gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Presbyopic correction today (2008)

Presbyopia is the most common refractive error in pa- tients older than 40 years. The loss of accommodation results in difficulty with near vision. Surgical means to correct this accommodative deficiency include scleral expansion band and anterior ciliary sclerotomy, which enhances the movement of the ciliary body. Monovision in which the non-dominant eye is left with some myopia for near vision can be done by presbyopic lens exchange or LASIK. Multifocal and accommodative intraocular lenses also require crystalline lens exchange. Conductive keratoplasty reshapes the cornea by using radiofrequency energy, and corneal inlays create a hyperpositive area of the cornea by implantation of a plus lens into the cornea or create a pinhole effect to increase the depth of field by implantation of a plate with a pinhole. Presby-LASIK creates a multifocal cornea by a combination of different ablation profiles, including central steep island and de- centered steep island (center for near vision) and centered steep annulus (center for distance vision). Changing the asphericity of the cornea to increase the depth of focus (global optimum) is another approach for presby-LASIK.
An architecture model of management and monitoring on Cloud services resources (2010)

As a new computing paradigm, Cloud computing has been advocated by IT industry and academia. It can provide lots of services, however, how to manage these services and guarantee the quality of service, has become one of the key factors for the development of Cloud computing. This paper proposes a hierarchical architecture model of Cloud services resources management and monitoring by integrating the power of Service-Oriented Architecture and the concept of IT service management. The architecture model uses service monitoring and process of IT service management to realize management of Cloud services resources, and then provides foundation for technology to ensure the quality of service of Cloud services. Therefore, it could be used as a reference architecture model of management and monitoring on Cloud services resources.
Plasmodium vivax: Malarial proteins associated with the membrane-bound caveola-vesicle complexes and cytoplasmic cleft structures of infected erythrocytes (1990)

The identification of antigens of parasite origin associated with the altered membrane of Plasmodium vivax-infected erythrocytes was undertaken in this study. The 125I-lactoperoxidase catalyzed surface radiolabeling of trophozoite-infected erythrocytes revealed new bands of 95 and 70 kDa not labeled in normal erythrocytes. Erythrocyte membrane-enriched preparations from [35S]methionine biosynthetically labeled-infected erythrocytes also indicated that in addition to bands at 95 and 70 kDa, several other parasite proteins were possibly membrane associated. Five monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) reactive with P. vivax produced an immunofluorescent pattern of numerous small dots scattered over the entire infected erythrocyte. This pattern mimics that of Schuffner's stippling; small red dots seen in Giemsa-stained P. vivax-infected erythrocytes, which represent accumulations of dye in caveola-vesicle complexes (CVC). Four of the monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated a Triton X-100 detergent-insoluble 95-kDa parasite protein which was localized by immunofluorescent assay and immunoelectron microscopy exclusively to the CVC. Two of these Mabs were immunofluorescence reactive with the surface of intact infected erythrocytes in suspension. The fifth Mab, which also localized exclusively to the CVC structures, immunoprecipitated a Triton X-100 extractable protein of 70 kDa. Two other monoclonal antibodies reacted exclusively with the numerous membranous cleft structures found in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. This cleft-associated parasite antigen was 28 kDa in size. Some of these Mabs recognize epitopes and produce similar IFA patterns on erythrocytes infected with P. cynomolgi, P. knowlesi, and P. ovale parasites, but not with P. falciparum- or P. brasilianum-infected erythrocytes.
Plasma Urokinase Antigen and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Antigen Levels Predict Angiographic Coronary Restenosis (1999)

Plasma uPA antigen levels and PAI-1 antigen levels identify patients at increased risk for restenosis after percutaneous coronary revascularization.
Implementation of a two-link collision free robot controller (2002)

The objective of this paper is to implement a two-link with three-joint robot controller by an 8051 microcontroller system. In order to detect obstacles around the working space, two ultrasonic sensors are attached around the second link. The inverse kinematics of the robot are also derived by a geometry approach and integrated into the system program, so that users are allowed to enter the desired position in Cartesian space. Experimental results indicate that the robot works as expected. This device could be used as a tool for education or industrial applications. Features of this system include high reliability, simplicity, friendly user interface and low cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Load Distribution Method Based on Distributed Hashing for P2P Sensor Data Stream Delivery System (2014)

Due to the prevalence of sensors such as security cameras or environmental monitoring, sensor data stream delivery which means delivering the observed data continuously attracts great attention. Currently, the methods to distribute communication loads by relay nodes in the case of delivering the sensor data streams that have different data delivery cycles are proposed. However, in the existing methods, since the specific node builds delivery paths and notifies to the related nodes, the delivery paths are necessary to be built and notified again when nodes join or leave. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method which determines relay nodes based on distributed hashing and constructs delivery paths autonomously by each node. We evaluated the effectiveness of proposal in simulation.
Energy-optimizing source code transformations for OS-driven embedded software (2004)

