gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
p-n junction&#8212;Schottky barrier hybrid diode (1969)

A new fabrication technique for passivated silicon Schottky barrier diodes is described. It is shown that the p-n junction guard ring or "hybrid" approach produces Schottky barriers whose forward and reverse electrical characteristics are in excellent agreement with simple theory, and that the excess noise normally found in passivated Schottky barrier diodes has been significantly reduced. The influence of metal barrier height and diffusion profile on the charge storage characteristics of these devices is discussed and examined experimentally.
A Novel Event-Oriented Segment-of-Interest Discovery Method for Surveillance Video (2007)

During recent years, the quick development of computer techniques has witnessed the ever-increasing surveillance video data, which essentially pose great challenge on the data storage, management, analysis and even retrieval. Considering that most of the high volume of data is with no interest, we mainly investigate the problem of effectively and efficiently discovering segments-of-interest (SoI) in this paper. To do so, we propose a novel event-oriented Sol discovery method in two steps: first, we represent an event by modeling pixels' change in temporal-spatial space, aiming to unify both the inter-frames and frames-background changes; second, with the benefit of unsupervised learning, the prototype-event models could be learned from these detected events and in turn exploited to measure the interest factor of each prototype-event. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method precisely discriminate different events and effectively discover Sols.
NUMEROSA PRESENCIA PUMA EN LA OLIMPIADA NACIONAL 2011 (2011)

UN TOTAL DE 553 UNIVERSITARIOS BUSCARAN DEJAR EN ALTO LOS COLORES DE LA UNAM EN LA PROXIMA OLIMPIADA NACIONAL 2011, QUE SE EFECTUARA DEL 21 DE ABRIL AL 3 DE JUNIO EN LAS TRES SEDES QUE SE ELIGIERON PARA DICHA COMPETENCIA: YUCATAN, ESTADO DE MEXICO Y VERACRUZ.
On a History of Greek Commerce (1915)

In electing me to the Presidency of the Hellenic Society you have paid me the highest compliment to which any British Hellenist can aspire. It is an honour which I accept with all gratitude and, I can assure you, with all humility. It is impossible for me to look back at the names of the distinguished men who have already held the post, without reflecting that I am not of their rank—I am by profession neither a great academic teacher nor, like my old schoolfellow and friend Sir Arthur Evans, whose position I am prematurely called upon to fill, a man who has devoted his whole life to the advancement of archæology. It would be an impertinence in me to praise the work done by Sir Arthur; it is on the lips of all the learned world. When I think of Evans as we knew him at Harrow, I remember him in a double capacity. First as a scientific observer, by inheritance, as I need not remind you, from his distinguished and many-sided father. Whether it was a question of coins, of flint implements, or of natural history, Evans was always the leader of our school Scientific Society—matched only in some points by another friend, too soon lost to science, Frank Balfour. I remember one small matter, which always strikes me as characteristic—that Evans exhibited at one of our meetings specimens of leaves of plants from the carboniferous epoch which he had picked out of the coal-scuttle in his room.
Impact of copper contacts on CMOS front-end yield and reliability (2006)

With copper contact technology, CMOS front-end yield and reliability are governed by the quality of the contact barrier stack. Poor barrier quality gives rise to yield loss in junctions and gate dielectrics, and reduced time-to-breakdown with characteristic breakdown signature. Failure analysis reveals the presence of copper silicide as the underlying cause, its impact depending on the exact location of the affected region. With optimized barrier there is no indication for copper related front-end yield and reliability problems
OXIDATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS AND AMINO ACID RESIDUES IN PROTEINS BY RADIOLYSIS AND BY METAL-CATALYZED REACTIONS (1993)

