gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA-mediated transformation of bloodstream-form<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> (1993)

DNA-mediated transformation of procyclic form (insect midgut stage) Trypanosoma brucei occurs almost exclusively by homologous recombination (1, 2, 3). Until now, DNA-mediated transformation of bloodstream-form T. brucei had not been accomplished because cultivation, which is necessary for selection of transformants, was generally regarded as difficult and unreproducible. Recently, we utilized a published method (4) to show that bloodstream-form T brucei not only grow well in liquid medium but will also grow with high plating-efficiency as colonies on agarose plates (5). These advances in culture techniques permitted us to select transformed bloodstream-form clones soon after electroporation and measure transformation efficiency. We used a construct, pollNeo (Figure
The L 2 (l 2 ) bumpless transfer problem: its definition and solution (2004)

A novel characterization of bumpless transfer among alternative controllers, both in continuous and discrete time, is introduced. The bumpless transfer problem is to design a compensation scheme guaranteeing an L2 (respec- tively l2) bound on the mismatch, after the switching time from one controller to another, between the actual plant output and a particular target plant output that corresponds to an ideal response. Minimization of the gain from initial plant state mismatch to L2 (respectively, l2) plant output mismatch provides improved transients. A solution to the bumpless transfer problem is given, based on the L2 anti- windup solution described in (16), (10), both for plants without input saturation and for plants with input saturation. The solution guarantees anti-windup features in the latter case. The proposed methodology is shown to perform well on a simulation example.
Advanced welding processes : technologies and process control (2006)

An introduction to welding Advanced process development trends Welding power source technology Filler materials for arc welding Gases for advanced welding processes Advanced gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) High energy density processes Narrow-gap welding techniques Monitoring and control of welding processes Welding automation and robotics.
Production of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from <i>β</i>-Chitin by Enzymatic Hydrolysis (2001)

Abstract N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is a focusing material for the improvement of osteoarthritis, was obtained from β-chitin by enzymatic hydrolysis in high yield (76%).
Listeria grayi : vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive rod causing bacteremia in a stem cell transplant recipient (2010)

We report the first case of Listeria grayi bacteremia in a stem cell transplant recipient. The patient developed bacteremia with a gram-positive rod that was initially thought to be Corynebacterium species and a skin contaminant. The organism grew in multiple blood cultures and therapy with vancomycin was initiated. The API Coryne (version 3.0) identified the organism as L. grayi. Susceptibility testing by Etest suggested that the organism was resistant to vancomycin, but susceptible to ampicillin. After therapeutic change from vancomycin to ampicillin, the bacteremia cleared. Empiric therapy with vancomycin for all gram-positive bacterial infections is not appropriate. Accurate identification and antibiotic susceptibility is important, particularly in those with persistent bacteremia.
Real-time pose estimation for outdoor mobile robots using range data (2003)

Pose estimation is a key issue in mobile robots and important to moving object tracking. In this paper, we present a tangent based hybrid pose estimation algorithm with real-time performance using range data from laser radar, which consists of Iterative Tangent weighted Closest Point (ITCP) and Hough transform based Tangent Angle Histogram (HTAH) algorithms to overcome problems with past methods, such as local minimum, aperture-like, and high computation problems. The algorithm has been tested on both synthetic and real range data in outdoor environments. Experimental results demonstrate its high accuracy, low computation, wide applicability and high robustness to aperture-like problems, occlusion and noise.
Order-recursive precoding for cooperative multi-point transmission (2010)

This paper describes an order-recursive algorithm to calculate the Wiener transmit filter for coherent coordinated multi-point transmissions between several decentralized base stations to several decentralized mobile terminals in cellular radio networks. State of the art implementations do not offer the flexibility to handle multiple transmission setups as required for multi-user precoding in conjunction with the proposed reduced complexity. A discussion of all signal processing steps shows how algebraic observations are mapped to physical parameters and how they reflect the spatial eigenmodes. These observations can be integrated into a spatial scheduling process to extend the precoding coefficients recursively with additional spatial streams. Finally, experimental resultqs with a hardware platform for cellular field trials are presented that compare the proposed multiuser interference cancelation technique with a non-cooperative transmission.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of β-Amino Acids (2006)

