gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A one‐step procedure for separating mouse T and B lymphocytes (1974)

Abstract A procedure is described for both depleting and obtaining in pure form Ig‐bearing cells from mouse lymphoid populations. The Ig‐bearing cells are identified by rosetting and the rosettes separated from the nonrosetting lymphocytes by centrifugation on Isopaque/Ficoll. The rosettes sink with the red cells and the nonrosetting lymphocytes float. The procedure is > 99.5 % efficient at depleting mouse lymphoid populations of Ig‐rosetting cells and is also > 97 % efficient at removing the Ig‐bearing cells detected by radioautography. Furthermore, after lysis of the red cells by hypotonic shock the Ig‐bearing cells are recovered in a highly pure form. The total recovery of white cells and rosettes applied is > 85 %. This procedure was shown to produce a functional separation of T and B lymphocytes. The cell population depleted of Ig‐rosettes behaved as a pure T cell preparation. It lacked precursors of antibody‐forming cells, but contained virtually all of the Θ‐positive lymphocytes, the bulk of the helper cells detected in two in vitro hapten carrier antibody responses and all the cells which responded and produced cytotoxic cells in MLC. In contrast, the preparation of Ig rosettes expressed B cell properties. This population contained all of the antibody forming cell precursors, few helper cells and Θ‐positive lymphocytes and no MLC‐responding cells. However, there was some evidence that a small subpopulation of T cells exists which possesses surface Ig. The separation system was used to formally demonstrate that carrier primed T cells collaborate with hapten primed B cells to generate an anti‐hapten antibody response to a hapten‐carrier conjugate. It was also established that in MLC responder B cells in no way collaborate with responder T cells to generate cytotoxic cells.
Dual stimulation with bacterial and viral components increases the expression of hepcidin in human monocytes (2014)

Hepcidin belongs to the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) family and is the key regulator of iron metabolism. It modulates iron homeostasis by binding to, and degrading the iron exporter molecule, ferroportin, thus inhibiting cellular iron efflux. Many antimicrobial peptides have a dual function; some are able to act directly as an antimicrobial agent as well as having an immunoregulatory role in the host. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) bind to components of microorganisms, activate cellular signal transduction pathways and stimulate innate immune responses. The effect of TLR3 (poly I:C) and TLR9 (CpG) co-stimulation of THP-1-derived monocytes using purified TLR ligands showed that 24 h after exposure poly I:C and CpG ligands in combination, hepcidin expression was significantly increased (10-fold) when compared to the untreated control. This combination of TLR ligands mimics simultaneous bacterial and viral infections, thus suggesting a potential key role for hepcidin in combined infections. Additionally, using a chequerboard assay, we have shown that hepcidin has an antagonistic effect in combination with the antibiotics rifampicin and tetracycline against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes, evidenced by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) > 4. This finding has important implications for future treatment regimens especially in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
The role of the 5′-flanking region in the cell-specific transcription of the human von Willebrand factor gene (1993)

Transcriptional regulation of the human von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene was investigated in calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE), HeLa, COS 7 and Hep G2 cells. Various lengths of flanking sequences extending up to 2123 bp 5' of the transcription initiation site and containing 19 bp of the first exon, were linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and these constructs were assayed in transient transfection assays. Sequences up to 89 bp upstream of the cap site showed transcriptional activity in all cell types. Sequences between -147 and -419 bp markedly reduced CAT activity in CPAE cells and abolished it in other cell lines. A domain from -592 to -810 bp generated low levels of expression only in CPAE cells. This transcriptional activity was repressed with constructs containing 1041 to 1240 bp upstream of the cap site. Endothelial cell-specific transcription was restored by a construct that contained 1286 bp upstream of the cap site. The additional 46 bp upstream of the negative regulatory domain were within the 5' end of an inverse human Alu-family DNA repeat. RNAase-protection assays confirmed the correct transcriptional initiation. The sequence between -89 and -420 contained at least one negative regulatory element able to repress the CAT gene expression controlled by the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter in all cell types. A construct that included the sequence from -89 to -1286 bp increased the transcriptional activity directed by the thymidine kinase promoter only in CPAE cells. These results indicate that negative and positive elements in the 5'-flanking region interact to regulate vWF gene expression.
A 2.1-to-2.8-GHz Low-Phase-Noise All-Digital Frequency Synthesizer With a Time-Windowed Time-to-Digital Converter (2010)

A 2.1-to-2.8-GHz low-power consumption all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) with a time-windowed time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented. The time-windowed TDC uses a two-step structure with an inverter- and a Vernier-delay time-quantizer to improve time resolution, which results in low phase noise. Time-windowed operation is implemented in the TDC, in which a single-shot pulse-based operation is used for low power consumption. The test chip implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology exhibits in-band phase noise of , where the loop-bandwidth is set to 500 kHz with a 40-MHz reference signal, and out-band noise of at a 1-MHz offset frequency. The chip core occupies 0.37 and the measured power consumption is 8.1 mA from a 1.2-V power supply.
Bell-47D1 Helicopter (1945)

