gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prototyping parallel and distributed programs in Proteus (2002)

This paper presents Proteus, an architecture-independent language suitable for prototyping parallel and distributed programs. Proteus is a high-level imperative notation based on sets and sequences with a single construct for the parallel composition of processes. Although a shared-memory model is the basis for communication between processes, this memory can be partitioned into shared and private variables. Parallel processes operate on individual copies of private variables, which are independently updated and may be merged into the shared state at specifiable barrier synchronization points. Several examples are given to illustrate how the various parallel programming models, such as synchronous data-parallelism and asynchronous control-parallelism, can be expressed in terms of this foundation. This common foundation allows prototypes to be tested, evolved and finally implemented through refinement techniques targeting specific architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving Performance And Reliability Of Flash Memory Based Solid State Storage Systems (2016)

Flash memory based Solid State Disk systems (SSDs) are becoming increasingly popular in enterprise applications where high performance and high reliability are paramount.While SSDs outperform traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in read and write operations, they pose some unique and serious challenges to I/O and file system designers.The performance of an SSD has been found to be sensitive to access patterns.Specifically read operations perform much faster than write ones, and sequential accesses deliver much higher performance than random accesses.The unique properties of SSDs, together with the asymmetric overheads of different operations, imply that many traditional solutions tailored for HDDs may not work well for SSDs.The close relation between performance overhead and access patterns motivates us to design a series of novel algorithms for I/O scheduler and buffer cache management.By exploiting refined access patterns such as sequential, page clustering, block clustering in a per-process perfile manner, a series of innovative algorithms on I/O scheduler and buffer cache can deliver higher performance of the file system and SSD devices.Other than the performance issues, SSDs also face some unique reliability challenges due to the natural properties of flash memory.Along with the well-known writeendurance, flash memory also suffers from read-disturb and write-disturb.Even repeatedly reading from an SSD may cause data corruption because the read voltage may stress neighboring memory cells.As the density of flash memory keeps increasing, the
The Employer-Led Health Care Revolution. (2015)

To tame its soaring health care costs, intel tried many popular approaches: "consumer-driven health care" offerings such as high-deductible/low-premium plans, on-site clinics and employee wellness programs. But by 2009 intel realized that those programs alone would not enable the company to solve the problem, because they didn't affect its root cause: the steadily rising cost of the care employees and their families were receiving. Intel projected that its health care expenditures would hit a whopping $1 billion by 2012. So the company decided to try a novel approach. As a large purchaser of health services and with expertise in quality improvement and supplier management, intel was uniquely positioned to drive transformation in its local health care market. The company decided that it would manage the quality and cost of its health care suppliers with the same rigor it applied to its equipment suppliers by monitoring quality and cost. It spearheaded a collaborative effort in Portland, Oregon, that included two health systems, a plan administrator, and a major government employer. So far the Portland collaborative has reduced treatment costs for certain medical conditions by 24% to 49%, improved patient satisfaction, and eliminated over 10,000 hours worth of waste in the two health systems' business processes.
Effect of Chain Length Compatibility on Micellar Stability in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide Solutions (1997)

The effect of chain length compatibility on the micellar stability was investigated for mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (CnTAB, n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) at a 20/1 molar ratio. It was observed that the surface properties of surfactant solutions were influenced by the chain length compatibility of the surfactant molecules. The slow micellar relaxation time (τ2), which directly correlates to the micellar stability, was determined using the pressure-jump technique. The addition of CnTAB to SDS solutions results in a significant increase in the relaxation time compared to SDS alone, showing a maximum for the SDS/C12TAB system. The high micellar stability results in minimum surface tension, maximum surface viscosity, maximum micellar lifetime, maximum foam stability, and minimum foamability. The higher micellar stability as observed for SDS/C12TAB is attributed to both the chain length compatibility and the Coulombic interaction of the surfactant head groups, resulting in an optimum packing of molecules in micelles and at the air/water interface.
A Mathematical Approach to the Management of Service Requirements. (1985)

