gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermophotovoltaic cells. Final report, June 1972--December 1973 (1974)

Predicting both the course of childbirth and the intensity of pain felt during childbirth is difficult, especially with first-time mothers. Some women tolerate birthing pains well, others require effective pain relief. Sometimes simple methods are enough, such as the presence of a partner, a relaxing atmosphere, massages, or walking, while other times the services of a birthing assistant or physician or even an anaesthesiologist are required. Choosing the right approach or methods should always be dependent on the actual situation and the individual choices and preferences of the mother. In line with this, the INKA Program was initiated in the Czech Republic in 2013. The name is an acronym derived from the Czech words for informed (as in the expectant mother), choice (of services), quality (of services offered) and analysis (of the system of care offered). The aim of this program is to distribute information about current possibilities for decreasing the pain of childbirth to the widest possible population of expectant mothers. The information must be objective and clearly explain the benefits and risks of each analgesic method, and must not encourage or discourage any particular method. As part of this program, a brochure titled "Birth doesnt have to be that painful" was distributed at the end of 2013, to inform the lay public about all available methods of analgesia for childbirth in the Czech Republic. The contents of the brochure were approved by the Czech Gynecological and Obstetrical Society and the Czech Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. The INKA program encourages the personnel of birthing centres to arrange the most individual approaches possible for the needs of each expectant mother. Even women that originally had negative attitudes toward obstetric analgesics should have the opportunity for adequate and effective help at any time, if the birth does not proceed according to their original expectations.
Synthesis of tailor‐made polyethylene through the control of polymerization conditions using selectively combined metallocene catalysts in a supported system (1999)

Tailoring of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in ethylene polymerization was attempted by selectively combining different types of metallocene catalysts onto a single support. The catalyst produced by supporting Et[Ind]2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2 onto a single MAO pretreated silica support was able to produce polymers with unimodal or bimodal MWD's. This approach permits the synthesis of polyethylene with different MWD's using the same catalyst as a function of the polymerization conditions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 331–339, 1999
Freeblock scheduling outside of disk firmware (2002)

Abstract Freeblock scheduling replaces a disk drive&apos;s rotationallatency delays with useful background media transfers, potentially allowing background disk I/O to occur withno impact on foreground service times. To do so, a freeblock scheduler must be able to very accurately predictthe service time components of any given disk request-- the necessary accuracy was not previously consid-ered achievable outside of disk firmware. This paper describes the design and implementation of a working ex-ternal freeblock scheduler running either as a user-level application atop Linux or inside the FreeBSD kernel.This freeblock scheduler can give 15 % of a disk&apos;s potential bandwidth (over 3.1MB/s) to a background diskscanning task with almost no impact (less than 2%) on the foreground request response times. This can increasedisk bandwidth utilization by over 6 \\Theta. 1 Introduction Freeblock scheduling is an exciting new approach to uti-lizing more of a disk&apos;s potential media bandwidth. It consists of anticipating rotational latency delays and fill-ing them with media transfers for background tasks. Via simulation, our prior work [14] indicated that 20-50%of a never-idle disk&apos;s bandwidth could be provided to background applications with no effect on foreground re-sponse times. This free bandwidth was shown to enable free segment cleaning in a busy log-structured file sys-tem (LFS), or free disk scans (e.g., for data mining or disk media scrubbing) in an active transaction process-ing system.
Cellular expression of mRNAs encoding monoamine oxidases A and B in the rat central nervous system (1995)

Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) oxidatively deaminate neurotransmitter and xenobiotic amines. The cellular localization of these isoenzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) differs markedly and only partly reflects the distribution of their presumed natural substrates. In the present study, by using in situ hybridization with 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probes, we examined the distribution of mRNAs encoding MAO-A and MAO-B in the rat CNS. Probes for tyrosine hydroxylase, histidine decarboxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase mRNAs were used to demonstrate the catecholaminergic, histaminergic, or serotoninergic nature of some cell populations in adjacent sections. The radioligands [3H]-Ro 41-1049 and [3H]lazabemide (reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively) were used to reveal the protein distribution by enzyme radioautography. The distribution and abundance of transcripts for both isoenzymes in the tissues investigated differed markedly but, in general, correlated with the protein distribution. MAO-A mRNA and protein were most abundant in noradrenergic neurons. However, moderate levels of transcript expression and protein were also detected in the serotoninergic neurons, and low but significant levels were detected in the dopaminergic neurons. An unexpectedly remarkable degree of hybridization signal was apparent in nonaminergic cell populations, e.g., in the cerebral cortices, the hippocampal formation (CA1-3, dentate gyrus), the cerebellar granule cell layer, and the spinal cord motoneurons. In contrast, MAO-B mRNA and protein were most abundant in serotoninergic and histaminergic neurons, Bergmann glial cells, and circumventricular organs, including the ependyma. MAO-B transcripts were also weakly expressed in nonaminergic cells, e.g., in the hippocampal formation (CA1-2). A further nonneuronal localization of MAO-B transcripts was also resolved, e.g., in the glia limitans, the olfactory nerve layer, and the cerebellar peduncle. These findings reveal further the potential of various cell populations to synthesize the isoenzymes, and homologous (aminergic) and heterologous (nonaminergic) patterns of expression as well as coexpression of MAO mRNAs are described.
A monolithic integration multifunctional MEMS sensor based on cavity SOI wafer (2014)

This paper reports a monolithic integration multi-functional MEMS sensor for acceleration and pressure measurement based on cavity SOI wafer. The piezoresistive sensor uses a beam-block-membrane structure which is not only sensitive to acceleration, but also can be used as a gauge pressure transducer to detect low pressure. A miniature absolute pressure sensor is embedded to the accelerometer's mass block without increasing in chip area. This gapless sensor is designed for dust environment. The fabrication process allows thin membrane design to achieve high sensitivity in small chip size. The measure range of the accelerometer can be adjusted by controlling etching depth in manufacturing process after layout design and CMOS process. A 100g measurement range accelerometer which can be used as a 5kPa gauge pressure transducer and an 180μm×180μm 500kPa absolute pressure sensor are integrated in a 1.7mm×1.7mm die for tire pressure monitoring system and fabricated in 6 inch production line. The actual device shows the sensitivity of 0.164mV/g/V to acceleration and 0.0524mV/kPa/V to absolute pressure in 3.3V supply voltage.
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Activated Protein Kinase 2 Regulates Actin Polymerization and Vascular Leak in Ventilator Associated Lung Injury (2009)

Mechanical ventilation, a fundamental therapy for acute lung injury, worsens pulmonary vascular permeability by exacting mechanical stress on various components of the respiratory system causing ventilator associated lung injury. We postulated that MK2 activation via p38 MAP kinase induced HSP25 phosphorylation, in response to mechanical stress, leading to actin stress fiber formation and endothelial barrier dysfunction. We sought to determine the role of p38 MAP kinase and its downstream effector MK2 on HSP25 phosphorylation and actin stress fiber formation in ventilator associated lung injury. Wild type and MK2(-/-) mice received mechanical ventilation with high (20 ml/kg) or low (7 ml/kg) tidal volumes up to 4 hrs, after which lungs were harvested for immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and lung permeability assays. High tidal volume mechanical ventilation resulted in significant phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, MK2, HSP25, actin polymerization, and an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability in wild type mice as compared to spontaneous breathing or low tidal volume mechanical ventilation. However, pretreatment of wild type mice with specific p38 MAP kinase or MK2 inhibitors abrogated HSP25 phosphorylation and actin polymerization, and protected against increased lung permeability. Finally, MK2(-/-) mice were unable to phosphorylate HSP25 or increase actin polymerization from baseline, and were resistant to increases in lung permeability in response to HV(T) MV. Our results suggest that p38 MAP kinase and its downstream effector MK2 mediate lung permeability in ventilator associated lung injury by regulating HSP25 phosphorylation and actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
ECML v1: Field Names for E-Commerce (1999)

