gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoimageable Polyimide: A Dielectric Material For High Aspect Ratio Structures (1986)

Polyimide has been identified as a useful material for microelectronic packaging because of its low dielectric constant and high temperature stability. Difficulties involved with reactive ion etching (RIE), a conventional technique for patterning thick polyimide films (thickness greater than 5 microns) with vertical walls, can be overcome by using photimageable polyimide precursors. The processing steps are similar to those used with negative photoresists. EM Chemical's HTR-3 photosensitive polyimide has been spun on up to a thickness of 12 microns. Exposure with a dose of 780 mJcm -2 of ultraviolet light, followed by spin development produces clean patterns as small as 5 microns corresponding to an aspect ratio of 2.4. When the patterned precursor is heated, an imidization reaction occurs converting the patterned film to polyimide. Baking to ca. 400 degrees C results in substantial loss in the thickness and in line width. However, shrinkage occurs reproducibly so useful rules for mask design can be formulated. Near vertical wall structures can be fabricated by taking advantage of the optical and shrinkage properties of the polyimide precursor. After development, an undercut wall profile can be produced since the bottom of the film receives less exposure and is hence more soluble in the developer. During heating, lateral shrinkage pulls the top of the film inward producing a vertical wall since the bottom is fixed to the substrate by adhesion. As a result, fully cured polyimide structures with straight walls and aspect ratios greater than one can be obtained. Dielectric properties of the fully imidized films were investigated with capacitor test structures. A relative dielectric constant of 3.3 and a loss tangent of .002 were measured at 20 kHz. It was also found that the dielectric constant increases as a linear function of relative humidity.
A quantitative model of technetium-99m-DTPA-galactosyl-HSA for the assessment of hepatic blood flow and hepatic binding receptor. (1991)

Technetium-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) was studied in normal volunteers and in patients with impaired liver function. The extrapolation approach originated the absolute dose of 99mTc-GSA in blood and the hepatic blood volume. The heart and liver regression curves were simultaneously fractionated into the three compartments (extrahepatic blood, hepatic blood and hepatocytes). Four differential equations were integrated with the six parameters as variables, and the smallest residual sum of squares was obtained by the damping Gauss-Newton method. The result of hepatic blood flow was 1603 +/- 144 (ml/min) in normal controls, which was compatible with previously reported values. Maximal removal rate (mg/min) showed statistically significant differences between the normal volunteers and patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. Our kinetic model of 99mTc-GSA can be used in the evaluation of liver function.
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Tachyzoites Inhibit Proinflammatory Cytokine Induction in Infected Macrophages by Preventing Nuclear Translocation of the Transcription Factor NF-κB (2001)

Control of microbial infection requires regulated induction of NF-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Activation of this important transcription factor is driven by phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the inhibitory IkappaB molecule, an event which enables NF-kappaB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In this study, we show that intracellular infection of macrophages with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii induces rapid IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation. Nevertheless, NF-kappaB failed to translocate to the nucleus, enabling the parasite to invade cells without triggering proinflammatory cytokine induction. Infected cells subsequently subjected to LPS triggering were severely crippled in IL-12 and TNF-alpha production, a result of tachyzoite-induced blockade of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Our results are the first to demonstrate the ability of an intracellular protozoan to actively interfere with the NF-kappaB activation pathway in macrophages, an activity that may enable parasite survival within the host.
Mutational screening of RET, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 in medullary thyroid carcinoma. (2011)

Our study supports the clinical relevance of screening MTC patients for RET mutations. The role of RAS mutations, in particular HRAS mutations, in sporadic RET-negative MTC has not been fully explored yet. Mutations in BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 are likely not to play a role in MTC.
A Simple Bayesian Framework for Content-Based Image Retrieval (2006)

We present a Bayesian framework for content-based image retrieval which models the distribution of color and texture features within sets of related images. Given a userspecified text query (e.g. "penguins") the system first extracts a set of images, from a labelled corpus, corresponding to that query. The distribution over features of these images is used to compute a Bayesian score for each image in a large unlabelled corpus. Unlabelled images are then ranked using this score and the top images are returned. Although the Bayesian score is based on computing marginal likelihoods, which integrate over model parameters, in the case of sparse binary data the score reduces to a single matrix-vector multiplication and is therefore extremely efficient to compute. We show that our method works surprisingly well despite its simplicity and the fact that no relevance feedback is used. We compare different choices of features, and evaluate our results using human subjects.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Test Results After Clinical Recovery and Hospital Discharge Among Patients in China (2020)

This cross-sectional study used reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction tests to assess potential viral shedding among patients who previously had been diagnosed with and had clinically recovered from coronavirus disease 2019.
Genotyping of the human platelet antigen systems 1 through 5 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and ligation‐based typing (1996)

