gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Altered regulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in hypertensive obese Zucker rats (2011)

Obese Zucker rats (OZR) have elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) compared with lean Zucker rats (LZR). We examined whether altered tonic glutamatergic, angiotensinergic, or GABAergic inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contribute to elevated SNA and MAP in OZR. Male rats (14-18 wk) were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg iv), ventilated, and paralyzed to record splanchnic SNA, heart rate (HR), and MAP. Inhibition of the RVLM by microinjections of muscimol eliminated SNA and evoked greater decreases in MAP in OZR vs. LZR (P < 0.05). Antagonism of angiotensin AT(1) receptors in RVLM with losartan yielded modest decreases in SNA and MAP in OZR but not LZR (P < 0.05). However, antagonism of ionotropic glutamate receptors in RVLM with kynurenate produced comparable decreases in SNA, HR, and MAP in OZR and LZR. Antagonism of GABA(A) receptors in RVLM with gabazine evoked smaller rises in SNA, HR, and MAP in OZR vs. LZR (P < 0.05), whereas responses to microinjections of GABA into RVLM were comparable. Inhibition of the caudal ventrolateral medulla, a major source of GABA to the RVLM, evoked attenuated rises in SNA and HR in OZR (P <0.05). Likewise, inhibition of nucleus tractus solitarius, the major excitatory input to caudal ventrolateral medulla, produced smaller rises in SNA and HR in OZR. These results suggest the elevated SNA and MAP in OZR is derived from the RVLM and that enhanced angiotensinergic activation and reduced GABAergic inhibition of the RVLM may contribute to the elevated SNA and MAP in the OZR.
XV. On attraction and repulsion resulting from radiation (1874)

Abstract 1. In a paper “On the Atomic Weight of Thallium,” presented to the Royal Society June 18, 1872, after describing a balance with which I was enabled to perform weighings of apparatus &c. in a vacuum, I noted a peculiarity in relation to the effect of heat in diminishing the apparent weight of bodies. I said, “That a hot body should appear to be lighter than a cold one has been considered as arising from the film of air or aqueous vapour condensed upon or adhering to the surface of the colder body, or from the upward currents of air caused by the expansion of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the heated body. But neither hypothesis can be held when the variation of the force of gravitation occurs in a vacuum as perfect as the mercurial gauge will register, and under other conditions which I am now supplying, and which I purpose embodying in a paper to be submitted to the Royal Society during a subsequent session”. With the vacuum-balance mentioned above I carried out many experiments, but was unable to obtain results which were at all concordant; and it was soon found necessary to investigate the phenomena with smaller and less complicated apparatus.
SLURRY WALLS FOR GROUNDWATER CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF UK AND US PRACTICE a (2002)

In both the UK and the US, low permeability, vertical barriers (slurry walls) are widely used in systems designed and constructed for the control of groundwater such as in to temporary excavations. These vertical barriers may result in more economical dewatering for larger and/or more complex underground excavation projects than dewatering wells, the conventionally used alternative. In the US, soil-bentonite slurry wall technology is the predominant method for the construction of these low permeability barriers. In contrast, slag-cement-bentonite slurry wall technology is the most widely employed me thod in the UK. These barriers are made with water, cement, and granulated ground blast furnace slag. This paper presents an examination, comparison, and assessment of each of these practices. It is concluded that slag-cement-bentonite techniques could readily be adopted by US designers and contractors. Permeability data developed in the US using US sourced ingredients are presented which show that a mixture of about 20% cementitious material to 80% slurry (where the cementitious material is about 25% Portland cement and 75% slag) results in a barrier having a hydraulic conductivity less than 1x10 -7 cm/s. Evidence points to a current trend towards the increased use of slag-cement-bentonite cutoffs in the US.
Chirally Organized Oligothiophenes: Towards Modeling Interchain Interactions Within π‐Conjugated Systems (2010)

Interchain modeling: A model is proposed to compare the strength of the interaction between two conjugated oligomers (see graphic). It consists of probing changes in the angle between the parts of a binaphthalene hinge, invoked by the interaction between the oligomers. This allows the strength of the interaction between any set of oligomers to be compared or changes in the interactions upon oxidation or deprotonation to be monitored. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Gene expression changes in <scp>HLA</scp> mismatched mixed lymphocyte cultures reveal genes associated with allorecognition (2015)

