gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ranking in R <sup> p </sup> and its use in multivariate image estimation (1990)

In this paper, we consider the extension of ranking a set of elements in R to ranking a set of vectors in a p'th dimensional space R<sup>p</sup>. In the approach presented here vector ranking reduces to ordering vectors according to a sorted list of vector distances. A statistical analysis of this vector ranking is presented, and these vector ranking concepts are then used to develop ranked-order type estimators for multivariate image fields. We develop a class of vector filters which are efficient smoothers in additive noise and can be designed to have detail-preserving characteristics. A statistical analysis is developed for the class of filters and a number of simulations were performed in order to quantitatively evaluate their performance. These simulations involve the estimation of both stationary multivariate random signals and color images in additive noise.
Inhibition of lysosomal protease cathepsin D reduces renal fibrosis in murine chronic kidney disease (2016)

During chronic kidney disease (CKD) there is a dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis leading to renal fibrosis. Lysosomal proteases such as cathepsins (Cts) regulate this process in other organs, however, their role in CKD is still unknown. Here we describe a novel role for cathepsins in CKD. CtsD and B were located in distal and proximal tubular cells respectively in human disease. Administration of CtsD (Pepstatin A) but not B inhibitor (Ca074-Me), in two mouse CKD models, UUO and chronic ischemia reperfusion injury, led to a reduction in fibrosis. No changes in collagen transcription or myofibroblasts numbers were observed. Pepstatin A administration resulted in increased extracellular urokinase and collagen degradation. In vitro and in vivo administration of chloroquine, an endo/lysosomal inhibitor, mimicked Pepstatin A effect on renal fibrosis. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which CtsD inhibition leads to increased collagenolytic activity due to an impairment in lysosomal recycling. This results in increased extracellular activity of enzymes such as urokinase, triggering a proteolytic cascade, which culminates in more ECM degradation. Taken together these results suggest that inhibition of lysosomal proteases, such as CtsD, could be a new therapeutic approach to reduce renal fibrosis and slow progression of CKD.
Ultra Speed Tensile of Rubber and Synthetic Elastomers (1950)

A high speed stress-strain machine has been developed which is capable of recording the stress-strain curve of elastomers at elongation rates up to 270 percent/msec. Data are reported on two series of gum and tread stocks of hevea and of the synthetic elastomers, GR-S, Hycar OR, butyl, Perbunan, and Neoprene GN. The second (elastomer) series was also run at 150°C. In general, stress-strain curves fall into two classes. Stocks of elastomers which are known to crystallize on stretching tend to show tensiles which decrease with increasing speed up to about 10 percent/msec., pass through a minimum and rise more or less drastically to values 100 percent (or more) greater than the Scott tensile. Elastomers which do not crystallize on stretching tend to show a steady rise in tensile with increasing speed. Elongation at break curves show a maximum with crystallizing stocks and no maximum with non-crystallizing stocks. The shape of the modulus versus speed curves is accounted for on the hypothesis of different types of slipping bonds with different characteristic relaxation times. The shift of curves for tread stocks with temperature allows the estimation of a heat of activation of slippage. This comes out to be of the order of 3 kg cal.
A new MMIC sampling phase detector design for space applications (2003)

A new sampling phase detector monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) using a standard 0.18-μm GaAs technology has been designed and tested. The authors emphasize that commutation time has to be taken into account rather than pulse duration, as done in previous presented works. Thus, the new SPD design concept eases command-signal generation. It also solves the tradeoff between phase detection and RF signal input-to-output isolation through the use of a double sampler topology and a proper command-signal generation. It has been designed taking care of space level specifications and environment. Phase detection level above 2 V/sub pp/ and operating frequencies up to 20 GHz have been measured, although higher frequency operation can be expected.
Digestion and absorption of sugars and sugar substitutes in rat small intestine. (1986)

The bioavailability of newly developed sugar substitutes was observed by measuring the transmural potential difference (delta PD) evoked by Na+-dependent active transport of glucose, which is supposed to be produced by the hydrolysis of sugar substitutes. delta PD was measured using everted intestinal sac prepared from jejunum of adult rats and compared with the digestibility of sugar substitutes in the mucosal homogenate of everted sac. delta PDs evoked by glucose, maltose or maltosylfructose had almost the same levels, however, the delta PD evoked by sucrose was a little lower. delta PDs evoked by maltitol or palatinose were low, and delta PDs evoked by fructo-oligosaccharides were negligible. The hydrolyzing activities of these sugars and sugar substitutes by the mucosal homogenate were correlated with the delta PDs. A significant positive correlation was observed between delta PDmax of various sugars and sugar substitutes and the Vmax of their corresponding hydrolyzing activities. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between Kt and Km values of these sugars. These results suggest that the absorption of sugar substitutes is dependent on digestibility by membrane digestive enzymes.
Selection of a model of Earth's albedo radiation, practical calculation of its effect on the trajectory of a satellite (1985)

