gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unusual expression and localization of heat‐shock proteins in human tumor cells (1992)

It has been suggested that members of HSP families represent the surface target of immune responses leading to tumor rejection in mice. Here we report that tumor cells, compared with normal cells, constitutively expressed 2- to 10-fold higher levels of intracellular HSP90. Moreover, in the absence of environmental stress, 2 lines (out of 6) expressed the "inducible" HSP72, which was also detectable in fresh tumor cells. HSP72 expression was not regulated during the cell cycle, in contrast with what has been observed with normal cells. Both HSP90 and HSP72 proteins exhibited a heterogeneous pattern of intracellular distribution in most cells, HSP72 being confined mainly to the nuclear compartment. Finally, we could detect both HSP90 and, to a lesser extent, HSP72 (that are generally believed to be located intracellularly) at the surface of some tumor cell lines. We conclude that tumor cells differ from normal cells in their pattern of HSP expression; this might imply a role of HSPs in eliciting an immune response against cancer.
Growth and Morphology of Magnesium Oxide Whiskers (1965)

Magnesium oxide crystals and whiskers were grown by vapor phase reactions between MgO and tungsten, hydrogen, and carbon. The large number of morphologies obtained are described in terms of two, three, and fourfold growth symmetry and are related to the growth conditions by current heterogeneous nucleation theory. Threefold (or 〈111〉) growth occurred principally with MgO + H 2 reactions, and in all experiments 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 growth occurred under closely similar conditions of temperature and vapor supersaturation. Observations of growth steps suggest that {100} surfaces are favored only at the highest vapor supersaturation. Tensile strength measurements of whiskers with l/d ratios of about 300 show increasing strength with decreasing cross section. A value of 8.13 × 10 4 psi was observed for a whisker 9.76μ in diameter. The results are of particular interest to the formation of refractory oxides crystallizing in the simple cubic NaCl structure.
Macrophage Activation Downregulates the Degradative Capacity of the Phagosome (2006)

The phagosome is key to most macrophage functions. It is the site of degradation of particulate material, of bacterial killing and the generation of peptides for antigen presentation. Despite its role at the fulcrum of the innate and acquired immune systems, little is known about the physiology of this organelle in activated macrophages. In this study, we utilize fluorometric techniques to characterize functional alterations in the lumenal environment of the maturing phagosome following stimulation of macrophages with interferon-gamma and/or lipopolysaccharide. In addition to modulating the kinetics of phagosomal acidification, activation results in a phagosome with diminished hydrolytic activities that varies markedly with the activation status of the cell. Differential levels of proteolytic, lipolytic and beta-galactosidase activities were observed in the phagosome but not in the total lysosomal extract, indicating selective delivery of enzymes to the developing phagosome. Despite the suppression of hydrolytic activities observed in early phagosomes, late phagosomes exhibit an enhanced and protracted accumulation of lysosomal cargo. The data are consistent with limiting proteolysis in the early phagosome to maximize epitope generation and antigen presentation while sequestering the degradative capacity in the late phagolysosome.
The case of Jim Rawling, ex-communist (1989)

On 15 December 1939 the research officer of the Communist Party of Australia, James Normington Rawling (1898-1966), was expelled from the party because he would not support the Soviet invasion of Finland. His loyalty had become increasingly tenuous during the preceding hectic months, notably as a result of the Russo- German partition of Poland which caused the party to suddenly abandon its initially pro-war position and take up instead a strident opposition to the Allied cause.
Modeling luminescence behavior for phosphor thermometry applied to doped thermal barrier coating configurations (2019)

Phosphor thermometry is a promising non-destructive method for accurate temperature measurement using phosphor elements that emit temperature-dependent luminescence. The method relies on the intensity and decay of luminescence arising from the phosphor elements upon excitation by an incident laser. In this work, the classical Kubelka-Munk model has been utilized and modified to model the luminescence emitted from phosphor elements that are added into thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to enable temperature sensing using phosphor thermometry. The collectible luminescence and its time-decay behavior emerging from a tailorable multilayer TBC configuration have been predicted for different rare-earth dopants: Dy, Er, and Sm within an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) host, and with an operational gradient of temperature acting through its depth. The configurations have been designed by varying the position and thickness of the doped layer into the coating. The decay constant of the collectible luminescence has been used to determine the position in the coating from where the luminescence decay is the same as the decay of the collectible signal. This subsurface position indicates the location at which the temperature measurement is performed using phosphor thermometry under realistic operating conditions. It has been determined that YSZ:Dy provides the highest intensity of the collectible luminescence among the three dopant materials. In the TBC configuration with a fully doped coating, using YSZ:Er as a sensor enables temperature measurement from a more in-depth position in the coating. It has been shown that this position can be tailored by adjusting the geometrical configuration of the TBCs, varying the position and thickness of the doped layer. Due to the sensitivity of the dopants to temperature, the decay behavior of the emerging luminescence is demonstrated to change for different TBC configurations. The model can be used in screening the dopants to design multilayered TBCs for their suitability in temperature sensing by phosphor thermometry.
Identification of a pancreatic stellate cell population with properties of progenitor cells: new role for stellate cells in the pancreas (2009)

