gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Electronic Part Supply Chain and Risks of Counterfeit Parts in Defense Applications (2006)

The DoD is concerned about having trusted sources for manufacturing leading-edge new microchips. It is just as important, if not more so, to maintain high quality standards and traceability of all microchips, including legacy chips, which form the backbone of our fighting and defensive hardware in all the services. The business models for brokers are not compatible with the need for a trusted supply chain for national security applications. Not all brokers are unscrupulous or offer substandard or counterfeit parts. However, it is impossible for the DoD to make an a priori judgment of the parts bought through brokers. It is too risky to include brokers in the supply chain. Some recommendations follow to ensure that trusted supply chains are available for policy decisions of the DoD: 1) The DoD and DoD contractors must buy direct from manufacturers or authorized distributors only. 2) Rules need to be implemented that force the DKSP to only list manufacturers and distributors who exhibit proper authorizations and certifications. 3) Action must be taken to insure government agencies and contractors buy certified parts from certified suppliers for quality, traceability, and safety reasons. 4) All requirements must be removed that demand part purchases from small, disadvantaged businesses when they are not authorized by an original manufacturer. 5) All unauthorized brokers must be excluded from attending and marketing at government sponsored conferences. Following these policies will help in mitigating the risk on inclusion of counterfeit and other substandard parts in the national security systems at the system integrator level. To tackle the problem of counterfeiting at the sources, other parallel technical, legislative, law enforcement, and logistical measures need to be undertaken
MEMS inertial sensors: A tutorial overview (2013)

Inertial sensors based on MEMS technology are fast becoming ubiquitous with their adoption into many types of consumer electronics products, including smart phones, tablets, gaming systems, TV remotes, toys, and even (more recently) power tools and wearable sensors. Now a standard feature of most smart phones, MEMS-based motion tracking enhances the user interface by allowing response to user motions, complements the GPS receiver by providing dead-reckoning indoor navigation and supporting location-based services, and holds the promise of enabling handset optical image stabilization in next-generation handsets by virtue of its lower cost and small form factor. This tutorial provides an overview of MEMS technology and describes the essential features of the mechanical systems underlying the most common sensors accelerometers and gyroscopes. It also highlights some fundamental trade-offs related to mechanical system dynamics, force and charge transduction methods, and their implications for the mixed-signal systems that process the sensor outputs. The presentation of an energy-based metric allows a comparison of the performance of competing sensor solutions. For each type of sensor, descriptions of the underlying mechanical theory, canonical sensor architectures, and key design challenges are also presented. Finally, the tutorial reviews multisensor silicon MEMS/CMOS monolithic integration, which is driving the cost and form factor reduction behind the current proliferation of these devices.
Why Can Organic Liquids Move Easily on Smooth Alkyl-Terminated Surfaces? (2014)

The dynamic dewettability of a smooth alkyl-terminated sol-gel hybrid film surface against 17 probe liquids (polar and nonpolar, with high and low surface tensions) was systematically investigated using contact angle (CA) hysteresis and substrate tilt angle (TA) measurements, in terms of their physicochemical properties such as surface tension, molecular weight/volume, dielectric constant, density, and viscosity. We found that the dynamic dewettability of the hybrid film markedly depended not on the surface tensions but on the dielectric constants of the probe liquids, displaying lower resistance to liquid drop movement with decreasing dielectric constant (ε < 30). Interfacial analysis using the sum-frequency generation (SFG) technique confirmed that the conformation of surface-tethered alkyl chains was markedly altered before and after contact with the different types of probe liquids. When probe liquids with low dielectric constants were in contact with our surface, CH3 groups were preferentially exposed at the solid/liquid interface, leading to a reduction in surface energy. Because of such local changes in surface energy at the three-phase contact line of the probe liquid, the contact line can move continuously from low-surface-energy (solid/liquid) areas to surrounding high-surface-energy (solid/air) areas without pinning. Consequently, the organic probe liquids with low dielectric constants can move easily and roll off when tilted only slightly, independent of the magnitude of CAs, without relying on conventional surface roughening and perfluorination.
Microindentation Techniques in Materials Science and Engineering (1985)

