gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper Alloys, Cast Copper Alloys (2000)

Abstract Cast copper alloys are used for their generally superior corrosion resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivities, and good bearing and wear qualities. These alloys are identified by Unified Numbering System designation. Irregular and complex external and internal shapes can be produced by various casting methods at less overall cost than by other means. The commonly used casting methods are compared, and casting characteristics of both single and polyphase alloys are described. Cast copper alloys include both yellow and red brasses as well as semired brasses and many bronzes. Alloy composition, on which the alloy properties depend, and usage are given.
Block copolymers as drug carriers. (1992)

The main subject of this review is to describe the concept and strategy of utilizing block copolymers as drug carriers and to present a perspective for this utilization. The first section points out preferable properties of block copolymers as drug carriers with a brief survey on classifications and synthesis of block copolymers and specifies the merits of block copolymers for this purpose in the historical background of polymeric drug carriers. The second section introduces several studies using block copolymers as drug carriers. These studies contain surface modification of microspheres with block copolymers, polymeric micelles, and a conjugate of an antibody and block copolymer. In conclusion, it is determined that block copolymers possess a high potential for use as drug carriers irrespective of some difficulties in their synthesis.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new triazolo[1,5-a]quinoline derivatives as anticancer and antimicrobial agents (2014)

In the present study, versatile multifunctional unreported triazolo[1,5-a]quinoline derivatives were prepared. Compounds 1–19 were synthesized by adopting appropriate synthetic routes and were pharmacologically evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines: hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HEPG2) and Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), in addition to their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compound 4 demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against breast cancer (MCF-7), whereas compounds 8 and 19 exhibited moderate activity against breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Compounds 16 and 19 gave moderate activity against liver carcinoma cell line HEPG2. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared compounds was tested against bacteria and fungi. Among them, the results of antimicrobial activity indicated that compounds 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18 and 19 were the most active compounds. Compound 4 exhibited strong activity against Fusarium sp., whereas compounds 9, 11, 15, 17, 18 and 19 showed high activity against Escherichia coli. More specifically, compound 17 displayed a high inhibitory effect against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Rhizoctonia sp.
Stabilized HIF‐1α is superior to VEGF for angiogenesis in skeletal muscle via adeno‐associated virus gene transfer (2005)

Therapeutic angiogenesis provides a potential alternative for the treatment of cardiovascular ischemic diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important component of the angiogenic response to ischemia. Here we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery to skeletal muscle to examine the effects of VEGF vs. a stabilized form of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). The recombinant AAVs were injected into mouse tibialis anterior muscle, and their effects were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and functional assays. These analyses showed that stabilized HIF-1alpha markedly increase capillary sprouting and proliferation, whereas VEGF164 or VEGF120 induced only proliferation of endothelial cells without formation of proper capillary structures. The Evans Blue permeability assay indicated that, unlike VEGF, HIF-1alpha overexpression did not increase vascular leakiness in the transduced muscle. Doppler ultrasound imaging showed that vascular perfusion in the HIF-1alpha treated muscles was significantly enhanced when compared to the controls and not further improved by co-expression of the arteriogenic growth factors angiopoietin-1 or platelet-derived growth factor-B. Our results show that AAV-mediated transduction of a stabilized form of HIF-1alpha can circumvent the problems associated with overexpression of individual angiogenic growth factors. HIF-1alpha should thus offer a potent alternative for pro-angiogenic gene therapy.
1409 Estimation of Flow Properties utilizing Brightness Change of Liquid Crystal in an Oscillatory Flow under Electric Field (2007)

An estimation method of the flow properties of liquid crystal in an oscillatory flow has been developed utilizing light intensity penetrated a two-dimensional channel. Brightness of the light from a LED through two polarizers under cross Nicol condition and the channel between them was measured by a photo IC. The frequency of the oscillatory flow was able to be estimated from the brightness oscillation. Moreover, the maximum value in brightness oscillation measured had correlations with the frequency and the strain amplitude of the oscillatory flow and was approximately normalized with maximum shear rate in the oscillatory flow.
[Clinical and experimental study on sustained release tablet of Tripterygium wilfordii in treating rheumatoid arthritis]. (1996)

Adopt to the prospective, multi-center, random, single-blind, equal rank-control methods, 226 patients of rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the ARA criteria, were divided into 2 groups. One hundred and fourteen patients of test group were treated with sustained release tablets of Tripterygium wilfordii (TW-SR) orally, 2 tablets, twice a day for 4 weeks, 112 patients of control group received tablets of Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) orally, 2 tablets 3 times per day for 4 weeks. Results showed that the total effective rate of the two groups were 92.11% and 90.65%, respectively (P > 0.05). The adverse reaction rate of TW-SR group was 20.18%, which was lowered than that of TW group (70.54%, P < 0.01). Results of pre-clinical pharmacologic experimental study showed that the TW-SR has obvious anti-inflammatory, analgesia and immunosuppress'ive action as the TW has, while its toxicity was less than the latter significantly.
Influence of Geometric Patterns of Microstructured Superhydrophobic Surfaces on Water-Harvesting Performance via Dewing (2014)

