gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of microscopical methods for determining refractive index by immersion (1935)

The accuracy of the immersion m ethods used in petrography for determining refractive indices is limited by the sensitivity of the criteri on of match. In a series of tests, the sensitivity of three m ethods of ascertaining match was investigated as a function of objective aperture and size and shape of particle. The followin g data will illustrate the way in which experimental det a ils, represented in the literatu re as equally good, can influence the accura cy of a res ult. A single determination of the refractive index of potassium alum has a proba ble error originating in the cri terion of match which is as small as 0.00008 when the d oublediaphragm method and an obj ective, 3.2 X, N.A. 0.11, arc employed, or as large as 0.00104 with central illumination and an object ive, 45 X , N .A. 0.85. The similar error w ith potassium chloride ranges between 0.00014 and 0.00125, d epending upon conditions. All methods are more sensitive with objectives of low numerical aperture.
Characterization of melanogenesis and morphogenesis of melanosomes by physicochemical properties of melanin and melanosomes in malignant melanoma. (1984)

This study elucidates the nature of melanogenesis in B16 and Harding-Passey (HP) mouse melanomas producing melanin and melanosomes of different color and fine structure, i.e., brown-black eumelanosome-like B16 granules and reddish brown pheomelanosome-like HP granules, and compares them with "typical" 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and sepia eumelanins and sepia eumelanosomes. The melanin content of B16 melanosomes was more than three times higher than that of HP melanosomes. The content of free and protein-bound DOPA and 5-S-cysteinyldopa varied greatly in B16, HP, and sepia melanosomes and was unrelated to melanin content. Chemical analysis of the eumelanin: pheomelanin ratio in melanosomes and elemental analysis of isolated melanin showed that B16 and HP melanins are primarily eumelanic, with a higher ratio of pheomelanic component in HP melanin. The spectra of electron spin resonance and IR and X-ray small-angle scattering of B16 and HP melanins were basically similar to those of sepia and DOPA melanins. B16, HP, and DOPA melanins were dissolved in aqueous NH3, while sepia melanin was dissolved to a far lesser extent. It was concluded that both B16 and HP melanomas are primarily involved in eumelanogenesis, although the fine structure of their melanosomes is entirely different, and that the marked color difference in the two melanosomes is related to a difference in the absolute content of eumelanin, the presence of a small amount of pheomelanin, and the mode of chemical bindings of melanin to structural proteins. In contrast to normal skin and hair, melanosome morphogenesis may not directly correspond to melanogenesis type in malignant melanoma.
Fabrication of Enhancement-Mode AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs by Using Fluorinated $ \hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ as Gate Dielectrics (2011)

High-performance enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor HEMTs (MISHEMTs) were realized by using fluorinated Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> thin films as gate dielectrics. The depth profile of Fluoride atoms determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the fluorine (F) ions were incorporated into the surface (approximately 2 nm) of the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> gate dielectrics. With proper amount of F-ion incorporation, the threshold voltage of MISHEMTs shifted from - 4.8 to 0.11 V, converting depletion-mode (D-mode) MISHEMTs to E-mode ones. The E-mode MISHEMTs exhibited high performances including a high transconductance value of 153 mS/mm and a large saturated drain-current value <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> of 547 mA/mm. This paves a new way to fabricate E-mode AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs and allows the monolithic integration of E/D-mode MISHEMTs for analog integrated circuits.
High-throughput Automated Image Processing System for Cell Array Observations (2007)

In many cases of biological observations such as cell array, DNA micro-array or tissue microscopy, primary data are obtained as photographs. Specialized processing methods are needed for each kind of photographs because they have very wide variety, and often needed automated systems for modern high-throughput observations. We developed a fully-automated image processing system for cell array, high-throughput time series observation system for living cells, to evaluate gene expression levels and phenotype changes in time of each cell.
Breast Cancer: Introduction (2002)

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California Correspondence: William H. Hindle, MD, 2389–3E Via Mariposa West, Laguna Woods, CA 92653. E-mail: [email protected]
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2017)

Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Per journal style, most nonstandard abbreviations must be used at least two times in the abstract to be retained; NTF was used once and thus has been deleted. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials. Stem Cells 2017;35:1867-1880.
Sharing multimedia content with interactive public displays (2004)

