gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The potent antimicrobial properties of cell penetrating peptide-conjugated silver nanoparticles with excellent selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria over erythrocytes (2013)

Silver nanoparticles are of great interest for use as antimicrobial agents. Studies aimed at producing potent nano-silver biocides have focused on manipulation of particle size, shape, composition and surface charge. Here, we report the cell penetrating peptide catalyzed formation of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles in N,N-dimethylformamide. The novel nano-composite demonstrated a distinctly enhanced biocidal effect toward bacteria (gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative Escherichia coli) and pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans), as compared to triangular and extremely small silver nanoparticles. In addition, a satisfactory biocompatibility was verified by a haemolysis test. Our results provide a paradigm in developing strategies that can maximize the silver nanoparticle application potentials while minimizing the toxic effects.
Benefits analysis of a routing aid for New York area departures (2010)

The New York area is well-known to have some of the most congested airspace and airports in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). The challenge to air traffic management results from high demand, proximity of busy airports, and occasional disruptive weather events. A prototype capability called Integrated Departure Route Planning (IDRP) is being tested this year (2010), in its “Phase 1” version. It will be an adjunct capability to the Route Availability Planning Tool (RAPT), developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL), which has been used successfully in a prototype mode for several years. The IDRP display windows will be output onto the RAPT terminal device, which is now installed at the New York approach control, several en route centers, multiple towers, and several air carrier operations desks. IDRP provides a forecast horizon of fix- and route-specific loading for New York departures, with color-coding to alert traffic managers about fix congestion and possible weather impacts. Whereas the RAPT display shows route blockage/availability and is useful only in situations of convective weather, IDRP should have benefits during both good weather and convective activity. A benefits estimation process was undertaken to approximate the total annual dollar benefit that might be expected from the full deployment of IDRP (which is some years away) to deal with non-weather-related congestion. Analysis of archived data found cases where fix congestion, and the associated taxi-out delays could have been ameliorated by reassigning affected flights to uncongested alternate fixes, subject to airline acceptance.
Particle image velocimetry fringe processing using an optically addressed spatial light modulator (1992)

The use of an optically addressed spatial light modulator for processing images from a particle image velocimetry system is demonstrated. The results obtained by using a binary ferroelectric liquid-crystal device are compared with those obtained by conventional means (electronic Fourier transformation of the fringe patterns). It is shown that both methods of processing are capable of determining particle velocities to within 5% error when the autocorrelation peak separations are plotted against known particle separations. However, the optical processor is capable of operation speeds in excess of 3 kHz, whereas electronic-based systems perform the task at 1–10 Hz.
Trichodentoosseous (TDO) syndrome: case report and literature review. (1994)

Trichodentoosseous (TDO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by dysplastic nails, curly hair, bone sclerosis of the long bones and calvarium, taurodontism, and enamel hypoplasia that occurs with hypomaturation/hypocalcification defects. To date, nine previous case reports of TDO in the dental literature have shown that while taurodontism and enamel defects are consistently present in TDO, the changes in the nails, hair, and bones may be variably expressed and occasionally not noted. Because of this, a few previous cases of TDO syndrome had been diagnosed simply as amelogenesis imperfecta. This case report highlights the typical clinical findings, diagnostic problems, and the clues to diagnosing this interesting condition. Clinical management of TDO is centered on preventing dental abscesses with stainless steel crowns and improving appearance with esthetic restorations.
Development of automated power system management techniques (1978)

The basic approach in the automated power system management (APSM) implementation is to use one central microprocessor for the overall power system supervision and several local microprocessors dedicated to one or more major subassemblies to perform simple monitoring and control functions. Communication between the central and each local processor is through a dedicated two-wire network employing serial data transfer. The block diagrams of the processors, the data bus characteristics, and the software functions and organization are presented.
A Practical Circuit-based Model for State of Health Estimation of Li-ion Battery Cells in Electric Vehicles (2011)

In this thesis the development of the state of health of Li-ion battery cells under possible real-life operating conditions in electric cars has been characterised. Furthermore, a practical circuit-based model for Li-ion cells has been developed that is capable of modelling the cell voltage behaviour under various operating conditions. The Li-ion cell model can be implemented in simulation programs and be directly connected to a model of the rest of the electronic system in electric vehicles. Most existing battery models are impractical for electric vehicle system designers and require extensive background knowledge of electrochemistry to be implemented. Furthermore, many models do not take the effect of regenerative braking into account and are obtained from testing fully charged cells. However, in real-life applications electric vehicles are not always fully charged and utilise regenerative braking to save energy. To obtain a practical circuit model based on real operating conditions and to model the state of health of electric vehicle cells, numerous 18650 size LiFePO4 cells have been tested under possible operating conditions. Capacity fading was chosen as the state of health parameter, and the capacity fading of different cells was compared with the charge processed instead of cycles. Tests have shown that the capacity fading rate is dependent on temperature, charging C-rate, state of charge and depth of discharge. The obtained circuit model is capable of simulating the voltage behaviour under various temperatures and C-rates with a maximum error of 14mV. However, modelling the effect of different temperatures and C-rates increases the complexity of the model. The model is easily adjustable and the choice is given to the electric vehicle system designer to decide which operating conditions to take into account. By combining the test results for the capacity fading and the proposed circuit model, recommendations to optimise the battery lifetime are proposed.
P2F: A User-Centric Privacy Protection Framework (2009)

