gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production capabilities in US nuclear reactors for medical radioisotopes (1992)

The availability of reactor-produced radioisotopes in the United States for use in medical research and nuclear medicine has traditionally depended on facilities which are an integral part of the US national laboratories and a few reactors at universities. One exception is the reactor in Sterling Forest, New York, originally operated as part of the Cintichem (Union Carbide) system, which is currently in the process of permanent shutdown. Since there are no industry-run reactors in the US, the national laboratories and universities thus play a critical role in providing reactor-produced radioisotopes for medical research and clinical use. The goal of this survey is to provide a comprehensive summary of these production capabilities. With the temporary shutdown of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) in November 1986, the radioisotopes required for DOE-supported radionuclide generators were made available at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR). In March 1988, however, the HFBR was temporarily shut down which forced investigators to look at other reactors for production of the radioisotopes. During this period the Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) played an important role in providing these services. The HFIR resumed routine operation in July 1990 at 85 MW power, and the HFBR resumed operation in June 1991, at 30 MW power. At the time of the HFBR shutdown, there was no available comprehensive overview which could provide information on status of the reactors operating in the US and their capabilities for radioisotope production. The obvious need for a useful overview was thus the impetus for preparing this survey, which would provide an up-to-date summary of those reactors available in the US at both the DOE-funded national laboratories and at US universities where service irradiations are currently or expected to be conducted.
Electric field poling of flux grown KTiOPO4 (1997)

A method to periodically pole conductive ferroelectric materials has been developed. With this method we have fabricated high quality domain inverted crystals of flux grown KTiOPO4 suitable for efficient quasi-phase matched frequency conversion. Samples have been evaluated by second harmonic generation and normalized conversion efficiencies up to 6.9%/W cm2 have been obtained.
Fluorescence Enhancement From a Periodic Array of Sub-Wavelength Metallic Cavities (2003)

We report the enhancement of fluorescence from molecules located within periodic and random arrangements of metallic nanocavities. Two distinct fluorescence enhancement mechanisms exist. The first mechanism is associated with confinement within the nanocavities and results in an increase in fluorescence output by more than an order of magnitude. The second mechanism is associated only with periodic nanocavity arrangements where surface plasmon excitation occurs. The peak of the surface plasmon enhancement occurs under the condition of extraordinary transmission of the incident light, where the incident light is concentrated within the nanocavities. This effect results in an additional fluorescence enhancement by about a factor of two.
LRRK2 interactions with α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease brains and in cell models (2012)

Mutations in the genes encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and α-synuclein are associated with both autosomal dominant and idiopathic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Synuclein is the main protein in Lewy bodies, hallmark inclusions present in both sporadic and familial PD. We show that in PD brain tissue, the levels of LRRK2 are positively related to the increase in α-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation in affected brain regions (amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex), but not in the unaffected visual cortex. In disease-affected regions, we show co-localization of these two proteins in neurons and Lewy body inclusions. Further, in vitro experiments show a molecular interaction between α-synuclein and LRRK2 under endogenous and over-expression conditions. In a cell culture model of α-synuclein inclusion formation, LRRK2 co-localizes with the α-synuclein inclusions, and knocking down LRRK2 increases the number of smaller inclusions. In addition to providing strong evidence for an interaction between LRRK2 and α-synuclein, our results shed light on the complex relationship between these two proteins in the brains of patients with PD and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease.
Microwave Irradiation is a Useful Tool for Improving Isolation of Actinomycetes from Soil (2013)

Actinomycetes are an important source of novel, biologically active compounds. New methods need to be developed for isolating previously unknown actinomycetes from soil. The objective of this experiment was to study microwave irradiation of soil as a means for isolating previously unknown actinomycetes. Soil samples were collected at ten elevations between 800 and 3670 m on Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. Moistened soil samples were irradiated at 120 W heating power (2450 MHz) for 3 min using a household microwave oven. Irradiation increased total actinomycete, streptomycete, and antagonistic actinomycete counts on three types of culture media. Irradiation also increased the number of culturable actinomycete isolates. Some actinomycete isolates were culturable only after the soil was irradiated, whereas other isolates could not be cultured after irradiation. Irradiation of soil from elevations > 3000 m increased actinomycete counts significantly but had little effect on the number of culturable actinomycete isolates. In contrast, irradiation of samples from elevations < 3000 m had relatively little effect on actinomycete counts, but significantly increased the number of culturable actinomycete isolates. We used 16S rDNA sequence analysis to identify 14 actinomycete isolates that were only culturable after irradiation. Microwave irradiation of soil was helpful for isolating Streptomyces spp., Nocardia spp., Streptosporangium spp., and Lentzea spp. Slightly more than 90% of the identified actinomycete species were biologically active. In conclusion, microwave irradiation is a useful tool for isolating biologically active actinomycetes from soil.
Miniature Loop Heat Pipe With Flat Evaporator for Cooling Computer CPU (2007)

