gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of NVA237 <i>versus</i> placebo and tiotropium in patients with COPD: the GLOW2 study (2012)

NVA237 (glycopyrronium bromide) is a once-daily long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The GLycopyrronium bromide in COPD airWays clinical Study 2 (GLOW2) evaluated the efficacy and safety of NVA237 in moderate-to-severe COPD over 52 weeks. Patients were randomised 2:1:1 to NVA237 50 μg, placebo or open-label tiotropium 18 μg for 52 weeks. Primary end-point was trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) at 12 weeks. 1,066 patients were randomised, 810 completed the study. At week 12, trough FEV(1) increased significantly by 97 mL with NVA237 (95% CI 64.6-130.2; p<0.001) and 83 mL with tiotropium (95% CI 45.6-121.4; p<0.001). Compared with placebo, NVA237 produced significant improvements in dyspnoea (Transition Dyspnoea Index at week 26; p=0.002) and health status (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire at week 52; p<0.001). NVA237 significantly reduced the risk of moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations by 34% (p=0.001) and the use of rescue medication (p=0.039), versus placebo. NVA237-placebo and tiotropium-placebo differences were comparable for all outcomes. Safety profiles were similar across groups. NVA237 50 μg provided significant improvements in lung function, dyspnoea, health status, exacerbations and rescue medication use, versus placebo, and was comparable to tiotropium. NVA237 can potentially be an alternative choice of LAMA for COPD patients.
Nano-Sized Micelles of Block Copolymers of Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(<i>ε</i>-caprolactone)-<i>Graft</i>-2-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose for Doxorubicin Delivery (2008)

The amphiphilic block copolymers methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly( ε -caprolactone) was grafted to 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose to produce the water-soluble copolymers. Doxorubicin loaded nanoparticles were prepared by dialysis method and the sizes of nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering in solution and atomic force microscopes. As results the sizes were detected in a range of 197.4 to 340.7 nm. The in-vitro release of Dox was studied in phosphate and acetate buffered solution at 37 °C. The results showed that 43 and 53% of Dox remained after an incubation period of 7 days. The cytotoxicity of Dox loaded micelles was investigated in two different human MCF-7/wild type and MCF-7/Adriamycin drug resistant cells lines. The Dox-loaded micelles showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to free Dox in MCF-7/wild type and MCF-7/Adriamycin drug resistant cells.
Topical Metronidazole Therapy for Rosacea (1987)

• Forty patients with rosacea were treated topically with 0.75% metronidazole gel in a randomized split-face double-blind paired-comparison trial. With twice-daily applications, 36.7, 48.5, and 65.1 mean percent reductions in total papules and pustules were noted over baseline at 3, 6, and 9 weeks, respectively, on the side of the face receiving metronidazole therapy. Therapy with vehicle alone produced a maximum mean percent reduction of 14.9 at nine weeks. Erythema also responded but was less improved by the end of nine weeks of therapy. A mild increase in telangiectasia was noted on both actively treated and placebo-treated sides. The gel was locally well tolerated. Only two of 40 patients failed to complete the trial, both because of flares of rosacea (one at two days, and one at five weeks). No systemic symptoms were noted, and no consistent abnormalities were found in the results of laboratory studies (hematology, chemistry, and urinalysis). Topical metronidazole gel therapy appears to be a safe and efficacious therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe rosacea. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>1987;123:609-614)
Sequential optimization in the absence of global reset (2003)

We study the problem of optimizing synchronous sequential circuits. There have been previous efforts to optimize such circuits. However, all previous attempts make implicit or explicit assumptions about the design or the environment of the design. For example, it is widespread practice to assume the existence of a hardware reset line and consequently a fixed power-up state; in the absence of the same, a common premise is that the design's environment will apply an initializing sequence. We review the concept of safe replaceability which does away with these assumptions and the delay-safe replaceability notion, which is applicable when the design's output is not used for a certain number of cycles after power-up. We then develop procedures for optimizing the combinational next-state and output logic, as well as routines for reencoding the state space and removing state bits under these replaceability criteria. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Novel defensin subfamily from spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>) (1998)

Antimicrobial peptides (So-D1-7) were isolated from a crude cell wall preparation from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea cv. Matador) and, judged from their amino acid sequences, six of them (So-D2-7) represented a novel structural subfamily of plant defensins (group IV). Group-IV defensins were also functionally distinct from those of groups I-III. They were active at concentrations < 20 microM against Gram-positive (Clavibacter michiganensis) and Gram-negative (Ralstonia solanacearum) bacterial pathogens, as well as against fungi, such as Fusarium culmorum, F. solani, Bipolaris maydis, and Colletotrichum lagenarium. Fungal inhibition occurred without hyphal branching. Group-IV defensins were preferentially distributed in the epidermal cell layer of leaves and in the subepidermal region of stems.
WLAN Location Sharing through a Privacy Observant Architecture (2006)