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction in combination with ligation-based typing allows fast typing of large numbers of platelet donors and screening for critical antigens in pregnant women.
Partial Purification and Properties of Guanosine Triphosphate Cyclohydrolase, the First Enzyme in Pteridine Biosynthesis, from Comamonas sp. (ATCC 11299a) (1971)

Abstract GTP cyclohydrolase, the first enzyme in pteridine biosynthesis, has been purified from cell-free extracts of Comamonas sp. (ATCC 11299a). A 20-fold purification was obtained using ammonium sulfate fractionation, adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Because of extreme instability, less than 2% of the total activity was generally recovered. The enzyme can be assayed by its ability to produce formic acid from C-8 of GTP. This activity requires Mg++, and the magnesium requirement is quite specific. The activity is markedly increased by preliminary incubation of the enzyme with sulfhydryl compounds, and this activation is prevented by GTP, but not by Mg++. No inhibitors or effectors have been observed. The major pteridine product has absorption and fluorescence properties similar to those of neopterin. The presence of phosphate has been shown by the use of GT32P as substrate. The product at this stage of purification appears to be a cyclic phosphate of neopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-trihydroxypropyl pteridine). Chemical and enzymatic evidence for this structure has been obtained. The properties and products of this enzyme are different than those of a previously described enzyme of similar function from E. coli. The possible reasons for the production of a cyclic phosphate by Comamonas are discussed.
Dating the crucifixion – the first clues (2011)

Christ had been executed in Tiberius' reign by the Governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate.(Tacitus, Annals 15.44)
A Dynamic Service-Migration Mechanism in Edge Cognitive Computing (2018)

Driven by the vision of edge computing and the success of rich cognitive services based on artificial intelligence, a new computing paradigm, edge cognitive computing (ECC), is a promising approach that applies cognitive computing at the edge of the network. ECC has the potential to provide the cognition of users and network environmental information, and further to provide elastic cognitive computing services to achieve a higher energy efficiency and a higher Quality of Experience (QoE) compared to edge computing. This paper firstly introduces our architecture of the ECC and then describes its design issues in detail. Moreover, we propose an ECC-based dynamic service migration mechanism to provide an insight into how cognitive computing is combined with edge computing. In order to evaluate the proposed mechanism, a practical platform for dynamic service migration is built up, where the services are migrated based on the behavioral cognition of a mobile user. The experimental results show that the proposed ECC architecture has ultra-low latency and a high user experience, while providing better service to the user, saving computing resources, and achieving a high energy efficiency.
Perun: Virtual Payment Hubs over Cryptocurrencies (2017)

Payment channels emerged recently as an efficient method for performing cheap micropayments in cryptocurrencies. In contrast to traditional on-chain transactions, payment channels have the advantage that they allow for nearly unlimited number of transactions between parties without involving the blockchain. In this work, we introduce Perun, an off-chain channel system that offers a new method for connecting channels that is more efficient than the existing technique of ``routing transactions'' over multiple channels. To this end, Perun introduces a technique called ``virtual payment channels'' that avoids involvement of the intermediary for each individual payment. In this paper we formally model and prove security of this technique in the case of one intermediary, who can be viewed as a ``payment hub'' that has direct channels with several parties. Our scheme works over any cryptocurrency that provides Turing-complete smart contracts. As a proof of concept, we implemented Perun's smart contracts in Ethereum.
Surgical exposure and cement removal in revision total hip arthroplasty. (1992)

The surgical approach in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) must conform to the preoperative goals of revision surgery. Factors to be considered include adequate visualization, assessment of remaining bone stock, presence or absence of cement, status of the trochanter, leg length discrepancies, and previous surgical approaches. To maintain neurovascular structures, blood supply to the involved bone, postoperative abductor function, stability, and gait normalcy, an anterolateral approach is best used. Three anterolateral approaches are used to address various aspects of revision THA. Approach 1 allows for exposure of the acetabulum and proximal femur. The associated abductor muscle split allows for excellent proximal exposure. Approach 2 is performed when acetabular reconstruction is neither complex nor involved, and when extended access to the femur is necessary. The lateral-distal incision is determined by the need for adequate femur exposure for implant removal, cement removal, and any bone grafting procedures to reconstitute osseous structures. Approach 3 is further developed proximally to expose necessary anatomic regions of the acetabulum while preserving the underlying neurovascular structures. Using special instrumentation and controlled femoral perforations, cement mantles are quickly removed, minimizing damage to the bone and preserving the osseous structures. For all three approaches, abductor muscle separation repair and/or reattachment is performed with a heavy, no. 5, nonabsorbable suture. Postoperative patient management depends on the degree of dissection and extent of reconstruction.
Direct sequencing of DNA isolated from mRNA differential display. (1995)

