gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Angle Algorithm of Polarization Sensor for Navigation (2009)

Navigation technology is an essential ability for the survival and development of animal and human. Desert ants Cataglyphis are able to explore their desert habitat for hundreds of meters while foraging and return back to their nest precisely and in a straight line. For deriving direction information, these animals use the pattern of polarized light in the sky, which arises due to scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere. The polarization sensitivity mechanisms of the ants' compound eye are analyzed. A novel bionic navigation sensor is constructed. The work principle of the sensor is discussed. A novel algorithm of the direction angle calculation is presented. The merits of the new algorithm are discussed in detail. The angle output experiment of the navigation sensor is performed under different light conditions. The normalization output curve is obtained, and the angle output error is given with our algorithm. The experiment result indicates that the new angle algorithm is feasible and effective.
Magnesium silicate synthesis from rice hull ash (2004)

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-0951-2
Synthesis of thermotropic liquid crystalline all‐<i>Trans‐p</i>‐Phenylenevinylene oligomers via two‐step metathesis (1997)

Abstract Liquid crystalline products of oligomeric p ‐phenylenevinylene derivates were prepared metathetically using a stable molybdenum carbene complex (Mo(NAr Me 2 )(CHCMe 2 Ph)[OCMe(CF 3 ) 2 ] 2 ). The synthesis was conducted via two steps: 1. Metathesis polycondensation of 2, 5‐dialkyl‐1, 4‐divinylbenzenes to oligo‐(2, 5‐dialkyl‐1, 4‐phenylenevinylene)s, 2. Endcapping of the vinyl groups via cross‐metathesis using 3‐hexene. The products were characterized by 1 H‐NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, as well as by DSC.
Comparison of Monte Carlo simulation and state enumeration based adequacy assessment programs: CREAM and COMREL (2002)

Adequacy assessment computer programs use either a state enumeration approach or a Monte Carlo based simulation approach to model outages in a bulk power system. Both methods have merits. In this paper, these two fundamentally different approaches are evaluated and compared. The comparison is made by conducting adequacy studies on a real power network of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and on the IEEE Reliability Test System. The two computer programs used in these studies are COMREL, and CREAM. The program COMREL uses the state enumeration approach. The program CREAM is based on the Monte Carlo simulation method.
Transcriptome analysis of cortical tissue reveals shared sets of downregulated genes in autism and schizophrenia (2016)

Autism (AUT), schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are three highly heritable neuropsychiatric conditions. Clinical similarities and genetic overlap between the three disorders have been reported; however, the causes and the downstream effects of this overlap remain elusive. By analyzing transcriptomic RNA-sequencing data generated from post-mortem cortical brain tissues from AUT, SCZ, BPD and control subjects, we have begun to characterize the extent of gene expression overlap between these disorders. We report that the AUT and SCZ transcriptomes are significantly correlated (P<0.001), whereas the other two cross-disorder comparisons (AUT-BPD and SCZ-BPD) are not. Among AUT and SCZ, we find that the genes differentially expressed across disorders are involved in neurotransmission and synapse regulation. Despite the lack of global transcriptomic overlap across all three disorders, we highlight two genes, IQSEC3 and COPS7A, which are significantly downregulated compared with controls across all three disorders, suggesting either shared etiology or compensatory changes across these neuropsychiatric conditions. Finally, we tested for enrichment of genes differentially expressed across disorders in genetic association signals in AUT, SCZ or BPD, reporting lack of signal in any of the previously published genome-wide association study (GWAS). Together, these studies highlight the importance of examining gene expression from the primary tissue involved in neuropsychiatric conditions-the cortical brain. We identify a shared role for altered neurotransmission and synapse regulation in AUT and SCZ, in addition to two genes that may more generally contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions.
A Closer Look at the Delay-Chain based TRNG (2018)