Plasma Posters are large screen, digital, interactive poster-boards situated in public spaces, designed to facilitate informal content sharing within teams, groups, organizations and communities. While interest i interactive community poster boards has grown recently, few successful examples have been reported. In this paper we describe an ongoing installation of Plasma Posters within our organization, and report qualitative and quantitative data from 20 months of use showing the Posters have become an integral part of information sharing, complementing email and Web-based sharing. Success factors include our design process, the reliability and flexibility of the technology and the social setting of our organization. We briefly describe three external installations of the Plasma Poster Network in public places. We then reflect on content posting as "information staging" and the ways in which the public space itself becomes part of the "interface" to content.
Introduction to Applied Statistical Signal Analysis: Guide to Biomedical and Electrical Engineering Applications (2006)

Introduction to Applied Statistical Signal Analysis is designed for the experienced individual with a basic background in mathematics, science, and computer. With this predisposed knowledge, the reader will coast through the practical introduction and move on to signal analysis techniques, commonly used in a broad range of engineering areas such as biomedical engineering, communications, geophysics, and speech. Introduction to Applied Statistical Signal Analysis intertwines theory and implementation with practical examples and exercises. Topics presented in detail include: mathematical bases, requirements for estimation and detailed quantitative examples for implementing techniques for classical signal analysis. This book will help readers understand real-world applications of signal analysis as they relate to biomedical engineering. The presentation style is designed for the upper level undergraduate or graduate student who needs a theoretical introduction to the basic principles of statistical modeling and the knowledge to implement them practically. Accompanied by MATLAB notebooks that provide an interactive mode of learning which can be utilized by professors or independent learners, available from the Companion website. Includes over one hundred worked problems and real world applications. Many of the examples and exercises in the book use measured signals, many from the biomedical domain. Copies of these are available for download from the Companion website. Please visit http://books.elsevier.com/companions/9780120885817 to access accompanying material
Achieving bipedal locomotion on rough terrain through human-inspired control (2012)

This paper presents a method for achieving robotic walking on rough terrain through Human-Inspired Control. This control methodology uses human data to achieve human like walking in robots by considering outputs that appear to be indicative of walking, and using nonlinear control methods to track a set of functions called Canonical Walking Functions (CWF). While this method has proven successful on a specific well-defined terrain, rough terrain walking is achieved by dynamically changing the CWF that the robot outputs should track at every step. To make the computation more tractable Extended Canonical Walking Functions (ECWF) are used to generate these desired functions instead of CWF. The state of the robot, after every non-stance foot strike, is actively sensed and a new CWF is constructed to ensure Hybrid Zero Dynamics is respected for the next step. Finally, the technique developed is implemented on different terrains in simulation. The same technique is adopted experimentally on the bipedal robot AMBER and tested on sinusoidal terrain. Experimental results show how the walking gait morphs based upon the terrain, thereby justifying the theory applied.
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-induced Activation of Diacylglycerol Kinase-ζ and Its Association with Active c-Src (2004)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced receptor activation has been demonstrated to entrain a wide variety of signaling modalities. Most signaling pathways are concerned with the control of serine, threonine, or tyrosine-protein kinases, however, in the current article we demonstrate that in both a model cell line and in gonadotropes, GnRH additionally mediates the activation of lipid-directed kinases. We have shown that there is a functional connection between protein-tyrosine kinase modulation and lipid kinase activation. In HEK293 cells stably expressing the Type I mammalian GnRH receptor, we employed a proteomic approach to identify novel protein binding partners for GnRH-activated c-Src. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry we identified a GnRH-induced association between c-Src and the lipid kinase, diacylglycerol kinase-zeta (DGK-zeta). Using reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation we show that there is a significant elevation of the association between catalytically active c-Src with DGK-zeta in both HEK293 cells and murine gonadotrope LbetaT2 cells. Employing lipid kinase assays we have shown that the catalytic activity of DGK-zeta is significantly heightened in both HEK293 and LbetaT2 cells by GnRH. In addition, we demonstrate that the activation of DGK-zeta exerts a functional role in the murine gonadotrope LbetaT2 cell line. Elevated expression of DGK-zeta resulted in a shortening of the time scale of ERK activation in these cells suggesting a potential role of endogenous DGK-zeta in controlling the induction of LHbeta transcription by ERK1/2.
Designing Experiments for Model Identification of the Nitrification Process (1991)

