gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extracting an explicitly data-parallel representation of image-processing programs (2004)

Our research goal is to retarget image processingprograms written in sequential languages (e.g., C) toarchitectures with data-parallel processing capabilities.Image processing algorithms are often inherently data-parallel,but the artifacts imposed by the sequentialprogramming language (e.g., loops, pointer variables,linear address spaces) can obscure the parallelism andprohibit generation of efficient parallel code. This paperproposes a program representation and pattern-recognitionapproach for generating a data-parallelprogram specification from sequential source code. Therepresentation is based on an extension of the multi-dimensionalsynchronous dataflow (MDSDF) model ofcomputation.Central to extracting this representation from code isunderstanding the mapping between iterations and arrayvariables in the source code and the operations overarray regions (e.g., rows, columns, tiled blocks) that theyimplement. Examples are presented to illustrate thismapping, and a set of patterns for recognizing theseregions are proposed. The correctness of the retargetedMDSDF specifications are validated and the potentialspeedup from parallel execution shown.
A three-class ROC for evaluating doubletalk detectors in acoustic echo cancellation (2009)

Doubletalk detector (DTD) is essential to keep adaptive filter from diverging in the presence of near-end speech in acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), and there was a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to characterize DTD performance. However, the traditional ROC for evaluating DTD used a static time-invariant room acoustic impulse response and could not evaluate DTDs which distinguish echo path change from doubletalk. We solve these problems by extending the traditional binary detection ROC to three-class, and simulations show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Nomenclature of prominin‐1 (CD133) splice variants – an update (2007)

Prominin-1 (CD133), a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein that constitutes an important cell surface marker of various, either normal or cancerous, stem cell populations is widely used to isolate or characterize such cells in different systems. Occurring throughout the metazoan evolution with a remarkably conserved genomic organization, it may be expressed as different splice variants with distinctive characteristics. A rational nomenclature has been proposed earlier for their consistent designation across species. Although generally accepted, it seems to be misunderstood in view of the recent report of novel prominin-1 complementary DNAs in rhesus monkey and humans with improper naming. As this may lead to confusion, we have reexamined the genomic organization of prominin-1 in various primates to provide an update that should further clarify the rationale of the nomenclature for prominin-1 gene products. This report comprises (i) the determination of the genomic organization of prominin-1 gene in two non-human primates, i.e. Macaca mulatta and Pan troglodytes, commonly used in research, (ii) the mapping of a new exon that creates an alternative cytoplasmic C-terminal end of prominin-1, (iii) the identification of various potential PDZ-binding domains generated by alternative cytoplasmic C-terminal tails, suggesting that different prominin-1 splice variants might interact with distinct protein partners, and (iv) a summing up of the different prominin-1 splice variants.
Dectin-1 uses novel mechanisms for yeast phagocytosis in macrophages (2004)

The phagocytosis of pathogens is a critical event in host defense, not only for clearance of the invading microorganism, but also for the subsequent immune response. We have examined Dectin-1, a proinflammatory nonopsonic receptor for beta-glucans, and show that it mediates the internalization of beta-glucan-bearing ligands, including yeast particles. Although requiring tyrosine phosphorylation and the cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-like motif, uptake mediated by Dectin-1 was different from any previously reported phagocytic receptor and was not dependent on Syk-kinase in macrophages. Furthermore, intracellular trafficking of this receptor was influenced by the nature of the beta-glucan ligand, which has significance for the biologic activity of these immunomodulatory carbohydrates.
Cross metathesis with acrylates: <i>N</i>‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐ <i>versus</i> cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC)‐based ruthenium catalysts, an unanticipated influence of the carbene type on efficiency and selectivity of the reaction (2020)

Abstract Olefin metathesis has been widely explored as a handle for chemical diversification, a feature critical across chemical sectors. Cross metathesis (CM) with acrylic acid derivatives is an example of important but, due to the low catalyst's efficiency, industrially non‐utilized transformation. Here we report on systematic evaluation of ruthenium‐based catalysts bearing N ‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands in cross metathesis with methyl acrylate. Dramatic influence of the carbene type on the reaction's efficiency and selectivity has been found. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the kinetic selectivity is the main factor differentiating NHC‐ and CAAC‐based ruthenium complexes. Productive turnover number (TON) of 49 900 at 10 ppm loading of nitro‐substituted Hoveyda‐Grubbs complex (nitro‐Grela catalyst) was obtained in the studied reaction, representing the highest efficiency reported to date for this transformation. High efficiency and selectivity of nitro‐Grela catalyst was then utilized in cross metathesis of trans ‐anethole with 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate to efficiently produce octyl methoxycinnamate (86 % yield), an antioxidant used in sunscreen formulations.
Mono- and di-nuclear ruthenium(<scp>II</scp>) complexes of the ambidentate ligand 3,3′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine: spectroscopic, electrochemical and mixed-valence properties (1996)

