gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regioselective Rapid Analogue Syntheses of 1-Methyl-3,5-diarylpyrazoles via Palladium-catalysed Coupling to 3(5)-Pyrazolyl Nonaflates (2004)

Regioselective rapid analogue syntheses of 1-methyl-3,5-diarylpyrazoles were developed, based on Pd-catalysed couplings to 1-methyl-3(5)-arylpyrazole nonaflates, which offered an advantage in hydrolytic stability over the corresponding triflates. The new bifunctional reagent 1-methyl-3-bromo-pyrazol-5-yl nonaflate underwent highly chemoselective Pd-catalysed couplings to the nonaflate, followed by Suzuki couplings to the bromide, allowing sequential, regioselective introduction of the two aryl substituents.
Carrier Transport in (110) nMOSFETs: Subband Structures, Non-Parabolicity, Mobility Characteristics, and Uniaxial Stress Engineering (2006)

(110) surface orientation have attracted great interests, since pFETs on (110) substrates show much superior mobility to (100) pFETs (Sun, et. al., 2005 and Sato, et, al, 1969). In addition, (110) surface orientation is widely utilized in advanced FET structures such as FinFETs (Liow, 2005) and Tri-gate FETs (Kavalieros, 2005). Thus, there are growing interests in whether, how, and how far the electron mobility, mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> , of (110) nFETs can be improved. A few reports have been made on carrier transports in (110) nFETs (Irie, et. al., 2004) its physical mechanisms and stress dependence have not been fully investigated nor understood yet. In this paper, mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> of (110) nFETs is studied in terms of channel direction, Ns, and temperature dependences to clarify the carrier transport mechanisms in (110) nFETs. In addition, the impact of stress engineering is investigated in terms of mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> enhancements to provide the guidance to boost (110) nFETs performance
A STUDY OF PREFERENCES IN FEMININE BEAUTY (1960)

A survey of previous studies of aesthetic preferences shows little attention to examples of natural beauty and none to preferences in the field of human beauty. In inquiries using factor analysis it is necessary to distinguish different uses of the term ‘the general factor in aesthetic judgements’. In the present inquiry twelve photographs of women's faces taken in uniform conditions were ranked for ‘prettiness’ by 4355 readers of a national daily newspaper. Twenty‐two inter‐correlations between mean rankings of men and women, of four age groups, and of six regional groups were each of the order of 0·9. Conformity of opinion within groups was significantly different only for the 55 + age group who showed less tendency to agree than other age groups. Factor analysis of a small random group of individual rankings resulted in a general factor accounting for 43 % of the variance, and a small bipolar factor. Comparison of mean rankings of representative samples of five occupational groups showed that social status has little influence on preferences. Limitations of the technique of inquiry are discussed and the results are considered in the light of the hypothesis that norms of human beauty are culturally determined.
Models of the turning and fast‐start swimming dynamics of aquatic vertebrates (2006)

Two models for unpowered and powered turns and C‐type fast‐starts were developed and applied to four different manoeuvres: unpowered turns by a streamlined fish (yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares ), powered turns by an unstreamlined fish (boxfish Ostracion meleagris ), fast‐starts (sticklebacks Gasterosteus spp.) and a manoeuvre by a steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus deploying control surfaces (flippers). The velocity at the end of manoeuvres (terminal velocity) was employed as the ‘benchmark variable’ for comparisons of predicted and actual performance. Good agreement was found in all cases. A log–log plot of available experimental data for turning radius v. mass shows that turning radius scales to the 0·37 power of mass ( r 2 = 0·73), close to the predicted value of 0·33. Recent interests in highly manoeuvrable aquatic vertebrates as biomimetic models for automated underwater vehicles adds to the practical utility of the models presented here.
Neurotransmitters in Nociceptive Modulatory Circuits (1991)

