gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of calcium carbonate on hardening, physicochemical properties, and <i>in vitro</i> degradation of injectable calcium phosphate cements (2011)

The main disadvantage of apatitic calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) is their slow degradation rate, which limits complete bone regeneration. Carbonate (CO₃²⁻) is the common constituent of bone and it can be used to improve the degradability of the apatitic calcium phosphate ceramics. This study aimed to examine the effect of calcite (CaCO₃) incorporation into CPCs. To this end, the CaCO₃ amount (0-4-8-12 wt %) and its particle size (12.0-μm-coarse or 2.5-μm-fine) were systematically investigated. In comparison to calcite-free CPC, the setting time of the bone substitute was delayed with increasing CaCO₃ incorporation. Reduction of the CaCO₃ particle size in the initial powder increased the injectability time of the paste. During hardening of the cements, the increase in calcium release was inversely proportional to the extent of CO₃²⁻ incorporation into apatites. The morphology of the carbonate-free product consisted of large needle-like crystals, whereas small plate-like crystals were observed for carbonated apatites. Compressive strength decreased with increasing CaCO₃ content. In vitro accelerated degradation tests demonstrated that calcium release and dissolution rate from the set cements increased with increasing the incorporation of CO₃²⁻, whereas differences in CaCO₃ particle size did not affect the in vitro degradation rate under accelerated conditions.
Microvascular Dysfunction in Obesity: A Potential Mechanism in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance and Hypertension (2007)

Obesity is an important risk factor for insulin resistance and hypertension and plays a central role in the metabolic syndrome. Insight into the pathophysiology of this syndrome may lead to new treatments. This paper has reviewed the evidence for an important role for the microcirculation as a possible link between obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension.
[Animal experiments on the psychotropic action of a Hypericum extract]. (1987)

Extracts of Hypericum perforatum (Psychotonin M) (St. John's wort) with known concentrations of hypericin were tested in several models generally accepted as screening methods in experimental animal studies for the recognition of psychotropic, and in particular of antidepressant activity. Hypericum extract enhanced the exploratory activity of mice in a foreign environment, significantly prolonged the narcotic sleeping time dose-dependently, and within a narrow dose range exhibited reserpine antagonism. Similar to most other antidepressants, hypericum extract enhanced significantly the activity of mice in the water wheel test and after a prolonged daily administration decreased aggressiveness in socially isolated male mice. The presented data in addition to the already proven clinical efficacy justify the use of standardised Hypericum extract in the treatment of mild to moderate depression.
Extracellular HIV-1 virus protein R causes a large inward current and cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons: Implications for AIDS pathology (1998)

The small HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr (virus protein R) is a multifunctional protein that is present in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients. We previously showed that Vpr can form cation-selective ion channels across planar lipid bilayers, introducing the possibility that, if incorporated into the membranes of living cells, Vpr might form ion channels and consequently perturb the maintained ionic gradient. In this study, we demonstrate, by a variety of approaches, that Vpr added extracellularly to intact cells does indeed form ion channels. We use confocal laser scanning microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of fluorescently labeled Vpr. Plasmalemma depolarization and damage are examined using the anionic potential-sensitive dye bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol and propidium iodide (PI), respectively, and the effect of Vpr on whole-cell current is demonstrated directly by using the patch-clamp technique. We show that recombinant purified extracellular Vpr associates with the plasmalemma of hippocampal neurons to cause a large inward cation current and depolarization of the plasmalemma, eventually resulting in cell death. Thus, we demonstrate a physiological action of extracellular Vpr and present its mechanistic basis. These findings may have important implications for neuropathologies in AIDS patients who possess significant amounts of Vpr in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Hallucinations and Disturbances of Affect, Cognition, and Physical State as a Function of Sensory Deprivation (1967)

A post-isolation interview was administered to 134 Ss confined for up to 72 hr. under three conditions of sensory deprivation: Auditory-Tactual-Visual (Total Deprivation); Auditory-Tactual; and Auditory. Results indicated that Ss were not severely disorganized by the isolation experience. Total deprivation produced greater disturbance of affect and cognition than the two less severely restricted conditions, while complaints of physical discomfort were greater in the latter two groups. Hallucinations were analyzed in the Total Deprivation Group. The occurrence of visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, and body-image hallucinations was reported. Confirmation of previous findings for visual sensations was dependent on the criteria for classification. A significant proportion of Ss reported multimodal, complex sensory experiences (CSE). The history of CSE in sensory deprivation and related research was reviewed, and their relation to other types of hallucinations was discussed.
Thermal profile of a lanthanum hexaboride heaterless hollow cathode (2017)

