gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical validation of a severity of illness measure. (1983)

This paper provides statistical detail on the predictive power of a new severity of illness scale--APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation)--on 833 consecutive medical admissions to an intensive care unit (ICU). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis of routine physiologic and other data obtained within 24 hours of ICU admission, severity of illness and age were significantly (p less than .0001) related to survival. Using the estimated equation to forecast death rates for independent data, APACHE allowed accurate estimates of death rates for groups of patients whose mortality at hospital discharge varied from 3 to 80 per cent. The Acute Physiology Score of APACHE is also strongly and significantly associated with outcome within a number of specific cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diagnoses. After multi-institutional validation studies, APACHE could prove useful in a wide range of studies involving acutely ill patients.
Energy-Efficient Register Access (2000)

We present and evaluate seven techniques to reduce energy dissipation for accesses to a processor register file: modified storage cell avoids bitline discharge for zero bits, precise read control avoids fetching unused operands, latch clock gating disables latch clocks when operands are not needed, bypass skip turns off regfile reads when bypass circuitry will supply the value, bypass RO treats accesses to RO separately, split bitline reduces access energy for frequently-used registers, and read caching avoids regfile reads when the same register is read twice in succession. For a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS three-port regfile, we find individual energy savings of 27%, 21%, 8%, 16%, 14%, 12%, and 1% respectively and a combined saving of 59% when all seven techniques are used in combination. The total area overhead is around 17% and the total delay overhead is around 3%.
Decomposition of PCBs in oils using gamma radiolysis: A treatability study. Final report (1996)

This report presents the results of a treatability study of radiologically and PCB contaminated waste hydraulic oils at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The goal of the study was to demonstrate that PCBs could be selectively removed from the contaminated oils. The PCBs were selectively decomposed in an in-situ fashion via gamma-ray radiolysis. The gamma-ray source was spent nuclear fuel at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) canal at the Test Reactor Area (TRA), of the INEL. Exposure to gamma-rays does not induce radioactivity in the exposed solutions. The treatability study was the culmination of five years of research concerning PCB radiolysis conducted at INEL which investigated the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction in several solvents. The major findings of this research are summarized here. Based upon these findings three INEL waste streams were selected for testing of the process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) treatment standard of 2 mg/kg was successfully achieved in all waste streams. The interference of contaminants other than PCBs is discussed.
Architecture design of full HD JPEG XR encoder for digital photography applications (2008)

To satisfy the high quality image compression requirement, the new JPEG XR compression standard is introduced. The analysis and architecture design with VLSI architecture of JPEG XR encoder are proposed in this paper which can encode 4:4:4 1920 times 1080 high definition photo in smooth. According to the simulation results, the throughput of the proposed design can encode 44.2 M samples/sec. This design can be used for digital photography applications to achieve low computation, low storage, and high dynamical range features.
Total Synthesis of Nothapodytine B and (−)-Mappicine (1998)

Concise total syntheses of naturally occurring nothapodytine B (1, mappicine ketone) and (−)-mappicine (3) are detailed. The approach is based on the implementation of a room-temperature, inverse electron demand Diels−Alder reaction of the N-sulfonyl-1-aza-1,3-butadiene 11 for assemblage of a pyridone D ring precursor central to the structure. A Friedlander condensation is utilized for constructing the AB ring system of 1 and 3. An acid-catalyzed reaction sequence is used to accomplish a deprotection with subsequent ring-closure for introduction of the C ring in a single step.
The effect of methylene blue photoinactivation and methylene blue removal on the quality of fresh‐frozen plasma (2003)

MB removal, by either of the available filters, has little impact on the coagulation factor content of plasma, but freezing of plasma before MB treatment results in a small additional loss.
Synthesis of Novel 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline Derivatives (2005)

