gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents – Solvents for the 21st Century (2014)

Green technology is actively seeking for new solvents able to replace common organic solvents which present inherent toxicity and have a high volatility, leading to the evaporation of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. Over the past two decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained enormous attention from the scientific community and the number of reported articles in the literature has grown exponentially. Nevertheless IL “greenness” is often challenged, mainly due to their poor biodegradability, biocompatibility and sustainability. An alternative to ILs are Deep Eutectic solvents (DES). Deep eutectic solvents are defined as a mixture of two solid components, which at a particular composition present a high melting point depression becoming liquids at room temperature. When the compounds that constitute the DES are primary metabolites, namely, aminoacids, organic acids, sugars or choline derivatives, DES are so- called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). NADES fully represent the green chemistry principles. Can natural deep eutectic solvents be foreseen as the next generation solvents and can a similar path to ionic liquids be outlined? The current state of the art concerning the advances made on these solvents in the past few years is reviewed in this Account. More than an overview on the different applications for which they have been suggested, particularly, biocatalysis, electrochemistry, extraction new data is presented in this work. Citotoxicity of different NADES was evaluated and compared to conventional imidazolim based ionic liquids and hints on the extraction of phenolic compounds from green coffee bean and on the foaming effect of NADES are revealed. Future perspectives on the major directions towards which the research on NADES is envisaged are here discussed and these comprised undoubtedly a wide range of chemical related subjects.
Applying science and mathematics to big data for smarter buildings (2013)

Many buildings are now collecting a large amount of data on operations, energy consumption, and activities through systems such as a building management system (BMS), sensors, and meters (e.g., submeters and smart meters). However, the majority of data are not utilized and are thrown away. Science and mathematics can play an important role in utilizing these big data and accurately assessing how energy is consumed in buildings and what can be done to save energy, make buildings energy efficient, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper discusses an analytical tool that has been developed to assist building owners, facility managers, operators, and tenants of buildings in assessing, benchmarking, diagnosing, tracking, forecasting, and simulating energy consumption in building portfolios.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy. 9. Theory and application of the feedback mode to the measurement of following chemical reaction rates in electrode processes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTScanning electrochemical microscopy. 9. Theory and application of the feedback mode to the measurement of following chemical reaction rates in electrode processesPatrick R. Unwin and Allen J. BardCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 20, 7814–7824Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100173a049https://doi.org/10.1021/j100173a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views899Altmetric-Citations154LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Robust Range Grating Lobe Suppression Method Based on Image Contrast for Stepped-Frequency SAR (2016)

The magnitude error and phase error (MEPE) in the transfer function of a stepped-frequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system results in a periodic MEPE in the synthesized wideband waveform (SWW), which induces the grating lobes in the high-resolution range profile (HRRP). In this paper, a robust data-driven grating lobe suppression (GLS) method is proposed. Based on a contrast-based error estimation method and the grating lobes of the brightest scatterers in the SAR image, the periodic MEPE can be robustly estimated using the proposed method. By compensating the estimated periodic MEPE, the range grating lobes can be suppressed to the background level of the SAR image. Simulation results and real data processing have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method.
Current status of the development of the Kumgang laser (2014)

The Kumgang laser, a 4 kW (4 x 0.1 J @ 10 kHz / 8.5 ns) coherent beam combination laser using self-controlled stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation mirrors (SBS-PCMs), is being developed. The front-end (FE) and the pre-amplifier (PA) are completed. The FE produces pulse energy of 0.51mJ and a pulse width of 8.5 ns with a 10 kHz repetition rate (0.51mJ @ 10 kHz / 8.5 ns) and a 95 MHz linewidth. The PA amplifies up to 200 W (20 mJ @ 10 kHz / 8.5 ns) with an input power 5.1 W.
Three-dimensional folding of pre-strained polymer sheets <i>via</i> absorption of laser light (2014)

Patterned light from a laser can induce rapid self-folding of pre-strained polymer sheets. Black ink coated on the sheet absorbs the light, which converts the photon energy into thermal energy that heats the sheet locally; the temperature of the sheet is highest at the surface where the light impinges on the sheet and decreases through the sheet thickness. The gradient of temperature induces a gradient of strain relaxation through the depth of the sheet, which causes folding within seconds of irradiation. The pattern of laser light that irradiates the compositionally homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) substrate dictates the resulting three-dimensional (3D) shape. Unlike most approaches to self-folding, the methodology described here requires no patterning of pre-defined hinges. It opens up the possibility of using a patterning technique that is inherently 2D to form 3D shapes. The use of lasers also enables systematic control of key process parameters such as power, intensity, and the pattern of light (i.e., beam width and shape). The rate of folding and folding angle measured with respect to these parameters provide an indirect quantification of heat loss in the sample and thereby identify the threshold power and power intensity that must be delivered to the hinge for folding to occur.
Usefulness of microchip electrophoresis for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA in forensic and ancient DNA studies (2006)

