gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EndoNet: A Deep Architecture for Recognition Tasks on Laparoscopic Videos (2016)

Surgical workflow recognition has numerous potential medical applications, such as the automatic indexing of surgical video databases and the optimization of real-time operating room scheduling, among others. As a result, surgical phase recognition has been studied in the context of several kinds of surgeries, such as cataract, neurological, and laparoscopic surgeries. In the literature, two types of features are typically used to perform this task: visual features and tool usage signals. However, the used visual features are mostly handcrafted. Furthermore, the tool usage signals are usually collected via a manual annotation process or by using additional equipment. In this paper, we propose a novel method for phase recognition that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically learn features from cholecystectomy videos and that relies uniquely on visual information. In previous studies, it has been shown that the tool usage signals can provide valuable information in performing the phase recognition task. Thus, we present a novel CNN architecture, called EndoNet, that is designed to carry out the phase recognition and tool presence detection tasks in a multi-task manner. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work proposing to use a CNN for multiple recognition tasks on laparoscopic videos. Experimental comparisons to other methods show that EndoNet yields state-of-the-art results for both tasks.
PRKAR1B mutation associated with a new neurodegenerative disorder with unique pathology (2014)

Pathological accumulation of intermediate filaments can be observed in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease, and is also characteristic of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease. Intermediate filaments type IV include three neurofilament proteins (light, medium and heavy molecular weight neurofilament subunits) and α-internexin. The phosphorylation of intermediate filament proteins contributes to axonal growth, and is regulated by protein kinase A. Here we describe a family with a novel late-onset neurodegenerative disorder presenting with dementia and/or parkinsonism in 12 affected individuals. The disorder is characterized by a unique neuropathological phenotype displaying abundant neuronal inclusions by haematoxylin and eosin staining throughout the brain with immunoreactivity for intermediate filaments. Combining linkage analysis, exome sequencing and proteomics analysis, we identified a heterozygous c.149T>G (p.Leu50Arg) missense mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase A type I-beta regulatory subunit (PRKAR1B). The pathogenicity of the mutation is supported by segregation in the family, absence in variant databases, and the specific accumulation of PRKAR1B in the inclusions in our cases associated with a specific biochemical pattern of PRKAR1B. Screening of PRKAR1B in 138 patients with Parkinson's disease and 56 patients with frontotemporal dementia did not identify additional novel pathogenic mutations. Our findings link a pathogenic PRKAR1B mutation to a novel hereditary neurodegenerative disorder and suggest an altered protein kinase A function through a reduced binding of the regulatory subunit to the A-kinase anchoring protein and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, which might result in subcellular dislocalization of the catalytic subunit and hyperphosphorylation of intermediate filaments.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of CoCrPt/Cr films on ultrasmooth NiP/AlMg substrates (1996)

Investigation of the correlation between the microstructure and magnetic properties of Co68Cr20Pt12/Cr thin films which were sputter deposited under different conditions onto 95 mm ultrasmooth NiP/AlMg disk substrates (Ra∼2 Å) has been carried out. Grain morphology characteristics of the films and disk surface roughness were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by atomic force microscopy. Tilted-specimen electron diffraction patterns were used to determine the crystallographic texture of the films. The low coercivity of the disks deposited at 100 °C preheated substrates is attributed to the randomly oriented grains of the CoCrPt/Cr layers. Enhancement of the coercivity of the disks deposited on 220 °C preheated substrates is thought to be mainly due to the (112̄0)CoCrPt/(002)Cr crystallographic texture and uniformly distributed grains which are equiaxed in shape. The strength of the (112̄0)CoCrPt/(002)Cr texture can be modified by the Ar gas pressure during the deposition of the Cr underlayer.
SELF‐CONCEPT AND THE LEARNING DISABLED CHILD (1986)

