gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mathematical foundation of quantum annealing (2008)

Quantum annealing is a generic name of quantum algorithms that use quantum-mechanical fluctuations to search for the solution of an optimization problem. It shares the basic idea with quantum adiabatic evolution studied actively in quantum computation. The present paper reviews the mathematical and theoretical foundations of quantum annealing. In particular, theorems are presented for convergence conditions of quantum annealing to the target optimal state after an infinite-time evolution following the Schrödinger or stochastic (Monte Carlo) dynamics. It is proved that the same asymptotic behavior of the control parameter guarantees convergence for both the Schrödinger dynamics and the stochastic dynamics in spite of the essential difference of these two types of dynamics. Also described are the prescriptions to reduce errors in the final approximate solution obtained after a long but finite dynamical evolution of quantum annealing. It is shown there that we can reduce errors significantly by an ingenious choice of annealing schedule (time dependence of the control parameter) without compromising computational complexity qualitatively. A review is given on the derivation of the convergence condition for classical simulated annealing from the view point of quantum adiabaticity using a classical-quantum mapping.
A data-centric framework for development and deployment of Internet of Things applications in clouds (2015)

As technology develops, more human-made devices are able to make use of Internet to communicate with each other, thus enabling the Internet of Things (IoT) era to emerge. The amount of data IoT entities generate can overwhelm computer infrastructures not prepared for such data deluge and consequent need for more CPU power. Cloud computing offers a solution at infrastructure level that alleviates such a problem by offering highly scalable computing platforms that can be configured on demand to meet constant changes of applications requirements in a pay-per-use mode. Current approaches enabling IoT applications are domain-specific or focus only on interaction with sensors, thus they cannot be easily ported to other domains nor provide means of interactions with data sources other than sensors. To address this issue, in this paper we introduce a data-centric framework for development of IoT applications executed in clouds. The framework handles connection to data sources, data filtering, and utilization of cloud resources including provisioning, load balancing, and scheduling, enabling developers to focus on the application logic and therefore facilitating the development of IoT applications. We present a prototype application executing on AWS, built on top of the Aneka Cloud Application Platform and present experiments demonstrating the use of our framework for building an application capable of processing input from different sources and analysing them using easy-to-use APIs provided by Aneka.
Design and evaluation of compiler algorithms for pre-execution (2002)

Pre-execution is a promising latency tolerance technique that uses one or more helper threads running in spare hardware contexts ahead of the main computation to trigger long-latency memory operations early, hence absorbing their latency on behalf of the main computation. This paper investigates a source-to-source C compiler for extracting pre-execution thread code automatically, thus relieving the programmer or hardware from this onerous task. At the heart of our compiler are three algorithms. First, program slicing removes non-critical code for computing cache-missing memory references, reducing pre-execution overhead. Second, prefetch conversion replaces blocking memory references with non-blocking prefetch instructions to minimize pre-execution thread stalls. Finally, threading scheme selection chooses the best scheme for initiating pre-execution threads, speculatively parallelizing loops to generate thread-level parallelism when necessary for latency tolerance. We prototyped our algorithms using the Stanford University Intermediate Format (SUIF) framework and a publicly available program slicer, called Unravel [13], and we evaluated our compiler on a detailed architectural simulator of an SMT processor. Our results show compiler-based pre-execution improves the performance of 9 out of 13 applications, reducing execution time by 22.7%. Across all 13 applications, our technique delivers an average speedup of 17.0%. These performance gains are achieved fully automatically on conventional SMT hardware, with only minimal modifications to support pre-execution threads.
A new therapeutic agent: azelaic acid in acne treatment (1990)

