gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Inversion of Pd@Pt Core@Shell Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles (2013)

Bimetallic PdPt dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) having sizes of about 2 nm were synthesized by a homogeneous route that involved (1) formation of a Pd core, (2) deposition of a Cu shell onto the Pd core in the presence of H2 gas, and (3) galvanic exchange of Pt for the Cu shell. Under these conditions, a Pd@Pt core@shell DEN is anticipated, but detailed characterization by in-situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and other analytical methods indicate that the metals invert to yield a Pt-rich core with primarily Pd in the shell. The experimental findings correlate well with density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations. Theory suggests that the increased disorder associated with <~2 nm diameter nanoparticles, along with the relatively large number of edge and corner sites, drives the structural rearrangement. This type of rearrangement is not observed on larger nanoparticles or in bulk metals.
A Critical Appraisal of Some Popular Laboratory Electrochemical Tests for Predicting the Localized Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys in Sea Water (1972)

Evidence is presented to demonstrate that although the critical pitting potential is qualitatively related to the resistance of a material to passivity breakdown by pit initiation, it is of questionable value in predicting the corrosion performance of a structure containing crevices. Experiments conducted on a 30Cr-3Mo-Fe alloy indicated total immunity to passivity breakdown by pit initiation during anodic polarization in 1M¯, NaCl and under freely corroding conditions in acidified 10% FeCl3. However, on specimens containing an artificial crevice, passivity breakdown by crevice corrosion initiation was observed in the same two media. The long term implications of these data were confirmed by 16 month immersion tests in sea water, where severe crevice attack was noted equal in extent to that observed on AISI Types 304 and 316 stainless steels whose pit initiation properties were considerably inferior to those of the 30Cr-3Mo-Fe alloy. The results of cyclic potentiodynamic anodic polarization experiments conducted on AISI Type 430 stainless steel are presented to demonstrate that the so called protection potential, Ep, is not a unique material parameter. It is shown that Ep varies in a semilogarithmic manner with the amount of localized attack induced by polarization; that is, with the chemistry changes in the growing pit caused by hydrolysis of corrosion products and chloride ion buildup in the pit cavities. On this basis, it is concluded that Ep data (however determined) cannot be used alone as a criteria for protection against the propagation of pre-existing pits or crevices in an engineering structure. Based on cyclic polarization procedures, a method of assessing the susceptibility and resistance of an alloy to crevice corrosion is suggested. It is shown that, for alloys which initiate pits during anodic polarization, the magnitude of the "difference potential" (Ec-Ep) is related to the crevice corrosion weight loss. For alloys that have no critical pitting potential, the presence of hysteresis during cyclic polarization with an artificial crevice indicates susceptibility to crevice corrosion.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov, 16 April 1896 - 25 September 1986 (1990)

Abstract The two most powerful influences generating my hope to go to Oxford to read chemistry were two books that I found on the shelves of the Sheffield Public Reference Library in 1931.
Evolutionary Fingerprinting of Genes (2009)

Over time, natural selection molds every gene into a unique mosaic of sites evolving rapidly or resisting change-an "evolutionary fingerprint" of the gene. Aspects of this evolutionary fingerprint, such as the site-specific ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS), are commonly used to identify genetic features of potential biological interest; however, no framework exists for comparing evolutionary fingerprints between genes. We hypothesize that protein-coding genes with similar protein structure and/or function tend to have similar evolutionary fingerprints and that comparing evolutionary fingerprints can be useful for discovering similarities between genes in a way that is analogous to, but independent of, discovery of similarity via sequence-based comparison tools such as Blast. To test this hypothesis, we develop a novel model of coding sequence evolution that uses a general bivariate discrete parameterization of the evolutionary rates. We show that this approach provides a better fit to the data using a smaller number of parameters than existing models. Next, we use the model to represent evolutionary fingerprints as probability distributions and present a methodology for comparing these distributions in a way that is robust against variations in data set size and divergence. Finally, using sequences of three rapidly evolving RNA viruses (HIV-1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza A virus), we demonstrate that genes within the same functional group tend to have similar evolutionary fingerprints. Our framework provides a sound statistical foundation for efficient inference and comparison of evolutionary rate patterns in arbitrary collections of gene alignments, clustering homologous and nonhomologous genes, and investigation of biological and functional correlates of evolutionary rates.
In vivo incorporation of [9,10-3H]-palmitate into a rat metastatic brain-tumor model (1991)

