gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The prevalence and prognostic significance of KRAS mutation subtypes in lung adenocarcinomas from Chinese populations (2016)

Background: We performed this retrospective study to identify the prevalence of KRAS mutation in Chinese populations and make a comprehensive investigation of the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutation in these patients. Patients and methods: Patients from 2007 to 2013 diagnosed with primary lung adenocarcinoma who received a radical resection were examined for KRAS , EGFR , HER2 , BRAF mutations, and ALK , RET , and ROS1 fusions. Clinicopathological features, including sex, age, tumor–lymph node–metastasis stage, tumor differentiation, smoking status, histological subtypes, and survival information were analyzed. Result: KRAS mutation was detected in 113 of 1,368 patients. Nine different subtypes of KRAS mutation were identified in codon 12, codon 13, and codon 61. KRAS mutation was more frequently found in male patients and former/current smoker patients. Tumors with KRAS mutation had poorer differentiation. Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma predominant and solid predominant subtypes were more frequent in KRAS mutant patients. No statistical significance was found in relapse-free survival or overall survival between patients with KRAS mutation and patients with other mutations. Conclusion: In Chinese populations, we identified KRAS mutation in 8.3% (113/1,368) of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS mutation defines a molecular subset of lung adenocarcinoma with unique clinicopathological features. Keywords: KRAS , NSCLC, surgery, prognosis
Design for Stackability of Flash Memory Devices Based on Thermal Optimization (2006)

Convergence of computing and communications dictates building up rather than out. As consumers demand more functions in their hand-held devices, the need for more memory in a limited space is increasing. Over the past few years, die stacking has emerged as a powerful tool for satisfying challenging IC packaging requirements. As stacked packaging evolves into taller stacks, what issues do we face? Traditionally, chip stacking was carried out with dies of different sizes so the top die was always smaller than the bottom die to permit wire bonding of both. Today, it's common to see the stacking of same-size dies or a larger die over a smaller one. One way to accommodate a larger or same-size die on top is to place a spacer (a dummy piece of silicon) between the two. Then, the spacer lifts the top die just enough to allow wire bonding to the bottom die. Another way of stacking same size die is by placing the die in different orientation. This paper focuses on the thermal analysis and optimization of stacked die area array package. Thermal analysis was done on a 3-Die stacked FBGA package using FEM tool ANSYS 9.0. Optimization was then performed on a 3-Die stacked area array package using design explorer. Then the 3-Die stacked package was extended to 7-Die stacked package using ANSYS Workbench 9.0. Three different stack configurations (staggered, rotated and spacer die) with same die size were considered for comparison purposes. Optimization was done by varying seven die powers to get the best design for stackability based on thermal performance of the package.
Atmospheric Pressure Femtosecond Laser Imaging Mass Spectrometry (2010)

A novel atmospheric pressure imaging mass spectrometry approach that offers improved lateral resolution (10 microm) using near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses for nonresonant desorption and ionization of sample constituents without the need of a laser-absorbing matrix is demonstrated. As a proof of concept the method was used to image a two-chemical pattern in paper. To demonstrate the ability of the approach to analyze biological tissue, a monolayer of onion epidermis was imaged allowing the chemical visualization of individual cells using mass spectrometry at ambient conditions for the first time. As the spatial resolution is currently limited by the limit of detection of the setup (approximately 500 fmol limit of detection for citric acid), improvements in sensitivity will increase the achievable spatial resolution.
Fluorescence Microscopy: Reduced Photobleaching of Rhodamine and Fluorescein Protein Conjugates by <i>n</i> -Propyl Gallate (1982)

n-Prop]yl gallate (0.1 to 0.25 molar, in glycerol) reduces by a factor of 10 the rate of fading of fluorescence of cell structures labeled with tetramethylrhodamine or fluorescein-conjugated antibodies. Hence, prolonged photographic exposure of immunofluorescently labeled cells in the fluorescence microscope yields images with increased sensitivity, making feasible multiple data collection, as with serial optical sectioning.
A brief period of sleep deprivation causes spine loss in the dentate gyrus of mice (2018)

