gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of die failure in copper-low-k flip chip package with consideration of packaging process-induced stresses (2009)

In Flip Chip package, the curing process of the underfill polymer will induce extra residual stress and strain fields. For simplicity reasons, in thermo-mechanical analyses, the curing induced stress state was usually neglected by assuming a so-called ldquostress-freerdquo temperature. However, such simplification is not verified, in particular for advanced IC chips such as copper-low-k interconnects, which is very sensitive to the stress level it undergoes. An investigation on the die failure issues in copper-low-k Flip Chip Package with consideration of packaging process-induced stresses was presented in this paper. Firstly, a cure-dependent viscoelastic model was applied to describe the properties of the underfill resin during the curing process and subsequent thermal cycling. Secondly, prediction of die fracture failure probability was conducted. Weibull statistics model was used to describe the probability distribution for the die strength test. Model parameters were obtained by fitting to the test results. Fracture failure probability of the die backside was calculated based on the Weibull statistics model and the stress states induced in the curing processes and test condition. Thirdly, the stress state on the copper-low-k layer was investigated. The results show that maximum stress occurs at top interface of the low-k layer structure. The cure-induced stresses play a significant role on the total stress level. The effect of the packaging process-induced stress cannot be simply neglected.
Simple knockout by electroporation of engineered endonucleases into intact rat embryos (2014)

Engineered endonucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system, provide a powerful approach for genome editing in animals. However, the microinjection of endonucleases into embryos requires a high skill level, is time consuming, and may cause damage to embryos. Here, we demonstrate that the electroporation of endonuclease mRNAs into intact embryos can induce editing at targeted loci and efficiently produce knockout rats. It is noteworthy that the electroporation of ZFNs resulted in an embryonic survival rate (91%) and a genome-editing rate (73%) that were more than 2-fold higher than the corresponding rates from conventional microinjection. Electroporation technology provides a simple and effective method to produce knockout animals.
Use of natural language for knowledge acquisition: Strategies to cope with semantic and pragmatic variation (1992)

The large amount of verbal data from common knowledge-elicitation methods suggests using the data directly for knowledge acquisition by means of sophisticated natural-language analyzers (NLAs). In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of such an approach theoretically and present a number of examples. In the theoretical part of the text we first provide a detailed analysis of the entities involved, i.e., the domains of expertise, the qualities of knowledge about domains, the properties of generic sentences and texts in natural languages, and the conclusions to be drawn from the limited expressiveness of formal representations. Then we discuss the processes of transforming knowledge into natural language and of transforming natural language into formal language. Since much can go wrong in both processes, we derive desired relations or validity criteria among the entities and strategies to meet the criteria. We believe that this broad theoretical framework can be used to analyze and compare existing attempts at directly using natural language for knowledge acquisition, and thus assess the present status of the field.
Episodes of Psychiatric Utilization (1980)

The continued growth of outpatient psychiatric care has been accompanied by a large number of research studies concerning the determinants of psychiatric utilization. One of the major limitations of these efforts has been the inability to go beyond distributional data on the use of services. This article describes a methodology for generating episodes of psychiatric care given a data set with a small amount of routinely collected data present in many medical information systems. Both demographic and medical characteristics are significantly associated with health services resource use as defined by the number of visits in an episode. A model predicting recurrent episodes of care is also described. The general utility of this approach and the substantive implications of the specific results are discussed.
The Synthesis of 2-, 4- and 9-Fluoreneacetic Acid (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 2-, 4- and 9-Fluoreneacetic AcidW. E. Bachmann and John Clark SheehanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 10, 2687–2690Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01867a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01867a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Integrated AC Choke Design for Common-Mode Current Suppression in Neutral-Connected Power Converter Systems (2011)

