gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of protozoa, using phosphatidyl choline, and of bacteria, using nucleic acids, in the duodenal digesta of sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay (<i>Medicago sativa</i>L.) diets (1984)

Summary The use of phosphatidyl choline (PC) as a marker of protozoa in duodenal digesta was examined in sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay ( Medicago sativa L.; 330–950 g organic matter/day) either once daily or hourly. PC was present in rumen protozoa (N:PC-P = 185±6·4) but was not detected in rumen bacteria. Dietary intake of PC was less than 5% of the daily passage of PC from the stomach (7·49 mg PC-P/day). A comparison of the SA of PC-P in protozoa and in duodenal digesta of sheep given a continuous intraruminal infusion of 32 P-orthophosphate showed that the proportion of dietary PC-P in duodenal digesta was negligible. The limitations and validity of PC as a marker of protozoa in duodenal digesta are discussed. The daily passage of protozoal N from the stomach (1·38 ± 0·125 g/day) estimated with PC was not affected by frequency of feeding but protozoal N yield (4·96 ± 0·509 g/kg organic matter apparently digested) declined with increasing feed intake. The SA of DNA-32P, RNA-32P and readily extractable phospholipid- 32 P (REPL- 32 P) in rumen protozoa, bacteria and duodenal digesta were similar, showing that the DNA, RNA and REPL-P in duodenal digesta were of microbial origin. A method is described for the estimation of bacterial REPL-P and bacterial N in duodenal digesta using DNA, RNA or DAPA as markers. The calculated total microbial REPL-P (bacterial plus protozoal) in digesta using DNA or RNA as markers was in close agreement with values obtained by direct measurement. It was estimated that protozoa contributed 22 and 14% of microbial REPL-P and microbial N, respectively. Bacterial REPL-P and bacterial N values estimated with DAPA as the marker were higher than values obtained with DNA or RNA. These results are discussed with regard to the use of these markers.
Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and induction of apoptosis by sulindac metabolites. (2001)

Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and sulindac is associated with a decreased mortality from colorectal cancer. Sulindac causes regression of precancerous adenomatous polyps and inhibits the growth of cultured colon cell lines. Whereas induction of apoptotic cell death is thought to account for the growth inhibitory effect of sulindac, less is known about its biochemical mechanism(s) of action. Sulindac is metabolized in vivo to sulfide and sulfone derivatives. Both the sulfide and sulfone metabolites of sulindac as well as more potent cyclic GMP-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitors were shown to cause inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation at doses (40-600 microM) and times (1-5 days) consistent with the induction of apoptosis by the drugs. Treatment of HCT116 human colon cancer cells with the specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, U0126 (5-50 microM) resulted in a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and induction of apoptosis. U0126 treatment (20 microM) increased basal apoptosis, and potentiated the apoptotic effect of sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone. These results suggest that the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation is responsible for at least part of the induction of programmed cell death by sulindac metabolites. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity may, therefore, be a useful biochemical target for the development of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs for human colon cancer.
Cytokine Signaling in the Development and Homeostasis of Regulatory T cells (2017)

Cytokine signaling is indispensable for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development in the thymus, and also influences the homeostasis, phenotypic diversity, and function of Tregs in the periphery. Because Tregs are required for establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, investigating the role of cytokines in Treg biology carries therapeutic potential in the context of autoimmune disease. This review discusses the potent and diverse influences of interleukin (IL)-2 signaling on the Treg compartment, an area of knowledge that has led to the use of low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to reregulate autoaggressive immune responses. Evidence suggesting Treg-specific impacts of the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-7, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-15, and IL-33 is also presented. Finally, we consider the technical challenges and knowledge limitations that must be overcome to bring other cytokine-based, Treg-targeted therapies into clinical use.
Cardiopulmonary responses to chronic hypoxia in transgenic mice that overexpress ANP (1993)

Elevated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels have been shown to blunt pulmonary hemodynamic responses to chronic hypoxia, but whether elevated circulating ANP levels negatively feedback on cardiac expression of the ANP gene is unknown. Using a recently developed strain of transgenic mouse (TTR-ANF) that expresses a transthyretin promoter-ANP fusion gene in the liver, we studied the effect of chronically elevated plasma ANP levels on cardiac hypertrophic and pulmonary hemodynamic responses and expression of the endogenous cardiac ANP gene during chronic hypoxia. Plasma ANP levels were 10-fold higher in TTR-ANF mice than in their non-transgenic littermates. After 3 wk of hypobaric hypoxia (0.5 atm), right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension had developed in both groups of mice, but TTR-ANF mice had lower right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septum weight ratios (0.39 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.45 +/- 0.02), right ventricular systolic pressures (25 +/- 2 vs. 29 +/- 2 mmHg), and lung dry weight-to-body weight ratios (0.48 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.01 mg/g) and less muscularization of peripheral pulmonary vessels (8.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 17.4 +/- 2.5%) than nontransgenic controls. Right atrial and ventricular steady-state ANP mRNA levels were the same in both groups of mice under normoxic and hypoxic conditions despite much higher plasma ANP levels and less pulmonary hypertension in TTR-ANF mice. We conclude that chronically elevated plasma ANP levels attenuate the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice but do not suppress cardiac expression of the endogenous ANP gene under normoxic conditions nor blunt the upregulation of right ventricular ANP expression during chronic hypoxia.
Preparation and properties of amorphous wires (1995)