Sleep and sleep loss have a profound impact on hippocampal function, leading to memory impairments. Modifications in the strength of synaptic connections directly influences neuronal communication, which is vital for normal brain function, as well as the processing and storage of information. In a recently published study, we found that as little as five hours of sleep deprivation impaired hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation, which was accompanied by a reduction in dendritic spine numbers in hippocampal area CA1. Surprisingly, loss of sleep did not alter the spine density of CA3 neurons. Although sleep deprivation has been reported to affect the function of the dentate gyrus, it is unclear whether a brief period of sleep deprivation impacts spine density in this region. Here, we investigated the impact of a brief period of sleep deprivation on dendritic structure in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus. We found that five hours of sleep loss reduces spine density in the dentate gyrus with a prominent effect on branched spines. Interestingly, the inferior blade of the dentate gyrus seems to be more vulnerable in terms of spine loss than the superior blade. This decrease in spine density predominantly in the inferior blade of the dentate gyrus may contribute to the memory deficits observed after sleep loss, as structural reorganization of synaptic networks in this subregion is fundamental for cognitive processes.
The reflective approach for data-driven rules (2002)

The self-triggering approach presented in this paper is a novel architecture for active database systems. It provides a high-level reflective rule language, rich modelling tools and a clear semantics of dependencies among data elements. Under this approach, rules that are data-driven by nature are handled by a mechanism that utilizes their semantic properties, while rules that are event-driven by nature are handled with extended modelling facilities. The self-triggering approach has been employed by the PARDES project that is described throughout this paper. This approach is contrasted with the "event-control-action" method, the leading architecture in current active database models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits (2010)

We study contextual multi-armed bandit prob-lems where the context comes from a metric space and the payoff satisfies a Lipschitz condi-tion with respect to the metric. Abstractly, a con-textual multi-armed bandit problem models a sit-uation where, in a sequence of independent trials, an online algorithm chooses, based on a given context (side information), an action from a set of possible actions so as to maximize the total pay-off of the chosen actions. The payoff depends on both the action chosen and the context. In con-trast, context-free multi-armed bandit problems, a focus of much previous research, model situa-tions where no side information is available and the payoff depends only on the action chosen. Our problem is motivated by sponsored web search, where the task is to display ads to a user of an Internet search engine based on her search query so as to maximize the click-through rate (CTR) of the ads displayed. We cast this prob-lem as a contextual multi-armed bandit problem where queries and ads form metric spaces and the payoff function is Lipschitz with respect to both the metrics. For any &gt; 0 we present an algorithm with regret O(T a+b+1 a+b+2+) where a, b are the covering dimensions of the query space and the ad space respectively. We prove a lower bound Ω(T ã+b̃+1 ã+b̃+2) for the regret of any algo-rithm where ã, b ̃ are packing dimensions of the query spaces and the ad space respectively. For finite spaces or convex bounded subsets of Eu-clidean spaces, this gives an almost matching up-per and lower bound.
Androgen deprivation results in time‐dependent hypoxia in LNCaP prostate tumours: Informed scheduling of the bioreductive drug AQ4N improves treatment response (2012)

