gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization control using nematic liquid crystals (2000)

A new type of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) based polarization independent 1 X 2 optical switch is demonstrated. Experiments show that this system is capable of converting any arbitrary input polarization into a horizontal or vertical output of high polarization extinction ratio (> 26 dB). Moreover, a basic polarization independent alignment tolerant 1 X 2 optical switch is proposed and demonstrated, comprising a NLC-based polarization controller in cascade with half wave plates. Experiments show that this system is capable of realizing a high switch contrast (> 27 dB), nearly independent on the input polarization. The measured polarization extinction ratio of the output light was about 40 dB. Our NLC-based polarization control provides low driving voltages (< 5 V), no moving parts, high performance and possible low insertion loss.
Comparison of Tandem Mass Spectrometric Techniques Using Ion-trap and Hybrid Mass Spectrometers for Studies of the Degradation of a Herbicide by Biofilm (1997)

The herbicide, methyl 2-4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy proprionate (diclofop-methyl), and three of its degradation products are identified in biofilm using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Sub-samples of a biofilm cultured in a flow-through system, with the herbicide diclofop-methyl in the nutritive solution, were analyzed using two ion-trap mass spectrometers and the data were compared with those obtained using a hybrid instrument of EBEQ geometry. In order to achieve high throughput, the samples were introduced directly into the ion sources with no further sample preparation. Confirmations were based on data taken for authentic standards. The results indicate that data comparable to those obtained using the hybrid instrument could be achieved using ion-traps, despite the complex nature of the biofilm. This is true both of mass spectra and of product ion MS/MS spectra which were essential for identification of the individual compounds in these complex mixtures. For high-throughput analyses (2–50 runs daily), the quality of the MS/MS characterization was dependent on the background pressure and the source temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis of poliovirus VP0 maturation cleavage is not mediated by serine 10 of VP2 (1991)

The maturation of the poliovirus capsid occurs as the result of a single unexplained proteolytic event during which 58 to 59 copies of the 60 VP0 capsid protein precursors are cleaved. An autocatalytic mechanism for cleavage of VP0 to VP4 and VP2 was proposed by Arnold et al. (E. Arnold, M. Luo, G. Vriend, M. G. Rossman, A. C. Palmenberg, G. D. Parks, M. J. Nicklin, and E. Wimmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:21-25, 1987) in which serine 10 of VP2 is activated by virion RNA to catalyze VP4-VP2 processing. The hypothesis rests on the observation that a hydrogen bond was observed between serine 10 of VP2 (S2010) and the carboxyl terminus of VP4 in three mature picornaviral atomic structures: rhinovirus 14, mengovirus, and poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney). We constructed mutant viruses with cysteine (S2010C) or alanine (S2010A) replacing serine 10 of VP2; these exhibited normal proteolytic processing of VP0. While our results do not exclude an autocatalytic mechanism for the maturation cleavage, they do eliminate the conserved S2010 residue as the catalytic amino acid.
Chemical modification of peptides containing .gamma.-carboxyglutamic acid (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical modification of peptides containing .gamma.-carboxyglutamic acidNorman T. Boggs III, H. David Bruton, Daniel H. Craig, Joseph A. Helpern, Henry C. Marsh, Mark D. Pegram, David J. Vandenbergh, Karl A. Koehler, and Richard G. HiskeyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 10, 1812–1816Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00349a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00349a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views179Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cooperative Multicell Zero-Forcing Beamforming in Cellular Downlink Channels (2009)

In this work, a multicell cooperative zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) scheme combined with a simple user selection procedure is considered for the Wyner cellular downlink channel. The approach is to transmit to the user with the ldquobestrdquo local channel in each cell. The performance of this suboptimal scheme is investigated in terms of the conventional sum-rate scaling law and the sum-rate offset for an increasing number of users per cell. We term this characterization of the sum-rate for large number of users as <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high-load</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">regime</i> characterization, and point out the similarity of this approach to the standard affine approximation used in the high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. It is shown that, under an overall power constraint, the suboptimal cooperative multicell ZFBF scheme achieves the same sum-rate growth rate and slightly degraded offset law, when compared to an optimal scheme deploying joint multicell dirty-paper coding (DPC), asymptotically with the number of users per cell. Moreover, the overall power constraint is shown to ensure in probability, equal per-cell power constraints when the number of users per-cell increases.
Lewis acid-induced ene-cyclization of ω-olefinic trifluoromethyl ketones: access to alicyclic compounds bearing a CF<sub>3</sub>group (1991)

