gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miscible-Type Waterflooding: Oil Recovery with Micellar Solutions (1968)

Abstract A new recovery process for producing oil under both secondary and tertiary conditions utilizes the unique properties of micellar solutions (also known as microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils). These solutions, which displace 100 percent of the oil in the reservoir contacted, can be driven through the reservoir with water and are stable in the presence of reservoir water and rock. Basic components of micellar solutions are surfactant, hydrocarbon and water. They may also contain small amounts of electrolytes and co-surfactants such as alcohols. The specific reservoir application dictates the type and concentration of each component. A salient feature of the process is the capability for mobility control. Micellar solution slug mobility, by way of viscosity control, is made equal to or less than the combined oil and water mobility. Mobility control continues with a mobility buffer that prevents drive water from contacting the micellar solution. Laboratory and field flooding have proven that the process is technically feasible and that surfactant losses by adsorption on porous media are small. Introduction Projects are under way to recover the maximum amount of oil under the most favorable economic conditions. New techniques are being developed to increase oil recovery. Polymer solutions are becoming an important means of controlling mobility in a waterflood. Thermal methods such as in-situ combustion and steam injection are being used in reservoirs containing highly viscous crudes. Surfactant flooding is receiving attention as a method of reducing interfacial tension to increase recovery. Exotic recovery processes have been considered primarily for secondary operations. Economics are unfavorable in most cases for tertiary recovery. Studies at the Denver Research Center of the Marathon Oil Co. have led to a new oil recovery method. Micellar solutions (sometimes called microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils) are used to recover oil by miscible-type waterflooding. Basically, these solutions contain surfactant, hydrocarbon, and water. The method can be used in either secondary or tertiary operations.
Selective dna‐amplification induced by carcinogens (initiators): Evidence for a role of proteases and DNA polymerase alpha (1985)

Inhibitors of DNA polymerase alpha (aphidicolin, phosphonoacetic acid, phosphonoformic acid) efficiently inhibit initiator-induced amplification of SV40 DNA sequences in the SV40-transformed Chinese hamster cell line CO631. Amplification is also inhibited by various protease inhibitors (antipain, leupeptin, aprotinin, alpha-I-antitrypsin, epsilon-amino-caproic acid, soy-bean protease inhibitor), by the non-initiating but DNA-damaging agent caffeine, and by sodium butyrate, which inhibits DNA synthesis by histone modification. In contrast, an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, nalidixic acid, enhances amplification when applied simultaneously with initiating treatment. This latter compound does not induce amplification when applied without initiator. Cycloheximide induces DNA amplification in the same way as chemical and physical carcinogens. This amplification can still be observed when protein synthesis is completely blocked. The data suggest a complex mechanism of selective DNA amplification. The possible involvement of proteases leading to a functional modification of DNA polymerase alpha is discussed.
Human hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein cures fas-induced acute liver failure in mice by attenuating free-radical damage in injured livers (2010)

The rcHIP/PAP protein exhibited significant curative properties against ALF in mice. It is a free-radical scavenger that targets a broad spectrum of death effectors and favors liver regeneration. The good safety profile of rcHIP/PAP during a phase 1 trial encourages evaluation of its efficacy in patients with ALF.
Learning, planning, and control for quadruped locomotion over challenging terrain (2010)

We present a control architecture for fast quadruped locomotion over rough terrain. We approach the problem by decomposing it into many sub-systems, in which we apply state-of-the-art learning, planning, optimization, and control techniques to achieve robust, fast locomotion. Unique features of our control strategy include: (1) a system that learns optimal foothold choices from expert demonstration using terrain templates , (2) a body trajectory optimizer based on the Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) stability criterion, and (3) a floating-base inverse dynamics controller that, in conjunction with force control, allows for robust, compliant locomotion over unperceived obstacles. We evaluate the performance of our controller by testing it on the LittleDog quadruped robot, over a wide variety of rough terrains of varying difficulty levels. The terrain that the robot was tested on includes rocks, logs, steps, barriers, and gaps, with obstacle sizes up to the leg length of the robot. We demonstrate the generalization ability of this controller by presenting results from testing performed by an independent external test team on terrain that has never been shown to us.
Enhanced immunogenicity of a sequence derived from hepatitis B virus surface antigen in a composite peptide that includes the immunostimulatory region from human interleukin 1. (1990)

