gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon Debug for Timing Errors (2007)

Due to various sources of noise and process variations, assuring a circuit to operate correctly at its desired operational frequency has become a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a timing-reasoning-based algorithm and an adaptive test-generation algorithm for diagnosing timing errors in the silicon-debug phase. We first derive three metrics that are strongly correlated to the probability of a candidate's being an actual error source. We analyze the problem of circuit timing uncertainties caused by delay variations and test sampling. Then, we propose a candidate-ranking heuristic, which is robust with respect to such sources of timing uncertainty. Based on the initial ranking result and the timing information, we further propose an adaptive path-selection and test-generation algorithm to generate additional diagnostic patterns for further improvement of the first-hit-rate. The experimental results demonstrate that combining the ranking heuristic and the adaptive test-generation method would result in a very high resolution for timing diagnosis.
A low-cost memory architecture for PCI-based interactive ray casting (1999)

In this paper we present a low-cost memory architecture running at 100 MHz which is suited for any PCI-based volume rendering accelerator using the ray-casting approach.
Steric Effects of the t-Butyl Group in Organosilicon Compounds<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteric Effects of the t-Butyl Group in Organosilicon Compounds1Leo H. Sommer and Leslie J. TylerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 4, 1030–1033Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01633a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01633a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1244Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural insight into the interaction of ADP‐ribose with the PARP WWE domains (2012)

The WWE domain is often identified in proteins associated with ubiquitination or poly-ADP-ribosylation. Structural information about WWE domains has been obtained for the ubiquitination-related proteins, such as Deltex and RNF146, but not yet for the poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs). Here we determined the solution structures of the WWE domains from PARP11 and PARP14, and compared them with that of the RNF146 WWE domain. NMR perturbation experiments revealed the specific differences in their ADP-ribose recognition modes that correlated with their individual biological activities. The present structural information sheds light on the ADP-ribose recognition modes by the PARP WWE domains.
Exact Bayesian structure learning from uncertain interventions (2007)

We show how to extend the dynamic programming algorithm of Koivisto [KS04, Koi06], which computes the exact posterior marginal edge probabilities p(Gij = 1|D) of a DAG G given data D, to the case where the data is obtained by interventions (experiments). In particular, we consider the case where the targets of the interventions are a priori unknown. We show that it is possible to learn the targets of intervention at the same time as learning the causal structure. We apply our exact technique to a biological data set that had previously been analyzed using MCMC [SPP + 05, EW06]. 1
Review: Soluble innate immune pattern-recognition proteins for clearing dying cells and cellular components: implications on exacerbating or resolving inflammation (2010)

Soluble innate immune pattern-recognition proteins (sPRPs) identify non-self or altered-self molecular patterns. Dying cells often display altered-self arrays of molecules on their surfaces. Hence, sPRPs are ideal for recognizing these cells and their components. Dying cell surfaces often contain, or allow the access to different lipids, intracellular glycoproteins and nucleic acids such as DNA at different stages of cell death. These are considered as 'eat me' signals that replace the native 'don't eat me' signals such as CD31, CD47 present on the live cells. A programmed cell death process such as apoptosis also generates cell surface blebs that contain intracellular components. These blebs are easily released for effective clearance or signalling. During late stages of cell death, soluble components are also released that act as 'find me' signal (e.g. LysoPC, nucleotides). The sPRPs such as collectins, ficolins, pentraxins, sCD14, MFG-E8, natural IgM and C1q can effectively identify some of these specific molecular patterns. The biological end-point is different depending on sPRP, tissue, stage of apoptosis and the type of cell death. The sPRPs that reside in the immune-privileged surfaces such as lungs often act as opsonins and enhance a silent clearance of dying cells and cellular material by macrophages and other phagocytic cells. Although the recognition of these materials by complement-activating proteins could amplify the opsonic signal, this pathway may aggravate inflammation. Clear understanding of the involvement of specific sPRPs in cell death and subsequent clearance of dying cell and their components is essential for devising appropriate treatment strategies for diseases involving infection, inflammation and auto-antibody generation.
Fluctuating asymmetry and condition in golden shiner (<i>Notemigonus crysoleucas</i>) and channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) reared in sublethal concentrations of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (2006)