Theoretical models of Earth's albedo radiation was proposed. By comparing disturbing accelerations computed from a model to those measured in flight with the CACTUS Accelerometer, modified according to the results. Computation of the satellite orbit perturbations from a model is very long because for each position of this satellite the fluxes coming from each elementary surface of the terrestrial portion visible from the satellite must be summed. The speed of computation is increased ten times without significant loss of accuracy thanks to a stocking of some intermediate results. Now it is possible to confront the orbit perturbations computed from the selected model with the measurements of these perturbations found with satellite as LAGEOS.
Clinical Application of Vascular Closure Staple Clips for Blood Access Surgery (1998)

We investigated the usefulness of nonpenetrating titanium vascular closure staple (VCS) clips developed for anastomosis of peripheral blood vessels. VCS clip applier systems (Autosuture; United States Surgical Corporation, Norwalk, CT) were used for 10 patients on hemodialysis who needed peripheral vascular anastomoses for blood access. Two arteriovenous (AV) fistulas, one closure of a fistula with reconstruction of the radial artery, six vascular graft implantations, and one vascular graft closure were performed. Medium clips were used for AV fistulas and large clips for vascular graft implantation. It took 12 min, on average, for vascular access graft anastomoses and 8.5 min, on average, for the AV fistulas. In two patients, bleeding from the anastomosed site occurred after declamping and additional sutures were required; however, neither hematoma nor wound infection occurred at 9 to 12 months after surgery. In one patient, stenosis of the graft-venous junction was found and was successfully treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The VCS clip applier is easy to manipulate, is as safe as hand-suture methods, and has time saving potential. We conclude that these VCS clips are useful for vascular anastomoses of blood access.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Indols, XIV. Neuartige Mannich‐Basen aus Indolen und Carbazolen (1964)

Abstract N‐substituierte 2‐Methyl‐indole (z. B. II) reagieren im sauren pH‐Bereich mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen zu 2‐[β‐Amino‐äthyl]‐indolen (z. B. III). Analog erhält man aus N ‐substituierten 1.2.3.4‐Tetrahydro‐carbazolen (z. B. IX) mit Hilfe der Mannich‐Reaktion die entsprechenden 1‐Aminomethyl‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐carbazole (X). N ‐Methyl‐carbazol läßt sich hingegen mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen in 3‐Stellung (z. B. zu XVI) aminomethylieren.
Basic fibroblast growth factor prolongs the proliferation of rat cortical progenitor cells in vitro without altering their cell cycle parameters (1997)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to influence the survival, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types in the nervous system. In this investigation we have examined the action of bFGF on: (i) the rate of proliferation; (ii) cell cycle parameters; (iii) the maintenance of cell division; (iv) the recruitment of quiescent cells; and (v) the degree of differentiation of cortical progenitor cells in cultures prepared from E16 rat embryos. The proliferation rate (labelling index) of cortical progenitor cells doubled in the presence of bFGF over 48 h. However, the lengths of the cell cycle phases were unchanged. Clones marked with a recombinant retrovirus on the first day in vitro (DIV) grew significantly larger in the presence of bFGF. Furthermore, many of the clones examined in control cultures had ceased to divide after a maximum of four cell cycles, whereas almost all clonally related cells were still dividing in the presence of bFGF 4 days later, i.e. for at least six cell cycles. Basic FGF also stimulated the division of quiescent progenitor cells, which otherwise would have differentiated or undergone cell death. The degree of neuronal and glial differentiation was studied after 5 DIV using MAP-2 and GFAP immunocytochemistry. In the presence of bFGF, the percentage of MAP-2-labelled cells was less than half that of control cultures, whereas the number of cells immunoreactive for nestin (a marker of progenitor cells) remained very high. Cells immunoreactive for GFAP were present in bFGF-treated cultures, yet were extremely rare in control conditions. These experiments show that bFGF, a potent mitogen for cortical progenitor cells, has no effects on the parameters of their cell cycle but extends their proliferative capability, promotes their survival and delays their differentiation into neurons.
Evidence That C1q Binds Specifically to C<sub>H</sub>2-like Immunoglobulin γ Motifs Present in the Autoantigen Calreticulin and Interferes with Complement Activation (1998)

