gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 4-Mbit DRAM with 16-bit concurrent ECC (1988)

A 256 K-word*16-bit dynamic RAM with concurrent 16-bit error correction code (ECC) has been built in 0.8- mu m CMOS technology, with double-level metal and surrounding high-capacitance cell. The cell measures 10.12 mu m/sup 2/ with a 90-fF storage capacitance. A duplex bit-line architecture used on the DRAM provides multiple-bit operations and the potential of high-speed data processing for ASIC memories. The ECC checks concurrently 16-bit data and corrects a 1-bit data error. This ECC method can be adapted to higher-bit ECC without expanding the memory array. The ratio of ECC area to the whole chip is 7.5%. The cell structure and the architecture allow for expansion to 16-Mb DRAM. The 4-Mb DRAM has a 70-ns RAS access time without ECC and a 90-ns RAS access time with ECC.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>s</i>-wave threshold in electron attachment: Observations and cross sections in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CCl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SF</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>at ultralow electron energies (1985)

Measurements are reported for the dissociative attachment process ${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(\ensuremath{\epsilon})+${\mathrm{CCl}}_{4}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$+CCl $_{3}$ and the attachment process ${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(\ensuremath{\epsilon})+${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$${\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ at electron energies \ensuremath{\epsilon} of below threshold to 140 milli-electron-volts, and at resolutions of 6 and 8 meV full width at half-maximum, respectively. Resolution-limited narrow structure is observed in both molecules at energies below 10 meV, similar to structure reported earlier in attachment to 2-${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{CFCl}}_{3}$. We ascribe this structure to the divergence of the attachment cross section in the limit \ensuremath{\epsilon},l\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. At the present limits of resolution, the attachment cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}$(\ensuremath{\epsilon}) at the lowest energies are consistent with the Wigner threshold law for s-wave attachment in which ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}$(\ensuremath{\epsilon})\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$. Comparisons are given with experimental collisional-ionization (high-Rydberg-state attachment) results, electron-swarm unfolded cross sections, and earlier threshold photoionization data. Comparisons are also made for ${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$ with several theoretical calculations of the thermal attachment cross section.
Production of Lactic Acid/Lactates from Biomass and Their Catalytic Transformations to Commodities (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewProduction of Lactic Acid/Lactates from Biomass and Their Catalytic Transformations to CommoditiesPäivi Mäki-Arvela†, Irina L. Simakova‡, Tapio Salmi†, and Dmitry Yu. Murzin*†View Author Information† Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Turku, Finland‡ Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 3, 1909–1971Publication Date (Web):December 17, 2013Publication History Received13 April 2013Published online17 December 2013Published inissue 12 February 2014https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr400203vhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr400203vreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9962Altmetric-Citations366LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Alkyls,Catalysts,Organic compounds,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
A Review of Functional Binders in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2018)

Abstract Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have received tremendous attention due to their superior theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg −1 , as well as the abundance of sulfur resources and its environmental friendliness. Polymer binders as an indispensable component in cathodes play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of electrodes. Additionally, multifunctional polymer binders have been involved in Li–S batteries to benefit electrochemical performance by mitigating the shuttle effect, facilitating the electron/ion transportation, and propelling the redox kinetics. In the context of the significant impact of binders on the performance of Li–S batteries, recent progress in research on polymer binders in sulfur cathodes is herein summarized. Focusing on the functions and effects of the polymer binders, the authors hope to shed light on the rational construction of robust and stable sulfur cathode for high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries. Perspectives regarding the future research opportunities in Li–S batteries are also discussed.
Clinical evaluation of the cleansing properties of the noninstrumental technique for cleaning root canals (2002)

The results indicate that the noninstrumental technique for cleaning root canals needs further modifications for achieving acceptable results under clinical conditions.
A regularized optimization approach for AM-FM reconstructions (2010)

