gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of nonimmune immunoglobulin Fc reactivity among gram-positive cocci: description of three major types of receptors for human immunoglobulin G (1977)

Two hundred and thirty strains of various gram-positive cocci were tested for quantitative, nonimmune binding of radiolabeled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG). The majority of coagulase-positive staphylococci and streptococci belonging to serogroups C and G showed a high uptake of IgG. The binding of immunoglobulin to group A streptococci was considerably less, with a number of strains completely negative. None of the pneumococcal or the group B or D streptococcal strains displayed any binding capacity. Heterogeneity of the IgG reactivity of various reactive strains was studied in an inhibition assay using 10 different animal serum pools. Three different inhibition patterns were seen, each of them revealing a striking degree of homogeneity within single bacterial species. Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, respectively, constituted two homogeneous groups which differed markedly from each other and from C and G streptococci. No differences were observed between group C and G streptococci. Based on the profound differences between these homogeneous groups, three major types of Fc receptors could be defined. Type I and II Fc receptors were found on S. aureus and on group A streptococci, respectively. Fc receptor type III represented the immunoglobulin-binding structure of both group C and G streptococci.
Potential Refrigerants for Power Electronics Cooling (2005)

In the past, automotive refrigerants have conventionally been used solely for the purpose of air conditioning. However, with the development of hybrid-electric vehicles and the incorporation of power electronics (PEs) into the automobile, automotive refrigerants are taking on a new role. Unfortunately, PEs have lifetimes and functionalities that are highly dependent on temperature and as a result thermal control plays an important role in the performance of PEs. Typically, PEs are placed in the engine compartment where the internal combustion engine (ICE) already produces substantial heat. Along with the ICE heat, the additional thermal energy produced by PEs themselves forces designers to use different cooling methods to prevent overheating. Generally, heat sinks and separate cooling loops are used to maintain the temperature. Disturbingly, the thermal control system can consume one third of the total volume and may weigh more than the PEs [1]. Hence, other avenues have been sought to cool PEs, including submerging PEs in automobile refrigerants to take advantage of two-phase cooling. The objective of this report is to explore the different automotive refrigerants presently available that could be used for PE cooling. Evaluation of the refrigerants will be done by comparing environmental effects and some thermo-physical properties important to two-phase cooling, specifically measuring the dielectric strengths of potential candidates. Results of this report will be used to assess the different candidates with good potential for future use in PE cooling.
CIS solar cells with ZnO buffer layers (1996)

This paper describes investigations of CIS solar cells with ZnO buffer layers. Studies concentrate on determining optimum ZnO buffer layer properties that will yield the maximum ZnO/CIS solar cell efficiency. Buffer layers are grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by reacting a zinc adduct with tetrahydrofuran to grow ZnO. Substrate temperatures (T/sub sub/) have been varied from 100/spl deg/C to 350/spl deg/C, with the best device performance obtained for T/sub sub//spl ap/225/spl deg/C to 250/spl deg/C. ZnO/CIS solar cells were fabricated by first depositing a ZnO buffer layer, followed by deposition of a low resistivity ZnO top contact layer and a Al/Ag collector grid. Several cells have been fabricated with an area of 0.44 cm/sup 2/ that have total area efficiencies greater than 11%. In particular, a cell was fabricated with a Siemens substrate that exhibited a total area efficiency of 11.3%, and one based on a NREL substrate that has a total area efficiency of 12%. This work has focused on determining optimum deposition parameters for CVD ZnO buffer layers. It is clear that in order to achieve efficient ZnO/CIS cells, the buffer layer must be deposited with a high resistivity.
A Multi-Interface Proposal for IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (2007)

In next-generation (NG) wireless networks, hybrid handover techniques are expected to enable the integration of heterogeneous networks, e.g. 3G cellular networks and 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN). Media independent handover (MIH) has begun to be discussed in the latest IEEE 802.21 to accommodate multiple disparate interfaces in mobile handset. Multiple interfaces can come in a variety of ways to facilitate hybrid handover, and may result in different requirements on protocols and performance. In this paper, we classify multi-interface schemes for handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. We propose a multi-interface scheme for IEEE 802.21 MIH. The scheme is proposed to be able to work with standard TCP and Mobile IPv4 agent routers without particular configuration. Based on this scheme, we implemented a dual-interface Mobile Host (MH) model in Network Simulation 2 (ns2) to evaluate how it performs in comparison with single-interface MH.
Probing a fluid through a distorting interface using a monostatic fiber-optic Doppler velocimeter (1988)

