gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vibration sparking, an ignored damage mechanism of high voltage windings (2008)

Partial discharge (PD) mechanisms are widely acknowledged damage threads to high voltage windings of electrical machines. The immense number of papers on this subject and the development of prosperous PD monitoring industries provide the impression that PD is the only electrical damage mechanism which threatens high voltage machine insulation [1]. However, this is wrong because another electrical insulation failure called vibration sparking (VS) exists. It is much more destructive than PD and destructs even bars at the low voltage end of high voltage phase windings. For suppressing slot discharge (SD), a variant of PD, outside corona layers have been introduced on the bar surfaces. Under certain circumstances, these layers allow for vibration sparking. The paper deals for the first time with both the theory of VS and experiences with the failure damages.
Effect of alpha-adrenergic stimulation on mucus secretion and on ion transport in cat trachea in vitro. (1980)

In cat trachea mounted in Ussing chambers, we studied the effects of an alpha-adrenergic agonist on mucus secretion measured with 35S bound to sulfated glycoproteins, and on fluxes of Na+ and Cl- ions measured with 22Na and 36Cl, under open-circuit conditions. Phenylephrine (10(-5) M), increased bound 35S-secretion by 147 +/- 24% (mean +/- SE, n = 13), increased JCl-S yields L from 2.54 +/- 0.23 to 7.40 +/- 1.19 microEq/cm2/h (n = 6), and increased JNaS yields L from 1.75 +/- 0.36 to 7.25 +/- 1.10 microEq/cm2/h (n = 6), it decreased 4Cl--L yields S from 2.69 +/- 0.41 to 2.46 +/- 0.41 microEq/cm2/h, but did not change JNa+L yields S. The stimulatory effects of (10(-5) M) phenylephrine were prevented by (10(-5) M) phentolamine, but were unaffected by (10(-5) M) propranolol. In contrast, (10(-5) M) terbutaline, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, only increased bound 35S secretion by 43 +/- 7% (n = 22) and only increased JCl-S yields L from 3.76 +/- 0.46 to 4.55 +/- 0.41 microEq/cm2/h (n = 6); it did not change the other fluxes. These findings indicate that alpha-adrenergic stimulation causes secretion of sulfated glycoproteins and ion-mediated movement of water into the cat trachea.
Voltage/pitch control for maximisation and regulation of active/reactive powers in wind turbines with uncertainties (2012)

This study addresses the problem of controlling a variable-speed wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), modelled as an electromechanically coupled non-linear system with rotor voltages and blade pitch angle as its inputs, active and reactive powers as its outputs, and most of the aerodynamic and mechanical parameters as its uncertainties. Using a blend of linear and non-linear control strategies (including feedback linearisation, pole placement, uncertainty estimation and gradient-based potential function minimisation) as well as time-scale separation in the dynamics, the authors develop a controller that is capable of maximising the active power in the maximum power tracking (MPT) mode, regulating the active power in the power regulation (PR) mode, seamlessly switching between the two modes and simultaneously adjusting the reactive power to achieve a desired power factor. The controller consists of four cascaded components, uses realistic feedback signals, and operates without knowledge of the Cp-surface, air density, friction coefficient, and wind speed. Finally, the authors show the effectiveness of the controller via simulation with realistic wind profiles.
Plasma release cell layering theory for blood flow (1989)

Significant internal structural changes occur in flowing blood when shear strain exceeds the critical value of 1 (unit strain), forcing alignment of the erythrocytes and releasing trapped plasma, which in turn leads to the formation of multiple layers of plasma on which oriented and compacted cells slide. These effects are identified in the inflections in the shear rate dependence of viscoelasticity of normal blood and in the viscous and elastic stress-to-strain relationships. Theoretical factors for plasma release and cell compaction allow calculation of the viscous and elastic properties of the cell layers from measured whole blood viscoelasticity and plasma viscosity. The new plasma release-cell layering theory encompasses, reinterprets and unifies many diverse previous observations relating to how blood flows, and provides a new understanding of the roles of red cell deformability and aggregation tendency.
Dual diversity over correlated log-normal fading channels (2002)