This document is the output of a vendor consortium, and is not the output of an IETF Working Group.Implementors of this specification are warned that this data model is heavily biased toward conventions used in the United States, and the English language.As such it is unlikely to be suitable for international or multilingual use in the global Internet.
Role of toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis. (2013)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which Central Nervous System (CNS) lesions result from perivascular immune cell infiltration associated with damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes and neurons. CNS autoimmunity and its regulation are dominated by the inflammatory cytokines IL17 and IFNγ, and the opposing regulatory cytokines IL10 and the type I IFNs. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a critical role in modulating cytokine and chemokine secretion in response to exogenous Pathogen Associated to Molecular Patterns and endogenous Danger-Associated to Molecular Patterns. Here, we systematically examine the evidence that TLR play a major role in the initiation disease, the triggering of relapses, and regulation of CNS damage. Data from human studies are supported analyses of a variety of animal models, including Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in TLR-deficient mice.
Content-based digital video retrieval (1997)

All video will eventually become fully digital - there seems to be no way around it. Consequently, digital video databases will become more and more pervasive and finding video in large digital video databases will become a problem just like it is a problem today to find video in analog video databases. The digital form of the video, however, opens up tremendous possibilities. Just like it is possible today to retrieve text documents from large text document databases by querying document content represented by indices, it will become possible to index digital video databases based (semi-)automatically derived indices. In this paper, we address the problem of automatic video annotation - associating semantic meaning with video segments to aid in content-based video retrieval. We present a novel framework of structural video analysis which focuses on the processing of low-level visual data cues to obtain high-level (structural and semantic) video interpretations. Additionally, we propose a flexible framework for video query formulation to aid rapid retrieval of video. This framework is meant to accommodate the depth-first searcher - i.e., the power user, the breath-first searcher, and the casual browser.
A high-speed direct frequency synthesizer (1990)

A UHF direct frequency synthesizer, which is primarily intended for radar and electronic warfare applications, is described. The device generates square-, sine-, and triangle-wave outputs, true and complement, in-phase and quadrature, over the range 1 Hz to 500 MHz. It is a fully integrated design, including two digital-to-analog converters (DACs), each of which has a faster operating specification than any DAC currently available. The circuit is composed of a number of structured circuit blocks, each of which can be tested independently on the chip. This approach has benefits both during device evaluation and as an aid to minimizing production test times. The chip is implemented in a 1 mu m silicon bipolar process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Three-dimensional positron emission tomography imaging with 124I and 86Y (2006)

3-D PET images of 124I and 86Y have lower spatial resolution. For PET scanners used for humans the difference is not as important as for scanners used for animals. The limited positron decay fraction of both isotopes can be compensated by increasing the imaging time by a factor of 3-5 (same activity). A short coincidence window limits the contamination from other decay modes. Good energy resolution allows setting a selective upper energy threshold to limit the effect of spurious coincidences. With an appropriate setting of the energy window it should be possible to obtain good image quality in a relatively short time because of the high sensitivity of 3-D PET scanners.
Adaptive traffic signal control system using camera sensor and embedded system (2011)

Adaptive traffic signal control system is needed to avoid traffic congestion that has many disadvantages. This paper presents an adaptive traffic signal control system using camera as an input sensor that providing real-time traffic data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to analyze and to classify object on video frame for detecting vehicles. Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DCSP) method determine the duration of each traffic signal, based on counted number of vehicles at each lane. The system is implemented in embedded systems using BeagleBoard™.
Promotion of well-switching to mitigate the current arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. (2002)

