gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FaceNet2ExpNet: Regularizing a Deep Face Recognition Net for Expression Recognition (2016)

Relatively small data sets available for expression recognition research make the training of deep networks for expression recognition very challenging. Although fine-tuning can partially alleviate the issue, the performance is still below acceptable levels as the deep features probably contain redun- dant information from the pre-trained domain. In this paper, we present FaceNet2ExpNet, a novel idea to train an expression recognition network based on static images. We first propose a new distribution function to model the high-level neurons of the expression network. Based on this, a two-stage training algorithm is carefully designed. In the pre-training stage, we train the convolutional layers of the expression net, regularized by the face net; In the refining stage, we append fully- connected layers to the pre-trained convolutional layers and train the whole network jointly. Visualization shows that the model trained with our method captures improved high-level expression semantics. Evaluations on four public expression databases, CK+, Oulu-CASIA, TFD, and SFEW demonstrate that our method achieves better results than state-of-the-art.
Biosynthesis of Unusual Moth Pheromone Components Involves Two Different Pathways in the Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (2010)

The sex pheromone of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), consists of two different types of components, one type including (11Z,13Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal (11Z,13Z-16:Ald) with a terminal functional group containing oxygen, similar to the majority of moth pheromones reported, and another type including the unusual long-chain pentaenes, (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-3,6,9,12,15-tricosapentaene (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-23:H) and (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)- 3,6,9,12,15-pentacosapentaene (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-25:H). After decapitation of females, the titer of 11Z,13Z-16:Ald in the pheromone gland decreased significantly, whereas the titer of the pentaenes remained unchanged. Injection of a pheromone biosynthesis activating peptide (PBAN) into the abdomens of decapitated females restored the titer of 11Z,13Z-16:Ald and even increased it above that in intact females, whereas the titer of the pentaenes in the pheromone gland was not affected by PBAN injection. In addition to common fatty acids, two likely precursors of 11Z,13Z-16:Ald, i.e., (Z)-11-hexadecenoic and (11Z,13Z)-11,13-hexadecadienoic acid, as well as traces of (Z)-6-hexadecenoic acid, were found in gland extracts. In addition, pheromone gland lipids contained (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid, which also was found in extracts of the rest of the abdomen. Deuterium-labeled fatty acids, (16,16,16-D(3))-hexadecanoic acid and (Z)-[13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-D(9)]-11-hexadecenoic acid, were incorporated into 11Z,13Z-16:Ald after topical application to the sex pheromone gland coupled with abdominal injection of PBAN. Deuterium label was incorporated into the C(23) and C(25) pentaenes after injection of (9Z,12Z,15Z)- [17,17,18,18,18-D(5)]-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid into 1-2 d old female pupae. These labeling results, in conjunction with the composition of fatty acid intermediates found in pheromone gland extracts, support different pathways leading to the two pheromone components. 11Z,13Z-16:Ald is probably produced in the pheromone gland by Delta11 desaturation of palmitic acid to 11Z-16:Acid followed by a second desaturation to form 11Z,13Z-16:Acid and subsequent reduction and oxidation. The production of 3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-23:H and 3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-25:H may take place outside the pheromone gland, and appears to start from linolenic acid, which is elongated and desaturated to form (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid, followed by two or three further elongation steps and finally reductive decarboxylation.
정부 - NGO 관계의 이론적 고찰 : 자원의존모형의 관점에서 (2000)

