gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of limit size nanoliposomal systems with potential utility as ultra-small drug delivery agents (2015)

Previous studies from this group have shown that limit size lipid-based systems--defined as the smallest achievable aggregates compatible with the packing properties of their molecular constituents--can be efficiently produced using rapid microfluidic mixing technique. In this work, it is shown that similar procedures can be employed for the production of homogeneously sized unilamellar vesicular systems of 30-40 nm size range. These vesicles can be remotely loaded with the protonable drug doxorubicin and exhibit adequate drug retention properties in vitro and in vivo. In particular, it is demonstrated that whereas sub-40 nm lipid nanoparticle (LNP) systems consisting entirely of long-chain saturated phosphatidylcholines cannot be produced, the presence of such lipids may have a beneficial effect on the retention properties of limit size systems consisting of mixed lipid components. Specifically, a 33-nm diameter doxorubicin-loaded LNP system composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, and PEGylated lipid (DSPE-PEG2000) demonstrated adequate, stable drug retention in the circulation, with a half-life for drug release of ∼ 12 h. These results indicate that microfluidic mixing is the technique of choice for the production of bilayer LNP systems with sizes less than 50 nm that could lead to development of a novel class of ultra-small drug delivery vehicles.
Direct Quantification of MicroRNA at Low Picomolar Level in Sera of Glioma Patients Using a Competitive Hybridization Followed by Amplified Voltammetric Detection (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in humans, play a key role in regulating gene expression and are believed to be important for developing novel therapeutic treatments and clinical prognoses. Due to their short lengths (17-25 nucleotides) and extremely low concentrations (typically < picomolar) in biological samples, quantification of miRNAs has been challenging to conventional biochemical methods, such as Northern blotting, microarray, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In this work, a biotinylated miRNA (biotin-miRNA) whose sequence is the same as that of a miRNA target is introduced into samples of interest and allowed to compete with the miRNA target for the oligonucleotide (ODN) probe preimmobilized onto an electrode. Voltammetric quantification of the miRNA target was accomplished after complexation of the biotin-miRNA with ferrocene (Fc)-capped gold nanoparticle/streptavidin conjugates. The Fc oxidation current was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of target miRNA between 10 fM and 2.0 pM. The method is highly reproducible (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5%), regenerable (at least 8 regeneration/assay cycles without discernible signal decrease), and selective (with sequence specificity down to a single nucleotide mismatch). The low detection levels (10 fM or 0.1 attomoles of miRNA in a 10 μL solution) allow the direct quantification of miRNA-182, a marker correlated to the progression of glioma in patients, to be performed in serum samples without sample pretreatment and RNA extraction and enrichment. The concentration of miRNA-182 in glioma patients was found to be 3.1 times as high as that in healthy persons, a conclusion in excellent agreement with a separate qPCR measurement of the expression level. The obviations of the requirement of an internal reference in qPCR, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness are other additional advantages of this method for detection of nucleic acids in clinical samples.
Complete Intravenous Nutrition (1972)

A large number of experimental and clinical investigations has shown that an adequate, complete intravenous (i.v.) nutrition can be provided by using an amino acid mixture, glucose or fructose, fat emulsions, electrolytes and vitamins. A brief summary of the various investigations of the necessary quantities of energy and nutrients has been given. Based on these studies, recommendations have been made for the supply of nutrients in complete i.v. nutrition, which will cover the requirements of a patient. In many cases it is difficult or even impossible to infuse the required amount of energy in the form of carbohydrate and alcohol. With fat emulsions, however, it is easy to supply the required amount of energy. An i.v. fat emulsion of choice should have the same properties as chylomicrons. Such fat emulsion seems to be metabolized in about the same way as the fat from the ordinary food. By a complete i.v. nutrition including fat emulsions it is possible to maintain a good nutritional status in most patients as well as to produce growth in infants for reasonably long periods of time in cases when oral feeding is impossible or inadequate. Adult patients have been kept in good nutritional condition for periods up to 7 months on complete or total i.v. feeding. By the use of an adequate complete i.v. nutrition the loss of body protein and body weight in the post-operative period can be reduced to a large extent in the adult patient. In neonates and infants it is possible not only to eliminate the loss of body protein and body weight in the post-operative period, but also to promote formation of new body protein and induce growth by i.v. feeding. A complete or total i.v. nutrition to be looked upon as an alternative to oral food intake should include about 40% of the energy supply as fat corresponding to the amount in the normal food. Up to 60–80% of the energy has been supplied as fat. Total i.v. nutrition with 40% of the energy intake in the form of fat has been maintained during the whole gestation period in dog. Six puppies with no anatomical abnormalities were delivered, three of them survived.
Joining of Gamma Titanium Aluminides (2002)

