gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TGF-β1 mediates the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth induced by angiotensin II (2002)

Angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent hypertrophic stimulus, causes significant increases in TGFb1 gene expression. However, it is not known whether there is a causal relationship between increased levels of TGF-β1 and cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiographic analysis revealed that TGF-β1–deficient mice subjected to chronic subpressor doses of Ang II had no significant change in left ventricular (LV) mass and percent fractional shortening during Ang IItreatment. In contrast, Ang II–treated wild-type mice showed a >20% increase in LV mass and impaired cardiac function. Cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area was also markedly increased in Ang II–treated wild-type mice but unchanged in Ang II–treated TGF-β1–deficient mice. No significant levels of fibrosis, mitotic growth, or cytokine infiltration were detected in Ang II–treated mice. Atrial natriuretic factor expression was ∼6-fold elevated in Ang II–treated wild-type, but not TGF-β1–deficient mice. However, the α- to β-myosin heavy chain switch did not occur in Ang II–treated mice, indicating that isoform switching is not obligatorily coupled with hypertrophy or TGF-β1. The Ang IIeffect on hypertrophy was shown not to result from stimulation of the endogenous renin-angiotensis system. These results indicate that TGF-β1 is an important mediator of the hypertrophic growth response of the heart to Ang II.
Influence of growth temperature of Escherichia coli on K1 capsular antigen production and resistance to opsonization (1983)

When Escherichia coli strains that produce K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen at 37 degrees C were grown at 22 degrees C, K1 antigen was not detected in the supernatant or washed-cell fraction of broth cultures. Significant amounts of K1 polysaccharide were detected only when the organism was grown at temperatures of 30 degrees C or higher. Rabbits immunized with an E. coli K1 strain (serotype O18ac:K1:H7) grown at 37 degrees C produced agglutinating antibody to somatic antigen and precipitating and agglutinating antibody to capsular K1 antigen; those immunized with this strain grown at 22 degrees C produced antibody to somatic antigen, but not to K1 antigen. Antibody to somatic antigen was markedly reduced by adsorption with the organism grown at 22 degrees C, while antibody to capsular antigen was not. E. coli K1 strains grown at 37 degrees C (K1 present) resisted phagocytosis and killing if they were opsonized solely by the alternative complement pathway (ACP) using magnesium ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid-chelated serum. When these strains were grown at 22 degrees C (K1 absent), they were opsonized efficiently by the ACP (28 versus 94% killing, respectively; P less than 0.001). In addition, a non-K1 mutant of an E. coli K1 strain was opsonized efficiently by the ACP although its encapsulated K1 parent was not. Sensitivity of E. coli strains to the bactericidal activity of serum was observed in strains with and without K1 capsular antigen. These studies demonstrated that production of K1 polysaccharide antigen was regulated by environmental temperature and that K1 capsule plays an essential role in rendering the organism resistant to opsonization by the ACP.
Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Mechanical Properties 4. Corrosion Behavior 5. Occurrence 6. Production of Titanium Tetrachloride 7. Production of Titanium Sponge 7.1. Reduction of Titanium Dioxide 7.2. Reduction of Titanium Halides 7.3. Thermal Decomposition of Titanium Halides 7.4. Electrowinning of Titanium 8. Processing and Reuse of Scrap Metal 9. Processing of Titanium Sponge 10. Production and Processing of Semifinished Products 11. Titanium Alloys 11.1. α‐, (α + β)‐, and β‐Alloys 11.2. Highly Alloyed Titanium 12. Uses and Economic Aspects 13. Titanium Master Alloys 13.1. Ferrotitanium 13.1.1. Composition and Uses 13.1.2. Production 13.1.3. Economic Aspects 13.2. Titanium ‐ Aluminum 13.3. Other Master Alloys 14. Titanium Compounds 14.1. Titanium(II) Compounds 14.2. Titanium(III) Compounds 14.3. Titanium(IV) Compounds 14.4. Interstitial Compounds 15. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Aggressive HIV-1? (2005)

New York City health officials announced on February 11, 2005 that a patient rapidly developed full-blown AIDS shortly after being diagnosed with a rare, drug-resistant strain of HIV-1. The New York City Department of Health issued an alert to all hospitals and doctors and a press conference was held to announce the emergence of an aggressive HIV-1 strain that may be difficult to treat and that appears to trigger rapid progression to AIDS. Is the panic justified?
Notes towards a Monograph of Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) (1995)

