gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MC-BERT4HATE: Hate Speech Detection using Multi-channel BERT for Different Languages and Translations (2019)

The growth of social networking services (SNS) has altered the way and scale of communication in cyberspace. However, the amount of online hate speech is increasing because of the anonymity and mobility such services provide. As manual hate speech detection by human annotators is both costly and time consuming, there are needs to develop an algorithm for automatic recognition. Transferring knowledge by fine-tuning a pre-trained language model has been shown to be effective for improving many downstream tasks in the field of natural language processing. The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) is a language model that is pre-trained to learn deep bidirectional representations from a large corpus. In this paper, we propose a multi-channel model with three versions of BERT (MC-BERT), the English, Chinese, and multilingual BERTs for hate speech detection. We also explored the usage of translations as additional input by translating training and test sentences to the corresponding languages required for different BERT models. We used three datasets in non-English languages to compare our model with previous approaches including the 2019 SemEval HatEval Spanish dataset, 2018 GermEval shared task on the identification of Offensive Language dataset, and 2018 EvalIta HaSpeeDe Italian dataset. Finally, we were able to achieve the state-of-the-art or comparable performance on these datasets by conducting thorough experiments.
Uniform Voltage Distribution Control for Series Connected DC&ndash;DC Converters (2007)

This paper investigates applications of current-mode, shared-bus commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) dc-dc converters to power system architectures configured as parallel-input, series-output (PISO) and series-input, parallel-output (SIPO). By employing a PISO (or SIPO) architecture, current-mode COTS converters can transform their system input voltage to higher (or lower) system output voltage, provide ease and flexibility of power expansion, and preserve system efficiencies equal to those of standalone converters. Nonuniform output (or input) voltages still exist within a PISO (or SIPO) power system using identical converters when the system lacks proper distribution control of the series connected output (or input) voltages-and thus, system reliability suffers from thermal overstress to the converters that contribute a greater portion of the output power. Through unified approaches of voltage distribution control for the PISO and SIPO architectures, a series-connected converter power system attains robust stability and reliability. Two effective approaches to uniform voltage distribution control-the central-limit and maximum-limit voltage distribution-will be discussed. Both computer simulation and experimental prototypes validate both of the uniform voltage distribution power converter architectures.
Learning temporal rules to forecast instability in continuously monitored patients (2016)

Inductive machine learning, and in particular extraction of association rules from data, has been successfully used in multiple application domains, such as market basket analysis, disease prognosis, fraud detection, and protein sequencing. The appeal of rule extraction techniques stems from their ability to handle intricate problems yet produce models based on rules that can be comprehended by humans, and are therefore more transparent. Human comprehension is a factor that may improve adoption and use of data-driven decision support systems clinically via face validity. In this work, we explore whether we can reliably and informatively forecast cardiorespiratory instability (CRI) in step-down unit (SDU) patients utilizing data from continuous monitoring of physiologic vital sign (VS) measurements. We use a temporal association rule extraction technique in conjunction with a rule fusion protocol to learn how to forecast CRI in continuously monitored patients. We detail our approach and present and discuss encouraging empirical results obtained using continuous multivariate VS data from the bedside monitors of 297 SDU patients spanning 29 346 hours (3.35 patient-years) of observation. We present example rules that have been learned from data to illustrate potential benefits of comprehensibility of the extracted models, and we analyze the empirical utility of each VS as a potential leading indicator of an impending CRI event.
Neodymium glass laser with controlled pulse shape and duration (1981)

A study was made of a neodymium glass laser with control of the pulse shape and duration in the nanosecond and subnanosecond ranges. The laser consisted of a master oscillator and an amplifying system. The time profile of a radiation pulse was shaped with an electrooptic deflector made of lithium niobate and a Pockels switch with two DKDP crystals in the amplifying system. Small-scale self-focusing in the amplifiers was suppressed by spatial filtering of the radiation. Pulses of duration 3 nsec and with an intensity difference up to three orders of magnitude were obtained at the laser output. The duration of the sharpened part of the pulse was ~200 psec. The radiation energy at the output was as high as 10 J.
Comparison of Single- and Two-Channel Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Sites for Enhancing Venous Return (2012)

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has previously been used to activate the musculature of the lower leg and increase venous return to the heart. However, there is little evidence to suggest the superiority of one particular stimulation site over another. In this paper, we aim to reveal the optimal stimulation site on the lower leg in a group of healthy adults. Doppler ultrasound measurements of venous blood volume expelled and peak venous velocity in response to various single and two-channel applications of NMES were taken for each subject. We found that soleus NMES is the most effective single-channel stimulation method, capable of expelling 58.3% of the blood achieved during a voluntary contraction, alternatively soleus plus tibialis posterior stimulation is capable of expelling 76.5%. Based on these and other factors we suggest that the soleus and soleus plus tibialis posterior are the most effective NMES sites for improving venous return.
Natural Search Queries for Consumer-Oriented Databases. (2007)

