gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Iodine doping and MOCVD in-situ growth of HgCdTe p-on-n heterojunctions</title> (1994)

Recent developments in MOCVD growth of Hg<SUB>1-x</SUB>Cd<SUB>x</SUB>Te photodiodes using the interdiffused multilayer process are reported. Iodine doping of HgCdTe is described using ethyl iodide. Using ethyl iodide, the iodine doping level can be controlled in the range of 7 X 10<SUP>14</SUP> - 2 X 10<SUP>18</SUP> cm<SUP>-3</SUP> without any memory effect. Activation of the iodine as a singly ionized donor is near 100% at concentrations < 1 X 10<SUP>17</SUP> cm<SUP>-3</SUP>. Ethyl iodide was not found to react with the other organometallic precursors and abrupt dopant profiles are obtained. The iodine doped HgCdTe films exhibit 80 K electron mobilities >= 1 X 10<SUP>5</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP>/V-s, auger limited lifetimes of approximately 1 microsecond(s) for concentrations of (1-3)X10<SUP>15</SUP> cm<SUP>-3</SUP>, and x-values approximately 0.22. LWIR p-on-n heterojunctions have been grown in situ using iodine doping for the n-type absorber layer and arsenic doping for the p- type cap layer. Detailed characterization data for the photodiodes are reported.
Modulation of Visually Evoked Cortical fMRI Responses by Phase of Ongoing Occipital Alpha Oscillations (2011)

Using simultaneous electroencephalography as a measure of ongoing activity and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a measure of the stimulus-driven neural response, we examined whether the amplitude and phase of occipital alpha oscillations at the onset of a brief visual stimulus affects the amplitude of the visually evoked fMRI response. When accounting for intrinsic coupling of alpha amplitude and occipital fMRI signal by modeling and subtracting pseudo-trials, no significant effect of prestimulus alpha amplitude on the evoked fMRI response could be demonstrated. Regarding the effect of alpha phase, we found that stimuli arriving at the peak of the alpha cycle yielded a lower blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI response in early visual cortex (V1/V2) than stimuli presented at the trough of the cycle. Our results therefore show that phase of occipital alpha oscillations impacts the overall strength of a visually evoked response, as indexed by the BOLD signal. This observation complements existing evidence that alpha oscillations reflect periodic variations in cortical excitability and suggests that the phase of oscillations in postsynaptic potentials can serve as a mechanism of gain control for incoming neural activity. Finally, our findings provide a putative neural basis for observations of alpha phase dependence of visual perceptual performance.
Inherited neurodegenerative diseases (2010)

Case History—A 54 yr old man presenting with intermittent focal neurological signs. Many nervous system disorders have a genetic basis, but may be difficult to diagnose because of nonspecific signs, slow progression, and lack of any family history. Neurodegenerative disorders present an enormous challenge because of the complexity of the nervous system, the broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity characteristic of these diseases, and the progressive and generally irreversible nature of their neuropathology. A mutated gene is generally at fault, resulting in decreased production of a structural or regulatory protein important for the development or normal functioning of a special part of the nervous system....
A robot arm for pushing elevator buttons (2010)

In this paper, a robot arm is designed and set on the top of the wheeled robot, which can recognize the numbers or signs and push the buttons. There is a micro-camera set on the tip of the robot arm for the image processing and pattern recognition. Then, the inverse kinematics is used to calculate the angle of each link of the robot arm to press the desired button correctly. Integrating the techniques of image processing, pattern recognition, and motion control, the robot is implemented to achieve the elevator-button pushing task.
First-order aberration of a double-focus lens made of a uniaxial crystal (1992)

We describe an aberration of a double-focus lens made of a uniaxial crystal with the optic axis perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens. One of the focal points of the lens is formed by ordinary rays in the crystal, and the other is formed by extraordinary rays. The extraordinary rays have astigmatism at the focal point owing to birefringence of the crystal even under the paraxial condition. The magnitude of the aberration depends on the lens thickness and the ratio of the principal refractive indices.
Piezoelectric properties of 〈001〉 textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 ceramics (2001)

The piezoelectric properties of (1−x) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (x=0.3–0.35), ceramics with a high degree of 〈001〉 fiber texture were investigated for possible actuator applications. Piezoelectric coefficients (d33) in excess of 1200 pC/N associated with strain levels up to &gt;0.3% were observed in samples prepared by a reactive templated grain growth process. No excess PbO was used in the starting composition. A high degree of fiber texture was achieved using 〈001〉 oriented BaTiO3 template particles in a fine-grained precursor for the PMN–32PT matrix. High densities together with texture resulted in a significant increase in strain levels and d33 values compared to their polycrystalline counterparts. Peak dielectric constants on the order of 22 000 with losses of ∼2% and well-saturated hysteresis loops with a Pr∼27 μC/cm2 were recorded on the textured samples. These domain engineered, textured ceramics have tremendous potential for high-performance actuators.
Implementation of dynamic boundary on multiple Kalman trackings using radar (2017)