Dicalcium silicate (Ca₂ SiO₄) has been reported as an interesting candidate for biomaterials use due to its attractive bioactive properties. Here, we report on how dicalcium silicate was prepared by a sol-gel route using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and tetraorthosilicate as the precursors chemicals for CaO and SiO₂ , respectively. The synthesized powders were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High purity dicalcium silicate at a CaO/SiO₂ molar ratio of 2:1 could be formed by the sol-gel method without a washing process and was then calcined at 800°C. The effects of the molar ratio of CaO/SiO₂ , the washing process, and the calcination temperature have been shown to affect the purity, the formation, and the particle size of the nanoparticles, which have been investigated and discussed.
Purification and Characterization of a Platelet-derived Growth Factor and Heavy Metal-modulated Nuclear Protein (1989)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor, and heavy metal salts such as sodium arsenite stimulated BALB/c-3T3 cells to synthesize a 31-kDa protein(s) (termed p31) in a concentration-dependent manner. p31 was also synthesized in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). V8 protease digestion of p31 purified from PDGF-, TPA-, and arsenite-treated cells showed identical fragmentation patterns, demonstrating that these agents modulate synthesis of the same (or a highly similar) protein. TPA-induced p31 synthesis was cell cycle-specific, occurring in density-arrested but not exponentially replicating cells. p31 was readily labeled with [35S]methionine but not with [35S]cysteine. Thus it is not a metallothionein. The protein associated with nuclei. It appears to be highly hydrophobic because solubilization required detergents or organic solvents. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provided further evidence of hydrophobicity. p31 has been purified to homogeneity using sodium dodecyl sulfate gels with electroelution and reverse-phase HPLC. It has an isoelectric point of 6.8. Its nuclear localization and amino acid analysis demonstrate that p31 is not heme oxygenase, a 32-kDa arsenite-induced microsomal protein. Stimulation of p31 synthesis by growth factors, PDGF and fibroblast growth factor; a tumor promoter, TPA; and heavy metal salts suggests that there is overlap in the pathways for mitogenic stimulation and heavy metal stress.
Effector memory CD4+ T cells mediate graft-versus-leukemia without inducing graft-versus-host disease (2007)

Much of the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in curing hematologic malignancies is due to a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect mediated by donor T cells that recognize recipient alloantigens on leukemic cells. Donor T cells are also important for reconstituting immunity in the recipient. Unfortunately, donor T cells can attack nonmalignant host tissues and cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We previously reported that donor CD4(+) effector memory T cells (T(EMs)) do not cause GVHD but transfer functional T-cell memory. In the present work, we demonstrate in an MHC-mismatched model that CD4(+) T(EMs) (unprimed to recipient antigens) mediate GVL against clinically relevant mouse models of chronic phase and blast crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia, without causing GVHD. By creating gene-deficient leukemias and using perforin-deficient T cells, we demonstrate that direct cytolytic function is essential for T(EM)-mediated GVL, but that GVL is retained when killing via FasL, TNF-alpha, TRAIL, and perforin is individually impaired. However, T(EM)-mediated GVL was diminished when both FasL and perforin pathways were blocked. Taken together, our studies identify T(EMs) as a clinically applicable cell therapy for promoting GVL and immune reconstitution, particularly in MHC-mismatched haploidentical alloSCTs in which T cell-depleted allografts are commonly used to minimize GVHD.
On dose distribution comparison (2006)

