gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Envelope Glycoprotein of Arenaviruses (2012)

Arenaviruses include lethal human pathogens which pose serious public health threats. So far, no FDA approved vaccines are available against arenavirus infections, and therapeutic options are limited, making the identification of novel drug targets for the development of efficacious therapeutics an urgent need. Arenaviruses are comprised of two RNA genome segments and four proteins, the polymerase L, the envelope glycoprotein GP, the matrix protein Z, and the nucleoprotein NP. A crucial step in the arenavirus life-cycle is the biosynthesis and maturation of the GP precursor (GPC) by cellular signal peptidases and the cellular enzyme Subtilisin Kexin Isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/Site-1 Protease (S1P) yielding a tripartite mature GP complex formed by GP1/GP2 and a stable signal peptide (SSP). GPC cleavage by SKI-1/S1P is crucial for fusion competence and incorporation of mature GP into nascent budding virion particles. In a first part of our review, we cover basic aspects and newer developments in the biosynthesis of arenavirus GP and its molecular interaction with SKI-1/S1P. A second part will then highlight the potential of SKI-1/S1P-mediated processing of arenavirus GPC as a novel target for therapeutic intervention to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses.
Synthesis and characterization of conducting polythiophene/carbon nanotubes composites (2006)

Abstract Conducting polythiophene (PTh)/single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) composites were synthesized by the in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. The resulting cablelike morphology of the composite (SWNT–PTh) structures was characterized with elemental analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The standard four‐point‐probe method was used to measure the conductivity of the samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the SWNT–PTh composites were core (SWNTs) and shell (PTh) hybrid structures. Spectroscopic analysis data for the composites were almost identical to those for PTh, supporting the idea that SWNTs served as templates in the formation of a coaxial nanostructure for the composites. The physical properties of the composites were measured and also showed that the SWNTs were modified by conducting PTh with an enhancement of various properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5283–5290, 2006
[Suppressive effects of adenosine on nonspecific and humoral immunities in mice]. (1994)

Adenosine (Ade) 1.3, 13, 130 mg.kg-1 ip inhibited the ability of peripheral leukocytes and peritoneal macrophages in phagocytosing the Staphylococcus albus with [3H]TdR incorporation in mice, declined the hemolytic ability of plaque-forming cells and the production of antibody in mice immunized by sheep erythrocytes. Ade 13, 130 mg.kg-1 ip decreased the mouse serum muramidase (lysozyme) concentration. Dipyridamole (Dip) 10 mg.kg-1 ip attenuated the effects of Ade 130 mg.kg-1 on humoral immunity reaction, but the nonspecific immunity was not attenuated. These results showed that the uptake of Ade may play an important role in the effects of Ade on humoral immunity reaction. Aminophylline (Ami) 100 mg.kg-1 ip attenuated the effects of Ade 130 mg.kg-1 on hemolytic ability of plaque-forming cells and the ability of peripheral leukocytes in phagocytosing Staphylococcus albus. These results suggested that the effects of Ade on murine humoral and nonspecific immunity reaction were mediated by Ade A2 receptor (A2DR).
CoCrTa intermediate layers on NiAl underlayers for CoCrPt longitudinal thin film magnetic media (1998)

A CoCrTa intermediate layer was added between a CoCrPt recording layer and a NiAl underlayer. CoCrPt (1010) texture improves and the in-plane coercivity increases using this medium structure. The effects of substrate bias on film texture and coercivity were studied. Pt concentration and lattice constant for CoCrPt were also characterized as functions of the bias voltage.
Design of large area electron beam guns (1974)

The factors which enter into the design of large area high voltage electron beam guns in which the beam emerges from vacuum into a gaseous environment through a thin foil window are reviewed. The following restraints are considered: The type of cathode which can be used, the restrictions imposed by voltage breakdown, the need for uniform current density distribution, the maintenance of uniformity during modulation, and the restrictions imposed by the foil window. The design of a 5-cm wide by 125-cm long gun for cw operation is described. (auth)
High field tunneling as a limiting factor of maximum energy density in dielectric energy storage capacitors (2008)

In several low loss dielectric materials, it was observed that the energy loss remains very small under low and medium electric fields but dramatically increases at high field which is believed to be due to tunneling current. The increase of tunneling current at high field is due to the decrease of barrier width and height and is a universal phenomenon in all dielectric materials. Due to the requirement of high energy efficiency, high field conduction places a limit for the maximum operation field, which could be lower than the breakdown field and act as the limiting factor of energy density.
Ixodes scapularis Tick Saliva Proteins Sequentially Secreted Every 24 h during Blood Feeding (2016)