Amorphous magnetostrictive Fe-Si-B and Co-Fe-Si-B wires with various diameters were prepared by in-rotating-water spinning method. Magnetic properties of as-quenched wires and their domain wall propagation characteristics were investigated. All as-quenched amorphous wires show reentrant flux reversal. The critical field of reverse domain nucleation H* decreases with increasing wire diameter. The ratio of B/sub r/ to B/sub S/ is almost constant at about 0.45 for as-quenched amorphous wires. The critical length for reentrant flux reversal linearly increases with increasing wire diameter which reflects the effect of the demagnetizing field of the wire. The domain wall mobility of as-quenched amorphous wire is linearly related to the reciprocal of wire diameter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in the sciatic nerve of the adult rat after lesion and during regeneration. (1992)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is expressed in high quantities in Schwann cells of peripheral nerves during postnatal development of the rat. The absence of a hydrophobic leader sequence and the immunohistochemical localization of CNTF within the cytoplasm of these cells indicate that the factor might not be available to responsive neurons under physiological conditions. However, CNTF supports the survival of a variety of embryonic neurons, including spinal motoneurons in culture. Moreover we have recently demonstrated that the exogenous application of CNTF protein to the lesioned facial nerve of the newborn rat rescued these motoneurons from cell death. These results indicate that CNTF might indeed play a major role in assisting the survival of lesioned neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system. Here we demonstrate that the CNTF mRNA and protein levels and the manner in which they are regulated are compatible with such a function in lesioned peripheral neurons. In particular, immunohistochemical analysis showed significant quantities of CNTF at extracellular sites after sciatic nerve lesion. Western blots and determination of CNTF biological activity of the same nerve segments indicate that extracellular CNTF seems to be biologically active. After nerve lesion CNTF mRNA levels were reduced to less than 5% in distal regions of the sciatic nerve whereas CNTF bioactivity decreased to only one third of the original before-lesion levels. A gradual reincrease in Schwann cells occurred concomitant with regeneration.
Low-Cost Inter-Linked Subarrays (LISA): Enabling fast inter-subarray data movement in DRAM (2016)

This paper introduces a new DRAM design that enables fast and energy-efficient bulk data movement across subarrays in a DRAM chip. While bulk data movement is a key operation in many applications and operating systems, contemporary systems perform this movement inefficiently, by transferring data from DRAM to the processor, and then back to DRAM, across a narrow off-chip channel. The use of this narrow channel for bulk data movement results in high latency and energy consumption. Prior work proposed to avoid these high costs by exploiting the existing wide internal DRAM bandwidth for bulk data movement, but the limited connectivity of wires within DRAM allows fast data movement within only a single DRAM subarray. Each subarray is only a few megabytes in size, greatly restricting the range over which fast bulk data movement can happen within DRAM. We propose a new DRAM substrate, Low-Cost Inter-Linked Subarrays (LISA), whose goal is to enable fast and efficient data movement across a large range of memory at low cost. LISA adds low-cost connections between adjacent subarrays. By using these connections to interconnect the existing internal wires (bitlines) of adjacent subarrays, LISA enables wide-bandwidth data transfer across multiple subarrays with little (only 0.8%) DRAM area overhead. As a DRAM substrate, LISA is versatile, enabling an array of new applications. We describe and evaluate three such applications in detail: (1) fast inter-subarray bulk data copy, (2) in-DRAM caching using a DRAM architecture whose rows have heterogeneous access latencies, and (3) accelerated bitline precharging by linking multiple precharge units together. Our extensive evaluations show that each of LISA's three applications significantly improves performance and memory energy efficiency, and their combined benefit is higher than the benefit of each alone, on a variety of workloads and system configurations.
Fast Calculation of Singular Values for MIMO Wireless Systems (2004)

