gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Salvia divinorum</i> and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology (2007)

Salvia divinorum L. (Lamiaceae) has been used for centuries by the Mazatecan culture and has gained popularity as a recreational drug in recent years. Its potent hallucinogenic effects seen in case reports has triggered research and led to the discovery of the first highly selective non-nitrogenous kappa opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A. This review critically evaluates the reported pharmacological and toxicological properties of S. divinorum and one of its major compounds salvinorin A, its pharmacokinetic profile, and the analytical methods developed so far for its detection and quantification. Recent research puts a strong emphasis on salvinorin A , which has been shown to be a selective opioid antagonist and is believed to have further beneficial properties , rather than the leaf extract of S. divinorum. Currently animal studies show a rapid onset of action and short distribution and elimination half-lives as well as a lack of evidence of short- or long-term toxicity. Salvinorin A seems to be the most promising approach to new treatment options for a variety of CNS illnesses. However, many further investigations are necessary to fully understand and elucidate the various medicinal properties of the plant itself and to provide the legislative authorities with enough information to cast judgement on S. divinorum.
Balance between Dopamine and Serotonin Release Modulates Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine‐Type Drugs (2006)

The abuse of illicit stimulants is a worldwide crisis, yet few medicines are available for treating stimulant addiction. We have advocated the idea of "agonist therapy" for cocaine dependence. This strategy involves administration of stimulant-like medications (e.g., monoamine releasers) to alleviate cocaine withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. A chief limitation of this strategy is that many candidate medicines possess high abuse liability due to activation of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons in reward pathways. Evidence suggests that serotonin (5-HT) neurons can provide an inhibitory influence over mesolimbic DA neurons. Thus, it might be predicted that the balance between DA and 5-HT transmission is a critical variable when developing medications with reduced stimulant side effects. In this article, we review recent studies from our laboratory that examined neurochemical and behavioral effects of a series of monoamine releasers which displayed different potencies at DA and 5-HT transporters. The data show that increasing 5-HT release can attenuate stimulant effects mediated by DA release, such as motor stimulation and drug self-administration. Our findings support the work of others and indicate that elevated synaptic 5-HT can dampen certain behavioral effects of DA-releasing agents. Moreover, the relationship between DA and 5-HT releasing potency is an important determinant in developing new agonist medications with reduced stimulant properties.
Type II Band Alignment in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>/</mml:mi><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>001</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math>Quantum Wells: The Ubiquitous Type I Luminescence Results from Band Bending (1997)

We present experimental verification of type II band alignment in a coherently strained ${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.3}/\mathrm{Si}(001)$ quantum well by studying photoluminescence energy shifts under external strains. A recent determination of type I band alignment from a similar experiment is shown to result from band-bending effects due to high excitation. In high quality samples, the type II luminescence can be observed in the absence of external stress by using extremely low excitation. The type II luminescence differs from the well known type I spectrum in a dramatic but as yet unexplained change in the relative intensities of the phonon replicas.
Histograms of Optical Flow Orientation and Magnitude to Detect Anomalous Events in Videos (2015)

Modeling human behavior and activity patterns for recognition or detection of anomalous events has attracted significant research interest in recent years, particularly among the video surveillance community. An anomalous event might be characterized as an event that deviates from the normal or usual, but not necessarily in an undesirable manner, e.g., An anomalous event might just be different from normal but not a suspicious event from the surveillance stand point. One of the main challenges of detecting such events is the difficulty to create models due to their unpredictability. Therefore, most works model the expected patterns on the scene, instead, based on video sequences where anomalous events do not occur. Assuming images captured from a single camera, we propose a novel spatiotemporal feature descriptor, called Histograms of Optical Flow Orientation and Magnitude (HOFM), based on optical flow information to describe the normal patterns on the scene, so that we can employ a simple nearest neighbor search to identify whether a given unknown pattern should be classified as an anomalous event. Our descriptor captures spatiotemporal information from cuboids (regions with spatial and temporal support) and encodes both magnitude and orientation of the optical flow separately into histograms, differently from previous works, which are based only on the orientation. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that our approach is able to detect anomalous events with success, achieving better results than the descriptor based only on optical flow orientation and outperforming several state-of-the-art methods on one scenario (Peds2) of the well-known UCSD anomaly data set, and achieving comparable results in the other scenario (Peds1).
Probabilistic mapping of an environment by a mobile robot (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of building large-scale maps of indoor environments with mobile robots. It proposes a statistical approach that describes the map building problem as a constrained maximum-likelihood estimation problem, for which it devises a practical algorithm. Experimental results in large, cyclic environments illustrate the appropriateness of the approach.
What Impact does an Adult Substance User Have on Mothers, and How Do They Make Sense of Their Experience? (2018)

