gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear magnetic resonance as a petrophysical measurement (1992)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of hydrogen nuclei in fluids which saturate porous rocks is important in oil exploration and production, since NMR logs can provide good estimates of permeability and fluid flow. This paper reviews developments which connect the NMR properties of rocks with petrophysical properties, and particularly those relating to fluid flow. The recent advances in the use of NMR in boreholes which have spurred these developments are also discussed. The relevance of other NMR measurements on geological samples, including magnetic resonance imaging, is briefly referred to. (author).
Alterations of mechanical properties and morphology in excised rabbit lungs rinsed with a detergent (1979)

To assess the influence of alterations of lung surfactant on the geometry of peripheral air spaces, the morphology of detergent-rinsed rabbit lungs was studied. In comparison to normal excised rabbit lungs, fixed in the same manner by vascular perfusion at different points on the deflation pressure-volume curve, the most important differences are as follows. 1) With decreasing lung volume there is a progressive collapse of alveoli; at low lung volume (40% of total lung capacity (TLC) (most alveoli are collapsed, and the air is contained in overextended ducts. 2) Accordingly, the alveolar surface area-to-volume ratio is considerably smaller in particular at medium and low lung volumes. 3) There is only a slight change of mean air-space curvature between 80 and 40% TLC. Hence, the results indicate that in detergent-rinsed lungs volume changes are brought about predominantly by recruitment and derecruitment of alveoli. It appears that both a normal surfactant and the mechanical interdependence within the fibrous continuum are required to maintain a normal respiratory surface area within the lung volume range of normal breathing.
Molecular Cloning of a Major mRNA Species in Murine 3T3 Adipocyte Lineage (1999)

In an effort to identify novel mRNAs modulated during the course of adipose conversion, we have used a simplified differential display technique and have isolated a cDNA encoding an amine oxidase tremendously expressed in the adipocyte, the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). The predicted amino acid sequence (765 amino acids) is likely to be the homologue of the human placental amine oxidase and of the partially known sequence of the rat adipocyte membrane amine oxidase. SSAO mRNAs are present in several tissues, but strikingly, the highest levels of gene expression are found in adipose tissue and aorta. Enzyme transcript levels are barely detectable in preadipocytes but are induced several hundred-fold during the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 or 3T3-F442A cells and of rat precursor primary cultures. These changes in transcript levels parallel a sharp increase in SSAO enzyme activity. The biochemical properties of the SSAO present in 3T3-L1 or 3T3-F442A adipocytes closely resemble the features of the SSAO activity previously described in white and brown adipose tissues. Interestingly, SSAO mRNA levels and enzyme activity drop in response to effectors of the cAMP pathway and to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, indicating that two major signaling molecules of adipose tissue development and metabolism can control SSAO function. Moreover, the expression of SSAO transcripts and activity are clearly down-regulated in white adipose tissue from obese Zücker rats. Because of its known stimulatory effect on glucose transport, its biochemical properties and its pattern of expression and regulation, SSAO could play an important role in the regulation of adipocyte homeostasis.
SD detection and protection triggering in MPLS-TP (2011)

This document describes guidelines for Signal Degrade (SD) link fault
condition detection and the use of MPLS-TP fault management [3] for
triggering protection switching as defined in the MPLS-TP
survivability framework [2].
A Framework for Testing Software Product (2010)

There is a growing need of frameworks for automatic testing of software product because manual testing of huge software product is very time-consuming and costly. Furthermore, the manually testing of complex software becomes more difficult and a challenging activity. However this can be easily achieved through automatic testing strategies. In this paper we propose a framework for testing software automatically. Now errors and bug finding become simpler and easier. It takes less time to test the whole application rather than testing application modules separately. The proposed framework provides programmatic access to most user interface elements. The main propose of our framework is to make testing phase easier and cost efficient. We validate our framework through a case study. By analyzing the results of testing the correctness and completeness of framework is proved. (Journal of American Science. 2010;6(12):164-173). (ISSN: 1545-1003).
Sprouty 2, an Inhibitor of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling, Is Down-Regulated in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2006)

