gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical grouping methods and stopping rules: an evaluation (1977)

Hierarchical clustering procedures have received a great deal of emphasis in recent years, yet research has lagged in their empirical evaluation and in objective means to aid the user in selecting good partitions (rather than good hierarchies). The present paper aims to correct both of these deficiencies, first by empirically testing selected methods which have become popular and, second by proposing and evaluating statistical stopping rules. Results indicate: 1. that methods vary widely in their performance and 2. that the proposed stopping rules can aid the user in selecting partitions.
NADPH and heme redox modulate pulmonary artery relaxation and guanylate cyclase activation by NO (1999)

The hemoprotein oxidant ferricyanide (FeCN) converts the iron of the heme on soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) from Fe(2+) to Fe(3+), which prevents nitric oxide (NO) from binding the heme and stimulating sGC activity. This study uses FeCN to examine whether modulation of the redox status of the heme on sGC influences the relaxation of endothelium-removed bovine pulmonary arteries (BPA) to NO. Pretreatment of the homogenate of BPA with 50 microM FeCN resulted in a loss of stimulation of sGC activity by the NO donor 10 microM S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). In the FeCN-treated homogenate reconcentrated to the enzyme levels in BPA, 100 microM NADPH restored NO stimulation of sGC, and this effect of NADPH was prevented by an inhibitor of flavoprotein electron transport, 1 microM diphenyliodonium (DPI). In BPA the relaxation to SNAP was not altered by FeCN, inhibitors of NADPH generation by the pentose phosphate pathway [250 microM 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) and 100 microM epiandrosterone (Epi)], or 1 microM DPI. However, the combination of FeCN with 6-AN, Epi, or DPI inhibited (P < 0.05) relaxation to SNAP without significantly altering the relaxation of BPA to forskolin. The inhibitory effects of 1 microM 1H-[1,2, 4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (a probe that appears to convert NO-heme of sGC to its Fe(3+)-heme form) on relaxation to SNAP were also enhanced by DPI. These observations suggest that a flavoprotein containing NADPH oxidoreductase may influence cGMP-mediated relaxation of BPA to NO by maintaining the heme of sGC in its Fe(2+) oxidation state.
The Impact of Antiviral Treatments on the Course of Chronic Hepatitis C: An Evidence-Based Approach (2004)

Hepatitis C virus chronic infection is currently the most common cause of end-stage liver disease. The benefit of antiviral therapy on liver histology and its impact on the long-term course of the disease has been extensively studied. However, the results are still equivocal and the overall assessment of treatment effect remains difficult to evaluate. Although the conclusions of the last National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conferences on Hepatitis C have recently been published, several important issues still remain unanswered. We review the available data by an evidence-based approach and conclude that: 1) peginterferon alfa is more effective than conventional interferon in improving liver histology; 2) monotherapy with PEG-interferon induces a marked reduction in staging in virological sustained responders and to a lesser degree in relapsers, but provides no benefit to nonresponders after 24-48 weeks of treatment; 3) maintenance therapy aiming to improve histology in virological nonresponders should be considered experimental and of unproven benefit; 4) although the reduction in the number of events in sustained responders suggests a long-term benefit of IFN therapy, available evidence is still insufficient to confirm that IFN prolongs life in HCV infected patients. Data of the long-term benefit of subjects treated with IFN plus ribavirin are still not available; 5) pooling of published data suggests a slight preventive effect of IFN on HCC development in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. The magnitude of this effect is low and the observed benefit might be due to spurious associations. The preventive effect is more evident among sustained responders to interferon.
Developing patient teaching objectives and techniques: a self-instructional program. (1977)

The self-assembly of amphiphilic dendrimers based on poly(propylene imine) dendrimers of five different generations with up to 64 end groups modified with long hydrophobic chains has been studied. At the air-water interface stable monolayers form in which the dendritic surfactants presumably adopt a cylindrical shape; all the chains are aligned perpendicular to the water surface, and the dendritic poly(propylene imine) core faces the aq. phase. Electron microscopy and dynamic light-scattering measurements performed on aq. solns. of the amphiphiles at pH = 1 showed the formation of small spherical aggregates with diams. varying between 20 and 200 nm. X-ray diffraction of cast films of these aggregates revealed bilayer thicknesses of 48-54 .ANG.. A phase transition was detected by measuring fluorescence anisotropy. The theor. vols. of the dendritic amphiphiles were in good agreement with those calcd. from the monolayer expts. and X-ray diffraction data. Hence, the amphiphilic dendrimers within the aggregates in soln. have the same highly asym. conformation as that proposed at the air-water interface. Calcns. showed that the shape of the dendritic poly(propylene imine) core in the aggregates is distorted and that the axial ratio (rb:ra) ranges from 1:2.5 for the first generation to approx. 1:8 for the three highest generations. This behavior illustrates the high flexibility of the poly(propylene imine) dendrimers
Elevated complement C3 is associated with early restenosis after eversion carotid endarterectomy (2006)

