gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility Study of a Supercritical Cycle as a Waste Heat Recovery System (2013)

Following the increasing interest of aero-naval industry to design and build systems that might provide fuel and energy savings, this study wants to point out the possibility to produce an increase in the power output from the prime mover propulsion systems of aircrafts. The complexity of using steam heat recovery systems, as well as the lower expected cycle efficiencies, temperature limitations, toxicity, material compatibilities, and/or costs of organic fluids in Rankine cycle power systems, precludes their consideration as a solution to power improvement for this application in turboprop engines. The power improvement system must also comply with the space constraints inherent with onboard power plants, as well as the interest to be economical with respect to the cost of the power recovery system compared to the fuel that can be saved per flight exercise. A waste heat recovery application of the CO2 supercritical cycle will culminate in the sizing of the major components.
A peer-to-peer simulation technique for instanced massively multiplayer games (2006)

We propose a peer-to-peer event ordering and simulation technique aimed at networked real-time action games. Partially based on replicated simulators, its goal is to support decentralized playout in small-scale game sessions on instanced action spaces while being resistant to collusion cheating. The action spaces are linked to persistent-state social spaces of larger scale which are supported by centralized simulation. Together, these two kinds of spaces offer support for massively multiplayer on-line games (MMOGs) that offer a mix of socialization on large-scale persistent environments and fast interaction on small-scale temporary ones. Although player nodes on action spaces are required to run a conservative and an optimistic simulator simultaneously, we show that 2.2 simultaneous simulation steps are executed on average and that 11.95 simultaneous steps occur as the average peak situation for 20-player sessions with 150ms to 300ms network delays between nodes, 5% probability of any late events introducing errors, and rollback and re-execution operations having their execution spreaded through 100ms of real time or longer.
Low and high dose process monitoring using the BX-10 implant monitor system (2003)

The Boxer Cross BX-10 metrology tool was developed to provide in-line nondestructive measurement of critical ultra-shallow junction processes for sub-0.18 micron devices. Most of the experimental work to date has been on the use of the BX-10 to provide shallow junction depth measurements on annealed implants. However, capability has been demonstrated for the BX-10 to measure low dose and high dose process monitor wafers, and the ability of the BX-10 to provide implant monitoring supplements its role as an in-line junction depth monitor. This paper evaluates the statistical process capability of the BX-10 for monitoring low dose implants on nonannealed wafers and high dose implants on annealed wafers.
Synthesis and characterization of cubic periodic mesoporous organosilicas with a high loading of disulfide groups (2011)

Well ordered cubic periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with the SBA-1 motif containing a high loading of disulfide groups have been synthesized by simple co-condensation of bis[3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl]disulfide (BTEPDS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) using the cationic surfactant cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTEABr) as the template under acidic conditions. The materials thus obtained exhibited ordered and uniform mesopores up to 50 mol% of BTEPDS (based on silica) in the initial mixture. The successful incorporation of disulfide groups into the ordered mesopores was confirmed by 29Si and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. These disulfide-functionalized PMO materials showed good adsorption efficiency for Hg2+ ions. The successful conversion of the disulfide moiety to sulfonic acid functionality was also demonstrated by a simple post-oxidation method using hydrogen peroxide.
Allelic loss at chromosome band 8p21.3‐p22 is associated with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (1993)

Human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) frequently show loss of heterozygosity at loci on the short arm of chromosome 8. To define a region on 8p commonly deleted in HCC, we used 20 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers to carry out detailed deletion mapping in 142 HCC. Of the 124 informative cases, 56 (45%) showed allelic losses in tumors. While more than half of them had lost alleles at every locus on the short arm, others lost them partially or interstitially. Common deletion of an 8-cM region flanked by cMSR-32 and cC18-245, at 8p21.3-p22, suggested the presence of a tumor suppressor gene(s) in this interval. Correlation between allelic losses on 8p and clinicopathological parameters were examined in the 51 cases for which detailed clinical data were available; allelic losses on 8p were observed in none of five tumors at stage T1 (0%), nine of 20 tumors at stage T2 (45%), and 17 of 26 tumors at stage T3/T4 (65%). A higher frequency of allelic losses on 8p was observed in poorly differentiated tumors (10/14, 71%) than in well differentiated tumors (3/13, 23%). The association of allelic losses on 8p with advanced clinical stage and poor differentiation implies that loss or inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene(s) on 8p may play a role in the progression of HCC.
Influence of an artificial cervical joint compared with fusion on adjacent-level motion in the treatment of degenerative cervical disc disease (2002)

Fusion results in increased motion at adjacent levels. The increase in adjacent-level motion derives from those discs that appear radiologically normal prior to surgery. It remains unknown whether ACJs have a protective influence on adjacent intervertebral discs.
Behavioral Refinement of Graph Transformation-Based Models (2005)

