gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chaperone‐like effect of monoclonal antibodies on refolding of heat‐denatured carboxypeptidase A (1995)

The availability of monoclonal antibodies which bind to a specific antigen at distinct and well-defined sites has led to a better understanding of the effects of highly specific enzyme-antibody interactions on enzyme behaviour. By appropriate selection it has been possible to isolate those antibodies that are non-inhibitory to biological activity of the enzyme and bind at strategic locations on the antigen molecule, resulting in a considerable stabilization effect on the enzyme conformation. Moreover, such monoclonal antibodies proved to have a chaperone activity leading to a considerable refolding effect on the enzyme which was already partially heat denatured. Renaturation of carboxypeptidase A after heat denaturation in the presence of selected monoclonal antibodies, was followed by recovery of its enzymatic activity. The refolding effect of anti-CPA monoclonal antibodies on heat-denatured enzyme depends on the degree of denaturation of the enzyme and on the location of the antigenic site of each antibody. The additivity effect of the pairs of monoclonal antibodies on the refolding process of CPA proved to be dependent on the localization of the antigenic sites of the monoclonal antibodies studied.
Microalbuminuria in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis (2011)

The spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio is specific enough to be a valid screening test for diabetic kidney disease in CFRD.
Dystroglycan Is a Dual Receptor for Agrin and Laminin-2 in Schwann Cell Membrane (1996)

We have shown previously that alpha-dystroglycan with a molecular mass of 120 kDa is a Schwann cell receptor of laminin-2, the endoneurial isoform of laminin comprised of the alpha2, beta1, and gamma1 chains. In this paper, we show that Schwann cell alpha-dystroglycan is also a receptor of agrin, an acetylcholine receptor-aggregating molecule having partial homology to laminin alpha chains in the C terminus. Immunochemical analysis demonstrates that the peripheral nerve isoform of agrin is a 400-kDa component of the endoneurial basal lamina and is co-localized with alpha-dystroglycan surrounding the outermost layer of myelin sheath of peripheral nerve fibers. Blot overlay analysis demonstrates that both endogenous peripheral nerve agrin and laminin-2 bind to Schwann cell alpha-dystroglycan. Recombinant C-terminal fragment of the peripheral nerve isoform of agrin also binds to Schwann cell alpha-dystroglycan, confirming that the binding site for Schwann cell alpha-dystroglycan resides in the C terminus of agrin molecule. Furthermore, the binding of recombinant agrin C-terminal fragment to Schwann cell alpha-dystroglycan competes with that of laminin-2. All together, these results indicate that alpha-dystroglycan is a dual receptor for agrin and laminin-2 in the Schwann cell membrane.
Sustainable Clinical Research, Health Economic Aspects and Medical Marketing: Drivers of Product Innovation (2010)

Marketing-driven innovation in the field of pediatric nutrition, in particular in the infant formula segment is not sustainable. New benefits of products must be scientifically proven and safety and efficacy of new formulae established in clinical trials. The scientific innovation process of three infant formulae is described. Improvement in protein quality allowed to reduce the protein concentration in whey-based infant formula. Weight gain and BMI of infants fed those formulae corresponds to breastfed infants and is lower than in infants fed traditional formulae with higher protein concentration. A meta-analysis indicates associations between rapid weight gain in infancy and obesity later in life. If infants cannot be exclusively breastfed until 4-6 months of age, feeding low-protein formulae may contribute to positive long-term health outcome with potentially important health economic effects. A partially hydrolyzed whey based formula for prevention of allergic symptoms in children with hereditary risk for allergic diseases was developed more than 25 years ago. The most recent meta-analysis which included 15 randomized clinical trials indicates that the risk of all allergic diseases and atopic dermatitis/eczema is significantly reduced in infants at risk when the partially hydrolyzed formula is fed. The partially hydrolyzed formula had the same protective effect as casein-based high-degree extensively hydrolyzed formula. Because of substantial price differences between the two formulae, feeding the partially hydrolyzed whey formula is cost saving. Hypoallergenic claims can be made in many countries, and international nutrition committees have positively commented the preventive effect of those formulae. Acidified formulae have been widely used during the last decade in replacement feeding programs for infants whose mothers are HIV positive. The formula was innovated by improving whey protein quality and lowering protein concentration. The bacteriostatic properties of the new formula were proven in in vitro tests. Meta-analysis indicated that feeding the formula to immunocompromised infants resulted in growth similar to breastfeeding. The bacteriostatic effects of the acidified formula need to be communicated to health care professionals, but also the risks if replacement feeding is not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe for mother and infant.
On-line Handwritten Arabic Character Recognition using Artificial Neural Network (2012)