The effect on immunogenicity of coupling the immunostimulatory nonapeptide sequence (residues 163-171) from human interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) to a small immunogen was examined. A 21-amino acid sequence spanning positions 12-32 on the large protein of hepatitis B surface antigen was chosen as a model. Three peptides were synthesized corresponding to the IL-1 beta-derived sequence [peptide IL-(163-171)], the hepatitis B surface antigen-derived sequence [peptide S1-(12-32)] and a composite peptide that included both these sequences separated by a spacer of two glycine residues [peptide S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171)]. In an in vitro thymocyte proliferation assay, both peptides S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171) and IL-(163-171) showed comparable activity, whereas peptide S1-(12-32) was inactive. Groups of five to seven mice each from C3H/CH, BALB/c, SJL/J, and C57BL/6 strains were immunized with equimolar amounts of either peptide S1-(12-32), peptide S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171), or a mixture of peptides S1-(12-32) and IL-(163-171), and sera were screened for anti-S1-(12-32) antibodies. In all strains, peptide S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171) elicited an increased primary and secondary anti-S1-(12-32) antibody response compared to the other two groups. Further, peptide S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171) also induced an increased number of responders to primary immunization, though the number of responders was quantitative in all groups following secondary immunization. At least part of the enhanced immunogenicity of the S1-(12-32) sequence in peptide S1-(12-32)-IL-(163-171) appears to be due to augmented T-helper cell activity. These results suggest that coupling of the immunostimulatory IL-1 beta-derived sequence in tandem with an immunogen may confer inbuilt adjuvanticity.
Outer membrane proteins from Legionella pneumophila serogroups and other Legionella species (1986)

Outer membranes were isolated from eight serogroups of L. pneumophila and five other Legionella species. The protein composition of the membranes was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A single, disulfide stabilized protein with a molecular size of 29,000 to 30,000 daltons was found to be the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of all the serogroups. The equivalent of the L. pneumophila MOMP was not observed in any of the other Legionella species examined. Silver staining of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels revealed distinctive patterns for each serogroup and other Legionella species that were not observed by staining with Coomassie blue and may result from the presence of lipopolysaccharide in the membrane preparations. The MOMP from serogroup 1 was isolated by exposing crude peptidoglycan to detergent in the presence of heat and reducing agent and was found to be tightly associated with lipopolysaccharide. Antibodies to this complex were used to probe the outer membranes of the remaining, L. pneumophila serogroups and other Legionella species by Western blotting. Serogroup 1 anti-MOMP antibodies were found to react with the MOMP from the remaining seven serogroups examined, whereas antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide of serogroup 1 only reacted with lipopolysaccharide from two of the remaining seven serogroups.
Electroactive liquid lens driven by an annular membrane (2014)

Unlike traditional focalization that recruits multiple moving lens elements to adjust focus, liquid lenses deliver adaptive focusing by simply tuning the surface profile of liquid or the elastomer that encloses liquid. Its simple and compact configuration, low cost, and actuation efficiency promise wide industrial, medical, and consumer applications. Dielectric elastomers (DEs), one type of commercially available soft active material, have been a good fit for creating adaptive optics. In this Letter, we present an adaptive, membrane-sealed liquid lens hydrostatically coupled to a concentric annular DE actuator. Electric actuation deforms the annular DE, which induces fluid transmission between the lens part and the actuation part for lens actuation. The maximum measured focal range was from 25.4 to 105.2 mm within 1.0 kV, which significantly outperforms the existing DE-actuated liquid lenses and eliminates the need for prestraining. The lens also enables varied focal ranges by simply adjusting its initial surface sagitta, providing flexibility for practical imaging applications.
Is whole grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women's Health Study. (1999)

Total mortality risk was inversely associated with whole grain intake and positively associated with refined grain intake. Refined grains contributed more than 20% of energy intake, and whole grains contributed 1%. Substitution of whole for refined grain may reduce chronic disease risk in the United States.
Reversibly switchable wettability (2009)

This critical review outlines the current state-of-the-art research on the reversibly switchable wettability of surface brought about by external stimuli and the exchange of counterions. Chemical composition and surface topography are the two key factors in the wettability of solid substrates. Applying external stimuli and exchanging counterions of ionic liquids and polyelectrolyte films are valuable approaches for rendering the change in surface chemistry and/or topography, and for driving the transition between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of surfaces. Through the combination of stimuli-responsive films and micro-/nanostructural surfaces, smart surfaces with reversible switching between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity have been achieved. As an important advancement in reversibly switchable wettability, this review briefly introduces ionic liquids (ILs) as on-off systems to obtain reversibly switchable wettability and then discusses in more detail the methods to induce the reversibly switchable wettability of surfaces modified by ILs, additives, or thin films. In addition to reversibly switchable wettability mechanisms, open problems and potential solutions are discussed (157 references).
Imitators of Epilepsy (1997)

