gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Historical Turn in the Constitutional Law of Foreign Relations (2000)

This essay analyzes the historical turn in the constitutional law of foreign relations. As background, I begin with some assertions about the historical turn in constitutional law scholarship generally. These introductory comments deserve more extensive discussion and support, but are being telescoped for reasons of space.
A review of gallium nitride LEDs for multi-gigabit-per-second visible light data communications (2017)

The field of visible light communications (VLC) has gained significant interest over the last decade, in both fibre and free-space embodiments. In fibre systems, the availability of low cost polymer optical fibre (POF) that is compatible with visible data communications has been a key enabler. In free-space applications, the availability of hundreds of THz of the unregulated spectrum makes VLC attractive for wireless communications. This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in VLC systems based on gallium nitride (GaN) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), covering aspects from sources to systems. The state-of-the-art technology enabling bandwidth of GaN LEDs in the range of >400 MHz is explored. Furthermore, advances in key technologies, including advanced modulation, equalisation, and multiplexing that have enabled free-space VLC data rates beyond 10 Gb s−1 are also outlined.
Synthesis and reactions of partially reduced biisoquinolines (2003)

An improved synthesis of the 1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octahydro-1.1'-biisoquinoline ring system is described. The reactivity of this system has been investigated, including the unusually high basicity of the parent compound and its N.N'-dimethyl derivative. The resolution of the parent compound has been achieved for the first time, along with the development of a straightforward method for assaying its enantiomeric purity.
Selective Monoalkylation of Diethyl Malonate, Ethyl Cyanoacetate, and Malononitrile Using a Masking Group for the Second Acidic Hydrogen (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTSelective Monoalkylation of Diethyl Malonate, Ethyl Cyanoacetate, and Malononitrile Using a Masking Group for the Second Acidic HydrogenRobert B. Grossman and Melissa A. VarnerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 26, 9388Publication Date (Web):December 26, 1997Publication History Published online26 December 1997Published inissue 1 December 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo974023ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo974023gcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views581Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structure-function relationships in apolipoprotein(a): insights into lipoprotein(a) assembly and pathogenicity (2004)

Extensive structure-function studies of apolipoprotein(a) have begun to yield important insights into the domains in apolipoprotein(a) that mediate lipoprotein(a) assembly and the pathogenic effects of this lipoprotein. Continued investigations of these relationships will contribute critically to unravelling the many outstanding questions about lipoprotein(a) metabolism and pathophysiology.
Radial basis function networks for speaker recognition (1991)

A speaker recognition system, using a modified form of feedforward neural network based on radial basis functions (RBFs), is presented. Each person to be recognized has his/her own neural model which is trained to recognise spectral feature vectors representative of his/her speech. Experimental results on a 40-speaker database indicate that the modified neural approach significantly outperforms both a standard multilayer perceptron and a vector quantization based system. The best performance for 4 digit test utterances is obtained from an RBF network with 384 RBF nodes in the hidden layer, given an 8% true talker rejection rate for a fixed 1% imposter acceptance rate. Additional advantages include a substantial reduction in training time over an MLP approach, and the ability to readily interpret the resulting model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
JOHN EVELYN TO JEREMY TAYLOR, 27 APRIL 1656 (1969)

Journal Article JOHN EVELYN TO JEREMY TAYLOR, 27 APRIL 1656 Get access JEANNE K. WELCHER JEANNE K. WELCHER Mineola, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 16, Issue 10, October 1969, Pages 375-a–375, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/16-10-375a Published: 01 October 1969
Comparative in-vitro activity of LY146032 and eight other antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria isolated from children (1987)

LY146032, a cyclic peptide antibiotic active against many Gram-positive bacteria, was compared to methicillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, cefuroxime and gentamicin against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis. LY146032 was uniformly active against clinical isolates of staphylococci, inhibiting 90% of strains of Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. Vancomycin was slightly less active than LY146032 against Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis, inhibiting 90% of strains at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l, respectively. All other antibiotics tested were less active than LY146032 or vancomycin against staphylococci. LY146032 was compared to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol against strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B streptococcus, group D streptococcus (enterococcus) and Listeria monocytogenes and was found to inhibit 90% of the strains at concentrations of 0.25, 1.0, 32.0 and 16.0 mg/l respectively. The combination of LY146032 and chloramphenicol was antagonistic in vitro for one strain each of Staph. aureus and group D streptococcus and showed indifference against other strains of Staph. aureus(2), Staph. epidermidis(2), group D streptococcus(1) and L. monocytogenes(2). LY146032 in combination with gentamicin showed indifference against the same bacteria. On the basis of its in-vitro activity, LY146032 appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of serious community- and hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections.
Stub- and Capacitor-Loaded Folded Dipole Antenna for Digital Terrestrial TV Reception (2008)

