gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Sentence Segmentation of Speech for Automatic Summarization (2006)

This paper presents an automatic sentence segmentation method for an automatic speech summarization system. The segmentation method is based on combining word- and class-based statistical language models to predict sentence and non-sentence boundaries. We study both the performance of the sentence segmentation system itself and the effect of the segmentation on the summarization accuracy. The sentence segmentation is done by modelling the probability of a sentence boundary given a certain word history with language models trained on transcriptions and texts from several sources. The resulting segmented data is used as the input to an existing automatic summarization system to determine the effect it has on the summarization process. We conduct all our experiments with two types of evaluation data: broadcast news and lecture transcriptions. The automatic summarizations are created with different sentence segmentations and different summarization ratios (30% and 40%) and evaluated by comparing them to human-made summaries. We show that a proper sentence segmentation is essential to achieve good performance with an automatic summarization system
Signal propagation across layered biochemical networks (2014)

Biochemical reaction networks typically consist of a complicated structure with many interacting species and components. Techniques for the analysis of such complex systems commonly use decompositions into simpler subsystems. These decompositions are often modular, representing the state vector as a concatenation of component vectors. Without transformation, modular decompositions may lead to system parameters directly influencing the dynamics of many subsystems at once. When parameters are the control inputs, this complicates analysis and design. This paper investigates an alternative decomposition, termed layering, which partitions parameters between layers. This allows for hierarchical analysis, where the steady state response of the integrated system to the perturbation of a parameter is calculated in stages. The first stage is to calculate the local response of the steady state of a layer, considered in isolation from other layers; the second is to calculate the perturbed layer's effect on the others when connected back into the full system. This analysis results in a strategy for detecting the layered structure of a biochemical network based on preserving cycles of mass flow within layers. Additionally, by expressing how the local response propagates through the system we uncover the paths by which the direct control of a certain layer may indirectly control others, giving insights into how to exploit their dependencies.
Treatment of Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus (1991)

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a rare and chronic skin disorder, which may trouble the patient considerably. The condition is generally believed to be resistant to therapy, although some authors have reported success with several treatments. including dithranol and etretinate. The present case, a classical presentation of ILVEN, again illustrates the refractoriness to various treatments, including an experimental treatment with topical 13-cis-retinoic acid. A review of the literature on therapeutic possibilities of ILVEN is presented. Based on our own observations and literature data, it is attractive to hypothesize that a positive result with treatments such as dithranol and retinoids should be interpreted as an antipsoriatic effect in ILVEN with superimposed psoriasis.
High performance double-gate device technology challenges and opportunities (2003)

The double-gate FET is widely recognized as the prime candidate for the ultimate scaling of FETs to the shortest channel length. From the device integration point of view, the attainment of low extrinsic resistance, carrier transport in the double-gated thin silicon channel and threshold voltage control, remained significant obstacles to high-performance double-gate CMOS structures. We report how these issues were addressed to achieve world-record double-gate device performance. The second gate in a double-gate device can be utilized for low-power and mixed-signal applications. The flexibility of individually controlling the two gates provides opportunities for overall system performance improvement. Ultra-low voltage operation of double-gate CMOS inverters was demonstrated. Finally, we discuss the migration of existing circuit/layout designs to double-gate device technology.
Review and perspective: neuromechanical considerations for predicting muscle activation patterns for movement (2012)

Muscle coordination may be difficult or impossible to predict accurately based on biomechanical considerations alone because of redundancy in the musculoskeletal system. Because many solutions exist for any given movement, the role of the nervous system in further constraining muscle coordination patterns for movement must be considered in both healthy and impaired motor control. On the basis of computational neuromechanical analyses of experimental data combined with modeling techniques, we have demonstrated several such neural constraints on the temporal and spatial patterns of muscle activity during both locomotion and postural responses to balance perturbations. We hypothesize that subject-specific and trial-by-trial differences in muscle activation can be parameterized and understood by a hierarchical and low-dimensional framework that reflects the neural control of task-level goals. In postural control, we demonstrate that temporal patterns of muscle activity may be governed by feedback control of task-level variables that represent the overall goal-directed motion of the body. These temporal patterns then recruit spatially-fixed patterns of muscle activity called muscle synergies that produce the desired task-level biomechanical functions that require multijoint coordination. Moreover, these principles apply more generally to movement, and in particular to locomotor tasks in both healthy and impaired individuals. Overall, understanding the goals and organization of the neural control of movement may provide useful reduced dimension parameter sets to address the degrees-of-freedom problem in musculoskeletal movement control. More importantly, however, neuromechanical analyses may lend insight and provide a framework for understanding subject-specific and trial-by-trial differences in movement across both healthy and motor-impaired populations.
Fitting Surface of Free Form Objects using Optimized NURBS Patches Network with Evolutionary Strategies (mu + lambda) - ES (2007)

