gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-ferroelectric Hf<sub>x</sub>Zr<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Capacitors for High-density 3-D Embedded-DRAM (2020)

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) deep-trench capacitor using anti-ferroelectric (AFE) Hf <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Zr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (HZO) is experimentally demonstrated as a promising option for embedded dynamic random-access memory (eDRAM) by showing (i) a successful 10ns polarization switching for read/write operations, (ii) maximum operating voltage less than 1.8V, (iii) retention much longer than 1ms, and (iv) endurance reaching 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cycles at elevated temperature. Polarization-voltage (P-V) characteristics and endurance behavior in AFE HZO capacitors are explored through both modeling and P-V evolution during field cycling under extensive pulsing schemes. It is shown that (i) defect diffusion driven by depolarization and (ii) partial domain switching play important roles in endurance fatigue. Finally, a vertical stack with multiple HZO capacitors in parallel is demonstrated, showing a 1T- multi-C memory architecture as a viable path toward future ultra-high density eDRAM technology.
Storage Protein Synthesis in Maize (1977)

Zein synthesis accompanied an increase in large polyribosomes of maize (Zea mays) endosperm cells. The two classes of polyribosomes (free and membrane-bound) had dissimilar size class distributions. Membrane-bound polyribosomes were predominantly large size classes, which were not found in free polyribosomes. The ratio of large membrane-bound polysomes to total membrane-bound polysomes was highest when zein was being synthesized. Appearance of the large polysomes correlated with the onset of zein accumulation in vivo. These large size classes were nearly absent in the opaque-2 mutant at all stages of endosperm development. Similarly, rRNA content was reduced in the mutant from that in normal endosperm development. These differences were associated with reduced in vitro synthesis and in vivo accumulation of zein.
Study of synthesised ecofriendly and biodegradable esters: fire resistance and lubricating properties (2010)

Abstract Biodegradable esters have been synthesised using Polyols such as 2‐methyl‐2‐n‐propyl 1,3‐propane diol, 2,2‐di methyl 1,3‐propane diol, 1,1,1‐[tris] hydroxyl methyl propane, 1,1,1‐[tris] hydroxyl methyl ethane and carboxylic acids (C6‐C12) both pure and their mixtures with indigenous ion exchange resin (Indion‐130) catalyst. The products were characterised for their physico‐chemical properties and were evaluated for their lubrication performance. These were then compared with VG‐22 grade fire resistant hydraulic fluids (FRHFs).The products were found to have good potential for use as a base stock for formulations as FRHF of VG‐22 grade. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Condition monitoring of slow-speed rolling element bearings using stress waves (2001)

Condition monitoring of rolling element bearings through the use of vibration analysis is an established technique for detecting early stages of component degradation. However, this success is not mirrored at rotational speeds below 16r/min. At such speeds the energy generated from bearing defects might not show as an obvious change in signature and thus becomes undetectable using conventional vibration measuring equipment. This paper presents an investigation into the applicability of stress wave analysis for detecting early stages of bearing damage at a rotational speed of 1.12r/min (0.0187 Hz). Furthermore, it reviews work undertaken in monitoring bearings rotating at speeds below 16r/min.
Clinical and Laboratory Findings of SARS in Singapore (2006)

Patients infected with the SARS coronavirus had a wide clinical presentation with non-specific symptoms.
Efficient Deterministic Approximation Algorithms for Non-myopic Value of Information in Graphical Models (2006)

Agents operating in the real world need to handle both uncertainty and resource constraints. Typical problems in this domain are optimization of sequences of observations, and optimal allocation of computation tasks during reasoning and search (also known as meta-reasoning). In both domains, a crucial issue is value of information, a quantity hard to compute in general, and thus usually estimated using severe assumptions, such as myopic and independence of information sources. This paper extends recent work on non-myopic value of information in graphical models, that assumed a chain-shaped graph and exact measurements. Suitably relaxing the assumption of exact measurements still allows for a provably close approximation of the optimal subset (of observations) selection, and for approximating the optimal conditional plan. The method is shown to be efficient and to provide a significant advantage in expected reward over the myopic and greedy value of information scheme.
Temporal symmetry in auditory perception and the auditory system (1995)

