gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light Microscopy (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Why Use a Light Microscope to Study Solid-state Properties? Polarizing Light Microscope Photomicrography Specimen Preparation Permanent and Temporary Mounts Permanent Mounts Temporary Mounts Preparation of Temporary Mounts Examination of Tablets Observations Using Polarized Light Microscopy Polarized Light Crystal Studies with Plane Polarized Light Crystal Studies with Crossed Polarizers Interference Colors Extinction Interference Figures Compensator Plates Use of Circularly Polarized Light Crystallinity Refractive Index Measuring Refractive Indices The Becke Test Dispersion Staining Particle Size Particle Shape Comparing Powder Samples Thermomicroscopy The Microscope as a Micro-scale Laboratory Twinning Color and Pleochroism Fluid Inclusions Mechanical Properties of Crystals Pseudomorphs Mesomorphism Identification of Contaminants and Foreign Matter Conclusion References
An In Situ Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Anodic Oxidation of Copper in Alkaline Media (1992)

In situ Raman spectroscopy measurements were made during the anodic oxidation of copper in 1M and 6M solutions. The formation of occurs at potentials corresponding to the first anodic voltammetric peak (A1), and a porous layer of composed of fine needle‐like crystals is formed at the second voltammetric peak (A2). The compact underlayer of cuprous oxide is transformed to another species (presumably ) at potentials above 0 mV vs. . At potentials near oxygen evolution, an unidentified trivalent species appears. The reduction of the oxide is shown to be strongly influenced by illumination. Under irradiation, the underlayer is first reduced to at around 0 mV vs. , followed by reduction to copper, and finally reduction to copper metal. Without intense illumination, the p‐type semiconductive properties of the underlying layer make it act as a Schottky barrier, causing the large degree of irreversibility found in this system.
STUDIES ON VALIDAMYCINS, NEW ANTIBIOTICS. VI (1971)

In this communication we wish to describe the structure elucidation of validamine, la, and hydroxyvalidamine, IIa1}, which were obtained from validamycin A and validamycin B, respectively, by hydrogenolysis, followed by acid hydrolysis. This communication also discusses the determination of the structures of validatol, Ilia, and deoxyvalidatol IV1}, which were obtained from both validamycins A and B by hydrogenolysis. Validamine was crystallized as its monohydrochloride (C7HloNO4-HCl*; m.p. 229-
Leaf Age as a Risk Factor in Contamination of Lettuce with<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 and<i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2008)

Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections have been linked increasingly to leafy greens, particularly to lettuce. We present here the first evidence that this enteric pathogen can multiply on the leaves of romaine lettuce plants. The increases in population size of E. coli O157:H7 in the phyllosphere of young lettuce plants ranged from 16- to 100-fold under conditions of warm temperature and the presence of free water on the leaves and varied significantly with leaf age. The population size was consistently ca. 10-fold higher on the young (inner) leaves than on the middle leaves. The growth rates of Salmonella enterica and of the natural bacterial microflora were similarly leaf age dependent. Both enteric pathogens also achieved higher population sizes on young leaves than on middle leaves harvested from mature lettuce heads, suggesting that leaf age affects preharvest as well as postharvest colonization. Elemental analysis of the exudates collected from the surfaces of leaves of different ages revealed that young-leaf exudates were 2.9 and 1.5 times richer in total nitrogen and carbon, respectively, than middle-leaf exudates. This trend mirrored the nitrogen and carbon content of the leaf tissue. Application of ammonium nitrate, but not glucose, to middle leaves enhanced the growth of E. coli O157:H7 significantly, suggesting that low nitrogen limits its growth on these leaves. Our results indicate that leaf age and nitrogen content contribute to shaping the bacterial communities of preharvest and postharvest lettuce and that young lettuce leaves may be associated with a greater risk of contamination with E. coli O157:H7.
THE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES A AND B IN MAN (1960)

