gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Submicron Via-Hole Filling using Al Low-Pressure Seed Process (2001)

The submicron via-hole filling using a two-step Al sputtering process which consists of an Al low-pressure seed (ALPS) process and physical vapor deposition (PVD) Al, is described in this paper. The effect of the type of intermetal dielectric (IMD) material used, such as hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), high-density plasma (HDP) oxide, and siloxane silicon-on-glass (SOG), on the via esistance and via-hole filling capability was evaluated and discussed. The Al film behavior after ALPS deposition, preheating, and PVD Al were investigated and it was determined that the out-gassing of moisture from siloxane SOG IMD significantly affects the via resistance and the key-hole formation in the via. A comparison of the via resistances of the Al-plug and W-plug was made. On the basis of the results, Al plugging with IMD materials such as HSQ or HDP oxide is considered to be superior to W plugging because of the lower via resistance and cost.
Molecular imaging agents for clinical positron emission tomography in oncology other than fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG): applications, limitations and potential. (2007)

Recent efforts in radiopharmaceutical design for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in clinical oncology have provided a library of tracers that have the potential to contribute to individualizing cancer patient management. These tracers can provide PET images that reveal aspects of the fundamental underlying biochemistry in the tumor before and during treatment. For a number of these PET tracers the cellular processing has been well described and they are now generally referred to as molecular imaging agents. Despite their recognized value in clinical oncology these tracers have not yet obtained widespread acceptance and are not generally available at centers performing PET scans. There are a number of barriers and challenges to the widespread use of these PET tracers that include; a limited clinical demand, challenges presented by the chemistry and formulation for clinical acceptability, the short physical half life of the PET radionuclides, regulatory issues and the overall costs associated with PET radiopharmaceutical production. In addition the interpretation of the PET images requires a clear understanding of the biochemical processes involved at the cellular level. A concerted effort is required among stakeholders including clinicians, scientists, industry and governmental agencies if the potential of these agents in clinical oncology is to be realized.
Hollow fibers for delivery of high-power lasers (2000)

We have fabricated hollow glass fibers with an internal metal and polymer film. The fibers are fabricated by a simple, liquid phase technique or metal-organic CVD process. These fibers show low transmission losses and high power capability for ultraviolet to infrared lasers that are useful for industrial and medical applications. We review the fabrication process and transmission characteristics of hollow fibers for high-power Nd:YAG and excimer lasers.
EFPGAs (architectural explorations, System integration, & a Visionary Industrial survey of programmable technologies) (2011)

La thèse s'articule autour du thème des FPGA embarqués(eFPGAs). Ce manuscrit analyse les solutions existantes actuellement et discute les challenges et opportunités de ces technologies; une analyse en profondeur des échecs des tentatives passées est également donnée. Sur la base des solutions existantes dans la littérature, une structure de eFPGA à topologie de type grille est proposée, décrite en langage VHDL RTL. Cette solution comporte également les outils de programmation associés. Sur la base de cette proposition, des explorations sont menées quant à la pertinence des solutions proposées au sens de métriques d'actualité tells que densité logique, performance et consommation. Une des contributions notables de cette thèse repose sur la proposition d'une architecture de switch unifiée éliminant les blocs de connexions ainsi que l'interconnexion locale typique des FPGA actuels(telles que ceux modélisables dans le logiciel VPR) tout en autorisant une bonne routabilité. Toutes les expérimentations ont été menées sur une technologie CMOS 65nm faible puissance du fondeur STMicroelectronics, qui permet de fait d'obtenir des évaluations pertinentes. Une seconde contribution notable repose sur l'exploration de l'intégration de eFPGA dans un contexte système sur puce (SoC). Cette approche repose sur l'adjonction d'un eFPGA au sein d'un système intégré, au côté d'un processeur de type LEON3, la programmation s'effectuant sur la base d'une approche de type ESL. Deux explorations sont ainsi déclinées, comme unité intégrée au sein du processeur et comme coprocesseur. Les résultats présentés permettent ainsi d'analyser sous plusieurs angles les compromis possibles ainsi que les perspectives et limitations de ce type d'approches. Finalement, un cas d'étude est également présenté quant à l'intégration de mémoires de type magnétique (MRAM) au sein-même de l'architecture du eFPGA.
Anti–miR-148a regulates platelet FcγRIIA signaling and decreases thrombosis in vivo in mice (2015)

