gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>: Genome sequence analysis of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates (2007)

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the UK, a statistic that is also reflected globally. There are three biovariants of C. trachomatis: trachoma (serotypes A-C) and two sexually transmitted pathovars; serotypes D-K and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Trachoma isolates and the sexually transmitted serotypes D-K are noninvasive, whereas the LGV strains are invasive, causing a disseminating infection of the local draining lymph nodes. Genome sequences are available for single isolates from the trachoma (serotype A) and sexually transmitted (serotype D) biotypes. We sequenced two isolates from the remaining biotype, LGV, a long-term laboratory passaged strain and the recent "epidemic" LGV isolate-causing proctitis. Although the genome of the LGV strain shows no additional genes that could account for the differences in disease outcome, we found evidence of functional gene loss and identified regions of heightened sequence variation that have previously been shown to be important sites for interstrain recombination. We have used new sequencing technologies to show that the recent clinical LGV isolate causing proctitis is unlikely to be a newly emerged strain but is most probably an old strain with relatively new clinical manifestations.
TLR5 Signaling Stimulates the Innate Production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD3negCD127+ Immune Cells in Spleen and Mucosa (2010)

In adaptive immunity, Th17 lymphocytes produce the IL-17 and IL-22 cytokines that stimulate mucosal antimicrobial defenses and tissue repair. In this study, we observed that the TLR5 agonist flagellin induced swift and transient transcription of genes encoding IL-17 and IL-22 in lymphoid, gut, and lung tissues. This innate response also temporarily enhanced the expression of genes associated with the antimicrobial Th17 signature. The source of the Th17-related cytokines was identified as novel populations of CD3(neg)CD127(+) immune cells among which CD4-expressing cells resembling lymphoid tissue inducer cells. We also demonstrated that dendritic cells are essential for expression of Th17-related cytokines and so for stimulation of innate cells. These data define that TLR-induced activation of CD3(neg)CD127(+) cells and production of Th17-related cytokines may be crucial for the early defenses against pathogen invasion of host tissues.
THE THEORY OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE RECONSIDERED (1996)

ABSTRACT ** A comparison of the essential characteristics of public and private enterprise against the background of agency theory shows that archetypal public enterprise is not an enterprise in the generally accepted legal and economic senses of that expression. If it is to be efficient, therefore, archetypal public enterprise must not be left dependent upon governance and monitoring systems appropriate to private enterprise but must, by means of an intimate and cooperative (and not an ‘arm's length') relationship between the principal (government) and the agent (management), be provided with precisely defined and quantified objectives that lead to an agreed measure of overall performance. The essay's conclusions are important because, inter alia, they shift the efficiency debate from property to governance.
Oxine and its Derivatives. Volume I. Oxine, Part 1. (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxine and its Derivatives. Volume I. Oxine, Part 1.J. P. PhillipsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 4, 1013Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01537a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01537a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reinforcement Learning Based Supplier-Agents for Electricity Markets (2005)

Bidding strategies play important roles in maximizing the profits of power suppliers in competitive electricity markets. Therefore, it will be an advantage for a supplier to search for optimal bidding strategies in the market. In this paper the problem of designing fuzzy reinforcement learning (FRL) supplier-agents that compete in forward electricity markets (e.g. Day-Ahead energy market) to maximize their revenues is studied. An IEEE 30-bus power system with 6 generators (supplier-agents) and three demand areas with stochastic loads are used for our simulation studies. This model is applicable to different types of commodity markets with numerous supply and demand agents
BEHAVIOUR OF DOMESTIC PIGS IN A VISUAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING TASK (2001)

Abstract Animals with visual perspective taking abilities should differ in their responses to individuals that do and individuals that do not have visual access to some critical event. We investigated whether domestic pigs show behaviour consistent with this ability. Ten subjects were trained to move from a start box into one of four corridors that they had seen a human enter with a bucket for baiting. They received a food reward for choosing the correct corridor. In unrewarded probe tests, the subjects' view of the corridors was blocked, but they could see a 'seeing' companion pig who had visual access to the baiting event, and another, whose view was also blocked, located in start boxes to their left and right. After the companions had been released and entered corridors, the subject was released and which companion it followed was recorded. Eight pigs followed companions less frequently than expected by chance, probably due to specific corridor or centre/side preferences. However, one subject showed no positional bias, and a significant preference for following the 'seeing' companion, consistent with the ability to take another's visual perspective. Our design rules out learning of a correct response during the experiment, by testing subjects in unrewarded probe trials, and by using companions that were equally trained and unaware of the subject's task. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that previously learned contingencies were used to solve the problem. We therefore consider that this apparent visual perspective taking ability does not necessarily imply any ability to understand knowledge states.
A Simple Inexpensive 4½ Digit Microvolt Meter for Potentiometric Titrations (1982)

