gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assemblies for In Vitro Measurement of Bioadhesive Strength and Retention Characteristics in Simulated Vaginal Environment (2002)

The vaginal route of administration offers a promising option for local and systemic delivery of drugs. Conventional vaginal formulations are associated with limitations of poor retention, leakage, and messiness, thereby causing inconvenience to users. To overcome these limitations, formulations that adhere to the vaginal mucosa for a sufficient period of time need to be developed. Bioadhesion and retention are desirable characteristics of a vaginal formulation to achieve desired efficacy. These properties can be built in during formulation development by the use of bioadhesive polymers. In the present study, assemblies for in vitro measurement of bioadhesive strength and retention characteristics of vaginal formulations have been developed. A modified simulated vaginal fluid (SVFM) was used to simulate vaginal conditions for bioadhesion studies. Cellophane hydrated with SVFM and isolated sheep vaginal mucosa were used as model membranes. The bioadhesive potential of various polymers and their combinations was evaluated. Among the polymers evaluated, xanthan gum (XG), sodium alginate (SA), Polycarbophil (PC), and their combinations (XG + SA and XG + PC) were found to possess significant bioadhesive strength. In retention experiments, XG, SA, and combinations (XG + SA and XG + PC) were retained in isolated sheep vaginal tissue, while PC exhibited poor retention under experimental conditions. Based on the results of the study conducted, XG, SA, and combinations (XG + SA and XG + PC) have been proposed as potential candidates for developing bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery systems.
Respiratory Functions and Characteristics of Phonation in Patients with de novo Idiopathic Parkinson’s Diseases (2010)

ABSTRACT Many previous studies based on respiratory characteristics of Idiopathic Parkinson’s Diseases (IPD) patients have not controlled related factors appropriately. Accordingly, these studies produced discordant results. Furthermore, there is currently a lack of studies that can provide precise explanations on the characteristics of respiration and phonation. This study included a total of 40 subjects: 20 mixed gender de novo IPD patients ranging in age from 50 to 80 (Hoehn & Yahr stage 1~3), and 20 normal subjects with similar matches for age and gender. All participants were controlled based on their gender, age, height, weight, vocal fold function, cognitive abilities, and depression factors. K-MMSE (Korean-Mini Mental State Examination), nVHI-10 (new Voice Handicap Index), and KGDS (Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale) were evaluated to select this study subjects. In order to compare respiratory functions between the two groups, FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC were measured using microQuark, a PC-based spirometer. CSL was used by measure MPT and PAS was used to measure MFR. To investigate the characteristics of phonation ability, CSL was used to measure jitter and shimmer, while PAS was used to measure Psub. In order to compare the respiratory function averages and phonation ability between the two groups, statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (version 12.0). The results of this study showed that most de novo IPD patients were included in the normal average range of respiratory and phonatory ability. But the respiratory and phonatory ability of de novo IPD patients showed lower tendency as compared with the normal group. When the average of respiratory and phonatory ability among the gender was compared, the difference of males was greater than the difference of females.
On the capacity of MIMO broadcast channel with partial side information (2004)

Since having full channel state information in the transmitter is not reasonable in many applications and lack of channel knowledge does not lead to linear growth of the sum rate capacity as the number transmit antennas increases, it is therefore of interest to investigate transmission schemes that employ only partial CSI. In this paper, we propose a scheme that constructs M random beams and that transmits information to the users with the highest signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios (SINRs), which can be made available to the transmitter with very little feedback. For fixed M and n increasing, the sum-rate capacity of our scheme scales as M log log n, which is precisely the same scaling obtained with perfect channel information. We furthermore show that linear increase in capacity can be obtained provided that M does not grow faster than O(log n). We also study the fairness of our scheduling scheme and show that, when M is large enough, the system becomes interference-dominated and the probability of transmitting to any user converges to 1/n, irrespective of its path-loss. In fact, using M = /spl alpha/ log n transmit antennas emerges as a desirable operating point, both in terms of providing linear increase in capacity as well as in guaranteeing fairness.
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways using a recombinant endotoxin-binding protein (rBPI23) (1995)

A recombinant endotoxin-neutralizing protein, rBPI23, was shown to partially prevent endotoxin-induced activation of the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems in experimental endotoxemia in humans. In a placebo-controlled, blinded crossover study, eight volunteers were challenged twice with an intravenous bolus injection of endotoxin (40 EU/kg of body weight) and concurrently received either rBPI23 (1 mg/kg) or placebo (human serum albumin, 0.2 mg/kg). rBPI23 treatment significantly lowered the endotoxin-induced fibrinolytic response, ie, reduced the release of tissue-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen, and complex formation of plasmin alpha 2-antiplasmin (P = .0078 for each). Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity was also reduced, but not significantly according to the Hochberg method (P = .0304). The endotoxin-induced activation of the procoagulant state as reflected by increase in F1 + 2 fragments and TAT complexes was blunted by rBPI23 infusion (P = .0391 [not significant according to the Hochberg method] and .0078, respectively). These results indicate that rBPI23 is capable of reducing both the activation of the fibrinolytic and the coagulation systems after low-dose endotoxin infusion in humans.
Regulation of isthmic Fgf8 signal by<i>sprouty2</i> (2004)

