gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New "Double Resonance" Method for Investigating Atomic Energy Levels. Application to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Hg</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1952)

Excitation of atoms in a vapor by polarized light produces unequal population of the magnetic sublevels of the excited state. The emitted optical resonance radiation is therefore partly polarized. The application of radiofrequency or microwave fields at a magnetic resonance frequency will induce transitions between sublevels of the excited state. The degree of polarization of the emitted optical resonance radiation is altered when the magnetic resonance condition is fulfilled. As suggested by Brossel and Kastler, this effect may be used to reveal the structure of the energy level. A detailed theory applicable to, and experiments on the $^{3}P_{1}$ state of all the isotopes of mercury are reported. The results obtained indicate that double resonance phenomena constitute a valuable new tool for investigating the structure of atomic energy levels. The mean life of the $^{3}P_{1}$ state is shown by observations on the resonance line widths to be 1.55\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec for all the isotopes. The $g$-factor of the $^{3}P_{1}$ state for isotopes with zero spin, measured in terms of the proton $g$-factor, is 1.4838\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004.
Nucleation and growth of well-aligned, uniform-sized carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma chemical vapor depositon (2001)

The nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes assisted by microwave plasma on metal surfaces have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. Microwave plasma generated nanoparticles of various sizes on metal surfaces. Initially, the nanoparticles were embedded in an amorphous carbon layer and led to the formation of carbon tube nuclei. At the early stage of growth, the carbon tube diameters ranged from 10 to 100 nm. Carbon tubes with diameters of 40–50 nm had a high growth rate in the vertical direction, resulting in the formation of tube arrays.
Hysteretic<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:math>curves of superconducting nanowires (2003)

Experimental $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves of superconducting MoGe nanowires show hysteresis for the thicker wires and none for the thinner wires. A rather quantitative account of these data for representative wires is obtained by numerically solving the one-dimensional heat flow equation to find a self-consistent distribution of temperature and local resistivity along the wire, using the measured linear resistance $R(T)$ as input. This suggests that the retrapping current in the hysteretic $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves is primarily determined by heating effects, and not by the dynamics of phase motion in a tilted washboard potential as often assumed. Heating effects and thermal fluctuations from the low-resistance state to a high-resistance, quasinormal regime appear to set independent upper bounds for the switching current.
Cytology, flow cytometry, image analysis, and interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder washes: A comparative study (1995)

The diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in bladder washes is a diagnostic challenge to cytology. This study assessed the role of flow cytometry (FCM), image analysis (IA), and interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as adjuncts in the cytodiagnosis of TCC in bladder washes. Forty separate samples of bladder washes were prospectively evaluated by conventional cytology (CY), FCM, IA, and FISH, and the results were compared with the subsequent surgical biopsy specimens which revealed 26 TCC (3 GR I, 6 GR II, 17 GR III) and 14 benign lesions. Using histology as the "gold standard" and following the previously published criteria for detection of TCC by CY, FCM, IA, and FISH, the concordance rates between histology and CY, FCM, IA, and FISH were 75, 74, 89, and 83%, respectively. CY, FCM, IA, FISH, and histology were concordant in 54% of the cases. The sensitivity of CY, FCM, IA, and FISH were 61, 72, 91, and 73%, respectively, while the specificity were 100, 80, 83, and 100%, respectively. The combined sensitivity of all the parameters was 96%. Interestingly, the false positive cases by FCM and IA showed cystitis. We conclude that IA has the highest sensitivity in detecting TCC in bladder washes followed by FISH, FCM, and CY, while CY and FISH have the highest specificity. This study indicates that FCM, IA, and FISH are useful adjuncts to cytology in the diagnosis of TCC in bladder washes. The finding of DNA-aneuploidy in cystitis warrants further investigation.
CD2-deficient mice generate virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. (1993)

