gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed Bragg deflector: a multifunctional integrated optical device (1978)

The properties of wide-angle integrated optical Bragg deflectors which utilize slab-coupled optical waveguides, are analyzed. Specifically considered is the interaction that occurs, via the intermediary of a periodic waveguide perturbation, between an incident wave guide within the core region of the structure and a Bragg deflected beam guided within the slab region of the structure. The deflection efficiencies and far-field deflected-beam intensity patterns characteristic of this device configuration, which we term a distributed Bragg deflector or DBD, are derived for both T.E.-polarized and T.M.-polarized incident waves and for deflection angles between pi/4 and 3pi/4 rad. Following these derivations, discussion is made of the potential device applications of the basic DBD structure, including its use as an integrated optical modulator, polarizer/analyzer, beam divider, beam deflector, and intrawaveguide beam expander.
Vitamin D status and clinical outcomes in incident dialysis patients: results from the NECOSAD study (2010)

Vitamin D deficiency in dialysis patients is associated with an adverse health outcome, in particular with short-term cardiovascular mortality. Intervention studies are urgently needed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation improves health outcomes of dialysis patients.
Optically Pure Dihydroxy γ-Alkylated γ-Butyrolactones Starting from <scp>l</scp>-Tartaric Acid:  Application to Formal and Total Syntheses of Natural Products (1997)

A general and efficient preparation of epimeric optically pure γ-butyrolactones 2 and 3 is described starting from l-tartaric acid (1). These lactones are well-known to be important building blocks in the syntheses of natural products. l-Tartaric acid (1) was transformed into carbonylated chirons (ketones 4 and aldehyde 5). These chirons, when submitted to highly stereoselective reactions (reduction or organometallic addition), led to epimeric dihydroxy γ-butyrolactones 2 and 3 after lactonization and deprotection steps. The resulting optically pure lactones are precursors of biological compounds and have allowed a total synthesis of l-biopterin and formal syntheses of quercus lactone, dodecanolactone, avenaciolide, and tetrahydrocerulenin.
Photo-sensitive PMMA microgels: light-triggered swelling and degradation (2010)

Two classes (type A and type B) of novel photolabile divinyl functionalized crosslinkers based on o-nitrobenzyl derivatives were synthesized and investigated with regard to their photolytic performance upon UV irradiation. The systematic variation of the molecular structure resulted in different degradation rates depending on the irradiation conditions. Thus, the successive and independent cleavage is enabled by either adjusting the applied wavelengths or irradiation times. The respective molecules were used to build up photodegradable PMMA microgels by free radical copolymerization with MMA in a miniemulsion polymerization process. UV light-induced degradation of the swollen microgels was monitored by time dependent turbidity measurements and the resulting kinetics were found to correlate with the photolysis rates of the respective crosslinkers in solution. The irradiation wavelength-controlled selective partial cleavage of type B crosslinking points was achieved by UV irradiation with λ > 315 nm and resulted in particles with extensively increased volumes consisting of highly swollen networks. In addition, the irradiation time-controlled selective complete degradation of particles containing type B crosslinkers was accomplished. By using broadband UV light containing wavelengths of λ < 315 nm, the successive complete particle disintegration of type B and type A microgels was observed. Hence, the specific performance of the synthesized microgels can be precisely triggered by means of the used UV light wavelengths, doses and intensities, thus representing a great potential as new light-responsive nanoscaled materials.
New Low-Loss Millimetre-Wave Hybrid Microstrip Antenna Array (1981)

A new hybrid configuration which combines a dielectric insular guide feeder with printed microstrip radiators is described. The insular guide is operated in a higher mode to enable efficient transfer of power to the microstrip radiating elements which lie on the substrate region of the guide. The use of an insular guide as opposed to a microstrip line provides a lower feeder loss at millimetre wavelengths while retaining most of the attractive manufacturing aspects of microstrip antennas. A 70 GHz linear array has been constructed by scaling down a version designed at 14 GHz. The measured performance confirms the usefulness of the new hybrid configuration particularly for longer arrays where microstrip feeder loss would be a limiting factor.
Synthesis of Diverse Aromatic Oxophosphorus Compounds by the Michaelis–Arbuzov-type Reaction of Arynes (2013)

Abstract Arynes, generated in situ from o-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates by treatment with a fluoride, have been shown to react efficiently with various alkoxyphosphines via a mechanism similar to the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. Diverse aromatic oxophosphorus compounds, including derivatives with an ortho-ester function, have become easily available from a common aryne precursor by this method.
Ejaculatory disorder caused by alpha‐1 adrenoceptor antagonists is not retrograde ejaculation but a loss of seminal emission (2006)

The current study demonstrates that alpha-1a mRNA is predominant among the adrenoceptor subtypes in human seminal vesicles. Decreased capacity of contraction of the seminal vesicles is proposed as the cause of the ejaculatory disorder induced by alpha-1 blockers.
Mobile Internet User Experience in the Western World: Cost-Benefit Estimation (2007)