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility is the main factor determining the occurrence of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in patients. It has also been shown that minor histocompatibility antigen differences as well as genetic polymorphisms that are not sequenced by standard methodology for HLA typing can play a role. We used mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) as a functional cellular test and investigated gene expression changes driven by HLA incompatibility in an effort to better understand the mechanisms involved in the disease. Gene expression profile of HLA matched and HLA mismatched MLC identified differentially regulated genes and pathways. We found that a great number of genes related to immune function were differentially regulated; these genes were also found to be associated with GVHD and graft rejection. The majority of differentially regulated genes were interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-inducible genes and IFNγ neutralisation in MLCs abrogated their induction. The microRNA-155, a recently identified target for acute GVHD (aGVHD), was also found to be significantly induced in HLA mismatched MLC but not in the matched setting and its induction was not diminished by blocking IFNγ. In this proof-of-principle study we show gene expression changes in mismatched MLC that represent alloreactive responses, correlate with markers involved in GVHD and can potentially be useful in the study of the biological processes involved in this disease.
A distal dimerization domain is essential for DNA-binding by the atypical HNF1 homeodomain (1990)

Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1 (HNF1, also referred to as LFB1, HP1 or APF) is a liver-specific transcription factor required for the expression of many hepatocyte specific genes. We report here the purification of this rat liver nuclear protein and the cloning of its cDNA using a PCR-derived approach. Seven independent clones reveal 3 alternative polyadenylation sites and a unique open reading frame. Both a motif homologous to the homeodomain and a distal dimerization domain are required for specific DNA binding. Sequence comparisons reveal several atypical features at key positions in the segment corresponding to helices III and IV of the Antaennapedia homeodomain as well as a potential 24 amino acid loop in place of the universal turn between helices II and III. Together with its property to dimerize in the presence or absence of DNA, these features place HNF1 as the prototype of a novel subclass of transcription factors distantly related to homeoproteins.
Physical Versus Digital Sticky Notes in Collaborative Ideation (2018)

In this paper, we compare the use of physical and digital sticky notes in collaborative ideation. Inspired by a case study in a design company, we focus on a collaborative ideation task, which is often part of pair-wise brainstorming in design. For comparison and to focus on the different materiality, we developed a digital sticky notes setup designed to be as close to the physical setup as possible, not adding any advanced digital features, even though technology has reached a stage where more sophisticated use of digital sticky notes on digital boards is possible. In this paper, we present a study of ideation among pairs of experienced sticky note users. The ideation sessions were video recorded and analyzed to focus on how collaboration is supported across the two setups. Based on quantitative analyses of the participants’ interactions with the artefacts, talking patterns, position and attention during the sessions, we qualify how the differences and similarities between the 2 setups have an impact on note handling, ideation techniques, group dynamics and socio-spatial configuration, e.g. the use of the room, the boards and tables. We conclude that, while the physical setup seems more appropriate for creating notes and posting notes, the digital setup invites more note interaction. Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences in the ideation outcome (e.g., number of notes created) or how participants collaborated between the 2 setups. Hence, we argue that collaborative ideation can successfully be supported in a digital setup as well. Consequently, we believe that the next step in a technological setup is not an either or, but should bring the best of the two worlds together.
Target Control of Collateral Extension and Directional Axon Growth in the Mammalian Brain (1990)

Individual neurons in the brain send their axons over considerable distances to multiple targets, but the mechanisms governing this process are unresolved. An amenable system for studying axon outgrowth, branching, and target selection is the mammalian corticopontine projection. This major connection develops from parent corticospinal axons that have already grown past the pons, by a delayed interstitial budding of collateral branches that then grow directly into their target, the basilar pons. When cocultured with explants of developing cortex in three-dimensional collagen matrices, the basilar pons elicits the formation and directional growth of cortical axon collaterals across the intervening matrix. This effect appears to be target-specific and selectively influences neurons in the appropriate cortical layer. These in vitro findings provide evidence that the basilar pons becomes innervated by controlling at a distance the budding and directed ingrowth of cortical axon collaterals through the release of a diffusible, chemotropic molecule.
New Inhibitors of Scrapie-Associated Prion Protein Formation in a Library of 2,000 Drugs and Natural Products (2004)