Fgf8 functions as an organizer at the mes/metencephalic boundary (isthmus). We showed that a strong Fgf8 signal activates the Ras-ERK signaling pathway to organize cerebellar differentiation. Sprouty2 is expressed in an overlapping manner to Fgf8, and is induced by Fgf8. Its function, however, is indicated to antagonize Ras-ERK signaling. Here, we show the regulation of Fgf8 signaling in relation to Sprouty2. sprouty2 expression was induced very rapidly by Fgf8b, but interfered with ERK activation. sprouty2 misexpression resulted in a fate change of the presumptive metencephalon to the mesencephalon. Misexpression of a dominant negative form of Sprouty2 augmented ERK activation, and resulted in anterior shift of the posterior border of the tectum. The results indicate that Fgf8 activates the Ras-ERK signaling pathway to differentiate the cerebellum, and that the hyper- or hypo-signaling of this pathway affects the fate of the brain vesicles. Sprouty2 may regulate the Fgf8-Ras-ERK signaling pathway for the proper regionalization of the metencephalon and mesencephalon.
Urography in the Differential Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Tumors (1939)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Aug 1939Urography in the Differential Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Tumors T.L. Schulte, and John L. Emmett T.L. SchulteT.L. Schulte More articles by this author , and John L. EmmettJohn L. Emmett More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)71508-XAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1939 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByDuncan R and Evans A (2018) Diagnosis of Primary Retroperitoneal TumorsJournal of Urology, VOL. 117, NO. 1, (19-23), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1977.Haines J and Kyaw M (2018) Anterolateral Deviation of Ureters by Psoas Muscle HypertrophyJournal of Urology, VOL. 106, NO. 6, (831-832), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1971.Allen T (2018) Extensive Displacement of the Kidney by Intraperitoneal DiseaseJournal of Urology, VOL. 97, NO. 5, (823-825), Online publication date: 1-May-1967.Harrow B (2018) Retroperitoneal Lymphatic Cyst (Cystic Lymphangioma)Journal of Urology, VOL. 77, NO. 1, (82-89), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1957.Engel W (2018) The Significance of Renal DisplacementJournal of Urology, VOL. 76, NO. 5, (478-487), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1956.Chute R, Leard S and Osgood R (2018) Primary Retroperitoneal TeratomaJournal of Urology, VOL. 70, NO. 3, (520-525), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1953.Kontoff H and Sears B (2018) Dissecting Aneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta Simulating Renal Disease: A Case Diagnosed Ante-MortemJournal of Urology, VOL. 65, NO. 3, (364-367), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1951.Greene L (2018) Extreme Renal Displacement Due to Retroperitoneal TumorsJournal of Urology, VOL. 59, NO. 2, (174-178), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1948. Volume 42Issue 2August 1939Page: 215-219 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1939 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information T.L. Schulte More articles by this author John L. Emmett More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. (2004)

A food (ingredient) is regarded as functional if it is satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially 1 or more target functions in the body beyond adequate nutritional effects. The term inulin-type fructans covers all beta(2<--1) linear fructans including native inulin (DP 2-60, DP(av) = 12), oligofructose (DP 2-8, DP(av) = 4), and inulin HP (DP 10-60, DP(av) = 25) as well as Synergy 1, a specific combination of oligofructose and inulin HP. Inulin-type fructans resist digestion and function as dietary fiber improving bowel habits. But, unlike most dietary fibers, their colonic fermentation is selective, thus causing significant changes in the composition of the gut microflora with increased and reduced numbers of potentially health-promoting bacteria and potentially harmful species, respectively. Both oligofructose and inulin act in this way and thus are prebiotic: they also induce changes in the colonic epithelium and in miscellaneous colonic functions. In particular, the claim "inulin-type fructans enhance calcium and magnesium absorption" is scientifically substantiated, and the most active product is oligofructose-enriched inulin (Synergy 1). A series of studies furthermore demonstrate that inulin-type fructans modulate the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation as well as lipid metabolism. Moreover, a large number of animal studies and preliminary human data show that inulin-type fructans reduce the risk of colon carcinogenesis and improve the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Inulin-type fructans are thus functional food ingredients that are eligible for enhanced function claims, but, as more human data become available, risk reduction claims will become scientifically substantiated.
Directivity and trends of noise generated by a propeller in a wake (1986)

