gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of fresh and humified organic matter to ameliorate soil acidity (2001)

Undecomposed plant materials, composts, manures, peat, coal products and basic humic substances can increase soil pH and decrease exchangeable aluminium . This paper describes methods for determining the acid ameliorating effects of these materials and thier application to treat soil acidity. The total base cation ( calcium, magnesium and potassium) content of undecomposed plant materials, is a good measure of their short term ability to increase the soil pH. The mechanisms proposed for acid neutralisation are (i) uptake of protons and Al by organic anions and (ii) decarboxylation. For humified materials such as; plant residue compost, urban waste compost, farmyard manure and peat, the pH of the treated soil was directly proportional to the proton consumption capacity of the organic materials. This was measured by titrating the organic material from their natural pH values to pH 4.0. The suggested mechanism is proton exchange between the soil and organic matter buffer systems. Treatment of soil with humified organic matter also decreased Al solubility and this amplified the effect of pH increase on Al phytotoxicity. Design of farming systems that use plant materials and organic wastes to conserve and redistribute alkalinity are discussed.
Synthesis of Aminonicotinonitriles and Diaminopyridines through Base-Catalyzed Ring Transformation of 2<i>H</i>-Pyran-2-ones (2003)

An efficient and convenient synthesis of 2-amino-6-aryl-4-methylsulfanylnicotinonitriles (2), 2-amino-6-aryl-4-substituted-aminonicotinonitriles (4), and 2-amino-6-aryl-4-substituted-aminopyridines (6) has been delineated and illustrated through base-catalyzed ring transformation of 6-aryl-3-cyano-4-methylsulfanyl/substituted-amino-2H-pyran-2-ones (1, 3, and 5) with cyanamide and ammonium carbonate separately.
Cell searching in WCDMA (2003)

In Europe, the digital second generation (2G) systems, IS-136 and the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), developed were based on time division multiple access (TDMA) and in the US, the IS-95 system developed was based on code division multiple access (CDMA). The 2G technologies developed both in Europe and US suffered from a number of limitations that included: low bit rate for 2G systems and non-interoperability between the standards. The low bit rate for 2G systems could not meet subscriber demands for new and faster non-voice services while on the move. Hence, the third generation (3G) systems were developed with the aim to solve these problems by promising global roaming across 3G standards, as well as support for multimedia applications. These 3G services are based on CDMA.
The Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Concanavalin-A-Induced Acute Hepatic Injury in Mice (2015)

Pharmacologic Relevance. Resveratrol, an antioxidant derived from grapes, has been reported to modulate the inflammatory process. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol and its mechanism of protection on concanavalin-A- (ConA-) induced liver injury in mice. Materials and Methods. Acute autoimmune hepatitis was induced by ConA (20 mg/kg) in Balb/C mice; mice were treated with resveratrol (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for fourteen days prior to a single intravenous injection of ConA. Eight hours after injection, histologic grading, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and hedgehog pathway activity were determined. Results. After ConA injection, the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased, and Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Glioblastoma- (Gli-) 1, and Patched (Ptc) levels significantly increased. Pretreatment with resveratrol ameliorated the pathologic effects of ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis and significantly inhibited IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, Shh, Gli-1, and Ptc. The effects of resveratrol on the hedgehog pathway were studied by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Resveratrol decreased Shh expression, possibly by inhibiting Shh expression in order to reduce Gli-1 and Ptc expression. Conclusion. Resveratrol protects against ConA-induced autoimmune hepatitis by decreasing cytokines expression in mice. The decreases seen in Gli-1 and Ptc may correlate with the amelioration of hedgehog pathway activity.
The Next Frontier: Interactive and Closed Loop Performance Steering* (1996)

Software for a growing number of problem domains has complex, time varying behavior and unpredictable resource demands (e.g., WWW servers and parallel input /output systems). While current performance analysis tools provide insights into application dynamics and the causes of poor performance, with a posteriori analysis one cannot adapt to temporally varying application resource demands and system responses. We believe that the solution to this performance optimization conundrum is integration of dynamic performance instrumentation and on-the-fly performance data reduction with real-time adaptive control mechanisms that select and configure resource management algorithms automatically, based on observed application behavior, or interactively, through high-modality virtual environments. We motivate this belief by first describing our experiences with performance analysis tools, input/output characterization, and WWW server analysis, and then sketching the design of interactive and clos...
Isolated Fracture of the Ceramic Head After Third-Generation Alumina-on-Alumina Total Hip Arthroplasty (2008)

