gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases (2008)

The ice nucleation properties of the nine most abundant minerals occurring in desert aerosols (quartz, albite, microcline, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, calcite, gypsum, and hematite) were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In this instrument, the pure minerals are exposed to water vapor at variable pressures and temperatures. The crystallization of ice on the mineral particles is observed by secondary electron imaging, and the supersaturation for an activated particle fraction of 1–3% is determined as function of temperature. In all experiments, condensation of water prior to ice formation was not observed within detectable limits, even at water supersaturation. The highest temperatures for 1–3% activation vary between −10°C and −16°C for the nine minerals investigated, and the corresponding onset relative humidities relative to ice RH i between 107 and 117%. Supersaturation temperature curves for initial ice formation (1–3% activation) in the temperature range typical for mixed‐phase clouds were measured for all nine minerals. The temperature dependence of the onset relative humidity is strongly dependent on mineralogy. Kaolinite, montmorillonite, and hematite show a strong increase in RH i with decreasing temperature, whereas RH i is almost constant for illite, albite, quartz, and calcite. The highly variable ice nucleation properties of the various mineral dust components should be considered for parameterization schemes. Illite and kaolinite are the most important minerals to consider, as they have high ice nucleation efficiency and are common components of desert aerosols.
Positive identification of aircraft on airport movement area-results of FAA trials (1996)

Current operational airport surface surveillance systems do not positively identify aircraft as unique targets. Air traffic controllers are instead presented with a primary radar picture showing all traffic on the airport movement area. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is evaluating different types of systems that will add the aircraft's call-sign or flight number to the radar image thereby allowing controllers to positively identify individual aircraft at all times. This paper describes the development, implementation, and testing of the airport surface target identification system (ATIDS), and presents results of initial trials conducted at Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport.
Patterns of cerebral glucose utilization in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (1984)

Patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization were measured with positron emission tomography using the fluorine-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) method in 8 patients with Parkinson's disease, in 13 patients with Huntington's disease, in 15 subjects at risk for Huntington's disease, and in aged-matched normal control subjects. On the average, global cerebral metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease was moderately reduced (20%), but the relative distribution of glucose utilization throughout the brain in these patients was normal. These results support the conclusion that alterations of the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease have no major selective effect on the metabolism of particular cerebral regions. In Huntington's disease, however, there was a characteristic decrease in glucose utilization in the caudate nuclei and putamen, and this local hypometabolism appeared early and preceded bulk tissue loss. In patients with Huntington's disease, glucose utilization typically was normal throughout the rest of the brain, regardless of the severity of symptoms and despite the apparent shrinkage of brain tissue. The results also suggest the possibility that the caudate nuclei may be hypometabolic in some asymptomatic subjects who are potential carriers of the autosomal dominant gene for Huntington's disease.
Axial-Flow Ventilation Fan Design Through Multi-Objective Optimization to Enhance Aerodynamic Performance (2011)

This paper presents an optimization procedure for axial-flow ventilation fan design through a hybrid multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) coupled with a response surface approximation (RSA) surrogate model. Numerical analysis of a preliminary fan design is conducted by solving three-dimensional (3-D) Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. The multiobjective optimization processes are performed twice to understand the coupled effects of diverse variables. The first multiobjective optimization process is conducted with three design variables defining stagger angles at the hub, mid-span, and tip, and the second is conducted with five design variables defining hub-to-tip ratio, hub cap installation distance, hub cap ratio, and the stagger angles at the mid-span and tip. Two aerodynamic performance parameters, the total efficiency and total pressure rise, are selected as the objective functions for optimization. These objective functions are numerically assessed through 3-D RANS analysis at design points sampled by Latin hypercube sampling in the design space. The optimization yields a maximum increase in efficiency of 1.8% and a 31.4% improvement in the pressure rise. The off-design performance is also improved in most of the optimum designs except in the region of low flow rate.
A Study on Status of Birth and Death in an Urban Area (1971)

A survey was couducted by the staff of the Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, School of Medicine, from April through May 1971, on such events as delivery, death, abortion and family planning. The survey directed to a total population 6,552 (Male 3,133; Female 3,419) residing in this area (1,262 households) led us to the following findings: 1) Two year averages of crude birth rate, crude death rate and natural increase rates were 24.9, 5.0 and 19.9 respectively. 2) Infant death rates for the years 1969 and 1970 were 13.2 and 5.8 respectively, mean for the two year period being 9.3. 3) Hospital deliveries rated 68.5 per cent, Home deliveries 28.4 per cent and deliveries at midwives' offices 2.7 per cent. 4) Deliveries other than hospital and midwives' office deliveries were found to be attended more often by mothers. 5) About 41.4 per cent of all pregnant women during last two years received prenatal care once or more. 6) The induced abortion rate was 6.7 per cent in 1969 and 7.5 per cent in 1970. 7) The spontaneous abortion rate was 1.1 per cent in 1969 and 1.4 per cent in 1970. 8) Hypertension was the most frequent cause of adult death(21.6%). 9) The rate of current practice in family planning was 43.3 percent of all women.
末日反烏托邦初探：《才幹的比喻》、《末世男女》和《長路》 (2011)

