gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Government May Not Speak Out-of-Turn (2012)

Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association5 was about whether government could compel individual beef producers to pay for general beef advertising credited to "America's Beef Producers;" even if they disagreed with the message and wanted to spend their advertising money to distinguish their certified Angus or Hereford beef. That "compelled subsidy" case became the unlikely authority for a doctrine invented in Pleasant Grove City, Utah v. Summum6 that government could discriminate, based on viewpoint, on a subject for which it had no power to act. Each case has been criticized in its own right, but the attempt to make Johanns precedent for the result in Pleasant Grove is especially strange. While I think Johanns did not involve government speech and was wrongly decided, that is not the focus of this essay. Even if the speech was the government's, my concern is with the Pleasant Grove attempt to use Johanns as authority for the idea that government speech is "exempt from First Amendment scrutiny.
IFN-α and Lipopolysaccharide Upregulate APOBEC3 mRNA through Different Signaling Pathways (2012)

APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are virus-restriction factors that provide intrinsic immunity against infections by viruses like HIV-1 and mouse mammary tumor virus. A3 proteins are inducible by inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN-α, via mechanisms that are not fully defined. Using genetic and pharmacological studies on C57BL/6 mice and cells, we show that IFN-α and LPS induce A3 via different pathways, independently of each other. IFN-α positively regulates mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) mRNA expression through IFN-αR/PKC/STAT1 and negatively regulates mA3 mRNA expression via IFN-αR/MAPKs-signaling pathways. Interestingly, LPS shows some variation in its regulatory behavior. Although LPS-mediated positive regulation of mA3 mRNA occurs through TLR4/TRIF/IRF3/PKC, it negatively modulates mA3 mRNA via TLR4/MyD88/MAPK-signaling pathways. Additional studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal that PKC differentially regulates IFN-α and LPS induction of human A3A, A3F, and A3G mRNA expression. In summary, we identified important signaling targets downstream of IFN-αR and TLR4 that mediate A3 mRNA induction by both LPS and IFN-α. Our results provide new insights into the signaling targets that could be manipulated to enhance the intracellular store of A3 and potentially enhance A3 antiviral function in the host.
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PREPARATIONS OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (1991)

The Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka publishes the results of research in all aspects of Science and Technology. The journal also has a website at http://www.nsf.gov.lk/. 2021 Impact Factor: 0.682The JNSF provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.Cover :Leatherback (a), green (b - adult & f - hatchling), hawksbill (c) and olive ridley (d) turtles who nest in Sri Lankan beaches, green turtle crawl marks (e) and by-catch of sea turtles in fisheries (c & d)Photo credits: SJ Perera (a & c), WPN Perera (b & e), K Ekaratne (d & f)
Replacing Oblivious Computation with Private Search for Context Sensitive Communications (2010)

Context aware applications provide users with an increasingly rich set of services. From services such as interactive maps to restaurant guides and social networking tools, the use of information including location, activity and time can greatly enhance the ways users interact with their surroundings. Unfortunately, the dissemination and use of such information also potentially exposes private information about the user themselves. In this paper, we present Themis, a framework for developing two-party applications capable of making decisions based on context sensitive information without revealing either participants’ inputs. Themis uses private stream searching to replace the memory and computationally intensive oblivious computation associated with related techniques. We compare the security guarantees and performance profile of our approach against Fairplay and show not only as much as a 96% improvement in execution time, but also the ability to efficiently run applications with complex inputs on both desktop computers and mobile phones. In so doing, we demonstrate the ability to create efficient context-sensitive applications based on private searching.
Thermal barrier coating evaluation needs (1990)

A 0.025 cm (0.010 in) thick thermal barrier coating (TBC) applied to turbine airfoils in a research gas turbine engine provided component temperature reductions of up to 190 C. These impressive temperature reductions can allow increased engine operating temperatures and reduced component cooling to achieve greater engine performance without sacrificing component durability. The significant benefits of TBCs are well established in aircraft gas turbine engine applications and their use is increasing. TBCs are also under intense development for use in the Low Heat Rejection (LHR) diesel engine currently being developed and are under consideration for use in utility and marine gas turbines. However, to fully utilize the benefits of TBCs it is necessary to accurately characterize coating attributes that affect the insulation and coating durability. The purpose there is to discuss areas in which nondestructive evaluation can make significant contributions to the further development and full utilization of TBCs for aircraft gas turbine engines and low heat rejection diesel engines.
Flavonoids of Various Prunus Species. VI. The Flavonoids in the Wood of Prunus aequinoctialis, P. nipponica, P. Maximowiczii and P. avium (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFlavonoids of Various Prunus Species. VI. The Flavonoids in the Wood of Prunus aequinoctialis, P. nipponica, P. Maximowiczii and P. aviumMasao HasegawaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 7, 1738–1740Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01564a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01564a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views255Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An inflammation-induced mechanism for leukocyte transmigration across lymphatic vessel endothelium (2006)