A theoretical and experimental study is presented of a Doppler velocimeter that uses a single-mode optical fiber to transmit the probe beam and collect the signal light. The performance is discussed in two cases: (i) for negligible and (ii) for strong probe beam distortion caused by surface scattering. The results suggest that in medical use the assessment of blood velocity is possible for thin superficial vessels.
An evaluative system for restructuring the literary history of modern China (2009)

当下的中国处于一个价值多元的时代，以往的建立于进化论、阶级论和启蒙主义的文学史观也是颇有价值的；但是，进入21世纪，由于“以人为本”与“和谐社会”目标的提出，也由于社会时空、文学功能和美学趣味的巨大变化，教材型的中国现代文学史已远不能适应时代、社会和文学的发展需要，因此亟待重建和确立一个更为公正、平等与合理的价值评估体系。这个评估体系是以人道主义为最高原则，以真、善、美为三个闪光点，其最大优势是具有普适性、超越性、公正性和人本性的功能特点。
High-intensity focused ultrasound use widens in research, practice (2007)

The use of high-intensity focused ultrasound for various therapeutic applications has continued to grow since Lynn et al first proposed it in 1942.1 Advances in medical imaging technology in the last two decades have led to its widespread use in both research and clinical practice for the treatment of benign and malignant tumors, hemostasis, uterine fibroids, and other conditions.
Field Measurements on Model Betatron and Synchrotron Magnets (1950)

Measurements have been made of the magnetic field distribution in the air gap and of flux leakage for a `groovecoil' betatron magnet and for a synchrotron magnet. The synchrotron magnet was a complete solid of revolution, and was intended to simulate a magnet built up from twenty C-shaped segments. The betatron magnet yoke resembled the ordinary shell-type transformer. The boundaries of the regions within which stable orbits could be established have been calculated. It was found that the betatron magnet could be converted to a synchrotron magnet simply by removing the central core, without reshaping the pole faces. The measurements were carried out on model magnets made of solid iron and excited by direct current. Search coils and a ballistic galvanometer were used to explore the fields.
Modularly Assembled Magnetite Nanoparticles Enhance in Vivo Targeting for Magnetic Resonance Cancer Imaging (2008)

Modularly assembled targeting nanoparticles were synthesized through self-assembly of targeting moieties on surfaces of functional nanoparticles. Specific molecular recognition of nickel nitrilotriacetate on Fe3O4 nanoparticles with hexahistidine tag on RGD4C peptides results in precisely controlled orientation of the targeting peptides. Better selectivity of the self-assembled RGD4C-Fe3O4 nanoparticles targeting oral cancer cells than that achievable through a conventional chemical cross-link strategy was demonstrated by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). An oral cancer hamster model was applied to reveal specific in vivo targeting and MR molecular imaging contrast in cancer lesions expressing alphavbeta3 integrin. Both AAS and MRI revealed that the self-assembled nanoparticles improved the targeting efficiency and reduced the hepatic uptake as compared with the conventional chemical cross-link particles. We investigated the biosafety, biodistribution, and kinetics of the nanoparticles and found that the nanoparticles were significantly cleared from the liver and kidneys after one week. By recombining the desired targeting moiety and various functional nanoparticles through self-assembly, this new modularly designed platform has the capability of enhancing the efficiency of targeted diagnosis and therapies for a wide spectrum of biomedical applications.
Assessing clamp-related vascular injuries by measurement of associated vascular dysfunction. (1989)

The development of vascular clamps requires a reliable method to quantitate clamp-related vascular injuries. The degree of vessel damage usually is estimated subjectively from photomicrographs made with scanning electron microscopy. In order to test whether the use of vascular rings to assess residual vascular function may be a better method, rabbit thoracic aortas were occluded by five types of clamps: a Fogarty softjaw bulldog, a Fogarty Hydragrip, a 6-inch Satinsky clamp, an Edslab bulldog, and a silicone vessel band. Each area of clamp injury was sectioned into a vascular ring and suspended in a tissue bath. Residual vascular function was determined by contraction in response to phenylephrine and by relaxation in response to methacholine chloride and sodium nitroprusside. Morphologic studies with use of Evans blue dye and scanning electron microscopy complemented the vascular-function studies. The Fogarty bulldog clamp was the best at preserving vascular contraction and relaxation; the more crushing Satinsky clamp was the worst. The testing of vascular rings for residual function appears to be a useful technique for objectively quantitating vascular clamp-related vascular damage.
Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFlame retardation by phosphorus compoundsAlbrecht GranzowCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1978, 11, 5, 177–183Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50125a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50125a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1444Altmetric-Citations212LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Use of shear-stress-sensitive, temperature-insensitive liquid crystals for hypersonic boundary-layer transition detection (1997)