Description Concisely appraises the understanding and application of microindentation techniques in materials research, mechanical surface property testing, and quality control in metals, ceramics, and polymers. Examines the use of indentation methods in the study of intrinsic deformation properties, residual stress states, thin-film adhesion, and fracture properties.
Lateral AC current flow model for metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors (1965)

The admittance-voltage characteristic of a metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor is explained in the depletion-inversion range for the case in which the entire surface of the semiconductor is inverted by charges in the insulator and the frequency is too high for minority carriers to follow. Lateral ac current flow into the inverted layer beyond the field plate has to be considered. The model is verified by several experiments and a simple equivalent circuit is shown to quantitatively fit the characteristics. The lateral current model is used to explain drift in the characteristics caused by ion migration along the oxide surface under dc bias. This type of ion migration is separated from true changes of charge density within the insulator.
Studies on DNA polymerases and topoisomerases in archaebacteria (1989)

We have isolated DNA polymerases and topoisomerases from two thermoacidophilic archaebacteria: Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Thermoplasma acidophilum. The DNA polymerases are composed of a single polypeptide with molecular masses of 100 and 85 kDa, respectively. Antibodies against Sulfolobus DNA polymerase did not cross react with Thermoplasma DNA polymerase. Whereas the major DNA topoisomerase activity in S. acidocaldarius is an ATP-dependent type I DNA topoisomerase with a reverse gyrase activity, the major DNA topoisomerase activity in T. acidophilum is a ATP-independent relaxing activity. Both enzymes resemble more the eubacterial than the eukaryotic type I DNA topoisomerase. We have found that small plasmids from halobacteria are negatively supercoiled and that DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors modify their topology. This suggests the existence of an archaebacterial type II DNA topoisomerase related to its eubacterial and eukaryotic counterparts. As in eubacteria, novobiocin induces positive supercoiling of halobacterial plasmids, indicating the absence of a eukaryotic-like type I DNA topoisomerase that relaxes positive superturns.
A compact self-packaged patch antenna with non-planar complimentary split ring resonator loading (2011)

A self-packaged folded patch antenna in a rectangular waveguide shape is greatly reduced in size by loading a complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) on the edge of its ground plane. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 15mm×15mm×20mm, showing 72% volume reduction compared to one without CSRR loading at the same radiation frequency of 2.4GHz. Impedance matching between the patch and the feeding line is obtained by adjusting the gap between two edges of the folded patch not necessitating an additional impedance matching circuit. Also, the inside cavity surrounded and packaged by the folded patch is electromagnetically well shielded from the external circuit. This antenna offers a quasi-omni-directional radiation pattern. All those features make the proposed antenna very suitable for a compact sensor network application. To our knowledge, this is the first report a non-planar CSRR applied to antenna size reduction.
Sliding mode control of the modular multilevel converter (2018)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become the most promising converter topology for medium-and high-power applications. In this paper, a sliding mode control (SMC)-based method is proposed for the MMC. Based on analysis of the system dynamics under the proposed control method, control parameter relations and their validity conditions are obtained, which provide guidance for systematic controller design. Compared to the conventional control methods, the proposed SMC-based method provides a faster dynamic response. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed control method are demonstrated based on simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment as well as experiments conducted on a laboratory prototype.
Comparisons of interpolation methods (2005)

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the characteristics of various interpolation methods. Seismic data need to be interpolated when the spatial sampling of acquired data is coarser than the spatial sampling required for a multichannel process. This multichannel process can be as simple as stacking traces to reduce coherent noise or as complex as prestack depth migration. Interpolation requires some assumptions about the character of the seismic data. One assumption in the methods considered for this article is that seismic events are linear. In practice, the data are not perfectly linear, and we will show later the results of violating the assumption of linearity.
The development of a robot terrain interaction system for walking machines (2002)

