gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of ultrathin Ta and TaN films (2002)

The electrical resistivity of thin films of Ta and TaN has been examined as a function of film thickness and other processing parameters. The films were deposited by magnetron sputtering of Ta cathodes with Ar, or mixtures of Ar and N2 for the case of TaN. Ta films deposited on silicon dioxide or Cu surfaces were always beta phase, and showed little resistance increase as the thickness was reduced. The TaN films were deposited in a broad range of compositions, depending on reactive gas flow and system configuration, and showed strong increases in resistivity as thickness was decreased. Ta films deposited on TaNx with x equal to or greater than 1, an electrical resistivity greater than 300 mΩ cm, and with thickness greater than 2 nm were alpha phase, and showed significant increases in resistivity as thickness was reduced. The application and electrical properties of these films as diffusion barriers in interconnect structures depends strongly on the thicknesses at the contact points at the bottoms of vias and only weakly on the phase of the Ta. The resistivity of the barrier films on via and trench sidewalls is high enough to be irrelevant to circuit performance.
FACTORS AFFECTING TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COOKED COMMINUTED FISH MUSCLE (1976)

ABSTRACT Factors affecting textural characteristics of cooked comminuted fish muscle were investigated. These factors included: time of comminution, presence of NaCl or NaCl and polyphosphates, effect of mechanical deboning, temperature of cooking, and type of heating medium used. Textural characteristics were evaluated objectively using as an index: compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, resilience, and shear strength. The change in the physical state of the protein‐water system was determined from the quantity of fluid (expressible fluid) that can be expressed from the specimen subjected to a fixed compression force. With extensive chopping, mechanical strength diminished as the concentration of extractable myosin in the muscle homogenates decreased. Changes in expressible fluid followed changes in physical properties. Formulations with higher moisture contents were more susceptible to adverse changes brought about by mechanical treatments such as chopping. Mechanical strength of the cooked comminuted muscle progressed in the order of increasing strength as follows: no additives, with NaCl, with NaCl and polyphosphates. The presence of polyphosphates allowed increased solubilization of muscle protein and improved water binding. The variation in textural strength of products receiving different preheating treatments appeared to be related to the changes in water binding as shown by the inverse relationship of mechanical strength to the quantity expressible fluid. The textural strength of cooked muscle homogenates decreased in the order of: steamed, water cooked, and smoke‐house cooked.
Hybrid 2D [Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>)I<sub>2</sub>]<sub><i>n</i></sub> Coordination Polymer Precursor for Scalable Perovskite Deposition (2020)

A two-dimensional hybrid coordination polymer [Pb(CH3NH2)I2]n featuring a well-defined layered structure is reported for scalable perovskite ink and deposition. This coordination polymer exhibits structural, spectroscopic, and physicochemical properties distinct from common PbI2 perovskite precursors. Notably, it serves as a methylamine “gas carrier” capable of liberating methylamine (CH3NH2) into the precursor solution, thus improving the solubility of perovskite in unconventional, greener processing solvents, such as acetonitrile. The purity of [Pb(CH3NH2)I2]n single crystals and the ability of the precursor to reduce sources of defects such as polyiodide species in solution allow the formation of high-quality perovskite films. This eventually results in efficient and stable devices, fabricated via a single-step antisolvent-free deposition method, transferable to large-area slot die coating. Gram scale synthesis of this unique lead precursor is demonstrated, essential for the scale-up of perovskite photovoltaic technology.
Practical Software Estimation: Function Point Methods for Insourced and Outsourced Projects (Infosys Press) (2007)

