gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Human GARS-AIRS-GART Gene Encodes Two Proteins Which Are Differentially Expressed during Human Brain Development and Temporally Overexpressed in Cerebellum of Individuals with Down Dyndrome (1997)

Purines are critical for energy metabolism, cell signalling and cell reproduction. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulation of this essential biochemical pathway during mammalian development. In humans, the second, third and fifth steps of de novo purine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a trifunctional protein with glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (GARS), aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (AIRS) and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART) enzymatic activities. The gene encoding this trifunctional protein is located on chromosome 21. The enzyme catalyzing the intervening fourth step of de novo purine biosynthesis, phosphoribosylformylglycineamide amidotransferase (FGARAT), is encoded by a separate gene on chromosome 17. To investigate the regulation of these proteins, we have generated monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies specific to each of these enzymatic domains. Using these antibodies on western blots of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the human GARS-AIRS-GART gene, we show that this gene encodes not only the trifunctional protein of 110 kDa, but also a monofunctional GARS protein of 50 kDa. This carboxy-truncated human GARS protein is produced by alternative splicing resulting in the use of a polyadenylation site in the intron between the terminal GARS and the first AIRS exons. The expression of both the GARS and GARS-AIRS-GART proteins are regulated during development of the human cerebellum, while the expression of FGARAT appears to be constitutive. All three proteins are expressed at high levels during normal prenatal cerebellum development while the GARS and GARS-AIRS-GART proteins become undetectable in this tissue shortly after birth. In contrast, the GARS and GARS-AIRS-GART proteins continue to be expressed during the postnatal development of the cerebellum in individuals with Down syndrome.
Design of a Biomimetic Controlled-Curvature Robotic Pectoral Fin (2007)

This paper describes the design, construction, and testing of a biomimetic pectoral (side) fin with actively controlled curvature for UUV propulsion. First, a 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tool has been adapted to computationally optimize any fin design, followed by a full parametric study based on our findings. Second, this said fin has been constructed, and our working optimized mechanical design is offered. Lastly, we make an experimental vs. computational result comparison for thrust, lift, and flapping moment data - showing that a UUV with this technology can have dramatic improvements in low-speed propulsion and control over traditional thruster methods.
Studies on Complexes. XII. Effect of Complex Formation on Drug Absorption from Alimentary Tract. (3) (1968)

Effect of 1 : 1 complex formation with a nonabsorbable drug (A) and an absorbable one (B) on the absorption of B from rat small intestine according to the recirculating perfusion method in situ was described. The combination of drugs used as the model compounds was riboflavin phosphate (A)-sulpyrin (B), riboflavin phosphate (A)-caffeine (B), riboflavin phsophate (A)-4-aminoantipyrine (B), aminopropylon (A)-sulfamethizole (B), and aminopropylon (A)-sulfisomidine (B). The absorption rate constant of B was influenced by the incorporation of A and the rate was shown to be slowed and dependent on the concentration of A. The effect was rationalized and effectively quantitated by hypothesizing that the complex AB was absorbed little or not absorbed, and that only the noncomplexed form of the absorbable drug was observably absorbed. Complexation of B with A decreased the apparent partition coefficient of B. It is thought that this suggests one possible mechanism for the absorption of complex.
Low-Power Supply-Regulation Techniques for Ring Oscillators in Phase-Locked Loops Using a Split-Tuned Architecture (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A supply-regulated phase-locked loop (PLL) employs a split-tuned architecture to decouple the tradeoff between supply-noise rejection performance and power consumption. By placing the regulator in the low-bandwidth coarse loop, the proposed PLL architecture allows us to maximize its bandwidth to suppress the oscillator phase noise with neither the power supply-noise rejection nor the power dissipation of the regulator being affected. A replica-based regulator introduces a low-frequency pole in its supply-noise transfer function and avoids degradation of supply-noise rejection beyond the regulator-loop's dominant pole frequency. The prototype PLL fabricated in a 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m digital CMOS process operates from 0.5 to 2.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>GHz. At 1.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>GHz, the proposed PLL achieves 1.9<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex> </formula>ps long-term rms jitter and a worst case supply-noise sensitivity of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex></formula>28<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>dB (0.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>rad/V), an improvement of 20 dB over conventional solutions, while consuming 2.2 mA from a 1.8 V supply. </para>
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance and Anisotropic Tunneling Magnetoresistance due to Quantum Interference in Ferromagnetic Metal Break Junctions (2006)

We measure the low-temperature resistance of permalloy break junctions as a function of contact size and the magnetic field angle in applied fields large enough to saturate the magnetization. For both nanometer-scale metallic contacts and tunneling devices we observe large changes in resistance with the angle, as large as 25% in the tunneling regime. The pattern of magnetoresistance is sensitive to changes in bias on a scale of a few mV. We interpret the effect as a consequence of conductance fluctuations due to quantum interference.
[Intracranial venous outflows associated with myofascial syndrome according to the data of computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging]. (2008)

