gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring the arterial input function with gradient echo sequences (2003)

The measurement of the arterial input function by use of gradient echo sequences was investigated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. First, calibration curves representing the influence of the concentration of Gd-DTPA on both the phase and the amplitude of the MR signal were measured in human blood by means of a slow-infusion experiment. The results showed a linear increase in the phase velocity and a quadratic increase in DeltaR(*) (2) as a function of the Gd-DTPA concentration. Next, the resultant calibration curves were incorporated in a partial volume correction algorithm for the arterial input function determination. The algorithm was tested in a phantom experiment and was found to substantially improve the accuracy of the concentration measurement. Finally, the reproducibility of the arterial input function measurement was estimated in 16 patients by considering the input function of the left and the right sides as replicate measurements. This in vivo study showed that the reproducibility of the arterial input function determination using gradient echo sequences is improved by employing a partial volume correction algorithm based on the calibration curve for the contrast agent used.
Antiendotoxin therapies for septic shock. (1993)

Gram-negative shock is thought to result primarily from the effects of endotoxin, a component of the bacterial outer membrane. Accordingly, therapies aimed at inhibiting, neutralizing, or clearing endotoxin have been extensively explored. Despite over 30 years of research, no antiendotoxin approach to the treatment of human septic shock is of proven benefit. In recent randomized clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies against endotoxin, therapeutic efficacy was not convincingly demonstrated. This result, however, does not eliminate the possibility that other antiendotoxin therapies may be effective. The antibodies used in these clinical trials do not appear to neutralize endotoxin in vitro and are not reproducibly protective in animal models of sepsis. Newer agents with well-defined mechanisms of antiendotoxin activity may help clarify the role of endotoxin in septic shock and prove useful therapy for some patients.
Cognitive Computing and the Future of Health Care Cognitive Computing and the Future of Healthcare: The Cognitive Power of IBM Watson Has the Potential to Transform Global Personalized Medicine (2017)

Welcome to the era of cognitive health care, a new partnership between human beings and technology with the goal of transforming health care on a global scale.
Pathotyping <i>Escherichia coli</i> by Using Miniaturized DNA Microarrays (2007)

The detection of virulence determinants harbored by pathogenic Escherichia coli is important for establishing the pathotype responsible for infection. A sensitive and specific miniaturized virulence microarray containing 60 oligonucleotide probes was developed. It detected six E. coli pathotypes and will be suitable in the future for high-throughput use.
Demonstration of Fuel Economy Benefit of Friction Modifier Additives via Fuel-to-Lubricant Transfer in Euro-5 Gasoline Fleet (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Improved fuel economy is a key measure of performance in the automotive industry, driven both by market demand and increasingly stringent government emissions regulations. In this climate, targeting even small benefits to fuel consumption (FC) can have a large impact when considering fleet average CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Lubricant properties over the course of an oil drain interval (ODI) directly influence long-term fuel consumption. Furthermore, viscosity control gasoline additives have been shown to provide FC benefit via fuel-to-lubricant transfer. This study investigated whether consistently fueling with gasoline containing friction modifier (FM) additives could provide a long-term fuel consumption benefit via a lubricant transfer mechanism.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A robust fleet trial method was employed to quantify fuel consumption benefits of two friction modifier additive packages relative to a baseline deposit control additive (DCA) package in a 95 RON, E5 fuel. FC was measured for 32 market relevant vehicles over the course of a European ODI. The test was performed with 12,000 mile on-road accumulation in a 60/40 urban/high speed driving route. Changes in FC were measured periodically on a chassis dynamometer (CD) using the industry standard New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) procedure. NEDC emissions results demonstrated statistically significant FC benefits for fuels containing FM additives relative to a DCA only reference fuel, with 0.60% and 0.71% benefit at the 95% confidence level. Lubricant analysis confirmed transfer of FM additives to the lubricant sump, providing support for a fuel-lubricant interaction mechanism. This study thus demonstrates that statistically significant long-term fuel consumption benefits can be obtained by consistent fueling with FM dosed gasoline.</div></div>
Friction and Wear of Polytetrafluoroethylene/Graphene Oxide Composite Thin Films (2013)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a commonly used solid lubricant due to its low coefficient of friction and chemical inertness. As a polymer, PTFE suffers from high wear and low adhesion to substrates limiting its use as a thin film. Thin PTFE films are ideal candidates for solid lubrication in micro-machines and bearing applications. The main goal of this work is to enhance the durability of thin PTFE films through the addition of few layered graphene oxide (GO) as filler. In order to address adhesion issues, the addition of an adhesive layer of polydopamine (PDA) between stainless steel substrates and thin PTFE films was also investigated. An automatic friction abrasion analyzer was used to perform friction and wear testing with a ball-on-flat configuration. Wear tracks of the thin PTFE films were analyzed using optical microscopy and a surface profilometer. Counterfaces were examined using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy for the formation of PTFE transfer film. The lone addition of GO to PTFE thin films increased durability by nearly 6 times. Combining an adhesive layer of PDA and GO as filler to thin PTFE films resulted in a significant increase in durability of approximately 41 times. Single coatings of unfilled PTFE films experienced large amounts of delamination, plowing, and global shearing of PTFE bands within the wear track during friction and wear testing. The addition of GO particles impeded global shearing of the PTFE bands while slowing the wear rate of thin PTFE films through load support. Upon the addition of PDA, changes in the wear mechanism were evident. A mixture of plowing and cutting was observed for samples employing a PDA adhesive layer. Ribbon-like wear debris was generated during testing. Increasing the adherence also minimized delamination of the thin PTFE film from the substrate. Overall, the results showed that significant increases in durability of thin PTFE films can be achieved through the addition of GO as filler, especially when an adhesive layer of PDA is applied between the film and substrate.
Valuating Privacy (2005)