On superhydrophobic (SHPo) surfaces, either of two wetting states-the Cassie state (i.e., nonwetted state) and the Wenzel state (i.e., wetted state)-can be observed depending on the thermodynamic energy of each state and external conditions. Each wetting state leads to quite a distinctive dynamic characteristic of the water drop on SHPo surfaces, and it has been of primary interest to understand or induce the desirable wetting state for relevant thermofluid engineering applications. In this study, we investigate how the wetting state of microstructured SHPo surfaces influences the water-harvesting performance via dewing by testing two different patterns, including posts and grates with varying structural parameters. On grates, the observed Cassie wetting state during condensation is well described by the thermodynamic energy criteria, and small condensates can be efficiently detached from the surfaces because of the small contact line pinning force of Cassie droplets. Meanwhile, on posts, the observed wetting state is dominantly the Wenzel state regardless of the thermodynamic energy of each state, and the condensates are shed only after they grow to a sufficiently large size to overcome the much larger pinning force of the Wenzel state. On the basis of the mechanical force balance model and energy barrier consideration, we attribute the difference in the droplet shedding characteristics to the different dynamic pathway from the Wenzel state to the Cassie state between posts and grates. Overall, the faster droplet shedding helps to enhance the water-harvesting performance of the SHPo surfaces by facilitating condensation on the droplet-free area, as evidenced by the best water-harvesting performance of grates on the Cassie state among the tested surfaces.
Sagging Resistance of Braze Clad Fin Material for Evaporators and Condensers (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Braze clad fins of AA3003 type are used in evaporators and condensers. High strength of the thin fin material at the brazing temperature, generally referred to as sagging resistance, is needed in order to avoid collapse of the assembly during brazing.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The sagging resistance of braze clad fin material AA3003 from full scale production has been investigated. Previous work on laboratory scale material has been confirmed. A narrow range of final cold reduction can be specified which will lead to optimum sagging resistance of the fin material. Both lower and higher degree of cold reduction will lead to decreased sagging resistance. This can be related to the recrystallisation behaviour during the brazing cycle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">For a given heat treatment and core alloy composition there is a correlation between cold reduction and room temperature tensile strength before brazing of the fin material. The present work suggests that the strength can be used to predict the sagging resistance.</div>
Using the on-resistance of a power MOSFET to control a DC-DC converter (2002)

Most converter designs assume that a closed power switch has zero volts across it. In general this is a valid assumption that reduces the design complexity. However, the fact that a power switch does have a finite resistance means that there will be a non-zero voltage across it during its on time. This voltage can be taken advantage of. This paper proposes a simple control technique that utilizes the variable parasitic on-resistance of a power MOSFET. A 48-5 V 20 W forward converter is implemented to confirm the theory and demonstrate its practicality. The proposed technique provides a converter with self-oscillation, self-overload protection, wide load regulation, zero voltage switching throughout the load range and a reduced component count and cost.
Feature integration within discrete time windows (2019)

Sensory information must be integrated over time to perceive, for example, motion and melodies. Here, to study temporal integration, we used the sequential metacontrast paradigm in which two expanding streams of lines are presented. When a line in one stream is offset observers perceive all other lines to be offset too, even though they are straight. When more lines are offset the offsets integrate mandatorily, i.e., observers cannot report the individual offsets. We show that mandatory integration lasts for up to 450 ms, depending on the observer. Importantly, integration occurs only when offsets are presented within a discrete window of time. Even stimuli that are in close spatio-temporal proximity do not integrate if they are in different windows. A window of integration starts with stimulus onset and integration in the next window has similar characteristics. We present a two-stage computational model based on discrete time windows that captures these effects.
Mechanism of Incomplete Mitral Leaflet Coaptation—Interaction of Chordal Restraint and Changes in Mitral Leaflet Coaptation Geometry (2002)

Clinically observed incomplete mitral leaflet coaptation was reproduced in vitro by altering the balance of the chordal tethering and chordal coapting force components. Mitral leaflet coaptation geometry was distorted by changes of the spatial relations between the papillary muscles and the mitral valve as well as hemodynamics. Mitral leaflet malalignment was accentuated by a redistribution of the chordal tethering and coapting force components. For the overall assessment of systolic mitral leaflet configuration in functional mitral regurgitation it is important to consider the interaction between chordal restraint and an altered mitral leaflet coaptation geometry.
Phosphorylation of Histone H2B Serine 32 Is Linked to Cell Transformation (2011)

