gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From Non Word to New Word: Automatically Identifying Neologisms in French Newspapers (2014)

International audience
Business as usual? (1976)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTBusiness as usual?ALBERT F. PLANTCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1976, 54, 7, 4Publication Date (Print):February 16, 1976Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 16 February 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v054n007.p004https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v054n007.p004editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1976 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (95 KB) SUBJECTS:Climate Get e-Alerts
Kinetic Analysis and Quantification of [<sup>11</sup>C]Martinostat for in Vivo HDAC Imaging of the Brain (2015)

Epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in a wide-range of CNS disorders and may offer new therapeutic opportunities. In vivo evaluation of HDAC density and drug occupancy has become possible with [11C]Martinostat, which exhibits selectivity for a subset of class I/IIb HDAC enzymes. In this study, we characterize the kinetic properties of [11C]Martinostat in the nonhuman primate (NHP) brain in preparation for human neuroimaging studies. The goal of this work was to determine whether classic compartmental analysis techniques were appropriate and to further determine if arterial plasma is required for future NHP studies. Using an arterial plasma input function, several analysis approaches were evaluated for robust outcome measurements. [11C]Martinostat showed high baseline distribution volume (VT) ranging from 29.9 to 54.4 mL/cm3 in the brain and large changes in occupancy (up to 99%) with a blocking dose approaching full enzyme saturation. An averaged nondisplaceable tissue uptake (VND) of 8.6 ± 3.7 mL/cm3 suggests high specific binding of [11C]Martinostat. From a two-tissue compartment model, [11C]Martinostat exhibits a high K1 (averaged K1 of 0.65 mL/cm3/min) and a small k4 (average of 0.0085 min–1). Our study supports that [11C]Martinostat can be used to detect changes in HDAC density and occupancy in vivo and that simplified analysis not using arterial blood could be appropriate.
Flexible electronics based on inorganic nanowires (2014)

Flexible electronics have gained considerable research interest in the recent years because of their special features and potential applications in flexible displays, artificial skins, sensors, sustainable energy, etc. With unique geometry, outstanding electronic/optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility and good transparency, inorganic nanowires (NWs) offer numerous insights and opportunities for flexible electronics. This article provides a comprehensive review of the inorganic NW based flexible electronics studied in the past decade, ranging from NWs synthesis and assembly to several important flexible device and energy applications, including transistors, sensors, display devices, memories and logic gates, as well as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells and generators. The integration of various flexible nanodevices into a self-powered system was also briefly discussed. Finally, several future research directions and opportunities of inorganic NW flexible and portable electronics are proposed.
Ligand Exchange on Gold Nanorods: Going Back to the Future (2014)

Ligand exchange on gold nanorods (NRs) is still too often dismissed or not given the importance it should deserve. The many applications of gold NRs, mainly in plasmonics, biological imaging, and sensing, are made possible by finely tuning not only the optical properties of the metallic core but also the tethered functional groups. Gold NRs are mainly synthesized by using CTAB as the morphology‐guiding surfactant, and an intimate relationship between the crystallographic facets of the rod and the CTAB bilayer exists. Because of this, it is imperative to fully understand the ligand exchange mechanisms that allow replacing CTAB with functional ligands, including the energetic contributions. Here, the major applications of gold NRs are briefly overviewed, and what is known about ligand exchange mechanisms is summarized, as well as why it is important to achieve complete removal of CTAB, including the techniques that are used to characterize the exchange reaction products. The concept of interface in gold NRs is briefly examined, and explained why the scientific community should focus more on understanding and characterizing it. Starting from the published literature, the reader is guided through the reasons why it is thought that ligand exchange on gold NRs is perhaps the next grand challenge in the nanoparticle field.
Acoustic, phonetic, and discriminative approaches to automatic language identification (2003)

Formal evaluations conducted by NIST in 1996 demonstrated that systems that used parallel banks of tokenizer-dependent language models produced the best language identification performance. Since that time, other approaches to language identification have been developed that match or surpass the performance of phone-based systems. This paper describes and evaluates three techniques that have been applied to the language identification problem: phone recognition, Gaussian mixture modeling, and support vector machine classification. A recognizer that fuses the scores of three systems that employ these techniques produces a 2.7% equal error rate (EER) on the 1996 NIST evaluation set and a 2.8% EER on the NIST 2003 primary condition evaluation set. An approach to dealing with the problem of out-of-set data is also discussed.
Strong Law of Large Numbers under an Upper Probability (2012)