The user experience of the mobile internet is most of the time inferior to the desktop internet. This is often explained by the mobile internet’s cumbersome user interface. This paper argues that the real reason is the business community’s incomplete of understanding of the mobile context, preventing the creation of killer applications. While mobile browser access to any web page is fundamental, we argue that it is even more important to offer mobile context specific web-based services. These services would create user benefit by initially aiming for the mobile context before catering the desktop context.
Time, Natural Electromagnetic Flux, and the EEG (1965)

(1965). Time, Natural Electromagnetic Flux, and the EEG. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 73-77.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MACRORHEOLOGY AND MICRORHEOLOGY IN ATHEROGENESIS* (1976)

Atheromatous lesions represent a disturbance of homeostasis in the arterial wall, where the rates of uptake and production of atherogenic materials exceed the rates of egress and metabolic removal. The pressure and flow in the arterial system generate circumferential stress in the wall and shear stress on the wall. The magnitude and distribution of these stresses are affected by local vascular geometry and microrheologic behavior of blood. Circumferential stress is borne primarily by the media and adventitia, and shear stress has a greater influence on the endothelial cells, which form the principal barrier to transport of macromolecules into the arterial wall. Shear stress, turbulence, and longitudinal stretch cause an increase of macromolecular uptake by arterial wall, especially when the mechanical disturbances are periodic. These effects may be explained by an enhanced diffusion of plasmalemmal vesicles in the endothelial cells. Such short-term effects of rheologic factors should be considered together with their long-term influences on the structure and function of the arterial wall in order to elucidate the role of rheology in atherogenesis.
Dynamic high-level scripting in parallel applications (2009)

Parallel applications typically run in batch mode, sometimes after long waits in a scheduler queue. In some situations, it would be desirable to interactively add new functionality to the running application, without having to recompile and rerun it. For example, a debugger could upload code to perform consistency checks, or a data analyst could upload code to perform new statistical tests. This paper presents a scalable technique to dynamically insert code into running parallel applications. We describe and evaluate an implementation of this idea that allows a user to upload Python code into running parallel applications. This uploaded code will run in concert with the main code. We prove the effectiveness of this technique in two case studies: parallel debugging to support introspection and data analysis of large cosmological datasets.
Everolimus with Optimized Cyclosporine Dosing in Renal Transplant Recipients: 6-Month Safety and Efficacy Results of Two Randomized Studies (2004)

Two prospective, randomized studies evaluated everolimus 1.5 vs. 3 mg/day with steroids and low-exposure cyclosporine (CsA) (C2 monitoring) in de novo renal transplant patients. Everolimus dosing was adjusted to maintain a minimum trough level of 3 ng/mL. Study 1 (A2306; n=237) had no induction therapy; in Study 2 (A2307; n=256) basiliximab was administered (Days 0 and 4). The primary endpoint was renal function at 6 months. CsA C2 target levels, initially 1200 ng/mL in Study 1 and 600 ng/mL in Study 2, were tapered over time post-transplant. Median creatinine levels in Study 1 were 133 and 132 micromol/L at 6 months in the 1.5 and 3 mg/day groups, respectively, and 130 micromol/L in both groups in Study 2. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) occurred in 25.0% and 15.2% of patients in the 1.5 and 3 mg/day groups in Study 1, and 13.7% and 15.1% in Study 2. Incidence of BPAR was significantly higher in patients with an everolimus trough <3 ng/mL. There were no significant between-group differences in the composite endpoint of BPAR, graft loss or death, nor any significant between-group differences in adverse events in either study. Concentration-controlled everolimus with low-exposure CsA provided effective protection against rejection with good renal function.
Characterization of a high-pressure quadrupole collision cell for low-energy collision-indneed dissociation (1994)

A RF-only quadrupole collision cell of new design has been evaluated for use in tandem mass spectrometry experiments as a component of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The new design permits operation at values of collision gas thickness higher by 1 order of magnitude than those used in most cells of this type. When operated at sufficiently high collision gas pressures, the transmission efficiency for precursor ions increases with increasing pressure, often to values greater than those observed in the absence of collision gas. Simultaneously, the attainable resolving power for fragment ions across the entire mass-tocharge ratio range, even for multiply charged precursors, also increases to the point where isomers of a quadruply charged fragment are resolved. The performance of the cell, judged in terms of yields and resolution of fragment ions, has been investigated as a function of the nature and pressure of collision gas, the kinetic energy of the precursor ions that enter the cell, and of the size and charge state of the precursors. The enhanced performance is explicable in terms of a marked deceleration of all ions that emerge from the cell to very low energies, probably a few tens of millielectronvolts, so that the cell effectively acts as an ion source for the second mass filter (fragment ion analyzer) to provide a spectrum of ions of fixed axial energy. The high transmission efficiency appears to arise from a collisional focusing effect analogous to that exploited in three-dimensional RF ion traps. The low axial energies imply that ion transit times through the cell are sufficiently long (several milliseconds) that, in precursor ion experiments where the first mass filter is scanned, a hysteresis effect is observed. This implies that in this operating mode compromises must be sought between scan speed and quality of peak shape. Examples are given of spectra obtained under realistic operating conditions that employ flow injection of samples.
The requirement of the carboxyl terminus of p53 for DNA binding and transcriptional activation depends on the specific p53 binding DNA element. (1994)