In this paper, an efficient approach for the recognition of online Arabic handwritten characters is presented. The method employed involves three phases: First, pre-processing in which the original image is transformed into a binary image .Second , training neural networks with feed-forward back propagation algorithm .Finally, the recognition of the character through the use of Neural Network techniques. The proposed approach is tested on 1400 different characters written by ten users. Each user wrote 28 Arabic characters five times in order to get different writing variations. Experiment results showed the effectiveness of our approach for recognizing handwritten Arabic characters.
Glacial Erosion of a High Arctic Valley (1986)

Abstract A large valley, ideally suited for “selective linear erosion” by ice, extends from the Kreiger Mountains to Tanquary Fiord, north–central Ellesmere Island. During the last glaciation, the outlet glacier at the head of the valley advanced 18 km and was at least 250 m thick where it contacted the sea in the lower valley. Erosion of bedrock inside the last ice limit is recorded by an abraded diabase dike, and by crag–and–tail features developed in limestone. During deglaciation (7800 B.P.), melt–water streams along the ice margin incised a large alluvial fan that pre–dates the last glaciation. The fan shows little alteration by the over–riding ice and its final erosion by the melt–water streams incised, but did not remove, its original ice–wedge polygons. The preservation of the fan indicates that the glacier was locally non–erosive and that it probably advanced across the fan by over–riding a protective frontal ice apron. Although it is commonly assumed that such alluvial fans occupying glaciated valleys are of post–glacial age, this need not be the case in permafrost terrain. In fact, at this site, there has been a net increment of alluvium versus glacial erosion or deposition spanning the last glacial cycle. The paper discusses the processes of erosion associated with sub–polar glaciers and questions whether erosion by them or more pervasive ice is responsible for such High Arctic valleys and fiords.
Organic heterojunction photodiodes exhibiting low voltage, imaging-speed photocurrent gain (2010)

We report the demonstration of fast and strong photocurrent gain in organic photodiodes with tailored charge blocking layers. The hole blocking layer between the anode and the photoactive layer leads to accumulation of photogenerated holes at its interface with the active layer, which causes a strong secondary electron injection from the anode and as such a high photocurrent gain. Using a bulk heterojunction of C60 and copper phthalocyanine as the active layer, we have achieved photocurrent gains up to 500 across the visible spectrum and bandwidths on the order of 1 kHz, well above the imaging-compatible bandwidth (&gt;60 Hz).
U. S. technology for mechanized/automated fabrication of fast reactor fuel (1978)

The status of the U.S. fast reactor Fuel Fabrication Development Program is discussed. The objectives of the program are to develop and evaluate a high throughput pilot fuel fabrication line including close-coupled chemistry and wet scrap recycle operations. The goals of the program are to demonstrate by mechanized/automated and remote processes: reduced personnel exposure, enhanced safegurads/accountability, improved fuel performance, representative fabrication rates and reduced fuel costs.
An Efficient and General Iron‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Furans via α‐Hydroxy Ketones and Activated Alkynes (2012)

Abstract A new practical and economical process for the synthesis of substituted furan derivatives has been developed by an FeCl 3 ‐catalyzed reaction of α‐hydroxy ketones with activated alkynes. This methodology represents a highly efficient synthetic route to electron‐deficient furans for which catalytic approaches are scarce. Furthermore, this transformation is associated with readily available substrates, good yields, and mild conditions.
Strain Technology under Metal/High-k Damascene-Gate Stacks (2008)

Strain technology under metal/high-k damascene-gate stacks is discussed. It is estimated from stress simulation that compressive stresses for pMOSFETs with compressive stress-liners of SiN film and eSiGe are enhanced by damascene-gate process. Moreover, it is confirmed by UV-Raman spectroscopy in plane view that the compressive stress is considerably enhanced just after dummy-gate removal step, especially for smaller gate length. On the other hand for nMOSFETs, tensile stresses even by top-cut tensile stress-liners of SiN film are slightly enhanced by damascene-gate process. Therefore, high drivability of high-performance CMOS devices with gate length of 40 nm are achieved by not only thinner Tinv of 1.4 nm but also higher transconductance.
Policy Gradient Methods for Robotics (2006)

The acquisition and improvement of motor skills and control policies for robotics from trial and error is of essential importance if robots should ever leave precisely pre-structured environments. However, to date only few existing reinforcement learning methods have been scaled into the domains of high-dimensional robots such as manipulator, legged or humanoid robots. Policy gradient methods remain one of the few exceptions and have found a variety of applications. Nevertheless, the application of such methods is not without peril if done in an uninformed manner. In this paper, we give an overview on learning with policy gradient methods for robotics with a strong focus on recent advances in the field. We outline previous applications to robotics and show how the most recently developed methods can significantly improve learning performance. Finally, we evaluate our most promising algorithm in the application of hitting a baseball with an anthropomorphic arm
The Sylvania data tablet (1968)

