gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Moving Object Detection Using a Parallax Shift Vector Algorithm (2018)

There are various algorithms currently in use to detect asteroids from ground-based observatories, but they are generally restricted to linear or mildly curved movement of the target object across the field of view. Space based sensors in high inclination, low Earth orbits can induce significant parallax in a collected sequence of images, especially for objects at the typical distances of asteroids in the inner Solar System. This results in a highly non-linear motion pattern of the asteroid across the sensor, which requires a more sophisticated search pattern for detection processing. Both the classical pattern matching used in ground based asteroid search and the more sensitive matched filtering and synthetic tracking techniques, can be adapted to account for highly complex parallax motion. A new shift vector generation methodology is discussed along with its impacts on commonly used detection algorithms, processing load, and responsiveness to asteroid track reporting. The matched filter, template generator, and pattern matcher source code for the software described herein are available via GitHub.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Regioselectivity of Elimination of Some 1,3‐ Difunctional Sulfoxides. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<i>DR5</i> Receptor Mediates Anoikis in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Lines (2008)

As human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells metastasize to distant sites, they are susceptible to detachment-induced cell death or anoikis - a form of apoptosis that occurs when anchorage-dependent CRC cells go into suspension. Our goal was to identify whether tumor necrosis factor receptor apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors mediate anoikis in human CRC cells. First, we assessed whether caspases of the extrinsic (caspase-8) or intrinsic (caspase-9) death pathways were involved. Caspase-8 was cleaved during exposure to suspension culture in four CRC lines, and cell death was inhibited by caspase-3 and caspase-8 inhibitors but not by a caspase-9 inhibitor. Gene transcripts in macrophage inflammatory protein-101 (MIP-110), a weakly metastatic human CRC, were increased at least 2-fold for TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and TRAIL after 24 h of suspension culture compared with cells in monolayer culture. The increased expression of DR5 was confirmed at the protein level at 24 h, and exposure of MIP-101 cells to an antagonistic antibody to DR5 decreased caspase-8 activation. The antagonistic antibody to DR5 inhibited anoikis in four human CRC lines. Treatment with an antagonistic DR4 antibody or a neutralizing antibody to TRAIL ligand did not reduce anoikis consistently. Knockdown of DR5 or TRAIL also inhibited anoikis, whereas exogenous TRAIL or FasL did not consistently increase anoikis. In summary, DR5 receptor mediates death signals for anoikis in human CRC cells through the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Receptors for the Age of Anxiety: Pharmacology of the Benzodiazepines (1980)

Investigation of the actions of the benzodiazepines has provided insights into the neurochemical mechanisms underlying anxiety, seizures, muscle relaxation, and sedation. Behavioral, electrophysical, pharmacological, and biochemical evidence indicates that the benzodiazepines exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with a high-affinity binding site (receptor) in the brain. The benzodiazepine receptor interacts with a receptor for gamma-aminobutyric acid, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and enhances its inhibitory effects. The benzodiazepine receptor may also interact with endogenous substances and several naturally occurring compounds, including the purines and nicotinamide, are candidates for this role. Both the purines and nicotinamide possess some benzodiazepine-like properties in vivo, although further work will be required to confirm their possible roles as endogenous benzodiazepines.
Electrohydrodynamic jet printing and a preliminary electrochemistry test of graphene micro-scale electrodes (2016)

This paper reports the use of electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing technique for producing a wide range of graphene micro-scale structures. Ethyl cellulose-dispersed graphene ink and Nafion-dispersed graphene ink were prepared and used for E-Jet printing. A glass slide and PDMS substrate were used for E-Jet printing of graphene ink. The E-jet printed graphene micro-scale structures using ethyl cellulose-dispersed graphene ink presented a feature of center arrayed graphene surrounded by the track of evaporated solution. However, the E-Jet printed graphene structures using Nafion-dispersed graphene ink exhibited uniform arranged features. It was observed that the resistivity of the graphene structures printed from the ethyl cellulose-dispersed graphene ink was much lower than that from the Nafion-dispersed graphene ink. In addition, the graphene micro-scale electrodes were E-Jet printed for preliminary electrochemical applications. The results showed that the graphene micro-scale electrodes had a distinct response for the lead ion. Furthermore, a Pt/graphene composite electrode was formed and an electrochemistry test was conducted. It was found that the Pt/ graphene composite electrode had a more sensitive response compared with the pure Pt electrode for electrochemical sensing.
Properties of C<sub>84</sub> and C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>12</sub> Molecular Ion Sources for Routine TOF-SIMS Analysis (2007)

