gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Study Linoleic Acid Autoxidation: Importance of Simultaneous Detection of the Substrate and its Derivative Oxidation Products (1996)

In this paper we have proposed a novel approach for studying the reaction of lipid oxidation by using the simplest chemical system available. Neat linoleic acid was incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C in the air. The course of lipid oxidation was followed by measuring simultaneously by HPLC with a diode array detector 1) linoleic acid decrease, 2) the products formed by radical attack, namely four hydroperoxy-octadeca-dienoic acid (HPODE) isomers, two c,t (c,t) and two trans,trans (t,t). 3) the byproducts formed by HPODE degradations, the four oxo-octadeca-dienoic acid (oxo-ODE) isomers. In HPODEs the presence of conjugated diene chromophore was confirmed by second derivative spectrophotometry. c,t HPODEs were also identified for their positional isomerism, while for t,t molecules the lack of suitable reference compound makes unfeasible the identification of their positional isomerism. As in the case of the latter two c,t and two t,t oxo-ODE isomers were characterized. This simple system appears to be useful for studying the activity exherted by lipophilic molecules that, like alpha-tocopherol, may act as antioxidants and/or as hydrogen atom donating molecules. The presence of alpha-tocopherol in different concentration for 24 hours in the reaction environment, shifts the reaction of linoleic acid autoxidation towards different byproduct formations. From the results obtained it is evident that alpha-tocopherol acts as hydrogen atom donor at all concentration tested, shifting the reaction toward a prevalent formation of c,t isomer of both HPODEs and oxo-ODEs. At concentration lower than 40 nmoles, when the ratio between alpha-tocopherol and linoleic acid was 1:100, the reaction of autoxidation is strongly inhibited, while at higher concentration alpha-tocopherol acted as a prooxidant. In these experimental conditions, alpha-tocopherylquinone was spectrophotometrically identified as the predominant oxidation product of alpha-tocopherol.
Complexes of nickel(II) with ethylenediamine and perchlorate or tetraphenylborate (1967)

Complexes of nickel(II) and ethylenediamine with the two weakly co-ordinating anions perchlorate and tetraphenylborate have been prepared and their physical properties are reported. The results indicate that in the solid state the diaquo-ion [Ni en2(OH2)2]2+ may have the cis or the trans configuration depending on the anion. Two forms of the anhydrous compound Ni en2(ClO4)2, have been obtained and the infrared evidence suggests that the orange form contains ionic perchlorate, while the blue form contains bidentate perchlorate.
Management of colonic diverticular disease in the third millennium: Highlights from a symposium held during the United European Gastroenterology Week 2017 (2018)

Diverticulosis is a common anatomical condition, which appears to be age-dependent. Individuals who develop chronic gastrointestinal symptoms or complications are referred to as having diverticular disease. Although the diagnosis of this condition can be relatively straightforward, randomized controlled trials are scarce and management often follows tradition rather than principles of evidence-based medicine. This report deals with the topics discussed during a symposium held during the United European Gastroenterology Week (Barcelona, October 2017). During the meeting, the role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease and its treatment were thoroughly discussed, by examining the efficacy and mechanisms of action of the currently used drugs. Recent studies have shown the presence of dysbiosis in patients with diverticular disease and suggest an imbalance in favor of bacteria with pro-inflammatory and pathogenetic potential. These microbiota changes correlate with mucosal immune activation, mirrored by a marked increase of macrophages in colonic mucosa, both in the diverticular region and at distant sites. The low-grade inflammation, driven by bacteria-induced immune activation, could be involved in the pathophysiology of symptoms. As a consequence, pharmacological approaches targeting enteric bacteria (with poorly absorbed antibiotics, like rifaximin, or probiotics) or intestinal inflammation (with 5-ASA derivatives or rifaximin) have shown capability of controlling symptoms and also preventing complications, albeit more research is needed to establish the optimal regimen (daily dose and duration) of therapy. Well-designed randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), including homogeneous populations of patients, are therefore needed. The future of management of many GI diseases, including symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, will rely on the so-called 'microbiota-directed therapies'.
Tolevamer Is Not Efficacious in the Neutralization of Cytotoxin in a Human Gut Model of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Infection (2009)