In radiotherapy practice, one often needs to compare two dose distributions. Especially with the wide clinical implementation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy, software tools for quantitative dose (or fluence) distribution comparison are required for patient-specific quality assurance. Dose distribution comparison is not a trivial task since it has to be performed in both dose and spatial domains in order to be clinically relevant. Each of the existing comparison methods has its own strengths and weaknesses and there is room for improvement. In this work, we developed a general framework for comparing dose distributions. Using a new concept called maximum allowed dose difference (MADD), the comparison in both dose and spatial domains can be performed entirely in the dose domain. Formulae for calculating MADD values for various comparison methods, such as composite analysis and gamma index, have been derived. For convenience in clinical practice, a new measure called normalized dose difference (NDD) has also been proposed, which is the dose difference at a point scaled by the ratio of MADD to the predetermined dose acceptance tolerance. Unlike the simple dose difference test, NDD works in both low and high dose gradient regions because it considers both dose and spatial acceptance tolerances through MADD. The new method has been applied to a test case and a clinical example. It was found that the new method combines the merits of the existing methods (accurate, simple, clinically intuitive and insensitive to dose grid size) and can easily be implemented into any dose/intensity comparison tool.
Complex Index of Refraction of Airborne Soil Particles (1974)

The angular variation of the intensity of light scattered from a collimated beam by airborne soil particles and the size distribution of the particles were measured simultaneously 1.5 m above the ground. These measurements gave an estimate of the complex index of refraction m=nRE−nIMi of airborne soil particles, where nRE is the real part and nIM the imaginary part of the refractive index. Standard microscopic analysis procedures were employed to determine nRE. Although a wide range of values was observed, the value 1.525 was taken as representative. By applying Mie scattering theory to each of the observed distributions of particle size, the expected angular variation of the intensity of the scattered light was calculated for a fixed value of nRE and a wide range of values of nIM. For each set of simultaneous measurements, the value of nIM was taken to be that value which provided the best fit to the experimental data. The upper limit of the value of nIM for the airborne particles studied in the experiment was determined to be 0.005 with an uncertainty factor of about 2. The estimate of nIM was found to be fairly insensitive to the assumed value of nRE.
Subversion of immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins. (1975)

Mice bearing syngeneic tumors, chemical and virus-induced, became immunologically unresponsive to sheep erythrocytes. The increase in the degree of unresponsiveness with tumor growth suggested a causal relationship. Immunosuppression was in fact caused by the tumor cells because the addition of tumor cells to in vitro cultures of spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes resulted in suppression of antibody response. Suppression was dose dependent with a ratio of 1 to 1000 of tumor cells to spleen cells sufficient to produce significant suppression. Prostaglandins were found to have a role in immunosuppression by tumor cells in that PGE2 was itself immunosuppressive and in that indomethacin and aspirin, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases, blocked immunosuppression in vitro and retarded tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that tumors, although antigenic, may be able to escape immuno-sureillance by their host by means of subverting the immune system. Thus, success of immunotherapy may well depend on our ability to prevent or block the immunosuppressive activity of tumors.
Shedding Light on Miniaturized Dialysis Using MXene 2D Materials: A Computational Chemistry Approach (2021)

Materials science can pave the way toward developing novel devices at the service of human life. In recent years, computational materials engineering has been promising in predicting material performance prior to the experiments. Herein, this capability has been carefully employed to tackle severe problems associated with kidney diseases through proposing novel nanolayers to adsorb urea and accordingly causing the wearable artificial kidney (WAK) to be viable. The two-dimensional metal carbide and nitride (MXene) nanosheets can leverage the performance of various devices since they are highly tunable along with fascinating surface chemistry properties. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were exploited to investigate the interactions between urea and different MXene nanosheets. To this end, detailed analyses were performed that clarify the suitability of these nanostructures in urea adsorption. The atomistic simulations were carried out on Mn<sub>2</sub>C, Cd<sub>2</sub>C, Cu<sub>2</sub>C, Ti<sub>2</sub>C, W<sub>2</sub>C, Ta<sub>2</sub>C, and urea to determine the most appropriate urea-removing adsorbent. It was found that Cd<sub>2</sub>C was more efficient followed by Mn<sub>2</sub>C, which can be effectively exploited in WAK devices at the service of human health.
Altered lymphocyte functions in rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. II. Suppressor cells. (1976)

