gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Modulation of the Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid on Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons (1983)

Studies were conducted to assess whether basal ganglia output neurons originating in the substantia nigra pars reticulata might be affected by dopamine released from dendrites of neighboring substantia nigra pars compacta neurons. Dopamine applied by iontophoresis increased the baseline firing rates of approximately half of the substantia nigra pars reticulata cells tested. The more significant finding, unrelated to the increase in firing, was the ability of dopamine to attenuate the inhibitory responses of these cells to iontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid. These findings suggest a role for dopamine as a neuromodulator and further suggest that it can act at sites beyond the striatum to modify transmission from the basal ganglia to motor nuclei.
A Development of Rapid, Practical and Selective Process for Preparation of Z-Oximes (2013)

Oximes are important functional groups in organic chemistry due to their synthetic utility as protecting groups for carbonyl groups and their ability to form other functionalities, 1�4 and their biological activity. 5 Oximes are commonly prepared by condensing aldehydes and ketones with hydroxylamines. These reactions do not always go to completion and reaction times can be long, and therefore there has been interest in more convenient and efficient methods. To avoid the typical disadvantage, conversion of aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding oximes was accomplished by using various catalysts such as organic acid/bases, 1,2,6 AcONa, alumina, 7 TiO2/SO4 2� , 2 silica gel, 8 Oxone®, 9 NaOH, 10 basic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide, 11 polyoxometalates, 12 Na2SO4, 13 and CuSO4/K2CO3 14 under the solvent, the solvent-free or the microwave conditions. These are one and more drowbacks such as long reaction time, use of catalysts, inconvenients due to solid-sate reaction, low yields and limitaion of some carbonyl compounds. On the other hand, H. Sharghi, et al., 14 reported the catalysis of the stereoselectivity of CuSO4 and K2CO3 in the oximation of aldehydes and ketones under solvent-free conditions. Although this method show high selectivity, it is inconvenient for the large scale experiments and the industrial process due to the solvent-free condition. Therefore, we attempted to develop a more convenient and efficient solution method. According to the literatures, 15 treatment of potassium carbonate with methanol generates slightly the potassium methoxide, which may be useful for forming the free NH2OH from its salts. We describe the oximation of aldehyde and ketone using NH2OH·HCl/K2CO3 in methanol solvent.
PeakSeeker: a program for interpreting genotypes of mononucleotide repeats (2009)

Mononucleotide tracts offer significant advantages over di- and tri-nucleotide microsatellite markers traditionally employed in genetic research. The PeakSeeker algorithm provides a high-throughput means to type mononucleotide tracts using conventional and widely implemented fragment length polymorphism genotyping. Furthermore, the PeakSeeker algorithm could potentially be adapted to improve, and perhaps to standardize, the analysis of conventional microsatellite genotypes.
Pedestrian Detection Image Processing with FPGA (2014)

This paper focuses on real-time pedestrian detection using the Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature descriptor algorithm on a Field Programmable Gate Array. To achieve real- time pedestrian recognition on embedded systems, hardware architecture for HOG feature extraction is proposed. In order to reduce computational complexity toward efficient hardware architecture, this paper proposes several methods to simplify the computation of the HOG feature descriptor. The architecture is proposed on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoC using Verilog HDL to evaluate the real-time performance. This implementation processes image data at twice the pixel rate of similar software simulations and significantly reduces resource utilization while maintaining high detection accuracy.
Anisotropic mass density by two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials (2008)

We show that specially designed two-dimensional arrangements of full elastic cylinders embedded in a nonviscous fluid or gas define ( in the homogenization limit) a new class of acoustic metamaterials characterized by a dynamical effective mass density that is anisotropic. Here, analytic expressions for the dynamical mass density and the effective sound velocity tensors are derived in the long wavelength limit. Both show an explicit dependence on the lattice filling fraction, the elastic properties of cylinders relative to the background, their positions in the unit cell, and their multiple scattering interactions. Several examples of these metamaterials are reported and discussed.
Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin (2000)

Hepatitis C is a worldwide problem that frequently results in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been rather ineffective but several recent studies have clarified the role of interferon and ribavirin therapy. In line with therapeutic progress in HIV infection, hepatitis C is now entering the era of multidrug antiviral therapy. Ribavirin is an orally active synthetic guanosine analogue with theoretical antiviral and immunomodulatory actions. In this review we have evaluated the role of interferon and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients, relapsers and non-responders. In naive patients the combination results in improved end-of-treatment and sustained response rates, with an overall 41% sustained virological response rate in patients treated for 48 weeks. Therapeutic benefit also extends to the traditionally difficult to treat patients (genotype 1, high vital load and advanced fibrosis). The addition of ribavirin to interferon has also resulted in an increased toxicity profile, which has made therapy more difficult for both the patient and managing physician. However, the significant improvement in response rates for all patients makes combination therapy the most appropriate choice as the first-line therapy for suitable patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. Appropriate management with interferon and ribavirin includes assessing the patient's HCV genotype to determine the optimal duration of therapy, assessing therapeutic efficacy by measuring HCV-RNA at 24 weeks and monitoring for the additional ribavirin side-effects.
Teleoperation training simulator with visual and kinesthetic-force virtual reality (1992)