Model-driven software engineering requires the refinement of abstract models into more concrete, platform-specific ones. To create and verify such refinements, behavioral models capturing recon- figuration or communication scenarios are presented as instances of a dynamic meta-model, i.e., a typed graph transformation system specifying the concepts and basic operations scenarios may be composed of. Possible refinement relations between models can now be described based on the corresponding meta-models. In contrast to previous approaches, refinement relations on graph transformation systems are not defined as fixed syntactic mappings between abstract transformation rules and, e.g., concrete rule expressions, but allow for a more loose, semantically defined relation between the transformation systems, resulting in a more flexible notion of refinement.
AA amyloidosis: basic knowledge, unmet needs and future treatments (2012)

Systemic AA amyloidosis is a long-term complication of several chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, autoinflammatory syndromes, Crohn's disease, malignancies and conditions predisposing to recurrent infections. Organ damage results from the extracellular deposition of proteolytic fragments of the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA) as amyloid fibrils. A sustained high concentration of SAA is the prerequisite for developing AA amyloidosis. However, only a minority of patients with long-standing inflammation actually presents with this complication, pointing to the existence of disease-modifying factors, the best characterised of which being SAA1 genotype. The kidneys, liver and spleen are the main target organs of AA amyloid deposits. In more than 90% of patients proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome and/or renal dysfunction dominate the clinical picture at onset. If not effectively treated, this disease invariably leads to end stage kidney disease and renal replacement therapy, that are still associated with a poor outcome. Although the incidence of AA in rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic arthritides has continuously decreased over the past ten years, thanks to the increasing availability of more effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies, AA remains a life-threatening disease with several areas of uncertainty and unmet needs, deserving continuous efforts at prevention and effective treatment. The deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amyloid formation and regression is now driving the development of novel treatments targeting different steps in the amyloidogenic cascade. These therapies will hopefully improve the quality of life and outcome of these patients in a near future.
Thiosulfate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes: A Review of R&D Results (1986)

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) has been tested in a pilot plant as an oxidation inhibitor in flue gas desulfurization by lime and limestone slurry scrubbing with and without MgO and adiplc acid additives. The effectiveness of thiosulfate is proportional to the inhibitor product, defined as the product of thiosulfate concentration (M), calcium concentration (M), and the moles of SO2 absorbed per hour per liter of hold tank volume. Gypsum saturation was less than 100 percent and scaling was eliminated when the inhibitor product exceeded 0.3 × 10−6(gmol/L)3/h. Thiosulfate was relatively more effective in systems with chlorides and less effective in systems promoted by MgO. An inhibitor product greater than 10−6(gmol/L)3/h significantly enhanced dewatering of solids from limestone scrubbing. SO2 removal and/or limestone utilization were increased in systems that started with less than 10 mM dissolved calcium.
On the Self-Referential Nature of Naive MHC Class II-Restricted T Cells (2000)

The use of mutant mice expressing a normal MHC class II molecule surface level but a severely restricted self-peptide diversity (H-2Malpha(-/-)) previously revealed that T cells carrying the Ealpha(52-68)-I-A(b) complex-specific 1H3.1 TCR rely on self-peptide(s) recognition for both their peripheral persistence in irradiated hosts and their intrathymic positive selection. Here, we identify Ealpha(52-68) structurally related self-peptide(s) as a major contributor to in vivo positive selection of 1H3.1 TCR-transgenic thymocytes in I-A(b+)/I-Ealpha(-) mice. This is demonstrated by the drastic and specific reduction of the TCR high thymocyte population in 1H3.1 TCR-transgenic (Tg) mice treated with the Ealpha(52-68)-I-A(b) complex-specific Y-Ae mAb. Self-peptide(s) recognition is also driving the maturation of T cells carrying a distinct MHC class II-restricted specificity (the Ealpha(6) alphass TCR), since positive selection was also deficient in Ealpha(6) TCR Tg H-2Malpha(-/-) thymi. Such a requirement for recognition of self-determinants was mirrored in the periphery; Ealpha(6) TCR Tg naive T cells showed an impaired persistence in both H-2Malpha(-/-) and I-A(b)ss(-/-) irradiated hosts, whereas they persisted and slowly cycled in wild-type recipients. This moderate self-peptide(s)-dependent proliferation was associated with a surface phenotype intermediate between those of naive and activated/memory T cells; CD44 expression was up-regulated, but surface expression of other markers such as CD62L remained unaltered. Collectively, these observations indicate that maturation and maintenance of naive MHC class II-restricted T cells are self-oriented processes.
A common neural-network model for unsupervised exploratory data analysis and independent component analysis (1998)