When a repeating damped exponential is used to modulate a sinusoid or noise, the carrier component of the perception is suppressed. When these ‘‘damped’’ sounds are reversed in time, producing ‘‘ramped’’ sounds, the carrier is restored. [R. D. Patterson, 1419–1428 (1994); M. A. Akeroyd and R. D. Patterson, 2941(A) (1994)]. We report matching experiments designed to measure the perceptual asymmetry between damped and ramped sounds directly. Listeners compared the relative strengths of the transient and continuous components in pairs of damped and ramped sounds, and the damped half life was varied to produce a match in the relative strengths of the transient and continuous components of the two sounds. For sinusoidal and noise carriers, the half life of the damped sound has to be, respectively, 5 and 2.5 times that of the corresponding ramped sound to produce the match. A ‘‘delta-gamma’’ theory of intensity enhancement around acoustic transients [T. Irino and R. D. Patterson, 2943(A) (1994)] is used to explain the perceptual asymmetry. The theory is also used to compare the asymmetry produced by different auditory models.
Efficient solar cells based on a new phthalimide-based donor–acceptor copolymer semiconductor: morphology, charge-transport, and photovoltaic properties (2009)

Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on blends of the new low band gap donor–acceptor copolymer, poly(N-(dodecyl)-3,6-bis(4-dodecyloxythiophen-2-yl)phthalimide) (PhBT12), and fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) or [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) were systematically investigated. The PhBT12/fullerene blend films were found to exhibit a crystalline nanoscale morphology with space-charge-limited mobility of holes as high as 4.0 × 10−4 cm2/Vs without thermal annealing, leading to moderately efficient devices. The performance of the solar cells varied significantly with PhBT12/fullerene composition, reaching a power conversion efficiency of 2.0% with a current density of 6.43 mA/cm2 and a fill factor of 0.55 for the 1:1 PhBT12/PC71BM blend devices. However, thermally annealed (120 °C) PhBT12/fullerene blend devices had negligible photovoltaic properties due to micrometer scale phase separation of the blends which is attributed to the long side chains. We expect that better photovoltaic performance can be achieved by modifying the polymer side chain length and the device processing as well. These results show that phthalimide-based donor–acceptor copolymer semiconductors, exemplified by PhBT12, are promising low band gap materials for developing efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Linux in Education (1999)

Linux in a Public High School: Another high school student brings Linux and the Internet to his fellow students
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection treated with home fecal transplantation: a case report (2014)

Home fecal transplantation by rectal enema is a viable, safe and practical option for patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. It is less costly and uses fewer resources than traditional delivery methods through nasogastric tube, upper endoscopy or colonoscopy. Patients and their families and donors need medical supervision through the process of screening, telephone availability during the procedure and medical follow-up. This can be done by family physicians without the need for expensive hospital care and subsequent follow-up.
Dispersion of Axially Symmetric Waves in Elastic Rods (1962)

The relation between frequency and propagation constant, for axially symmetric waves in an infinitely long, isotropic, circular rod, as given by Pochhammer’s equation, is explored. A spectrum, covering a large range of frequencies, is developed for real, imaginary, and complex propagation constants, and the influence of Poisson’s ratio is described.
An Improved Algorithm for Searching Local Optimal Path in Intelligent Transport System (2008)

This paper provides an improved search algorithm for optimal route planning by rebuilding the search area in intelligent transport system. The theory foundation is that the classical Dijsktra algorithm has not any directional feature during searching the optimal path, and the bidirectional Dijsktra has its own limit. Based on the analysis of the two algorithms, the new improved algorithm proposed in this paper reduces the search area and the time complexity. Finally, combining with the practical application of route planning algorithm in intelligent transport system, one example is given. Theory analysis and test result show that the improved algorithm costs less search time and visits less nodes of road network. Besides that, some methods are proposed to handle unexpected disturbance, such as accident or traffic limit. Two models for introducing dynamics in the system are introduced as individual edge dynamics and geometrical objects. These methods are useful in practice.
Automated handling and assembly of customizable AFM-tips (2011)