In this paper, we present an end-user tool called the privacy protection framework (P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> F) which aims to support users in protecting their privacy when obtaining Web-based services. P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> F acts as a recommendation tool that analyzes the user's transaction history and privacy preferences in addition to real-world privacy guidelines to prevent undesirable disclosure of personal data. The framework is based on a novel qualitative privacy compromise risk assessment approach designed to support decision-making in settings where server-side support for user-centric privacy protection frameworks is minimal or unkown. Our risk assessment model uses service provider properties, likelihood of collusion between providers, the sensitivity of the personal data to be released, and undesirable transaction linkability to determine the privacy compromise potential of a transaction.
Massachusetts General Hospital (1878)

the chair of pathological anatomy in Leipzig, and it is rumored that the faculty mean to offer it to Von Reckliughausen, who probably will decline it.Volk- mann, of Halle, has declined a call to Würzburg.-
Simplified pseudo-maximum likelihood data estimation algorithm (2002)

The pseudo-maximum likelihood data estimation (PML) algorithm is introduced. The PML algorithm is computationally complex and a simplified version of the PML algorithm (SPML) is presented. The SPML algorithm is suitable for channels with long memory and three techniques are introduced to reduce the computational complexity of this algorithm. The performance of the SPML is compared to the performance of the Viterbi algorithm for one channel.
Biocompatibility of Various Indwelling Double-J Stents (1995)

The biocompatibility of 8 double-J stent brands was evaluated both in vivo, by scanning electron microscopy and histological analysis of pig ureters intubated for 6 weeks, and in vitro, by cell culture methods. In vivo findings showed that superficial epithelial destruction was milder in the ureters intubated with hydrogel-coated stents than in those intubated with other stents. Inflammatory reactive changes were milder in the ureters intubated with silicone stents than in those intubated with other stents, while encrustation was more severe on silicone and Grey stents than the others. In vitro, the 3 stent brands made of "modified polyurethane" were found to be cytotoxic while the others were not. Overall, silicone and hydrogel-coated stents seemed to be more biocompatible than the others, and hydrogel-coated stents to be more suitable than silicone stents for long-term ureteral stenting, being less prone to encrustation. Although they are of an experimental nature, these findings may be of relevance to clinical practice.
Discriminative learning and inference in the Recurrent Temporal RBM for melody modelling (2015)

We are interested in modelling musical pitch sequences in melodies in the symbolic form. The task here is to learn a model to predict the probability distribution over the various possible values of pitch of the next note in a melody, given those leading up to it. For this task, we propose the Recurrent Temporal Discriminative Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RTDRBM). It is obtained by carrying out discriminative learning and inference as put forward in the Discriminative RBM (DRBM), in a temporal setting by incorporating the recurrent structure of the Recurrent Temporal RBM (RTRBM). The model is evaluated on the cross entropy of its predictions using a corpus containing 8 datasets of folk and chorale melodies, and compared with n-grams and other standard connectionist models. Results show that the RTDRBM has a better predictive performance than the rest of the models, and that the improvement is statistically significant.
Exosomes serve as tumour markers for personalized diagnostics owing to their important role in cancer metastasis (2015)

Exosomes, membrane vesicles of 40-100 nm in diameter, are derived from endosomes in various cells. The bioactive molecules specifically packed into exosomes can be horizontally transferred into recipient cells changing their biological properties, by which tumour cells continuously modify their surrounding microenvironment and distant target cells favouring cancer metastasis. It has been suspected for a long time that exosomes participate in the whole process of tumour metastasis. Although there is much unknown and many controversies in the role of cancer exosome, the major contribution of tumour-associated exosomes to different steps of cancer metastasis are demonstrated in this review. Mainly because these exosomes are easily accessible and capable of representing their parental cells, exosomes draw much attention as a promising biomarker for tumour screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Currently, researchers have found numerous biomarkers in exosomes with great potential to be utilized in personalized medicine. In this article, we summarize the roles of biomarkers, which are validated by clinical samples. Even though many conundrums remain, such as exosome extraction, large multicentre validation of biomarkers and data interpretation, exosomes are certain to be used in clinical practice in the near future as the field rapidly expands.
Characterizing the Native Codon Usages of a Genome: An Axis Projection Approach (2010)