Fc receptor for IgG IIA (FcγRIIA)-mediated platelet activation is essential in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and other immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis disorders. There is considerable interindividual variation in platelet FcγRIIA activation, the reasons for which remain unclear. We hypothesized that genetic variations between FcγRIIA hyper- and hyporesponders regulate FcγRIIA-mediated platelet reactivity and influence HIT susceptibility. Using unbiased genome-wide expression profiling, we observed that human hyporesponders to FcγRIIA activation showed higher platelet T-cell ubiquitin ligand-2 (TULA-2) mRNA expression than hyperresponders. Silent interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TULA-2 resulted in hyperphosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase following FcγRIIA activation in HEL cells. Significantly, we found miR-148a-3p targeted and inhibited both human and mouse TULA-2 mRNA. Inhibition of miR-148a in FcγRIIA transgenic mice upregulated the TULA-2 level and reduced FcγRIIA- and glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet αIIbβ3 activation and calcium mobilization. Anti-miR-148a also reduced thrombus formation following intravascular platelet activation via FcγRIIA. These results show that TULA-2 is a target of miR-148a-3p, and TULA-2 serves as a negative regulator of FcγRIIA-mediated platelet activation. This is also the first study to show the effects of in vivo miRNA inhibition on platelet reactivity. Our work suggests that modulating miR-148a expression is a potential therapeutic approach for thrombosis.
The Generalized LASSO (2004)

In the last few years, the support vector machine (SVM) method has motivated new interest in kernel regression techniques. Although the SVM has been shown to exhibit excellent generalization properties in many experiments, it suffers from several drawbacks, both of a theoretical and a technical nature: the absence of probabilistic outputs, the restriction to Mercer kernels, and the steep growth of the number of support vectors with increasing size of the training set. In this paper, we present a different class of kernel regressors that effectively overcome the above problems. We call this approach generalized LASSO regression. It has a clear probabilistic interpretation, can handle learning sets that are corrupted by outliers, produces extremely sparse solutions, and is capable of dealing with large-scale problems. For regression functionals which can be modeled as iteratively reweighted least-squares (IRLS) problems, we present a highly efficient algorithm with guaranteed global convergence. This defies a unique framework for sparse regression models in the very rich class of IRLS models, including various types of robust regression models and logistic regression. Performance studies for many standard benchmark datasets effectively demonstrate the advantages of this model over related approaches.
Inosine-5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Is Required for Mitogenic Competence of Transformed Pancreatic   Cells (2001)

The relation of inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH; the rate-limiting enzyme in GTP synthesis) to mitogenesis was studied by enzymatic assay, immunoblots, and RT-PCR in several dissimilar transformed pancreatic -cell lines, using intact cells. Both of the two isoforms of IMPDH (constitutive type 1 and inducible type 2) were identified using RT-PCR in transformed cells or in intact islets. IMPDH 2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and IMPDH protein were both regulated reciprocally by changes in levels of their endproducts. Flux through IMPDH was greatest in rapidly growing cells, due mostly to increased uptake of precursor. Glucose (but not 3-0methylglucose, L-glucose, or fructose) further augmented substrate uptake and also increased IMPDH enzymatic activity after either 4 or 21 h of stimulation. Serum or ketoisocaproate also increased IM-PDH activity (but not uptake). Two selective IMPDH inhibitors (mycophenolic acid and mizoribine) reduced IMPDH activity in all cell lines, and, with virtually identical concentration-response curves, inhibited DNA synthesis (assessed as bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) in response to glucose, serum, or ketoisocaproate. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was reversible, completely prevented by repletion of cellular guanine (but not adenine) nucleotides, and could not be attributed to toxic effects. Despite the fact that modulation of IMPDH expression by guanine nucleotides was readily detectable, glucose and/or serum failed to alter IMPDH mRNA or protein, indicating that their effects on IMPDH activity were largely at the enzyme level. Precursors of guanine nucleotides failed, by themselves, to induce mitogenesis. Thus, adequate IMPDH activity (and thereby, availability of GTP) is a critical requirement for -cell proliferation. Although it is unlikely that further increases in GTP can, by themselves, initiate DNA synthesis, such increments may be needed to sustain mitogenesis.
Octachlorocycloheptatriene and related compounds (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOctachlorocycloheptatriene and related compoundsRobert West, Kousuke Kusuda, and V. N. Mallikarjuna RaoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 15, 3627–3632Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00744a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00744a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views110Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chronic Resveratrol Enhances Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation but Does Not Alter eNOS Levels in Aorta of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2007)

