gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoetched Microwave Transmission Lines (1955)

Microwave transmission line and components of unusual light weight and compact construction can be made employing photoetching techniques to produce strip type transmission line. This report will be a general description of work done at Sanders Associates, Inc., to develop techniques for the design and manufacture of photoetched microwave transmission lines. Discussion will include measurements of attenuation and radiation leakage on parallel plate strip lines, as well as shielded type Tri-plate lines, the problem of mode purity and its relation to electrical parameters, various schemes of making transitions from standard waveguide to photoetched strip line. The basic design and performance of various components, as well as items of test equipment, such as slotted lines, matched loads, fixed attenuators, variable attenuators, directional couplers, crystal holders, phase shifters, hybrid rings, coax to Tri-plate transistors, etc., will also be treated. In addition, data will be presented showing impedance and susceptance values of simple discontinuities and impedance matching transformers. A simple technique for constructing gyrators and resonators will be presented, and the design and fabrication of an S-band signal generator employing photoetched microwave Tri-plate line will be shown, illustrating that practical microwave systems can be constructed far more economically than would be possible utilizing conventional waveguide techniques.
Polymorphic Nucleotide within the Promoter of Nitrate Reductase (NarGHJI) Is Specific for <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2003)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis rapidly reduces nitrate, leading to the accumulation of nitrite. This characteristic served for the past 40 years to differentiate M. tuberculosis from other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), such as Mycobacterium bovis (non-BCG [referred to here as simply "M. bovis"]), Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium africanum, or Mycobacterium microti. Here, a narG deletion in M. tuberculosis showed that rapid nitrite accumulation of M. tuberculosis is mediated by narGHJI. Analysis of narG mutants of M. bovis and M. bovis BCG showed that, as in M. tuberculosis, nitrite accumulation was mediated by narGHJI, and no other nitrate reductase was involved. However, in contrast to M. tuberculosis, accumulation was delayed for several days. Comparison of the narGHJI promoter revealed that, at nucleotide -215 prior to the start codon of narG, M. tuberculosis carried a thymine residue, whereas the bovine mycobacteria carried a cytosine residue. Using LightCycler technology we examined 62 strains of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. microti, and M. africanum and demonstrated that this single nucleotide polymorphism was specific for M. tuberculosis. For further differentiation within the MTBC, we included, by using LightCycler technology, the previously described analysis of oxyR polymorphism, which is specific for the bovine mycobacteria, and the RD1 polymorphism, which is specific for M. bovis BCG. Based on these results, we suggest a LightCycler format for rapid and unambiguous diagnosis of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. bovis BCG.
Sensing Structure for Blind Spot Detection System in Vehicles (2019)

Sensor selection is an essential aspect of blind spot detection (BSD) systems. Indeed, we must choose the sensors appropriately to accomplish high accuracy and performance in any driving condition. Each sensor has exclusive properties which are suitable for a few specific circumstances. Therefore, a comprehensive study is warranted to determine the optimum number of sensors and the type of sensors for BSD. Although sensors have some deficiencies which can deteriorate the whole system's performance, a combination of multiple types of sensors together with data fusion methods in most cases can substantially compensate for sensors imperfection. In this paper, we have concentrated on multi-sensor fusion in BSD system and its advantages which cannot be achieved in a single-sensor BSD system. A sensing structure for the BSD system is proposed considering the indispensable factors in BSD coupled with sensors constraints, features, and specifications.
Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications (2006)

The metabolism of the amino acid L-tryptophan is a highly regulated physiological process leading to the generation of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system. These include the aminergic neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), products of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism (including 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid), the neurohormone melatonin, several neuroactive kynuramine metabolites of melatonin, and the trace amine tryptamine. The integral role of central serotonergic systems in the modulation of physiology and behaviour has been well documented since the first description of serotonergic neurons in the brain some 40 years ago. However, while the significance of the peripheral kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism has also been recognised for several decades, it has only recently been appreciated that the synthesis of kynurenines within the central nervous system has important consequences for physiology and behaviour. Altered kynurenine metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of conditions such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related dementia, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the metabolism of tryptophan and consider the medical implications associated with dysregulation of both serotonergic and kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism.
Individual and group behavioural reactions of small delphinids to remote biopsy sampling (2010)

