gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-step synthesis of superparamagnetic monodisperse porous Fe3O4 hollow and core-shell spheres (2010)

Monodisperse hollow and core-shell magnetite (Fe3O4) spheres have been prepared by a simple one-pot method based on hydrothermal treatment of FeCl3, citrate, polyacrylamide and urea. The as-prepared samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The results of control experiments reveal that citrate and polyacrylamide are crucial for the formation of spherical product and the well known Ostwald ripening process is responsible for the transformation from solid spheres to hollow and core-shell spheres. The hollow and core-shell magnetite spheres are porous and highly water soluble. They exhibit superparamagnetic properties with relatively high saturation magnetization at room temperature. The superparamagnetic properties, high magnetization, high water solubility, together with the hollow interiors will render them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications.
Effect of immobilizing adsorption on the diffusion time lag (1969)

Abstract A “dual sorption” model has been proposed by Michaels, Vieth, et al. to explain extensive equilibrium sorption data for several gases in some glassy polymers. To explain data on sorption kinetics, it was further postulated that one of the sorption modes immobilizes the gas molecules. Stated mathematically, this model leads to a modified form of Fick's second law. Both normal and desorption time lags for diffusion have been computed here for this model of diffusion in glassy polymers. The computed time lags are shown to be dependent on the boundary concentrations used in permeation. Experimental measurement of these time lags would be a sensitive and critical test to ascertain the validity of this theory.
Swept-frequency feedback interferometry using terahertz frequency QCLs: a method for imaging and materials analysis (2013)

The terahertz (THz) frequency quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a compact source of high-power radiation with a narrow intrinsic linewidth. As such, THz QCLs are extremely promising sources for applications including high-resolution spectroscopy, heterodyne detection, and coherent imaging. We exploit the remarkable phase-stability of THz QCLs to create a coherent swept-frequency delayed self-homodyning method for both imaging and materials analysis, using laser feedback interferometry. Using our scheme we obtain amplitude-like and phase-like images with minimal signal processing. We determine the physical relationship between the operating parameters of the laser under feedback and the complex refractive index of the target and demonstrate that this coherent detection method enables extraction of complex refractive indices with high accuracy. This establishes an ultimately compact and easy-to-implement THz imaging and materials analysis system, in which the local oscillator, mixer, and detector are all combined into a single laser.
Microfluidic fabrication of polysiloxane/dimethyl methylphosphonate flame‐retardant microcapsule and its application in silicone foams (2019)

A novel and versatile route for fabricating flame‐retardant microcapsules via microfluidics technology is reported. The flame‐retardant microcapsules were prepared with a dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) core and an ultraviolet‐curable (UV‐curable) polysiloxane shell. Furthermore, a UV‐curable polysiloxane was synthesized. The synthesis mechanism of UV‐curable polysiloxane and the curing mechanism of flame‐retardant microcapsules were analyzed. To verify that DMMP was encapsulated in the microcapsules, X‐ray fluorescence was used before and after microencapsulation. The resulting microcapsules were well monodispersed and exhibited a good spherical shape with a smooth surface. In addition, the size of the microcapsules decreased dramatically with an increasing flow‐rate ratio of the middle‐/inner‐phase or outer‐phase flow rate. The thermal stability of the microcapsules was worse than shell materials but superior to DMMP. Silicone foams (SiFs) with microcapsules prepared using a dehydrogenation method achieved a relatively higher limiting oxygen‐index value than the pure SiF, which indicated that the microcapsules could enhance the flame retardation of SiFs effectively. Because of the polysiloxane shell, the microcapsules had good compatibility with SiFs, and the influence of microcapsules on the mechanical properties of SiFs was unremarkable.
Cuba, General Strikes Under Batista Regime, 1952–1958 (2009)

Fulgencio Batista, who led the sergeants' revolt of 1933, had become the dominant presence in Cuban political life by the following year. He was not himself elected to office until 1940, but he largely controlled and shaped events in the intervening years through others. Thus he supported the government of Guiteras and Grau San Martin which took power (so to speak) in September 1933 with the express intention of realizing the radical demands of the movements of that year. Batista's sights were set on a future relationship with the United States, which was resolutely opposed to the Guiteras‐Grau coalition – though the US ambassador had been happy enough to sit on his hands while Machado fell. Batista knew that his project would not prosper while the radicals were in power, so he engineered the situation to have them replaced by Colonel Mendieta, head of the right‐wing Unión Nacionalista (Nationalist Union).
The design of nonuniform-band maximally decimated filter banks (2002)

