gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human glial chimeric mice reveal astrocytic dependence of JC virus infection (2014)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease triggered by infection with the human gliotropic JC virus (JCV). Due to the human-selective nature of the virus, there are no animal models available to investigate JCV pathogenesis. To address this issue, we developed mice with humanized white matter by engrafting human glial progenitor cells (GPCs) into neonatal immunodeficient and myelin-deficient mice. Intracerebral delivery of JCV resulted in infection and subsequent demyelination of these chimeric mice. Human GPCs and astrocytes were infected more readily than oligodendrocytes, and viral replication was noted primarily in human astrocytes and GPCs rather than oligodendrocytes, which instead expressed early viral T antigens and exhibited apoptotic death. Engraftment of human GPCs in normally myelinated and immunodeficient mice resulted in humanized white matter that was chimeric for human astrocytes and GPCs. JCV effectively propagated in these mice, which indicates that astroglial infection is sufficient for JCV spread. Sequencing revealed progressive mutation of the JCV capsid protein VP1 after infection, suggesting that PML may evolve with active infection. These results indicate that the principal CNS targets for JCV infection are astrocytes and GPCs and that infection is associated with progressive mutation, while demyelination is a secondary occurrence, following T antigen-triggered oligodendroglial apoptosis. More broadly, this study provides a model by which to further assess the biology and treatment of human-specific gliotropic viruses.
New Techniques to Improve Microseismic Event Detection and Location in Surface Data (2013)

The recent expansion of surface and near-surface microseismic monitoring during hydraulic fracturing has led to the development of techniques that are directly applicable to more general permanent microseismic reservoir monitoring. Recent work associated with surface and near-surface microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas in the Fayetteville and Marcellus formations has helped to develop new methods to process low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. Improvements to the SNR by stacking the data using novel non-linear stacking techniques and stacking of perforation shots allows the use of Coalescence Migration Mapping (CMM), an established technique used for downhole monitoring, to detect and locate microseismic events from surface data.
Performance Evaluation of Wavelength Routed Optical Network with Wavelength Conversion (2010)

The rapid development of telecommunication networks is driven by user demands for new applications and advances in technologies. The explosive growth of the internet traffic is due to its use for collecting the information, communication, multimedia application, entertainment, etc. These applications are imposing a tremendous demand for bandwidth capacity on telecommunication network. The introduction of fiber optics had proved to meet the huge demand of bandwidth. These requirement can be meet by all optical network which is capable of transmitting enormous data at very high speed, around 50 Tera bits per seconds (Tbps) A wavelength conversion technique is addressed in this paper to reduced the blocking probability in wavelength routed networks. It is seen that the blocking probability of traffic requests decreases as the wavelength conversion factor increases. We explode the possibility for network with different size with variation in wavelength per link. In this work the evaluation of wavelength routed optical network with varying number of wavelength converters, different traffic types are carried out and results are shown that the blocking probability is minimum with 50% to 60% wavelength convertible nodes. Wavelength convertible nodes more than 60% are not showing much effect on reduction in blocking probability rather it results in increase in overall cost of network.
High-pulse energy extraction with high peak power from short-pulse eye safe all-fiber laser system (2006)

All-fiber contained laser systems play a key role, in the development of rugged, compact, and highly efficient eye-safe laser sources that can generate high peak and average powers and short (<5 ns) pulses. Application of such laser systems include spectroscopy, LIDAR, free-space communications, materials processing and nonlinear optics. In this paper we present further improvement on a novel high power all-fiber-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser system operating in the C-band with <5 ns pulses and a repetition rate range of 6kHz − 200kHz. The system was optimized for performance of repetition rates between 6kHz and 18kHz. With this system, pulse energies of 322 μJ with a peak power of 170kW and an average power of 1.9W were generated using a custom designed Er:Yb co-doped double-clad fiber. The spectral output of the amplified pulses shows no spectral broadening due to Four-Wave-Mixing or Stimulated Raman scattering for pulse energies with less than 260μJ. Additionally, a beam quality M<sup>2</sup>=2.1+/-0.1 was achieved. The physical performance parameters of the all-fiber laser system make it very suitable for a variety of applications. The performance of the MOPA system and the experimental data are presented and discussed. To our knowledge the combination of the presented pulses energies, peak power, average power are the highest ever recorded in an all fiber system.
Cationic liposomal paclitaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: A phase II trial (2009)