A force-reflecting teleoperation training stimulator with a high-fidelity real-time graphics display has been developed for operator training. A novel feature of this simulator is that it enables the operator to feel contact forces and torques through a force-reflecting controller during the execution of the simulated peg-in-hole task, providing the operator with the feel of visual and kinesthetic force virtual reality. A peg-in-hole task is used in our simulated teleoperation trainer as a generic teleoperation task. A quasi-static analysis of a two- dimensional peg-in-hole task model has been extended to a three-dimensional model analysis to compute contact forces and torques for a virtual realization of kinesthetic force feedback. The simulator allows the user to specify force reflection gains and stiffness (compliance) values of the manipulator hand for both the three translational and the three rotational axes in Cartesian space. Three viewing modes are provided for graphics display: single view, two split views, and stereoscopic view.
Effects of recombinant transforming growth factor-β1 on hematologic recovery after treatment of mice with 5-fluorouracil (1991)

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) has been shown to inhibit bone marrow colony formation after in vitro treatment as well as after in vivo administration to normal mice. These data suggest that TGF-beta might either protect, or further depress, progenitor cell levels in mice exposed to a cell cycle-active drug such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU). rTGF-beta 1 was administered repeatedly by either the i.v. or i.p. routes to mice during the hyperproliferative state of the bone marrow that occurs 7 to 9 days after the i.v. administration of 150 mg/kg 5FU. The formation of both multilineage and the more differentiated (CFU-c) colonies was inhibited by 20 to 40%/culture, and 66 to 93%/mouse. When multiple doses of rTGF-beta 1 were administered systemically immediately before the injection of 5FU, the resulting rebound in the number of CFU-c and multilineage colonies containing granulocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, and macrophage lineage colonies per culture was markedly inhibited by 30 to 77%, whereas the total number of CFU per mouse was inhibited up to 93%. This effect was maximal when rTGF-beta 1 was administered at daily doses of greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/mouse for at least 3 days. This inhibition of the recovery of the bone marrow from 5FU treatment induced by rTGF-beta 1 was a delayed transient response because by day 16 the progenitor cell numbers and bone marrow cellularity were identical to the 5FU-treated marrow controls.
A mesh partitioning tool and its applications to parallel processing (2002)

This paper describes the features and implementation of a mesh partitioning tool called PSAINT and its applications to parallel processing research and education. PSAINT is an interactive graphics program with a friendly interface for user-program interaction. It offers several automatic mesh partitioning algorithms as well as a set of graphics tools for manual partitioning and for evaluation and modification of the results of automatic partitioning. The program automatically generates various statistics results and allows for visualization of the mesh partitions. PSAINT was originally developed as a key component in an integrated parallel finite element analysis system. Recently, it has been extended to facilitate evaluation and comparative studies of automatic mesh partitioning algorithms. It has also been used to aid the teaching in a graduate-level structural engineering course for parallel processing.
Solid dispersion and effervescent techniques used to prepare docetaxel liposomes for lung-targeted delivery system:<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>evaluation (2010)

A lung-targeting liposomal docetaxel was developed to improve therapeutic index and to reduce side effects. Docetaxel proliposomes composed of docetaxel/Tween-80/Phospholipon 90H/cholesterol/citric acid at molar ratio of 0.18:0.09:3.78:3.78:91.17 were prepared by solid dispersion technique, and then were hydrated with NaHCO₃ solution to obtain docetaxel liposomes by effervescent technique. The stability of proliposomes containing docetaxel, characterization and evaluation of lung-targeting effect of docetaxel liposomes in rabbit were studied. Docetaxel proliposomes were stable at 6 ± 2°C for at least 12 months. The particle size, zeta-potential, and entrapment efficiency of the resulted liposomes were 1011 ± 22 nm, -23.7 ± 0.26 mv, and 90.12 ± 0.36%, respectively. As far as the targeting parameters are concerned, the relative intake rate (R(e)) and the ratio of peak concentration (C(e)) of lung were 28.91 and 74.28, respectively. Compared with liver, spleen, and kidney, the ratios of targeting efficacy (T(e))(liposomes) to (T(e))(injection) of lung were increased by a factor of 3.16, 23.00, and 27.83, respectively. In conclusion, the negatively charged docetaxel liposomes with diameter of about 1 µm described in this study have favorable lung-targeting effect and are a promising lung-targeting carrier.
Two-dimensional amorphous-silicon photoconductor array for optical imaging (1992)

