gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural variations in human ACE2 may influence its binding with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein (2020)

The recent pandemic of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is unarguably the most fearsome compared with the earlier outbreaks caused by other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Human ACE2 is now established as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Where variations in the viral spike protein, in turn, lead to the cross-species transmission of the virus, genetic variations in the host receptor ACE2 may also contribute to the susceptibility and/or resistance against the viral infection. This study aims to explore the binding of the proteins encoded by different human ACE2 allelic variants with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Briefly, coding variants of ACE2 corresponding to the reported binding sites for its attachment with coronavirus spike protein were selected and molecular models of these variants were constructed by homology modeling. The models were then superimposed over the native ACE2 and ACE2-spike protein complex, to observe structural changes in the ACE2 variants and their intermolecular interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively. Despite strong overall structural similarities, the spatial orientation of the key interacting residues varies in the ACE2 variants compared with the wild-type molecule. Most ACE2 variants showed a similar binding affinity for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as observed in the complex structure of wild-type ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. However, ACE2 alleles, rs73635825 (S19P) and rs143936283 (E329G) showed noticeable variations in their intermolecular interactions with the viral spike protein. In summary, our data provide a structural basis of potential resistance against SARS-CoV-2 infection driven by ACE2 allelic variants.
Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial (1999)

HuCVs are second in frequency to rotaviruses as causative agents in acute gastroenteritis in young children in the community.
Interfacial velocities and capillary pressure gradients during Haines jumps (2013)

Drainage is typically understood as a process where the pore space is invaded by a nonwetting phase pore-by-pore, the controlling parameters of which are represented by capillary number and mobility ratio. However, what is less understood and where experimental data are lacking is direct knowledge of the dynamics of pore drainage and the associated intrinsic time scales since the rate dependencies often observed with displacement processes are potentially dependent on these time scales. Herein, we study pore drainage events with a high speed camera in a micromodel system and analyze the dependency of interfacial velocity on bulk flow rate and spatial fluid configurations. We find that pore drainage events are cooperative, meaning that capillary pressure differences which extend over multiple pores directly affect fluid topology and menisci dynamics. Results suggest that not only viscous forces but also capillarity acts in a nonlocal way. Lastly, the existence of a pore morphological parameter where pore drainage transitions from capillary to inertial and/or viscous dominated is discussed followed by a discussion on capillary dispersion and time scale dependencies. We show that the displacement front is disperse when volumetric flow rate is less than the intrinsic time scale for a pore drainage event and becomes sharp when the flow rate is greater than the intrinsic time scale (i.e., overruns the pore drainage event), which clearly shows how pore-scale parameters influence macroscale flow behavior.
Bioreactors for Liver Tissue (2007)

Summary A cute liver failure (ALF) patients have a high risk of mortality. The elective treatment for ALF still is orthotopic liver transplantation. Donor organ scarcity and the associated high costs make transplantation possible for only about one third of the patients on the transplantation waiting list. Engineering a biological liver substitute is an interesting alternative to the traditional ALF therapy. Cells seeded in three-dimensional scaffolds made of bioresorbable biomaterials might be implanted in vivo to replace part of, or the whole, liver and integrate with time. Two- or three-dimensional nonimplantable constructs may be used ex vivo for the EC support of ALF patients until a tissue compatible organ is available or the patient’s own liver heals. Non-implantable three-dimensional constructs may be also useful to investigate liver cell metabolism or as an alternative to animal tests for drug screening or toxicity assessment in vitro. Over the years, research has mainly focused on the development of new culture techniques or new immortalized hepatic cell lines. A major obstacle to the generation of functional substitutes is the limited understanding of the role of specific physicalchemical parameters on tissue development. Bioreactors provide controlled environmental conditions to improve the quality of tissue and to study liver cell metabolism. This review focuses on the bioreactors that have been proposed to develop enhanced biological liver substitutes or study liver cell metabolism.
The Fate of Circulating Lactate Dehydrogenase-5 in the Rabbit (1976)

1. In an attempt to determine the mechanism whereby enzymes are removed from the circulating plasma, purified rabbit-muscle lactate dehydrogenase-5 was labelled with 125I and injected intravenously into rabbits. During the first hour after injection enzyme activity and radioactivity disappeared from the plasma at comparable fast rates, which are attributed mainly to distribution of the enzyme throughout the extracellular fluid. This was followed by a phase lasting about 7 h during which enzyme activity disappeared at a faster rate than the radioactivity, an observation indicating either intravascular breakdown of the enzyme protein or its degradation in the tissues, followed by release of labelled fragments into the circulation. Enzyme activity then reached a constant value and the plasma radioactivity continued to decrease at a slower exponential rate; it is suggested that this is due to removal of breakdown products. 2. The radioactivity of the tissues was measured at various time-intervals after injection. After 2 h and 8 h highest concentrations were found in the spleen, liver, jejunum and duodenum. Relatively high concentrations were also found in the intestinal juices throughout the period of study, an observation which suggests that discharge via the small intestine is a major route whereby inactivated enzyme fragments are removed from the circulation. 3. About 5% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the faeces during the first 3 days, and the urine accounted for 73% during the same period. About 35% of the urinary radioactivity was shown by silver nitrate precipitation and by chromatography to consist of free iodide and the remainder appeared to consist of radio-iodinated amino acids or peptides. Free mono- and di-iodotyrosine were identified among the products. These results suggest that further breakdown in the intestine is followed by absorption of the products, which are excreted in the urine.
The Micrograft Concept for Wound Healing: Strategies and Applications (2010)

