gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure–Property Relation of SrTiO<sub>3</sub>/LaAlO<sub>3</sub> Interfaces (2009)

Abstract A large variety of transport properties have been observed at the interface between the insulating oxides SrTiO 3 and LaAlO 3 such as insulation, 2D interface metallicity, 3D bulk metallicity, magnetic scattering, and superconductivity. The relation between the structure and the properties of the SrTiO 3 /LaAlO 3 interface can be explained in a meaningful way by taking into account the relative contribution of three structural aspects: oxygen vacancies, structural deformations (including cation disorder), and electronic interface reconstruction. The emerging phase diagram is much richer than for related bulk oxides due to the occurrence of interface electronic reconstruction. The observation of this interface phenomenon is a display of recent advances in thin film deposition and characterization techniques, and provides an extension to the range of exceptional electronic properties of complex oxides.
A Fermentation Product of Phytosterol Including Campestenone Reduces Body Fat Storage and Body Weight Gain in Mice (2007)

Anti-obesity effects of a fermentation product of phytosterols including campestenone in ICR mice were investigated. Five-week-old male ICR mice were fed by the pair-feeding method for 8 wk. Experimental feed was prepared by adding TO-001, a phytostenone mixture produced by fermentation of phytosterols using Nocardioides simplex, at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% or no additive to a high fat diet (fat 20%). Mice fed a stock feed (fat 5.6%) ad libitum were used as the standard growth group. In animals fed the high fat diet, control (no added TO-001) mice showed a weight gain that was about 10% higher than for the standard growth group. TO-001 reduced body weight dose-dependently. Final body weights of 0.5% and 1.0% TO-001-fed mice were lowered by about 9% and those of 2.0% TO-00 I-fed mice by about 12% compared with the control mice. Visceral and subcutaneous fat weight in mice fed TO-001 was significantly lower than that in mice fed the control diet. The concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lower in the 1.0% and/or 2.0% TO-001-fed mice. Furthermore, levels of liver TG and TC were decreased in the TO-001-fed group. Increase of total lipid excretion in the feces was dose dependent. No obvious abnormalities due to consumption of TO-001 were detected by a blood biochemical examination, clinical observations or necropsy. The results suggested that TO-001, a fermentation product of phytosterols, may be a promising component of dietetic functional foods.
On the Value of Information (1996)

The student of economic theory and the theory of computation will find a surprising extent of common ground (despite the obvious differences in context, scope, emphasis, and style). For example, the study of massively parallel computation deals with the interaction of a large number of independent agents (Karp and Ramachandran, 1991), certainly an environment familiar in economic theory. In game theory, it has been useful to introduce concepts of computational complexity, sometimes as a means of capturing bounded rationality. (Ben-Porath, 1987; Neyman, 1985; Papadimitriou, 1992). In complexity theory, on the other hand, games and their complexity have been a most central paradigm (Chandra, Kozen and Stockmeyer, 1981).
Mechanisms by Which Fibrin and Fibronectin Appear in Healing Wounds: Implications for Peyronie's Disease (1997)

Developing an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the appearance of these matrix proteins may provide new avenues for therapy in conditions such as Peyronie's disease in which the temporal pattern of the provisional matrix deposition is abnormal.
Policy and Discretion in Administrative Law (1971)

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Nanomedicine–Nanoscale Drugs and Delivery Systems (2010)

Significant progress has been made in nanoscale drugs and delivery systems employing diverse chemical formulations to facilitate the rate of drug delivery and release from the human body. The biocompatible nanomaterials have been used in biological markers, contrast agents for biological imaging, healthcare products, pharmaceuticals, drug-delivery systems as well as in detection, diagnosis and treatment of various types of diseases. Nanomedicines offer delivery of potential drugs to human organs which were previously beyond reach of microscale drugs due to specific biological barriers. The nanoscale systems work as nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs. The nanocarriers are made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials such as synthetic proteins, peptides, lipids, polysaccharides, biodegradable polymers and fibers. This review article reports the recent developments in the field of nanomedicine covering biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles, cyclodextrin, dendrimeres, liposomes and lipid-based nanocarriers, nanofibers, nanowires and carbon nanotubes and their chemical functionalization for distribution to different organs, their solubility, surface, chemical and biological properties, stability and release systems. The toxicity and safety of nanomaterials on human health is also briefly discussed.
Enhanced intercell interference coordination challenges in heterogeneous networks (2011)

3GPP LTE-Advanced has recently been investigating heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments as a cost effective way to deal with the unrelenting traffic demand. HetNets consist of a mix of macrocells, remote radio heads, and low-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relays. Leveraging network topology, increasing the proximity between the access network and the end users, has the potential to provide the next significant performance leap in wireless networks, improving spatial spectrum reuse and enhancing indoor coverage. Nevertheless, deployment of a large number of small cells overlaying the macrocells is not without new technical challenges. In this article, we present the concept of heterogeneous networks and also describe the major technical challenges associated with such network architecture. We focus in particular on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interference coordination.
Environmental chamber for an atomic force microscope (2007)