Well-switching should be more systematically encouraged in Araihazar and many other parts of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Social barriers to well-switching need to be better understood and, if possible, overcome.
A Practical and Cost-Effective Synthesis of 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-tetralone (1999)

The cyclic ketone, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-tetralone, a versatile starting material for many dopaminergic compounds, can be pre- pared practically, cost-effectively and in good overall yield. The synthesis starts from readily available 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid. Ring iodination gave the 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxy acid, which was converted to its methyl ester. Palladium (II)-catalyzed Heck cross coupling afforded the expected unsaturated diester, which was then catalytically hydrogenated. Dieckmann condensation, fol- lowed by careful decarboxylation led to the desired 2-tetralone. Re- agents used in subsequent reactions are inexpensive and readily available. This method appears practical for large-scale synthesis of the target tetralone, compared with other procedures reported in the literature.
Diagnosis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Animals: A Review (2005)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in animals include, among others, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie, chronic wasting disease, and atypical forms of prion diseases. Diagnosis of TSEs is based on identification of characteristic lesions or on detection of the abnormal prion proteins in tissues, often by use of their partial proteinase K resistance property. Correctly sampling of target tissues is of utmost importance as this has a considerable effect on test sensitivity. Most of the rapid or screening tests are based on ELISA or Western immunoblot (WB) analysis, and many are officially approved. Confirmatory testing is normally performed by use of histologic examination, immunohistochemical analysis, certain WB protocols, or detection of prion fibrils by use of electron microscopy (scrapie-associated fibril). The discriminatory methods for diagnostic use are mostly based on WB technology and provide initial identification of the prion strain, particularly for differentiation of BSE from scrapie in small ruminants. Definitive prion strain characterization is performed by use of bioassays, usually in mice. A burgeoning number of transgenic mice have been developed for TSE studies. Development of new tests with higher sensitivity and of more reliable diagnostic applications for live animals tested for food safety reasons is a rapidly developing field. Ultimately, the choice of a test for TSE diagnosis depends on the rationale for the testing.
Positions 13 and 914 in<i>Escherichia coli</i>16S ribosomal RNA are involved in the control of translational accuracy (1994)

Using a conditional expression system with the temperature-inducible lambda PL promoter, we previously showed that the single mutations 13U-->A and 914A-->U, and the double mutation 13U-->A and 914A-->U in Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA impair the binding of streptomycin (Pinard et al., The FASEB Journal, 1993, 7, 173-176). In this study, we found that the two single mutations and the double mutation increase translational fidelity, reducing in vivo readthrough of nonsense codons and frameshifting, and decreasing in vitro misincorporation in a poly(U)-directed system. Using oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes which hybridize to the 530 loop and to the 1400 region of 16S rRNA, two regions involved in the control of tRNA binding to the A site, we observed that the mutations in rRNA increase the binding of the probe to the 530 loop but not to the 1400 region. We suggest that the mutations at positions 13 and 914 of 16S rRNA induce a conformational rearrangement in the 530 loop, which contributes to the increased accuracy of the ribosome.
Radiation exposure to the surgeon during closed interlocking intramedullary nailing. (1987)

During interlocking intramedullary nailing of twenty-five femoral and five tibial fractures, the primary surgeon wore both a universal film badge on the collar of the lead apron and a thermoluminescent dosimeter ring on the dominant hand to quantify the radiation that he or she received. When distal interlocking was performed, the first ring was removed and a second ring was used so that a separate recording could be made for this portion of the procedure. At the conclusion of the study, all of the recorded doses of radiation were averaged. The average amount of radiation to the head and neck during the entire procedure was 7.0 millirems of deep exposure and 8.0 millirems of shallow exposure. The average dose of radiation to the dominant hand during insertion of the intramedullary nail and the proximal interlocking screw was 13.0 millirems, while the average amount during insertion of the distal interlocking nail was 12.0 millirems. Both of these averages are well within the government guidelines for allowable exposure to radiation during one-quarter (three months) of a year. Precautions that are to be observed during this procedure are recommended.
XMPP URI Scheme Query Components (2006)

