gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the construction of multiphase communication protocols (2002)

The complexity of communication protocols has led to compositional techniques to design and verify protocols. We propose a framework for sequential composition of protocols. We identify two types of interactions, ordering and inhibition, required to specify such compositions. By describing these interactions separately, our framework enhances the applicability to the technique to a larger class of protocols. The technique facilitates modular design and verification. We illustrate the use of our technique by deriving several protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluations of Commercial West Nile Virus Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM Enzyme Immunoassays Show the Value of Continuous Validation (2004)

West Nile virus was introduced into the United States in 1999 and in only four seasons has become endemic east of the Rocky Mountains. Recently, immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture enzyme immunoassays for the detection of West Nile virus-specific IgM and indirect IgG enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG antibodies against West Nile virus were made available from Focus Technologies and PANBIO, Inc. We evaluated these commercial IgG and IgM test systems and determined agreement, sensitivity, and specificity for the assays, compared to immunofluorescence assay and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initially, the Focus and PANBIO IgM enzyme immunoassays had at least 95% agreement, sensitivity, and specificity, and, based on the 95% confidence intervals, both IgM-capture assays performed similarly. The IgG assays also performed well, although the Focus IgG assay demonstrated greater specificity (98.8%) and the PANBIO IgG assay demonstrated greater sensitivity (99.3%). However, for 400 samples consecutively submitted for West Nile virus antibody testing during 2 days of the 2003 West Nile virus season, agreement, clinical sensitivity, and clinical specificity were 93.1, 98.0, and 92.4%, respectively, for the PANBIO IgM assay and were 97.4, 100.0, and 97.1%, respectively, for the Focus IgM assay. The specificities observed in this second evaluation equates to an overall false-positivity rate of 6.3% in the PANBIO West Nile virus IgM-capture ELISA versus 2.5% with the Focus West Nile virus IgM-capture ELISA. This experience demonstrates the importance of continuously evaluating the performance of an assay in order to detect any changes in assay performance as the test population evolves.
Persistent homology of attractors for action recognition (2016)

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for dynamical analysis of human actions from 3D motion capture data using topological data analysis. We model human actions using the topological features of the attractor of the dynamical system. We reconstruct the phase-space of time series corresponding to actions using time-delay embedding, and compute the persistent homology of the phase-space reconstruction. In order to better represent the topological properties of the phase-space, we incorporate the temporal adjacency information when computing the homology groups. The persistence of these homology groups encoded using persistence diagrams are used as features for the actions. Our experiments with action recognition using these features demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other baseline methods.
Draft Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> Strains Reveal Novel Biological Insights (2002)

Draft sequencing is a rapid and efficient method for determining the near-complete sequence of microbial genomes. Here we report a comparative analysis of one complete and two draft genome sequences of the phytopathogenic bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, which causes serious disease in plants, including citrus, almond, and oleander. We present highlights of an in silico analysis based on a comparison of reconstructions of core biological subsystems. Cellular pathway reconstructions have been used to identify a small number of genes, which are likely to reside within the draft genomes but are not captured in the draft assembly. These represented only a small fraction of all genes and were predominantly large and small ribosomal subunit protein components. By using this approach, some of the inherent limitations of draft sequence can be significantly reduced. Despite the incomplete nature of the draft genomes, it is possible to identify several phage-related genes, which appear to be absent from the draft genomes and not the result of insufficient sequence sampling. This region may therefore identify potential host-specific functions. Based on this first functional reconstruction of a phytopathogenic microbe, we spotlight an unusual respiration machinery as a potential target for biological control. We also predicted and developed a new defined growth medium for Xylella.
Silanetriols as Powerful Starting Materials for Selective Condensation to Bulky POSS Cages (2014)

