gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Use of 3D ultrasound and image matching in computer-assisted neuronavigation</title> (1997)

In most operation theaters today planning is done using pre- operatively gathered data, such as CT, MRI, or ultrasound (US). This data can become useless in cases such as lesion removal in brain, where dura opening and other preparations cause tissue shifting. A possibility to greatly increase accuracy in an ongoing operation is the use of 3D ultrasonography. The sequences of intra-operatively obtained 2D US-slices can be transformed into 3D, matched to previously acquired data, and be used to adapt the surgical planning to the current situation. The matching is done after standard image processing procedures have been applied to the 2D US data, this data has been injected into a 3D data cube, segmentation, and topological differentiation have taken place. This requires the usage of highly sophisticated graphics workstations. The objective is to create a framework in which surgeons and/or robotic neuronavigators can be informed and guided with the newest and most precise information possible during an operation.
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for Erectile Dysfunction (2005)

Sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil are safe and effective PDE5 inhibitors for the treatment of ED.
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE VIA KALMAN FILTER (2013)

Abstract – The development of an indirect measurement model for electro thermal furnace and its implementation in a reconfigurable architecture are the main issues of this article. The proposed measurement system is based on the system model, the principle of conservation of energy and the laws of thermodynamics are applied to build a model of the thermal system where the Kalman theory is applied for filtering and prediction of the temperatures inside of a resistive furnace. Three setup are established to evaluate the performance of the indirect measurement system: off-line implementation of the algorithm on a test platform, the indirect measurement system is connected on the furnace hardware for standalone and real time operations. The measurement algorithm can be seen as a good alternative for temperature indirect measurement systems, due to its effectiveness and simplicity during the performance evaluations.
Hypertonic saline and mannitol in patients with traumatic brain injury (2020)

Both 3% hypertonic saline and mannitol can effectively reduce intracranial pressure, but 3% hypertonic saline has a more sustained effect on intracranial pressure and can effectively increase cerebral perfusion pressure.
Preparation of Some 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrazoles (1981)

University Department of Chemistry, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar-364 002 <em>Manuscript received 13 October 1980, revised 2 July 1981, accepted 14 September 1981</em> The reaction of nitrous acid with 4-alkyl- or 4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazides produced the corresponding 5-substituted amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles. On heating with aqueous bases, the thiatriazoles isomerised to yield the 1-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-5-thiols. Their ir and uv spectra were studied. The compoumds have been found to possess antibacterial activity.
GES: a new image quality assessment metric based on energy features in Gabor transform domain (2006)

We propose Gabor energy similarity (GES), a new full reference image quality assessment metric based on the measuring of Gabor energy features of images. It has been recognized that: 1) 2D Gabor filters can attain the theoretical conjoint resolution limit in spatial and frequency domain defined by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; 2) it is widely reported that simple cells in visual cortex can be well modeled by 2D Gabor functions; and 3) the feature of Gabor energy is closely related to the model of complex cells in primary visual cortex that are very sensitive to minor changes in nature scene. Motivated by these facts we attempt to design a new image quality assessment by exploring the similarity in Gabor energy functions between the original and the distorted image. The images are firstly decomposed by a filter bank consists of 48 Gabor filters (6 directions, 4 spatial resolutions, and symmetric or anti-symmetric). Then the local energy feature is extracted by computing the modulus of the responses of symmetric and anti-symmetric kernel filters at each point. We finally propose an image quality metric based on averaged cross correlation between two images. Extensive experimental results are used to justify the effectiveness of the proposed GES.
The Core Curriculum (1991)

In July 1987 Kenneth Baker, the Secretary of State for education, published proposals to introduce a core curriculum in schools. He wants pupils between eleven and 16 to be taught three core subjects: maths, English and science. They would take up between 30 and 40 per cent of the pupils' timetable. Seven other subjects (a modern foreign language, technology, history, geography, art, music and physical education) should take up perhaps 50 per cent of the remaining time, leaving somewhere between 10 and 20 per cent of the timetable for everything else, including religious education. Many topics such as health education and careers advice can, Baker suggests, be taught through other subjects.
Machine Learning-Based Optimization of Well Locations and WAG Parameters under Geologic Uncertainty (2018)

