gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transepithelial Transport of Rosmarinic Acid in Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Monolayers (2005)

The absorption characteristics of rosmarinic acid (RA) were examined by measuring permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers using an HPLC-electrochemical detector (ECD) fitted with a coulometric detection system. RA exhibited nonsaturable transport even at 30 mM, and the permeation at 5 mM in the apical-to-basolateral direction, J(ap-->bl), was 0.13 nmol/min/mg of protein. This permeation rate is nearly the same as that of 5 mM chlorogenic acid (CLA) and gallic acid, which are paracellularly transported compounds. Almost all of the apically loaded RA was retained on the apical side, and J(ap-->bl) was inversely correlated with paracellular permeability. These results indicate that RA transport was mainly via paracelluar diffusion, and the intestinal absorption efficiency of RA was low. Furthermore, RA appeared to be unsusceptible to hydrolysis by mucosa esterase in Caco-2 cells. These results, together with our previous work (J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 2518-2526 (2004), J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 6418-6424 (2004)) suggest that the majority of RA is further metabolized and degraded into m-coumaric and hydroxylated phenylpropionic acids by gut microflora, which are then efficiently absorbed and distributed by the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) within the body. The potential of orally administered RA in vivo will be further investigated.
Comparison of Methods for Assay of Fecal Proteolytic Activity (1990)

Fecal proteolytic activity (FPA) in ten normal dogs was readily detected either calorimetrically using azocasein substrate or by radial enzyme diffusion into agar gels containing casein substrate. Daily FPA ranged from 17 to 207 azocasein units/g (ACUIG) or 4 to 18 mm of casein hydrolysis, while mean 3-day FPA ranged from 58 to 10 1 ACUIG or 7 to 15 mm. Studies of proteolytic activity remaining after treatment of fecal extracts with a specific trypsin inhibitor indicated that trypsin accounted for 0% to 71% of proteolytic activity. Proteolytic activity decreased steadily in fecal specimens stored at room temperature or above, but there was only slight loss in activity during storage for up to 5 days at 4 degrees C. Proteolytic activity was unaffected by repeated freezing and thawing and samples could be stored for long periods at -2 degrees C without noticeable loss of activity. It is concluded that assays of FPA using either azoprotein substrate or radial enzyme diffusion into agar gels containing casein substrate allow evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs, provided that several samples are tested. These methods are suitable for application in a variety of species.
Influence of Viable Cells on the Resuscitation of Dormant Cells in <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> Cultures Held in an Extended Stationary Phase: the Population Effect (1994)

A high proportion of Micrococcus luteus cells in cultures which had been starved for 3 to 6 months lost the ability to grow and form colonies on agar plates but could be resuscitated from their dormancy by incubation in an appropriate liquid medium (A. S. Kaprelyants and D. B. Kell, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3187-3196, 1993). In the present work, such cultures were studied by both flow cytometry and conventional microbiological methods and were found to contain various numbers of viable cells. Pretreatment of such cultures with penicillin G, and subsequent dilution, was used to vary this number. When the initial number of colony-forming cells per 30-ml flask was approximately nine (+/-five) or more, resuscitation of 10 to 40% of the cells, and thus culture growth, was observed. The lag period before the appearance of a population of cells showing significant accumulation of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (i.e., of cells with measurable membrane energization) decreased from 70 to 27 h when the number of viable cells was increased from 30 to 10 per flask, while the lag period before an observable increase in the number of colony-forming cells occurred was almost constant (at some 20 h). Provided there were more than nine (+/-five) initially viable cells per flask, the number of initially viable cells did not affect the final percentage of resuscitable cells in the culture. The lag period could be ascribed in part to the time taken to restore the membrane permeability barrier of starved cells during resuscitation, as revealed by flow cytometric assessment of the uptake of the normally membrane-impermeant fluorescent DNA stain PO-PRO-3 {4-[3-methyl-2, 3-dihydro-(benzo-1, 3-oxazole)-2-methylidene]-1-(3'-trimethylammonium propyl)-pyridinium diiodide}. Although cell populations which contained fewer than nine +/-five viable cells per flask failed to grow, 4 to 20% of the cells (of 1.2 X 10) were able to accumulate rhodamine 123 after 80 to 100 h of incubation, showing the ability of a significant number of the cells in the population at least to display "metabolic resuscitation." Resuscitation and cell growth under such conditions were favored by the use of a 1:1 mixture of fresh lactate medium and supernatant from late-logarithmic-phase M. luteus cultures as the resuscitation medium. We conclude that the presence of a small fraction of viable cells at the onset of resuscitation facilitates the recovery of the majority of the remaining (dormant) cells. The cell density dependence of the kinetics, or population effect, suggests that this recovery is due to the excretion of some factor(s) which promoted the transition of cells from a state in which they are incapable of growth and division to one in which they are capable of colony formation.
A high-efficiency klystron with distributed interaction (1961)