Early restenosis following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is an inflammatory process leading to myointimal hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells. The risk for restenosis is increased in homozygous carriers of the normal (A) allele of mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) gene. Our objective was to study the associations of C3 and as control three non-complement acute-phase reactants (APRs) (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and alpha2HSglycoprotein) with early restenosis following CEA. We also considered, whether MBL2 genotype relates to C3 levels and to the risk of restenosis. Concentrations of the APRs were determined by radial immunodiffusion or immunoturbidimetric methods in 64 patients who underwent eversion CEA and were followed up with carotid duplex scan (CDS) examinations for at least one year. MBL2 genotypes were determined by a PCR-SSP method. C3 levels increased during the follow-up and correlated with the percentage of restenosis detected by CDS at 14 months postsurgery, in MBL2 A/A allele carriers. Patients with high C3 levels had nearly five-fold higher odds for the presence of significant restenosis (>50% reduction in diameter) even after adjusting for MBL2 genotype, age and gender. By contrast, no such associations were detected between the non-complement APRs and early restenosis. C3 is associated with and might have a direct role in the development of an early restenosis following CEA, which is partially related to an intact MBL lectin pathway, thus determining C3 levels might have clinical importance. On the other hand, our results indicate that the regulation of C3 differs from non-complement APRs.
Market Segmentation, Advanced Demand Information, and Supply Chain Performance (2001)

A monopolist sells a single product to a market where the customers may be enticed to accept a delay as to when their orders are shipped. The enticement is a discounted price for the product. The market consists of several segments with different degrees of aversion to delays. The firm offers a price schedule under which the customers each self-select the price they pay and when their orders are to be shipped. When a customer agrees to wait, the firm gains advanced demand information that can be used to reduce its supply chain costs. This article shows how an optimal pricing-replenishment strategy that balances the costs due to discounted prices and the benefits due to advanced demand information can be determined.
The Hek Outer Membrane Protein of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain RS218 Binds to Proteoglycan and Utilizes a Single Extracellular Loop for Adherence, Invasion, and Autoaggregation (2007)

Escherichia coli is the principal gram-negative causative agent of sepsis and meningitis in neonates. The pathogenesis of meningitis due to E. coli K1 involves mucosal colonization, transcytosis of epithelial cells, survival in the bloodstream, and eventually invasion of the meninges. The last two aspects have been well characterized at a molecular level. Less is known about the early stages of pathogenesis, i.e., adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells. We have previously reported that the Hek protein causes autoaggregation and can mediate adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells. Here, we report that Hek-mediated adherence is dependent on binding to glycosoaminoglycan, in particular, heparin. The ability to hemagglutinate, autoaggregate, adhere, and invade is contingent on a putative 25-amino-acid loop that is exposed to the outside of the bacterial cells.
Dynamic MR Imaging of the Pelvic Floor: a Pictorial Review (2009)

Pelvic floor dysfunctions involving some or all pelvic viscera are complex conditions that occur frequently and primarily affect adult women. Because abnormalities of the three pelvic compartments are frequently associated, a complete survey of the entire pelvis is necessary for optimal patient management, especially before surgical correction is attempted. With the increasing use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in assessing functional disorders of the pelvic floor, familiarity with normal imaging findings and features of pathologic conditions are important for radiologists. Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor is an excellent tool for assessing functional disorders of the pelvic floor such as pelvic organ prolapse, outlet obstruction, and incontinence. Findings reported at dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor are valuable for selecting patients who are candidates for surgical treatment and for choosing the appropriate surgical approach. This pictorial essay reviews MR imaging findings of pelvic organ prolapse, fecal incontinence, and obstructed defecation. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/e35v1/DC1.
Problems in the abstract theory of stationary one dimensional transport (1983)

Abstract Eight unsolved problems, related to the abstract stationary one-dimensional linear transport equation, are presented.
Rat tendon morphologic and functional changes resulting from soft tissue mobilization (1997)