Abstract Epilepsy is common, but conditions that imitate epilepsy are even more common. In order to make a correct diagnosis of epilepsy, the clinician must carefully elicit a detailed history of the seizure episode. Realizing the overlap that exists between seizures that define epilepsy and those of other psychiatric conditions can also help in differentiating between epilepsy and an imitator of epilepsy. Deciphering the features of a seizure episode is also key to correct diagnosis. In this article, the physiological and psychological imitators of epilepsy are described, as well as the features of a seizure episode that should be considered in making a diagnosis. Seizure presentations are also explained followed by a description of common diagnostic pitfalls to avoid.
Intraoperative dynamic dosimetry for prostate implants (2003)

This paper describes analytic tools in support of a paradigm shift in brachytherapy treatment planning for prostate cancer--a shift from standard pre-planning to intraoperative planning using dosimetric feedback based on the actual deposited seed positions within the prostate. The method proposed is guided by several desiderata: (a) bringing both planning and evaluation in the operating room (i.e. make post-implant evaluation superfluous) therefore making rectifications--if necessary--still achievable; (b) making planning and implant evaluation consistent by using the same imaging system (ultrasound); and (c) using only equipment commonly found in a hospital operating room. The intraoperative dosimetric evaluation is based on the fusion between ultrasound images and 3D seed coordinates reconstructed from fluoroscopic projections. Automatic seed detection and registration of the fluoroscopic and ultrasound information, two of the three key ingredients needed for the intraoperative dynamic dosimetry optimization (IDDO), are explained in detail. The third one, the reconstruction of 3D coordinates from projections, was reported in a previous article. The algorithms were validated using a custom-designed phantom with non-radioactive (dummy) seeds. Also, fluoroscopic images were taken at the conclusion of an actual permanent prostate implant and compared with data on the same patient obtained from radiographic-based post-implant evaluation. To offset the effect of organ motion the comparison was performed in terms of the proximity function of the two seed distributions. The agreement between the intra- and post-operative seed distributions was excellent.
Dexamethasone inhibits the HSV-tk/ ganciclovir bystander effect in malignant glioma cells (2005)

The overall efficacy of HSV-TK gene therapy is adversely affected by dexamethasone co-treatment in vitro. Future HSV-tk/ GCV gene therapy clinical protocols for gliomas should address this interference of corticosteroid treatment.
Pitfalls in the evaluation of cathode properties from I-V characteristics (1989)

It is shown that three-halves power dependence between current and applied voltage does not guarantee sufficient electron emission all over the entire cathode area, but deviations from this dependence do not necessarily imply poor emission. The derivation of the work function from a measured I-V characteristic is obscured not only by space-charge and patch size distribution, but also by the beamlet effect. However, this effect is used to determine the barium diffusion length over a surface from a measurement of electrical current. It is also found that to obtain planar diode conditions, the distance between cathode and anode has to be smaller than about one tenth of the cathode diameter. A method that can be used to demonstrate changes in cathode series resistance curing cathode life is considered. For patchy cathodes the zero field current density is not equal to the current density obtained from Schottky extrapolation. To determine the latter properly from feasible experiments, the space charge in the saturation region has to be taken into account, i.e. space-charge correction is essential to the determination of Richardson constant and work function from a Richardson plot.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surface roughness and backscattering (1996)

Surface roughness is normally considered to be the main cause of attenuation in intergrated-optics glass waveguides. Previous analyses have concentrated on scattering of light into the radiation field; in fact, depending on the roughness length scale, scattering can be predominantly in the backward direction, raising the question of how important the coupling with the backward-directed bound mode is. We investigate this effect and show that it can be neglected in most circumstances.
Intraoperative evaluation of revascularization effect on ischemic muscle hemodynamics using near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies (2011)