The ambidentate, potentially dinucleating ligand 3,3′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine (H2L) has been shown to co-ordinate to bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) fragments in two ways. In [Ru(bipy)2(HL)]X (X = BPh41a or PF61b) HL– co-ordinates as a bipy-type N,N′-chelate; this brings the two hydroxyl substituents of the ligand close together with the result that one of them loses a proton to allow formation of an intramolecular O–H ⋯ O hydrogen bond reminiscent of those found in planar bis(dioxime) complexes. In [{Ru(bipy)2}2(µ-L)][PF6]22 in contrast the ligand binds in a ‘turned-around’ mode, acting as an N,O-chelate to each metal with the two metal centres chemically equivalent. Complex 2 shows two reversible RuII–RuIII couples at +0.12 and +0.28 V vs. ferrocene–ferrocenium; the separation between these corresponds to a comproportionation constant Kc of ca. 650 for the mixed-valence state, indicative of a class II species, and the electronic spectrum of the RuII–RuIII species (generated by chemical oxidation) is also consistent with a valence-trapped (class II) mixed-valence species. Dinuclear complexes in which L2– acts as an N,N′-donor to one metal (five-membered chelate ring) and an O,O′-donor (seven-membered chelate ring) to the other could not be prepared; molecular modelling studies suggest that this binding mode would involve considerable ligand strain.
Environmentally-induced discharges on solar arrays in geosynchronous orbit (1993)

An analysis into the conditions necessary for environmentally induced inverted voltage gradient discharges in geosynchronous satellite solar arrays is conducted. This analysis shows that fused silica coverglass arrays can discharge in encounters with high-current-density, moderate-energy substorms. Discharges can also occur in a relaxation phase of a standard design substorm environment. After six months in space, when the Kapton thermal blankets photodegrade to become quasi-conductive, only a very severe substorm environment encounter will produce the conditions necessary to trigger discharges. Analysis based on lumped element modeling of the spacecraft indicates that the structure ringing persists longer than the discharge pulse. Ceria doped coverglass arrays discharge only after Kapton thermal blankets age.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. (1992)

The benefit of rice oral rehydration salts solution for patients with cholera is sufficiently great to warrant its use in such patients. The benefit is considerably smaller for children with acute, noncholera diarrhoea and should be more precisely defined before its practical value can be judged.
Food colloids: fundamentals of formulation. (2001)

New Techniques Emulsions, Dispersions and Foams Interfacial Properties Protein Structure and Interactions Aggregation and Gelation Subject Index
An Evaluation of Summer Cover Crops for Use in Vegetable Production Systems in North Carolina (2000)

Summer cover crops can produce biomass, contribute nitrogen to cropping systems, increase soil organic matter, and suppress weeds. Through fixation of atmospheric N 2 and uptake of soil residual N, they also contribute to the N requirement of subsequent vegetable crops. Six legumes {cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.), sesbania ( Sesbania exaltata L.), soybean ( Glycine max L.), hairy indigo ( Indigofera hirsutum L.), velvetbean [ Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.], and lablab ( Lablab purpureus L.)}; two nonlegume broadleaved species [buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.)]; and five grasses {sorghum-sudangrass [ Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench × S. sudanense (P) Stapf.], sudangrass [ S. sudanense (P) Stapf.], Japanese millet [ Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link], pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Br.], and German foxtail millet [ Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.)]}, were planted in raised beds alone or in mixtures in 1995 at Plymouth, and in 1996 at Goldsboro, N.C. Biomass production for the legumes ranged from 1420 (velvetbean) to 4807 kg·ha -1 (sesbania). Low velvetbean biomass was attributed to poor germination in this study. Nitrogen in the aboveground biomass for the legumes ranged from 32 (velvetbean) to 97 kg·ha -1 (sesbania). All of the legumes except velvetbean were competitive with weeds. Lablab did not suppress weeds as well as did cover crops producing higher biomass. Aboveground biomass for grasses varied from 3918 (Japanese millet) to 8792 kg·ha -1 (sorghum-sudangrass). While N for the grasses ranged from 39 (Japanese millet) to 88 kg·ha -1 (sorghum-sudangrass), the C: N ratios were very high. Additional N would be needed for fall-planted vegetable crops to overcome immobilization of N. All of the grass cover crops reduced weeds as relative to the weedy control plot. Species that performed well together as a mixture at both sites included Japanese millet/soybean and sorghum-sudangrass/cowpea.
Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensor Based on Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (2016)

