gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oncogenic cancer/testis antigens: prime candidates for immunotherapy (2015)

Recent developments have set the stage for immunotherapy as a supplement to conventional cancer treatment. Consequently, a significant effort is required to further improve efficacy and specificity, particularly the identification of optimal therapeutic targets for clinical testing. Cancer/testis antigens are immunogenic, highly cancer-specific, and frequently expressed in various types of cancer, which make them promising candidate targets for cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccination and adoptive T-cell transfer with chimeric T-cell receptors. Our current understanding of tumor immunology and immune escape suggests that targeting oncogenic antigens may be beneficial, meaning that identification of cancer/testis antigens with oncogenic properties is of high priority. Recent work from our lab and others provide evidence that many cancer/testis antigens, in fact, have oncogenic functions, including support of growth, survival and metastasis. This novel insight into the function of cancer/testis antigens has the potential to deliver more effective cancer vaccines. Moreover, immune targeting of oncogenic cancer/testis antigens in combination with conventional cytotoxic therapies or novel immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockade or adoptive transfer, represents a highly synergistic approach with the potential to improve patient survival.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Geographic Atrophy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2011)

There is currently no FDA-approved therapy for treating patients with geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell transplantation has the potential to restore vision in these patients. This review discusses how recent advancement in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells provides a promising therapy for GA treatment. Recent advances in stem cell biology have demonstrated that it is possible to derive iPS cells from human somatic cells by introducing reprogramming factors. Human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and photoreceptors can be derived from iPS cells by defined factors. Studies show that transplanting these cells can stabilize or recover vision in animal models. However, cell derivation protocols and transplantation procedures still need to be optimized. Much validation has to be done before clinical-grade, patient-derived iPS can be applied for human therapy. For now, RPE cells and photoreceptors derived from patient-specific iPS cells can serve as a valuable tool in elucidating the mechanism of pathogenesis and drug discovery for GA.
A treatise on producer-gas and gas-producers (1906)

Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Interleukin 4 increases the antibody response against Rubisco in mice. (2005)

The influence of interleukin 4 (IL-4) on antibody titer in serum and spleen culture supernatant in mice immunized with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Rubisco was investigated. Therefore, we boosted one mouse additionally to the antigen with recombinant mouse IL-4. We found that the Rubisco-specific antibody titer in serum as well as in spleen cell culture supernatant was significantly enhanced in the IL-4 mouse. Most of the antibodies were of the IgG1 subclass. After hybridoma generation, Rubisco-specific antibodies were found in more than 95% of the wells tested compared to about 12% of the control mouse.
68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives (2014)

The construction of the <sup>68</sup>Ge/<sup>68</sup>Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. <sup>68</sup>Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of <sup>68</sup>Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
Differentiating chest pain. Clinical principles of assessment. (1998)

Chest pain accounts for a significant number of presentations to hospital and may often signal a life threatening event or any number of manageable medical disorders. Well-developed nursing assessment skills are vital to ensure optimal patient care and positive outcomes. The identification of the origin of chest pain may often be difficult. The single most important aspect of chest pain is a thorough and complete history including risk factors and family history.
Restricted diffusion in liquids within fine pores (1973)

Abstract The effect on the liquid‐phase effective diffusivity in fine pores of the ratio of solute molecular diameter to pore diameter and of preferential solute adsorption was studied by measurements on homogeneous silicaalumina bead catalyst (pore diameter = 3.2 nm). A proposed empirical correlation is based on the investigation of a variety of binary systems of paraffins and aromatic hydrocarbons and of aqueous solutions of sugars.
On the frequency response of a resonant-cavity-enhanced separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication avalanche photodiode (2002)

In this article the frequency response of a resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) avalanche photodiode (APD) has been investigated. This study on APDs includes the development of a model for the avalanche buildup of carriers including the dead-space effect. In this model, the carriers are characterized by their energy and position in the region of multiplication. The excess energy of the carriers above threshold are assumed to be equally distributed among the carriers after impact ionization. The analysis shown in this article can be used to study the frequency response of the APD for a wide range of reverse bias voltages. For low bias voltages, an analytical expression has been derived to study the emission of carriers from the interface trap. The delay due to diffusion of photogenerated carriers from the undepleted region of the absorption layer and the low velocity of carriers at low field have also been considered. The model is used to calculate gains at different biases and bandwidth at different dc gains. The results show good agreement with published experimental data on a RCE SA(G)CM APD.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of the zinc metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme in normal and malignant human breast: Correlation with tissue insulin levels (2007)

