gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion and pH Effect on the Lower Critical Solution Temperature Phase Behavior in Neutral and Acidic Poly(organophosphazene) Counterparts (2009)

Ion and pH effects on the phase transition behaviors are studied with a series of thermosensitive neutral and acidic poly(organophosphazene) counterparts. Poly(organophosphazenes) are substituted by hydrophobic L-isoleucine ethyl ester (IleOEt) and hydrophilic alpha-amino-omega-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) 550 Da (PEG550) together with a relatively small amount of glycylglycine ally ester (GlyGlyOALL). After deprotection, GlyGlyOALL changes into glycylglycine (GlyGlyOH), and neutral GlyGlyOALL and acidic GlyGlyOH polymers with same substituent ratios are compared as counterparts. All the synthesized poly(organophosphazenes) in this work exhibit lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for which sequential phase transitions are suggested: (i) homogeneous solution, (ii) homogeneous gel, (iii) heterogeneous gel, to (iv) heterogeneous solution as hydrophobicity increases either driven by temperature or substituent composition. Ions act on the hydrophobicity modification of the polymers where the polymers with lower hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratios are more sensitively salted-out by NaCl, while those with higher ratios are more effectively salted-in by NaI. At higher concentration of the added ions, the acid group effect on the cloud point becomes deactivated. Meanwhile, because of the conflicting role of amine and carboxylic acid in pH-responsiveness, neutral and acidic polymer counterparts exhibit opposite tendencies in the cloud points. Systematically controlled responsiveness to temperature, ion, and pH changes are created in random amphiphilic graft copolymers, poly(organophosphazenes). The results highlight the importance of the cooperative function of the dominant components in the poly(organophosphazenes) and also expand the general understanding in designing stimuli-responsive smart materials especially useful for various biomedical applications.
On visual crosswalk detection for driver assistance systems (2010)

In this paper a new crosswalk detection strategy is presented. The application area is narrowed down to driver assistance systems to guarantee a reliable detection result and to benefit from the properties of a vehicle mounted camera. The main contribution of this paper is an efficient method to detect line segments that are typical for road markings like lanes and crosswalks. Therefore an adaptive Haar-like filter is applied by means of an integral image, where the pass-band of the filter is adjusted according to the distance from the vehicle. The detected segments are then combined to regions of interest by means of prior knowledge of crosswalk dimensions. These regions are then passed to a simple classifying module that utilizes a set of moment invariants for classification. The final detection result is then tracked by a standard Kalman filter.
Formal features of cyberspace: Relationships between Web page complexity and site traffic (1999)

Although the Internet is not without its critics, many popular and academic writers are particularly effusive in their praise of the World Wide Web's interactive features. A content analysis of the formal features of 496 Web sites, drawn randomly from a sample of the top 5,000 most visited sites determined by 100hot.com, was performed to explore whether the capabilities of the World Wide Web are being exploited by Web page designers to the extent that the literature suggests they are. Specifically, the study examines the differences between the formal features of commercial versus noncommercial sites as well as the relationship between Web page complexity and the amount of traffic a site receives. Findings indicate that, although most pages in this stage of the Web's development remain technologically simple and noninteractive, there are significant relationships between site traffic and home-page structure for Web sites in the commercial (.com) as well as educational (.edu) domains. As the Web continues to expand and the amount of information redundancy increases, it is argued that a site's information packaging will become increasingly important in gaining users' attention and interest.
Magneto-optical properties of (BiGdY) iron garnets for optical magnetic field sensors (1996)