The development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) is of importance to prevent the potential driving risks on the road, which relies on the perceptive sensors to detect and identify the traffic conditions. This paper examines a method to track multiple objects and determine the high risk obstacles using radar. We experiment the scenarios as the vehicle and pedestrians in front, as well as the pedestrian crossing the street. The multiple tracks are achieved based on the Kalman filter. This work implements the state prediction model to compensate the missing targets, and the false positives are excluded through a threshold of bad tracks. To identify the potential obstacles, we impose two boundaries, i.e., lane and dynamic boundaries as the region of interest on the multiple tracks. It is demonstrated that the dynamic boundary benefits the finding of high risk obstacles and excludes most of the background noises. The lane boundary takes the advantage of tracking objects along the driving path: however, it could underestimate the risk of transverse moving objects in which the tracks are not continuous crossing the lanes.
The restore-o-mounter: the file motel revisited (1993)

We present a scheme for referencing and accessing saved ((footnote 1: We use the word to denote the super set of and archive; save is also easier to conjugate than backup.)) files in a manner that is transparent to applications. The scheme requires no kernel modifications. Instead, it uses a process that allows users to change directories to the past and browse their saved files with their favorite utilities. The mounted process acts as a protocol gateway between NFS and a commercially available network backup product. Time travel is supported; users may change directories to any moment in the past. Any saved version (not just the most recent version) of any file can be viewed or recovered, even if the file has since been deleted.

Using this transparent method of retrieving saved files by naming their location in the past, a poor man's file migration scheme can be implemented by substituting a symbolic link to a saved location for a file. Once a file is referenced, the symbolic link can be replaced with its original file. This migration scheme requires no kernel modifications yet remains transparent to UNIX applications and users.
A systems approach to GPM dual-frequency retrieval (2005)

A systems approach to the development of spaceborne dual-frequency radar retrievals is presented. The necessary integral equations governing the backscatter and forward scatter propagation of electromagnetic waves are redeveloped through the parameters of the drop-size distribution (DSD) namely the median drop diameter, D/sub o/, and normalized intercept parameter N/sub w/. The backward iteration algorithm using these equations is reviewed and cast in terms of a closed-loop control-system model with feedback on measured radar reflectivity values. This model is preferred over the fixed-point method because the closed-loop model calculates and iterates based on the input variables for measured reflectivity instead of using attenuation as a loop control variable. The closed-loop model is examined and analyzed in terms of sensitivity to measurement error and DSD parameters and is used to describe and develop the convergence region of the retrievals in the DSD space. The impact of the convergence region is evaluated to define the relative contribution of the methodology in a global sense. It is shown that about half the rainfall falls into the convergence zone demonstrated in this paper.
Tool-Naming by Iron Workers (1989)

First unionized in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the trade of iron worker developed at a time when the industrial revolution allowed, for the first time in history, the erection of steel structures on a widespread scale. The technology of steel construction was new; the men hired to do the actual work, the construction gangs, were for the large part uneducated immigrants willing to work a dangerous job for low pay. The combination of a new technology with a class of worker unfamiliar with architectural and engineering terminology precipitated a colorful jargon which exists, in one form or another, to this day. The vocabulary of this jargon is functional, descriptive, often amusing, and usually obscene.
The role of prohormone convertases in insulin biosynthesis: evidence for inherited defects in their action in man and experimental animals. (1996)

The hormone insulin remains the cornerstone of diabetic therapy since it is required for almost all cases of Type 1 and many cases of Type 2 diabetes. Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, much has been learned about its chemistry, structure and action as well as its production in the beta cell. Insulin is formed through a series of precursors, beginning with preproinsulin, the protein encoded in the insulin gene. These precursors direct the prohormone into the secretory pathway and ultimately into the secretory granules where it is converted into insulin and C-peptide. These products are stored and secreted together in a highly regulated manner in response to glucose and other stimuli. This review focuses on the recently discovered prohormone convertases, PC2 and PC3 (PC1), the enzymes responsible for the endoproteolytic processing of proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide in the beta cell as well as for the selective processing of proglucagon to glucagon in the alpha cell or GLP1 in intestinal L-cells. PC2 and PC3 are calcium-dependent serine proteases related to the bacterial enzyme subtilisin. They cleave selectively at Lys-Arg or Arg-Arg sites in precursors, generating products with C-terminal basic residues that are then removed by carboxypeptidase E, an exopeptidase. All 3 enzymes are expressed mainly in secretory granules of neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and in the brain. Inherited defects affecting the prohormone-processing enzymes have recently been found in association with unusual syndromes of obesity and other metabolic disorders.
Inhibition of Experimental Drug Allergy by Prior Feeding of the Sensitizing Agent (1946)