Arterial revascularization in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) reestablishes large arterial blood supply to the ischemic muscles in lower extremities via bypass grafts or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Currently no gold standard is available for assessment of revascularization effects in lower extremity muscles. This study tests a novel near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter for monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation changes in medial gastrocnemius (calf) muscles during arterial revascularization. Twelve limbs with PAD undergoing revascularization were measured using a sterilized fiber-optic probe taped on top of the calf muscle. The optical measurement demonstrated sensitivity to dynamic physiological events, such as arterial clamping/releasing during bypass graft and balloon inflation/deflation during PTA. Significant elevations in calf muscle blood flow were observed after revascularization in patients with bypass graft (+48.1 ± 17.5%) and patients with PTA (+43.2 ± 11.0%), whereas acute post-revascularization effects in muscle oxygenation were not evident. The decoupling of flow and oxygenation after revascularization emphasizes the need for simultaneous measurement of both parameters. The acute elevations/improvements in calf muscle blood flow were associated with significant improvements in symptoms and functions. In total, the investigation corroborates potential of the optical methods for objectively assessing the success of arterial revascularization.
Modified phase-generated carrier demodulation compensated for the propagation delay of the fiber (2007)

In general applications, the output signals of the fiber-optic interferometric sensor (FOIS) need some demodulation techniques to linearly demodulate the sensing phase signal. The common signal demodulation circuit of the FOIS is passive homodyne demodulation using phase-generated carrier [(PGC) demodulation]. Preliminary analysis of the research demonstrates that a variation in the output demodulated signal is related to the length of the fiber, and the output demodulated signal will approach zero at some certain lengths of the fiber. To improve the performance of the FOIS, it is necessary to develop the modified PGC demodulation to compensate for the propagation delay of the fiber.
A simple programmable frequency meter for low frequencies with known nominal values (1991)

A meter which can be used to measure instantaneously the frequencies of various signals, such as power line frequencies, heart rates, and motor speeds, by only choosing the proper clock and nominal frequencies is described. The technique is based on using an up/down counter operating in the down mode only, resulting in minimum timing signals. Thus the meter is designed with a minimum number of digital integrated circuits. Two frequency meters for heart rate and power line frequency measurements are discussed. A prototype of the proposed meter is built and tested for various frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Spore Outgrowth by Nisin (2008)

The lantibiotic nisin has previously been reported to inhibit the outgrowth of spores from several Bacillus species. However, the mode of action of nisin responsible for outgrowth inhibition is poorly understood. By using B. anthracis Sterne 7702 as a model, nisin acted against spores with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) and an IC(90) of 0.57 microM and 0.90 microM, respectively. Viable B. anthracis organisms were not recoverable from cultures containing concentrations of nisin greater than the IC(90). These studies demonstrated that spores lose heat resistance and become hydrated in the presence of nisin, thereby ruling out a possible mechanism of inhibition in which nisin acts to block germination initiation. Rather, germination initiation is requisite for the action of nisin. This study also revealed that nisin rapidly and irreversibly inhibits growth by preventing the establishment of oxidative metabolism and the membrane potential in germinating spores. On the other hand, nisin had no detectable effects on the typical changes associated with the dissolution of the outer spore structures (e.g., the spore coats, cortex, and exosporium). Thus, the action of nisin results in the uncoupling of two critical sequences of events necessary for the outgrowth of spores: the establishment of metabolism and the shedding of the external spore structures.
Effects of Carbon Fillers on Rheology of Polypropylene-based Resins (2009)

Varying amounts of three different carbons (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon nanotubes) are added to polypropylene and the resulting single filler composites are tested for viscosity. In addition, the effects of single fillers and combinations of different carbon fillers are studied via a factorial design. Each single filler and all the combinations of different fillers cause a statistically significant increase in composite viscosity. For synthetic graphite/polypropylene composites, the viscosity increase is due to a volume filling effect. Composites containing carbon black and/or carbon nanotubes show viscosity increases above those containing only synthetic graphite.
License Plate Recognition Based On Prior Knowledge (2007)

In this paper, a new algorithm based on improved BP (back propagation) neural network for Chinese vehicle license plate recognition (LPR) is described. The proposed approach provides a solution for the vehicle license plates (VLP) which were degraded severely. What it remarkably differs from the traditional methods is the application of prior knowledge of license plate to the procedure of location, segmentation and recognition. Color collocation is used to locate the license plate in the image. Dimensions of each character are constant, which is used to segment the character of VLPs. The Layout of the Chinese VLP is an important feature, which is used to construct a classifier for recognizing. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm is effective under the condition that the license plates were degraded severely.