gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry studies of the electrochemically controlled adsorption of benzotriazole on copper surfaces (1990)

Adsorption of the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTA) from solution has been studied on well-characterized electrochemically prepared Cu surfaces. In situ ellipsometry and ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to probe both the nature of the Cu surfaces prior to BTA adsorption and to determine the stoichiometry, thickness, and chemical composition of the Cu–BTA overlayer films. The films grown on Cu2O and on Cu0 under oxidizing conditions are generally 5–40 Å thick and best described as Cu+1 BTA. Uptake of BTA is also observed on CuO and reduced Cu0 surfaces where the adsorbed film is limited at close to a monolayer. Therefore, Cu2O does not appear to be a prerequisite for uptake of BTA. The thickness of the inhibitor overlayer was calculated from the N 1s/ Cu 3p core level XPS data and was in good agreement with independent ellipsometric measurements on similar samples. Roughening of the Cu surface is observed for samples treated at low pH. Differing amounts of oxygen are found in the Cu+1 BTA films depending upon the preparation environment.
Voltage Dependence of Cardiac Delayed Rectifier Block by Methanesulfonamide Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents (1994)

Voltage-clamp experiments were performed on isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes to examine the voltage dependence of delayed rectifier block by methanesulfonamide channel blockers. Voltage-dependent channel block, in which block decreases as membrane potential is made more positive, could contribute to the phenomenon of reverse use dependence, in which the magnitude of the drug-induced prolongation in action potential duration (APD) is inversely proportional to stimulation rate. To determine whether such a voltage dependence exists, concentration-response curves were generated for dofetilide, E-4031, sematilide, and D,L-sotalol at test potentials ranging from 0 to 60 mV. All agents blocked current in a manner consistent with selective blockade of the rapidly activating component of delayed rectifier current, IKr. The rank order of potency was E-4031 approximately dofetilide > sematilide > sotalol. Block of tail currents by this class of compounds was more potent after test potentials to +60 mV than after those < or = 0-10 mV. These data are inconsistent with voltage-dependent channel block being a contributing factor to reverse use-dependence and suggest that other mechanisms must be responsible for this phenomenon.
Peaceful Awareness in Patients with Advanced Cancer (2006)

Patients with advanced cancer who are peacefully aware have better mental health and quality of death outcomes, and their surviving caregivers have better bereavement outcomes. Peaceful awareness is associated with modifiable aspects of medical care (e.g., discussions about terminal treatment preferences).
The initiation and pattern of spread of histone H4 acetylation parallel the order of transcriptional activation of genes in the aflatoxin cluster (2007)

The 27 genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis are clustered within a 70 kb region in the Aspergillus parasiticus genome. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated a positive correlation between the initiation and spread of histone H4 acetylation in aflatoxin promoters and the onset of accumulation of aflatoxin proteins and aflatoxin. Histone H4 acetylation in the pksA (encodes an 'early' biosynthetic pathway enzyme) promoter peaked at 30 h, prior to the increased acetylation in the omtA and ordA (encode 'late' enzymes) promoters detected at 40 h. The specific order in which pksA, ver-1 (encodes a 'middle' enzyme) and omtA transcripts accumulated in cells paralleled the pattern of spread of histone H4 acetylation. Binding of AflR, a positive regulator of aflatoxin biosynthesis, to the ordA promoter showed a positive correlation with the spread of histone H4 acetylation. The data suggest that the order of genes within the aflatoxin cluster determines the timing and order of transcriptional activation, and that the site of initiation and spread of histone H4 acetylation mediate this process. Our data indicate that the aflatoxin and adjacent sugar utilization clusters are part of a larger 'regulatory unit'.
Fucosylated Pentaerythrityl Phosphodiester Oligomers (PePOs):  Automated Synthesis of DNA-Based Glycoclusters and Binding to <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Lectin (PA-IIL) (2007)

The synthesis of propargylated pentaerythrityl phosphodiester oligomers (PePOs) was achieved using a DNA synthesizer with a bis-propargylated pentaerythritol-based phosphoramidite. An azido fucose derivative was reacted under "click" chemistry conditions activated by microwaves to construct a series of glycosylated PePOs bearing 4, 6, 8, and 10 L-fucose residues. Binding to the fucose-specific bacterial lectin (PA-IIL) was determined for the fucosylated PePOs through an enzyme-linked lectin amplification competition assay. The IC50 values measured are 10-20 times better than for monovalent l-fucose and denotate for a "macromolecular" effect rather than a "cluster" effect.
Liquid crystal Lichtenberg figure (1974)

