gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS—DOES IT AFFECT SOCIETY'S COST FOR THE DISEASE? (1996)

To assess whether the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis reduces the cost to society of the disease, 62 patients were studied retrospectively over an 18 month period. The first 6 months (period 1) was the time before treatment with remission-inducing drugs (RID). The following 6 month period (period 2) was the time when RID treatment was started and suitable doses were evaluated. The last 6 month period (period 3) was the follow-up period when the results of the treatment were evaluated. The cost for drugs, surgical treatment, out-patient visits, blood tests and hospitalization days during periods 2 and 3 was calculated as 1.6 million SEK. During the same period, the cost for loss of productivity to society was reduced by 1.5 million SEK, assuming that the cost to society would have been unchanged, compared to period 1, if therapy had not been given. In a small group of patients who entered remission, the net saving for society exceeded the cost of treatment. The study indicates that the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can lead to a reduced cost to society.
Mechanism of Oxygen Permeation Through Lime‐Stabilized Zirconia (1985)

The isothermal permeation of oxygen through was studied at 960°–1450°C and oxygen pressures of 10−3 to 1 atm on one side of the permeation cell and of 10−6–10−4 atm on the other. In the steady state, the permeating flux was directly proportional to , where varied from 2.5 to 4.0. The value of depended on the microstructure of the sample. For samples without micropores, a value of was found. These samples also contained a second phase whose composition depended on the nature and extent of impurities. For samples with nonconnected micropores, varied from 3.6 to 2.5, depending on the thickness, and the results were consistent with a mechanism in which permeation is limited partly by diffusion within the solid and partly by a surface reaction. Both the bulk and surface processes have activation energies of about 200 kJ‐mol−1.
Ultra‐fast axial and radial scaling of synchronous permanent magnet machines (2016)

Scaling laws are used when the size of a certain machine design with known performance needs to be adjusted for a new application with known requirements, or when a machine design is geometrically scaled and one needs to determine its performance. Scaling laws derived in this study allow one to quickly and accurately recalculate parameters of a geometrically scaled permanent magnet machine. They basically consist of two separate important scaling procedures: axial scaling and radial scaling. The third and inevitable scaling procedure is rewinding, which is used to adjust the winding for a required voltage level. Exact but simple analytical equations for the various parameters (torque, power, losses, mass, resistance, inductance, efficiency etc.) of the machine are derived using three independent scaling factors, one for each scaling procedure. Special attention is given to the inclusion of end‐winding influence and three‐dimensional permanent magnet loss effects. Algorithms for fast determination of winding parameters for a given voltage and fast determination of scaling factors for scaling based on the torque requirement with stack length limitation are presented. All derived scaling equations are numerically validated using two state‐of‐the‐art motor design software packages with automated extraction of parameters based on finite‐element calculations.
Hyperosmotic stress contributes to mouse colonic inflammation through the methylation of protein phosphatase 2A (2008)

There are several reports suggesting hyperosmotic contents in the feces of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous works have documented that hyperosmolarity can cause inflammation attributable to methylation of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and subsequent NF-kappaB activation resulting in cytokine secretion. In this study, we demonstrate that dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis due to hyperosmolarity and subsequent PP2A activation. Mice were randomized and fed with increased concentrations of DSS (0 mOsm, 175 mOsm, 300 mOsm, and 627 mOsm) for a duration of 3 wk or with hyperosmotic concentrations of DSS (627 mOsm) or mannitol (450 mOsm) for a duration of 12 wk. Long-term oral administration of hyposmotic DSS or mannitol had no demonstrable effect. Hyperosmotic DSS or mannitol produced a significant increase in colonic inflammation, as well as an increase in the weight of sacral lymph nodes and in serum amyloid A protein levels. Similar results were obtained through the ingestion of comparable osmolarities of mannitol. Hyperosmolarity induces the methylation of PP2A, nuclear p65 NF-kappaB activation. and cytokine secretion. The rectal instillation of okadaic acid, a well-known PP2A inhibitor, reverses the IBD. Short inhibiting RNAs (siRNAs) targeted toward PP2Ac reverse the effect of hyperosmotic DSS. The present study strongly suggests that DSS-induced chronic colitis is a consequence of the methylation of PP2Ac induced by hyperosmolarity.
Candida mannan: chemistry, suppression of cell-mediated immunity, and possible mechanisms of action (1991)

