gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Sub-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm W}$</tex></formula> Bandgap Reference Circuit With an Inherent Curvature-Compensation Property (2014)

A new current-mode bandgap reference circuit (BGR) which is capable of generating sub-1-V output voltage is presented. It has not only the lowest theoretical minimum current consumption among published current-mode BGRs, but also additional advantages of an inherent curvature-compensation function and not requiring NPN BJTs. The curvature-compensation is achieved by utilizing the exponential behavior of sub-threshold CMOS transistors to compensate the BJT base-emitter voltage high-order temperature dependence. By taking advantages of the continuing development of CMOS technology, sub- μW power consumption is achieved with a reasonable core area. Related design considerations and challenges are discussed and analyzed. The proposed BGR is realized in a TSMC 90 nm process. Measurement results shows a temperature coefficient without trimming as low as 10.1 ppm/ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C over a temperature range of 70 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C because of the proposed curvature-compensation technique. The average value is 32.6 ppm/ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C which could be improved by trimming resistor ratios. The average power consumption at room temperature is 576 nW, with a core area of only 0.028 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Evaluation of adenovirus capsid labeling versus transgene expression (2010)

Adenoviral vectors have been utilized for a variety of gene therapy applications. Our group has incorporated bioluminescent, fluorographic reporters, and/or suicide genes within the adenovirus genome for analytical and/or therapeutic purposes. These molecules have also been incorporated as capsid components. Recognizing that incorporations at either locale yield potential advantages and disadvantages, our report evaluates the benefits of transgene incorporation versus capsid incorporation. To this end, we have genetically incorporated firefly luciferase within the early region 3 or at minor capsid protein IX and compared vector functionality by means of reporter readout.
Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (2003)

The preceding decade has witnessed a genuine revolution in our understanding of the regulation of cell homeostasis in health and disease. Apoptosis has emerged as the fundamental mechanism of cell loss in most, if not all, genetic disorders and injury states, and has also resulted in a fundamental change in our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer. At the molecular level, the evolving description of mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation as central elements of apoptosis have transpired to challenge our underlying assumptions of cellular function. Of the many breakthrough discoveries over the preceding decade, the discovery and characterization of the caspases represents a milestone in our understanding of cellular processes. Consequently, the control of caspase activity now holds tremendous therapeutic potential and is under intense investigation in academic and pharmaceutical company laboratories worldwide.
Adaptive Kernel Value Caching for SVM Training (2019)

Support vector machines (SVMs) can solve structured multioutput learning problems such as multilabel classification, multiclass classification, and vector regression. SVM training is expensive, especially for large and high-dimensional data sets. The bottleneck of the SVM training often lies in the kernel value computation. In many real-world problems, the same kernel values are used in many iterations during the training, which makes the caching of kernel values potentially useful. The majority of the existing studies simply adopt the least recently used (LRU) replacement strategy for caching kernel values. However, as we analyze in this article, the LRU strategy generally achieves high hit ratio near the final stage of the training but does not work well in the whole training process. Therefore, we propose a new caching strategy called EFU (less frequently used), which replaces the EFU kernel values that enhance least frequently used (LFU). Our experimental results show that EFU often has 20% higher hit ratio than LRU in the training with the Gaussian kernel. To further optimize the strategy, we propose a caching strategy called hybrid caching for the SVM training (HCST), which has a novel mechanism to automatically adapt the better caching strategy in different stages of the training. We have integrated the caching strategy into ThunderSVM, a recent SVM library on many-core processors. Our experiments show that HCST adaptively achieves high hit ratios with little runtime overhead among different problems including multilabel classification, multiclass classification, and regression problems. Compared with other existing caching strategies, HCST achieves 20% more reduction in training time on average.
Stretching and immobilization of DNA for studies of protein–DNA interactions at the single-molecule level (2007)

Single-molecule studies of the interactions of DNA and proteins are important in a variety of biological or biotechnology processes ranging from the protein’s search for its DNA target site, DNA replication, transcription, or repair, and genome sequencing. A critical requirement for single-molecule studies is the stretching and immobilization of otherwise randomly coiled DNA molecules. Several methods for doing so have been developed over the last two decades, including the use of forces derived from light, magnetic and electric fields, and hydrodynamic flow. Here we review the immobilization and stretching mechanisms for several of these techniques along with examples of single-molecule DNA–protein interaction assays that can be performed with each of them.
Systems face challenges. Interview by Donald E.L. Johnson. (1991)

