gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticle–Photopolymer Composites for Volume Holographic Recording (Adv. Funct. Mater. 10/2005) (2005)

Abstract TiO2 nanoparticle–photopolymer composites have been employed for volume holographic recording, as reported by Sánchez and co‐workers on p. 1623. Photoinduced segregation of the high refractive index, grafted nanoparticles between polymer‐rich areas leads to improved refractive‐index modulation amplitudes with respect to the base material without nanoparticles. The cover schematically shows a holographic grating registered in this nanocomposite material. These nanocomposite materials should enable the production of holographic optical elements to efficiently control light with angle and wavelength selectivity. This could be used, for example, in liquid‐crystal display technology. A new and efficient photopolymer for the recording of volume holograms is presented. The material comprises a mixture of UV‐sensitive acrylates and grafted titanium dioxide nanoparticles with an average size of 4 nm. We report the formation of holographic gratings with refractive‐index modulation amplitudes of up to 15.5 × 10 –3 —an improvement of more than a factor of four over the base material without nanoparticles—while maintaining a low level of scattering and a high transparency in the visible‐wavelength range. The influence of the composition of the acrylate system on the final properties of the holographic material is also investigated and discussed. The presence of multifunctional monomers favors the compositional segregation of the different components, while the addition of monofunctional acrylate, highly compatible with the grafting of the nanoparticles, favors the dilution of these nanoparticles.
Comment on “Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity” (2007)

It is argued that constraints on time variation of the gravitational constant (dG/dt)/G, e.g. derived from the lunar laser ranging, cannot be immediately applied to restrict the cosmological expansion at planetary scales, as it was done by Williams, Turyshev, and Boggs [PRL, 93, 261101 (2004), arXiv:gr-qc/0411113].
Structure, Function and Inhibition of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, Member 14 (PARP14) (2018)

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, member 14 (PARP14, alternatively named ARTD8, BAL2, and COAST6) is an intracellular mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase. PARP14 transfers a negatively charged ADP-ribose unit from a donor NAD+ molecule onto a target protein, post-translationally. PARP14’s domain architecture consists of three macrodomains (Macro1, Macro2 and Macro3), a WWE domain and an ARTD (or catalytic domain). The Macro2 and Macro3 domains bind ADPribose (ADPr) with high affinity, whereas the WWE domain stabilizes the protein structure by binding to ADPr derivatives. The catalytic domain is involved in binding the NAD+ and catalyzing the mono- ADP-ribosylation reaction. PARP14 has been identified as a possible anti-cancer and antiinflammatory target. Acting as a transcriptional co-activator for STAT6, PARP14 acts to promote the over activation of the Th2 immune response, thus promoting the metabolic change to an anaerobic state (Warburg effect) and activation of cell survival pathways through JNK2 and the PGI/AMF complex. These changes are consistent with the metabolic sophistication observed in cancer, and the immune imbalance in inflammatory diseases. Current literature on selective and unselective PARP14 inhibitors are reviewed and discussed. Although there is no evidence that selective PARP inhibitors would be advantageous we have proposed some strategies for future design of selective PARP14 inhibitors. Keywords: PARP14, cancer, inhibitors, ARTD8, BAL2, COAST6, MAR, ARTD.
Sample stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis: Principles, advantages and limitations (2000)

The principles of stacking procedures are described and their properties are discussed, including the fundamentals of the behavior of zone boundaries and the consequences of the self-correcting properties of boundaries in moving boundary electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, and zone electrophoresis. Further, the diverse possibilities of stacking procedures and the unavoidable destacking are described, and several examples of practically applied stacking procedures are given, besides many references to applications. Some limitations in the use of stacking procedures are discussed. The paper is arranged in such a way that it can serve both as an introduction into the field and as a reference overview.
Pilot-controlled trial of D-cycloserine for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (2002)

Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission may be relevant to the pathogenesis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that PTSD symptoms could be alleviated following enhancement of neurotransmission mediated at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. Eleven patients with chronic PTSD participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with 50 mg/d D-cycloserine which acts as a partial agonist at the glycine regulatory site on the NMDA receptor. D-cycloserine treatment resulted in significant improvements in numbing, avoidance, and anxiety symptoms; however, similar effects were also observed during placebo treatment. In addition, D-cycloserine treatment resulted in a significant (p=0.03), reduction in the perseverative error scores as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. This pilot study is the first to assess the efficacy of a NMDA receptor modulator for PTSD treatment and its results warrant further, larger-scale investigation.
Vasopressin mRNA regulation in individual hypothalamic nuclei: a northern and in situ hybridization analysis (1986)