We propose an algorithm to produce a 3-D CAD model from a set of range data, based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) surface fitting technique. Our goal is to construct continuous geometric models, assuming that the topology of surface is unknown. In our approach, the triangulated surface is partitioned in quadrilateral patches, using Morse theory. The quadrilateral obtained mesh is regularized by means of the use of geodesic curves and B-splines to obtain a new adequate grid on which to draw NURBS surfaces. Such NURBS surfaces are optimized by means of evolutionary strategies. Further, the patches are smoothly joined guaranteeing continuity C 1 .
Myeloid marker expression on antiviral CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells following an acute virus infection (2003)

CD11b, CD11c, and F4/80 are normally used to define dendritic cell and/or macrophage populations. In this study, the expression of all three markers was observed on CD8(+) T cells following infection of mice with several distinct viruses. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a model virus, it was found that relatively more CD11b(+)CD8(+) and CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells were present in the periphery than in primary lymphoid organs; in contrast, the F4/80(+)CD8(+) T cell population was more prevalent in the spleen. All three myeloid markers were detected on virus-specific CTL. The expression of CD11b and CD11c on CD8(+) T cells correlated with their level of CTL activity, whereas the F4/80(+)CD8(+) T cell population increased after the peak of the CTL response but did not have higher CTL activity. These data suggest that there is a differential induction of CD11b, CD11c, and F4/80 on virus-specific CD8(+) T cells following an acute virus infection.
A novel high-torque reluctance motor with rare-earth magnet (1994)

An entirely new concept of an electromagnetic structure which exploits the excellent characteristics of a rare-earth magnet is proposed. Thin rare-earth metal magnet pieces are mounted on the surface of the stator teeth which face the airgap. The rotor has a variable reluctance structure type. This type of motor is suitable for low-speed high-torque applications by the action of tooth and slot structure. The relationship between the performance and electromagnetic geometry is investigated through the finite element method (FEM) analysis and experiments. The principle of torque generation and the associated characteristics is also introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Buprenorphine and Naloxone Compared With Methadone Treatment in Pregnancy (2015)

In a cohort of pregnant patients treated with either methadone or buprenorphine and naloxone in pregnancy, newborns exposed to maternal buprenorphine and naloxone had less frequent neonatal abstinence syndrome. Additionally, neonates exposed to buprenorphine and naloxone had shorter overall hospitalization lengths.
Tryptamine Attenuates Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Through Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (2021)

Tryptamine is a naturally occurring monoamine alkaloid which has been shown to act as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. It is produced in large quantities from the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan by commensal microorganisms within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of homeothermic organisms. Previous studies have established microbiota derived AHR ligands as potent regulators of neuroinflammation, further defining the role the gut-brain axis plays in the complex etiology in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. In the current study, we tested the ability of tryptamine to ameliorate symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. We found that tryptamine administration attenuated clinical signs of paralysis in EAE mice, decreased the number of infiltrating CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in the CNS, Th17 cells, and RORγ T cells while increasing FoxP3+Tregs. To test if tryptamine acts through AHR, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-sensitized T cells from wild-type or Lck-Cre AHR<sup>flox/flox</sup> mice that lacked AHR expression in T cells, and cultured with tryptamine, were transferred into wild-type mice to induce passive EAE. It was noted that in these experiments, while cells from wild-type mice treated with tryptamine caused marked decrease in paralysis and attenuated neuroinflammation in passive EAE, similar cells from Lck-Cre AHR<sup>flox/flox</sup> mice treated with tryptamine, induced significant paralysis symptoms and heightened neuroinflammation. Tryptamine treatment also caused alterations in the gut microbiota and promoted butyrate production. Together, the current study demonstrates for the first time that tryptamine administration attenuates EAE by activating AHR and suppressing neuroinflammation.
Kernel-based similarity learning (2003)

The concept of similarity measurement is is systematically proposed. Although there are some previous related works on this issue, similarity learning has not attracted the attention it deserves. We formulate the problem of similarity measurement learning and propose a framework to solve it. In our framework, the similarity measure is the distance of the samples in some feature space, therefore to learn the similarity measure is to learn a feature mapping function. Previous works are surveyed and they are integrated in this framework. Some applications of similarity measure learning are discussed, including fingerprint, face recognition and content-based image retrieval. A kernel-based method to learning the similarity measure is proposed and experimental result is given and discussed.
Views and queries (2005)