Previous research has focused on the impact of substance use on the whole family system, and whether certain family dynamics are common in families with substance use in them. This research, conducted in the UK, explores the specific experience of being a mother of a substance user and their phenomenological experience from the perspective of mothering metanarratives in western cultures today. The findings were complex due to the amount of data, but the theme of loss ran through all of the impacts, as well as being a major part of how the participants made sense of their experience. Loss was therefore the focus for studying the impact on the participants. The findings showed the complexity of mothering for this group of women and how their experience is largely misunderstood and unsupported in our society, where mother blaming is culturally acceptable.
Effect of an electric field on oxygen ordering and superconducting temperature of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">YBa</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi><mml:mspace/></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>thin films (1996)

The effect of an external electric field on the superconducting temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ thin films is studied by the cluster-variation method. We present a model in which the field effect on ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is related to the oxygen ordering. Electric dipole moments of oxygen occur due to charge transfer from the O-Cu-O chains in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{\mathit{x}}$ layers to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layers. The polarization in the external field is assumed to depend on the length of these chains. A notable enhancement of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ is found at the border between the tetragonal (semiconducting) and orthorhombic (metallic) phases (0.3\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.4). It is also demonstrated that moderate external fields do not increase the length of the chains and do not affect ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ at high values of the oxygen concentration x. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
BER computation of 4/M-QAM hierarchical constellations (2001)

Hierarchical constellations offer a different degree of protection to the transmitted messages according to their relative importance. As such they found interesting application in digital video broadcasting systems as well as wireless multimedia services. Although a great deal of attention has been devoted in the literature to the study of the bit error rate (BER) performance of uniform quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations, very few results were published on the BER performance of hierarchical QAM constellations. Indeed the only available expressions "leading-term" approximate BER expressions for 4/16-QAM and 4/64-QAM. We obtain exact and generic expressions in M for the BER of the 4/M-QAM (square and rectangular) constellations over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. For the AWGN case, these expressions are in the form of a weighted sum of complementary error functions and are solely dependent on the constellation size M, the carrier-to-noise ratio, and a constellation parameter which controls the relative message importance. Because of their generic nature, these new expressions readily allow numerical evaluation for various cases of practical interest. In particular numerical results show that the leading-term approximation gives significantly optimistic BER values at low carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) in particular over Rayleigh fading channels but is quite accurate in the high CNR region.
Electrical Studies of Neutron-Irradiated <i>p</i>-Type Silicon: Defect Structure and Annealing (1968)

Defects produced in float-zone and crucible-grown p-type silicon by neutron irradiation at 76°K were investigated, using electrical conductivity and Hall-effect measurements. The behavior of the neutron-produced defects is independent of the crystal growth, and exhibits an illumination dependence similar to that previously observed in n-type silicon and attributed to the presence of defect clusters. The neutron-produced changes in the electrical properties of p-type silicon at 76°K are therefore ascribed to defect clusters. The annealing loss of the light-sensitive defects occurs in diffuse stages between 150° and 550°K. The largest stage is observed between 150° and 240°K. A major fraction of the hole-mobility annealing parallels the annealing for the light-sensitive defects, and suggests that the mobility change caused by defect clusters is significantly larger than that caused by isolated defects formed from cluster dissociation. The most apparent crystal-growth-dependent annealing is observed between 540° and 620°K, where a reverse annealing occurs in the hole-removal rate for crucible-grown, but not for float-zone, silicon. The fractions of the neutron-produced decreases in hole concentration and mobility which remain after 700°K annealing are, respectively, ∼0.1 and 0.01 for float-zone, and ∼0.25 and 0.1 for crucible-grown silicon.
Basic mathematical and electromagnetic concepts of the biomagnetic inverse problem (1987)

In this paper basic mathematical and physical concepts of the biomagnetic inverse problem are reviewed with some new approaches. The forward problem is discussed for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. Geselowitz' formulae and a surface integral equation are presented to handle a piecewise homogeneous conductor. The special cases of a spherically symmetric conductor and a horizontally layered medium are discussed in detail. The non-uniqueness of the solution of the magnetic inverse problem is discussed and the difficulty caused by the contribution of the electric potential to the magnetic field outside the conductor is studied. As practical methods of solving the inverse problem, a weighted least-squares search with confidence limits and the method of minimum norm estimate are discussed.
The up‐regulation of proteasome subunits and lysosomal proteases in hepatocellular carcinomas of the <b><i>HBx</i></b> gene knockin transgenic mice (2005)

