gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activity of ponatinib against clinically-relevant AC220-resistant kinase domain mutants of FLT3-ITD (2013)

Secondary point mutations in the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) tyrosine kinase domain (KD) are common causes of acquired clinical resistance to the FLT3 inhibitors AC220 (quizartinib) and sorafenib. Ponatinib (AP24534) is a multikinase inhibitor with in vitro and clinical activity in tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia, irrespective of BCR-ABL KD mutation. Ponatinib has demonstrated early clinical efficacy in chemotherapy-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in FLT3. We assessed the in vitro activity of ponatinib against clinically relevant FLT3-ITD mutant isoforms that confer resistance to AC220 or sorafenib. Substitution of the FLT3 "gatekeeper" phenylalanine with leucine (F691L) conferred mild resistance to ponatinib, but substitutions at the FLT3 activation loop (AL) residue D835 conferred a high degree of resistance. Saturation mutagenesis of FLT3-ITD exclusively identified FLT3 AL mutations at positions D835, D839, and Y842. The switch control inhibitor DCC-2036 was similarly inactive against FLT3 AL mutations. On the basis of its in vitro activity against FLT3 TKI-resistant F691 substitutions, further clinical evaluation of ponatinib in TKI-naïve and select TKI-resistant FLT3-ITD+ AML patients is warranted. Alternative strategies will be required for patients with TKI-resistant FLT3-ITD D835 mutations.
Ecology of prokaryotic viruses (2003)

The finding that total viral abundance is higher than total prokaryotic abundance and that a significant fraction of the prokaryotic community is infected with phages in aquatic systems has stimulated research on the ecology of prokaryotic viruses and their role in ecosystems. This review treats the ecology of prokaryotic viruses ('phages') in marine, freshwater and soil systems from a 'virus point of view'. The abundance of viruses varies strongly in different environments and is related to bacterial abundance or activity suggesting that the majority of the viruses found in the environment are typically phages. Data on phage diversity are sparse but indicate that phages are extremely diverse in natural systems. Lytic phages are predators of prokaryotes, whereas lysogenic and chronic infections represent a parasitic interaction. Some forms of lysogeny might be described best as mutualism. The little existing ecological data on phage populations indicate a large variety of environmental niches and survival strategies. The host cell is the main resource for phages and the resource quality, i.e., the metabolic state of the host cell, is a critical factor in all steps of the phage life cycle. Virus-induced mortality of prokaryotes varies strongly on a temporal and spatial scale and shows that phages can be important predators of bacterioplankton. This mortality and the release of cell lysis products into the environment can strongly influence microbial food web processes and biogeochemical cycles. Phages can also affect host diversity, e.g., by 'killing the winner' and keeping in check competitively dominant species or populations. Moreover, they mediate gene transfer between prokaryotes, but this remains largely unknown in the environment. Genomics or proteomics are providing us now with powerful tools in phage ecology, but final testing will have to be performed in the environment.
Nitric oxide in coronary artery disease: Roles in atherosclerosis, myocardial reperfusion and heart failure (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO), derived from the vascular endothelium or other cells of the cardiovascular system, has an important role in physiological regulation of blood flow and has pathophysiological functions in cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of NO and biological actions of NO, including vasodilatation, cytotoxicity and inflammation, are briefly reviewed. These reactions involving NO cause pathological disturbances of arterial function, coronary blood flow regulation, and may contribute to cardiac myocyte dysfunction. NO and prostacyclin (PGI2), which is also released from the endothelium, act synergistically to inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion, and in some arteries these mediators also synergise in terms of vasodilatation. In addition, NO is capable of hyperpolarizing vascular smooth muscle, but activation of the endothelium may cause hyperpolarization and may thus promote vasodilatation by an additional mechanism. After myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, production of NO and superoxide radicals represent important mechanisms of cytotoxicity, causing injury to the coronary endothelium and myocytes and compromising ventricular contractile function. Moreover, upon reperfusion endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is impaired and the coronary arteries constrict, leading to irregular myocardial perfusion. This is a consequence of the accumulation of activated leucocytes that we found to generate endogenous inhibitors of NO. These factors have yet to be fully characterised, but clearly they may have a role in irregularities of myocardial reperfusion and cellular injury. Chronic heart failure is associated both with impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and with excess production of NO via the inducible NO synthase (iNOS), although it is unclear whether the latter assists or compromises ventricular contractile performance under these conditions. Disturbances in the activity of isoforms of NO synthase in the artery wall also accompany the development of atherosclerosis, providing conditions propitious for vasospasm and thrombosis, and perhaps contributing to cell proliferation. Reversing these NO defects with therapeutic agents including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors offers promise in protecting against some manifestations of vascular disease.
Self-doped colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals with intraband transitions in steady state (2018)

