gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ICI 182,780 (Faslodex?) (2000)

ICI 182,780 specifically down-regulates the estrogen receptor and, thus, represents the first of a new class of therapeutic agents. In this report, the authors present the current evidence that distinguishes ICI 182,780 from tamoxifen and related nonsteroidal compounds and establishes ICI 182,780 as the first in a new class of therapeutic agents.
Alternative quality control parameters for Autobac susceptibility testing disks: use of agar diffusion zone size results (1981)

Persistent concerns about limitation in the assessment of the quality control of Autobac 1 (Pfizer Diagnostics Division, Groton, Conn.) led us to investigate an alternative method for monitoring the performance of Autobac susceptibility testing disks. Current methodology for quality control of the system provides data which are interpreted at the high end of a numerical scale; e.g., the control strain of Escherichia coli consistently exhibits a light-scattering index value of 1.00 for all antibiotics tested. This type of end-of-scale criterion may not detect individual antibiotic disk aberrations of individual clinical isolate susceptibilities. Disk diffusion testing allows a semiquantitative, continuous-scale determination and will detect test performance variations, unless the control strain is highly resistant. During a 6-month period daily quality control procedures for 10 Autobac antibiotics tested against control strains of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were monitored, utilizing both Autobac 1 recommendations and disk diffusion susceptibility (Kirby-Bauer) methodology. Readings were carried out by one of six technologists. Zone sizes were within a range of +/- 3 mm of a mean value of 99% of the tests with E. coli and within +/- 3 mm for 98% of the tests with Pseudomonas. Reproducibility was excellent. The high reproducibility may be due to the disk manufacturing process, which provides rigorous disk preparation and acceptability standards, to strict laboratory storage procedure, and to our own careful assessment of disk cartridges before their use for clinical susceptibility testing. We recommend that each new cartridge be tested in this manner and that a similar procedure be considered for other automated procedures in which disks are used.
Targeted disruption of the mouse beta1-adrenergic receptor gene: developmental and cardiovascular effects. (1996)

At least three distinct beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) subtypes exist in mammals. These receptors modulate a wide variety of processes, from development and behavior, to cardiac function, metabolism, and smooth muscle tone. To understand the roles that individual beta-AR subtypes play in these processes, we have used the technique of gene targeting to create homozygous beta 1-AR null mutants (beta 1-AR -/-) in mice. The majority of beta 1-AR -/- mice die prenatally, and the penetrance of lethality shows strain dependence. Beta l-AR -/- mice that do survive to adulthood appear normal, but lack the chronotropic and inotropic responses seen in wild-type mice when beta-AR agonists such as isoproterenol are administered. Moreover, this lack of responsiveness is accompanied by markedly reduced stimulation of adenylate cyclase in cardiac membranes from beta 1-AR -/- mice. These findings occur despite persistent cardiac beta 2-AR expression, demonstrating the importance of beta 1-ARs for proper mouse development and cardiac function, while highlighting functional differences between beta-AR subtypes.
Novel Role of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in the Protection of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against Degradation by Bacterial Nucleases (2014)

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been described as a fundamental innate immune defence mechanism. They consist of a nuclear DNA backbone associated with different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which are able to engulf and kill pathogens. The AMP LL-37, a member of the cathelicidin family, is highly present in NETs. However, the function of LL-37 within NETs is still unknown because it loses its antimicrobial activity when bound to DNA in the NETs. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that NETs treated with LL-37 are distinctly more resistant to S. aureus nuclease degradation than nontreated NETs. Biochemical assays utilising a random LL-37-fragment library indicated that the blocking effect of LL-37 on nuclease activity is based on the cationic character of the AMP, which facilitates the binding to neutrophil DNA, thus protecting it from degradation by the nuclease. In good correlation to these data, the cationic AMPs human beta defensin-3 and human neutrophil peptide-1 showed similar protection of neutrophil-derived DNA against nuclease degradation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a novel role of AMPs in host immune defence: beside its direct antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, cationic AMPs can stabilise neutrophil-derived DNA or NETs against bacterial nuclease degradation.
Rapid bulk analysis using femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2012)