Insulin is a hormone crucial to metabolism and an essential growth factor for normal and neoplastic tissues. We have now determined insulin in extracts of 23 primary breast cancer specimens and of non-neoplastic breast tissues by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Remarkably, insulin was measured only in grade 3 tumors, whereas grade 2 carcinomas and the normal mammary gland were each insulin-negative. We also performed immunohistochemistry for insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a cytoplasmic zinc metalloprotease belonging to the inverzincin family and participating in insulin cleavage. IDE was detected in most insulin-positive grade 3 carcinomas, indicating that it might be dysfunctional in these anaplastic tumors. IDE was equally present in the insulin-negative grade 2 carcinomas. Moreover, five grade 3 carcinomas and one grade 2 carcinoma displayed a loss of heterozygosity in the 10q chromosomal region harboring the IDE gene, but, despite these alterations, IDE was detected immunohistochemically, indicating a retention of the second allele. Compared to the expression of IDE in 92% of the tumors examined, only 57% of 21 normal breast specimens stained positively for IDE. In contrast to this increase in IDE-positive epithelial cells in breast cancer vs. normal breast, additional immunohistochemical analysis of 17 node-positive breast carcinomas and corresponding tumor-bearing lymph nodes showed that IDE expression decreases from primary tumor to lymph node metastasis. Altogether, this study represents the first demonstration of IDE in normal and neoplastic human mammary tissues. Our present report should also provide an experimental starting point towards exploring a potential role of IDE in the control of tumor progression.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease and Related Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (1998)

Until 30 years ago, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was an obscure form of dementia unknown to most physicians. The name is now familiar to the medical community as the major transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (or prion disease) in humans and to research scientists because of its strange causative agent with novel modes of replication and transmission. Furthermore, the term “Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease” has caused distress to patients who have been notified that they may have received tainted blood or blood products, and it has been popularized by extensive media coverage of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”), with its profound economic impact in Europe . . .
A regulated transitive reduction (RTR) for longer memory race recording (2006)

Now at VMware. Multithreaded deterministic replay has important applications in cyclic debugging, fault tolerance and intrusion analysis. Memory race recording is a key technology for multithreaded deterministic replay. In this paper, we considerably improve our previous always-on Flight Data Recorder (FDR) in four ways: •Longer recording by reducing the log size growth rate to approximately one byte per thousand dynamic instructions. •Lower hardware cost by reducing the cost to 24 KB per processor core. •Simpler design by modifying only the cache coherence protocol, but not the cache. •Broader applicability by supporting both Sequential Consistency (SC) and Total Store Order (TSO) memory consistency models (existing recorders support only SC).These improvements stem from several ideas: (1) a Regulated Transitive Reduction (RTR) recording algorithm that creates stricter and vectorizable dependencies to reduce the log growth rate; (2) a Set/LRU timestamp approximation method that better approximates timestamps of uncached memory locations to reduce the hardware cost; (3) an order-value-hybrid recording methodthat explicitly logs the value of potential SC-violating load instructions to support multiprocessor systems with TSO.
The Difference between Guaiacyl and Guaiacyl-Syringyl Lignins in their Responses to Kraft Delignification (1990)

Kraft pulping of Douglas-fir (Pseudoisuga meniesii) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) was carried out from 9()°C to a final temperature of 170°C at a heating rate of l °C/min. At various stages of delignification, pulps were analyzed by nucleus exchange and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation reactions to reveal the difference between kraft pulping of hardwood and softwood in dissolution and condensation of lignin building units. The most significant difference between kraft pulping of hardwood and softwood was in the formation and dissolution of Condensed units. The formation of guaiacyl-syringyl types of diphenyl methane moieties occurred already at 110°C and reached the maximum at around 150°C. These Condensed units were dissolved at higher temperatures (> 160°C) and after 30 minutes at 170°C, no syringyl unit was found associated with diphenyl methane moieties in residual sweetgum lignins. At the end of pulping (∼ kappa 20). the residual sweetgum lignin consisted of 66 and 26 mol% of guaiacyl units that were associated with diphenyl methane moieties and other types of Condensed units, respectively. The formation of guaiacyl-guaiacyl types of diphenyl methane moieties during pulping of Douglas-fir occurred at 170°C and reached the maximum after 20 minutes at this temperature. After reaching its maximum, the quantity of these types of diphenyl methane moieties in residual lignins remained almost constant äs pulping proceeded. At the end of pulping (∼ kappa 30), the residual Douglas-fir lignin consisted of 54 and 37 mol% of guaiacyl units that were associated with diphenyl methane moieties and other types of Condensed units, respectively. © 1990 Walter de Gruyter
Metadata-driven software for clinical trials (2009)

