gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-power InGaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes with decoupled confinement heterostructure (1999)

High power InGaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes with decoupled confinement heterostructure (DCH) have been developed. Almost Al-free waveguide and cladding layers were realized in 980 nm DCH laser diodes without degrading temperature characteristics. The extremely low electrical and thermal resistances allowed high power and efficient operation. The maximum CW output power as high as 9.5 W was obtained with 100-micrometer-aperture broad area. DCH laser diode. The maximum efficiency was 55% at 2.5 W. The series resistance of 1.8-mm long cavity was 0.04(Omega) and internal loss was 1.5 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>. The characteristic temperature (T<SUB>0</SUB>) was 155 K. The substantially Al-free DCH structure enables easy fabrication of various index guided laser diodes. We have developed two types of real index guided laser diodes, buried- ridge and self-aligned structure. Buried-ridge laser diode presented 1.3 W maximum CW output power and 500 mW single mode operation. Self-aligned structure laser diodes showed 1.4 W CW output power and 700 mW single mode operation with better reproducibility.
Phenotypic Effects of Introgressing French Winter Germplasm into Hybrid Spring Canola (2004)

Introgression of winter germplasm into spring oilseed Brassica napus L. represents a novel approach to broaden its genetic base and potentially boost seed yields of hybrid cultivars. To determine the potential usefulness of this approach, two large populations of segregating doubled haploid (DH) lines were developed by crossing germplasm derived from two French winter cultivars with a male parent of a hybrid combination. These lines were evaluated per se (2 yr in Wisconsin, USA) and in testcrosses with a spring canola line used in commercial canola hybrids (2 yr each in Wisconsin, USA, and Saskatchewan, Canada). Thirty percent of the hybrids significantly ( P < 0.05) out‐yielded the mean of commercial hybrids included in each trial. In addition, many hybrids significantly out‐yielded the starting hybrid combination, especially in the Canadian environments. Earlier flowering DH lines and hybrids tended to have higher yields, as indicated by the highly significant ( P < 0.01) negative correlations between seed yield and days to flowering in most trials. The results of this study illustrate that introgression of these winter germplasms can improve seed yield in spring canola hybrids. These populations will be useful for identifying genes that affect seed yield of canola hybrids.
Ras Signaling Pathway for Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Yeast and Mammalian Cells (2004)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is initiated by diverse stimuli that occur at the cell membrane and result in a change in pattern of gene expression in the nucleus. Although multiple proteins are involved in the transmission process through a complex cascade of events, the signal is rapidly and efficiently transmitted (1). Protein-protein interaction plays a major role in the transmission process itself as well as in the maintenance of the signaling molecules in an inactive dormant state within the cell. A large variety of mechanisms are involved in the translation of the signal into molecular events. One of the mechanisms involved is the generation of increased local concentration of reactant within a large compartment such as the cytoplasm. A case in point is the plasma membrane. Upon growth factor stimulation, e.g., the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane serves as a subcellular compartment for the recruitment of enzymes in close proximity to their substrates, thereby overcoming the thermodynamic barrier and permitting the enzymatic reaction to occur. The plasma membrane compartment can be subdivided into multiple microenvironments as well (2). Protein recruitment per se is possibly accompanied by phosphorylation and a transient conformational change that results in potentiation of the corresponding enzymatic activity. Autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of growth factor receptors is the best example for this regulatory process, which serves as a docking platform for multiple effector molecules such as Grb2-Sos, phospholipase Cγ, p85–p110 subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, GAP, and phosphotyrasine phosphatase (PTP).
Short-term hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in infants with complete atrioventricular canal defects. (1984)