Strong law of large numbers is a fundamental theory in probability and statistics. When the measure tool is nonadditive, this law is very different from additive case. In 2010 Chen investigated the strong law of large numbers under upper probabilityVby assumingVis continuous. This assumption is very strong. Upper probabilities may not be continuous. In this paper we prove the strong law of large numbers for an upper probability without the continuity assumption whereby random variables are quasi-continuous and the upper probability is generated by a weakly compact family of probabilities on a complete and separable metric sample space.
Multimass Velocity-Map Imaging with the Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry (PImMS) Sensor: An Ultra-Fast Event-Triggered Camera for Particle Imaging (2012)

We present the first multimass velocity-map imaging data acquired using a new ultrafast camera designed for time-resolved particle imaging. The PImMS (Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry) sensor allows particle events to be imaged with time resolution as high as 25 ns over data acquisition times of more than 100 μs. In photofragment imaging studies, this allows velocity-map images to be acquired for multiple fragment masses on each time-of-flight cycle. We describe the sensor architecture and present bench-testing data and multimass velocity-map images for photofragments formed in the UV photolysis of two test molecules: Br(2) and N,N-dimethylformamide.
Vision and the atmosphere (2008)

Current vision systems are designed to perform in clear weather. Needless to say, in any outdoor application, there is no escape from “bad” weather. Ultimately, computer vision systems must include mechanisms that enable them to function (even if somewhat less reliably) in the presence of haze, fog, rain, hail and snow.

We begin by studying the visual manifestations of different weather conditions. For this, we draw on what is already known about atmospheric optics, and identify effects caused by bad weather that can be turned to our advantage. Since the atmosphere modulates the information carried from a scene point to the observer, it can be viewed as a mechanism of visual information coding. We exploit two fundamental scattering models and develop methods for recovering pertinent scene properties, such as three-dimensional structure, from one or two images taken under poor weather conditions.

Next, we model the chromatic effects of the atmospheric scattering and verify it for fog and haze. Based on this chromatic model we derive several geometric constraints on scene color changes caused by varying atmospheric conditions. Finally, using these constraints we develop algorithms for computing fog or haze color, depth segmentation, extracting three-dimensional structure, and recovering “clear day” scene colors, from two or more images taken under different but unknown weather conditions.
Evaluation of in situ sea surface temperatures for use in the calibration and validation of satellite retrievals (2010)

In situ sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are used for calibration and validation of satellite retrievals. This study analyzes three in situ data sets from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Telecommunication System (GTS), the International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) release 2.4, and the U.S. Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment/Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC). Comparisons show that most reports in the ICOADS and FNMOC are of the same origin as NCEP GTS. Quality control (QC) information is either unavailable (NCEP), not well documented (FNMOC), or nonuniform (ICOADS, FNMOC). Preliminary QC was implemented in this study and uniformly applied to all data sets. All analyses are stratified by major types of in situ platforms including ships, drifters, and moored buoys, the latter being further subdivided into tropical and coastal. Ships overwhelmingly prevailed before 1990 but then declined, whereas the number of drifters significantly increased, as did their reporting density. Although both platforms sample the full SST range well, drifters cover the global ocean much more uniformly than ships. Statistical analyses are performed on the in situ SST anomalies with respect to daily Reynolds and daily Pathfinder. Different global mean biases are observed for different platform types (e.g., ∼+0.03 K for drifters and tropical moorings and ∼+0.15 K for ships, with respect to Reynolds SST), suggesting existence of cross‐platform biases that need to be reconciled. Root mean square (RMS) errors of the four types of in situ data have been estimated via three‐way analyses proposed in O'Carroll et al. (2008). The geographical distributions of RMS errors in Pathfinder, Reynolds, and in situ SSTs show distinct spatial patterns, which require further understanding and remediation.
Transcriptional regulation of murine NADP<sup>+</sup>‐dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase‐cyclohydrolase‐synthetase (1991)

The cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase is ubiquitously expressed in all mouse tissues and cell lines examined. Northern analyses of the RNA indicated that there is an extensive variation in the levels of mRNA in different tissues. However, the gene is refractory to induction by serum, phorbol esters or growth factors in cultured fibroblasts. The mRNA of the NADP(+)-dependent trifunctional enzyme is stabilized post-transcriptionally by insulin-like growth factor-1.
In Situ Production of Exopolysaccharides during Sourdough Fermentation by Cereal and Intestinal Isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria (2003)

