gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular uptake of Poly‐(<scp>D</scp>,<scp>L</scp>‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles synthesized through solvent emulsion evaporation and nanoprecipitation method (2011)

Poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been widely studied for drug delivery. The aim of this study is to determine how cellular uptake of these nanoparticles is influenced by different surface properties, incubation time, particle concentration and cell types. Spherical coumarin-6 loaded PLGA nanoparticles with a size of about 100 nm were synthesized through solvent emulsion evaporation and nanoprecipitation methods. In vitro cellular uptake efficiency was determined using human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and murine monocyte-derived macrophage (RAW264.7) cells. PLGA nanoparticles were incubated with these cells in a concentration range of 10-300 μg/ml for different time periods. The results show that cellular uptake decreased for nanoparticles surface coated with PVA surfactant and was especially limited for severely aggregated particles. At higher particle concentration, the total amount of particles taken up by cells increased while the uptake efficiency decreased. In addition, cells could take up more particles with longer incubation time, although the uptake rate decreased gradually with time. Finally, RAW264.7 cells show increased uptake compared to BEAS-2B cells. The information drawn from this study would provide important clues on how nanomaterials interact with cells and how these interactions can influence biocompatibility or toxicity.
Protective Qualities of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Fluorescent Dyes against In vitro and In vivo Infection by the Tulahuen Strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (1990)

This study demonstrates the binding of various fluorescent dyes (3,3' dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6I], doxycycline [DOTC], rhodamine 123, and merocyanine 540) to infectious and intracellular forms of the Tulahuen strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. These dyes predominantly localize in mitochondria. Following treatment with DiOC6I and DOTC, both irradiated and nonirradiated samples showed dark toxicity to T. cruzi, whereas the other dyes effected toxicity only following irradiation with light. Under in vitro conditions, 91% protection was obtained 96 hr postinfection under dark conditions through the use of 0.573 micrograms/ml of DiOC6I. During in vivo studies, the onset of parasitemia was delayed by 7 days through the use of DiOC6I in ng/ml levels. Host deaths occurred in the infected control group on day 11 postexposure, whereas in the 5.7-ng/ml dye-treated group, no death had occurred after 20 days postexposure. This study demonstrates delay of onset of T. cruzi infections with the use of DiOC6I at concentrations well below the levels toxic to the host.
Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids. (2009)

Plants contain numerous polyphenols, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and hereby to increase resistance to disease. Examples of such polyphenols are isothiocyanates in cabbage and broccoli, epigallocatechin in green tee, capsaicin in chili peppers, chalones, rutin and naringenin in apples, resveratrol in red wine and fresh peanuts and curcumin/curcuminoids in turmeric. Most diseases are maintained by a sustained discreet but obvious increased systemic inflammation. Many studies suggest that the effect of treatment can be improved by a combination of restriction in intake of proinflammatory molecules such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced lipoperoxidation end products (ALE), and rich supply of antiinflammatory molecules such as plant polyphenols. To the polyphenols with a bulk of experimental documentation belong the curcuminoid family and especially its main ingredient, curcumin. This review summarizes the present knowledge about these turmericderived ingredients, which have proven to be strong antioxidants and inhibitors of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) but also AGE. A plethora of clinical effects are reported in various experimental diseases, but clinical studies in humans are few. It is suggested that supply of polyphenols and particularly curcuminoids might be value as complement to pharmaceutical treatment, but also prebiotic treatment, in conditions proven to be rather therapy-resistant such as Crohn's, long-stayed patients in intensive care units, but also in conditions such as cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
Challenges in Developing Bioanalytical Assays for Characterization of Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2011)

With more than 34 targets being investigated and nearly 20 clinical trials at various phases of development, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hold a lot of promise for improving oncological malignancy therapy. This therapeutic strategy designed to specifically or preferentially deliver a cytotoxic agent to tumor cells through conjugation to a monoclonal antibody is not new. Although this approach is relatively simple conceptually, the history of ADCs clearly attests to the high degree of complexity in their development. Each component of an ADC is important to achieve efficacy with minimal toxicity, and the ability to monitor this multicomponent therapeutic entity is deemed to be critical for their successful optimization. In this article we review the different bioanalytical strategies that have been implemented to characterize various ADCs and discuss the challenges and issues associated with these approaches.
Degradation of Imidazolium- and Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone) Anion Exchange Membranes (2012)