Controlled condensation reactions of tertiary silanetriols CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>) <sub><i>n</i></sub> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CSi(OH)<sub>3</sub> (<b>1b</b>-<b>f</b>; <i>n</i> = 1-5) in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid and the hydrolysis of CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CSiCl<sub>3</sub> (<b>3</b>) lead to the selective formation of the corresponding disiloxane tetrols [CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>) <sub><i>n</i></sub> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CSi(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>O (<b>2b</b>-<b>g</b>; <i>n</i> = 1-6) in good yields. The TBAF-driven condensation reactions of the silanetriols CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>) <sub><i>n</i></sub> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CSi(OH)<sub>3</sub> (<b>1a</b>-<b>c</b>; <i>n</i> = 0-2) as well as of the disiloxane-1,1,3,3-tetrol <b>2d</b> (<i>n</i> = 3) yield in the selective formation of the first T<sub>8</sub> cages bearing tertiary carbon substituents, CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>) <sub><i>n</i></sub> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C (<b>4a</b>-<b>d</b>; <i>n</i> = 0-3), which was not possible via the condensation of their alkoxysilane counterparts so far. The resulting compounds <b>2b</b>-<b>g</b> and <b>4a</b>-<b>d</b> have been characterized by multinuclear NMR, MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
A Conformational Study of 2-Oxanol:  Insight into the Role of Ring Distortion on Enzyme-Catalyzed Glycosidic Bond Cleavage (1997)

Ab initio molecular orbital theory at the G2(MP2,SVP) level has been used to study several conformations, defining part of the pseudorotational itinerary, of equatorial 2-oxanol. Half-chair (3H4) and boat (B1,4) transition states lie 23.7 and 14.3 kJ mol-1 above the chair conformation (1C4), respectively, while the twist-boat conformers (3S1 and 5S1) lie 6.9 and 5.9 kJ mol-1 above the chair, respectively. Protonation of the glycosidic oxygen of the chair conformer yields an oxonium ion in the chair conformation. All other conformations collapse to give an oxocarbonium ion−water complex upon protonation. The axial anomer in the chair conformation lies 12.0 kJ mol-1 lower than the equatorial anomer. Protonation of the axial anomer in the chair conformation does not yield a chair, but collapses to the oxocarbonium ion. A clear role is shown for ring distortion in enzymes which perform acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of equatorial glycosides. In addition to avoiding high-energy oxonium ion intermediates, distortion of the ring also reduces the glycosidic bond-stretch energy which delays the transition state and reduces the reaction barrier. Enzymes which hydrolyze the axial anomer do not require ring distortion to achieve a concerted pathway to the oxocarbonium ion. These results are discussed in relation to three enzymes, lysozyme, neuraminidase, and β-amylase.
Alpha Matte Generation from Single Input for Portrait Matting (2022)

In the portrait matting, the goal is to predict an alpha matte that identifies the effect of each pixel on the foreground subject. Traditional approaches and most of the existing works utilized an additional input, e.g., trimap, background image, to predict alpha matte. However, (1) providing additional input is not always practical, and (2) models are too sensitive to these additional inputs. To address these points, in this paper, we introduce an additional input-free approach to perform portrait matting. We divide the task into two subtasks, segmentation and alpha matte prediction. We first generate a coarse segmentation map from the input image and then predict the alpha matte by utilizing the image and segmentation map. Besides, we present a segmentation encoding block to downsample the coarse segmentation map and provide useful feature representation to the residual block, since using a single encoder causes the vanishing of the segmentation information. We tested our model on four different benchmark datasets. The proposed method outperformed the MODNet and MGMatting methods that also take a single input. Besides, we obtained comparable results with BGM-V2 and FBA methods that require additional input.
Towards Parallel Spatial Query Processing for Big Spatial Data (2012)

