gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cis-acting regulatory elements within gag genes of avian retroviruses. (1987)

A cis-acting enhancer element has been detected within the gag gene of several avian retroviruses, including Rous sarcoma virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, and the endogenous Rous-associated virus-0. A consensus enhancer core sequence, GTGGTTTG, is present in all of these viral genomes, approximately 900 bases downstream from the site of initiation of transcription. When an internal fragment derived from the gag gene of any of these viruses (spanning nucleotides 533 to approximately 1149) was inserted into a plasmid containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene under control of the simian virus 40 promoter, 9- or 21-fold enhancement of CAT expression was observed after transfection into mouse L cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts, respectively. This enhancement was not dependent on the position of insertion of the gag fragment into the plasmid. However, there was a strong dependence on orientation, with higher levels of CAT expression in constructs in which the 5' end of the gag fragment was nearest to the promoter, suggesting a possible negative regulatory element at the 3' end of this fragment. Deletion of the 3' end of the insert resulted in a gag fragment, containing nucleotides 533 to 1017, which enhanced expression equally in either orientation. When the gag fragment was inserted into a plasmid containing the cat gene under the control of an intact Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, it induced a two- to threefold increase in CAT activity and CAT mRNA levels. Translation of the gag fragment did not appear to be necessary for the observed enhancement, since two insertional mutations resulting in frameshifts in the gag insert did not affect CAT expression. However, deletion of a 330-base internal fragment from the gag insert restored a basal level of CAT activity. These results suggest that retroviruses have regulatory elements within their genes distinct from those in the long terminal repeats that flank the genes.
Risk factors for intra-abdominal sepsis after surgery in Crohn's disease (2000)

Preoperative low albumin level, steroid use, and the presence of abscess or fistula at the time of laparotomy significantly increased the risk of septic complications after surgery in Crohn's disease.
From Transport Measurements to Infrared Reflectance Spectra of n-Type Doped 4H-SiC Layer Stacks (2003)

To model the infrared reflectance spectrum of a conductive multiple layer stack, one needs the plasma frequency and damping parameter of every constitutive material. In this work we show how they can be linked to the resistivity or doping level of the different layers. From a typical application performed in the case of Schottky diode structures, we find that between 1000 and 4000 cm-1, the interference shape of the resulting infrared spectrum is mostly sensitive to the doping level and thickness of the buried buffer layer.
The effect of whisker movement on radial distance estimation: a case study in comparative robotics (2013)

Whisker movement has been shown to be under active control in certain specialist animals such as rats and mice. Though this whisker movement is well characterized, the role and effect of this movement on subsequent sensing is poorly understood. One method for investigating this phenomena is to generate artificial whisker deflections with robotic hardware under different movement conditions. A limitation of this approach is that assumptions must be made in the design of any artificial whisker actuators, which will impose certain restrictions on the whisker-object interaction. In this paper we present three robotic whisker platforms, each with different mechanical whisker properties and actuation mechanisms. A feature-based classifier is used to simultaneously discriminate radial distance to contact and contact speed for the first time. We show that whisker-object contact speed predictably affects deflection magnitudes, invariant of whisker material or whisker movement trajectory. We propose that rodent whisker control allows the animal to improve sensing accuracy by regulating contact speed induced touch-to-touch variability.
N-Terminal Fatty Acid Substitution Increases the Leishmanicidal Activity of CA(1-7)M(2-9), a Cecropin-Melittin Hybrid Peptide (2001)

In order to improve the leishmanicidal activity of the synthetic cecropin A-melittin hybrid peptide CA(1-7)M(2-9) (KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL-NH(2)), a systematic study of its acylation with saturated linear fatty acids was carried out. Acylation of the N(epsilon)-7 lysine residue led to a drastic decrease in leishmanicidal activity, whereas acylation at lysine 1, in either the alpha or the epsilon NH(2) group, increased up to 3 times the activity of the peptide against promastigotes and increased up to 15 times the activity of the peptide against amastigotes. Leishmanicidal activity increased with the length of the fatty acid chain, reaching a maximum for the lauroyl analogue (12 carbons). According to the fast kinetics, dissipation of membrane potential, and parasite membrane permeability to the nucleic acid binding probe SYTOX green, the lethal mechanism was directly related to plasma membrane permeabilization.
Epoxy-acrylate-coated fused silica fibers with tensile strengths ≳500 ksi (3.5 GN/m2) in 1-km gauge lengths (1976)

