gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variations in RANK gene are associated with adult height in Caucasians (2007)

Height is a complex trait significantly influenced by genetic factors, with heritability ranging from 48% to 98%. Previous studies have yielded a number of important genomic regions that may account for the variation of height in human populations. However, more 'height' genes still wait for identification. Recent studies have revealed that tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11a (RANK) is a vital factor for chondroclastic/osteoclastic differentiation and activity that influence the morphology of growth plates and linear bone growth. Despite its importance, little effort has been made to find out whether the RANK polymorphisms are associated with adult height variation in normal populations. Herein, we performed a family based association test (FBAT) in 1873 white subjects from 405 nuclear families. Among eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and seven blocks, SNP rs6567274 was detected to be significant even after multiple-testing correction. In corroboration with single-locus analysis, a major haplotype in block 5 bearing the variant "T" of rs6567274 was significantly associated with higher stature. Our findings firstly suggested the RANK polymorphisms might contribute to adult height variation. Further researches need to be launched to replicate the present results and further unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the significant associations discovered.
Alterations of the translation apparatus during aging and stress response (2017)

Aging is a biological process characterized by the irreversible and time-dependent deterioration of cell functions, tissues, and organs. Accumulating studies in a wide range of species from yeast to human revealed changes associated with the aging process to be conserved throughout evolution. The main characteristics of aging are (i) genomic instability, (ii) loss of telomere function, (iii) epigenetic changes,(iv) increased cellular senescence, (v) depletion of the stem cell pool, (vi) altered intercellular communication and (vii) loss of protein homeostasis. Among the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying aging, alterations of the translation machinery affecting the rate and selectivity of protein biosynthesis seem to play a central role. At the very heart of translation is the ribosome, a multifaceted and universally conserved RNA-protein particle responsible for accurate polypeptide synthesis and co-translational protein folding. Here we summarize and discuss recent developments on the contribution of altered translation and age-dependent modifications on the ribosome structure to aging and cellular senescence.
Antifolate-resistant mutants of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> dihydrofolate reductase (1997)

Single and multiple mutations at residues 16, 51, 59, 108, and 164 of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfDHFR) have been linked to antifolate resistance in malaria. We prepared and characterized all seven of the pfDHFR mutants found in nature, as well as six mutants not observed in nature. Mutations involving residues 51, 59, 108, or 164 conferred cross resistance to both the antifolates pyrimethamine and cycloguanil, whereas mutation of residue 16 specifically conferred resistance to cycloguanil. The antifolate resistance of enzyme mutants found in nature correlated with in vivo antifolate resistance; however, mutants not found in nature were either poorly resistant or had insufficient catalytic activity to support DNA synthesis. Thus, specific combinations of multiple mutations at target residues were selected in nature to optimize resistance. Further, the resistance of multiple mutants was more than the sum of the component single mutations, indicating that residues were selected for their synergistic as well as intrinsic effects on resistance. Pathways inferred for the evolution of pyrimethamine-resistant mutants suggested that all multiple mutants emerged from stepwise selection of the single mutant, S108N. Thus, we propose that drugs targeted to both the wild-type pfDHFR and S108N mutant would have a low propensity for developing resistance, and hence could provide effective antimalarial agents.
Surface roughness model of end-milling surface (2013)

In this paper, an average surface roughness, , was measured by optical measurement and its mathematical model according to spindle speed and feedrate was obtained by least square method. Also, its result is compared and investigated with real measured average surface roughness. The optical measurement of surface roughness is performed by CLSM(confocal laser scanning microscope) and the captured HEI(height encoded image) data is used as an original data for the generation of average surface roughness and its mathematical plane or contour surface of surface roughness. Using this polynomial model with two independent variables, the behavior of an average surface roughness is investigated and analyzed with an experimental modeling of least square algorithm. And it can be used for the prediction of in different condition of machining.
Resilience to Degree-Dependent and Cascading Node Failures in Random Geometric Networks (2010)

This paper studies the problem of resilience to node failures in large-scale networks modelled by random geometric graphs. Adopting a percolation-based viewpoint, the paper investigates the ability of the network to maintain global communication in the face of dependent node failures. Degree-dependent site percolation processes on random geometric graphs are examined, and the first known analytical conditions are obtained for the existence and non-existence, respectively, of a large connected component of operational network nodes after degree-dependent node failures. In electrical power networks or wireless communication and computing networks, cascading failure from power blackouts or virus epidemics may result from a small number of initial node failures triggering global failure events affecting the whole network. With the use of a simple but descriptive model, it is shown that the cascading failure problem is equivalent to a degree-dependent percolation process. The first analytical conditions are obtained for the occurrence and non-occurrence of cascading failures, respectively, in large-scale networks with geometric constraints.
Structures and optical properties of silicon nanocrystallites prepared by pulsed-laser ablation in inert background gas (2000)