To have a pictorial view of the extent of large paired sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, jugular foramens, temporomandibular joints, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were used to examine 1600 patients. The findings specified that the cross sizes of sinuses and jugular veins rather widely varied, their relative increase being observed with age. Furthermore, in most cases the paired sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa, internal jugular veins and jugular foramens are asymmetrically developed, the asymmetry being clearly defined only in infants aged more than 1 year. Thereafter, a group of patients with the asymmetrical structure ofjugular foramens was observed to have the signs characterizing the atypical structure or position of the heads of the mandible.
A Two-Phase Improved Correlation Method for Automatic Particle Selection in Cryo-EM (2015)

Particle selection from cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) images is very important for high-resolution reconstruction of macromolecular structure. The methods of particle selection can be roughly grouped into two classes, template-matching methods and feature-based methods. In general, template-matching methods usually generate better results than feature-based methods. However, the accuracy of template-matching methods is restricted by the noise and low contrast of Cryo-EM images. Moreover, the processing speed of template-matching methods, restricted by the random orientation of particles, further limits their practical applications. In this paper, combining the advantages of feature-based methods and template-matching methods, we present a two-phase improved correlation method for automatic, fast particle selection. In Phase I, we generate a preliminary particle set using rotation-invariant features of particles. In Phase II, we filter the preliminary particle set using a correlation method to reduce the interference of the high noise background and improve the precision of particle selection. We apply several optimization strategies, including a modified adaboost algorithm, Divide and Conquer technique, cascade strategy and graphics processing unit parallel technique, to improve feature recognition ability and reduce processing time. In addition, we developed two correlation score functions for different correlation situations. Experimental results on the benchmark of Cryo-EM images show that our method can improve the accuracy and processing speed of particle selection significantly.
High-pressure science with a multi-anvil apparatus at SPring-8 (2002)

Since first opening its doors to public research in 1997, SPring-8 has seen the accomplishment of many important studies in a wide variety of fields through its stable operation and cutting edge technology. High-pressure experiments have been carried out on a number of beamlines using a diamond anvil cell or a multi-anvil press. Here, we review the multi-anvil presses installed on the SPring-8 beamlines and a few research projects currently utilizing this technology. The significant difference in post-spinel boundary between multi-anvil experiments and diamond anvil studies will also be discussed.
Determinants of Insulin Availability in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions (2006)

The presence of multivitamins and trace elements is a major determinant of insulin availability in PN solutions. Additional research is necessary to determine the mechanism mediating this effect and to assess its clinical significance.
Sub-micron polysilicon Gate CMOS/SOS technology (1978)

A process sequence incorporating the lateral diffusion of Boron into polycrystalline silicon for the fabrication of CMOS/SOS transistors and integrated circuits is described. The resulting polysilicon gate dimensions and channel lengths are typically between 0.2 µm and 2.0 µm. Yield values associated with these narrow polysilicon lines are shown to be equal to present 5 µm yield values. Ring oscillators have been fabricated having 0.5 µm channel lengths which exhibit propagation delays of 200 ps at 5v. In addition, 10 stage dynamic binary counters have also been fabricated having 0.5 µm channel lengths and a maximum input frequency of 600 MHz at 12v and 200 mW was attained.
Probiotics and gut health: A special focus on liver diseases (2010)

Probiotic bacteria have well-established beneficial effects in the management of diarrhoeal diseases. Newer evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal bacterial overgrowth after gut surgery. In liver health, the main benefits of probiotics might occur through preventing the production and/or uptake of lipopolysaccharides in the gut, and therefore reducing levels of low-grade inflammation. Specific immune stimulation by probiotics through processes involving dendritic cells might also be beneficial to the host immunological status and help prevent pathogen translocation. Hepatic fat metabolism also seems to be influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria, and potentially by probiotics; although the mechanisms by which probiotic might act on the liver are still unclear. However, this might be of major importance in the future because low-grade inflammation, hepatic fat infiltration, and hepatitis might become more prevalent as a result of high fat intake and the increased prevalence of obesity.
Interleukin-37 suppresses the osteogenic responses of human aortic valve interstitial cells in vitro and alleviates valve lesions in mice (2017)