Lipid metabolism of an intracerebrally implanted brain tumor and normal brain was investigated in awake Fischer 344 rats using intravenously injected [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate as a probe. A suspension of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells (250 cells in 5 microliters medium), with or without 1% low-melting-point agar, was implanted into the caudate nucleus of rats 8 to 9 weeks old. Control animals received an intracerebral injection without tumor cells. Seven days after implantation, awake rats were infused intravenously for 5 minutes with [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate (6.4 mCi/kg). The rats were killed 20 minutes after initiation of the infusion and coronal brain slices were obtained for quantitative autoradiography and light histological study. Tumor cell masses were histologically well demarcated from the surrounding brain tissue. Tumor tissue incorporation of [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate was heterogeneous, ranging on average from 3.1- to 6.1-fold greater than in the corresponding contralateral brain. In addition, incorporation corresponded to regional tumor cell density. The incorporation rate constant of [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate in tumor was significantly increased compared to control brain and was independent of tumor size. Necrotic areas within tumors showed no incorporation of radiolabeled palmitate. Brain surrounding the tumors and control injection sites showed reactive gliosis, and possessed 30% greater incorporation of [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate than contralateral normal brain. These results suggest that [9,10(-3)H]-palmitate can be used to image brain tumors in vivo, measuring turnover and/or synthesis of tumor and brain lipid.
Processing, tensile, and fracture properties of injection molded Hdpe‐Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>‐HAp hybrid composites (2011)

Abstract The aim of this study is to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of HDPE‐alumina‐HAp composites prepared by injection molding techniques and to demonstrate their superiority over unreinforced HDPE. Composites with up to 30 vol. % of filler, composed of equal volumes of HAp and alumina, were successfully processed by injection molding. On the basis of the analysis of processing results, i.e., melt viscosity, volume flow rate, shear rate, mixing torque, the critical ceramic loading was determined. Tensile tests done at varying crosshead speeds confirm that an increase in ceramic loading results in an increase in strength, as well as a simultaneous decrease in the total elongation at failure. A maximum strength of 20 MPa and a maximum tensile modulus of around 1 GPa was achieved with 30 vol % ceramic loading in semicrystalline HDPE matrix. SEVNB test results demonstrate an improvement in toughness at 20 vol %. The fracture properties are discussed in terms of interfacial bonding between ceramic fillers and the semicrystalline HDPE matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Screening TRPV1 antagonists for the treatment of pain: lessons learned over a decade (2009)

TRPV1 is a polymodal receptor. Some antagonists block all modalities of TRPV1 stimulation whereas others are more selective in their pharmacological profile. A number of antagonists can, conversely, potentiate certain modes of TRPV1 activation (e.g., protons and heat). The selectivity of TRPV1 antagonists is species-dependent, posing a problem for extrapolation from animal models to patients. At present, this rich pharmacology of TRPV1 antagonists complicates drug development but for the future it promises great opportunities for drug design.
Thermally insensitive, single-crystal, biaxial electro-optic modulators (1995)