The increasing software content of battery-powered embedded systems has fueled much interest in techniques for developing energy-efficient embedded software. Source code transformations have previously been considered for application software to reduce its energy consumption. For complex embedded software applications, which consist of multiple concurrent processes running with the support of an embedded operating system (OS), it is known that the OS and the application-OS interaction significantly affect energy consumption. However, source code transformations explicitly targeting these effects have not been sufficiently studied. This paper proposes novel transformations for the source code of OS-driven multi-process embedded software programs in order to reduce their energy consumption. The key features of our optimizations are that they span process boundaries, and that they minimize the energy consumed in the execution of OS functions and services-opportunities which are beyond the reach of conventional compiler optimizations and source code transformation techniques. We propose four types of transformations, namely process-level concurrency management, message vectorization, computation migration and inter-process communication mechanism selection. We discuss how to systematically identify opportunities for the proposed transformations and apply them directly to the program source code. We have applied the proposed techniques to several multi-process software benchmark programs, and evaluated their applicability in the context of an embedded system containing an Intel StrongARM processor and embedded Linux OS. Our techniques achieve up to 37.9% (23.8% on an average) energy reduction compared to highly compiler-optimized implementations.
From lab-on-a-chip to lab-in-a-cell (2005)

There are many efforts today trying to mimic the properties of single cells in order to design chips that are as efficient as cells. However, cells are nature’s nanotechnology engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. Therefore, it might be better to vision a microchip that utilizes a single cell as experimentation platform. A novel, so-called Lab-in-a-Cell (LIC) concept is described, where advantage is taken of micro/nanotechnological tools to enable precise control of the biochemical cellular environment and possibility to analyze the composition of single cells. This is followed by a review on the present chip solutions for single cell handling and analysis.
Regulation of sex determination in maize (1996)

Abstract Maize develops separate male and female flowers in different locations on a single plant. Male flowers develop at the tip of the shoot in the tassel, and female flowers develop on the ears, which terminate short branches. The development of male flowers in tassels and female flowers in ears is the result of selective abortion of pistils or stamens, respectively, in developing florets. Genetic analysis has shown that stamen abortion and pistil abortion are under the control of two different genetic pathways. Local levels of the plant hormone gibberellic acid determine whether or not stamens are suppressed. Pistil abortion is under the regulation of the tassel seed genes, one of which has been shown to encode a short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenase. The tassel seed genes play a role in regulating the fate of inflorescence meristems as well as pistil primordium fate.
Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed<i>ad libitum</i> (1995)

Six groups of rats were fed diets low, but adequate, in alpha-tocopherol but high in gamma-tocopherol. The six diets differed only in their contents (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg, respectively) of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil. After four weeks of ad libitum feeding, the rats were sacrificed and the concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were measured in the plasma, livers, and lungs. Sesamin-feeding increased gamma-tocopherol and gamma-/alpha-tocopherol ratios in the plasma (P < 0.05), liver (P < 0.001), and lungs (P < 0.001). The increase was non-significant for alpha-tocopherol. Thus, sesamin appears to spare gamma-tocopherol in rat plasma and tissues, and this effect persists in the presence of alpha-tocopherol, a known competitor to gamma-tocopherol. This suggests that the bioavailability of gamma-tocopherol is enhanced in phenol-containing diets as compared with purified diets.
A security architecture for transient trust (2008)

In extraordinary situations, certain individuals may require access to information for which they are not normally authorized. For example, to facilitate rescue of people trapped inside of a burning building, firefighters may need its detailed floor plan - information that may not typically be accessible to emergency responders. Thus, it is necessary to provide transient trust so that such sensitive information is available to selected individuals only during the emergency. The architecture presented here is designed to support transient trust. It encompasses pre-positioned, updateable domains for use exclusively during emergencies along with a set of "normal" domains with different sensitivity levels. Allocated to partitions, these domains are entered via a high integrity trusted path service located in a separate trusted partition. Interaction among subjects in different partitions is controlled by a high assurance separation kernel, and efficient use of devices is achieved through the application of a three-part device model. The resulting architecture enforces mandatory security policies, yet ensures secure and revocable access to a class of information during declared emergencies.
A new approach on multi-agent Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning based on agents' preferences (2017)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning paradigm for solving Markov Decision Process (MDP). Traditional RL algorithms aim to solve one-objective problems, but many real-world problems have more than one objective which conflict each other. In recent years, Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning (MORL) algorithms, which employ a reward vector instead of a scalar reward signal, have been proposed to solve multi-objective problems. In MORL, because of conflicting objectives, there is no one optimal solution and a set of solutions named Pareto Front will be learned. In this paper, we proposed a new multi-agent method, which uses a shared Q-table for all agents to solve bi-objective problems. However, each agent selects actions based on its preference. These preferences are different with each other and the agents reach to Pareto Front solutions based on this preferences. The proposed method is simple in understanding and its computational cost is very low. Moreover, after finding the Pareto Front set, we can easily track the policy. Simulation results show that our proposed method outperforms the available methods in the term of learning speed.
Thieno[3,4-<i>b</i>]pyrazines:  Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity (2002)

