gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Payload Attribution via Character Dependent Multi-Bloom Filters (2013)

Network forensic analysts employ payload attribution systems (PAS) as an investigative tool, which enables them to store and summarize large amounts of network traffic, including full packet payload. Hence an investigator could query the system for a specific string and check whether any of the packets transmitted previously in the network contained that specific string. As a shortcoming, the previously proposed techniques are unable to support wildcard queries. Wildcards are an important type of query that allow the investigator to locate strings in the payload when only part of the string is known. In this paper, a new data structure for payload attribution, named Character Dependent Multi-Bloom Filters, will be presented which, in addition to improving the previously proposed techniques, is able to support wildcard queries as well. To this end, a theoretical study of the proposed method was conducted in order to evaluate its false positive when responding to queries and subsequently the theoretical analysis is verified through a number of experiments. Furthermore, comparisons are made between the proposed method and the state-of-the-art attribution techniques presented in the literature. The results suggest that, using the Character Dependent Multi-Bloom Filters, one can obtain a data reduction ratio of about 265 : 1 opposed to 210 : 1 as obtained by the previously proposed state-of-the-art techniques assuming a similar false-positive rate. More importantly, the results indicate that a wildcard query with seven unknown characters would take approximately less than 1 second to process, using the proposed method; while given the previous techniques, as an exhaustive search is required, the same query takes about 4500 years to process.
Pneumococcal Infection and Immunization in Children (1994)

Pneumococcal infection persists as a major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and otitis media and is the important cause of meningitis in young children. Children less than 2 years of age show the highest incidence of pneumococcal diseases. Pneumococcal types 6A + 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F + 19A, and 23F account for the large majority of disease isolates in the pediatric population. Bacterial clearance and antibody response were studied in young mice from mothers injected with pneumococcal type 9V polysaccharide (PS) conjugated with the inactivated pneumolysin to examine the protective immunity of young mice to pneumococcal infection. The injection of mice with pneumococcal PS-protein conjugate conferred the protective immunity to pneumococcal infection. The efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine might be enhanced by addition of inactivated pneumolysin in the form of PS-protein conjugate. The molecular size of pneumococcal type 19F PS or oligosaccharide used for preparing the PS-protein conjugate has a profound effect on the antibody response to the PS. The conjugate immunogen prepared from a large molecule of 19F PS produced a high antibody response to the PS in young mice. Development of a PS-protein conjugate vaccine for selected pneumococcal types will help in solving problems of poor immunogenicity of pneumococcal PS vaccine in young children.
Characterization of a soluble KGF receptor cDNA from human corneal and breast epithelial cells. (1998)

A truncated soluble KGF receptor expressed in corneal and other epithelial cells probably functions to downregulate the response of the cell to KGF.
Comparison of Na-K-Cl Cotransporters (1998)

The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) mediates the coupled movement of ions into most animal cells, playing important roles in maintenance of cell volume and in epithelial Cl transport. Two forms of NKCC have been described: NKCC1, the "housekeeping" isoform that is also responsible for Cl accumulation in secretory epithelial cells, and NKCC2, which mediates apical Na+K+Cl entry into renal epithelial cells. Here we examine the kinetic properties of NKCC1, NKCC2, and the endogenous HEK-293 cell cotransporter. Stable expression of rabbit NKCC2A was obtained in HEK-293 cells utilizing a chimera (h1r2A0.7) in which the 5'-untranslated region and cDNA encoding 104 amino acids of the N terminus are replaced by the corresponding sequence of NKCC1. h1r2A0.7 exhibits Na and Cl affinities near those of NKCC1, but it has a 4-fold lower Rb affinity, and a 3-fold higher affinity for the inhibitor bumetanide. The activity of h1r2A0.7 is increased on incubation in low [Cl] media as is NKCC1, but the resting level of activity is higher in h1r2A0.7 and activation is more rapid. h1r2A0.7 exhibits an appropriate volume response, unlike NKCC1 for which concomitant changes in [Cl]i appear to be the overriding factor. These results support a model in which apical NKCC2 activity is matched to basolateral Cl exit through changes in [Cl]i. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of HEK-293 cell mRNA is positive with NKCC1 primers and negative with NKCC2 primers. Surprisingly, we found that the behavior of the endogenous HEK cell Na-K-Cl cotransporter is unlike either of the two forms which have been described: compared with NKCC1, HEK cell cotransporter has a 2.5-fold lower Na affinity, an 8-fold lower Rb affinity, and a 4-fold higher bumetanide affinity. These results suggest the presence of a novel isoform of NKCC in HEK-293 cells.
Passenger number dependent traffic control in signalized intersections (2013)

