gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Dye Concentrations in Azobenzene-Containing Polymer films for Volume Holographic Storage (2004)

Diffraction efficiencies of holograms in thick azo polymer films were improved by designing optical densities of the films. A nonphotosensitive polymer was used as a binder for controlling the dye concentrations. We fabricated 250-µm-thick films by changing the concentrations. While the optically induced birefringence decreased with decreasing concentration, reduction of absorption loss of the reading beam increased the diffraction efficiency. Thus, owing to the competition between the decrease in birefringence and the increase in efficiency, there exist appropriate concentrations for improving both sensitivity and magnitude of the diffraction efficiency. Consequently, the diffraction efficiency reached 25% without degradation of the sensitivity. We also demonstrated holographic multiplexing using the film. A set of 20 data pages (66 kbits per page) was successfully multiplexed and retrieved with a low bit-error rate of 1.3×10 -3 . The use of an error correction coding would allow error-free recovery of the data pages.
Planarity considerations in SADP for advanced BEOL patterning (2017)

In this paper, the impact of gap-fill planarity on Multi-Self-Aligned Block, SADP (self-aligned double patterning) process for advanced optical technology nodes (7 nm/5 nm) interconnects was studied through process emulations. This study specifically focuses on the insertion of an etch stop layer (ESL) between two coatings of organic planarization layer (OPL), referred to as the tri-layer PM (pattern mask), which enables a thinner OPL for pattern transfer while adding topography correction for non-mandrel block patterning processes. This scheme reduces pillar aspect ratio for improved CD control and flop-over mitigation, as well as topography correction to mitigation false metal patterns in field regions. However, ESL could cause CD variation if it was deposited on the sidewall of spacer where it is a function of the conformality of ESL deposition.
Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrostomy Using Push-Type Gastrostomy Tubes with CT and Fluoroscopic Guidance (2006)

Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy using CT and fluoroscopic guidance with push-type tubes is a safe and effective means of gastric feeding that has few complications and offers an alternative to introducer-placed gastrostomy tubes.
Applications of terahertz spectroscopy to pharmaceutical sciences (2003)

The application of terahertz pulsed spectroscopy within the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) recent process analytical technology (PAT) initiative is considered. As a case study the potency levels in paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) test tablets have been recovered from the terahertz absorption spectra using a multivariate partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration model. Root-mean-square errors of cross-validation (RMSECVs) of 2.85% and 3.90% were obtained for paracetamol and aspirin, respectively. Information about other excipients can also be obtained; for example, using the strong lactose absorption lines in the tablets, RMSECVs of 3.65% and 4.30% could be recovered from the paracetamol and aspirin samples, respectively. As active ingredients may also change their solid-state form during formulation processing or storage and as this can adversely affect the final dosage performance, monitoring of pharmaceutical ingredients is essential for a 'right-first-time' philosophy within the industry. Terahertz pulse spectroscopy is a high-throughput technique with many areas of potential exploitation in the pharmaceutical industry; these issues are discussed in this paper.
Impact of Low Concentration Factor Microfiltration on the Composition and Aging of Cheddar Cheese (2002)

The effect of microfiltration (MF) on proteolysis, hardness, and flavor of Cheddar cheese during 6 mo of aging was determined. Raw skim milk was microfiltered two-fold in two cheese making trials. In trial 1, four vats of cheese were made in 1 d using unconcentrated milk (1X), 1.26X, 1.51X, and 1.82X concentration factors (CF). Casein-(CN)-to-fat ratio was constant among treatments. Proteolysis during cheese aging decreased with increasing CF due to either limitation of substrate availability for chymosin due to low moisture in the nonfat substance (MNFS), inhibition of chymosin activity by high molecular weight milk serum proteins, such as alpha2-macroglobulin, retained in the cheese or low residual chymosin in the cheese. Hardness of fresh cheese increased, and cheese flavor intensity decreased with increasing CF. In trial 2, the 1X and 1.8X CF were compared directly. Changes made in the cheese making procedure for the 1.8X CF (more chymosin and less cooking) increased the MNFS and made proteolysis during aging more comparable for the 1X and 1.8X cheeses. The significant difference in cheese hardness due to CF in trial 1 was eliminated in trial 2. In a triangle test, panelists could not differentiate between the 1X and 1.8X cheeses. Therefore, increasing chymosin and making the composition of the two cheeses more similar allowed production of aged Cheddar cheese from milk concentrated up to 1.8X by MF that was not perceived as different from aged Cheddar cheese produced without MF.
Port randomized VPN by mobile codes (2004)