Augmented Soft Tissue Mobilization (ASTM) is a new non-invasive soft tissue mobilization technique which has been used successfully to treat a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ASTM therapy on the morphological and functional characteristics of enzyme induced injured rat Achilles tendons. Four groups of five rats were allocated as follows: (A) control, (B) tendinitis, (C) tendinitis plus ASTM, and (D) ASTM alone. Collagenase injury was induced, and the surgical site was allowed to heal for 3 wk. ASTM was performed on the Achilles tendon of groups C and D for 3 min on postoperative days 21, 25, 29, and 33 for a total of four treatments. Gait data were gathered prior to each treatment. The Achilles tendons of each group were harvested 1 wk after the last treatment. Specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopy, and immunostaining for type I and type III collagen and fibronectin was performed. Light microscopy showed increased fibroblast proliferation in the tendinitis plus ASTM treatment group. Although healing in rats may not translate directly to healing in humans, the findings of this study suggest that ASTM may promote healing via increased fibroblast recruitment.
Efficient normal basis multipliers in composite fields (2000)

It is well-known that a class of finite fields GF(2/sup n/) using an optimal normal basis is most suitable for a hardware implementation of arithmetic in finite fields. In this paper, we introduce composite fields of some hardware-applicable properties resulting from the normal basis representation and the optimal condition. We also present a hardware architecture of the proposed composite fields including a bit-parallel multiplier.
Plastics Part Design: Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Glass-fiber-reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (2004)

This paper summarizes our extensive investigation on the low cycle (up to N f 1 /4 5 10 4 , where N f is the number of cycles to failure) fatigue behavior of short glass-fiber-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate), or PET, thermoplastic [PET - Thermo plastic polyester for injection molding]. The modes of fatigue test include tension-tension, compression-compression, four-point bending (flexural) - all at frequency f 1 /4 1-3 Hz, and flexural fatigue at f 1 /4 30 Hz (ASTM D-671). All tests were stress-controlled with stress ratio R 1 /4 S min /S max 1 /4 0.1, except for flexural fatigue at f 1 /4 30 Hz where stress ratio R 1 /4 1. The fracture surfaces of tested specimens were analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results from this investigation provide comprehensive, up-to-date information and recommendations concerning methods for fatigue testing of injection-molded specimens and models, prediction and optimization of low cycle fatigue properties that play a key role in determining a highly stressed plastic parts life and end-use performance, preselection of PET-based plastic for various industrial applications.
Selective suppression of human B lymphocyte differentiation into IgG-producing cells by soluble Fc gamma receptors. (1982)

Receptors for the Fc part of IgG were isolated by affinity chromatography from supernatants of unstimulated human lymphocytes or polymorphonuclear neutrophils. When added to cultures stimulated by polyclonal activators, these soluble receptors selectively depressed the maturation of B lymphocytes into IgG-producing cells, whereas the number of IgM-producing cells was either increased or unchanged. The number of IgA-containing cells was not changed. The data support the concept of class-specific control of Ig synthesis by Fc receptors.
Electrical stress effect on Josephson tunneling through ultrathin AlOx barrier in Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions (2008)

The effect of dc electrical stress and breakdown on Josephson and quasiparticle tunneling in Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions with ultrathin AlOx barriers typical for applications in superconductor digital electronics has been investigated. The junctions’ conductance at room temperature and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics at 4.2 K have been measured after the consecutive stressing of the tunnel barrier at room temperature. Electrical stress was applied using current ramps with increasing amplitude ranging from 0 to ∼1000Ic corresponding to voltages across the barrier up to ∼0.65 V, where Ic is the Josephson critical current. A very soft breakdown has been observed with polarity-dependent breakdown current (voltage). As the stressing progresses, a dramatic increase in subgap conductance of the junctions, the appearance of subharmonic current steps, and a gradual increase in both the critical and the excess currents as well as a decrease in the normal-state resistance have been observed. The observed changes in superconducting tunneling suggest a model in which a progressively increasing number of defects and associated additional conduction channels [superconducting quantum point contacts (SQPCs)] are induced by electric field in the tunnel barrier. By comparing the I-V characteristics of these conduction channels with the nonstationary theory of current transport in SQPCs based on multiple Andreev reflections by Averin and Bardas, the typical transparency D of the induced SQPCs was estimated as D∼0.7. The number of induced SQPCs was found to grow with voltage across the barrier as sinh(V/V0) with V0=0.045 V, in good agreement with the proposed model of defect formation by ion electromigration. The observed polarity dependence of the breakdown current (voltage) is also consistent with the model. Based on the observed magnitude of breakdown currents, electric breakdown of AlOx barrier during plasma processing was considered to be an unlikely cause of fabrication-induced, circuit pattern-dependent nonuniformities of Josephson junctions’ critical currents in superconductor integrated circuits.
Computing on the Edge: A Platform for Replicating Internet Applications (2003)