Laser-drawn epoxy-acrylate-coated fused silica fibers (∼110 μm fiber diameter) have been produced with high and exceptionally uniform strength. When tested in 20-μm lengths, they show a single-moded Weibull distribution, (m∼25), a median tensile strength Sm of 750 ksi (5.25 GN/m2), and a coefficient of variation (ν) of about 0.04. Using the previously justified ’’weakest link’’ model, this predicts Sm∼600 ksi (4.2 GN/m2) for l-km gauge lengths. The measured strength of a 1680-m-long fiber (i.e., the minimum strength found in testing 84 20-m lengths) is 620 ksi (4.35 GN/m2). The capability of drawing kilometer lengths of fibers with strengths of this magnitude and uniformity is extremely important for the production of optical fiber cables.
Calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid express an extracellular calcium receptor gene. (1995)

Calcitonin (CT) secretion by parafollicular cells of the thyroid (C cells) is regulated by small changes in the concentration of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]e). Elevation of [Ca2+]e elicits a rise in the C cell cytoplasmic calcium concentration and stimulates CT release. The molecular entity through which C cells detect changes in [Ca2+]e and modulate hormone secretion is unknown. Recently, an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) complementary DNA was isolated from bovine parathyroid gland. To assess whether parathyroid cells and C cells use similar mechanisms to detect changes in ambient Ca2+, rat, human, and sheep C cells were examined for expression of the parathyroid CaR or a related receptor isoform. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis identified CaR transcripts in rat and human thyroid gland. Northern blot analysis demonstrated CaR messenger RNA (mRNA) in rat thyroid gland, a human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) isolate, and a highly enriched preparation of sheep C cells. Rat MTC 44-2 cells, a cell line responsive to changes in [Ca2+]e, express abundant levels of CaR mRNA. Human TT cells, a C cell line lacking the extracellular calcium-sensing function, have undetectable levels of CaR mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Western blot analysis, using antiserum specific to the parathyroid CaR, detected CaR protein in rMTC 44-2, but not TT cells. Immunostaining of both dispersed sheep C cells and rat thyroid gland sections identified C cell-specific expression of the CaR protein, and in situ hybridization analysis confirmed the C cell-specific expression of CaR mRNA in the intact rat thyroid. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the rMTC 44-2 CaR transcripts was found to encode the same CaR protein as that expressed in the parathyroid and kidney. The results demonstrate that C cells express the same extracellular calcium-sensing receptor that is found in parathyroid and kidney, and the presence of this receptor protein in C cell lines correlates with the extracellular calcium-sensing function. This CaR is likely to represent the primary molecular entity through which C cells detect changes in [Ca2+]e and control CT release, suggesting that activation of the same receptor can either stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion in different cell types.
Initial results from the RHEPP module (1992)

Several potential applications such as medical waste treatment, chemical waste treatment, food treatment, and flue gas cleanup have been identified for high average power electron beam systems. In the RHEPP (Repetitive High Energy Pulsed Power) project, the technology for such a system is being developed. The RHEPP module consists of a magnetic pulse compressor driving a linear induction voltage adder with an e-beam diode load. It has been designed to operate continuously, delivering 350 kW of average power to the diode in 60-ns FWHM, 2.5-MV, 2.9-kJ pulses. The module is presently under construction with the first phase scheduled for completion in the summer of 1992. In the first phase, four of ten adder stages are being built so that testing can begin with a 1-MV, 160-kW diode with the balance of the power from the compressor diverted to a resistive load. A description of the system and test results from the initial stages of the compressor will be presented.
Prognostic Value of Tumor Budding in Early-Stage Cervical Adenocarcinomas (2017)

Background: Tumor budding has recently been reported as an independent adverse prognostic factor for colorectal adenocarcinomas and other types of carcinoma in the digestive tract. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of tumor budding in patients with early-stage cervical adenocarcinomas and any associations with other clinical and pathological features. Methods: Histological slides of patients with early-stage (IB-IIA) usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, without preoperative chemotherapy, between January 2006 and December 2012 were reviewed. Tumor budding was evaluated in routinely-stained sections and defined as detached single cells or clusters of fewer than 5 cells in a tumor invasive front and was stratified based on the number of bud counts in 10-high-power fields as low (<15 buds) and high (≥15 buds). Correlations between tumor bud count and other clinical and pathological variables including follow-up outcomes were assessed. Results: Of 129 patients, a high tumor bud count was observed in 15 (11.6%), positively associated with histologic grade 3 (p<0.001), invasive pattern C (Silva System) (p=0.004), lymph node metastasis (p=0.008), stage IB2-IIA (p=0.016), and tumor size >2 cm (p=0.036). Kaplan-Meyer analysis showed a significant decrease in both disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival for patients with a high tumor bud count (p=0.027 and 0.031, respectively). On multivariate analysis, histologic grade 3 was the only independent predictor for decreased disease-free survival (p=0.004) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.003). Conclusions: A high tumor budding count based on assessment of routinely-stained sections was found to be associated with decreased disease-free and cancer-specific survival in patients with early-stage cervical adenocarcinomas. However, it was not found to be an independent prognostic predictor in this study.
Immunolocalization of an inwardly rectifying K<sup>+</sup> channel, K<sub>AB</sub>‐2 (Kir4.1), in the basolateral membrane of renal distal tubular epithelia (1996)