We investigate the question of whether a query Q can be answered using a set V of views. We first define the problem in information-theoretic terms: we say that V determines Q if V provides enough information to uniquely determine the answer to Q. Next, we look at the problem of rewriting Q in terms of V using a specific language. Given a view language V and query language Q, we say that a rewriting language R is complete for Vto-Q rewritings if every Q ε Q can be rewritten in terms of V ε v using a query in R, whenever V determines Q. While query rewriting using views has been extensively investigated for some specific languages, the connection to the information-theoretic notion of determinacy, and the question of completeness of a rewriting language, have received little attention. In this paper we investigate systematically the notion of determinacy and its connection to rewriting. The results concern decidability of determinacy for various view and query languages, as well as the power required of complete rewriting languages. We consider languages ranging from first-order to conjunctive queries.
A new trust-based electronic exchange system (2006)

Some electronic exchange systems with online TTP are fair but TTP might become the system bottleneck. An exchange system with off-line TTP could be more efficient, but it might be unfeasible that disputes could be resolved successfully in external dispute adjudication. This paper proposes a new balance scheme between online scheme and off-line scheme. If parties are of high trust degree, the off-line scheme is chosen and TTP's load is lightened; or else the online scheme is chosen and fairness is strengthened. This paper also describes the trust mechanism of electronic commerce environment. The adaptations of Zhou-Gollmann protocol and ASW protocol are given to describe trust-based exchange scheme. (4 pages)
Avalanche: Data center Multicast using software defined networking (2014)

Group communication is extensively used in modern data centers. Multicast lends itself naturally to these communication patterns. Traditionally, concerns around reliability, scalability and security have resulted in poor adoption of IP multicast in the Internet. However, data center networks with their structured topologies and tighter control present an opportunity to address these concerns. Software defined networking (SDN) architectures, such as OpenFlow, further provide the opportunity to not merely adopt but also innovate multicast in data centers. In this paper, we present Avalanche - An SDN based system that enables multicast in commodity switches used in data centers. As part of Avalanche, we develop a new multicast routing algorithm called Avalanche Routing Algorithm (AvRA). AvRA attempts to minimize the size of the routing tree it creates for any given multicast group. In typical data center topologies like Tree and FatTree, AvRA reduces to an optimal routing algorithm that becomes a solution to the Steiner Tree problem. Avalanche leverages SDN to take advantage of the rich path diversity commonly available in data centers networks, and thereby achieves highly efficient bandwidth utilization. We implement Avalanche as an OpenFlow controller module. Our emulation of Avalanche with Mininet Hi-Fi shows that it improves application data rate by up to 12%, and lowers packet loss by 51%, on an average, compared to IP Multicast. We also build a simulator to evaluate Avalanche at scale. For the PortLand FatTree topology, Avalanche results in at least a 35% reduction, compared to IP Multicast, in the number of links that are less than 5% utilized, once the number of multicast groups exceeds 1000. Lastly, our results confirm that AvRA results in smaller trees compared to traditional IP Multicast routing.
Differential dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its 160-kDa substrate (pp160) in rat adipocytes. (1992)

A permeabilized rat adipocyte model was developed which permitted an examination of: 1) insulin receptor autophosphorylation, 2) phosphorylation of a putative insulin receptor substrate of 160 kDa, pp160, and 3) the dephosphorylation reactions associated with each of these phosphoproteins. Rat adipocytes, preincubated with [32P]orthophosphate for 2 h, were exposed to insulin (10(-7) M) at the time of digitonin permeabilization. Phosphorylation of pp160 and autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor increased as a function of Mn2+ concentration in the media with near maximum responses at 10 mM. Maximum response was at least as large as the intact cell response to 10(-7) M insulin. In contrast, magnesium did not increase phosphorylation of pp160 although an increase in receptor autophosphorylation was observed. Autophosphorylation was preserved at digitonin concentrations of 20-100 micrograms/ml, but pp160 phosphorylation was negligible beyond 40 micrograms/ml. Our previous work demonstrated that the insulin receptor was associated with a phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in permeabilized adipocytes (Mooney, R., and Anderson, D. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6850-6857). The current permeabilized adipocyte model made possible an examination of the effects of phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, including several divalent metal cations (Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+), vanadate, and molybdate on both net phosphorylation of pp160 and autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Zn2+ at 100 microM, Ni2+ at 1 mM, and Co2+ at 1 or 5 mM increased insulin-dependent phosphorylation of pp160 at least 5-fold and autophosphorylation 2-fold. At higher concentrations of Zn2+ (1 mM) and Ni2+ (5 mM), however, no increase in phosphorylation of pp160 was observed and autophosphorylation was inhibited. Vanadate (1 mM) and molybdate (100 microM) increased insulin-dependent phosphorylation of pp160 by 3-fold when tested separately and 7-fold in combination. Insulin receptor autophosphorylation was increased 50% by each and 3-fold when the agents were combined. Dephosphorylation of pp160 and the insulin receptor was analyzed directly by permeabilizing prelabeled insulin-treated adipocytes in the presence of EDTA (10 mM). Dephosphorylation of pp160 was especially rapid with a t1/2 of approximately 10 s. The t1/2 for the insulin receptor was 37 s. Zn2+ at 1 mM (a concentration that inhibited the insulin receptor kinase) was a strong inhibitor of dephosphorylation, prolonging the rate of pp160 dephosphorylation more than 12-fold and insulin receptor dephosphorylation 3-fold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multiple exciton generation and electrical extraction from a PbSe quantum dot photoconductor (2008)

