gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing flare compensation for EUV masks through localized mask CD resizing (2003)

Early production EUV exposure tools may have difficulty achieving flare requirements in the 5-6% range for the 32nm technology node. In this case, flare compensation may be needed to achieve the necessary CD control budget for production. This paper explores both experimentally as well as computationally wafer CD compensation though mask CD resizing so that proper CD control across the exposure field can be maintained. Experimental resist data collected on POB#2 of the Engineering Test Stand (ETS) suggest that even a simple linear CD compensation model can signifantly improve CD contorl in the presence of flare variation. Extending a similar concpet to a hypothetical full-field 25×33 mm<sup>2</sup> mask area containgin 20 nm gate CDs shwos taht CD compensation, while computationally demanding, can be realized through a convolution approach of a 1×1 mm<sup>2</sup> mask area using a non-uniform adaptive grid.
AMPK regulates basal skeletal muscle capillarization and VEGF expression, but is not necessary for the angiogenic response to exercise (2008)

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic fuel sensor that monitors cellular energy charge, while the vasculature is important for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. Mice with muscle-specific inactive AMPK (AMPK DN) were used to investigate if AMPK regulates skeletal muscle capillarization and the angiogenic responses to exercise. Two hours of the AMP analogue AICAR (1.0 g kg(-1)) or systemic hypoxia (6% O(2)) increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in wild-type (WT), but not in AMPK DN mice. In contrast, the increase in VEGF mRNA with acute exercise (1 h at 20 m min(-1), 10% gradient) was greater in AMPK DN compared to WT mice. Nuclear run-on assay demonstrated that exercise increased VEGF transcription, while hypoxia decreased VEGF transcription. There was no difference in VEGF transcription between WT and AMPK DN. There was a strong correlation between VEGF transcription and VEGF mRNA at rest and with exercise. Resting capillarization was lower in AMPK DN compared to WT. Wheel running (28 days) increased capillarization and this response was AMPK independent. Significant correlations between VEGF protein and muscle capillarization are consistent with VEGF being an important determinant of skeletal muscle capillarization. These data are to our knowledge the first to demonstrate in skeletal muscle in vivo that: (1) AMPK is necessary for hypoxia-induced VEGF mRNA stabilization, (2) acute exercise increases VEGF transcription, (3) inhibition of AMPK augments the VEGF mRNA response to acute exercise, and (4) AMPK regulates basal VEGF expression and capillarization, but is not necessary for exercise-induced angiogenesis.
Expert systems techniques, tools and applications (1986)

Expert Systems. Techniques, Tools, and Applications is a collection of research papers covering a range of topics in expert systems and knowledge engineering. The book is edited by Philip Klahr and the late Donald A. Waterman, both of Rand Corporation. The papers are selected from RAND technical reports published from 1977 to 1985. The book is most valuable to people learning knowledge engineering. Four of the papers provide interesting glimpses at the problems involved in transforming knowledge about a domain into computer representations. In addition, the book contains one or two interesting papers for researchers in each of the areas of knowledge acquisition, reasoning with uncertainty, and distributed problem solving.
High power (60mW) single frequency erbium:ytterbium codoped fiber laser (1997)

The characteristics of a high power Er<sup>3+</sup>:Yb<sup>3+</sup> single frequency fiber laser pumped at 980nm are reported. The device gives 60mW output power with RIN 10MHz and linewidth 500kHz. At low output powers (&lt; 30mW) the slope efficiency is as high as 25%, falling to 12% at higher powers, the saturation behaviour is related to a bottleneck effect due to the finite Yb-Er transfer rate. Improved performance can be obtained using new fibers with an increased rare-earth concentration which show negligible signs of erbium clustering.
Angiotensin II regulates H(+)-ATPase activity in rat cortical collecting duct (1994)

Angiotensin II (ANG II) plays an important role in the regulation of solute transport in the kidney, and its effect on proximal tubule sodium and fluid transport has been studied extensively. Although there is evidence that ANG II receptors are present also in the distal nephron and collecting duct, little is known about the physiological role of ANG II in these segments of the renal tubule. Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggest that ANG II may have both structural and functional effects on intercalated cells in the cortical collecting duct (CCD). Therefore, the present study examines the effect of ANG II on H(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (H(+)-ATPase) and H(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in individual CCD segments microdissected from collagenase-treated rat kidneys. The H(+)-ATPase was measured as bafilomycin-sensitive ATPase activity, and H(+)-K(+)-ATPase was measured as Sch-28080-sensitive ATPase activity, by a fluorometric microassay. Preincubation of CCD segments with ANG II, 10(-10)-10(-5) M, caused a dose-dependent decrease in H(+)-ATPase activity with maximum inhibition at 10(-8) M of ANG II. The inhibitory effect of ANG II was abolished when tubules were incubated with ANG II in the presence of 10(-6) M losartan, indicating that the inhibition was mediated via specific AT1 receptors. The AT2-receptor antagonist, PD-123319, had no effect on the ANG II-mediated inhibition of H(+)-ATPase activity. Preincubation of CCD segments with 10(-10) or 10(-7) M ANG II had no effect on H(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electrically pumped 850-nm micromirror VECSELs (2005)

Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) combine high optical power and good beam quality in a device with surface-normal output. In this paper, we describe the design and operating characteristics of an electrically-pumped VECSEL that employs a wafer-scale fabrication process and operates at 850 nm. A curved micromirror output coupler is heterogeneously integrated with AlGaAs-based semiconductor material to form a compact and robust device. The structure relies on flip-chip bonding the processed epitaxial material to an aluminum nitride mount; this heatsink both dissipates thermal energy and permits high frequency modulation using coplanar traces that lead to the VECSEL mesa. Backside emission is employed, and laser operation at 850 nm is made possible by removing the entire GaAs substrate through selective wet etching. While substrate removal eliminates absorptive losses, it simultaneously compromises laser performance by increasing series resistance and degrading the spatial uniformity of current injection. Several aspects of the VECSEL design help to mitigate these issues, including the use of a novel current-spreading n type distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). Additionally, VECSEL performance is improved through the use of a p-type DBR that is modified for low thermal resistance.
Transduction of reducing power across the plasma membrane by reduced glutathione (1993)

The NMR signal of reduced glutathione (GSH) was monitored in intact human erythrocytes by the 1H spin-echo Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence. Addition of GSH, which was unable to cross the erythrocyte membrane, produced an approximate twofold increase of the GSH signal in glucose-depleted cells. Addition of oxidised glutathione (GSSG), did not affect the signal, and addition of GSH to hemolysates gave a much smaller increase. Reduction of internal GSSG by NADPH-dependent enzymes was excluded by experiments with glucose-supplied or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient cells. Involvement of external thiol groups of the erythrocyte membrane was shown by the lack of effect in cells treated with an impermeable thiol-blocking compound. Involvement of spectrin was indicated by the proportional loss of the effect in erythrocytes with variable genetic deficiency of spectrin. Protein-glutathione mixed disulfides appeared to be the source of the NMR response since an increase of their content, by diamide treatment or aging procedures, produced a higher GSH signal, while their reduction by permeable reductants gave the opposite effect. It is concluded that GSH can transduce its reducing power by a thiol/disulfide exchange mechanism that sequentially involves sulfur-rich proteins spanning across the erythrocyte membrane.
Distribution of prion protein in the ileal Peyer’s patch of scrapie-free lambs and lambs naturally and experimentally exposed to the scrapie agent (2000)

A sensitive immunohistochemical procedure was used to investigate the presence of prion protein (PrP) in the ileal Peyer's patch of PrP-genotyped lambs, including scrapie-free lambs and lambs naturally and experimentally exposed to the scrapie agent. The tyramide signal amplification system was used to enhance the sensitivity of conventional immunohistochemical procedures to show that PrP was widely distributed in the enteric nervous plexus supplying the gut wall. In scrapie-free lambs, PrP was also detected in scattered cells in the lamina propria and in the dome and interfollicular areas of the Peyer's patch. In the follicles, staining for PrP was mainly confined to the capsule and cells associated with vascular structures in the light central zone. In lambs naturally exposed to the scrapie agent, staining was prominent in the dome and neck region of the follicles and was also found to be associated with the follicle-associated epithelium. Similar observations were made in lambs that had received a single oral dose of scrapie-infected brain material from sheep with a homologous and heterologous PrP genotype 1 and 5 weeks previously. These studies show that the ileal Peyer's patch in young sheep may be an important site of uptake of the scrapie agent and that the biology of this major gut-associated lymphoid tissue may influence the susceptibility to oral infection in sheep. Furthermore, these studies suggest that homology or heterology between PrP genotypes or the presence of PrP genotypes seldom associated with disease does not impede uptake of PrP.
Automotive Control Systems: For Engine, Driveline, and Vehicle (2000)

Many engineers, working in the field of automotive control systems and mechatronics, as well as lecturing at technical universities, will welcome this book. It gives a broad insight view of the latest automotive technologies in use which have been adopted over a long period of time from research activities at universities and in industry. About twenty years ago the microcomputer started to revolutionize the possibility of introducing intelligence in systems, for example in the form of advanced control algorithms. By chance, this incredible evolution coincided with increasing environmental demands to reduce pollution and oil consumption and to contribute one of the major tools to meet those demands. This may have been one of the reasons why the automotive industry was rather early in introducing the new technique. However, it would have been interesting if the book had given a short historic review. In fact the authors do not rule out that the modern four-stroke engine in a car may work as an air-cleaning filter, and after going through the part describing the lambda-control together with the catalytic conversion, it is hard to argue against it, at least when the vehicle is running at constant speed. Reading this book you realize that the times are long gone when you could use a screwdriver and feeler gauge to adjust the ignition of your car engine.
Semantic Sketch-Based Video Retrieval with Autocompletion (2016)

