gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Words and Phrases (1981)

Words have an interest in themselves quite apart from the interest that we may take in the subjects with which they deal. They illustrate the history of the people who use them, but their chief interest is that they enable us to understand how human beings behave and think. By casually turning over the pages of a dictionary we can acquire a surprising amount of miscellaneous knowledge expressed with admirable conciseness. Paul Jennings, who has an eye for such things, discovered in Chambers’s Twentieth Century Dictionary an entry which should arouse the interest of any well-constituted browser: ‘Taghairm, … In the Scottish Highlands, divination; esp. inspiration sought by lying in a bullock’s hide behind a waterfall. (Gael.)’. Single words can not only convey pieces of recondite information like this; they can tell us a lot about the thoughts and way of life of our ancestors. Window is from ON vindauga, a compound of the Scandinavian cognates of wind and eye. It was the hole in the wall of a house which admitted the light and allowed those inside to look out; in the days before glass was used it also admitted the wind. The poetry of the second element is balanced by the realism of the first. An eavesdropper was someone who stood under the eaves of a house in order to hear what was going on inside.
Low-coherence heterodyne photon correlation spectroscopy (1998)

Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is routinely used to investigate the dynamics of colloidal particles undergoing Brownian motion. This technique is applicable to low-density colloidal suspensions in which the effects of multiple light scattering are minimal. We introduce a new low-coherence heterodyne PCS technique that allows direct investigation of colloidal suspensions of higher concentration than previously accessible with standard PCS. In this technique, low-coherence optical heterodyne interferometry is used tosuppress multiple light scattering, allowing preferential detection of single-scattering events.
A noise insensitive solution to an ambiguity problem in spectral estimation (1989)

The instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) receiver is capable of measuring the center frequency of single frequency pulses over a wide range (bandwidth) of center frequencies. Because of various constraints, the frequency resolution requirement results in long correlator delay times that reduce the single correlator bandwidth. A large bandwidth can be achieved only if two or more correlators are used. The problem of estimating frequency is then reduced to the simultaneous congruence problem of number theory. A design procedure is presented for solving the congruence problem for a given amount of noise protection, a stated frequency resolution, a minimum bandwidth, and a fixed level of precision (bits) in the IFM receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New Phase of sp<sup>3</sup>-Bonded BN:  The 5H Polytype (1999)

A new phase of sp3-bonded BN, that is, 5H polytype, has been found. The representative lattice parameters a and c were determined to be 2.528 and 10.407 Å, respectively. The new BN phase was prepared by chemical vapor deposition assisted with 193 nm laser irradiation of the surface. Source gases were diborane and ammonia diluted in argon and hydrogen. The substrate temperature was 850 °C.
Architecture of a digital signal processor (1985)

A digital signal processor (DSP) is described which achieves high processing efficiency by executing concurrently four functions in every processor cycle: instruction prefetching from a dedicated instruction memory and generation of an effective operand, access to a single-port data memory and transfer of a data word over a common data bus, arithmetic/logic-unit (ALU) operation, and multiplication. Instructions have a single format and contain an operand, index control bits, and two independent operation codes called “transfer” code and “compute” code. The first code specifies the transfer of a data word over the common data bus, e.g., from data memory to a local register. The second determines an operation of the ALU on the contents of local registers. A fast free-running multiplier operates in parallel with the ALU and delivers a product in every cycle with a pipeline delay of two cycles. The architecture allows transversal-filter operations to be performed with one multiplication and ALU operation in every cycle. This is accomplished by a novel interleaving technique called ZIP-ing. The efficiency of the processor is demonstrated by programming examples.
A pilot integrative genomics study of GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter systems in suicide, suicidal behavior, and major depressive disorder (2016)

