gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Surface and Bulk Characteristics of Cellulose I Powders in Relation to Compaction Behavior and Tablet Properties (2003)

The particle properties and solid-state characteristics of two celluloses, Avicel PH101 and cellulose obtained from the alga Cladophora sp., were evaluated and related to the compaction behavior and the properties of the tablets made from them. The surface area of the celluloses was measured at different levels of penetration capacity, ranging from external surface area of particles to molecular texture with Blaine permeametry, Kr-gasadsorption, and solid-state NMR. The important cellulose fibril surface area was best reflected by solid-state NMR, although for the Cladophora cellulose, Kr-gas adsorption also resulted in a surface area of the order of what has been suggested earlier on the basis of the cellulose fibril dimensions. The difference in fibril dimension and, thereby, the fibril surface area of the two celluloses was shown to be the primary factor in determining their properties and behavior. Properties such as the crystallinity and the tablet disintegration could be related to the fibril dimensions. The Cladophora cellulose resulted in rather strong compacts that still disintegrated rapidly. The irregular surface morphology of the particles and the fragmenting behavior of Cladophora probably contributed to the strength of the tablets.
Introduction (2016)

This introductory chapter discusses the overall level of racial segregation of housing in the United States. Data from the 2010 census indicate that the “average” whites live in a neighborhood that is 75 percent white. On the other hand, the racial composition of the residential neighborhoods where African Americans live is very different. Despite tolerance scores indicating that African Americans prefer to live in racially integrated communities, typical African Americans live in a neighborhood that is only 35 percent white. This study indicates that there are still wide gaps in the housing experiences of African Americans and whites. In relation to this research, the book examines the integration into white neighborhoods of African Americans—the nation's most segregated racial minority group.
Comparison of the properties of antirickettsial activity and interferon in mouse lymphokines (1983)

Certain properties of the antirickettsial activity and interferon in lymphokine preparations obtained from concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen cells were compared. Both the antirickettsial activity and interferon were relatively stable to heating at 56 degrees C, whereas both activities were destroyed by trypsin, by heating at 80 degrees C, or by exposure to pH 2 for 24 h. Both activities were likewise inhibited after incubation with rabbit antisera to partially purified murine interferon-gamma. In contrast to the mouse lymphokine preparations, which contained both interferon-gamma and antirickettsial activity, a preparation of virus-induced interferons (type I) had no detectable antirickettsial activity. Human foreskin fibroblasts, which were not sensitive to the antirickettsial activity in mouse lymphokines, acquired the ability to inhibit rickettsial growth when they were cocultured with sensitive mouse L929 cells treated with mouse lymphokines. These results are consistent with the idea that the antirickettsial activity in mouse lymphokines is due to interferon-gamma.
Preparation and Properties of Porous α‐Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Membrane Supports (2006)

Strong and permeable macro‐porous α‐Al 2 O 3 membrane supports are made by colloidal filtration of 20 vol% dispersions of α‐Al 2 O 3 with an average particle size of 600 nm. Intact compacts with very good surface quality were obtained at an optimum pH of 9.5 and dosage of 0.2 wt% ammonium aurintricarboxylate (Aluminon), based on dry alumina. The colloidal stability of the aluminon‐stabilized slurries is confirmed by ξ potential measurements. Slight sintering of dense‐packed α‐Al 2 O 3 compacts was found to result in >67% packing density and a bimodal pore‐size distribution as derived from shrinkage behavior and gas adsorption studies. Non‐stationary single gas permeation measurements showed improved gas permeability, compared with α‐Al 2 O 3 compacts prepared using powder with a smaller particle size (300 nm). The strength of the disk‐shaped alumina compacts within the porosity range of 30%–20% increased from 100 to 300 MPa with a standard deviation of 20 and 50 MPa, respectively.
Therapeutic choices in younger patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (2000)

An individualized risk assessment-based approach is of value in prioritizing SCT and IFN-alpha in younger patients with chronic phase CML. The authors recommend a risk-based therapy algorithm based on the expected SCT associated 1-year mortality for an individual patient.
Correlation between Porosity and Electrical‐Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper with Various Porosities (2015)

