gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Systems Biology in Cancer Research (2012)

Biologically accurate mouse models of human cancer have become important tools for the study of human disease. The anatomical location of various target organs, such as brain, pancreas, and prostate, makes determination of disease status difficult. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, can greatly enhance diagnosis, and longitudinal imaging of tumor progression is an important source of experimental data. Even in models where the tumors arise in areas that permit visual determination of tumorigenesis, longitudinal anatomical and functional imaging can enhance the scope of studies by facilitating the assessment of biological alterations, (such as changes in angiogenesis, metabolism, cellular invasion) as well as tissue perfusion and diffusion. One of the challenges in preclinical imaging is the development of infrastructural platforms required for integrating in vivo imaging and therapeutic response data with ex vivo pathological and molecular data using a more systems-based multiscale modeling approach. Further challenges exist in integrating these data for computational modeling to better understand the pathobiology of cancer and to better affect its cure. We review the current applications of preclinical imaging and discuss the implications of applying functional imaging to visualize cancer progression and treatment. Finally, we provide new data from an ongoing preclinical drug study demonstrating how multiscale modeling can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of cancer biology and therapy.
Active Shape Models Using Local Binary Patterns (2006)

This report addresses the problem of locating facial features in images of frontal faces taken under different lighting conditions. The well-known Active Shape Model method proposed by Cootes et al. is extended in order to improve its robustness to illumination changes. For that purpose, we introduce the use of Local Binary Patterns (LBP). Three different approaches combining ASM with LBP are presented: profile-based LBP-ASM, square-based LBP-ASM and divided-square-based LBP-ASM. Experiments performed on the standard and darkened image sets of the XM2VTS database demonstrate that the dividedsquare-based LBP-ASM gives superior performance compared to the state-ofthe-art ASM. It achieves more accurate results and fails less frequently.
Prevention of hepatitis B infection in infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers: low dosage vaccination (1990)

Two groups of newborn infants born to HBeAg positive carrier mothers were given HBIG (200 IU) immediately after birth. Subsequently, at age 2 days and at 1, 2 and 12 months, the first group received 5 microgram and the second group 2 microgram of HBV vaccines. There was no significant difference in the anti-HBs seroconversion rate (SR), and the protective efficacy rate (PER) at the age of 13 months in either group. The SR and PER of group 1 were 91.7% and 90.18%, and group II were 92.9% and 91.01%, respectively. Although the significant differences were observed in the geometric mean titers of anti-HBs in group I (526.3 mIU/ml) and group II (371.4 mIU/ml), both were above the protective level. The immune responses to the reduced dosage of HBV vaccines are satisfactory in preventing HBV in the newborn infants of HBeAg positive carrier mothers.
Failure of germinal center formation and impairment of response to endotoxin in tumor necrosis factor alpha-deficient mice. (1997)

To study the pathophysiologic roles of TNF alpha, we produced TNF alpha gene-disrupted mice by gene targeting. TNF alpha-deficient mice develop normally without any alteration in the lymphocyte populations. However, in these mice, the germinal center formation in the peripheral lymphoid organs failed in response to the T cell-dependent antigens. TNF alpha-deficient mice are resistant to lethal doses of endotoxin and D-galactosamine without hepatocyte apoptosis, yet demonstrate thymus apoptosis. Our results indicated an important role for TNF alpha in germinal center formation and in the sepsis-induced hepatocyte apoptosis that precedes liver failure.
Theory of Multiple Scattering: Second Born Approximation and Corrections to Molière's Work (1959)

The formula given by Moli\`ere for the scattering cross section of a charged particle by an atom, on which has been based the formula for the "screening angle" ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in his theory of multiple scattering, has been examined and found to contain an inconsistent approximation in all orders of the parameter ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=\frac{\mathrm{zZ}}{137\ensuremath{\beta}}$ except the lowest (the first Born approximation). In the present work, the correct expression of Dalitz is used for the single-scattering cross section of a relativistic Dirac particle by a screened atomic field up to the second Born approximation. It is found that the effect of the deviation from the first Born approximation on the screening angle is much smaller than Moli\`ere's expression for this quantity would lead one to believe. This is so because the deviation from the first Born approximation is very small at the small angles that go into the definition of the screening angle. In Moli\`ere's work, all the effect of the deviation from the first Born approximation on the distribution function $f(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for multiple scattering is contained in the quantity $B$ which depends only on ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. In the present work, it is shown that in a consistent treatment of terms of various orders in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, there exist additional terms of order $\frac{\mathrm{zZ}}{137}$ in the distribution function. These terms, which represent the second Born approximation, become important at large angles. Calculations have been carried out for the scattering of 15.6-Mev electrons by Au and Be. The $\frac{1}{e}$ widths of the distribution function obtained are in good agreement with the experimental result of Hanson et al., whereas Moli\`ere's theory gives too great a width compared with the experimental value in the case of Be.
Offshoring y deslocalización: nuevas tendencias de la economía internacional (2006)

