gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Homopolar Motor Generator as a Power Supply for Controlled Fusion Experiments (2016)

With the impending construction of large controlled fusion feasibility experiments, the need for reliable, inexpensive inertial energy storage to power the confinement magnetic field ls becoming more urgent. To investigate the possibility of using a homopolar machine for this task we have carried out a series of electrical and mechanical tests on a O. 5 MJ unit operating as a pulsed power supply. The machine ls motored up to a design speed of 6000 RPM using a 150 kW SCR power supply, and then, upon disconnecting the supply and connecting a load (short circuit), current pulses of up to 13 kA with a rise time of 25 ms are generated. The peak current and pulse decay time are limited by the armature circuit resistance, RA. This in tum depends primarily on the amount of rotor surface covered by the brushes which, in the ca1e of this machine, ls only 1% leading to a relatively high RA of 4 x 10-4 n. In addition, we observe that up to 80% of the stored energy ls delivered to the load. Motoring efficiencies are considerably less due to friction of the brushes and loading of the thrust bearing. In this connection we are testing an electromagnetic thrust bearing that is based on the principle of restoring the rotor to a position of magnetic equilibrium by differentially exciting field coils on each side of the central plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. This process involves a photoelectronic device to sense the position of the rotor in order to control the field supplies. Based on results from our small model, we are in the process of constructing a 5 MJ single rotor machine capable of generating 100 kA at 5500 RPM and 45 volts. This model will have substantially higher motoring efficiency and lower armature circuit resistance. Design features of this machine are discussed.
Axial-Stereo 3D Optical Metrology of Internally Machined Parts Using High-Quality Imaging from a Scanning Laser Endoscope (2014)

As the rapid progress in the development of optoelectronic components and computational power, 3D optical metrology becomes more and more popular in manufacturing and quality control due to its flexibility and high speed. However, most of the optical metrology methods are limited to external surface. This paper proposed a new approach to measure tiny internal 3D surfaces with a scanning fiber endoscope and axial-stereo vision algorithm. A dense, accurate point cloud of internally machined threads was generated to compare with its corresponding X-ray 3D data as ground truth, and the quantification was analyzed by iterative closest points (ICP) algorithm.
Aliphatic analogues of nucleotides: synthesis and affinity towards nucleases (1974)

DL-1-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)thymine was prepared by Hilbert-Johnson reaction of 2,4-dinethoxy-5-methylpyrimidine with allyl bromide followed by the osmium tetroxide catalyzed hydroxylation of the l-allyl-4-methoxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-one obtained as an intermediate. The D-glycero enantiomer, R-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)thymine and the corresponding 1-substituted uracil derivative were prepared from 3-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-1, 2-O-isopropylidene-D-glycerine and sodium salt of 4-methoxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-one or 4-methoxypyrimidin-2-one followed by treatment with hydrogen chloride in ethanol. The phosphorylation of the above 2,3-dihydroxypropyl derivatives with phosphoryl chloride in triethyl phosphate afforded the corresponding 3-phosphates which were transformed into the 2',3'-cyclic phosphates by the condensation with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The latter compounds of the D-glycero configuration are split by some microbial RNases to the 3-phosphates.
Regulation of the Interferon System: Evidence that Vero Cells have a Genetic Defect in Interferon Production (1979)

A clone of Vero cells was isolated and shown to be totally unable to synthesize interferon and insensitive to the toxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) treatment. Cells of this clone and mouse L cells were fused by treatment with polyethylene glycol or Sendai virus. Hybrid cell clones were isolated following selection in medium containing hypoxanthine, thymidine and ouabain. The hybrids were sensitive to the antiviral effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) and synthesized mouse, but not primate, interferon. It is proposed that in Vero cells, the gene for interferon synthesis is defective or absent.
Vibrational Analysis of the Absorption System of Sulphur Dioxide at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:math> (1941)

Photographs of the bands of sulphur dioxide in the region of $\ensuremath{\lambda}3400\ensuremath{-}2600$ have been taken under low, medium and high dispersion, both at room temperature and at 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; the pressure of the absorbing gas was varied from 0.3 mm to 480 mm. Thirty bands can be represented by the formula $\ensuremath{\nu}=29622+770{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}+320{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}+813{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}6{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}2}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}2.5{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}2}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}20{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}25{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}15{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3},$ where ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}$, ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}$, ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3}$, are the quantum numbers of the symmetrical valence, the deformation and the antisymmetrical vibrations respectively. The three fundamental frequencies for infinitesimal vibrations in the upper electronic state are ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}=794$, ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}=345$ and ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{3}=833$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In addition, twelve bands have been identified that correspond to transitions from excited vibrational levels in the normal state. The relatively long ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{1}$ and ${{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}}_{2}$ progressions indicate that both the bond distance and the angle have changed considerably in the transition to the excited electronic state. The vibrationless transition at 29622 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is weak, as one would have expected from considerations of the Franck-Condon principle. Substituting the three fundamental frequencies in the formula based on a valence force model, one obtains a value of 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the apex angle in the excited state, as compared with 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the normal state. The absence of any regularity in the rotational structure supports the resulting conclusion that the molecule in its upper state has become a more asymmetrical top.
<i>In situ</i>TEM evaluation of the growth kinetics of Au particles on highly oriented pyrolithic graphite at elevated temperatures (2000)

