gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Is Efficiently Packaged into Virions during Productive but Not Chronic Infection (2002)

Packaging of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein into virus particles is mediated through an interaction with viral genomic RNA and results in the association of Vif with the nucleoprotein complex. Despite the specificity of this process, calculations of the amount of Vif packaged have produced vastly different results. Here, we compared the efficiency of packaging of Vif into virions derived from acutely and chronically infected H9 cells. We found that Vif was efficiently packaged into virions from acutely infected cells (60 to 100 copies per virion), while packaging into virions from chronically infected H9 cells was near the limit of detection (four to six copies of Vif per virion). Superinfection by an exogenous Vif-defective virus did not rescue packaging of endogenous Vif expressed in the chronically infected culture. In contrast, exogenous Vif expressed by superinfection of wild-type virus was readily packaged (30 to 40 copies per virion). Biochemical analyses suggest that the differences in the relative packaging efficiencies were not due to gross differences in the steady-state distribution of Vif in chronically or acutely infected cells but are likely due to differences in the relative rates of de novo synthesis of Vif. Despite its low packaging efficiency, endogenously expressed Vif was sufficient to direct the production of viruses with almost wild-type infectivity. The results from our study provide novel insights into the biochemical properties of Vif and offer an explanation for the reported differences regarding Vif packaging.
At Physiological Expression Levels the Kidd Blood Group/Urea Transporter Protein Is Not a Water Channel (1999)

The Kidd (JK) blood group locus encodes a urea transporter that is expressed on human red cells and on endothelial cells of the vasa recta in the kidney. Here, we report the identification in human erythroblasts of a novel cDNA, designated HUT11A, which encodes a protein identical to the previously reported erythroid HUT11 urea transporter, except for a Lys(44) --> Glu substitution and a Val-Gly dipeptide deletion after proline 227, which leads to a polypeptide of 389 residues versus 391 in HUT11. Genomic typing by polymerase chain reaction and transcript analysis by ribonuclease protection assay demonstrated that HUT11A encodes the true Kidd blood group/urea transporter protein, which carries only 2 Val-Gly motifs. Upon expression at high levels in Xenopus oocytes, the physiological Kidd/urea transporter HUT11A conferred a rapid transfer of urea (which was insensitive to p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate or phloretin), a high water permeability, and a selective uptake of small solutes including amides and diols, but not glycerol and meso-erythritol. However, at plasma membrane expression levels close to the level observed in the red cell membrane, HUT11A-mediated water transport and small solutes uptake were absent and the urea transport was poorly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate, but strongly inhibited by phloretin. These findings show that, at physiological expression levels, the HUT11A transporter confers urea permeability but not water permeability, and that the observed water permeability is a feature of the red cell urea transporter when expressed at unphysiological high levels.
Compensation of timing mismatches in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters through transfer characteristics tuning (2004)

We analyze transfer characteristic mismatches of sample-and-hold circuits in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters and show their intrinsic connection to aperture delay mismatches. Both cause linear-phase mismatches, i.e., timing mismatches, which significantly degrade the signal-to-noise ratio. Based on our analysis, we introduce a novel power-saving method to correct timing mismatches among the channels by tuning the transfer characteristics of the sample-and-holds. Simulation results confirm the prospects of the presented method.
Thermoelectric properties of CoSb3 with dispersed FeSb2 particles (2000)

We have prepared a sintered CoSb3–FeSb2 composite where the FeSb2 particles are dispersed in the CoSb3 matrix by mechanical grinding (MG) and hot pressing, and investigated the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity in order to estimate the corresponding figure of merit. The thermal conductivity of the composite is lower than that of CoSb3. The electrical resistivity of the composite increases with increasing MG time, but it is lower than that of CoSb3 at high temperature. The decrease in the thermal conductivity and the lesser increase in the electrical resistivity are ascribed to the enhancement of phonon scattering caused by the dispersion of FeSb2 particles in the CoSb3 matrix and the low electrical resistivity of FeSb2, respectively. As a result, the composite whose molar ratio of CoSb3 to FeSb2 is 0.7:0.3 and the MG time is 25 h has a maximum figure of merit value of 6.1×10−4 K−1 at 756 K. This value is much larger than the maximum value of CoSb3 at 482 K of 3.2×10−4 K−1.
The discovery and development of sorafenib for the treatment of thyroid cancer (2015)

Sorafenib significantly improves progression-free survival in metastatic DTC patients who are RAI-refractory. However, the overall survival benefit is still unproven and requires additional follow up. Despite its cost and significant side-effect profile, which results in dose reductions in the majority of DTC patients, sorafenib should be considered for the treatment of RAI-refractory advanced DTC patients following evaluation of their individual risk-benefit stratification.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CELL WALL MUCOPEPTIDE OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI (1969)