This paper presents a refined stochastic model of the delay-chain based true random number generator (DC-TRNG) and its application. DC-TRNG is a true random number generator for FPGAs that utilizes time-to-digital conversion (TDC) to accurately determine the position of the ring-oscillator jittery signal edge. Our stochastic model employs precise time characterization of the carry-chains that are used for TDC in the DC-TRNG. In order to determine lower bounds of the estimated min-entropy, the binary probabilities are calculated by applying the stochastic model. Based on these computed probabilities, we perform optimizations of the DC-TRNG parameters on two different FPGAs - Xilinx Spartan 6 and Intel Cyclone IV, in order to achieve the highest possible throughput of the DC-TRNG.
An Additional Limb Can Be Induced from the Flank of the Chick Embryo by FGF4 (1995)

To elucidate what initiates formation of the limb, we have attempted to induce an additional limb from the flank of the chick embryo by infecting retrovirus or implanting cells. We report here that an additional limb can be formed from the flank when we implant fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4)-expressing cells into the lateral plate mesoderm at the pre-limb bud stage. In a newly formed limb bud, expressions of both Sonic hedgehog and chick Fgf4, which are authentic morphogenetic signals from the zone of polarizing activity and the apical ectodermal ridge, respectively, are induced by the implanted cells. Thus, it is concluded that the competence for limb development is present along the flank of the chick embryo and that FGF4 applied ectopically at the pre-limb bud stage can alter the developmental fate of flank cells to become limb cells. The present experimental system will contribute to a further elucidation on how the limb is formed.
INACTIVATION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE IN VITRO BY TISSUES* (1952)

The fact that frequent injections of adrenocorticotropic hormon (ACTH) are necessary in order to achieve a maximum physiological or clinical effect, along with the rapid disappearance of adrenocorticotropic activity from plasma which has been demonstrated to occur after intravenous injection of the hormone (Sayers et al 1949; Greenspan el al. 1950), and the inability of Richards and Sayers (1951) to find hormonal activity in the urine indicate that the hormone is rapidly destroyed or utilized in the organism. In order to determine the contributions of various tissues to the loss of ACTH activity, a study was made of theinactivation of the adrenocorticotropic hormone in vitro by organ slices and homogenates. METHODS The data reported here were obtained in two separate series of experiments. The first series was conducted in 1947–1948, and some of the results of these experiments have been reported elsewhere in a preliminary note (Li, 1948).
The effect of degree of reduction on the electrical properties of functionalized graphene sheets (2013)

We study the effect of carbon to oxygen ratio (C/O) on the electrical resistance of functionalized graphene sheets prepared by thermal exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide at various temperatures. Using a 2-probe technique in conjunction with Kelvin probe force microscopy, we observe a transition from high-resistance (&gt;400 kΩ/sq) nonlinear current/voltage characteristics at low C/O to low-resistance (&lt;10 kΩ/sq) linear behavior at high C/O, indicating a transition from hopping to diffusive electron transport. Simultaneously, the metal-graphene contacts change from high-resistance Schottky-type behavior to nearly non-invasive metal-metal contact characteristics.
Aroused and immersed: the psychophysiology of presence (2000)

Compared to conventional media, highly immersive mediated experiences are expected to elicit greater subjective ratings of presence and more intense physiological responses. The relationship between the two has yet to be systematically investigated. With particular reference to television
Large-Scale Erosion Testing of an Unbonded Flexible Pipe (2016)

Summary Unbonded flexible pipelines are commonly used in offshore field developments to transport oil and gas to production facilities. Sand is an inevitable byproduct from oil-and-gas production. Sand erosion has become an important concern for both design of new field developments and prolongation of existing oil-and-gas fields, especially for fields with low mixture density and high velocities. Erosion in smooth pipes can be determined with industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies. However, these models are usually valid for smooth pipes only, with limited information available on erosion in flexible pipes. This paper presents experimental results from a large-scale erosion test of an unbonded flexible pipe. A 9.75-in. inner-diameter (ID) flexible pipe with a bending radius of 2.5 m was exposed to sand and proppant particles at velocities ranging from 30 to 47 m/s. Erosion was determined by performing weight-loss measurements at selected cut-out windows, at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80° along the outer periphery of the carcass. In addition, microscopy analysis was performed on selected eroded carcass pieces to determine the localized erosion contour of the flexible carcass geometry. Results show that the highest erosion is found at the leading edge of the carcass strip. Experimental results are compared with computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations and industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies.
The Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on GABAergic Function in Major Depressive Patients (2008)

