gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OXA-type beta-lactamases. (1999)

The OXA-type (oxacillin-hydrolysing) enzymes are widespread and have been mostly described in Enterobacteriaceae and in P. aeruginosa. They usually confer resistance to amino- and ureidopenicillin and possess high-level hydrolytic activity against cloxacillin, oxacillin, and methicillin. Their activities are weakly inhibited by clavulanic acid but sodium chloride (NaCl) possesses a strong inhibition activity. Oxacillin-hydrolysing b-lactamases belong to Ambler class D and thus possess an active serine site as classes A and C b-lactamases. Overall amino-acid identities between class D and class A or class C b-lactamases is about 16%. Until now, 24 Ambler class D enzymes, named OXA-1 to OXA-22, AmpS and LCR-1, have been characterised, either by sequence and/or by biochemical analyses, but for none of them a three dimensional structure is yet available. While some oxacillinases present a significant degree of amino-acid identity (for example, OXA-1 and OXA-4; OXA-10 (PSE-2) derivatives; OXA-2 and OXA-3), most of them are only weakly related (20% to 30% amino-acid identity). Oxacillinases usually display a restricted-spectrum phenotype. However extension of their spectrum towards oxyimino cephalosporins and/or imipenem has recently been observed mostly as a consequence of point mutations in OXA-2 or OXA-10 derivatives. Their frequent plasmid- and/or integron-location provide them a mean for a wide diffusion.
Quinolines. I. The Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-(1'-methyl-4'-diethylaminobutyl-amino)-quinoline and Some 6-Substituted Derivatives (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuinolines. I. The Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-(1'-methyl-4'-diethylaminobutyl-amino)-quinoline and Some 6-Substituted DerivativesEdgar A. Steck, Louis L. Hallock, and Arnold J. HollandCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 1, 129–132Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01205a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01205a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views323Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-speed and high-efficiency shape memory alloy actuation (2018)

When standard voltage levels commonly adopted in industry are used to activate thermal shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators, they often result in very high electrical currents which may eventually damage or destroy the actuators. To improve performance of SMA wire actuators operating in industrial environments, in this paper we investigate a novel, fast and energy-efficient actuation strategy based on short pulses in the millisecond range. The use of higher voltages leads to a highly dynamic activation process, in contrast to commonly used quasi-static activation based on low-voltage. A test setup is designed to examine the effects of the control parameters (i.e., supply voltage, activation pulse duration, SMA wire pre-tension and wire diameter) on the measured displacement and force output of the SMA wire. It is shown that actuation times in the range of 20 ms and strokes of more than 10% of the SMA wire length can be reached. Additionally, energy savings of up to 80% with respect to conventional quasi-static actuation are achieved. Possible applications for this activation method are release mechanisms, switches or safety applications.
<i>Salmonella</i> Genomics and Population Analyses Reveal High Inter- and Intraserovar Diversity in Freshwater (2021)

Freshwater can support the survival of the enteric pathogen <i>Salmonella</i>, though temporal <i>Salmonella</i> diversity in a large watershed has not been assessed. At 28 locations within the Susquehanna River basin, 10-liter samples were assessed in spring and summer over 2 years. <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence was 49%, and increased river discharge was the main driver of <i>Salmonella</i> presence. The amplicon-based sequencing tool, CRISPR-SeroSeq, was used to determine serovar population diversity and detected 25 different <i>Salmonella</i> serovars, including up to 10 serovars from a single water sample. On average, there were three serovars per sample, and 80% of <i>Salmonella</i>-positive samples contained more than one serovar. Serovars Give, Typhimurium, Thompson, and Infantis were identified throughout the watershed and over multiple collections. Seasonal differences were evident: serovar Give was abundant in the spring, whereas serovar Infantis was more frequently identified in the summer. Eight of the ten serovars most commonly associated with human illness were detected in this study. Crucially, six of these serovars often existed in the background, where they were masked by a more abundant serovar(s) in a sample. Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, especially, were masked in 71 and 78% of samples where they were detected, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing-based phylogeny demonstrated that strains within the same serovar collected throughout the watershed were also very diverse. The Susquehanna River basin is the largest system where <i>Salmonella</i> prevalence and serovar diversity have been temporally and spatially investigated, and this study reveals an extraordinary level of inter- and intraserovar diversity.<b>IMPORTANCE</b><i>Salmonella</i> is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and outbreaks linked to fresh produce are increasing. Understanding <i>Salmonella</i> ecology in freshwater is of importance, especially where irrigation practices or recreational use occur. As the third largest river in the United States east of the Mississippi, the Susquehanna River is the largest freshwater contributor to the Chesapeake Bay, and it is the largest river system where <i>Salmonella</i> diversity has been studied. Rainfall and subsequent high river discharge rates were the greatest indicators of <i>Salmonella</i> presence in the Susquehanna and its tributaries. Several <i>Salmonella</i> serovars were identified, including eight commonly associated with foodborne illness. Many clinically important serovars were present at a low frequency within individual samples and so could not be detected by conventional culture methods. The technologies employed here reveal an average of three serovars in a 10-liter sample of water and up to 10 serovars in a single sample.
Theoretical evaluation of the corrosion inhibition performance of 1,3-thiazole and its amino derivatives (2015)