The CancerGrid approach to clinical trials information systems is based on a metamodel developed from the CONSORT statement of best practice in reporting randomised controlled trials. The metamodel is instantiated with metadata elements drawn from a repository, to create a model of a particular clinical trial. The model is then used to derive automatically a trial management system customized for that trial: generating electronic case report forms, configuring randomisation and eligibility services, and parameterising the security subsystem. The key benefits of the approach are a uniform mechanism for trial registration and discovery, reduced cost and rapid implementation of information systems, and shared semantics leading to improved opportunities for meta-analysis. We describe our implementation of this approach, and outline two applications: for a breast cancer study in the UK, and for a rheumatoid arthritis study run by the US Veterans' Health Administration.
Optimal porosity design for gas diffusion layers of hydrogen fuel cells (2015)

In this paper, we introduce porosity-optimization approach to improve electrochemical reactions taking place in the cathode catalyst layer of hydrogen fuel cells. For this, we first model the physics of the reacting oxygen-hydrogen gases in cathode. The model is a two-dimensional, nonlinear, coupled system of Darcy, continuity, and convection-diffusion equations, incorporated with suitable boundary conditions modeling electrochemical reactions in the cathode catalyst. The system is then incorporated with a porosity-optimization problem aiming to find an optimal porosity function of the cathode gas diffusion layer, such that the oxygen-hydrogen reaction rates become even over the cathode catalyst. Our numerical results show that gas diffusion layers designed with the optimized porosity can uniformly distribute the oxygen molecules over the catalyst. This contributes in increasing the lifetime of the cell as it prevents accumulation of heat and water, and leads to a higher electricity production due to better utilization of the cathode catalyst.
Early lifetime failure detection in FPGAs using delay faults (2014)

The reduction in the transistor and interconnect dimensions have a severe impact on the reliable performance of the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuits. The process variation effects in nanometer scale technologies result in transient errors or permanent failures that cause undesired behavior of the circuit. In this work, we analyze a method for fault identification to mitigate the impact of lifetime failures such as Electro-migration (EM) and Hot Carrier Effect (HCE) in interconnect of the FPGA. This method is based on the signal delays in routing resources that include switch blocks and interconnect wires.
The quadrupole moment of the H2 molecule (1978)

We present an improved adiabatic calculation of the quadrupole moment of the H2 molecule and of its matrix elements between various vibrational rotational states. Particular attention is paid to making a reasonable estimate of the accuracy of transition elements between widely different vibrational states. An order of magnitude estimate of the nonadiabatic contribution to the quadrupole moment is also given and we show that it is typically of the order of a tenth of a percent of the adiabatic value.
Redirecting tyrosine kinase signaling to an apoptotic caspase pathway through chimeric adaptor proteins (2003)

Signal transduction pathways are typically controlled by protein-protein interactions, which are mediated by specific modular domains. One hypothetical use of such interaction domains is to generate new signaling pathways and networks during eukaryotic evolution, through the joining of distinct binding modules in novel combinations. In this manner, new polypeptides may be formed that make innovative connections among preexisting proteins. Adaptor proteins are specialized signaling molecules composed exclusively of interaction domains, that frequently link activated cell surface receptors to their intracellular targets. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) recruit adaptors, such as Grb2 and ShcA, that activate signaling pathways involved in growth and survival, whereas death receptors bind adaptors, such as Fadd, that promote apoptosis. To test the ability of interaction domains to create new signaling pathways, we have fused the phosphotyrosine recognition domains of Grb2 (Scr homology 2 domain) or ShcA (phosphotyrosine-binding domain) to the death effector domain of Fadd. We find that these chimeric adaptors can reroute mitogenic or transforming RTK signals to induce caspase activation and cell death. These hybrid adaptors can be used to selectively kill oncogenic cells in which RTK activity is deregulated.
전기영동 디스플레이에서 전자 잉크의 전류 특성 및 평가 (2020)

An investigation was conducted to determine whether the ratio of the fluid to the charged particles affects the panel reflexibility rate and the drifting current flowing in the panel, in electrophoretic-based electronic paper. In this regard, three panels were produced in this study with the ratio of the charged particles to the fluid set as 1:5, 1:1, and 5:1. Each sample was driven using an identical input pulse, for which the current flowing in the panel and the output voltage of the photodiode were measured for the panel reflexibility rate. Consequently, the drifting current initially exhibited a peak value and a saturated value at a later point. This value was proportional to the ratio of the charged particles, and it was similar to this ratio when it is higher than 1:1. The output voltage of the photodiode due to the panel reflexibility rate was proportional to the ratio of the charged particles. However, the response speed decreased if the ratio was higher than 1:1. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to the analysis of the charging of charged particles in electrophoretic-based electronic paper, and the selection of an appropriate concentration.
The Effect of Adding Roughness and Thickness to a Transonic Axial Compressor Rotor (1995)