ABSTRACT The design and construction of a stable 4½ digit microvolt meter which uses inexpensive and readily available integrated circuits and components is described. The input impedance is such that the meter can be used with glass electrodes and other high resistance ion selective electrodes. Precautions required for satisfactory operations are described.
Convolutional neural network with pair-wise pure dependence for sentence classification (2018)

Sentence classification has always been a crucial research topic in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Classical bag-of-words based models have a major limitation: the contextual information between words, which is the key to form meaningful semantic entities, is missing. Moreover, the semantic entities are not necessarily limited to syntactically valid phrases or named entities, but can be high-order association (also referred to as high-order dependence) patterns. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose PPD-CNN, a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with Pair-wise Pure Dependence (PPD) for sentence classification. Compared with the traditional CNN, our PPD-CNN (1) combines PPD pattern which is a couple of dependence words as strong un-separable high-level semantic entity and (2) extracts multi-granular semantic information, which treats PPD pattern as an input channel to capture the whole features and the original sentence as another input channel through variable-size convolution filters to catch all kinds of local features. With this design, our PPD-CNN can model the contextual information, which is important for grasping the word sense. The experimental results show that our approach significantly outperforms a wide range of baselines and state-of-the-art methods.
An Analysis of Cohort Mortality from Tongue Cancer in Japan, England and Wales and the United States (1982)

Alcohol and tobacco consumption were compared to rates of tongue cancer mortality among birth cohorts in Japan, England and Wales, and the United States for the years 1846-1975. During 1931-75 Japan had low and the US had high, stable sex, and age-specific and adjusted mortality. Rates in England and Wales, highest among the three nations, dropped dramatically, showing a classic cohort effect, which coincided with a continual rise in tobacco and a sharp decline in alcohol use since 1900. The US had a similar upsurge in smoking, but comparatively little change in drinking habits. In all countries, the alcohol but not the tobacco patterns were consistent with cohort deaths for not only tongue cancer but also other alcohol-related diseases when a dose-response time lapse was taken into account. In contrast to other studies this research suggests that alcohol may be a carcinogen even in the absence of tobacco.
Local degradation effects in automotive size membrane electrode assemblies under realistic operating conditions (2019)

In automotive applications, the operational parameters for fuel cell (FC) systems can vary over a wide range. To analyze their impact on fuel cell degradation, an automotive size single cell was operated under realistic working conditions. The parameter sets were extracted from the FC system modeling based on on-road customer data. The parameter variation included simultaneous variation of the FC load, gas pressures, cell temperature, stoichiometries and relative humidity. Current density distributions and the overall cell voltage were recorded in real time during the tests. The current densities were low at the geometric anode gas outlet and high at the anode gas inlet. After electrochemical tests, post mortem analysis was conducted on the membrane electrode assemblies using scanning electron microscopy. The ex-situ analysis showed significant cathode carbon corrosion in areas associated with low current densities. This suggests that fuel starvation close to the anode outlet is the origin of the cathode electrode degradation. The results of the numerical simulations reveal high relative humidity at that region and, therefore, water flooding is assumed to cause local anode fuel starvation. Even though the hydrogen oxidation reaction has low kinetic overpotentials, “local availability” of H2 plays a significant role in maintaining a homogeneous current density distribution and thereby in local degradation of the cathode catalyst layer. The described phenomena occurred while the overall cell voltage remained above 0.3 V. This indicates that only voltage monitoring of fuel cell systems does not contain straightforward information about this type of degradation.
Water Injection Quality in Ekofisk—UV Sterilization and Monitoring Techniques (1991)

