gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiological stress and cell death in marine phytoplankton: Induction of proteases in response to nitrogen or light limitation (1998)

The physiological processes of natural phytoplankton mortality due to environmental stress (vs. that caused by sedimentation and predation) are poorly understood. Cell survival was examined in batch cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii and the chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta during deprivation of fixed nitrogen or light. Despite severe impairment of photosynthetic efficiencies, both species remained viable during 2 weeks of N starvation. Under N stress, a specific protease was induced in the diatom, overall activity of proteases doubled, and there was gradual, selective loss of certain proteins, especially ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Light‐deprived diatoms were virtually unaffected, but the chlorophyte underwent catastrophic cell death after about 6 d of darkness. Cell death coincided with a large increase in protease activity and the induction of a specific protease. Although we cannot completely rule out roles for viruses or bacteria in the losses of cells, the consistent timing, the unique response to stress, and the coincident expression of a specific protease strongly suggest that the process is a form of autocatalyzed cell death, such as apoptosis. While of uncertain adaptive significance, phytoplankton cell death may have implications for species succession and cycling of organic matter in aquatic ecosysterns.
MathBrush: A System for Doing Math on Pen-Based Devices (2008)

Many on-line (interactive) mathematics recognition systems allow the creation of typeset equations, normally in LaTeX, but they do not support mathematical problem solving. In this paper, we present MathBrush, a system that allows users to draw math input using a pen-input device on a tablet computer, recognizes the math expression, and then supports mathematical transformation and problem solving using back-end Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). We describe the architecture of the MathBrush system, which includes modules that support symbol recognition, semantic analysis, the transfer of recognized expressions to back-end CAS, and interface techniques for interacting with CAS output. We also identify unique challenges associated with recognition for math problem solving, such as the need for deeper semantic analysis than is required by LATEX, and the need to deal with ambiguities in user input. Our experiences serve to inform researchers seeking to design interactive mathematics recognition systems geared toward mathematical problem solving.
Evaluation Of Titanium Dioxide As An Air Pollutant Removing Photocatalyst (2007)

In this project, the potential for passive cleaning of outdoor air using photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles was investigated.\nSmall particles (nanoparticles) of anatase titanium dioxide can serve as photo-catalysts to assist in the oxidation of atmospheric pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The energy enabling this catalysis is contained in the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum. By-products may be produced, but the ultimate fate of the pollutant molecules is to be oxidized ("mineralized") to H2O, CO2, and acids such as HNO3 and H2SO4. Active indoor air cleaners using this technology are now commercially available. They can, for example, eliminate malodorous compounds in the air. Research and development in this area has been ongoing for more than a decade in Japan, and recently a major multi-institutional project has been completed in Europe.\nDespite the extensive research to date, the practical feasibility of passive photo-catalytic air cleaning is still a controversial subject. Some individuals claim that pollution can be halved with straightforward measures; others are unconvinced.\nThis project has clarified the technology potential by focusing on measured values of catalytic activity. Catalytic activity is the rate at which air can be cleaned by a given area of photocatalyst. For example, one square meter of catalytic film or plate can clean a certain number of cubic meters of air per day. The units of catalytic activity are m d-1. Laboratory data show that a high-quality TiO2 catalyst has an activity of about 200 m d-1 for NOx, about 60 m d-1 for typical volatile organic compounds, and approximately 0 m d-1 (i.e., not useful) for carbon monoxide.\nPrior to widespread deployment of passive photo-catalytic air-cleaning technology, large-scale meteorological simulations are needed to validate deployment strategies.
The Use of Metrizamide for Isopyknic Separation and Enrichment of Plasmodium Falciparum Schizonts from Continuous Culture (1983)

Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes obtained from continuous in vitro cultures were fractionated over metrizamide density gradients. Late developmental stage schizonts were isolated from uninfected erythrocytes and other intracellular blood stage forms (rings and trophozoites) by centrifugation through 15% metrizamide. Schizonts comprised, on the average, 85% of the total number of cells recovered from the top fraction of the gradient with the remaining cells being predominantly uninfected erythrocytes. The mean percentage of schizonts recovered was 27% relative to the estimated number of mature forms present before fractionation. The concentrated schizonts were viable based upon their ability to complete schizogony and undergo a new cycle of reinvasion and schizogony in vitro. In addition, in these short term synchronous cultures the newly infected cells were able to incorporate radiolabeled hypoxanthine. This function was inhibited by the addition of chloroquine to these 45- to 46-hour cultures. Metrizamide-purified schizonts should be useful for further study and characterization of the unique metabolic, biochemical, and immunological properties of the malaria parasite.
Fiber supplementation of enteral formulas: effects on the bioavailability of major nutrients and gastrointestinal tolerance (1988)

Two fiber-supplemented enteral formulas were recently introduced for patient application, Susta II and Enrich (12.4-g and 38.5-g soy polysaccharide/2000 kcal, respectively). This investigation had a 3-fold purpose: to determine if and to what extent fiber-supplementation changes the chemical composition of stool relative to a fiber-free formula (Ensure); to establish the clinical tolerance of the two new formulas; and to quantify the effects of soy polysaccharide on nutrient bioavailability. The study was conducted in two consecutive phases: A (n = 6 subjects; random assignment to either Ensure or Susta II for 1-2 weeks followed by isocaloric cross-over to the alternate formula for an equal period of time) and B (n = 8 subjects evaluated as in phase A except Enrich replaced Ensure). Each balance week consisted of clinical/subjective monitoring, evaluation of stool composition (H2O and dry weight), apparent nutrient absorption (energy, fat, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Na, and Cl), and metabolic balance (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl). Relative to the fiber-free formula the two fiber-supplemented solutions produced increases in fecal N, fat, H2O, and minerals of variable magnitude; there were corresponding reductions in net absorption of organic compounds and minerals. The additional minerals added to the fiber-supplemented formulas and the minimal effects on N absorption preserved balance; the retention of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl were similar for all three formulas. No adverse clinical effects of the fiber-supplemented formulas were noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
System-Wide Changes to SUMO Modifications in Response to Heat Shock (2009)

Covalent conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to target proteins regulates many important eukaryotic cellular mechanisms. Although the molecular consequences of the conjugation of SUMO proteins are relatively well understood, little is known about the cellular signals that regulate the modification of their substrates. Here, we show that SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are required for cells to survive heat shock. Through quantitative labeling techniques, stringent purification of SUMOylated proteins, advanced mass spectrometric technology, and novel techniques of data analysis, we quantified heat shock-induced changes in the SUMOylation state of 766 putative substrates. In response to heat shock, SUMO was polymerized into polySUMO chains and redistributed among a wide range of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation; apoptosis; the trafficking, folding, and degradation of proteins; transcription; translation; and DNA replication, recombination, and repair. This comprehensive proteomic analysis of the substrates of a ubiquitin-like modifier (Ubl) identifies a pervasive role for SUMO proteins in the biologic response to hyperthermic stress.
Discovery of a Novel Series of<i>N</i>-Phenylindoline-5-sulfonamide Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Acyl CoA:Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase-2 Inhibitors (2015)

Acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (MGAT2) has attracted interest as a novel target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Starting from N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide derivative 1 with moderate potency for MGAT2 inhibition, we explored an effective location of the hydrophobic group at the 1-position to enhance MGAT2 inhibitory activity. Shifting the hydrophobic group to the adjacent position followed by introduction of a bicyclic central core to restrict the substituent orientation produced N-phenylindoline-5-sulfonamide derivative 10b, which displayed much improved potency, with an IC50 value of 1.0 nM. This compound also exhibited excellent selectivity (greater than 30,000-fold) against related acyltransferases (MGAT3, DGAT1, DGAT2, and ACAT1). Subsequent optimization efforts were directed toward improving pharmacokinetic profiles, which resulted in the identification of 5-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]-7-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-1-carboxamide (24d) endowed with potent MGAT2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and high oral bioavailability (F = 52%, mouse). In a mouse oral fat tolerance test, oral administration of this compound effectively suppressed the elevation of plasma triacylglycerol levels.
Low-Velocity Intense Source of Atoms from a Magneto-optical Trap (1996)

