gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The control of adenosine concentration in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, cultured heart cells and isolated perfused heart from the rat (1983)

Rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes or neonatal-rat heart cells in culture were treated with 2'-deoxycoformycin and 5-iodotubercidin at concentrations that inhibited adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) inside the intact cells, and the rate of adenosine accumulation was determined. The basal rate of adenosine formation was 2% (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) or 9% (heart cells) of the maximal activity of adenosine kinase also measured in intact cells. Greatly increased rates of adenosine formation were observed during adenine nucleotide catabolism. This condition also led to a decrease in adenosine kinase activity. When isolated rat hearts were perfused with 5-iodotubercidin alone at a concentration which inhibited adenosine kinase, no increase in tissue or perfusate adenosine or inosine concentration was observed. However, perfusion with hypoxic buffer or infusion of adenosine into the coronary circulation at a rate (20 nmol/min) equivalent to 40% of the activity of adenosine kinase caused large increases in effluent perfusate adenosine and inosine concentrations. These data argue unanimously against the existence of a substrate cycle controlling adenosine concentration. They suggest instead that an increase in the rate of adenosine formation is the principal cause of elevations in adenosine concentration during ATP catabolism.
Implementing the Theory of Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Tutorial Review (2005)

Abstract The interfacial regions between bulk media, although often comprising only a fraction of the material present, are frequently the site of reactions and phenomena that dominate the macroscopic properties of the entire system. Spectroscopic investigations of such interfaces are often hampered by the lack of surface specificity of most available techniques. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFS) is a non‐linear optical technique which provides vibrational spectra of molecules solely at interfaces. The spectra may be analysed to provide the polar orientation, molecular conformation, and average tilt angle of the adsorbate to the surface normal. This article is aimed at newcomers to the field of SFS, and via a tutorial approach will present and develop the general sum frequency equations and then demonstrate how the fundamental theory elucidates the important experimental properties of SFS.
[Evolutionary programming for finding "structure-activity" relationships in a series of 3-phenoxychromone and 3-phenoxy-4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives]. (1995)

Based on a set of compounds possessing hypolipidemic activity, it was demonstrated that evolutionary algorithms can be successfully used to compile an informative set of molecular parameters. The parameter sets selected using the method of potential functions allowed correct prediction of the activity of test molecules.
High Power Diode-Side-Pumped Q-Switched Nd:YAG Solid-State Laser with a Thermoelectric Cooler (2015)

A diode-side-pumped, high-energy, high-beam-quality, pulsed solid-state Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) laser with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is investigated in this study. The pump laser was a pulsed laser diode array with maximum peak power of 15 kW. A 350 mJ laser pulse was obtained with a wavelength of 1064 nm, a pulse duration of 10 ns, a total electrical-to-optical efficiency of 7.5%, a relative stability of output energy of 5%, and a beam quality of M2 < 4.
Digital Terrain Modeling: Principles and Methodology (2004)

Digital terrain representation. Data Acquisition Methodology. Terrain Surface Modeling (Reconstruction). Algorithms for Triangular Irregular Network Formation. Interpolation Methods. Data Quality Control. Mathematical Models for DTM Accuracy.Multi-Scale Representation of Digital Elevation Models. DTM Data Management. Contouring from DTM. DTM-Based Terrain Analysis (DTM Interpretation). Visualization of DTM Surface. Applications. Integration with GIS. Index.
Is nitric oxide involved as a mediator of cerebrovascular changes in the early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis? (1994)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a mediator of haemodynamic changes and cytotoxicity in in vivo models of inflammation such as endotoxaemic shock. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether NO may be involved in the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF), intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain water content, known to occur in the early phase of pneumococcal meningitis. Rats injected intracisternally with live pneumococci were either untreated or received 5 mg kg-1 i.v. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthase. Pretreatment with L-NAME prevented the increase in CBF, ICP and brain water content, as seen in untreated animals. CBF tended to return towards baseline when rats were treated with L-NAME 2 h after pneumococcal injection. Whereas none of the untreated and L-NAME-pretreated animals died during the 6 h observation period, 3 out of 9 rats treated with L-NAME and 7 out of 9 rats with simultaneous i.v. injection of L-NAME and L-arginine died. Our results provide preliminary evidence that NO may be involved as a mediator of CBF changes and oedema formation in the early phase of pneumococcal meningitis in the rat. NO inhibition, however, may have detrimental effects of still unidentified cause, as indicated by the increased mortality in treated animals. Further studies with analysis of the causes of mortality, structurally different NO synthase inhibitors and direct evaluation of NO synthase induction are needed to further support this hypothesis.
Cancer stem cells, tumor dormancy, and metastasis (2012)