This paper describes a theoretical and experimental investigation of a special form of a three-cavity klystron amplifier having shorted sections of a slow-wave structure as resonators. Although the behavior basically is similar to that of a narrow-gap klystron, improved performance is obtained due to distributed interaction and higher cavity characteristic impedance. Higher efficiency and larger gain-bandwidth product, as predicted by theory, were observed experimentally with a pulsed S-band distributed klystron operated at a maximum beam voltage of 22 kv and a beam current of 3.5 amperes. Saturation efficiencies of approximately 50 per cent at 18 db gain and 2 per cent half-power bandwidth, and small-signal gain of 40 db at 0.5 per cent bandwidth, were measured. Small-signal behavior is in good agreement with the space-charge-wave theory. At large-signal levels, experimental results and simplified kinematic theories agree qualitatively.
Cross-Linking of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease A with Dimethyl Adipimidate<sup>*</sup> (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCross-Linking of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease A with Dimethyl Adipimidate*Fred C. Hartman and Finn WoldCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 8, 2439–2448Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00860a021https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00860a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views211Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
O-Alkylation of diterpenoid steviol in the system KOH-DMSO (2009)

Steviol reacted with benzyl bromide and 1,9-dibromononane in the system KOH-DMSO to give the corresponding O-alkylation products at the carboxy group. The reaction of steviol with methyl iodide was accompanied by alkylation of the hydroxy group and rearrangement of the carbon skeleton.
Synthesis of .DELTA.9-isoambrettolide and its isomers from 1,9-cyclohexadecadiene (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of .DELTA.9-isoambrettolide and its isomers from 1,9-cyclohexadecadieneBraja D. Mookherjee, Robert W. Trenkle, and Raman R. PatelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 24, 3846–3848Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00797a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00797a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views192Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Flow Cytometry‐Based Assay for High‐Throughput Detection and Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Mixed Cell Populations (2018)

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins that are released into the extracellular space during microbial infections. This active cell death program is known as NETosis. To date, florescence microscopy is the widely accepted method for visualization and quantification of NETs. However, this method is subjective, time consuming and yields low numbers of analyzed polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) per sample. Increasing interest has emerged on the identification of NETs using flow cytometry techniques. However, flow cytometry analysis of NETs requires particular precautions for sample preparation to obtain reproducible data. Herein, we describe a flow cytometry-based assay for high-throughput detection and quantification of NETosis in mixed cell populations. We used fluorescent-labeled antibodies against cell markers on PMNs together with a combination of nucleic acid stains to measure NETosis in whole blood (WB) and purified PMNs. Using plasma membrane-impermeable DNA-binding dye, SYTOX Orange (SO), we found that cell-appendant DNA of NETting PMNs were positive for SO and DAPI. The combination of optimally diluted antibody and nucleic acid dyes required no washing and yielded low background fluorescence. Significant correlations were found for NETosis from WB and purified PMNs. We then validated the assay by comparing with time-lapse live cell fluorescence microscopy and determined very good intraassay and interassay variances. The assay was then applied to a disease associated with NETosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We examined PMA-induced NETosis in peripheral PMNs from SLE patients and controls and in bone marrow PMNs from multiple murine models. In summary, this assay is observer-independent and allows for rapid assessment of a large number of PMNs per sample. Use of this assay does not require sophisticated microscopic equipment like imaging flow cytometers and may be a starting point to analyze extracellular trap formation from immune cells other than PMNs. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
AIDS lays waste to Uganda. (1986)

