gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Work in Progress: Resourse-Aware Fault Localization in Large Sensor Networks (2012)

Sensor networks are exposed to hostile environments that may cause failures of single nodes and communication links which affect the whole network. Localizing the cause of the problem in space and time requires to collect diagnostic data from the network. Due to resource and energy constraints, however, it is not possible to continuously collect detailed diagnostic data from all nodes. We therefore propose an incremental approach where first data is logged to flash memory and later the user can pose a sequence of diagnostic queries with decreasing scope and increasing level of detail to pinpoint the cause of the problem.
Modeling single-trial ERP reveals modulation of bottom-up face visual processing by top-down task constraints (in some subjects) (2011)

We studied how task constraints modulate the relationship between single-trial event-related potentials (ERPs) and image noise. Thirteen subjects performed two interleaved tasks: on different blocks, they saw the same stimuli, but they discriminated either between two faces or between two colors. Stimuli were two pictures of red or green faces that contained from 10 to 80% of phase noise, with 10% increments. Behavioral accuracy followed a noise dependent sigmoid in the identity task but was high and independent of noise level in the color task. EEG data recorded concurrently were analyzed using a single-trial ANCOVA: we assessed how changes in task constraints modulated ERP noise sensitivity while regressing out the main ERP differences due to identity, color, and task. Single-trial ERP sensitivity to image phase noise started at about 95-110 ms post-stimulus onset. Group analyses showed a significant reduction in noise sensitivity in the color task compared to the identity task from about 140 ms to 300 ms post-stimulus onset. However, statistical analyses in every subject revealed different results: significant task modulation occurred in 8/13 subjects, one showing an increase and seven showing a decrease in noise sensitivity in the color task. Onsets and durations of effects also differed between group and single-trial analyses: at any time point only a maximum of four subjects (31%) showed results consistent with group analyses. We provide detailed results for all 13 subjects, including a shift function analysis that revealed asymmetric task modulations of single-trial ERP distributions. We conclude that, during face processing, bottom-up sensitivity to phase noise can be modulated by top-down task constraints, in a broad window around the P2, at least in some subjects.
Nondestructive evaluation technique using infrared thermography and terahertz imaging (2016)

Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques using pulse heating infrared thermography and terahertz (THz) imaging were developed for detecting deterioration of oil tank floor, such as blister and delamination of corrosion protection coating, or corrosion of the bottom steel plate under coating. Experimental studies were conducted to demonstrate the practicability of developed techniques. It was found that the pulse heating infrared thermography was utilized for effective screening inspection and THz-TDS imaging technique performed well for the detailed inspection of coating deterioration and steel corrosion.
Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten and Aluminum for VLSI Applications (1987)

This paper reviews the current status of LPCVD tungsten and aluminum for VLSI applications. Using deposition chemistries based on tungsten hexafluoride and tri‐isobutyl aluminum, W and Al deposits are characterized with respect to their electrical, mechanical, structural, chemical, and optical properties. Although results of this study prove these two LPCVD processes to be compatible with current VLSI fabrication, certain problems must still be resolved for complete commercial acceptance. These problems include, in the case of selective LPCVD tungsten, the occurrence of leakage current across N+/P‐Tub junctions, and, in the case of LPCVD aluminum, the relatively poor electromigration resistance (compared to Al‐Cu) and excess surface roughness.
Regioselectivity in the Multi‐Component Synthesis of Indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione Derivatives (2006)