Multiple exciton generation and subsequent electrical extraction from a thin film photoconductive device constructed from PbSe nanocrystal quantum dots are demonstrated. The hydrazine treatment of the PbSe film drastically improves the conductivity of the film while maintaining excellent optical and structural film quality. The effects of multiple exciton generation and electrical extraction (electrons collected per photon absorbed) were quantified as a function of incident photon energy from 1.55to3.1eV. The multiple carrier extraction (&gt;100%) was observed at photon energies greater than 2.8 times of the quantum dot bandgap with ∼210% measured at 4.4 times the bandgap.
Kinetic Analysis of “Living” Polymerization Systems Exhibiting Slow Equilibria. 3. “Associative” Mechanism of Group Transfer Polymerization and Ion Pair Generation in Cationic Polymerization (1996)

The averages of the molecular weight distribution are derived for a “living” polymerization process which proceeds via active and “dormant” species and where the active species are formed by addition of a catalyst to a “dormant” species. Such a mechanism is applicable to group transfer and “living” cationic polymerizations (assuming that ion pairs are formed exclusively in the latter case). Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium initial conditions are used for the calculation. The results are very similar to those obtained for degenerative transfer (i.e., direct exchange of activity between active and “dormant” species). The dominating parameter is β = k2/(kpI0), where k2 and kp are the rate constants of reversible deactivation and propagation, respectively, and I0 is the initial initiator concentration (for degenerative transfer this parameter was given as β = kex/kp, independent of initiator concentration). As an example, for β > 1 the polydispersity index decreases with monomer conversion (after a marked increase at low conversions), coinciding with a common observation in group transfer and cationic polymerizations. In a limiting case, at full conversion, Mw/Mn ≈ 1 + 1/β. Differences between equilibrium and nonequilibrium initial conditions can only be seen for β < 1. The results are compared to experimental data of the GTP of methyl methacrylate using nucleophilic catalysts and to the cationic polymerization of isobutylene. Typically, exchange is moderately fast (10 ≤ β ≤ 100), thus the equilibrium initial conditions are sufficient for the calculations.
Roundup Ready Soybean: Glyphosate Effects on <i>Fusarium solani</i> Root Colonization and Sudden Death Syndrome (2003)

During 1997, the first year of widespread use of glyphosate ( N ‐[phosphonomethyl]glycine) on Roundup Ready (RR) soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] a severe sudden death syndrome (SDS) epidemic occurred and several RR cultivars were affected. Effects of glyphosate on colonization of soybean root by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc f. sp. glycines (Fsg) and SDS were evaluated. Five RR cultivar pairs that contrasted for SDS resistance from maturity groups (MG) II to VI were evaluated with and without glyphosate application. The MG II and III cultivars were evaluated near Bloomington, Pontiac, and Mahomet in central Illinois and the MG IV, V, and VI cultivars were evaluated near Harrisburg, Ullin, and Valmeyer in southern Illinois. The Fsg root infection severity (IS), colony forming units per gram of root (CFU), SDS leaf scorch disease index (DX), and grain yield were determined. Across environments within each MG, there were no significant effects of glyphosate on IS, CFU, and DX. Significant differences were expected between cultivars but only observed in some MG. There was no significant effect of glyphosate on yield. Significant Glyphosate × Cultivar interactions occurred for yield in MG VI, in favor of the glyphosate sprayed subplots. In this study root colonization by Fsg and SDS leaf symptoms did not significantly increase following the application of glyphosate. Data from this study indicate that the development of SDS on RR soybean is influenced by genotype. Farmers planting RR soybean in Fsg infested fields are encouraged to select cultivars with resistance to SDS.