The influence of the magnetization process of the stripe domain both on the linearity error and the temperature dependence of the sensitivity in (BiGdY)3Fe5O12 films for optical magnetic field sensors are studied. By measuring the dc applied field dependence of the light beam diffraction angle by the periodic magnetic domain structure, the domain period and the reduced thickness τ were determined. The magnetization curves calculated for the measured τ parameter show good agreement with the experimental results on the output characteristics. The linearity error of the ac Faraday output were within ±1% in the external field ranging of 10–300 Oe. However, a large linearity error was observed in the small field range. It was also found that the sensitivity is not affected by the temperature dependence of the τ parameter.
Down-regulation of DENN/MADD, a TNF receptor binding protein, correlates with neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease brain and hippocampal neurons (2004)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK/JNK) pathways are both implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Increased expression of several members of the TNF pathway and JNK activation of c-Jun ultimately result in neuronal apoptosis. DENN/MADD, a multifunctional domain protein expressed in neurons, interacts with both the p55 TNF receptor (TNFR) type 1 and JNK3, placing it at a critical juncture in regulating signaling of neurodegeneration. We examined expression and interactions of the TNFR1 binding proteins, DENN/MADD, and TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD) protein in AD-affected tissues and cell cultures. We found reduced DENN/MADD and increased TRADD expression immunohistochemically in the hippocampus in areas of AD pathology compared to normal controls but little intraneuronal colocalization. In brain homogenates, DENN/MADD protein and mRNA expression was significantly reduced in AD compared to controls. Conversely, TRADD, TNFR1, and activated JNK were increased. Murine neuroblastoma and rat hippocampal cultures stressed with Abeta1-42 and the cortices of AD transgenic mice (Tg2576Swe) each showed decreased DENN/MADD expression and TRADD up-regulation in the mice, compared to controls. DENN/MADD antisense treatment of cultured rat hippocampal neurons reduced endogenous DENN/MADD and promoted neuronal cell death. DENN/MADD and TRADD competitively bound to TNFR1 when overexpressed in N(2)A cells, with DENN/MADD abrogating TNFR1 binding to TRADD. DENN/MADD may therefore be protective by inhibiting TRADD-induced apoptotic cell death. Reduction of DENN/MADD may affect long-term neuronal viability in AD by allowing TRADD mediation of TNFR1 signaling in response to oxidative or cytokine-promoted stresses.
Normal modes of N coupled lasers (1985)

The normal modes of än arbitrary number, N, of longitudinally (end-to-end) coupled lasers are derived for simple coupling configurations. Eigenfrequencies and the relative phases and amplitudes of the lasers are obtained from a weak-coupling model. The spacing of the eigenfrequencies is important for the ease of mode selection. In all cases, the frequency spacing is found to increase with coupling and to diminish with increasing N. But in the case in which each laser is coupled to every other in the array, the frequency spacing decreases as N/(N - 1); whereas for cases in which each laser is coupled only to its nearest neighbors, the spacing goes rapidly to zero with increasing N.
<i>Ex ova</i> chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel model for evaluation of tissue responses to biomaterials and implants (2003)

One of the major obstacles in developing rationale strategies to control inflammation and fibrosis surrounding implants is the lack of a simple and inexpensive in vivo model to screen tissue reactions to various biomaterials and implants. To begin to fill this gap, we have developed an ex ova model of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) for testing of tissue reaction to biomaterials and implants. For these studies, we evaluated tissue reactions (inflammation and fibrosis) to two commonly used biomaterials (nylon and silastic) grossly and histologically in the ex ova CAM. Nylon mesh was incorporated within the CAM tissue 4 days postplacement. After 8 days postplacement, the nylon mesh was totally incorporated into the CAM. Histologically, little or no inflammation was seen associated with the incorporated nylon mesh at any time point. In the case of silastic tubing, significant incorporation of the CAM was seen grossly by 1-2 days postplacement. Incorporation of the tubing continued at day 8 postplacement of the silastic tubing, with ingrowth of the CAM into the lumen of the tubing. Histological evaluation of CAMs indicated that no significant tissue reactions (inflammation or fibrosis) occurred in the CAM tissue surrounding the silastic tubing or in the CAM tissue and vasculature that had grown into the silastic tubing. To our knowledge, this report represents the first investigation of the usage of the ex ova CAM model, a shell-less chick embryo model (ex ova), as an in vivo model to test the tissue reactions to biomaterials and implants.
Functional Coupling between Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and G‐Proteins in Rat Cerebral Cortex Assessed by Guanosine‐5′‐<i>O</i>‐(3‐[<sup>35</sup>S]thio)triphosphate Binding Assay (2011)