A key advantage of SSL (secure socket layer) VPN is that no specialized client software is required. When a user requests access to a server, the SSL client module, which is a Java applet code, is downloaded into the host first. However, it is quite likely that not all applications run well, because a client cannot connect with a server through an HTTPS tunnel in some applications. Moreover, there is the possibility that we can not use the VPN connections when the SSL port is under denial of service (DoS) or distributed DoS (DDoS) attack. We propose a port randomized VPN architecture such that any application can use the VPN and the VPN has strength against DoS or DDoS attack. The proposed VPN uses the same Java applet as existing SSL VPNs use, but the function of the applet, which we call mobile code, is dynamically changed by Java remote method invocation (RMI). The VPN client applet can cooperate with a VPN server and a firewall in the server side.
Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores (2002)

Abstract A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs ( Acheta domesticus ), superworms ( Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm larvae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor ), waxworm larvae ( Galleria mellonella ), and silkworm larvae ( Bombyx mori ) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earthworms ( Lumbricus terresstris ) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D 3 . Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9–83.6%), crude protein (9.3–23.7%), crude fat (1.6–24.9%), ADF (0.1–7.4%), NDF (0.0–11.5%), and ash (0.6–1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silkworms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples deficient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as follows: calcium (100%), vitamin D 3 (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B 12 (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methionine‐cystine (22%), and sodium (11%). Deficiencies by invertebrate species (number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on a DM basis) were as follows: waxworms (9), superworms (8), giant mealworm larvae (7), adult mealworms (6), mealworm larvae (5), adult house crickets (4), house cricket nymphs (4), silkworms (4), and earthworms (4). These data provide a basis for determining nutrient intake of captive insectivores, and will aid in the development of gut‐loading diets to provide captive insectivorous animals with appropriate levels of necessary nutrients. Zoo Biol 21:269–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cotranscription of the electron transport protein genes nifJ and nifF in Enterobacter agglomerans 333 (1991)

A nucleotide sequence showing extensive homology to the nifF gene, which codes for a flavodoxin involved in nitrogen fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae, was localized on the plasmid pEA3 of Enterobacter agglomerans and determined. The analysis of transcriptional fusions, as well as transcript protection assays, indicated a novel nif gene organization, that is, the cotranscription of nifJ and nifF.
Agent Based Intelligent Alert System for Smart-Phones (2013)

The paper deals with the design of an agent which modifies and enhances the various alert systems in the smartphones. The actions of the agent includes sorting the notifications abiding to human thinking, helping the user to have a safe conversation, assisting in tracking back the reach-ability status of the caller when needed, conveying the user about the notifications in times of situations like drained battery and smartly alerting the user in situations like sleeping. The agent uses the information gathered from a survey, to modify the existing methods of alerts and produce alerts which abide by the human cognitive responses.
Approximate entropy (ApEn) as a complexity measure (1995)

Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a recently developed statistic quantifying regularity and complexity, which appears to have potential application to a wide variety of relatively short (greater than 100 points) and noisy time-series data. The development of ApEn was motivated by data length constraints commonly encountered, e.g., in heart rate, EEG, and endocrine hormone secretion data sets. We describe ApEn implementation and interpretation, indicating its utility to distinguish correlated stochastic processes, and composite deterministic/ stochastic models. We discuss the key technical idea that motivates ApEn, that one need not fully reconstruct an attractor to discriminate in a statistically valid manner—marginal probability distributions often suffice for this purpose. Finally, we discuss why algorithms to compute, e.g., correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov–Sinai (KS) entropy, often work well for true dynamical systems, yet sometimes operationally confound for general models, with the aid of visual representations of reconstructed dynamics for two contrasting processes.
Military Airworthiness and the RAAF's Engineering Regulatory System (1995)

The RAAF acts as an independent Airworthiness Authority for both RAAF and Army aircraft Technical airworthiness must be assured, not only for reasons of safety but also to maintain operational capabilities. Technical airworthiness is achieved primarily by the RAAFs Design Approval Authority controlling the design of weapon systems. The manner in which such control may be exercised has changed dramatically in recent times with the dispersal of RAAF engineers from a centralised, hierarchical organisation to smaller, weapon system-focused, Logistics Management Squadrons. A formal engineering regulatory system has been developed to maintain design control and sustain technical airworthiness in the new environment. The system requires that engineering be conducted and managed by competent personnel working within authorised organisations in accordance with approved, documented procedures. Much greater emphasis is also placed on the use of internationally recognised design standards and the close involvement of DSTO and industry at all stages of a weapon system's life cycle. Specific Engineering Authority is now assigned by the DAA to Authorised Engineering Organisations and a Directorate of Technical Airworthiness has been formed to oversee the regulatory system and ensure compliance.
Effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors on adipogenesis and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha levels under normoxic conditions (2007)

Adipocyte function is highly regulated in response to changing oxygen levels and physiological regulation of adipocyte formation involves factors originally identified as hypoxia-responsive proteins. Inhibition of adipogenesis at low oxygen tension is associated with activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), a transcription factor essential for cellular responses to decreased oxygen levels whose activity is regulated by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes. However, HIF-1alpha RNA expression has been detected during the initial stages of adipocyte formation under aerobic conditions, suggesting a physiological role for HIF-1alpha during adipogenesis under a range of oxygen levels. Here we investigated the expression of HIF-1alpha during adipogenesis using the murine 3T3-L1 adipocyte model. Our results indicate the tissue-specific form of HIF-1alpha is upregulated during adipogenesis with maximal levels obtained within the first 24 h after induction. The increase in HIF-1alpha l.1 gene expression corresponds to increased nuclear HIF-1alpha protein, which gradually declines throughout adipogenesis under aerobic conditions. Each of the three HIF prolyl hydroxylases involved in regulating HIF-1alpha stability is expressed during adipogenesis. The prolyl hydroxylase domain 1 (PHD1) isoform of the HIF prolyl hydroxylases is expressed in early adipogenesis and the PHD2 and PHD3 isoforms are expressed during late adipogenesis. Pharmacological inhibition of PHD activity during the initial stages of adipogenesis abrogates the formation of adipocytes and inhibits gene expression of each of the PHD. However, inhibition of PHD activity does not consistently regulate HIF-1alpha l.1 expression or HIF-1alpha protein levels, suggesting that hydroxylation-independent mechanisms are involved in regulating HIF-1alpha expression in adipocytes under aerobic conditions.
Chondroitin 4-O-Sulfotransferase-1 Regulates E Disaccharide Expression of Chondroitin Sulfate Required for Herpes Simplex Virus Infectivity (2006)

