gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of furocoumarin isosters. (1995)

Furocoumarins are a group of natural and synthetic compounds, some of which are used for the photochemotherapeutic treatment of certain skin diseases. With the aim of decreasing the side-effects of furocoumarin photochemotherapy and possibly increasing the therapeutic effects of these drugs, some new furocoumarin isosters were synthesized. The chemical synthesis of furocoumarin isosters at the furan ring, such as pyrrolo-, thieno-, oxazolo- and triazolocoumarins are reported. For all these compounds the key intermediate is a properly functionalized coumarin, to which the third heterocyclic ring is condensed by successive steps. Linear and angular pyrrolo-, tetrahydrobenzo- and benzopyrrolocoumarins show reduced photobiological activity, but have a strong antiproliferative effect in the dark, probably through an interaction with topoisomerases. Oxazolocoumarins are too unstable to be studied; triazolocoumarins show very poor activity. Tienocoumarins have not yet been studied. Furocoumarin isosters at the benzene ring are represented by 8-azapsoralens. Chemical synthesis involves the key 8-azacoumarin in the place of coumarin. These compounds have photochemical and photobiological properties which are very similar to those of psoralens. In particular, 4,4',5'- is effective in the photochemotherapeutic treatment of psoriasis. Furoquinolinones and 4-azapsoralens are reported among the isosters at the pyrone ring. While the synthesis of pyrroloquinolinones involves properly functionalized 7-aminoquinolinones as key intermediate, that of 4-azapsoralen requires a quite different synthetic pathway, involving a properly functionalized benzofuran derivative as key intermediate. Furoquinolinones have dramatically high activity both in the dark and under light activation; 4-azapsoralens have not yet been investigated.
Determination of α-chloralose residues in vertebrate tissues by gas-liquid chromatography (1984)

A method is described for the analysis of residues of the narcotic α-chloralose in vertebrate tissues. Following solvent extraction and gel permeation clean-up, residues are converted into the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative for the analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries are greater than 65% and the limit of determination is between 0.2 and 1.0 mg kg–1, depending on the type of tissue analysed. Methods for the confirmation of α-chloralose residues using thin-layer chromatography of underivatised α-chloralose or mass spectrometry of the chloralose-TMS derivative are described.
Autonomous Audio-Supported Learning of Visual Classifiers for Traffic Monitoring (2010)

In this paper, using acoustic detection and classification of vehicles, the proposed autonomous self-learning framework generates scene adaptive vehicle classifiers without the need to hand label any video data.
Nickel-Catalyzed Site-Selective Alkylation of Unactivated C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H Bonds (2014)

The direct alkylation of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds of aliphatic amides was achieved via nickel catalysis with the assist of a bidentate directing group. The reaction favors the C-H bonds of methyl groups over the methylene C-H bonds and tolerates various functional groups. Moreover, this reaction shows a predominant preference for sp(3) C-H bonds of methyl groups via a five-membered ring intermediate over the sp(2) C-H bonds of arenes in the cyclometalation step.
Immunomagnetic Isolation of Islets from the Rat Pancreas (1997)

Islets were selectively isolated from rat pancreatic digests using magnetic microspheres coated with anti-islet monoclonal antibodies. The isolation process was optimized as a function of bead concentration and time of incubation with the tissue digest. Apparent and normalized islet yields of 92 +/- 6% and 81 +/- 7%, respectively, were obtained by incubating the digests with 10(7) beads/mL for 40 min followed by isolation of the bead-coated islets under a magnetic field. While some fragmentation occurred, the isolation process did not alter islet functionality as demonstrated by an insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation equivalent to that of handpicked controls. The technique is fast, reproducible, and potentially scaleable to larger pancreases as a secondary purification step.
Antigen-specific suppression of type II collagen-induced arthritis by collagen-coupled spleen cells. (1982)

The induction of arthritis in Wistar-Lewis rats was suppressed by i.v. injections of spleen cells coupled to native type II collagen, beginning 14 days before intradermal injection of native type II collagen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant and continuing at 7-day intervals for the next 3 weeks. Cells coupled to native type I collagen or to denatured type II collagen were ineffectual, suggesting antigen-relevant cells were required for suppression. The phenomenon appeared to be mediated by a humoral effector mechanism; IgG antibody titers but not hemagglutinating antibody titers or delayed-type hypersensitivity to collagen were decreased by the injection of type II collagen-coupled cells. These data demonstrate the potential of antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disease.
Evidence of altered bone turnover, vitamin D and calcium regulation with knee osteoarthritis in female twins (2003)