The exit of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes from inflamed skin to afferent lymph is vital for the initiation and maintenance of dermal immune responses. How such an exit is achieved and how cells transmigrate the distinct endothelium of lymphatic vessels are unknown. We show that inflammatory cytokines trigger activation of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), leading to expression of the key leukocyte adhesion receptors intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, as well as a discrete panel of chemokines and other potential regulators of leukocyte transmigration. Furthermore, we show that both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are induced in the dermal lymphatic vessels of mice exposed to skin contact hypersensitivity where they mediate lymph node trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) via afferent lymphatics. Lastly, we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates both DC adhesion and transmigration of dermal LEC monolayers in vitro and that the process is efficiently inhibited by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibodies. These results reveal a CAM-mediated mechanism for recruiting leukocytes to the lymph nodes in inflammation and highlight the process of lymphatic transmigration as a potential new target for antiinflammatory therapy.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pyridooxazine–Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives as MDR Modulators (2006)

Abstract Pyridooxazine–tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized for MDR modulating activity. Pyridooxazin-2-one scaffolds were constructed in a one-pot annulation of N-substituted-2-chloroacetamides with 2-bromo-3-hydroxy pyridine via Smiles rearrangement. The Pictet–Spengler cyclization to form tetrahydroisoquinoline ring afforded target compounds in 17–37% overall yields. Some of these compounds exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing activity.
Chaos, Kawaii, and Cultural Memory (2014)

The gallery arts of Masami Teraoka or Takashi Murakami and the popular media of manga or Sanrio Corporation's Hello Kitty are celebrated for their ethos of inventive play, innovation, and novelty, and their immediate significance within their own worlds. Their sense of newness and provocations of discomfort or kawaii cuteness as aesthetic sensibility or social phenomenon fuel their popularity. But these frameworks have developed within a broader fabric of conventional practices. Each draws heavily on fertile precedent in earlier stock. Each builds on practices, sensibilities and aesthetic tropes in ways that fuel reinvention while maintaining pictorial traditions and sensibilities. In one sense, this phenomenon has practical implications for understanding learning and professional practice in these fields and for generating insights into the creative process in the visual arts. In another, it serves to sustain something of a cultural memory of significant values for making sense of aesthetic worlds and experiences. This paper explores the ways this interface between past and present informs the maintenance of persistent themes and appreciations in contemporary Japanese engagements in the visual arts.
CAD/CAM in dentistry. (1996)

A series of closely linked steps are required to make a fixed dental . prosthesis. After any preparation, the dentist m ust take an im pression of the prepared tooth, together w ith adjacent and opposing teeth, using elastic im pres­ sion m aterial. T h is im pression is used to obtain a hard stone model, and a wax pattern of the crown or inlay is carved. T h e actual cast restoration is ob ta ined by using the “ lost wax m ethod.” R egard less of the advanced sta te of this 300-year-old technique, inform ation m ust still be transferred by hand from the im p ress io n to the f in ish ed crow n via a series of materials, each of which may induce error in the final castings. T h is system of casting does n o t allow us to take ad v an tag e of trem en d o u s advances in com puters and robotics. For these reasons, we introduced CAD-CAM tech n o lo g ies to the d en ta l p ro fe ssio n in 1971. Early studies have been m ore exper­ im ental and theoretical than c lin ica l.1 4 A lthough these ou tstanding works have been c o n su lte d , we have stressed the c l in ic a l aspects of a p p l ic a tio n ra th e r than the fundam ental.5,6 In 1979, H e it lin g e r an d R o d d e r,7 followed by M oermann and Brandestini8 in 1980, began to share this approach. T he former researchers m illed the equiv­ alent of the stone model used by a dental te c h n ic ia n to m ake the crow n, in lay , o r p o n tic , w h ile the la tte r team took a s in g le p ic tu re an d m ille d o n ly the in te rn a l surfaces of the in lay . D u rin g the next 5 years, little was heard. T he f irs t d en ta l CAD-CAM p ro to ty p e was presented at the G aranciere conference (France) in 1983,9 an d the first crown was publicly m illed and installed in a m outh w ithout any laboratory involve­ m e n t in 1985.10 T h o u g h 1985 was a decisive year for com puter-aided dentist­ ry, there was still a long way to go. Several engineers took 2 hou rs5 to operate the f irs t u sab le system in a d en ta l office. Nevertheless, this dem onstration at the French Congress11-13 vindicated principles established 14 years earlier. T w o new names appeared at this time, the A oki team in J a p a n 14 a n d D iane Rekow at the University of M innesota.15,16 Dr. R ekow chose a p h o to g ra m m e tr ic m ethod to acquire the th ird dim ension and used the princip le of the theoretical tooth, which we had established earlier,5 for her second and th ird steps. It should also be m entioned that Reggie C audill, a t the U niversity of A labam a,17 started a project aim ed in the same direction. In this paper, a system that is already functional in dental offices in France— the D uret system, developed by H ennson In te rn a tio n a l (Los Angeles) under ou r direct supervision—is described.
The Chemistry of the Resin Acids. (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleThe Chemistry of the Resin Acids.Harold H. ZeissCite this: Chem. Rev. 1948, 42, 1, 163–187Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60131a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60131a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views293Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer. An evaluation of experience with 37 patients (1972)