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a copper miniature loop heat pipe (mLHP) with a flat disk shaped evaporator, 30mm in diameter and 10-mm thick, designed for thermal control of computer microprocessors. Tests were conducted with water as the heat transfer fluid. The device was capable of transferring a heat load of 70W through a distance up to 150mm using 2-mm diameter transport lines. For a range of power applied to the evaporator, the system demonstrated very reliable startup and was able to achieve steady state without any symptoms of wick dry-out. Unlike cylindrical evaporators, flat evaporators are easy to attach to the heat source without need of any cylinder-to-plane reducer material at the interface and thus offer very low thermal resistance to the heat acquisition process. In the horizontal configuration, under air cooling, the minimum value for the mLHP thermal resistance is 0.17degC/W with the corresponding evaporator thermal resistance of 0.06degC/W. It is concluded from the outcomes of the current study that a mLHP with flat evaporator geometry can be effectively used for the thermal control of electronic equipment including notebooks with limited space and high heat flux chipsets. The results also confirm the superior heat transfer characteristics of the copper-water configuration in mLHPs
Concentrations of doxycycline in muscle tissue and muscle tissue fluid. (1988)

Doxycycline is known to have a marked tissue affinity, but there seems to be no previous studies where doxycycline levels have been compared in different compartments of a tissue. The purpose of the present investigation was to measure concentrations of doxycycline in serum, muscle and muscle tissue fluid using an experimental model in rabbits. After an intravenous infusion of doxycycline 10 mg/kg, samples were obtained at intervals for 4 h and concentrations were measured using microbiological methods. The levels of doxycycline in muscle tissue fluid followed closely the concentrations in serum and showed a similar rate of elimination. Doxycycline concentrations in muscle peaked later than the tissue fluid concentrations and were much higher than the corresponding serum level (mean ratio tissue/serum = 3.5).
Towards Efficient Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Workloads in IaaS Clouds (2015)

Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) cloud technology has attracted much attention from users who have demands on large amounts of computing resources. Current IaaS clouds provision resources in terms of virtual machines (VMs) with homogeneous resource configurations where different types of resources in VMs have similar share of the capacity in a physical machine (PM). However, most user jobs demand different amounts for different resources. For instance,high-performance-computing jobs require more CPU cores while big data processing applications require more memory. The existing homogeneous resource allocation mechanisms cause resource starvation where dominant resources are starved while non-dominant resources are wasted. To overcome this issue, we propose a heterogeneous resource allocation approach, called skewness-avoidance multi-resource allocation (SAMR), to allocate resource according to diversified requirements on different types of resources. Our solution includes a VM allocation algorithm to ensure heterogeneous workloads are allocated appropriately to avoid skewed resource utilization in PMs, and a model-based approach to estimate the appropriate number of active PMs to operate SAMR. We show relatively low complexity for our model-based approach for practical operation and accurate estimation. Extensive simulation results show the effectiveness of SAMR and the performance advantages over its counterparts.
Digital pre-distortion for multiple antenna transmitters (2013)

This paper proposes a novel cross-talk cancelling pre-distorter (CTC-DPD), which accurately models the cross-talk and nonlinearity in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio systems, and compensates for these effects. The cross-talk introduced before the power amplifier (PA) in a multi-antenna transmitter, which is termed as non-linear cross-talk degrades the performance of digital pre-distortion (DPD). A cross-over pre-distortion (CO-DPD) that compensates for the cross-talk and non-linearity in multi-antenna transmitters was proposed in [2]. However, CO-DPD ignores the higher order cross-terms between the input signals. As a result, the performance of CO-DPD degrades, as the crosstalk between the branches of the multi-antenna transmitter becomes stronger. In the CTC-DPD structure, linearization and cross-talk compensation are done separately by pre-distorters for the PAs and a cross-talk pre-cancellation block. The performances of pre-distortion techniques for a two-antenna transmitter are evaluated through measurements. It is observed that CTC-DPD achieves an error vector magnitude (EVM) improvement of 1.5% at -15 dB non-linear cross-talk and 0.8% at -20 dB non-linear crosstalk, compared to CO-DPD, for an universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) signal.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AFRICAN SUGARBIRDS (<i>PROMEROPS</i>) (1974)