Various types of post-translational modifications of the histone tails have been revealed, but a few modifications have been found within the histone core sequences. Histone core post-translational modifications have the potential to modulate nucleosome structure and DNA accessibility. Here, we studied the histone H2B core domain and found that phosphorylation of H2B serine 32 occurs in normal cycling and mitogen-stimulated cells. Notably, this phosphorylation is elevated in skin cancer cell lines and tissues compared with normal counterparts. The JB6 Cl41 mouse skin epidermal cell line is a well established model for tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and was used to study the function of H2B during EGF-induced carcinogenesis. Remarkably, cells overexpressing a nonphosphorylatable H2BS32A mutant exhibited suppressed growth and EGF-induced cell transformation, possibly because of decreased activation of activator protein-1, compared with control cells overexpressing wild type H2B. We identified ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) as the kinase responsible for H2BS32 phosphorylation. Serum-starved JB6 cells contain very little endogenous H2BS32 phosphorylation, and EGF treatment induced this phosphorylation. The phosphorylation was attenuated in RSK2 knock-out MEFs and RSK2 knockdown JB6 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role for H2B phosphorylation in cell transformation and show that H2BS32 phosphorylation is critical for controlling activator protein-1 activity, which is a major driver in cell transformation.
Resonance Raman study of linear carbon chains formed by the heat treatment of double-wall carbon nanotubes (2006)

We study the resonance behavior of the unusual Raman feature known as the coalescence-inducing mode (CIM), observed at $\ensuremath{\sim}1850\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in samples of double-wall carbon nanotubes annealed at high temperatures. Resonance Raman spectra taken with different laser energies show that the intensity of the CIM band exhibits a maximum around $2.20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. By comparing the resonance Raman experimental results with first-principles calculations for the vibrational frequency and the energy gap, we propose that the CIM feature is associated with short carbon chains with an odd number of atoms, interconnecting the nanotube surfaces.
A fully automatic multi-atlas based segmentation method for prostate MR images (2015)

Most of multi-atlas segmentation methods focus on the registration between the full-size volumes of the data set. Although the transformations obtained from these registrations may be accurate for the global field of view of the images, they may not be accurate for the local prostate region. This is because different magnetic resonance (MR) images have different fields of view and may have large anatomical variability around the prostate. To overcome this limitation, we proposed a two-stage prostate segmentation method based on a fully automatic multi-atlas framework, which includes the detection stage <i>i.e.</i> locating the prostate, and the segmentation stage <i>i.e.</i> extracting the prostate. The purpose of the first stage is to find a cuboid that contains the whole prostate as small cubage as possible. In this paper, the cuboid including the prostate is detected by registering atlas edge volumes to the target volume while an edge detection algorithm is applied to every slice in the volumes. At the second stage, the proposed method focuses on the registration in the region of the prostate vicinity, which can improve the accuracy of the prostate segmentation. We evaluated the proposed method on 12 patient MR volumes by performing a leave-one-out study. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD) are used to quantify the difference between our method and the manual ground truth. The proposed method yielded a DSC of 83.4%±4.3%, and a HD of 9.3 mm±2.6 mm. The fully automated segmentation method can provide a useful tool in many prostate imaging applications.
Some Properties of Locust Bean Gum (1954)

Locust bean gum is a vegetable mucilage which is manufactured in some European countries and exported to America. This paper presents information on some colloidal and chemical properties of this galactomannan. The viscosity of aqueous dispersions of locust bean gum increases very much on heating. The high viscosity of the gum solutions is explained by the assumption of stretched chain molecules; it is assumed that the galactose side groups cause uncoiling of the polymannose chain. Quantitative coagulation experiments have been made and compared with those of many other hydrocolloids. The gelling with borax is explained as a cross-linking reaction. Locust bean gum increases the gelling strength of agar gels. In a commercial enzyme preparation two "carubinases" which hydrolyze the two different glycosidic linkages of the polysaccharide have been found. Locust bean gum can form derivatives. The reaction products of locust bean gum with acetic anhydride and with epichlorohydrin were especially studied.
Determination of the transbilayer distribution of fluorescent lipid analogs by nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1992)