The corrosion inhibition performances of three corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in acidic medium, namely 1,3-thiazole (TA), 2-amine-1,3-thiazole (2-ATA), and 4-amine-1,3-thiazole (4-ATA), were theoretically evaluated using quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations both in gas phase and aqueous phase. The frontier orbital energy, global activity, and Fukui indices were studied. Adsorption energy of corrosion inhibitors on iron surface was calculated. Furthermore, a prediction of iron crystal morphology was performed, and the surface energies were obtained. The results indicate that Fe (110) surface possesses the lowest surface energy. 4-ATA shows the highest reaction activity among the three molecules. The binding energies of the corrosion inhibitor molecules and iron surface follow the order 4-ATA > 2-ATA > TA.
Synergic post-antibiotic effect of amikacin in combination with β-lactam antibiotics on Gram-negative bacteria (1991)

The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of amikacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and piperacillin was studied for two strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens using a bioluminescent assay of bacterial ATP. Two models were used for combining beta-lactam antibiotics and amikacin: in one model the cultures were incubated with 32 mg/L of ceftazidime, 128 mg/L of ceftriaxone or 32 mg/L of piperacillin for 1 h. Different concentrations of amikacin (0.5-64 mg/L) were then added. Incubation of the combinations continued for one more hour. The antibiotics were eliminated by dilution. In the second model tested, one strain of S. marcescens was simultaneously exposed to amikacin and a beta-lactam antibiotic for 2 h. The PAEs produced by the drugs in combination were longer than the sum of the individual effects of the drugs when they were used alone. Results were equally good with both models. A synergic PAE was also found with amikacin concentrations close to the MIC in combination with low concentrations of ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and piperacillin.
Alleviated Tension at the Repair Site Enhances Functional Regeneration: The Effect of Full Range of Motion Mobilization on the Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves???Histologic, Electrophysiologic, and Functional Results in a Rat Model (2004)

Full range of motion mobilization may impede functional nerve recovery by significant endoneural collagenization and decreased angiogenesis at the nerve suture segment. Complete alleviation of in situ (pathophysiologic) tension at the nerve suture site seems to improve functional peripheral nerve regeneration.
Biological properties of HIV isolates in primary HIV infection (1993)

The biological phenotype of HIV strains isolated during the time of seroconversion may be an important determinant of the subsequent course of the infection.
A cost effective HDTV decoder IC with integrated system controller, down converter, graphics engine and display processor (1999)

A highly integrated second generation HDTV IC that supports MPEG-2, ATSC, BS4, and other standards is presented. It performs transport stream demultiplexing, video decoding, down conversion for 480I/P displays, display processing and 2D graphics. A full resolution output is provided for HDTV displays.
Val-->Ala mutations selectively alter helix-helix packing in the transmembrane segment of phage M13 coat protein. (1993)