Summary Sibley, C. G. & Ahlquist, J. E. 1974. The relationships of the African sugarbirds (Promerops). Ostrich 45: 22–30. Certain characters of the sugarbirds (Promerops) seem to suggest that the genus may be a geographically isolated derivative of the Australo-Papuan Meliphagidae or a separate group of unknown ancestry, the Promeropidae. Both theories have received support to the present day. New data from comparisons of the egg whi te and red blood cell proteins, using the technique of isoelectric focusing in acrylamide gel, indicate that Promerops is a specialized starling and that an appropriate taxonomic treatment is to include the subfamily Promeropinae in the Sturnidae. This discovery not only explains the characters of Promerops but solves one of the most contentious zoogeographic problems in ornithology.
HTTP compression techniques (2005)

This report describes a set of methods developed for compressing hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP). These compression methods have demonstrated increased compression gain compared to the existing known methods. The methods are developed to utilize HTTP protocol characteristics, persistent connections in HTTP 1.1, and increasing effectiveness of the created compression context. HTTP compression is very important for enhancing the performance of HTTP applications, such as Web browsing, for improving user experience and achieving spectrum efficiency over a narrow band wireless system such as cellular.
Analysis of a hybrid key management solution for ad hoc networks (2005)

Designing a key management system is both important and challenging for wireless ad hoc networks. We have developed a secure, scalable, decentralized and robust key management solution using a hybrid (symmetric/asymmetric) key based methodology that is well suited for ad hoc networks. The nodes are grouped into clusters, and keys are distributed such that intra-cluster communication is secured using a symmetric cryptosystem and inter-cluster communication is secured using an asymmetric cryptosystem. We present a detailed analysis of the solution and simulation results. We observe that the hybrid solution provides a significant improvement in the performance of the key management solution in a highly hostile environment, and scales well to large networks.
Lessons from animal models of osteoarthritis (2001)

Characterization of transgenic murine osteoarthritis (OA) models and analysis of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscectomy models in various species, including rodents, has provided insight into pathogenic mechanisms and impact of loading. Development of a transgenic murine OA model by postnatal expression in hyaline cartilage of constitutively expressed human matrix metalloproteinase-13 emphasizes the potential role of this enzyme. On the other hand, collagenase involvement in OA models seems a confined focal process, complicating therapeutic approaches. The potential role of interleukin-1 still needs further confirmation. Apart from destructive cytokines, disturbed growth factor responses seems obvious. Transforming growth factor-beta is a crucial mediator in osteophyte formation, but its role in cartilage destruction has not yet been clarified. Nitric oxide appears involved in chondrocyte apoptosis and blocking of nitric oxide provides protection against joint pathology in OA models. Treatment with a range of disease-modifying drugs showed some efficacy in a number of OA models, but its predictive value for human OA remains obscure.
Random forest-LNS architecture and vision (2009)

We describe an efficient architecture for generic object recognition system based on an ensemble classifier in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) environment. Utilization of a bag of covariance matrices as object descriptor improves the object recognition accuracy while speed up the learning process. We extend this technique, and present its hardware architecture, as well as object classifier based on on-line variant of random forest (RF) implemented using Logarithmic Number System (LNS). First, we describe the algorithmic and architecture of our model, comprises several computation modules. Then test and verified the model functionality using numerical simulation in the GRAZ02 dataset domain. It has been shown that the proposed system gained strong performance over floating-point and fixed-point precisions, even when only 10% of the training examples are used and is reasonably power efficient.
Electrochemical Performance of the Composite Materials of Nano-Carbon and Graphite-Carbon (2004)

The composite materials of natural graphite (NG) and nano-scaled carbon were obtained by doping with carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon nanopowder (CNP) respectively. The Electrochemical performance of NG, CNT, CNP and their composite materials were investigated as the anode materials of lithium ion batteries. The study shows carbon nanotube has large irreversible capacity loss and its composite material is not suitable to anode for lithium ion batteries. There are good cooperation effect between CNP and NG, their composite material shows very good electrochemical performance, compared with NG, its charge and discharge specific capacities increase by 9.8% and 9.4%, respectively.
Paul trapping of charged particles in aqueous solution (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of an aqueous Paul trap using a proof-of-principle planar device. Radio frequency voltages are used to generate an alternating focusing/defocusing potential well in two orthogonal directions. Individual charged particles are dynamically confined into nanometer scale in space. Compared with conventional Paul traps working in frictionless vacuum, the aqueous environment associated with damping forces and thermally induced fluctuations (Brownian noise) exerts a fundamental influence on the underlying physics. We investigate the impact of these two effects on the confining dynamics, with the aim to reduce the rms value of the positional fluctuations. We find that the rms fluctuations can be modulated by adjusting the voltages and frequencies. This technique provides an alternative for the localization and control of charged particles in an aqueous environment.
Batch Injection Analysis Using Fiber-Optic Fluorometric Detection (1992)