The major host response to many viral infections is the generation of virus-specific CTL. Many protein molecules on the surfaces of both CTL and target cells interact to mediate adhesion of the cells and generate signals that lead to T cell activation and proliferation of virus-specific CTL that then mediate lysis of infected cells. One such protein, CD2, has been shown to increase the binding affinity of CTL to infected cells, and, in addition, enhance CTL activation signals. To determine whether virus-specific CTL could be generated in the absence of CD2, mice lacking a functional CD2 gene were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and the responses to the virus were monitored. CD2-deficient mice infected intracerebrally with LCMV died as a consequence of CTL-mediated choriomeningitis, similar to control littermates. Additionally, CD2-deficient mice inoculated i.p. with LCMV cleared the infection by 2 wk postinfection, as did control mice. Viral clearance in these mice was shown to be due to the generation of a vigorous virus-specific MHC-restricted CTL response. Finally, to determine whether CD2 is essential for the generation of memory CTL, we examined the ability of CD2-deficient mice to generate memory CTL to LCMV and found normal memory CTL responses. Our results indicate that CD2 is not required for the generation of an LCMV-specific CTL response in vivo, nor is CD2 required for the maintenance or activation of memory CTL.
A new sub-genus of Nasutitermes Banks (Isopt.) (1924)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
pH Measurements. Their Theory and Practice. (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTpH Measurements. Their Theory and Practice.Hobart H. WillardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 12, 3299–3300Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01569a095RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views43Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (275 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Preconditioned Non-linear Conjugate Gradient Method for Seismic Full-waveform Inversion (2009)

We present a preconditioned non-linear conjugate gradient method as an alternative to the Gauss-Newton method for the frequency domain full-waveform seismic inversion. In this method we introduce the inverse of an approximate sparse Hessian matrix as a pr
FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab for the Treatment of Relapsed or Progressive Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (2017)

On May 17, 2016, after an expedited priority review, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to nivolumab for the treatment of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) that has relapsed or progressed after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and post-transplantation brentuximab vedotin (BV). Nivolumab in cHL had been granted breakthrough therapy designation. Accelerated approval was based on two single-arm, multicenter trials in adults with cHL. In 95 patients with relapsed or progressive cHL after autologous HSCT and post-transplantation BV, nivolumab, dosed at 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks, produced a 65% (95% confidence interval: 55%-75%) objective response rate (58% partial remission, 7% complete remission). The estimated median duration of response was 8.7 months, with 4.6-month median follow-up for response duration. The median time to response was 2.1 (range: 0.7-5.7) months. Among 263 patients with cHL treated with nivolumab, 21% reported serious adverse reactions (ARs). The most common all-grade ARs (reported in ≥20%) were fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection, cough, pyrexia, diarrhea, elevated transaminases, and cytopenias. Infusion-related reaction and hypothyroidism or thyroiditis occurred in >10% of patients; other immune-mediated ARs, occurring in 1%-5%, included rash, pneumonitis, hepatitis, hyperthyroidism, and colitis. A new Warning and Precaution was issued for complications of allogeneic HSCT after nivolumab, including severe or hyperacute graft-versus-host disease, other immune-mediated ARs, and transplant-related mortality. Continued approval for the cHL indication may be contingent upon verification of clinical benefit in a randomized trial. <b><i>The Oncologist</i></b> 2017;22:585-591 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Based on response rate and duration in single-arm studies, nivolumab is a new treatment option for patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) that has relapsed or progressed despite autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and brentuximab vedotin. This was the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration marketing application for a programmed cell death 1 inhibitor in hematologic malignancies. The use of immune checkpoint blockade in cHL represents a new treatment paradigm. The safety of allogeneic HSCT after nivolumab requires further evaluation, as does the safety of nivolumab after allogeneic HSCT.
SparseTrain:Leveraging Dynamic Sparsity in Training DNNs on General-Purpose SIMD Processors (2019)

Our community has greatly improved the efficiency of deep learning applications, including by exploiting sparsity in inputs. Most of that work, though, is for inference, where weight sparsity is known statically, and/or for specialized hardware. We propose a scheme to leverage dynamic sparsity during training. In particular, we exploit zeros introduced by the ReLU activation function to both feature maps and their gradients. This is challenging because the sparsity degree is moderate and the locations of zeros change over time. We also rely purely on software. We identify zeros in a dense data representation without transforming the data and performs conventional vectorized computation. Variations of the scheme are applicable to all major components of training: forward propagation, backward propagation by inputs, and backward propagation by weights. Our method significantly outperforms a highly-optimized dense direct convolution on several popular deep neural networks. At realistic sparsity, we speed up the training of the non-initial convolutional layers in VGG16, ResNet-34, ResNet-50, and Fixup ResNet-50 by 2.19x, 1.37x, 1.31x, and 1.51x respectively on an Intel Skylake-X CPU.
The buccal absorption of ascorbic acid and its passage through lipoid membrane. (1977)

