gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitive PCR method for the detection and real-time quantification of human cells in xenotransplantation systems (2002)

The sensitive detection of human cells in immunodeficient rodents is a prerequisite for the monitoring of micrometastasis of solid tumours, dissemination of leukaemic cells, or engraftment of haematological cells. We developed a universally applicable polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of a human-specific 850-bp fragment of the alpha-satellite DNA on human chromosome 17. The method allows the detection of one human cell in 10(6) murine cells and could be established as both, a conventional DNA polymerase chain reaction-assay for routine screening, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction-assay using TaqMan-methodology. It was applied to the following xenotransplantation systems in SCID and NOD/SCID mice: (1) In a limiting dilution assay, cells of the MDA-MB 435 breast carcinoma were injected into the mammary fat pad of NOD/SCID mice. It could be shown that 10 cells mouse(-1) were sufficient to induce a positive polymerase chain reaction signal in liver and lung tissue 30 days after transplantation as an indicator for micrometastasis. At this time a palpable tumour was not yet detectable in the mammary fat pad region. (2) Cells of a newly established human acute lymphatic leukaemia were administered intraperitoneally to SCID mice. These cells apparently disseminated and were detectable as early as day 50 in the peripheral blood of living mice, while the leukaemia manifestation was delayed by day 140. (3) In a transplantation experiment using mature human lymphocytes we wanted to standardise conditions for a successful survival of these cells in NOD/SCID mice. It was established that at least 5 x 10(7) cells given intravenously were necessary and that the mice had to be conditioned by 2 Gy body irradiation to get positive polymerase chain reaction bands in several organs. (4) Engraftment studies with blood stem cells originating from cytapheresis samples of tumour patients or from cord blood were undertaken in NOD/SCID mice in order to define conditions of successful engraftment and to use this model for further optimisation strategies. The polymerase chain reaction method presented allowed a reliable prediction of positive engraftment and agreed well with the results of immunohistochemical or FACS analysis. All together, the polymerase chain reaction method developed allows a sensitive and reliable detection of low numbers of human cells in immunodeficient hosts. In combination with real-time (TaqMan) technique it allows an exact quantification of human cells. As this method can be performed with accessible material of living animals, follow up studies for the monitoring of therapeutic interventions are possible in which the survival time of mice as evaluation criteria can be omitted.
A Role for Huntington Disease Protein in Dendritic RNA Granules (2010)

Regulated transport and local translation of mRNA in neurons are critical for modulating synaptic strength, maintaining proper neural circuitry, and establishing long term memory. Neuronal RNA granules are ribonucleoprotein particles that serve to transport mRNA along microtubules and control local protein synthesis in response to synaptic activity. Studies suggest that neuronal RNA granules share similar structures and functions with somatic P-bodies. We recently reported that the Huntington disease protein huntingtin (Htt) associates with Argonaute (Ago) and localizes to cytoplasmic P-bodies, which serve as sites of mRNA storage, degradation, and small RNA-mediated gene silencing. Here we report that wild-type Htt associates with Ago2 and components of neuronal granules and co-traffics with mRNA in dendrites. Htt was found to co-localize with RNA containing the 3'-untranslated region sequence of known dendritically targeted mRNAs. Knockdown of Htt in neurons caused altered localization of mRNA. When tethered to a reporter construct, Htt down-regulated reporter gene expression in a manner dependent on Ago2, suggesting that Htt may function to repress translation of mRNAs during transport in neuronal granules.
Effect of a brood pheromone on honeybee hypopharyngeal glands. (1996)

In a honeybee colony, brood stimulates development of hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees. A chemical signal, a blend of 10 fatty acid esters, has been identified on larval cuticle. We demonstrate that the blend of 10 esters, ethyl oleate, and methyl palmitate stimulates the protein synthesis of hypopharyngeal glands of nurses. Thus, in Apis mellifera the chemical signal from the brood acts as a primer pheromone in addition to its previously shown role as a releaser pheromone.
Evaluation of tumor gene expression and <i>K-Ras</i> mutations in FFPE tumor tissue as predictors of response to cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (2008)