In the present study, the rate of ceramic head fracture associated with one design of a short-neck modular alumina femoral head was 1.4% (five of 359). The extent to which these findings are generalizable to other designs that utilize this type of femoral head is unknown.
Therapeutic vaccination and immunomodulation in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck (2014)

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to subclinical, acute or chronic hepatitis. In the prevaccination era, HBV infections were endemic due to frequent mother to child transmission in large regions of the world. However, there are still estimated 240 million chronic HBV carriers today and ca. 620,000 patients die per year due to HBV-related liver diseases. Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-α and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to satisfactory results. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunomodulation may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients with or without therapeutic reduction of viral load did not result in effective immune control of HBV infection, suggesting that combination of antiviral treatment with new formulations of therapeutic vaccines is needed. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogues, with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccines, new hepadnaviral antigens or recombinant adenoviral vectors were tested in the woodchuck model. In this review, we summarize these encouraging results obtained with these therapeutic vaccines. In addition, we present potential innovations in immunostimulatory strategies by blocking the interaction of the inhibitory programmed death receptor 1 with its ligand in this animal model.
6.1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> Recent Developments on Optical Films for LCDS (1998)

Abstract As liquid crystal displays (LCDS) have come to be used in a wider range of applications, optically functional films have been receiving growing expectations from market as key components for LCDS. In that situation, Sumitomo Chemical and other manufacturers have developed new optical films with various advanced functions. This paper reports the background of LCD industry and recent trends and developments of optically functional films.
Experimental study on carrier transport limiting phenomena in 10 nm width nanowire CMOS transistors (2010)

For the first time, we experimentally analyze the limiting scattering phenomena in gate-all-around nanowire CMOS transistors with aggressive dimensions (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> of 32 nm for NMOS and 42 nm for PMOS with 15 nm nanowire width) and with high-k/metal gate stacks. One-level and multiple-level stacked nanowire structures are measured and compared. The apparent carrier mobility is degraded in short channel devices. Moreover, we show that the interface quality has a major impact on nanowire transport properties. In rounded nanowires (thanks to H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> anneal), the extracted coulomb-limited mobility decreases whereas the surface roughness-limited mobility increases. Additionally, stacked nanowires suffer from additional coulomb scattering which is attributed to a degraded interface with high-k.
Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of Prime-Boost Immunization with Recombinant Poxvirus FP9 and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Encoding the Full-Length<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Circumsporozoite Protein (2006)

Heterologous prime-boost immunization with DNA and various recombinant poxviruses encoding malaria antigens is capable of inducing strong cell-mediated immune responses and partial protection in human sporozoite challenges. Here we report a series of trials assessing recombinant fowlpox virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara encoding the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in various prime-boost combinations, doses, and application routes. For the first time, these vaccines were administered intramuscularly and at doses of up to 5 x 10(8) PFU. Vaccines containing this antigen proved safe and induced modest immune responses but showed no evidence of efficacy in a sporozoite challenge.
Laser processing of nickel–aluminum bronze for improved surface corrosion properties (2013)

Nickel–aluminum bronze was subjected to laser heating to change the microstructure on the surface for enhanced corrosion performance. To develop the laser processing parameters, a two-phase diffusion model was used to determine the phase transformation kinetics. Also, an analytical laser heating model was employed to determine the laser power setting required to process just below the melting point. The result was that the lamellar κIII phase of the as-cast microstructure was dissolved up to 1.3 mm deep. Electrochemical testing revealed an increase in the corrosion potential and hence improved corrosion resistance for the laser processed surface, supporting the use of this process for enhanced corrosion performance of nickel–aluminum bronze components.
Angiogenin loss‐of‐function mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2007)

We provide the first evidence that ANG mutations, identified in ALS patients, are associated with functional loss of ANG activity. Moreover, strong ANG expression, in normal human fetal and adult spinal cord neurons and endothelial cells, confirms the plausibility of ANG dysfunction being relevant to the pathogenesis of ALS.
Familial Alzheimer's disease mutations alter the stability of the amyloid β-protein monomer folding nucleus (2007)

Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) oligomers may be the proximate neurotoxins in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, to elucidate the oligomerization pathway, we studied Abeta monomer folding and identified a decapeptide segment of Abeta, (21)Ala-(22)Glu-(23)Asp-(24)Val-(25)Gly-(26)Ser-(27)Asn-(28)Lys-(29)Gly-(30)Ala, within which turn formation appears to nucleate monomer folding. The turn is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between Val-24 and Lys-28 and by long-range electrostatic interactions between Lys-28 and either Glu-22 or Asp-23. We hypothesized that turn destabilization might explain the effects of amino acid substitutions at Glu-22 and Asp-23 that cause familial forms of AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. To test this hypothesis, limited proteolysis, mass spectrometry, and solution-state NMR spectroscopy were used here to determine and compare the structure and stability of the Abeta(21-30) turn within wild-type Abeta and seven clinically relevant homologues. In addition, we determined the relative differences in folding free energies (DeltaDeltaG(f)) among the mutant peptides. We observed that all of the disease-associated amino acid substitutions at Glu-22 or Asp-23 destabilized the turn and that the magnitude of the destabilization correlated with oligomerization propensity. The Ala21Gly (Flemish) substitution, outside the turn proper (Glu-22-Lys-28), displayed a stability similar to that of the wild-type peptide. The implications of these findings for understanding Abeta monomer folding and disease causation are discussed.
A compound memristive synapse model for statistical learning through STDP in spiking neural networks (2014)

Memristors have recently emerged as promising circuit elements to mimic the function of biological synapses in neuromorphic computing. The fabrication of reliable nanoscale memristive synapses, that feature continuous conductance changes based on the timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes, has however turned out to be challenging. In this article, we propose an alternative approach, the compound memristive synapse, that circumvents this problem by the use of memristors with binary memristive states. A compound memristive synapse employs multiple bistable memristors in parallel to jointly form one synapse, thereby providing a spectrum of synaptic efficacies. We investigate the computational implications of synaptic plasticity in the compound synapse by integrating the recently observed phenomenon of stochastic filament formation into an abstract model of stochastic switching. Using this abstract model, we first show how standard pulsing schemes give rise to spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) with a stabilizing weight dependence in compound synapses. In a next step, we study unsupervised learning with compound synapses in networks of spiking neurons organized in a winner-take-all architecture. Our theoretical analysis reveals that compound-synapse STDP implements generalized Expectation-Maximization in the spiking network. Specifically, the emergent synapse configuration represents the most salient features of the input distribution in a Mixture-of-Gaussians generative model. Furthermore, the network's spike response to spiking input streams approximates a well-defined Bayesian posterior distribution. We show in computer simulations how such networks learn to represent high-dimensional distributions over images of handwritten digits with high fidelity even in presence of substantial device variations and under severe noise conditions. Therefore, the compound memristive synapse may provide a synaptic design principle for future neuromorphic architectures.
Synthesis and<i>in Vitro</i>Evaluation of Two Progressive Series of Bifunctional Polyhydroxybenzamide Catechol-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase Inhibitors (1997)

Two progressive series of molecules with two polyhydroxybenzamide substructures were synthesized and tested as potential inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). These compounds were designed for the purpose of enhanced enzyme binding with duplicated substructures separated by a linker section of various lengths. Our results show that potency and mode of inhibition observed with the "bifunctional" compounds were a reflection of their bifunctional nature. Furthermore, potency and mode of inhibition were dependent on the length of the linker section. Of the assayed compounds, the optimum linker was found to be diaminopropane. For example, N,N'-1,3-propanediylbis(3,4-dihydroxybenzamide) and N,N'-1,3-propanediylbis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide) demonstrated strong inhibitory action against COMT, with apparent Ki values of 0.3 and 6.0 microM, respectively.
Synthesizing sound textures through wavelet tree learning (2002)

Natural sounds are complex phenomena because they typically contain a mixture of events localized in time and frequency. Moreover, dependencies exist across different time scales and frequency bands, which are important for proper sound characterization. Historically, acoustical theorists have represented sound in numerous ways. Our research has focused on a granular method of sonic analysis, which views sound as a series of short, distinct bursts of energy. Using that theory, this article presents a statistical learning algorithm for synthesizing new random instances of natural sounds.
Note: A simple broad bandwidth undersampling frequency-domain digital diffuse optical spectroscopy system (2014)