In recent years, spatial applications have become more and more important in both scientific research and industry. Spatial query processing is the fundamental functioning component to support spatial applications. However, the state-of-the-art techniques of spatial query processing are facing significant challenges as the data expand and user accesses increase. In this paper we propose and implement a novel scheme (named VegaGiStore) to provide efficient spatial query processing over big spatial data and numerous concurrent user queries. Firstly, a geography-aware approach is proposed to organize spatial data in terms of geographic proximity, and this approach can achieve high aggregate I/O throughput. Secondly, in order to improve data retrieval efficiency, we design a two-tier distributed spatial index for efficient pruning of the search space. Thirdly, we propose an "indexing + MapReduce'' data processing architecture to improve the computation capability of spatial query. Performance evaluations of the real-deployed VegaGiStore system confirm its effectiveness.
Determinants of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Growth (2007)

Our exploratory analyses confirm that treatment with rFVIIa limits ICH growth in subjects with spontaneous ICH who met the criteria for this study. Most hematoma growth occurs early after onset of ICH. Larger hematomas on the baseline CT were associated with increased absolute ICH growth. The relationship of other factors to hemorrhage growth warrants further study.
Weighted energy detection of ultra-wideband signals (2005)

Non-coherent energy detectors are motivated for ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radios with simple circuitry. A major performance-degrading factor in energy detection is the noise floor, which is aggravated in low-duty-cycle UWB signals with a large bandwidth-time product. We develop weighted energy detection techniques for effective noise suppression. The received signal is processed by a set of parallel integrators, each corresponding to a different integration time window within a symbol period. The outputs of these integrators are weighted and linearly combined to generate decision statistics for signal detection and data demodulation. Signal segments with larger noise contributions are given smaller weights, thus improving the receive SNR. The decision thresholds and weighting coefficients are derived analytically to optimize the detection performance.
Co-ordination chemistry of lacunary Lindqvist-type polyoxometalates: cubic vs. square-antiprismatic co-ordination (1999)

In methanol, the sodium complex of the monovacant Lindqvist-type nitrosyl polyoxomethoxomolybdate [Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)]3– reacted with a number of divalent or trivalent cations, including Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ce3+, Eu3+ and Bi3+, to yield 2∶1 complexes of the type [X{Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)}2]n– which have been isolated as tetrabutylammonium salts. The crystal and molecular structures of [NBu4]3[Bi{Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)}2]·3MeOH, [NBu4]3[Ce{Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)}2]·3MeOH and [NBu4]4[Ba{Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)}2] have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In these three compounds and most probably in all other members of the series, the tetradentate inorganic porphyrin-like [Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)]3– anions provide an eight-co-ordination environment for the central cation. However, there are striking differences between the complexes. Indeed while the environment is square antiprismatic in the isomorphous compounds of Bi and Ce, it is square prismatic in that of Ba. Infrared spectroscopy also provides evidence for a square prismatic environment in the complexes of Ca2+ and Sr2+. The related [W4O13(OMe)4{Mo(NO)}]3– species has been obtained by controlled degradation of [W5O18{Mo(NO)}]3– in MeOH and isolated as [NBu4]2[{Na(MeOH)}W4O13(OMe)4{Mo(NO)}]. Its bismuth(III) complex has been prepared and characterized. The molecular structure of [Bi{W4O13(OMe)4Mo(NO)}2]3– is quite similar to that of [Bi{Mo5O13(OMe)4(NO)}2]3–.
Resonant cavity enhanced HgCdTe detectors (2005)

Resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) HgCdTe structures are investigated for use in multi- and hyper-spectral mid-wavelength infrared detectors. RCE performance is shown in the responsivity of fabricated devices, with performance limited by surface recombination.
A new PWM controller with one-cycle response (1999)