Abstract : This report summarizes, interprets and comparatively discusses the results of research and development performed on the joining of gamma titanium aluminides during the past two decades. Although organized and presented by joining process, many of the observations made and relationships developed, particularly those regarding the weldability and welding metallurgy of gamma titanium aluminides, are broadly applicable. Generally, the basic welding processes and techniques utilized in the fusion and solid -state friction welding of conventional titanium alloys can also be applied to the welding of gamma titanium aluminides. However, the welding process parameters must be optimized, and in some instances the welding system significantly modified, to provide a comparatively slow weld cooling rate that minimize the potential for solid-state weld cracking, and that promotes the formation of a weld zone micro structure that exhibits suitable mechanical properties. Control of the weld cooling rate and the application of a postweld heat treatment can be used to generate a wide range of crack-free weld zone microstructures that correspondingly offer a range of mechanical property combinations. Gamma titanium aluminides can also be effectively joined using diffusion welding and conventional and diffusion brazing techniques.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES (1998)

Human behavioral genetic research aimed at characterizing the existence and nature of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in cognitive ability, personality and interests, and psychopathology is reviewed. Twin and adoption studies indicate that most behavioral characteristics are heritable. Nonetheless, efforts to identify the genes influencing behavior have produced a limited number of confirmed linkages or associations. Behavioral genetic research also documents the importance of environmental factors, but contrary to the expectations of many behavioral scientists, the relevant environmental factors appear to be those that are not shared by reared together relatives. The observation of genotype-environment correlational processes and the hypothesized existence of genotype-environment interaction effects serve to distinguish behavioral traits from the medical and physiological phenotypes studied by human geneticists. Behavioral genetic research supports the heritability, not the genetic determination, of behavior.
Silver Nanoclusters: Single-Stage Scaleable Synthesis of Monodisperse Species and Their Chirooptical Properties (2010)

Silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) with well-resolved electronic transitions in UV−vis spectra and chirooptical signatures have been synthesized via a versatile single-stage preparation utilizing stabilization with chiral thiols in aqueous solution. The most successful strategy proved to be the use of a combination of chiral ligands. No purification or size separation of synthesized AgNCs was required. AgNCs have been confirmed to be a single species and displayed significant stability in ambient conditions. Further improvement in AgNC stability has been achieved through their encapsulation in polymer films. Chemical properties of the prepared AgNCs were explored. Chirooptical properties of AgNCs have been studied in detail by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, including nanocluster systems synthesized using different combinations of chiral ligands, where the tunability of chirality is demonstrated. Improved stability of AgNCs offers a good potential for future applications, for example, in optical sensors.
Towards a<i>Brucella</i>vaccine for humans (2010)

There is currently no licensed vaccine for brucellosis in humans. Available animal vaccines may cause disease and are considered unsuitable for use in humans. However, the causative pathogen, Brucella, is among the most common causes of laboratory-acquired infections and is a Center for Disease Control category B select agent. Thus, human vaccines for brucellosis are required. This review highlights the considerations that are needed in the journey to develop a human vaccine, including animal models, and includes an assessment of the current status of novel vaccine candidates.
Downregulation of LRRC8A protects human ovarian and alveolar carcinoma cells against Cisplatin-induced expression of p53, MDM2, p21<sup>Waf1/Cip1</sup>, and Caspase-9/-3 activation (2016)

The leucine-rich repeat containing 8A (LRRC8A) protein is an essential component of the volume-sensitive organic anion channel (VSOAC), and using pharmacological anion channel inhibitors (NS3728, DIDS) and LRRC8A siRNA we have investigated its role in development of Cisplatin resistance in human ovarian (A2780) and alveolar (A549) carcinoma cells. In Cisplatin-sensitive cells Cisplatin treatment increases p53-protein level as well as downstream signaling, e.g., expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1), Bax, Noxa, MDM2, and activation of Caspase-9/-3. In contrast, Cisplatin-resistant cells do not enter apoptosis, i.e., their p53 and downstream signaling are reduced and caspase activity unaltered following Cisplatin exposure. Reduced LRRC8A expression and VSOAC activity are previously shown to correlate with Cisplatin resistance, and here we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition and transient knockdown of LRRC8A reduce the protein level of p53, MDM2, and p21(Waf1/Cip1) as well as Caspase-9/-3 activation in Cisplatin-sensitive cells. Cisplatin resistance is accompanied by reduction in total LRRC8A expression (A2780) or LRRC8A expression in the plasma membrane (A549). Activation of Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis by TNFα-exposure or hyperosmotic cell shrinkage is almost unaffected by pharmacological anion channel inhibition. Our data indicate 1) that expression/activity of LRRC8A is essential for Cisplatin-induced increase in p53 protein level and its downstream signaling, i.e., Caspase-9/-3 activation, expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and MDM2; and 2) that downregulation of LRRC8A-dependent osmolyte transporters contributes to acquirement of Cisplatin resistance in ovarian and lung carcinoma cells. Activation of LRRC8A-containing channels is upstream to apoptotic volume decrease as hypertonic cell shrinkage induces apoptosis independent of the presence of LRRC8A.
Pressure generation to 25 GPa using a cubic anvil apparatus with a multi-anvil 6-6 assembly (2010)