Laser Ablation (LA) for direct solid sampling has advanced to provide accuracy and precision similar to that obtained using SN. Analytical performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, and limits of detection obtained when using femtosecond lasers are similar to those by SN. The reason for this improved performance is that the femtosecond laser produces essentially mono-disperse nanometer sized particles that are relatively easily digested in the ICP. In addition, the femtosecond laser material interaction is a photophysical process significantly reducing melting and elemental fractionation. A remaining aspect of ablation sampling is representative sampling; how much mass must be ablated to accurately analyze an inhomogeneous sample. The quantity of sample needed for bulk analysis is dependent on the inhomogeneity (or heterogeneity). Obviously, this same issue exists with sample digestion, and milligrams to grams of material are used to address this requirement. Laser ablation is beneficial in that only micrograms or less of sample are needed for the analysis. However, for bulk analysis of an inhomogeneous sample, the question is how much mass is required to adequately represent the bulk sample, and maintain the benefits of no sample digestion. The goal of this study was to demonstrate bulk analysis of a homogeneous and inhomogeneous sample by ablating large sample volumes using a high repetition rate (20 kHz) femtosecond pulsed laser. This approach is beneficial for bulk analysis of heterogeneous samples, for rapid analysis of difficult to dissolve samples, and for analyzing impurities over a large surface of homogeneous samples.
Adaptive Optical Processor (1991)

The Phase I in-house effort to develop an optical processor as an electronic counter-counter-measure for radar multipath is discussed. The closed loop system demonstrates the ability to achieve a 15.2+/-2.4 dB adaptive cancellation of a single tone, single delay jamming signal over a 1-5 MHz bandwidth. The open loop optical system proves capable of providing a 30.2+/-3.9 dB cancellation of the same signal when using operator provided information. Key elements of this project include the characterization and selection of a spatial light modulator (SLM) system and the development of a software package which assists the minimization process. This has resulted in the novel use of a two dimensional binary SLM to perform as an enhanced grey scale one dimensional SLM. Additionally, an acousto-optic (AO) deflector has been demonstrated to provide the grey level dynamic range and spatial resolution required by the system. The results of this single channel testbed will be used in the future development of a multichannel optical processor.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Past, present, and future. (1993)

The MRSA control program at UCDMC is one of many approaches used in hospitals today. With this less restrictive program, we have been able to maintain control of MRSA for approximately 5 years. By establishing a threshold for investigation at four new nosocomial cases per month, the ICD has been able to maintain a manageable endemic level of MRSA. Figure 2 shows the downward trend of new cases of MRSA per fiscal year. During 1991, however, we experienced clustering of cases in two areas of the hospital along with a major outbreak in our burn unit. This is reflected in the significant rise in the number of new cases for that year. Even with these outbreaks, however, we have been able to re-establish control. Figure 3 represents the number of new MRSA cases per month during fiscal year 1991. After the peak in April, we have again seen a downward trend, with an average of four new cases per month during the first quarter of fiscal year 1992. The success of this program is attributed to the cooperation and excellent communication among the hospital departments who are active participants in this control program. It is also owing to the establishment of a very active antibiotic control program that discourages inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. This team effort is critical to the success of any infection control program. Infection control protocols are constantly changing, even if they are directed toward the same pathogen. Hospital epidemiology provides us with a very systematic approach to controlling the spread of disease. During the process, however, we are constantly collecting new information about the pathogen, allowing us to re-evaluate and, we hope, improve our approach to control. This is one reason for the numerous approaches to control found in the vast array of MRSA literature. MRSA continues to be a challenge of the 1990s. It appears to be an increasing problem in US hospitals, regardless of hospital size. Although its elusive behavior evades the most comprehensive and carefully planned control programs of even the most skilled hospital epidemiologists, hospitals continue to struggle for control of this organism. The alternative to control is probable resistance to vancomycin, which would have devastating public health consequences, particularly as alternative antibiotic therapy is not yet available.
Short Notices (1961)

Journal Article Short Notices Get access Y. Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXVI, Issue CCXCIX, April 1961, Pages 380-b–380, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXVI.CCXCIX.380-b Published: 01 April 1961
Influence of Isothermal Annealing on the Micro-Hardness and Friction Property in CuZrAl Bulk Metallic Glass (2010)

A Cu55Zr40Al5 bulk metallic glass (BMG) was prepared by using copper-mold suction-casting and the structure and thermal stabilities of the amorphous alloy as well as the effect of isothermal annealing on its micro-hardness and friction property were studied. The results showed the glass transition temperature, onset temperature of exothermic reaction, and temperature interval of supercooled liquid region are 746.8 K, 793.5 K and 46.7 K, respectively. The BMG exhibits a micro-hardness value of 483.5 Hv and an average friction coefficient of 0.495. After isothermal annealing treatment, the micro-hardness has been enhanced and presents an upward trend with increasing the annealing temperatures. Meanwhile, the friction coefficients can be significantly decreased and the anti-wear property has been enhanced evidently.
Model of an immobilized enzyme conductimetric urea biosensor (1996)

A model for predicting the response of a conductimetric urea biosensor was developed and validated experimentally. The biosensor under consideration is formed by immobilizing the enzyme urease onto the surface of a planar interdigitated electrode array. The enzymatic hydrolysis of urea produces ionic products, such as ammonium and bicarbonate ions, which increase the electrical conductivity of the solution proximal to the electrode array. The model combines an analysis of the diffusive transport and enzymatic hydrolysis of urea in the vicinity of the biosensor surface with an electric fields model for calculating interelectrode impedance. To validate the model, urea biosensors were constructed by immobilizing urease to the interdigit space of microfabricated interdigitated electrodes. The responses of these sensors were investigated in urea solutions prepared in deionized water, at concentrations ranging from 10 μM to 5 mM. Using reasonable estimates for the parameters, the predictions of the model were in good agreement with the experimental data over the entire range of concentrations.
A diameter-independent blood flow measurement technique. (1976)

A phase difference technique for measuring true volume flow rate has been developed. The concept utilizes the phase difference from unequal transit times between bursts of ultrasonic energy transmitted simultaneously against and with the blood flow. A theoretical analysis reveals that the volume flow rate sensitivity (V/ml/sec) for a point crystal illumination pattern directed diagonally through the center of the vessel is a function of the inverse of the diameter. But an illumination pattern orientated perpendicularly to the vessel axis, which spans the entire diameter of the vessel, yields a volume flow rate sensitivity independent of the diameter. Line illumination, in contrast to point illumination, does not require the vessel diameter to be measured in order to establish the sensitivity factor, and a change in diameter does not alter the sensitivity factor. Line illumination has a considerable advantage when used on small vessels in which the ratio of wall thickness to the lumen diameter is large and is often variable.
A Dozen Years of Single-Molecule Spectroscopy in Physics, Chemistry, and Biophysics (2002)

Optical spectroscopy at the ultimate limit of a single molecule has grown over the past dozen years into a powerful technique for exploring the individual nanoscale behavior of molecules in complex local environments. Observing a single molecule removes the usual ensemble average, allowing exploration of hidden heterogeneity in complex condensed phases as well as direct observation of dynamical state changes arising from photophysics and photochemistry, without synchronization. This paper reviews single-molecule spectroscopy experiments of the Moerner group, both at liquid helium temperatures and at room temperature, in the areas of physical chemistry, quantum optics, and biophysics. Due to the breadth of applications now appearing, single-molecule spectroscopy may be viewed as a useful new tool for the study of dynamics in complex systems.
Techno-economic evaluation of 2nd generation bioethanol production from sugar cane bagasse and leaves integrated with the sugar-based ethanol process (2012)

According to the simulations, the production of 2G bioethanol from sugar cane bagasse and leaves in Brazil is already competitive (without subsidies) with 1G starch-based bioethanol production in Europe. Moreover 2G bioethanol could be produced at a lower cost if subsidies were used to compensate for the opportunity cost from the sale of excess electricity and if the cost of enzymes continues to fall.
DIVA - Digital Identity in VANETs: A multi-authority framework for VANETs (2013)

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the future of vehicular technology and Traffic Information Systems. The most important issue being looked into VANETs nowadays is that of security and privacy of vehicles and users. The current and past research has focused on using or securing the identity of vehicles in the network. However, in reality the vehicle's identity is not particularly useful for the authorities. Therefore, we present a novel idea for Digital Identity in VANETs that makes it more reliable and useful for both the authorities and the driver while providing the required level of security and privacy. Our scheme offers incentives for users and authorities to become part of VANETs thus helping in the deployment of the infrastructure.
Making the Review of Assigned Reading Meaningful (2010)

The typical college student dreads hearing, “Let’s review the chapters you read for homework.” What generally ensues is a question and answer drill in which students are peppered with questions designed to make clear who has and hasn’t done the reading. In reality, these exchanges do little to encourage deep thought or understanding of the assigned reading. They produce awkward silences during which students squirm in their seats, hoping to become invisible. Other times students decline to answer for fear of giving the wrong answer. Almost all the time a negative tone permeates the classroom during this review. I decided to restructure the way that I approached reviews of reading assignments, and found that by doing things differently, I could change both the tone and outcomes of the review activity. I’d like to share some of the ideas and techniques that I have found useful:
The potentials of medicinal plant extracts as bio -antimicrobials in aquaculture (2013)