Porous carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypapers (BPs) with various porosities were obtained by using a positive pressure filtration method. The porosity of the BPs fell into a wide range of 11.3–39.3%. Electrical conductivities and tensile mechanical properties of the prepared BPs were then measured and correlated with the porosity of the CNT BPs. Results demonstrated that the conductivities, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the BPs could decrease by increasing their porosity. The elongation at break of the BPs on the other hand did increase significantly, suggesting improved toughness of the BPs. The obtained electrical conductivity and tensile strength of the porous BPs can reach nearly 0.6 S/m and 26 MPa, respectively, which may be potentially useful in composites reinforcement and conductive materials.
Abstracted Partitioned-Layer Index: A Top-k Query Processing Method Reducing the Number of Random Accesses of the Partitioned-Layer Index (2010)

Top-k queries return k objects that users most want in the database. The Partitioned-Layer Index (simply, the PL -index) is a representative method for processing the top-k queries efficiently. The PL-index partitions the database into a number of smaller databases, and then, for each partitioned database, constructs a list of sublayers over the partitioned database. Here, the sublayer in the partitioned database has the objects that can be the top-i object in the partitioned one. To retrieve top k results, the PL-index merges the sublayer lists depending on the user's query. The PL-index has the advantage of reading a very small number of objects from the database when processing the queries. However, since many random accesses occur in merging the sublayer lists, query performance of the PL-index is not good in environments like disk-based databases. In this paper, we propose the Abstracted Partitioned-Layer Index (simply, the APL-index) that significantly improves the query performance of the PL-index in disk-based environments by reducing the number of random accesses. First, by abstracting each sublayer of the PL -index into a virtual (point) object, we transform the lists of sublayers into those of virtual objects (ie., the APL-index). Then, we virtually process the given query by using the APL-index and, accordingly, predict sublayers that are to be read when actually processing the query. Next, we read the sublayers predicted from each sublayer list at a time. Accordingly, we reduce the number of random accesses that occur in the PL-index. Experimental results using synthetic and real data sets show that our APL-index proposed can significantly reduce the number of random accesses occurring in the PL-index.
Oxidation of Cyclopentene with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by 12-Heteropoly Acids (1988)

Abstract 12-Heteropoly acids exhibited high performance for selective oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaraldehyde with hydrogen peroxide. Especially, heteropoly acids with mixed addenda atoms of Mo and W, H3PMo12−xWxO40(x=1–9), showed excellent results.
The whisker sensor and the transmission of multiple sensor signals (1989)

First, a new type of proximity sensor called a 'whisker sensor' is proposed which consists of an elastic whisker and a sensing system mounted at the base of the whisker. The sensing device detects any minute flexure of the whisker when it touches an object during motion of the robot. The recommended material for the wisker is a TiNi shape memory alloy with pseudo-elasticity. For signal detection, both the so-called bit- and analogue-type detectors are shown to be realizable. The bit-type whisker sensor can be constructed in a compact form with a simple and solid mechanism so that it is economical, can be used in a dangerous environment, and as many as necessary can be mounted on the robot. The analogue-type whisker sensor, based on a photo-interrupter for the sensing system, has been experimentally assembled and its capability for detecting objects with a good degree of accuracy is demonstrated. Second, the importance of installing multiple tactile or proximity sensors on a robot, as in insects or mammals, is pointed out. The problem of minimizing the number of signal transmitting wires is discussed. To cope with this problem, two methods are proposed: a ladder connection method and a local preprocessing approach. The effectiveness of these two methods is verified by two experiments, including an off-road walking test using a quadruped walking vehicle model.
Rapid Diagnosis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Using Pancreatic Impression Smears (2003)

