gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Trophoblast Invasion (1994)

Development of the human placenta involves rapid invasion of the uterine wall by fetal trophoblasts, a process with certain similarities to tumor cell invasion. Unlike tumor invasion, however, this unique interaction between genetically dissimilar trophoblast and uterine cells is closely regulated and limited both temporally and spatially by mechanisms that are largely unknown. We have used a combination of two experimental approaches to study this process: immunolocalization using tissue sections to investigate trophoblast invasion in vivo, and a cell culture model that allows manipulation of the invasion process in vitro. The results show that invading trophoblasts express activated forms of metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules and the novel class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-G, in a highly regulated manner during invasion. The behavior of cytotrophoblasts in vitro, removed from the influences of uterine cells, closely parallels their behavior in vivo, suggesting the existence of autocrine control mechanisms. However, studies examining the effect of growth factors and cytokines on trophoblast invasion suggest that molecules of uterine origin can modify this process. Thus, we hypothesize that the intrinsic invasiveness of these cells is controlled, at least in part, by the specialized environment of the uterus. Future studies will concentrate on identifying these factors and the specific trophoblast functions they modify.
Security Mitigations for Return-Oriented Programming Attacks (2010)

With the discovery of new exploit techniques, new protection mechanisms are needed as well. Mitigations like DEP (Data Execution Prevention) or ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) created a significantly more difficult environment for vulnerability exploitation. Attackers, however, have recently developed new exploitation methods which are capable of bypassing the operating system's security protection mechanisms. In this paper we present a short summary of novel and known mitigation techniques against return-oriented programming (ROP) attacks. The techniques described in this article are related mostly to x86-32 processors and Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Efficient single layer solution-processed blue-emitting electrophosphorescent devices based on a small-molecule host (2008)

We report highly efficient single layer solution-processed blue small-molecule electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with iridium (III) bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate (FIrpic) doped into a wide-gap 9,9-bis[4-(3 c6-di-tert-butylcarbazol-9-yl)phenyl]fluorene (TBCPF) as the emission layer. An optimized device with 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazolyl]phenylene as the electron-transporting component doped into the emission layer, with a blue electrophosphorescence peaked at 474nm from FIrpic, shows a maximum luminance efficiency of 12.7cd∕A at 190A∕m2 and brightness of 19900cd∕m2 at 20V. We attribute the high performance to the excellent film forming ability and high triplet energy of TBCPF.
Common mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 account for achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia (1996)

The mapping of the achondroplasia locus to the short arm of chromosome 4 and the subsequent identification of a recurrent missense mutation (Gly380Arg) in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) has been followed by the detection of common FGFR-3 mutations in two clinically related disorders: thanatophoric dysplasia (TD; types I and II) and hypochondroplasia. The relative clinical homogeneity of achondroplasia was substantiated by demonstration of its genetic homogeneity: 100% of patients examined exhibited mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR-3. Although most cases of hypochondroplasia were accounted for by a recurrent missense substitution (Asn540Lys) in the first tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR-3, a significant proportion (40%) of the patients in the present study did not possess this Asn540Lys mutation. Furthermore, in three families with hypochondroplasia, the genetic defect was not linked to the FGFR-3 locus, thus supporting the clinical heterogeneity of this disease. In TD, a recurrent mutation located in the second tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR-3 has been detected in all TDII patients. By contrast, seven distinct mutations in three different protein domains were identified in 25 out of 26 TDI patients in this study. This suggests that TD, like achondroplasia, is a genetically homogeneous skeletal disorder.
MPEG-L/MRP (2001)

Existing multimedia streaming technologies offer no specific support for user interaction like jumping to bookmarks in a video, or switching to reverse play. When the users, e.g., jump to a bookmark, the player requests frames for the new presentation point from the server and resumes playing only when the data has arrived. Our solution for this problem is the client prefetching the buffering strategy, MPEG-L/MRP, that ensures that the frames which are needed for a response to a possible user interaction are already in the client's buffer, which leads to qucik and smooth reaction to user interactions. In case of variable bandwidth, our MPEG-1 streaming approach selects only a subset of all frames to be fetched from the server and supports a smooth presentation at a reduced frame rate with correct timelines.The technical demonstration shows the interactive streaming of MPEG-videos and illustrates our buffering and prefetching strategy.
A New Bypass Magnetorheological Fluid Damper (2006)

This study presents theoretical and experimental investigations of a novel external bypass, fail-safe, magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper. A fail-safe MRF damper is referred to as a device that retains a minimum required damping capacity in the event of a power supply or electronic system failure. The new MRF device has a simple design, is compact, is capable of generating a considerable dynamic force range, and can be sized for specific vibration control applications. The theoretical formulation is developed based on the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive model for an annular flow. Experimental results are obtained to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Probabilistic treatment planning based on dose coverage : How to quantify and minimize the effects of geometric uncertainties in radiotherapy (2016)