clearly written book that is a useful primer for a very complicated set of topics.--Capers Jones, Chief Scientist Emeritus, Software Productivity Research LLCPractical Software Estimation brings together today's most valuable tips, techniques, and best practices for accurately estimating software project efforts, costs, and schedules. Written by a leading expert in the field, it addresses the full spectrum of real-world challenges faced by those who must develop reliable estimates.M. A. Parthasarathy draws on the immense experience of Infosys, one of the world's largest and most respected providers of IT-enabled business solutions, to bring you the only book with detailed guidance on estimating insourced and outsourced software projects, as well as projects that blend both approaches. He demonstrates how to successfully utilize Function Point (FP) methods, the industry's leading estimation model. Then, using real case studies, he systematically identifies pitfalls that can lead to inaccurate estimates--and offers proven solutions.Coverage includes How to estimate all types of software projects, including fresh development, reengineering, and maintenance How to incorporate the impact of core project elements on estimates: scope, environment, experience, and tools FP analysis from start to finish: data and transaction functions, general system characteristics, and more FP methods for any platform or business function Innovative re-estimation methods to track progress How to quote RFPs and prepare contracts: fixed price, time/material, and project execution lifecycle models Alternatives to FP: Delphi, COCOMO II, and COSMIC-FFP How to choose the right estimation toolsPractical Software Estimation is the definitive reference for anyone who must estimate software projects accurately: project and IT managers, individual developers, system designers, architects, executives, consultants, and outsourcers alike.List of Figures List of Tablesi¾ Foreword Preface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Role of Estimation in Software Projects Chapter 3: A Study of Function Point Analysis Chapter 4: Data Functions Chapter 5: Transactional Functions Chapter 6: General System Characteristics Chapter 7: Size, Effort, and Scheduling of Projects Chapter 8: Estimation Flavors Chapter 9: A Sense of Where You Are Chapter 10: Tips, Tricks, and Traps Chapter 11: Insourcing versus Outsourcing Chapter 12: Key Factors in Software Contracts Chapter 13: Project Estimation and Costing Chapter 14: Other Estimation Methods Chapter 15: Estimation Tools Chapter 16: Estimation Case Study Appendix A: Reference Tables: Transaction Function Counts Appendix B: Reference Tables: Data Function Points Bibliography Indexi¾
Demonstration of Sustained Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Lineages Circulating among Treatment-Naive Individuals (2009)

Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance is well-recognized and compromises response to first-line therapy. However, the population dynamics of transmitted resistance remains unclear, although previous models have assumed that such transmission reflects direct infection from treated individuals. We investigated whether population-based phylogenetic analyses would uncover lineages of resistant viruses circulating in untreated individuals. Through the phylogenetic analysis of 14,061 HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene sequences generated in the United Kingdom from both treatment-naïve and -experienced individuals, we identified five treatment-independent viral clusters containing mutations conferring cross-resistance to antiretroviral drugs prescribed today in the United Kingdom. These viral lineages represent sustainable reservoirs of resistance among new HIV infections, independent of treatment. Dated phylogenies reconstructed through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inference indicated that these reservoirs originated between 1997 and 2003 and have persisted in the HIV-infected population for up to 8 years. Since our cohort does not represent all infected individuals within the United Kingdom, our results are likely to underestimate the number and size of the resistant reservoirs circulating among drug-naïve patients. The existence of sustained reservoirs of resistance in the absence of treatment has the capacity to threaten the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral therapy and suggests there is a limit to the decline of transmitted drug resistance. Given the current decrease in resistance transmitted from treated individuals, a greater proportion of resistance is likely to come from drug-naïve lineages. These findings provide new insights for the planning and management of treatment programs in resource-rich and developing countries.
Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Tau and Aβ 1-42 in Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Degeneration Using 2 Analytical Platforms (2012)

Values from 2 analytical platforms can be transformed into equivalent units, which can distinguish AD from FTLD more accurately than the clinical diagnosis.
Increased Levels of Circulating and Tumor-Infiltrating Granulocytic Myeloid Cells in Colorectal Cancer Patients (2016)

Increased levels of myeloid cells, especially myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), have been reported to correlate with bad prognosis and reduced survival in cancer patients. However, limited data are available on their conclusive phenotypes and their correlation with clinical settings. The aim of this study was to investigate levels and phenotype of myeloid cells in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment (TME) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, compared to blood from healthy donors (HDs) and paired, adjacent non-tumor colon tissue. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to examine the expression of different myeloid markers in fresh peripheral blood samples from CRC patients and HDs, and tissue-infiltrating immune cells from CRC patients. We found significantly higher levels of cells expressing myeloid markers and lacking the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecule HLA-DR in blood and tumor of CRC patients. Further analysis revealed that these cells were granulocytic and expressed Arginase 1 indicative of their suppressive phenotype. These expanded cells could be neutrophils or granulocytic MDSCs, and we refer to them as granulocytic myeloid cells (GMCs) due to the phenotypical and functional overlap between these cell subsets. Interestingly, the expansion of peripheral GMCs correlated with higher stage and histological grade of cancer, thereby suggesting their role in cancer progression. Furthermore, an increase in CD33<sup>+</sup>CD11b<sup>+</sup>HLA-DR<sup>-</sup>CD14<sup>-</sup>CD15<sup>-</sup> immature myeloid cells was also observed in CRC tumor tissue. Our work shows that GMCs are expanded in circulation and TME of CRC patients, which provides further insights for developing immunotherapeutic approaches targeting these cell subsets to enhance antitumor immune and clinical responses.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some 3‐Cyano‐5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2‐ones and Their N‐Substituted Derivatives. (1984)

Abstract Aus den Methylketonen (I) und Cyanessigsäureethylester (II) werden die Dihydropyridinone (III) erhalten, die in die N‐Derivate (V) und (VII) übergeführt werden.
Comparative Kinetic Properties of α, β and Ψ Forms of Trypsin (1974)