Advances in the computer field have been spectacular and profuse. Sophisticated software can lead multiple users through a time-sharing maze while hardware developments offer increasing speed and flexibility. Research into the man-machine interface, however, uncovered serious deficiencies in equipment available to input graphical data into a computer. This fact prompted work by H. Teager at MIT and others, and by the Rand Corporation which resulted in an ingenious device known as the Rand Tablet. This equipment allows the user to enter two-dimensional information with a free moving electronic pen and flat, pad-like tablet. One simply prints alphanumeric data or sketches circuit diagrams, structural diagrams, or waveforms on the tablet. The computer is continuously supplied with X-Y pen coordinates and can therefore "see" what the operator has drawn.
Addressing Deafness and Hidden Terninal Problem in Directional Antenna based Wireless Multi-Hop Networks (2007)

We address deafness and directional hidden terminal problem that occur when MAC protocols are designed for directional antenna based wireless multi-hop networks. Deafness occurs when the transmitter fails to communicate to its intended receiver, because the receiver's antenna is oriented in a different direction. The directional hidden terminal problem occurs when the transmitter fails to hear a prior RTS/CTS exchange between another pair of nodes and cause collision by initiating a transmission to the receiver of the ongoing communication. Though directional antennas offer better spatial reuse, these problems can have a serious impact on network performance. In this paper, we study various scenarios in which these problems can occur and design a MAC protocol that solves them comprehensively using only a single channel and single radio interface. Current solutions in literature either do not address these issues comprehensively or use more than one radio/channel to solve them. We evaluate our protocol using detailed simulation studies. Simulation results indicate that our protocol can effectively address deafness and directional hidden terminal problem and increase network performance.
Computer‐assisted cytologic diagnosis in pancreatic FNA: An application of neural networks to image analysis (2017)

The results of the current study demonstrate that computer models can be used successfully to distinguish benign from malignant pancreatic cytology. The fact that the model can categorize atypical cases into benign or malignant with 77% accuracy highlights the great potential of this technology. Although further study is warranted to validate its clinical applications in pancreatic and perhaps other areas of cytology as well, the potential for improved patient outcomes using MNN for image analysis in pathology is significant. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:926-33. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Notes (1937)

R. J. B. Marsden, A. Schönberg and R. Michaelis, J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 627 DOI: 10.1039/JR9370000627
All-optical arbitrary demultiplexing at 25 Gbits/s with tolerance to timing jitter (1991)

All-optical demultiplexing has been shown with a full-duty-cycle 2.5-Gbit/s signal in a nonlinear fiber Sagnac interferometer. Complete switching of arbitrary pulse patterns in the data stream has been achieved by using two orthogonal polarization states for the switching and switched pulse trains. The polarization dispersion between the two fiber axes defines a window that allows for switching with timing errors as large as 350 ps.
An in-vehicle tracking method using vehicular ad-hoc networks with a vision-based system (2014)

Vehicle tracking is an important issue in intelligent vehicle automation systems since it can be used to increase safety, convenience and efficiency in driving. Many of the methods for vehicle tracking use a vision-based system to recognize the neighboring vehicles and provide a real time map of nearby vehicles. In other methods, wireless communication between vehicles has been used to locate the vehicles within range and provide tracking information for driving assistance applications. In this paper we present a combination of both a vision-based system and a wireless based system to provide more accurate real-time information about neighboring vehicles. We assume that some of the vehicles are equipped with GPS receivers, a Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) transceiver and one or more cameras mounted on the vehicle. This tracking method has been implemented and evaluated in urban, highway and intersection scenarios under different adoption rates. The results show that a combined approach can be more effective.
Comparison of free radical formation induced by baicalein and pentamethyl-hydroxychromane in human promyelocytic leukemia cells using electron spin resonance (2014)

Baicalein and pentamethyl-hydroxychromane (PMC) have been investigated for use as antioxidants. However, antioxidants may stimulate free radical formation under certain conditions. The aim of our study was to determine whether PMC and baicalein exhibit both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. In this study, electron spin resonance spectrometry was used to investigate the effects of baicalein and PMC on free radical formation. In HL-60 cells, baicalein and PMC produced hydroxyl and phenoxyl radicals, respectively, but each inhibited radical formation by the other. The PMC pro-oxidant activity required H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, whereas baicalein produced hydroxyl radicals during the cell resting state only. The antioxidant effect of baicalein on PMC-induced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells may involve myeloperoxidase inhibition, which produces the myeloperoxidase-protein radical. Our investigation of the antioxidant effects of baicalein on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells showed that the baicalein-phenoxyl radical was the primary product, and that either carbon-centered or acyl radicals were the secondary products. However, the antioxidant effects of PMC on AA-induced oxidative stress produced only nonradical products. In conclusion, we showed that baicalein displayed both pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities in HL-60 cells. PMC exhibited no pro-oxidant activity during the cells' resting state but produced the PMC-phenoxyl radical in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.The reaction of baicalein with AA in HL-60 cells produced baicalein-derived phenoxyl radicals that may initiate various pro-oxidative reactions. However, PMC does not produce radicals when it acts as an antioxidant. Thus, PMC is more beneficial as an antioxidant than baicalein.
A universal module generator for LUT-based FPGAs (2003)