This thesis ventures to propose a new genre around the turn of the new millennium—post-apocalyptic dystopia—which differs from classical and critical dystopia in the past. The new dystopia is distinguished by its special emphasis on the post-apocalyptic, which has impact on the dystopian and utopian dimensions of the text and brings up vital dynamics among apocalyptic, utopian and dystopian elements within the work. This thesis chooses three representative works to present different aspects of post-apocalyptic dystopia: Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Talents (1998), Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake (2003) and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road (2006). In Parable of the Talents, Octavia Butler’s investigation of the issue of problem and solution opens up a trajectory that helps her recognize the limitation of critical dystopia and depart from it. In Oryx and Crake, Margaret Atwood extrapolates contemporary global risk and translates it into fictional catastrophes in Snowman’s memories. Last but not least, Cormac McCarthy in The Road seeks to reassert the utopian function of art and culture even in the culture-less and meaningless post-apocalyptic landscape. The emergence of post-apocalyptic dystopia in fact reflects writers’ anxiety about all sorts of looming global risk. By pinpointing the worst apocalyptic scenario for the readers, writers of post-apocalyptic dystopia seek to raise people’s awareness about the emergency of the global risk and convey a hope that the risk, once portrayed, can be avoided if readers take action in advance.
Comparison of cepstrum based methods for radial blind deconvolution of ultrasound images (2002)

Compares the performance of seven different cepstrum based methods for radial blind deconvolution of medical ultrasound images. The first is the generalized cepstrum method and the second is the spectral root cepstrum method. All the last five methods calculate the complex cepstrum, but different computational techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate aliasing, phase unwrapping or effects of noise. The third method simply computes the real cepstrum. The fourth method computes the complex cepstrum using phase unwrapping, the fifth substitutes differentiation for phase unwrapping, the sixth uses polynomial rooting in the spatial domain, and the seventh computes the complex cepstrum from the bispectrum. Using in vivo radio frequency data from a clinical scanner, the generalized cepstrum method gave the best images. This result is an important guideline for selecting a specific cepstrum based radial deconvolution method for real time implementation in ultrasound scanners.
Tuning of PID controllers with fuzzy logic (2001)

The paper presents a comparison between different methods, based on fuzzy logic, for the tuning of PID controllers. Specifically considered are different control structures in which a fuzzy mechanism is adopted to improve the performances given by Ziegler–Nichols parameters. To verify the full capabilities of each controller, genetic algorithms are used to tune the parameters of the fuzzy inference systems (scaling coefficients, shape of the membership functions, etc.). Furthermore, a discussion about the practical implementation issue of the controllers is provided, and comparisons made with a typical PID-like fuzzy controller and a standard and a nonlinear PID controller. The results show the superiority of the fuzzy set-point weighting methodology over the other methods.
Photoacoustic discrimination of viable and thermally coagulated blood using a two-wavelength method for burn injury monitoring (2007)

Discriminating viable from thermally coagulated blood in a burn wound can be used to profile burn depth, thus aiding the removal of necrotic tissue. In this study, we used a two-wavelength photoacoustic imaging method to discriminate coagulated and non-coagulated blood in a dermal burn phantom. Differences in the optical absorption spectra of coagulated and non-coagulated blood produce different values of the ratio of peak photoacoustic amplitude at 543 and 633 nm. The absorption values obtained from spectroscopic measurements indicate that the ratio of photoacoustic pressure for 543 and 633 nm for non-coagulated blood was 15.7:1 and 1.6:1 for coagulated blood. Using planar blood layers, we found the photoacoustic ratios to be 13.5:1 and 1.6:1, respectively. Using the differences in the ratios of coagulated and non-coagulated blood, we propose a scheme using statistical classification analysis to identify the different blood samples. Based upon these distinctly different ratios, we identified the planar blood samples with an error rate of 0%. Using a burn phantom with cylindrical vessels containing coagulated and non-coagulated blood, we achieved an error rate of 11.4%. These results have shown that photoacoustic imaging could prove to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of burns.
Les applications thérapeutiques des lasers (1980)

