gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Basis of Type-I Interferon Sequestration by a Poxvirus Decoy Receptor (2011)

All viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the host immune system in order to survive and propagate. Interferons provide a common target for viruses as they signal the production of numerous antiviral effectors and provide an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. While most viruses target the intracellular effectors of interferons, orthopoxviruses are unique in that they additionally encode for interferon decoy receptors that act extracellularly. EVM166 is a secreted decoy receptor encoded by Ectromelia virus able to bind Type-I interferons (IFNs) across several species. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanism by which EVM166 and its orthologues function, we have determined the crystal structure of EVM166 in complex with mIFNα5 at 2.1 Å resolution. The crystal structure shows EVM166 comprising three immunoglobulin (Ig) domains that adopt a “horseshoe” fold that wraps around mIFNα5, masking large portions of mIFNα5’s exposed surface area and concealing regions important for Type-I IFN interaction with both IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The impressive contact area made between EVM166 and mIFNα5 is consistent with surface plasmon resonance studies showing sub-nanomolar affinity and a long halflife between the two proteins. Mutational studies of EVM166 suggest this long half-life is dependent on the presence of the C-terminal Ig and that in its absence, EVM166 cannot efficiently compete with the cellular receptors, IFNAR1/IFNAR2. A similar line of reasoning helps explain why, although EVM166 can bind mIFN, it is unable to inhibit its antiviral effects. Structural analysis and experimental evidence support the presence of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding motifs within the first Ig domain, demonstrating that EVM166 binds to cell surfaces in a GAG-dependent manner. These observations help clarify the unique phenotype of the EVM166 C-terminal Ig truncation mutant (D12). In the absence of exogenous IFN, D12 is able to indirectly cause the phosphorylation of Stat1, a signaling component immediately downstream of IFNAR activation. We believe that D12 is concentrating IFN at the surface of the cell, effectively lowering the minimum concentration of IFN required to signal. This result has an intriguing clinical correlate seen in effective poxvirus vaccines and studies are underway to further investigate this phenomenon.
Inhibition of intra-erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium falciparum by human sera from Papua New Guinea (1987)

Plasmodium falciparum was cultured through a single intra-erythrocytic cycle of growth in the presence of sera from various areas of Papua New Guinea. Of 194 sera tested from healthy individuals or subjects with hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (HMS), 107 (55%) significantly inhibited parasite development. Inhibition did not correlate with malaria experience or HMS, though it was to some extent a seasonal phenomenon. Sera with inhibitory activity lost this after dialysis. A possible explanation for these findings is the occurrence of a dietary toxin with antimalarial properties detectable in vitro.
Involvement of HLA class I alleles in natural killer (NK) cell-specific functions: expression of HLA-Cw3 confers selective protection from lysis by alloreactive NK clones displaying a defined specificity (specificity 2). (1992)

This study was designed to identify the target molecules of the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated recognition of normal allogeneic target cells. As previously shown, the gene(s) governing the first NK-defined allospecificity (specificity 1) were found to be localized in the major histocompatibility complex region between BF gene and HLA-A. In addition, the analysis of a previously described family revealed that a donor (donor 81) was heterozygous for three distinct NK-defined allospecificities (specificities 1, 2, and 5). HLA variants were derived from the B-Epstein-Barr virus cell line of donor 81 by gamma irradiation followed by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies specific for the appropriate HLA allele. Several variants were derived that lacked one or more class I antigen expressions. These variants were analyzed for the susceptibility to lysis by NK clones recognizing different allospecificities. The loss of HLA-A did not modify the phenotype (i.e., "resistance to lysis"). On the other hand, a variant lacking expression of all class I antigens became susceptible to lysis by all alloreactive clones. Variants characterized by the selective loss of class I antigens coded for by the maternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-2-specific clones. Conversely, variants selectively lacking class I antigens coded for by paternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-1 and anti-5 clones (but not by anti-2 clones). Since the Cw3 allele was lost in the variant that acquired susceptibility to lysis by anti-2 clones and, in informative families, it was found to cosegregate with the character "resistance to lysis" by anti-2 clones, we analyzed whether Cw3 could represent the element conferring selective resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. To this end, murine P815 cells transfected with HLA Cw3 (or with other HLA class I genes) were used as target cells in a cytolytic assay in which effector cells were represented by alloreactive NK clones directed against different specificities. Anti-2-specific clones efficiently lysed untransfected or A2-, A3-, and A24-transfected P815 cells, while they failed to lyse Cw3-transfected cells. NK clones recognizing specificities other than specificity 2 lysed untransfected or Cw3-transfected cells. Thus, the loss of Cw3 resulted in the de novo appearance of susceptibility to lysis, and transfection of the HLA-negative P815 cells with Cw3 resulted in resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. Therefore, we can infer that Cw3 expression on (both human and murine) target cells confers selective protection from lysis mediated by anti-2 NK clones.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit PI3K activity in a yeast‐based model system (2009)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway controls the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. In many tumors, the PI3K gene is mutated or overexpressed, and/or the PI3K pathway is hyperactive. PI3K is therefore a potential pharmacological target for the development of anti-tumor drugs. Some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), when given in the diet, may lead to a decrease in PI3K activity. We used a yeast-based model to reconstitute the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway to study the effects of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on PI3K, and found that various PUFA were able to alleviate toxicity induced by overexpression of PI3K. The various PUFA had no significant effect on the steady-state level of PI3K catalytic subunit proteins (p110alpha) in yeast. However, depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate due to overexpression of the p110alpha subunit was significantly reduced by treating the yeast cells with the various PUFA. The inhibition of mammalian PI3K, expressed in an exogenous cellular context in yeast, is likely to be a direct effect of these PUFA on PI3K rather than on other mammalian endogenous or environmental factors. These results are particularly promising given the abundance of active PUFA in marine foodstuffs and especially fish oils.
[Construction of apoptin gene delivery system and its effect on apoptosis of A375 cells]. (2008)

