gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fresnel phase plate lenses for through-wafer optical interconnections (1987)

While the advantages of optical over electrical interconnects for conventional 2-D VLSI and wafer-scaleintegrated (WSI) circuits have not been clearly demonstrated, for 3-D interconnection structures such as those necessary for stacked wafer and similar architectures, the trade-off between using optical or electrical methods for vertical links is not straightforward. Current work on fabricating a through-wafer optical interconnect within a hybrid-WSI environment is motivated by the need to obtain experimental data on the overall performance of an optical interconnect so that this trade-off can be clarified inthe case of hybrid-WSI and in the general case at least more well defined. This paper details the design and fabrication of SiO(2) Fresnel phase plate lens arrays for use in the experimental 1.3-microm wavelength through-wafer optical interconnects to be constructed. These 0.8-N.A. lenses have submicron minimum linewidths and are VLSI process compatible. Preliminary results are presented indicating that, with the use of these lens arrays, vertical optical interconnect densities comparable with that of on chip bonding pads ( approximately 250-microm pitch) are obtainable within these architectures.
Synthesis and Properties of Iron(II) Hydride Complexes Containing the Tripodal Tetraphosphine Ligand P(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>PMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (1997)

The preparation and characterization of iron(II) hydride complexes containing the tripodal tetraphosphine ligand tris[2-(dimethylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine, P(CH(2)CH(2)PMe(2))(3) (PP(3)), 1, are reported. Dissolution of the chloro hydride complex FeHCl(PP(3)), 2, in methanol affords an equilibrium mixture of 2 and the methoxy hydrido complex FeH(OMe)(PP(3)), 3. Reaction of a methanol solution containing 2 and 3 with anionic or neutral ligands affords the corresponding hydrido complexes: reaction with NaBr affords FeHBr(PP(3)), 4; reaction with NaI affords FeHI(PP(3)), 5; reaction with NaN(3) affords FeHN(3)(PP(3)), 6; reaction with CO affords [FeH(CO)(PP(3))](+), 7; reaction with N(2) affords [FeH(N(2))(PP(3))](+), 8; and reaction with PPh(3) affords [FeHPPh(3)(PP(3))](+), 9. In some cases, further reaction of the product iron hydride complexes is observed. Reaction of FeHN(3)(PP(3)), 6, with NaN(3) for an extended period affords Fe(N(3))(2)(PP(3)), 10. On standing in solution, [FeH(N(2))(PP(3))](+), 8, is converted to the dinitrogen-bridged complex [FeH(PP(3))N&tbd1;NFeH(PP(3))](2+), 11. The carbonyl hydride complex 7 and the dinitrogen hydride complex 8 can be deprotonated to give the neutral iron(0) complexes Fe(CO)(PP(3)), 12, and Fe(N(2))(PP(3)), 13, respectively. The air-sensitive complexes 4-13 were characterized, by multinuclear NMR, IR, Raman, and mass spectroscopy and by elemental analysis.
Engineering the Formation of Secondary Building Blocks within Hollow Interiors (2012)

Secondary building blocks within the cavities of primary silica-architecture building blocks are successfully engineered. The immobilized surfactant directs the selective dissolution and reassembly of dissolved silicate species for the formation of secondary building blocks (hollow nanospheres/nanorods; see figure). Supported TiO(2) on nanostructures with multilevel interiors is shown to exhibit significantly enhanced activity in photocatalytic H(2) production.
Phase adjustment of large antennas (1961)

A technique is described for adjustment of phase paths within large antenna arrays or paraboloidal surfaces which are now in use, or are planned, for radio astronomy. After large paraboloids have been constructed, they suffer distortions which are very difficult to investigate and for which photogrammetry, millimeterwave radar and optical survey have been suggested. A new suggestion, based on experiment at Stanford with phase measurement of long paths, is to place modulated gas discharge tubes, acting as scatterers, at various points on the paraboloidal surface and to monitor the phase path from a signal generator through the feed at the focus to each discharge tube in turn, and back. By means of a second probe, say a dipole situated at the vertex of the paraboloid, it is possible to triangulate on deflections. The feasibility of this scheme has been established in connection with the large Stanford cross antenna which has an aperture of 1339 wavelengths at 9.1 cm. The phase of the modulated reflected wave produced by the discharge tube is determined by adding it to a reference continuous wave of large amplitude and applying the resultant to a receiver sensitive to the modulating frequency. A null is obtained when the two waves are in quadrature. The coherent detection system allows measurement of the phase of the modulated reflection even when its amplitude is below -130 dbm. Using a 10-mw <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> -band signal generator, no difficulty was found in detecting the reflection from a small discharge tube placed 100 feet away from a 3 by 4 inch horn, which is sufficient range for applying the method to large paraboloids.
Electron temperature and plasma density of capacitive rf-discharges in noble gases (1992)

