gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics of malignant melanomas developing in persons with dysplastic nevi (1990)

A total of 452 patients with dysplastic nevi (DN) were followed prospectively by repetitive, complete cutaneous examinations in order to determine the clinical features of early malignant melanomas (MM) arising in them. Sixteen patients (3.5%) developed 18 newly diagnosed MM during an average follow-up period of 27 months. Twelve of the 18 MM were in situ and all of the primary invasive MM diagnosed prospectively in this follow-up were less than 0.89 mm in Breslow thickness, implying an excellent prognosis. The principal clinical clue to the diagnosis of MM was change in a preexisting pigmented lesion. Total-body photographs were very useful in helping to identify the early MM in these patients.
Generation of Cholesterol Carboxyaldehyde by the Reaction of Singlet Molecular Oxygen [O<sub>2</sub> (<sup>1</sup>Δ<sub>g</sub>)] as Well as Ozone with Cholesterol (2009)

A few years ago, it was reported that ozone is produced in human atherosclerotic arteries, on the basis of the identification of 3beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al and 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-hydroxy-B-norcholestane-6beta-carboxaldehyde (ChAld) as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. The formation of endogenous ozone was attributed to water oxidation catalyzed by antibodies, with the formation of dihydrogen trioxide as a key intermediate. We now report that ChAld is also generated by the reaction of cholesterol with singlet molecular oxygen [O2 (1Delta(g))] that is produced by photodynamic action or by the thermodecomposition of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide, a defined pure chemical source of O2 (1Delta(g)). On the basis of 18O-labeled ChAld mass spectrometry, NMR, light emission measurements, and derivatization studies, we propose that the mechanism of ChAld generation involves the formation of the well-known cholesterol 5alpha-hydroperoxide (5alpha-OOH) (the major product of O2 ((1)Delta(g))-oxidation of cholesterol) and/or a 1,2-dioxetane intermediate formed by O2 (1Delta(g)) attack at the Delta(5) position. The Hock cleavage of 5alpha-OOH (the major pathway) or unstable cholesterol dioxetane decomposition (a minor pathway, traces) gives a 5,6-secosterol intermediate, which undergoes intramolecular aldolization to yield ChAld. These results show clearly and unequivocally that ChAld is generated upon the reaction of cholesterol with O2 (1Delta(g)) and raises questions about the role of ozone in biological processes.
Loperamide, an FDA-Approved Antidiarrhea Drug, Effectively Reverses the Resistance of Multidrug Resistant MCF-7/MDR1 Human Breast Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity (2012)

Loperamide is an FDA-approved antidiarrhea drug which acts on the μ-opioid receptors in the mesenteric plexus of large intestine and exhibits limited side effects. We hypothesized that loperamide might reverse the multidrug resistance (MDR) of human cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. MCF-7/MDR1 cells express high level of MDR1 and are resistant to doxorubicin. We found that loperamide significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin to MCF-7/MDR1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, loperamide reversed the resistance of MCF-7/MDR1 cells to doxorubicin, suggesting that chemotherapy in combination with loperamide may benefit patients with MDR tumors once applied in clinic.
Facile Synthesis of ZnS−CuInS<sub>2</sub>-Alloyed Nanocrystals for a Color-Tunable Fluorchrome and Photocatalyst (2011)

High-quality ZnS-CuInS(2) (ZCIS) alloy nanocrystals have been synthesized via reaction between the acetate salts of the corresponding metals and elemental sulfur in the presence of dodecanethiol in octadecene media at 230 °C. The PL emission wavelength can be tuned conveniently via variation of the stoichiometric ratio of their components. The influence of various experimental variables, including Zn/CuIn ratio, amount of sulfur and dodecanethiol, and reaction temperature, on the optical properties and composition of the obtained ZCIS NCs have been systematically investigated. The plain ZCIS NCs did show PL emission but with quite low PL quantum yield (typically below 3%). In order to improve the PL emission efficiency, the ZnS shell was subsequently overcoated around the ZCIS core NCs. With ZnS shell growth, the PL emission wavelength of the resulting ZCIS/ZnS NCs can cover from 518 to 810 nm with the maximum PL quantum efficiency up to 56%. Furthermore, the obtained ZCIS/ZnS NCs show promising photocatalytic activity in the degradation of rhodamine B.
Diabetic retinopathy: a leading cause of new blindness. (1989)

