gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The evolution of functional hand replacement: From iron prostheses to hand transplantation (2014)

The hand is an integral component of the human body, with an incredible spectrum of functionality. In addition to possessing gross and fine motor capabilities essential for physical survival, the hand is fundamental to social conventions, enabling greeting, grooming, artistic expression and syntactical communication. The loss of one or both hands is, thus, a devastating experience, requiring significant psychological support and physical rehabilitation. The majority of hand amputations occur in working-age males, most commonly as a result of work-related trauma or as casualties sustained during combat. For millennia, humans have used state-of-the-art technology to design clever devices to facilitate the reintegration of hand amputees into society. The present article provides a historical overview of the progress in replacing a missing hand, from early iron hands intended primarily for use in battle, to today's standard body-powered and myoelectric prostheses, to revolutionary advancements in the restoration of sensorimotor control with targeted reinnervation and hand transplantation.
Complement biosynthesis in human synovial tissue. (1989)

Molecular biological and immunochemical techniques have been used to study the synthesis of complement components by synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis and by normal synovial tissue from a patient undergoing patellectomy. Using Northern and dot-blot analyses, mRNAs coding for C1-inhibitor, C2, C3, C4 and factor B have been detected, but not for C5. Quantitative analyses of the data have not shown any significant differences in the steady state levels of any of the mRNAs in synovium from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. When synovial membrane fragments from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis patients or normal synovium were cultured in vitro, synthesis of C1-inhibitor, C2, C3, C4 and factor B detected by ELISA and C2, C3 and factor B were shown to be functionally active. This study thus provides conclusive evidence that synthesis of complement components occurs locally within normal and inflamed synovial tissue. The local synthesis of complement within normal synovial joints may be of importance in their defence against infection, whereas in inflamed joints it may contribute to the inflammatory response.
Evidence-Based Nanoscopic and Molecular Framework for Excipient Functionality in Compressed Orally Disintegrating Tablets (2014)

The work investigates the adhesive/cohesive molecular and physical interactions together with nanoscopic features of commonly used orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) excipients microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and D-mannitol. This helps to elucidate the underlying physico-chemical and mechanical mechanisms responsible for powder densification and optimum product functionality. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) contact mode analysis was performed to measure nano-adhesion forces and surface energies between excipient-drug particles (6-10 different particles per each pair). Moreover, surface topography images (100 nm2-10 µm2) and roughness data were acquired from AFM tapping mode. AFM data were related to ODT macro/microscopic properties obtained from SEM, FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis using DSC and TGA, disintegration testing, Heckel and tabletability profiles. The study results showed a good association between the adhesive molecular and physical forces of paired particles and the resultant densification mechanisms responsible for mechanical strength of tablets. MCC micro roughness was 3 times that of D-mannitol which explains the high hardness of MCC ODTs due to mechanical interlocking. Hydrogen bonding between MCC particles could not be established from both AFM and FTIR solid state investigation. On the contrary, D-mannitol produced fragile ODTs due to fragmentation of surface crystallites during compression attained from its weak crystal structure. Furthermore, AFM analysis has shown the presence of extensive micro fibril structures inhabiting nano pores which further supports the use of MCC as a disintegrant. Overall, excipients (and model drugs) showed mechanistic behaviour on the nano/micro scale that could be related to the functionality of materials on the macro scale.
Comparison of 2 Wound Volume Measurement Methods (2001)

Although both techniques have acceptable accuracy, stereophotogrammetry is more accurate and has more clinical applications.
Enhancing P2P Systems over Wireless Mesh Networks (2011)

Due to its ability to deliver scalable and fault-tolerant solutions, applications based on the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm are used by millions of users on the internet. Recently, wireless mesh net ...
The Beta Reputation System (2002)

Reputation systems can be used to foster good behaviour and to encourage adherence to contracts in e-commerce.Several reputation systems have been deployed in practical applications or proposed in the literature.This paper describes a new system called the beta reputation system which is based on using beta probability density functions to combine feedback and derive reputation ratings.The advantage of the beta reputation system is flexibility and simplicity as well as its foundation on the theory of statistics.
Evolutionary Machine Learning Framework for Big Data Sequence Mining (2014)

Sequence classification is an important problem in many real-world applications. Unlike
Unusual oxidation of a dinaphthofuran (1983)

Abstract The vanadium trifluoride oxide‐trifluoroacetic acid oxidation of the bisnaphthalenediol 3 , the dinaphthofuran 4 , or its hydroquinone give a dark red compound identified as the peri‐xanthenoxanthene‐4,10‐quinone 8 on the basis of UV/VIS, 1 H NMR, and mass spectra.
Heuristics for the bandwidth colouring problem (2010)

