gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leptin and Pubertal Development (2002)

Sexual development after birth in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans is driven by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. During the neonatal period in primates, pulsatile GnRH discharge from the medial basal hypothalamus drives an active period of pituitary gonadotropin and gonadal hormone secretion. During the transition from the neonatal to the juvenile period, however, the activity of the GnRH pulse generator is restrained or arrested and gonadotropin and gonadal hormone secretion enters a quiescent period that continues until the onset of puberty. As puberty approaches the GnRH pulse generator is reactivated, resulting in enhanced gonadotropin secretion, accelerated growth, maturation of the gonads, and the achievement of sexual competence. Rodents do not appear to exhibit a developmental phase analogous to the quiescent juvenile period in primates when the GnRH pulse generator is held in check. Instead, progressive maturational changes in the pattern of GnRH pulsatility appear to drive sexual development in rodents. The role that leptin plays in sexual development has not been fully defined, but the balance of current evidence appears to support the idea that, in both rodents and primates, leptin plays a permissive rather than a causal role in timing this process. When body energy reserves rise above a critical level, blood leptin increases to a threshold concentration signaling to the central nervous system that the body can support sexual function. Puberty can apparently occur over a wide range of concentrations above this critical leptin threshold. Leptin does not appear to act as a trigger to time the initiation of puberty but, instead, once leptin reaches this threshold pubertal development may proceed if, and only if, other critical control mechanisms are operational.
A One-Step Synthesis of 6β-Hydroxy-Δ<sup>4</sup>-3-ketones. Novel Oxidation of Homoallylic Sterols with Permanganate Ion (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTA One-Step Synthesis of 6β-Hydroxy-Δ4-3-ketones. Novel Oxidation of Homoallylic Sterols with Permanganate IonEdward J. Parish and Shengrong LiView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 16, 5665–5666Publication Date (Web):August 9, 1996Publication History Received27 February 1996Published online9 August 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo960402ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo960402ibrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views450Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Ions,Metals,Salts,Steroids Get e-Alerts
Spinophilin, a novel protein phosphatase 1 binding protein localized to dendritic spines (1997)

Dendritic spines receive the vast majority of excitatory synaptic contacts in the mammalian brain and are presumed to contain machinery for the integration of various signal transduction pathways. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is greatly enriched in dendritic spines and has been implicated in both the regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. The molecular mechanism whereby PP1 is localized to spines is unknown. We have now characterized a novel protein that forms a complex with the catalytic subunit of PP1 and is a potent modulator of PP1 enzymatic activity in vitro. Within the brain this protein displays a remarkably distinct localization to the heads of dendritic spines and has therefore been named spinophilin. Spinophilin has the properties expected of a scaffolding protein localized to the cell membrane and contains a single consensus sequence in PSD95/DLG/zo-1, which implies cross-linking of PP1 to transmembrane protein complexes. We propose that spinophilin represents a novel targeting subunit for PP1, which directs the enzyme to those substrates in the dendritic spine compartment, e.g., neurotransmitter receptors, which mediate the regulation of synaptic function by PP1.
Developing a Process for Commercial Silica Production from Geothermal Brines (2001)

Useful mineral by-products can be produced from geothermal brines. Although silica has many commercial uses, problems remain in producing a marketable product. We are conducting laboratory and modeling studies aimed at optimizing for rubber additive use, the properties of silica precipitates from Salton Sea and Coso-like geothermal fluids, Our goal is to develop a robust technique for producing silicas that have desirable physical and chemical properties for commercial use, while developing a generic understanding of silica precipitation that will allow extraction to be extended to additional fluid types, and to be easily modified to produce new types of marketable silica. Our experiments start with an acidified geothermal fluid similar to those treated by pH modification technology. Silica precipitation is induced by adding base and/or adding Mg or Ca salts to affect the nature of the precipitate. For the analog Salton Sea fluids, adding base alone caused silica to precipitate fairly rapidly. To date, we have characterized precipitates from experiments in which the final pH varied from 4 to 8, where NaOH and Na{sub 2}C0{sub 3} were added as bases, and CaCl{sub 2} and MgCl{sub 2} were added as salts. SEM photos of the silica precipitates from the Salton Sea and Cos0 fluids show that the silica particles are clusters of smaller silica particles down to the resolution of the SEM (about 80-100 nm in diameter). The particle sizes and surface areas of silicas from the Salton Sea and Coso analog brines are similar to the properties of the Degussa silica commonly used as a rubber additive. An evaluation of the strength of the silica-organic bond as tested by dispersion in oil (polybutadiene) was inconclusive. Neither the Degussa materials nor our laboratory precipitates dispersed readily in nor dispersed down to the fundamental particle size. Preliminary NMR data indicates that the Degussa silica has a smaller degree of silica polymerization (a slightly smaller average number of Si-0 bonds per silica tetrahedron) than the synthetic samples, but a comparable degree of hydrogen bonding of the surface silanol sites.
Development of HIP Consolidated P/M Superalloys for Conventional Forging to Gas Turbine Engine Components (1996)

