gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Two Benzo[1,2-<i>b</i>:3,4-<i>b′</i>]dithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers (2009)

Side chains of conjugated polymers play an important role in their properties. To investigate the influence of side chains on photovoltaic properties, two conjugated polymers with benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b]dithiophene (BDT) and 4,7-dithiophen-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DTBT) units, Z3 and Z4, were designed and synthesized. These two polymers have identical conjugated main chains and very similar side chains. In polymer Z3, hexyl groups are linked to the thiophene units directly, and in polymer Z4, hexyloxy groups are linked to the thiophene units. Since the hexyloxy group exhibits a smaller steric hindrance and a stronger electron donating effect than the hexyl group, properties of Z3 and Z4 are very different. The hole mobility of the Z3:PCBM blend film is 1.84 × 10−7 cm2/(V s), which is 2 orders lower than that of the Z4:PCBM blend, and photovoltaic results demonstrate that the fill factor (FF) of the Z3-based device is 0.37, while that of the Z4-based polymer solar cell (PSC) device reached 0.61. These results reveal that steric hindrance of the side chain is an important issue for a new material design, in order to obtain higher FF. Additionally, thermal stability, absorption spectra, electrochemical, PL quenching of the polymer:PCBM blend, and photovoltaic properties of the two polymers were investigated in detail. For Z3-based devices, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼2% was observed with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.84 V, a short circuit current (Jsc) of 6.3 mA/cm2, which indicates this kind of conjugated polymer should be a promising material in the application of polymer solar cells.
Association of Star-Shaped Poly(<scp>d</scp>,<scp>l</scp>-lactide)s Containing Nucleobase Multiple Hydrogen Bonding (2006)

A new family of associating polymers based on four-arm, star-shaped poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) containing peripheral complementary hydrogen-bonding sites is described. Hydroxy-terminated, four-arm, star-shaped PDLLAs of controlled molar mass were functionalized with complementary DNA base pairs, adenine (A) and thymine (T), to obtain PDLLA-A and PDLLA-T, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed quantitative functionalization and the subsequent formation of PDLLA-A and PDLLA-T hydrogen-bonded complexes. Job's analysis revealed a 1:1 optimal stoichiometry for the hydrogen-bonded complexes, and the association constant (Ka) that was determined using the 1H NMR-based Benesi-Hildebrand treatment was 84 M(-1) for the low molar mass complementary polymers. Furthermore, the PDLLA-based hydrogen-bonded complexes exhibited higher solution viscosities compared to the corresponding non-hydrogen-bonded precursors, which further confirmed strong complementary multiple-hydrogen-bonding associations between the star-shaped polymers with terminal adenine and thymine groups. Moreover, variable-temperature 1H NMR studies demonstrated the thermoreversibility of the hydrogen-bonded PDLLA-based complexes in solution.
Stochastic printing failures in EUV lithography (2019)

This paper continues our work on what we call stochastic printing failures, i.e. random, non-repeating, isolated defects which we believe to be the result of the particle nature of light and matter, and of the probabilistic nature of their behavior and interactions. Examples of such failures are microbridges, locally broken lines and missing or merging contacts. The probability of such stochastic failures increases rapidly when a dimension in the pattern becomes very “small”. We refer to this rapid increase as the “stochastic cliffs”. In this paper we continue our exploration of the metrology for accurate mapping of these stochastic cliffs, for the case of simple L/S and contact-array patterns. We do this using a combination of CD-SEM , e-Beam Inspection (eBI) and Optical Defect Inspection measurements, according to the need and applicability. We will also show that away from the Cliffs we (sometimes) find a “Stochastic Floor”, i.e. a constant level of stochastic failures of a given type. Next to failures counting, we introduce the size distribution of microbridges as a complementary metric. The examples given in this paper aim to clarify what the “stochastic landscape” can look like. Such measurements identify which failure types are the potential yield limiters of the intended application, and at which structures (pitches) and CDs they occur.
High level expression of Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic toxin A (SPE A) in Escherichia coli and its rapid purification by HPLC (1995)

The speA gene encoding streptococcal erythrogenic toxin A (SPE A) from Sfrepfococcus p~~~grnrs bacteriophage T12 was overexpressed in Escherichiu coli under the control of the T7 promoter. Since most of the expressed protein was found in the periplasmic space, an osmotic shock extraction with 0.5 M sucrose resulted in a highly enriched preparation of SPE A. An additional two-step purification employing high pressure liquid chromatography resulted in a purified SPE A protein.
Cytokine-induced Metallothionein Expression and Modulation of Cytokine Expression by Metallothionein (2007)

