gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calibration of an eye oximeter with a dynamic eye phantom (2008)

Measurements of oxygen saturation and flow in the retina can yield information about the eye health and the onset of eye pathologies such as Diabetic Retinopathy. Recently we have realized an instrument capable of measuring oxygenation in the retina using six different wavelengths and capable of measuring blood flow using speckle-based techniques. The calibration of such instrument is particularly difficult due to the layered structure of the eye and the lack of alternative measurement techniques. For this purpose we have realized an in vitro model of the human eye. The artificial eye is composed of four layers: the retina vessels, the choroids, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and the sclera. The retina vessels are modeled with 150 μm tube connected to a micro-pump delivering 34 μl/min. The micro-tube, the pump, and a blood reservoir were connected in a closed circulatory system; blood oxygenation in the vessel could be modified using an external oxygen reservoir. The optical properties of all other layers were mimicked using titanium dioxide as a scatterer and ink as an absorber. The absorption coefficient μa and the scattering coefficient µs of these layers were independently measured using an integrating sphere. Absorption and scattering coefficient of all layers were modified before experimental measurements and a Monte Carlo program was finally used to model the experimental results.
FINDER: A CAD System-Based Electron Beam Tester for Fault Diagnosis of VLSI Circuits (1986)

A new electron beam tester, "FINDER" (Fault Identification system for LSI circuits with a Noncontacting Database-oriented Electron beam testeR), has been developed. This tester can automatically pinpoint faulty gates in logic VLSI circuits. It consists of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an LSI Computer-Aided Design (CAD) system in a host computer. A logic-state image is observed from the surface of an LSI circuit being tested with the SEM. In addition, corresponding interconnection patterns superimposed with simulated logic states are obtained from the CAD system. Both images are matched automatically in the host computer, and the observed logic state for every interconnection pattern is then checked. Faulty gates can be pinpointed by tracing nodes with incorrect logic states on a logic circuits.
Signal processing using spreadsheet software (2003)

It is demonstrated that LOTUS 1-2-3 is an extremely useful tool for active sonar signal design. The steps consist in simulating a random noise waveform, constructing a signal design, and then performing correlation processing to find and evaluate performance. Three features are important to the effort: the LOTUS random number generator, the LOTUS cell relational copy feature, and the LOTUS graphing capabilities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recent advances on conversion and co-production of acetone-butanol-ethanol into high value-added bioproducts (2017)

Butanol is an important bulk chemical and has been regarded as an advanced biofuel. Large-scale production of butanol has been applied for more than 100 years, but its production through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process by solventogenic Clostridium species is still not economically viable due to the low butanol titer and yield caused by the toxicity of butanol and a by-product, such as acetone. Renewed interest in biobutanol as a biofuel has spurred technological advances to strain modification and fermentation process design. Especially, with the development of interdisciplinary processes, the sole product or even the mixture of ABE produced through ABE fermentation process can be further used as platform chemicals for high value added product production through enzymatic or chemical catalysis. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the most recent advances on the conversion of acetone, butanol and ABE mixture into various products, such as isopropanol, butyl-butyrate and higher-molecular mass alkanes. Additionally, co-production of other value added products with ABE was also discussed.
Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff (2012)

Dandruff is characterized by a flaky, pruritic scalp and affects up to half the world's population post-puberty. The aetiology of dandruff is multifactorial, influenced by Malassezia, sebum production and individual susceptibility. The commensal yeast Malassezia is a strong contributory factor to dandruff formation, but the presence of Malassezia on healthy scalps indicates that Malassezia alone is not a sufficient cause. A healthy stratum corneum (SC) forms a protective barrier to prevent water loss and maintain hydration of the scalp. It also protects against external insults such as microorganisms, including Malassezia, and toxic materials. Severe or chronic barrier damage can impair proper hydration, leading to atypical epidermal proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation and SC maturation, which may underlie some dandruff symptoms. The depleted and disorganized structural lipids of the dandruff SC are consistent with the weakened barrier indicated by elevated transepidermal water loss. Further evidence of a weakened barrier in dandruff includes subclinical inflammation and higher susceptibility to topical irritants. We are proposing that disruption of the SC of the scalp may facilitate dandruff generation, in part by affecting susceptibility to metabolites from Malassezia. Treatment of dandruff with cosmetic products to directly improve SC integrity while providing effective antifungal activity may thus be beneficial.
Curved planar reformatted CT angiography: usefulness for the evaluation of aneurysms at the carotid siphon. (1999)

CPR allows better demonstration of the body and neck of an aneurysm at the carotid siphon, which has a tortuous course and is surrounded by complex bony structures. CPR may be a useful adjunct for the evaluation of aneurysms in this region.
Chinese drug name entity recognition in web (2015)

