gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bias-induced structure transition in reactively sputtered TiN films (1989)

The properties of TiN films deposited under large negative bias (up to ‖920‖ V) in dc reactive sputtering have been investigated. A crystallographic structure transition in TiN films was observed with an increase of negative substrate bias in reactive sputtering. The crystal orientation normal to the film surface changed from 〈111〉 to 〈200〉 direction at the negative substrate bias voltage higher than approximately ‖200‖ V. The crystal orientation transition was independent of substrate crystallographic information. The bias sputtered TiN film never absorbed oxygen when it was exposed to air. The porosity of TiN film has been much improved by applying a large negative substrate bias.
Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models. (2002)

The most likely transformations of carotenoids in the human eye involve a series of oxidation-reduction and double-bond isomerization reactions. Quail and frog appear to possess the appropriate enzymes for conversion of dietary (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin to the same nondietary by-products observed in humans and thus may serve as excellent nonprimate animal models for metabolic studies.
Effects of FK506 and rapamycin on excitation‐contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. (1996)

1. The effects of the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin were examined in mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres of rat in order to determine whether the FK506-binding protein plays a role in the coupling between the voltage sensors and the Ca2+ release channels. 2. Both FK506 (1 microM) and rapamycin (1 microM) rapidly and reversibly potentiated Ca2+ release evoked by either depolarization of the transverse tubular system or caffeine application, suggesting a direct effect of the agents on the Ca2+ release channels. 3. In addition, repeated depolarizations in the presence of either FK506 (1 microM) or rapamycin (1 microM) caused irreversible loss of depolarization-induced Ca2+ release, without preventing direct activation of the Ca2+ release channels by caffeine or low [Mg2+]. If a fibre was exposed to either immunosuppressant for a similar period (10 min) without stimulation, or if the voltage sensors were kept inactivated, there was little if any loss of coupling. 4. The loss of coupling was faster at higher drug concentrations, with 20 microM rapamycin causing 50% inhibition in 7-8 min without stimulation; this was further accelerated by repeated depolarizations in the presence of the drug, but was not noticeably altered by direct activation of the release channels by repeated exposure to caffeine. The irreversible loss of coupling indicates that the FK506-binding protein may play a vital role in enabling the voltage sensors to activate the Ca2+ release channels.
A New Approach to Elliptic Curve Cryptography: an RNS Architecture (2006)

An elliptic curve point multiplier (ECPM) is the main part of all elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) systems and its performance is decisive for the performance of the overall cryptosystem. A VLSI residue number system (RNS) architecture of an ECPM is presented in this paper. In the proposed approach, the necessary mathematical conditions that need to be satisfied, in order to replace typical finite field circuits with RNS ones, are investigated. It is shown that such an application is feasible and that it leads to a significant improvement in the execution time of a scalar point multiplication
Microsatellite instability (2001)

Unlike aneuploidy, considered to be the cardinal feature of malignant tumors ever since the chromosomal analysis of neoplastic cells became technically feasible, a second pathway toward malignancy has emerged over the past decade that is not characterized by gross aneuploidy but, instead, by inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair system, leading to a hypermutable state in which simple repetitive DNA sequences are unstable during DNA replication. Although mutations of many of these microsatellite sequences are presumably innocuous, because they do not occur in the coding or regulatory regions of genes, other such sequences are critically located in the coding regions of genes involved in the regulation of cell growth. First discovered in the rather uncommon hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, where there is an inactivating germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes and most of the tumors show microsatellite instability, the latter phenomenon has since been implicated in about 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers, as well as in cancers at several other sites, such as the endometrium. Tumors showing microsatellite instability are generally near-diploid, are at a low stage of development, have a favorable prognosis, and, in the colon, are commonly located on the right side. In recent years, epigenetic phenomena, including hypermethylation and loss of imprinting, have come to be recognized as having a significant bearing on the development of these tumors.
Pulmonary Ventilation and Mechanics in Morbidly Obese Zucker Rats (1994)