The findings of this study support the GABA deficit hypothesis of major depression because major depressive patients have lower levels of serum GABA that are increased by a completed ECT course. ECT seems to increase brain GABA levels as well as GABAB activity, and these effects may contribute to its mechanism of therapeutic effect.
Mosaic Analysis of Two Genes That Affect Nervous System Structure in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (1987)

The mutation mec-4(e 1611), identified by M. Chalfie, leads to the degeneration and death of the six neurons, called the microtubule cells, that mediate the response of wild-type animals to light touch. The fates of two of these cells, PLML and PLMR, which are responsible for response to light touch in the tail of the animal, have been monitored in animals mosaic for the mec-4(e 1611) mutation. The results are consistent with the view that the mutation behaves cell autonomously in its killing effect; in particular, none of the neurons that make either chemical synapses or gap junctions to PLML or PLMR is responsible for the deaths of PLML or PLMR. The results of gene dosage and dominance tests suggest that the mec-4(+) gene product, which is required for wild-type microtubule cell function, is altered by the e 1611 mutation into a novel product that kills the microtubule cells. Mutation in the gene unc-3 leads to the derangement of the processes of the motor neurons of the ventral cord. Mosaic analysis strongly suggests that unc-3(+) expression is required only in the motor neurons themselves for normal neuronal development. In particular, the hypodermis surrounding the ventral cord is not the primary focus of unc-3 action (body muscle was excluded in earlier work). Finally, the mosaic analysis supports an earlier suggestion that a sensory defect caused by a daf-6 mutation is localized to a non-neuronal cell called the sheath cell.
Rational Design of Macrolides by Virtual Screening of Combinatorial Libraries Generated through in Silico Manipulation of Polyketide Synthases (2006)

Bacterial secondary metabolites display diverse biological activities, thus having potential as pharmacological agents. Although most of these compounds are discovered by random screening, it is possible to predict and re-design their structures based on the information on their biosynthetic pathways. Biosynthesis of macrolides, governed by modular polyketide synthases (PKS), obeys certain rules, which can be simulated in silico. PKS mode of action theoretically allows for a huge number of macrolides to be produced upon combinatorial manipulation. Since engineering of all possible PKS variants is practically unfeasible, we created Biogenerator software, which simulates manipulation of PKS and generates virtual libraries of macrolides. These libraries can be screened by computer-aided prediction of biological activities, as exemplified by analysis of erythromycin and macrolactin libraries. This approach allows rational selection of macrolides with desired biological activities and provides instructions regarding the composition of the PKS gene clusters necessary for microbial production of such molecules.
Experimental Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with Human Varicella-Zoster Virus (2012)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus family and the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. To determine the utility of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) as a nonhuman primate model to evaluate VZV-based simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) vaccines, we experimentally inoculated 10 animals with the parental Oka (Oka-P) strain of VZV derived from MeWo or Telo-RF cells. VZV DNA could be detected in the lungs as late as 4 days postinfection, with replicating virus detected by shell vial culture assay in one case. Infection did not result in any overt clinical symptoms but was characterized by humoral and cell-mediated immunity in a time frame and at a magnitude similar to those observed following VZV vaccination in humans. The cell line source of VZV inoculum influenced both the magnitude and polyfunctionality of cell-mediated immunity. Animals mounted a vigorous anamnestic antibody response following a second inoculation 12 weeks later. Inoculations resulted in transient increases in CD4(+) T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as a sustained increase in CD4(+) T cells coexpressing CCR5 and α4β7 integrin. In contrast to previous failed attempts to successfully utilize attenuated VZV-Oka as an SIV vaccine vector in rhesus macaques due to suboptimal infectivity and cellular immunogenicity, the ability to infect cynomolgus macaques with Oka-P VZV should provide a valuable tool for evaluating VZV-vectored SIV/HIV vaccines.
Trap-loss collisions of ultracold lithium atoms (1995)

