gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inflammation as a Modulator of Host Susceptibility to Pulmonary Influenza, Pneumococcal, and Co-Infections (2020)

Bacterial and viral pathogens are predominant causes of pulmonary infections and complications. Morbidity and mortality from these infections is increased in populations that include the elderly, infants, and individuals with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Immune senescence, concurrent infections, and other immune alterations occur in these susceptible populations, but the underlying mechanisms that dictate increased susceptibility to lung infections are not fully defined. Here, we review unique features of the lung as a mucosal epithelial tissue and aspects of inflammatory and immune responses in model pulmonary infections and co-infections by influenza virus and <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>. In these models, lung inflammatory responses are a double-edged sword: recruitment of immune effectors is essential to eliminate bacteria and virus-infected cells, but inflammatory cytokines drive changes in the lung conducive to increased pathogen replication. Excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells also hinders lung function, possibly causing death of the host. Some animal studies have found that targeting host modulators of lung inflammatory responses has therapeutic or prophylactic effects in these infection and co-infection models. However, conflicting results from other studies suggest microbiota, sequence of colonization, or other unappreciated aspects of lung biology also play important roles in the outcome of infections. Regardless, a predisposition to excessive or aberrant inflammatory responses occurs in susceptible human populations. Hence, in appropriate contexts, modulation of inflammatory responses may prove effective for reducing the frequency or severity of pulmonary infections. However, there remain limitations in our understanding of how this might best be achieved-particularly in diverse human populations.
Lipolytic Products Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) α and δ in Brown Adipocytes to Match Fatty Acid Oxidation with Supply (2012)

β-Adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) promote brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis by mobilizing fatty acids and inducing the expression of oxidative genes. β-AR activation increases the expression of oxidative genes by elevating cAMP, but whether lipolytic products can modulate gene expression is not known. This study examined the role that adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) plays in the induction of gene expression. Activation of brown adipocytes by β-AR agonism or 8-bromo-cyclic AMP increased the expression of PGC1α, PDK4, PPARα, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1), and concurrent inhibition of HSL reduced the induction of PGC1α, PDK4, PPARα, and UCP1 but not NOR-1. Similar results were observed in the BAT of mice following pharmacological or genetic inhibition of HSL and in brown adipocytes with stable knockdown of ATGL. Conversely, treatments that increase endogenous fatty acids elevated the expression of oxidative genes. Pharmacological antagonism and siRNA knockdown indicate that PPARα and PPARδ modulate the induction of oxidative genes by β-AR agonism. Using a live cell fluorescent reporter assay of PPAR activation, we demonstrated that ligands for PPARα and -δ, but not PPARγ, were rapidly generated at the lipid droplet surface and could transcriptionally activate PPARα and -δ. Knockdown of ATGL reduced cAMP-mediated induction of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Consequently, ATGL knockdown reduced maximal oxidation of fatty acids, but not pyruvate, in response to cAMP stimulation. Overall, the results indicate that lipolytic products can activate PPARα and PPARδ in brown adipocytes, thereby expanding the oxidative capacity to match enhanced fatty acid supply.
<title>Phase-change optical disk with nitride interface layers</title> (1998)

Two marked effects are obtained by forming a Ge-N interface layer on either side of Ge-Sb-Te recording layer. One effect is a suppression of atomic diffusion between Ge-Sb-Te layer and protective layers, ZnS-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> representatively, which leads to a significant improvement in overwrite cyclability, and the other is the acceleration of crystallization process which leads to higher speed optical disks. A rapid-cooling type experimental disk with Ge-N layers on both sides of the Ge-Sb-Te recording layer proved to be capable of exceeding 10<SUP>5</SUP> cycle overwrites and a recording data rate 40 Mbps at linear velocity 12 m/s. The recording conditions: bit length 0.28 micrometer and track pitch 0.6 micrometer (L/G method) using laser source with a wavelength 658 nm and a numerical aperture 0.6 correspond to a capacity 4.7 GB/(phi) 120 mm.
Simulated microgravity suppresses osteoblast phenotype, Runx2 levels and AP‐1 transactivation (2002)