Today's processes in micro- and nanofabrication include several critical dimension metrology steps to guarantee device performance. Especially in the manufacturing process of novel disruptive photonic devices and nanoelectronic circuit architectures, new 3D acquisition and visualization techniques for metrology are required. Two of the most important parameters are the line width and sidewall roughness of vertical interconnects and nanooptical structures. The measurement of these parameters becomes increasingly challenging as the continuous shrinking of dimensions requires higher lateral resolution. The AFM has become a standard and widely spread instrument for characterizing such nanoscale devices and can be found in most of today's research and development areas. However, the characterization of three dimensional high-aspect ratio and sidewall structures is still a bottleneck. Novel exchangeable and customizable scanning probe tips, so-called NanoBits, can be attached to standard AFM cantilevers offering unprecedented freedom in adapting the shape and size of the tips to the surface topology of the specific application. In order to realize the in-situ exchange of NanoBits within the AFM environment the NanoBits have to be provided in a freestanding way that allows the AFM cantilever to be aligned and connected to the NanoBits. Due to the fact that direct microfabrication of such structures is still challenging, a nanorobotic preassembly of NanoBits cartridges is reasonable. These cartridges are intended to contain several NanoBits with a variety of different tip-shapes.
Made of Light: The Art of Light and Architecture (2006)

Our visual world is made of light. We light to see and to communicate. We light for security, to create mood and atmosphere, to enhance and entertain. Where natural light fails man has learned to improvise, constantly developing new technologies to illuminate art and architecture. Our visual experience and emotional reaction to buildings is shaped by the control of light and shadow. Light is increasingly integrated into the fabric of buildings and becomes a part of the architecture. Jonathan Speirs and Mark Major are experienced, award-winning Lighting Architects working internationally at the forefront of lighting design. This vividly illustrated book explores the influences that inspire their work. It investigates the basic properties and qualities of light, presents a sketchbook of ideas and observations, and includes an in-depth interview.
A comparative study of the toxicity of Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme) to horses, primates, pigs, sheep and rats. (1981)

An isolate of Fusarium verticillioides (MRC826) that induced experimental leukoencephalomalacia, also caused acute toxicity when fed to pigs and administered per rumen fistula to sheep. Pigs developed severe pulmonary oedema while sheep manifested severe nephrosis and hepatosis. A less toxic isolate (F. verticillioides MRC602), fed to baboons, resulted in acute congestive heart failure or hepatic cirrhosis, depending on the dose. Both isolates were toxic to rats and caused similar lesions, namely, hepatic cirrhosis and intraventricular cardiac thrombosis.
A New Method for Grading the Severity of Keratoconus (2006)

A simple and reliable grading system for keratoconus was developed that can be largely automated. Such a grading scheme could be useful in genetic studies for a complex trait such as keratoconus requiring a quantitative measure of disease presence and severity.
Sir2-Independent Life Span Extension by Calorie Restriction in Yeast (2004)

Calorie restriction slows aging and increases life span in many organisms. In yeast, a mechanistic explanation has been proposed whereby calorie restriction slows aging by activating Sir2. Here we report the identification of a Sir2-independent pathway responsible for a majority of the longevity benefit associated with calorie restriction. Deletion of FOB1 and overexpression of SIR2 have been previously found to increase life span by reducing the levels of toxic rDNA circles in aged mother cells. We find that combining calorie restriction with either of these genetic interventions dramatically enhances longevity, resulting in the longest-lived yeast strain reported thus far. Further, calorie restriction results in a greater life span extension in cells lacking both Sir2 and Fob1 than in cells where Sir2 is present. These findings indicate that Sir2 and calorie restriction act in parallel pathways to promote longevity in yeast and, perhaps, higher eukaryotes.
Talk on Reading Purpose and Features in FLL (2007)

