gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of T Cell Immunity in Atopic Dermatitis by Microbes: The Yin and Yang of Cutaneous Inflammation (2015)

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease predominantly mediated by T helper cells. While numerous adaptive immune mechanisms in AD pathophysiology have been elucidated in detail, deciphering the impact of innate immunity in AD pathogenesis has made substantial progress in recent years and is currently a fast evolving field. As innate and adaptive immunity are intimately linked, cross-talks between these two branches of the immune system are critically influencing the resulting immune response and disease. Innate immune recognition of the cutaneous microbiota was identified to substantially contribute to immune homeostasis and shaping of protective adaptive immunity in the absence of inflammation. Disturbances in the composition of the skin microbiome with reduced microbial diversity and overabundance of Staphylococcus spp. have been shown to be associated with AD inflammation. Distinct Staphylococcus aureus associated microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) binding to TLR2 heterodimers could be identified to initiate long-lasting cutaneous inflammation driven by T helper cells and consecutively local immune suppression by induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells further favoring secondary skin infections as often seen in AD patients. Moreover dissecting cellular and molecular mechanisms in cutaneous innate immune sensing in AD pathogenesis paved the way for exploiting regulatory and anti-inflammatory pathways to attenuate skin inflammation. Activation of the innate immune system by MAMPs of non-pathogenic bacteria on AD skin alleviated cutaneous inflammation. The induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells, interleukin-10 expression and regulatory Tr1 cells were shown to mediate this beneficial effect. Thus, activation of innate immunity by MAMPs of non-pathogenic bacteria for induction of regulatory T cell phenotypes seems to be a promising strategy for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as AD. These new findings demonstrate how detailed analyses identify partly opposing consequences of microbe sensing by the innate immune system and how these mechanisms translate into AD pathogenesis as well as new therapeutic strategies.
Control of soliton-soliton and soliton-dispersivewaveinteractions in high bit-rate communication systems (1995)

The authors present numerical simulations of the 80 Gbit/s soliton transmission experiment (Electron. Lett., 1994, 30, pp. 1777-1778) operating in a regime beyond the average-soliton limit and show that dispersive waves and soliton interaction limit the total transmission distance to ~500 km, in agreement with the experimental results. Two ways of improving the system performance are presented and discussed. The use of fast saturable absorbers can eliminate interaction between solitons and dispersive waves and increase the transmission distance above 1000 km. The soliton-soliton interaction can be made virtually ineffective by using synchronous modulation. Such a lightwave system can transmit a high bit-rate (50–100 Gbit/s) soliton signal over transoceanic distances while keeping amplifier spacings larger than the soliton period.
Translational control of gene expression during hypoxia (2006)

Poor oxygenation is a unique and prevalent feature of solid tumors associated with poor patient prognosis. In part, this is caused by a series of adaptive cellular responses that together have a large impact on gene expression and cell phenotype. HIF plays a key role in this response by activating a transcriptional program that stimulates genes involved in angiogenesis, cell metabolism, cell survival and cell invasion. Recently, hypoxia has also been shown to suppress protein synthesis through the regulation of the initiation step of mRNA translation. This appears to be a common feature of the cell in response to hypoxia and is mediated by two distinct pathways. The first occurs rapidly, is transient, and is associated with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that occurs in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Translation inhibition during this initial phase is due to phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) in a PERK dependent manner. Although this effect is transient, overall levels of translation remain low during hypoxia due to inhibition of a second eukaryotic initiation complex, eIF4F. This second mechanism is multi-factorial, but due at least in part to inhibition of the mTOR kinase. Although each of these pathways leads to a general inhibition in translation, the consequence at the individual gene level is highly variable. This is due to sequences in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA that confer their ability to maintain, or even increase, translation efficiency in spite of the overall inhibition. Consequently, regulation of mRNA translation appears to be an important mediator of gene expression during hypoxia.
Oxidants, nitric oxide and prostanoids in the developing ocular vasculature: a basis for ischemic retinopathy (2000)