The mapping out of the histologic distribution of blood group antigens A and B in human tissues was performed by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. Human hyperimmune sera were conjugated with fluorescein isocyanate and applied to frozen sections of human material obtained at autopsy or after surgical removal. The material examined encompassed A, B, and AB subjects. In the latter the anti-A and the anti-B conjugate elicited the same picture. Group O tissues were used for controls and were uniformly negative. The secretor status of subjects was determined from the saliva or by the Lewis typing of erythrocytes. The results fall into the following main divisions: Endothelia of Vessels.-Widespread localization was demonstrated in the cell walls of endothelium of capillaries, veins, arteries, and of sinusoidal cells of spleen. Stratified Epithelia.-These showed good outlining of cells of the Malpighian (and the granular, when present) layers. In transitional epithelia, cells of the basal and contiguous layers gave specific staining. Mucus-Secreting Apparatus.-Positive staining was obtained in glands, goblet cells, and secreting surface epithelia. In non-secretors there was no identifiable antigen with the important exception of the deeper parts of gastric foveolae, deeper parts of crypts of Lieberkühn of bowel mucosa and Brunner's glands of the duodenum. Various Organs of Secretion and Excretion.-The pancreas (exocrine portion) and the sweat glands were found to produce the antigen irrespectively of secretor status. Breast, prostate, and endometrial glands on the other hand apparently secrete the antigen in conformity with the subject's secretor:non-secretor make-up. Thus the secretor:non-secretor status governs principally the antigens associated with mucous secretions and this in most but not all locations. The possible nature of this control is briefly discussed.
Production of transgenic pigs and possible application to pig breeding (1988)

ABSTRACT The generation of transgenic pigs is an entirely new way of breeding. In contrast to classical breeding techniques the objects of manipulation in this case are individual genes rather than the entire genome of an organism. In pigs DNA-microinjection into the pronuclei of zygotes is the only available technique of transferring genetic material developed so far. The process involves collection, manipulation, microinjection, cultivation, and transfer of early embryos and also molecular-biological techniques allowing cloning of gene constructs, preparation of suitable injection solutions, and techniques allowing detection of integrated and expressed transgenes in transgenic animals. Gene transfer in pigs usually yields less than 1% transgenic piglets per injected zygote. Our own experiments have shown that simultaneous transfer of untreated control embryos increases yields from 0.5% to 1%. Gene transfer in pigs can be employed in particular to increase growth performance and carcass composition by using genes encoding hormones of the growth hormone cascade (GHRH, GH, IGF-I). So far, the effects already known from experiments in mice have not been reproduced in pigs. We are currently investigating whether the transfer of the influenza resistance gene Mx + of mice will yield disease-resistant pigs. Breeding with transgenic animals must take into account that approximately 30% of the primary transgenic animals will be mosaics which will not pass on the transgene to their offspring. Unwanted side effects may also occur during gene transfer. Most important examples are instability of integrated transgenes and variability of gene expression over many generations. In about 5% of all primary transgenic animals integration of the transgene can be assumed to lead to the generation of insertion mutations. Animals carrying these mutations should not be used for breeding. Furthermore severe health problems may be caused by uncontrolled over-expression of the transgene. Much more work will be necessary in future before we will be able to employ gene transfer techniques in practical breeding programmes.
Triangle Centrality (2024)