Abstract The effects of well locations and control parameters on reservoir responses is important during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection. Oil recovery and CO2 storage capacity typically vary with respect to corresponding changes in WAG ratio, slug size, and injector locations. The relationships between control parameters and response variables are usually studied using compositional simulators. However, the computational expense required to run such simulators could hinder their applicability to optimization procedures requiring many evaluations. Surrogate models (proxies) provide inexpensive alternatives for approximating reservoir responses. In this study, a machine learning-based proxy is developed to predict responses to changes in location and control parameters during WAG injection. Slight adjustments in injector well locations, WAG ratio and slug size could yield dramatic changes in the objective function responses. This complex relationship between control parameters and reservoir-wide responses makes data-driven methods an attractive option. We extend a recently developed machine learning approach in which the primary predictors are physical well locations, and water and gas injection rates, and the primary response is net present value (NPV). Because of the complexity of the response surface, we augmented the predictor variables with well-to-well pairwise connectivities, injector block permeabilities and porosities, and initial injector block saturations. Connectivities are represented by ‘diffusive times of flight’ of the pressure front, which is computed using the Fast Marching Method. Training observations are obtained from a handful of compositional simulations. We then used the Extreme Gradient Boosting method (XGBoost) to build intelligent proxies for making predictions given any set of observations. We propose a hyperdimensional, simultaneous optimization of well locations and controls using a novel optimization scheme similar Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS). Our optimization scheme was developed to fully take advantage of the speed and statistical output of the proxy. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a case study in which the underlying geology is uncertain. Results show significant correlation between proxy predictions and reservoir simulations, which validates application of the trained proxy. In addition, we demonstrate that simultaneous optimization of location and controls yields improvements over a sequential approach without any significant increase in computational cost.
A single crystal of YALO<sub>3</sub>: Ce<sup>3+</sup> as a fast scintillator in SEM (1983)

Abstract A new single‐crystal scintillator intended for applications in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. It is a single‐crystal disc of yttrium aluminium perovskite activated by trivalent cerium free of traces of Fe ions. The single crystals of YAlO 3 : Ce 3+ (YAP: Ce 3+ ) were prepared by the Czochralski method in a reducing atmosphere of Ar and H 2 with an excess amount of Y 3+ ions. Effective methods of purification and purity control of the raw material are described. The highest achievable concentration of Ce 3+ ions in as grown crystals amounted to 0.3 wt%, concentration in the melt was 8–9 times higher. The best properties were found with samples of the maximum possible concentration of Ce 3+ . Compared with the previous aluminate Y 3 Al 5 O 12 : Ce 3+ (YAG: Ce 3+ ) these samples showed higher efficiency, a shorter decay time of luminescence (40 ns) and an emission band in a more advantageous spectral region (378 nm). Because of high resistance to radiation damage, high chemical resistance and applicability to ultra‐high vacuum it is also suitable for detection of other kinds of ionizing radiation.
Single-Batch Production of Recombinant Human Polyclonal Antibodies (2010)

We have previously described the development and implementation of a strategy for production of recombinant polyclonal antibodies (rpAb) in single batches employing CHO cells generated by site-specific integration, the Sympress I technology. The Sympress I technology is implemented at industrial scale, supporting a phase II clinical development program. Production of recombinant proteins by site-specific integration, which is based on incorporation of a single copy of the gene of interest, makes the Sympress I technology best suited to support niche indications. To improve titers while maintaining a cost-efficient, highly reproducible single-batch manufacturing mode, we have evaluated a number of different approaches. The most successful results were obtained using random integration in a new producer cell termed ECHO, a CHO DG44 cell derivative engineered for improved productivity at Symphogen. This new expression process is termed the Sympress II technology. Here we describe proof-of-principle data demonstrating the feasibility of the Sympress II technology for single-batch rpAb manufacturing using two model systems each composed of six target-specific antibodies. The compositional stability and the batch-to-batch reproducibility of rpAb produced by the ECHO cells were at least as good as observed previously using site-specific integration technology. Furthermore, the new process had a significant titer increase.
Spontaneous Long-Term Hyperglycemic Rat With Diabetic Complications: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Strain (1992)

A spontaneously diabetic rat with polyuria, polydipsia, and mild obesity was discovered in 1984 in an outbred colony of Long-Evans rats, which had been purchased from Charles River Canada (St. Constant, Quebec, Canada) in 1982. A strain of rats developed from this rat by selective breeding has since been maintained at the Tokushima Research Institute (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan) and named OLETF. The characteristic features of OLETF rats are 1) late onset of hyperglycemia (after 18 wk of age); 2) a chronic course of disease; 3) mild obesity; 4) inheritance by males; 5) hyperplastic foci of pancreatic islets; and 6) renal complication (nodular lesions). Histologically, the changes of pancreatic islets can be classified into three stages: 1) an early stage (6-20 wk of age) of cellular infiltration and degeneration; 2) a hyperplastic stage (20-40 wk of age); and 3) a final stage (at > 40 wk of age). These clinical and pathological features of disease in OLETF rats resemble those of human NIDDM.
InGaAs/InAlAs hot-electron transistor (1986)

