gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Managing innovation and change processes: Findings from the Minnesota innovation research program (1986)

This article describes how innovations develop over time based on findings emerging from seven innovations included in the Minnesota Innovation Research Program. These observations are very different from typical models in the literature of the innovation process. The actual process is fluid, and includes an initial shock to propel the innovation into being, proliferation of the original idea, setbacks and surprises along the way which provide numerous opportunities for learning and failure, and a blending of the old and the new as the innovation is implemented and diffused. This article is one small step in developing descriptively more accurate and useful models of the innovation process based on longitudinal research studies.
Frontend frequency-voltage adaptation for optimal energy-delay (2004)

In this paper, we present a clustered, multiple-clock domain (CMCD) microarchitecture that combines the benefits of both clustering and globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) designs. We also present a mechanism for dynamically adapting the frequency and voltage of the frontend of the CMCD with the goal to optimize the energy-delay/sup 2/ product (ED2P). Our mechanism has minimal hardware cost, is entirely self-adjustable, does not depend on any thresholds, and achieves results close to optimal. We evaluate it on 16 SPEC 2000 applications and report 17.5% ED2P reduction on average (80% of the upper bound).
Demonstration of 5T SRAM and 6T dual-port RAM cell arrays (2002)

This paper describes new circuit techniques that provide robust operations for a five transistor, single bitline SRAM cell design. The techniques have been implemented in an array of six transistor memory cells and operated as a dual-port RAM. The array has been fabricated using 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, and the test results show the array is capable of operating as a dual-port memory over a wide voltage supply range.
Virion Incorporation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Is Mediated by a Bipartite Membrane-Targeting Signal: Analysis of Its Role in Enhancement of Viral Infectivity (1998)

The nef gene of primate immunodeficiency viruses is essential for high-titer virus replication and AIDS pathogenesis in vivo. In tissue culture, Nef is not required for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but enhances viral infectivity. We and others have shown that Nef is incorporated into HIV-1 particles and cleaved by the viral proteinase. To determine the signal for Nef incorporation and to analyze whether virion-associated Nef is responsible for enhancement of infectivity, we generated a panel of nef mutants and analyzed them for virion incorporation of Nef and for their relative infectivities. We report that N-terminal truncations of Nef abolished its incorporation into HIV particles. Incorporation was reconstituted by targeting the respective proteins to the plasma membrane by using a heterologous signal. Mutational analysis revealed that both myristoylation and an N-terminal cluster of basic amino acids were required for virion incorporation and for plasma membrane targeting of Nef. Grafting the N-terminal anchor domain of Nef onto the green fluorescent protein led to membrane targeting and virion incorporation of the resulting fusion protein. These results indicate that Nef incorporation into HIV-1 particles is mediated by plasma membrane targeting via an N-terminal bipartite signal which is reminiscent of a Src homology region 4. Virion incorporation of Nef correlated with enhanced infectivity of the respective viruses in a single-round replication assay. However, the phenotypes of HIV mutants with reduced Nef incorporation only partly correlated with their ability to replicate in primary lymphocytes, indicating that additional or different mechanisms may be involved in this system.
Complications of Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery -- A French Multicenter Collaborative Study (1993)

To the Editor: Despite the growth of laparoscopic surgery, its complications must not be underestimated. We describe a retrospective (1987 to 1989) and prospective (1990 to 1991) study of the compl...
Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2000)

This article reviews empirically validated psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and considers factors associated with successful therapy outcome. Most of the treatments whose efficacy was studied empirically fall within the broad category of cognitive-behavioral therapy. These include exposure therapy, anxiety management programs, and cognitive therapy. These therapy modalities have been developed to modify conditioned fear and erroneous cognitions that are thought to underlie PTSD. Exposure therapy has the most empirical support because it was found to be effective across different populations of trauma victims with PTSD. Combinations of therapies have also been used, and the value of these is discussed. In addition, this article presents recent evidence about the efficacy of eye movement and desensitization reprocessing. A growing body of evidence supports the use of psychosocial treatments for PTSD, but not all patients benefit. Future research should develop programs that increase the motivation of patients to take advantage of these efficacious treatments.
Genomic organization of rat prolactin and growth hormone genes. (1980)