The standard of care for wound coverage is to use an autologous skin graft. However, large or chronic wounds become an exceptionally challenging problem especially when donor sites are limited. It is important that the clinician be aware of various treatment modalities for wound care and incorporate those methods appropriately in the proper clinical context. This report reviews an alternative to traditional meshed skin grafting for wound coverage: micrografting. The physiological concept of micrografting, along with historical context, and the evolution of the technique are discussed, as well as studies needed for micrograft characterization and future applications of the technique.
Effects of pH-sensitive chain length on release of doxorubicin from mPEG-b-PH-b-PLLA nanoparticles (2012)

The inhibition effect of mPEG(45)-PH(15)-PLLA(82) nanoparticles on the growth of HepG2 cells was greater than that of mPEG(45)-PH(30)-PLLA(82) nanoparticles when the concentration of encapsulated doxorubicin was less than 15 μg/mL.
Hot electron effect in the DC SQUID (1989)

The authors investigated the temperature dependence of the noise in thin-film DC superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS) down to 20 mK. The white noise measured in the early versions of the SQUIDS did not decrease as the bath temperature was lowered below 150 mK. The authors have attributed this saturation to a hot electron effect in the thin-film AuCu resistors shunting the Josephson junctions. A theoretical investigation showed that the temperature of the electrons in the shunts should be given by T/sub e/=(P/ Sigma Omega )/sup 1/5/, where P is the power dissipated in the shunts, Omega is the shunt volume, and Sigma is a proportionality constant. Experimentally, the authors found epsilon =(2.4+or-0.6)*10/sup 9/ WK/sup -5/ m/sup -3/. The shunts were redesigned, adding large thin-film cooling fins, to increase their volume substantially. This technique has reduced T/sub e/ to about 50 mK, with a corresponding improvement in the sensitivity of the SQUIDS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sources of Variability of Topometric Data With a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (1996)

Misalignment between the patient and the laser scanner may account for significant variability with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph.
<title>Objective evaluation of the feeling of depth in 2-D or 3-D images using the convergence angle of the eyes</title> (1991)

Measurement of the convergence angle of a viewer's eye can be useful in evaluating his perception of depth while watching, for example, HDTV or 3D stereoscopic pictures. First, the target was moved away from the subject to determine convergence characteristics in a natural scene. The convergence angle changed as the target moved and the distance calculated using the intersection of the sight lines of both eyes also corresponded well to the actual position of the target. Secondly polarized binocular stereoscopic pictures were used. The Parallax of the CG pattern changed at 5-second intervals toward the foreground or background in steps, from 0 to one of three parallax amplitudes. As a result, the convergence distribution widened as the parallax increased. This spread was large when the target was presented in the foreground. Next, a program prepared stereoscopically was presented in 3D with parallax and in 2D without parallax. The results indicated that the convergence varied even when viewed 2D and that the convergence distribution was larger in 3D than in 2D. As for the possible cause of this change with 2D picture, the influence of the feeling of depth produced by the 2D picture should be considered.
Evaluation of the ALF DNA sequencer for high‐speed sizing of short tandem repeat alleles (1996)

DNA typing of short tandem repeat (STR) loci with automated real-time analysis of the fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products has given forensic DNA analysis a new dimension. In the present work, the ALF DNA sequencer was evaluated for automated size determination of tetra-nucleotide STRs at high speed. Short gel plates, with a well-to-laser distance of 10 cm, allowed for the analysis of four STR loci (HUMvWF, HUMTH01, D21S11 and HPRT) in one gel lane in less than 75 min. Allele size determination was done with two external allelic ladders for each locus. Lane-to-lane variations were overcome by the inclusion in each lane of two fluorescent PCR products of constant size (123 and 375 bp) that migrated below and above the multiplex of the four STR loci. The accuracy of sizing and allele detection within and between different gels was high (99.89%) for all four STR systems investigated and the gels could be reloaded without a decrease in accuracy of the allele size estimation. This way, the throughput of the system was increased, which is of interest for linkage studies, gene mapping, and population diversity studies.
Design of NFC Based Micro-payment to Support MD Authentication and Privacy for Trade Safety in NFC Applications (2013)