Abstract The one‐pot cyclisation to form the indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione ring system has been investigated starting from 6,7‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione by reaction with pyridine and ethyl acetoacetate. Both the N , N ‐ syn and the N , N ‐ anti products have been fully characterised by mass spectrometry and NMR analysis, and the regioselectivity of their formation is discussed in terms of solvent polarity and/or the nature of the metal ion. We demonstrate here that, among a wide series of polar and apolar solvents, tert ‐butyl alcohol is the best choice to enhance the yield of the N , N ‐ syn regioisomer, while the N , N ‐ anti regioisomer can be obtained with a very high selectivity when the reaction is carried out with scandium triflate. In the presence of metal chelation, semi‐empirical ZINDO calculations offer an appropriate tool to explain the regioselectivity observed when different metal ions are used. The study of the regioselectivity is also supported by the data for the corresponding two‐step reactions with reversed addition of the nucleophilic reagents, and it has been extended to the cases involving 4‐methylpyridine and 6,7‐dichloroisoquinoline‐5,8‐dione as reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Ultrasonic PVF<sub>2</sub>transducers for sensing tactile force (1984)

Abstract A small flexible tactile force sensor suitable for mounting on the thumb or fingers uses ultrasound to measure the amount of compression in a thin rubber layer. Normal forces in the range of 0.3 to 12 N exerted on a 4 × 4 mm area can be measured. A dynamic response up to 10 Hz is demonstrated and much higher response rates up to 200 Hz are possible. The sensor is based on using piezoelectric plastic film to measure the amount of compression of a 1.5 mm thick rubber array element by detecting the time-of-flight of an ultrasonic pressure pulse in the rubber. The sensor construction and the electronics to generate and measure ultrasonic pulses are described. Preliminary data on the linearity, hysteresis and dynamic response of a two-element array are presented.
A physically-based motion retargeting filter (2005)

This article presents a novel constraint-based motion editing technique. On the basis of animator-specified kinematic and dynamic constraints, the method converts a given captured or animated motion to a physically plausible motion. In contrast to previous methods using spacetime optimization, we cast the motion editing problem as a constrained state estimation problem, based on the per-frame Kalman filter framework. The method works as a filter that sequentially scans the input motion to produce a stream of output motion frames at a stable interactive rate. Animators can tune several filter parameters to adjust to different motions, turn the constraints on or off based on their contributions to the final result, or provide a rough sketch (kinematic hint) as an effective way of producing the desired motion. Experiments on various systems show that the technique processes the motions of a human with 54 degrees of freedom, at about 150 fps when only kinematic constraints are applied, and at about 10 fps when both kinematic and dynamic constraints are applied. Experiments on various types of motion show that the proposed method produces remarkably realistic animations.
Nuclear and Cytosolic Estrogen Receptor in Gilt Endometrium throughout the Estrous Cycle* (1978)

The levels of nuclear and uncharged cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were determined in gilt endometrium throughout the estrous cycle. Nuclear estrogen receptor was found to reach its highest level of 1.3 (range, 1.0–1.5) pmol/mg DNA on day 1 of the cycle just before ovulation (day 2), after which the values dropped sharply to 0.3 (range, 0.1–0.4) pmol/mg DNA. This level of nuclear receptor was consistently found through day 9. Between days 9–14, the estrogen receptor present in the nucleus decreased to zero, where it remained until the return of estrus (day 1). The dissociation constant (Kd ± SD) for the nuclear estrogen receptor was 1.6 (±1.4) × 10-9 M. Initially, the nuclear estrogen receptor peak at day 1 was preceded by an elevation (0.04–0.05 pmol/mg DNA) in cytoplasmic receptor at day 19, which declined when the receptor appeared in the nucleus. There was an even larger peak (range of maximal values, 0.07–0.26 pmol/mg DNA) of uncharged receptor in the cytosol near day 5. Throughout the rest of the cycle the values ranged from 0.01–0.03 pmol/mg DNA. Kd(± SD) for the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor was 2.4 (±1.5) × 10-9 M. The fluctuations of these two pools of endometrial estrogen receptor are discussed in relation to the previously observed cyclic variations in porcine uterine oxidation and sulfurylation of 17β-estradiol (Pack and Brooks, Endocrinology95: 1680,1974).
Effect of pH on the copigmentation of anthocyanins from Cabernet Sauvignon grape extracts with organic acids (2010)

