gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerance in a high-speed 2D convolver/correlator: Starloc (2003)

Starloc (Sandia target location computer), a special-purpose computer for locating 3D objects in a 2D image using a generalized correlation filter algorithm, is described. Starloc performs high-speed 2D convolution/correlation using commercially available floating-point processors and was designed with fault tolerance as a central feature. Its basic architecture consists of ten pipeline stages (eight for fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing and two for pixel-by-pixel weighting), arranged in a ringlike structure that includes two hot-standby stages for replacing any failed stage. Protection techniques from bit-level parity up through algorithm-based methods are used. All data paths involving memory through and within the distributed sections are covered by standard binary error-correcting codes. The floating-point processors are duplicated and surrounded by appropriate comparison circuits to detect failures while the overall system function is protected by algorithm-based checks. Dual bit-slice sequencers use internal comparators and the regular memory addressing in both FFT and weighting sections uses fault-tolerant counters. Design and fabrication of a prototype have been completed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Noninvasive optical diagnostic techniques for mobile blood glucose and bilirubin monitoring (2018)

From this research, it can be inferred that the noninvasive optical methods implemented on wireless sensors and smartphones could form a system that can be used at any time and any place in the future as an alternative to traditional invasive blood glucose and bilirubin measurement methods.
A transactional theory of fluctuations in company size (2007)

Detailed empirical studies of publicly traded business firms have established that the standard deviation of annual sales growth rates decreases with increasing firm sales as a power law, and that the sales growth distribution is non-Gaussian with slowly decaying tails. To explain these empirical facts, a theory is developed that incorporates both the fluctuations of a single firm's sales and the statistical differences among many firms. The theory reproduces both the scaling in the standard deviation and the non-Gaussian distribution of growth rates. Earlier models reproduce the same empirical features by splitting firms into somewhat ambiguous subunits; by decomposing total sales into individual transactions, this ambiguity is removed. The theory yields verifiable predictions and accommodates any form of business organization within a firm. Furthermore, because transactions are fundamental to economic activity at all scales, the theory can be extended to all levels of the economy, from individual products to multinational corporations.
Slightly Frequency-Shifted Reference Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radio (2007)

A promising ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technique being widely considered for low-data-rate applications, such as those often encountered in sensor networks, is the transmitted reference (TR) UWB scheme. However, the standard TR-UWB scheme, while often motivated by the simplicity of its receiver, is still dogged by implementation concerns. In particular, the receiver requires an extremely wideband delay element, which is difficult to incorporate into low-power integrated systems. In this paper, a TR scheme is proposed in which the separation between the data and reference signals, rather than being a time delay, is a slow rotation over the symbol interval. This provides a (slightly) frequency-shifted reference that, while orthogonal to the data-bearing pulse, still goes through a nearly equal channel. A detailed analysis of the proposed scheme is provided. Simulation results demonstrate the expected result that frequency shifting of the reference in the proposed manner is not effective for high-data-rate systems that experience appreciable intersymbol interference. However, for the targeted low-to-moderate data-rate applications, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed system not only achieves the primary goal of providing a much simpler receiver architecture, but also that it outperforms the standard TR-UWB system
Glass: A Deadly Conservation Issue for Birds (2006)

Aside from habitat destruction that eliminates fundamental resources upon which life depends, it is my contention that clear and reflective sheet glass causes the deaths of more birds than any other human-related avian mortality factor. Although clear and irrefutable evidence to support this claim is currently not available, a vast amount of data and its interpretation overwhelmingly upholds this assertion. I have spent more than 30 years studying bird-glass collisions and human-related avian mortality in general, and this article presents an overview of the glass hazard for birds: its character, scale, and our current knowledge about how to mitigate, if not eliminate, this unintended killing of birds. A Descriptive Overview Glass in the form of windows has enriched and contributed to the aesthetic, cultural, economic, physiological, and psychological well-being of humans for at least 16 centuries (Klem 1979, 1989). Although glass in the form of window panes almost certainly has exacted an increasing toll on birds since its presence in the environment, at no time have I advocated the removal of windows from human structures, believing it is possible to protect birds and still retain the properties of glass that humans enjoy. No cost effective, universally accepted means of protecting birds from glass is yet known, although this is an active area of research, and several techniques to mitigate and eliminate lethal strikes already exist, and have proved acceptable at select locations. The amount of glass continues to increase in new and remodeled human dwellings, with new construction soaring worldwide. New, low-iron sheet glass is currently being manufactured with unprecedented clarity. All this portends an unrelenting and increasingly lethal hazard for common, as well as rare, threatened, and endangered species, and for bird populations in general (Figure 1).
Enhanced toxicity of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry3A δ‐endotoxin in coleopterans by mutagenesis in a receptor binding loop (2000)