Fluorometric detection of analytes using batch injection analysis (BIA) has been investigated. BIA involves the injection of microliter samples toward a nearby detector which is immersed in a large-volume, nonflowing, blank solution. The characteristics and advantages of employing fiber-optic fluorometric detection for BIA are described. Similar to analogous flow injection measurements, batch injection fluorometric analysis offers high speed, reproducibility and simplicity, while eliminating the need for pumps, valves, and associated tubings. With injection rates at 120–500 samples/h, there is no observable carryover, and the precision is typically 2–3% (RSD).
Detection of abnormal proliferation in histologically ‘normal’ colonic biopsies using FTIR‐microspectroscopy (2004)

This method could give rise to a reduction in false-negative results during examination of biopsies using the conventional histopathological methods. The present method may be complementary to existing methods for precise demarcation of the zone of colostomy prior to colon cancer surgery.
Obesity‐induced inflammation: a metabolic dialogue in the language of inflammation (2007)

Obesity induces an inflammation state that is implicated in many clinically important complications, including insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the cause and the molecular participants in this process remain incompletely defined, adipose tissue has a central role. Obesity-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, typified by TNF-alpha was recognized more than a dozen years ago, and since then more than two dozen other pro-inflammatory molecules induced by obesity have been identified. More recently a critical role for immune cells, specifically mononuclear phagocytes, in generating the obesity-induced inflammation has been identified. Defining the molecular and cellular components of obesity-induced inflammation offers the potential of identifying therapeutic targets that can ameliorate the complications associated with obesity.
Efficient visualization of large medical image datasets on standard PC hardware (2003)

Fast and accurate algorithms for medical image processing and visualization are becoming increasingly important due to routine acquisition and processing of rapidly growing amounts of data in clinical practice. At the same time, standard computer hardware is becoming sufficiently powerful to be used in applications which previously required expensive and inflexible special-purpose hardware. We present an efficient volume rendering approach using the example of maximum intensity projection (MIP), which is an important clinical tool. The method systematically exploits the properties of general-purpose hardware such as hierarchical cache memories and super-scalar processing. In order to optimize the cache efficiency, the dataset is processed in blocks which fit into the processor cache. The innermost ray casting loop is transformed such that the arithmetic operations and memory accesses can be processed in parallel on current general-purpose processors. Combined with other optimization strategies, such as vectorization and block-wise ray skipping, this approach yields near-interactive frame rates for large clinical datasets using a standard dual-processor PC. Data compression and simplification methods have intentionally not been used in order to demonstrate the achievable performance without any quality reductions. Some of the presented ideas can be applied to other computationally intensive image processing tasks.
Disability in cross-cultural perspective (1999)

Our understanding of disability has changed substantially over the past two decades. Revolutionary changes in medicine and technology now enable clinicians to understand and treat people with disabilities in ways undreamed of even a few years ago. However, arguably the most substantial change in the understanding of disability is not in the realm of clinical services, but in the growing body of research that finds that while disability is universal, there is marked variation in how cultures interpret disability. This research shows that the lives of individuals with disability around the world are usually far more limited by prevailing social, cultural, and economic constraints than by specific physical, sensory, psychological, or intellectual impairments.
Of Biomass, Pyrolysis, and Liquids Therefrom (1988)

Renewable biomass (harvest and process residues in forestry and agricultural operations, specific terrestrial or aquatic crops grown for fuel, often animal wastes, refuse derived fiber, etc.) represents an important energy resource in the United States, with future potentials especially important as fossil fuels are depleted (1). Biomass is however generally poorly suited for direct energy use, with pretreatments necessary for altering physical and chemical form. Moisture content can be in excess of 50%, so costs of collection, transportation, and energy conversion become relatively inefficient. Further, biomass availability (e.g., from row crops) is sometimes seasonal, so storage is necessary. As biomass can spoil, it has to be covered and processed soon after receipt. Fortunately, thermal conversion processes are somewhat insensitive to type, form and shape, and can convert biomass into stable, storable and transportable energy forms, and in physical or chemical forms that can be used in higher efficiency energy conversion