gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical pumping of microwave masers (1963)

The application of optical pumping techniques to microwave masers is discussed. It is shown that optical pumping appears to be promising for achieving low noise maser action at very high frequencies and at elevated temperatures. The analysis includes the treatment of optical pumping principles, noise considerations, pump power requirements and maximum signal frequencies. Potential advantages and limitations which can exist when using optical excitation are considered. Finally, the concepts and procedures developed in this paper are applied for illustrative purposes to evaluate the expected performance of a ruby maser.
Proximity Effects in Electron Lithography: Magnitude and Correction Techniques (1980)

Proximity effects due to electron scattering in the resist and substrate seem to set a fundamental limit to the areal density that can be achieved in electron lithography. This work briefly reviews the form and the magnitude of the proximity function and its extent as evidenced by deviations in designed linewidths. It also discusses methods to decrease the proximity effect as well as the algorithms used for correction of such effects.
Cell‐cycle modulation of MPM‐2‐specific spindle pole body phosphorylation in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> (1988)

MPM-2 is a monoclonal antibody that interacts with mitosis-specific phosphorylated proteins in many different organisms. Immunocytochemistry of tissue culture cells has shown that MPM-2 stains centrosomes, chromosomes, kinetochores, and spindles. In this paper, we demonstrate that MPM-2 staining colocalizes with the spindle pole body (SPB) of Aspergillus nidulans and that SPB staining varies during the mitotic cycle. In an unsynchronized population, about one-fourth to one-third of the cells stain with MPM-2 at the spindle plaques or SPBs. Nuclei in mitosis have two SPBs localized at the ends of the spindle, both of which stain with MPM-2. To determine when MPM-2 staining appears, we have examined the effects of temperature-sensitive cell-cycle mutations that block nuclear division in S or G2. Only a very small fraction of cells blocked in S-phase stain with MPM-2. In contrast, a large fraction of cells blocked in G2 stain brightly at the SPB. These data suggest that MPM-2 reactivity of SPBs appears in G2. Moreover, the fact that cells blocked in G2 showed MPM-2 staining but no spindles suggests that reactivity of SPBs occurs prior to mitosis but is not sufficient to trigger spindle formation. When G2-blocked cells were downshifted to permissive temperature, they generated a mitotic spindle with an SPB at each end. Both SPBs stained with MPM-2 in all of the mitotic cells.
Multiple loop structures critical for ligand binding of the integrin α4 subunit in the upper face of the β-propeller mode 1 (1997)

A non-I-domain integrin, alpha4beta1, recognizes vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and the IIICS portion of fibronectin. To localize regions of alpha4 critical for ligand binding, we swapped several predicted loops within or near the putative ligand-binding site of alpha4 (which spans repeats 2-5 of the seven N-terminal repeats) with the corresponding regions of alpha5. Swapping residues 112-131 in repeat 2, or residues 237-247 in repeat 4, completely blocked adhesion to immobilized VCAM-1 and connecting segment 1 (CS-1) peptide. However, swapping residues 40-52 in repeat 1, residues 151-164 in repeat 3, or residues 282-288 (which contain a putative cation binding motif) in repeat 5 did not affect or only slightly reduced adhesion to these ligands. The binding of several function-blocking antibodies is blocked by swapping residues 112-131, 151-164, and 186-191 (which contain previously identified residues critical for ligand binding, Tyr-187 and Gly-190). These results are consistent with the recently published beta-propeller folding model of the integrin alpha4 subunit [Springer, T. A. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 65-72], in which seven four-stranded beta-sheets are arranged in a torus around a pseudosymmetric axis. The regions of alpha4 critical for ligand binding are adjacent to each other and are located in the upper face, the predicted ligand-binding site, of the beta-propeller model, although they are not adjacent in the primary structure.
Evaluation of Setpoint Temperature and Pullback Speed on Vein Adventitial Temperature During Endovenous Radiofrequency Energy Delivery in an In-Vitro Model (2004)