Gold particles were vapor deposited onto thin substrates of highly oriented graphite at temperatures from 250 to 350 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C inside a transmission electron microscope. The growth kinetics of individual particles were recorded in real time. Mostly well faceted, flat crystallites grew in epitaxial orientation with (111) faces on top. On substrate areas with low-defect density, particle numbers were in the range of some ${10}^{9}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2},$ independent of temperature. In highly defective areas, densities were up to ${10}^{11}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$ Condensation coefficients were measured in both areas by quantitative x-ray analysis as below 0.01, and around 0.1, respectively, during the early stages of growth. Particle shapes mostly stayed constant during growth, while the projected areas were found to increase in proportion to deposition time. Capture rates of adatoms were determined quantitatively, and compared with calculations on the basis of a diffusion model, leading to a mean adatom diffusion length before desorption of $5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4\mathrm{nm}$ on defect free highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at 350 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This value corresponds to a difference of the atomic energies of adsorption and diffusion ${(E}_{a}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{d})=0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\mathrm{eV}.$
Menaquinone biosynthesis potentiates haem toxicity in <i><scp>S</scp>taphylococcus aureus</i> (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that infects multiple anatomical sites leading to a diverse array of diseases. Although vertebrates can restrict the growth of invading pathogens by sequestering iron within haem, S. aureus surmounts this challenge by employing high-affinity haem uptake systems. However, the presence of excess haem is highly toxic, necessitating tight regulation of haem levels. To overcome haem stress, S. aureus expresses the detoxification system HrtAB. In this work, a transposon screen was performed in the background of a haem-susceptible, HrtAB-deficient S. aureus strain to identify the substrate transported by this putative pump and the source of haem toxicity. While a recent report indicates that HrtAB exports haem itself, the haem-resistant mutants uncovered by the transposon selection enabled us to elucidate the cellular factors contributing to haem toxicity. All mutants identified in this screen inactivated the menaquinone (MK) biosynthesis pathway. Deletion of the final steps of this pathway revealed that quinone molecules localizing to the cell membrane potentiate haem-associated superoxide production and subsequent oxidative damage. These data suggest a model in which membrane-associated haem and quinone molecules form a redox cycle that continuously generates semiquinones and reduced haem, both of which react with atmospheric oxygen to produce superoxide.
Chronotherapy: Resetting the Circadian Clocks of Patients with Delayed Sleep Phase Insomnia (1981)

We report here the development of a brief drug-free rescheduling treatment ("chronotherapy") for Delayed Sleep Phase (DSP) insomnia, a syndrome characterized by sleep-onset insomnia with difficulty in morning awakening. We postulated that patients with DSP insomnia had an inadequate capacity to achieve phase advance shifts of the circadian pacemaker which times the sleep-wake cycle. Chronotherapy was therefore designed to reset these patients' biological clocks by the phase delay route. This single 5-6 day treatment was tested in 5 patients with a 4-15 year history of DSP insomnia. All 5 patients reported a lasting resolution of their symptoms substantiated by systematic long-term self-reports and objective polygraphic recording before and after treatment (average follow-up of 260 days; range, 42-910 days). The average sleep onset advanced from 4:50 a.m. before treatment to 12:20 a.m. afterwards, and wake times advanced from 1:00 p.m. to 755 a.m. (for both, p less than 0.001), with no reduction in sleep efficiency. As a result, all 5 patients were able to end their chronic dependence on hypnotic medications.
Molecular interaction analysis in ligand design using mass transport, kinetic and thermodynamic methods (1996)

Ligand design in biotechnology is underpinned by the control of molecular affinity. Hence, measuring binding interactions is a key component in designing ligands for such uses as therapeutics, diagnostics, biomaterials and separation science. Mass transport, kinetic and thermodynamic methods have been used for macromolecular interaction analysis but also have potential applicability as direct methods for measuring small molecular interactions. They can enhance the ligand design process by providing the ability to choose ligands based on both their kinetic and thermodynamic binding properties.
Spinal arachnoid cysts in the pediatric population: report of 31 cases and a review of the literature (2012)

