gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>State Of The Art Of Acrylate Resists: An Overview Of Polymer Structure And Lithographic Performance</title> (1982)

Abstract The acrylate family of resists have been the most popular choice of positive resists for advanced lithography. Over the last decade, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and derivatives of the general formula continue to show improved performance~ CH2 - f - CH2 ~ whereX = CN, NO2 , CF~, halogen (acceptors)X = CH3, Alkyl, J0f, NH , COOH, Si H (donors)Y = AlKyl, haloalkyl, H, halo, $t epoxyIntroductionHistorically, PMMA was the first resist (Table I) to be used in advanced lithography The wide availability and ease of processing (non-swelling) made the resist useful for developing new exposure sources and processes.TABLE I - PMMA Historical Contributions Area Ref.1. First E-Beam resist 12. First X-ray exposure 23. First ion beam exposure 34. First deep UV exposure 45. Dry develop with UV 46. First lift-off 5,67. Multi-layer resist 78. Portable UV mask layer 89. Smallest (17nm) metal lines 910. Enhanced mol. wt. sensitivity 10The abundance of acrylate monomers has enabled the polymer chemist to improve resist performance. We will review the advances and trends in resist sensitivity, heat and plasma stabilization, and processes that have enabled chemists, physicists, and electrical engin­ eers to advance the art of electron beam lithography.A. Resist SensitivityPMMA was first used'A1^in the late 1960's at a dose of lOOyc/cm with MIBK/isopropanol developer. At a lower dose 10yc/cm^, the development time was too long (> 1 hr.) to be practical. The original scission model of Ku and Scala^^) assumed thatMo/Mn - 1 ~ Mo/Mn (1)for nominal doses in use (lOOyc/cm ). Mo is the original and Mn is the final number average molecular weight. At lower doses, Ting(A3) pointed out that the full relation (1) must be used. Since the dissolution of PMMA (being a high Tg, glassy transition temperature) pro­ ceeds without swelling (except for M0 > 1,OOOK), the ratio of exposed (S) to the unexposed So rate can provide a basic resist exposure model(A4) :
Role of STE genes in the mating factor signaling pathway mediated by GPA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1988)

The ste mutants (ste2, ste4, ste5, ste7, ste11, and ste12) are insensitive to mating factors and are, therefore, sterile. Roles of the STE gene products in the GPA1-mediated mating factor signaling pathway were studied by using ste gpa1 double mutants. Mating efficiency of a ste2 mutant defective in the alpha-factor receptor increased 1,000-fold in a gpa1 background, while G1 arrest and aberrant morphology (shmoo) caused by gpa1 were not suppressed by ste2. Furthermore, the steady-state level of the FUS1 transcript, which normally increases in response to mating factors, was also elevated when the GPA1 function was impaired. These results suggest that the GPA1 protein functions downstream of the STE2 receptor. Conversely, the sterility of ste4, ste5, ste7, ste11, and ste12 mutants was not suppressed by gpa1, but the lethal phenotype of gpa1 was suppressed by these ste mutations. Northern (RNA) blotting analysis revealed that the ste7, ste11, and ste12 mutations caused reductions of 50 to 70% in the steady-state levels of the GPA1 transcript, while ste4 had a slight effect and ste5 had no effect. This implies that the suppression by ste7, ste11, and ste12 could be due to reduced syntheses of additional components, including an effector, and that suppression by ste4 and ste5 may result from direct effects on the signaling pathway. The STE4, STE5, STE7, STE11, and STE12 products, therefore, appear to specify components of the signal transduction machinery, directly or indirectly, which function together with or downstream of GPA1.
“A Study in Starvation”: The New Girl and the Gendered Socialisation of Appetite in Sarah Grand’s The Beth Book (2007)

British feminist author Sarah Grand was regarded at the fin-de-siecle as one of one of the boldest revolutionaries of the New Woman movement. Modern feminist scholars have generally endorsed and emphasised this perceived radicalness. However, Grand’s subversiveness is negated by the conservative discourse that is given focus in her second novel, The Beth Book: Being a Study of the Life of Elizabeth Caldwell Maclure, A Woman of Genius (1897). Utilising the form of the Kunstlerroman (or “artist’s novel”), this semi-autobiographical work follows of the development of its heroine, Beth Caldwell, from a rebellious child to a “woman of genius”—Grand’s idealised New Woman.