A new method for delineation of surface discharge figures on insulating surfaces is described. Cholesteric liquid crystal thin films on insulating surfaces finely delineate structures of residual charges of surface discharges on them. The method has high resolving power (∼ 1 μm) in the delineation of the surface discharges.
Integration of Single-Sweep Oscillopolarograms (1963)

Integration of the equation for the current‐time relationship when a linear potential sweep is applied to an electrode has led to an equation for the number of coulombs passed, , where is a constant dependent on the potential interval over which the integration is carried out, but independent of sweep rate, C the concentration of the species undergoing reaction, A the electrode area, and ν the time rate of change of the linear potential sweep. A procedure to distinguish between coulombs due to diffusing and nondiffusing reactants is given. The derived relationships are verified experimentally. Separation of the coulombs due to the reduction of ferric iron and platinum oxide under conditions where both reactions take place concomitantly is described. In the iodide‐iodine‐triiodide system, it is concluded that iodine, rather than triiodide, is the adsorbed species.
Selective inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage by potential pro-drug forms of aminoglutethimide. (1988)

Potential pro-drugs for aminoglutethimide (1) an agent used for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer have been synthesized, namely the azo-(2), azoxy-(3) and hydrazo-(4) derivatives. These compounds have been tested for inhibitory action towards the two main target enzymes for 1, aromatase and the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex, P-450scc. None inhibited aromatase but 3 and 4 inhibited P-450scc, the respective IC50 values being about twice and one-half that for 1. Compounds 1 and 3 were also tested as inhibitors of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase complex in comparison with ketoconazole which acts against prostatic cancer by this mechanism. The azoxy-derivative 3 was a weak inhibitor but 1 was inactive.
Incorporating connected region labelling into automated image registration using mutual information (1996)

The information theoretic measure of mutual information has been successfully applied to multi-modality medical image registration for several applications. There remain however; modality combinations for which mutual information derived from the occurrence of image intensities alone does not provide a distinct optimum at true registration. The authors propose an extension of the technique through the use of an additional information channel supplying region labelling information. These labels which can specify simple regional connectivity or express higher level anatomical knowledge, can be derived from the images being registered. The authors show how the mutual information measure can be extended to include an additional channel of region labelling, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for the registration of MR and PET images of the pelvis.
Berichtigung (1927)

Ans d.Cheru.Institut d.TTniversitat Miinster i. W.7 (Eingegangen am 2 -1
Real-Time Analysis of EEG Indexes of Alertness, Cognition, and Memory Acquired With a Wireless EEG Headset (2004)

Abstract The integration of brain monitoring into the man-machine interface holds great promise for real-time assessment of operator status and intelligent allocation of tasks between machines and humans. This article presents an integrated hardware and software solution for acquisition and real-time analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to monitor indexes of alertness, cognition, and memory. Three experimental paradigms were evaluated in a total of 45 participants to identify EEG indexes associated with changes in cognitive workload: the Warship Commander Task (WCT), a simulated navy command and control environment that allowed workload levels to be systematically manipulated; a cognitive task with three levels of difficulty and consistent sensory inputs and motor outputs; and a multisession image learning and recognition memory test. Across tasks and participants, specific changes in the EEG were identified that were reliably associated with levels of cognitive workload. The EEG indexes were also shown to change as a function of training on the WCT and the learning and memory task. Future applications of the system to augment cognition in military and industrial environments are discussed.
Real-time moving object segmentation and tracking for H.264/AVC surveillance videos (2011)

With increased use of H.264/AVC in various applications including video surveillance systems, feature extraction and knowledge representation in compressed domain are becoming attractive. A real-time H.264/AVC compressed domain moving object segmentation and tracking algorithm for surveillance videos is proposed in this paper. This algorithm consists of moving object detection, bounding box matching, spatiotemporal merge and split reasoning and trajectory smoothing, with major innovation in incorporating the information provided by the prediction modes into the framework of motion detection and trajectory construction. The experimental results on both indoor and outdoor surveillance videos demonstrate that the adaptive use of the information from motion vectors, DCT coefficients and prediction modes can substantially improve the performance of moving object segmentation and tracking.
Discriminatively Trained GMMs for Language Classification Using Boosting Methods (2009)