The maximum pressure generated in a cubic anvil apparatus has been extended to approximately 25 GPa with the sample volume approximately one order of magnitude larger than that available in the earlier study reporting the highest pressure of ∼23 GPa. The pressure generation experiment was performed using a newly designed multi-anvil 6-6 (MA 6-6) assembly with tungsten carbide anvils possessing truncated edge lengths of 2.5 and 3.0 mm, operated in a deformation-DIA-type apparatus. The semiconductor-to-metal transitions in GaP, GaAs, ZnS, and ZnTe at room temperature were used as the pressure references. A cubic anvil apparatus has many advantages in high-pressure experiments over the Kawai (or 6-8)-type apparatus, and the extension of both pressure range and sample volume in the former apparatus should greatly contribute to the advancement of the studies relevant to deformation, measurement of physical properties, synthesis, and crystal structure analysis of materials under high pressures and temperatures.
EUVL ML mask blank fiducial mark application for ML defect mitigation (2009)

Fabricating defect-free extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) multi-layer (ML) mask blanks presents a big challenge in EUVL technology. ML defect sources primarily come from substrate defects and ML deposition adders. Defect reduction, therefore, needs to address many development aspects, such as substrate material, substrate polishing, substrate cleaning, blank handling, and ML deposition. High investment cost and potential low blank yield can quickly drive up EUVL cost of ownership. However, allowing a few defects on the ML blank can improve the blank yield drastically. Utilizing such defect-blanks through defect mitigation schemes has been proposed. It includes directly repairing small ML phase and amplitude defects, mask absorber pattern proximity repair, and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects. It includes directly repairing small ML phase and amplitude defects,1-2 repairing mask absorber pattern to compensate the effect of an adjacent ML defect,3 and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects.4 In each case, the ML defects will first need to be identified and located during the ML blank defect inspection. To precisely locate the ML defects on the blank, fiducial marks on the ML blank are needed for mask alignment and defect location identification. In this paper, we will present the details of the ML defect mitigation process flow, i.e., using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects, and the corresponding experimental validation of this mitigation flow. We will also discuss the fiducial marking scheme, its application in the defect mitigation flow, the error budget of ML defect mitigation, such as defect position measurement error, fiducial mask position error, e-beam alignment errors, etc.
Pulse-processing neural net hardware with selectable topology and adaptive weights and delays (1990)

A completely parallel, asynchronous, pulse-processing neural net has been described. This hardware simulator is fabricated with discrete electronic elements. A variety of basic biological parameters are efficiently incorporated in the hardware. It is noteworthy that the concept uses neural activity to modify synaptic weights and time delays. It follows that learning rules are embedded in the net topology
Three-component sonde orientation in a deviated well (1990)

Abstract In well seismics, when operating with a three-component tool, particle velocities are measured in the sonde coordinate system but are often needed in other systems (e.g., source-bound or geographic). When the well is vertical, a change from the three orthogonal components of the sonde to another orthogonal coordinate system can be performed through one rotation around the vertical axis and, if necessary, another one around a horizontal axis (Hardage, 1983). If the well is deviated, the change of coordinate system remains easy in the case when the source is located at the vertical of the sonde, or in the case when the source stands in the vertical plane defined by the local well axis. In the general case (offset VSPs or walkaways) or when looking for unknown sources (such as microseismic emissions induced by hydraulic fracturing), coordinate rotation may still be performed, provided that we first get back to a situation in which one of the axes is vertical.
The beneficial effects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy support extensive (2005)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for aneuploidy on 193 patients who subsequently achieved 208 clinical pregnancies, in relation to their reproductive history. The 208 clinical pregnancies included in the study resulted from 1029 assisted conception cycles in combination with PGD for aneuploidy in 740 couples with a history of poor reproductive performance. According to the reproductive history of the 193 patients, 61 had previously experienced 112 pregnancies with 105 abortions and seven deliveries, corresponding to 3.6% take-home baby rate and 10.9% implantation rate. During the PGD cycle, preimplantation embryos were analysed for 5–9 chromosomes. The transfer of euploid embryos was performed in 699 cycles (68% of oocyte retrievals), generating 171 term pregnancies with 210 infants born, whereas 34 aborted spontaneously and three were ectopic, giving a take-home baby rate per pregnant patient of 88.6% and an ongoing implantation rate per pregnant patient of 53.2%. According to these data, selection made in preimplantation embryos against chromosomal abnormalities is associated with a significantly higher (P < 0.001) take-home baby rate when compared with the previous reproductive history of the parents.
Real-Time Continuous Intraoperative Electromyographic and Somatosensory Evoked Potential Recordings in Spinal Surgery: Correlation of Clinical and Electrophysiologic Findings in a Prospective, Consecutive Series of 213 Cases (2004)