Tumor cells can persist undetectably for an extended period of time in primary tumors and in disseminated cancer cells. Very little is known about why and how these tumors persist for extended periods of time and then evolve to malignancy. The discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in human tumors challenges our current understanding of tumor recurrence, drug resistance, and metastasis, and opens up new research directions on how cancer cells are capable of switching from dormancy to malignancy. Although overlapping molecules and pathways have been reported to regulate the stem-like phenotype of CSCs and metastasis, accumulated evidence has suggested additional clonal diversity within the stem-like cancer cell subpopulation. This review will describe the current hypothesis linking CSCs and metastasis and summarize mechanisms important for metastatic CSCs to re-initiate tumors in the secondary sites. A better understanding of CSCs' contribution to clinical tumor dormancy and metastasis will provide new therapeutic revenues to eradicate metastatic tumors and significantly reduce the mortality of cancer patients.
Local plants as repellents against Anopheles arabiensis, in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. (2000)

The results of this study indicate that L. javanica, P. reniforme and C. excavatus protect against An. arabiensis mosquito bites with the repellent effect of L. javanica lasting significantly longer than that of the other two plants.
Phasmid vectors for identification of genes by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants (1985)

A bacteriophage lambda cloning vector was designed to facilitate the isolation of genes from procaryotic organisms by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. This vector, lambda SE4, was constructed by attaching a very-low-copy-number replication system (from the plasmid NR1) and a spectinomycin resistance gene to the left arm of lambda 1059 (Karn et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:5172-5176, 1980). This phasmid cloning vector is capable of growing lytically as a phage in a nonimmune host or lysogenically as a phasmid in an immune host. This phasmid utilizes the Spi- selection for insertions of DNA into the vector and has the ability to accept 2- to 19-kilobase Sau3A1, BamHI, BglII, BclI, or XhoII fragments; recombinants lysogenize immune hosts as single-copy-number selectable plasmids at 100% frequency. An E. coli library was constructed by using the initial vector lambda SE4, and clones of a number of representative genes were identified. A typical clone, lambda ant+, was shown to be readily mutagenized by a mini-Tn10 transposon. A general method for transferring cloned DNA segments onto bacteriophage lambda was developed. The method involves the use of in vivo recombination with a selection and was used to construct two derivatives of lambda SE4. Possible uses of these vectors and of the method for transferring cloned DNA onto phage lambda are discussed.
Modeling approaches for nanomanufacturing risk assessment (2009)

Assessing tradeoffs between nanomanufacturing production, cost, and safety concerns is both difficult and important given the significant uncertainty that exists about exposure effects. A variety of risk assessment models can be developed within this context (used separately and together) to help decision-makers with the difficult task of identifying appropriate or optimal process design, equipment selection, and regulatory policy decisions. As more becomes known about nanomaterial exposure risks, these models can be updated to reflect the current knowledge base, suggesting optimal decisions likely will change over time.
Research Progress of Biomass Fuels on Iron and Steel Industry (2014)

Biomass fuel,an renewable green energy,is becoming a research fous,which is a promising fuel used in iron and steel industry. The utilize ways of biomass fuel and research progress of which used in sintering,pelleting, blast furnace ironmaking are summarized in this paper. Also,the existing problems of biomass materials are studied in iron and steel industry are outlined.
Absorption, fluorescence, and stimulated emission in Ti-diffused Er:LiNbO 3 waveguides (1991)

