gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coiled Tubing-Deployed Jetting Tool Enhances Cleaning and Jet Cutting (2000)

Abstract Tubular restrictions from scale buildup can significantly reduce hydrocarbon production, subsequently reducing the production capacity of a well. Before production can be restored, this buildup must be removed. Although scale buildup is a global problem, the material composition and characteristics of scales can vary drastically, even within the same field. As a result, most tools traditionally used for scale removal cannot efficiently remove scale in all well conditions. This paper discusses a recently developed, customized jet cleaning tool that addresses the problems inherent with scale-cleaning operations. Scale removal can be difficult because many removal methods cannot control jet dwell time, which is the time required to accomplish scale removal based on the type and hardness of the scale. Because jet dwell time increases with the hardness of the buildup material, cleaning efficiency is measured by the capability of the scale-removal method to control dwell time. Traditional jet cleaning tools have not provided adequate control, which has severely impacted their operational performance. A new, slow-rotating jet cleaning tool helps minimize jet dwell time without introducing repetitive cyclic effects on a coiled tubing (CT) workstring. The slow-rotating jet cleaning tool can also be used for cutting tubulars. Previously, tubulars could only be cut by mechanical, explosive, or chemical methods. CT was used either to deploy positive-displacement motors (PDM’s) for rotating mechanical cutters, or to deploy pressure-activated firing devices that initiated the firing sequence in explosive or chemical cutters. This paper discusses the evolution of CT cleaning procedures, alternatives to cleaning with CT, and the design and application of the new slow-rotating jet cleaning tool. Case histories discuss the use of the jet cleaning tool for removing scale and production buildup on tubing walls. The new tool can be used for performing through-tubing cuts, and can help reduce service costs for difficult applications, such as those involving long bottomhole assemblies. The capacity ofthe new jet cleaning tool to control jet dwell time and pump abrasive fluids helps reduce the risks, obstacles, and costs associated with traditional cutting and cleaning methods.
Unilateralized transistor amplifier (1959)

A transistor audio amplifier with input impedance independent of the load and adjustable continuously up to a value of the order of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r_{m}/2</tex> is described. The amplifier consists of a unilateralizedhook common collector configuration and has large power gain, very low output impedance. Its noise figure and dependence upon temperature, frequency, bias, and load are discussed.
The Laboratory in Clinical Medicine. Interpretation and Application. (1977)

Details the most efficient way to use the clinical laboratory. Includes information on what kinds of tests to order, and how to get the most out of test results. Chapters cover infectious diseases, clinical nutrition, neoplastic diseases, pulmonary diseases, diseases of the heart, gastrointestinal disorders, diseases of the liver, renal diseases and hypertension, and hematologic disorders.
Unraveling a role for dopamine in Huntington's disease: The dual role of reactive oxygen species and D2 receptor stimulation (2005)

Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, results from an abnormal polyglutamine extension in the N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein. This mutation leads to protein aggregation and neurotoxicity. Despite its widespread expression in the brain and body, mutated huntingtin causes selective degeneration of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we investigate the role of dopamine (DA) in this preferential vulnerability. Using primary cultures of striatal neurons transiently expressing GFP-tagged-exon 1 of mutated huntingtin, we show that low doses of DA (100 microM) act synergistically with mutated huntingtin to activate the proapoptotic transcription factor c-Jun. Surprisingly, DA also increases aggregate formation of mutated huntingtin in all cellular compartments, including neurites, soma, and nuclei. DA-dependent potentiation of c-Jun activation was reversed by ascorbate, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and SP-600125, a selective inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. By contrast, DA effects on aggregate formation were reversed by a selective D2 receptor antagonist and reproduced by a D2 agonist. Similarly, striatal neurons from D2 knockout mice showed no effect of DA on aggregate formation. Blocking ROS production, JNK activation, or D2 receptor stimulation significantly reversed DA aggravation of mutated huntingtin-induced striatal death. The combined treatment with the ROS scavenger and D2 antagonist totally reversed DA's effects on mutated huntingtin-induced striatal death. Thus, the present results provide insights into the cellular mechanisms that govern striatal vulnerability in HD and strongly support a dual role of JNK activation and D2 receptor signaling in this process.
The First Synthetic Receptor for the RGD Sequence (2002)