The paper investigates a novel approach to the traffic control problem of signalized junction with bus priority. In road traffic engineering practice, adaptive control algorithms are generally used for maximizing the traffic flow of intersections. The adaptive strategies aim to calculate optimal signal splits for the traffic lights. The calculation is usually based on the number of vehicles measured by appropriate detection methods and may also depend on public transport priority actions (e.g. “green call” by buses). The main drawback of these methods is that the number of vehicle passengers is not taken into consideration. Unlike the common approaches the presented control strategy considers weighted passenger number exclusively (by using the assumption that the number of passengers can be measured in all vehicles). Hence, the control aim is to maximize the number of weighted passenger number capable to cross the intersection. The proposed control method is based on two factors: the number of passengers in road vehicles and their temporal distance measured from the stop line. The strategy does not apply priority measures for public transport directly. At the same time, the vehicles carrying numerous passengers (i.e. buses) acquire preference.
An Objective Assessment of the Physiologic Changes in the Postthrombotic Syndrome (1985)

To determine what physiologic changes might contribute to the development of the postthrombotic syndrome, venous outflow, venous refilling time, and valvular competence were assessed in 32 patients (39 limbs) with documented deep venous thrombosis. The follow-up ranged from nine to 144 months (mean, 41 months) after the acute deep venous thrombosis. Pain was noted by 49% of the patients, but more objective end points occurred less frequently (edema, 21%; pigmentation, 26%; ulceration, 3%). Venous outflow was lower in the affected limbs but was not a good indicator of those patients with or without symptoms. Venous refilling time after calf compression was markedly reduced in limbs with incompetent valves (mean +/- SD, 8.4 +/- 3.8 s v 25.3 +/- 12.1 s), as well as in those with edema, pigmentation, and ulceration. It appears that most of the sequelae of the postthrombotic syndrome can be attributed to the loss of valvular function.
InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors: performance status and circuit applications (1990)

The present status and prospects of heterojunction bipolar transistors configured with InP, InGaAs and/or InAlAs on InP substrates are reviewed. The importance of ultrahigh electron velocity is highlighted. Self-aligned fabrication techniques are described, and devices with wide bandgap collectors for microwave power applications and with low turn-on voltage for digital applications are presented. Applications are discussed. Frequency dividers configured with these devices have operated to 17 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Copper on the Protectiveness of Iron Sulfide Films (1984)

This paper offers an explanation of the mechanisms behind the effects of Cu on the corrosion and hydrogen permeation rates of pipeline steels in H2S environments. Over narrow pH ranges, Cu can either enhance or reduce the corrosion rate and likewise the hydrogen permeation rate. This behavior is explained by way of the semiconductor properties of the iron sulfide film that is formed in H2S solutions. Competing mechanisms at lower (&lt; 4.0) and higher (&gt; 5.5) pH values override the semiconductive attribute of the film.
Semi-supervised learning for structured output variables (2006)