Imidazolium and quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone)s were synthesized successfully with the same degree of cationic functionalization and identical polymer backbones for a comparative study of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for solid-state alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs). Both anion exchange membranes were synthesized using a new methyl-containing monomer that avoided the use of toxic chloromethylation reagents. The polymer chemical structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR. The derived AEMs were fully characterized by water uptake, anion conductivity, stability under aqueous basic conditions, and thermal stability. Interestingly, both the cationic groups and the polymer backbone were found to be degraded in 1 M NaOH solution at 60 °C over 48 h as measured by changes of ion exchange capacity and intrinsic viscosity. Imidazolium-functionalized poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone)s had similar aqueous alkaline stability to quaternary ammonium-functionalized materials at 60 °C but much lower stability at 80 °C. This work demonstrates that quaternary ammonium and imidazolium cationic groups are not stable on poly(arylene ether sulfone) backbones under relatively mild conditions. Additionally, the poly(arylene ether sulfone) backbone, which is one of the most common polymers used in ion exchange membrane applications, is not stable in the types of molecular configurations analyzed.
Molecular analysis of the <i>psa</i> permease complex of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2004)

The psaBCA locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a putative ABC Mn2+-permease complex. Downstream of the operon is psaD, which may be co-transcribed and encodes a thiol peroxidase. Previously, there has been discordance concerning the phenotypic impact of mutations in the psa locus, resolution of which has been complicated by differences in mutant construction and the possibility of polar effects. Here, we constructed unmarked, in frame deletion mutants DeltapsaB, DeltapsaC, DeltapsaA, DeltapsaD, DeltapsaBC, DeltapsaBCA and DeltapsaBCAD in S. pneumoniae D39 to examine the role of each gene within the locus in Mn2+ uptake, susceptibility to oxidative stress, virulence, nasopharyngeal colonization and chain morphology. The requirement for Mn2+ for growth and transformation was also investigated for all mutants. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis provided the first direct evidence that PsaBCA is indeed a Mn2+ transporter. However, this study did not substantiate previous reports that the locus plays a role in choline-binding protein pro-duction or chain morphology. We also confirmed the importance of the Psa permease in systemic virulence and resistance to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, as well as demonstrating a role in nasopharyngeal colonization for the first time. Further evi-dence is provided to support the requirement for Mn2+ supplementation for growth and transformation of DeltapsaB, DeltapsaC, DeltapsaA, DeltapsaBC, DeltapsaBCA and DeltapsaBCAD mutants. However, transformation, as well as growth, of the DeltapsaD mutant was not dependent upon Mn2+ supplementation. We also show that, apart from sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, the DeltapsaD mutant exhibited essentially similar phenotypes to those of the wild type. Western blot analysis with a PsaD antiserum showed that deleting any of the genes upstream of psaD did not affect its expression. However, we found that deleting psaB resulted in decreased expression of PsaA relative to that in D39, whereas deleting both psaB and psaC resulted in at least wild-type levels of PsaA.
Speech2Action: Cross-Modal Supervision for Action Recognition (2020)

Is it possible to guess human action from dialogue alone? In this work we investigate the link between spoken words and actions in movies. We note that movie screenplays describe actions, as well as contain the speech of characters and hence can be used to learn this correlation with no additional supervision. We train a BERT-based Speech2Action classifier on over a thousand movie screenplays, to predict action labels from transcribed speech segments. We then apply this model to the speech segments of a large unlabelled movie corpus (188M speech segments from 288K movies). Using the predictions of this model, we obtain weak action labels for over 800K video clips. By training on these video clips, we demonstrate superior action recognition performance on standard action recognition benchmarks, without using a single manually labelled action example.
Freeze-drying of emulsions--influence of congealing on granulometry research of a cryoprotective agent. (1989)

Emulsions of three different size distributions and five oil/water ratios of the finest of these distributions were congealed according to three different congealing processes before the freeze-drying operation. The influence of the various cryoprotective agents added was studied and the size change of the dispersed phase after congealing was examined.
Noncanonical scaffolding of G <sub>αi</sub> and β-arrestin by G protein–coupled receptors (2021)

