gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O2 Structure Li[sub 2∕3][Ni[sub [sub 1∕3]]Mn[sub [sub 2∕3]]]O[sub 2]: A New Layered Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. I. Electrochemical Properties (2000)

Layered Li‐Mn oxide‐based materials with the unconventional O2 structure were prepared by ion exchanging Na for Li in the corresponding P2 structure sodium bronzes, . Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the purity and structure of the phase. The Bragg peaks from can be indexed based on a hexagonal unit cell with dimensions a = 2.8609 Å and c = 10.061 Å, and the diffraction pattern can be approximately matched assuming that the atoms are in 2a and 2b positions of space group . However, the initial structure is more complex, because some observed diffraction peaks (i.e., 111) are forbidden in this space group. In situ XRD and electrochemical testing were used to investigate the behavior of O2‐type as a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. It exhibits a large reversible capacity of approximately 180 mAh/g divided into two plateaus centered near 2.8 and 3.9 V. In situ XRD proves that after an initial phase transformation, during which all forbidden diffraction peaks vanish, the extraction and insertion of lithium occurs without any first order phase transitions. The material remains layered and does not transform to the spinel structure during cycling. It shows good capacity retention vs. cycle number at both 30 and 55°C. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements on charged electrodes show exotherms that are about one order of magnitude less intense than those from charged electrodes. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Investigation of the diffusion parameters of the borosilicate-silicon system by infrared absorption (1975)

The characteristic parameters of a solid-to-solid diffusion system are investigated. The net boron concentration of the pyrolytically deposited SiO2 films used as diffusion sources is determined by infrared spectrophotometry. The data of the diffused layer in Si are used to correlate the infrared absorption spectrum with the composition of the SiO2 films. The absorption cross section of the B-O oscillator is determined. The surface concentration and junction depth of the diffused layer in the Si are determined from the infrared absorption of the SiO2 film and by the four-point probe and bevelled-edge methods.
Regenerative medicine: a 2009 overview (2009)

The rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine holds much promise for cell-based therapies for a range of debilitating conditions from spinal cord injury to haematological and neurological diseases. The groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has offered new perspectives on disease progression and the possibility of patient-specific cell transplants. In this review we first give a brief history of the field of regenerative medicine and then discuss the current state of regenerative medicine with a focus on embryonic stem cells and iPS cells. In order to keep abreast with this rapidly developing field, the Journal of Internal Medicine organized a 2-day Symposium, on March 12-13(th) 2009, at the Karolinska Insitute in Stockholm, which featured talks by 19 leading scientists in the field of regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the Symposium and introduce six accompanying review articles, by Symposium speakers, which focus on some of the topics discussed at the meeting.
Plasma Levels of Cell-Free Apoptotic DNA Ladders and Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in Diabetic Children (2007)

The plasma levels of apoptotic DNA ladders (i.e., apoptosemia) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in diabetic outpatients and rats were investigated. Apoptotic DNA ladders were detected in plasma from 26.8% of type 1 (T1) and 18.5% of type 2 (T2) diabetic children 1-20 years of age, 25.7% of hospitalized children and 35.7% of adult RA outpatients, but in only 3.5% of adult pre-op patients. Plasma from 7.7% of young streptozotocin-induced diabetic but not control rats contained apoptotic DNA ladders. Apoptosemia was detected more often in male T1 (31%) and T2 (30.8%) diabetic outpatients than in female T1 (20.8%) and T2 (15.4%) diabetic outpatients. GGT in apoptosemic plasma was significantly higher than in nonapoptosemic plasma from T1 (P = 0.001) but not T2 diabetic children. The highest amounts of apoptotic DNA were detected most often in diabetic children > or =14 years of age. In vitro study results suggest that cell-free apoptotic DNA ladders appear prior to an increase in GGT activity in serum from human blood incubated at 37 degrees C. The results suggest that 24.7% of plasma samples from diabetic children contained apoptotic DNA ladders, the incidence and amounts of apoptotic DNA ladders were higher in the older diabetic children, and GGT was elevated in apoptosemic T1 diabetic children (P = 0.01). The results indicate that "silent" apoptosemia occurs in T1 and T2 diabetic children and suggest elevated GGT in diabetic children could be due to release from apoptotic cells.
Algeria: A case study of insurgency in the new world order (1996)

