gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical profile of novel antiplatelet drugs targeting vascular diseases (2009)

Platelet inhibitors are the mainstay treatment for patients with vascular diseases. The current 'gold standard' antiplatelet agent clopidogrel has several pharmacological and clinical limitations that have prompted the search for more effective platelet antagonists. The candidates include various blockers of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor such as prasugrel, an oral irreversible thienopyridine; two adenosine triphosphate analogues that bind reversibly to the P2Y12 receptor: ticagrelor (oral) and cangrelor (intravenous); elinogrel, a direct-acting reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (the only antiplatelet compound that can be administered both intravenously and orally); BX 667, an orally active and reversible small-molecule P2Y12 receptor antagonist; SCH 530348, SCH 205831, SCH 602539 and E5555, highly selective and orally active antagonists on the protease-activated receptor 1. A number of drugs also hit new targets: terutroban, an oral, selective and specific inhibitor of the thromboxane receptor; ARC1779, a second-generation, nuclease resistant aptamer which inhibits von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet aggregation; ALX-0081, a bivalent humanized nanobody targeting the GPIb binding site of von Willebrand factor and AJW200, an IgG4 monoclonal antibody of von Willebrand factor. The pharmacology and clinical profiles of new platelet antagonists indicate that they provide more consistent, more rapid and more potent platelet inhibition than agents currently used. Whether these potential advantages will translate into clinical advantages will require additional comparisons in properly powered, randomized, controlled trials.
Cutting Edge: CATERPILLER: A Large Family of Mammalian Genes Containing CARD, Pyrin, Nucleotide-Binding, and Leucine-Rich Repeat Domains (2002)

Large mammalian proteins containing a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRR) similar in structure to plant disease resistance proteins have been suggested as critical in innate immunity. Our interest in CIITA, a NBD/LRR protein, and recent reports linking mutations in two other NBD/LRR proteins to inflammatory disorders have prompted us to perform a search for other members. Twenty-two known and novel NBD/LRR genes are spread across eight human chromosomes, with multigene clusters occurring on 11, 16, and 19. Most of these are telomeric. Their N termini vary, but most have a pyrin domain. The genomic organization demonstrates a high degree of conservation of the NBD- and LRR-encoding exons. Except for CIITA, all the predicted NBD/LRR proteins are likely ATP-binding proteins. Some have broad tissue expression, whereas others are restricted to myeloid cells. The implications of these data on origins, expression, and function of these genes are discussed.
Programmable BIST space compactors (1996)

We address test data compaction for built-in self-test (BIST). The thrust of the work focuses on BIST space compaction, a process increasingly required when a large number of internal circuit nodes need to be monitored during test but where area limitations preclude the association of observation latches for all the monitored nodes. We introduce a general class of space compactors denoted as programmable space compactors (PSCs). Programmability enables highly-effective space compactors to be designed for circuits under test (CUT) subjected to a specific set or test patterns. Circuit-specific information such as the fault-free and expected faulty behavior of a circuit are used to choose PSCs that have better fault coverage and/or lower area costs than the commonly-used parity function. Finding optimal PSCs is a difficult task since the space of possible PSC functions is extremely large and grows exponentially with the number of lines (nodes) to be compacted. We describe an optimization search method based on genetic algorithms for finding combinational PSCs. The factors used to assess the effectiveness of a PSC are its fault coverage and implementation area.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Genotypes and In Vitro Protease Inhibitor Susceptibilities of Isolates from Individuals Who Were Switched to Other Protease Inhibitors after Long-Term Saquinavir Treatment (1998)

