gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foundations of physical vapor deposition with plasma assistance (2022)

Abstract Physical vapor deposition (PVD) refers to the removal of atoms from a solid or a liquid by physical means, followed by deposition of those atoms on a nearby surface to form a thin film or coating. Various approaches and techniques are applied to release the atoms including thermal evaporation, electron beam evaporation, ion-driven sputtering, laser ablation, and cathodic arc-based emission. Some of the approaches are based on a plasma discharge, while in other cases the atoms composing the vapor are ionized either due to the release of the film-forming species or they are ionized intentionally afterward. Here, a brief overview of the various PVD techniques is given, while the emphasis is on sputtering, which is dominated by magnetron sputtering, the most widely used technique for deposition of both metallic and compound thin films. The advantages and drawbacks of the various techniques are discussed and compared.
Mental status of females with an FMR1 gene full mutation. (1996)

The cloning of the FMR1 gene enables molecular diagnosis in patients and in carriers (male and female) of this X-linked mental retardation disorder. Unlike most X-linked disorders, a considerable proportion of the female carriers of a full mutation of the FMR1 gene is affected. In this study, the intelligence quotients (IQs) were ascertained by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in 33 adult females with a full mutation, with 28 first-degree adult female relatives (mainly sisters) without a full mutation as controls. Seventy-one percent of the females with a full mutation had IQ scores below 85. In paired analysis, no significant correlation could be detected between the IQs of the females with a full mutation and those of their first-degree female relatives, reflecting a dominant effect of the FMR1 gene full mutation in the mental development of females. Considering females with a full mutation only, we observed a significant relation between the proportion of normal FMR1 alleles on the active X chromosome and IQ. We present a model to explain this relationship.
Azathioprine Combined with Prednisone in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Prospective Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (1991)

Twenty-seven newly diagnosed patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who were previously untreated for IPF were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to compare the therapeutic effect of combined prednisone/azathioprine (n = 14) with prednisone plus placebo (n = 13). Prednisone was started at 1.5 mg/kg/day (not to exceed 100 mg/day) for the first 2 wk followed by a biweekly taper to a maintenance dose of 20 mg/day. Azathioprine was administered at a daily dose of 3 mg/kg (not to exceed 200 mg/day). The patients tolerated the use of azathioprine well with few associated side effects. Changes in lung function at 1 yr, as measured by resting alveolar-arterial oxygen difference P[A-a]O2, FVC, and single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCOSB), were all somewhat better in the azathioprine/prednisone group compared with the prednisone alone group, although none of these comparisons were statistically significant. Six of 14 (43%) patients randomized to prednisone plus azathioprine died during the 9-yr follow-up period, compared with 10 of 13 (77%) patients randomized to prednisone plus placebo. A Cox model survival analysis shows a nonsignificant but potentially large survival advantage for azathioprine/prednisone (hazard ratio 0.48, with 95% confidence interval increasing from 0.17 to 1.38). When adjusted for age, the survival advantage of azathioprine/prednisone becomes marginally significant (hazard ratio 0.26, with 95% confidence interval increasing from 0.08 to 0.88; p = 0.02 by large sample approximation, p = 0.05 by randomization test). We conclude that combined prednisone and azathioprine is a safe and possibly effective regimen for the treatment of IPF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hopanoids Play a Role in Membrane Integrity and pH Homeostasis in <i>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</i> TIE-1 (2009)

Sedimentary hopanes are pentacyclic triterpenoids that serve as biomarker proxies for bacteria and certain bacterial metabolisms, such as oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic methanotrophy. Their parent molecules, the bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), have been hypothesized to be the bacterial equivalent of sterols. However, the actual function of BHPs in bacterial cells is poorly understood. Here, we report the physiological study of a mutant in Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 that is unable to produce any hopanoids. The deletion of the gene encoding the squalene-hopene cyclase protein (Shc), which cyclizes squalene to the basic hopene structure, resulted in a strain that no longer produced any polycyclic triterpenoids. This strain was able to grow chemoheterotrophically, photoheterotrophically, and photoautotrophically, demonstrating that hopanoids are not required for growth under normal conditions. A severe growth defect, as well as significant morphological damage, was observed when cells were grown under acidic and alkaline conditions. Although minimal changes in shc transcript expression were observed under certain conditions of pH shock, the total amount of hopanoid production was unaffected; however, the abundance of methylated hopanoids significantly increased. This suggests that hopanoids may play an indirect role in pH homeostasis, with certain hopanoid derivatives being of particular importance.
Valproic Acid Reduces Neuritic Plaque Formation and Improves Learning Deficits in <scp>APP</scp><sup>Swe</sup>/<scp>PS</scp>1<sup>A246E</sup> Transgenic Mice via Preventing the Prenatal Hypoxia‐Induced Down‐Regulation of Neprilysin (2013)