The chitosan vector and apoptin gene could be combined to be a safe gene delivery nanoparticles system, which could induce apoptosis in human melanoma cells A375.
A state-variable approach to the solution of Fredholm integral equations (1969)

A method of solving Fredholm integral equations by state-variable techniques is presented. A principal feature of this method is that it leads to efficient computer algorithms for calculating numerical solutions. The assumptions made are 1) the kernel of the integral equation is the covariance function of a random process, 2) this random process is the output of a linear system having a white-noise input, 3) this linear system has a finite-dimensional state-variable description. Both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations are reduced to two linear first-order differential equations and an associated set of boundary conditions. The coefficients of these differential equations and the boundary conditions are specified directly by the matrices describing the random process that generates the kernel. The eigenvalues of the homogeneous integral equation are found to be solutions of a transcendental equation involving the transition matrix of the vector differential equations. The eigenfunctions follow directly. By using this same transcendental equation, an effective method of calculating the Fredholm determinant is derived. For the inhomogeneous equation, the vector differential equations are identical to those obtained in the state-variable formulation of the optimal linear smoother. Several examples illustrating the methods developed are presented.
Scanning electron microscope analog of scatterometry (2002)

Optical scatterometry has attracted a great deal of interest for linewidth measurement due to its high repeatability and capability of measuring sidewall shape. We have developed an analogous and complementary technique for the scanning electron microscope. The new method, like scatterometry, measures shape parameters (e.g., wall angles) as well as feature widths. Also like scatterometry, it operates by finding a match between the measured signal from an unknown sample and a library of signals calculated for known samples. A physics-based model of the measurement is employed for the calculation of libraries. The method differs from scatterometry in that the signal is an image rather than a scattering pattern, and the probe particles are electrons rather than photons. Because the electron-sample interaction is more highly localized, isolated structures or individual structures within an array can be measured. Results of this technique were compared to an SEM cross section for an isolated polycrystalline silicon line. The agreement was better than 2 nm for the width and 0.2{degrees} for wall angles, differences that can be accounted for by measurement errors arising from line edge roughness.
Combinations of Ethers and B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> Function as Hydrogenation Catalysts (2013)

It works ether way: Labile adducts of dialkyl ethers with the electrophilic borane B(C6F5)3 are shown to scramble HD to H2 and D2 and catalyze the hydrogenation of 1,1-diphenylethylene.
Magic cubes for social and physical family entertainment (2005)

Physical and social interactions are constrained,and natural interactions are lost in most of present digital family entertainment systems [5]. Magic Cubes strive for bringing the computer storytelling, doll 's house,and board game back into reality so that the children can interact socially and physically as what we did in the old days. Magic Cubes are novel augmented reality systems that explore to use cubes to interact with three dimensional virtual fantasy world. Magic Cubes encourage discussion, idea exchange, collaboration, social and physical interactions among families.
Demyelination Determinants Map to the Spike Glycoprotein Gene of Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus (2000)