This paper presents a system which performs soil analysis and uses the acquired data to generate optimal step pattern and foot hold performances with respect to the terrain conditions. This approach also provides solutions for critical situations when the robot foot already slips or undergoes excessive sinkage. For soil analysis using the robot foot, a new sensor was developed and successfully implemented. This sensor is able to measure the relative movement between the foot and the ground. The soil properties are exploited using conventional control system optimization processes combined with fuzzy logic and neural networks. To serve as a test-bed for experiments, a half scale model of the walking machine RoboTRAC was constructed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Functional and morphological changes and liver regeneration after liver resection]. (1993)

The dynamics of functional and morphological changes and regeneration of the liver were followed-up in 192 out of 202 patients who underwent operation with resection of the liver for its various focal lesions. The main biochemical indices in the absence of cirrhosis are normalized in 6-7 weeks after extensive resection and in 3-4 weeks after economical resection. In cirrhosis the volume of the organ is not restored completely and normalization of the biochemical indices is essentially delayed. After extensive resection the volume of the remaining liver increases (up to 100%) in the early postoperative period (three weeks) with subsequent gradual diminution (to one year) to the volume of the noninvolved hepatic parenchyma measured before the operation. Regeneration of the liver is activated sharply in the early postoperative period. Study of these changes showed that adequate and stable compensation of the functional condition of the liver occurs in 12-18 months after extensive resection and in 2-4 months after economical resection.
Signal acquisition and tracking with adaptive arrays in wireless systems (2002)

The dynamic performance of adaptive arrays in wireless communication systems is considered. With an adaptive array, the signals received by multiple antennas are weighted and combined to suppress interference and combat desired-signal fading. In these systems, the weight adaptation algorithm must acquire and track the weights even with rapid fading. The performance of the least-mean-square (LMS) and direct matrix inversion (DMI) algorithms in the digital mobile radio system IS-54 is considered. Results for two base station antennas with flat Rayleigh fading show that the LMS algorithm has large tracking loss for vehicle speeds above 20 mph, and that the DMI algorithm can acquire and track the weights to combat desired-signal fading and suppress interference with close to ideal tracking performance at vehicle speeds up to 60 mph.
A new calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate (2010)

Calcium sulfate hydrates receive significant attention due to numerous large scale industrial applications. There has been a long debate on the possible existence of two gypsum hemi-hydrate polymorphs, denoted alpha- and beta-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O. In this work, a new crystal structure of calcium sulfate hemi-hydrates is presented, denoted beta-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O. The structure was solved using powder neutron diffraction data, the space group is P3(1) and the unit cell in a hexagonal setting a = 6.9268(1), c = 12.7565(3) A. The structure has two calcium-oxygen coordination polyhedra: Ca1 is eight coordinated and has Ca-O bond lengths in the range 2.31(3) to 2.89(2) A and Ca2 is nine coordinated and has one Ca-O(water) bond length of 2.43(3) A, and eight Ca-O bonds in the range 2.30(4) to 2.86(4) A. Two sulfate ions have S-O bonds in the range 1.47(3) to 1.49(4) A, and 1.47(3) to 1.50(3) A, respectively. The water molecule forms a hydrogen bond of 2.55(4) A to an oxygen atom in one of the sulfate ions. The structure of the hemi-hydrate beta-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O has one-dimensional channels running parallel to the c-axis where the water molecules are located. This relates the structures of alpha- and beta-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O and soluble anhydrite AIII-CaSO(4), which all have similar channel structures. The water molecules in the structure of beta-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O are packed in the channels with a three fold (3(1)) symmetry in a different way as compared to the pseudo hexagonal found in the structure of alpha-CaSO(4).0.5H(2)O.
The Root-Knot Nematode Resistance Gene <i>Mi-1.2</i> of Tomato Is Responsible for Resistance Against the Whitefly <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> (2003)

