gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat Treatment Eliminates ‘<i>Candidatus</i>Liberibacter asiaticus’ from Infected Citrus Trees Under Controlled Conditions (2012)

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. The three known causal agents of HLB are species of α-proteobacteria: 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. L. africanus', and 'Ca. L. americanus'. Previous studies have found distinct variations in temperature sensitivity and tolerance among these species. Here, we describe the use of controlled heat treatments to cure HLB caused by 'Ca. L. asiaticus', the most prevalent and heat-tolerant species. Using temperature-controlled growth chambers, we evaluated the time duration and temperature required to suppress or eliminate the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterium in citrus, using various temperature treatments for time periods ranging from 2 days to 4 months. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after treatment illustrate significant decreases in the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterial titer, combined with healthy vigorous growth by all surviving trees. Repeated qPCR testing confirmed that previously infected, heat-treated plants showed no detectable levels of 'Ca. L. asiaticus', while untreated control plants remained highly infected. Continuous thermal exposure to 40 to 42°C for a minimum of 48 h was sufficient to significantly reduce titer or eliminate 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacteria entirely in HLB-affected citrus seedlings. This method may be useful for the control of 'Ca. Liberibacter'-infected plants in nursery and greenhouse settings.
Role of electrothrombosis in aneurysm treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils: an in vitro scanning electron microscopic study. (2001)

These findings demonstrated that passage of electric current through the GDC induces attraction of blood constituents. This attraction may trigger a thrombotic reaction on the surface of the coil. The greater the time of current application, the more pronounced the cellular reaction and the deposition of fibrin and blood cells on the GDC.
Design of Temperature-Controlled Substrates for Hybrid Microcircuits (1974)

This paper deals in depth with the criteria that govern the design of temperature-controlled substrates for hybrid microcircuits. Pertinent thermal parameters for the more important microcircuit-fabrication materials are presented in tabular form, along with several useful unit-conversion factors. Substrate heat losses due to conduction, convection, and radiation are then analyzed, and equations are developed for determining optimum substrate temperature, steady-state input power, and warm-up characteristics. Control-circuit design is discussed, and consideration is given to power dissipation by circuitry off as well as on the substrate. The effects of changes in ambient temperature on temperature-controlled-microcircuit performance are analyzed. Two applications of this technology are described.
The roofline model: A pedagogical tool for program analysis and optimization (2008)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the authors' conference presentation. The Roofline model is a visually intuitive figure for kernel analysis and optimization. The authors believe undergraduates will find it useful in assessing performance and scalability limitations. It is easily extended to other architectural paradigms. It is easily extendable to other metrics: performance (sort, graphics, crypto...) bandwidth (L2, PCIe, ...). A performance counters could be used to generate a runtime-specific roofline that would greatly aide the optimization.
Strain responsive concave and convex microlens arrays (2007)

We report the fabrication of single-component, strain responsive microlens arrays with real-time tunability. The concave lens array is fabricated by patterning hard oxide layer on a bidirectionally prestretched soft elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) followed by confined buckling upon release of the prestrain. The convex microlens array is replica molded from the concave lenses in PDMS. Due to difference in lens formation mechanisms, the two types of lenses show different tunable range of focal length in response to the applied strain: large focal length change is observed from the concave microlens array, whereas that from the convex microlens array is much smaller.
Study of the Preparation of Amorphous Itraconazole Formulations (2015)

The formulation of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been widely studied in the last few decades to overcome the limited bioavailability imposed by these pharmaceutical ingredients. In this work, supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions has been applied using two different types of excipients, i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA), to address the precipitation of itraconazole (ITZ) as an amorphous solid. The delivery profiles of the in vitro dissolution tests of the ITZ–GA particles confirmed the advantage of the manufactured amorphous material in terms of apparent solubility in comparison to the raw ITZ. Furthermore, the stability of an amorphous glassy product and its potential to recrystallize in the presence of water have been experimentally determined using both excipients and interpreted applying molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results show that recrystallization of the amorphous ITZ particles starts at their surface, corroborating that the better adsorption of GA into the surface of the particles inhibits the crystallization and provides long-term stability products. This study shows the importance of the selection of the excipient in the preparation of amorphous formulations of APIs, as well as their effect on the stability to recrystallize over storage or dosing in the presence of water.
Role of Cholesterol in Formation and Function of a Signaling Complex Involving αvβ3, Integrin-Associated Protein (Cd47), and Heterotrimeric G Proteins (1999)