Abstract Biopsy sampling is an effective technique for collecting cetacean skin and blubber samples for various biological studies. However, determining the impact of this research practice is important, as it may vary between sites, species and equipment used. We examined the short-term behavioural reactions of four small (160-278 cm in length) delphinid species (Stenella longirostris, S. attenuata, Tursiops aduncus and Peponocephala electra) to remote biopsy sampling in the vicinity of the island of Mayotte (12°50’S, 45°10’E, SW Indian Ocean). Two scales of behavioural reactions were considered: i) the behavioural reaction of the individual, and ii) the reaction of the focal group to which the targeted individual belonged. Three main categories of behavioural responses were defined on the basis of character and duration: low, moderate and strong. This study underlines that biopsy sampling induces moderate reactions in individuals. No inter-specific variations of responses, at the scale of the individual or focal group, were observed. In other words, smaller delphinids were not more reactive than larger ones. No effect of group size was observed on the strength of behavioural reactions. However, it was clear that biopsy success during sampling sessions was higher in species with large group size. Finally, in the spinner dolphin (S. longirostris) , we investigated whether initial behavioural state affected the level of reaction. Resting and socialising groups showed a stronger response than milling and travelling groups. This study confirms the limited impact of remote biopsy sampling in small delphinids, especially in the spinner dolphin. However, as a precautionary approach, wherever possible, biopsy sampling of milling and travelling dolphins may be preferable.
Characterization of MexT, the Regulator of the MexE-MexF-OprN Multidrug Efflux System of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1999)

We investigated the regulation of the MexEF-OprN multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is overexpressed in nfxC-type mutants and confers resistance to quinolones, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim. Sequencing of the DNA region upstream of the mexEF-oprN operon revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF) of 304 amino acids encoding a LysR-type transcriptional activator, termed MexT. By using T7-polymerase, a 34-kDa protein was expressed in Escherichia coli from a plasmid carrying the mexT gene. Expression of a mexE::lacZ fusion was 10-fold higher in nfxC-type mutants than in the wild-type strain; however, transcription of mexT as well as the mexT DNA region was unchanged. Located adjacent to mexT but transcribed in opposite direction, the beginning of an ORF termed qrh (quinone oxidoreductase homologue) was identified. Expression of a qrh::lacZ fusion was also found to be activated by MexT. Further, we present evidence for coregulation at the transcriptional and the posttranscriptional level between the MexEF-OprN efflux system and the OprD porin responsible for cross-resistance of nfxC-type mutants to carbapenem antibiotics.
IL-12 or IL-4 Prime Human NK Cells to Mediate Functionally Divergent Interactions with Dendritic Cells or Tumors (2005)

In the course of inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues, NK cells may be exposed to cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-4 released by other cell types that may influence their functional activities. In the present study we comparatively analyzed purified human peripheral blood NK cells that had been exposed to either IL-12 or IL-4 during short (overnight) incubation. We show that although IL-12-cultured NK cells produced abundant IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF in response to stimuli acting on the NKp46-activating receptor, IL-4-cultured NK cells did not release detectable levels of these cytokines. In contrast, IL-4-cultured NK cells produced significant levels of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF only when stimulated with PMA and ionomycin. In no instance could the production of IL-5 and IL-13 be detected. Importantly, IL-12-cultured, but not IL-4-cultured, NK cells displayed strong cytolytic activity against various tumor cells or immature dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, only NK cells that had been cultured in IL-12 were able to induce substantial DC maturation. Our data suggest that NK cells exposed to IL-12 for a time interval compatible with in vivo responses may favor the selection of appropriate mature DCs for subsequent Th1 cell priming in secondary lymphoid organs. On the contrary, NK cells exposed to IL-4 do not exert DC selection, may impair efficient Th1 priming, and favor either tolerogenic or Th2-type responses.
Audio Segment Classification Using Online Learning Based Tensor Representation Feature Discrimination (2012)

In order to naturally combine audio information from different dimensions and build robust audio processing system, a novel framework based on low-rank tensor representation features for audio segment classification is proposed in this paper. The audio signal is first transformed into tensor format data, and then these tensor data are mapped to a low-rank space which is insensitive under certain noises, especially white Gaussian noise and gross corruptions. For these low-rank tensor based features, tensor classification via a linear classifier based on minimization a smooth loss function regularized by the trace norm proposed recently is used. Most previous methods find the weight tensor and bias in batch-mode learning, which makes them inefficient for large-scale problems. In this paper, we propose to address this problem with an online learning algorithm based on the accelerated proximal gradient (APG) method, which scales up gracefully to large data sets. Experiments on simulation and real audio data demonstrate the efficiency of the methods.
History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules (2004)