We have demonstrated a defect in expression of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1) in murine sog9 cells, which are poorly sensitive to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Sog9 cells were previously isolated as CS-deficient cells from gro2C cells, which were partially resistant to HSV-1 infection and defective in the expression of heparan sulfate (HS) because of a splice site mutation in the EXT1 gene encoding the HS-synthesizing enzyme. Here we detected a small amount of CS chains in sog9 cells with a drastic decrease in 4-O-sulfation compared with the parental gro2C cells. RT-PCR revealed that sog9 cells had a defect in the expression of C4ST-1 in addition to EXT1. Gel filtration analysis showed that the decrease in the amount of CS in sog9 cells was the result of a reduction in the length of CS chains. Transfer of C4ST-1 cDNA into sog9 cells (sog9-C4ST-1) restored 4-O-sulfation and amount of CS, verifying that sog9 cells had a specific defect in C4ST-1. Furthermore, the expression of C4ST-1 rendered sog9 cells significantly more susceptible to HSV-1 infection, suggesting that CS modified by C4ST-1 is sufficient for the binding and infectivity of HSV-1. Analysis of CS chains of gro2C and sog9-C4ST-1 cells revealed a considerable proportion of the E disaccharide unit, consistent with our recent finding that this unit is an essential component of the HSV receptor. These results suggest that C4ST-1 regulates the expression of the E disaccharide unit and the length of CS chains, the features that facilitate infection of cells by HSV-1.
Nanoparticle iron-phosphate anode material for Li-ion battery (2004)

Nanoparticle crystalline iron phosphates (FePO4∙2H2O and FePO4) were synthesized using a (CTAB) surfactant as an anode material for Li rechargeable batteries. The electrochemical properties of the nanoparticle iron phosphates were characterized with a voltage window of 2.4–0 V. A variscite orthorhombic FePO4∙2H2O showed a large initial charge capacity of 609mAh∕g. On the other hand, a tridymite triclinic FePO4 exhibited excellent cyclability: the capacity retention up to 30 cycles was ∼80%, from 485 to 375mAh∕g. The iron phosphate anodes exhibited the highest reported capacity, while the cathode LiFePO4 has an ideal capacity of 170mAh∕g.
Diagnóstico precoz de caries dental utilizando fluorescencia laser: Parte I (2014)

La dificultad para el diagnostico de las lesiones cariosas tempranas en dientes temporales nos ha estimulado a desarrollar este trabajo y mejorar la exactitud del diagnostico con el uso de la florescencia inducida por luz láser. Sabemos que la superficie oclusal es considerada la zona más vulnerable al desarrollo de lesiones cariosas, estando esta alta susceptibilidad relacionada directamente con su morfología llena de elevaciones y depresiones que favorecen la retención de microorganismos y restos alimenticios. Comúnmente el diagnostico de una lesión cariosa oclusal se efectúa mediante una combinación de técnicas que incluyen el examen clinico con el uso del explorador y por medio de las radiografías. El propósito de esta investigación es determinar la efectividad del examen visual y radiográfico en el diagnostico de lesiones cariosas incipientes y compararlas con los resultados arrojados de la técnica con fluorescencia láser.
Accident and Emergency Services and General Practice—Conflict or Cooperation? (1987)

Journal Article Accident and Emergency Services and General Practice—Conflict or Cooperation? Get access JOHN COHEN JOHN COHEN Academic Sub-Department of General Practice, The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, University of LondonLondon W1P 7PN, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Family Practice, Volume 4, Issue 2, June 1987, Pages 81–83, https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/4.2.81 Published: 01 June 1987
Fast interprocedual alias analysis (1989)

We present a new algorithm for computing interprocedural aliases due to passing parameters by reference. This algorithm runs in O(N2+NE) time and, when combined with algorithms for alias-free, flow-insensitive data-flow problems, yields algorithms for solution of the general flow-insensitive problems that also run in O(N2+NE) time.
Improving small RNA-seq by using a synthetic spike-in set for size-range quality control together with a set for data normalization (2015)