3512 Background: The anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab shows activity in a subset of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This study was conducted to discover and validate markers that are found to be associated with disease control and improved progression-free survival (PFS) time in patients treated with cetuximab. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tumors of 226 patients from three studies of cetuximab monotherapy in advanced mCRC were retrospectively assayed for K-Ras mutations and for expression of candidate genes. The expression of K-Ras sequences (7 mutations and 1 wild-type) and 102 candidate genes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Statistical associations of mutation and gene expression with disease control (CR+PR+SD) or PFS were determined. Results: 82 (36%) of the 226 analyzed samples had K-Ras mutations. Patients whose tumors did not have K- Ras mutations had a significantly higher disease control rate (60%) than those with K-Ras mutations (23%) (p<< 0.001). Among all 226 patients, quantitative expression of 40 genes was significantly associated with disease control (p<0.05) after adjusting for multiplicity. Among 144 patients without K-Ras mutation, 31 genes were significantly associated with disease control (p<0.05) after adjusting for multiplicity. Genes that were strongly associated with disease control in both analyses included genes encoding the EGFR ligands epiregulin (EREG) and amphiregulin (AREG). Based on these results, we have developed multi-gene predictors that incorporate EREG and AREG, which when used in conjunction with K-Ras mutation status increase the ability to predict who might benefit from cetuximab treatment over K-Ras mutation status alone. Conclusions: A multi-parameter marker test comprising of K-Ras mutation status in combination with the expression levels of a small number of genes could be developed further to select patients for cetuximab therapy. Applicability of this test to cetuximab combination therapy should be explored. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genomic Health, Inc., ImClone Systems, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genomic Health, Inc., ImClone Systems, Inc.
Themen für Fortgeschrittene (der Albtraum eines jeden Studenten) (2011)

Sie müssen jetzt aber keine Angst haben – die Themen in diesem Teil sind nicht alle nur für Fortgeschrittene. Zuerst schauen Sie sich Stickstoffverbindungen an, im Besonderen die Amine. Sie beschäftigen sich mit den Synthesereaktionen und dann mit den Reaktionen der Stickstoffverbindungen selbst. Außerdem verbringen Sie etwas Zeit bei der Herstellung von schwefelhaltigen Amiden. Als Nächstes wenden Sie Ihre Aufmerksamkeit den Organometallen zu, jenen organischen Verbindungen, die Metallatome in Ihrem Molekülgerüst tragen. Hier schauen Sie sich eine der wohl nützlichsten organischen Reaktionen überhaupt näher an, die Grignard-Reaktion. Dann kommen Sie zu einem Kapitel, das sich um weitere Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen dreht. In diesem Kapitel werfen Sie einen Blick auf noch mehr Kondensationsreaktionen und auf einige Ethersynthesereaktionen. Am Ende dieses Teils steht ein Kapitel über Biomoleküle. Wenn Ihr Organische Chemie-Kurs dieses spannende und Spaß bringende Thema nicht behandeln sollte, dürfen Sie dieses Kapitel natürlich getrost überspringen.
Inflation in the Ussr and Eastern Europe (1) (1983)

It has for long been generally accepted that excess demand, or the existence of a sellers’ market, is an essential element in the chosen ‘command’ economic systems of the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe (2). Given the stress on full utilisation of productive capacities and rapid economic growth as policy objectives, this can hardly be contested so far as the inter-enterprise ‘market’ in fuels, raw materials and intermediate products is concerned. Whether the functioning of the system necessarily depends also upon a sellers’ market for all final output — capital goods and consumer goods — is perhaps worth considering as a question, despite the considerable volume of literature accepting that it does. A second question is whether significat ‘cost-push’ forces can be expected to exist in these economies. Finally, is it conceivable that they were in fact managed for some twenty years up to the mid-1970s, and in several countries virtually up to the end of the decade, so as to hold the average annual rates of increase of prices in the market for consumers’ goods to two per cent or less? This is the maximum rate of increase indicated by any of the official consumer price indices, which show a rise of about 45 per cent over the twenty years to 1975 in Poland and, at the other extreme, about a 10 per cent fall in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Soviet index for 1975 is almost precisely the same as that for 1955 (and significantly lower than in some earlier years) and only in Poland (in 1957 — 58) have the official price indices risen by more than about two per cent in any single year up to 1973.
Texture and Shape Information Fusion for Facial Action Unit Recognition (2008)