The occurrence in nature of erythrocyte-agglutinating proteins has been known since the turn of the 19th century. By the 1960s it became apparent that such proteins also agglutinate other types of cells, and that many of them are sugar-specific. These cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins have been named lectins. Although shown to occur widely in plants and to some extent also in invertebrates, very few lectins had been isolated until the early 1970s, and they had attracted little attention. This attitude changed with the demonstration that lectins are extremely useful tools for the investigation of carbohydrates on cell surfaces, in particular of the changes that the latter undergo in malignancy, as well as for the isolation and characterization of glycoproteins. In subsequent years numerous lectins have been isolated from plants as well as from microorganisms and animals, and during the past two decades the structures of hundreds of them have been established. Concurrently, it was shown that lectins function as recognition molecules in cell-molecule and cell-cell interactions in a variety of biological systems. Here we present a brief account of 100-plus years of lectin research and show how these proteins have become the focus of intense interest for biologists and in particular for the glycobiologists among them.
Thermosonic gold ball bonding to alternate plating finishes on laminate MCM substrates (2002)

As the laminate substrate industry moves from Hot Air Solder Level (HASL) finishes, alternate plating finishes are being proposed such as electroless palladium and immersion gold over electroless nickel. This paper presents results of an evaluation of the thermosonic gold ball wire bondability of immersion gold over electroless nickel. The initial evaluation criteria included bondability (number of missed bonds), wire pull strength, and bond failure mode. Different preconditioning environments such as reflow cycles, high temperature storage and humidity storage on initial bondability were also considered. Rutherford backscattering, Auger spectroscopy and XPS were used to examine the gold and nickel layers. The stability of the bonds was investigated by high temperature storage with periodic electrical resistance and pull strength testing.
Transition metal oxide thin films for nonvolatile resistive random access memory applications (2009)

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) based on reversible bistable resistance switching effect is attracting much attention for its superior properties such as nonvolatility, long retention time, simple device structure, small size, and low operating voltage. The unique resistance switching properties have been observed in some binary transition metal oxides, perovskite oxides, and organic molecular materials. This paper briefly reviews the status and new progress on binary transition metal oxide thin film materials such as NiO, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, and their multilayered thin films and metal nanocomposite thin films, for resistive random access memory applications, and also presents some of our own research work in this field. There is no doubt that study on transition metal oxide thin films for RRAM application will have been a topic of great interest in the forthcoming years, and it is expected that better understanding of physical mechanisms for the bistable resistance switching of the transition metal oxide thin films sandwiched between two metal electrodes can be achieved.
trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses (2009)

trimAl has been written in C++, it is portable to all platforms. trimAl is freely available for download (http://trimal.cgenomics.org) and can be used online through the Phylemon web server (http://phylemon2.bioinfo.cipf.es/). Supplementary Material is available at http://trimal.cgenomics.org/publications.
Effect of the Ocular Microenvironment in Regulating Corneal Dendritic Cell Maturation (2007)

Cornea and aqueous humor, principally through transforming growth factor beta(2,) promote generation of phenotypically and functionally immature DCs. Clinical Relevance Our results indicate that relative immune quiescence in the cornea and in the anterior segment is actively maintained in part by the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor beta(2) on resident DCs and by their suppression of T-cell-mediated immune and inflammatory responses.
Stereoselective Interactions of Peptide Inhibitors with the β-Amyloid Peptide (2003)

Residues 16-20 of the beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) function as a self-recognition element during A beta assembly into fibers. Peptides containing this motif retain the ability to interact with A beta and, in some cases, potently inhibit its assembly. Replacing L- with D-amino acids could stabilize such peptides and permit their evaluation as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Here we have assessed the effect that such a chiral reversal has on inhibitory potency. D-enantiomers of five peptides, KLVFFA, KKLVFFA, KFVFFA, KIVFFA, and KVVFFA, were unexpectedly more active as inhibitors in an in vitro fibrillogenesis assay. Circular dichroism showed that D-KLVFFA more effectively prevented A beta adopting the beta-sheet secondary structure correlated with fibrillogenesis. Electron microscopy showed that fiber formation was also more strongly inhibited by D-KLVFFA. Heterochiral inhibition was confirmed using D-A beta, on the principle that enantiomeric proteins exhibit reciprocal chiral biochemical interactions. With D-Abeta, L-KLVFFA was the more potent inhibitor, rather than d-KLVFFA. Most significantly, D-peptides were more potent at reducing the toxicity of both A beta1-40 and A beta 1-42 toward neuronal cells in culture. This unforeseen heterochiral stereoselectivity of A beta for D-peptide inhibitors should be considered during future design of peptide-based inhibitors of A beta neurotoxicity and fibrillogenesis.
LTE virtualization: from theoretical gain to practical solution (2011)

