gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three‐compartment <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> relaxation model for intracellular paramagnetic contrast agents (2009)

The goal of this work was to elaborate a model describing the effective longitudinal relaxation rate constant R(1) for (1)H(2)O in three cellular compartments experiencing possible equilibrium water exchange, and to apply this model to explain the effective R(1) dependence on the overall concentration of a cell-internalized Gd(3+)-based contrast agent (CA). The model voxel comprises three compartments representing extracellular, cytoplasmic, and vesicular (e.g., endosomal, lysosomal) subcellular spaces. Relaxation parameters were simulated using a modified Bloch-McConnell equation including magnetization exchange between the three compartments. With the model, several possible scenarios for internalized CA distribution were evaluated. Relaxation parameters were calculated for contrast agent restricted to the cytoplasmic or vesicular compartments. The size or the number of CA-loaded vesicles was varied. The simulated data were then separately fitted with empirical mono- and biexponential inversion recovery expressions. The voxel CA-concentration dependencies of R(1) can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively understand a number of different experimental observations reported in the literature. Most important, the simulations reproduced the relaxivity "quenching" for cell-internalized contrast agent that has been observed.
Phase I study of oral CP-4126, a gemcitabine analog, in patients with advanced solid tumors. (2010)

e13078 Background: CP-4126 (gemcitabine-5′-elaidic acid ester) is a novel nucleoside analogue with preclinical antitumor activity. CP-4126 has been solubilized in a lipid-based formulation and encapsulated in nongelatine hard shell capsules. This dose- escalating study assesses the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and preliminary antitumor activity of the oral formulation and determines the recommended dose (RD) for phases II. Methods: Patients with advanced refractory solid tumors, performance status ECOG ≤ 2, adequate hematologic, renal, and hepatic function are enrolling. The study has a two- step design; a nonrandomized dose-escalating step I with oral CP-4126 alone, followed by a randomized, cross-over step II comparing oral CP-4126 with IV gemcitabine (gem). In step I CP-4126 is given on days (d) 1, 8, 15 q4w in increasing doses until MTD and RD are established. Step II involves a cross-over design with oral CP-4126 at RD on d1 or d8 and IV gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) on d1 or d8. Further in step II, from day 15 and all subsequent cycles, all patients will receive oral CP-4126. Serial blood samples are collected for PK analysis on d1 in step I and on d1 and 8 in step II. Results: The study is ongoing. 25 (m=8; f=17) patients (45-80 years age range) have been enrolled in step I at 7 dose levels (100–3000 mg), and have received 1 to 5 treatment cycles. Most had pancreatic, colon, breast, or ovarian carcinoma. Most frequent AEs are fatigue and AST/ALT increases, the majority being grade 1-2. One DLT was reported at 1300 mg: γGT grade 4, and ALT/AST and fatigue grade 3. Two patients showed disease stabilisation according to RECIST evaluation (23-25% reduction from baseline). RD has not yet been established. No CP-4126 was detected in plasma up to 1300 mg and only trace amounts appeared at higher dose levels. dFdC concentrations (Cmax) and exposure (AUC) increased linearly with CP-4126 dose, indicating that oral CP-4126 acts as a prodrug for gemcitabine. Conclusions: Oral CP-4126 is a prodrug for gemcitabine in humans. It is well tolerated at doses up to 3000 mg in a d1, 8, 15 q4w schedule and shows a good safety profile and an early efficacy signal compared with gemcitabine historical data. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Clavis Pharma Clavis Pharma
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors (2006)

peer reviewed
A Computational Model for Simulating Spatial Aspects of Crime in Urban Environments (2006)

In this paper, we present a novel approach to computational modeling of social systems. By combining the abstract state machine (ASM) formalism with the multi-agent modeling paradigm, we obtain a formal semantic framework for modeling and integration of established theories of crime analysis and prediction. We focus here on spatial and temporal aspects of crime in urban areas. Our work contributes to a new multidisciplinary research effort broadly classified as Computational Criminology.
A Two-Stage Ring Oscillator in 0.13-$\mu{\hbox{m}}$ CMOS for UWB Impulse Radio (2009)

We present a two-stage digitally controlled ring oscillator designed mainly for impulse-radio ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. Each basic stage utilizes a local positive feedback, allowing to achieve steady oscillation at low current consumption levels, and to extend the frequency tuning over an ultra-wide range. The frequency tuning is achieved via the control of the tail resistor in each stage. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology. It features full UWB coverage at slightly higher than 1.3-V supply voltage, -121.7-dBc/Hz phase noise at a 5.6-GHz carrier, and 10-MHz offset, and less than 5-mW power consumption for the digitally controlled oscillator core alone at 10.18-GHz maximum frequency under 1.3-V supply voltage.
Immobilization of Amines at Carbon Fiber Surfaces: Relevance to Adhesion in Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composite Material. (1995)