Using the interpretive lens of food and eating in the novel, this essay illuminates the ways in which the author censures the “childish” appetites—physical, spiritual and intellectual—of her embryonic New Woman. The awakening of Beth’s feminine subjectivity is tied to inherited, particularly Victorian notions of womanliness and admirable sacrifice, and the heroine’s ultimate abnegation of self and appetite concludes a starvation narrative throughout which Grand is driven to subjugate and purify the evolving female subject. The author’s complex attitude towards the consumption of food, as well as to those who consume it, I believe reflects a latent ambivalence towards the goals of fin-de-siecle feminism. While her work does display elements of the subversiveness for which she has been celebrated, The Beth Book ultimately and clearly displays an innate distrust of womanly appetite and agency. This analysis casts a new light on the persistent and vigorous debate around claims made by feminist scholars pertaining to the extent of Sarah Grand’s radicalism.
Spatially-segmented undersampled MRI temperature reconstruction for transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound (2017)

Separate reconstruction of brain and water bath signals enables accelerated MR temperature imaging during MRgFUS procedures with low errors due to undersampling using Cartesian and non-Cartesian trajectories. The spatially-segmented method benefits from multiple coils, and reconstructs temperature with lower error compared to measurements from SENSE-reconstructed images. The acceleration can be applied to increase volumetric coverage and spatiotemporal resolution.
Animal-inspired design and aerodynamic stabilization of a hexapedal millirobot (2013)

The VelociRoACH is a 10 cm long, 30 gram hexapedal millirobot capable of running at 2.7 m/s, making it the fastest legged robot built to date, relative to scale. We present the design by dynamic similarity technique and the locomotion adaptations which have allowed for this highly dynamic performance. In addition, we demonstrate that rotational dynamics become critical for stability as the scale of a robotic system is reduced. We present a new method of experimental dynamic tuning for legged millirobots, aimed at finding stable limit cycles with minimal rotational energy. By implementing an aerodynamic rotational damper, we further reduced the rotational energy in the system, and demonstrated that stable limit cycles with lower rotational energy are more robust to disturbances. This method increased the stability of the system without detracting from forward speed.
Consequences of OX40-OX40 ligand interactions in Langerhans cell function: enhanced contact hypersensitivity responses in OX40L-transgenic mice (2002)

Langerhans cells (LC) represent the dominant antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the epidermis and thus play an important role in cutaneous immune responses to approaching pathogens. These responses are mediated by several costimulatory molecules after antigenic challenge. OX40 ligand (OX40L), a member of TNF superfamily, is expressed on several APC such as splenic dendritic cells (DC) and activated B cells. This molecule has been reported to provide potent costimulation in APC-T cell interactions upon binding to its cognate receptor, OX40, on activated T cells. Little is known, however, regarding OX40L expression and function on LC. In the present study, we report the expression of both OX40L and OX40 on differentiated LC derived from draining lymph nodes in the FITC-sensitized mice. During contact hypersensitivity responses, OX40L-deficient mice demonstrated a significant reduction in both hapten-induced ear swelling and hapten-specific T cell responses despite intact migratory responses. Conversely, these responses were markedly increased in two different OX40L-transgenic strains with variations in OX40L overexpression. In the LC-induced MLR, OX40L-deficient and OX40L-overexpressing LC were capable of reducing and elevating the responses of allogeneic CD4+ T cells, respectively. Thus the requirement of OX40L during the antigen presentation function of LC in T cell priming is here demonstrated.
Reliability Assessment of CNC Machining Center Based on Weibull Neural Network (2015)