Stimulation of specific guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPγS) binding by l-glutamate was pharmacologically characterized in rat cerebral cortical membranes. Optimization of the experimental conditions with respect to the concentrations of GDP, MgCl(2) and NaCl in assay buffer prompted us to adopt the incubation of rat cerebral cortical membranes with 0.2 nM [(35)S]GTPγS at 30°C for 60 min. in the presence of 20 μM GDP, 5 mM MgCl(2) and 100 mM NaCl as a standard condition. Specific [(35)S]GTPγS binding was stimulated by l-glutamate in a concentration-dependent manner but not by ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists. The stimulatory responses were also elicited by many agonists for metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor, with (-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268) being the most potent. l-glutamate-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding was inhibited by several mGlu antagonists, with (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495) being the most potent. The pharmacological properties of a series of agonists and antagonists indicated the involvement of group II mGlu receptors, especially mGlu2. Supportive of this notion was the finding that l-glutamate-stimulated specific [(35)S]GTPγS binding was augmented by 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl]-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)ethanesulphonamide hydrochloride (LY487379), a reportedly selective allosteric positive modulator for mGlu2, by means of upward and leftward shift of the concentration-response curve. In addition, LY487379 per se stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding, though, through a mechanism different from the stimulation by l-glutamate. Pre-treatment of the membranes with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) cancelled l-glutamate-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding in a concentration- and incubation time-dependent manner. Taken altogether, l-glutamate-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding serves as a useful functional assay for the activation of NEM-sensitive G(i/o) -mediated group II mGlu receptors in rat cerebral cortical membranes.
Alveolar lining layer is thin and continuous: low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of rat lung (1995)

The low-temperature electron microscope, which preserves aqueous structures as solid water at liquid nitrogen temperature, was used to image the alveolar lining layer, including surfactant and its aqueous subphase, of air-filled lungs frozen in anesthetized rats at 15-cmH2O transpulmonary pressure. Lining layer thickness was measured on cross fractures of walls of the outermost subpleural alveoli that could be solidified with metal mirror cryofixation at rates sufficient to limit ice crystal growth to 10 nm and prevent appreciable water movement. The thickness of the liquid layer averaged 0.14 micron over relatively flat portions of the alveolar walls, 0.89 micron at the alveolar wall junctions, and 0.09 micron over the protruding features (9 rats, 20 walls, 16 junctions, and 146 areas), for an area-weighted average thickness of 0.2 micron. The alveolar lining layer appears continuous, submerging epithelial cell microvilli and intercellular junctional ridges; varies from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, and serves to smooth the alveolar air-liquid interface in lungs inflated to zone 1 or 2 conditions.
RFID reader with multi antenna physical layer collision recovery receivers (2011)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology which often operates in environments with multiple RFID tags. Already introduced multiple antenna receivers can recover from a collision of up to M tags as long as M is less than the number of receive antennas and the channel is known at the receiver. This paper proposes a Zero-Forcing (ZF) and a Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) receiver which allows the separation of up to M=2N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> tags, where N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> is the number of receiving antennas on the reader. The proposed algorithms are verified through simulations.
Factors Determining the Course and Mechanisms of Grignard Reactions. I. Preliminary Study: The Effects of Metallic Compounds on Some Grignard-Carbonyl Interactions (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFactors Determining the Course and Mechanisms of Grignard Reactions. I. Preliminary Study: The Effects of Metallic Compounds on Some Grignard-Carbonyl InteractionsM. S. Kharasch, Sarah C. Kleiger, James A. Martin, and Frank R. MayoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 9, 2305–2307Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01854a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01854a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views404Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ALDH isozymes downregulation effects on cell growth and gene expression in lung cancer cell lines (2007)

B18 Using immunohistochemistry on patient pathological specimens, our group has recently reported high expression of these isozymes in non small cell lung cancer. Considering the biological activity of these enzymes and their role in drug resistance, we hypothesize that the down-regulation of ALDH may affect multiple biological pathways critical for cell proliferation. The A549 and H522 non small cell lung cancer cell lines were used in these experiments. ALDH3A1, ALDH1A1 or both were knocked-down using lentiviral-mediated expression of specific siRNAs. Cells expressing siRNA against green fluorescent protein (GFP) as well as the parent cell line (WT) were used as controls. Cells from the different experimental groups (5 in total for each cell line) were cultured for 48 or 72 hr, then harvested and manually counted. Cell proliferation assays (MTT) and colony forming assay were also performed to determine the effects of siRNA expression on cell growth. Furthermore, incubations of cells with ALDH inhibitors DEAB and disulfiram, were used in similar experiments for comparison. In order to investigate the effect of these isozymes on gene profiles, we performed microarray analysis using RNA obtained from A549 cell line in which ALDH activity was reduced by 95% using lentiviral mediated expression of siRNA against both isozymes (Lenti1+3). Results show that the cell lines in which the ALDH activity was down-regulated grew at significantly slower rates than the controls. The cell proliferation assay and the colony assay confirmed that the down-regulation of ALDH results in slower proliferation rate and lower colony formation. Both ALDH inhibitors resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth as well. Stringent microarray analysis methods were used to identify gene expression patterns that are specific to the knock down of ALDH activity and significantly different in comparison to the control groups: WT and GFP. Validation of selected genes expression was done using real-time RT PCR. Detailed functional analysis was performed on 101 genes that were significantly different (P 7 fold in the Lenti 1+3 cells. The change in three of those genes was > 10 fold including GPR37, ID4, and EIF1AY genes which have been described before in association with different cancers.We conclude that the down-regulation of ALDH3A1 and ALDH1A1 is critical to the cellular homeostasis affecting multiple biochemical and biological pathways and results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation of lung cancer cells. These results imply that the down-regulation of these enzymes may affect not only the known sensitivity of lung cancer cells to certain chemotherapeutic drugs but it may also have a direct beneficial effect by altering certain biological processes important to the survival of these malignant cells.
Lubrication of Metal Surfaces by Oxide Films (1967)

