gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extrusion of linear polypropylene–clay nanocomposite foams (2011)

Abstract This work presents new results on using organoclay with an appropriate polymeric compatibilizer as rheology‐modifying additives for extrusion foaming of a linear polypropylene (PP), which by itself does not display strain hardening in extensional flow of the melt. The uniaxial melt‐extensional viscosity behavior of several nanocomposites prepared with varying ratio of bound maleic anhydride to clay as well as varying compatibilizer molecular weight was investigated. A chemical‐blowing agent was used at a fixed concentration for foaming these nanocomposites in a single‐screw extruder. Among nanocomposites with similar levels of clay dispersion or intercalation, the ones that displayed significant strain hardening in the melt state along with slower crystallization led to extruded PP nanocomposite foams with smaller cell sizes and greater cell density by reducing cell coalescence. This was achieved with as little as 3 wt% organoclay and a high‐molecular weight PP‐ g ‐MA compatibilizer in linear PP. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Endothelial function studies in pulmonary vascular disease: determination of angiotensin converting enzyme activity in humans (review). (2002)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, kininase II) is an endothelial luminal ectoenzyme. The majority of ACE has been found on the pulmonary capillary endothelium (PCE). Pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound (PCEB)-ACE has been extensively studied by means of indicator dilution techniques in animals and man. We have recently developed and applied methodologies for assaying pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound (PCEB) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in man. This article provides a summary of our studies in human subjects utilizing similar methodology. Trace amounts of the specific ACE substrate, (3)H-benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro ((3)H-BPAP; 40 microCi or 2 nmol), was injected as a bolus into the subclavian vein of patients and immediately blood was withdrawn from a radial arterial catheter. Plasma concentrations of surviving substrate and product ((3)H-benzoyl-Phe) were estimated and BPAP utilization was calculated during a single transpulmonary passage. To investigate the PCE in this manner we tested the hypothesis that PCEB-ACE is depressed in patients diagnosed with acute lung injury and estimated interaction of an ACE inhibitor (enalaprilat) with PCE in human subjects. An inverse correlation was found between the pulmonary endothelium-bound ACE activity (v) and the lung injury score (r=0.379; p<0.01). Similarly, an inverse correlation was found between the pulmonary capillary perfusion index (CPI) and the lung injury score (r=0.284, p<0.05). PCEB-ACE activity in the group of patients with mild lung injury was significantly different from the group of control patients (0.44 +/- 0.048 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.05; p<0.01). Trace amounts (1.5 microg/kg) of enalaprilat had no significant effect on mean arterial pressure (91 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 7 vs. 88 +/- 6 mmHg for T(1), T(2) and T(3), respectively), but significantly decreased PCEB-ACE activities. When normalized to pre-drug (T(1)) activity levels, enalaprilat inhibited PCEB and SE ACE activity at T(2) by 74 +/- 6 and 68 +/- 6%, respectively. PCEB-ACE measurements can be used in clinical practice for estimating PCE functions and can provide new insight into the physiology of the pulmonary circulation.
In situ generation of novel acyclic diaminocarbene–copper complex (2009)

A novel acyclic diaminocarbene-copper complex appears to be generated from a chloroamidinium salt and Cu(I)-thiophenecarboxylate in the presence of Grignard reagent based on (13)C NMR studies and is a highly efficient catalyst for S(N)2'-allylic alkylation.
SDQaaS: software defined networking for quantum key distribution as a service (2019)