The regional hospital system has become a mainstay in the structuring of health care during the past decade. How will it fare in the next 10 years? In the following interview with Health Care Strategic Management's editor and publisher Donald E.L. Johnson, Fred L. Brown, president and chief executive officer of Christian Health System, the St. Louis, Mo.-based umbrella organization for nine hospitals, six nursing facilities, and one retirement community, predicts a bright future for the health care system. He also discusses the strategies that are unique to the success of such a system.
Lexical Chains as Representations of Context for the Detection and Correction of Malapropisms (1998)

Natural language utterances are, in general, highlyambiguous, and a unique interpretationcan usuallybe determined only by taking into account the constraining inﬂuence of the context in which theutterance occurred. Much of the research in natural language understanding in the last twenty yearscan be thought of as attempts to characterize and represent context and then derive interpretationsthatﬁt best with that context. Typically, this research was heavy with AI, taking context to be nothing lessthan a complete conceptual understanding of the preceding utterances. This was reasonable, as suchan understanding of a text was often the main task anyway. However, there are many text-processingtasksthatrequireonlya partialunderstandingofthetext, andhencea ‘lighter’representationofcontextis sufﬁcient. In this paper, we examine the idea oflexical chains as such a representation. We showhow they can be constructed by means of WordNet, and how they can be applied in one particularlinguistic task: the detection and correction of malapropisms.A malapropism is the confounding of an intended word with another word of similar sound orsimilar spelling that has a quite different and malapropos meaning, e.g., an ingenuous [for ingenious]machine forpeelingoranges. In thisexample, there isaone-letterdifference betweenthe malapropismand the correct word. Ignorance, or a simple typing mistake, might cause such errors. However, sinceingenuous is a correctly spelled word, traditional spelling checkers cannot detect this kind of mistake.In section 4, we will propose an algorithm for detecting and correcting malapropisms that is based onthe construction of lexical chains.
Complications Associated With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Replacement in Response to Device Advisories (2006)

ICD generator replacement in patients with advisory devices is associated with a substantial rate of complications, including death. These complications need to be considered in the development of guidelines determining the appropriate treatment of patients with advisory devices.
Nitrogen concentration in GaP measured by optical absorption and by proton-induced nuclear reactions (1974)

A method is described for the determination of the nitrogen concentration in GaP crystals from optical absorption measurements. The method has been calibrated by measuring the absolute nitrogen concentration by nuclear reaction quantitative analysis in the same samples for which the optical absorption was measured. The relationships between the nitrogen concentration, the integrated absorption of the A line (2.3172 eV), and the optical absorption at Ax (2.3275 eV) at 4.2°K are given by [N] cm−3=8.5×1014∫αA d E=3.4 ×1016αAx, where α is measured in cm−1 and d E in meV. Previous formulas which have commonly been used to determine the nitrogen concentration in terms of optical absorption overestimate the nitrogen concentration by about a factor of 5. Also the application of these formulas has varied between laboratories. Section I describes the determination of nitrogen concentrations by nuclear microanalysis. Measurements have been made in the range from [inverted lazy s]5×1016 to [inverted lazy s]1018 cm−3 in GaP grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski process in a nitrogen-pressurized crystal puller and in nitrogen-doped GaP grown by liquid phase epitaxy at [inverted lazy s]1000°C. Two distinct charged-particle techniques have been employed. In crystals containing nitrogen of normal isotopic composition, the 14N concentration was determined by proton activation using the reaction 14N(p,α)11C with proton energies in the range 6–10 MeV. The reaction product, 11C, was chemically separated after irradiation. The 11C is a positron emitter, and the γ rays from the positron annihilation were measured. Boron interference through the reaction 11B(p,n)11C was independently determined by measuring the prompt α-particle emission from the reaction 11B(p,α1)8Be*→2α2 during irradiation with 685-keV protons. In 15N-doped LPE layers, the 15N concentration was determined by measuring the prompt α-particle emission from the reaction 15N(p,α)12C during irradiation with 685-keV protons. Section II describes the optical absorption measurements and the correlation with the nuclear measurements. The temperature dependence of the integrated absorption and the line shape of the A line have also been measured. For determination of the nitrogen concentration, the A-line absorption measurements should be made at a temperature at which the absorption line shape is amenable to accurate integration. The integrated absorption can then be corrected to its value at 4.2°K and the nitrogen concentration calculated from the above relationship.
Quantitative determination of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and <i>tert</i>‐butyl hydroquinone in oils, foods, and biological fluids by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (1998)