We report Erbium-doped Ti-indiffused single-mode optical waveguides of good quality in LiNbO3 fabricated by Erimplantation followed by annealing. Besides ground state absorption also xcited-tate-bsorption (ESA) has been investigated indicating that even at 1. 48 pm pump wavelength ESA occurs as a three stage process. The guided-wave spontaneous fluorescence was investigated. In a " pump and probe" experiment for the first time wavelength ranges could be identified where the stimulated emission overcomes the Er-absorption.
Factors relating to neurotoxicity of artemisinin antimalarial drugs "listening to arteether". (1998)

The discovery of the occult brainstem neurotoxicity subsequent to widespread deployment of artemisinin derivatives has created particular problems. That is, the clinical setting for artemisinin use is problematic for accomplishing what ordinarily would be addressed in phase I-II clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is clear that an urgent and vital need exists for the deployment and widespread availability of artemisinins. The work done to date has already yielded a substantial body of evidence that, while incomplete, provides guidelines for artemisinin use to minimize the risk of these drugs while preserving their much-needed efficacy. The evidence thus far shows that route of administration, oil/water solubility and concentration-duration of drug level, are critical determinants of toxicity and can be given appropriate consideration in the clinical decisions regarding route, choice of drug used, and drug regimens. In this regard, an oral, water-soluble drug with moderately rapid clearance may be the most attractive choice in the absence of significant differences in efficacy. The same body of evidence clearly shows that toxicity can, and does, develop with no obvious or useful clinical marker. Therefore, the development and validation of a test that can reliably detect the onset of injury, at a reversible stage, is a critical path task for any future development in this class. More complete understanding of mechanisms, kinetics, and molecular targets of neurotoxicity, will certainly be forthcoming. A continuing, more generalized use of these drugs, however, cannot be fully endorsed without a useful, practical clinical test of toxicity. The requirement is especially critical in light of the reality that those patients receiving artemisinin derivatives live in high risk environments and are likely to receive repeated courses of therapy with little likelihood of close, post marketing surveillance.
Development of a forensic evidence protection kit (1999)

A kit has been developed for the preservation of vital forensic evidence on a suspect following a serious assault, murder or other offense where contamination may occur. This also includes the handling of firearms, explosives and/or drugs. The kit has been in operational use in Northern Ireland for several years. It has been the subject of legal examination in the higher British courts and has proved vital in the conviction of persons charged with serious firearms or explosives offences. The kit consists of a cape made out of a microporous, antistatic, waterproof, lightweight, breathable laminate material that ensures no evidence is lost due to condensation or cross-contamination. The kit also contains disposable plastic gloves and handcuffs and is sealed in a nylon bag under sterile conditions. The kit is easy to apply and simple to train law enforcement officers in its use.
New Approach to Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) Cell Based on Silicon Waveguides for Nanophotonic Circuits (2018)

In this chapter, we present a new scheme for Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) structure based on only one 4 × 4 multimode interference (MMI) coupler. We design the new MZI cell on the silicon on insulator (SOI) platform. The MZI based on directional coupler and 2 × 2 MMI coupler is also investigated in detail. The new MZI cell is a basic building block for photonic applications such as optical quantum gate, optical computing and reconfigurable processors. The numerical simulations show that our approach has advantages of compact size, ease of fabrication with the current complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry.
A Microfabricated Nanocalorimeter:  Design, Characterization, and Chemical Calibration (2008)