현대 사회에서 NGO부문의 사회·경제·정치적 기능은 크게 증가하고 있으며 이러한 변화는 정부와의 관계에 있어 새로운 이론적 발전을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정부와 NGO간의 기본적인 관계는 양자간의 자원 교환관계에서 발생한다고 가정하고 논의의 초점을 조직(제도)간의 상호작용에 두었다. 정부와 NGO가 각각 보유하고 있는 자원은 서로의 제도 및 행태에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 이론적 배경아래 본 연구에서는 이러한 영향력의 상대적 비중 및 상황적인 변수에 따라 정부-NGO관계를 상호의존적 관계, 정부주도 또는 NGO주도의 일방적인 의존관계, 상호 독립적인 관계로 범주화하여 유형별 특성과 사례를 분석하였다. NGO가 advocacy 및 서비스분야 등의 다양한 영역에서 활동을 하고 있기 때문에 정부-NGO의 관계를 평면적이고 정부에 의한 일방적인 것으로 보는 것은 위험하다. 오히려 그 관계는 다원적이며 다차원적이기 때문에 서로의 역할을 인정하고 비교우위에 근거하여 상호작용함에 따라 발전적인 관계로 변화시켜야 할 것이다. 그리고 이러한 변화는 정부가 제도적 다원주의를 인정하고, NGO가 내·외부적인 노력을 통하여 핵심역량을 확보했을 때 가장 큰 효과를 발휘할 수 있을 것이다.
Maintenance scheduling according to reliability targets' and actual equipment performance (2001)

A method of optimising the lengths of period between maintenance has been developed taking into account targeted reliability and annual equipment performance. Process of privatisation urges the new distribution companies to rationalise maintenance in order to achieve targeted performance in terms of system interruption frequency and system interruption duration at a minimum cost. One of the most efficient ways to keep the cost down is rational maintenance i.e. optimising lengths of period between planned maintenance. Maintenance, in general, is divided into preventive and corrective maintenance. Due to low budget or shortage of staff and skills, most utilities extended the periods between maintenance from the manufacturer’s recommendation. As a result of this the system performance has usually deteriorated and the risk of equipment failure has increased. More careful scheduling, based on priority of elements to be maintained could, however, improve the system performance. An example of maintenance scheduling for a group of circuit breakers described in the paper. The lengths of maintenance periods for the circuit breakers (CB) groups are based on the targeted and actual breakers performance. The CBs throughout the system are divided into several groups according to the required reliability. Targeted failure rates for the CB groups would be taken from a separate reliability study throughout the system. The starting length of the period between maintenance checks is the manufacturer’s recommendation. The first revision of the period between the maintenance is after the first maintenance check. If the performance of CBs in that interval was high and the targeted reliability has not been changed, the period of maintenance could be extended. However, there is a maximum period of extended maintenance when minimum maintenance or check must be performed. An important element in the calculation, constant performance monitoring, ensures that the overall performance of CBs, on an annual basis, does not require earlier maintenance scheduling. The model re-adjusts scheduling of maintenance for each group. As most of electrical systems change configuration during the equipment lifetime, the model has an option to set new Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) target and define the priority list of CBs to be maintained. The method, therefore, provides guidelines to maintenance scheduling accounting for two major factors: targeted MTBF for each CB and actual equipment performance. This method can be extended for other equipment such as cables, transformers, protection etc. as well as transmission systems.
Cas9-catalyzed DNA Cleavage Generates Staggered Ends: Evidence from Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2016)

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (spCas9) along with a single guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a versatile toolbox for genome editing. Despite recent advances in the mechanism studies on spCas9-sgRNA-mediated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) recognition and cleavage, it is still unclear how the catalytic Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions induce the conformation changes toward the catalytic active state. It also remains controversial whether Cas9 generates blunt-ended or staggered-ended breaks with overhangs in the DNA. To investigate these issues, here we performed the first all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the spCas9-sgRNA-dsDNA system with and without Mg<sup>2+</sup> bound. The simulation results showed that binding of two Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions at the RuvC domain active site could lead to structurally and energetically favorable coordination ready for the non-target DNA strand cleavage. Importantly, we demonstrated with our simulations that Cas9-catalyzed DNA cleavage produces 1-bp staggered ends rather than generally assumed blunt ends.
Cosmetic preservation and structure‐activity relationships of 4‐diazo‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamides (1995)