The standard (point-wise) linear channel model for MIMO wireless systems provides a simplistic mapping from antenna elements to continuous (operator) view point of wireless channels. Low-rank, high-dimension sampling matrices generated by Ray-Tracing may be used to estimate (with error) the &quot;true&quot; operator channel. In order to achieve reasonable estimation error bounds, intractably large dimension matrices must be used for Ray Tracing.
Outer Membrane<i>c</i>-Type Cytochromes Required for Fe(III) and Mn(IV) Oxide Reduction in<i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> (2005)

The potential role of outer membrane proteins in electron transfer to insoluble Fe(III) oxides by Geobacter sulfurreducens was investigated because this organism is closely related to the Fe(III) oxide-reducing organisms that are predominant in many Fe(III)-reducing environments. Two of the most abundant proteins that were easily sheared from the outer surfaces of intact cells were c-type cytochromes. One, designated OmcS, has a molecular mass of ca. 50 kDa and is predicted to be an outer membrane hexaheme c-type cytochrome. Transcripts for omcS could be detected during growth on Fe(III) oxide, but not on soluble Fe(III) citrate. The omcS mRNA consisted primarily of a monocistronic transcript, and to a lesser extent, a longer transcript that also contained the downstream gene omcT, which is predicted to encode a second hexaheme outer membrane cytochrome with 62.6% amino acid sequence identity to OmcS. The other abundant c-type cytochrome sheared from the outer surface of G. sulfurreducens, designated OmcE, has a molecular mass of ca. 30 kDa and is predicted to be an outer membrane tetraheme c-type cytochrome. When either omcS or omcE was deleted, G. sulfurreducens could no longer reduce Fe(III) oxide but could still reduce soluble electron acceptors, including Fe(III) citrate. The mutants could reduce Fe(III) in Fe(III) oxide medium only if the Fe(III) chelator, nitrilotriacetic acid, or the electron shuttle, anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate, was added. Expressing omcS or omcE in trans restored the capacity for Fe(III) oxide reduction. OmcT was not detected among the sheared proteins, and genetic studies indicated that G. sulfurreducens could not reduce Fe(III) oxide when omcT was expressed but OmcS was absent. In contrast, Fe(III) oxide was reduced when omcS was expressed in the absence of OmcT. These results suggest that OmcS and OmcE are involved in electron transfer to Fe(III) oxides in G. sulfurreducens. They also emphasize the importance of evaluating mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction with environmentally relevant Fe(III) oxide, rather than the more commonly utilized Fe(III) citrate, because additional electron transfer components are required for Fe(III) oxide reduction that are not required for Fe(III) citrate reduction.
Improved Initial Performance of Si Nanoparticles by Surface Oxide Reduction for Lithium-Ion Battery Application (2011)

This study characterizes the native oxide layer of Si nanoparticles and evaluates its effect on their performance for Li-ion batteries. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were applied to identify the chemical state and morphology of the native oxide layer. Elemental and thermogravimetric analysis were used to estimate the oxide content for the Si samples. Hydrofluoric acid was used to reduce the oxide layer. A correlation between etching time and oxide content was established. The initial electrochemical performances indicate that the reversible capacity of etched Si nanoparticles was enhanced significantly compared with that of the as-received Si sample.
A Kinetic Study of NO Removal from Combustion Gases by Injection of NH<sub>i</sub>-Containing Compounds (1980)

Abstract Detailed kinetic calculations have been carried out to evaluate candidate schemes for the removal of NO from combustion gases by injection of compounds leading to homogeneous NHi-NO reactions (i = 2, 1, 0). NO removal is calculated as a function of temperature and reaction time for prescribed initial levels of NO in otherwise equilibrated fuel lean combustion gases. Four different compositions are considered, chosen to include mixtures representative of the Thermal DeNOx Process (injection of NH3 or NH3/H2), as well as alternative mixtures (NH3/H2O2 and NH2/CO, the latter chosen to simulate urea) which may have advantages for particular applications, for example in shifting the temperature for optimum NO conversion or in reducing the required reaction time.
Self-Diffusion in Silver (1956)

Self-diffusion coefficients in single crystals of pure silver were determined between 630\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 935\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The results can be expressed by $D=0.40\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{44090}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The activation energy agrees with the value extrapolated from the results of diffusion in impure silver crystals.
Computerized Video Screen Perimetry (1984)

A low-cost microcomputer with standard peripheral is used to examine the central visual field up to 20 degrees. The test is executed in five to eight minutes, and the map is displayed on a television screen or printed out to quantitative analysis. A very simple training is required for the technician and patient.
Intranasal Immunization with Influenza VLPs Incorporating Membrane-Anchored Flagellin Induces Strong Heterosubtypic Protection (2010)

