‐in. TFT‐OLED monochrome display employing this sophisticated digital driving method is demonstrated.
Ferroelectric Imaging: A Proposal for Formation of Long-Life Electrostatic Images (1998)

A novel imaging process based on the polarization reversal of a ferroelectric polymer film ( e.g. copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene) was proposed and the basic requirements for polarization reversal were investigated by D – E hysteresis measurements and also by time domain measurements of switching transients. It was found that the permissible temperature for successful image formation was 100°C. The decrease of the coercive field, however, was only 15 MV/m, apparently not large enough in the temperature range between 20°C and 100°C for practical application. However, when the film was subjected to pulse heating, such as flash light exposure (with a light-to-heat conversion layer), the polarization was reversed even at temperatures as low as 55 or 60°C under the application of a low electric field (30 MV/m). The mechanism which makes pulse heating effective in the latent image formation was pursued and a model was proposed which assumed a local field enhancement arising from a nonuniform temperature distribution in the film.
The role of the NAD‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in restoring growth on glucose of a <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> phosphoglucose isomerase mutant (1993)

Phosphoglucose isomerase pgi1-deletion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source and are even inhibited by glucose. These growth defects could be suppressed by an over-expression on a multi-copy plasmid of the structural gene GDH2 coding for the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. GDH2 codes for a protein with 1092 amino acids which is located on chromosome XII and shows high sequence similarity to the Neurospora crassa NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase. Suppression of the pgi1 deletion by over-expression of GDH2 was abolished in strains with a deletion of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene ZWF1 or gene GDH1 coding for the NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Moreover, this suppression required functional mitochondria. It is proposed that the growth defect of pgi1 deletion mutants on glucose is due to a rapid depletion of NADP which is needed as a cofactor in the oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. Over-expression of the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase leads to a very efficient conversion of glutamate with NADH generation to 2-oxoglutarate which can be converted back to glutamate by the NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase with the consumption of NADPH. Consequently, over-expression of the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase causes a substrate cycling between 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate which restores NADP from NADPH through the coupled conversion of NAD to NADH which can be oxidized in the mitochondria. Furthermore, the requirement for an increase in NADPH consumption for the suppression of the phosphoglucose isomerase defect could be met by addition of oxidizing agents which are known to reduce the level of NADPH.