Endovenous occlusion of the greater saphenous vein with radiofrequency (RF) energy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for saphenofemoral reflux. Operating parameters initially developed for the VNUS Closure system were selected in order to provide sufficient energy to controllably and transmurally heat the vein wall to cause collagen contraction and destruction of the vein wall while limiting the degree of perivascular heating. Procedural advances, such as ultrasound-guided tumescent infiltration along the course of the vein to be treated, have provided an added level of thermal protection to the perivenous tissue during the application of RF energy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of raising the setpoint temperature from 85 degrees C to 90 degrees C while doubling the pullback speed from 3 to 6 cm/minute on vein adventitial temperature. An in vitro simulation of a peripheral vein surrounded by body tissue was created by fixing freshly excised bovine veins in beefsteak kept moist by normal saline. A VNUS RF generator, in conjunction with a VNUS Closure catheter, delivered temperature-controlled RF energy to the bovine vein intima. Adventitial temperatures were recorded as the catheter was withdrawn and peak temperatures from 4 treatment groups were analyzed. The mean peak adventitial temperatures for the groups in which the adventitia was lightly bathed in saline were 64.4 degrees C and 64.9 degrees C with a setpoint temperature of 85 degrees C at a pullback speed of 3 cm/minute and 90 degrees C at a pullback speed of 6 cm/minute, respectively. The mean peak adventitial temperatures for the groups in which the adventitia was bathed in a 2.0 mm layer of saline were 51.3 degrees C and 47.7 degrees C with a setpoint temperature of 85 degrees C at a pullback speed of 3 cm/minute and 90 degrees C at a pullback speed of 6 cm/minute, respectively. Temperature-controlled radiofrequency occlusion of the saphenous vein, performed using an intimal setpoint temperature of 90 degrees C and double the pullback speed of the historical VNUS Closure treatment (6 vs 3 cm/minute), produced comparable temperatures at the adventitial surface in an in vitro model. The addition of a 2.0 mm layer of saline significantly reduced the peak adventitial temperatures.
Improved internal antenna forhand-held terminals (1994)

An analysis is made of the performance of a radiation-coupled dual-L antenna (RCDLA). In the simulation the antenna is mounted on the back side of the hand-held terminal, making use of the metallic housing as a shielding structure. The simulations show that this structure has a similar performance to that of the recently proposed full short circuit planar inverted-F antenna (FS-PIFA) in terms of shielding and radiation characteristics. In terms of bandwidth, size, and matching capabilities the RCDLA outperforms the FS-PIFA. Placement of the antenna on the back side of the housing instead of the top of the terminal results in a radiation pattern that points away from the user's head regardless of the antenna type.
특집 : 당뇨병과 신질환 ; 당뇨병성 신증의 역학 (2013)

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, is a common and morbid complication of diabetes. Individuals with nephropathy are at a much greater risk for other micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) from diabetes is the most common single cause of entry to renal replacement programs worldwide. ESRD is devastating to the individual and of enormous financial and social consequences to society. Increasing diabetes prevalence is already being reflected in high diabetic nephropathy prevalence. The early detection and effective management of diabetic nephropathy would delay or prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease. Thus, it is important to understand the exact current status of diabetic nephropathy. We review the epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy including prevalence, incidence, and trends. (J Korean Diabetes 2013;14:11-14)
Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review (2016)

This review was developed to introduce the essential components and variants of structural equation modeling (SEM), synthesize the common issues in SEM applications, and share our views on SEM’s future in ecological research. We searched the Web of Science on SEM applications in ecological studies from 1999 through 2016 and summarized the potential of SEMs, with a special focus on unexplored uses in ecology. We also analyzed and discussed the common issues with SEM applications in previous publications and presented our view for its future applications. We searched and found 146 relevant publications on SEM applications in ecological studies. We found that five SEM variants had not commenly been applied in ecology, including the latent growth curve model, Bayesian SEM, partial least square SEM, hierarchical SEM, and variable/model selection. We identified ten common issues in SEM applications including strength of causal assumption, specification of feedback loops, selection of models and variables, identification of models, methods of estimation, explanation of latent variables, selection of fit indices, report of results, estimation of sample size, and the fit of model. In previous ecological studies, measurements of latent variables, explanations of model parameters, and reports of key statistics were commonly overlooked, while several advanced uses of SEM had been ignored overall. With the increasing availability of data, the use of SEM holds immense potential for ecologists in the future.
Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve disease. (1996)