A simple array of amorphous-silicon photoconductors is investigated for use as a two-dimensional imaging device. The characteristics of the lateral photoconductive sensors and the behavior of a 128 x 128 element array are described in detail. It is shown that a two-dimensional array of the photoconductive sensors is capable of high-quality optical imaging with reasonable imaging speed. The array is also capable of performing image processing in real time. Furthermore, the two-dimensional array is well suited for use in optical processing and neural-network architectures.
Roman Britain in 1927 (1927)

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Equity Index Annuities (2004)

Equity index annuities combine the safety of a standard fixed annuity with returns linked to an investment index. EIAs, which come in many variations, have advantages and disadvantages. Studies show that EIAs typically out-perform certificate of deposits and taxable bond mutual funds, but not stock indexes over the long term. There are over 120 equity index annuities and about 40 crediting methods. EIAs are ideal for clients who want to participate in market returns yet are uncomfortable with market risk. EIA portfolios are a combination of targeted maturity investment grade bonds and a European Call Index Option, which is a derivative security based on the underlying increase in value of an index over time with a set end date for exercise. The article examines 3 major crediting methods - point to point, high water point and averaging - as well as numerous variations that can affect performance, such as annual reset, caps, minimum guarantees, participation rates and bonuses.
Molecular Determinants of Ivermectin Sensitivity at the Glycine Receptor Chloride Channel (2011)

Ivermectin is an anthelmintic drug that works by activating glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors (GluClRs) in nematode parasites. GluClRs belong to the Cys-loop receptor family that also includes glycine receptor (GlyR) chloride channels. GluClRs and A288G mutant GlyRs are both activated by low nanomolar ivermectin concentrations. The crystal structure of the Caenorhabditis elegans α GluClR complexed with ivermectin has recently been published. Here, we probed ivermectin sensitivity determinants on the α1 GlyR using site-directed mutagenesis and electrophysiology. Based on a mutagenesis screen of transmembrane residues, we identified Ala288 and Pro230 as crucial sensitivity determinants. A comparison of the actions of selamectin and ivermectin suggested the benzofuran C05-OH was required for high efficacy. When taken together with docking simulations, these results supported a GlyR ivermectin binding orientation similar to that seen in the GluClR crystal structure. However, whereas the crystal structure shows that ivermectin interacts with the α GluClR via H-bonds with Leu218, Ser260, and Thr285 (α GluClR numbering), our data indicate that H-bonds with residues homologous to Ser260 and Thr285 are not important for high ivermectin sensitivity or direct agonist efficacy in A288G α1 GlyRs or three other GluClRs. Our data also suggest that van der Waals interactions between the ivermectin disaccharide and GlyR M2-M3 loop residues are unimportant for high ivermectin sensitivity. Thus, although our results corroborate the ivermectin binding orientation as revealed by the crystal structure, they demonstrate that some of the binding interactions revealed by this structure do not pertain to other highly ivermectin-sensitive Cys-loop receptors.
Thrombocytopenia in patients in the medical intensive care unit: Bleeding prevalence, transfusion requirements, and outcome* (2002)

Thrombocytopenia is common in medical intensive care unit patients. Thrombocytopenic patients have a higher prevalence of bleeding and greater transfusion requirements. A drop in platelet counts of > or = 30%, but not thrombocytopenia per se, is independently associated with intensive care unit death. Serial measurements of platelet counts are important and readily available markers for monitoring the patient's condition. Any drop in platelet count requires urgent clarification. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, signs of organ failure at admission, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation are predictors of intensive care unit-acquired thrombocytopenia.
Microalbuminuria: Definition, Detection, and Clinical Significance (2004)

Proteinuria is a sign of abnormal excretion of protein by the kidney but is a nonspecific term including any or all proteins excreted. In contrast, albuminuria specifically refers to an abnormal excretion rate of albumin. Microalbuminuria refers to an abnormally increased excretion rate of albumin in the urine in the range of 30-299 mg/g creatinine. It is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality especially, but not exclusively, in high-risk populations such as diabetics and hypertensives. Testing for microalbuminuria is now made easy by in-office dipstick tests (semiquantitative) and widely available laboratory testing (quantitative). Physicians should screen all diabetics for albuminuria and strongly consider screening hypertensives to identify those at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Appropriate intervention, including use of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, may be appropriate in such cases as suggested by the American Diabetes Association and the Seventh Report of Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
The Perceptual and Functional Consequences of Parietal Top-Down Modulation on the Visual Cortex (2008)

