gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application-transparent checkpointing in Mach 3.O/UX (2002)

Checkpointing is perhaps the most explored of software based recovery techniques, yet it has typically been developed only for special purpose or research oriented operating systems. The paper presents virtual memory checkpointing algorithms that have been designed for concurrent Unix applications using a hard disk as the stable storage medium. These algorithms can serve as the checkpointing support required on each node of a distributed computation made up of concurrent processes running on each node. Snapshot algorithm execution, during which the application is suspended, typically is less than 10 seconds. Checkpoint commit execution, during which system performance is degraded as a checkpoint is written to disk, is less than 45 seconds. The checkpoint dedicated disk storage requirement for the implemented system is less than 10 MB. The implementation is based on the Mach 3.O/UX version of Unix 4.3BSD and uses Mach 3.0's external pager facility to back memory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Test Protocol Development and Electrochemical Monitoring of Stainless Steels in Packer Fluid Environments (2006)

Abstract This study reviews the development of a laboratory screening test protocol and electrochemical monitoring and its correlation with known failure and non-failure incidents. It describes the use of C-ring specimens supplemented by electrochemical monitoring of laboratory screening tests using this protocol. These tests evaluated the corrosion behavior of proprietary grades of martensitic stainless tubulars in selected, real-world packer fluid environments which included various high density, clear brine solutions (chloride and bromide salts) in combination with additives. The methodology developed in this study includes the utilization of highly stressed C-ring specimens and the incorporation of an electrochemical device that provided an automated analysis cycle involving three techniques: Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Harmonic Distortion Analysis (HDA) and Electrochemical Noise (EN). These techniques were used to identify the corrosion behavior versus time during corrosion tests that lasted from as little as 7 days to 30 days. Data was evaluated based on SCC behavior in C-ring specimens and electrochemical data showing changes in uniform corrosion rate, B value (Stern Geary factor), Pitting Factor and other electrochemical parameters versus time of exposure. The electrochemical data were correlated with post test mass loss corrosion rates, and visual observations of uniform, pitting and local area attack and tendencies for stress corrosion cracking from the C-ring tests. This paper includes tests conducted with air, H2S/CO2 and CO2 cover gases as part of a major research study and tests simulating actual downhole field conditions.
Nonlinear optical transmission induced by large transient electric field enhancements in photoconductive zinc selenide switches (1994)

We report our investigation on photoconductive power switching using polycrystalline zinc selenide with transparent liquid electrolytic electrodes. Nonlinear optical transmission which is due to high internal electric fields of this switch under moderate biases was observed. From the optical transmission measurements, large and fast electric field variations inside the switch were deduced. Electric field compression inside the switch, which can be attributed to the switch geometry and the electro-absorption effect, was responsible for the observed large optical absorption. Our model provided explanations for these observations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Coordinate transformation bias in target tracking</title> (1999)

Seemingly benign transformations of data from one coordinate system to another can introduce bias errors resulting from nonlinearities in the underlying conversion equations. These biases, unless corrected, can affect the statistical fidelity of parameter estimates. This paper examines the effect of such biases on the 3D tracking of targets - specifically, the transformation from sensor measurements coordinates to Cartesian x-y-z coordinates. The standard approach to correcting for bias errors involves the adjustment of transformed measurements by the estimated biases. This estimation procedure, however, varies with the assumed relationship between the distributions governing the sensor measurement and the 'true' target position. At one extreme, the measurement can be considered fixed and the 'true' position varied; at the other extreme, 'truth' is fixed and the measurement varied. These two options are compared and contrasted with various hybrid alternatives that impose variable distributions on both the measurement and 'truth'.
An Ear-Worn Vital Signs Monitor (2015)

This paper presents a wearable vital signs monitor at the ear. The monitor measures the electrocardiogram (ECG), ballistocardiogram (BCG), and photoplethysmogram (PPG) to obtain pre-ejection period (PEP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and pulse transit time (PTT). The ear is demonstrated as a natural anchoring point for the integrated sensing of physiological signals. All three signals measured can be used to obtain heart rate (HR). Combining the ECG and BCG allows for the estimation of the PEP, while combining the BCG and PPG allows for the measurement of PTT. Additionally, the J-wave amplitude of the BCG is correlated with the SV and, when combined with HR, yields CO. Results from a clinical human study on 13 subjects demonstrate this proof-of-concept device.
Studies of Transition Metal Dissolution from Combinatorially Sputtered, Nanostructured Pt[sub 1−x]M[sub x] (M = Fe, Ni; 0<x<1) Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells (2004)