The Sprouty proteins are increasingly being recognized to be deregulated in various types of cancers. This deregulation is often associated with aberrant signaling of receptor tyrosine kinases and its downstream effectors, leading to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In human hepatocellular carcinoma, where the MAPK activity is enhanced via multiple hepatocarcinogenic factors, we observed a consistent reduced expression of the sprouty 2 (Spry2) transcript and protein in malignant hepatocytes compared with normal or cirrhotic hepatocytes. The expression pattern of Spry2 in hepatocellular carcinoma resembles that of several potential tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinoma and also that of several angiogenic factors and growth factor receptors. In contrast to previous studies of Spry2 down-regulation in other cancers, we have ruled out loss of heterozygosity or the methylation of promoter sites, two common mechanisms responsible for the silencing of genes with tumor suppressor properties. Functionally, we show that Spry2 inhibits both extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling as well as proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, whereas knocking down Spry2 levels in NIH3T3 cells causes mild transformation. Our study clearly indicates a role for Spry2 in hepatocellular carcinoma, and an understanding of the regulatory controls of its expression could provide new means of regulating the angiogenic switch in this hypervascular tumor, thereby potentially controlling tumor growth.
Forming, negative resistance, and dead-time effects in thin films of CaBr2 (1974)

Vacuum-deposited Au–CaBr2–Au thin film sandwich structures undergo a forming process when a de voltage of 4.5 to 7.5 V is applied. Prior to forming, very high current levels are drawn, possibly due to the presence of absorbed water vapour in the hygroscopic CaBr2 layer. After forming, the samples show a negative resistance region in the current-voltage characteristic, and electron emission is observed. In contrast with similar widely reported SiOx samples, the current-voltage characteristic of CaBr2 samples is not immediately reversible and depends on the maximum voltage level of the previous characteristic. Les structures en forme de couches minces de Au–CaBr2–Au préparées par évaporation dans le vide montrent l'évidence de formation électrique si l'on applique une tension directe de 4,5 à 7,5 V. Avant la formation, les grands courants électriques passent, possiblement comme conséquence de l'eau absorbée dans la couche mince hygroscopique de CaBr2. Aprés la formation, les spéciménes montrent une région de résistance négative et l'émission des électrons dans le vide est observée. Par comparaison avec les résultats pour des spécimènes de SiOx, la caractéristique tension-courant des spécimènes de CaBr2 ne se renverse pas immédiatement mais le courant résulte de la tension appliquée pour observer la caractéristique précedente.
Soil Water Content Determination by Karl Fischer Titration (1998)

Abstract Karl Fischer (KF) titration is a specific analysis for water content. We hypothesized that it may be useful in soils where volatiles besides water are present, since oven drying (OD) determines total volatile components, not water content specifically. We examined KF titration as a technique for soil water content determination. Two soils (a quartz sand separate and Barnes loam [fine‐loamy, mixed Udic Haploboroll]) were prepared with varying known amounts of water (0–240 g kg −1 ) and a non‐aqueous‐phase liquid (NAPL), either octane or toluene (0–128 g kg −1 ), then analyzed for water content using both the OD and KF methods. The experimental matrix included all six possible combinations of two soils × three liquids. Soil water contents determined by the calibrated KF method ( w c ) compared favorably to those determined by OD ( w o ). Slopes for the six w c vs. w o regressions ranged from 0.980 to 1.009 while intercepts ranged from −0.6 to 7.8 g kg −1 . Mean r 2 was 0.97 with a range of 0.93 to 0.99. The sand with octane and sand with toluene mixtures had intercepts of 6.1 ± 2.5 and 7.8 ± 5.4 g kg −1 (95% confidence intervals), respectively. All other intercept confidence intervals included zero. Plots of the data show essentially a 1:1 correspondence of w c to w o . Variability was greater when toluene was present, possibly because of toluene's higher vapor pressure.
A linearized potential equation for the interfacial region in an unsymmetrical electrolyte (1972)

The fluctuation potential at an ion in a diffuse interfacial region is investigated, the ion being considered as a dielectric sphere with a point-charge at the centre and a concentric exclusion sphere within which other ion centres cannot penetrate. The fluctuation contribution to the potential of mean force proves to be the sum of a cavity term, due to displacement of mean diffuse region charge by the ionic volume, and a term due to the point charge at the ionic centre, the latter containing the most important image effect. A linearized mean potential equation for a general electrolyte type is derived. The effect on the fluctuation terms of the deviation of ionic concentrations from bulk values, resulting in a local Debye-Hückel constant different from its bulk value, and the excluded volume effect are incorporated. For a symmetrical electrolyte all terms except those due to the mean and cavity potentials cancel in the linearized equation. This is not true for an unsymmetrical electrolyte where the deviation from bulk values of local ionic concentrations has a strong effect in the particular case of a point-ion model. However, at small concentrations of 2-1 electrolyte with a non-zero exclusion radius, results are found that are considerably closer to those of the elementary theory, with the local Debye-Hückel constant given the bulk value. In suitable circumstances results close to the classical theory are obtained. At larger electrolyte concentrations ‘instability’ occurs and the mean potential oscillates instead of exponentially decreasing. Instability conditions for unsymmetrical electrolytes are formulated, numerical results being obtained for the 2-1 case and compared with results derived from Outhwaite's work for symmetrical electrolytes.
Audio Error Concealment Based on Wavelet Decomposition and Reconstruction (2012)

