gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of size and dose on bone resorption activity of macrophages byin vitro clinically relevant ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particles (2000)

Polyethylene wear debris generated at the bearing surfaces of total artificial hip joints is thought to play an important role in the periprosthetic osteolysis and ultimately the aseptic loosening of these prostheses. The macrophage is believed to be central to this process by releasing various cytokines and other mediators of osteolysis upon phagocytosis of the polyethylene wear debris. This study evaluated the in vitro bone resorption response of C3H murine peritoneal macrophages to clinically relevant GUR 1120 polyethylene particles. Macrophages were co-cultured in vitro with GUR 1120 particles with a mean size of 0.24, 0.45, 1.71, and 7.62, and GUR 1120 polyethylene resin with a mean size of 88 microm at various particle volume (microm)(3): macrophage ratios (0.1:1; 1:1; 10:1; and 100:1). The conditioned supernatants were incubated with (45)calcium radio-labeled mouse calvariae, and bone resorption was measured as (45)calcium release. The results showed that the 0.24 microm particles stimulated the macrophages to generate bone resorbing activity at a ratio of 10(microm)(3) per macrophage. The 0.45 and 1.71 microm particles were active at a ratio of 100( microm)(3) per macrophage, and the 7.62 and 88 microm particles were inactive at all the doses tested. The co-culture supernatants were also assayed for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and PGE(2). The results followed the same trend for particle size and volume dose to that observed for the bone resorbing activity. This study has demonstrated, for the first time, the importance of size and dose of clinically relevant polyethylene particles on the osteolytic response of macrophages in vitro.
Radiation hardness of gallium nitride (2002)

Gallium nitride (GaN) light emitting diodes (LEDs) were irradiated at room temperature with electrons in the range 300-1400 keV. A threshold energy of 440 keV was observed, corresponding to a gallium atom displacement energy of 19/spl plusmn/2 eV. This value of the displacement energy compares with that of silicon carbide but is smaller than that of diamond and larger than that of gallium arsenide (GaAs). No threshold energy for the nitrogen atom was observed. It is concluded that the nitrogen sublattice repairs itself through annealing. The measured displacement energy is used to determine the Rutherford cross section, which permits a theoretical comparison of electron and proton irradiation damage in GaN. The effects of 2.5 MeV electrons on gallium nitride films have been studied by photoluminescence (PL), and according to the literature, they introduce transitions in the near infrared part of the spectrum. Experiments on gallium nitride films using 2 MeV protons are reported in this work. The same transitions in the near infrared part of the spectrum are observed by PL. It is deduced that 2 MeV protons are about 1000 times more damaging than 2.5 MeV electrons. The Rutherford cross section predicts a value of 214. The difference is attributed to the defect recombination rate which depends on the particle type. The nature of the transitions in the near infrared part of the spectrum is reviewed. The GaN films were annealed at 400/spl deg/C for 30 min. As a result of annealing, another transition appears in the green part of the spectrum. Transitions involving the gallium vacancy in irradiated GaN are discussed.
ARTS: a distributed real-time kernel (1989)

ARTS is a distributed real-time operating system designed for a real-time systems testbed being developed at Camegle Mellon University. The objective of the testbed is to develop and verify advanced real-time computing technologies for a distributed environment. The tastbed consists of a set of SUN3 workstations connected by a real-time network based on IEEE 802.5 Token Ring and Ethernet. The goal of the ARTS Kernel is not to produce simply a fast real-time executive, but rather to provide users with a predictable, analyzable, and reliable distributed real-time computing environment. In particular, we have developed a real-time object model which is incorporated with a time fence protocol. The time fence protocol is used at every invocation in the object to detect the origin of timing errors. We also developed an integrated time-driven scheduling model and its scheduler based on the notion of policy/mechanism separation. Since each scheduling policy is implemented as a kernel object, a user can easily add policies or change the system's scheduling policy. A real-time toolset was also developed in order to predict the schedulability of the real-time activities.In this paper, we give an overview of the ARTS Kernel and ARTS real-time toolset. In particular, we introduce a real-time object model and the integrated time-driven scheduling model. We then describe the basic primitives and major components of the ARTS Kernel and the real-time toolset which consists of the schedulability analyzer, Scheduler 1-2-3 , and the real-time monitor/debugger, ARM.
The use of cyclofructans as novel chiral selectors for gas chromatography (2010)