The problem of learning a mapping between input and structured, interdependent output variables covers sequential, spatial, and relational learning as well as predicting recursive structures. Joint feature representations of the input and output variables have paved the way to leveraging discriminative learners such as SVMs to this class of problems. We address the problem of semi-supervised learning in joint input output spaces. The co-training approach is based on the principle of maximizing the consensus among multiple independent hypotheses; we develop this principle into a semi-supervised support vector learning algorithm for joint input output spaces and arbitrary loss functions. Experiments investigate the benefit of semi-supervised structured models in terms of accuracy and F1 score.
ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation Using Antigen-Specific Immunoadsorption and Rituximab (2008)

We conclude that ABOi kidney transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab is equivalent to ABOc living donor kidney transplantation. ABOi transplantation after this protocol does not have a negative impact on long-term graft function.
Emission Control Technology for Stationary Natural Gas Engines (1989)

This paper summarizes the status of NOx emission control technology for stationary reciprocating natural gas engines. It provides information on most of the known methods of NOx control for natural gas engines that are in use, are being considered for use, or may be considered for use.
Control of the Microstructure and Crystalline Orientation of ZnO Films on a Seed-free Glass Substrate by Using a Spin-Spray Method (2010)

ZnO films on nonseeded substrates with controllable microstructures and crystal orientations were fabricated with a spin-spray method employing trisodium citrate as an additive. The microstructure of the films was made to change from a rod array to a dense film by increasing the trisodium citrate concentration in the solution. This change in structure was accompanied by a weakening of the 002 peak in the XRD pattern. After postdeposition heating, the ZnO rod arrays showed a decrease in visible luminescence, whereas dense ZnO films showed sharp UV luminescence and a weak broad visible luminescence, thus demonstrating a difference in the defect structure of the samples. We tuned the microstructures of ZnO films on nonseeded substrates by using the spin-spray method and analyzed the formation mechanism.
Active Learning with Unbalanced Classes and Example-Generation Queries (2018)

Machine learning in real-world high-skew domains is difficult, because traditional strategies for crowdsourcing labeled training examples are ineffective at locating the scarce minority-class examples. For example, both random sampling and traditional active learning (which reduces to random sampling when just starting) will most likely recover very few minority-class examples. To bootstrap the machine learning process, researchers have proposed tasking the crowd with finding or generating minority-class examples, but such strategies have their weaknesses as well. They are unnecessarily expensive in well-balanced domains, and they often yield samples from a biased distribution that is unrepresentative of the one being learned.This paper extends the traditional active learning framework by investigating the problem of intelligently switching between various crowdsourcing strategies for obtaining labeled training examples in order to optimally train a classifier. We start by analyzing several such strategies (e.g., annotate an example, generate a minority-class example, etc.), and then develop a novel, skew-robust algorithm, called MB-CB, for the control problem. Experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art GL-Hybrid by up to 14.3 points in F1 AUC, across various domains and class-frequency settings.
Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Angina in Patients With Severe Peripheral Vascular Disease (2002)

The high incidence of MI in patients with PVD severe enough to require revascularization is strongly predicted by preprocedural measurements of serum CRP, independent of previous CAD, Eagle score index, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These patients may benefit from therapy modulating the inflammatory response.
The Activation and Function of Host Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dentin Matrix Breakdown in Caries Lesions (1998)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes which, in concert, are capable of degrading collagen. We investigated whether human MMPs could participate in the degradation of dentin organic matrix after demineralization. We performed Western blot analyses using MMP-specific antibodies to identify MMPs in human dental caries lesions. Enzymography and functional activity assays, with 125I-labeled gelatin as substrate or quantitating the degradation of type I collagen, were used to determine the activity of purified and salivary gelatinolytic (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and collagenolytic (MMP-8) enzymes with and without acid-activation in pHs relevant to caries. Respective analyses were done with caries-related bacteria. We performed electron microscope analyses to assess the degradative activity of sterilized salivary host MMPs on demineralized human dentin. Human MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 were identified in demineralized dentinal lesions. The latent purified forms of these enzymes were activated at low pH (4.5), followed by neutralization, mimicking the conditions during caries progression. Incubation of human saliva at low pH followed by neutralization resulted in a four-fold increase in the gelatinolytic activity. No gelatinolytic or collagenolytic activity was observed in bacterial samples. The activated enzymes in saliva degraded demineralized dentin organic matrix in vitro. These results demonstrate the pH-dependent activation mechanism of MMPs, which may have a distinct role in different physiological and pathological conditions. They further demonstrate that host MMPs, activated by bacterial acids, have a crucial role in the destruction of dentin by caries.
Electric Field X-ray Scattering Measurements on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (1988)

