gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The increasing burden of depression (2011)

Recent epidemiological surveys conducted in general populations have found that the lifetime prevalence of depression is in the range of 10% to 15%. Mood disorders, as defined by the World Mental Health and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, have a 12-month prevalence which varies from 3% in Japan to over 9% in the US. A recent American survey found the prevalence of current depression to be 9% and the rate of current major depression to be 3.4%. All studies of depressive disorders have stressed the importance of the mortality and morbidity associated with depression. The mortality risk for suicide in depressed patients is more than 20-fold greater than in the general population. Recent studies have also shown the importance of depression as a risk factor for cardiovascular death. The risk of cardiac mortality after an initial myocardial infarction is greater in patients with depression and related to the severity of the depressive episode. Greater severity of depressive symptoms has been found to be associated with significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality including cardiovascular death and stroke. In addition to mortality, functional impairment and disability associated with depression have been consistently reported. Depression increases the risk of decreased workplace productivity and absenteeism resulting in lowered income or unemployment. Absenteeism and presenteeism (being physically present at work but functioning suboptimally) have been estimated to result in a loss of $36.6 billion per year in the US. Worldwide projections by the World Health Organization for the year 2030 identify unipolar major depression as the leading cause of disease burden. This article is a brief overview of how depression affects the quality of life of the subject and is also a huge burden for both the family of the depressed patient and for society at large.
A 2.4 pJ ferroelectric-based non-volatile flip-flop with 10-year data retention capability (2014)

A ferroelectric-based (FE-based) non-volatile flip-flop (NWF) is proposed for low-power LSI. Since leakage current in a logic circuit can be cut off by non-volatile storage capability of NVFFs, the standby power is reduced to zero. The use of complementarily stored data in coupled FE capacitors makes it possible to achieve 88% reduction of FE capacitor size while maintaining a wide read voltage margin of 240mV (minimum) at 1.5V, which results in 2.4pJ low access energy with 10-year, 85°C data retention capability. An access speed of FE capacitors can be adaptively changed according to required retention time, which becomes 1.6/fS for 10-year data retention, and 170ns for 10-hour data retention. Especially, short-term data retention is suitable for power gating implementation. Applying the proposed circuitry in 32bit CPU of a vital sensor LSI, its power consumption becomes 13% of that of conventional one with area overhead of 64% using 130nm CMOS with Pb(Zr, Ti)O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> (PZT) thin Alms.
Zeptonewton force sensing with nanospheres in an optical lattice (2016)

Optically trapped nanospheres in high vacuum experience little friction and hence are promising for ultrasensitive force detection. Here we demonstrate measurement times exceeding ${10}^{5}$ s and zeptonewton force sensitivity with laser-cooled silica nanospheres trapped in an optical lattice. The sensitivity achieved exceeds that of conventional room-temperature solid-state force sensors by over an order of magnitude, and enables a variety of applications including electric-field sensing, inertial sensing, and gravimetry. The particle is confined at the antinodes of the optical standing wave, and by studying the motion of a particle which has been moved to an adjacent trapping site, the known spacing of the antinodes can be used to calibrate the displacement spectrum of the particle. Finally, we study the dependence of the trap stability and lifetime on the laser intensity and gas pressure, and examine the heating rate of the particle in vacuum without feedback cooling.
Biochemistry of Microorganisms (1943)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
The StpA Protein Functions as a Molecular Adapter To Mediate Repression of the <i>bgl</i> Operon by Truncated H-NS in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1998)

The mechanism of repression of the beta-glucoside utilization (bgl) operon of Escherichia coli by a carboxy-terminally truncated derivative of the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS which is defective in DNA binding was investigated. The DNA-binding function of the H-NS-like protein StpA was found to be necessary for repression, which is consistent with a role for StpA as a DNA-binding adapter for mutant derivatives of H-NS.
The Peroxide Effect in the Addition of Reagents to Unsaturated Compounds. IV. The Addition of Halogen Acids to Vinyl Chloride (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Peroxide Effect in the Addition of Reagents to Unsaturated Compounds. IV. The Addition of Halogen Acids to Vinyl ChlorideM. S. Kharasch and C. W. HannumCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 3, 712–714Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1934https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01318a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01318a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views80Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of a Nonradioactive Pulsed Electron Source for Ion Mobility Spectrometry (2010)