A design method for nonuniform-band maximally decimated filter banks is presented. It is based on the quadrature mirror filter (QMF) design method and allows the direct frequency domain design of two-band filter banks having arbitrary rational decimation ratios. The numerical design of nonuniform-band filter banks is achieved using a simple structure in which elementary modulators are used in the highpass channel to obtain almost-perfect reconstruction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Passive visual fingerprinting of network attack tools (2004)

This paper examines the dramatic visual fingerprints left by a wide variety of popular network attack tools in order to better understand the specific methodologies used by attackers as well as the identifiable characteristics of the tools themselves. The techniques used are entirely passive in nature and virtually undetectable by the attackers. While much work has been done on active and passive operating systems detection, little has been done on fingerprinting the specific tools used by attackers. This research explores the application of several visualization techniques and their usefulness toward identification of attack tools, without the typical automated intrusion detection system's signatures and statistical anomalies. These visualizations were tested using a wide range of popular network security tools and the results show that in many cases, the specific tool can be identified and provides intuition that many classes of zero-day attacks can be rapidly detected and analyzed using similar techniques.
The Influence of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acids Mixtures on the Lubricity of Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Research described in this work relates to tribological properties of fatty acids and fatty acids mixtures and aims at providing more information on and better understanding of the wear process in the presence of low-sulfur fractions containing these substances at very low concentration under boundary lubrication conditions in the steel-on-steel system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Experiments were carried out using a ball-on-disc friction machine. To get detailed information on interaction of diesel fuel components with individual fatty acids and mixtures of acids, low-sulfur diesel fuel cuts as well as their mixtures and two model hydrocarbons were used as the base fluids.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Although the overall picture of the obtained results is very complex, it can be concluded that: (a) Tribological properties of base diesel fuels are determined by the highest boiling fractions and heterogeneous compounds present in these fractions; (b) Fatty acids and their equimolar mixtures - added to the „reformulated diesel fuels” at the adequate concentration - show excellent antiwear properties; (c) Both the chemical structure and viscosity of base fluids influence the wear behavior of fatty acids and their mixtures.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">All the findings are challenging from the view-point of their interpretation as well as from their relation to the diesel fuel constitution. Obtained results also evidently confirm the complexity of the boundary lubrication approach.</div>
A new method for image segmentation (2003)

A method is presented for finding a threshold surface which involves the ideas used in other methods but attempts to overcome some of their disadvantages. The method uses the gradient map of the image to point at well-defined portions of object boundaries in it. Both the location and gray levels at these boundary points make them good choices for local thresholds. These point values are then interpolated, yielding the threshold surface. A method for fitting a surface to this set of points, which are scattered in a manner unknown in advance, becomes necessary. Several possible approaches are discussed, and the implementation of one of them is described in detail. Two versions of the C.K. Chow and T. Kaneko algorithm (1972) and the present algorithm are applied to a few images, and the latter is shown to give better results, matching human performance quite well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Herz‐affinität von radioaktiven ruthenocen‐derivaten des chinuclidin‐3‐ol (1990)

Abstract Durch Kondensation von Ferrocenaldehyd mit Chinuclidin‐3‐on wurde 2‐Ferrocenyliden‐chinuclidin‐3‐on hergestellt und anschließend die Ketogruppe reduziert. Durch Zentralatom‐Austausch erhielt man die analogen radioaktiven Ruthenocen‐Derivaten, von denen die Organverteilung bei Ratten bestimmt wurde. Als Nebenprodukt erhielt man Ruthenocen‐Derivate, bei denen jeder der beiden Cyclopentadien‐Ringe mit einem Chinuclidinolether‐Rest substituiert war. Diese Substanzen zeigen eine hohe Myocard‐Anreicherung. Der Quotient Herz/Blut von 60: 1 übertrifft die Quotienten, die mit 99 Tc‐TBI erhalten werden.
A simple approach to Bayesian network computations (1994)

The general problem of computing posterior probabilities in Bayesian networks is NP-hard (Cooper 1990). However efficient algorithms are often possible for particular applications by exploiting problem structures. It is well understood that the key to the materialization of such a possibility is to make use of conditional independence and work with factorizations of joint probabilities rather than joint probabilities themselves. Different exact approaches can be characterized in terms of their choices of factorizations. We propose a new approach which adopts a straightforward way for factorizing joint probabilities. In comparison with the clique tree propagation approach, our approach is very simple. It allows the pruning of irrelevant variables, it accommodates changes to the knowledge base more easily. it is easier to implement. More importantly, it can be adapted to utilize both intercausal independence and conditional independence in one uniform framework. On the other hand, clique tree propagation is better in terms of facilitating precomputations.
ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE CATALYTIC CONDENSATION OF ALDEHYDES; NEW SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOL ESTERS<sup>1,2</sup> (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE CATALYTIC CONDENSATION OF ALDEHYDES; NEW SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOL ESTERS1,2MARTIN S. KULPINSKI and F. F. NORDCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1943, 08, 3, 256–270Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01191a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01191a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tissue hyperosmolality and brain edema in cerebral contusion (2007)