In several experimental auctions, participants put a dollar value on private information before revealing it to a group. An analysis of results show that a trait's desirability in relation to the group played a key role in the amount people demanded to publicize private information. Because people can easily obtain, aggregate, and disperse personal data electronically, privacy is a central concern in the information age. This concern is clear in relation to financial data and genetic information, both of which can lead to identity abuse and discrimination. However, other relatively harmless information can also be abused, including a person's gender, salary, age, marital status, or shopping preferences. What's unclear is whether it's the fear of such abuse that actually causes people's stated hesitance to reveal their data. Our hypothesis - and the motivation for our study - is that people reveal information when they feel that they're somewhat typical or positively atypical compared to the target group. To test this hypothesis, we conducted experiments that elicit the value people place on their private data. We found, with great significance (more than 95 percent statistical confidence) that a linear relationship exists between an individual's belief about a trait and the value he or she places on it. That is, the less desirable the trait, the greater the price a person demands for releasing the information. Furthermore, we found that small deviations in a socially positive direction are associated with a lower asking price.
On‐line control of a semibatch emulsion polymerization reactor based on calorimetry (1997)

Abstract In this work, on‐line calorimetry was used to estimate the conversion and the copolymer composition in emulsion polymerization systems. Real‐time feedback control of the polymer composition during the semibatch emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate was carried out. Both homogeneous copolymers and copolymers with previous defined composition profiles were obtained. It was shown that the feedback control was able to avoid monomer accumulation in the reactor, and hence potentially dangerous thermal runaways, without any deleterious effect on the polymer composition, when a sudden inhibition was caused by deliberately adding a solution of hydroquinone. The use of feedback control for the maximization of the production rate under safe conditions in the unseeded emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and VeoVa10 (an alkyl vinyl ester from Shell) is also presented.
Interpreting and Unifying Outlier Scores (2011)

Outlier scores provided by different outlier models differ widely in their meaning, range, and contrast between different outlier models and, hence, are not easily comparable or interpretable. We propose a unification of outlier scores provided by various outlier models and a translation of the arbitrary “outlier factors” to values in the range [0, 1] interpretable as values describing the probability of a data object of being an outlier. As an application, we show that this unification facilitates enhanced ensembles for outlier detection.
IgE-mediated release of histamine from human cutaneous mast cells. (1983)

We investigated the ability of antigen-IgE interactions to stimulate histamine release from human infant cutaneous mast cells. Skin obtained at circumcision contained numerous perivascular mast cells, as assessed by light and electron microscopy. The histamine content of this tissue averaged 17.7 ng (+/- 1.5 SEM)/mg wet weight. Challenge of 200-microns thick sections of unsensitized skin with varying concentrations of monoclonal murine antibodies to human IgE caused no net release of histamine. After skin sections were incubated in the presence of 5 micrograms/ml of human myeloma IgE (S) for 120 min at 37 degrees C, monoclonal anti-IgE challenge resulted in 40.1% (+/- 6.0 SEM) histamine release. Similar passive sensitization with 1/20 dilutions of serum from humans expressing IgE to purified Juniperus sabinoides (JS) antigen rendered the tissue responsive to specific antigen challenge. Dose-related histamine release occurred over 30 min with optimal release of 12.6% (+/- 2.4 SEM) after stimulation with 100 ng/ml of JS antigen. This reaction required sensitization with serum containing IgE to JS and was antigen-specific. Optimal reactions to antigen occurred at 3 mM added Ca++, 34 degrees C to 37 degrees C, pH 7.2. Antigen-induced release was markedly influenced by the added Ca++ concentration; no release occurred in the absence of Ca++, 54% of the optimal response was observed at 2 mM Ca++, and 28% of the optimal response occurred at 4 mM Ca++. The addition of Mg++ did not influence antigen-induced release. The results of this study provide functional evidence that 1) human infant cutaneous mast cells express Fc-epsilon receptors; 2) these receptors are largely unoccupied in vivo; and 3) stimulation of passively sensitized infant mast cells with anti-IgE or specific antigen leads to immediate histamine release. This new system should permit detailed in vitro studies of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in human skin.
Exploring algorithms using Balsa-II (1988)