Integrin-associated protein (CD47) is a multiply membrane spanning member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that regulates some adhesion-dependent cell functions through formation of a complex with alphavbeta3 integrin and trimeric G proteins. Cholesterol is critical for the association of the three protein components of the supramolecular complex and for its signaling. The multiply membrane spanning domain of IAP is required for complex formation because it binds cholesterol. The supramolecular complex forms preferentially in glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains. Binding of mAb 10G2 to the IAP Ig domain, previously shown to be required for association with alphavbeta3, is affected by both the multiply membrane spanning domain and cholesterol. These data demonstrate that cholesterol is an essential component of the alphavbeta3/IAP/G protein signaling complex, presumably acting through an effect on IAP conformation.
Effect of Fluoride Varnish and Solution on Enamel Erosion in vitro (1994)

The effect of fluoride varnish and solution on initial enamel erosion was studied. Enamel specimens prepared from human third molars were treated for 24 h with Duraphat varnish (2.26% F) or for 48 h with NaF solution (1.2% F), washed, and immersed in cola beverage (pH 2.6) for up to 15 min. The surface microhardness was measured using a Vickers diamond in a Leitz indentation apparatus at base-line, after fluoride treatment, and after 1, 5, and 15 min exposure to acidic drink. The specimens were then prepared and studied using a JEOL JSM-35 scanning electron microscope. The results showed that both fluoride treatment caused an increase in enamel hardness values and subsequent inhibition of softening which was statistically highly significant. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the difficulty of removing Duraphat varnish from the enamel surface, and remnants of varnish were seen irrespective of vigorous sonication in acetone. However, in areas devoid of varnish, erosion was observed as mainly irregular lesions similar to those seen in the NaF solution treated and control specimens. The present study showed that treatment of enamel with topical fluoride prior to acidic challenge can inhibit initial erosion.
Domain structure of calpain: mapping the binding site for calpastatin (1994)

The peptide EKLGERDDTIPPEYRELLEKKTGV was synthesized to mimic the central consensus sequence of calpastatin, the specific, endogenous inhibitor of the calpains (EC 3.4.22.17). The peptide competitively inhibits hydrolysis of casein by either micro- or milli-calpain but does not affect the activity of other proteases. This inhibitory peptide was preferentially cross-linked to milli-calpain in the presence of calcium using the heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Cross-linking of the peptide was blocked by calpastatin. The site of cross-linking for the peptide within milli-calpain was localized using random chemical cleavage of the enzyme-peptide complex at cysteine residues. Calpain fragments were identified as amino-terminal fragments through reactivity with a peptide-specific antiserum or as non-amino-terminal fragments through incorporation of 14C from 14CN. Analysis of the control and cross-linked fragments, from experiments using both milli-calpain and micro-calpain, maps the chemical cross-linking site to cysteine-497 and localizes the binding site for the calpastatin-like peptide to this highly conserved region of domain III of calpains catalytic subunit.
A Differential Measurement Probe with High Common Mode Rejection (2018)

Measuring signals with high frequency common mode components are typically prone to measurement errors due to low common mode rejection at high frequencies. The purpose of this master thesis is to design a measurement probe that presents sufficient common mode rejection to measure current on high voltage motor drives directly at the switching stage, before filtering. Outlined in this work is the design process, on a block diagram and simulation level, culminating in the construction of a prototype. The measurement probe consists of a sensor head and a receiver that are fiber optically isolated from each other. It has a signal chain that splits the signal into a high and a low frequency path. The high frequency path is frequency modulated and the low frequency path is digital. In the receiver, these two paths are joined before being output as an analog signal. A signal chain is simulated that shows a DC-100 MHz response with an amplitude accuracy of 2.9 %, dynamic range of 53 dB, dropping to 38 dB at the end of the passband and, a spurious free dynamic range greater than 40 dB. Furthermore, a prototype is constructed but has not been debugged to a degree that permits meaningful measurement results.
Assembly and Intracellular Localization of the Bluetongue Virus Core Protein VP3 (2005)