Quantum key distribution (QKD) holds the potential of providing long-term integrity and confidentiality for data and communications. Currently, many fiber-based QKD systems have been commercialized and several QKD networks have been deployed. Given the high cost and complexity of QKD network deployment, QKD as a service (QaaS) becomes a promising pattern for future QKD networks. The QaaS concept is that multiple users can apply for QKD services to obtain their required secret-key rates (SKRs) from the same QKD network infrastructure instead of deploying their dedicated QKD networks. Accordingly, how to provide efficient and flexible QaaS for fulfilling the SKR requirements of multiple users over a QKD network infrastructure becomes a new challenge. This study introduces the software defined networking (SDN) technique to overcome this challenge, since SDN can add flexibility together with efficient QKD network management. A new framework of SDN for QaaS (SDQaaS) is proposed, where the QaaS functions are developed in the SDN controller. We present the protocol extension, intercommunication workflow, and routing and SKR assignment strategy for QaaS implementation in the SDQaaS framework. We also establish a SDQaaS experimental testbed and perform the numerical simulation to verify our presented approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that our presented approaches can achieve efficient and flexible QaaS over the QKD network. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the success probability of QKD service requests can be increased via lowering the flexibility of SKR requirements for QKD service creation, sacrificing more cost to produce higher SKR over the QKD network, or gradually reducing SKR requirements with the modification of QKD service.
Current control techniquefor improving EMC in power converters (2001)

A chaotically modulated OFF-time current mode control for DC-DC converters which spreads the inductor current spectrum is presented. Comparison with other methods proposed in the literature shows that this new technique is more suitable for reduction of inductor current spikes and therefore improves electromagnetic compatibility.
Certainty of measurement using an automated infra-red laser inspection instrument for PCB solder joint integrity (1985)

An analysis is presented of the basic principles governing the operation of Vanzetti's Li/6000 Laser/Inspect instrument for the automated inspection of solder joints on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The instrument operates by monitoring the infra-red emission from a solder joint which has received a short pulse of heat from a YAG laser. Theoretical expressions are established for the response of the instrument to defects, both in the bulk of the solder fillet and also at the surface, both for populated and unpopulated PCBs. The predictions, supported by measurements on unpopulated PCBs, show that enclosed voids in the solder fillet of a plated-through-hole PCB give an insignificant change in signal, but that blowholes on the inspection side, with vents greater than 0.07 mm in diameter, may be clearly discerned. The important effect enabling discrimination is that the vent acts as a black body absorber and radiator whereas the solder surface largely reflects the radiation.
Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating RP-UPLC Method for the Quantitative Analysis of antiparkinson drug and its related impurities (2013)

High efficiency, cost effectiveness and short run time are the basic requirements of high-speed chromatographic separations. To fulfill these requirements, an advanced separation technique, ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC), has shown promising developments. A rapid, specific, sensitive, and precise reverse-phase UPLC method was developed for the determination of antiparkinson drug and its impurities. In this work, a new gradient reverse phase chromatographic method using UPLC for the determination was done for active pharmaceutical ingredient in the presence of degradation products, and its process related impurities.The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (50 mm, i.d., 2.1 mm, 1.7 m) within a short runtime of 4 minutes using a mobile phase of 5 mM potassium phosphate and acetonitrile, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at an ambient temperature. Forced degradation studies were also performed for antiparkinson bulk drug samples to demonstrate the stabilityindicating power of the UPLC method. Linearity range was LOQ-200% with respect to 100 g mL -1 of active pharmaceutical ingredient for related impurities; Linearity range was 40-160% with respect to 10 g mL -1 of active pharmaceutical ingredient for assay calculated by 5 determinations. Comparison of system performance with conventional high-performance liquid chromatography was made with respect to analysis time, efficiency, and sensitivity. The method is validated according to the ICH guidelines and is applied successfully for the quantitative determination of antiparkinson drug and its related impurities.
Preparation of Selenoinsulin as a Long‐Lasting Insulin Analogue (2017)