Recent investigations have identified thermal-mechanical processing conditions which significantly enhance the hot workability of P/M nickel-based superalloys. The process incorporates hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of powder at temperatures just below the solidus of the alloy. The hot ductility produced by this sub-solidus HIP (SS-HIP), has been found to be superior to that of powder metallurgy (P/M) superalloys that were either conventionally HIPed or extrusionconsolidated. The benefits of this new process have the potential of reducing processing costs and producing components with superior microstructures and properties.
On line thermal model and thermal management strategy of a three phase voltage source inverter (2003)

A third order dynamical thermal model suitable for modeling diodes and IGBTs is proposed. The method for deriving model parameters from manufacturers data sheets is derived and verified. Models of the power circuit devices, IGBTs and diodes, together with a heat sink model are combined into a dynamical thermal model of 3-phase inverter bridge. The model, together with thermal management strategy is implemented in a microprocessor. The instantaneous values of junction temperatures of IGBTs and free wheeling diodes (FWDs) are estimated on-line with a one step ahead prediction algorithm. If the temperature on any of the power devices reaches a critical value, the PWM frequency is reduced or the PWM method changed in order to reduce losses. If switching losses are still too high and minimum allowable switching frequency is reached; the thermal model starts to reduce inverter current in order to keep the junction temperature of the hottest device of the power circuit below a critical level. The dynamical model with thermal management strategy becomes most useful at low frequency, i.e. stall speed like operation of the drive with high instantaneous loading on particular devices in the power circuit.
An Autoinhibitory Control Element Defines Calcium-regulated Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase (1997)

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are classified functionally, based on whether calmodulin binding is Ca2+-dependent (cNOS) or Ca2+-independent (iNOS). This key dichotomy has not been defined at the molecular level. Here we show that cNOS isoforms contain a unique polypeptide insert in their FMN binding domains which is not shared with iNOS or other related flavoproteins. Previously identified autoinhibitory domains in calmodulin-regulated enzymes raise the possibility that the polypeptide insert is the autoinhibitory domain of cNOSs. Consistent with this possibility, three-dimensional molecular modeling suggested that the insert originates from a site immediately adjacent to the calmodulin binding sequence. Synthetic peptides derived from the 45-amino acid insert of endothelial NOS were found to potently inhibit binding of calmodulin and activation of cNOS isoforms. This inhibition was associated with peptide binding to NOS, rather than free calmodulin, and inhibition could be reversed by increasing calmodulin concentration. In contrast, insert-derived peptides did not interfere with the arginine site of cNOS, as assessed from [3H]NG-nitro-L-arginine binding, nor did they potently effect iNOS activity. Limited proteolysis studies showed that calmodulin's ability to gate electron flow through cNOSs is associated with displacement of the insert polypeptide; this is the first specific calmodulin-induced change in NOS conformation to be identified. Together, our findings strongly suggest that the insert is an autoinhibitory control element, docking with a site on cNOSs which impedes calmodulin binding and enzymatic activation. The autoinhibitory control element molecularly defines cNOSs and offers a unique target for developing novel NOS activators and inhibitors.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in the fish optic nerve (1991)

The intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the predominant cytoskeletal protein of mature glial cells in the mammalian nervous system. The nervous systems of lower vertebrates, such as fish, have been examined for the presence of GFAP and several investigators have shown that goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain contains GFAP-positive astrocytes. The same studies have demonstrated that, in contrast to the brain, the optic nerve of goldfish did not show any GFAP immunoreactivity, suggesting that this intermediate filament protein is not expressed in fish optic nerve astrocytes. The present study shows, however, that the monoclonal antibodies to porcine GFAP react with the optic nerve of carp (Cyprinus carpio), another member of the goldfish family. These antibodies to porcine GFAP cross react with rat brain and carp optic nerve, yielding a band of approximately 52 kDa in both species. Northern blot analysis using mouse GFAP DNA probe revealed that carp optic nerve RNA contains two transcripts of 2.3 and 2.1 kb, which hybridize with the mouse GFAP probe. Injury to the carp optic nerve was followed by a decrease of GFAP immunoreactivity from neural tissue and a strong expression around blood vessels and connective tissues. On the basis of these observations and within the limitation of the techniques it is reasonable to conclude that the carp optic nerve expresses GFAP immunoreactivity and that the pattern of expression of this intermediate filament protein is altered after injury. Such an alteration might be relevant to the process of regeneration.
Controlling synthesis of well-crystallized mesoporous TiO2 microspheres with ultrahigh surface area for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells (2010)

In this study, well-crystallized mesoporous anatase TiO2 spheres were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of the titanium diglycolate precursors. These spheres are submicrometer-sized and consist of packed nanocrystallites with diameters of ∼8 nm, and possess a specific surface area of 193 m2 g−1 and main pore sizes of ∼5 nm. We demonstrated that due to the large particle diameters and ultrahigh specific surface areas, mesoporous TiO2 microspheres can enhance the light harvesting within the photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and meanwhile, their good crystallinity and better interparticle connections caused by partially oriented attachment of primary particles result in the effective charge transport through the film of mesoporous TiO2 spheres. A high light-to-electricity conversion of 8.20% has been achieved, indicating a 40% increase in the conversion efficiency compared to the standard Degussa P25 photoanode.
A rare SNP mutation in Brachytic2 moderately reduces plant height and increases yield potential in maize (2015)

Plant height has long been an important agronomic trait in maize breeding. Many plant height QTLs have been reported, but few of these have been cloned. In this study, a major plant height QTL, qph1, was mapped to a 1.6kb interval in Brachytic2 (Br2) coding sequence on maize chromosome 1. A naturally occurring rare SNP in qph1, which resulted in an amino acid substitution, was validated as the causative mutation. QPH1 protein is located in the plasma membrane and polar auxin transport is impaired in the short near-isogenic line RIL88(qph1). Allelism testing showed that the SNP variant in qph1 reduces longitudinal cell number and decreases plant height by 20% in RIL88(qph1) compared to RIL88(QPH1), and is milder than known br2 mutant alleles. The effect of qph1 on plant height is significant and has no or a slight influence on yield in four F2 backgrounds and in six pairs of single-cross hybrids. Moreover, qph1 could reduce plant height when heterozygous, allowing it to be easily employed in maize breeding. Thus, a less-severe allele of a known dwarf mutant explains part of the quantitative variation for plant height and has great potential in maize improvement.
Corrosion Measurement of a Conductive Paste and Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive Films (2007)

We measured corrosion layer thickness on a conductive paste (CP-Ag) and anisotropic conductive adhesive films (ACFs). CP-Ag consist of epoxy resin and silver powder, and ACFs consist of epoxy resin and about 4 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m in diameter of uniform plastics particles with Ni and Au/Ni plating. Firstly the conductive paste was printed on the polyimide film, and ACFs were bonded on the glass with Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) electrodes. After thermal curing, these samples were set in the condition of an acceleration corrosion test; 2 ppm of H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> S gas, 4 ppm of NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas, 30°C, 70%RH. After exposure in corrosive gases for 77.3 hours, these samples were cut to analyze the resultant corrosion, using the SAICAS (Surface and Interfacial Cutting Analysis System) slant-cut method. The sulfur component in the cut section of each sample was measured by using both the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) component analysis method. As a result, we found that the corrosion reached a depth of about 2 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m on CP-Ag. This depth is our predictive value. But on ACFs, the sulfur component was not found. Then ACFs were set in the condition of other acceleration corrosion test; 0.07 ppm of H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> S gas, 1.4 ppm of NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas, 1.4 ppm of SO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas, 0.07 ppm of Cl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gas, 35°C, 85%RH for 96 hours. The affection of corrosive gases reached in the depth of about 1.2 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m when we paid the attention about the weight ratio for oxygen and nickel.
Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Belt Driven, Parallel H-Frame Type Two Axes Positioning System (2007)