The efficacy of tolevamer, a nonantimicrobial styrene derivative toxin-binding agent, in treating simulated Clostridium difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model was investigated. Tolevamer reduced neither the duration nor magnitude of cytotoxin activity by C. difficile, reflecting poor efficacy observed in recent phase III clinical trials.
ChemInform Abstract: Productive Synthesis of 10‐Methylphenothiazine‐3,7‐dicarbaldehyde. (1987)

Abstract A new synthesis of the dialdehyde (V) has been developed.
Transient response in high-resolution Brillouin-based distributed sensing using probe pulses shorter than the acoustic relaxation time (2000)

We perform numerical simulations on a model describing a Brillouin-based temperature and strain sensor, testing its response when it is probed with relatively short pulses. Experimental results were recently published [e.g., Opt. Lett. 24, 510 (1999)] that showed a broadening of the Brillouin loss curve when the probe pulse duration is reduced, followed by a sudden and rather surprising reduction of the linewidth when the pulse duration gets shorter than the acoustic relaxation time. Our study reveals the processes responsible for this behavior. We give a clear physical insight into the problem, allowing us to define the best experimental conditions required for one to take the advantage of this effect.
Rainfall nowcasting by combining radars, microwave links and rain gauges (2018)

The objective of this work is to provide high-resolution rain rate maps at short lead-time forecasts (nowcasts) necessary to anticipate flooding and properly manage sewage systems in urban areas by combining radars, rain gauges, and operational microwave links, and taking into account their respective uncertainties. A variational approach (3D-Var) is used to find the best estimate for the rain rate, and its error covariance, from the different rain sensors. Short-term rain rate forecasts are then produced by assuming Lagrangian persistence. A velocity field is obtained from the operational radar-derived rain fields, and the rain rate field is advected using the Total Variance Diminishing (TVD) scheme. The error covariance associated to the estimated rain rate is also propagated, and we use these two in the 3D-Var at the next observation time step. This approach can be seen as a Variational Kalman Filter (VKF), in which the covariance of the prior is not constant but dependent on time. The proposed approach has been tested using data from 14 rain gauges, 14 microwave links and the operational radar rain product from MeteoSwiss in the area of Zurich (Switzerland). During the applications the assumption of the Lagrangian persistence appears to be valid up to 20 min (a bit longer for stratiform events). During convective events, the algorithm is less powerful and shorter lead times should be considered (i.e., 15 min). Although such lead times are short, they are still useful to various hydrological and outdoor applications.
Regulation of light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein mRNA accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Possible involvement of chlorophyll synthesis precursors. (1984)

Light induction of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (LHCP) mRNA accumulation was studied in light-dark synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. LHCP mRNA accumulation was prevented by the chlorophyll-synthesis inhibitor alpha,alpha-dipyridyl which blocks late steps in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and leads to the accumulation of the porphyrin intermediate magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester. LHCP mRNA accumulated normally, however, when chlorophyll synthesis was blocked by inhibitors such as hemin and levulinic acid which interfere with early steps in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway prior to the formation of magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester. Similar effects were observed in the light induction of LHCP mRNA levels in protoporphyrin IX-accumulating mutants, brc-1 and brs-1. These mutants have low levels of LHCP mRNA when grown under heterotrophic conditions in the dark where they accumulate protoporphyrin IX. However, LHCP mRNA is light-induced in brc-1 which synthesizes chlorophyll in the light and presumably consumes porphyrin intermediates in doing so. These results suggest that the chlorophyll-synthesis intermediates, magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester and its immediate precursors, inhibit by a feedback mechanism the light induction of LHCP mRNA accumulation. Low magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester levels permit the light-induced accumulation of LHCP mRNA, whereas high magnesium protoporphyrin methyl ester levels destabilize LHCP mRNA regardless of the illumination conditions. Preliminary experiments show that LHCP mRNA accumulation in C. reinhardi is stimulated by blue light, and not by red light which stimulates LHCP mRNA accumulation in higher plants.
Distribution of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the rat tel‐ and diencephalon: a quantitative receptor autoradiographical study using [<sup>3</sup>H]‐acetylcholine, [α‐<sup>125</sup>l]bungarotoxin and [<sup>3</sup>H]nicotine (1988)