Androgen withdrawal induces hypoxia in androgen-sensitive tissue; this is important as in the tumour microenvironment, hypoxia is known to drive malignant progression. Our study examined the time-dependent effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on tumour oxygenation and investigated the role of ADT-induced hypoxia on malignant progression in prostate tumours. LNCaP xenografted tumours were treated with anti-androgens and tumour oxygenation measured. Dorsal skin fold (DSF) chambers were used to image tumour vasculature in vivo. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) identified differential gene expression following treatment with bicalutamide. Bicalutamide-treated and vehicle-only-treated tumours were re-established in vitro, and invasion and sensitivity to docetaxel were measured. Tumour growth delay was calculated following treatment with bicalutamide combined with the bioreductive drug AQ4N. Tumour oxygenation measurements showed a precipitate decrease following initiation of ADT. A clinically relevant dose of bicalutamide (2 mg/kg/day) decreased tumour oxygenation by 45% within 24 hr, reaching a nadir of 0.09% oxygen (0.67 ± 0.06 mmHg) by Day 7; this persisted until Day 14 when it increased up to Day 28. Using DSF chambers, LNCaP tumours treated with bicalutamide showed loss of small vessels at Days 7 and 14 with revascularisation occurring by Day 21. QPCR showed changes in gene expression consistent with the vascular changes and malignant progression. Cells from bicalutamide-treated tumours were more malignant than vehicle-treated controls. Combining bicalutamide with AQ4N (50 mg/kg, single dose) caused greater tumour growth delay than bicalutamide alone. Our study shows that bicalutamide-induced hypoxia selects for cells that show malignant progression; targeting hypoxic cells may provide greater clinical benefit.
Photo- and Electrochemical Redox Behavior of Cyclometalated Ru(II) Complexes Having a 3-Phenylbenzo[<i>b</i>][1,6]naphthyridine Ligand (2011)

Cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes having a 3-phenylbenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridine (phbn) ligand have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The photo- and electrochemical redox behavior of the complexes are demonstrated. Complex [Ru(phbn)(bpy)(2)]PF(6) ([1]PF(6)) readily undergoes proton coupled two electron reduction by chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical methods to generate [Ru(phbnHH)(bpy)(2)]PF(6) ([1HH]PF(6)). The photochemical oxidation of [1HH]PF(6) was also observed in presence of p-chloranil.
Augmentation of properties on sparingly loaded nanocomposites via functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes using a covalent approach (2014)

Polymer nanocomposites are developed, for the first time, as transparent film by covalent addition of [OH]<italic>n</italic>–SWCNTs with PU <italic>via</italic> an efficient route. PU nanocomposites, which were augmented, show enhanced mechanical, thermal and conductivity properties.
A 1.8-V 6.9-mW 120-fps 50-Channel Capacitive Touch Readout With Current Conveyor AFE and Current-Driven $\Delta \Sigma $ ADC (2017)

This paper presents an area-and energy-efficient readout for capacitive touch sensors. An analog front end (AFE) with current conveyor mitigates the requirements of frontend opamp and provides a differential current from adjacent channels, removing sensor's baseline and interferences. The sensing current from the AFE is directly digitized by a current-driven 2nd-order ΔΣ analog-to-digital converter and its direct interfacing with the current signal achieves high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without suffering voltage saturation in the AFE, and provides reconfigurable SNRs and frame rates with respect to oversampling ratio. An area-efficient sinc <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> filter, whose filter coefficients are commonly provided, enables full parallel implementation of ΔΣ ADCs. A 50-channel prototype IC is fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process, occupying only 1.96 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Using a 10.1-in 28 × 50 touch screen panel and a 3.3-V transmitter, this work achieves SNRs of 53.3 and 41.7 dB with finger and 1-mmφ stylus, respectively, while drawing only 6.9 mW from 1.8-V supply at 120 fps. This results in the state-of-the-art figure-of-merit of 0.11 and 0.41 nJ/step for finger and 1-mm-φ stylus, respectively. Moreover, 500-dpi on-glass fingerprint sensor is verified with the same prototype IC and 15-V transmitter, and 70 × 50 fingerprint image is successfully captured with 150-μm cover glass.
Role for the αV Integrin Subunit in Varicella-Zoster Virus-Mediated Fusion and Infection (2016)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes chickenpox and shingles. A common complication of shingles is the excruciating condition called postherpetic neuralgia, which has proven difficult to treat. While a vaccine is now available, it is not recommended for immunocompromised individuals and its efficacy decreases with the recipient's age. These limitations highlight the need for new therapies. This study examines the role of integrins in membrane fusion mediated by VZV glycoproteins gB and gH-gL, a required process for VZV infection. This knowledge will further the understanding of VZV entry and provide insight into the development of better therapies.
Pharmacological treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (2011)