High levels of self‐esteem are demonstrably linked to high accomplishment throughout life. In this article, Smith explains how to structure learning so that it builds confidence, reduces anxiety, encourages autonomy, and instills a sense of the delights of learning. While the limitations of learning disabled children need to be recognized and their expectations must be realistic, skilled teachers play a pivotal role in helping them emerge from the classroom with their confidence intact.
Roles, function and relevance of LAG3 in HIV infection (2019)

HIV causes several forms of immune dysfunction that need to be addressed in a functional cure for HIV. Immune exhaustion describes a dysfunctional phenotype caused by chronic cellular activation. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) is one of several negative coreceptors known as immune checkpoints that contribute to this exhaustion phenotype. Antibodies targeting immune checkpoints are now used clinically to restore immunity against cancer and hold promise in restoring immunity during HIV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge surrounding LAG3 and discuss its relevance during HIV infection and the potential for LAG3-targeting antibodies in a functional HIV cure.
Close-to-optimal placement and routing for continuous-flow microfluidic biochips (2017)

Continuous-flow microfluidics rapidly evolved in the last decades as a solution to automate laboratory procedures in molecular biology and biochemistry. Therefore, the physical design of the corresponding chips, i.e., the placement and routing of the involved components and channels, received significant attention. Recently, several physical design solutions for this task have been presented. However, they often rely on general heuristics which traverse the search space in a rather arbitrary fashion and, additionally, consider placement and routing independently from each other. Consequently, the obtained results are often far from being optimal. In this work, a methodology is proposed which aims for determining close-to-optimal physical designs for continuous-flow microfluidic biochips. To this end, we consider all - or, at least, as much as possible - of the valid solutions. As this obviously yields a significant complexity, solving engines are utilized to efficiently traverse the search space and pruning schemes are proposed to reduce the search space without discarding too many promising solutions. Evaluations show that the proposed methodology is capable of determining optimal results for small experiments to be realized. For larger experiments, close-to-optimal results can efficiently be derived. Moreover, compared to the current state-of-the-art, improvements of up to 1-2 orders of magnitude can be observed.
Recurrent Encoder-Decoder Networks for Time-Varying Dense Prediction (2017)

Dense prediction is concerned with predicting a label for each of the input units, such as pixels of an image. Accurate dense prediction for time-varying inputs finds applications in a variety of domains, such as video analysis and medical imaging. Such tasks need to preserve both spatial and temporal structures that are consistent with the inputs. Despite the success of deep learning methods in a wide range of artificial intelligence tasks, time-varying dense prediction is still a less explored domain. Here, we proposed a general encoder-decoder network architecture that aims to addressing time-varying dense prediction problems. Given that there are both intra-image spatial structure information and temporal context information to be processed simultaneously in such tasks, we integrated fully convolutional networks (FCNs) with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to build a recurrent encoder-decoder network. The proposed network is capable of jointly processing two types of information. Specifically, we developed convolutional RNN (CRNN) to allow dense sequence processing. More importantly, we designed CRNN bottleneck modules for alleviating the excessive computational cost incurred by carrying out multiple convolutions in the CRNN layer. This novel design is shown to be a critical innovation in building very flexible and efficient deep models for time-varying dense prediction. Altogether, the proposed model handles time-varying information with the CRNN layers and spatial structure information with the FCN architectures. The multiple heterogeneous modules can be integrated into the same network, which can be trained end-to-end to perform time-varying dense prediction. Experimental results showed that our model is able to capture both high-resolution spatial information and relatively low-resolution temporal information as compared to other existing models.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF MAKROCYCLIC TERTIARY AMINE COMPLEXES OF NICKEL(II) BY ALKYLATION OF COORDINATED AMINE, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A MONOAZIDE BRIDGED DIMER OF NI(N‐TETRAMETHYLCYCLAM)(2+) (1974)

Abstract Die Komplexe (Ia) bzw. (IIa) werden durch Einwirkung von KOH oder dem Na‐ Salz von Dimethylsulfoxid in DMSO stufenweise einfach bzw. zweifach deprotoniert und können in dieser Fonn mit verschiedenen Reagenzien alkyliert werden.
How Does YOUR Personality Score (1947)

