gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverse proteomic alterations in gastric adenocarcinoma (2004)

Gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most common cancers in Asian countries including China. Although its incidence rates in the West are lower than that in Asia, gastric cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, being second only to lung cancers in the number of deaths it causes. Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified as the major pathogen, but the detailed pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma remains elusive. Due to the lack of suitable and specific biomarkers for early detection, most cases of the disease are diagnosed at late stages and the survival rate is low. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to globally analyze the protein profiles of paired surgical specimens of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and nontumor mucosa aiming at identifying specific disease-associated proteins as potential clinical biomarkers and for carcinogenetic study. Compared to nontumor tissues, multiple protein alterations were found in tumor tissues. Some of these alterations involve variations in the expression of cytoskeleton proteins, including an increase in cytokeratin 8 and tropomyosin isoform and a decrease in cytokeratin 20. Co-up-regulations of heat-shock proteins and glycolytic enzymes were observed in tumor tissues, indicating self-protective efforts of cells and the growing energy requirement during malignant transformation. Diverse regulations also occurred with proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, such as GMP reductase 2 and creatine kinase B, and proteins bearing potential tumor suppressor activities, including prohibitin and selenium binding protein 1. More interestingly, a human stomach-specific protein, 18 kDa antrum mucosa protein, was found to be dramatically under-expressed in cancer tissues, implicating a possible special pathological role for this protein in gastric carcinogenesis. Further comprehensive evaluation by globally considering the altered factors may result in the discovery of a biomarker index for effective assessment of the disease and may provide in-depth information for better understanding the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatization of Aliphatic Compounds. Part 9. Benzofuranones from (4‐Substituted 2‐Oxo‐3‐cyclohexen‐1‐yl)Acetic Acids. (1990)

Abstract The title compounds (II) (17 examples) are prepared by the new synthetic procedure shown.
Study on a Super Capacitor Energy Storage system for improving the operating stability of Distributed Generation system (2008)

A Super Capacitor Energy Storage (SCES) can be used as energy storage element of DG (Distributed Generation) system and provides necessary energy buffering. And it plays a very important role in improving operating stability of power system. Based on a wide voltage change scope of the SCES system, its main circuit has been designed in this paper, where bi-directional DC-AC-DC converter is regarded as transition circuit. The working situations of the SCES system under different loads have been analyzed in detail, and the corresponding system unified model is established when super capacitor is charged or discharged. According to the operating mechanics of SCES system, the relation between the stability of DG system and SCES system has been analyzed, and a better control scheme has also been designed. At last, the investigation of the SCES system and its control strategy are done with the use of exact simulation model. The simulation results verify the validity of designed scheme and the flexibility of control system.
Biotinidase Deficiency: a Treatable Leukoencephalopathy (2004)

The clinical history and the neuroradiological findings have been reviewed for 5 patients with biotinidase deficiency. Patients were diagnosed in the UK, where neonatal screening for this disorder is not done. The age at presentation ranged from 4 weeks to 5 months and the median interval between presentation and diagnosis was 5.5 months. The main abnormalities on cerebral imaging were leukoencephalopathy and widening of the ventricles and extra-cerebral CSF spaces. White matter abnormalities included delayed myelination but, in some patients, the increased signal was too great to be explained just by failure of myelination. Subtle subcortical changes were the only abnormality in one patient. Follow-up studies after treatment with biotin showed improved myelination; in one case, this was accompanied by normalisation of the CSF spaces but another patient showed progressive atrophy and cystic degeneration. Most of these patients have neurological sequelae. Biotinidase deficiency should be excluded in all patients with unexplained neurological problems. Neonatal screening provides the best chance of a good outcome.
Effect of Tube-to-Tube Ties on Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Arrays Exposed to Crossflow (1998)

Tube-to-tube ties and their arrangement within the tube array are shown to affect the onset of fluidelastic instability. The influence of tie arrangement for a single tube row and for an in-line tube array is obtained by numerical simulation using S. S. Chen’s unsteady flow theory. Maps of dimensionless critical velocities for groups of tubes consisting of two, three, four, and five tubes tied to each other are developed for several design configurations. It is shown that the stability limits can be raised by appropriate choice of tube group and tie location.
A Survey of Recent and Classical Image Registration Methods (2014)

Image Registration is the process of aligning two or more images of the same scene taken from different viewpoints, at different times, from different sensors. Image registration aligns two images, i.e., base image and reference image, geometrically. There are different approaches of image registration and these approaches are categorized according to their nature that is areas based and feature based. These approaches are also categorized according to the four simple steps of image registration procedure: feature detection, feature matching, function mapping and transformation and re-sampling. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed in the paper. The main aim of this paper is to provide the knowledge of different image registrations methods used in different application area.
Cooperative Caching for GPUs (2016)