An experimental study of the effects on far-field propeller noise of a pylon wake interaction was conducted with a scale model of a single-rotation propeller in a low-speed anechoic wind tunnel. A detailed mapping of the noise directivity was obtained at 10 test conditions covering a wide range of propeller power landings at several subsonic tip speeds. Two types of noise penalties were investigated-pulser and spacing. The pusher noise penalty is the difference in the average overall sound pressure level, OASPL, for pusher and tractor installations. (In a pusher installation, the propeller disk is downstream of a pylon or another aerodynamic surface.) The spacing noise penalty is the difference in the average OASPL for different distances between the pylon trailing edge and the propeller. The variations of these noise penalties with axial, or flyover, angle theta and circumferential angle phi are presented, and the trends in these noise penalties with tip Mach number and power loading are given for selected values of theta and phi. The circumferential directivity of the noise from a pusher installation showed that the addition noise due to the interaction of the pylon wake with the propeller had a broad peak over a wide range of circumferential angles approximately perpendicular to the pylon with a sharp minimum 90 deg. to the pylon for the majority of cases tested. The variation of the pusher noise penalty with theta had a minimum occurring near the propeller plane and maximum values of as much as 20 dB occurring toward the propeller axes. The magnitude of the pusher noise penalty generally decreased as propeller tip Mach number or power loading was increased.
UML-based modeling and multi-threaded simulation for hybrid dynamic systems (2003)

Recently, modeling and simulation for the hybrid dynamic systems (HDS) have attracted much attention for manufacturing systems. However, most available HDS modeling approaches usually result in unnatural and complex models as both discrete logic and continuous behavior are involved. In this paper, we extend the statechart of the standard unified modeling language (UML) to model HDS with a natural representation and show that the proposed extended UML modeling approach provides more compact and clearer specifications for complex interdependencies between discrete and continuous behavior. Furthermore, a Java-based real-time kernel is developed to implement the simulation of the extended UML models. In the proposed approach, Java provides an implementation path and the extended UML provides a reverse engineering path for the HDS. Finally, an application of a three-axis motion control system is provided to illustrate the overall modeling and simulation approach.
A targeted liposome delivery system for combretastatin A4: formulation optimization through drug loading and in vitro release studies. (2006)

Efficient liposomal therapeutics require high drug loading and low leakage. The objective of this study is to develop a targeted liposome delivery system for combretastatin A4 (CA4), a novel antivascular agent, with high loading and stable drug encapsulation. Liposomes composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, and distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-PEG-2000 conjugate (DSPE-PEG) were prepared by the lipid film hydration and extrusion process. Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides with affinity for alphav beta3-integrins overexpressed on tumor vascular endothelial cells were coupled to the distal end of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the liposomes sterically stabilized with PEG (non-targeted liposomes; LCLs). Effect of lipid concentration, drug-to-lipid ratio, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG content in the formulation on CA4 loading and its release from the liposomes was studied. Total liposomal CA4 levels obtained increased with increasing lipid concentration in the formulation. As the drug-to-lipid ratio increased from 10:100 to 20:100, total drug in the liposome formulation increased from 1.05+/-0.11 mg/mL to 1.55+/-0.13 mg/mL, respectively. When the drug-to-lipid ratio was further raised to 40:100, the total drug in liposome formulation did not increase, but the amount of free drug increased significantly, thereby decreasing the percent of entrapped drug. Increasing cholesterol content in the formulation decreased drug loading. In vitro drug leakage from the liposomes increased with increase in drug-to-lipid ratio or DSPE-PEG content in the formulation; whereas increasing cholesterol content of the formulation up to 30 mol-percent, decreased CA4 leakage from the liposomes. Ligand coupling to the liposome surface increased drug leakage as a function of ligand density. Optimized liposome formulation with 100 mM lipid concentration, 20:100 drug-to-lipid ratio, 30 mol-percent cholesterol, 4 mol-percent DSPE-PEG, and 1 mol-percent DSPE-PEG-maleimide content yielded 1.77+/-0.14 mg/mL liposomal CA4 with 85.70+/-1.71% of this being entrapped in the liposomes. These liposomes, with measured size of 123.84+/-41.23 nm, released no significant amount of the encapsulated drug over 48 h at 37 degrees C.
Durable and multifunctional magnetic rotation sensor for rotary encoders (1987)

A durable and multifunctional general purpose magnetic rotation sensor was developed. A magnetoresistive effect element was selected as the sensing device because of its excellent capability. The sensing element is manufactured by the process similar to semiconducter's. After studying about the manufacturing process, we established a reliable double layer wiring process, and realized a more complicated pattern design. The authors also studied the magnetic materials used for the rotating drum, and the magnetizing process. Thus, several series of standard sensors which are easy to use, multifunctional, and highly reliable were developed.
Thermal Analysis of Nd:YVO_4 Pumped by 808 nm and 888 nm (2011)