The structures for epicatechin and epigallocatechin should be interchanged.The structures for epicatechin monogallate and epigallocatechin-3-monogallate should be interchanged.
The Potential Roles of<sup><b>18</b></sup>F-FDG-PET in Management of Acute Stroke Patients (2013)

Extensive efforts have recently been devoted to developing noninvasive imaging tools capable of delineating brain tissue viability (penumbra) during acute ischemic stroke. These efforts could have profound clinical implications for identifying patients who may benefit from tPA beyond the currently approved therapeutic time window and/or patients undergoing neuroendovascular treatments. To date, the DWI/PWI MRI and perfusion CT have received the most attention for identifying ischemic penumbra. However, their routine use in clinical settings remains limited. Preclinical and clinical PET studies with [(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) have consistently revealed a decreased (18)F-FDG uptake in regions of presumed ischemic core. More importantly, an elevated (18)F-FDG uptake in the peri-ischemic regions has been reported, potentially reflecting viable tissues. To this end, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the utilization of (14)C-2-DG and (18)F-FDG-PET in experimental as well as human stroke studies. Possible cellular mechanisms and physiological underpinnings attributed to the reported temporal and spatial uptake patterns of (18)F-FDG are addressed. Given the wide availability of (18)F-FDG in routine clinical settings, (18)F-FDG PET may serve as an alternative, non-invasive tool to MRI and CT for the management of acute stroke patients.
Affinity of Tomopenem (CS-023) for Penicillin-Binding Proteins in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> , <i>Escherichia coli</i> , and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2008)

Tomopenem (formerly CS-023), a novel 1beta-methylcarbapenem, exhibited high affinity for penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2 in Staphylococcus aureus, PBP 2 in Escherichia coli, and PBPs 2 and 3 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are considered major lethal targets. Morphologically, tomopenem induced spherical forms in E. coli and short filamentation with bulges in P. aeruginosa, which correlated with the drug's PBP profiles. The potential of resistance of these bacteria to tomopenem was comparable to that to imipenem.
Measurement of serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs (1997)

Results indicate that measurement of serum free T4 and TSH concentrations is useful for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. About a quarter of the dogs with confirmed hypothyroidism, however, will have serum TSH concentrations within reference limits.
The IBM eServer z990 floating-point unit (2004)

The floating-point unit (FPU) of the IBM z990 eServer™ is the first one in an IBM mainframe with a fused multiply-add dataflow. It also represents the first time that an SRT divide algorithm (named after Sweeney, Robertson, and Tocher, who independently proposed the algorithm) was used in an IBM mainframe. The FPU supports dual architectures: the zSeries® hexadecimal floating-point architecture and the IEEE 754 binary floating-point architecture. Six floating-point formats—including short, long, and extended operands—are supported in hardware. The throughput of this FPU is one multiply-add operation per cycle. The instructions are executed in five pipeline steps, and there are multiple provisions to avoid stalls in case of data dependencies. It is able to handle denormalized input operands and denormalized results without a stall (except for architectural program exceptions). It has a new extended-precision divide and square-root dataflow. This dataflow uses a radix-4 SRT algorithm (radix-2 for square root) and is able to handle divides and square-root operations in multiple floating-point and fixed-point formats. For fixed-point divisions, a new mechanism improves the performance by using an algorithm with which the number of divide iterations depends on the effective number of quotient bits.
The Fumagillin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> Encodes a Cryptic Terpene Cyclase Involved in the Formation of β-<i>trans</i>-Bergamotene (2013)

Fumagillin 1 is a meroterpenoid from Aspergillus fumigatus that is known for its anti-angiogenic activity by binding to human methionine aminopeptidase 2. The genetic and molecular basis for biosynthesis of 1 had been an enigma despite the availability of the A. fumigatus genome sequence. Here, we report the identification and verification of the fma gene cluster, followed by characterization of the polyketide synthase and acyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of the dioic acid portion of 1. More significantly, we uncovered the elusive β-trans-bergamotene synthase in A. fumigatus as a membrane-bound terpene cyclase.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer (2010)

