gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal growth and characterization of the organic salt 4‐<i>N, N</i>‐dimethylamino‐4′‐<i>N</i>‐methyl‐stilbazolium tosylate (dast) (1996)

The growth of bulk crystals of organic salts with large chromophoric has received little attention, despite the importance of crystal quality for both applications and research. Here, the growth of the title compound (DAST), see Figure, is reported and the main results of the linear, nonlinear, and electro‐optical characterization are presented DAST is shown to be of interest for nonlinear optical applications. magnified image
Configurational Analysis of Thebaine, Codeine and 14β-HydroxycodeinoneN-Oxides (1996)

The 1H (400 MHz) and 13C (100 MHz) NMR peak assignments of thebaine derivatives [free base (1), hydrochloride (2 and 3), methiodide (4) and N-oxides (5 and 6)], codeine N-oxide (7) and 14β-hydroxycodeinone N-oxide (8) were performed using various one- and two-dimensional techniques. The configurations of the quaternary nitrogen-substituted alkaloids were determined. The reaction of thebaine, codeine and 14β-hydroxycodeinone with H2O2 produced thebaine N-oxide with the major product (6; Rf 0.62) having an N-CH3 axial configuration and both codeine N-oxide (7; Rf 0.40) and 14β-hydroxycodeinone N-oxide (8; Rf 0.73) with the major product having an N-CH3 equatorial configuration.
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate regulates HIV-1 Gag targeting to the plasma membrane (2004)

A critical early event in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) particle assembly pathway is the targeting of the Gag protein to the site of virus assembly. In many cell types, assembly takes place predominantly at the plasma membrane. Cellular factors that regulate Gag targeting remain undefined. The phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] controls the plasma membrane localization of a number of cellular proteins. To explore the possibility that this lipid may be involved in Gag targeting and virus particle production, we overexpressed phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase IV, an enzyme that depletes cellular PI(4,5)P2, or overexpressed a constitutively active form of Arf6 (Arf6/Q67L), which induces the formation of PI(4,5)P2-enriched endosomal structures. Both approaches severely reduced virus production. Upon 5-phosphatase IV overexpression, Gag was no longer localized on the plasma membrane but instead was retargeted to late endosomes. Strikingly, in cells expressing Arf6/Q67L, Gag was redirected to the PI(4,5)P2-enriched vesicles and HIV-1 virions budded into these vesicles. These results demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 plays a key role in Gag targeting to the plasma membrane and thus serves as a cellular determinant of HIV-1 particle production.
Mechanistic Study of Magnesium Carbonate Semibatch Reactive Crystallization with Magnesium Hydroxide and CO<sub>2</sub> (2014)

This work investigates semibatch precipitation of magnesium carbonate at ambient temperature and pressure using Mg(OH)(2) and CO2 as starting materials. A thermal analysis method was developed that reflects the dissolution rate of Mg(OH)(2) and the formation of magnesium carbonate. The method was successfully used to determine the composition of solids precipitated from the reaction. Concentration profiles of Mg2+ and total carbon over time were determined from the liquid phase. The influence of CO2 flow rate and stirring rate on precipitation was analyzed based on comprehensive information from the liquid and solid phases. A stirring rate of 650 rpm was found to be the optimum speed as the flow rate of CO2 was 1 L/min. Precipitation rate increased with gas flow rate, which indicates that mass transfer of CO2 plays a critical role in this precipitation case. Magnesium carbonate trihydrate (nesquehonite) was formed as a bunch of needle-like primary crystals.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fully Automated, Multistep Flow Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐4‐cyano‐1,2,3‐triazoles. (2011)

Abstract It allows an efficient, safe, and clean access to a number of biologically interesting title triazoles.
Managing Capacity in the High-Tech Industry: A Review of Literature (2005)

Abstract This article surveys a new generation of analytical tools for capacity planning and management, especially in high-tech industries such as semiconductors, electronics and bio-techs. The objectives of the article are to (1) identify fundamental theory driving current research in capacity management, (2) review emerging models in operations research, game theory, and economics that address strategic, tactical and operational decision models for high-tech capacity management, and (3) take an in-depth look at capacity-optimization models developed in the specific context of semiconductor manufacturing. The goal of this survey is to go beyond typical production-planning and capacity-management literature and to examine research that can potentially broaden capacity-planning research. For instance, we explore the role of option theory and real options in modeling capacity decisions. We not only examine capacity-planning problems from the perspective of a particular firm, but also the interaction of capacity investment among supply chain partners. Not only are these issues increasingly important in the fast-changing high-tech environment, they draw on new tools from different disciplines and pose significant intellectual challenges. We also examine papers that represent the multifaceted nature of high-tech capacity planning, integrating capacity decisions with issues related to contracting, coordination, sourcing, and capacity configurations.
Modern Trends in<i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>Disease Management with Fish (2005)