[structure: see text] The combination of an optimized arginine receptor unit with a semirigid linker carrying a strategically placed primary ammonium group leads to the first synthetic RGD receptor. It binds to the free RGD peptide as well as to cyclo(RGDfV) in water with association constants around 1000 M(-1). RGD mimetics such as benzamidine 6 are not recognized, rendering the new host a prototype of a new class of receptors selective for the true RGD sequence in peptides.
Failure mechanisms of IGBTs under short-circuit and clamped inductive switching stress (1999)

The application of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in high-power converters subjects them to high-transient electrical stress such as short-circuit switching and turn-off under clamped inductive load (CIL). Robustness of IGBTs under high-stress conditions is an important requirement. Due to package limitations and thermal parameters of the semiconductor, significant self-heating occurs under conditions of high-power dissipation, eventually leading to thermal breakdown of the device. The presence of a parasitic thyristor also affects the robustness of the device. In order to develop optimized IGBTs that can withstand high-circuit stress, it is important to first understand the mechanism of device failure under various stress conditions. In this paper, failure mechanisms during short-circuit and clamped inductive switching stress are investigated for latchup-free as well as latchup-prone punchthrough IGBTs. It is shown that short-circuit and clamped inductive switching cannot be considered equivalent in the evaluation of a device safe operating area (SOA). The location of thermal failure of latchup-free punchthrough IGBTs is shown to be different for the two switching stresses.
Maximizing Drilling Performance through Enhanced Solid Control System (2017)

High solid content in drilling mud may affect its properties and result in uncertainties at downhole condition. It eventually contributes to poor rig operation performance and operating cost. This research focus on developing solid control system that is suit for drilling 12.25-inch hole. The first part discussed the performance of Rate of Penetration (ROP), Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) and drill string drag while the second part of the research discussed about the effect of solid control system performance to mud properties Plastic Viscosity (PV), Yield Point (YP) and Low-Gravity Solid (LGS). The input parameters were gathered from two different set up of solid control systems that were used in Well A and Well B. The result is mainly based on the performance of original solid control system new design versus old design. Installation of distributor tank and channel the mud to respective shale shakers significantly enhanced the system and operational performance. The ROP at 12.25-inch drilling were improved by 20%. New design improved average the ECD margin by reducing additional pressure exerted using original mud from 4.9% to 2.9%. High ECD margin is not recommended because it can break the weak formation. Mud properties while drilling the 12.25-inch hole section; PV, YP and LGS values were improved by 14 %, 17 % and 25 % respectively. Proper mud flow control and routing system at new develop design of solid control system effectively removed the solid in the drilling fluid. This improvement minimizes the tendency of frequent mud flow, screen mesh plugging and tool wear issue. Mud properties such PV, YP and LGS were maintained with an acceptable mud design envelope.
Landsat 위성영상을 이용한 황사발생 원인지역의 녹지 환경 변화 분석 (2014)

중국의 사막화로 인해 발생된 황사 방지대책의 일환으로 우리나라의 전문시민단체와 기업에서는 2008년부터 매년 황사발생 원인지역에 나문재를 파종하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 황사발생 원인지역의 녹지 환경 조성 계획을 위해서는 대상지의 녹지화 현황 분석이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 녹지 환경의 조성 현황을 파악하고 분석하기 위해 Landsat 5 TM 위성영상과 Landsat 8 위성영상을 기반으로 영상분류를 통한 녹지 환경을 분석하였으며, 소금사막 내부의 상세한 녹지 환경 및 식생지수를 파악하기 위해 NDVI를 이용한 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 2009년에서 2011년 사이에는 소금사막과 나대지가 대폭 감소하고 녹지가 증가하는 녹지화가 효율적으로 진행된 반면, 2011년에서 2013년 사이에는 녹지 면적이 급격히 감소하고 나대지가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 2011년 이후 녹지 환경 조성에 어려움이 있는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 녹지화 사업 시 위성영상을 이용한 사업 수행이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.
Apolipoproteins and their role in different clinical conditions: an overview. (2005)

