gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Changes in the Cortex-Basal Ganglia Network After Dopamine Depletion in the Rat (2008)

It is well established that parkinsonian syndrome is associated with alterations in the temporal pattern of neuronal activity and local field potentials in the basal ganglia (BG). An increase in synchronized oscillations has been observed in different BG nuclei in parkinsonian patients and animal models of this disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. This study investigates the functional connectivity in the cortex-BG network of a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Single neurons and local field potentials were simultaneously recorded in the motor cortex, the striatum, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) of freely moving rats, and high-voltage spindles (HVSs) were used to compare signal transmission before and after dopaminergic depletion. It is shown that dopaminergic lesion results in a significant enhancement of oscillatory synchronization in the BG: the coherence between pairs of structures increased significantly and the percentage of oscillatory auto- and cross-correlograms. HVS episodes were also more numerous and longer. These changes were associated with a shortening of the latency of SNr response to cortical activation, from 40.5 +/- 4.8 to 10.2 +/- 1.07 ms. This result suggests that, in normal conditions, SNr neurons are likely to be driven by late inputs from the indirect pathway; however, after the lesion, their shorter latency also indicates an overactivation of the hyperdirect pathway. This study confirms that neuronal signal transmission is altered in the BG after dopamine depletion but also provides qualitative evidence for these changes at the cellular level.
Disturbed Expression of the Apoptosis Regulators XIAP, XAF1, and Smac/DIABLO in Gastric Adenocarcinomas (2007)

Dysregulation of apoptosis plays an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Whereas x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, its antagonists second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct IAP binding protein with low PI (Smac/DIABLO), and XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) promote apoptosis. To explore the relevance of XIAP, Smac/DIABLO, and XAF1 for carcinogenesis and tumor progression, we analyzed 46 primary gastric adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic gastric mucosa samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. XIAP, Smac/DIABLO, and XAF1 expression was found in all non-neoplastic gastric mucosa samples and all adenocarcinomas. XIAP expression levels did not change between non-neoplastic gastric mucosa and adenocarcinomas or between carcinomas of early and advanced stages. Although Smac/DIABLO expression was significantly (P=0.01) higher in carcinomas, the ratio of XIAP to Smac/DIABLO expression remained stable between non-neoplastic mucosa and carcinomas. XAF1 expression had the tendency to decrease from non-neoplastic mucosa to advanced adenocarcinomas. Importantly, the ratio of XIAP to XAF1 expression significantly (P=0.03) increased from non-neoplastic mucosa to adenocarcinomas and the increase was even higher in carcinomas of advanced stage (P=0.01). Moreover, expression of the XAF1 splice variants differing in the zinc-finger domain essential for XIAP-binding was analyzed and revealed a significant higher (P=0.03) variant-2/variant-1 ratio in advanced carcinomas. In conclusion, an increased expression ratio of XIAP to XAF1 in combination with a disturbed expression of the XAF1 splice variants could be shown in gastric adenocarcinomas. These marked imbalances probably result in an impaired ability for XAF1 to antagonize the effects of XIAP thereby contributing to apoptosis-resistance and generating an important growth advantage.
Measuring Milking Machine Liner Slips (1990)

Liner slip or rapid air leakage past the mouthpiece of the milking machine liner has been identified as a cause of new infection in the bovine mammary gland. A device has been developed to differentiate and count the abrupt losses of milking vacuum due to liner slips from the many other vacuum fluctuations that occur in the clawpiece during milking. A Microswitch(!) transducer converts vacuum to an analog direct current output voltage. An electronic comparator monitors the transducer output and closes a gate switch to a digital counter when a large, high speed vacuum change occurs. This vacuum change is initially set to activate the initial slip counter when the vacuum change is greater than 8 kPa in less than .25 s. The magnitude threshold is adjustable; however, the time base is fixed. The counter is then blocked from responding to a new signal for 5 s, because subsequent large fluctuations (squawks) may occur following the initial slip. A second major fluctuations digital counter responds to all large fluctuations beyond an adjustable vacuum threshold without a time base element.
Caspase cleavage product lacking amino‐terminus of IκBα sensitizes resistant cells to TNF‐α and TRAIL‐induced apoptosis* (2002)

