gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Air-Power-Assist (APA) Engine Technology for Clean Combustion and Direct Energy Recovery in Heavy Duty Application (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A typical pattern of city driving includes many accelerations and decelerations. A significant portion of the fuel energy is spent to accelerate a vehicle. This energy is typically wasted during subsequent decelerations. Capturing and reusing some of this energy would improve fuel economy.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">At present, it is generally accepted that electric hybrids represent a proven technology capable of capturing and reusing a portion of the braking energy. The major drawback of electric hybrids remains the high initial cost of hybrid drivetrains. An Air-Power-Assist (APA) engine, also known as “air hybrid”, accomplishes the same general type of energy storage and reuse as an electric hybrid but with greater simplicity [<span class="xref">1</span>, <span class="xref">2</span>, <span class="xref">3</span>, <span class="xref">4</span>, <span class="xref">5</span>]. The key advantage of an air hybrid over an electric hybrid is that an electric hybrid requires an additional propulsion source i.e., a separate powertrain, whereas an air hybrid uses the existing internal combustion engine and transmission itself to collect and reuse the braking energy. In addition, the storage device is simply a high pressure air tank that does not degrade over time. Therefore, the air hybrid eliminates the large initial cost of hybrid drivetrains and the associated battery life and replacement issues of electric hybrids. In addition to electric hybrids, work has been conducted on hydraulically assisted hybrid trucks [<span class="xref">6</span>]. As in the case of the electric hybrid, a separate powertrain is required, in this case consisting of hydraulic pumps and motors. In addition, expensive hydraulic accumulators are required to store hydraulic fluid at high pressure. Although very impressive claims for fuel economy improvement in medium duty trucks have been obtained, many issues related to noise and packaging have yet to be resolved and demonstrated. Due to its additional equipment, the hydraulic hybrid would be expected to increase the initial cost of the truck significantly.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first development of an APA engine system for the compressed air hybrid concept and performing experimental investigation was initiated in 2005 by the authors for a refuse truck (stop and go) application. This paper presents information concerning the design and integration of this system and the initial experimental results that were obtained.</div>
LRG1 expression indicates unfavorable clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma (2015)

Leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein1 (LRG1) is a novel oncogene-associated protein which has been clarified vital to the progression of human cancers, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Here, we showed that the expression of LRG1 was noticeably increased in HCC tissues, compared to the nontumorous tissues. High LRG1 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.004), tumor differentiation (P = 0.010), TNM stage (P < 0.001) and vascular invasion (P = 0.019). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that LRG1 expression was closely correlated to overall survival and disease-free survival in a training cohort of 474 patients with HCC. The correlation was further validated in an independent cohort of 303 HCC patients. The prognostic implication of LRG1 was confirmed by stratified survival analyses. Multivariate Cox regression model indicated LRG1 as an independent poor prognostic indicator for overall survival (Hazard ratio = 1.582, 95% confident interval: 1.345-1.862, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (Hazard ratio = 1.280, 95% confident interval: 1.037-1.581, P = 0.022) in HCC. In vitro data showed that LRG1 markedly promoted cell migration but has no effect on cell proliferation. Collectively, our data show that LRG1 is markedly up-regulated and serves as an independent factor of poor outcomes in HCC. Our study therefore provides a promising biomarker for prognostic prediction in clinical management of HCC.
Oxidation-resistant thermosets derived from thermal copolymerization of acetylenic monomers containing boron and silicon (1999)

Polymerization of acetylenic monomers containing silicon and boron produces materials that are resistant to oxidation at elevated temperature. In addition to homopolymerization, these inorganic–organic hybrid monomers can be copolymerized with an otherwise all carbon containing system. Inorganic elements incorporated by this method enhance the thermooxidative stability of the copolymer. This stability is a function of the amount of boron in the final product. We show that a thermoset containing an initial 5% by weight of boron can be charred to a material that when heated in air at 1000 °C loses less than 10% of its mass. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4356–4359, 1999
Simultaneous Tracking of Multiple Ground Targets from a Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (2015)