Social demands on reading can be generally classified into three categories: reading for survival, reading for learning and reading for pleasure. But in the course of reading activities, some foreign language learners have the reading demands for special or academic purposes. They come across Special English or Academic English in their learning which, however, will give rise to different reading approaches. These special and general features of reading are analyzed here.
<i>Drosophila cubitus interruptus</i> forms a negative feedback loop with <i>patched</i> and regulates expression of Hedgehog target genes (1997)

The Drosophila segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus (ci) encodes a zinc finger protein that is required for the proper patterning of segments and imaginal discs. Epistasis analysis indicates that ci functions in the Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway and is required to maintain wingless expression in the embryo. In this paper, the role of the Ci protein in the Hh signaling pathway is examined in more detail. Our results show that ectopic expression of ci in imaginal discs and the embryo activates the expression of Hh target genes. One of these target genes, patched, forms a negative feedback loop with ci that is regulated by Hh signal transduction. Activation is also achieved using the Ci zinc finger domain fused to a heterologous transactivation domain. Conversely, repression of Hh target genes occurs in animals expressing the Ci zinc finger domain fused to a repression domain. To examine Ci function in more detail, regions of the Ci protein that are responsible for its ability to transactivate and its subcellular distribution have been identified.
Enhancing Uranium Uptake by Amidoxime Adsorbent in Seawater: An Investigation for Optimum Alkaline Conditioning Parameters (2015)

A high-surface-area polyethylene-fiber adsorbent (AF160-2) has been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory by radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylonitrile and itaconic acid. The grafted nitriles were converted to amidoxime groups by treating with hydroxylamine. The amidoximated adsorbents were then conditioned with potassium hydroxide (KOH) by varying different reaction parameters such as KOH concentration (0.2, 0.44, and 0.6 M), duration (1, 2, and 3 h), and temperature (60, 70, and 80 °C). Adsorbent screening was then performed with simulated seawater solutions containing sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, at concentrations found in seawater, and uranium nitrate at a uranium concentration of ∼7–8 ppm and pH 8. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state NMR analyses indicated that a fraction of amidoxime groups was hydrolyzed to carboxylate during KOH conditioning. The uranium adsorption capacity in the simulated seawater screening solution gradually increased with conditioning time and temperature for all KOH concentrations. It was also observed that the adsorption capacity increased with an increase in concentration of KOH for all the conditioning times and temperatures. AF160-2 adsorbent samples were also tested with natural seawater using flow-through experiments to determine uranium adsorption capacity with varying KOH conditioning time and temperature. Based on uranium loading capacity values of several AF160-2 samples, it was observed that changing KOH conditioning time from 3 to 1 h at 60, 70, and 80 °C resulted in an increase of the uranium loading capacity in seawater, which did not follow the trend found in laboratory screening with stimulated solutions. Longer KOH conditioning times lead to significantly higher uptake of divalent metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, which is a result of amidoxime conversion into less selective carboxylate. Scanning electron microscopy showed that long conditioning times may also lead to adsorbent degradation.
The use of dual-polarisation techniques for bright-band detection with PPI-based radars (1995)

An algorithm to detect the bright-band has been presented. Utilising the properties of polarisation-diversity radar measurements in the melting-layer, this algorithm has the advantages that it does not require the radar to scan in full-volume mode; a normal PPI scan being sufficient. The consequence of being able to detect the bright-band with this simple algorithm gives rise to the potential application of polarisation-diversity radar in the areas of meteorology and hydrology. Particularly, as many newly installed weather radars across the European countries are polarisation-diversity systems, this algorithm can improve the quality of rainfall estimates by reducing the effects of the bright-band. However, further work is still needed, since this algorithm is developed using an S-band radar, whereas the newly installed systems are mostly at C-band.
Are There Adverse Effects of Sensitivity Training? (1975)