Using InGaAs for the base and InAlAs for the emitter and collector barriers, we have fabricated the first hot-electron transistor in this material system. We have shown that 1.6% of the injected hot electrons can be transported ballistically through a 0.3-μm-thick In0.53Ga0.47As plus 800-Å-thick InAlAs barrier layer at 77 K giving rise to an average mean free path of 920 Å. An energy spread of 130 meV was observed for the ballistic electrons injected at about 700 meV above the thermal equilibrium conditions. The values of collector barrier heights measured are in reasonable agreement with those deduced independently from thermionic emission studies in InGaAs gate, InAlAs/InGaAs capacitor structures.
Evaluation of dithiothreitol (DTT) for inactivation of IgM antibodies. (1978)

A newly introduced sulphydryl compound, dithiothreitol (DTT), is evaluated for its optimal conditions of inactivation of IgM antibodies. The maximal effects of DTT reagent are observed when its final concentrations are between 0.0025 M and 0.005 M, pH between 7.0 and 8.0, and incubation at 37 degrees C. Concentrations over 0.01 M, pH values greater than 8.0, and an incubation temperature over 40 degrees C resulted in a gel formation of the specimen. Examination of both 'cold' and 'warm' type antibodies demonstrated that the results obtained by the DTT reagent are in close agreement with those obtained by 2-mercaptoethanol reagents and DEAE Sephadex treatment. Since the procedure is simple and rapid and lacks offensive odour, DTT is recommended for routine use in blood banking for the inactivation of IgM antibodies.
Survival of skin cancer stem cells requires the Ezh2 polycomb group protein (2015)

Polycomb group proteins, including Ezh2, are important candidate stem cell maintenance proteins in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. We previously showed that epidermal cancer stem cells (ECS cells) represent a minority of cells in tumors, are highly enriched in Ezh2 and drive aggressive tumor formation. We now show that Ezh2 is required for ECS cell survival, migration, invasion and tumor formation and that this is associated with increased histone H3 trimethylation on lysine 27, a mark of Ezh2 action. We also show that Ezh2 knockdown or treatment with Ezh2 inhibitors, GSK126 or EPZ-6438, reduces Ezh2 level and activity, leading to reduced ECS cell spheroid formation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. These studies indicate that epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem (tumor-initiating) cells that are enriched in Ezh2, that Ezh2 is required for optimal ECS cell survival and tumor formation and that treatment with Ezh2 inhibitors may be a strategy for reducing ECS cell survival and suppressing tumor formation.
Application of expert systems technology to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS) (1985)

From our NETSseq-derived human brain transcriptomics data, we identified GPR55 as a potential molecular target for the treatment of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. From a high-throughput screen, we identified and optimized agonists with nanomolar potency against both human and rat GPR55. We discovered compounds with either strong or limited β-arrestin signaling and receptor desensitization, indicating biased signaling. A compound that showed minimal GPR55 desensitization demonstrated a reduction in firing frequency of medium spiny neurons cultured from rat striatum but did not reverse motor deficits in a rat hypolocomotion model. Further profiling of several desensitizing and non-desensitizing lead compounds showed that they are selective over related cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> and that unbound brain concentrations well above the respective GPR55 EC<sub>50</sub> can be readily achieved following oral administration. The novel brain-penetrant GPR55 agonists disclosed can be used to probe the role of this receptor in the brain.
Vanilloids. 1. Analogs of capsaicin with antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activity (1993)

As part of a program to establish structure-activity relationships for vanilloids, analogs of the pungent principle capsaicin, the alkyl chain portion of the parent structure (and related compounds derived from homovanillic acid) was varied. In antinociceptive and antiinflammatory assays (rat and mouse hot plate and croton oil-inflamed mouse ear), compounds with widely varying alkyl chain structures were active. Short-chain compounds were active by systemic administration in the assays mentioned above but they retained the high pungency and acute toxicity characteristic of capsaicin. In contrast, the long chain cis-unsaturates, NE-19550 (vanillyloleamide) and NE-28345 (oleylhomovanillamide), were orally active, less pungent, and less acutely toxic than capsaicin. The potential of these compounds as antiinflammatory/analgesic agents is discussed in light of recent data on the mechanism of action of vanilloids on sensory nerve fibers.
Temporal comparison of functional brain imaging with diffuse optical tomography and fMRI during rat forepaw stimulation (2003)

The time courses of oxyhaemoglobin ([HbO2]), deoxyhaemoglobin ([HbR]) and total haemoglobin ([HbT]) concentration changes following cortical activation in rats by electrical forepaw stimulation were measured using diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and compared to similar measurements performed previously with fMRI at 2.0 T and 4.7 T. We also explored the qualitative effects of varying stimulus parameters on the temporal evolution of the hemodynamic response. DOT images were reconstructed at a depth of 1.5 mm over a 1 cm square area from 2 mm anterior to bregma to 8 mm posterior to bregma. The measurement set included 9 sources and 16 detectors with an imaging frame rate of 10 Hz. Both DOT [HbR] and [HbO2] time courses were compared to the fMRI BOLD time course during stimulation, and the DOT [HbT] time course was compared to the fMRI cerebral plasma volume (CPV) time course. We believe that DOT and fMRI can provide similar temporal information for both blood volume and deoxyhaemoglobin changes, which helps to cross-validate these two techniques and to demonstrate that DOT can be useful as a complementary modality to fMRI for investigating the hemodynamic response to neuronal activity.
Stability analysis of discrete-time recurrent neural networks (2002)

