gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and Dynamic Stability Analysis of Engineering Rock Mass Equivalent Model (2014)

In allusion to the uncertainty of engineering rock mass numerical calculation and stability evaluation, the equivalent rock mass parameter identification and stability analysis method have been studied according to onsite displacement monitoring. The basic ideas and the process of stability dynamic prediction numerical analysis method for engineering rock mass were introduced. This method is mainly used for orthogonal numerical analysis, using the least square method in regression analysis to establish the functional relation between engineering rock mass calculated displacement and rock mass parameters. Then, the minimum sum of the squares of the differences between measured displacement and the calculated displacement as the optimization goal according to the onsite monitoring information was used to determine the equivalent rock mass parameters of the corresponding monitoring displacement and slope situation. The proposed equivalent model identification and dynamic stability analysis method can be more reliable to predict rock mass deformation and its stability, playing an important role in guiding the actual production.
Heterodyne and Coherent Optical Fiber Communications: Recent Progress (1982)

The technical significance, history of research and development, relevant technical tasks, and recent progress in heterodyne and coherent optical fiber communications are described. The achievements of 1-MHz frequency stability (peak-to-peak) and 0.1-MHz spectral purity (3-dB spectral width) with semiconductor lasers have been two principal motivations that accelerated the research and development. Rapid progress in the single-polarization single-mode fiber technology is also encouraging. The bit-error rate of a PCM-ASK/heterodyne optical communication system has been measured as a function of the received signal level, showing a good error performance close to the quantum-noise limitation.
Theoretical noise-limited sensitivity of classical interferometry (1987)

The signal-to-noise ratios for the path-stabilized, the active-heterodyne, the Sag, and the Fabry-Perot interferometers are calculated for cases in which dynamic surface displacements are detected. Expressions for the minimum-detectable displacements are given for the sensitivity limit of each interferometer. It is found that the ultimate sensitivities of the interferometers considered are nearly equal for similar conditions of use. Sensitivity values are shown to be about 10−15 m Hz−1/2 for systems that use typical laboratory instruments.
On the Information Rate of MIMO Systems With Finite Rate Channel State Feedback Using Beamforming and Power On/Off Strategy (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> It is well known that multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have high spectral efficiency, especially when channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is available. In many practical systems, it is reasonable to assume that the CSIT is obtained by a limited (i.e., finite rate) feedback and is therefore imperfect. We consider the design problem of how to use the limited feedback resource to maximize the achievable information rate. In particular, we develop a low complexity power on/off strategy with beamforming (or Grassmann precoding), and analytically characterize its performance. Given the eigenvalue decomposition of the covariance matrix of the transmitted signal, refer to the eigenvectors as beams, and to the corresponding eigenvalues as the beam's power. A power on/off strategy means that a beam is either turned on with a constant power, or turned off. We will first assume that the beams match the channel perfectly and show that the ratio between the optimal number of beams turned on and the number of antennas converges to a constant when the numbers of transmit and receive antennas approach infinity proportionally. This motivates our power on/off strategy where the number of beams turned on is independent of channel realizations but is a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the feedback rate is finite, beamforming cannot be perfect, and we characterize the effect of imperfect beamforming by quantization bounds on the Grassmann manifold. By combining the results for power on/off and beamforming, a good approximation to the achievable information rate is derived. Simulations show that the proposed strategy is near optimal and the performance approximation is accurate for all experimented SNRs. </para>
Treatment of Persistent Cough in Subjects with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) with Gefapixant, a P2X3 Antagonist, in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (2021)

NCT02502097.
Efficient thin-disk Tm-laser operation based on Tm:KLu(WO_4)_2/KLu(WO_4)_2 epitaxies (2012)

A diode-pumped thin-disk laser based on Tm:KLu(WO4)2/KLu(WO4)2 epitaxies is realized. The emission is in the 1850-1945 nm spectral range for Tm-doping between 5 and 15 at. %. The maximum slope efficiency of 47% with respect to the absorbed power obtained with 5 at. % Tm:KLu(WO4)2/KLu(WO4)2 corresponds to a maximum output power of ~6 W in cw operation.
Diabetes‐induced biochemical changes in rat lens: attenuation of cataractogenesis by pyruvate (2000)

Exogenous administration of this compound hence was found to exert an overall protective effect against cataract formation induced by the diabetic conditions.
A Study of a Type I Pneumococcus Epidemic at the State Hospital at Worcester, Mass (1938)

A Study of a Type I Pneumococcus Epidemic at the State Hospital at Worcester, Mass W. G. Smillie, G. H. Warnock, and Harold J. White CopyRight*Read before the Epidemiology Section of the American Public Health Association at the Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting in New York, N. Y., October 5, 1937. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.28.3.293 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Airborne telephones: background and the European position (1992)