1 Introduction Content delivery networks (CDNs) have become a popu-lar method for providing scalable access to Web content. They currently provide access to static and streaming con-tent. However, proxy caches can improve the delivery of these content types as well. In particular, as shownin [7], if proxies were deployed ubiquitously, the additional benefit of CDNs in delivering static content wouldbe marginal. A unique value of CDNs is in delivering dynamic con-tent because this content cannot be cached by proxies. We refer to such a CDN as an Application CDN, orACDN. An ACDN will allow a content provider (application provider in this case) to not worry about the amountof resources provisioned for its application. Instead, it can deploy the application on a single computer anywhere in
Intelligent power assistant manipulator usable for diseaster (2006)

This paper presents experiments on assistant manipulator system for solving the problem of rescue activities. A dynamic neural network model was implemented in a humanoid robot manipulator, based on the recurrent neural network model (RNN model) evaluated by agent parts. The proposed robot manipulator system with dual 2-dof robot arms, can be tele-operated by human and are able to move cooperatively. Human operates the master arm that enlarge the action of human, and the slave arm based on the agent system follows the master cooperatively. Each joints of the manipulator are respectively provided a learning method to optimize its movement by training RNN model. The experiments showed that the proposed RNN model can regenerate each pattern synchronously with the master manipulator after the robot multiple trajectory movement. And the simulation results show the effectiveness of the approach, and that the proposed RNN model can successfully learn the inverse dynamics of robot manipulators, performing accurate tracking for a general trajectory
Generation of digital transfer functions of the FIR type approximating z/sup -p/q/ (2002)

It is shown that a polynomial approximation of z/sup -p/q/ is possible. The method of obtaining the various coefficients of the polynomial is given. The case of z/sup -1/2/ is discussed in detail. It is shown that it is possible to optimize the coefficients of the polynomial so as to minimize the sum of the squares of the error between the response and the ideal one. The responses considered can be magnitude, phase, or group delay, and as a consequence, a combination of magnitude and group delay responses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using quantum dots to tag subsurface damage in lapped and polished glass samples (2009)

Grinding, lapping, and polishing are finishing processes used to achieve critical surface parameters in a variety of precision optical and electronic components. As these processes remove material from the surface through mechanical and chemical interactions, they may induce a damaged layer of cracks, voids, and stressed material below the surface. This subsurface damage (SSD) can degrade the performance of a final product by creating optical aberrations due to diffraction, premature failure in oscillating components, and a reduction in the laser induced damage threshold of high energy optics. As these defects lie beneath the surface, they are difficult to detect, and while many methods are available to detect SSD, they can have notable limitations regarding sample size and type, preparation time, or can be destructive in nature. The authors tested a nondestructive method for assessing SSD that consisted of tagging the abrasive slurries used in lapping and polishing with quantum dots (nano-sized fluorescent particles). Subsequent detection of fluorescence on the processed surface is hypothesized to indicate SSD. Quantum dots that were introduced to glass surfaces during the lapping process were retained through subsequent polishing and cleaning processes. The quantum dots were successfully imaged by both wide field and confocal fluorescence microscopy techniques. The detected fluorescence highlighted features that were not observable with optical or interferometric microscopy. Atomic force microscopy and additional confocal microscope analysis indicate that the dots are firmly embedded in the surface but do not appear to travel deep into fractures beneath the surface. Etching of the samples exhibiting fluorescence confirmed that SSD existed. SSD-free samples exposed to quantum dots did not retain the dots in their surfaces, even when polished in the presence of quantum dots.
Description of the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Database and the Crash, Near-Crash, and Baseline Data Sets (2016)

The focus of this project was to identify and prepare crash, near-crash, and baseline data sets extracted from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) trip files, then to make that information available to researchers for use in their analysis projects. A dozen trigger algorithms were executed on 5,512,900 trip files in the SHRP 2 NDS, and a manual validation of these algorithms identified 1,549 crashes and 2,705 near-crashes. A longitudinal deceleration-based algorithm produced the highest percentage of valid crashes and near-crashes. Baselines were selected via a random sample stratified by participant and proportion of time driven. Triggered epochs and the resulting crashes and near-crashes were reviewed and analyzed by a large team of data reductionists and quality control coordinators following a rigorous training, testing, and monitoring protocol. As a result, 20,000 baselines, including all drivers in the SHRP 2 NDS, were prepared and are recommended for researchers using a case-cohort design. An additional 12,586 baselines are also available for researchers who may require more power in their analyses but are able to forego a fully proportional representation of all drivers in the study. Researchers using this data set are encouraged to review the data dictionaries on the InSight website prior to doing analysis and to be particularly careful in selecting the best subset of crashes, near-crashes, and baselines that informs their research questions.