Ixodes scapularis is the most medically important tick species and transmits five of the 14 reportable human tick borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA. This study describes LC-MS/MS identification of 582 tick- and 83 rabbit proteins in saliva of I. scapularis ticks that fed for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, as well as engorged but not detached (BD), and spontaneously detached (SD). The 582 tick proteins include proteases (5.7%), protease inhibitors (7.4%), unknown function proteins (22%), immunity/antimicrobial (2.6%), lipocalin (3.1%), heme/iron binding (2.6%), extracellular matrix/ cell adhesion (2.2%), oxidant metabolism/ detoxification (6%), transporter/ receptor related (3.2%), cytoskeletal (5.5%), and housekeeping-like (39.7%). Notable observations include: (i) tick saliva proteins of unknown function accounting for >33% of total protein content, (ii) 79% of proteases are metalloproteases, (iii) 13% (76/582) of proteins in this study were found in saliva of other tick species and, (iv) ticks apparently selectively inject functionally similar but unique proteins every 24 h, which we speculate is the tick's antigenic variation equivalent strategy to protect important tick feeding functions from host immune system. The host immune responses to proteins present in 24 h I. scapularis saliva will not be effective at later feeding stages. Rabbit proteins identified in our study suggest the tick's strategic use of host proteins to modulate the feeding site. Notably fibrinogen, which is central to blood clotting and wound healing, was detected in high abundance in BD and SD saliva, when the tick is preparing to terminate feeding and detach from the host. A remarkable tick adaptation is that the feeding lesion is completely healed when the tick detaches from the host. Does the tick concentrate fibrinogen at the feeding site to aide in promoting healing of the feeding lesion? Overall, these data provide broad insight into molecular mechanisms regulating different tick feeding phases. These data set the foundation for in depth I. scapularis tick feeding physiology and TBD transmission studies.
The art of compiler design: theory and practice (1992)

1. The Compiler Theory Landscape. 2. Grammars: The Chomsky Hierarchy. 3. Scanners and Regular Languages. 4. Parsers and Context-Free Languages. 5. Semantic Analysis and Attribute Grammars. 6. Syntax-Directed Code Generation. 7. Automated Bottom-Up Parser Design. 8. Transformational Attribute Grammars. 9. Code Generation. 10. Non-Procedural Languages. Appendix A: Itty Bitty Modula Syntax Diagrams. Appendix B: The TAG Compiler TAG. Appendix C: Itty Bitty Stack Machine Instruction Set. Appendix D: Code Generation Tables for Four Computers.
Calcium/magnesium specificity in membrane fusion: kinetics of aggregation and fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles and the role of bilayer curvature (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCalcium/magnesium specificity in membrane fusion: kinetics of aggregation and fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles and the role of bilayer curvatureJan Wilschut, Nejat Duezguenes, and Demetrios PapahadjopoulosCite this: Biochemistry 1981, 20, 11, 3126–3133Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00514a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views564Altmetric-Citations210LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Coding and Maintenance Strategies for Cloud Storage: Correlated Failures, Mobility and Architecture Awareness (2017)

As a result of evergrowing data and recent interest in storing and analyzing it, distributed storage systems (DSS), which is also known as cloud storage, have become one of the most important research areas in the literature. Not only such networks are being used as backbone systems for companies like Google, Microsoft and Facebook but also they have accelerated the growth of cloud computing, which is an essential business line for institutions such as IBM, Amazon and Salesforce. In this dissertation, the focus is on the storage side of cloud in order to address the important questions in designing such systems. First, coding theoretic approach is taken to handle correlated failures of multiple storage nodes. In particular, this dissertation studies distributed storage systems that can provide resilience against correlated failure patterns that affect the availability of multiple storage nodes, i.e., power loss that may affect multiple disks. Maximum file size that can be stored in such DSS is studied and then optimal code constructions are provided. This dissertation also studies cloud storage systems that prevent data loss from mixed failure patterns of disks and sectors in disk drives. Specifically, a general code construction is proposed to overcome such failures for any given parameter set. Due to its large field size requirement of proposed construction, a relaxation on the efficiency of storage system is considered to provide codes with smaller field sizes. Maintenance of cloud storage systems is also studied. To that end, this dissertation first studies the maintenance of DSS that include a backup node, which is called hierarchical DSS. Hierarchical DSS can model cellular networks such as femtocell as well as caching in wireless networks. In particular, we present an upper bound on the file size that can be stored over hierarchical DSS and propose optimal code constructions. Then, maintenance cost and data access cost for users of such DSS are studied. Lastly, mobility effects of cloud storage over wireless devices are studied. Specifically, an analysis on the mobile cloud storage system that initiates the maintenance process after certain number of devices remains in the network is performed and different maintenance strategies are proposed that are optimal with respect to average cost in certain mobility regimes.
Biomass to biofuels, a chemical perspective (2006)

