gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A narrow-band HTS bandpass filter at 18.5 MHz (2002)

A five-resonator narrow-band high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bandpass filter has been designed and fabricated for use at 18.5 MHz. Each quarter-wave resonator is a combination of thin film microstrip and commercial capacitors. The HTS microstrip is shorted to ground using gold foil. Centre-band insertion loss is 0.40 dB.
The Cognition of Hunger and Eating Behaviours (2010)

Hunger is a poorly defined cognition, assumed to motivate overeating, but there is no firm evidence that the intensity of a sense of hunger is related to overweight.Recent research has suggested instead that irregular eating habits, as deriving from dieting, emotional stressors or other causes may have a role in the weight gain of obese people.These "borderline eating behaviours" (or BEB), targeted in cognitive behavioural therapy of obesity, were found associated to the body mass index both in normal and in overweight subjects in previous studies, using a specific scale called SENICAL.This study aimed at exploring the role of the sense of "unbearable hunger" on these eating irregularities, as measured with SENICAL, which provides an overall measure of BEB.SENICAL has been administered to a sample of 365 university students, together with other self-report measures; one item of SENICAL has been used to measure the frequency of the feeling of "unbearable hunger".An ANCOVA performed on the total SENICAL scores showed a linear increase of BEB along with the frequency of perceived "unbearable hunger", independently form age and gender.An item analysis of the SENICAL scale, performed with Chi square, showed that 15 out of 27 of these behavioural and emotional responses comprising the scale were associated with the sense of hunger, such as to diet or try to fast, to eat at irregular times, to eat more than usual when in emotional state, to eat quickly and not to taste the food, and to worry about weight increase.The "sense of hunger" may contribute to disrupt the eating habits, and maintain many of the eating irregularities associated to weight gain called "borderline eating behaviours".These results suggest that the cognition of hunger is worth to be targeted in the treatment of obese people.
Reducing Inter-Cell Handover Events based on Cell ID Information in Multi-hop Relay Systems (2007)

To reduce handover overhead such as signaling overhead and latency, optimal handover algorithm is needed for mobile multi-hop relay (MMR) systems. This article proposes a novel handover method that reduces inter-cell handover but increases intra-cell handover events, because inter-cell handover has more overhead in view of the system and gives more latency time to users rather compared to intra-cell handover. Therefore, in the proposed scheme, intra-cell handover is encouraged instead inter-cell handover using adaptive hysteresis level. Intra-cell handover performs based on higher hysteresis level than inter-cell handover. This paper also presents hierarchical relay station ID (RS ID) concept for IEEE 802.16j standard. And, additional method using MOB_NBR-ADV message is proposed in case that hierarchical ID could not be used. This proposed algorithm can decrease handover signaling overhead, latency, and unnecessary handovers called ping-pong effect as well. Also, the proposed algorithm is backward compatible with mobile station (MS). Performance analysis and simulation validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
SS31, a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, prevents sepsis-induced reductions in diaphragm strength and endurance (2020)

Sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction contributes to respiratory failure and mortality in critical illness. There are no treatments for this form of diaphragm weakness. Studies show that sepsis-induced muscle dysfunction is triggered by enhanced mitochondrial free radical generation. We tested the hypothesis that SS31, a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, would attenuate sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Four groups of mice were studied: <i>1</i>) sham-operated controls, <i>2</i>) sham-operated+SS31 (10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·day<sup>-1</sup>), <i>3</i>) cecal ligation puncture (CLP), and <i>4</i>) CLP+SS31. Forty-eight hours postoperatively, diaphragm strips with attached phrenic nerves were isolated, and the following were assessed: muscle-field-stimulated force-frequency curves, nerve-stimulated force-frequency curves, and muscle fatigue. We also measured calpain activity, 20S proteasomal activity, myosin heavy chain (MHC) levels, mitochondrial function, and aconitase activity, an index of mitochondrial superoxide generation. Sepsis markedly reduced diaphragm force generation; SS31 prevented these decrements. Diaphragm-specific force generation averaged 30.2 ± 1.4, 9.4 ± 1.8, 25.5 ± 2.3, and 27.9 ± 0.6 N/cm<sup>2</sup> for sham, CLP, sham+SS31, and CLP+SS31 groups (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Similarly, with phrenic nerve stimulation, CLP depressed diaphragm force generation, effects prevented by SS31. During endurance trials, force was significantly reduced with CLP, and SS31 prevented these reductions (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Sepsis also increased diaphragm calpain activity, increased 20S proteasomal activity, decreased MHC levels, reduced mitochondrial function (state 3 rates and ATP generation), and reduced aconitase activity; SS31 prevented each of these sepsis-induced alterations (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.017 for all indices). SS31 prevents sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction, preserving force generation, endurance, and mitochondrial function. Compounds with similar mechanisms of action may be useful therapeutically to preserve diaphragm function in patients who are septic and critically ill.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in patients with critical illness in intensive care units. Currently, there is no proven pharmacological treatment for this problem. This study provides the novel finding that administration of SS31, a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, preserves diaphragm myosin heavy chain content and mitochondrial function, thereby preventing diaphragm weakness and fatigue in sepsis.
Photodegradation mechanism of phenyl isopropenyl ketone – methyl methacrylate copolymers in the solid phase and their performance as a deep UV resist (1995)