This paper presents an integrated ac choke that incorporates the common-mode (CM) suppression function into a three-phase differential-mode (DM) inductor. The proposed choke, together with other filter components, provides a transformerless solution to issues caused by the switching CM voltage in neutral-connected power converter systems. The required high CM-to-DM inductance ratio is generated by different magnetic paths in the novel structure. An approach based on magnetic circuit calculation can be applied to the weight-minimized design in which a reasonably small core loss confirms the choke's heat dissipation capability. The existence and uniqueness of the optimization are proven by a design example and analysis. Comparison to separate DM and CM inductors demonstrates the benefits of integration: the iron and copper material savings, the volume and weight reduction, and overall system efficiency improvement. The finite element method is used to tune the design parameters with which a prototype is implemented. The simulation and experimental results of the prototype in a voltage source converter verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the integrated choke.
A method to determine collection efficiency of particles by swipe sampling (2008)

A methodology was developed to evaluate particle collection efficiencies from swipe sampling of trace residues. Swipe sampling is used for many applications where trace residues must be collected, including the evaluation of radioactive particle contamination and the analysis of explosives and contraband at screening checkpoints using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Collection efficiencies were evaluated for micrometer-sized polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres with respect to the particle size and mode of deposition, collection trap, surface type and swiping force. Test surfaces containing particles were prepared under controlled conditions and swiped with a reproducible technique that allows for the evaluation of frictional forces. Collection efficiencies were determined by optical imaging and particle counting. Of the two IMS collection traps studied, the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) trap has significantly lower collection efficiencies. This is likely to be due to a combination of texture and composition. The larger (42 µm diameter) particles are collected more efficiently than the smaller (9 µm diameter) particles. Particles in a matrix similar to latent fingerprints are collected more efficiently than dry particles. Applying greater force during swiping does not greatly improve collection efficiencies. This fact, coupled with the observation that many particles are detached but not collected, implies that improvements in collection efficiency are dependent on improvements in adhesion of the particles to the collection surface, rather than larger forces to detach the particles.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Pyridines via a Sequential Solventless Aldol Condensation and Michael Addition. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Percutaneous ethanol injection of parathyroid tumors under US guidance: treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism. (1985)

In 12 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, 13 parathyroid tumors detected with the use of sonography and confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy were treated by percutaneous injection of absolute ethanol under ultrasonographic guidance. Indications for this procedure were recurrence of parathyroid tumors after previous subtotal surgery, high surgical risk, or refusal of surgery. Significant volume reductions were recorded for the larger glands; in the smaller ones, structural changes were observed as well. Clinical and biochemical therapeutic effects were obtained in most cases of single hyperplastic glands treated. Percutaneous alcoholic ablation of enlarged parathyroid glands can be used in cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism when surgery is contraindicated or problematic; it can also improve responsiveness to medical therapy, delaying the need for surgery.
Direct Control of Multi-Car Elevators with Real-Time GA (2007)

The multi-car elevator system is a revolutionary new technology for high-rise buildings, promising improved space utilization but requiring new control methods. We have developed a control algorithm for operating a multi-car system efficiently, by solving jointly the problems of allocating calls to cars, and planning elevator routes, using a continuously running real-time GA method. We report on simulation experiment showing the superiority of the proposed method, as compared with the best existing heuristic method.
Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers (2002)

An electric field is used to create a charged jet of polymer solution. As this jet travels in air, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind a charged fiber that can be electrically deflected or collected on a metal screen. Fibers with a variety of cross-sectional shapes and sizes were produced from different polymers. These fibers had diameters in the range of 0.05 to 5 microns. The authors describe the electrospinning process, the processing conditions, fiber morphology, and some possible uses of electrospun fibers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX): A Fundamental Science Research Mission Advancing Technologies that Enable MEO Spaceflight (2006)

The Air Force Research Laboratory has developed the Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) to research technologies needed to significantly advance the capability to operate spacecraft in the harsh radiation environment of medium-earth orbits (MEO). The ability to operate effectively in the MEO environment significantly increases the capability to field space systems that provide persistent global targeting-grade space surveillance, high-speed satellite-based communication, lower-cost GPS navigation, and protection from space weather on a responsive satellite platform. The DSX physics based research areas are: 1)Wave Particle Interaction Experiment: Researching the physics of very low-frequency (VLF) transmissions in the magnetosphere and characterizing the feasibility of natural and man-made VLF waves to reduce space radiation; 2)Space Weather Experiment: Characterizing and modeling the space radiation environment in MEO, an orbital regime attractive for future DoD and commercial missions; and 3)Space Environmental Effects: Researching and characterizing the space weather effects on spacecraft electronics and materials.
How to Use Blockchain for Diabetes Health Care Data and Access Management: An Operational Concept (2018)