XY-positioning is an important task in industrial applications. The improvement of the speed of positioning while keeping good accuracy can increase productivity and is therefore highly desirable. The studied H-frame system is a parallel xy-positioning device, which due to less moved masses is potentially capable of fast acceleration and therefore faster positioning then traditional stacked systems. One feature of the system which enables its parallel structure is the use of one long timing belt to transmit the power of the two stationary motors to the end-effector position, for practical as well as economical reasons, is not available as feedback signal for controlling the system. This means that even if an accurate tracking pf the desired motor angles was achieved, the end-effector position may still deviate from the desired path, due to stretching in the belt. Another effect making an accurate control difficult is the presence of nonlinear friction in the system. This thesis addresses the development of an accurate control system, which is a requirement to be able to utilize the advantages that the parallel structure of the H-frame system provides. In order to be able to develop an accurate control strategy, the dynamic behavior in the presence of nonlinear friction as well as the flexibility of the belt has to be understood. An accurate dynamic model is needed for the development of most sophisticated controllers. That is why in this work first a one-axis belt drive positioning system is studied and a dynamic model for it is derived. The findings from this simpler one-axis case are then utilized to derive a dynamic model for the two axis H-frame system. First a detailed 20th-order model of the system is being derived, which then based on assumptions is simplified to a lower 8th-order case. Nonlinear friction is considered for the one-axis as well for the simplified 8th-order H-frame case. Experimental results are utilized to verify that the derived models can resemble the dynamics of the system. The model can be used for simulating different controllers before implementing them on the real system as well as it can be used to develop sophisticated controllers. The model is verified with experimental data from the real system. Furthermore the performance of PID- and PD-controllers are studied in simulation as well as experimentally. It is found that PID- and PD-controllers, due to the disadvantages the system has described above, are not sufficient control strategies for
Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: New Opportunities for Drug Discovery (2005)

Many lines of evidence indicate that inflammation is the ultimate cause of atherosclerosis; high cholesterol levels cause atherosclerosis through mechanism of inflammation. Drugs designed to address inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis will likely be more effective than current therapies in treating and preventing coronary artery disease.
Evaluating asphalt concrete air void variation via GPR antenna array data (2015)

Air void content is one of the most important characteristics of in-place asphalt concrete, substantially affecting early deterioration and long term performance. Destructive measures at limited locations, such as coring, are typically conducted as part of the air-void content evaluation after the pavement has been fully constructed. In this paper, use of an air coupled step-frequency array system for nondestructive assessment of air-void variability is explored. The dielectric properties of the asphalt were determined from the asphalt surface reflection amplitude of all 21 adjacent transmitting and receiving pairs of the array and related to air void content through plotting of dielectric changes with core measured air void content. This approach is an extension of the procedure developed for a single bistatic antenna pair determining properties within top millimeters of the asphalt surface. While cores provide information concerning bulk properties across the depth, the proposed method with an array system provides an opportunity for increased lateral coverage. The case study demonstrated good repeatability and correspondence with core measured air void content. The array-based method improves the coverage and productivity of the measurements, making it an attractive alternative to current state-of-the-practice procedures.
Intestinal‐FABP and Liver‐FABP: Novel Markers for Severe Abdominal Injury (2010)

High I-FABP and L-FABP levels correlate with relevant severity of abdominal tissue damage in patients with multiple trauma. I-FABP and L-FABP could be useful as markers for the early detection of significant abdominal injury in acute multiple trauma and identify patients who require rapid intervention.