Aeromonas hydrophila, a ubiquitous, free-living, Gram-negative bacterium, is prevalent in aquatic habitats with cosmopolitan distribution; it is an opportunistic pathogen that has resulted in heavy mortalities in farmed and feral fishes. The traditional application of antibiotics and chemotherapy has been characterized by partial success in the management of diseases like motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) and aeromonad-associated diseases like epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Application of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs are necessary in the disease management though this practice has triggered the emergence of drug resistant strains in pathogens. Further resistance may be transferred to other related or unrelated bacteria; therefore, it is necessary to develop and screen new chemicals. Disease prevention by means of vaccination and immuno-stimulation of fish in aquaculture has been particularly successful against several bacterial diseases. For example, mono and multivalent vaccines have been developed against several bacterial diseases in fish. However, when new diseases and pathogens emerge from time to time, it would be difficult to develop such proactive strategies quickly. Recently, probiotics are widely used in aquaculture since they produce bacteriocins and other chemical compounds inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Another emerging trend is medicinal plant research, which has increased the world over since herbs used in traditional medicine have little side effects are easily biodegradable and abundantly available in farm areas free of cost. Some herbals that wield potent antibacterial activity against shrimp and fish bacterial pathogens have a crucial role in disease management. Indeed, application of probiotics and herbals in aquaculture may also reduce cost of disease management by obviating the expenses incurred by the use of antibiotics, chemicals, and vaccinations in the future.
Transient analysis of short, high-concentration, gain-clamped Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ codoped fiber amplifiers (2006)

A theoretical study of the dynamics of short high-concentration gain-clamped Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ codoped fiber amplifiers is presented. The effect of various parameters on the transient power excursions and relaxation oscillation frequency of a given signal input channel when other signal channels are added or dropped from an initial steady-state configuration is analyzed. In particular, the effects of Er/sup 3+/ clustering, Yb/sup 3+/ concentration, fiber length, lasing wavelength, pump wavelength, pump power, and cavity losses are shown. The numerical results demonstrate the importance of Yb/sup 3+/ sensitization in achieving stable gain-clamped operation in a range of operating conditions. It is shown that the amplitude of power excursions is typically small, e.g., less than 0.1 dB, provided that the amount of Er/sup 3+/ ions in the clusters is kept small.
Optoelectrochemical transduction on planar optical waveguides (1992)

Planar optical waveguides overlaid with electrochemically modulated sensing films constitute a powerful new class of chemical transducer. The effects on the modal absorption spectrum of depositing a highly absorbing electrochromic film on an optical waveguide are modeled. Theoretical and experimental results are given for such a device consisting of a lutetium biphthalocyanine film deposited on an indium tin oxide-coated potassium ion-exchanged glass waveguide, for application as a chlorine sensor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving Robustness of Task Oriented Dialog Systems (2019)

Task oriented language understanding in dialog systems is often modeled using intents (task of a query) and slots (parameters for that task). Intent detection and slot tagging are, in turn, modeled using sentence classification and word tagging techniques respectively. Similar to adversarial attack problems with computer vision models discussed in existing literature, these intent-slot tagging models are often over-sensitive to small variations in input -- predicting different and often incorrect labels when small changes are made to a query, thus reducing their accuracy and reliability. However, evaluating a model's robustness to these changes is harder for language since words are discrete and an automated change (e.g. adding `noise') to a query sometimes changes the meaning and thus labels of a query. In this paper, we first describe how to create an adversarial test set to measure the robustness of these models. Furthermore, we introduce and adapt adversarial training methods as well as data augmentation using back-translation to mitigate these issues. Our experiments show that both techniques improve the robustness of the system substantially and can be combined to yield the best results.
OOCYSTS TO PIGS (1996)

To define the infectiousness of the VEG strain of Toxoplasma gondii, 42 pigs were fed doses estimated at 10, 1, or 1:50). Control pigs (n = 6) remained seronegative (<1:20) and T. gondii was not isolated from their tissues. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tongues of 27 (93%), brains of 21 (72%), and hearts of 13 (45%) of 29 experimentally infected pigs by bioassay in mice. The number of T. gondii-positive mice after inoculation of tongue, brain, and heart from infected pigs was 240 (80%), 84 (28%), and 36 (12%) of 300 mice inoculated with each organ, respectively. Thus, the VEG strain of T. gondii was localized more often and in higher numbers in the tongue than in the brain and the heart of pigs. The apparent muscle localization after infection with the low dose of the VEG strain of T. gondii agrees with other studies in livestock that suggest T. gondii is more neurotropic in mice than in livestock.
A passive, origami-inspired, continuously variable transmission (2014)