Some of the basic underlying processes in the development of diabetic retinopathy include changes in the walls of retinal vessels, with occlusion and leakage. These result in edema, hemorrhage, hard exudates, plaques, and ischemia, leading to neovascularization. When proliferative retinopathy supervenes, it may result in complete blindness. Internists and family practice physicians should be alert for early signs of diabetic retinopathy. Ideally, diabetic patients should have their eyes examined yearly by an ophthalmologist. A fundus examination without dilation and usually without acuity testing rarely detects proliferative or early background retinopathy. Multicenter studies have shown that photocoagulation of new vessels with the argon laser may significantly reduce the incidence of severe visual loss. This treatment method has the potential of reducing the incidence of diabetic blindness by 60% to 80%. Photocoagulation is not a "cure" for diabetic macular edema; when used judiciously, however, it can sometimes further reduce visual loss caused by this common disease. The course of diabetic retinopathy in individual cases is unpredictable. After photocoagulation, some patients cannot see as well as before, though in others the progress of the disease is arrested. There is a conservative concern about a procedure that destroys retinal tissue in the hope of limiting the progression of the disorder. Yet photocoagulation appears to be the only alternative until a better treatment is developed through basic research.
Mortality in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. (1989)

A study of the natural history of sickle hemoglobinopathies was begun in March 1979. By August 1987, a total of 2824 patients less than 20 years of age were enrolled. There have been 14,670 person-years of follow-up. Seventy-three deaths have occurred. Most of the deaths were in patients with hemoglobin SS. The peak incidence of death was between 1 and 3 years of age, and the major cause in these young patients was infection. Cerebrovascular accidents and traumatic events exceeded infections as a cause of death in patients greater than 10 years of age. There was limited success in identifying risk factors for death. Comparison of this study's overall mortality of 2.6% (0.5 deaths per 100 person-years) with previous reports indicates improvement of survival in US patients less than 20 years of age with sickle hemoglobinopathies. This improvement is most likely due to parental education and counseling about the illness and the early institution of antibiotics in suspected infections.
Two-wave mixing in sodium vapour (1986)

We have observed a unidirectional oscillation in a ring cavity when a sodium atomic vapour interacts with a non resonant pump beam. We have checked that the frequency of the oscillating beam is almost the same as the frequency of the pump beam. We propose a theoretical interpretation of the origin of a two-wave mixing process in an atomic vapour. We show the necessity of a relaxation process and we emphasize the close relationship between this effect and the Bloembergen PIER 4 resonances.
A framework for the analysis of software cost estimation accuracy (2006)

Many software companies track and analyze project performance by measuring cost estimation accuracy. A high estimation error is frequently interpreted as poor estimation skills. This is not necessarily a correct interpretation. High estimation error can also be a result of other factors, such as high estimation complexity and insufficient cost control of the project. Through a real-life example we illustrate how the lack of proper estimation error analysis technique can bias analyses of cost estimation accuracy and lead to wrong conclusions. Further, we examine a selection of cost estimation studies, and show that they frequently do not take the necessary actions to ensure meaningful interpretations of estimation error data. Motivated by these results, we propose a general framework that, we believe, will improve analyses of software cost estimation error.
Three Different cDNAs Encoding Mouse D-Factor/LIF Receptor1 (1994)