The dissolution of Fe and Ni from (M = Fe, Ni; oxygen reduction electrocatalysts was studied under simulated operating conditions (low pH, 80°C) of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The alloys were prepared combinatorially by sputtering Pt and M (M = Fe, Ni) onto thin films of nanostructured whisker-like supports, and mapped over the entire composition range of the binary systems. For we observe the formation of randomly ordered substitutional solid solutions of and alloys. Electron microprobe measurements show that transition metals are removed from all compositions during acid treatment, but that the percentage removed increases with x, acid strength, and temperature. For small values of x no substantial changes in the lattice size are observed upon dissolution of Fe or Ni suggesting that the dissolved transition metals originate from the surface. However, for electrocatalysts with the lattice constant expands indicating that transition metals dissolve also from the bulk. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show complete removal of surface Ni (Fe) after acid treatment at 80°C for all compositions. The results of the acid treatments compare well to the composition changes that occur when a or combinatorial catalyst library is used in an operating PEM fuel cell. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
CRMP-2 Peptide Mediated Decrease of High and Low Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels, Attenuation of Nociceptor Excitability, and Anti-Nociception in a Model of AIDS Therapy-Induced Painful Peripheral Neuropathy (2012)

Collectively, these results establish TAT-CBD3A6K as a peptide therapeutic with greater efficacy in an AIDS therapy-induced model of peripheral neuropathy than its parent peptide, TAT-CBD3. Structural modifications of the CBD3 scaffold peptide may result in peptides with selectivity against a particular subset of voltage-gated calcium channels resulting in a multipharmacology of action on the target.
An interconnect energy model considering coupling effects (2001)

This paper first presents an analytical interconnect energy model with consideration of event coupling, which is not considered by the conventional $\frac{1}{2}CV^2$ model. Our energy calculation algorithm has the same time complexity as the $\frac{1}{2}CV^2$ model, and is several orders of magnitude faster than {\tt HSPICE} with less than 5% error. In comparison, the error of the $\frac{1}{2}CV^2$ model can be as high as 100%.
Comparison of blood-film microscopy, the OptiMAL® dipstick, Rhodamine-123 fluorescence staining and PCR, for monitoring antimalarial treatment (2000)

In an attempt to see if the OptiMAL dipstick (Flow Inc., Portland, OR) can be used to monitor antimalarial treatment, a pilot study of 17 patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London, U.K., was conducted. Sequential, follow-up, blood specimens were obtained from day 1 to day 3, 4 or 5 post-admission. Thin and thick films prepared from these samples were examined for the presence of malarial parasites, and the intensities of parasitaemia were estimated. In addition, each specimen was tested with the OptiMAL dipstick, Rhodamine-123 fluorescence staining and, on specimens collected on day 1 and the last follow-up before discharge, by a PCR-based test. The results showed that OptiMAL has good sensitivity for the initial diagnosis of P. falciparum malaria and also mirrors the decline in viability of the parasites on treatment, giving the potential to follow the efficacy of drug treatment. The results of the PCR-based tests were still positive when the blood film and OptiMAL result were negative. The OptiMAL dipstick compared well with blood-film microscopy for monitoring antimalarial treatment and could be a useful replacement for microscopy to monitor treatment in places where facilities for microscopy are either lacking or inadequate. In developed countries it could be a useful adjunct to blood-film microscopy, and it might permit a reduction in the duration of hospitalization and give an early warning of treatment failure.
An Upcycling Tokenization Method for Credit Card Numbers (2021)

Internet users are increasingly concerned about their privacy and are looking for ways to protect their data. Additionally, they may rightly fear that companies extract information about them from their online behavior. The so-called tokenization process allows for the use of trusted third-party managed temporary identities, from which no personal data about the user can be inferred. We consider in this paper tokenization systems allowing a customer to hide their credit card number from a webshop. We present here a method for managing tokens in RAM using a table. We refer to our approach as upcycling as it allows for regenerating used tokens by maintaining a table of currently valid tokens. We compare our approach to existing ones and analyze its security. Contrary to the main existing system (Voltage), our table does not increase in size nor slow down over time. The approach we propose satisfies the common specifications of the domain. It is validated by measurements from an implementation. By reaching 70 thousand tries per timeframe, we almost exhaust the possibilities of the 8-digit model for properly dimensioned systems.
Testing in Resource-Constrained Environments (2012)