All optically biaxial crystals exhibit orientations in which they behave as thermally insensitive (TI) wave plates. Given sufficient electro-optic coupling at these orientations, biaxial, ferroelectric crystals may be advantageously employed as single-crystal, temperature-insensitive electro-optic modulators. I have experimentally confirmed the TI orientation in the principal dielectric plane of the biaxial crystal KTiOPO4 (KTP). KTP behaves as a TI wave plate at 33.7 deg from the Z axis in the X–Z principal plane. The effective electro-optic coupling, Reff, at this orientation is 19 pm/V. The electro-optic coupling and utility of these TI orientations in KTiOAsO4 and KNbO3 are also examined. The calculated Reff of KNbO3 at the TI orientation is expected to be >2000 pm/V.
Elastic Properties of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites (2015)

The aim of this work was to investigate the prediction of the elastic constants of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy laminated composites using a simple mathematical approach. For this purpose, a Matlab Calculation Code (MCC) has been developed in MATLAB, which provides sufficient capabilities for analysis of the mechanical behaviour of composite materials. The MATLAB code enables a variety of fibre orientation angles to be generated and a wide variety of fibre volume fractions to be analyzed under mechanical loading. In order to validate the accuracy of prediction results, a commercial grade epoxy resin (Araldite LY-5052) and unidirectional carbon fibre (Torayca T700) were used to fabricate some samples of laminated composites with cross-ply configuration using the hand lay-up method. Experimental results such as elastic modulus, tensile strength as well as elongation at break were compared with the theoretical data extracted from MCC. The theoretical analysis were verified with experimental results for the same type of composites. Although the values were different, excellent agreement in the trends of the changes was found for the two approaches. Therefore, it was concluded that the MCC is capable of predicting the elastic constants of laminated composites with a high level of confidence for a wide range of fabricating conditions. The results also showed that the tensile properties of composites made with 3-layer were generally greater than those of the other evaluated composites. This kind of behaviour may be explained by bondline defects, which adversely influence the mechanical properties.
Microelectrode arrays for stimulation of neural slice preparations (1997)

A planar 6 x 6 array of iridium electrodes with four reference electrodes has been developed for use with neural tissue preparations. Precise knowledge of the relative locations of the array elements allows for spatial neurophysiological analyses. The 10 microns diameter platinized iridium electrodes on a 100 microns pitch have been used to stimulate acutely prepared slices of spinal cord from free-ranging rodents. An intracellular recording from a single neuron in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) using the whole-cell, tight-seal technique allowed low noise, high resolution studies of excitatory or inhibitory electrical responses of a given neuron to inputs from the primary afferent fibers or from stimulation by individual electrodes of the array. The resulting maps of responses provide an indication of the interconnectivity of neural processes. The pattern emerging is that of limited interconnectivity in the SG from areas surrounding a recorded neuron but with strong excitatory or inhibitory effects from those oriented in a longitudinal (rostral-caudal) direction relative to the neuron. The observations to date suggest the neurons of the SG are arranged in sets of independent networks, possibly related to sensory modality and input from particular body regions.
A first estimate of present and preindustrial air‐sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux patterns based on ocean interior carbon measurements and models (2003)

The exchange of CO 2 across the air‐sea interface is a main determinant of the distribution of atmospheric CO 2 from which major conclusions about the carbon cycle are drawn, yet our knowledge of atmosphere‐ocean fluxes still has major gaps. A new analysis based on recent ocean dissolved inorganic carbon data and on models permits us to separately estimate the preindustrial and present air‐sea CO 2 flux distributions without requiring knowledge of the gas exchange coefficient. We find a smaller carbon sink at mid to high latitudes of the southern hemisphere than previous data based estimates and a shift of ocean uptake to lower latitude regions compared to estimates and simulations. The total uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 for 1990 is 1.8 (±0.4) Pg C yr −1 . Our ocean based results support the interpretation of the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric CO 2 data as evidence for a large northern hemisphere land carbon sink.
Nucleotide sequence of the metA gene encoding homoserine trans-succinylase in Escherichia coli. (1989)

International audience
Expression of antiapoptotic protein c-FLIP is upregulated in psoriasis epidermis (2009)

