gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frontal Filament Morphogenesis in the Salmon Louse<i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i> (2001)

The objective of the present study was to understand how and when the frontal filament (FF) in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is produced by examining the sequence of morphological changes leading to FF production in the copepodid and early chalimus stages. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were heavily infested with newly molted copepodids. Sea lice were sampled prior to infestation and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 days postinfestation. FF morphogenesis from newly molted copepodid to chalimus II, i.e., through 2 molts, was studied using high-resolution light microscopy of serial transverse and sagittal resin sections. Three groups of cells, identified as A, B, and C, are thought to be involved in the production of the secretions (S1 and S2) that form the filament material. The amount and shape of S1 and S2 and their association with B- and C-group cells, respectively, changed with the molt cycle. The following scenario for FF development is proposed: the first secretion to form after the molt for both copepodid and chalimus stages is S1, and it is formed by B-group cells and becomes the basal plate of the external FE C-group cells produce S2 during mid-intermolt to premolt stage. The S2 becomes the stem of the external FE In premolt larvae, S1 and S2 were contained within a cuticle-lined invagination that had a form similar to that of the extruded filament. The axial duct present in both copepodid and chalimus originates from the A-group cells and probably carries a secretion used to attach the filament to the host. This study provides strong evidence that L. salmonis produces a new filament with each molt, creating the possibility of using a sea lice control method based on interference with filament production more feasible.
Bacterial endotoxin sensitizes the immature brain to hypoxic–ischaemic injury (2001)

Epidemiological studies show a markedly increased risk of cerebral palsy following the combined exposure of infection and birth asphyxia. However, the underlying mechanisms of this increased vulnerability remain unclear. We have examined the effects of a low dose of bacterial endotoxin on hypoxic--ischaemic injury in the immature brain of rats. Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide 0.3 mg/kg) was administered to 7-day-old rats 4 h prior to unilateral hypoxia--ischaemia and the neurological outcome was determined 3 days later. Rectal temperature and cerebral blood flow was measured during the study and the expression of CD14 and toll-like receptor-4 mRNA in the brain was examined. We found that a low dose of endotoxin dramatically sensitizes the immature brain to injury and induces cerebral infarction in response to short periods of hypoxia--ischaemia that by themselves caused no or little injury. This effect could not be explained by a reduction in cerebral blood flow or hyperthermia. In association with the sensitization of injury we found an altered expression of CD14 mRNA and toll-like receptor-4 mRNA in the brain. These results suggest that the innate immune system may be involved in the vulnerability of the immature brain following the combination of infection and hypoxia--ischaemia.
Characterization of polycrystals with elongated duplex microstructure by inversion of ultrasonic backscattering data (2010)

In this letter a simple analytical ultrasonic backscattering model is proposed for determination of characteristic microstructural scales in polycrystalline materials with elongated grains. The inversion methodology for microstructural parameters is based on backscattering coefficient ratios measured in different propagation directions. The ultrasonic backscattering measurements were performed on a Ti alloy sample with a duplex microstructure and the model was applied to experimental data inversion to size the material microtexture.
Vulcanizing from a Thermodynamic Viewpoint (1940)

Abstract Up to the present time thermochemical data in regard to vulcanization have been concerned largely with the heat of reaction of sulfur. This was a logical first step. The heat liberated is proportional to the sulfur which is combined, and the heat associated with the change in physical properties of the rubber is indicated to be quite small. A study of the free energy change for the reaction isoprene → natural rubber indicates that such a process is possible if the proper conditions can be found. A study of the thremodynamics of the most important side reactions might help establish conditions for the formation of the rubberlike polymer. A study of the free energy of the rubberlike isoprene polymer should assist in the comparison of this product with natural rubber. The vulcanized properties caused by incorporating a finely divided powder into rubber are associated with a relatively small energy change. A study of the reactions: chloroprene → vulcanized polymer and chloroprene → plastic polymer → vulcanized polymer, appears to be a probable source of information regarding the nature of change from plastic to nonplastic condition.
Active learning in the lecture theatre using 3D printed objects (2016)