Ascorbic acid concentration was measured in centrifuged and uncentrifuged saliva from normal young adult men and women. The salivary ascorbic acid content of uncentrifuged saliva was significantly higher in women on account of the ascorbic acid contained in the cellular sediment. Ascorbic acid absorption into the buccal mucosa was measured from solutions of pH range 3.4-9.0 held in the mouth for periods of 1-9 minutes. For a constant mouth contact time, increase in pH of the loading solutions resulted in reduction of buccal absorption, and diminishing transfer into the buccal epithelium. Percentage absorption was greater in males than females throughout the pH range. At pH 5, 80% of the loading solution was absorbed after 5 minutes. Diffusion of ascorbic acid through the lipoid membrane was more rapid in males. Female buccal cells had significantly higher ascorbic acid concentrations than male cells. Absorption of laevo and dextro ascorbic acid in human beings can be considered as partitioning into, or passage through, a lipoid phase into the buccal cells. The rate of passage of ascorbic acid into the buccal lining cells under controlled conditions of pH and buccal contact time is pH and concentration dependent in human beings.
Modelling and Rendering Large Volume Data with Gaussian Radial Basis Functions (2007)

We identified DMRs and metabolites that merit further investigation to determine their significance in controlling gene expression and metabolism which could define T2D risk in adolescents.
Rab29 activation of the Parkinson's disease‐associated LRRK2 kinase (2017)

Parkinson's disease predisposing LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates a group of Rab GTPase proteins including Rab29, within the effector-binding switch II motif. Previous work indicated that Rab29, located within the PARK16 locus mutated in Parkinson's patients, operates in a common pathway with LRRK2. Here, we show that Rab29 recruits LRRK2 to the <i>trans</i>-Golgi network and greatly stimulates its kinase activity. Pathogenic LRRK2 R1441G/C and Y1699C mutants that promote GTP binding are more readily recruited to the Golgi and activated by Rab29 than wild-type LRRK2. We identify conserved residues within the LRRK2 ankyrin domain that are required for Rab29-mediated Golgi recruitment and kinase activation. Consistent with these findings, knockout of Rab29 in A549 cells reduces endogenous LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab10. We show that mutations that prevent LRRK2 from interacting with either Rab29 or GTP strikingly inhibit phosphorylation of a cluster of highly studied biomarker phosphorylation sites (Ser910, Ser935, Ser955 and Ser973). Our data reveal that Rab29 is a master regulator of LRRK2, controlling its activation, localization, and potentially biomarker phosphorylation.
Design of a tissue oxygenation monitor and verification on human skin (2011)

We report the design of a tissue oxygen and temperature monitor. The non-invasive, fibre based device monitors tissue haemoglobin (Hb) and oxygen saturation (SO<sub>2</sub>) and is based on white-light reflectance spectroscopy.Visible light with wavelengths in the 500 - 650nm range is utilized. The spectroscopic algorithm takes into account the tissue scattering and melanin absorption for the calculation of tissue haemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation. The monitor can probe superficial layers of tissue with a high spatial resolution (mm<sup>3</sup>) and a high temporal resolution (40 Hz). It provides an accurate measurement with the accuracy of SO<sub>2</sub> at 2 % and high reliability with less than 2 % variation of continuous SO<sub>2</sub> measurement over 12 hours. It can also form a modular system when used in conjunction with a laser Doppler monitor, enabling simultaneous measurements of Hb, SO<sub>2</sub> and blood flow. We found experimentally that the influence of the source-detector separation on the haemoglobin parameters is small. This finding is discussed by Monte Carlo simulations for the depth sensitivity profile. The influence of probe pressure and the skin pigmentation on the measurement parameters are assessed before in vivo experimental data is presented. The combination with laser Doppler flowmetry demonstrates the importance of a measurement of both the haemoglobin and the blood flow parameters for a full description of blood tissue perfusion. This is discussed in experimental data on human skin during cuff occlusion and after hyperemisation by a pharmacological cream. Strong correlation is observed between tissue oxygen (Hb and SO<sub>2</sub>) and blood flow measurements.
Atherosclerosis Inflammation Imaging with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET: Carotid, Iliac, and Femoral Uptake Reproducibility, Quantification Methods, and Recommendations (2008)

We found that both mean and maximum TBR in the carotid, iliac, and femoral arteries were highly reproducible. We suggest the mean TBR be used for tracking systemic arterial therapies, whereas the maximum TBR is optimal for detecting and monitoring local, plaque-based therapy.
Explicit Codes Minimizing Repair Bandwidth for Distributed Storage (2009)