The 1985 outbreak of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in Victoria, Australia, took 5 days to confirm by standard laboratory tests, during which time infected chickens continued excreting virus, thus creating the opportunity for transmission to other farms. An immunofluorescence test for the detection of viral antigen in tissue impression smears was evaluated as a rapid diagnostic test for HPAI virus infections of poultry. Several test configurations were compared for background reactions and strength of fluorescence, with the optimum combination found to be an influenza A group-specific monoclonal antibody, detected by an anti-mouse fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. Immunohistochemical examination of tissues from chickens experimentally infected with low-pathogenicity and HPAI viruses identified the pancreas as the organ most consistently containing high concentrations of HPAI viral antigen. This test has since been used in Australia in the rapid laboratory confirmation of three avian influenza outbreaks and in showing that numerous other suspect cases were not caused by avian influenza.
Fuzzy RCE neural network (2002)

The authors propose a supervised fuzzy neural network called a fuzzy restricted Columb energy (fuzzy RCE) network for classification problems. In a fuzzy RCE, each hidden neuron is a fuzzy prototype which can be used to represent one or many training patterns. At the learning stage, the fuzzy membership functions of prototype neurons can be automatically adjusted according to the training data. The simulation results on handwritten alphanumeric characters show that the proposed model learns very fast and has good recognition performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
노인부양자 유형에 따른 스트레스인지와 대처방안에 관한 연구 -할머니와 며느리의 비교 연구- (1992)

본 연구는 노인부양자의 스트레스를 부양자 유형에 따라 비교연구함으로써 가족생활에서 부양으로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 스트레스를 해결하는 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 서울 및 수도권내에 거주하는 노인단독가구로 할아버지를 모시고 계신 할머니 81명과 시부모님과 함께 살고 있는 며느리 178명을 대상으로 하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다 : 1. 사회인구학적 변인에 따라 살펴 본 결과, 피부양자의 문제에 있어서 할머니와 며느리 집단 모두 피부양자의 신체적 건강상태가 건강할수록 사고능력이 좋고 문제행동을 적게하는 것으로 부양자는 생각하였다. 그리고 부양스트레스인지 변인에 있어서 두 집단 모두 피부양자의 성별이 남자이고 건강상태가 나쁜 경우 전반적으로 스트레스를 많이 받았으며, 스트레스대처방안에 있어서는 할머니의 경우만 유의하게 피부양자의 건강상태가 좋을때 스트레스대처방안을 자주 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 피부양자의 사고능력이 좋을수록 문제 행동을 적게 하는 것으로 부양자는 생각하였으며, 부양으로 인한 스트레스를 덜 느끼고 대처방안을 자주 사용하였다. 3. 부양과 스트레스에 대한 사회인구학적 변인의 영향력을 살펴본 결과 피부양자의 건강상태가 부양자 스트레스에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변인으로 나타났다.
Hepatitis B virus core promoter mutations in children with multiple anti-HBe/HBeAg reactivations result in enhanced promoter activity (1999)

Sera of two children were examined to determine whether specific hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants may contribute to anti-hepatitis B e/hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe/HBeAg) reactivations during the course of chronic hepatitis B. The full-length HBV genome isolated from sera of patient 1 and the basic core promoter (BCP) from patient 2 were amplified and sequenced before and after several reactivations. The functional significance of the mutant BCP from patient 1 was studied using the luciferase assay. In both patients, rare mutations were found in the BCP at nucleotides 1764(G-->T)/1766(C-->G) and 1766(C-->T)/1768(T-->A) in case 1 and 2, respectively. In the BCP from patient 1, a putative new binding site for the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3) was generated. The functional analyses of the mutant showed a 2.8-fold increase of core promoter activity, whereas the BCP variant of patient 2 was also identified to result in enhanced promoter activity. The alignment of full-length genomes from child 1 to the reference sequence showed 61 nucleotide substitutions. Furthermore, the time of reactivations from child 1 was always accompanied by selection of a precore mutation at nucleotide position 1899. In liver tissue of patient 1 before development of hepatocellular carcinoma only free viral sequences were found, whereas a single site integration of HBV was detected in hepatocytes after activation of carcinogenesis. Specific mutations in the HBV BCP of the two patients that are rarely present in chronic carriers were identified to increase the core promoter activity possibly by altering transcription factor binding, suggesting that these variants may be involved in the pathogenesis of frequent HBV reactivations.
Nonparametric Online Learning Control for Soft Continuum Robot: An Enabling Technique for Effective Endoscopic Navigation (2017)

