gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hot-pressed Mn-Zn-Ni and Mn-Zn-Co ferrites for magnetic recording heads (1992)

Ni/sup 2+/ and Co/sup 2+/ substituted Mn-Zn ferrites have been developed as high-density magnetic recording materials by hot pressing using optimum sintering parameters. Ferrite series of the composition Mn/sub 0.6/Zn/sub 0.4-x/Ni/sub x/Fe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ and Mn/sub 0.6/Zn/sub 0.4-y/Co/sub y/Fe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ were prepared by the hot-pressing technique wherein x and y varied from 0.0 to 0.4 in steps of 0.05. It yielded ferrites with improved magnetic properties having higher hardness (>or=650 Vickers units), low porosity (<0.1%), and small grain size ( approximately=10 mu m). The initial permeability increased, whereas the coercive field decreased for an Ni/sup 2+/ concentration x or a Co/sup 2+/ concentration y equal to 0.05. Maximum values of saturation magnetization equal to 4850 and 5250 G were obtained for x and y equal to 0.225 and 0.275, respectively. The Curie temperature increased appreciably, whereas the DC resistivity decreased for a larger substitution of Ni/sup 2+/ and Co/sup 2+/ ions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-performance SiC avalanche photodiode for single ultraviolet photon detection (2008)

Sensitive ultraviolet photodetectors are essential components for a growing number of civilian and military applications. In this paper, we report 4H Silicon Carbide (SiC) avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a p-i-n structure. These APDs, range in diameter from 180 μm to 250μm, exhibit very low dark current (10s of pA at avalanche gain of 1000) and high gain in linear-mode operation. An external quantum efficiency of 48% at 280 nm is achieved at unity gain with a recessed-window structure. The differential resistance of a 250 μm recessed-window device at zero bias is estimated to be 6×10<sup>14</sup> ohms. As a result of high external quantum efficiency, large area, and large differential resistance, a record high specific detectivity of 4.1×10<sup>14</sup> cmHz <sup>1/2</sup> W<sup>-1</sup>, has been achieved. Single ultraviolet photon detection in Geiger-mode operation with gated quenching is also described. In this paper, we report single photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of 30% at 280 nm with a dark count probability (DCP) of 8×10<sup>-4</sup>.
Wideband, High-Efficiency GaN Power Amplifiers Utilizing a Non-Uniform Distributed Topology (2007)

A highly efficient, wideband power amplifier designed in GaN technology and utilizing a non-uniform distributed topology is reported in this paper. Measured results of an NGES fabricated NDPA demonstrate very high efficiency across the multi-octave bandwidth. Average CW output power and PAE across 2-15 GHz was 5.5 W and 25%, respectively. Maximum output power reached 6.9 W with 32% PAE at 7 GHz. A follow-on effort utilizing NGST's mmW foundry process was initiated in an attempt to achieve even higher efficiencies while compacting the size of the chip.
Conversion of Adipogenic to Osteogenic Phenotype Using Crystalline Porous Biomatrices of Marine Origin (2006)

Adipogenic and osteogenic cells share part of the early differentiation cascade of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The choice of a mesenchymal precursor cell to differentiate into a particular cell type is dictated by many spatial and temporal cues, including growth factors, neighboring mature cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), which plays an important role in bone formation. Whether adipocytes that have initiated differentiation along one lineage can convert into osteogenic lineage by merely interacting with materials having specific surface parameters is unknown. Using crystalline three-dimensional (3D) biomatrices of marine origin (CaCO(3)), we explored whether preadipocytes can convert into osteoblasts. Cells (3T3F442A) were seeded on 3D biomatrices of marine origin (Porites lutea). Analyses were made at different time intervals-1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-seeding. Cell characterizations were done using morphological (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), histological (Alizarin red, von Kossa and Oil red O staining), enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase activity, and quantitative PCR testing transcript levels of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, core binding factor- 1 (Cbfa1), and fatty acid binding protein (aP2). We demonstrated 3T3F442A preadipocyte modulation and differentiation into bone-forming cells when grown on biomatrix of marine origin without addition of other bone morphogenesis inducers. We found an active ossification process typical of osteogenic phenotype as early as 2 days after seeding. It is suggested that this crystalline biomatrix having a particular 3D topology or surface parameters supports fast cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of preadipocytes to osteogenic phenotype.
Activation of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) signalling pathway in cortical neurons of multiple sclerosis patients (2007)