A general synthetic route has been developed for the efficient preparation of 2,3-disubstituted thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines. These methods eliminate problems in the preparation of the precursor 3,4-diaminothiophene and utilize alpha-diones prepared through the reaction of the appropriate organocuprates with oxalyl chloride. This combination allows the convenient preparation of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine and its 2,3-disubstituted analogues (where substituent = methyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and phenyl) in high yield. Characterization of the structure and reactivity of this class of compounds is also described, including the results of structural, electrochemical, and pK(a) studies.
Sildenafil Exposure and Hemodynamic Effect After Stage II Single-Ventricle Surgery (2020)

To determine sildenafil exposure and hemodynamic effect in children after stage II single-ventricle surgery.
Water-Holding Capacity of Proteins with Special Regard to Milk Proteins and Methodological Aspects—A Review (1991)

During recent years much attention has been paid to the great variety of functional properties of milk proteins. The food manufacturing industry has come to realize that milk proteins have a great potency for contributing various properties for improving a variety of food products. This potential has been the subject of many studies [for comprehensive reviews, see (22, 30, 31, 62, 65, 67,89,92,93, 94, 95, 99)]. Among these properties, waterholding capacity is increasingly regarded as an important factor. Synonyms used in the literature include water hydration capacity, water absorption, water-imbibing, and water-binding. Although different defmitions of some of these tenns were given in the literature (111), all have been aimed at describing the amount of water that can be bound or retained by a protein matrix under defmed conditions. The fonns of water in foods were classified generally in a three class system including bulk or free water, water held by adsorption in multilayers, hydrodynamic hydration, and structural water, but at present there is no unifonn set of defmitions to describe these states (48). In this context, Mohsenin (90) summarized vividly the correlation between the moisture content of foods and the behavior of water as free and bound water. Other authors (36) used different parameters to describe the types of protein and water interactions such as chemisorption, ice-structured water, imbibation, and stearic exclusion. A particular defmition for overall water-holding capacity as a physical property was given for the first time by Hennansson (52), who defmed it as the ability of a food structure to prevent water from being released from the three-dimensional structure. Because several reactions are contributing to this property, this definition implies that a clear understanding of the waterholding ability of a substance can only be 2027
Tolerance of T4 lysozyme to proline substitutions within the long interdomain alpha-helix illustrates the adaptability of proteins to potentially destabilizing lesions. (1992)

To investigate the ability of a protein to accommodate potentially destabilizing amino acid substitutions, and also to investigate the steric requirements for catalysis, proline was substituted at different sites within the long alpha-helix that connects the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal domains of T4 lysozyme. Of the four substitutions attempted, three yielded folded, functional proteins. The catalytic activities of these three mutant proteins (Q69P, D72P, and A74P) were 60-90% that of wild-type. Their melting temperatures were 7-12 degrees C less than that of wild-type at pH 6.5. Mutant D72P formed crystals isomorphous with wild-type allowing the structure to be determined at high resolution. In the crystal structure of wild-type lysozyme the interdomain alpha-helix has an overall bend angle of 8.5 degrees. In the mutant structure the introduction of the proline causes this bend angle to increase to 14 degrees and also causes a corresponding rotation of 5.5 degrees of carboxyl-terminal domain relative to the amino-terminal one. Except for the immediate location of the proline substitution there is very little change in the geometry of the interdomain alpha-helix. The results support the view that protein structures are adaptable and can compensate for potentially destabilizing amino acid substitutions. The results also suggest that the precise shape of the active site cleft of T4 lysozyme is not critical for catalysis.
Fast algorithm for minimum-norm direction-of-arrival estimation (1994)

The original minimum-norm direction-of-arrival estimator, proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts, employs the noise-subspace projection matrix, calculated by the eigendecomposition of spatial covariance matrix. The present authors propose a novel noneigenvector fast algorithm, which calculates the required minimum-norm function using the special power basis instead of eigenvector basis. The proposed algorithm provides a substantial saving as compared with computational loads of the eigendecomposition-based minimum-norm algorithm in cases when the number of multiple sources is much lower than the number of array sensors. Some computer simulation results, verifying the high performance and accuracy of the proposed algorithm, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virtual Reality Simulation in Neurosurgery (2012)