Bioinspired robotic structures comprising soft actuation units have attracted increasing research interest. Taking advantage of its inherent compliance, soft robots can assure safe interaction with external environments, provided that precise and effective manipulation could be achieved. Endoscopy is a typical application. However, previous model-based control approaches often require simplified geometric assumptions on the soft manipulator, but which could be very inaccurate in the presence of unmodeled external interaction forces. In this study, we propose a generic control framework based on nonparametric and online, as well as local, training to learn the inverse model directly, without prior knowledge of the robot's structural parameters. Detailed experimental evaluation was conducted on a soft robot prototype with control redundancy, performing trajectory tracking in dynamically constrained environments. Advanced element formulation of finite element analysis is employed to initialize the control policy, hence eliminating the need for random exploration in the robot's workspace. The proposed control framework enabled a soft fluid-driven continuum robot to follow a 3D trajectory precisely, even under dynamic external disturbance. Such enhanced control accuracy and adaptability would facilitate effective endoscopic navigation in complex and changing environments.
A New Paradigm in Earth Environmental Monitoring with the CYGNSS Small Satellite Constellation (2018)

A constellation of small, low-cost satellites is able to make scientifically valuable measurements of the Earth which can be used for weather forecasting, disaster monitoring, and climate studies. Eight CYGNSS satellites were launched into low Earth orbit on December 15, 2016. Each satellite carries a science radar receiver which measures GPS signals reflected from the Earth surface. The signals contain information about the surface, including wind speed over ocean, and soil moisture and flooding over land. The satellites are distributed around their orbit plane so that measurements can be made more often to capture extreme weather events. Innovative engineering approaches are used to reduce per satellite cost, increase the number in the constellation, and improve temporal sampling. These include the use of differential drag rather than propulsion to adjust the spacing between satellites and the use of existing GPS signals as the science radars' transmitter. Initial on-orbit results demonstrate the scientific utility of the CYGNSS observations, and suggest that a new paradigm in spaceborne Earth environmental monitoring is possible.
A CMOS Wideband Current-Mode Digital Polar Power Amplifier With Built-In AM–PM Distortion Self-Compensation (2017)

This paper presents a fully integrated wideband current-mode digital polar power amplifier (DPA) in CMOS with built-in AM-PM distortion self-compensation. Feedforward capacitors are implemented in each differential cascode digital power cell. These feedforward capacitors operate together with a proposed DPA biasing scheme to minimize the DPA output device capacitance Cd variations over a wide output power range and a wide carrier frequency bandwidth, resulting in DPA AM-PM distortion reduction. A three-coil transformer-based DPA output passive network is implemented within a single transformer footprint (330 μm × 330 μm) and provides parallel power combining and load impedance transformation with a low loss, an octave bandwidth, and a large impedance transformation ratio. Moreover, this proposed power amplifier (PA) output passive network shows a desensitized phase response to Cd variations and further suppresses the DPA AM-PM distortion. Both proposed AM-PM distortion self-compensation techniques are effective for a large carrier frequency range and a wide modulation bandwidth, and are independent of the DPA AM control codes. This results in a superior inherent DPA phase linearity and reduces or even eliminates the need for phase predistortion, which dramatically simplifies the DPA pre-distortion computations. As a proof-of-concept, a 2-4.3 GHz wideband DPA is implemented in a standard 28-nm bulk CMOS process. Operating with a low supply voltage of 1.4 V for enhanced reliability, the DPA demonstrates ±0.5 dB PA output power bandwidth from 2 to 4.3 GHz with +24.9 dBm peak output power at 3.1 GHz. The measured peak PA drain efficiency is 42.7% at 2.5 GHz and is more than 27% from 2 to 4.3 GHz. The measured PA AM-PM distortion is within 6.8° at 2.8 GHz over the PA output power dynamic range of 25 dB, achieving the lowest AM-PM distortion among recently reported current-mode DPAs in the same frequency range. Without any phase pre-distortion, modulation measurements with a 20-MHz 802.11n standard compliant signal demonstrate 2.95% rms error vector magnitude, -33.5 dBc adjacent channel leakage ratio, 15.6% PA drain efficiency, and +14.6 dBm PA average output power at 2.8 GHz.
Production of nanometric particles in radio frequency glow discharges in mixtures of silane and methane (1996)