Several of the toxic properties of streptococcal mucopeptide have been studied in detail. Intravenous injection of as little as 1 microg of mucopeptide, solubilized by ultrasonic treatment, elicits a reproducible febrile response. Rabbits which are made tolerant to Escherichia coli endotoxin are only partially tolerant to the subsequent injection of streptococcal mucopeptide. Soluble mucopeptide was successfully employed to prepare and provoke the localized Shwartzman reaction. Intravenous injection of 80 microg of solubilized mucopeptide leads to diffuse cellular infiltration as well as focal areas of myocardial necrosis, surrounded by inflammatory cells.
Flora Pliocénica da região de Monsarros (Anadia) (2010)

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo polnico de sedimentos turfo-lignitosos provenientes dos depsitos sedimentares
Metabolism of the Alcoholate of the Trimer of Hydroxypyruvic Aldehyde (1938)

1. The oxidation of one primary alcoholic group in dihydroxyacetone with the production of hydroxypyruvic aldehyde destroys the capacity of the former compound to be stored as glycogen in the liver of the rat. 2. The oral administration or intravenous injection of the osone does not significantly affect the blood-sugar level of rabbits within 2 hours. 3. The intraperitoneal injection of hydroxypyruvic aldehyde into mice causes temporary recovery from insulin convulsions, although it is not a precursor of glucose.
Dynamics and structure of the Bax-Bak complex responsible for releasing mitochondrial proteins during apoptosis (2008)

Bax and Bak are known to play a central role in facilitating the release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins during apoptosis. The detailed mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using live cell imaging techniques, we showed here that Bax underwent four distinct stages of dynamic redistribution during UV-induced apoptosis. At stage I, Bax was distributed diffusely in the cytosol. About an hour after UV treatment at stage II, Bax started to translocate to mitochondria and distributed uniformly at the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). Within a few minutes, at stage III, Bax and Bak began to form small complexes at the MOM. Later, at stage IV, these Bax and Bak complexes expanded to become large clusters. We found that the formation of Bax-Bak small complexes at stage III was responsible for permeabilizing the MOM to release cytochrome c and Smac. Using a FRET technique, we further showed that Bax binds to Bak within the complex formed at the MOM during stage III. Finally, using a quantitative fluorescence measurement, we determined that the Bax-Bak complex was about 0.25 microm wide and composed of more than 100 protein molecules. These findings suggest that the Bax-Bak structure responsible for releasing mitochondrial proteins during apoptosis is not channel-like.
10 Gbit/s single-pass soliton transmission over 1000 km (1991)

10 Gbit/s single-pass soliton transmission through a 1000 km dispersion-shifted singlemode fibre has been successfully achieved by using 22 erbium-doped fibre amplifiers. The repeater spacing was 50 km and 45 ps soliton pulses were transmitted without pulse broadening. The product of bit rate and transmission distance is as large as 10 Tbit/s km.
Contraceptive development and better family planning. (1996)

Contraception helps many people achieve their desired fertility. Pharmacological or mechanical contraceptive methods by themselves do not lead to successful contraception. Once empowered through education or improved socioeconomic status to realize their ability to limit their family size, women's options are abstinence (including delaying the marriage age), contraception (including surgical sterilization and natural family planning methods), or abortion. Most people in the US trying to avoid pregnancy use surgical sterilization. The reversible methods most used, in order of frequency, are the pill, the condom, and the diaphragm. The 10% of couples who use no method make up slightly more than 50% of unplanned pregnancies, while the 90% of those who use contraception make up the remaining 50% (i.e., contraceptive failures). If used properly, modern contraceptives are very effective. Methods with low failure rates (IUDs, implants, and injectables) are used by only 2% or fewer of US contraceptive users but are more widely used elsewhere. More than 50% of pregnancies in the US are unplanned. Most adolescent pregnancies are unplanned. Contraceptive users account for about 50% of induced abortions. Reducing unwanted pregnancies has helped people achieve their desired fertility and greatly reduces the induced abortion rate. The US has the highest adolescent pregnancy rate in the Western world, partly due to the time lag between initiating sexual activity and initiating contraceptive use. Reasons for unplanned pregnancies among youth include lack of counseling and contraceptive failure. Contraceptive development should focus on improving use-effectiveness. The implant is the newest contraceptive method. A variety of male and female contraceptive methods are currently under study (e.g., immunological methods, postcoital pills, skin methods [patches, creams, and gels], improved IUDs, and improved male condoms). Leaders should consider unplanned pregnancy as a serious public health problem and take steps to reduce unplanned pregnancies.
The capacity of Aspergillus niger to sense and respond to cell wall stress requires at least three transcription factors: RlmA, MsnA and CrzA (2014)

