gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Design and Implementation of a Cartesian Router (2005)

The increasing popularity of the Internet and networking has resulted in a significant growth in Internet traffic, coupled with an increase in the number of Internet routers. The increase in routers has resulted in the development of more complex routing algorithms, larger routing tables (requiring more memory), ultimately increasing the time required to search the lookup table. The Cartesian network is an attempt to overcome these problems. Instead of improving the search algorithm, it entirely removes the need for a table lookup. The Cartesian unicast routing algorithm is a novel routing methodology in which a packet's route is determined by the position of the router relative to that of the destination. This paper describes the hardware design, development, and implementation of the Cartesian routers. A parallel architecture is proposed for the Cartesian routers. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) devices are selected as a target platform for hardware implementation.
Stiffness Dependent Separation of Cells in a Microfluidic Device (2012)

Rapidly sorting and separating cells are critical for detecting diseases such as cancers and infections and can enable a great number of applications in bio-related science and technology. While a variety of techniques demonstrate separation by physical parameters such as size[1] and mass[2], inexpensive and easy to use methods are needed to separate cells by mechanical compliance. A number of pathophysiological states of individual cells result in drastic changes in stiffness in comparison with healthy counterparts. Mechanical stiffness has been utilized to identify abnormal cell populations in detecting cancer[3–5] and identifying infectious disease[4, 6]. Recently, microfluidic methods were developed to classify and enrich cell populations utilizing mechanical stiffness[7–9]. We demonstrate a new strategy to continuously and non-destructively separate cells into subpopulations of soft and stiff cells. In our microfluidic separation method, we employ a microchannel with the top wall decorated by a periodic array of rigid diagonal ridges (Fig. 1). The gap between the ridges and the bottom channel wall is smaller than the cell diameter, thus the cells are periodically compressed by the ridges. The difference in mechanical resistance to compression of cells gives rise to a stiffness-dependent force associated with cell passage through narrow constrictions formed by the consecutive channel ridges. This elastic force is directed normal to the compressive diagonal ridges and, therefore, deflects cells propelled by the flow in the lateral direction with a rate proportional to their compliance. In this paper, we employ this principle to separate modified lymphoblastic cells with dissimilar mechanical stiffness in high-throughput.
Suppressor of T‐cell receptor signalling 1 and 2 differentially regulate endocytosis and signalling of receptor tyrosine kinases (2007)

Suppressor of T-cell receptor signalling 1 and 2 (Sts-1 and 2) negatively regulate the endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases. The UBA domain of Sts-2 and SH3-dependent Cbl-binding are required for this function. Sts-1 and -2 also possess a PGM domain, which was recently reported to exhibit tyrosine phosphatase activity. Here, we demonstrate that the PGM of Sts-1, but not of Sts-2, dephosphorylates the EGFR at multiple tyrosines thereby terminating its signalling and endocytosis. In contrast to Sts-2 the UBA of Sts-1 did not contribute significantly to receptor stabilization. Thus, although Sts-1 and Sts-2 are structurally highly homologous and both inhibit ligand-induced EGFR degradation, their mechanisms of action differ significantly. As a consequence, Sts-1-containing receptor complexes are inactive, whereas Sts-2-containing complexes are signalling competent.
Three Distinct Molecular Surfaces in Ephrin-A5 Are Essential for a Functional Interaction with EphA3 (2005)

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (Ephs) function as molecular relays that interact with cell surface-bound ephrin ligands to direct the position of migrating cells. Structural studies revealed that, through two distinct contact surfaces on opposite sites of each protein, Eph and ephrin binding domains assemble into symmetric, circular heterotetramers. However, Eph signal initiation requires the assembly of higher order oligomers, suggesting additional points of contact. By screening a random library of EphA3 binding-compromised ephrin-A5 mutants, we have now determined ephrin-A5 residues that are essential for the assembly of high affinity EphA3 signaling complexes. In addition to the two interfaces predicted from the crystal structure of the homologous EphB2.ephrin-B2 complex, we identified a cluster of 10 residues on the ephrin-A5 E alpha-helix, the E-F loop, the underlying H beta-strand, as well as the nearby B-C loop, which define a distinct third surface required for oligomerization and activation of EphA3 signaling. Together with a corresponding third surface region identified recently outside of the minimal ephrin binding domain of EphA3, our findings provide experimental evidence for the essential contribution of three distinct protein-interaction interfaces to assemble functional EphA3 signaling complexes.
From Aryl Bromides to Enantioenriched Benzylic Alcohols in a Single Flask: Catalytic Asymmetric Arylation of Aldehydes. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Complete information flow tracking from the gates up (2009)

