gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of navelbine in cancer patients (1994)

A study was carried out in 14 cancer patients to assess the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of navelbine. A single 130 mg oral dose of the drug was given according to a randomized two-way crossover design as two capsules: one contained the drug in powder (formulation A, reference); another contained the drug in solution (formulation B). A 7 d washout period separated each dose. Navelbine was rapidly absorbed after administration of either formulation and exhibited a biphasic concentration decay pattern. The peak plasma level was reached within 2 h of administration in most patients. Formulation B resulted in better navelbine absorption with respect to peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) than did formulation A as ascertained by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The relative bioavailabilities (solution versus powder) were, respectively, 286.0% and 268.0% as estimated from experimental (0-72 h) and extrapolated (0-infinity) AUC.
Blood antiphospholipid antibody levels are influenced by age, sex and HLA-B8,DR3 phenotype. (1992)

Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are known to be associated with a number of seemingly heterogeneous pathological conditions that are part of the antiphospholipid syndrome, formerly called anticardiolipin syndrome. Recent studies on the mechanism of action of these autoantibodies suggest that we are dealing with a new autoimmune syndrome which may occur either in a primary form or in the context of other autoimmune diseases, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Moreover, increased levels of APA have been found in elderly subjects, who are known to display increased frequency of autoimmune phenomena. It is well known that many autoimmune diseases, including SLE, are associated with HLA antigens, particularly with HLA-B8,DR3 phenotype. In our study, APA serum levels were analyzed in 26 old subjects and in 56 young ones. The results demonstrate that HLA-B8,DR3-positive young females display significantly higher levels of APA than HLA-B8,DR3-negative ones. Interestingly, the same is true for elderly subjects on the whole with respect to young individuals. These data are consistent with previous findings demonstrating that HLA-B8,DR3-positive subjects (mainly female) as well as old subjects display (also in the absence of any clinical manifestation), multiple immune dysfunctions that may underlie the predisposition to autoimmunity.
Strategies for reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health. (2000)

This report is the fourth in a series of programs made possible by a grant to Grantmakers In Health (GIH) from The Commonwealth Fund to bring grantmakers together with experts in policy, practice, and research to exchange information and ideas about key health issues facing the nation. On May 18, 2000, GIH convened a select group of grantmakers along with officials from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other experts in research and practice for an Issue Dialogue on racial and ethnic disparities in health. Intended to both share lessons learned and stimulate new ideas, the Issue Dialogue proved to be a rich, although difficult discussion about the conditions that give rise to health disparities. Among the ideas discussed were the interaction of race and socioeconomic status on health, environmental justice, and the complexities of working with different racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, the forum focused on what health funders can do to support the development of programs to improve the health of minorities. This Issue Brief brings together key points from the day's discussion with factual information on racial and ethnic disparities in health and grantmaker activities drawn from a background paper prepared for Dialogue participants.
Title pages (2010)

The following topics are dealt with: ubiquitous computing; wireless sensor network; image resizing; image restoration; neural network; context-aware services; smart homes; digital photography; peer to peer network; content retrieval; channel matrix; singular value decomposition; mobile ad hoc networks; Web interface; ontology ranking algorithm; semantic Web; distributive RFID system; cloud computing; management information system; principal component analysis; e-commerce; virtual reality; distance education; and rough set.
On Classification Models of Gene Expression Microarrays: The Simpler the Better (2006)

We investigate the relative efficacy of several classification models with and without feature selection. Simple classification rules are frequently preferable and superior to more complex models for microarray data that are typically undersampled. Improved classification accuracy is obtained with feature selection. We summarize some of the important questions considered in the literature that practitioners have to take into account when selecting a classifier for microarrays.
Predictive pre-cooling control for low lift radiant cooling using building thermal mass (2010)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.
Analyzing string format-based classifiers for botnet detection: GP and SVM (2013)