Intraoperative electromyographic activation has a high sensitivity for the detection of a newpostoperative neurologic deficit but a low specificity. In contrast, somatosensory-evoked potentials have low sensitivity but high specificity. Combined intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring with electromyography and somatosensory-evoked potentials is helpful for predicting and possibly preventing neurologic injury during thoracolumbar spine surgery.
Identity of the 17-kilodalton protein, a DNA-binding protein from Escherichia coli, and the firA gene product (1988)

The 17-kilodalton protein, a DNA-binding protein encoded by the skp gene of Escherichia coli, was found to be identical to histonelike protein I, the product of the firA gene. This conclusion was reached after chromosomal localization, using the recently constructed high- and low-resolution E. coli restriction maps, and by direct comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of histonelike protein I and the 17-kilodalton protein.
Emotionale Kaufentscheidungen (1986)

Inwieweit eine Kaufentscheidung kognitiv gesteuert wird, hängt maßgeblich von der Aktivierung des Konsumenten ab, d. h. von seiner Bereitschaft, sich mehr oder weniger intensiv mit der Kauf ent Scheidung auseinanderzusetzen. Die Aktivierung kennzeichnet also die Intensität des Entscheidungsverhaltens, was im Kapitel 3.1.1 bereits skizziert wurde.
Facile and Scalable Preparation of Pure and Dense DNA Origami Solutions (2014)

DNA has become a prime material for assembling complex three-dimensional objects that promise utility in various areas of application. However, achieving user-defined goals with DNA objects has been hampered by the difficulty to prepare them at arbitrary concentrations and in user-defined solution conditions. Here, we describe a method that solves this problem. The method is based on poly(ethylene glycol)-induced depletion of species with high molecular weight. We demonstrate that our method is applicable to a wide spectrum of DNA shapes and that it achieves excellent recovery yields of target objects up to 97 %, while providing efficient separation from non-integrated DNA strands. DNA objects may be prepared at concentrations up to the limit of solubility, including the possibility for bringing DNA objects into a solid phase. Due to the fidelity and simplicity of our method we anticipate that it will help to catalyze the development of new types of applications that use self-assembled DNA objects.
Subjectivity of Diamond Prices in Online Retail: Insights from a Data Mining Study (2017)

Diamonds belong to a unique product category whose perceived value is largely dependent on socially constructed beliefs. To explore the degree to which the physical properties of a diamond can be used to predict the diamond price, we perform data mining on a large dataset of loose diamonds scraped from an online diamond retailer. We find that diamond weight, color and clarity are the key characteristics that influence diamond prices. The data mining results also suggest a high degree of subjectivity in diamond pricing that may reflect price obfuscation strategies employed by diamond retailers.
Integrated Silicon Photonics: Harnessing the Data Explosion (2011)

With the digital universe expanding at an exponential rate, silicon photonics is poised to bring fiber optics to a much broader array of data transport applications. Researchers at Intel Labs describe a fully integrated optical data link that assembles all the core technologies needed to develop high-volume, low-cost fiber-optics.
A single-chip CMOS front-end receiver architecture for multi-standard wireless applications (2002)

In this paper, a front-end receiver architecture is proposed to implement the single-chip CMOS multi-standard application for WCDMA/GSM/DECT. In the receiver, all analog front-end building blocks are shared by the three standards. One programmable /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ modulator A/D converter is used for the analog-to-digital conversion. The receiver chain is analyzed and building block specifications are determined based on the novel architecture, which can be realized by the-state-of-art CMOS IC circuitry without difficulty. Compared with other receiver architectures, it has much less complexity and consumes much lower power.
Strength and Contact Damage Responses in a Soda-Lime-Silicate and a Borosilicate Glass (2006)

Although soda-lime-silicate glass is typically used as windows in ground vehicles, borosilicate glass is an interesting alternative because its density is about 10% less and therefore its use could reduce vehicle weight. The US Army RDECOM is characterizing both glasses in a variety of ways to compare their performances and judge if the use of borosilicate glass is a worthy substitute. This study supported that through a series of quasi-static strength and spherical (Hertzian) indentation tests. Their results were then combined to construct "Damage/Design Maps" which are advocated here to help guide the use of these glasses in ground vehicles. If static strength and indentation responses are translatable to ballistic performance, then this study shows improved ballistic performance of "float-glasses" can be achieved through appropriate selection of glass based on the thickness and the appropriate orientations of their "air" and "tin" sides.