The bandwidth colouring problem consists of assigning a colour to each vertex of a graph, so that the absolute value of the difference between the colours of adjacent vertices is at least the value of the weight of the associated edge. This problem generalises the classical vertex colouring problem and different heuristics have recently been proposed to obtain high quality solutions. In this paper we describe both memory-based and memory-less methods to solve the bandwidth colouring problem. In particular we propose new constructive and improvement methods based on tabu search and GRASP. Comparison of our results with previously reported instances and existing heuristics indicate that the methods we propose are competitive and require short computational times. Our findings also disclose that memory appears to play a more important role during improvement phases of search than during constructive phases.
Improvement of RGB-Based Image Coding Method (2012)

A kind of RGB-based compression coding algorithm is proposed to gain better recovered image and efficiently remove the correlation of components in colored image. The key of algorithm is its complete DCT transformation for components of RGB. With table lookup in DCT transformation, the advantage of table lookup can have better embodiment. Result of empirical analysis on spatial coding performance of new color indicates that this method works better to remove the correlation of components of color. Besides, this algorithm has simple embodiment and better SNR. Not only does it provide excellent visual effect of image, but also it facilitates the combination with other compression and coding methods.
Controlled Functionalization and Multistep Chemical Manipulation of Covalently Modified Si(111) Surfaces<sup>1</sup> (1999)

A hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surface has been covalently modified by UV irradiation in the presence of ethyl undecylenate leading to a Si(111)-C10H20CO2Et surface. It is possible to carry out a diverse range of chemical manipulations of the ester group on the surface. For example, reduction with sodium borohydride provides a surface terminated with a primary alcohol. Reaction with an alkyl Grignard reagent gives a tertiary alcohol that can be acylated with acetyl chloride. Finally, hydrolysis of the ester leads to a carboxylic acid terminated surface that can be coupled to an amino acid using a standard solid phase amide coupling protocol. The surface density of the ester function can be controlled by dilution of the reacting ester with a long-chain alkene. This has the beneficial effects of minimizing the disruption of the alkyl chain packing in the monolayers and avoiding steric blocking of the ester group. It is expected that the ability to precisely control the average distance between large biomolecules on surfaces will impact on future molecular electronic, sensor, and biochip technologies.
Charge-exchange formation of the $sup 2$P/sub 3/2/ and $sup 2$P/sub 1/2/ states of Ar$sup -$ (1975)

The $sup 2$P$sub 3$/$sub 2$,$sub 1$/$sub 2$ doubly excited states of Ar$sup -$ are formed by charge exchange of O$sup -$ and H$sup -$ ion beams with argon. Measurements of the angular distribution of autodetached electrons from these states yield the relative populations of the M/sub J/ magnetic substates for the $sup 2$P$sub 3$/$sub 2$ state. A drop in the cross section for the formation of both J states is seen near 1.5 keV for H$sup -$-on-Ar exchange collisions. (AIP)
Combining Plasmonic Hot Carrier Generation with Free Carrier Absorption for High-Performance Near-Infrared Silicon-Based Photodetection (2018)

Plasmonic hot-carrier-based photodetectors detect light at frequencies below the semiconductor bandgap with room temperature operation and can exhibit spectrally narrowband behavior, potentially eliminating the need for bulky filtering or dispersive optics. This photodetection mechanism has, however, been plagued with low responsivities. Here we combine hot-carrier-based photodetection with free-carrier absorption (FCA) in highly doped p-type Si to create a narrowband, near-infrared, photodetector architecture with enhanced performance. By fabricating Au and Pd gratings on a p-type Si substrate, >1 A/W responsivities were obtained at the relatively low biases of 275 and 93 mV, respectively, with the minimum noise equivalent power <10 pW/√Hz in each case. This performance brings plasmonic, near-infrared, Si-based photodetectors nearly comparable to commercially available, non-Si-based, near-infrared photodetectors.
Nutritional implications of<scp>l</scp>-arabinose in pigs (1992)

The pentose sugar L-arabinose is one of the most abundant components released by complete hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides of feed ingredients of vegetable origin. Two studies were conducted to investigate the apparent ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of L-arabinose at dietary inclusion levels of 50 and 100 g/kg, and 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg respectively, in pigs. As a reference, D-glucose was included in the studies. Water intake, ileal flow of volatile fatty acids and ileal and faecal digestibilities of dietary nutrients in pigs fed on the different diets were also examined. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. Apparent ileal digestibility of L-arabinose was found to be approximately 70%. The presence of L-arabinose in the diet increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of L-arabinose in the pig small intestine. L-arabinose was partly excreted in the urine. The extent of this urinary excretion as a percentage of intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the dietary level increased. In pigs fed on the 25 g L-arabinose/kg diet, 10.9% of the L-arabinose consumed appeared in the urine. This level was increased to 14.7% when pigs were fed on a diet containing 100 g L-arabinose/kg diet. Faecal digestibility and retention of nitrogen decreased significantly in pigs fed on the L-arabinose diets.
Nonlinear piezoelectric response in ferroelectric ceramics driven at resonant mode (2002)