Electrical discharges in He, Ne, Ar, and Kr at medium pressure (density of neutral atoms from 1021 to 1023 m−3), sustained by an rf electric field of 27.12 MHz, are investigated. Electron temperature and plasma density were measured with a Langmuir probe at 8, 13, and 20 W total discharge power. The plasma density was found to increase with the input power, whereas the electron temperature depends only weakly on the input power.
Living/controlled polymerization of 4-methyl-1-pentene with α-diimine nickel-diethylaluminium chloride: effect of alkylaluminium cocatalysts (2011)

4-Methyl-1-pentene (4MP) was polymerized with a classical α-diimine nickel complex [(2,6-(iPr)2C6H3)NC(acenaphthene)CN(2,6-(iPr)2C6H3))NiBr21] in the presence of various alkylaluminium compounds. Influences of cocatalysts on 4MP polymerization behavior were evaluated in detail. The different effects of trialkylaluminium cocatalysts between ethylene polymerization and 4-methyl-1-pentene polymerization were observed. Inexpensive diethylaluminium chloride (DEAC) compound could replace methylaluminoxane (MAO) as a more active cocatalyst for 4MP polymerization, and the influences of polymerization parameters including temperature and [Al]/[Ni] mole ratio were examined. At 0 °C, living/controlled polymerization of 4-methyl-1-pentene (4MP) was also achieved using inexpensive DEAC as cocatalyst, and trialkylaluminium compounds as chain transfer agents were closely relevant to achieve living/controlled polymerization. The obtained poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)s are amorphous elastomers with low glass transition temperature (Tg). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses showed that various branches such as methyl, isobutyl, long 2-methylalkyl branches are present in the polymer.
사회과 갈등해결교육 모형으로서의 또래 조정 모형에 대한 고찰 (2007)

이 논문은 갈등해결교육 모형 중 또래 조정 모형을 소개하고, 이것을 한국의 사회과 교육 현장에 어떻게 적용할 수 있을지 고찰함으로써, 사회과에서 갈등해결교육이 활성화되기 위한 시사점을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 갈등의 본질 및 갈등해결교육의 특징에 대해 간단히 고찰하고, 사회과에서 갈등해결교육이 지니는 의미 및 기존의 갈등해결교육 관련 모형이 어떤 한계를 지니는지 살펴본 후, 대안적 분쟁 해결방식으로서의 또래 조정 모형을 소개하고, 그 적용방안에 대해 고찰하였다. 민주주의 사회에서 갈등은 필연적으로 증가할 수밖에 없기 때문에 사회과의 주요 내용 영역으로 갈등 문제와 그 해결방법을 포함하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 또한 갈등해결교육은 사회과 교육을 통해 함양하고자 하는 문제해결능력, 의사소통능력 등의 향상을 위해 핵심적인 역할을 할 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 사회과 교육에서는 다양한 방식의 갈등해결교육을 사회과 교육과정 및 교수학습방법에 통합시키려는 노력이 미약했다. 또래 조정 모형은 청소년들 스스로 갈등을 해결해나가는 과정을 체험을 통해 배우도록 함으로써 근본적인 차원에서 분쟁을 해결하고 함께 살아가는 시민 정신을 기를 수 있다는 점에서 갈등해결교육의 유효한 대안 중 하나가 될 수 있을 것이다.
X-ray crystallographic studies on murine nerve growth factor (1990)

