gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Sensing Oropharyngeal Swallowing Function in Japan (2009)

Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) is an important issue in the elderly because it causes aspiration pneumonia, which is the second largest cause of death in this group. It also causes decline in activities of daily living and quality of life. The oral phase of swallowing has been neglected, despite its importance in the evaluation of dysphagia, because adequate protocols and measuring devices are unavailable. However, recent advances in sensor technology have enabled straightforward, non-invasive measurement of the movement of important swallowing-related organs such as the lips and tongue, as well as the larynx. In this article, we report the present state and possibility of clinical application of such systems developed in Japan.
Patterns of Diversifying Selection in the Phytotoxin-like scr74 Gene Family of Phytophthora infestans (2004)

Phytophthora infestans, the organism responsible for the Irish famine, causes late blight, a re-emerging disease of potato and tomato. Little is known about the molecular evolution of P. infestans genes. To identify candidate effector genes (virulence or avirulence genes) that may have co-evolved with the host, we mined expressed sequence tag (EST) data from infection stages of P. infestans for secreted and potentially polymorphic genes. This led to the identification of scr74, a gene that encodes a predicted 74-amino acid secreted cysteine-rich protein with similarity to the Phytophthora cactorum phytotoxin PcF. The expression of scr74 was upregulated approximately 60-fold 2 to 4 days after inoculation of tomato and was also significantly induced during early stages of colonization of potato. The scr74 gene was found to belong to a highly polymorphic gene family within P. infestans with 21 different sequences identified. Using the approximate and maximum likelihood (ML) methods, we found that diversifying selection likely caused the extensive polymorphism observed within the scr74 gene family. Pairwise comparisons of 17 scr74 sequences revealed elevated ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide-substitution rates, particularly in the mature region of the proteins. Using ML, all 21 polymorphic amino acid sites were identified to be under diversifying selection. Of these 21 amino acids, 19 are located in the mature protein region, suggesting that selection may have acted on the functional portions of the proteins. Further investigation of gene copy number and organization revealed that the scr74 gene family comprises at least three copies located in a region of no more than 300 kb of the P. infestans genome. We found evidence that recombination contributed to sequence divergence within at least one gene locus. These results led us to propose an evolutionary model that involves gene duplication and recombination, followed by functional divergence of scr74 genes. This study provides support for using diversifying selection as a criterion for identifying candidate effector genes from sequence databases.
Examining pattern formation in mouse, chicken and frog embryos with an <i>En</i>-specific antiserum (1991)

We have raised an antiserum, designated alpha Enhb-1, to a portion of the mouse En-2 protein containing the homeodomain. The antiserum detects both the En-1 and En-2 proteins in mouse, chick and Xenopus embryos by Western blot analysis. Using whole-mount immunohistochemistry, combined in some cases with scanning electron microscopy, we have examined the distribution of the proteins in the early embryos of these species. The major features of expression were similar. The initial production of En protein occurred, just before or during the formation of the first somites, in a band of the anterior neural plate in the prospective mid/hindbrain region. Later in development En-1 protein accumulated in the ventral ectoderm of the developing mouse and chick limb buds, indicating that a dorsal-ventral polarity is present as soon as any limb bud swelling is apparent and that, at least in the mouse, this polarity is established independently of the apical ectodermal ridge. In all three species, alpha Enhb-1 bound to a subset of ventro-lateral differentiating neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain and their pattern of birth in the mouse reflected the division of the hindbrain into rhombomeres. En-1 protein also accumulated in a lateral stripe of dermatome in the mouse and chick, indicating a dorsal-ventral subdivision of this tissue. The results show that En expression is a good marker for pattern formation in a variety of tissues and will be useful in experimental studies designed to characterize further these processes.
Psychologie und Psychiatrie für den Frauenarzt: Wozu braucht der Frauenarzt Psychologie und Psychiatrie? (2001)

Neben dem organmedizinischen Wissen und der Beherrschung operativer Techniken braucht die Gynäkologin/der Gynäkologe besondere psychologische und psychiatrische Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten. Bislang sind diese Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten nicht systematischer Bestandteil des Curriculums. Die Vermittlung geschieht partiell, freiwillig und eher unsystematisch. Für die tägliche Arbeit geht es darum, der gynäkologischen Fachausbildung nicht eine zusätzliche psychiatrische Fachausbildung hinzu zu addieren, sondern den aus den gynäkologisch-geburtshilflichen Problemen resultierenden Fragestellungen und Bedürfnissen der Patientinnen gerechter zu werden. Diese Arbeit stellt den Versuch dar, einen Rahmen zu skizzieren, in dem sich diese psychologisch-psychiatrische Basiskompetenz definieren und gegebenenfalls unterrichten lassen könnte.
Relation of Glucose Tolerance to Complications of Pregnancy in Nondiabetic Women (1986)