The ability to conceptualize 3D shapes is central to understanding biological processes. The concept that the structure of a biological molecule leads to function is a core principle of the biochemical field. Visualisation of biological molecules often involves vocal explanations or the use of two dimensional slides and video presentations. A deeper understanding of these molecules can however be obtained by the handling of objects. 3D printed biological molecules can be used as active learning tools to stimulate engagement in large group lectures. These models can be used to build upon initial core knowledge which can be delivered in either a flipped form or a more didactic manner. Within the teaching session the students are able to learn by handling, rotating and viewing the objects to gain an appreciation, for example, of an enzyme's active site or the difference between the major and minor groove of DNA. Models and other artefacts can be handled in small groups within a lecture theatre and act as a focal point to generate conversation. Through the approach presented here core knowledge is first established and then supplemented with high level problem solving through a "Think-Pair-Share" cooperative learning strategy. The teaching delivery was adjusted based around experiential learning activities by moving the object from mental cognition and into the physical environment. This approach led to students being able to better visualise biological molecules and a positive engagement in the lecture. The use of objects in teaching allows the lecturer to create interactive sessions that both challenge and enable the student.
Targeting potassium channels in cancer (2014)

Potassium channels are pore-forming transmembrane proteins that regulate a multitude of biological processes by controlling potassium flow across cell membranes. Aberrant potassium channel functions contribute to diseases such as epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and neuromuscular symptoms collectively known as channelopathies. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer constitutes another category of channelopathies associated with dysregulated channel expression. Indeed, potassium channel-modulating agents have demonstrated antitumor efficacy. Potassium channels regulate cancer cell behaviors such as proliferation and migration through both canonical ion permeation-dependent and noncanonical ion permeation-independent functions. Given their cell surface localization and well-known pharmacology, pharmacological strategies to target potassium channel could prove to be promising cancer therapeutics.
CCL22 Recruits CD4-positive CD25-positive Regulatory T Cells into Malignant Pleural Effusion (2009)

Compared with serum, CCL22 seemed to be increased in malignant pleural effusion, and could directly induce regulatory T cell infiltration into the pleural space in patients with malignant effusion.
Cancer chemotherapy agent-induced perivenous extravasation injuries (1987)

Chemotherapy occupies a well defined role in tumour management and has transformed the prognosis of many haematological neoplasms and solid tumours. Unfortunately, the large majority of chemotherapeutic agents currently in use are toxic to tissues in general and produce tissue necrosis on perivenous extravasation. The sequelae add considerably to the morbidity of an already seriously ill patient, prolonging hospitalization and often necessitating temporary cessation of therapy. The potential for litigation is high, as these are mostly avoidable complications.1 Furthermore, this complication is unacceptable if the patient is receiving adjuvant therapy, often as part of a clinical trial. The need for early surgical attention to these injuries is not widely appreciated, and delay in obtaining surgical advice is common.2 Prolonged morbidity results from the consequent delay in definitive management. This review aims to discuss the pathogenesis, prevention and management of these injuries and attempts to provide useful guide-lines in clinical practice.
Automatic ranked output from boolean searches in SIRE (1977)

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness and efficiency of employing a fully automatic algorithm for ranking the results of Boolean searches of an inverted file design document retrieval system. The study indicated that with minor modification of file designs, such as those implemented in the Syracuse Information Retrieval Experiment (SIRE), document retrieval systems could efficiently provide users with output lists on which the rank order of a document is a good indicator of its probable relevance to the user's information need. The study found that relevant documents were ranked significantly higher than nonrelevant documents in the set of documents retrieved in response to a Boolean query. By utilizing an augmented inverted file design the variable incremental cost for ranked output was only ten cents per query. There was no increased user effort.
Measurement of hip prostheses using image analysis. The maxima hip technique (1991)

A computer-based image analysis system has been developed as a research tool in total hip replacement. The system has been programmed to take multiple measurements from coronal plane radiographs. Poor quality radiographic images can be enhanced and standardised. The measurements which can be obtained include stem subsidence, cup migration, cup wear, and stem loosening. Reproducibility and accuracy were +/- 0.01 mm and +/- 0.5 mm respectively. The present application is in retrospective research, but prospective monitoring of radiographs is planned.
Mitigation of Error Propagation in Decision Directed OFDM Channel Tracking Using Generalized M Estimators (2007)

