gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned from Crowdsourcing Complex Engineering Tasks (2015)

With a sufficiently comprehensive tutorial and compensation similar to typical crowd-sourcing wages, we were able to enlist crowd workers to effectively complete longer, more complex tasks with competence comparable to that of graduate students with more comprehensive, expert-level knowledge. Furthermore, more complex tasks require increased communication with the workers. As tasks become more complex, the employment relationship begins to become more akin to outsourcing than crowdsourcing. Through this investigation, we were able to stretch and explore the limits of crowdsourcing as a tool for solving complex problems.
Reaction pathways in organometallic chemical vapor deposition(OMCVD) (1992)

The incorporation of heteroatom impurities derived from the ligands in organometallic chemical vapor deposition can now be avoided due to an understanding of the raection pathways involved. The development of the technique is traced, the various mechanisms discussed, and the important questions which still have to be answered presented.
Automatic Visual Verification of Layout Failures in Responsively Designed Web Pages (2019)

Responsively designed web pages adjust their layout according to the viewport width of the device in use. Although tools exist to help developers test the layout of a responsive web page, they often rely on humans to flag problems. Yet, the considerable number of web-enabled devices with unique viewport widths makes this manual process both time-consuming and error-prone. Capable of detecting some common responsive layout failures, the ReDeCheck tool partially automates this process. Since ReDeCheck focuses on a web page's document object model (DOM), some of the issues it finds are not observable by humans. This paper presents a tool, called Viser, that renders a ReDeCheck-reported layout issue in a browser, adjusting the opacity of certain elements and checking for a visible difference. Unless Viser classifies an issue as a human-observable layout failure, a web developer can ignore it. This paper's experiments reveal the benefit of using Viser to support automated visual verification of layout failures in responsively designed web pages. Viser automatically classified all of the 117 layout failures that ReDeCheck reported for 20 web pages, each of which had to be manually analyzed in a prior study. Viser's automated manipulation of element opacity also highlighted manual classification's subjectivity: it categorized 28 issues differently to manual analysis, including three correctly reclassified as false positives.
Glycosylation of Pilin and Nonpilin Protein Constructs by<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>1244 (2010)

PilO is an oligosaccharyl transferase (OTase) that catalyzes the O-glycosylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin by adding a single O-antigen repeating unit to the β carbon of the C-terminal residue (a serine). While PilO has an absolute requirement for Ser/Thr at this position, it is unclear if this enzyme must recognize other pilin features. To test this, pilin constructs containing peptide extensions terminating with serine were tested for the ability to support glycosylation. It was found that a 15-residue peptide, which had been modeled on the C-proximal region of strain 1244 pilin, served as a PilO substrate when it was expressed on either group II or group III pilins. In addition, adding a 3-residue extension culminating in serine to the C terminus of a group III pilin supported PilO activity. A protein fusion composed of strain 1244 pilin linked at its C terminus with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (which, in turn, contained the above-mentioned 15 amino acids at its C terminus) was glycosylated by PilO. E. coli alkaline phosphatase lacking the pilin membrane anchor and containing the 15-residue peptide was also glycosylated by PilO. Addition of the 3-residue extension did not allow glycosylation of either of these constructs. Site-directed mutagenesis of strain 1244 pilin residues of the C-proximal region common to the group I proteins showed that this structure was not required for glycosylation. These experiments indicate that pilin common sequence is not required for glycosylation and show that nonpilin protein can be engineered to be a PilO substrate.
Natural image statistics and efficient coding (1996)

Natural images contain characteristic statistical regularities that set them apart from purely random images. Understanding what these regularities are can enable natural images to be coded more efficiently. In this paper, we describe some of the forms of structure that are contained in natural images, and we show how these are related to the response properties of neurons at early stages of the visual system. Many of the important forms of structure require higher-order (i.e. more than linear, pairwise) statistics to characterize, which makes models based on linear Hebbian learning, or principal components analysis, inappropriate for finding efficient codes for natural images. We suggest that a good objective for an efficient coding of natural scenes is to maximize the sparseness of the representation, and we show that a network that learns sparse codes of natural scenes succeeds in developing localized, oriented, bandpass receptive fields similar to those in the mammalian striate cortex.This paper was presented at the Workshop on Information Theory and the Brain, held at the University of Stirling, UK, on 4–5 September 1995.
Quantification of fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C using a Markov model (2002)

