gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges in the Management of Prostate Cancer (1992)

An estimated 32,000 American men will die of prostate cancer this year. Local prostate cancer may be successfully treated by radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Advanced cases may necessitate the use of hormonal ablation with bilateral orchiectomy, an approach that is regarded as the gold standard of therapy but not always the preferred treatment of patients. Oestrogen therapy is an alternative but is associated with side effects, such as hot flushes and gynaecomastia, which frequently lead to treatment cessation. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues work by initially producing a surge of androgen, followed by a down-regulation in hormone production to effect a medical castration. Various groups have studied the effects of androgen blockade administered as monotherapy and as combination therapy (LHRH analogue plus antiandrogen). The National Cancer Institute intergroup protocol 0036, which is the largest cooperative study to date of patients with advanced prostatic cancer, showed that combination therapy with leuprolide and flutamide offered greater benefit in both time to disease progression and median survival while circumventing tumour flare and its associated symptoms. Thus, combination therapy for total androgen ablation may become the new treatment standard for advanced prostatic cancer, pending further studies in the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of all available treatments.
A fast gas valve (1978)

A gas valve capable of injecting 1 Pa m3 of gas into a vacuum system in less than 2 ms is described. An approximate theory is developed for the performance of this type of valve. The theory shows how the injection range of the valve may be greatly extended, particularly for lower injection quantities at shorter times.
Onset of Manic Episode during Chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil (2011)

The authors report a case of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) induced manic episode in an elderly female without any previous psychiatric history. The patient presented manic symptoms after 4th cycle of 5-FU chemotherapy after surgery of rectal cancer. After cessation of chemotherapy and administration of olanzapine and divalproex sodium, symptoms were subsided within 10 days.
Biological Activities of 16 , 17  Dihydroxyprogesterone Derivatives (1961)

SummaryThe 16α, 17α acetophenane (P-DHP) and acetone (A-DHP) derivatives of 16α, 17α-dihydroxyprogesterone (DHP) and their 6α-methyl, 6β-methyl, 6α-fluoro and 6β-fluoro analogues were assayed for parenteral and oral progestational activity. P-DHP and A-DHP are equal in parenteral activity, each being about twice as potent as progesterone. P-DHP is strongly active orally, being 1 to 2 times as active as nore-thisterone, whereas A-DHP has only weak oral activity. Parenteral activity of P-DHP or A-DHP was not altered by 6-methylation. Oral activity of 6β-methyl-P-DHP was similar to P-DHP but both 6α and 6β-methyl-A-DHP were more potent orally than A-DHP. 6α fluorination had little or no enhancing effect on either parent compound when parenterally administered but did reduce oral potency. 6β fluorination made both parent steroids inactive by either route of administration. P-DHP and A-DHP have longer duration of activity than progesterone, moderate progestational effects still being present 25 days and 20 days, respectively, following a single 10 mg intramuscular injection. P-DHP is devoid of inherent androgenic, anti-androgenic, estrogenic, anti-DCA or corticoid activities.
Lenalidomide therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (2006)

We present results of 2 similarly designed but separate phase 2 studies involving single-agent lenalidomide (CC-5013, Revlimid) in a total of 68 patients with symptomatic myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM). Protocol treatment consisted of oral lenalidomide at 10 mg/d (5 mg/d if baseline platelet count < 100 x 10(9)/L) for 3 to 4 months with a plan to continue treatment for either 3 or 24 additional months, in case of response. Overall response rates were 22% for anemia, 33% for splenomegaly, and 50% for thrombocytopenia. Response in anemia was deemed impressive in 8 patients whose hemoglobin level normalized from a baseline of either transfusion dependency or hemoglobin level lower than 100 g/L. Additional treatment effects in these patients included resolution of leukoerythroblastosis (4 patients), a decrease in medullary fibrosis and angiogenesis (2 patients), and del(5)(q13q33) cytogenetic remission accompanied by a reduction in JAK2(V617F) mutation burden (1 patient). Grade 3 or 4 adverse events included neutropenia (31%) and thrombocytopenia (19%). We conclude that lenalidomide engenders an intriguing treatment activity in a subset of patients with MMM that includes an unprecedented effect on peripheral blood and bone marrow abnormalities.
Mechanomyography as an Access Pathway for Binary and Multifunction Control (2011)

