gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Swallowing Sounds' Stages with Hidden Markov Model (2005)

Swallowing sounds analysis has received much attention recently due to its diagnostic potentials. The process of swallowing is one of the most complicated mechanisms of the body, in which a few different events are occurred in a few milliseconds. The timing and coordination of these events within a breath cycle is crucial for a safe swallow to occur. In order to improve our ability to treat swallowing disorder and to create non-invasive acoustical diagnostic methods, we must develop a detailed understanding of how the swallowing sounds are produced and what the contribution of each swallowing event is to the sounds that are heard and recorded as swallowing sounds. This paper presents a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of the swallowing sounds, in which it is shown for the first time that the swallowing sounds have three stages. The number of stages was found to be very consistent between the subjects and the bolus textures implying the robustness and fitness of the model.
In vitro anti-tumour activity of α-galactosylceramide-stimulated human invariant Vα24+NKT cells against melanoma (2001)

alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN 7000, alpha-GalCer) has shown potent in vivo anti-tumour activity in mice, including against melanoma and the highly specific effect of inducing proliferation and activation of human Valpha24+NKT-cells. We hypothesized that human Valpha24+NKT-cells activated by alpha-GalCer might exhibit anti-tumour activity against human melanoma. To investigate this, Valpha24+NKT-cells were generated from the peripheral blood of patients with melanoma after stimulation with alpha-GalCer pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Valpha24+NKT-cells did not exhibit cytolytic activity against the primary autologous or allogeneic melanoma cell lines tested. However, proliferation of the melanoma cell lines was markedly suppressed by co-culture with activated Valpha24+NKT-cells (mean +/- SD inhibition of proliferation 63.9 +/- 1.3%). Culture supernatants of activated Valpha24+NKT-cell cultures stimulated with alpha-GalCer pulsed Mo-DCs exhibited similar antiproliferative activities against melanoma cells, indicating that the majority of the inhibitory effects were due to soluble mediators rather than direct cell-to-cell interactions. This effect was predominantly due to release of IFN-gamma, and to a lesser extent IL-12. Other cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10, were released but these cytokines had less antiproliferative effects. These in vitro results show that Valpha24+NKT-cells stimulated by alpha-GalCer-pulsed Mo-DCs have anti-tumour activities against human melanoma through antiproliferative effects exerted by soluble mediators rather than cytolytic effects as observed against some other tumours. Induction of local cytokine release by activated Valpha24+NKT-cells may contribute to clinical anti-tumour effects of alpha-GalCer.
Channel precoding and low-density parity-check codes for magnetic recording (2003)

At the extremely high-linear-density regime, where +-+ appears to be the dominant error event at the detector output, two complementary methods are presented to improve the performance of iterative detection/decoding schemes based on LDPC codes. First, without increasing complexity, noticeable performance gains can be obtained by using a 1/(1 /spl oplus/ D) precoder for the partial response channel. Second, selecting a longer partial response target provides substantial additional gains.
Langmuir–blodgett films for electronic applications (1990)

Abstract The present status of research on Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films is outlined in relation to specific properties for electronic applications. The fundamentals of LB films are briefly described such as preparation techniques, film types, structure, and suitable compounds for functional amphiphiles, unconventional film‐forming materials and polymers. Stress is laid on novel functional LB films exhibiting either photochemical and thermal reactivity, or electroactive properties such as electrical conduction, redox activity, electrochromism, nonlinear optical properties, and pyroelectric activity. The current status of LB films with regard to electronic applications is described, e.g. as photo‐ or e‐beam resists, information storage systems, barrier layers, chemisensors, frequency converters and modulators, optical switches, guided wave structures or infrared sensors. Prospects for future molecular electronic devices are also briefly discussed.
Learning and memory (2010)