Five overlapping cloned DNAs containing the rat prolactin gene and its flanking sequences, as well as one cloned DNA containing the rat growth hormone gene and its flanking sequences, were isolated from a chromosomal DNA library. They were characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and electron microscopy. In each gene, the structural gene sequence coding for mature mRNA of a length of about 1 kilobase is split into at least five segments by a minimum of four intervening sequences. The two genes are similar in the length and organization of their coding regions, consistent with the suggestion that they are derived from a common ancestral gene. However, the two genes differ greatly in the lengths of their intervening sequences. That leads to a total gene length of 10 kilobase pairs for the prolactin and 2.1 kilobase pairs for the growth hormone gene. At least one intervening sequence appears to be in the 5' nontranslated regions of the prolactin and growth hormone mRNA coding sequences.
Impact of plugins on the security of web applications (2010)

Many web applications have evolved into complex software ecosystems, consisting of a core maintained by a set of long term developers and a range of plugins developed by third parties. The security of such applications depends as much on vulnerabilities found in plugins as it does in vulnerabilities in the application core. In this paper, we present a study of vulnerabilities in twelve open source web applications and 13,778 plugins for those applications. We used automated static analysis tools to count vulnerabilities.Plugins made up 93% of the aggregate code base of 10.2 MLOC and contained 92% of the 125,110 vulnerabilities found. Comparing the aggregate plugin source code of each project with its code, we found that four projects had more secure core code than plugin code, as measured by vulnerability density (vulnerabilities per thousand lines of code), while eight projects had plugin code that was more secure than core code. Vulnerability density was significantly correlated with code size for both core code and plugins. We also analyzed the density of individual vulnerability categories, finding plugins to have many more cross-site vulnerabilities and fewer injection vulnerabilities than core code.
Virtual machine showdown (2008)

Virtual machines (VMs) enable the distribution of programs in an architecture-neutral format, which can easily be interpreted or compiled. A long-running question in the design of VMs is whether a stack architecture or register architecture can be implemented more efficiently with an interpreter. We extend existing work on comparing virtual stack and virtual register architectures in three ways. First, our translation from stack to register code and optimization are much more sophisticated. The result is that we eliminate an average of more than 46% of executed VM instructions, with the bytecode size of the register machine being only 26% larger than that of the corresponding stack one. Second, we present a fully functional virtual-register implementation of the Java virtual machine (JVM), which supports Intel, AMD64, PowerPC and Alpha processors. This register VM supports inline-threaded, direct-threaded, token-threaded, and switch dispatch. Third, we present experimental results on a range of additional optimizations such as register allocation and elimination of redundant heap loads. On the AMD64 architecture the register machine using switch dispatch achieves an average speedup of 1.48 over the corresponding stack machine. Even using the more efficient inline-threaded dispatch, the register VM achieves a speedup of 1.15 over the equivalent stack-based VM.
Liquid Crystal MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductors) Matrix High Density Program. (1981)

Many of the requirements for tactical displays require that the displays use little power, be compact and provide high resolution. MOS - addressed liquid crystal displays have been developed which address these requirements. In particular, a 240 x 320 element display, .75 inch x 1.00 inch in size has been developed during the course of work on this program. This display provides one quarter television resolution with greater than 6 grey shade capability. Several fully operational units have been delivered. Higher density displays place more stringent requirements on the interconnect between the display and its drivers into the same silicon substrate. Many facets of this integrated display and drivers concept have been successfully demonstrated on this program. These include the driver circuits themselves as well as the assembly and packaging of the integrated display. Keywords include: Liquid crystal display; Flat panel display; Matrix display; High density display; Helmet-mounted display; HUD display; and Weapon sight display.
Metamorphic Malware Detection using Control Flow Graph Mining (2011)

Metamorphic malware propagation has persuaded the security society to consider about new approaches to confront this generation of malware with novel solutions. Control Flow Graph, CFG, has been successful in detection of simple malwares. By now, it needs to improve the CFG based detection methods to detect metamorphic malwares efficiently. Our Approach has improved the simple CFG with beneficial information by assuming called APIs on the CFG. Converting the resulted sparse graph to a vector to decrease the complexity of graph mining algorithms, a specific feature selection is utilized and different classification approaches has been qualified. The experimental results show the contribution of this approach in both accuracy and false detection rate measurements in comparison with the other simple graph modifications. Among different classifiers on our approach the best results were attained by random forest. On the computation complexity side also this work has decreased the elaboration regarding to the simple feature selection conducted before decision making. Key words:
Hydroxyflavones as a New Family of Matrices for MALDI Tissue Imaging (2013)