4526 Background: EndoTAG-1 is a novel cationic liposomal formulation of paclitaxel being developed for the treatment of solid malignancies. It acts by targeting activated negatively charged endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels. We present safety and efficacy data of a randomized, controlled phase II trial in pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods: 200 patients with advanced PC were randomized to 1 st line treatment with weekly gemcitabine (GEM: 1000 mg/m 2 ) and twice weekly infusions of EndoTAG-1 (E) at 3 different dose levels (E low : 11 mg/m 2 , E med : 22 mg/m 2 , E high : 44 mg/m 2 ) or GEM monotherapy. Patients were treated for 7 weeks and followed up for overall survival (OS) for at least 1 year. After finishing study treatment, any anti-tumor therapy was allowed. A subgroup of patients had the option to receive repeated cycles of combination therapy in case of at least stable disease according to RECIST until disease progression. Results: Median OS was substantially higher in the GEM+E med and GEM+ E high groups than the GEM monotherapy group. Adjusted hazard ratios for OS were 0.72 (95% CI 0.46–1.13) and 0.67 (0.43–1.07). In patients receiving >1 treatment cycle, median OS was 11.5 months (GEM+E high ); in the GEM+E med group 75% of patients were alive at 1 year. Treatment with EndoTAG-1 and gemcitabine was generally well tolerated. A trend for increasing adverse event frequency with EndoTAG-1 dose was observed for infusion-related reactions associated with chills and pyrexia, and thrombocytopenia. The overall frequency of serious adverse events in the GEM+E groups was low, the most frequent SAE being pyrexia in 4 (8%) patients in the GEM+E high group. There was no indication for significant organ toxicity associated with EndoTAG-1, even in patients receiving multiple treatment cycles. Conclusions: This phase II trial indicates a considerable survival benefit for patients with advanced PC receiving EndoTAG-1 in combination with gemcitabine and a favourable safety profile warranting further development of EndoTAG-1 in this indication. [Table: see text]
Experimental Exploration of Metal Cable as Reinforcement in 3D Printed Concrete (2017)

The Material Deposition Method (MDM) is enjoying increasing attention as an additive method to create concrete mortar structures characterised by a high degree of form-freedom, a lack of geometrical repetition, and automated construction. Several small-scale structures have been realised around the world, or are under preparation. However, the nature of this construction method is unsuitable for conventional reinforcement methods to achieve ductile failure behaviour. Sometimes, this is solved by combining printing with conventional casting and reinforcing techniques. This study, however, explores an alternative strategy, namely to directly entrain a metal cable in the concrete filament during printing to serve as reinforcement. A device is introduced to apply the reinforcement. Several options for online reinforcement media are compared for printability. Considerations specific to the manufacturing process are discussed. Subsequently, pull-out tests on cast and printed specimens provide an initial characterisation of bond behaviour. Bending tests furthermore show the potential of this reinforcement method. The bond stress of cables in printed concrete was comparable to values reported for smooth rebar but lower than that of the same cables in cast concrete. The scatter in experimental results was high. When sufficient bond length is available, ductile failure behaviour for tension parallel to the filament direction can be achieved, even though cable slip occurs. Further improvements to the process should pave the way to achieve better post-crack resistance, as the concept in itself is feasible.
A knowledge acquisition framework for an intelligent decision-support system (2002)

One of the lessons learnt from the early pioneering expert systems is that excellent decision making in itself is not sufficient to guarantee client acceptability. User involvement is necessary in the development of all interactive expert systems. We propose a framework for facilitating the knowledge acquisition process. We focus on the iteration cycles in expert-client interaction, which avoid mismatches in knowledge process and enhance the verification of knowledge. A combination of model-based and rule-based structure is demonstrated, which provides richer representation and makes the maintenance process much simpler. The proposed framework has been applied to build a successful industry expert system, Respirator Advisory System (RAS), in collaboration with 3M Australia Pty Ltd.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Never Resting Brain: Simultaneous Representation of Two Alpha Related Processes in Humans (2008)

Brain activity is continuously modulated, even at "rest". The alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz) has been known as the hallmark of the brain's idle-state. However, it is still debated if the alpha rhythm reflects synchronization in a distributed network or focal generator and whether it occurs spontaneously or is driven by a stimulus. This EEG/fMRI study aimed to explore the source of alpha modulations and their distribution in the resting brain. By serendipity, while computing the individually defined power modulations of the alpha-band, two simultaneously occurring components of these modulations were found. An 'induced alpha' that was correlated with the paradigm (eyes open/ eyes closed), and a 'spontaneous alpha' that was on-going and unrelated to the paradigm. These alpha components when used as regressors for BOLD activation revealed two segregated activation maps: the 'induced map' included left lateral temporal cortical regions and the hippocampus; the 'spontaneous map' included prefrontal cortical regions and the thalamus. Our combined fMRI/EEG approach allowed to computationally untangle two parallel patterns of alpha modulations and underpin their anatomical basis in the human brain. These findings suggest that the human alpha rhythm represents at least two simultaneously occurring processes which characterize the 'resting brain'; one is related to expected change in sensory information, while the other is endogenous and independent of stimulus change.
Catalytic Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds withα-Imino Esters (2001)