The IMOTION system is a content-based video search engine that provides fast and intuitive known item search in large video collections. User interaction consists mainly of sketching, which the system recognizes in real-time and makes suggestions based on both visual appearance of the sketch (what does the sketch look like in terms of colors, edge distribution, etc.) and semantic content (what object is the user sketching). The latter is enabled by a predictive sketch-based UI that identifies likely candidates for the sketched object via state-of-the-art sketch recognition techniques and offers on-screen completion suggestions. In this demo, we show how the sketch-based video retrieval of the IMOTION system is used in a collection of roughly 30,000 video shots. The system indexes collection data with over 30 visual features describing color, edge, motion, and semantic information. Resulting feature data is stored in ADAM, an efficient database system optimized for fast retrieval.
Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for D2D Communications in Cellular Networks (2015)

In this paper, we study the energy-efficient resource allocation problem for device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks, which aims to maximize the minimum weighted energy efficiency of D2D links while guaranteeing minimum data rates for cellular links. We first characterize the optimal power allocation of the cellular links to transform the original resource allocation problem into the joint subchannel and power allocation problem for D2D links. We then propose three resource allocation algorithms with different complexity levels, namely, dual-based, branch-and-bound (BnB), and relaxation-based rounding (RBR) algorithms. While the dual-based algorithm solves the problem by using the dual decomposition method, the BnB and RBR algorithms tackle the problem by employing the relaxation approach. We establish the strong performance guarantees for the proposed algorithms through theoretical analysis. Extensive numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve superior performance and significantly outperform a conventional algorithm.
Musculoskeletal tumors: improved depiction with linear combinations of MR images. (1987)

With postprocessing, the authors produced a single hybrid image that combines the complementary information in conventional T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. A 1-T MR imager was used to produce T1- and T2-weighted images (repetition time, msec/echo time, msec: 500/30, 1,500/120) of patients with various primary bone tumors. Various weighted sums and differences of these images were then formed. Weighted subtraction allowed formation of hybrid images with high contrast between tumor and all adjacent normal tissues (muscle, fat, bone marrow), unlike the original T1- and T2-weighted images. Certain weighted sums of the acquired images simultaneously display the high signal-to-noise and clear anatomic detail of the T1-weighted technique along with the high contrast between extraosseous tumor and muscle of the T2-weighted image. A single hybrid MR image can contain useful characteristics both of T1- and T2-weighted images, making it easier for one to detect the extent of an abnormality.
Synthesis and phase relations of the 110 K superconducting 2223 phase in the Bi - Pb - Sr - Ca - Cu - O system (1997)

The influence of starting composition, especially the Bi:Pb ratio, on the formation of the 110 K superconducting 2223 phase was investigated. Compositional limits for `pure' 2223 have been preliminarily determined in terms of Pb versus Bi + Pb. In samples with nominal composition (d = 0), 2223 forms when . The 2223 phase coexists with 2212 in the range (i.e. with 10 - 20 mol% Bi replaced by Pb) after annealing at for 100 h. Some is also found. The 2223 phase was the only superconducting phase in samples where x > 0.4; was also found in these samples. `Pure' 2223 was obtained in samples with nominal composition when x = 0.4 and d = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. The 2223 phase can be formed from starting compositions with less than 10 mol% Bi replaced by Pb, provided (Bi + Pb) > 2. The 2201 phase coexists with 2223 when (Bi + Pb) > 2.3 and Pb > 0.2.
Low molecular weight iron and the oxygen paradox in isolated rat hearts. (1992)

Little is known about changes in the amount of iron in the intracellular low molecular weight pool, which catalyzes the Fenton reactions during reperfusion after ischemia. In this study a new approach is presented to measure low molecular weight iron and it is applied to normal hearts during ischemia and to iron-loaded hearts during anoxia and reoxygenation. The results of this study show that (a) during ischemia in normal hearts a progressive 30-fold increase occurs in low molecular weight iron after 45 min of ischemia, whereas (b) during 45 min of anoxic perfusion the low molecular weight iron does not increase. This means that the reductive release from the storage protein ferritin is greatly enhanced by the acidification that occurs during ischemia. (c) Anoxic perfusion of iron-loaded hearts does increase low molecular weight iron and there is a further increase upon reoxygenation, which is prevented by (+)-cyanidanol-3. Based on these findings it is concluded that oxygen deprivation enhances the susceptibility of rat hearts to oxygen radicals by increasing the amount of catalytic, ferrous iron in the low molecular weight pool.
Innovative Instrumentation for Analysis of Nanoparticles: The π Steradian Detector (2009)