Codon usage can provide insights into the nature of the genes in a genome. Genes that are "native" to a genome (have not been recently acquired by horizontal transfer) range in codon usage from a low-bias "typical" usage to a more biased "high-expression" usage characteristic of genes encoding abundant proteins. Genes that differ from these native codon usages are candidates for foreign genes that have been recently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we present a method for characterizing the codon usages of native genes--both typical and highly expressed--within a genome. Each gene is evaluated relative to a half line (or axis) in a 59D space of codon usage. The axis begins at the modal codon usage, the usage that matches the largest number of genes in the genome, and it passes through a point representing the codon usage of a set of genes with expression-related bias. A gene whose codon usage matches (does not significantly differ from) a point on this axis is a candidate native gene, and the location of its projection onto the axis provides a general estimate of its expression level. A gene that differs significantly from all points on the axis is a candidate foreign gene. This automated approach offers significant improvements over existing methods. We illustrate this by analyzing the genomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Bacillus anthracis A0248, which can be difficult to analyze with commonly used methods due to their biased base compositions. Finally, we use this approach to measure the proportion of candidate foreign genes in 923 bacterial and archaeal genomes. The organisms with the most homogeneous genomes (containing the fewest candidate foreign genes) are mostly endosymbionts and parasites, though with exceptions that include Pelagibacter ubique and Beutenbergia cavernae. The organisms with the most heterogeneous genomes (containing the most candidate foreign genes) include members of the genera Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Desulfotalea, Neisseria, Xylella, and Thermobaculum.
Experiments on the Relation Between Radiation and Fluctuation Spectrum of a Turbulent Plasma (1971)

The experimentally observed radiation from unstable plasma waves generated by the interaction of an electron beam with a plasma is compared with the longitudinal fluctuation spectrum, determined by incoherent microwave scattering. The results are in agreement with a theory by Ichimaru and Starr for the electromagnetic radiation from anisotropic turbulent plasmas.
Telephony by Pulse Code Modulation* (1947)

An experiment in transmitting speech by Pulse Code Modulation, or PCM, is described in this paper. Each sample amplitude of a pulse amplitude modulation or PAM signal is transmitted by a code group of ON-OFF pulses. 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> amplitude values can be represented by an n-digit binary number code. For a nominal 4 kc. speech band these n ON-OFF pulses are transmitted 8000 times a second. Experimental equipment for coding the PAM pulses at the transmitter and decoding the PCM pulses at the receiver is described. Experiments with this equipment indicate that a three-unit code appears to be necessary for a minimum grade of circuit, while a six- or seven-unit code will provide good quality.
Pediatric Palliative Care in Europe Expands (2011)

In late September, the first independently owned pediatric palliative – hospice care facility in Ireland opened. Mary McAleese, president of Ireland, spoke at the official opening, and the € 6.5 million spent erecting and fitting the facility was raised entirely through private donations. The Sunshine Home and the Lauralynn Hospice Foundation coordinated fundraising and will continue to raise funds to sustain the service. Ireland is not alone in facing pediatric palliative – hospice care funding challenges. Despite a long European tradition of government-funded National Health Service, few freestanding pediatric palliative – hospice care facilities receive suffi cient, if any, federal funding and must rely on charitable contributions from the corporate and private sectors. However, cost is only one hurdle. Pediatric palliative care training modules for medical specialists and nursing staff have traditionally been scarce. But a slate of new educational initiatives and models of care are emerging across Europe. Three models in particular have taken hold: in-hospital pediatric palliative services, freestanding facilities, and in-home community support services.
Advanced Television Systems Committee Standards Work Update (2008)

updated the ATSC Strategic Plan, a comprehensive roadmap for future work of the organization that reflects the evolution of technology over the next two to five years. The Board developed the Plan taking into account both the likely progression of technology and the importance of backwards compatibility with existing DTV consumer receivers. Ongoing efforts are focused on comprehensive solutions that enable compelling services and products.
Role of the conserved leucines in the leucine zipper dimerization motif of yeast GCN4 (1992)