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were administered the red wine polyphenol resveratrol in drinking water at 0, 0.448, or 4.48 mg/l (control, low, or high, respectively) for 28 days. The low dosage was chosen to mimic moderate red wine consumption. After the treatment period, thoracic aorta rings were excised for in vitro assessment of vasomotor function. Chronic resveratrol significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach), increasing maximal values to 80.8% +/- 5.2% and 80.8% +/- 5.0% in low and high groups, respectively, compared with 60.7% +/- 1.4% in controls (P<0.01). This treatment effect was eliminated in the presence of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) blocker N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Resveratrol did not affect relaxation to sodium nitroprusside or systolic blood pressure in SHRs. In contrast to the SHR results, chronic resveratrol in Sprague Dawley rats did not affect vasomotor function in aorta rings in response to Ach. Hydrogen peroxide was reduced in the SHR thoracic aorta by a high dosage of resveratrol (P<0.05), but it was not significantly altered in other tissues tested. Thoracic aorta immunoblots revealed no significant treatment effects in SHRs on eNOS, superoxide dismutases 1 and 2, gp91phox, or Hsp90. Thus, these data provide novel evidence of improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in hypertensive, but not normotensive, animals as a result of chronic resveratrol consumption mimicking dosages resulting from moderate red wine consumption. This response was not dependent on increases in eNOS expression but was dependent on improved NO bioavailability.
Transgenic overexpression of human Bcl-2 in islet β cells inhibits apoptosis but does not prevent autoimmune destruction (2000)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results when > 90% of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets are killed as a result of autoimmune attack by T cells. During the progression to diabetes, islet beta cells die as a result of different insults from the immune system. Agents such as perforin and granzymes, CD95 ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or cytokines and free-radicals have all been shown to cause beta cell apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, might protect against some of these stimuli. We have therefore generated transgenic mice expressing human Bcl-2 in their islet beta cells. Although Bcl-2 was able to prevent apoptosis induced by cytotoxic agents against beta cells in vitro, Bcl-2 alone could not prevent or ameliorate cytotoxic or autoimmune beta cell damage in vivo.
Quantification of immunohistochemistry—issues concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment I (2006)

Immunohistochemistry is no longer a technique used only for research but is employed increasingly for diagnosis and for the assessment of therapeutic biomarkers. The latter, in particular, often require a semiquantitative evaluation of the extent of their presence. There are many factors that can affect this that relate to the method: fixation of tissue, duration and type of antigen retrieval, antibody specificity, antibody dilution and detection systems. Other complexities relate to assessment. Different scoring systems are used for either the same or different antigens. Cut-off levels for assessing whether a tissue is 'positive' or 'negative' can vary for the same antigen. Whilst there are quality assurance schemes for the methodology that have improved standards of staining, there are no similar schemes that relate to interpretation, although errors here can create as many problems. There have been improvements in automated analysis but availability is limited and it is still predominantly a research tool. In order for quantification of immunohistochemistry to be a reliable and reputable tool, there must be easy to use, reproducible, standardized protocols for assessment which are international. Improvements in automated analysis with wider applicability could lead to standardization.
NCA: Accelerating Network Caching with eXpress Data Path (2021)

In-memory network caching is a common solution to relieve pressure on databases and applications. However, the in-memory caching applications such as redis and memcached cannot achieve maximum performance due to the bottleneck inherent in the linux network stack. While most of the solutions today rely on kernel-bypass approaches or reengineering of applications, little attention has been given to in-kernel processing. In this article, we present NCA (Network Caching Accelerator), an in-kernel cache to release overhead brought by the linux network stack, enabling flexibility and customization without bypassing the kernel that was unthinkable before. NCA can process the cache requests as early as possible in the linux network, bringing significant performance gains without modifying the cache application itself. It works in concert with the linux kernel, enabling reuse of the security model of linux kernel. Additionally, NCA uses little CPU resources, leaving valuable CPU cycles for other applications and processes on the host. We evaluate NCA using redis as an example, and find that redis with NCA can achieve three times the throughput of the original redis. Besides, other caching applications can also use NCA to improve their performance.
Perceptual difference model (Case-PDM) for evaluation of MR images: validation and calibration (2007)

