gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyses of Self‐Humidification and Suppression of Gas Crossover in Pt‐Dispersed Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells (1998)

New polymer electrolyte membranes for polymer‐electrolyte‐membrane (PEM) fuel cells (PEFCs) have been developed. Platinum nanocrystals (d = 1–2 nm) were highly dispersed in a Nafion 112 film (Pt‐PEM, thickness 50 μm) to catalyze the recombination of the crossover with , and the water generated was found to humidify the Pt‐PEM directly. In order to clarify the self‐humidifying properties in the Pt‐PEM, the amount of water vapor produced by the recombination and the faradaic reaction was analyzed together with those of consumed and by monitoring humidity in the exhausting gases from PEFCs operated with dry and at 80°C. The used for the self‐humidification increased with increasing output current density, but the total consumption decreased to ca. 2/3 of that in normal membranes. All produced inside the Pt‐PEM was found to be exhausted from the anode, resulting in the efficient humidification of the membrane on the anode side, which is dried by electro‐osmotic drag. Thus, the resistance of the Pt‐PEM was lowered to 0.04 Ω cm2. It is also found that the Pt‐PEM improved the cathode potential distinctively, which was ascribed to elimination of the chemical reaction of crossover gases in the cathode catalyst layer, and eliminated any disturbance of diffusion by vapor produced by the reaction. The operation of PEFCs with minimal or no humidification by using Pt‐PEMs is essential in applications to power sources for electric vehicles or various electronic devices from the viewpoints of the simplification of control systems, cold starts, or response to abrupt load changes.
Data mining for network intrusion detection : How to get started (2001)

Recently there has been much interest in applying data mining to computer network intrusion detection. For the past two years, MITRE has been exploring how to make data mining useful in this context. This paper provides lessons learned in this task. Based upon our experiences in getting started on this type of project, we suggest data mining techniques to consider and types of expertise and infrastructure needed. This paper has two intended audiences: network security professionals with little background in data mining, and data mining experts with little background in network intrusion detection. Key words: data mining, intrusion detection, computer network security 1. Network Intrusion Detection: What is it? Intrusion detection starts with instrumentation of a computer network for data collection. Pattern-based software ‘sensors ’ monitor the network traffic and raise ‘alarms ’ when the traffic matches a saved pattern. Security analysts decide whether these alarms indicate an event serious enough to warrant a response. A response might be to shut down a part of the network, to phone the internet service provider associated with suspicious traffic, or to simply make note of unusual traffic for future reference. If the network is small and signatures are kept up to date, the human analyst solution to intrusion detection works well. But when organizations have a large, complex network the human analysts quickly become overwhelmed by the number of alarms they need to review. The sensors on the MITRE network, for example, currently generate over one million alarms per day. And that number is increasing. This situation arises from ever increasing attacks on the network, as well as a tendency for sensor patterns to be insufficiently selective (i.e., raise too many false alarms). Commercial tools typically do not provide an enterprise level view of alarms generated by multiple sensor vendors. Commercial intrusion detection software packages tend to be signature-oriented with little or no state information maintained. These limitations led us to investigate the application of data mining to this problem.
Different roles for serotonin in anti-obsessional drug action and the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (1998)

OCD may not involve a dysfunction of the serotonin system. Rather, it is more likely to involve a dysfunction of specific brain circuits, particularly in the frontal cortex. Modulation of these circuits by serotonin neurons may underlie the specific action of anti-obsessional drugs.
Enhanced Performance of an AlGaN-Based Deep-Ultraviolet LED Having Graded Quantum Well Structure (2019)

AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) suffer from severe quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) due to the strong polarization field in the quantum wells (QWs) grown on c-plane substrates. In this paper, we propose a novel DUV LED structure embedded with graded QWs in which the Al composition was linearly changed to screen the QCSE. A significant increase of the internal quantum efficiency and thus an enhancement of the light output power by nearly 67% can be achieved, attributing to the improvement of the electron-hole wave function overlap (Γ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e-hh</sub> ) to 58.6% in the Increased-Al-composition graded QWs, as compared to the QW without grading (Γ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e-hh</sub> = 40.4%) and reverse grading (Γ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e-hh</sub> = 33.6%). Further investigations show that the grading profile of the Al composition in the QWs, including either linearly increases or decreases along the growth direction and the thickness of graded QWs, determine the polarization electrical field in the QWs and as a result, significantly affecting the performance of the devices. In the end, a careful optimization of the graded QWs is called. The proposed structure with such unique graded QWs provides us an effective solution to suppress the QCSE effect in the pursuit of high-performance DUV emitters.
Object Tracking and Primitive Event Detection by Spatio-Temporal Tracklet Association (2009)