Traditionally, uncertainties are handled by expanding the irradiated volume to ensure target dose coverage to a certain probability. The uncertainties arise from e.g. the uncertainty in positioning of the patient at every fraction, organ motion and in defining the region of interests on the acquired images. The applied margins are inherently population based and do not exploit the geometry of the individual patient. Probabilistic planning on the other hand incorporates the uncertainties directly into the treatment optimization and therefore has more degrees of freedom to tailor the dose distribution to the individual patient. The aim of this thesis is to create a framework for probabilistic evaluation and optimization based on the concept of dose coverage probabilities. Several computational challenges for this purpose are addressed in this thesis. The accuracy of the fraction by fraction accumulated dose depends directly on the accuracy of the deformable image registration (DIR). Using the simulation framework, we could quantify the requirements on the DIR to 2 mm or less for a 3% uncertainty in the target dose coverage. Probabilistic planning is computationally intensive since many hundred treatments must be simulated for sufficient statistical accuracy in the calculated treatment outcome. A fast dose calculation algorithm was developed based on the perturbation of a pre-calculated dose distribution with the local ratio of the simulated treatment’s fluence and the fluence of the pre-calculated dose. A speedup factor of ~1000 compared to full dose calculation was achieved with near identical dose coverage probabilities for a prostate treatment. For some body sites, such as the cervix dataset in this work, organ motion must be included for realistic treatment simulation. A statistical shape model (SSM) based on principal component analysis (PCA) provided the samples of deformation. Seven eigenmodes from the PCA was sufficient to model the dosimetric impact of the interfraction deformation. A probabilistic optimization method was developed using constructs from risk management of stock portfolios that enabled the dose planner to request a target dose coverage probability. Probabilistic optimization was for the first time applied to dataset from cervical cancer patients where the SSM provided samples of deformation. The average dose coverage probability of all patients in the dataset was within 1% of the requested.
Fabrication of Silica Nanoparticles with Both Efficient Fluorescence and Strong Magnetization and Exploration of Their Biological Applications (2011)

Abstract Nanoparticles with both efficient light emission and strong magnetization (MFSNPs) are fabricated by one‐pot, surfactant‐free sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane and silole‐functionalized siloxane in the presence of citrate‐coated magnetite nanoparticles. The MFSNPs are uniformly sized with smooth surfaces. They possess core–shell structures and exhibit appreciable surface charges and hence good colloidal stability. The MFSNPs are superparamagnetic, exhibiting no hysteresis at room temperature. UV irradiation of the suspension of MFSNPs in ethanol gives strong green emission at 486 nm, thanks to the novel aggregation‐induced emission characteristics of the silole aggregates in the hybrid nanoparticles. The MFSNPs can selectively stain the cytoplasmic regions of the living cells. Addition of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane during the fabrication of MFSNPs has generated MFSNP‐NH 2 with numerous amino groups decorated on the surface, enabling the nanoparticles to immobilize bovine serum albumin efficiently.
An inductorless, monolithic stereo decoder (1970)

A monolithic stereo decoder without external tuning elements has been developed. The circuit uses a phase-locked loop and provides simplified adjustment, a wide dynamic range and large separation at any audio frequency.
Novel Source of Trifluoromethyl Radical As Efficient Initiator for the Polymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride (2012)

A persistent perfluoroalkyl radical (PPFR), perfluoro-3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl, is shown to be a good source of •CF(3) radicals and a useful radical capable of initiating the polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF). NMR characterizations of the resulting PVDF homopolymers showed that polymerization of VDF was exclusively initiated by •CF(3) radicals. The addition of •CF(3) radical onto VDF was regioselective leading to CF(3) -CH(2) -CF(2) -PVDF and the CF(3) end-group acted as an efficient label to assess the molecular weights by (19) F NMR spectroscopy. Various [PPFR](0) /[VDF](0) initial molar ratios lead to CF(3) -PVDF-CF(3) of different molecular weights. When that ratio decreased, both the molecular weights and the thermostability of these PVDFs increased, showing less defects of chaining and higher crystallinity.
Current applications of adipose-derived stem cells and their future perspectives (2014)

Adult stem cells have a great potential to treat various diseases. For these cell-based therapies, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are one of the most promising stem cell types, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). ESCs and iPSCs have taken center stage due to their pluripotency. However, ESCs and iPSCs have limitations in ethical issues and in identification of characteristics, respectively. Unlike ESCs and iPSCs, ADSCs do not have such limitations and are not only easily obtained but also uniquely expandable. ADSCs can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes and neurons under specific differentiation conditions, and these kinds of differentiation potential of ADSCs could be applied in regenerative medicine e.g., skin reconstruction, bone and cartilage formation, etc. In this review, the current status of ADSC isolation, differentiation and their therapeutic applications are discussed.
Development of the intelligent charger with battery State-Of-Health estimation using online impedance spectroscopy (2014)