Apolipoproteins or apoproteins are a group of proteins associated with lipoproteins in different proportions and play significant roles in several diseases. Different types of apolipoproteins, including apolipoproteins A, B, C, D, E, H and J and their subclasses have been reported, in addition to a few more apolipoproteins reported recently. These proteins have varied, but definite roles in normal physiology in our body. Moreover, their blood levels have strong association with clinical conditions during different diseases and are used as diagnostic and prognostic markers and to compute index of risk for some serious disease entities. Present article gives an overview of the structural features, physiological significance and diagnostic and clinical implications of apolipoproteins.
Measurement of human chylomicron triglyceride clearance with a labeled commercial lipid emulsion (2001)

Abstract Human chylomicron triglyceride (TG) kinetics has been difficult to determine directly owing to technical limitations. This report describes a new method for studying chylomicron metabolism. Healthy volunteers ( n =10) sipped a drink providing 175 mg fat·kg −1 ·h −1 for 7.5 h to produce a steady‐state chylomicronemia. A commercial 10% intravenous lipid emulsion was labeled with [ 3 H]triolein, purified by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and sterilized. A trace amount of labeled emulsion was injected intravenously 30 min before (i.e., in the fasting state) and 5, 6, and 7 h after sipping began (i.e., triplicate determinations in the fed state). Chylomicron half‐lives were calculated from the monoexponential decay curves, and apparent distribution volumes were estimated by back‐extrapolation to time zero. Plasma and estimated chylomicron TG concentrations increased from 89±13 and 0.8±0.3 to 263±43 and 91±39 mg/dL (mean±SEM), respectively, with feeding. Tracer‐determined chylomicron TG half‐lives were 5.34±0.58 and 6.51±0.58 min during the fasting and fed states, respectively ( P <0.01). The apparent distribution volume during the fasting state was 24% greater than plasma volume (4515±308 vs. 3630±78 mL, P <0.02), consistent with significant margination of lipid emulsion particles to endothelial binding sites. Margination was reduced during the fed state, suggesting that native chylomicrons competed with lipid emulsion particles for endothelial lipoprotein lipase. The results indicate that a radiolabeled commercial lipid emulsion is metabolized in a fashion similar to native chylomicron TG, and thus can be used to study chylomicron TG kinetics.
5.3 hrp Genes and Their Function (1998)

This chapter briefly discusses the hrp genes and their functions. The presence of hrp genes appears to be the characteristic of phytopathogenic Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthornonas, and Rulstoniu spp. These Gram-negative bacteria cause diseases in virtually all crop plants, although individual strains vary considerably in their host specificity. The most highly specific strains are found in Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthornonas campestris, two species that are subdivided into pathovars and then races based on their specificity for plant species and then cultivars. The hrp genes carried by these bacteria are so named, because mutations in them can abolish two important plant-related bacterial phenotypes: hypersensitive response (HR) elicitation in non-hosts and pathogenicity in hosts. The HR is a rapid localized active death of plant cells in contact with potentially pathogenic bacteria and is associated with the failure of these bacteria to continue multiplying or to produce disease symptoms. hrp genes direct the production and secretion of protein elicitors of the HR. The HR is a highly variable biological phenomenon, and even plants with the same genotype can vary in their response. Factors reducing responsiveness are low-light intensity, wilting, and previous infection by pathogens that trigger systemic-acquired resistance. The chapter also determines the functions of hrp genes in regulation.
The influence of body weight on response to ovulation induction with gonadotrophins in 335 women with World Health Organization group II anovulatory infertility (2006)