Several catalysts (Me2AlCl, MeAlCl2, EtAlCl2 and TiCl4) for the ene carbocyclization of olefinic trifluoromethyl ketonic compounds have been compared. Thus, five-, six-, seven- and eight-membered-ring compounds were obtained. Olefin regiochemistry and stereoselectivity are better controlled than in related non-fluorinated series. High yields of cyclic trifluoromethyl alcohols were obtained by the achievement of type-I, -II or -III ene processes, concerted or otherwise. The first example of an eight-membered cyclization is described.
<title>Large-area optical proximity correction using pattern-based corrections</title> (1994)

Resolution enhancement techniques have been explored extensively in the last few years to reliably extend optical lithography to smaller features. In fact, remarkable depth of focus and resolution enhancements have been achieved for certain types of features. However, proximity effects can render these enhancements irrelevant because they can cause such severe linewidth changes that even in-focus lines are incorrectly sized. Other researchers have attempted to solve this problem using a wide variety of different approaches. Their methods have the common disadvantage that they try to correct all aspects of every pattern on the mask when it may be necessary to optimize only a small subset of patterns. Our technique, pattern recognition with polynomial corrections is developed for correcting only certain patterns. The development of this system led to several important results. First, a simple local bias system, which was developed to independently bias small patterns, shows that bias solutions quickly converge in a few iterations. Also, increasing the complexity by more finely dividing the edge segments does not increase the bias time for the patterns. The second important insight is related to the pattern recognition system. As in the other techniques, a proximity window is moved through the layout. However, in the pattern matching approach, a pattern matching zone within the window is extracted and used to find the corresponding pattern in the pattern library. The bias of the peripheral features outside the pattern matching zone, but within the proximity window are incorporated into the bias for the pattern by way of an inter-feature proximity correction polynomial. An important insight discovered with regard to the correction function is that the peripheral features can be subdivided into pixels whose bias contributions can be linearly superimposed to give an accurate approximation to the bias of the main feature.
Control of IBMIR in Neonatal Porcine Islet Xenotransplantation in Baboons (2014)

The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) is a major obstacle to the engraftment of intraportal pig islet xenografts in primates. Higher expression of the galactose-α1,3-galactose (αGal) xenoantigen on neonatal islet cell clusters (NICC) than on adult pig islets may provoke a stronger reaction, but this has not been tested in the baboon model. Here, we report that WT pig NICC xenografts triggered profound IBMIR in baboons, with intravascular clotting and graft destruction occurring within hours, which was not prevented by anti-thrombin treatment. In contrast, IBMIR was minimal when recipients were immunosuppressed with a clinically relevant protocol and transplanted with NICC from αGal-deficient pigs transgenic for the human complement regulators CD55 and CD59. These genetically modified (GM) NICC were less susceptible to humoral injury in vitro than WT NICC, inducing significantly less complement activation and thrombin generation when incubated with baboon platelet-poor plasma. Recipients of GM NICC developed a variable anti-pig antibody response, and examination of the grafts 1 month after transplant revealed significant cell-mediated rejection, although scattered insulin-positive cells were still present. Our results indicate that IBMIR can be attenuated in this model, but long-term graft survival may require more effective immunosuppression or further donor genetic modification.
Phase I, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Study of Intravenously Administered Ad5CMV-p53, an Adenoviral Vector Containing the Wild-Type <i>p53</i> Gene, in Patients With Advanced Cancer (2006)

Ad5CMV-p53 can be safely and repetitively administered up to 1 x 10(12)vp intravenously daily for 3 consecutive days. The absence of severe toxicities, the presence of circulating adenovirus 24 hours after administration, and detectable p53 transgene within tumor tissue distant from the site of administration demonstrates that systemic therapy with this adenoviral vector containing p53 is feasible.
Phase-Conjugated Pilots for Fibre Nonlinearity Compensation in CO-OFDM Transmission (2015)

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel fiber nonlinearity compensation technique for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems based on the transmission of phase-conjugated pilots (PCPs). In this scheme, a portion of OFDM subcarriers (up to 50%) is transmitted with its phase conjugates, which is used at the receiver to estimate the nonlinear distortions in the respective subcarriers and other subcarriers, which are not accompanied by PCPs. Simulation and experimental results show that by varying the PCP overhead, a performance improvement up to 4 dB can be achieved. In addition, the proposed technique can be effectively applied in both single polarization and polarization-division multiplexed systems, in both single channel and wavelength-division multiplexing systems, thus, offering highest flexibility in implementations.
Attritable design trades: Reliability and cost implications for unmanned aircraft (2017)