CNC machining centers, as the key device in modern manufacturing industry, are complicated electrohydraulic products. The reliability is the most important index of CNC machining centers. However, simple life distributions hardly reflect the true law of complex system reliability with many kinds of failure mechanisms. Due to Weibull model’s versatility and relative simplicity and artificial neural networks’ (ANNs) high capability of approximating, they are widely used in reliability engineering and elsewhere. Considering the advantages of these two models, this paper defined a novel model: Weibull neural network (WNN). WNN inherits the hierarchical structure from ANNs which include three layers, namely, input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. Based on more than 3000 h field test data of CNC machining centers, WNN has been successfully applied in comprehensive operation data analysis. The results show that WNN has good approximation ability and generalization performance in reliability assessment of CNC machining centers.
Turn-on switch in parathyroid hormone receptor by a two-step parathyroid hormone binding mechanism (2005)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its related receptor (PTHR) are essential regulators of calcium homeostasis and bone physiology. PTH activates PTHR by interacting with a ligand-binding site localized within the N-terminal extracellular domain (the N-domain) and the domain comprising the seven transmembrane helices and the connecting extracellular loops (the J-domain). PTH binding triggers a conformational switch in the receptor, leading to receptor activation and subsequent cellular responses. The process of receptor activation occurs rapidly, within approximately 1 s, but the binding event preceding receptor activation is not understood. By recording FRET between tetramethyl-rhodamine in PTH(1-34) and GFP in the N-domain of the receptor, we measured the binding event in real time in living cells. We show that the association time course between PTH(1-34) and PTHR involves a two-step binding process where the agonist initially binds the receptor with a fast time constant (tau approximately 140 ms) and then with slower kinetics (tau approximately 1 s). The fast and slow phases were assigned to hormone association to the receptor N- and J domains, respectively. Our data indicate that the slow binding step to the J-domain coincides with a conformational switch in the receptor, also monitored by FRET between the enhanced cyan fluorescent protein and the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in the PTHR sensor, PTHR enhanced cyan fluorescent protein/enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (PTHR(CFP/YFP)). These data suggest that the conformational change that switches the receptor into its active state proceeds in a sequential manner, with the first rapid binding step event preceding receptor activation by PTH(1-34).
Diamond optics: fabrication and applications (2004)

We have developed a method for fabricating almost any type of optical surfaces in diamond. The method consists of the following steps: First, a polymer film, spun onto diamond substrates of optical quality, is patterned by lithographic processes. Next, the surface relief is transferred into the underlying diamond by use of inductively coupled plasma dry etching in an oxygen/argon chemistry. Using this technique, we have successfully demonstrated the fabrication of diamond spherical microlenses, blazed gratings, Fresnel lenses, subwavelength gratings and diffractive fan-out elements. Applications for diamond optics include space technology, high power lasers and optoelectronic devices. In a first real world application we have manufactured subwavelength antireflective gratings which will be tested for use with a future space telescope. The wavelength region of interest will be in the far-IR. Our fabricated antireflective gratings increased the transmitted radiation from 71% to 98% between wavelengths of 21.5 μm and 26.5 μm.
Denitrification and Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water by Immobilized Microorganisms (1979)

This paper deals with the problem of removal of heavy metals and nitrate from waste waters by fixed-bed biological reactors. It is quite evident today that contamination by heavy metals increases simultaneously with the development of industry, e.g., the contamination of Lake Saint Claire near Detroit, the fish of the North Sea, the mercury poisoning in Minimata, Japan, or the ailments caused by cadmium in Itai-Itai. Nitrates and nitrites in drinking water may cause methhemoglobin anemia and may also contribute to the formation of nitrosamines which are highly suspected carcinogens. Nitrates and nitrites in effluents can cause eutrophication of the receiving bodies of water, the effusion of plants, seaweed and algae, and can increase BOD to such a level that capacity for self purification stops. Biological denitrification and metal removal may be especially recommended as a treatment for bringing the level of these pollutants below the present stringent water quality
Measurement of Absolute Amounts of Antigen-Specific Human IgE by a Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) Elution Technique (1976)