Anthocyanins show low-stability when exposed to different food processing conditions. Copigmentation is one of the main reactions contributing to the in vivo color responsible to the stability of anthocyanins. In the aim of holding the red color, copigmentation effect of organic acids (caffeic, ferulic, gallic and tannic acids) combined with anthocyanins in crude Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape skin extract at pH values (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5) was evaluated in this research. The maximum copigmentation effect, revealed by the hyperchromic and bathochromic shifts in anthocyanin maximum absorbance wavelength, was obtained at pH 3.3 with every acid used. Anthocyanin stability was followed by measuring the loss of color, thus it was possible to determine the protecting effects of these copigments. Tannic acid was the best copigment in our model system, giving half-life time of 2,585 h. We are suggesting the formation of pyranoanthocyanins by the reactions of anthocyanins with caffeic and ferulic acid, these substances could be avoiding the observation of the copigmentation effect. Addition of organic acids could improve the anthocyanin stability; though, more studies are needed to justify the lack of copigmenting effect observed with the caffeic and ferulic acids.
Efficient Peltier refrigeration by a pair of normal metal/insulator/superconductor junctions (1996)

We suggest and demonstrate in experiment that two normal metal/insulator/superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions combined in series to form a symmetric SINIS structure can operate as an efficient Peltier refrigerator. Specifically, it is shown that the SINIS structure with normal-state junction resistances 1.0 and 1.1 kΩ is capable of reaching a temperature of about 100 mK starting from 300 mK. We estimate the corresponding cooling power to be 1.5 pW per total junction area of 0.8 μm2 at T=300 mK.
Identification of the Glycosylation Site of the Adenovirus Type 5 Fiber Protein (2005)

The fiber protein purified from the pool of nonincorporated viral protein after infection of cells with adenovirus type 5 exists as two forms separable by reverse-phase HPLC. As determined by mass spectrometry, this heterogeneity results from a difference in one O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNac). A western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody directed against the GlcNac motif showed that only one of the two forms reacted with the antibody, suggesting that one form carries a single GlcNac and the other form has none. The ratio of glycosylated to nonglycosylated forms of fiber, which is about 1, is conserved in assembled viruses. After digestion of glycosylated fiber with endoproteinase GluC, isolation of the glycosylated peptide by reverse-phase HPLC, and chemical derivatization using dimethylamine, the site of glycosylation was located in the fiber shaft at serine 109 by mass spectrometry. Elimination of glycosylation by site-directed mutagenesis of fiber should help to understand the function of this postranslational modification.
6-Anilinouracil-Based Inhibitors of <i>Bacillus </i><i>s</i><i>ubtilis</i> DNA Polymerase III:  Antipolymerase and Antimicrobial Structure−Activity Relationships Based on Substitution at Uracil N3 (1999)

6-Anilinouracils (6-AUs) are dGTP analogues which selectively inhibit the DNA polymerase III of Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria. To enhance the potential of the 6-AUs as antimicrobial agents, a structure-activity relationship was developed involving substitutions of the uracil N3 position in two 6-AU platforms: 6-(3,4-trimethyleneanilino)uracil (TMAU) and 6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracil (EMAU). Series of N3-alkyl derivatives of both 6-AUs were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit purified B. subtilis DNA polymerase III and the growth of B. subtilis in culture. Alkyl groups ranging in size from ethyl to hexyl enhanced the capacity of both platforms to bind to the polymerase, and with the exception of hexyl, they also significantly enhanced their antimicrobial potency. N3 substitution of the EMAU platform with more hydrophilic hydroxyalkyl and methoxyalkyl groups marginally enhanced anti-polymerase III activity but enhanced antibacterial potency severalfold. In sum, the results of these studies indicate that the ring N3 of 6-anilinouracils can tolerate substituents of considerable size and structural variety and, thus, can be manipulated to significantly enhance the antibacterial potency of this novel class of polymerase III-specific inhibitors.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PROGNOSIS IN CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST (1938)