Transmissions play a vital role in machines by transforming the torque and speed of a motor into a desired output. They are often necessary for operating a motor at peak efficiency or power. The majority of variable transmissions are mechanically complex, large, and expensive, which limits scalability and is often cost prohibitive. As an alternative, we propose an origami-wheel design that is capable of varying its own transmission ratio between motor torque and ground reaction force, effectively creating a passive, continuously variable transmission. The wheel responds to an increase in torque by reducing its radius through the spring-like properties of the origami structure, increasing the force applied by the wheel to the ground. We demonstrate that the wheel is able to match the speed of a 55 mm fixed-radius wheel when unloaded, and can also tow loads as high as a 25 mm wheel without stalling. This design could be used to provide smaller, cheaper robots with an effective means to vary their output while maintaining motor efficiency.
Adaptive duty cycling in mobile sensor networks (2009)

I, Vladimir Dyo, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the Mobile wireless sensor networks have recently attracted considerable attention. In particular, there is a significant interest in applying mobile sensor networks to wildlife and environmental monitoring, medical, and human-centric applications. Energy is a critical factor for most real deployments of sensor networks: many mobile applications, such as environmental monitoring ones, require months of unattended operation of large number of small battery-operated nodes. Due to slow advancements in battery and energy harvesting technologies, energy efficiency will remain an important issue for a long time. The general approach to energy saving in wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the wake-up time of nodes to maximize their sleep time while achieving application goals such as low latency or high throughput. A number of duty-cycling solutions have been proposed for static sensor networks. These solutions often assume a fixed topology and use scheduling techniques to coordinate the wakeup of nodes depending on traffic flows. However, in some
A novel “patient‐like” model of cholangiocarcinoma progression based on bile duct inoculation of tumorigenic rat cholangiocyte cell lines†‡ (2007)

A novel model of cholangiocarcinoma progression mimicking progressive development of the advanced human disease has been established, which may serve as a powerful preclinical platform to study cholangiocarcinoma progression and for rapidly testing treatment approaches.
Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene by indigenous microbial populations in soil (1993)

The biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and toluene, incubated separately and in combination, by indigenous microbial populations was measured in three unsaturated soils incubated under aerobic conditions. Sorption and desorption of TCE (0.1 to 10 micrograms ml-1) and toluene (1.0 to 20 micrograms ml-1) were measured in two soils and followed a reversible linear isotherm. At a concentration of 1 micrograms ml-1, TCE was not degraded in the absence of toluene in any of the soils. In combination, both 1 microgram of TCE ml-1 and 20 micrograms of toluene ml-1 were degraded simultaneously after a lag period of approximately 60 to 80 h, and the period of degradation lasted from 70 to 90 h. Usually 60 to 75% of the initial 1 microgram of TCE ml-1 was degraded, whereas 100% of the toluene disappeared. A second addition of 20 micrograms of toluene ml-1 to a flask with residual TCE resulted in another 10 to 20% removal of the chemical. Initial rates of degradation of toluene and TCE were similar at 32, 25, and 18 degrees C; however, the lag period increased with decreasing temperature. There was little difference in degradation of toluene and TCE at soil moisture contents of 16, 25, and 30%, whereas there was no detectable degradation at 5 and 2.5% moisture. The addition of phenol, but not benzoate, stimulated the degradation of TCE in Rindge and Yolo silt loam soils, methanol and ethylene slightly stimulated TCE degradation in Rindge soil, glucose had no effect in either soil, and dissolved organic carbon extracted from soil strongly sorbed TCE but did not affect its rate of biodegradation.
UV Absorber Permanence and Coating Lifetimes (2004)

Abstract Delamination is the ultimate failure mechanism of a coating. Delamination times often are closely related to the dose of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the substrate or primer, and this dose is related to the UV absorbing capability of the overlying coating. Organic UV absorbers are not permanent, and their photodegradation is an important factor in determining coating lifetime. The kinetics and some of the chemistry of UV absorber photodegradation have been studied extensively over the past decade and applied to coating lifetime prediction. Rates of UV absorber loss vary widely and are highly dependent on the coating matrix, so must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Simple zero- or first-order kinetic schemes give rates that are dependent on the initial absorbance of the sample. This paper discusses a more reliable kinetic equation and applies the rate constant to prediction of delamination times.
Divergent members of a soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) 4‐coumarate:coenzyme A ligase gene family (2002)