A detailed study of the addition of the dianions of carboxylic acids to isocyanates is presented. The use of sub-stoichiometric amounts of the amine in the generation of the dianion leads to an optimized process, which prevents the formation of urea derivatives due to the secondary reaction of isocyanates with the amine. This methodology is a new approach to the synthesis of β-amino acids with better control of α-substitution than previously described.
A Minimally Invasive Tendril Robot for In-Space Inspection (2006)

Current work at NASA's Johnson Space Center is focusing on the identification and design of novel robotic archetypes to fill roles complimentary to current space robots during in-space assembly and maintenance tasks. Tendril, NASA's latest robot designed for minimally invasive inspection, is one system born of this effort. Inspired by the biology of snakes, tentacles, and climbing plants, the Tendril robot is a long slender manipulator that can extend deep into crevasses and under thermal blankets to inspect areas largely inaccessible by conventional means. The design of the Tendril, with its multiple bending segments and 1 cm diameter, also serves as an initial step in exploring the whole body control known to continuum robots coupled with the small scale and dexterity found in medical and commercial minimally invasive devices. An overview of Tendril's design is presented along with preliminary results from testing that seeks to improve Tendril's performance through an iterative design process
Bonding in MgSi and Al-Mg-Si compounds relevant to Al-Mg-Si alloys (2003)

The bonding and stability of MgSi and Al-Mg-Si compounds relevant to Al-Mg-Si alloys is investigated with the use of (linearized) augmented plane-wave + (local-orbitals) density-functional theory calculations. We show that the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ phases found in the precipitation sequence are characterized by the presence of covalent bonds between Si-Si nearest-neighbor pairs and covalent/ionic bonds between Mg-Si nearest-neighbor pairs. We then investigate the stability of two recently discovered precipitate phases, $U1$ and $U2,$ both containing Al in addition to Mg and Si. We show that both phases are characterized by tightly bound Al-Si networks, made possible by a transfer of charge from the Mg atoms.
A prime number labeling scheme for dynamic ordered XML trees (2004)

Efficient evaluation of XML queries requires the determination of whether a relationship exists between two elements. A number of labeling schemes have been designed to label the element nodes such that the relationships between nodes can be easily determined by comparing their labels. With the increased popularity of XML on the Web, finding a labeling scheme that is able to support order-sensitive queries in the presence of dynamic updates becomes urgent. We propose a new labeling scheme that take advantage of the unique property of prime numbers to meet this need. The global order of the nodes can be captured by generating simultaneous congruence values from the prime number node labels. Theoretical analysis of the label size requirements for the various labeling schemes is given. Experiment results indicate that the prime number labeling scheme is compact compared to existing dynamic labeling schemes, and provides efficient support to order-sensitive queries and updates.
Discovery of mesencephalic astrocyte -derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) as a secreted, endoplasmic reticulum stress response-induced gene, and its role in the heart (2010)

Activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) occurs when nascent protein folding in the ER is impeded. Such impediment can occur in the heart upon myocardial ischemia, when there is a lack of oxygen and nutrient flow to the heart, leading to ischemic damage. This can be minimized by activation of protective pathways such as the ERSR, in particular, the ATF6 branch of the ERSR. ATF6, a transcription factor, induced numerous genes in the heart, including mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF). MANF is induced in cardiomyocytes, in the heart, in response to in vivo myocardial infarction and in response to simulated ischemia, in neonatal rat ventricular cardiac myocyte cultures, in vitro. Unlike many other ER-resident ERSR induced proteins, MANF has a non-canonical ER-retention sequence, which may result in its conditional secretion. MANF expression in resulted in protection from serum starvation-induced apoptosis. MANF knockdown in cardiomyocytes resulted in increased susceptibility to simulated ischemia/reperfusion (sI/R)-induced cell death, while addition of recombinant MANF (rMANF) conferred protection, suggesting a possible autocrine/paracrine function. MANF overexpression led to decreased cardiomyocyte growth, while MANF knockdown exacerbated hypertrophy, as characterized by activation of the MAPK pathway, and NFAT, and induction of hypertrophic growth markers such as ANF. rMANF had no effect on cardiomyocyte growth, suggesting a role for intracellular MANF. While the exact mechanism of action is still unclear, MANF overexpression during sI/R enhanced activation of pro- survival signaling pathways, such as the MAPK and PI3K/Akt, and addition of rMANF also activated the MAPK pathway. These findings indicate that MANF may have multiple mechanisms of action, and that it may be dependent on its location (intracellular or extracellular) and the nature of the stress (pro-growth vs ER stress). While further studies are required to fully understand the role of MANF, these studies, for the first time, demonstrate that MANF not only protects myocytes from ER stress-induced cell death, but also from hypertrophic growth, which is known to lead to myocyte death, and eventually heart failure
Saccharification of Natural Lignocellulose Biomass and Polysaccharides by Highly Negatively Charged Heteropolyacids in Concentrated Aqueous Solution (2011)

Highly negatively charged heteropolyacids (HPAs), in particular H(5) BW(12) O(40) , efficiently promoted saccharification of crystalline cellulose into water-soluble saccharides in concentrated aqueous solutions (e.g., 82 % total yield and 77 % glucose yield, based on cellulose with a 0.7 M H(5) BW(12) O(40) solution); the performance was much better than those of previously reported systems with commonly utilized mineral acids (e.g., H(2) SO(4) and HCl) and HPAs (e.g., H(3) PW(12) O(40) and H(4) SiW(12) O(40)). Besides crystalline cellulose, the present system was applicable to the selective transformation of cellobiose, starch, and xylan to the corresponding monosaccharides such as glucose and xylose. In addition, one-pot synthesis of levulinic acid and sorbitol directly from cellulose was realized by using concentrated HPA solutions. The present system, concentrated aqueous solutions of highly negatively charged HPAs, was further applicable to saccharification of natural (non-purified) lignocellulose biomass, such as "rice plant straw", "oil palm empty fruit bunch (palm EFB) fiber", and "Japanese cedar sawdust", giving a mixture of the corresponding water-soluble saccharides, such as glucose (main product), galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose, in high yields (≥77 % total yields of saccharides based on holocellulose). Separation of the saccharides and H(5) BW(12) O(40) was easy, and the retrieved H(5) BW(12) O(40) could repeatedly be used without appreciable loss of the high performance.
An Unexpected Equilibrium Process Associated with a Standard Approach to Ynone Synthesis (2002)

A direct comparison between Weinreb amides and morpholine amides was made with regard to their reactions with alkynyllithium reagents to form ynones. While treatment with stoichiometric alkynyllithium generally effects complete reaction in the case of Weinreb amides, incomplete reactions are obtained from the corresponding morpholine amides. This difference is attributed to an unexpected equilibrium process in the latter case, and it is shown that the use of excess alkynyllithium reagent with morpholine amides provides a synthetically useful synthesis of ynones at 0 degrees C.
Multi-video compression in texture space (2005)

We present a model-based approach to encode multiple synchronized video streams depicting a dynamic scene from different viewpoints. With approximate 3D scene geometry available, we compensate for motion as well as disparity by transforming all video images to object textures prior to compression. A two-level hierarchical coding strategy is employed to efficiently exploit inter-texture coherence as well as to ensure quick random access during decoding. Experimental validation shows that attainable compression ratios range up to 50:1 without subsampling. The proposed coding scheme is intended for use in conjunction with free-viewpoint video and 3D-TV applications.
Evaluation of Musa germplasm for resistance to Sigatoka diseases and Fusarium wilt (1998)

INIBAP / PROMUSA / CTA. In collaboration with the PROMUSA working groups on Sigatoka and Fusarium. (English, French or Spanish version)
Barium Titanium Glycolate:  A New Barium Titanate Powder Precursor (1996)