Conditions of disuse such as bed rest, space flight, and immobilization result in decreased mechanical loading of bone, which is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood but involve the suppression of osteoblast function. To elucidate the influence of mechanical unloading on osteoblasts, a rotating wall vessel (RWV) was employed as a ground based model of simulated microgravity. Mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were grown on microcarrier beads for 14 days and then placed in the RWV for 24 h. Consistent with decreased bone formation during actual spaceflight conditions, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression were decreased by 80 and 50%, respectively. In addition, runx2 expression and AP-1 transactivation, key regulators of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, were reduced by more than 60%. This finding suggests that simulated microgravity could promote dedifferentiation and/or transdifferentiation to alternative cell types; however, markers of adipocyte, chondrocyte, and myocyte lineages were not induced by RWV exposure. Taken together, our results indicate that simulated microgravity may suppress osteoblast differentiation through decreased runx2 and AP-1 activities.
Higher Order Aberration and Astigmatism in Children with Hyperopic Amblyopia (2016)

HOA, particularly coma HOA, correlated with astigmatism and could exert effects in cases involving hyperopic amblyopia.
Field Emission from an Ion Irradiated Photoresist (1997)

The field emission from Ar ion irradiated photoresist material is demonstrated. A photoresist of novolac-type positive-tone is used as the test material. The electrical resistivity of the photoresist film is found to decrease after Ar ion implantation at doses on the order of 10 16 cm -2 . Raman spectroscopy shows that carbon-carbon bonds such as the graphite bond are produced due to ion bombardment. For the field emission, a pyramid-like structure is prepared using oxygen-plasma etching and Ar ions are implanted to the pyramid-like structured photoresist. Electron emission of the order of 10 -6 A is observed for implanted samples, while no emission is detected from unimplanted samples.
New DGGE strategies for the analyses of methanotrophic microbial communities using different combinations of existing 16S rRNA-based primers (2004)

Methane-oxidising microbial communities are studied intensively because of their importance for global methane cycling. A suite of molecular microbial techniques has been applied to the study of these communities. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is a diversity screening tool combining high sample throughput with phylogenetic information of high resolution. The existing 16S rRNA-based DGGE assays available for methane-oxidising bacteria suffer from low-specificity, low phylogentic information due to the length of the amplified fragments and/or from lack of resolving power. In the present study we developed new combinations of existing primers and applied these on methane-oxidising microbial communities in a freshwater wetland marsh. The designed strategies comprised nested as well as direct amplification of environmental DNA. Successful application of direct amplification using combinations of universal and specific primers circumvents the nested designs currently used. All developed assays resulted in identical community profiles in wetland soil cores with Methylobacter sp. and Methylocystis sp.-related sequences. Changes in the occurrence of Methylobacter-related sequences with depth in the soil profile may be related to the decrease in methane-oxidizing activity.
Deep-UV lithographic response and quantum efficiency calculations of poly((trimethylsilyl)methyl Methacrylate-(chloromethyl)styrene) copolymers (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDeep-UV lithographic response and quantum efficiency calculations of poly((trimethylsilyl)methyl Methacrylate-(chloromethyl)styrene) copolymersM. J. Jurek, A. E. Novembre, I. P. Heyward, R. Gooden, and E. ReichmanisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1989, 1, 5, 509–514Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00005a009https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00005a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Frank Nelson Cole prize in algebra (1925)

The first award of the Cole prize will be made at the end of 1927 for a notable contribution to the theory of linear algebras by a resident of the United States or Canada.
Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits and Photoreceptor Loss Detecting Global and Local Progression of Geographic Atrophy by SD-OCT Imaging (2020)

Photoreceptor integrity and SDD are useful for predicting global and local growth in GA. Investigation of the junctional zone is merited because this area is destined to become atrophic. Photoreceptor loss visible on SD-OCT might lead to new structural outcome measurements visible before irreversible loss of retinal pigment epithelium occurs.
Improved recovery after spinal cord trauma in ICAM-1 and P-selectin knockout mice (1999)

Traumatic spinal cord injury is followed by infiltration of leukocytes, influenced by endothelial adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and P-selectin. In order to evaluate the pathogenetical role of these molecules, wild-type mice and mice lacking ICAM-1 and P-selectin were subjected to an experimental spinal cord compression of two degrees of severity. Hind limb motor function decreased after injury in all animals but the groups of injured ICAM-1/P-selectin knockout animals had a better functional outcome during the entire observation period of 14 days. This difference was statistically significant on day 1. Our results indicate that adhesion molecules influence the functional outcome after spinal cord injury in a negative way and may be a target for future therapy of neurotrauma.
Feed-forward neural networks (1994)