The choroid is the main source of oxygen to the retina. In contrast to the adult, the absence of autoregulation of choroidal blood flow in the newborn leads to hyperoxygenation of the retina. In the immature retina which contains relatively low levels of antioxidants this hyperoxygenation favors peroxidation including the generation of biologically active isoprostanes, and results in vasoconstriction and vascular cytotoxicity leading to ischemia, which predisposes to the development of a vasoproliferative retinopathy, commonly termed retinopathy of prematurity. During frequently encountered oxidative stress to the perinate, the combined absence of vascular autoregulation and excessive oxygen delivery to the eyes of the developing subject is largely the result of a complex epigenetic and genetic interplay between prostanoids and nitric oxide (NO) systems on vasomotor regulation. The effects of certain prostaglandins are NO-dependent; conversely, those of NO have also been found to be largely prostaglandin I(2)-mediated in the eye; and NO synthase expression seems to be significantly regulated by other prostaglandins apparently through activation of functional perinuclear prostanoid receptors which affect gene transcription. The increased production of both prostaglandins and NO in the perinate augment ocular blood flow and as a result oxygen delivery to an immature retina partly devoid of antioxidant defenses. The ensuing peroxidation results in impaired circulation (partly thromboxane A(2)-dependent) and vascular integrity, leading to ischemia which predisposes to abnormal preretinal neovascularization, a major feature of ischemic retinopathy. Because tissue oxygenation is largely dependent upon circulation and critical in the generation of reactive oxygen species, and since the latter exert a major contribution in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity, it is important to understand the mechanisms that govern ocular blood flow. In this review we focus on the important and complex interaction between prostanoid, NO and peroxidation products on circulatory control of the immature retina.
Electronic bidirectional interfaces to the peripheral nervous system for prosthetic applications (2012)

The research presented in this thesis concerns the field of bioelectronics, in particular the work has been focused on the development of special electronic devices for neural signal acquisition and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) stimulation. The final aim of the project in which this work is involved is in fact the realization of a prosthetic hand controlled using neural signals. The commercially available prosthesis are based on Electromyographic (EMG) signals, their use implies unnatural movements for the patient that needs a special training to develop the control capabilities over the mechanical limb. The proposed approach offers a number of advantages compared to the traditional prosthesis, first because the signals used are the same used to control the biologic limb, allowing a more\ncomfortable solution for the patient that gets closer to feel the robotic hand as a natural extension of\nhis/her body. Secondly, placing temperature and pressure sensors on the limb surface, it is possible to\ntrasduce such information in an electrical current that, injected into the PNS, can restore the sensory\nfeedback in amputees. The final goal of this research is the development of a fully implantable device able to perform a bidirectional communication between the robotic hand and the patient. Due to small area, low noise and\nlow power constraints, the only possible way to reach this aim is the design of a full custom Integrated Circuit (IC). However a preliminary evaluation of the key design features, such as neural signal amplitudes and frequencies as well as stimulation shape parameters, is necessary in order to define clearly and precisely the design specifications. A low-cost and short implementation time device is then needed for this aim, the Components Off The Shelf (COTS) approach seems to be the best solution for this purpose. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with discrete components has been designed, developed and tested, the\ninformation extracted by the test results have been used to guide the IC design. The generation of electrical signals in biological cells, such as neural spikes, is possible thanks to ions that move across the cell membrane. In many applications it is important, not only to record the spikes, but also to measure these small currents in order to understand which electro-chemical processes are involved in the signal generation and to have a direct measurement of the ion channels involved in the reaction. Ion currents, in fact, play a key role in several physiological processes, in neural signal generation, but also in the maintenance of heartbeat and in muscle contraction. For this purpose, a system level implementation of a Read out circuit for ion channel current detection has been developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Mn—Na<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> as Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane. What Is Really Known? (2012)

Abstract Review: 92 refs.
Chaperone signalling complexes in Alzheimer's disease (2008)

Molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins (Hsp) have emerged as critical regulators of proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease pathologies. The very nature of the chaperone system, which is to maintain protein quality control, means that most nascent proteins come in contact with chaperone proteins. Thus, amyloid precursor protein (APP), members of the gamma-secretase complex (presenilin 1 [PS1] collectively), the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) as well as a number of neuroinflammatory components are all in contact with chaperones from the moment of their production. Chaperones are often grouped together as one machine presenting abnormal or mutant proteins to the proteasome for degradation, but this is not at all the case. In fact, the chaperone family consists of more than 100 proteins in mammalian cells, and the primary role for most of these proteins is to protect clients following synthesis and during stress; only as a last resort do they facilitate protein degradation. To the best of our current knowledge, the chaperone system in eukaryotic cells revolves around the ATPase activities of Hsp70 and Hsp90, the two primary chaperone scaffolds. Other chaperones and co-chaperones manipulate the ATPase activities of Hsp70 and Hsp90, facilitating either folding of the client or its degradation. In the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a number of studies have recently emerged describing the impact that these chaperones have on the proteotoxic effects of tau and amyloid- beta accumulation. Here, we present the current understandings of chaperone biology and examine the literature investigating these proteins in the context of AD.
Activation of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs By Motexafin Gadolinium as a Redox Mediator (2016)