The AM-FM Dominant and Channelized Component Analysis (DCA and CCA respectively), consist of applying a filter bank to the Hilbert-tranformed image, and then proceeding with the AM-FM demodulation of each band-pass filtered image. Whereas AM-FM reconstructions based on the CCA use a reasonably small number of locally coherent components, those based on the DCA only use one component: the estimates from the channel with the maximum amplitude estimate. Both types of reconstructions are known to produce noticeable visual artifacts. We propose a method, based on a regularized optimization of the estimates from the CCA, which attains a small number of locally coherent components and simultaneously enforces a piecewise smooth constrain for the amplitude functions. Moreover, this method offers high quality reconstructions when compared to standard CCA and DCA reconstructions and state of the art techniques.
Preservation of β-Carotene from Carrots (1998)

Beta-carotene acts as a pro-vitamin A or anti-cancer compound. Carrots contain the highest amount of beta-carotene of common fruits and vegetables, but each year 25% of carrot production is lost in the U.S. during processing and storage, while, at the same time, the market demand increases. This article is a review of the most recent studies concerning beta-carotene retention in carrots during processing and storage. Reducing the water activity by adding some aw lowering ingredients results in poor shelf-life. Drying or freezing gives better retention during storage than reducing the water activity, if the process is well controlled. Canning or freeze-drying were shown to be more effective. The trans form of beta-carotene in carrots is replaced by the cis form during processing. Beta-Carotene can be extracted from carrots, but the half-life of free beta-carotene is reduced to 2 d in the juice extract at room temperature. By encapsulation methods,the half-life can be increased by 6 months.
Distribution, Diversity, and Seasonality of Waterborne Salmonellae in a Rural Watershed (2009)

Salmonella outbreaks from contaminated water and nonanimal foods (e.g., produce) are increasingly reported. To address the environment as a potential source of pathogenic Salmonella, we investigated levels of salmonellae and the geographic and temporal variation of Salmonella serotypes from surface waters in a region of Georgia (United States) with a history of high salmonellosis case rates. Monthly water samples were collected from six stations in the Little River (Upper Suwannee Basin) for 12 months (April 2005 to April 2006). Salmonellae were enumerated using a three-step most-probable-number (MPN) assay. Salmonellae were detected in 57 of the 72 water samples collected (79.2%). Monthly Salmonella densities ranged from an MPN of 2.5 liter(-1) in April 2005 to 36.3 liter(-1) in August 2005; concentrations were significantly higher in the summer months compared to other seasons (P<0.05). Concentrations were not significantly different between stations. Levels of salmonellae were correlated with average daily watershed rainfall for the 1 and 2 days preceding each sample collection (r=0.77 and 0.68, respectively; P<0.005). Additionally, water temperature was also positively associated with total Salmonella levels (r=0.44; P<0.05). In total, 13 S. enterica serotypes were identified among 197 Salmonella isolates. Eighty (40.6%) were identified as S. enterica subsp. arizonae. Muenchen and Rubislaw were the most frequently identified serotypes of the remaining 117 isolates (28 and 26 isolates, respectively). Serotype diversity peaked in the summer, with 9 serotypes observed in August compared to only one serotype (S. enterica subsp. arizonae) observed in April (2005 and 2006) (P<0.05). Furthermore, all samples collected in August (6/6) contained multiple serotypes (two to five per sample). The results of this study suggest that Salmonella abundance and diversity in the environment vary temporally and are strongly influenced by seasonal precipitation and water temperature.
Electrodynamic enhancement of film cooling of turbine blades (2008)

Three concepts are numerically investigated to promote lateral mixing of the cold jets and to ensure their better attachment to the surface. First, we introduce electrodynamically enhanced interaction of cool air jets with hot crossflow for improved cooling of hot surfaces. We identify mechanisms to “push” or “pull” the essentially stagnant fluid just downstream of the hole by enforcing an active pressure pulsation in streamwise and crosswise directions. Such method utilizes electrodynamic force that induces attachment of cold jet to the work surface by actively altering the body force in the vicinity using a plasma actuator for different cooling hole geometries. Second, we employ a negative pressure region just downstream of the cooling hole. This may be generated by utilizing a suction vent or other mechanisms. Third, we propose three geometric modifications of the cooling hole exit for enhancing lateral tripping of the cold jet. Detailed computation of a single row of 35 degree round holes on a flat plate has been obtained for a select blowing ratio of 1.0 with a density ratio of 2.0. Results are compared with the published experimental results and other numerical predictions for the latest film cooling technology to identify effectiveness improvement. We have shown that a combination of plasma and geometric change can significantly improve the film cooling performance.
Visual AWK: a model for text processing by demonstration (2002)