This paper proposes a new nonlinear control technique that has one-cycle response, does not need a resetable integrator in the control path, and has nearly constant switching frequency. It obtains one-cycle response by forcing the error between the switched variable and the control reference to zero each cycle, while the on and off pulses of the controller are adjusted each cycle to ensure near constant switching frequency. The small switching frequency variation due to changes in the reference signal and supply voltage and delays in the circuit are quantified. Using double-edge modulation, the switching frequency variation is further reduced, thus, the associated signal distortion is minimized. An experimental 0-20 kHz bandwidth 95 W RMS power audio amplifier using the control method demonstrates the applicability of this control technique for high-fidelity audio applications. The amplifier has a power supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of 63 dB at 120 Hz. Additionally, the total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) is less than 0.07% measured with a power supply ripple of 15%.
Unilamellar Nanosheet of Layered Manganese Cobalt Nickel Oxide and Its Heterolayered Film with Polycations (2010)

The exfoliation of layered Li[Mn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3]O2 into individual monolayers could be achieved through the intercalation of quaternary tetramethylammonium (TMA+) ions into protonated metal oxide. An effective exfoliation occurred when the TMA+/H+ ratio was 0.5−50. Reactions outside this range produced no colloidal suspension, but all the manganese cobalt nickel oxides precipitated. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy clearly demonstrated that exfoliated manganese cobalt nickel oxide nanosheets have a nanometer-level thickness, underscoring the formation of unilamellar nanosheets. The maintenance of the hexagonal atomic arrangement of the manganese cobalt nickel oxide layer upon the exfoliation was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction analysis. According to diffuse reflectance ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, the exfoliated manganese cobalt nickel oxides displayed distinct absorption peaks at ∼354 and ∼480 nm corresponding to the d−d transitions of octahedral metal ions, which contrasted with the featureless spectrum of the pristine metal oxide. In the light of zeta potential data showing the negative surface charge of manganese cobalt nickel oxide nanosheets, a heterolayered film of manganese cobalt nickel oxide and conductive polymers could be prepared through the successive coating process with colloidal suspension and polycations. The UV−vis and X-ray diffraction studies verified the layer-by-layer ordered structure of the obtained heterolayered film, respectively.
Methods of mortality (incidence) rates interpretation assessment in small populations. (2001)

Findings and procedures include in this article have been realized at Regional Public Health Office in Hradec Králové (Czech Republic) within the period from August 1999 to February 2000. The model sample used in this article dealed only with events of neoplasms incidence in men's population in the region of Eastern Bohemia within the period from 1986 to 1997. The original experimental part concerned to the use of procedures for demographical data standardization for target group of "small populations" including of their selection and spatial distribution. As the result of it, there are topical maps of spatial distribution of incidence (event. mortality) of selected diagnoses according to sex with target area units delimitated by methods of regional geography with around 120 km2 and total average number about 10000 inhabitants. Thanks to using of cluster analysis these maps include inside aggregated information about standardized ratio value, expression of its reliability rate. The original system has been tested thanks to software application and methodical procedures developed by author of this article in the connection with progressive information technology of geographical information system GIS SPANS which all allow quite easily to carry out the detection of another diagnoses spatial distribution within selected resolution and provided data. Mentioned above conclusions may be suggested as a basic descriptive method for the health risk assessment. Another analytical procedures can follow this original method in next phases. The method has brought essentially new view of the disease spatial distribution which has not been used in the Czech Republic in such a range and detail yet. There are being uncovered great possibilities that could in the end contribute to discovering of causal connections - mainly diseases with unfavourable development in time series. At the same time the introductory premise about spatial distribution of events to "skip" with the change of resolution has been confirmed.
Facile tuning of superhydrophobic states with Ag nanoplates (2008)

GaAs wafers have been decorated with Ag nanoplates through direct galvanic reaction between aqueous AgNO3 solutions and GaAs, resulting in Ag nanoplate/GaAs composite surfaces with varying hydrophobocity after the Ag nanoplates are coated with self-assembled monolayers of alkyl thiol molecules. By carefully controlling the reaction conditions, such as growth time and concentration of the AgNO3 solution, the size, thickness, and surface roughness of the individual Ag nanoplates can be tuned in order to produce different topographic structures and roughness of the composite surfaces, which in turn infl uences the hydrophobicity of the surfaces. The as-synthesized composite surfaces have been found to exhibit various levels of hydrophobicity and different wetting states such as the Wenzel wetting state, Cassie impregnating wetting state, and Cassie nonwetting state. The relationship between surface structure and hydrophobic state is also discussed.
Effect of Mechanical Stress for Thin SiO2 Films in TDDB and CCST Characteristics (1989)