Spleens from tumor-bearing rats contained a population of adherent cells that suppressed lymphocyte responses to Con A and LPS and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). By use of various fractionation procedures, Ig+ cells, T cells, and null cells were excluded as candidates for the suppressor cell activity. Procedures that removed macrophages abolished the suppressive activity whereas those procedures that enriched for or involved direct addition of macrophages resulted in augmented suppression. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the suppressor elements in spleens of tumor-bearing rats were macrophages.
Schisandrin A and B induce organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 transporter activity. (2015)

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is the most important transporter in the organic anion transporting polypeptide family. OATP1B1 plays an important role in the hepatic uptake of many endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, including many clinical drugs. At present, the combinational usage of Chinese traditional herbal medicines and conventional chemical pharmaceuticals may affect the activity of enzymes and transporters activity and cause absorption of their substrates and metabolic changes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of schisandrin A, schisandrin B and tanshinone IIA, which were extracted from medicinal plants, on OATP1B1 activity. HepG2 cells are used as in vitro models for OATP1B1 activity studies. A combination of 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) assays, real-time RT-PCR, and transporter activity analysis were employed. We found that schisandrin A and B increased OATP1B1 mRNA levels by 1.81-fold (p < 0.01) and 1.87-fold (p < 0.01) at concentration of 10 μM, respectively. Schisandrin A of 1 μM and 10 μM and schisandrin B of 10 μM significantly increased the uptake of [3H] estrone-3-sulfate (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Tanshinone IIA had no effect on the mRNA expression and transport activity of OATP1B1 at nontoxic concentrations. Our study suggests that schisandrin A and B induced OATP1B1 expression and increased its transporter activity in HepG2 cells.
A problem with synonyms (and a way to a solution) (1992)

Die ‘probleem’ wat in hierdie artikel ondersoek word, is die verskynsel dat woorde wat dikwels as sinonieme beskou word, nogtans verskil ten opsigte van hulle distribusie. Die fenomeen word geïllustreer deur die Engelse woorde high en tall. Korpusdata wys daarop dat tall hoofsaaklik (maar glad nie eksklusief nie) ten opsigte van mense gebruik word, terwyl high oor die hele spektrum van fisiese voorwerpe gebruik kan word, alhoewel dit sel-de ten opsigte van mense gebruik word. Daar word gedemonstreer dat hierdie feite problematies is vir struktura-listiese en kenmerkgebaseerde semantiese teorieë, veral as dié twee woorde—soos dit die geval blyk te wees—wederkerig verwisselbaar is (salva veritate). Daar word geargumenteer dat die kontras tussen die twee woorde te doen het met die subjektiewe gesigspunt wat tall impliseer, teenoor die objektiewe evaluering, wat deur high oorgedra word. Daar word dus gepoog om die twee woorde binne 'n semantiese teorie wat die idee van spreker-perspektief behels te verklaar, dit wil sê ‘vantage theory’, 'n uitgroeisel van prototipeteorie, wat deur Robert MacLaury ontwikkel is na aanleiding van sy bevindinge op die gebied van kleurkategorisering. Die relevansie van Vantage Theory ten opsigte van die verskynsel onder bespreking word gedemonstreer, en 'n navorsingsprogram, wat die oordra van MacLaury se metodologie na ander gebiede behels, word geskets.
The prevalence of<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157.H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State (1994)

Escherichia coli O157.H7 was found in 10 of 3570 (0.28%) faecal samples from dairy cattle in 5 of 60 herds (8.3%). Several tentative associations with manure handling and feeding management practices on dairy farms were identified. Faecal/urine slurry samples, bulk milk samples, and milk filters from dairy herds were negative for E. coli O157.H7. E. coli O157.H7 was also isolated from 10 of 1412 (0.71%) faecal samples from pastured beef cattle in 4 of 25 (16%) herds. The prevalence of E. coli O157.H7 excretion in feedlot beef cattle was 2 of 600 (0.33%). The identification of cattle management practices associated with colonization of cattle by E. coli O157.H7 suggests the possibility that human E. coli O157.H7 exposure may be reduced by cattle management procedures.
Transforming activity of purinergic receptor P2Y, G protein coupled, 8 revealed by retroviral expression screening (2007)