The tomato gene Mi-1.2 confers resistance against root-knot nematodes and some isolates of potato aphid. Resistance to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci previously has been observed in Mi-bearing commercial tomato cultivars, suggesting that Mi, or a closely linked gene, is responsible for the resistance. The response of two biotypes of B. tabaci to tomato carrying the cloned Mi was compared with that of the isogenic untransformed tomato line Moneymaker. Our results indicate that Mi-1.2 is responsible for the resistance in tomato plants to both B- and Q- biotypes. Mi-1.2 is unique among characterized resistance genes in its activity against three very different organisms (root-knot nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies). These pests are among the most important on tomato crops worldwide, making Mi a valuable resource in integrated pest management programs.
A Simple Analytical Model for a Single Roll Thin Strip Casting Process (1996)

A simple analytical model is described for a single roll thin strip casting process. This model was developed using fluid mechanics only. Molten metal flow in the puddle in the strip moving direction was treated as a boundary layer flow, whereas the crosswise expansion of the puddle was taken as a potential flow. By assuming a flow speed distribution so that the predictions of the model conform to experimental measurements, this model allows the effects of operating parameters including cast speed and nozzle location angle on the strip formation to be predicted and an optimum operating condition window to be proposed. Occurrence of strip jamming can also be interpreted based on the predicted puddle profile. Résumé Un modèle analytique simple est décrit pour un procédé de coulage à rouleau unique d'un ruban mince. Ce modèle a été développé en utilisant uniquement la mécanique des fluides. L'écoulement du metal fondu dans la flaque dans la direction du mouvement du ruban a été traité comme l'écoulement d'une couche limite alors que l'expansion latérale de la flaque a été considérée comme un ecoulement potentiel. En assumant une distribution de la vitesse d'écoulement de telle sorte que les prédictions du modèle se conforment aux mesures expérimentales, ce modèle permet la prédiction des effets des paramètres d'opération, incluant la vitesse de coulage et l'emplacement de l'angle de l'embouchure, sur la formation du ruban; il permet aussi de proposer une fenêtre de condition optimum d'opération. On peut aussi intérpreter l'occurence du blocage du ruban en se basant sur le profil prédit de la flaque.
Geographic patterns and pathogenetic implications of IGHV gene usage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the lesson of the IGHV3-21 gene (2004)

We studied immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain (IGHV) repertoire and mutational status in 553 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the Mediterranean area to gain insight into the potential pathogenetic role of antigenic stimulation. The most commonly represented IGHV genes mirrored the usage of normal B cells, with the exception of IGHV1-18, IGHV3-30.3, and IGHV4-59 that were underrepresented. The IGHV3-21 gene, frequently expressed in Northern European CLL, was present only in 16 cases (2.9%). Based on HCDR3 cluster analysis, cases using IGHV3-21 could be grouped in 2 subsets of similar frequency. The first one (7 of 16 cases) carried a similar HCDR3 amino acid sequence (common-HCDR3 subset), virtually identical to the Scandinavian IGHV3-21 CLL. These cases used the IGHJ6 gene; 4 of 7 were unmutated; 6 of 7 carried the V(lambda)2-14 (IGLV3-21) light-chain gene with a similar LCDR3. All expressed CD38 and had a progressive disease. The second subset (9 of 16) was characterized by heterogeneous HCDR3 rearrangements (nonhomogeneous-HCDR3 subset), diverse IGHJ and IGV light-chain gene usage, variable IGHV mutational status (5 of 9 unmutated), variable CD38 expression, and variable clinical course (4 of 9 progressed). The first subset suggests a potential antigenic element rarely encountered in the Mediterranean area, possibly responsible for a negative outcome. The second subset may reflect the physiologic heterogeneity of expression of IGHV3-21 rearrangements in the normal repertoire and is characterized by a variable clinical outcome.
Development of Recombinant Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (2012)