Accurate measurements are presented of the rate of trap-loss-producing collisions between ultracold magneto-optically trapped $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms for a range of trap laser intensities and frequencies. Intensities from near the atomic saturation intensity to well above it are investigated. At low intensities, fine-structure-changing collisions cause trap loss with a rate constant of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/s. At sufficiently high intensity, the trap can be deep enough to effectively freeze out the dominant fine-structure-changing collisions as a loss mechanism, enabling an accurate comparison of the radiative escape loss rate with theory. At the lowest intensities of this radiative escape regime, the measured loss rates compare favorably with those calculated using an optical Bloch equation theory and a three-dimensional model of trap depth. However, the intensity dependence of the measured rates does not show the saturation predicted by the optical Bloch equation theory. It is shown that reliable knowledge of trap depth is necessary to accurately compare experiment with theory.
Terahertz Sideband Generator Array on Extended Silicon Dielectric Lens (2009)

Terahertz Sideband generator (SBG) array on an extended Silicon (Si) hemisphere lens has been investigated in this paper. High power handling capacity is achieved compared with single varactor waveguide design. The SBG array is fabricated on a GaAs substrate. The unit cell dimension is determined to be 40 m  40 m with considering of only single Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode propagation. Schottky planar varactor diode parameters have been chosen to match the optimized embedding impedance. The simulated diode anode diameter is 1 m, and the finger length is 14 m.
Synthesis of High-silica CHA Zeolite from FAU Zeolite in the Presence of Benzyltrimethylammonium Hydroxide (2008)

Abstract A highly crystalline and pure high-silica chabazite zeolite with a Si/Al ratio of ca. 17 was obtained by the hydrothermal conversion of FAU zeolite used as a crystalline Si/Al source in benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide media.
HIV Type 1 Infection of Human Astrocytes Is Restricted by Inefficient Viral Entry (2001)

The mechanism by which HIV infects astrocytes is not known. We used the simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed human astrocyte cell line, SVG-A, to investigate HIV infection of astrocytes. We previously reported that SVG-A cells are susceptible to low levels of CD4/CXCR4-independent infection by an X4 strain of HIV-1. Infection was greatly increased when the prototypical X4 receptors, CD4 and CXCR4, were expressed on the SVG-A cells (SVGCD4-X4). These data suggest that HIV-1 enters astrocytes by a novel mechanism that is inefficient compared with CD4/CXCR4-mediated entry. In this article, we report high levels of early viral gene expression in both SVG-A and SVGCD4-X4 cells once the HIV entry pathway is circumvented. These data indicate that HIV-1 infection of SVG-A cells is restricted by inefficient viral entry rather than by post-entry events. As we were unable to detect infection of nontransformed primary astrocytes, we investigated whether SV40 transformation affects the susceptibility of astrocytes to HIV infection. To study this, we transformed primary fetal and adult astrocytes with the same origin-defective SV40 mutant that was used to transform the SVG-A cell line. We found that SV40 transformation did not alter the susceptibility of astrocytes to HIV infection. Furthermore, high levels of early viral gene expression were detected in these cells once the HIV entry process was by-passed. Taken together, the results of these studies indicate that HIV infection of human astrocytes is restricted by inefficient viral entry.
A Collaborative Filtering Algorithm Based on Time Period Partition (2010)