Recombinant adenoviruses are attractive vectors for short-term expression in mouse liver and primary cell lines. Various versatile vector systems have been developed which can be used for the reliable production of recombinant adenoviruses. This protocol describes the entire process for the production of recombinant adenoviruses using the AdEasy system. This protocol will give a practical step-by-step description from the cloning of the gene of interest until the in vivo administration in mice. The entire process will take about 8 weeks to complete.
Correcting the Bias of Spike Field Coherence Estimators Due to a Finite Number of Spikes (2010)

The coherence between oscillatory activity in local field potentials (LFPs) and single neuron action potentials, or spikes, has been suggested as a neural substrate for the representation of information. The power spectrum of a spike-triggered average (STA) is commonly used to estimate spike field coherence (SFC). However, when a finite number of spikes is used to construct the STA, the coherence estimator is biased. We introduce here a correction for the bias imposed by the limited number of spikes available in experimental conditions. In addition, we present an alternative method for estimating SFC from an STA by using a filter bank approach. This method is shown to be more appropriate in some analyses, such as comparing coherence across frequency bands. The proposed bias correction is a linear transformation derived from an idealized model of spike-field interaction but is shown to hold in more realistic settings. Uncorrected and corrected SFC estimates from both estimation methods are compared across multiple simulated spike-field models and experimentally collected data. The bias correction was shown to reduce the bias of the estimators, but add variance. However, the corrected estimates had a reduced or unchanged mean squared error in the majority of conditions evaluated. The bias correction provides an effective way to reduce bias in an SFC estimator without increasing the mean squared error.
One‐pot, One‐step Synthesis of 2,5‐Diformylfuran from Carbohydrates over Mo‐Containing Keggin Heteropolyacids (2014)

In this work, a one-pot strategy for directly converting fructose into 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) over Mo-containing Keggin heteropolyacids (HPAs) in open air is developed. H3 PMo12 O40 HPA is found to show high activity and selectivity to the formation of DFF owing to its higher Brønsted acidity and moderate redox potential. The partial substitution of the H(+) in H3 PMo12 O40 with Cs(+) leads to the heterogenization of the HPA by forming its cesium salts Csx H3-x PMo12 (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5). A satisfactory yield of 69.3% to DFF is obtained over Cs0.5 H2.5 PMo12 polyoxometalate after deliberate optimization of the reaction conditions. The heterogenized polyoxometalate could be recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity for five runs. The produced DFF could be separated from the resulting mixture by an adsorption-desorption method using activated carbon as the adsorbent and furfural as the desorbent. A highest isolated yield of 58.2% is obtained.
[Studies on the chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. II. Isolation and structure of baimuxinol and dehydrobaimuxinol]. (1986)

Two new sesquiterpenoids, baimuxinol C_(15))H_(26)O_2 mp 128～130℃,. [α]_D~(30)-83°(c 0.56, CHCl_3) and dehydrobaimuxinol C_(15)H_(24)O_2 mp 136～138℃,[α]_D~(26)+25° (c, 1.60, CHCl_3), have been isolated from the volatile oil of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour). Gilg. (Thymelaceae) by silica gel column chromatog raphy. Based on spectral (IR,~1H NMR and MS)analysis and chemical reactions their structures were idenntified as(Ⅰ)and (Ⅱ) respectively.
Effect of tension and timing of contraction on the blood flow of the diaphragm (1983)