Chronic infection of hepatitis virus B (HBV) has been proven to be one of the most important risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx has been shown to function in the viral life cycle and the development of HCC. Recently, we have reported that HBx transgenic mice (p21-HBx), generated by gene knockin, develop HCC at the age of 18 months. To further study the function of HBx during the development of HCC in vivo, we performed proteomic analysis of the transgenic and wild-type control mice. The combination of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS revealed that proteasome subunits (PSMA6, PSMB4, PSMC2 and PSMD12) were up-regulated in tumor tissues of the p21-HBx transgenic mice. Cathepsin B, ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1 and an ATP-dependent caseinolytic protease, which were involved in the cellular proteolytic process, were also found increased in tumors. The results were confirmed in tumors of transgenic mice and HCCs of human using RT-PCR. All these results suggested that the strengthened ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal pathway might contribute to the development of HBx-related HCC.
Evolution of Shannon entropy in a fish system (European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax) during the recuperation period after exposure to methylmercury (2015)

The development of non-invasive methods for fish welfare and contaminant monitoring is of high relevance for the production of high quality and safe farmed fish. We have recently shown the suitability of the Shannon entropy (SE) in a commercially relevant fish system (European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax) to differentiate methylmercury (MeHg) treated fish from non-treated fish. The present work examines the evolution of the SE of a European seabass system during an 11 days recuperation period immediately after a 2 weeks treatment with 4 μg MeHg/L (Case C2) and compares it to that of a control group not treated with MeHg (Case 1). While the SE of the C1 increased during the recuperation period, that of C2 showed erratic responses with a very modest decreasing trend.
Stabilization of DNA Triple-Helix Formation by Appended Cationic Peptides (1996)

We have investigated the impact of appended cationic peptides on the triplex-forming and thermal-stabilizing abilities of an oligonucleotide "third strand" using a homopurine-homopyrimidine 37-mer as the host duplex target. The family of appended cationic peptides studied here contains arginine, lysine, ornithine, and diaminobutyric acid, with the residues being linked through either their alpha-amino or side chain amino groups. On the basis of optical melting profiles, we find that peptides with different amino acid compositions, but with four positive charges in common, are able to enhance, in a similar manner, the triplex-forming capability of an oligonucleotide. We note the implications of these results for the rational design of third-strand probes.
Experimental Investigation of a High-Energy Density, High-Pressure Arc Plasma (1960)

The underwater spark is utilized to study the fundamental parameters of a plasma at 30 000°K and 10 000 atmos pressure. The 25-kv spark is obtained by underwater discharge of capacitors having a stored energy of 1800 joules, the inertia of the water providing the confinement necessary to develop high pressures. Phenomena relating to the initiating wire (exploded wire) are discussed. Kerr cell photographs show that spherical structures are formed around both electrodes under certain conditions. A possible explanation is postulated. A detailed energy balance and particle balance are carried out. The results show that the plasma has great capability to store energy in dissociation, excitation, and ionization without a corresponding increase in temperature. The plasma is 30% ionized and the total particle density is about 2×1027 per cubic meter. At this density the plasma radiates a blackbody spectrum. Pressures are obtained by calculation based on the rate of spark channel expansion and the shock properties of water. The plasma is found to have an internal pressure of the same order of magnitude as the external pressure because of interparticle Coulomb forces. Plasma conductivity calculated from equations of Gvosdover and Spitzer and Harm agree very well with the experimental value. The study is basically experimental, with the emphasis in interpretation being placed on reliability of the conclusions rather than on refined accuracy.
Nanoparticle doping process for improved fibre amplifiers and lasers (2009)

Manufacture fiber amplifiers and lasers in a versatile and cost effective way while controlling rare-earths chemical environment becomes a real technology differentiator. A MCVD compatible Nanoparticle Doping Process has been developed to master with a higher accuracy rare earth amplifier and ytterbium laser fibers. Improved doped erbium fibers with C-band gain shape were obtained with much less aluminum content and unprecedented low background attenuation losses. This process should better show its merits in high power regime paving the way to fiber amplifiers and lasers for low cost new performances.
Nitrogen-doping effects on electrical, optical, and structural properties in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (1997)

