gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shock–induced brittle failure of boron carbide (2002)

The mechanism for the failure of brittle materials during uniaxial compressive shockloading has been the subject of much discussion. In particular, the physical interpretation of the yield point, the Hugoniot elastic limit, remains poorly understood. It is additionally hypothesized that different materials display differing modes of deformation at the limit of elastic behaviour. Other work has shown that boron carbide (B4C) exhibits a type of behaviour in a different class to that of other brittle materials. In particular, other ceramics show smooth stress and particle velocity profiles at Lagrangian positions within the flow, while boron carbide shows jagged histories at such points, perhaps indicating that fragmentation at the sensor position is more extreme. To try and explain the origin of this behaviour, another part of the stress field has been probed. By using the longitudinal and now the lateral stress profiles, it is possible to elucidate how the strength of the material varies across the shock front. In other ceramics, failure has been seen to occur behind a travelling boundary that follows a shock front that has been called a failure wave, across which the strength of the material is dramatically reduced. In order to elucidate whether this failure process occurs, gauges were embedded to measure the lateral stress behind the shock front in B4C. As in other materials, the stress in B4C was seen to rise across a failure front. However, this phenomenon only occurred over certain stress ranges. More significantly, the failure penetrated further into the ceramic than has been seen in other materials. A mechanical interpretation is suggested to explain the observed behaviour. This paper shows that boron carbide exhibits a unique shock response. Although a polycrystalline ceramic, it shows a behaviour similar to an amorphous glass. It gives indications of the form of a comprehensive material description for brittle materials that will form the basis for future work.
Inorganic Molecular Chain Nb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>9</sub>: Synthesis of Bulk Crystal and One‐Atom‐Thick Level Exfoliation (2018)

A novel one‐dimensional (1D) inorganic material, Nb 2 Se 9 , which can be separated into atomic‐level, is synthesized through chemical reaction between Nb and Se sources. Nb 2 Se 9 and Se crystals are formed under an excess Se condition to avoid other phase such as NbSe 3 , and the residual Se can be removed by heat treatment; thus, high‐purity Nb 2 Se 9 crystals can be obtained. The one‐atom‐thick level Nb 2 Se 9 nanochains are successfully obtained by mechanical exfoliation and dispersion in a solvent. The covalently bonded Nb 2 Se 9 chain, when isolated from its three‐dimensional bulk material, is expected to have unique physical properties based on electron confinement in the 1D chain structure and the absence of dangling bonds. In addition, it has excellent thermal stability (up to 500 °C) and can be widely used in various fields.
Collect, Decompile, Extract, Stats, and Diff (2015)

Mobile user interface design patterns have been widely used across different mobile platforms. UI design patterns have evolved and changed significantly as new trends emerge and fade at different times. This paper presents a data-mining approach to analyzing design pattern changes in Android apps. Over a period of 18 months, we tracked 24,436 apps and collected their versions. In total, our sample consists of 56,349 unique app versions, more than 5 million source files, and more than 25 million UI elements. We developed a dedicated infrastructure based on modern big data technologies to support our differential analyses regarding design pattern changes. Some highlights of our findings include a) some apps would switch to a design pattern even after it was deprecated, b) the adoption rate of newly introduced design patterns (e.g., Fragment) is relatively low, c) some apps would update their listing details to reflect changes in design patterns.
Efficient Inverse Halftoning of Ordered Dither Images utilizing Matrix Addresses and Flat Area Detection (2006)

Efficient inverse halftoning (IH) methods of ordered dithering images were studied by utilizing a flat-area detection and dither matrix address information, for threshold ordering types of clustered dot and dispersed dot. The methods are based on the table look-up scheme, which has been considered to be most effective and quite practical. The flat area detection mechanism is found to generally contribute to save the memory size, and the dither matrix address information is found to contribute to save the memory size in some conditions. With the proposed ideas, the memory size to provide the same SNR in the conventional method is reduced to between 1/8 and 1/32, and the designed IH methods were also found to improve the generality of IH functions
SIMBA: a new technique for ultrashort pulse characterization (2005)

A novel technique (spectral interferometry using minimum-phase based algorithm, or SIMBA) to recover the phase and magnitude of the electric-field profile of weak ultra-short laser pulses is presented. SIMBA involves measuring with an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) the power spectrum of a sequence consisting of a dummy pulse followed by the sample pulse to be characterized. The sample pulse profile is then uniquely retrieved either with the analytical Hubert transformation or with a simple iterative error-reduction algorithm applied to this spectrum. SIMBA presents several significant advantages over existing techniques: it does not require a reference pulse with a known profile, which reduces measurement time and complexity significantly; the experimental set-up is simple and has no moving parts; data processing is fast, allows real-time characterization, and exhibits a lower sensitivity to measurement noise; it can be used to characterize ultraweak pulses; it discriminates between a pulse and its time reversal; and it can characterize a series of multiple pulses with a single OSA measurement.
Improving yeast strains using recyclable integration cassettes, for the production of plant terpenoids (2011)