Individuals with severe physical disabilities and minimal motor behaviour may benefit from access technologies that harness the volitional activity of muscles. In this thesis, we investigate the use of muscle activity, indicated by the mechanomyogram (MMG), as a binary and multifunction control signal for access devices. A challenge in the design of a binary MMG switch is to reliably recognize the timing of voluntary muscle contractions, and to subsequently translate the MMG signal into a switch-activation signal. A continuous wavelet transform (CWT) algorithm based on a simplified MMG generation model of recurring impulsive morphological patterns was proposed for automatic detection of muscle activity from MMG signals. CWT coefficients of the MMG signal were compared to scale-specific thresholds derived from the baseline signal to estimate the timings of muscle activity. The automatic detection algorithm was implemented as a binary switch controlled by a single muscle site at the forehead, shoulders or forearm. The binary control algorithm was verified on able-bodied participants, and the switch was tested on individuals with neuromuscular and neurological disabilities. The switch showed very high sensitivity and specificity when the muscle and its control were minimally affected by spasticity, involuntary movement, or involuntary muscle activity. We further investigate the potential of improving the functionality of the MMG-controlled switching interface. We demonstrate the practical use of the vibratory artefact measured at the forehead during vocalization to control a second switch. The proposed integrated MMG-vocalization access solution may augment access alternatives for individuals with physical disabilities using a single access site. Further, we show that multi-site MMG signals exhibit distinctive patterns of forearm muscle activity, and 7+/-1 hand movements can be identified with an accuracy of 90+/-4%. This suggests that MMG may have applications in multi-function body-machine interfaces when multiple muscle sites are available. However, MMG signal features vary with sensor location. We show that sensor displacements significantly diminish classification accuracy, emphasizing the importance of consistent sensor placement between MMG classifier training and deployment for accurate control of switching interfaces. Collectively, the findings and developments of this thesis lay the foundation for future research on wearable, MMG-driven access technologies.
Pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion in the rabbit: rapid cyclic variations in enzyme composition. (1995)

The role and mechanism of nonparallel pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes, in which enzyme proportions change in rapidly regulated fashion, remain controversial. Secretion was collected from male 2.2-kg New Zealand rabbits in 5-min intervals for 3 h under basal conditions or constant stimulation with cholecystokinin (CCK; 0.1 microgram per kg per h i.v.) or methacholine chloride (MCh; 40 micrograms per kg per h i.v.). Both CCK and MCh produced an 8-fold stimulation of protein output. Enzymes were separated by SDS/PAGE and quantitated by densitometry of Coomassie blue-stained gels. Under both basal conditions and constant MCh infusion, rapid neurosecretory-like 12-min cyclic changes occurred in the proportions of amylase, lipase I, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen. During constant infusion their percentages changed as much as 10-fold, and their ratios cycled by as much as 30-fold. The mean percentage for the entire infusion period for lipase I declined > 25% with CCK or MCh, for amylase it rose approximately 30%, and for chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen it doubled (for all, P < 0.05). CCK and MCh elicited subtly but significantly different mean enzyme percentages and enzyme ratios (P < 0.05) for amylase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen; these differences were also confirmed by regression and correlation analyses. The changes in enzyme percentages and ratios were explicitly consistent with secretagogue-caused shifts in the intrapancreatic enzyme secretory sources. Nonparallel secretion of digestive enzymes occurs routinely, even during constant stimulation, and is due to cyclic neurosecretory-like secretion from heterogeneous intrapancreatic sources.
Automatic Control of Cycling Induced by Functional Electrical Stimulation With Electric Motor Assistance (2016)

Cycling induced by automatic control of functional electrical stimulation provides a means of therapeutic exercise and functional restoration for people affected by paralysis. During cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation, various muscle groups are stimulated according to the cycle crank angle; however, because of kinematic constraints on the cycle-rider system, stimulation is typically only applied in a subsection of the crank cycle. Therefore, these systems can be considered as switched control systems with autonomous, state-dependent switching with potentially unstable modes. Previous studies have included an electric motor in the system to provide additional control authority, but no studies have considered the effects of switched control in the stability analysis of the motorized functional electrical stimulation cycling system. In this paper, a model of the motorized cycle-rider system with functional electrical stimulation is developed that includes the effects of a switched control input. A novel switching strategy for the electric motor is designed to only provide assistance in the regions of the crank cycle where the kinematic effectiveness of the rider's muscles is low. A switched sliding-mode controller is designed, and global, exponentially stable tracking of a desired crank trajectory is guaranteed via Lyapunov methods for switched systems, despite parametric uncertainty in the nonlinear model and unknown, time-varying disturbances. Experimental results from five able-bodied, passive riders are presented to validate the control design, and the developed control system achieves an average cadence tracking error of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$0.00\pm 2.91$</tex></formula> revolutions per minute for a desired trajectory of 50 revolutions per minute.
Efficient Hybrid Tree-Based Stereo Matching With Applications to Postcapture Image Refocusing (2014)