Die Entwicklung einer direkten katalytischen asymmetrischen Mannich-Reaktion und ihr Potential werden anhand der Synthese optisch aktiver Lactone über 4-Hydroxyglutaminsäurederivate demonstriert. Die katalytische asymmetrische Mannich-Reaktion von Carbonylverbindungen mit geschützten α-Iminoestern [Gl. (1)] liefert die Produkte hoch enantioselektiv mit guten Ausbeuten und Diastereoselektivitäten (Ts=p-Toluolsulfonyl). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2001/z17021_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Atopic dermatitis, filaggrin mutations and irritant contact dermatitis (2013)

Journal Article Atopic dermatitis, filaggrin mutations and irritant contact dermatitis Get access J.P. Thyssen J.P. Thyssen National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato‐Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark E‐mail: jacob.p.thyssen@regionh.dk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 168, Issue 2, 1 February 2013, Pages 233–234, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12155 Published: 01 February 2013
Fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotubes from vulcanized scrap rubber via thermal chemical vapor deposition (2017)

Scrap rubber is a cheap alternate to valuable hydrocarbons in order to fabricate carbon nanotubes <italic>via</italic> thermal chemical vapor deposition.
Identification and In Vitro Characterization of Phage-Displayed VHHs Targeting VEGF (2013)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potential target for cancer treatment because of its role in angiogenesis and its overexpression in most human cancers. Currently, anti-VEGF antibodies have been shown to be promising tools for therapeutic applications. However, large size, poor tumor penetration, immunogenicity, and production in cost- and labor-intensive conditions are major drawbacks of such agents. The antigen-binding regions of camelid single-chain antibodies (VHHs), due to their unique biophysical characteristics, offer an alternative to conventional antibodies for tumor-targeting purposes. The present study was undertaken to generate and characterize anti-VEGF VHHs from an immune VHH library using phage display. Four rounds of panning were performed, and selected VHHs were characterized using various immunological techniques. Assessment of the antigenic profile of VHHs was done using competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Selected VHHs reacted strongly to VEGF in indirect ELISA and cross-reactivity ELISA tests. The binding affinity of three VHHs, ZFR-1, ZFR-2, and ZFR-5, ranged from 2.5 to 80 nM, and among them, ZFR-5, which was selected for proliferation assay, significantly inhibited the endothelial cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results indicate that ZFR-5 and other VHHs may be promising tools in cancer research and treatment.
Design and fabrication of high-coupling efficiency spot-size converter integrated laser diodes using three-dimensional BMP program (1998)

Attention is focused on butt-joint-type spot-size converter integrated laser diodes (SSC-LD's), which allow us to independently optimize the high-temperature performance and coupling efficiency. Increasing the coupling efficiency is achieved by using the three-dimensional (3-D) beam propagation method (BPM). Particular attention is paid to keeping coupling efficiency high, while minimizing variations due to fluctuations in fabrication conditions, such as composition and mesa width. The validity of this method is demonstrated by fabricating a device designed in this way; its coupling efficiency is in excellent agreement with the designed value.
Enhanced generation of attosecond pulses in dispersion-controlled hollow-core fiber (1999)

We describe theoretically the enhanced generation and propagation of attosecond pulses in a gas medium irradiated by sub-10-fs laser pulses. Both classical and quantum calculations reveal a significant increase in the energy of the attosecond pulse as a result of quasiphase matching in a tapered structured hollow-core fiber. The increasing laser field into the fiber reduces the dependence of the harmonic spectrum on the dispersive phase of the laser pulse and ensures generation and propagation of a single attosecond pulse in a highly ionized transient plasma. For the attosecond pulse radiation this design acts as a phase-locked traveling-wave x-ray laser.
Mutagenesis Studies of Interleukin-8 (1996)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a dimeric, C-X-C chemokine, produced by a variety of cells and which elicits proinflammatory responses from the neutrophil. As a prelude to drug design, we have investigated the interactions between IL-8 and its receptor by preparing a number of single-site mutants of IL-8 and determining their activity in receptor-binding and functional assays. In order to define the binding surface as precisely as possible, we have used chemical shifts obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to screen mutant proteins for structural changes which affect regions of the IL-8 surface remote from the site of mutation. In addition to a previously recognized sequence, Glu4-Leu5-Arg6 in the N-terminal peptide, we have identified a second epitope comprising a contiguous group of non-sequential, solvent-exposed, hydrophobic residues, Phe17, Phe2l, Ile22, and Leu43. These two receptor-binding regions are separated by over 20 A in the IL-8 structure and are important both for receptor binding and function. In addition, we have shown through the production of a covalently linked IL-8 dimer, that subunit dissociation is not necessary for biological activity.
Blood Glucose Concentration after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Influences Functional Neurological Recovery in Human Cardiac Arrest Survivors (1997)

