gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeted therapies in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (2009)

Head and neck cancer is a challenging disease that is expected to account for greater than 500,000 new cases worldwide in 2008. Toxicity has impeded advances in chemotherapy and radiation for head and neck cancer, and the prognosis for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease remains poor. Over the past decade, clinical research in head and neck cancer has focused on improving the efficacy of current multimodal approaches by targeting cellular pathways associated with carcinogenesis. Blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) have emerged as primary strategies that account for the success of current targeted therapies in cancer. Recent studies with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of the EGFR, have demonstrated survival benefits across the range of treatment settings in advanced head and neck cancer, and it is the only targeted therapy approved for use in this malignancy. In this review, the authors present the current development status of targeted therapies, focusing on those that have potential to impact the management of head and neck cancer in the near-term future. Trials are ongoing in all stages of disease and with a variety of modalities and agents, and those trials should provide critical insight into the best way to use these agents to improve patient outcomes.
Inter-substrate microstructure formation by electroplating bonding technology (2008)

This paper explores the technological capabilities as well as theoretical limitations of electroplating bonding technology (EBT). EBT is of particular interest for the fabrication of complex three-dimensional electrical components (e.g. inductors, high frequency antennae, etc) as well as high aspect ratio mechanical structures with exotic geometrical features. Two separate substrates, each containing identical arrays of 150 µm tall copper microstructures, are aligned and then joined together using electrodeposition of copper under forced convection conditions to form 300 µm long structures that mechanically and electrically link the two substrates. Theoretical and experimental approaches are used to develop this bonding system. Mass transfer calculations of diffusion and convection are performed to predict optimal fabrication conditions. To demonstrate the ability to predict optimal plating conditions, a test coupon mimicking a chip-scaled interconnect system with 256 chip interconnects is designed, fabricated and characterized. The mechanical and electrical connectivity are verified by formation of daisy-chained test beds. The electrical testing of the bonded system shows an excellent conductivity of 0.097 Ohm/test row. Thermal-cycling-accelerated aging tests are performed over a temperature range from −55 to +125 °C. Electroplating bonded structures show excellent mechanical stability as well as electrical performance.
Targeting methionine auxotrophy in cancer: discovery & exploration (2011)

Although methionine auxotrophy seems as a viable target, extensive research addressing normal versus cancer cell toxicity needs to be conducted. Further research also needs to be conducted into the molecular mechanism associated with methionine depletion therapy. Finally, novel methods need to be developed to decrease the immunogenicity of methionine-depleting drugs, a current issue with protein therapeutics.
.beta.-Lactams from esters and sulfenimines: a new route to monobactams (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.beta.-Lactams from esters and sulfenimines: a new route to monobactamsDuane A. Burnett, David J. Hart, and Jun LiuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 10, 1929–1930Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00360a061https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00360a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views293Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems on college students’ academic learning. (2013)

This meta-analysis synthesizes research on the effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for college students. Thirty-five reports were found containing 39 studies assessing the effectiveness of 22 types of ITS in higher education settings. Most frequently studied were AutoTutor, Assessment and Learning in Knowledge Spaces, eXtended Tutor-Expert System, and Web Interface for Statistics Education. Major findings include (a) Overall, ITS had a moderate positive effect on college students’ academic learning (g = .32 to g = .37); (b) ITS were less effective than human tutoring, but they outperformed all other instruction methods and learning activities, including traditional classroom instruction, reading printed text or computerized materials, computer-assisted instruction, laboratory or homework assignments, and no-treatment control; (c) ITS’s effectiveness did not significantly differ by different ITS, subject domain, or the manner or degree of their involvement in instruction and learning; and (d) effectiveness in earlier studies appeared to be significantly greater than that in more recent studies. In addition, there is some evidence suggesting the importance of teachers and pedagogy in ITS-assisted learning.
Visible Light Photocatalysis: The Development of Photocatalytic Radical Ion Cycloadditions (2013)

Photochemistry has the potential to significantly impact multiple aspects of chemical synthesis, in part because photoinduced reactions can be used to construct molecular architectures that would otherwise be difficult to produce. Nevertheless, organic chemists have been slow to embrace photochemical synthesis because of technical complications associated with the use of ultraviolet light. Our laboratory has been part of an effort to design synthetically useful reactions that utilize visible light. This strategy enables the synthesis of a diverse range of organic structures by generation of a variety of reactive intermediates under exceptionally mild conditions. This Perspective article describes the reasoning that led to the conception of our first experiments in this area, the features of our reaction design that have been most powerful in the discovery of new processes, and a few of the possible future areas in which visible light photocatalysis might have a large impact.
Secret-Fragment-Visible Mosaic Image–A New Computer Art and Its Application to Information Hiding (2011)