An algorithm for simultaneous tracking of multiple ground targets by an unmanned aerial vehicle is presented. The algorithm is specifically tailored toward multirotor vehicles, and it consists of a particle filter to predict target motion, a reference trajectory generator, and a finite-horizon model predictive controller for trajectory tracking. Two versions of the algorithm are proposed: for a vehicle equipped with a gimbaled camera, and for a vehicle equipped with a fixed camera. Furthermore, a target rejection algorithm is included to prune targets that inhibit accurate tracking of the majority of the target set. The tracking algorithm and multirotor vehicle dynamic model are first described, followed by example simulations for both the gimbaled and fixed-camera cases. Trade studies are presented, analyzing the effects of controller tuning parameters and camera field of view, as well as performance of the target rejection algorithm. In simulation experiments, real-world target data are used to improve simulation fidelity. Overall, results show that the algorithm is effective in capturing a set of ground targets within the field of view simultaneously when using either gimbaled or fixed-camera configurations, but performance is somewhat degraded in the fixed-camera case when target dynamics occur on timescales similar to tracking vehicle dynamics.
Managing Democratic Change: The Politics of Materialism in the Work of Alexis de Tocqueville (1993)

It is customary for us in the late twentieth century to think of Tocqueville in the context of anything but materialism. The count's antipathy to materialism as a philosophical system (i.e. one holding that no aspect of human existence can be explained by non-material factors) is well known and stated with some succinctness.1 But there is another type of materialism which, if less precisely defined than the above, was none the less becoming widespread in Tocqueville's day and has become more so since, in one of those apparently irreversible historical tendencies whose workings he was prone to detect. What is meant is the attachment to material possessions, either as ends in themselves or as symbolising some kind of worth or value embodied in the persons of those who possess them. Such materialism may well become the dominant value for those who practice it, superseding pre-existing spiritual or more abstract loyalties.
Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (2009)

It has been recognized that ultrathin gold films deposited on unmodified glass substrates are unstable, but there is a lack of systematic studies of their morphology evolution at room temperature. This paper shows that ultrathin gold films sputtered on bare glass substrates could spontaneously transform into nanoporous, nanowire and nanoparticle structures, without any treatment such as heating and UV irradiation. These nanostructures lead to the well-defined localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band. Deposition of a dielectric thin film on the gold nanostructure could prevent structural change. Investigations indicate that the LSPR absorption spectrum of the nanostructured gold film is highly dependent on the polarization state of the light probe and is sensitive to both the refractive index of the surrounding liquid and thickness of the coating layer.
N-Methyl Amides of Phosphorus(V) Acids<sup>2</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN-Methyl Amides of Phosphorus(V) Acids2RICHARD L. ARCENEAUX, J. G. FRICK Jr., ETHEL K. LEONARD, and J. DAVID REIDCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 10, 1419–1421Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01092a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01092a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views113Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Mellitus (1981)

Numerous studies have shown that patients with diabetes mellitus have accelerated atherosclerotic vascular disease, and major advances in understanding it pathogenesis have been made. Current suggestions are that endothelial injury may be the initial event in the genesis of atherosclerosis, followed by platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury. In diabetes, evidence of endothelial dysfunction is present. Smooth muscle cell proliferation is an important pathologic finding in atherosclerosis. This process is stimulated by a platelet mitogen, which has been partially characterized. The mitogen has not been studied in diabetes. Lipid accumulation in the area of the atherosclerotic lesion is primarily in the form of intracellular and extracellular esterified cholesterol. In uncontrolled diabetes, elevated plasma low density lipoprotein levels and decreased plasma high density lipoprotein levels favor lipid deposition in large vessels. There is evidence of a thrombotic state in certain diabetic patients. Collectively, these abnormalities of endothelial, platelet, smooth muscle, lipoprotein, and coagulation behavior may be viewed as contributing to the problem of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. A thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of this process aids in designing appropriate preventive therapeutic approaches.
Thermodynamic aspects of the potassium hexacyano-ferrate(III)-(II) system. II. Reduction potential (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermodynamic aspects of the potassium hexacyano-ferrate(III)-(II) system. II. Reduction potentialGeorge I. H. Hanania, Dennis H. Irvine, William A. Eaton, and Philip GeorgeCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1967, 71, 7, 2022–2030Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100866a008https://doi.org/10.1021/j100866a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views705Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Effect of Urea and Guanidine Hydrochloride on Activity of Papain (1970)

The inactivation of papain brought about by low concentration of urea or guanidine hydrochloride was found to be a non-competitive type and that of cyanate ion to be a mixed type. The results are presented as Lineweaver-Burk plots. These inactivations are not due to a change in the secondary structure of papain molecule as a result of the measurements of optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, and UV-difference spectra.
Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia (2005)