A recently developed mRNA differential display technique has a potential power for identifying genes that are differentially expressed in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems. One critical feature of this technique is to display most of the mRNA population on a sequencing gel after polymerase chain reaction using a 5' decamer and a 3' T12MN anchored primer. However, these primers are too small to be successfully used as a sequencing primer using the classical sequencing protocol. In the present report we described the application of an extended primer set for the re-amplification after mRNA differential display, which renders the amplified DNA suitable for direct sequencing using either of these extended oligonucleotides as a primer without further subcloning. This improved technique will greatly save the time, cost and labor-intensive work for the discovery of genes using mRNA differential display.
Stability of enzymes. (1985)

Enzymes can lose activity through covalent and noncovalent structure alterations. In the former, protease attack and modification by small active molecules such as oxygen are important. Conformational stability can be measured by Tm, the midpoint temperature of the thermal denaturation curve, and turnover in vivo of a number of enzymes correlates with Tm. Measurement of Tm and delta Cp leads to evaluation of delta H, T delta S, and delta G for the unfolding process. The importance of d(delta G)/dT is emphasized since it can be used to evaluate the temperature of maximum stability. There is no simple relationship between amino acid sequence and delta Gmax, nor can the effect of mutation be accurately forecast. Reversibility of folding is an important factor in stability. Tm correlates with [G]1/2, the midpoint guanidine unfolding concentration, and is the most useful predictive quantity for enzyme stability.
Histamine release by Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) from lung tissue in vitro (1974)

<b>Evans, Elizabeth and Nicholls, P. J. (1974).</b><i>British Journal of Industrial Medicine,</i><b>31,</b> 28-30. <b>Histamine release by Western red cedar</b><i>(Thuja plicata)</i><b>from lung tissue in vitro.</b> Various respiratory symptoms have previously been observed in workers exposed to dust from Western red cedar (<i>Thuja plicata</i>). Although an allergic basis for these effects has been proposed, the possibility that the dust may contain a pharmacologically active agent was investigated. Aqueous extracts of two samples of red cedar released significant amounts of histamine from pig and human lung <i>in vitro</i>. For one of these samples, using pig lung, a dose-response relation was found over a narrow range of concentrations. These dusts possessed the same order of histamine-releasing activity as a sample of cotton dust. Potassium cyanide reduced the release of histamine caused by low concentrations of Western red cedar. Similar effects of cyanide on the histamine-releasing activity of cotton dust and compound 48/80 were observed. It is possible that release of histamine in the lungs and upper respiratory tract occurs on inhalation of dust from Western red cedar and this may be a contributory factor to the development of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to the dust of this wood.
Pharmocologic Inhibitors of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Have the Potential to Interact with Ionizing Radiation Exposure to Induce Cell Death in Carcinoma Cells by Multiple Mechanisms (2002)

Recent studies have shown that inhibition of stress-induced signaling via the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can potentiate the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and ionizing radiation. Because of these observations, we have further investigated the impact upon growth and survival of mammary (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, T47D), prostate (DU145, LNCaP, PC3) and squamous (A431) carcinoma cells following irradiation and combined long-term exposure to MEK1/2 inhibitors. Exposure of carcinoma cells to ionizing radiation resulted in MAPK pathway activation initially (0-4h) and modestly enhanced MAPK activity at later times (24h-96h). Inhibition of radiation-induced MAPK activation using MEK1/2 inhibitors potentiated radiation-induced apoptosis in two waves, at 21-30h and 96-144h after exposure. The potentiation of apoptosis was not observed in MCF7, LNCaP, or PC3 cells. At 24h, the potentiation of apoptosis was independent of radiation dose whereas at 108h, apoptosis correlated with increasing dose. Removal of the MEK1/2 inhibitor either 6h or 12h after exposure abolished the potentiation of apoptosis at 24h. At this time, the potentiation of apoptosis correlated with cleavage of pro-caspases -8, -9 and -3, and with release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Inhibition of caspase function using a pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD blocked the enhanced apoptotic response at 24h. Selective inhibition of caspase 9 with LEHD or caspase 8 with IETD partially blunted the apoptotic response in MDA-MB-231, DU145 and A431 cells, whereas inhibition of both caspases reduced the response by >90%. Removal of the MEK1/2 inhibitor either 24h or 48h after exposure abolished the potentiation of apoptosis at 108h. Incubation of cells with ZVAD for 108h also abolished the potentiation of apoptosis. In general agreement with the finding that prolonged inhibition of MEK1/2 was required to enhance radiation-induced apoptosis at 108h, omission of MEK1/2 inhibitor from the culture media during assessment of clonogenic survival resulted in either little or no significant alteration in radiosensitivity. Collectively, our data show that combined exposure to radiation and MEK1/2 inhibitors can reduce survival in some, but not all, tumor cell types. Prolonged blunting of MAPK pathway function following radiation exposure is required for MEK1/2 inhibitors to have any effect on carcinoma cell radiosensitivity.
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGFβ) Signaling Pathway in Cholangiocarcinoma (2019)