Neuronal and axonal degeneration results in irreversible neurological disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A number of adaptive or neuroprotective mechanisms are thought to repress neurodegeneration and neurological disability in MS patients. To investigate possible neuroprotective pathways in the cerebral cortex of MS patients, we compared gene transcripts in cortices of six control and six MS patients. Out of 67 transcripts increased in MS cortex nine were related to the signalling mediated by the neurotrophin ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Therefore, we quantified and localized transcriptional (RT-PCR, in situ hybridization) and translational (western, immunohistochemistry) products of CNTF-related genes. CNTF-receptor complex members, CNTFRalpha, LIFRbeta and GP130, were increased in MS cortical neurons. CNTF was increased and also expressed by neurons. Phosphorylated STAT3 and the anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl2, known down stream products of CNTF signalling were also increased in MS cortical neurons. We hypothesize that in response to the chronic insults or stress of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, cortical neurons up regulate a CNTF-mediated neuroprotective signalling pathway. Induction of CNTF signalling and the anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl2, thus represents a compensatory response to disease pathogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in MS patients.
582. Synthetic siRNA Can Activate the Mammalian Innate Immune Response in a Sequence Dependent Manner (2005)

Short interfering double-stranded RNA (siRNA) that mediate specific gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) are widely used to study gene function in vitro and this technology is now being applied to animal models in vivo . Synthetic siRNA are also being developed for a wide variety of clinical applications although to date, approved clinical trials are restricted to local administration in occular indications due largely to the lack of systemic delivery vehicles appropriate for use with therapeutic siRNA.
Thermal filaments in vanadium dioxide (1969)

A relatively simple thin-film structure using vanadium dioxide is analyzed in detail to show that high-temperature, low-resistivity filaments can exist in VO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> under appropriate electrical bias. These filaments will dominate both the static and dynamic electrical behavior of the structure, giving rise to V-I characteristics similar to those expected from materials exhibiting current-controlled bulk negative resistivities. The analysis indicates that these filaments may not only provide electrical features important from a device point of view, but also provide a tool for the measurement of fundamental material properties and for studying the dynamics of the phase transition in VO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> .
Morphologic analysis of tympanic membrane grafts (1977)

Abstract Many materials are presently used for repair of tympanic membrane defects. Since the microscopic organization of these tissues may play a role with respect to the suitability of replacement of one with the other, a comparative electron microscopic study of temporalis fascia, fresh and preserved amniotic membrane was undertaken. An effort was made to determine the similarities and differences of these tissues and our clinical experience with their use is presented.
Microfabricated Cell-based Biosensor Arrays (2005)

Here, we described the fabrication using photolithography of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel microstructures encapsulating viable mammalian cells on glass and silicon substrates. Substrates were treated with 3-(trichlorosilyl) propyl methacrylate to form pendant acrylate group to covalent link the hydrogel microstructure. Cells were encapsulated in arrays of cylindrical hydrogel microstructures 600 and 50 μm in diameter and viability assays demonstrated that encapsulated cells remained viable after photoencapsulation. These microstructures had clearly defined, three-dimensional structure without any residual cells remaining surface and no delamination of hydrogel elements from functionalized substrate occurred in aqueous environment for over a week. By changing spin-coating rates and feature sizes of photomasks, we could create cell-containing microstructures with aspect ratios ranging from 0.12 to 1.4. In case of 50 μm hydrogel microstructure, number of cells could be limited to 1 or 2 cells per element and array consisting of 400 elements could be fabricated in a square of 2 mm<sup>2</sup>. These cell-containinghydrogel microstructures were also successfully fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels to create optical biosensor arrays of individually addressable single or multiple cell- containing hydrogel microstructures with potential applications in drug screening or pathogen detection.
Optimal UAV flight path planning using skeletonization and Particle Swarm Optimizer (2008)

The purpose of this paper is to search the best flight route efficiently for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the 3-dimention complicated topography. The proposed method for the best flight route is mainly utilizing evolutionary algorithm, and give the proper initial population of evolutionary algorithm through skeletonization, efficient pre-processing procedure. In order to provide a smooth flight route for UAV, this paper adopts B-spline Curve method. Several control points of B-spline Curve method must be determined to generate flight route. The best control points can be calculated by Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). In this paper, the initial population of PSO is provided by skeletonization. The skeletonization of pre-processing procedure mainly includes two parts: one is Skeletonization and the other is candidate path searching. The purpose of pre-processing procedure is to reduce computation time, to prevent search the best solutions aimless, and execute evolutionary process efficiently. This paper uses Matlab as the experiment environment. The results of the experiments present the proposed method can provide the best flight route for UAV efficiently.
Driver behavior assessment based on the G-G diagram in the DVE system (2016)