Higher power cathodes are increasingly utilizing LaB6 emitters due to their increased emission current density capabilities over barium oxide emitters, however, these emitters require higher operating temperatures which poses a significant challenge to maintain heater reliability. Hence, there is ongoing development of heaterless hollow cathodes that allow for potentially higher reliability through design simplicity of removing the heater component, and in addition, there is potential savings in mass, volume, ignition time and power. In this study a LaB6 heaterless hollow cathode with imbedded high temperature thermocouple instrumentation demonstrated reliably operation in diode mode from 5-8 A at xenon flow rates of 0.2-1.75 sccm. Thet emperature profile of the emitter is characterized through ignition, which lasts up to 50 seconds. In addition, pyrometer measurements in an open keeper configuration have shown the emitter surface temperature to be significantly lower than that predicted by the Richardson equation for LaB6 emitter, perhaps indicating a strong influence of the surface chemistry.
Coupling SIMD and SIMT architectures to boost performance of a phylogeny-aware alignment kernel (2012)

This accelerated version of PaPaRa (available at http://www.exelixis-lab.org/software.html) provides a significant performance improvement that allows for analyzing larger datasets in less time. We observe that state-of-the-art SIMD and SIMT architectures deliver comparable performance for this dynamic programming kernel when the "competing programmer approach" is deployed. Finally, we show that overall performance can be substantially increased by designing a hybrid CPU-GPU system with appropriate load distribution mechanisms.
The antifibrotic effect of a serine protease inhibitor in the kidney (2013)

Interstitial fibrosis is a final common pathway for the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Activated fibroblasts have an extremely important role in the progression of renal fibrosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β₁ is a major activator of fibroblasts. Since previous reports have indicated that serine protease inhibitors have a potential to inhibit TGF-β₁ signaling in vitro, we hypothesized that a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, camostat mesilate (CM), could slow the progression of renal fibrosis. TGF-β₁ markedly increased the phosphorylation of TGF-β type I receptor, ERK 1/2, and Smad2/3 and the levels of profibrotic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F cells), and they were all significantly reduced by CM. In protocol 1, 8-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and were concurrently treated with a slow-release pellet of CM or vehicle for 14 days. Protocol 2 was similar to protocol 1 except that CM was administered 7 days after UUO. CM substantially improved renal fibrosis as determined by sirius red staining, collagen expression, and hydroxyproline levels. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 and the levels of α-SMA, CTGF, promatrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were substantially increased by UUO, and they were all significantly attenuated by CM. These antifibrotic effects of CM were also observed in protocol 2. Our present results suggest the possibility that CM might represent a new class of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of renal fibrosis through the suppression of TGF-β₁ signaling.
Recent developments in nanomedicine for melanoma treatment (2017)

Melanoma is a most aggressive skin cancer with limited therapeutic options and its incidence is increasing rapidly in recent years. The discovery and application of new targeted therapy agents have shown significant benefits. However, adverse side-effects and resistance to chemotherapy remain formidable challenges in the clinical treatment of malignant melanoma. Nanotherapeutics offers an important prospect of overcoming these drawbacks. The anti-tumoral applications of nanomedicine are varied, including those in chemotherapy, RNA interference, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, nanomedicine allows delivery of the effector structures into the tumor site via passive or active targeting, thereby allowing increased therapeutic specificity and reduced side effects. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the application of nanocarrier-mediated targeted drug delivery to melanoma and nanomedicine-related clinical trials in melanoma treatment. We also discuss existing problems and opportunities for future developments, providing direction and new thoughts for further studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron‐ and Charge‐Transfer Reactions with Zeolites. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (1999)

Our data indicate that the risk of developing an OI for a person receiving potent antiretroviral therapy is highest during the initial months of therapy. Baseline CD4 cell count and immunologic and virologic response to treatment were strong predictors of disease progression in patients receiving potent therapy. Individuals with CD4 cell counts of 50 x 10(6)/L or below may need close clinical surveillance after initiation of potent therapy.
High-dynamic-range fiber optic link using external modulator diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers (1991)

Issues affecting the design of low noise high dynamic range analog fiber optic links are discussed. Particular attention is given to the implications of high optical power sources and low insertion loss external modulators for the achievable noise figure and dynamic range of such systems focusing on antenna remoting.
High Specificity of a Quantitative PCR Assay Targeting a Saxitoxin Gene for Monitoring Toxic Algae Associated with Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in the Yellow Sea (2015)

