gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence (2014)

Interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds the parenchymal cells of the brain and spinal cord while cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the larger spaces within and around the CNS. Regulation of the composition and volume of these fluids is important for effective functioning of brain cells and is achieved by barriers that prevent free exchange between CNS and blood and by mechanisms that secrete fluid of controlled composition into the brain and distribute and reabsorb it. Structures associated with this regular fluid turnover include the choroid plexuses, brain capillaries comprising the blood-brain barrier, arachnoid villi and perineural spaces penetrating the cribriform plate. ISF flow, estimated from rates of removal of markers from the brain, has been thought to reflect rates of fluid secretion across the blood-brain barrier, although this has been questioned because measurements were made under barbiturate anaesthesia possibly affecting secretion and flow and because CSF influx to the parenchyma via perivascular routes may deliver fluid independently of blood-brain barrier secretion. Fluid secretion at the blood-brain barrier is provided by specific transporters that generate solute fluxes so creating osmotic gradients that force water to follow. Any flow due to hydrostatic pressures driving water across the barrier soon ceases unless accompanied by solute transport because water movements modify solute concentrations. CSF is thought to be derived primarily from secretion by the choroid plexuses. Flow rates measured using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging reveal CSF movements to be more rapid and variable than previously supposed, even implying that under some circumstances net flow through the cerebral aqueduct may be reversed with net flow into the third and lateral ventricles. Such reversed flow requires there to be alternative sites for both generation and removal of CSF. Fluorescent tracer analysis has shown that fluid flow can occur from CSF into parenchyma along periarterial spaces. Whether this represents net fluid flow and whether there is subsequent flow through the interstitium and net flow out of the cortex via perivenous routes, described as glymphatic circulation, remains to be established. Modern techniques have revealed complex fluid movements within the brain. This review provides a critical evaluation of the data.
Excessive Oral Zinc Supplementation (2002)

The use of megadoses of vitamin and mineral supplements has become common. The authors describe a 17-year-old boy who presented with fatigue after taking large daily doses of zinc supplements for 6 to 7 months in an attempt to treat his acne. A zinc-induced hypocupremia developed, causing anemia, leukopenia, and neutropenia. Anemia and neutropenia resolved 6 months after he stopped taking the zinc. Excessive zinc intake can have toxic effects, and questions about patients' use of vitamin and mineral supplements should be asked when medication histories are taken.
Using Future Information to Reduce Waiting Times in the Emergency Department via Diversion (2016)

The development of predictive models in healthcare settings has been growing; one such area is the prediction of patient arrivals to the emergency department (ED). The general premise behind these works is that such models may be used to help manage an ED that consistently faces high congestion. In this work, we propose a class of proactive policies that utilize future information of potential patient arrivals to effectively manage admissions into an ED while reducing waiting times for patients who are eventually treated. Instead of the standard strategy of waiting for queues to build before diverting patients, the proposed policy utilizes the predictions to identify when congestion is going to increase and proactively diverts patients before things get “too bad.” We demonstrate that the proposed policy provides delay improvements over standard policies used in practice. We also consider the impact of errors in the information provided by the predictive models and find that even with noisy predictions, our proposed policies can still outperform (achieving shorter delays while serving the same number of patients) standard diversion policies. If the quality of the predictive model is insufficient, then it is better to ignore the future information and simply rely on real-time, current information for the basis of decision making. Using simulation, we find that our proposed policy can reduce delays by up to 15%.
XTRec: Secure Real-Time Execution Trace Recording on Commodity Platforms (2011)

We propose XTRec, a primitive that can record the instruction-level execution trace of a commodity computing system. Our primitive is resilient to compromise to provide integrity of the recorded execution trace. We implement XTRec on the AMD platform running the Windows OS. The only software component that is trusted in the system during runtime is XTRec itself, which contains only 2,195 lines of code permitting manual audits to ensure security and safety. We use XTRec to show whether a particular code has been executed on a system, or conversely to prove that some malware has not executed on the system. This is a highly desirable property to ensure information assurance, especially in critical e-government infrastructure. Our experimental results show that the imposed overhead is 2x-4x for real-world applications. This overhead is primarily due to CPU Branch Trace Messages(BTM), a ubiquitous debugging feature used to record control-flow instructions. Hardware improvements to BTM would therefore enable XTRec to run with minimal overhead.
Neurotensin modulates autoreceptor mediated dopamine effects on midbrain dopamine cell activity (1991)