The knowledge of fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C and the impact of new treatments on progression is limited by the number of available liver biopsies per patient. Moreover, liver biopsies identify a patient's stage of fibrosis at a given point in time, but cannot quantify the time spent in that stage nor the date of transition to that stage. This paper assesses the potential of Markov modelling to overcome these difficulties. The data from interferon-treated (n=185) and untreated patients (n=102) are analysed to illustrate the power of this technique. The model accurately reproduced the distributions of patients in the different fibrosis stages at two subsequent biopsies. A quantification of the role of cofactors in the progression of the disease, and the impact of interferon treatment are given. In subjects who are 40 years old and have been infected for 10 years, the model predicted that 274 of 1000 untreated patients, but only 42 of 1000 treated patients, would progress from F0 or F1 to F3 or F4 fibrosis over the next 5 years. The model also confirms that as age and duration of infection increase, the risk of fibrosis progression increases, while the impact of treatment with interferon decreases. Hence Markov modelling is an accurate tool in the analysis of fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. It will be valuable for the quantification of the effect of new treatments on fibrosis progression in hepatitis C.
Highly Polar Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of <i>Saponaria officinalis</i> L. (2016)

Five new triterpenoid saponins, including 3‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐ β ‐ d ‐glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐ α ‐ l ‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐(4‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐quinovopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ β ‐ d ‐fucopyranoside ( 1 ), 3‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐ β ‐ d ‐glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28‐ O ‐(6‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ α ‐ l ‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐(4‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐quinovopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ β ‐ d ‐fucopyranoside ( 2 ), 3‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐ β ‐ d ‐glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐ α ‐ l ‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐(4‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐quinovopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ β ‐ d ‐fucopyranoside ( 3 ), 3‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐ β ‐ d ‐glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐ α ‐ l ‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[(4‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐quinovopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ β ‐ d ‐fucopyranoside ( 4 ), 3‐ O ‐ β ‐ d ‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐ β ‐ d ‐glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28‐ O ‐(6‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐[ β ‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ α ‐ l ‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐[(4‐ O ‐acetyl)‐ β ‐ d ‐quinovopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐ β ‐ d ‐fucopyranoside ( 5 ) together with two known congeners, saponariosides A ( 6 ) and B ( 7 ) were isolated from the roots of Saponaria officinalis L. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ ( 1 H, 13 C) and 2D‐ NMR ( DQF ‐ COSY , TOCSY , HSQC , and HMBC ) experiments, HR ‐ ESI ‐ MS , and acid hydrolysis.
Design of pervaporation membrane for organic-liquid separation based on solubility control by plasma-graft filling polymerization technique (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign of pervaporation membrane for organic-liquid separation based on solubility control by plasma-graft filling polymerization techniqueTakeo Yamaguchi, Shinichi Nakao, and Shoji KimuraCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 5, 848–853Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00017a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00017a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views295Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stereoselective Formation of Rotaxanes Composed of Polymethylene-bridged Dinuclear Cobalt(III) Complexes and α-Cyclodextrin. II (1984)

Abstract [2]-[[(en)2Co{XCH2S(CH2)nSCH2Y}Co(en)2]Clm]-[α-CDX]-rotaxanes (n=8, 10, and 12 for X=Y=CO2− (m=4); n=10 for X=CO2− and Y=CH2NH2(m=5); α-CDX=α-cyclodextrin) were prepared with partial stereoselectivity and characterized from their visible-UV absorption, circular dichroism(CD), and 13C NMR spectra, and elemental analysis. The rotaxane formation could be identified by the down field shift of the chemical shift due to α-CDX in the 13C NMR spectra and the increase of the CD intensity in the ligand-to-metal charge transfer band region in the CD spectra. The rotaxanes always showed apparently ΔΔ-rich CD spectra, the highest selectivity(10% ΔΔ-rich) being found in the case of n=10.
Extending software quality assessment techniques to Java systems (2003)

The paper presents extensions to Bell Canada source code quality assessment suite (DATRIX tm) for handling Java language systems. Such extensions are based on source code object metrics, including Java interface metrics, which are presented and explained in detail. The assessment suite helps to evaluate the quality of medium-large software systems identifying parts of the system which have unusual characteristics. The paper also studies and reports the occurrence of clones in medium-large Java software systems. Clone presence affects quality since it increases a system size and often leads to higher maintenance costs. The clone identification process uses Java specific metrics to determine similarities between methods throughout a system. The results obtained from experiments with software evaluation and clone detection techniques, on over 500 KLOC of Java source code, are presented.
Fluoride Intake Levels in Relation to Fluorosis Development in Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors and First Molars (2006)