Three cDNAs for mouse differentiation-stimulating factor (D-factor)/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the liver of a pregnant mouse. A probe for screening was prepared by the RT-PCR method using human cDNA sequences as primers. The mouse D-factor receptor cDNA encoded 1,092 amino acids, which had a marked homology with the human counterpart and consisted of signal sequence, extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. The WSXWS motif found in members of the cytokine receptor family was also present in the extracellular domain of the mouse D-factor receptor. A second form of cDNA that had a 501 bp insertion was isolated. The insertion introduced a stop codon so that the mRNA encoded the soluble receptor lacking transmembrane and intracellular domains. Because the insertion contained polyadenylation signals, two different sizes of mRNA encoding the soluble receptor were produced, depending on whether or not it utilized these signals. Transcripts utilizing these signals were 2.6-3 kb in size, and were very abundantly expressed in the liver. Transcripts that did not use these signals were longer than 5 kb and of similar size to the mRNA for the cellular receptor.
Effect of Sargassum horneri Extract on Circulating Bone Metabolic Markers: Supplemental Intake Has an Effect in Healthy Humans (2008)

The extract of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) has been shown to have an anabolic effect on bone components due to stimulating bone formation and to inhibiting bone resorption in rat femoral tissues in vitro and in vivo. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of supplemental intake of the water-solubilized S. horneri extract on circulating bone metabolic markers in healthy humans. Thirty-six volunteers, aged 20-60 years (16 men and 20 women), were enrolled in this study. Volunteers were divided into three groups; placebo tablet without S. horneri extract (5 men and 7 women), tablet containing S. horneri extract at 300 mg/day (6 men and 7 women) or 900 mg/day (5 men and 6 women). Placebo or S. horneri extract tablet was ingested once a day for 4 or 8 weeks. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and γ-carboxylated osteocalcin are serum bone markers of bone formation, and bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and N-telopeptides of type I collagen are markers of bone resorption. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or γ-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration was not significantly changed after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 4 or 8 weeks. Serum bone TRACP activity was significantly decreased after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Serum N-telopeptides of type I collagen concentration was significantly decreased after the intake of S. horneri extract (900 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and other biochemical findings were not changed after the intake of S. horneri extract (300 or 900 mg/day) for 4 or 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that the prolonged intake of S. horneri extract has inhibitory effects on bone resorption in humans.
Mechanism of Free Radical-Induced Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes: Hemolysis by Water-Soluble Radical Initiator (1995)

Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by free radicals initiated from water-soluble, 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) has been investigated. The formation of the radical detected as DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) adduct depended on temperature and AAPH concentration in a similar manner as hemolysis. The curve for the formation of DMPO--radical adduct, however, did not correspond directly to the hemolysis curve. The product of thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials, which reflect the extent of lipid peroxidation, could not be related directly to the hemolysis curve, too. During the hemolysis, the fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane did not change in appearance. To study whether band 3 proteins participate in the hemolysis or not, eosin-5-maleimide (EMI)-labeled ghosts were incubated in the presence of AAPH. High molecular weight band 3 was formed, and the induced circular dichrosim spectrum of the bound EMI was changed, indicating a conformational change of band 3. It was observed that ascorbic acid suppressed the hemolysis and the oxidation of band 3 dose dependently to produce an induction period. This result shows that specifically blocking band 3 oxidation inhibits the hemolysis, despite lipid peroxidation. Further, it was observed that the EMI-labeled erythrocytes revealed distinct clusters by incubation with AAPH. This means a redistribution of band 3 proteins to form hemolytic holes in the membrane. However, the time course of the conformational change of band 3 during the redistribution was not also correspondent to the hemolysis curve. These results indicate that either lipid peroxidation or redistribution of oxidized band 3 is not attributed only by itself to the hemolysis. Thus, the hemolysis was interpreted by a simple competitive reaction model between lipid peroxidation and redistribution of oxidized band 3. This model explained well the hemolysis curves.
Lignin-modified phenolic resin: synthesis optimization, adhesive strength, and thermal stability (2000)