A review is made of substantive publications reporting adverse effects of sensitivity training. Such reports lack any clear consensus as to what is an adverse effect. Some are based on small samples and almost all lack adequate controls. It is concluded: ( a) that adverse effects do occur among a small proportion of trainees, ( b) chat this proportion differs markedly in different populations, and ( c) that no study yet published provides a basis for concluding that adverse effects arising from sensitivity training are any more frequent than adverse effects arising in equivalent populations not in groups. A method of casualty detection derived from a study by Yalom and Lieberman was used by the author in two residential laboratories, but no casualties were detected by it.
THE SURVIVAL OF MICROBES IN MODULATED HIGH‐FREQUENCY VOLTAGE FIELDS (1953)

SUMMARY: Resting suspensions of baker's yeast, Bact. coli , tabacco mosaic virus, and a bacteriophage, were subjected to high frequency electric fields in cells which kept the temperature below 30°, very energetic cooling being necessary. The fields applied were of two kinds: (i) frequency 10 Mc/s., modulated with a half‐sine wave of frequency 50 c/s.; modulated at frequencies from 10 to 120 Kc/s. with rectangular pulses varied from 1/3 to 1/15 of the complete cycle. The voltage gradients used were up to 2,000 V/cm. and were applied for aggregate periods up to 12 min., but no significant kills were observed. It is computed that any specific lethal effect too small to be detected in these experiments could have little pracrtical value.
The Successful Supplementary Use of Two Types of Chinese Herbal medicine. orengedoku-to and Kikyo-sekko for the Treatment of Resistent Facial Erythema in Atopic Dermatitis. (1993)

22歳女子のアトピー性皮膚炎の治療抵抗性の顔面の紅斑に, 黄連解毒湯(オウレンゲドクトウ; EK-15)と桔梗石膏(キキョウセッコウ; K324)を追加投与して, 3週後に顔面の紅斑は改善した。自験例の顔面の紅斑に対する本漢方療法の作用機序は, 処方とその構成生薬または成分の, 抗炎症作用, 抗アレルギー作用および抗菌作用と推測される。
Incorporation of Prior Phase Information Strengthens Maximum-Likelihood Structure Refinement (1998)

The application of a maximum-likelihood analysis to the problem of structure refinement has led to striking improvements over the traditional least-squares methods. Since the method of maximum likelihood allows for a rational incorporation of other sources of information, we have derived a likelihood function that incorporates experimentally determined phase information. In a number of different test cases, this target function performs better than either a least-squares target or a maximum-likelihood function lacking prior phases. Furthermore, this target gives significantly better results compared with other functions incorporating phase information. When combined with a procedure to mask 'unexplained' density, the phased likelihood target also makes it possible to refine very incomplete models.
Performance Evaluation of New MAC Mechanisms for IEEE 802.11n (2007)

The medium access control (MAC) layer can be seen as the main bottleneck for the IEEE 802.11-based wireless networks. The famous overhead occurred at the MAC layer prevents the wireless local area networks (WLANs) from reaching the intended performance, which drag along a problem in the upcoming very high-speed WLANs where the physical layer rate may exceed 216 Mbps. To mitigate the overhead problem, we investigate in this paper a new MAC layer scheme; named aggregation with fragment retransmission (AFR). In this scheme, multiple packets are aggregated and transmitted in a single large frame reducing the access overheads and hence increasing the data rate. In addition, we investigate the performance added value when each large frame is fragmented so in the case of erroneous data frame, only the inaccurate fragments are to be retransmitted reducing the error control overheads and this decreases the frame error rate without requiring more overhead. This aggregation with retransmission of only erroneous fragments improves the global performance of the network. We evaluate the performance of AFR scheme considering the existing IEEE 802.11b standard and the future IEEE 802.1 In one. Simulation results show that AFR improves the performances of the MAC protocol compared to the utilisation of 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) which is the fundamental function to access the wireless medium in IEEE 802.11 networks.