Spinal arachnoid cysts are rare lesions in the pediatric population. Affected patients present with back pain, weakness, and/or gait instability. In children, SACs predominantly develop in the thoracic region and are more likely to occur intradurally, compared with SACs in the general population. Overall outcomes following surgical fenestration or excision of SACs are excellent, with complete remission or improvement of symptoms achieved in 87% of cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Differentiation of Contiguous Hydroxyl Groups by Regioselective Conversion of Acetonides into tert‐Butyl Hydroxyalkyl Ethers. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Corrosion Resistance of Various Stainless Steels to Sulfuric Acid Solution (1974)

It is well-known that some stainless steels are passive and others are active in dilute sulfuric acid solution. Corrosion behavior, especially passivation, of various stainless steels is investigated in sulfuric acid solution by the measurements of weight loss, corrosion potential and anodic polarization curves at various temperatures and concentrations. From these results, passivation is the most important factor for selecting a suitable stainless steel in sulfuric acid solution. Passivation is influenced by alloying element, temperature and concentration of sulfuric acid. Chromium is the most effective element for enlargement of passivation region. Molybdenum and copper are both effective. On the other hand, chromium increases dissolution rate in active state but molybdenum reduces it. With increase of temperature, passivation is difficult to occur and active dissolution rate becomes high. So temperature control is very important. In sulfuric acid solution, cathodic process is the reduction of hydrogen ions and this process is affected by temperature, concentration of sulfuric acid solution and alloying elements. In some cases, some stainless steels can be passivated by the cathodic hydrogen reduction process. High chromium and molybdenum containing stainless steels are desirable for passivation by the cathodic process. On the other hand, for stainless steels showing active dissolution, the corrosion rate is controlled by the cathodic hydrogen reduction process.
Carboxy‐terminal processing of the large subunit of [NiFe] hydrogenases (1993)

Two electrophoretic forms of the large subunit of the soluble periplasmic [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas have been detected by Western analysis. The faster moving form co-migrates with the large subunit from purified, active enzyme. Amino acid sequence and composition of the C-terminal tryptic peptide of the large subunit from purified hydrogenase revealed that it is 15 amino acids shorter than that predicted by the nucleotide sequence. Processing of the nascent large subunit occurs by C-terminal cleavage between His536 and Val537, residues which are highly conserved among [NiFe] hydrogenases. Mutagenesis of the analogous residues, His582 and Val583, in the E. coli hydrogenase-1 (HYD1) large subunit resulted in significant decrease in processing and HYD1 activity.
<title>Fast computation of thresholding hysteresis for edge detection</title> (2006)

The fast implementation of thresholding hysteresis for edge detection is presented. Hysteresis, the optional final part of edge detection algorithms, aims at finding these parts of real edges, which were not detected, because their strength is depreciated by the noise in image. Hysteresis can be effectively computing using connected components analysis from graph theory. Using algorithm presented in [2] called in this paper as UNION-FIND the computation of hysteresis can be done with referring to the gradient information only in two image passes.
X-ray powder diffraction data for a new nickel zinc chromate, (NH <sub>4</sub> OH) <sub>3/2</sub> NiZn <sub>2</sub> Cr <sub>2</sub> O <sub>9</sub> ⋅2H <sub>2</sub> O (2010)

A new nickel zinc chromate with the composition of (NH 4 OH) 3/2 NiZn 2 Cr 2 O 9 ⋅2H 2 O was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The compound was characterized by XRD, TGA, and XRF. X-ray powder diffraction data show that the crystal system of the title compound is hexagonal with space group R -3 m , z =3, and unit-cell parameters: a =5.9794 and c =21.4875 Å.
Gene expression of helicase antigen in patients with acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. (2011)

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression status of the helicase antigen (HAGE) transcript and its clinical significance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The expression of HAGE cDNA in bone marrow mononuclear cells from AML and CML patients was detected by using real-time quantitative PCR. The results indicated that overexpression of HAGE transcript (117.12% - 9842.70%, median 434.96%) was detected in 14.8% (11/74) AML patients. AML patients with HAGE cDNA expression were significantly older than those HAGE-negative patients (median 67 and 45 years, respectively, p = 0.001). HAGE cDNA expression was more frequently present among the patients with acute monoblastic leukemia (M(4) and M(5), 7 of 20, 35.0%), compared to the patients with acute non-monoblastic leukemia (M(1), M(2), M(3) and M(6), 4 of 54, 7.4%) (p = 0.007). 28.6% (8/28) cases with normal karyotypes showed HAGE cDNA overexpression, significantly higher than 7.5% (3 of 40) in those with chromosomal abnormalities (p = 0.041). Overexpression of HAGE transcript was found in 9 (34.6%) CML cases and more frequently observed at accelerated phase and blast crisis (4/4, 100%) than that at chronic phase (5/22, 22.7%) (p = 0.008). It is concluded that HAGE cDNA expression is relevant to specific subtypes of AML and to the progression of CML.
Recent Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Migraine (1993)