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an integration of contact less smart card communication technology into mobile devices, such as smart phones. NFC technology provides three operating modes and each mode differs from each other in terms of communication and data processing model. We design the NFC based Micro-payment system and security functions for trade safety. The sales of small retail trade and traditional markets are on a decreasing trend. In order to solve this problem, we propose the Micro-payment model based on NFC, tokenization technique to support the privacy of Micro-payment, and MD authentication technique for fasten Micro-payment in aspect of IT.
Platinum‐Functionalized Octahedral Silica Nanocages: Synthesis and Characterization (2006)

Hole in one! Octahedral silica nanocages are prepared by a facile one-step approach, which also enables controlled functionalization with Pt in the cavities. The strategy is based on mediated deposition of silica on simultaneously generated salt quasi-templates, which are simply removed by washing with water.
Structural Evolution of Disordered Li<sub><i>x</i></sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Bronzes in V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries (2018)

Vanadium pentaoxide, V2O5, is an attractive cathode material for Li-ion batteries, which can store up to three Li ion per formula unit. At deep discharge, an irreversible reconstructive phase transition occurs with formation of the disordered ω-LixV2O5 bronze, which, despite the lack of long-range order, exhibits a high reversible capacity (∼310 mAh/g) without regaining the crystallinity upon recharge. Here, we utilize operando powder X-ray diffraction and total scattering (i.e., pair distribution function analysis) to investigate the atomic-scale structures of the deep-discharge phase ω-LixV2O5 (x ∼ 3) and, for the first time, the highly disordered phase β-LixV2O5 (x ∼ 0.3) formed during subsequent Li-extraction. Our studies reveal that the deep discharge ω-Li3V2O5 phase consists of ∼60 Å domains rock salt structure with a local cation ordering on an ∼15 Å length scale. The charged β-LixV2O5 phase only exhibits very short-range ordering (∼10 Å). The phase transition between these phases is structurally reversible and appears unexpectedly to occur via a two-phase transition mechanism.
Novel Bronchodilators:  Synthesis, Transamination Reactions, and Pharmacology of a Series of Pyrazino[2,3-<i>c</i>][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-Dioxides (2000)

The synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships of a new class of bronchodilator agents, derivatives of pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2-dioxides are described. The compounds were prepared by reaction of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2, 6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide with suitable 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds or alpha-hydroxyiminoketones and subsequent N-alkylation. A transamination procedure for synthesizing derivatives with different substituents at the 4-amino group is reported for the first time. The pyrazino[2,3-c][1,2,6]thiadiazine derivatives were screened for tracheal relaxing activity in vitro, and the active compounds were evaluated in vivo in guinea pigs as bronchodilator agents in comparison to theophylline. Among the compounds studied, the most interesting properties were displayed by the 4-amino-1-ethyl-6-methyl derivative (21). The toxicological evaluation of this derivative is also reported.
A Critical Role for Cd40–Cd40 Ligand Interactions in Amplification of the Mucosal Cd8 T Cell Response (1999)

The role of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in CD8 T cell activation was assessed by tracking antigen-specific T cells in vivo using both adoptive transfer of T cell receptor transgenic T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers. Soluble antigen immunization induced entry of CD8 cells into the intestinal mucosa and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, whereas CD8 cells in secondary lymphoid tissue proliferated but were not cytolytic. Immunization concurrent with CD40L blockade or in the absence of CD40 demonstrated that accumulation of CD8 T cells in the mucosa was CD40L dependent. Furthermore, activation was mediated through CD40L expressed by the CD8 cells, since inhibition by anti-CD40L monoclonal antibodies occurred after adoptive transfer to CD40L-deficient mice. However, mucosal CD8 T cells in normal and CD40(-/-) mice were equivalent killers, indicating that CD40L was not required for CTL differentiation. Appearance of virus-specific mucosal, but not splenic, CD8 cells also relied heavily on CD40-CD40L interactions. The mucosal CTL response of transferred CD8 T cells was MHC class II and interleukin 12 independent. The results established a novel pathway of direct CD40L-mediated CD8 T cell activation.
Purpose and enactment in job design: an empirical examination of the processes through which job characteristics have their effects (2017)

Job characteristics are linked with health, safety, well-being and other performance outcomes. Job characteristics are usually assessed by their presence or absence, which gives no indication of the specific purposes for which workers might use some job characteristics. We focused on job control and social support as two job characteristics embedded in the well-known Demand–Control–Support model. In Study 1, using an experience sampling methodology (N = 67) and a cross-sectional survey methodology (N = 299), we found that relationships between the execution of job control or the elicitation of social support and a range of other variables depended on the purposes for which job control was executed or social support elicited. In Study 2 (N = 28), we found that it may be feasible to improve aspects of well-being and performance through training workers on how to use job control or social support for specific purposes.
Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and <i>DOCK3</i> is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype (2003)