Abstract : The reaction between amines acting as nucleophiles and the C-C bonds on the carbon fiber surface acting as electrophilic vinyl groups has not yet been explored. In this contribution it is demonstrated that both thermal reactions and electrochemical oxidation of amines at carbon fibers allow the covalent bonding of these molecules directly to the carbon fiber surface, presumably via nucleophilic attack of the amine at electrophilic C-C sites at the surface and subsequent formation of C-N bonds between the surface and the amine. A novel strategy for a quantitative assay of the number of amines attached to the surface is developed in which Fe(CN)6(3-) is electrostatically bound to the protonated, cationic amine sites, followed by electrochemical determination of the amount of bound Fe(CN)6 (3-) as a function of its concentration in solution. Analysis of the isotherm for this electrostatic binding process then provides the number of interfacially immobilized amines. The composition of the amine layer is also probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). jg p.3
(Invited) Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Si: H Thin Films (1979)

Amorphous Si: H is a materials system that possesses several distinct local environments for the hydrogen. The evidence discussed in this paper suggests that it is the distribution of the hydrogen between these environments and not the total hydrogen content that is the crucial factor in determining defect density. The material that possesses the "optimum" properties for device applications is a homogeneous silicon hydrogen compound that contains hydrogen bonded as either Si-H or SiH2. The primary structural defect in this system is a void associated with (SiH2)n. These voids are oriented parallel to the growth direction of the film and the dangling bonds on their internal surfaces form deep defect states that act as efficient non-radiative recombination centers.
Histone H4 acetylation during interleukin‐2 stimulation of mouse T cells (1998)

Proliferation and cell cycle progression of eukaryotic cells are closely linked to changes in chromatin structure and gene expression. By reversible histone acetylation the cell is able to modulate chromatin condensation and accessibility of specific regions within the chromatin. Here, we examined histone H4 acetylation patterns during growth induction of the murine interleukin-2 dependent T cell line B6.1. In order to detect acetylation on each of the four potential target residues we produced a set of antibodies recognizing specifically acetylated lysine 5, 8, 12 and 16 in the N-terminal tail of histone H4. Acetylation was generally low in resting T cells, but increased after stimulation with a specific kinetics for each lysine. Lysine 16 was acetylated during the G1 phase and deacetylated during S phase. H4 acetylation on lysine 5, 8 and 12, in contrast, was induced before cells started to replicate, and persisted until cells entered mitosis. Treatment of resting B6.1 cells with the specific deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) led to H4 hyperacetylation at all four lysine residues indicating that the histone modification can occur in the absence of replication. After release from TSA treatment normal H4 acetylation levels were reestablished by extremely rapid deacetylation of lysines 5, 8, 12 and 16. The deacetylation step was 60-100 times faster than TSA induced acetylation and equally efficient in resting and exponentially growing T cells. Our results indicate the presence of cell cycle regulated lysine specific acetylating and deacetylating activities in mouse T cells.
Integrated detection of anomalous behavior of computer infrastructures (2012)

Our research concentrates on anomaly detection techniques, which have both industrial applications such as network monitoring and protection, as well as research applications such as software behavioral analysis or malware classification. During our doctoral research, we worked on anomaly detection from three different perspective, as a complex computer infrastructure has several weak spots that must be protected. We first focused on the operating system, central to any computer, to avoid malicious code to subvert its normal activity. Secondly, we concentrated on web applications, which are the main interface to modern computing: Because of their immense popularity, they have indeed become the most targeted entry point of intrusions. Last, we developed novel techniques with the aim of identifying related events (e.g., alerts reported by intrusion detection systems) to build new and more compact knowledge to detect malicious activity on large-scale systems. During our research we enhanced existing anomaly detection tools and also contributed with new ones. Such tools have been tested over different datasets, both synthetic data and real network traffic, and lead to interesting results that were accepted for publication at main security venues.
Dexamethasone for prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness. (1988)