Migraine is a disorder that afflicts more than 23 million individuals in the United States alone. The disorder is characterized by paroxysmally recurring attacks, which are moderately to severely disabling. The migraine attack is typified by a severe, usually unilateral headache, which is pulsatile in quality, and by one or more concomitant symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and/or phonophobia. Because of its debilitating nature, migraine causes significant morbidity among sufferers, including lost time from work or school, and inability to perform other normal daily activities during attacks. The precise pathogenesis of migraine remains to be elucidated. However, the attack may be initiated and perpetuated by both neural and vascular mechanisms. The trigeminovascular system appears to be particularly involved. Treatment of migraine consists of avoidance of trigger factors, acute or abortive pharmacotherapy, and prophylactic pharmacotherapy. A plethora of endogenous and exogenous migraine triggers have been identified, some of which can be avoided or controlled in order to reduce attack frequency. The ergots represent the accepted standard for the treatment of the acute attack, though significant toxicity and the potential for rebound headache with overuse limit the usefulness of these agents. Simple and combination analgesics are also limited by their inherent propensity to cause a rebound phenomenon when overused. Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist that is now available for abortive treatment of migraine. It has been shown to be highly effective in treating the acute attack. Beta-blocking drugs are the agents of choice for migraine prophylaxis, though anti-depressant compounds, calcium channel antagonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyproheptadine, and methysergide are also used. Non-pharmacological therapy may be tried, but is rarely effective by itself.
Two Loci Controlling Genetic Cellular Resistance to Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses (1967)

Female chickens known to be heterozygous for resistance to subgroups A and B of the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses were mated to males known to be homozygously resistant to both. The progeny were assayed both on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and in tissue culture for resistance to representative viruses of the A, B, and tentatively defined C subgroups. Segregation ratios of resistance to A and B subgroup viruses agreed with the previously suggested hypothesis of single-autosomal-recessive genes controlling resistance to each subgroup. Mixed infection on the CAM and replicate plate infection in tissue culture with subgroup A and B viruses showed that resistance to the A and B subgroups was inherited independently. Assays with viruses tentatively classified as subgroup C indicated that they were largely composed of a mixture of subgroup A and B viruses or of particles possessing the host range specificity of both. However, virus stocks of the subgroup C category, as well as some stocks classified as subgroup B, produced small numbers of pocks or foci on individuals known to be resistant to subgroup A and B viruses. It is suggested that these Rous sarcoma virus stocks carry between 1 and 10% of a true subgroup C virus.
Selection of antibody repertoires by anti-idiotypes can occur at multiple steps of B cell differentiation. (1988)

These experiments were designed to evaluate whether alterations in Id expression after anti-Id treatments result from direct modulation of Id-producing B cells, and whether idiotypic selection operates in bone marrow or spleen B cells. By using the NPb Id model, we have studied the functional behavior of isolated LPS-reactive B cells transferred from B6 mice into histocompatible LPS-NR B10.Cr hosts and primed with LPS conjugates of anti-Id antibodies. We have found that previous anti-idiotypic manipulation of host mice by neonatal administration of suppressive doses of Ac 38 antibodies, or adult injection of enhancing doses of Ac 146 antibodies, modulated the T cell-independent Id response of either immature bone marrow or mature splenic responding cells, transferred from normal, untreated donors. These results are interpreted to suggest that selection of antibody repertoires by anti-Id may occur at multiple steps of B cell differentiation.
Competitive Control of Independent Programs of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Induced Cell Death by TRADD and RIP1 (2006)

Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) can initiate several cellular responses, including apoptosis, which relies on caspases, necrotic cell death, which depends on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), and NF-kappaB activation, which induces survival and inflammatory responses. The TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD) protein has been suggested to be a crucial signal adaptor that mediates all intracellular responses from TNFR1. However, cells with a genetic deficiency of TRADD are unavailable, precluding analysis with mature immune cell types. We circumvented this problem by silencing TRADD expression with small interfering RNA. We found that TRADD is required for TNFR1 to induce NF-kappaB activation and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis but is dispensable for TNFR1-initiated, RIP1-dependent necrosis. Our data also show that TRADD and RIP1 compete for recruitment to the TNFR1 signaling complex and the distinct programs of cell death. Thus, TNFR1-initiated intracellular signals diverge at a very proximal level by the independent association of two death domain-containing proteins, RIP1 and TRADD. These single transducers determine cell fate by triggering NF-kappaB activation, apoptosis, and nonapoptotic death signals through separate and competing signaling pathways.