Silicon (Si) nanocrystallites have been synthesized using pulsed-laser ablation in inert background gases, for studying the structures and optical properties as one of the quantum confinement effects. We extracted a process condition where well-dispersed Si nanocrystallites devoid of droplets and debris are prepared, by varying excitation laser conditions. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the inert background gas pressures on transition from amorphous-like thin films to nanocrystallites. It was clarified that there is a processing window of the inert background gas pressure in which the quantum confinement effects for carriers and phonons become apparent.
Synthesis, biological profile, and quantitative structure-activity relationship of a series of novel 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (1990)

A series of 9,9-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-8-(alkyltetrazol-5-yl)- 6,8-nonadienoic acid derivatives 1 were synthesized and found to inhibit competitively the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. The analogues having 1N-methyltetrazol-5-yl attached to the C8-position (3a, 4a, R1 = R2 = F) are the most active in suppressing cholesterol biosynthesis in both in vitro and in vivo models: the IC50 for the chiral form of 3a is 19 nM, Ki = 4.3 x 10(-9)M when Km for HMG-CoA is 28 x 10(-6) M;1 the ED50 (oral) value corresponding to the lactone derivative (4a, BMY 22089) is approximately 0.1 mg/kg. Further, BMY 21950 is nearly 2 orders of magnitude more active in parenchymal heptaocytes, from which most of the serum cholesterol originates, than in other cell preparations (such as spleen, testes, ileum, adrenal, and ocular lens epithelial cells; Table III). This apparent tissue specificity may be highly beneficial since the blocking of cholesterol biosynthesis in other vital organs could eventually lead to undesirable side effects. In addition to the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation, a theoretical study aimed at relating the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory potency to the three-dimensional structure of the inhibitors was undertaken. With a combination of molecular mapping and 3D-QSAR techniques, it was possible to determine a logical candidate for the conformation of the bound inhibitor and to quantitatively relate inhibitory potency to the shape and size of both the binding site and the C8-substituent.
RD19, an<i>Arabidopsis</i>Cysteine Protease Required for RRS1-R–Mediated Resistance, Is Relocalized to the Nucleus by the<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>PopP2 Effector (2008)

Bacterial wilt, a disease impacting cultivated crops worldwide, is caused by the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. PopP2 (for Pseudomonas outer protein P2) is an R. solanacearum type III effector that belongs to the YopJ/AvrRxv protein family and interacts with the Arabidopsis thaliana RESISTANT TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM 1-R (RRS1-R) resistance protein. RRS1-R contains the Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-Leu-rich repeat domains found in several cytoplasmic R proteins and a C-terminal WRKY DNA binding domain. In this study, we identified the Arabidopsis Cys protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION19 (RD19) as being a PopP2-interacting protein whose expression is induced during infection by R. solanacearum. An Arabidopsis rd19 mutant in an RRS1-R genetic background is compromised in resistance to the bacterium, indicating that RD19 is required for RRS1-R-mediated resistance. RD19 normally localizes in mobile vacuole-associated compartments and, upon coexpression with PopP2, is specifically relocalized to the plant nucleus, where the two proteins physically interact. No direct physical interaction between RRS1-R and RD19 in the presence of PopP2 was detected in the nucleus as determined by Förster resonance energy transfer. We propose that RD19 associates with PopP2 to form a nuclear complex that is required for activation of the RRS1-R-mediated resistance response.
Identification of Strong and Weak Areas for Emergency State Control (1984)

A method is proposed for determining weak areas in a system in the emergency state with subsequent identification of strategies to correct for the weaknesses and return the system to its normal state. A fast sensitivity type algorithm identifies the weak areas and a "depth-first" search finds the configuration of circuits and nodes in each area. The concept of a strength index is introduced by which the severity of an emergency can be assessed and priorities can be assigned to remedial measures. A numerical example illustrates the possibilities of the strategy.
High-sensitivity infrared vibrational nanospectroscopy in water (2017)

Mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy is a universal label-free tool for identifying molecular compounds in chemical and biological samples on the basis of their ‘fingerprint’ vibrational absorption lines. Vibrational spectroscopy with nanometer spatial resolution can reveal the chemical composition of samples at the nanoscale, and several scanning-probe techniques have been developed to address this need. It is also highly desirable to study biological and chemical samples in their native aqueous environments rather than in air. In aqueous environments, however, the sensitivity of the current vibrational nanospectroscopy techniques deteriorates dramatically . Here, we report the first mid-infrared nanospectroscopy technique that retains nanoscale sensitivity and spatial resolution when the sample and the scanning probe are completely immersed in water. This method overcomes challenges including water absorption and scattering and the mechanical damping of cantilever vibrations. We further demonstrate spectroscopy and imaging of 20- to 50-nm-thick polymer samples with a 25-nm spatial resolution in the biologically relevant Amide I and II spectral regions.
Fast and Efficient Face Image Browsing System on Consumer Electronics Devices (2007)

In this paper, we develop a fast and efficient face image browsing system on CE (Consumer Electronics) devices. Our system adopts three methods such as facial region de- tection and facial feature extraction, facial vector cluster- ing, and DB handling for face metadata. Given photos, a facial region detection algorithm is applied to each photo and then Gabor-Wavelet features of fiducial points in each detected face are extracted. Next, a facial vector clustering algorithm makes all the facial features, which corresponds to faces, be clustered in an appropriate manner. In general, a face recognition algorithm requires a registration proce- dure, i.e., a user should register face images as the gallery, but our system clusters daily photos automatically. Finally, the DB is updated in order to browse photos by face meta- data in realtime. This paper presents the developed algo- rithms of the three methods in detail and an easy and effi- cient user interface for a face image browsing system on CE devices with its snapshots.
Analysis of Resonance Response Performance of C-Band Antenna Using Parasitic Element (2014)

Analysis of the resonance response improvement of a planar C-band (4-8 GHz) antenna is proposed using parasitic element method. This parasitic element based method is validated for change in the active and parasitic antenna elements. A novel dual-band antenna for C-band application covering 5.7 GHz and 7.6 GHz is designed and fabricated. The antenna is composed of circular parasitic element with unequal microstrip lines at both sides and a rectangular partial ground plane. A fractional bandwidth of 13.5% has been achieved from 5.5 GHz to 6.3 GHz (WLAN band) for the lower band. The upper band covers from 7.1 GHz to 8 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 12%. A gain of 6.4 dBi is achieved at the lower frequency and 4 dBi is achieved at the upper frequency. The VSWR of the antenna is less than 2 at the resonance frequency.
Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning (2016)

We propose a criterion for discrimination against a specified sensitive attribute in supervised learning, where the goal is to predict some target based on available features. Assuming data about the predictor, target, and membership in the protected group are available, we show how to optimally adjust any learned predictor so as to remove discrimination according to our definition. Our framework also improves incentives by shifting the cost of poor classification from disadvantaged groups to the decision maker, who can respond by improving the classification accuracy. 
In line with other studies, our notion is oblivious: it depends only on the joint statistics of the predictor, the target and the protected attribute, but not on interpretation of individualfeatures. We study the inherent limits of defining and identifying biases based on such oblivious measures, outlining what can and cannot be inferred from different oblivious tests. 
We illustrate our notion using a case study of FICO credit scores.
Regulation of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis and Assembly by Muscle Activity (1989)

The abundance and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) oligomeric forms expressed in skeletal muscle is strongly dependent upon the activity state of the cells. In this study, we examined several stages of AChE biogenesis to determine which ones were regulated by muscle activity. Inhibiting spontaneous contraction of tissue-cultured quail myotubes with tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduces AChE activity by approximately 30% of the levels found in actively contracting cells. This decrease is due primarily to the loss of 20 S asymmetric (collagen-tailed) AChE from TTX-treated cultures and is reflected in reduced pool sizes for both cell surface and intracellular AChE molecules. Using monoclonal anti-AChE antibodies to immunoprecipitate and quantify isotopically labeled enzyme molecules, we show that AChE down-regulation by TTX is not mediated through changes in the rates of synthesis or degradation of AChE polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized AChE polypeptides acquire enzymatic activity at the same rate in TTX-treated cultures as in actively contracting cells, however, a larger percentage of catalytically active dimers and tetramers are secreted from TTX-treated cultures compared with controls. These results suggest that TTX-induced down-regulation of asymmetric AChE occurs at the level of assembly of globular AChE molecules with collagen-like tail subunits in the Golgi apparatus, rather than through changes in the availability of catalytic subunits. Thus, post-translational mechanisms appear to play an important role in regulating the abundance and distribution of this important synaptic component in skeletal muscle.
Application of nanoparticles for the enhancement of latent fingerprints (2007)