Nebulised or inhaled salbutamol, or IV insulin-and-glucose are the first-line therapies for the management of emergency hyperkalaemia that are best supported by the evidence. Their combination may be more effective than either alone, and should be considered when hyperkalaemia is severe. When arrhythmias are present, a wealth of anecdotal and animal data suggests that IV calcium is effective in treating arrhythmia. Further studies of the optimal use of combination treatments and of the adverse effects of treatments are needed.
Inhibition of Sucrose Digestion and Absorption by L-Arabinose in Rats. (1997)

小腸スクラーゼ活性を選択的に阻害するL-アラビノースを14C-スクロースとともにラットに投与し, 6時間までの呼気14CO2排出量および消化管内14C-残存量を測定した。その結果,1) 14C-スクロース摂取後6時間までの呼気14CO2排出量は, 同時に投与したL-アラビノースによって有意に抑制された。L-アラビノースの作用は用量依存的であり, 50mg/kgおよび250mg/kg投与群の抑制率はそれぞれ31.7%, 45.6%であった。2) ラットにおけるスクロース負荷後の血糖上昇も同時に投与したL-アラビノースによって有意に抑制された。3) 呼気14CO2排出量および血糖上昇に対して, L-アラビノース50mg/kgは作用比較物質アカルボース1.5mg/kgと同等の抑制作用を示した。4) L-アラビノース投与群では14C-スクロース摂取から6時間後において盲腸および結腸部に多量の残存14Cが認められた。以上の結果から, L-アラビノースはスクロースとともに摂取した場合, スクロースの消化吸収を抑制し, そのエネルギー利用を低下させると結論された。
Una Revisión Crítica de la Escala Terman. Por Qué No el Stanford-Binet Tercera Edición Forma L-M (2010)

The Terman scale (Stanford-Binet Terman-Merrill Third Edition, also known as Form L-M) was generally used in Spain until the late 70s. Presently its use is marginal and restricted almost exclusively to the evaluation and diagnosis of students with a possible high intellectual capacity. During the last few years parents have increasingly requested (and sometimes demanded) the use, or at least the consideration of the results of the scale. The purpose of this article is to present, from the main characteristics of the scale, the fundamental arguments against its use at present and in favour of disregarding its results: (1) absence of valid norms, (2) heterocedasticity, (3) effects of the change in the nature of IQ, (4) difficulties of integration within the context of psychopedagogical evaluation, and (5) difficulties assimilating the concept of mental age for the recipients.
Prostatic MR imaging performed with the three-point Dixon technique. Work in progress. (1991)

The three-point Dixon technique is an enhancement of the original Dixon method for the creation of water- and fat-proton magnetic resonance (MR) images. With the three-point Dixon technique, three measurements of phase shift at 0, pi, and -pi between the fat and water resonances are employed. Compensation for B0 inhomogeneity leads to an error-free decomposition into water- and fat-proton images; an accurate B0 map is also created. The lack of chemical shift artifact in the water- and fat-selective MR images permits the application of narrow receive bandwidth for the creation of T2-weighted images with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The technique was applied in vivo with four healthy subjects, seven patients with prostatic carcinoma, and one patient with benign prostatic hypertrophy and compared with conventional T2-weighted imaging. The three-point technique yielded images with improved definition of normal intraprostatic structures and zonal anatomy and, in some cases of prostatic carcinoma, provided better visualization of extraprostatic spread of tumor.
A Call for Partnership between Schizophrenic Patients, Relatives and Professionals (1992)

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Design Challenges of the Thematic Mapper (1980)

The Thematic Mapper (TM), currently being developed by Hughes Aircraft Company under Contract NAS 5-24200, is a multispectral earth resources sensor that will be launched on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Landsat-D satellite in 1981. The TM will operate in a circular, near-polar orbit at 705-km altitude and will scan a swath of earth 185 km wide. It will generate data at 84.9 Mbit/s over seven spectral ranges simultaneously and provide classification of crop fields as small as 6-10 acres. One TM component is a moving scan mirror that is active during both the forward and reverse scans. One of the optical performance requirements of the mirror is linearity of motion (angle versus time). The final design of this component incorporates a mirror which has the required linearity and is not influenced by structural vibration. Another TM component that presented a design challenge was the optical metering structure (OMS), which had to be thermally stable across the temperature range encountered in the instrument's orbital environment and duty cycle. The OMS was made thermally stable by the use of graphiteexpoxy structural elements. A third TM component is the focal plane assembly and its detectors. Overall size of the assembly and detectors was a major design consideration. The final configuraiton was achieved by the application of state-of-the-art fabrication methods and circuit design techniques. The end product of the TM is its output data. The need to process and handle this data at its 84.
Protein-mediated palmitate uptake and expression of fatty acid transport proteins in heart giant vesicles (1999)