This new approach could potentially lead to more efficient sharing of data between institutions and utilization of new types of data and research possibilities.
Performance analysis pf parallelizing compilers on the Perfect Benchmarks programs (1992)

The speedups of the Perfect Benchmarks codes that result from automatic parallelization are reported. The performance gains caused by individual restructuring techniques have also been measured. Specific reasons for the successes and failures of the transformations are discussed, and potential improvements that result in measurably better program performance are analyzed. The most important findings are that available restructurers often cause insignificant performance gains in real programs and that only few restructuring techniques contribute to this gain. However, it can be shown that there is potential for advancing compiler technology so that many of the most important loops in these programs can be parallelized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laser Produced Damage in Transparent Solids (1972)

The mechanism governing the onset of laser-produced damage in solids was found to depend, in a critical way, on the spatial and/or temporal gradient of the interaction strength across the focal or volume. As a result, the threshold values of damage produced by a multimode laser as well as the internal damage patterns depend strongly on the laser propagation and polarization directions. In the forward scattering experiment, the cumulative effects of microscopic damage were observed in crystalline quartz. Other experiments designed to detect cumulative effects were inconclusive. Various light scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for laser-produced damage studies were investigated.
The American Constitutional System--An Experiment in Limited Government (1935)

To secure private rights, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and form of popular government, was the great object to which their Inquiries had been directed.
Hck Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Cancer and HIV Infection (2015)

Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a member of the Src-family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which plays many roles in signalling pathways involved in the regulation of cell processes. Hck is expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin, specifically myelomonocytic cells and B lymphocytes. It participates in phagocytosis, adhesion, migration, regulation of protrusion formation on cell membrane, lysosome exocytosis, podosome formation and actin polymerization. More importantly from a medicinal chemistry point of view, high levels of Hck are involved in chronic myeloid leukemia and other hematologic tumors. Furthermore, Hck activity has been associated with virus infections including HIV-1. In particular, Hck is activated by the HIV-1 accessory protein Nef, a multifunctional HIV-1 protein that accelerates progression to AIDS and enhances the infectivity of progeny viruses. Nef binding to Hck leads to kinase activation which is important in AIDS pathogenesis. For these reasons, Hck represents a potentially good therapeutic target for the treatment of both specific cancers and HIV infection. This article summarizes Hck biological activities connected with malignancies and HIV infection, many of which have been only recently reported, and presents an overview of the compounds endowed with Hck inhibitory activity, especially focusing on the medicinal chemistry aspect.
Kinetic studies on homogeneous oxidation of olefins with palladium(II) catalysts (1975)

The oxidation of oct-1-ene by p-benzoquinone, catalysed by bis(benzonitrile)dichloropalladium(II), has been studied kinetically in mixtures containing 20% water and one of the following: 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, tetrahydrofuran, dioxin, or acetone. The results are similar for reactions in the aqueous-ether solvents and are consistent with a mechanism basically similar to those currently under discussion for the catalytic oxidation of lower olefins in aqueous solution. The corresponding reaction of oct-1-ene in aqueous acetone is complicated by interactions between acetone and the palladium(II) catalyst.
Biological Markers of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Predictors of Response to Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Investigator-Initiated Trial and In Vivo Study (2014)