In language identification and other speech applications, discriminatively trained models often outperform nondiscriminative models trained with the maximum-likelihood criterion. For instance, discriminative Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) are typically trained by optimizing some discriminative criteria that can be computationally expensive and complex to implement. In this paper, we explore a novel approach to discriminative GMM training by using a variant the boosting framework (R. Schapire, ldquoThe boosting approach to machine learning, an overview,rdquo <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Proc.</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MSRI</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Workshop</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Nonlinear</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Estimation</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">and</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Classification,</i> 2002) from machine learning, in which an ensemble of GMMs is trained sequentially. We have extended the purview of boosting to class conditional models (as opposed to discriminative models such as classification trees). The effectiveness of our boosting variation comes from the emphasis on working with the misclassified data to achieve discriminatively trained models. Our variant of boosting also includes utilizing low confidence data classifications as well as misclassified examples in classifier generation. We further apply our boosting approach to anti-models to achieve additional performance gains. We have applied our discriminative training approach to a variety of language identification experiments using the 12-language NIST 2003 language identification task. We show the significant performance improvements that can be obtained. The experiments include both acoustic as well as token-based speech models. Our best performing boosted GMM-based system on the 12-language verification task has a 2.3% EER.
Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (Ctla-4) <u>Restricts</u> Clonal Expansion of Helper T Cells (2001)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 plays an essential role in immunologic homeostasis. How this negative regulator of T cell activation executes its functions has remained controversial. We now provide evidence that CTLA-4 mediates a cell-intrinsic counterbalance to restrict the clonal expansion of proliferating CD4(+) T cells. The regulation of CTLA-4 expression and function ensures that, after approximately 3 cell divisions of expansion, most progeny will succumb to either proliferative arrest or death over the ensuing three cell divisions. The quantitative precision of the counterbalance hinges on the graded, time-independent induction of CTLA-4 expression during the first three cell divisions. In contrast to the limits imposed on unpolarized cells, T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 effector progeny may be rescued from proliferative arrest by interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 signaling, respectively, allowing appropriately stimulated progeny to proceed to the stage of tissue homing. These results suggest that the cell-autonomous regulation of CTLA-4 induction may be a central checkpoint of clonal expansion of CD4(+) T cells, allowing temporally and spatially restricted growth of progeny to be dictated by the nature of the threat posed to the host.
Observation of Trapping Sites of Hydrogen and Deuterium in High-Strength Steels with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (1994)

Hydrogen and deuterium trapping sites in high-strength steels have been observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). High-strength steels with 1400 MPa tensile strength are loaded and dipped in D2O and 20% NH4SCN solution at 323 K to occlude hydrogen and deuterium. As a result, the depth profiles by SIMS show the presence of deuterium means hydrogen trapping site occluded during delayed fracture test. Secondary ion-image analysis by SIMS has made possible to observe hydrogen and deuterium trapping sites in high-strength steels. Hydrogen tends to accumulate at grain boundaries, in segregation bands, and in inclusions. Line scans by SIMS show that the concentration of hydrogen is 7.8 times as high at grain boundaries as in the matrix, 5.0 times as high in the segregation bands, and 11 times as high in the inclusions. Hydrogen trapping sites at grain boundaries can be observed by measuring after the delayed fracture test as soon as possible.
Novel fluorescence in situ hybridization approaches in solid tumors. Characterization of frozen specimens, touch preparations, and cytological preparations. (1995)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization has emerged as an extremely important tool for detection and characterization of nonrandom chromosome aberrations in cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assays have been very reliable in cytogenetic tumor preparations, but have been more unpredictable in archival, paraffin-embedded specimens. We describe novel approaches for detection of chromosome aberrations in frozen tumor specimens, touch preparations, and cytological preparations. These approaches are both simple and reproducible, with minimal case-to-case variation in hybridization efficiency or hybridization signal quality. We demonstrate potential applications of these novel approaches by evaluating: 1) significance of normal karyotypes in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors; 2) p15/p16 copy number in prostate cancer; and 3) clonal chromosome 3p deletion in cytological preparations of pleural fluid from patients with mesothelioma.
T Cell Responses Are Better Correlates of Vaccine Protection in the Elderly (2006)

It is commonly held that increased risk of influenza in the elderly is due to a decline in the Ab response to influenza vaccination. This study prospectively evaluated the relationship between the development of influenza illness, and serum Ab titers and ex vivo cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in community dwelling older adults including those with congestive heart failure (CHF). Adults age 60 years and older (90 subjects), and 10 healthy young adult controls received the 2003-04 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Laboratory diagnosed influenza (LDI) was documented in 9 of 90 older adults. Pre- and postvaccination Ab titers did not distinguish between subjects who would subsequently develop influenza illness (LDI subjects) and those who would not (non-LDI subjects). In contrast, PBMC restimulated ex vivo with live influenza virus preparations showed statistically significant differences between LDI and non-LDI subjects. The mean IFN-gamma:IL-10 ratio in influenza A/H3N2-stimulated PBMC was 10-fold lower in LDI vs non-LDI subjects. Pre-and postvaccination granzyme B levels were significantly lower in CHF subjects with LDI compared with subjects without LDI. In non-CHF subjects with LDI, granzyme B levels increased to high levels at the time of influenza infection. In conclusion, measures of the ex vivo cellular immune response to influenza are correlated with protection against influenza while serum Ab responses may be limited as a sole measure of vaccine efficacy in older people. Ex vivo measures of the cell-mediated immune response should be incorporated into evaluation of new vaccines for older adults.
Matrix-addressed liquid crystal displays (1972)