Cholangiocarcinoma is a deadly cancer worldwide, associated with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Although cholangiocarcinoma accounts for less than 15% of liver primary cancer, its silent nature restricts early diagnosis and prevents efficient treatment. Therefore, it is of clinical relevance to better understand the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinoma, including the signaling pathways that contribute to tumor onset and progression. In this review, we discuss the genetic, molecular, and environmental factors that promote cholangiocarcinoma, emphasizing the role of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway in the progression of this cancer. We provide an overview of the physiological functions of TGFβ signaling in preserving liver homeostasis and describe how advanced cholangiocarcinoma benefits from the tumor-promoting effects of TGFβ. Moreover, we report the importance of noncoding RNAs as effector molecules downstream of TGFβ during cholangiocarcinoma progression, and conclude by highlighting the need for identifying novel and clinically relevant biomarkers for a better management of patients with cholangiocarcinoma.
Small-Intestinal Endoscopy (2001)

A small imaging capsule without cables, wires, or external connections has been developed for exploration of the small bowel. This swallowable device is propelled by peristalsis through the intestinal tract, and transmits data to a nearby receiver that captures video images on a regular basis. This technology will soon be available throughout the world, and it promises to revolutionize deep endoscopy of the small bowel. Sonde enteroscopy will be laid to rest forever. There continues to be considerable interest in the use of push enteroscopy in the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Physicians are beginning to rely more on intraoperative enteroscopy, because of its high degree of accuracy and its ability to provide visualization of the entire small bowel in selected patients in whom the bleeding source cannot be diagnosed, but who require blood transfusions.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in commercial passenger aircraft and cruise ship wastewater: a surveillance tool for assessing the presence of COVID-19 infected travellers (2020)

The study indicates that surveillance of wastewater from large transport vessels with their own sanitation systems has potential as a complementary data source to prioritize clinical testing and contact tracing among disembarking passengers. Importantly, sampling methods and molecular assays must be further optimized to maximize detection sensitivity. The potential for false negatives by both wastewater testing and clinical swab testing suggests that the two strategies could be employed together to maximize the probability of detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections amongst passengers.
Capital-based macroeconomics: Recent developments and extensions of Austrian business cycle theory (2001)

The business cycle theory of Hayek and the macroeconomic models of John Maynard Keynes were the two major rivals in the 1930s. From the 1940s to the late 1970s, however, the framework developed by Keynes in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money dominated economic policy and pedagogy, despite logical and theoretical problems with the model. Much of the success of the Keynesian approach within the profession was due to the follow-up developments by Sir John Hicks (1967b) and Paul Samuelson (1948). These economists developed simple graphical presentations (the IS-LM model and the Keynesian Cross) that made it easy for economists to grasp the implications of the theory, to extend and develop the theory, and to use the theory for historical analysis and policy applications. Most important, the simplifications provided a pedagogy for teaching the Keynesian model to new students of economics. Hayek’s business cycle model—which was partially responsible for his winning the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974—was temporarily abandoned, not because it was wrong, but partly because, as Hicks (1967c, p. 204) has argued, while the writings of Hayek and Mises on business cycle theory were in English, they were not English economics, and partly because the model was too complex. The current neglect or downplaying of Austrian insights by mainstream economists can be attributed to similar factors, most recently expressed by Yeager (1997) and Wagner (1999). The inability to effectively communicate Austrian insights is compounded by the fact that publication of papers with Austrian or capital-based macroeconomic themes have, in general,
Isolation and Identification of Some Major Water-soluble Peptides in Feta Cheese (1998)

Peptides were isolated from the water-soluble fraction of Feta cheese by reversed-phase HPLC in three successive steps. Peptide sequencing was performed by automatic Edman degradation. Most of the peptides originated from alpha s1-casein (CN), especially from the N-terminal half of the molecule. Two peptides originated from the C-terminal domain of beta-CN. Only one peptide, which was rich in histidine, originated from kappa-CN. beta-Lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin were also identified in the water extract of Feta cheese. The origin of most of these peptides could be explained on the basis of known specificities of chymosin and lactococcal cell-wall proteinases.
Plasmonic thermal IR emitters based on nanoamorphous carbon (2009)

The development of plasmonic narrow-band thermal mid-IR emitters made from a conducting amorphous carbon composite is shown. These IR emitters have greatly improved thermal and mechanical stability compared to metallic emitters as they can be operated at 600 °C in air without any degradation in performance. The emitted thermal radiation has a bandwidth of 0.5 μm and can be set to the desired wavelength from 3 to 15 μm by changing the surface periodicity. The periodically patterned devices have in-band emissivities significantly exceeding that of the non-patterned devices, constituting simple yet efficient radiation sources at this important wavelength range.