Significant advances have been made in our understanding of nociceptive modulation from RVM. Among the most useful conceptually has been the discovery that there are two classes of modulatory neurons in the RVM that are likely to have opposing actions on nociception: on-cells, which may facilitate nociceptive transmission, and off-cells, which probably have a net inhibitory effect on nociception. The similarity in response properties among the members of each class, their large, somatic "receptive fields," and the wide distribution of the terminal fields of axons of individual neurons to the trigeminal sensory complex and to multiple spinal segments indicate that these neurons exert a global influence over nociceptive responsiveness. Drug microinjections into the RVM presumably shift the balance between states of on- or off-cell firing and also produce measurable changes in the threshold for nocifensor reflexes. The meaningful unit of function in the RVM nociceptive modulatory system therefore probably consists of large ensembles of physiologically and pharmacologically similar neurons. The strong coordination of activity of the two classes of RVM neuron may depend largely upon intranuclear projections from RVM off-cells that excite other off-cells and inhibit on-cells. The off-cell pause is GABA-mediated, and it is likely that there is a subset of GABA-containing RVM on-cells that directly inhibit off-cells. Furthermore, the available evidence indicates that exogenous opiates activate off-cells by inhibiting GABAergic release. Presumably, enkephalinergic cells in the RVM disinhibit off-cells in a similar way. Although non-serotonin-containing off-cells certainly exist, we propose that some off-cells contain serotonin. Other possible connections are based on more limited data; however, ACh, neurotensin, NE, and EAAs are present in neurons that project to the RVM, and each of these compounds, when microinjected into the RVM, has a modulating effect on nociceptive transmission. The local circuits in the RVM that underlie these actions remain to be elucidated. At the level of the dorsal horn, there is good evidence for each of three inhibitory mechanisms: direct inhibition of nociceptive projection neurons, inhibition of excitatory relay interneurons, and excitation of an inhibitory interneuron. The relative contribution made by each of these circuits is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A genome-wide association study of COPD identifies a susceptibility locus on chromosome 19q13 (2011)

The genetic risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still largely unknown. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of limited size have identified several novel risk loci for COPD at CHRNA3/CHRNA5/IREB2, HHIP and FAM13A; additional loci may be identified through larger studies. We performed a GWAS using a total of 3499 cases and 1922 control subjects from four cohorts: the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE); the Normative Aging Study (NAS) and National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT); Bergen, Norway (GenKOLS); and the COPDGene study. Genotyping was performed on Illumina platforms with additional markers imputed using 1000 Genomes data; results were summarized using fixed-effect meta-analysis. We identified a new genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 19q13 (rs7937, OR = 0.74, P = 2.9 × 10(-9)). Genotyping this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and another nearby SNP in linkage disequilibrium (rs2604894) in 2859 subjects from the family-based International COPD Genetics Network study (ICGN) demonstrated supportive evidence for association for COPD (P = 0.28 and 0.11 for rs7937 and rs2604894), pre-bronchodilator FEV(1) (P = 0.08 and 0.04) and severe (GOLD 3&4) COPD (P = 0.09 and 0.017). This region includes RAB4B, EGLN2, MIA and CYP2A6, and has previously been identified in association with cigarette smoking behavior.
Determination of Aluminum Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid in Hydrocarbon Streams (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Aluminum Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid in Hydrocarbon StreamsWalter Green and S.R. BakerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1945, 17, 6, 351–352Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i560142a003https://doi.org/10.1021/i560142a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Radical Crossover in Nitroxide Mediated “Living” Free Radical Polymerizations (1996)

The efficiency of exchange between the mediating nitroxide moieties at the termini of growing polymer chains during “living” free radical polymerizations has been probed by a series of crossover experiments using functionalized unimolecular initiators. The design of appropriately substituted initiators permitted the synthesis of specifically functionalized model polymers which could be readily distinguished using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using these models, the mixture of macromolecules obtained from a 1:1 combination of disparate initiators was separated and identified. The results reveal that exchange of the mediating nitroxide free radicals is a facile process and at essentially all stages of the polymerization a nearly statistical mixture of crossover products is obtained. The HPLC techniques developed are also useful in evaluating the extent of chain termination in nitroxide mediated “living” free radical polymerizations.
The Polyomavirus BK Large T-Antigen-Derived Peptide Elicits an HLA-DR Promiscuous and Polyfunctional CD4<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Response (2011)