The kinetics of ester substrate hydrolysis catalysed by the α, β, and Ψ forms of trypsin have been compared. An affinity chromatography method for Ψ‐trypsin purification is described. At optimum pH, with esters as substrates, there is no significant difference between the activity of the α and β forms; β‐trypsin, however, is about 40% more active than α‐trypsin on benzoyl‐ l ‐arginine amide. At acidic pH, (∼ 3.6), β‐trypsin is more reactive toward p ‐nitrophenyl‐ p′ ‐guanidino benzoate HCl than α‐trypsin, and differential active‐site titrations of the α and β forms can be carried out in mixtures of both of them. Hydrolysis of specific esters by Ψ‐trypsin is very slow compared to native trypsin but it is not completely aspecific. Carbobenzoxy‐ l ‐lysine benzyl ester is a relatively good substrate of this enzyme form; k cat values for Ψ‐trypsin are very sensitive to the substrate leaving group, in contrast to that which is observed with native trypsin. Furthermore, experiments involving nucleophilic competition indicate that the acylation step becomes rate‐limiting for the hydrolysis of cationic ester substrates by Ψ‐trypsin. It is concluded that in tryptic catalysis enzyme acylation is a more specific step than substrate binding or enzyme deacylation. The acylation of the enzyme is greatly perturbed both by substrate modifications and by structural alterations of the native enzyme molecule. The role of the essential active‐site carboxylic group (Asp‐177) is discussed. It is proposed that its function in tryptic catalysis is to decrease the activation free energy for enzyme acylation instead of stabilizing the initial enzyme‐substrate complex.
Anti-L-selectin antibody treatment of hemorrhagic-traumatic shock in baboons (1999)

Humanized anti-L-selectin antibody has beneficial effects on survival in a long-term in vivo model of hemorrhagic. traumatic shock.
Local map update for large scale SLAM (2010)

A technique for simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) for large scale scenarios is presented. This solution is based on the use of independent submaps of a limited size to map large areas. In addition, a global stochastic map, containing the links between adjacent submaps, is built. The information in both levels is corrected every time a loop is closed: local maps are updated with the information from overlapping maps, and the global stochastic map is optimised by means of constrained minimisation.
Solution-derived ZnOnanostructures for photoanodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (2010)

Solution-phase derived ZnO nanostructures have triggered considerable interest and become the mainstream route to obtain low-cost and large-scale electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The article reviews recent progress in liquid-phase synthesis methods for preparing ZnO nanostructures as the photoanodes of the DSSCs. A few classic paradigms and new advancements in the ZnO nanostructures made by our group are demonstrated. The effects of ZnO nanostructured films with different morphologies, prepared by solution-phase approaches, on the performance of DSSCs are discussed. Finally, various liquid-phase methods of ZnO nanostructure synthesis are summarized and compared to allow further exploration of the ways to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs.
Effects of "Ecstasy" Blocked by Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (1999)

Article AbstractLetter to the EditorSir: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as Ecstasy, is a synthetic amphetamine analog that can be classified as a phenethylamine-type hallucinogen. The drug is commonly linked with "rave" dance parties, and its use has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. The primary mechanism of action of this agent is thought to be via indirect serotonergic agonist effects with release of serotonin stores and blocking of serotonin reuptake, although the drug also affects other neurotransmitter systems.
Serious Pervasive Games (2020)

Serious Pervasive Games extend the “magic circle” to the players’ surrounding environment. The blend of both physical and fictive game worlds provides a push in player engagement and promotes situated learning approaches. Space and time, as well as social context, acquire a more meaningful impact on the gameplay. From pervasive learning towards science communication with location-based games, this article presents case studies that exemplify their benefits and related problems. Pervasive learning can be defined as “learning at the speed of need through formal, informal and social learning modalities”. The BEACONING project aims to contextualize the teaching and learning process, connecting it with problem-based game mechanics within STEM. The main goal of this project is to provide the missing connection between STEM subjects and real-world interactions and applications. The pedagogical foundation is based on problem-based learning, in which active learning is in the center, and learners have to work with different tools and resources in order to solve problems (quests). Teachers create, facilitate and assess pervasive and gamified learning activities (missions). Furthermore, these quests are gamified in order to provide non-linear game plots. In a second case study, we demonstrate and evaluate how natural heritage can benefit from pervasive games. For example, in a natural park, a set of location-based games has been developed in order to provide enhanced experiences, as well as additional information about some species that are more difficult to observe or that are seasonal. Throughout the development of this project, we have encountered and identified several problems, of different natures, present in pervasive games. As a solution to some of these problems, we propose adaptivity, customizing the gameplay to the users’ profile and context.
Time and wavelength resolved nonlinear optical spectroscopy of a polydiacetylene in the solid state using picosecond dye laser pulses (1985)