ABSTRACT EPS formed by lactobacilli in situ during sourdough fermentation may replace hydrocolloids currently used as texturizing, antistaling, or prebiotic additives in bread production. In this study, a screening of >100 strains of cereal-associated and intestinal lactic acid bacteria was performed for the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from sucrose. Fifteen strains produced fructan, and four strains produced glucan. It was remarkable that formation of glucan and fructan was most frequently found in intestinal isolates and strains of the species Lactobacillus reuteri , Lactobacillus pontis , and Lactobacillus frumenti from type II sourdoughs. By the use of PCR primers derived from conserved amino acid sequences of bacterial levansucrase genes, it was shown that 6 of the 15 fructan-producing lactobacilli and none of 20 glucan producers or EPS-negative strains carried a levansucrase gene. In sourdough fermentations, it was determined whether those strains producing EPS in MRS medium modified as described by Stolz et al. (37) and containing 100 g of sucrose liter −1 as the sole source of carbon also produce the same EPS from sucrose during sourdough fermentation in the presence of 12% sucrose. For all six EPS-producing strains evaluated in sourdough fermentations, in situ production of EPS at levels ranging from 0.5 to 2 g/kg of flour was demonstrated. Production of EPS from sucrose is a metabolic activity that is widespread among sourdough lactic acid bacteria. Thus, the use of these organisms in bread production may allow the replacement of additives.
Formulating State Space Models in<i>R</i>with Focus on Longitudinal Regression Models (2006)

We provide a language for formulating a range of state space models with response densities within the exponential family. The described methodology is implemented in the R-package sspir. A state space model is specified similarly to a generalized linear model in R, and then the time-varying terms are marked in the formula. Special functions for specifying polynomial time trends, harmonic seasonal patterns, unstructured seasonal patterns and time-varying covariates can be used in the formula. The model is fitted to data using iterated extended Kalman filtering, but the formulation of models does not depend on the implemented method of inference. The package is demonstrated on three datasets.
PENTOSANPOLYSULFATE INHIBITS MAST CELL HISTAMINE SECRETION AND INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM ION LEVELS:: AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION OF ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECT IN INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS (2000)

Pentosanpolysulfate appears to be a potent inhibitor of allergic and nonimmune mast cell stimulation, which is an alternative explanation of its benefit in interstitial cystitis.
Reverse-Time Migration using the Poynting Vector (2006)

AbstractRecently, rapid developments in computer hardware have enabled reverse-time migration to be applied to various production imaging problems. As a wave-equation technique using the twoway wave equation, reverse-time migration can handle not only multi-path arrivals but also steep dips and overturned reflections. However, reverse-time migration causes unwanted artefacts, which arise from the two-way characteristics of the hyperbolic wave equation. Zero-lag cross correlation with diving waves, head waves and back-scattered waves result in spurious artefacts. These strong artefacts have the common feature that the correlating forward and backward wavefields propagate in almost the opposite direction to each other at each correlation point. This is because the ray paths of the forward and backward wavefields are almost identical. In this paper, we present several tactics to avoid artefacts in shot-domain reverse-time migration. Simple muting of a shot gather before migration, or wavefront migration which performs correlation only within a time window following first arriving travel times, are useful in suppressing artefacts. Calculating the wave propagation direction from the Poynting vector gives rise to a new imaging condition, which can eliminate strong artefacts and can produce common image gathers in the reflection angle domain.KeywordsWave equation migrationReverse-timePoynting vectorCommon image gather
Runtime verification of authorization hook placement for the linux security modules framework (2002)

