gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into the Involvement of Defense Signaling Pathways in Components of the Nonhost Resistance of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> to Rust Fungi Also Reveals a Model System for Studying Rust Fungal Compatibility (2003)

Seventeen accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces vignae exhibited a variety of expressions of nonhost resistance, although infection hypha growth typically ceased before the formation of the first haustorium, except in Ws-0. Compared with wild-type plants, there was no increased fungal growth in ndr1 or eds1 mutants defective in two of the signal cascades regulated by the major class of Arabidopsis host resistance genes. However, in the Col-0 background, infection hyphae of U. vignae and two other rust fungi were longer in sid2 mutants defective in an enzyme that synthesizes salicylic acid (SA), in npr1 mutants deficient in a regulator of the expression of SA-dependent pathogenesis related (PR) genes, and in NahG plants containing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase. Infection hyphae of U. vignae and U. appendiculatus but not of Puccinia helianthi were also longer in jar1 mutants, which are defective in the jasmonic acid defense signaling pathway. Nevertheless, haustorium formation increased only for the Uromyces spp. and only in sid2 mutants or NahG plants. Rather than the hypersensitive cell death that usually accompanies haustorium formation in nonhost plants, Arabidopsis typically encased haustoria in calloselike material. Growing fungal colonies of both Uromyces spp., indicative of a successful biotrophic relationship between plant and fungus, formed in NahG plants, but only U. vignae formed growing colonies in the sid2 mutants and cycloheximide-treated wild-type plants. Growing colonies did not develop in NahG tobacco or tomato plants. These data suggest that nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis to rust fungi primarily involves the restriction of infection hypha growth as a result of defense gene expression. However, there is a subsequent involvement of SA but not SA-dependent PR genes in preventing the Uromyces spp. from forming the first haustorium and establishing a sufficient biotrophic relationship to support further fungal growth. The U. vignae-Arabidopsis combination could allow the application of the powerful genetic capabilities of this model plant to the study of compatibility as well as nonhost resistance to rust fungi.
The organization of pyramidal cells in area 18 of the rhesus monkey (1997)

The aim of this study was to investigate the vertical organization of axons and pyramidal cells in area 18, and to compare it with that in area 17. In area 18 there are regularly spaced vertical bundles of myelinated axons that have an average center-to-center spacing of 21 microns. This arrangement of axons resembles that in area 17. Pyramidal cells in area 18 and their apical dendrites are less regularly arranged. The apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells of layer 6A aggregate with those from layer 5 pyramids to form swathes of apical dendrites that pass into layer 4. There they are joined by the apical dendrites of the small layer 4 pyramids, so that much of the neuropil of layer 4 is occupied by apical dendrites. Most of these apical dendrites form their terminal tufts in layer 3. Very few of them reach layer 1, which is dominated by the apical dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramids. Thus, there are two tiers of apical dendrites and their apical tufts, a deep one formed by the layer 4, 5 and 6 apical dendrites that terminate in layer 3, and a second one formed by the apical dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramids that terminate in layer 1. In contrast, in area 17 the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramids form discrete clusters that have a center-to-center spacing of 23 microns. These clusters are joined by the apical dendrites of the layer 2/3 pyramids and all of these apical dendrites form their apical tufts in layer 1. Based upon the dispositions of the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells in area 17 and 18, we speculate that the influences of, and the interactions between, the feed-forward and feed-back signals in the two areas are quite different, because in the two areas different postsynaptic targets are available to these afferents.
Analysis in Vitro of the Enzyme CRTISO Establishes a Poly-cis-Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Plants (2004)

Most enzymes in the central pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants have been identified and studied at the molecular level. However, the specificity and role of cis-trans-isomerization of carotenoids, which occurs in vivo during carotene biosynthesis, remained unresolved. We have previously cloned from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) the CrtISO gene, which encodes a carotene cis-trans-isomerase. To study the biochemical properties of the enzyme, we developed an enzymatic in vitro assay in which a purified tomato CRTISO polypeptide overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells is active in the presence of an E. coli lysate that includes membranes. We show that CRTISO is an authentic carotene isomerase. Its catalytic activity of cis-to-trans isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Our data demonstrate that CRTISO isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis-double bonds at C9 and C9'. We conclude that CRTISO functions in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in parallel with zeta-carotene desaturation, by converting 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene to 9'-cis-neurosporene and 7'9'-di-cis-lycopene into all-trans-lycopene. These results establish that in plants carotene desaturation to lycopene proceeds via cis-carotene intermediates.
Cyclization of 2‐Alkynylallyl Alcohols to Highly Substituted Furans by Gold(I)–Carbene Complexes (2010)