Search in consumer-oriented databases is becoming increasingly important, as the computer becomes a commonly used tool. Such databases are at the heart of e-mail managers, flight booking, and other e-commerce systems. Key problems associated with such searches are the structure and interface of the search query. The traditional solution for these problems involves the use of a separate text field for each element of the query structure. However, the requirement to support ever increasing numbers of inexperienced users, who require an efficient and user-friendly interface, is not met by the traditional solution. We present natural search queries (NSQ), a simple and intuitive approach to the search of structured information. Our solution combines the ideas of natural language database interfaces and operator based search; queries, in simplified and intuitive natural language, are entered into a single text field. It is a front-end search interface oriented towards the common user. Our aim is to allow as much freedom in formulating queries as possible, while interpreting such queries as accurately as possible, to automatically extract the elements of the query structure. In our project, we address the problem of e-mail databases, but the results may be applicable to other databases oriented towards consumer users. The paper introduces the grammar of natural search queries and probabilistic methods for recognizing the query structure (i.e., parsing, and hidden Markov model). In addition, we demonstrate a complete implementation of a system for processing NSQs and presenting retrieved messages. A specific subproblem that was addressed is the deterministic recognition of natural date constraints. Tests show promising results in processing a broad range of natural search queries.
Enantiomers of HA-966 (3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one) exhibit distinct central nervous system effects: (+)-HA-966 is a selective glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, but (-)-HA-966 is a potent gamma-butyrolactone-like sedative. (1990)

The antagonist effect of (+/-)-3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one (HA-966) at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor occurs through a selective interaction with the glycine modulatory site within the receptor complex. When the enantiomers of (+/-)-HA-966 were resolved, the (R)-(+)-enantiomer was found to be a selective glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, a property that accounts for its anticonvulsant activity in vivo. In contrast, the (S)-(-)-enantiomer was only weakly active as an NMDA-receptor antagonist, but nevertheless it possessed a marked sedative and muscle relaxant action in vivo. In radioligand binding experiments, (+)-HA-966 inhibited strychnine-insensitive [3H]glycine binding to rat cerebral cortex synaptic membranes with an IC50 of 12.5 microM, whereas (-)-HA-966 had an IC50 value of 339 microM. In electrophysiological experiments, (+)-HA-966 selectively antagonized NMDA receptor responses in rat cortical slices, whereas the (-)-enantiomer was much weaker. On cultured cortical neurones (+)-HA-966 inhibited glycine-potentiated NMDA responses with an IC50 = 13 microM compared with (-)-HA-966, which has an IC50 = 708 microM. In agreement with findings with racemic HA-966, even high concentrations of (+)-HA-966 did not completely inhibit NMDA responses, suggesting that (+)-HA-966 is a low-efficacy partial agonist. (+)-HA-966 produced parallel shifts to the right of the glycine concentration curve for potentiation of NMDA responses, resulting in an estimated pKb = 5.6. In mice, (+)-HA-966 antagonized sound and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDLA)-induced seizures with ED50 values of 52.6 mg/kg of body weight (i.p.) and 900 mg/kg (i.v.), respectively. The coadministration of D-serine dose-dependently (10-100 micrograms into the cerebral ventricles per mouse) antagonized the anticonvulsant effect of a submaximal dose of (+)-HA-966 (100 micrograms administered directly into the cerebral ventricles) against NMDLA-induced seizures. The sedative/ataxic effect of racemic HA-966 was mainly attributable to the (-)-enantiomer, which was greater than 25-fold more potent than the (+)-enantiomer. It is suggested that, as in the case of the sedative gamma-butyrolactone, disruption of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms may be responsible for this action.
Production of Synthetic Diesel by Hydrotreatment of Jatropha Oils Using Pt−Re/H-ZSM-5 Catalyst (2010)

Renewable green diesel-type alkanes can be produced by hydrotreating jatropha oil and vegetable oils at standard hydrotreating conditions (i.e., 543−573 K) with Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalysts, which are active under the weight ratio of jatropha or vegetable oil/catalyst of 1. The carbon molar yield of straight chain C15−C18 alkanes was ∼80% for hydrotreating pure jatropha oil. However, under the jatropha oil/catalyst weight ratio of 10, being important from a practical point of view, the alkanes yield falls to only 2.3%. Under a high jatropha oil/catalyst ratio of 10, rhenium-modified Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalyst is found to be effective for raising the C15−C18 alkanes yield. The yield of C15−C18 alkanes is 67% at an optimun Re/Al molar ratio of 0.8. Investigation of catalyst natures indicates that metallic Pt and Re are independently present on the surface, but synergism of these two metals could play an important role in the hydrotreating reaction, even at a high ratio of jatropha oil/catalyst of 10. The reaction pathway involves hydrogenation of the C═C bonds of the jatropha oils followed by mainly hydrodeoxygenation with decarbonylation and decarboxylation to form C15−C18 straight chain alkane mixtures.
11,001 new features for statistical machine translation (2009)