Estimating dense correspondence or depth information from a pair of stereoscopic images is a fundamental problem in computer vision, which finds a range of important applications. Despite intensive past research efforts in this topic, it still remains challenging to recover the depth information both reliably and efficiently, especially when the input images contain weakly textured regions or are captured under uncontrolled, real-life conditions. Striking a desired balance between computational efficiency and estimation quality, a hybrid minimum spanning tree-based stereo matching method is proposed in this paper. Our method performs efficient nonlocal cost aggregation at pixel-level and region-level, and then adaptively fuses the resulting costs together to leverage their respective strength in handling large textureless regions and fine depth discontinuities. Experiments on the standard Middlebury stereo benchmark show that the proposed stereo method outperforms all prior local and nonlocal aggregation-based methods, achieving particularly noticeable improvements for low texture regions. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed stereo method, also motivated by the increasing desire to generate expressive depth-induced photo effects, this paper is tasked next to address the emerging application of interactive depth-of-field rendering given a real-world stereo image pair. To this end, we propose an accurate thin-lens model for synthetic depth-of-field rendering, which considers the user-stroke placement and camera-specific parameters and performs the pixel-adapted Gaussian blurring in a principled way. Taking ~1.5 s to process a pair of 640×360 images in the off-line step, our system named Scribble2focus allows users to interactively select in-focus regions by simple strokes using the touch screen and returns the synthetically refocused images instantly to the user.
Chemical similarity and biological activities (2002)

"Similar molecules exert similar biological activities". Since long, medicinal chemists use this concept to modify the structures of biologically active compounds. Bioisosteric replacements of atoms and groups pave the way from various lead structures to therapeutically useful enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists, and other active principles. However, similarity and diversity of chemical structures cannot be defined in an objective manner. Several surprising structure-activity relationships demonstrate that chemically similar compounds may have significantly different biological actions and activities. Some protein ligands exert unexpected new binding modes, after only minor chemical modification. Of course, even optical enantiomers most often have different biological activities.
Scientific Notes (1931)

Journal Article Scientific Notes Get access L.O Howard L.O Howard Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 February 1931, Pages 325–332, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/24.1.325 Published: 01 February 1931
REMOVAL OF TUMOR ARISING ANTERIOR TO THE MEDULLA (1941)

The late Harvey Cushing<sup>1</sup>considered meningiomas with dural attachment in the region of the foramen magnum as either craniospinal or spinocranial. The former arise from the basilar groove of the occipital bone, thence project downward into the spinal canal and lie anterior to the medulla and the upper part of the spinal cord. The latter arise below the foramen, extend upward and lie posterior or posterolateral to the spinal cord. Cushing and Eisenhardt<sup>1</sup>referred to several craniospinal tumors, in all instances of which there was a fatal issue. They then stated (page 180): "Whether a meningioma arising from the basilar groove which must be overlain and concealed by a posteriorly dislodged medulla and its emerging nerves could be safely exposed and surgically enucleated must be left for further experience to determine." A current search of the literature revealed but 1 instance<sup>2</sup>in which this operation had been
Catalysis and Activation of Oxygen and Peroxide Delignification of Chemical Pulps: A Review (2001)

Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide have always been technologically attractive oxidants to the pulp and paper industry. The fact that molecular oxygen has a triplet ground state whose direct interaction with singlet-state organic molecules is a spin-forbidden transition, limits its oxidative selectivity. Industrially, it would be extremely beneficial to fix molecular oxygen within organic or inorganic compounds capable of transferring it selectively to an organic substrate such as lignin. Since a variety of research endeavours have already been made to catalyse oxygen delignification and activate peroxide delignification of chemical pulps, this paper critically reviews them. In addition, this effort covers peracids, which can be considered as organic molecules containing active oxygen. Dioxiranes have also been shown to possess the ability to transfer a single activated oxygen atom onto aromatic and unsaturated substrates. As such, dimethyldioxirane is reviewed for its potential as a novel and selective bleaching agent for the production of fully-bleached totally chlorine-free (TCF) pulp. Finally, our critical review covers the recent scientific and patent literature which contains a number of examples where transition metals have been used as additives in peroxide and oxygen delignification.
A fully integrated 5.3 GHz, 2.4V, 0.3 W SiGe-bipolar power amplifier with 50Ω output (2004)

A radio frequency power amplifier for 4.8-5.7 GHz has been realized in a 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe-bipolar technology. The balanced 2-stage push pull power amplifier uses two on chip transformers as input-balun and for interstage matching. Further it uses three coils for the integrated LC-output balun and the rf-choke. Thus the power amplifier is free of any external components. At 1.0V, 1.5V, 2.4V supply voltages output powers of 17.7 dBm, 21.6 dBm, 25dBm are achieved at 5.3 GHz. The respective power added efficiency is 15.6%, 22.4%, 24%. The small-signal gain is 26dB.
Detection of an altered DNA conformation at specific sites in chromatin and supercoiled DNA. (1983)