Degenerate four-wave mixing of tunable dye laser pulses in good optical quality single crystal platelets of poly bis(p-toluene sulfonate) of 2, 4-hexadiyne-1, 6 diol (PTS) polydiacetylene was used to measure the spectral and temporal dependence of the material’s third order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3). For the wavelength range measured ‖χ(3)‖ varied from 9×10−9 esu at 6515 Å to 5×10−10 esu at 7015 Å. The material’s response time was determined to be less than the optical pulse width (≂6 ps) over this wavelength range.
Magnetic separation-based blood purification: a promising new approach for the removal of disease-causing compounds? (2015)

Recent studies report promising results regarding extracorporeal magnetic separation-based blood purification for the rapid and selective removal of disease-causing compounds from whole blood. High molecular weight compounds, bacteria and cells can be eliminated from blood within minutes, hence offering novel treatment strategies for the management of intoxications and blood stream infections. However, risks associated with incomplete particle separation and the biological consequences of particles entering circulation remain largely unclear. This article discusses the promising future of magnetic separation-based purification while keeping important safety considerations in mind.
Low temperature deposited Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 thin films on Pt electrodes by radio frequency magnetron sputtering (2004)

Ba 0.96 Ca 0.04 Ti 0.84 Zr 0.16 O 3 films acceptor doped with Sc were deposited on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Substrate temperatures throughout the fabrication process remained at or below 450 °C, which allows this process to be compatible with many materials commonly used in integrated circuit manufacturing. In addition, this process made no use of oxygen in the sputter gas or in annealing atmospheres and thus it remains compatible with easily oxidized materials. A relative dielectric constant of 166 was achieved along with a loss tangent of 1.9% at 100 kHz. Leakage current densities of 1.6×10−8 A/cm2 were observed at 300 K with 300 kV/cm of applied electric field.
Co-link configuration: using wireless diversity for more than just connectivity (2004)

This paper describes a novel approach to setting up peer to wireless links, such as IrDA, Bluetooth, and 802.11b. We explain how the lack of physical contact inherent in wireless creates new configuration challenges and ease of use issues, and we discuss the limitations of current wireless autoconfiguration techniques. We present co-link configuration and co-link activation, two techniques using wireless diversity to improve the performance of minimise the power consumption of autoconfiguration. We then describe the implementations of co-link, the simple IrDA connection point and the peer-to-peer co-link implemented within the connection diversity framework.
High Content Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cell Culture Methods Statistical Wavelet-Based Analysis of Images for Stem Cell Classification Molecular Analysis of Pluripotency and Cell Proliferation in Undifferentiated Stem Cells Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Differentiation Analysis of Neuronal Differentiation References
Warranty Cost Forecast Based on Car Failure Data (2007)

A failure and warranty cost model is gained from a failure database. The model is a combination of statistical components with a multi-layer perceptron and a cross-entropy based learning rule. The model is used for forecasting warranty costs in alternative warranty condition scenarios. The estimate of forecast variance considers both the individual vehicle risk and the overall manufacturing quality fluctuation risk.
Optical transmitter with millimeter-wave subcarrier (1997)

There is increasing need for high-speed fiberoptic links operating in the microwave and millimeter wave range for applications like cellular personal communication systems (PCS), high capacity distribution systems (HDTV, data, interactive multimedia), phased array, remote antennas, etc. The conventional methods of high frequency modulation at millimeter-wave frequencies do not satisfy system requirements like low relative intensity and phase noise, and high dynamic range. They are also costly. Solid-state lasers are well known for their high spectral purity, high optical power output and satisfy the requirements for a high performance optical transmitter for high capacity distribution systems. A compact and mass-producible form of solid state laser is the microchip laser whose short cavity length can lead to high mode-locking frequencies. This thesis concerns the design, fabrication, and characterization of a Neodymium-doped Lithium Niobate (Nd:LiNbO3) mode-locked microchip laser. The 3.48mm long microchip laser radiates at 1.084[mu]m and was mode-locked at 20GHz and 40GHz frequencies. The maximum optical output power was 35mW, and the modulation index of the microwave and millimeter-wave subcarrier was 95.6%. A compatible monolithic Fabry-Perot intensity modulator was also developed to be combined with the microchip laser. With this device the information signal can be superimposed on the millimeter-wave subcarrier. The modulator was designed to withstand high optical power over a wide frequency range (3.1GHz). The entire system provides a compact, low noise, high power optical source with a millimeter-wave subcarrier and a wideband modulator.
Diagnostic Ultrasound (2005)

Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as int