A commercial atomic force microscope (AFM), originally designed for operation in ambient conditions, was placed inside a compact aluminum chamber, which can be pumped down to high vacuum levels or filled with a desired gaseous atmosphere, including humidity, up to normal pressure. The design of this environmental AFM is such that minimal intrusion is made to the original setup, which can be restored easily. The performance inside the environmental chamber is similar to the original version.
Evolutionary relationship of uptake systems for biopolymers in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: cross‐complementation between the TonB‐ExbB‐ExbD and the TolA‐TolQ‐TolR proteins (1993)

Escherichia coli possesses two energy-coupled import systems through which substances of low concentration and of a size too large to permit diffusion through the porins are translocated across the outer membrane. Group B colicins, ferric siderophores and vitamin B12 are taken up via the TonB-ExbB-ExbD, group A colicins via the TolA-TolQ-TolR system. Cross-complementation between the two systems was demonstrated in that tolQ tolR mutants transformed with plasmids carrying exbB exbD became sensitive to group A colicins, and exbB exbD mutants transformed with plasmid-encoded tolQ tolR became sensitive to group B colicins. TolQ-TolR interacted through TonB, and ExbB-ExbD interacted through TolA with the outer membrane receptors and colicins. Activity of ExbB ExbD via TolA was higher in cells lacking TonB, and activity of TolQ TolR via TonB was increased when TolA was missing. The very distinct TolA and TonB proteins mediate exclusive interaction with group A and group B receptors, respectively. ExbB-TolR and ExbD-TolQ mixtures showed little if any complementation of exbB exbD and tolQ tolR mutants indicating coevolution of ExbB with ExbD and TolQ with TolR. Sequence homology and mutual functional substitution of ExbB-ExbD and TolQ-TolR suggest the evolution of the two import systems from a single import system.
Effect of electron-hole recombination processes on semiconductor reflectivity modulation (1966)

The increases in the reflectivity of germanium, silicon, GaAs, GaSb, In As, InSb, CdTe and CdSe have been observed by use of a ruby laser to produce the electron-hole plasma that is responsible for the reflectivity changes and to probe the reflectivity changes. Observations were made with the ruby laser light incident at the pseudo-Brewster angle in order to measure small increases in reflectivity. In the case of the III-V and II-VI semiconductors, the increase in reflectivity was found to exhibit a linear dependence when plotted as a function of the square root of the incident light intensity. Germanium and silicon exhibited a linear dependence of the increase in reflectivity on the incident light intensity. These results agree with the calculated dependence that ascribes the differences between the two groups of semi-conductors to the fact that the recombination of electrons and holes is a direct process in the III-V and II-VI compounds and in germanium and silicon occurs mainly by trapping of the free carriers at impurity centres.
The analysis of C<sub>4</sub>–C<sub>11</sub> hydrocarbons in naphtha and reformate with a new apolar fused silica column (1995)

Abstract This paper deals with the separation of alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatic compounds in naphtha and reformate, on a newly developed apolar high resolution GC column. The selectivity of this apolar phase has been compared with those of squalane, DB‐1, and SE‐30. A total of 95 hydrocarbons were reliably identified, mostly by GC‐MS. Repeated measurements of Kováts retention indices are presented as evidence for the reproducible manufacture of fused silica columns coated with this phase.
RNA Interference Silencing of Chalcone Synthase, the First Step in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway, Leads to Parthenocarpic Tomato Fruits (2007)

Parthenocarpy, the formation of seedless fruits in the absence of functional fertilization, is a desirable trait for several important crop plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Seedless fruits can be of great value for consumers, the processing industry, and breeding companies. In this article, we propose a novel strategy to obtain parthenocarpic tomatoes by down-regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of chalcone synthase (CHS), the first gene in the flavonoid pathway. In CHS RNAi plants, total flavonoid levels, transcript levels of both Chs1 and Chs2, as well as CHS enzyme activity were reduced by up to a few percent of the corresponding wild-type values. Surprisingly, all strong Chs-silenced tomato lines developed parthenocarpic fruits. Although a relation between flavonoids and parthenocarpic fruit development has never been described, it is well known that flavonoids are essential for pollen development and pollen tube growth and, hence, play an essential role in plant reproduction. The observed parthenocarpic fruit development appeared to be pollination dependent, and Chs RNAi fruits displayed impaired pollen tube growth. Our results lead to novel insight in the mechanisms underlying parthenocarpic fruit development. The potential of this technology for applications in plant breeding and biotechnology will be discussed.
Shape recovery using dynamic subdivision surfaces (2002)