A novel method that fuses texture and shape information to achieve Facial Action Unit (FAU) recognition from video sequences is proposed. In order to extract the texture information, a subspace method based on Discriminant Non- negative Matrix Factorization (DNMF) is applied on the difference images of the video sequence, calculated taking under consideration the neutral and the most expressive frame, to extract the desired classification label. The shape information consists of the deformed Candide facial grid (more specifically the grid node displacements between the neutral and the most expressive facial expression frame) that corresponds to the facial expression depicted in the video sequence. The shape information is afterwards classified using a two-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) system. The fusion of texture and shape information is performed using Median Radial Basis Functions (MRBFs) Neural Networks (NNs) in order to detect the set of present FAUs. The accuracy achieved in the Cohn-Kanade database is equal to 92.1% when recognizing the 17 FAUs that are responsible for facial expression development.
Directing a chlorination reaction (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirecting a chlorination reactionEli PerryCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 6, 2053–2054Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00831a088https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00831a088research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Direct DC to RF Conversion by Picosecond Optoelectronic Switching (2005)

Conversion of dc energy to RF pulses has been demonstrated by picosecond optoelectronic switching in silicon. Sequential waveform of two and one half cycles has been generated with voltage conversion efficiency better than 90%. This type of device has the potential of generating megawatt power at frequencies extending into the millimeter-wave region.
Local delivery of liposome‐encapsulated superoxide dismutase and catalase suppress periodontal inflammation in beagles (2000)

In conclusion, we demonstrated that scaling and root planing with subgingival application of liposome-encapsulated SOD suppress peridontal inflammation on experimentally induced periodontitis in beagle dogs.
Interactive Refinement of Route Preferences for Driving (1998)

Generating satisfactory routes for driving requires data about the road network and an individual&apos;s relative weighting of available factors. We describe an interactive planning system that generates routes with the help of a driver and refines its model of the driver&apos;s preferences through interaction. Results of a study indicate that it is possible to model drivers through feedback about relative preferences, but a richer description of the road network can improve accuracy. Our adaptive route advisor unobtrusively collects data on preferences in relevant areas, provides its user with a useful service, and improves its performance as it updates its user model. Introduction Generating routes for drivers is a challenging problem for several reasons. First, driving occurs in a rich environment where many factors influence the desirability of a particular route. Second, many relevant factors are not currently available in digital form, such as average congestion on streets. Additionally, ...
Police Detention and Arrest Privileges under Foreign Law (1960)

In generalThe powers of a peace officer to arrest for suspected violations or suspected potential violations of the criminal law are to be found in the Criminal Code of Canada, 2 or in Provincial enactments creating Provincial offences.The common law distinction between felonies and misdemeanours has been abolished.Crimes are designated simply as indictable offences (i.e., offences which may be tried by indictment) and offences (i.e., less serious types of crimes which are triable by a Magistrate or Justice of the Peace under a special code of procedure set out in Part XXIV of the Code). 3 The Criminal Code empowers both the peace officer and the ordinary citizen to arrest without warrant in certain circumstances, the powers of the peace officer being wider than those of the citizen.Section 434 of the Code relates to the powers of the citizen and reads as follows:"Anyone may arrest without warrant a person * A brief discussion of the Canadian federal system, which may be helpful in better understanding certain Vortions of this paper, appears in 51 J. CRim.L., C. &
New Hippocampal Neurons Mature Rapidly in Response to Ketamine But Are Not Required for Its Acute Antidepressant Effects on Neophagia in Rats (2016)

Virtually all antidepressant agents increase the birth of granule neurons in the adult dentate gyrus in rodents, providing a key basis for the neurogenesis hypothesis of antidepressant action. The novel antidepressant ketamine, however, shows antidepressant activity in humans within hours, far too rapid for a mechanism involving neuronal birth. Ketamine could potentially act more rapidly by enhancing maturation of new neurons born weeks earlier. To test this possibility, we assessed the effects of S-ketamine (S-(+)-ketamine hydrochloride) injection on maturation, as well as birth and survival, of new dentate gyrus granule neurons in rats, using the immediate-early gene zif268, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and BrdU, respectively. We show that S-ketamine has rapid effects on new neurons, increasing the proportion of functionally mature young granule neurons within 2 h. A single injection of S-ketamine also increased cell proliferation and functional maturation, and decreased depressive-like behavior, for at least 4 weeks in rats treated with long-term corticosterone administration (a depression model) and controls. However, the behavioral effects of S-ketamine on neophagia were unaffected by elimination of adult neurogenesis. Together, these results indicate that ketamine has surprisingly rapid and long-lasting effects on the recruitment of young neurons into hippocampal networks, but that ketamine has antidepressant-like effects that are independent of adult neurogenesis.
In vivo lung morphometry with accelerated hyperpolarized <sup>3</sup>He diffusion MRI: A preliminary study (2014)