Severe cerebral contusion is often associated with nonhemorrhagic mass effect that progresses rapidly within 12 to 48 hours posttrauma. The mechanisms underlying such a rapid progression of mass effect cannot be fully explained by classic concepts of vasogenic and cytotoxic brain edema. Data from previous clinical trials, including diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies, have indicated that cells in the central (core) area of the contusion undergo shrinkage, disintegration, and homogenization, whereas cellular swelling is located predominately in the peripheral (rim) area during this period. The authors hypothesized that high osmolality within the contused brain tissue generates an osmotic potential across the central and peripheral areas or causes blood to accumulate a large amount of water. To elucidate the role of tissue osmolality in contusion edema, they investigated changes in tissue osmolality, specific gravity, and ion concentration in contused brain in both experimental and clinical settings. Their results demonstrated that cerebral contusion induced a rapid increase in tissue osmolality from a baseline level of 311.4 +/- 11.3 to 402.8 +/- 15.1 mOsm at 12 hours posttrauma (p < 0.0001). Specific gravity in tissue significantly decreased from 1.0425 +/- 0.0026 to 1.0308 +/- 0.0028 (p < 0.01), reflecting water accumulation in contused tissue. The total ionic concentration [Na+] + [K+] + [Cl-] did not change significantly at any time point. Inorganic ions do not primarily contribute to this elevation in osmolality, suggesting that the increase in colloid osmotic pressure through the metabolic production of osmoles or the release of idiogenic osmoles can be a main cause of contusion edema.
Energy and spatial dependence of the electron detection efficiencies of single channel electron multipliers used in electron spectroscopy (1991)

Measurements for axially incident electrons are reported for the energy and spatial dependencies of the detection efficiency of a Philips X919BL single channel electron multiplier (CEM) in both the pulse counting and analog amplification modes. The behavior may be understood in terms of the general theory reported earlier.1 Essentially there are three regions to consider: the horn, the channel and the edge of the channel. In the pulse counting mode the difference in efficiencies between the channel and horn may reach a factor of two whereas in the analog mode the difference between the channel edge and the horn may reach a factor of five. The same behavior occurs when the CEM is used as the output stage of an electron spectrometer. The above variations may lead to (i) loss of efficiency in spectrometers, (ii) spectral distortion arising from the associated presence of stray magnetic fields, and (iii) irreproducibility of spectra from different regions of the sample surface, unless specific measures, such as larger horns, off-axis channels or lens defocusing, are used to eliminate them.
Adaptive optimization in a database programming language (1993)

Contemporary database research is concerned with the design of new programming languages to support advanced database applications such as software engineering information systems, office systems, and computer-aided design and manufacturing. Glue-Nail is a deductive database system that offers two complementary languages, one declarative and the other procedural, for writing such applications. This dissertation describes the design and implementation of IGlue, an interpreter for the Glue language. It focuses on the problem of query optimization: converting a declarative specification of a query into an efficient plan for executing the query.
Glue programs exhibit characteristics, such as a predominance of temporary relations and changing relations, that present problems for conventional query optimizers. This dissertation explores new approaches to optimization that accommodate these characteristics by adapting query plans at run-time. Several techniques are proposed and investigated, including criteria for automatically deciding when to create and drop indexes, strategies for adaptively reoptimizing queries, and a method for dynamically creating pointers between joining tuples.
A series of experiments were performed to compare adaptive approaches to conventional ones, as well as to evaluate alternative adaptive strategies. The empirical results of these experiments provide insight into which strategies are the most effective in the IGlue interpreter.
Although the adaptive optimization approaches described here were developed in the context of a deductive database system, many of the ideas generalize to other programming languages that manage and manipulate collections of temporary and persistent objects with dynamic properties.
DESIGN TRADE-OFFS IN SOFT SWITCHING INVERTERS (1992)