Accurate object tracking is a challenging problem in visual surveillance due to noise segmentation, partial and full object occlusions. In this paper, we present a method for object tracking and primitive event detection by associating tracklet caused by these problems. The aim is to keep track identity across tracking gaps and detect object's motion changes (identify primitive event) that cause tracklet gaps. We first detect moving objects and generate tracklet, then grow these tracklets by finding the best spatial and temporal association of observations to track object across tracklet gaps and indentify the video event they involved. We successfully track multiple moving vehicles and persons under occlusion, noisy detections and split-merge situations and can identify the event that cause tracking gaps.
Cell fate conversion: Direct induction of hepatocyte‐like cells from fibroblasts (2012)

One of the essential features of stem cells is their cellular plasticity to differentiate into daughter cells with defined functions. Recently, induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by defined transcription factors led to the focus on cellular plasticity of terminally differentiated cells. This approach is adopted by other studies to demonstrate the cell fate conversion between different lineages of terminally differentiated cells. We and others showed that induced hepatocyte-like (iHep) cells are directly converted from mouse fibroblasts by overexpression of liver-enriched transcription factors. iHep cells as well as pluripotent stem cell- or mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells provide potential cell sources for disease modeling, transplantation, and tissue engineering independent of donor organs. Here, we review the latest advances in generating hepatocyte-like cells and summarize general criteria for evaluating these cells. In addition, we propose a possible role of the p19(Arf) /p53 pathway in cell fate maintenance, which apparently limits the formation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and iHep cells.
Alternate Mitigation Materials for Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete (2008)

Contractors are finding it difficult to obtain Class F fly ash for concrete paving projects, but Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) specifications do not currently allow Class N fly ash to be substituted for Class F fly ash. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Class N fly ash and other pozzolans for mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and resisting sulfate attack. First, a literature review was performed to find research on Class N fly ash. Second, other state departments of transportation (DOTs) were contacted to determine if Class N fly ash is used and how it is specified. Third, laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of Class N fly ash and other materials in mitigating ASR when compared to Class F fly ash. Using one source of Class F fly ash, one source of Class N, and one source of reactive aggregate (fine and course), the effectiveness of Class N was determined by testing each combination in accordance to Colorado Procedures CP-L 4201 and CP-L 4202. Class N fly ash was found to be effective in mitigating ASR. Once the effectiveness of Class N and other products tested was determined, further testing on a Class D mix design was performed for potential effects on fresh and hardened concrete. Testing included entrained air on plastic concrete, rapid chloride permeability (ASTM C1202-05), and compressive strength at 7, 28, and 56 days. It was determined that CDOT should modify the concrete pavement specifications to allow the use of Class N fly ash and other alternate materials. Implementation into concrete construction will involve economic evaluations by the contractors. Potential Class F fly ash shortages will likely promote mix designs with alternate materials.
Embryonic Purkinje Cells Grafted on the Surface of the Cerebellar Cortex Integrate in the Adult Unlesioned Cerebellum (1992)

The presence of an injury or the selective degeneration of specific neuronal populations is commonly assumed to be a necessary prerequisite for the survival and the integration of grafted neurons in the recipient brain. In the present study we have placed solid grafts of cerebellar anlage in the fourth ventricle of adult rats, in close contact with the host cerebellar cortex, to assess the capacity of embryonic Purkinje cells to interact with adult neurons and integrate in the unlesioned cerebellar cortex. Numerous grafted Purkinje cells are indeed able to leave the implant and migrate into the host molecular layer, where they develop adult structural features. In addition, such cells are able to elicit the growth of host climbing fibre sprouts which end in newly formed arborizations impinging upon their dendritic trees. Climbing fibre collateral branches also penetrate the implant to innervate Purkinje cells which have not migrated in the host cerebellum. These results show that embryonic Purkinje cells are able to survive and integrate in an adult unlesioned cerebellar cortex. In addition, adult olivary axons respond to the increased size of the target population by expanding their terminal domain to innervate grafted Purkinje cells.
Estimate of cancer incidence in India in 1991. (1998)

Cancer incidence and eighteen site-specific age standardised rates in India were estimated for the year 1991. With the establishment of National Cancer Registry Programme, incidence rates per 100,000 are available from six metropolitan registries and one rural registry. Using population census data for India in 1991, about 609,000 new cancer cases were estimated to have been diagnosed in the country in 1991. The estimated age standardised rates per 100,000 were 96.4 for males and 88.2 for females. The five most common cancers were lung (10.6%) pharynx (9.1%), oesophagus (6.7%), tongue (6.6%) and stomach (5.7%) among males and cervix (23.5%), breast (19.3%), ovary (5.5%) oesophagus (4.4%), and mouth (3.9%) among females. A comparison of estimated ASRs for two two largest countries in Asia (China and India) showed differences in the pattern of cancer.
Millimetre‐scale bubble‐like dielectric elastomer actuators (2009)