An understanding of the mechanisms of virologic cross-resistance between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors is important for the establishment of effective treatment strategies for patients who no longer respond to their initial protease inhibitor. Protease gene sequencing results from patients treated with saquinavir showed significant increases in the frequency of the G48V protease mutation in patients receiving higher doses of the drug. In addition, all six patients who developed the G48V mutation during saquinavir therapy developed the V82A mutation either on continued saquinavir or after a switch to nelfinavir or indinavir. In vitro susceptibility assays showed that all 13 isolates with reduced susceptibilities to two or more protease inhibitors had either the G48V or L90M mutation, along with an average of six other protease mutations. Reduced susceptibility to nelfinavir was found in 14 isolates, but only 1 possessed the D30N mutation. These results suggest that mutations selected in vivo by initial saquinavir therapy may provide more cross-resistance to the other protease inhibitors than has been previously reported.
Single-longitudinal mode laser structure based on a very narrow filtering technique (2013)

A narrow filtering technique based on the spectral overlapping of two uniform FBGs and applied to obtain a Single Longitudinal Mode (SLM) laser is proposed and demonstrated in this work. The two FBGs are spectrally detuned to reduce their coincident reflection response narrowing the equivalent filter bandwidth. A proof-of-concept linear laser has been built and tested exhibiting SLM operation even with temperature and strain variations.
Engineering fluid mechanics : a guide for learning : practice problems with solutions (2006)

Known for its exceptionally readable approach, Engineering Fluid Mechanics carefully guides you from fundamental fluid mechanics concepts to real world engineering applications. It fosters a strong conceptual understanding of fluid flow phenomena through lucid physical descriptions, photographs, clear illustrations, and fully worked example problems. With the help of over 1,100 problems, you will also gain the opportunity to apply fluid mechanics principles. The Eighth Edition: brings key concepts to life through a new Web based interactive tutorial that provides step by step solutions and interactive animations; presents a smoother transition from the principles of flow acceleration and the Bernoulli equation to the control volume and continuity equations; incorporates new animations to illustrate pathline, streakline, and streamline concepts, rotationality, separation, and cavitation; follows a physical/visual approach to help you gain an intuitive understanding of the principles of fluid dynamics; and applies theoretical principles in practical designs to help develop your engineering creativity.
Task-based Guidance of Multiple UAV Using Cognitive Automation (2011)

Abstract—This article discusses different dimensions of automation in the integration of multiple, detached, unmanned sensor platforms into a military helicopter scenario. Artificial cognitive units implement parts of human-like knowledge-rich task execution aboard a highly automated vehicle. Artificial cognition, being the method used, allows task execution beyond pre-scripted and predefined instruction sets, utilizing reasoning about the current situation to support goal-driven behaviour during task execution instead. The tasks assigned by the human operator are formulated at an abstraction level that might as well be used to task human subordinates within a mission. Like human subordinates, the UAV uses its cognitive capabilities to adapt task execution to the currently known situation including knowledge about the task assignments of teammates. Keywords – Task-based guidance; goal-driven behaviour; artificial cognititive units; artificial cognition; level of automation. I.
Introduction to Offshore Structures: Design, Fabrication, Installation. (1981)

Introduction to offshore structures: design, fabrication, installation , Introduction to offshore structures: design, fabrication, installation , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Genetics of Naphthalene Catabolism in Pseudomonads (1988)

In pseudomonads, naphthalene is catabolized in a series of reactions to salicylic acid, which is further degraded via the catechol meta-cleavage, ortho-cleavage, or gentisic acid pathway to Krebs cycle intermediates. The naphthalene catabolic genes have been located on self-transmissible plasmids, in most cases, and implicated to have chromosomal locations in other cases. The best-studied naphthalene catabolic plasmid is NAH7. It carries two operons, one of which enables the host to utilize naphthalene and the other to utilize salicylate as a carbon and energy source. The product of another NAH7 gene, nahR, is required to turn on both operons in the presence of the inducer, salicylate. Several different naphthalene and salicylate catabolic plasmids have been shown to share sequence homology with NAH7. These plasmids can undergo structural alterations involving insertions and deletions during conjugations and changes in nutritional conditions. Available evidence suggests that salicylate catabolic plasmids can form from the naphthalene catabolic plasmids by structural alterations of the plasmid DNA. The gene organization and regulation, as well as the genetic instability of the naphthalene catabolic plasmids, are reminiscent of the TOL plasmids and suggest that the naphthalene catabolic plasmids and other catabolic plasmids may have evolved in a short period of time by acquiring and modifying preevolved gene clusters from host chromosomes or other plasmids.
A Novel Heavy‐Atom Label for Side‐Specific Peptide Iodination: Synthesis, Membrane Incorporation and X‐ray Reflectivity (2009)

