gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte esterase-nitrite and bioluminescence assays as urine screens (1985)

The 1-min leukocyte esterase (LE)-nitrite test (Chemstrip 9; Biodynamics, Division of Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) and a bioluminescence assay (Monolight centrifugation method; Analytical Luminescence Laboratory, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) were tested for their efficacy as urine screens among 453 patients at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. Both methods had the capacity to exclude significant bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml) when compared with the results of conventional culture methods, with predictive values of 99 and 93%, respectively, for a negative test. Bioluminescence was the more accurate nonculture method used. Sensitivity and specificity values were 97 and 71%, respectively, for bioluminescence, 82 and 60%, respectively, for LE with nitrite, and 72 and 64%, respectively, for LE without nitrite. At reduced levels of bacteriuria less than 10(5) CFU/ml), the sensitivities of LE-nitrite and bioluminescence were decreased but comparable. The addition of protein and blood test results in the Chemstrip 9, along with LE-nitrite as bacteriuria indicators, were unsatisfactory because of the large numbers of false-positive results attributed to protein and blood determinations. LE activity as detected by the LE test was a poor predictor of significant bacteriuria in both male and female patients. The sensitivity (71%) and specificity (57%) of the LE test in male patients were significantly lower than those previously reported and varied with the patient population studied.
SutA is a bacterial transcription factor expressed during slow growth in<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2016)

Microbial quiescence and slow growth are ubiquitous physiological states, but their study is complicated by low levels of metabolic activity. To address this issue, we used a time-selective proteome-labeling method [bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT)] to identify proteins synthesized preferentially, but at extremely low rates, under anaerobic survival conditions by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of these proteins is a transcriptional regulator that has no homology to any characterized protein domains and is posttranscriptionally up-regulated during survival and slow growth. This small, acidic protein associates with RNA polymerase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput sequencing suggests that the protein associates with genomic DNA through this interaction. ChIP signal is found both in promoter regions and throughout the coding sequences of many genes and is particularly enriched at ribosomal protein genes and in the promoter regions of rRNA genes. Deletion of the gene encoding this protein affects expression of these and many other genes and impacts biofilm formation, secondary metabolite production, and fitness in fluctuating conditions. On the basis of these observations, we have designated the protein SutA (survival under transitions A).
Comparison of neural network back propagation algorithms for early detection of sleep disorders (2015)

Sleep is not merely a BREAK from our regular work. It is must to be physically and mentally refreshed every day. Having a sound nights sleep, one can perform best in whatever job in hand. But some time, sleep gets disturbed along with some awkward behaviors known as sleep disorders. The various techniques and practices are followed by numerous researchers for the diagnosis of the unusual behaviors which increase the disturbances in sleep and also encourage other sleep disorders. In this paper, a step has been taken towards the early detection of a few sleep disorders like Sleep Apnea, Insomnia, Parasomnia and Snoring using artificial neural network algorithms. The prior detection of these disorders can reduce the further effects on human body. This paper presents the comparison of four training algorithms gradient descent, quasi newton, conjugate gradient and Bayesian regularization by using different training functions such as trainrp, trainlm, trainscg and trainbr respectively. All these algorithms are trained by the data set acquired from various physicians. From the results, it is found that Bayesian regularization algorithm which is trained by using trainbr training function provides the best result for early detection of sleep disorders as per chosen sample size of 95 patient records.
Segmentation of Pen Strokes Using Pen Speed. (2004)

We present a technique for segmenting pen strokes into lines and arcs. The technique uses pen speed infor-mation to help infer the segmentation intended by the drawer. To begin, a set of candidate segment points is identified. This set includes speed minima below a threshold computed from the average pen speed. It also includes curvature maxima at which the pen speed is again below a threshold. The ink between each pair of consecutive segment points is then classified as either a line or arc, depending on which fits best. Finally, a feedback process is employed, and segments are judi-ciously merged and split as necessary to improve the quality of the segmentation. Formal user studies were conducted, and our system was observed to perform ac-curately, even for new users.
Fatty Acid and Lipoic Acid Biosynthesis in Higher Plant Mitochondria (2000)

Fatty acid and lipoic acid biosynthesis were investigated in plant mitochondria. Although the mitochondria lack acetyl-CoA carboxylase, our experiments reveal that they contain the enzymatic equipment necessary to transform malonate into the two main building units for fatty acid synthesis: malonyl- and acetyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP). We demonstrated, by a new method based on a complementary use of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, that the soluble mitochondrial fatty-acid synthase produces mainly three predominant acyl-ACPs as follows: octanoyl(C8)-, hexadecanoyl(C16)-, and octadecanoyl(C18)-ACP. Octanoate production is of primary interest since it has been postulated long ago to be a precursor of lipoic acid. By using a recombinant H apoprotein mutant as a potential acceptor for newly synthesized lipoic acid, we were able to detect limited amounts of lipoylated H protein in the presence of malonate, several sulfur donors, and cofactors. Finally, we present a scheme outlining the new biochemical pathway of fatty acid and lipoic acid synthesis in plant mitochondria.
T cell recognition of endogenous IgG<sub>2a</sub> expressed in B lymphoma cells (1988)