Bone resorption is increased in women with knee OA, consistent with metabolically active subchondral bone. However, bone formation, vitamin D and calcium regulation were not different after adjusting for age and BMI. The results suggest that bone resorption is increased in the presence of OA. Although we cannot clearly differentiate a cause or effect relationship, these results suggest that this is related to disease mechanisms and point to potential diagnostic or therapeutic avenues for bone resorption in OA.
Immune Checkpoints in Viral Latency (2001)

The dynamics of the relationship between the immune system and latent viruses are highly complex. Latent viruses not only avoid elimination by the host's primary immune response, they also remain with the host for life in the presence of strong acquired immunity, often exhibiting periodic reactivation and recurrence from the latent state. The continual battle between reemergent infectious virus and immunological memory cells provides an essential virus-host regulatory loop in latency. In this review, we speculate on the critical importance of immune interference mechanisms by viruses contributing to the regulatory loop in viral homeostasis of latency. Central to the notion of viral homeostasis, we further invoke the concept of threshold limits in naive and memory states of immunity to account for the failure of the host to completely eradicate these intracellular parasites.
Calpain inhibition stabilizes the platelet proteome and reactivity in diabetes (2012)

Platelets from patients with diabetes are hyperreactive and demonstrate increased adhesiveness, aggregation, degranulation, and thrombus formation, processes that contribute to the accelerated development of vascular disease. Part of the problem seems to be dysregulated platelet Ca(2+) signaling and the activation of calpains, which are Ca(2+)-activated proteases that result in the limited proteolysis of substrate proteins and subsequent alterations in signaling. In the present study, we report that the activation of μ- and m-calpain in patients with type 2 diabetes has profound effects on the platelet proteome and have identified septin-5 and the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) as novel calpain substrates. The calpain-dependent cleavage of septin-5 disturbed its association with syntaxin-4 and promoted the secretion of α-granule contents, including TGF-β and CCL5. Calpain was also released by platelets and cleaved CCL5 to generate a variant with enhanced activity. Calpain activation also disrupted the ILK-PINCH-Parvin complex and altered platelet adhesion and spreading. In diabetic mice, calpain inhibition reversed the effects of diabetes on platelet protein cleavage, decreased circulating CCL5 levels, reduced platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation, and improved platelet function. The results of the present study indicate that diabetes-induced platelet dysfunction is mediated largely by calpain activation and suggest that calpain inhibition may be an effective way of preserving platelet function and eventually decelerating atherothrombosis development.
Nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub>-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases (2016)

2D TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films and 3D flower-like TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanostructures, also decorated with SnO<sub>2</sub>, were prepared by chemical and thermal oxidation of Ti substrates, respectively. The crystal structure, morphology and gas sensing properties of the TiO<sub>2</sub>-based sensing materials were investigated. 2D TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films crystallized mainly in the form of rutile, while the flower-like 3D nanostructures as anatase. The sensor based on the 2D TiO<sub>2</sub> showed the best performance for H<sub>2</sub> detection, while the flower-like 3D nanostructures exhibited enhanced selectivity to CO(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> after sensitization by SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. The sensor response time was of the order of several seconds. Their fast response, high sensitivity to selected gas species, improved selectivity and stability suggest that the SnO<sub>2</sub>-decorated flower-like 3D nanostructures are a promising material for application as an acetone sensor.
Joint sense, muscle sense, and their combination as position sense, measured at the distal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger. (1976)

1. An anatomical peculiarity allows the hand to be positioned so that the terminal phalanx of the middle finger cannot be moved by voluntary effort. When positioned in this way only joint and cutaneous mechanisms subserve position sense. By altering the position of the hand the muscles are again engaged and able to move the finger. Moving the joint then also excites muscular afferents. 2. The position sense of twelve subjects was assessed with and without engagement of the muscles at the joint. Three tests were used in which either angular displacement, angular velocity or duration of displacement were held constant. 3. When muscular attachment was restored, performance in all tests was greatly enhanced. As engagement of the muscles caused little change in the 'stiffness' of the joint, it is unlikely that the improved performance resulted from increased discharges from the joint receptors. Cutaneous mechanisms are unlikely to mediate this improvement as they are likely to have been unaffected by engagement of muscles. It is concluded that intramuscular receptors are partly responsible for normal position sense. 4. In seven of the twelve subjects the test finger was anaesthetized to isolate the contribution of intramuscular receptors. This muscle sense was variable. In some subjects it provided accurate kinaesthetic information but in others the information was crude. If with the test finger anaesthetized subjects exerted voluntary tension with the muscles that move the joint the muscle sense was improved.
[sRNA (sraB) regulate the resistant ability of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis to egg albumen]. (2010)

Based on our results, we conclude that small RNA (sraB) plays important role during the survival of S. Enteritidis in egg albumen, and may contribute regulatory role in response to antimicrobial components of egg albumen such as lysozyme and transferrin.
Aftershock Activity in the Vicinity of Kyoto (1970)

