gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ALGEBRAIC CORRECTION FOR METAL ARTIFACT REDUCTION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (2014)

If there are metals located in the X-ray scanned object, a point outside the metals has its range of projection angle at which projections passing through the point are disturbed by the metals. Roughly speaking, this implies that attenuation information at the point is missing in the blocked projection range. So conventional projection completion MAR algorithms to use the undisturbed projection data on the boundary of the metaltrace is less efficient in reconstructing the attenuation coefficient in detailed parts, in particular, near the metal region. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the algebraic correction technique (ACT) to utilize a pre-reconstructed interim image of the attenuation coefficient outside the metal region which is obtained by solving a linear system designed to reduce computational costs. The reconstructed interim image of the attenuation coefficient is used as prior information for MAR. Numerical simulations support that the proposed correction technique shows better performance than conventional inpainting techniques such as the total variation and the harmonic inpainting.
Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Ni Films on GaAs (001) (2002)

Polycrystalline thin Ni films deposited onto GaAs (001) show a transition of the magnetic anisotropy depending on its thickness. The anisotropy is perpendicular to the film plane for the thicknesses of the film equal to or less than 12 nm. This becomes in-plane in the films having thicknesses equal to or higher than 15 nm. The films are deposited onto the n-type GaAs (001) substrate by the electron beam evaporation in ultra high vacuum (UHV) in the standard molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. The experimental results are reviewed by introducing a uniaxial anisotropy, which is calculated from the easy-axis and hard-axis magnetization obtained by the superconducting interference device (SQUID) at various temperatures.
Arithmetic built-in self test for high-level synthesis (2002)

In this paper, we propose an entirely new Built-in Self Test scheme for high-level synthesis of data path architectures that makes use of the arithmetic blocks in the data path to generate test vectors and compact test responses. The paper employs state coverage to evaluate testability in an abstract level, and subsequently, use it to guide the synthesis of testable circuits.
Fundamental limits of caching (2013)

Caching is a technique to reduce peak traffic rates by prefetching popular content in memories at the end users. This paper proposes a novel caching approach that can achieve a significantly larger reduction in peak rate compared to previously known caching schemes. In particular, the improvement can be on the order of the number of end users in the network. Conventionally, cache memories are exploited by delivering requested contents in part locally rather than through the network. The gain offered by this approach, which we term local caching gain, depends on the local cache size (i.e., the cache available at each individual user). In this paper, we introduce and exploit a second, global, caching gain, which is not utilized by conventional caching schemes. This gain depends on the aggregate global cache size (i.e., the cumulative cache available at all users), even though there is no cooperation among the caches. To evaluate and isolate these two gains, we introduce a new, information-theoretic formulation of the caching problem focusing on its basic structure. For this setting, the proposed scheme exploits both local and global caching gains, leading to a multiplicative improvement in the peak rate compared to previously known schemes. Moreover, we argue that the performance of the proposed scheme is within a constant factor from the information-theoretic optimum for all values of the problem parameters.
Linezolid - a review of the first oxazolidinone (2001)

Linezolid is the first of a truly new class of antibiotics, the oxazolidinones. It acts as an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the formation of the 70S ribosomal initiation complex. Its activity is bacteriostatic against some species (e.g., enterococci) and bactericidal against others (e.g., pneumococci). The antibacterial spectrum of linezolid includes Gram-positive pathogens and some Gram-negative anaerobic species but not Gram-negative aerobes. Importantly, multi-drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are fully susceptible to linezolid. Linezolid has almost 100% bioavailability and the area under the plasma concentration curve is identical after oral and iv. administration. This enables initial oral administration of linezolid in those patients who can absorb the drug normally and also an early step-down therapy from iv. to oral. Controlled, randomised clinical studies have documented efficacy and safety of linezolid in hospital- and community-acquired pneumonia, uncomplicated and complicated skin and soft tissue infections and infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The safety and tolerability of linezolid are advantageous. Linezolid is a weak and reversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor and although no increased frequency of adrenergic or serotonergic adverse events has been reported, it is recommended that linezolid is used with caution in patients treated with other MAO inhibitors.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics during Treatment with the Omeprazole 20 mg Enteric‐Coated Tablet and 20 mg Capsule in Asymptomatic Duodenal Ulcer Patients (1997)