Numerous studies conducted in a diversity of adult tissues have shown that certain stem cells are characterized by the expression of a protein known as the ABCG2 transporter (where ABC is ATP- binding cassette). In the adult pancreas, although various multipotent progenitors have been proposed, the ABCG2 marker has only been detected in the so-called 'side population' (a primitive haematopoietic cell population with a multipotential capacity). In the present study we sought to identify new ABCG2+ pancreatic cell populations and to explore whether they exhibit the properties of progenitor cells. We isolated and expanded mitoxantrone-resistant cells from pancreata of lactating rats by drug selection. These cells were characterized and maintained in different stages of differentiation using several media 'cocktails' plus Matrigel (BD Biosciences). Differentiation was assessed by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR), immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and ELISA. The expanded cell population demonstrated a phenotype of PaSCs (pancreatic stellate cells). Spontaneous cell clusters occurred during cell expansion and they showed weak expression of the transcription factor Pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1). Moreover, the presence of inductive factors in the Matrigel plus exendin-4 led to an increase in Pdx1 and endocrine genes, such as insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide, glucagon, the glucose transporter GLUT2, chromogranin A and the convertases PC1/3 and PC2 were also detected. Immunocytochemical analysis showed co-localization of insulin and C-peptide, whereas ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of granules. Insulin secretion from cell clusters was detected in the cell culture medium. We identified a population of PaSCs that express the ABCG2+ transporter and have the capacity to transdifferentiate into insulin-producing cells. Although the potential therapeutic application remains to be tested, PaSCs could represent a future option for insulin replacement in diabetes research.
Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant for Microfluidic Fuel Cells (2007)

We demonstrate a microfluidic fuel cell incorporating hydrogen peroxide oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide is available at high concentrations, is highly soluble and exhibits a high standard reduction potential. It also enables fuel cell operation where natural convection of air is limited or anaerobic conditions prevail, as in submersible and space applications. As fuel cell performance critically depends on both electrode and channel architecture, several different prototype cells are developed and results are compared. High-surface area electrodeposited platinum and palladium electrodes are evaluated both ex situ and in situ for the combination of direct reduction and oxygen reduction via the decomposition reaction. Oxygen gas bubbles produced at the fuel cell cathode introduce an unsteady two-phase flow component that, if not controlled, can perturb the co-laminar flow interface and reduce fuel cell performance. A grooved channel design is developed here that restricts gas bubble growth and transport to the vicinity of the cathodic active sites, enhancing the rate of oxygen reduction, and limiting crossover effects. The proof-of-concept microfluidic fuel cell produced power densities up to and a maximum current density of , when operated on oxidant together with formic acid-based fuel at room temperature.
Mechanisms and prevention of trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis (1979)

A novel mechanism for trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis, independent of the coupling step, has been elucidated. It involves the presence of trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups on the resin support, which react with resin-bound amines by an intersite nucleophilic reaction. The trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups are generated from preexisting hydroxymethyl sites during treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or by acidolysis of the benzyl ester bond between the peptide and the resin. The transfer of trifluoroacetyl from hydroxyl to amine occurs during the subsequent neutralization with tertiary amine. The mechanism was first elucidated by model studies with aminomethyl-resins. Then the expected transfer of trifluoroacetyl groups from trifluoroacetoxymethyl-resin to the alpha-amino group of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyllysine benzyl ester in solution was demonstrated; k(2), 6 x 10(-4) M(-1). Lysine-resins were used to examine the extent of trifluoroacetylation under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis. After a series of acid/base cycles simulating synthetic conditions but without coupling, the poorly nucleophilic alpha-amino group was approximately 1-2% trifluoroacetylated per cycle when attached to resins already containing hydroxymethyl groups. Standard benzyl ester resins without preexisting hydroxymethyl groups gave comparable levels of trifluoroacetylation after the first few synthetic cycles because of gradual acid cleavage of the ester and accumulation of trifluoroacetoxymethyl sites. Peptide chain termination resulting from trifluoroacetylation by this mechanism could be prevented (<0.02% per cycle) by the use of the aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamidomethyl-resin support, which can be synthesized free from extraneous functionalities and which is stable to trifluoroacetic acid under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Tunneled hemodialysis catheters: use of a silver-coated catheter for prevention of infection--a randomized study. (1998)