The discovery of new matrices that are suitable for in situ analysis of low molecular-weight compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is an important technological aspect of tissue imaging. In this work, ten natural flavonoid compounds, including flavone and nine of its mono- or polyhydroxyl-substituted analogues (3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone, chrysin, 7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone, fisetin, luteolin, quercetin, and morin) were evaluated as potential MALDI matrices for the profiling and imaging of endogenous lipids in mouse liver, using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer with a 355-nm Nd:YAG UV laser, in the positive ion mode. When an electronic sprayer was used for matrix coating and with a high-pH (0.1-0.5% ammonia hydroxide) matrix solvent, eight of the ten compounds, all of which had at least one OH group at the C3 or C5 position of the flavone structure, enabled the successful detection of 77 to 161 phospholipids and other lipids. The best results were observed with two penta-OH flavones (i.e., quercertin and morin). Taking quercetin as an example, this matrix showed characteristics superior to those of commonly used MALDI matrices, such as DHB (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid), CHCA (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). These characteristics were: μm-sized matrix crystals, uniform matrix coating, low volatility in the high vacuum (~10(-7) mbar) source, good chemical stability, low yield of matrix-related ions, low matrix consumption, low power threshold for laser desorption/ionization, and improved safety of handling. The use of quercetin led to improved lipid imaging, with 212 lipids being successfully imaged from rat brain in a single experiment and with asymmetric distributions of some lipids in left and right brain hippocampus being observed for the first time.
Dispersion and crosstalk of optical minimum-phase filters in wavelength division multiplexed systems (2003)

The amplitude and phase responses of optical minimum-phase filters are uniquely related to each other and therefore their cross talk and dispersion characteristics cannot be adjusted independently. The implications for wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems will be shown experimentally and analytically.
Evaluation of Methods for the Extraction and Purification of DNA from the Human Microbiome (2012)

Protocols that included bead beating and/or mutanolysin produced significantly better bacterial community structure representation than methods without both of them. The reproducibility of all six methods was similar, and results from different experimenters and different times were in good agreement. Based on the evaluations done it appears that DNA extraction procedures for bacterial community analysis of human associated samples should include bead beating and/or mutanolysin to effectively lyse cells.
A semantic driven evolutive fuzzy clustering algorithm (2007)

In this paper it is show that the same semantic constraints used to ensure linguistic interpretation in data driven design of fuzzy systems are also useful in the design of evolutive fuzzy clustering algorithms. Specifically it is show that these constraints generalize the constraints used in popular fuzzy clustering algorithms such as the FCM. Experimental studies illustrate the effectiveness of this approach to clustering. The algorithm attempts to optimize the clusters' parameters as well as the number of clusters (a dynamically variable length of chromosomes is used).
A distributed location estimating algorithm for wireless sensor networks (2006)

The location estimation is a fundamental and essential issue for wireless sensor networks( WSNs). In this paper, we assume that only a few sensor nodes (named as beacon nodes) get their locations by Global Positioning System (GPS) and the remaining nodes without GPS (named as normal nodes) need to estimate their own locations by gathering the nearby neighboring information. Existing works are either too costly or not accurate enough. To improve previous works, we propose a distributed location estimation algorithm for WSNs. In our algorithm, each node without location information only needs to collect the location information of neighboring nodes and use simple computation to estimate its location. Besides, we improve the accuracy of the normal node's estimative region by discarding the communication area of the beacon node (named as the farther neighboring beacon node), which does not cover the normal node, from the original estimative region. We derive some rules to adjust the estimative region according to the relative location of the normal node and the farther neighboring beacon node. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better accuracy of estimative locations.
Maternal Cytomegalovirus Excretion and Perinatal Infection (1973)

Abstract A prospective study of pregnant women revealed cytomegalovirus excretion from urine or cervix in 12 per cent. Increasing rate of infection with advancing gestation, stable antibody titers and absence of viremia suggested localized infection. Infection present at birth was not documented in any infants, but 40 per cent born to mothers excreting cytomegalovirus in cervical secretions near delivery ultimately became infected. The constancy of the intervals from birth to onset of virus excretion and the lack of evidence for postnatal transmission suggest that infection was acquired at delivery. Acquisition and initial replication of virus occurred despite appreciable levels of maternal antibody. The subsequent rise in antibody titers documents recent infection, but in spite of continued antibody production, chronic viral excretion in throat and urine was observed. These data indicate that most infants infected with cytomegalovirus in the perinatal period are asymptomatic, and continuing infection occ...
Direct spectroscopic evidence of energy transfer from photo-excited semiconducting polymers to single-walled carbon nanotubes (2008)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes have been efficiently dispersed in an organic solvent using the semiconducting polymers MEHPPV and PFO. It has been found that energy is transferred to the carbon nanotubes when the polymer is photo-excited across its minimum energy gap. This is shown using photoluminescence excitation mapping in the range of both the polymer's and the nanotube's optical absorbance. Possible mechanisms for the energy transfer are discussed.
Widely Targeted Metabolomics Based on Large-Scale MS/MS Data for Elucidating Metabolite Accumulation Patterns in Plants (2008)