We consider the setting of data storage across n nodes in a distributed manner. A data collector (DC) should be able to reconstruct the entire data by connecting to any k out of the n nodes and downloading all the data stored in them. When a node fails, it has to be regenerated back using the existing nodes. In a recent paper, Wu et al. have obtained an information theoretic lower bound for the repair bandwidth. Also, there has been additional interest in storing data in systematic form as no post processing is required when DC connects to k systematic nodes. Because of their preferred status there is a need to regenerate back any systematic node quickly and exactly. Replacement of a failed node by an exact replica is termed Exact Regeneration.In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the repair bandwidth for exact regeneration of the systematic nodes. The file to be stored is of size B and each node can store alpha = B/k units of data. A failed systematic node is regenerated by downloading beta units of data each from d existing nodes. We give a lower bound for the repair bandwidth for exact regeneration of the systematic nodes which matches with the bound given by Wu et al. For d >= 2k-1 we give an explicit code construction which minimizes the repair bandwidth when the existing k-1 systematic nodes participate in the regeneration. We show the existence and construction of codes that achieve the bound for d >= 2k-3. Here we also establish the necessity of interference alignment. We prove that the bound is not achievable for d <= 2k-4 when beta=1. We also give a coding scheme which can be used for any d and k, which is optimal for d >= 2k-1.
The dot-compartment revealed? Diffusion MRI with ultra-strong gradients and spherical tensor encoding in the living human brain (2020)

The so-called "dot-compartment" is conjectured in diffusion MRI to represent small spherical spaces, such as cell bodies, in which the diffusion is restricted in all directions. Previous investigations inferred its existence from data acquired with directional diffusion encoding which does not permit a straightforward separation of signals from 'sticks' (axons) and signals from 'dots'. Here we combine isotropic diffusion encoding with ultra-strong diffusion gradients (240 ​mT/m) to achieve high diffusion-weightings with high signal to noise ratio, while suppressing signal arising from anisotropic water compartments with significant mobility along at least one axis (e.g., axons). A dot-compartment, defined to have apparent diffusion coefficient equal to zero and no exchange, would result in a non-decaying signal at very high b-values (b≳7000s/mm<sup>2</sup>). With this unique experimental setup, a residual yet slowly decaying signal above the noise floor for b-values as high as 15000s/mm<sup>2</sup> was seen clearly in the cerebellar grey matter (GM), and in several white matter (WM) regions to some extent. Upper limits of the dot-signal-fraction were estimated to be 1.8% in cerebellar GM and 0.5% in WM. By relaxing the assumption of zero diffusivity, the signal at high b-values in cerebellar GM could be represented more accurately by an isotropic water pool with a low apparent diffusivity of 0.12 μm<sup>2</sup>/ms and a substantial signal fraction of 9.7%. The T2 of this component was estimated to be around 61ms. This remaining signal at high b-values has potential to serve as a novel and simple marker for isotropically-restricted water compartments in cerebellar GM.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE OF 2,3,5‐TRISUBSTITUTED 2‐PYRROLIN‐4‐ONES (1980)

Abstract Im Gegensatz zu früheren Angaben führt die Boranatreduktion des Pyrrolonoxids (I) zu einem Dimeren (II), das thermisch zu (III) und (IV) zerfällt und auch aus diesen zurückgebildet werden kann.
Improved Survival with Adjuvant External‐Beam Radiation Therapy in Lymph Node‐Negative Pancreatic Cancer (2008)

Artinyan et al1 indicated that a consensus in recommending adjuvant therapy for pancreatic carcinoma is lacking. In analyzing the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, the authors indicated that the treatment of lymph node-negative pancreatic cancer with external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is associated with improved survival, and that adjuvant EBRT should be considered for patients with early-stage N0 disease. The authors exclude patients with lymph node-positive disease based on their perceived higher risk of metastatic disease, which should not benefit from radiation therapy. A significant proportion of patients have received combined treatment with radiation and chemotherapy directed at systemic disease. Indeed, Hazard et al,2 using the SEER data and a very similar analysis, arrived at a different conclusion, namely that patients with lymph node-positive disease benefited from radiation therapy whereas patients with lymph node-negative disease did not. In addition, Tomlinson et al3 and Schwarz and Smith,4 also using SEER data, demonstrated that lymph node positivity status is very much dependent on the number of lymph nodes retrieved by surgery or identified by the pathologist. The survival differences were found to have only marginal statistical significance, more so when the early deaths were excluded. Long–term survivors, as indicated by 3-year or 5-year survival rates, as well as local recurrence rates (which could further validate the effect of adjuvant treatment), were not discussed. Patients undergoing EBRT either preoperatively or postoperatively are inherently selected by their adequate performance status. Furthermore, patient selection bias in particular can account for the small differences in patient survival noted in the SEER data.5 The conclusions of these and other studies emphasize the need for further controlled studies and not the consideration of a particular choice of adjuvant therapy. David Z. Chu MD*, * cancersurgerysciences.com, Pasadena, California.