The present work uncovered a sophisticated defence system of <i>A. niger</i> which employs at least three transcription factors - RlmA, MsnA and CrzA - to protect itself against cell wall stress. The transcriptomic data furthermore predicts a fourth transfactor, SrbA, which seems to be specifically important to survive fenpropimorph-induced cell membrane stress. Future studies will disclose how these regulators are interlocked in different signaling pathways to secure survival of <i>A. niger</i> under different cell wall stress conditions.
Deterministic versus Adaptive Routing in Fat-Trees (2007)

Clusters of PCs have become very popular to build high performance computers. These machines use commodity PCs linked by a high speed interconnect. Routing is one of the most important design issues of interconnection networks. Adaptive routing usually better balances network traffic, thus allowing the network to obtain a higher throughput. However, adaptive routing introduces out-of-order packet delivery, which is unacceptable for some applications. Concerning topology, most of the commercially available interconnects are based on fat-tree. Fat-trees offer a rich connectivity among nodes, making possible to obtain paths between all source-destination pairs that do not share any link. We exploit this idea to propose a deterministic routing algorithm for fat-trees, comparing it with adaptive routing in several workloads. The results show that deterministic routing can achieve a similar, and in some scenarios higher, level of performance than adaptive routing, while providing in-order packet delivery.
<title>Overview and performance evaluation of the ITU-T draft H.26L video coding standard</title> (2001)

We give a brief tour of the emerging ITU-T H.26L videocoding standard. Like its predecessors, H.26L is being designed partly for videoconferencing applications; however, many other applications are considered to be within the scope of the design effort and tests indicate that H.26L is fully suitable for a very broad range of applications. Starting from a clean slate, H.26L is a powerful new design that is forward-looking in its performance and scope of applications. We compare H.26L to the highest capabilities of the most complex and newest versions of prior standards such as H.263 and MPEG-4, and provide benchmarks for its performance. Our analysis indicates that the draft H.26L standard offers compelling advantages over all existing video coding standards. It has the potential to redraw the landscape of consumer and enterprise video applications.
Azasulfonium salts. Intermediates in a general procedure for the alkylation of aromatic amines (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAzasulfonium salts. Intermediates in a general procedure for the alkylation of aromatic aminesPaul G. Gassman and Gordon D. GruetzmacherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 17, 5487–5495Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00824a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00824a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views666Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ordering-sensitive and Semantic-aware Topic Modeling (2015)

Topic modeling of textual corpora is an important and challenging problem. In most previous work, the "bag-of-words" assumption is usually made which ignores the ordering of words. This assumption simplifies the computation, but it unrealistically loses the ordering information and the semantic of words in the context. In this paper, we present a Gaussian Mixture Neural Topic Model (GMNTM) which incorporates both the ordering of words and the semantic meaning of sentences into topic modeling. Specifically, we represent each topic as a cluster of multi-dimensional vectors and embed the corpus into a collection of vectors generated by the Gaussian mixture model. Each word is affected not only by its topic, but also by the embedding vector of its surrounding words and the context. The Gaussian mixture components and the topic of documents, sentences and words can be learnt jointly. Extensive experiments show that our model can learn better topics and more accurate word distributions for each topic. Quantitatively, comparing to state-of-the-art topic modeling approaches, GMNTM obtains significantly better performance in terms of perplexity, retrieval accuracy and classification accuracy.
Results of adjuvant chemotherapy trials in breast cancer at M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. (1986)

Between 1974 and 1982, 796 patients with operable breast cancer following local therapy were treated with 3 consecutive doxorubicin-containing adjuvant therapy trials. The median follow-up of patients entered on the first trial was 102 months; the second trial, 71 months; and for the third trial, 41 months. The treatment program consisted of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). We altered the study designs to determine the role of nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG and postoperative irradiation in the second trial and the impact of additional chemotherapy with alternate drugs after completion of FAC in the third trial. In the first study, an overall 39% reduction in mortality was observed, and, in stage II disease, reductions of 54% and 37% in mortality were observed for patients less than 50 and greater than or equal to 50 years of age, respectively, in comparison to the historical control group. The data of the second trial illustrated that BCG and postoperative irradiation had no significant impact on the disease-free and overall survival. In the third trial, patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumor treated with additional chemotherapy with alternate drugs following completion of FAC had significantly superior disease-free survival compared with patients who did not receive additional chemotherapy. The results of 3 studies show that intensive combination chemotherapy significantly reduced the risk of recurrence and death in patients with breast cancer.
Molecular Origins of Crude Oil Interfacial Activity Part 3:  Characterization of the Complex Fluid Rag Layer Formed at Crude Oil−Water Interfaces (2007)