We used site-directed mutagenesis to modify the Bacillus thuringiensis cry3A gene in amino acid residues 350-354. Two mutant toxins, A1 (R(345)A,Y(350)F,Y(351)F) and A2 (R(345)A,DeltaY(350), DeltaY(351)), showed significantly improved toxicity against Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm). The mutant toxin A1 was also more potent against both Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) and Chrysomela scripta (cottonwood leaf beetle), while A2 displayed enhanced toxicity only in L. decemlineata. Competitive binding assays of L. decemlineata brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) revealed that binding affinities for the A1 and A2 mutant toxins were ca. 2.5-fold higher than for the wild-type Cry3 toxin. Similar binding assays with C. scripta BBMV revealed a ca. 5-fold lower dissociation rate for the A1 mutant as compared to that of Cry3A.
Laser bandwidth and other sources of focus blur in lithography (2006)

It is well known that the refractive optics used in today's exposure tools are highly chromatic, meaning that small wavelength shifts will cause large focus shifts. Even a line-narrowed excimer laser has a large enough range of wavelengths that we can no longer think of an infinitely thin image plane. The concept of "focus blur" can be generalized to encompass the effect of laser bandwidth chromatic aberrations, vertical stage vibrations, and stage tilts, which cause the focus to change during the scan. We introduce a new parameter called mean absolute defocus that can characterize the focus blur and is shown to correlate with the lithographic effects. Focus blur can be incorporated into simulation models, in a manner similar to the way that stage vibration is modeled. New simulation results illustrate the impact of focus blur on modern lithographic processes. Process stability and machine-to-machine matching issues are discussed.
Synthesis, characterization, and kinetics study of thermal decomposition of epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (2008)

Abstract The synthesis of epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA) from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) had been carried out by reacting acrylic acid with the oxirane group in ESO. The acrylated ESO products were characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. The oxygen value, iodine value, and acid value were obtained to know the amount of unsaturation in the synthesized product. Infrared and proton NMR spectra were carried out to confirm the participation of oxirane group in the acrylation reaction. Free‐radical initiators, benzoyl peroxide and tertiary butyl peroxy benzoate, were used for the curing of ESOA resin. Thermal decomposition kinetics of ESOA was studied by the methods of Ozawa, Kissinger, and Horowitz‐Metzger, and the kinetic parameters were compared. The thermal decomposition data of the cured ESOA resin was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates. TG curves showed that the thermal decomposition of the ESOA system occurred in one stage. The apparent activation energies determined by the Ozawa, Kissinger, and Horowitz‐Metzger methods are 122.69, 95.347, and 126.20 kJ/mol, respectively. The results show that there was a reasonably good agreement between the calculated activation energies for stage one in the above methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Adaptive-speed algorithms for CD-ROM systems (1996)

The paper describes a couple of algorithms which can be used to adaptively control the spindle motor of a CD-ROM drive so that the average bit rate can be increased while preserving the servo-mechanical requirements. These algorithms fill in the gap between constant angular velocity (CAV) and constant linear velocity (CLV) control and are based on the so-called quasi-CLV control of the spindle motor which is also described.
Distributed Direction-Based Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks (2005)

Localization is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Several applications in WSNs can tolerate the diverse levels of accuracy in geographic information such as physical location. Besides, direction information is sufficient for numerous applications in WSNs. Thus, the paper develops a direction-based localization scheme, DLS, in which a node can be aware of its relative direction to a sink rather than its physical absolute location without requiring additional equipments. DLS not only takes the spatial locality property into account, but also exploits the anchor deployment strategy to benefit sensor direction learning. Additionally, DLS can more precisely position sensors around the boundaries with the aid of the dual-direction coordinate system. Experimental results validate the practicability of DLS and show that DLS is able to achieve well accurate direction estimates.
Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by acetaminophen (1991)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Schindler comments on two aspects of the rate of obese children developing major psychiatric problems during the 10-year follow-up reported by us. He questions whether obese children typically develop psychiatric problems by early adulthood at the rate observed. The study we completed was not designed to assess this question, and we are not aware of epidemiologic studies that have evaluated this risk. Schindler also questions whether the rate reported may have been due in part to the use of behavior modification treatments. While there are no data on negative sequelae of behavior modification treatment of obesity in children, the types of family-based behavior modification treatments used in this study are similar to those that have been developed and used successfully in treatment of child psychopathology, and thus do not seem likely to induce pathological effects. Research on dieting and depression in adults<sup>1</sup>does not suggest that behavior
Effects of atmospheric ammonia on albumen height and pH of fresh broiler breeder eggs (2000)