The use of shear-stress-sensitive, temperature-insensitive (SSS/TI) liquid crystals (LCs) has been evaluated as a boundary-layer transition detection technique for hypersonic flows. Experiments were conducted at Mach 8 in the Sandia National Laboratories Hypersonic Wind Tunnel using a flat plate model at near zero-degree angle of attack over the freestream unit Reynolds number range 1.2-5.8x10{sup 6}/ft. Standard 35mm color photography and Super VHS color video were used to record LC color changes due to varying surface shear stress during the transition process for a range of commercial SSS liquid crystals. Visual transition data were compared to an established method using calorimetric surface heat-transfer measurements to evaluate the LC technique. It is concluded that the use of SSS/TI LCs can be an inexpensive, safe, and easy to use boundary-layer transition detection method for hypersonic flows. However, a valid interpretation of the visual records requires careful attention to illumination intensity levels and uniformity, lighting and viewing angles, some prior understanding of the general character of the flow, and the selection of the appropriate liquid crystal for the particular flow conditions.
Effect of alkalis, phosphorus, and water on the surface tension of haplogranite melt (2000)

The sessile drop method has been used for measurements of the surface tension of haplogranite (HPG) melts containing an excess of alkalis and phosphorous (HPG8, HPG8 + 5 wt% Li2O, 5 wt% Na2O, 20 wt% Na2O, 5 wt% K2O, 5 wt% Rb2O, 5 wt% Cs2O, 10 wt% P2O5) and of Armenian rhyolite in the temperature interval, 650-1665 °C, and at 1 bar pressure. Sessile drops were placed on graphite substrates in a Pyrox tube furnace purged with Ar. Drop shape was monitored with a videocamera and stored in a videorecorder. The surface tension was calculated by measuring the two principal radii of curvature of the drop shape in vertical cross section. The precision of the method was checked against the surface tension of water. The surface tension of HPG and rhyolite melt is ~280-300 ± 5 mN/m in the temperature interval 1200-1400 °C. Temperature dependence of the surface tension of haplogranite melts and rhyolite is weak and positive (dσ/dT = 0.06 to 0.09 mN/m/°C). Addition of 5 wt% of alkali oxides (except Li2O) results in a decrease of the surface tension of haplogranite melts. The HPG melts with 10 wt% P2O5 have 30% higher surface tension than haplogranite melts with excess alkalis, and a negative temperature derivative (dσ/dT = -0.1 mN/m/°C). The HPG melts with 20 wt% Na2O and 5 wt% Li2O exhibit a decrease in surface tension with temperature (dσ/dT = -0.02 and -0.10 mN/m/°C, respectively).
Tight and compact MILP formulation of start-up and shut-down ramping in unit commitment (2013)

Summary form only given. This paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of start-up (SU) and shut-down (SD) power trajectories of thermal units. Multiple SU power-trajectories and costs are modeled according to how long the unit has been offline. The proposed formulation significantly reduces the computational burden in comparison with others commonly found in the literature. This is because the formulation is 1) tighter, i.e., the relaxed solution is nearer to the optimal integer solution; and 2) more compact, i.e., it needs fewer constraints, variables and nonzero elements in the constraint matrix. For illustration, the self-unit commitment problem faced by a thermal unit is employed. We provide computational results comparing the proposed formulation with others found in the literature.
Lighting the New York world's fair (1940)

THE CONVERSION of more than 1,200 acres of salt marsh and waste land into the New York World's Fair, with its stimulating review of the world of today and its effective preview of the “World of Tomorrow,” was a remarkable achievement, accomplished within the short span of three years. In this $150,000,000 transformation, electric light played a major role. Also, the Fair provided the stimulus that brought from the laboratories into commercial production some of the most significant developments ever made in the field of artificial illumination.
Freeze-fracture replication of organized tissue without cryoprotection. (1976)

Fresh pieces of rat liver and pancreas were rapidly frozen without prior chemical fixation or cryoprotection, and replicated folloing freeze-fracture. Replicas revealed small peripheral areas free of ice crystals or damage and, within such areas, general ultrastructural morphology was essentially similar to that seen in conventionally processed material. On fracture faces of plasma and nuclear membranes a population of less prominent particles in addition to conventional membrane-associated particles was seen, and smooth areas devoid of particles of any type were seen on some nuclear membranes. These smooth areas did not appear to be similar to smooth areas allegedly arising as artifacts of conventional processing. Tight junctions and gap junctions appeared as they do in cryoprotected specimens. The results provide a base-line for assessing the possible effects of processing steps or agents on the ultrastructure of organized tissues as revealed in freeze-fracture replicas.
Quad-Tree Motion Estimation in the Frequency Domain Using Gradient Correlation (2007)

