gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence tomography detection of shear wave propagation in layered tissue equivalent phantoms (2013)

In this work, we explored the potential of measuring shear wave propagation using Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) in a layered phantom and based on a swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. Shear waves were generated using a piezoelectric transducer transmitting sine-wave bursts of 400 μs, synchronized with an OCT swept source wavelength sweep imaging system. The acoustic radiation force was applied to layered phantoms. The phantoms were composed of gelatin and titanium dioxide. Differential OCT phase maps, measured with and without the acoustic radiation force, demonstrate microscopic displacement generated by shear wave propagation in these phantoms of different stiffness. The OCT phase maps are acquired with a swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) system. We present a technique for calculating tissue mechanical properties by propagating shear waves in inhomogeneous tissue equivalent phantoms using the Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) of an ultrasound transducer, and measuring the shear wave speed and its associated properties in the different layers with OCT phase maps. This method lays the foundation for future studies of mechanical property measurements of heterogeneous tissue structures, with applications in the study of aneurysms and other intravascular pathologies.
Modern factor analysis (1960)

This thoroughly revised third edition of Harry H. Harman's authoritative text incorporates the many new advances made in computer science and technology over the last ten years. The author gives full coverage to both theoretical and applied aspects of factor analysis from its foundations through the most advanced techniques. This highly readable text will be welcomed by researchers and students working in psychology, statistics, economics, and related disciplines.
Comparison of artificial neural network based ECG classifiers using different features types (2002)

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been applied for some years in the field of signal classification with the aim of outperforming the traditional classifiers. The authors address the results of a study that comprehended the design and training of ANNs for ECG classification in four classes. Distinct ANNs having as inputs distinct ECG features types were designed and trained with the aim of attaining a reduced and "best" discriminating features set.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Correcting photoacoustic signals for fluence variations using acousto-optic modulation (2012)

We present a theoretical concept which may lead to quantitative photoacoustic mapping of chromophore concentrations. The approach supposes a technique capable of tagging light in a well-defined tagging volume at a specific location deep in the medium. We derive a formula that expresses the local absorption coefficient inside a medium in terms of noninvasively measured quantities and experimental parameters and we validate the theory using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, we performed an experiment to basically validate the concept as a strategy to correct for fluence variations in photoacoustics. In the experiment we exploit the possibility of acousto-optic modulation, using focused ultrasound, to tag photons. Results show that the variation in photoacoustic signals of absorbing insertions embedded at different depths in a phantom, caused by fluence variations of more than one order of magnitude, can be corrected for to an accuracy of 5%.
Recent Aspects on the Pathogenesis Mechanism, Animal Models and Novel Therapeutic Interventions for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections (2019)

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging zoonotic virus considered as one of the major public threat with a total number of 2 298 laboratory-confirmed cases and 811 associated deaths reported by World Health Organization as of January 2019. The transmission of the virus was expected to be from the camels found in Middle Eastern countries via the animal and human interaction. The genome structure provided information about the pathogenicity and associated virulent factors present in the virus. Recent studies suggested that there were limited insight available on the development of novel therapeutic strategies to induce immunity against the virus. The severities of MERS-CoV infection highlight the necessity of effective approaches for the development of various therapeutic remedies. Thus, the present review comprehensively and critically illustrates the recent aspects on the epidemiology of the virus, the structural and functional features of the viral genome, viral entry and transmission, major mechanisms of pathogenesis and associated virulent factors, current animal models, detection methods and novel strategies for the development of vaccines against MERS-CoV. The review further illustrates the molecular and computational virtual screening platforms which provide insights for the identification of putative drug targets and novel lead molecules toward the development of therapeutic remedies.
Three-dimensional potential analysis of radiation pressure exerted on a single microparticle (1997)

A system that makes it possible to precisely and instantaneously observe a potential energy of laser trapping as a function of three-dimensional position was developed for analyzing radiation pressure acting on a single microparticle in solution. Position sensing with a quadrant photodiode and total internal reflection microscopy are applied for measuring thermal Brownian motion of the trapped particle with ∼10 nm resolution, and a trapping potential profile is estimated by a thermodynamical analysis based on the Boltzmann distribution. Characteristic features of the present system are discussed.
Effects of Chemical Conjugation of <scp>l</scp>-Leucine to Chitosan on Dispersibility and Controlled Release of Drug from a Nanoparticulate Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation (2016)