Valproic acid is able to attenuate the prenatal hypoxia-induced Aβ neuropathology and learning and memory deficits via inhibiting the activation of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), preventing the decrease in H3-Ace in the NEP promoter regions and reducing the down-regulation of NEP.
A GROWTH INHIBITOR PRODUCED BY CRYPTOSPORIOPSIS SP., AN IMPERFECT FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM YELLOW BIRCH, BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS BRITT. (1966)

In plate culture, Cryptosporiopsis sp. inhibited growth of 31 basidiomycetes isolated from decay in coniferous and deciduous trees; an ascomycete, the Dutch elm disease fungus; and a phycomycete, the potato late blight fungus. In liquid malt extract medium, Cryptosporiopsis sp. produced a substance highly inhibitory to Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx, the fungus most commonly associated with decay in living branches of yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt. Growth of F. fomentarius was also inhibited markedly by the presence of Cryptosporiopsis sp. in sterile yellow birch wood. In unsterile, peeled logs of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., the amount of decay was significantly reduced in those treated with an application of a water suspension of mycelial fragments of Cryptosporiopsis sp. In unsterile, unpeeled logs there was also less decay in those treated with the mycelial suspension of Cryptosporiopsis sp.; however, the difference between the treated and untreated logs was not significant.
Dynamic High-Spatial-Resolution MR Imaging of Suspicious Breast Lesions (2000)

The washout enhancement pattern combined with lesion margin assessment on dynamic contrast-enhanced high-resolution MR imaging of the breast allows reproducible lesion characterization and may be a highly specific diagnostic tool.
Diagnosing inflammation and infection in the urinary system via proteomics (2015)

A metaproteomic approach of interest for routine urine clinical diagnostics is presented. As compared to urinalysis and urine culture methods, the data are derived from a single experiment for a given sample and provide additional insights into presence or absence of inflammatory responses and vaginal contamination of urine specimens.
Techbits (September 2002) (2002)

Techbits - No abstract available.
A De-Embedding Method Using Different-Length Transmission Lines for mm-Wave CMOS Device Modeling (2010)

This paper proposes a de-embedding method for on-chip S-parameter measurements at mm-wave frequency. The proposed method uses only two transmission lines with different length. In the proposed method, a parasitic-component model extracted from two transmission lines can be used for de-embedding for other-type DUTs like transistor, capacitor, inductor, etc. The experimental results show that the error in characteristic impedance between the different-length transmission lines is less than 0.7% above 40GHz. The extracted pad model is also shown.
Design Considerations for Discrete Frequency Infrared Microscopy Systems (2021)

Discrete frequency infrared chemical imaging is transforming the practice of microspectroscopy by enabling a diversity of instrumentation and new measurement capabilities. While a variety of hardware implementations have been realized, design considerations that are unique to infrared (IR) microscopes have not yet been compiled in literature. Here, we describe the evolution of IR microscopes, provide rationales for design choices, and catalog some major considerations for each of the optical components in an imaging system. We analyze design choices that use these components to optimize performance, under their particular constraints, while providing illustrative examples. We then summarize a framework to assess the factors that determine an instrument's performance mathematically. Finally, we provide a validation approach by enumerating performance metrics that can be used to evaluate the capabilities of imaging systems or suitability for specific intended applications. Together, the presented concepts and examples should aid in understanding available instrument configurations, while guiding innovations in design of the next generation of IR chemical imaging spectrometers.
Clinical- and Cost-effectiveness of Telemedicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2014)

Emerging telemedicine programs offer potential low-cost solutions to the management of chronic disease. We sought to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of telemedicine approaches on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using terms related to type 2 diabetes and telemedicine, MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and CINAHL Plus were searched to identify relevant studies published through February 28, 2014. Data from identified clinical trials were pooled according to telemedicine approach, and evaluated using conventional meta-analytical methods. We identified 47 articles, from 35 randomized controlled trials, reporting quantitative outcomes for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Twelve of the 35 studies provided intervention via telephone, either in the form of a call or a text message; 19 studies tested internet-based programs, employing video-conferencing and/or informational websites; and four studies used interventions involving electronically transmitted recommendations made by clinicians in response to internet-based reporting by patients. Overall, pooled results from these studies revealed a small, but statistically significant, decrease in HbA1c following intervention, compared to conventional treatment (pooled difference in means=-0.37, 95% CI=-0.49 to -0.25, Z=-6.08, P<0.001). Only two of the 35 studies included assessment of cost-effectiveness. These studies were disparate, both in terms of overall expense and relative cost-effectiveness. Optimization of telemedicine approaches could potentially allow for more effective self-management of disease in type 2 diabetes patients, though evidence to-date is unconvincing. Furthermore, significant publication bias was detected, suggesting that the literature should be interpreted cautiously.
Increasing cheese yields by high heat treatment of milk (1986)