BK virus (BKV) nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis are increasingly recognized causes of disease in renal and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, respectively. Functional characterization of the immune response to BKV is important for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine design. A peptide mix (PepMix) and overlapping (OPP) or random (RPP) peptide pools derived from BKV large T antigen (LTA) were used to restimulate 14-day-expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 healthy control subjects in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. A T-cell response to LTA PepMix was detected in 15/27 subjects. A response was frequently observed with peptides derived from the helicase domain (9/15 subjects), while the DNA binding and host range domains were immunologically inert (0/15 subjects). For all nine subjects who responded to LTA peptide pools, the immune response could be explained largely by a 15-mer peptide designated P313. P313-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones demonstrated (i) stringent LTA peptide specificity; (ii) promiscuous recognition in the context of HLA-DR alleles; (iii) cross recognition of homologous peptides from the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40); (iv) an effector memory phenotype, CD107a expression, and intracellular production of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); (v) cytotoxic activity in a chromium release assay; and (vi) the ability to directly present cognate antigen to autologous T cells. In conclusion, T-cell-mediated immunity to BKV in healthy subjects is associated with a polyfunctional population of CD4(+) T cells with dual T-helper and T-cytotoxic properties. HLA class II promiscuity in antigen presentation makes the targeted LTA peptide sequence a suitable candidate for inclusion in immunotherapy protocols.
Compositional Changes of Hydrocarbons of Residual Oil in Contaminated Soil During Ozonation (2013)

Abstract Ozonation is an effective method to remove recalcitrant weathered oil in contaminated soil. The purpose of this study was to characterize the compositional changes of hydrocarbons in residual oil during ozonation. A bioremediated soil containing residual oil was ozonated for up to 15 h. A total of 102 compounds in the residual oil were analyzed by GC/MS and 36 diagnostic ratios (DRs) were calculated based on quantitative or semi-quantitative results in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the residual oil compositions to ozonation and the effects of ozonation on the fingerprint profile of the residual oil. The total ozonation removal rates were in the following order: triaromatic steranes (TAS) > steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, terpanes > alkanes. Ozone kept the fingerprints of n-alkanes, C27- to C34-terpanes, steranes and TAS, separately. Branched alkanes (i.e., pristane and phytane) showed a higher removal rate than n-alkanes. Ozone reactivity of PAHs depended on the number of rings, presence of heteroatoms and level of alkylation. Four- to six-ring PAHs and PAHs with a high level of alkylation showed higher reactivity, while dibenzothiophene and alkylated dibenzothiophenes were found to be resistant to ozonation. Some of the biomarker source ratios remained stable and could still be used for source identification even after some of the biomarkers were removed by >90% by ozonation. Keywords: OzoneBiomarkersResidual OilDiagnostic RatiosGC/MSOil Fingerprinting ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40730738), Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No.2009THZ02238), and the Research Program in Environmental Protection for the Public Benefit (No. 201109039) for the financial support.
Rag<sup>−</sup>mutations involved in glucose metabolism in yeast: Isolation and genetic characterization (1992)

Abstract Some natural isolates and many laboratory strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis cannot grow on glucose when respiration is inhibited by antimycin A. The ability or inability to grow on glucose in the absence of mitochondrial respiration has been called Rag + or Rag − phenotype (resistance to antimycin on glucose, respectively). Rag − strains, unable to grow on glucose in the presence of the respiratory drug, behave as if they were defective in fermentation. The Rag phenotype was first found to be determined by variant alleles of either of the two nuclear genes, RAG1 and RAG2 , which code for a low‐affinity glucose transport protein and for phosphoglucose isomerase, respectively. These findings suggested that the Rag − phenotype can be used to obtain mutations of genes involved in glucose metabolism in K. lactis. We thus looked for other Rag − mutants. Seventy‐four mutants were isolated and genetically characterized. All of the mutations were nuclear recessive alleles, defining 11 new complementation groups, which we designate rag3 through rag13 .
Isolation of High-Quality RNA from Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i>) Fruit (2006)

It is difficult to isolate sufficient quantities of high-quality RNA from apple fruit. An abundance of polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharides and a relatively low concentration of RNA in the fruit tissue create conditions that hamper RNA isolation when standard techniques are used. We have developed two RNA isolation methods that include an initial homogenization and extraction with acetone or ethanol. These in turn remove the interfering compounds and precipitate the protein and nucleic acids for subsequent RNA extraction. The quality of RNA was satisfactory with both acetone and ethanol preparations; however, the acetone powder produced consistently higher quantities of RNA.
The Structure of Vinyl Polymers. VI.<sup>1</sup> Polyvinyl Halides (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTThe Structure of Vinyl Polymers. VI.1 Polyvinyl HalidesC. S. Marvel, J. H. Sample, and Max F. RoyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 12, 3241–3244Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01267a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01267a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views384Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling (2014)