The domain name system (DNS) is an essential component of Internet. As it is expected to be used by all legitimate users and applications, generally there are less inspections, restrictions and filters on it. Botnets rely on this open component to accomplish their malicious operation. Therefore, to defeat the single point of failure and evade static blacklists and firewalls, they employ DNS-based methods to frequently generate new automatic domain names. Stateful-SBB, which is a form of genetic programming (GP), was previously designed and developed by the authors to detect these automatically generated domain names based on minimum a priori information which was shown efficient. In this paper, we compare Stateful-SBB against the String Subsequence Kernel (SSK) and SSK with Lambda Pruning (SSK-LP), which are based on support vector machines (SVM) and also use string format inputs. Analyzing the domain names that each of the classifiers chooses as a part of their solutions in the classification process, we notice that 50% to 63% of the Stateful-SBBs' frequently selected points on the Pareto-front are also used by SSK and SSK-LP, respectively. By analyzing these common domain names, we identify some of the characteristics of the botnet domain names. Moreover, we introduce a pruned version of the Stateful-SBB that resulted in reducing the solution complexity by 83% with the same high accuracy.
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression (2013)

We offer the first large scale, multiple source analysis of the outcome of what may be the most extensive effort to selectively censor human expression ever implemented. To do this, we have devised a system to locate, download, and analyze the content of millions of social media posts originating from nearly 1,400 different social media services all over China before the Chinese government is able to find, evaluate, and censor (i.e., remove from the Internet) the subset they deem objectionable. Using modern computer-assisted text analytic methods that we adapt to and validate in the Chinese language, we compare the substantive content of posts censored to those not censored over time in each of 85 topic areas. Contrary to previous understandings, posts with negative, even vitriolic, criticism of the state, its leaders, and its policies are not more likely to be censored. Instead, we show that the censorship program is aimed at curtailing collective action by silencing comments that represent, reinforce, or spur social mobilization, regardless of content. Censorship is oriented toward attempting to forestall collective activities that are occurring now or may occur in the future—and, as such, seem to clearly expose government intent.
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Clinical Trial of Intravenous Microplasmin in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke (2009)

Microplasmin was well tolerated and achieved neutralization of alpha(2)-antiplasmin. Further studies are warranted to determine whether microplasmin is an effective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
The two-cone open resonator (1966)

The resonator is an open structure formed by two concave conical reflectors mounted coaxially, and it supports traveling wave resonances. In a simplified wave picture of the field, the normal modes look like a set of plane wavefronts propagating parallel to the axis in one direction and conical wavefronts propagating in the opposite direction. One of the normal modes has TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> - TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0N</inf> type symmetry for the two traveling waves, and exhibits lower diffraction losses than a plane Fabry-Perot resonator of similar dimensions. This type of mode field established in a suitable dielectric could presumably couple to an electron stream along the axis through the Cerenkov effect, and would thus provide feedback.
Discrimination between NL1- and NL2-Mediated Nuclear Localization of the Glucocorticoid Receptor (1999)

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) cycles between a free liganded form that is localized to the nucleus and a heat shock protein (hsp)-immunophilin-complexed, unliganded form that is usually localized to the cytoplasm but that can also be nuclear. In addition, rapid nucleocytoplasmic exchange or shuttling of the receptor underlies its localization. Nuclear import of liganded GR is mediated through a well-characterized sequence, NL1, adjacent to the receptor DNA binding domain and a second, uncharacterized motif, NL2, that overlaps with the ligand binding domain. In this study we report that rapid nuclear import (half-life [t1/2] of 4 to 6 min) of agonist- and antagonist-treated GR and the localization of unliganded, hsp-associated GRs to the nucleus in G0 are mediated through NL1 and correlate with the binding of GR to pendulin/importin alpha. By contrast, NL2-mediated nuclear transfer of GR occurred more slowly (t1/2 = 45 min to 1 h), was agonist specific, and appeared to be independent of binding to importin alpha. Together, these results suggest that NL2 mediates the nuclear import of GR through an alternative nuclear import pathway. Nuclear export of GR was inhibited by leptomycin B, suggesting that the transfer of GR to the cytoplasm is mediated through the CRM1-dependent pathway. Inhibition of GR nuclear export by leptomycin B enhanced the nuclear localization of both unliganded, wild-type GR and hormone-treated NL1(-) GR. These results highlight that the subcellular localization of both liganded and unliganded GRs is determined, at least in part, by a flexible equilibrium between the rates of nuclear import and export.
Target prediction for indirect jumps (1997)