Este documento analiza el offshoring, entendido como la importación de bienes o servicios intermedios. El artículo cuantifica este fenómeno para EE.UU. y España, y muestra que el offshoring ha estado creciendo de manera continua en las últimas décadas, especialmente el offshoring de servicios. En España, la tasa anual media de crecimiento del offshoring fue, en el periodo 1995-1999, del 3,38%. En particular, la tasa fue del 10,35% en offshoring de servicios y del 2% en offshoring de manufacturas. Sin embargo, en el periodo 2000-2004 esta tasa pasa a ser negativa (¿1,79%). Parece, pues, que la tendencia de crecimiento se ha estancado en los últimos años. Las reducciones lentas y discontinuas en algunos de los costes de transacción podrían ser la causa de este estancamiento. Este documento también presenta los resultados de los estudios más recientes sobre los efectos del offshoring en el mercado laboral local. En concreto, estos resultados muestran un aumento de la brecha salarial entre trabajadores cualificados y no cualificados, y del salario de todos los trabajadores locales, además de una disminución en la tasa de empleo. Finalmente, examina otras vías de impacto en la economía doméstica, como el aumento en la productividad del país, que asegurarían un efecto neto favorable a largo plazo del offshoring que compensa, así, los posibles efectos adversos iniciales.
The Adrenomedullin Gene Is a Target for Negative Regulation by the Myc Transcription Complex (1999)

The Myc family of transcription factors plays a central role in vertebrate growth and development although relatively few genetic targets of the Myc transcription complex have been identified. In this study, we used mRNA differential display to investigate gene expression changes induced by the overexpression of the MC29 v-Myc oncoprotein in C3H10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts. We identified the transcript of the adrenomedullin gene (AM) as an mRNA that is specifically down-regulated in v-Myc overexpressing C3H10T1/2 cell lines as well as in a Rat 1a cell line inducible for c-Myc. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the mouse AM promoter reveals the presence of consensus CAAT and TATA boxes as well as an initiator element (INR) with significant sequence similarity to the INR responsible for Myc-mediated repression of the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP). Reporter gene assays confirm that the region of the AM promoter containing the INR is the target of Myc-mediated repression. Exogenous application of AM peptide to quiescent C3H10T1/2 cultures does not stimulate growth, and constitutive expression of AM mRNA in C3H10T1/2 cells correlates with a reduced potential of the cells to be cotransformed by v-Myc and oncogenic Ras p21. Additional studies showing that AM mRNA is underrepresented in C3H10T1/2 cell lines stably transformed by Ras p21 or adenovirus E1A suggest that AM gene expression is incompatible with deregulated growth in this cell line. We propose a model in which the repression of AM gene expression by Myc is important to the role of this oncoprotein as a potentiator of cellular transformation in C3H10T1/2 and perhaps other cell lines.
Nickel and Nickel-Based Nanoalloy Thin Films from Alcohol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (2009)

The growth of nickel and nickel-based alloys was investigated using the pulsed-spray evaporation (PSE) CVD process in hydrogen-free atmosphere. This process relies on the reactivity of ethanol, which was investigated using mass spectrometry. In fact, the dehydrogenation of ethanol to form acetaldehyde is identified as the reaction pathway that provides hydrogen atoms necessary to desorb acetylacetonate ligand of the precursor. This global reaction leads to the formation of metallic nickel film either in the hexagonal (hcp) lattice at low temperature or in the cubic (fcc) one at temperatures higher than 240 °C. In conditions where the fcc−Ni phase is deposited, the PSE−CVD process enables the deposition of Ni−Cu alloy thin films with fully controlled composition, whereas Ni−Ag forms polycrystalline silver, in addition to an amorphous phase containing silver and nickel. The synthesis of Ni−Co alloy thin films was performed under conditions where the hcp−Ni phase was obtained, providing for the first time a route toward deposition of nickel-rich hcp−Ni−Co.
Monitoring the software test process using statistical process control (2003)

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a powerful tool to control the quality of processes. It assists management personnel in the identification of problems and actions to be taken to bring a process into a stable state. SPC has been applied in various fields, including the Software Development Process. However, some processes are better characterized by factors that exhibit an exponential behavior. The use of such factors for process control limits the application of traditional SPC techniques. The Software Test Process (STP) characterized by the decay in the number of remaining errors, failure intensity, and an increase in code coverage, is one such process.A variant of the traditional SPC technique is proposed. This variant uses logarithmic transformation to allow the statistical control of processes whose dominant behavior is best described by an exponential. An evaluation of the proposed transformation carried out using simulation and a case study from an industrial project, encourages the application of the proposed variant to the STP.
The putative R1 protein of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> as serotype marker and target of protective antibodies (2001)