We recently characterized a panel of C57BL/6J T cell clones specific for IgG2a of the a allotype in association with I-Ab. Several of the clones gave surprisingly strong responses in the presence of normal spleen cells from several H-2b strains, including C3H.SW, A.BY, D1.LP and BALB.B, without the addition of exogenous antigen. Experiments using Igh-congenic mouse strains demonstrated that this response was directed towards shared allotypic determinants expressed on endogenously synthesized IgG2a molecules in various strains. Here we present evidence that the cell(s) responsible for this stimulation are conventional low density splenic accessory cells. Presentation of endogenously synthesized IgG2a by this population of dendritic cells, macrophages, and/or activated B cells was chloroquine sensitive. Thus, we conclude that this response is probably directed towards secreted IgG2a molecules that are internalized, processed and re-expressed at the cell surface in association with class II molecules. We also tested the ability of T cell clone B61-34 to respond in the presence of the B lymphoma cell line M12.C3.A2. A strong response was again observed in the absence of exogenous antigen. Northern gel analysis of M12.C3.A2 messenger RNA provided evidence that these cells synthesize IgG2a in both a secreted and a membrane form. The response directed towards endogenous IgG2a expressed in M12.C3.A2 lymphoma cells is chloroquine resistant and considerably more efficient than that stimulated by IgG2a added as exogenous soluble antigen. These results demonstrate for the first time that B cells have the capacity to present antigenic determinants expressed on endogenously synthesized immunoglobulins to class II-restricted T cells. The implications of these findings with respect to network models of immune regulation are discussed.
Joint CFO and Channel Estimation for Multiuser MIMO-OFDM Systems With Optimal Training Sequences (2008)

This paper addresses the problem of joint carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation in multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. To choose the optimal training sequences with the goal of providing the smallest estimation mean square error (MSE), the asymptotic Cramer-Rao bounds (asCRBs) are derived. The optimal training sequences are designed that minimize the asCRBs for both CFO and channel estimation under the constraint that the asCRBs being channel independent. A joint CFO and channel estimator is derived based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion. A computationally efficient method using importance sampling technique is proposed to solve the highly demanding multidimensional exhaustive search required by the ML multi-CFO estimation. Simulation results illustrate the merits of the proposed training sequences and also verify the effectiveness of the proposed estimation scheme.
Neural activation during acute capsaicin-evoked pain and allodynia assessed with PET (1998)

The PET H2 15O-bolus method was used to image regional brain activity in normal human subjects during intense pain induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin and during post-capsaicin mechanical allodynia (the perception of pain from a normally non-painful stimulus). Images of regional cerebral blood flow were acquired during six conditions: (i) rest; (ii) light brushing of the forearm; (iii) forearm intradermal injection of capsaicin, (iv) and (v) the waning phases of capsaicin pain; and (vi) allodynia. Allodynia was produced by light brushing adjacent to the capsaicin injection site after ongoing pain from the capsaicin injection had completely subsided. Capsaicin treatment produced activation in many discrete brain regions which we classified as subserving four main functions: sensation-perception (primary somatosensory cortex, thalamus and insula); attention (anterior cingulate cortex); descending pain control (periaqueductal grey); and an extensive network related to sensory-motor integration (supplementary motor cortex, bilateral putamen and insula, anterior lobe and vermis of the cerebellum and superior colliculus). Comparison of the noxious and non-noxious stimuli yielded several new insights into neural organization of pain and tactile sensations. Capsaicin pain, which had no concomitant tactile component, produced little or no activation in secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), whereas light brushing produced a prominent activation of SII, suggesting a differential sensitivity of SII to tactile versus painful stimuli. The cerebellar vermis was strongly activated by capsaicin, whereas light brush and experimental allodynia produced little or no activation, suggesting a selective association with C-fibre stimulation and nociceptive second-order spinal neurons. The experimental allodynia activated a network that partially overlapped those activated by both pain and light brush alone. Unlike capsaicin-induced pain, allodynia was characterized by bilateral activation of inferior prefrontal cortex, suggesting that prefrontal responses to pain are context dependent.
Molecular characterization of a low-molecular-mass matrix metalloproteinase secreted by glomerular mesangial cells as PUMP-1 (1992)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based homology cloning strategy was used to define the spectrum of stromelysin-like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) synthesized by cultured glomerular mesangial cells (MC). Using this technique, cDNAs encoding an unusual, truncated member of the MMP family, punctuated (putative) metalloproteinase (PUMP-1), were exclusively isolated. Incubation with the cytokines interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor increased the abundance of PUMP-1 mRNA in mesangial cells. The mesangial PUMP-1 mRNA is processed in a tissue-specific manner, yielding a transcript containing repeated 3'-untranslated region ATTTA motifs commonly found in cytokines with limited mRNA stability. Polyclonal antibodies prepared against the C-terminal region of the PUMP-1 protein documented release of this enzyme by cultures of cytokine-stimulated MC and permitted identification of PUMP-1-expressing mesangial cells within clinical biopsy specimens of acute glomerulonephritis. These findings represent new molecular and clinical evidence that non-malignant cells process and secrete this unusual member of the MMP family in a cytokine-mediated, tissue-specific manner. Mesangial synthesis of PUMP-1 may contribute to the progression of injury during glomerular inflammatory states.
Susceptibility to prostate cancer: interaction between genotypes at the androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen loci. (2000)