Abstract A mathematical error has been detected in the calculation of antigen-specific IgE as reported in our paper entitled, “Measurement of Absolute Amounts of Antigen-Specific Human IgE by a Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) Elution Technique,” published in the December 1975 issue of The Journal of Immunology (115:1577–1583). On page 1579 the numerator of the formula in the left column should read: “ng IgE eluted (alkaline pH) — ng IgE eluted (pH 7.4, control).” When the formula is correctly applied, all values for IgE anti-antigen E presented in Table I (p. 1579), Table IIb (p. 1581), and Table III (p. 1582) are reduced by a constant factor of 4.28. Likewise the percentage of specific IgE-anti-antigen E shown in the last column of Table II must be similarly reduced by 4.28. The values of IgE anti-penicilloyl throughout the paper are reduced by a factor of 6.24. We deeply regret this inadvertent error in calculation which significantly alters part of our data. Precise details of the exact calculations involved in our method are available from us on request.
Vermiculite Filtration for Removal of Oil from Water (2006)

In the present study expanded vermiculite in the granular form was used in filtration studies (column studies) in treating four representative oil-in-water emulsions. The four oil-in-water emulsions were standard mineral oil (SMO), canola oil (CO), Kutwell oil (KUT45), and refinery effluent (RE) from the Co-operative Oil Refinery, Regina, Canada. The concentrations of oil in these emulsions varied from 10.6to120mg∕L. Short-term column studies were conducted in a 30mm i.d., 400mm long cast acrylic pipe with expanded vermiculite of 300mm depth. The four oil-in-water emulsions were pumped into the column at a flow rate of 3mL∕min. Breakthrough studies were conducted in a 12.5mm i.d. 300mm long cast acrylic column using 200mm depth of expanded vermiculite. The study was conducted for all the four oil-in-water emulsions with a flow rate of 12mL∕min. Results of short-term column studies showed 30% oil removal for SMO, 82% for CO, 71% for KUT45, and 54% for RE. The lower removal efficiency of oil from RE was due to the fact that RE was a stable emulsion. The results from the column breakthrough studies clearly showed that the Thomas equation provided a reasonable fit to the data. The oil sorption capacities (gram of oil sorbed/gram of vermiculite) based on the mass balance analysis was found to be 0.014, 0.013, 0.015, and 0.005g∕g for SMO, CO, KUT45, and RE, respectively. The analysis of breakthrough data using the Thomas model did not agree with these values.
Conditional ablation of CD205 <sup>+</sup> conventional dendritic cells impacts the regulation of T-cell immunity and homeostasis in vivo (2012)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are composed of multiple subsets that play a dual role in inducing immunity and tolerance. However, it is unclear how CD205(+) conventional DCs (cDCs) control immune responses in vivo. Here we generated knock-in mice with the selective conditional ablation of CD205(+) cDCs. CD205(+) cDCs contributed to antigen-specific priming of CD4(+) T cells under steady-state conditions, whereas they were dispensable for antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, CD205(+) cDCs were required for antigen-specific priming of CD8(+) T cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated through cross-presentation. Although CD205(+) cDCs were involved in the thymic generation of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), they maintained the homeostasis of CD4(+) Tregs and CD4(+) effector T cells in peripheral and mucosal tissues. On the other hand, CD205(+) cDCs were involved in the inflammation triggered by Toll-like receptor ligand as well as bacterial and viral infections. Upon microbial infections, CD205(+) cDCs contributed to the cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells for generating antimicrobial CTLs to efficiently eliminate pathogens, whereas they suppressed antimicrobial CD4(+) T-cell responses. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for CD205(+) cDCs in the regulation of T-cell immunity and homeostasis in vivo.
The perceptual structure of multidimensional input device selection (1992)

Concepts such as the logical device, taxonomies, and other descriptive frameworks have improved understanding of input devices but ignored or else treated informally their pragmatic qualities, which are fundamental to selection of input devices for tasks. We seek the greater leverage of a predictive theoretical framework by basing our investigation of three-dimensional vs. two-dimensional input devices on Garner's theory of processing of perceptual structure in multidimensional tasks. Two three-dimensional tasks may seem equivalent, but if they involve different types of perceptual spaces, they should be assigned correspondingly different input devices. Our experiment supports this hypothesis and thus both indicates when to use three-dimensional input devices and gives credence to our theoretical basis for this indication.
Streaming Technologies of Non-Scalable and Scalable Video Coding (2004)