Abstract Water injection in Ekofisk Field (2/4K) in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea has started late 1987. The waterflood was decided on after the success of a pilot water flood trial initiated in the spring of 1981. Ekofisk reservoir is described as a fine-grained chalky limestone with porosities frequently above 40% and a matrix permeability of only 1 to 2 md. However, a fracture system raises overall permeability to about 100 md. An important factor in the success of a waterflood project is the quality of the water required for injection into the reservoir. The water quality is greatly affected by several contaminants such as corrosion products/suspended solids, scale and bacteria. Controling corrosion and minimizing solids generation are two major problems associated with the waterflood. The two problems are related since the solids picked up are corrosion products and/or biomass that cause corrosion. Microbial corrosion may be eleminated/ minimized by frequent treatment with bactericides. The treatment frequency depends on the bactericidal demands and type of bactericide. These, interns are related to the bacterial activities, hence dependent on the monitoring techniques for bacteria counts. Monitoring of microbial corrosion is always difficult due to the sessile nature of bacteria and the lack of meaningful correlation between bacteria counts and the bacterial activity. The water injection system on 2/4K is considered to be a unique system since continuous disinfiction of the injected water by UV sterilization technique is used. Experience gained from the use of the UV sterilization, the bactericidal treatment regime and a comparison between various monitoring techniques of the bacteria are discussed in this pacer.
Laser-induced gas breakdown in the presence of preionization (1973)

Experiments have been carried out to study the ionization buildup and gas breakdown processes in the focal volume of an intense 10. 6-μ laser pulse in atmospheric-pressure helium preionized to various levels of electron density. With no preionization the laser flux required for breakdown was in agreement with results obtained by previous authors, and showed the same dependence on the focal volume size. However, with a high initial electron density, the threshold was much lower and showed no volume dependence. The results indicate that with preionization the breakdown threshold is controlled by cascade ionization processes, while with no preionization it is dominated by other effects such as small impurity particles in the gas, and that these other effects may be responsible for the diameter dependence of the breakdown threshold.
Improved Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2006)

Intensive self-management with frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is important in type 1 diabetes to achieve good metabolic control (1–3). Nevertheless, many patients still experience episodes of unrecognized hypo- and hyperglycemia (4). Novel technologies for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) that provide information about glucose excursions are now available. Previous studies reported the benefits of retrospective evaluation of CGM data (5–11), but few assessed effects on glycemic control (5,12–14), and only one showed improvements compared with SMBG (14). We evaluated the effect of a new real-time glucose monitor on glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. The device, Guardian RT (Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA), allows users to see glucose readings and set hypo- and hyperglycemic alarms and provides trend information on changing glucose values.

The study included 81 children (median age 14.4 years [range 8.0–18.9]) and 81 adults (age 39.1 years [19.0–59.5]) with stable type 1 diabetes. All had adhered to intensified insulin treatment (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, n = 78; multiple daily injection, n = 84) but had HbA1c (A1C) levels ≥8.1%. Informed consent was obtained from patients regularly attending the eight participating centers.

Subjects were randomly assigned 1:1:1 for 3 months to Guardian RT continuously (arm 1) or biweekly for 3-day periods every 2 weeks (arm 2) or to continue conventional SMBG (control). Treatment adjustments made by physicians and patients were based on SMBG profiles in control subjects and on real-time glucose profiles in arms 1 and 2. Patients were instructed to perform confirmatory SMBG measurements before therapeutical interventions or corrective action if hypo- or hyperglycemic alarms or symptoms occurred. …
Multifunctional Chemical Vapor Sensors of Aligned Carbon Nanotube and Polymer Composites (2006)

Partially coating perpendicularly aligned carbon nanotube arrays with an appropriate polymer thin film along their tube length provides a novel concept for developing new sensors of high sensitivity, good selectivity, and excellent environmental stability for the detection of a broad class of chemical vapors with low power consumption. The absorption and desorption of chemical vapors by the polymer matrix cause changes in the inter-tube distance and, hence, the surface resistance across the nanotube film. Simple measurements of the resistance change, therefore, constitute the nanotube-polymer chemical vapor sensors. These rationally designed, aligned carbon nanotube-polymer composite films are flexible and can be effectively integrated into many systems for a wide range of potential applications, including their use as multifunctional sensors for sensing chemical vapors, mechanical deformations, thermal and optical exposures.
Isolation and characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 from donkeys (2010)

These findings extend the host range of the H5N1 influenza virus, possess implications for influenza virus epidemiology and highlight the need for the systematic surveillance of H5N1 in animals in the vicinity of backyard poultry units especially in endemic areas.
A high-performance calibration-free charge balancing analog-to-digital converter (1996)

This paper describes a robust charge-balancing analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for dc-voltage measuring applications. The converter, utilizing a continuous-time chopper-stabilized pulse-width modulator, has achieved an absolute accuracy of 20 bits at room temperature, without any trimming or calibration. Within a temperature range of -50/spl deg/C to 125/spl deg/C, the accuracy changes with a temperature coefficient of 0.05 ppm//spl deg/C. The modulator is implemented by employing commercial discrete components.
Characterization of activated sludge flocs structure (1997)