We evaluated the acute hemodynamic responses to hydralazine during cardiac catheterization in eight infants (ages 1.0 to 5.5 months) with congestive heart failure due to complete atrioventricular canal defect. Hydralazine administered intravenously (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg body weight) increased heart rate and systemic blood flow and decreased mean right atrial pressure, systemic and pulmonic arterial pressures, systemic arteriolar resistance, and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (p less than .05). The percentage of pulmonary flow contributed by shunted blood (percent left-to-right shunt; measured by indicator dilution) was decreased by hydralazine in six (mean = 85% before to 64% after hydralazine; p less than .01), but remained unchanged (79%) in two infants. The two infants with no change in percent left-to-right shunt had higher pulmonary arteriolar resistances (Rp) before hydralazine (mean = 12.8 vs 3.2 U/m2) and had greater declines in Rp (mean change = -5.1 vs + 0.3 U/m2) in response to hydralazine. Thus, if Rp does not fall, hydralazine reduces the percentage of left-to-right shunt over the short term and therefore might be useful for managing congestive heart failure in these infants. However, because the response varies, an evaluation of the short-term hemodynamic effects of hydralazine may be warranted in an attempt to select those infants who might respond favorably to long-term hydralazine therapy.
Revolution in mitochondrial medicine (1999)

A revolution in chemical pathology occurred about 40 years ago with the discovery of a patient with mitochondrial dysfunction. The field of mitochondrial medicine has experienced explosive growth during the last decade. More than 50 mtDNA mutations and several nuclear gene mutations have been identified in affected patients. The recent development of animal models will continue the revolution in mitochondrial medicine by facilitating in depth studies of the molecular pathogenesis and development of novel drug and gene therapy strategies for mitochondrial dysfunction. As we enter the next millennium, we can expect mitochondrial medicine to remain a dynamic and rapidly developing field.
Human anionic trypsinogen (2003)

Human pancreatic secretions contain two major trypsinogen isoforms, cationic and anionic trypsinogen, normally at a ratio of 2 : 1. Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and chronic alcoholism lead to a characteristic reversal of the isoform ratio, and anionic trypsinogen becomes the predominant zymogen secreted. To understand the biochemical consequences of these alterations, we recombinantly expressed and purified both human trypsinogens and documented characteristics of autoactivation, autocatalytic degradation and Ca2+-dependence. Even though the two trypsinogens are approximately 90% identical in their primary structure, we found that human anionic trypsinogen and trypsin exhibited a significantly increased (10-20-fold) propensity for autocatalytic degradation, relative to cationic trypsinogen and trypsin. Furthermore, in contrast to the characteristic stimulation of the cationic proenzyme, acidic pH inhibited autoactivation of anionic trypsinogen. In mixtures of cationic and anionic trypsinogen, an increase in the proportion of the anionic proenzyme had no significant effect on the levels of trypsin generated by autoactivation or by enterokinase at pH 8.0 in 1 mm Ca2+- conditions that were characteristic of the pancreatic juice. In contrast, rates of trypsinogen activation were markedly reduced with increasing ratios of anionic trypsinogen under conditions that were typical of potential sites of pathological intra-acinar trypsinogen activation. Thus, at low Ca2+ concentrations at pH 8.0, selective degradation of anionic trypsinogen and trypsin caused diminished trypsin production; while at pH 5.0, inhibition of anionic trypsinogen activation resulted in lower trypsin yields. Taken together, the observations indicate that up-regulation of anionic trypsinogen in pancreatic diseases does not affect physiological trypsinogen activation, but significantly limits trypsin generation under potential pathological conditions.
The wireless edge router: A network processor-based packet data serving node for a CDMA2000* network (2005)

A network processing unit (NPU) is increasingly becoming the processor of choice for building custom packet-processing gateways. In this paper, we present an NPU-based design and architecture for a packet data serving node (PDSN) in a CDMA2000 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∗</sup> network. A PDSN is a packet-processing gateway that interfaces between the Internet and the wireless radio access network to provide packet data services to mobile users. We map the different functions of the PDSN onto the packet-processing engines and the core processor of an NPU. This involves a complete separation of the control plane, which is implemented in the core processor, and the data plane, which is implemented using a multistage packet pipeline mapped onto the packet-processing engines. We describe resource allocation schemes for packet buffering and processing and also a flexible communication method with the core processor. The mechanisms described in the paper are general enough to be used to implement other NPU-based packet-processing gateways. We also present a prototype implementation of the PDSN on an NPU and show its superiority to commercial products by means of measurement experiments.
Online Payment for Access to Heterogeneous Mobile Networks (2002)