헤테로고리 화합물 중에서 질소 헤테로고리 화합물 인 pyrazole(1), quinoxaline(2) 1,2,4-triazole(3) 유도체 들은 다음과 같은 기본적인 구조를 가지고 있다(Chart 1). 위와 같은 헤테로고리 화합물들은 항균성, 항염증 성, 혈압강하성, 제초성 및 항암성 등과 같은 다양한 생리활성을 가지는 것이 많다고 보고되어 있어서 유기화학자들의 관심의 대상이 되어왔다. 본 연구실에서는 생리활성을 가지는 새로운 헤테 로고리 화합물의 합성에 관한 연구를 하던 중 quinoxaline 고리에 pyrazole 또는 1,2,4-triazole 고리 가 접합 및 비접합된 quinoxaline류(4-8)를 합성한 바 있다(Chart 2). 따라서 본 연구에서는 전보에 이어서 2,6-dichloroquinoxaline 4-oxide (10) 또는 3-methyl-2(1H)quinoxalinone (13)을 출발물질로 하여 quinoxaline 고리에 pyrazole 고리가 비접합되고 1,2,4-triazole 고리가 접 합된 4-pyrazolyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline류 (12)와 quinoxaline 고리에 1,2,4-triazole 고리가 접 합된 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline류(17)를 각각 합 성하였다. 실 험
Tunable Photophysical Processes of Porphyrin Macrocycles on the Surface of ZnO Nanoparticles (2015)

We investigated the impact of the molecular structure of cationic porphyrins on the degree of electrostatic interactions with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that the number of cationic pyridinium units has a crucial impact on the photophysics of the porphyrin macrocycle. Fluorescence enhancement, relative to initial free porphyrin fluorescence, was found to be tuned from 3.4 to 1.3 times higher by reducing the number of cationic substituents on the porphyrin from 4 to 2. The resulting enhancement of the intensity of the fluorescence is attributed to the decrease in the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character between the porphyrin cavity and its meso substituent. The novel findings reported in this work provide an understanding of the key variables involved in nanoassembly, paving the way toward optimizing the interfacial chemistry of porphyrin–ZnO NP assembly for photodynamic therapy and energy conversion.
Abnormalities in intestinal electrolyte transport in congenital chloridorrhoea (1971)

An investigation of small intestinal electrolyte transport was performed in a subject with congenital chloridorrhoea using a constant perfusion technique. The results indicate that the diarrhoea was not due to an abnormally high rate of secretion of fluid into the duodenum, and transport of electrolytes and glucose was normal in the jejunum. In contrast there was a marked abnormality of electrolyte transport in the ileum, chloride, sodium, and water entering the lumen and bicarbonate being absorbed in the absence of any concentration gradients for these ions. This is clearly different from the finding in normal subjects of sodium chloride and water absorption and bicarbonate secretion. It is suggested that the likely prime mechanism for these abnormalities is a chloride/bicarbonate exchange acting in the direction of chloride secretion, that is, in the opposite direction to the normal anion exchange. The hydrogen ion gradient set up by this exchange could have induced a secondary reversal of the normal sodium/hydrogen exchange so that hydrogen was absorbed and sodium secreted. From an analysis of the stool electrolyte concentrations and the rectal electrical potential difference it is suggested that in the colon chloride was secreted and bicarbonate absorbed against electrochemical gradients. Here too a reversed chloride/bicarbonate exchange is possibly responsible for the composition of the faecal electrolytes. As evidenced by the low faecal sodium concentration and the normal rectal potential difference, sodium transport is probably normal in the colon.
Adsorption, Catalytic and Electrochemical Activity o f Catalase Immobilized on Carbon Materials (1997)

The adsorption of catalase on two types of soot differing in their structure has been characterized. The adsorption of this enzyme obeys the Tyomkin adsorption isotherm. It has been established that the catalase immobilized on soot and graphite takes part in the electrochemical oxidation of phenol. The enzyme activity of catalase immobilized on both types of soot was studied on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetic and activation param eters of the processes studied have been determined
Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects (1984)

