Pigments, Inorganic (2000)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. General Aspects 1.2. General Chemical and Physical Properties 1.2.1. Fundamental Aspects 1.2.2. Methods of Determination 1.3. Color Properties 1.3.1. Fundamental Aspects 1.3.2. Color Measurement 1.3.3. Tinting Strength, Lightening Power, and Scattering Power 1.3.4. Hiding Power and Transparency 1.4. Stability Towards Light, Weather, Heat, and Chemicals 1.4.1. Fundamental Aspects 1.4.2. Test Methods 1.4.2.1. Light Stability 1.4.2.2. Weather Resistance 1.4.2.3. Heat Stability 1.4.2.4. Fastness to Chemicals 1.5. Behavior of Pigments in Binders 1.5.1. Fundamental Aspects 1.5.2. Test Methods 1.5.2.1. Pigment - Binder Interaction 1.5.2.2. Dispersing Behavior in Paint Systems 1.5.2.3. Miscellaneous Pigment - Binder Systems 2. White Pigments 2.1. Titanium Dioxide 2.1.1. Properties 2.1.2. Raw Materials 2.1.2.1. Natural Raw Materials 2.1.2.2. Synthetic Raw Materials 2.1.3. Production 2.1.3.1. Sulfate Method 2.1.3.2. The Chloride Process 2.1.3.3. Pigment Quality 2.1.3.4. Aftertreatment 2.1.3.5. Problems with Aqueous and Gaseous Waste 2.1.4. Economic Aspects 2.1.5. Pigment Properties 2.1.6. Analysis 2.1.7. Uses of Pigmentary TiO2 2.1.8. Uses of Nonpigmentary TiO2 2.1.9. Toxicology 2.2. Zinc Sulfide Pigments 2.2.1. Properties 2.2.2. Production 2.2.3. Commercial Products 2.2.4. Uses 2.2.5. Economic Aspects 2.2.6. Toxicology 2.3. Zinc Oxide (Zinc White) 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Properties 2.3.3. Production 2.3.4. Quality Specifications 2.3.5. Uses 2.3.6. Economic Aspects 2.3.7. Toxicology and Occupational Health 3. Colored Pigments 3.1. Oxides and Hydroxides 3.1.1. Iron Oxide Pigments 3.1.1.1. Natural Iron Oxide Pigments 3.1.1.2. Synthetic Iron Oxide Pigments 3.1.1.3. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects 3.1.1.4. Quality 3.1.1.5. Uses 3.1.1.6. Economic Aspects 3.1.2. Chromium Oxide Pigments 3.1.2.1. Properties 3.1.2.2. Production 3.1.2.3. Quality Specifications and Analysis 3.1.2.4. Storage and Transportation 3.1.2.5. Uses 3.1.2.6. Economic Aspects 3.1.2.7. Toxicology and Occupational Health 3.1.3. Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments 3.1.3.1. Properties 3.1.3.2. Production 3.1.3.3. Quality Specifications and Analysis 3.1.3.4. Storage and Transportation 3.1.3.5. Legal Aspects 3.1.3.6. Uses 3.1.3.7. Economic Aspects 3.1.3.8. Toxicology and Occupational Health 3.2. Cadmium Pigments 3.2.1. Cadmium Sulfide 3.2.2. Cadmium Yellow 3.2.3. Cadmium Sulfoselenide (Cadmium Red) 3.2.4. Cadmium Mercury Sulfide (Cadmium Cinnabar) 3.2.5. Properties and Uses 3.2.6. Quality Specifications 3.2.7. Economic Aspects 3.2.8. Toxicology and Environmental Protection 3.3. Bismuth Pigments 3.3.1. Properties 3.3.2. Production 3.3.3. Uses 3.3.4. Toxicology 3.4. Chromate Pigments 3.4.1. Chrome Yellow 3.4.2. Molybdate Red and Molybdate Orange 3.4.3. Chrome Orange 3.4.4. Chrome Green and Fast Chrome Green 3.4.5. Toxicology and Occupational Health 3.5. Ultramarine Pigments 3.5.1. Chemical Structure 3.5.2. Properties 3.5.3. Production 3.5.4. Uses 3.5.5. Toxicity and Environmental Aspects 3.5.6. Economic Aspects 3.6. Iron Blue Pigments 3.6.1. Structure 3.6.2. Production 3.6.3. Properties 3.6.4. Uses 3.6.5. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects 4. Specialty Pigments 4.1. Magnetic Pigments 4.1.1. Iron Oxide Pigments 4.1.2. Cobalt-Containing Iron Oxide Pigments 4.1.3. Chromium Dioxide 4.1.4. Metallic Iron Pigments 4.1.5. Barium Ferrite Pigments 4.2. Anticorrosive Pigments 4.2.1. Principles 4.2.2. Phosphate Pigments 4.2.2.1. Zinc Phosphate 4.2.2.2. Aluminum Phosphate 4.2.2.3. Chromium Phosphate 4.2.2.4. New Pigments Based on Metal Phosphates 4.2.2.5. Multiphase Phosphate Pigments 4.2.3. Other Phosphorus-Containing Pigments 4.2.4. Borosilicate Pigments 4.2.5. Borate Pigments 4.2.6. Chromate Pigments 4.2.7. Molybdate Pigments 4.2.8. Lead and Zinc Cyanamides 4.2.9. Ion-Exchange Pigments 4.2.10. Metal Oxide Pigments 4.2.10.1. Red Lead 4.2.10.2. Calcium Plumbate 4.2.10.3. Zinc and Calcium Ferrites 4.2.10.4. Zinc Oxide 4.2.11. Powdered Metal Pigments 4.2.11.1. Zinc Dust 4.2.11.2. Lead Powder 4.2.12. Flake Pigments 4.2.13. Organic Pigments 4.2.14. Toxicology 4.3. Luster Pigments 4.3.1. Nacreous and Interference Pigments 4.3.1.1. Optical Principles 4.3.1.2. Natural Pearl Essence 4.3.1.3. Basic Lead Carbonate 4.3.1.4. Bismuth Oxychloride 4.3.1.5. Metal Oxide - Mica Pigments 4.3.1.6. New Developments 4.3.1.7. Uses 4.3.2. Metal Effect Pigments 4.4. Transparent Pigments 4.4.1. Transparent Iron Oxides 4.4.2. Transparent Iron Blue 4.4.3. Transparent Cobalt Blue and Green 4.4.4. Transparent Titanium Dioxide 4.4.5. Transparent Zinc Oxide