The largest and best characterised family of neurotrophic growth factors is that of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its relatives. In order to understand the relation of structure and function, we have undertaken X-ray analyses of murine NGF. The active component beta-NGF crystallises as hexagonal bipyramids that give good X-ray diffraction data using a synchrotron to 2.3A resolution. We have prepared several heavy atom derivatives that are being used in the method of multiple isomorphous replacement to solve the phase problem and determine the three-dimensional structure. We have also prepared crystals of the precursor, 7S NGF, which is a complex of three different subunits of composition alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2. We have collected X-ray data to 3A resolution on two crystal forms with related cell dimensions and orthorhombic spacegroups. Detailed analyses of the structures of NGF in these crystal forms, taken together with data on sequence and biological activity, should give clues concerning the role of the precursor complex in storage and assist the identification of the surface region involved in receptor binding.
Clinical utility of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children (2013)

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a cost-effective and rapid method for identifying Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). We investigated the utility of the LAMP assay in diagnosing MP pneumonia among children in a clinical setting. In this prospective study, the cause of community-acquired pneumonia was evaluated in 111 patients for whom MP was the suspected pathogen. All participants were patients at a city hospital in Japan between April 2012 and September 2012. Throat swabs for the LAMP assay were obtained at admission, and paired serum samples to measure antibody titres to MP by particle agglutination were obtained at admission and during convalescence. Overall, 45 of 111 (41 %) patients had a fourfold or greater increase in MP titres and received a diagnosis of MP pneumonia. Among them, 43 (96 %) patients (median age, 9 years) were positive on the LAMP assay and had a fourfold or greater increase in MP titres. The median interval from fever onset to collection of throat swabs was 7 days (range, 4-10 days). As compared with paired serum titres, the LAMP assay enabled quicker diagnosis of MP (median interval, 13 vs. 7 days), thereby allowing early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Displacement of a DNA binding protein by Dda helicase (2006)

Bacteriophage T4 Dda helicase has recently been shown to be active as a monomer for unwinding of short duplex oligonucleotides and for displacing streptavidin from 3'-biotinylated oligonucleotides. However, its activity for streptavidin displacement and DNA unwinding has been shown to increase as the number of Dda molecules bound to the substrate molecule increases. A substrate was designed to address the ability of Dda to displace DNA binding proteins. A DNA binding site for the Escherichia coli trp repressor was introduced into an oligonucleotide substrate for Dda helicase containing single-stranded overhang. Here we show that a Dda monomer is insufficient to displace the E.coli trp repressor from dsDNA under single turnover conditions, although the substrate is unwound and the repressor displaced when the single-stranded overhang is long enough to accommodate two Dda molecules. The quantity of product formed increases when the substrate is able to accommodate more than two Dda molecules. These results indicate that multiple Dda molecules act to displace DNA binding proteins in a manner that correlates with the DNA unwinding activity and streptavidin displacement activity. We suggest a cooperative inchworm model to describe the activities of Dda helicase.
Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction via adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (2010)

The adipocytokine adiponectin and its receptor (AdipoR) comprise a new receptor-ligand system that is involved in a variety of clinically important morbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin exerts a multitude of beneficial and tissue specific effects depending on its unique, tightly regulated multimerization behavior. Post-translational modifications are essential for the multimer assembly before secretion and protein stability in the circulation. AdipoR1 and 2 have been discovered as a new class of heptahelix receptors structurally and functionally distinct from G-protein-coupled receptors. Both AdipoRs bind adiponectin and the downstream signaling of both AdipoRs is mediated mainly by phosphorylation of AMPK and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, which influence the lipid and glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle and liver cells as well as inflammatory processes and vascular endothelial integrity. Several intracellular binding partners of the AdipoR N-terminus such as APPL1, CK2ß; and ERp46 have been identified and shown to control receptor signaling. Adiponectin has also been reported to modulate the dimerization and internalization of AdipoRs, which provides new insights into the molecular characteristics of this unusual receptor. The understanding of the functional mechanisms of adiponectin signal transduction is critical to benefit from the full therapeutic potential of the adiponectin-AdipoR system.
A Hes1‐based oscillator in cultured cells and its potential implications for the segmentation clock (2003)