As the population grows older each year, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is becoming the leading eye disease resulting in blindness. Although some drugs are available for the treatment of wet AMD, no drug is currently available for dry AMD. Actual research is taking place to invent novel drug for the treatment of dry AMD and the hurdles of the R&D are reviewed. Literature search and review were conducted to identify various ideas to treat dry AMD and to overcome the difficulties of developing clinical end points for developing the new drugs. Some promising drug candidates had been identified and clinical end points of drug efficacy determination had been collected. With the proof of new concepts and clinical end points available, the hope is high to expect some new novel drugs be put in the market sometime in the future.
Real-time low-frequency signal modulated texture compression using intensity dilation (2014)

We present a real-time algorithm for compressing textures based on low frequency signal modulated (LFSM) texture compression. Our formulation is based on intensity dilation and exploits the notion that the most important features of an image are those with high contrast ratios. We present a simple two pass algorithm for propagating the extremal intensity values that contribute to these contrast ratios into the compressed encoding. We use our algorithm to compress PVRTC textures in real-time and compare our performance with prior techniques in terms of speed and quality. http://gamma.cs.unc.edu/FasTC
Foam Superstabilization by Polymer Microrods (2004)

Few foam systems stabilized by solid particles have been reported, and usually the particles have been used in combination with surfactants. We report how foams can be stabilized solely with a new class of anisotropic particles, hydrophobic polymer microrods of diameter less than 1 mum and length of a few tens of micrometers. The obtained foams were extraordinary stable, retaining a constant volume over many days and even surviving drying of most of the free liquid. The bubbles in these foams were sterically stabilized by dense thick "hairy" layers. The rigid intertwined protective shells around the bubbles did not allow the formation of thin films between them. The lifetime of these foams was orders of magnitude longer than the ones stabilized with typical foaming surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate led to hydrophilization of the microrods and suppressed the superstabilization effect. Thus, common foaming agents effectively act as defoamers for the ultrastable foams stabilized by microrods.
The Correspondence of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his English Audience 1533-54 (2001)

(2001). The Correspondence of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his English Audience 1533-54. Reformation & Renaissance Review: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 9-33.
Enzyme‐catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic polyesters in organic media: Study of transesterification equilibrium shift and characterization of cyclic compounds (1995)

Abstract Enzyme‐catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic polyesters in organic media from methyl diesters and diols was carried out at stoechiometric ratio in the presence of supported lipases (li‐pozyme ® and novozyme ® ). Two systems were studied to shift the thermodynamic equilibrium which limits the conversion. In the first one, the solution flows through a molecular sieve in which methanol is adsorbed. In the second one, methanol is eliminated by nitrogen bubbling. The system with nitrogen bubbling in hydrophobic solvents at 60°C works best when novozyme ® is used as catalyst. Despite a high fractional conversion ( p > 0.99), the number‐average molar mass is not very high ( M̄ ; n = 3050 eq. PS). In relation to the nature of monomers, cycles with DP = 2–20 were characterized by chromatographic analyses and mass spectrometry. Their formation explains why high polycondensates cannot be obtained. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Crystal Structure of a Helix Layered Silicate Containing Tetramethylammonium Ions in Sodalite-Like Cages (2001)