Cyclofructans cannot be used as chiral stationary phases for GLC in their native states. This is due to their high melting points and their inability to be solubilized in other liquid stationary phases. However, when cyclofructans are derivatized (via the 3-, 4-, or 6-hydroxyl groups) they can then be dissolved in an achiral matrix and the mixture is suitable as a GLC chiral stationary phase. In this study, per-O-methylated cycloinulohexaose (PM-CF6), per-O-methylated cycloinuloheptose (PM-CF7) and 4,6-di-O-pentyl cycloinulohexaose (DP-CF6) were tested as new chiral selectors for GLC. Enantiomeric separations of several different compounds were observed when using the derivatized cyclofructans as chiral selectors. The enantiomers separated include esters, beta-lactams, alcohols, and amino acid derivatives. Differences in the enantiomeric separations obtained by using PM-CF6, PM-CF7 and DP-CF6 as the chiral selector were observed. These differences gave some insight as to the mechanism of enantioselectivity for permethylated cyclofructans as GLC chiral selectors.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Advances in Management and Diagnosis (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment in older populations in industrialized nations. AMD is a late-onset deterioration of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium in the central retina caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Great strides in our understanding of AMD pathogenesis have been made in the past several decades, which have translated into revolutionary therapeutic agents in recent years. In this review, we describe the clinical and pathologic features of AMD and present an overview of current diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Transient Performance of a Piezoelectric Transducer (1961)

The methods of transform calculus are used to solve several problems in which the transient response of a piezoelectric transducer is of interest. The electrical signal produced by a step function of force is derived, both for open-circuit and resistive loading at the electrical terminals, and the mechanical signal produced by a voltage step is also discussed. The analyses are performed for both the plate transducer in compressional thickness vibration and the bar in compressional length vibration, and the important differences between the two transducers are discussed. The analyses commence with the fundamental piezoelectric equations, and solutions are found which represent successive time-delayed reflections of the mechanical transient between the end faces of the transducer. The results are also discussed with reference to the exact transmission-line electrical equivalent circuits of the transducers, whose development is outlined briefly. Simple equivalent circuits which do not involve lines are described; these make it possible to determine many features of the transient without recourse to the full theoretical analysis.
Formal characterization and extension of the linearized diffusion tensor model (2004)

We analyzed the properties of the logarithm of the Rician distribution leading to a full characterization of the probability law of the errors in the linearized diffusion tensor model. An almost complete lack of bias, a simple relation between the variance and the signal-to-noise ratio in the original complex data, and a close approximation to normality facilitated estimation of the tensor components by an iterative weighted least squares algorithm. The theory of the linear model has also been used to derive the distribution of mean diffusivity, to develop an informative statistical test for relative lack of fit of the ellipsoidal (or spherical) model compared to an unrestricted linear model in which no specific shape is assumed for the diffusion process, and to estimate the signal-to-noise ratios in the original data. The false discovery rate (FDR) has been used to control thresholds for statistical significance in the context of multiple comparisons at voxel level. The methods are illustrated by application to three diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets of clinical interest: a healthy volunteer, a patient with acute brain injury, and a patient with hydrocephalus. Interestingly, some salient features, such as a region normally comprising the basal ganglia and internal capsule, and areas of edema in patients with brain injury and hydrocephalus, had patterns of error largely independent from their mean diffusivities. These observations were made in brain regions with sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratios (>2) to justify the assumptions of the log Rician probability model. The combination of diffusivity and its error may provide added value in diagnostic DTI of acute pathologic expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment in brain parenchymal tissue.
A Nested Marker for Augmented Reality (2007)

A Nested Marker, a novel visual marker for camera calibration in augmented reality (AR), enables accurate calibration even when the observer is moving very close to or far away from the marker. Our proposed Nested Marker has a recursive layered structure. One marker at an upper layer contains four smaller markers at the lower layer. Smaller markers can also have lower-layer markers nesting inside them. Each marker can be identified by its inside pattern, so the system can select a proper calibration parameter set for the marker. When the observer views the marker close-up, the lowest layer marker will work. When the observer views the marker from a distance, the top-layer marker will work. It is also possible to simultaneously utilize all visible markers in different layers for more stable calibration. Note that Nested Marker can be used in a standard ARToolkit framework. We have also developed an AR system to demonstrate the ability of Nested Marker
p‐Type Amorphous Silicon/Liquid Junction Solar Cell (1982)