In this research, a novel intelligent charger with battery diagnosis function is proposed. The diagnosis function is implemented by way of impedance spectroscopy achieved by controlling the charger to create a frequency swept excitation voltage at the battery terminals with no additional hardware. The impedance variation of battery according to the degradation over the life is measured and used for evaluating the State-of-Health (SOH) of the battery. The voltage perturbation and the current response of the battery are measured by the digital lock-in amplifier embedded in the digital signal processor (DSP) in order to calculate the impedance of the battery. The parameters of the equivalent circuit model for the lead-acid battery are extracted by using the complex non-linear least square method and compared to the reference values to estimate the SOH of the battery. The design procedure of the proposed charger is detailed and the feasibility of the system is verified by the experiments.
A simple underwater imaging model (2009)

It is commonly known that underwater imaging is hindered by both absorption and scattering by particles of various origins. However, evidence also indicates that the turbulence in natural underwater environments can cause severe image-quality degradation. A model is presented to include the effects of both particle and turbulence on underwater optical imaging through optical transfer functions to help quantify the limiting factors under different circumstances. The model utilizes Kolmogorov-type index of refraction power spectra found in the ocean, along with field examples, to demonstrate that optical turbulence can limit imaging resolution by affecting high spatial frequencies. The effects of the path radiance are also discussed.
Bidirectional pulse generator system for linear induction accelerator (2002)

A bidirectional pulse generator system for linear induction accelerators, which consists of a pulse generator for external injection and a line cavity, was analytically investigated and the principle of the system was experimentally confirmed.
OS/2 Warp Presentation Manager for Power Programmers (1995)

Partial table of contents: Welcome to the Presentation Manager for Power Programmers Gaining Control: Mastering the Standard PM Control Windows Building a Better Mousetrap: Taming the Mouse in PM She Sells Sea Shells: Programming the Workplace Shell Mastering Dialogs, Menus, and Other PM Resources Getting to the Head of the Class: Understanding Subclassing Containing Your Excitement: Making Use of the Container Control Win, Lose, or Draw: The Art of Drawing Bitmaps Captain Hook Lives: Mastering PM Hooks Appendix Index.
Thermal distribution and the effect on resist sensitivity in electron-beam direct write (1989)

Thermal sensitivity measurements of diazoquinone/novolac (DQN), poly-olefin sulfone/novolac (SNS), and an acid catalyzed/proprietary resin (XPR) were made by gently exposing coated wafers at 10−9 amp/cm2 on a cooled/heated stage in our e-beam exposure tool. The results were characterized by the influence of exposure temperature on blanket-exposure-dissolution rates and developed image profiles. Three-dimensional Monte Carlo absorbed-energy-density calculations have been combined with ANSYS finite-element-thermal analysis to estimate the time evolution of temperature profiles on silicon wafers, silicon membranes, and SiO2 wafers at 50 keV. Lithographic modeling system (LMS) has then combined the predicted thermal fronts with the experimentally measured resist response to predict the effects on image profiles. Thermal proximity effects in 2 μm wide lines are negligible on Si wafers, 3–5% on Si membranes, and two to three times worse on SiO2 substrates.
Stress reduction in high voltage MIS capacitor fabrication (2017)

Metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors used as a RC snubber attenuate voltage overshoots which may occur during switching phases. These devices feature good temperature stability up to 200°C and can be integrated very close to power switches on the same transfer substrate. As the capacitors need to withstand high voltages in most applications, thick dielectric layers have to be used, causing significant amount of wafer bow during processing. A dielectric stress compensation structure on the back side of the wafers is therefore introduced and shown to reduce the resulting wafer bow by up to 50%. Planar MIS capacitors using a 1 μm thick dielectric layer stack achieve dielectric breakdown voltages of up to 1000 V along with capacitance densities of 5.4 nF/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . In comparison, devices with a dielectric layer thickness of 250 nm exhibit a capacitance density of 13.6 nF/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a resulting dielectric breakdown voltage of 250 V.
Double‐blind study of pardoprunox, a new partial dopamine agonist, in early Parkinson's disease (2010)