We demonstrated previously that the incorporation of a membrane-anchored form of flagellin into influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) improved the immunogenicity of VLPs significantly, inducing partially protective heterosubtypic immunity by intramuscular immunization. Because the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is highly dependent on an adjuvant, and is particularly effective for preventing mucosal infections such as influenza, we determined whether the membrane-anchored flagellin is an efficient adjuvant for VLP vaccines by a mucosal immunization route. We compared the adjuvant effect of membrane-anchored and soluble flagellins for immunization with influenza A/PR8 (H1N1) VLPs by the intranasal route in a mouse model. The results demonstrate that membrane-anchored flagellin is an effective adjuvant for intranasal (IN) immunization, inducing enhanced systemic and mucosal antibody responses. High cellular responses were also observed as shown by cytokine production in splenocyte cultures when stimulated with viral antigens. All mice immunized with flagellin-containing VLPs survived challenge with a high lethal dose of homologous virus as well as a high dose heterosubtypic virus challenge (40 LD(50) of A/Philippines/82, H3N2). In contrast, no protection was observed with a standard HA/M1 VLP group upon heterosubtypic challenge. Soluble flagellin exhibited a moderate adjuvant effect when co-administered with VLPs by the mucosal route, as indicated by enhanced systemic and mucosal responses and partial heterosubtypic protection. The membrane-anchored form of flagellin incorporated together with antigen into influenza VLPs is effective as an adjuvant by the mucosal route and unlike standard VLPs, immunization with such chimeric VLPs elicits protective immunity to challenge with a distantly related influenza A virus.
Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1985 (1988)

Water withdrawals in the United States during 1985 were estimated to average 399,000 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater and saline water for offstream uses-! 0 percent less than the 1980 estimate. Average per-capita use for all offstream uses was l ,650 gallons per day (gal/d) of freshwater and saline water combined and I ,400 gal/d of freshwater alone.
A Review of Germanium-Antimony-Telluride Phase Change Materials for Non-Volatile Memories and Optical Modulators (2019)

Chalcogenide phase change materials based on germanium-antimony-tellurides (GST-PCMs) have shown outstanding properties in non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies due to their high write and read speeds, reversible phase transition, high degree of scalability, low power consumption, good data retention, and multi-level storage capability. However, GST-based PCMs have shown recent promise in other domains, such as in spatial light modulation, beam steering, and neuromorphic computing. This paper reviews the progress in GST-based PCMs and methods for improving the performance within the context of new applications that have come to light in recent years.
0.15-nJ/b 3–5-GHz IR-UWB System With Spectrum Tunable Transmitter and Merged-Correlator Noncoherent Receiver (2011)

Carrierless impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radios have attracted significant research interest due to their low system complexity and power consumption. Unfortunately, IR-UWB systems suffer from the difficulty in controlling the transmitted spectral mask because of process, voltage, and temperature variations. In this paper, a monolithic 3-5-GHz IR-UWB transceiver is presented that integrates both amplitude and spectrum tunability, thereby providing adaptable spectral characteristics for different data rate transmission. The noncoherent receiver employs a simplified low-power merged correlator, eliminating the need for a conventional sample-and-hold circuit. After self-correlation, the demodulated data is digitally synchronized with the baseband clock. The 4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 0.13 μm CMOS transmitter and receiver consume 2.2 and 13.2 mW, respectively at the data rate of 100 Mb/s. The measured peak-to-peak transmitted pulse amplitudes are 240, 170, and 115 mV, with a tunable frequency range of 3.2-4.1 GHz. The receiver exhibits a maximum gain of 70 dB, noise figure of 8.6 dB, and the input 1-dB compression point of -28 dBm . With off-chip antennas, the transceiver achieves a bit error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> at a sensitivity of -50 dBm.
Design of an efficient miniaturized UHF planar antenna (2003)

The design aspects and the measured results of a novel miniaturized planar antenna are described. Such architectural antenna design is of great importance in mobile military communications where low visibility and high mobility are required. Slot radiating elements, having a planar geometry and capable of transmitting vertical polarization when placed nearly horizontal, are appropriate for the applications at hand. Slot antennas also have another useful property, so far as impedance matching is concerned. Basically, slot dipoles can easily be excited by a microstrip line and can be matched to arbitrary line impedances simply by moving the feed point along the slot. Antenna miniaturization can be achieved by using a high permittivity or permeability substrate and superstrate materials and/or using an appropriate antenna topology. We demonstrate miniaturization by designing an appropriate geometry for a resonant narrow slot antenna. A very efficient radiating element that occupies an area as small as 0.12/spl lambda//sub 0//spl times/0.12/spl lambda//sub 0/ is designed and tested. Simulation results, as well as the measured input impedance and radiation patterns of this antenna, are presented. This structure shows a measured gain of 0.5 dBi on FR4 substrate, which has a loss-tangent of the order of 0.01. Also, the effect of finite ground plane size on gain and resonant frequency is investigated experimentally.