As the issue rate and pipeline depth of high performance superscalar processors increase, the amount of speculative work issued also increases. Because speculative work must be thrown away in the event of a branch misprediction, wide-issue, deeply pipelined processors must employ accurate branch predictors to effectively exploit their performance potential. Many existing branch prediction schemes are capable of accurately predicting the direction of conditional branches. However, these schemes are ineffective in predicting the targets of indirect jumps achieving, on average, a prediction accuracy rate of 51.8% for the SPECint95 benchmarks. In this paper, we propose a new prediction mechanism, the target cache, for predicting indirect jump targets. For the perl and gcc benchmarks, this mechanism reduces the indirect jump misprediction rate by 93.4% and 63.35% and the overall execution time by 14% and 5%.
Protease‐Activated Receptor 1‐Selective Antagonist SCH79797 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by a Protease‐Activated Receptor 1‐Independent Mechanism (2007)

Thrombin, a key mediator of blood coagulation, exerts a large number of cellular actions via activation of a specific G-protein-coupled receptor, named protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Several studies in experimental animals have demonstrated a therapeutic potential of small molecules with PAR1 antagonistic properties for treatment of diseases such as vascular thrombosis and arterial restenosis. We have studied the biological actions of one highly potent, selective PAR1 antagonist, SCH79797 (N 3-cyclopropyl-7-{[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]methyl}-7H-pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline-1,3-diamine), in vitro, and found that this compound was able to interfere with the growth of several human and mouse cell lines, in a concentration-dependent manner. The ED(50) for growth inhibition was 75 nM, 81 nM and 116 nM for NIH 3T3, HEK 293 and A375 cells, respectively. Moreover, in NIH 3T3 cells, SCH79797 inhibited serum-stimulated activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) at low concentrations and induced apoptosis at higher concentrations. However, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of SCH79797 are likely not mediated by PAR1 antagonism, as they were also observed in embryonic fibroblasts derived from PAR1 null mice. These data suggest that, in view of the development of PAR1-selective antagonists as therapeutic agents, effects potentially unrelated to PAR1 inhibition should be carefully scrutinized.
On the relationship between fibre composition and material properties following periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction of lignocellulosic fibres (2016)

Periodate oxidation followed by borohydride reduction was performed on four structurally different pulp fibres to clarify the effect of chemical composition on the structural and mechanical properties of sheets made from these fibres. The main purpose was to explore the possibility of extending the use of lignocellulose fibres in novel applications. The degree of oxidation, morphological changes, chemical and physical structure of the fibres, the supramolecular ordering of the cellulose and the mechanical performance of handsheets made from the fibres were studied. The results showed that both periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction are more reactive towards the carbohydrates of the fibres and as a result, there is an improvement in the tensile properties of the sheets. If the carbohydrates of the fibres are only periodate oxidised to produce dialdehydes, inter- and intra-fibre crosslinks can be formed, leading to paper with increase strength and higher stiffness. The borohydride reduction results in fibres and papers with a greater strength and ductility. It was also found that the characteristic ductility of these modified papers, emanating from the dialcohol cellulose produced, is limited with lignin-rich fibres.
Combining Language and Vision with a Multimodal Skip-gram Model (2015)