The feasibility of electric field x-ray solution scattering with biological macromolecules was investigated. Electric field pulses (1.25 to 5.5 kilovolts per centimeter) were used to orient tobacco mosaic virus in solution (4.5 milligrams per milliliter). The x-ray scattering is characteristic of isolated oriented particles. The molecular orientation and its field-free decay were monitored with a time resolution of 2 milliseconds by means of synchrotron radiation and a multiwire proportional area detector. The method should also be applicable to synthetic polymers and inorganic colloids.
Does PTEN gene mutation play any role in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. (2016)

Genomic modifications for tumor risk and genotype-phenotype correlations in LFS are still to be identified. We believe every new finding in this area can provide new insights into the pathogenesis and progression of Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Ordered sequence testing criteria for concurrent programs and the support tool (2002)

Testing of programs is important to increase the reliability of programs. Coverage is a ratio of the number of worked test events to all test events, and it is used as a metric of testing sufficiency and reliability. The test events are defined by a testing criterion. Some testing criteria are proposed for evaluating testing sufficiency of sequential programs. However, the criteria are inadequate for concurrent programs. New testing criteria must be introduced for concurrent programs. The paper proposes new testing criteria, ordered sequence criteria (OSC) for concurrent programs. OSC are concerned with interprocess communication and synchronization. An OSC/sub k/ selects k-length sequences of statements related to communication or synchronization. The sequences should be executed at least once in testing. OSC/sub k/ presents various levels of testing according to values of k. The OSC/sub 2/ is reliable for a program which is correct or which includes communication errors. A prototype is implemented for coverage measuring based on OSC/sub 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Parental History of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk of Stroke (1997)

A positive parental history of stroke predicted the risk of stroke independently from the other risk factors.
Biolistic transformation of broccoli (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>var.<i>italica</i>) for transient expression of the b-glucuronidase gene (1999)

SummaryWe report for the first time conditions for the biolistic transformation of broccoli. Efficient transient expression of the b-glucuronidase (gus) gene has been obtained following transformation of broccoli cv. Marathon F1 (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cotyledons via microparticle bombardment. The influence of several particle gun delivery parameters and pre-treatment of cotyledon leaf discs on rates of transient GUS expression have been investigated. Consistently high rates of transformation were obtained using M17 tungsten particles fired at 900 psi with a gap distance of 20 mm and a target distance of 55 mm. Bombardment of cotyledon leaf discs placed on callus induction media doubled rates of transient transformation events. Pre-culturing cotyledon leaf discs on either hormone-free media or callus induction media resulted in a decrease in transient transformation events.
Syndeins: the spectrin-binding protein(s) of the human erythrocyte membrane. (1979)

Two-dimensional tryptic and chymotryptic analyses of all the major bands in a sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel of the human erythrocyte membrane show that each band has a characteristic map. However, band 2.1 (nomenclature of T. L. Steck) and several polypeptides below this band exhibit similar tryptic and chymotryptic peptide maps and thus appear to be a family of closely related proteins or degradation products. Furthermore, they all contain a subset of peptides that are accounted for by the peptides from two known spectrin-binding fragments. We show that both fragments derive from 2.1-related proteins and conclude that band 2.1 and its related proteins, which we name "syndeins", bind spectrin and connect it to the erythrocyte membrane.
Dehydration of peptide [M + H]<sup>+</sup> ions in the gas phase (1993)