This study compared the 24 h intragastric pH profile and bioavailability at repeated dosing conditions of the omeprazole 20 mg enteric-coated tablet versus the 20 mg capsule. Forty duodenal ulcer patients in asymptomatic remission completed this randomized open two-way crossover study. Omeprazole 20 mg tablets or capsules were administered for seven days in each period. A 24 h pH recording was performed before the start of treatment and on day 7 of each treatment period. Plasma concentrations of omeprazole were determined 24 h after the dose. The treatment periods were separated by two to four weeks. The difference in percentage of time with pH of at least 3 was less than 16% in favour of the tablet (not significant). The estimated mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve as well as the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for omeprazole were 18% and 41% higher, respectively, for the tablet versus the capsule, with the latter percentage being statistically significant. The time to reach Cmax (tmax) with the tablet was, on average, about 0.5 h longer than to reach the tmax of the capsule. This study indicates that the enteric-coated tablet formulation of omeprazole is biodynamically equivalent to the capsule regarding their effects on intragastric pH during repeated dosing.
The adipokine adiponectin has potent anti-fibrotic effects mediated via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase: novel target for fibrosis therapy (2012)

These findings reveal a novel link between cellular energy metabolism and extracellular matrix homeostasis converging on AMP kinase. Since the levels of adiponectin as well as its receptor are impaired in scleroderma patients with progressive fibrosis, the present results suggest a potential role for defective adiponectin expression or function in progressive fibrogenesis in scleroderma and other chronic fibrosing conditions. Restoring the adiponectin signaling axis in fibroblasts might, therefore, represent a novel pharmacological approach to controlling fibrosis.
G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Insulin Secretion: 119 and Counting (2007)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasingly prevalent disease throughout the world, with dramatic consequences in terms of individual well-being, public health, and economy. It is due to a combination of defective insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell and impaired sensitivity of the peripheral tissues to insulin. Because of the key role of β-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, the pharmaceutical industry has devoted major efforts in recent years towards developing drugs that can enhance insulin secretion and preserve β-cell function. Such efforts have been somewhat hampered by our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of insulin secretion. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is controlled by a “triggering” pathway, which involves glucose metabolism, membrane depolarization, and insulin exocytosis, as well as an “amplifying” pathway, which potentiates the former (1) (Figure 1). Whereas the nature of the amplifying signals is still debated, ample evidence implies a role for lipid-derived signaling molecules in this process (2). A number of nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters can influence GSIS, and most of these act through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Whereas the majority of GPCRs initially identified in the β-cell inhibit insulin secretion (3), the last few years have seen a multitude of papers ascribing stimulatory functions to newly discovered GPCRs (Figure 1). The number of β-cell GPCRs involved in the control of insulin secretion has increased steadily and to date, there are 6–7 different known G-protein-coupled mechanisms. Except for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which are polypeptides and whose receptors are Class-B GPCRs (4), almost all of the other insulin secretagogue GPCR ligands are lipidic in nature and their cognate receptors belong to the Class-A GPCRs. These include free-fatty acids (FFA) (GPR40) (5–7), 2-arachidonylglycerol / anandamide (CB1/2R) (8), and acetylcholine (M3-muscarinic receptor) (9). In this issue, Chu et al. (10) further demonstrate that the oleoylethanolamide (OEA) / lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-activated GPR119 is involved in GSIS (10).



Figure 1

GPCR-mediated amplification of insulin secretion
Further Evidence of the Effect of Valence and Chemical Combination on the K Limit of Sulphur (1926)

A number of spectrograms have been obtained showing the K absorption limit of sulphur. The absorption was due to sulphur in the gypsum (Ca SO4. 2H2O) crystal used in the analysis of the M series absorption spectra of the platinum group.
Low activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in blood of lung cancer patients with smoking history: relationship to oxidative stress. (2011)