A great deal of attention has been devoted in the literature to studying the bit error rate (BER) performance of diversity combining systems in the presence of Rayleigh, Rice, and Nagakami-m fading. By comparison, the literature is relatively sparse in comparable analyses over log-normal channels which typically characterize shadowing from indoor obstacles and moving human bodies. One reason for this disparity stems from the difficulty in evaluating the exact average BER when log-normal variates are involved, using, for example, the moment-generating function (MGF) approach, due to the inability of expressing the MGF itself in a simple closed form. Since it is possible to evaluate the marginal and joint statistical moments as well as the cumulative distribution function (CDF) associated with a log-normal distribution in closed form, we rather focus here on other performance measures, namely, average combined output signal-to-noise ratio, amount of fading, and outage probability. The first two performance measures depend only on the moments, whereas the outage probability depends solely on the cdf. Closed-form expressions (in terms of known functions), single-integral representations, or upper and lower bounds are obtained for these measures corresponding to maximal-ratio combining, selection combining, and switch-and-stay combining schemes, allowing for the possibility of correlation between the two branches. Numerical evaluations of these expressions illustrating the performances of each individual diversity type as well as comparisons among them are also presented.
Studies on the Protein Moiety of Endotoxin from Gram‐Negative Bacteria (1971)

Conjugated protein isolated from the endotoxin complex of Serratia marcescens 08 by 1% acetic acid hydrolysis was characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation, electrophoretic and immunological properties and chemical analysis. The chemical composition of conjugated protein and other degraded fragments of endotoxin showed that all characteristic constituents of lipid A were present exclusively in conjugated protein. Successive treatment of conjugated protein with trypsin and pronase resulted in the isolation of corresponding tryptic and pronase cores which were characterized by an increased content of lipid A constituents. Lipid A was separated as an entity from the conjugated protein only after hydrolysis with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. This result confirms our previous proposal that lipid A is covalently linked to the protein moiety in whole endotoxin of S. marcescens 08. “Conjugated” protein isolated by acetic acid hydrolysis and “simple” protein prepared by hot aqueous phenol treatment of whole endotoxin differ from one another not by the presence or absence of lipid A but rather by the presence of the entire lipid A moiety in the conjugated protein and only a fragment of lipid A in the simple protein. Conjugated protein and its tryptic and pronase cores were immunogenic and possessed a common antigenic determinant with simple protein and its corresponding cores. Toxicity studies revealed that both conjugated and simple proteins retained to different degrees the toxic properties of whole endotoxin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate had an enhancing rather than diminishing effect on the toxicity of endotoxin and its various fragments. The importance of lipid A as the toxic factor of endotoxins was established not only indirectly by determining the toxicity of each fragment containing lipid A, but also directly by demonstrating that lipid A dispersed in a Tris‐dodecyl sulfate buffer displayed toxic properties similar to those of the lipopolysaccharide preparation.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Kynurenine: Recent Advances in Autoimmune Disease Research (2014)

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is thought to be a crucial factor in the regulation of immune responses. Many AHR-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms have been discovered, and this knowledge may enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory syndromes such as collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental colitis. Recent findings have elucidated the critical link between AHR and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, which are key factors in a variety of human autoimmune diseases. Induction of IDO and IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism, together with its downstream products such as kynurenine, is an important immunoregulatory mechanism underlying immunosuppression, tolerance, and immunity. Recent studies revealed that induction of IDO depends on AHR expression. This review summarizes the most current findings regarding the functions of AHR and IDO in immune cells as they relate to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in response to various stimuli. We also discuss the potential link between AHR and IDO/tryptophan metabolites, and the involvement of several novel related factors (such as microRNA) in the development of autoimmune diseases. These novel factors represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Imaging prior information in the brain (2012)

In making sense of the visual world, the brain's processing is driven by two factors: the physical information provided by the eyes ("bottom-up" data) and the expectancies driven by past experience ("top-down" influences). We use degraded stimuli to tease apart the effects of bottom-up and top-down processes because they are easier to recognize with prior knowledge of undegraded images. Using machine learning algorithms, we quantify the amount of information that brain regions contain about stimuli as the subject learns the coherent images. Our results show that several distinct regions, including high-level visual areas and the retinotopic cortex, contain more information about degraded stimuli with prior knowledge. Critically, these regions are separate from those that exhibit classical priming, indicating that top-down influences are more than feature-based attention. Together, our results show how the neural processing of complex imagery is rapidly influenced by fleeting experiences.
La información y los textos jurídicos de la colonia: el poder religioso. Tercer y última parte (1999)

Como ya se ha indicado, una fuente fundamental de informacion de los hechos que sucedieron durante la colonia se encuentra en los textos juridicos: los juicios por desacato, por herencias, por ventas, etc. Tambien, a traves de estos textos se sabe de que manera se manifiesta el poder religioso
Route selection for data packets in a tactical packet radio network using integrated voice and data transmissions (2003)