In the last few years, WLAN has seen immense growth and it will continue this trend due to the fact that it provides convenient connectivity as well as high speed links. Furthermore, the infrastructure already exists in most public places and is cheap to extend. These advantages, together with the fact that WLAN covers a large area and is not restricted to line of sight, have led to developing many WLAN localization techniques and applications based on them. In this paper we present a novel calibration-free localization technique using the existing WLAN infrastructure that enables conference participants to determine their location without the need of a centralized system. The evaluation results illustrate the superiority of our technique compared to existing methods. In addition, we present a privacy observant architecture to share location information. We handle both the location of people and the resources in the infrastructure as services, which can be easily discovered and used. An important design issue for us was to avoid tracking people and giving the users control over who they share their location information with and under which conditions
4K SHD Real-Time Video Streaming System With JPEG 2000 Parallel Codec (2006)

This paper describes a 4K SHD (super high definition) real-time video streaming system that can encode (JPEG 2000), transmit and display live images at up to 4096 times 2160 pixel resolution and 36-bit color. The total bit rate of a 4K SHD video to be shown at 30 frames per second in 4:4:4 format is 9.5 Gbps. A JPEG 2000 parallel codec reduces this to 200-400 Mbps and allows live image distribution via common 1 Gbps links with the highest image quality and minimal delay. This system makes it feasible to implement networked professional audio/video applications over long-distance IP networks even at SHD quality
AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: evidence for direct stimulatory effect of glucocorticoid on cell proliferation. (1995)

Glucocorticoid therapy has been linked to increased risk of development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which has become epidemic among HIV-infected individuals. However, no experimental evidence is available to explain the role of glucocorticoid in KS biopathology. We investigated the direct effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on the growth of cultured KS cells derived from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (AIDS-KS). Dex significantly stimulated the proliferation of AIDS-KS cells. Moreover, simultaneous exposure to Dex and oncostatin M, a KS major cytokine, produced a dramatic synergistic effect on proliferation of AIDS-KS cell. This suggests an interaction between glucocorticoid and growth factor intracellular pathways in KS cells. The expression of glucocorticoid receptor protein and mRNA in AIDS-KS cell cultures was examined by radioimmunoassay and in situ hybridization, respectively. Compared with other well studied cell lines, AIDS-KS cells contain an unusually high level of glucocorticoid receptor protein, which is further upregulated by glucocorticoid treatment. RU-486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, completely abolished the stimulatory effect of Dex and reduced the synergistic effect of Dex and oncostatin M on proliferation of AIDS-KS. These findings demonstrate that glucocorticoid stimulates directly the proliferation of AIDS-KS cells via the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression.
All-optical networking 1999 : architecture, control, and management issues : 19-21 September 1999, Boston, Massachusetts (1999)

This work presents a series of papers examining various aspects of architecture, control, and management issues in all-optical networking.
Getting to the heart of cardiomyopathies (2006)

In Brief Find out about the four types and how to help your patient manage signs and symptoms. Find out about the four types and how to help your patient manage signs and symptoms.
<i>APC/CTNNB1</i> (β‐catenin) pathway alterations in human prostate cancers (2002)

Genetic alterations serve as beacons for the involvement of specific pathways in tumorigenesis. It was previously shown that 5% of prostate tumors harbor CTNNB1 mutations, suggesting that this tumor type may involve a deregulated APC/CTNNB1 pathway. To explore this possibility further, we searched for mutations in genes implicated in this pathway in 22 samples that included cell lines, xenografts, and primary tumors. We identified seven alterations: two in CTNNB1, three in APC, and two in hTRCP1 (also known as BTRC) which controls the degradation of CTNNB1. Alterations in the CTNNB1 regulatory domain, APC, and hTRCP1 were mutually exclusive, consistent with their equivalent effects on CTNNB1 stability. These results suggest that CTNNB1 signaling plays a critical role in the development of a significant fraction of prostate cancers. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that hTRCP1 plays a role in human neoplasia.
The application of single particle aerosol mass spectrometry for the detection and identification of high explosives and chemical warfare agents (2006)

Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (SPAMS) was evaluated as a real-time detection technique for single particles of high explosives. Dual-polarity time-of-flight mass spectra were obtained for samples of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN); peaks indicative of each compound were identified. Composite explosives, Comp B, Semtex 1A, and Semtex 1H were also analyzed, and peaks due to the explosive components of each sample were present in each spectrum. Mass spectral variability with laser fluence is discussed. The ability of the SPAMS system to identify explosive components in a single complex explosive particle (~1 pg) without the need for consumables is demonstrated. SPAMS was also applied to the detection of Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) simulants in the liquid and vapor phases. Liquid simulants for sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and VX were analyzed; peaks indicative of each simulant were identified. Vapor phase CWA simulants were adsorbed onto alumina, silica, Zeolite, activated carbon, and metal powders which were directly analyzed using SPAMS. The use of metal powders as adsorbent materials was especially useful in the analysis of triethyl phosphate (TEP), a VX stimulant, which was undetectable using SPAMS in the liquid phase. The capability of SPAMS to detect high explosives and CWA simulants using one set of operational conditions is established.
FlexCore: Dynamic virtual machine scheduling using VCPU ballooning (2015)

As multi-core processors become the de-facto configuration in modern computers, the adoption of SMP Virtual Machines (VMs) has been increasing, allowing for more efficient use of computing resources. However, because of existence of schedulers in both the hypervisor and the guest VMs, this creates a new research problem, viz., double scheduling. Although double scheduling may cause many issues including lock-holder preemption, vCPU stacking, CPU fragmentation, and priority inversion, prior approaches have either introduced new problems and/or addressed the problem incompletely. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of FlexCore, a new scheduling scheme using vCPU ballooning, which dynamically adjusts the number of vCPUs of a VM at runtime. This essentially eliminates unnecessary scheduling in the hypervisor layer, and thus, boosts performance significantly. An evaluation using a complete KVM-based implementation shows that the average performance improvement for PARSEC applications on a 12-core Intel machine is approximately 52.9%, ranging from 35.4% to 79.6%.
Svega: Answering Natural Language Questions over Knowledge Base with Semantic Matching (2018)

Nowadays, more and more large scale knowledge bases are available for public access. Although these knowledge bases have their inherent access interfaces, such as SPARQL, they are generally unfriendly to end users. An intuitive way to bridge the gap between users and knowledge bases is to enable users to ask questions with natural language interface and return desired answers directly. Here the challenge is how to discover the query intention of users. Another challenge is how to obtain accurate answers from knowledge bases. In this paper, we model the query intention with a graph based on an entity-driven method. Consequently, the core problem of natural language question answering can be treated as subgraph matching over knowledge bases. For a query graph, there is a huge number of candidate mappings in a knowledge base, including ambiguities. Thus, a semantic vector is proposed to address disambiguation by evaluating the semantic similarity between edges in a query graph and paths in a knowledge base. By this way, our system can extract accurate answers directly without any offline work. Extensive experiments over the series of QALD challenges show the effectiveness of our system Svega in terms of recall and precision against other state-of-the-art systems.
Syntheses of 2-Acylaminoacetamidine and 3-Acylaminopropionamidine Derivatives (1968)

For the purpose to examine as to their antiviral activities, 2-acylaminoacetamidine (II) and 3-acylaminopropionamidine hydrochlorides (III) were synthesized from the corresponding nitriles via ethyl imidates. The difference of the reactivity between ethyl 2-acylaminoacetimidates and ethyl 3-acylaminopropionimidates on the course of amidination were postulated. Iminoesterification of dinitrile, (p-cyano) benzamidopropionitrile (XVIII), was discussed by referring the infrared spectrum of a corresponding monocyanomonoester, ethyl p-(N-cyanoethylcarbamoyl) benzoate (XXI). Among the compounds obtained hereof, 3-(p-methyl) benzamidopropionamidine hydrochloride was found to have an inhibitory effect on influenza virus in mice and in membrane culture.
8.3: A Single Cell‐Gap Transflective Color TFT‐LCD by using Image‐Enhanced Reflector (2003)

Abstract The image quality of single cell gap transflective color TFT‐LCDs can be enhanced by building an image‐enhanced reflector above the transmissive region of liquid crystal cell, where both reflective and transmissive portions achieve high optical efficiency, same response time and color saturation. Furthermore, this transflective color TFTLCD requires only single retardation film, and can achieve ambient light and backlight utilization ratio to 68.4% and 23.9% respectively. With image‐enhanced reflector built in, a high image performance display under both bright and dark ambience can be accomplished.
Asymmetric Syntheses <i>via</i> Heterocyclic Intermediates, XXVI<sup>1)</sup> Asymmetric Synthesis of an Amino Acid Ester with a 3,4‐Epoxy Function (β,γ‐Epoxy Function) by the Bislactim Ether Method (1985)