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer death in the world. Although it is well established that tobacco smoke causes lung cancer, not all smokers develop lung cancer. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a major determinant of antioxidants in matrix mitochondria, plays a pivotal role in eliminating anion superoxide free radical generated from the tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to analyze the enzyme activity of MnSOD in blood of lung cancer patients with a smoking history in relationship to oxidative stress. Samples were taken from leukocyte cells of 20 lung cancer patients in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta. Control groups included 50 healthy smokers and 50 non smokers, all aged over 40 years. The MnSOD activity determined biochemically based on the inhibition of xanthin oxidase, of lung cancer patients was lower than the control group's (p<0.001). Plasma MDA levels, determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), were not significantly different (p=0.479), whereas plasma carbonyl levels were elevated (p=0.003). Free radical production in lung cancer patients thus appeared high. Smoker controls also tended to exhibit lower MnSOD and higher carbonyl radicals than their non-smoking counterparts. Continue cigarette smoke exposure may increase production of ROS and bring about a reduction of MnSOD, which could play a role in lung cancer development.
Peptide-Mediated Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase–Activated Protein Kinase–2 Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis (2013)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAPK2, or MK2), a serine/threonine kinase downstream of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, has been implicated in inflammation and fibrosis. Compared with pathologically normal lung tissue, significantly higher concentrations of activated MK2 are evident in lung biopsies of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Expression is localized to fibroblasts and epithelial cells. In the murine bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, we observed robust, activated MK2 expression on Day 7 (prefibrotic stage) and Day 14 (postfibrotic stage). To determine the effects of MK2 inhibition during the postinflammatory/prefibrotic and postfibrotic stages, C57BL/6 mice received intratracheal bleomycin instillation (0.025 U; Day 0), followed by PBS or the MK2 inhibitor (MK2i; 37.5 μg/kg), administered via either local (nebulized) or systemic (intraperitoneal) routes. MK2i or PBS was dosed daily for 14 days subsequent to bleomycin injury, beginning on either Day 7 or Day 14. Regardless of mode of administration or stage of intervention, MK2i significantly abrogated collagen deposition, myofibroblast differentiation and activated MK2 expression. MK2i also decreased circulating TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations, and modulated the local mRNA expression of profibrotic cytokine il-1β, matrix-related genes col1a2, col3a1, and lox, and transforming growth factor-β family members, including smad3, serpine1 (pai1), and smad6/7. In vitro, MK2i dose-dependently attenuated total MK2, myofibroblast differentiation, the secretion of collagen Type I, fibronectin, and the activation of focal adhesion kinase, whereas activated MK2 was attenuated at optimal doses. The peptide-mediated inhibition of MK2 affects both inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and thus may offer a promising therapeutic target for IPF.
Ultrahigh-Resolution Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography of Dynamic Tear Film Changes on Contact Lenses (2010)

Purpose. To determine the dynamic pre- and postlens tear film (PLTF and PoLTF) thicknesses by using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT was used to image the tear film of 22 subjects before and after contact lens wear. A soft lens with 1 drop of artificial tears on its concave surface was inserted onto one randomly selected eye. OCT images were taken before insertion, immediately afterward, and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes. For the contralateral eye, the lens inserted was not prewetted on the concave surface. OCT images were taken before insertion, immediately afterward, and at 3 minutes. Then another drop was instilled, and images were taken immediately afterward and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes. Images were processed by custom software to yield tear film thickness. Results. The thickness of precorneal tear film (PCTF) was 1.9 +/- 0.9 mum. The PoLTF was visualized clearly in all cases immediately after lens insertion, with 1 drop on the lens concave surface. Through the first 6 minutes after insertion, the PoLTF was greater than the PCTF. The PLTF (n = 12) and PoLTF (n = 9) were visualized immediately after lens insertion. After 3 minutes, the PLTF in most subjects and PoLTF in all subjects were invisible. The thickness of the PLTF increased after the instillation of artificial tears, whereas the PoLTF did not at any checkpoint for 10 minutes. Conclusions. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT is a promising tool for measuring the tear film. The PoLTF did not increase after instillation of artificial tears.
New synthetic reactions. Catalytic vs. stoichiometric allylic alkylation. Stereocontrolled approach to steroid side chain (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew synthetic reactions. Catalytic vs. stoichiometric allylic alkylation. Stereocontrolled approach to steroid side chainBarry M. Trost and Thomas R. VerhoevenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2, 630–632Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00418a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00418a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views631Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnarail probing catheter: new tool for balloon recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions. (1992)