Due to drug name entity recognition(DNER)performance decreased by non- normative web in Chinese pharmaceutical website,the hybrid approach over hierarchical structure is proposed. The conditional random fields(CRFs)model is combined with improved maximum matching(IMM)algorithm to recognize the drug name entities and then the Levenshtein distance is used to normalize the drug name entities and expand the drug dictionary. The results show that IMM combined with statistical algorithm effectively improves the performance of DNER,and it provids a new way for drug name entities standardized extension.
Joint source coding and data rate adaptation for energy efficient wireless video streaming (2003)

Rapid growth in wireless networks is fueling demand for video services from mobile users. While the problem of transmitting video over unreliable channels has received some attention, the wireless network environment poses challenges such as transmission power management that have received little attention previously in connection with video. Transmission power management affects battery life in mobile devices, interference to other users, and network capacity. We consider energy efficient transmission of a video sequence under delay and quality constraints. The selection of source coding parameters is considered jointly with transmitter power and rate adaptation, and packet transmission scheduling. The goal is to transmit a video frame using the minimal required transmission energy under delay and quality constraints. Experimental results are presented that illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
A Miniature Fourier Transform Spectrometer by a Large-Vertical-Displacement Microelectromechanical Mirror (2009)

A microelectromechanichal system (MEMS) mirror based miniature Fourier transform spectrometer is reported. A spectral resolution of 19.2 cm−1 has been achieved with a 261 µm physical scan range generated by the large-vertical-displacement MEMS mirror.
Joint estimation of the activity and the events of interaction in SPECT systems (2012)

We describe a unified probabilistic graphical model for joint reconstruction of the activity and of the coordinates of the events of interaction in Emission Imaging. This new formulation is a discrete-discrete alternative to the discretecontinuous List Mode Likelihood model described by Barrett et at. The discrete-discrete formulation allows us to account for nonhomogeneous resolution of the gamma-camera while adopting computationally efficient shift-invariant projection and backprojection algorithms. We describe an application of the model for the compensation of disrupted photo-detectors is SPECT.
REAP: A two minute cell fractionation method (2010)

This method drastically reduces the time needed for subcellular fractionation, eliminates detectable protein degradation and maintains protein interactions. The simplicity, brevity and efficiency of this procedure allows for tracking ephemeral changes in subcellular relocalization of proteins while maintaining protein integrity and protein complex interactions.
Mode-selective polished fiber couplers based on fiber gratings (2018)

A key challenge for using multimode fibers for optical data transmission lies in the development of efficient mode-selective fiber couplers. Here, we present a novel and easy-to-implement process for their realization and first experimental results.
Mutant p53 proteins bind hsp 72/73 cellular heat shock-related proteins in SV40-transformed monkey cells. (1987)

We have examined the expression of a series of mouse mutant, as well as wild-type, p53 proteins in SV40-transformed monkey COS cells. Wild-type mouse p53 binds predominantly to SV40 large T antigen in these cells. However, several of the mutants co-precipitate exclusively with proteins of approximately 68 Kd relative molecular mass. We show by immunological and proteolytic mapping techniques that these proteins are identical to the hsp 72/73 heat shock proteins. p53 mutants in complex with hsp 72/73 have an altered subcellular location compared to the wild-type protein and the hsp 72/73 binding p53 mutants fail to exhibit an epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody PAb 246. The existence of at least two antigenically distinct subclasses of hsp 72/73 complexed to mutant p53 is shown.
Geometrical analysis of optical transmission characteristics of prism sheet layers (2005)

We analyze the optical transmission characteristics of prism sheet layers based on a geometrical approach. An analytic method for finding the radiant intensity profile of the light transmitted through a single prism sheet for an incident light with arbitrary radiant intensity profile is developed. It is shown that the output radiant intensity profile is the inner product of the newly defined partial transmission coefficient distribution of the prism sheet and the input radiant intensity profile. The developed analysis method for a single prism sheet is immediately generalized to analyze prism sheet layer being composed of several prism sheets.
Sonographic Measurement of Adipose Tissue (1993)

Regional adipose tissue deposits, especially intraabdominal adipose tissue, are associated with health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Current anthropometric techniques can measure subcutaneous adipose tissue with calipers, but cannot measure intraabdominal adipose tissue. Scanning techniques, such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, which have been used to measure intraabdominal adipose tissue, are expensive, and some involve exposure to radiation. This study investigated the use of B-mode ultrasound for measuring adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue could be measured reliably with B-mode ultrasound but intraabdominal adipose tissue could not.
Protein-rich residue from ethanolic fermentation of high-lysine, dent, waxy, and white corn varieties (1989)