A bandwidth enhancement method for a folded dipole antenna is proposed for digital terrestrial television (TV) reception. The antenna has a pair of stubs inside a folded dipole and a capacitor loaded on the folded dipole. A cylindrical wire model with a lumped element capacitor is analyzed by the commercial simulator ldquoFEKO.rdquo The analysis shows the effect of the stubs and capacitor on bandwidth enhancement, using current distributions and a comparison of dipoles without stubs and/or capacitor. A prototype antenna printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film has dimensions of 15 mm by 280 mm with a line width of 1 mm. The capacitor is implemented with a slit on the line for ease of fabrication. The antenna in free space exhibits a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than 2.6, and figure-of-eight radiation patterns with gain from 0.7 to 2.5 dBi in a frequency range from 470 to 950 MHz. The antenna attached to flat dielectric plates of materials that are typically used in automotive body parts, maintains a VSWR of less than 2.7 from 470 to 710 MHz for digital terrestrial TV reception.
Coordinate-free formulation of a 3-2-1 wire-based tracking device using Cayley-Menger determinants (2004)

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the pose of a rigid moving object by measuring the length of six wires attached to it. Among all possible locations for the attachments on the moving object, the "3-2-1" configuration exhibits the highest number of favorable properties. A closed-form coordinate-free solution to the forward kinematics of this particular configuration is given in terms of Cayley-Menger determinants. The proposed formulation is mathematically more tractable compared to previous ones because all terms are determinants with geometric meaning. This accommodates a more thorough investigation of the properties of the device and leads to formulas whose numerical conditioning is independent from the chosen reference frames.
Extensions to the generic-interface MIB (1991)

This memo defines an experimental portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets. In particular, it defines managed object types as experimental extensions to the generic interfaces structure of MIB-II.
Visible light emission from dyes excited by simultaneous absorption of two different frequency beams of light (1999)

Emission of visible light by dyes in both liquid and polymer hosts is reported when excited by simultaneous absorption of infrared light from two different wavelength sources. By moving the intersection point of these two beams about within the volume of the dye-doped medium, one can create a true, real-time, three-dimensional display.
Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium: a small-molecule palladium complex is effective in inducing apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells (2016)

Here we tested impact of Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (Tris-DBA) on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cell survival. Indeed, treatment of CLL B-cells with Tris-DBA induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner irrespective of IgVH mutational status. Further analyses suggest that Tris-DBA-induced apoptosis involves reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL, and XIAP with an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM in CLL B-cells. Our findings also indicate that Tris-DBA targets the ribosomal protein (rp)-S6, an essential component of the Akt/mTOR signaling axis in CLL B-cells. Of interest, CLL bone marrow stromal cells were unable to protect the leukemic B cells from Tris-DBA-induced apoptosis in an in vitro co-culture system. Finally, co-administration of Tris-DBA and the purine nucleoside analog fludarabine (F-ara-A) augmented CLL B-cell apoptosis levels in vitro showing synergistic effects. In total, Tris-DBA is effective at inducing apoptosis in CLL B-cells even in the presence of stromal cells likely by targeting directly the signal mediator, rpS6.
Stopping a Rapid Tornado with a Puff (2014)

RaptorQ is the most advanced fountain code proposed so far. Its properties make it attractive for forward error correction (FEC), offering high reliability at low overheads (i.e., for a small amount of repair information) and efficient encoding and decoding operations. Since RaptorQ's emergence, it has already been standardized by the IETF, and there is the expectation that it will be adopted by several other standardization bodies, in areas related to digital media broadcast, cellular networks, and satellite communications. The paper describes a new attack on RaptorQ that breaks the near ideal FEC performance, by carefully choosing which packets are allowed to reach the receiver. Furthermore, the attack was extended to be performed over secure channels with IPsec/ESP. The paper also proposes a few solutions to protect the code from the attack, which could be easily integrated into the implementations.
PERFORMANCE OF OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSES (1978)