The algorithm of wavelet decomposition and reconstruction are applied in the audio error concealment method in this paper. When there is lost frame of the audio signal, the correct frames which lie before and after the lost frame are wavelet decomposed firstly. Then the two sets of the wavelet coefficients obtained from the wavelet decomposition are utilized to get the wavelet coefficients for the lost frame. Finally the concealment of the lost frame is completed by the wavelet coefficients reconstruction. Comparing to the performance of the traditional audio concealment algorithm, the proposed method is better for audio frame reconstruction.
Sildenafil for Pulmonary Hypertension (2005)

Overall, sildenafil is a promising and well-tolerated agent for management of pulmonary hypertension. Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish its place in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Cell type‐specific methylation profiles occurring disproportionately in CpG‐less regions that delineate developmental similarity (2007)

Our previous studies using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) defined tissue- or cell-specific DNA methylation profiles. It remains to be determined whether the DNA sequence compositions in the genomic contexts of the NotI loci tested by RLGS influence their tendency to change with differentiation. We carried out 3834 methylation measurements consisting of 213 NotI loci in the mouse genome in 18 different tissues and cell types, using quantitative real-time PCR based on a Virtual image rlgs database. Loci were categorized as CpG islands or other, and as unique or repetitive sequences, each category being associated with a variety of methylation categories. Strikingly, the tissue-dependently and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) were disproportionately distributed in the non-CpG island loci. These loci were located not only in 5'-upstream regions of genes but also in intronic and non-genic regions. Hierarchical clustering of the methylation profiles could be used to define developmental similarity and cellular phenotypes. The results show that distinctive tissue- and cell type-specific methylation profiles by RLGS occur mostly at NotI sites located at non-CpG island sequences, which delineate developmental similarity of different cell types. The finding indicates the power of NotI methylation profiles in evaluating the relatedness of different cell types.
Trace Gas Detection Utilizing Optical Spectroscopy of Microresonant Cavities (2007)

Trace gas detection is attempted by using spherical and disk-shaped microresonant optical cavities. Several different experimental configurations were examined: waveguide and disk, waveguide and sphere, and etched fiber and sphere. The etched fiber and sphere setup proved to be the simplest to align and couple significant amounts of input radiation into the resonant modes of the cavity. A 300 micron sphere coupled to a tapered bare optical fiber created a microresonant mode with a freespectral range of 1.25nm, a bandwidth of 700 MHz, and an optical Q factor of 3x10. Cavity ringdown measurements were also attempted near 1516.3nm.
High performance resistive EHF mixers using InGaAs HEMTs (2003)

The design, fabrication, and testing of a hybrid and a monolithic single-balanced EHF mixer are presented. Very low mixer intermodulation distortion was achieved using a 0.2- mu m*160- mu m pseudomorphic InGaAs high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) biased in the resistive mode. Both mixers show similar excellent measured performance. Mixer conversion loss over the 26-29 GHz RF frequency band is about 7-9 dB for DC to 2 GHz IF (intermediate frequency) frequencies. With an LO (local oscillator) power of +13 dBm, the measured input two-tone third-order intercept point is higher than +24 dBm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Compensation for the Variable Cyclic Error in Homodyne Laser Interferometers (2015)

This paper presents a real-time method to compensate for the variable cyclic error in a homodyne laser interferometer. The parameters describing the quadrature signals of the interferometer are estimated using simple peak value detectors. The cyclic error in the homodyne laser interferometer was then corrected through simple arithmetic calculations of the quadrature signals. A field programmable gate array was utilized for the real-time compensation of the cyclic error in a homodyne laser interferometer. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the proposed method could provide a cyclic error that was fixed without compensation down to a value under 0.6 nm in a homodyne laser interferometer. The proposed method could also reduce the time-varying cyclic error to a value under 0.6 nm in a homodyne laser interferometer, in contrast to the equivalent value of 13.3 nm for a conventional elliptical fitting method.
The molecular basis for metameric pattern in the <i>Drosophila</i> embryo (1987)