Abstract Lignin-modified phenolic resin has been prepared by replacing phenol with lignin at different weight percentages. The resin synthesis was optimized by varying the molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, and the reaction time by measuring parameters such as the gelation time, flow time, solids content, pH, and specific gravity. The thermal stability of lignin-modified phenolic resin was studied by DSC, TGA, and isothermal analysis, and it was found that lignin-modified phenolic resin is thermally more stable than pure phenolic resin. The adhesive strength of lignin-modified phenolic resin was determined by the lap-shear method, which showed that the lignin-modified resin retains 78% of the adhesive strength for wood-wood systems and 86% of the adhesive strength for Al-Al systems. Keywords: LIGNIN-MODIFIED RESINRESOLLAP-SHEARTHERMAL STABILITYGELATION TIME
Informação e memória: o Projeto Resgate e a administração do Brasil colonial no século XVIII (2012)

A informacao e a memoria contidas na documentacao obtida pelo Projeto Resgate formam a base para a pesquisa historica sobre as relacoes entre Brasil e Portugal. O trabalho realizado em algumas series documentais preservadas no Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, em Lisboa, instituicao que possui a guarda de cerca de 200 mil documentos coloniais fora do Brasil, adquire uma grande relevância para os estudos em Historia Colonial. Em duas analises, sao apresentadas, primeiro, as principais tipologias documentais encontradas nos documentos do Conselho Ultramarino, segundo, os registros da memoria escrita por um agente da governacao portuguesa diretamente responsavel pela administracao do Brasil e demais periferias do Imperio maritimo portugues, o  que exemplifica  a importância esses milhares de papeis tratados e postos em circulacao pelo Resgate.
Regulation of $\beta$-Xylosidase (XylA) Synthesis in Bacillus stearothermophilus (1998)

Syntheses of the B. stearothermophilus xylanolytic enzymes such as xylanases, β-xylosidases, α-arabinofuranosidases, and esterases, were observed to be regulated by the carbon source present in the culture media. Xylan induced synthesis of β-xylosidase at the highest level while xylose gave about 30% of the β-xylosidase activity induced by xylan. The lowest syntheses of the xylanolytic enzymes above mentioned were detected in the basal medium containing glucose as a sole carbon source. When a mixture of xylan and glucose was used as a carbon source, we could observe glucose repression of xylanase (about 70-fold) and β-xylosidase (about 40-fold) syntheses. Whereas, the level of the glucose repression of the expression of the xylA gene encoding the major β-xylosidase of B. stearothermophilus was assessed to be about 10-fold when the relative amounts of the xylA transcript were determined. From the sequence of the xylA gene, we could find two CRE-like sequences (CRE-1: nucleotides +124 to +136 and CRE-2: +247 to +259) within the reading frame of the xyl4 gene, either or both of which were suspected to be involved in catabolite repression of the xylA gene.
Mesophase from Anthracene Oil-Based Pitches (2008)

This work deals with the preparation of the mesophase from two pitch-like materials obtained from anthracene oil by oxidative thermal condensation (AOP-1) and the subsequent thermal treatment and distillation of AOP-1 (AOP-2). The mesophase was obtained by the controlled pyrolysis (440−470 °C and different periods of residence times) and subsequent sedimentation of the samples. In the case of the pitch prepared by oxidative thermal condensation, a dynamic pressure of 5 bar was applied during the pyrolysis. The pressure was a critical parameter, and its influence was also investigated. The results show that AOP-1 requires higher temperatures and/or residence times to develop mesophase than AOP-2. After sedimentation, a sample consisting of mainly mesophase was produced in all of the cases. The characterization of the mesophases by means of techniques, such as elemental and thermogravimetric analysis and optical microscopy, showed that anthracene oil-based derivatives are appropriate precursors for producing QI-free mesophase with suitable properties for the fabrication of a wide range of carbon materials.
Decomposition experiment of hydro-fluorocarbon gas by pulsed TEA CO 2 laser (2005)