The tunable bandgap energy has been recognized as a prominent feature of the colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal, also called the colloidal quantum dot (CQD). Due to the broken degeneracy caused by the quantum confinement effect, the electronic states of the conduction band (CB) are separated by a few hundred meV. The electronic transition occurring in the conduction band is called the intraband transition and has been regarded as a fast electron relaxation process that cannot be readily observed under steady state. However, recent progress in the studies of intraband transitions allowed the observation of the mid-IR intraband transition in steady state and ambient condition, providing a pathway to exploit the mid-IR electronic transition for various optoelectronic applications. The observation of the steady state intraband transitions has been possible due to the electron filling of the lowest electronic state (1Se) of the conduction band in the semiconductor nanocrystal. Specifically, the nanocrystals are "self-doped" with electrons through chemical synthesis - that is, without the need of adding heterogeneous impurity or applying an electrical potential. In this feature article, we summarize the recent advances in the study on intraband electronic transitions along with the interesting findings on the magnetic and electronic properties of the self-doped colloidal metal chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals. The mid-IR intraband transitions of non-toxic nanocrystals, which exclude the toxic mercury and cadmium constituents, are also highlighted, which hold promise for safer applications utilizing the higher quantum states of nanocrystals.
The role of pH in the organic material solubilization of domestic sludge in anaerobic digestion (2003)

The effect of pH on anaerobic solubilization of domestic primary sludge and activated sludge was investigated and compared. Anaerobic solubilization was carried out in continuously stirred anaerobic reactors at mesophilic temperature (35 degrees C) and pH was fixed at 6.5 (pH-controlled). Many researches reported the serious effects of pH on the solubilization of organic materials. Thus, the aim of pH control in the reactors consisting of domestic primary and activated sludges, was the evaluation of retardation in hydrolysis/acidogenesis at low pH values. Since primary and activated sludges have different biodegradation characteristics, results were compared. Results indicated that the destruction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) were better in the pH-controlled reactors. In both sludges, acetic acid was the main Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) produced. In the pH-controlled reactors, VSS reduction was found to be 72% in about 20 days in the anaerobic digestion of activated sludge whereas for the same interval VSS reduction could only be achieved by 32% in primary sludge at 35 degrees C. When primary sludge was used as substrate, the pH-uncontrolled and the pH-controlled reactors remove VSS with a corresponding production of VFAs and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD). However, production of VFAs and SCOD was ceased after 5 days in the pH-controlled reactor whereas VFAs and SCOD production continued after 5 days in the pH-uncontrolled reactor, which indicated that hydrolysis and fermentation did not complete and continued longer. On the other hand; in either the pH-uncontrolled or the pH-controlled reactor of activated sludge, VSS was not removed with a corresponding production of VFAs and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (SCOD). It was apparent that solubilization was occurring, however this solubilization was not observed as VFA production. When total methane production and total COD (COD(tot)) removal were estimated using VSS removal in both types of sludges, results indicated that pH control enhanced biogas productions as well as COD(tot) removals.
<title>Metrology issues of reticles with optical proximity correction-assist features using the atomic force microscope</title> (2000)

Critical dimension (CD) control is very important for the successful fabrication of integrated circuit (IC) devices. Line-widths of patterns such as chrome lines or clear lines on the reticle have to be monitored. In this work, reticles with optical proximity correction (OPC) assist features intended for deep ultraviolet (DUV) exposure have been investigated using the atomic force microscope (AFM). Metrology issues related to using AFM to measure CD are presented. A line-width determination method to produce a consistent CD measurement is proposed. The CD uniformity for a 4X, 6' reticle intended for DUV exposure is found to be within plus or minus 20 nm over a range of 2.00 micrometer to 0.4 micrometer and to be worse when the widths of the lines are nominally less than 0.4 micrometer.
A novel buffer structure and lifetime control technique with Poly-Si for thin wafer diode (2009)