An increase in fetal and maternal complications has been documented in cases of gestational diabetes, but the glucose levels that predict an increased risk have not been clearly defined. We evaluated the frequency of several neonatal complications (macrosomia, congenital anomalies, perinatal mortality, and prematurity) and maternal complications (toxemia, cesarean section, or both) in relation to glucose tolerance in 249 women in the third trimester of pregnancy. None of the women had previous evidence of diabetes, and all had normal results on an oral glucose-tolerance test, according to accepted criteria. On the basis of their two-hour plasma glucose levels, women were divided into three groups: A (glucose less than 100 mg per deciliter), B (glucose 100 to 119 mg per deciliter), and C (glucose 120 to 164 mg per deciliter). The higher two-hour plasma glucose levels were associated with a significant increase in the incidence of macrosomia (9.9, 15.5, and 27.5 percent in Groups A, B, and C, respectively), congenital abnormalities (0.7, 3.5, and 5.0 percent), and toxemia, cesarean section, or both (19.9, 25.9, and 40.0 percent). A significant correlation between the infant's weight and the mother's two-hour plasma glucose level was also observed. These data indicate that even limited degrees of maternal hyperglycemia, which are currently considered to be within the normal range, may affect the outcome of pregnancy.
Novel, high expressing and antibiotic-controlled plasmid vectors designed for use in gene therapy. (1996)

The promise of effective gene therapy can only be accomplished by high-level expression and regulatable delivery of gene products. To achieve this end, a eukaryotic expression plasmid was modified to make transcription dependent on a tetracycline(Tc)-regulated chimeric transactivator. Mouse muscle injected with this two plasmid cis/trans control system expressed reporter proteins at levels five- to 10-fold greater than the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter-controlled parental plasmid. Tetracycline could be useful to either repress or activate transactivator-controlled expression based on the position of the tetO control sequences within the reporter plasmid. Finally, a prototype single plasmid construct was made and shown to express a self-regulating bicistronic transcript containing both the reporter and the transactivator. These Tc-controlled plasmids, termed maximum expression and regulated vectors (MERVs), have the potential to target a variety of gene therapy applications.
Increased rigidity of the chiral centre of tocainide favours stereoselectivity and use‐dependent block of skeletal muscle Na<sup>+</sup> channels enhancing the antimyotonic activity <b><i>in vivo</i></b> (2001)

1. Searching for the structural requirements improving the potency and the stereoselectivity of Na(+) channel blockers as antimyotonic agents, new derivatives of tocainide, in which the chiral carbon atom is constrained in a rigid alpha-proline or pyrrolo-imidazolic cycle, were synthesized as pure enantiomers. 2. Their ability to block Na(+) currents, elicited from -100 to -20 mV at 0.3 Hz (tonic block) and 2-10 Hz (use-dependent block) frequencies, was investigated in vitro on single fibres of frog semitendinosus muscle using the vaseline-gap voltage-clamp method. 3. The alpha-proline derivative, To5, was 5 and 21 fold more potent than tocainide in producing tonic and 10 Hz-use-dependent block, respectively. Compared to To5, the presence of one methyl group on the aminic (To6) or amidic (To7) nitrogen atom decreased use-dependence by 2- and 6-times, respectively. When methylene moieties were present on both nitrogen atoms (To8), both tonic and use-dependent block were reduced. 4. Contrarily to tocainide, all proline derivatives were stereoselective in relation to an increased rigidity. A further increase in the molecular rigidity as in pyrrolo-imidazolic derivatives markedly decreased the drug potency with respect to tocainide. 5. Antimyotonic activity, evaluated as the shortening of the time of righting reflexes of myotonic adr/adr mice upon acute drug in vivo administration was 3 fold more effective for R-To5 than for R-Tocainide. 6. Thus, constraining the chiral centre of tocainide in alpha-proline cycle leads to more potent and stereoselective use-dependent Na(+) channel blockers with improved therapeutic potential.
The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants: Function and evolution (1994)

Abstract Flavonoids are a class of low molecular weight phenolic compounds that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological functions and play an important role in the interaction between plants and their environment. Flavonoids not only protect the plant from the harmful effects of UV irradiation but also play a crucial role in the sexual reproduction process. A special class of flavonoid polymers, the tannins, plays a structural role in the plant. Yet other classes of flavonoids, flavonols and anthocyanins, have been implicated in the attraction of pollinators. Certain flavonoids participate in the interaction between plants and other organisms such as symbiotic bacteria and parasites. This raises the intriguing question as to how these different compounds arose and evolved. Based on taxonomy and molecular analysis of gene expression patterns it is possible to deduce a putative sequence of acquisition of the different branches of the biosynthetic pathway and their regulators.
Are Kosher Food Laws Constitutionally Kosher (1993)