Two different types of nanoparticles dissolved in organic solution, gold stabilized by n-alkanethiols and CdSe/ZnS stabilized by n-alkane-amine, adhere preferentially to the ridges of latent fingerprints; the gold deposits catalyze silver electroless deposition from "Silver Physical Developer" (Ag-PD), an aqueous solution containing silver colloids stabilized by cationic surfactants, to form dark impressions of the ridge details; the hydrophobic capped gold nanoparticles significantly improve the intensity and clarity of the developed prints compared with Ag-PD alone; finger marks treated with CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be viewed directly, due to their fluorescence under UV illumination.
Optimizing and quantifying fusion of liposomes to mammalian sperm using resonance energy transfer and flow cytometric methods (2002)

Liposome fusion with mammalian sperm membranes can be quantified cytometrically and varies with lipid composition, sperm-to-liposome ratio, and individual animals.
Effect of Exogenous Siderophores on Iron Uptake Activity of Marine Bacteria under Iron-Limited Conditions (2001)

More than 60% of species examined from a total of 421 strains of heterotrophic marine bacteria which were isolated from marine sponges and seawater were observed to have no detectable siderophore production even when Fe(III) was present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1.0 pM. The growth of one such non-siderophore-producing strain, alpha proteobacterium V0210, was stimulated under iron-limited conditions with the addition of an isolated exogenous siderophore, N,N'-bis (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-O-serylserine from a Vibrio sp. Growth was also stimulated by the addition of three exogenous siderophore extracts from siderophore-producing bacteria. Radioisotope studies using (59)Fe showed that the iron uptake ability of V0210 increased only with the addition of exogenous siderophores. Biosynthesis of a hydroxamate siderophore by V0210 was shown by paper electrophoresis and chemical assays for the detection of hydroxamates and catechols. An 85-kDa iron-regulated outer membrane protein was induced only under iron-limited conditions in the presence of exogenous siderophores. This is the first report of bacterial iron uptake through an induced siderophore in response to exogenous siderophores. Our results suggest that siderophores are necessary signaling compounds for growth and for iron uptake by some non-siderophore-producing marine bacteria under iron-limited conditions.
PREPARATION OF PRECIPITATED CALCIUMCARBONATE USING ADDITIVE AND WITHOUT ADDITIVE (2015)

Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) chemically can be synthesized in the laboratory. In this study, hydrated lime or calcium hydroxide was used as raw material with sucrose as additive to produce PCC. The process was compared with the one without additive. PCC produced was observed based on morphology, mineral composition and size by using Fesem-Edx and LPSA, respectively. PCC products without additive demonstrated fine and more uniform size of calcite PCC as compared to the one with additive. Nevertheless, the process with additive produced more PCC product than without additive.
Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on Extrusion Foaming for PLA (2012)

In this paper,a co-rotating twin screw extruder connected with a melt pump was employed to carry out the extrusion foaming of a semi-crystalline PLA.The effect of CO2 concentration on PLA foam density,cell density,and cell diameter was investigated.With 7 % to 10 % CO2,PLA foam with low density of 40 kg/m3,small cell diameter of 285 μm,and high cell density of 1.5×106/cm3 was obtained.With increasing CO2 content,the initial crystallization peak of PLA foam decreased and the degree of crystallization increased,indicating that the supercritical CO2 promoted the crystallization of PLA in the extrusion foaming process.
Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain (2019)

Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Frequency Estimation Based on Modulation FFT and MUSIC Algorithm (2010)

Compared with traditional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), modulation FFT preserves its characteristics of low complexity when used to estimate the frequencies of real-valued signals. But there are spectral leakage and picket-fence effect, frequency resolution is still difficult to achieve high accuracy. Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm can achieve high frequency estimation accuracy, but it requires searching the spectral peak in the full range frequency domain, and this takes a long time. To meet the needs of high accuracy and real-time performance when estimating the hopping frequencies, an algorithm combining modulation FFT and MUSIC algorithm is proposed, which can achieve high frequency resolution and reduce the search range of MUSIC algorithm's spectral peak. Simulation results show that this algorithm can achieve high frequency resolution, and the real-time performance can meet the demand of frequency measurement.
Expression cloning of a Na(+)-independent neutral amino acid transporter from rat kidney. (1992)

Uptake of long-chain and aromatic neutral amino acids into cells is known to be catalyzed by the Na(+)-independent system L transporter, which is ubiquitous in animal cells and tissues. We have used a Xenopus oocyte expression system to clone the cDNA of a system L transporter from a rat kidney cDNA library. The 2.3-kilobase cDNA codes for a protein of 683 amino acids. The transporter has four putative membrane-spanning domains and bears no sequence or structural homology to any known animal or bacterial transporter. When transcribed and expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the transporter exhibits many, but not all, of the characteristics of L-system transporters, suggesting that this represents one of several related L-system transporters.