A new type of computer art image called secret-fragment-visible mosaic image is proposed, which is created automatically by composing small fragments of a given image to become a target image in a mosaic form, achieving an effect of embedding the given image visibly but secretly in the resulting mosaic image. This effect of information hiding is useful for covert communication or secure keeping of secret images. To create a mosaic image of this type from a given secret color image, the 3-D color space is transformed into a new 1-D colorscale, based on which a new image similarity measure is proposed for selecting from a database a target image that is the most similar to the given secret image. A fast greedy search algorithm is proposed to find a similar tile image in the secret image to fit into each block in the target image. The information of the tile image fitting sequence is embedded into randomly-selected pixels in the created mosaic image by a lossless LSB replacement scheme using a secret key; without the key, the secret image cannot be recovered. The proposed method, originally designed for dealing with color images, is also extended to create grayscale mosaic images which are useful for hiding text-type grayscale document images. An additional measure to enhance the embedded data security is also proposed. Good experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method.
Water permeability and particle aggregates in ADH-, cAMP-, and forskolin-treated toad bladder (1987)

Osmotic water flow was used to evaluate total tissue water permeability (Ptissue), and luminal membrane particle aggregates, presumed sites for transmembrane water movement, were quantified to assess luminal membrane water permeability, in bladders treated with maximally stimulating concentrations of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and forskolin. Aggregates were as numerous and occupied the same fractional area of the luminal membrane in response to cAMP treatment (10 mM) as treatment with ADH (20 mU/ml). Ptissue in cAMP-treated tissues, however, was only half of that induced by ADH (P less than 0.001). A similar disparity in the relationship between aggregates and Ptissue occurred for additional bladders treated with 50 microM forskolin, which is known to increase endogenous cAMP to levels much greater than caused by maximally stimulating concentrations of ADH. Although Ptissue achieved with forskolin was the same in paired bladders treated with ADH, aggregates were far more numerous (P less than 0.05) and occupied much more membrane area (P less than 0.05) with forskolin. These observations are consistent with the view that aggregate appearance in the luminal membrane is a function of intracellular cAMP. The finding that the hydrosmotic response of toad bladder to both cAMP and forskolin compared with ADH stimulation is reduced relative to measured changes in luminal membrane aggregates suggests that the effect of ADH in altering water permeability involves additional regulation via a non-cAMP-mediated mechanism. This latter event would appear to be by an effect of ADH on the permeability of a resistance at a postluminal membrane site and/or possibly on the permeability of aggregates in the luminal membrane.
Case 2 (2010)

Abstract This is a case from the Normal Anatomy section of Cardiac Imaging Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Model reference adaptive control of abstract nonlinear distributed parameter systems (2005)

We briefly describe and discuss an abstract theory for the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) of abstract nonlinear distributed parameter systems. We consider a general class of abstract nonlinear systems in Hilbert space, and we assume that the entire state is available for measurement. We assume that the reference model is an abstract parabolic system, and that the control objective is to find a feedback controller which forces the unknown plant to track the state trajectory of the reference model while all signals in the closed loop remain bounded. We are also interested in obtaining convergence of the estimates for the unknown plant parameters. The class of distributed parameter systems that we are particularly interested in applying our abstract theory to include ones involving linear and nonlinear diffusion and damped wave/beam equations, fluid flow, thermoelasticity, and hereditary systems or delay equations.
Effects of temperature on the degradation of proteins in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and after injection into HeLa cells. (1984)

Bovine serum albumin, pyruvate kinase, hemoglobin, and the Fc fragment of IgG were labeled and introduced into HeLa cells by erythrocyte-mediated microinjection. Degradation of the injected proteins was then measured in cells cultured at temperatures between 6 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Arrhenius plots revealed a constant Ea of 27 +/- 5 kcal/mol over this temperature interval. Similarly, the apparent Ea for the degradation of long-term endogenously labeled HeLa proteins was 22-26 kcal/mol. Both local protein unfolding and proteolysis by defined enzymes, such as trypsin or papain, proceed with EaS between 5 and 15 kcal/mol. The 2-fold higher values obtained in this study indicate that protein unfolding or simple proteolysis is not rate limiting in the degradation of injected or long-lived endogenous HeLa proteins. Moreover, the relatively uniform EaS suggest that a similar biochemical event is rate limiting in the degradation of a specific protein independent of its half-life. This event may involve a reaction in the ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway from rabbit reticulocyte lysates because we observed that EaS for ATP-dependent proteolysis in this system were also 27 +/- 5 kcal/mol.
Biaxial mechanical behavior of excised porcine mitral valve leaflets (1995)