A microfabricated titration calorimeter having nanowatt sensitivity is presented. The device is achieved by modifying a commercial, suspended-membrane, thin-film thermopile infrared sensor. Chemical reactions are studied by placing a 50.0 nL droplet of one reagent directly on the sensor and injecting nanoliter droplets of a second reagent through a micropipette by means of a pressure-driven droplet injector with 1% reliability in volume delivery. External thermal noise is minimized by a two-layer thermal shielding system. Evaporation is prevented by positioning the micropipette through a tiny hole in a cover glass, sealed by a drop of oil. The device is calibrated using two acid-base reactions: H2SO4 + HEPES buffer, and NaOH + HCl. The measured power sensitivity is 2.90(4) V/W, giving a detection limit of 22 nW. The 1/e time constant for a single injection is 1.1 s. The day-to-day power sensitivity is reproducible to approximately 2%. A computational model of the sensor reproduces the power sensitivity within 10% and the time constant within 20%. For a 50 nL sample and 0.8-1.5 nL titrant injection volumes, the heat uncertainty of 44 nJ corresponds to a 3sigma detection limit of 132 nJ, or the binding energy associated with 2.9 pM of IgG-protein A complex.
The effect of streptokinase on intramyocardial hemorrhage, infarct size, and the no-reflow phenomenon during coronary reperfusion. (1984)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether streptokinase exacerbates intramyocardial hemorrhage during coronary reperfusion, has any intrinsic effect on myocardial infarct size other than its ability to lyse proximal thrombi in coronary arteries, and can abolish the no-reflow phenomenon. Anesthetized open-chest dogs underwent coronary occlusion for 3 hr followed by 3 hr of reperfusion. Area of infarct was assessed by tetrazolium staining, anatomic zone of no-reflow by injection of the fluorescent dye thioflavin S at the end of the reperfusion period, regional blood flow during occlusion and reperfusion by the radioactive microsphere technique, and extent of gross hemorrhage by assessment of photographic enlargements of the heart slices. Area of infarction of the left ventricle was similar in control (13.4 +/- 3.6%) and streptokinase-treated dogs (13.0 +/- 2.9%; p = NS). Seven of eight dogs in the untreated group had anatomic perfusion defects as assessed by thioflavin S at the end of the reperfusion phase; seven of eight dogs in the streptokinase group had anatomic perfusion defects. There was no difference in the extent of gross hemorrhage between the two groups (6.5 +/- 2.1% of left ventricle in controls and 5.7 +/- 2.3% in streptokinase-treated dogs). Severe depression of regional blood flow during reperfusion was present within the infarcted tissue and was associated with an anatomic perfusion defect as defined by thioflavin S; there was moderate depression of flow within the noninfarcted, salvaged subepicardium. In a separate series of experiments, infarcts were assessed for hemoglobin content. Intramyocardial hemoglobin levels were not higher after fibrinolytic therapy plus reperfusion compared with reperfusion alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesis of Esters of 3‐(2‐Aminoethyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indole‐2‐acetic Acid and 3‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indole‐2‐malonic acid (= 2‐[3‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indol‐2‐yl]propanedioic acid) 4th communication on indoles, indolenines, and indolines (1988)

Abstract Alkyl 3‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐acetates 6a and 6b are synthesized starting from methyl 1 H ‐indole‐2‐acetate (2) via methyl 3‐(2‐nitroethenyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐acetate (4) and the alkyl 3‐(2‐nitroethyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐acetates 5a and (Scheme 1) . Analogously, diisopropyl 3‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐malonate 20b is obtained from diisopropyl 1 H ‐indole‐2‐malonate 11c (Scheme 4). An alternative synthesis of 20a and 20b follows a route via 15–18 and the dialkyl 3‐(2‐azidoethyl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2‐malonates 19a and 19b , respectively (Scheme 3) . The aminoethyl compounds 6a and 20a are easily transformed into lactams 7 and 21 , respectively. Procedures for the preparation of the indoles 2 and 11a and of the alkylating agent 14 are described. A tautomer 12 of 11a is isolated.
Lithographically directed self-assembly of nanostructures (2004)

The combination of lithography and self-assembly provides a powerful means of organizing solution-synthesized nanostructures for a wide variety of applications. We have developed a fluidic assembly method that relies on the local pinning of a moving liquid contact line by lithographically produced topographic features to concentrate nanoparticles at those features. The final stages of the assembly process are controlled first by long-range immersion capillary forces and then by the short-range electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. We have successfully assembled nanoparticles from 50to2nm in size using this technique and have also demonstrated the controlled positioning of more complex nanotetrapod structures. We have used this process to assemble Au nanoparticles into prepatterned electrode structures and have performed preliminary electrical characterization of the devices so formed. The fluidic assembly method is capable of very high yield, in terms of positioning nanostructures at each lithographically defined location, and of excellent specificity, with essentially no particle deposition between features.
Summer blues? (2006)