Summary Diazoles have attracted considerable attention for a long time owing to their potentially interesting chemical, biochemical, and medicinal properties. We have reported the synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of a new series of (N-substituted)-3-methyl-4-diazo-5-pyrazolecarboxamides 1a-n along with their quantitative structureactivity study. There was a trend towards a better Gram-negative activity with decreasing molecular refraction values of the substituents on the carboxamidic moiety and a better Gram-positive activity with increasing values of IR carbonyl shift. The compounds which displayed the broadest antibacterial spectrum were 3-methyl-4-diazo-5-pyrazolecarboxamides substituted with 2-pyridinyl and 3-isoxazolyl moieties, making evident the structural requirement of a heterocyclic substituent with aminic function located in the ortho position with respect to heteroatom(s). The introduction of new substituents with different lipophilic properties in place of the C(3)-methyl group such as cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, benzyloxy substituents have been examined followed by application of these materials to the cosmetic formulations. An emulsion utilizing the 2-pyridinyl compound at 0.2% and 0.4% has been prepared, and their specific antimicrobial activity has been evaluated. Preliminary antimicrobial challenge studies indicated the excellent preservative activity of this compound in cosmetic formulations.
High-Throughput Method for Automated Colony and Cell Counting by Digital Image Analysis Based on Edge Detection (2016)

Counting cells and colonies is an integral part of high-throughput screens and quantitative cellular assays. Due to its subjective and time-intensive nature, manual counting has hindered the adoption of cellular assays such as tumor spheroid formation in high-throughput screens. The objective of this study was to develop an automated method for quick and reliable counting of cells and colonies from digital images. For this purpose, I developed an ImageJ macro Cell Colony Edge and a CellProfiler Pipeline Cell Colony Counting, and compared them to other open-source digital methods and manual counts. The ImageJ macro Cell Colony Edge is valuable in counting cells and colonies, and measuring their area, volume, morphology, and intensity. In this study, I demonstrate that Cell Colony Edge is superior to other open-source methods, in speed, accuracy and applicability to diverse cellular assays. It can fulfill the need to automate colony/cell counting in high-throughput screens, colony forming assays, and cellular assays.
Recurrence matrices and the preservation of dynamical properties (1997)

We prove that the construction of a recurrence matrix (a matrix of inter-vector distances) preserves the dynamical properties of an observed attractor. Because of this fact, a recurrence matrix is a useful transform for studying high-dimensional systems, “compressing” high-dimensional vector sets into a two-dimensional format without losing relevant information. Practical issues are discussed in an example.
Distinct Isoforms of the Cofactor BAG-1 Differentially Affect Hsc70 Chaperone Function (2000)

In the mammalian cytosol and nucleus the activity of the molecular chaperone Hsc70 is regulated by chaperone cofactors that modulate ATP binding and hydrolysis by Hsc70. Among such cofactors is the anti-apoptotic protein BAG-1. Remarkably, BAG-1 is expressed as multiple isoforms, which are distinguished by their amino termini. We investigated whether distinct isoforms differ with respect to their Hsc70-regulating activity. By comparing the mainly cytosolic isoforms BAG-1M and BAG-1S, opposite effects of the two isoforms were observed in chaperone-assisted folding reactions. Whereas BAG-1M was found to inhibit the Hsc70-mediated refolding of nonnative polypeptide substrates, the BAG-1S isoform stimulated Hsc70 chaperone activity. The opposite effects are not due to differences in the regulation of the ATPase activity of Hsc70 by the two isoforms. Both isoforms stimulated ATP hydrolysis by Hsc70 in an Hsp40-dependent manner through an acceleration of ADP-ATP exchange. Our results reveal that the different amino termini of the distinct BAG-1 isoforms determine the outcome of an Hsc70-mediated folding event, most likely by transiently interacting with the polypeptide substrate. Employing isoforms of a cofactor with different substrate binding properties appears to provide the means to influence the chaperone function of Hsc70 in addition to modulating its ATPase cycle.
Plant Immunity to Necrotrophs (2012)

Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging virulence strategies that promote host cell death and acquire nutrients for growth and reproduction from dead cells. This lifestyle constitutes the axis of their pathogenesis and virulence strategies and marks contrasting immune responses to biotrophic pathogens. The diversity of virulence strategies in necrotrophic species corresponds to multifaceted host immune response mechanisms. When effective, the plant immune system disarms the infectious necrotroph of its pathogenic arsenal or attenuates its effect, restricting further ingress and disease symptom development. Simply inherited resistance traits confer protection against host-specific necrotrophs (HSNs), whereas resistance to broad host-range necrotrophs (BHNs) is complex. Components of host genetic networks, as well as the molecular and cellular processes that mediate host immune responses to necrotrophs, are being identified. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of plant immune responses to necrotrophs and comparison with responses to biotrophic pathogens are summarized, highlighting common and contrasting mechanisms.
Stripes: Bit-serial deep neural network computing (2016)

Motivated by the variance in the numerical precision requirements of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) [1], [2], Stripes (STR), a hardware accelerator is presented whose execution time scales almost proportionally with the length of the numerical representation used. STR relies on bit-serial compute units and on the parallelism that is naturally present within DNNs to improve performance and energy with no accuracy loss. In addition, STR provides a new degree of adaptivity enabling on-the-fly trade-offs among accuracy, performance, and energy. Experimental measurements over a set of DNNs for image classification show that STR improves performance over a state-of-the-art accelerator [3] from 1.30x to 4.51x and by 1.92x on average with no accuracy loss. STR is 57% more energy efficient than the baseline at a cost of 32% additional area. Additionally, by enabling configurable, per-layer and per-bit precision control, STR allows the user to trade accuracy for further speedup and energy efficiency.
KnowLife: A knowledge graph for health and life sciences (2014)

Knowledge bases (KB's) contribute to advances in semantic search, Web analytics, and smart recommendations. Their coverage of domain-specific knowledge is limited, though. This demo presents the KnowLife portal, a large KB for health and life sciences, automatically constructed from Web sources. Prior work on biomedical ontologies has focused on molecular biology: genes, proteins, and pathways. In contrast, KnowLife is a one-stop portal for a much wider range of relations about diseases, symptoms, causes, risk factors, drugs, side effects, and more. Moreover, while most prior work relies on manually curated sources as input, the KnowLife system taps into scientific literature as well as online communities. KnowLife uses advanced information extraction methods to populate the relations in the KB. This way, it learns patterns for relations, which are in turn used to semantically annotate newly seen documents, thus aiding users in “speed-reading”. We demonstrate the value of the KnowLife KB by various use-cases, supporting both layman and professional users.
A simple and efficient method for the separation and detection of small DNA fragments by electrophoresis in formamide containing agarose gels and Southern blotting to DBM-paper (1982)

We show in this report that DNA fragments smaller than 300 bp are separated with high resolution by electrophoresis in concentrated (up to 7%) agarose gels containing 50% formamide. The separated DNA fragments can subsequently be quantitatively transferred to DBM-paper [Alwine, J.C. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 74, 5350-54] using the Southern technique [Southern, E.M., J. Mol. Biol. (1975) 98, 503-517], while preserving the sharpness of the original gel pattern. Since thin (0.2-0.4 mm) and thick (up to 5 mm) agarose slab gels can be easily handled in vertical or horizontal apparatus, this method should prove to be a very useful extention of the Southern technique, applicable to a variety of analytical and preparative purposes.
Titanium dioxide high aspect ratio nanoparticle hydrothermal synthesis optimization (2014)

Abstract TiO 2 -B (bronze) nanowires were synthesized via simple hydrothermal treatment of commercial titanium dioxide nanopowder in aqueous NaOH. The reaction temperature, calcination temperature, reaction time, NaOH concentration, autoclave filing fraction and precursor were systematically varied to optimize the nanowire morphology. The crystal structure, morphology and particle size were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The morphology and structure are sensitive to experimental conditions. A reaction temperature of at least 150°C and NaOH concentration at least 10 M are essential, but reaction time from 24 to 72 h makes little difference. Nanowires obtained at 150°C were 60-180 nm wide and 2-4 μm long, while those after treatment at 200°C were thinner (40-100 nm) and longer (2-6 μm). The relationship between reaction conditions and morphology is discussed and practical guidelines for titanium dioxide nanowire synthesis are suggested
Exploiting Rotational Symmetry for the Design of Ultra-Wideband Planar Phased Array Layouts (2012)