During the last 20 years the strategy of treating acne vulgaris has changed due to new findings concerning the pathogenesis of the disease and the development of new drugs which affect the known four pathogenetic factors. Azelaic acid (AA) is a new anti-acne agent which has been shown both in vivo and in vitro to be effective in suppressing the microbial population, on keratinization in cell cultures and on comedo formation in the hamster ear model. AA does not change the sebum excretion rate. Inflammatory local reactions are probably less prominent due to decreased neutrophil metabolism resulting from reduced amounts of reactive oxygen species. A series of comparative clinical trials in patients with different types of acne have proven the clinical efficacy of AA. A 20% AA cream has been equivalent to tretinoin 0.05% in comedonal acne, and to benzoyl peroxide (BPO 5%) in papulopustular acne. AA has been reported to be comparable to tetracyclines in the management of patients with moderate-to-severe acne. The clinical results in nodulocystic acne were not as good as those obtained with isotretinoin. In a very recent study AA was shown to be as effective as topical erythromycin in acne vulgaris. No systemic toxicologic side-effects have been reported, however, during the first minutes of application slight burning may occur. Development of microbial resistance to AA has not been found in vivo or in vitro, and no allergic sensitization or phototoxicity has occurred. In the comparison of side-effects, AA fares better than either tretinoin or BPO.
Epoxy−Clay Fabric Film Composites with Unprecedented Oxygen-Barrier Properties (2006)

A new barrier-film chemistry is described in which two materials, namely a clay fabric film and a polymer, are combined to form a composite with gas-barrier properties that are far superior to those of the parent end members. Homoionic inorganic smectite clay fabric films of sodium montmorillonite and synthetic lithium fluorohectorite were cast in self-supported film form, impregnated with liquid epoxy resin and amine curing agent, and then cured to form the final epoxy−clay fabric film composite. The oxygen permeabilities of the epoxy−clay fabric film composites were lower by 2−3 orders of magnitude in comparison to that of the pristine polymer and by 3−4 orders of magnitude in comparison to that of the pristine clay film. This unprecedented reduction in oxygen permeability was attributed in part to the high volume fraction (∼77%) of highly aligned and nonswellable clay nanolayers in the fabric film and to the polymer filling of voids formed between imperfectly tiled clay platelet edges in the film. Mixed organic−inorganic ion-exchange forms of clay fabric films made through ion-exchange reactions of inorganic clay films form a heterostructure in which the outer regions of the film contain a swellable organoclay phase and the interior regions retain the nonswellable inorganic clay barrier phase. The modulus and glass-transition temperature of the polymer phase is not compromised upon formation of the clay fabric film composites.
Topical Ciprofloxacin vs Intramuscular Gentamicin for Chronic Otitis Media (1992)

Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of topical ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was compared with that of intramuscular gentamicin sulfate in two groups composed of 30 patients each, all of whom were affected by chronic otitis media in the acute stage. Antibiotics were randomly given for 5 to 10 days according to the following schedules: ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, four drops (250 mg/mL in saline solution) administered locally twice a day, or gentamicin sulfate, 80 mg administered intramuscularly twice a day. We admitted to the study only adult patients affected by chronic otitis media in the acute stage with perforation of the tympanic membrane, without cholesteatoma, whose bacteriological culture was positive for Pseudomonas susceptible in vitro to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The clinical and bacteriological response was stated 12 hours after the interruption of the treatment, and 2 and 3 weeks later (follow-up). A favorable clinical result was observed in 26 (87%) of 30 patients under ciprofloxacin treatment; in 30 patients receiving gentamicin, a favorable clinical response was observed in 20 (66%) and bacteriological eradication in 13 (43%). No relapse at the follow-up was observed. Topical ciprofloxacin seems to be more effective than intramuscular gentamicin in curing Pseudomonas-caused chronic otitis media in the acute stage.
Image Noise Reduction Algorithm for Digital Subtraction Angiography: Clinical Results (2013)

In DSA, a change in technique factors combined with a real-time noise-reduction algorithm will reduce the patient entrance dose by 75%, without a loss of image quality.
A VLP Vaccine Induces Broad-Spectrum Cross-Protective Antibody Immunity against H5N1 and H1N1 Subtypes of Influenza A Virus (2012)