Calreticulin (CRT) is located predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells, where it functions as a quality control controller of protein folding. However, CRT is also a prevalent autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where its release from the cell may arise as a results of dysfunctional apoptosis and inefficient removal of ER vesicles, which are an abundant source of CRT and other autoantigens. Indicative of this is the presence of autoantibodies against CRT in the sera of 40-60% of all SLE patients. Once released into the circulation, CRT might bind directly to C1q and we have suggested that this association may result in a defect in C1q-mediated clearance of antigen-antibody complexes. It has been previously shown that CRT under physiological salt conditions binds to the globular head of C1q. It is known that the globular head region of C1q binds to the CH2 domain in the Fc portion of immunoglobulin gamma (IgG). The N-terminal half of CRT contains a number of short regions of 7-10 amino acids that show sequence similarity to the putative C1q binding region in the CH2 domain of IgG. By use of a series of 92 overlapping CRT synthetic peptides, a number of C1q binding sites on the CRT molecule have been identified, including several containing a CH2-like motif similar to the ExKxKx C1q binding motif found in the CH2 domain of IgG. A number of these peptides were shown to inhibit binding of C1q to IgG and reduce binding of native CRT to C1q. Moreover, several of the peptides were capable of inhibiting the classical pathway of complement activation. These studies have identified specific binding sites on the CRT molecule for C1q and lend support to the hypothesis that interaction of CRT with C1q may interfere with the ability of C1q to associate with immune complexes in autoimmune-related disorders.
A Comparative Study of a Fan Out Packaged Product: Chip First and Chip Last (2016)

This paper compares the attributes of the embedded wafer level BGA (eWLB) and a flip chip package structure, called Fan-Out Chip Last Package (FOCLP). The comparison involves a study in finite element modeling, advanced warpage metrology, reliability testing and physical structure comparisons. The purpose of this study is to understand the similarities and differences between these two package structures. It is clear from these studies that these two packages are very similar in form, format and function. In other words, the FOCLP package may be a practical replacement of the eWLB package. An additional advantage of the FOCLP package is that it can be manufactured in high volume using existing flip chip infrastructure while the eWLB requires costly investment in wafer level equipment.
Multiple Levels of Control Determine How E4bp4/Nfil3 Regulates NK Cell Development (2018)

The transcription factor E4bp4/Nfil3 has been shown to have a critical role in the development of all innate lymphoid cell types including NK cells. In this study, we show that posttranslational modifications of E4bp4 by either SUMOylation or phosphorylation have profound effects on both E4bp4 function and NK cell development. We examined the activity of E4bp4 mutants lacking posttranslational modifications and found that <i>Notch1</i> was a novel E4bp4 target gene. We observed that abrogation of Notch signaling impeded NK cell production and the total lack of NK cell development from <i>E4bp4</i><sup>-/-</sup> progenitors was completely rescued by short exposure to Notch peptide ligands. This work reveals both novel mechanisms in NK cell development by a transcriptional network including E4bp4 with Notch, and that E4bp4 is a central hub to process extrinsic stimuli.
Linear Dependencies in Linear Feedback Shift Registers (1986)

Linear feedback shift registers have been proposed to generate test patterns for the self-test of logic networks. The probability of linear dependence among k bit positions of a subset of k bits in a maximum length shift register sequence is an outstanding problem. In this correspondence, we derive a formula for the calculation of the probability.
Synthesis and absolute configuration of 3‐ethyl and 3‐<i>n</i>‐propylpyrrolidine (1980)

Abstract Optically active 3‐ethyl and 3‐ n ‐propylpyrrolidine were prepared by two independent routes from their corresponding succinic acids and the absolute configurations were assigned. Maximum optical rotation was also established through evaluation of the degree of racemization of the products obtained via both synthetic routes.
Chondrocyte transplantation to articular cartilage explants <i>in vitro</i> (1997)

The transplantation of chondrocytes has shown promise for augmenting the repair of defects in articular cartilage. This in vitro study examined the efficiency of the transplantation of bovine chondrocytes onto articular cartilage disks and the ability of the transplanted chondrocytes to subsequently synthesize and deposit proteoglycan. The radiolabeling of chondrocyte cultures with [3H]thymidine, followed by 4 days of chase incubation, resulted in the incorporation of 98% of the radiolabel into DNA (as assessed by susceptibility to DNase). At the end of the culture period, the [3H]DNA was stable, with a half-life of radioactivity loss into the medium of 73 days. With use of radiolabeled chondrocytes for quantitation, the efficiency of transplantation onto a cartilage substrate was 93 +/- 4% for seeding densities of as much as 650,000 cells per cm2 and a seeding duration of 1 hour. These findings were confirmed both by tracking cells stained with 5-chlormethylfluorescein diacetate and by quantitating DNA. During the 16 hours after seeding onto a cartilage substrate (in which the endogenous cells had been lysed by lyophilization), the transplanted cells synthesized sulfated proteoglycan in direct proportion to the number of cells seeded. Most (83%) of the newly synthesized proteoglycan was released into the medium rather than retained within the layer of transplanted cells and the recipient cartilage substrate. Comparative studies with lyophilized-rehydrated or live cartilage as the recipient substrate indicated a similar efficiency of chondrocyte seeding and proteoglycan synthesis by the seeded chondrocytes. The transplanted cells retained the chondrocyte phenotype, as judged by a high proportion of the [35S]macromolecules being in the form of aggrecan that was capable of aggregating with hyaluronan and link protein, as well as by immunostaining within and around the transplanted cells for type-II, but not type-I, collagen. These results indicate that the number of chondrocytes transplanted onto a cut cartilage surface greatly affects the level of matrix synthesis; this in turn may affect repair.
Contrast in Kinescopes (1939)