(1996). Algeria: A case study of insurgency in the new world order. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 196-219.
Use of Prescription Pain Medications Among Medical Cannabis Patients: Comparisons of Pain Levels, Functioning, and Patterns of Alcohol and Other Drug Use (2015)

Use of PPM among medical cannabis users was not identified as a correlate for more serious forms of alcohol and other drug involvement. However, longitudinal study designs are needed to better understand the trajectories of alcohol and other drug involvement over time among medical cannabis users.
Salivary antibodies as a means of detecting human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection (1986)

Of 45 individuals seropositive for human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus, 45 were found to have detectable salivary antibodies to viral antigens by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The results also showed that a Western blot assay for salivary antibodies may be possible. The feasibility of a diagnostic test for human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus not requiring venipuncture is discussed.
Flare in Microlithographic Exposure Tools (2002)

To achieve the high level in photolithographic technology that is needed for current microelectronic devices, it is strongly required to consider emerging key parameters that were not critical drawbacks in previous photolithographic techniques. Flare existing in optical elements is one example of such emerging key parameters. In this paper, undesirable linewidth variation due to flare and a measurement method of flare are described. Various phenomena related to linewidth variation due to flare are experimentally observed and theoretically analyzed. Finally, the photomask linewidth correction is introduced to compensate this undesirable linewidth variation due to flare.
Mechanism of Alcohol Oxidation by Dipicolinate Vanadium(V): Unexpected Role of Pyridine (2010)

Dipicolinate vanadium(V) alkoxide complexes (dipic)V(V)(O)(OR) (OR = isopropoxide (1), n-butanoxide (2), cyclobutanoxide (3), and α-tert-butylbenzylalkoxide (4)) react with pyridine to afford vanadium(IV) and 0.5 equiv of an aldehyde or ketone product. The role of pyridine in the reaction has been investigated. Both NMR and X-ray crystallography experiments indicate that pyridine coordinates to 1, which is in equilibrium with (dipic)V(V)(O)(O(i)Pr)(pyr) (1-Pyr). Kinetic studies of the alcohol oxidation suggest a pathway where the rate-limiting step is bimolecular and involves attack of pyridine on the C-H bond of the isopropoxide ligand of 1 or 1-Pyr. The oxidations of mechanistic probes cyclobutanol and α-tert-butylbenzylalcohol support a two-electron pathway proceeding through a vanadium(III) intermediate. The alcohol oxidation reaction is promoted by more basic pyridines and facilitated by electron-withdrawing substituents on the dipicolinate ligand. The involvement of base in the elementary alcohol oxidation step observed for the dipicolinate system is an unprecedented mechanism for vanadium-mediated alcohol oxidation and suggests new ways to tune reactivity and selectivity of vanadium catalysts.
Serum lipid changes during acitretin (etretin) treatment of psoriasis and palmo-plantar pustulosis. (1988)

The effects of acitretin (free acid of etretinate) on the serum lipoprotein pattern and on the fat elimination in serum of 8 patients with psoriasis and 4 with palmo-plantar pustulosis were studied. The drug was given for 12 weeks; the average daily dose was 40 mg. Lipoprotein analyses and an intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) were performed on three occasions (before, after 8 weeks' treatment, as well as 8 weeks after the end of the treatment). Acitretin increased the triglyceride concentration of the very low density lipoproteins by about 50% (p less than 0.02) and reduced the cholesterol of the high density lipoproteins significantly (p less than 0.001), leading to an increased low density/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p less than 0.02). The IVFTT indicated a lowering of the fat elimination capacity. All changes reverted to the original values after an 8-week wash-out period. The data suggest that the effects of acitretin on the lipoprotein metabolism resemble those of etretinate and isotretinoin.
A novel low cost 25&#x03BC;m thin exfoliated monocrystalline Si solar cell technology (2011)