This paper proposes a driving risk model based on the information given from the Driver-Vehicle-Environment (DVE) entities. It develops a two-level strategy to evaluate the driving risk. The first level aims to assess the risk locally in each entity and the second one concludes the global risk. The advantage of this approach is the simultaneous consideration of the parameters related to the DVE system regardless of information type (dynamic and static). It uses the Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) for information fusion at each level. The approach uses Fuzzy Theory (FT) to design Basic Probability Assignment (BPA) functions, which is the significant part of the belief theory. The drivers' information for the driver risk evaluation the age and gender. Two parameters in the Vehicle entity are used in the cases of lane keeping and a left/right turn scenarios with utilizing two different developed Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS). The first system uses an Euclidean acceleration-norm and the velocity of the vehicle; while, the second one, uses lateral/longitudinal acceleration based on G-G diagram and a proposed risk indicator. The results of different scenarios validate the developed risk models using the sixth version of the Proportional Conflict Redistribution (PCR6) combination algorithm.
<title>Accomodating CTE discontinuities in a ULE mosaic mirror</title> (1990)

While coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) differences between the facets of a large (8-m diameter) telescope's hexagonal-mosaic mirror generate optically significant deformations in the midspatial frequency regime, when the average temperature of the mirror undergoes substantial change, it is presently established that the magnitude of these deformations lie within acceptable limits for the active figure-control system envisioned for such telescopes. It is nevertheless recommended that CTE discontinuities within such mosaics be consciously planned for at the outset of construction planning.
Gene therapy to prevent occlusion of venous bypass grafts (2008)

Revascularization with vein grafts is standard surgical therapy for occlusive arterial diseases. Autologous saphenous vein grafts are important conduits for repairing blocked coronary arteries and are used in the majority of vein graft procedures. Up to 50% of saphenous vein grafts will be occluded during the first decade after surgery. Vein graft occlusion occurs as a result of neointimal hyperplasia, which takes place in response to hemodynamic changes and vessel wall injury, and is characterized by the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Intimal hyperplasia is further complicated by the concomitant development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In the absence of effective pharmacological interventions for the treatment and prevention of occlusive vein graft disease, gene therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic alternative. Gene therapy could improve vein graft patency by reducing early thrombosis, neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. In this review we will summarize the emerging applications of gene therapy as a therapeutic tool in occlusive vein graft disease.
Methylglyoxal Impairs the Insulin Signaling Pathways Independently of the Formation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (2006)

Nonenzymatic glycation is increased in diabetes and leads to elevated levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which link hyperglycemia to the induction of insulin resistance. In hyperglycemic conditions, intracellularly formed alpha-ketoaldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, are an essential source of intracellular AGEs, and the abnormal accumulation of methylglyoxal is related to the development of diabetes complications in various tissues and organs. We have previously shown in skeletal muscle that AGEs induce insulin resistance at the level of metabolic responses. Therefore, it was important to extend our work to intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway leading to AGEs. Hence, we asked the question whether the reactive alpha-ketoaldehyde methylglyoxal has deleterious effects on insulin action similar to AGEs. We analyzed the impact of methylglyoxal on insulin-induced signaling in L6 muscle cells. We demonstrate that a short exposure to methylglyoxal induces an inhibition of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, without affecting insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Importantly, these deleterious effects of methylglyoxal are independent of reactive oxygen species produced by methylglyoxal but appear to be the direct consequence of an impairment of insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation subsequent to the binding of methylglyoxal to these proteins. Our data suggest that an increase in intracellular methylglyoxal content hampers a key molecule, thereby leading to inhibition of insulin-induced signaling. By such a mechanism, methylglyoxal may not only induce the debilitating complications of diabetes but may also contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes in general.
Untersuchungen über Isatin und verwandte Verbindungen. I (1914)

h i t z t , a -O x y -c i n c h o n i n -Von diesen war bisher nur die a-Oxy-cinchoninsaure (1V) bekaiint.Ein Vergleichspraparat davon verschafften wir uns nach dem VerFahren voii C a m p s '), indem wir A -Acetyl-isatin rnit verdiinnter Natronlauge erwarmten.Dabei wird
Repositioning of cells by mechanotaxis on surfaces with micropatterned Young's modulus (2003)