The Magnarail probing catheter (Schneider Europe), a new tool for angioplasty of chronic total coronary occlusions, consists of a 135 cm/3.4 French single lumen shaft with the distal 17 cm (4.5 French) featuring a double lumen (Monorail section). The long lumen serves for contrast medium injection and pressure measurements. The short lumen accepts the guide wire and braces it to cross the occlusion. Once the lesion passed, the Magnarail probing catheter quickly can be exchanged for a balloon catheter. In case of failure to pass with the guide wire, no balloon is wasted.
Calcium channel blockers as potential therapeutics for obesity-associated autophagy defects and fatty liver pathologies (2014)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), typically associated with overnutrition and obesity, is one of the most common liver diseases both in the US and worldwide. During obesity and NAFLD, lipotoxic injuries to hepatocytes can provoke formation of protein inclusions consisting of SQSTM1/p62 and ubiquitinated proteins. It has been suggested that autophagy deregulation during obesity contributes to protein inclusion formation and progression of other liver pathologies including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. To examine how lipotoxicity and obesity affect autophagy, we established an in vitro system where cultured HepG2 cells exhibit prominent accumulation of SQSTM1 and ubiquitinated proteins in insoluble inclusion bodies upon treatment with saturated fatty acids. Using this system and a mouse model of obesity, we have determined that obesity induces chronic elevation of cytosolic calcium levels in hepatocytes, which interferes with the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Intriguingly, pharmacological inhibition of calcium channels using the FDA-approved drug verapamil successfully restores autophagic flux and suppresses protein inclusions, not only in HepG2 cells but also in mouse liver. Verapamil also reduces hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, insulin resistance and steatohepatitis, suggesting that calcium channel blockers can be used for correction of general NAFLD pathologies. Indeed, there have been a number of clinical observations in which beneficial effects of calcium channel blockers against obesity-associated metabolic pathologies are observed in humans and animal models.
Artificial non-peptide single ion channels (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTArtificial non-peptide single ion channelsY. Kobuke, K. Ueda, and M. SokabeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7618–7622Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00046a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views497Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Regulation of hyaluronan expression during cervical ripening (2004)

In preparation for birth, the uterine cervix undergoes a remarkable transformation from a closed, rigid structure to a distensible, remodeled configuration that stretches to allow passage of a fetus. Cervical ripening requires changes in the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix. These include an increase in the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) prior to parturition. We show that the increase in cervical HA with advancing gestation correlates with the temporal increase in transcription of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) in the mouse. On gestation day 18, 1 day prior to birth, HAS2 transcripts are most abundant and begin to decline after birth. The steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 deficient mouse, which fails to undergo cervical remodeling, has decreased expression of HAS2 mRNA and decreased tissue HA. HAS2 transcripts are expressed by cervical epithelium, and HA is localized to the matrix surrounding the stroma and to a lesser extent around the epithelium. HAS2 expression is suppressed in mice treated with progesterone. The mRNA expression levels of HA metabolizing enzymes hyaluronidase 1 and 2 were unchanged during pregnancy but increased after birth. Thus the net increase in HA content at term correlates with increased transcription of HAS2. Regulation of HA content is conserved in women because HAS2 transcripts are up-regulated in cervices of women in labor as compared to pregnant women not in labor. These results provide insights into the regulation of HA biosynthesis during cervical ripening and underscore the physiological role of HA in this essential process.
Metabolism of Separated Leaf Cells (1971)

Suspensions of mesophyll cells, prepared from tobacco leaves by treatment with pectinase, fixed CO(2) by photosynthesis. The products of carbon assimilation were similar for both cells and intact tissue. The cells sustained a constant fixation rate for 20 to 25 hours. For optimal CO(2) fixation, enzymatic maceration of the tissue was accomplished in 0.8 m sorbitol, but photosynthesis was optimal in 0.6 m sorbitol at pH 7 to 7.5. A hypertonic environment during maceration, which results in cell plasmolysis, is essential to maintain intact plasmalemmas and hence photosynthetically active cells. For sustained CO(2) fixation, light intensities below 500 foot-candles were required. Higher light intensities (to 1000 foot-candles) gave high initial rates of CO(2) fixation, but the cells bleached and were inactive on prolonged incubation. At pH 7.0 the bicarbonate concentration at maximal velocity of CO(2) fixation was about 1.5 mm and the apparent Km for bicarbonate was 0.2 mm.