Two different approaches to provision of in-flight passenger telephone services, often referred to generically as airborne public correspondence (APC), have evolved. In one case satellites are used to provide the radio bearer between the aircraft and the ground, whereas the so-called 'terrestrial' systems use direct air to ground radio links. Many of the world's leading airlines are implementing plans to provide satcom services. A satellite-based APC system is the only practical solution to providing APC coverage for aircraft on transoceanic routes. Terrestrial systems provide a cheaper solution where aircraft fly mainly over land masses, particularly on domestic routes in Europe and North America. Developments in the standardisation and implementation of the European TFTS (Terrestrial Flight Telephone System) are outlined. >
Pathogenesis and management of Staphylococcus epidermidis 'plastic' foreign body infections (1984)

Staphylococcus epidermidis infections on foreign bodies made of plastic are caused by special and complex mechanisms. The staphylococcal cells are able to adhere to and grow on polymer surfaces in vivo and in vitro . In the course of colonization they produce an extracellular substance (‘slime’) which eventually covers them. It is thought that the staphylococcal slime has several biological functions, including promoting adhesion and protection against both antibiotics and host defence mechanisms. In patients, the removal of a colonized device should be accompanied by the parenteral administration of highly effective antistaphylococcal drugs, such as vancomycin.
Activation of beclomethasone dipropionate by hydrolysis to beclomethasone‐17‐monopropionate (1990)

The relative affinity of beclomethasone (B), beclomethasone-17-monopropionate (17-BMP), beclomethasone-21-monopropionate (21-BMP), and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) has been determined. BDP binds to the glucocorticoid receptor with about half the affinity of the potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dexa), B was found to be 0.75 times less active than Dexa. The 21-BMP has no binding affinity whereas the 17-BMP is about 13 times as potent as Dexa. The affinity data indicate that metabolism of BDP to 17-BMP is an important activation step. To evaluate the relationship between local and systemic activity incubation studies with BDP in human lung, simulated gastric and intestinal fluid and plasma were performed. In cytosol from human lung cells BDP is hydrolysed rapidly to the more stable 17-BMP. During gastric passage BDP is stable but is immediately hydrolysed to 17-BMP in intestinal fluid. In human plasma BDP is hydrolysed to 17-BMP and an interesterification of 17-BMP to the inactive 21-BMP was also found.
Chemical imaging using ion microscopy and digital image processing (1990)

The ability to quantitatively map the distribution of elements on the micrometer scale and smaller with high sensitivity and isotopic discrimination is unique to ion microscopy. This capability is a powerful tool for investigation of the solid state, where properties correlate not only with chemical composition but also with the degree of chemical heterogeneity. The use of digital image processing allows for the quantitative study of ion images, as well as the extraction of quantitative information from the image data. The use of image processing techniques to acquire, amend, and analyze ion images is discussed. Methods for the identification and correction of contrast artifacts, and the application of ion microscopy to problems in biology and medicine are presented.
Synthesis of new extended surfactants containing a carboxylate or sulfate polar group (2005)

Abstract New extended anionic surfactants with a carboxylate or sulfate polar head were synthesized from polypropoxylated alcohols, and their structures were confirmed by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The extended surfactant critical micelle concentration was found to decrease with the length of the polypropylene glycol spacer. Surfactants containing a diethylene glycol link to the head group exhibited a higher critical micelle concentration than did their nondiethoxylated homologs.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Complex Cyclopenta[<i>b</i>]quinoline Derivatives (2011)

An efficient one-pot procedure that provides a direct access to polycyclic hexahydrocyclopenta[b]quinoline derivatives having five stereogenic centers has been developed. The system displays great tolerance toward different aldehydes, anilines, and nitroalkenes. The products are obtained in high yields and excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities.
Mechanisms of Leukotriene B<sub>4</sub>–Triggered Monocyte Adhesion (2003)

Objective— Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) has been implicated in the trafficking of monocytes to inflammatory pathologic conditions, such as transplant rejection and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which LTB 4 contributes to monocyte capture from the circulation. Methods and Results— In in vitro and in vivo vascular models, the lipid chemoattractant LTB 4 was an equipotent agonist of monocyte adhesion compared with the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Adenoviral gene transfer of specific endothelial adhesion molecules and blocking monoclonal antibody studies demonstrated that LTB 4 triggers both β 1 - and β 2 -integrin–dependent adhesion. Flow cytometry studies suggested that changes in integrin avidity or affinity, rather than alterations of integrin surface expression, were responsible for the chemoattractant-triggered arrest. Surprisingly, in contrast to the peptide chemokine MCP-1, LTB 4 did not activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, which is a functionally critical step in chemokine-triggered effector functions. Conclusions— LTB 4 is a potent trigger of monocyte adhesion under flow yet mediates its effects via pathways that appear to differ from peptide chemoattractants. A better understanding of the mechanisms of LTB 4 -induced monocyte trafficking might shed insight into disease pathogenesis and pinpoint critical steps for therapeutic intervention for multiple human inflammatory pathologic conditions.
The Role of the CO2 Laser and Fractional CO2 Laser in Dermatology (2014)