Body weight affects gonadotrophin requirements but not overall outcome of ovulation induction in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome and a BMI of less than 35 kg/m2.
Streamlining GPU applications on the fly (2010)

Because of their tremendous computing power and remarkable cost efficiency, GPUs (graphic processing unit) have quickly emerged as a kind of influential platform for high performance computing. However, as GPUs are designed for massive data-parallel computing, their performance is subject to the presence of condition statements in a GPU application. On a conditional branch where threads diverge in which path to take, the threads taking different paths have to run serially. Such divergences often cause serious performance degradations, impairing the adoption of GPU for many applications that contain non-trivial branches or certain types of loops.
Learning to Detect Human-Object Interactions (2018)

We study the problem of detecting human-object interactions (HOI) in static images, defined as predicting a human and an object bounding box with an interaction class label that connects them. HOI detection is a fundamental problem in computer vision as it provides semantic information about the interactions among the detected objects. We introduce HICO-DET, a new large benchmark for HOI detection, by augmenting the current HICO classification benchmark with instance annotations. To solve the task, we propose Human-Object Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (HO-RCNN). At the core of our HO-RCNN is the Interaction Pattern, a novel DNN input that characterizes the spatial relations between two bounding boxes. Experiments on HICO-DET demonstrate that our HO-RCNN, by exploiting human-object spatial relations through Interaction Patterns, significantly improves the performance of HOI detection over baseline approaches.
Simultaneous measurement of group and phase delay between two photons (2000)

We report on an experiment to determine both the group and phase delays experienced by orthogonally polarized photon pairs traveling through a birefringent medium. Both types of delay are determined from the same set of coincidence-counting data. The experiment is based on an interference technique using two-photon multipath indistinguishability to produce an interference feature. Earlier work has shown that this interference feature can be used to measure the group velocity of single-photon wave packets in dielectric media. In the current work, the two-photon interferometer has been modified to produce an additional interference feature that is sensitive to the phase velocity of the light. We have used this technique to simultaneously measure the group delay in crystal quartz with a precision of 0.1 fs and the phase delay with a precision of 8 attoseconds. Our analysis clarifies the effects of group and phase delays and shows the unexpected result that dispersive temporal broadening, which is well known to be canceled for the original interferometer setup, is not canceled for this type of ``postponed compensation'' interferometer.
Advancing Neuromorphic Computing With Loihi: A Survey of Results and Outlook (2021)

Deep artificial neural networks apply principles of the brain's information processing that led to breakthroughs in machine learning spanning many problem domains. Neuromorphic computing aims to take this a step further to chips more directly inspired by the form and function of biological neural circuits, so they can process new knowledge, adapt, behave, and learn in real time at low power levels. Despite several decades of research, until recently, very few published results have shown that today's neuromorphic chips can demonstrate quantitative computational value. This is now changing with the advent of Intel's Loihi, a neuromorphic research processor designed to support a broad range of spiking neural networks with sufficient scale, performance, and features to deliver competitive results compared to state-of-the-art contemporary computing architectures. This survey reviews results that are obtained to date with Loihi across the major algorithmic domains under study, including deep learning approaches and novel approaches that aim to more directly harness the key features of spike-based neuromorphic hardware. While conventional feedforward deep neural networks show modest if any benefit on Loihi, more brain-inspired networks using recurrence, precise spike-timing relationships, synaptic plasticity, stochasticity, and sparsity perform certain computation with orders of magnitude lower latency and energy compared to state-of-the-art conventional approaches. These compelling neuromorphic networks solve a diverse range of problems representative of brain-like computation, such as event-based data processing, adaptive control, constrained optimization, sparse feature regression, and graph search.
Synthesis of Polyaniline Hierarchical Structures in a Dilute SDS/HCl Solution: Nanostructure-Covered Rectangular Tubes (2009)