We treat decision-directed channel tracking (DDCT) in mobile orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems as an outlier contaminated Gaussian regression problem, where the source of outliers are the incorrect symbol decisions. Existing decision-directed estimators such as the expectation-maximization (EM)-based estimators and the 2-D-MMSE estimator do not appropriately downweight incorrect/poor decisions while defining the channel estimator, and hence suffer from error propagation at high fade rates. We propose to use generalized M estimators for decision-directed channel estimation and apply extreme value theory in conjunction with the Huber's cost function for outlier detection and downweighting. Significant reduction in error propagation is obtained by identifying and downweighting those symbol decisions that act as outliers before using them for channel estimation. The proposed estimators clearly outperform the 2-D-MMSE and the EM-based estimators in terms of simulated error rate performance at high fade rates. These estimators also have performance comparable to (or better than) pilot-assisted Kalman-filter-based channel tracking schemes with only modest increase in complexity. Thus, a 6% to 12% increase in data throughput is obtained without loss in performance when compared with the pilot-assisted schemes, even when DDCT is applied over frame durations experiencing two to three fade cycles
Nursing overseas benefits the NHS (1996)

I am writing in support of the comments in the recent letter from Nick Barrett of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). The RCN’s own research shows that one in ten nurses in the UK have overseas experience; several thousand nurses every year ask us for information on working abroad. It is a chance to spend a year or two experiencing life and work in a different culture.
"Anti-Inflammatory" Drugs and Their Effects on Type 2 Diabetes (2006)

There is a growing body of evidence for the role of inflammation in type 2 diabetes. In addition to the evidence presented elsewhere, evidence is emerging that many drugs that have apparent "anti-inflammatory" properties may reduce the incidence and/or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Statins have been found to lower inflammatory markers, and a post hoc analysis of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) suggested that pravastatin may reduce the risk of developing diabetes, although the Lipid Lowering Arm of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) found no statistically significant effect of atorvastatin on risk of developing diabetes. Fibrates have been found to lower some markers of inflammation, and a prospective trial found that bezafibrate reduces risk of developing diabetes. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers appear to reduce some markers of inflammation, and a meta-analysis concluded that ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers reduce risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Metformin is known to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, and more recent evidence suggests it also lowers C-reactive protein, in part because of its modest weight-reducing effect. Thiazolidinediones reduce risk of developing diabetes, and consistently lower inflammatory markers independent of adiposity effects. High-dose aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase and IkappaB kinase-beta and reduces fasting plasma glucose concentration, although there has not, as yet, been a large-scale trial to examine the effect of aspirin on the risk of developing diabetes. We conclude that although many drugs with potential anti-inflammatory properties reduce the risk of developing diabetes, it is difficult to prove that such anti-inflammatory properties contribute to their diabetes prevention since nearly all drugs have other, often more pronounced, actions. Studies with more specific inhibitors of inflammatory pathways (e.g., interleukin- 6 blockers) and mendelian randomization (genetic studies) will help determine whether targeting the inflammation axis is a fertile mechanism to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes.
Nematische Systeme, V (1972)

One unsymmetricly p,p′-disubstituted trans-stilben and more than 60 new phenylbenzoates are described (Tab. 1). These compounds show partly enantiotropic, partly monotropic nematic behaviour. Some low melting substances and especially eutectic mixtures of this class of compounds are useful as room-temperature nematic, colourless liquids for electro-optical applications.
Control of protein phosphatase 2A by simian virus 40 small-t antigen. (1991)

Soluble, monomeric simian virus 40 (SV40) small-t antigen (small-t) was purified from bacteria and assayed for its ability to form complexes with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and to modify its catalytic activity. Different forms of purified PP2A, composed of combinations of regulatory subunits (A and B) with a common catalytic subunit (C), were used. The forms used included free A and C subunits and AC and ABC complexes. Small-t associated with both the free A subunit and the AC form of PP2A, resulting in a shift in mobility during nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Small-t did not interact with the free C subunit or the ABC form. These data demonstrate that the primary interaction is between small-t and the A subunit and that the B subunit of PP2A blocks interaction of small-t with the AC form. The effect of small-t on phosphatase activity was determined by using several exogenous substrates, including myosin light chains phosphorylated by myosin light-chain kinase, myelin basic protein phosphorylated by microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase/ERK1, and histone H1 phosphorylated by protein kinase C. With the exception of histone H1, small-t inhibited the dephosphorylation of these substrates by the AC complex. With histone H1, a small stimulation of dephosphorylation by AC was observed. Small-t had no effect on the activities of free C or the ABC complex. A maximum of 50 to 75% inhibition was obtained, with half-maximal inhibition occurring at 10 to 20 nM small-t. The specific activity of the small-t/AC complex was similar to that of the ABC form of PP2A with myosin light chains or histone H1 as the substrate. These results suggested that small-t and the B subunit have similar qualitative and quantitative effects on PP2A enzyme activity. These data show that SV40 small-antigen binds to purified PP2A in vitro, through interaction with the A subunit, and that this interaction inhibits enzyme activity.
Widely tunable single-frequency pulsed optical parametric oscillator (2002)