SUMMARY Milk was heated at 97 °C/15 s to denature ∼ 30% of the whey protein and then used to make Cheshire cheese. Measurements of para-κ-casein production indicated that heating milk did not inhibit the enzymic action of rennet, but additional Ca and an initial pH of 6·4 were required for normal coagulation and curd-firming. In the experimental cheeses, about 4·5% more dry matter was recovered compared with controls made with pasteurized milk owing to a 6·7 and 0·7% increase in protein and fat recovery respectively. Experimental cheeses tended to be too moist and the curds did not fuse as well but these problems could be overcome by raising the scald temperature and cheddaring the curds. When the moisture in non-fat solids of control and experimental cheeses was similar (61%), the flavours and textures were not significantly different. The procedure requires little modification to existing commercial plant and should be suitable for varieties of cheese with higher moisture content and more crumbly texture than Cheddar.
3D region of interest x-ray CT for geometric magnification from multiresolution acquisitions (2005)

We present an algorithm which allows us to reconstruct a region-of-interest (ROI) from transaxial truncated cone-beam projections. While sometimes it is possible to reconstruct good approximations from projections passing only through a specific localized region, in other cases the reconstruction of the original density function shows severe artifacts, especially when the contaminating part outside the ROI is made of unknown dense structures. The main goal of this work is the improvement of resolution of the reconstruction by placing an object closer to the X-ray source so only the ROI is within the field of view, allowing a substantial geometric magnification. We will use the well-known fact that a rough estimate of the global properties of the Radon transform is sufficient to obtain a reliable reconstruction of a local region. The successful and widely used Feldkamp-algorithm (FDK) is applied on the combination of global projections acquired at a low resolution with transaxial truncated high-resolution acquisitions. Moreover, we also investigate the effect of interpolation between this low-resolution acquisitions, in order to reduce the X-ray radiation doses.
<i>In Vitro</i>Morphologic Transformation of Syrian Hamster Cells by U.V.-irradiation is Enhanced by X-irradiation and Unaffected by Chemical Carcinogens (1976)

SummaryU.V.-exposure of foetal hamster cells (secondary or tertiary sub-cultures) seeded for colony formation resulted in the induction of transformation. The U.V.-effect on colony-forming ability resulted in a D37 of 58 ergs/mm2. The observed transformation frequency induced by U.V.-increases approximately in proportion to increased doses in the range of 7·5–60·8 ergs/mm2 examined. When cells seeded for colony formation were treated with U.V. and later with either benzo(a)pyrene or N-acetoxy-fluorenyl-acetamide, commencing 6 min after exposure to U.V., there was neither an additive nor a synergistic enhancement of the transformation frequency ordinarily observed with either chemical agent alone. In mass cultures that were X-irradiated with 250 R, seeded for colony formation and treated with either 15 or 30 ergs/mm2 of U.V. 48 hours later, the enhancement of transformation was approximately 12- and 6-fold on a colony basis and 6- and 3-fold on a dish basis, respectively. No transformation occurred after X-irradiation only. The enhancement obtained by the pre-treatment with X-ray is similar to that reported for the combination of X-ray and chemical carcinogens.
Elevated SGK1 predicts resistance of breast cancer cells to Akt inhibitors (2013)

The majority of human cancers harbour mutations promoting activation of the Akt protein kinase, and Akt inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials. An important question concerns the understanding of the innate mechanisms that confer resistance of tumour cells to Akt inhibitors. SGK (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase) is closely related to Akt and controlled by identical upstream regulators {PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) and mTORC2 [mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) complex 2]}. Mutations that trigger activation of Akt would also stimulate SGK. Moreover, Akt and SGK possess analogous substrate specificities and are likely to phosphorylate overlapping substrates to promote proliferation. To investigate whether cancers possessing high SGK activity could possess innate resistance to Akt-specific inhibitors (that do not target SGK), we analysed SGK levels and sensitivity of a panel of breast cancer cells towards two distinct Akt inhibitors currently in clinical trials (AZD5363 and MK-2206). This revealed a number of Akt-inhibitor-resistant lines displaying markedly elevated SGK1 that also exhibited significant phosphorylation of the SGK1 substrate NDRG1 [N-Myc (neuroblastoma-derived Myc) downstream-regulated gene 1]. In contrast, most Akt-inhibitor-sensitive cell lines displayed low/undetectable levels of SGK1. Intriguingly, despite low SGK1 levels, several Akt-inhibitor-sensitive cells showed marked NDRG1 phosphorylation that was, unlike in the resistant cells, suppressed by Akt inhibitors. SGK1 knockdown markedly reduced proliferation of Akt-inhibitor-resistant, but not -sensitive, cells. Furthermore, treatment of Akt-inhibitor-resistant cells with an mTOR inhibitor suppressed proliferation and led to inhibition of SGK1. The results of the present study suggest that monitoring SGK1 levels as well as responses of NDRG1 phosphorylation to Akt inhibitor administration could have a use in predicting the sensitivity of tumours to compounds that target Akt. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential that SGK inhibitors or dual Akt/SGK inhibitors might have for treatment of cancers displaying elevated SGK activity.
<title>Development of gazing algorithms for tracking-oriented recognition</title> (1997)