In recent software development environments, resources including time, memory, and power constrain the execution of software test cases. Often the cost of running all test cases is prohibitively expensive, necessitating techniques to select test cases of the highest quality for test execution. While many test case selection and prioritization techniques exist to select test cases that are more likely to find faults, none take the resource constraints under which the tests will operate directly into consideration. Another cost in test case execution comes from structural testing. Structural testing is an important technique in which during execution test cases are also evaluated for structural coverage. This is typically performed through the use of code instrumentation. However, instrumentation incurs high overhead in terms of time and code growth, making it difficult to use in resource-constrained environments such as mobile device testing. This thesis develops and evaluates techniques for efficient and effective execution of test cases in resource-constrained environments. The first set of techniques selects high quality test cases from test suites while taking resource constraints into account. The resulting test selection is guaranteed to execute within the specified resource constraints, and the resulting test cases have the highest possible potential for overall fault detection during their constrained execution. The selected tests are additionally ordered in a way that is likely to find faults earlier in test execution rather than later. These techniques represent the first to guarantee that test selections will execute within a given constraint, and they offer a spectrum of options for selecting tests to execute in resource-constrained environments. The second set of techniques evaluates the quality of test cases during execution without the need of expensive and intrusive instrumentation. Instead, our quality evaluation techniques exploit recent hardware advances to monitor program execution. By leveraging these hardware advances, up to 90% of branch coverage and 79% of statement coverage can be determined with less time overhead compared to instrumentation. Because the techniques require little or no code modification or dynamic code insertion and can run on commodity machines, tablets, or mobile devices, the techniques also enable test case execution and evaluation on resource-constrained devices. No specialized hardware or components are required. The techniques are combined into a runtime and static testing system called THeME: Testing by Hardware Monitoring Events. THeME is a portable, extensible system, making it applicable for use in a wide range of resource-constrained environments.
Fabrication of high quality patterned SOI materials by optimized low-dose SIMOX (2005)

High quality patterned SOI materials fabricated by optimized low-dose and low-energy SIMOX technique are reported. XTEM results reveal that the formed patterned SOI materials have very flat surface and low defect density transition between the bulk and SOI regions. These excellent quality patterned SOI materials are desirable substrates for system-on-a-chip (SOC) applications.
File organizations and access methods for CLV disks (1989)

A large and important class of optical disc technology are CLV format discs such as CD ROM and WORM. In this paper, we examine the issues related to the implementation and performance of several different file organizations on CLV format optical discs such as CD ROM and WORM. The organizations examined are based on hashing and trees. The CLV recording scheme is shown to be a good environment for efficiently implementing hashing. Single seek access and storage utilization levels approaching 100% can be achieved for CD ROM's. It is shown that a B-tree organization is not a good choice for WORM discs (both CAV and CLV), but a modified ISAM approach can be appropriate for WORM discs. We describe clustered BIM's, a class of tree organizations appropriate for CD ROMS. Expressions for the expected retrieval performance of both hashing and trees are also given. The paper concludes by outlining recent results and future directions on buffered implementations of access methods for WORM discs, as well as advantages of signature based access methods for text retrieval in WORM disc architectures.
Dibenamine Therapy in Certain Psychopathologic Syndromes (1948)

Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, and the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic of the New York Hospital
Isolation and Characterization of Structurally Novel Antimutagenic Flavonoids from Spinach (<i>Spinacia</i> <i>oleracea</i>) (2001)

Thirteen compounds, isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), acted as antimutagens against the dietary carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The antimutagens were purified by preparative and micropreparative HPLC from a methanol/water (70:30, v/v) extract of dry spinach (commercial product) after removal of lipophilic compounds such as chlorophylls and carotenoids by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Pure active compounds were identified by instrumental analysis including FT-IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. All of these compounds were flavonoids and related compounds that could be attributed to five groups: (A, methylenedioxyflavonol glucuronides) 5,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-beta-glucuronide (compound 1), 5,2',3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-beta-glucuronide (compound 2), 5-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-beta-glucuronide (compound 3); (B, flavonol glucuronides) 5,6,3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavonol 3-O-beta-glucuronide (compound 4), 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavonol 3-O-beta-glucuronide (compound 5); (C, flavonol disaccharides) 5,6,4'-trihydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyflavonol 3-O-disaccharide (compound 6), 5,6,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavonol 3-O-disaccharide (compounds 7 and 8); (D, flavanones) 5,8,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (compound 9), 7,8,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (compound 10); (E, flavonoid-related compounds) compounds 11, 12, and 13 with incompletely elucidated structures. The yield of compound 1 was 0.3%, related to dry weight, whereas the yields of compounds 2-13 ranged between 0.017 and 0.069%. IC(50) values (antimutagenic potencies) of the flavonol glucuronides ranged between 24.2 and 58.2 microM, whereas the flavonol disaccharides (compounds 7 and 8), the flavanones (compounds 9 and 10), and the flavonoid-related glycosidic compounds 11-13 were only weakly active. The aglycons of compounds 7 and 8, however, were potent antimutagens (IC(50) = 10.4 and 13.0 microM, respectively).
Rapid isothermal annealing of ion implantation damage using a thermal radiation source (1981)