We evaluate the usefulness of a commercially available microchip CE (MCE) device in different genetic identification studies performed with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) targets, including the haplotype analysis of HVR1 and HVR2 and the study of interspecies diversity of cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) mitochondrial genes in forensic and ancient DNA samples. The MCE commercial system tested in this study proved to be a fast and sensitive detection method of length heteroplasmy in cytosine stretches produced by 16 189T>C transitions in HVR1 and by 309.1 and 309.2 C-insertions in HVR2. Moreover, the quantitative analysis of PCR amplicons performed by LIF allowed normalizing the amplicon input in the sequencing reactions, improving the overall quality of sequence data. These quantitative data in combination with the quantification of genomic mtDNA by real-time PCR has been successfully used to evaluate the PCR efficiency and detection limit of full sequencing methods of different mtDNA targets. The quantification of amplicons also provided a method for the rapid evaluation of PCR efficiency of multiplex-PCR versus singleplex-PCR to amplify short HV1 amplicons (around 100 bp) from severely degraded ancient DNA samples. The combination of human-specific (Cyt b) and universal (16S rRNA) mtDNA primer sets in a single PCR reaction followed by MCE detection offers a very rapid and simple screening test to differentiate between human and nonhuman hair forensic samples. This method was also very efficient with degraded DNA templates from forensic hair and bone samples, because of its applicability to detect small amplicon sizes. Future possibilities of MCE in forensic DNA typing, including nuclear STRs and SNP profiling are suggested.
Dynamic changes in the structure and intracellular locale of the mammalian low-molecular-weight heat shock protein. (1988)

Mammalian cells grown at 37 degrees C contain a single low-molecular-weight heat shock (or stress) protein with an apparent mass of 28 kilodaltons (kDa) whose synthesis increases in cells after exposure to elevated temperatures or other forms of physiologic stress. Herein we present data demonstrating that heat shock protein 28 exists in a number of dynamic states depending upon the physiologic state of the cell. Biochemical fractionation of 37 degrees C cells in the absence of nonionic detergent revealed that the 28-kDa protein partitioned approximately equally between the soluble and insoluble fractions. The addition of detergent in the fractionation procedure resulted in all of the protein distributed within the soluble phase. In contrast, in cells first heat shocked and then fractionated in the presence of detergent, most of the 28-kDa protein was found within the insoluble fraction. These biochemical results appeared entirely consistent with indirect immunofluorescence experiments, demonstrating that the 28-kDa protein resided within the perinuclear region of 37 degrees C cells in close proximity to the Golgi complex. After heat shock treatment, the 28-kDa protein relocalized within the nucleus and resisted detergent extraction. The extent of 28-kDa protein redistribution into the nucleus and its detergent insolubility increased as a function of the severity of the heat shock treatment. With time of recovery from the heat treatment there occurred a gradual return of the 28-kDa protein into the detergent-soluble phase. Concomitant with these changes in 28-kDa protein solubility was a corresponding change in the apparent size of the protein as determined by gel filtration. While at 37 degrees C cells the protein exhibited a mass of 200 to 800 kDa; after heat shock the protein assumed sizes of 2 MDa or greater. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we show an accumulation of these aggregates of 28-kDa protein within the nucleus. Finally, we show that the heat-dependent redistribution of the 28-kDa protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was greatly diminished when the cells were first rendered thermotolerant, and we suggest that this simple assay (i.e., 28-kDa protein detergent solubility) may prove useful in evaluating the thermotolerant status of a cell or tissue.
Magnetoresistance and magnetic properties of epitaxial magnetite thin films (1997)

The magnetotransport and magnetic properties of epitaxial ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ thin films grown on (001)-oriented MgO substrates by pulsed-laser deposition have been investigated. The magnetoresistance (MR) exhibits a peak around the Verwey transition ${(T}_{\ensuremath{\nu}})$ as has also been reported previously for single crystals. Additionally, we have observed that the MR increases monotonically below 100 K with decreasing temperature. MR values as high as 32% have been observed for a 6600-\AA{}-thick film at 60 K under a 4-T field. The enhanced low-temperature MR is attributed to a magnetic-field-dependent activation energy for electron hopping transport.
Potentiometric measurements of the spin-split subbands in a two-dimensional electron gas (2000)