Every Iowa State woman enrolled in the home economics curriculum, regardless of her major field, has an average of 13 personality questionaires filled out by the home economics faculty during her 4 years in college. They may seem unimportant at the time, but these confidential reports follow her all the rest of her life as a basis for reference for future employment.
Rhinovirus induces MUC5AC in a human infection model and<i>in vitro</i><i>via</i>NF-κB and EGFR pathways (2010)

Rhinovirus (RV) infections are the major cause of asthma exacerbations, the major cause of morbidity and mortality in asthma. MUC5AC is the major mucin produced by bronchial epithelial cells. Whether RV infection upregulates MUC5AC in vivo is unknown and the molecular mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. We investigated RV induction of MUC5AC in vivo and in vitro to identify targets for development of new therapies for asthma exacerbations. RV infection increased MUC5AC release in normal and asthmatic volunteers experimentally infected with RV-16, and in asthmatic, but not normal, subjects, this was related to virus load. Bronchial epithelial cells were confirmed a source of MUC5AC in vivo. RV induction of MUC5AC in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro occurred via nuclear factor-κB-dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinase-mediated transforming growth factor-α release, thereby activating an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cascade culminating, via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, in specificity protein-1 transactivation of the MUC5AC promoter. RV induction of MUC5AC may be an important mechanism in RV-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Revealing the complex serial signalling cascade involved identifies targets for development of pharmacologic intervention to treat mucus hypersecretion in RV-induced illness.
Radioimmunoassay for 6-D-tryptophan analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: measurement of serum levels after administration of long-acting microcapsule formulations. (1985)

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for [6-D-tryptophan]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [( D-Trp6]LH-RH) was developed and used for following the rate of liberation of [D-Trp6]LH-RH from a long-acting delivery system based on a microcapsule formulation. Rabbit antibodies were generated against [D-Trp6]LH-RH conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. Crossreactivity with LH-RH was less than 1%; there was no significant crossreactivity with other peptides. The minimal detectable dose of [D-Trp6]LH-RH was 2 pg per tube. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 8% and 10%, respectively. The radioimmunoassay was suitable for direct determination of [D-Trp6]LH-RH in serum, permitting the study of blood levels of the analog after single injections into normal men and after once-a-month administration of microcapsules to rats. In men, 90 min after subcutaneous injection of 250 micrograms of the peptide, serum [D-Trp6]LH-RH rose to 6-12 ng/ml. Luteinizing hormone was increased 90 min and 24 hr after the administration of the analog. Several batches of microcapsules were tested in rats and the rate of release of [D-Trp6]LH-RH was followed. The improved batch of microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH increased serum concentrations of the analog for 30 days or longer after intramuscular injection. This was accompanied by suppression of testosterone levels for more than 30 days. This radioimmunoassay should be of value for monitoring [D-Trp6]LH-RH during long-term therapy.
An On-Line Electrophoretic Concentration Method for Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins (1998)

A simple on-line electrophoretic concentration method for capillary electrophoresis of proteins with a semipermeable hollow fiber is proposed. A short, semipermeable hollow fiber is connected to the inlet end of a capillary. An injection electric field is applied across the hollow fiber. Protein samples are electromigrated into the hollow fiber from a sample vial. Since the protein ions cannot pass through wall of the hollow fiber, protein ions are concentrated in the hollow fiber. After a certain period of injection (concentration) time, an electric field is applied across the hollow fiber and the capillary, and a conventional CE is carried out. The concentration effect of the method has been demonstrated successfully with model protein samples, cytochrome c, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, and α-chymotrypsinogen A. Experimental results show that the concentration factor is increased with the injection (concentration) time and the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins. When the injection (concentration) time is 60 s, CE detection limits of the model proteins can be lowered by 1000-fold for the present method. Factors affecting the concentration factors and the further improvements of the method are discussed.
Stepwise intravenous infusion of apomorphine to determine the therapeutic window in patients with Parkinson's disease. (1998)