Ten years ago, only 1,000 products bore a kosher seal of approvaU In 1989, this figure was up to 17,500.2 Some kosher marketing experts estimate that approximately six million Americans purchase kosher food in the supermarket.3 Of these people, a mere 1.5 million are
Optimal recovery sequencing for enhanced resilience and service restoration in transportation networks (2014)

Critical infrastructure resilience has become a national priority for the US Department of Homeland Security. Rapid and efficient restoration of service in damaged transportation networks is a key area of focus. The intent of this paper is to formulate a bi-level optimisation model for network recovery and to demonstrate a solution approach for that optimisation model. The lower-level problem involves solving for network flows, while the upper-level problem identifies the optimal recovery modes and sequences, using tools from the literature on multi-mode project scheduling problems. Application and advantages of this method are demonstrated through two examples.
[Immunopotentiating effects of oxalysine]. (1987)

L-4-Oxalysine is an antibiotic agent isolated from a new species of Streptomyces roseoviridofuscus n. sp. in China. It inhibited the growth of several kinds of animal transplanted tumors and protected liver injuries from CCl intoxications. Clinical trials showed improvement of liver function as well as liver blood flow in patients of chronic viral hepatitis.
 Oxalysine 100 mg/kg ip or ig administration to C 57/BL mice caused a marked increase of spleen plaque forming cells as well as serum hemolysin and IgG levels. Serum complement C 3 is also increased. Oxalysine 50 and 100 mg/kg ip for 3 d or 100 mg/kg ig for 5 d promoted the incorporation rate of [3H]TdR into spleen lymphocytes but showed no direct stimulating effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro. Oxalysine also elevated the SRBC induced delayed-type hypersensitivity on ICR mice, but had no effect on the phagocytic activity of macrophages. It is therefore considered that oxalysine has the ability of potentiating both humoral and cell mediated immunological responses, which is benefit jn ameliorating the immuno-deficient condition in patients suffered with cancer or chronic viral hepatitis.
Estimating Three-Dimensional Body Orientation Based on an Improved Complementary Filter for Human Motion Tracking (2018)

Rigid body orientation determined by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) is widely applied in robotics, navigation, rehabilitation, and human-computer interaction. In this paper, aiming at dynamically fusing quaternions computed from angular rate integration and FQA algorithm, a quaternion-based complementary filter algorithm is proposed to support a computationally efficient, wearable motion-tracking system. Firstly, a gradient descent method is used to determine a function from several sample points. Secondly, this function is used to dynamically estimate the fusion coefficient based on the deviation between measured magnetic field, gravity vectors and their references in Earth-fixed frame. Thirdly, a test machine is designed to evaluate the performance of designed filter. Experimental results validate the filter design and show its potential of real-time human motion tracking.
Identity of the<i>GAM3</i>Gene with<i>ADR6</i>, Each Required for Transcription of the<i>STA1</i>or<i>ADH2</i>Gene in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1992)

Journal Article Identity of the GAM3 Gene with ADR6, Each Required for Transcription of the STA1 or ADH2 Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Get access Hiroyuki Yoshimoto, Hiroyuki Yoshimoto Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masanori Ohmae, Masanori Ohmae Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ichiro Yamashita Ichiro Yamashita Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Volume 56, Issue 3, 1 January 1992, Pages 527–529, https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.56.527 Published: 01 January 1992 Article history Received: 12 September 1991 Published: 01 January 1992
Development of a Feral Swine Toxic Bait (Hog-Gone®) and Bait Hopper (Hog-Hopper™)in Australia and the USA (2012)

At the 13th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, the primary author delivered a paper titled “Is America ready for a humane feral pig ‘toxin’?” The toxin, sodium nitrite, a common meat preservative that prevents botulism, had previously been shown to be a quick-acting and low-residue toxicant for feral pigs in Australia and has since been patented. Pigs are particularly sensitive to nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia because they have low levels of methemoglobin reductase, the enzyme required to reverse the effects of nitrite toxicosis. Over the last two years, a great deal of progress has been made towards developing a nitrite bait and a suitable bait delivery vehicle for feral pigs. Field trials of Hog-Gone® in Australia are now complete and a registration dossier is currently being finalized. The dossier details the pharmacology and humaneness of nitrite toxicosis, pen and field trial efficacy, pen and field carcass residues, and the nontarget safety and environmental fate of nitrite. Nontoxic trials of smaller bite-sized Hog-Gone baits, delivered in the Hog-Hopper™, are currently occurring in multiple sites and seasons in Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. Results thus far are encouraging, and may lead to future trials if environmental safety is demonstrated. Concurrently, an Environmental Protection Agency registration dossier is being prepared to request the experimental-use permit needed for field trials of the formulated bait. Engagement with industry and animal welfare groups also continues to be positive. Detailed within, in brief, are the achievements of the last two years and the future of the project in Australia and the USA.
A cover-based approach for configuration repair (2014)