The most characteristic change in psoriasis is markedly increased, persistent keratinocyte proliferation. The pathogenic mechanism underlying the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis is still not completely clarified. Cellular FLIP (cFLIP) is a close homologue of caspase 8 without the caspase activity that inhibits Fas signaling. The cFLIP protein is often expressed in human tumors and is believed to suppress antitumor immune responses involving the Fas system. PCNA is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-5, which appears early in G1 and becomes more abundant in the S phase, thereafter declining during G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Thus, the PCNA staining profiles were used as markers of keratinocyte proliferation. Our objective was to obtain insight into the role of c-FLIP in kerarinocyte proliferation and to investigate further the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Using real time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining, we studied the expression of c-FLIP mRNA and protein in skin biopsies from psoriatic patients and healthy subjects. Apoptotic cells were evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT) mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. c-FLIP mRNA and protein expressions were significantly greater in lesional psoriatic epidermis compared with normal and non-lesional psoriatic epidermis (P < 0.01). c-FLIP was strongly expressed within all epidermal layers in lesional psoriatic skin, whereas weak c-FLIP staining was restricted to the basal and suprabasal layers in normal and non-lesional psoriatic epidermis. c-FLIP protein levels significantly correlated with PASI score, PCNA and apoptosis index (Spearman's rho = 0.83; rho = 0.61; rho = - 0.41; P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that over-expression of c-FLIP in lesional psoriatic skin might contribute to abnormal keratinocyte proliferation due to a functional decrease in the apoptotic pathway.
Information trapping: real-time research on the Web (2007)

How many times have you run a Google search that resulted in thousands of results? With over 8 billion pages online and more posted every day, the Web more than likely contains the information you're looking for - if only you could find it. In Information Trapping: Real-Time Research on the Web, Internet-search-engine expert Tara Calishain makes researching more efficient and rewarding for anyone for whom the Web is an indispensable tool - academics, journalists, scientists, and professionals, as well as bloggers, genealogists, and hobbyists. She does so by teaching the latest techniques for building automated information-gathering systems. As an alternative to the typical one-time search for information, Tara demonstrates how readers can use RSS feeds, page monitoring tools, and other software to set up information streams of many different data types - from text to multimedia to conversations - for capture and review.
The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury?: Figure 1 (2003)

Limiting certain aspects of inflammation may be a useful new treatment for sport related muscle injury.
Ketone bodies disturb fatty acid handling in isolated cardiomyocytes derived from control and diabetic rats (2003)

According to the current paradigm, fatty acid (FA) utilization is increased in the diabetic heart. Since plasma levels of competing substrates such as ketone bodies are increased during diabetes, the effect of those substrates on cardiac FA handling was explored. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from control and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats and incubated with normal (80 microM) and elevated (160 microM) palmitate concentrations in the absence or presence of ketone bodies, including acetoacetate (AcAc). Comparing control cardiomyocytes under normal conditions (80 microM, no AcAc) with diabetic cardiomyocytes (160 microM, 3 mM AcAc) showed that palmitate uptake was increased from 35.2 +/- 4.8 to 60.2 +/- 14.0 nmol x 3 min(-1) x g wet weight(-1) respectively. Under these conditions, palmitate oxidation rates were comparable (58.9 +/- 23.6 versus 53.2 +/- 18.5 nmol x 30 min(-1) x g wet weight(-1)). However, in the absence of AcAc, palmitate oxidation was significantly enhanced in diabetic cardiomyocytes, indicating that ketone bodies are able to suppress cardiac FA oxidation in diabetes. The concomitantly increased FA uptake in diabetic cells, mainly due to the elevated extracellular FA levels, may be responsible for the accumulation of FA and triacylglycerol, as observed in the diabetic heart in situ.
[Potentiating effect of disodium salt of 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-bis-carbonyl hydroxyacetic acid on the activity of various antitumor agents]. (1987)