Rag layers formed at crude oil−water interfaces are micro-heterogeneous complex fluids. The continuous phase of the complex fluid rag layer is the crude oil. Dispersed in this continuous crude oil phase are water, solids, and a second dense oil phase. Water-in-oil emulsions, solids-in-oil dispersions, oil-in-oil dispersions, and oil-in-water-in-oil multiple emulsions coexist in the continuous oil phase of the complex fluid rag layer. Higher concentrations of sulfur, nitrogen, metals, and Conradson carbon (CCR) in the complex fluid rag layer compared to the bulk crude oil indicate that the most surface-active of the asphaltene phases separates into the rag layer. A higher concentration of naphthenic acids in the complex fluid rag layer compared to the bulk crude oil indicates the preferential partitioning of the most surface-active naphthenic acids in the complex fluid rag layer. Asphaltenes and naphthenic acids stabilize the water and solids in the crude oil continuous phase of the rag layer to result in a complex fluid rag layer.
Series Resistance Effects in Back Contact Silicon Solar Cells (2008)

Back contact solar cells present the capability of a superior photocurrent collection, due to the lack or reduction of the metal shadows on its front face. However the more complex collection and transport of carriers imply an extra ohmic loss, which competes seriously with the advantage of the higher photocurrent. This paper analyzes the effect of the regions above the busbars, what give a relevant and not well studied mechanism of ohmic losses in back contact solar cells.
Fault Analysis and Predictive Maintenance of Induction Motor Using Machine Learning (2018)

Induction motors are one of the most crucial electrical equipment and are extensively used in industries in a wide range of applications. This paper presents a machine learning model for the fault detection and classification of induction motor faults by using three phase voltages and currents as inputs. The aim of this work is to protect vital electrical components and to prevent abnormal event progression through early detection and diagnosis. This work presents a fast forward artificial neural network model to detect some of the commonly occurring electrical faults like overvoltage, under voltage, single phasing, unbalanced voltage, overload, ground fault. A separate model free monitoring system wherein the motor itself acts like a sensor is presented and the only monitored signals are the input given to the motor. Limits for current and voltage values are set for the faulty and healthy conditions, which is done by a classifier. Real time data from a 0.33 HP induction motor is used to train and test the neural network. The model so developed analyses the voltage and current values given at a particular instant and classifies the data into no fault or the specific fault. The model is then interfaced with a real motor to accurately detect and classify the faults so that further necessary action can be taken.
Accelerated Variational Dirichlet Process Mixtures (2007)

Dirichlet Process (DP) mixture models are promising candidates for clustering applications where the number of clusters is unknown a priori. Due to computational considerations these models are unfortunately unsuitable for large scale data-mining applications. We propose a class of deterministic accelerated DP mixture models that can routinely handle millions of data-cases. The speedup is achieved by incorporating kd-trees into a variational Bayesian algorithm for DP mixtures in the stick-breaking representation, similar to that of Blei and Jordan (2005). Our algorithm differs in the use of kd-trees and in the way we handle truncation: we only assume that the variational distributions are fixed at their priors after a certain level. Experiments show that speedups relative to the standard variational algorithm can be significant. 1
THE DETERMINATION OF LACTIC ACID (1933)

In previous papers (1, 2) the conditions for the oxidation of lactic acid to acetaldehyde, quantitatively, and the accurate determination of the latter, were described.It was found that the oxidation to acetaldehyde appears to depend upon factors such as the concentration of oxidizing agent added, the acidity of the solution, the concentration of MnS04, and probably also the amount of lactic acid oxidized.The maximum yields were obtained with very dilute solutions of oxidizing agent and a high concentration of MnSO1.From these studies we were of the opinion that the conditions necessary for the maximum yield of acetaldehyde were also those which tended to reduce the oxidation potential of the oxidizing agent.We described procedures for the determination of lactic acid, based upon these studies, which in our hands we had found to give the best results at that time.Peculiar difficulties have since then arisen.The proximity to pathological laboratories, in which formaldehyde and acetone were being used, and an unusually cold water supply during the winter months, which made the reflux condensers too efficient, forced us to abandon the aeration procedure first recommended.The oxidation and distillation, which we now use and which is described in this paper, is similar in many respects to the older published methods of Boas (3) and von Ftirth and Charnass (4).In order to obtain maximum and reproducible results the oxidation must be carried out under certain prescribed conditions.Since the bisulfite-binding substances produced by oxidation of substances other than lactic acid are not completely removed by a condenser, as in the aeration procedure of Friedemann, Cotonio,