The solvated barium titanium glycolate BaTi(C2H4O)3·4C2H6O·H2O forms a preceramic powder upon calcination in air at 900 °C that sinters to polycrystalline BaTiO3 at 1300 °C (see inset). The precursor is easily prepared using benchtop procedures from inexpensive starting materials and yields ceramic BaTiO3 having good electrical properties (K‘ = 2260, loss tan δ = 0.01 at 1 V/cm, 1 kHz, 25 °C).
A Dendritic Cell–Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3–Grabbing Nonintegrin (Dc-Sign)–Related Protein Is Highly Expressed on Human Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Promotes HIV-1 Infection (2001)

The discovery of dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) as a DC-specific ICAM-3 binding receptor that enhances HIV-1 infection of T cells in trans has indicated a potentially important role for adhesion molecules in AIDS pathogenesis. A related molecule called DC-SIGNR exhibits 77% amino acid sequence identity with DC-SIGN. The DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR genes map within a 30-kb region on chromosome 19p13.2-3. Their strong homology and close physical location indicate a recent duplication of the original gene. Messenger RNA and protein expression patterns demonstrate that the DC-SIGN-related molecule is highly expressed on liver sinusoidal cells and in the lymph node but not on DCs, in contrast to DC-SIGN. Therefore, we suggest that a more appropriate name for the DC-SIGN-related molecule is L-SIGN, liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin. We show that in the liver, L-SIGN is expressed by sinusoidal endothelial cells. Functional studies indicate that L-SIGN behaves similarly to DC-SIGN in that it has a high affinity for ICAM-3, captures HIV-1 through gp120 binding, and enhances HIV-1 infection of T cells in trans. We propose that L-SIGN may play an important role in the interaction between liver sinusoidal endothelium and trafficking lymphocytes, as well as function in the pathogenesis of HIV-1.
Efficient Embeddings of Binary Trees in VLSI Arrays (1987)

We consider the problem of embedding a complete binary tree in squareor hexagonally-connected VLSI arrays Of processing elements (PE's). This problem can be solved in a radically different manner from current layout techniques which are aimed at laying out a given graph in the plane. The difference is due to the fact that a PE can be used both as a tree node and as a connecting element between distant nodes. New embedding schemes are presented in which (asymptotically) 100 percent of the PE's are utilized as tree nodes. This is a significant savings over known schemes, which achieve 50 percent utilization (the well-known H-tree) and 71 percent for some hexagonal schemes. These schemes also speed up signal propagation from the root to the leaves.
Influence of Automatic Engine Stop/Start Systems on Vehicle NVH and Launch Performance (2015)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Integration of automatic engine Stop/Start systems in “conventional” drivetrains with 12V starters is a relatively cost-effective measure to reduce fuel consumption. Therefore, automatic engine Stop/Start systems are becoming more prevalent and increasing market share of such systems is predicted. A quick, reliable and consistent engine start behavior is essential for customer acceptance of these systems. The launch of the vehicle should not be compromised by the Stop/Start system, which implies that the engine start time and transmission readiness for transmitting torque should occur within the time the driver releases the brake pedal and de-presses the accelerator pedal. Comfort and NVH aspects will continue to play an important role for customer acceptance of these systems. Hence, the engine stop and re-start behavior should be imperceptible to the driver from both a tactile and acoustic standpoint.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the details of various powertrain calibration factors for the engine start process. The key phases of an engine start event are described in detail, and their influence on the vehicle vibration investigated. The engine stop behavior is analyzed with respect to crank position and possible engine “roll back” and its influence on vehicle vibration. Unconventional start systems such as assisted direct starts are investigated with respect to engine start time and associated NVH behavior. Case studies are utilized to illustrate the influence of cylinder pressure, spark, and injection system parameters on the engine start process. In addition, key parameters of torque converted equipped planetary automatic transmissions with respect to the engine start behavior are analyzed. Comparisons of different Stop/Start systems are conducted and their influence on engine start, launch delay, and “change-of-mind” engine re-start are summarized.</div></div>
Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: Opportunities and limitations (2011)