Good clinical practice is impossible without an understanding of the ways in which patients present their complaints. Patients have their own styles of coping and of expressing their concerns, and without a clear understanding of these the clinician may find successful and swift diagnosis and treatment much harder to achieve. Coping and Complaining provides essential guidance for clinicians on how to identify various coping styles, and how to improve the quality of discourse with people of different backgrounds and ages.Drawing on a diverse range of evidence from such areas as developmental psychology, and theories on learning and memory, Coping and Complaining provides essential information on identification of patients' coping styles, focusing on such areas as:· The latest developments in attachment theory· The neurobiology of emotional development, and the biology of language development· Primary processes in early development· Communication, role play, the moral order of the consultation, and emotional first aid· Consequences for preventive medicineCoping and Complaining presents stimulating new approaches to consultations with patients and creative new ways of looking at health promotion.
Decreased Plasma Histidine Level Predicts Risk of Relapse in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission (2015)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Patients with UC have repeated remission and relapse. Clinical biomarkers that can predict relapse in UC patients in remission have not been identified. To facilitate the prediction of relapse of UC, we investigated the potential of novel multivariate indexes using statistical modeling of plasma free amino acid (PFAA) concentrations. We measured fasting PFAA concentrations in 369 UC patients in clinical remission, and 355 were observed prospectively for up to 1 year. Relapse rate within 1 year was 23% (82 of 355 patients). The age- and gender-adjusted hazard ratio for the lowest quartile compared with the highest quartile of plasma histidine concentration was 2.55 (95% confidence interval: 1.41-4.62; p = 0.0020 (log-rank), p for trend = 0.0005). We demonstrated that plasma amino acid profiles in UC patients in clinical remission can predict the risk of relapse within 1 year. Decreased histidine level in PFAAs was associated with increased risk of relapse. Metabolomics could be promising for the establishment of a non-invasive predictive marker in inflammatory bowel disease.
An architectural alternative to optimizing compilers (1982)

Programming languages are designed to make programming productive. Computer architectures are designed to make program execution efficient. Although architectures should be designed with programming languages in mind, it may be as inappropriate to make the computer execute the programming language directly it is to make the programmer use machine language. It is the compiler's job to match the programming language and the computer architectures, and therefore making compiler's efficient and easy to write are important design goals of a complete hardware/software system. This paper summerizes research completed in 1980 [5] on a computer architecture, TM, that takes over some of the more burdensome tasks of optimizing compilers for high-level-languages (HLL's), performing these tasks dynamically during the execution of the object program. This is a different approach to making compilers efficient than is commonly taken; more common approaches include devising more efficient optimization algorithms[I], being clever about when to do optimizations [4], and building the compilers semiautomatically [6].
Mueller-matrix measurements in a two-component blue-phase mixture (1985)

We have performed polarized Bragg-scattering measurements from the cholesteric blue phases (BP) of a mixture of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and 4-cyano-4'-(n-hexyl)biphenyl (6CB). Our data, which are reported in the form of a temperature-dependent Mueller scattering matrix, confirm the previous results obtained in a more complicated mixture by Flack, Crooker, and Svoboda. The scattering is dominated, in both BP I and BP II, by the m=-2 order-parameter coefficient, and we observe no change in the Mueller matrix at the BP I--BP II transition despite a discontinuous step in the Bragg wavelength. The structural implications of the results are discussed within the context of the theory of Grebel, Hornreich, and Shtrikman.
Inherited Mutations in PTEN That Are Associated with Breast Cancer, Cowden Disease, and Juvenile Polyposis (1997)