We address the problem of global Lyapunov stability of discrete-time recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in the unforced (unperturbed) setting. It is assumed that network weights are fixed to some values, for example, those attained after training. Based on classical results of the theory of absolute stability, we propose a new approach for the stability analysis of RNNs with sector-type monotone nonlinearities and nonzero biases. We devise a simple state-space transformation to convert the original RNN equations to a form suitable for our stability analysis. We then present appropriate linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to be solved to determine whether the system under study is globally exponentially stable. Unlike previous treatments, our approach readily permits one to account for non-zero biases usually present in RNNs for improved approximation capabilities. We show how recent results of others on the stability analysis of RNNs can be interpreted as special cases within our approach. We illustrate how to use our approach with examples. Though illustrated on the stability analysis of recurrent multilayer perceptrons, the approach proposed can also be applied to other forms of time-lagged RNNs.
Comparison of the Homogeneous, Primary Anti-Dextran B1355 Antibody Raised in BALB/c Mice with Protein 104E (1978)

The primary antibody response to dextran B1355 in BALB/c mice is largely a homogenous IgM antibody. This antibody appears to be similar if not identical to the myeloma protein, protein 104E, for the following reasons: a) isoelectric focusing of the 7S monomers, separately and together in co-isoelectric focusing, give the same pattern, both in the presence and absence of 4M urea; b) the inhibition of lysis of the dextran-coated SRBC by specifically purified anti-dextran antibody and by protein 104E required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. This similarity was further demonstrated by plaque assays with dextran-coated SRBC, in which the formation of plaques was inhibited by free dextran. Inhibition of plaques produced by both types of cells required essentially the same concentration of dextran B1355. On these bases, there appears to be no difference in properties (or in structure) between the myeloma protein and the induced antibody.
Extraction and Validation of Power Amplifiers' Harmonics Dynamic <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$X$</tex></formula>-Parameters From Pulsed Envelope Domain Measurements (2014)

This paper presents an extended behavioral model for the modeling of microwave amplifiers, namely harmonics dynamic X-parameters. This model aims at providing a powerful analysis capability for the prediction of fundamental and harmonic large-signal responses with long-term memory effects for the power amplifier. Several major problems faced by current commercial nonlinear vector network analyzers have yet to be addressed, such as external stimulation in pulsed envelope domain measurement and synchronization. Therefore, an unlimited and alternative method for the extraction of harmonics dynamic X-parameters is also introduced in this paper. In the extraction procedure, the modulated RF step signal shows significant advantages in revealing the relationship between the past inputs and the current output. However, attempts to validate the effectiveness of this model have been limited by both the hardware and software requirements. First, the advanced phase reference is not open to the public and is only available in the manufacturer's internal R&D laboratory; it is required for the phase calibration procedure of the narrow tone spacing. Second, the two-tone signal experiment is not suitable for the validation of the output prediction of harmonics. Therefore, a novel validation method that utilizes the narrow step signal as stimulus signal was carried out on a Mini-Circuits ZFL-11AD+microwave amplifier. An excellent agreement between the measurements-based behavioral model and the measured output is achieved, with a maximum error less than 5%.
Yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies (1988)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Ids) were raised in a rabbit against a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) neutralizing the yeast killer toxin produced by a strain of Pichia (Hansenula) anomala. In an immunodiffusion test, the anti-Ids produced in the rabbit recognized the antigen-binding site of the MAb used as the immunogen (KT4) but not that of another heterologous MAb. The absence of any significant cross-reactivity among the anti-Ids raised in a rabbit for a heterologous MAb suggested that the anti-Ids were highly specific for unique variable-region determinants. Furthermore, the P. anomala killer toxin proved to be competing with anti-Ids for the binding site of MAb KT4. Anti-Ids against the MAb to yeast killer toxin inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, thereby mimicking the effect of the yeast killer toxin. These results suggest that, in some cases, anti-Ids might be useful tools for elucidating structure-function relationships for sensitive cell receptors.
An Improved Preparation of Triacetic Acid Derivatives (1984)

Abstract A convenient procedure for the title compounds is described. Additionally, the method is suitable for large-scale reactions.
Planning would boost liner cementing success (1985)

This article examines 35 liner-cementing failures. Preventive techniques presented here were developed by collecting and analyzing 5 years of field data. They compare well to the advice discovered in a literature search. The approach to the problem was to identify the causes of liner failures, and to arrive at solutions to those causes. This report explains what the obvious problems are and how to combat them.