Anterior and posterior leaflets from excised porcine mitral valves were mechanically tested under cyclic equibiaxial and strip biaxial stretch protocols at a strain rate of 4-12%/s after preconditioning. Cauchy stress and Lagrangian strain were calculated for both membrane and three-dimensional cases. The leaflets exhibited nonlinearly elastic, anisotropic behavior. Both anterior and posterior leaflets were less extensible in the circumferential than in the radial direction under equibiaxial stretch, with stress ratios of 5.7 and 4.3, respectively. The posterior leaflets exhibited greater extensibility in both directions and lower circumferential posttransitional moduli (ranges 690-820 vs. 2,500-3,200 N/m for anterior). This larger posterior extensibility may be due to the greater number of chordal attachments, which provide additional mechanical stability to this structure. Coupling of radial and circumferential mechanical behavior was evidenced by the response to different stretch protocols, indicating a complex microstructural coupling between individual collagen fibers or bundles. These are the first biaxial data for mitral valves and are a foundation for the development of a more detailed quantitative material description.
Study on the mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over molybdenum carbide catalyst (2002)

The performance of molybdenum carbide catalyst for partial oxidation of methane to syngas has been evaluated in a micro-reactor under various conditions. The molybdenum carbide catalyst is stable in methane partial oxidation to syngas at high reaction temperatures, high pressures and with a low space velocity of reactants. Pre-treatment has a significant effect on the catalyst activity and selectivity. The reaction mechanism over molybdenum carbide has been studied using 13C isotope exchange and in situ laser Raman. It is seen that the carbon in the lattice of the molybdenum carbide takes an active part in the reaction. The deactivation of molybdenum carbide catalyst results from the oxidation of the catalyst surface.
Industrial Ventilation: Engineering Principles (1991)

Respiratory System. Design Criteria. Contaminant Generation. General Ventilation Well--Mixed Model. Present Local Ventilation Practice. Ideal Fluids. Particle Dynamics. Control of Particle. Control of Gases and Vapors. References. Appendices. Index.
Impact of packet sampling on anomaly detection metrics (2006)

Packet sampling methods such as Cisco's NetFlow are widely employed by large networks to reduce the amount of traffic data measured. A key problem with packet sampling is that it is inherently a lossy process, discarding (potentially useful) information. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the impact of sampling on anomaly detection metrics. Starting with unsampled flow records collected during the Blaster worm outbreak, we reconstruct the underlying packet trace and simulate packet sampling at increasing rates. We then use our knowledge of the Blaster anomaly to build a baseline of normal traffic (without Blaster), against which we can measure the anomaly size at various sampling rates. This approach allows us to evaluate the impact of packet sampling on anomaly detection without being restricted to (or biased by) a particular anomaly detection method.We find that packet sampling does not disturb the anomaly size when measured in volume metrics such as the number of bytes and number of packets, but grossly biases the number of flows. However, we find that recently proposed entropy-based summarizations of packet and flow counts are affected less by sampling, and expose the Blaster worm outbreak even at higher sampling rates. Our findings suggest that entropy summarizations are more resilient to sampling than volume metrics. Thus, while not perfect, sampling still preserves sufficient distributional structure, which when harnessed by tools like entropy, can expose hard-to-detect scanning anomalies.
A Color Atlas of Plant Structure (1996)

AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsPreface1. Introduction - The assortment of land plants, Transpiration and translocation in vascular plants, General morphology of angiosperms, Floral and reproductive features of angiosperms, Theme of the atlas.2. The plant Cell - Introduction, Cell membranes, Nucleus, Plastids, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Vacuoles, Microbodies, Ribosomes, Microtubules and microfilaments, The cell wall.3. Plant Histology - Distribution of cells and tissues, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Secretory tissues, Phloem, Xylem, Structure of Wood4. Apical Meristems: Genesis of Primary Shoot and Root - Introduction, Vegetative shoot apex, Early leaf and bud development, Tissue differentiation in the young stem, Root apex, tissue differentiation in the young root5. The Green Leaf - Introduction, Morphology and venation, Anatomy of the lamina, Anatomy of the petiole6 The Stem - Primary growth, Anatomy of the mature primary stem, secondary growth, Anatomy of the woody stem, Periderm, Thickened monocotyledonous stem7. The Root - Introduction, Anatomy of the mature primary root, Lateral and adventitious roots, Mycorrhizae and root nodules, Secondary growth in roots8. Sexual Reproduction - Introduction, General features of flowers, Perianth, Androecium, Gynoecium, Fertilisation, Development of the seed, The fruitSelected bibliographyGlossaryIndex
Dickkopf-1 Expression as a Marker for Predicting Clinical Outcome in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2009)