We use the Margin Infused Relaxed Algorithm of Crammer et al. to add a large number of new features to two machine translation systems: the Hiero hierarchical phrase-based translation system and our syntax-based translation system. On a large-scale Chinese-English translation task, we obtain statistically significant improvements of +1.5 Bleu and + 1.1 Bleu, respectively. We analyze the impact of the new features and the performance of the learning algorithm.
Operating characteristics of GaAs/AlGaAs FET-SEED smart pixels (1992)

We have realized monolithic optically addressed integrated circuits. The optical element is a p-i-n multiple quantum well (MQW) device designed for normal incidence operation as both a detector and an optical modulator for 850 nm light. Electronic circuits are realized in GaAs/AlGaAs doped-channel heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) with buffered FET logic. Experimental data for various types of circuits are shown that demonstrate 2 Gb/s operation under electrical drive, <50 fJ input optical switching energy at 200 Mb/s, and circuit densities of up to 44 FETs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Immune recognition of the surface associated antigen, <i>Tc‐</i>SAA‐1, from infective larvae of <i>Teladorsagia circumcincta</i> (2008)

A cDNA encoding a surface-associated antigen was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from RNA extracted from Teladorsagia circumcincta exsheathed third stage larvae (xL3). The protein encoded by this cDNA, Tc-SAA-1, displays 77% identity over 162 amino acid residues to a surface associated antigen from Ancylostoma caninum (Ac-SAA-1). Antiserum raised against a bacterially-expressed recombinant form of Tc-SAA-1 reacted with a native protein in somatic and surface extracts of xL3 but not with L4 or adult parasites. Limited binding of anti-Tc-SAA-1 antibody was observed on the cuticular surface of xL3 s, however, regions of localization underlying the cuticle were observed. Incubation of xL3 T. circumcincta with anti-SAA rabbit serum failed to significantly inhibit penetration of the abomasal mucosa in vitro. IgA in abomasal mucus derived from sheep that had received a trickle infection of T. circumcincta bound recombinant Tc-SAA-1.
Functional Consequences of the Developmental Arrest and Follicular Exclusion of Anti-Double-Stranded DNA B Cells (2000)

Anti-dsDNA B cells are actively tolerized in nonautoimmune BALB/c mice, as manifested by their developmental arrest, follicular exclusion, and rapid turnover rate. Previously, we have documented changes in the maturation status and follicular localization of anti-dsDNA B cells in autoimmune-prone MRL (+/+ and lpr/lpr) mice. To determine whether these differences in developmental status and follicular localization affect the functional capacity of anti-dsDNA B cells, we have now compared their in vivo life spans and their responses to in vitro stimuli. Our study shows that although anti-dsDNA B cells from both BALB/c and MRL-+/+ mice are localized to the T/B interface, only those in BALB/c mice have a rapid turnover rate. Therefore, the immature status and not the exclusion from the B cell follicle correlates with a shortened life span. Interestingly, apoptotic anti-dsDNA B cells were not detected at the T/B interface in BALB/c mice, suggesting that they are not dying there. This study also demonstrates that anti-dsDNA B cells, regardless of maturation status or follicular localization, are able to proliferate and up-regulate the costimulatory molecule B7-2 in response to CD40 ligand and IL-4. Therefore, one of the critical in vivo differences between anti-dsDNA B cells in BALB/c and MRL-+/+ mice compared with MRL-lpr/lpr mice may be the availability of T cell help.
Levels of circulating peptide and steroid hormones in men with lung cancer. (1994)

Levels of circulating peptide (FSH, LH, prolactin, ACTH, calcitonin, gastrin and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]) and steroid (estradiol, progesterone, DHEA-S and testosterone) hormones were estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in male patients with lung cancer (n = 37) pre-therapeutically and compared with 25 age matched healthy controls. In this retrospective study, FSH, LH, prolactin, ACTH, calcitonin, gastrin and IGF-1 were significantly higher with concomitant lower levels of DHEA-S and testosterone, while the difference was statistically non-significant for estradiol and progesterone in patients with lung cancer when compared with controls. Early stage patients (Stage II) exhibited higher levels of gastrin as compared to advanced stage patients (Stages III and IV). It is suggested that hormonal imbalance might play an important role in the development and progression in male patients with lung cancer.
Synthesis of ceramic nanoparticles by the ultrasonic injection of an organosilazane precursor (1991)