We have produced and characterized an intense, slow, and highly collimated atomic beam extracted from a standard vapor cell magneto-optical trap (MOT). The technique used is dramatically simpler than previous methods for producing very cold atomic beams. We have created a 0.6 mm diameter rubidium atomic beam with a continuous flux of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}/\mathrm{s}$ and a pulsed flux 10 times greater. Its longitudinal velocity distribution is centered at 14 m/s with a FWHM of 2.7 m/s. Through an efficient recycling process, 70% of the atoms trapped in the MOT are loaded into the atomic beam.
Successful Booster Antibody Response up to 54 Months after Single Primary Vaccination with Virosome-Formulated, Aluminum-Free Hepatitis A Vaccine (2003)

This study demonstrates that a booster dose of the virosome-formulated, aluminum-free hepatitis A vaccine Epaxal (Berna Biotech) is highly immunogenic in subjects who received a single primary dose of this vaccine 18-54 months earlier. There were no significant differences in geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) among subjects who received the booster dose 18-29 months (GMT, 2330 mIU/mL), 30-41 months (GMT, 2395 mIU/mL), or 42-54 months (GMT, 2432 mIU/mL) after primary vaccination, indicating that delays in the administration of booster vaccination do not lead to a loss of immunogenicity.
Characteristics of Photonic Crystal Fiber and Its Application in Optical Communication (2006)

The paper summarizs the progress,guidance mechanism and classification of photonic crystal fiber(PCF).Then it discusses its three prominent merits: the property of single mode,high nonlinearity and controllable group velocity dispersion.The prospective application in the generation of ultra-short pulse,optical parametric amplifier and supercontinuum generation are also presented respectively.
HrpW of <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> , a New Harpin That Contains a Domain Homologous to Pectate Lyases of a Distinct Class (1998)

Harpins, such as HrpN of Erwinia amylovora, are extracellular glycine-rich proteins that elicit the hypersensitive reaction (HR). We identified hrpW of E. amylovora, which encodes a protein similar to known harpins in that it is acidic, rich in glycine and serine, and lacks cysteine. A putative HrpL-dependent promoter was identified upstream of hrpW, and Western blot analysis of hrpL mutants indicated that the production of HrpW is regulated by hrpL. HrpW is secreted via the Hrp (type III) pathway based on analysis of wild-type strains and hrp secretion mutants. When infiltrated into plants, HrpW induced rapid tissue collapse, which required active plant metabolism. The HR-eliciting activity was heat stable and protease sensitive. Thus, we concluded that HrpW is a new harpin. HrpW of E. amylovora consists of two domains connected by a Pro and Ser-rich sequence. A fragment containing the N-terminal domain was sufficient to elicit the HR. Although no pectate lyase activity was detected, the C-terminal region of HrpW is homologous to pectate lyases of a unique class, suggesting that HrpW may be targeted to the plant cell wall. Southern analysis indicated that hrpW is conserved among several Erwinia species, and hrpW, provided in trans, enhanced the HR-inducing ability of a hrpN mutant. However, HrpW did not increase the virulence of a hrpN mutant in host tissue, and hrpW mutants retained the wild-type ability to elicit the HR in nonhosts and to cause disease in hosts.
Development of a Sensitive Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay with an Internal Control to Detect and Quantify Chikungunya Virus (2007)