We measured the nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer between 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD) labeled lipids (amine labeled phosphatidylethanolamine or acyl chain labeled phosphatidylcholine) and rhodamine labeled lipids in large unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. Two new rhodamine labeled lipid analogues, one a derivative of monolauroylphosphatidylethanolamine and the other of sphingosylphosphorylcholine, were found to exchange through the aqueous phase between vesicle populations but not to be capable of rapid transbilayer movement between leaflets. Energy transfer from NBD to rhodamine was measured using liposomes with symmetric or asymmetric distributions of these new rhodamine labeled lipid analogues to determine the relative contributions of energy transfer between donor and acceptor fluorophores in the same (cis) and opposite (trans) leaflets. Since the characteristic R0 values for energy transfer ranged from 47 to 73 A in all cases, significant contributions from both cis and trans energy transfer were observed. Therefore, neither of these probes acts strictly as a half-bilayer quencher of NBD lipid fluorescence. The dependence of transfer efficiency on acceptor density was fitted to a theoretical treatment of energy transfer to determine the distances of closest approach for cis and trans transfer. These parameters set limits on the positions of the fluorescent groups relative to the bilayer center, 20-31 A for NBD and 31-55 A for rhodamine, and provide a basis for future use of these analogues in measurements of transbilayer distribution and transport.
Domino reactions. One-pot preparation of fluoreno[2,3,4-ij]isoquinoline derivatives from conjugated ketene imines (1991)

Iminophosphoranes 4, derived from ethyl alpha-azido-2-(allyloxy)-3-methoxycinnamates, react with ketenes to give the corresponding ketene imines, which by thermal treatment at 150-160-degrees-C undergo a consecutive electrocyclic ring closure/Claisen rearrangement/second ring closure/double aromatization process to give isoquinoline derivatives 7 and/or the previously unknown fluoreno[2,3,4-ij]isoquinolines 9 in moderate yields. Similarly, iminophosphoranes 14 derived from ethyl alpha-azido-2,3-disubstituted-4-(allyloxy)cinnamates reacted with diphenyl ketene to give the intermediate ketene imines, which at 150-160-degrees-C undergo a cascade of pericyclic reactions to give the isoquinolines 15 and the pentacyclic compounds 16 in moderate yields.
The Antigenic Surface of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as Mapped by Murine Monclonal Antibodies* (1986)

We present a map describing the antigenic determinants (epitopes) of the human CG (hCG) molecule. A panel of monoclonal antibodies to hCG, previously characterized by us was incorporated into two-site binding assays to probe hCG by a 21 X 11 matrix of 231 pairs of MCA. Nine different reaction patterns of reciprocal homology were distinguished and interpreted as representing nine separate and distinct epitopes. Three of them localize on the alpha-subunit, 4 on the beta-subunit and 2 were expressed by the intact hCG (holo-hCG) molecule only, hence designated conformational (c) epitopes. Epitope-contingency analysis revealed that each of the 2 subunits of hCG possesses 1 epitope that is neither adjacent to nor overlapping with any of the other 8 epitopes. The latter were arranged in a complex cluster from which the c-epitopes protrude. Whereas the alpha- and c-epitopes are specific for glycoprotein hormones of human origin and for hCG, respectively, the beta-epitopes appeared to be evolutionarily highly conserved structures: with 1 exception, they were also present on the beta-chain of LH from many different mammalian species.
Case Study of Wearable Computing for Aircraft Maintenance (2005)

In this paper we present a concept for a combination of wearable computing and knowledge management with the goal to shorten the maintenance process in the aircraft industry. This research is part of an ongoing project which is carried out in cooperation with an aircraft company. This paper describes the functions of the wearable devices as well as the conceptual realization.
Global harmony: coupled noise analysis for full-chip RC interconnect networks (1997)

Noise is becoming one of the most important metrics in the design of VLSI systems, certainly of comparable importance to area, timing, and power. In this paper, we describe Global Harmony, a methodology for the analysis of coupling noise in the global interconnect of large VLSI chips, being developed for the design of high-performance microprocessors. The architecture of Global Harmony involves a careful combination of static noise analysis, static timing analysis, and reduced-order modelling techniques. We describe a reduced-order modelling approach that allows for passive multiport reduction of RC netlists as impedance macromodels while preserving the symmetry and sparsity of the state matrices for efficient storage. We describe how the macromodels are practically employed to perform coupling analysis and how timing constraints can be used to limit pessimism in the analysis.
Integrating Web resources and lexicons into a natural language query system (2003)

The START system responds to natural language queries with answers in text, pictures, and other media. START's sentence-level natural language parsing relies on a number of mechanisms to help it process the huge, diverse resources available on the World Wide Web. Blitz, a hybrid heuristic- and corpus-based natural language preprocessor enables START to integrate a large and ever-changing lexicon of proper names, by using heuristic rules and precompiled tables of symbols to preprocess various highly regular and fixed expressions into lexical tokens. LaMeTH, a content-based system for extracting information from HTML documents, assists START by providing a uniform method of accessing information on the Web in real time. These mechanisms have considerably improved STARTS ability to analyze real-world sentences and answer queries through expansion of its lexicon and integration of Web resources.