The loss of water from protonated peptides was studied using [(18)O]-labeling of the C-terminal carboxyl group. The structures (including the location of the isotopic label) of first-generation product ions were examined by sequential product ion scanning (MS(3) and MS(4)) using a hybrid sector/quadrupole mass spectrometer. Water loss may involve carboxylic acid groups, side-chain hydroxyls, or peptide backbone oxygens. Although one of these three pathways often predominates, more than one dehydration route can be operative for a single peptide structure. When peptide backbone oxygen is lost, the dehydration can occur at one or two primary sites along the backbone, with the location of the site(s) varying among peptides. When water loss involves the C-terminal carboxyl group, the resulting ion may undergo extensive intraionic oxygen isotope exchange. This evidence for complex intraionic interactions further emphasizes the significance of gas-phase conformation in determining the fragmentations of peptide ions.
A Strategy to Produce High Efficiency, High Stability Perovskite Solar Cells Using Functionalized Ionic Liquid‐Dopants (2017)

Functionalized imidazolium iodide salts (ionic liquids) modified with CH<sub>2</sub> CHCH<sub>2</sub> , CH<sub>2</sub> CCH, or CH<sub>2</sub> CN groups are applied as dopants in the synthesis of CH<sub>3</sub> NH<sub>3</sub> PbI<sub>3</sub> -type perovskites together with a fumigation step. Notably, a solar cell device prepared from the perovskite film doped with the salt containing the CH<sub>2</sub> CHCH<sub>2</sub> side-chain has a power conversion efficiency of 19.21%, which is the highest efficiency reported for perovskite solar cells involving a fumigation step. However, doping with the imidazolium salts with the CH<sub>2</sub> CCH and CH<sub>2</sub> CN groups result in perovskite layers that lead to solar cell devices with similar or lower power conversion efficiencies than the dopant-free cell.
Microfluidic photonic integrated circuits (2008)

We report on the development of an inexpensive, portable lab-on-a-chip flow cytometer system in which microfluidics, photonics, and acoustics are integrated together to work synergistically. The system relies on fluid-filled two-dimensional on-chip photonic components such as lenses, apertures, and slab waveguides to allow for illumination laser beam shaping, light scattering and fluorescence signal detection. Both scattered and fluorescent lights are detected by photodetectors after being collected and guided by the on-chip optics components (e.g. lenses and waveguides). The detected light signal is imported and amplified in real time and triggers the piezoelectric actuator so that the targeted samples are directed into desired reservoir for subsequent advanced analysis. The real-time, closed-loop control system is developed with field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) implementation. The system enables high-throughput (1-10kHz operation), high reliability and low-powered (<1mW) fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) on a chip. The microfabricated flow cytometer can potentially be used as a portable, inexpensive point-of-care device in resource poor environments.
A wirelessly powered and interrogated blood flow monitoring microsystem fully integrated with a prosthetic vascular graft for early failure detection (2012)

This paper presents an implantable blood flow monitoring microsystem embedded in a prosthetic graft for early graft failure detection. The microsystem consists of two MEMS pressure sensors, an inductively powered wireless sensor interface ASIC, two miniature coupling coils, and a flexible cable connecting them. The implantable microsystem is powered and configured by an external monitoring device using 13.56-MHz carrier frequency. The blood flow rate information is sensed in the form of an oscillation frequency and transmitted to the external monitoring device through backscattering. The ASIC fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS process occupies a total area of 0.5 × 3.3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including pads and consumes a total power of 12.6 μW. With the high-efficiency design of coupling coils, rectifier and LDO, the wireless power link achieves an overall power efficiency of 2% through 5-cm-thick tissue. With the ultra low power consumption and high-efficiency power transfer, the ASIC can be powered by transmitting only 630-μW RF carrier from the external device. The measured performance of the blood flow monitoring microsystem demonstrates a 0.17-psi pressure resolution.