PTEN, a protein tyrosine phosphatase with homology to tensin, is a tumor-suppressor gene on chromosome 10q23. Somatic mutations in PTEN occur in multiple tumors, most markedly glioblastomas. Germ-line mutations in PTEN are responsible for Cowden disease (CD), a rare autosomal dominant multiple-hamartoma syndrome. PTEN was sequenced from constitutional DNA from 25 families. Germ-line PTEN mutations were detected in all of five families with both breast cancer and CD, in one family with juvenile polyposis syndrome, and in one of four families with breast and thyroid tumors. In this last case, signs of CD were subtle and were diagnosed only in the context of mutation analysis. PTEN mutations were not detected in 13 families at high risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. No PTEN-coding-sequence polymorphisms were detected in 70 independent chromosomes. Seven PTEN germ-line mutations occurred, five nonsense and two missense mutations, in six of nine PTEN exons. The wild-type PTEN allele was lost from renal, uterine, breast, and thyroid tumors from a single patient. Loss of PTEN expression was an early event, reflected in loss of the wild-type allele in DNA from normal tissue adjacent to the breast and thyroid tumors. In RNA from normal tissues from three families, mutant transcripts appeared unstable. Germ-line PTEN mutations predispose to breast cancer in association with CD, although the signs of CD may be subtle.
Herbicides inhibiting branched‐chain amino acid biosynthesis (1990)

Abstract Herbicides inhibiting branched‐chain amino acid biosynthesis represent a signal advance in crop protection chemistry, with implications for both practical weed control and basic agricultural science. In practical terms, at least 20 different active ingredients are currently marketed or are in development, and more may be expected. They offer selectivity in virtually every major crop, unprecedented low use rates, and inherently selective toxicity to plants. In scientific terms, the research behind these compounds shows modern agricultural chemistry at its best. Synthesis has been integrated with other disciplines to understand and rapidly optimize properties. In the process, basic knowledge has been gained in chemistry, biochemistry, and strategies for finding new agrochemicals. This issue provides the first unified, interdisciplinary overview of the three major classes of inhibitors–sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. The following introductory note explores some implications of this research.
Prebaking and silicon epitaxial growth enhanced by UV radiation (1987)

UV light irradiation effects on prebaking and silicon epitaxial growth is studied. An ArF excimer laser, a KrF excimer laser, and a Hg-Xe lamp are used as light sources. The epitaxial growth is carried out using a SiH2Cl2/H2 system under reduced pressure. ArF radiation and Hg-Xe radiation are found to be effective for volatilizing native SiO2 on silicon-substrate surfaces even at low temperatures. When a substrate surface is irradiated with these UV radiations during prebaking and epitaxial growth, epilayer surface morphology and crystalline quality are much improved. Furthermore, the epitaxial growth rate seems to be enhanced photothermally by excimer laser radiations, and photochemically by Hg-Xe radiation.
Pushing the limit of earthquake detection with distributed acoustic sensing and template matching: a case study at the Brady geothermal field (2018)

Template matching has been widely applied in the detection of earthquakes and other seismic events due to its power in detecting weak signals. Recent studies using synthetics have shown that application of template matching to large-N arrays can potentially detect earthquakes substantially below the noise level. Here we apply template matching to the distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data recorded in the Brady Hot Springs geothermal field, Nevada. Using 5 catalogued events, we detect 116 events and find 68 of them well below the noise level. We confirm 112 events are true earthquakes by examining the patterns of their sensor-to-sensor cross-correlation sections. This demonstrates that the combination of DAS and template matching has capability to detect microseismicity below the noise level, which is unusual for conventional seismic arrays and methods. With the updated catalogue, we observe a surge of earthquakes during the shutdown of a geothermal power plant nearby. In addition, the rapid increases in the downhole pressure record coincide with intense swarms of earthquakes. These observations show a strong correlation between the seismicity frequencies and the downhole pressure changes. Finally, we investigate several factors that may affect the detection performance and compare different strategies for spatial down-sampling, in order to provide helpful insights for future large-N design and data processing.
Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors in endotoxin-induced airway inflammation in the mouse (2007)