During the period from 1964 to 1968 about 50 earthquakes with a magnitude of 3.0 or greater occurred in the vicinity of Kyoto. These earthquakes are studied on their aftershock activity. Earthquakes of more than about 4.0 magnitude are accompanied by aftershocks almost without exception. Most of the earthquakes studied here did not have enough aftershocks that the customary statistical analyses of aftershocks-their time and spatial distributions, energy release and magnitude-frequency relation for aftershocks-are feasible. In this paper the aftershock activity of each earhtquake is examined in relation to the regional variation in two ways; one is the magnitude relation between the main shock and its largest aftershock; the other is the number of aftershocks. No significant feature can be obtained from the former examination, but the latter leads to an interesting observation about the regional variation of aftershock activity: that the earthquakes occurring in the southern part of the region concerned are followed by more aftershocks than those in the northern part.
A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity (2010)

The systematic review presented here assessed the effects of energy restriction (ER) and exercise (EX) on fat-free mass (FFM) in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. PubMed was searched using the key words "weight loss or energy restriction" AND "skeletal muscle or body composition," with limitations set for "human" and "middle-aged and aged." Results from 52 studies are reported as the percentages of EX (mainly aerobic training), ER, or ER+EX groups that had a specified change in body weight and FFM, since insufficient data were available for a meta-analysis. The EX groups had modest body weight and FFM changes. Eighty-one percent and 39% of the ER and ER+EX groups, respectively, lost > or = 15% of body weight as FFM. These findings suggest that exercise is an effective tool to help men and postmenopausal women aged > or = 50 years, with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m(2) preserve FFM after moderate ER-induced weight loss, which is important for combating sarcopenic obesity.
A solvatochromic study of silicates and borate containing 4‐nitrocatechol ligands (2008)

Abstract Solvatochromism of 4‐nitrocatechol (1), tetra‐ n ‐butylammonium 2‐hydroxy‐4‐nitrophenolate (2), sodium tris(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (3a), tetra‐ n ‐butylammonium tris(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (3b), pyrrolidinium tris(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (3c), (3‐amino‐1‐propyl)‐bis(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (4a), and ( N,N ‐diethyl‐3‐amino‐1‐propyl)‐bis(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (4b) as well as potassium bis(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)borate (5) has been studied in a set of common solvents. The origin of the solvent‐induced UV/vis band shifts of 1–3c, and 5 has been determined by means of Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) using the empirical Kamlet–Taft and Catalán solvent parameter sets, respectively. The solvent‐induced UV/vis band shift of the negatively charged moiety of all solvatochromic dyes studied is mainly a function of the hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD) strength and the dipolarity/polarizability of the solvent as shown by multiple regression analyses. HBD solvents cause a hypsochromic shift of the UV/vis band due to specific solvation of the anion site. Oppositely, increasing dipolarity/polarizability of the solvent induces a bathochromic shift of the UV/vis absorption band. The donor strength of the solvent has an influence on the UV/vis band shift since ion pair formation occurs in solvents of low relative permittivity. This is shown by the impact of the counter ion of sodium tris(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (3a) compared to tetra‐ n ‐butylammonium tris(4‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diolato)silicate (3b). The influence of the counter ion on the position of the UV/vis absorption band occurs in the same way as HBD solvents do. Na + and the pyrrolidinium ion, respectively, have a stronger influence than the tetra‐ n ‐butylammonium ion on the solvatochromic band shift due to the stronger cation–anion interaction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High power, high intensity CO infrared laser transmission through As2S3 glass fibers (1986)

Optical power transmission of 5-μm band CO laser beam through As2S3 glass core Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene clad fibers is described. The maximum transmitted power is as high as 62 W with a 700-μm core diameter fiber, which corresponds to a power intensity of 16 kW/cm2 at the fiber output end. The influence of fiber bending on the transmission characteristics is also reported.
Asynchronous Remote Key Generation: An Analysis of Yubico's Proposal for W3C WebAuthn. (2020)