SummaryThrough the feeding of certain allergenic compounds to the non-sensitive subject, a state of resistance may be established against subsequent experimental sensitization of the skin by the same substance.
Identification of a CO2 Responsive Regulon in Bordetella (2012)

Sensing the environment allows pathogenic bacteria to coordinately regulate gene expression to maximize survival within or outside of a host. Here we show that Bordetella species regulate virulence factor expression in response to carbon dioxide levels that mimic in vivo conditions within the respiratory tract. We found strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica that did not produce adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) when grown in liquid or solid media with ambient air aeration, but produced ACT and additional antigens when grown in air supplemented to 5% CO(2). Transcriptome analysis and quantitative real time-PCR analysis revealed that strain 761, as well as strain RB50, increased transcription of genes encoding ACT, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, fimbriae and the type III secretion system in 5% CO(2) conditions, relative to ambient air. Furthermore, transcription of cyaA and fhaB in response to 5% CO(2) was increased even in the absence of BvgS. In vitro analysis also revealed increases in cytotoxicity and adherence when strains were grown in 5% CO(2). The human pathogens B. pertussis and B. parapertussis also increased transcription of several virulence factors when grown in 5% CO(2), indicating that this response is conserved among the classical bordetellae. Together, our data indicate that Bordetella species can sense and respond to physiologically relevant changes in CO(2) concentrations by regulating virulence factors important for colonization, persistence and evasion of the host immune response.
Sputtered silver oxide layers for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (2001)

We present results of reactively sputtered silver oxide thin films as a substrate material for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Herein, we show that deposited layers develop an increasingly strong SERS activity upon photoactivation at 488 nm. A benzoic acid/2-propanol solution was used to demonstrate that the bonding of molecules to SERS active sites at the surface can be followed by investigating temporal changes of the corresponding Raman intensities. Furthermore, the laser-induced structural changes in the silver oxide layers lead to a fluctuating SERS activity at high laser intensities which also affects the spectral features of amorphous carbon impurities.
I. Inheritance in Phaseolus vulgaris (1903)

L Inheritance In Phaseolus vulgaris.Professor F. Johanusen has just published a summary of his recent experiments on inheritance.His work Ueber ErbUehkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien (Fischer, Jena, 1903) is dedicated to Francis Galton, as the " SchOpfer der exakten Erblichkeitslehre"; it shows that the author has realised the importance of adequate statistical methods in any attempt to deal with the problem of inheritance, and we wish to express our gratitude to him for the courteous tone adopted in speaking of " Biometriker," and for the patient effort he has made to understand their work.Professor Johannaen's material is collected from three generations of beans: he has (1) a series of individual seeds, chosen out of a sample of about 16,000, which had been harvested and mixed together; these afford his evidence concerning the character of a grandmatemal generation ;(2) each grandmatemal bean, when sown, yielded a crop of maternal beans, the mean character (weight or length-breadth index) of those borne by one plant being taken as the measure of the maternal character of the line of ancestry to whioh the plant belongs; (3) from the series of seeds borne by each mother plant, a certain number (from two to seven) were sown, the mean characters of the seeds borne by the resulting plants being taken as a measure of the characters studied in the filial generation of each line.From these data three principal sets of tables are constructed; on p. 25, UcbcrtichUtabelU I. gives material for measuring the regression of individual filial beans on the mean weight of the maternal beans; a series of taWes on pp.21-24 gives the relation between the weights of the individual beans of the maternal plants, which were sown, and the mean weight of the seed produced by every resultant plant; finally on pp.36-37 a table is given which Professor Johannsen believes to show that the progeny of every seed, within a particular line of ancestry, exhibita a complete " Riickschlag" to the type of its line, the coefficients of correlation and regression between parent and offepring within the line being each=0.
Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Analyses of Invasion Plasmid Antigen D (IpaD) from <i>Shigella flexneri</i> Reveal the Presence of Two Structural Domains (2006)

Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans. Invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) is an essential participant in Shigella invasion of intestinal cells, but no detailed structural information is available to help understand the proposed role of IpaD in invasion or its interaction with other invasion proteins. Therefore, the secondary and tertiary structure and thermal stability of IpaD as well as selected IpaD deletion mutants were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), and both intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopies. The energetics of thermal unfolding were also evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Secondary-structure analysis by CD and FTIR suggests that that IpaD is primarily alpha-helical with characteristics of a intramolecular coiled coil. Thermal studies revealed that the unfolding of IpaD is a complex process consisting of two transitions centered near 59 and 80 degrees C. A comparison of the data obtained with the intact protein and selected deletion mutants indicated that the lower temperature transition is a reversible event attributable to the unfolding of a small domain located at the N terminus of IpaD. In contrast, the thermal unfolding of the proposed major and highly stable C-terminal domain was irreversible and led to protein aggregation. When the results are taken together, they strongly support the idea that IpaD has two independent folding domains.
Buy Your Hat From Your Grocery Savings (1922)

Are your grocery bills satisfactory, or would you like to save more money and still buy more food? The problem of stretching a grocery bill is not always an easy one. In many cases it isn't a question of "what do you buy," but rather "how do you buy it"?
Distributional Smoothing with Virtual Adversarial Training (2016)

Abstract: We propose local distributional smoothness (LDS), a new notion of smoothness for statistical model that can be used as a regularization term to promote the smoothness of the model distribution. We named the LDS based regularization as virtual adversarial training (VAT). The LDS of a model at an input datapoint is defined as the KL-divergence based robustness of the model distribution against local perturbation around the datapoint. VAT resembles adversarial training, but distinguishes itself in that it determines the adversarial direction from the model distribution alone without using the label information, making it applicable to semi-supervised learning. The computational cost for VAT is relatively low. For neural network, the approximated gradient of the LDS can be computed with no more than three pairs of forward and back propagations. When we applied our technique to supervised and semi-supervised learning for the MNIST dataset, it outperformed all the training methods other than the current state of the art method, which is based on a highly advanced generative model. We also applied our method to SVHN and NORB, and confirmed our method's superior performance over the current state of the art semi-supervised method applied to these datasets.
Augmented Learning with Errors: The Untapped Potential of the Error Term. (2014)

Abstract. The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem has gained a lot of attention in recent years leading to a series of new cryptographic applications. Specifically, it states that it is hard to distinguish random linear equations disguised by some small error from truly random ones. Interestingly, cryptographic primitives based on LWE often do not exploit the full potential of the error term beside of its importance for security. To this end, we introduce a novel LWE-close assumption, namely Augmented Learning with Errors (A-LWE), which allows to hide auxiliary data injected into the error term by a technique that we call message embedding. In particular, it enables existing cryptosystems to strongly increase the message throughput per ciphertext. We show that A-LWE is for certain instantiations at least as hard as the LWE problem. This inherently leads to new cryptographic constructions providing high data load encryption and customized security properties as required, for instance, in economic environments such as stock markets resp. for financial transactions. The security of those constructions basically stems from the hardness to solve the A-LWE problem. As an application we introduce (among others) the first lattice-based replayable chosen-ciphertext secure encryption scheme from A-LWE.
On operational availability of a large software-based telecommunications system (2003)

Modern telecommunications systems are dependent on software for their successful operation. In many cases, the software operates on an established hardware platform and subsequent releases of the system offer primarily in the software component. Because of the increased dependence of the society on advanced telecommunications systems, the reliability and availability of network switching elements are very important. Empirical information on the operational unavailability due to total system outages of a large software-based telecommunications system is presented and discussed. About 50% of these outages are reported as being caused by software. The data is used to show that the unavailability of this system can be described well using a classical two-state availability model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DEMO 89-the initial experiment with the HERMIES-III robot (2002)

HERMIES-III is a large mobile robot designed for human-scale experiments. The initial experiment with the robot (DEMO 89) was the cleanup of a simulated chemical spill. To perform the experiment, the robot was required to plan a path through an already known world, navigate along the path (avoiding unexpected obstacles), and locate and remove debris from a target area. A description is given of the software system that was developed to perform the experiment. The software system consisted of 19 processes that operated on a distributed set of heterogeneous computers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance analysis of different network topologies for in-vehicle audio and video communication (2008)

In-vehicle audio and video communication has recently received considerable attention in the automotive industry. First, because of the increasing number of audio and video consumer electronic devices and the requirement to integrate them in the car. Second, because of the rapid growing of realtime audio and video based driver assistance systems. So far, the interconnection of in-vehicle stream oriented devices has been performed by different and automotive specific network systems with limited transmission capacities. IP over Ethernet provides good conditions for audio and video streaming by offering high transmission capacities. In order to design an appropriate IP/Ethernet network for audio and video communication in the car, the selection of the right network topology is essential. In this work, several network topologies are compared by their Quality of Service (QoS) performance and production cost. Appropriate topologies are proposed.