gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Theory on Cutter Layout for Improving PDC-Bit Performance in Hard-and Transit-Formation Drilling (2013)

Summary It is well-known that cutter layout on a polycrystalline-diamond compact (PDC) bit plays a key role in bit stability and drilling efficiency. In today's PDC bit, cutters are laid out according to two general principles: single set or track set. A single-set cutter layout is defined as having no cutters at the same radial or axial position after cutters are rotationally projected into a radial plane passing through the bit axis (this is referred to as bit profile in the industry). On the other hand, a track-set layout is defined as having at least two cutters at the same radial and axial positions on a bit profile but on different blades. In most track-set designs, cutters on primary blades are single set, and cutters on minor blades are redundant to those on primary blades. An extreme version of track set is called track loc, in which there is only one primary blade and cutters on all other blades are redundant to those on the primary blade (Weaver and Clayton 1993). Figs. 1a through 1c depict single set, track set, and track loc, respectively, demonstrating that the major difference is the engagement area or width of indentation of cutters while drilling. The single-set cutter has the smallest indentation width, and the track-loc cutter has the largest indentation width. According to laboratory and field tests, a PDC bit with single-set cutters drills much more efficiently than a PDC bit with track-set cutters (Besson et al. 2000). On the other hand, a PDC bit with track-loc cutters is extremely stable but extremely inefficient. Bit stability may be enhanced by laying out the cutters so that the bit lateral forces are balanced or minimized. This is called a "force-balanced" PDC bit (Glowka 1989; Behr et al. 1993; Clayton et al. 2005). In some applications, cutters are laid out so that a large lateral imbalance force [as high as 15 to 20% of weight on bit (WOB)] is created and directed toward a so-called low-friction gauge pad, which is on one side of the bit. The bit is called an "anti-whirl" PDC bit (Brett et al. 1989; Warren et al. 1990). Successful field applications of this technology have been reported (Warren et al. 1990). In this paper, it is found that the force-balanced condition of a PDC bit with single-set cutters may be violated during transit-formation drilling. A new cutter layout procedure is proposed, which not only ensures the force-balanced condition during transit drilling but also significantly improves drilling efficiency. The concepts developed in the paper are first verified by laboratory tests of a core PDC head and then a full PDC bit. Two case studies of the new bits in drilling through hard and transit formations are detailed in the paper.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Triggers Both Apoptotic and Survival Signals for Human Hepatic Myofibroblasts (2002)

Hepatic myofibroblasts (hMFs) are central in the development of liver fibrosis during chronic liver diseases, and their removal by apoptosis contributes to the resolution of liver fibrosis. We previously identified Edg receptors for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in human hMFs. Here, we investigated the effects of S1P on hMF apoptosis. S1P reduced viability of serum-deprived hMFs by an apoptotic process that was unrelated to the conversion of S1P into sphingosine and ceramide. The apoptotic effects of S1P were receptor-independent because dihydro-S1P, an Edg agonist, had no effect. S1P also stimulated a receptor-dependent survival pathway, revealed by enhanced activation of caspase-3 by S1P in the presence of pertussis toxin. Cell survival relied on two pertussis toxin-sensitive events, activation of ERK and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt by S1P. Both pathways were also activated by dihydro-S1P. Blunting either ERK or PI3K enhanced caspase-3 stimulation by S1P, and simultaneous inhibition of both pathways resulted in additive effects on caspase-3 activation. In conclusion, S1P induces apoptosis of human hMFs via a receptor-independent mechanism and stimulates a survival pathway following activation of Edg receptors. The survival pathway arises from the sequential activation of G(i)/G(o) proteins and independent stimulations of ERK and PI3K/Akt. Therefore, blocking Edg receptors may sensitize hepatic myofibroblasts to apoptosis by S1P.
The extracellular chaperone clusterin influences amyloid formation and toxicity by interacting with prefibrillar structures (2007)

Clusterin is an extracellular chaperone present in all disease-associated extracellular amyloid deposits, but its roles in amyloid formation and protein deposition in vivo are poorly understood. The current study initially aimed to characterize the effects of clusterin on amyloid formation in vitro by a panel of eight protein substrates. Two of the substrates (Alzheimer's beta peptide and a PI3-SH3 domain) were then used in further experiments to examine the effects of clusterin on amyloid cytotoxicity and to probe the mechanism of clusterin action. We show that clusterin exerts potent effects on amyloid formation, the nature and extent of which vary greatly with the clusterin:substrate ratio, and provide evidence that these effects are exerted via interactions with prefibrillar species that share common structural features. Proamyloidogenic effects of clusterin appear to be restricted to conditions in which the substrate protein is present at a very large molar excess; under these same conditions, clusterin coincorporates with substrate protein into insoluble aggregates. However, when clusterin is present at much higher but still substoichiometric levels (e.g., a molar ratio of clusterin:substrate=1:10), it potently inhibits amyloid formation and provides substantial cytoprotection. These findings suggest that clusterin is an important element in the control of extracellular protein misfolding.
On optimum timer value of area and timer-based location registration scheme (2001)