Integration of data networking into traditional voice only systems, such as SINCGARS and HAVEQUICK, is necessary to meet evolving multimedia communication requirements. The success of this integration is dependent on the development of improved channel-access and network protocols that allow simultaneous voice and data information transfer. In previous work we investigated a system design that includes a new waveform and channel-access protocols to support integrated voice and data transmissions in a multiple-hop packet radio network. In this article we present network protocols that support multiple-hop relaying of data packets in a mobile packet radio network. An adaptive forwarding protocol is defined that can respond quickly to local changes in the environment and traffic load. An OPNET simulation, which models the physical, channel-access, and network layers, is implemented to characterize the performance of the network protocols. We show the ability of the network to support relaying of data traffic, and we show the improvement in performance that is achieved through the use of the adaptive forwarding protocol.
A New Scheme for Color Night Vision by Quaternion Neural Network (2004)

A neural network for extracting color information from gloomy images is presented in this paper. We adopt a feedforward quaternion neural network, where neuronal parameters are represented as 4-dimensional vectors. The network is trained by imposing a gloomy image as input and its finer one as target by quaternion version of back propagation algorithm, and then relations between them are established. We show the performance and the generalization ability of quaternion neural network through numerical results. Our proposed method will be useful in realizing a so-called color night vision system for the benefit of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
Asymmetric Synthesis of L-Deoxymannojirimycin (1997)

Starting from dihydropyran 1, the chiral lactam 4 was rapidly obtained. Following unsaturation, highly diastereoselective allylic oxidation and dihydroxylation furnished lactam 7 from which the azasugar, L-deoxymannojirimycin, could be prepared.
Molecular and Functional Characteristics of a Protective Human Monoclonal Antibody to Serotype 8<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>Capsular Polysaccharide (1999)

The structural characteristics and biological activity of human antibodies that are reactive with the capsular polysaccharides of most serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 8, are unknown. This paper describes the generation, molecular structure, and protective efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 8 Streptococcus pneumoniae. We generated the immunoglobulin M(kappa) [IgM(kappa)] MAb D11 by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral lymphocytes from a Pneumovax recipient. Nucleic acid sequence analysis revealed that MAb D11 uses V3-15/V(H)3 and A20/V(kappa) gene segments with evidence of somatic mutation. In vitro studies revealed MAb D11-dependent complement deposition on the capsule of serotype 8 organisms via either the classical or the alternative complement pathway. In vivo, MAb D11 prolonged the survival of both normal and C4-deficient mice with lethal serotype 8 S. pneumoniae infection. Our findings demonstrate that a serotype-specific human IgM with certain structural and functional characteristics was protective in mice lacking a functional classical complement pathway and show that alternative complement pathway activation is an important determinant of pneumococcal protection.
Treatment of Inherited Eye Defects by Systemic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2015)

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that HSPCs can rescue hereditary corneal defects, and supports a new potential therapeutic strategy for treating ocular pathologies.
Clinical Pharmacotherapy for Obesity: Current Drugs and Those in Advanced Development (2004)

The current obesity pandemic imposes a major global disease burden. Levels of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers will continue to rise unless an effective approach to treat obesity is found. Sustained weight loss of between 5-10% in the obese, by various means, confers marked health benefits. The currently available pharmacotherapies, orlistat and sibutramine, can induce weight loss of between 5-10% over 2 years or more. In trials, orlistat and sibutramine induced weight loss tends to be only between 2-4 kg greater than that produced by placebo control. However, this additional placebo subtracted weight loss produces marked additional improvements in diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, in the 4 year long XENDOS trial, the modest placebo subtracted weight loss produced by orlistat (2.8 kg) reduced the incidence of diabetes by over a third in those with normal glucose tolerance, and by nearly half in those with impaired glucose tolerance. Despite this, prescription sales of sibutramine in the US have apparently remained static and those of orlistat have fallen, with the drug now entering the global over-the-counter medication market. Recent data on potential anti-obesity drugs currently under going phase III trials, such as Rimonabant and Topiramate, demonstrate these drugs produce greater and more prolonged weight loss. Wider use of pharmacotherapy and enhanced efficacy for the next generation of anti-obesity drugs certainly promise to reduce obesity related illness if not halt the rise in obesity per se.
Soft error sensitivity characterization for microprocessor dependability enhancement strategy (2003)

This paper presents an empirical investigation on the soft error sensitivity (SES) of microprocessors, using the picoJava-II as an example, through software simulated fault injections in its RTL model. Soft errors are generated under a realistic fault model during program run-time. The SES of a processor logic block is defined as the probability that a soft error in the block causes the processor to behave erroneously or enter into an incorrect architectural state. The SES is measured at the functional block level. We have found that highly error-sensitive blocks are common for various workloads. At the same time soft errors in many other logic blocks rarely affect the computation integrity. Our results show that a reasonable prediction of the SES is possible by deduction from the processor's microarchitecture. We also demonstrate that the sensitivity-based integrity checking strategy can be an efficient way to improve fault coverage per unit redundancy.
Important Generalization Concerning the Role of Competing Forces in Displacive Phase Transitions (1975)