Neurosurgeons are faced with the challenge of learning, planning, and performing increasingly complex surgical procedures in which there is little room for error. With improvements in computational power and advances in visual and haptic display technologies, virtual surgical environments can now offer potential benefits for surgical training, planning, and rehearsal in a safe, simulated setting. This article introduces the various classes of surgical simulators and their respective purposes through a brief survey of representative simulation systems in the context of neurosurgery. Many technical challenges currently limit the application of virtual surgical environments. Although we cannot yet expect a digital patient to be indistinguishable from reality, new developments in computational methods and related technology bring us closer every day. We recognize that the design and implementation of an immersive virtual reality surgical simulator require expert knowledge from many disciplines. This article highlights a selection of recent developments in research areas related to virtual reality simulation, including anatomic modeling, computer graphics and visualization, haptics, and physics simulation, and discusses their implication for the simulation of neurosurgery.
Methodological considerations in the assessment of health‐related quality of life in children (1999)

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) can be described as the psychological and social aspects of a patient's health, and as the patient's view of his or her condition and its treatment. Doctors, parents and children have different views of a child's HRQL. This is not because one has the right perception and the others are wrong, but because they see different aspects of the child's HRQL. Only the children themselves can provide a subjective perception of their HRQL. The practical and conceptual considerations required when assessing children's HRQL are discussed.
Populations and genetic polymorphisms. (1999)

Population frequencies of many polymorphic genes of pharmacogenetic interest depend on race or ethnic specificity. Association of these genes with person-to-person differences in drug effectiveness (hypersensitivity or resistance) and drug toxicity may also depend on the racial or ethnic characteristics of a population. Information about ethnic specificity is an integral part of pharmacogenetics because it can suggest a starting point for further study of these traits, tailoring drug therapy to the individual patient, and rational development and clinical trials of new drugs. Ethnic specificities of several medically important metabolic traits serve to illustrate these ideas. Among the traits considered is primaquine sensitivity, a sex-linked trait attributed to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency that mainly affects males among African, Mediterranean, and Oriental people. Additional examples include the remarkable sensitivity of the Japanese to alcohol (ethanol) compared with whites; the ethnic specificity of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme CYP2D6* (debrisoquine/sparteine) polymorphism that results in poor, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers of at least 30 drugs; the CYP2C19* (mephenytoin) polymorphism that accounts for variable metabolism of proguanil, omeprazole, and certain barbiturates; and the polymorphic (NAT2*) acetylation of hydrazine and aromatic amine drugs, such as isoniazid, hydralazine, and sulfasalazine.
Synthesis of Quaternary Copolymerization Acrylate Hot-Melt Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Film (2006)

Polyacrylate hot-melt adhesive was prepared by pre-emulsified process, taking 2-ethylhexyl ac-rylate(2-EHA), methyl methacrylate(MMA), acrylonitrile(AN) and acrylamide(AM) as comonomers. Effects of monomer amount and ratio, emulsifier amount, ratio and emulsifying style, initiator amount, reaction temperature and tricking speed on the reaction and properties of polyacrylate were studied. The satisfactory results for synthesis of acrylate hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive film were obtained when 2-EHA 50%, MMA 40%, AN 5%, AM 5%, amount of emulsifier 3.0% ,amount of initiator K2S2O8 0. 3%, reaction temperature 80-85℃, reaction time 4 h, molecular weight of acrylate rubber more than 100 000.
Synthesis of new functional polymers by living cationic polymerization (1988)

Abstract This paper covers three major areas of the synthetic applications of living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers initiated by the hydrogen iodide/iodine (HI/I 2 ) system; namely, the synthesis of (a) pendant‐functionalized polymers, (b) end‐functionalized polymers, and (c) amphiphilic block polymers with a unique structure. In area (a), more than 25 vinyl ethers with a functional pendant were found to undergo living polymerization to give a variety of pendant‐functionalized polymers: magnified image In area (b), terminally monofunctional and telechelic polymers (including macromonomers) were prepared by living polymerization using a functional initiating system (CH 3 ‐CHI‐OCH 2 CH 2 ‐X/I 2 ) and/or by end‐capping of the HI/I 2 ‐initiated living polymer ends with a functional nucleophile (:Nu‐X): magnified image In area (c), amphiphilic block polymers of vinyl ethers were obtained and characterized, the hydrophilic segment of which carried highly branched bulky substituents with a large number of hydroxyl groups (six per pendant): magnified image