The topographical distribution of [alpha-125I]bungarotoxin [125I]BTX, [3H]nicotine ([3H]Nic), [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) (in the presence of atropine) binding in rat tel- and diencephalon was investigated using a quantitative receptor autoradiographical technique. With the [3H]ACh and [3H]Nic radioligands, a strong labelling was observed in various thalamic nuclei, including the medial habenula, a moderate labelling in different areas of the cortex cerebri, the nucleus caudatus putamen, the nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium and a uniform weak labelling in the hypothalamus. When the binding data for [3H]Nic were plotted against binding data for [3H]ACh in various brain nuclei, a significant correlation was obtained. Considering [125I]BTX, the strongest labelling was observed in the lateral mammillary nucleus and the hilus gyrus dentatus of the hippocampal formation. A weak labelling occurred in areas such as the nucleus causatus putamen, the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. No significant correlation was therefore obtained between the degree of [125I]BTX binding in various brain nuclei and the degree of binding observed with [3H]Nic or [3H]ACh. The present results underline the view that the high-affinity [3H]Nic and [3H]ACh binding sites label the same cholinergic nicotinic receptor binding site, while [125I]BTX labels another subpopulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, predominantly found in discrete areas of the hypothalamus and the limbic cortex.
High Strength Natural Fiber Composite: Defibrillation and its Mechanisms of Nano Cellulose Hemp Fibers (2011)

Abstract Mechanisms of micro- and nano-defibrillation of hemp fibers are studied and discussed. The results, generated from subjecting hemp fibers to mechanical shearing (MS), combined MS-heating (MSH), and combined MSH-chemical processes, confirmed that the micro/nano-architecture of cell wall of hemp fibers facilitated the defibrillation during nano process and the different fibril construction and chemical constituents between cell wall layers (i.e., lamella, primary and secondary layers) determined the nature of process and processing parameters to be applied while enabling processes to be tailored for various end products. A low fibril concentration within lamella and primary layers made the regions vulnerable to decompose when wet and heated, and led to the breakdown of cell walls to the secondary layers and consequently microfibril of S2-layer. Inherent and processing macro- and micro-defects of hemp fibers could be the first accessible points for processing agents and initiating mechanical decomposition when the nano process took place. Nano processing parameters, e.g., heat and chemical agents, were significant contributors to the defibrillation of cellular micro/nano particles and hence the efficacy and productivity of nano process due to the different sensibility of chemical compounds within various layers of cell walls. Keywords: cell wall polymerdefibrillation mechanismmicro- and nano-cellulose fibernano processing
Secure Web 2.0 Content Sharing Beyond Walled Gardens (2009)

Web 2.0 users need usable mechanisms for sharing their content with each other in a controlled manner across boundaries of content-hosting or application-service providers (CSPs). In this paper, we describe the architecture, design, and implementation of a proposed system for Web 2.0 content sharing across CSPs. With our approach, users use their existing email account to login to CSPs, and content owners use their email-based contact-lists to specify access policies. Users are assumed to be equipped only with a Web browser and CSPs do not need to change their existing access-control mechanisms. In addition, policy statements are URI-addressable, and the same access policies can be reused and enforced across CSPs.
Intraventricular galanin modulates a 5‐HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor‐mediated behavioural response in the rat (1998)