We reported the synthesis of nanostructure-covered rectangular submicrotubes of polyaniline in the doping state via the oxidation polymerization of aniline in the acidic solution of anionic surfactant. Both the concentrations of surfactant and inorganic acid employed in this preparing system are relatively low, which were essential to the successful fabrication of polyaniline hierarchical structures. We discussed the temperature dependence of polyaniline morphology and found that this synthesis admitted a wide range from 20 to 40 °C. After observing their growth processes, a tentative interpretation has been proposed to elucidate the formation of the tubular hierarchical structures in such a system. It was also found in this report that both SDS and HCl had profound impacts on the morphology of resulting product.
Flow Z-pinch plasma production on the FuZE experiment (2020)

The Fusion Z Pinch Experiment (FuZE) investigates sheared-flow stabilization of classic m = 0 and m = 1 instabilities in Z pinches with an embedded axial flow. FuZE consists of a 100 cm coaxial plasma accelerator, where neutral gas is ionized and accelerated in a pulsed electrical discharge, followed by a 50 cm assembly region, where pinches are formed. Maintaining the pinch requires continuous plasma injection provided by a deflagration mode in the coaxial accelerator. Two discharge modes, with and without deflagration, are investigated on FuZE. Pinch formation is observed with deflagration only. Plasma velocities in the assembly region are found to match the E × B velocity estimated in the accelerator based on a 1D circuit model, indicating that a 1D MHD approximation may offer a valid description of the plasma in the accelerator channel. The velocity of magnetic field propagation is found to agree with the snowplow model based on momentum conservation, and the lifetime of the pinch is shown to be in agreement with constraints imposed by mass conservation.
Denervated Muscles in Humans: Limitations and Problems of Currently Used Functional Electrical Stimulation Training Protocols (2002)

Prior clinical work showed that electrical stimulation therapy with exponential current is able to slow down atrophy and maintain the muscle during nonpermanent flaccid paralysis. However, exponential currents are not sufficient for long-term therapy of denervated degenerated muscles (DDMs). We initiated a European research project investigating the rehabilitation strategies in humans, but also studying the underlying basic scientific knowledge of muscle regeneration from satellite cells or myoblast activity in animal experiments. In our prior study, we were able to show that high-intensity stimulation of DDMs is possible. At the beginning of training, only single muscle twitches can be elicited by biphasic pulses with durations of 120-150 ms. Later, tetanic contraction of the muscle with special stimulation parameters (pulse duration of 30-50 ms, stimulation frequency of 16-25 Hz, pulse amplitudes of up to 250 mA) can improve the structural and metabolic state of the DDMs. Because there are no nerve endings for conduction of stimuli, large-size, anatomically shaped electrodes are used. This ensures an even contraction of the whole muscle. Contrary to the current clinical knowledge, we were able to stimulate and train denervated muscle 15-20 years after denervation. The estimated amount of muscle fibers that have to be restored is about 2-4 million fibers in each m. quadriceps. To rebuild such a large number of muscle fibers takes up to 3-4 years. Despite constant stimulation parameters and training protocols, there is a high variation in the developed contraction force and fatigue resistance of the muscle during the first years of functional electrical stimulation.
IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations in the peritoneal fluid of women with pelvic adhesions (2002)

The exact role of TNF-alpha and IL-1 in adhesion formation is still unknown, but the results from this study suggest that their concentration in the peritoneal fluid is associated with the degree of adhesions present.
Light Collection within the Framework of Geometrical Optics* (1970)

The problem of light collection is examined from first principles within the framework of geometrical optics. From the outset, we distinguish between light collection and the usual theory of image formation. From phase-space considerations, we derive the sine inequality, a generalization of the Abbe sine law appropriate to nonimaging systems. We construct two- and three-dimensional nonimaging systems that reduce the f number to the least allowed by the sine inequality. Such systems give substantially improved light collection as compared with conventional systems.