gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Novel Forms of Coagulation Factor XIa (2008)

Factor XI is the zymogen of a dimeric plasma protease, factor XIa, with two active sites. In solution, and during contact activation in plasma, conversion of factor XI to factor XIa proceeds through an intermediate with one active site (1/2-FXIa). Factor XIa and 1/2-FXIa activate the substrate factor IX, with similar kinetic parameters in purified and plasma systems. During hemostasis, factor IX is activated by factors XIa or VIIa, by cleavage of the peptide bonds after Arg145 and Arg180. Factor VIIa cleaves these bonds sequentially, with accumulation of factor IX alpha, an intermediate cleaved after Arg145. Factor XIa also cleaves factor IX preferentially after Arg145, but little intermediate is detected. It has been postulated that the two factor XIa active sites cleave both factor IX peptide bonds prior to releasing factor IX abeta. To test this, we examined cleavage of factor IX by four single active site factor XIa proteases. Little intermediate formation was detected with 1/2-FXIa, factor XIa with one inhibited active site, or a recombinant factor XIa monomer. However, factor IX alpha accumulated during activation by the factor XIa catalytic domain, demonstrating the importance of the factor XIa heavy chain. Fluorescence titration of active site-labeled factor XIa revealed a binding stoichiometry of 1.9 +/- 0.4 mol of factor IX/mol of factor XIa (Kd = 70 +/- 40 nm). The results indicate that two forms of activated factor XI are generated during coagulation, and that each half of a factor XIa dimer behaves as an independent enzyme with respect to factor IX.
A new transducer holder mechanism for pipe inspection (2001)

A new transducer holder mechanism has been designed and fabricated for pipe inspection by cylindrical guided waves. Commercially available ultrasonic transducers have been used to generate compressional ultrasonic waves in the coupling medium. Those waves are converted to cylindrical guided waves in the pipe by the new coupling mechanism. A number of advanced coupling mechanisms developed recently for large plate and pipe inspection require the presence of a coupling fluid between the ultrasonic transducer and the pipe or plate specimen. These mechanisms can be used for inspecting horizontal pipes and plates. The new coupling mechanism presented in this article uses solid material as the coupler and can be used equally well for inspecting horizontal as well as inclined or vertical pipes. The new coupling mechanism has been designed to generate efficiently different Lamb modes in the pipe. The new design has been used to inspect different kinds of anomalies in copper and aluminum pipes. The preliminary results show that a number of Lamb modes, when generated properly by the new coupling mechanism, are very sensitive to the pipe defects. These experimental results along with the new design of the coupling mechanism are presented in this article.
Target Height Estimation using Multipath Over Land (2007)

Airborne radars often receive more than one report on airborne targets due to what is called multipath. Multipath is merely a second, and sometimes third, radar report at a greater range than the actual target. The multipath reports are due to reflections from the earth, and if the location and altitude of the point of reflection is known, the altitude of the target can usually be estimated with good accuracy. This concept is nothing new, and it is believed it may already be employed for operation over water by other systems. The Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) radar has never utilized multipath for height finding because it operates a substantial part of the time over land, and no algorithms for multipath height finding over land were available. More recently, availability of Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and improvements to the AWACS radar have prompted an investigation into the possibility of adding this capability. The result of this work, we believe, is the first known solution for using multipath radar reports over land to determine target altitude.
Design and integration of power wheels with rim motors for a powered wheelchair (2011)

This paper presents the design and integration of dual power wheels for a novel powered wheelchair driven by rim motors. Each power wheel is composed of a power train of a rim motor, drive, hybrid electromagnetic brake, and battery bank. The installation of dual power wheels turns a manual foldable wheelchair into a powered wheelchair. The multifunctional optimization design of rim motor is introduced before the power wheel structure is described. A driving strategy is then proposed for the wheelchair with a stable soft-starting control, dual-wheel differential speed control, three-phase short-circuit brake control, and magnetic particle brake control. The experimental results show that the novel powered wheelchair has better power economy than most commercial products in terms of driving range.
Proteomics (2003)