Silver coating does not confer a benefit against clinical infection or colonization. Interventional radiologic placement of tunneled dialysis catheters yields a low frequency of permanent central venous thrombosis and stenosis.
Advances in Applications of Radiofrequency Current to Catheter Ablation Therapy (1991)

In the past 5 years, numerous reports have appeared of the use of radiofrequency (RF) current as an energy source for catheter ablation therapy of cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory investigations using in vitro and in vivo animal models to study the biophysical and histologic effects as well as to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique in ablating various cardiac structures have been extensively performed and have led to successful applications in humans. Clinical experience with RF catheter ablation of the AV junction and accessory pathway has proliferated each year. However, experience with RF ablation of the VT focus remains quite limited. With further advances in catheter electrode design for mapping and ablation, a widespread application of RF catheter ablation to the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias is anticipated.
CONSTITUTION OF ELASTIC Nb-BASE ALLOY Nb-40Ti-5.5Al (1985)

The constitution and its effect on properties of elastic Nb-base alloy Nb-40Ti-5.5Al were examined by means of metallography,electron microscopy,X-ray dif-fraction analysis of chemically extracted phases and electron diffraction of thinfoil.The results showed that the heat treating temperature dependence of consti-tution of the alloy indicated as follows:annealing at≤400℃ for 1 h after cold-rolled with 70% reduction,no marked change is revealed;heat treating between550—700℃ for 1 h,an age-hardening peak is noted;annealing at 1000℃ for 1h,the fully recrystallized solid solution is detected;further isothermal annealingat 650—750℃,the age-hardening and the precipitation of strengthening phase as(Nb,Ti)_3Al in the grains are obtained;and during isothermal aging at 650℃,thegrain boundary precipitation is characterized obviously.The internal stress in thealloy facilitates the phase precipitation.The post age-hardening tempering maycause the return phenomenon.
Geologic Pressure Determinations from Fluid Inclusion Studies (1980)

Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor ...Read More
Thiol redox control via thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems (2005)

The Trx (thioredoxin) and Grx (glutaredoxin) systems control cellular redox potential, keeping a reducing thiol-rich intracellular state, which on generation of reactive oxygen species signals through thiol redox control mechanisms. Here, we give a brief overview of the human Trx and Grx systems. The main part focuses on our current knowledge about mitochondrial Grx2, which facilitates mitochondrial redox homoeostasis during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
The relationship between brain oscillatory activity and therapeutic effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder (2013)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is marked by disturbances in brain functional connectivity. This connectivity is modulated by rhythmic oscillations of brain electrical activity, which enable coordinated functions across brain regions. Oscillatory activity plays a central role in regulating thinking and memory, mood, cerebral blood flow, and neurotransmitter levels, and restoration of normal oscillatory patterns is associated with effective treatment of MDD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a robust treatment for MDD, but the mechanism of action (MOA) of its benefits for mood disorders remains incompletely understood. Benefits of rTMS have been tied to enhanced neuroplasticity in specific brain pathways. We summarize here the evidence that rTMS entrains and resets thalamocortical oscillators, normalizes regulation and facilitates reemergence of intrinsic cerebral rhythms, and through this mechanism restores normal brain function. This entrainment and resetting may be a critical step in engendering neuroplastic changes and the antidepressant effects of rTMS. It may be possible to modify the method of rTMS administration to enhance this MOA and achieve better antidepressant effectiveness. We propose that rTMS can be administered: (1) synchronized to a patient's individual alpha frequency (IAF), or synchronized rTMS (sTMS); (2) as a low magnetic field strength sinusoidal waveform; and, (3) broadly to multiple brain areas simultaneously. We present here the theory and evidence indicating that these modifications could enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of rTMS for the treatment of MDD.
Feeding Corn Distiller's Co-Products to Beef Cattle (2002)

The ethanol industry is currently in the midst of a considerable expansion period in South Dakota and surrounding states. As more ethanol plants are built and begin production, the availability of co-products for livestock feed will increase dramatically. Co-products may offer the cattle industry a tremendous opportunity to reduce feed costs without sacrificing performance. However, there are significant challenges that must be met before feeding these products. The majority of the new plants utilize a dry milling process to produce ethanol from corn. Dry milling (mash distillation) involves cleaning and grinding the grain into coarse flour. Then water and enzymes are added, which convert the starch into sugar. At this point the mixture, referred to as "mash," is cooked and sterilized. Once the mash has cooled, yeast is added to begin the fermentation process. Fermentation results in the production of ethanol, carbon dioxide, and residual grain particles called "spent mash." The entire mixture is then distilled to remove the ethanol and centrifuged to remove as much excess liquid as possible.
Human galanin: Primary structure and indentification of two molecular forms (1991)