Biomass is an interesting starting material for transportation fuels because of its renewable nature. The main constituents of biomass are the carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemi-cellulose, and lignin. Current transportation fuels are mixtures of mainly hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. Biomass derived biofuels are preferably used as blends with fossil fuels to avoid the need for adaptations in the existing car fleet. The total blend then needs to meet the set fuel specifications for fossil fuels. The conversion of biomass to biofuels therefore centres on the removal of oxygen from carbohydrates to obtain hydrocarbons. Oxygen is preferably eliminated in the form of CO2 or H2O, because the heat of combustion of these molecules is zero and all energy is concentrated in the remaining products. Based on gross chemical formulae, the conversion options from biomass to biofuels have been investigated, and interesting intermediates have been identified. Conversion routes from carbohydrates to hydrocarbons tend to proceed via C1-intermediates (CO, CH4 and carbon). Gasification and subsequent Fischer Tropsch synthesis seems the logical processing route to obtain hydrocarbons from biomass via these intermediates. If oxygen containing products are allowed, conversion can proceed via larger intermediates. For blending with gasoline, ethanol emerges as an interesting component. Longer carbon chain molecules are required for diesel. These can only be obtained by at least two process steps, involving the combination of carbon chains (e.g. by etherification or esterification), and reduction of polarity (by hydrogenation or oligomerisation). The lignin present in biomass has a complex, highly cross-linked structure, and can probably best be converted to syngas via gasification or applied directly as solid fuel.
Recombinant Protein Production in the Eukaryotic Protozoan Parasite Leishmania tarentolae: A Review (2011)

Leishmania tarentolae is a trypanosomatid protozoan parasite of the gecko, and has been established as a new eukaryotic expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. It seems that a protozoan parasite is a curious choice as the expression host; however, Trypanosomatidae are rich in glycoproteins with a pattern of glycosylation closely related to those in mammals and higher vertebrates. Thus, one of the main advantages of a L. tarentolae expression system is the mammalian-type posttranslational modification of target proteins. Although there are few examples of recombinant protein expression using this system, it can be an attractive alternative to using mammalian cells. This chapter presents an overview of the newly developed protein expression system based on L. tarentolae.
Detection of Viable <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> with a 5′ Nuclease PCR Assay (1999)

A 5' nuclease assay has been developed to detect viable Listeria monocytogenes. The assay targets the hemolysin A (hlyA) transcript, which is found only in L. monocytogenes. The single-tube, reverse transcriptase (RT), fluorogenic probe-based assay was formatted by using Tth DNA polymerase whose activity was modulated by using the manganese-chelating morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer. This assay was quantitative over a 3-log-unit range of template concentrations when tested with an in vitro-transcribed hlyA mRNA. The viability of L. monocytogenes was reduced by heating at various temperatures and times up to a maximum of a 9-D inactivation. The location of the primer had a pronounced effect on the utility of the assay, and primers located in the most distal regions of the hlyA transcript appeared to correlate with the number of CFU while primers located more internal on the amplicon overestimated the cell viability. The assay with primers that included the 3' end of the transcript was an accurate indicator of viability as measured by CFU determination or staining with 5-sulfofluorescein diacetate.
Pain and Temperature Encoding in the Human Thalamic Somatic Sensory Nucleus (Ventral caudal): Inhibition-Related Bursting Evoked by Somatic Stimuli (2005)