Interactions of neurotensin (NT) with midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons were studied in rats using microiontophoretic techniques. Local ejection of NT significantly increased (greater than 30%) the firing rate of a few DA cells (12/106). In most cases, however, iontophoretic NT produced no significant change in spontaneous activity. On the other hand, in these same cells, NT significantly attenuated the inhibition induced by either DA or quinpirole, a specific D2 agonist. Inhibition induced by DA was not attenuated by either glutamate or cholecystokinin, although both of them increase the firing rate of DA cells. The effect of NT appears to be selective as NT attenuated DA-induced inhibition without a measurable effect on either GABA-induced inhibition or glutamate-induced excitation of the same DA cells. Combined, these results suggest that NT's effect on DA cell activity is primarily a neuromodulatory one. As both NT and D2 receptors in midbrain DA cell areas are primarily located on DA cells, the above results also suggest that the observed interaction between NT and DA occurred at the DA cell level.
Three-dimensional heteronuclear NMR of nitrogen-15 labeled proteins (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThree-dimensional heteronuclear NMR of nitrogen-15 labeled proteinsDominique Marion, Lewis E. Kay, Steven W. Sparks, Dennis A. Torchia, and Ad BaxCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4, 1515–1517Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00186a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00186a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1149Altmetric-Citations458LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Code template inference using language models (2010)

This paper investigates the use of a natural language processing technique that automatically detects project-specific code templates (i.e., frequently used code blocks), which can be made available to software developers within an integrated development environment. During software development, programmers often and in some cases unknowingly rewrite the same code block that represents some functionality. These frequently used code blocks can inform the existence and possible use of code templates. Many existing code editors support code templates, but programmers are expected to manually define these templates and subsequently add them as templates in the editor. Furthermore, the support of editors to provide templates based on the editing context is still limited. The use of n-gram language models within the context of software development is described and evaluated to overcome these restrictions. The technique can search for project-specific code templates and present these templates to the programmer based on the current editing context.
First Light for the First Station of the Long Wavelength Array (2012)

The first station of the Long Wavelength Array (LWA1) was completed in April 2011 and is currently performing observations resulting from its first call for proposals in addition to a continuing program of commissioning and characterization observations. The instrument consists of 258 dual-polarization dipoles, which are digitized and combined into beams. Four independently-steerable dual-polarization beams are available, each with two "tunings" of 16 MHz bandwidth that can be independently tuned to any frequency between 10 MHz and 88 MHz. The system equivalent flux density for zenith pointing is ~3 kJy and is approximately independent of frequency; this corresponds to a sensitivity of ~5 Jy/beam (5sigma, 1 s); making it one of the most sensitive meter-wavelength radio telescopes. LWA1 also has two "transient buffer" modes which allow coherent recording from all dipoles simultaneously, providing instantaneous all-sky field of view. LWA1 provides versatile and unique new capabilities for Galactic science, pulsar science, solar and planetary science, space weather, cosmology, and searches for astrophysical transients. Results from LWA1 will detect or tightly constrain the presence of hot Jupiters within 50 parsecs of Earth. LWA1 will provide excellent resolution in frequency and in time to examine phenomena such as solar bursts, and pulsars over a 4:1 frequency range that includes the poorly understood turnover and steep-spectrum regimes. Observations to date have proven LWA1's potential for pulsar observing, and just a few seconds with the completed 256-dipole LWA1 provide the most sensitive images of the sky at 23 MHz obtained yet. We are operating LWA1 as an open skies radio observatory, offering ~2000 beam-hours per year to the general community.
Roman law & comparative law (1991)

It is impossible, Alan Watson asserts, understand how law develops and how legal rules and structures relate society without examining the issues both comparatively and historically. And in the Western world, he adds, it is equally impossible understand law comparatively without a knowledge of Roman law. In this book, Watson combines his years of research in legal history with keen analytical insight provide just such an understanding. Watson has divided the book into two related but independent parts. first part, a revised and enlarged version of his 1970 volume The Law of the Ancient Romans, provides a comprehensive description of the system of Roman law. Watson begins with a discussion of law and the Roman mind and proceeds such topics as slavery, property, contracts, delicts, and succession. In part two he argues that comparative law - an area of study still in its infancy - can help us to identify the circumstances in which law changes, thereby uncovering the causes of legal development. Guided by this purpose, Watson examines the ways in which Roman law influenced later legal systems and shows how comparative law can explain the role of law in society. He ties his explication throughout individual issues. These include the structure of European legal systems, tort law in the French civil code, the structure of Blackstone's Commentaries on the Law of England, differences in contract law in France and Germany, the parameters of judicial reasoning, lessons be drawn from feudal law, and the interests of governments in making and communicating law.
Mucin degradation in the human colon: production of sialidase, sialate O-acetylesterase, N-acetylneuraminate lyase, arylesterase, and glycosulfatase activities by strains of fecal bacteria (1992)