During somitogenesis an oscillatory mechanism termed the "segmentation" clock generates periodic waves of gene expression, which translate into the periodic spatial pattern manifest as somites. The dynamic expression of the clock genes shares the same periodicity as somitogenesis. Notch signaling is believed to play a role in the segmentation clock mechanism. The paper by Hirata et al.(1) identifies a biological clock in cultured cells that is dependent upon the Notch target gene Hes1, and which shows a periodicity similar to that of the segmentation clock. This finding opens the possibility that the same oscillator mechanism might also operate in other tissues or cell types.
Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking protease II (1978)

Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium lacking protease II, an endoprotease with trypsin-like specificity, have been isolated. These mutants can be identified by using the chromogenic substrate N-methyl-N-p-toluenesulfonyl-L-lysine beta-naphthyl ester to screen colonies growing on agar for the presence of the enzyme. All of the mutations isolated map at locus tlp (typsin-like protease) which is cotransducible (approximately 1%) using phage P1 with tre (trehalose utilization) at approximately 58 min on the Salmonella map. Double mutants lacking both protease I and protease II have been constructed. These strains grew normally. They were able to degrade abnormal proteins and to carry out protein turnover during carbon starvation at the same rate as the wild type.
Two monoclonal antibodies to actin: One muscle selective and one generally reactive (1988)

Two IgG1, kappa monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against actin have been obtained from a fusion in which chicken gizzard actin was used as the immunogen. One Mab, designated B4, shows a preferential reactivity toward enteric smooth muscle actin but also cross-reacts with skeletal, cardiac, and aorta actins on the basis of immunoblots, ELISA assays, and indirect immunofluorescence. However, this antibody does not react with either cytoplasmic actin in any of these assay systems. A second Mab, designated C4, reacts with all six known vertebrate isoactins as well as Dictyostelium discoideum and Physarum polycephalum actins. Thus B4 Mab appears to react with an epitope that is at least partially shared among the muscle actins but not found in cytoplasmic actins, while C4 Mab binds to an antigenic determinant that has been highly conserved among the actins. The binding sites of both Mabs on skeletal actin overlap that of pancreatic DNase I. Both antibodies bind a SV8 proteolytic product comprising the amino-terminal two-thirds of the actin molecule, and their epitopes appear to overlap since C4 can compete for the binding of B4 to skeletal actin. Neither antibody is able to prevent actin polymerization.
Reactions involving fluoride ion. Part I. The polyfluoroalkylation of fluorinated aromatic systems (1968)

Highly fluorinated aromatic compounds and their derivatives will react with carbanions produced from fluorinated olefins and fluoride ion, with the formation of polyfluoroalkyl derivatives, in a process which is the nucleophilic equivalent of the Friedel-Crafts reaction in hydrocarbon chemistry. Reaction occurs between hexafluoropropene and pentafluoropyridine, pentafluoronitrobenzene, and other activated systems like octafluorotoluene, pentafluorobenzonitrile, and methyl pentafluorobenzoate. Polysubstitution is achieved by increase in the pressure of the olefin, and CF3CF2– is a more effective nucleophile than (CF3)2CF–. Potassium or caesium fluoride may be used for initiation and, as solvents, tetraglyme and sulpholan are better than dimethylformamide, diglyme, and triglyme.
Measurements of NH_3 absorption coefficients with a C^13O_2^16 laser (1975)

Measurements of NH(3) absorption coefficients are presented for several transitions of a C(13)O(2)(16) laser for small concentrations of NH(3) (p </= 1 Torr) for absorption lines broadened to 1 atm with N(2). NH(3) absorption coefficients were determined for laser transitions R(8) (920.2194 cm(-1)) to R(28) (933.8808 cm(-1)) of the 00 degrees 1 - [10 degrees 0,02 degrees 0](I) band. The strongest absorption coefficient [K = 36.09 +/- 1.43 (atm-cm)(-1)] was measured for the R(18) transition for the NH(3) line, aQ(6,6), and is larger than has been found in any previous measurements with a CO(2) laser. The dependence of K on total pressure was also obtained for select transitions, and the frequency separation between the R(18) laser transition and the neighboring NH(3) line [aQ(6,6)] was determined to be 550 +/- 50 MHz. These results are significant for long path absorption monitoring of NH(3) with CO(2) lasers since the path length can be reduced by approximately 40% and for heterodyne mdetection of NH(3) since the relative position of the laser transition to the NH(3) absorption line is well within the bandpass of Hg-Cd-Te photomixers (B >/= 1.5 GHz).
Linear precoder designs for K-user interference channels (2010)