Abstract Hydrostatic coupling has recently been reported as a means to improve the versatility and safety of electromechanical actuators based on dielectric elastomers (DEs). Hydrostatically coupled DE actuators rely on an incompressible fluid that mechanically couples a DE‐based active part to a passive part interfaced to the load. The work reported here was aimed at developing millimetre‐scale bubble‐like versions of such transducers. Silicone‐made oil‐filled actuators were manufactured as both single units and arrays of parallel elements. Bubbles had a base diameter of 6 mm and were driven up to a voltage of 2.25 kV, applied across a silicone film with a thickness of 42 µm. Active relative displacements and stresses up to 18% and 2.2 kPa, respectively, were recorded with static driving. Dynamic investigations reported a −3 dB bandwidth of the order of 100 Hz and a resonance frequency of about 250 Hz. Millimetre‐scale hydrostatically coupled DE actuators might play a useful role in several fields of application. Among them, we are currently exploring novel tactile displays and cutaneous stimulators, made of wearable, distributed and flexible devices. Although further miniaturization is required for high‐resolution uses, this technology holds promise to properly combine performance with safe and compliant interfaces with users, low specific weight, no acoustic noise and low cost. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A real time digital convergence system using interpolation (1996)

This paper proposes a new digital convergence system which calculates the compensation data based on the 2nd and 4th degree Lagrange interpolating polynomials, using a real time chip, and it requires only a small memory space. Experimental results by actual implementation showed that the proposed system is much more efficient than conventional systems. The proposed convergence technique can improve the performance of projection TVs.
Direct Measurement of Thermal Stability of Expressed CCR5 and Stabilization by Small Molecule Ligands (2010)

The inherent instability of heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) during purification and reconstitution is a primary impediment to biophysical studies and to obtaining high-resolution crystal structures. New approaches to stabilizing receptors during purification and screening reconstitution procedures are needed. Here we report the development of a novel homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay (HTRF) to quantify properly folded CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). The assay permits high-throughput thermal stability measurements of femtomole quantities of CCR5 in detergent and in engineered nanoscale apolipoprotein-bound bilayer (NABB) particles. We show that recombinantly expressed CCR5 can be incorporated into NABB particles in high yield, resulting in greater thermal stability compared with that of CCR5 in a detergent solution. We also demonstrate that binding of CCR5 to the HIV-1 cellular entry inhibitors maraviroc, AD101, CMPD 167, and vicriviroc dramatically increases receptor stability. The HTRF assay technology reported here is applicable to other membrane proteins and could greatly facilitate structural studies of GPCRs.
Detecting click fraud in online advertising: a data mining approach (2014)

Click fraud–the deliberate clicking on advertisements with no real interest on the product or service offered–is one of the most daunting problems in online advertising. Building an effective fraud detection method is thus pivotal for online advertising businesses. We
A GPU based real-time SAR simulation for complex scenes (2009)

This paper presents a novel simulator which uses programmable graphics processing units (GPU) to generate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. The conventional SAR simulations, based on mere mathematical computation, are usually time-consuming and not intuitionistic. In this paper, a new method which can simulate real-time SAR images even for complex scenes is developed. The simulator takes the advantage of computer graphics in three-dimensional display and combines it with SAR principle to yield the SAR images. This is implemented on graphics hardware, which offers 3D hardware acceleration and programmable GPU.
Pulmonary Edema Fluid from Patients with Early Lung Injury Stimulates Fibroblast Proliferation through IL-1β-Induced IL-6 Expression (2004)

Although the fibroproliferative response to lung injury occurs with a high frequency in patients with clinical acute lung injury, the mechanisms that initiate this response are largely unknown. This study was undertaken first to identify fibroblast mitogenic factors in pulmonary edema fluid, and second to examine the human lung fibroblast's gene expression profile in response to pulmonary edema fluid. The edema fluid obtained from patients with early lung injury has an eightfold higher concentration of IL-1beta and a twofold greater IL-1beta-dependent mitogenic effect than does fluid obtained from control patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema. Furthermore, fibroblasts responded to acute lung injury patient-derived edema fluid through production of soluble mediators that possess an autocrine mitogenic effect. Gene array analysis reveals that acute lung injury edema fluid induces several inflammation-modulating and proliferation-related genes in fibroblasts, whose inductions are similarly dependent on bioactive IL-1beta. Most notably, the 20-fold induction of IL-6 mRNA and protein was completely blocked by IL-1 receptor antagonist. The combined addition of IL-1beta and IL-6 was mitogenic, and the proliferative response to conditioned medium from IL-1beta-exposed cells was blocked by antagonistically acting Abs to IL-6 or to gp130. These novel findings indicate that soluble IL-1beta bioactivity and autocrine IL-1beta-dependent IL-6 up-regulation are critical initiators of fibroblast activation and proliferation and that they likely play a role in the fibroproliferative response seen in human acute lung injury.
Glucose metabolism in the obese hyperglycaemic (C57B1/6 ob/ob) mouse: the effects of fasting on glucose turnover rates. (1986)