One of the problems in the art of reproducing a scene by television is to obtain an image with adequate contrast. Although a relatively low contrast range may suffice for the transmission of intelligence, a much greater contrast range is essential for the reproduction of clear, lifelike images. The factors harmful to contrast in the kinescope are well known and may be studied in a variety of ways. In the belief that the reaction of the observer is the ultimate criterion for judging the perfection of the image, the author began the present investigation with a series of viewing tests designed to determine the relative psychological effects of the various factors harmful to contrast. On the basis of these tests, it was definitely concluded that halation is far more detrimental to image quality than screen curvature or bulb-wall reflections. Experimental evaluation of the relative importance of the individual factors harmful to contrast leads to the same conclusion, and it is evident that a considerable improvement in contrast could be effected by reducing halation. A detailed analytical study of halation shows how it depends upon various parameters. Particularly significant is the conclusion that halation may be reduced several fold by introducing a small amount of light-absorbing material in the kinescope face. According to this analysis, a 10 to 20 per cent absorption should give a three-to sixfold reduction in halation. Developmental kinescopes made in accordance with these principles give greatly improved contrast.
An intranasally delivered peptide drug ameliorates cognitive decline in Alzheimer transgenic mice (2017)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides is considered to be the primary mechanism of AD pathogenesis. This amyloid hypothesis is supported by the recent success of the human anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab, in clearing plaque and slowing clinical impairment in prodromal or mild patients in a phase Ib trial. Here, a peptide combining polyarginines (polyR) (for charge repulsion) and a segment derived from the core region of Aβ amyloid (for sequence recognition) was designed. The efficacy of the designed peptide, R<sub>8</sub>-Aβ(25-35), on amyloid reduction and the improvement of cognitive functions were evaluated using <i>APP/PS1</i> double transgenic mice. Daily intranasal administration of PEI-conjugated R<sub>8</sub>-Aβ(25-35) peptide significantly reduced Aβ amyloid accumulation and ameliorated the memory deficits of the transgenic mice. Intranasal administration is a feasible route for peptide delivery. The modular design combining polyR and aggregate-forming segments produced a desirable therapeutic effect and could be easily adopted to design therapeutic peptides for other proteinaceous aggregate-associated diseases.
Chronic Fracture Dislocations of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (1994)

The "S" Quattro has proved its value in the treatment of acute displaced comminuted intraarticular phalangeal fracture dislocations. We have used the system to treat five cases of chronic fracture-dislocation or subluxation of the PIP joint. At an average follow-up period of 16.4 months, there was a mean increase in the range of movement of the injured joint by 75 degrees. We recommend this technique for selected cases.
Celebrity altruism: the good, the bad and the ugly in relationships with fundraising charities (2014)

Enlisting or retaining the support of celebrity volunteers is a crucial element in the fundraising and communications strategies for many third sector organisations. But whilst there is a plethora of literature on volunteer motivations, there has been little exploration of the relationships between celebrity volunteers and the charities that they support. Furthermore, the limited theory that exists appears to be based on the experiences of fundraisers and other media specialists with little primary research on attitudes of celebrities themselves. This paper therefore considers celebrity/charity relationships on the basis of existing volunteer motivation theory and attitudinal data from a sample of 208 celebrity volunteers associated with a major fundraising charity in the UK. The findings indicate that the motivation of celebrity volunteers may be much closer to those of other charity volunteers than might be expected from other literature on celebrities. In addition, the study found that amongst other factors, celebrity volunteers typically prefer their engagements to be simplistic and expedient in nature, but that where possible, the engagement activity should be fun and rewarding. It also reveals that individual motives for supporting charities are varied in nature and range from purely altruistic tendencies at one end of the continuum to egoistic motives at the other. In addition, the study indicates that factors such as security and trust in the endorsed organisation are a key motivating factor for many. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.