(1) A method of study is presented to determine the prognosis in carcinoma of the breast. This considers both the clinical extent of the carcinoma and the histologic study. (2) A new clinical classification depending upon the extent of the growth is discussed. (3) The histologic classification of Haagensen is used. (4) This study is based on 75 cases of proved carcinoma of the breast. (5) The most important factors in determining prognosis are delay in institution of treatment and the extent of the disease. (6) The histologic classification seems to be of less importance than the clinical study, but has a definite value. (7) No attempt has been made to determine the value of various forms of treatment. (8) it is realized that this series of cases is quite small. It is hoped that this method of study may be adopted at larger clinics so that a greater number of cases may be followed.
[Studies on chemical constituents of Cuscuta chinensis]. (2002)

Compounds IV and VII were isolated from Cuscuta for the first time, and I, II and VIII were characteristic constituents for this vegetable drug.
Genetic map of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX-toxin (Apx) operons: characterization of the ApxIII operons (1994)

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX-toxin III (ApxIII) is implicated as an important virulence factor of A. pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Recently, the genes coding for ApxIII (apxIIICA) of serotype 8 were cloned and characterized. The toxin appeared to be a member of the RTX-toxin family, as are the other two secreted toxins of A. pleuropneumoniae, i.e., ApxI and ApxII. In this report, we describe the cloning and sequencing of the remaining part of the ApxIII operon of serotype 8. This sequence coded for the RTX secretion proteins ApxIIIB and ApxIIID, which showed 86 and 63% similarity to ApxIB and ApxID, respectively, and 83 and 63% similarity to HlyB and HlyD of Escherichia coli, respectively. Potential functional domains, such as eight transmembrane regions and an ATP-binding cassette, were present in ApxIIIB. We examined the presence of apxIIICABD sequences in the 12 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae and found that these sequences were present only in serotypes 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, the serotypes that secrete ApxIII. Comparison of the apxIIICABD gene sequences of the serotypes revealed very few serotype-specific differences. Only the C terminus of ApxIIIA of serotype 2 differed from ApxIIIA of the other serotypes. The differences were located between the glycine-rich repeats and the secretion signal. The analysis of the apxIIICABD genes completed our efforts to characterize the ApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII operons of the reference strains of the 12 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae. We present a complete map of the ApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII operons and discuss this in terms of gene expression and complementation and the role of the toxins in pathogenesis.
Steric Hindrance as a Mechanistic Probe for Olefin Reactivity:  Variability of the Hydrogenic Canopy over the Isomeric Adamantylideneadamantane/Sesquihomoadamantene Pair (A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study) (2002)

Access to each C=C face of adamantylideneadamantane (AA) and sesquihomoadamantene (SA) is hindered by the hydrogenic canopy consisting of four beta-hydrogens; otherwise, these olefins have quite normal environments. X-ray crystallography and density functional (DFT) calculations show a 0.5 A larger annular opening in the protective cover of AA than that in SA. This contributes to the remarkable differences in reactivity toward various reagents, not only by limiting access to the olefin site in SA but also by inhibiting reactions which force these hydrogens closer together. Thus, AA is subject to typical olefin-addition reactions with bromine, sulfuryl chloride, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, dioxygen, and so forth, albeit sometimes at attenuated rates. On the other hand, SA is singularly unreactive under identical reaction conditions, except for the notable exceptions that include Brønsted (protonic) acids, a nitrosonium cation, and dichlorine. The exceptions are characterized as three sterically limited (electrophilic) reagents whose unique reactivity patterns are shown to be strongly influenced by steric access to the C=C center. As such, the different degrees of steric encumbrance in the isomeric donors AA and SA shed considerable light on the diverse nature of olefinic reactions. In particular, they evoke mechanistic features in electrophilic addition versus electron transfer, which are otherwise not readily discernible with other less hindered olefinic donors. Transient structures of the olefinic-reaction intermediates such as the protonated carbocations AA-H+ and SA-H+ as well as the cation radicals AA*+ and SA*+ are probed by the combination of X-ray crystallographic analyses and density functional theoretical computations.
Expression of Langerin/CD207 reveals dendritic cell heterogeneity between inbred mouse strains (2008)