As we head into summer with the sense of wellbeing that warm weather and impending holidays bring, for some, that sense of wellbeing is offset by concern at the current review of specialist nursing roles.
Performance of nonuniform constellations on the Gaussian channel (1994)

Testing of high-speed voiceband modems has revealed a significant increase in distortion for points near the perimeter of a QAM signal constellation. This distortion increases with distance from the center of the constellation and limits performance at data rates above 19.2 kb/s. The perimeter distortion can be reduced by transforming the signal constellation so that points near the center are closer together, and points near the perimeter are further apart. When the channel SNR is high, such a transformation reduces immunity to Gaussian noise because points near the center of the transformed constellation are closer together than in a uniformly spaced constellation with the same average power. This paper demonstrates theoretically that for channel SNRs of practical interest. There is actually a small gain in immunity to Gaussian noise. In fact, an appropriate coded modulation scheme can produce gains of about 0.25 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dissecting the proteome of lipoproteins: New biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases? (2015)

Proteomics has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization of lipoproteins and has provided important insights into the biochemistry and pathophysiology of various lipoprotein classes. It has significantly contributed to the way we now see lipoproteins as complex particles not only involved in lipid transport and exchange, but also in processes such as immune response, inflammation and wound healing. Ongoing proteomics research is focussing on the identification of new candidate markers for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. The ratio between good cholesterol (high density lipoprotein) and bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) is routinely used to estimate an individual’s risk for developing premature coronary heart disease. While statin therapy has proven effects in reducing cardiovascular events, other therapies such as resins, fibrates and niacin have failed to substantially reduce cardiovascular risk. Thus new targets and candidate biomarkers for risk assessment and for the development of alternative drugs and treatments of disease are needed. Here we review the recent findings in lipoprotein proteomics with the main emphasis on studies that differentially displayed various states of diseases and on new targeted, high throughput strategies with the capability to translate discovery findings into the clinical context of large cohort analyzes.
Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for subtyping of currently circulating human type A influenza viruses (1997)

The hemagglutinin subtype specificities of six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to influenza type A viruses were evaluated in a rapid culture assay by immunoperoxidase staining. Confluent monolayers of MDCK cells in multiwell plates were inoculated with (i) 23 reference viruses, (ii) 200 isolates collected during the influenza season 1995 to 1996, and (iii) 28 clinical specimens previously found to be influenza virus positive. After overnight incubation, the cells were fixed and stained with MAbs IVA1/B10, IIF4/D3, 12L/5, 13L/6, 18L/1, or 18L/4. Type-specific MAbs were included as controls. All antibodies gave intensive cytoplasmic staining with infected cells in the absence of any reaction with uninfected cells. MAbs 12L/5, 13L/6, 18L/1, and 18L/4 exclusively reacted with viruses of the subtype H1, and the antibodies IVA1/B10 and IIF4/D3 exclusively reacted with viruses of the subtype H3. None of these MAbs reacted with viruses of the H2 subtype or with influenza type B viruses. Of the 200 recent isolates, 63 were identified as influenza virus type A, subtype H1, 95 were identified as type A, subtype H3, and 41 were identified as type B. One isolate contained a mixture of a type A (H3) and a type B influenza virus. Of the 28 previously positive clinical specimens, 15 contained an influenza virus A, subtype H3, 1 contained an influenza virus A, subtype H1, and 9 contained an influenza B virus. The subtype of a very weakly positive specimen could not be determined, and two specimens remained negative. The MAbs described here allow for a rapid typing and subtyping of influenza virus isolates and for the type- and subtype-specific detection of influenza viruses in clinical specimens.