Phenyl isopropenyl ketone (PIPK) copolymer films were irradiated with a low-pressure mercury lamp, and benzoyl side-chain cleavage and main-chain scission at various temperatures were followed by UV spectral changes and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. Quantum yields of both reactions and the ratio of the latter to the former reaction increased markedly above their glass transition temperatures. The main-chain scission continued to proceed by irradiation even after the side chain ceased to split. These experimental results suggest a new reaction mechanism of photosplitting of the methyl methacrylate ester side chain on the carbon adjacent to the C=C bond followed by β-scission, in addition to the known benzoyl side-chain cleavage followed by β-scission or C=C bond formation. The enhanced quantum yield for the main-chain scission of the PIPK copolymer at 130 °C realized sensitivity of 100 mJ/cm 2 as a DUV resist, which was 1200 times as high as that of poly(methyl methacrylate) exposed at room temperature and developed under similar conditions. Keywords: Norrish type I cleavage, β-scission of main chain, temperature dependence, photosplitting of ester side chain, conjugated polymer radical.
Towards automatic near real-time traffic monitoring with an airborne wide angle camera system (2008)

Abstract Purpose Large area traffic monitoring with high spatial and temporal resolution is a challenge that cannot be served by today available static infrastructure. Therefore, we present an automatic near real-time traffic monitoring approach using data of an airborne digital camera system with a frame rate of up to 3 fps. Methods By performing direct georeferencing on the obtained aerial images with the use of GPS/IMU data we are able to conduct near real-time traffic data extraction. The traffic processor consists mainly of three steps which are road extraction supported by a priori knowledge of road axes obtained from a road database, vehicle detection by edge extraction, and vehicle tracking based on normalized cross correlation. Results Traffic data is obtained with a correctness of up to 79% at a completeness of 68%. Conclusions With this system we are able to perform area-wide traffic monitoring with high actuality independent from any stationed infrastructure which makes the system well suited for deployments on demand in case of disasters and mass events.
A low-noise, single-photon avalanche diode in standard 0.13 μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process (2010)

We present the design and characterization of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated with a standard 0.13 μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. We have developed a figure of merit for SPADs when these detectors are employed in high frame-rate fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy, which allows us to specify an optimal bias point for the diode and compare our diode with other published devices. At its optimum bias point at room temperature, our SPAD achieves a photon detection probability of 29% while exhibiting a dark count rate of only 231 Hz and an impulse response of 198 ps.
Effect of Simultaneous CGRP and PGF<sub>2α</sub> on the Outflow Facility in the Rabbit Eye (2002)

Both calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandins have an influence on the intraocular pressure in the eye. In this study, the effects of low intracameral doses (20 ng and 50 ng) of calcitonin gene-related peptide, prostaglandin F(2alpha), and simultaneous dosing of both, on the outflow facility were studied in the rabbit. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increased the outflow facility at both 20 and 50 ng doses, while prostaglandin F(2alpha) increased it only at a 50 ng dose. Further, simultaneous administration of both at 50 ng doses increased the outflow facility and showed a slight additive effect with these two compounds. The results further indicate that these compounds have a different mechanism of action. Calcitonin gene-related peptide seems to increase the conventional outflow (trabecular outflow), while prostaglandin F(2alpha) tends to increase the unconventional outflow (uveoscleral outflow).
Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Muscadine Grapes (2003)

Fruits of 10 cultivars of muscadine grapes (five bronze skin and five purple skin) grown in southern Georgia were separated into skin, seed, and pulp. Each fruit part and the leaves from the corresponding varieties were extracted for HPLC analysis of major phenolics. Total phenolics were determined colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total anthocyanins were determined according to a pH-differential method, using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, and epicatechin were the major phenolics in seeds, with average values of 6.9, 558.4, and 1299.4 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), respectively. In the skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol were the major phenolics, with respective average values of 16.5, 8.4, 1.8, 0.6, and 0.1 mg/100 g of FW. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol was the major phenolic in muscadine grapes. The HPLC solvent system used coupled with fluorescence detection allowed separation of ellagic acid from resveratrol and detection of resveratrol. Reported here for the first time are the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine leaves. Major phenolics in muscadine leaves were myricetin, ellagic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and gallic acid, with average concentrations of 157.6, 66.7, 8.9, 9.8, and 8.6, respectively. Average total phenolics were 2178.8, 374.6, 23.8, and 351.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in seed, skin, pulp, and leaves, respectively. Total anthocyanin contents were 2.1 and 132.1 mg/100 g of FW in the skins of bronze and purple grapes, respectively, and 4.3 and 4.6 mg/100 g of FW in seeds and pulps, in that order. Antioxidant capacity values were, on average, 2.4, 12.8, 281.3, and 236.1 microM TEAC/g of FW for pulps, skins, seeds, and leaves, respectively.
How to make a cardiomyocyte (2014)