In response to a diverse array of signals, IkappaBalpha is targeted for phosphorylation-dependent degradation by the proteasome, thereby activating NF-kappaB. Here we demonstrate a role of the cleavage product of IkappaBalpha in various death signals. During apoptosis of NIH3T3, Jurkat, Rat-1, and L929 cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas, serum deprivation, or TNF-alpha, respectively, IkappaBalpha was cleaved in a caspase-dependent manner. In vitro and in vivo cleavage assays and site-directed mutagenesis showed that caspase-3 cleaved IkappaBalpha between Asp31 and Ser32. Expression of the cleavage product lacking amino-terminus (1-31), DeltaIkappaBalpha, sensitized otherwise resistant NIH3T3 fibroblast cells to apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha or TRAIL, and HeLa tumor cells to TNF-alpha. DeltaIkappaBalpha was more pro-apoptotic compared to wild type or cleavage-resistant (D31E)IkappaBalpha mutant and the sensitization elicited by DeltaIkappaBalpha was as effective as that by the dominant negative mutant, (S32,36A)IkappaBalpha, in NIH3T3 cells. DeltaIkappaBalpha suppressed the transactivation of NF-kappaB induced by TNF-alpha or TRAIL, as reflected by luciferase-reporter activity. Conversely, expression of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB suppressed TNF-alpha-, TRAIL-, and serum deprivation-induced cell death. On the contrary, DeltaIkappaBalpha was less effective at increasing the death rate of HeLa cells that were already sensitive to death signals including TRAIL, etoposide, or taxol. These results suggest that DeltaIkappaBalpha generated by various death signals sensitizes cells to apoptosis by suppressing NF-kappaB activity.
Glutathione and glutathione transferase levels in mouse granulocytes following cyclophosphamide administration. (1986)

Following an initial depletion, glutathione and glutathione transferase levels are transiently increased in mouse bone marrow following the administration of a low dose of cyclophosphamide. Similar effects are observed on subsequent administration of the drug. The separation of various bone marrow populations on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter has shown that increase in glutathione and glutathione transferase levels are restricted to the granulocytic fraction. This may well provide an explanation for the protective effect of a low 'priming' dose of cyclophosphamide against a subsequent lethal dose. The changes in granulocytic glutathione and glutathione transferase levels can also be monitored in the peripheral circulation. The enhanced levels of glutathione in cells resulting from cytotoxic insult appear to be a general response of cells to cytotoxins and may be important in both antitumor therapy as well as the initiation of chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Doped Diamond: A Compact Review on a New, Versatile Electrode Material (2007)

The present paper gives an overview on the current development status of doped-diamond electrodes for electrochemical applications. It starts with a short discussion on the different types of diamond electrodes and their preparation methods. This is followed by a summary of the electrochemical properties of diamond electrodes in different electrolytes. Modification strategies for doped-diamond electrodes are discussed as an important technology to change their electrochemical properties. The second part of the paper deals with practical applications of diamond electrodes from water treatment to inorganic and organic electrosynthesis, electroanalysis and electrochemical energy technology to biotechnology.
Challenging “Islamic Fundamentalism” (1999)

The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder , Bassam Tibi. Comparative Studies in Religion and Society Series #9, Mark Juergensmeyer, editor. Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa c id al‐ c Ashmawy. Carolyn Fluehr‐Lobban, editor. Qur'an, Liberation & Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Inter‐religious Solidarity Against Oppression , Farid Esack.
Recent Developments and Patents on Biological Sensing using Nanoparticles in Microfluidic Systems (2012)