An account precursory to a monographic treatment of Cactaceae tribe Rhipsalideae De Candolle is presented covering the genera Lepismium Pfeiffer (6 subgenera: 14 spp.), Rhipsalis Gaertner (5 subgenera: 33 spp.), Hatiora Britton & Rose (2 subgenera: 5 spp.) and Schlumbergera Lemaire (6 spp.). Keys to enable identification of subgenera and species are provided for each genus. For Rhipsalis, 3 species and 2 subspecies are named for the first time and throughout the tribe various new name combinations are validated at the ranks of subgenus, subspecies and forma. Bibliographic and typification data are provided for all accepted names and their basionyms, and a summary of geographical distribution and ecology, where known, is given for each species and/or subspecies recognized. Names of uncertain application are discussed and an index to all commonly encountered binomial synonyms is provided.
Joint PET-MR respiratory motion models for clinical PET motion correction (2016)

Patient motion due to respiration can lead to artefacts and blurring in positron emission tomography (PET) images, in addition to quantification errors. The integration of PET with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in PET-MR scanners provides complementary clinical information, and allows the use of high spatial resolution and high contrast MR images to monitor and correct motion-corrupted PET data. In this paper we build on previous work to form a methodology for respiratory motion correction of PET data, and show it can improve PET image quality whilst having minimal impact on clinical PET-MR protocols. We introduce a joint PET-MR motion model, using only 1 min per PET bed position of simultaneously acquired PET and MR data to provide a respiratory motion correspondence model that captures inter-cycle and intra-cycle breathing variations. In the model setup, 2D multi-slice MR provides the dynamic imaging component, and PET data, via low spatial resolution framing and principal component analysis, provides the model surrogate. We evaluate different motion models (1D and 2D linear, and 1D and 2D polynomial) by computing model-fit and model-prediction errors on dynamic MR images on a data set of 45 patients. Finally we apply the motion model methodology to 5 clinical PET-MR oncology patient datasets. Qualitative PET reconstruction improvements and artefact reduction are assessed with visual analysis, and quantitative improvements are calculated using standardised uptake value (SUV(peak) and SUV(max)) changes in avid lesions. We demonstrate the capability of a joint PET-MR motion model to predict respiratory motion by showing significantly improved image quality of PET data acquired before the motion model data. The method can be used to incorporate motion into the reconstruction of any length of PET acquisition, with only 1 min of extra scan time, and with no external hardware required.
A novel statistical linear discriminant analysis for image matrix: two-dimensional fisherfaces (2005)

In the pattern recognition field, how to extract the proper features is a very important problem. In recent year, the statistical methods have been researched widely and many methods for feature extraction have been developed, such as, PCA, ICA, nonlinear PCA and etc. But the image always need be transformed to a ID vector in the traditional statistical methods. This paper proposed a novel linear discriminant analysis for image matrix, which achieved better result than the traditional ones. Experiments also proof our method is effective.
Reproduction by Overwintered Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Hops (1986)

In areas within its range where soils freeze in winter, Tetranychus urticae Koch overwinters in protected locations as fertilized females. Under favorable conditions they are capable of rapid recovery and may lay eggs within 24 h after they begin feeding. The shriveled, overwintered females increased in length (idiosoma) from 0.41 to 0.56 mm over 9 days. The first eggs laid contained pigment similar to that in the female; many pigmented eggs did not hatch. Subsequent eggs were normal (pearly white) and hatched. Females laid an average of 50.8 eggs over a 20-day test period (n = 47). From the 2,390 eggs laid, 1,036 females and 326 males were produced. The large proportion of female progeny from overwintered females ensures an adequate base for future population development. Presence of male progeny ensures fertilization and continuation of females in the population.
Studies correlating the growth rate of a tumor and its metastases and providing evidence for tumor-related systemic growth-retarding factors. (1972)

Summary Previous studies have shown that the growth of a solid tumor is characterized by progressive slowing of the rate of growth as the tumor increases in size, but it is not clear to what extent local or systemic factors determine this slowing of growth rate. In this study, the growth of an implanted, isologous Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice was followed by serial tumor diameter measurements, and the number of tumor cells which had metastasized to lungs and kidneys was followed by serial quantitative transplant bioassay. Tumor diameter data were converted to tumor weight by a previously derived formula. Synchronous slowing of the rate of growth of the implanted tumor and its metastases was observed. Early after transplantation, the implanted tumor grew exponentially, and early lung metastases grew exponentially at a similar rate. Later, as the growth rate of the large implanted tumor slowed, a similar degree of slowing of the growth rate of metastases in lung and kidney was observed, even though these metastatic foci were microscopic in size. Host immunological factors did not seem to be involved, since challenge of animals at various stages of tumor growth with graded doses of tumor cells showed no evidence of transplantation resistance. Synchronous slowing of tumor growth rate was also demonstrated in experiments in which metastases were simulated by a 2nd implant. Following removal of the primary tumor, this slowing of tumor growth was reversible in both the lung metastases and the simulated metastases. These studies point to the importance of nonimmunological systemic factors (nutritional deficiencies or tumor by-products) that influence tumor growth rate.
Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis (2015)