Virtualization of wireless networks has received more and more research attention. As a means to reduce the investment of mobile network operators and to improve the network performance, LTE (Long Term Evolution) virtualization is one important study cases in the scope of wireless virtualization. To investigate the advantages of virtualization on the LTE air interface, this work starts with an analytical model of FTP (File Transfer Protocol) transmissions in virtualized LTE systems, and an obvious multiplexing gain can be observed. Evaluations with the considerations of realistic simulation models and mixed services of FTP and VoIP (Voice over IP) traffic also validate the analytical analysis. Further, an extended multi-party spectrum sharing model is proposed. As one of the key issues, spectrum budget estimation is further analyzed based on the characteristics of real time services, i.e. VoIP, and it is validated by further simulations that the proposed mechanism can give a very close estimation on the instant spectrum requirements in one cell. Some of the other investigation possibilities in practice are also discussed at the end.
Query Languages for Geographic Information Systems (90-12) (1990)

The three papers contained in this report show three different perspectives of interactive query languages for geographic information and analysis, an emphasis of the NCGIAâs Research Initiative No. 2 on "Languages of Spatial Relations." They are published as a technical report to make them accessible to readers as a whole so that they can make comparisons between the different approaches.\n The first paper, "Concepts of Spatial Objects in GIS User Interfaces and Query Languages," was presented at GIS/LIS â89 in Orlando. It investigates the requirements for a GIS query language from a userâs perspective. The second paper, "Spatial SQL: A Query and Representation Language," shows how such a GIS query language can be designed as an extension of the well-known relational query language SQL. Finally, the third paper, entitled "LOBSTER: Combining AI and Database Techniques for GIS," is a reprint of an article published in Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 56, No. 6, June 1990, pp. 919-926. It reports on the implementation of and experience with a prototype of a spatial query language based upon the Prolog programming language.
Selective wet etch of a TaN metal gate with an amorphous-silicon hard mask (2010)

The appropriate wet etch process for the selective removal of TaN on the HfSiON dielectric with an amorphous-silicon (a-Si) hardmask is presented. SC1 (NH4OH: H2O2: H2O), which can achieve reasonable etch rates for metal gates and very high selectivity to high-k dielectrics and hardmask materials, is chosen as the TaN etchant. Compared with the photoresist mask and the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hardmask, the a-Si hardmask is a better choice to achieve selective removal of TaN on the HfSiON dielectric because it is impervious to the SC1 etchant and can be readily etched with NH4OH solution without attacking the TaN and the HfSiON film. In addition, the surface of the HfSiON dielectric is smooth after the wet etching of the TaN metal gate and a-Si hardmask removal, which could prevent device performance degradation. Therefore, the wet etching of TaN with the a-Si hardmask can be applied to dual metal gate integration for the selective removal of the first TaN metal gate deposition.
Somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2 elicit opposite effects on the response to glutamate of mouse hypothalamic neurones: an electrophysiological and single cell RT‐PCR study (1998)

We have previously shown that somatostatin can either enhance or decrease AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated responses to glutamate in mouse-dissociated hypothalamic neurones grown in vitro. To investigate whether this effect is due to differential activation of somatostatin (SRIF) receptor subtypes, we compared modulation of the response to glutamate by SRIF with that induced by CH-275 and octreotide, two selective agonists of sst1 and sst2/sst5 receptors, respectively. Somatostatin either significantly decreased (49%) or increased (30%) peak currents induced by glutamate, and was ineffective in the remaining cells. Only the decreased response was obtained with octreotide, whereas only increased responses were elicited by CH-275 (47 and 35% of the tested cells, respectively). Mean amplitude variations under somatostatin or octreotide on the one hand, and under somatostatin or CH-275 on the other hand, were equivalent. Pertussis toxin pretreatment significantly decreased the number of cells inhibited by somatostatin or octreotide, but had no effect on the frequency of neurones showing increased sensitivity to glutamate during somatostatin or CH-275 application. About half of the neurones tested by single cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) expressed only one sst receptor (sst1 in 26% and sst2 in 22% of studied cells). Out of the remaining neurones, 34% displayed neither sst1 nor sst2 mRNAs, whereas 18% showed a simultaneous expression of both mRNA subtypes. Expression of sst1 or sst2 mRNA subtypes matched totally with the effects of somatostatin on sensitivity to glutamate in 79% of the neurones processed for PCR after recordings. These data show that pertussis toxin-insensitive activation of the sst1 receptor subtype mediates somatostatin-induced increase in sensitivity to glutamate, whereas decrease in the response to glutamate is linked to pertussis toxin-sensitive activation of the sst2 receptor subtype.