The streptococcal R1 protein was studied by means of anti-R1 antibodies prepared by appropriate cross-absorption of rabbit antiserum raised against the group B streptococcal (GBS) strain ATCC 12403 (D136C), serotype III/R1. The protein was a ladder-forming antigen according to banding patterns in immunoblotting, similar to several other GBS proteins, and was susceptible to digestion by both pepsin and trypsin. Antibody-based testing revealed that 10% of Norwegian GBS isolates expressed the R1 protein, most frequently capsular antigen type V strains (72%) and less frequently type III strains (3%). None of 132 GBS strains from Zimbabwe, including 39 type V strains, expressed the R1 protein. R1-specific rabbit antibodies showed protective activity in mice challenged with a GBS type V/R1 strain. The results show that the R1 protein is an important GBS serotype marker in strains from certain geographical areas, notably for the subtyping of capsular type V strains, and that this protein is a target of protective antibodies.
Beam spreading of vortex beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere (2012)

We present some results obtained by numerical modeling of the propagation of vortex beams LG(0l) through a randomly inhomogeneous medium. The vortex beams are the lower order Laguerre-Gaussian modes. Such beams, if propagated under conditions of weak turbulence, also experience distortions, like a Gaussian beam. However, the statistically averaged vortex beams (LG(0l)) conserve the central intensity dip with a nonzero intensity on the beam axis. The beam broadening of vortex beams is analyzed. The average vortex beams are found to be broadened less than the Gaussian beam while propagated through a randomly inhomogeneous medium. The higher the topological charge l is, the smaller the beam broadening is.
Studies on the Solidification Path of Single Crystal Superalloys (2016)

Single crystal superalloys are widely used in high temperature sections of turbines, where they are able to withstand extended exposure to high temperatures. As these alloys are commonly cast and directionally solidified via the Bridgman process, the knowledge of their solidification path is of great importance. This paper gives an overview of aspects of the solidification path in superalloys, as studied experimentally and from a modeling and simulation point of view. The implications of microsegregation, and sequence of phase formation are discussed. Attention is given to the processes leading to the formation of interdendritic γ′, also often referred to as the γ/γ′ eutectic.
The concept of the adaptive landscape (2006)

The idea of a fitness landscape was introduced by Sewall Wright (1932) and it has become a standard imagination prosthesis for evolutionary theorists. It has proven its worth in literally thousands of applications, including many outside evolutionary theory.Dennett (1996, p. 190)
Divergent Effects of Liraglutide, Exendin-4, and Sitagliptin on Beta-Cell Mass and Indicators of Pancreatitis in a Mouse Model of Hyperglycaemia (2014)

Liraglutide improves glucose tolerance in the mouse whilst exerting relatively modest effects on pancreatitis risk. Conversely, exendin-4 and sitagliptin, at doses which exert, respectively, minor or no effects on metabolic parameters, lead to signs of pancreatitis.
Transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in brugian lymphatic filariasis. (1992)

Brugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. The monoclonal antibody MF1, which mediates clearance of peripheral microfilaremia in a gerbil infection model, recognizes two stage-specific proteins, p70 and p75, in B. malayi microfilariae. cDNA coding for the MF1 antigen was sequenced, and the predicted protein sequence shows significant similarities to chitinases from bacteria and yeast. When microfilarial extracts and purified preparations of the MF1 antigen were tested for chitinase activity, strong bands of chitin-degrading activity comigrated in SDS/PAGE with p70 and p75 and showed a reduction-dependent mobility shift characteristic of the MF1 antigen. Thus, the MF1 antigen is microfilarial chitinase, which may function to degrade chitin-containing structures in the microfilaria or in its mosquito vector during parasite development and transmission.
Flavonoids, dietary-derived inhibitors of cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. (1997)

Consumption of a plant-based diet can prevent the development and progression of chronic diseases associated with extensive neovascularization, including solid malignant tumors. In previous studies, we have shown that the plant-derived isoflavonoid genistein is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. In the present study, we report that certain structurally related flavonoids are more potent inhibitors than genistein. Indeed, 3-hydroxyflavone, 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone, 2',3'-dihydroxyflavone, fisetin, apigenin, and luteolin inhibited the proliferation of normal and tumor cells, as well as in vitro angiogenesis, at half-maximal concentrations in the low micromolar range. We have previously demonstrated that genistein concentrations in the urine of subjects consuming a plant-based diet is 30-fold higher than in subjects consuming a traditional Western diet. The wider distribution and the more abundant presence of flavonoids in the plant kingdom, together with the present results, suggest that flavonoids may contribute to the preventive effect of a plant-based diet on chronic diseases, including solid tumors.
Deep Belief Networks and deep learning (2015)