This study investigated l-leucine-conjugated chitosan as a drug delivery vehicle in terms of dispersibility and controlled release from a nanoparticulate dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation for pulmonary delivery using diltiazem hydrochloride (DH) as the model drug. DH-loaded nanoparticles of chitosan and conjugate were prepared by water-in-oil emulsification followed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering for particle size, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface composition, and twin stage impinger for drug dispersibility. The controlled release of DH was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.3 ± 0.2, 37 °C) using UV spectrophotometry. The fine particle fractions of conjugated chitosan with and without drug were higher than those of nonconjugated chitosan nanoparticles. The conjugate nanoparticles were superior to those of unmodified chitosan in drug loading, entrapment efficiency, and controlled release profile. The higher dispersibility was attributed to the amphiphilic environment of the l-leucine conjugate and hydrophobic cross-links, and the release profile reflects the greater swelling. The conjugated chitosan nanoparticles could be useful, after appropriate testing for biodegradability and toxicity, as an alternative carrier for lung drug delivery with enhanced aerosolization and prolonged drug release from nanoparticulate DPI formulations.
Anti-HIV agents II. Synthesis and in vitro anti-HIV activity of novel 1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles. (1992)

A series of 1-aryl-1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazoles was synthesized starting from o-phenylenediamine, disubstituted aromatic aldehydes and 2-mercaptoacetic acid. Their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was explored: the 1-(2',6'-dichlorophenyl) (4c), 1-(2',6'-difluorophenyl) (4i), 1-(2'-chloro,6'-fluorophenyl) (4K) and 1-(2'-chloro,5'-nitrophenyl) (4m) derivatives significantly inhibit in vitro the viral cytopathic effect in HIV-infected CEM cells. Compound 4i was selected by NCI's Review Committee for initial preclinical development studies.
Use of the asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing to determine genetic variability of bean golden mosaic geminivirus in the Dominican Republic (1991)

A combination of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), asymmetric PCR (A-PCR) and DNA sequencing was used to determine the nucleotide sequence of a hypervariable region of the bipartite genome of bean golden mosaic geminivirus (BGMV). This region, which was part of the intergenic region of the DNA-B component, was amplified using primers designed from the nucleotide sequence of a DNA-B component clone (pDRB1) of an isolate of BGMV from the Dominican Republic (BGMV-DR). pDRB1 is infectious on beans when coinoculated with the DNA-A component of BGMV-DR (pDRA1), and typical bean golden mosaic symptoms are observed on infected plants. Bean leaf tissue infected with BGMV was collected at five separate field locations in the Dominican Republic and the hypervariable region was amplified by PCR, ssDNA was produced using A-PCR, and partial nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequences of the hypervariable region from the field-collected samples ranged from 95% (one sample) to 98% (four samples) identical to the sequence of pDRB1. This contrasts with sequence identities of 86, 75 and 46% between the pDRB1 hypervariable region and the hypervariable regions of BGMV isolates from Guatemala, Puerto Rico and Brazil respectively, and 42% with bean dwarf mosaic geminivirus. These results indicate that Dominican Republic isolates of BGMV are very similar and should be considered isolates of the same virus (BGMV-DR), and that the infectious clones of BGMV-DR are representative of BGMV isolates in the Dominican Republic. The procedures described for DNA extraction from leaf tissue and for production of high quality ssDNA using PCR and A-PCR are rapid and efficient and could be applied to studies of variability and epidemiology of other viruses.
Shaft Currents in Electric Machines (1924)

This paper describes the causes of, and remedies for, the existence of ``shaft currents'' or ``bearing currents'' which sometimes flow across the rubbing surfaces of the bearings of electric machinery, thereby gradually damaging the shaft and bearings. Up to the present time the only cause of shaft currents that has attracted any particular attention has been the use of sectionalized stators, and the published discussions have been chiefly confined to synchronous alternators. Fleischman <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and others have shown that sectionalizing causes shaft currents for the reason that the extra reluctance of the joints causes an unequal division of the flux between the clockwise and counter-clockwise paths in the yoke, thus giving a resultant flux linking the shaft. Applying the same method of reasoning used in the case of sectionalizing to the general case of any machine with segmental punchings, the following facts are shown: 1. A principal cause of shaft currents in revolving electric machines is the use of poles and segments in certain ratios. 2. The frequency of the shaft current due to joints in the stator yoke is an odd mnultiple of the frequency of the stator flux, the frequency of the shaft currents due to rotor joints is an odd multiple of the rotor frequency, and these frequency multiples are determined by the ratios of poles to segments. 3. Machines with 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, etc., poles are especially likely to have shaft currents, and machines with 6, 10, 14, 22, etc., poles are relatively immune. 4.
Adaptive Array Antenna for W-CDMA Systems (2003)