C84+ and coronene (C24H12+) have been studied as primary ions for use in secondary ion mass spectrometry. A representative range of samples has been used to compare the effectiveness of each primary ion with the existing C60+, Au+, and Au3+ primary ions. It was found that C84 is the most effective primary ion providing higher secondary ion yields and a high molecular to fragment ion ratio. Coronene had a performance similar to C60. Coronene and C60 primary ions were also used to extend a previous study of matrix suppression/enhancement effects. The C60 was found to ameliorate this effect, possibly due to the increase in protonation in polyatomic sputtering, and coronene was found to further reduce suppression showing evidence of a chemical effect.
DNA Damage Sensing by the ATM and ATR Kinases (2013)

In eukaryotic cells, maintenance of genomic stability relies on the coordinated action of a network of cellular processes, including DNA replication, DNA repair, cell-cycle progression, and others. The DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway orchestrated by the ATM and ATR kinases is the central regulator of this network in response to DNA damage. Both ATM and ATR are activated by DNA damage and DNA replication stress, but their DNA-damage specificities are distinct and their functions are not redundant. Furthermore, ATM and ATR often work together to signal DNA damage and regulate downstream processes. Here, we will discuss the recent findings and current models of how ATM and ATR sense DNA damage, how they are activated by DNA damage, and how they function in concert to regulate the DDR.
T cell receptor β‐chain repertoire analysis of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer (2018)

Pancreatic cancer is lethal due to lack of perceptible symptoms and effective treatment methods. Immunotherapy may provide promising therapeutic choices for malignant tumors like pancreatic cancer. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in tumor mesenchyme could recognize peptide antigens presented on the surface of tumor cells. The present study aimed to test the relationship between the T cell receptor (TCR) β repertoire of the tumor and peripheral blood, and also to investigate the intra-tumor spatial heterogeneity of the TCR β repertoire in pancreatic cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the clonal composition of TCR β repertoire in TIL across the spatial extent of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we studied 5 patients who were diagnosed with primary pancreatic cancer. Ultra-deep sequencing was used to assess the rearrangement of the TCR β-chain (TCR β) gene. HE staining and immunohistochemistry of CD3, CD4, CD8 and HLA class I were used to show histopathology and immune conditions macroscopically. TIL repertoire showed that different regions of the same tumor showed a greater number of repertoire overlaps between each other than between peripheral blood, which suggested that T cell clones in pancreatic cancer might be quite different from those in peripheral blood. In contrast, intra-tumoral TCR β repertoires were spatially homogeneous between different regions of a single tumor tissue. Based on these results, we speculated that the cellular adaptive immune response in pancreatic cancer was spatially homogeneous; this may pave the way for immunotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients.
A Single‐Material Multi‐Source Energy Harvester, Multifunctional Sensor, and Integrated Harvester–Sensor System—Demonstration of Concept (2020)

Single‐source energy harvesters that convert solar, thermal, or kinetic energy into electricity for small‐scale smart electronic devices and wireless sensor networks have been under development for decades. When an individual energy source is insufficient for the required electricity generation, multi‐source energy harvesting is indicated. Current technology usually combines different individual harvesters to achieve the capability of harvesting multiple energy sources simultaneously. However, this increases the overall size of the multi‐source harvester, but in microelectronics miniaturization is a critical consideration. Herein, an advanced approach is demonstrated to solve this issue. A single‐material energy harvesting/sensing device is fabricated using a (K 0.5 Na 0.5 )NbO 3 ‐Ba(Ni 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3–Δ (KNBNNO) ceramic as the sole energy‐conversion component. This single‐material component is able simultaneously to harvest or sense solar (visible light), thermal (temperature fluctuation), and kinetic (vibration) energy sources by incorporating its photovoltaic, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric effects, respectively. The interactions between different energy conversion effects, e.g., the influence of dynamic behavior on the photovoltaic effect and alternating current–direct current (AC–DC) signal trade‐offs, are assessed and discussed. This research is expected to stimulate energy‐efficient design of electronic devices by integrating both harvesting and sensing functions in the same material/component.
Vacuolar H+-translocating pyrophosphatases: a new category of ion translocase (1992)

The membrane surrounding the central vacuole of plant cells contains an H(+)-translocating ATPase (H(+)-ATPase) and an H(+)-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase). Both enzymes are abundant and ubiquitous in plants but the H(+)-PPase is unusual in its exclusive use of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) as an energy source. The lack of sequence identity between the vacuolar H(+)-PPase and any other characterized ion pump implies a different evolutionary origin for this translocase. The existence of the vacuolar H(+)-PPase, in conjunction with increasing recognition of PPi as a key metabolite in plant systems, necessitates reconsideration of ATP as the primary energy source for membrane transport in plant cells.
Epstein‐Barr virus load in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Accurate quantification using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (2003)