In exorbital lacrimal glands, pentoxifylline (a methylxanthine) induces labeled protein secretion in a dose-related manner: the half-maximal and maximal stimulations are at 4 and 10 mM, respectively. In the presence of papaverine (10(-5) M), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, labeled protein discharge is strongly stimulated by isoproterenol, via beta-adrenergic receptors: the maximal response is at 10(-6) M. l-Propranolol specifically inhibits the secretory stimulation to isoproterenol in a dose-related manner: for 5 X 10(-6) M isoproterenol in the presence of 10(-5) M papaverine, the half-maximal and maximal inhibitions are at 3 X 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, respectively. The beta-adrenergic response is mimicked by the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) analogue dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) at a 10(-3) M concentration. The time course of labeled protein secretion induced by pentoxifylline, DBcAMP, and isoproterenol shows a latency. In the presence or absence of extracellular calcium, pentoxifylline and isoproterenol immediately increase the cAMP intracellular level. Extracellular calcium omission increases the observed latency and also affects the maximal rate of protein secretion. As opposed to the cholinergic agonist, pentoxifylline has only a slight but sustained effect on 45Ca efflux, whereas isoproterenol has none. These data suggest that labeled protein secretion, such as that of peroxidase, can also be stimulated in rat exorbital lacrimal gland, through beta-adrenergic receptors; in the stimulation evoked by a beta-adrenergic agonist, DBcAMP, or methylxanthine, calcium could play a key role.
As many as six tandem reactions in one step! Unprecedented formation of highly functionalized benzothiophenes (2009)

A novel reaction pathway involving 1,3-diketones and 2,2'-dithiodibenzoylchloride that gives access to benzothiophenes with spiroketal, lactone, carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxylic acid functionalities is discussed.
A Modern Look at Folkloric Use of Anti-infective Agents (1987)

Infectious diseases are of ancient origin, and mankind has a venerable history of use of higher plant extracts for the therapy of such infections. Some such agents survive in use from earlier times--quinine, emetine, and sanguinarine, for example--but the modern use of fermentation-based antibiotics has greatly overshadowed work on agents from other sources. After a brief review of the present status of the field of antibiotics, this review focuses upon the present status of antimicrobial agents from higher plants with particular reference to agents from plants with a folkloric reputation for treatment of infections. In particular, recent work on the tropical genus Erythrina is emphasized. The use of modern microbiological techniques demonstrates that higher plants frequently exhibit significant potency against human bacterial and fungal pathogens, that many genera are involved, that many folkloric uses can be rationalized on this basis, that the active constituents are readily isolated by bioassay-directed techniques, that their chemical structures are types uncommon amongst fermentation-based agents but are familiar to natural product chemists, that their antimicrobial spectra are comparatively narrow but that their potency is often reasonable, that they are comparatively easy to synthesize and the unnatural analogues so produced can possess enhanced therapeutic potential and, thus, it is concluded that such work generates a gratifying number of novel lead structures and that the possibility of finding additional agents for human or agricultural use based upon higher plant agents is realistic.
On the Safety and Efficiency of Firewall Policy Deployment (2007)

Firewall policy management is challenging and error-prone. While ample research has led to tools for policy specification, correctness analysis, and optimization, few researchers have paid attention to firewall policy deployment: the process where a management tool edits a firewall's configuration to make it run the policies specified in the tool. In this paper, we provide the first formal definition and theoretical analysis of safety in firewall policy deployment. We show that naive deployment approaches can easily create a temporary security hole by permitting illegal traffic, or interrupt service by rejecting legal traffic during the deployment. We define safe and most-efficient deployments, and introduce the shuffling theorem as a formal basis for constructing deployment algorithms and proving their safety. We present efficient algorithms for constructing most-efficient deployments in popular policy editing languages. We show that in certain widely- installed policy editing languages, a safe deployment is not always possible. We also show how to leverage existing diff algorithms to guarantee a safe, most- efficient, and monotonic deployment in other editing languages.
Inhibited Breathing Decreases Renal Sodium Excretion (1995)