Abstract The analysis was finally completed, the data graphed, and I had to admit to myself, it was looking like an auspicious moment. Only a few weeks earlier, Charlie Lyman and I had been discussing a project that I had been working on for some time, one in which I was admittedly being deliberately vague concerning the details. However, I had promised to keep him updated when it succeeded. Given the date (April 1st) and the data in hand, I couldn't resist sharing with him (and a few colleagues) the first results from that experiment—and my thinly veiled attempt at a quasi-April Fools Day joke. After we exchanged a number of emails that day, Charlie concluded his last message with the line that many of us have heard from both him and Ron Anderson: “A little more text and you can have an article in the July issue of MT.” Have I gotten you curious? Well then read on!
Isolation and Identification of <i>Helicobacter</i> spp. from Canine and Feline Gastric Mucosa (1998)

It is known that virtually all healthy adult dogs and cats harbor spiral helicobacters in their gastric mucosa. Three species, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, and Helicobacter salomonis have been isolated in vitro from the gastric mucosa of these animals. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of an isolation method for canine and feline gastric helicobacters that has been developed at the University of Helsinki; to estimate the prevalence and distribution of these taxa in the samples examined; and to assess the efficacy and validity of an extensive set of standardized conventional phenotypic tests, whole-cell protein profiling, and ultrastructural analysis in identifying the different species isolated from canine and feline gastric mucosa. We cultured 95 and 22 gastric mucosal biopsies from dogs and cats, respectively. Twenty-one H. bizzozeronii strains, 8 H. felis strains, 8 H. salomonis strains, 3 mixed cultures, 2 "Flexispira rappini"-like organisms, and 3 as yet uncharacterized strains were isolated from the dogs, and 3 H. felis strains were isolated from the cats. The methods used here yielded Helicobacter isolation rates of 51% from dogs and 13.6% from cats, which exceed those reported previously. The main difficulties were primary isolation, mixed cultures, and identification to the species level. In the species identification, a detailed morphological examination was found to yield important phenotypic characteristics. A large panel of biochemical and tolerance tests did not clearly differentiate the closely related species H. bizzozeronii, H. felis, and H. salomonis. Highly standardized whole-cell protein profiling was shown to be an excellent method for species identification. Improvements in culture conditions for these bacteria are still needed, especially for cats. A genetic identification method not requiring culture is needed for future studies of these very fastidious helicobacters, as the clinical significance and ecology of these species within the gastric mucosa of the domestic carnivores remain largely unknown.
Piezoelectric contrast materials for ultrasound imaging (2005)

Piezoelectric ceramics and polymers can be used as a type of marker and contrast material for medical ultrasound imaging systems. High-frequency electrical signals are detected from surface electrodes when these materials are introduced into conducting media such as tissue and scanned by ultrasound imaging systems. Detected signals are applied to the imaging circuits of a modified ultrasound system such that they display a unique type of electrical image that shows the piezomaterial's polarization, shape, and position at arbitrarily high contrast compared to the conventional ultrasound acoustic image. The resulting piezoelectric image can be merged in real-time with conventional ultrasound acoustic imaging to form a composite image. This approach is of interest in the development of improved techniques for imaging medical devices that are implanted or otherwise introduced into the body.
Fungi-induced paint deterioration and air contamination in the Assiut University hospital, Egypt (2018)

This study aims to evaluate the correlation between fungi causing paint deterioration and air contamination in Assiut University hospital to give a complete picture for the fungal quantity and spectrum. Seventeen fungal species were isolated from 15 samples of deteriorated water-based paint collected from the hospitals. Chaetomium globosum was the most common paint-deteriorating fungal species, followed by Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium oxalicum and Setosphaeria rostrata. Direct examination confirmed the ability of these fungi to colonize the paint samples producing mycelia, conidia and fruiting bodies. In vitro, these fungi exhibited high potential to utilize the thin layer of polyacrylic paint and significant enzymatic activities of cellulase, lipase and urease that may play a main role in paint degradation and as virulence factor of human diseases. Moreover, 27 fungal species were isolated as air contaminating mycobiota. Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, P. oxalicum, A. alternata and C. globosum caused a considerable amount of indoor air contamination. The results indicated that there is a clear correlation between fungi causing paint deterioration and air contamination, whereas certain fungi were responsible for wall paint deterioration and frequently indoor air contamination. The current study suggests that improvement of antimicrobial additives of paints may be a promising approach to reduce paint biodeterioration and subsequently air contamination of indoor environments.