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, respectively, and have been associated with suicidal behavior and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined the relationship between genotype, brain transcriptome, and MDD/suicide for 24 genes involved in GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling. In part 1 of the study, 119 candidate SNPs in 24 genes (4 transporters, 4 enzymes, and 16 receptors) were tested for associations with MDD and suicidal behavior in 276 live participants (86 nonfatal suicide attempters with MDD and 190 non-attempters of whom 70% had MDD) and 209 postmortem cases (121 suicide deaths of whom 62% had MDD and 88 sudden death from other causes of whom 11% had MDD) using logistic regression adjusting for sex and age. In part 2, RNA-seq was used to assay isoform-level expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 59 postmortem samples (21 with MDD and suicide, 9 MDD without suicide, and 29 sudden death non-suicides and no psychiatric illness) using robust regression adjusting for sex, age, and RIN score. In part 3, SNPs with subthreshold (uncorrected) significance levels below 0.05 for an association with suicidal behavior and/or MDD in part 1 were tested for eQTL effects in prefrontal cortex using the Brain eQTL Almanac (www.braineac.org). No SNPs or transcripts were significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. However, a protein coding transcript (ENST00000414552) of the GABA A receptor, gamma 2 (GABRG2) had lower brain expression postmortem in suicide (P = 0.01) and evidence for association with suicide death (P = 0.03) in a SNP that may be an eQTL in prefrontal cortex (rs424740, P = 0.02). These preliminary results implicate GABRG2 in suicide and warrant further investigation and replication in larger samples.
YtxR, a Conserved LysR-Like Regulator That Induces Expression of Genes Encoding a Putative ADP-Ribosyltransferase Toxin Homologue in<i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> (2006)

Yersinia enterocolitica causes human gastroenteritis, and many isolates have been classified as either "American" or "non-American" strains based on their geographic prevalence and virulence properties. In this study we describe identification of a transcriptional regulator that controls expression of the Y. enterocolitica ytxAB genes. The ytxAB genes have the potential to encode an ADP-ribosylating toxin with similarity to pertussis toxin. However, a ytxAB null mutation did not affect virulence in mice. Nevertheless, the ytxAB genes are conserved in many Y. enterocolitica strains. Interestingly, American and non-American strains have different ytxAB alleles encoding proteins that are only 50 to 60% identical. To obtain further insight into the ytxAB locus, we investigated whether it is regulated as part of a known or novel regulon. Transposon mutagenesis identified a LysR-like regulator, which we designated YtxR. Expression of ytxR from a nonnative promoter increased Phi(ytxA-lacZ) operon fusion expression up to 35-fold. YtxR also activated expression of its own promoter. DNase I footprinting showed that a His(6)-YtxR fusion protein directly interacted with the ytxA and ytxR control regions at similar distances upstream of their probable transcription initiation sites, identified by primer extension. Deletion analysis demonstrated that removal of the regions protected by His(6)-YtxR in vitro eliminated YtxR-dependent induction in vivo. The ytxAB locus is not present in most Yersinia species. In contrast, ytxR is conserved in multiple Yersinia species, as well as in the closely related organisms Photorhabdus luminescens and Photorhabdus asymbiotica. These observations suggest that YtxR may play a conserved role involving regulation of other genes besides ytxAB.
Amyloid β‐peptide interactions with neuronal and glial cell plasma membrane: binding sites and implications for Alzheimer's disease (2004)

The extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) in neuritic plaques is one of the characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive dementing neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly. By virtue of its structure, Abeta is able to bind to a variety of biomolecules, including lipids, proteins and proteoglycans. The binding of the various forms of Abeta (soluble or fibrillar) to plasma membranes has been studied with regard to the direct toxicity of Abeta to neurons, and the activation of a local inflammation phase involving microglia. The binding of Abeta to membrane lipids facilitates Abeta fibrillation, which in turn disturbs the structure and function of the membranes, such as membrane fluidity or the formation of ion channels. A subset of membrane proteins binds Abeta. The serpin-enzyme complex receptor (SEC-R) and the insulin receptor can bind the monomeric form of Abeta. The alpha7nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR), integrins, RAGE (receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products) and FPRL1 (formyl peptide receptor-like 1) are able to bind the monomeric and fibrillar forms of Abeta. In addition, APP (amyloid precursor protein), the NMDA-R (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), the P75 neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR), the CLAC-P/collagen type XXV (collagen-like Alzheimer amyloid plaque component precursor/collagen XXV), the scavenger receptors A, BI (SR-A, SR-BI) and CD36, a complex involving CD36, alpha6beta1-integrin and CD47 have been reported to bind the fibrillar form of Abeta. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have also been described as cell-surface binding sites for Abeta. The various effects of Abeta binding to these membrane molecules are discussed.
Ultrasmall square-lattice zero-cell photonic crystal laser (2008)

We report optically pumped room-temperature lasing in a square-lattice photonic crystal cavity consisting of two shifted lattice points and heterogeneous lattices with different air hole sizes. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation shows that this cavity has an ultrasmall mode volume of 0.017μm3 ∼1.7 (λ∕2nslab)3. Photoluminescence spectroscopy exhibits pulsed lasing action at 1511nm with a low lasing threshold of ∼130μW. The measured Q factor is ∼2400 that is well agreed with the theoretical Q of 4200. In addition, the computational analysis based on the actual fabricated structural parameters unambiguously presents the successful demonstration of this ultrasmall lasing mode.
The Proinflammatory Mediator CD40 Ligand Is Increased in the Metabolic Syndrome and Modulated by Adiponectin (2008)

The enhanced sCD40L and cellular CD40L expression in the MS suggests that CD40L is of pathophysiological relevance in MS. Also, a new antiinflammatory effect of AN is described through the modulation of the CD40/CD40L system.
Novel Coronavirus-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: A Potential Drug Target in the Treatment of COVID-19 (2020)

OPINION article Front. Immunol., 19 May 2020Sec. Viral Immunology Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01021
Associative Polymer System Extends the Temperature Range of Surfactant Gel Frac Fluids (2011)

Abstract Early viscoelastic surfactant fluid systems provided a non-damaging, non-polymer viscous fluid option for many tight gas fracturing applications. These fluids were operationally simplistic with only a few additives. However, their rheological properties limit their use to about 140°F as a single fluid. For applications to about 250°F, foaming the fluids with CO2 or N2, usually 65 to 75 quality, can achieve stability with adequate viscosity, but this increases costs as well as operational and logistical complication. In addition, these fluids provide minimal friction reduction because at high shear they tend to behave more like water. A new thickening system extends the temperature range of traditional viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids and provides additional downhole benefits. Based on a low-molecular-weight associative polymer, the thickener forms an associative gel with surfactants at elevated temperature. The polymer and surfactants can be considered environmentally preferred. The system uses only three or four additives, compared to nine or ten for conventional systems. The footprint for field operations is considerably reduced, as hydration units and chemical additive units are not necessary. In rheology testing, the system achieves a good structure with viscosity. The time required to gel with temperature can be accelerated or delayed chemically. Regain conductivity tests indicate performance is similar to that of VES fluids alone. The system also has beneficial traits for clay control, friction reduction, water-wetting and post-frac fluid recovery. If foamed, the system may provide stability at even higher temperatures. This paper will present the chemistry and results of laboratory testing of this new and unique fluid system. The system should have applications in areas requiring excellent regain conductivities, such as unconventional formations.
Intracellular Ca <sup>2+</sup> signaling and store-operated Ca <sup>2+</sup> entry are required in <i>Drosophila</i> neurons for flight (2009)