Using the developed molecular tools, new yeast strains were generated with increased capacity to produce plant terpenoids. The approach taken and the durability of the strains allow successive rounds of improvement to maximize yields.
The isolation and structure elucidation of macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, A26771B. (1977)

The isolation, biological properties and structure elucidation of a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, designated A26771B (1), obtained from Penicillium turbatum are discussed.
Composite Kernels for Hyperspectral Image Classification (2006)

This letter presents a framework of composite kernel machines for enhanced classification of hyperspectral images. This novel method exploits the properties of Mercer's kernels to construct a family of composite kernels that easily combine spatial and spectral information. This framework of composite kernels demonstrates: 1) enhanced classification accuracy as compared to traditional approaches that take into account the spectral information only: 2) flexibility to balance between the spatial and spectral information in the classifier; and 3) computational efficiency. In addition, the proposed family of kernel classifiers opens a wide field for future developments in which spatial and spectral information can be easily integrated.
Recurrent DNA inversion rearrangements in the human genome (2007)

Several lines of evidence suggest that reiterated sequences in the human genome are targets for nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR), which facilitates genomic rearrangements. We have used a PCR-based approach to identify breakpoint regions of rearranged structures in the human genome. In particular, we have identified intrachromosomal identical repeats that are located in reverse orientation, which may lead to chromosomal inversions. A bioinformatic workflow pathway to select appropriate regions for analysis was developed. Three such regions overlapping with known human genes, located on chromosomes 3, 15, and 19, were analyzed. The relative proportion of wild-type to rearranged structures was determined in DNA samples from blood obtained from different, unrelated individuals. The results obtained indicate that recurrent genomic rearrangements occur at relatively high frequency in somatic cells. Interestingly, the rearrangements studied were significantly more abundant in adults than in newborn individuals, suggesting that such DNA rearrangements might start to appear during embryogenesis or fetal life and continue to accumulate after birth. The relevance of our results in regard to human genomic variation is discussed.
Anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide: diagnostic and prognostic values in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in a Chinese population (2005)

The anti-CCP antibody assay is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of RA and a subset of JIA in Chinese patients. It could be a useful predictive test for joint erosion in JIA of the polyarticular RF-positive subset and may be influential in the choice of the best therapeutic strategy in patients with recent-onset arthritis.
Determination of the axial velocity component by a laser-Doppler velocity profile sensor (2006)

We report about the determination of the axial velocity component by a laser Doppler velocity profile sensor that is based on two superposed fanlike interference fringe systems. Evaluation of the ratio of the Doppler frequencies obtained from each fringe system yields the lateral velocity component and the axial position inside the fringe system. Inclined particle trajectories result in chirped burst signals, where the change of the Doppler frequency in one burst signal is directly related to the axial velocity component. For one single tracer particle it is possible to determine (i) the lateral velocity component, (ii) the axial velocity component including the direction, and (iii) the axial position of the tracer trajectory. In this paper we present the measurement principle and report about results from simulation and experiments. An uncertainty of the axial velocity component of about 3% and a spatial resolution in the micrometer range were achieved. Possible applications of the sensor lie in three-component velocity measurements of flow fields where only one optical access is available.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors Control Competence to Interpret Leukemia Inhibitory Factor as an Astrocyte Inducer in Developing Cortex (2003)

Cortical progenitors begin to interpret leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) as astrocyte-inducing signals during late embryonic cortical development, coincident with an increase in their expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). To determine whether the developmental change in EGFRs regulates the change in responsiveness to LIF and BMP, we analyzed cortical progenitors induced to express EGFRs prematurely and progenitors from late embryonic EGFR-null cortex. Premature elevation of EGFRs conferred premature competence to interpret LIF, but not BMP, as an astrocyte-inducing signal. EGFR-null progenitors from late embryonic cortex did not interpret LIF as an astrocyte-inducing signal but responded to BMP4. LIF responsiveness in EGFR-null cells was rescued by the addition of EGFRs but not by the stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors. Astrocyte differentiation induced by LIF depends on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We show that the level of STAT3 increases during late embryonic development in a subset of progenitors. EGFRs regulate this change in STAT3 and increase STAT3 phosphorylation in response to LIF. Increasing STAT3 prematurely with a retrovirus also increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 by LIF. In contrast to the finding with EGFRs, however, increasing STAT3 did not cause LIF to induce astrocytes, although it reduced expression of the neurogenic factor PAX6 (paired box gene 6 ). Our findings show that developmental changes in EGFRs regulate the competence of progenitors to interpret LIF as an astrocyte-inducing signal. EGFRs elevate STAT3 expression and increase its phosphorylation by LIF, but this is not sufficient to change LIF responsiveness to astrocyte induction, suggesting that EGFRs also regulate LIF responsiveness downstream of STAT3.
Photosystem II Subunit S overexpression increases the efficiency of water use in a field-grown crop (2018)