This paper describes an architecture where access to heterogeneous mobile networks is granted on the basis of online payment methods. Access methods for GSM networks were designed for subscribed post-pay customers. With Intelligent Networks (IN) technology, operators can also offer services to prepay customers. Now online payment might provide additional means for network access. We suggest an IP based architecture which uses a Diameter application for cost control and a charging component for online payment.
Outcome of infants 23-26 weeks' gestation pre and post surfactant (2000)

To describe mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome before and after the introduction of rescue therapy with natural surfactant in two neonatal units in Toronto, Canada, a retrospective cohort study of 891 liveborn 23–26 wk gestational age infants, 421 presurfactant (1982–1987) and 470 postsurfactant (1990–1994) was performed. Overall mortality was stable over time (41% vs 35%, p = 0.077), but declined for inborn 24 (71% vs 43%, p = 0.03) and 26 wk (26% vs 13%, p = 0.01) gestational age infants and was higher in surfactant-treated infants (p > 0.0001). Chronic lung disease (61% vs 34%, p > 0.0001) and bilateral blindness (8% vs 4%, p = 0.004) declined over time, with stable rates of cerebral palsy (12% vs 15%), cognitive deficit (27% vs 26%) and aided sensorineural hearing loss (5% vs 4%). Sixty-five percent of surviving infants in both eras were free from neurodevelopmental impairment, and severe impairment declined over time (p = 0.035). This study shows no secular change in overall mortality in a large cohort of 23–26 wk gestational age infants since the introduction of rescue therapy with natural surfactant. However, it does suggest that maternal transfer to and delivery of all extremely preterm infants in high risk perinatal centres is justified.
A Resolution-Reconfigurable 5-to-10-Bit 0.4-to-1 V Power Scalable SAR ADC for Sensor Applications (2013)

A power-scalable SAR ADC for sensor applications is presented. The ADC features a reconfigurable 5-to-10-bit DAC whose power scales exponentially with resolution. At low resolutions where noise and linearity requirements are reduced, supply voltage scaling is leveraged to further reduce the energy-per-conversion. The ADC operates up to 2 MS/s at 1 V and 5 kS/s at 0.4 V, and its power scales linearly with sample rate down to leakage levels of 53 nW at 1 V and 4 nW at 0.4 V. Leakage power-gating during a SLEEP mode in between conversions reduces total power by up to 14% at sample rates below 1 kS/s. Prototyped in a low-power 65 nm CMOS process, the ADC in 10-bit mode achieves an INL and DNL of 0.57 LSB and 0.58 LSB respectively at 0.6 V, and the Nyquist SNDR and SFDR are 55 dB and 69 dB respectively at 0.55 V and 20 kS/s. The ADC achieves an optimal FOM of 22.4 fJ/conversion-step at 0.55 V in 10-bit mode. The combined techniques of DAC resolution and voltage scaling maximize efficiency at low resolutions, resulting in an FOM that increases by only 7x over the 5-bit scaling range, improving upon a 32x degradation that would otherwise arise from truncation of bits from an ADC of fixed resolution and voltage.
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients in Concentric Annuli (2005)

Abstract The geometric shape of a passage's cross-section has an effect on its convective heat transfer capabilities. For concentric annuli, the diameter ratio of the annular space plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent research has been done on convective heat transfer in smooth concentric annuli and, if possible, to improve on or contribute to existing theories. It was found that although various correlations exist, they are not in good agreement. For this study, experiments were conducted with a wide range of annular diameter ratios. The Wilson plot method was used to develop a convective heat transfer correlation for annular diameter ratios of 1.7 to 3.2. For Reynolds numbers (based on the hydraulic diameter), in the range of 4000 to 30000, the deduced correlation predicted Nusselt numbers accurately within 3% of experimental values.
Expression of 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase genes in the rat brain (2000)