4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) is involved in the formation of coenzyme A thioesters of hydroxycinnamic acids that are central substrates for subsequent condensation, reduction, and transfer reactions in the biosynthesis of plant phenylpropanoids. Previous studies of 4CL appear to suggest that many isoenzymes are functionally equivalent in supplying substrates to various subsequent branches of phenylpropanoid biosyntheses. In contrast, divergent members of a 4CL gene family were identified in soybean (Glycine max L.). We isolated three structurally and functionally distinct 4CL cDNAs encoding 4CL1, 4CL2, and 4CL3 and the gene Gm4CL3. A fourth cDNA encoding 4CL4 had high similarity with 4CL3. The recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli possessed highly divergent catalytic efficiency with various hydroxycinnamic acids. Remarkably, one isoenzyme (4CL1) was able to convert sinapate; thus the first cDNA encoding a 4CL that accepts highly substituted cinnamic acids is available for further studies on branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism that probably lead to the precursors of lignin. Surprisingly, the activity levels of the four isoenzymes and steady-state levels of their transcripts were differently affected after elicitor treatment of soybean cell cultures with a beta-glucan elicitor of Phytophthora sojae, revealing the down-regulation of 4CL1 vs. up-regulation of 4CL3/4. A similar regulation of the transcript levels of the different 4CL isoforms was observed in soybean seedlings after infection with Phytophthora sojae zoospores. Thus, partitioning of cinnamic acid building units between phenylpropanoid branch pathways in soybean could be regulated at the level of catalytic specificity and the level of expression of the 4CL isoenzymes.
SERS Not To Be Taken for Granted in the Presence of Oxygen (2009)

Oxidation of the Ag nanoparticle surface has a dramatic effect on the adsorption, orientation, and SERS detection limit of nitroaromatic molecules in aqueous solutions. Ultrasensitive SERS detection of p-nitrophenol can be achieved when oxidation of surface-immobilized Ag nanoparticles is inhibited by replacing the oxygen dissolved in water with argon gas. The presence of silver oxide at the nanoparticle surface hinders charge transfer between the aromatic ring and the underlying Ag metal surface and drastically decreases the overall detection sensitivity.
Building Smart Cities (2015)

The term "smart city" defines the new urban environment, one that is designed for performance through information and communication technologies. Given that the majority of people across the world will live in urban environments within the next few decades, it's not surprising that massive effort and investment is being placed into efforts to devel
For Pastoralists the Risk May Be in the Drinking Water: The Case of Kargi, N. Kenya (2003)

Inadequate quantity of water is a common problem for pastoral people in East Africa. For the Rendille community of Kargi in northern Kenya, however, water quality has also been identified as a critical issue. Residents report that water-borne diseases commonly affect human health in dry seasons, and livestock may die soon after drinking water from some of the older, deep wells. We collected water samples from four key wells and one earthen dam to analyze physiochemical and bacteriological quality. Preliminary results indicated that the centrally located, oldest wells tested far below technical quality guidelines in several respects. Especially notable were the very high mineral content of the water and the presence of toxic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli). Low concentration of oxygen in the water from old wells—in combination with the presence of Salmonella –may promote production of potentially lethal gases like hydrogen sulphide. In contrast, water quality in younger wells and the earthen dam—all further from Kargi town—more commonly met technical guidelines overall, but evidence of bacteria from fecal contamination was still detected. As settled populations of pastoralists grow in the absence of infrastructure development, dangers of water contamination and water-borne human illness increase. Community-based interventions to better manage water quality are reviewed. A simple, low cost solution is proposed.
Sensory Network Dysfunction, Behavioral Impairments, and Their Reversibility in an Alzheimer's β-Amyloidosis Mouse Model (2011)

The unique vulnerability of the olfactory system to Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides a quintessential translational tool for understanding mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction and pathological progression in the disease. Using the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we show that aberrant, hyperactive olfactory network activity begins early in life, before detectable behavioral impairments or comparable hippocampal dysfunction and at a time when amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition is restricted to the olfactory bulb (OB). Hyperactive odor-evoked activity in the piriform cortex (PCX) and increased OB-PCX functional connectivity emerged at a time coinciding with olfactory behavior impairments. This hyperactive activity persisted until later in life when the network converted to a hyporesponsive state. This conversion was Aβ-dependent, because liver-X receptor agonist treatment to promote Aβ degradation rescued the hyporesponsive state and olfactory behavior. These data lend evidence to a novel working model of olfactory dysfunction in AD and, complimentary to other recent works, suggest that disease-relevant network dysfunction is highly dynamic and region specific, yet with lasting effects on cognition and behavior.
<title>Solid immersion lens photon tunneling microscope (Invited Paper)</title> (1992)

We have demonstrated a new type of near-field microscope that uses an add-on lens, called a solid immersion lens, to a real-time Nipkow disk type of confocal scanning optical microscope. Using this microscope, a factor of two improvement in the edge response over a confocal microscope has been observed along with excellent images of a grating with 100 nm strips and spaces. This microscope operates in reflection and gives real-time images.