Fueled by ever-growing DNA sequence information, proteomics-the large scale analysis of proteins-has become one of the most important disciplines for characterizing gene function, for building functional linkages between protein molecules, and for providing insight into the mechanisms of biological processes in a high-throughput mode. It is now possible to examine the expression of more than 1000 proteins using mass spectrometry technology coupled with various separation methods. High-throughput yeast two-hybrid approaches and analysis of protein complexes using affinity tag purification have yielded valuable protein-protein interaction maps. Large-scale protein tagging and subcellular localization projects have provided considerable information about protein function. Finally, recent developments in protein microarray technology provide a versatile tool to study protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-lipid, enzyme-substrate, and protein-drug interactions. Other types of microarrays, though not fully developed, also show great potential in diagnostics, protein profiling, and drug identification and validation. This review discusses high-throughput technologies for proteome analysis and their applications. Also discussed are the approaches used for the integrated analysis of the voluminous sets of data generated by proteome analysis conducted on a global scale.
Lead toxicity: a review (2015)

Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.
Leptin and Reproduction (1998)

Extremes in body mass, either obesity or anorexia, are associated with anovulation and infertility. Leptin is a recently discovered hormone produced by adipocytes that has been proposed as a metabolic signal to the reproductive system. Circulating leptin concentrations increase in proportion to percent body fat, and there are data to support the concept that leptin plays a role in the onset of puberty. In adults, leptin appears to play a role in promoting hypothalamic function and maintaining adequate levels of gonadotropin secretion. In animal models of leptin deficiency, low extremes of leptin concentrations can impair hypothalamic function, leading to hypogonado-tropic hypogonadism. At the other extreme, with leptin concentrations commonly found in obese women, there can be direct suppressive effects on the ovary. High concentrations of leptin appear to impair the sensitivity of the ovarian follicles to FSH stimulation and may contribute to the increased incidence of infertility associated with obesity.
Agonist-induced sorting of human β2-adrenergic receptors to lysosomes during downregulation (1999)

During prolonged exposure to agonist, beta2-adrenergic receptors undergo downregulation, defined by the loss of radioligand binding sites. To determine the cellular basis for beta2-adrenergic receptor downregulation, we examined HEK293 cells stably expressing beta2-adrenergic receptors with an N-terminal epitope tag. Downregulation was blocked by leupeptin, a cysteine protease inhibitor, but not by pepstatin, an inhibitor of aspartate proteases. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cells treated with agonist for 3-6 hours in the presence of leupeptin showed beta2-adrenergic receptors, but not transferrin receptors, localizing with the lysosomal protease cathepsin D, and with lysosomes labeled by uptake of a fluorescent fluid-phase marker. No localization of beta2-adrenergic receptors with lysosomal markers was observed in the absence of leupeptin, most likely due to proteolysis of the epitope. The proton pump inhibitor, bafilomycin A1, significantly inhibited this agonist-induced redistribution of beta2-adrenergic receptors into lysosomes, causing receptors to accumulate in the rab11-positive perinuclear recycling compartment and slowing the rate of beta2-adrenergic receptor recycling. Control experiments showed that leupeptin had no nonspecific effects on the cellular trafficking of either beta2-adrenergic receptors or transferrin receptors. Although cAMP alone caused a small decline in receptor levels without redistributing beta2-adrenergic receptors from the plasma membrane, this effect was additive to that seen with agonist alone, suggesting that agonist-induced beta2-adrenergic receptor downregulation resulted largely from cAMP-independent mechanisms. These results indicate that during agonist-induced downregulation, a significant fraction of beta2-adrenergic receptors are specifically sorted to lysosomes via the endosomal pathway, where receptor degradation by cysteine proteases occurs. These results provide a cellular explanation for the loss of radioligand binding sites that occurs during prolonged exposure to agonist.
Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance (2005)

Although the resistance of cSSSI pathogens is problematic, new antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity against resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are promising for the management of severe cSSSIs.
Aspen: A microsimulation model of the economy (1996)

This report presents, Aspen. Sandia National Laboratories is developing this new agent-based microeconomic simulation model of the U.S. economy. The model is notable because it allows a large number of individual economic agents to be modeled at a high level of detail and with a great degree of freedom. Some features of Aspen are (a) a sophisticated message-passing system that allows individual pairs of agents to communicate, (b) the use of genetic algorithms to simulate the learning of certain agents, and (c) a detailed financial sector that includes a banking system and a bond market. Results from runs of the model are also presented.
Diagnostic Tools for Assessing Dissociation in Children and Adolescents (1996)

The recent development of screening and diagnostic instruments specific to the dissociative disorders allows for effective early identification and proper treatment of patients with these disorders. These disorders have been under- and misdiagnosed in the child and adolescent population as well as in adults. This article reviews instruments that are currently in use in screening for or diagnosing dissociative disorders in children and adolescents, and it reports on the results obtained from administration of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) to adolescent patients. It concludes with a summary of the clinical applications of the SCID-D in the adolescent population and a sample interview report on an adolescent diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder/multiple identity disorder.
Increased attenuation but decreased immunogenicity by deletion of multiple vaccinia virus immunomodulators (2016)