The terminal stages of cortisol and aldosterone production in the human adrenal gland are catalysed by the enzymes 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, which are encoded by the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genes respectively. Recent studies have suggested that aldosterone and cortisol are also made in other tissues such as the brain, heart and vascular system and may play a role in cardiovascular homeostasis. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of these enzymes and localise them precisely in the rat brain. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/Southern blotting confirmed transcription of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in whole brain and hypothalamus minces from Wistar-Kyoto rats. 11beta-Hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase were immunolocalised in paraffin-embedded rat adrenal and brain sections using mouse monoclonal antibodies. Negative controls utilised a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against a non-mammalian epitope. In the brain, 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase were detected in the cerebellum, especially the Purkinje cells, as well as the hippocampus. The specificities of the 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase antibodies were confirmed by positive immunostaining of the relevant regions of the adrenal cortex. This is the first direct evidence that steroid hydroxylases involved in the final stages of corticosteroid biosynthesis are present in specific regions of the central nervous system.
Purine enzyme levels in rheumatoid arthritis. (1985)

We studied purine metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), adenosine deaminase (ADA), 5'-nucleotidase (5'NU) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activities by measuring the circulating mononuclear cells of patients with RA and healthy controls. Patients had significantly lower levels of ADA and 5'NU but not of PNP than controls. The decreases could not be related to age, antiinflammatory therapy, decreased percentages of T cells or imbalance between major T cells subsets. Differences in cell maturation or traffic could account for our observation. Alternatively, abnormalities of purine metabolism are not definitely excluded in RA if the lower enzyme activity is not sufficient to perform the metabolic steps.
Self‐oscillating pH‐responsive cryogels as possible candidates of soft materials for generating mechanical energy (2010)

Abstract This research highlights the use of poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) cryogels as a pH oscillator in oscillatory bromate–sulfite–ferrocyanide reactions. The cryogels were prepared from frozen aqueous solutions of acrylic acid monomer and N , N ′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) crosslinker at −18°C. Fast responsive macroporous PAAc cryogels were obtained at or below 4 w/v % initial monomer concentration. SEM images of PAAc cryogel networks exhibited a heterogeneous morphology consisting of pores of sizes 10 1 μm, typical for macroporous networks formed by the cryogelation technique. PAAc cryogels coupled with the bromate oscillator oscillate between swollen and collapsed states, during which a cyclic three‐fold change in the gel volume was observed. The results show that, due to the fast response rate of cryogels, macroscopic gel samples can be used as a pH oscillator which would provide generation of significant amount of mechanical energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Performance evaluation of a high-field orbitrap mass analyzer (2009)

A new design of the Orbitrap mass analyzer is presented. Higher frequencies of ion oscillations and hence higher resolving power over fixed acquisition time are achieved by decreasing the gap between the inner and outer Orbitrap electrodes, thus providing higher field strength for a given voltage. Experimental results confirm maximum FWHM resolving power in excess of 350,000 at m/z 524 and 600,000 at m/z 195, isotopic resolution of proteins above 40 kDa, and a single-shot dynamic range of 25,000. It was also found that mass shifts in the new design depend very little on space charge inside the analyzer. This performance was achieved using higher voltages and by careful balancing of construction tolerances and operation parameters, which appeared to vary in narrower ranges of tuning than for a standard Orbitrap analyzer.
Deletion analysis at theDEL-27,APC andMTS1 loci in bladder cancer: LOH at theDEL-27 locus on 5p13-12 is a prognostic marker of tumor progression (1997)

Inactivation of relevant tumor-suppressor genes by allelic or homozygous deletion is a characteristic event in tumor cells. Here, the prognostic value of allelic deletions on 5p13-12 at the putative del-27 tumor-suppressor locus and in the APC tumor-suppressor gene on 5q21, as well as homozygous deletions of the MTS1 (p16INK4, CDKN 2) tumor-suppressor gene on 9p21 was assessed in 87 bladder cancers using microdissection and PCR-based assays. Tumor-specific LOH was detected in 10 of 38 (26%, del-27), and 15 of 30 (50%, APC) informative specimens. Homozygous deletion of the MTS1 gene was detected in 33% of 84 tumors investigated. These deletion frequencies implicate the 3 tumor-suppressor regions in the genesis of transitional-cell carcinoma. In contrast to deletions of the APC or MTS1 genes, LOH at the del-27 locus correlated with tumor progression. This suggests that loss of the putative tumor-suppressor gene DEL-27 is involved in an aggressive behavior of the tumor cells and appears to be a prognostic marker for the clinical outcome of patients with transitional-cell carcinoma.
Micro- and Nanocantilever Devices and Systems for Biomolecule Detection (2009)