This paper describes the development of a computer vision system that hosts a suite of gazing algorithms for tracking oriented recognition (GATOR). The goal of the GATOR system is to accomplish robust automatic target recognition and tracking (ATRT) tasks at a video rate of 30 Hz. The uniqueness of GATOR is that it employs tightly structured, multiple, advanced ATR algorithms to progressively increase the confidence level during recognition, which enables a rugged performance and real-time processing in complicated battlefields. The biologically inspired GATOR system consists of three advanced image understanding algorithms: (1) a novel target wavelet filter to facilitate image registration, motion segmentation, and target tracking; (2) a morphological neural network (MNN) to provide target recognition and target list updating; and (3) a fuzzy logic data fusion scheme to integrate recognition results from multiple frames of images. In GATOR, these algorithms are optimally integrated at different stages of recognition and tracking, which maximally enhances the strengths of each algorithm. Initial testing of the individual algorithms has demonstrated the potential of the GATOR for battlefield applications.
CMOS High-Speed 1/14 Dynamic Frequency Divider (2006)

A dynamic frequency divider is capable of operating at twice the frequency of a static divider. The clocked dynamic inverter type flip-flop divider is adopted for use as a dynamic frequency divider. The dynamic divider is based on the C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> MOS (clocked CMOS) master-slave concept. The flip-flops are clocked by a single clock input. The dynamic divider was designed to divide its input by 2n where n denotes the number of divider stages. This synchronous dynamic divider can divide a sine wave input at a maximum frequency of 2.7GHz. Our dynamic divider is implemented on the Silterra 0.18mum CMOS technology, and it operates with a 1.8V power supply. To demonstrate the capability of the dynamic divider, this paper will compare the dynamic divider to a static 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> divider. The dynamic divider is faster and has about half the device complexity of a static divider
Mitochondrial-Mediated Disregulation of Ca2+ Is a Critical Determinant of Velcade (PS-341/Bortezomib) Cytotoxicity in Myeloma Cell Lines (2005)

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (also known as PS-341/Velcade) is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that has recently been approved for use in patients with multiple myeloma. Bortezomib inhibits the activity of the 26S proteasome and induces cell death in a variety of tumor cells; however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity is not well understood. In this report, oligonucleotide microarray analysis of the 8226 multiple myeloma cell line showed a predominant induction of gene products associated with the endoplasmic reticulum secretory pathway following short-term, high-dose exposure to bortezomib. Examination of mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death showed specific activation of caspase 12, as well as of caspases 8, 9, 7, and 3, and cleavage of bid. Treatment of myeloma cells with bortezomib also showed disregulation of intracellular Ca2+ as a mechanism of caspase activation. Cotreatment with a panel of Ca2+-modulating agents identified the mitochondrial uniporter as a critical regulatory factor in bortezomib cytotoxicity. The uniporter inhibitors ruthenium red and Ru360 prevented caspase activation and bid cleavage, and almost entirely inhibited bortezomib-induced cell death, but had no effect on any other chemotherapeutic drug examined. Additional Ca2+-modulating agents, including 2-amino-ethoxydiphenylborate, 1,2-bis (o-aminophenoxy) ethane-tretraacetic acid (acetoxymethyl) ester, and dantrolene, did not alter bortezomib cytotoxicity. Analysis of intracellular Ca2+ showed that the ruthenium-containing compounds inhibited Ca2+ store loading and abrogated the desensitized capacitative calcium influx associated with bortezomib treatment. These data support the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+ disregulation is a critical determinant of bortezomib cytotoxicity.
On the Alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN. VIII. Studies on the Alkaloids of Loti Embryo. (1). Structure of Isoliensinine, a New Biscoclaurine Type Alkaloid (1965)

Isoliensinine, a new phenolic biscoclaurine type alkaloid, was isolated from Formosan "Lien Tze Hsin, " loti embryo (embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN., Fam. Nymphaeaceae) and its structure was assigned to the formula II on the basis of the cleavage reaction by sodium in liq. ammonia of its O, O-diethyl ether (IV) and of the synthesis of its O, O-dimethyl ether (III).
Regulation of the Receptor for TNFα, TNFR1, in Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells (2008)

These results demonstrate that TACE promotes TNFR1 shedding in HCECs and that TNFR1 expression may be a more significant target than TNFalpha for intervention in ocular inflammation.