The adaptive array antenna (AAA) is one of the advanced techniques that will be implemented in the IMT-2000 mobile telecommunications systems to achieve a high system capacity. This paper describes an integrated AAA system for W-CDMA that consists of both uplink and downlink beam formers. We developed three functions for the AAA: a digital beam former using the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm, a two-dimensional path searcher that works at a lower reception level than the conventional one, and a calibrator that compensates for variations in the amplitude and phase of signals at antenna branches. We built an experimental test bed, conducted field trials, and evaluated characteristics of the AAA such as the compensation accuracy of the calibrator and the path search sensitivity of the path searcher. The experimental results showed that the AAA is effective enough to improve system capacity.
Performance of DMFCs prepared by hot-pressed MEA and catalyst-coated membrane (2007)

The effect of the fabrication methods of the conventional hot-pressed membrane-electrode assembly (hot-pressed MEA) and catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) on the utilization efficiency of Pt electrocatalysts, methanol crossover and performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is studied under the condition of the same Pt electrocatalyst loading. Cyclic voltammetric and electrochemical impedance studies showed that the cell with CCM exhibited significantly higher electrochemical surface area and lower electrode polarization resistance for the methanol oxidation reaction, in comparison to that with the hot-pressed MEA. Compared with the hot-pressed MEA, the methanol crossover of the cell with CCM is decreased by 55% and the power density of DMFC is enhanced by 36%. The improvement of the DMFCs with CCM is probably due to the significantly higher electrochemical reaction sites and the increased three-phase boundaries through the reduction in the loss of the Pt electrocatalyst in the gas diffusion layers and enhanced electrode/membrane interface.
Emerging Coherence of Oscillating Chemical Reactions on Arrays:  Experiments and Simulations (2003)

We report experiments on emerging coherence through weak global coupling of populations of electrochemical oscillators with heterogeneities. The experiments are done with an array of nickel electrodes undergoing electrodissolution in sulfuric acid. The experiments verify theories of Winfree and Kuramoto that predict that global coupling of a set of smooth limit cycle oscillators with different frequencies produces a phase transition in which some of the elements synchronize. Both the critical point and the predicted dependence of order on coupling are seen in the experiments. We extend the studies to relaxation oscillators and characterize the quantitative similarities and differences between the two types of systems. Numerical simulations using a coupled form of a nickel electrodissolution model support the experimental findings.
Fraud Detection in Credit Card Transactions by using Classification Algorithms (2017)

In today's economy, Use of Credit cards facilitate people to do purchase of goods and services. People splurge on shopping using credit cards. Credit cards have become inevitable, since the world is moving towards digitized and paperless transactions. Any time transactions, online shopping and paperless system are the need of hour. As the number of credit card users are increasing day by day, there is eventually increase in significant fraudulent activities. In this paper, we are comparing different classification algorithms, which classifies credit card transaction's data as fraudulent or not. Supervised classification algorithms such as Decision tree, Random forest and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used to correctly classify the data and also their accuracy is tabulated.
THE OIL-RECTIFIER (1926)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Lubricating-oil, despite the abuse it receives, is expected to perform its function properly. Road dust, gasoline and water are allowed to mix with it, and it is subjected to a high temperature and mixed with carbon, so that the original oil soon becomes hardly recognizable. Some remedies that have been proposed provide for the removal of either the dirt or the dilution, but both should be kept out. Water not only dilutes the oil, but forms sulphurous acid, rusting the parts and, in winter, probably freezing at the oil-pump. When mixed with oil, it forms an emulsion and when this emulsion is mixed with road dust or carbon particles, sludge is gradually formed. Sludge, when agitated and sucked through the oil-pump, tends to clog the oil-holes and to wear the bearings. Oil, when exposed to a high temperature on the cylinder-walls, becomes oxidized and black in color. Sulphur in the fuel probably forms sulphur dioxide and, by mixing with water in the crankcase, becomes sulphurous acid.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A rectifier is described that has been designed to take out all the water and to keep the diluent between 4 and 5 per cent and the viscosity above 250 sec. at 100 deg. fahr., the oil being forced through by pressure of the oil-pump at the rate of about 3 gal. per hr., that of an ordinary crankcase being filtered and going through the distilling apparatus about once every hour. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, in accordance with Dalton's law, gasoline can be removed from oil without heating it to a high temperature; that practically all the gasoline diluent can be removed at a somewhat lower temperature than would be supposed to be possible. As a temperature of at least 650 deg. fahr. is required to crack lubricating-oil into gasoline, the possibility of such cracking rarely exists, for the oil seldom if ever reaches so high a temperature.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A good commercial rectifier should, it is stated, strain the dirt out of the lubricating-oil, distil off the gasoline and water diluent, maintain the viscosity of the oil, eliminate the necessity for draining the crankcase so often, increase the oil mileage materially, permit the use of lighter grades of oil the year round, keep the pistons sealed, increase the compression and power, and help to prevent the fouling of the spark-plugs, and, by eliminating the water, prevent the freezing of the oil-pump in cold weather, rusting, and the formation of sulphurous acid and sludge.</div>
A TURING Test Scenario to Estimate an AI System's Validity (1997)