This paper presents the derivation of an unsupervised learning algorithm, which enables the identification and visualization of latent structure within ensembles of high-dimensional data. This provides a linear projection of the data onto a lower dimensional subspace to identify the characteristic structure of the observations independent latent causes. The algorithm is shown to be a very promising tool for unsupervised exploratory data analysis and data visualization. Experimental results confirm the attractiveness of this technique for exploratory data analysis and an empirical comparison is made with the recently proposed generative topographic mapping (GTM) and standard principal component analysis (PCA). Based on standard probability density models a generic nonlinearity is developed which allows both 1) identification and visualization of dichotomised clusters inherent in the observed data and 2) separation of sources with arbitrary distributions from mixtures, whose dimensionality may be greater than that of number of sources. The resulting algorithm is therefore also a generalized neural approach to independent component analysis (ICA) and it is considered to be a promising method for analysis of real-world data that will consist of sub- and super-Gaussian components such as biomedical signals.
Amorphous silicon detectors in positron emission tomography (1989)

The physics of the detection process is studied and the performances of different Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system are evaluated by theoretical calculation and/or Monte Carlo Simulation (using the EGS code) in this paper, whose table of contents can be summarized as follows: a brief introduction to amorphous silicon detectors and some useful equation is presented; a Tantalum/Amorphous Silicon PET project is studied and the efficiency of the systems is studied by Monte Carlo Simulation; two similar CsI/Amorphous Silicon PET projects are presented and their efficiency and spatial resolution are studied by Monte Carlo Simulation, light yield and time characteristics of the scintillation light are discussed for different scintillators; some experimental result on light yield measurements are presented; a Xenon/Amorphous Silicon PET is presented, the physical mechanism of scintillation in Xenon is explained, a theoretical estimation of total light yield in Xenon and the resulting efficiency is discussed altogether with some consideration of the time resolution of the system; the amorphous silicon integrated electronics is presented, total noise and time resolution are evaluated in each of our applications; the merit parameters {epsilon}{sup 2}{tau}'s are evaluated and compared with other PET systems and conclusions are drawn; and a complete reference list for Xenon scintillation light physics and its applications is presented altogether with the listing of the developed simulation programs.
High levels of expression of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in pathological conditions associated with a foreign-body reaction (1998)

A foreign-body-type host response can contribute to the induction and release of collagenolytic tissue-destructive enzymes of pathogenetic significance. Our aim was to analyse collagenase-3 in two conditions with putative involvement of foreign-body reactions. Synovial membrane-like tissue samples were obtained from cases of aseptic loosening of a total hip replacement (THR) and osteoarthritis (OA). The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) disclosed that all the samples from patients contained collagenase-3 mRNA compared with only three out of ten control samples. The identity of the RT-PCR amplification product was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining showed that collagenase-3 was present in endothelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts, including those found in the synovial lining. This finding was confirmed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex-alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase double staining and the specificity of the staining by antigen preabsorption using recombinant human collagenase-3. Collagenase-3 was released into the extracellular space and thus found in the synovial fluid in all patient samples as shown by Western blotting. The similar extent of collagenase-3 expression in aseptic loosening and OA compared with the low expression in control synovial membrane suggests involvement of a similar, foreign-body-based pathogenetic component in both. Comparative analysis of collagenase-3 and of foreign particles indicates that paracrine factors rather than phagocytosis per se are responsible for the induction of collagenase-3. We suggest that due to its localisation and substrate specificity, collagenase-3 may play a significant pathogenetic role in accelerating tissue destruction in OA and in aseptic loosening of a THR.
A Plant-Produced in vivo deglycosylated full-length Pfs48/45 as a Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Candidate against malaria (2019)

Pfs48/45 is a leading antigen candidate for a transmission blocking (TB) vaccine. However, efforts to produce affordable, safe and correctly folded full-length Pfs48/45 using different protein expression systems have not produced an antigen with satisfactory TB activity. Pfs48/45 has 16 cysteines involved in disulfide bond formation, and the correct formation is critical for proper folding and induction of TB antibodies. Moreover, Pfs48⁄45 is not a glycoprotein in the native hosts, but contains potential glycosylation sites, which are aberrantly glycosylated during expression in eukaryotic systems. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that full length, Endo H in vivo enzymatic deglycosylated Pfs48/45 antigen is produced at a high level in plants and is structurally stable at elevated temperatures. Sera from mice immunized with this antigen showed strong inhibition in SMFA. Thus, Endo H in vivo enzymatic deglycosylated Pfs48/45 is a promising candidate for the development of an affordable TB vaccine, which may have the potential to save millions.
The System Magnesia‐Silica‐Water Below 300°C.: I, Low‐Temperature Phases from 100° to 300°C. and Their Properties (1960)