To achieve grid parity, photovoltaic (PV) technologies must reduce the production cost of PV modules to well below $1/Wp. In crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cells the cost of raw Si wafers is over 40% of the module cost. There is an industry wide push to reduce the active Si content of the cell through a combination of thinner wafers and increased cell efficiency. However, cell manufacturers are struggling to reduce the wafer thickness below 150μm as there are no economically viable technologies for manufacturing very thin Si wafers and such thin silicon wafers impose stringent handling requirements as wafer breakage and yield loss impact final module cost. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time, a novel exfoliation technology capable of producing large area (6-in diameter) 25μm thin flexible mono c-Si foils that will dramatically change the cost structure and form factor of high efficiency-Si solar cells without the yield losses and handling issues that are a major problem for traditional thin Si wafers. An un-optimized single side heterojunction cell has been formed with a 25μm exfoliated c-Si foil, which shows an efficiency of 12.5%. The cell characteristics of a 25μm thin c-Si cell with intrinsic a-Si passivation will be presented in the paper. Simulations show that with optimized texturing of the foil and passivation, higher efficiencies (20%) can be attained. Depending on the starting wafer or ingot thickness a final cell cost of between $0.46/Wp to $0.50/Wp can be achieved compared to $1.1/Wp for today's commercial thick crystalline Si cells.
EDDI: Efficient Dynamic Discovery of High-Value Information with Partial VAE (2018)

Many real-life decision-making situations allow further relevant information to be acquired at a specific cost, for example, in assessing the health status of a patient we may decide to take additional measurements such as diagnostic tests or imaging scans before making a final assessment. Acquiring more relevant information enables better decision making, but may be costly. How can we trade off the desire to make good decisions by acquiring further information with the cost of performing that acquisition? To this end, we propose a principled framework, named EDDI (Efficient Dynamic Discovery of high-value Information), based on the theory of Bayesian experimental design. In EDDI, we propose a novel partial variational autoencoder (Partial VAE) to predict missing data entries problematically given any subset of the observed ones, and combine it with an acquisition function that maximizes expected information gain on a set of target variables. We show cost reduction at the same decision quality and improved decision quality at the same cost in multiple machine learning benchmarks and two real-world health-care applications.
Polyamines as Potential lndexes for Decomposition of Pork, Beef and Chicken (1989)

A chemical method to evaluate the freshness and decomposition of pork, beef and chicken was developed. The changes in contents of seven amines, tyramine, putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), histamine, agmatine tryptamine and spermidine (Spd), and those in the pH values were examined in these meats during storage at 0°C and 5°C. In pork, Put was not detected or was found only in a trace amount at the acceptable stage and was present at 1.9 to 2.1ppm at the stage of initial decomposition. The pH value of pork was about 6.2 at initial decomposition. In beef, Put increased gradually with storage time and reached 1.1 to 1.3ppm at the stage of initial decomposition. In chicken, Put was detected in small amounts (less than 1ppm) at the acceptable stage, reaching 2.7 to 3.7ppm at the stage of initial decomposition and increasing markedly at the stage of advanced decomposition. The levels of Cad were also related to the degree of decomposition of chicken; Cad was not detected at the acceptable stage and was produced in small amounts at the stage of initial decomposition. Put seemed to be most useful as an index for freshness and decomposition of these three kinds of meats. The pH values in pork and Cad in chicken were of value as supplementary indexes. Spd was considered to be distributed in the live muscle of these livestocks.
Industrial Applications of X-Ray Diffraction (1999)