The present study examines the relative levels of vasopressin (AVP) mRNA within the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON), and suprachiasmatic (SCN) nuclei of the rat hypothalamus, and details the rates at which these levels change over the course of a 6 d salt-loading regimen. The quantitation of vasopressin mRNA was achieved by using three different procedures: (1) cell-free translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate or (2) Northern analysis of poly(A)RNAs isolated from micro-punch dissected SON, PVN, and SCN, and (3) in situ hybridization histochemistry. The former involved the quantitative immunoprecipitation of the neurophysin precursors containing arginine8-vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin, and the latter two techniques employed a radiolabeled synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the 3' region of the AVP mRNA. Both the cell-free studies and the Northern gel analyses detected a sevenfold increase of AVP mRNA in the SON, a fivefold increase in the PVN, and no significant change in the SCN following 6 d of salt-loading. After the initiation of salt-drinking, these increases were shown to occur between 24 and 48 hr in the SON and between 48 and 72 hr in the PVN. The in situ hybridization studies revealed the anatomically correct hybridization of either 32P- or 3H-labeled AVP oligonucleotide to magnocellular perikarya within both the SON and PVN. Autoradiographic grains could be shown to be confined to the cytoplasm of these cells, and could be co-localized with immunoreactivity directed against the carboxy terminus of the AVP percursor. Comparison of x-ray level autoradiograms of control and 6 day salt-loaded SON revealed up to a sevenfold increase in specific signal in the salt-loaded sections. It is concluded that the response of AVP mRNA to osmotic stimuli in the three hypothalamic nuclei is heterogeneous, and that this heterogeneity can be explained by separating AVP neurons into two systems: one responsible for eliciting the antidiuretic actions of AVP via plasma AVP levels, and the other involved in CNS activities not directly involved with antidiuresis.
Childhood Obesity, Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Premature Death (2010)

Obesity, glucose intolerance, and hypertension in childhood were strongly associated with increased rates of premature death from endogenous causes in this population. In contrast, childhood hypercholesterolemia was not a major predictor of premature death from endogenous causes.
THE ROLE OF PLANT DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION FOR NITRATE LEACHING IN GRASSLANDS (2003)

The relationship between plant diversity and nitrate leaching into groundwater was investigated in a mid-European semi-natural grassland ecosystem. An experimental approach was used to directly manipulate plant diversity in the field, while holding other environmental factors constant. Species loss was simulated by establishing grassland communities of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0 plant species, composed of 3, 2, or 1 functional groups (grasses, legumes, and non-legume herbs). Every diversity treatment was replicated with several different species mixtures. Nitrate leaching was determined by continuous extraction of soil solution below the rooting zone and modeling of seepage rates. The concentration of nitrate in the soil solution was highly variable within each level of diversity. In bare ground plots and several low-diversity mixtures containing legumes, nitrate concentrations were higher than the official European Union threshold value for drinking water of 50 mg/L, with maximum values of up to 350 mg/L measured in Trifolium pratense monocultures. Total annual loss of nitrate was unaffected by the number of plant species or functional groups, but it was highly dependent on the specific species composition of the communities, and plots with legumes lost significantly more nitrate than plots without them. Aboveground biomass had no influence on nitrate loss, whereas leaching was negatively correlated with increasing root biomass. The abundance of legumes within a community, litter decomposition rates, and net nitrification were all positively correlated with total nitrate loss. However, in those communities containing legumes, leaching decreased with increasing diversity, because higher species richness led to a reduction in legume dominance, to a reduced nitrate supply through nitrification, and to a complementary uptake of nitrate by grasses and non-leguminous herbs. Based on these results, we expect that increasing the diversity of non-leguminous species or functional groups would reduce the risk of nitrate leaching in low-diversity grass–clover mixtures of ley-farming systems, while allowing for a more efficient exploitation of the beneficial fertilization effect provided by legumes. Corresponding Editor: M. Loreau.
Direct Transmission Electron Microscope Observation of Electrotransport in Aluminum Thin Films (1967)