On the basis of an analysis of data on a large number of compounds exhibiting displacive phase transitions, it is observed (with no known exceptions) that the transition temperature decreases with hydrostatic pressure for those transitions associated with soft zone-center optic phonons and increases for those transitions associated with soft zone-boundary optic phonons. This difference in behavior is tentatively interpreted in terms of a reversal in the roles of the short-range and long-range forces in the lattice dynamics of the two cases.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of β2-Receptor Agonists Salbutamol and Terbutaline Are Mediated by MKP-1 (2016)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression is induced by inflammatory factors, and it is an endogenous suppressor of inflammatory response. MKP-1 expression is increased by PDE4 inhibitor rolipram suggesting that it is regulated by cAMP-enhancing compounds. Therefore, we investigated the effect of β2-receptor agonists on MKP-1 expression and inflammatory response. We found that β2-receptor agonists salbutamol and terbutaline, as well as 8-Br-cAMP, increased MKP-1 expression. Salbutamol and terbutaline also inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation and TNF production in J774 mouse macrophages. Interestingly, salbutamol suppressed carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in wild-type mice, but the effect was attenuated in MKP-1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, these data show that β2-receptor agonists increase MKP-1 expression, which seems to mediate, at least partly, the observed anti-inflammatory effects of β2-receptor agonists.
Genotyping and haplotyping of polymorphisms directly from genomic DNA via coupled amplification and sequencing(CAS) (1991)

Coupled amplification and sequencing (CAS) allows a segment of DNA to be sequenced directly from genomic DNA. An initial PCR amplification stage selects and amplifies the target. During a subsequent stage both strands of the target segment are sequenced simultaneously and amplified further. We show that CAS can readily identify variant base pairs. Genotyping of a population for known sequence variation can be achieved simply and directly from genomic DNA of each organism by performing CAS only for the variant bases. The procedure supercedes development and optimization of alternative typing assays based on oligonucleotide hybridization or ligation. In addition, we show that competitive oligonucleotide priming with allelic primers can be readily performed in concert with the second stage of CAS. The combination of techniques allows sequencing of a single chromosome from a heterozygous genomic sample and direct haplotyping of the polymorphism at the priming site with any others encompassed within the amplified segment.
Nitrification potential curves: a new strategy for nitrification prevention (2005)

In this article, nitrification potential curves are introduced as a possible operational strategy to prevent nitrification in chloraminated distribution systems. Nitrification potential curves are constructed based on the parameters that define growth and inactivation kinetics of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria in environments that contain chloramine and ammonia. To demonstrate the applicability of nitrification potential curves, long‐term, pilot‐scale studies that covered a range of chlorine‐to‐ammonia application ratios and chloramine residual concentrations that are typical of full‐scale chloraminated systems were conducted. The nitrification potential curve approach was effective in explaining why some of the pilot‐scale runs experienced nitrification while others did not based only on experimental measurements of total chlorine residual and free ammonia concentration. Because of the simplicity of the required measurements, nitrification potential curves can help define strategies to monitor and operate chloraminated distribution systems to prevent or minimize nitrification episodes.
An on-chip metastability measurement circuit to characterize synchronization behavior in 65nm (2011)

Recent synchronizer metastability measurements indicate degradation of MTBF with technology scaling, calling for measurement and calibration circuits in 65nm circuits and beyond. An on-chip metastability measurement circuit was fabricated in a 65nm 1.1V bulk CMOS. A fully digital on-chip measurement system is presented here that helps to characterize synchronizers in future technologies. Different types of synchronizers were measured and compared. The standard library FF is demonstrated to have lower tau value than various feedback flip-flops.
On the Evaluation of Medical Students in Radiology (1975)

What a medical student has learned in radiology needs to be evaluated, not only to appraise the student's mastery of the subject but to determine the efficiency of teaching methods. A two-phase written/oral test for all students completing the fourth-year elective is described.
Revealing hosts sharing an IP address using TCP option (2011)

When an IP address is shared among several subscribers -- with a NAT
or with an application-level proxy -- it is impossible for the server
to differentiate between different clients. Such differentiation is
valuable in several scenarios. This memo describes a technique to
differentiate TCP clients sharing an IP address. The proposed method
uses a TCP option, which avoids altering the application-level payload
and works well with SSL-protected connections.