gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photon-Mediated Interactions Between Distant Artificial Atoms (2013)

Photon-mediated interactions between atoms are of fundamental importance in quantum optics, quantum simulations, and quantum information processing. The exchange of real and virtual photons between atoms gives rise to nontrivial interactions, the strength of which decreases rapidly with distance in three dimensions. Here, we use two superconducting qubits in an open one-dimensional transmission line to study much stronger photon-mediated interactions. Making use of the possibility to tune these qubits by more than a quarter of their transition frequency, we observe both coherent exchange interactions at an effective separation of 3λ/4 and the creation of super- and subradiant states at a separation of one photon wavelength λ. In this system, collective atom-photon interactions and applications in quantum communication may be explored.
Synthesis of Methyl (Ethyl 2-O-acyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-1-thio-.beta.-D-glucopyranosid)uronates and Evaluation of Their Use as Reactive .beta.-Selective Glucuronic Acid Donors (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Methyl (Ethyl 2-O-acyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-1-thio-.beta.-D-glucopyranosid)uronates and Evaluation of Their Use as Reactive .beta.-Selective Glucuronic Acid DonorsPer J. Garegg, Lars Olsson, and Stefan OscarsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7, 2200–2204Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00112a046https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00112a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views832Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Plant Polyploidy and Insect/Plant Interactions (1997)

We used flow cytometry and extensive geographic surveys of herbivore attack to test whether repeated evolution of autotetraploidy in the perennial herb Heuchera grossulariifolia Rydb. (Saxifragaceae) has created evolutionary barriers to attack by the specialist moth herbivore Greya politella (Prodoxidae). We found that the moth has colonized tetraploid as well as diploid populations, has colonized tetraploids of separate evolutionary origin, and, at least under some conditions, is more likely to attack tetraploids than diploids. Plant polyploidy therefore provides a potential route out of specialization as an evolutionary dead end in phytophagous insect taxa as well as a potentially important route to subsequent phylogenetic and geographic diversification of plant/insect interactions.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften mesoionischer Oxazolone (1970)

Abstract Die Synthese und die spektralen Eigenschaften sydnon‐analoger 3‐Methyl‐2.4‐diaryl‐oxazolium‐5‐oxide ( 2 , 16 – 21 ) werden beschrieben. Die Thermolyse von 2 führt zu einem tetra‐substituierten Allen, das vielleicht durch Dimerisation eines mit 2 valenztautomeren Ketens ( 28 ) und Kohlendioxid‐Abspaltung gebildet wird. Bei der Öffnung des Oxazolium‐oxid‐Ringes mit Verbindungen HX greift das Nucleophil an der Carbonylgruppe an. Auch über den Verlauf der Autoxydation von 2 werden Aufschlüsse erzielt.
Intermittently operated slow sand filtration: a new water treatment process (1995)

Access to potable water supplies is a great problem in the developing world. Many attempts have been made to develop a cheap, effective and robust way of treating water at a household scale but none have gained wide acceptance. In early 1991 Dr. Manz developed a hypothesis which would allow the adaptation of continuous slow sand filtration to intermittent use. After several studies which showed the effectiveness of filters operated in this way, this research was commenced to more closely examine intermittently operated slow sand filtration. The investigation showned the filter is effective in removing 96% of faecal coliform indicators and that this can be further improved. A mathematical model of oxygen transfer into the filter bio-layer was developed and is supported by experimental data. Removals of contaminants occurred in two phases. First capture or interception and second, metabolism and consumption of contaminants. Design and operation recommendations may improve the effectiveness future designs and identified possible areas for future research.
Investigation on the Performances of the Gas Driven Vuilleumier Heat Pump (2008)

Gas driven Vuilleumier heat pump is a closed cycle, where the working gas is kept inside the three cylinders and the heat of gas and surroundings are added to and removed from the cycle through heat exchanger. It has many advantages, such as fewer moving parts, low noise and long lifespan. Competitive to absorption cycle, It has the potential for higher Coefficient of Performance (COP). A prototype Vuilleumier heat pump is taken for an example to analyze the performances of gas driven VM heat pump. Results indicate that with higher mean working pressure, the performance of system is improved. As the cold cylinder temperature decrease, refrigerating capacity and COP are both decrease. The refrigerating capacity of gas driven VM heat pump is increased while the COP is decreased with an increase in the rotational speed. Selection of the working gases is also discussed.
Hints of Nonhierarchical Folding of Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (2002)