Val-->Ala mutations within the effective transmembrane segment of a model single-spanning membrane protein, the 50-residue major coat (gene VIII) protein of bacteriophage M13, are shown to have sequence-dependent impacts on stabilization of membrane-embedded helical dimeric structures. Randomized mutagenesis performed on the coat protein hydrophobic segment 21-39 (YIGYAWAMV-VVIVGATIGI) produced a library of viable mutants which included those in which each of the four valine residues was replaced by an alanine residue. Significant variations found among these Val-->Ala mutants in the relative populations and thermal stabilities of monomeric and dimeric helical species observed on SDS/PAGE, and in the range of their alpha-helix-->beta-sheet transition temperatures confirmed that intramembranous valine residues are not simply universal contributors to membrane anchoring. Additional analyses of (i) nonmutatable sites in the mutant protein library, (ii) the properties of the double mutant V29A-V31A obtained by recycling mutant V31A DNA through mutagenesis procedures, and (iii) energy-minimized helical dimer structures of wild-type and mutant V31A transmembrane regions indicated that the transmembrane hydrophobic core helix of the M13 coat protein can be partitioned into alternating pairs of potential protein-interactive residues (V30, V31; G34, A35; G38, I39) and membrane-interactive residues (M28, V29; I32, V33; T36, I37). The overall results consitute an experimental approach to categorizing the distinctive contributions to structure of the residues comprising a protein-protein packing interface vs. those facing lipid and confirm the sequence-dependent capacity of specific residues within the transmembrane domain to modulate protein-protein interactions which underlie regulatory events in membrane proteins.
Accelerator Design for Vector Quantized Convolutional Neural Network (2019)

In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve ground-breaking success in many computer vision research fields. Due to the large model size and tremendous computation of CNNs, they cannot be efficiently executed in small devices like mobile phones. Although several hardware accelerator architectures have been developed, most of them can only efficient address one of the two major layers in CNN, convolutional (CONV) and fully connected (FC) layers. In this paper, based on algorithm-architecture-co-exploration, our architecture targets at executing both layers with high efficiency. Vector quantization technique is first selected to compress the parameters, reduce the computation, and unify the behaviors of both CONV and FC layers. To fully exploit the gain of vector quantization, we then propose an accelerator architecture for quantized CNN. Different DRAM access schemes are employed to reduce DRAM access. We also design a high-throughput processing element architecture to accelerate quantized layers. Compare to previous accelerators for CNN, the proposed architecture achieves 1.2-5× less DRAM access and 1.5-5× higher throughput for both CONV and FC layers.
Low-energy helium-neon laser induces melanocyte proliferation via interaction with type IV collagen: visible light as a therapeutic option for vitiligo (2009)

In summary, we have demonstrated that the He-Ne laser imparts a growth stimulatory effect on functional melanocytes via mitochondria-related pathways and proposed that other minor pathways including DNA damage may also be inflicted by laser treatment on irradiated cells. More importantly, we have completed the repigmentation scheme of vitiligo brought about by He-Ne laser light in vitro and provided a solid theoretical basis regarding how the He-Ne laser induces recovery of vitiligo in vivo.
Cross-Language Text Classification Using Structural Correspondence Learning (2010)

We present a new approach to cross-language text classification that builds on structural correspondence learning, a re-cently proposed theory for domain adap-tation. The approach uses unlabeled doc-uments, along with a simple word trans-lation oracle, in order to induce task-specific, cross-lingual word correspon-dences. We report on analyses that reveal quantitative insights about the use of un-labeled data and the complexity of inter-language correspondence modeling. We conduct experiments in the field of cross-language sentiment classification, employing English as source language, and German, French, and Japanese as tar-get languages. The results are convincing; they demonstrate both the robustness and the competitiveness of the presented ideas.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of polymers. Part III. Determination of tacticity in monomer sequence distribution triads in styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer (1974)

In the 13C n.m.r. spectrum of styrene (S)–methyl methacrylate (M) the aromatic C-1 in the styrene units and the methyl carbon atom in the methyl methacrylate units are sensitive to tacticity in the various monomer sequence triads. Measurements of chemical shifts for MMM, SSS, SMS, and MSM tactic triads allow estimation of chemical shifts for SSM and MMS triads. Intensities for MMM, SSS, and MSM tactic triads show the distribution due to tacticity for such monomer sequence triads. The ten M-centred and ten S-centred tactic monomer sequence populations calculated over a whole range of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer allow computer simulation of peaks the results of which agree well with experimental observations. The copolymer is random with regard to monomer sequence and tacticity except that blocks of methyl methacrylate or styrene are predominantly syndiotactic.
Wake Sensing for Aircraft Formation Flight (2014)