The ability of Candida albicans to establish an infection involves multiple components of this fungal pathogen, but its ability to persist in host tissue may involve primarily the immunosuppressive property of a major cell wall glycoprotein, mannan. Mannan and oligosaccharide fragments of mannan are potent inhibitors of cell-mediated immunity and appear to reproduce the immune deficit of patients with the mucocutaneous form of candidiasis. However, neither the exact structures of these inhibitory species nor their mechanisms of action have yet been clearly defined. Different investigators have proposed that mannan or mannan catabolites act upon monocytes or suppressor T lymphocytes, but research from unrelated areas has provided still other possibilities for consideration. These include interference with cytokine activities, lymphocyte-monocyte interactions, and leukocyte homing. To stimulate further research of the immunosuppressive property of C. albicans mannan, we have reviewed (i) the relationship of mannan to other antigens and virulence factors of the fungus; (ii) the chemistry of mannan, together with methods for preparation of mannan and mannan fragments; and (iii) the historical evidence for immunosuppression by Candida mannan and the mechanisms currently proposed for this property; and (iv) we have speculated upon still other mechanisms by which mannan might influence host defense functions. It is possible that understanding the immunosuppressive effects of mannan will provide clues to novel therapies for candidiasis that will enhance the efficacy of both available and future anti-Candida agents.
Co-Indexing Labelled DRSs to Represent and Reason with Ambiguities (1995)

The paper addresses the problem of representing ambiguities in a way that allows for monotonic disambiguation and for direct deductive computation. The paper focuses on an extension of the formalism of underspecified DRSs to ambiguities introduced by plural NPs. It deals with the collective/distributive distinction, and also with generic and cumulative readings. In addition it provides a systematic account for an underspecified treatment of plural pronoun resolution.
Glycerin as a Renewable Feedstock for Epichlorohydrin Production. The GTE Process (2008)

Abstract A significant improvement in a process to produce epichlorohydrin through the use of glycerin as renewable feedstock is presented. The glycerin to epichlorohydrin (GTE) process proceeds in two chemical steps. In the first step, glycerin is hydrochlorinated with hydrogen chloride gas at elevated temperature and pressure to a mixture of 1,3‐DCH (1,3‐dichlorohydrin, 1,3‐dichloropropan‐2‐ol) and 2,3‐DCH (2,3‐dichlorohydrin, 2,3‐dichloropropan‐1‐ol), using a carboxylic acid catalyst. In the second step, the mixture of dichlorohydrins is converted to epichlorohydrin with a base. This solventless process represents an economically and environmentally advantageous, atom‐efficient process to an existing commodity chemical that can employ a renewable resource for its primary feedstock.
Light‐Driven Soft Robot Mimics Caterpillar Locomotion in Natural Scale (2016)

Soft robots that can be remotely powered and controlled and mimic locomotion of living species open new perspectives in science and engineering. A natural-scale monolithic caterpillar robot based on an optomechanical liquid crystalline elastomer with patterned molecular alignment is reported. The robot demonstrates different gaits and is capable of performing various tasks in complex environments. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Recent Development and Application of Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalysts (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRecent Development and Application of Chiral Phase-Transfer CatalystsTakuya Hashimoto and Keiji MaruokaView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 12, 5656–5682Publication Date (Web):December 12, 2007Publication History Received23 April 2007Published online12 December 2007Published inissue 1 December 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr068368nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr068368nresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views18345Altmetric-Citations726LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Anions,Catalysts,Post-translational modification,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Genetic Selection of Peptide Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr (2002)

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) encodes a gene product, Vpr, that facilitates the nuclear uptake of the viral pre-integration complex in non-dividing cells and causes infected cells to arrest in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle. Vpr was also shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in human cells and budding yeasts, an effect that was proposed to lead to growth arrest and cell killing in budding yeasts and apoptosis in human cells. In this study, we used a genetic selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify hexameric peptides that suppress the growth arrest phenotype mediated by Vpr. Fifteen selected glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused peptides were found to overcome to different extents Vpr-mediated growth arrest. Amino acid analysis of the inhibitory peptide sequences revealed the conservation of a di-tryptophan (diW) motif. DiW-containing GST-peptides interacted with Vpr in GST pull-down assays, and their level of interaction correlated with their ability to overcome Vpr-mediated growth arrest. Importantly, Vpr-binding GST-peptides were also found to alleviate Vpr-mediated apoptosis and G(2) arrest in HIV-1-producing CD4(+) T cell lines. Furthermore, they co-localized with Vpr and interfered with its nuclear translocation. Overall, this study defines a class of diW-containing peptides that inhibit HIV-1 Vpr biological activities most likely by interacting with Vpr and interfering with critical protein interactions.
Inactivation of human fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) activity by interaction with copper ions involves FGF-1 dimer formation induced by copper-catalyzed oxidation. (1992)