Ferroelectric ceramic is often subjected to both high electric and high stress in piezoelectric power devices, causing nonlinear piezoelectric response. In this work, nonlinear behavior of the ferroelectric ceramic, Pb(Mn/sub 1/3/Sb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-Pb(Mg/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-PbTiO/sub 3/, electrically excited at resonant mode was studied. It was found that an induced vibration stress has a greater effect on the nonlinearity than an electric field. Mechanical loss factor Q/sub m//sup -1/, Young's modulus c/sup E/ and piezoelectric d/sub 31/ constant are shown to be a function of the square of the vibration stress above the stress threshold. It was also found that the nonlinear proportional constant for the stress becomes smaller in the order of Q/sub m//sup -1/, d/sub 31/ and c/sup E/.
Effect of alkali metal ions on gel formation in the 12‐hydroxystearic acid/soybean oil system (1994)

Abstract It has been known that 12‐hydroxystearic acid (12HSA) forms a thermoreversible gel with a fibrous associated network in organic solvents. Mechanically durable gels were induced by the addition of small amounts of alkali metal ions, which can be supplied in the form of alkali metal salts of 12HSA (abbreviated as 12HS‐M), even at a lower concentration range of gelling agent than with 12HSA alone. The structure of the networks was investigated by infrared spectrometry (IR), circular dichroism (CD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments were carried out over a total concentration range of 0.1≈4.0 wt/vol% of 12HSA and 12HS‐M in soybean oil. 12HS‐Na showed more effective gel forming power than any other alkali metal ions. The molar ratio of 12HSA/12HS‐Na for obtaining optimal gel forming effect was 100:1. The intensity of the absorption bands of the IR spectra, due to the hydrogen‐bonded hydroxyl groups, remained constant regardless of the amount of added 12HS‐Na. A remarkable molar ellipticity decrease was observed with an increase in the concentration of 12HS‐Na, although the maximum wavelength of the CD spectrum, originating from the chirality of 12HSA, remained constant. By SEM observation, linearly extended fibrils were observed with the addition of 12HS‐Na. These results suggest that the mechanical trengthening of the gel by alkali metal ions is due to alteration of the dispersed state of the helically grown fibrous crystals of 12HSA.
Eu2+ luminescence from 5 different crystallographic sites in a novel red phosphor, Ca15Si20O10N30:Eu2+ (2012)

Because it is impossible to realize broadband-type, red-light-emitting phosphors in the oxide composition pool, both pure nitrides and oxynitrides have been considered as potential red phosphors for use in light emitting diode (LED) applications. However, only a limited number of red phosphors have been discovered. For instance, only a few red phosphors such as CaAlSiN3:Eu2+, Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+, and their variations are worthy of notice. We examined the CaO–Si3N4 binary system to discover novel oxynitride red phosphors. We finally identified a novel oxynitride phosphor, Ca15Si20O10N30:Eu2+, with a cubic structure in the Pa space group. This phosphor showed a broadband-type, red-light emission at UV and blue-light excitations. A continuous-wave-excited, steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and a pulsed-laser-excited, time-resolved PL for the discovered phosphor were investigated in conjunction with a structural analysis of Ca15Si20O10N30:Eu2+. The variation in decay rate with respect to the detection wavelength was examined in detail, and the energy transfer among activators located at 5 different crystallographic sites proved to be responsible.
Deletion of the Carboxyl-terminal Portion of the Transit Peptide Affects Processing but Not Import or Assembly of the Small Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase (1989)

Import of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase into the chloroplast has been proposed to involve two proteolytic cleavages which convert the 20-kDa precursor (pSSU) into the mature 14-kDa subunit (SSU) via an 18-kDa intermediate. A deletion mutant (PSd48/57) of pSSU which lacks 10 amino acids in a conserved region in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the transit peptide is converted into a series of 16-18-kDa polypeptides in addition to the mature 14-kDa SSU when imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. We examined import and processing of this mutant pSSU to determine whether the 16-18-kDa SSUs undergo further maturation in the chloroplast stroma to yield 14-kDa SSU. The ratio of incorrectly processed to 14-kDa SSU is stable up to 60 min following import. This indicates that processing of PSd48/57 involves a single proteolytic cleavage which occurs during or immediately following transit across the chloroplast envelope. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the transit peptide confers either sequence specificity for the processing protease or provides a three-dimensional structure necessary for consistent cleavage at the mature amino terminus of SSU. Incorrectly processed SSUs were incorporated into the holoenzyme demonstrating that removal of the entire transit sequence is not necessary for assembly of the holoenzyme.
Investigation of Trypanothione Reductase as a Drug Target in <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> (2009)