The metameric organization of the Drosophila embryo is generated in the first 5 h after fertilization. An initially rather simple pattern provides the foundation for subsequent development and diversification of the segmented part of the body. Many of the genes that control the formation of this pattern have been identified and at least twenty have been cloned. By combining the techniques of genetics, molecular biology and experimental embryology, it is becoming possible to unravel the role played by each of these genes. The repeating segment pattern is defined by the persistent expression of engrailed and of other genes of the 'segment polarity' class. The establishment of this pattern is directed by a transient molecular prepattern that is generated in the blastoderm by the activity of the 'pair-rule' genes. Maternal determinants at the poles of the egg coordinate this prepattern and define the anteroposterior sequence of pattern elements. The primary effect of these determinants is not known, but genes required for their production have been identified and the product of one of these, bicoid is known to be localized at the anterior of the egg. One early consequence of their activity is to define domains along the A-P axis within which a series of 'cardinal' genes are transcribed. The activity of the cardinal genes is required both to coordinate the process of segmentation and to define the early domains of homeotic gene expression. Further interactions between the homeotic genes and other classes of segmentation genes refine the initial establishment of segment identities.
Wave-Vector-Dependent Temperature Behavior of Empty Bands in Ferromagnetic Iron (1984)

We report on the experimental study of the behavior of unoccupied exchange-split bands in ferromagnets on approaching the Curie temperature. Using spin-polarized isochromat spectroscopy, we observe minority and majority states near the $H$ point in bcc Fe to merge together with increasing temperature, providing evidence for a "collapsing" band state. The flat minority band, generating most of the empty density of states, is sampled at two other points in $k$ space by use of different crystal surfaces. At these locations the position of the peak remains unchanged, indicating the existence of "noncollapsing" band states.
Infection with <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non‐obese diabetic mice (1999)

The spontaneous development of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice has been shown to be mediated by a Th1 response against beta cell antigens. It is known that in murine models of Schistosoma mansoni infection, egg production is associated with a switch from a Th1 to Th2 response. This subsequent dominance of a Th2 response in S.mansoni infected mice has been shown to influence the response to other infectious agents or antigens. We therefore determined whether infection with S.mansoni could influence the spontaneous incidence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in NOD mice. Infection with this helminth significantly reduced the spontaneous incidence of IDDM. IDDM was also prevented by injecting parasite eggs alone. Because until relatively recently humans might expect to succumb to a variety of infectious agents, the current freedom from infection might permit the expression of a genetic predisposition to autoimmune pathology and be responsible for the increased incidence of IDDM.
Data-Dependent Delays as a Barrier Against Power Attacks (2015)

Power analysis attacks utilize the correlation between the dissipated power and the processed data. Although the instantaneous power dissipation contains information it cannot be exploited without full reverse engineering. This article explores data-dependent instantaneous (intra-cycle) power dissipation and shows that it can be used as additional source of randomness that can be utilized as a barrier against power analysis attacks. Noiseless circuit simulations conducted on 65 nm standard CMOS and standard-cell-based dual-rail SBOXs show that large data-dependent variance in propagation delays enhance the immunity of the circuits.
Air-Side Heat Transfer Enhancement Utilizing Design Optimization and an Additive Manufacturing Technique (2016)

This paper focuses on the study of an innovative manifold microchannel design for air-side heat transfer enhancement that uses additive manufacturing (AM) technology. A numerical-based multi-objective optimization was performed to maximize the coefficient of performance and gravimetric heat transfer density (Q/MΔT) of air–water heat exchanger designs that incorporate either manifold-microchannel or conventional surfaces for air-side heat transfer enhancement. Performance comparisons between the manifold-microchannel and conventional heat exchangers studied under the current work show that the design based on the manifold-microchannel in conjunction with additive manufacturing promises to push the performance substantially beyond that of conventional technologies. Different scenarios based on manufacturing constraints were considered to study the effect of such constraints on the heat exchanger performance. The results clearly demonstrate that the AM-enabled complex design of the fins and manifolds can significantly improve the overall performance, based on the criteria described in this paper. Based on the current manufacturing limit, up to nearly 60% increase in gravimetric heat transfer density is possible for the manifold-microchannel heat exchanger compared to a wavy-fin heat exchanger. If the manufacturing limit (fin thickness and manifold width) can be reduced even further, an even larger improvement is possible.
Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis (2002)

Severe collagen vascular diseases can be partially controlled be conventional immunosuppressive drugs, particularly corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents, including methotreate and cyclophosphamide. In a minority of patients these diseases, the disease progression is relentless in despite aggressive use of chemotherapy. Within the last few years there has been considerable interest in using high dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation to treat severe autoimmune diseases. For the last three years we have had an active protocol for autologous stem cell transplantation to treat severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE). During this period 19 patients were evaluated for stem cell transplantation. One patient, a woman with severe SLE with renal involvement was eligible and received autologous stern cell transplantation. She is without evidence of active disease in excess of three years from her transplant. A second eligible patient died of complications of treatment three weeks after transplant. The remaining patients did not meet protocol criteria.