Structural parameters, such as conformation, orientation and penetration depth of membrane-bound peptides and proteins that may function as channels, pores or biocatalysts, are of persistent interest and have to be probed in the native fluid state of a membrane. X-ray scattering in combination with heavy-atom labeling is a powerful and highly appropriate method to reveal the position of a certain amino acid residue within a lipid bilayer with respect to the membrane normal axis up to a resolution of several Angstrøm. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new iodine-labeled amino acid building block. This building block is intended for peptide incorporation to provide high intensities for electron density difference analysis of X-ray reflectivity data and improve the labeling potential for the lipid bilayer head-group and water region. The novel building block as well as the commercially available non-iodinated analogue, required for X-ray scattering, was implemented in a transmembrane peptide motif via manual solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) following the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-strategy. The derived peptides were reconstituted in lipid vesicles as well as in highly aligned multilamellar lipid stacks and investigated via circular dichroism (CD) and X-ray reflectivity. Thereby, it has been revealed that the bulky iodine probe neither causes conformational change of the peptide structure nor lamellar disordering of the membrane complexes.
In Defense of Pastor Manders (1978)

PASTOR MANDERS HAS NEVER ENJOYED a good press. His reputation is that of a child of superstition and darkness, an enemy of light and truth, defender of established but decaying or dead values, ugly, oily, domineering. In the words of one recent critic, he is "a petty tyrant who embodies the power of the Church, State, and public opinion . . . an ironically domesticated Napoleon, a drawing-room and committeeroom dictator." Even his use of language is insincere and hypocritical: "a kind of liturgical chant ... like the rhetoric of Brand in a flabby and debased form." On the stage he is often portrayed as sniggering, unctuous, and epicene. Aspersions have been cast on his virility in a well-known essay by a professor of psychiatry who pronounces clinically: "We may reasonably have doubts about his potence."
The Grafter's Handbook (1967)

The grafter's handbook , The grafter's handbook , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
High Intraindividual Variation of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and Amino-Terminal proBNP in Patients with Stable Chronic Heart Failure (2004)

The high CV(i)s hamper interpretation of changes in BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations and may partly explain their poor diagnostic values in chronic heart failure. Easily modifiable determinants to lower CV(i) have not been identified. The value of BNP and NT-proBNP for chronic heart failure diagnosis, and especially for follow-up and treatment optimization of individuals, remains largely to be established.
A relevance feedback model based on soft consensus dynamics (2002)

In this paper a model of relevance feedback for an information retrieval system (IRS) is proposed. Relevance feedback mechanisms aim at enhancing the effectiveness of IRSs through a process of query refinement. They provide users with an interactive and iterative procedure based on an analysis of the effective relevance of documents retrieved by a query. Adapting a recent proposal in the context of group decision theory, we define a dynamical model of relevance feedback based on the so-called soft consensus paradigm. Starting from a set of significant terms in the relevant documents selected by the user (among those retrieved by the query) the soft consensus dynamics generates a fuzzy associative pattern among the significant terms and thereby suggests a structured extension of the original term set in the query. Moreover, by grouping together terms referring to the same concept the associative pattern generated by the soft consensus scheme can be regarded as a fuzzy thesaurus for the relevant documents.
Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: reliability of diagnosis and evaluation of current diagnostic criteria (2001)

Vulvar vestibulitis can be reliably diagnosed in women with dyspareunia. Pain is limited to the vulvar vestibule and can be rated and described in a consistent fashion by these women. Erythema does not appear to be a useful diagnostic criterion.
Deep Metric Learning via Facility Location (2017)