Future studies are aimed at selecting various combinations of mutations that can reduce NO scavenging, autooxidation, oxidative degradation, and denaturation without compromising O(2) delivery, and then investigating their suitability and safety in vivo.
[Determination of the optimal method of numerical taxonomy]. (1986)

A great number of numeric taxonomy methods, varying in the techniques of coding signs, similarity calculations and group analysis, as well as the insufficiency of criteria for the evaluation of numeric taxonomy methods, permitted us to propose the quantitative approach to the evaluation of the optimum method of numeric taxonomy. The dendrograms obtained by different methods were compared by calculating the measure of "proximity" which was assumed to be the sum of distances between divisions on different grouping levels.
A Method for Estimating the Normal Boiling Point of Heavy Hydrocarbons Suitable for a Group-Contribution-Based Equation of State (2001)

In a previous work (Coniglio et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2000, 39, 5037−5048), a cubic group-contribution- (GC-) based equation of state (EOS) was developed for heavy hydrocarbons. Estimations of various thermophysical properties were obtained within the experimental accuracy from the triple point to 2 bar. The required inputs are the molecular structure of the compound and the experimental normal boiling temperature (Tb) or at least one vapor pressure measurement. This work presents a new GC method for estimating Tb values suitable for the cubic GC-based EOS of Coniglio et al. in order to obtain a purely predictive thermodynamic model. The performance of this purely predictive model is very satisfactory for all of the thermophysical properties investigated. Furthermore, excellent agreement between the Tb values estimated by the proposed GC method and experimental data (whenever available) is observed.
Quantum transport and phonon emission of nonequilibrium hot electrons (1990)

Experimental evidence and analysis is presented which suggests that a current stream of tunneling electrons, even after suffering inelastic collisions, is able to transmit coherently through potential-barrier structures. This interpretation leads to the conclusion that coherent transmission is a single-particle interference property, and that the popular Fabry-P\'erot approach to coherent tunneling might be inappropriate. We use the single-particle interference property of the tunneling electrons to probe the hot-electron energy distribution, and observe experimentally multiple-phonon replicas, which are in remarkable agreement with the result of Monte Carlo simulations performed by Baranger et al. for similar structures.
B cell genotype determines interaction preference with T cells: no effect of maturation environment. (1983)

B cell development in the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken was examined. We constructed neonatal bursa cell chimeras (F1 leads to parent, parent leads to F1) and studied the in vivo interaction of these chimeric B cells with host-derived T cells in adoptive cell transfer to determine whether there exists any environmental effect on B cells for MHC-restricted T-B cell interaction. The results indicate that F1 B cells that have developed in a parental host bursa still behave as normal F1 B cells and do not show any change in their MHC-restriction pattern. In addition, parent leads to F1 chimeric B cells were indistinguishable from normal parental B cells. B cells from all constructed chimeras, including fully allogeneic, responded well to the T-independent antigen Brucella. We conclude that the genotype of the B cell, and not the developmental environment, determines the MHC restriction phenotype of mature B cells.
Facile Synthesis of CIDs:  Biotinylated Estrone Oximes Efficiently Heterodimerize Estrogen Receptor and Streptavidin Proteins in Yeast Three Hybrid Systems (2004)

[structure: see text] We synthesized estrone oximes as chemical inducers of protein heterodimerization (CIDs). Estrone-17-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime coupled to biotinamidocaproic acid via N,N'-dimethylhexane-1,6-diamine efficiently heterodimerizes estrogen receptors (ERs) and streptavidin Y43A in yeast three hybrid systems, activating gene expression over 100-fold at 10 microM. Related hexane-1,6-diamine and estradiol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime derivatives were ineffective CIDs due to low affinity for ERs when bound to streptavidin. Estrone oximes bind ERs with submicromolar affinity and effectively display small molecules to target proteins expressed in yeast.