gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved scanning tunneling microscope feedback performance by means of separate actuators (1994)

Scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) are usually operated in current-feedback mode when scanning over wide areas or rough surfaces. The speed of image acquisition is determined by the scanning rate, which (in this mode) is limited by the bandwidth of the feedback control loop. The control loop bandwidth is usually restricted to frequencies lower than the lowest mechanical resonant frequency (fr) of the STM scanner and tip. This resonant frequency is typically in the range 5–15 kHz and is generally ascribed to mechanical resonance of the piezoelectric scanner tube or scanner tripod. In this article we describe some measured sources of mechanical resonance in STMs, and present a design which eliminates the need to control the scanner at high frequencies. We have established that the lowest mechanical resonance mode may be ascribed to the base mounting structure (in addition to the scanning actuator), depending on the specific design. The complex origins of this mode prevent the use of conventional control techniques at frequencies above fr. We have developed an STM design in which a separate feedback actuator is used to modulate the z position of the sample, independently to the scanning (x and y) actuator. The effective resonance frequency of this actuator is extremely high (in excess of 100 kHz) and the control bandwidth is correspondingly improved.
Effect of Maternal Hydration on Oligohydramnios (1998)

In Brief Objective To determine the effect of maternal hydration with intravenous (IV) isotonic fluid, IV hypotonic fluid, and oral water on amniotic fluid index (AFI) in women with oligohydramnios. Methods Patients with low AFI and gestational age over 35 weeks without maternal complications were randomized into four groups (2 L/2 h IV isotonic fluid, 2 L/2 h IV hypotonic fluid, 2 L/2 h oral water, control). Maternal plasma osmolality, AFI, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration were measured before and after hydration. Results Eighty-four patients (n = 21/group) completed the study without any maternal adverse effects. The mean increase in AFI after hydration was significantly greater in the IV hypotonic and oral water groups (2.8 ± 1.9, P < .001; 3.8 ± 1.9, P < .001, respectively), but not in the IV isotonic group (0.5 ± 1.1), compared with the control group (0.5 ± 1.1). Significant decreases in maternal hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were found only after IV isotonic hydration (32.0 ± 2.9 to 29.5 ± 2.3, P < .001; 11.0 ± 1.6 to 10.1 ± 1.4, P < .001, respectively). Changes in maternal osmolality correlated with the changes in AFI in both the IV hypotonic group (r = .58, P < .001) and oral water group (r = .63, P < .001). Conclusion Maternal hydration with either IV hypotonic fluid or oral water increases AFI in oligohydramnios. Maternal osmotic change rather than maternal volume expansion had a more direct impact on increasing amniotic fluid volume with short-term acute hydration. Maternal plasma osmotic change has a more profound impact on acute increase of amniotic fluid volume when compared with maternal volume expansion.
Service discovery protocols in D2D-enabled cellular networks: Reactive versus proactive (2014)

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, which allows access services offered by nearby devices bypassing the base station, has been regarded as an essential component of the emerging 5G mobile networks. Many advantages can be provided by this direct communication paradigm such as high data rate, traffic offloading, range extension, as well as proximity services and social networking. In such a context, service discovery approaches need to be investigated. In this paper, we propose two protocols for service discovery, namely, reactive (pull) discovery and proactive (push) discovery in infrastructure-coordinated D2D networks. The protocol overhead is calculated and numerical results are provided in order to compare these two protocols. Performance evaluation and simulation results show that the reactive protocol performs better when there are few D2D users whereas the proactive protocol is preferable if the D2D communication demand is high.
Synthesis of a cofacial porphyrin-quinone via entropically favored macropolycyclization (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of a cofacial porphyrin-quinone via entropically favored macropolycyclizationJonathan S. Lindsey and David C. MauzerallCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 16, 4498–4500Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00380a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00380a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views419Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Making sense of genetic heterogeneity (2013)

Some brain malformations have clinical and imaging features that are so specific they lend themselves readily to the diagnosis of a specific syndrome. The autosomal recessive pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCH) fall into this category. These disorders feature postnatal progressive microcephaly combined with brainstem and cerebellar hemispheres that are hypoplastic at birth, with the cerebellar vermis relatively spared. To date, 7 PCH clinical syndromes have been described (PCH1–7),1 and subsequent work has demonstrated genetic heterogeneity even within subtypes, with mutations in EXOCS3 , TSEN2 , TSEN34 , TSEN54 , RARS2 , and VRK1 published.2–5
Electrophysiological Analysis of Sensory Responses of Parasitic Nematodes (1995)