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been proposed to play a critical role in exerting top-down influences on occipital visual areas. By inducing activity in the PPC (angular gyrus) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and using the phosphene threshold as a measure of visual cortical excitability, we investigated the functional role of this region in modulating the activity of the visual cortex. When triple-pulses of TMS were applied over the PPC unilaterally, the intensity of stimulation required to elicit a phosphene from the visual cortex (area V1/V2) was reduced, indicating an increase in visual cortical excitability. The increased excitability that was observed with unilateral TMS was abolished when TMS was applied over the PPC bilaterally. Our results provide a demonstration of the top-down modulation exerted by the PPC on the visual cortex and show that these effects are subject to interhemispheric competition.
Detecting malicious modifications of data in third-party intellectual property cores (2015)

Globalization of the system-on-chip (SoC) design flow has created opportunities for rogue elements in the intellectual property (IP) vendor companies to insert malicious circuits (a.k.a. hardware Trojans) into their IPs. We propose to formally verify third party IPs (3PIPs) for unauthorized corruption of critical data such as secret key. Our approach develops properties to identify corruption of critical registers. Furthermore, we describe two attacks where computations can be performed on corrupted data without corrupting the critical register. We develop additional properties to detect such attacks. We validate our technique using Trojans in 8051 and RISC processors and AES designs from Trust-Hub.
Variable-reluctance generators in wind-energy systems (2002)

Two methods of incorporating the variable-reluctance generator (VRG) into advanced wind conversion systems at or above the 50-kW power level are presented. Operating through a power electronic interface to the electric utility, this generator offers simplifications of the utility/generator interface over adjustable-speed wind conversion systems based on the induction generator. In addition, analyses performed using experimentally based data show that the VRG system is as much as 6% more efficient and up to 13% less expensive than a comparably rated induction generator system. These analyses are based on a piecewise linearization of the nonlinear VRG characteristics. At comparable power levels, the VRG can offer superior utility power-quality relative to the induction generator systems presently under development, and also offers a reduction in the operating, maintenance, and energy costs associated with advanced wind-energy systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A fixed network design for site diversity enhanced wireless access (2005)

The virtual cellular network (VCN) is a network infrastructure that enables wireless connectivity by making use of site diversity. In site diversity a multitude of base stations simultaneously connect a mobile user to the fixed network. Base stations act as junctions between the wired and the wireless part of the mobile's connection path. They are interconnected through a wired, cell switched network. This network is decomposed into regions of access networks. A backbone network assumed to interconnect these regions. It is necessary to adapt the topology of the access network to the characteristics of the VCN traffic, which differs significantly from traditional traffic patterns. The paper specifies the wired network in terms of layout, scale and link topology via analysis based on effective bandwidth requirement. A simulation model is used to obtain qualitative insight into the operation of the designed network.
3D-QSAR in Drug Design - A Review (2010)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been applied for decades in the development of relationships between physicochemical properties of chemical substances and their biological activities to obtain a reliable statistical model for prediction of the activities of new chemical entities. The fundamental principle underlying the formalism is that the difference in structural properties is responsible for the variations in biological activities of the compounds. In the classical QSAR studies, affinities of ligands to their binding sites, inhibition constants, rate constants, and other biological end points, with atomic, group or molecular properties such as lipophilicity, polarizability, electronic and steric properties (Hansch analysis) or with certain structural features (Free-Wilson analysis) have been correlated. However such an approach has only a limited utility for designing a new molecule due to the lack of consideration of the 3D structure of the molecules. 3D-QSAR has emerged as a natural extension to the classical Hansch and Free-Wilson approaches, which exploits the three-dimensional properties of the ligands to predict their biological activities using robust chemometric techniques such as PLS, G/PLS, ANN etc. It has served as a valuable predictive tool in the design of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Although the trial and error factor involved in the development of a new drug cannot be ignored completely, QSAR certainly decreases the number of compounds to be synthesized by facilitating the selection of the most promising candidates. Several success stories of QSAR have attracted the medicinal chemists to investigate the relationships of structural properties with biological activity. This review seeks to provide a bird's eye view of the different 3D-QSAR approaches employed within the current drug discovery community to construct predictive structure-activity relationships and also discusses the limitations that are fundamental to these approaches, as well as those that might be overcome with the improved strategies. The components involved in building a useful 3D-QSAR model are discussed, including the validation techniques available for this purpose.