Insufficient water availability for crop production is a mounting barrier to achieving the 70% increase in food production that will be needed by 2050. One solution is to develop crops that require less water per unit mass of production. Water vapor transpires from leaves through stomata, which also facilitate the influx of CO<sub>2</sub> during photosynthetic assimilation. Here, we hypothesize that Photosystem II Subunit S (PsbS) expression affects a chloroplast-derived signal for stomatal opening in response to light, which can be used to improve water-use efficiency. Transgenic tobacco plants with a range of PsbS expression, from undetectable to 3.7 times wild-type are generated. Plants with increased PsbS expression show less stomatal opening in response to light, resulting in a 25% reduction in water loss per CO<sub>2</sub> assimilated under field conditions. Since the role of PsbS is universal across higher plants, this manipulation should be effective across all crops.
Wave propagation in ray-chaotic enclosures: paradigms, oddities and examples (2005)

Ray chaos, characterized by eventual exponential divergence of originally nearby multi-bounce ray trajectories, is an intriguing phenomenon. It can be observed in several electromagnetic wave propagation scenarios: both very complex (e.g., urban areas) and very simple (e.g., a stadium-shaped cavity) scenarios. This paper contains a compact review of known results on wave propagation in ray-chaotic scenarios. Attention is focused principally on two-dimensional simple paradigms of internal ray chaos ("ray-chaotic billiards"), with emphasis on possible implications for high-frequency wave dynamics ("ray-chaotic footprints"). General concepts, tools, and numerical examples are discussed, and their potential relevance to current challenges in electromagnetic engineering is noted.
Design and Development of Degradable Polyethylenimines for Delivery of DNA and Small Interfering RNA: An Updated Review (2012)

Polyethylenimine (PEI), considered as the most potent and promising alternative carrier to viral vectors, has been studied as the “state of the art” among various polymers for nonviral gene delivery applications for many years. Although PEI-based carrier minimizes the bottlenecks associated with viral vectors such as unwanted immunogenicity and production problems, the toxic side effects of PEI prevent its rapid advancements due to nondegradable nature. In this regard, various degradable cross-linking and/or grafting agents have been linked to synthesize degradable PEIs in order to minimize the toxicity and improve the efficacy of PEI-mediated gene carriers. This paper describes an update on various cross-linkers and grafting agents in the design and development of degradable PEI derivatives and their potential applications for effective delivery of DNA in vitro and in vivo . The molecular weight (MW) of PEI and the structural relationship to its cellular toxicity and transfection ability were also discussed. Finally, the potential applications of various degradable PEIs for small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing were also covered.
OLIVIA: object oriented logic simulation implementing the VITAL standard (2002)

In a VHDL-based design flow for application specific integrated circuits, VITAL provides a uniform methodology for developing ASIC libraries for signoff simulation. The VITAL Standard includes specialized routines for describing behavior and timing of ASIC cells and integrates back-annotation via Standard Delay Format (SDF). One of the key issues of the VITAL initiative was to accelerate simulation performance at gate level by allowing only a restricted set of VHDL. In this paper, we present an efficient implementation of the VITAL-Standard in our object-oriented, event-driven logic simulation tool OLIVIA. First promising results concerning simulation performance compared to conventional VHDL-Simulators are given.
Recombinant allergens (1998)

A great variety of recombinant plant, mite, mold, mammal, and insect allergens have been expressed in heterologous hosts (e.g., Escherichia coli), their cDNA being used as a template. The number of biologically active recombinant allergens available for experimental, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes is increasing tremendously. Recombinant allergens have proven to be valuable tools to investigate T-cell and B-cell recognition of allergens as well as to study mechanisms of specific IgE regulation. The immunologic equivalence of many relevant recombinant allergens with their natural counterparts has been demonstrated, and the three-dimensional structures of several recombinant allergens have been described recently. As a result of extensive cross-reactivities among the relevant allergens, it appears that the number of epitopes needed for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy is less diverse than originally anticipated and might be soon covered by recombinant molecules. Recombinant allergens have been used for successful in vitro, as well as in vivo, allergy diagnosis, and work is in progress to produce recombinant allergen derivatives with reduced anaphylactic potential to improve current forms of immunotherapy.
Superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7−<i>x</i>/Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4−<i>y</i> bilayer thin films (1993)