Triangle centrality is introduced for finding important vertices in a graph based on the concentration of triangles surrounding each vertex. It has the distinct feature of allowing a vertex to be central if it is in many triangles or none at all. Given a simple, undirected graph \(G=(V,E)\) with \(n=|V|\) vertices and \(m=|E|\) edges, let \(\triangle(v)\) and \(\triangle(G)\) denote the respective triangle counts of \(v\) and \(G\) . Let \(N(v)\) be the neighborhood set of \(v\) . Respectively, \(N_{\triangle}(v)\) and \(N_{\triangle}[v]=\{v\}\cup N_{\triangle}(v)\) denote the set of neighbors that are in triangles with \(v\) and the closed set including \(v\) . Then the triangle centrality for a vertex \(v\) is \(\begin{align*}TC(v)=\frac{\frac{1}{3}\sum_{u\in N_{\triangle}[v]}\triangle(u)+\sum_{w\in\{N(v)\setminus N_{\triangle}(v)\}}\triangle(w)}{\triangle(G)}.\end{align*}\) We show experimentally that triangle centrality is broadly applicable to many different types of networks. Our empirical results demonstrate that 30% of the time triangle centrality identified central vertices that differed with those found by five well-known centrality measures, which suggests novelty without being overly specialized. It is also asymptotically faster to compute on sparse graphs than all but the most trivial of these other measures. We introduce optimal algorithms that compute triangle centrality in \(O(m\overline{\delta})\) time and \(O(m+n)\) space, where \(\overline{\delta}\leq O(\sqrt{m})\) is the average degeneracy introduced by Burkhardt, Faber, and Harris (2020). In practical applications, \(\overline{\delta}\) is much smaller than \(\sqrt{m}\) so triangle centrality can be computed in nearly linear time. On a Concurrent Read Exclusive Write (CREW) Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM), we give a near work-optimal parallel algorithm that takes \(O(\log n)\) time using \(O(m\sqrt{m})\) CREW PRAM processors. In MapReduce, we show it takes four rounds using \(O(m\sqrt{m})\) communication bits and is therefore optimal. We also derive a linear algebraic formulation of triangle centrality which can be computed in \(O(m\overline{\delta})\) time on sparse graphs.
Thermodynamic characterization of the interaction between TRAF2 and tumor necrosis factor receptor peptides by isothermal titration calorimetry (2000)

The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily can induce diverse biological effects, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The major signal transducers for TNFRs are the family of TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs). The direct interaction between TRAFs and the intracellular tails of TNFRs is the first step of this signal relay process. Structural studies have revealed a trimeric nature of TRAF2 and a symmetrical mode of receptor binding, suggesting the involvement of trivalent TNFR2-receptor interaction in the signal transduction. In this study, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we report thermodynamic characterization of the interaction between TRAF2 and monomeric peptide sequences from TNFR members, including TNFR2, CD40, CD30, Ox40, and 4-1BB, and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transforming protein, latent infection membrane protein-1 (LMP1). The dissociation constants of the interaction were shown to range between 40 microM and 1.9 mM, which are substantially weaker than most protein-peptide interactions. The interaction is entirely driven by exothermic enthalpy, consistent with the abundance of polar contacts. The enthalpy of the interaction has a significant temperature dependence (DeltaCp = -245 cal/mol small middle dotK). The unfavorable entropy in the interaction and the comparison with structural energetics calculations suggest the involvement of conformational rearrangement in the interaction. The low affinity of TRAF2 to monomeric receptor peptides further supports the importance of avidity contribution in TRAF2 recruitment by these receptors upon ligand-induced trimerization or higher order oligomerization.
Intrinsic defects, nonstoichiometry, and aliovalent doping of ABO perovskite scintillators (2014)

Abstractauthoren We have employed a range of atomistic simulation methods to explore aspects of defect chemistry in ABO (where A = Ba or Sr , and B = Zr or Hf ) perovskites, placing emphasis on processes relevant for application of these materials as high performance scintillators. Specifically, we examined intrinsic defect reactions, A and B excess nonstoichiometry and the solution of Me rare earth cations. As has been predicted in previous studies, we find that Schottky disorder is the lowest energy intrinsic process. For nonstoichiometry, we predict that AO‐excess is compensated by oxygen vacancies and BO ‐excess is charge compensated by A vacancies (see abstract figure). Finally, for Me solution, we considered several reactions for Me cations ranging in size from Lu to La , and the preferred reaction depends on the specific Me cation and whether or not phase separation occurs. Nonstoichiometry mechanisms in ABO perovskites. Red spheres correspond to O , blue to A , and green to B .
Wound Healing Activity of Topical Application Forms Based on Ayurveda (2009)