Metabolomics is an 'omics' approach that aims to analyze all metabolites in a biological sample comprehensively. The detailed metabolite profiling of thousands of plant samples has great potential for directly elucidating plant metabolic processes. However, both a comprehensive analysis and a high throughput are difficult to achieve at the same time due to the wide diversity of metabolites in plants. Here, we have established a novel and practical metabolomics methodology for quantifying hundreds of targeted metabolites in a high-throughput manner. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS), which monitors both the specific precursor ions and product ions of each metabolite, is a standard technique in targeted metabolomics, as it enables high sensitivity, reproducibility and a broad dynamic range. In this study, we optimized the MRM conditions for specific compounds by performing automated flow injection analyses with TQMS. Based on a total of 61,920 spectra for 860 authentic compounds, the MRM conditions of 497 compounds were successfully optimized. These were applied to high-throughput automated analysis of biological samples using TQMS coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). By this analysis, approximately 100 metabolites were quantified in each of 14 plant accessions from Brassicaceae, Gramineae and Fabaceae. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on the metabolite accumulation patterns clearly showed differences among the plant families, and family-specific metabolites could be predicted using a batch-learning self-organizing map analysis. Thus, the automated widely targeted metabolomics approach established here should pave the way for large-scale metabolite profiling and comparative metabolomics.
States, Markets and Private Power in the Developing World: Problems and Possibilities (1987)

For most LDCs the 1970s and 1980s have been a period of almost continuous recession induced by a combination of external shocks and internal mismanagement.
Online algorithms for geographical load balancing (2012)

It has recently been proposed that Internet energy costs, both monetary and environmental, can be reduced by exploiting temporal variations and shifting processing to data centers located in regions where energy currently has low cost. Lightly loaded data centers can then turn off surplus servers. This paper studies online algorithms for determining the number of servers to leave on in each data center, and then uses these algorithms to study the environmental potential of geographical load balancing (GLB). A commonly suggested algorithm for this setting is “receding horizon control” (RHC), which computes the provisioning for the current time by optimizing over a window of predicted future loads. We show that RHC performs well in a homogeneous setting, in which all servers can serve all jobs equally well; however, we also prove that differences in propagation delays, servers, and electricity prices can cause RHC perform badly, So, we introduce variants of RHC that are guaranteed to perform as well in the face of such heterogeneity. These algorithms are then used to study the feasibility of powering a continent-wide set of data centers mostly by renewable sources, and to understand what portfolio of renewable energy is most effective.
Toward hierarchical models for statistical machine translation of inflected languages (2001)

In statistical machine translation, correspondences between the words in the source and the target language are learned from bilingual corpora on the basis of so called alignment models. Existing statistical systems for MT often treat different derivatives of the same lemma as if they were independent of each other. In this paper we argue that a better exploitation of the bilingual training data can be achieved by explicitly taking into account the interdependencies of the different derivatives. We do this along two directions: Usage of hierarchical lexicon models and the introduction of equivalence classes in order to ignore information not relevant for the translation task. The improvement of the translation results is demonstrated on a German-English corpus.
Statistical design of cascade finite wordlength FIR digital filters (2005)

This paper addresses the problem of efficiently designing cascade-form FIR digital filters, particularly relevant to applications that require very short wordlength coefficients. A technique based on the statistical mean-squared error criterion is presented to sequentially construct cascade-form filters one stage at a time, accounting for the effects of previous stages in the design specifications for each new stage. The statistical method has the unique ability to incorporate filter structure and parameter quantization into the approximation phase of the design process without requiring vast amounts of computer time characteristic of discrete optimization problems. Updating of design specifications is accomplished with FFTs and efficient Toeplitz matrix inversions, while coefficients are quantized by either simple coefficient rounding or, optionally, by very low-order local search methods in the latter design stages.