This paper deals with a trial experiment of decomposition of environmental gas R-12 by the pulsed TEA CO2 laser. Nowadays refrigerant R-12 and other hydro-chlorofluorocarbon gases are strongly prohibited to produce, as these gases have both strong ozone-depleting effects and green-house effects. The gases of already produced by huge amount should be decomposed as fast as possible by suitable technical methods. Along with the conventional kiln furnace of cement, arc discharge and the HG discharge are good methods for the freon decomposition. Both methods, however, have the weakness of electrode damages (arcing) or low-pressure operation (HF discharge). High power CO2 laser seems to have good properties for such decomposition with favorable wavelength for the absorption. In our small-scale experiment of gas decomposition a pulsed TEA CO2 laser of several joules is utilized to produce the plasma in R-12 flow channel of glass tube. The withdrawal of decomposed gases is performed by Ca alkalized water. The deposit mass is measured, and powder X-ray diffraction measurement is carried out on the deposit powder. The possibility of our laser gas decomposition is discussed.
Drift-Flux Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Wellbores (2005)

Summary Drift-flux modeling techniques are commonly used to represent two- and three-phase flow in pipes and wellbores. Unlike mechanistic models, drift-flux models are continuous, differentiable, and relatively fast to compute, so they are well suited for use in wellbore flow models within reservoir simulators. Drift-flux models require a number of empirical parameters. Most of the parameters used in current simulators were determined from experiments in small-diameter (2 in. or less) pipes. These parameters may not be directly applicable to flow in wellbores or surface facilities, however, because the flow mechanisms in small pipes can differ qualitatively from those in large pipes. In order to evaluate and extend current drift-flux models, an extensive experimental program was initiated. The experiments entailed measurement of water/gas, oil/ water, and oil/water/gas flows in a 15-cm-diameter, 11-m-long plexiglass pipe at eight deviations ranging from vertical to slightly downward. In this paper, these experimental data are used to determine drift-flux parameters for steady-state two-phase flows of water/gas and oil/water in large-diameter pipes at inclinations ranging from vertical to near-horizontal. The parameters are determined using an optimization technique that minimizes the difference between experimental and model predictions for phase in-situ volume fraction. It is shown that the optimized parameters provide considerably better agreement with the experimental data than do the existing default parameters.
3.3 A 0.51nW 32kHz Crystal Oscillator Achieving 2ppb Allan Deviation Floor Using High-Energy-to-Noise-Ratio Pulse Injection (2020)

In this work, we propose an X0 design with frequency -divided (4kHz), high energy-to-noise-ratio pulse-injection oscillation (HERO). The performance of the X0 is compared with state-of-the-art X0s in Fig. 3.3.6. By allowing the crystal to run freely for a longer time between injections, HERO achieves a 2ppb Allan deviation floor, which is 5x lower than the deviation floors among the state-ofthe-art nW X0s. Furthermore, the less-frequent injections significantly reduce the injection overhead, enabling lowest-reported power consumption (0.51nW) among prior -art oscillators shown in Fig. 3.3.6. An integrated phase extraction and delay circuit obtains accurate injection alignment, resulting in stable operation from -25°C to 125°C, the widest reported range among the nW X0s shown in the comparison table.
An imaging system for simultaneous inspection, authentication and forensics (2010)

A high-resolution, handheld, USB-powered imaging device can be used to simultaneously provide authentication, inspection and forensic imaging capabilities. In this paper, we describe the capture of 6.55 × 4.84 mm, 7600 lines/inch resolution images that afford the reading of intentional (authentication) and stochastic (forensic) information using the same image. Because of the high-resolution, high-contrast nature of the images, they can also be used for inspection of print quality. The security payload density obtained (per unit area) exceeds that of fixed bed scanners, and our data shows that the density is limited by the capabilities of the printing process, not the imaging. Taking advantage of the structured nature of security deterrents, we readily incorporate a simple shape warp descriptor feature to distinguish between sets of authentic (same deterrent imaged multiple times) and counterfeit (same image data, different prints) deterrents. This capability affords the simultaneous achievement of payload reading (mass serialization, track & trace) and high-quality proof of authenticity. We discuss the implications for providing an overall imaging ecosystem for product identification, track & trace, authentication and forensic validation.