The first liquid solar cell based on p-type amorphous silicon (p-a-Si:H) is studied. (P-a-Si:H) is a stable (no formation of an insulating oxide surface phase that will block the passage of the current), thin film, and low cost material. Photovoltage dependence, and redox potential, among other characteristics, are determined. The visible absorption, variable injunction potential, and stability make p-type amorphous silicon a promising thin film photocathode material. Its chief limitation at the moment is the low short circuit current.
Chemotactic factors trigger their own oxidative inactivation by human neutrophils. (1982)

Human neutrophils exposed to phagocytosable particles or soluble activating agents are able to inactivate chemotactic factors. The present experiments demonstrate that the peptide chemoattractant, f-met-leu-phe, serves as a sufficient secretory stimulus to trigger its own functional inactivation by neutrophils. This phenomenon is dependent on the concentration of the chemoattractant and the duration of its exposure to neutrophils. It requires low numbers of viable neutrophils and physiologic concentrations of chloride and is blocked by addition of azide, cyanide, catalase, or methionine, but not methionine sulfoxide, superoxide dismutase, or heated catalase. Neutrophils from patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency of chronic granulomatous disease are not able to inactivate the chemotactic factor unless purified myeloperoxidase or hydrogen peroxide, respectively, is added. Thus, chemotactic peptides can trigger neutrophils to secrete myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, which together with a halide destroy the biologic activity of the peptide, probably by oxidizing a methionine residue. These observations support the pathophysiologic significance of oxidative inactivation of humoral mediators as a negative feedback inflammatory control mechanism.
Socialization as a factor in resistance to infection, feed efficiency, and response to antigen in chickens (1983)

Chickens were habituated to human beings (socialized) by being talked to, offered food, and handled gently. After 7 weeks of socialization, the birds were challenge exposed with Escherichia coli. When compared with ignored groups, the socialized birds showed more than a 60% reduction in the prevalence of death and pericarditis. Furthermore, small flocks of socialized birds were more uniform in their response to E coli than were similar nonsocialized flocks. Socialized chickens also had improved feed efficiency and increased antibody response to canine RBC. Socialization was also applied easily to larger flocks of chickens.
Salmonellosis Outbreaks in the United States Due to Fresh Produce: Sources and Potential Intervention Measures (2009)

Foodborne Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States each year. Traditionally, most cases of salmonellosis were thought to originate from meat and poultry products. However, an increasing number of salmonellosis outbreaks are occurring as a result of contaminated produce. Several produce items specifically have been identified in outbreaks, and the ability of Salmonella to attach or internalize into vegetables and fruits may be factors that make these produce items more likely to be sources of Salmonella. In addition, environmental factors including contaminated water sources used to irrigate and wash produce crops have been implicated in a large number of outbreaks. Salmonella is carried by both domesticated and wild animals and can contaminate freshwater by direct or indirect contact. In some cases, direct contact of produce or seeds with contaminated manure or animal wastes can lead to contaminated crops. This review examines outbreaks of Salmonella due to contaminated produce, the potential sources of Salmonella, and possible control measures to prevent contamination of produce.
Activation of JNK Signaling Mediates Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression and Scar Formation in Corneal Wound Healing (2012)

Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) and Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are key growth factors in regulating corneal scarring. Although CTGF was induced by TGF-β1 and mediated many of fibroproliferative effects of TGF-β1, the signaling pathway for CTGF production in corneal scarring remains to be clarified. In the present study, we firstly investigated the effects of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) on CTGF expression induce by TGF-β1 in Telomerase-immortalized human cornea stroma fibroblasts (THSF). Then, we created penetrating corneal wound model and determined the effect of JNK in the pathogenesis of corneal scarring. TGF-β1 activated MAPK pathways in THSF cells. JNK inhibitor significantly inhibited CTGF, fibronectin and collagen I expression induced by TGF-β1 in THSF. In corneal wound healing, the JNK inhibitor significantly inhibited CTGF expression, markedly improved the architecture of corneal stroma and reduced corneal scar formation, but did not have a measurable impact on corneal wound healing in vivo. Our results indicate that JNK mediates the expression of CTGF and corneal scarring in corneal wound healing, and might be considered as specific targets of drug therapy for corneal scarring.
Apixaban, an oral, direct factor <scp>X</scp>a inhibitor: single dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects (2012)

Single doses of apixaban were well tolerated with a predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and a half-life of approximately 12 h. Apixaban can be administered with or without food.
A theory for the deliquescence of small particles (2000)