The recent threats of influenza epidemics and pandemics have prioritized the development of a universal vaccine that offers protection against a wider variety of influenza infections. Here, we demonstrate a genetically modified virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, referred to as H5M2eN1-VLP, that increased the antigenic content of NA and induced rapid recall of antibody against HA(2) after viral infection. As a result, H5M2eN1-VLP vaccination elicited a broad humoral immune response against multiple viral proteins and caused significant protection against homologous RG-14 (H5N1) and heterologous A/California/07/2009 H1N1 (CA/07) and A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) viral lethal challenges. Moreover, the N1-VLP (lacking HA) induced production of a strong NA antibody that also conferred significant cross protection against H5N1 and heterologous CA/07 but not PR8, suggesting the protection against N1-serotyped viruses can be extended from avian-origin to CA/07 strain isolated in humans, but not to evolutionally distant strains of human-derived. By comparative vaccine study of an HA-based VLP (H5N1-VLP) and NA-based VLPs, we found that H5N1-VLP vaccination induced specific and strong protective antibodies against the HA(1) subunit of H5, thus restricting the breadth of cross-protection. In summary, we present a feasible example of direction of VLP vaccine immunity toward NA and HA(2), which resulted in cross protection against both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains, that could form the basis for future design of a better universal vaccine.
Synthesis of ( – )-Biopterin Using (<i>S</i>)-Ethyl Lactate as a Starting Material (1989)

( – )-Biopterin was synthesized from (1S,2S)-1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl) propane-1,2-diol 5 ( = C), which was derived from commercially available (S)-ethyl lactate. Diol 5 (= C) was converted to 15 through a six-step sequence. Ketone 15 was submitted to condensation with 3,5,6-triaminopyrimidinol (TAP, 2), and followed by oxidation to afford isopropylidenebiopterin (16). Finally, 16 was deprotected to give ( – )-biopterin (1).
An energy efficient approach for flow control of parallel blowers (2012)

Iron and Steel Industries are one of the largest consumers of energy. The cost of energy accounts for nearly one third of production cost of the steel. In this paper operating conditions of blowers are investigated and an energy efficient approach to finding optimized speeds of VFD equipped parallel blowers for further energy saving is developed based on pattern search algorithm. This approach can find each turbo machine's optimized speed for any desired total flow. The minimum energy consumption is the goal of this approach. We have considered effect of motor and VFD efficiency variation on system's optimized operating point. Furthermore mechanical rules governing parallel blower's appropriate operation are considered carefully in goal and constraints functions of pattern search algorithm. Unmatched blowers are rarely used for parallel operation so we neglected unmatched parallel blowers configuration. As a case study the amount of energy saving gained by applying our suggested approach to the parallel blowers of steel making plant of Hormozgan steel complex is calculated.
[Influence of changing Ca++ concentration in neiguan (PC 6) on the effect of acupuncture treating experimental arrhythmia of rabbits]. (1995)

We have made two kinds of experimental arrhythmia of rabbits by injecting aconitine and stimulating hypothalamus. Acupuncture could improve arrhythmia, after Ca++ in Neiguan (PC6) was chelated with EDTA solution the effect of acupuncturing Neiguan (PC6) was abolished. It indicates that Ca++ may be the key factor of acupuncture effect and one of the important material bases of the functional activity of meridians and collaterals.
Genetic Analysis of a Gene Cluster for Cyclohexanol Oxidation in <i>Acinetobacter</i> sp. Strain SE19 by In Vitro Transposition (2000)