A new dynamic subdivision surface model is proposed for shape recovery from 3D data sets. The model inherits the attractive properties of the Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme and is set in a physics-based modeling paradigm. Unlike other existing methods, our model does not require a parameterized input mesh to recover shapes of arbitrary topology, allows direct manipulation of the limit surface via application of forces and provides a fast, robust, and hierarchical approach to recover complex shapes from 3D data with very few degrees of freedom (control vertices). We provide an analytic formulation and introduce the physical quantities required to develop the dynamic subdivision surface model which can be deformed by applying forces synthesized from the data. Our experiments demonstrate that this new dynamic model has a promising future in shape recovery from volume and range data sets.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroquinazolinones through Intramolecular Amidation of Imines (2012)

Enantioselective synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolinones (DHQZs) was accomplished using readily available Sc(III)-inda-pybox as the catalyst. This is the first report on the metal catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular amidation of imines to synthesize DHQZs.
Modern Countercurrent Chromatography (1995)

Retention and separation in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is based purely on the liquid-liquid partition coefficients of the solutes since no adsorptive matrix is employed to retain the stationary phase. The liquid stationary phase is held in an inert, coiled tubular column by an inertial force field while the immiscible mobile phase passes through. Droplet CCC as well as more modern coil planet centrifuge and chambered plate chromatographs are described. The theoretical basis of retention and resolution is briefly presented along with a discussion of solvent systems and some applications of this relatively new chromatographic technique.
Calcium-induced noncovalently linked tetramers of MRP8 and MRP14 detected by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (1999)

MRP8 and MRP14 are members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins which play an important role during calcium-induced activation of phagocytes. Both proteins form noncovalently associated complexes as a prerequisite for biological functions. The exact stoichiometric composition of these complexes, however, has not been completely clarified yet. In the present study we show for the first time by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (UV-MALDI-MS) the calcium-induced formation of noncovalently associated (MRP8/MRP14)2 tetramers. Furthermore, we could determine posttranslational modifications of MRP8 and MRP14, the stoichiometric proportion of the two known MRP14 isoforms in the complexes as well as the number of calcium ions bound to the single MRP8 and MRP14 monomers and tetramers. MRP14 showed a higher affinity for calcium than MRP8. Upon complex formation the calcium binding increased to maximal saturation of the known EF hands in the complexed forms. Calcium-induced stabilization of the MRP8/MRP14 complexes was confirmed by DSC studies. Our results extend scope and application of UV-MALDI-MS by allowing identification of noncovalent protein complexes, the identification of minor alterations of subunits in such complexes as well as the determination of bound calcium ions.
Improved metrics in image processing applied to the Hilditch skeleton (2003)

An algorithm is presented in which binary object pixels are addressed and processed in order of increasing distance from the background. The distances are defined as path lengths. The metric can be chosen to obtain arbitrarily good approximations of the Euclidean metric. The algorithm incorporates an efficient propagation method in which extensive use is made of directional information. It is applied to the Hilditch skeleton and proves to be as fast as the best of the other Hilditch skeletonization algorithms available in software.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Simulation of Light Interaction with Plants (2001)

The visual simulation of plants involves two major areas of computer graphics research: geometrical modeling and lighting modeling. Clearly, the first step to visualize a plant is to geometrically model its shape and structural characteristics. The next step is to simulate its interaction with light in order to determine appearance attributes such as color, glossiness and translucency. This step corresponds to the main stage of the rendering pipeline. After all, our perception of any object depends on how it scatters or absorbs light. Viewed in this context, the understanding of the natural processes involved in light interaction with plants is not only central to the simulation of their appearance, but it is also essential for the simulation of their growth and their interaction with the surrounding environment. In this tutorial the main physical and biological aspects involved in the processes of reflection, transmission and absorption of light by plants are addressed. The formulation of virtual measurement devices used to verify the accuracy of reflectance and scattering models is also presented. Computer graphics models of light interaction with plants are examined in detail to allow their implementation and incorporation into rendering frameworks by computer graphics researchers and skilled practitioners. Finally, open problems and current trends in this area are discussed. The focus of this discussion will be on the generation of more realistic images of natural scenes through the use of more comprehensive and efficient reflectance and transmittance models for plants.
Multivariate Data Reduction and Discrimination With SAS<sup>®</sup>Software (2001)

"Multivariate Data Reduction and Discrimination With SAS® Software." Technometrics, 43(2), pp. 248–249
N → N′ intramolecular acyl transfer in acid media for alkylenediamine derivatives (1978)