The bluetongue virus (BTV) core protein VP3 plays a crucial role in the virion assembly and replication process. Although the structure of the protein is well characterized, much less is known about the intracellular processing and localization of the protein in the infected host cell. In BTV-infected cells, newly synthesized viral core particles accumulate in specific locations within the host cell in structures known as virus inclusion bodies (VIBs), which are composed predominantly of the nonstructural protein NS2. However, core protein location in the absence of VIBs remains unclear. In this study, we examined VP3 location and degradation both in the absence of any other viral protein and in the presence of NS2 or the VP3 natural associate protein, VP7. To enable real-time tracking and processing of VP3 within the host cell, a fully functional enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-VP3 chimera was synthesized, and distribution of the fusion protein was monitored in different cell types using specific markers and inhibitors. In the absence of other BTV proteins, EGFP-VP3 exhibited distinct cytoplasmic focus formation. Further evidence suggested that EGFP-VP3 was targeted to the proteasome of the host cells but was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm when MG132, a specific proteasome inhibitor, was added. However, the distribution of the chimeric EGFP-VP3 protein was altered dramatically when the protein was expressed in the presence of the BTV core protein VP7, a normal partner of VP3 during BTV assembly. Interaction of EGFP-VP3 and VP7 and subsequent assembly of core-like particles was further examined by visualizing fluorescent particles and was confirmed by biochemical analysis and by electron microscopy. These data indicated the correct assembly of EGFP-VP3 subcores, suggesting that core formation could be monitored in real time. When EGFP-VP3 was expressed in BTV-infected BSR cells, the protein was not associated with proteasomes but instead was distributed within the BTV inclusion bodies, where it colocalized with NS2. These findings expand our knowledge about VP3 localization and its fate within the host cell and illustrate the assembly capability of a VP3 molecule with a large amino-terminal extension. This also opens up the possibility of application as a delivery system.
Design and performance of a sheathless capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry interface by combining fused‐silica capillaries with gold‐coated nanoelectrospray tips (2005)

A simple sheathless capillary electrophoresis (CE)/mass spectrometry (MS) interface was constructed by combining widely used nanospray needles with fused-silica capillaries and it was successfully applied for the separation of peptides. The end of the CE capillary was pulled to a taper, etched and then fitted into the metal-coated nanospray borosilicate capillary. The nanospray needle can be used for several CE runs, but it can be easily and rapidly changed in the case of accidental breakage or evaporation of the coating. A fast capillary electrochromatographic method was also developed for MS analysis of peptides containing numerous basic amino acids.
Synthesis of isotopically labelled [3‐<sup>14</sup>C]‐ and [3,3‐<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>]‐5‐fluoro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐2,1‐benzoxaborole (AN2690), a new antifungal agent for the potential treatment of onychomycosis (2007)

Abstract 5‐Fluoro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐2,1‐benzoxaborole (AN2690) is a new antifungal agent for the potential treatment of onychomycosis. During the preclinical development phase, it was necessary to synthesize the radioisotope [3‐ 14 C]‐5‐fluoro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐2,1‐benzoxaborole and the deuterium isotope [3,3‐ 2 H 2 ]‐5‐fluoro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐2,1‐benzoxaborole for in vitro studies. We report the synthesis of these two isotopically labelled derivatives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic variation of aquatic birnaviruses analyzed with restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1996)

Aquatic birnaviruses are the most ubiquitous and diverse group of viruses in the family Birnaviridae. Several cause different diseases in a variety of fish species, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in salmonids in North America, Europe, and Asia and European eel virus in eel in Asia. Most isolates are antigenically related and belong to a single serogroup (serogroup A) comprising nine serotypes. Previous studies with monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated considerable variation in epitope profiles even among strains within a single serotype. The few studies of genomic variation among these viruses, which have focused on the NS/VP3 coding region, demonstrated the existence of several genogroups that generally did not correlate with antigenic groups. In this study, PCR was used to amplify a 1,180-bp cDNA genomic fragment representing most of the VP2 (the major outer capsid protein) coding region from five serotype A type strains and 17 Asian isolates. The PCR products were digested with nine different restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles demonstrated heterogeneity among the tested viruses; however, the isolates from Asia were closely related to each other. Cluster analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns demonstrated that these viruses could be divided into four major genogroups. In contrast to previous studies of variation in the NS/VP3 coding region, these genogroups based on variation in the VP2 coding region correlated with a serological classification based on VP2-specific monoclonal antibody reaction patterns. Furthermore, all Asian isolates tested belonged to one genogroup typified by the serotype type strain Ab.
A decentralized approach for security and privacy challenges in the Internet of Things (2014)

The strong development of the Internet of Things (IoT) is dramatically changing traditional perceptions of the current Internet towards an integrated vision of smart objects interacting with each other. While in recent years many technological challenges have already been solved through the extension and adaptation of wireless technologies, security and privacy still remain as the main barriers for the IoT deployment on a broad scale. In this emerging paradigm, typical scenarios manage particularly sensitive data, and any leakage of information could severely damage the privacy of users. This paper provides a concise description of some of the major challenges related to these areas that still need to be overcome in the coming years for a full acceptance of all IoT stakeholders involved. In addition, we propose a distributed capability-based access control mechanism which is built on public key cryptography in order to cope with some of these challenges. Specifically, our solution is based on the design of a lightweight token used for access to CoAP Resources, and an optimized implementation of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) inside the smart object. The results obtained from our experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal and show promising in order to cover more complex scenarios in the future, as well as its application in specific IoT use cases.
dc-Electrical Degradation of the BT-Based Material for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor with Ni internal Electrode: Impedance Analysis and Microstructure (2001)