For many mission-critical tasks, tight guarantees on the flow of information are desirable, for example, when handling important cryptographic keys or sensitive financial data. We present a novel architecture capable of tracking all information flow within the machine, including all explicit data transfers and all implicit flows (those subtly devious flows caused by not performing conditional operations). While the problem is impossible to solve in the general case, we have created a machine that avoids the general-purpose programmability that leads to this impossibility result, yet is still programmable enough to handle a variety of critical operations such as public-key encryption and authentication. Through the application of our novel gate-level information flow tracking method, we show how all flows of information can be precisely tracked. From this foundation, we then describe how a class of architectures can be constructed, from the gates up, to completely capture all information flows and we measure the impact of doing so on the hardware implementation, the ISA, and the programmer.
A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Persons with Syncytium- and Non-Syncytium-Inducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1993)

The association between isolation of the syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and unfavorable clinical and immune status was evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Data on HIV phenotype were available for 341 of 878 persons entering clinical trials of antiretroviral therapies. Patients with SI virus were demographically similar to those with non-SI (NSI) virus but were more likely to have a diagnosis of AIDS and detectable circulating HIV p24 antigen. Patients with SI virus also had a lower CD4+ cell count and a higher serum level of beta 2-microglobulin. The association between phenotype and present status was explained statistically by CD4+ cell count. Phenotype, serum level of beta 2-microglobulin, and the presence of detectable p24 antigen were all independent predictors of present CD4+ cell count. The likelihood of finding SI virus increased with unfavorable virologic and immunologic parameters and varied with the amount of prior antiretroviral therapy.
Na<sup>+</sup> and Li<sup>+</sup> NASICON Superionic Conductors Thick Films (1984)

For microionic applications, superionic conductors have been elaborated in the form of thick films, using silk-screen printable powders. Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 , Na 3.1 Zr 1.55 Si 2.3 P 0.7 O 11 and Li 0.8 Zr 1.8 Ta 0.2 (PO 4 ) 3 compositions are synthesized by a sol-gel process involving hydrolysis-polycondensation reactions of metal-organic alcoholic solutions. A thermal treatment (600°C–800°C) allows to obtain very fine particles (<1 µm) with the pure NASICON phase. Inks are prepared with these powders, an organic binder, volatile fluidifying agents and mineralizers. The layers, about 50 µm in thickness, are achieved by successive deposits and sinterings (950°C–1050°C) onto alumina substrates. Films conductivity is determined by the complex impedance method. Values measured at 300°C (Na + : σ∼10 -2 Ω -1 cm -1 , E A =0.25 eV, Li + : σ∼5 10 -4 Ω -1 cm -1 , E A =0.5 eV) reach those obtained with well-densified ceramics. An anisotropic behaviour related to microstructure is pointed out.
HSDPA Performance Investigations related to RF-Impairments (2006)

The UMTS standard extension high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) represents a particular challenge for the radio frequency (RF)-receiver design. The influence and the limitations of the RF-impairments are of particular interest. The implemented simulation chain in this paper is focused on the dependence of the HSDPA-single link throughput (TP) performance from RF-impairments I/Q-phase and amplitude imbalance, DC-offset, noise figure (NF) and phase noise. The modeling of the impairments and their effects in terms of TP performance for user equipment (UE) capability class 6 will be presented
Characteristics of MnS Particles in the Unique Processing of Grain Oriented Silicon Steel from their Cast Slabs (1980)

In an attempt to produce grain oriented silicon steel sheets without conventional high temperature slab reheating and hot rolling processes, series of experiments were carried out using two types of cast slabs of 5 mm and 40 mm thick. Relationship between the magnetic properties and the morphology of MnS was investigated for various processing conditions. In the cast slab of 40 mm thick, the changes in magnetic properties were examined after processing without reheating to an exceedingly high temperature for solution of MnS. In the cast slab of 5 mm thick, good magnetic properties were obtained without slab reheating or hot rolling. This is due to the fine MnS particles distributed uniformly in the matrix by rapid cooling in the solidification process. In the conventional casting, coarse MnS particles and segregation bands are formed due to the slow cooling rate in the solidification process which necessitates a high temperature slab reheating to dissolve these particles.
Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the<i>Fusarium</i>mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation (2010)

Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.
Human-mouse interspecies collagen I heterotrimer is functional during embryonic development of Mov13 mutant mouse embryos. (1990)

To investigate whether the human pro alpha 1(I) collagen chain could form an in vivo functional interspecies heterotrimer with the mouse pro alpha 2(I) collagen chain, we introduced the human COL1A1 gene into Mov13 mice which have a functional deletion of the endogenous COL1A1 gene. Transgenic mouse strains (HucI and HucII) carrying the human COL1A1 gene were first generated by microinjecting the COL1A1 gene into wild-type mouse embryos. Genetic evidence indicated that the transgene in the HucI strain was closely linked to the endogenous mouse COL1A1 gene and was X linked in the HucII transgenic strain. Northern (RNA) blot and S1 protection analyses showed that the transgene was expressed in the appropriate tissue-specific manner and as efficiently as the endogenous COL1A1 gene. HucII mice were crossed with Mov13 mice to transfer the human transgene into the mutant strain. Whereas homozygous Mov13 embryos die between days 13 and 14 of gestation, the presence of the transgene permitted apparently normal development of the mutant embryos to birth. This indicated that the mouse-human interspecies collagen I heterotrimer was functional in the animal. The rescue was, however, only partial, as all homozygotes died within 36 h after delivery, with signs of internal bleeding. This could have been due to a functional defect in the interspecies hybrid collagen. Extensive analysis failed to reveal any biochemical or morphological abnormalities of the collagen I molecules in Mov13-HucII embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Variant von Willebrand's disease type B--revisited (1982)

Results of investigations of the factor VIII (FVIII) of a patient with an unusual variant form of von Willebrand's disease (vWD) are presented. A two-peak crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) pattern was seen when fresh plasma was electrophoresed, but the CIE pattern became normal by incubating the plasma at 37 degree C for more than 72 hr. The two peaks on CIE were separated by cryoprecipitation: the slow-moving peak precipitating and the fast-moving forms of FVIII remaining in the cryosupernate. An additional protein band was seen on multimeric analysis of FVIII. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from this patient did not respond to ristocetin, but agglutinated normally in response to botrocetin. Multimeric and CIE analysis of the FVIII post agglutination and 125I-FVIII binding studies to normal formalin-fixed platelets indicated that this patient's FVIII interacted normally with botrocetin but failed to interact with ristocetin. These data strongly suggest that the sites on the FVIII molecule or the multimeric forms involved for ristocetin and botrocetin are different and that the ristocetin reaction is more closely aligned to the physiologic function of FVIII.
Long-term oral contraceptive use increases breast cancer risk in women over 55 years of age: The DOM cohort (2000)

The role of past oral contraceptive use in the development of breast cancer is unclear, particularly in postmenopausal women. The authors investigated this relationship among pre- and postmenopausal middle-aged women in a nested case-control study within the population-based DOM cohort, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Among a total population of 12,184 women followed up for an average of 7.5 years, 309 breast cancer cases aged 42 to 63 years, diagnosed from November 1982 through May 1996, and 610 controls were examined. Overall, duration of oral contraceptive use was not clearly related to breast cancer. In women older than 55 years, however, oral contraceptive use for more than 10 years was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.0). We conclude that long duration of oral contraceptive use increases the risk of breast cancer in women over 55 years of age but not in younger women.
Recent developments in the applications of mid-infrared lasers, LEDs, and other solid state sources to gas detection (2002)

Although mid infrared research into sources and detectors has made considerable progress in recent years, requirements for gas sensing purposes for source power and the detectivity of diode detectors - particularly in combination - remain to be convincingly demonstrated in an industrial context. Published results are often confusing in that they apply to a variety of pulse lengths and duty cycles. We suggest a standardized approach in terms of an averaged cw power output. Parameters such as radiance, drive current and electrical power are also important. We discuss the relative merits of lasers and LEDs, i.e. use of line or band absorption on gas sensing. We report recent advances in the use of immersion optics leading to detectors with D*~5x10<SUP>9</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>W<SUP>-1</SUP> at 5.4micrometers , LEDs with outputs improved by a factor of 5 and an LED/Diode/White cell gas sensing demonstration giving 2ppm sensitivity for NO<SUB>2</SUB> with an electrical power requirement of only 0.25mW. Further consideration includes sensitivity of gas sensing, path length and volume, time constant and temperature stability. Latest results are assessed on the basis of the above and combined with some market indications.
Complementary Dendritic Cell–activating Function of CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells (2002)