The assay is rapid, CHIKV-specific, and highly sensitive, and it includes an IC. It proved useful to detect and quantify CHIKV during the Réunion Island epidemic. The assay might be applicable to other CHIKV epidemics, especially in the Indian subcontinent, where an extensive outbreak is ongoing.
Acoustic mechanical feedthroughs (2013)

Electromagnetic motors can have problems when operating in extreme environments. In addition, if one needs to do mechanical work outside a structure, electrical feedthroughs are required to transport the electric power to drive the motor. In this paper, we present designs for driving rotary and linear motors by pumping stress waves across a structure or barrier. We accomplish this by designing a piezoelectric actuator on one side of the structure and a resonance structure that is matched to the piezoelectric resonance of the actuator on the other side. Typically, piezoelectric motors can be designed with high torques and lower speeds without the need for gears. One can also use other actuation materials such as electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive materials in a benign environment and transmit the power in acoustic form as a stress wave and actuate mechanisms that are external to the benign environment. This technology removes the need to perforate a structure and allows work to be done directly on the other side of a structure without the use of electrical feedthroughs, which can weaken the structure, pipe, or vessel. Acoustic energy is pumped as a stress wave at a set frequency or range of frequencies to produce rotary or linear motion in a structure. This method of transferring useful mechanical work across solid barriers by pumping acoustic energy through a resonant structure features the ability to transfer work (rotary or linear motion) across pressure or thermal barriers, or in a sterile environment, without generating contaminants. Reflectors in the wall of barriers can be designed to enhance the efficiency of the energy/power transmission. The method features the ability to produce a bi-directional driving mechanism using higher-mode resonances. There are a variety of applications where the presence of a motor is complicated by thermal or chemical environments that would be hostile to the motor components and reduce life and, in some instances, not be feasible. A variety of designs that have been designed, fabricated and tested will be presented.
Interplay of the Proto-oncogene Proteins CrkL and CrkII in Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction (1998)

The closely related proto-oncogene proteins CrkII and CrkL consist of one SH2 and two SH3 domains and share 60% overall homology with the highest identity within their functional domains. In this study we show that CrkL and CrkII may play overlapping but different roles in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor-mediated signal transduction. While both proteins are substrates involved in IGF-I receptor signaling, they apparently demonstrate important different properties and different biological responses. Evidence supporting this hypothesis includes (a) the oncogenic potential of CrkL versus the absence of this potential in CrkII overexpressing cell lines, (b) the inhibition of IGF-I-dependent cell cycle progression by overexpression of CrkII, and (c) the differential regulation of the phosphorylation status of selective proteins in CrkII and CrkL overexpressing cell lines. In addition we demonstrate the specific association of CrkL and CrkII with the newly characterized IRS-4 protein, again in a differential manner. Whereas CrkL strongly interacts with IRS-4 via its SH2 and N-terminal SH3 domains, CrkII interacts only via its SH2 domain, possibly explaining the unstable nature of IRS-4-CrkII association. The results obtained allow us to propose a unique mechanism of CrkL and CrkII tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IGF-I stimulation. Thus these highly homologous proteins apparently possess structural features that allow for the differential association of each protein with different effector molecules, thereby activating different signaling pathways and resulting in unique biological roles of these proteins.
Regulation of cAMP concentration by calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (1986)

Bovine brain contains two major calmodulin (CaM) dependent phosphodiesterase isozymes which are homodimeric proteins with subunit molecular masses of 60 and 63 kilodaltons (kDa), respectively. The 60-kDa subunit isozyme can be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, resulting in a decrease in the enzyme affinity towards CaM. The phosphorylation is blocked by Ca2+ and CaM and reversed by the CaM-stimulated phosphatase (calcineurin). The 63-kDa subunit isozymes can also be phosphorylated, but in this case by a CaM-dependent protein kinase(s). This phosphorylation is also accompanied by a decrease in the isozyme affinity towards CaM and can be reversed by the CaM-dependent phosphatase. Analysis of the complex regulatory properties of the phosphodiesterase isozymes has led to the suggestion that fluxes of cAMP and Ca2+ during cell activations are closely coupled and that the CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase isozymes play key roles in this signal coupling phenomenon.
Light narrowing of rubidium magnetic-resonance lines in high-pressure optical-pumping cells (1999)