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA; small, random differences between the left and right sides of a bilateral character) has been related to embryological stress during development. Some populations exhibit positive relations between FA and exposure to toxicants during development. The United States has agreed to demilitarize chemical warfare agents in accordance with the Chemical Weapons Convention Treaty. Isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), the main hydrolysis product of sarin, could be introduced accidentally into the environment during demilitarization. The present study examined the use of FA as a biomarker of developmental stress caused by sublethal exposures to IMPA. A suite of morphometric and meristic traits were measured in two fish species exposed to IMPA. Significant differences were found in composite FA among groups of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to sublethal concentrations of IMPA during development. No differences were found in composite FA among groups of golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) exposed to IMPA. No relation was found between individual relative condition and FA in channel catfish or golden shiner.
Low Dielectric Materials for Microelectronics (2012)

Over the past half century, low dielectric materials have been intensively researched by ceramic and polymer scientists. However, these materials possess a vast myriad of electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties that are just as crucial as the name that classifies them. Therefore, in many cases, the applications of low dielectric constant materials are dictated by these other properties, and the choice of low dielectric material may have a tremendous effect on a device’s performance and lifetime.
Software architecture for a constraint-based virtual environment (1999)

Virtual environment technology is now beginning to be recognised as a powerful design tool in industrial sectors such as Manufacturing, Process Engineering, Construction, Automotive and Aerospace industries. It offers the ability to visualise a design from different viewpoints by engineers from different design perspectives providing a powerful design analysis tool for supporting concurrent engineering philosophy. A common weakness of the current commercial virtual environments is the lack of efficient geometric constraint management facilities such as run-time constraint detection and the maintenance of constraint consistencies for supporting accurate part positioning and constrained 3D manipulations. The environments also need to be designed to support the user as they are completing their task. This paper describes the software architecture of a constraint-based virtual environment that supports interactive assembly of component parts, embedded within a task based environment that supports contextual help and allows for the structure of tasks to be easily altered for rapid prototyping.
Phenanthrene-Fused Boron−Dipyrromethenes as Bright Long-Wavelength Fluorophores (2008)

A new class of boron-dipyrromethene (BDP or BODIPY) dyes was obtained by phenanthrene fusion to the beta-pyrrole positions, absorbing in the wavelength range of important laser sources. Despite a 'propeller-like' distorted structure in the crystalline state, the chromophore absorbs (log epsilon > or = 5) and fluoresces (Phif > or = 0.8) strongly and can be easily turned into a fluorescence light-up probe. Incorporation into latex beads produces bright and photostable single-dye and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) particles for microscopy applications.
Mixed-valence manganites (1999)

Mixed-valence manganese oxides (R1-χAχ)MnO3 (R=rare-earth cation, A=alkali or alkaline earth cation), with a structure similar to that of perovskite CaTiO3, exhibit a rich variety of crystallographic, electronic and magnetic phases. Historically they led to the formulation of new physical concepts such as double exchange and the Jahn-Teller polaron. More recent work on thin films has revealed new phenomena, including colossal magnetoresistance near the Curie temperature, dense granular magnetoresistance and optically-induced magnetic phase transitions. This review gives an account of the literature on mixed-valence manganites, placing new results in the context of established knowledge of these materials, and other magnetic semiconductors. Issues addressed include the nature of the electronic ground states, the metal-insulator transition as a function of temperature, pressure and applied magnetic field, the electronic transport mechanisms, dielectric and magnetic polaron formation, magnetic localization, the role of cation disorder and the Jahn-Teller effect. Sample preparation, and the properties of related ferromagnetic oxides are also discussed.
New Model for Chronic Osteomyelitis With Staphylococcus Aureus in Sheep (1997)

The purpose of this study was to develop a large animal model for chronic osteomyelitis, suitable for toxicologic research and therapeutic intervention studies. Osteomyelitis was induced in 52 healthy adult Texel sheep by injecting a sclerosing agent and a hemolytic strain of Staphylococcus aureus into the proximal tibial marrow cavity. Evaluation was done by clinical, radiologic, bacteriologic, and histologic parameters for 3 months. Clinical signs of infection consisted of localized soft tissue swelling, pain during the acute phase, and limping in all sheep. Radiologic features were moderate to extensive periosteal reaction, cortical lysis, mild to extensive new bone formation, and frequent development of sequestra limited to the proximal part of the tibia. Cultures were positive for the same strain of Staphylococcus aureus in all but one sheep. Histology showed chronic active inflammation, osteolysis, new woven bone formation, debris, clusters of bacteria, and surrounding granulation tissue. It was necessary to administer a single prophylactic dose of antibiotics 1 hour after surgery to prevent fatal sepsis. It was concluded that sheep are a suitable model for chronic osteomyelitis.
Epigenetic regulation of 5‐lipoxygenase in the phenotypic plasticity of valvular interstitial cells associated with aortic valve stenosis (2012)

Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) are of mesenchymal origin and may differentiate into immune-like cells. This phenotypic plasticity is a key feature of aortic valve stenosis, but the role of epigenetic mechanisms has not previously been explored. Here we compared normal and calcified human aortic valve tissue. Calcified tissue exhibited decreased DNA-methylation in the promoter of the gene encoding the proinflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), accompanied by increased 5-LO mRNA levels. Treatment of cultured VICs with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor: 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased 5-LO mRNA levels and leukotriene production. These findings provide a first piece of evidence for epigenetic modifications of VICs in valvular heart disease.
Exploration scavenging (2008)

We examine the problem of evaluating a policy in the contextual bandit setting using only observations collected during the execution of another policy. We show that policy evaluation can be impossible if the exploration policy chooses actions based on the side information provided at each time step. We then propose and prove the correctness of a principled method for policy evaluation which works when this is not the case, even when the exploration policy is deterministic, as long as each action is explored sufficiently often. We apply this general technique to the problem of offline evaluation of internet advertising policies. Although our theoretical results hold only when the exploration policy chooses ads independent of side information, an assumption that is typically violated by commercial systems, we show how clever uses of the theory provide non-trivial and realistic applications. We also provide an empirical demonstration of the effectiveness of our techniques on real ad placement data.
Dendritic Cells Route Human Immunodeficiency Virus to Lymph Nodes after Vaginal or Intravenous Administration to Mice (1998)

We have developed a murine model to study the involvement of dendritic cells (DC) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) routing from an inoculation site to the lymph nodes (LN). Murine bone marrow-derived DC migrate to the draining LN within 24 h after subcutaneous injection. After incubation of these cells with heat-inactivated (Hi) HIV type 1 (HIV-1), HIV RNA sequences were detected in the draining LN only. Upon injection of DC pulsed with infectious HIV, the virus recovered in the draining LN was still able to productively infect human T cells. After a vaginal challenge with Hi HIV-1, the virus could be detected in the iliac and sacral draining LN at 24 h after injection. After an intravenous challenge, the virus could be detected in peripheral LN as soon as 30 min after injection. The specific depletion of a myeloid-related LN DC population, previously shown to take up blood macromolecules and to translocate them into the LN, prevented HIV transport to LN. Together, our data demonstrate the critical role of DC for HIV routing to LN after either a vaginal or an intravenous challenge, which does not require their infection. Therefore, despite the fact that the mouse is not infectable by HIV, this small animal model might be useful to test preventive strategies against HIV.
Letters (2011)

Mentoring smarts As the director of an education center in a small, rural hospital who's very involved in mentoring new nurse graduates, I found Kari Ellisen's article “Mentoring Smart” from the August issue very intriguing. Most interesting to me was the concept of aligning the objectives of a program with the organization's mission to increase the likelihood of achieving goals. In addition to linking the organizational mission, the article addresses the importance of matching the mentor and mentee appropriately. With this goal in mind, my organization uses the following criteria when pairing mentors with mentees: unit location, same shift, and same generation. In previous evaluations, mentors and mentees from our program have expressed more comfort and better relations when being paired with someone from the same generation. When planning next year's mentor program, I plan to include our organization's mission when deciding on the program's objectives. A successful mentoring program improves an organization's ability to recruit and retain nurses, thereby helping to maintain safe, quality patient care. Thank you for the insight. Cliques must go The article “Dissolving Clique Behavior” by Sandra A. Barton, et al. from the August issue was very informative. It's sad that as adults we have to deal with this type of behavior. In my 11 years in nursing management, I've found clique behavior to be the norm for many nurses. I don't feel that most of the nurses who are exhibiting this type of behavior see the big picture and how their behavior affects the organization, or maybe they do see it and just don't care. Either way, their behavior needs to change or they need to go! Organizational culture has a tremendous influence on employees because it sets the expectations for behavior, as well as what's expected in their job performance. When employees share the values of an organization, they're more committed and loyal, therefore creating a stronger culture. Emphasizing the organization's mission and values, along with education and communication, is a great start. I do agree that conflict resolution might be more effective than disciplinary action and that team-building exercises done on an ongoing basis are the best way to stop clique behavior. Team building can result in improved morale among staff, and organizational effectiveness is directly related to cultural openness and sharing of leadership roles. My question is: How do you have a blameless culture while at the same time holding people accountable? This is a hard balance for nurse managers. Susan Doyle, BSN, RN Altus, Okla. Donna Nichols, BSN, RN Clifton, Tex.
Fabrication and characterization of plastic-based flexible dye-sensitized solar cells consisting of crystalline mesoporous titania nanoparticles as photoanodes (2011)