Today collaborative filtering is the most successful recommender system technology. However, in traditional collaborative filtering algorithms, users’ interest is considered to be static. That means, in these algorithms, ratings produced at different times are weighted equally, and changes in user purchase interest are not taken into consideration. For this reason, the system may recommend unsatisfactory items when users’ interest has changed. To solve this problem, the time factor has been brought into collaborative filtering. In new algorithms, we have divided users’ rating history into several periods, analyzed users’ interest distribution in these periods and quantize every user’s interest. At the same time, we find user’s recent interest by setting a time window. With these two technologies, we propose a collaborative algorithm time period partition named TPPCF. Experiments have shown that our new algorithm TPPCF substantially improves the precision of item-based collaborative filtering.
JNK Signalling: A Possible Target to Prevent Neurodegeneration (2007)

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) belong to the subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). JNK is an important transducing enzyme that is involved in many facets of cellular regulation including gene expression, cell proliferation and programmed cell death. The activation of JNK pathways is critical for naturally occurring cell death during development as well as for pathological death associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Initial research concentrated on defining the components and organization of JNK signalling cascades, but more recent studies see JNK as a target to prevent cell death. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported alterations of JNK pathways potentially associated with neuronal death in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. So efforts are now aimed at developing chemical inhibitors of this pathway. These have proved effective in vivo, reducing brain damage and some of the symptoms of arthritis in animal models. An alternative cell penetrating peptide approach is now available, with the identification of the JNK permeable peptide inhibitor, which modifies JNK action rather than activation, preventing neuronal death with unprecedented specificity and efficacy in several experimental conditions, including two animal models of ischemia. In this review we examine in detail the role of JNK in neurodegeneration, particularly in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The possibility of intervention on the JNK pathway as a therapeutic approach is also illustrated.
Submillimeter Scale Variation of Oxygen Isotope of Vein Quartz at the Hishikari Deposit, Japan (2000)

Abstract: The physical and chemical mechanism of gold precipitation in the typical low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposit at the Hishikari mine was quantified by submillimeter scale oxygen isotope analyses of vein quartz. In situ CO 2 laser‐ablated fluorination was used to measure temporal δ 18 O excursions. The calculated oxygen isotopic compositions of the ore‐forming fluid indicate a dynamic process of epithermal vein formation. Intermittent opening of the vein allowed introduction of metal‐bearing deep fluid to the epithermal system, and associated boiling and subsequent mixing with meteoric water caused precipitation of precious metals.
B complex vitamins for analgesic therapy (2016)

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As vitaminas do complexo B têm sido utilizadas em monoterapia ou combinada a outros fármacos, como os anti-inflamatórios, em diversas situações clinicas, como por exemplo, nas doenças degenerativas da coluna, doenças reumatológicas, polineuropatias e nos pós-operatórios diversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar na literatura científica as evidências mais recentes do uso de vitaminas do complexo B como terapia analgésica e descrever as situações clínicas em que se pode verificar a sua ação analgésica. CONTEÚDO: Realizada a revisão bibliográfica na base de dados do Pubmed, Medline, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane e Scielo, contemplando os últimos 10 anos, títulos em português, espanhol e inglês. Os descritores utilizados foram: "Dor", "vitaminas do complexo B", "tratamento", "vitamina B1", "vitamina B6", "vitamina B12", "tiamina", "piridoxina" e "cianocobalamina". Dentre os 40 estudos encontrados selecionaram-se apenas os trials em dor musculoesquelética e neuropática com seres humanos, e em que as vitaminas do complexo B configuraram-se como agentes analgésicos. Foram selecionados então 13 estudos que satisfizeram esses critérios de inclusão. Em todos eles as vitaminas do complexo B desempenharam papéis na analgesia, inclusive quando em monoterapia. As vitaminas do complexo B também apresentaram ação anti-inflamatória, anti-pruriginosa, na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos existentes, apesar de heterogêneos, demonstraram que as vitaminas do complexo B possuem efeito analgésico em síndromes dolorosas neuropática e nociceptiva, e que por serem esses fármacos seguros e de baixos custos poderiam representar boas opções na terapêutica analgésica no nosso meio.