The rapid annealing of ion implantation damage in silicon using the radiation from a graphite heater has been demonstrated. Complete 3-in.-diam wafers were annealed in a single 10-sec exposure with high activation for implants of boron (50 keV; 1×1015 cm−2) and moderate activation for high-dose arsenic implants (140 keV; 6×1015 cm−2). Dopant redistribution was ∼1000 Å for boron and ∼200 Å for arsenic. Leakage currents of implanted p+n and n+p diodes were comparable to those of furnace-annealed control wafers and indicate good crystallinity in the depletion region near the junction. Diode leakage uniformity across the wafers was also excellent. C-V measurements on oxides annealed by this technique showed flatband voltages within 0.5 V of those measured on control wafers. This method of annealing implant damage is a practical alternative to those involving more elaborate power sources such as lasers, electron beams, or high-intensity arc lamps.
Boosting:  An Ensemble Learning Tool for Compound Classification and QSAR Modeling (2005)

A classification and regression tool, J. H. Friedman's Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB), is applied to predicting a compound's quantitative or categorical biological activity based on a quantitative description of the compound's molecular structure. Stochastic Gradient Boosting is a procedure for building a sequence of models, for instance regression trees (as in this paper), whose outputs are combined to form a predicted quantity, either an estimate of the biological activity, or a class label to which a molecule belongs. In particular, the SGB procedure builds a model in a stage-wise manner by fitting each tree to the gradient of a loss function: e.g., squared error for regression and binomial log-likelihood for classification. The values of the gradient are computed for each sample in the training set, but only a random sample of these gradients is used at each stage. (Friedman showed that the well-known boosting algorithm, AdaBoost of Freund and Schapire, could be considered as a particular case of SGB.) The SGB method is used to analyze 10 cheminformatics data sets, most of which are publicly available. The results show that SGB's performance is comparable to that of Random Forest, another ensemble learning method, and are generally competitive with or superior to those of other QSAR methods. The use of SGB's variable importance with partial dependence plots for model interpretation is also illustrated.
Demonstration of an Area-Enclosing Guided-Atom Interferometer for Rotation Sensing (2007)

We demonstrate area-enclosing atom interferometry based on a moving guide. Light pulses along the free-propagation direction of a magnetic guide are applied to split and recombine the confined atomic matter-wave, while the atoms are translated back and forth along a second direction in 50 ms. The interferometer is estimated to resolve 10 times the earth rotation rate per interferometry cycle. We demonstrate a ``folded figure 8'' interfering configuration for creating a compact, large-area atom gyroscope with multiple-turn interfering paths.
Photon crystal waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor (2006)

The concept of a photonic crystal waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance sensor is proposed, in which plasmons on a surface of a thin metal film are excited by a Gaussian-like leaky mode of an effectively single mode photonic crystal waveguide. The authors demonstrate that effective refractive index of a waveguide core mode can be designed to be considerably smaller than that of a core material, enabling efficient phase matching with plasmons at any wavelength of choice, while retaining highly sensitive response to changes in the refractive index of an analyte layer. This is attractive for the development of portable surface plasmon resonance biochemical sensors.
Improved Phase-Lock Detector (1982)

Single detection channel is used alternately by in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals, under control of a dither switch. By eliminating errors caused by unbalance of the I and Q channels, this dither-balanced detector reduces false locking. Can be used to improve detection probability and reduce false alarm probability for any loop that must acquire signal with low signal-to-noise ratio.
Hybrid Systems: Review and Recent Progress (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Hybrid System Models Approaches to the Analysis and Design of Hybrid Systems Hybrid Automata Stability and Design of Hybrid Systems Supervisory Control of Hybrid Systems Conclusion References
Research on Time-Frequency Characteristics of Engine Induction Noise and Time-Frequency Representation of the Acoustic Signals (2009)

It is necessary to have both time and frequency domain information from measured acoustic signals of internal combustion engine (ICE) for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) performance improvement and evaluation. This paper focuses on the time-frequency representation (TFR) of acoustic signals and the study of engine induction noise characteristics. The time-frequency analysis techniques, like the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (WT), are reviewed in this paper. It shows that the engine induction noise is typical of non-stationary and the time-frequency method is significant to reveal the temporal localization of the signal's spectral components and to predict the engine physical phenomena. The TFR of the induction noise signal with STFT and CWT and the time-frequency characteristics are shown in this paper.