We show that bromoacetaldehyde, which reacts selectively at the N-1 and N-6 positions of unpaired adenine and at the N-3 and N-4 positions of unpaired cytosine residues reacts with chromosomal DNA in intact cells at probable regulatory sequences near active genes. A region of about 200 base pairs 5' to the chicken beta A-globin gene, which contains sites sensitive to nuclease S1, to several restriction endonucleases, and to very low levels of DNase I, also contains DNA structures that are preferentially sensitive to bromoacetaldehyde. These altered DNA structures are found at reproducible positions relative to the beta A-globin gene regardless of whether the bromoacetaldehyde is presented to intact erythrocytes, erythrocyte nuclei, or the beta A-globin gene itself carried in pBR322 as purified supercoiled DNA. The unpaired DNA 5' to the adult beta A-globin gene in adult erythrocytes is not detectable in embryonic erythrocytes that express embryonic beta-globin in contrast to adult beta A-globin. Our results suggest that well-defined regions of DNA with effectively unpaired bases occur in intact nuclei and that these structures may be important for specific recognition because they are tissue specific and are found at putative regulatory regions.
Homing Missile Guidance and Estimation Under Agile Target Acceleration (2007)

Two new algorithms for homing missile guidance and estimation in the two-dimensional intercept problem are proposed based on the assumption that certain targets execute evasive maneuvers orthogonal to their velocity vectors. The objectives of both algorithms are to estimate the engagement states in the presence of unknown target accelerations and guide the interceptor to hit the target based on these state estimates. Both algorithms are the integration of a fllter in cascade with a guidance law but constructed using difierent philosophies. One algorithm constructs the fllter that estimates the target acceleration and the guidance law based on a target model in which the magnitude of the target acceleration vector is assumed to be a sinusoidal function. The other algorithm constructs the fllter by blocking the dynamic efiect of the target acceleration and constructs the guidance law based on the anticipated worst possible target acceleration. These two algorithms form an interesting design trade between the inherent estimation lag and increased estimation uncertainty.
Surface Expression of Precursor N-cadherin Promotes Tumor Cell Invasion (2010)

The expression of N-cadherin (NCAD) has been shown to correlate with increased tumor cell motility and metastasis. However, NCAD-mediated adhesion is a robust phenomenon and therefore seems to be inconsistent with the "release" from intercellular adhesion required for invasion. We show that in the most invasive melanoma and brain tumor cells, altered posttranslational processing results in abundant nonadhesive precursor N-cadherin (proNCAD) at the cell surface, although total NCAD levels remain constant. We demonstrate that aberrantly processed proNCAD promotes cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, in human tumor specimens, we find high levels of proNCAD as well, supporting an overall conclusion that proNCAD and mature NCAD coexist on these tumor cell surfaces and that it is the ratio between these functionally antagonistic moieties that directly correlates with invasion potential. Our work provides insight into what may be a widespread mechanism for invasion and metastasis and challenges the current dogma of the functional roles played by classic cadherins in tumor progression.
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Relatedness (2003)

Relatedness between individuals is central to many studies in genetics and population biology. A variety of estimators have been developed to enable molecular marker data to quantify relatedness. Despite this, no effort has been given to characterize the traditional maximum-likelihood estimator in relation to the remainder. This article quantifies its statistical performance under a range of biologically relevant sampling conditions. Under the same range of conditions, the statistical performance of five other commonly used estimators of relatedness is quantified. Comparison among these estimators indicates that the traditional maximum-likelihood estimator exhibits a lower standard error under essentially all conditions. Only for very large amounts of genetic information do most of the other estimators approach the likelihood estimator. However, the likelihood estimator is more biased than any of the others, especially when the amount of genetic information is low or the actual relationship being estimated is near the boundary of the parameter space. Even under these conditions, the amount of bias can be greatly reduced, potentially to biologically irrelevant levels, with suitable genetic sampling. Additionally, the likelihood estimator generally exhibits the lowest root mean-square error, an indication that the bias in fact is quite small. Alternative estimators restricted to yield only biologically interpretable estimates exhibit lower standard errors and greater bias than do unrestricted ones, but generally do not improve over the maximum-likelihood estimator and in some cases exhibit even greater bias. Although some nonlikelihood estimators exhibit better performance with respect to specific metrics under some conditions, none approach the high level of performance exhibited by the likelihood estimator across all conditions and all metrics of performance.