Microfluidic systems provide a total solution of biological and chemical analysis from the sample application to the display of the analysis results. A lot of developments on the point-of-care diagnostic applications have been reported and the commercial possibility is shown. To achieve sensitive and specific biological sensing, nanoparticles may provide a promising tool because they have similar length scale with the biomolecules. The nano-sensing technology suggests a molecular level detection of the biomolecules to pursue higher performance. In this review, recent developments and patents on the biological sensing using nanoparticles in microfluidic systems are discussed. An updated, systematic and rapid reference in the field of nano-biological sensing is provided. Keywords: Microfluidics, Microfluidic systems, Lab-on-chip, Nanoparticles, Biological sensing
Efficacies of rapid agglutination tests for identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains as Staphylococcus aureus (1988)

Four commercially available rapid agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were compared with the tube coagulase test for the identification of 300 methicillin-resistant isolates of staphylococci. Isolates tested included 207 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 93 coagulase-negative staphylococci, collected from five medical centers. Strain variability was documented by phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Results of rapid identification tests ranged between 82 and 86% sensitivity, significantly poorer than the 98% sensitivity which the tube coagulase test provided.
Is Point-of-Care Ultrasound Accurate and Useful in the Hands of Military Medical Technicians? A Review of the Literature (2012)

Over the past decade, point-of-care ultrasound (US) use by nonphysician providers has grown substantially. The purpose of this article is to (1) summarize the literature evaluating military medics' facility at US, (2) more clearly define the potential utility of military prehospital US technology, and (3) lay a pathway for future research of military prehospital US. The authors performed a keyword search using multiple search engines. Each author independently reviewed the search results and evaluated the literature for inclusion. Of 30 studies identified, five studies met inclusion criteria. The applications included evaluation of cardiac activity, pneumothorax evaluation, and fracture evaluation. Additionally, a descriptive study demonstrated distribution of US exam types during practical use by Army Special Forces Medical Sergeants. No studies evaluated retention of skills over prolonged periods. Multiple studies demonstrate the feasibility of training military medics in US. Even under austere conditions, the majority of studies conclude that medic can perform US with a high degree of accuracy. Lessons learned from these studies tend to support continued use of US in out-of-hospital settings and exploration of the optimal curriculum to introduce this skill.
Operative vaginal delivery: clinical appraisal of a new vacuum extraction device (2001)

The efficacy of a new vacuum extraction device, the Kiwi OmniCup, and its effects on mothers and infants were tested in a study of 18 non-rotational and 32 rotational vacuum assisted deliveries. Forty-nine (98%) of the extractions resulted in successful vaginal births. Autorotation of the fetal head when the occiput was transverse or posterior was achieved in 31 (97%) of the 32 vacuum procedures. The high success rates recorded for both vaginal delivery and autorotation of the fetal head were largely attributable to the fact that flexing cup applications were achieved in 90 % of the vacuum attempts. There were no cases of serious maternal trauma or clinically significant neonatal injuries. Two infants had cephalohaematomas and one infant developed a small subgaleal haemorrhage following a difficult delivery, which resolved rapidly without complications. It was concluded that the Kiwi OmniCup is an efficient and safe vacuum device for assisted vaginal delivery, provided it is used correctly and appropriately.
DEVELOPER CONTRIBUTIONS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SECTION 94 OF THE NSW ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT ACT OF 1979 (1996)

Reduced funding from higher levels of government to local authorities for infrastructure has induced an increased emphasis on user pays financing techniques, such as Section 94 in NSW. However, an analysis of 1993 data on Section 94 contributions demonstrates that some small local authorities cannot use Section 94 to levy developers in an efficient manner. It is argued that alternative methods of raising funds from developers, like ad valorem taxes, should be employed instead by these councils.
Instruction set compiled simulation: a technique for fast and flexible instruction set simulation (2004)