The process of electrotransport in Al thin films was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy. As expected, it was seen that hole formation occured in regions where the electron flow was in the direction of increasing temperature. Hillocks and whiskers were seen to form where the electron flow was in the direction of decreasing temperature. Cine films taken of the process show the holes to grow predominately by a transverse movement of narrow fingers which ultimately coalesce and lead to a catastrophic strip burn out.
FAPbCl<sub>3</sub> Perovskite as Alternative Interfacial Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells (2016)

FAPbCl3 perovskite can be utilized as an effective anode interfacial layer (AIL) to conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) for polymer solar cells by benefiting from its high visible transparency, efficient charge extraction, and compatible solution processability. As proof-of-concept, such FAPbCl3 AIL based PTB7-Th:PC71BM bulk-heterojunction solar cells exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 8.75% with good stability. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
<b>Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Trihalobenzenes</b> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBase-Catalyzed Isomerization of TrihalobenzenesCharles E. Moyer and J. F. BunnettCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 12, 1891–1893Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1963https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00895a058RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (370 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the preruminant calf, Bos spp: density distribution, physicochemical properties, and the in vivo evaluation of the contribution of the liver to lipoprotein homeostasis. (1989)

The in vivo role of the liver in lipoprotein homeostasis in the preruminant calf, a functional monogastric, has been evaluated. To this end, the hydrodynamic and physicochemical properties, density distribution, apolipoprotein content, and flow rates of the various lipoprotein particle species were determined in the hepatic afferent (portal vein and hepatic artery) and efferent (hepatic vein) vessels in fasting, 3-week-old male preruminant calves. Plasma lipoprotein profiles were established by physicochemical analyses of a series of subfractions isolated by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation. Triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) (d less than 1.018 g/ml) were minor plasma constituents (approximately 1% or less of total d less than 1.180 g/ml lipoproteins). The major apolipoproteins of VLDL were apoB-like species, while the complement of minor components included bovine apoA-I and apoC-like peptides. Particles with diameters (193-207 A) typical of low density lipoproteins (LDL) were present over the density interval 1.026-1.076 g/ml; however, only LDL of d 1.026-1.046 g/ml were present as a unique and homogeneous size subspecies, containing the two apoB-like species as major protein components in addition to elevated cholesteryl ester contents. LDL represented approximately 10% of total d less than 1.180 g/ml lipoproteins in fasting plasma from all three hepatic vessels. Overlap in the density distribution of particles with the diameters of LDL and of high density lipoproteins (HDL) occurred in the density range from 1.046 to 1.076 g/ml; these HDL particles were 130-150 A in diameter. HDL were the major plasma particles (approximately 90% of total d less than 1.180 g/ml substances) and presented as two distinct populations which we have termed light (HDLL) and heavy (HDLH) HDL. Light HDL (d 1.060-1.091 g/ml) ranged in size from 120 to 140 A, and were distinguished by their high cholesteryl ester (29-33%) and low triglyceride (1-3%) contents; apoA-I was the principal apolipoprotein. Small amounts of apolipoproteins with Mr less than 60,000, including apoC-like peptides, were also present. Heavy HDL (d 1.091-1.180 g/ml) accounted for almost half (47%) of total calf HDL, and like HDLL, were also enriched in cholesteryl ester and apoA-I; they ranged in size from 93 to 120 A. The protein moiety of HDLH was distinct in its possession of an apoA-IV-like protein (Mr 42,000). Blood flow rates were determined by electromagnetic flowmetry, thereby permitting determination of net lipoprotein balance across the liver. VLDL were efficiently removed during passage through the liver (net uptake 1.06 mg/min per kg body weight).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Feedforward Plus Feedback Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Valve System Using a Proportional Control Valve (2020)

The output feedback signal of the electro-hydraulic valve system (EHVS) affects the activation of its right or left envelope function; thus, even weak measurement noise can cause high-frequency switching between the two envelope functions, leading to chattering in the control input. Consequently, feedforward and feedback controllers in a cascaded configuration generate undesirable chattering in the output signal. We propose a practical and reliable control approach for an EHVS actuated by a proportional control valve. The proposed controller has a parallel structure comprising an inverse generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii (P–I) model-based feedforward controller, with both hydraulic dead-zone and flow saturation limits, for compensating asymmetric hysteretic behavior. Further, the proposed controller comprises a robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller for achieving robustness against disturbances and noises. The proposed parallel structure is independent of the output feedback of the EHVS. Moreover, the proposed robust PID feedback controller guarantees EHVS stability by precisely selecting the cutoff frequency for the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions based on the amplitude spectrum of the inverse-model-based feedforward compensation error. The results verify the high reliability of the proposed EHVS control scheme for the precise control of an EHVS actuated by a proportional control valve in practice.
Characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a circular-core two-mode fiber using optical time-domain analysis (2013)