We have analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) the helical propensity of the all-beta protein acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and two peptides corresponding to beta-strand 8 (beta8 peptide, amino acids 95-107) and the beta-strand 8/turn/beta-strand 9 hairpin (beta8/9 peptide, amino acids 95-114), which has been involved in receptor binding. A secondary structure prediction of aFGF carried out by several procedures labels the 95-104 sequence as predominantly alpha-helical. A titration of aFGF with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) induces a change in the far-UV CD spectrum of the protein giving rise to a prominent alpha-helical shape (22% alpha-helix). The cooperativity of the transition and the moderate TFE concentrations used (midpoint at 24%) suggest that the effect of TFE is specific. Moreover, a titration performed at pH 2 yields a higher amount of alpha-helix (55%) at a smaller TFE concentration. Synthetic peptides containing the beta8 and beta8/9 sequences display a random coil conformation at pH 7 but acquire alpha-helical structure in the presence of TFE, methanol, and SDS micelles. At pH below 3.0 a significant amount (20-30%) of alpha-helical conformation is present in both the beta8 and beta8/9 peptides even in the absence of other solvent additives. The secondary structure of the peptides was determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). These results suggest that the 95-114 sequence of aFGF has helical propensity and that the protein may fold nonhierarchically in the early steps of folding, acquiring its final beta-structure by a later interaction with the rest of the polypeptide.
Algebra of Systems: An Executable Framework for Model Synthesis and Evaluation (2007)

This paper represents system models as algebraic entities and formulates the model transformation activities as algebraic operations. We call this modeling framework "Algebra of Systems " (AoS). To show that AoS can automate complex model reasoning tasks in system design projects, we implemented the abstract algebraic specification as an executable meta-language named object-process network (OPN), which serves as a tool for automatic model transformation, enumeration and evaluation. A case study of the Apollo lunar landing mission design is developed using this algebraic modeling approach.
Copper wire bonding on low-k/copper wafers with Bond Over Active (BOA) structures for automotive customers (2011)

The gold price has continuously climbing since 2000 and is currently recorded at historical high at above USD1350 per ounce in October 2010 as compared to USD1000 per ounce one year ago. Gold wire bonding has been the primary wire interconnecting method used in the semiconductor packaging industry for more than 50 years. Gold wire historically represented about 20-25% of the package cost. With the ever increasing gold price, this ratio now can be as high as 30-35% of the package cost and does not look like there is a relief in sight. Replacing gold wire with copper wire has become a necessity in order to maintain low assembly cost for wire bonded parts. Copper wire has many benefits including low cost, high electrical and thermal conductivities and excellent reliability with aluminum pad metallization. Heavy gauge copper wire has been used in consumer products and semiconductor discrete products for a long time. Many commercial product sectors began thin gauge copper wire in production since 2008. Automotive customers are also forced to look for cheaper interconnecting alternative, such as copper wire as an example. One of the issues in qualifying copper wire for automotive customers with stringent reliability requirements is that no industrial standard has been agreed or published to define copper wire qualification requirements. Presently most companies still apply gold wire reliability requirement to qualify copper wire packages. Many of them extend the gold wire package reliability stress duration for copper wire as a safety factor during the qualification. Our study is aimed for the assembly solution to apply copper wires on low-k-copper wafers with aggressive Freescale Bond Over Active (BOA) rules to meet automotive qualification requirements of Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) grade 1 and grade 0. Two types of bonding surfaces were used in this study, namely the conventional aluminum bond pad and aluminum bond pad remetallized with Nickel / Palladium / Gold Over Pad Metallurgy (OPM). Since Cu-Al and Cu-Au systems are completely different from Au-Al system, the difficulty in applying the same Au wire standards to copper wire parts will be discussed. A new approach to defining the pass/ fail criteria for copper wire parts will be proposed in this study. Units assembled with fine gauge copper wire were submitted through extensive stress conditions in order to demonstrate the excellent package reliability performance.
Bryostatin 1 Induces Ubiquitin COOH-TerminalHydrolase in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells (1996)