A series of batch tests were performed to study the competition for oxygen by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter in the nitrification of ammonia in activated sludge. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and dynamic (compartment) models describing the process are proposed and tested. The OUR model is described by a Monod relationship and the biogradation process by a set of first order nonlinear differential equations with variable coefficients. The results show a mechanistic model and ten reaction rates are sufficient to capture the interactive behavior of the nitrification process. Methods for model specification, calibrating, and testing the model and the design of additional experiments are described.
Spontaneous Cessation of Friend Murine Leukemia Virus Production by Leukemia Cell Line Y57: Overgrowth by Nonproducer Cells (1980)

Cell line Y57, obtained from a (C57BL/10 X A.BY)F1 mouse made leukemic with Friend virus complex (FV), spontaneously ceased FV production in vitro after 20 passages. By limiting dilution cloning, the incidence of non-virus-producing cells was found to increase with sequential passage. Nonproducer cells apparently arose spontaneously and were able to increase in number relative to producer cells because the growth rate of nonproducer cells was more rapid than the rate at which virus could reinfect them. Nonproducer clones all contained the defective spleen focus-forming virus in a latent but rescuable form but showed defects in helper virus env and gag gene product synthesis. Stable long-term virus-producing clones were obtained both by cloning at early in vitro passages or by cloning immediately after reinfection of nonproducer cells with FV.
Proinflammatory Cytokines Stimulate Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro and In Situ (2013)

The superoxide flash response to proinflammatory cytokine stimulation in vitro and in situ suggests that chondrocyte mitochondria are a significant source of cellular oxidants and are an important previously under-appreciated mediator in inflammatory cartilage diseases.
Observations of particle layers levitated in a radio-frequency sputtering plasma (1994)

Submicron carbon particles are grown in an argon radio-frequency (rf) sputtering plasma with graphite electrodes. In situ laser light scattering revealed particles levitated in the plasma in stratified layers, which were often thinner than 0.5 mm. Under some conditions, the number of layers was very large. These layers are grouped into clouds. In a pure argon plasma, there is one cloud near the sheath edge above the lower electrode, while adding SF6 results in additional particle clouds near the upper electrode and in the glow region. The different layers appear to separate particles according to size, with the heaviest in the lowest layer. During several hours of plasma operation, the layers collapsed and grew again into more stratified layers. The influence of parameters, such as gas pressure, rf power, electrode separation, and gas mixture was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles were multisized spheres with a cauliflowerlike surface. Some of the particles were found to be coagulated, due to collisions within the plasma.
Effect of block composition on thermal properties and melt viscosity of poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) block co-polymers (2011)

To modify the rheological properties of certain commercial polymers, a set of block copolymers were synthesized through oxyanionic polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate to the chain ends of commercial prepolymers, namely poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO). The formed block copolymers were analysed with size exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to confirm block formation. Thermal characterization of the resulting polymers was done with differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal transition points were also confirmed with rotational rheometry, which was primarily used to measure melt strength properties of the resulting block co-polymers. It was observed that the synthesised poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-block (PDM) affected slightly the thermal transition points of crystalline PEO-block but the influence was stronger on amorphous PPO-blocks. Frequency sweeps measured above the melting temperatures for the materials confirmed that the pre-polymers (PEO and PEO-PPO-PEO) behave as Newtonian fluids whereas polymers with a PDM block structure exhibit clear shear thinning behaviour. In addition, the PDM block increased the melt viscosity when compared with that one of the pre-polymer. As a final result, it became obvious that pre-polymers modified with PDM were in entangled form, in the melted state as well in the solidified form.
Rhodopsin and phototransduction: a model system for G protein‐linked receptors (1992)

Rhodopsin is the photoreceptor protein in rod cells of the vertebrate retina and the first member of the class of G protein-coupled receptors for which the amino acid sequence was determined. Rhodopsin is available in greater quantities than any other receptor of its class and therefore has been studied biochemically and biophysically by methods difficult or impossible to apply to its fellow receptors. Such studies support a model in which rhodopsin consists of seven transmembrane helices that form a binding pocket for its ligand, 11-cis retinal. Insights into the structure and function of rhodopsin serve as a model for understanding the structure and function of other members of the receptor class. Rhodopsin undergoes a change in conformation upon photoexcitation and activates a G protein, transducin, and is phosphorylated by a receptor-specific kinase, rhodopsin kinase. The phosphorylated photoactivated rhodopsin is bound by arrestin, thereby terminating activity of the receptor in the signal transduction process. These auxiliary proteins that function with rhodopsin on rod cells serve as models for understanding how other members of the receptor family may function in conjunction with other G proteins, kinases, and arrestin-like proteins.
Pilot scale struvite recovery trials from a full-scale anaerobic digester supernatant at the City of Penticton Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (2009)