Anastasis (Greek for "rising to life") refers to the recovery of dying cells. Before these cells recover, they have passed through important checkpoints of apoptosis, including mitochondrial fragmentation, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol, activation of caspases, chromatin condensation, DNA damage, nuclear fragmentation, plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Anastasis can occur when apoptotic stimuli are removed prior to death, thereby allowing dying cells to reverse apoptosis and potentially other death mechanisms. Therefore, anastasis appears to involve physiological healing processes that could also sustain damaged cells inappropriately. The functions and mechanisms of anastasis are still unclear, hampered in part by the limited tools for detecting past events after the recovery of apparently healthy cells. Strategies to detect anastasis will enable studies of the physiological mechanisms, the hazards of undead cells in disease pathology, and potential therapeutics to modulate anastasis. Here, we describe effective strategies using live cell microscopy and a mammalian caspase biosensor for identifying and tracking anastasis in mammalian cells.
Evolution of bacteriophages infecting encapsulated bacteria: lessons from <i>Escherichia coli</i> K1‐specific phages (2006)

Bacterial capsules are not only important virulence factors, but also provide attachment sites for bacteriophages that possess capsule degrading enzymes as tailspike proteins. To gain insight into the evolution of these specialized viruses, we studied a panel of tailed phages specific for Escherichia coli K1, a neuroinvasive pathogen with a polysialic acid capsule. Genome sequencing of two lytic K1-phages and comparative analyses including a K1-prophage revealed that K1-phages did not evolve from a common ancestor. By contrast, each phage is related to a different progenitor type, namely T7-, SP6-, and P22-like phages, and gained new host specificity by horizontal uptake of an endosialidase gene. The new tailspikes emerged by combining endosialidase domains with the capsid binding module of the respective ancestor. For SP6-like phages, we identified a degenerated tailspike protein which now acts as versatile adaptor protein interconnecting tail and newly acquired tailspikes and demonstrate that this adapter utilizes an N-terminal undecapeptide interface to bind otherwise unrelated tailspikes. Combining biochemical and sequence analyses with available structural data, we provide new molecular insight into basic mechanisms that allow changes in host specificity while a conserved head and tail architecture is maintained. Thereby, the present study contributes not only to an improved understanding of phage evolution and host-range extension but may also facilitate the on purpose design of therapeutic phages based on well-characterized template phages.
Erroneously Low Results Due to High Nonspecific Binding Encountered with a Radioassay Kit That Measures “True” Serum Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (1980)

Subsequent to recent disclosures that low serum vitamin B12 results can appear normal using many of the current radioassay methods because of the presence of cobalamin (vitamin B12) analogues in human serum, a number of radioassay kits have become available with modified intrinsic factor preparations and claims of measuring "true" vitamin B12. While evaluating two of these kits, one with R protein activity blocked and the other with R protein removed, the possibility was discovered that normal results could appear low owing to high nonspecific binding encountered with one of the methodologies. The problem of nonspecific binding was apparently due to incomplete inactivation of serum endogenous binding proteins and inadequate separation of free and bound radioisotope. The results demonstrate that "lower" vitamin B12 values are not necessarily "truer" values, and therefore caution and critical evaluation should temper the haste to change to commercial radioassay procedures that claim to provide "true" vitamin B12 levels.
A CAD coupled laser beam test system for digital circuit failure analysis (1990)

An automated contactless testing system that consists of a laser scanning microscope (LSM) coupled with a CAD layout database is described. Logic state detection and automated failure analysis in CMOS circuits can be done without the need of vacuum, and with a minimum of circuit environment preparation. The coupling of the LSM and the CAD layout database leads to automated node location, and minimizes the failure search because it enables the user to backtrace signal interconnections inside the circuit during the local test session.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of active alignment control of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope wide-field corrector using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (2010)

One of the key aspects of the Wide-Field Upgrade (WFU) for the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is the use of wavefront sensing (WFS) to close the loop of active alignment control of the new four-mirror Wide-Field Corrector (WFC), as it tracks sidereal motion, with respect to the fixed spherical segmented primary mirror. This makes the telescope pupil dynamically change in shape. This is a unique challenge to the WFS on the HET, in addition to various influences of seeing, primary mirror segment errors, and dynamic deflection of the internal optical components of the WFC. We conducted extensive simulations to understand the robustness of the WFS in the face of these errors and the results of these analyses are discussed in this paper.
Indexing confusion networks for morph-based spoken document retrieval (2007)

In this paper, we investigate methods for improving the performance of morph-based spoken document retrieval in Finnish by extracting relevant index terms from confusion networks. Our approach uses morpheme-like subword units ("morphs") for recognition and indexing. This alleviates the problem of out-of-vocabulary words, especially with inflectional languages like Finnish. Confusion networks offer a convenient representation of alternative recognition candidates by aligning mutually exclusive terms and by giving the posterior probability of each term. The rank of the competing terms and their posterior probability is used to estimate term frequency for indexing. Comparing against 1-best recognizer transcripts, we show that retrieval effectiveness is significantly improved. Finally, the effect of pruning in recognition is analyzed, showing that when recognition speed is increased, the reduction in retrieval performance due to the increase in the 1-best error rate can be compensated by using confusion networks.
Synthesis of panoramic views of peripheral vessels from sequences of echographic images (2003)