Our data suggest the usefulness of DKK1 as a novel predictor of poor prognosis of patients with ESCC after curative resection and also as a therapeutic target for future tailored therapies against ESCC.
Free L-Carnitine in Human Semen (1985)

Spectrophotometrical (412 nm) readings of known amounts of 1-carnitine gave absorbancy changes with minimal interassay variations (8%) in the range of 15.6-125 microM. A 100-microliters volume of seminal plasma was needed for optimal assay repeatability; recoveries of added carnitine were linear (r = 0.998), indicating a sensitivity limit of 0.70 microgram/ml. Intraassay and interassay repeatability gave variation coefficients of 2% and 1.2%, respectively. By this method, 20 samples in duplicate were analyzed within 2 h. Carnitine levels and semen volumes were inversely correlated (r = 0.49). The ejaculated amounts of carnitine (microgram/ejaculate) were not significantly different in 16 normozoospermic subjects and in 13 oligozoospermic patients. Undetectable levels of carnitine were found in case of deferential-vesicular agenesis, and very low levels were found in cases of monorchidism, confirming the epididymides as major producing organs of the substance. Very low levels were also found in semen of men with varicocele, suggesting that seminal carnitine would be regarded as an index of androgenization.
The fault location selective trip protection's study of 10 KV DC railway transit power supply system based on fault current information (2010)

This paper presents a new current selective trip protection algorithm which is based on the current changes on the same end of line. The new algorithm can reduce the communication of transmission line pressure and reduce the length of the signal delay to the protection of the impact. With the introduction of the new algorithm, the typical AC power ring line for DC railway system based on PSCAD is simulated, and use MATLAB for the algorithm test. This paper also focus on the reliability of the algorithm when System have different types of fault. The simulation results proved the reliability of this algorithm.
p-type microcrystalline silicon oxide emitter for silicon heterojunction solar cells allowing current densities above 40 mA/cm2 (2015)

We have developed a microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiOx:H) p-type emitter layer that significantly improves the light incoupling at the front side of silicon heterojunction solar cells by minimizing reflection losses. The μc-SiOx:H p-layer with a refractive index of 2.87 at 632 nm wavelength and the transparent conducting oxide form a stack with refractive indexes which consecutively decrease from silicon to the ambient air and thus significantly reduce the reflection. Optical simulations performed for flat wafers reveal that the antireflective effect of the emitter overcompensates the parasitic absorption and suggest an ideal thickness of about 40 nm. On textured wafers, the increase in current density is still more than 1 mA/cm2 for a typical emitter thickness of 10 nm. Thus, we are able to fabricate heterojunction solar cells with current densities significantly over 40 mA/cm2 and power conversion efficiency above 20%, which is yet mainly limited by the cell's fill factor.
New Models for the Study of the Racemization Mechanism of Carbodiimides. Synthesis and Structure (X-ray Crystallography and <sup>1</sup>H NMR) of Cyclic Carbodiimides (1996)

The crystal and molecular structure of carbodiimides 2 (5,6,18,19-tetradehydro-5,12,13,18,25,26-hexahydrotetrabenzo[d,h,m,q][1,3,10,12]tetraazacyclooctadecine) and 3 (8,10,22,24-tetraazapentacyclo[23.3.1.1(3,7).1(11,15).1(17,21)]dotriaconta-1(29),3,5,7(32),8,9,11,13,15(31),17,19,21(30),22,23,25,27-hexadecaene) have been determined. The activation barriers for the racemization of carbodiimides 1 (6,7-dihydrodibenzo[d,h][1,3]diazonine), 2, and 3 have been determined. While 1 presents a relatively high barrier (17.4 kcal mol(-)(1)), 2 and 3 have very low activation barriers (between 5 and 7 kcal mol(-)(1)). We tentatively conclude that open-chain and large-ring carbodiimides racemize by nitrogen inversion or trans-rotation while medium-size cyclic carbodiimides racemize by cis-rotation.