Aircraft are generally designed and produced to be maintainable. Recently, the U.S. Air Force, due to increasing aircraft unit costs, began to investigate early conceptual designs for attritable (unmanned) aircraft. Attritability is a system characteristic that trades reliability and maintainability for low-cost of a system meant for reuse - at least a few times. This characteristic is affected by system attributes like reliability, redundancy, reparability and cost. This concept of a trading these attributes for lower cost presents a very interesting design space for systems engineers, but it presents several challenges. This paper introduces the system characteristic of attritability and shows the far-reaching impacts and challenges that this novel attribute presents through the use of reliability modeling and cost estimation techniques.
In Vitro Activity of the Antifungal Plant Defensin RsAFP2 against <i>Candida</i> Isolates and Its In Vivo Efficacy in Prophylactic Murine Models of Candidiasis (2008)

We show that RsAFP2, a plant defensin that interacts with fungal glucosylceramides, is active against Candida albicans, inhibits to a lesser extent other Candida species, and is nontoxic to mammalian cells. Moreover, glucosylceramide levels in Candida species correlate with RsAFP2 sensitivity. We found RsAFP2 prophylactically effective against murine candidiasis.
Structure and Mechanism of Conduction of Semiconductor Glasses (1965)

The area of glass formation in the system GeO 2 ‐P 4 O 10 ‐V 2 O 5 and the properties of the glasses in this area were determined. The glasses displayed electronic conduction at room temperature (25°C). Resistivity ranged from 500 ohm‐cm to 10 9 ohm‐cm at 25°C. Some of the glasses had unusual negative temperature coefficients of resistance of the order of ‐760,000 ppm °C −1 in the range 25° to ‐55°C. Volt‐ampere characteristics indicated nonlinearity suitable for thermistor application. Other unusual properties included high refractive indices from 1.6 to >2.0 and dielectric constants from 6 to 33 at 1 Mc and 25°C. Values of loss‐tangents, however, were high. Infrared spectra indicated that the V 5+ ion existed in sixfold coordination in the glassy state as well as in the devitrified crystalline state. The normal vibrational frequency of the V–O bond at 1015 cm −1 was observed for all glasses in the system. Property versus composition curves indicated that density, refractive index, and dielectric constant of ternary glasses in the system do not obey the additivity rule. The density versus mole % V 2 O 5 curve goes through a minimum. Derived quantities from experimental data indicate pronounced influence of V 2 O 5 on oxygen packing in the system. Addition of SiO 2 , even in small quantities, destroys glass formation. The structure of these glasses, which differs from that of silicate glasses, is discussed. A mechanism of conduction is suggested, based on evidence from magnetic susceptibility, chemical analysis, activation energy, and infrared spectra.
Functional interaction of human neutrophil peptide‐1 with the cell wall precursor lipid II (2010)

Defensins constitute a major class of cationic antimicrobial peptides in mammals and vertebrates, acting as effectors of innate immunity against infectious microorganisms. It is generally accepted that defensins are bactericidal by disrupting the anionic microbial membrane. Here, we provide evidence that membrane activity of human alpha-defensins does not correlate with antibacterial killing. We further show that the alpha-defensin human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP1) binds to the cell wall precursor lipid II and that reduction of lipid II levels in the bacterial membrane significantly reduces bacterial killing. The interaction between defensins and lipid II suggests the inhibition of cell wall synthesis as a novel antibacterial mechanism of this important class of host defense peptides.
Role of CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells in Control of West Nile Virus Infection (2004)

Infection with West Nile virus (WNV) causes fatal encephalitis more frequently in immunocompromised humans than in those with a healthy immune system. Although a complete understanding of this increased risk remains unclear, experiments with mice have begun to define how different components of the adaptive and innate immune response function to limit infection. Previously, we demonstrated that components of humoral immunity, particularly immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, have critical roles in preventing dissemination of WNV infection to the central nervous system. In this study, we addressed the function of CD8(+) T cells in controlling WNV infection. Mice that lacked CD8(+) T cells or classical class Ia major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens had higher central nervous system viral burdens and increased mortality rates after infection with a low-passage-number WNV isolate. In contrast, an absence of CD8(+) T cells had no effect on the qualitative or quantitative antibody response and did not alter the kinetics or magnitude of viremia. In the subset of CD8(+)-T-cell-deficient mice that survived initial WNV challenge, infectious virus was recovered from central nervous system compartments for several weeks. Primary or memory CD8(+) T cells that were generated in vivo efficiently killed target cells that displayed WNV antigens in a class I MHC-restricted manner. Collectively, our experiments suggest that, while specific antibody is responsible for terminating viremia, CD8(+) T cells have an important function in clearing infection from tissues and preventing viral persistence.
Helicobacters are indigenous to the human stomach: duodenal ulceration is due to changes in gastric microecology in the modern era (1998)