Immunolocalization of K(AB)-2 (Kir4.1), an inwardly rectifying K+ channel with a putative ATP-binding domain, was examined in rat kidney where expression of K(AB)-2 mRNA was previously shown. Anti-K(AB)-2 antibody was raised in rabbit and then affinity-purified. An immunohistochemical study revealed that K(AB)-2 immunoreactivity was detected specifically in the basolateral membrane of distal tubular epithelia. Therefore, K(AB)-2 is the first K+ channel shown to be localized in the basolateral membrane of renal epithelia. The finding suggests that K(AB)-2 may contribute to supplying K+ to the Na(+)-K+ pump, which is abundant in the basolateral membrane of distal tubular epithelia, as well as to maintenance of the deep negative membrane potential of these cells.
Thin-layer chromatographic procedures for lipid separation (1995)

This review focuses on the thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation aspects of lipid analysis. Since the space limitations do not permit, the quantitative aspects of the analyses are not discussed at length although some indications of appropriate methodology and detection reagents will be indicated. Many separations carried out by TLC have the prerequisite of proper sample preparation. Using proper sample clean-up prior to TLC enables one to carry out precise separation as well as sensitive quantitation. Thus, the discussions are divided into the two main topics--sample preparation and TLC. Examples of applications are limited to those which illustrate the capabilities of the technique as well as practicability. Since there are a number of reviews in the literature, the discussions herein are focused mainly on reports after 1985.
Study of the Reactivities of Acid-Catalyzed O-Benzylating Reagents Based on Structural Isomers of 1,3,5-Triazine (2015)

We have demonstrated O-benzylating abilities of both 4,6-bis(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one (DiBOT) and 6-(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (MonoBOT), which have been previously suggested as reaction intermediates of the acid-catalyzed benzylation of 2,4,6-tris(benzyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TriBOT). We studied the effect on the reactivity of acid-catalyzed O-benzylation caused by the isomeric core triazine structures in these compounds by carrying out a kinetic study and estimating relative basicities using model compounds. Since MonoBOT showed superior reactivity, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione is a promising core structure for acid-catalyzed alkylating reagents.
Assessment policy and practice effects on New Zealand and Queensland teachers' conceptions of teaching (2009)

Teachers’ thinking about four conceptions of teaching (i.e., apprenticeship-developmental, nurturing, social reform, and transmission) were captured using the Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI). New Zealand and Queensland have very similar teaching-related policies and practices but differences around assessment policies and practices are expected to influence teachers’ conceptions of teaching. Results from two surveys (New Zealand primary (n5241) and Queensland primary (n5784) and secondary (n5614) teachers) found acceptably fitting models. TPI models were not invariant between primary and secondary teachers in Queensland while the models for primary teachers in Queensland and New Zealand were partially invariant. There were only small differences in mean perspectives scores, except for transmission, which elicited large differences.
Wireless interaction for virtual exhibitions of archaeological finds (2009)

A Virtual Exhibition (VE) is a collection of 3D models of works of art or archaeological finds that can be interactively observed through a Virtual Reality (VR) system. Since a VE is usually visited by hundreds or thousands of people, a robust and user-friendly interface is essential. The high volume of visitors makes the use of special interaction devices like data gloves or tracking systems impractical; these devices can be fragile, uncomfortable or too complicated for inexperienced users. This paper presents the first steps in the development of a VR user interface, Specifically studied for VEs, that tries to fit the requirements of robustness And easiness, taking also into account that the whole VR system should be easily transportable and competitive in terms of cost. This interface employs commodity devices and is based on the combined use of a head tracking system and a Wiimote controller that allows the user to freely manipulate the objects of the virtual collection. The head tracking is based on two webcams and a LED placed on the user’s glasses. Through a stereovision method, the system detects the user’s head Movements and changes the point of view of the virtual scene, in order to give the impression of being in front of a pseudo-holographic screen.
Growth of microcrystalline silicon by remote plasma chemical vapor deposition without hydrogen dilution (1994)

We have grown microcrystalline silicon by a remote plasma chemical vapor deposition technique using silane and helium only, without hydrogen dilution. The optimum growth temperature and rf power are 330 °C and 100 W, respectively. These results indicate that an atomic hydrogen environment on the growing surface is not always necessary to grow microcrystalline (μc-)Si at low temperatures. It is found that the exposure of He plasma on the growing surface of μc-Si etches the Si layer, explaining the growth of μc-Si by using only silane and He and no hydrogen.
Neurocognitive testing supports a broader concept of mild cognitive impairment (2005)