Concentrations of synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tert-butyl hydroquinone were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatograph with spectrofluorometric detector. The antioxidants were separated and eluted on a reversed-phase column by gradient of a mixture of H2O/acetonitrile/acetic acid (66.5: 28.5:5, by vol) and a mixture of acetonitrile/acetic acid (95:5, vol/vol). The eluants were monitored at emission and excitation wavelengths of 310 and 280 nm, respectively. Calibration curves obtained using peak areas against concentration showed high coefficients of multiple determination (R2 > 0.99) for all antioxidants. Known concentrations of added antioxidant standards were recoverable within 98-99% from oils and over 93% from mouse blood. This method requires minimum sample extraction and purification before analysis and provides a relatively high percentage recovery. The method has been applied successfully for the measurement of antioxidant concentrations in oils, dried foods, and biological fluids.
Identification of biosynthetic intermediates of teaghrelins and teaghrelin-like compounds in oolong teas, and their molecular docking to the ghrelin receptor (2015)

Teaghrelins are unique acylated flavonoid tetraglycosides found in Chin-shin oolong tea, and have been demonstrated to be promising oral ghrelin analogues. The biosynthetic pathway of teaghrelins from quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) or kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) was proposed to comprise three enzymatic steps according to the identification of putative intermediates in Chin-shin oolong tea. In addition to the two known teaghrelins in Chin-shin oolong tea, four teaghrelin-like compounds with different attachments of glycosides were identified in various oolong teas. Molecular modeling and docking were used to evaluate theoretically whether the putative biosynthetic intermediates of teaghrelins and the four teaghrelin-like compounds could be potential candidates of ghrelin analogues. The results showed that the attachment of a coumaroyl group was crucial for these tea compounds to bind to the ghrelin receptor. However, the additional attachment of a rhamnosyl glycoside to the flavonoid backbone of teaghrelin-like compounds at C-7 significantly reduced their binding affinity with the ghrelin receptor.
1. Introduction to Property and Land (2019)

Land is an important commodity in society that it is both permanent and indestructible, two features which distinguish it from other forms of property. More than one person can have a relationship with the land and share the right to possess it. The right to possess a land is known as ownership right, but it is also common for people to have enforceable rights in other people’s land. This is the third party right, an example of which is where the owner of a house in a residential area agrees with neighbours that the house will only be used as a residence. This chapter discusses land and property rights, ownership rights, third party rights, and conveyancing. It also examines the distinction in English law between real property and personal property, the meaning of land, items attached to the land, fixtures and fittings, and incorporeal hereditaments.
Demineralized dentin matrix combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in rabbit calvarial defects (2016)

Within the limitations of this study, DDM appears to be a suitable carrier for rhBMP-2 in orthotopic sites.
Protective effects of PACAP in ischemia (2018)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ubiquitous peptide involved, among others, in neurodevelopment, neuromodulation, neuroprotection, neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Presence of PACAP and its specific receptor, PAC1, in the trigeminocervical complex, changes of PACAP levels in migraine patients and the migraine-inducing effect of PACAP injection strongly support the involvement of PACAP/PAC1 receptor in migraine pathogenesis. While antagonizing PAC1 receptor is a promising therapeutic target in migraine, the diverse array of PACAP's functions, including protection in ischemic events, requires that the cost-benefit of such an intervention is well investigated by taking all the beneficial effects of PACAP into account. In the present review we summarize the protective effects of PACAP in ischemia, especially in neuronal ischemic injuries, and discuss possible points to consider when developing strategies in migraine therapy interfering with the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system.
Optimization of one and two hidden layer neural network architectures for handwritten digit recognition (2002)

This paper presents extensive results of training architectures of one- and two- hidden-layer, fully connected, feedforward neural networks which are used for handwritten digit recognition. Both architectures include 1 to 400 units in each hidden layer to produce a series of 112 networks. These networks are trained by backpropagation up to 1000 iterations and tested while advancing in training. Results are presented as a function of the number of hidden units, the number of iterations, and the training mode (centered and position-shifted patterns). An overall maximum recognition rate of 92.4% is obtained for a two-hidden layer network with 100 hidden units and 144 iterations. No significative recognition rate improvement is achieved (within 2.1 percentage points) by increasing the number of hidden units and iterations above 50 and 30, respectively.
2-Arylbenzothiazole as a Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery (2009)

Substituted 2-arylbenzothiazoles have emerged in recent years as an important pharmacophore in a number of diagnostic and therapeutic settings. Attractive features of drug candidates based on this benzothiazole scaffold include their synthetic accessibility, and synthetic approaches to 2-arylbenzothiazole-based compounds will be reviewed here. Examples of 2-arylbenzothiazoles endowed with diagnostic/therapeutic activity include the 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole series, which has a remarkable activity profile in both the potential non-invasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and as antitumour agents.
Continuous Monitoring of Blood Glucose Concentration using a Fully Implantable Wireless Biomedical Microsystem (2006)