We present runtime tools to assist the Linux community in verifying the correctness of the Linux Security Modules (LSM) framework. The LSM framework consists of a set of authorization hooks inserted into the Linux kernel to enable additional authorizations to be performed (e.g., for mandatory access control). When compared to system call interposition, authorization within the kernel has both security and performance advantages, but it is more difficult to verify that placement of the LSM hooks ensures that all the kernel's security-sensitive operations are authorized. We have examined both static and runtime analysis techniques for this verification, and have found them to be complementary. Static analysis is more complex to implement and tends to generate more false positives, but coverage of all type-safe execution paths is possible. Runtime analysis lacks the code and input coverage of static analysis, but tends to be simpler to gather useful information. The major simplifying factor in our runtime verification approach is that we can leverage the fact that most of the LSM hooks are properly placed to identify misplaced hooks. Our runtime verification tools collect the current LSM authorizations and find inconsistencies in these authorizations. We describe our approach for performing runtime verification, the design of the tools that implement this approach, and the anomalous situations found in an LSM-patched Linux 2.4.16 kernel.
MITOCHONDRIA AS A TARGET FOR COMBINATION CANCER-CHEMOTHERAPY (1992)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether mitochondria could be used as a potential target for combination cancer chemotherapy. Mitochondrial specific agents, namely Dequalinium chloride and Rhodamine 123 were tested as single agent and in combination with cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II). Combination of either cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II) and Rhodamine 123 or cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II) and Dequalinium chloride showed that there was a synergistic action. However, combination of Rhodamine 123 and Dequalinium chloride showed a slight antagonistic activity which could be due to competition for the same site. The data also show that a much lower dose of cisplatin is required to produce an equieffective-response when used in combination with Dequalinium chloride and thus may lower the cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (II) induced toxicities.
Green chemistry aspects of fluorous techniques—opportunities and challenges for small-scale organic synthesis (2009)

Described in this paper is a personal overview of the green chemistry aspects of fluorous technologies. The unique phase separation and broad combinatorial capabilities of fluorous technologies have led to the development of fluorous chromatography-free separations, chemical recycling techniques, atom economic reactions, energy-focused microwave reactions, metal-free organocatalysis, aqueous media reactions, and modified reagents. These green chemistry techniques have been demonstrated in discovery chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and academic research labs dealing with small-scale organic synthesis. Issues such as the environmental impact of fluorous chemicals are also discussed.
Pd–Pb/SDB Bimetallic Catalysts for The Direct Oxidative Esterification of Methacrolein to Methyl Methacrylate (2012)

Pd–Pb/SDB catalyst prepared by depositing lead and palladium on hydrophobic styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB) copolymer constitutes a new and highly efficient catalyst for the oxidative esterification of methacrolein with methanol to methyl methacrylate under mild conditions. Compared to the monometallic Pd/SDB catalyst and conventional hydrophilic catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3, the Pd–Pb/SDB bimetallic catalyst shows higher reaction rate and product selectivity. The Pd–Pb/SDB catalyst was prepared by impregnating method and characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD), environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that Pd–Pb atoms formed intermetallic Pd3Pb1 crystals and the active component had a better dispersion and a smaller particle size than Pd/SDB. The SDB-supported catalyst could be recycled easily and reused, even up to seven cycles, without any appreciable loss efficiency. Based on the experimental results, the potential reaction mechanism was also proposed.
Effects of calcium chelating agents on corneal permeability. (1985)

Corneal penetration studies have been conducted in unanesthetized albino rabbits using various organic compounds representing both polar and nonpolar species. In the presence of calcium chelating agents, polar compounds generally demonstrate an increase in corneal penetration. Evidence that this corneal effect is reversible is presented. Concomitant with an increase in both corneal and aqueous humor drug levels was a decrease in drug concentration in both iris and conjunctival tissues tentatively attributed to chelation effects on vascular permeability of these tissues. EDTA, a known calcium chelator, was shown to penetrate the cornea, conjunctiva, and iris/ciliary body from a topically applied dose. The implications of this observation pertain to both toxicity effects, when EDTA is incorporated into ocular drug products for stability purposes, and novel strategems for improving ocular bioavailability of topically applied drugs.
Factors controlling the bacterial colonization of the intestine in breastfed infants (1999)

This article summarizes the published data on the intestinal microflora in breastfed infants published during the last 15 y. Enterobacteria and enterococci are found in high numbers in most infants during the first week of life. Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides spp. are found in increasing numbers at the following weeks. The intestinal microflora in breastfed infants can also be followed by different biochemical parameters. Acetic acid is found in higher concentrations in breastfed than in formula-fed infants. Degradation of mucin starts later in breastfed than in formula-fed infants. The conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol is also delayed by breastfeeding. Geographical differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora in infants have been reported, i.e. enterobacteria, enterococci, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and bacteroides show different occurrences in developed and developing countries. There are minor differences in the infant's intestinal microflora due to breastfeeding or/and formula feeding.