A multifunctional protein metallothionein (MT) is induced by various chemicals and cytokines. We have found novel functions of MT as follows: 1) Cytokine expression such as IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNFalpha responding to lipopolysaccharide is reduced in MT-deficient macrophages compared with in wild-type cells. 2) Nitric oxide production responding to TNFalpha and LPS is reduced in MT-deficient macrophages compared with in wild-type cells. 3) M-CSF expression responding to zinc is reduced in MT-deficient fibroblasts compared with in wild-type cells, and increased in MT-overexpressed fibroblasts compared with in control cells. 4) LIF, a STAT3 activating cytokine, protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transgenic mice overexpressing STAT3 have tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage, whereas MT-null mutation cancels the myocardial protection. In this review, we discuss the relation of MT and stress responses from the point of view of cytokine-induced expression of MT and modulation of cytokine expression by MT.
Can We CAN the Email Spam (2013)

The purpose of email spam is to advertise to sell, phishing attacks, DDOS attacks and many more. Many solutions of various kinds such as blacklisting, whitelisting, grey-listing, content filtering have been proposed at the sender and receiver levels. There has been some level of success but the email spam still hits the inbox and more so the problem is false positives and false negatives. The current filtering solutions used are mostly a combination of few of the available techniques, the most common being a combination of listing and content filtering techniques. Apart from any attacks, email spam causes a great loss in resources and productivity of the user. Apart from this, this problem of false negatives exists as there is non-existence of filters to address user's preferences and behaviors, timing of the day and year. The filters at the mail servers are trained with spam and ham training data that is generic in nature. Hence, there is need to address this problem. This paper aims to address all of the above i.e. an email that hits a particular users inbox by escaping the mail server spam filtering solutions. To do this, this paper describes the problem of spam, followed by the filtering mechanisms, techniques, learning email filter model and then proposes a model to fine tune the filter to increase the efficiency.
Fatigue life models for SnAgCu and SnPb solder joints evaluated by experiments and simulation (2003)

In recent years, many solder fatigue models have been developed to predict the fatigue life of solder joints under thermal cycle conditions. While a variety of life prediction models have been proposed for near eutectic SnPb(Ag)-solder joints in the literature, not enough work has been reported in extending these models to lead-free soldered assemblies. The development of lie prediction models requires a deep insight into failure modes, constitutive models for the themnomechanical behavior of solders and an experimental reliability database. This is needed for the correlation of experimentally determined cycles-to-failure to simulation results by fmiteelement analysis. This paper describes in detail the life-prediction models of SnPh(Ag) and SnAgCu solder joints for thermal cycle conditions. To obtain reliable FEM input and to verify simulation results, a variety of material testing and experimental fatigue data is necessary. The accuracy of lieprediction tools has also become critically important, as the designs need to he evaluated and improved with a high degree of reliability, not through relative comparison but by providing absolute numbers. This work deals with the effect of different solder interconnect alloys (Sn59Pb40Agl and Sn95.5Ag3.8Cu0.7) and the effect of different package types (PBGAs, CSPs, Flip Chip on FR-4 with and without underfill) on the fatigue life. Different temperature cycling conditions are applied.
Estimation of effective wind speed (2007)

The wind speed has a huge impact on the dynamic response of wind turbine. Because of this, many control algorithms use a measure of the wind speed to increase performance, e.g. by gain scheduling and feed forward.
Evaluations of masticatory performance of complete denture wearers using color-changeable chewing gum and other evaluating methods. (2007)

We have been investigating and developing a color-changeable chewing gum, that tends not to adhere to dentures. The aim of this study was to investigate the color change of the chewing gum comparing to other methods while evaluating post-insertion changes of masticatory performance of complete denture wearers. Color-changeable chewing gum, the peanuts sieve test, a patient satisfaction questionnaire and a food questionnaire were applied to 26 edentulous subjects. The subjects were tested on two occasions: with previous dentures, with new dentures when they had no symptoms after finishing denture adjustment. In comparison between the differences of previous and new dentures, significant correlations were found between the color change of the chewing gum and the scores of patient satisfaction questionnaires and food questionnaire. It was suggested that this chewing gum was useful for an objective masticatory evaluation of the denture wearers and could contribute to prosthetic treatments according to patients' satisfaction for dentures, which is clinically important information for both patients and dentists.
Multiplanar Display Computerized Body Tomography Applications in the Lumbar Spine (1979)