Temperature and stress distribution of Nd:YVO4 crystal are simulated according to the difference of optical absorption properties of Nd:YVO4 crystals pumped by 808 nm and 888 nm,respectively.The changes of crystal temperature distribution and thermal focal length are also simulated when the pumping beam polarization components in a-axis and c-axis are changed.From simulation results,the crystal temperature gradient with 888 nm pump-wavelength is one sixth than that of 808 nm and the crystal temperature stress value is much less than that of 808 nm pump-wavelength.The resonator and output power are not affected by the change of pumping beam's polarization because the light absorption coefficients on a-axis and c-axis of Nd:YVO4 are the same when pump wavelength is 888 nm.This is one of the effective ways to reduce Nd:YVO4 crystals thermal effect and increase Nd:YVO4 laser power with 888 nm pump-wavelength.
Overproduction of lignin peroxidase by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BKM-F-1767) under nonlimiting nutrient conditions (1993)

The ligninolytic enzymes synthesized by Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 immobilized on polyurethane foam were characterized under limiting, sufficient, and excess nutrient conditions. The fungus was grown in a nonimmersed liquid culture system under conditions close to those occurring in nature, with nitrogen concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 60 mM. This nonimmersed liquid culture system consisted of fungal mycelium immobilized on porous pieces of polyurethane foam saturated with liquid medium and highly exposed to gaseous oxygen. Lignin peroxidase (LIP) activity decreased to almost undetectable levels as the initial NH4+ levels were increased over the range from 2.4 to 14 mM and then increased with additional increases in initial NH4+ concentration. At 45 mM NH4+, LIP was overproduced, reaching levels of 800 U/liter. In addition, almost simultaneous secretion of LIP and secretion of manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase were observed on the third day of incubation. Manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase activity was maximal under nitrogen limitation conditions (2.4 mM NH4+) and then decreased to 40 to 50% of the maximal level in the presence of sufficient or excess initial NH4+ concentrations. Overproduction of LIP in the presence of a sufficient nitrogen level (24 mM NH4+) and excess nitrogen levels (45 to 60 mM NH4+) seemed to occur as a response to carbon starvation after rapid glucose depletion. The NH4+ in the extracellular fluid reappeared as soon as glucose was depleted, and an almost complete loss of CO2 was observed, suggesting that an alternative energy source was generated by self-proteolysis of cell proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A New Auto-focusing Algorithm for Optical Microscope Based Automated System (2006)

Pixel-based auto-focusing is a long-standing topic in the literatures. It involves three main parameters: Region of Interest (ROI), image sharpness function and global maximum searching algorithm. As the mathematical description of image sharpness, sharpness function is the core issue for realizing robust auto-focusing. In this paper, the existing sharpness functions are summarized and grouped firstly, then a new space domain SUSAN (Smallest Univalue Segment Assimilating Nucleus) based sharpness function is proposed. The key problem in proposed algorithm is selecting a suitable similarity function to measure the similarities of the sampling pixel and its neighbors. In experiments, 8 similarity functions are analyzed and evaluated. Based on the evaluation results, a rough/fine two grades global maximum searching strategy is designed to realize fast and robust auto-focusing. At last, experiments verify the validity of the proposed auto-focusing algorithm.
A novel semiconductor white light emitting diode (2005)

Semiconductor white sources used for illumination have attracted much attention because of the theoretical high electro-optical efficiency and potential huge application market. However the practical electro-optical efficiency for the white light-emitting diode (LED) is far from the theoretical predict. In this paper we propose a novel white light superluminescent diode (WSLD), which has two active layers, and double-wavelength reflection filter films are coated on the facets of the chip. With this design we can get superluminescent light emission at two peak-gain wavelengths, that is, blue light and green-yellow light, thus producing white light. It is shown that WSLD has much higher electro-optical efficiency and better performance than ordinary white LEDs. This novel WSLD will be a new way to realize high-flux and high-efficiency semiconductor white light source.
Segmentation of gadolinium‐enhanced lesions on MRI in multiple sclerosis (2007)

The proposed algorithm identifies and quantifies Gd enhancements accurately with minimal human intervention.
Determining the Fat Acidity of Rough Rice by Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1997)

ABSTRACT Near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to develop calibration curves for determining the fat acidity of whole‐kernel and ground rough rice with 13% moisture content at 25°C. Partial‐leastsquares regression (PLSR) uses the optimal calibration curve for wholekernel rough rice to measure the coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) of validation and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.87 and 0.83 mg of KOH/100 g of dry matter, respectively. However, the optimal calibration curve for ground rough rice has a higher r 2 of validation and lower SEP of 0.94 and 0.73 mg of KOH/100 g of dry matter, respectively. From 10 to 40°C, the temperature effect causes an increase of 0.24 mg of KOH/100 g of dry matter/°C in the predicted fat acidity of whole‐kernel rough rice.