This paper studies linear precoding and decoding schemes for K-user interference channel systems. It was shown by Cadambe and Jafar that the interference alignment (IA) algorithm achieves a theoretical bound on degrees of freedom (DOF) for interference channel systems. Based on this, we first introduce a non-iterative solution for the precoding and decoding scheme. To this end, we determine the orthonormal basis vectors of each user's precoding matrix to achieve the maximum DOF, then we optimize precoding matrices in the IA method according to two different decoding schemes with respect to individual rate. Second, an iterative processing algorithm is proposed which maximizes the weighted sum rate. Deriving the gradient of the weighted sum rate and applying the gradient descent method, the proposed scheme identifies a local-optimal solution iteratively. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative algorithm outperforms other existing methods in terms of sum rate. Also, we exhibit that the proposed non-iterative method approaches a local optimal solution at high signal-to-noise ratio with reduced complexity.
Dynamic Camouflage Materials Based on Silk-Reflectin Chimeras (2012)

Abstract : Reflectins are a unique group of structural proteins involved in dynamic camouflage systems in marine organisms. Initial cloning of reflectins, followed by thin film displays of the bioengineered protein, suggest interesting optical features when the recombinant protein is appropriately organized. These useful features include self-assembly and coloration patterns associated with material interference patterns. The goal of this project is to examine the fundamental relationships between reflectin chemistry, assembly, organization and functional dynamic optical properties. Specifically, we build on recent efforts to bioengineer silk-reflectin chimeric proteins, with the silk component serving as one of the organizing elements for material functions and a key structural component for mechanically robust and versatile material formats. The reflectin component will serve as the dynamic optical element. Further contributions may also come from the silk due to its novel light guiding properties and diffractive optics. Variants in silk block sizes, in reflectin domains obtained from the native reflectin repeats, and different materials assembly approaches will be studied, including thin film/coating and fiber formats. Optical properties will be determined from the recombinant proteins in solution and in the solid state.
Innovative rainwater harvesting and management in the republic of Korea (2007)

Coupled with the recent recognition of the importance of rainwater harvesting and management (RWHM) to solve many of the world's water problems, the promotion of RWHM is growing rapidly throughout the world. RWHM is believed to have a major role as a type of sustainable infrastructure by enabling developing countries to meet the Millennium Development Goals and as a sustainable technology for developed countries. Despite the severest climate conditions in Korea, the people have survived for thousands of years accumulating knowledge and wisdom in rainwater management, although it is sometimes forgotten or thought to be outdated. In this paper, the old wisdom and practice is revisited through case studies of RWHM from Korean history. A new paradigm is suggested, the main concepts of which are to consider rainwater as the main source of water, to be managed by area on a decentralized basis, to control water near its source, and to involve local action. Several multi-purpose and proactive RWHM practices are introduced where RWHM is used for other benefits such as flood control, disaster prevention, energy saving, and pollution prevention. With this new paradigm, various activities are suggested with the involvement of different stakeholders: research and technology, developing theoretical background and supporting materials for decision makers, education and public awareness, and constructing a worldwide network.
Analysis of dynamically scheduled tile algorithms for dense linear algebra on multicore architectures (2011)

SUMMARY The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamic scheduling of dense linear algebra algorithms on shared‐memory, multicore architectures. Current numerical libraries (e.g., linear algebra package) show clear limitations on such emerging systems mainly because of their coarse granularity tasks. Thus, many numerical algorithms need to be redesigned to better fit the architectural design of the multicore platform. The parallel linear algebra for scalable multicore architectures library developed at the University of Tennessee tackles this challenge by using tile algorithms to achieve a finer task granularity. These tile algorithms can then be represented by directed acyclic graphs, where nodes are the tasks and edges are the dependencies between the tasks. The paramount key to achieve high performance is to implement a runtime environment to efficiently schedule the execution of the directed acyclic graph across the multicore platform. This paper studies the impact on the overall performance of some parameters, both at the level of the scheduler (e.g., window size and locality) and the algorithms (e.g., left‐looking and right‐looking variants). We conclude that some commonly accepted rules for dense linear algebra algorithms may need to be revisited. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.