Basic mechanisms that underlie the oxygen free radical-promoted oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues of proteins are derived from radiolysis studies. Results of these studies indicate that the most common pathway for the oxidation of simple aliphatic amino acids involves the hydroxyl radical-mediated abstraction of a hydrogen atom to form a carbon-centered radical at the alpha-position of the amino acid or amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain. Addition of O2 to the carbon-centered radicals leads to formation of peroxy radical derivatives, which upon decomposition lead to production of NH3 and alpha-ketoacids, or to production of NH3, CO2, and aldehydes or carboxylic acids containing one less carbon atom. As the number of carbon atoms in the amino acid is increased, hydrogen abstraction at other positions in the carbon chain becomes more important and leads either to the formation of hydroxy derivatives, or to amino acid cross-linked products as a consequence of carbon-centered radical recombination processes. alpha-Hydrogen abstraction plays a minor role in the oxidation of aromatic amino acids by radiolysis. Instead, the aromatic ring is the primary site of attack leading to hydroxy derivatives, to ring scission, and in the case of tyrosine to the formation of Tyr-Tyr cross-linked dimers. The basic pattern for the oxidation of amino acids by metal ion-catalyzed reactions (Fenton chemistry) is similar to the alpha-hydrogen abstraction pathway. But unlike the case of oxidation by radiolysis, this Fenton pathway is the major mechanism for the oxidation of all aliphatic amino acids, regardless of chain length, as well as for the oxidation of aromatic amino acids. Curiously, the Fe(III)-catalyzed oxidation of free amino acids is almost completely dependent upon the presence of bicarbonate ion, and is greatly stimulated by iron chelators at chelator/Fe(III) ratios less than 1.0, and is inhibited at chelator/Fe(III) ratios greater than 1.0. It is deduced that the most active catalytic complex is composed of two equivalents of HCO3-, an amino acid, and at least one equivalent of iron; however, two forms of iron, an iron-chelate and another form, must somehow be involved. In contrast to the situation with radiolysis, the aromatic rings of aromatic amino acids are only minor targets for metal-catalyzed reactions. All amino acid residues in proteins are subject to attack by hydroxyl radicals generated by ionizing radiation; however, the aromatic amino acids and sulfur-containing amino acids are most sensitive to oxidation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
CHARACTERIZATION OF NEAR-WALL HYDRODYNAMIC LIFT FORCES USING SEDIMENTATION FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION (1992)

Abstract In field-flow fractionation (FFF), a family of high resolution techniques for the separation of particles and polymers, the measured retention time of entrained particles eluting through a thin (50-500 μm) parallel plate channel is determined by the transverse forces acting on the particles during their migration. For particles in the size range ∼l-100μm an applied transverse driving force (in the present case sedimentation) rapidly brings the particles into balance with hydrodynamic lift forces, so that the two force vectors are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. By subjecting latex microspheres of known size and density to a specified rotation rate in a centrifuge, the applied sedimentation force is known and thus the magnitude of the lift forces is immediately obtained. The transverse particle position can be determined from the measured particle retention time. Thus lift forces can be determined as a function of particle size, transverse position, and flowrate. This strategy has been used to characterize the lift forces acting on spherical particles driven close to one channel wall. This characterization promises to be useful for the improved understanding and optimization of FFF, crossflow membrane separation, and other processes involving particle motion close to walls In this study, 519 retention measurements were made on eight latex microsphere standards of 2.0-44.6 μm diameter using flowrates of 1.88-38.0 mL/min in a 254 μm thick FFF channel subjected to 7-343 gravities. Multiple linear regression analysis yielded an expression for the lift force FL of the form where a is the particle radius, η is the fluid viscosity, s0 is the undisturbed shear rate at the wall, δ is the distance of closest approach of the sphere to the wall, and C is a coefficient that may itself depend on other system parameters. Possible sources of experimental error were examined but none changed the general form of the above equation. Since the expression is inconsistent with an inertial lift mechanism it is postulated that the lift forces observed are related to lubrication phenomena.
Illumination uniformity of laser-fusion pellets using induced spatial incoherence (1986)

We have examined the possibility of using a realistic laser system to produce uniform illumination of a direct drive laser-fusion pellet. This laser system consists of a short wavelength laser (KrF, λ=0.25 μm) with the induced-spatial-incoherence method. A numerical analysis describes the laser beams propagating through the pellet plasma, energy deposition by inverse bremmstrahlung absorption, and energy conversion to ablation drive pressure. The results indicate that highly uniform (ΔP/〈P〉&lt;2%) distributions can be produced while a large fraction of the laser beam energy (&gt;75%) is simultaneously absorbed. The spatial structure of the distribution is also analyzed and found to contain primarily low spatial frequencies with maximum magnitudes less than 0.5%. Misalignment of the laser beams increases the overall nonuniformity by about 1.5% for every 1% increase in the relative misaiming error (measured as a percentage of the pellet radius). A maximum misalignment error on the order of a few microradians in the final optics is suggested by this analysis.
Assessment of Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound and Breath-Holding (1995)

The assessment of vasomotor reactivity by transcranial Doppler ultrasound correlates with cerebral blood flow changes even when different vasodilatory stimuli are used. In cooperative patients the breath-holding maneuver as vasodilatory stimulus seems clinically useful for a first estimation of cerebral vasomotor reactivity.
Short-Term Satisfaction and Long-Term Coverage (2018)