The density of states of carriers in a high-mobility InAs single quantum well is spin split by the Rashba effect. The asymmetry favors down-spin states for carriers with positive momentum and up-spin states for carriers with negative momentum. Imposing a bias current causes inequivalent shifts of the spin subband chemical potential, which are detected using a ferromagnetic film electrode and an open circuit voltage measurement. Measurements made on three samples over a range $77<T<296\mathrm{K}$ demonstrate spin detection at a ferromagnet-semiconductor interface and corroborate earlier experimental results of spin-dependent interfacial resistance.
Mixing beliefs among interacting agents (2000)

We present a model of opinion dynamics in which agents adjust continuous opinions as a result of random binary encounters whenever their difference in opinion is below a given threshold. High thresholds yield convergence of opinions towards an average opinion, whereas low thresholds result in several opinion clusters: members of the same cluster share the same opinion but are no longer influenced by members of other clusters.
Butyrate specifically modulates<i>MUC</i>gene expression in intestinal epithelial goblet cells deprived of glucose (2004)

The mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal mucosa is considered the first line of defense against aggressions arising from the luminal content. It is mainly composed of high molecular weight glycoproteins called mucins. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced during carbohydrate fermentation, has been shown to increase mucin secretion. The aim of this study was to test 1) whether butyrate regulates the expression of various MUC genes, which are coding for protein backbones of mucins, and 2) whether this effect depends on butyrate status as the major energy source of colonocytes. Butyrate was provided at the apical side of human polarized colonic goblet cell line HT29-Cl.16E in glucose-rich or glucose-deprived medium. In glucose-rich medium, butyrate significantly increased MUC3 and MUC5B expression (1.6-fold basal level for both genes), tended to decrease MUC5AC expression, and had no effect on MUC2 expression. In glucose-deprived medium, i.e., when butyrate was the only energy source available, MUC3 and MUC5B increase persisted, whereas MUC5AC expression was significantly enhanced (3.7-fold basal level) and MUC2 expression was strikingly increased (23-fold basal level). Together, our findings show that butyrate is able to upregulate colonic mucins at the transcriptional level and even better when it is the major energy source of the cells. Thus the metabolism of butyrate in colonocytes is closely linked to some of its gene-regulating effects. The distinct effects of butyrate according to the different MUC genes could influence the composition and properties of the mucus gel and thus its protective function.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopic investigation of carbohydrate radicals. Part 2. Conformation and configuration in pyranos-1-yl radicals (1986)

Carbohydrate free radicals wer regiospecifically generated at C-1 of acylated and alkylated pyranosyl derivatives in non-aqueous solution and their conformations were deduced from the hyperfine splittings of their e.s.r. spectra. The preferred conformations of the pyranosyl radicals are discussed in terms of a stabilizing interaction of the singly occupied p-orbital with the σ*-LUMO of the adjacent β-C–OR bond. From the α-13C coupling constant of the tetra-acetylglucosyl radical it is concluded that pyranosyl radicals are of π-type.
Topology-Based Kernels With Application to Inference Problems in Alzheimer's Disease (2011)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has recently witnessed a great deal of activity focused on developing new statistical learning tools for automated inference using imaging data. The workhorse for many of these techniques is the support vector machine (SVM) framework (or more generally kernel-based methods). Most of these require, as a first step, specification of a kernel matrix K between input examples (i.e., images). The inner product between images I(i) and I(j) in a feature space can generally be written in closed form and so it is convenient to treat K as "given." However, in certain neuroimaging applications such an assumption becomes problematic. As an example, it is rather challenging to provide a scalar measure of similarity between two instances of highly attributed data such as cortical thickness measures on cortical surfaces. Note that cortical thickness is known to be discriminative for neurological disorders, so leveraging such information in an inference framework, especially within a multi-modal method, is potentially advantageous. But despite being clinically meaningful, relatively few works have successfully exploited this measure for classification or regression. Motivated by these applications, our paper presents novel techniques to compute similarity matrices for such topologically-based attributed data. Our ideas leverage recent developments to characterize signals (e.g., cortical thickness) motivated by the persistence of their topological features, leading to a scheme for simple constructions of kernel matrices. As a proof of principle, on a dataset of 356 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, we report good performance on several statistical inference tasks without any feature selection, dimensionality reduction, or parameter tuning.
Hepatitis C virus: Up to the minute (2010)

Key Points

1. Hepatitis C virus reinfection is almost universal in patients who are polymerase chain reaction–positive at the time of transplantation, and it significantly impairs patient and graft survival.