The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 203 

More than three thousand Bell-47D1 helicopters were made in the United States and sold in forty countries between 1946 and 1973, when production ceased. While the Bell-47D1 is a straightforward utilitarian craft, its designer, Young, who was also a poet and a painter, consciously juxtaposed its transparent plastic bubble with the open structure of its tail boom to create an object whose delicate beauty is in-separable from its efficiency. That the plastic bubble is made in one piece rather than in sections joined by metal seams sets the Bell-47D1 apart from other helicopters. The result is a cleaner, more unified appearance.

The bubble also lends an insectlike appearance to the hovering craft, which generated its nickname, the bug-eyed helicopter. It seems fitting, then, that one of the principal uses of the Bell-47D1 has been for pest control in crop dusting and spraying. It has also been used for traffic surveillance and for the delivery of mail and cargo to remote areas. During the Korean War, it served as an aerial ambulance.

Awarded the world's first commercial helicopter license by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (now the FAA), the Bell-47D1 weighs 1,380 pounds. Its maximum speed is 92 miles per hour and its maximum range 194 miles. It can hover like a dragonfly at altitudes up to 10,000 feet.
Radar transponder apparatus and signal processing technique (1994)

An active, phase-coded, time-grating transponder and a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and signal processor means, in combination, allow the recognition and location of the transponder (tag) in the SAR image and allow communication of information messages from the transponder to the SAR. The SAR is an illuminating radar having special processing modifications in an image-formation processor to receive an echo from a remote transponder, after the transponder receives and retransmits the SAR illuminations, and to enhance the transponder's echo relative to surrounding ground clutter by recognizing special transponder modulations from phase-shifted from the transponder retransmissions. The remote radio-frequency tag also transmits information to the SAR through a single antenna that also serves to receive the SAR illuminations. Unique tag-modulation and SAR signal processing techniques, in combination, allow the detection and precise geographical location of the tag through the reduction of interfering signals from ground clutter, and allow communication of environmental and status information from said tag to be communicated to said SAR.
Sequential Estimation of Timebase Corrections for an Arbitrarily Long Waveform (2012)

We present a procedure for correcting the timebase distortion (TBD) and jitter of temporal waveforms of arbitrary lengths. This is achieved by estimating the TBD and jitter sequentially with overlapping measurements and using the information in the overlapping portion to adjust the results. We use eye diagrams to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A portable pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) device to enhance healing of recalcitrant venous ulcers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (1992)

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of pulsed electromagnetic limb ulcer therapy (PELUT) in the healing of recalcitrant, predominantly venous leg ulcers. The portable device was used at home for 3 h daily during this 8-week clinical trial as an adjunct to a wound dressing. Wound surface area, ulcer depth and pain intensity were assessed at weeks 0, 4 and 8. At week 8 the active group had a 47.7% decrease in wound surface area vs. a 42.3% increase for placebo (P < 0.0002). Investigators' global evaluations indicated that 50% of the ulcers in the active group healed or markedly improved vs. 0% in the placebo group, and 0% of the active group worsened vs. 54% of the placebo group (P < 0.001). Significant decreases in wound depth (P < 0.04) and pain intensity (P < 0.04) favouring the active group were seen. Patients whose ulcers improved significantly after 8 weeks were permitted to continue double-blind therapy for an additional 4 weeks. Eleven active and one placebo patient continued therapy until week 12, with the active treatment group continuing to show improvement. There were no reports of adverse events attributable to this device. We conclude that the PELUT device is a safe and effective adjunct to non-surgical therapy for recalcitrant venous leg ulcers.
Blockchain for Consent Management in the eHealth Environment: A Nugget for Privacy and Security Challenges (2017)

In our digital world, access to personal data has become an item of concern, with challenging security and privacy aspects. Occurrences of hacking intentions and privacy violations make digital trust a major challenge. This is true in the eHealth area where management of patient health data must comply with many regulations, while remaining accessible to duly authorised health practitioners. Most will have heard about Blockchain because of its most known application - Bitcoin - in the payment area. However, Blockchain’s characteristics make it possible to fulfill the requirements of consent management, as illustrated in an implementation within a health domain use case.
Planning and Learning with Stochastic Action Sets (2018)