The rise of general-purpose computing on GPUs has influenced architectural innovation on them. The introduction of an on-chip cache hierarchy is one such innovation. High L1 miss rates on GPUs, however, indicate inefficient cache usage due to myriad factors, such as cache thrashing and extensive multithreading. Such high L1 miss rates in turn place high demands on the shared L2 bandwidth. Extensive congestion in the L2 access path therefore results in high memory access latencies. In memory-intensive applications, these latencies get exposed due to a lack of active compute threads to mask such high latencies. In this article, we aim to reduce the pressure on the shared L2 bandwidth, thereby reducing the memory access latencies that lie in the critical path. We identify significant replication of data among private L1 caches, presenting an opportunity to reuse data among L1s. We further show how this reuse can be exploited via an L1 Cooperative Caching Network (CCN), thereby reducing the bandwidth demand on L2. In the proposed architecture, we connect the L1 caches with a lightweight ring network to facilitate intercore communication of shared data. We show that this technique reduces traffic to the L2 cache by an average of 29%, freeing up the bandwidth for other accesses. We also show that the CCN reduces the average memory latency by 24%, thereby reducing core stall cycles by 26% on average. This translates into an overall performance improvement of 14.7% on average (and up to 49%) for applications that exhibit reuse across L1 caches. In doing so, the CCN incurs a nominal area and energy overhead of 1.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Notably, the performance improvement with our proposed CCN compares favorably to the performance improvement achieved by simply doubling the number of L2 banks by up to 34%.
Systematic Review: Opioid Treatment for Chronic Back Pain: Prevalence, Efficacy, and Association with Addiction (2007)

Opioids are commonly prescribed for chronic back pain and may be efficacious for short-term pain relief. Long-term efficacy (> or =16 weeks) is unclear. Substance use disorders are common in patients taking opioids for back pain, and aberrant medication-taking behaviors occur in up to 24% of cases.
No mutations of FGFR3 in normal urothelium in the vicinity of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder harbouring activating FGFR3 mutations in patients with bladder cancer (2009)

Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene causing constitutive oncogenic protein activation have been shown to be frequent in papillary noninvasive bladder tumours and are associated with a low risk of progression and a favourable outcome. FGFR3 alterations have also been found in benign urothelial papilloma and flat urothelial hyperplasia suggesting FGFR3 alterations as an early event in bladder tumorigenesis. To date there is no data available on FGFR3 mutations in normal urothelium from patients with bladder cancer. We therefore analysed 64 samples of histopathological unsuspicious normal urothelium from 38 patients with FGFR3 mutated bladder tumours and 15 samples of urothelium from patients (n = 15) without any urothelial malignancy as a control group. Urothelial cells were microdissected from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. After DNA isolation whole genome amplification was done by I-PEP-PCR. FGFR3 mutations were detected using SNaPshot analysis. All samples could successfully be investigated. FGFR3 analyses did not reveal any mutation in the urothelium from neither the control group nor the bladder cancer group. All urothelial samples showed a wildtype sequence for FGFR3. These data suggest that mutations in the FGFR3 gene are not the earliest genetic alterations in bladder carcinogenesis and are associated with a hyperproliferative (hyperplastic) phenotype in the urothelium. Chromosomal alterations like deletions on chromosome 9q or aberrant promoter hypermethylation could play more important roles in early urothelial transformation than mutational FGFR3 activation.
Communist China and Peaceful Co-existence (1960)

The events of the six months between October 1, 1959, and April 1, 1960—the period, roughly, between Khrushchev's visit to the U.S. and his visit to South Asia—clearly affected Communist China. What is not so clear is the direction in which China has been moved and the depth and duration of the influence which events have brought to bear on China's relations with the world around her.
Development and characterization of a novel luciferase based cytotoxicity assay (2018)

A simple, accurate, sensitive and robust assay that can rapidly and specifically measure the death of target cells would have applications in many areas of biomedicine and particularly for the development of novel cellular- and immune-therapeutics. In this study, we describe a novel cytotoxicity assay, termed the Matador assay, which takes advantage of the extreme brightness, stability and glow-like characteristics of recently discovered novel marine luciferases and their engineered derivatives. The assay involves expression of a luciferase of interest in target cells in a manner so that it is preferentially retained within the healthy cells but is either released from dead and dying cells or whose activity can be preferentially measured in dead and dying cells. We demonstrate that this assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid, and can be performed in a single-step manner without the need for any expensive equipment. We further validate this assay by demonstrating its ability to detect cytotoxicity induced by several cellular and immune-therapeutic agents including antibodies, natural killer cells, chimeric antigen receptor expressing T cells and a bispecific T cell engager.
SPDT switch with defected ground structure for time division duplex switching in wireless data communication system (2011)