The p53 protein specifically binds DNA sequences and activates transcription. In this study, we investigated the requirement of the carboxyl (C)- or amino (N)-terminal domain of p53 for the binding and transactivation of two DNA elements, p53CON and the ribosomal gene cluster (RGC). Three human p53 mutants with deletion in either the C-terminus or N-terminus were used. Mobility-shift assays showed that the oligomerization-defective mutant p53(1-326), from which the final 67 C-terminal amino acids were deleted, retained the wild-type p53's ability to bind the p53CON element in the presence of anti-p53 monoclonal antibody PAb1801. Also, the transient transfection assays showed that the mutant p53(1-326) activated p53CON-mediated transcription. However, this mutant failed to bind the RGC element and was unable to activate RGC-mediated transcription. Thus, the requirement of the C-terminal region of p53 for DNA binding and transcription activation varies with the p53-binding DNA element under study. In contrast, the N-terminus of p53 contains a common transcription activation domain: deletion of the 80 or 159 N-terminal amino acids inactivated both p53CON- and RGC-mediated transactivation. Furthermore, mobility-shift assays did not detect any binding to p53CON- and RGC by either of the two N-terminal-deletion mutants. These results suggest that the N-terminus of p53 affects DNA binding.
The effect of surface roughness of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ films on TDDB characteristics of ONO films (1992)

The surface roughness of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ films was found to become higher and to cause degradation of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics of ONO films with increasing deposition temperature of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ films. A local thinning of ONO films, evaluated from the TDDB characteristics, agreed with the surface roughness measured by the atomic force microscope (AFM) and the cross-sectional transmission electron microscope. The dependence of the time to breakdown of ONO films on the deposition temperature was interpreted by electric field intensification due to the surface roughness of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Total Synthesis of desB30 Insulin Analogues by Biomimetic Folding of Single‐Chain Precursors (2008)

Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of 51 amino acids in two chains with three disulfide bridges. Human insulin and various analogues are used for the treatment of diabetes and are produced recombinantly at ton scale. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of insulin by the step-wise, Fmoc-based, solid-phase synthesis of single-chain precursors with solubilising extensions, which under redox conditions, spontaneously fold with the correct pairing of the three disulfide bridges. The folded, single-chain, insulin precursors can be transformed into bioactive two-chain desB30 insulin by the simultaneous removal of the solubilising extension (4-5 residues) and the chain-bridging C-peptide (3-5 residues) by employing Achromobacter lyticus protease--a process well-known from the yeast-based recombinant production of insulin. The overall yields of synthetic insulins were as much as 6 %, and the synthetic process was straightforward and not labour intensive.
Endocytosis of junctional cadherins in bovine kidney epithelial (MDBK) cells cultured in low Ca2+ ion medium. (1991)

The release of intercellular contacts in MDBK cells, initiated by the depletion of Ca2+ ions from the culture medium, results in the endocytotic uptake of membrane vesicles containing specific membrane constituents of the zonula adhaerens (ZA). During this process the junction-derived, endocytosed vesicles remain associated with the ZA plaque components, while the plaque and its attached actin filaments retract as a whole in a ring-like fashion from the plasma membrane, often accumulating, usually in fragments, in the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy with antiplakoglobin and antivinculin has indicated that both plaque proteins colocalize with the hallmark membrane glycoprotein of this junction type, E-cadherin (uvomorulin). When HRP used as a fluid phase marker is applied to the culture medium, simultaneously with the Ca2+ ion-chelator EGTA, numerous HRP-positive vesicles are found in close association with the dislocated plaque material, suggesting that the HRP is contained in the vesicles formed upon EGTA-induced junction splitting. Immunoelectron microscopy with various cadherin-specific antibodies revealed vesicle-associated labeling, confirming the derivation of these plaque-associated vesicles from the ZA. As the desmosome-specific cadherin, desmoglein, is recovered in another type of junction-derived vesicle, which is characterized by its association with a desmoplakin-plaque, we conclude that the membrane domains of both kinds of junction are endocytosed during Ca2+ depletion but stay in different vesicle populations, emphasizing the selective interaction of the specific cadherins with their respective plaque and filament partners.
Transesterification of Soybean and Rice Bran Oil with Ethanol in a Continuous-Flow Microwave-Assisted System: Yields, Quality, and Reaction Kinetics (2010)