One critical aspect neural network designers face today is choosing an appropriate network size for a given application. Network size involves in the case of layered neural network architectures, the number of layers in a network, the number of nodes per layer, and the number of connections. Roughly speaking, a neural network implements a nonlinear mapping of u=G(x). The mapping function G is established during a training phase where the network learns to correctly associate input patterns x to output patterns u. Given a set of training examples (x, u), there is probably an infinite number of different size networks that can learn to map input patterns x into output patterns u. The question is, which network size is more appropriate for a given problem? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is not always obvious. Many researchers agree that the quality of a solution found by a neural network depends strongly on the network size used. In general, network size affects network complexity, and learning time. It also affects the generalization capabilities of the network; that is, its ability-to produce accurate results on patterns outside its training set.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A unified approach to optimal conditions of power harvesting using electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducers (2007)

Power harvesting systems generate electric power from mechanical vibration using electromechanical transducers. To assess the practical performance of these systems, it is important to be able to estimate the maximum power that could be harvested from a specific structure and to derive the optimal conditions for the harvesting. We introduce a two-port network model which can fully describe the electromechanical coupled dynamics of the transducer, including the interaction between the structure and the electrical load in a unified manner. Electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducers are then considered as special cases of this general treatment. The power harvested by both types of transducer on a simply supported beam is derived and the optimal matching conditions and the maximum harvested power are obtained theoretically. In this numerical example, a piezoelectric transducer would have higher potential than an electromagnetic device of equal mass for the harvesting, but only when the transducer parameters are tuned optimally.
Polyamine functionalized carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and siRNA binding (2011)

In this work we have synthesized a new series of cationic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for siRNA binding. Both single- and multi-walled CNTs have been modified by addition or amidation reaction with short linear polyamine chains including putrescine, spermidine and spermine. All the new conjugates have been characterized with several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Their cytotoxic effects have been assessed on human lung carcinoma cell line. Finally, we have analyzed their capacity to bind siRNA towards the development of new carriers for gene silencing applications. The dispersibility properties and the capacity to complex siRNA of the different conjugates were found to be strongly dependent on the position of the functional groups on CNTs (i.e. mainly at the tips following the amidation reaction or on the sidewalls by direct C–C addition).
Distributed optimization algorithm for lighting color control using chroma sensors (2008)

We propose a lighting system which adjusts lighting colors. The lighting system adjusting colors is a system that provides required illuminance and lighting color at an appropriate location. This system consists of many intelligent lighting with RGB fluorescent lamps, many chroma sensors and an electric power meter. These equipments are connected to a network. The chroma sensor can measure the illuminance and the chromaticity. All intelligent lightings receive the values of the illuminance and the chromaticity via network, and are operated based on the proposed autonomous distributed algorithm. We actually construct the lighting color adjusting system and the validity of the system is verified.
Prevention and treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (1991)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. The effect of the immunosuppressive molecule transforming growth factor-beta, (TGF-beta 1) on chronic relapsing EAE produced by the transfer of myelin basic protein-specific T cell lines was studied. TGF-beta 1 markedly inhibited the activation and proliferation of myelin-basic protein-specific lymph node cells in vitro. This reduced the capacity of these cells to transfer EAE. In addition, administration of TGF-beta 1 in vivo consistently resulted in an improved clinical course, even when given during ongoing disease. Immunopathologic study demonstrated a marked reduction in central nervous system damage and expression of cell-surface lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1 and class II MHC molecules in TGF-beta 1-treated mice. These findings have identified TGF-beta 1 as a possible therapeutic agent for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis.
Detection of brain glutamate and glutamine in spectroscopic images at 4.1 T (1994)

Brain glutamate and glutamine were detected in healthy human volunteers in spectroscopic images with a nominal voxel size of 2.25 cm3 at an echo time of 15 ms. Due to the increased frequency separation and simplification of J-coupling patterns, the separate detection of brain glutamate and glutamine at short echo times was possible. Creatine, choline, and N-acetylaspartate with other N-acetylated compounds were also detected. The ratios of the metabolite resonance intensities were in agreement with previously published values.
A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students (2015)

The ART is faster than the VRT in medical students. Furthermore, male medical students have faster RTs as compared to female medical students for both auditory as well as visual stimuli. Regularly exercising medical students have faster RTs when compared with medical students with sedentary lifestyles.
Contact Definition in Industrial Silicon Solar Cells (2010)