Calcific aortic valve disease is a chronic inflammatory process, and aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) from diseased aortic valves express greater levels of osteogenic factors in response to proinflammatory stimulation. Here, we report that lower cellular levels of IL-37 in AVICs of diseased human aortic valves likely account for augmented expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) following stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or 4. Treatment of diseased AVICs with recombinant human IL-37 suppresses the levels of BMP-2 and ALP as well as calcium deposit formation. In mice, aortic valve thickening is observed when exposed to a TLR4 agonist or a high fat diet for a prolonged period; however, mice expressing human IL-37 exhibit significantly lower BMP-2 levels and less aortic valve thickening when subjected to the same regimens. A high fat diet in mice results in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) deposition in aortic valve leaflets. Moreover, the osteogenic responses in human AVICs induced by oxLDL are suppressed by recombinant IL-37. Mechanistically, reduced osteogenic responses to oxLDL in human AVICs are associated with the ability of IL-37 to inhibit NF-κB and ERK1/2. These findings suggest that augmented expression of osteogenic factors in AVICs of diseased aortic valves from humans is at least partly due to a relative IL-37 deficiency. Because recombinant IL-37 suppresses the osteogenic responses in human AVICs and alleviates aortic valve lesions in mice exposed to high fat diet or a proinflammatory stimulus, IL-37 has therapeutic potential for progressive calcific aortic valve disease.
Carboxylation of NH/CH Bonds Using N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complexes (2010)

Einfach und direkt verläuft die N-H- oder C-H-Funktionalisierung mit einem leicht zugänglichen Katalysator: [1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-yliden]kupfer(I)-hydroxid, [Cu(IPr)(OH)], aktiviert und carboxyliert N-H- und C-H-Bindungen mit pKS-Werten unter 27.7 (siehe Schema). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Acute regulation of mUT-A3 urea transporter expressed in a MDCK cell line (2006)

Renal facilitative urea transporters play a vital role in the urinary concentrating mechanism. UT-A3 is a phloretin-sensitive urea transporter that in the mouse is expressed on the basolateral membrane of renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells. In this study, we engineered a Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) I cell line that stably expresses mouse UT-A3 (MDCK-mUT-A3). Immunoblotting using the UT-A-targeted antibody ML446 detected a approximately 40-kDa signal in MDCK-mUT-A3 protein that corresponds to mUT-A3. Using cultured epithelial monolayers, radioactive (14)C-urea flux experiments determined that basolateral urea transport was no different between MDCK-mUT-A3 and control MDCK-FLZ cells under basal conditions [not significant (NS), ANOVA]. However, exposure to arginine vasopressin (AVP) significantly stimulated basolateral urea flux in MDCK-mUT-A3 monolayers (P < 0.05, ANOVA), while it had no effect in control MDCK-FLZ monolayers (NS, ANOVA). The AVP-stimulated basolateral urea transport in MDCK-mUT-A3 was inhibited by 1,3 dimethyl urea (P < 0.05, ANOVA) or phloretin (P < 0.05, ANOVA), both known inhibitors of facilitative urea transporters. MDCK-mUT-A3 basolateral urea flux was also stimulated by increasing intracellular levels of cAMP, via forskolin (P < 0.05, ANOVA), or intracellular calcium, via ATP (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Finally, 1-h preincubation with a specific PKA inhibitor, H89, significantly inhibited the increase in urea transport produced by AVP (P < 0.05, ANOVA). In conclusion, we have produced the first renal cell line to stably express the mUT-A3 urea transporter. Our results indicate that mUT-A3 is acutely regulated by AVP, via a PKA-dependent pathway. These findings have important implications for the regulation of urea transport in the renal IMCD and the urinary concentrating mechanism.
Leaching of Chalcopyrite with <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> : Effect of Surfactants and Shaking (1964)

The rate of leaching of chalcopyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been greatly accelerated by using shaken flasks in place of stationary bottles or percolators. A further increase in rate and extent of leaching was obtained by the use of Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80, Triton X-100, Quaker TT 5386, and Hyamine 2389. Tween 20 was the most effective surfactant. No individual component of the Tween molecule was responsible for the improved leaching. The Tween-to-chalcopyrite ratio is more important than the Tween-to-medium ratio. The effect of the surfactants is probably due to increased contact between the mineral surface and the organism, and shaking provides the necessary oxygen. Rates and yields obtained by use of surfactants and shaking as aids to microbiological leaching approach those obtained with acidified erric sulfate leaching.
Serotonin may stimulate granule cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, as observed in rats grafted with foetal raphe neurons (2000)