Biological oxidation of cyclic alcohols normally results in formation of the corresponding dicarboxylic acids, which are further metabolized and enter the central carbon metabolism in the cell. We isolated an Acinetobacter sp. from an industrial wastewater bioreactor that utilized cyclohexanol as a sole carbon source. A cosmid library was constructed from Acinetobacter sp. strain SE19, and oxidation of cyclohexanol to adipic acid was demonstrated in recombinant Escherichia coli carrying a SE19 DNA segment. A region that was essential for cyclohexanol oxidation was localized to a 14-kb fragment on the cosmid DNA. Several putative open reading frames (ORFs) that were expected to encode enzymes catalyzing the conversion of cyclohexanol to adipic acid were identified. Whereas one ORF showed high homology to cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. strain NCIB 9871, most of the ORFs showed only moderate homology to proteins in GenBank. In order to assign functions of the various ORFs, in vitro transposon mutagenesis was performed using the cosmid DNA as a target. A set of transposon mutants with a single insertion in each of the ORFs was screened for cyclohexanol oxidation in E. coli. Several of the transposon mutants accumulated a variety of cyclohexanol oxidation intermediates. The in vitro transposon mutagenesis technique was shown to be a powerful tool for rapidly assigning gene functions to all ORFs in the pathway.
A phase II study of picoplatin (pico) as second-line therapy for patients (pts) with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who have resistant or refractory disease or have relapsed within 180 days of completing first-line, platinum (plat)-containing chemotherapy (2007)

7722 Background: Pico is a sterically hindered plat analogue designed to overcome plat resistance with improved safety and efficacy. In >600 pts pico had single-agent activity in lung, prostate, ovarian and other malignancies with rare significant nephro-, oto-, or neurotoxicity (∼2% grade 3 and 0% grade 4). In a previous phase 2 study of single agent pico as 2nd line therapy in SCLC, 4 of 48 pts (8%) had a partial response and 21 (44%) stable disease. Median survival was 27.0 (95% CI = 16–35) wks. This multi-center phase 2 trial was designed to confirm the activity of pico as 2nd line monotherapy for plat-resistant SCLC. Methods: Pts with SCLC who either 1) failed or progressed through 1st line plat-containing chemo (refractory disease), or 2) initially responded to 1st line plat-containing chemo and then relapsed/ progressed within 3 months (resistant disease), or 3) initially responded and then relapsed/progressed between 90 to 180 days (sensitive, relapsed 90 to 180 days), had measurable disease and ECOG PS 0–2 were treated with pico, 150 mg/m 2 iv over1–2 hrs, q 21 days. Tumor response was assessed q 6 wks. Adverse events (AEs) were graded using the NCI CTCAE. Results: 77 pts received pico (45 refractory, 27 resistant, 5 sensitive). The median number of cycles received was 2 (mean = 2.9). The most frequently reported AEs of any severity were thrombocytopenia (39% of pts), anemia (35%), neutropenia (22%), nausea (20%), emesis (14%) and dyspnea (25%). Neutropenic fever occurred in 1 pt; there were no treatment related deaths. One pt had grade 3 neuropathy; there was no grade 3 or 4 ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Median overall survival is 28.1 (95% CI = 26–37) wks. Median progression free survival is 9.3 (95% CI = 7–12) wks. Of 63 pts with at least 1 post-treatment assessment of disease status, 33 (52%) had stable disease. Conclusion: Median survival compares favorably with other therapeutic options and toxicity is reduced in pico treated SCLC pts who have failed prior plat-containing first-line chemo or who have progressed within 180 days of first-line chemo. A phase III trial to confirm these results has been initiated. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Anti-tumor effect of primaquine compounds in human breast cancer cells (2007)