Instruction set simulators are critical tools for the exploration and validation of new programmable architectures. Due to increasing complexity of the architectures and time-to-market pressure, performance is the most important feature of an instruction-set simulator. Interpretive simulators are flexible but slow, whereas compiled simulators deliver speed at the cost of flexibility. This paper presents a novel technique for generation of fast instruction set simulators that combines the benefit of both compiled and interpretive simulation. We achieve fast instruction accurate simulation through two mechanisms. First, we move the time consuming decoding process from run-time to compile time while maintaining the flexibility of the interpretive simulation. Second, we use a novel instruction abstraction technique to generate aggressively optimized decoded instructions that further improves simulation performance. Our instruction set compiled simulation (IS-CS) technique delivers upto 40% performance improvement over the best known published result that has the flexibility of interpretive simulation. We illustrate the applicability of the IS-CS technique using the ARM7 embedded processor.
Exopolysaccharide Production by Pseudomonas NCIB11264 Grown in Continuous Culture (1978)

Exopolysaccharide formation by Pseudomonas ncibii264 in a single-stage continuous culture was maximal under nitrogen limitation with excess carbohydrate substrate at 30±1 °C and pH 7·0±0·1 Polysaccharide production was not enhanced by phosphate limitation but was dependent on the dilution rate. Steady states were maintained for up to 500 h without deterioration of the culture or the development of mutant strains. The efficiency of conversion of the glucose substrate utilized into exopolysaccharide by the chemostat cultures was as high as 73%.
The hmc operon of Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Hildenborough encodes a potential transmembrane redox protein complex (1993)

The nucleotide sequence of the hmc operon from Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Hildenborough indicated the presence of eight open reading frames, encoding proteins Orf1 to Orf6, Rrf1, and Rrf2. Orf1 is the periplasmic, high-molecular-weight cytochrome (Hmc) containing 16 c-type hemes and described before (W. B. R. Pollock, M. Loutfi, M. Bruschi, B. J. Rapp-Giles, J. D. Wall, and G. Voordouw, J. Bacteriol. 173:220-228, 1991). Orf2 is a transmembrane redox protein with four iron-sulfur clusters, as indicated by its similarity to DmsB from Escherichia coli. Orf3, Orf4, and Orf5 are all highly hydrophobic, integral membrane proteins with similarities to subunits of NADH dehydrogenase or cytochrome c reductase. Orf6 is a cytoplasmic redox protein containing two iron-sulfur clusters, as indicated by its similarity to the ferredoxin domain of [Fe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio species. Rrf1 belongs to the family of response regulator proteins, while the function of Rrf2 cannot be derived from the gene sequence. The expression of individual genes in E. coli with the T7 system confirmed the open reading frames for Orf2, Orf6, and Rrf1. Deletion of 0.4 kb upstream from orf1 abolished the expression of Hmc in D. desulfuricans G200, indicating this region to contain the hmc operon promoter. The expression of two truncated hmc genes in D. desulfuricans G200 resulted in stable periplasmic c-type cytochromes, confirming the domain structure of Hmc. We propose that Hmc and Orf2 to Orf6 form a transmembrane protein complex that allows electron flow from the periplasmic hydrogenases to the cytoplasmic enzymes that catalyze the reduction of sulfate. The domain structure of Hmc may be required to allow interaction with multiple hydrogenases.
Novel Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by Unusual Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Allenenes (2003)

Novel stereoselective synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes from allenenes is presented. Treatment of N-protected 4-alkyl-4-(N-allyl)amino allenes with allyl carbonate and a catalytic amount of Pd(2)(dba)(3).CHCl(3) in MeCN leads to stereoselective formation of the 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane framework in moderate to good yields. [reaction: see text]
An antibody against phosphorylated neurofilaments identifies a subset of damaged association axons in Alzheimer's disease. (1993)

We studied axonal damage in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex and hippocampus with a novel monoclonal antibody (SMI 312) against phosphorylated neurofilaments. This antibody immunolabeled, with great detail, the neuropil axonal network. In aged normal cases only a few pyramidal cell perikarya were immunostained. In Alzheimer's disease there was a two- to four-fold increase in neuronal SMI 312 immunolabeling, and neuropil neuritic processes were severely disrupted. Double-immunolabeling analysis showed that 88% of SMI 312-immunolabeled abnormal neuritic clusters were associated with amyloid, whereas the remaining 12% were not. Serial section analysis and 3-D reconstructions suggested that dystrophic neurites of classical plaques were derived from long axons. These abnormal neurites were also growth-associated protein 43 positive and occasionally tau positive. The present study supports the contention that a subpopulation of aberrantly sprouting axons in the neuritic plaque is derived from cortico-cortico fibers. This disruption of the neocortical association fibers and neuritic microcircuitry could underlie the cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease.
Neuroinformatic analyses of common and distinct genetic components associated with major neuropsychiatric disorders (2014)