A novel buffer structure for improving the trade-off between forward voltage and reverse recovery loss across the whole range of current density and realizing the softness during reverse recovery was developed. The structure named a “Broad Buffers from Double Sides structure” (BBDS) is composed a broad p- anode layer and a broad n- buffer layer. A novel technique called “Local Lifetime control technique with Poly-Si layer” (LLP) was also developed. LLP controls the conductivity modulation level without introducing recombination centers in the n- layer. Combining these new techniques, namely, BBDS and LLP, made it possible, for the first time, to create a fast-recovery diode without the need to use conventional heavy-metal diffusion or irradiation methods.
Models for the Elusive Cp2Zr(R)(olefin)+. Characterization of the d0 Metal Olefin Complex Cp2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CH:CH2)+ (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModels for the Elusive Cp2Zr(R)(olefin)+. Characterization of the d0 Metal Olefin Complex Cp2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CH:CH2)+Zhe Wu, Richard F. Jordan, and Jeffrey L. PetersenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 21, 5867–5868Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00126a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00126a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations130LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
CVM-Net: Cross-View Matching Network for Image-Based Ground-to-Aerial Geo-Localization (2018)

The problem of localization on a geo-referenced aerial/satellite map given a query ground view image remains challenging due to the drastic change in viewpoint that causes traditional image descriptors based matching to fail. We leverage on the recent success of deep learning to propose the CVM-Net for the cross-view image-based ground-to-aerial geo-localization task. Specifically, our network is based on the Siamese architecture to do metric learning for the matching task. We first use the fully convolutional layers to extract local image features, which are then encoded into global image descriptors using the powerful NetVLAD. As part of the training procedure, we also introduce a simple yet effective weighted soft margin ranking loss function that not only speeds up the training convergence but also improves the final matching accuracy. Experimental results show that our proposed network significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on two existing benchmarking datasets. Our code and models are publicly available on the project website.
Über Anilinschwarz. II (1909)

in Stelle tles Siiiirerestea in die Jlittelpunkte der Stickstuffkugeln, so Iiar~n rnnn aucli die Spaltung (Bktivieriing) einea racernisrhen
The biomechanics of soccer: A review (1998)

This review considers the biomechanical factors that are relevant to success in the game of soccer. Three broad areas are covered: (1) the technical performance of soccer skills; (2) the equipment used in playing the game; and (3) the causative mechanisms of specific soccer injuries. Kicking is the most widely studied soccer skill. Although there are many types of kick, the variant most widely reported in the literature is the maximum velocity instep kick of a stationary ball. In contrast, several other skills, such as throwing-in and goalkeeping, have received little attention; some, for example passing and trapping the ball, tackling, falling behaviour, jumping, running, sprinting, starting, stopping and changing direction, have not been the subject of any detailed biomechanical investigation. The items of equipment reviewed are boots, the ball, artificial and natural turf surfaces and shin guards. Little of the research conducted by equipment manufacturers is in the public domain; this part of the review therefore concentrates on the mechanical responses of equipment, player-equipment interaction, and the effects of equipment on player performance and protection. Although the equipment has mechanical characteristics that can be reasonably well quantified, the player-equipment interaction is more difficult to establish; this makes its efficacy for performance or protection difficult to predict. Some soccer injuries may be attributable to the equipment used. The soccer boot has a poor protective capability, but careful design can have a minor influence on reducing the severity of ankle inversion injuries. Performance requirements limit the scope for reducing these injuries; alternative methods for providing ankle stability are necessary. Artificial surfaces result in injury profiles different from those on natural turf pitches. There is a tendency for fewer serious injuries, but more minor injuries, on artificial turf than on natural turf pitches. Players adapt to surface types over a period of several games. Therefore, changing from one surface to another is a major aetiological factor in surface-related injuries. Heading the ball could lead to long-term brain damage. Simulation studies suggest the importance of ball mass, ball speed and player mass in affecting the severity of impact. Careful instruction and skill development, together with the correct equipment, is necessary for young players. Most applications of biomechanical techniques to soccer have been descriptive experimental studies. Biomechanical modelling techniques have helped in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of performance, although their use has been limited. It is concluded that there are still many features of the game of soccer that are amenable to biomechanical treatment, and many opportunities for biomechanists to make a contribution to the science of soccer.
Automatic Registration of Whole Body Serial Micro CT Images with a Combination of Point-Based and Intensity-Based Registration Techniques (2006)

Registration of image volumes acquired over time is important for tasks that include measurements and quantification of temporal changes such as variations in tumor size, shape, or characteristics in response to therapy. A number of methods have been proposed over the years to address this problem but whole body registration of small animals presents special challenges because these images contain many articulated joints and because the animals cannot be easily placed in the same position from acquisition to acquisition. This paper presents a new method for the automatic registration of whole body CT volumes, which consists of two steps. Skeletons are first brought in approximate correspondence with a point-based method. Transformations so obtained are refined with an intensity-based algorithm. The approach has been tested on serial image volumes of a mouse acquired with a micro CT. We demonstrate that the approach we propose can successfully register image volumes even when the limbs are in very different positions as is often the case for small animals
An Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Random Arrays (1998)