Wallerian-like degeneration can be regarded as the final shared pathway of the most prevalent diseases of the peripheral nervous system, including many degenerative, metabolic, heritable, toxic, inflammatory and ischaemic disorders. The cellular responses that take place during Wallerian degeneration, including the elaboration of neurotrophins, are increasingly recognized to set the stage for the success or failure of subsequent regeneration, and manipulations of Wallerian degeneration are being investigated as a potential means of altering the outcome of nerve regeneration.
GBF1, a cis-Golgi and VTCs-localized ARF-GEF, is implicated in ER-to-Golgi protein traffic (2006)

The formation and maturation of membrane carriers that transport cargo from the ER to the Golgi complex involves the sequential action of the coat protein complexes COPII and COPI. Recruitment of COPI to nascent carriers requires activation of ADP-ribosylation factors by a BrefeldinA-sensitive guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Using new antisera and a GFP-tagged protein, we demonstrate that the exchange factor GBF1 localized to both Golgi membranes and peripheral puncta, near but separate from ER exit sites. Live cell imaging revealed that GFP-GBF1 associates dynamically with both membranes through rapid exchange with a large cytosolic pool. Treatment with BrefeldinA dramatically altered this rapid exchange, causing accumulation of GBF1 on both Golgi and peripheral puncta before eventual redistribution to the ER in a microtubule-dependent manner. Measurement of diffusion coefficients and subcellular fractionation confirmed this shift in GBF1 from cytosolic to membrane bound. BrefeldinA-induced accumulation of GBF1 coincided with loss of COPI from peripheral puncta. Furthermore, recruitment of GBF1 to cargo-containing peripheral puncta coincided with recruitment of COPI, but not COPII. Strikingly, microinjection of anti-GBF1 antibodies specifically caused dissociation of COPI from membranes. These observations strongly suggest that GBF1 regulates COPI membrane recruitment in the early secretory pathway.
Corneal Stromal Wound Healing in Rabbits After 193-nm Excimer Laser Surface Ablation (1989)

An argon fluoride excimer laser (193 nm) with a moving slit delivery system was used to perform anterior myopic keratomileusis in both eyes of 24 New Zealand white rabbits. Rabbits were killed immediately after ablation and at intervals up to 100 days. By slit-lamp microscopy, four rabbits at day 100 exhibited four clear corneas and four corneas had central, spotty, subepithelial haze. Light and electron microscopy documented corneal healing. In the early stages a transient acellular zone in the anterior stroma appeared over a period of three weeks, followed by an increased number of fibrocytes. In the corneas with opacification, focal areas of 20-microns-thick subepithelial scarring were present. An unexpected finding was transient damage to posterior stromal keratocytes and endothelial cells. The endothelium produced a layer of granular material that migrated anteriorly across Descemet's membrane. Immunochemistry at day 6 showed a marked staining for collagen IV, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and laminin.
Distinct Spacing Between Anionic Groups: An Essential Chemical Determinant for Achieving Thiophene‐Based Ligands to Distinguish β‐Amyloid or Tau Polymorphic Aggregates (2015)