Adherent cells are strongly influenced by the mechanical aspects of biomaterials, but little is known about the cellular effects of spatial variations in these properties. This work describes a novel method to produce polymeric cell culture surfaces containing micrometer-scale regions of variable stiffness. Substrates made of acrylamide or poly(dimethylsiloxane) were patterned with 100- or 10-microm resolution, respectively. Cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated acrylamide having Young's moduli of 34 kPa and 1.8 kPa, or fibronectin-coated PDMS having moduli of 2.5 MPa and 12 kPa. Over several days, NIH/3T3 cells and bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells accumulated preferentially on stiffer regions of substrates. The migration, not proliferation, of cells in response to mechanical patterning (mechanotaxis) was responsible for the accumulation of cells on stiffer regions. Differential remodeling of extracellular matrix protein on stiff versus compliant regions was observed by immunofluorescence staining, and may have been responsible for the observed mechanotaxis. These results suggest that mechanically patterned substrates might provide a general means to study mechanotaxis, and a new approach to patterning cells.
Dynamic Structural Changes at LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Electrolyte Interface during Lithium Battery Reaction (2010)

Gaining a thorough understanding of the reactions on the electrode surfaces of lithium batteries is critical for designing new electrode materials suitable for high-power, long-life operation. A technique for directly observing surface structural changes has been developed that employs an epitaxial LiMn(2)O(4) thin-film model electrode and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Epitaxial LiMn(2)O(4) thin films with restricted lattice planes (111) and (110) are grown on SrTiO(3) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. In situ SXRD studies have revealed dynamic structural changes that reduce the atomic symmetry at the electrode surface during the initial electrochemical reaction. The surface structural changes commence with the formation of an electric double layer, which is followed by surface reconstruction when a voltage is applied in the first charge process. Transmission electron microscopy images after 10 cycles confirm the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on both the (111) and (110) surfaces and Mn dissolution from the (110) surface. The (111) surface is more stable than the (110) surface. The electrode stability of LiMn(2)O(4) depends on the reaction rate of SEI formation and the stability of the reconstructed surface structure.
Evaluation of multiple image‐based modalities for image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) of prostate carcinoma: A prospective study (2013)

Analysis of interfraction setup errors, performed with US, CBCT, planar kV images, and electromagnetic transponders, from a large dataset revealed intermodality shifts were comparable (within 3-4 mm). Interfraction planning margins, relative to setup based on skin marks, were generally within the 10 mm prostate-to-planning target volume margin used in our clinic. With image guidance, interfraction residual planning margins were reduced to approximately less than 4 mm. These findings are potentially important for dose escalation studies using smaller margins to better protect normal tissues.
Downlink Cellular Interference Alignment (2014)

Cellular networks have been notoriously interference-limited systems in dense urban areas, where base stations are deployed in close proximity to one-another. Recently, a signal processing method called Interference Alignment has emerged, making use of the increasing signal dimensions available in the system through multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technologies. In this report, we review the state of the art of interference alignment since its foundation, and we detail algorithms and baseline comparisons to make when applying interference alignment schemes to downlink cellular networks. We also propose a number of research directions of interest which are not yet answered in the current literature.
Mechanical Analysis of Electronic Packaging Systems (2000)

[S1043-7398(00)01301-3]
Formation of Metal−Anion Arrays within Layered Perovskite Hosts. Preparation of a Series of New Metastable Transition-Metal Oxyhalides, (MCl)LaNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) (2002)

A new series of transition-metal oxyhalides (MCl)LaNb(2)O(7) (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) have been prepared by a simple topochemical route. Layered perovskite hosts (ALaNb(2)O(7), A = Li, Na, K or Rb) were reacted with the corresponding anhydrous metal halides under mild reaction conditions (<400 degrees C). The compounds were examined by X-ray powder diffraction; the series appears to be isostructural with (CuCl)LaNb(2)O(7), and the layer spacings, with the exception of M = Co, follow the trend expected from transition-metal cationic radii. Thermal analysis with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows the materials to be metastable where all four compounds decompose exothermically above 690 degrees C.
Analysis of Over-the-Counter Dietary Supplements (2001)

These mislabeling problems show that the labels of the dietary steroid supplements studied herein cannot be trusted for content and purity information. In addition, many sport organizations prohibit OTC steroids; thus, athletes who use them are at risk for positive urine test results. In this article we provide the details of the analyses, a summary of the steroids by name and structure, and information on the nature of the positive test results. Athletes and their physicians need this information because of the potential medical consequences and positive urine test results.
XFCB: a high speed complementary bipolar process on bonded SOI (2003)

A fabrication process was developed to obtain full, dielectrically isolated complementary bipolar transistors. Direct-wafer-bonding silicon-on-insulator and deep-trench-isolation technologies were used. Polysilicon was used as the emitter for both NPN and PNP transistors. A single layer of polysilicon was used to fabricate both transistor types. The process is characterized by a 12 V breakdown and yields transistors with a cutoff frequency of 4.5 GHz and 2.5 GHz for the NPN and PNP devices, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>