Experimental data obtained with sixteen metals suggest that hexagonal structured metals have low friction, while other metals have high friction unless a lubricating oxide layer is farmed. In order for an oxide to lubricate, it must not be much harder than the substrate, and the oxide thickness must be adequate. For pin-an-desk tests at loads of about 1 kg, the critical oxide thickness is 10−6 cm, and the metals must be heated until this thickness is reached. Other solid lubricant films appear to obey the same criteria of not 100 hard, not too thin.
Development of a Large-Scale De-Identified DNA Biobank to Enable Personalized Medicine (2008)

Our objective was to develop a DNA biobank linked to phenotypic data derived from an electronic medical record (EMR) system. An "opt-out" model was implemented after significant review and revision. The plan included (i) development and maintenance of a de-identified mirror image of the EMR, namely, the "synthetic derivative" (SD) and (ii) DNA extracted from discarded blood samples and linked to the SD. Surveys of patients indicated general acceptance of the concept, with only a minority ( approximately 5%) opposing it. As a result, mechanisms to facilitate opt-out included publicity and revision of a standard "consent to treatment" form. Algorithms for sample handling and procedures for de-identification were developed and validated in order to ensure acceptable error rates (<0.3 and <0.1%, respectively). The rate of sample accrual is 700-900 samples/week. The advantages of this approach are the rate of sample acquisition and the diversity of phenotypes based on EMRs.
F-Atom Depletion in NF3 Combustor Laser Flows. (1983)

Abstract : Chemical lasers employing NF3 combustors operating at temperatures below 1900 K are subject to F atom depletion because of NFx (x=1,2) radical chemistry. Experiments using arc-heated arc-heating NF3-He mixtures have shown that the F atom flow stagnation temperatures of 1000 to 1600 K is significantly reduced while considerable NF chemiluminescence is observed. A method for obtaining F atom flow from low temperature combustors is described.
Deep learning-based image recognition for autonomous driving (2019)

Various image recognition tasks were handled in the image recognition field prior to 2010 by combining image local features manually designed by researchers (called handcrafted features) and machine learning method. After entering the 2010, However, many image recognition methods that use deep learning have been proposed. The image recognition methods using deep learning are far superior to the methods used prior to the appearance of deep learning in general object recognition competitions. Hence, this paper will explain how deep learning is applied to the field of image recognition, and will also explain the latest trends of deep learning-based autonomous driving. Keywords: Image recognition, Computer vision, Deep learning, Convolutional neural network
Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity (1974)

The specificity with which the genetic code is read in protein synthesis, and with which other highly specific biosynthetic reactions take place, can be increased above the level available from free energy differences in intermediates or kinetic barriers by a process defined here as kinetic proofreading. A simple kinetic pathway is described which results in this proofreading when the reaction is strongly but nonspecifically driven, e.g., by phosphate hydrolysis. Protein synthesis, amino acid recognition, and DNA replication, all exhibit the features of this model. In each case, known reactions which otherwise appear to be useless or deleterious complications are seen to be essential to the proofreading function.
Synthesis of thymosin beta 4 by peritoneal macrophages and adherent spleen cells. (1982)

Thymosin beta 4, previously identified as a component of thymosin fraction 5 isolated from calf thymus, is synthesized by peritoneal macrophages derived from rats or mice, including cells from nu/nu mice. Identification of thymosin beta 4 containing [35S]methionine was based on its retention time in reverse-phase HPLC and the recovery of radioactivity in peptides generated by mild acid hydrolysis or by digestion with trypsin. Thymosin beta 4 is also synthesized by rat and mouse spleen cells, and evidence is presented for its release from these cells.