Vaccinia virus (VACV)-derived vectors are popular candidates for vaccination against diseases such as HIV-1, malaria and tuberculosis. However, their genomes encode a multitude of proteins with immunomodulatory functions, several of which reduce the immunogenicity of these vectors. Hitherto only limited studies have investigated whether the removal of these immunomodulatory genes in combination can increase vaccine efficacy further. To this end we constructed viruses based on VACV strain Western Reserve (WR) lacking up to three intracellular innate immunomodulators (N1, C6 and K7). These genes were selected because the encoded proteins had known functions in innate immunity and the deletion of each gene individually had caused a decrease in virus virulence in the murine intranasal and intradermal models of infection and an increase in immunogenicity. Data presented here demonstrate that deletion of two, or three of these genes in combination attenuated the virus further in an incremental manner. However, when vaccinated mice were challenged with VACV WR the double and triple gene deletion viruses provided weaker protection against challenge. This was accompanied by inferior memory CD8(+) T cell responses and lower neutralising antibody titres. This study indicates that, at least for the three genes studied in the context of VACV WR, the single gene deletion viruses are the best vaccine vectors, and that increased attenuation induced by deletion of additional genes decreased immunogenicity. These data highlight the fine balance and complex relationship between viral attenuation and immunogenicity. Given that the proteins encoded by the genes examined in this study are known to affect specific aspects of innate immunity, the set of viruses constructed here are interesting tools to probe the role of the innate immune response in influencing immune memory and vaccine efficacy.
High performance tunable 1.5 μm InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers (1988)

Tunable semiconductor lasers[1-3] are expected to play a major roll in both high-speed direct detection wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems and coherent heterodyne detection systems. Here we describe the structure and properties of multi-section tunable dynamic-single mode multiple-quantum-well (MQW) distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) lasers operating at 1.5 μm. These lasers display how threshold, excellent differential quantum efficiency, large tuning range, with both low chirp under high-speed direct modulation and narrow linewidth under CW operation.
DNA-Functionalized Monolithic Hydrogels and Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric DNA Detection (2010)

Highly sensitive and selective DNA detection plays a central role in many fields of research, and various assay platforms have been developed. Compared to homogeneous DNA detection, surface-immobilized probes allow washing steps and signal amplification to give higher sensitivity. Previously research was focused on developing glass or gold-based surfaces for DNA immobilization; we herein report hydrogel-immobilized DNA. Specifically, acrydite-modified DNA was covalently functionalized to the polyacrylamide hydrogel during gel formation. There are several advantages of these DNA-functionalized monolithic hydrogels. First, they can be easily handled in a way similar to that in homogeneous assays. Second, they have a low optical background where, in combination with DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles, even ∼0.1 nM target DNA can be visually detected. By using the attached gold nanoparticles to catalyze the reduction of Ag+, as low as 1 pM target DNA can be detected. The gels can be regenerated by a simple thermal treatment, and the regenerated gels perform similarly to freshly prepared ones. The amount of gold nanoparticles adsorbed through DNA hybridization decreases with increasing gel percentage. Other parameters including the DNA concentration, DNA sequence, ionic strength of the solution, and temperature have also been systematically characterized in this study.
The Relationship Between the Process and Substance of the National Security Constitution (1990)

THE NATIONAL SECURITY CONSTITUTION: SHARING POWER AFTER THE IRAN-CoNTRA AFFAIR. By Harold Hongju Koh.t New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. x, 340. $35 (hardbound), $14.95 (paper).\nThe relationship between the processes of government established by our Constitution and the substantive values underlying those processes has been a subject of debate for many years. Scholars such as Burt Neuborne and John Hart Ely have articulated process-based theories of the Constitution that seek to avoid using the Constitution as interpreted by the judiciary to resolve disputes over substantive values. Harold Koh's excellent book, The National Security Constitution, is a prominent addition to this rich tradition, extending the analysis to the foreign affairs provisions of our Constitution.
[Progress on OECD chemicals programme (11)--SIAM 19 in Berlin, 2004]. (2006)

The 19th Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) Initial Assessment Meeting (SIAM 19) was held in Berlin, Germany, hosted by the Germen Federal Agency for the Environment. The initial assessment documents of four substances (CAS numbers: 92-70-6, 126-33-0,131-17-9, 7580-85-0) and one category (High Molecular Weight Phthalate Esters) at SIAM 19 were submitted by the Japanese Government with or without the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) and all of them were agreed at the meeting. In this report, the documents of these substances are introduced.
Interaction Index and Different Methods for Determining Drug Interaction in Combination Therapy (2007)