Two new phased array design techniques are introduced that utilize rotational symmetry to avoid grating lobes during scanning and over ultra-wide bandwidths. The first is an optimization method, which employs the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy to determine the best locations of elements inside a sector of a circle. The second technique uses standard periodic lattices inside the same circular sector. Although the segments themselves are internally periodic, the rotational symmetry of the full array eliminates the occurrence of grating lobes and is capable of generating antenna element layouts with useful ultra-wideband properties. These design techniques yield arrays with not only ultra-wideband characteristics, but properties that lend themselves to relatively straightforward modular construction, especially the semi-periodic variety.
Evaluation of Deep Learning Strategies for Nucleus Segmentation in Fluorescence Images (2019)

Identifying nuclei is often a critical first step in analyzing microscopy images of cells and classical image processing algorithms are most commonly used for this task. Recent developments in deep learning can yield superior accuracy, but typical evaluation metrics for nucleus segmentation do not satisfactorily capture error modes that are relevant in cellular images. We present an evaluation framework to measure accuracy, types of errors, and computational efficiency; and use it to compare deep learning strategies and classical approaches. We publicly release a set of 23,165 manually annotated nuclei and source code to reproduce experiments and run the proposed evaluation methodology. Our evaluation framework shows that deep learning improves accuracy and can reduce the number of biologically relevant errors by half. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Low noise single frequency linear fibre laser (1993)

The low frequency noise characteristics of a single frequency fibre laser with and without noise suppression are presented. With no thermal or mechanical isolation, the peak RMS relaxation oscillation at 182 kHz was 82.1 dB/Hz below the DC laser level without feedback and 112.1 dB/Hz below the DC laser level with feedback.
Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution with Hydrogenase and Water-soluble Viologen-linked Zinc Porphyrins (1998)

A series of water-soluble viologen-linked zinc porphyrins with different methylene chain lengths (n = 3−6) between porphyrin and viologen, ZnP ( C n V ) 4 , were synthesized and characterized. The intra- molecular electron transfer rate constants from the porphyrin moiety of ZnP (C n V ) 4 to viologen were measured by using fluorescence lifetime and laser flash photolysis. Both the photoexcited singlet state and the triplet state of the porphyrin were quenched by the bonded viologen. These compounds were applied to photoinduced hydrogen evolution in the system containing nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form NADPH), ZnP ( C n V ) 4 and hydrogenase under steady-state irradiation.
Molecular cloning and characterization of endogenous feline leukemia virus sequences from a cat genomic library (1983)

Recombinant bacteriophage lambda clones from a cat genomic library derived from placental DNA of a specific pathogen-free cat were screened to identify endogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV) sequences. Restriction endonuclease mapping of four different clones indicates that there are a number of similarities among them, notably the presence of a 6.0- to 6.4-kilobase pair (kbp) EcoRI hybridizing fragment containing portions of sequences homologous to the gag, pol, env, and long terminal repeat-like elements of the infectious FeLV. The endogenous FeLV sequences isolated are approximately 4 kbp in length and are significantly shorter than the cloned infectious FeLV isolates, which are 8.5 to 8.7 kbp in length. The endogenous elements have 3.3- to 3.6-kbp deletions in the gag-pol region and approximately 0.7- to 1.0-kbp deletions in the env region. These deletions would render them incapable of encoding an infectious virus and may therefore be related to the non-inducibility of FeLV from uninfected cat cells and the subgenomic expression of these endogenous sequences in placental tissue. It appears that there is conservation in the ordering of restriction sites previously reported in the proviruses of the infectious FeLVs in sequences corresponding to the pol and env boundary as well as the region spanning the env gene of the endogenous clones, whereas a greater divergence occurs among restriction sites mapped to the gag and part of the pol regions of the infectious FeLV. Such deleted, FeLV-related subsets of DNA sequences could have originated either by germ-line integration of a complete ecotropic virus followed by deletion, or by integration of a preexisting, defective, deleted variant of the infectious virus.