Programming-by-demonstration systems often have problems with control structure inference and user-intended generalization. We propose a new solution for these weaknesses based on the concepts of the programming language AWK and present a prototype system for text processing. It utilizes 'vertical demonstration', extensive visual feedback and program visualization via spreadsheets to achieve improved usability and expressive power.
Centralized contention resolution schemes for a large-capacity optical ATM switch (2002)

Two centralized arbitration schemes are proposed for a large-capacity optical ATM switch: the dual round-robin matching (DRRM) scheme and the centralized multicast contention resolution (CMCR) scheme. The DRRM scheme can only handle unicast cells, while the CMCR scheme can handle both unicast and multicast cells. The DRRM scheme can make over five billion unicast cell forwarding decisions per second with CMOS technology, while the CMCR can make over one billion multicast cell forwarding decisions per second. With an internal speed-up of two, delay performance of the optical ATM switch is close to that of an output-buffered switch.
Synthesis of single-component metallic glasses by thermal spray of nanodroplets on amorphous substrates (2012)

We show that single component metallic glasses can be synthesized by thermal spray coating of nanodroplets onto an amorphous substrate. We demonstrate this using molecular dynamics simulations of nanodroplets up to 30 nm that the spreading of the nanodroplets during impact on a substrate leads to sufficiently rapid cooling (1012–1013 K/s) sustained by the large temperature gradients between the thinned nanodroplets and the bulk substrate. However, even under these conditions, in order to ensure that the glass transition outruns crystal nucleation, it is essential that the substrate be amorphous (eliminating sites for heterogeneous nucleation of crystallization).
The Osteoclast: Friend or Foe? (2008)

Bone is a dynamic organ constantly remodeled to support calcium homeostasis and structural needs. The osteoclast is the cell responsible for removing both the organic and inorganic components of bone. It is derived from hematopoietic progenitors in the macrophage lineage and differentiates in response to the tumor necrosis factor family cytokine receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand. alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates cell adhesion necessary for polarization and formation of an isolated, acidified resorptive microenvironment. Defects in osteoclast function, whether genetic or iatrogenic, may increase bone mass but lead to poor bone quality and a high fracture risk. Pathological stimulation of osteoclast formation and resorption occurs in postmenopausal osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritis, and metastasis of tumors to bone. In these diseases, osteoclast activity causes bone loss that leads to pain, deformity, and fracture. Thus, osteoclasts are critical for normal bone function, but their activity must be controlled.
A Multiuser Shared Virtual Environment for Facility Management (2016)

Facility management (FM) is a critical component of building sustainability because a late response to the FM needs will add unnecessary wastes. A lack of communication has been criticized as an impediment to improving the common understanding of FM requirements among the stakeholders and in turn affects the efficiency of FM. Recent developments in Virtual Reality (VR) have encouraged the utilization of interactive building visualization in the design, construction, and maintenance of different types of facilities. This study finds the interpersonal interaction in the VR environment to be a critical factor in the effective communication in FM by creating a shared immersive experience. To prove the concept, a Building Information Modelling (BIM)-based VR environment tool was developed to bring remotely located stakeholders – building occupants, facility managers, vendors and designers – together to walk through in the same virtual building. It enables real-time interactions of remote stakeholders in the same environment, with a shared immersive walkthrough experience. This tool offers an alternative communication method for sustainable FM. Unity 3D was used to create the interactive environment, and Photon Unity Networking (PUN) was used to implement the cross-platform multiuser function. A case study has shown that this alternative communication method can help stakeholders examine the same facility in remote locations and improve the efficiency of communication.
Space Environmental Stability of Tedlar with Multi-Layer Coatings: Space Simulation Testing Results (2000)