Neuronal Ca(2+) signals can affect excitability and neural circuit formation. Ca(2+) signals are modified by Ca(2+) flux from intracellular stores as well as the extracellular milieu. However, the contribution of intracellular Ca(2+) stores and their release to neuronal processes is poorly understood. Here, we show by neuron-specific siRNA depletion that activity of the recently identified store-operated channel encoded by dOrai and the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store sensor encoded by dSTIM are necessary for normal flight and associated patterns of rhythmic firing of the flight motoneurons of Drosophila melanogaster. Also, dOrai overexpression in flightless mutants for the Drosophila inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R) can partially compensate for their loss of flight. Ca(2+) measurements show that Orai gain-of-function contributes to the quanta of Ca(2+)-release through mutant InsP(3)Rs and elevates store-operated Ca(2+) entry in Drosophila neurons. Our data show that replenishment of intracellular store Ca(2+) in neurons is required for Drosophila flight.
In vivo evidence of the critical role of cadherin-5 in murine vascular integrity. (1997)

Vascular endothelial cell-cell adhesion is crucial for the regulation of vascular functions and is associated with many circulatory disorders. We isolated a rat monoclonal antibody (VECD1) recognizing the mouse vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule and found that it inhibited vascular endothelial cell-cell association. We sequenced a full-length cDNA of the antigen that was identical to mouse cadherin-5. L-cells transfected with its cDNA acquired cell-cell adhesiveness, and these transfectants reacted with VECD1 at cell-cell contact areas. We studied the role of mouse cadherin-5 in vascular functions. The addition of VECD1 antibody to a cultured vascular endothelial cell line (F-2) caused the detachment of each cell. Although normal F-2 cells formed tubular structures on Matrigel, VECD1 disturbed the tubulogenesis. VECD1 also increased the permeability through the F-2 cell layer. To clarify the in vivo function of mouse cadherin-5, we intraperitoneally injected the hybridomas producing VECD1 into adult mice. Severe venous stasis and subcutaneous hemorrhage were induced within several days after the injection, resulting in the early death of the animals. These findings are evidence of an essential role of cadherin-5 in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell-cell adhesion in vivo.
Comparative Analysis on Propagation Effects of Flight Delays: A Case Study of China Airlines (2018)

This paper aims to capture the interdependency among the sequence of flight delays due to airline operations in airports, weather, and air traffic control conditions. A copula function is used to determine the distribution of delay sequence and examine the propagation effects. Using the actual data sourced from an airline in Asia Pacific region, it is found that flight delays could propagate to downstream airports/airlines, where the strength of delays was decreased, passed on, or increased. Considering the possible effects of increased delays under air traffic control or airline factors, scenarios that adjust flight schedules with additional buffer time were created and analyzed. Results show that, by adding buffer time efficiently, flight schedules can become more reliable.
Recommendations for the Assessment and Management of Pre-existing Drug-Reactive Antibodies During Biotherapeutic Development (2017)

Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) pose a potential risk to patient safety and efficacy and are routinely monitored during clinical trials. Pre-existing drug-reactive antibodies are present in patients without prior drug exposure and are defined by their ability to bind to a component of the drug. These pre-existing drug-reactive antibodies are frequently observed and could represent an adaptive immune response of an individual who has been previously exposed to antigens with structural similarities to the biotherapeutic. Clinical consequences of these antibodies can vary from no impact to adverse effects on patient safety, exposure, and efficacy, and are highly dependent on biotherapeutic modality, disease indications, and patient demographics. This paper describes how the immunogenicity risk assessment of a biotherapeutic integrates the existence of pre-existing drug-reactive antibodies, and provides recommendations for risk-based strategies to evaluate treatment-emergent ADA responses.
Fabrication and Characterization of Sputtered-Carbon Microelectrode Arrays (1996)

This paper describes a robust and reliable process for fabricating a novel sputter-deposited, thin-film carbon microelectrode array using standard integrated circuit technologies and silicon micromachining. Sputter-deposited carbon films were investigated as potential candidates for microelectrode materials. The surface properties and cross section of the microelectrode arrays were studied by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Electrical site impedance, crosstalk, and lifetime (dielectric integrity) of microelectrodes in the array were characterized. Electrochemical response of the microelectrodes to hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride and dopamine were investigated by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and high-speed, computer-based chronoamperometry; results show that thin-film carbon microelectrodes are well-behaved electrochemically. The thin carbon films offer extremely good electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties and thus qualify as viable candidates for various electroanalytical applications, particularly acute neurophysiological studies.
Lactational Evaluation of Ruminally Protected Methionine in Diets Containing Extruded Soybeans and Urea (1991)