Giant sarcolemmal vesicles were isolated from rat heart and hindlimb muscles for a) characterization of long-chain fatty acid transport in the absence of metabolism and b) comparison of fatty acid transport protein expression with fatty acid transport. Giant vesicles contained cytosolic fatty acid binding protein. Palmitate uptake was completely divorced from its metabolism. All palmitate taken up was recovered in the intravesicular cytosol as unesterified FA. Palmitate uptake by heart vesicles exhibited a K m of 9.7 nm, similar to that of muscle (K m = 9.7 nm). Vmax (2.7 pmol/mg protein/s) in heart was 8-fold higher than in muscle (0.34 pmol/mg protein/s). Palmitate uptake was inhibited in heart (55-80%) and muscle (31-50%) by trypsin, phloretin, sulfo-N-succinimidyloleate (SSO), or a polyclonal antiserum against the 40 kDa plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm). Palmitate uptake by heart and by red and white muscle vesicles correlated well with the expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid binding protein FABPpm, which may act in concert. The expression of fatty acid transport protein (FATP), was 10-fold lower in heart vesicles than in white muscle vesicles. It is concluded that long-chain fatty acid uptake by heart and muscle vesicles is largely protein-mediated, involving FAT/CD36 and FABPpm. The role of FATP in muscle and heart remains uncertain.
Microbial Production of L-Threonine (1969)

L-Threonine producing α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid resistant mutants were derived from E. coli K-12 with 3×10-5 frequency. One of mutants, strain β-101, accummulatedmaximum amount of L-threonine (1.9g/liter) in medium. Among isoleucine, methionineand lysine auxotrophs derived from E. coli K-12, only methionine auxotrophs produced L-threonine. In contrast, among isoleucine, methionine and lysine auxotrophs derived from β-101, L-threonine accumulation was generally enhanced in isoleucine auxotrophs. One of isoleucine auxotrophs, strain βI-67, produced maximum amount of L-threonine (4.7g/liter). Methionine auxotroph, βM-7, derived from β-101 produced 3.8 g/liter, and βIM-4, methionine auxotroph derived from βI-67, produced 6. 1g/liter, when it was cultured in 3% glucose medium supplemented with 100μg/ml of L-isoleucine and L-methionine, respectively. These L-threonine productivities of E. coli mutants were discussed with respect to the re-gulatory mechanisms of threonine biosynthesis. A favourable fermentation medium for L-threonine production by E. coli mutants was established by using strain βIM-4.
Giant Magnetoresistance Materials and Integrated Magnetic Sensors (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Large changes in resistance with magnetic field exhibited by recently discovered thin-film multilayer structures offer new opportunities in the sensors field. Compatibility of these Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) materials with conventional semiconductor processing technology and semiconductor underlayers allows the production of inexpensive, ultra-small, smart sensors with enhanced magnetic sensitivity. The action of GMR materials is described along with their application to sensor configurations for detecting magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and magnetic fields from currents. Characteristics of these sensors are discussed and compared to conventional magnetic field sensors. Finally, the exciting combination of GMR materials with semiconductor underlayers in smart sensors with linear or digital (switched) outputs is explored.</div>
Substitution Rate and Structural Divergence of 5′UTR Evolution: Comparative Analysis Between Human and Cynomolgus Monkey cDNAs (2005)

The substitution rate and structural divergence in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) were investigated by using human and cynomolgus monkey cDNA sequences. Due to the weaker functional constraint in the UTR than in the coding sequence, the divergence between humans and macaques would provide a good estimate of the nucleotide substitution rate and structural divergence in the 5'UTR. We found that the substitution rate in the 5'UTR (K5UTR) averaged approximately 10%-20% lower than the synonymous substitution rate (Ks). However, both the K5UTR and nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) were significantly higher in the testicular cDNAs than in the brain cDNAs, whereas the Ks did not differ. Further, an in silico analysis revealed that 27% (169/622) of macaque testicular cDNAs had an altered exon-intron structure in the 5'UTR compared with the human cDNAs. The fraction of cDNAs with an exon alteration was significantly higher in the testicular cDNAs than in the brain cDNAs. We confirmed by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction that about one-third (6/16) of in silico "macaque-specific" exons in the 5'UTR were actually macaque specific in the testis. The results imply that positive selection increased K5UTR and structural alteration rate of a certain fraction of genes as well as Ka. We found that both positive and negative selection can act on the 5'UTR sequences.