Pilot-testing of a fluidized bed reactor used to recover phosphate in the form of struvite from a full-scale anaerobic digester supernatant was conducted on site, at the City of Penticton Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWWTP). The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the reactor, developed by the UBC phosphate recovery team, to remove at least 70 % of the phosphate in the supernatant from a full-scale digester fed with a combination of primary and secondary sludge, from a biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plant. Results showed that the reactor was capable of removing over 80 % of the phosphate from the digester supernatant. The operation of the reactor could easily be controlled to achieve any desired level of phosphorus removal up to 90%. Reactor operation was relatively trouble free after an initial commissioning period. By the end of the experiment, it was possible to leave the reactor unattended for periods of up to 5 days without incident. Analysis of the recovered struvite crystals showed essentially pure struvite (>99 % by weight) with small amounts of calcium (<0.5 % by weight) and traces of potassium and iron. The recovered crystals had mean diameters increasing from 0.5 to 1.8 mm over the course of the study. This increasing diameter is believed to be due to changes in the crystal structure that caused them to become stronger over the course of the study. The causes of this change in crystal structure remain unknown, and require further investigation. A model was developed which was able to predict the effluent quality of the reactor based on the concentrations of magnesium, ammonia and phosphate in the reactor influent and the operating pH of the reactor. The model is based on the assumptions that the reactor effluent is at equilibrium with respect to struvite, and that magnesium, ammonia and phosphate are removed in equimolar amounts. The system equilibrium was described by an equilibrium conditional solubility product curve, developed for a sample of digester supernatant taken during the study Phosphate release from the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge was found to be 13% of the total phosphorus load to the treatment plant, when digesting only 40% of the secondary sludge, significantly lower than predicted in a previous study (Niedbala, 1995). This is probably due to the recent practice of discharging aluminum-rich sludge from the city drinking water treatment plant to the wastewater treatment plant. Changing this practice could result in the production of significantly greater masses of product at similar costs, thus increasing the economic viability of the process. Further studies at larger scale and of longer duration would be required to determine the steady state struvite product qualities produced by this process. The market that the product will target will also be important in order to produce a desirable and profitable product.
Impact of surfaces on the optical properties of GaAs nanowires (2010)

The effect of surfaces on the optical properties of GaAs nanowires is evidenced by comparing nanowires with or without an AlGaAs capping shell as a function of the diameter. We find that the optical properties of unpassivated nanowires are governed by Fermi-level pinning, whereas, the optical properties of passivated nanowires are mainly governed by surface recombinations. Finally, we measure a surface recombination velocity of 3×103 cm s−1 one order of magnitude lower than values previously reported for {110} GaAs surfaces. These results will serve as guidance for the application of nanowires in solar cell and light emitting devices.
CORONARY VASOCONSTRICTION BY LOCALLY ADMINISTERED ACETYLCHOLINE, CARBACHOL AND BETHANECHOL IN ISOLATED, DONOR‐PERFUSED, RAT HEARTS (1980)

1 Experiments were carried out on rat isolated heart preparations in which the coronary vasculature was perfused through the aorta at a constant flow rate with arterial blood from donor animals. Single doses of drugs were injected into the aortic cannula. 2 Small doses of acetylcholine, carbachol or bethanechol decreased perfusion pressure (PP) without markedly affecting left ventricular pressure (LVP) and heart rate (HR); larger doses of these drugs increased PP (vasoconstriction), and decreased LVP and HR in a dose-dependent manner. 3 Acetylcholine, carbachol and bethanechol had almost no effects when perfused through the aorta in such a way as to exclude the coronary vessels. 4 Coronary vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine, carbachol and bethanechol was not significantly affected by reserpine pretreatment, phentolamine or hexamethonium, but was antagonized by small doses of atropine. 5 From these results it is concluded that in the coronary vasculature of the rat, the receptors involved in the vasoconstrictor actions of acetylcholine carbachol and bethanechol are muscarinic.