Corn is the predominant biomass used to make alcohol by fermentation in the United States. Dent corn has been used exclusively for fermentation so far; no information is available for other types of corn. Ground high-lysine (containing the opaque-2 gene), dent, waxy, and white corns were fermented to make alcohol. The stillage residue was then fractionated into distillers' grains, centrifuged solids, and stillage solubles. The highest yield of alcohol and lowest yield of fermentation residue were obtained from dent corn. The centrifuged solids had the highest protein content (37-49%), followed by distillers' grains (31-35% protein). Amino acid analyses of the stillage fractions from high-lysine corns contained higher lysine contents than corresponding fractions from other types of corns. Corn distillers' grains with solubles had a higher ash content than the corn varieties themselves; however, mineral composition of corn types or among corn distillers' grains with solubles was not significantly different. Distillers' grains from high-lysine corn have potential for use in human food and nonruminant feed because of higher predicted protein quality than those from dent corn.
A Method for the Quantitative Assessment of Wound‐induced Chitinase Activity in Potato Tubers (1995)

Abstract A method for the quantitative assessment of chitinase activity was developed. Dilution series of crude potato tuber chitinase extracts were assayed with a colorimetric microtitre plate assay. using CM‐chitin‐RBV as enzyme substrate. Linearity between absorbance values mea‐sured (540 nm) and enzyme concentration was found to be limited to the low concentration range. where depletion of the substrate was no longer limiting. As as absorbance of 0.1 always fell within the concentration range for which absorbance‐concentration linearity was valid. one unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme needed to yield and A of 0.1. A more reliable method for the assessment of chitinase activity was established by basing the difinition of enzyme, activity on a concentration rather than on as absorbance value. as was done previously. Using this method, differences in the rate of chitinase induction upon wounding were demonstrated for six commercial potato cultivars.
Cutaneous mucinosis in shar‐pei dogs is due to hyaluronic acid deposition and is associated with high levels of hyaluronic acid in serum (2008)

Cutaneous mucinosis affects primarily shar-pei dogs. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is considered to be the main component of mucin and CD44 is the major cell surface receptor of HA, necessary for its uptake and catabolism. The aims of this study were to identify the composition of the mucin in cutaneous mucinosis of shar-pei dogs, investigate the correlation between the deposition of HA and the expression of CD44, and determine whether shar-pei dogs with cutaneous mucinosis presented with elevated levels of serum HA. In skin biopsies, the mucinous material was stained intensely with Alcian blue and bound strongly by the hyaluronan-binding protein. No correlation was found between the degree of HA deposition in the dermis and the expression of CD44 in the skin of shar-pei dogs affected or unaffected by cutaneous mucinosis. A clear positive correlation was found between the existence of clinical mucinosis and the serum HA concentration. In control dogs, serum HA ranged from 155.53 to 301.62 microg L(-1) in shar-pei dogs; without mucinosis it ranged from 106.72 to 1251.76 microg L(-1) and in shar-pei dogs with severe mucinosis it ranged between 843.51 to 2330.03 microg L(-1). Altogether, the results reported here suggest that mucinosis of shar-pei dogs is probably the consequence of a genetic defect in the metabolism of HA.
Fluid-pressure testing of concrete cylinders (1978)

Synopsis The paper describes experiments on the behaviour of standard concrete cylinders subjected to fluid pressure applied to their curved surface without the use of an intervening membrane. The results of two sets of tests are given: one set carried out by using water pressure, the other by using nitrogen gas pressure. The fracture pressures of the cylinders are given at each of four different rates of applied pressure, and the significance of the results is stated.
The KCa3.1 Blocker TRAM-34 Reduces Infarction and Neurological Deficit in a Rat Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke (2011)

Microglia and brain infiltrating macrophages significantly contribute to the secondary inflammatory damage in the wake of ischemic stroke. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of KCa3.1 (IKCa1/KCNN4), a calcium-activated K(+) channel that is involved in microglia and macrophage activation and expression of which increases on microglia in the infarcted area, has beneficial effects in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Using an HPLC/MS assay, we first confirmed that our small molecule KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 effectively penetrates into the brain and achieves micromolar plasma and brain concentrations after intraperitoneal injection. Then, we subjected male Wistar rats to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and administered either vehicle or TRAM-34 (10 or 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice daily) for 7 days starting 12 hours after reperfusion. Both compound doses reduced infarct area by ≈ 50% as determined by hematoxylin & eosin staining on day 7 and the higher dose also significantly improved neurological deficit. We further observed a significant reduction in ED1(+)-activated microglia and TUNEL-positive neurons as well as increases in NeuN(+) neurons in the infarcted hemisphere. Our findings suggest that KCa3.1 blockade constitutes an attractive approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke because it is still effective when initiated 12 hours after the insult.
Characterization and simulation of GaSb device-related properties (2000)