One of the problems encountered when making matrix-addressed liquid crystal displays is the poor discrimination obtained. This arises because the optical effect used to form the display does not have an adequate `threshold' as a function of drive voltage, and elements which should remain OFF become partially ON. It is shown how these problems can be overcome by using AC signals to prevent the partial selection of display elements. Techniques are described which can be applied to static and scanned arrays based on the use of the dynamic scattering mode of a nematic liquid crystal.
Nonsmooth Current-Constrained Control for a DC–DC Synchronous Buck Converter with Disturbances via Finite-Time-Convergent Extended State Observers (2019)

This study investigates the problem of overlarge current protection for a DC–DC synchronous buck converter with the existence of uncertainties and disturbances. Aiming to deal with the hardware damage in the electric circuit of a DC–DC buck that may be caused by overlarge transient current, a new nonsmooth current-constrained control (NCC) algorithm is proposed to replace the traditional ones, which use conservative coefficients to satisfy current constraint, leading to a sacrifice of dynamic performance. Based on the homogeneous system technique, a nonsmooth state feedback controller is improved by adding a penalty term that prompts the adaptive gain of the controller according to the inductor current and current constraint. Then by using two finite-time extended state observers (FTESO), the unmatched disturbances and matched disturbances can be compensated to enhance the robustness of the DC–DC synchronous buck converter. The effect of proposed scheme has been verified by experimental results.
Organic Optical Storage Media For Short Wavelength Systems (1988)

A versatile class of organic compounds has been identified as a source of potential recording layer materials for short wavelength optical data storage systems. Through modification of the structure of these materials, the strong absorption band may be tuned to any wavelength between 380 nm and 500 nm. Similar modification of other structural features permits manipulation of the physical properties without affecting the optical properties. One set of compounds tuned to 488 nm was coated onto aluminum substrates and tested in an argon ion laser drive. Tracks of pits were written in these materials at powers as low as 6-8 mW with pulse widths as low as 34 ns. Well formed pits as small as 0.4μm in diameter were observed.
Smart Grid: The Electric Energy System of the Future [Scanning the Issue] (2011)

Provides an overview of the technical articles and features presented in this issue on swarming in natural and engineered systems.
Understanding molecular alphabets of the plant abiotic stress responses (2001)

Abiotic stresses elicit complex cellular responses. This complexity made many believe for a long time that tolerance to abiotic stresses cannot be experimentally manipulated. Fortunately, this contention has proven wrong in recent years. Considered once to be an arduous task, genetic engineering for increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses has been achieved to an extent. This change has come due to the progress made in exploring and understanding plant abiotic stress responses at whole-plant, physiological, biochemical, cellular and molecular levels. Plant molecular biology is a fast-expanding research frontier of our times. This important branch of science has given several clues in understanding how plants respond under stressful regimes. A great deal of success has been achieved in unveiling gene/ protein alterations associated with preparation of plants against the abiotic stresses. In parallel, major progress has been made in the characterization of stress-related promoters and transcription factors as well as stress signalling components. This article takes a broad look at molecular responses of plants to different abiotic stresses.
Glycoprotein K Specified by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Expressed on Virions as a Golgi Complex-Dependent Glycosylated Species and Functions in Virion Entry (2001)

To facilitate detection of glycoprotein K (gK) specified by herpes simplex virus, a 12-amino-acid epitope tag was inserted within gK domain III. Recombinant virus gKprotC-DIII, expressing the tagged gK, was isolated. This virus formed wild-type plaques and replicated as efficiently as the wild-type KOS virus in Vero cells. Anti-protein C MAb detected high-mannose and Golgi complex-dependent glycosylated gK within cells as well as on purified virions. The gK-null virus DeltagK (gK(-/-)) entered Vero cells substantially more slowly than the wild-type KOS (gK(+/+)), while DeltagK virus grown in complementing VK302 cells (gK(-/+)) entered with entry kinetics similar to those of the KOS virus.