Parallel imaging, given sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, provides a reliable means to accelerate hyperpolarized-gas magnetic resonance imaging with no significant difference in the measurement of lung morphometry from the fully sampled images. GRAPPA is a promising technique to significantly reduce imaging time and/or to improve the spatial coverage for the morphometric measurement with hyperpolarized gases.
Vitamin C and the common cold (1992)

The effect of vitamin C on the common cold has been the subject of several studies. These studies do not support a considerable decrease in the incidence of the common cold with supplemental vitamin C. However, vitamin C has consistently decreased the duration of cold episodes and the severity of symptoms. The benefits that have been observed in different studies show a large variation and, therefore, the clinical significance may not be clearly inferred from them. The biochemical explanation for the benefits may be based on the antioxidant property of vitamin C. In an infection, phagocytic leucocytes become activated and they produce oxidizing compounds which are released from the cell. By reacting with these oxidants, vitamin C may decrease the inflammatory effects caused by them. Scurvy, which is caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, is mostly attributed to the decreased synthesis of collagen. However, vitamin C also participates in several other reactions, such as the destruction of oxidizing substances. The common cold studies indicate that the amounts of vitamin C which safely protect from scurvy may still be too low to provide an efficient rate for other reactions, possibly antioxidant in nature, in infected people.
LARGE‐SCALE SIMULATION OF THE HUMAN ARTERIAL TREE (2008)

1. Full-scale simulations of the virtual physiological human (VPH) will require significant advances in modelling, multiscale mathematics, scientific computing and further advances in medical imaging. Herein, we review some of the main issues that need to be resolved in order to make three-dimensional (3D) simulations of blood flow in the human arterial tree feasible in the near future. 2. A straightforward approach is computationally prohibitive even on the emerging petaflop supercomputers, so a three-level hierarchical approach based on vessel size is required, consisting of: (i) a macrovascular network (MaN); (ii) a mesovascular network (MeN); and (iii) a microvascular network (MiN). We present recent simulations of MaN obtained by solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equations on arterial networks with tens of arteries and bifurcations and accounting for the neglected dynamics through proper boundary conditions. 3. A multiscale simulation coupling MaN-MeN-MiN and running on hundreds of thousands of processors on petaflop computers will require no more than a few CPU hours per cardiac cycle within the next 5 years. The rapidly growing capacity of supercomputing centres opens up the possibility of simulation studies of cardiovascular diseases, drug delivery, perfusion in the brain and other pathologies.
Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-2 Modulates Specific TLR Pathways for the Induction of Cytokine Release (2005)

The recognition of peptidoglycan by cells of the innate immune system has been controversial; both TLR2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) have been implicated in this process. In the present study we demonstrate that although NOD2 is required for recognition of peptidoglycan, this leads to strong synergistic effects on TLR2-mediated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Defective IL-10 production in patients with Crohn's disease bearing loss of function mutations of NOD2 may lead to overwhelming inflammation due to a subsequent Th1 bias. In addition to the potentiation of TLR2 effects, NOD2 is a modulator of signals transmitted through TLR4 and TLR3, but not through TLR5, TLR9, or TLR7. Thus, interaction between NOD2 and specific TLR pathways may represent an important modulatory mechanism of innate immune responses.
Graphical codes revisited (1997)

The set of all even subgraphs of a connected graph G on p vertices with q edges forms a binary linear code C=C/sub E/(G) with parameters [q,q-p+1,g], where g is the girth of G. Such codes were studied systematically by Bredeson and Hakimi (1967) and Hakimi and Bredeson (1968) who were concerned with the problems of augmenting C to a larger [q,k,g]-code and of efficiently decoding such augmented graphical codes. We give a new approach to these problems by requiring the augmented codes to be graphical. On one hand, we present two construction methods which turn out to contain the methods proposed by Hakimi and Bredeson as special cases. As we show, this not only gives a better understanding of their construction, it also results in augmenting codes of larger dimension. We look at the case of 1-error-correcting graphical codes in some detail. In particular, we show how to obtain the extended Hamming codes as "purely" graphical codes by our approach. On the other hand, we follow a suggestion of Ntafos and Hakimi (1981) and use techniques from combinatorial optimization to give decoding procedures for graphical codes which turn out to be considerably more efficient than the approach via majority logic decoding proposed by Bredeson and Hakimi. We also consider the decoding problem for the even graphical code based on the complete graph K/sub 2n/ in more detail: we discuss an efficient hardware implementation of an encoding/decoding scheme for these codes and show that things may be arranged in such a way that one can also correct all adjacent double errors. Finally, we discuss nonlinear graphical codes.