Electrical, optical, and structural properties of nitrogen-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films with the N content up to about 12 at. % are systematically studied using electrical conductivity measurements, electron-spin resonance, light-induced electron-spin resonance, constant photocurrent method, optical absorption spectrophotometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both behaviors of the dark conductivity and the charged-dangling-bond density against the N content suggest that most of charged dangling bonds originate from potential fluctuations. Only part of charged dangling bonds created by the N doping up to 2 at. % originate from positively charged fourfold-coordinated N. The decay behavior of the photoconductivity after turning off the probing light also supports that most of charged dangling bonds in N-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon do not originate from positively charged fourfold-coordinated N. A possible origin of potential fluctuations is increased fluctuations in the net electron density at Si sites accompanying structural randomness caused by the N doping.
Guidelines for optimal replacement beverages for different athletic events (1992)

During exercise, especially endurance exercise in the heat, vital body fluids and essential ions are lost in sweat, and the body may deplete its glycogen stores. Unless essential body fluids are restored, these conditions can produce hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperthermia, and dehydration. Performance may also be reduced. This paper briefly reviews pertinent aspects of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption and proposes the formulation of beverages for ingestion both pre-event and during exercise. For events lasting less than 1 h, 300-500 ml of a 6-10% CHO beverage is recommended pre-event (0-15 min), and cool (5-15 degrees C) water in a volume approximately half the subjects sweat rate is recommended during exercise. For events between 1-3 h long, 300-500 ml of water is recommended pre-event, and 800-1600 ml.h-1 of a 6-8% CHO solution with 10-20 mEq Na+ is recommended during exercise. For events longer than 3 h, 300-500 ml of water is recommended pre-event, and 500-1000 ml.h-1 of a 6-8% CHO beverage with 20-30 mEq Na+ is recommended during exercise. In recovery, a beverage containing 5-10% CHO with 30-40 mEq Na+ should be ingested to achieve euhydration. A minimum of 50 g.h-1 of CHO should be ingested in the first 2 h to maximize glycogen repletion. Guidelines to follow in formulating these beverages are reviewed and the rationale for each formulation is provided.
Rapid stereo-vision enhanced face detection (2009)

This paper presents a real-time face detection algorithm. It improves state-of-the-art 2D object detection techniques by additionally evaluating a disparity map, which is estimated for the face region using a calibrated stereo camera setup. First, faces are detected in the 2D images with a rapid object classifier based on haar-like features. In a second step, falsely detected faces are removed by analyzing the disparity map. In the near field of the camera, a classifier is used, which evaluates the Eigenfaces of the normalized disparity map. Thereby, the transformation into Eigenspace is learned off-line using a principal component analysis approach. In the far field, a much simpler approach determines false-positives by evaluating the relationship between the size of the face in the image and its distance to the camera. This novel combination of algorithms runs in real-time and significantly reduces the number of false-positives compared to classical 2D face detection approaches.
A Prosthetic Hand Body Area Controller Based on Efficient Pattern Recognition Control Strategies (2017)

Poliarticulated prosthetic hands represent a powerful tool to restore functionality and improve quality of life for upper limb amputees. Such devices offer, on the same wearable node, sensing and actuation capabilities, which are not equally supported by natural interaction and control strategies. The control in state-of-the-art solutions is still performed mainly through complex encoding of gestures in bursts of contractions of the residual forearm muscles, resulting in a non-intuitive Human-Machine Interface (HMI). Recent research efforts explore the use of myoelectric gesture recognition for innovative interaction solutions, however there persists a considerable gap between research evaluation and implementation into successful complete systems. In this paper, we present the design of a wearable prosthetic hand controller, based on intuitive gesture recognition and a custom control strategy. The wearable node directly actuates a poliarticulated hand and wirelessly interacts with a personal gateway (i.e., a smartphone) for the training and personalization of the recognition algorithm. Through the whole system development, we address the challenge of integrating an efficient embedded gesture classifier with a control strategy tailored for an intuitive interaction between the user and the prosthesis. We demonstrate that this combined approach outperforms systems based on mere pattern recognition, since they target the accuracy of a classification algorithm rather than the control of a gesture. The system was fully implemented, tested on healthy and amputee subjects and compared against benchmark repositories. The proposed approach achieves an error rate of 1.6% in the end-to-end real time control of commonly used hand gestures, while complying with the power and performance budget of a low-cost microcontroller.