Thirty-seven patients who were treated with antineoplastic drugs for metastatic thyroid carcinoma were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of chemotherapy in this disease. All cell types were included in the series, but there was a predominance of the spindle and giant cell and medullary types. Three patients had no treatment prior to the chemotherapy, with the remainder having been treated previously by surgery,131I, and radiotherapy, either separately or in combination. A wide variety of drugs were used. Five of 37 patients had partial remission of their disease. The median duration of response is now 3+ months, with two patients still responding. Three of the five responders were treated with the new antitumor antibiotic, adriamycin. The preliminary results with this drug have encouraged us to use it as a drug of choice in a prospective protocol for the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer, and to explore its use earlier in the course of treatment.
Tuning ice nucleation with counterions on polyelectrolyte brush surfaces (2016)

Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) on ionic surfaces is ubiquitous in a wide range of atmospheric aerosols and at biological interfaces. Despite its great importance in cirrus cloud formation and cryopreservation of cells, organs, and tissues, it remains unclear whether the ion-specific effect on ice nucleation exists. Benefiting from the fact that ions at the polyelectrolyte brush (PB)/water interface can be reversibly exchanged, we report the effect of ions on HIN on the PB surface, and we discover that the distinct efficiency of ions in tuning HIN follows the Hofmeister series. Moreover, a large HIN temperature window of up to 7.8°C is demonstrated. By establishing a correlation between the fraction of ice-like water molecules and the kinetics of structural transformation from liquid- to ice-like water molecules at the PB/water interface with different counterions, we show that our molecular dynamics simulation analysis is consistent with the experimental observation of the ion-specific effect on HIN.
Observations of green fluorescent protein as a fusion partner in genetically engineeredEscherichia coli: Monitoring protein expression and solubility (2000)

We have constructed three plasmid vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins using the following motif: (His)(6)-GFP-EK-X, where X represents chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT), human interleukin-2 (hIL-2), and organophosphorous hydrolase (OPH), respectively, (His)(6) represents a histidine affinity ligand for purification, and EK represents an enterokinase cleavage site for recovering the protein-of-interest from the fusion. The CAT and OPH fusion products ( approximately 63 kDa GFP/CAT and approximately 70 kDa GFP/OPH) were expressed at 4.85 microg/mL (19.9 microg/mg-total protein) and 1.42 microg/mL (4.2 microg/mg-total protein) in the cell lysis supernatant, and, in both cases, enzymatic activity was retained while coupled to GFP. In the case of hIL-2 fusion ( approximately 52 kDa), however, the GFP fluorescence was significantly reduced and most of the fusion was retained in the cell pellet. Linear relationships between GFP fluorescence and CAT or OPH concentration, and with enzymatic activity of CAT or OPH, indicated, for the first time, that in vivo noninvasive quantification of proteins-of-interest, was made possible by simple measurement of GFP fluorescence intensity. The utility of GFP as a reporter was not realized without disadvantages however, in particular, an incremental metabolic cost of GFP was found. This could be offset by many benefits foreseen in expression and purification efficiencies.
Biochemical and Functional Characterization of a Serum-Free rVWF Drug Candidate. (2006)