There is an urgent need for new drugs for the treatment of tropical parasitic diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis, which is caused by Trypanosoma brucei. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) is a potential drug target within these organisms. Herein we report the screening of a 62,000 compound library against T. brucei TryR. Further work was undertaken to optimise potency and selectivity of two novel-compound series arising from the enzymatic and whole parasite screens and mammalian cell counterscreens. Both of these series, containing either a quinoline or pyrimidinopyrazine scaffold, yielded low micromolar inhibitors of the enzyme and growth of the parasite. The challenges of inhibiting TryR with druglike molecules is discussed.
Task scheduling in hard real-time distributed systems on a bus local area network (1992)

The authors propose a scheme for global scheduling in a distributed system using a bus network, which is shared by nodes in the system through a contention-free medium access protocol. Unlike existing solutions, the scheme does not require complete global state information to be collected for a node that has an unschedulable aperiodic task to find a node that can execute the task. The nodes are organized in the system in a logical ring fashion to synchronize the global scheduling process. To evaluate the performance of the scheme, two protocols are developed. Simulation results show that the performance of the scheme is close to an ideal distributed system, in which the centralized global scheduler takes care of aperiodic tasks without any communication and task migration overhead.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation, characterization, and pharmacological actions of peptide histidine valine 42, a novel prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide-derived peptide. (1987)

The primary structure and biological activity of a novel prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide (prepro-VIP)-derived peptide has been determined from an adrenal pheochromocytoma. The peptide was purified sufficiently for characterization by fast atom bombardment mapping after cation-exchange and reverse-phase fast protein liquid chromatography. The sequence of this novel peptide corresponds exactly to prepro-VIP-81-122 and has been designated peptide histidine valine 42 (PHV-42). Synthetic PHV-42 reduced both the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions of isolated rat uterus and was at least 12 times more potent than peptide histidine methionine (prepro-VIP-81-107), and over a hundred times more potent than noradrenaline. PHV-42 was also more potent than peptide histidine methionine in relaxing smooth muscle preparations of rat stomach and guinea pig trachea, but was approximately 4-fold less potent in reducing blood pressure than VIP. PHV-42 thus forms a separate subsystem in the VIP family of peptides and may be the most biologically active product of prepro-VIP in certain tissues such as the uterus and trachea.
Grain-boundary segregation in a commercial ZnO-based varistor (1979)

By using thin-film x-ray spectroscopy, it is found that the grain boundaries of a commercially available ZnO-based varistor which are devoid of a discrete intergranular phase are nevertheless enriched in bismuth. No direct measurement of the bismuth concentration could be made but an estimate is obtained by comparing the observed intensity of the bismuth peaks from the grain boundary to that from a bismuth containing thin intergranular film of measurable thickness. In this manner, it is estimated that bismuth is concentrated to within about 20 Å of either side of the grain boundary, a value commensurate with that obtained previously by Auger electron spectroscopy.
Thrombospondin-1 and CD47 signaling regulate healing of thermal injury in mice (2014)

More than 2.5 million Americans suffer from burn injuries annually, and burn management is a major public health problem. Treatments have been developed to manage wound injuries employing skin grafts, various dressings and topical and systemic agents. However, these often achieve limited degrees of success. We previously reported that targeting the interaction of thrombospondin-1 with its signaling receptor CD47 or deletion of the genes encoding either of these proteins in mice improves recovery from soft tissue ischemic injuries as well as tissue injuries caused by ionizing radiation. We now demonstrate that the absence of CD47 improves the rate of wound closure for a focal dermal second-degree thermal injury, whereas lack of thrombospondin-1 initially delays wound closure compared to healing in wild type mice. Doppler analysis of the wounded area showed increased blood flow in both CD47 and thrombospondin-1 null mice. Accelerated wound closure in the CD47 null mice was associated with increased fibrosis as demonstrated by a 4-fold increase in collagen fraction. Wound tissue of CD47 null mice showed increased thrombospondin-1 mRNA and protein expression and TGF-β1 mRNA levels. Activation of latent TGF-β1 was increased in thermally injured CD47-null tissue as assessed by phosphorylation of the TGF-β1 receptor-regulated transcription factors SMAD-2 and -3. Overall these results indicate that targeting CD47 may improve the speed of healing thermal injuries, but some level of CD47 expression may be required to limit the long term TGF-β1-dependent fibrosis of these wounds.
Non-invasive assessment of the visual system: introduction by the feature editors (1991)

This is an introduction to the papers that compose the fourth feature issue on noninvasive assessment of the visual system and discusses issues related to publishing in Applied Optics.