The CO2 laser remains an efficient, precise and safe system for the dermatologist. Technological advances in CO2 laser construction have meant smaller spot sizes and greater precision for laser surgery, and more flexibility in tip sizes and protocols for fractional CO2 laser treatment. The range of dermatological applications of the CO2 laser is expected to continue to increase in the future.
Modification of the release rate of aclarubicin from polylactic acid microspheres by using additives. (1985)

Polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres containing aclarubicin were prepared by a solventevaporation process and their release patterns were examined in vitro. When microspheres were prepared with the drug and PLA, the release rates of the drug were extremely small. When microspheres were prepared with fatty acid esters as additives, the release rates of the drug were significantly increased depending on the amount of the additive incorporated. Two additives, isopropyl myristate and medium-chain triglyceride, exhibited similar effects on the steady-state release rates of the drug from the microspheres. In addition, the effect of alkyl chain length of the additives on the release rate of the drug was examined by using a series of ethyl and butyl esters of fatty acids. A parabolic relationship was obtained between the steady-state release rate of the drug and the alkyl chain length of the additives. Therefore the release rate of the drug could be controlled by proper selection of the additive and by adjusting the amount of the additive used in the preparation of the microspheres.
Prednisone/prednisolone and deflazacort regimens in the CINRG Duchenne Natural History Study (2015)

This study provides Class IV evidence that GCs are effective in delaying LoA in patients with DMD.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in <i>mut</i> methylmalonic acidemia (2008)

Methylmalonic acidemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by defective activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) that exhibits multiorgan system pathology. To examine whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of this organic acidemia, a background-modified Mut-knockout mouse model was constructed and used to examine mitochondrial ultrastructure and respiratory chain function in the tissues that manifest pathology in humans. In parallel, the liver from a patient with mut methylmalonic acidemia was studied in a similar fashion. Megamitochondria formed early in life in the hepatocytes of the Mut(-/-) animals and progressively enlarged. Liver extracts prepared from the mutants at multiple time points displayed respiratory chain dysfunction, with diminished cytochrome c oxidase activity and reduced intracellular glutathione compared to control littermates. Over time, the exocrine pancreas and proximal tubules of the kidney also exhibited megamitochondria, and older mutant mice eventually developed tubulointerstitial renal disease. The patient liver displayed similar morphological and enzymatic findings as observed in the murine tissues. These murine and human studies establish that megamitochondria formation with respiratory chain dysfunction occur in a tissue-specific fashion in methylmalonic acidemia and suggest treatment approaches based on improving mitochondrial function and ameliorating the effects of oxidative stress.
Classifying Spam Emails Using Text and Readability Features (2013)

Supervised machine learning methods for classifying spam emails are long-established. Most of these methods use either header-based or content-based features. Spammers, however, can bypass these methods easily-especially the ones that deal with header features. In this paper, we report a novel spam classification method that uses features based on email content-language and readability combined with the previously used content-based task features. The features are extracted from four benchmark datasets viz. CSDMC2010, Spam Assassin, Ling Spam, and Enron-Spam. We use five well-known algorithms to induce our spam classifiers: Random Forest (RF), BAGGING, ADABOOSTM1, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naïve Bayes (NB). We evaluate the classifier performances and find that BAGGING performs the best. Moreover, its performance surpasses that of a number of state-of-the-art methods proposed in previous studies. Although applied only to English language emails, the results indicate that our method may be an excellent means to classify spam emails in other languages, as well.
Solubility of Vitamin C in Water, Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Water + Ethanol, and Water + Propan-1-ol at (298.15 and 308.15) K (2009)

Solubility data of vitamin C are essential to fields such as medicine, food, and biochemistry. Regarding recent publications, for hydrotropism studies, it is shown that the knowledge of the solubility of vitamin C in different solvents is very important. In the present paper, solubility data of vitamin C in water, ethanol, propan-1-ol, water + ethanol, and water + propan-1-ol were measured by a gravimetrical method at (298.15 and 308.15) K at an atmospheric pressure of 0.0920 MPa. The solubility data were correlated against the mass fraction of water. The solubility of vitamin C in water, ethanol, and water + ethanol was high compared to that with propan-1-ol and water + propan-1-ol.
Preamble Design Based on Complete Complementary Sets for Random Access in MIMO-OFDM Systems (2007)