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a well-known method for detecting hazardous compounds in air. Typical applications are the detection of chemical warfare agents, highly toxic industrial compounds, explosives, and drugs of abuse. Detection limits in the low part per billion range, fast response times, and simple instrumentation make this technique more and more popular. Common ion mobility spectrometers work by employing a radioactive source to provide electrons with high energy to ionize analytes in a series of chemical reactions. General security as well as regulatory concerns related to radioactivity result in the need for a different ionization source which on the other hand produces ions in a similar manner as a radioactive source since the ion chemistry is well-known. Here we show the application of a novel nonradioactive source that produces spectra similar to those obtained with radioactive tritium sources. Using this source in a pulsed mode offers the additional advantage of selecting certain analytes by their recombination time and thus significantly increasing the selectivity. The successful isolation of a target signal in the presence of contaminants using a pulsed electron beam or more precisely the difference in recombination times will be demonstrated for the case of dimethyl-methylphosphonate (DMMP) showing the potential of this source to reduce the possibility for false-positive detection of corresponding chemical warfare agents (CWA) by IMS.
Applications of thin film reflecting coating technology to tungsten filament lamps (1993)

The development of multilayer dielectric coatings to provide a visible transmitting/infrared reflecting filter for use on incandescent lamps, particularly focusing on application to compact tungsten-halogen lamps, is reviewed. The potential benefits in lamp efficacy improvements obtained by converting some of the infrared into visible radiation has been known for some time. However, the system design constraints and, in particular, the film deposition process, has proved very difficult to surmount, and thus introduction of general lighting products utilising infrared reflecting filters has only recently occurred. The major focus of the report is a review of material requirements and development issues associated with the deposition processes suitable for manufacture of such filters.
B cell superstimulatory influenza virus (H2-subtype) induces B cell proliferation by a PKC-activating, Ca(2+)-independent mechanism. (1995)

The influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) induces a vigorous B cell proliferation and Ig-synthesis by an unknown activation mechanism, which is susceptible to the inhibitory effects of anti-Ig and anti-class II mAbs. To gain further insight into the activation mode of this T cell-independent, B cell "superstimulatory" virus, we analyzed the sensitivity of H2-subtype virus-mediated B cell activation to the inhibitory effects of various signal transduction-blocking agents and compared it to the well characterized anti-mu-mediated and the LPS-employed pathway. Cyclic-AMP agonists (cAMP-analogues, pentoxifylline, cholera toxin, and forskolin) blocked HA-mediated activation of B cells only at concentrations at least 50-fold higher than required for blocking of anti-mu-induced activation. However, HA-treatment failed to induce an increase in intracellular cAMP levels in responding B cells. The B cell response to HA was highly resistant to calcineurin-inhibitory cyclosporin-A treatment and did not result in a measurable Ca2+ influx. Similarly, HA failed to induce an increase in tyrosine phosphorylations, including phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma 2. HA-activated B cells showed an increase in membrane-associated protein kinase C activity, and depletion of protein kinase C by pretreatment of B cells with phorbol esters inhibited a subsequent activation by HA. Collectively, our results provide a new example of B cell stimulation by multivalent type-2 Ags, which seems to be mediated by a phosphatidylinositol- and Ca(2+)-independent signaling pathway.
A simple low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope capable of atomic manipulation (1996)

The design of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope is described. The microscope can be operated in ultrahigh vacuum in the temperature range between 15 and 300 K. The main features are a scanner which is based on the Besocke ‘‘beetle’’ design principle combined with a spring suspension of the microscope and complete surrounding of the whole microscope by a 4 K radiation shield. The microscope can be extended to work as a force microscope using the optical lever detection technique for force measurement. It is demonstrated that this comparatively small and reliable setup is well suited to study the adsorption of single atoms and molecules at low temperatures. Moreover, examples of lateral and vertical manipulation of atoms and molecules are shown to demonstrate the performance of the system.
Genes encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha and granzyme A are expressed during development of autoimmune diabetes. (1990)

Progressive destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in nonobese diabetic mice is observed after infiltration of the pancreas with lymphocytes [Makino, S., Kunimoto, K., Muraoka, Y., Mizushima, Y., Katagiri, K. & Tochino, Y. (1980) Exp. Anim. (Tokyo) 29, 1-13]. We show that the genes for tumor necrosis factor alpha and granzyme A, a serine protease associated with cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic cells, are expressed during the development of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Granzyme A-positive cells are found both in and surrounding the islets, implying induction prior to islet infiltration. Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression is exclusively observed in the intra-islet infiltrate, predominantly in lymphocytes adjacent to insulin-producing beta cells, the targets of the autoimmune destruction, implying that tumor necrosis factor alpha expression is induced locally--i.e., in the islet. A considerable portion of cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha appear to be CD4+ T cells. This T-cell subset was previously shown to be necessary for development of the disease. Thus, these findings may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus and potentially also for that of other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Cytotoxic Effects of Free Fatty Acids on Ascites Tumor Cells<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1987)