The narrow concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as an early form of Alzheimer s disease has been broadened by research that established the existence of alternative forms of the condition that may presage other forms of dementia. The research presented here was a naturalistic, cross-sectional study of patients in a community referral clinic-patients with MCI and mild dementia-compared to normal controls. A comprehensive, computerized neurocognitive screening battery developed by one of the authors (CNS Vital Signs) was administered to all of the subjects. Participants consisted of 36 patients with MCI and 53 patients with mild dementia, diagnosed by standard criteria, and 89 matched normal controls. Multivariate analysis indicated significant differences among the three groups for all 15 primary test variables and for all five of the domain scores. Tests of memory, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility were the most cogent discriminators between normal controls and MCI patients, and between MCI patients and patients with mild dementia. The same three tests also had the greatest sensitivity and specificity. The results of this study indicate that computerized testing can differentiate among normal controls, MCI patients, and patients with mild dementia. Also, in a diverse group of MCI and mild dementia patients, impairments in memory, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility were the most prominent observed deficits.
Chemical and biochemical studies on carbohydrate esters. VI. Further examinations on antitumor activities of stearoyl esters of sucrose. (1977)

A series of commercially available, non-ionic surfactants produced by partial acylation of sucrose with the hydrogenated beef-tallow fatty acids, that is, the eight kinds of DK-esters containing the mono-, di-, tri-, and polyesters of stearic and palmitic acids at different ratios were tested for their antitumor effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma by total packed cell volume (TPCV) method. The anti-leukemia activity of these DK-esters, as well as of the sucrose-monostearate preparation (SS-C), was also examined by tissue culture method, using a mouse leukemia cell line L-5178Y. Thus, the monoester constituents contained in them proved to exert inhibiting effects against both the tumors, in spite of the negative activities of the co-existing higher esters. In addition, it has been indicated that the preparation SS-C tended to exhibit antitumor effect upon the ascites sarcoma 180 implanted in mice (TPCV method and survival method), though it showed no activity against the same tumor in solid form (so-called host-mediated bioassay).
Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 Translocation in Adipocytes Is Dependent upon Cortical Actin Remodeling (2001)

Rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining of morphologically differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes demonstrated that F-actin predominantly exists juxtaposed to and lining the inner face of the plasma membrane (cortical actin) with a smaller amount of stress fiber and/or ruffling actin confined to the cell bottom in contact with the substratum. The extent of cortical actin disruption with various doses of either latrunculin B or Clostridium difficile toxin B (a Rho family small GTP-binding protein toxin) directly correlated with the inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. The dissolution of the cortical actin network had no significant effect on proximal insulin receptor signaling events including insulin receptor autophosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Cbl, or serine/threonine phosphorylation of Akt. Surprisingly, however, stabilization of F-actin with jasplakinolide also resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. In vivo time-lapse confocal fluorescent microscopy of actin-yellow fluorescent protein demonstrated that insulin stimulation initially results in cortical actin remodeling followed by an increase in polymerized actin in the peri-nuclear region. Importantly, the insulin stimulation of cortical actin rearrangements was completely blocked by treatment of the cells with latrunculin B, C. difficile toxin B, and jasplakinolide. Furthermore, expression of the dominant-interfering TC10/T31N mutant completely disrupted cortical actin and prevents any insulin-stimulated actin remodeling. Together, these data demonstrate that cortical actin, but not stress fibers, lamellipodia, or filopodia, plays an important regulatory role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. In addition, cortical F-actin does not function in a static manner (e.g. barrier or scaffold), but insulin-stimulated dynamic cortical actin remodeling is necessary for the GLUT4 translocation process.
The Inner Hair Cell Synaptic Complex: Physiology, Pharmacology and New Therapeutic Strategies (2002)

Within the cochlea, the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs), which transduce mechanical displacement of the basilar membrane into neural activity, release glutamate to act on postsynaptic receptor channels located on dendrites of primary auditory neurons. In turn the activity of the postsynaptic auditory dendrites is modulated by a variety of lateral efferent neurotransmitters. This presentation reviews the most recent findings obtained at the IHC synaptic complex with an original technique, namely coupling auditory nerve single unit recordings with multibarrel intracochlear perfusions. Two types of results are emphasized: (1) in physiological conditions, the activity of auditory nerve fibers involves AMPA, but not kainate or NMDA receptors, and (2) this activity is tonically modulated by dopamine, one of the lateral efferent neurotransmitters. With the increasing knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved at the first synaptic complex in the cochlea, it is now possible to envisage local treatments for spiral ganglion neurons. These treatments, available experimentally, may be used in the near future: either to protect spiral ganglion neurons against excitotoxic injury (traumatic and/or ischemic sudden deafness), or to prevent excitotoxic-induced hyperexcitability (probably the starting point of most posttraumatic tinnitus), or to delay neuronal death (neural presbycusis).