Water-soluble platinum(IV) prodrugs, which proved kinetically stable to reduction in the presence of physiological concentration of ascorbate, were quickly reduced to their active form, oxaliplatin, when co-incubated with a macrocycle metallotexaphyrin (i.e., Motexafin Gadolinium (MGd)). The reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) promoted by MGd occurs in cell culture as well, leading to an increase in the antiproliferative activity of the Pt(IV) species in question. The mediated effect is proportional to the concentration of MGd and gives rise to an enhancement when the prodrug is relatively hydrophilic. MGd is known to localize/accumulate preferentially in tumor tissues. Thus, the present "activation by reduction" approach may allow for the cancer-selective enhancement in the cytotoxicity of Pt(IV) prodrugs.
High-performance thermoelectric minerals: Colusites Cu26V2M6S32 (M = Ge, Sn) (2014)

We report thermoelectric (TE) properties of dense samples of colusites Cu26V2M6S32 (M = Ge, Sn), most of which are composed of earth-abundant elements; Cu and S. The combination of p-type metallic conduction and large thermopowers greater than 200 μV/K leads to high TE power factors of 0.61 and 0.48 mW/K2 m at 663 K for M = Ge and Sn samples, respectively. Furthermore, the lattice thermal conductivity is smaller than 0.6 W/Km over the temperature range from 350 K to 663 K due to the structural complexity. As a consequence, the values of dimensionless TE figure of merit ZT for M = Ge and Sn reach 0.73 and 0.56 at 663 K, respectively. Thus, the colusites are promising candidates for environmental friendly TE materials usable in the range of 500–700 K.
Simulation Environment For An Autonomous And Decentralized Multi-agent Robotic System (2005)

An autonomous and decentralized system called ACTRESS (ACTor based Robot and Equipment Synthetic System) is being under development as an intelligent robot system which can execute high level tasks. ACTRESS is composed of multiple robotic agents. Each robotic agent is called robotor. A robotor may be a robot, a computing system and any other equip- ments. While researching in this field, many research issues need to have solutions, such issues may include, the communication among the agents and protocols, cooperation among a group of agents, describing the tasks to be executed, multi-agent motion planning, multi-agent task planning, task description, human interface role, solving deadlocks ... etc. The aim of this paper is to develop a simulation environment for an autonomous and decentralized multi-agent robotic system. For this purpose, it is neces- sary to simulate and analyze the main functions of each agent, design and analysis of the actions to be carried out by each agent, analyzing their real time behavior with a variety of situations considering their environ- ment and the treatment of unexpected events. Also, it is aecessary to find out an efficient strategy to realize effective means for the agents to form a cooperating manner that support task execution and problem solv- ing. In parallel with the mentioned purposes the ACTRESS structure is simulated as functions and behavior using the developed simulation environment. This simulation includes a group of mobile robots, human interface and global environment manager. Then, software integration that deal with various aspect of the overall problem is developed. Different experi- ments are performed to analyze the performance of each individual robotor and the overall system.
A Sensitive, Nondestructive Assay for Transfected Genes (1986)

We have adapted the fibrin overlay assay for plasminogen activators (Jones et al., 1975) into a gene transfer expression assay which has the advantage of being very sensitive and nondestructive. In this assay plasminogen activators convert plasminogen to plasmin, which then degrades fibrin, resulting in clearings in a fibrin overlay. Furthermore, the assay can be used as a signal indicating the efficiency of gene transfer or the loss of introduced genetic elements in unstable cell lines.
Reduction of polyethylene in a congruent meniscal knee prosthesis (1997)

Polyethylene wear was assessed in the Rotaglide congruent meniscal bearing total knee prosthesis and a partial congruent total knee prosthesis with fixed bearing polyethylene tibial platform and a posterior stabilizer mechanism. A special wear test rig was used to test the 2 prostheses under compression load of 2960 N/mm2 (about 4 times the average body weight) and continuous 0 degree-70 degrees flexion-extension motion at the rate of 1 cycle per second. The most remarkable finding was the lack of measurable wear on the Rotaglide meniscal bearing up to 3.5 million cycles, while the other prosthesis began to show wear from the first million cycles and progressed to 0.38 mm at about 3.5 million cycles. At 11 million cycles (about 20 years of life), the Rotaglide showed penetration wear of 0.35 mm compared to 2.1 mm in the other prosthesis. In 7 meniscal bearings, retrieved either at postmortem (2) or at reoperation (5), no measurable penetration wear was observed after 3 years of implantation. Only 1 prosthesis obtained 5 years after implantation showed 0.23 mm penetration wear or about 0.05 mm per year. These findings strongly suggest that the use of congruent meniscal bearing prosthesis can reduce the polyethylene wear in total knee replacement.
Emulating Asymmetric MPSoCs on the Intel SCC Many-Core Processor (2014)

The Single-chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is a 48-core experimental processor created by Intel Labs targeting the manycore research community. It has extensive frequency and voltage scaling support as well as on board power monitors. In this paper we present a detailed study of the power properties of the SCC. Then, we show how the SCC can be used as a substrate to emulate asymmetric multi processor systems on chip (MPSoCs) to be used for studying power/performance trade-offs.
Significance of QCT Bone Mineral Density and Its Standard Deviation as Parameters to Evaluate Osteoporosis (1995)