In Uganda, people are dying every day of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), known as "Slim." In the Rakai district, as may as 2500 people may have died of Slim in the past 4 years, around 1% of Rakai population. There is no chance that people with Slim in Rakai are suffering from malnourishment, and the disease's link with AIDS was established last year when blood tests from patients gave a positive reaction to the HTLV3 test for AIDS. Rakai's trade links with neighboring countries appear to have joined it to Africa's AIDS belt, which cuts across Zaire, Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Uganda. Experts now say that 100 people in every 100,000 are AIDS victims in this zone compared to 80-90 people per 100,000 in New York and San Francisco, where AIDS has hit homosexuals particularly hard. Yet, in Africa homosexuality is rare, and AIDS is heterosexually transmitted, putting any sexually active man or woman in these East and Central African countries at high risk of catching the disease. Nurses in the Mulago Hospital in the Ugandan capital of Kampala say that AIDS patients rarely stay longer than 6 weeks. Only the symptoms of AIDS can be treated. After that, medical care is more or less irrelevant as there is no cure for the disease itself. From the point of view of research, doctors try to keep track of people who give a positive result to the AIDS test. Some patients develop AIDS symptoms and then appear to recover though doctors assume that they may become ill again. Not all people in Europe and America who carry the AIDS virus develop the disease, but it is too soon to tell whether they will live to old age or develop it at some later stage, maybe after several years. In Rakai, residents told about women whose husbands had died of Slim a few years ago but who themselves were alive and well. Rakai harbors the worst of Uganda's AIDS epidemic, but the disease is increasing at an alarming rate elsewhere in the country. Since the civil war ended at Easter, AIDS has gained much coverage in the local press. It also has become the main topic of conversation in Kampala's downtown bars. The Health Ministry has distributed posters to hospitals and dispensaries, which read "Warning-Advice on the (Slim) AIDS disease," and list precautions such as limiting sexual partners, preferably to 1. The posters also recommend the use of condoms during sexual intercourse, but these are not available in Uganda. About 15% of Kampala's blood donors have been found to be contaminated with HTLV3. Researchers are concentrating their efforts on pregnant women who have been found to have the AIDS antibody and on children.
Large-scale distributed storage for highly concurrent Mapreduce applications (2010)

A large part of today's most popular applications are data-intensive. Whether they are scientific applications or Internet services, the data volume they process is continuously growing. Two main aspects arise when trying to accomodate the size of the data: processing the computation in a manner that is efficient both in terms of resources and time, and providing storage capable to deal with the requirements of data-intensive applications. Since the input data is large, the computation, which is, in most cases straightforward, is distributed across hundreds or thousands of machines; thus, the application is split into tasks that run in parallel on different machines, tasks that will need to access the data in a highly concurrent manner.
Self-Reliance and the Inclination to Adopt the Sick Role (1965)

Journal Article Self-Reliance and the Inclination to Adopt the Sick Role Get access Derek L. Phillips Derek L. Phillips Dartmouth College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 43, Issue 4, May 1965, Pages 555–563, https://doi.org/10.2307/2574463 Published: 01 May 1965
Detectability Threshold for Combination Tones (1965)

Experiments were performed on the detectability threshold for combination tones, defined as the sensation level of primary tones for which combination tones become audible. Investigated were (1) detectability threshold for h−l with (h−l)&lt;&lt;(h+l), where h and l are the frequencies of the higher and lower primary tone, respectively; (2) detectability threshold for 200, 400, and 600 cps with 800+1000 and 800+1400 cps as primary tones; (3) audibility of combination tones for l = 1000 cps and h variable between 1000 and 3000 cps; (4) detectability threshold for the “missing fundamental” of ∑ n−210 cos 2 πnft, with f varying from 125 to 1000 cps. From the experimental data, we may conclude that (1) there are large individual differences in the minimum sensation level of primary tones for which combination tones appear; (2) for usual listening levels of speech and music, the ear's distortion is sufficiently low to avoid audible combination tones; (3) the same holds for the “missing fundamental,” so the fact that the pitch of a complex tone without fundamental is equal to the pitch of this tone cannot be explained by the assumption that the fundamental tone is reintroduced in the listener's ear; (4) the fact that the detectability thresholds for combination tones are significantly lower for small than for large tone intervals indicates that, for both cases, the ear's distortion cannot be represented by the same nonlinear characteristic and supports the evidence that the tones are produced in the inner ear.
Rail Vehicle Active Suspensions for Lateral Ride and Stability Improvement (1982)

The potential performance benefits of simple, low power active elements in the lateral secondary, between the truck and carbody is investigated analytically by parametric studies utilizing a fifteen degree of freedom lateral dynamic model subject to alignment and cross-level inputs. It is shown that significant improvements in ride quality can be obtained at current operating speeds by using less than 3 kw per truck by sensing lateral carbody accelerations and utilizing lateral force actuators between the truck and carbody. It is also shown that in order to improve the truck critical speed and/or to improve the ride quality at very high speeds requires control of the truck kinematic mode. This can be achieved, at the expense of increased power requirements, by sensing absolute truck lateral and yaw velocities and utilizing combined lateral force actuators to exert a yaw moment on the truck. It is concluded that significant ride quality improvements can be achieved by low power, small bandwidth actuators while stabilty improvements requires increased power and larger bandwidth systems.
Measuring absorption coefficient of scattering liquids using a tube inside an integrating sphere (2016)