This paper is the first report of an extensive clinical use of computerized body tomography (CBT) for diagnosis of spinal disorders. Meticulous care in gathering and analyzing CBT images is emphasized. The multiplanar display (MPD) technique illustrates an important software capability for spine cases. Clinical examples are presented in support of confident CBT diagnosis of lumbar disc abnormalities in addition to various forms of stenosis, and an outline for proposed indications for CBT in the spinal canal and spinal cord. Surgical and myelographic correlations indicate a significant future role for CBT in all categories of spinal disorders, particularly its sensitivity in demonstrating lumbar disc abnormalities. Spine work in this hospital has shown a sustained growth over the last two years and now represents the largest single CBT patient category (35-40% of CBT work during the 20 months preceding July 1, 1979). The results documented in this paper strongly contradict the minor status accorded CBT spine work in a recent two-part summary article in the New England Journal of Medicine. The authors think that spine work, paradoxically, represents a little recognized but potentially the strongest justification for continued development and deployment of body scanning equipment. Several research activities related to diagnosis of spinal disorders are discussed. These include high-resolution zoom scan modifications, dose reduction techniques, better reconstructed coronal and sagittal displays, a generalized oblique plane capability, and several forms of three-dimensional display.
A distributed adaptive protocol providing real-time services on WDM-based LANs (1996)

We consider the problem of supporting multiple classes of real-time and nonreal-time traffic on a WDM-based local-area network. We present a demand-adaptive algorithm which schedules transmissions according to the quality-of-service requirements of the various traffic classes. The algorithm requires one control channel, on which a single token circulates. This token is used both as a means of communicating status information between the nodes and of controlling access to each of the multiple channels. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
A New View of the Mechanisms of UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine Enolpyruvyl Transferase (MurA) and 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthase (AroA) Derived from X-ray Structures of Their Tetrahedral Reaction Intermediate States (2003)

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA) and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (AroA) constitute the small enzyme family of enolpyruvyl transferases, which catalyze the chemically unusual reaction of enolpyruvyl transfer. MurA catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall; AroA is the sixth enzyme of the shikimate pathway leading to the synthesis of aromatic compounds in numerous microorganisms and plants. Because both metabolic pathways are absent from mammals but essential for the growth of microorganisms, MurA and AroA are attractive targets for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs. We have determined the x-ray structures of the D305A mutant of Enterobacter cloacae MurA and the D313A mutant of Escherichia coli AroA, both of which crystallized in the presence of their substrates. The structures depict the tetrahedral reaction intermediate states of the enzymes and prove that, without the aspartate side chain, the overall addition-elimination reaction in both enzymes is halted after the addition step. The presented structures lead to a new view of the catalytic mechanism and, moreover, provide an ideal starting point for the rational design of potent inhibitors of MurA and AroA.
Closed-Loop Force Control for Haptic Simulation of Virtual Environments (2000)

Force feedback control is investigated for improving the quality of the haptic feedback in virtual reality applications. Advanced control design can increase the transparency of the haptic device at the haptic interface thereby increasing the realism of the simulation. Force feedback also enables the implementation of admittance control approaches heretofore considered the domain of large robotic platforms. The quality of the haptic interface is &amp;quot;rst quanti&amp;quot;ed, and the standard open-loop impedance approach to haptic control is reviewed. Dual-inputcontrolschemeswithsensoryforcefeedbackarethen introduced, and the resulting quality of the haptic interface is derived. Afour-bar linkage example is used to illustrate the improvement in &amp;quot;delity realized with the various approaches. The tradeoffs encountered in moving to force feedback controllers forhaptic applicationsare alsodiscussed. Nomenclature q joint angle vector,rad qc commanded joint angle vector,rad x position vector,m xd desired positionvector,m xc commanded positionvector,m t actuator torque input vector,N-m t fwd feedforward torque vector,N-m td desired torque input vector,N-m tc commanded torque vector,N-m F force output vector,N Fd desired force output vector,N jZh joint impedance matrix,N-m j ˆZh modeled joint impedance matrix,N-m impedance matrix,N/m
Efficient and effective retrieval using Higher-Order proximity models (2018)