We report on some unusual magnetic-resonance phenomena of optically pumped Rb vapor in high-pressure gas cells. When Rb-Rb spin exchange is the fastest spin-relaxation rate, we observe a considerable narrowing of the magnetic-resonance linewidths with increasing pump-laser power. The experimentally measured Rb magnetic-resonance linewidths are in excellent agreement with a theoretical model, which includes the processes of Rb-He and Rb-Xe spin destruction, Rb-Rb spin exchange, and Rb optical pumping.
Electromagnetic Properties of Fractal Aggregates (1993)

We present a theory of the electromagnetic properties of fractal aggregates. We consider the case of an aggregate made of conducting grains placed in a dielectric matrix. We write and solve a differential equation for the current on the aggregate which generalizes antennas equations. We exhibit in particular the dependence of the polarisation of the aggregate with respect to the frequency and to the size of the aggregate. Our theory is valid for planar aggregates (2D with 3D grains) and for 3D ones.
A new temporal error concealment method for H.264 using adaptive block sizes (2005)

H.264 adopts new coding tools such as variable block size, quarter-pixel-accuracy motion estimation/compensation, multiple reference frames, loop filter, etc. The adoption of these tools enables a macroblock to have more information compared with previous standards. In H.264 each macroblock can have up to sixteen motion vectors, four reference frames, and a mode of the macroblock, all of which can be used for temporal error concealment. The H.264 error concealment in the informative part, however, uses a similar method to prior coding standards that consider only motion vectors of macroblocks adjacent to the lost macroblock. In this paper, we propose an effective temporal error concealment algorithm for H.264-coded video. It uses not only motion vectors and reference frames but the modes of macroblocks adjacent to the lost macroblock as well. Depending on the modes of neighboring macroblocks, each lost macroblock is concealed on the basis of different block sizes. Simulation results show the proposed method yields better video quality than conventional approaches.
Impuesto a la renta en la transferencia de acciones por personas jurídicas no domiciliadas (1996)

No contiene resumen
Redundant Sensor Validation by Using Fuzzy Logic (1994)

This research is motivated by the need to relax the strict boundary of numeric-based signal validation. To this end, the use of fuzzy logic for redundant sensor validation is introduced. Since signal validation employs both numbers and qualitative statements, fuzzy logic provides a pathway for transforming human abstractions into the numerical domain and thus coupling both sources of information. With this transformation, linguistically expressed analysis principles can be coded into a classification rule-base for signal failure detection and identification.
FK506 attenuates developing and established joint inflammation and suppresses interleukin 6 and nitric oxide expression in bacterial cell wall induced polyarthritis. (2000)

Therapeutic administration of FK506 has a profound antiinflammatory effect on the development of the chronic, erosive arthritis induced by PG/PS. This attenuation in joint inflammation was associated with suppression of IL-6 and NO production systemically and locally in the joints. Our data suggest that FK506 may be effective in the treatment of chronic joint inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
SAR based adaptive GMTI (2010)

We consider ground moving target indication (GMTI) and target velocity estimation based on multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Via forming velocity versus cross-range images, we show that small moving targets can be detected even in the presence of strong stationary ground clutter. Moreover, the velocities of the moving targets can be estimated, and the misplaced moving targets can be placed back to their original locations based on the estimated velocities. Adaptive beamforming techniques, including Capon and generalizedlikelihood ratio test (GLRT), are used to form velocity versus cross-range images for each range bin of interest. The velocity estimation ambiguities caused by the multi-channel array geometry are analyzed. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches using the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) publicly-released Gotcha SAR based GMTI data set.