Near-Infrared frequency-domain technologies, such as Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS), have demonstrated growing potential in a number of clinical applications. The broader dissemination of this technology is limited by the complexity and cost of instrumentation. We present here a simple system constructed with off-the-shelf components that utilizes undersampling for digital frequency-domain dDOS measurements. Broadband RF sweeps (50-300 MHz) were digitally sampled at 25 MSPS; amplitude, phase, and optical property extractions were within 5% of network analyzer derived values. The use of undersampling for broad bandwidth dDOS provides a significant reduction in complexity, power consumption, and cost compared with high-speed ADCs and analog techniques.
Microwave multi-chip module utilizing aluminum silicon carbide with in-situ cast components and high density interconnect technology (2002)

Multi-Chip Module (MCM) designs of today place ever increasing demands upon packaging technologies. With increasing functionality and power levels being compressed into smaller packages, the packaging density and thermal performance of the module substrate has to keep pace. Further the unit cost of these substrates has increased along with performance demands. The packaging approach discussed in this paper eliminates traditional substrates entirely by leveraging the multi-layer routing capability of Lockheed Martin High Density Interconnect (HDI) Technology. Bare die are inserted directly, into a CTE-matched Aluminum Silicon Carbide (Al/SiC) housing with in-situ cast feedthrus and seal ring. Die interconnect and routing are completed entirely in the HDI overlay. This paper describes a high power microwave module designed and fabricated using Al/SiC-based HDI technology. Design and fabrication issues for this packaging technology are presented and comparisons to other packaging technologies are discussed.
Head Movements Evoked by Electrical Stimulation in the Frontal Eye Field of the Monkey: Evidence for Independent Eye and Head Control (2006)

When the head is free to move, electrical stimulation in the frontal eye field (FEF) evokes eye and head movements. However, it is unclear whether FEF stimulation-evoked head movements contribute to shifting the line of sight, like visually guided coordinated eye-head gaze shifts. Here we investigated this issue by systematically varying initial eye (IEP) and head (IHP) positions at stimulation onset. Despite the large variability of IEP and IHP and the extent of stimulation-evoked gaze amplitudes, gaze displacement was entirely accounted for by eye (re head) displacement. Overall, the majority (3/4) of stimulation-evoked gaze shifts consisted of eye-alone movements, in which head movements were below the detection threshold. When head movements did occur, they often started late (re gaze shift onset) and coincided with rapid eye deceleration, resulting in little change in the ensuing gaze amplitudes. These head movements often reached their peak velocities over 100 ms after the end of gaze shifts, indicating that the head velocity profile was temporally dissociated from the gaze drive. Interestingly, head movements were sometimes evoked by FEF stimulation in the absence of gaze shifts, particularly when IEP was deviated contralaterally (re the stimulated side) at stimulation onset. Furthermore, head movements evoked by FEF stimulation resembled a subset of head movements occurring during visually guided gaze shifts. These unique head movements minimized the eye deviation from the center of the orbit and contributed little to gaze shifts. The results suggest that head motor control may be independent from eye control in the FEF.
Biomechanical modeling of brace design. (2006)

Frontal curve correction varied significantly, which justifies the need for an adequate adjustment of the brace. A more efficient design for the correction of transverse deformities remains to be found. The "active" correction component by the muscles was not included, but one can anticipate that its action would be concurrent to the passive brace mechanisms, enabling supplementary correction. A new tool simulating brace treatment has been developed, which allows rational design of braces.
Group 4 metallocene-alumoxane olefin polymerization catalysts. CPMAS-NMR spectroscopic observation of cation-like zirconocene alkyls (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGroup 4 metallocene-alumoxane olefin polymerization catalysts. CPMAS-NMR spectroscopic observation of cation-like zirconocene alkylsChand Sishta, Robin M. Hathorn, and Tobin J. MarksCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 3, 1112–1114Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00029a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00029a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations201LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PDH: a human-centric interface for image libraries (2003)

We present visualization and layout algorithms that can enhance informal story-telling using personal digital data such as photos in a face-to-face social setting. In order to build a more intuitive browser for retrieval, navigation and story-telling, we introduce a novel optimized layout technique for large image sets, which respects (context-sensitive) mutual similarities as visualized on a shared 2-D display (a table-top). The experimental results show a more perceptually intuitive and informative visualization of traditional CBIR-based retrievals, providing not only a better understanding of the query context but also aiding the user informing new queries. A framework for user-modeling is also introduced and tested. This allows the system to adapt to the user's preference and integrate relevance feedback.