Oligosaccharide side chains of human colonic mucins contain O-acetylated sialic acids and glycosulfate esters. Although these substituents are considered to protect the chains against degradation by bacterial glycosidases, sialate O-acetylesterase, N-acetylneuraminate lyase, and glycosulfatase activities have been found in fecal extracts. To better define the source of these activities, we measured extracellular and cell-bound sialidase, sialate O-acetylesterase, N-acetylneuraminate lyase, arylesterase, and glycosulfatase activities produced by 23 isolates of human fecal bacteria grown anaerobically in a hog gastric mucin culture medium; these represented dominant populations of fecal anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and the subset of mucin oligosaccharide-degrading bacteria. Every strain produced sialidase and high levels of arylesterase, and all but five facultative anaerobes produced sialate O-acetylesterase. Sialic acids containing 2 mol or more of O-acetyl ester per mol of sialic acid were cleaved from mucin glycoproteins more slowly by sialidases of mucin oligosaccharide-degrading stains than were sialic acids containing 1 or 0 mol, and only N-acetyl- and mono-O-acetylated sialic acids were recovered from enzyme digests of a mucin containing di-O-acetylated sialic acids. No detectable N-acetylneuraminate lyase activity was produced by any strain, but low activity was induced by increasing the glycoprotein-bound sialic acid concentration in the culture medium of six Escherichia coli strains. Using lactitol-6-sulfate as a substrate, we found weak glycosulfatase activity in the partially purified, concentrated enzyme mixture in the culture supernatants of four mucin oligosaccharide-degrading strains but in none of the unconcentrated culture fractions. We conclude that the presence of two or more O-acetyl groups on sialic acids inhibits enteric bacterial sialidases but that production of sialate O-acetylesterases by several populations of enteric bacteria lessens the likelihood that mucin oligosaccharide chains terminating in O-acetylated sialic acids are protected from degradation. Sialate O-acetylesterases have a role in bacterial degradation of mucin glycoproteins in the human colon.
Bicontinuous Cubic Morphologies in Block Copolymers and Amphiphile/Water Systems:  Mathematical Description through the Minimal Surfaces (1997)

Block copolymers and amphiphile/water systems both exhibit very rich polymorphism. The bicontinuous cubic morphologies mediate the transformation from a lamellar phase to a hexagonally-packed cylinder phase. However, certain bicontinuous cubic morphologies can theoretically transform smoothly (without disruption or tearing) to other bicontinuous cubic morphologies in response to variation in temperature and concentration. These bicontinuous phases are best understood in terms of their associated minimal surfaces. The minimal surfaces D (i.e, ordered bicontinuous double diamond OBDD for block copolymer; cubic phase Q224 for amphiphile/water system), G (i.e., gyroid G* for block copolymer; cubic phase Q230 for amphiphile/water system), and P (cubic phase Q229 for amphiphile/water system; not yet reported for block copolymers) were computed and their two-dimensional projections on the plane reveals various 4-fold and 3-fold symmetries that are at times indistinguishable from that of the hexagonal phase. Moreover, because the surfaces are homotopic, certain 2-D projections of the three bicontinuous cubic phases are remarkably similar. However, the identification of bicontinuous cubic morphologies from each other by various microscopy techniques could still be achieved provided that the number of domains present in an experimental sample is large enough. Experimentally-obtained electron tomographs of sections of suspected bicontinuous phases may be compared with relative ease to the computed slices. These methods extend the range of concentrations in which bicontinuous cubic phases may be classified without the use of X-ray or neutron diffraction since diffractograms are generally difficult to obtain for the dilute samples commonly employed in amphiphile/water systems.
Newest Factors in Fracture Healing (1992)