444 Purpose: Cancer in part is caused by the disruption in cell’s homeostasis, affecting its ability to respond to extracellular signals, triggering some intracellular events which affect the gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Cancer cells have reduced or altered GJIC capacity. Therefore, one feasible approach to reduce growth of cancer cells is to enhance/alter GJIC. Substituted quinolines were used in this study to find their effect on human breast cancer cells. Methods: Parachute assay using dye-labeled donor and acceptor cells was performed to measure GJIC. The results were obtained by the flow cytometric analysis based on the dye transfer between the donor and acceptor cells. Colony growth assay using soft agar was done to determine the effect of the primaquine (PQ) compounds on the colony formation in human breast cancer cells. Results: Substituted quinolines synthesized based on the computational docking with the gap junction proteins (connexins), showed a tremendous anti-tumor effect in human breast cancer cell lines. PQ1 (500 nM) showed a 20-50 % increase in the GJIC in MDA-MB-453 cells and T47D cell lines. In addition to an increase in GJIC, 80-95 % growth attenuation was observed by PQ1 in colony growth assay. On the contrary, PQ3 decreased the GJIC and increased the colony formation in MDA-MB-453 cells. These results were also observed by Saez et al. that an increase in GJIC is directly related to the anti-tumor effect in human mammary cancer cell line. Further studies are being conducted to know the exact mechanism of action of the substituted quinolines. Conclusions: So far these results show that PQ compounds have a promising role in exerting anti-tumor activity in human breast cancer cells.
Correlation of physical measurements with egg production in white Plymouth Rock hens (1927)

External characteristics of poultry have been used as criteria of egg production for a number of years. Only within the last few years, however, have attempts been made actually to correlate mathematically certain definite morphological characteristics with egg production. Data also have been published recently, correlating certain physiological characters with egg production.
Techniques for grounding agent-based simulations in the real domain: a case study in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2011)

For computational agent-based simulation, to become a serious tool for investigating biological systems requires the implications of simulation-derived results to be appreciated in terms of the original system. However, epistemic uncertainty regarding the exact nature of biological systems can complicate the calibration of models and simulations that attempt to capture their structure and behaviour, and can obscure the interpretation of simulation-derived experimental results with respect to the real domain. We present an approach to the calibration of an agent-based model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse proxy for multiple sclerosis (MS), which harnesses interaction between a modeller and domain expert in mitigating uncertainty in the data derived from the real domain. A novel uncertainty analysis technique is presented that, in conjunction with a latin hypercube-based global sensitivity analysis, can indicate the implications of epistemic uncertainty in the real domain. These analyses may be considered in the context of domain-specific knowledge to qualify the certainty placed on the results of in silico experimentation.
Acrolein as a fixative for enzyme cytochemistry. (1976)

Since acrolein can penetrate more quickly and deeply into tissue blocks than glutaraldehyde, the possibility of the use of this aldehyde as a prefixative in enzyme cytochemistry was reinvestigated. At low concentrations, acrolein preserves the activities of the enzymes investigated, including those of glucose-6-phosphatase, which is known as one of the most vulnerable to aldehyde fixation; thus, acrolein is usable in enzyme ultracytochemistry. Enzyme activities are also preserved in tissues fixed with acrolein and glutaraldehyde combined. The rapid penetration of acrolein enables fixation in larger tissue blocks and provides greater freedom in specimen selection, especially important advantages when encountering heterogeneous materials as in pathology.
Acoustic Measurement of Subglottic Stenosis (1996)

A device that determines cross-sectional area (CSA) of the airway by acoustic reflections (Hood, Inc) was used to measure subglottic area. Airway models were made from Plexiglas rings with known internal dimensions similar to clinically encountered stenoses of various lengths and diameters. Acoustic measurements of airway area were made and compared to actual CSA. There is a strong correlation between CSA measured acoustically and the actual area of simulated stenoses. However, when the CSA of the stenosis was < 0.64 cm2, the signal was impaired, resulting in overestimation of the stenotic CSA. In simulated stenoses with a CSA of < 0.38 cm2, acoustic measurement of the CSA beyond the stenotic segment was unreliable. Determination of the origin of stenosis was accurate with this method. The CSA of cadaver airways was also measured acoustically. The CSA 2.0 cm below the glottis of normal airways in males ranged from 1.28 to 2.74 cm2 and in females 0.87 to 1.43 cm2, with means of 2.16 and 1.09 cm2. It appears that acoustic measurement of CSA of subglottic stenosis is a feasible clinical technique that yields dimensions of the airway in situations in which direct measurements are impossible. It was suggested that this technique be used for assessment of subglottic stenosis and evaluation of the efficacy of treatment of subglottic stenosis.