The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression of CVD such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to its main role in regulating blood pressure and its role in hypertension, RAAS has proinflammatory and profibrotic effects at cellular and molecular levels. Blocking RAAS provides beneficial effects for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Evidence shows that inhibition of RAAS positively influences vascular remodeling thus improving CVD outcomes. The beneficial vascular effects of RAAS inhibition are likely due to decreasing vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and positive effects on regeneration of endothelial progenitor cells. Inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNFα, IL-6, and CRP have key roles in mediating vascular inflammation and blocking RAAS negatively modulates the levels of these inflammatory molecules. Some of these inflammatory markers are clinically associated with CVD events. More studies are required to establish long-term effects of RAAS inhibition on vascular inflammation, vascular cells regeneration, and CVD clinical outcomes. This review presents important information on RAAS's role on vascular inflammation, vascular cells responses to RAAS, and inhibition of RAAS signaling in the context of vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling, and vascular inflammation-associated CVD. Nevertheless, the review also equates the need to rethink and rediscover new RAAS inhibitors.
Baculovirus expression system scaleup by perfusion of high‐density Sf‐9 cell cultures (1994)

A perfusion system based on a 4-L stirred tank bioreactor and a custom-designed tangential (cross-flow) filter was assembled to realize a scaleup of the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). When perfused with 1 to 1.5 vol/day, Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) insect cell cultures grew from 4 x 10(6) to 15 x 10(6) cells/mL over 3 to 4 days. The possibility of maintaining high specific production of recombinant VP6 protein (from bovine rotavirus) after baculovirus infection of the high-density cultures was then assessed. The process consisted of a growth phase in TNMFH + 10% FBS, followed by infection with Bac-BRV6L recombinant baculovirus and a shift to a low-serum (0 to 1%) medium for perfusion during the production phase. Multiple runs were executed, each including a battery of shaker flask controls at various cell densities and serum concentrations. On average, specific rVP6 production in the bioreactor amounted to 76% of that found in 20-mL shaker cultures simulatingthe bioreactor's high cell density, low serum concentration, and medium renewal rate. Mechanical stress generated by cell/medium separation in theperfusion process reduced cell growth rate but had minimal effect on rVP6production. Our results also indicated that serum concentration during the infection phase affected the rVP6 specific production in a cell density-dependent fashion. Although the feasibility of the cell density scale up was demonstrated, optimization is still needed to achieve a truly cost-effective process.
Photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol on titanium dioxide particles: identification of intermediates and mechanism of reaction (1993)

The photoassisted oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in TiO_2 particle suspensions was investigated. Complete dechlorination of 47 µM PCP was achieved after 3 h of illumination at high intensity with apparent quantum efficiencies (ΦPCP, ΦCI, ΦH+, ΦH_2O_2) ranging from 1 to 3%. p-Chloranil, tetrachlorohydroquinone, H_2O_2, and o-chloranil were formed as the principal intermediates. Formate and acetate were formed as products during the latter stages of photooxidation. The mechanism for photooxidation of PCP proceeds via hydroxyl radical attack on the para position of the PCP ring to form a semiquinone radical which in turn disproportionates to yield p-chloranil and tetrachlorohydroquinone. Under high-intensity illumination, the reaction intermediates are attacked further by •OH to yield HCO_2^-, CH_3CO_2^-, CO_2, H^+, and Cl^-.
Defeating reverberation: Advanced dereverberation and recognition techniques for hands-free speech recognition (2014)

Automatic speech recognition is being used successfully in more and more products. However, current recognition systems usually require the use of close-talking microphones. This constraint limits the deployment of speech recognition for new applications. In hands-free situations, noise and reverberation cause a severe degradation of the recognition performance. The problem of noise robustness has attracted a great deal of attention and practical solutions have been proposed and evaluated with common benchmarks. In contrast, reverberation has long been considered an unsolvable problem. Recently, significant progress has been made in the field of reverberant speech recognition and this progress has been evaluated with the REVERB challenge 2014. In this paper, we describe the reverberant speech recognition system we proposed for the REVERB challenge that exhibited high recognition performance even under severe reverberation conditions. We compare our system with other proposed approaches to suggest potential future research directions in the field.