Les applications thérapeutiques des lasers sont décrites selon la nature de leur mécanisme d'action. Les appareils utilisés pour leur action thermique sont à base de lasers de forte puissance optique à argon ionisé, Nd. Y.A.G. et CO2. Ils sont employés dans de nombreuses disciplines médicales : ophtalmologie, otorhinolaryngologie, endoscopie digestive, bronchique et urinaire, chirurgie générale et réparatrice, chirurgie dentaire, dermatologie. Les effets photochimiques sont obtenus à des niveaux de densité d'énergie optique plus faibles que les effets thermiques ; la longueur d'onde du laser doit correspondre à un pic d'absorption des tissus ou du colorant utilisé comme sensibilisateur. Il s'agit de lasers émettant dans l'ultra-violet ou de lasers accordables qui sont employés en dermatologie ou en cancérologie. Les effets électromécaniques sont provoqués par des lasers déclenchés, à rubis ou au Nd. Y.A.G. et pourraient avoir un grand intérêt en ophtalmologie. Enfin deux applications sont décrites dont le mécanisme d'action et l'authenticité sont discutés : l'aide à la cicatrisation des plaies chroniques et l'acupuncture par laser.
Emergence and Global Dissemination of Host-Specific <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> Clones (2010)

To examine the global diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci [GBS]) and to elucidate the evolutionary processes that determine its population genetics structure and the reported changes in host tropism and infection epidemiology, we examined a collection of 238 bovine and human isolates from nine countries on five continents. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 15 housekeeping genes combined with patterns of virulence-associated traits identified a genetically heterogeneous core population from which virulent lineages occasionally emerge as a result of recombination affecting major segments of the genome. Such lineages, like clonal complex 17 (CC17) and two distinct clusters of CC23, are exclusively adapted to either humans or cattle and successfully spread globally. The recent emergence and expansion of the human-associated and highly virulent sequence type 17 (ST17) could conceivably account, in part, for the increased prevalence of neonatal GBS infections after 1960. The composite structure of the S. agalactiae genome invalidates phylogenetic inferences exclusively based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data and thereby the previously reported conclusion that the human-associated CC17 emerged from the bovine-associated CC67.
Model Selection Criteria: An Investigation of Relative Accuracy, Posterior Probabilities, and Combinations of Criteria (1995)

We investigate the performance of empirical criteria for comparing and selecting quantitative models from among a candidate set. A simulation based on empirically observed parameter values is used to determine which criterion is the most accurate at identifying the correct model specification. The simulation is composed of both nested and nonnested linear regression models. We then derive posterior probability estimates of the superiority of the alternative models from each of the criteria and evaluate the relative accuracy, bias, and information content of these probabilities. To investigate whether additional accuracy can be derived from combining criteria, a method for obtaining a joint prediction from combinations of the criteria is proposed and the incremental improvement in selection accuracy considered. Based on the simulation, we conclude that most leading criteria perform well in selecting the best model, and several criteria also produce accurate probabilities of model superiority. Computationally intensive criteria failed to perform better than criteria which were computationally simpler. Also, the use of several criteria in combination failed to appreciably outperform the use of one model. The Schwarz criterion performed best overall in terms of selection accuracy, accuracy of posterior probabilities, and ease of use. Thus, we suggest that general model comparison, model selection, and model probability estimation be performed using the Schwarz criterion, which can be implemented (given the model log likelihoods) using only a hand calculator.
Analysis of PCR Kinetics inside a Microfluidic DNA Amplification System (2018)

In order to analyze the DNA amplification numerically with integration of the DNA kinetics, three-dimensional simulations, including flow and thermal fields, and one-dimensional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kinetics are presented. The simulated results are compared with experimental data that have been applied to the operation of a continuous-flow PCR device. Microchannels fabricated by Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technologies are shown. Comprehensive simulations of the flow and thermal fields and experiments measuring temperatures during thermal cycling are presented first. The resultant velocity and temperature profiles from the simulations are introduced to the mathematical models of PCR kinetics. Then kinetic equations are utilized to determine the evolution of the species concentrations inside the DNA mixture along the microchannel. The exponential growth of the double-stranded DNA concentration is investigated numerically with the various operational parameters during PCR. Next a 190-bp segment of <i>Bartonella</i> DNA is amplified to evaluate the PCR performance. The trends of the experimental results and numerical data regarding the DNA amplification are similar. The unique architecture built in this study can be applied to a low-cost portable PCR system in the future.
Air-core photonic band-gap fibers: the impact of surface modes (2004)

We study the dispersion and leakage properties for the recently reported low-loss photonic band-gap fiber by Smith et al. [Nature 424, 657 (2003)]. We find that surface modes have a significant impact on both the dispersion and leakage properties of the fundamental mode. Our dispersion results are in qualitative agreement with the dispersion profile reported recently by Ouzounov et al. [Science 301, 1702 (2003)] though our results suggest that the observed long-wavelength anomalous dispersion is due to an avoided crossing (with surface modes) rather than band-bending caused by the photonic band-gap boundary of the cladding.
Identification and purification of a yeast protein that affects elongation by RNA polymerase II (1991)