The addition of urea to diets containing extruded soybeans may sufficiently increase ruminal lysine production so that the diet would then be limiting for methionine. Twentyeight Holstein cows were fed a diet containing extruded soybeans and urea without or with 50 g of nuninally protected methionine product, which supplied 15 g of DL-methionine daily from wk 4 through 16 postpartum. Total mixed diets contained 16.0% CP consisting of (DM basis) 40% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. production of milk (33.8 and 35.0 kg/d) and 4% FCM (26.8 and 28.4 kgld) were elevated slightly with protected methionine. Percentages of fat (2.71 and 2.79), protein (3.02 and 2.98). and SNF (8.64 and 8.54), and intakes of DM (20.8 and 19.2 kg/d) were similar. Arterial concentration of methionine was increased by feeding protected methionine. Efficiency of amino acid transfer into milk protein indicated that methionine status was improved by reducing methionine from first-to second-limiting amino acid with methionine supplementation.
Tensión en el hogar: mujeres y violencia doméstica (1997)

RESUMEN: Uno de los grandes impactos que cualquier ser humano puede experimentar es que la persona que él/ ella ha elegido como compañero de por vida se vuelva contra él/ ella y se convierta en su enemigo, el que traicione la mismísima razón por la que se unieron, el amor. El traidor, bajo piel de diáblo y mente retorcida, se convierte en un monstruo exigente y controlador.
Equilibrium Spin Currents: Non-Abelian Gauge Invariance and Color Diamagnetism in Condensed Matter (2008)

The spin-orbit (SO) interaction acts on electrons in condensed matter as an effective non-Abelian field. I show that a magnetic component of this field inevitably generates diamagnetic color currents which are just the equilibrium spin currents discussed in a condensed matter context. Since the non-Abelian magnetic field generated by SO coupling is generically nonzero, the equilibrium spin currents are universally present in any physical system, e.g., in molecules or solids with SO interaction. These universal spin currents provide an explicit realization of a non-Abelian Landau diamagnetism.
Experimental design and numerical investigation of a photoacoustic sensor for a low-power, continuous-wave, laser-based frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy (2019)

We have developed a photoacoustic (PA) sensor using a low-power, continuous- wave laser and a kHz-range microphone. The sensor is simple, flexible, cost-effective, and compatible with commercial optical microscopes. The sensor enables noncontact PA measurements through air, whereas most current existing PA techniques require an acoustic coupling liquid for detection. The PA sensor has three main components: one is the chamber that holds the sample, the second is a resonator column used to amplify the weak PA signals generated within the sample chamber, and the third is a microphone at the end of the resonator column to detect the amplified signals. The chamber size was designed to be 8 mm × 3 mm as the thermal diffusion length and viscous-thermal damping of air at room pressure and temperature are 2 and 1 mm, respectively. We numerically and experimentally examined the effect of the resonator column size on the frequency response of the PA sensor. The quality factor decreased significantly when the sample chamber size was reduced from 4 mm × 3 mm to 2 mm × 3 mm due to thermos-viscous damping of the air. The quality factor decreased by 27%, demonstrating the need for optimal design for the sample chamber and resonator column size. The system exhibited noise equivalent molecular sensitivity (NEM) per unit bandwidth (NEM / √ Δf) of ∼19,966 Hz ^−1/2 or 33 × 10^−21 mol or 33 zeptomol, which is an improvement of 2.2 times compared to the previous system design. This PA sensor has the potential for noncontact high-resolution PA imaging of materials without the need for coupling fluids.