The performance deterioration of a high-speed axial compressor rotor due to surface roughness and airfoil thickness variations is reported. A 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) thick rough coating with a surface finish of 2.54–3.18 rms μm (100–125 rms μin.) is applied to the pressure and suction surface of the rotor blades. Coating both surfaces increases the leading edge thickness by 10 percent at the hub and 20 percent at the tip. Application of this coating results in a loss in efficiency of 6 points and a 9 percent reduction in the pressure ratio across the rotor at an operating condition near the design point. To separate the effects of thickness and roughness, a smooth coating of equal thickness is also applied to the blade. The smooth coating surface finish is 0.254–0.508 rms μm (10–20 rms μin.), compared to the bare metal blade surface finish of 0.508 rms pm (20 rms μin.). The smooth coating results in approximately half of the performance deterioration found from the rough coating. Both coatings are then applied to different portions of the blade surface to determine which portions of the airfoil are most sensitive to thickness/roughness variations. Aerodynamic performance measurements are presented for a number of coating configurations at 60, 80, and 100 percent of design speed. The results indicate that thickness/roughness over the first 2 percent of blade chord accounts for virtually all of the observed performance degradation for the smooth coating, compared to about 70 percent of the observed performance degradation for the rough coating. The performance deterioration is investigated in more detail at design speed using laser anemometer measurements as well as predictions generated by a quasi-three-dimensional Navier–Stokes flow solver, which includes a surface roughness model. Measurements and analysis are performed on the baseline blade and the full-coverage smooth and rough coatings. The results indicate that adding roughness at the blade leading edge causes a thickening of the blade boundary layers. The interaction between the rotor passage shock and the thickened suction surface boundary layer then results in an increase in blockage, which reduces the diffusion level in the rear half of the blade passage, thus reducing the aerodynamic performance of the rotor.
Polyquinoxalines. III (1966)

Abstract Six thermally stable polyquinoxalines have been prepared by the reactions of combinations of three tetraamines, 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminodiphenyl sulfone (II), and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminodiphenyl ether (V), with two bisglyoxals, 4,4′‐diglyoxalyldiphenyl sulfide dihydrate (III) and 4,4′‐diglyoxalyldiphenyl sulfone dihydrate (IV). The polymers were prepared from polymerization in two stages. The first stage, a solution polymerization, produces an initially low or moderate molecular weight material, which is advanced to a high molecular weight (η inh > 1.0) by heating at 375°C. under reduced pressure. All the polyquinoxalines have excellent thermal stability both in nitrogen and in air and improved solubility.
Runtime Empirical Selection of Loop Schedulers on Hyperthreaded SMPs (2005)

Hyperthreaded (HT) and simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) processors are now available in commodity workstations and servers. This technology is designed to increase throughput by executing multiple concurrent threads on a single physical processor. These multiple threads share the processor's functional units and on-chip memory hierarchy in an attempt to make better use of idle resources. Most OpenMP applications have been written assuming an symmetric multiprocessor (SMP), not an SMT, model. Threads executing on the same physical processor have interactions on data locality and resource sharing that do not occur on traditional SMPs. This work focuses on tuning the behavior of OpenMP applications executing on SMPs with SMT processors. We propose two adaptive loop schedulers that determine effective hierarchical schedulers for individual parallel loops. We compare the performance of our two proposed schedulers against several standard schedulers and the per-region adaptive scheduler proposed by Zhang et al. using the SPEC and NAS OpenMP benchmark suites. We show that both of our proposed schedulers outperform all other schedulers on average, and increase speedup on average by over 25% when all thread contexts are used.
An update on the neuropathology of HIV in the HAART era (2004)

This review compares the neuropathology of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV+ individuals with the reported central nervous system (CNS) findings from the pre-HAART era. HAART has had considerable success in combating HIV-related immune collapse and has prevented many of the former end-stage complications of AIDS. However, with increased survival times the prevalence of minor HIV-associated cognitive impairment appears to be rising among treated patients and this may be a particular risk for older individuals. HIV encephalitis (HIVE) is still prevalent in treated patients although attenuated forms of HIVE and CNS opportunistic disorders are also observed. Some subjects show very significant CNS lymphocytic infiltrates in the context of HAART-induced immune reconstitution. HIV-associated cognitive impairment correlates best with the increased presence of activated, though not necessarily infected, microglia and CNS macrophages. This suggests that indirect mechanisms of neuronal injury and loss occur in HIV/AIDS as a basis for dementia since neurones are not themselves productively infected. Research to elucidate the mechanisms of neuronal injury in HIV/AIDS may contribute to the understanding of CNS function not only in HAART-treated subjects but also in other neurodegenerative disorders.