Studying and understanding the joint effect of combined treatments is important in pharmacology and in the development of combination therapies. The Loewe additivity model is one of the best general reference models for evaluating drug interactions. Based on this model, synergy occurs when the interaction index is less than one, while antagonism occurs when interaction index is greater than one. We expanded the meaning of the interaction index, and propose a procedure to calculate the interaction index and its associated confidence interval under the assumption that the dose-effect curve for a single agent follows Chou and Talalay's median effect equation. In addition, we review four response surface models based on the Loewe additivity model using a single parameter to determine drug interactions. We describe each of these models in the context of Loewe additivity model and discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages. We also provide S-PLUS/R code for each approach to facilitate the implementation of these commonly used methods.
Single-viewpoint, catadioptric cone mirror omnidirectional imaging theory and analysis (2006)

A family of catadioptric imaging systems has been developed that can achieve omnidirectional viewing with a single planar imager while still being able to recover perspective images, provided that they satisfy the single-viewpoint (SVP) constraint. It has been shown that the only mirror shapes that can have SVP when paired with a sole focusing planar imager camera are the surfaces of revolution of conic section curves. However, the special case of such a surface, the cone-shaped mirror itself, has not been deemed a viable SVP mirror shape. We present a comprehensive imaging theory of the cone mirror in its SVP configuration. We show that the SVP, cone mirror catadioptric system not only is practical but also has unique advantages for certain applications. The detailed theory explains why and how a practical SVP cone configuration can be set up, the merits and weaknesses of such systems, and how one can remedy the weaknesses to create a workable imaging system. We also derive the tolerance formula for estimating effects of alignment errors. A prototype has been constructed, and experimental results validate our theory.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium with TiN Interface for Sub-10 nm Advanced Interconnects beyond Copper (2016)

Atomic layer deposition of ruthenium is studied as a barrierless metallization solution for future sub-10 nm interconnect technology nodes. We demonstrate the void-free filling in sub-10 nm wide single damascene lines using an ALD process in combination with 2.5 Å of ALD TiN interface and postdeposition annealing. At such small dimensions, the ruthenium effective resistance depends less on the scaling than that of Cu/barrier systems. Ruthenium effective resistance potentially crosses the Cu curve at 14 and 10 nm according to the semiempirical interconnect resistance model for advanced technology nodes. These extremely scaled ruthenium lines show excellent electromigration behavior. Time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements reveal negligible ruthenium ion drift into low-κ dielectrics up to 200 °C, demonstrating that ruthenium can be used as a barrierless metallization in interconnects. These results indicate that ruthenium is highly promising as a replacement to Cu as the metallization solution for future technology nodes.
Antenna gain pattern estimation for log periodic dipole array broadband antenna using near field radiation pattern and amplitude center (2016)

We propose an antenna gain pattern estimation method for broad band antennas. We have already reported a method for estimating the far field gain using an amplitude center modified Friis transmission formula. This equation can estimate the far field gain using near field S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> (ω) measurement for two difference antenna distance. In this paper, we propose a far field gain pattern estimation method using near field antenna pattern measurement of two difference antenna distance and amplitude center modified Friis transmission formula. We demonstrate that the E-plane gain pattern estimate for log periodic dipole array antenna by proposed method.
On the Marundites and Allied Corundum-bearing Rocks in the Leydsdorp District of the Eastern Transvaal. By A. L. Hall, M.A. Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa, xxv, 1922, p. 43. (1923)

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Deep Oxidation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (1994)

Catalysts comprising metal oxides dispersed in Ambersorb® carbonaceous adsorbents are shown to be effective in the decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons by air at and below 250° C. A wide range of chlorinated hydrocarbons are converted selectively to CO2, CO and HCl. Surprisingly the Ambersorb adsorbent supports exhibited significant activity in the absence of metal oxide species. Trends in reactivity with catalyst variation suggest that the carbonaceous adsorbent pore content and acidity are determining factors in the catalytic activity. Kinetic studies of methylene chloride decomposition over undoped Ambersorb adsorbent show a first order dependence on CH2Cl2 concentration and an activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mol. Further examination of the catalytic decomposition process suggests that a source of hydrogen, either as a component of the chlorinated hydrocarbon or as an added reagent, is necessary to regenerate the catalyst. Water not only served this function but also was found not to saturate the active site for adsorption.