Any learning algorithm for recommendation faces a fundamental trade-off between exploiting partial knowledge of a user»s interests to maximize satisfaction in the short term and discovering additional user interests to maximize satisfaction in the long term. To enable discovery, a machine learning algorithm typically elicits feedback on items it is uncertain about, which is termed algorithmic exploration in machine learning. This exploration comes with a cost to the user, since the items an algorithm chooses for exploration frequently turn out to not match the user»s interests. In this paper, we study how users tolerate such exploration and how presentation strategies can mitigate the exploration cost. To this end, we conduct a behavioral study with over 600 people, where we vary how algorithmic exploration is mixed into the set of recommendations. We find that users respond non-linearly to the amount of exploration, where some exploration mixed into the set of recommendations has little effect on short-term satisfaction and behavior. For long-term satisfaction, the overall goal is to learn via exploration about the items presented. We therefore also analyze the quantity and quality of implicit feedback signals such as clicks and hovers, and how they vary with different amounts of mix-in exploration. Our findings provide insights into how to design presentation strategies for algorithmic exploration in interactive recommender systems, mitigating the short-term costs of algorithmic exploration while aiming to elicit informative feedback data for learning.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Protein Translocation across a Membrane (2001)

Biological membranes, their spontaneous formation or phase transitions and the molecular dynamics therein, have long been studied intensively. On the other hand, the structure and function of the membrane proteins are central problems in molecular biology and are attracting tremendous interest. However, the cooperative process of lipids and proteins occurring within the membrane is still very difficult to understand. Recent advances in computer technology have proved the molecular simulation approach to be very promising in various fields of research, and here we demonstrate a possible application of the simulation method to the molecular process of protein translocation across the membrane.
Association of CD26 with CD45RA outside lipid rafts attenuates cord blood T-cell activation (2003)

CD26 is a T-cell activation antigen that contains dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and binds adenosine deaminase. Recent work showed that specialized membrane microdomains, also known as lipid rafts, play a key role in T-cell signaling. In this study, we investigate the role of CD26 in cord blood T-cell activation and signal transduction. We demonstrated that different expression levels of CD26 were observed between cord blood T cells (CBTCs) and peripheral blood T cells (PBTCs) and that CD26(+)CD45RA(+) CBTCs were different compared with CD26(+)CD45RA(+) PBTCs. Moreover, the comitogenic effect of CD26 was not as pronounced in CBTCs as in PBTCs. We also showed that CD26 cross-linking induced less phosphorylation of T-cell receptor-signaling molecules, lymphoid T-cell protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70), T-cell receptor zeta (TCRzeta), and linker for activator of T cells (LAT) in CBTCs than in PBTCs. Furthermore, CD26 molecules associated with CD45RA molecules outside lipid rafts in CBTCs. Our results suggest that strong physical linkage of CD26 with CD45RA outside lipid rafts may be responsible for the attenuation of T-cell activation signaling through CD26, which may be responsible for immature immune response and the low incidence of severe graft-versus-host disease in cord blood transplantation.
A Phosphoethanolamine Transferase Specific for the Outer 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic Acid Residue of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide (2005)

Addition of a phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) moiety to the outer 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in WBB06, a heptose-deficient Escherichia coli mutant, occurs when cells are grown in 5-50 mM CaCl2 (Kanipes, M. I., Lin, S., Cotter, R. J., and Raetz, C. R. H. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1156-1163). A Ca2+-induced, membrane-bound enzyme was responsible for the transfer of the pEtN unit to the Kdo domain. We now report the identification of the gene encoding the pEtN transferase. E. coli yhjW was cloned and overexpressed, because it is homologous to a putative pEtN transferase implicated in the modification of the beta-chain heptose residue of Neisseria meningitidis lipo-oligosaccharide (Mackinnon, F. G., Cox, A. D., Plested, J. S., Tang, C. M., Makepeace, K., Coull, P. A., Wright, J. C., Chalmers, R., Hood, D. W., Richards, J. C., and Moxon, E. R. (2002) Mol. Microbiol. 43, 931-943). In vitro assays with Kdo2-4'-[32P]lipid A as the acceptor showed that YhjW (renamed EptB) utilizes phosphatidylethanolamine in the presence of Ca2+ to transfer the pEtN group. Stoichiometric amounts of diacylglycerol were generated during the EptB-catalyzed transfer of pEtN to Kdo2-lipid A. EptB is an inner membrane protein of 574 amino acid residues with five predicted trans-membrane segments within its N-terminal region. An in-frame replacement of eptB with a kanamycin resistance cassette rendered E. coli WBB06 (but not wild-type W3110) hypersensitive to CaCl2 at 5 mM or higher. Ca2+ hypersensitivity was suppressed by excess Mg2+ in the medium or by restoring the LPS core of WBB06. The latter was achieved by reintroducing the waaC and waaF genes, which encode LPS heptosyl transferases I and II, respectively. Our data demonstrate that pEtN modification of the outer Kdo protected cells containing heptose-deficient LPS from damage by high concentrations of Ca2+. Based on its sequence similarity to EptA(PmrC), we propose that the active site of EptB faces the periplasmic surface of the inner membrane.
Rayleigh lidar system for middle atmosphere research in the arctic (1997)