Information Retrieval systems are widely used to retrieve documents that are relevant to a user's information need. Systems leveraging proximity heuristics to estimate the relevance of a document have shown to be effective. However, the computational cost of proximity-based models is rarely considered, which is an important concern over large-scale document collections. The large-scale collections also make collection-based evaluation challenging since only a small number of documents are judged given the limited budget. Effectiveness, efficiency and reliable evaluation are coherent components that should be considered when developing a good retrieval system.This thesis makes several contributions from the three aspects. Many proximity-based retrieval models are effective, but it is also important to find efficient solutions to extract proximity features, especially for models using higher-order proximity statistics. We therefore propose a one-pass algorithm based on the PlaneSweep approach. We demonstrate that the new one-pass algorithm reduces the cost of capturing a full dependency relation of a query, regardless of the input representations. Although our proposed methods can capture higher-ordered proximity features efficiently, the trade-offs between effectiveness and efficiency when using proximity-based models remains largely unexplored. We consider different variants of proximity statistics and demonstrate that using local proximity statistics can achieve an improved trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency. Another important aspect in IR is reliable system comparisons. We conduct a series of experiments that explore the interaction between pooling and evaluation depth, interactions between evaluation metrics and evaluation depth and also correlations between two different evaluation metrics. We show that different evaluation configurations on large test collections, where only a limited number of relevance labels are available, can lead to different system comparison conclusions. We also demonstrate the pitfalls of choosing an arbitrary evaluation depth regardless of the metrics employed and the pooling depth of the test collections. Lastly, we provide suggestions on the evaluation configurations for the reliable comparisons of retrieval systems on large test collections. On these large test collections, a shallow judgment pool may be employed as assumed budgets are often limited, which may lead to an imprecise evaluation of system performance, especially when a deep evaluation metric is used. We propose an estimation framework for estimating deep metric score on shallow judgment pools. With an initial shallow judgment pool, rank-level estimators are designed to estimate the effectiveness gain at each ranking. Based on the rank-level estimations, we propose an optimization framework to obtain a more precise score estimate.
The Comparative Accuracy of 8 Commercial Rapid Immunochromatographic Assays for the Diagnosis of Acute Dengue Virus Infection (2006)

Users of RDTs for dengue should be aware that many of these tests have a diagnostic accuracy that falls well below the manufacturers' claims. If an acute specimen yields a negative result, a convalescent serum sample should be tested to confirm the result. No RDT adequately differentiated primary and secondary dengue infections, and the tests should not be used for this purpose.
The Spectrum of Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease (2010)

Abstract This resource reflects the most current thinking and understanding in the field, as presented by a team of international clinical experts.
Four Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer and Their Precursor Lesions (2011)

Abstract Context. —In addition to chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability (MSI), a third pathway, epigenetic instability, has been implicated in progression to colorectal carcinogenesis. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) refers to a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) that occur through the epigenetic instability pathway and that are characterized by widespread hypermethylation of promoter CpG island loci, resulting in the inactivation of several tumor suppressor genes or tumor-related genes. Colorectal cancers can be classified into 4 molecular subtypes according to their CIMP and MSI statuses: CIMP+/MSI+, CIMP+/MSI−, CIMP−/MSI+, and CIMP−/MSI−. There are differences between Western (United States and European Union) and Eastern (Korea and China) populations in the number of CRCs that are MSI+, and in the number of MSI+ CRCs that are CIMP+. Objective. —To review the clinicopathologic and molecular features of the 4 molecular subtypes of CRCs and their precursor lesions, and to emphasize geographic differences in CRCs between Eastern and Western populations. Data Sources. —This article is based on the author's own experimental data and a literature review of relevant articles indexed in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine). Conclusion. —The 4 molecular subtypes of CRC that are defined by their CIMP and MSI statuses are characterized by their own distinct clinicopathologic and molecular features and precursor lesions. In particular, the clinicopathologic features of MSI+ CRCs differ depending on the CIMP status. Further understanding of the heterogeneity in CRC molecular pathways may help to explain the diverse morphologic features of CRCs.
Long-wavelength response of magnetic reproducing heads (1968)

The distribution of the long-wavelength magnetic flux in unshielded and shielded magnetic head cores is described and calculated. Two effects are found, depending on the path of the flux: the "secondary gap effect" and the "undulation effect." The secondary gap effect causes an increasing output level at long wavelengths; it occurs because of the finite permeability of the core. The undulation effect causes undulation in the reproducing-head wavelength response; it depends primarily on the dimensions of the core in the neighborhood of the tape. Experimental measurements confirm the validity of the calculations quite well.
Multi-layer nanogap array for high-performance SERS substrate (2011)

A multi-layer nanogap array composed of three linearly aligned gold nanogaps is fabricated for a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. The overall process for the proposed structure is simple and reliable with the use of a photolithography-free fabrication process, which includes only deposition and etching. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is employed to form a uniform and highly controllable nanogap array. The nanogap width, a crucial parameter in SERS, is determined by the sacrificial film thickness of CVD. Experiments on nanogap width and polarization angle dependence are carried out to characterize the fabricated multi-layer nanogap array as an SERS substrate.