The obese Zucker rat, an autosomally genetic model of obesity, represents a good model of relatively early onset human obesity. Although factors associated with the control of metabolism and thermoregulation have been studied extensively in these animals, pulmonary mechanics and ventilation have not been documented and form the basis of this investigation. Studies were carried out in 16 obese and 18 lean female littermates (698 +/- 79 versus 304 +/- 24 g, p < 0.001). Pulmonary function, including lung volumes and respiratory system compliance, was evaluated in supine anesthetized animals. With the exception of residual volume, all other lung volumes, including function residual capacity, total lung capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory capacity, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05 or better) in the obese phenotype compared with volumes in the lean littermates. Pressure-volume relationships of the intact respiratory system and the excised lung were also determined. Although lung compliance was similar between the phenotypes, respiratory system compliance was significantly lower (0.85 +/- 0.06 versus 0.67 +/- 0.09 ml/cm H2O, p < 0.01) in the obese rats. Oxygen consumption and ventilatory parameters (including respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiratory time, and expiratory time) were similar between phenotypes breathing room air, and the minute ventilation in response to hypoxia was similar in both groups. In marked contrast, obese animals exhibited a blunted ventilatory response to hypercapnia (221 +/- 38 versus 135 +/- 44 ml/min, p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Semiconductor lasers with 2-D-photonic crystal mirrors based on a wet-oxidized Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-mask (2001)

We have fabricated and investigated AlGaAs-InGaAs-based ridge waveguide (RWG) lasers with two-dimensional (2-D) triangular photonic crystal (PC) mirrors using a wet-oxidized Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ mask for the dry etching of the PC at one end of the ridge. The laser structure includes a 60-nm-thick AlAs layer positioned in the upper cladding, which is converted into Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ after the definition of the PC by electron beam lithography and shallow etching. Etching of the holes is then continued using the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ mask, to a final depth of 600 nm. The continuous-wave characteristics of the lasers show a clear dependence on the period of the PC including a significant decrease of the threshold current and an increase of the efficiency for properly adjusted crystal parameters.
Heart rate monitoring in ultra-high-field MRI using frequency information obtained from video signals of the human skin compared to electrocardiography and pulse oximetry (2015)

Abstract Videos of the human skin contain subtle color variations associated with the blood volume pulse. This remote photoplethysmography signal can be used for heart rate monitoring and represents an alternative to signals obtained from contact-based hardware. We developed an algorithm that estimates the heart rate in real-time from photoplethysmography signals and evaluate its performance in the context of ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. We compare its accuracy to heart rate values estimated from electrocardiography and finger pulse oximetry triggers, obtained from MR vendor-provided hardware. For eight subjects, two experiments are conducted with the patient table outside and inside a 7 Tesla scanner. During both 5 min setups, heart rates from the algorithm and contact-based methods are stored. Their comparison suggests technical feasibility of the contactless method but that it is inferior in accuracy compared to contact-based hardware and that low heart rates (≤50 beats per minute) and adequate illumination are major challenges for practical feasibility.
Eudragit nanoparticles loaded with silybin: a detailed study of preparation, freeze-drying condition and<i>in vitro/in vivo</i>evaluation (2015)

The objective of this work was use of silybin nanoparticles in treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Eudragit RL PO nanoparticles loaded with silybin were produced using solvent-evaporation emulsification technique. Then, they were coated by Eudragit FS30D. Drug release was studied in different physiological environments. Colitis was induced by 4% of acetic acid in rats which received freeze-dried nanoparticles of silybin (75 mg/kg/day), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg/day), blank nanoparticles and normal saline orally for 5 days. Then macroscopic, histopathological evaluation and biochemical analysis, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in colon tissues were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Macroscopic and histopathological scores were improved by the optimised nanoparticles. The optimised nanoparticles had a particle size of 109 ± 6 nm, zeta potential of 15.4 ± 2 mV, loading efficiency of 98.3 ± 12% and release efficiency of 40.8 ± 5.5% at 24 h. TNF-α, IL-6 and MPO activity were reduced significantly by nanoparticles compared to control group (p < 0.05).
An electrostatic recording method using transformer assemblies based on error-correcting codes (1978)

A new high-speed electrostatic recording method has been developed that utilizes assemblies of transformers whose secondary windings are wound on the cores and connected to output terminals in arrangements based on ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,k</tex> ) or fixed-weight error-correcting codes. This method is used to distribute electrostatic recording pulses to styli to form latent images on recording paper. With the present experimental device a recording speed of 480 kilodots per second, or 436 steps per second, was obtained.
DCT-based watermark recovering without resorting to the uncorrupted original image (2002)

Digital watermarking has been proposed as a viable solution to the need of copyright protection and authentication of multimedia data in a networked environment, since it makes it possible to identify the author, owner, distributor or authorized consumer of a document. In this paper a new watermarking technique to add a code to digital images is presented; the method operates in the frequency domain embedding a pseudo-random sequence of real numbers in a selected set of DCT coefficients. Watermark casting is performed by exploiting the masking characteristics of the human visual system, to ensure watermark invisibility. The embedded sequence is extracted without resorting to the original image, so that the proposed technique represents a major improvement to methods relying on the comparison between the watermarked and original images. Experimental results demonstrate that the watermark is robust to most of the signal processing techniques and geometric distortions.
Strontium-89--precursor targeted therapy for pain relief of blastic metastatic disease (1993)