Part 1 Introduction: the principles of diffraction analysis the practice of diffraction analysis progress and potential x-ray diffraction. Part 2 Industrial applications - high tech: semiconductors - integrated circuit manufacture superconductors -structures and applications aerospace - the aircraft gas turbine industry automotive - selected cases of applications petroleum exploration and production petroleum and petrochemicals petrochemicals - catalysts in refineries petrochemicals -vitality of catalysts research. Part 3 Metals: hydrometallurgy x-ray fractography. Part 4 Minerals and ceramics: mining -exploration and process control mining - mineral ores and products cement - quantitative phase analysis of Portland cement clinker silica glass-ceramics. Part 5 Polymers and composites: polymer industry paint and pigment industry pharmaceuticals -development and formulation pharmaceuticals - design and development of drug delivery systems. Part 6 Chemicals: energy -by-products of coal combustion in power plants lighting - design and development of luminescent materials photography - image capture and image storage materials detergents and cleansers -phase analysis of sodium phosphates museum - art and archaeology forensic science - every contact leaves a trace US Customs laboratories commercial service laboratory. Part 7 Specialty techniques - radiations: synchrotron usage by industry electron microscopy in industry. Part 8 Microstructures and instrumentation: line profile and sample microstructure thin films and multilayers residual stress and stress gradients residual stress development and texture formation during rolling contact loading Warren-Averbach applications microbeam crystallographic and elemental analysis high temperature and non-ambient x-ray diffraction. Part 9 Diffraction patterns: NIST standard reference materials for characterization of instrument performance grain orientation and texture structure analysis from powder data.
Transparent Gradient-Index Lens for Underwater Sound Based on Phase Advance (2015)

Metamaterials allow us to manipulate all aspects of a propagating wave (of light or sound) as it passes through a material, including its speed, direction, and amount of energy reflected or transmitted. The authors demonstrate a sonic-crystal lens that focuses underwater sound with control over these three aspects. This lens is acoustically transparent over a broad bandwidth, proving that high sound speeds and matched acoustic impedance can be simultaneously achieved in such a design, which offers progress in underwater and ultrasound applications that have been held back by material limitations.
Wafer-fused orientation-patterned GaAs (2008)

The fabrication of thick orientation-patterned GaAs (OP-GaAs) films is reported using a two-step process where an OP-GaAs template with the desired crystal domain pattern was prepared by wafer fusion bonding and then a thick film was grown over the template by low pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The OP template was fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) followed by thermocompression wafer fusion, substrate removal, and lithographic patterning. On-axis (100) GaAs substrates were utilized for fabricating the template. An approximately 350 μm thick OP-GaAs film was grown on the template at an average rate of ~70 μm/hr by HVPE. The antiphase domain boundaries were observed to propagate vertically and with no defects visible by Nomarski microscopy in stain-etched cross sections. The optical loss at ~2 μm wavelength over an 8 mm long OP-GaAs grating was measured to be no more than that of the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. This template fabrication process can provide more flexibility in arranging the orientation of the crystal domains compared to the Ge growth process and is scalable to quasi-phase-matching (QPM) devices operating from the IR to terahertz frequencies utilizing existing industrial foundries.
Extraction, Liquid‐Solid (2000)

Abstract Liquid‐solid extraction is complex at the fundamental level, which is masked by the apparent simplicity of industrial processes used to effect extraction. The structure of solids which have to be extracted is varied, and leads to a combination of diffusional and other mass‐transfer processes which effect solvent contact and solute extraction. Other factors that determine extraction rates and hence equipment size include particle size, physical and chemical properties of the solvent, solubility dependences on temperature, and solvent agitation. Extractors rely on either percolation or agitation to give intimate contact between the solvent and the solids to be extracted. Early batch extractors have to some extent been superseded by continuous devices where the mode of solids transport offers the key to successful operation. The method of solids transport is used as a means of classifying the different equipment types. The design of an extraction system generally requires that careful consideration be given to safety and environmental factors, particularly with regard to solvent and dust loadings in the atmosphere of the working environment.
Semi-supervised Training for Improving Data Efficiency in End-to-end Speech Synthesis (2019)