System-Level Simulations Investigating the System-on-Chip Implementation of 60-GHz Transceivers for Wireless Uncompressed HD Video Communications 183 layer (HRP) of the 60-GHz system for uncompressed HD video communications by using MATLAB are described and some results are reported. Moreover, the specifications of the building-blocks are derived. In Section 4, the results of system simulations obtained by taking into account transceiver non-idealities are shown. In Section 5, the conclusions are drawn.
Growth-Inhibiting Effects of <i>Coptis</i> <i>japonica</i> Root-Derived Isoquinoline Alkaloids on Human Intestinal Bacteria (1999)

The growth-inhibiting activity of Coptis japonica (Makino) root-derived materials toward eight human intestinal bacteria was examined using an impregnated paper disk method and compared to that of four commercially available isoquinoline alkaloids [berberine sulfate (BS), berberine iodide (BI), palmatine chloride (PC), and palmatine sulfate(PS)], as well as that of Thea sinensis leaf-derived epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The biologically active constituents of the Coptis extract were characterized as the isoquinoline alkaloids berberine chloride (BC), palmatine iodide (PI), and coptisine chloride (CC) by spectral analysis. The growth responses varied with both chemical and bacterial strain used. In a test using 500 microg/disk, BC and PI produced a clear inhibitory effect against Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium paraputrificum, whereas weak or no inhibition was observed in Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Escherichia coli. At 1000 microg/ disk, CC revealed weak or no growth inhibition toward all test bacteria, whereas EGCG exhibited weak growth inhibition against only C. perfringens and C. paraputrificum. Among various isoquinoline alkaloids, BC exhibited more potent inhibitory activity toward C. perfringens than BI and BS, whereas the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in PI compared to PC and PS. The Coptis root-derived materials did not promote growth of B. longum and C. perfringens.
Preparation of hydroxy acids by sulfation of oleic and linoleic acids (1947)

Summary Monohydroxystearic acids were prepared by sulfation and subsequent hydrolysis of oleic acid, and the effect of reaction conditions on yield was studied. Monohydroxystearic acids were obtained from commercial oleic acid in 72% yield and from pure oleic acid in 86% yield. Conditions for the best yields apparently gave increased amounts of isomeric hydroxy acids. Hydroxy acids prepared by the sulfation and subsequent hydrolysis of linoleic acid were converted to methyl esters, and purified by fractional distillation and low temperature crystallization. Experimental evidence indicates that sulfuric acid reacts with one double bond of linoleic acid to form isomeric monohydroxyoleic acids and with both double bonds to form dihydroxystearic acids. The by‐products formed by the sulfation of linoleic acid include both ester‐type polymers and additional polymeric material which cannot be converted to monomers by alkaline saponification. When commercial oleic acid is sulfated and subsequently hydrolyzed, the monohydroxystearic acid thus obtained presumably contains monohydroxyoleic acids and dihydroxystearic acids resulting from the linoleic acid present in the starting material. The formation of an unsaponifiable polymer during the sulfation of linoleic acid accounts in part for the lower yield of hydroxy acids obtained from commercial oleic acid, as compared with that of purified oleic acid.
An Approach to Make Macroporous Metal Sheets as Current Collectors for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2010)

A simple method and approach is described to produce macroporous metal sheets as current collectors for lithium-ion batteries. This method is based on slurry blending, tape casting, sintering, and reducing of metal oxides and produces a uniform macroporous metal sheet. As an example, a macroporous copper sheet was prepared and used as the current collector for a silicon thin-film anode material. Such a porous copper substrate allows Si to have a much better adhesion, lower electrical contact resistance, higher capacity, capacity retention, and longer cycle life than on surface-roughened Cu foil and smooth Cu foil. This methodology produces very limited wastes and is also adaptable to many other materials such as Ni porous sheets at an industrial-scale production that is easy to be achieved.
Adaptation of seismic skeletonization for other geoscience applications (2005)

2-D grid skeletonization, modelled after seismic skeletonization, can be applied to any gridded data, including images commonly used in the geosciences. It affords a map of distinctly separable discontinuities together with a suite of attributes associated with each discontinuity. Such a map, with an accompanying catalogue of attributes, offers a broad scope for data analysis such as directional or any attribute-oriented filtering. The versatility of our method lies in the choice of the primitive feature set used for pattern recognition, and in the two-pass application of the detection process. Application of the method to different data sets, including images of drainage basins, potential field data, reflection seismic data and invertebrates provide examples of how attribute catalogues are analysed to extract additional data-dependent information such as directional, event length, pulse width and non-linearity characteristics.