In many practical uses of reinforcement learning (RL) the set of actions available at a given state is a random variable, with realizations governed by an exogenous stochastic process. Somewhat surprisingly, the foundations for such sequential decision processes have been unaddressed. In this work, we formalize and investigate MDPs with stochastic action sets (SAS-MDPs) to provide these foundations. We show that optimal policies and value functions in this model have a structure that admits a compact representation. From an RL perspective, we show that Q-learning with sampled action sets is sound. In model-based settings, we consider two important special cases: when individual actions are available with independent probabilities, and a sampling-based model for unknown distributions. We develop polynomial-time value and policy iteration methods for both cases, and provide a polynomial-time linear programming solution for the first case.
Molecular analysis of the antigen receptor of virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells and identification of a new V<sub>α</sub> family (1987)

We have determined the primary structure of the alpha/beta-antigen receptor of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific cytotoxic T cell clone (P14). The beta chain of the T cell receptor is composed of V beta 8.1, D beta and J beta 2.4 gene segments while the alpha chain uses a member of the V alpha 2 family and J alpha TA31. Southern blot analysis of a panel of six other independent LCMV-specific cytotoxic T cell clones did not reveal any preferential usage of the V alpha 2 or V beta 8 gene families in the cytotoxic LCMV response. Additionally, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones derived from the non-functionally rearranged alpha allele of P14. This transcript is composed of a unique V alpha gene segment which belongs to a new V alpha gene family.
Learning to Simplify Distributed Systems Management (2018)

Managing large-scale distributed systems is a difficult task. System administrators are responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of numerous components with complex dependencies. With the shift to microservices-based architectures, these systems can consist of 100s to 1000s of interconnected nodes. To combat this difficulty, administrators rely on analyzing logs and metrics collected from the different services. However, the number of available metrics for large systems presents complexity and scaling issues. To combat these issues, we present Minerva, an unsupervised Machine Learning (ML) framework for performing network diagnosis analysis. Minerva is composed of a multi-stage pipeline, where each component can act individually or cohesively to perform various management tasks. Our system offers a unified and extensible framework for managing the complexity of large networks, and presents administrators with a swiss-army knife for diagnosing the overall health of their systems. To demonstrate the feasibility of Minerva, we evaluate its performance on a production-scale system. We present use cases for the various management tools made available by Minerva, and show how these tools can be used to make strong inferences about the system using unsupervised techniques.
Is Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux a Causative Factor in Glottic Carcinoma? (1988)

Several forms of laryngeal dysfunction and pathology can be attributed to the effects of chronic gastric reflux through direct acid irritation, from a reflex alteration in voluntary muscle tone or referred sensation. It is widely accepted that contact ulcers and granulomata over the arytenoid are associated with gastric reflux, but there have not been well-documented cases of glottic carcinoma that are reflux-related. This article presents six cases of glottic carcinoma, all with T1 lesions of the anterior two-thirds of the vocal cord. All of these patients are lifetime nonsmokers, and all had no other ailments other than moderately severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Clinical details from the study of these patients gives strong indication that the reflux may have been a factor in the development of the disease. In addition, review of 21 lifetime nonsmokers with glottic carcinoma presenting over a 10-year period at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia revealed that 48% had probably experienced reflux, compared to 16% in a group that had stopped smoking 10 or more years earlier. While this small number of cases cannot be said to prove the etiologic relationship between reflux and glottic carcinoma, it is important for the otolaryngologic community to be aware of the possible clinical relationship.
The developmental cycle of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in vertebrate cells (2006)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular bacterium, has two forms in mammalian cells: small dense-cored cells (DC) with dense nucleoid and larger reticulate cells (RC) with uniformly dispersed nucleoid. We have determined by electron microscopy that DC but not RC attaches to and enters into the host cells and RC but not DC multiples inside the host cells. Analysis of outer membrane protein expression by confocal microscopy showed that RC expressed the 28 kDa outer membrane protein (p28), the intermediate form, which were transforming from RC to DC, expressed both gp120 and p28, and the mature DC expressed gp120 only. The TCID50 of DC is 6 log10 higher than RC. We conclude that E. chaffeensis has a developmental cycle, in which the DC attaches to and enters into the host cells, and transforms into RC and the RC multiplies by binary fission for 48 h and then matures into DC at 72 h.
Regulatory T cells in the bone marrow microenvironment in patients with prostate cancer (2012)