A Rayleigh/Mie lidar system deployed at the Sondrestrom At- mospheric Research Facility located on the west coast of Greenland near the town of Kangerlussuaq (67.0 deg N, 50.9 deg W) has been in operation since 1993 making unique observations of the arctic middle atmosphere. The vertically directed lidar samples the elastically back- scattered laser energy from molecules (Rayleigh) and aerosols (Mie) over the altitude range from 15 to 90 km at high spatial resolution. The limited amount of arctic observations of the middle atmosphere currently available emphasizes the importance and utility of a permanent Rayleigh lidar system in Greenland. The lidar system consists of a frequency- doubled, 17-W Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm, a 92 cm Newtonian telescope, and a two-channel photon counting receiver. The principal objective of the lidar project is to contribute to studies concerned with the climatology and phenomenology of the arctic middle atmosphere. To this end, we describe the lidar system in detail, evaluate system performance, de- scribe data analysis, and discuss the system capabilities in determining the density, temperature, and the presence of aerosols in the arctic middle atmosphere. Particular emphasis is placed on the derivation of temperature from the lidar measurement and on the impact of signal- induced noise on this analysis. Also, we develop a statistical filter based on a Bayesian approach to optimally smooth the lidar profile in range. This filter preserves the short-term fluctuations in the low-altitude data consisting of relatively high SNR, whereas more smoothing is applied to the high-altitude data as the SNR decreases. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)01607-3)
Replication: Optimistic Approaches (2002)

Replication is a key enabling technology in distributed data sharing systems for improving both availability and performance. This paper surveys optimistic replication algorithms, which allow replica contents to diverge in the short term, in order to support concurrent work and to tolerate failures in low-quality communication links. The importance of such techniques is increasing as collaboration through wide-area and mobile networks is becoming more popular. Optimistic replication algorithms employ techniques vastly different from those for traditional pessimistic algorithms. Whereas a pessimistic algorithm relies on synchronous replica coordination, an optimistic algorithm propagates its updates in the background, discovers conflicts after they happen, and reaches an agreement on the final object contents incrementally. This paper identifies the key challenges that optimistic replication systems face — achieving uniformity, guaranteeing quality of replica contents, and scaling — and presents a comprehensive survey of techniques developed for addressing these challenges.
Effect of Nanoparticle Conjugation on Gene Silencing by RNA Interference (2010)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular process whereby the silencing of a particular gene is mediated by short RNAs (siRNAs). Although siRNAs have great therapeutic potential, cellular delivery has been a challenge. Nanoparticle-siRNA conjugates have emerged as potential delivery vehicles; however, reports describing the effects of nanoparticle conjugation on RISC incorporation and subsequent gene silencing have been mixed. In this report, we have systematically evaluated the effect of siRNA coupling strategies using a model nanoparticle system with varying conjugation schemes. We show that the accessibility of the siRNA linked to the nanoparticle and the lability of the cross-linker are critical for efficient gene knockdown.
Encapsulation of inorganic filler particles by emulsion polymerization (1993)

Emulsion polymn. of styrene in the presence of CaCO3 modified with titanate AT52 was carried out; particles were covered with a polymer layer consisting of small particles. The amt. of encapsulating polymer in the isolated product was detd. 80% Of the polymer in the product was extd. with toluene and its mol. wt. was detd
ROTATIONAL AND CYCLICAL VARIABILITY IN γ CASSIOPEIAE. II. FIFTEEN SEASONS (2012)

The B0.5IVe star gam Cas is of great interest because it is the prototype of a small group of classical Be stars having hard X-ray emission of unknown origin. We discuss results from ongoing B and V observations of the gam Cas star-disk system acquired with an APT during the observing seasons 1997-2011. In an earlier study, Smith, Henry, & Vishniac showed that light variations in gam Cas are dominated by a series of comparatively prominent cycles with amplitudes of 0.02-0.03 mag and lengths of 2-3 months, superimposed on a 1.21-day periodic signal some five times smaller, which they attributed to rotation. The cycle lengths clustered around 70 days. Changes in both cycle length and amplitude were observed from year to year. These authors also found the V-band cycles to be 30-40% larger than the B-band cycles. In the present study we find continued evidence for these variability patterns and for the bimodal distribution of the B/V amplitude ratios in the long cycles. During the 2010 observing season, gam Cas underwent a mass loss event (outburst), as evidenced by the brightening and reddening seen in our new photometry. This episode coincided with a waning of the amplitude in the ongoing cycle. The Be outburst ended the following year, and the light-curve amplitude returned to pre-outburst levels. This behavior reinforces the interpretation that cycles arise from a global disk instability. Remarkably, we also find that both the amplitude and the asymmetry of the rotational waveform changed over the years. We review arguments for this modulation arising from transits of a surface magnetic disturbance. Finally, to a limit of 5 mmag, we find no evidence for any photometric variation corresponding to the gam Cas binary period, 203.55 days, or to the first few harmonics.