Abstract Recombinant VWF was co-expressed with recombinant FVIII in CHO cells. In order to obtain fully processed, mature rVWF, rVWF was exposed to recombinant CHO-cell-derived furin for VWF pro-peptide removal. Fermentation for both rVWF and furin and downstream processing were performed under serum-free conditions. Mature rVWF was highly purified by a series of conventional chromatography steps to a purity of &gt; 95%. rVWF was formulated in a protein-free buffer. Several large scale batches of rVWF were produced and characterized in comparison to Humate-P, Wilfactin and a highly purified plasma-derived (pd)VWF, an experimental pd VWF product obtained from cryoprecipitate. Residual pro-VWF levels were approximately 2% of total VWF antigen compared with 0.12, 0.05 and 0.13 for the rVWF product, experimental pd VWF, Humate-P and Wilfactin, respectively. VWF pro-peptide levels were approximately 0.5 pmol per unit VWF antigen, compared with 0.6 and 0.9 for Humate-P and Wilfactin, respectively; in the experimental pd VWF pro-peptide was below the limit of detection. Residual FVIII content was approximately 0.02 units (chromogenic assay) per unit VWF antigen, compared with 0.4 units in Humate-P, and 0.04 units in Wilfactin, and ≤ 0.01 in the experimental pd VWF product. Ristocetin cofactor activity was around 0.7 VWF:RCo units per unit antigen for all rVWF and pd VWF products tested. Collagen-binding activity was also similar between rVWF and pd VWF controls (around 0.8 – 0.9 units per unit). FVIII-binding capacity of rVWF was compared by setting the mean pd VWF as 100% and was found to also be ± 100%. The VWF affinity for FVIII was similar in rVWF and pd VWF (Biacore). rVWF showed high molecular weight multimers in low resolution agarose gels, with a pre-dominance in the high molecular weight range. In contrast to pd VWF, rVWF showed homogenous multimer bands without triplet structure formation due to the non-exposure to ADAMTS13 during the manufacturing process. The pharmacokinetic properties of rVWF were compared with pd VWF in VWF knock-out mice. The half-life or rVWF in VWD mice was 4.3 and 3.5 hours for 2 batches investigated, which seems longer than the half-lives obtained for pd VWF, 2.9 hours for Humate-P and 2.2 hours for a highly purified pd VWF control. Both VWF preparations stabilized endogenous murine FVIII which rose over time to the levels observed in normal C57BI/6J mice. Overall, these results showed that the properties of mature, furin-processed rVWF in vitro and in vivo are equivalent to those of plasma-derived VWF.
N-methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb amides) in modern organic synthesis (1997)

N-Methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb amides) have facililated access to functionalized aldehydes and ketones in organic synthesis, including the total synthesis of complex natural products.
Regulation of IgA Expression by Isotype-Specific T Cells and Soluble Binding Factors (1986)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Insulin amyloid fibrillation at above 100°C: New insights into protein folding under extreme temperatures (2004)

To investigate the folding behavior of amyloidogenic proteins under extreme temperatures, the kinetics of fibrillation and accompanying secondary structure transitions of bovine insulin were studied for temperatures ranging up to 140 degrees C. The presence of extreme heat stress had traditionally been associated with irreversible denaturation of protein while the initial steps of such a denaturation process may be common with a fibril formation pathway of amyloidogenic proteins. The present work demonstrates the ability of insulin to form amyloid fibrils at above 100 degrees C. Amyloid formation was gradually replaced by random coil generation after approximately 80 degrees C until no amyloid was detected at 140 degrees C. The morphology of insulin amyloid fibrils underwent sharp changes with increasing the temperature. The dependence of amyloid formation rate on incubation temperature followed non-Arrhenius kinetics, which is explained by temperature-dependent enthalpy change for amyloid formation. The intermediate stage of amyloid formation and random coil generation consisted of a partially folded intermediate common to both pathways. The fully unfolded monomers in random coil conformation showed partial reversibility through this intermediate by reverting back to the amyloid pathway when formed at 140 degrees C and incubated at 100 degrees C. This study highlights the non-Arrhenius kinetics of amyloid fibrillation under extreme temperatures, and elucidates its intermediate stage common with random coil formation.
Unidirectional lasing from InGaN multiple-quantum-well spiral-shaped micropillars (2003)

We report unidirectional emission from lasing in In0.09Ga0.91N/In0.01Ga0.99N multiple-quantum-well spiral micropillars. Our imaging technique shows that the maximum emission comes from the notch of the spiral microcavities at an angle about 40° from the normal of the notch. At room temperature, the spiral microcavity lases near 400 nm when optically pumped with 266 or 355 nm light. A reduction in the lasing threshold and an improvement in unidirectionality occurs when the microcavity is selectively pumped near its boundary.