In this thesis, the work focuses on developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensors based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). Three works have been accomplished to improve the performances of Φ-OTDR for distributed vibration sensing. Firstly, Φ-OTDR based on a polarization diversity scheme is demonstrated to mitigate the polarization mismatch effect occurring in traditional systems. A theoretical analysis is performed in different polarization cases corresponding to coherent and polarization diversity detection. Φ-OTDR based polarization diversity shows a great potential in the multi-events sensing application. Two vibration events are simultaneously detected and their signal to noise ratios are improved by 10.9 dB and 8.65 dB, respectively, compared to the results obtained by a conventional coherent scheme. Intensity fluctuation in a phase-sensitive optical-time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) system caused by stochastic characteristics of Rayleigh backscattering has limited relative vibration strength measurement, which is proportional to dynamic strain. A trace-to-trace correlation coefficient is thus proposed to quantify the Φ-OTDR system stability and a novel approach of measuring the dynamic strain induced by various driving voltages of lead zicronate titanate (PZT) is demonstrated. Piezoelectric vibration signals are evaluated through analyzing peak values of the fast Fourier transform spectra at fundamental frequency and high-order harmonics based on Bessel functions. Experimental results show high correlation coefficients and good stability of our Φ-OTDR system, as well as the small measurement uncertainty of measured peak values. To reduce the intra-band noise caused by the finite extinction ratio of optical pulses, Φ-OTDR based on high extinction ratio generation is studied. Two methods are developed for achieving high extinction ratio of optical pulse generation. One of the approaches is to synchronize two cascaded electro-optic modulators to achieve high extinction ratio operation. The other one is to use the nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror as an optical switch to suppress the continuous wave portion of optical pulse. The sensing range of 1.8 km and 8.4 km with corresponding spatial resolution of 0.5 m and 2 m have been demonstrated based on cascaded two electro-optic modulators and nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror setup, respectively.
Chemoselective synthesis of peptides containing major advanced glycation end‐products of lysine and arginine (2005)

Useful methodologies have been developed, enabling the straightforward synthesis of peptides containing N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL), the major glycation end-products of lysine. These lysine derivatives were successfully incorporated into growing peptide chains via standard Fmoc/Ot-Bu peptide synthesis procedures. For the synthesis of peptides containing major glycation end-products of arginine, synthetic routes have been developed enabling the transformation of ornithine residues in peptides into the well-known arginine-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) Glarg, carboxymethyl-L-arginine (CMA), MG-H1, MG-H2, MG-H3, and carboxyethyl-L-arginine (CEA), respectively, by means of special modifying agents. Furthermore, it was shown that Glarg-containing peptides become quantitatively hydrolyzed into CMA-peptides under physiologic conditions. A similar reaction was observed in case of a MG-H3-peptide, which turned into a CEA-peptide under these conditions.
Growth of graphene structure on 6H-SiC(0001): Molecular dynamics simulation (2008)

The growth process of graphene structure on 6H-SiC(0001) surface has been studied using the classical molecular dynamics simulation and the simulated annealing technique. Effects of annealing temperature and coverage of carbon atoms on the formation of graphene have been investigated. We found that two layers of carbon atoms of the 6H-SiC(0001) subsurface after sublimation of Si atoms undergo a transformation from a diamondlike phase to a graphenelike structure at annealing temperature above 1500K. This transformation temperature is in good agreement with experimental observations. We also found that the formation of graphene structure strongly depends on the number of carbon layers. Two layers of carbon atoms result in large graphene clusters and four layers of carbon lead to the formation of graphene bilayer sheets. However, a single layer of carbon only forms chainlike and ringlike clusters without the hexagonal ordering. Our results provide atomic-level information about the graphitization of the 6H-SiC(0001) surface, which is useful in controlling the growth of graphene sheets.
Uncertainties in NIST noises-temperature measurements (1998)

Uncertainty analyses are presented for NIST measurements of noise temperature. All systems currently used in NIST calibrations of thermal-noise sources are treated. These include tuned systems for 30 and 60 MHz, coaxial total-power radiometers for 1 to 12 GHz, a switching radiometer for the WR-90 (8.2 to 12.4 GHz) waveguide band, and total power waveguide radiometers for the to 18 GHz), WR-42 (18 to 26.5 GHz), WR-28 (26.5 to 40 GHz), and WR-15 (50 to 75 GHz) bands. Measurements through adapters are also analyzed. Typical expanded {k = 2) uncertainties for the measurements are in the range 0.7 percent to 1.4 percent, depending on the particular system and the frequency.
Ultra-narrow linewidth quantum dot coherent comb lasers with self-injection feedback locking (2018)