A novel preamble sequence design for random access using complete complementary code sets in multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) scheme is proposed. By elaborate design, both the optimum cross-correlation function (CCF) property and sufficient available number of preamble sequences can be achieved. The generation method and the bound of extension code number are addressed to satisfy the requirement of practical system. In addition, the comparison between proposed code and constant amplitude zero auto-correlation (CAZAC) code which is promising in the long term evolution of 3rd generation systems as preamble sequences was presented. The numerical results show that the application of preamble sequences with complete complementary code sets can obtain high detection probability.
Evolution of Exenatide as a Diabetes Therapeutic (2013)

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a disease of epidemic proportion associated with significant morbidity and excess mortality. Optimal glucose control reduces the risk of microvascular and possibly macrovascular complications due to diabetes. However, glycemic control is rarely optimal and several therapeutic interventions for the treatment of diabetes cause hypoglycemia and weight gain; some may exacerbate cardiovascular risk. Exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) is a glucagon- like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist developed as a first-in-class diabetes therapy. This review presents an overview of the evolution of exenatide as a T2DM treatment, beginning with the seminal preclinical discoveries and continuing through to clinical pharmacology investigations and phase 3 clinical trials. In patients with T2DM, exenatide enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressed inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, slowed gastric emptying, and enhanced satiety. In controlled phase 3 clinical trials ranging from 12 to 52 weeks, 10-mcg exenatide twice daily (ExBID) reduced mean HbA1c by -0.8% to -1.7% as monotherapy or in combination with metformin (MET), sulfonylureas (SFU), and/or thiazolidinediones (TZD); with mean weight losses of -1.2 kg to -8.0 kg. In controlled phase 3 trials ranging from 24 to 30 weeks, a 2-mg once-weekly exenatide formulation (ExQW) reduced mean HbA1c by -1.3% to -1.9%, with mean weight reductions of -2.3 to -3.7 kg. Exenatide was generally well-tolerated. The most common side effects were gastrointestinal in nature, mild, and transient. Nausea was the most prevalent adverse event. The incidence of hypoglycemia was generally low. By building upon early observations exenatide was successfully developed into an effective diabetes therapy.
Antiplatelet agents and randomized trials. (2007)

Patients who have transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke are at a high risk of having a first or recurrent stroke. The annual risk is between 5% and 15%; the risk is highest in the first 48 hours following a TIA and highest in the first 7 days following an ischemic stroke. Secondary prevention includes antithrombotic therapy, treatment of risk factors, and interventional treatment of carotid stenosis. Antithrombotic options can include antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (ER-DP), clopidogrel, or clopidogrel plus aspirin. Oral anticoagulation is used in patients with a cardiac source of embolism such as atrial fibrillation. Aspirin monotherapy offers a modest risk reduction for recurrent stroke and for the combined endpoint of nonfatal stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and vascular death. The combination of ER-DP and aspirin was shown to be superior to aspirin monotherapy in several trials. Clopidogrel is superior to aspirin in high-risk patients suffering from stroke, MI, or peripheral arterial disease. The combination of clopidogrel plus aspirin is not superior to aspirin or clopidogrel monotherapy and carries a significantly higher bleeding risk. The combination might offer benefit in short-term secondary prevention after TIA or stroke. Another ongoing trial is currently investigating the possible benefit and side effects of aspirin plus ER-DP versus clopidogrel in secondary stroke prevention.
Transformation of optical flow by camera rotation (1988)

The effect of camera rotation on the description of optical flow generated by a planar surface in motion is treated. A transformation law for the parameters is given explicitly by analyzing infinitesimal generators and irreducibly reducing the induced representation of the 3-D rotation group SO(3). The parameter space is decomposed into invariant subspaces, and the optical flow resulting from planar surface motion is accordingly decomposed into two parts, from which an invariant basis is deduced. A procedure is presented to test the equivalence of two optical flows and to reconstruct the camera rotation. The relationship with the analytical expressions for 3-D recovery is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Embedded OTDR techniques for cost-efficient fibre monitoring in optical access networks (2006)

A novel low-cost monitoring concept is presented enabling the supervision of the fibre plant in access networks. By re-using the data transmitter OTDR measurements can be performed as integral part of the transmission system.
Sensors and Biosensors for C-Reactive Protein, Temperature and pH, and Their Applications for Monitoring Wound Healing: A Review (2017)

Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.