The androgen receptor (AR) regulates gene transcription by binding to androgen response elements in target gene promoters. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene has a polymorphic androgen response element sequence with two alleles, A and G. We hypothesize that allelic differences in AR-driven PSA expression may influence prostate cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we assayed PSA genotype for 57 prostate cancer cases and 156 controls from our previous pilot study in which prostate cancer risk was associated with the AR "CAG-short" genotype. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated relating prostate cancer risk to AR and PSA genotypes, singly and in combination. Subjects with the PSA GG genotype were at significantly increased risk for advanced, but not for localized, prostate cancer (OR, 2.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-6.78). When cross-classifying subjects by AR and PSA genotypes, subjects with either a CAG-short allele (and not PSA GG) or with the PSA GG genotype (and not CAG-short) had a modest, statistically insignificant increase in prostate cancer risk overall. However, subjects with both a short CAG allele and PSA genotype GG had a more than 5-fold increase in prostate cancer risk (OR, 5.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-16.25). All of the ORs were substantially greater for advanced prostate cancer. Studies with larger numbers of advanced cases will be needed to confirm these results. These results indicate that polymorphism in the PSA gene promoter influences prostate cancer risk, and that the allelic variation in promoter activity may be androgen-dependent. Furthermore, these results support a multigenic etiology for prostate cancer.
Cutaneous Concerns of Scleroderma Patients (2003)

The clinical features of facial and oral involvement in scleroderma are striking. We conducted a survey of patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). The purpose of our study was to ascertain what was most bothersome aesthetically to scleroderma patients. We also looked at the differences between age groups and genders. The survey was mailed to 1,000 individuals who subscribe to a national lay group organization. We received 303 completed surveys indicating the patient's age, gender, age at onset of disease, and a checklist of 14 physical variables involving the central face and non-face. The respondents were asked to rate their level of concern [on a scale of great (1) -moderate (2) -little (3) -none (4)] in regards to 14 different physical variables. The respondents consisted of 92% females and 8% males. The mean age was 59 years +/- 13 (SD), and the median age was 60. The mean and median age at diagnosis was 45 years +/- 15 (SD). The percentage of respondents expressing concern for specific features was the following: for thin lips (73%), mouth furrows (80%), loss of facial lines (68%), and a smaller, tighter mouth (77%). There was less concern over the non-face features. The percentage of respondents expressing no concern was the following: for absence of sweating (57%), skin darkening (50%), nail dystrophy (57%), and skin atrophy (63%). There was a highly statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) between those respondents concerned with central face features vs. non-face features. With advancing age and longer disease duration, there was increased concern over the aforementioned central face features (p<0.0001). The vast majority of patients with systemic sclerosis have great concerns over changing facial features, and this worsens with age.
A New Pneumatic Pump for Extracorporeal Circulation: TPP (True Pulsatile Pump). Experimental and First Clinical Results (1997)

A pulsatile, membrane type pump, TPP, was developed for use in routine cardiac surgery. The artificial ventricle consists of a polycarbonate housing with an inlet and outlet polyurethane tricuspid valve. The membrane is actuated hydraulically. For pre-clinical studies, we designed a study in sheep. After a pump run of 6 hours the animals were allowed to recover and sacrificed after 72 hours. All clinical parameters returned to normal values (p > 0.05 vs. control values). During pump run we found elevated free plasma hemoglobine. However, these values returned to normal until the end of the observation period. Thereafter, the device was used in ten routine cardiac surgery procedures. All patients survived the procedure and were discharged from hospital. The postoperative course of lab parameters (kidney, liver and blood count) was no different to routine cardiac surgical procedures. This pulsatile pump system can thus be safely employed in cardiac surgery.
Diagnostic use of autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis (2010)