This study tested the hypothesis that breathing at the upper end of the normal range of end tidal CO2 decreases renal sodium excretion. Normotensive human subjects learned to self-regulate end tidal CO2 using a respiratory gas monitor and feedback procedure. Urine flow rates were increased by a standardized water drinking regimen. Urinary volume and sodium and potassium excretion were decreased during 30 minutes of inhibited (i.e. high normal end tidal CO2) breathing, compared with levels preceding and after task performance. Blood pressure, but not heart rate, increased during task performance. Plasma volume increase under these conditions is indicated by the observation that urinary excretion of an endogenous digoxin-like factor was increased. The physiological mechanism by which inhibited breathing elicits renal sodium retention remains to be determined. This breathing pattern could mediate the role of behavioral stress in some forms of hypertension.
All-optical switches on a silicon chip realized using photonic crystal nanocavities (2005)

We demonstrate all-optical switching in the telecommunication band, in silicon photonic crystals at high speed (∼50ps), with extremely low switching energy (a few 100fJ), and high switching contrast (∼10dB). The devices consist of ultrasmall high-quality factor nanocavities connected to input and output waveguides. Switching is induced by a nonlinear refractive-index change caused by the plasma effect of carriers generated by two-photon absorption in silicon. The high-quality factor and small mode volume led to an extraordinarily large reduction in switching energy. The estimated internal switching energy in the nanocavity is as small as a few tens of fJ, indicating that further reduction on the operating energy is possible.
<i>NOSTOC</i> (CYANOPHYCEAE) GOES NUDE: EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES SERVE AS A SINK FOR REDUCING POWER UNDER UNBALANCED C/N METABOLISM <sup>1</sup> (2004)

Many species of the filamentous N 2 ‐fixing heterocyst‐forming Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc produce large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), but hitherto no general model has been proposed of the factors that control their synthesis. Previously, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the presence of a glycocalyx (or EPS capsule) and diazotrophic growth in the genus Nostoc . When grown with nitrate, nude morphotypes lacking a glycocalyx were obtained for all the capsulated strains tested. CO 2 availability was pro‐posed as a key factor that controls the synthesis of the capsule. To test this hypothesis, Nostoc PCC 7936 was cultured diazotrophically (N 2 ) or with nitrate with different CO 2 supplies. By tuning the pH and the supply of CO 2 , capsulated or nude mor‐photypes were obtained irrespective of the source of nitrogen. Exocellular polysaccharides were synthesized only when the fixed carbon exceeded the amount of nitrogen available. The glycocalyx is not needed for the optimal functioning of nitrogenase because diazotrophic cultures grew equally well, irrespective of whether they were capsulated or nude. Capsulated cultures possessed protein to carbohydrate ratios that ranged between 1 and 1.5, whereas in nude cultures the ratio ranged between 2 and 2.5. Low protein to carbohydrate ratios were indicative for either nitrogen‐limited or carbon‐oversaturated cultures. The results demonstrate that in Nostoc EPS serve as a sink for the excess fixed carbon under unbalanced C/N metabolism.
Plasmid DNA encoding influenza virus haemagglutinin induces Th1 cells and protection against respiratory infection despite its limited ability to generate antibody responses (2000)

Direct intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA can generate immune responses against encoded antigens. However, the relative ability of DNA vaccines to induce cellular and humoral immunity after a single or booster immunization and the persistence of this response have not been fully elucidated. In this study, induction and maintenance of antibody and T cell subtypes with different doses of naked DNA encoding the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza virus were examined and compared to the immune responses and protection induced by respiratory tract infection and immunization with a killed virus vaccine. Like natural infection, immunization with HA DNA induced potent Th1 responses. Spleen cells from mice immunized once with HA DNA in the dose range 10 ng to 100 microgram secreted significant levels of IFN-gamma, but low or undetectable IL-5, in response to influenza virus in vitro. Furthermore, CD4(+) HA-specific Th1 clones were generated from spleens of immunized mice. Although T cell responses waned 12 weeks after a single immunization, antigen-specific Th1 cells persisted in the spleen for at least 6 months after two booster immunizations. In contrast, influenza virus-specific ELISA IgG titres were low after a single immunization and required two booster immunizations to reach significant levels. Furthermore, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were weak or undetectable after two immunizations. Nevertheless, two doses of HA DNA conferred almost complete protection against respiratory challenge with live virus. Thus, despite the limited ability to induce antibodies, DNA vaccines confer protective immunity against influenza virus infection, which appears to be mediated by Th1 cells.
Extended fundamental frequency analysis of the LCC resonant converter (2003)