Abstract Synthetic insulin analogues with a long lifetime are current drug targets for the therapy of diabetic patients. The replacement of the interchain disulfide with a diselenide bridge, which is more resistant to reduction and internal bond rotation, can enhance the lifetime of insulin in the presence of the insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE) without impairing the hormonal function. The [C7U A ,C7U B ] variant of bovine pancreatic insulin (BPIns) was successfully prepared by using two selenocysteine peptides (i.e., the C7U analogues of A‐ and B‐chains, respectively). In a buffer solution at pH 10 they spontaneously assembled under thermodynamic control to the correct insulin fold. The selenoinsulin (Se‐Ins) exhibited a bioactivity comparable to that of BPIns. Interestingly, degradation of Se‐Ins with IDE was significantly decelerated ( τ 1/2 ≈8 h vs. ≈1 h for BPIns). The lifetime enhancement could be due to both the intrinsic stability of the diselenide bond and local conformational changes induced by the substitution.
Apixaban or Enoxaparin for Thromboprophylaxis after Knee Replacement (2009)

As compared with enoxaparin for efficacy of thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement, apixaban did not meet the prespecified statistical criteria for noninferiority, but its use was associated with lower rates of clinically relevant bleeding and it had a similar adverse-event profile. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00371683.)
Junction Transistor Blocking Oscillators (1955)

Blocking oscillators are useful as generators of rectangular pulses. Though junction transistors with alpha cutoff frequencies of a few megacycles have been most frequently used for low-frequency applications, they make surprisingly fast blocking oscillators. Rise times shorter than 0.1 microsecond have been analytically predicted and experimentally obtained. A simple but experimentally verified analysis indicates the proper transformer design for best rise time and prescribed pulse width. Using extensions of the primary results, one can evaluate triggering requirements and the effect of loading on the oscillator performance. Experimental results support these extensions.
Object-oriented programming in a conventional programming environment (2003)

A programming methodology that implements many object-oriented features within a conventional programming environment is described. The methodology was created during the development of a computer animation system, The Clockworks. The methodology supports such object-oriented features as objects with variables and methods, class hierarchies, variable and method inheritance, object instantiation, and message passing. The methodology does not employ any special keywords or language extensions, thus removing the need for a preprocessor or compiler. The methodology has been implemented in a C/Unix environment. This allows the environment and any system developed within it to be ported to a wide variety of computers which support Unix. The methodology provides many object-oriented features and associated benefits. It also provides all the benefits of a C/Unix environment, including portability, a rich variety of development tools, and efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Aerosol fractionator for large-scale sampling (1976)

The design of a versatile instrument for aerosol assessment is described. The single stage device incorporates the principal of virtual impaction and a continuously variable slit width to provide for ease of calibration, low internal wall losses, and potential for large-scale sampling, as well as the option of either fractionating particles into two size classes for mass or chemical analysis or determining entire particle size distributions. Initial tests indicate the efficiency curve of the device is solely a function of particle Stokes number ψ for typical geometries and flowrates and is characterized by the cutoff value ψ1/250=0.36 ±0.04 and a steepness of ψ1/284/ψ1/250 =1.32±0.06. Moreover, wall losses are shown to peak at less than 15% at the critical Stokes number ψ1/250, which is an improvement over existing devices now used for large-scale sampling.
Episcleral cyclosporine A implants for the management of unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca in an 8‐year‐old mare (2016)

An 8-year-old mare was presented for investigation of a 1-month history of blepharospasm, eyelid swelling, corneal edema, and ocular discharge of the right eye (OD). Ophthalmic examination confirmed mucopurulent ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and a dry, dull appearance to the cornea OD. Schirmer tear test results confirmed an absence of tear production OD (0 mm/min) consistent with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Treatment with topical 0.2% cyclosporine A resulted in an improvement in clinical signs. An episcleral cyclosporine A implant was placed under standing sedation 5 days after initial presentation. Re-examination 9 days post-operatively confirmed that the mare's tear production in the right eye had improved and no further clinical signs had been observed. Topical medications were gradually discontinued. Re-examinations performed up to 12 months postsurgery showed no recurrence of clinical signs and no adverse effects of the implant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a cyclosporine A implant in the management of KCS in a horse and highlights its potential as an effective, alternative therapy in the management of KCS in horses.
Superabsorbent polymeric material. V. Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels (1998)