We present a new approach to direct mapping of arbitrary combinational RTL (Register Transfer Level) components onto SRAM-based FPGAs. This method consists of a core generator which implements multiplexors and multiplexor structures directly onto FPGAs. The implementation incorporates the mapping, the decomposition and placement of the whole module. The method is neither limited to a specific FPGA nor to a specific vendor because the generator is based on a generic logic block model. Additionally, any combinational module can be described as a multiplexor structure. Taking this fact into account the multiplexor generator has been extended by a user interface in order to describe the structure of any combinational and parameterizable module. This leads to very fast development cycles of arbitrary modules. Some modules like multipliers, shifters and dividers have been implemented using this general approach. Compared to a previously published dedicated multiplier generator this implementation is much faster and yields better results in terms of logic cell consumption as well as critical path length.
Circles with two tandem long terminal repeats are specifically cleaved by pol gene-associated endonuclease from avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses: nucleotide sequences required for site-specific cleavage (1985)

The avian retroviral pol gene-encoded DNA endonuclease (pol-endo) has been shown to selectively cleave the viral long terminal repeat sequences (LTRs) in single-stranded DNA substrates in a region known to be joined to host DNA during integration (G. Duyk, J. Leis, M. Longiaru, and A.M. Skalka, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6745-6749, 1983). The preferred sites of cleavage were mapped to the unique U5/U3 junctions found only in covalently closed circular DNA molecules containing two tandem LTRs. The cuts occurred three nucleotides 5' to the axis of symmetry of the 12-of-15-base-pair nearly perfect inverted repeat which marks the LTR junction. Experiments with double-stranded supercoiled DNA substrates revealed a similar specificity for nicking. Also, the endonuclease associated with the pol cleavage product, pp32, has the same specificity as the alpha beta form. The limits of sequence required for site-selective cleavage near the U5/U3 junction were established with single-stranded DNA substrates. A domain no larger than 44 base pairs allowed site-selective cleavage in each strand in vitro. Recognition of either strand appeared to be independent of the other, and in each case, the critical sequence was asymmetrically distributed with respect to the U5/U3 junction. The predominant contribution was from the U5 domain; this is consistent with its conservation in the LTR sequences of a number of avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses.
Substrate mediated reduction of copper-amyloid-β complex in Alzheimer’s disease (2008)

X-Ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) has been used to probe the substrate mediated reduction of Cu(2+) in Abeta-Cu(2+) complexes by ascorbate and the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), however dopamine and, in particular, cholesterol are incapable of reducing soluble monomeric Abeta-Cu(2+) complexes.
Estimation of the fermentability of dietary fibre<i>in vitro</i>: a European interlaboratory study (1995)

Five European laboratories tested a simple in vitro batch system for dietary fibre fermentation studies. The inoculum was composed of fresh human faeces mixed with a carbonate-phosphate buffer complex supplemented with trace elements and urea. Five dietary fibre sources (cellulose, sugarbeet fibre, soyabean fibre, maize bran and pectin) were used by each laboratory on three occasions to determine pH, residual non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and short-chain fatty acid production during fermentation. Cellulose and maize bran degradabilities were very low (7.2(SE 10.8) and 6.2 (SE 9.1)% respectively after 24 h), whereas pectin and soyabean fibre were highly degraded (97.4 (SE 4.4) and 91.1 (SE 3.4)% respectively after 24 h). Sugarbeet fibre exhibited an intermediate level of degradability (59.5 (SE 14.9)%). Short-chain fatty acid production was closely related to NSP degradation (r 0.99). Although each variable was ranked similarly by all laboratories, some differences occurred with respect to absolute values. However, the adaptation of donors to the experimental substrates was not an influential factor. Interlaboratory differences could be reduced either by adding less substrate during incubations or using less-diluted inocula. In vitro fermentations with inocula made from human faeces and from rat caecal contents gave similar results. There was a close correspondence between the data obtained in the present experiment and those previously published in in vivo studies in the rat using the same fibres. The in vitro batch system tested during the present study provides a rapid means of obtaining quantitative estimates of the fermentation and the estimation of the energy content of new sources of dietary fibre.