The crystal structure of a helix layered silicate (HLS), [(CH3)4N]2Na2[Si10O20(OH)4]·5.53H2O, with tetramethylammonium (TMA) ions as templates was determined by ab initio structure analysis with X-ray powder diffraction data. The HLS is orthorhombic with space group Amm2 and lattice parameters of a = 22.8641(2) Å, b = 12.5388(2) Å, and c = 12.4648(2) Å. A Q3−Q4−Q3 silicon network with an amount-of-substance ratio of Si/O = 1:2.4 exhibits cup-shaped cage topology with four- and six-membered rings. Such a cage is similar to a sodalite cage divided into two pieces. 29Si MAS NMR showed the silicate layer to have Q3- and Q4-types of Si atoms with a Q3/Q4 ratio of ca. 4.0, which is consistent with our structural model. The framework is distorted, with Si−O bond lengths varying widely. TMA ions are incorporated into the cup-shaped cage. Na+ ions and H2O molecules are also located between two silicate layers, with interlayer distances varying alternately. Disordering of TMA ions, Na+ ions, and H2O molecules was clearly visualized in electron-density maps obtained by combining a maximum-entropy method and whole-pattern fitting. H2O molecules surround Na+ ions and form hydrogen bonds with O atoms in silanol groups in the silicate layers, by which the lattice instability due to the distorted framework is compensated. The present compound is regarded as a metastable phase, as would be expected for precursors to new types of microporous materials with silicate frameworks such as the sodalite cage.
Susceptibility of aged mice to Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. (2005)

Aged mice with S. aureus keratitis demonstrated increased pathology as compared to young mice.
Advanced Stored Waveform Inverse Fourier Transform Technique for a Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (1996)

The stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) technique is used for broadband excitation of ions in an ion-trap mass spectrometer to perform mass-selective accumulation, isolation, and fragmentation of peptide ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Unit mass resolution is achieved for isolation of ions in the range of m/z up to 1300 using a two-step isolation technique with stretched-in-time narrow band SWIFT pulses at the second stage. The effect of 'stretched-in-time' waveforms is similar to that observed previously for mass-scan-rate reduction. The asymmetry phenomenon resulting from the stretched ion-trap electrode geometry is observed during application of normal and time-reversed waveforms and is similar to the asymmetry effects observed for forward and reverse mass scans in the resonance ejection mode. Mass-selective accumulation of ions from multiple laser shots was accomplished using a method described earlier that involves increasing the trapping voltage during ion introduction for more efficient trapping of ions.
On the Use of Energy in LPC-Based Recognition of Isolated Words (1982)

Recognition of isolated words by encoding speech into linear predictive coefficients (LPC) is well known and widely accepted as one of the better methods for speech recognition. One of the drawbacks in relying entirely on LPC measures for recognition, however, is that the energy information in the speech is removed during the LPC analysis. Consequently, attempts have been made to include energy pattern information along with the LPC pattern information to achieve greater recognition accuracy. This paper discusses problems involved in combining energy pattern information with the LPC pattern information and presents results of recognition experiments with one method. The energy information and LPC information are combined linearly in a (speech) frame-by-frame manner utilizing the dynamic time warping (DTW) method time alignment. The LPC log likelihood ratio distance function, which determines the spectral difference between two frames of speech, does not lend itself to direct statistical analysis in multiple dimensions. The method for obtaining the weighting for the linear combination involves an iterative minimization of a probability of error function. The combined energy and LPC distance function was tested using a 129-word “airline” vocabulary, which is designed for speaker-independent, isolated word recognition. The inclusion of energy information in the recognition feature space reduces recognition error rates by an average of about 25 percent as compared with LPC alone.
Application of Liquid Oxytetracycline in Formulated Feeds to Mark and Treat Tiger Muskellunge (Northern Pike X Muskellunge) (1987)

Abstract When added to pelleted diets, liquid oxytetracycline (500 mg/kg of fish per day) was effective in marking (after 12 d) and disease treatment (after 3 d) of tiger muskellunge (the hybrid of northern pike, Esox lucius, and muskellunge, E. masquinongy). Liquid oxytetracycline is more easily applied and costs less than traditional methods for these purposes.
Two Types of Alginate Lyase from a Marine Bacterium Vibrio sp. AL-9. (1992)

Two types of alginate lyase [EC 4. 2. 2. 3] were purified from Vibrio sp. AL-9; one was shown to be specific for α-1, 4 bonds involving L-guluronate units in alginate and the other was to cleave β-1, 4 bonds involving D-mannuronate units. Both enzymes were homogeneous as judged from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 25, 000 and 31, 000, respectively, by a sucrose density gradient of centrifugation. According to the criteria of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, the strain was assigned to the species Vibrio algino-lyticus.