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (SA), sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonate (NaAMPS), and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (NMBA) are prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The water absorbency and swelling behavior for these high absorbent polymers in deionized water and transition salt solutions are investigated. Experimental results indicated that the absorbency in deionized water increases with an increase of the NaAMPS content in the copolymeric gels, which is related to the degree of charge density of the network and the strength of hydrophilic group. The extent of crosslinking agent also influenced the swelling capacity because of elastic chain force of the polymer chain. The absorbency in chloride salt solutions decreases with an increase in the ionic strength of salt. But the decrease of absorbency is different in monovalent and multivalent salt solution. This behavior can be accounted for in terms of counterion condensation or screening effect for monovalent cations, as well as complexation for multivalent cations. The swelling rates in various salt solutions for these xerogels are also investigated. At last, SA-NaAMPS copolymeric gels were used for ion adsorption. But the result showed that the adsorptive amount of transition metal ions for SA-NaAMPS copolymeric gels was lower than that for pure poly(SA) gel. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 229–237, 1998
Directed Evolution of <i>E. coli</i> Alkaline Phosphatase Towards Higher Catalytic Activity (2003)

AbstractDirected evolution was used to enhance the catalytic activity of E. coli alkaline phosphatase (EAP). Through two rounds of error-prone PCR and one round of DNA shuffling followed by a rapid, sensitive screening procedure, several improved variants were obtained. Their enzymatic kinetic properties, thermal stabilities and possible mechanism for the improvement were investigated. In 1.0 M Tris buffer, the specific activity of the most active EAP variant S2163 was 1500 units/mg protein, showing it to be 3.6 times more active than the D101S parent enzyme and ∼40 times more active than the wild-type EAP. At the same time, the Km value of the S2163 variant decreased to 1491 μM from the 2384 μM of the D101S. As a result, the kcat/Km ratio of this variant showed a 5.8-fold enhancement over that of D101S parent enzyme. Three activating amino acid substitutions, K167R, G180S and S374C, which were located far away from the center of the catalytic pocket, were identified by sequencing the genes encoding evolved enzymes. Possible explanations for the improvement of activity were analyzed.KeywordsDirected EvolutionError-prone PcrDna ShufflingE. Coli Alkaline PhosphataseCatalytic ActivityNon-active Site
Angiotensin-(1–7) decreases skeletal muscle atrophy induced by angiotensin II through a Mas receptor-dependent mechanism (2014)

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of strength and muscle mass, an increase in myosin heavy chain (MHC) degradation and increase in the expression of two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Angiotensin II (AngII) induces muscle atrophy. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], through its receptor Mas, produces the opposite effects than AngII. We assessed the effects of Ang-(1-7) on the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by AngII. Our results show that Ang-(1-7), through Mas, prevents the effects induced by AngII in muscle gastrocnemius: the decrease in the fibre diameter, muscle strength and MHC levels and the increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Ang-(1-7) also induces AKT phosphorylation. In addition, our analysis in vitro using C2C12 myotubes shows that Ang-(1-7), through a mechanism dependent on Mas, prevents the decrease in the levels of MHC and the increase in the expression of the atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, both induced by AngII. Ang-(1-7) induces AKT phosphorylation in myotubes; additionally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of AKT with MK-2206 decreases the anti-atrophic effects of Ang-(1-7). Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that Ang-(1-7) counteracts the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by AngII through a mechanism dependent on the Mas receptor, which involves AKT activity. Our study indicates that Ang-(1-7) is novel molecule with a potential therapeutical use to improve muscle wasting associated, at least, with pathologies that present high levels of AngII.
Differential Antigen Sensitivity and Costimulatory Requirements in Human Th1 and Th2 Antigen-Specific CD4+ Cells with Similar TCR Avidity (2003)