Electrophysiology has considerable potential for evaluating the responses of individual nematodes to semiochemicals. Sensory response can be quantified, electrical activity before, during and after stimulation can be compared and the occurrence of aspects such as sensory adaptation can be demonstrated. Research using the electrophysiology system to compare extracellular recordings of the responses of the cephalic region of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida to various compounds is discussed. The use of larger nematodes, such as the avian nematode Syngamus trachea, has enabled direct recordings to be obtained from individual sensilla, the cephalic papillae and the amphid. Electrophysiological techniques oer the opportunity to determine nematode responses in detail and to examine the function and mode of action of nematode sensilla for a more complete understanding of nematode sensory perception. Jpn. J. Nematol. 25 (2): 61-69 (1995: pub1.1996).
Towards anovel perceptual color difference metric using circular processing of hue components (2014)

This paper introduces a novel metric for image difference prediction, capable of handling color data. The proposed metric, namely, color difference index based on circular hue, is a full-reference based scheme, which independently processes achromatic and chromatic differences of two input color images. Within the framework, chromatic information is analyzed using two perceptual attributes, hue and chroma information, simulating human visual system mechanism. Unlike conventional approaches where the periodic nature of hue is disregarded, we propose to estimate hue difference by adopting theory of circular statistics. Performance of the proposed solution is validated using benchmark image quality assessment databases. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed metric against a wide range of distortions, especially on chromatic distortions, making it better suited for color gamut mapping applications.
Path‐Finder: AI‐Based Path Planning System (1992)

The issue of constructability has emerged as a primary area of concern in construction planning. To avoid constructability problems, which may result in construction rework, it is necessary to evaluate the constructability of each component at the planning stage, within the constraints of the equipment to be used. This ensures that the planning process generates a feasible construction sequence. This paper presents Path‐Finder, an artificial intelligence (AI) based system for improving the constructability of construction facilities. This improvement is accomplished by visual simulation of the construction process during the design phase to avoid future constructability problems. By using a 3D computer model of the designed facility, it is possible to check for the constructability of different sequencing scenarios of various components of the facility prior to construction start. The goal of Path‐Finder is to find a collision‐free path, to move a specified object from one position and orientation in the 3D computer model to another position and orientation using available manipulation mechanisms (handling equipment). This work focuses on providing a problem‐solving strategy to obtain a valid path in a reasonable amount of time. Path‐Finder ensures that the solution is a path along which the specified object can always be moved using available manipulation mechanisms. Path‐Finder has been implemented in a real‐time animation and visualization package called Walkthru.
Protective Immune Responses Induced by Vaccination with an Expression Genomic Library of <i>Leishmania major</i> (1999)

To develop an effective vaccine against the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania spp., we investigated the feasibility of expression library immunization (ELI) in the mouse. Genomic expression libraries of L. major were constructed and used to immunize mice. One of the three libraries (L1, with 10(5) clones) induced a significant protective immune response and delayed the onset of lesion development in highly susceptible BALB/c mice after i.m. immunization, compared with control mice immunized with the empty vector (EV). L1 was then divided into five sublibraries of approximately 2 x 10(4) clones each. Mice immunized with one of the sublibraries (SL1A) developed an even stronger protective effect than that induced by L1. SL1A was further divided into 20 sublibraries (SL2) of approximately 10(3) clones each. One of the SL2 libraries (SL2G) induced a strong protective effect against L. major infection. In direct comparative studies, the protective effect of the sublibraries was in the order of SL2G > SL1A > L1. Lymphoid cells from mice vaccinated with SL2G produced more IFN-gamma and NO, compared with cells from control mice injected with EV. Serum from the vaccinated mice also contained more parasite-specific IgG2a Ab, compared with controls. Therefore, these data demonstrate that ELI is feasible against this complex intracellular parasitic infection, by preferentially inducing the development of Th1 responses. Furthermore, by sequential division of the libraries, this approach may be used to enrich and identify protective genes for effective gene vaccination against other parasitic infections.
A Constrained Maximum Likelihood Estimator of Speech and Noise Spectra with Application to Multi-Microphone Noise Reduction (2020)

One of the challenges with the implementation of multi-microphone noise reduction systems in practical applications lies in the need for the knowledge of the speech and noise covariance matrices. Recently, a method based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation addressed this problem. Despite its relative success in practical setups, this method may suggest negative spectral components for the clean speech due to noise influences. In this paper, we suggest a new estimation technique that tackles this issue by enforcing a power constraint on the estimation problem. We compare the proposed method with the ML method both in synthetic and real-life scenarios using objective measures. The results suggest that the proposed method can improve speech quality without a loss of intelligibility.
Optimization of efficiency-loss figure of merit in carrier-depletion silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulator (2013)