The use of microwaves as a heating medium to drive the transesterification of vegetable oils into ethyl esters was investigated. A continuous-flow microwave-assisted transesterification of soybean and rice bran oil was carried out in the presence of ethanol, using a molar ratio alcohol/oil of 5:1, and 0.6% w/w of sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The reactions were performed at atmospheric pressure, using a flow rate of 100 mL/min at temperatures of 50 and 73 °C for different reaction times (1, 5, and 10 min). At all tested parameters, the ethyl ester biodiesel produced conformed with ASTM specifications, with conversion rates between 96.7 and 99.3%, indicating a good quality biodiesel. The results indicated that microwave heating can be used effectively to obtain high ethyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel) yields at lower alcohol/oil ratios, effectively reducing the reaction time, even under continuous-flow reactions due to a reduction in activation energy and an increase in Arrhenius pre-exponential factor. The results indicate that this heating process has potential to be scaled up for use in the industry to produce good quality biodiesel using ethanol as the alcohol of choice.
Interstitial fluid concentrations of glycerol, glucose, and amino acids in human quadricep muscle and adipose tissue. Evidence for significant lipolysis in skeletal muscle. (1995)

To determine the relationship between circulating metabolic fuels and their local concentrations in peripheral tissues we measured glycerol, glucose, and amino acids by microdialysis in muscle and adipose interstitium of 10 fasted, nonobese human subjects during (a) baseline, (b) euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (3 mU/kg per min for 3 h) and, (c) local norepinephrine reuptake blockade (NOR). At baseline, interstitial glycerol was strikingly higher (P < 0.0001) in muscle (3710 microM) and adipose tissue (2760 microM) compared with plasma (87 microM), whereas interstitial glucose (muscle 3.3, fat 3.6 mM) was lower (P < 0.01) than plasma levels (4.8 mM). Taurine, glutamine, and alanine levels were higher in muscle than in adipose or plasma (P < 0.05). Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia did not affect interstitial glucose, but induced a fall in plasma glycerol and amino acids paralleled by similar changes in the interstitium of both tissues. Local NOR provoked a fivefold increase in glycerol (P < 0.001) and twofold increase in norepinephrine (P < 0.01) in both muscle and adipose tissues. To conclude, interstitial substrate levels in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue differ substantially from those in the circulation and this disparity is most pronounced for glycerol which is raised in muscle as well as adipose tissue. In muscle, insulin suppressed and NOR increased interstitial glycerol concentrations. Our data suggest unexpectedly high rates of intramuscular lipolysis in humans that may play an important role in fuel metabolism.
A Prospective Study of Laboratory and Clinical Measures of Postural Stability to Predict Community-Dwelling Fallers (2000)

Not all older adults with a reduction in balance ability reported a fall over a 6-month period. Of those who did, a combination of measures reflective of different aspects of mediolateral postural stability during a rapid step task, quiet stance, and movement to the limits of stability were best able to predict faller status, with nonfallers better predicted than fallers. These results emphasize the importance of the multifactorial nature of falls in the community-dwelling elderly population in that the clinical and laboratory measures did not predict a high proportion of fallers.
Dictionary Learning (2011)

We describe methods for learning dictionaries that are appropriate for the representation of given classes of signals and multisensor data. We further show that dimensionality reduction based on dictionary representation can be extended to address specific tasks such as data analy sis or classification when the learning includes a class separability criteria in the objective function. The benefits of dictionary learning clearly show that a proper understanding of causes underlying the sensed world is key to task-specific representation of relevant information in high-dimensional data sets.
ChainerCV: a Library for Deep Learning in Computer Vision (2017)

Despite significant progress of deep learning in the field of computer vision, there has not been a software library that covers these methods in a unifying manner. We introduce ChainerCV, a software library that is intended to fill this gap. ChainerCV supports numerous neural network models as well as software components needed to conduct research in computer vision. These implementations emphasize simplicity, flexibility and good software engineering practices. The library is designed to perform on par with the results reported in published papers and its tools can be used as a baseline for future research in computer vision. Our implementation includes sophisticated models like Faster R-CNN and SSD, and covers tasks such as object detection and semantic segmentation.
Prospects for 200 GHz on silicon with SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (2002)

Introducing some percent of germanium into the base of a silicon bipolar transistor does not necessarily improve device performance. Careful layer design and the choice of an appropriate fabrication technology are prerequisites for high speed SiGe HBTs that will lead to ft and/or f/sub max/-values above 200 GHz. This paper describes how the different HBT layers have to be designed in order to obtain a transistor with maximum ft or maximum f/sub max/. The different existing fabrication technologies are presented and compared. An overview of recently published SiGe HBT data is given.