We wished to determine in a field study the effectiveness of dexamethasone for prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Prevention Trial: We transported 15 subjects from sea level to 4,400 m (PB = 400 mm Hg) on Denali (Mt. McKinley) by means of a 1-h helicopter flight. In a randomized, double-blind fashion we gave eight subjects a placebo and seven subjects 2 mg dexamethasone orally every 6 h, starting 1 h before take-off. The entire placebo group and five of the dexamethasone group developed AMS within 5 h, and became progressively more ill until 12 h when the trial was terminated. We concluded that 2 mg of dexamethasone every 6 h did not prevent AMS in active soldiers rapidly transported to high altitude. Treatment Trial: We treated 11 of those with moderate to severe AMS (symptom score 4.5 +/- 0.7, range 3 to 11) with 4 mg of dexamethasone every 6 h orally or intramuscularly for 24 h. All were markedly improved at 12 h (symptom score 1.0 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001, range 0 to 3), but symptoms increased after the drug was discontinued at 24 h (symptom score = 2.4 +/- 0.5). We conclude that dexamethasone in a dosage of 4 mg PO or IM every 6 h is an effective treatment for AMS, but that illness may recur with abrupt discontinuation of the drug.
ALSoD: A user-friendly online bioinformatics tool for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics (2012)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the commonest adult onset motor neuron disease, with a peak age of onset in the seventh decade. With advances in genetic technology, there is an enormous increase in the volume of genetic data produced, and a corresponding need for storage, analysis, and interpretation, particularly as our understanding of the relationships between genotype and phenotype mature. Here, we present a system to enable this in the form of the ALS Online Database (ALSoD at http://alsod.iop.kcl.ac.uk), a freely available database that has been transformed from a single gene storage facility recording mutations in the SOD1 gene to a multigene ALS bioinformatics repository and analytical instrument combining genotype, phenotype, and geographical information with associated analysis tools. These include a comparison tool to evaluate genes side by side or jointly with user configurable features, a pathogenicity prediction tool using a combination of computational approaches to distinguish variants with nonfunctional characteristics from disease-associated mutations with more dangerous consequences, and a credibility tool to enable ALS researchers to objectively assess the evidence for gene causation in ALS. Furthermore, integration of external tools, systems for feedback, annotation by users, and two-way links to collaborators hosting complementary databases further enhance the functionality of ALSoD.
Labeled topic detection of open source software from mining mass textual project profiles (2012)

Nowadays open source software has become an indispensable basis for both individual and industrial software engineering. Various kinds of labeling mechanisms like categories, keywords and tags are used in open source communities to annotate projects and facilitate the discovery of certain software. However, as large amounts of software are attached with no/few labels or the existing labels are from different ontology space, it is still hard to retrieve potentially topic-relevant software. This paper highlights the valuable semantic information of project descriptions and labels, proposes labeled software topic detection (LSTD), a hybrid approach combining topic models and ranking mechanisms to detect and enrich the topics of software by mining the large amount of textual software profiles, which can be employed to do software categorization and tag recommendation. L-STD makes use of labeled LDA to capture the semantic correlations between labels and descriptions and then construct the label-based topic-word matrix. Based on the generated matrix and the generality of labels, LSTD designs a simple yet efficient algorithm to detect the latent topics of software that expressed as relevant and popular labels. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted on the large-scale datasets of representative open source communities and the results validate the effectiveness of LSTD.
MESA Conference+为Microsoft Mail锦上添花 (1995)

由于Lotus Notes日渐流行,人们已越发认识到小组讨论带来的沟通和创造性方案的价值。尽管Notes、Collabra Share和Trax Software的TeamTalk占尽风光,TheMESA Group的Conference+软件已在市场悄然站稳脚跟——据MESA称,该软件上市不足一年即发售了100000多份拷贝。
Upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in proteins secreted from human colon cancer cells with 5‐fluorouracil resistance (2009)

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, resistance to this drug is a major obstacle in CRC chemotherapy. Accurate prediction of response to 5-FU would avoid unnecessary chemotherapy and allow the selection of other effective drugs. To identify a candidate predictor of 5-FU resistance, we isolated secreted proteins that were up- or downregulated in a 5-FU-resistant cancer cell line, compared with the parent cell line (SNU-C4), using a stable isotope-coded labeling protocol. For validating the clinical applicability of this method, levels of the identified proteins were determined in the sera of 46 patients treated with 5-FU. In total, 238 proteins with molecular weights ranging from 50 to 75 kDa were identified. Among these, 45 and 35 secreted proteins were up- and downregulated in the 5-FU-resistant cell line, respectively. We observed significant upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M2 (PK-M2), transketolase, and NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme 1. In particular, the level of PK-M2, a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, showed an increasing tendency in both sera and tissues from CRC patients displaying no response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy (progressive and stable disease cases), compared with that in complete or partial responders to 5-FU-based chemotherapy; however, it did not reach the statistical significance. In conclusion, increasing pattern of PK-M2 observed with 5-FU resistance induced in vitro and in sera and tissues from CRC patients displaying poor response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy suggest the relevance of dysregulated glycolysis and 5-FU-resistant CRC.
Developments of reflection mode liquid crystal light valves using Bi12 SiO20 as the photoconductor (1987)