A new experimental strategy was applied to determine the concentration-effect relation and the therapeutic window of apomorphine in individual patients with Parkinson's disease. Apomorphine was administered by a stepwise intravenous infusion. The infusion rate was increased by 10 micrograms/kg/h every 20 minutes, up to 100 micrograms/kg/h or less when adverse effects occurred. Thereafter, the infusion rate was decreased in a stepwise fashion until zero. Plasma apomorphine concentrations were measured every 20 minutes. Clinical efficacy (tapping score and tremor), dyskinesia, and adverse effects were monitored at the same time. The mean clearance of apomorphine was 4.5 L/min (2.2 to 6.6 L/min). Of the 10 patients, 8 responded to apomorphine. The effects were quantal rather than continuous. Within each patient, the concentrations at onset and offset of effect generally were similar. Significant interpatient variability was observed with respect to minimal concentration for each of the effects. Clinical efficacy occurred at a mean minimal effective concentration (MEC) of 4.7 ng/mL (range 1.4 to 10.7 ng/mL). Dyskinesia was observed at a mean concentration of 8.5 ng/mL (range 2.7 to 20 ng/mL). This value was not significantly different from the MEC. The mean minimal toxic concentration was 16.7 ng/mL (8.5 to 24.5 ng/mL) and was significantly different from the mean MEC. In conclusion, the stepwise increase and decrease of the intravenous infusion rate is a suitable tool for the establishment of the concentration-effect relation of apomorphine in individual patients. The finding of a narrow therapeutic window, in which the onset concentrations vary from patient to patient, underlines the need for accurate and individualized dosing.
Pramipexole in Psychiatry (2007)

Pramipexole is an important therapeutic option for treatment-resistant bipolar and unipolar depression; further studies are warranted to evaluate its safety in psychiatric patients.
Adapting to a Changing Environment: the Brownian Restless Bandits. (2008)

In the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem there are k distributions associated with the rewards of playing each of k strategies (slot machine arms). The reward distributions are initially unknown to the player. The player iteratively plays one strategy per round, observes the associated reward, and decides on the strategy for the next iteration. The goal is to maximize the reward by balancing exploitation: the use of acquired information, with exploration: learning new information. We introduce and study a dynamic MAB problem in which the reward functions stochastically and gradually change in time. Specifically, the expected reward of each arm follows a Brownian motion, a discrete random walk, or similar processes. In this setting a player has to continuously keep exploring in order to adapt to the changing environment. Our formulation is (roughly) a special case of the notoriously intractable restless MAB problem. Our goal here is to characterize the cost of learning and adapting to the changing environment, in terms of the stochastic rate of the change. We consider an infinite time horizon, and strive to minimize the average cost per step which we define with respect to a hypothetical algorithm that at every step plays the arm with the maximum expected reward at this step. A related line of work on the adversarial MAB problem used a significantly weaker benchmark, the best time-invariant policy. The dynamic MAB problem models a variety of practical online, game-against- nature type optimization settings. While building on prior work, algorithms and steady-state analysis for the dynamic setting require a novel approach based on different stochastic tools.
Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms by the Pack Method of Intrasaccular Wiring (1952)

ANEURYSM of the thoracic aorta is a disease of great antiquity. It was described as early as the sixth century by Aëtius.1 Ambroïse Paré, the great sixteenth-century French surgeon, was the first to suggest the relation of aneurysm and syphilis, according to Butler.1 During the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth, aneurysms were reputed to occur more frequently in this location than elsewhere in the body. In 1847 Crisp,2 in a series of 530 cases, found 175 of the thoracic aorta compared to 59 of the abdominal aorta. Klotz,3 in 1926, reviewing 1000 cases, reported 610 and . . .
Comparative pharmacology of dothiepin, its metabolites, and other antidepressant drugs (1992)