Strontium-89 is a radioactive calcium analog that provides an energetic beta particle for radiation therapy of osteoblastic disease. Strontium-89 is used as palliative therapy with the primary goal being pain relief. More than 500 patients with painful blastic metastatic disease were treated at University of Kansas Medical Center since the initiation of the first clinical trial there 15 years ago. Most patients have had metastatic prostate cancer to bone or breast cancer, as these tumors are commonly associated with bone pain as their primary clinical management problem. Improvement (decrease in pain, increase in physical activity level) was noted in 80% of patients with prostate carcinoma and 81% of patients with metastatic breast cancer to bone. Marrow toxicity levels were acceptable. The therapy can be repeated at 3-month intervals. Strontium-89 is a safe and effective systemic therapy for painful blastic metastatic disease. There is no longer any reason why the vast majority of persons with painful blastic metastatic disease should continue to hurt.
[Mn(tmc)(O<sub>2</sub>)]<sup>+</sup>: A Side‐On Peroxido Manganese(III) Complex Bearing a Non‐Heme Ligand (2006)

On the side: The crystal structure of a peroxido MnIII complex bearing a non-heme ligand shows that the peroxide ligand is bound to a manganese ion symmetrically in a side-on η2 fashion. The complex is capable of deformylating aldehydes by a nucleophilic reaction but not capable of oxygenating substrates by an electrophilic reaction. tmc=1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z603414_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Highly efficient Grignard-type imine additions via C–H activation in water and under solvent-free conditions (2002)

A highly effective Cu-Ru catalyzed addition of terminal alkynes to imines via C-H activation has been achieved in water or under solvent-free conditions.
Impact of Aging on the Regenerative Properties of Bone Marrow-, Muscle-, and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (2014)

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are promising cell sources for regenerative therapies due to their multipotency and ready availability, but their application can be complicated by patient-specific factors like age or illness. MSCs have been investigated for the treatment of many musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Due to the prevalence of these diseases in older populations, researchers have studied how aging affects MSC properties and have found that proliferation and differentiation potential are impaired. However, these effects have never been compared among MSCs isolated from multiple tissue sources in the same, healthy donor. Revealing differences in how MSCs are affected by age could help identify an optimal cell source for musculoskeletal therapies targeting older patients. MSCs were isolated from young and old rabbit bone marrow, muscle, and adipose tissue. Cell yield and viability were quantified after isolation procedures, and expansion properties were assessed using assays for proliferation, senescence, and colony formation. Multipotency was also examined using lineage-specific stains and spectrophotometry of metabolites. Results were compared between age groups and among MSC sources. Results showed that MSCs are differentially influenced by aging, with bone marrow-derived stem cells having impaired proliferation, senescence, and chondrogenic response, whereas muscle-derived stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells exhibited no negative effects. While age reduced overall cell yield and adipogenic potential of all MSC populations, osteogenesis and clonogenicity remained unchanged. These findings indicate the importance of age as a factor when designing cell-based therapies for older patients.
Trichobezoar--a condition to think of in case of mobile abdominal mass. (1992)

A twenty year old girl was referred to the surgical out-patients clinic with a history of intermittent epigastric pain and vomiting of five months duration. The patient enjoyed good health prior to this and her past medical history was uneventful. Findings on physical examination included pallor, patchy alopecia and a soft mobile, non-tender mass in the epigastrium and left upper quadrant of the abdomen. When questioned she admitted to a history of trichophagia for as long as she could recall. A provisional diagnosis of gastric trichobezoar was made. Radiological investigations included an abdominal ultrasound which showed a large ill-defined mass lesion with poor transonic features, situated in the upper abdomen and extending from the left upper quadrant across the midline to the liver margin. Barium meal revealed that the greater part of the lumen of stomach was occupied with material of an indeterminate nature. Her haematological investigations showed Haemoglobin 9.5 gm/dl and Leucocyte Count 9.0 x 10(9)/L. Her Urea and Electrolytes were within normal range. At laparotomy a large hair ball extending from the Stomach into the duodenum and proximal jejunum was removed through a vertical gastrotomy incision. The patient had a satisfactory post-operative convalescence and was discharged two weeks later.
Facile Formation of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> Nanosheets for Visible Light-Driven Photocatalysis (2019)

Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> heterojunction catalysts were prepared by treating Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> sheets with aqueous NaHCO<sub>3</sub> solutions at room temperature. All the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> heterojunctions exhibited higher activities than pristine Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange, and ciprofloxacin under visible-light irradiation, and the most active photocatalyst was found to be the one with a C/Bi molar ratio of ∼1/2.3. Relevant samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The higher activity of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> than pristine Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> is explained by the enhanced separation and transfer of photogenerated electron/hole pairs, as verified by transient photocurrent densities, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) and superoxide radical anions (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup>) were found to be the main active species. The good reusability of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>6</sub> was testified by cycling degradation of RhB and tetracycline hydrochloride.
Evanescent Field Spectroscopy With Optical Fibers For Chemical Sensing (1987)

A simple fiber optic chemical sensor is reported which may be used to detect in situ and in real time concentrations of gases and liquids. The sensor, comprised of a single LED source and a cladding-free multimode fiber, operates on the principle of evanescent field and differential spectroscopy. Exhibiting a linear response to relative humidity, this sensor selectively detects water vapor while remaining insensitive to source power fluctuations.
Photon beam characterization and modelling for Monte Carlo treatment planning (2000)

Photon beams of 4, 6 and 15 MV from Varian Clinac 2100C and 2300C/D accelerators were simulated using the EGS4/BEAM code system. The accelerators were modelled as a combination of component modules (CMs) consisting of a target, primary collimator, exit window, flattening filter, monitor chamber, secondary collimator, ring collimator, photon jaws and protection window. A full phase space file was scored directly above the upper photon jaws and analysed using beam data processing software, BEAMDP, to derive the beam characteristics, such as planar fluence, angular distribution, energy spectrum and the fractional contributions of each individual CM. A multiple-source model has been further developed to reconstruct the original phase space. Separate sources were created with accurate source intensity, energy, fluence and angular distributions for the target, primary collimator and flattening filter. Good agreement (within 2%) between the Monte Carlo calculations with the source model and those with the original phase space was achieved in the dose distributions for field sizes of 4 cm x 4 cm to 40 cm x 40 cm at source surface distances (SSDs) of 80-120 cm. The dose distributions in lung and bone heterogeneous phantoms have also been found to be in good agreement (within 2%) for 4, 6 and 15 MV photon beams for various field sizes between the Monte Carlo calculations with the source model and those with the original phase space.
Tree LANS with collision avoidance : protocol, switch architecture, and performance (1987)

Packet collisions and their resolution create a performance bottleneck in random access LANs. A hardware solution to this problem is to use collision avoidance switches. These switches allow the implementation of random access protocols without the penalty of collisions among packets. We review and compare the designs of some tree LANs that use collision avoidance switches. They have the potential of combining the benefits of random access (low delay when traffic is light, simple and distributed, and therefore robust, protocols) with excellent network utilization and concurrency of transmission. The collision avoidance LANs we review are broadcast star, Hubnet-like tree, Tinker-Tree, and a treenet that allows concurrent broadcasts within non-intersecting subtrees. After this review, we present a slotted-time, infinite user analysis of the broadcast star network.
Syntheses of symmetrically substituted 5-alkyl- and 5-aryl-dihydrodipyrrins and of porphyrins and bisporphyrins therefrom (1997)

Acid-catalysed treatment of 2-unsubstituted pyrroles with alkyl or aryl acetals affords good yields of the corresponding symmetrical 5-substituted dihydrodipyrrins (e.g. 7, 19, 38, 51, 52). Using MacDonald ‘2 + 2’ methodology, such dihydrodipyrrins are transformed in several steps into 5,15-disubstituted porphyrins (e.g. 5, 23, 24, 26, 36), wherein the 5- and 15-substituents can be identical or different. Further functionalization of 5 affords nickel(II) 5-vinyl-15-substituted porphyrin 4 which, after Vilsmeier formylation (POCl3–DMF) of the nickel(II) complex, yields the corresponding nickel(II) 5-(formylvinyl)porphyrin 3; cyclization under acidic conditions then gives the nickel 15-phenylbenzochlorin 1. Nickel(0)-catalysed reductive dimerization of the nickel(II) 15-(p-chloromethylphenyl)porphyrin 48 yields the dihydrostilbene dimer 53, which can also be obtained in lower yield by reductive dimerization of 5-(p-chloromethylphenyl)dihydrodipyrrin 57, followed by MacDonald-type cyclization and metallation of the free-base dimer 54.