The identification of core genes involved in the biosynthesis of saxitoxin (STX) offers a great opportunity to detect toxic algae associated with paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). In the Yellow Sea (YS) in China, both toxic and nontoxic Alexandrium species are present, which makes it a difficult issue to specifically monitor PST-producing toxic algae. In this study, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting sxtA4, a domain in the sxt gene cluster that encodes a unique enzyme involved in STX biosynthesis, was applied to analyze samples collected from the YS in spring of 2012. The abundance of two toxic species within the Alexandrium tamarense species complex, i.e., A. fundyense and A. pacificum, was also determined with TaqMan-based qPCR assays, and PSTs in net-concentrated phytoplankton samples were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. It was found that the distribution of the sxtA4 gene in the YS was consistent with the toxic algae and PSTs, and the quantitation results of sxtA4 correlated well with the abundance of the two toxic species (r=0.857). These results suggested that the two toxic species were major PST producers during the sampling season and that sxtA-based qPCR is a promising method to detect toxic algae associated with PSTs in the YS. The correlation between PST levels and sxtA-based qPCR results, however, was less significant (r=0.552), implying that sxtA-based qPCR is not accurate enough to reflect the toxicity of PST-producing toxic algae. The combination of an sxtA-based qPCR assay and chemical means might be a promising method for monitoring toxic algal blooms.
The continuous delay-line synthesizer as a system analogue (1956)

The use of a continuous delay-line synthesizer as a means for simulating transfer functions of linear systems by a very simple setting procedure is described. An analysis of the accuracy of this device as a system analogue is given, and the degree of approximation in frequency response is calculated for a number of transfer functions typical of servo systems.It is concluded that a delay-line of 26 sections will give a frequency response with not more than 5% error in the working band of frequencies for all normal servo systems.
Untreated Initial Psychosis: Its Relation to Quality of Life and Symptom Remission in First-Episode Schizophrenia (2000)

Duration of untreated initial psychosis was not prognostic of poor outcome early in the course of schizophrenia. Biological measures of neurotoxicity are needed to examine the "toxic psychosis" hypothesis more directly.
Heterotricyclen durch intramolekulare 1,4‐Dipolare Cycloaddition von alkenylsubstituierten 3,6‐Dihydro‐6‐oxo‐1‐pyrimidinium‐4‐olaten (1988)

Abstract Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5 und 10 sowie ihre intramolekularen Cycloadditionen zu den Produkten 4 bzw. 12 werden beschrieben.
Update on MADIT: The multkenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial (1997)

I n 1990, we developed the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) hypothesis, that an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) would improve survival in high-risk coronary patients when compared with conventional medical management. In the subsequent trial we did not prespecify a comparison drug; management in the conventional arm was left to the discretion of the attending cardiologist, provided the drug was FDA approved. There were 32 participating centers, 30 in the United States and 2 in EuroDe. We enrolled the first patient into MADIT on Didember 27, 1990. The safety monitoring committee recommended termination of the trial on March 2 1, 1996, and the investigators and executive committee met on March 24, 1996, and agreed to terminate the trial. By that time we had randomized 196 patients. The average duration of follow-up was 27 months. The endpoint of this study was total mortality; there were 54 deaths at the time the trial was stopped. Patient enrollment Gteria were nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, prior Q-wave infarction, ejection fraction <35%, and electrophysiologic induction of ventricular tachycardia nonsuppressible with intravenous, procainamide. Thus, all subjects were at high risk. Average ejection fraction turned out to be 26% and the average age was 67 years. Randomization into defibrillator versus best conventional treatment arms tias well balanced. The major dmg used in the nondevice arm (74% of patients) was amiodarone. There were very few patients on type IA agents and none on type IC (Table I). The Kaplan-Meier camulative survival curve for the 196 patients after randomization showed im-
Shoot and root physiological responses to localized zones of soil moisture in cultivated and wild lettuce (<i>Lactuca</i> spp.) (1996)

ABSTRACT Cultivated crisphead lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) has a shallower root system than its wild relative, Lactuca serriola L. The effects of localized soil water, at depth, on plant water relations, gas exchange and root distribution were examined in the two species using soil columns with the soil hydraulic‐ally separated into two layers, at (0–20 cm and 20–81) cm, but permitting root growth between the layers. Three treatments were imposed on 7‐week‐old plants, and maintained for 4 weeks: (i) watering, both layers to field capacity; (ii) drying the upper layer while watering the lower layer to field capacity, and (iii) drying both layers. Drying only 0–20 cm of soil had no effect on leaf water status, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance or biomass production in L. serriola compared to a well‐watered control, but caused a short‐term reduction (10 d) in leaf water status and photosynthesis in L. sativa that reduced final shoot production. The different responses may be explained by differences in root distribution. Just before the treatments commenced, L. serriola had 50% of total root length at 20–80 cm compared to 35% in L. sativa. Allocation of total biomass to roots in L. serriola was approximately double that in L. sativa. The wild species could provide germplasm for cultivated lettuces to extract more soil water from depth, which may improve irrigation efficiency.
Liposomes from Polymerizable Glycolipids (1981)