Echographic imaging plays a decisive role in diagnostics. However, the narrow field of view which is obtainable with an ultrasound probe can be a serious drawback. Techniques are needed to extend the field of view by reconstructing panoramic images from image sequences. In this paper the results obtained with the algorithm developed by H. Bulthof et al. are illustrated. The algorithm was used to estimate the motion of the probe between every pair of consecutive frames of echographic sequences. Subsequently, the gray level map of every single frame of the sequence was translated according to the estimated motion and added to the gray level maps of the previous frames with a mean operation. Three kinds of test sequences were used to evaluate the algorithm performances: simulated sequences, sequences of a calibration phantom and sequences of brachial arteries.
Robust marking of photoreceptor cells and pinealocytes with several reporters under control of the <i>Crx</i> gene (2009)

Crx is a member of the Otx family of homeobox genes with expression restricted to vertebrate retinal photoreceptor and bipolar cells as well as the pinealocytes of the pineal organ. To facilitate the visualization of Crx-expressing cells, we generated transgenic mice expressing several reporters under the control of the Crx regulatory sequences present within a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). These mice expand the transgenic mouse collection, which uses photoreceptor regulatory elements for reporter gene expression by providing a broader repertoire of reporter genes. In addition, because Crx is expressed very soon after a cell fated to be a photoreceptor cell becomes postmitotic, they provide a means for early identification of immature photoreceptor cells.
NF-kappa B-mediated transcriptional regulation of human beta-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. (2002)

beta-Defensins are cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities that contribute to innate host defense. Among human beta-defensins (hBDs), hBD-2 is up-regulated in epithelial tissues and mononuclear phagocytes in response to bacterial infection and proinflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of hBD-2 gene regulation. Here, we investigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated transcriptional regulation of the hBD-2 gene by focusing on the roles of NF-kappa B, STAT, and NF-IL-6 sites in mononuclear phagocytes using RAW264.7 cells, which are sensitive to LPS. Luciferase reporter analyses demonstrated that two NF-kappa B sites were essential for full LPS responsiveness of the hBD-2 gene. Further, both NF-kappa B sites were also crucial for basal transcriptional activity. In contrast, neither the NF-IL-6 nor STAT binding site was required for LPS-induced hBD-2 transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that in unstimulated cells, NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to both NF-kappa B sites, whereas the p65-p50 heterodimer formed complexes with these sites following LPS stimulation. Together, these observations indicate that NF-kappa B plays an important role in the regulation of hBD-2 gene expression in response to LPS.
Electrochemical Vapor Deposition of Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Films (1990)

Tubular solid oxide fuel cells employ yttria‐stabilized zirconia electrolyte film as an oxygen ion conductor at high temperatures. These yttria‐stabilized zirconia electrolyte films are deposited by an electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) process. The electrochemical transport of oxygen ions during the EVD process is analyzed by measuring the film growth as a function of EVD reaction time; the film growth is found to be parabolic with time. Wagner's transport theory for parabolic growth and the defect model for yttria‐stabilized zirconia have been used to calculate the average electronic transport number and the partial electronic conductivity of the electrolyte film. The analysis of the data revealed that the electrolyte film growth is controlled by diffusion of electrons. It is also shown that the electrochemical transport that occurs during EVD of the electrolyte is similar to the phenomena of oxygen semipermeability wherein electrons migrate from the low‐oxygen partial pressure side to the high‐oxygen partial pressure side, and oxygen ions migrate in the reverse direction maintaining charge neutrality.
Parameters for the evaluation of IL-2 stability. (1986)

Recombinant DNA derived interleukin-2 stability in accelerated and long term studies was evaluated using biological and protein chemical methods. Various biophysical parameters were investigated for their correlation with bioassay results and for their accuracy and utility as quantitative indicators of change. Biochemically distinguishable forms of the molecule exhibited different levels of IL-2 activity in vitro. Of the methods evaluated, SDS-PAGE and, to a greater extent, reverse phase and TSK based HPLC analyses have been found to measure relevant changes in the structure of human interleukin-2. Those test systems detect covalent and non-covalent aggregates, degradation products, and inappropriately oxidized forms of human interleukin-2 all of which contribute to an overall loss of IL-2 biological activity. Such measures provide sensitive and reproducible indications of changes relative to the standard bioassay. These studies have led to the development of an analog of interleukin-2 which is biologically active and shows improved long term stability.