We show characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a circular-core two-mode fiber (c-TMF) using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) with a pulsed pump and a counterpropagating continuous wave probe. By using two free-space mode combiners (FSMCs), we can launch any combination of spatial modes into both ends of the c-TMF. Combined with coherent detection, measurement of distributed Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) is achieved for all possible counter-propagating spatial mode pairs with high spectral resolution and stability. Both intra- and inter-modal SBS are investigated for the c-TMF. The inter-modal SBS between two degenerate LP11 modes (LP11a/LP11b) is demonstrated for the first time. From the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) measured in each intra-modal SBS, the distributed modal birefringence between non-degenerate modes (LP01/LP11) and degenerate LP11 modes is obtained. The proposed setup can potentially be used as a c-TMF based distributed Brillouin sensor.
Big Data Overview (2016)

This chapter provides an overview of big data and its environment and opportunities. It starts with a definition of big data and describes the unique characteristics, structure, and value of big data, and the business drivers for big data analytics. It defines the role of the data scientist and describes the new ecosystem for big data processing and analysis.
Secretion of cellulases in Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. carotovora in species-specific (1991)

The aim of this work was to physiologically characterize Erwinia chrysanthemi (strain 3937) cellulase (EGZ) secretion as a prelude to a more molecular analysis. First, we showed that EGZ secretion occurs in the late stage of logarithmic growth phase while no intracellular pool could be detected by immunotechniques. Second, the overproduction of EGZ led to a shift of its secretion towards the early stages of logarithmic growth phase, indicating that restriction of EGZ extracellular production to the late stage of growth is not due to some limitation in the cell secretion capacity. Third, the characterization of the outJ mutant (Ji, J., Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, N. and Robert-Baudouy, J. (1989) Mol. Microbiol. 3, 285–293) showed that it is totally impaired in EGZ secretion even when EGZ is overproduced. Taken together, these observations indicated that EGZ secretion can be studied using multicopy plasmids and mid-exponential grown cells. Fourth, we showed that E. chrysanthemi EGZ cannot be secreted by E. carotovora (strain SCRI193) and that E. carotovora cellulase (CelV) cannot be secreted by E. chrysanthemi. These latter findings were unexpected in the context of the current trends of protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria and suggest that, within each bacterial species, both the secretion machinery and the endogenous secreted enzymes co-evolved to gain a species-dependent specificity.
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Fat Measurements in Humans Correlate With Established Methods but Are Biased (2010)

Precision and accuracy of the quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) system for measuring fat in phantoms and total body fat (TBF) in humans were investigated. Measurements were made using phantoms: oil, beef with water, beef with oil, and humans with oil and water. TBF(QMR) in humans was compared with TBF by a four-compartment model (TBF(4C)). The coefficient of variation (CV) for replicate TBF(QMR) was 0.437%. QMR fat was lower at 23 °C vs. 37 °C. The fat increase in QMR phantom studies was consistent with the oil increase. When oil was added with humans, the increase in TBF(QMR) was >250 g for the initial 250 g of oil. With additional oil increments, the increase in TBF(QMR) was consistent with the amount of oil added. When water was added with humans, the TBF(QMR) increased independent of the amount of water added. TBF(QMR) was significantly less (mean ± s.e.) than TBF(4C) (females: -0.68 ± 0.27 kg, males: -4.66 ± 0.62 kg; P = 0.0001), TBF(BV) (females: -1.90 ± 0.40 kg; males: -5.68 ± 0.75 kg; P = 0.0001), and TBF(D2O) for males, but greater for females (1.19 ± 0.43 kg vs. -3.69 ± 0.81 kg for males; P = 0.0003). TBF(QMR) was lower than TBF(iDXA) with the difference greater in males (P = 0.001) and decreased with age (P = 0.011). The strong linear relationships between TBF(QMR) and TBF(4C), TBF(BV), and TBF(D2O) with slopes consistent with unity suggest that modifications are required to improve the accuracy. Should the latter be accomplished, QMR holds promise as a highly precise, rapid, and safe, noninvasive method for estimating the amount of and changes in TBF in overweight and severely obese persons.