Deep Belief Network is an algorithm among deep learning. It is an effective method of solving the problems from neural network with deep layers, such as low velocity and the overfitting phenomenon in learning. In this paper, we will introduce how to process a Deep Belief Network by using Restricted Boltzmann Machines. What is more, we will combine the Deep Belief Network together with softmax classifier, and use it in the recognition of handwritten numbers.
<scp>PACAP</scp>and its receptors in migraine pathophysiology: Commentary on Walker<i>et al</i>., Br J Pharmacol 171: 1521–1533 (2014)

Linked Article This article is a Commentary on Walker CS, Sundrum T and Hay DL (2014). PACAP receptor pharmacology and agonist bias: analysis in primary neurons and glia from the trigeminal ganglia and transfected cells. Br J Pharmacol 171: 1521–1553. doi: 10.1111/bph.12541
Mechanochemical synthesis of isoreticular metal–organic frameworks and comparative study of their potential for nitrobenzene sensing (2015)

A series of halogen containing IRMOFs were synthesized mechanochemically and their sensing properties for nitrobenzene were evaluated.
Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins (1999)

Up to 40% ee was obtained in the asymmetric epoxidation of styrene and other unfunctionalised olefins catalysed by the ruthenium(II) complex [RuCl(PNNP)]PF6 (PNNP = N,N′-{(o-diphenylphosphino)benzylidene}-(1S,2S)-diiminocyclohexane)using hydrogen peroxide as the primary oxidant.
Terahertz birefringence and attenuation properties of wood and paper (2006)

The far-infrared properties of spruce wood are examined with a terahertz time-domain spectrometer. The solid wood is shown to exhibit both birefringence and diattenuation. The birefringence properties are sufficient for construction of a quarter-wave plate operating at 0.36 THz, and a half-wave plate operating at 0.71 THz. The origin of the birefringence is attributed to preferential fiber orientation within the wood. Similar birefringence is observed in lens paper in which the fibers are preferentially oriented in one direction.
Analog Chirp Fourier Transform for high-resolution real-time wideband RF spectrum Analysis (2011)

Application of the Analog Chirp Fourier Transform (ACFT) in generating low-latency, continuous, real-time frequency spectra of wide bandwidth radio frequeny (RF) signals is presented as an alternative to the digital FFT processor. Insights into the mathematical construct of ACFT, system modeling, and practical design considerations are presented. Resolution and worst-case frequency error are key metrics evaluated over design parameter choices and process, voltage, and temperature (PVT)-induced parameter variations. Experiments show accurate frequency spectrum representation over several decades extending from 200 MHz to 6 GHz with a 58 MHz worst-case resolution and 1 μs latency.
MobileEssence (2006)

We demonstrate a software system that runs on the Symbian smartphone platform, and allows a group to capture the essence of a face-to-face meeting or remote conference call in a decentralized manner. We show how the users set up a meeting, record elements from the meeting, and are able to continue the collaboration after the original meeting has ended. We show how the information collected during the meeting can be used by members to analyze the collective impression of the meeting, as well view consensus or differences of opinions.
A Dual Wavelength Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Using a Pulsed Hollow Cathode Lamp (1977)

A novel use of pulsed hollow cathode lamps for the purpose of background correction with a dual wavelength atomic absorption spectrophotometer is described. The pulsed hollow cathode lamp in conjunction with a transient signal gating system behaves as if the analyte source and the background correction source are firing alternately in time. Determinations of Fe, Mg, and Cd are carried out in order to evaluate the performance in practical analyses. Procedures and results on the time-resolved measurement of emission spectra and resonance line profiles from several kinds of pulsed hollow cathode lamps are also demonstrated in detail.
Yeast ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters Conferring Multidrug Resistance (2012)

Overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is often responsible for the failure of chemotherapy as a treatment for human tumors. The presence of proteins homologous to P-gp in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes indicates that drug export is a general mechanism of multidrug resistance. Yeasts are no exception. They have developed a large subfamily of ABC exporters involved in pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) and in the cellular efflux of a wide variety of drugs. The PDR transporters Pdr5p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cdr1p of Candida albicans are important members of this PDR subfamily, which comprises up to 10 phylogenetic clusters in fungi. Here, we review current achievements concerning the structure, molecular mechanism, and physiological functions of yeast Pdr transporters.
Optoacoustic pulses in a flame (1977)

Pulsed pressure waves are produced by energy transfer from electronically excited Na or Li atoms seeded in an acetylene-air flame; the excitation is provided by a resonantly tuned, pulsed laser. Temperature increases of approximately 1 degree within the flame produce signals easily detected by a microphone. A description of the phenomenon is given, and preliminary results are presented for two possible applications: localized speed-of-sound measurements and quenching rate determinations.