There is an extraordinary number of fast MR imaging techniques, especially for parallel imaging. When one considers multiple reconstruction algorithms, reconstruction parameters, coil configurations, acceleration factors, noise levels, and multiple test images, one can easily create 1000's of test images for image quality evaluation. We have found the perceptual difference model (Case-PDM) to be quite useful as a means of rapid quantitative image quality evaluation in such experiments, and have applied it to keyhole, spiral, SENSE, and GRAPPA applications. In this study, we have compared human evaluation of MR images from multiple organs and from multiple image reconstruction algorithms to Case-PDM. We compared human DSCQS (Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale) scoring against Case-PDM measurements for 3 different image types and 3 different image reconstruction algorithms. We found that Case-PDM linearly correlated (r > 0.9) with human subject ratings over a very large range of image quality. We also compared Case-PDM to other image quality evaluation methods. Case-PDM generally performed better than NASA's DCTune, MITRE's IQM, Zhou Wang's NR models and mean square error (MSE) method, by showing a higher Pearson correlation coefficient, higher Spearman rank-order correlation and lower root-mean-squared error. All three models (Case-PDM, Sarnoff's IDM, and Zhou Wang's SSIM) performed very similarly in this experiment. To focus on high quality reconstructions, we performed a 2-AFC (Alternate Forced Choice) experiment to determine the "just perceptible difference" between two images. We found that threshold Case-PDM scores changed little (0.6-1.8) with 2 different image types and 3 degradation patterns, and results with Case-PDM were much tighter than the other methods (IDM and MSE) by showing a lower ratio of mean to standard deviation value. We conclude that Case-PDM can correctly predict the ordering of image quality over a large range of image quality. Case-PDM can also be used to screen the images which are "perceptually equal" to the original image. Although Case-PDM is a very useful tool for comparing "similar raw images with similar processing," one should be careful when interpreting Case-PDM scores across MR images.
Assignment of the haemophilia B (Factor IX) locus to the q26‐qter region of the X chromosome (1984)

Two independent approaches have provided an assignment for the factor IX (Haemophilia B) locus to Xq26-qter, the distal region of the X chromosome long arm. Cloned DNA sequences of the gene were hybridized to restriction enzyme digests of DNA prepared from a series of somatic cell hybrids containing different X-chromosomal regions and also in situ to prepared metaphase chromosomes.
Prevalence of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Soybeans in the North-Central United States in Relation to Tillage, Climate, and Latitudinal Positions (2000)

ABSTRACT Since the early 1990s, Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has caused considerable damage to soybean production in the north-central United States. To determine the extent of its distribution and associated factors, investigations were conducted in 1995 and 1996 in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. Investigations also were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. In each state, soybean fields were randomly selected in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. From each field, 20 soybean stems 20 cm long (from the base) in 1995 and 1996 and full-length stems in 1997 and 1998 were sampled in a zigzag pattern. During the 4-year period, stem samples were collected from 1,983 fields and assessed for the presence or absence of the disease. Of the five states, Sclerotinia stem rot was most prevalent in north-central Iowa and southern Minnesota. Sclerotinia stem rot was not detected in Missouri during the 4-year investigation period. The disease was most prevalent in 1996 and least prevalent in 1995. The prevalence of the disease was strongly related to cumulative departures from normal maximum and minimum temperatures in July and August. The disease was more prevalent when yearly temperatures were below normal than when they were above normal. In 1996, a year with a cooler-than-normal summer, the disease was detected farther south than in 1995. In both years, the prevalence of the disease was exponentially related to latitudinal positions of the fields (R(2) = 0.93 and 0.83 for 1995 and 1996, respectively) reflecting the effect of the north-south variations in temperature. During the 4-year period, there was no relationship between precipitation and the prevalence of the disease. The lack of relationship may suggest that there was no shortage of moisture since it is one of the primary factors for disease development. The prevalence of Sclerotinia stem rot was less in no-till than in minimum-till or conventional-till fields (P = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) and greater in minimum-till than in conventional-till fields (P = 0.07). Fields that had Sclerotinia stem rot, however, did not differ in incidence of the disease regardless of the tillage system.
Laser frequency stabilization and control through offset sideband locking to optical cavities (2008)

We describe a class of techniques whereby a laser frequency can be stabilized to a fixed optical cavity resonance with an adjustable offset, providing a wide tuning range for the central frequency. These techniques require only minor modifications to the standard Pound-Drever-Hall locking techniques and have the advantage of not altering the intrinsic stability of the frequency reference. We discuss the expected performance and limitations of these techniques and present a laboratory investigation in which both the sideband techniques and the standard, on-tunable Pound-Drever- Hall technique reached the 100Hz/square root(Hz) level.