Two experiments were conducted to study the stimulatory effect of atmospheric ammonia on albumen liquefaction. Albumen height and pH were measured in fresh eggs after 1 h of exposure to 0, 142, 294, 592, 2,747, or 6,052 mg/kg ammonia vapor. In Experiment 1, eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg exhibited a significantly reduced albumen height compared with all other treatments. The 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg treatments produced a significantly higher albumen pH compared with the 0, 142, and 294 mg/kg ammonia treatments. In Experiment 2, eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg had a significantly reduced albumen height compared with eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 0, 142, and 592 mg/kg. Albumen pH was significantly higher at the 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg concentrations of ammonia compared with the control. The linear regression for the effects of ammonia on albumen height and pH were highly significant in both experiments. The effect on yolk pH was inconsistent. The results suggest that the presence of atmospheric ammonia contributes to albumen liquefaction.
The microenvironment in hepatocyte regeneration and function in rats with advanced cirrhosis (2011)

Transplantation studies indicate that the state of the host microenvironment is critical to the regenerative potential of hepatocytes, and that a change in the extracellular matrix can lead to regeneration and restoration of function by cells derived from livers with end-stage organ failure.
EDUCATION, ART AND THERAPY USING PUPPETS (1999)

This article was presented by three Japanese professionalists in special education. Based upon their own long experience in using puppets in practice they explored in a scientific way the influence of art in the education of disabled persons and in diving support to the process of "giving sense" to the surrounding. They explained the concept of art-therapy and put an accent on the role of the puppet as a mediator in the educational process. There were few case-studies of their clinical practice given, which conferred the usefulness of puppet therapy method in the education of handicapped children.
Participation of central alpha-receptors on hemodynamic response to E. coli endotoxin (1984)

The time course of changes in mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), and renal blood flow (RBF) in a control group of anesthetized dogs given only endotoxin (1 mg/kg iv) was compared with groups pretreated with alpha-antagonists either intravenously or intracisternally (ic). The decreases in MBP and RBF in the control group were abolished by intracisternal prazosin (0.1 mg/kg ic). MBP response to endotoxin after intravenous prazosin did not differ from that of the control group; however, the endotoxin-induced decrease in RBF after intravenous prazosin was significantly greater than that in the control group. HR responses to endotoxin were not altered by either intracisternal or intravenous prazosin. MBP and RBF responses to endotoxin after intravenous or intracisternal yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg iv or ic) did not differ from the control responses. However, significant differences occurred in the time course of changes in HR only when yohimbine was administered intracisternally. These observations suggest that the hypotensive effect and reduction of RBF due to endotoxin may be mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors at least in the central nervous system and that of HR response may be mediated alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
Stochastic Resonance in Muscle Receptors (2004)

Noise is generally considered to have deleterious effects on the sensitivity of a signal detection system. There are, however, several mechanisms whereby the addition of noise to the input of a system can in fact improve sensitivity. One such mechanism is stochastic resonance. Although first proposed in 1981, conclusive experimental evidence for "fully tuneable stochastic resonance" in biological systems has not previously been reported. Evidence of fully tuneable stochastic resonance in the response of afferents from Golgi tendon organs and the primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles to imposed muscle length changes is presented.
A high efficiency full-chip thermal simulation algorithm (2005)

Thermal simulation has become increasingly important in chip design, especially in the nanometer regime, where the on-chip hot spots severely degrade the performance and reliability of the circuit and increase the leakage power. In this paper, we present a highly efficient and accurate thermal simulation algorithm that is capable of performing full-chip temperature calculations at the cell level. The algorithm is a combination of several important numerical techniques including the Green function method, the discrete cosine transform (DCT), and the frequency domain computations. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve orders of magnitude speedup compared with previous Green function based algorithms while maintaining the same accuracy.
Epithelial Displacement in Surgical Breast Specimens Following Needling Procedures (1994)

Lesional breast tissue is often subjected to various needling procedures prior to resection and formal histologic examination. In this article, we describe a series of 29 surgical breast specimens in which histologic examination revealed fragments of benign or malignant epithelium displaced in breast stroma or in lymphovascular channels, associated with the traumatic effects of a needling procedure. Follow-up revealed that a variety of different interventions, including needle localization, fine-needle aspiration, infiltration with local anesthetic, core biopsy, and suture placement, preceded the surgical resection in these instances. The displaced epithelial fragments mimic stromal invasion to a variable degree and may represent a potential source of misdiagnosis. The incidence and biological significance of epithelial displacement in this context are as yet unknown.
Biophysical and Physiological Origins of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Signals (2012)