The present studies have examined whether the neuropeptide galanin can modulate brain serotoninergic (5-HT) neurotransmission in vivo and, particularly, 5-HT1A receptor-mediated transmission. For that purpose, we studied the ability of galanin (given bilaterally into the lateral ventricle, i.c.v.) to modify the impairment of passive avoidance retention induced by the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyloamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) when injected prior to training. This impairment appears to be mainly related to activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the CNS. Galanin dose-dependently (significant at 3.0 nmol/rat) attenuated the passive avoidance impairment (examined 24 h after training) induced by the 0.2 mg/kg dose of 8-OH-DPAT. This 8-OH-DPAT dose produced signs of the 5-HT syndrome indicating a postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor activation. Furthermore, both the impairment of passive avoidance and the 5-HT syndrome were completely blocked by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 (0.1 mg/kg). Galanin (0.3 or 3.0 nmol) or WAY 100635 (0.1 mg/kg) failed by themselves to affect passive avoidance retention. 8-OH-DPAT given at a low dose 0.03 mg/kg, which presumably stimulates somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in vivo, did not alter passive avoidance retention or induce any visually detectable signs of the 5-HT syndrome. Galanin (0.3 or 3.0 nmol) given i.c.v. in combination with the 0.03 mg/kg dose of 8-OH-DPAT, did not modify passive avoidance. The immunohistochemical study of the distribution of i.c.v. administered galanin (10 min after infusion) showed a strong diffuse labelling in the periventricular zone (100-200 microm) of the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus galanin-immunoreactive nerve cells appeared both in the dentate gyrus and the CA1, CA2 and CA3 layers of the hippocampus. In the septum only endogenous fibres could be seen while in the caudal amygdala also galanin-immunoreactive nerve cells were visualized far away from the labelled periventricular zone. At the level of the dorsal raphe nucleus a thin periventricular zone of galanin immunoreactivity was seen but no labelling of cells. These results suggest that galanin can modulate postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor transmission in vivo in discrete cell populations in forebrain regions such as the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and parts of the amygdala. The indication that galanin administered intracerebroventrically may be taken up in certain populations of nerve terminals in the periventricular zone for retrograde transport suggests that this peptide may also affect intracellular events.
Gate-Induced Mott Transition (2003)

For a strongly correlated material, VO2, near a critical on-site Coulomb energy U/Uc=1, the abrupt Mott metal-insulator transition (MIT) rather than the continuous Hubbard MIT is observed by inducing internal optical phonon-coupled holes (hole inducing of 0.018%) into conduction band, with a gate field of fabricated transistors. Observed gate effects, change of the MIT drain-source voltage caused by a gate field, are the effect of measurement due to inhomogeneity of channel material and is an average over the measurement region of the true gate effect based on the large conductivity (or effective mass) near the MIT predicted by the Brinkman-Rice picture. A discontinuous gate effect such as digital is observed, which is a characteristic of the transistor and a possible condition of a very high-speed switching transistor.
Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization and plant growth retardants on cottonseed, protein, oil yields, and oil properties (2001)

Abstract The increase in the population in Egypt makes it imperative to explore promising approaches to increase food supply, including protein and oil, to meet the needs of the Egyptian people. Cotton is the principal crop of Egyptian agriculture. It is grown mainly for its fiber, but cottonseed products are also of economic importance. Cottonseed is presently the main source of edible oil and meal for livestock in Egypt. Field experiments were conducted in two successive seasons at the Agricultural Research Center (Giza, Egypt) on cotton ( Gossypium barbadense L. cv. Giza 75) to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (107 and 161 kg of N/ha applied as ammonium nitrate containing 33.5% N in two equal doses at 6 and 8 wk after sowing), together with foliar applications of plant growth retardants (mepiquat chloride “Pix”, chloromequat chloride “Cycocel”, and daminozide “Alar”, each applied once at 288 g active ingredient/ha, after 75 d from sowing) and zinc (Zn) (applied in chelated form after 80 and 95 d from sowing at 48 g of Zn/ha) on seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of cotton. The higher N‐rate, as well as the application of all growth retardants and Zn, resulted in an increase in cottonseed yield, seed protein content, oil and protein yields/ha, seed oil refractive index, unsaponifiable matter, and total unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). These treatments tended to decrease oil acid value, saponification value, and total saturated fatty acids. The seed oil content tended to decrease as N‐rate increased and increased with the application of all growth retardants and Zn. There were some differences between Pix, Cycocel, and Alar regarding their effects on the studied characters. The highest increase in seed, oil, and protein yields/ha was found with Pix, followed by Cycocel. The Cycocel treatment gave the lowest total saturated fatty acids oil content, followed by Alar.
SWAP-70 Regulates c-kit-Induced Mast Cell Activation, Cell-Cell Adhesion, and Migration (2004)