Fish is one of the cheapest and promising sources of animal protein; people can easily digest 93.2% and 93.7% of fish protein and fat, respectively. Stressors including overcrowding, high or sudden changes of temperature, handling, low dissolved oxygen, poor nutritional status and fungal or parasitic damage of the epidermis, contribut e to physiological changes and heighten susceptibility to infection. The uncontrolled and repeated use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infe c- tions has in some cases led to the development of antibiotic -resistant pathogens. For fish disease control, immunostimulants and adjuvants used in fish vaccines are able to act as an alternative to antimicrobial agents like antib i- otics used in fish culture. Medicinal plants as immunostimulants can be used not only against diseases but also as growth promoters, stress resistance boosters and preventatives of infections. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary m e- tabolites of phytochemical constituents such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides, phenolics, polysacch a- rides, proteoglycans, polysacchi rides and volatiles oils which act against different diseases. Studies showed that the in- corporation of medicinal plants in the diets of fish stimulated the immune system of fish and enhanced their disease r e- sistance properties. In the present article, the use of some medicinal plants as immunostimulants or phyto -antibacterial agents either injection or dietary administration against fish diseases were discussed .
O2‐PLS for qualitative and quantitative analysis in multivariate calibration (2002)

Abstract In this paper the O‐PLS method [1] has been modified to further improve its interpretational functionality to give (a) estimates of the pure constituent profiles in X as well as model (b) the Y‐orthogonal variation in X , (c) the X‐orthogonal variation in Y and (d) the joint X–Y covariation. It is also predictive in both ways, X ↔ Y . We call this the O2‐PLS approach. In earlier papers we discussed the improved interpretation using O‐PLS compared to the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) when systematic Y‐orthogonal variation in X exists, i.e. when a PLS model has more components than the number of Y variables. In this paper we show how the parameters in the PLS model are affected and to what degree the interpretational ability of the PLS components changes with the amount of Y‐orthogonal variation. In both real and synthetic examples, the O2‐PLS method provided improved interpretation of the model and gave a good estimate of the pure constituent profiles, and the prediction ability was similar to the standard PLS model. The method is discussed from geometric and algebraic points of view, and a detailed description of this modified O2‐PLS method is given and reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell Surface Expression of a Chimeric Protein Containing Mouse Immunoglobulin G1 Fc Domain and its Immunological Property (2006)

Recently we reported that a chimeric molecule containing mouse transferrin receptor and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc, mTR-Fc, induced higher immune responses and can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. In this study, the immunological property of the molecule was investigated. Although, the mTR-Fc did not activate complement classical pathway, it was recognized by activated macrophage as like intact IgG Fc, which is recognized by macrophage via Fcgamma receptor. In addition, we found that splenocyte simultaneously exposed to lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and mTR-Fc produced higher amount of interleukin-10, comparing to that exposed to only LPS. These results suggest that the mTR-Fc molecules conserved the IgG Fc property to biasing immune responses via modulation of cytokine production by antigen presenting cell.
Coastal state regulation of navigation in adjacent waters - the example of the Torres Strait and Great Barrier Reef (2010)

Recently, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been demonstrated as an imaging tool for applications in neurological and neurovascular diseases. However, the use of single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging for IVIM DWI acquisition leads to suboptimal data quality: for instance, geometric distortion and deteriorated image quality at high spatial resolution. Although the recently commercialized multi-shot acquisition methods, such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE), can attain high-resolution and high-quality DWI with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance superior to that of the conventional parallel imaging method, the prolonged scan time associated with multi-shot acquisition is impractical for routine IVIM DWI. This study proposes an acquisition and reconstruction framework based on parametric-POCSMUSE to accelerate the four-shot IVIM DWI with 70% reduction of total scan time (13 min 8 s versus 4 min 8 s). First, the four-shot IVIM DWI scan with 17 b values was accelerated by acquiring only one segment per b value except for b values of 0 and 600 s/mm<sup>2</sup> . Second, an IVIM-estimation scheme was integrated into the parametric-POCSMUSE to enable joint reconstruction of multi-b images from under-sampled four-shot IVIM DWI data. In vivo experiments on both healthy subjects and patients show that the proposed framework successfully produced multi-b DW images with significantly higher SNRs and lower reconstruction errors than did the conventional acceleration method based on parallel imaging. In addition, the IVIM quantitative maps estimated from the data produced by the proposed framework showed quality comparable to that of fully sampled MUSE-reconstructed images, suggesting that the proposed framework can enable highly accelerated multi-shot IVIM DWI without sacrificing data quality. In summary, the proposed framework can make multi-shot IVIM DWI feasible in a routine MRI examination, with reasonable scan time and improved geometric fidelity.
Guide to Materials Selection (1995)

Abstract The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.