Cloud White Tedlar with a multi-layer, thin-film coating on the surface applied by Optical Coatings Laboratory, Inc. (OCLI) is being investigated for potential spacecraft applications. Space environment exposure tests have been performed on a variety of samples exposed to simulated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) conditions. The Space Environmental Effects Chamber used to provide the simulation of the LEO and GEO space environment contains a 2500-W xenon arc lamp for long-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) and a 150-W deuterium arc lamp for vacuum UV radiation. Beam sizes are a nominal 10 in. x 12 in. for long-wavelength UV and 7 in. x 7 in. for vacuum UV. The electron beam is about 14 in. x 14 in. with a beam energy variable from 5 keV to 120 keV. All beams are confocal. The large beam area allows multiple samples to be exposed and compared during a test. Several tests have been performed for at least 2500 equivalent sun-hours. The initial value for solar absorptance of the 0.002-in. Cloud White Tedlar film was 0.12, while the multi-layer-coated Cloud White Tedlar was 0.09. After a five-year solar UV exposure, the solar absorptance values were 0.32 and 0.10, respectively. The presence of the coating provides excellent stability to the solar UV compared to uncoated Tedlar. Electron depth dose curves have been calculated for a LEO orbital environment of 410 nmi and for a GEO orbit. These curves are presented along with the selected simulation electron energies and fluences to replicate the expected on-orbit exposure in the coated Tedlar material. Electron irradiations corresponding to LEO and GEO orbits were then performed. All samples were removed for solar absorptance end-of-life measurements. Data are presented for the coated Tedlar material for both LEO and GEO orbital exposures.
Molecular evolution of herbicide resistance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors in <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i> and its potential use to generate herbicide‐resistant crops (2005)

Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (Lf) Royle] is one of the most serious invasive aquatic weed problems in the USA. This plant possesses numerous mechanisms of vegetative reproduction that enable it to spread very rapidly. Management of this weed has been achieved by the systemic treatment of water bodies with the herbicide fluridone. At least three dioecious fluridone-resistant biotypes of hydrilla with two- to fivefold higher resistance to the herbicide than the wild-type have been identified. Resistance is the result of one of three independent somatic mutations at the arginine 304 codon of the gene encoding phytoene desaturase, the molecular target site of fluridone. The specific activities of the three purified phytoene desaturase variants are similar to the wild-type enzyme. The appearance of these herbicide-resistant biotypes may jeopardize the ability to control the spread of this non-indigenous species to other water bodies in the southern USA. The objective of this paper is to provide general information about the biology and physiology of this aquatic weed in relation to its recent development of resistance to the herbicide fluridone, and to discuss how this discovery might lead to a new generation of herbicide-resistant crops.
Strategies for the Synthesis of Well-Defined Star Polymers by Anionic Polymerization with Chlorosilane Coupling and Preservation of the Star Architecture during Catalytic Hydrogenation (2016)

The synthesis of isoprene-based star polymers by anionic polymerization, chlorosilane coupling, and catalytic hydrogenation was studied in detail, with the goal of obtaining and preserving a well-defined star architecture. The coupling reaction between polyisoprenyllithium (PI-Li) and chlorosilanes, which can be intractably slow in apolar media, was dramatically accelerated by the concurrent addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the coupling agent. In the presence of THF, PI-Li produces a yellow color allowing the living end concentration to be tracked visually, enabling near-stoichiometric coupling, as demonstrated by the synthesis of 6-arm star polymers and star block copolymers. Moreover, glassblowing techniques are not required. Star polymers coupled with chlorosilane terminating agents lost arms during catalytic hydrogenation. Several common hydrogenation catalysts were evaluated. The degree of degradation depended on the identity of the catalyst and the temperature of the reaction—more active catalysts and higher temperatures led to more scission—but not the reaction time. Degradation closely tracked the hydrogenation reaction indicating that scission is a catalytically activated process. This phenomenon is attributed to a decreasing affinity of the polymer for the catalyst with increasing saturation. Degradation of the star architecture depended strongly on the steric environment at the core. It was shown that the steric strain can be reduced by tuning the topology of the coupling agent to limit the number of arms per Si atom. The steric constraints at the core were further relaxed by adding a short run of butadiene units to the arms just prior to coupling, which nearly eliminated degradation during hydrogenation of a 6-arm star.