A design of single series and double shunt of single pole double throw (SPDT) switch with defected ground structure (DGS) is presented in this paper. SPDT switch is commonly used in a RF transceiver system in modern wireless data communication system to perform time division duplex (TDD) switching for transmit and receive operation. The implementation of DGS in this switch has reduced 35% of the transmission line length and thus, reducing the circuit board size. The performances of SPDT switch with DGS such as insertion loss and isolation are comparable with the normal SPDT switch.
Duration of protective activity of cerebrospinal fluid shunt catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial catheter-related infection (1997)

This study determined the protective effect of antibacterial processing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt catheters against infection with staphylococci, which is an important complication following CSF shunt placement for hydrocephalus. Also examined is the effect of a conditioning film such as that seen on the luminal surface of shunts used in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Conventional preventative measures, including antimicrobial prophylaxis, confer a temporary or unproven benefit. The authors have therefore developed a process for impregnation of CSF shunts with rifampicin and clindamycin, and this has been shown previously to achieve the target duration of 28 days of protective activity in vitro. The present study demonstrates the limit of the period of protection and the efficacy of the processing against a wide range of staphylococci, particularly in the presence of a plasma protein conditioning film. Five strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 17 coagulase-negative staphylococci, all clinical isolates, were inoculated into the shunts at 2-week intervals until failure of antimicrobial protection occurred. The results showed that the process protected against all strains for between 42 and 56 days and that the conditioning film did not diminish the protection. Catheters processed by this method show promise of significant reductions in the incidence of CSF shunt infections.
Potentiality of LTCC for sensor applications (2002)

The potential of low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer technology allows realization of different structures for sensor applications. Examples of sensors realised at the Department of Hybrid Microelectronics in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics at the Technical University in Kosice have shown the potential and development possibilities of LTCC for a wide field of thick film sensor applications. Other sensor applications were realized on a special shaped body based on LTCC multilayers.
Mapping of a second locus for lamellar ichthyosis to chromosome 2q33-35 [published erratum appears in Hum Mol Genet 1996 Jun;5(6):862-3] (1996)

Lamellar ichthyosis (LI) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder of cornification. It was recently demonstrated to result from deleterious mutations in the transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene. However, the disease was shown to be genetically heterogeneous, since some families were found to be unlinked to TGM1. Homozygosity mapping on three consanguinous families originating from Morocco shows (i) absence of linkage with TGM1 and other regions of the genome containing genes involved in cornification, and (ii) location of a second disease-causing gene on chromosome 2q33-35. A maximum two-point lodscore of 7.60 was obtained with D2S157 for theta = 0. The analysis of recombination events places the gene within a 7-8 cM interval. Additional consanguinous pedigrees were also demonstrated to be unlinked both to TGM1 and to 2q33-35, suggesting the existence of at least a third disease-causing gene.
Novel Workflow for the Development of a Flow Control Strategy with Consideration of Reservoir Uncertainties (2015)

Abstract Flow control along the wellbore is an important factor for a successful field development. Creating a flow control strategy can be especially difficult when a high level of reservoir uncertainty exists. A novel workflow was developed to help determine the flow control / intelligent completion strategy best suited for field development, by taking into account the reservoir uncertainties and control parameters for optimization. The workflow simplifies and reduces cycle time, yet ensures that the inflow control strategy for the field is fit-for-purpose. This novel methodology enables a rapid understanding of the uncertainties and reduces the cycle time of evaluation and high-level screening, and ensures a more responsive decision process to improve production and reduce costs. The described workflow is an optimum approach that is easily applied in an efficient semi-automated manner for any field. This method utilizes steady-state analytical and dynamic reservoir modelling for the determination of geological/subsurface uncertainties and selection of an optimal flow control strategy. Initially a base case model is constructed with the most likely/expected reservoir properties and control parameters. A series of experimental design cases are run, and then an objective function is created, followed by a large number of optimization runs to investigate the potential solution space. The analysis of these cases quantifies the effects of each uncertainty parameter. Using the analysis performed on uncertainty, a number of the scenarios are investigated in detail to study various flow control completions (passive and active) and determine the system that is best suited to achieve the optimum recovery efficiency. A full optimization under uncertainty is conducted so that the flow control settings are optimized against the full probabilistic subsurface uncertainties.
Highly Enantioselective Borane Reduction of Heteroaryl and Heterocyclic Ketoxime Ethers Catalyzed by Novel Spiroborate Ester Derived from Diphenylvalinol: Application to the Synthesis of Nicotine Analogues (2008)

An asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of nonracemic amines bearing heterocyclic and heteroaromatic rings is described. A variety of important enantiopure thionyl and arylalkyl primary amines were afforded by the borane-mediated enantioselective reduction of O-benzyl ketoximes using 10% of catalyst 10 derived from ( S)-diphenylvalinol and ethylene glycol with excellent enantioselectivity, in up to 99% ee. The optimal condition for the first asymmetric reduction of 3- and 4-pyridyl-derived O-benzyl ketoxime ethers was achieved using 30% of catalytic loading in dioxane at 10 degrees C. ( S)- N-ethylnornicotine ( 3) was also successfully synthesized from the TIPS-protected ( S)-2-amino-2-pyridylethanol in 97% ee.
Channel-allocation-adaptive WDM signal observation based on sequential ultrafast field sampling (2010)

A novel technology for simultaneous WDM signal monitoring is presented based on ultrafast field sampling. Its flexibility regarding channel allocation and/or channel bandwidth is unique and attractive, as is its ultrafast nature. Two- and four-channel WDM signals, with the total bandwidth of 800 GHz, are successfully discriminated and observed with the proposed scheme.
Exploitation of physical and chemical constraints for three-dimensional microtissue construction in microfluidics (2011)

There are a plethora of approaches to construct microtissues as building blocks for the repair and regeneration of larger and complex tissues. Here we focus on various physical and chemical trapping methods for engineering three-dimensional microtissue constructs in microfluidic systems that recapitulate the in vivo tissue microstructures and functions. Advances in these in vitro tissue models have enabled various applications, including drug screening, disease or injury models, and cell-based biosensors. The future would see strides toward the mesoscale control of even finer tissue microstructures and the scaling of various designs for high throughput applications. These tools and knowledge will establish the foundation for precision engineering of complex tissues of the internal organs for biomedical applications.
Rhinosinusitis: management guidelines (2009)

Adults can present with up to 5 episodes of acute viral rhinosinusitis ('colds') per year, and school-going children with between 7 and 10 episodes per year. Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common reasons for consulting a general practitioner (GP). Chronic fatigue is a common symptom in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with studies showing up to 50% of patients with CRS complaining of fatigue.
Comparing exploration strategies for Q-learning in random stochastic mazes (2016)

Balancing the ratio between exploration and exploitation is an important problem in reinforcement learning. This paper evaluates four different exploration strategies combined with Q-learning using random stochastic mazes to investigate their performances. We will compare: UCB-1, softmax, ∈-greedy, and pursuit. For this purpose we adapted the UCB-1 and pursuit strategies to be used in the Q-learning algorithm. The mazes consist of a single optimal goal state and two suboptimal goal states that lie closer to the starting position of the agent, which makes efficient exploration an important part of the learning agent. Furthermore, we evaluate two different kinds of reward functions, a normalized one with rewards between 0 and 1, and an unnormalized reward function that penalizes the agent for each step with a negative reward. We have performed an extensive grid-search to find the best parameters for each method and used the best parameters on novel randomly generated maze problems of different sizes. The results show that softmax exploration outperforms the other strategies, although it is harder to tune its temperature parameter. The worst performing exploration strategy is ∈-greedy.
Reversibility of Hepatic Fibrosis in Autoimmune Hepatitis (1997)

Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis may be reversible in some patients in whom autoimmune hepatitis responds to treatment.
Soft x-ray pumping of metastable levels of Li+ (1983)

Soft x rays from a plasma generated by a neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser beam (1.06 μm) are used to photoionize neutral Li vapor to produce Li+ metastables. Maximum metastable densities of Li+ (1s2s) 1S=6×1014 ions/cm3 and Li+ (1s2s) 3S=3×1015 ions/cm3 are obtained. The effective lifetimes of these levels are measured to be approximately 5 ns. At 50 mJ of incident laser energy the inferred conversion efficiency from 1.06-μm radiation to soft x rays is ∼14%.
Pulsed-coil magnet systems for applying uniform 10–30 T fields to centimeter-scale targets on Sandia's Z facility (2014)

Sandia has successfully integrated the capability to apply uniform, high magnetic fields (10-30 T) to high energy density experiments on the Z facility. This system uses an 8-mF, 15-kV capacitor bank to drive large-bore (5 cm diameter), high-inductance (1-3 mH) multi-turn, multi-layer electromagnets that slowly magnetize the conductive targets used on Z over several milliseconds (time to peak field of 2-7 ms). This system was commissioned in February 2013 and has been used successfully to magnetize more than 30 experiments up to 10 T that have produced exciting and surprising physics results. These experiments used split-magnet topologies to maintain diagnostic lines of sight to the target. We describe the design, integration, and operation of the pulsed coil system into the challenging and harsh environment of the Z Machine. We also describe our plans and designs for achieving fields up to 20 T with a reduced-gap split-magnet configuration, and up to 30 T with a solid magnet configuration in pursuit of the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion concept.