We fabricated a highly efficient (with a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 5.51%), plastic-based, flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The photoanode was made of a crystalline mesoporous TiO2 film using a low-temperature electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process and compression treatment. The crystalline mesoporous TiO2 film was composed of secondary mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles (MTNs, ca. 260 nm in size), synthesized by an aggregation of primary TiO2 nanocrystallites. In contrast to commercial TiO2 nanoparticles (i.e., P90, ca. 15.9 nm in size) that are widely used in DSSCs, the synthesized MTN-based film exhibited a higher surface area and porosity that increased dye adsorption, promoted effective electron transport, and enhanced light scattering, as evidenced by analysis of reflectance and absorbance spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also optimized the compression pressure for MTN- and P90-based DSSCs in order to achieve maximum efficiency. We further systematically investigated the cause for the enhanced conversion efficiency of MTN-based DSSCs by measuring incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) curves and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). IPCE results explained the increase in the short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) for MTN-based DSSCs, and EIS results indicated that MTN-based DSSCs exhibited a larger diffusion coefficient (Deff), longer effective diffusion length (Ln), longer electron lifetime (τe), and lower charge transfer resistance (Rk), resulting in a higher power conversion efficiency. The MTN-based DSSC fabricated in the study showed great potential for application in plastic-based DSSCs using room temperature procedures.
B Effector Cells Activated by a Chimeric Protein Consisting of IL-2 and the Ectodomain of TGF-β Receptor II Induce Potent Antitumor Immunity (2012)

We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-2 receptor-expressing lymphoid cells stimulated with a chimeric protein linking IL-2 to the ectodomain of TGF-β receptor II (also known as FIST) become resistant to TGF-β-mediated suppression and produce significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we have characterized the antigen presentation properties of FIST-stimulated B cells (hereafter inducible B effector cells, iBEC). FIST converts naïve splenic B cells to B effector cells characterized by potent antigen presentation properties and production of TNFα and IFNγ. iBECs display hyperphosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 downstream of the IL-2 receptor and upregulation of T-bet expression. iBECs maintain B-cell identity based on the expression of PAX5 and CD19 and overexpress Smad7, which confers resistance to TGF-β-mediated suppression of B-cell activation. iBEC antitumor immunity was determined by a mouse model of lymphoma-expressing ovalbumin (E.G7-OVA) as a specific tumor antigen. OVA-pulsed iBECs function as antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vitro by inducing the activation of OVA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively, and in vivo by conferring complete protective immunity against E.G7-OVA tumor challenge. In addition, OVA-pulsed iBECs promote tumor regression in immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice bearing E.G7-OVA tumors. In conclusion, iBECs represent an entirely novel B cell-derived APC for immune therapy of cancer.
Trend detection from large text data (2010)

In temporal text mining, some importance indices such as simple appearance frequency, tf-idf, and differences of some indices play the key role to point out remarkable trends of terms in sets of documents. However, almost of conventional methods have treated their remarkable trends as discrete statuses for each time-point or fixed period. In this paper, we present a method to find out remarkable temporal behaviors of technical terms by using several importance indices and temporal clustering on the indices. The implemented method with three indices and k-means clustering performed on research document sets. The results of the case study show that the method has a feasibility to point out emergent, popular, and subsiding terms based on the linear trend of the temporal clusters of the technical terms.
Choroid plexus papilloma in children: Diagnostic and surgical considerations (2009)

Coagulation of the tumor under constant irrigation to shrink and excise it in toto, avoids excessive bleeding during surgery. The vascular pedicle supplying the tumor should be adequately dealt with during the last part of tumor removal as retraction of a bleeding pedicle may result in ventricular hemorrhage and brain edema. Following surgery, an external ventricular drain for three days helps in preventing the development of acute hydrocephalus in lateral ventricular lesions, and the color of the drained CSF gives an estimate of the ventricular hemostasis achieved. Total excision is usually possible in these cases with excellent postoperative outcomes.