This report documents installation and evaluation of an experimental pavement using an open-graded asphalt friction course, placed as part of the FHWA's Demonstration project 10. Two different open-graded mixes -- one having a maximum aggregate size of 1/2-in and the other 1/4-in -- and a standard NYS 1A top mix were evaluated. Performance of the experimental pavement was determined by measuring air-void content, asphalt cement penetration and viscosity, skid resistance, rutting, and noise, and by visual observations of water drainage and splash and spray by passing traffic in wet weather. Results showed that the open-graded pavements performed better than the standard NYS 1A top.
The hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect of the host material on the lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes (2014)

The hydrogen/deuterium primary kinetic isotope effect provides useful information about the degradation mechanism of OLED host materials. Thus, replacement of labile C-H bonds in the host with C-D bonds increases the device lifetime by a factor of five without loss of efficiency, and replacement with C-C bonds by a factor of 22.5.
Intercellular Calcium Signaling in Astrocytes via ATP Release through Connexin Hemichannels (2002)

Astrocytes are capable of widespread intercellular communication via propagated increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. We have used patch clamp, dye flux, ATP assay, and Ca(2+) imaging techniques to show that one mechanism for this intercellular Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytes is the release of ATP through connexin channels ("hemichannels") in individual cells. Astrocytes showed low Ca(2+)-activated whole-cell currents consistent with connexin hemichannel currents that were inhibited by the connexin channel inhibitor flufenamic acid (FFA). Astrocytes also showed molecular weight-specific influx and release of dyes, consistent with flux through connexin hemichannels. Transmembrane dye flux evoked by mechanical stimulation was potentiated by low Ca(2+) and was inhibited by FFA and Gd(3+). Mechanical stimulation also evoked release of ATP that was potentiated by low Ca(2+) and inhibited by FFA and Gd(3+). Similar whole-cell currents, transmembrane dye flux, and ATP release were observed in C6 glioma cells expressing connexin43 but were not observed in parent C6 cells. The connexin hemichannel activator quinine evoked ATP release and Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytes and in C6 cells expressing connexin43. The propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) waves in astrocytes was also potentiated by quinine and inhibited by FFA and Gd(3+). Release of ATP through connexin hemichannels represents a novel signaling pathway for intercellular communication in astrocytes and other non-excitable cells.
Removal of Shelterin Reveals the Telomere End-Protection Problem (2012)

The telomere end-protection problem is defined by the aggregate of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that require repression at telomeres. To define the end-protection problem, we removed the whole shelterin complex from mouse telomeres through conditional deletion of TRF1 and TRF2 in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) deficient cells. The data reveal two DNA damage response pathways not previously observed upon deletion of individual shelterin proteins. The shelterin-free telomeres are processed by microhomology-mediated alternative-NHEJ when Ku70/80 is absent and are attacked by nucleolytic degradation in the absence of 53BP1. The data establish that the end-protection problem is specified by six pathways [ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related) signaling, classical-NHEJ, alt-NHEJ, homologous recombination, and resection] and show how shelterin acts with general DNA damage response factors to solve this problem.
Activation of the farnesoid-X receptor protects against gastrointestinal injury caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mice (2011)

FXR was essential to maintain gastric and intestinal mucosal barriers. FXR agonists protected against gastric injury caused by ASA and NSAIDs by a CSE-mediated mechanism.
Single photon counting module for space applications (2007)

The paper reports the results of research and development of a single photon avalanche detector (SPAD) for use in the harsh and hostile conditions of outer space. The photon counting detector was developed for space projects related to the synchronization of timescales via a space clock using optical pulses. The detector is based on a SPAD manufactured on silicon using the K14 process, and operated in an active quenching mode. Its operation over an extreme temperature range and under high optical overload has been tested together with its sensitivity to radiation in space. The technology demonstrator of the detectors for the China Laser Time Transfer mission was developed and tested. The mission launch is expected in the year 2008.
Development and characterization of a Flow Focusing multi nebulization system for sample introduction in ICP-based spectrometric techniques (2009)