Bilayers of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x(YBCO)/Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4−y(NCCO), in which both layers were superconducting, were fabricated in situ by pulsed laser deposition. Using N2O as the reactive gas, we were able to meet the conflicting processing requirements, oxygenation for YBCO, and reduction for NCCO, in the same sample with a specific cooling procedure. The bilayer thin films were c-axis oriented with a transition temperature, Tco, of 88.5 K for YBCO and 18.5 K for NCCO. Supercurrent was observed across the interface of the YBCO and NCCO superconducting layers, indicating the phase coherence between these superconductors.
[The study of committed differentiation from adult rMSCs into neuron-like cells induced by Xiangdan injection in vitro]. (2004)

The rMSCs could be differentiated into neuron-like cells in vitro with the induction of XDI in the free-serum media.
Oral Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Domain Antibody V565 Provides High Intestinal Concentrations, and Reduces Markers of Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis Patients (2019)

V565 is an engineered TNFα-neutralising single domain antibody formulated into enteric coated mini-tablets to enable release in the intestine after oral administration as a possible oral treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following oral administration, ileal recovery of V565 was investigated in four patients with terminal ileostomy. Intestinal and systemic pharmacokinetics were measured in six patients with Crohn's disease and evidence of target engagement assessed in five patients with ulcerative colitis. Following oral administration, V565 was detected at micromolar concentrations in ileal fluid from the ileostomy patients and in stools of the Crohn's patients. In four of the five ulcerative colitis patients, biopsies taken after 7d dosing demonstrated V565 in the lamina propria with co-immunostaining on CD3<sup>+</sup> T-lymphocytes and CD14<sup>+</sup> macrophages. Phosphorylation of signalling proteins in biopsies taken after 7d oral dosing was decreased by approximately 50%. In conclusion, enteric coating of V565 mini-tablets provided protection in the stomach with gradual release in intestinal regions affected by IBD. Immunostaining revealed V565 tissue penetration and association with inflammatory cells, while decreased phosphoproteins after 7d oral dosing was consistent with V565-TNFα engagement and neutralising activity. Overall these results are encouraging for the clinical utility of V565 in the treatment of IBD.
Antioxidant Oligostilbenoids from the Stem Wood of <i>Hopea hainanensis</i> (2009)

Phytochemical investigation of the stem wood of Hopea hainanensis, a Dipterocarpaceae tree endemic to Hainan Island of China, leads to four new oligostilbenoids, hopeahainols C-F (1-4), and eight known ones (5-12). All of the structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data including UV, IR, MS, and NMR after purification of individual compounds through a combination of chromatographic methods. A resveratrol glucoside, eight resveratrol dimers, two trimers, and a tetramer were identified. All of the polyphenols were tested for their radical scavenging and total reducing capacities by measuring their capacity to scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, anion superoxide radical, and also to induce the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V). Most of the compounds exhibited potent antioxidant and radical scavenger capacity compared with the positive controls (resveratrol, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)) at 0.4 mM concentration.
Secure Lending: Blockchain and Prospect Theory-Based Decentralized Credit Scoring Model (2020)

Credit scoring is a rigorous statistical analysis carried out by lenders and other third parties to access an individual's creditworthiness. Lenders use credit scoring to estimate the degree of risk in lending money to an individual. However, credit score evaluation is primarily based on a transaction record, payment history, professional background, etc. sourced from different credit bureaus. So, evaluating a credit score is a laborious and tedious task involving a lot of paperwork. In this paper, we propose how blockchain can provide the solution to decentralized credit scoring evaluation and reducing the amount of dependence of paperwork. Lending money is not always objective but subjective to every lender. The decision of lending involves different levels of risk and uncertainty, depending on their perspective. This paper uses the prospect theory to model the optimal investment strategy for different risk vs. return scenarios.
v-cbl, an oncogene from a dual-recombinant murine retrovirus that induces early B-lineage lymphomas. (1989)

Cas NS-1 is an acutely transforming murine retrovirus that induces pre-B and pro-B cell lymphomas. Molecular cloning showed it was generated from the ecotropic Cas-Br-M virus by sequential recombinations with endogenous retroviral sequences and a cellular oncogene. The oncogene sequence shows no homology with known oncogenes but some similarity to the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4. A 100-kDa gag-cbl fusion protein, with no detectable kinase activity, is responsible for the cellular transformation. The cellular homologue of v-cbl, present in mouse and human DNA, is expressed in a range of hemopoietic lineages.