Although the angiogenic proteins acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) both interact with the transition metal copper, itself a putative modulator of angiogenesis, a role for copper in FGF function has not been established. Using nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we detect the complete conversion of recombinant forms of human FGF-1 monomer protein to FGF-1 homodimers after exposure to copper ions. In contrast, not all forms of bovine FGF-1 isolated from bovine brain or a recombinant preparation of human FGF-2 completely formed homodimers after exposure to copper ions under similar conditions. Since the copper-induced FGF-1 homodimers reverted to the monomer form in the presence of dithiothreitol, specific alkylation of cysteine residues by pyridylethylation prevented FGF-1 homodimer formation, and preformed FGF-1 homodimers could not be dissociated by the metal chelator EDTA, FGF-1 dimer formation appeared to result from the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds by copper-induced oxidation of sulfhydryl residues. FGF-1 homodimers bound with similar apparent affinity as FGF-1 monomers to immobilized copper ions, both eluting at 60 mM imidazole. Both human FGF-1 monomer and dimer forms had a 6-fold higher apparent affinity for immobilized copper ions, as compared with human FGF-2, which eluted in the monomer form at 10 mM imidazole. Further, in contrast to FGF-1 monomers, which dissociate from immobilized heparin in 1.0 M NaCl, preformed FGF-1 homodimers had reduced apparent affinity for immobilized heparin and eluted at 0.4 M NaCl. In contrast, the apparent affinity of human FGF-2 for immobilized heparin was unaffected after exposure to copper ions. Heparin appeared to modulate the formation of copper-induced intermolecular disulfide bonds for FGF-1 but not FGF-2, since co-incubation of heparin and copper with FGF-1 monomers resulted in dimers and other oligomeric complexes. FGF-1 copper-induced homodimers failed to induce mitogenesis in [3H]thymidine incorporation assays, an effect which could be reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol, whereas FGF-2-induced mitogenic activity was relatively unaffected by pretreatment with copper. The differences between human FGF-1 and FGF-2 in protein-copper interactions may be due to differing free thiol content and arrangement between the two proteins. A recombinant human FGF-1 mutant containing the two cysteines conserved throughout the FGF family of proteins but lacking a cysteine residue (Cys 131) present in wild-type human FGF-1 but not human FGF-2 readily formed copper-induced dimers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Preparation and chemical fixation of poly(4-vinylpyridine) microgel film with ordered structure (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and chemical fixation of poly(4-vinylpyridine) microgel film with ordered structureG. H. Ma and T. FukutomiCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 7, 1870–1875Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00033a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00033a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views423Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pigeon Liver Malic Enzyme (1967)

Abstract Pigeon liver malic enzyme (malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.38) was purified and crystallized from ammonium sulfate solution as its triphosphopyridine nucleotide complex. The crystalline protein is homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, in gradient centrifugation, and in gradient chromatography. A constant specific activity of 28 units per mg of protein is obtained. The crystalline enzyme has an s20 of 10.0, an apparent diffusion coefficient of 3.17 x 10-7 cm2 per sec, and an apparent partial specific volume of 0.74. Its molecular weight is 2.8 x 105. Purified malic enzyme has an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 278 mµ. The extinction coefficients for the purified enzyme and the crystalline TPN complex are 0.86 and 0.92, respectively, for a 0.10% protein solution. The purified enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalacetate at a rate comparable to the decarboxylation of malate. Reversible inactivation of these activities occurs upon storage of the enzyme. Reactivation is obtained by incubation with dithiothreitol.
Activity of Electrical Current in Experimental Propionibacterium acnes Foreign-Body Osteomyelitis (2016)