During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of 1-cyclobutyl-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil nucleoside analogs and related compounds. (1992)

A series of racemic (1 alpha (E), 2 beta, 3 alpha)-1-[2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]-5-(2-halovinyl)uracils was synthesized and evaluated in cell culture. The bromovinyl, iodovinyl, and chlorovinyl analogues, 13, 15, and 16, respectively, are all potent inhibitors of varicella zoster virus (VZV), but are less inhibitory to the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). The excellent anti-VZV activities of 13, 15, and 16 coupled with their virtual inability to inhibit WI-38 cell growth indicate high in vitro therapeutic indices. VZV thymidine kinase readily converts these compounds to their respective monophosphates but not to their corresponding diphosphates. Compound 13a, the (1'R) enantiomer of the bromovinyl analogue 13, was also synthesized, and its potency is comparable to that of the racemate. A lower homologue 14, (1 alpha (E),2 beta, 3 alpha)-1-[2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]-5- (2-bromovinyl)uracil, was found to be inactive against VZV, HCMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2.
GLP1 analogs as treatment of postprandial hypoglycemia following gastric bypass surgery: a potential new indication? (2013)

These open, uncontrolled observations suggest that GLP1 analogs might provide a new treatment option in patients with problems of late PPHG.
Involvement of interleukin 18 in Crohn's disease: evidence from<i>in vitro</i>analysis of human gut inflammatory cells and from experimental colitis models (2004)

An imbalance of immunoregulatory factors and/or cells contributes to uncontrolled mucosal T cell activation and inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). Bioactive interleukin (IL)-18 has been shown to be produced by macrophages in CD lesions. We report here that T cells freshly isolated from inflamed tissue of CD patients (and not T cells from control intestinal tissue) were responsive to IL-18. In the presence of IL-18, these T cells produced more interferon (IFN)-gamma and less IL-10. To analyse further the role of IL-18 in this disease, an acute and a chronic model of murine colitis were used. IL-18 mRNA was significantly enhanced in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis, and treatment with IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BPa), which neutralizes IL-18 bioactivity, significantly reduced the severity of colitis. However, IL-18BPa did not affect the course of chronic colitis in CD45RBhighCD4+ T cell reconstituted SCID mice. Production of IFN-gamma in lamina propria mononuclear cell cultures from IL-18BPa-treated SCID mice was decreased, but at the same time fewer lamina propria CD4+ T cells harvested from IL-18BPa-treated mice compared to non-treated mice were in apoptosis. We conclude that IL-18 clearly has a modulatory role in the inflammatory cascade of CD and experimental colitis by affecting IFN-gamma and IL-10 production, and apoptosis. In view of the divergent effects of IL-18 neutralization in the two different murine colitis models, it is unlikely that IL-18 is at the top of this cascade.
Ten years in the evolution of the internet ecosystem (2008)

Our goal is to understand the evolution of the Autonomous System (AS) ecosystem over the last decade. Instead of focusing on abstract topological properties, we classify ASes into a number of "species" depending on their function and business type. Further, we consider the semantics of inter-AS links, in terms of customer-provider versus peering relations. We find that the available historic datasets from RouteViews and RIPE are not sufficient to infer the evolution of peering links, and so we restrict our focus to customer-provider links. Our findings highlight some important trends in the evolution of the Internet over the last decade, and hint at what the Internet is heading towards. After an exponential increase phase until 2001, the Internet now grows linearly in terms of both ASes and inter-AS links. The growth is mostly due to enterprise networks and content/access providers at the periphery of the Internet. The average path length remains almost constant mostly due to the increasing multihoming degree of transit and content/access providers. In recent years, enterprise networks prefer to connect to small transit providers, while content/access providers connect equally to both large and small transit providers. The AS species differ significantly from each other with respect to their rewiring activity; content/access providers are the most active. A few large transit providers act as "attractors" or "repellers" of customers. For many providers, strong attractiveness precedes strong repulsiveness by 3-9 months. Finally, in terms of regional growth, we find that the AS ecosystem is now larger and more dynamic in Europe than in North America.
Enzyme immobilization by adsorption: a review (2014)