In this paper we study the optimization of interleaved Mach-Zehnder silicon carrier depletion electro-optic modulator. Following the simulation results we demonstrate a phase shifter with the lowest figure of merit (modulation efficiency multiplied by the loss per unit length) 6.7 V-dB. This result was achieved by reducing the junction width to 200 nm along the phase-shifter and optimizing the doping levels of the PN junction for operation in nearly fully depleted mode. The demonstrated low FOM is the result of both low V(π)L of ~0.78 Vcm (at reverse bias of 1V), and low free carrier loss (~6.6 dB/cm for zero bias). Our simulation results indicate that additional improvement in performance may be achieved by further reducing the junction width followed by increasing the doping levels.
<i>Salmonella</i> Survival on Pecans as Influenced by Processing and Storage Conditions (1975)

Survival of Salmonella senftenberg 775W, S. anatum, and S. typhimurium during exposure to currently practiced, as well as abusive, pecan processing and storage conditions was studied. Thermal treatments normally carried out during the processing of pecans are inadequate to consistently destroy salmonellae in highly contaminated inshell nuts. Pecan nut packing tissue was toxic to salmonellae, thus affording some protection against high initial contamination and subsequent survival of the organisms. Examinations of inoculated inshell pecans stored at -18, -7, 5, and 21 C for up to 32 weeks revealed that the extent of survival was inversely correlated to the storage temperature. S. senftenberg 775W and S. anatum were not detectable on inshell nuts after 16 weeks of storage at 21 C. Little decrease in viable population of the three species was noted on inoculated pecan halves stored at -18, -7, and 5 C for 32 weeks. Due to organoleptic quality deterioration in pecan nutmeats at elevated temperatures, sterilization methods other than thermal treatment appear to be required for the elimination of viable salmonellae from pecan nuts.
Thymoma is associated with relapse of symptoms after transsternal thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (2005)

Thymectomy is considered a therapeutic option for patients with myasthenia gravis. A myasthenic patient who has not received any treatment for years and shows no signs or symptoms of the disease after operation is still susceptible to a recurrence of myasthenic symptoms. To investigate which factors are related to relapse of symptoms in patients having thymectomy, we conduct a retrospective review in the patients who had experienced complete remission after thymectomy. Complete remission was achieved in 92 of 154 patients who received extended transsternal thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Among these 92 patients, 20 patients had relapse of symptoms and needed medication again after complete remission was achieved (21.7%). Ten of 22 patients in the thymomatous group had relapse of symptom after complete remission was achieved, while only 10 of 70 patients in the nonthymomatous group had relapse of symptom (P=0.006). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that thymoma was an independent factor for the development of relapse of symptoms. In conclusion, thymoma is an adverse prognostic factor for the MG patients who have experienced complete remission after thymectomy. The patients with thymoma had a greater possibility to develop relapse of symptoms than the patients without thymoma.
A Pipelined Architecture for High Throughput Efficient Turbo Decoder (2011)

This paper presents a new pipelined architecture of Turbo decoder which runs at nearly four times the speed of a recently reported architecture with a reasonable increase in hardware. The proposed architecture is based on block-interleaved pipelining technique which enables the pipelining of the addcompare-select-offset (ACSO) kernels. Moreover next iteration initialization (NII) method has been adapted in the proposed work to initialize sliding window border values. The decoder chip consumes 219.8 mW of power at a maximum operating frequency of 192.3 MHz when implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Synthesis results indicate that the designed turbo decoder can achieve a decoding throughput of 38.46 Mb/s with an energy efficiency of 1.14 nJ/ bit/ iteration at the maximum operating frequency. The proposed architecture is therefore considered suitable for a real time wireless application such as video-telephony in mobile networks.
Table Localization and Field Value Extraction in Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Images (2019)

Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) are graph-based engineering drawings utilised in process engineering. These documents also contain additional information in tabular form. In this paper, the localisation and extraction of information of these tables are investigated. Documents used in this context are scanned raster version of P&IDs with tabular data inside a frame. The objective is to extract fields information from these tabular structures. This process is mainly divided into table localisation and then table field extraction from the segmented tables. The table localization task is achieved primarily with contour detection methods of computer vision. For the field-value extraction, a combination of rule-based keywords and navigation approach is used, utilising an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for text extraction and regular expression for string comparison. This paper describes application of this extendable approach to the P&ID domain, where it achieved a promising result on a private dataset.
Design and performance of a 10-Gbit/s optical transmitter module (2003)