We extend the SKIP-GRAM model of Mikolov et al. (2013a) by taking visual information into account. Like SKIP-GRAM, our multimodal models (MMSKIP-GRAM) build vector-based word representations by learning to predict linguistic contexts in text corpora. However, for a restricted set of words, the models are also exposed to visual representations of the objects they denote (extracted from natural images), and must predict linguistic and visual features jointly. The MMSKIP-GRAM models achieve good performance on a variety of semantic benchmarks. Moreover, since they propagate visual information to all words, we use them to improve image labeling and retrieval in the zero-shot setup, where the test concepts are never seen during model training. Finally, the MMSKIP-GRAM models discover intriguing visual properties of abstract words, paving the way to realistic implementations of embodied theories of meaning.
Constrained shortest link-disjoint paths selection: a network programming based approach (2006)

Given a graph G with each link in the graph associated with two positive weights, cost and delay, we consider the problem of selecting a set of k link-disjoint paths from a node s to another node t such that the total cost of these paths is minimum and that the total delay of these paths is not greater than a specified bound. This problem, to be called the constrained shortest link-disjoint path (CSDP(k)) problem, can be formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. Relaxing the integrality constraints results in an upper bounded linear programming problem. We first show that the integer relaxations of the CSDP(k) problem and a generalized version of this problem to be called the generalized CSDP (GCSDP (k)) problem (in which each path is required to satisfy a specified bound on its delay) both have the same optimal objective value. In view of this, we focus our work on the relaxed form of the CSDP(k) problem (RELAX-CSDP(k)). We study RELAX-CSDP(k) from the primal perspective using the revised simplex method of linear programming. We discuss different issues such as formulas to identify entering and leaving variables, anti-cycling strategy, computational time complexity etc., related to an efficient implementation of our approach. We show how to extract from an optimal solution to RELAX-CSDP(k) a set of k link-disjoint s-t paths which is an approximate solution to the original CSDP(k) problem. We also derive bounds on the quality of this solution with respect to the optimum. We present simulation results that demonstrate that our algorithm is faster than currently available approaches. Our simulation results also indicate that in most cases the individual delays of the paths produced starting from RELAX-CSDP(k) do not deviate in a significant way from the individual path delay requirements of the GCSDP(k) problem.
Localization induced electron-hole transition rate enhancement in GaAs quantum wells (1984)

The transition rate of excitonic e-h recombination in GaAs quantum wells is found to increase by almost one order of magnitude upon a decrease of the well width from infinity to 52 Å due to increased excitonic localization. Competing capture of free carriers by impurities is increasingly suppressed. Time delayed cathodoluminescence spectra and decay times taken at 5–300 K show this unambiguously. Transfer of carriers from 176-Å Ga0.6Al0.4As cladding wells is found to occur ballistically in 10−13 s.
Partial purification and functional properties of an endoprotease from bovine neurosecretory granules cleaving prooxytocin/neurophysin peptides at the basic amino acid doublet (1987)

An enriched preparation of neurosecretory granules from bovine pituitary neural lobes was used as a source of processing enzymes possibly involved in the cleavage of the proocytocin/neurophysin precursor. A synthetic eicosapeptide reproducing the entire (1-20) sequence of the NH2-terminal domain of the bovine ocytocin/neurophysin precursor was used as a substrate to monitor an endoprotease activity cleaving at the Lys11-Arg12 doublet. The 58-kDa endoprotease detected in the lysate of neurohypophyseal granules produced a single cleavage, after the doublet, at the Arg12-Ala13 peptide bond. This endoprotease with pHi 6.9 and 7.2 exhibits maximal activity at pH around neutrality (7.0) and was strongly inhibited by divalent cation chelating agents [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',-N'-tetraacetic acid] and to some extent by p-(chloromercuri)benzoate and p-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonic acid, while phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin were not active. This endoprotease action was sensitive to any modification of the substrate at either basic amino acid of the doublet since replacement of either L-Lys11 or L-Arg12 by D-Lys or D-Arg and by L-Nle abolished the cleavage reaction. In contrast, reversal of the polarity of the doublet in [Arg11,Lys12]proocytocin/neurophysin(1-20) had no effect on the mode of endoproteolytic cleavage as well as modifications of Gly10 (replaced by Ala10). It is concluded that the selectivity of this endoprotease, which may be involved in the primary event occurring in proocytocin/neurophysin processing, is strictly dependent upon the integrity of the basic doublet but that other parameters determined by the amino acid sequence around this doublet may play an important role.
Identification by whole-genome resequencing of gene defect responsible for severe hypercholesterolemia (2010)