Learning image similarity metrics in an end-to-end fashion with deep networks has demonstrated excellent results on tasks such as clustering and retrieval. However, current methods, all focus on a very local view of the data. In this paper, we propose a new metric learning scheme, based on structured prediction, that is aware of the global structure of the embedding space, and which is designed to optimize a clustering quality metric (NMI). We show state of the art performance on standard datasets, such as CUB200-2011 [37], Cars196 [18], and Stanford online products [30] on NMI and R@K evaluation metrics.
Serum Ubiquitin Levels in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Disease (1999)

Serum concentrations of free ubiquitin and multiubiquitin chain as determined by immunoassays were compared between 10 healthy subjects, and 11 patients with alcoholic hepatic fibrosis, 10 with alcoholic cirrhosis, and 6 with viral liver cirrhosis. All measurements of multiubiquitin chains were expressed in terms of a standard multiubiquitin chain reference preparation 1. Serum concentrations (mean +/- SD) of free ubiquitin and multiubiquitin chains were significantly higher in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (63.5 +/- 33.7 ng/ml and 7.5 +/- 4.6 ng/ml) than in the normal subjects (29.6 +/- 6.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05 and 4.1 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05), and those with alcoholic hepatic fibrosis (34.8 +/- 16.3 ng/ml, p < 0.05 and 3.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05) and viral liver cirrhosis (28.8 +/- 7.5 ng/ml, p < 0.05 and 4.2 +/- 1.3 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Serum levels of both forms of ubiquitin in six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis showed a tendency to decline after 3 months of abstinence. In a total of 14 patients with alcoholic liver damage, 11 with brain atrophy had significantly higher serum levels of both ubiquitin forms than did three patients without brain atrophy (p < 0.05). No correlation was seen between serum concentrations of either form of ubiquitin and liver function test results in the patients with alcoholic liver damage. However, serum levels of both forms of ubiquitin levels correlated significantly with cumulative alcohol intake (p < 0.05). A significant correlation (p < 0.05) also was observed between serum levels of multiubiquitin chains and mean corpuscular volume, a marker of alcohol consumption. These results suggest that the serum concentrations of ubiquitin, especially multiubiquitin chain is a good marker for the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis.
DeepOrgan: Multi-level Deep Convolutional Networks for Automated Pancreas Segmentation (2015)

Automatic organ segmentation is an important yet challenging problem for medical image analysis. The pancreas is an abdominal organ with very high anatomical variability. This inhibits previous segmentation methods from achieving high accuracies, especially compared to other organs such as the liver, heart or kidneys. In this paper, we present a probabilistic bottom-up approach for pancreas segmentation in abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans, using multi-level deep convolutional networks (ConvNets). We propose and evaluate several variations of deep ConvNets in the context of hierarchical, coarse-to-fine classification on image patches and regions, i.e. superpixels. We first present a dense labeling of local image patches via $P{-}\mathrm{ConvNet}$ and nearest neighbor fusion. Then we describe a regional ConvNet ($R_1{-}\mathrm{ConvNet}$) that samples a set of bounding boxes around each image superpixel at different scales of contexts in a "zoom-out" fashion. Our ConvNets learn to assign class probabilities for each superpixel region of being pancreas. Last, we study a stacked $R_2{-}\mathrm{ConvNet}$ leveraging the joint space of CT intensities and the $P{-}\mathrm{ConvNet}$ dense probability maps. Both 3D Gaussian smoothing and 2D conditional random fields are exploited as structured predictions for post-processing. We evaluate on CT images of 82 patients in 4-fold cross-validation. We achieve a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 83.6$\pm$6.3% in training and 71.8$\pm$10.7% in testing.
Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Chemically Modified Tetracyclines in Sepsis (2003)