The long-term effects of hippocampal serotonergic denervation and reinnervation by foetal raphe tissue were examined in the dentate gyrus where neurons are continously born in the adult. Complete lesion of serotonin neurons following injections of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei produced long-term decreases in the number of newly generated granule cells identified with 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) immunostaining, as observed in 2-month-survival rats. The raphe grafts, but not the control grafts of embryonic spinal tissue, reversed the postlesion-induced decreases in the density of BrdU- and PSA-NCAM-labelled cells detected in the granule layer. Inhibition of serotonin synthesis in animals with raphe grafts reversed back to lesion-induced changes in granule cell proliferation. Furthermore, extensive serotonergic reinnervation of the dentate gyrus in the area proximal to the raphe graft could be associated with supranormal density of BrdU-labelled cells. These results indicate that serotonin may be considered a positive regulatory factor of adult granule cell proliferation. Finally, the lack of effect of embryonic nonserotonergic tissue grafted to serotonin-deprived rats suggests that neurotrophic factors may not be involved in the effects of serotonin on adult neurogenesis.
THE OPTIMAL MAGNETIC FORCE FOR A NOVEL ACTUATOR COUPLED TO THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (2007)

A new type of electromagnetic vibration transducer designed to be placed onto the tympanic membrane will be developed. Such an electromagnetic transducer should have the following characteristics: small in size, high-energy efficiency and suitable frequency bandwidth. In order to find out the optimal electromagnetic force and to predict the frequency-amplitude characteristics, a finite element middle ear biomechanical model was used to derive the optimal magnetic force of the actuator in this study. First, the electromagnetic transducer coupled to the ear drum was created by using a computer-aided design (CAD). Then the new coupled tympanic membrane-transducer complex was loaded to a 3-dimensional biomechanical model in the middle. The air gap between magnet and coil, input current and vibration force were calculated by finite element analysis simulation. In addition, gain and frequency response curves of the actuator were also calculated. Predicted displacement of tip of the malleus induced by the sound pressure of 80 dB SPL with different input currents are computed from the finite element model over the auditory frequency range of 100–8000 Hz as the force input into the ANSYS software. Simulated results show displacements of vibration are about 100 nm in the range from 100–1000 Hz and reduced when the frequencies are higher than 1000 Hz. Functional gains were about 20–25 dB across the 100 to 8,000 Hz frequency range.
MEMS electrostatic actuators for optical switching applications (2002)

Electrostatic actuators providing linear and angular deflection have been developed using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Optical switches with 0.5 dB loss at 1550 nm have been made showing switching times less than 5 ms.
Pore Pressure Detection From the MWD Gamma Ray (1983)

ABSTRACT Formation pore pressure abnormalities can be detected and evaluated by many known methods1. These abnormalities may be identified by drilling parameters, formation log properties, mud analyses, etc. The natural gamma ray intensity, a formation property, can also be used for pressure detection and evaluation. Using the Measurements While Drilling Gamma Ray Log, pore pressure can be interpreted at the well-site, thus providing a real-time pressure detection tool for better well control. The gamma ray intensity, a natural radioactive property, has not been used as a primary pore pressure indicator; this paper provides a technique to use this formation property as a pore pressure detection tool. Analyses, primarily from the Gulf Coast, were made from both Measurements While Drilling and wireline gamma ray logs, demonstrating the flexibility of this method.
Is there an immunohistochemical technique definitively valid in epidermal growth factor receptor assessment? (2006)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is required for the selection of patients for a monoclonal antibody based targeted treatment with C225 (Erbitux). To validate the usefulness of IHC, the confirmation of assays and scoring systems are mandatory. In an attempt to standardize the immunohistochemical detection of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we retrospectively evaluated three commercially available EGFR kits or antibodies and analyzed the discrepancies between the tests in terms of the percentage of positive cells, intensity, cut-off value and fixatives. We extracted 232 paraffin-embedded samples from a metastatic colorectal cancer clinical trial. For all the cases, EGFR expression was assessed with the FDA approved Dako EGFR pharmaDx kit, the Zymed EGFR kit and the Ventana EGFR 3C6 antibody. Different cut-off values were tested, and the intensity was scored 0, 1+, 2+, 3+ following Dako's recommendations. The percentage of positive cases varied from 93 to 75% with a cut-off of value 1% of positive cells, from 80 to 61% with a cut-off of 5% positive cells and from 72% to 48% with a cut-off value of 10%. Both Ventana and Zymed tests were more sensitive than the Dako test (Ventana >Dako; p<10(-7), Zymed >Dako; p=2.10(-6)). No difference was noted between Ventana and Zymed tests (p=0.75). A high concordance was observed for the 3 tests for the evaluation of high intensities. The use of a scoring system combining the percentage of positive cells and intensity was not useful for Zymed and Ventana as the intensity of staining is correlated to the percentage of positive cells: Ventana (p<10(-6)) and Zymed (p<10(-5)). No interaction with staining was identified for any of the fixatives, or with the nature of samples received (i.e. slides vs blocks, biopsies vs surgical specimens). Our data showed a higher percentage of positive cells detected by Ventana and Zymed tests, whatever the cut-off value for positivity. No scoring system showed, to date, its accuracy, and more studies have to be conducted with an evaluation of the response to cetuximab, possibly with a correlation with FISH amplification in colorectal carcinoma.