The use of the Balsa-II algorithm animation environment to investigate the dynamic behavior of programs is discussed. Balsa-II is examined first from a user's perspective and then from a programmer's perspective. Some related systems are briefly considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characteristics of single-polarized phased array of tapered slot antennas (2002)

Numerical and experimental studies are beginning to reveal some of the important design parameters of wide-band tapered slot antenna arrays. Results from several studies are presented to illustrate the problems encountered in antenna design and to provide guidance in developing successful designs. Parameter studies suggest that the stripline stub and slotline cavity have a large impact on performance at the upper and lower ends of the frequency band and that the antenna flare can be altered to impact in-band SWR. Some impedance anomalies that limit wide-band scanning are identified and some corrective actions are suggested.
High tech v. high touch: a case study of TQM implementation inhigher education (1995)

Presents the results of a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of a TQM programme in higher education. The academic advising office at the University of Houston College of Business Administration implemented a quality improvement programme called the TQM laboratory, which used the SERVQUAL instrument to assess student perceptions of service quality prior to TQM programme implementation, and then during the subsequent semester. Results yielded some implications regarding the trade‐off between high tech and high touch which may be of interest to managers. Specifically, the high‐tech focus of the TQM laboratory increased student perceptions of service quality regarding reliability and responsiveness. However, there was a corresponding decrease in the high‐touch area. Student perceptions of empathy decreased significantly with the implementation of the TQM laboratory.
Development of a Cost‐Effective and Simple Protocol for Decellularization and Preservation of Human Amniotic Membrane as a Soft Tissue Replacement and Delivery System for Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (2015)

The aim of this study is to develop a simple and cost-effective method for decellularization and preservation of human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a soft tissue replacement and a delivery system for stem cells. The HAM is decellularized (D) using new chemical and mechanical techniques. The decellularization scaffold is evaluated histologically and fully characterized. The cell adhesion and proliferation on the scaffold are also investigated and the biocompatibility of D tissues is evaluated in vivo. The histological studies reveal that the cells are successfully removed from the D tissue. The DNA extraction shows more than 95% cell removal (p = 0.001). The in vitro results indicate that the decellularisation process does not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the tissue, whereas it increases the in vitro biodegradation value (p < 0.05). In the D samples, there is no significant cytotoxicity, and no changes are found in the rate of cell proliferation (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemistry staining indicates that all the tested components remain unchanged within the D tissues. The count of inflammatory cells show that the decellularization process slightly increases the biocompatibility of the tissue after 7 days post-surgery. The results indicate that scaffold proves to be reproducible, rapid, and cost-effective, with a potential role for clinical application.
Purification of fusion proteins expressed by pEX3 and a truncated pEX3 derivative (1988)

A derivative of the pEX3 expression vector was constructed that codes for the first 407 amino acids of the 1051 amino acids of the pEX3 fusion protein. The amount of truncated fusion protein (40 mg/g cells), obtained by expression in E. coli, was similar to that produced by the original pEX3 vector. The truncated fusion protein was purified more easily from E. coli contaminants than the original fusion protein by washing with 2 M urea and 0.5% Triton X-100.
Use of Copper Powder Extinguishers on Lithium Fires (1994)

The suitability of using copper powder extinguishers for controlling lithium fires resulting from a damaged Mark 50 Torpedo boiler assembly was evaluated. The results indicated that under ideal conditions, i.e., unobstructed access to the fire, copper powder will extinguish burning lithium when applied at the recommended rate of 4.5 kg (10 1b) of copper per 0.45 kg (1 1b) of lithium. However, the presence of obstructions or of high spots on the surface of the burning lithium increases the quantity of copper powder required for extinguishment. Lithium fires Copper powder extinguishers Fire extinguishment
A multi-mode cavity filter with Jerusalem Cross structure resonator (2013)

In this paper, a novel multi-mode dielectric resonator sandwiched by a Jerusalem Cross metal structure in the middle is proposed. This resonator has one degenerate dual modes and another nearby mode. These three modes are smartly used in a cylindrical cavity to generate two transmission zeros and one transmission pole. Therefore a single-cavity multi-mode bandpass filter is designed. In order to excite the three modes, two ports are placed orthogonally and another two tuning screws are needed to provide similar capacitance effects as the port pins. Simulation results show that the cavity with the resonator successfully becomes a bandpass filter and measurement results also prove this concept.
Hydrogenation of Phenol by the Pd/Mg and Pd/Fe Bimetallic Systems under Mild Reaction Conditions (2002)