Endowed with unparalleled high catalytic activity and selectivity, enzymes offer enormous potential as catalysts in practical applications. These applications, however, are seriously hampered by enzymes’ low thermal and chemical stabilities. One way to improve these stabilities is the enzyme immobilization. Among various tested methods of this process that make use of different enzyme-carrier interactions, immobilization by adsorption on solid carriers has appeared most common. According to these findings, in this review we present a comparative analysis of the literature reports on the recent trends in the immobilization of the enzymes by adsorption. This thorough study was prepared in order to provide a deeper understanding of the process. Both carriers, carrier modifiers and procedures developed for effective adsorption of the enzymes are discussed. The review may thus be helpful in choosing the right adsorption scheme for a given enzyme to achieve the improvement of its stability and activity for a specific application.
A differential-delay SAW correlator for combined DSSS despreading and DPSK demodulation (1993)

The design of a novel SAW (surface-acoustic-wave) component for the noncoherent detection of DS/SS (direct-sequence spread-spectrum) signals with a DPSK (differential phase-shift keying) modulation format is presented. In the considered differential-delay correlator, both the correlation function for despreading and the delay function for DPSK demodulation are merged into a single device. Due to the absence of a separate delay line, no bandwidth-limiting effects no high insertion losses occur in the delay branch of the DPSK demodulator. In addition, an exact match between the correlator output and its one-symbol-delayed replica is obtained. Experiments on an ST-quartz differential-delay correlator with a center frequency of 98.5 MHz, a chip rate of 12.3 MHz and a symbol rate of 195.4 kb/s demonstrated the operation of the device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-accuracy wave-number measurements in molecular iodine (1983)

Absolute wave-number measurements, with an accuracy of 2-11 parts in 10(9), are presented for 27 (127)I(2) hyperfine-structure lines in the range 5763-6563 A. Individual components were resolved by saturation spectroscopy and their wave numbers measured by a comparison with wavelength standards made using a temperature-stabilized Fabry-Perot interferometer. Good consistency is found among the four accepted (127)I(2)wavelength standards. The result of a previous measurement at 6563 A, which was used as the basis for a Rydberg-constant determination, is also confirmed.
High-power operation of inner-stripe GaN-based blue-violet laser diodes (2007)

We review our recent progress in novel planar blue-violet laser diodes (BV-LDs). The planar BV-LDs are characterized by an inner-stripe waveguide formed with a buried AlN current-blocking layer and a wide regrown cladding layer that also acts as a current and heat spreader. These features enable high-power operation for BV-LDs thanks to their low electrical and low thermal resistance even with a narrow-stripe waveguide. In this paper, we report successful demonstration of the planar inner-stripe BV-LDs by utilizing low-temperature-grown AlN and the regrown cladding layer. Low electrical resistance of the regrown cladding layer was confirmed by scanning spread resistance microscopy. Heat spreading characteristics were also investigated by 2-dimensional thermal simulation. The fabricated BV-LDs with a 1.4-&mgr;m-wide stripe achieved a low threshold current of 32 mA, a low threshold voltage of 4.1 V and greater than 200- mW kink-free output power under CW operation. Moreover, the kink-free output level surpassed 1,000 mW for the 1.0- &mgr;m stripe BV-LDs under 0.03%-duty-pulsed operation. The BV-LDs operated stably for more than 1,000 hours at a high output power of 200 mW at 80oC under a 50%-duty-pulsed condition. After the reliability test, transmission electron microscopy revealed no defect near the regrown interface of the tested LDs.
Mineral filters in sunscreen products--comparison of the efficacy of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide by in vitro method. (2008)

European legislation currently authorizes 26 sun filters among which, there is only one mineral filter: titanium dioxide. In the United States, two mineral filters are authorized: titanium dioxide in a maximum dose of 25% and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is authorized in Europe, but its concentration level is not limited. A large number of commercial products are containing one of these mineral filters. The difference between these products lies in the percentage of the active substance, the way they are incorporated into the final product and the size of the primary particles. Depending on the ingredient used, there is a large variation in efficacy. The efficacy of the products tested was determined by an in vitro method using a spectrophotometer equipped with an integration sphere. Titanium dioxide was thus seen to be much more effective than zinc oxide; indeed no commercial form of zinc oxide tested can give a sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 10 at its maximum dose of use, unlike titanium dioxide which in its coated form (coated with alumina and with stearic acid, amongst others) gives a SPF of 38. This study has also allowed us to dispel the theory that talc--a raw material which has been used empirically for years in foundation in the belief that it has photoprotective effects--has an effect against sun rays. Talc proved to be particularly ineffective, as when it is used at a level of 25%, it only gives a totally negligible SPF of one unit.