Experimental data suggest that postischemic blood glucose concentration plays an important role in modulating both ischemic cerebral infarction and selective neuronal necrosis. This study investigated the association between functional neurological recovery and blood glucose concentrations in human cardiac arrest survivors. A group of 145 nondiabetic patients were evaluated after witnessed ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Data regarding cardiac arrest were collected according to an internationally accepted protocol immediately after arrival. Blood glucose was measured on admission and 6, 12, and 24 h thereafter. To control for duration of cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock, both known to influence outcome as well as blood glucose, levels, Spearman rank partial correlation was used. In this multivariate analysis, a high admission blood glucose level tended to be associated with poor neurological outcome (rs = -0.16, n = 142, p = 0.06). The association between high median blood glucose levels over 24 h and poor neurological outcome was strong and statistically significant (rs = -0.2, n = 145, p = 0.015). High blood glucose concentrations occurring over the first 24 h after cardiac arrest have deleterious effects on functional neurological recovery. Whether cardiac arrest survivors might benefit from reduction of blood glucose levels needs further investigation.
Gastric Cancer Stem Cells (2008)

Cancer stem cells are defined as the unique subpopulation in the tumors that possess the ability to initiate tumor growth and sustain self-renewal as well as metastatic potential. Accumulating evidence in recent years strongly indicate the existence of cancer stem cells in solid tumors of a wide variety of organs. In this review, we will discuss the possible existence of a gastric cancer stem cell. Our recent data suggest that a subpopulation with a defined marker shows spheroid colony formation in serum-free media in vitro, as well as tumorigenic ability in immunodeficient mice in vivo. We will also discuss the possible origins of the gastric cancer stem cell from an organ-specific stem cell versus a recently recognized new candidate bone marrow-derived cell (BMDC). We have previously shown that BMDC contributed to malignant epithelial cells in the mouse model of Helicobacter-associated gastric cancer. On the basis of these findings from animal model, we propose that a similar phenomenon may also occur in human cancer biology, particularly in the cancer origin of other inflammation-associated cancers. The expanding research field of cancer stem-cell biology may offer a novel clinical apparatus to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
5-Aryl-1,2-dihydrochromeno[3,4-<i>f</i>]quinolines:  A Novel Class of Nonsteroidal Human Progesterone Receptor Agonists (1998)

The development of a novel class of nonsteroidal human progesterone receptor (hPR) agonists, 5-aryl-1,2-dihydro-5H-chromeno[3,4-f]quinolines 2, is described. The introduction of a 5-aryl group into the 1,2-dihydrocoumarino[3,4-f]quinoline core 1 is the key for progestational activities. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the 5-aryl substituents generated a series of potent hPR agonists, which exhibited similar biological activity (EC50 = 8-30 nM) to the natural hormone progesterone (EC50 = 2.9 nM) in cell-based assays with efficacies ranging from 28% to 96%. Most of the analogues displayed similar or greater binding affinity (Ki = 0.41-3.6 nM) than progesterone (Ki = 3.5 nM). Three representative analogues (13, 15, and 24) demonstrated in vivo activities in mammary gland morphology/uterine wet weight assay in ovariectomized rats.
A competitive system with adaptive gain tuning (2002)

Competition is an essential mechanism for self-organizing neural networks, and its properties affect the performance of the networks. Properties of competitive systems such as, topology preservation, uniform sparseness of outputs and low activities for novel input patterns are favored for constructing multi-layered self-organizing neural networks. Furthermore these properties should be acquired depending on the various input sources without tuning parameters manually. The popular competitive systems, such as lateral inhibition or winner-take-all circuits, don't satisfy these requirements. The authors propose a competitive system with adaptive gain tuning. Competition is accomplished by controlling the gain of the processing units. This gain is adapted to keep a summation or a maximum of the outputs close to the specified value. In this network, ad hoc topology is not introduced. Therefore, if there are enough cells, the mapping generated by the network is continuous, and it is possible to preserve the topology of the input manifold through the transformation from the input space to the output space. Further, with numerical simulations we show that the excited region of each cell is sharpened in proportion to the distribution density of template vectors of the network. Since the outputs keep low activities for novel input patterns, they can be distinguished from already learned input patterns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitation of brain tumor in MRI for treatment planning (2002)

Two different MRI segmentation methods that use multispectral image data are proposed for the estimation of the volume of brain tumors. A supervised k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and a semi-supervised fuzzy c-means (SFCM) pattern recognition methods are used for the image segmentation. The reproducibility of the two methods in determining the volume of different tumors and the change in volume with therapy are estimated. The results are compared with the volume estimates obtained by gray-level based seed-growing method that is being used clinically. The results indicate that kNN and SFCM methods should provide an accurate and reliable image segmentation and tumor volume estimate, as required for treatment planning and surgery simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>