The traditional Indian medicine-Ayurveda, describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-aging as well as wound healing properties. With aging, numerous changes occur in skin, including decrease in tissue cell regeneration, decrease in collagen content, loss of skin elasticity and mechanical strength. We prepared five topical anti-aging formulations using cow ghee, flax seed oil, Phyllanthus emblica fruits, Shorea robusta resin, Yashada bhasma as study materials. For preliminary efficacy evaluation of the anti-aging activity we chose excision and incision wound healing animal models and studied the parameters including wound contraction, collagen content and skin breaking strength which in turn is indicative of the tissue cell regeneration capacity, collagenation capacity and mechanical strength of skin. The group treated with the formulations containing Yashada bhasma along with Shorea robusta resin and flax seed oil showed significantly better wound contraction (P < .01), higher collagen content (P < .05) and better skin breaking strength (P < .01) as compared to control group; thus proposing them to be effective prospective anti-aging formulations.
Rethinking international social work (2008)

English> This article challenges contemporary professional culture to rethink international social work as a liberating praxis and a discipline of academic significance. Currently international social work tends to spatialize its objects of study. Since humankind's wellbeing is intrinsically linked with science and social transformation, the vocabularies of change merit meaningful contextualization. French Cet article met au défi la culture professionnelle contemporaine de repenser le travail social international pour en faire une praxis libératoire et une discipline académique significative. Le travail social international a tendance à spacialiser les objets de son étude. Comme le bien-être de l'humanité est intimement lié aux transformations scientifiques et sociales, les vocabulaires du changement méritent une mise en contexte significative. Spanish Este artículo desafía la cultura profesional contemporánea para repensar el trabajo social internacional como una práctica liberadora y una disciplina de significación académica. Actualmente, el Trabajo Social Internacional tiende a especializar sus objetos de estudio. Desde que el bienestar de la humanidad está intrínsecamente vinculado con la ciencia y la transformación social, los vocabularios de cambio merecen contextualizar sus significados.
Critical-current diffraction pattern of annular Josephson junctions (1997)

A derivation of the exact analytical expressions for the critical current versus magnetic-field-diffraction pattern of ``electrically'' small annular Josephson junctions is presented. These formulas have been recently used to fit experimental data [N. Martucciello and R. Monaco, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9050 (1996)]. They include, as a special case, the approximate analytical results previously published [N. Martucciello and R. Monaco, Phys. Rev. B 53 3471 (1996)].
Control of the ductus arteriosus (1975)

In the fetus the major function of the ductus arteriosus is to divert flow away from the lungs toward the placenta, therby avoiding unnecessary circulation through the lungs and reducing the work load of the heart. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus is produced by several mechanisms that may interact with one another in producing normal postnatal closure of the ductus arteriosus. The major mechanism is the constrictor effect of an increased O2 environment. This may directly affect the ductus arteriosus muscle or may work through the release of an intermediary substance. Other vasoactive substance circulating in the blood after birth may also play some role in constriction of the ductus arteriosus. There are major species differences in the degree and type of response to the various stimuli and the exact mechanisms ultimately responsible for closure are not yet fully understood.
Copper vapour laser treatment of cafe-au-lait macules (1996)

Café-au-lait macules are skin lesions known to resist all kinds of treatment. Green light at a wavelength of 511 nm from a copper vapour laser through a built-in computerized scanner (SCANALL) was employed to treat café-au-lait-macules in 16 patients. The laser was used in continuous mode with a mean energy density of 8.9 J/cm2 (range 7-22 J/cm2). The mean number of treatment sessions was two. The response was good to excellent in 15 cases and poor in one. Transient hyperpigmentation at the periphery and temporary non-homogeneous hypopigmentation at the centre of the treated area was observed in some cases. These eventually returned to normal after a few months, without any textural change. Pre- and postoperative histological finding are also presented. There was no recurrence at a mean follow-up time of 22 months. Copper vapour laser is an effective modality for the treatment of café-au-lait macules.
Incorporation of carbon in heavily doped Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As grown by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (1990)