In typical mobile communication systems, mobile station (MS) location information is updated when the MS crosses the location area boundary or the registration timer is expired. When a call attempt occurs, sequential paging rather than blanket paging is used to reduce the paging cost. We propose a new location update scheme in which to increase the paging accuracy, timer-based location update is performed within a location area. In this work, the optimum timer value of the area and timer-based location registration scheme with intelligent paging is derived. In case of a fixed location area, the optimum registration timer value depends on the speed and call arrival rate of the MS. If the speed or call arrival rate of the MS is high, location registration based on timer value should be performed frequently. Otherwise, location registration based on the crossing of location area is sufficient.
Visible photoluminescence from nanocrystallite Ge embedded in a glassy<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>matrix: Evidence in support of the quantum-confinement mechanism (1995)

Nanocrystallite Ge (nc-Ge) embedded in a glassy ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ matrix is fabricated and examined by x-ray photoelectron spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, and high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy. The precipitation and growth of nc-Ge are found to be related to a thermodynamical reduction of ${\mathrm{GeO}}_{2}$, the diffusion of Si atoms from the Si substrate into the glassy matrix, and an aggregation of small-sized nc-Ge. The size inhomogeneity can be precisely controlled by a double annealing, and the average size can be changed in the range of 2--6 nm. Broadband photoluminescence (PL) spectra are observed in the visible wavelength range at room temperature, and they exhibit pronounced blueshifts of the peak energies and broadening of the PL spectra, which can be correlated to the change in the size. The PL excitation spectra show a Stokes energy smaller than 0.1 eV and dependence on the measurement energy. The visible PL also shows a strong correlation to the presence and actual condition (i.e., size) of nc-Ge. Possible origins of the visible PL such as a quantum-confinement model in quantum dots, the presence of luminescent centers (Ge:E') in silica glass, or a structural transition of nc-Ge are discussed. The present experimental data are concluded to be more consistent with a quantum-confinement model than with the other models.
Introduction (2014)

How is Thomas Hardy's development of themes, characters and ideas, between his first novel in 1871 and his last in 1897, matched by a corresponding development of narrative devices and techniques, and his handling of time? As one of the leading novelists of the nineteenth century, and one of the best-known writers in English, Hardy has attained universal popularity, encouraged not least by film and stage adaptations of his work. Readers, familiar with Tess and Jude, Michael Henchard and Bathsheba Everdene, Angel Clare and Sergeant Troy, with dramatic scenes on cliff-top, heath and country fair, or with pastoral images of sheep-shearing and harvest, with Gothic moments in churchyards, painterly evocations of nature, and details of botanical and architectural accuracy, may, quite understandably, feel little need to press beyond the immediate level of narrative content. Even on a further reading, given the density of Hardy's material, readers may continue to scan texts on the level of plot and character, and not feel the urge to address other aspects.KeywordsNarrative ContentNarrative DeviceScarlet LetterDetective FictionPastoral ImageThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Titanium silicide/silicon nonohmic contact resistance for NFET's, PFET's, diffused resistors, and NPN's in a BiCMOS technology (1995)

Self-aligned titanium silicide is often used to minimize the polysilicon and diffusion sheet resistances. Current is delivered to the channel of FET's, the body of diffused resistors, and into the active region of NPN's through the titanium silicide/silicon interface. This contact resistance can represent a significant fraction of the total device resistance for devices of small dimensions, and contributes to a loss in circuit performance. The impedance of this interface is a function of the doping level in the silicon immediately below the interface, and this doping level is a sensitive function of the heat applied to the structure after the formation of the silicide. The correspondence of FET series resistance, emitter resistance, the diffused resistor end effects and the non-ohmic nature of a contact after heat is applied is presented. Use of a rapid thermal anneal to obtain the requisite silicide characteristics while minimizing the impact on the contact resistance is demonstrated for a 0.8-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DNA methylation in adenovirus, adenovirus-transformed cells, and host cells. (1976)