Three palladium-catalyzed zerovalent metal systems were found to be able to hydrogenate phenol to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone under room temperature and pressure conditions. Exposure of 5.0 mM aqueous phenol solutions to Pd (2.6 ppt m/m)/Mg (1.00 g 20 mesh) and to 0.53 g of 1/8 in. Pd (0.5%)/alumina in contact with 1.00 g 20 mesh Mg results in 74% and 24% destruction of the reactant after 6 h of reaction time. The latter system was found to be greatly enhanced in the presence of 2% (v/v) glacial acetic acid, resulting in an 84% reduction of phenol with a carbon balance of 93%. Palladized iron and unmodified metals systems were much less effective at hydrogenating phenol. The advantage of the 1/8 in. Pd/alumina/20 mesh Mg system is that it gives a readily recoverable form of the catalysts when compared to the bimetallic systems.
Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds of Nitrogen. LV (1951)

Chlorophenyl nitropyridyl ethers were prepared by the condensation of 2-chloro-5-(and 3)-nitropyridine with potassium salts of mono-, di- and trichlorophenols, and reduced to chlorophenyl aminopyridyl ethers in order to test the latter's antibacterial activities.
Effect of Asphaltene Dispersants on Aggregate Size Distribution and Growth (2009)

A crude oil system can become unstable because of changes in hydrocarbon composition, pressure, or temperature during normal production from the reservoir or during commingling with dissimilar crude oils. These changes can generate asphaltene particles that can result in significant production and refining problems. The generation of these particles is a two-step process: phase separation and asphaltene particle growth. Phase separation occurs when nanosize asphaltene particles from the crude oil precipitate and grow into large aggregates. Our study on asphaltene precipitation shows that large asphaltene particles are aggregates consisting of very small (sub-micrometer) size asphaltene particles. One mechanism to control asphaltenes is to kinetically inhibit the phase separation of asphaltenes by adding a small amount of a chemical that interferes with the phase separation processes. Another mechanism to control asphaltenes is to inhibit growth by stabilizing the colloidal suspension of the sub-micrometer asphaltene particles to significantly slow the flocculation and settling processes. Asphaltene chemical additives of known molecular structures as well as proprietary chemical blends were selected for this study. None of chemicals studied inhibited phase separation; however, some of the dispersants did slow or stop flocculation and growth. Four different analytical techniques have been used to study the effect of chemical additives on asphaltene aggregation and settling and to evaluate the effectiveness of different asphaltene chemicals in keeping asphaltene particles suspended/dispersed in crude oils. From the turbidity measurement, asphaltene dispersants can be classified into three categories based on their performance. The particle size distribution measurement showed three different types of asphaltenes: stable asphaltenes, colloidal asphaltenes, and flocculated asphaltenes, on the basis of aggregate sizes. Asphaltene dispersants can stabilize colloidal asphaltenes and slow the growth and formation of flocculated asphaltenes. These results can be used to select the best chemical treatment plan for preventing/reducing asphaltene settling and deposition.
Accounting for Signal Loss Due to Dephasing in the Correction of Distortions in Gradient-Echo EPI Via Nonrigid Registration (2007)

Gradient-echo (GE) echo planar imaging (EPI) is susceptible to both geometric distortions and signal loss. This paper presents a retrospective correction approach based on nonrigid image registration. A new physics-based intensity correction factor derived to compensate for intravoxel dephasing in GE EPI images is incorporated into a previously reported nonrigid registration algorithm. Intravoxel dephasing causes signal loss and thus intensity attenuation in the images. The new rephasing factor we introduce, which changes the intensity of a voxel in images during the registration, is used to improve the accuracy of the intensity-based nonrigid registration method and mitigate the intensity attenuation effect. Simulation-based experiments are first used to evaluate the method. A magnetic resonance (MR) simulator and a real field map are used to generate a realistic GE EPI image. The geometric distortion computed from the field map is used as the ground truth to which the estimated nonrigid deformation is compared. We then apply the algorithm to a set of real human brain images. The results show that, after registration, alignment between EPI and multi-shot, spin-echo images, which have relatively long acquisition times but negligible distortion, is improved and that signal loss caused by dephasing can be recovered.
StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domains (2019)

A good image-to-image translation model should learn a mapping between different visual domains while satisfying the following properties: 1) diversity of generated images and 2) scalability over multiple domains. Existing methods address either of the issues, having limited diversity or multiple models for all domains. We propose StarGAN v2, a single framework that tackles both and shows significantly improved results over the baselines. Experiments on CelebA-HQ and a new animal faces dataset (AFHQ) validate our superiority in terms of visual quality, diversity, and scalability. To better assess image-to-image translation models, we release AFHQ, high-quality animal faces with large inter- and intra-domain differences. The code, pretrained models, and dataset can be found at https://github.com/clovaai/stargan-v2.