The first glycolipids with diyne groups, e.g. (1), form monolayers and liposomes which can be polymerized. Monomeric and polymeric liposomes of (1) react rapidly with the lectin Concanavalin A with aglutination and precipitation of liposomes.
TCM treatment of bronchial asthma. (2000)

Xuan Fei Ding Chuan Wan ([symbol: see text] pills for facilitating the flow of the lung-qi to relieve asthma) and Xiao Chuan Gu Ben Wan ([symbol: see text] pills for treating asthma by consolidating the origin) were used for treatment of bronchial asthma. The cure rate in the treated group (n = 600) was 81.33%, significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that in the control group (n = 164, with a cure rate of 9.76%).
Strukturbildung und molekulare Beweglichkeit im Wasser und in wäßrigen Lösungen (1966)

Abstract Die Erforschung der Struktur des Wassers und wäßriger Lösungen hat in den letzten Jahren starke Antriebe erhalten, teils durch die Bemühungen zur Entsalzung von Meerwasser, teils durch die Entwicklung der Molekularbiologie. Die vorherrschende Auffassung, daß das Wasser neben Einzelmolekeln nur eine Art von Strukturelementen enthalte, nämlich fluktuierende Netzstrukturen mit über Wasserstoffbrücken tetraedrisch verknüpften H 2 O‐Molekeln (Zwei‐Zustände‐Modell), erweist sich bei der Deutung neuer Meßergebnisse und bei Berechnungen der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften des Wassers als unzulänglich. Nach kritischer Diskussion der Grundlagen dieser Modellvorstellung und des Begriffs „Wasserstoffbrücke”︁ wird zusätzlich eine zweite Art von Strukturelementen, ein dritter Zustand, vorgeschlagen: kleinere Molekelaggregate, die neben tetraedrischen vorwiegend nicht tetraedrische Wasserstoffbrücken enthalten und eine dichtere Packung als die Netzstrukturen zulassen. Diese Molekelaggregate – Dimere bis Hexamere – sind als die primären Zerfallsprodukte der Netzstrukturen anzusehen und ersetzen diese als Strukturelemente des Wassers mit steigender Temperatur und mit steigender Konzentration gelöster Stoffe mehr und mehr. Dieses „kombinierte”︁ Strukturmodell läßt die Eigenschaften des Wassers und die verschiedenartigen Einflüsse gelöster Stoffe ohne innere Widersprüche verstehen.
Channel mobility enhancement in InP metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (1985)

The channel mobility of the InP metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET’s) was enhanced by incorporating a phosphorus-rich interfacial oxide between the SiO2 gate dielectric and InP substrate. This phosphorus-rich oxide was grown using an indirect, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process followed by deposition of the SiO2 gate dielectric using the same technique. The metal-insulator-semiconductor structures, formed by aluminum deposition on the SiO2, did not exhibit any hysteresis in its capacitance-voltage characteristic. An interface state density as low as 8×1010 cm−2 eV−1 was achieved for such an MIS system. A channel mobility of 3450 cm2/Vs at room temperature was achieved for 4-μm gate length InP MISFET’s. These MISFET’s did not show any significant drift of channel current during six hours of continuous operation. These excellent characteristics are postulated to result from suppression of surface defects during the deposition of the SiO2 gate dielectric.
The description of material (1992)

As with the introduction, this section of your project need not be long. Your description should include details of the context of the recording or written material. It can be tackled by asking yourself some wh-questions about your material. The following questions might be of use: Who? Where? How? What? When?
Poractant alfa versus beractant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study (2013)

The results of our study do not support the need for preferential use of poractant alfa or beractant.
Nanoporous Protein Particles Through Templating Mesoporous Silica Spheres (2006)

Sequential assembly of protein and polyelectrolyte in mesoporous silica (MS) spheres leads to the formation of nanoporous protein particles (NPPs); the MS templates are removed after the fabrication process (see figure). The NPPs based on catalase show excellent biological activity, with up to 57 % of the activity retained. This strategy offers a novel and effective method of preparing bioactive NPPs of diverse composition, particle size, and shape.