Gaps remain in our knowledge about the levels of fluoride intake that cause dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to report the fluorosis prevalence by levels of estimated fluoride intake in an effort to understand the importance of different levels of daily fluoride intake. As part of the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed from birth to 36 months with questionnaires every 3-4 months to gather information on fluoride intake from various sources. Daily fluoride intake in mg per kg body weight (BW) was estimated from water, beverages and selected foods, fluoride supplements and dentifrice. Six hundred and twenty-eight subjects were examined for fluorosis on permanent incisors and first molars at about age 9 by two calibrated examiners using the Fluorosis Risk Index categories. Fluorosis prevalence rates were determined separately for maxillary central incisors and first molars by levels of estimated fluoride intake. There were significant positive associations between fluorosis prevalence and levels of fluoride intake. Cumulatively from birth to 36 months, average daily intake of 0.04 mg F/kg BW or less carried relatively low risk for fluorosis (12.9% for maxillary central incisors, 6.8% for first molars). Average daily intake of 0.04-0.06 mg F/kg BW showed a significantly elevated risk for fluorosis (23.0% for maxillary central incisors, 14.5% for first molars), while fluorosis risk was even higher for average intake above 0.06 mg F/kg BW (38.0% for maxillary central incisors, 32.4% for first molars). The study suggests that fluorosis prevalence is related to elevated fluoride intake when averaged over the first 3 years of life, but is even more strongly related to fluoride intake that is elevated for all of the first 3 years of life.
SIRT1 suppresses PMA and ionomycin-induced ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells (2012)

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays an important role in the recruitment of leukocytes to the endothelium, which causes inflammation and initiation of atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that endothelium-specific over-expression of class III deacetylase SIRT1 decreases atherosclerosis. We therefore addressed the hypothesis that SIRT1 suppresses ICAM-1 expression in the endothelial cells. Here, we found that expression of SIRT1 and ICAM-1 was significantly induced by PMA and ionomycin (PMA/Io) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of SIRT1 significantly inhibited PMA/Io-induced ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs. Knockdown of SIRT1 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in increased expression of ICAM-1 in HUVECs. Luciferase report assay showed that over-expression of SIRT1 suppressed ICAM-1 promoter activity both in basic and in PMA/Io-induced conditions. We further found that SIRT1 was involved in transcription complex binding on the ICAM-1 promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Furthermore, SIRT1 RNAi increased NF-κB p65 binding ability to the ICAM-1 promoter by ChIP assays. Overall, these data suggests that SIRT1 inhibits ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells, which may contribute to its anti-atherosclerosis effect.
M-Commerce security platform based on WTLS and J2ME (2002)

We propose M-Commerce security platform which is constructed by WTLS security mechanism and J2ME based MIDP. M-Commerce security platform can be applied to various services that require secure business in a mobile environment. M-Commerce security platform is a building block for the security platform for M-Commerce and it has to be integrated with J2ME and WTLS security technology for M-Commerce to provide more secure mobile business.
X-Ray structure determination of 3,6-p-anisylidenedithio-3-ethyl-NN′-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione (1975)

An X-ray structure determination of the title compound (2), synthesized from the dithioacetal (1) by regiospecific metallation with n-butyl-lithium and alkylation with ethyl iodide, was performed; it was shown that the regiospecific metallation is not related to the nature of the substitutent at the dithioacetal residue.
Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Graphene‐Supported Single Atomic Metals (2018)

Graphene-supported single atomic metals (G-SAMs) have recently attracted considerable research interest for their intriguing catalytic, electronic, and magnetic properties. The development of effective synthetic methodologies toward G-SAMs with monodispersed metal atoms is vital for exploring their fundamental properties and potential applications. A convenient, rapid, and general strategy to synthesize a series of monodispersed atomic transition metals (for example, Co, Ni, Cu) embedded in nitrogen-doped graphene by two-second microwave (MW) heating the mixture of amine-functionalized graphene oxide and metal salts is reported here. The MW heating is able to simultaneously induce the reduction of graphene oxide, the doping of nitrogen, and the incorporation of metal atoms into the graphene lattices in one simple step. The rapid MW process minimizes metal diffusion and aggregation to ensure exclusive single metal atom dispersion in graphene lattices. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that graphene-supported Co atoms can function as highly active electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. This MW-assisted method provides a rapid and efficient avenue to supported metal atoms for wide ranges of applications.
A Component-Based Approach for JavaCard Runtime System Development (2005)