Peptic ulcer disease has been considered to be a “disease of civilisation”.1 Yet Helicobacter pylori , which now is believed to play a critical role in this illness,2 3 has probably been part of the human biota since time immemorial,4 and peptic (especially duodenal) ulceration seems to have become epidemic in humans at a time when H pylori was loosening its firm grip on the human stomach. These phenomena seem contradictory. It is the aim of this paper to describe the elements of the apparent paradox, and to consider several alternative explanations. Resolution of this question has substantial implications for human medicine.

The human body is the home of countless microbes5which usually are called the “normal flora”. Indigenous biota is a better term than normal flora, since bacteria are not plants,6 and normal is difficult to define. The major habitats of the indigenous biota include the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts, the vagina, and the skin, and each niche shares several characteristics (table 1). In each locale, multiple different ecological niches are present. For example, the lumen of the colon is characterised by notable variation in redox potential, and each niche has predominant organisms. The predominant biota of the skin is anaerobic,7 a phenomenon that indicates the multiplicity of ecological niches present. The indigenous biota is acquired early in life, and there often is a succession of organisms as local microenvironments change. Examples of this phenomenon include the changes in the colonic and oral biota accompanying weaning and the eruption of teeth, respectively.8 The biota are numerous, with 103 to 1011 organisms per gram at each site. The colonising microbes are diverse. Bacteria predominate, but fungi and protozoans also are present. In several locales, many different species are present, although …
Collaborative Development of Large Bayesian Networks (2006)

Bayesian networks (BN) have been shown to be a very effective form of models for diagnostic assistants. However, the difficulties creating a BN model for complex domains have been a barrier to their use. We present a methodology and supporting software for rapid and robust development of BN models for diagnostic systems. Our approach uses a layered structure of BN and custom node types. These reduce the complexity of the models without degrading their fidelity. Together with keyword tags and policy based conflict resolution, they make it possible to develop subsystem models that are merged into a single integrated model. Extracting and re-merging the subsystem models allows cyclic development by appropriate domain experts. We have developed an editor for the model that can be used directly by the domain expert without assistance of a knowledge engineer. The expert enters the domain information into simple tables. The BN file used for reasoning and other BN computations is created automatically by the editor.
Apoptotic cell death in the response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide as an experimental endotoxic shock model (1996)

The apoptotic cell death induced in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice by administration of lipopolysaccharide was characterized. Administration of lipopolysaccharide caused apoptotic cell death in livers of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. Apoptotic cells were also detected in the kidney, thymus, spleen, and lymph node. Severe hepatic apoptosis in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice was reproduced by transfer of the sera from mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. The hepatocyte apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide was completely prevented by an anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody but not by an anti-gamma interferon antibody. Administration of recombinant tumor necrosis factor into D-galactosamine-sensitized mice also caused hepatocyte apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice did not seem to be mediated by Fas antigen. It was suggested that lipopolysaccharide- induced hepatic injury and failure in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice was due to the apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes caused by tumor necrosis factor alpha released in the circulation.
Automated Workload Characterization in Cloud-based Transactional Data Grids (2012)

Cloud computing represents a cost-effective paradigm to deploy a wide class of large-scale distributed applications, for which the pay-per-use model combined with automatic resource provisioning promise to reduce the cost of dependability and scalability. However, a key challenge to be addressed to materialize the advantages promised by Cloud computing is the design of effective auto-scaling and self-tuning mechanisms capable of ensuring pre-determined QoS levels at minimum cost in face of changing workload conditions. This is one of the keys goals that are being pursued by the Cloud-TM project, a recent EU project that is developing a novel, self-optimizing transactional data platform for the cloud. In this paper we present the key design choices underlying the development of Cloud-TM's Workload Analyzer (WA), a crucial component of the Cloud-TM platform that is change of three key functionalities: aggregating, filtering and correlating the streams of statistical data gathered from the various nodes of the Cloud-TM platform, building detailed workload profiles of applications deployed on the Cloud-TM platform, characterizing their present and future demands in terms of both logical (i.e. data) and physical (e.g. hardware-related) resources, triggering alerts in presence of violations (or risks of future violations) of pre-determined SLAs.
Hypoxia-Induced Stroke Tolerance in the Mouse Is Mediated by Erythropoietin (2003)

Endogenously produced EPO is an essential mediator of ischemic preconditioning.