A compact 10-Gb/s optical transmitter module with low-chip output was developed by using a monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulator with a DFB (distributed feedback) laser. A novel optical coupling scheme was used which involves a unique optical isolator with a photodiode for output power monitoring, and a thermoelectric cooler mounted in the package to achieve thermally stable module operation. The module can be operated at a bit rate of more than 10 Gb/s at 1.55 mu m and shows a high modulated output power of -1 dBm with a low optical coupling loss of 3.2 dB between chip and fiber. Because its wavelength chirping under high-speed modulation is small, this module is promising for multigigabit intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) optical transmission systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of a Protease in Natural Activation of <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> Neurotoxin (1972)

All tested proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and F strains and certain non-proteolytic B and F cultures produced a protease having trypsin-like substrate specificity; none of the tested type E (non-proteolytic) strains produced the enzyme. Progenitor toxin (toxic form whose specific toxicity is increased by treatment with trypsin) was found in culture fluid concentrates of all strains not producing the protease; it was also present in some concentrates that had the enzyme. Activation of highly purified type E progenitor toxin (molecular weight 150,000) by essentially pure protease from a proteolytic type B culture was always less than that obtained with trypsin. The product of the type E progenitor toxin-protease reaction increased in toxicity when further treated with trypsin. Results suggest that at least two bonds are cleaved by trypsin during activation of type E progenitor toxin to toxin (form manifesting maximal possible specific toxicity). Natural activation of progenitor toxin of proteolytic strains may also involve cleavage of more than one bond.
Tuning the wavelength of lasing emission in organic semiconducting laser by the orientation of liquid crystalline conjugated polymer (2008)

We report the optical pumping of one-dimensional distributed feedback (DFB) conjugated polymer devices using a uniaxially aligned liquid crystalline polymer, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). We can independently select the alignment direction (via a rubbed polyimide layer) and the DFB structure (via nanoimprinting). In comparison with unaligned film, we show that lasing threshold is substantially reduced when absorption is parallel to the aligned direction (∼20.0 μJ cm−2 pulse−1). This is mainly due to the higher absorption coefficient estimated in the table by calculating the exciton densities at each threshold value. We also report the control of lasing wavelength through independent selection of alignment direction and DFB orientation, which is achieved through the control of the effective refractive index of waveguide (neff).
Impact of stochastic effects on EUV printability limits (2014)

EUV stochastic effects are generally studied [1-7] from the point of view of Line-Edge-Roughness (LER), Line-Width-Roughness (LWR), Local CDU (LCDU), i.e. from the point of view of the <i>CD-Variability</i> of the printed patterns. In this paper we will look at what happens when this variability gets worse and turns into (random) <i>locally failing patterns</i>, such as missing contacts or locally closed trenches. In doing so, these failures contribute to setting the effective printability limit for the experimental conditions and the type of structures that are being considered. We will first discuss the way in which we have tried to quantify the amount of locally failing structures, i.e. the metrics we have adopted to describe them. Next we describe how the amount of locally failing structures depends on some pattern-related and experimental condition-related parameters. From this we concluded that – as in the case of local variability – the amount of local failure depends on the exposure dose used (the well-known photon shot noise effects) as well as on mechanisms that originate in the resist or the process. Although we have not been able to identify what this resist- or materials component is exactly, we do have some indications that point to the development step, but we will also discuss other potential contributors.
Nenitzescu synthesis of carbamate indole derivatives from N,N′-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-p-benzoquinone diimine (2007)

N,N′-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-p-benzoquinone diimine reacted with 4-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-and 4-(cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)morpholines in methylene chloride at room temperature to give morpholino-substituted cyclohexane-and cyclopentane-fused indole derivatives. Heating of the latter in boiling 10% hydrochloric acid led to the formation of methyl 6-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydro-9H-carbazole-9-carboxylate and methyl 7-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydrocyclopenta[b]indole-4-carboxylate, respectively. The reaction of N,N′-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-p-benzoquinone diimine with 4-benzylaminopent-3-en-2-one in CH2Cl2 in the presence of BF3·Et2O on heating gave methyl 3-acetyl-2-methyl-(5-methoxy-carbonylamino)-1H-indole-1-carboxylate.