The accumulation of protein aggregates is associated with many devastating neurodegenerative diseases and the existence of distinct aggregated morphotypes has been suggested to explain the heterogeneous phenotype reported for these diseases. Thus, the development of molecular probes able to distinguish such morphotypes is essential. We report an anionic tetrameric oligothiophene compound that can be utilized for spectral assignment of different morphotypes of β-amyloid or tau aggregates present in transgenic mice at distinct ages. The ability of the ligand to spectrally distinguish between the aggregated morphotypes was reduced when the spacing between the anionic substituents along the conjugated thiophene backbone was altered, which verified that specific molecular interactions between the ligand and the protein aggregate are necessary to detect aggregate polymorphism. Our findings provide the structural and functional basis for the development of new fluorescent ligands that can distinguish between different morphotypes of protein aggregates.
Crystallization of Anatase from Amorphous Titania Using the Hydrothermal Technique:  Effects of Starting Material and Temperature (1999)

The crystallization of anatase from amorphous titania has been controlled using the hydrothermal technique. Crystallite size and surface area can be controlled by careful alterations of the hydrothermal conditions. The catalytic effect of the water on crystallization has been demonstrated, and the crystallization mechanism has been shown to change from a solid-state type to dissolution precipitation as the temperature is increased. The influence of the amorphous precursor preparation route has been examined in order to evaluate the effect of contaminant ions on the crystallization process. It has been shown that the chloride ion accelerates the nucleation of the anatase, even under dry conditions. The effects of acidic and basic solutions have been studied. Acidic conditions result in the formation of anatase, brookite, and rutile, whereas basic conditions accelerate the production of anatase. The mechanisms for the hydrothermal crystallization of anatase and rutile are discussed.
Performance of Closed Form and Iterative MU-MIMO precoders for different broadcast channel configurations (2010)

We investigate in this paper the performance achieved by some SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) access techniques in a Broadcast channel configuration. The study includes the two basic linear precoding schemes present in the literature namely the CF (Closed Form) and the Iterative precoding techniques. These techniques have already been widely studied for the i.i.d Rayleigh channel. In fact, these precoding methods are essentially based on the exploitation of diversity created by multipaths present in such a channel to enhance the beamforming design and consequently increase the SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) for each user. In this work the impact of a reduction of these degrees of freedom has been investigated through simulations under other channel configurations. The obtained results demonstrate that these precoding techniques remain efficient only for systems offering high number of degrees of freedom and fail when a direct LOS (Line Of Sight) is present limiting the achievable Sum Rate (SR) of the system. The obtained results have also been compared to the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) communication mode.
Telephone Equipment for Long Cable Circuits<sup>1</sup> (1923)

Some of the important developments contemplated in the apparatus and equipment for long toll cable circuits are described. The large number of equipment units per station in the cable plant and the greater number of stations in a given length of cable than in an open-wire system have made the economic importance of the equipment design such that a comprehensive program of development, affecting many types of equipment, has been undertaken. The outstanding features of some of the more important of these, including the telephone repeater equipment, test board equipment and signaling equipment, are described. The necessity for compactness in the dimensions of equipment units, uniformity in assembly arrangements, and simplicity in design, together with the need of careful correlation of the electrical and mechanical requirements, are emphasized. The methods proposed for meeting these requirements generally, are described.
Dendritic Saccharide Surfactant Polymers as Antifouling Interface Materials to Reduce Platelet Adhesion (2006)

Here, we report on the synthesis of dendritic saccharide surfactant polymers as antifouling interface materials to reduce platelet adhesion. An acetal-protected poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendron (5, G = 2) was first synthesized by using aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1) as the starting material to provide a monovalent focal structure with dimethyl acetal-protected aldehyde functionality. Maltose dendron (M4, 6) was obtained by reacting the peripheral amine groups of acetal-dendron (5) with maltonolactone. The dendritic surfactant polymers (9) were then synthesized via a two-step method by sequential addition of maltose dendron and hexanal to react with the amine groups on the poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) backbone. Surface activity of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the air/water interface was demonstrated by reduction in water surface tension. Adsorption of the amphiphilic glycopolymers at the solid/water interface was examined on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-coated coverslips by water contact angle measurements. A nanoscale understanding of surface-induced self-assembly of the dendritic surfactant polymer on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was gained using AFM operated in fluid tapping mode. A lateral ordering of adsorbing surfactant polymer was visualized with a pattern in strands 60 degrees out of alignment. The static platelet adhesion tests show that the hexyl side chains can facilitate adsorption of the surfactant polymers onto hydrophobic substrates, while the maltose dendron side chains can provide a dense canopy of protective glycocalyx-like layer as an antifouling interface to reduce platelet adhesion.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE NATURAL CAROTENOIDS AND STRUCTURALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS. II. SYNTHESIS OF (3S,3′S)‐ASTAXANTHIN (1979)