The spectral output of a nanosecond dual-cavity doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator has been investigated versus the relative length of the signal and idler cavities. Regions of stable single-frequency operation are determined by use of a type II phase-matched KTP crystal and compared with the predictions of a mode-overlap model. A wide mode-hop-free tuning range is obtained over 40 GHz, limited only by piezoelectric biases. Furthermore, discrete tuning is investigated over the full parametric gain curve. For demonstration purposes, experiments are performed in the domain that is most inclined to multifrequency emission, i.e., near degeneracy.
Miniature Fluorescent X-Ray Specrograph (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMiniature Fluorescent X-Ray SpecrographL. S. Birks and E. J. BrooksCite this: Anal. Chem. 1955, 27, 7, 1147–1149Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60103a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60103a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Minimal changes in rhizobacterial population structure following root colonization by wild type and transgenic biocontrol strains (2004)

Pseudomonas fluorescens strains 2-79, Q8r1-96, and a recombinant strain, Z30-97, produce the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), or both antibiotics, respectively. Rhizosphere colonization by these strains and subsequent alterations of bacterial community structure were assayed over multiple growth cycles of wheat under controlled conditions. While added to soil at just log 4 cells per gram prior to planting, all four strains subsequently colonized germinating wheat roots to levels in excess of log 6.5 cells per g (f.w.). Strain-specific differences in rhizosphere competence were observed, but these were not generally related to the chromosomal insertion of the phz genes. Multiple differences in bacterial community structure were detected among treatments in each cycle; however, the large majority of changes were not consistently related to the abundance of inoculant strains in the rhizosphere nor the genetic make-up of the inoculant strains. Nonetheless, T-RFLP profiles of amplified 16S eubacterial sequences indicated that, when compared to the untreated samples, inoculation with Z30-97 resulted in several shifts in rhizosphere bacterial community structure previously associated with decreased levels of root disease.
Microtubule-associated Protein 1B Is a Component of Cortical Lewy Bodies and Binds α-Synuclein Filaments (2000)

Lewy bodies, neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, comprise alpha-synuclein filaments and other less defined proteins. Characterization of Lewy body proteins that interact with alpha-synuclein may provide insight into the mechanism of Lewy body formation. Double immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy revealed approximately 80% of cortical Lewy bodies contained microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP-1B) that overlapped with alpha-synuclein. Lewy bodies were isolated using an immunomagnetic technique from brain tissue of patients dying with dementia with Lewy bodies. Lewy body proteins were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting confirmed the presence of MAP-1B and alpha-synuclein in purified Lewy bodies. Direct binding studies revealed a high affinity interaction (IC(50) approximately 20 nm) between MAP-1B and alpha-synuclein. The MAP-1B-binding sites were mapped to the last 45 amino acids of the alpha-synuclein C terminus. MAP-1B also bound in vitro assembled alpha-synuclein fibrils. Thus, MAP-1B may be involved in the pathogenesis of Lewy bodies via its interaction with monomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein.
Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: Processing and characterization of starch-cellulose microfibril composites (2000)

The ultrastructure and morphology of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells were investigated by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopies. After removal of starch granules, pectins and hemicelluloses were solubilized under alkaline conditions. The alkaline insoluble residue consisted mainly of primary cell wall cellulose, which can be disintegrated under shearing to produce a homogenized microfibril suspension, as reported in a previous work.40 Composite materials were processed from this potato cellulose microfibril suspension, gelatinized potato starch as a matrix and glycerol as a plasticizer. After blending and casting, films were obtained by water evaporation. The mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of the resulting films were investigated, and differences were observed depending on the glycerol, cellulose microfibrils, and relative humidity content. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 2080–2092, 2000