The impedance of a BaTiO 3 (BT)-based multilayer ceramic capacitor with a nickel internal electrode (Ni-MLCC) was investigated by measuring the frequency domain at various temperatures. All the obtained impedance data could be successfully fitted to a 4-RC section electrical equivalent network. The 4-RC section electrical equivalent network was successfully correlated to the microstructure: the core, the shell, the grain boundary, and the ceramic/internal electrode interface regions. Based on this electrical equivalent network, the electrical properties including the Curie-Weiss law, the current-voltage characteristics, and dc electrical degradation, were well explained. A model for the degradation behavior for BT-based Ni-MLCC with thin active layer thickness was proposed.
Genotype Dependent Interspecific Hybridization of <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (2006)

Wild Australian Sorghum species are a tertiary gene pool to grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and they are of interest to breeders because of their resistance to important insects and pathogens. However, strong reproductive barriers have prevented hybridization between S. bicolor and these wild species. The purpose of this study was to determine if the recessive iap allele (dominant allele Iap = inhibition of alien pollen ) would reduce or eliminate the pollen–pistil incompatibilities that prevent hybridization between S. bicolor and divergent Sorghum species. Cytoplasmic male‐sterile S. bicolor plants, homozygous for the iap allele, were pollinated with three divergent Sorghum species, S. angustum Blake, S. nitidum (Vahl) Pers., and S. macrospermum Garber. The pollen of these three wild species readily germinated and the pollen tubes grew to the base of the S. bicolor ovary within 2 h after pollination. Hybrid embryos were detected in the S. bicolor florets 13 to 20 d post‐pollination. Sorghum bicolor × S. angustum and S. bicolor × S. nitidum hybrids were obtained using embryo rescue followed by in vitro culture techniques and hybrids between S. bicolor and S. macrospermum were obtained by simply germinating the hybrid seed. These hybrids were confirmed by their morphological and cytological traits. These findings clearly demonstrate that the recessive iap allele circumvents pollen–pistil incompatibilities in the genus Sorghum and permits hybrids to be made between S. bicolor and species of the tertiary gene pool.
Current Status in the Therapy of Liver Diseases (2014)

Hepatic diseases, like viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, hereditary hemochromatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Wilson's disease, play an important role in the development of liver cirrhosis and, hence, hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, the current treatment options and the molecular mechanisms of action of the drugs are summarized. Unfortunately, the treatment options for most of these hepatic diseases are limited. Since hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infections are the most common causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, they are the focus of the development of new drugs. The current treatment of choice for HBV/HCV infection is an interferon-based combination therapy with oral antiviral drugs, like nucleos(t)ide analogues, which is associated with improving the therapeutic success and also preventing the development of resistances. Currently, two new protease inhibitors for HCV treatment are expected (deleobuvir, faldaprevir) and together with the promising drug, daclatasvir (NS5A-inhibitor, currently in clinical trials), adequate therapy is to be expected in due course (circumventing the requirement of interferon with its side-effects), while in contrast, efficient HBV therapeutics are still lacking. In this respect, entry inhibitors, like Myrcludex B, the lead substance of the first entry inhibitor for HBV/HDV (hepatitis D) infection, provide immense potential. The pharmacokinetics and the mechanism of action of Myrcludex B are described in detail.
Classification of hyperspectral data from urban areas based on extended morphological profiles (2005)

Classification of hyperspectral data with high spatial resolution from urban areas is investigated. A method based on mathematical morphology for preprocessing of the hyperspectral data is proposed. In this approach, opening and closing morphological transforms are used in order to isolate bright (opening) and dark (closing) structures in images, where bright/dark means brighter/darker than the surrounding features in the images. A morphological profile is constructed based on the repeated use of openings and closings with a structuring element of increasing size, starting with one original image. In order to apply the morphological approach to hyperspectral data, principal components of the hyperspectral imagery are computed. The most significant principal components are used as base images for an extended morphological profile, i.e., a profile based on more than one original image. In experiments, two hyperspectral urban datasets are classified. The proposed method is used as a preprocessing method for a neural network classifier and compared to more conventional classification methods with different types of statistical computations and feature extraction.