From acid/ethanol extracts of surgical specimens of human large intestine we isolated two peptides, in approximately equal amounts, that reacted with an antiserum against porcine galanin. By amino acid analysis, sequence analysis and mass spectrometry, the larger of the two peptides was found to consist of 30 amino acid residues, the sequence of which was identical to that of porcine galanin except for the following substitutions: Val16, Asn17, Asn26, Thr29 and Ser30. Unlike porcine galanin, the carboxy-terminus was not amidated. The smaller peptide corresponded to the first 19 amino acid residues counted from the N-terminus of the 30 residue peptide (again without amidation). The structural analysis was repeated on another batch of tissue with identical results. By HPLC analysis of extracts of specimens from a further 4 patients, the same peptides were identified. Thus, human galanin includes two peptides of 19 and 30 amino acids that share the sequence of the N-terminal 15 residues with other mammalian galanins, but exhibit characteristic differences in the remaining part of the molecules.
Completion of the seven-step pathway from tabersonine to the anticancer drug precursor vindoline and its assembly in yeast (2015)

Antitumor substances related to vinblastine and vincristine are exclusively found in the Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), a member of the Apocynaceae plant family, and continue to be extensively used in cancer chemotherapy. Although in high demand, these valuable compounds only accumulate in trace amounts in C. roseus leaves. Vinblastine and vincristine are condensed from the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) precursors catharanthine and vindoline. Although catharanthine biosynthesis remains poorly characterized, the biosynthesis of vindoline from the MIA precursor tabersonine is well understood at the molecular and biochemical levels. This study uses virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to identify a cytochrome P450 [CYP71D1V2; tabersonine 3-oxygenase (T3O)] and an alcohol dehydrogenase [ADHL1; tabersonine 3-reductase (T3R)] as candidate genes involved in the conversion of tabersonine or 16-methoxytabersonine to 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine or 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine, which are intermediates in the vindorosine and vindoline pathways, respectively. Biochemical assays with recombinant enzymes confirm that product formation is only possible by the coupled action of T3O and T3R, as the reaction product of T3O is an epoxide that is not used as a substrate by T3R. The T3O and T3R transcripts were identified in a C. roseus database representing genes preferentially expressed in leaf epidermis and suggest that the subsequent reaction products are transported from the leaf epidermis to specialized leaf mesophyll idioblast and laticifer cells to complete the biosynthesis of these MIAs. With these two genes, the complete seven-gene pathway was engineered in yeast to produce vindoline from tabersonine.
Photonic microwave-signal-mixing technique using phase-coherent orthogonal optical carriers for radio-over-fiber application (2014)

An optical-assisted microwave-mixing technique based on orthogonal and phase-coherent optical carriers is proposed and demonstrated. High-quality binary-phase-shift keying, amplitude-shift keying, and on-off keying microwave modulation at 20 GHz implemented in the optical domain have been tested. The ultra-high-bandwidth response of the proposed mixing device is also analyzed and compared. The phase stability of the photonic microwave signal in the radio-over-fiber system is improved by the proposed signal mixing technique.
Electron field emission from chemical vapor deposited diamond (1996)

Diamond films and islands have been synthesized with varying defect densities and dopant levels by chemical vapor deposition for field emission display applications. Vacuum field emission measurements show that the electric field required to induce electron emission from diamond can be significantly reduced when the samples are properly grown or postgrowth processed so that they contain a substantial amount of structural defects. The defective diamond is characterized by a broadened peak at 1332 cm−1 in Raman spectroscopy with a full width at half-maximum in the range of 7–11 cm−1. These materials require a turn-on field (for a current density of 0.01 mA/cm2) as low as 15 V/μm, and a threshold field (for a current density of 10 mA/cm2) as low as 30 V/μm for electron emission. These field values are almost an order of magnitude lower than those required for high quality, p-type semiconducting diamond. Detailed numerical analysis of the emission current-voltage data from multiple diamond tips with varying geometric and electronic properties is presented, and the mechanisms responsible for such low voltage electron emission from defective diamond are discussed.
The Unpredictability of Electrostatic Charging (2012)

Capricious charges: the electrostatic charging that occurs when two surfaces come into contact is familiar to everyone, and has been known for millennia. Nonetheless, the scientific understanding of the phenomenon is poor, and it is not possible to reliably predict which surface will charge positively and which will charge negatively. Recent work shows why electrostatic charging may never be predictable.
Pulsed laser deposition of metal films and nanoparticles in vacuum using subnanosecond laser pulses (2007)

A study of silver, chromium, stainless-steel, and indium thin films prepared by subnanosecond laser deposition in vacuum is reported. We compare the laser ablation in vacuum at the weak- and tight-focusing conditions of a Ti:sapphire laser beam and analyze the nanoparticles synthesized in the latter case using absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that the nanoparticle formation can be accomplished using long laser pulses under tight-focusing conditions.