These two disrupted genes are candidates for involvement in the pathway leading to the neuropsychological condition in this family.
Blunting senescence boosts liver regeneration (2020)

The mammalian liver possesses a unique capacity for regeneration. However, this regenerative potential declines with age due to unknown mechanisms. In this issue of <i>Genes & Development</i>, Ritschka and colleagues (pp. 489-494). compare liver regeneration upon partial hepatectomy in young and adult mice. Partial hepatectomy causes a transient increase in p21 in a subpopulation of hepatocytes that persists in adult mice. Remarkably, treatment with the BCL-2 family inhibitor ABT-737 blunts p21 expression, enhancing liver regeneration.
Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Attenuate the Asthma Phenotype Produced by β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase–Knockout Mice (2016)

Mice lacking the endogenous β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) agonist epinephrine (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase [PNMT]-knockout mice) are resistant to developing an "asthma-like" phenotype in an ovalbumin sensitization and challenge (Ova S/C) model, and chronic administration of β2AR agonists to PNMT-KO mice restores the phenotype. Based on these and other studies showing differential effects of various β2AR ligands on the asthma phenotype, we have speculated that the permissive effect of endogenous epinephrine and exogenous β2AR agonists on allergic lung inflammation can be explained by qualitative β2AR signaling. The β2AR can signal through at least two pathways: the canonical Gαs-cAMP pathway and a β-arrestin-dependent pathway. Previous studies suggest that β-arrestin-2 is required for allergic lung inflammation. On the other hand, cell-based assays suggest antiinflammatory effects of Gαs-cAMP signaling. This study was designed to test whether the in vitro antiinflammatory effects of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, known to increase intracellular cAMP in multiple airway cell types, attenuate the asthma-like phenotype produced by the β2AR agonists formoterol and salmeterol in vivo in PNMT-KO mice, based on the hypothesis that skewing β2AR signaling toward Gαs-cAMP pathway is beneficial. Airway inflammatory cells, epithelial mucus production, and airway hyperresponsiveness were quantified. In Ova S/C PNMT-KO mice, formoterol and salmeterol restored the asthma-like phenotype comparable to Ova S/C wild-type mice. However, coadministration of either roflumilast or rolipram attenuated this formoterol- or salmeterol-driven phenotype in Ova S/C PNMT-KO. These findings suggest that amplification of β2AR-mediated cAMP by phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors attenuates the asthma-like phenotype promoted by β-agonists.
Marginal improvement of AUFLS using ROCOF (2015)

This paper proposes a scheme that integrates rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and under frequency (UF) elements to design more effective load shedding response. A new load block activation algorithm is also introduced that improves the overall load shedding (LS) performance. The combination of ROCOF and UF criteria is used to overcome the LS block discrimination problem and to provide a flexible and decentralised solution to mitigation. The proposed method is verified through simulations on the IEEE 39-bus test system.
Learning Segmentation by Random Walks (2000)

We present a new view of image segmentation by pairwise similarities. We interpret the similarities as edge ows in a Markov random walk and study the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the walk&apos;s transition matrix. This interpretation shows that spectral methods for clustering and segmentation have a probabilistic foundation. In particular, we prove that the Normalized Cut method arises naturally from our framework. Finally, the framework provides a principled method for learning the similarity function as a combination of features. 1 Introduction This paper focuses on pairwise (or similarity-based) clustering and image segmentation. In contrast to statistical clustering methods, that assume a probabilistic model that generates the observed data points (or pixels), pairwise clustering de- nes a similarity function between pairs of points and then formulates a criterion (e.g. maximum total intracluster similarity) that the clustering must optimize. The optimality criteria quant...
Effects of the re‐innervation of organotypic skin explants on the epidermis (2011)

The nervous system takes part in skin homeostasis and interacts with skin cells. In in vitro organotypic skin models, these interactions are lost owing to the absence of nerve endings. We have developed an in vitro organotypic skin model based on a re-innervated human skin explant using primary sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglia of rats. After 10 days of co-culture between skin explant and neurons, a dense network of nerve fibres was observed. The epidermis and dermis presented nerve fibres associated with cellular body from sensory neurons introduced in the co-culture. Epidermal thickness, cell density and quality of re-innervated skin explant were all higher when skin explants were re-innervated by sensory neurons at 10 days of culture. Proliferation of epidermal cell was not modified, but the apoptosis was significantly diminished. Hence, this innovative model of co-cultured skin explants and neurons allows better epidermal integrity and could be useful for studies concerning interactions between the skin and its peripheral nervous system.