In this work, a new multiple nebulizer for liquid sample introduction in ICP-based spectrometers was developed and characterized on ICP-AES. The association of the Flow Focusing multiple nebulizer (FFMN) and a dedicated spray chamber was called Flow Focusing multi nebulization system (FFMNS). The nebulizer incorporates four nebulization nozzles with independent liquid feeding and a common gas inlet. Four different spray chambers were constructed and evaluated and the geometry of the best performing one was optimized. The FFNMS was characterized at 0.6–0.9 L min−1 nebulizing gas flow and 0.04–0.6 mL min−1 total liquid sample flow. Drop size and velocity distributions of primary and tertiary aerosols were studied together with total solvent and analyte transport rates. The system was characterized on ICP-AES in both axial and radial view modes and compared to a standard sample introduction system consisting in a concentric nebulizer and a cyclonyc spray chamber using model solutions and certified reference materials (CRM). In terms of sensitivity and LOD, the FFMNS showed a similar behavior to the reference system at half of the liquid sample uptake (0.5 mL min−1 for FFMNS vs. 1 mL min−1 for the standard system). The CRM (hard drinking water) analysis recovery results are ranged between 89%–106% for FFMNS, and between 78%–102% for the reference system. Finally, the FFMNS was applied to an “in chamber” standard addition analysis of synthetic samples and CRM (estuarine water). The results of the CRM analysis showed better recoveries with respect to the external calibration for Cd, Mn and Ni, and similar results for Cu and Pb.
A Double-Sided Fingerprint Sensing Method (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new fingerprint sensing method that can reduce orientation error. General fingerprint input methods need finger to be put on the surface of a sensor. It can cause of rotation problem and it affects the recognition result significantly. This improved input method can minimize the rotation of a finger by holding double-sided sensor with both thumb and index finger at the same time. Whenever fingerprint is impressed, it has nearly the same orientation because sensors are located between two fingers. As a result, we can get a better performance in fingerprint recognition system, but it may need more hardware cost.
Patterns and drivers of change in organic carbon burial across a diverse landscape: Insights from 116 Minnesota lakes (2015)

Abstract Lakes may store globally significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) in their sediments, but the extent to which burial rates vary across space and time is not well described. Using 210 Pb‐dated sediment cores, we explored patterns of OC burial in 116 lakes spanning several ecoregions and land use regimes in Minnesota, USA during the past 150–200 years. Rates for individual lakes (across all time periods) range from 3 to 204 g C m −2 yr −1 (median 33 g C m −2 yr −1 ) and show strong geographic separation in accordance with the degree of catchment disturbance and nutrient enrichment. Climate and basin morphometry exercise subordinate control over OC burial patterns, and diagenetic gradients introduce little bias to estimated temporal trends. Median burial rates in agricultural lakes exceed urban lakes and have increased fourfold since Euro‐American settlement. The greatest increase in OC burial occurred prior to the widespread adoption of industrial fertilizers, during an era of land clearance and farmland expansion. Northern boreal lakes, impacted by historical logging and limited cottage development yet comparatively undisturbed by human activity, bury OC at rates 3X lower than agricultural lakes and exhibit much smaller increases in OC burial. Scaling up modern OC burial estimates to the entire state, we find that Minnesota lakes annually store 0.40 Tg C in their sediments, equal to 1.5% of annual statewide CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. During the period of Euro‐American settlement (circa 1860–2000), cumulative OC burial amounted to 36 Tg C, 40% of which can be attributed to anthropogenic enhancement.
Voltage Preconditioning Allows Modulated Gene Expression in Neurons Using PEI-complexed siRNA (2013)

We present here a high efficiency, high viability siRNA-delivery method using a voltage-controlled chemical transfection strategy to achieve modulated delivery of polyethylenimine (PEI) complexed with siRNA in an in vitro culture of neuro2A cells and neurons. Low voltage pulses were applied to adherent cells before the administration of PEI-siRNA complexes. Live assays of neuro2a cells transfected with fluorescently tagged siRNA showed an increase in transfection efficiency from 62 ± 14% to 98 ± 3.8% (after -1 V). In primary hippocampal neurons, transfection efficiencies were increased from 30 ± 18% to 76 ± 18% (after -1 V). Negligible or low-level transfection was observed after preconditioning at higher voltages, suggesting an inverse relationship with applied voltage. Experiments with propidium iodide ruled out the role of electroporation in the transfection of siRNAs suggesting an alternate electro-endocytotic mechanism. In addition, image analysis of preconditioned and transfected cells demonstrates siRNA uptake and loading that is tuned to preconditioning voltage levels. There is approximately a fourfold increase in siRNA loading after preconditioning at -1 V compared with the same at ±2-3 V. Modulated gene expression is demonstrated in a functional knockdown of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in neuro2A cells using siRNA. Cell density and dendritic morphological changes are also demonstrated in modulated knockdown of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in primary hippocampal neurons. The method reported here has potential applications in the development of high-throughput screening systems for large libraries of siRNA molecules involving difficult-to-transfect cells like neurons.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e82; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.10; published online 26 March 2013.