Although end-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) models such as Tacotron have shown excellent results, they typically require a sizable set of high-quality <;text, audio> pairs for training, which are expensive to collect. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised training framework to improve the data efficiency of Tacotron. The idea is to allow Tacotron to utilize textual and acoustic knowledge contained in large, publicly-available text and speech corpora. Importantly, these external data are unpaired and potentially noisy. Specifically, first we embed each word in the input text into word vectors and condition the Tacotron encoder on them. We then use an unpaired speech corpus to pre-train the Tacotron decoder in the acoustic domain. Finally, we fine-tune the model using available paired data. We demonstrate that the proposed framework enables Tacotron to generate intelligible speech using less than half an hour of paired training data.
Image and Video Processing in the Compressed Domain (2011)

As more images and videos are becoming available in compressed formats, researchers have begun designing algorithms for different image operations directly in their domains of representation, leading to faster computation and lower buffer requirements. Image and Video Processing in the Compressed Domain presents the fundamentals, properties, and ap
Analysis of a 9.6 kb sequence from the 3' end of canine coronavirus genomic RNA (1992)

We have analysed the organization of the 3' end of the genomic RNA of canine coronavirus (CCV), a virus which has a close antigenic relationship to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Genomic RNA isolated from CCV strain Insavc-1-infected A72 cells was used to generate a cDNA library. Overlapping clones, spanning approximately 9.6 kb [from the 3' end of the polymerase gene, 1b, to the poly(A) tail] were identified. Sequencing and subsequent analyses revealed 10 open reading frames (ORFs). Three of these code for the major coronavirus structural polypeptides S, M and N; a fourth codes for a small membrane protein, SM, a putative homologue of the IBV structural polypeptide 3c, and five code for polypeptides, designated 1b, 3a, 4, 7a and 7b, homologous to putative non-structural polypeptides encoded in the TGEV or FIPV genomes. An extra ORF which had not hitherto been identified in this antigenic group of coronaviruses was designated 3x. Pairwise alignment of these ORFs with their counterparts in TGEV, PRCV and FIPV revealed high levels of identity and highlighted the close relationship between the members of this group of viruses.
P/CAF associates with cyclin D1 and potentiates its activation of the estrogen receptor (1999)

Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in a significant percentage of human breast cancers, particularly in those that also express the estrogen receptor (ER). We and others have demonstrated previously that experimentally overexpressed cyclin D1 can associate with the ER and stimulate its transcriptional functions in the absence of estrogen. This effect is separable from the established function of cyclin D1 as a regulator of cyclin-dependent kinases. Here, we demonstrate that cyclin D1 can also interact with the histone acetyltransferase, p300/CREB-binding protein-associated protein (P/CAF), thereby facilitating an association between P/CAF and the ER. Ectopic expression of P/CAF potentiates cyclin D1-stimulated ER activity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is largely dependent on the acetyltransferase activity of P/CAF. These results suggest that cyclin D1 may trigger the activation of the ER through the recruitment of P/CAF, by providing histone acetyltransferase activity and, potentially, links to additional P/CAF-associated transcriptional coactivators.
Systems Analysis of a TDM-FDM Translator/Digital A-Type Channel Bank (1971)

In keeping with the trend to greater use of digital circuits for signal processing, a project was undertaken to realize in an exploratory way an important telecommunication function using as great a proportion of digital hardware as possible. The function chosen is that of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</tex> -channel bank; viz., the frequency division multiplexing (FDM) of 12 voiceband signals onto a single wire. Because of the nature of its operation the device to be described can also perform a translation between FDM analog signals and time division multiplexed (TDM) digital signals. This paper describes the overall system design of the device with particular emphasis on a noise analysis. The principal sources of noise are the A/D conversion points and the roundoff points that occur at the outputs of multipliers. Each noise source is examined in turn and its contribution to the total noise assessed. It is concluded that the A/D conversion points are the most important noise sources and the most costly to deal with.