DNAs of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 contain low amounts of methylated bases (0.01 and 0.02% N6-methyl-adenine per adenine, if any, and 0.04 and 0.06% 5-methylcytosine per cytosine for type 2 and type 12, respectively), whereas the DNA of the mammalian host cells contains much more 5-methylcytosine (3.57% for human KB cells). The DNA of hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 contains 3.11 and 3.14% 5-methycytosine (HA12/7 and T627 cells, respectively), whereas the DNA from untransformed hamster cells (BHK21 cells) contains 2.22% 5-methylcytosine. In the DNA of human and hamster cells, little, if any, N6-methyladenine was detected. Methylation of DNA was determined by a sensitive method based on two consecutive steps of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the radioactively labeled DNA bases. By this procedure the detection limits of 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine could be lowered to 0.01% per main base.
Infectious Prions in the Saliva and Blood of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease (2006)

A critical concern in the transmission of prion diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids, is the potential presence of prions in body fluids. To address this issue directly, we exposed cohorts of CWD-naïve deer to saliva, blood, or urine and feces from CWD-positive deer. We found infectious prions capable of transmitting CWD in saliva (by the oral route) and in blood (by transfusion). The results help to explain the facile transmission of CWD among cervids and prompt caution concerning contact with body fluids in prion infections.
The Effects of Allergen-Induced Nasal Provocation on Pulmonary Function in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (1989)

Fifteen patients with perennial allergic rhinitis responded intranasally to ragweed antigen challenge. Concomitant measurements of pulmonary function did not reveal a significant decrement on flow rates over a 30-minute period.
File system interfaces for embedded software development (2006)

We present a scalable architectural approach which aims to simplify embedded software development by supporting key development tasks like debugging, tracing and monitoring. Our approach uses file system interfaces to represent various entities in the embedded system hierarchy that are merged and exported to clients using a messaging protocol. Unlike many JTAG based debug solutions, ours is compositional and supports heterogeneous, concurrent debugging.
Segmenting trajectories: A framework and algorithms using spatiotemporal criteria (2011)

In this paper we address the problem of segmenting a trajectory based on spatiotemporal criteria. We require that each segment is homogeneous in the sense that a set of spatiotemporal criteria are fulfilled. We define different such criteria, including location, heading, speed, velocity, curvature, sinuosity, curviness, and shape. We present an algorithmic framework that allows us to segment any trajectory into a minimum number of segments under any of these criteria, or any combination of these criteria. In this framework, a segmentation can generally be computed in O(n log n) time, where n is the number of edges of the trajectory to be segmented. We also discuss the robustness of our approach.
The Mechanism of the Kolbe Electrosynthesis and Allied Reactions (1939)

The experimental facts of the Kolbe, Hofer‐Moest, and Brown‐ Walker electrosynthetic reactions are reviewed briefly, and the two mechanisms, viz. , the discharged ion theory and the acyl‐peroxide theory, proposed by earlier workers are examined and shown to be inadequate. The theory of electrolytic oxidation suggested by the present writers, which has proved successful in the interpretation of a number of inorganic oxidations, is applied to explain the complex phenomena associated with the Kolbe and Brown‐Walker reactions.
Nerve Growth Factor (1987)

Beta-nerve growth factor (ß-NGF) is a polypeptide of 118 amino acids, and is a member of the group of polypeptide growth factors (PGF) that includes epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and several other growth factors (see Table 1). PGFs are polypeptides that regulate cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation (1).
The characteristics of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia combined with a left accessory pathway and the effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation (2011)

Among patients with IVLT, 5% had a concomitant left AP, most of who were young men. The location of the left AP was mainly posterior and lateral, with 30% showing a slow and decremental property. Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia and AP should be ablated simultaneously.
Longitudinal study of rheumatoid arthritis patients discloses sustained elevated serum levels of soluble CD106 (V-CAM). (2001)

The sustained elevated serum levels of sCD106 observed here imply that this molecule might be related to the chronicity and progression of RA.
Bundle-like Assemblies of Cadmium Hydroxide Nanostrands and Anionic Dyes (2005)

Molecularly flat and extremely long bundle-like assemblies were prepared from cadmium hydroxide nanostrands and polysulfonated dyes. The dye molecules were regularly aligned along with the nanostrands, as confirmed by electron microscopies and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Strong electrostatic interaction between the two components was useful to control the fibrous morphologies and optical properties of these organic/inorganic nanocomposites.
Copy number alterations in pancreatic cancer identify recurrent<i>PAK4</i>amplification (2008)