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are common drug targets and canonically couple to specific G<sub>α</sub> protein subtypes and β-arrestin adaptor proteins. G protein-mediated signaling and β-arrestin-mediated signaling have been considered separable. We show here that GPCRs promote a direct interaction between G<sub>αi</sub> protein subtype family members and β-arrestins regardless of their canonical G<sub>α</sub> protein subtype coupling. G<sub>αi</sub>:β-arrestin complexes bound extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and their disruption impaired both ERK activation and cell migration, which is consistent with β-arrestins requiring a functional interaction with G<sub>αi</sub> for certain signaling events. These results introduce a GPCR signaling mechanism distinct from canonical G protein activation in which GPCRs cause the formation of G<sub>αi</sub>:β-arrestin signaling complexes.
Ação de produtos químicos in vitro e in vivo sobre Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, agente causal do cancro bacteriano do tomateiro (2000)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade in vitro e in vivo de um isolado de Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) aos produtos cloridrato de kasugamicina, fulusulfamide e oxitetraciclina. Para o teste in vitro, foram avaliados os halos de inibição formados ao redor de discos de papel de filtro umedecidos com os produtos, nas concentrações de 0, 1, 10, 100 e 1000 mig mL-1, 24 h após a instalação do ensaio. Quanto à avaliação dos produtos in vivo, dois ensaios foram instalados sob condições de casa-de-vegetação, com plantas de tomateiro cultivar Ângela Hiper, através da inoculação das plantas por dois métodos: pulverização foliar e ferimento no caule. Nos dois ensaios, as plantas foram pulverizadas com os produtos cloridrato de kasugamicina a 0,06 mL L-1, fulusulfamide a 0,025, 0,05 e 0,075 mL L-1 e oxitetraciclina a 0,40 g L-1, duas vezes antes e duas vezes após a inoculação, em intervalos médios de 5-7 dias. Foram avaliados a incidência de folíolos doentes (inoculação foliar) e a severidade dos sintomas nas plantas inoculadas por ferimento no caule. Verificou-se que o isolado de Cmm foi sensível in vitro ao cloridrato de kasugamicina, ao fulusulfamide e à oxitetraciclina, respectivamente a partir das concentrações de 1000, 100 e 10 mig mL-1. Com relação aos ensaios in vivo, apenas oxitetraciclina propiciou menor incidência de folíolos doentes nas plantas inoculadas através de pulverização foliar; nenhum produto teve êxito em controlar a doença nas plantas inoculadas por ferimento no caule. O fulusulfamide, em todas as concentrações, foi fitotóxico aos folíolos das plantas de tomateiro.
Real time extraction of related terms by bi-directional lexico-syntactic patterns from the web (2009)

We propose a method for detecting related terms of a given term quickly using a conventional Web search engine. There are many kinds of related terms. For example, hypernyms and hyponyms are basic related terms that are treated in dictionaries. Synonyms and coordinate terms are also well defined related terms. Topic terms and description terms represent topics of the given term and they are vaguely defined. There are other related terms such as abbreviations and nicknames. The proposed method can be used these many kinds of related terms. It extracts related terms from text resources only from Web search results, which consist of titles, snippets, and URLs of Web pages. We use two different kind of lexico-syntactic patterns to extract related terms from the search results, and they are called bi-directional lexico-syntactic patterns. The proposed method can be applied to both languages where words are separated by a space such as English and Korean and ones where words are not separated by a space such as Japanese and Chinese. The proposed method does not need any advanced natural language processing such as morphological analysis or syntactic parsing. It works relatively fast with good precision.
Electrochemical Partial Fluorination of Organic Compounds. 80. Synthesis of Cyclic α-Arylthio-α-monofluorophosphonate Esters (2005)

[Reaction: see text]. Seven-membered cyclic alpha-monofluorophosphonate esters such as 2-allyloxy-3-fluoro-3-phenylthio-4,7-dihydro-[1, 2]-oxaphosphinine-2-oxide were successfully synthesized in moderate total yield as 41% from open-chain allyl phosphonates having an alpha-arylthio group as an electroauxiliary using an alternative sequence of anodic fluorination and ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM). On the other hand, in an attempt to synthesize an eight-membered analogue, a different type of seven-membered fluorinated cyclic product was formed predominantly by the RCM reaction between the allyloxy groups.
40- <i>O</i> -(2-Hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Neointimal Formation in Rats (2001)

Pneumonectomized rats develop pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary vascular neointimal formation 4 wk after monocrotaline (MCT) administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg) on Day 7 after left pneumonectomy. Three groups (n = 5) received 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin (RAD, 2.5 mg/kg/d, by gavage): Group PMR(5-35) from Day 5 to Day 35, Group PMR5-14 from Day 5 to Day 14, and Group PMR15-35 from Day 15 to Day 35. By Day 35, rats that received vehicle had higher mean pulmonary arterial pressures (Ppa = 41 +/- 3 mm Hg) (p < 0.001), right ventricular systolic pressures (Prv,s = 45 +/- 2 mm Hg) (p < 0.01), and right ventricle/(left ventricle plus septum) (0.55 +/- 0.05) (p = 0.028) than rats in Groups PMR5-35 (Ppa = 25 +/- 3 mm Hg, Prv,s = 32 +/- 7 mm Hg, RV/LV&S = 0.42 +/- 0.06) and PMR5-14 (Ppa = 29 +/- 4 mm Hg, Prv,s = 30 +/- 5 mm Hg, RV/LV&S = 0.43 +/- 0.07). Pulmonary arterial neointimal formation (quantified by a vascular occlusion score) was more severe in vehicle-treated rats (1.93 +/- 0.03) than in Groups PMR5-14 (1.56 +/- 0.27) and PMR(5-35) (1.57 +/- 0.1) (p < 0.01). RAD attenuates the development of MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in the pneumonectomized rat.
29. Promoters for the dropwise condensation of steam. Part III. Preparation of silicon and phosphorus compounds (1957)