Asymmetrische Synthesen über heterocyclische Zwischenstufen, XXVI.– Asymmetrische Synthese eines Aminosäureesters mit einer 3,4‐Epoxyfunktion (β,γ‐Epoxyfunktion) nach der Bislactimether‐Methode α‐Chlorketone 3 reagieren mit dem lithiierten Bislactimether 2 von cyclo (L‐Val‐Gly) zu den Verbindungen 4 mit (3 R .1′ RS )‐Konfiguration. Diese liefern beim Behandeln mit NaOH die Oxirane 5 . Aus 5b erhält man bei der sauren Hydrolyse ein Epimerengemisch von (2 R , 3 R )‐und (2 R ,3 S )‐2‐Amino‐3,4‐epoxy‐3‐phenylbutansäure‐methylester ( 7 ).
Multichannel chromatic dispersion compensator consisting of modified interleave filter (2003)

We have successfully demonstrated a low loss dispersion slope compensator consisting of a PLC-type modified interleave filter. It has different chromatic dispersions to meet the demand of each 50 GHz-spacing WDM channel in the C-band.
Overlay Analysis Of Step-And-Repeat Lithographic Systems For Mask Making (1984)

The demand for smaller device geometrics and larger wafer size has drastically increased the need for more accurate level-to-level registration. It is more important than ever before to understand and control the overlay parameter of a step-and-repeat mask-making system. Furthermore, such an understanding is necessary for evaluation of mask quality. This paper discusses some important aspects of mask-making systems and gives a mathematical description of the first order and higher-order parameters. Some measurement techniques for obtaining those parameters are presented. Data are presented for special test patterns and for product masks fabricated on both optical and e-beam systems. This paper also includes a discussion of measurement strategy and a scheme for data reduction which minimizes estimating errors.
Application of model-based lithographic process control for cost-effective IC manufacturing at 0.13 μm and beyond (1999)

The 0.13 micrometers semiconductor manufacturing generation, shipping as early as 2001, will have transistor gate structures as small as 100 nm, creating a demand for sub- 10nm gate linewidth control. Linewidth variation consists of cross-chip, cross-wafer, cross-lot, and run-to-run components, so we can expect the individual component requirements to be sub-5nm. For model-based, run-to-run control systems to achieve this level of performance, stabilization of lithographic focus will be critical. In this work we show promising results based upon a novel phase-shift focus monitor, optical overlay metrology, and robust analysis software. Extensions of this work explore spatial dependencies across the lithographic field due to reticle error and across the wafer due to wafer nanotopography. Both sources of variation can cause collapse of the focus-exposure process window near the limits of lithographic resolution, particularly for gate structures in high-performance microprocessors. Our work supports the contention that photolithography-induced defects may become the primary source of yield loss for the 0.13 micrometers generation and beyond.
Geographical load balancing with renewables (2011)

Given the significant energy consumption of data centers, improving their energy efficiency is an important social problem. However, energy efficiency is necessary but not sufficient for sustainability, which demands reduced usage of energy from fossil fuels. This paper investigates the feasibility of powering internet-scale systems using (nearly) entirely renewable energy. We perform a trace-based study to evaluate three issues related to achieving this goal: the impact of geographical load balancing, the role of storage, and the optimal mix of renewables. Our results highlight that geographical load balancing can significantly reduce the required capacity of renewable energy by using the energy more efficiently with "follow the renewables" routing. Further, our results show that small-scale storage can be useful, especially in combination with geographical load balancing, and that an optimal mix of renewables includes significantly more wind than photovoltaic solar.
<title>Monitoring of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) in skin tumors by fluorescence during photodynamic therapy: preliminary observations</title> (1993)

The uptake and clearance of benzoporphyrin derivative - monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) in patients with primary and metastatic skin cancer were monitored using laser induced fluorescence in-vivo. These patients received systemic infusions of BPD-MA as part of a phase I clinical photodynamic therapy trial. The instrument used for photosensitizer detection consisted of two helium-neon (HeNe) lasers (612 and 633 nm) for fluorescence excitation and a phase sensitive detection system. The system was calibrated with various concentrations of BPD-MA using phantoms with scattering coefficients similar to that of skin. Measurements were carried out on unexposed normal skin near tumors, exposed normal skin immediately adjacent to tumors, and on the tumors themselves before drug infusion and at half hour intervals for up to three hours following infusion. Tumors were then exposed to 690 nm laser light for BPD-MA activation, during which time drug 'photobleaching' was followed by the loss of fluorescence. Following tumor irradiation, measurements were conducted for an additional two hours. Although fluorescence may be a useful means of monitoring photosensitizer concentration during photodynamic therapy, problems still remain. One is the linearity and the dynamic range of the response of the fluorescence detection device. Another is the uncertainty of the tissue depth probed by the fluorescence excitation source.
A road towards 25% efficiency and beyond: perovskite tandem solar cells (2016)

For decades, the appealing potential of tandem solar cells for efficiencies beyond the single-junction Shockley–Queisser limit has led researchers to develop thin film tandem solutions for high performance low cost solar cells.