A theory is developed for the deliquescence of small particles that incorporates the effects of surface phenomena on the deliquescence process. The theory is based on rudimentary surface thermodynamics since we are primarily interested in the orders of magnitude of the various effects. Applying the theory to a generic crystal with properties similar to NaCl, in water vapor, we find that the surface tension has a significant effect for crystals with a radius smaller than 10−5 cm. We suggest an experiment for the determination of the surface tension of soluble crystals that utilizes the deliquescence of these small particles. Such an experiment will need to be accompanied by a further development of the rigorous thermodynamic theory of solid surfaces.
Phase I and Clinical Pharmacologic Evaluation of Lonidamine in Patients with Advanced Cancer (1984)

Lonidamine was studied in 31 patients with different types of advanced cancer. With one exception, patients were pretreated. Lonidamine was given at 6 dosage levels from 180 to 520 mg/m2 for at least 28 days. No toxicity on hematopoietic function was observed. Side effects consisted mostly in musculoskeletal discomfort, testicular pain in males and a reversible ototoxicity. In 2 patients conjunctivitis and photophobia occurred. Plasma Lonidamine levels were measured in 14 patients. Peak concentrations were observed from 1 to 2 h after administration and ranged from 3 to 35 micrograms/ml. Objective antitumoral effects were observed in only 2 patients with mycosis fungoides; a 3rd patient with mycosis fungoides was considered to have stable disease.
Handbook of Oral Biomaterials (2014)

The book introduces the latest advances in dental materials and biomaterials science. It contains a comprehensive introduction and covers ceramic, metallic, and polymeric oral biomaterials. The contributing authors are from all over the world and are distinguished in their disciplines. A solid primer for dental students, the book is also highly rec
Microfabricated actuators and their application to optics (1995)

Several authors have given overviews of microelectromechanical systems, including microactuators. In our presentation we review some of these results, and provide a brief description of the basic principles of operation, fabrication, and application, of a few selected microactuators (electrostatic and surface tension driven). We present a description of a three- level mechanical polysilicon surface-micromachining technology with a discussion of the advantages of this level of process complexity. This technology is capable of forming complex, batch-fabricated, interconnected, and interactive, microactuated micromechanisms which include optical elements. The inclusion of a third deposited layer of mechanical polysilicon greatly extends the degree of complexity available for micromechanism design. Two examples of microactuators fabricated using this process are provided to illustrate the capabilities and usefulness of the technology. The first actuator is an example of a novel actuation mechanism based on the effect of surface tension at these micro-scale dimensions and of a microstructure within a microstructure. The second is a comb-drive-based microengine which has direct application as a drive and power source for micro optical elements, specifically, micro mirrors and micro shutters. This design converts linear oscillatory motion from electrostatic comb drive actuators into rotational motion via a direct linkage connection. The microengine provides output in the form of a continuously rotating output gear that is capable of delivering drive torque to a micromechanism.
Enhanced layer based compound image compression (2010)

Information explosion along with the tremendous growth in software and hardware technology are moving industries, educational institutions, organizations towards "paperless" environment. This change has a direct impact on the amount of information digitized, thus increasing the need for efficient storage mechanisms. Digitized information mostly consist of compound images, which are a combination of different data types like text, graphics, line art, photographs, etc. Layer based compression is one of the frequently used solution to compress these kind of images. This paper proposes a novel layer based compound image compression technique. Care is taken to produce lossless compression for text part of the image and to improve the quality of the image as a whole after decompression. Experimental results were conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed compressor.
Endocrine Therapy of Advanced Breast Cancer (1988)

Recent research has resulted in several new options for endocrine treatment of advanced breast cancer. Since one of the most intriguing characteristics of endocrine therapy is that new remissions can be achieved when using subsequent endocrine modalities it is of importance to evaluate their optimal sequence. Tamoxifen has become the most commonly used endocrine therapy of advanced breast cancer due to its few side effects and an overall response rate of 35%, which has been obtained in randomized trials of tamoxifen compared with either ablative, additive or inhibitive treatment approaches. Crossover data from these trials indicate that the highest overall response rate is obtained when tamoxifen is used as first line endocrine therapy. Furthermore, it seems that oophorectomy in premenopausal and aminoglutethimide or progestins in postmenopausal patients are equally effective as second line endocrine therapy. Despite an obvious clinical rationale for combined endocrine therapy most trials exploring this concept have failed to show any benefit. Although data from trials combining tamoxifen with prednisolone or androgens seem exciting, the use of combined endocrine therapy still have to be considered experimental.