Airways are densely innervated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors/ion channels, which play an important regulatory role in inflammatory processes via the release of sensory neuropeptides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of TRPV1 receptors in endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyperreactivity with functional, morphological, and biochemical techniques using receptor gene-deficient mice. Inflammation was evoked by intranasal administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (60 microl, 167 microg/ml) in TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1(-/-)) mice and their wild-type counterparts (TRPV1(+/+)) 24 h before measurement. Airway reactivity was assessed by unrestrained whole body plethysmography, and its quantitative indicator, enhanced pause (Penh), was calculated after inhalation of the bronchoconstrictor carbachol. Histological examination and spectrophotometric myeloperoxidase measurement was performed from the lung. Somatostatin concentration was measured in the lung and plasma with radioimmunoassay. Bronchial hyperreactivity, histological lesions (perivascular/peribronchial edema, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia), and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly greater in TRPV(-/-) mice. Inflammation markedly elevated lung and plasma somatostatin concentrations in TRPV1(+/+) but not TRPV1(-/-) animals. In TRPV1(-/-) mice, exogenous administration of somatostatin-14 (4 x 100 microg/kg ip) diminished inflammation and hyperreactivity. Furthermore, in wild-type mice, antagonizing somatostatin receptors by cyclo-somatostatin (4 x 250 microg/kg ip) increased these parameters. This study provides the first evidence for a novel counterregulatory mechanism during endotoxin-induced airway inflammation, which is mediated by somatostatin released from sensory nerve terminals in response to activation of TRPV1 receptors of the lung. It reaches the systemic circulation and inhibits inflammation and consequent bronchial hyperreactivity.
Artificial Delay Insertion Diversity to Extend Anti-Multipath Capability of DSK in Mobile Radio. (1986)

These data confirm a role for eosinophil activation in the airway in asthma pathogenesis, and add some support to the hypothesis that corticosteroids may inhibit eosinophil activation in asthma.
Hope through Positive Governance (2010)

Igat Hope, meaning there is hope, was started by HIV positive people from different backgrounds in partnership with National Association of People Living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA) to provide mentoring and support to affected people in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The good work done by Igat Hope is described.
What Makes a Good Reviewer and a Good Review for a General Medical Journal? (1998)

The characteristics of reviewers we studied did not identify those who performed high-quality reviews. Reviewers might be advised that spending longer than 3 hours on a review on average did not appear to increase review quality as rated by editors and authors.
Newly licensed hepatitis B vaccine. Known safety and unknown risks (1983)

THE RECENTLY licensed subunit hepatitis B vaccine (HEPATAVAX-B) is unique among vaccines in that it is manufactured solely from human plasma obtained from asymptomatic individuals with chronic hepatitis B. Plasma from donors selected for manufacturing this vaccine contains high concentrations of noninfectious hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles and lower concentrations of infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV). The ratio of HBsAg to HBV can be as great as 10,000:1.<sup>1</sup>From the starting plasma, 22-nm spherical HBsAg particles are separated from HBV by ultracentrifugation. The 22-nm particles are then further purified by digestion with pepsin followed by the addition of 8M urea. Finally, the vaccine is treated with formaldehyde. <h3>Vaccine Plasma Donors</h3> Vaccine plasma donors are selected for their high titers of HBsAg. By federal regulation, they must be asymptomatic and in apparent good health.<sup>2</sup>They must meet all federal requirements for acceptable plasmapheresis donors, except that their serum
A survey of armature transition mechanisms (2003)

Over the last two decades, several mechanisms of armature transition have been postulated. Each mechanism has been subjected to experimental and analytic examination with the objective of "explaining" transition. However, no single mechanism has emerged as the consensus cause of transition. In this paper, we take the position that all the mechanisms that have been identified, and perhaps others which have not yet been, contribute to and may be mutually influenced by those processes leading to the onset of transition. Our inability to correlate transition with a single mechanism, or model, results from the multiplicity of mechanisms at work. We examine all the mechanisms identified to date, suggest several additional ones, and explore a more complex transition world in which each transition event is potentially caused by a different mechanism or combination of mechanisms. With this picture, control of transition requires that we control all of the mechanisms which can result in transition, not just one.
Compliance with Fleischner Society Guidelines for Management of Small Lung Nodules: A Survey of 834 Radiologists (2010)