In this paper, we conceptually describe a new microsystem which we are developing for continuous blood glucose monitoring. The microsystem is intended to be implanted underneath the skin and measure the blood glucose concentration every few minutes. The power to the implant along with data transmission will use a transcutaneous wireless link. The microsystem uses a novel electrochemical glucose sensor which does not require oxygen for reaction with glucose, eliminating the oxygen limitation and the hydrogen peroxide production problems
A Fitness Function Elimination Theory For Blackbox Optimization And Problem Class Learning (2012)

The modern view of optimization is that optimization algorithms are not designed in a vacuum, but can make use of information regarding the broad class of objective functions from which a problem instance is drawn. Using this knowledge, we want to design optimization algorithms that execute quickly (efficiency), solve the objective function with minimal samples (performance), and are applicable over a wide range of problems (abstraction). However, we present a new theory for blackbox optimization from which, we conclude that of these three desired characteristics, only two can be maximized by any algorithm. We put forward an alternate view of optimization where we use knowledge about the problem class and samples from the problem instance to identify which problem instances from the class are being solved. From this Elimination of Fitness Functions approach, an idealized optimization algorithm that minimizes sample counts over any problem class, given complete knowledge about the class, is designed. This theory allows us to learn more about the difficulty of various problems, and we are able to use it to develop problem complexity bounds. We present general methods to model this algorithm over a particular problem class and gain efficiency at the cost of specifically targeting that class. This is demonstrated over the Generalized Leading-Ones problem and a generalization called LO∗∗ , and efficient algorithms with optimal performance are derived and analyzed. We also iii tighten existing bounds for LO∗∗∗. Additionally, we present a probabilistic framework based on our Elimination of Fitness Functions approach that clarifies how one can ideally learn about the problem class we face from the objective functions. This problem learning increases the performance of an optimization algorithm at the cost of abstraction. In the context of this theory, we re-examine the blackbox framework as an algorithm design framework and suggest several improvements to existing methods, including incorporating problem learning, not being restricted to blackbox framework and building parametrized algorithms. We feel that this theory and our recommendations will help a practitioner make substantially better use of all that is available in typical practical optimization algorithm design scenarios.
Lewis Acid−Lewis Acid Heterobimetallic Cooperative Catalysis:  Mechanistic Studies and Application in Enantioselective Aza-Michael Reaction (2005)

The full details of a catalytic asymmetric aza-Michael reaction of methoxylamine promoted by rare earth-alkali metal heterobimetallic complexes are described, demonstrating the effectiveness of Lewis acid-Lewis acid cooperative catalysis. First, enones were used as substrates, and the 1,4-adducts were obtained in good yield (57-98%) and high ee (81-96%). Catalyst loading was successfully reduced to 0.3-3 mol % with enones. To broaden the substrate scope of the reaction to carboxylic acid derivatives, alpha,beta-unsaturated N-acylpyrroles were used as monodentate, carboxylic acid derivatives. With beta-alkyl-substituted N-acylpyrroles, the reaction proceeded smoothly and the products were obtained in high yield and good ee. Transformation of the 1,4-adducts from enones and alpha,beta-unsaturated N-acylpyrroles afforded corresponding chiral aziridines and beta-amino acids. Detailed mechanistic studies, including kinetics, NMR analysis, nonlinear effects, and rare earth metal effects, are also described. The Lewis acid-Lewis acid cooperative mechanism, including the substrate coordination mode, is discussed in detail.
VE-cadherin interacts with cell polarity protein Pals1 to regulate vascular lumen formation (2016)

Blood vessel tubulogenesis requires the formation of stable cell-to-cell contacts and the establishment of apicobasal polarity of vascular endothelial cells. Cell polarity is regulated by highly conserved cell polarity protein complexes such as the Par3-aPKC-Par6 complex and the CRB3-Pals1-PATJ complex, which are expressed by many different cell types and regulate various aspects of cell polarity. Here we describe a functional interaction of VE-cadherin with the cell polarity protein Pals1. Pals1 directly interacts with VE-cadherin through a membrane-proximal motif in the cytoplasmic domain of VE-cadherin. VE-cadherin clusters Pals1 at cell-cell junctions. Mutating the Pals1-binding motif in VE-cadherin abrogates the ability of VE-cadherin to regulate apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. In a similar way, deletion of the Par3-binding motif at the C-terminus of VE-cadherin impairs apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. Our findings indicate that the biological activity of VE-cadherin in regulating endothelial polarity and vascular lumen formation is mediated through its interaction with the two cell polarity proteins Pals1 and Par3.