L. C. F. Blackman and M. J. S. Dewar, J. Chem. Soc., 1957, 169 DOI: 10.1039/JR9570000169
Acoustic phase conjugation in highly nonlinear PZT piezoelectric ceramics (1994)

Acoustic phase conjugate waves at 10 MHz were generated with PZT piezoelectric ceramics as highly nonlinear media. Phase conjugate power reflectivity was 10−3, which was 102 times higher than the conventional values with LiNbO3.
Negative <i>i</i>-line photoresist for 0.5 μm and beyond (1992)

In this article we will discuss a new high-resolution aqueous base developable negative tone i-line photoresist system that has demonstrated subhalf-micron resolution with commerically available i-line exposure systems. The photoresist system consists of a novolak resin, an aminoplast crosslinker, triphenyl sulfonium triflate as the photoacid generator, and 9-anthracene methanol, a commercially available aromatic energy transfer compound. Using statistical experimental design, data will be presented showing the experimentation required to optimize the formulation and the process in 2.38% TMAH developer (0.263 N). We will report linewidth, dose, and focus latitude data, energy transfer compound effects on contrast, background dissolution along with linewidth tolerance to changes in postexposure bake temperature. Additionally, we will briefly discuss initial phase-shift mask work that is currently in progress.
Asymmetric Synthesis of All-Carbon Benzylic Quaternary Stereocenters via Cu-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to 5-(1-Arylalkylidene) Meldrum's Acids (2006)

The asymmetric synthesis of all-carbon benzylic quaternary stereocenters has been successfully achieved through copper-catalyzed addition of dialkylzinc reagents to 5-(1-arylalkylidene) and 5-(dihydroindenylidene) Meldrum's acids in the presence of phosphoramidite ligand. The resulting benzyl-substituted Meldrum's acids and 1,1-disubstituted indanes were obtained in good yields and up to 99% ee. The significance of substituting the position para, meta, and ortho to the electrophilic benzylic center was highlighted. A benzyl Meldrum's acid product was further transformed to a 3,3-disubstituted 1-indanone and a beta,beta-disubstituted pentanoic acid.
DESIGN AND TEST OF A FEEDBACK CONTROLLER FOR ATTENUATING LOW FREQUENCY NOISE IN A ROOM (2009)

A single-channel feedback control system is presented for global noise attenuation inside a room. The controller design is based on the compensation filter approach of classical control theory. To demonstrate the global noise attenuation capability of this simple control scheme experimental results of noise control in an office are presented. They show that the positioning of the error microphone relative to the control loudspeaker greatly affects the global noise attenuation performance. If the microphone is placed too close to the control source, the microphone signal is dominated by the near field and little global noise reduction is achieved. If the error sensor is placed further away where the near field has little effect on the microphone signal, noise reductions of about 10 dB can be obtained over low frequency ranges.
Selectivity of stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes for dopamine and ascorbic acid (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelectivity of stearate-modified carbon paste electrodes for dopamine and ascorbic acidPaul D. Lyne and Robert D. O'NeillCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 20, 2323–2324Publication Date (Print):October 15, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 October 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00195a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00195a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Deep learning based automatic defect classification in through-silicon Via process: FA: Factory automation (2018)

Deep Neural Network technology has shown impressive performance in visual recognition problems such as defect image classification that depends on the skills and experiences of individual inspectors. We selected a Through-Silicon Via (TSV) process which has relatively few defect types to adapt deep networks as the first test bed. In this paper, we propose Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based defect image classification model derived from Residual Network which ranked first in image classification competitions such as ILSVRC and COCO 2015 with 4.62% test error. However, merely bringing the well-known architecture to the defect classification task was unable to resolve dataset problems: imbalance, ambiguity and inconsistency. We maximized the classification performance to 97.1% accuracy on the long-term dataset by optimizing classifier and cleansing the dataset. Our model can lessen defect classification work done by human by as much as 78.6%.
The BMRC/NCAR C-Band Polarimetric (C-POL) Radar System (1998)

The development of the first Australian C-band polarimetric/Doppler meteorological radar system (C-POL) is described. Motivated by the need to obtain improved rainfall estimation and the vertical profile of hydrometeors, C-POL was developed jointly by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation of Australia, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. C-POL is based on a standard operational C-band radar employed by the BOM but modified to be capable of transmitting linear horizontal and vertical polarizations and receiving the co- and cross polarizations on a pulse-to-pulse basis. Standard variables extracted include horizontal reflectivity (ZHH), radial velocity (Vr), spectral width (συ), differential reflectivity (ZDR), differential phase shift (ΦDP), and zero lag correlation coefficient [ρHV(0)]. With the addition of a second receiver chain, the linear depolarization ratio will soon be available. Initial results with the radar are discussed to give examples of the data quality, as well as some of the problems inherent in using a C-band radar in the Tropics.