There is an urgent need to develop, to implement and to apply methodologies resp. tools for complex system validation. The inability to evaluate complex systems may become a crucial limiting factor to future technological progress. The authors are engaged in a quite comprehensive endeavour towards intelligent system validation. This paper deals with both the fundamentals of a so-called "TURING Test Methodology" for intelligent system validation and some ideas to make them practicable. First, we survey several concepts of verification and validation. Our favoured concepts are lucidly characterized by the words that verification guarantees to build the system right whereas validation deals with building the right system. Next, we critically inspect the thought-experiment called the TURING test. It turns out that, although this approach may not be sufficient to reveal a system's intelligence, it provides a suitable methodological background to certify a system's validity. The principles of our validation approach are surveyed. The informal discussion leads to a collection of a few formalisms suitable for a systemtic approach to intelligent system validation. A discussion of essential problems beyond the basic TURING test methodology reveals some problems in making it practicable. Even in very simple scenarios the problem of vagueness and uncertainty in the experts' knowledge has to be managed in a reasonable way. This is due to the fact that the real target system's behaviour is not available as a yardstick. Instead, experts' knowledge has to be taken as a basis for system validation. The problem of measuring a system's behaviour against some knowledge source as insecure as human beings is analyzed. There is motivated, developed and illustrated a family of TURING test scenarios which provides the basis of further steps towards systematic intelligent system validation. The TURING test scenario presents some main ideas how to perform a (more or less) good approximation of the target knowledge by using some (more or less competent) experts' knowledge. Based on the precise formal concepts developed before, individual steps of performing the TURING test scenario can be described in some detail. The test results need to be evaluated to certify a given intelligent system's validity. Formal concepts can be utilized to estimate competence, local validity, and global validity.
Home is Safer than the Cloud! Privacy Concerns for Consumer Cloud Storage (2011)

Several studies ranked security and privacy to be major areas of concern and impediments of cloud adoption for companies, but none have looked into end-users ’ attitudes and practices. Not much is known about consumers ’ privacy beliefs and expectations for cloud storage, such as webmail, document and photo sharing platforms, or about users’ awareness of contractual terms and conditions. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews in Switzerland and India (two countries with different privacy perceptions and expectations); and followed up with an online survey with 402 participants in both countries. We study users ’ privacy attitudes and beliefs regarding their use of cloud storage systems. Our results show that privacy requirements for consumer cloud storage differ from those of companies. Users are less concerned about some issues, such as guaranteed deletion of data, country of storage and storage outsourcing, but are uncertain about using cloud storage. Our results further show that end-users consider the Internet intrinsically insecure and prefer local storage for sensitive data over cloud storage. However, users desire better security and are ready to pay for services that provide strong privacy guarantees. Participants had misconceptions about the rights and guarantees their cloud storage providers offers. For example, users believed that their provider is liable in case of data loss, does not have the right to view and modify user data, and cannot disable user accounts. Finally, our results show that cultural differences greatly influence user attitudes and beliefs, such as their willingness to store sensitive data in the cloud and their acceptance that law enforcement agencies monitor user accounts. We believe that these observations can help in improving users privacy in cloud storage systems.
The application of novel failure analysis techniques for advanced multi-layered CMOS devices (2002)

The major focus of this paper is on innovative fault localisation approaches that make use of DFT (design for testability) features, fanin tree, assembly code programming and functional model simulation as FA tools. Besides these, defect localisation techniques and revolutionary backside FA techniques are discussed. All these tools enhance FA activities and increase the chance of defect detection. Without these tools, FA on extremely complex devices such as microprocessors will be extremely difficult, if not impossible.
Osmotic pumped heat pipes for large space platforms (1982)

A thermal bus will be required as a thermal control source for future space platforms. The osmotic heat pipe is one candidate device with potential significant payoff toward serving growing thermal management needs. Results of a study evaluating osmotic heat pipes for thermal bus applications are presented. Electrostatic and other techniques are proposed for flow control and solution circulation in zero-gravity. Baseline size and performance design parameters of cellulose acetate membrane/sugar-water solution and other combinations were scaled up to predict osmotic pump performance for heat loads and temperatures of 4 to 120 C. A compact hollow-fiber membrane module measuring 20 inches in diameter by 12 inches long and weighing 190 pounds is projected for 50-kW heat loads.