The results of our study did not indicate a significant potential of the BMD SD as measured in trabecular single energy low dose spinal QCT to improve the discriminatory capabilities of BMD for a separation of osteoporotic from nonosteoporotic subjects.
Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides (2004)

We predict theoretically that surface plasmon polaritons propagating toward the tip of a tapered plasmonic waveguide are slowed down and asymptotically stopped when they tend to the tip, never actually reaching it (the travel time to the tip is logarithmically divergent). This phenomenon causes accumulation of energy and giant local fields at the tip. There are various prospective applications in nano-optics and nanotechnology.
Lattice distortions for arsenic in single-crystal silicon (1986)

Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements for 0.1, 0.7, and 7 at.% arsenic impurities in single-crystal silicon yield As-to-Si nearest-neighbor distances of 2.41 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \AA{}, which are 0.06 \AA{} (2.5%) greater than the Si-to-Si distance in pure silicon. Next-nearest-neighbor distances are 3.85 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \AA{}, only 0.01 \AA{} (0.3%) greater than the corresponding Si-to-Si distance.
Demonstration of polarisation rotation gate in GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum well waveguides (1992)

Optical switching of femtosecond pulses is achieved at 1.5 μ using a refractive nonlinearity in a GaAs/AlGaAs MQW waveguide birefringent gate. The switching mechanism is demonstrated with a maximum throughput of 54% of the available transmitted power corresponding to an effective phase shift between polarisations of 90°. Normalised transmission is increased by a factor of 44 by increasing the peak coupled pump power from 1 to 330 W.
Anti-PD1 and Anti-PD-L1 in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma (2015)

Programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) represent promising novel targets in immunotherapy. PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor involved in T-cell regulation that is expressed by activated T cells. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab are anti-PD-1 antibodies that have shown antitumor activity and acceptable tolerability in patients with metastatic melanoma in preclinical development and Phase I/II clinical trials. Several ongoing Phase III studies are further investigating the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma. Initial data on the combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade with nivolumab and ipilimumab also appear promising. Monoclonal antibodies to blockade PD-L1 may also be an effective immunotherapy strategy in melanoma and several anti-PD-L1 antibodies are in development.
Variability of Seyfert galaxies in the near-infrared — II. The unusual starburst Seyfert NGC 7469 (1998)

The bright Seyfert 1 and starburst galaxy NGC 7469 has been monitored at JHKL for 13 yr. Its variations have been small, amounting to less than 0.3 mag, except for an event in 1989 when the flux from its active nucleus declined to about one quarter of its normal level.
The features of arthritis induced by CpG motifs in bacterial DNA (2000)

These findings demonstrate that bacterial DNA that contain nonmethylated CpG motifs induces arthritis, suggesting an important pathogenic role for bacterial DNA in septic arthritis.
Increased light scattering resolution facilitates multidimensional flow cytometric analysis (1990)

Multidimensional flow cytometry identifies cell populations as clusters in a space created by the analysis of multiple parameters simultaneously. Optimal use of this multidimensional space requires each of the individual parameters to provide additional information for cell population discrimination as well as maximum utilization of the dynamic range available for each parameter. In this study we improve the visualization of the information present in light scattering signals from leukocytes to facilitate multidimensional flow cytometric analysis. Optimization of cell preparation techniques are essential to obtain high resolution light scattering signals that give complete separation of the granulocytes, monocytes, and granular and nongranular lymphocytes. The angle at which the forward scattered light was collected was modified to enhance the separation between leukocyte populations. Although orthogonal light scattering signals separate granular and nongranular lymphocytes, the resolution and dynamic range could not be displayed using linear or logarithmic functions. By applying a polynomial function to the orthogonal light scattering signals, all leukocyte populations could be displayed while maintaining high resolution. The combination of high resolution light scattering with a nonlinear display resulted in an equally spaced distribution of the cell populations distinguished by correlating forward and orthogonal light scattering signals. Using this approach, peripheral blood neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and granular and nongranular lymphocytes were shown to occupy distinct locations in the correlation of orthogonal and forward light scattering. Surprisingly, the basophilic granulocytes were located close to granular lymphocytes and monocytes rather than near neutrophils and eosinophils.
Hot Hole Degradation Effects in Lateral nDMOS Transistors (2004)

The degradation of a n-type lateral DMOS transistor is shown to be related to the injection of hot holes in the drift region field oxide. The saturation effects observed in the parameter shifts are reproduced by a new degradation model using the bulk current as the driving force. The dependency of the hot hole injection on the layout of the LDMOS transistors is studied.