Activated sludge is the most widely used process for wastewater treatment. However basic properties such as floc structure or settling properties, still remain unknown. In order to describe activated sludge floc structure, four investigation methods were used: (i) size distribution analysis associated with sonication, (ii) transmission electron microscopy (iii) laser scanning confocal microscopy and fractal dimension analysis, and (iv) three dimensional modelling. The evolution of floc size distribution in dispersed samples was used to build a model of floc showing that the predominating microflocs (125 μm) are formed from 13 μm aggregates, which are made up of smaller particles (2.5 μm). By transmission electron microscopy it was assumed that the 2.5 μm sub-units could correspond to microorganisms and that exopolymers form a gel-like matrix which holds the structure of the aggregates together. The microfloc (13 μm) structure was investigated by confocal scanning light microscopy and image processing. The analysis of the mass distribution pointed out that the microfloc is a fractal object (fractal dimension around 3). The total number of cells in these aggregates was found to be 2n number. These two results suggest that division of microorganisms explained the formation of 13 μm units which are microcolonies. A mass fractal dimension 2.5 ± 0.15 was measured for the microfloc. Its external surface was reconstructed by using interpolating software (GOCAD). It appeared that the surface is also a fractal object with a dimension 2.3 ± 0.1. According to the fractal theory, it seems that diffusion limited aggregation via monomer-cluster collision is the mechanism which describes the formation of macroflocs.
Ligand Specificity of Brain Lipid-binding Protein (1996)

Brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP) is a member of the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family. Although BLBP expression in the developing central nervous system is complex, a close correlation between its expression and radial glial differentiation has been observed. Furthermore, antibodies to BLBP can block glial cell differentiation in mixed primary cell cultures. Here we describe the ligand binding properties of BLBP. The binding affinities of BLBP for oleic acid (Kd approximately 0.44 microM) and arachidonic acid (Kd approximately 0.25 microM) are similar to those reported for other FABPs, but BLBP does not bind to palmitic acid or arachidinic acid. These and other experiments establish that BLBP has a strong preference for binding long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. A probable in vivo ligand for BLBP is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), since its binding affinity (Kd approximately 10 nM) is the highest yet reported for an FABP/ligand interaction, exceeding even the affinity of retinoic acid for its binding proteins. Furthermore, the requirement of DHA for nervous system development and the coincident expression of BLBP during these developmental stages suggest that the physiologic role of BLBP may involve DHA utilization. Finally, we present a structural model of BLBP/DHA interaction that provides insight into both the structural characteristics important for ligand binding and the effects of specific mutations upon BLBP/ligand interactions.
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 promotes T cell adhesion by activating the adaptor protein CrkII in the immunological synapse (2017)

The adaptor protein CrkII regulates T cell adhesion by recruiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, an activator of Rap1. Subsequently, Rap1 stimulates the integrin LFA-1, which leads to T cell adhesion and interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The adhesion of T cells to APCs is critical for their proper function and education. The interface between the T cell and the APC is known as the immunological synapse. It is characterized by the specific organization of proteins that can be divided into central supramolecular activation clusters (c-SMACs) and peripheral SMACs (p-SMACs). Through total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and experiments with supported lipid bilayers, we determined that activated Rap1 was recruited to the immunological synapse and localized to the p-SMAC. C3G and the active (dephosphorylated) form of CrkII also localized to the same compartment. In contrast, inactive (phosphorylated) CrkII was confined to the c-SMAC. Activation of CrkII and its subsequent movement from the c-SMAC to the p-SMAC depended on the phosphatase SHP-1, which acted downstream of the T cell receptor. In the p-SMAC, CrkII recruited C3G, which led to Rap1 activation and LFA-1-mediated adhesion of T cells to APCs. Functionally, SHP-1 was necessary for both the adhesion and migration of T cells. Together, these data highlight a signaling pathway in which SHP-1 acts through CrkII to reshape the pattern of Rap1 activation in the immunological synapse.
End Correction for Slow Viscous Flow through Long Tubes (1962)

A variational method valid for the creeping-flow regime is used to calculate an upper bound for the pressure drop associated with viscous dissipation near the ends of a long round tube. The result states that this pressure drop, which is an additive correction to that given by the Poiseuille formula, is not greater than 1.154 times the pressure drop through a thin orifice. The orifice pressure drop, in terms of the fluid viscosity μ, the volumetric flow rate Q, and the radius a, is found to be 3μQ/a3, in confirmation of a previous calculation of Roscoe by a different method.