We have purified from whole cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae a protein which alters the elongation properties of yeast RNA polymerase II in vitro. The yeast elongation stimulatory activity, YES, correlates with a 116-kDa protein and acts on both yeast and Drosophila RNA polymerase II during transcription of double-stranded dC-tailed templates. The stimulatory activity is specific for RNA polymerase II since it has no significant effect on the elongation properties of yeast RNA polymerase I or yeast RNA polymerase III. Elongation by RNA polymerase II can be stimulated by RNase H on dC-tailed templates; however, the stimulatory activity of YES is not due to RNase H activity. YES does not stimulate RNA polymerase II in the presence of manganese ions and therefore is distinct from the smaller elongation factor, S-II or DmS-II. YES is most similar to Drosophila factor 5 (mammalian TFIIF, or RAP30/74), an initiation factor that is also able to increase the rate of elongation of RNA polymerase II.
Emission Properties of Tm3+-Ln3+(Ho3+,Tb3+,Eu3+) Co-Doped Tellurite Glasses by Energy Transfer. (2002)

Generally, it is difficult for 1.4μm band amplification to form population inversion between the initial 3H4 and the terminal 3F4 levels in Tm3+, because lifetime of the initial level is shorter than that of the terminal level. Accordingly emission properties and lifetimes of tellurite glasses co-doped with Tm3+ and various rare earth ions (Ho3+, Tb3+ and Eu3+) were investigated in order to improve the population inversion by co-doping method. These co-doped ions depopulated the terminal level rapidly by energy transfer from the terminal level to the co-doped ion. Especially, for the initial level, Ho3+ did not affect the population of the initial level because Ho3+ cannot easily cause cross-relaxation. Ho3+ had the largest effect on lifetime of the terminal level without decreasing the population of the initial level. Ho3+ showed the best performance among three investigated rare earth ions as a co-doped ion.
Purification, Sequence Analysis, and Biological Characterization of a Second Bovine Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (Bo MCP-1B) (1994)

Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were used as a source to identify novel bovine chemotactic factors for granulocytes and monocytes. A major bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP-2) has previously been isolated. A novel bovine monocyte chemotactic protein (bo MCP) was produced on MDBK cells stimulated with phorbol ester. The 14-kDa protein was purified to homogeneity by adsorption to controlled pore glass, heparin affinity chromatography, cation-exchange FPLC, and RP-HPLC. The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminally blocked protein was determined by Edman degradation using proteolytic fragments. The primary structure of the bo MCP, characterized by four conserved cysteines, allowed classification of the protein within the C-C chemokine family. Bo MCP-1B was most related to known human and bovine MCPs. Compared to bovine MCP-1 and MCP-2, the protein consists of 84% and 53% identical amino acids, respectively. Since this bo MCP was also most homologous to human and animal MCP-1, it was designated bo MCP-1B. The minimal effective dose of bo MCP-1B for monocyte chemotactic activity was 0.2 mM. The maximal migration index, reached at 2 nM, was comparable to that of natural human MCP-1. Furthermore, bo MCP-1B was found to be capable of stimulating beta-glucuronidase release from monocytes. In contrast, bo MCP-1B was not chemotactic for neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes. By its biological and biochemical characteristics, bo MCP-1B has to be considered as an authentic additional MCP-1 chemokine. The existence of a possible human counterpart for this novel MCP-1B still needs to be elucidated.
Functionally Terminated Butadiene Polymers (1969)

Abstract Prepolymer technology is a relatively new science in which polymer structures of any desired type are built from partially polymerized liquid resins containing reactive functional groups. Well over one hundred low molecular weight polymers and crosslinking agents are currently available commercially. The first examples were the liquid phenolic casting resins which appeared in the mid 1930's. Unsaturated polyester-styrene mixtures were available by 1945 followed shortly by the epoxide resins and the liquid polysulfides. Today the chemist or engineer can chose among a wide assortment of liquid polymers: Polymer chain : Polyester, polyether, polyamide, polysulfide, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene Reactive group: Carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, amine, epoxide, isocyanate, olefin These liquid polymers may be separated into two types: those in which the reactive groups are randomly distributed along the backbone chain and those in which the functional groups are located at the ends of the chains. It is the latter with which this discussion is concerned, in particular with the functionally terminated polybutadienes. Uraneck, Hsieh, and Buck have coined the word “telechelic” for polymer molecules having two reactive terminal groups and we will use this term. The word derives from the Greek tele , far off, and chele , claw.