Communication: Ceramic and metallic materials with nanometer‐scale morphology possess novel properties important in nanoprecision manufacturing, where isotropic material properties are required in miniaturized components, and in the development of new composite materials with strengths approaching the theoretical limtis Unlike currently used methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles which can only produce small quantities, the new method reported here (see figure) which involves laser‐induced cross‐linking of a liquid silazane precursor to give Si 3 N 4 /SiC ceramics can yield up to 100 g/h. equation image
Deep sequencing of evolving pathogen populations: applications, errors, and bioinformatic solutions (2014)

Deep sequencing harnesses the high throughput nature of next generation sequencing technologies to generate population samples, treating information contained in individual reads as meaningful. Here, we review applications of deep sequencing to pathogen evolution. Pioneering deep sequencing studies from the virology literature are discussed, such as whole genome Roche-454 sequencing analyses of the dynamics of the rapidly mutating pathogens hepatitis C virus and HIV. Extension of the deep sequencing approach to bacterial populations is then discussed, including the impacts of emerging sequencing technologies. While it is clear that deep sequencing has unprecedented potential for assessing the genetic structure and evolutionary history of pathogen populations, bioinformatic challenges remain. We summarise current approaches to overcoming these challenges, in particular methods for detecting low frequency variants in the context of sequencing error and reconstructing individual haplotypes from short reads.
The design and use of simplepower (2000)

In this paper, we presen t the design and use of a comprehensiv e framework, SimplePower, for evaluating the e ect of high-level algorithmic, architectural, and compilation tradeo s on energy. An execution-driven, cycle-accurate RT lev el energy estimation tool that uses transition sensitive energy models forms the cornerstone of this framework. Simple-Power also pro vides the energy consumed in the memory system and on-chip buses using analytical energy models.
Mechanisms of tumour escape from immune surveillance (2016)

Abstract The progressive growth and spread of tumour cells in the form of metastases requires an interaction of healthy host cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cells of mesenchymal origin with immune cells taking part in innate and adaptive responses within the tumour lesion and entire body. The host cells interact with tumour cells to create a dynamic tumour microenvironment, in which healthy cells can both positively and negatively influence the growth and spread of the tumour. The balance of cellular homeostasis and the effect of substances they secrete on the tumour microenvironment determine whether the tumour has a tendency to grow or disappear, and whether the cells remain within the lesion or are capable of metastasis to other regions of the body. Intercellular interactions also determine the tumour’s susceptibility to radiation or other types of cancer treatment. They may also be a rational explanation for differences in treatment outcomes, in which some metastases regress and others progress in response to the same treatment method.
Increased nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is mediated primarily by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. (2007)

Our results indicate a role for NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha in the activation of monocytes of patients with RA, and suggest an important role of circulating monocytes in RA pathogenesis.
Centralized versus distributed replication model for multicast replication (2007)

In 1990, Deering proposed IP multicast - an extension to the IP unicast service model for efficient multipoint communication. The multicast service model offered two key benefits: the efficient use of bandwidth for multipoint communication and the indirection of a group address which allows for network-level rendezvous and service discovery. This work describes a statistical analysis model that was used to compare the bandwidth used for distributed versus centralized multicast replication. The analysis uses probability to determine the amount of bandwidth that would be needed to serve a population of subscribers using a broadcast TV service. Because the maximum expected use of the broadcast service as a percentage of video subscribers (broadcast peak take rate) is typically much higher than that for the VoD service, the amount of bandwidth that is needed for broadcast and VoD services can be much higher when the broadcast service is delivered as unicast streams rather than by means of distributed replication.
A Two-Segment Approximation Algorithm for Separable Convex Programming with Linear Constraints (1986)

We discuss a new algorithm for the separable convex programming with linear constraints. This is based on the approximation of the objective function by at most two linear pieces in the neighborhood of the current feasible solution. The two segments will be adaptively defined rather than predecided fixed grids. If3 furthermore, the objective function is differentiable, and one introduces a non-Archimedean infinitesimal, the algorithm generates a sequence of feasible solutions every cluster point of which is an optimal solution. Computational tests on the problem with up to 196 non-linear variables are presented
The function of mastication: a key determinant of dental occlusion. (1996)

To explain the static and dynamic relationship between the dental arches, models of functions, based on the observation of protrusion and lateral movements of the mandible, are generally presented. In clinical practice, the patients are frequently asked to complete such artificial test movements in order to assess occlusion. However, these movements are in contradiction with the knowledge acquired through examination of the kinetics of incision, mastication, and the posterior dental contacts. The learning objective of this article is to present the required integration of physiology and the kinetics of mastication with any occlusodontic procedure. Interpretation of muscular action during mastication, incision, trituration, and intradental functional guidance are discussed and illustrated.