The effect of physiologic common free fatty acids (FFAs) on Mat 1376b ascites tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in F344 rats was investigated. Unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), and arachidonic (20:4) acids, were significantly more effective killers of tumor cells in vitro than the corresponding saturated fatty acids of the same carbon length, including palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and arachidic (20:0) acids. The saturated 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitic acid) was more toxic to tumor cells in vitro than the saturated 18-carbon (stearic) and 20-carbon (arachidic) acids. Injections of linoleic (18:2)-linolenic (18:3) acid combinations into rats inoculated with the tumor significantly enhanced the survival of the tumor-bearing animals. These results suggest that natural FFAs may under certain conditions be utilized as effective anticancer agents.
Outbreak of Non‐O157 Shiga Toxin–Producing<i>Escherichia coli</i>Infection from Consumption of Beef Sausage (2009)

We describe an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 infection in 20 patients (median age, 2 years). The source of the infection was an organic fermented beef sausage. The source was discovered by using credit card information to obtain and compare customer transaction records from the computer systems of supermarkets.
A type system for object initialization in the Java bytecode language (1998)

In the standard Java implementation, a Java language program is compiled to Java bytecode. This bytecode may be sent across the network to another site, where it is then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine. Since bytecode may be written by hand, or corrupted during network transmission, the Java Virtual Machine contains a bytecode verifier that performs a number of consistency checks before code is interpreted. As illustrated by previous attacks on the Java Virtual Machine, these tests, which include type correctness, are critical for system security. In order to analyze existing bytecode verifiers and to understand the properties that should be verified, we develop a precise specification of statically-correct Java bytecode, in the form of a type system. Our focus in this paper is a subset of the bytecode language dealing with object creation and initialization. For this subset, we prove that for every Java bytecode program that satisfies our typing constraints, every object is initialized before it is used. The type system is easily combined with a previous system developed by Stata and Abadi for bytecode subroutines. Our analysis of subroutines and object initialization reveals a previously unpublished bug in the Sun JDK bytecode verifier.
Role for Phospholipid Flippase Complex of ATP8A1 and CDC50A Proteins in Cell Migration (2012)

Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) and CDC50 family proteins form a putative phospholipid flippase complex that mediates the translocation of aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from the outer to inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, at least eight members of P4-ATPases were identified, but only a single CDC50 family protein, CDC50A, was expressed. We demonstrated that CDC50A associated with and recruited P4-ATPase ATP8A1 to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of CDC50A induced extensive cell spreading and greatly enhanced cell migration. Depletion of either CDC50A or ATP8A1 caused a severe defect in the formation of membrane ruffles, thereby inhibiting cell migration. Analyses of phospholipid translocation at the plasma membrane revealed that the depletion of CDC50A inhibited the inward translocation of both PS and PE, whereas the depletion of ATP8A1 inhibited the translocation of PE but not that of PS, suggesting that the inward translocation of cell-surface PE is involved in cell migration. This hypothesis was further examined by using a PE-binding peptide and a mutant cell line with defective PE synthesis; either cell-surface immobilization of PE by the PE-binding peptide or reduction in the cell-surface content of PE inhibited the formation of membrane ruffles, causing a severe defect in cell migration. These results indicate that the phospholipid flippase complex of ATP8A1 and CDC50A plays a major role in cell migration and suggest that the flippase-mediated translocation of PE at the plasma membrane is involved in the formation of membrane ruffles to promote cell migration.
Dynamic Data Reallocation in Bubble Memories (1973)

Bubble technology offers several operations that have no equivalents in technologies based on magnetic recording. Examples of such operations are: transfer, reversal of the direction of propagation, and opening and closing of gaps in the data stream. This paper∗ shows how such operations can be used to dynamically reallocate data in the bubble memory, causing it to become an integrated memory hierarchy. A considerable improvement in performance results. A model is presented which relates the bubble memory with dynamic reallocation to stack processing, a technique used in the evaluation of memory hierarchies. With the aid of this model it becomes possible to calculate the performance of the bubble memory using published data derived from the traces of selected typical programs. Memory design is optimized for the execution of such programs. Design parameters are proposed for a 2-Mb bubble memory with 128 detectors which, in the execution of the type of program for which data were available, requires an average of only 8.8 shifts for access and an average of 12.1 shifts per memory cycle. If bubbles are propagated at a rate of 1 MHz, the average access and cycle times for this memory become 8.8 µs and 12.1 µs, respectively. Such performance, in conjunction with the low cost per bit offered by bubble technology, is expected to have a major impact. The performance of this memory, when operated in conjunction with a faster buffer, is also calculated. The use of a 64-kb buffer is shown to reduce the average number of shifts for access to 1.05, and the average number of shifts per cycle to 1.9.
On Sonar Signal Analysis (1970)