Intramolecular N → N′ benzoyl migrations in acid media at 25° are reported for N′-aryl-N-benzoyl-N-methyl-ethylene- and trimethylene-diamine derivatives. Kinetic studies were performed on N → N′ benzoyl transfer for N-benzoyl-N-methyl-N′-phenylethylenediamine (1) in acid solutions over the H0–pH range –2.28 to 2.30. The existence of a maximum in the pH–rate profile and chromatographic experiments provide evidence for a tetrahedral addition intermediate. Compound (1) undergoes acyl transfer to give N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-N′-methyl-ethylenediamine (4) by a mechanism which involves the formation and rate-determining catalysed decomposition of the addition intermediate over the pH range 0.24–2.30. Below H0–0.54 the reaction involves the rate-determining formation of the intermediate and observed rate constants become pH independent. Some factors influencing the rearrangement such as the number of methylene groups, basicity of the attacking nucleophile, and importance of the N-methyl group, are analysed. Two reaction schemes are proposed to explain the results.
Prediction of very high Reynolds nubmer compressible skin friction (1998)

Flat plate skin friction calculations over a range of Mach numbers from 0.4 to 3.5 at Reynolds numbers from 16 million to 492 million using a Navier Stokes method with advanced turbulence modeling are compared with incompressible skin friction coefficient correlations. The semi-empirical correlation theories of van Driest; Cope; Winkler and Cha; and Sommer and Short T' are used to transform the predicted skin friction coefficients of solutions using two algebraic Reynolds stress turbulence models in the Navier-Stokes method PAB3D. In general, the predicted skin friction coefficients scaled well with each reference temperature theory though, overall the theory by Sommer and Short appeared to best collapse the predicted coefficients. At the lower Reynolds number 3 to 30 million, both the Girimaji and Shih, Zhu and Lumley turbulence models predicted skin-friction coefficients within 2% of the semi-empirical correlation skin friction coefficients. At the higher Reynolds numbers of 100 to 500 million, the turbulence models by Shih, Zhu and Lumley and Girimaji predicted coefficients that were 6% less and 10% greater, respectively, than the semi-empirical coefficients.
OSMOTIC OPENING OF PERINEURIAL DIFFUSION BARRIER IN PERIPHERAL NERVE (1976)

The effects of hyperosmolar solutions (sodium chloride and urea) on the perineurial diffusion barrier were tested in experiments using adult mouse sciatic nerves. The solutions were either injected around the nerves in living mice or applied to nerves from killed animals. Thereafter horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected around the nerves in order to detect any changes in permeability. HRP was visualized in frozen sections by an enzyme histochemical technique. Hypertonic solutions both in vivo and in vitro caused a pronounced increased permeability of the perineurial diffusion barrier, which persisted for at least one month after injection of 20% NaCl in living mice. In other experiments a hypertonic solution (20% NaCl) was injected one day prior to intradermal inoculation of herpes simplex virus into one hind limb. This treatment dramatically increased the susceptibility of the mice to the infection. This virus has the capacity to spread along nerves to the central nervous system from the site of injection, and is probably taken up at the periphery and then transported centrally inside axons to the cell bodies. The hypothesis is put forward that an important factor for this increased susceptibility is that virions may have an easier access to available surfaces of the nerve fibres due to osmotic opening of the perineurium.
Snowboarder's Wrist (1999)

Wrist injury sustained while snowboarding is characterized as a severe and complex injury. Thus, we call attention to its severity in the treatment of snowboarder's wrist.
IL-6 triggers cell growth via the Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (1997)

IL-6 mediates growth of some human multiple myeloma (MM) cells and IL-6-dependent cell lines. Although three IL-6 signaling pathways (STAT1, STAT3, and Ras-dependent MAPK cascade) have been reported, cascades mediating IL-6-triggered growth of MM cells and cell lines are not defined. In this study, we therefore characterized IL-6 signaling cascades in MM cell lines, MM patient cells, and IL-6-dependent B9 cells to determine which pathway mediates IL-6-dependent growth. IL-6 induced phosphorylation of JAK kinases and gp130, regardless of the proliferative response of MM cells to this growth factor. Accordingly, we next examined downstream IL-6 signaling via the STAT3, STAT1, and Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. IL-6 triggered phosphorylation of STAT1 and/or STAT3 in MM cells independent of their proliferative response to IL-6. In contrast, IL-6 induced phosphorylation of Shc and its association with Sos1, as well as phosphorylation of MAPK, only in MM cells and B9 cells that proliferated in response to IL-6. Moreover, MAPK antisense, but not sense, oligonucleotide inhibited IL-6-induced proliferation of these cells. These data suggest that STAT1 and/or STAT3 activation may occur independently of the proliferative response to IL-6, and that activation of the MAPK cascade is an important distal pathway for IL-6-mediated growth.