The disodium salt of 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-bis-carbonyl hydroxyacetic acid (I) used in the mg/kg dose decreases the cyclophosphane toxicity in mice and potentiates the cytostatic activity of cyclophosphane, 5-fluorouracil and arabinosyl cytosine against leukemia P388, murine sarcoma 37 and Walker's carcinosarcoma. Administered alone I exhibits no antitumour activity. The potentiation of the antitumour effect of drugs appears independent of the administration schedule. Biochemical evidence indicates that I does not block DNA synthesis in leukemic cells in vitro, but significantly enhances the DNA-blocking effect of cyclophosphane in the same cells in vivo.
Hyper-class augmented and regularized deep learning for fine-grained image classification (2015)

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have seen tremendous success in large-scale generic object recognition. In comparison with generic object recognition, fine-grained image classification (FGIC) is much more challenging because (i) fine-grained labeled data is much more expensive to acquire (usually requiring domain expertise); (ii) there exists large intra-class and small inter-class variance. Most recent work exploiting deep CNN for image recognition with small training data adopts a simple strategy: pre-train a deep CNN on a large-scale external dataset (e.g., ImageNet) and fine-tune on the small-scale target data to fit the specific classification task. In this paper, beyond the fine-tuning strategy, we propose a systematic framework of learning a deep CNN that addresses the challenges from two new perspectives: (i) identifying easily annotated hyper-classes inherent in the fine-grained data and acquiring a large number of hyper-class-labeled images from readily available external sources (e.g., image search engines), and formulating the problem into multitask learning; (ii) a novel learning model by exploiting a regularization between the fine-grained recognition model and the hyper-class recognition model. We demonstrate the success of the proposed framework on two small-scale fine-grained datasets (Stanford Dogs and Stanford Cars) and on a large-scale car dataset that we collected.
Total Synthesis of the Bicyclic Depsipeptide HDAC Inhibitors Spiruchostatins A and B, 5′′‐<i>epi</i>‐Spiruchostatin B, FK228 (FR901228) and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Biological Activity (2009)

The bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors spiruchostatins A and B, 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B and FK228 were efficiently synthesized in a convergent and unified manner. The synthetic method involved the following crucial steps: i) a Julia-Kocienski olefination of a 1,3-propanediol-derived sulfone and a L- or D-malic acid-derived aldehyde to access the most synthetically challenging unit, (3S or 3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-7-mercaptohept-4-enoic acid, present in a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment; ii) a condensation of a D-valine-D-cysteine- or D-allo-isoleucine-D-cysteine-containing segment with a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment to directly assemble the corresponding seco-acids; and iii) a macrocyclization of a seco-acid using the Shiina method or the Mitsunobu method to construct the requisite 15- or 16-membered macrolactone. The present synthesis has established the C5'' stereochemistry of spiruchostatin B. In addition, HDAC inhibitory assay and the cell-growth inhibition analysis of the synthesized depsipeptides determined the order of their potency and revealed some novel aspects of structure-activity relationships. It was also found that unnatural 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B shows extremely high selectivity (ca. 1600-fold) for class I HDAC1 (IC(50)=2.4 nM) over class II HDAC6 (IC(50)=3900 nM) with potent cell-growth-inhibitory activity at nanomolar levels of IC(50) values.
Development Of Online Apartment Management System (2017)

Although there are various services provided by the management of the apartment to the residents, there are still deficiencies found in the way the services operated resulting in the problems faced by the residents as well as the management itself. The aim of this project is to develop an Online Apartment Management System, by which the management of apartment may manage and perform their operations online. The apartment administration will benefit from this system as they can manage all transactions made by users online and paperless. The system’s interface is developed using PHP language by using the Dev-PHP software and the system’s database was created using MySQL database. The system’s features include paying bills, purchasing car stickers, complaints submissions, and update the tenants information online, making it more effective, efficient, interactive and successfully solve the problems faced compared to using the current system.