We propose a new motion estimation scheme particularly suitable for broadcast-quality digital video applications due to its performance-complexity characteristics. The proposed scheme is based on the principle of gradient correlation and its computational efficiency is due to the fact that it operates in the frequency domain. The scheme involves the quad-tree decomposition of a frame thus providing a better level of adaptation to scene contents compared to fixed block size approaches. Quad-tree decompositions are obtained by using the motion compensated prediction error to control the partition of a parent block to four children quadrants. The partition criterion is applied iteratively until a target number of motion vectors or a target level of motion compensated prediction error is achieved or, ultimately, until no more than a single motion component can be identified. The partition criterion also guarantees a monotonic decrease of the motion compensated prediction error with an increasing number of iterations making our scheme suitable for progressive transmission and embedded coding applications. Our results show that our scheme outperforms fixed block size phase correlation as well as quad-tree motion estimation based on phase correlation in terms of rate-distortion characteristics yielding smoother motion vector fields as well as more compressible motion-compensated prediction residuals.
An overview of urologic complications in diabetes mellitus. (1991)

Prevention of urologic complications in diabetes mellitus is a primary goal in patient care. Much is achieved through patient teaching. When complications do occur, patients expect our help and support as they cope.
Computation of bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra and comparison with spectra measured with a Ge(Li) detector (1979)

A method of computing theoretical X-ray spectra in the range 30-150 kV is presented. The theoretical spectra are compared with constant potential, high resolution spectra from a tungsten target measured with a Ge(Li) detector, for a range of target angles, tube voltage and filtrations. Above 100 kV the spectra were also measured with a NaI detector but, as there was good agreement between the Ge(Li) and NaI detectors, only the former are presented. Spectra computed using Kramers' theory are also included for comparison, giving fairly good agreement at large target angles (30 degrees) but becoming gradually worse as the target angle decreased. Spectra may be computed by this method for any desired filtration, target angle, and tube voltage between 30 and 150 kV, in excellent agreement with the measured data.
The Consumer and His Alternatives: An Experimental Approach (1966)

Results of two laboratory experiments indicate that the number of choices involved in a purchase decision influences the consumer's decision process. The Taylor experiment suggests that as the number of items involved in the decision increases, the consumer becomes less sensitive to changes in these items. The Anderson experiment suggests that consumers will experience a greater degree of dissonance reduction, the greater the number of items in the decision.
Physicochemical Characterization of the Orthorhombic Polymorph of Paracetamol Crystallized from Solution (1998)

This paper describes a method for the laboratory-scale crystallization of the orthorhombic polymorph (form II) of paracetamol (acetaminophen) from solution. Its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography at 298 K (to confirm the results of data published in 1974) and at 123 K (to improve the overall accuracy of the structure determination). Despite considerable effort by many investigators, the crystallization of form II from solution, using the method given in the 1974 structure report, has been elusive. The incentive for this effort is that form II, unlike commercial paracetamol (form I), undergoes plastic deformation and is suitable for direct compression. Consequently, the ability to produce form II in quantity has attracted much interest because of the potential commercial benefits to be gained by not using binders during the manufacture of tablets. However, until now, the only method that has been reported for the bulk preparation of form II has been to grow it as polycrystalline material from fused form I. This study also compares the solid-state properties of form II with those of form I, with particular emphasis on the crystallography (both X-ray and optical), crystal morphology, thermal behavior, and compaction properties.
Engraftment Patterns of Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expose Electrotonic and Paracrine Proarrhythmic Mechanisms in Myocardial Cell Cultures (2013)

Adult hMSCs affect arrhythmicity of neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures by heterocellular coupling leading to depolarization-induced conduction slowing and by direct release of paracrine factors that negatively affect repolarization rate. The extent of these detrimental effects depends on the number and distribution pattern of hMSCs. These results suggest that caution should be urged against potential adverse effects of myocardial hMSC engraftment.
Proteases of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>: what don't they do? (1998)

The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has been strongly associated with the causation of human periodontal diseases. One distinguishing property of these organisms that has been implicated in periodontal destruction is the expression of potent protease activity. Recent biochemical and genetic approaches have clearly demonstrated that at least five distinct proteases are elaborated by these organisms. The utilization of monospecific mutants defective in individual proteases has demonstrated that protease activity is important in virulence but also has suggested the complexity of the functions of the enzymes in the physiology of these microorganisms. This review summarizes current progress in assessing the role of these enzymes in periodontal inflammation and discusses some unresolved issues relevant to the significance of P. gingivalis proteases in virulence.