This paper describes the development of liquid crystal light valves (LCLVs) using bismuth silicon oxide (BSO) as the photoconductor at the Sowerby Research Centre of British Aerospace. The results of two LCLVs are presented and compared, both of which use a 250 micrometre thick slice of BSO. The variation in time response with liquid crystal viscosity is investigated. A resolution of 27 line pairs/mm (50% MTF point) was obtained for the first device. However, refinements in fabrication and measurement techniques yield a resolution of 31 line pairs/mm for the second light valve.
Authors' Response (1988)

We thank Dr. VanSant for the considerable time and thought she devoted to reading and critiquing our article. Several of her comments suggest that further clarification of our study is needed. She appears to have misinterpreted the major purposes of our article. As we stated in our abstract, the primary purposes of our study were to “investigate the sequence of development of head, upper extremity, and lower extremity extension in the prone extension posture in healthy infants” and to “identify the variations in the sequence.” We did not attempt to “reinspect the cephalocaudal principle.” In keeping with our intent, in the Introduction of our article, we reviewed the literature to document that the prone extension posture had not been studied and reported. Our initial goal in conducting this study was to document the existence and developmental progression of the posture.
Principia Moore (1997)

Exhibiting a life-long "willingness to continue to learn," Gordon Moore shares his views on semiconductor technology during the last fifty years.
Covariance-driven mosaic formation from sparsely-overlapping image sets with application to retinal image mosaicing (2004)

A new technique is presented for mosaicing sparsely-overlapping image sets, with a target application of assisting the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases. The geometric image transformations required to construct the mosaics are estimated by (1) estimating the transformations between as many pairs of images as possible, (2) extracting sets of constraints (correspondences)from the successfully registered image pairs, and (3) using these constraint sets to simultaneously (jointly) estimate the final transformations. Unfortunately, this may not be sufficient to construct seamless mosaics when two images overlap but can not be successfully registered (step 1). This paper presents a new method to generate constraints between such image pairs, and use these constraints to estimate a more consistent set of transformations. For each pair transformation parameter covariance matrices are computed and used to estimate the mapping error covariance matrices for individual features from one image. These features are matched in the second image by minimizing the resulting Mahalanobis distance. The generated correspondences are validated using robust estimation techniques and used to refine the estimates. The steps of covariance computation, matching, and transform estimation are repeated for all relevant image pairs until the final alignment converges. Results are presented and evaluated for several difficult image sets to illustrate the efficacy of the techniques.
An unexpected packing of fluorinated <i>n</i>-alkane thiols on Au(111): A combined atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction study (1994)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) have been used to study the structure of self-assembled monolayers of CF3(CF2)n(CH2)2SH (n=11, 7, and 5) on the Au(111) surface. Surprisingly, although the nearest-neighbor fluorinated alkane thiol distance is very close to the lattice constant of a commensurate p(2×2) structure, the close-packed rows of molecules are rotated ∼30° with respect to the underlying gold lattice. That packing is incommensurate or at most only close to the high-order commensurate c(7×7) structure. The relative orientation of the organic monolayer and the Au(111) substrate has been determined unambiguously both with GIXD, and by AFM, taking advantage of an earlier finding (Ref. ) that AFM tips can reversibly displace the thiol molecules under high loads. In addition, we demonstrate that the two techniques provide complementary information on the order and the domain structures of these monolayers.
Mapping Source to Target Strings without Alignment by Analogical Learning: A Case Study with Transliteration (2013)

Analogical learning over strings is a holistic model that has been investigated by a few authors as a means to map forms of a source language to forms of a target language. In this study, we revisit this learning paradigm and apply it to the transliteration task. We show that alone, it performs worse than a statistical phrase-based machine translation engine, but the combination of both approaches outperforms each one taken separately, demonstrating the usefulness of the information captured by a so-called formal analogy.
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIGNIN. I. LIGNIN FROM CORN COBS (1927)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE CHEMISTRY OF LIGNIN. I. LIGNIN FROM CORN COBSMax PhillipsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1927, 49, 8, 2037–2040Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1927Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1927https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01407a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01407a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views171Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts