gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of some Alkali Salts upon Fire-Holding Capacity of Tobacco (1917)

1. The alkali carbonates of caesium, rubidium, and potassium have a definite marked effect in promoting the fire-holding capacity of tobacco, which sodium and lithium carbonates do not exhibit, the order of effectiveness being as follows: caesium, rubidium, potassium. 2. Of the oxalates tried, only potassium is effective. In the case of the carbonates and the oxalates in an alkaline medium, where lithium is more effective than sodium in the precipitation of colloids, it is slightly more effective also in promoting the fire-holding capacity. In the case of the citrates there is no such relation and, in the case of the carbonates, potassium, rubidium, and caesium do not behave in this manner. It is doubtful, therefore, whether the effect of the salts upon the colloidal state of the tobacco leaf is of any significance. 3. Only potassium citrate is effective in promoting the burn. The citrates of sodium and lithium are nearly neutral in their effect. 4. The organic salts of potassium, potassium carbonate, tripotassium phosphate, di-potassium phosphate, and potassium sulphate improve the fire-holding capacity; while potassium chloride, acid potassium sulphate, and mono-potassium phosphate are injurious to the burn. 5. Sodium carbonate improves the fire-holding capacity slightly, while all of the other sodium salts are either neutral or injurious to the burn. 6. The data obtained do not confirm the idea that the reduction of the potassium salts will account for their favorable action. 7. Data are given which indicate that the harmful action of chlorides is not due to the fact that they fuse, as was suggested by Barth. 8. Data are given which indicate that the alternately giving off and taking up of carbon dioxide will not account for the beneficial effects of potassium carbonate. 9. The effect of the salts in raising the temperature of the leaf may be of some significance. 10. The problem is probably complex, and the action of the caesium, potassium, and rubidium salts may be due to a number of complex factors. 11. It seems probable that caesium, potassium, and rubidium in the form of certain salts, such as the carbonates, sulphates, and phosphates, have a specific catalytic action in the combustion, and that the chlorides have a negative catalytic action. It is planned to study the rate of decomposition of various organic salts of the alkalies, and also the decomposition products of various organic substances treated with salts of the alkalies, when subjected to temperatures which are attained in the burning cigar.
Phospholipase D: molecular and cell biology of a novel gene family (2000)

Interaction of extracellular-signal molecules with cell-surface receptors often activates a phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids, generating phosphatidic acid. The activation of PLD is believed to play an important role in the regulation of cell function and cell fate. Multiple PLD activities were characterized in eukaryotic cells, and, more recently, several PLD genes have been cloned. A PLD gene superfamily, defined by a number of structural domains and sequence motifs, also includes phosphatidyltransferases and certain phosphodiesterases. Among the eukaryotic PLD genes are those from mammals, nematodes, fungi and plants. The present review focuses on the structure, localization, regulation and possible functions of cloned mammalian and yeast PLDs. In addition, an overview of plant PLD genes, and of several distinct PLD activities that have not yet been cloned, is provided. Emerging evidence from recent work employing new molecular tools indicates that different PLD isoforms are localized in distinct cellular organelles, where they are likely to serve diverse functions in signal transduction, membrane vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics.
Genetically engineered macrophages expressing IFN-γ restore alveolar immune function in<i>scid</i>mice (2001)

Reversal of immunodeficiency in the lung by gene therapy is limited in part by the difficulty of transfecting lung cells in vivo. Many options exist for successfully transfecting cells in vitro, but they are not easily adapted to the in vivo condition. To overcome this limitation, we transduced macrophages in vitro with the murine IFN-gamma (mIFN-gamma) gene and intratracheally delivered the macrophages to express mIFN-gamma in vivo. A recombinant retroviral vector pSF91 system was modified to encode mIFN-gamma and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). A murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 transduced with the retroviral supernatant increased secretion from undetectable levels to 131.6 +/- 4.2 microg/ml mIFN-gamma at 24 h in vitro. The mIFN-gamma-producing macrophages were intratracheally instilled into mechanically ventilated scid mice. mIFN-gamma levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased from undetectable levels at baseline to 158.8 +/- 5.1 pg/ml at 48 h (P < 0.001). Analysis of the lavaged cells for EGFP expression revealed that EGFP expression was directly proportional to the number of transduced macrophages instilled into the lung. Immune function was partially restored in the alveolar spaces of scid mice with evidence of enhanced MHC class II antigen expression and increased phagocytosis (P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha was increased from undetectable at baseline to 103.5 +/- 11.4 pg/ml. In contrast, i.p. administration of the engineered macrophages did not enhance IFN-gamma levels in the lung. Our study suggests airway delivery of genetically engineered macrophages expressing mIFN-gamma gene can partially restore significant immune activity in the lungs of immunodeficient mice.
Uncooled amorphous silicon technology enhancement for 25-μm pixel pitch achievement (2003)

The emergence of uncooled infrared detectors has opened new <i></i>opportunities for IR imaging both for military and civil applications. Infrared imaging sensors that operate without cryogenic cooling have the potential to provide the military or civilian users with infrared vision capabilities packaged in a camera of extremely small size, weight and power. Uncooled infrared sensor technology has advanced rapidly in the past few years. Higher performance sensors, electronics integration at the sensor, and new concepts for signal processing are generating advanced infrared focal plane arrays. This would significantly reduce the cost and accelerate the implementation of sensors for applications such as surveillance or predictive maintenance. We present the uncooled infrared detector operation principle and the development at CEA/LETI from the 256×64 with a pitch of 50 μm to the 320×240 with a pitch of 35 μm. LETI has been involved in Amorphous Silicon uncooled microbolometer development since 1992. This silicon IR detection is now well mastered and matured so that industrial transfer of LETI technology was performed in 2000 towards Sofradir. Industrial production of 320 μ240 microbolometer array with 45μm pitch is then started., we present the readout circuit architectures designs and its evolution from the 256×64 array to the different version of 320×240 arrays. Electro-optical results obtained from these IRCMOS are presented. NEDT close to 30 mK is now obtained with our standard microbolometer amorphous silicon technology.
Gastroparesis (2015)

Gastroparesis (GP) is a chronic neuromuscular disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of GP is not well described; however, the number of individuals affected by symptoms of GP in the United States is estimated to be over 4 million. The etiology of GP is diverse. Approximately 25% of cases are associated with diabetes, whereas nearly 50% are classified as idiopathic; many of these latter cases likely represent a postinfectious process. Connective tissue disorders, autoimmune disorders, prior gastric surgery, ischemia, and medications make up the vast majority of the remaining cases. The pathophysiology of GP is also diverse. Abnormalities in fundic tone, antroduodenal dyscoordination, a weak antral pump, gastric dysrhythmias, and abnormal duodenal feedback all contribute to delays in gastric emptying and symptom expression. Characteristic symptoms of GP include nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, early satiety, and weight loss. The diagnosis of GP is made using a combination of characteristic symptoms in conjunction with objective evidence of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Once the diagnosis is made, treatment options include dietary modification, medications to accelerate gastric emptying, antiemetic agents, gastric electrical stimulation, and surgery. In the following sections we will provide an overview of the health care impact of GP, describe the underlying pathophysiology, and review treatment options using an evidence-based approach.
Institution of a police automated external defibrillation program: Concepts and practice (1999)

The authors have successfully implemented automated external defibrillation (AED) training in police departments that function as first responders. The initial elements are to think the project through, and to develop clear policies and procedures for the police as they relate to dispatching so there is timeliness of notification, because response time is such a critical element. Roles for all of the participants must be clearly defined and understood by all parties for such aspects as scene management, scene responsibility of care, and transfer of care to the receiving facilities. Communication to the entire health care community that the police have an expanded role in defibrillation is desirable. A system to evaluate training, compliance with protocol, and efficacy must be developed and closely monitored. While this is a tremendous amount of work and a large time investment, the result can be a dramatic increase in patient survival.
Cloning, expression and characterization of a Family 48 exocellulase, Cel48A, from <i>Thermobifida fusca</i> (2000)

The gene for a 104-kDa exocellulase, Cel48A, formerly E6, was cloned from Thermobifida fusca into Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans. The DNA sequence revealed a type II cellulose-binding domain at the N-terminus, followed by a FNIII-like domain and ending with a glycosyl hydrolase Family 48 catalytic domain. The enzyme and catalytic domain alone were each expressed in and purified from S. lividans and had very low catalytic activity on swollen cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial microcrystalline cellulose and filter paper. However, in synergistic assays on filter paper, the addition of Cel48A to a balanced mixture of T. fusca endocellulase and exocellulase increased the specific activity from 7.9 to 11.7 micromol cellobiose.min-1.mL-1, more than 15-fold higher than any single enzyme alone. Cel48A retained > 50% of its maximum activity from pH 5 to 9 and from 40 to 60 degrees C. Using SWISSMODEL, the amino-acid sequence of the Cel48Acd was modeled to the known structure of Clostridium cellulolyticum CelF. Family 48 enzymes are remarkably homologous at 35% identity for all their catalytic domains and some of the properties of the 10 members are discussed.
Tool-supported refactoring for JavaScript (2011)

Refactoring is a popular technique for improving the structure of existing programs while maintaining their behavior. For statically typed programming languages such as Java, a wide variety of refactorings have been described, and tool support for performing refactorings and ensuring their correctness is widely available in modern IDEs. For the JavaScript programming language, however, existing refactoring tools are less mature and often unable to ensure that program behavior is preserved. Refactoring algorithms that have been developed for statically typed languages are not applicable to JavaScript because of its dynamic nature. We propose a framework for specifying and implementing JavaScript refactorings based on pointer analysis. We describe novel refactorings motivated by best practice recommendations for JavaScript programming, and demonstrate how they can be described concisely in terms of queries provided by our framework. Experiments performed with a prototype implementation on a suite of existing applications show that our approach is well-suited for developing practical refactoring tools for JavaScript.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of metal-alloy nitride (M/sub I/M/sub II/)N overcoats for rigid disks (1990)

Mechanical durability and microstructures are investigated for metal alloy nitride overcoats consisting of (M/sub I/M/sub II/)N, where M/sub I/=Ti or Zr and M/sub I/=V, Nb, or Ta. The overcoats are prepared by conventional reactive RF sputtering. It is demonstrated that stoichiometric nitrides are formed for a nitrogen content at or higher than 50 vol.% in a nitrogen-argon gas mixture during deposition. The average grain sizes of Zr-based alloy nitrides are 4 to 5 nm, while those of Ti-based alloy nitrides are 10 to 13 nm. The mechanical durability of the Zr-based alloy nitrides is much higher than that of the Ti-based ones. Overcoats of (Zr/sub 1-x/Nb/sub x/)N show the highest durability; this occurs at a Nb content, x, of 0.4 to 0.6. Zirconium-niobium nitrides exhibit a durability higher than that of conventional carbon overcoats in both pin-on-disk and continuous slow-grinding tests. This is due to the smaller grain size and more durable oxidized surface layer in the zirconium-niobium nitride films. The zirconium-alloy nitride overcoats thus exhibit the most promising mechanical properties for rigid-disk application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cutting Edge: Invariant Vα14 NKT Cells Are Required for Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation and Hyperreactivity in an Experimental Asthma Model (2003)

Airway hyperreactivity (AHR), eosinophilic inflammation with a Th2-type cytokine profile, and specific Th2-mediated IgE production characterize allergic asthma. In this paper, we show that OVA-immunized Jalpha18(-/-) mice, which are exclusively deficient in the invariant Valpha14(+) (iValpha14), CD1d-restricted NKT cells, exhibit impaired AHR and airway eosinophilia, decreased IL-4 and IL-5 production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced OVA-specific IgE compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Adoptive transfer of WT iValpha14 NKT cells fully reconstitutes the capacity of Jalpha18(-/-) mice to develop allergic asthma. Also, specific tetramer staining shows that OVA-immunized WT mice have activated (CD69(+)) iValpha14 NKT cells. Importantly, anti-CD1d mAb treatment blocked the ability of iValpha14 T cells to amplify eosinophil recruitment to airways, and both Th2 cytokine and IgE production following OVA challenge. In conclusion, these findings clearly demonstrate that iValpha14 NKT cells are required to participate in allergen-induced Th2 airway inflammation through a CD1d-dependent mechanism.
“Glyco‐peakfinder” – <b><i>de novo</i></b> composition analysis of glycoconjugates (2007)

Mass spectrometric techniques are the key technology for rapid and reliable glycan analysis. However, the lack of robust, dependable, and freely available software for the (semi-) automatic annotation of mass spectra is still a severe bottleneck that hampers their rapid interpretation. In this article the "Glyco-Peakfinder" web-service is described allowing de novo determination of glycan compositions from their mass signals. Starting from a basic set of mandatory masses of glycan components, the calculation can be performed without any knowledge concerning the biological background of the sample or the fragmentation technique used. "Glyco-Peakfinder" assigns all types of fragment ions including monosaccharide cross-ring cleavage products and multiply charged ions. It provides full user control to handle modified glycans (persubstituted molecules, reducing-end modifications, glycoconjugates) and ion types. The formula applied to calculate the fragment masses and an outline of the implemented algorithm are discussed. A systematic evaluation of the dependence of all factors influencing the computation time revealed strikingly different impact of the individual calculation steps. To provide access to known carbohydrate structures a "composition search" in the open access database GLYCOSCIENCES.de can be performed. The service is available at the URL: www.eurocarbdb.org/applications/ms-tools.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoid Salmonella Serotypes: A Global Challenge (2004)

Increasing antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoid Salmonella species has been a serious problem for public health worldwide. The high rate of resistance is hampering the use of conventional antibiotics, and growing resistance to newer antimicrobial agents is aggravating the situation. The circumstances of occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance are complex; however, a major cause is the widespread use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, particularly in animal feed. Genetic analysis has indicated that the source of resistance is frequently a transferable plasmid. Recent studies have revealed that some serotype-specific virulence plasmids form hybrid plasmids through recombination with resistance plasmids or acquire gene cassettes consisting of multiple resistance genes. Such evolutionary events provide a virulent strain the advantage of survival in an unfavorable drug environment. In view of the serious implications associated with drug-resistant Salmonella species, a more deliberate use of antibiotics in both human medicine and animal industry is warranted. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and use of antimicrobial agents in food animals is also indispensable.
Automatic monitoring of traffic conditions by re-identification of vehicles (1989)

Due to economic and ecological restraints there is an increasing demand for traffic monitoring and control systems in order to operate road traffic within the existing road network more efficiently. The basis for such systems is the knowledge of the actual traffic condition within the whole network; a traffic data acquisition system is required to deliver this information automatically, reliably and in real-time to authorities and drivers. A system called MAVE is introduced which uses pattern recognition principles and correlation methods to measure the so-called section-related traffic data such as journey speed and traffic density. The system works completely passively, i.e. it does not require additional on-board devices for vehicles, therefore an identification of individual drivers is not possible. >
Thermally stable ohmic contacts to <i>n</i>-type GaAs. III. GeInW and NiInW contact metals (1988)