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of all cancers. The median survival is six months and less than 5% of those diagnosed survive five years. Recurrent genetic deletions and amplifications in 72 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, the largest sample set analyzed to date for pancreatic cancer, were defined using comparative genomic hybridization The recurrent genetic alterations identified target a number of previously well-characterized genes, as well as regions that contain possible new oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We have focused on chromosome 19q13, a region frequently found amplified in pancreatic cancer and demonstrate how boundaries of common regions of mutation can be mapped and how a gene, in this case PAK4 amplified on chromosome19q13, can be functionally validated. We show that although the PAK4 gene is not activated by mutation in cell lines with gene amplification, an oncogenic form of the KRAS2 gene is present in these cells and oncogenic KRAS2 can activate PAK4. In fact in the three samples we identified with PAK4 gene amplification, the KRAS2 gene was activated and genomically amplified. The kinase activity of the PAK4 protein is significantly higher in cells with genomic amplification as compared to cells without amplification. Our study demonstrates the utility of analyzing copy number data in a large set of neoplasms to identify genes involved in cancer. We have generated a useful dataset which will be particularly useful for the pancreatic cancer community as efforts are undertaken to sequence the pancreatic cancer genome.
Bare-Metal Container: Direct Execution of a Container Image on a Remote Machine with an Optimized Kernel (2016)

Container technology has become popular in HPC applications because it offers easy customization and quick execution. However, container technology does not allow kernel-level optimization. It does not allow changing a kernel as well as loading/unloading a kernel module, thus it prevents the extraction of full performance on a target machine. In addition, container technology is designed for multi-tenancy and makes difficult to measure exact performance and power consumption for an application on a target machine. Bare-Metal Container (BMC) solves these problems by a mechanism that offers a suitable kernel for a container image and boots it on a remote physical machine. The application can occupy the physical machine and utilize the full performance. It is implemented by remote machine management technologies (WakeupOnLAN, Intel AMT, and IPMI), and a network bootloader. The power consumption is also measured, and the user knows the good combination among application, kernel and target machine. Although BMC requires the overhead of kernel booting, HPC applications can improve performance, which surpasses the overhead. The experiments showed the effect of kernel optimizations for CPU (Hyper Threading), memory (Transparent Huge Pages), and network (Receive Flow Steering) from a low power CPU (Celeron) to a high speed CPU (Xeon).
Grating-coupled GaAs single heterostructure ring laser (1976)

We report pulsed operation of an electrically pumped GaAs single heterostructure ring laser at 77 °K. Guided modes within the laser are totally internally reflected at cleaved facets and output beams are obtained by coupling from an integrated grating. Thresholds as low as 700 A/cm2 have been obtained and highly polarized highly collimated beams (1°×7° divergence) with a total output power of 70 mW have been observed.
Effects of thermal treatment of low-temperature GaN buffer layers on the quality of subsequent GaN layers (1997)

The surface morphology and crystalline quality of GaN layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire (0001) substrates were investigated for various thermal treatment conditions of low-temperature (LT)-grown GaN buffer layers. The surface morphology and crystalline quality of subsequently grown high-temperature (HT) GaN layers strongly depended on thermal effects during the temperature ramping process after LT growth of the buffer layers. We have found that the defect density and structure are affected by this temperature ramping process, and that the generation of growth pits is closely related to defects in the HT-GaN layers. High-quality HT-GaN layers with specular surface morphology were obtained with optimum growth and ramping conditions for the LT-GaN buffer layers. Furthermore, the role of thermal treatment during the temperature ramping process was identified, and mechanisms of nucleus formation, HT-growth initiation on the LT-GaN buffer layers, and defect formation are proposed and discussed.
Enabling Dark Energy Science with Deep Generative Models of Galaxy Images (2017)

Understanding the nature of dark energy, the mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the Universe, is a major challenge of modern cosmology. The next generation of cosmological surveys, specifically designed to address this issue, rely on accurate measurements of the apparent shapes of distant galaxies. However, shape measurement methods suffer from various unavoidable biases and therefore will rely on a precise calibration to meet the accuracy requirements of the science analysis. This calibration process remains an open challenge as it requires large sets of high quality galaxy images. To this end, we study the application of deep conditional generative models in generating realistic galaxy images. In particular we consider variations on conditional variational autoencoder and introduce a new adversarial objective for training of conditional generative networks. Our results suggest a reliable alternative to the acquisition of expensive high quality observations for generating the calibration data needed by the next generation of cosmological surveys.
Epitaxial nonlinear optical films of LiTaO3 grown on GaAs in waveguide form (1993)

Nonlinear optical films of LiTaO3 were epitaxially grown on (NH4)2Sx-treated (111) GaAs using e-beam evaporated MgO as intermediate layers. The MgO lattice was found to rotate by 180° about the [111] surface normal with respect to the GaAs substrate. The laser-ablated LiTaO3 film grew epitaxially in the preferred [0001] direction and formed a waveguide with its underlying buffer layer of MgO.