This document defines a registry of query components to be used in the context of XMPP IRIs/URIs and also specifies an initial submission of values to that registry.
ENHANCED TRANSDERMAL DRUG PENETRATION OF CURCUMIN VIA ETHOSOMES (2013)

The objective of the present research work is to overcome the barriers of poor oral bioavailability through transdermal drug delivery (TDD). Among the available transdermal systems, ethosomes are the promising ones with increased penetration effect due to the combination of lipid bilayer and ethanol in its structure. Curcumin has poor oral bioavailability and can be given as transdermal ethosomes to enhance bioavailability along with local action of antiinflammation. Curcumin ethosomes were prepared and optimised for lipid and ethanol concentrations based on entrapment efficiency, vesicular size and drug penetration. Drug penetration capability of the ethosomes was compared with aqueous, ethanolic and liposomal solutions. The optimised ethosomes were compared for the cumulative drug penetration (74.2±0.236%) into skin with aqueous (5.61±0.263%), ethanolic (62.31±0.263%), liposomal (59.3±0.44%) and ethosomal curcumin-β-cyclodextrin complex (78.01±0.22). It was found that the penetration was enhanced and maximum in ethosomes incorporated with curcumin-β-cyclodextrin complex because of combined effects of ethanol, lipid bilayer along with increased dissolution of curcumi n with β -cyclodextrin complex. This formulation will be suitable to treat local skin inflammations with enhanced penetration via ethosomes incorporated with curcumin-β-cyclodextrin complex.
Interstratified Clay Minerals (2015)

In the years 1930—1950 clay mineral identification involved mainly a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis with some assistance from other techniques, notably differential thermal analysis. In the period 1950—1970 additional procedures have emerged including infrared analysis, electron optical methods and a variety of thermal methods. These procedures are now treated in other monographs sponsored by the Mineralogical Society and in many other publications. Despite the availability of other techniques, X-ray diffraction remains a basic tool for studying minerals and we hope that this monograph will continue to serve, as did the previous editions, both those concerned with the more academic aspects of clay mineralogy and also those, such as geologists, civil engineers and soil scientists, for whom identification and quantitative estimation of the minerals in natural clayey materials is a practical requirement.
Neue Diphosphitliganden für die katalytische asymmetrische Hydrierung: die entscheidende Rolle von konformationsenantiomeren Diolen (1999)

Effiziente Katalysatoren bei asymmetrischen Hydrierungen sind Komplexe des Typs 1, die erstmals chirale Diphosphite als Liganden enthalten. So verläuft die Rh-katalysierte Hydrierung von Itaconsäuredimethylester mit einem Katalysator, der 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro-D-mannit und konformationsenantiomere Diole enthält, hochenantioselektiv.
Expression of matrix proteins in an in vitro model of airway remodeling in asthma. (2003)

Acute asthma is characterized by a decrease in the pH of the exhaled breath condensate and bronchoconstriction. These perturbations may injure the epithelium in a chronic, intermittent pattern, leading to subepithelial fibrosis. We used an in vitro three-dimensional model of the bronchial mucosa to elucidate the response to a repeated chemical or physical insult to the epithelium in the postcontraction phase. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase--polymerase chain reaction to assess the production of the following proteins: matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, transforming growth factor beta 1, thrombospondin 1, tenascin, and fibronectin. The presence of the epithelium enhanced the degree of tissue contraction (50.1 +/- 4.4% of original area versus 75.4 +/- 2.3%). In the absence of injury, tenascin, fibronectin, MMP-3, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 are actively expressed. However, the chronic chemical wound markedly inhibited the expression of all proteins. We conclude that the epithelium, wound type, and age of the tissue (contracting versus postcontraction) impact the expression of key proteins in an in vitro model of subepithelial fibrosis in asthma.