Abstract Ausgehend vom Cyclohexanon (I) wird die Titelverbindung (XIIIa) ‐ wie im Schema angegeben ‐ synthetisiert.
Bottom-up solution synthesis of narrow nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons (2014)

Large quantities of narrow graphene nanoribbons with edge-incorporated nitrogen atoms can be synthesized via Yamamoto coupling of molecular precursors containing nitrogen atoms followed by cyclodehydrogenation using Scholl reaction.
Consider Magnesium Homeostasis (1991)

All physicians must learn about magnesium (Mg) balance. If the serum Mg or red cell Mg is low, the patient is in a state of negative Mg balance. Even if they are both normal, Mg deficiency or negative Mg balance may be present. In such cases, a low-dose Mg load test needs to be done. Childbearing females and premature neonates are at risk for Mg deficiency. Oral repletion can be accomplished with Mg gluconate, and a technique is suggested.
Channel Estimation for PRP-OFDM in Underwater Acoustic Communication System (2009)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method that can combat multi-paths, fully use the frequency band, has high data rate and has a promising future in UWA communication. While longer the transmission range, worse the underwater conditions with multi-paths and Doppler offset, which needs to design the system parameters and take practical methods to improve the system. In this paper, a new PRP-OFDM (a pseudo random postfix OFDM) algorithm is proposed, which has a good performance and low-complexity.
Surfactant-Free, Drug-Quantum-Dot Coloaded Poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) Nanoparticles: Towards Multifunctional Nanoparticles (2008)

Nanoprecipitation was utilized to synthesize biodegradable and surfactant-free nanoparticles loaded with quantum dots. This protocol also yielded nanoparticles coloaded with both quantum dots and hydrophobic drug (Coenzyme Q10) molecules. Importantly, even though surfactants were not utilized during the nanoprecipitation procedure, these loaded nanoparticles did not aggregate. Dialysis efficiently removed unencapsulated quantum dots from nanoparticle suspensions without altering the physical properties of the quantum-dot-loaded nanoparticles. The resultant purified, quantum-dot-loaded nanoparticles were biocompatible in differentiated PC12 cell cultures, which facilitated their use as nanoparticles in microscopy. In fact, confocal imaging studies showed that purified, quantum-dot-loaded nanoparticles were associated with PC12 cells after one day in vitro. These novel and multifunctional coloaded nanoparticles may prove advantageous in future simultaneous drug delivery and imaging applications.
A Subtype-Selective, Use-Dependent Inhibitor of Native AMPA Receptors (2007)

AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isooxazole) receptors (AMPARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play central roles in the mammalian brain, mediating fast excitatory synaptic transmission and underlying several forms of synaptic plasticity. Two subtypes of AMPARs are primarily coexpressed at excitatory synapses in adult animals (GluR1/2 and GluR2/3 receptors). Efforts to distinguish between the potentially distinct roles these receptor subtypes play at synapses have been hampered by the absence of a subtype-selective AMPAR antagonist. Here we show that the polyamine philanthotoxin-7,4 (PhTx-74) is a subtype-selective AMPAR antagonist, inhibiting GluR1/2, but not GluR2/3 receptors, use-dependently. The molecular basis for the observed selectivity and a highly efficient synthesis of this remarkable toxin are also presented. PhTx-74 provides the first a means of directly monitoring subtype-specific changes in the composition of AMPARs at native synapses, including during hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity thought to share processes related to learning and memory.