Stimulus-evoked inhibitory events have not been demonstrated in thalamic spike trains encoding of pain and temperature stimuli. We have now tested the hypothesis that the human thalamic response to mechanical and thermal stimuli is characterized by low-threshold calcium spike (LTS)-associated bursts of high-frequency action potentials preceded by prolonged inhibition. The results included 57 neurons recorded in the human thalamic principal somatic sensory nucleus (ventral caudal, Vc) of 24 patients during awake surgery. Neurons were classified by the grading of their response with stimulus intensity into the painful range (graded or non-graded) and the stimulus response (to mechanical, cold, or heat stimuli). Firing rates were analyzed by the response to all stimuli combined (stimuli overall) and to the stimulus characteristic of the stimulus response type (optimal stimulus), e.g., cold stimuli for neurons of the cold stimulus response type. All neuronal categories had clear stimulus-evoked LTS bursting as identified by the criteria for selecting bursts in the spike train, by significant preburst inhibition, and by preburst inter-spike interval not significantly <100 ms. Stimulus-evoked LTS burst rates were significantly higher for neurons in the cold stimulus response type independent of the firing rate between bursts. The parameters of preburst inhibition were largely independent of the neuronal category and the stimuli included in the analysis, which suggests inhibitory mechanisms are similar across neuronal types. Therefore LTS bursting is a substantial, nonlinear component of the spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity of thalamic neurons in awake humans.
The Development of Plant Physiology in Australia. (1977)

Historical Records of Australian Science publishes peer-reviewed articles and book reviews on the history of science and scientists in Australia and the southwest Pacific, biographical memoirs of deceased Fellows of the Academy, and an annual bibliography of the history of Australian science
Natural factors of isotope fractionation and the characterization of wines (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNatural factors of isotope fractionation and the characterization of winesGerard J. Martin, Claude Guillou, Maryvonne L. Martin, Marie Therese Cabanis, Yutthay Tep, and Jacques AernyCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 36, 2, 316–322Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00080a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00080a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views614Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Robust optic flow estimation using least median of squares (2002)

A new approach to optic flow calculation, based on a highly robust statistical technique, is presented. In this algorithm, the optic flow problem is first formulated as a standard least squares problem. Then, its associated closest point problem is introduced and the transformation which takes this problem to a standard regression problem is provided. The least median of squares technique is used to solve the resulting regression problem. Some experimental results for both synthetic and real image sequences are also presented.
Implementation and Analysis of Join Algorithms to handle skew for the Hadoop Map/Reduce Framework (2011)

he Map/Reduce framework-- a parallel processing paradigm-- is widely being used for large scale distributed data processing. Map/Reduce can perform typical relational database operations like selection, aggregation, and projection etc. However, binary relational operators like join, cartesian product, and set operations are difficult to implement with Map/Reduce. Map/Reduce can process homogeneous data streams easily but does not provide direct support for handling multiple heterogeneous input data streams. Thus the binary relational join operator does not have efficient implementation in the Map/Reduce framework. Some implementations of the join operator exist for the Hadoop distribution of the Map/Reduce framework. However, these implementations do not perform well in case of heavily skewed data. Skew in the input data affects the performance of the join operator in parallel environment where data is distributed among parallel sites for independent joins. Data skew can severely limit the effectiveness of parallel architectures when some processing units (PUs) are overloaded during data
Evaluation of shock wave lithotripsy injury in the pig using a narrow focal zone lithotriptor (2012)

• The lesion produced by the SLX (narrow focal width, high acoustic pressure) was a more focused, more intense form of tissue damage than occurs with the HM3. • Slowing the SW rate to 60 SWs/min, a strategy shown to be effective in reducing injury with the HM3, was not protective with the SLX. • These findings suggest that the focal width and acoustic output of a lithotriptor affect the renal response to SWL.
The vasopressin mRNA poly(A) tract is unusually long and increases during stimulation of vasopressin gene expression in vivo. (1988)

We developed a method, termed an H-blot, by which the poly(A) tract of any specific mRNA may be detected by RNA filter hybridization after its removal from the body of the mRNA by a RNase H-catalyzed endonucleolytic cleavage in the 3' untranslated region. Using this method, we studied the modulation of the length of the poly(A) tract of rat vasopressin mRNA in vivo during changes in the levels of this mRNA resulting from a physiologic stimulus, osmotic stress. The poly(A) tract of hypothalamic vasopressin mRNA in hydrated rats was, quite remarkably, approximately 250 nucleotides in length, in contrast to that of somatostatin mRNA, which was approximately 30 nucleotides long. Vasopressin mRNA poly(A) tail length increased progressively from approximately 250 to approximately 400 nucleotides with the application of the hyperosmotic stimulus and declined to base line after its removal; somatostatin mRNA poly(A) tail length did not change during osmotic stress. The poly(A) tract length of total hypothalamic mRNA was between 35 and 140 nucleotides and also did not change with osmotic stress. Modulation of poly(A) tract length of specific mRNAs during stimulation of gene expression may provide an additional level of genetic regulation.