There is an increasing interest in complementing RNA-seq experiments with small-RNA (sRNA) expression data to obtain a comprehensive view of a transcriptome. Currently, two main experimental challenges concerning sRNA-seq exist: how to check the size distribution of isolated sRNAs, given the sensitive size-selection steps in the protocol; and how to normalize data between samples, given the low complexity of sRNA types. We here present two separate sets of synthetic RNA spike-ins for monitoring size-selection and for performing data normalization in sRNA-seq. The size-range quality control (SRQC) spike-in set, consisting of 11 oligoribonucleotides (10-70 nucleotides), was tested by intentionally altering the size-selection protocol and verified via several comparative experiments. We demonstrate that the SRQC set is useful to reproducibly track down biases in the size-selection in sRNA-seq. The external reference for data-normalization (ERDN) spike-in set, consisting of 19 oligoribonucleotides, was developed for sample-to-sample normalization in differential-expression analysis of sRNA-seq data. Testing and applying the ERDN set showed that it can reproducibly detect differential expression over a dynamic range of 2(18). Hence, biological variation in sRNA composition and content between samples is preserved while technical variation is effectively minimized. Together, both spike-in sets can significantly improve the technical reproducibility of sRNA-seq.
THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE BULK OF 12-TUNGUSTOPHOSPHORIC ACID IN THE CATALYTIC DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS TO OLEFINS (1981)

Abstract Organic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen like alcohols and pyridine were readily incorporated into the bulk of heteropoly acids, while hydrocarbons such as butenes and benzene were adsorbed only on the surface. It was found in the dehydration of ethanol over H3PW12O40 that ethylene was yielded predominantly from absorbed ethanol in the bulk, whereas diethyl ether was formed on the surface.
Pulmonary response to antigen infusion in the sensitized guinea pig: modification by atropine (1975)

Alterations in pulmonary conductance, dynamic compliance, respiratory frequency, minute volume, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio, and wet-to-dry weight ratio resulting from antigen infusion in sensitized guinea pigs was examined with and without atropine treatment. In untreated animals 3 min after antigen infusion there were significant decreases in dynamic compliance and pulmonary conductance with an increase in relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio while other parameters were not altered. In atropine-treated animals antigen infusion resulted in a decreased dynamic compliance and an increased relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio but no significant change in pulmonary conductance. This suggests that the alterations in large and central airway tone resulting from antigen infusion are mediated predominantly by secondary cholinergic mechanisms while peripheral airway effects are mainly noncholinergic.
Ectopic lymphokine gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vivo. (1992)

An animal model to study the effects of ectopic expression of cytokines involved in cell growth and differentiation has been established. Retrovirus vectors containing the human interleukin 6 cDNA were used to produce high titer virus-producing lines. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBLs) were successfully infected with the retrovirus and engrafted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. The majority of the animals were engrafted with hPBLs, as determined by the presence of human glucose phosphate isomerase. Furthermore, six of seven mice engrafted with hPBLs infected with high titer virus and detectable hPBLs present in the spleen expressed the retroviral human interleukin 6 gene. Importantly, human interleukin 6 protein was expressed at physiologically significant levels in these mice. These results demonstrate that models for human disease and immunotherapy involving retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into human cells can be developed in mice.
The Web as a Resource for Question Answering: Perspectives and Challenges (2002)

The vast amounts of information readily available on the World Wide Web can be effectively used for question answering in two fundamentally different ways. In the federated approach, techniques for handling semistructured data are applied to access Web sources as if they were databases, allowing large classes of common questions to be answered uniformly. In the distributed approach, large-scale text-processing techniques are used to extract answers directly from unstructured Web documents. Because the Web is orders of magnitude larger than any human-collected corpus, question answering systems can capitalize on its unparalleled-levels of data redundancy. Analysis of real-world user questions reveals that the federated and distributed approaches complement each other nicely, suggesting a hybrid approach in future question answering systems. 1.
Mucin secretion is modulated by luminal factors in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon (2000)

Two algal polysaccharides (alginate and ulvan), two uronic acids (glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid), and the short chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate induce mucin secretion in rat colon. Taken together, these data suggest that some food constituents and their fermentation products may regulate the secretory function of colonic goblet cells.