The diagnostic use of antibodies is dependent on sensitivity and specificity of the methods of antibody detection, which have been developed and improved over the years. Here, we review the different methods for the detection of acetylcholine receptor and muscle-specific kinase antibodies, which are, so far, the only antibodies recognised as pathogenic in myasthenia gravis (MG). Seronegative MG patients will benefit from more sensitive methods of antibody detection. The most recent developments in antibody detection assays, particularly those based on cells expressing target antigens, allow rapid and reliable identification of autoantibodies, improving the diagnosis and treatment of MG patients. The same approaches to antibody detection are now being applied to a wide range of other autoantigens and other autoimmune diseases.
Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates (1995)

Abstract
Dependency of side-lobe effect of half-tone phase-shift mask on substrate material and topology and its solutions (1995)

In forming contact patterns using half-tone phase shift masks, loss of the resist film at side-lobe positions needs to be avoided. Up to now, resist dimples have been studied in terms of transmittance of halftone materials and pattern packing density. However, we found that loss of the resist film was not confined to side-lobe effect in the mask level. We investigated dependency of side-lobe effect of halftone phase shift masks on substrate material and topology in forming contact hole patterns. It was found that the leaky light passing through halftone regions created resist dimples. The magnitude of resist film erosions depended on substrate material and thickness having different thin film interferences. Furthermore, the reflecting topography of wafer substrates was an origin of resist erosion, which was explained by 'concave mirror effect'. It was also verified that ARC was very effective to solve problems mentioned above. We proposed double layered blank masks as a simple solution.
Graphs as Statements of Belief. (2002)

Graphs are not, as many students believe, simple unproblematic representations of the truth. The choice of axes, histogram or line graph, smooth curve or jagged line, averages or raw data, intersections with the axes, extrapolations and interpretations all reflect the writer's beliefs. This article investigates how various factors demonstrate underlying beliefs and how teachers can use graphs as a means to encourage critical reflection.
Randomized Hough transform (RHT) (2002)

A method is developed for calculating the Hough transform (HT) and completing the task of finding global features from binary edge images. The method is based on the fact that a single parameter space point can be determined uniquely with a pair, triple, or generally n-tuple of points from the original picture. Such n-tuples of points can be chosen randomly from the edge image, giving the method the name randomized Hough transform (RHT). The new algorithm reduces the computation time and memory use of the HT drastically. In the standard HT one must calculate one parameter curve in the parameter space for one pixel, whereas in the RHT only one parameter point has to be solved for one n-tuple of points, and the presence of a specific curve in the image is quickly revealed by the accumulation of a small number of parameter points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental studies of circular patches with slots (1997)

Experimental results for circular patches with slots are presented. Two configurations are studied, one with an arc-shaped slot and the other with a rectangular U-shaped slot. About 14% impedance bandwidth is obtained for the former and 23% for the latter. Measured patterns and gain are also given for the U-shaped slot configuration.
Charge control, DC, and RF performance of a 0.35- mu m pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs modulation-doped field-effect transistor (1988)

The authors describe a study of charge control in conjunction with DC and RF performance of 0.35- mu m-gate-length pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs MODFETs. Using C-V measurements, they estimate that a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with density as high as 1.0*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ can be accumulated in the InGaAs channel at 77 K before the gate begins to modulate parasitic charges in the AlGaAs. This improvement in charge control of about 10-30% over a typical AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET may partially be responsible for the superior DC and RF performance of the AlGaAs/InGaAs MODFET. At room temperature, the devices give a maximum DC voltage gain g/sub m//g/sub d/ of 32 and a current gain cutoff frequency f/sub T/ of 46 GHz. These results are state of the art for MODFETs of similar gate length.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An MOS four-quadrant analog multiplier using simple two-input squaring circuits with source followers (1990)

An MOS four-quadrant analog multiplier is described. It is based on the square-law dependence of the MOS-transistor drain current on the gate-to-source voltage in the saturation region. One input is applied to the gate directly while the other input is applied to the source through a source-follower buffer stage. The circuit is realized with only 12 MOS transistors and two resistors. The circuit has been fabricated using a metal-gate NMOS process which has separate p-wells to eliminate the substrate bias effect. The multiplier achieves less than 0.45% nonlinearity when the input voltage range is 40% of the supply voltages, and it achieves a -3-dB bandwidth of 30 MHz. The total harmonic distortion is less than 0.6%. The power consumption and chip size are 8 mW and 1.2 mm/sup 2/, respectively. The second-order effects for this type of multiplier are considered in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>