Device related parameters of GaSb are characterized and simulated based on measurements of photovoltaic cells. Internal quantum efficiencies are simulated to quantify the contributions from band-gap narrowing and the main recombination mechanisms, such as Auger, radiative, and Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. A detailed study of the recombination mechanisms values shows differences between literature data and data derived from comparison of simulation results with measurements on real devices. A new evaluation of these data is given. The evaluation of the band-gap narrowing in n-GaSb is performed by comparison of measurements and simulations of the injection component of the dark current I/sub 01/ and open-circuit voltage. For the first time, a range of possible values for the intrinsic carrier concentration of GaSb at room temperature is given, based on theoretical calculations, and proven with comparison of measured lot and open-circuit voltages of GaSb photovoltaic devices.
Echocardiographic Quantification of Regional Left Ventricular Wall Motion With Color Kinesis (1996)

Color kinesis is a promising new tool that may be used clinically to improve the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of spatial and temporal aspects of global and regional wall motion. In this initial study, segmental analysis of color kinesis images provided accurate, automated, and quantitative diagnosis of regional wall motion abnormalities.
Chemokine receptors and transplantation. (2005)

A complex process including both the innate and acquired immune responses results in allograft rejection. Some chemokine receptors and their ligands play essential roles not only for leukocyte migration into the graft but also in facilitating dendritic and T cell trafficking between lymph nodes and the transplant in the early and late stage of the allogeneic response. This review focuses on the impact of these chemoattractant proteins on transplant outcome and novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for antirejection therapy based on targeting of chemokine receptors and/or their ligands.
Nano-aperture VCSELs (2006)

We demonstrate metal nano-aperture VCSELs for sub-wavelength optical near-filed probing with strong plasmon enhancement. The plasmonic VCSEL structure is useful for achieving high-resolution optical near-field probes as well as for controlling the polarization of VCSELs
Lapatinib and doxorubicin enhance the <scp>S</scp>tat1‐dependent antitumor immune response (2013)

The dual erbB1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib as well as the anthracycline doxorubicin are both used in the therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. Using MMTV-neu mice as an animal model for HER2-positive breast cancer, we observed enhanced tumor infiltration by IFN-γ-secreting T cells after treatment with doxorubicin and/or lapatinib. Antibody depletion experiments revealed a contribution of CD8⁺ but not CD4⁺ T cells to the antitumor effect of these drugs. Doxorubicin treatment additionally decreased the content of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor bed. In contrast, Stat1-deficient mice were resistant to tumor growth inhibition by lapatinib and/or doxorubicin and exhibited impaired T-cell activation and reduced T-cell infiltration of the tumor in response to drug treatment. Furthermore, Stat1-deficiency resulted in reduced expression of the T-cell chemotactic factors CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in the tumor epithelium. The inhibition of TAM infiltration of the tumor by doxorubicin and the immunosuppressive function of TAMs were found to be Stat1 independent. Taken together, the results point to an important contribution toward enhancing T-cell and IFN-γ-based immunity by lapatinib as well as doxorubicin and emphasize the role of Stat1 in building an effective antitumor immune response.
Urbanization in East Asia: Retrospect and Prospect (1997)

The purpose of this paper is to review the trend of urbanization and the growth of cities in East Asia and to discuss the social, economic, environmental, and physical implications accompanying the rapid urbanization and the growth of large metropolitan cities. The paper discusses the past trend and distribution of urbanization and the growth of large cities in East Asia in comparison with those of other parts of Asia and the world at large.The urban structure and hierarchy, population concentration in primate cities, and rural to urban population redistributions are also discussed. In addition, the paper comments on various problems associated with the rapid urbanization and the emergence of urban agglomerations in East Asia, such as the economy and labor, urban land, housing, water and power, transportation, health and education, and urban social pathology.Furthermore, the paper attempts to present the future trend of urbanization and the growth of large cities in East Asia based on the projections prepared by the United Nations organizations. It also highlights the future potential problems that we may encounter unless the trend of urbanization and the growth of mega cities are anticipated, planned, and managed. Urbanization and the emergence of urban agglomeration are inevitable consequences of industrial and economic development in any country and it is a challenge for all to plan, manage, and develop various remedies for alleviating economic, social, environmental, and physical problems associated with urbanization and the growth of large cities.
Raman scattering study of wurtzite and rocksalt InN under high pressure (2006)

Indium nitride under high pressure (up to $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$) was analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy. The wurtzite to rocksalt phase transition was evidenced at the pressure of $13.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and the pressure dependence of vibration modes of both structures was investigated, leading to the determination of linear pressure coefficients and mode Gr\"uneisen parameters. Influence of the pressure dependence of the energy gap on the spectra intensity is also discussed.