Abstract Various 2‐alkynylallyl alcohols were synthesized by a generally applicable Sonogashira coupling protocol. Subsequent gold‐catalyzed transformation was investigated. The use of Au I catalysts bearing carbene ligands, of either the N‐heterocyclic carbene or nitrogen acyclic carbene type, delivered the desired products with low catalyst loadings and under very mild reaction conditions. A broad array of substrates was tested, including alkyl‐, alkenyl‐, and aryl‐substituted alkynes, as well as substrates with two alkynyl moieties. The methodology turned out to have a broad scope. Secondary allyl alcohols were also tolerated, and the resulting trisubstituted furans could be isolated in high yields.
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for scheduling the James Webb Space Telescope (2008)

Effective scheduling of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) requires managing the trade-off between multiple scheduling criteria including minimizing unscheduled time, angular momentum build-up, and the number of observations that miss their last opportunity to schedule. Previous studies examined momentum management and wasted space and showed that effective JWST scheduling requires modeling momentum as a resource that is three-dimensional, where activities can either produce or consume resources depending on when they are scheduled. We enrich the scheduling model by adding the ability to schedule JWST at different spacecraft roll angles and show that this ability has a strong impact on managing momentum. A series of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are developed which incorporate different techniques to search the enriched domain. The algorithms are empirically evaluated showing that the best solutions are generated by the approach that evaluates the least number of candidate solutions.
An Enhanced Backwashing Technique for Improved Filter Ripening (2003)

The increased passage of particles through granular media filters immediately following backwashing is commonly known as the filter‐ripening period, and several strategies have been developed through the years to reduce the effect of this vulnerable period of the filtration cycle on finished water quality. A new filter‐backwashing strategy aimed at reducing particle passage into the effluent water—the extended terminal subfluidization wash—has been developed and evaluated on both pilot‐ and full‐scale filters at a direct biological filtration plant. The filter‐ripening sequence (FRS) is described with new clarity based on the interpretation of experimental results. The numerous mechanisms and stages of the FRS are described in detail and may benefit future attempts to model the entire filtration cycle from a fundamental perspective.
Safety and efficacy of an oral <scp>CCR</scp>3 antagonist in patients with asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis: a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (2013)

In conclusion, this study calls into question the role of CCR3 in airway eosinophilia in asthma and suggests that other cellular mechanisms mediated by the CCR3 receptor may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness.
Antiinflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in experimental animals (2010)

Objective: To scientifically verify the claims of our traditional healers on the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya (C. papaya) and possibly deduce its activities. Methods: 0.1 mL of fresh egg albumin was injected into the right hind-paw of adult white Wistar rats to induce inflammation an hour post intraperitoneal (IP) administration of 50-200 mg/kg doses of the extract to 3 groups of 5 rats per group. The 4th group of 5 rats was used as negative control and received 2 mL/kg (IP) of physiological saline, while the 5th group of 5 rats was used as positive-comparative control and received (IP) 150 mg/kg of aspirin. Increases in diameter of the paw were measured with the aid of Veneer Calipers before extract administration and at interval of 30 minutes post administration for further 2 hours. Percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for each dose group and results were subjected to statistical analysis using student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: All doses of extract showed a dose and time dependent inhibition effects of oedema (P＜0.05). Conclusions: This work is at present though limited to animals, the anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of C. papaya is perhaps proven.
Approximate Bayesian Confidence Intervals for The Mean of a Gaussian Distribution Versus Bayesian Models (2009)

This study obtained and compared confidence intervals for the mean of a Gaussian distribution. Considering the square error and the Higgins-Tsokos loss functions, approximate Bayesian confidence intervals for the mean of a normal population are derived. Using normal data and SAS software, the obtained approximate Bayesian confidence intervals were compared to a published Bayesian model. Whereas the published Bayesian method is sensitive to the choice of the hyper-parameters and does not always yield the best confidence intervals, it is shown that the proposed approximate Bayesian approach relies only on the observations and often performs better.
A broadband and scalable model for on-chip inductors incorporating substrate and conductor loss effects (2006)

A new T-model has been developed to accurately simulate the broadband characteristics of on-Si-chip spiral inductors, up to 20 GHz. The spiral coil and substrate RLC networks built in the model play a key role responsible for conductor loss and substrate loss in the wideband regime, which cannot be accurately described by the conventional /spl pi/-model. Good match with the measured S-parameters, L(/spl omega/), Re(Z/sub in/(/spl omega/)), and Q(/spl omega/) proves the proposed T-model. Besides the broadband feature, scalability has been justified by good match with a linear function of coil numbers for all model parameters employed in the RLC networks. The satisfactory scalability manifest themselves physical parameters rather than curve fitting. A parameter extraction flow is established through equivalent circuit analysis to enable automatic parameter extraction and optimization. This scalable inductor model will facilitate optimization design of on-chip inductor and the accuracy proven up to 20 GHz can improve RF circuit simulation accuracy demanded by broadband design.
VLSI Design of a 3-bit Constant-Modulus Precoder for Massive MU-MIMO (2018)

Fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems will build on massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology to attain high spectral efficiency. However, having hundreds of antennas and radio-frequency (RF) chains at the base station (BS) entails prohibitively high hardware costs and power consumption. This paper proposes a novel nonlinear precoding algorithm for the massive MU-MIMO downlink in which each RF chain contains an 8-phase (3-bit) constant-modulus transmitter, enabling the use of low-cost and power-efficient analog hardware. We present a high-throughput VLSI architecture and show implementation results on a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. Compared to a recently-reported nonlinear precoder for BS designs that use two 1-bit digital-to-analog converters per RF chain, our design enables up to 3.75 dB transmit power reduction at no more than a 2.7× increase in FPGA resources.
Fault Diagnostic System for a Multilevel Inverter Using a Neural Network (2007)

In this paper, a fault diagnostic system in a multilevel-inverter using a neural network is developed. It is difficult to diagnose a multilevel-inverter drive (MLID) system using a mathematical model because MLID systems consist of many switching devices and their system complexity has a nonlinear factor. Therefore, a neural network classification is applied to the fault diagnosis of a MLID system. Five multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks are used to identify the type and location of occurring faults from inverter output voltage measurement. The neural network design process is clearly described. The classification performance of the proposed network between normal and abnormal condition is about 90%, and the classification performance among fault features is about 85%. Thus, by utilizing the proposed neural network fault diagnostic system, a better understanding about fault behaviors, diagnostics, and detections of a multilevel inverter drive system can be accomplished. The results of this analysis are identified in percentage tabular form of faults and switch locations
Delineation of salt masses using borehole seismics (1985)

Because hydrocarbons are often found around salt domes, mapping of such structures can be worthwhile. Surface seismic surveys usually cannot produce the accurate picture of the salt mass needed to guide drilling operations. Borehole seismic surveys on the other hand have been able to provide a more precise outline of the salt flank so as to allow sidetracking to a more favorable location. This article reviews the borehole refraction techniques (proximity surveys) used to map the salt face and introduces the borehole reflection technique that has been successfully used to map the near-vertical salt-sediment interface.
Identifying Populations Potentially Exposed to Agricultural Pesticides Using Remote Sensing and a Geographic Information System (2000)

Pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas.However, identifring the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult.We conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to recon- stmct historical crop patterns.We used historical Fann Service Agency records as a source of ground reference data to classify a late summer 1984 satellite image into crop species in a three- county area in south central Nebraska.Residences from a population-based epidemiologic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were located on the crop maps using a geographic information sys- tem (GIS).Corn, soybeans, sorghum, and alfilfa were the major crops grown in the study area.Eighty-five percent of residences could be located, and of these 22% had one of the four major crops within 500 m of the residence, an intermediate distance for the range of drift effects from pesticides applied in agriculture.We determined the proximity of residences to specific crop species and calculated crop-specific probabilities of pesticide use based on available data.This feasibility study demonstrated that remote sensing data and historical records on crop location can be used to create historical crop maps.The crop pesticides that were likely to have been applied can be estimated when information about crop-specific pesticide use is available.Using a GIS, zones of potential exposure to agricultural pesticides and proximity measures can be deter- mined for residences in a study.
In Vivo Delivery of Synthetic Human DNA-Encoded Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Ebolavirus Infection in a Mouse Model (2018)

Synthetically engineered DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) are an in vivo platform for evaluation and delivery of human mAb to control against infectious disease. Here, we engineer DMAbs encoding potent anti-Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) mAbs isolated from Ebola virus disease survivors. We demonstrate the development of a human IgG1 DMAb platform for in vivo EBOV-GP mAb delivery and evaluation in a mouse model. Using this approach, we show that DMAb-11 and DMAb-34 exhibit functional and molecular profiles comparable to recombinant mAb, have a wide window of expression, and provide rapid protection against lethal mouse-adapted EBOV challenge. The DMAb platform represents a simple, rapid, and reproducible approach for evaluating the activity of mAb during clinical development. DMAbs have the potential to be a mAb delivery system, which may be advantageous for protection against highly pathogenic infectious diseases, like EBOV, in resource-limited and other challenging settings.
Effect of periodic process execution on radical polymerizations (1979)