It is well established that flying aircraft in formation can lead to improved aerodynamic efficiency. However, successfully doing so is predicated on having knowledge of the lead aircraft’s wake position. Here, a wake-sensing strategy for estimating the wake position and strength in a two-aircraft formation is explored in a simplified proof-of-concept setting. The wake estimator synthesizes wing-distributed pressure measurements, taken on the trailing aircraft, by making use of an augmented lifting-line model in conjunction with both Kalman-type and particle filters. Simple aerodynamic models are introduced in constructing the filter to enable fundamental wake-sensing challenges to be identified and reconciled. The various estimation algorithms are tested in a vortex lattice simulation environment, thus allowing the effects of modeling error to be analyzed. It is found that biases in the position estimates no longer arise if a particle filter is used in place of the Kalman-type filters. Filter divergence is observed when the relative aircraft separations are held fixed. This divergent behavior can be alleviated with the introduction of relative aircraft motions, for example in the form of a cross-track dither signal.
One-dimensional processing for adaptive image restoration (2005)

In this paper, we present a one-dimensional (1-D) approach to the problem of image restoration. Our approach involves a cascade of four 1-D adaptive filters oriented in the four major correlation directions of the image, with each filter treating the image as a 1-D signal. The objective of our 1-D approach is to improve the performance of the more general two-dimensional (2-D) approach. This differs considerably from previous 1-D approaches, the objectives of which have typically been to approximate a more general 2-D approach for computational reasons and not to improve its performance. To illustrate this point, our approach is applied to an existing 2-D image restoration algorithm. Experiments with images at low SNRs (signal to noise ratios) show that the 1-D approach performs better than the 2-D approach for the specific image restoration algorithm. Our 1-D approach preserves edges while removing noise in all regions of the image including the edge regions.
Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 catalyzed by potassium halide in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (2008)

Development of efficient, cheap and non-toxic catalysts for cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to produce five-membered cyclic carbonates under greener reaction conditions is still a very attractive topic. In this work, cycloaddition of CO2 with propylene oxide (PO) to propylene carbonate (PC) catalyzed by potassium halide (KCl, KBr, and KI) in the presence of β-cyclodextrin was studied at various conditions. It was discovered that potassium halide and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) showed excellent synergetic effect in promoting the reactions, and KI-β-CD catalytic system was the most efficient among them. The optimal temperature for the reaction was around 120 °C, and the reaction rate reached maximum at about 6 MPa at this temperature. The reaction could be completed in 4 h with very high selectivity. The decrease of the yield of PC was not noticeable after KI-β-CD was reused five times, indicating that the catalyst was very stable. KI-β-CD catalytic system was also very active and selective for cycloaddition of CO2 with other epoxides, such as glycidyl phenyl ether, epichlorohydrin, and styrene oxide. The mechanism for the synergetic effect is discussed.
Avermectins, A Novel Class of Compounds: Implications for Use in Arthropod Pest Control (1991)

With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More
Inhibition of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Birnavirus VP3 Protein via Blockage of Viral Double-Stranded RNA Binding to the Host Cytoplasmic RNA Detector MDA5 (2014)

MDA5, a known pattern recognition receptor and cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor, plays a critical role in host antiviral innate immunity. Many pathogens escape or inhibit the host antiviral immune response, but the mechanisms involved are unclear for most pathogens. We report here that birnaviruses inhibit host antiviral innate immunity via the MDA5-dependent signaling pathway. The antiviral innate immune system involving IFN-β did not function effectively during birnavirus infection, and the viral protein VP3 significantly inhibited IFN-β expression stimulated by naked viral genomic dsRNA. We also show that VP3 blocks MDA5 binding to viral genomic dsRNA in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that birnavirus-encoded viral protein VP3 is an inhibitor of the antiviral innate immune response and inhibits the antiviral innate immune response via the MDA5-dependent signaling pathway.
Culture and globalization related to international relations (2013)

International relations (IR) occasionally referred to as an international study is the study of relationships between countries. It is often considered a branch of political science especially after 1988 UNESCO classification, but an important sector of academic circles prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of study. Culture is likely to be important in influencing values, world-views, and the structure of human relationships. culture can affect attitudes and social relations has already been verified in a wide range of areas, including varying patterns of individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and cultural complexity. Culture influences the decisions of leaders and restricts government action through popular pressure. Culture is certainly an important element which affects foreign policy. However, at a deeper level, we can also argue that international relations in its broadest sense are itself the product of the interaction of different cultures. In this sense, an international affair is also an intellectual and cultural phenomenon. Globalization and international relations have continuously altered culture both positively and negatively. Globalization links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels; economics, politically, socially, etc. Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for the future of not only governments, people, and businesses, but for the survival of the human race. Culture is considered the full range of learned human behavior patterns (Human Culture). This paper show that by multi-disciplinary approach how culture, globalization and international relations are becoming increasingly interdependent of each other.