Abstract The pharmacology of dothiepin and its human metabolites, northiaden, dothiepin sulfoxide, and northiaden sulfoxide, has been studied to determine whether the latter contribute to the therapeutic or side effects profile of the parent tricyclic antidepressant. In vitro, dothiepin was a potent noradrenaline and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) uptake inhibitor, while its secondary amine metabolite, northiaden, was selective for noradrenaline. However, the sulfoxide metabolites were almost inactive as uptake inhibitors. Dothiepin and northiaden prevented the ptosis produced by tetrabenazine in mice and reserpine in rats and increased the mobility of mice in the Porsolt test. After repeated administration, both drugs decreased β‐adrenoceptor number and stimulation of the receptor‐linked adenylate cyclase by noradrenaline. Dothiepin had a higher affinity than northiaden for histamine H 1 , muscarinic and various adrenergic and 5‐HT receptors in vitro, whereas the sulfoxide metabolites were inactive. Overall, the data indicate northiaden almost certainly contributes to the therapeutic actions of dothiepin, but the sulfoxide metabolites do not. However, the latter are also unlikely to produce any side effects. A comparison of dothiepin with other tricyclics revealed important divergences in the profiles of uptake inhibition and receptor affinity. Thus, dothiepin is generally similar to imipramine in its pharmacology, but it differs considerably from amitriptyline and doxepin. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bronchoconstrictor properties of preservatives in ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) nebuliser solution. (1987)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To evaluate the inflammatory involvement of cervical interspinous bursae in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) using MRI. <h3>Methods:</h3> In all, 12 consecutive, untreated new patients with PMR were investigated. Five patients with fibromyalgia, two patients with cervical osteoarthritis and six patients with spondyloarthritis with neck pain served as controls. MRI of the cervical spine was performed in all 12 PMR case patients and in 13 control patients. Two of the four patients with PMR with pelvic girdle pain also had MRI of the lumbar spine. <h3>Results:</h3> MRI evidence of interspinous cervical bursitis was found in all patients with PMR, and in three patients with fibromyalgia, in two with psoriatic spondylitis and one with cervical osteoarthritis. A moderate to marked (grade ⩾2 on a semiquantitative 0–3 scale) cervical bursitis occurred significantly more frequently in patients with PMR than in control patients (83.3% compared with 30.7%, p = 0.015). In all patients and controls with cervical bursitis the involvement was found at the C5–C7 cervical interspaces. MRI of the lumbar spine showed lumbar interspinous bursitis at the L3–L5 lumbar interspaces in the two patients with PMR and pelvic girdle pain examined. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Cervical interspinous bursitis is a likely basis for discomfort in the neck of patients with PMR. The prominent inflammatory involvement of cervical bursae supports the hypothesis that PMR is a disorder of prominent involvement of extra-articular synovial structures.
Fully Multidimensional Flux-Corrected Transport. (1978)

An alternative formula is proposed for the flux limiting phase of the flux-corrected transport (fct) algorithms of Boris and Book. The advantages of the proposed new formula are three: trivial generalization to multidimensions without resort to time-step splitting; elimination of the clipping phenomenon for vanishing velocity; and reduction of the clipping phenomenon in a finite velocity field. the new method makes possible for the first time multidimensional FCT calculations for problems not amenable to time splitting, such as those involving incompressible or nearly incompressible flow. (Author)
PRAVTA---a light-weight mobile awareness client (2001)

Despite huge progress in information and communication technology it is often difficult to spontaneously contact persons who are at other locations. Often important information about the persons at other sites is missing. Users need to know if the potential communication or cooperation partners are present in the system, if they are available, how busy they are, and so forth. Furthermore, users need this information independently of their current location and adapted to their current context. In this paper we introduce the PRAVTA prototype that provides users with awareness about presence, availability, and tasks of other users anytime and anyplace.