The effects of mechanical stress for thin SiO/sub 2/ films in TDDB (time-dependent dielectric breakdown) and CCST (constant-current stress test) are discussed. Compressive stress induced by a WSi/sub 2/ layer enhances generation of native traps induced by electron injection and degrades the CCST characteristics of MOS capacitors. In TDDB characteristics, the compressive stress decreases the intrinsic lifetime for thin SiO/sub 2/ films. The tensile stress induced by the plasma SiO layer does not degrade the CCST characteristics. The generation of interface states by electron injection is enhanced on the MOS capacitors by the tensile stress. The mechanical stress degrades the reliability of MOS capacitors with thin SiO/sub 2/ films. >
Glued Langmuir−Blodgett Bilayers from Porous versus Nonporous Surfactants (2004)

Poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) has been used to ionically cross-link (glue together) single Langmuir-Blodgett bilayers derived from 1,2,4,5-tetrakis[N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-hexadecyl)-ammoniummethyl]benzene (2a) and tris(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammoniummethyl)mesitylene (3). The resulting films are of high quality as judged by He/N2 permeation selectivities of ca. 100. Such selectivity is well in excess of the Knudsen diffusion limit of 2.6 and approaches that which has been found for glued bilayers of 5,11,17,23,29,35-hexakis[(N,N,N-trimethylamonium)-N-methyl-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexakis-n-hexamedecyloxy-calix[6]arene hexachloride (1). The significance of these findings to LB technology, in general, is briefly discussed.
Preparation of High Performance Pt/CNT Catalysts Stabilized by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium Salt (2007)

Abstract A novel method with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA‐2Na) as a stabilizing agent was developed to prepare highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to use as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysts. These nanocatalysts were obtained by altering the molar ratio of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt to chloroplatinic acid (EDTA‐2Na/Pt) from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 to 3:1. The well‐dispersed Pt nanoparticles of around 1.5 nm in size on CNTs were obtained when the EDTA‐2Na/Pt ratio was maintained at 1:1. And the Pt/CNT catalyst exhibited large electrochemical active surface areas, very high electrocatalytic activity and excellent stability in the oxidation of methanol at room temperature. The Pt/XC‐72R catalyst with narrow size distribution was also prepared by this method for comparison purposes. Comparison of the catalytic properties of these catalysts revealed that the activity of the Pt/CNT catalyst was a factor of ∼3 times higher than that of the Johnson Matthey catalyst and ∼2 times higher than that of our Pt/XC‐72R catalyst, which can be assigned to the high level of dispersion of Pt nanoparticles and the particular properties of the CNT supports.
Amino Acid Derivatives in Organic Synthesis, Part 4 [1]: Facile Synthesis of Heterocycles Containing a Glycine Residue (2000)

Pyridines, thiazolopyridines and pyrazolopyrans containing glycinate residue were prepared by reacting N-cyanoacryloglycinate ylidenes with active methylene compounds via a Michael addition - intracyclization synthetic pathway. Simple routes for the synthesis of heterocycles with an amino acid residue were previously reported [1-3] as the incorportation of these residues improves the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of active compounds [4,5]. However, trials to deesterify these residues for coupling purposes were unsuccessful. So, we tried herein new approaches for synthesizing heterocyles carrying one or two glycine moieties with free carboxylic acid group to facilitate further peptide linkage [6] on one hand and on the other one could be able to form metal chelates, a property having a significant output on the toxicological behaviour [7]