Major neuropsychiatric disorders are highly heritable, with mounting evidence suggesting that these disorders share overlapping sets of molecular and cellular underpinnings. In the current article we systematically test the degree of genetic commonality across six major neuropsychiatric disorders-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders (Anx), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). We curated a well-vetted list of genes based on large-scale human genetic studies based on the NHGRI catalog of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A total of 180 genes were accepted into the analysis on the basis of low but liberal GWAS p-values (<10(-5)). 22% of genes overlapped two or more disorders. The most widely shared subset of genes-common to five of six disorders-included ANK3, AS3MT, CACNA1C, CACNB2, CNNM2, CSMD1, DPCR1, ITIH3, NT5C2, PPP1R11, SYNE1, TCF4, TENM4, TRIM26, and ZNRD1. Using a suite of neuroinformatic resources, we showed that many of the shared genes are implicated in the postsynaptic density (PSD), expressed in immune tissues and co-expressed in developing human brain. Using a translational cross-species approach, we detected two distinct genetic components that were both shared by each of the six disorders; the 1st component is involved in CNS development, neural projections and synaptic transmission, while the 2nd is implicated in various cytoplasmic organelles and cellular processes. Combined, these genetic components account for 20-30% of the genetic load. The remaining risk is conferred by distinct, disorder-specific variants. Our systematic comparative analysis of shared and unique genetic factors highlights key gene sets and molecular processes that may ultimately translate into improved diagnosis and treatment of these debilitating disorders.
Rayleigh backscattering measurement of single-mode fibers by low coherence optical time-domain reflectometer with 14 μm spatial resolution (1991)

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) with −136 dB minimum detectable reflectivity and 14 μm spatial resolution is developed based on low coherence interference. The high sensitivity was accomplished by using a high-power superluminescent diode module with a 1.5 mW fiber output and a new system configuration, both for effectively operating the balanced heterodyne detection. The reflectivity of −136 dB is only 6 dB above the shot noise limit. The first observation of 1.3 μm wavelength Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers was successfully made by the OTDR with a 17 dB dynamic range and 14 μm spatial resolution.
Manufacture of Thin-Film Solar Cells:  Modeling and Control of Cu(InGa)Se<sub>2</sub> Physical Vapor Deposition onto a Moving Substrate (2003)

Absorber layers for thin-film Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells are produced by co-evaporation from elemental effusion sources. To meet the product specifications on thickness and composition, the vapor flow rates from the sources need to be controlled tightly. The thickness and composition of the final product are measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Using the cinematic technique, a discrete dynamic model of the deposition process has been developed, and together with the XRF model, it can be cast into a Wiener model structure. The nonlinear map is globally invertible, which allows for linearization and complete decoupling of the individual control loops. Two types of controllers were tested in simulation studies: model predictive control (MPC) and internal model control (IMC). For MPC, both controllers with output bias and state estimation were developed; for IMC, both first-order plus time delay and state space models were used. Controller performance for reference tracking is compared under input, parametric, and output uncertainty.
Evaluation of machining accuracy and consistency of selected implants, standard abutments, and laboratory analogs. (1995)

Thirteen implants having external hexagonal extensions were evaluated for machining accuracy and consistency. A composite score was derived to evaluate overall manufacturing accuracy and consistency of the implants evaluated in this study. A technique to determine the rotational freedom between implant and abutment is described, and the coronal hexagonal matings of selected implants and abutments is evaluated and reported. Crossover use and combinations of products from different manufacturers was also evaluated for rotational freedom. Two nonexternal hexagonal extension implant configurations were measured for rotational movement as contrasting and comparative values.