An open-chest animal model was developed to study the diaphragmatic blood flow (Qdi) during bilateral electrophrenic stimulation. Two patterns of stimulation were used, continuous and intermittent, and both patterns were held at various transdiaphragmatic pressures (Pdi). The contractions were nearly isometric and held at an initial length of supine functional residual capacity (FRC). Qdi was measured in six dogs by catheterizing a branch of the diaphragmatic vein and by counting the blood drops with an infrared cell. During continuous contractions Qdi increased as a function of Pdi up to 70 +/- 12 ml . 100 g-1 . min-1 at 20% Pdimax. At higher levels Qdi decreased progressively and approached zero at 75% of Pdimax. A postcontraction hyperemia occurred at Pdi values greater than 20% Pdimax and increased as a function of Pdi. During intermittent contractions Qdi was a unique function of the diaphragmatic tension-time index (TTdi), a product of Pdi times the duty cycle (contraction time/total cycle time). Qdi increased progressively up to a TTdi of 25% Pdimax and decreased above that point toward zero at TTdi of 80% Pdimax. The postcontraction hyperemia appeared at a TTdi of about 15% of Pdimax and increased as a function of TTdi. It is concluded that Qdi is limited beyond a TTdi of about 20% Pdimax, as indicated by the increase in postcontraction hyperamia, and that Qdi is a function of both Pdi and the timing of contraction.
Laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement for correcting residual refractive error (2003)

Aim: To study the results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) enhancement for residual refractive error. Patients and methods: 121 eyes of 101 patients had LASIK enhancement done after a previous LASIK procedure. The average time after initial surgery was  121.2 ± 56.2 days (range, 83 to 433 days). The patients  were divided into 4 groups according to their refraction: group I, -1.0 to -5.0 D (4 eyes); group II, -5.1 to -10.0 D  (57 eyes); group III, -10.1 to -15.0 D (44 eyes); and group IV, >15.0 D (16 eyes). The mean pre-LASIK spherical equivalent of each group was: group I, -3.70 ± 1.01 D (range, -2.50 to -4.63 D); group II, -7.82 ± 1.47 D (range,  -5.13 to -9.88 D); group III, -12.20 ± 1.44 D (range,  -10.13 to -14.88 D); and group IV, -20.60 ± 3.40 D (range,  -15.25 to -27.50 D). The mean pre-LASIK enhancement spherical equivalent of each groups was: group I, +0.97 ± 0.89 D (range, -0.13 to +2.00 D); group II, -1.15 ± 1.22 D  (range, -4.63 to +2.13 D); group III, -2.22 ± 0.99 D (range,  -3.88 to -0.50D); and group IV, -6.62 ± 3.52 D (range,  -11.88 to +0.25 D). The spectacle corrected visual acuity before the first laser in situ keratomileusis was 20/40 or better for 111 eyes (92%), apart from 6 eyes in group III and 4 eyes in group IV. Patients were followed at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Results: Eighty five eyes (71%) were followed up at 3 months and 12 months, and 79 eyes (65.3%) at 6 months after LASIK enhancement. The mean spherical  equivalent at 3 months for group I was +0.440 ± 0.800D (range, -0.125 to +1.000 D); for group II, -1.170 ± 0.880 D (range, -2.875 to +0.875 D); for group III, -1.120 ±  1.450 D (range, -3.750 to +2.000D); and for group IV,  -3.630 ± 3.330 D (range, -11.000 to +0.250 D). At 12  months, the mean spherical equivalent was + 0.310 ±  0.440 D (range, 0 to + 0.625 D) for group I; -0.200 ±  1.030 D (range, –2.750 to +2.250 D) for group II; -0.550 ±  1.040 D (range, -4.375 to +1.250 D) for group III; and  -1.950 ± 2.130 D (range, -7.000 to +0.500 D) for group  IV. The post-LASIK enhancement uncorrected visual acuity improved in 110 eyes (91%), reduced 1 line in 2 eyes, 2 lines in 2 eyes, and no change in 7 eyes. Among the 85 eyes followed up at 12 months, 66 eyes (78%) had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. At 12 months follow-up, no eye had spectacle corrected visual acuity of less than 20/40. Conclusions: Laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement is effective in reducing the residual refractive error and improving the uncorrected visual acuity after laser in situ keratomileusis.
Nonlinear control of a shunt DC motor (1993)

The problem of controlling a shunt DC motor is considered. Recent methods for nonlinear control are compared, including feedback linearization, generalized controller canonical forms, and input-output linearization. Connections between the approaches, as well as their respective advantages are discussed in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>