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is a relatively rare subtype of acute leukemia characterized by the presence of both myeloid and lymphoid cell surface antigens. We have now screened for transforming genes in BAL blasts with the use of the focus formation assay with a retroviral cDNA expression library constructed from malignant blasts isolated from a BAL patient. Some of the retroviral inserts recovered from transformed foci were found to encode wild-type purinergic receptor P2Y, G protein coupled, 8 (P2RY8). The oncogenic potential of P2RY8 was confirmed with the in vitro focus formation assay as well as with an in vivo tumorigenicity assay in nude mice. A variety of luciferase-based reporter assays revealed that P2RY8 increased both the trans-activation activities of CREB and Elk-1 as well as the transcriptional activities of the serum response element and enhancer-promoter fragments of the c-Fos and c-Myc genes. Quantitation of P2RY8 mRNA in CD34(+) cells of bone marrow showed that P2RY8 expression is frequently increased in leukemia patients, especially in those with refractory disease. Our data thus reveal an abundant expression of P2RY8 in leukemic cells and its unexpected role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia.
Grazing resistance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilms depends on type of protective mechanism, developmental stage and protozoan feeding mode (2005)

In a previous study we identified microcolony formation and inhibitor production as the major protective mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms against flagellate grazing. Here we compared the efficacy of these two key protective mechanisms by exposing biofilms of the non-toxic alginate overproducing strain PDO300 and the wild-type toxic strain PAO1 to a range of feeding types commonly found in the succession of protozoans associated with natural biofilms. Alginate-mediated microcolony formation conferred effective protection for strain PDO300 against the suspension feeding flagellate Bodo saltans and, as reported earlier, the surface feeding flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta, both of which are considered as early biofilm colonizers. However, microcolonies of mature PDO300 biofilms were highly susceptible to late biofilm colonizers, the surface-feeding amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga and the planktonic ciliate Tetrahymena sp., resulting in a significant reduction of biofilm biomass. Mature biofilms of strain PAO1 inhibited growth of flagellates and A. polyphaga while the grazing activity of Tetrahymena sp. remained unaffected. Our findings suggest that inhibitor production of mature P. aeruginosa biofilms is effective against a wider range of biofilm-feeding predators while microcolony-mediated protection is only beneficial in the early stages of biofilm formation.
Covalent Grafting of Antifouling Phosphorylcholine-Based Copolymers with Antimicrobial Nitric Oxide Releasing Polymers to Enhance Infection-Resistant Properties of Medical Device Coatings (2017)

Medical device coatings that resist protein adhesion and bacterial contamination are highly desirable in the healthcare industry. In this work, an antifouling zwitterionic terpolymer, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-butyl methacrylate-co-benzophenone (BPMPC), is covalently grafted to a nitric oxide (NO) releasing antimicrobial biomedical grade copolymer of silicone-polycarbonate-urethane, CarboSil, to significantly enhance the biocompatibility, nonspecific protein repulsion and infection-resistant properties. The NO donor embedded into CarboSil is S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and covalent grafting of the BPMPC is achieved through rapid UV-cross-linking, providing a stable, hydrophilic coating that has excellent durability over a period of several weeks under physiological conditions. The protein adsorption test results indicate a significant reduction (∼84-93%) of protein adhesion on the test samples compared to the control samples. Bacteria tests were also performed using the common nosocomial pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Test samples containing both NO donor and BPMPC show a 99.91 ± 0.06% reduction of viable bacteria when compared to control samples. This work demonstrates a synergistic combination of both antimicrobial and antifouling properties in medical devices using NO donors and zwitterionic copolymers that can be covalently grafted to any polymer surface.