Yeast GCN4 belongs to the class of eukaryotic transcription factors whose bZIP DNA-binding domains dimerize via a leucine zipper motif that structurally resembles a coiled coil. The leucine zipper contains 4-5 highly conserved leucine residues spaced exactly 7 residues apart that are located within the alpha-helical hydrophobic interface between protein monomers. Here, we investigate the role of the four canonical leucines in the GCN4 leucine zipper by analyzing a series of mutated derivatives for their ability to activate transcription in vivo and to bind DNA in vitro. The GCN4 leucine zipper is surprisingly tolerant of mutations, with a wide variety of single substitutions at any of the four leucines including basic and acidic amino acids behaving indistinguishably from wild-type GCN4. Moreover, some derivatives containing two leucine substitutions display detectable though reduced function. These results indicate that other residues within the coiled coil are crucial for efficient dimerization, and they suggest that some eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins lacking the conserved leucine repeat will dimerize through a structurally homologous motif. Interestingly, our results differ in several respects from those obtained by analyzing mutations in the GCN4 leucine zipper in the context of a lambda repressor-GCN4 zipper hybrid protein. These apparent differences may reflect a functional interrelationship between the leucine zipper and basic region subdomains for DNA-binding by bZIP proteins.
Zinc-Mediated Synthesis of α-<i>C</i>-Glycosides from 1,2-Anhydroglycosides (2003)

α-C-Glycosides have been prepared by the addition of organozinc reagents to glycal epoxides. Dialkyl and diaryl zinc reagents in the presence of CF3COOH provide the corresponding α-glycosides in 53-82% yields. Organozinc chlorides RZnCl formed by the reaction RLi with zinc chloride can also be successfully applied to this coupling reaction with high α-selectivity.
Memory Erasure in Small Systems (2009)

We consider an overdamped nanoparticle in a driven double-well potential as a generic model of an erasable 1-bit memory. We study in detail the statistics of the heat dissipated during an erasure process and show that full erasure may be achieved by dissipating less heat than the Landauer bound. We quantify the occurrence of such events and propose a single-particle experiment to verify our predictions. Our results show that Landauer's principle has to be generalized at the nanoscale to accommodate heat fluctuations.
NMR imaging of solids with multiple-pulse line narrowing and radiofrequency gradients (1993)

The usual methods of magnetic resonance imaging fail in rigid solids due to the line shape contributions of dipolar coupling, chemical shift dispersion and anisotropy, and bulk magnetic susceptibility. This dissertation presents a new method of solid-state imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance which averages away these contributions with multiple-pulse line-narrowing and encodes spatial information with pulsed radiofrequency field gradients. This method is closely related to simultaneously developed methods utilizing pulsed DC gradients, and offers similar improvements in sensitivity and resolution. The advantage of rf gradients is that they can be rapidly switched without inducing eddy currents in the probe or the magnet. In addition, the phases and amplitudes of the rf gradients can be switched by equipment which is already part of an NMR spectrometer capable of solid-state spectroscopy. The line-narrowing and gradient pulses originate in separate rf circuits tuned to the same frequency. Interactions between the circuits have been minimized by a method of active Q-switching which employs PIN diodes in the matching networks of these circuits.

Both one- and two-dimensional images are presented. The latter are obtained by a novel method in which the two dimensions of imaging transverse to the static magnetic field are encoded by two orthogonal components of a single rf gradient. A [pi]/2 phase shift of the rf phase relative to that of the line-narrowing pulses selects one component or the other. This arrangement allows the solid-state analogs of versatile imaging sequences based on Fourier imaging and eliminates the need for sample rotation and back-projection methods.

Coherent averaging theory is used to analyze this imaging technique and exact numerical simulations on several coupled spins are discussed. These lend insight to the residual linewidth and its dependence on pixel position as well as to the range of applicability of this technique.
Full-Band Air-Filled Waveguide-to-Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Direct Transition (2014)

A 45% bandwidth in-line air-filled waveguide-to-substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) direct transition is designed to greatly improve the performance of existing configurations. The transition, based on a four-section height-stepped waveguide, includes a single-step widening transformer that enables full-band operation without using any dielectric probe. The absence of the probe reduces significantly the insertion loss and makes this transition simple, bandwidth controllable and easily scalable to the millimeter-wave frequency range. A back-to-back transition is designed to cover the 32-50 GHz band showing a return loss of 15 dB and a mean insertion loss of 0.68 dB in the whole bandwidth.
Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. (1987)

Atherosclerosis results in impaired relaxation to acetylcholine, thrombin, and the calcium ionophore A23187, all agents that require the presence of endothelium. We now report that dietary treatment of atherosclerosis in monkeys not only produces morphological improvement of the atherosclerotic lesion but restores endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation to normal. Because the intima remains thickened after regression of atherosclerosis, these studies suggest that intimal thickening which is present in both atherosclerotic vessels and after regression of atherosclerosis does not prevent the endothelium-derived relaxing factor from reaching the underlying vascular smooth muscle.