Reactions in the ternary system MgO‐SiO 2 ‐H 2 O were studied over the temperature range 100° to 300° C. and were found to produce only two phases. Under conditions of 100° to 200° C. and atmospheric pressure up to 20,000 lb. per sq. in., and regardless of the initial MgO/SiO 2 ratio, the predominant magnesium silicate product was found to have a MgO/SiO 2 ratio of 1.5. In the range 200° to 300°C. at 210 to 20,000 lb. per sq. in. two stable phases, 3MgO.2SiO 2 .2H 2 O (I) and 3MgO.4SiO 2 .H 2 O (II), were observed. In this case the phase that was favored was determined by the molar ratio of MgO/SiO 2 of the reaction mixture at the start of the run. The physical and chemical properties of phases (I) and (II) resembled those of the natural minerals serpentine and talc respectively. Two different morphologies were observed in electron micrographs of phase (I). From 100° to 160°C. it occurred as crumpled foils, and at 170°C. fibrous crystallites, which resembled the natural asbestos mineral chrysotile, appeared at the expense of some of the foils.
A modular micromachined high-density connector system for biomedical applications (1999)

This paper presents a high-density, modular, low-profile, small, and removable connector system developed using micromachining technologies for biomedical applications. This system consists of a silicon or polyimide electrode with one end in contact with the biological tissue and its back-end supported in a titanium base (12.5 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in height) that is fixed on the test subject. An external glass substrate (6 x 6 x 0.75 mm3), which supports a flexible polyimide diaphragm and CMOS buffers, is attached to the titanium base whenever electrical contact is required. The polyimide flexible diaphragm contains high-density gold electroplated pads (32 pads, each having an area of 100 x 100 micron 2 and separated by 150 microns) which match similar pads on the electrode back-end. When vacuum is applied between the two, the polyimide diaphragm deflects and the corresponding gold pads touch, therefore, establishing electrical connection. In vitro electrical tests in saline solution have been performed on a 32-site connector system demonstrating < 5 omega contact resistance, which remained stable after 70 connections, and -55 dB crosstalk at 1 kHz between adjacent channels. In vivo experiments have also confirmed the establishment of multiple contacts and have produced simultaneous biopotential recordings from the guinea pig occipital cortex.
<scp>BrlR</scp> from <scp><i>P</i></scp><i>seudomonas aeruginosa</i> is a c‐di‐<scp>GMP</scp>‐responsive transcription factor (2014)

Summary The transcriptional regulator BrlR is a member of the MerR family of multidrug transport activators that contributes to the high‐level drug tolerance of P seudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. While MerR regulators are known to activate both the expression of multidrug efflux pump genes and their own transcription upon inducer binding, little is known about BrlR activation. We demonstrate using promoter reporter strains, in vivo and in vitro DNA ‐binding assays combined with 5′RACE , that BrlR binds to its own promoter, likely via a MerR ‐like palindromic sequence. Unlike known MerR multidrug transport activators, BrlR and brlR expression are not activated by multidrug transporter substrates. Instead, BrlR – DNA binding was enhanced by the secondary messenger c‐di‐ GMP . In addition to enhanced BrlR – DNA binding, c‐di‐ GMP levels contributed to P brlR promoter activity in initial attached cells with elevated c‐di‐ GMP levels correlating with increased expression of brlR . While not harbouring amino acid motifs resembling previously defined c‐di‐ GMP ‐binding domains, BrlR was found to bind c‐di‐ GMP in vitro at a ratio of one c‐di‐ GMP per two BrlR . Cross‐linking assays confirmed dimer formation to be enhanced in the presence of elevated c‐di‐ GMP levels. Our findings demonstrate BrlR to be an unusual MerR ‐family member in that BrlR function and expression require the secondary messenger c‐di‐ GMP .
Household Water Treatment in Poor Populations: Is There Enough Evidence for Scaling up Now? (2009)

Point-of-use water treatment (household water treatment, HWT) has been advocated as a means to substantially decrease the global burden of diarrhea and to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals. To determine whether HWT should be scaled up now, we reviewed the evidence on acceptability, scalability, adverse effects, and nonhealth benefits as the main criteria to establish how much evidence is needed before scaling up. These aspects are contrasted with the evidence on the effect of HWT on diarrhea. We found that the acceptability and scalability of HWT is still unclear, and that there are substantial barriers making it difficult to identify populations that would benefit most from a potential effect. The nonhealth benefits of HWT are negligible. Health outcome trials suggest that HWT may reduce diarrhea by 30-40%. The problem of bias is discussed. There is evidence that the estimates may be strongly biased. Current evidence does not exclude that the observed diarrhea reductions are largely or entirely due to bias. We conclude that widespread promotion of HWT is premature given the available evidence. Further acceptability studies and large blinded trials or trials with an objective health outcome are needed before HWT can be recommended to policy makers and implementers.