The formation of silicon particles in rf glow discharges has attracted attention due to their effect as a contaminant during film deposition or etching. However, silicon and silicon alloy powders produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are promising new materials for sintering ceramics, for making nanoscale filters, or for supporting catalytic surfaces. Common characteristics of these powders are their high purity and the easy control of their stoichiometry through the composition of the precursor gas mixture. Plasma parameters also influence their structure. Nanometric powders of silicon–carbon alloys exhibiting microstructural properties such as large hydrogen content and high surface/volume ratio have been produced in a PECVD reactor using mixtures of silane and methane at low pressure (&lt;1 Torr) and low frequency square-wave modulated rf power (13.56 MHz). The a-Si1−xCx:H powders were obtained from different precursor gas mixtures, from R=0.05 to R=9, where R=[SiH4]/([SiH4]+[CH4]). The structure of the a-Si1−xCx:H powder was analyzed by several techniques. The particles appeared agglomerated, with a wide size distribution between 5 and 100 nm. The silane/methane gas mixture determined the vibrational features of these powders in the infrared. Silicon–hydrogen groups were present for every gas composition, whereas carbon–hydrogen and silicon–carbon bonds appeared in methane-rich mixtures (R&lt;0.6). The thermal desorption of hydrogen revealed two main evolutions at about 375 and 660 °C that were ascribed to hydrogen bonded to silicon and carbon, respectively. The estimated hydrogen atom concentration in the sample was about 50%.
Comparison of Electron Imaging Modes for Dimensional Measurements in the Scanning Electron Microscope (2016)

Dimensional measurements from secondary electron (SE) images were compared with those from backscattered electron (BSE) and low-loss electron (LLE) images. With the commonly used 50% threshold criterion, the lines consistently appeared larger in the SE images. As the images were acquired simultaneously by an instrument with the capability to operate detectors for both signals at the same time, the differences cannot be explained by the assumption that contamination or drift between images affected the SE, BSE, or LLE images differently. Simulations with JMONSEL, an electron microscope simulator, indicate that the nanometer-scale differences observed on this sample can be explained by the different convolution effects of a beam with finite size on signals with different symmetry (the SE signal's characteristic peak versus the BSE or LLE signal's characteristic step). This effect is too small to explain the >100 nm discrepancies that were observed in earlier work on different samples. Additional modeling indicates that those discrepancies can be explained by the much larger sidewall angles of the earlier samples, coupled with the different response of SE versus BSE/LLE profiles to such wall angles.
Coping Strategies of Farm and Ranch Men. (1990)

For years, farm life was considered to be tranquil and relatively free from stress. This popular stereotype has been essentially destroyed in the 1980s due primarily to the agricultural economiccrisis (Walker &amp; Walker, 1987). According to Mooney (1986), &quot;A crisis currently plagues that part of American agricul-ture commonly presented as the family farm strong-hold &quot; (p.449). Over 150,000 farmers are financially stressed (Mazie &amp; Bluestone, 1987). Farming was ranked in the top 10 most stressful occupations accord-ing to a survey of 130 occupations conducted by the
Multiple scattering of acoustic waves by random distributions of discrete scatterers with the use of quasicrystalline-coherent potential approximation (1981)

Multiple scattering of acoustic waves by random distribution of discrete scatterers is treated within the framework of quantum mechanical potential scattering with the use of an acoustic potential operator. The effective field approximation (EFA) and quasicrystalline approximation (QCA) are imposed on the multiple scattering equations. The use of the operator technique facilitates the introduction of coherent potential (CP). Solutions are obtained for the complex effective propagation constant in the low frequency limit for spherical scatterers. Results from the three approximations, EFA, QCA, and QCA-CP (quasicrystalline approximation with coherent potential) are compared. Numerical results of the effective propagation velocities and the attenuation rates, as a function of the fractional volume occupied by the scatterers, are illustrated.