WebAuthn, forming part of FIDO2, is a W3C standard for strong authentication, which employs digital signatures to authenticate web users whilst preserving their privacy. Owned by users, WebAuthn authenticators generate attested and unlinkable public-key credentials for each web service to authenticate users. Since the loss of authenticators prevents users from accessing web services, usable recovery solutions preserving the original WebAuthn design choices and security objectives are urgently needed. We examine Yubico's recent proposal for recovering from the loss of a WebAuthn authenticator by using a secondary backup authenticator. We analyse the cryptographic core of their proposal by modelling a new primitive, called Asynchronous Remote Key Generation (ARKG), which allows some primary authenticator to generate unlinkable public keys for which the backup authenticator may later recover corresponding private keys. Both processes occur asynchronously without the need for authenticators to export or share secrets, adhering to WebAuthn's attestation requirements. We prove that Yubico's proposal achieves our ARKG security properties under the discrete logarithm and PRF-ODH assumptions in the random oracle model. To prove that recovered private keys can be used securely by other cryptographic schemes, such as digital signatures or encryption schemes, we model compositional security of ARKG using composable games by Brzuska et al. (ACM CCS 2011), extended to the case of arbitrary public-key protocols. As well as being more general, our results show that private keys generated by ARKG may be used securely to produce unforgeable signatures for challenge-response protocols, as used in WebAuthn. We conclude our analysis by discussing concrete instantiations behind Yubico's ARKG protocol, its integration with the WebAuthn standard, performance, and usability aspects.
Identification of the peroxisomal targeting signal for cottonseed catalase (1997)

Catalase is a ubiquitous peroxisomal matrix enzyme, yet the molecular targeting signal(s) for sorting it in plant cells has not been defined. The most common peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) is a C-terminal tripeptide composed of a conserved SKL motif (type 1 PTS). The PTS for cottonseed catalase (Ccat) was elucidated in this study from immunofluorescence microscopic analyses of tobacco BY-2 suspension cells serving as an in vivo import system. To distinguish biolistically introduced Ccat from endogenous tobacco catalase, Ccat was hemagglutinin (HA)epitope-tagged at its N-terminus. Bombardment with HA-Ccat resulted in the import of Ccat into glyoxysomes, the specialized type of peroxisome in BY-2 cells. The C-terminal tripeptide of Ccat, PSI, is necessary for import. Evidence for this were mislocalizations to the cytosol of PSI-truncated Ccat and AGV-substituted (for PSI) Ccat. PSI-COOH, however, was not sufficient to re-route chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) from the cytosol to glyoxysomes, whereas the Ccat tetrapeptide RPSI-COOH was sufficient. Surprisingly, substitution of K (common at the fourth position in other plant catalases) for the R (CAT-KPSI) decreased import efficiency. However, substitution of K did not affect import, when additional upstream residues in Ccat were included (e.g. CAT-NVKPSI). Other evidence for the importance of upstream residues comprised abolishment of Ccat import due to substitutions with non-conserved residues (e.g. -AGVNVRPSI for -SRLNVRPSI). These data indicate that Ccat is sorted to plant peroxisomes by a degenerate type 1 PTS (PSI-COOH) whose residues are functionally dependent on a strict context of adjacent C-terminal amino acid residues.
Automatic numerical integration (1964)

ALGOL 60 procedures with fixed integration variable ALGOL 60 procedures with discretely changing integration variable ALGOL 60 procedure with the arc length as integration variable Examples
A comparison of three methods for detecting KRAS mutations in formalin-fixed colorectal cancer specimens (2012)

The cobas test was reproducible between sites, and detected several mutations that were not detected by the therascreen test or Sanger. Sanger sequencing had poor sensitivity for low levels of mutation.
Dynamic Multi-Bed FDG PET imaging: Feasibility and optimization (2011)

Multi-Bed FDG PET/CT as applied to oncologic imaging is currently widely and routinely used for assessment of localized and metastatic disease involvement. In the past, based on conventional (single-bed) dynamic PET imaging, standard tracer kinetic modeling techniques have been developed to estimate the FDG uptake rate K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> . However, routine clinical multi-bed FDG PET imaging commonly involves a single time frame per bed, i.e. static imaging, and the standardized uptake value (SUV), a surrogate of metabolic activity, is employed to estimate the uptake rate K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> . The accuracy depends on two conditions: (i) in the voxel or region of interest, contribution of non-phosphorylated FDG is negligible relative to phosphorylated FDG, and (ii) time integral of plasma FDG concentration is proportional to injected dose divided by lean body mass, which can fail in clinical FDG PET imaging and pose problems in differentiating malignant from benign tumors. The objective of the proposed work is to facilitate, for the fist time, a transition from static to dynamic multi-bed FDG PET/CT imaging in clinically feasible times where, given the challenge of sparse temporal sampling at each bed, novel dynamic acquisition schemes should be employed to yield quantitative whole-body imaging of FDG uptake. Thus, a set of novel dynamic multi-bed PET image acquisition schemes have been modeled, using Monte Carlo simulations, to quantitatively evaluate the clinical feasibility of the method and optimize the number of passes per bed and the total study duration. It has been determined that a data acquisition scheme consisting of 6 whole-body passes and constant time frames of 45sec produces parametric images with the optimal noise vs. bias performance. Finally, clinical whole-body patient data have been acquired dynamically and results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method in enhancing treatment response monitoring capabilities of clinical PET studies.