Dendritic cells (DCs) activated by CD40L-expressing CD4+ T cells act as mediators of “T helper (Th)” signals for CD8+ T lymphocytes, inducing their cytotoxic function and supporting their long-term activity. Here, we show that the optimal activation of DCs, their ability to produce high levels of bioactive interleukin (IL)-12p70 and to induce Th1-type CD4+ T cells, is supported by the complementary DC-activating signals from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Cord blood– or peripheral blood–isolated naive CD8+ T cells do not express CD40L, but, in contrast to naive CD4+ T cells, they are efficient producers of IFN-γ at the earliest stages of the interaction with DCs. Naive CD8+ T cells cooperate with CD40L-expressing naive CD4+ T cells in the induction of IL-12p70 in DCs, promoting the development of primary Th1-type CD4+ T cell responses. Moreover, the recognition of major histocompatibility complex class I–presented epitopes by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells results in the TNF-α– and IFN-γ–dependent increase in the activation level of DCs and in the induction of type-1 polarized mature DCs capable of producing high levels of IL-12p70 upon a subsequent CD40 ligation. The ability of class I–restricted CD8+ T cells to coactivate and polarize DCs may support the induction of Th1-type responses against class I–presented epitopes of intracellular pathogens and contact allergens, and may have therapeutical implications in cancer and chronic infections.
FOCUSED-IMAGE HOLOGRAPHY WITH EXTENDED SOURCES (1966)

Focused-image holograms have been made with good results using an extended coherent source as a reference wavefront in the recording process and a different extended source in the reconstruction process. The technique is uncritical and requires no source compensation.
Inhibition of eIF2α Dephosphorylation Maximizes Bortezomib Efficiency and Eliminates Quiescent Multiple Myeloma Cells Surviving Therapy (2008)

Abstract The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade®) effectively eradicates multiple myeloma (MM) cells, partly by activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress apoptotic signaling. However, MM recurrences in Bortezomib-treated patients are invariable. We have shown that ER stress signaling can also induce growth arrest and survival in cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that Bortezomib therapy could induce quiescence and survival of residual MM cells, contributing to disease recurrence. Here we report that in MM cells, proteasome inhibition with MG-132 or Bortezomib results in a surviving cell fraction that enters a prolonged quiescent state (G0-G1 arrest). Mechanism analysis revealed that in Bortezomib-surviving quiescent cells eIF2α phosphorylation and induction of the ER stress pro-apoptotic gene, GADD153, were attenuated. In contrast, p38 and the ER-chaperone BiP/Grp78 were persistently activated and induced, respectively. The Bortezomib-surviving quiescent fraction could be eradicated by a simultaneous or sequential combination therapy with Salubrinal, an inhibitor of GADD34-PP1C phosphatase complex, and in consequence, eIF2α dephosphorylation. This effect was mimicked by expression of a phospho-mimetic eIF2α-S51D mutant. Our data indicate that Bortezomib can induce growth arrest in therapy-surviving MM cells and that attenuation of eIF2α phosphorylation and GADD153 induction contribute to this survival. Most importantly, this ability of MM cells to evade Bortezomib toxicity can be prevented by inhibiting eIF2a dephosphorylation. Thus, strategies that maintain eIF2α in a hyper-phosphorylated state may be a novel therapeutic approach to maximize Bortezomib-induced apoptosis and reduce recurrences in this type of cancer.
Inhibition in Multiclass Classification (2012)

The role of inhibition is investigated in a multiclass support vector machine formalism inspired by the brain structure of insects. The so-called mushroom bodies have a set of output neurons, or classification functions, that compete with each other to encode a particular input. Strongly active output neurons depress or inhibit the remaining outputs without knowing which is correct or incorrect. Accordingly, we propose to use a classification function that embodies unselective inhibition and train it in the large margin classifier framework. Inhibition leads to more robust classifiers in the sense that they perform better on larger areas of appropriate hyperparameters when assessed with leave-one-out strategies. We also show that the classifier with inhibition is a tight bound to probabilistic exponential models and is Bayes consistent for 3-class problems. These properties make this approach useful for data sets with a limited number of labeled examples. For larger data sets, there is no significant comparative advantage to other multiclass SVM approaches.