In recent years a lot of research efforts have been directed towards component-based approach in the development of embedded operating systems. This allows the system to easily adapt itself to different hardware chips and various embedded application subsystems. Most of the existing research on component-based embedded system development is directed towards adapting the system to different hardware chips. However, this approach is not sufficient to port the system from one embedded application to another. In this research we will address the importance of component-based design at the application domain and runtime environment level of embedded systems. Since JavaCard is gaining importance in SmartCard embedded systems, we will design a component-based Java Card Runtime Environment and Application Subsystem. Our approach will enable easy configuration of the system to support Java Card, EMV-compliant card and various other smartcard embedded applications. Our research will demonstrate that the component-based approach allows the embedded operating system to easily port itself to other resource-constrained devices such as cell phones and other embedded system application with relative ease.
The Concept of Indexation in the History of Economic Thought (1974)

Periods of severe monetary disturbance tend to spawn unorthodox and often ingenious stabilization schemes.
Continuous authentication by electrocardiogram data (2009)

Authentication is the process of verifying the claimed identity of a user. Traditional authentication systems suffer from vulnerabilities that can break the security of the system. An example of such vulnerabilities is Replay Attack: An attacker can use a pre-saved password or an authentication credential to log into the system. Another issue with existing authentication systems is that the authentication process is done only at the beginning of a session: once the user is authenticated in the system, her identity is assumed to remain the same during the lifetime of the session. In real world, an attacker can masquerade as a legitimate user by physically controlling an authenticated machine. Therefore, there is a need to continuously monitor the user to determine if the user who is using the computer is the same person that logged onto the system. In this paper, we present a framework for continuous authentication of the user based on the electrocardiogram data collected from the user's heart signal. The electrocardiogram (ECG) data is used as a soft biometric to continuously authenticate the identity of the user; Experimental results demonstrate that electrocardiogram biometric trait can guarantee the safety of the system from illegal access.
Oral administration of cholera toxin B-insulin conjugates protects NOD mice from autoimmune diabetes by inducing CD4+ regulatory T-cells. (1999)

Restoration of peripheral tolerance to target autoantigens during autoimmune diseases has met with several limitations because of the limited efficacy of this approach in an already immune host. To optimize the induction of tolerance, we have shown that feeding insulin conjugated to cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB), a potent mucosal adjuvant, reduced by 5,000 the amounts of antigen necessary for delaying diabetes onset in NOD mice. To analyze these protective mechanisms, we have performed cotransfer experiments using splenocytes from young females fed once with 10 microg of CTB-insulin, mixed with diabetogenic T-cells, and intravenously injected into irradiated syngeneic male recipients. We demonstrated that the delayed onset of diabetes relied on CD4+ T-cells. We studied the cytokine production from plate-bound anti-CD3-stimulated cells. Higher interleukin (IL)-4 amounts were observed in both splenocytes and pancreatic lymph node (PLN) cell cultures from CTB-insulin-fed mice as soon as 4 h after the feeding. An increase in the levels of transforming growth factor-beta was seen after 24 h only in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). In both of these organs, a reduction of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) production occurred after CTB-insulin treatment, at 24 h in the PLN and at 7 days in the MLN. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated an increase in the level of IL-4 and a reduction in IFN-gamma transcripts in the PLN of mice treated orally with CTB-insulin and of the recipients of regulatory T-cells. Using different strains of congenic NOD mice at the Thy1 locus, we showed that protection was associated with the accumulation of T-cells from CTB-insulin-fed mice in the lymph nodes from draining sites containing functional islets, i.e., the PLN in normal mice and the renal lymph nodes after a syngeneic islet graft under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-treated mice. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that oral administration of CTB-insulin conjugates in NOD mice produced a shift from a T-helper type 1 to a type 2 profile with the induction of antigen-specific regulatory CD4+ T-cells in the vicinity of the mucosal barrier and close to the inflamed islets.
Radiation crosslinking of nylon 66 and poly(vinyl alcohol) (1965)

Abstract Low dose Co 60 radiation of nylon 66 and poly(vinyl alcohol) in the presence of methanol–water–allyl methacrylate (AMA) mixtures allows crosslinking of the polymers. In both cases, crosslinking is facilitated by the presence of the polyfunctional monomer and does not occur in its absence. Nylon gel fractions of 40% have been obtained after a dose of 3 Mrad; poly(vinyl alcohol) gel fractions of over 75% have been obtained after 5 Mrad. With both polymers, the gel fraction is dependent upon the radiation dose, AMA level, and water level during radiation.