We have used an external cavity self-injection feedback locking (SIFL) system to simultaneously reduce the optical linewidth of over 39 individual wavelength channels of an InAs/InP quantum dot (QD) coherent comb laser (CCL). Linewidth reduction from a few MHz to less than 200 kHz is observed. Measured phase noise spectra clearly indicate a significant decrease in phase noise in the frequency range above 2 kHz. The RF beating signal between two adjacent channels also shows a substantial reduction in 3-dB linewidth from 10 kHz to 300 Hz with the SIFL system, and a corresponding drop in baseline level (-27 dB to -50 dB).
Protein Export into Malaria Parasite–Infected Erythrocytes: Mechanisms and Functional Consequences (2015)

Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum exports hundreds of proteins that mediate a complex cellular renovation marked by changes in the permeability, rigidity, and cytoadherence properties of the host erythrocyte. The past decade has seen enormous progress in understanding the identity and function of these exported effectors, as well as the mechanisms by which they are trafficked into the host cell. Here we review these advances, place them in the context of host manipulation by related apicomplexans, and propose key directions for future research.
Joint scintigraphy in rabbits with 99mtc-N-[3-(triethylammonio)propyl]-15ane-N5, a new radiodiagnostic agent for articular cartilage imaging. (2001)

Our results indicate that 99mTc-NTP 15-5 could be a good tracer for human arthrosic and arthritic cartilage detection, especially for the early diagnosis of joint diseases.
The WebSocket Protocol as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2014)

The WebSocket protocol enables two-way real-time communication between
clients and servers in web-based applications. This document specifies
a WebSocket subprotocol as a reliable transport mechanism between
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) entities to enable use of SIP in
web-oriented deployments.
Alteration of the substrate specificity of Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase by modification with polyethylene glycol. (1984)

beta-Galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) purified from Aspergillus oryzae was modified with 2,4,6-trichloro-s-triazine derivatives of polyethylene glycol (activated BPEG) having molecular weights of 600, 1500, 2000, and 4000. Polyethylene glycol derivatives were attached to 6 of the 12 amino groups exposed on the surface of the enzyme. Upon modification, the enzymatic activity for a water-soluble substrate, o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, was reduced with increasing molecular weight of the activated BPEG. On the contrary, the enzymatic activity for another substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, was increased upon modification. The Michaelis constants of native and modified enzymes for these two substrates were virtually the same. The effect of the modification was more marked in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-galactosidic bond of amphipathic substrates. A fluorescent analog of naturally occurring galactocerebroside, 1-O-galactosyl-2-N-(1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl)-sphingosine, was hydrolyzed more rapidly by the modified enzyme than by the native one. The enzyme modified with activated BPEG of 1500 Da had the highest activity for this substrate. The beta-galactosidic bond of the terminal galactose of GM1-ganglioside (II3NeuAcGgOse4Cer, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminosyl)-galactosyl -glucosylceramide) was cleaved by the modified but not by the native enzyme.
Rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels and their potential significance for carbon flow in photosynthetic cells (1991)

Abstract. In the first part of this review, I discuss how we can predict the direct short‐term effect of enhanced CO 2 on photosynthetic rate in C 3 terrestrial plants. To do this, I consider: (1) to what extent enhanced CO 2 will stimulate or relieve demand on partial processes like carboxylation, light harvesting and electron transport, the Calvin cycle, and end‐product synthesis; and (2) the extent to which these various processes actually control the rate of photosynthesis. I conclude that control is usually shared between Rubisco (which responds sensitively to CO 2 ) and other components (which respond less sensitively), and that photosynthesis will be stimulated by 25–75% when the CO 2 concentration is doubled from 35 to 70 Pa. This is in good agreement with the published responses. In the next part of the review, I discuss the evidence that most plants undergo a gradual inhibition of photosynthesis during acclimation to enhanced CO 2 . I argue that this is related to an inadequate demand for carbohydrate in the remainder of the plant. Differences in the long‐term response to CO 2 may be explained by differences in the sink‐source status of plants, depending upon the species, the developmental stage, and the developmental conditions. In the third part of the review, I consider the biochemical mechanisms which are involved in ‘sink’ regulation of photosynthesis. Accumulating carbohydrate could lead to a direct inhibition of photosynthesis, involving mechanical damage by large starch grains or Pi‐limitation due to inhibition of sucrose synthesis. I argue that Pi is important in the short‐term regulation of partitioning to sucrose and starch, but that its contribution to ‘sink’ regulation has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Indirect or ‘adaptive’ regulation of photosynthesis is probably more important, involving decreases in amounts of key photosynthetic enzymes, including Rubisco. This decreases the rate of photosynthesis, and potentially would allow resources (e.g. amino acids) to be remobilized from the leaves and reinvested in sink growth to readjust the sink‐source balance. In the final part of the review, I argue that similar changes of Rubisco and, possibly, other proteins are probably also involved during acclimation to high CO 2 .