In the free-radical polymn. of styrene, a pulsed- or batch-type of polymn. process gave a higher space-time yield and efficiency than a stationary process at the same product mol. wt. and polydispersity. In the batch process, the range of av. mol. wt., conversion, and polydispersity fell between the values for a stationary process at the same concn. and one at a doubled concn. [on SciFinder (R)]
Ischemic and Nonischemic Patterns of Diastolic Abnormalities during Isometric Handgrip Exercise (1995)

This study establishes the clinical value of the recently introduced handgrip-apexcardiographic test (HAT) as an additional tool for distinguishing exercise-induced diastolic abnormalities in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients from those in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This stress test reliably assessing differences in diastolic indices during handgrip between 305 healthy volunteers and 39 patients with CAD without prior infarction as well as 17 patients with HCM showed two different patterns of handgrip-induced pathological changes in these indices. An 'ischemic diastolic response' was empirically defined by the presence of either a handgrip-induced more than doubling of a resting normal relative A wave to total height of the apex-cardiogram (ischemic compliance response) or a pathological prolongation of a resting normal total apexcardiographic relaxation time (ischemic relaxation response); whereas a 'nonischemic diastolic response' was defined by the presence of a positive HAT and by absence of the above-mentioned ischemic criteria. An ischemic pattern of diastolic abnormalities was present in 72% of CAD patients, whereas 94% of HCM patients showed a 'nonischemic' diastolic response. These results confirm that in CAD patients there is a typical response of diastolic apexcardiographic indices to isometric stress and, therefore, this simple stress test could be potentially useful in separating these patients from those with nonischemic myocardial disease states.
Climate Control for Electric Vehicles (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The vast majority of cars and small trucks are sold with factory installed air conditioning (approximately 80% in 1989). For electric vehicles to succeed in the marketplace, air conditioning will need to be offered as optional equipment, along with adequate heating and defrosting systems. While providing the level of cooling performance expected by vehicle operators, it is important that the power consumption of the air conditioning systems used in electric vehicles be minimized, to minimize penalties to vehicle range and performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper summarizes the design and performance of several air conditioning systems that have been developed for electric vans over the past two years, including systems based largely on standard automobile air conditioning components and more advanced systems using high performance heat transfer components and a variable speed refrigerant compressor. The feasibility of using a heat pump cycle for vehicle heating functions (instead of a fuel fired heater), and the feasibility of applying measures to control vehicle thermal loads is discussed.</div>
Reflections on the Solubility of Cellulose (2010)

Wood cellulose can be used for producing biofuels and biopolymers, thus offering a solution to global concerns on the excessive use of fossil fuels. This requires a cellulose solvent that also allows the ecofriendly processing of selective wood components. Some ionic liquids (ILs) have shown promising results as cellulose solvents with many advantages over traditional approaches. It is agreed that their ionic nature is responsible for cleaving hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains, resulting in dissolution of the biopolymer. However, it is still necessary to establish a structural relationship between IL cations and anions, which explains why only certain ion combinations show the ability to dissolve cellulose. This work aims to analyze the structural similarities displayed by common cellulose solvents focusing on requirements for ionic liquids to qualify as such. A mutual relationship between IL anions and cations is postulated that offers an explanation for the ability or disability of certain ion combinations to dissolve the biopolymer.
Non‐glycosidic compounds can stimulate both human and mouse <i>i</i>NKT cells (2016)

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize CD1d/glycolipid complexes and upon activation with synthetic agonists display immunostimulatory properties. We have previously described that the non-glycosidic CD1d-binding lipid, threitolceramide (ThrCer) activates murine and human iNKT cells. Here, we show that incorporating the headgroup of ThrCer into a conformationally more restricted 6- or 7-membered ring results in significantly more potent non-glycosidic analogs. In particular, ThrCer 6 was found to promote strong anti-tumor responses and to induce a more prolonged stimulation of iNKT cells than does the canonical α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), achieving an enhanced T-cell response at lower concentrations compared with α-GalCer both in vitro, using human iNKT-cell lines and in vivo, using C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these studies describe novel non-glycosidic ThrCer-based analogs that have improved potency in iNKT-cell activation compared with that of α-GalCer, and are clinically relevant iNKT-cell agonists.
Risk factors in the development of multiple sclerosis (2007)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS with no known cure or cause. However, it is widely believed that MS is caused by an environmental trigger(s) in genetically susceptible individuals. Several lines of evidence suggest that infection with Epstein-Barr virus and cigarette smoking increase the risk of MS, whereas vitamin D plays a protective role. This review discusses the current evidence supporting a link between these factors and MS.