2. The virus infects the graft a few hours after transplantation and leads within weeks to a viral load higher than the pretransplant levels; this is associated with an accelerated progression to cirrhosis, graft loss, and death.

3. Multiple host, donor, and viral factors are associated with rapid fibrosis progression: high pretransplant and posttransplant viral loads, severe early histological recurrence, more potent immunosuppression and treatment of rejection episodes, cytomegalovirus or human immunodeficiency virus coinfections, and increasing donor age.

4. Annual protocol biopsy, noninvasive fibrosis evaluation, or both are recommended to evaluate fibrosis progression and determine the time for antiviral therapy.

5. Pretransplant antiviral therapy may reduce or eliminate the risk of recurrent infection. However, this approach is limited because of side effects and a risk of complications in decompensated patients.

6. Preemptive therapy early after transplantation is less effective because of the high level of immunosuppression and is limited by low applicability and poor tolerance.

7. The treatment of established graft lesions with a therapy combining pegylated interferon and ribavirin yielded promising results, and a sustained virological response was achieved in approximately 30% of the patients. Sustained virological responders experienced long-term beneficial effects with respect to fibrosis progression and graft and patient survival. Variables associated with a sustained virological response include the following: non-1 genotype, absence of previous antiviral therapy, early virological response, adherence to therapy, and low pretreatment viral load. However, antiviral therapy is limited by the frequent need for dose reductions or discontinuation and a low risk of acute or chronic rejection and autoimmune-like hepatitis.

8. Patients infected with hepatitis C virus before and after transplantation are those who will benefit the most from new classes of direct antiviral agents. Liver Transpl 16:S26-S35, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Automated Microfluidic Platform for Serial Polymerase Chain Reaction and High-Resolution Melting Analysis (2015)

We report the development of an automated genetic analyzer for human sample testing based on microfluidic rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). The integrated DNA microfluidic cartridge was used on a platform designed with a robotic pipettor system that works by sequentially picking up different test solutions from a 384-well plate, mixing them in the tips, and delivering mixed fluids to the DNA cartridge. A novel image feedback flow control system based on a Canon 5D Mark II digital camera was developed for controlling fluid movement through a complex microfluidic branching network without the use of valves. The same camera was used for measuring the high-resolution melt curve of DNA amplicons that were generated in the microfluidic chip. Owing to fast heating and cooling as well as sensitive temperature measurement in the microfluidic channels, the time frame for PCR and HRMA was dramatically reduced from hours to minutes. Preliminary testing results demonstrated that rapid serial PCR and HRMA are possible while still achieving high data quality that is suitable for human sample testing.
Ultrasound guided laser ablation of a parathyroid adenoma (2001)

We present a case of primary hyperparathyroidism with severe hypercalcaemia, treated successfully with ultrasound (US) guided percutaneous interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) of a single parathyroid tumour. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ILP applied in primary hyperparathyroidism. US guided thermic tissue coagulation with ILP may be a non-surgical alternative in patients with symptomatic hypercalcaemia due to a parathyroid tumour when surgery is contraindicated.
The First Use of a Combined-Value Auction for Transportation Services (2002)

Combined-value auctions (CVAs) allow participants to make an offer of a single amount for a collection of items. These auctions provide value to both buyers and sellers of goods or services in a number of environments, but they have rarely been implemented, perhaps because of lack of knowledge and experience. Sears Logistics Services (SLS) is the first procurer of trucking services to use a CVA to reduce its costs. In 1993, it saved 13 percent over past procurement practices. Experimental economics played a crucial role in the development, sale, and use of the CVA.
Electronic Energy Levels in Individual Molecules, Thin Films, and Organic Heterojunctions of Substituted Phthalocyanines (2001)

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on phthalocyanine samples in the gas phase and as thin vapor-deposited solid films. The results are compared to those of molecular orbital calculations and electrochemical redox experiments in solutions and as solid films. Electron-withdrawing groups or substituents are introduced to the phthalocyanine system to increase the ionization potential and electron affinity. An almost parallel shift of photoelectron spectra is obtained. Unsubstituted phthalocyaninatozinc (PcZn), complexes of tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrins (TPyTAPZn, TPyTAPVO) and hexadecafluorophthalocyanines (F16PcZn, F16PcVO, F16PcAlF) have been studied. The alignment of energy levels in organic heterojunctions prepared from the substituted phthalocyanines and the unsubstituted zinc complex is discussed in detail. The offset between the highest occupied electronic levels, the establishment of a surface dipole, and the redistribution of charge in the heterointerface region beyond molecular contact is shown.