Demyelination is the pathologic hallmark of the human immune-mediated neurologic disease multiple sclerosis, which may be triggered or exacerbated by viral infections. Several experimental animal models have been developed to study the mechanism of virus-induced demyelination, including coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection in mice. The envelope spike (S) glycoprotein of MHV contains determinants of properties essential for virus-host interactions. However, the molecular determinants of MHV-induced demyelination are still unknown. To investigate the mechanism of MHV-induced demyelination, we examined whether the S gene of MHV contains determinants of demyelination and whether demyelination is linked to viral persistence. Using targeted RNA recombination, we replaced the S gene of a demyelinating virus (MHV-A59) with the S gene of a closely related, nondemyelinating virus (MHV-2). Recombinant viruses containing an S gene derived from MHV-2 in an MHV-A59 background (Penn98-1 and Penn98-2) exhibited a persistence-positive, demyelination-negative phenotype. Thus, determinants of demyelination map to the S gene of MHV. Furthermore, viral persistence is insufficient to induce demyelination, although it may be a prerequisite for the development of demyelination.
Threat Detection System for Intersection Collision Avoidance - Real-Time System Performance (1999)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Veridian, Calspan Operations is currently developing an on-vehicle threat detection system for intersection collision avoidance (ICA) as part of its ICA program with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper briefly reviews the system design and describes recent efforts that include the development of a multi-radar collision avoidance (C/A) system. Results from in-traffic experiments utilizing two radars to simultaneously observe crossroads traffic from both directions will be presented for the first time. Warning functions were applied to the data in real time and for non-real-time signal processing. These functions warn the ICA vehicle against entering the intersection when targets are predicted to be present.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This research demonstrates the feasibility of preventing many intersection collisions.</div>
Noise Suppression with High Speech Quality Based on Kalman Filter (2006)

We propose a noise suppression algorithm based on Kaiman filter. The algorithm achieves a noise suppression with high speech quality under the condition of the AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise), from the canonical state space models with a state equation composed of the clean speech signal and an observation equation composed of the clean speech signal and AWGN. The special feature of the proposed algorithm is realization of high speech quality noise suppression utilizing only the Kalman filter, while the conventional algorithm utilizes the linear prediction algorithm and the Kalman filter. The simulation results show that the proposed method improved the noise suppression capability by about 5 dB than that of the conventional method
Preparation of sustained release rifampicin microparticles for inhalation (2012)

These polymer coated RFDH formulations may be a valuable alternative in the treatment of tuberculosis since the carrier-free formulation offers the benefit of delivering a maximum-potency formulation of the antibiotic directly to the site of infection, and long drug residence times may be achieved by the controlled release of the drug.
Design and Test of Embedded SRAMs (2005)

Embedded SRAMs can occupy the majority of the chip area in SoCs. The increased process spreads of modern scaled-down technologies and non-catastrophic defect-related sensitivity to environmental parameters can compromise the stability of SRAM cells, which is quantified by a low Static Noise Margin (SNM). A Stability Fault (SF) can present itself in a cell whose SNM is so small that it can accidentally flip in the worst-case operating conditions. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive SRAM SNM sensitivity analysis and identify the major factors causing low SNM. Based on this study, we propose a Weak Cell Fault Model, which can be used in fault simulations to mimic an SRAM cell with a compromised SNM. Furthermore, we have derived an analytical expression for the SNM of the recently proposed loadless 4T SRAM cell. Reading a 6T SRAM cell with bit lines precharged to VDD may not detect several types of defects in the pull-up path of the cell. Such defects can cause the SFs. Regular SRAM March Tests are shown to have extremely limited ability to detect SRAM cells with potential SFs. The traditional Data Retention Test (DRT) is costly in terms of the test time and fails to detect open defects in the cell’s pull-up path of less than 50MΩ, even if provided unlimited pause time at 150C (0.13μm technology). These factors show the disparity between the existing SRAM test practices and the need for an economical and low PPM cell stability tests. We introduce the SRAM Cell Stability Detection Concept explaining the mechanism of the weak cell detection. Based on this concept, we propose three novel programmable Design for Testability (DFT) techniques capable of detecting the SFs and replacing the DRT. For verification of the proposed techniques, we have designed two fully functional SRAM test chips: an asynchronous SRAM (CMOS 0.18μm technology) and a synchronous SRAM (CMOS 0.13μm technology). The simulation and measurement results have proven
Synthesis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Binding, and Antinociceptive Properties of 2‘-Fluoro-3‘-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidine Analogues. Novel Nicotinic Antagonist (2004)