Natural selection has evolved a process of fracture healing that is characterized by callus formation and is enhanced by physical loading and motion at the fracture site. Internal fixation of fractures alters the biology of fracture healing, especially when rigid fixation using plates is performed. Intramedullary nails that allow some motion and loading usually are associated with callus formation. Plates that practically eliminate interfragmentary motion, however, prevent external periosteal callus formation. Primary osteonal healing can occur with plate fixation, but if interfragmental gaping of greater than 1 mm exists, delayed healing occurs. Closed treatment of fractures occasionally results in nonunion. In addition, physicians' high expectations for skeletal restoration have prompted vigorous research in areas of bone grafting, graft substitutes, and analysis of local and systemic factors that regulate fracture healing. A better understanding of the activity of bone morphogenetic protein and growth factors, such as transforming growth factor beta, will allow manipulation of the biology of healing to enhance the surgical treatment of skeletal trauma.
Asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heterocycles via Rhodium-catalysed allylic arylation of racemates (2017)

Using asymmetric catalysis to simultaneously form carbon-carbon bonds and generate single isomer products is strategically important. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is widely used in the academic and industrial sectors to synthesize drugs, agrochemicals and biologically active and advanced materials. However, widely applicable enantioselective Suzuki-Miyaura variations to provide 3D molecules remain elusive. Here we report a rhodium-catalysed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with important partners including aryls, vinyls, heteroaromatics and heterocycles. The method can be used to couple two heterocyclic species so the highly enantioenriched products have a wide array of cores. We show that pyridine boronic acids are unsuitable, but they can be halogen-modified at the 2-position to undergo reaction, and this halogen can then be removed or used to facilitate further reactions. The method is used to synthesize isoanabasine, preclamol, and niraparib-an anticancer agent in several clinical trials. We anticipate this method will be a useful tool in drug synthesis and discovery.
A new approach for evaluating SNR of ECG signals and its implementation (2006)

During the process of recording, the Electro-Cardiogram (ECG) wave suffers from several noise and interferences. We have considered the 60Hz, power line interference component. These signals have been filtered using IIR, FIR and LMS Adaptive filters. The use of filters considerably improves signal quality during recording. The main objective is to analyze the Signal with Noise. A new approach for finding SNR which is used as a performance indicator for the comparison of filters and ECG has been developed. The Matlab simulated results are presented[ 10].
Predictive markers of pre‐eclampsia in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (1999)

In agreement with previous studies, albumin excretion rate appeared to be the best predictive test for pre-eclampsia in hypertensive pregnant women, giving a higher positive predictive value and specificity (87.5 and 98.9%, respectively).
FePt fct phase ordered alloy thin film prepared by 30-s annealing with fe-o under-layer (2005)

Fe-O under-layers formed by reactive sputtering with oxygen were applied as under-layers for c-axis orientation control of FePt ordered alloy thin films. Short time annealing for 30 seconds, using an infrared lamp heater was applied. The FePt ordered alloy thin films with Fe-O under-layers after annealing exhibited excellent perpendicular magnetic properties, high perpendicular anisotropy, highly ordered fct-FePt alloy phase and high c-axis orientation.
Epidemiologic and laboratory observations of Chlamydia psittaci infection in pet birds (1984)

Psittacosis was diagnosed in 13 (24%) of 55 pet bird submissions in the first 3 months of 1983, compared with 18 (17%) of 103 in 1982, 4 (4.6%) of 87 in 1981, and 3 (8%) of 36 in 1980. The numbers and types of birds in which psittacosis was diagnosed were 2 of 47 budgerigars, 8 of 45 cockatiels , 3 of 11 small parrots ( lovebirds , conures ), 20 of 116 medium-sized parrots (African Grays, Amazons ), 2 of 21 macaws , and 3 of 21 cockatoos . Thirty-nine percent of psittacosis-positive birds were received from pet bird owners, compared with 21% from pet shops, 18% from pet bird breeders and fanciers, and 13% from pet bird jobbers and retailers . Most frequently observed clinical signs were anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea or yellowish droppings. Major gross lesions were splenohepatomegaly (77%), followed by enteritis (53%), sinusitis (47%), airsacculitis (37%), pneumonitis (23%), and pericarditis (10%). Regarding the 38 cases of confirmed psittacosis in pet birds since 1980, transmission of the disease to human beings was confirmed in 2 cases and suspected in 4 cases.
Structural characterization of proton exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides (1986)

This paper reports the results of structural analysis of proton-exchanged lithium niobate optical waveguides fabricated in Z-, X-, and Y-cut substrates immersed in pure benzoic acid. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, nuclear reactions, secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction were used to measure atomic composition profiles and the marked lattice distortion induced by the proton exchange process in the waveguiding layer. H and Li concentration measurements indicate an exchange of about 70% of the Li atoms are present in the virgin LiNbO3 crystal.