This book contains the results of 30 years of investigation by the author into the creation of a new theory on statistical analysis of observations, based on the principle of random arrays of random vectors and matrices of increasing dimensions. It describes limit phenomena of sequences of random observations, which occupy a central place in the theory of random matrices. This is the first book to explore statistical analysis of random arrays and provides the necessary tools for such analysis. This book is a natural generalization of multidimensional statistical analysis and aims to provide its readers with new, improved estimators of this analysis. The book consists of 14 chapters and opens with the theory of sample random matrices of fixed dimension, which allows to envelop not only the problems of multidimensional statistical analysis, but also some important problems of mechanics, physics and economics. The second chapter deals with all 50 known canonical equations of the new statistical analysis, which form the basis for finding new and improved statistical estimators. Chapters 3-5 contain detailed proof of the three main laws on the theory of sample random matrices. In chapters 6-10 detailed, strong proofs of the Circular and Elliptic Laws and their generalization are given. In chapters 11-13 the convergence rates of spectral functions are given for the practical application of new estimators and important questions on random matrix physics are considered. The final chapter contains 54 new statistical estimators, which generalize the main estimators of statistical analysis.
Alkane C–H Insertion by Aryne Intermediates with a Silver Catalyst (2013)

Arynes generated directly from alkyne building blocks in the presence of silver catalysts effectively activate primary, secondary, and tertiary alkane C-H bonds. This C-H insertion requires only a catalytic amount of silver complex and modest heating compared to harsh conditions and extra promoters including directing groups, oxidants, and bases in typical transition-metal-based C-H bond functionalizations. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the C-H bond-breaking and new bond-forming events take place in a concerted manner, rendering a formal 1,2-addition of C-H bond across the π-bond of arynes.
Pitch Handling Qualities Investigation of the Tailless Gull-Wing Configuration (2009)

A handling quality analysis of the tailless swept gull-wing configuration is presented here. This aircraft configuration is defined, for the purpose of this discussion, as one having multiple sweep and dihedral angles. The effects of changes in the static margin and of gusts on handling qualities were investigated for this new configuration. The Exulans, an aircraft currently under development, was used as a representative example of a tailless swept gullwing configuration. The Exulans uses variable outboard wing sweep as a means of static margin control. This is achieved by a sweep hinge located at semispan. The pilot can change the outboard wing sweep angle for purposes of pitch trim. The Exulans is a research test bed that is being used to investigate the possibility of designing a tailless aircraft with both good handling qualities and a high Oswald efficiency. The handling qualities investigation was limited to the longitudinal plane. A Neal–Smith handling quality analysis was used to investigate handling qualities at different static margins, and a Mönnich–Dalldorff analysis was used to investigate gust handling qualities. Time domain simulations were also used to investigate the aircraft gust response. It is shown that the gull-wing configuration promises to have satisfactory handling qualities for a region of center of gravity locations, for which good Oswald efficiency can also be achieved. A satisfactory gust response can also be achieved.
Metal ions and complexes in organic reactions. Part X. Effect of methoxy-substituents on copper-catalysed nucleophilic and reductive replacement of halogen in reactions between sodium methoxide and bromo- or iodo-benzene derivatives (1969)

Seventeen bromo- and seventeen iodo-benzene derivatives, of general formula C6H5–n(OMe)n Hal, were subjected to reaction with sodium methoxide, catalysed by copper(I) iodide, in 2,4,6-collidine solution. Competition occurred between nucleophilic substitution, giving C6H5–n(OMe)n+1, and reductive substitution, giving C6H6–,n(OMe)n. When neither position ortho to the halogen was occupied by a methoxy-group, reduction was negligible; when one ortho-position was thus occupied, the extent of competitive reduction increased as the number of methoxy-substituents increased; when both ortho-positions were thus occupied, reduction was the dominant reaction. In general, the iodides were more responsive to reduction than the bromides. The efficiency of formation of some polymethoxybenzenes gives the process practical value.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND HYDROLYSIS OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED 2‐ADAMANTYL P‐NITROBENZENESULFONATES (1985)

Abstract Als Ausgangsverbindungen für die Synthese der Titelester (Adamantyl‐"nisylate") dienen die epimeren Hydroxysäure (VI), die aus dem Lacton (I)(aus Adamantan erhältlich) dargestellt werden.