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can modify disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model. However, there are currently no accurate biological markers for predicting the efficacy of autologous MSC transplants in ALS patients. This open-label, single-arm, investigator-initiated clinical study was designed to identify markers of MSCs that could be used as potential predictors of response to autologous MSC therapy in patients with ALS. We enrolled 37 patients with ALS who received autologous MSCs via intrathecal injection in two monthly doses. After a 6-month follow-up period, the patients were categorized as responders and non-responders based on their scores on the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). Biological markers including β-fibroblast growth factor-2, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, angiogenin (ANG), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured in the MSC cultures and their levels were compared between the responders and nonresponders. To confirm the markers' predictive ability, MSCs isolated from one patient in each group were transplanted into the cisterna magna of mutant SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice to measure their lifespans, locomotor activity, and motor neuron numbers. The levels of VEGF, ANG, and TGF-β were significantly higher in responders than in nonresponders. In the mouse model, the recipients of responder MSCs had a significantly slower onset of symptoms and a significantly longer lifespan than the recipients of nonresponders or controls. Our data suggest that VEGF, ANG, and TGF-β levels in MSCs could be used as potential biological markers to predict the effectiveness of autologous MSC therapy and to identify those patients who could optimally benefit from MSC treatment.
Iminodibenzyl class antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of carpipramine, clocapramine, and&nbsp;mosapramine (2014)

The pharmacological profiles of carpipramine and clocapramine, which are classified as SGAs, were similar to those of first-generation antipsychotics because there were no significant differences in efficacy and safety outcomes. However, mosapramine was associated with a greater risk of extrapyramidal symptoms and hyperprolactinemia than the other SGAs were, although it may be beneficial for the improvement of positive symptoms.
A complementary DNA sequence that predicts a human pancreatic amylase primary structure consistent with the electrophoretic mobility of the common isozyme, Amy2 A. (1984)

We report the nucleotide sequence of mRNA for the common electrophoretic isozyme of human pancreatic alpha-amylase, Amy2 A. The sequence was derived from a nearly full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) isolated from a cloned cDNA library. The relatively short 5' untranslated region (15 nucleotides) was determined by primer-extension sequencing. The human Amy2 messenger codes for a 511-residue preamylase polypeptide. An amino-terminal signal peptide of 15 amino acids with an Ala X Gln cleavage site is proposed based on homology to mouse, dog and hog amylases. The Amy2 A mRNA sequence differs from a recently reported human Amy2 sequence. Differences were found at 31 nucleotide positions. The alpha-amylase proteins predicted by the two mRNAs differ at 17 amino acid positions. Relative to the known sequences of other mammalian amylases, most of the differences between the two human Amy2 sequences appear to have occurred as substitutions in the sequence reported by Nakamura et al. (1984). These substitutions predict a protein with a substantially greater net negative charge than that of Amy2 A. We suggest that the two sequences may represent either divergent Amy2 alleles or the expression of non-allelic pancreatic amylase genes.
Membrane specific mapping and colocalization of malarial and host skeletal proteins in the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infected erythrocyte by dual-color near-field scanning optical microscopy (1997)

Accurate localization of proteins within the substructure of cells and cellular organelles enables better understanding of structure-function relationships, including elucidation of protein-protein interactions. We describe the use of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) to simultaneously map and detect colocalized proteins within a cell, with superresolution. The system we elected to study was that of human red blood cells invaded by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During intraerythrocytic growth, the parasite expresses proteins that are transported to the erythrocyte cell membrane. Association of parasite proteins with host skeletal proteins leads to modification of the erythrocyte membrane. We report on colocalization studies of parasite proteins with an erythrocyte skeletal protein. Host and parasite proteins were selectively labeled in indirect immunofluorescence antibody assays. Simultaneous dual-color excitation and detection with NSOM provided fluorescence maps together with topography of the cell membrane with subwavelength (100 nm) resolution. Colocalization studies with laser scanning confocal microscopy provided lower resolution (310 nm) fluorescence maps of cross sections through the cell. Because the two excitation colors shared the exact same near-field aperture, the two fluorescence images were acquired in perfect, pixel-by-pixel registry, free from chromatic aberrations, which contaminate laser scanning confocal microscopy measurements. Colocalization studies of the protein pairs of mature parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA) (parasite)/protein4.1(host) and P. falciparum histidine rich protein (PfHRP1) (parasite)/protein4.1(host) showed good real-space correlation for the MESA/protein4.1 pair, but relatively poor correlation for the PfHRP1/protein4.1 pair. These data imply that NSOM provides high resolution information on in situ interactions between proteins in biological membranes. This method of detecting colocalization of proteins in cellular structures may have general applicability in many areas of current biological research.