The paper introduces non scalable and scalable video coding approaches as well as their transmission in internet, and gives their merits and demerits in network applications.
Dual-Mode L-Band Bandpass Filter with Cross Couplings and Absorbing Resonators (2006)

This paper introduces dual-mode bandpass filter with cross couplings and absorbing resonators. The responses of six electrical resonators & two absorbing resonators and eight electrical resonators are simulated. It is shown that the cross coupling and absorbing resonator can improve the cutoffs at the edge of the passband evidently. An L-band filter composed of three physical cylindrical waveguide cavities and one absorbing cavity was made and tuned. The experimental result is in good agreement with the simulation.
Growth cone‐like waves transport actin and promote axonogenesis and neurite branching (2009)

Axonogenesis involves a shift from uniform delivery of materials to all neurites to preferential delivery to the putative axon, supporting its more rapid extension. Waves, growth cone-like structures that propagate down the length of neurites, were shown previously to correlate with neurite growth in dissociated cultured hippocampal neurons. Waves are similar to growth cones in their structure, composition and dynamics. Here, we report that waves form in all undifferentiated neurites, but occur more frequently in the future axon during initial neuronal polarization. Moreover, wave frequency and their impact on neurite growth are altered in neurons treated with stimuli that enhance axonogenesis. Coincident with wave arrival, growth cones enlarge and undergo a marked increase in dynamics. Through their engorgement of filopodia along the neurite shaft, waves can induce de novo neurite branching. Actin in waves maintains much of its cohesiveness during transport whereas actin in nonwave regions of the neurite rapidly diffuses as measured by live cell imaging of photoactivated GFP-actin and photoconversion of Dendra-actin. Thus, waves represent an alternative axonal transport mechanism for actin. Waves also occur in neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices where they propagate along neurites in the dentate gyrus and the CA regions and induce branching. Taken together, our results indicate that waves are physiologically relevant and contribute to axon growth and branching via the transport of actin and by increasing growth cone dynamics.
Common Contaminants in Next-Generation Sequencing That Hinder Discovery of Low-Abundance Microbes (2014)

Unbiased high-throughput sequencing of whole metagenome shotgun DNA libraries is a promising new approach to identifying microbes in clinical specimens, which, unlike other techniques, is not limited to known sequences. Unlike most sequencing applications, it is highly sensitive to laboratory contaminants as these will appear to originate from the clinical specimens. To assess the extent and diversity of sequence contaminants, we aligned 57 "1000 Genomes Project" sequencing runs from six centers against the four largest NCBI BLAST databases, detecting reads of diverse contaminant species in all runs and identifying the most common of these contaminant genera (Bradyrhizobium) in assembled genomes from the NCBI Genome database. Many of these microorganisms have been reported as contaminants of ultrapure water systems. Studies aiming to identify novel microbes in clinical specimens will greatly benefit from not only preventive measures such as extensive UV irradiation of water and cross-validation using independent techniques, but also a concerted effort to sequence the complete genomes of common contaminants so that they may be subtracted computationally.
Nanocomposite Co/SiO/sub 2/ soft magnetic materials (2001)

Nanocomposite Co/sub x//(SiO/sub 2/)/sub 1-x/ soft magnetic materials with Co volume fractions, x, from 0.4 to 0.9 were synthesized by a wet chemical approach, followed by consolidation into toroidal samples. The powder samples consisted of single-domain Co nanoparticles with the fcc structure, coated by thin amorphous SiO/sub 2/ shells. The measured saturation magnetization was consistent with the expected value from the Co volume fraction, indicating the completion of the chemical reaction. The initial complex permeability value obtained from a toroidal sample showed an essentially flat frequency response from 10 Hz to 240 MHz, with a quality factor greater than 30. The results show that the Co/SiO/sub 2/ nanocomposite system is very promising as a high frequency soft magnetic material.