Feature models are often used to describe variability and commonality in Software Product Lines, specifying admissible configurations of valid products. However, invalid configurations may arise in some scenarios. These include feature model evolution that invalidates pre-existing products or collaborative configuration by multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals, among others. This problem has been acknowledged in the literature and some techniques for configuration repair have already been proposed. However, common optimization criteria such as proximity between original and repaired configurations can result in a significant number of alternative repair possibilities, easily attaining thousands of alternatives for models of practical dimension. Consequently, rather than just efficiently providing an exhaustive list of possibilities, an approach that specifically addresses this issue should be able to offer the user a manageable and comprehensible view of the configuration problems and potential repair options. We offer a novel approach for configuration repair, based on partitioning and cover analysis, with high performance and generating high quality solutions, which allows efficient identification and presentation of multiple competing repairs.
Recent Progress in Studies of Arterivirus- and Coronavirus-Host Interactions (2012)

Animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. This review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on IBV-host cell interactions. These interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or lead to the alteration of certain signaling pathways, such as cell stress response and innate immunity, to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
An immunospecific microbalance (1972)

Abstract A piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance has been modified for the determination of antibody activity in solution. Antigen precoated crystals are exposed to antisera of varying concentration and specificity. Only antisera specific for the antigen precoat will form an additional protein layer on the crystal. The thickness of the antibody layer, measured by thefrequency shift of the crystal, is proportional to the concentration of specific antibody in solution. The technique provides a rapid qualitative and quantitative assay of antibody activity.
Recent Approaches To Computer - Generated Holograms (1974)

Computer holography is a subject of interest to a small but increasing number of researchers. This paper briefly describes the concept and history of computer holography, how it works, and its possible applications. Also presented are the recent approaches to computer holography developed at Stanford University, and a procedure for synthesizing this new class of computer holograms. These new on-axis holograms are very efficient both in their use of reconstruction light and in their use of display resolution elements during synthesis. They keep the advantages of the kinoform, a previous approach by IBM, but do not have its limitations. One approach makes use of color reversal film, such as Kodachrome II. Another approach only requires phase-transmittance material, but preserves both amplitude and phase information. Experimental results are presented.
Proteome analysis of serovars Typhimurium and Pullorum of Salmonella enterica subspecies I (2005)

Current microbial proteomics are generally based on the use of a single reference or type strain of a species. This study has shown the importance of incorporating a large number of strains of a species, as the diversity of the proteome in the microbial population appears to be significantly greater than expected. The characterisation of a diverse selection of strains revealed parts of the proteome of S. enterica that alter their expression while others remain stable and allowed for the identification of serovar-specific factors that have so far remained undetected by other methods.
Comparative Study of the Biological Activities of the Skin Secretions from Six Common Chinese Amphibians (2002)

Water-soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD[50] of 11.5 mg/kg,18.8 mg/kg,and 264 mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500 mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T.verrucosus and B.maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T.verrucosus and B.maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60 kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T.verrucosus,B.maxima and B.andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B.andrewsi and B.maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A[2] activity was only found in the skin secretions of T.verrucosus.None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.
Differential effects of ceramides upon adenylyl cyclase subtypes (1998)

Ceramides are reported to stimulate different effector systems, among them atypical protein kinases C (PKCs). When HEK 293 cells, stably expressing adenylyl cyclase type II (AC II), were treated with various ceramide derivatives, adenylyl cyclase activity was enhanced 8-15-fold. The stimulation by the most potent analog, C18/C24 ceramide, was comparable to that by the phorbolester TPA. The stimulatory effect of ceramide was not restricted to AC II, although the type I and type V enzymes were affected less dramatically. Unexpectedly, the dihydro derivatives of ceramides, generally serving as non-activating controls, exhibited only slightly lower stimulation than ceramides, whereas short-chain ceramides (e.g. C2) were without effect. The action of ceramides was at least partially inhibited by okadaic acid, suggesting involvement of a phosphatase. Furthermore, ceramides and TPA operated synergistically. While the PKC inhibitor staurosporine counteracted the action of phorbol-esters, it significantly (2.5x) enhanced the effect of ceramides.