Fundamental frequency techniques are used to analyze the series-parallel resonant converter under heavy load conditions, both with a continuous, but distorted parallel capacitor voltage waveform, and with a discontinuous capacitor voltage waveform. The analysis is validated with results from an experimental prototype. The application of the technique to the parallel-loaded L-C resonant converter is also considered.
Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenic patients (1996)

There is evidence that certain n3 and n6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) are depleted in cell membranes from red blood cells (RBC) and brains of patients suffering from schizophrenia. If these findings are of primary significance, then the possibility is raised of modifying schizophrenic symptomatology by dietary supplementation with fatty acids. We have carried out detailed analysis of dietary fatty acid intake of 20 schizophrenic patients. It was found that a greater intake of n3 fatty acids and particularly eicosapentenoic (EPA) in the normal diet, was associated with less severe schizophrenic symptoms and particularly less positive symptoms, as well as less tardive dyskinesia (TD). Furthermore, supplementation of the diet for 6 weeks with 10 g/day of concentrated fish oil (MaxEPA) resulted in significant amelioration of both schizophrenic symptoms and TD. Multiple regression analysis showed that improvement in schizophrenic symptoms was importantly related to the increased level of n3 fatty acids in RBC membranes.
Equine cardiodilatin/ atrial natriuretic peptide. Primary structure and immunohistochemical localization in auricular cardiocytes. (1998)

Cardiodilatin (CDD)/atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone known to be synthesized in the heart of a large number of different vertebrates. It plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and natriuresis/diuresis. Since the cardiovascular system of the horse has to meet the highest requirements concerning its physiological performance, we intended to characterize the cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide system of this species. By means of immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, we precisely identified auricular cardiocytes as the loci of CDD/ANP synthesis. Using aortic smooth muscle relaxation assay and CDD/ANP-ELISA, we succeeded in isolating the biologically active prohormone. We subsequently cloned the equine cDNA of the CDD/ANP precursor protein and deduced its primary sequence. The entire precursor protein is in good agreement with the CDD/ANP prohormones of other mammals. The deduced theoretical average Mr of equine CDD/ANP-1-126 is 13,764, corresponding to the molecular weight of purified peptide determined by ESI-MS. Our findings suggest that equine CDD/ANP is produced in auricular cardiocytes and the predominant storage form of CDD/ANP in the auricle is the prohormone CDD/ANP-1-126.
Three-dimensional 4F<sup>2</sup> ReRAM cell with CMOS logic compatible process (2010)

A new three dimensional vertical bipolar junction transistor (BJT) ReRAM cell with CMOS compatible process is reported. A new logic compatible BJT is vertically formed underneath the resistive stacked film of TiN/Ti/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /TiN as a high performance current driver and bit-cell selector. Using a shallow and tiny NLDD to be an emitter connects with ReRAM film as the bitline, a very thin and self-aligned P-pocket implant to be the wordline, and the N-well is the collector of cells. As a result, the new 3D vertical ReRAM cell is very area-saving and efficiently operated by the high gain (β>;50) BJT with a low voltage of 2V for reset and 1.5V for set. By adapting the highly shrinkable 3D BJT current driver in ReRAM, the cell is decoupled with gate length and oxide thickness of logic MOSFETs so that it can be easily scaled down to 4F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> by the lithographic limitation of defining ReRAM film with F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area.