Among survey respondents, there was high awareness and adoption of the Fleischner guidelines, but radiologists showed varying degrees of conformance with these recommendations. Future efforts are necessary to bridge the gap between awareness and implementation of these evidence-based guidelines.
Assessing Risk in Discrete Event Simulation by Generalized Deviation (2013)

This paper introduces a generalized deviation concept, inspired by quantitative finance. Standard risk metrics like volatility or downside risk are deconstructed into five general sub-functions for reference, selection, penalization, normalization and re-dimensioning. The advantage of this approach is its flexibility, allowing modeling a wide range of risk perceptions in numerous application fields of discrete event simulation. Several further risk types like upside risk, outside risk, transition risk, critical state risk or countermovement risk are describable and embeddable as special cases of generalized deviation. These risk types are presented with respect to motivation, specification of relevant generalized deviation components, description of application classes, application examples and graphical illustrations. In particular, various options for determining reference states, reference selection and penalty functions are discussed. Implementation features of the generalized deviation metric in the discrete event simulation framework DESMO-J are outlined. Moreover, possible structural extensions as well as additionally implementable risk types are delineated, indicating further application potential and the flexible scope of this approach. It is proposed to complement descriptive standard statistics in discrete event simulation domains by additionally employing risk measurement in terms of generalized deviation as explicated here, to facilitate assessment of undesired simulation dynamics in various application fields.
Expanding Mg–Zn Hybrid Chemistry: Inorganic Salt Effects in Addition Reactions of Organozinc Reagents to Trifluoroacetophenone and the Implications for a Synergistic Lithium–Magnesium–Zinc Activation (2011)

Numerous organic transformations rely on organozinc compounds made through salt-metathesis (exchange) reactions from organolithium or Grignard reagents with a suitable zinc precursor. By combining X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, this study sheds new light on the constitution of the organometallic species involved in this important synthetic tool. Investigations into the metathesis reactions of equimolar amounts of Grignard reagents (RMgX) and ZnCl(2) in THF led to the isolation of novel magnesium-zinc hybrids, [{(thf)(2)Mg(μ-Cl)(3)ZnR}(2)] (R=Et, tBu, nBu or o-OMe-C(6)H(4)), which exhibit an unprecedented structural motif in mixed magnesium-zinc chemistry. Furthermore, theoretical modelling of the reaction of EtMgCl with ZnCl(2) reveals that formation of the mixed-metal compound is thermodynamically preferred to that of the expected homometallic products, RZnCl and MgCl(2). This study also assesses the alkylating ability of hybrid 3 towards the sensitive ketone trifluoroacetophenone, revealing a dramatic increase in the chemoselectivity of the reaction when LiCl is introduced as an additive. This observation, combined with recent related breakthroughs in synthesis, points towards the existence of a trilateral Li/Mg/Zn synergistic effect.
Site of Nonrestrictive Binding of SEA to Class II MHC Antigens (1990)

We have used the synthetic peptide approach to show that the N-terminal 45-amino acids of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEA(1-45), constitute an important part of its binding site on class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. SEA(1-45) and to a lesser extent SEA(1-27) were able to displace SEA from HLA-DR on Raji cells as assessed by flow cytometry and to compete with radiolabeled SEA for interaction with HLA-DR in a direct binding assay. Specific binding of SEA to Ia on murine A-20 cells could be inhibited by the same peptides [i.e. SEA(1-45) greater than SEA(1-27)] that blocked binding to HLA-DR. Therefore, different class II MHC molecules associate with the same functional site on SEA. Further, an ELISA system was used to demonstrate that SEA(1-45) is able to directly bind to a mouse synthetic I-A beta b peptide, I-A beta b (65-85), which contains a binding site of the class II MHC molecule involved in SEA presentation to T cells. Thus, we have localized a site on SEA that is involved in selective surface association with class II MHC antigens and identified the region on the class II MHC antigen to which that site binds.