SWAP-70, an unusual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent protein that interacts with the RhoGTPase Rac, is highly expressed in mast cells. Cultured bone marrow mast cells (BMMC) from SWAP-70(-/-) mice are reduced in FcepsilonRI-triggered degranulation. This report describes the hitherto-unknown role of SWAP-70 in c-kit receptor signaling, a key proliferation and differentiation pathway in mast cells. Consistent with the role of Rac in cell motility and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, mutant cells show abnormal actin rearrangements and are deficient in migration in vitro and in vivo. SWAP-70(-/-) BMMC are impaired in calcium flux, in proper translocation and activity of Akt kinase (required for mast cell activation and survival), and in translocation of Rac1 and Rac2 upon c-kit stimulation. Adhesion to fibronectin is reduced, but homotypic cell association induced through c-kit is strongly increased in SWAP-70(-/-) BMMC. Homotypic association requires extracellular Ca(2+) and depends on the integrin alpha(L)beta(2) (LFA-1). ERK is hyperactivated upon c-kit signaling in adherent and dispersed mutant cells. Together, we suggest that SWAP-70 is an important regulator of specific effector pathways in c-kit signaling, including mast cell activation, migration, and cell adhesion.
The Serine/Threonine Kinase Akt Promotes Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis in Murine Macrophages through the Activation of p70S6 Kinase (2004)

Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) clustering by immune complexes activates multiple signaling pathways leading to phagocytosis. We and others have previously reported that Akt is phosphorylated in response to Fc gamma R clustering. However, the functional consequence of Akt activation by Fc gamma R is not known. Using Raw 264.7 macrophage cells transfected to overexpress either constitutively active myristoylated (Myr)-Akt or a dominant-negative CAAX-Akt and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) from wild-type and transgenic mice expressing macrophage-specific Myr-Akt, we analyzed the function of Akt in phagocytosis. We report that overexpression of Myr-Akt resulted in significant increase in phagocytic efficiency, whereas CAAX-Akt down-regulated phagocytosis in Raw 264.7 cells. Likewise BMMs expressing Myr-Akt displayed enhanced phagocytic ability. Analyzing the downstream effectors of Akt, we demonstrate that p70S6 kinase is constitutively phosphorylated in Myr-Akt-expressing BMMs. p70S6 kinase is reported to influence actin cytoskeleton and cell migration, suggesting that Akt may influence phagocytosis through the activation of p70S6 kinase. Consistent with this, overexpression of either wild-type or constitutively active but not a kinase-inactive p70S6 kinase in Raw 264.7 cells significantly enhanced phagocytosis. Likewise suppression of p70S6 kinase with rapamycin down-regulated phagocytic efficiency conferred by the expression of constitutively active Akt. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Akt in phagocytosis through the activation of p70S6 kinase.
Real-time Performance Monitoring for an Enterprise Information Management System (2008)

Enterprise information management systems deal with management of business information within organizations in order to support decision-making processes or day-to-day operations that require the availability of knowledge. The business information from such systems is typically analyzed using monitoring systems that are designed with traditional data-warehouse and batch ETL (extract, transform and load) technologies. Often, the batch nature of such technologies imposes undesirable delays in the visibilities and evaluation of the performance, opportunity, and threats for the rapidly changing business environment. In this paper, we present the architecture and implementation of a business performance monitoring system with real-time monitoring capability for an enterprise information management system that handles electronic contracts. A novel capture, transform, and update process based on database triggers that is capable of incrementally updating the performance data warehouse in real time will be given in detail. To simplify and support real-time data, an effective data model based on database views to combine historical and real time data is introduced in the data store of the monitoring system. An actual implementation of a performance monitoring dashboard will be given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of our architecture.