Langerin/CD207 is expressed by a subset of dendritic cells (DC), the epithelial Langerhans cells. However, langerin is also detected among lymphoid tissue DC. Here, we describe striking differences in langerin-expressing cells between inbred mouse strains. While langerin+ cells are observed in comparable numbers and with comparable phenotypes in the epidermis, two distinct DC subsets bear langerin in peripheral, skin-draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice (CD11c(high) CD8alpha(high) and CD11c(low) CD8alpha(low)), whereas only the latter subset is present in C57BL/6 mice. The CD11c(high) subset is detected in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen of BALB/c mice, but is virtually absent from C57BL/6 mice. Similar differences are observed in other mouse strains. CD11c(low) langerin+ cells represent skin-derived Langerhans cells, as demonstrated by their high expression of DEC-205/CD205, maturation markers, and recruitment to skin-draining lymph nodes upon imiquimod-induced inflammation. It will be of interest to determine the role of lymphoid tissue-resident compared to skin-derived langerin+ DC.
The 39-kDa Receptor-associated Protein Modulates Lipoprotein Catabolism by Binding to LDL Receptors (1995)

The 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) is cosynthesized and co-purifies with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor and is thought to modulate ligand binding to LRP. In addition to binding LRP, RAP binds two other members of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, gp330 and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors. Here, we show that RAP binds to LDL receptors as well. In normal human foreskin fibroblasts, RAP inhibited LDL receptor-mediated binding and catabolism of LDL and VLDL with Sf 20-60 or 100-400. RAP inhibited 125I-labeled LDL and Sf 100-400 lipoprotein binding at 4 degrees C with KI values of 60 and 45 nM, respectively. The effective concentrations for 50% inhibition (EC50) of cellular degradation of 2.0 nM 125I-labeled LDL, 4.7 nM 125I-labeled Sf 20-60, and 3.6 nM 125I-labeled Sf 100-400 particles were 40, 70, and 51 nM, respectively. Treatment of cells with lovastatin to induce LDL receptors increased cellular binding, internalization, and degradation of RAP by 2.3-, 1.7-, and 2.6-fold, respectively. In solid-phase assays, RAP bound to partially purified LDL receptors in a dose-dependent manner. The dissociation constant (KD) of RAP binding to LDL receptors in the solid-phase assay was 250 nM, which is higher than that for LRP, gp330, or VLDL receptors in similar assays by a factor of 14 to 350. Also, RAP inhibited 125I-labeled LDL and Sf 100-400 VLDL binding to LDL receptors in solid-phase assays with KI values of 140 and 130 nM, respectively. Because LDL bind via apolipoprotein (apo) B100 whereas VLDL bind via apoE, our results show that RAP inhibits LDL receptor interactions with both apoB100 and apoE. These studies establish that RAP is capable of binding to LDL receptors and modulating cellular catabolism of LDL and VLDL by this pathway.
CARBON AND NITROGEN IN THE LIGHT FRACTION OF A FOREST SOIL (1983)

We extracted light-fraction material densimetrically in Nal solution (specific gravity 1.65 g/cm3) from root-free soil samples from a forested site in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. We chose extraction at this density because it excluded most of the organomineral particles from the light fraction. Major components identifiable from scanning electron micrographs were dead root fragments, hyphae, charcoal, and pumice–all with adsorbed or entrapped colloidal particles. Total soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) at the site averaged 145 and 7.4 megagrams per hectare, respectively, to a depth of 83 centimeters. Light-fraction material accounted for 53 percent of the total C and 45 percent of the total N in the 0− to 3-cm layer; these proportions decreased abruptly in the next layer and then more gradually over the remainder of the 83-cm profile. Amounts of light-fraction material increased by 50 to 100 percent from early spring to summer and then peaked again in the fall. This large seasonal fluctuation indicates that the light fraction provides an important labile reservoir of C and nutrient elements in the forest ecosystem.