Improvement in thermally stable, low-resistance ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs is reported for GeInW and NiInW contact metals. Coevaporation of In with Ge or In with Ni reduced the contact resistances by a factor of about 2 compared with those of the layered structures. The reduction is believed to be due to a uniform In distribution in the contact metals in the as-deposited state which resulted in an increased area of InxGa1−xAs phases in direct contact with the GaAs substrate. Annealing the coevaporated GeInW contacts for a short time at temperatures between 900 and 980 °C resulted in a mean contact resistance of 0.5 Ω mm. Similar annealing of the coevaporated NiInW contacts at temperatures between 800 and 1000 °C resulted in a contact resistance of 0.3 Ω mm. Additionally, the thermal stability of these ohmic contacts at 400 °C after contact formation, which is required by subsequent integrated circuit process steps, was studied. Although a slight increase in the contact resistances was observed after annealing for 100 h at 400 °C for the GeInW contacts, no change in the contact resistances was observed for the NiInW contacts after annealing for 100 h at 400 °C and for 10 h at 500 °C. This excellent thermal stability of the NiInW contacts is believed to be due to the formation of Ni3In intermetallic compounds which have high melting points. The present study suggests that in order to prepare thermally stable, low-resistance contacts it is desirable to deposit a metal which forms high melting point intermetallic compounds with In and which promotes formation of uniform InxGa1−xAs phases at the metal/GaAs interfaces. Further reduction in the measured contact resistances was achieved by reducing the sheet resistance of the contact metals.
Cross-Lingual Image Caption Generation (2016)

Automatically generating a natural language description of an image is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. This task involves both computer vision and natural language processing and is called "image caption generation." Research on image caption generation has typically focused on taking in an image and generating a caption in English as existing image caption corpora are mostly in English. The lack of corpora in languages other than English is an issue, especially for morphologically rich languages such as Japanese. There is thus a need for corpora sufficiently large for image captioning in other languages. We have developed a Japanese version of the MS COCO caption dataset and a generative model based on a deep recurrent architecture that takes in an image and uses this Japanese version of the dataset to generate a caption in Japanese. As the Japanese portion of the corpus is small, our model was designed to transfer the knowledge representation obtained from the English portion into the Japanese portion. Experiments showed that the resulting bilingual comparable corpus has better performance than a monolingual corpus, indicating that image understanding using a resource-rich language benefits a resource-poor language.
New Materials and Construction for Improved Helmets (1975)

The feasibility of using several new armor materials in the development of combat helmets was demonstrated on the basis of laboratory tests for fragment protection capabilities and for durability. The materials considered were (1) phenolic/polyvinyl butyral bonded fabric of Kevlar, a high- strength, high-modulus aromatic polyamide fiber; (2) a rigid laminate of XP, a highly stretched polyolefin film; (3) polyester bonded glass fabric of LMLD, a low-modulus, low-density glass fiber; and (4) a composite system of XP encapsulated between laminated skins of polyester bonded glass fabric (GRP) and Kevlar fabric. Molding procedures were developed to obtain durable constructions without undue sacrifice of ballistic penetration resistance capabilities. The M- 1 helmet shapes were molded from all these materials except for the LMLD, the processing for which is the same as for ordinary fiberglass. These materials offer substantially improved protection capabilities against the broad weight range of anti-personnel munition fragments.
Synthesis of Praziquantel via N-Acyliminium Ion Cyclization of Amido Acetals through Several Synthetic Routes (1998)

Syntheses of praziquantel have been accomplished viaan N-acylinium ion by several routes including the tandem nucleophilic addition-cyclization sequence from amido acetal ( 8) or ( 10) and a stepwise cyclization of enamide (9) generated from the nucleophilic addition reaction of amido acetal( 8) or ( 10).The discovery of pradquantel(1) represented as a synthetic drug of pyrazinoisoquinoline derivatives has played an important role in the treatment of cestodiasis disease.' Accordingly, many research groups have extensively investigated on structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds2 and attempted to develop a more efficient synthetic route to praziquantel and its derivative^.^-^Most of the known synthetic methods involve successive constructions of piperazine ring and isoquinoline ring in pyrazinoisoquinoline ring system, which require multistep sequence or vigorous reaction condition^."^On the other hand, we have recently reported an efficient synthesis of praziquantel by a tandem nucleophilic addition followed by N-acyliminium ion cyclization of amido acetal (2) (Scheme Scheme 1