Sepsis precipitates a systemic inflammatory stimulus that causes systemic release of cytokines and sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, resulting in degranulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which causes extracellular matrix basement membrane degradation. One of the important anti-inflammatory properties of tetracyclines is their ability to inhibit MMPs. In this study, we focused on the regulation of MMPs in sepsis and their reduction by treatment with nonantimicrobial chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs), which retain their anti-inflammatory activity. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. At 24 h and 1 h before CLP, some rats received CMT-3 (25 mg/kg), another group of rats received hydroxamate (H; an inhibitor of MMP; 25 mg/kg), and untreated rats received saline by gavage. At 0 h, 0.5 h, 1.5 h, and 24 h after CLP, blood and liver samples were collected. Plasma and liver MMP-9 by zymography and Western immunoblotting, plasma nitric oxide by measuring nitrate level, plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) by enzymatic method, and liver gelatinase by radiolabeled gelatin lysis assay and 24 h mortality were determined. Plasma MMP-9 (92 kDa), nitrate, and GOT and GPT levels were elevated compared with the time 0 level and reached peak at 1.5 h CLP and remained high for 24 h. Both CMT-3 and H treatment reduced GOT,GPT, 92-kDa gelatinase, and nitrate levels throughout the 24 h. CMT-3 and H are equally effective in sepsis treatment. The 24-h mortality for CLP rats was 30%, whereas pretreatment with CMT-3 and H resulted in 0% mortality. Hepatic MMP-9 and gelatinase activity increased significantly after CLP, and pretreatment with CMT-3 and H inhibited these expressions. These results indicate the beneficial effect of CMT-3 in preventing the increase in GOT, GPT, NO, MMP-9, gelatinase activity, and the ensuing septic shock.
Radiological Investigation of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2010)

The paucity of studies on the diagnostic utility of imaging investigations of the cause(s) of ICH may contribute to the variation observed in when and how and which patients are investigated in current clinical practice. Studies comparing different types of diagnostic strategies are required.
Evaluation of bias voltage modulation sequence for nonlinear contrast agent imaging using a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array (2014)

Many clinical diagnoses have now been improved thanks to the development of new techniques dedicated to contrast agent nonlinear imaging. Over the past few years, Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (cMUTs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional piezoelectric transducers. One notable advantage of cMUTs is their wide frequency bandwidth. However, their use in nonlinear imaging approaches such as those used to detect contrast agents have been challenging due their intrinsic nonlinear character. We propose a new contrast imaging sequence, called bias voltage modulation (BVM), specifically developed for cMUTs to suppress their inherent nonlinear behavior. Theoretical and experimental results show that a complete cancellation of the nonlinear signal from the source can be reached when the BVM sequence is implemented. In-vitro validation of the sequence is performed using a cMUT probe connected to an open scanner and a flow phantom setup containing SonoVue microbubbles. Compared to the standard amplitude modulation imaging mode, a 6 dB increase of contrast-to-tissue ratio was achieved when the BVM sequence is applied. These results reveal that the problem of cMUT nonlinearity can be addressed, thus expanding the potential of this new transducer technology for nonlinear contrast agent detection and imaging.
Controlled synthesis of concave Cu<sub>2</sub>O microcrystals enclosed by {hhl} high-index facets and enhanced catalytic activity (2012)

Due to the fact that crystal facets with high surface energy usually exhibit superior performance in many fields, such as catalysis, the importance of the synthesis of micro/nano-crystals with exposed high surface energy facets is becoming a hot research field. In this article, concave Cu2O microcrystals mainly enclosed by {hhl} high-index facets have been successfully prepared by reducing Cu(CH3COO)2 with glucose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). SDS was proved to be important in the formation of the concave Cu2O microcrystals. The concave degree of truncated octahedra can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of SDS. In addition, we found the reaction rate also affected the morphology of Cu2O microcrystals. Octahedron-based branched particles, truncated concave octahedra and truncated octahedra can be obtained by adjusting the concentration of glucose. In the catalytic oxidation of CO, truncated concave octahedral Cu2O enclosed by {332} high-index facets exhibited the highest catalytic activity among the high-index {332} facets, low index {111} and {100} facets, due to the existence of high density steps on {332} facets and the CO catalytic activities of the crystal facets are in the sequence: {332} > {111} > {100}.
The Promise and Challenge of Solid-State Lighting (2001)

In time, solid-state devices should provide inexpensive, environmentally friendly illumination that changes the way we think about using artificial light.