Neuroimaging enables the noninvasive evaluation of glioma and is considered to be one of the key factors for individualized therapy and patient management, since accurate diagnosis and demarcation of viable tumor tissue is required for treatment planning as well as assessment of treatment response. Conventional imaging techniques like MRI and CT reveal morphological information but are of limited value for the assessment of more specific and reproducible information about biology and activity of the tumor. Molecular imaging with PET is increasingly implemented in neuro-oncology, since it provides additional metabolic information of the tumor, both for patient management as well as for evaluation of newly developed therapeutics. Different molecular processes have been proposed to be useful, like glucose consumption, expression of amino acid transporters, proliferation rate, membrane biosynthesis, and hypoxia. Thus, PET might help neuro-oncologists gain further insights into tumor biology by "true molecular imaging" as well as understand treatment-related phenomena. This review describes the method of PET acquisition as well as the tracers used to image biological processes in gliomas. Furthermore, it considers the clinical impact of PET on the use of currently available radiotracers, which were shown to be potentially valuable for discrimination between neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissue, as well as on tumor grading, determinination of treatment response, and providing an outlook toward further developments.
Droplet size spectra generated in turbulent pipe flow of dilute liquid/liquid dispersions (1978)

Abstract Experiments were carried out with water dispersed in hydrocarbons at various flow rates. The measured size spectra can be well represented by either an upper limit log‐probability function or a Rosin‐Rammler type of equation with constant parameters and only one variable, the maximum drop diameter d max or d 95 . The latter can be predicted satisfactorily by a correlation based on the Hinze/Kolmogorov model of droplet breakup.
The point spread function of spiral CT (2005)

Computed tomography (CT) scanners are usually described by their in-plane resolution and slice-sensitivity profile (SSP). Other imaging systems are characterized by their point spread function (PSF). The PSF is an excellent basis for the analysis, design and enhancement of imaging systems. The 3D PSF of CT systems has rarely been considered, and has usually been approximated by a 3D Gaussian. We present mathematical analysis of the PSF of single-slice and multi-slice fan-beam and cone-beam CT, for major reconstruction algorithms. We show that the PSF has a complicated, non-separable 3D shape. It is anisotropic in the xy plane and twisted in the z direction. Furthermore, the PSF is space variant in all three axes. In particular, it rotates as the input impulse function moves in the z direction. The PSF may also have effective discontinuities that can lead to streaking artefacts. Indirect measurements of the PSF can be misleading. We support the theoretical results by direct experimental measurements of the PSF.
Render2MPEG: A Perception‐based Framework Towards Integrating Rendering and Video Compression (2008)

Abstract Currently 3D animation rendering and video compression are completely independent processes even if rendered frames are streamed on‐the‐fly within a client‐server platform. In such scenario, which may involve time‐varying transmission bandwidths and different display characteristics at the client side, dynamic adjustment of the rendering quality to such requirements can lead to a better use of server resources. In this work, we present a framework where the renderer and MPEG codec are coupled through a straightforward interface that provides precise motion vectors from the rendering side to the codec and perceptual error thresholds for each pixel in the opposite direction. The perceptual error thresholds take into account bandwidth‐dependent quantization errors resulting from the lossy com‐pression as well as image content‐dependent luminance and spatial contrast masking. The availability of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients at the codec side enables to use advanced models of the human visual system (HVS) in the perceptual error threshold derivation without incurring any significant cost. Those error thresholds are then used to control the rendering quality and make it well aligned with the compressed stream quality. In our prototype system we use the lightcuts technique developed by Walter et al., which we enhance to handle dynamic image sequences, and an MPEG‐2 implementation. Our results clearly demonstrate many advantages of coupling the rendering with video compression in terms of faster rendering. Furthermore, temporally coherent rendering leads to a reduction of temporal artifacts.