Human prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone marrow. What defines the cellular and molecular predilection for prostate cancer to metastasize to bone marrow is not well understood. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to self-tolerance and tumor immune pathology. We now show that functional Treg cells are increased in the bone marrow microenvironment in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis, and that CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling pathway contributes to Treg cell bone marrow trafficking. Treg cells exhibit active cell cycling in the bone marrow, and bone marrow dendritic cells express high levels of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK), and promote Treg cell expansion through RANK and its ligand (RANKL) signals. Furthermore, Treg cells suppress osteoclast differentiation induced by activated T cells and M-CSF, adoptive transferred Treg cells migrate to bone marrow, and increase bone mineral intensity in the xenograft mouse models with human prostate cancer bone marrow inoculation. In vivo Treg cell depletion results in reduced bone density in tumor bearing mice. The data indicates that bone marrow Treg cells may form an immunosuppressive niche to facilitate cancer bone metastasis and contribute to bone deposition, the major bone pathology in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. These findings mechanistically explain why Treg cells accumulate in the bone marrow, and demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for Treg cells in patients with prostate cancer. Thus, targeting Treg cells may not only improve anti-tumor immunity, but also ameliorate bone pathology in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis.
Monoclonal antibodies to bovine major histocompatibility system antigens. (1989)

Of 89 monoclonal antibodies screened for anti-class I activity in a cytotoxic assay against bovine peripheral-blood lymphocytes, 6 reacted with all lymphocytes from all cattle tested, 72 failed to react at all and 11 reacted with polymorphic determinants. The reactivity of some of the 11 polymorphic monoclonal antibodies was dependent upon the bovine major histocompatibility system (BoLA) class I type. Eight monoclonal antibodies selected for putative anti-class II activity reacted with B-enriched lymphocytes from all cattle tested.
A review paper on spoofing detection methods in wireless LAN (2016)

Spoofing makes the task of identification and tracking back of the perpetrator / initiator in Cyber Crimes very difficult, e.g. the attacks by way of changing its network identifiers in WLANs. In such a scenario, spoof detection methods have gain wide attention. One way to prevent from spoofing is to authenticate the frames. However, in 802.11 WLANs, authentication and encryption for management and control frames is not provided. Further, present MAC spoofing detection techniques bring out large number of false positives. This paper discusses the various spoofing detection methods. Each method has its own pros and cons and provides a different level of security ranging from low to high. By analyzing the different detection techniques together, it is brought out in the paper as to which particular method could be more suitable in a particular scenario and how one can easily get the reduced false positives. As a study, performing a Session Containment attack by spoofing the IP address of the access point (AP) is also presented and detection of the attack is done using sequence number analysis method. By way of retrospect, an outline of future work is also suggested in the concluding remarks.
An MPEG Standard for Rich Media Services (2005)

Lightweight Application Scene Representation (Laser) is the Moving Picture Expert Group's solution for delivering rich media services to mobile, resource-constrained devices. Laser provides easy content creation, optimized rich media data delivery, and enhanced rendering on all devices.
Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyoxymethylene Obtained in Solid-State Polymerization of Trioxane Catalyzed by BF<sub>3</sub>·O(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (1967)

Abstract To clarify the reaction mechanism of the solid-state polymerization of trioxane, the molecular weight distribution of polyoxymethylene is measured. High molecular weight polymer is precipitated around the stirrer in an early stage, then low polymer, while the p-chlorophenol solution of polyoxymethylene is violently rotated by a glass stirrer at about 60°C. To fractionate polymer, this phenomenon is applied for the polyoxymethylene produced in the solid-state polymerization catalyzed by BF3·O(C2H5)2 in n-hexane medium at 40 and 50°C. The polymer obtained at a low conversion contains a large amount of high polymer part, and the amount of high polymer decreases with increasing conversion. It is estimated that high polymer is produced only at the initial stage of the polymerization and that the decrease of molecular weight of polymer at a high conversion in the solid-state polymerization may be due to the formation of low polymer at a high conversion and also to the degradation of high polymer during the polymerization.
Decreased Km to dNTPs is an essential M-MuLV reverse transcriptase adoption required to perform efficient cDNA synthesis in One-Step RT-PCR assay (2018)

Personalized medicine and advanced diagnostic tools based on RNA analysis are focusing on fast and direct One-Step RT-PCR assays. First strand complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized by the reverse transcriptase (RT) is exponentially amplified in the end-point or real-time PCR. Even a minor discrepancy in PCR conditions would result in big deviations during the data analysis. Thus, One-Step RT-PCR composition is typically based on the PCR buffer. In this study, we have used compartmentalized ribosome display technique for in vitro evolution of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (M-MuLV RT) that would be able to perform efficient full-length cDNA synthesis in PCR buffer optimized for Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. The most frequent mutations found in a selected library were analyzed. Aside from the mutations, which switch off RNase H activity of RT and are beneficial for the full-length cDNA synthesis, we have identified several mutations in the active center of the enzyme (Q221R and V223A/M), which result in 4-5-fold decrease of Km for dNTPs (<0.2 mM). The selected mutations are in surprising agreement with the natural evolution process because they transformed the active center from the oncoretroviral M-MuLV RT-type to the lenitiviral enzyme-type. We believe that this was the major and essential phenotypic adjustment required to perform fast and efficient cDNA synthesis in PCR buffer at 0.2-mM concentration of each dNTP.