Hole concentrations in excess of 1020 cm−3 have been achieved in AlxGa1−xAs using carbon doping during metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy. Hall and secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements show a 1:1 correspondence between the hole density and carbon concentration in as-grown samples, although post-growth annealing at 900 °C leads to a reduction in the net free-carrier concentration (typically a decrease of ∼40% for 30 s anneals). The carbon-localized vibrational modes (LVMs) show fine structure due to the presence of three different symmetries for substitutional carbon CAs, namely Td, C2v, and C3v. The experimental CAs LVM line positions are in remarkable agreement with the predictions of a rigid ion model.
Diamond deposition in a permanent magnet microwave electron cyclotron resonance discharge (1992)

Diamond deposition has been investigated in a magnetoactive microwave discharge, in which a collisionally damped electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is established by a Nd–Fe–B permanent magnet structure. Diamond crystals exhibiting a well defined 1333 cm−1 diamond Raman peak and a faceted crystal structure can be grown in hydrocarbon gas mixtures at total pressures 2.0–20 Torr, backside substrate temperatures 550–650 °C, and input microwave power levels 400–1000 W. The main effect of the magnetic field is to increase gas dissociation; optical emission spectroscopic measurements show much higher neutral radical line intensities compared to operation with no magnetic field.
Cannabinoid Ligands Targeting TRP Channels (2019)

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a group of membrane proteins involved in the transduction of a plethora of chemical and physical stimuli. These channels modulate ion entry, mediating a variety of neural signaling processes implicated in the sensation of temperature, pressure, and pH, as well as smell, taste, vision, and pain perception. Many diseases involve TRP channel dysfunction, including neuropathic pain, inflammation, and respiratory disorders. In the pursuit of new treatments for these disorders, it was discovered that cannabinoids can modulate a certain subset of TRP channels. The TRP vanilloid (TRPV), TRP ankyrin (TRPA), and TRP melastatin (TRPM) subfamilies were all found to contain channels that can be modulated by several endogenous, phytogenic, and synthetic cannabinoids. To date, six TRP channels from the three subfamilies mentioned above have been reported to mediate cannabinoid activity: TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8. The increasing data regarding cannabinoid interactions with these receptors has prompted some researchers to consider these TRP channels to be "ionotropic cannabinoid receptors." Although CB1 and CB2 are considered to be the canonical cannabinoid receptors, there is significant overlap between cannabinoids and ligands of TRP receptors. The first endogenous agonist of TRPV1 to be discovered was the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA). Similarly, <i>N-</i>arachidonyl dopamine (NADA) and AEA were the first endogenous TRPM8 antagonists discovered. Additionally, Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC), the most abundant psychotropic compound in cannabis, acts most potently at TRPV2, moderately modulates TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8, though Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC is not reported to modulate TRPV1. Moreover, TRP receptors may modulate effects of synthetic cannabinoids used in research. One common research tool is WIN55,212-2, a CB1 agonist that also exerts analgesic effects by desensitizing TRPA1 and TRPV1. In this review article, we aim to provide an overview and classification of the cannabinoid ligands that have been reported to modulate TRP channels and their therapeutic potential.
Azithromycin increases in vitro fibronectin production through interactions between macrophages and fibroblasts stimulated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2012)

Our results suggest that azithromycin's effect on MMP-9 is regulated independently of TGFβ activity. Additionally, the beneficial effects of azithromycin may be partially due to effects on homeostasis in which ECM-degrading mediators like MMP-9 are up-regulated early after infection. This may impact the damaging effects of inflammation that lead to fibrosis in this patient population.