A series of 2'-fluoro-3'-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidine analogues (5a-k) showed high affinity for alpha4beta2 binding with no affinity at alpha7 nAChRs. The most potent compound was 2'-fluoro-3'-(4-nitrophenyl)deschloroepibatidine (5g) which possessed a Ki value of 0.009 nM. Surprisingly, none of the compounds showed agonist effects in pain tests and body temperature changes in mice even when tested at 10-15 mg/kg with the exception of 5b, which showed only very weak agonist effects. In contrast, all the compounds were potent functional antagonists of nicotine-induced antinociception. Interestingly, the 3'-substituted phenyl analogues 5b-k were 10-870-fold more effective as antagonists in the tail-flick test versus the hot-plate procedure. They failed to antagonize nicotine-induced hypothermia. The 4-chlorophenyl analogue (5e) (AD50 = 0.0003 in the tail-flick test) was the most potent and selective analogue. These results suggest that these compounds will be highly useful for identifying which specific receptor subtypes are involved in each of nicotine's pharmacological effects. These compounds also deserve consideration as potential pharmacotherapies for treatment of smoking cessation.
Expression of a human U1 RNA gene introduced into mouse cells via bovine papillomavirus DNA vectors. (1985)

We introduced a gene for human U1 small nuclear RNA, HU1-1, into mouse C127 cells via bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors. After transfection, up to 15% of the total U1 RNA in transformed cells was encoded by the introduced human genes. High levels of expression of the human gene were observed when the recombinant viral DNAs were maintained either as plasmids or after integration into high-molecular-weight DNA. As few as 400 and 35 base pairs of 5' and 3' flanking region sequences, respectively, were sufficient for transcription of human U1 RNA, and no increase in the level of expression was observed with HU1-1 DNA containing several kilobases of flanking region sequences. Several of the transformed cell lines contained the recombinant BPV DNA apparently integrated into the host genome. Integration or rearrangement or both of the U1-BPV DNA was promoted when the HU1-1 gene was positioned at the BamHI site downstream of the BPV transforming region. At least two variants of the U1-BPV DNAs were able to cause morphological transformation of cells despite the fact that these DNAs lacked a BPV transcriptional enhancer element.
Effect of a γ-aminobutyric acid-enriched dairy product on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar–Kyoto rats (2004)

We investigated the blood-pressure-lowering effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a GABA-enriched fermented milk product (FMG) by low-dose oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive (SHR/Izm) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY/Izm) rats. FMG was a non-fat fermented milk product produced by lactic acid bacteria, and the GABA contained in FMG was made from the protein of the milk during fermentation. A single oral dose of GABA or FMG (5 ml/kg; 0.5 mg GABA/kg) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the blood pressure of SHR/Izm from 4 to 8 h after administration, but did not increase that of WKY/Izm rats. The hypotensive activity of GABA was dose-dependent from 0.05 to 5.00 mg/kg in SHR/Izm. During the chronic administration of experimental diets to SHR/Izm, a significantly slower increase in blood pressure with respect to the control group was observed at 1 or 2 weeks after the start of feeding with the GABA or FMG diet respectively (P<0.05) and this difference was maintained throughout the period of feeding. The time profile of blood-pressure change due to administration of FMG was similar to that of GABA. FMG did not inhibit angiotensin 1-converting enzyme. Furthermore, an FMG peptide-containing fraction from reverse-phase chromatography lacked a hypotensive effect in SHR/Izm rats. The present results suggest that low-dose oral GABA has a hypotensive effect in SHR/Izm and that the hypotensive effect of FMG is due to GABA.
Recent advances in the technology of nitrobenzene manufacture (1995)

New process conditions for synthesis of nitrobenzene were identified and tested on a laboratory scale, with a view to further elucidating the mechanism of this reaction and particularly of by-products formation. Promising results led to further testing in a commercial plant, by using a novel reactor system with no moving parts. This reactor ofered the potential for improved mass transfer in heterogeneous liquid/liquid systems, to result in accelerated reaction rates with concomitant improvements in process efficiencies. The outcome is that two world-scale nitrobenzene plants with integral energy recovery have recently been commissioned. The combination of the reactor system with optimized process conditions has resulted in exceptionally low levels of by-products, with consequentially high conversion efficiencies of benzene (99.8%) and nitric acid (99.0%). A process overview will be presented with specific reference to chemistry background, process safety, energy integration and, environmental aspects.
retorno esperado dos COEs (2021)

Os certificados de operações estruturadas, COEs, são produtos financeiros complexos que vêm sendo distribuídos em grande escala para investidores de varejo no Brasil. No entanto, informações sobre o retorno esperado dos COEs não são fornecidas aos seus compradores. Neste artigo, calculamos o retorno esperado para dois grupos de COEs. O primeiro grupo contém os 50 COEs de maior volume dentre os que foram vendidos para mais de 100 indivíduos entre 2016 e 2019. O segundo grupo contém 234 COEs distribuídos por uma grande corretora entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Encontramos que 252 dos 284 COEs foram vendidos aos investidores de varejo com retorno esperado abaixo da taxa livre de risco.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reactions of Reactive Amino Groups in Polyamino Compounds by Metal‐Chelated or ‐Mediated Methods (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.