The differentiation of naive CD4(+) Th cells into Th1 and Th2 phenotypes is influenced by cytokines, concentration of Ag, accessory molecules, and the affinity of the MHC-TCR interaction. To study these factors in human memory T cells, T cell lines with Th1 or Th2 phenotypes specific for the peptide hemagglutinin (HA)(307-319) in the context of DRB1*0401 were established from the peripheral blood of an individual previously vaccinated for influenza virus. Flow cytometric analysis with fluorescent-labeled MHC class II tetramers was used to analyze TCR avidity: the Th2 line bound the HLA-DR*0401-HA(307-319) tetramers with higher mean avidity, although the range of binding avidity largely overlapped with the Th1 line. High-affinity Th1 and Th2 lines were established for further study by FACS sorting. When activated with plate-bound HLA-DR*0401-HA(307-319) monomers, the Th1 line proliferated and produced IFN-gamma without additional costimulation whereas the Th2 line required the addition of soluble anti-CD28 Ab to induce proliferation and IL-5 production, but this requirement could be overcome with high concentrations of plate-bound monomer alone. IL-2 production was dependent on costimulation in both cell lines. These findings demonstrate that upon antigenic rechallenge, Th1 and Th2 cells differ in their response to Ag-specific stimulation. Th2 cells were sensitive to the strength of signal to a greater degree than Th1 cells and required costimulation through CD28 for maximal proliferation. These distinctions between Th1 and Th2 activation are not consistent with a simple avidity model of Ag recognition and indicate both qualitative and quantitative differences in determining cell lineage commitment.
The effectiveness of affinity-based scheduling in multiprocessor networking (2002)

Techniques for avoiding the high memory overheads found on many modern shared-memory multiprocessors are of increasing importance in the development of high-performance multiprocessor protocol implementations. One such technique is processor-cache affinity scheduling, which can significantly lower packet latency and substantially increase protocol processing throughput. In this paper, we evaluate several aspects of the effectiveness of affinity-based scheduling in multiprocessor network protocol processing, under packet-level and connection-level parallelization approaches. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of the scheduling technique (1) when a large number of streams are concurrently supported, (2) when processing includes copying of uncached packet data, (3) as applied to send-side protocol processing, and (4) in the presence of stream burstiness and source locality, two well-known properties of network traffic. We find that affinity-based scheduling performs well under these conditions, emphasizing its robustness and general effectiveness in multiprocessor network processing. In addition, we explore a technique which improves the caching behavior and available packet-level concurrency under connection-level parallelism, and find performance improves dramatically.
Structure and Function of Actin (1992)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
Ring-Closing Alkyne Metathesis Approach toward the Synthesis of Alkyne Mimics of Thioether A-, B-, C-, and DE-Ring Systems of the Lantibiotic Nisin Z (2005)

[reaction: see text] Ring-closing alkyne metathesis toward the synthesis of the alkyne-brigded A-, B-, C-, and (D)E-ring mimics of the peptide antibiotic nisin Z is described. We have successfully synthesized alkyne-bridged cyclic peptides containing 4-7 amino acid residues in yields ranging from 18 to 82%.
The Evolution of Media (2006)

Chapter 1 1 Introduction Part 2 Part I: Understanding Communication Media Chapter 3 2 The Written Word: From Printing to the Internet Chapter 4 3 The World of Audio Chapter 5 4 Still and Moving Images Part 6 Part II: Comparing Media Chapter 7 5 A Taxonomy of Communication Media Chapter 8 6 The Modality, Purpose, and Interactivity of Communication Chapter 9 7 Technology Chapter 10 8 Consumer Perspectives Chapter 11 9 Media Comparisons Chapter 12 10 Bandwidth Part 13 Part III: Analyzing Media Chapter 14 11 Services Chapter 15 12 Computer Communication Chapter 16 13 Content and Conduits Chapter 17 14 Enhancements Chapter 18 15 Convergence Chapter 19 16 Industry Structure Part 20 Part IV: Thinking Strategically Chapter 21 17 Five Factors for Shaping the Future Chapter 22 18 Historical Perspectives Chapter 23 19 Using the Five Factors Chapter 24 Appendix: Technology Tutorial Chapter 25 Bibliography