Whole-genome sequencing is a potentially powerful tool for the diagnosis of genetic diseases. Here, we used sequencing-by-ligation to sequence the genome of an 11-month-old breast-fed girl with xanthomas and very high plasma cholesterol levels (1023 mg/dl). Her parents had normal plasma cholesterol levels and reported no family history of hypercholesterolemia, suggesting either an autosomal recessive disorder or a de novo mutation. Known genetic causes of severe hypercholesterolemia were ruled out by sequencing the responsible genes (LDLRAP, LDLR, PCSK9, APOE and APOB), and sitosterolemia was ruled out by documenting a normal plasma sitosterol:cholesterol ratio. Sequencing revealed 3 797 207 deviations from the reference sequence, of which 9726 were nonsynonymous single-nucleotide substitutions. A total of 9027 of the nonsynonymous substitutions were present in dbSNP or in 21 additional individuals from whom complete exonic sequences were available. The 699 novel nonsynonymous substitutions were distributed among 604 genes, 23 of which were single-copy genes that each contained 2 nonsynonymous substitutions consistent with an autosomal recessive model. One gene, ABCG5, had two nonsense mutations (Q16X and R446X). This finding indicated that the infant has sitosterolemia. Thus, whole-genome sequencing led to the diagnosis of a known disease with an atypical presentation. Diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of severe sitosterolemia in a blood sample obtained after the infant had been weaned. These findings demonstrate that whole-genome (or exome) sequencing can be a valuable aid to diagnose genetic diseases, even in individual patients.
Ferromagnetism in chiral multilayer two-dimensional semimetals (2017)

We calculate the temperature-dependent long-range magnetic coupling in the presence of dilute concentrations of random magnetic impurities in chiral multilayer two-dimensional semimetals, i.e., undoped intrinsic multilayer graphene. Assuming a carrier-mediated indirect Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida exchange interaction among the well-separated magnetic impurities with the itinerant carriers mediating the magnetic interaction between the impurities, we investigate the magnetic properties of intrinsic multilayer graphene using an effective chiral Hamiltonian model. We find that due to the enhanced density of states in the rhombohedral stacking sequence of graphene layers, the magnetic ordering of multilayer graphene is ferromagnetic in the continuum limit. The ferromagnetic transition temperature is calculated using a finite-temperature self-consistent field approximation and found to be within the experimentally accessible range for reasonable values of the impurity-carrier coupling.
Qualité du cacao: influence de la fermentation et du séchage (1995)

Les caractéristiques organoleptiques du chocolat sont liées aux profondes modifications de la composition biochimique de la fève, induites par la fermentation et le séchage. Au cours de ces opérations, la forte diminution de la teneur en composés phénoliques et l'augmentation de la teneur en précurseurs d'arôme (Maillard) sont accompagnés de la formation d'une fraction aromatique importante. Celle-ci est constituée de composés d'origines microbiologique et/ou biochimique ainsi que de composés d'origine thermique, vraisemblablement formés au cours du séchage. Le pH joue un rôle essentiel dans les mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu.
Rat Extramedullary Adipose Tissue as a Source of Osteochondrogenic Progenitor Cells (2002)

Huang, Jerry I. B.S.; Beanes, Steven R. M.D.; Zhu, Min M.D.; Lorenz, Peter H. M.D.; Hedrick, Marc H. M.D.; Benhaim, Prosper M.D. Author Information