Recent research trends in biosensing have been geared toward developing bioanalytical devices that are label free, small in size, and portable and that can operate in a rapid manner. The performance of these devices has been dramatically improved through the advent of new materials and micro-/nanofabrication technologies. This is especially true for micro-/nanosized cantilever sensors, which undergo a change in mechanical properties upon the specific binding of biomolecules. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of cantilever biosensors in static and dynamic modes. We also summarize a range of approaches to cantilever design, fabrication, and instrumentation according to their applications. More specifically, we describe cantilever-based detections of proteins, DNA molecules, bacteria, and viruses and discuss current challenges related to the targets' biophysical characteristics.
Platelet GP IIIa Pl <sup>A</sup> Polymorphisms Display Different Sensitivities to Agonists (2000)

Pl(A2)-positive platelets displayed a lower threshold for activation, and platelets heterozygous for Pl(A) alleles showed increased sensitivity to 2 antiplatelet drugs. These in vitro platelet studies may have relevance for in vivo thrombotic conditions.
Efficient Visible Light Photocatalysis of [2+2] Enone Cycloadditions (2008)

We report that Ru(bipy)3Cl2 can serve as a visible light photocatalyst for [2+2] enone cycloadditions. A variety of aryl enones participate readily in the reaction, and the diastereoselectivity in the formation of the cyclobutane products is excellent. We propose a mechanism in which a photogenerated Ru(bipy)3+ complex promotes one-electron reduction of the enone substrate, which undergoes subsequent radical anion cycloaddition. The efficiency of this process is extremely high, which allows rapid, high-yielding [2+2] cyclizations to be conducted using incident sunlight as the only source of irradiation.
2-Chloro-4,5-dihydroimidazole; I. Reactions with some Heteroaromatic<i>N</i>-Oxides, Cyclic Nitrones, and Aldoximes (1984)

Les N-oxydes de quinoleine et d'isoquinoleine conduisent aux [quinolyl-2]-1- et [isoquinolyl-1]-1 imidazolidones-2; le N-oxyde de dihydro-3,4 isoquinoleine et le benzaldoxime conduisent aux produits de deshydratation (isoquinoleinium et benzonitrile)
Interaction between Protein Kinase C δ and the c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase in the Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress (2000)

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are phosphorylated on tyrosine in the response of cells to oxidative stress. The present studies demonstrate that treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induces binding of the PKCdelta isoform and the c-Abl protein-tyrosine kinase. The results show that c-Abl phosphorylates PKCdelta in the H(2)O(2) response. We also show that PKCdelta phosphorylates and activates c-Abl in vitro. In cells, induction of c-Abl activity by H(2)O(2) is attenuated by the PKCdelta inhibitor, rottlerin, and by overexpression of the regulatory domain of PKCdelta. These findings support a functional interaction between PKCdelta and c-Abl in the cellular response to oxidative stress.
A comparison of the manipulation of certainty factors by individuals and expert system shells (2003)

The treatment of uncertainty in expert system shells is addressed, starting with a review of the modeling of uncertainty by expert system shells. An experiment to replicate earlier work investigating the manner in which individuals manipulate certainty factors in comparison to commercial shells is discussed. Comparisons are made among seven commercial shells, both personal-computer (PC)-based and mainframe-based, and individuals. A significant difference between individuals and shells themselves is indicated. Some implications for both expert system and decision-support-system methodologies are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of Lyotropic Nematics by Microscopy (1983)

Abstract A simple procedure is described for identification of the structure of the micelles (i.e., disks or cylinders) and the determination of the sign of the diamagnetic anisotropy of amphiphilic nematic mesophases. It is based upon the effects of shear, surface, and magnetic forces on the micrographic textures of thin films observed under the polarizing microscope.