Foreign-body-associated infections are often difficult to treat, given that the associated microorganisms are in a biofilm state. Previously, we showed that a low-amperage direct electrical current (DC) reduces Propionibacterium acnes biofilms formed on implant-associated materials in vitro In this study, low-amperage DC was compared to ceftriaxone treatment or no treatment in a novel rat femur model of foreign-body osteomyelitis. A platinum implant seeded with a P. acnes biofilm (10<sup>7</sup> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup>) and 10<sup>9</sup> CFU of planktonic P. acnes was placed in the femoral medullary cavity. One week later, rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, ceftriaxone treatment, or 200-μA-DC treatment. After 2 weeks of treatment, there were fewer bacteria in the bones of the ceftriaxone group (3.06 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g of bone [P = 0.0209]) and the 200-μA-DC group (0.5 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g [P = 0.0015]) than in those of the control group (6.58 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g). The DC-exposed animals exhibited fewer bacteria than the ceftriaxone-treated animals (P = 0.0330). There were fewer bacteria on the implanted wires in the groups treated with ceftriaxone (0.1 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup>) or a 200-μA DC (0.1 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup>) than in the control group (2.53 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> [P, 0.0003 for both comparisons]). Low-amperage DC may be useful for treating, or aiding in the treatment of, foreign-body infections caused by P. acnes.
Multitasking and multithreading on a multiprocessor with virtual shared memory (2002)

In this paper we investigate the combination of multitasking and multithreading in a (virtual) shared memory parallel machine running a number of parallel applications. In particular, we investigate whether it is better to run related threads, or unrelated threads on each node to achieve the best system throughput and to complete a mix of applications as quickly as possible. The experiments provide results for a range of mixes of applications. One of our benchmarks has a clear preference to place its threads across the whole machine, while the others have a slight preference to run their threads on smaller partitions of the machine. The differences are mostly slight, suggesting that the system scheduler has considerable flexibility in thread placement without jeopardising performance.
Localization of the Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate: Δ4-3-Ketosteroid 5α-Oxidoreductase in the Nuclear Membrane of the Rat Ventral Prostate (1972)

Abstract The intranuclear localization of the 5α-reductase that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in rat ventral prostate has been investigated in nuclei purified by sedimentation through 2.2 m sucrose. First, as the result of chemical analyses of the isolated nuclei, light microscopy studies, and an investigation of the subcellular distribution of several marker enzymes in this tissue, it was concluded that the nuclei prepared in this manner were free from major contamination with other cytoplasmic constituents. In keeping with previous studies of the enzyme approximately half the enzyme activity in rat prostate was found in the nucleus. Second, the nuclei were fragmented by exposure to sonic oscillation and subjected to centrifugation in previously formed cesium chloride density gradients. Under these conditions, all the enzyme activity was found to coincide with a visible band of turbidity at approximately d 1.23 to 1.27. On the basis of the buoyant density, the chemical composition of the fraction, and similar flotation patterns of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, a known enzyme of the nuclear membrane, it was concluded that the 5α-reductase in prostatic nuclei is located in a nuclear membrane. In the isolation of this nuclear membrane fraction a 90-fold purification of the enzyme has been achieved.
Strategies to overcome host immunity to adenovirus vectors in vaccine development (2009)

The first clinical evaluations of adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors for gene therapy were initiated in the mid-1990s and led to great anticipation for future utility. However, excitement surrounding gene therapy, particularly Ad-based therapy, was diminished upon the death of Jesse Gelsinger, and recent discouraging results from the HIV vaccine STEP trial have brought efficacy and safety issues to the forefront again. Even so, Ad vectors are still considered among the safest and most effective vaccine vectors. Innate and pre-existing immunity to Ad mediate much of the acute toxicities and reduced therapeutic efficacies observed following vaccination with this vector. Thus, innovative strategies must continue to be developed to reduce Ad-specific antigenicity and immune recognition. This review provides an overview and critique of the most promising strategies, including results from preclinical trials in mice and nonhuman primates, which aim to revive the future of Ad-based vaccines.
Separations Using Zeolite Membranes (1999)

Abstract This overview describes some of the main features of the use of zeolite membranes for separation applications. Four different types of separations are considered: separation of non-adsorbing compounds, of organic molecules, of permanent gases from vapors, and of water (or polar molecules) from organic (or non-polar) species. Several factors, such as the limiting pore size and pore size distribution, surface diffusion, capillary condensation, shape selectivity and molecular sieving, contribute to the separations observed However, in most of the high selectivity separations reported in the literature, preferential adsorption is the dominant characteristic. In this case, the adsorption of one component in the mixture is stronger and this blocks or hinders the passage of the other components through the membrane pores.