It has been previously reported that Bryostatin 1 (Bryo1) induces differentiation of the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, Reh, to a monocytoid B-cell stage. In this study we demonstrate that a novel protein, ubiquitin COOH-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1), is associated with this differentiation. Reh cells were treated with 200 nmol/l of Bryo1 for 72 h and analyzed for changes in morphology, surface immunophenotype, acid phosphatase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Protein patterns of the parent and differentiated cells, by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE), were studied. Bryo1-treated cells expressed morphologic, phenotypic and enzymatic features of the monocytoid B-cell stage. The UCH-L1 enzyme (MW-pl 34-5.3) was detected by 2 D PAGE in the differentiated, but not in parent cells. The presence of UCH-L1 in the Bryo1-treated cells was further confirmed by immunoblotting of 2 D PAGE using UCH-L1 polyclonal antibody. Ubiquitin expression was studied in parent and Bryo1-treated cells and was compared with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated cells. Both agents, TPA and Bryo1, increased the level of ubiquitin expression as detected by flow cytometry. Sodium borohydride, an inhibitor of UCH-L1, inhibited the Bryo1-induced differentiating effect on Reh cells. To date, the mechanism by which Bryo1, exerts its B-cell differentiating effect is not fully understood. This study shows that UCH-L1 expression may play a major role in Bryo1-induced differentiation in pre-B-ALL.
A generic manager/agent architecture for TMN applications (2002)

A generic manager/agent architecture for the design of the TMN applications is presented. The architecture is based on the software platform technology for the efficient integration of various evolving management applications, information models, and communication protocols. The requirements of the platform architecture for the effective realization of the TMN network management model have been analyzed. Based on these requirements, a generic manager/agent architecture, TMA (telecommunication management architecture), has been designed, and the components of TMA are described in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Probing TCP implementations (1994)

In this paper, we demonstrate a technique called active probing used to study TCP implementations. Active probing treats a TCP implementation as a black box, and uses a set of procedures to probe the black box. By studying the way TCP responds to the probes, one can deduce several characteristics of the implementation. The technique is particularly useful if TCP source code is unavailable. To demonstrate the technique, the paper shows example probe procedures that examine three aspects of TCP. The results are informative: they reveal implementation flaws, protocol violations, and the details of design decisions in five vendor-supported TCP implementations. The results of our experiment suggest that active probing can be used to test TCP implementations. 1 Introduction The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented, flow-controlled, end-to-end transport protocol that provides reliable transfer and ordered delivery of data [14]. TCP is designed to operate successfully...
Simulation of the kinetics of oxygen complexes in crystalline silicon (2002)

The formation kinetics of thermal double donors (TDD's) is studied by a general kinetic model with parameters based on accurate ab initio total-energy calculations. The kinetic model includes all relevant association, dissociation, and restructuring processes. The simulated kinetics agrees qualitatively and in most cases quantitatively with the experimentally found consecutive kinetics of TDD's. It also supports our earlier assignments of the ring-type oxygen chains to TDD's [Pesola et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. $84,$ 5343 (2000)]. We demonstrate with the kinetic model that the most common assumption that only the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ dimer acts as a fast diffusing species would lead to an unrealistic steady increase of the concentration of ${\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ The neglect of restructuring processes leads to an anomalous increase of oxygen dimers and negligible concentrations of TDD's. The capture of interstitial oxygens by diffusing oxygen chains and the escaping of interstitial oxygens from the chains fully dominate the formation kinetics.
Hybrid- and complex-type N-glycans are not essential for Newcastle disease virus infection and fusion of host cells (2011)

N-linked glycans are composed of three major types: high-mannose (Man), hybrid or complex. The functional role of hybrid- and complex-type N-glycans in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection and fusion was examined in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I)-deficient Lec1 cells, a mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell incapable of synthesizing hybrid- and complex-type N-glycans. We used recombinant NDV expressing green fluorescence protein or red fluorescence protein to monitor NDV infection, syncytium formation and viral yield. Flow cytometry showed that CHO-K1 and Lec1 cells had essentially the same degree of NDV infection. In contrast, Lec2 cells were found to be resistant to NDV infection. Compared with CHO-K1 cells, Lec1 cells were shown to more sensitive to fusion induced by NDV. Viral attachment was found to be comparable in both lines. We found that there were no significant differences in the yield of progeny virus produced by both CHO-K1 and Lec1 cells. Quantitative analysis revealed that NDV infection and fusion in Lec1 cells were also inhibited by treatment with sialidase. Pretreatment of Lec1 cells with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin specific for terminal α1-3-linked Man prior to inoculation with NDV rendered Lec1 cells less sensitive to cell-to-cell fusion compared with mock-treated Lec1 cells. Treatment of CHO-K1 and Lec1 cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, significantly blocked fusion and infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that hybrid- and complex-type N-glycans are not required for NDV infection and fusion. We propose that high-Man-type N-glycans could play an important role in the cell-to-cell fusion induced by NDV.
Thymidine phosphorylase activity of platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor is responsible for endothelial cell mitogenicity (1993)