This paper enumerates some of the important considerations which govern the choice of a soft switching inverter in a given application. The better understood factors include device count , voltage and current stress, and switching losses. The actual choice of a topology is seen to be based on various other considerations as well, including device utilization, dynamic and spectral performance, sizing of reactive components, ease of control and integration with system design objectives. It is seen that significant trade-offs are possible which dramatically impact the size and rating of components, and thus the cost. It is felt that soft switching inverters, such as the resonant dc link inverter, provide a cost effective approach for many diverse applications.
DLK1/PREF1 regulates nutrient metabolism and protects from steatosis (2014)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with insulin resistance and obesity, as well as progressive liver dysfunction. Recent animal studies have underscored the importance of hepatic growth hormone (GH) signaling in the development of NAFLD. The imprinted Delta-like homolog 1 (Dlk1)/preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref1) gene encodes a complex protein producing both circulating and membrane-tethered isoforms whose expression dosage is functionally important because even modest elevation during embryogenesis causes lethality. DLK1 is up-regulated during embryogenesis, during suckling, and in the mother during pregnancy. We investigated the normal role for elevated DLK1 dosage by overexpressing Dlk1 from endogenous control elements. This increased DLK1 dosage caused improved glucose tolerance with no primary defect in adipose tissue expansion even under extreme metabolic stress. Rather, Dlk1 overexpression caused reduced fat stores, pituitary insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) resistance, and a defect in feedback regulation of GH. Increased circulatory GH culminated in a switch in whole body fuel metabolism and a reduction in hepatic steatosis. We propose that the function of DLK1 is to shift the metabolic mode of the organism toward peripheral lipid oxidation and away from lipid storage, thus mediating important physiological adaptations associated with early life and with implications for metabolic disease resistance.
Overexpression of the KIT/SCF in Uveal Melanoma Does Not Translate into Clinical Efficacy of Imatinib Mesylate (2008)

These results show the lack of clinical effectiveness of imatinib in UM, which was originally anticipated based on the high levels of KIT and SCF expression.
One-Pot Approach for C-C Bond Formation through Ruthenium-Amido Complex Catalyzed Tandem Aldol Reaction/Hydrogenation (2010)

A one-pot novel and efficient approach was developed for the α-alkylation of various nitriles with carbonyl compounds using ruthenium-amido complex catalyst 1. The C-C bond was formed through aldol reaction followed by hydrogenation with triethylamine-formic acid (TEAF) and 1. Moderate to high yields were obtained, and a variety of functional groups were tolerated, including nitro and chloro groups, and a furan ring.
Immobilization Strategies for Enhancing Sensitivity of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors (2021)

Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors are a versatile sensing platform that can achieve rapid and robust target detection in complex matrices. However, the limited sensitivity of these sensors has impeded their translation from proof-of-concept to commercial products. Surface-bound aptamers must be sufficiently spaced to bind targets and subsequently fold for signal transduction. We hypothesized that electrodes fabricated using conventional methods result in sensing surfaces where only a fraction of aptamers are appropriately spaced to actively respond to the target. As an alternative, we presented a novel aptamer immobilization approach that favors sufficient spacing between aptamers at the microscale to achieve optimal target binding, folding, and signal transduction. We first demonstrated that immobilizing aptamers in their target-bound, folded state on gold electrode surfaces yields an aptamer monolayer that supports greater sensitivity and higher signal-to-noise ratio than traditionally prepared E-AB sensors. We also showed that performing aptamer immobilization under low ionic strength conditions rather than conventional high ionic strength buffer greatly improves E-AB sensor performance. We successfully tested our approach with three different small-molecule-binding aptamers, demonstrating its generalizability. On the basis of these results, we believe our electrode fabrication approach will accelerate development of high-performance sensors with the sensitivity required for real-world analytical applications.
Fcγ receptor gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Contribution of <i>FCGR2B</i> to genetic susceptibility (2002)

These results demonstrate the association of a new polymorphism of FCGR2B (I232T) with susceptibility to SLE in the Japanese.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Ninhydrin Reaction with L-Proline (1994)

Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Mushm University, Aligarh-202 002<br> <em>Manuscript received 16 November 1992, revised 9 March 1993, accepted 23 April 1993</em> The composition of the product formed by the reaction of L-proline with ninhydrin has been determined using Job's method of continuous variation. Kinetics and mechanism of this reaction have been studied as a function of pH, temperature and ninhydrin concentration in the range of (4·0-20·0) x 10-3 mol dm<sup>-3</sup>. It follows pseudo-first order reaction path for the formation of carbon dioxide and enol betaine with respect to proline in presence of excess of ninhydrin concentration. The formation of two products takes place simultaneously through the concerted electronic mechanism. On the basis of the observed rate data, possible mechanism has been proposed.