Abstract This study examined the efficacy and safety of the partial dopamine agonist, pardoprunox (SLV308), in the treatment of patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients were randomized to receive pardoprunox (n = 69) or placebo (n = 70). Pardoprunox was titrated to each patient's optimal dose (9–45 mg/d) over 2 to 6 weeks and then maintained at this dose for a further 3 weeks. Concomitant anti‐Parkinson treatment was not permitted. In the primary analysis, Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)‐Motor score was improved in pardoprunox‐treated patients (overall mean dose 23.8 mg/d; −7.3 points), as compared with placebo (−3.0 points; P = 0.0001), from baseline to end point. At end point, there were more responders (≥30% reduction in UPDRS‐Motor score) in the pardoprunox group (50.7%) than in the placebo group (15.7%; P < 0.0001). In other secondary analyses, UPDRS‐activities of daily living (ADL) and ‐ADL+Motor scores were also significantly more improved in the pardoprunox group. Nausea was reported by 32 of 68 (47.1%) pardoprunox‐treated patients (vs. 3/70, 4.3%, placebo‐treated patients), with dizziness, somnolence, headache, and asthenia also reported by ≥10 patients. In this exploratory proof‐of‐concept study, pardoprunox significantly improved motor function in patients with early PD. The efficacy and safety profile of pardoprunox justifies its further investigation in PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Inductor-free low power step-down dc-dc switching voltage converter (2008)

In low power IC systems, low-dropout, buck and switched-capacitor voltage converters are the three alternative power sources. This paper presents an inductor-free switching voltage converter which possesses the merits of aforementioned converters. It features inductor-less structure like SC based switching converter, adjustable output by PWM mechanism like buck converter, and OPA based structure like LDO. Circuit modeling shows that the characteristics of the proposed converter could meet the specifications for IC loads. Simulation and experimental results also show that the proposed converter performs good transient responses for various loading conditions. With this kind of power converter to be the power source for the ICs, it is possible to make the whole circuit system on chip for all the electronic devices.
Carbon nanotubes: controlled growth and application (2013)

Notable progress has been made on the synthesis, properties and uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the past two decades. However, the controlled growth of single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs) with predefined and uniform structures remains a big challenge, and making full use of CNTs in applications still requires great effort. In this article, our strategies and recent progress on the controlled synthesis of SWCNTs by chemical vapor deposition are reviewed, and the applications of CNTs in lithium-ion batteries, transparent conductive films, and as connectors of metal atomic chains are discussed. Finally, future prospects for CNTs are considered.
Selective removal of a Si0.7Ge0.3 layer from Si(100) (1991)

The selective removal of epitaxial Si0.7Ge0.3 from {100} silicon using an aqueous based etch is reported. An etch consisting of HNO3:H2O:HF(0.5%), 40:20:5 at 22 °C, removes Si0.7Ge0.3 at a rate of 207 Å/min, and removes {100} Si at a rate of 16 Å/min. This corresponds to a selectivity of 1321 where the selectivity is defined as the ratio of the Si0.7Ge0.3 to {100} Si etch rates. This etch leaves the surface smooth and free from pitting or trenching as observed by optical microscopy. The results obtained are consistent with a germanium enhanced oxidation mechanism of the Si0.7Ge0.3 alloy during semiconductor removal.
Role of Nanoscale Strain Inhomogeneity on the Light Emission from InGaN Epilayers (2006)

Abstract InGaN is the basis of a new generation of light‐emitting devices, with enormous technological potential; it is currently one of the most intensively studied semiconductor materials. It is generally accepted that compositional fluctuations resulting from phase segregation are the origin of the high luminescence efficiency of InGaN. Evidence to show that nanoscale strain inhomogeneity plays a fundamental role in determining the spectral properties of InGaN–GaN heterostructures is reported. For layers above a certain critical thickness, a strong spatially varying strain profile accompanies a nonplanar surface morphology, which is associated with a transition from a planar 2D to a Stranski–Krastanow‐like 2D–3D growth mode; the strong dependence of the critical thickness on the local InN content of the growing films drives a non‐linear growth instability. Within this framework, apparently disparate experimental observations regarding structural and optical properties, previously reported for InGaN layers, are reconciled by a simple phenomenological description.
A compact wavelet index for retrieval in image database (2003)

In this paper, we present an algorithm to build an index for image retrieval that heavily exploits the wavelet multi-resolution decomposition. The index can be constructed using alternative levels in the multi-resolution decomposition; it is based on the correlation between the scaled-down approximation image and its reconstruction obtained using only one level in the hierarchy of detail images. The method has been tested on RBG and YUV color spaces on a database of 167 images with good results. The effect of white Gaussian noise is negligible, because the wavelet approximation smooths off this kind of noise. The method is more sensitive to geometric distortion noise.
Interferometric investigation of a diode laser source (1985)

Diode lasers provide a coherent light source in the near IR. They have many desirable characteristics such as small size, high efficiency, a single-longitudinal mode output as large as 15 mW, and can be modulated at high pulse rates. An AlGaAs diode laser operating at 840 nm with an output of 5 mW was evaluated with a Smartt point diffraction interferometer. The wave front observed had astigmatism of ∼2 λ present over the output beam divergence angle. In a modified Twyman-Green interferometer, the coherence length measured was >15 m with high visibility fringes. This source was found to be stable and highly linearly polarized. When used as an interferometric source, many possibilities for small scale interferometers and test equipment are now viable.