After its discovery in 1990, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to map brain activation in humans and animals. Since fMRI relies on signal changes induced by neural activity, its signal source can be complex and is also dependent on imaging parameters and techniques. In this review, we identify and describe the origins of BOLD fMRI signals, including the topics of (1) effects of spin density, volume fraction, inflow, perfusion, and susceptibility as potential contributors to BOLD fMRI, (2) intravascular and extravascular contributions to conventional gradient-echo and spin-echo BOLD fMRI, (3) spatial specificity of hemodynamic-based fMRI related to vascular architecture and intrinsic hemodynamic responses, (4) BOLD signal contributions from functional changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and cerebral metabolic rate of O(2) utilization (CMRO(2)), (5) dynamic responses of BOLD, CBF, CMRO(2), and arterial and venous CBV, (6) potential sources of initial BOLD dips, poststimulus BOLD undershoots, and prolonged negative BOLD fMRI signals, (7) dependence of stimulus-evoked BOLD signals on baseline physiology, and (8) basis of resting-state BOLD fluctuations. These discussions are highly relevant to interpreting BOLD fMRI signals as physiological means.
Symbolic Models and Emergent Models: A Review (2011)

There exists a large conceptual gap between symbolic models and emergent models for the mind. Many emergent models work on low-level sensory data, while many symbolic models deal with high-level abstract (i.e., action) symbols. There has been relatively little study on intermediate representations, mainly because of a lack of knowledge about how representations fully autonomously emerge inside the closed brain skull, using information from the exposed two ends (the sensory end and the motor end). As reviewed here, this situation is changing. A fundamental challenge for emergent models is abstraction, which symbolic models enjoy through human handcrafting. The term abstract refers to properties disassociated with any particular form. Emergent abstraction seems possible, although the brain appears to never receive a computer symbol (e.g., ASCII code) or produce such a symbol. This paper reviews major agent models with an emphasis on representation. It suggests two different ways to relate symbolic representations with emergent representations: One is based on their categorical definitions. The other considers that a symbolic representation corresponds to a brain's outside behaviors observed and handcrafted by other outside human observers; but an emergent representation is inside the brain.
PVWatts Version 1: Technical Reference (2013)

The NREL PVWatts(TM) calculator is a web application developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) that estimates the electricity production of a grid-connected photovoltaic system based on a few simple inputs. PVWatts combines a number of sub-models to predict overall system performance, and makes several hidden assumptions about performance parameters. This technical reference details the individual sub-models, documents assumptions and hidden parameters, and explains the sequence of calculations that yield the final system performance estimation.
Phosphorylation of the nonstructural proteins encoded by three avian acute leukemia viruses and by avian fujinami sarcoma virus (1980)

The gag gene-related, nonstructural proteins of three avian acute leukemia viruses (namely, myelocytomatosis viruses MC29 and CMII and avian erythroblastosis virus) and of avian Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV) isolated by immunoprecipitation from cellular lysates with anti-gag serum were shown to be phosphoproteins in vivo. The specific 32P radioactivity of the nonstructural proteins of MC29, CMII, and FSV was significantly higher than that of helper viral, intracellular gag proteins. Two of these proteins, i.e., the 140,000-dalton FSV and the 110,000-dalton MC29 proteins, were also phosphorylated in vitro by a kinase activity associated with immunocomplexes. This kinase activity is either separated from these proteins or inactivated by incubation of cellular lysates with normal serum followed by adsorption to staphylococcal protein A or sedimentation at 100,000 x g or both. It remains to be resolved whether the 110,000-dalton MC29 and 140,000-dalton FV proteins, in addition to being substrates for phosphorylation, also have intrinsic kinase activity.
Pulsed photoacoustic system calibration for highly excited molecules (2006)

The proposal of a simple method for pulsed photoacoustic system calibration is presented. Analysis of the photoacoustic signal shape is performed with different types of absorbing molecules (SF6 and C2H4) and the same buffer gas (Ar). Different total pressures (ptotal) of such gas mixtures and different laser fluences are used to obtain experimental results and compare them with theory. Results from such a comparison are used directly for the calculation of a calibration curve. A single experimental point calibration procedure for the case of highly vibrationally excited absorbing SF6 molecules is confirmed.