Abstract Objective To determine whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have elevated Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) load in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whether it is correlated with the HLA–DR genes they express, we developed an accurate EBV DNA quantitative assay using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fluorescent probes. Methods We studied the EBV DNA load in the PBMCs of 84 patients with RA, 69 normal controls, and 22 patients with rheumatic conditions other than RA. A 214‐bp segment from the long internal repeat of EBV was amplified from 500 ng of PBMC DNA (150,000 cells) and quantified by real‐time PCR with fluorescent probes. Results We demonstrated that in patients with RA, the EBV DNA load in PBMCs is increased almost 10‐fold compared with that in normal controls. The EBV load is stable over time and is not obviously influenced by disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs or HLA–DR. Conclusion Patients with RA have elevated EBV load in their peripheral blood.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALDOSE REDUCTASE NADPH BINARY COMPLEX (1992)

Aldose reductase is an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of a broad range of aldehydes, including glucose. Since aldose reductase has been strongly implicated in the development of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, much effort has been devoted to understanding the structure and mechanism of this enzyme, and many aldose reductase inhibitors have been developed as potential drugs for the treatment of these complications. We describe here the 2.75 A crystal structure of recombinant human aldose reductase (Cys-298 to Ser mutant) complexed with NADPH. This mutant displays unusual kinetic behavior characterized by high Km/high Vmax substrate kinetics and reduced sensitivity to certain aldose reductase inhibitors. The crystal structure revealed that the enzyme is a beta/alpha-barrel with the coenzyme-binding domain located at the carboxyl-terminal end of the parallel strands of the barrel. The enzyme undergoes a large conformational change upon binding NADPH which involves the reorientation of loop 7 to a position which appears to lock the coenzyme into place. NADPH is bound to aldose reductase in an unusual manner, more similar to FAD- rather than NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases. No disulfide bridges were observed in the crystal structure.
Visualization of G1 chromosomes: a folded, twisted, supercoiled chromonema model of interphase chromatid structure. (1994)

We have used light microscopy and serial thin-section electron microscopy to visualize intermediates of chromosome decondensation during G1 progression in synchronized CHO cells. In early G1, tightly coiled 100-130-nm "chromonema" fibers are visualized within partially decondensed chromatin masses. Progression from early to middle G1 is accompanied by a progressive uncoiling and straightening of these chromonema fibers. Further decondensation in later G1 and early S phase results in predominantly 60-80-nm chromonema fibers that can be traced up to 2-3 microns in length as discrete fibers. Abrupt transitions in diameter from 100-130 to 60-80 nm along individual fibers are suggestive of coiling of the 60-80-nm chromonema fibers to form the thicker 100-130-nm chromonema fiber. Local unfolding of these chromonema fibers, corresponding to DNA regions tens to hundreds of kilobases in length, reveal more loosely folded and extended 30-nm chromatin fibers. Kinks and supercoils appear as prominent features at all observed levels of folding. These results are inconsistent with prevailing models of chromosome structure and, instead, suggest a folded chromonema model of chromosome structure.
Open-Wire Transmission Lines Applied to the Measurement of the Macroscopic Electrical Properties of a Forest Region (1971)

The theoretical capabilities of two-conductor, open-wire transmission lines (OWLs) as probes to measure the macroscopic electrical properties of a forest are examined under the premise that a forest can be represented as a lossy dielectric slab. A laboratory experiment with a line inserted in a relatively homogeneous, isotropic slab of Styrofoam was performed to verify certain approximations in the analysis of such a line when a void (hole) exists in the slab near the line. The effective sensing radius for a 300-ohm line is shown to be about one and one-half line spacings. The limitations of a transmission-line probe for inhomogeneous and anisotropic dielectrics are discussed. The forest also is considered as a synthetic dielectric composed of lossy scatterers. The equivalent circuit of a short scatterer (length small relative to the RF wavelength) as a load on the transmission line is shown to be a lossy capacitor.
Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-butorphanol, and medetomidine-ketamine in dogs (2000)

Results suggested that a combination of medetomidine with butorphanol or ketamine resulted in more reliable and uniform sedation in dogs than did medetomidine alone.
Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide Relevant to Its Utilization: A Personal Perspective (2010)

This presentation provides a review of the author's research group's contributions to the organometallic chemistry of carbon dioxide with a focus on incorporating this information into the development of an effective means for producing chemicals from this greenhouse gas. The types of chemistry addressed include insertion reactions of CO(2) into M-H, M-C, and M-O bonds as well as seminal contributions related to the copolymerization reactions of CO(2) and cyclic ethers. Relevant to this latter subject, efforts were made to place the author's achievements into perspective with the accomplishments of other investigators, but these efforts were not meant to be exhaustive.
WATER MIST VISUALIZATION AND DROPLET SIZE ANALYSIS IN LARGE-SCALE FIRE SUPPRESSION RESEARCH (2001)

The Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability (NTCSS) is investigating water spray and water mist fire suppression systems for use in shipboard compartments. Water spray and water mist systems currently being tested include low-pressure [ I O bar (IS0 psi)] water spray, with drop sizes on the order of 1000 pm or less, and high-pressure [I38 bar (2000 psi)] water mist, with drop sizes on the order of 100 pm or less. The NTCSS is evaluating a laser-based particle/droplet visualization system at the Naval Research Laboratory-Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) facility to simultaneously determine droplet size distribution and velocity at two positions in a 28 m’ (1000 ft’) fire suppression test compartment. The goal is twofold: ( I) determine what mistkpray properties4rop size distribution, velocity, and number density-at the fire result in the most effective fire suppression; and (2) determine what mistlspray properties at the nozzle are required to provide the most effective sprayimist at the fire. Issues regarding implementation and limitations of the visualization system, including system protection, performance verification and sampling considerations are discussed.
Tandem ROMP−Hydrogenation with a Third-Generation Grubbs Catalyst (2007)

Tandem ROMP−hydrogenation enables efficient access to saturated, functionalized “ROMP polyolefins”. Of the Grubbs-class initiators 1−3, only third-generation catalyst 3 enables efficient ROMP of sterically demanding norbornenes with precise specification of chain lengths. Unlike 1 and 2, however, 3 decomposes rapidly during subsequent hydrogenation. By trapping the propagating species with PCy3 immediately following ROMP, we generate a Ru-terminated chain identical to that formed from 2 and exhibiting equivalent hydrogenation activity. The remarkable ROMP efficiency of 3 can thus be integrated with the high hydrogenation activity of 2, providing efficient access to chain-length-precise, functionalized polyolefins.
Addition of oils to polylactide casting solutions as a tool to tune film morphology and mechanical properties (2009)

Abstract Poly( L ‐lactide) (PLLA) films exhibit toughening by the addition of oils to the polymer casting. This was investigated by casting films from solution and evaporation in air; the investigated oils were linear alkanes, cyclic alkanes, and two terpenes (limonene and eugenol). The addition of the oils greatly influenced the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of the films. Most oils rendered porous films, and a variety of morphologies was obtained. Films prepared with hexane and eugenol showed a solid, nonporous structure similar to neat PLLA films, with similar mechanical properties. The thermal transition temperatures of the films decreased through the addition of oil, depending on the oil used, the decrease could be up to 30°C (glass transition), 45°C (cold crystallization), and 15°C (melting temperature). The films prepared without oil were stiff and brittle. Upon addition of most of the oils, the maximum strength and elastic moduli decreased, but their ductility improved considerably. Limonene, the most extreme case, gave a very ductile film with an elongation at break up to 200%. The main conclusion of this study is that various oils can be used to tune and improve the properties of PLLA films. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Transdermal Delivery of Nalbuphine and Nalbuphine Pivalate from Hydrogels by Passive Diffusion and Iontophoresis (2011)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro transdermal permeation of nalbuphine hydrochloride (CAS 23277-43-2) (NA) and nalbuphine pivalate (NAP), a novel prodrug of NA, from different hydrogel formulations under passive diffusion as well as iontophoresis. Various concentrations of polymers, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were used in the hydrogel formulations. The passive permeation rate of NA was affected by the polymer concentrations, which can be attributed to different viscosities of the hydrated formulations; whereas the passive permeation rate of NAP was not influenced by the various polymer concentrations. Iontophoresis significantly increased the permeation rates of NA and NAP from various hydrogel formulations through skin; the enhancement ratios were higher for NA in all the formulations studied. The iontophoretic permeation rates of NA were slightly decreased by the incorporation of polymers; however, the transdermal flux and membrane potential were independent of polymer concentrations for both NA and NAP, demonstrating that the polymer concentrations in the hydrogel formulations did not have significant effects on the iontophoretic permeation of NA and NAP.
Solid state class DE RF power source (2002)

Class DE represents a new family of inverters, based on a Class D LCR series resonant inverter. Class DE differs in that the method of operation utilises the devices output capacitance to obtain zero voltage, zero current switching transitions. Hence switching losses (and switching EMI) can be very low, permitting operation to a high frequency. This paper presents the problems, solutions, results and feasibility of a Class DE inverter as an RF power source for frequencies up to 5 MHz and a power of 1 kW. At this frequency, the theoretical design requirements put some tight restrictions on dead time, phase and output capacitance. This presents some formidable problems in practically implementing the inverter. The most significant problems are: the gate drive circuitry including layout, isolation of the high side gate drive, nanosecond control of dead time, synchronization of high and low side gate drive pulses, phase control of the driving voltage and general layout of the power devices. Some novel solutions to the above problems are described. The simulation and experimental results are presented and the practical power and frequency limits of a Class DE inverter are discussed. The information presented should be useful in applications such as MHz DC-DC power converters, RF power sources for industrial heating and AM transmitters.