Recombinant human platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified to greater than 98% purity by anion-exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography. It was shown to possess thymidine phosphorolytic activity in vitro (pH optimum, pH 5.3; Km, 0.11 mM; Vmax, 12.5 mmol min-1 mg-1; turnover number, 9.4 s-1). Covalent modification simultaneously inhibited the enzymatic and mitogenic properties of the protein, while interaction with a cell-surface receptor was not required to stimulate mitogenesis. Purified Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase was also mitogenic toward endothelial cells. It is proposed that platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor is human thymidine phosphorylase which promotes endothelial cell proliferation by reducing thymidine levels that would otherwise be inhibitory to endothelial cell growth.
Steps Forward in Regulatory Pathways for Acute and Chronic Heart failure (2015)

A workshop was organized by the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA) to discuss unmet needs and ways forward in the development of medicines in heart failure, their rationale, and cost-effective use. An integrated, multidisciplinary approach, including patients' needs and perspectives, was advocated by all the participants as the way to the most effective treatment regimens. More work is needed for reaching consensus on clinical and functional endpoints, for validating patient reported outcomes and measurements of well-being. Similarly, the integration into the clinical programmes of the health technology assessment/payers perspective, in particular, the evaluation of 'real-life' treatment effectiveness and of health as a value, would help in shifting the development and authorization of medicines from the molecule paradigm to their evaluation in the context of the whole health care regimen. Through this kind of workshop, AIFA is trying to build a template for meetings devoted to debate unmet needs with all stakeholders towards tentative road maps for the future.
Generation of round bores in composite structure railguns (1985)

A technique has been developed to generate precision round hole bores in composite structure railguns. Development of tooling geometry, tool drive mechanism and coolant feed system has been successfully carried out. The combined techniques provide bores that are round and have better than 1.6 micrometers (63 microinches) surface finish throughout the 6 meter (20 foot) length and less than 25 ..mu..m (0.001 inch) diameter runout. Draw reaming with a pilot bushing is the method of machining. The bore is characterized first by comparison with a surface roughness gauge using a rigid bore scope and then by diameter measurement using air plugs/electronic gauging with subsequent digitized data collected on floppy discs. Non-ferrous metals and plastic dielectric, including polycarbonate and fiberglass reinforced polyester have been cut. The resulting railguns have been successfully used for experiments conducted in a vacuum chamber pumped to less than 3 x 10/sup -6/ torr pressure.
Effects of gamma-oryzanol on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in dyslipidemic schizophrenics receiving major tranquilizers. (1990)

The subjects were 20 chronic schizophrenic patients with dyslipidemia (total cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 220 mg/dl, triglycerides greater than or equal to 150 mg/dl, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than or equal to 40 mg/dl) who had been receiving neuroleptics for a mean of ten years. Each patient was given 100 mg of gamma-oryzanol three times daily for 16 weeks. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, respectively, decreased significantly, from 204 and 124 mg/dl at baseline to 176 and 101 mg/dl at week 12. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 36.1 mg/dl at baseline and 35.9 mg/dl at week 12. Apolipoprotein (apo) B levels decreased significantly from 116 mg/dl to 101 mg/dl at week 16; apo A-II levels increased significantly from 31.7 mg/dl to 34.7 mg/dl; and the apo B/apo A-I ratio declined significantly from 0.99 to 0.84. No treatment side effects were recorded. It is concluded that gamma-oryzanol is safe and effective in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
[The induction and the prevention of Vi antigen of S.typhi loss by three metalic ions of salts]. (1997)

Three metalic salts Ferrous, Mgnesium and Calcium were used to induce and to prevent Vi antigen of S. typhi loss. All of the 96 Vi-II phage typing standard strains belonged to V type (a recovery rate of 100%). Out of 1320 local strains, 1292 were type V (a recovery rate of 97.7%) and 28 remained type W with a Vi loss rate of 2.1%. The results showed that induction and prevention of Vi antigen of S. typhi loss by the three metalic salts was higher than that of other reports which showed a loss rate of 5% Vi antigen of S. typhi.