Rates of glucose turnover and of glucose-carbon recycling in fed and fasted C57B1/6 ob/ob mice were measured using D-[6(-3)H/U-14C]-glucose. In both the fed and fasted state, obese mice had significantly higher blood glucose concentrations than their lean littermates. This hyperglycaemia was a consequence of elevated rates of glucose synthesis and of glucose-lactate (Cori cycle) recycling.
The Genetics of Wilms' Tumor: A Case of Disrupted Development (1994)

We have made rapid progress in recent years in identifying the genetic causes of many human diseases. However, despite this recent progress, our mechanistic understanding of these diseases is often incomplete. This is a problem because it limits our ...Read More
Oncolytic viruses as immunotherapy: progress and remaining challenges (2016)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) comprise an emerging cancer therapeutic modality whose activity involves both direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Cellular proteins released from the OV-lysed tumor cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens, activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Interaction with the innate immune system and the development of long-lasting immune memory also contribute to OV-induced cell death. The degree to which the ICD component contributes to the clinical efficacy of OV therapy is still unclear. Modulation of a range of immune interactions may be beneficial or detrimental in nature and the interactions depend on the specific tumor, the site and extent of the disease, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the OV platform, the dose, time, and delivery conditions, as well as individual patient responses. To enhance the contribution of ICD, OVs have been engineered to express immunostimulatory genes and strategies have been developed to combine OV therapy with chemo- and immune-based therapeutic regimens. However, these approaches carry the risk that they may also be tolerogenic depending on their levels and the presence of other cytokines, their direct antiviral effects, and the timing and conditions of their expression. The contribution of autophagy to adaptive immunity, the ability of the OVs to kill cancer stem cells, and the patient's baseline immune status are additional considerations. This review focuses on the complex and as yet poorly understood balancing act that dictates the outcome of OV therapy. We summarize current understanding of the OVs' function in eliciting antitumor immunity and its relationship to therapeutic efficacy. Also discussed are the criteria involved in restraining antiviral immune responses and minimizing pathology while promoting antitumor immunity to override immune tolerance.
Assessment of the predictive power of genotypes for the in-vivo catalytic function of CYP2D6 in a German population (1998)

The polymorphic cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 catalyses the biotransformation of at least 40 drugs. The CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism is responsible for pronounced interindividual differences in plasma concentrations and, hence, in drug action and side-effects after administration of the same dose. Provided there is a close relationship between CYP2D6 genotypes and catalytic function, genotyping could be used in the clinical setting for individualization of drug dose. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between the in-vivo enzyme activity and 35 different genotypes in order to determine whether genotyping can be used to predict a person's metabolic capacity for CYP2D6-catalysed drug oxidation using sparteine as a probe drug. One hundred and ninety-five Caucasian individuals were genotyped for seven nonfunctional (CYP2D6 x 3, x 4, x 5, x 6, x 7, x 8, x 16) and eight functional alleles (CYP2D6 x 1, x 2, x 2 x 2, x 2B, x 2B x 2, x 9, x 10, x 17). The metabolic ratio distribution for sparteine showed trimodality, with 15 poor metabolizers, 21 intermediate metabolizers, and 1.59 extensive and ultrarapid metabolizers. All poor metabolizers were unambiguously identified as carriers of two nonfunctional alleles. In contrast, the most frequent functional genotypes extensively overlapped and, with few exceptions, genotype was not a useful predictor of function. Gene dose effects among homozygotes and heterozygotes of the major functional alleles were not significant and could not explain the wide variations. Only a minor fraction of phenotypical ultrarapid metabolizers, arbitrarily defined as individuals with a metabolic ratio < 0.2, could be identified as carriers of three functional gene copies, including duplicated CYP2D6 x 2 x 2 alleles. Similarly, only a minor fraction of the intermediate metabolizers had predictive genotypes involving alleles coding for enzyme with impaired function. Thus, genotyping correctly identifies poor metabolizers, but quantitative prediction of drug metabolism capacity among extensive metabolizers is not possible.
Earlier Theories of Gravity (1913)

Journal Article Earlier Theories of Gravity Get access Hereward Carrington Hereward Carrington New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Monist, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 July 1913, Pages 445–458, https://doi.org/10.5840/monist19132332 Published: 26 December 2014