Systems which utilize acoustic energy to explore an undersea environment are called sonars. This introductory and tutorial paper presents a discussion of active sonar signal analysis concentrating upon sinusoidal, linear FM, and pseudorandom echolocation pulses. Many previously published results concerning sonar signals and their haracteristics are integrated, collected, and presented in a unified form such as to portray typical signal design considerations.
Characterization of peptide-oligonucleotide heteroconjugates by mass spectrometry (1996)

Two peptide-oligothymidylic acids, prepared by joining an 11 residue synthetic peptide containing one internal carboxyl group (Asp side chain) to amino-linker-5'pdT6 and amino-linker-5'pdT10 oligonucleotides, were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) on a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer and by electrospray ionization (ESI) on a triple-quadrupole system. These synthetic compounds model peptide-nucleic acid heteroconjugates encountered in antisense research and in studies that use photochemical crosslinking to investigate molecular aspects of protein-nucleic acid interactions. MALDI and ESI sensitivities for the two hybrid compounds were found to be similar respectively to their sensitivities for the pure oligonucleotide parts. In general, MALDI proved to be less affected by sample impurities and more sensitive than ESI, while ESI on the quadrupole produced greater mass accuracy and resolution than MALDI on the time-of-flight instrument. A hybrid's behavior in a MALDI-matrix or an ESI-spray-solvent was found to be governed mainly by the oligonucleotide. A single positive ESI tandem mass spectrum of the peptide-dT6 accounted for the heteroconjugate's entire primary structure including the point of the oligonucleotide's covalent attachment to the peptide.
Prostaglandin E2 and Transforming Growth Factor-β Play a Critical Role in Suppression of Allergic Airway Inflammation by Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (2015)

ASCs are capable of secreting PGE2 and TGF-β, which may play a role in inducing Treg expansion. Furthermore, treatment with a PGE2 inhibitor or TGF-β neutralizing antibodies eliminated the beneficial effect of ASCs treatment in asthmatic mice, suggesting that PGE2 and TGF-β are the major soluble factors responsible for suppressing allergic airway inflammation.
<b>Replication terminus for DNA polymerase I during initiation of pAMβ1 replication: role of the plasmid‐encoded resolution system</b> (1997)

Replication of plasmid pAM beta 1 is initiated by DNA polymerase I (Pol I) and completed by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contained in the replisome machinery. In this study we report that initiation of DNA replication generates D-loop structures containing the nascent leading strand paired to its template, and that D-loop extension is arrested approximately 230 bp from the initiation site of DNA synthesis in the presence of the plasmid-encoded resolvase. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that this arrest is caused by a collision between Pol I and the resolvase bound to its target. As the arrested D-loop replication intermediates carry a single-stranded primosome-assembly site, we hypothesize that the biological role of the replication arrest is to limit the region replicated by Pol I and to promote the replacement of Pol I by the replisome in order to initiate concerted synthesis of the leading and lagging strands.
First Disyndiotactic Polymer from a 1,4-Disubstituted Butadiene by Alternate Molecular Stacking in the Crystalline State (2002)

We report the first synthesis of a disyndiotactic polymer through topochemical polymerization using di(4-methoxybenzyl)muconate as the 1,3-diene dicarboxylate monomer. It provides a tritactic polymer under photoirradiation in the crystalline state, as a result of the alternate molecular stacking in a column formed in the crystals with aid of weak hydrogen bonds such as CH/pi and CH...O intermolecular interactions.
A new technique for exposure of the cervical spine laminae (2002)

The author describes a new technique for exposure of the cervical spine laminae in which the attachments of the semispinalis cervicis and multifidus muscles to the spinous processes are left untouched. It provides a conservative exposure through which a diverse range of posterior cervical surgeries can be performed. In contrast to conventional cervical approaches, none of the muscular attachments to the spinous processes is compromised. In this paper the author describes the technical details and discusses the applications of the procedure.