A method for measuring the absorption coefficient μ<sub>a</sub> of absorbing and scattering liquid samples is presented. The sample is injected into a small transparent tube mounted through an integrating sphere. Two models for determining the absorption coefficient using the relative optical output signal are described and validated using aqueous ink absorbers of 0.5 vol.% (0.3 mm<sup>-1</sup><μ<sub>a</sub><1.55 mm<sup>-1</sup>) and 1.0 vol.% (1.0 mm<sup>-1</sup><μ<sub>a</sub><4.0 mm<sup>-1</sup>) concentrations with 1 vol.% (μs'≈1.4 mm<sup>-1</sup>) and 10 vol.% (μs'≈14 mm<sup>-1</sup>) Intralipid dilutions. The low concentrations give μ<sub>a</sub> and μ<sub>s</sub> values, which are comparable with those of biological tissues. One model assumes a uniform light distribution within the sample, which is valid for low absorption. Another model considers light attenuation that obeys Lambert-Beer's law, which may be used for relatively high absorption. Measurements with low and high scattering samples are done for the wavelength range of 400-900 nm. Measured spectra of purely absorbing samples are within 15% agreement with measurements using standard transmission spectrophotometry. For 0.5 vol.% ink absorbers and at wavelengths below 700 nm, measured μ<sub>a</sub> values are higher for samples with low scattering and lower for those with high scattering. At wavelengths above 700 nm, measured μ<sub>a</sub> values do not vary significantly with amount of scattering. For 1.0 vol.% ink absorbers, measured spectra do not change with low scattering. These results indicate that the method can be used for measuring absorption spectra of scattering liquid samples with optical properties similar to biological absorbers, particularly at wavelengths above 700 nm, which is difficult to accomplish with standard transmission spectrophotometry.
Cilia and Hedgehog responsiveness in the mouse (2005)

The intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins Ift172/Wimple and Polaris/Ift88 and the anterograde IFT motor kinesin-II are required for the production and maintenance of cilia. These proteins are also required for the activation of targets of the mouse Hedgehog (Hh) pathway by Gli transcription factors. The phenotypes of the IFT mutants, however, are not identical to mutants that lack Smoothened (Smo), an essential activator of the Hh pathway. We show here that mouse embryos that lack both Ift172 and Smo are identical to Ift172 single mutants, which indicates that Ift172 acts downstream of Smo. Ift172 mutants have a weaker neural patterning phenotype than Smo mutants, because Ift172, but not Smo, is required for proteolytic processing of Gli3 to its repressor form. Dnchc2 and Kif3a, essential subunits of the retrograde and anterograde IFT motors, are also required for both formation of Gli activator and proteolytic processing of Gli3. As a result, IFT mutants display a loss of Hh signaling phenotype in the neural tube, where Gli activators play the major role in pattern formation, and a gain of Hh signaling phenotype in the limb, where Gli3 repressor plays the major role. Because both anterograde and retrograde IFT are essential for positive and negative responses to Hh, and because cilia are present on Hh responsive cells, it is likely that cilia act as organelles that are required for all activity of the mouse Hh pathway.
A D-Serine Dehydratase Acting also on L-Serine from Klebsiella pneumoniae (1978)

D-Serine dehydratase [EC 4.2.1.14] was purified from a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae 140-fold from crude extract with a yield of 5%. This enzyme catalyzed the formation of pyruvate and ammonia not only from D-serine but also from L-serine, and also catalyzed the formation of α-ketobutyrate and ammonia from D-threonine. Km values for D-serine, L-serine, and D-threonine were 2.8 mM, 20 mM, and 3.6 mM, respectively. Km for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate was 2.5 μM. The molecular weight was estimated to be 46,000 by Sephadex G-150 gel nitration and 40,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enzyme was inducible by D-serine. Induction by casamino acids appeared to depend on the presence of D-serine.
Domain Adaptation meets Active Learning (2010)

In this work, we show how active learning in some (target) domain can leverage information from a different but related (source) domain. We present an algorithm that harnesses the source domain data to learn the best possible initializer hypothesis for doing active learning in the target domain, resulting in improved label complexity. We also present a variant of this algorithm which additionally uses the domain divergence information to selectively query the most informative points in the target domain, leading to further reductions in label complexity. Experimental results on a variety of datasets establish the efficacy of the proposed methods. 1