gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New turbo-ARQ techniques based on estimated reliabilities (2004)

We propose a new form of incremental-redundancy hybrid ARQ for use with codes that use soft-input, soft-output decoders, such as turbo codes. The new ARQ scheme determines the reliability of bits in the iterative decoding process based on the magnitude of the soft outputs of the decoder, which are the a posteriori log-likelihood ratios. We show that the bits with the smallest magnitudes are not only likely to be in error, but are linked to a set of weak bits that limit the convergence of the iterative decoding algorithm. The new ARQ scheme requests additional information for some subset of these weak bits. We note that the hybrid ARQ scheme we propose is particularly appropriate for use on channels in which there is some asymmetry, as the negative acknowledgements are considerably larger than those used in conventional ARQ schemes. The hybrid-ARQ schemes presented in this paper provide significant performance gains and can be used to achieve performance close to the channel capacity.
Use of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Recovery and Purification in Biotechnology (1986)

Aqueous two-phase systems are generated by mixing aqueous solutions of two water-soluble polymers, or a polymer and a salt. These systems offer extremely mild conditions for separation of cells, organelles, proteins and other biomolecules, in biochemical processes. Considerable attention has been directed towards the use of the two-phase systems in several areas of biotechnology. The present paper summarizes the state of the art concerning extractive bioconversions for production of small as well as macromolecules, and protein purification using aqueous two-phase system.
Categorising trajectories and individual item changes of the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2019)

Functional variability among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well recognised and complicates interpretation of clinical studies. We hypothesised that boys with DMD could be clustered into groups sharing similar trajectories of ambulatory function over time, as measured by the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score. We also explored associations with other variables such as age, functional abilities, and genotype. Using the NorthStar Clinical Network database, 395 patients with >1 NSAA assessment were identified. We utilised latent class trajectory analysis of longitudinal NSAA scores, which produced evidence for at least four clusters of boys sharing similar trajectories versus age in decreasing order of clinical severity: 25% of the boys were in cluster 1 (NSAA falling to ≤ 5 at age ~10y), 35% were in cluster 2 (NSAA ≤ 5 ~12y), 21% in were cluster 3 (NSAA≤ 5 ~14y), and 19% in cluster 4 (NSAA > 5 up to 15y). Mean ages at diagnosis of DMD were similar across clusters (4.2, 3.9, 4.3, and 4.8y, respectively). However, at the first NSAA assessment, a significant (p<0.05) association was observed between earlier declining clusters and younger age, worse NSAA, slower rise from supine, slower 10 metre walk/run times, and younger age of steroid initiation. In order to assess the probability of observing complete loss of function for individual NSAA items, we examined the proportion of patients who shifted from a score of 1 or 2 at baseline to a score of 0. We also assessed the probability of gain of function using the inverse assessment and stratified the probability of deterioration, improvement-or static behavior-by age ranges and using baseline functional status. Using this tool, our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the NSAA in a large population of patients with DMD and, for the first time, describes discrete clusters of disease progression; this will be invaluable for future DMD clinical trial design and interpretation of findings.
A design of AM/FM mobile telephone triband antenna (1994)

In vehicles, antennas for AM/FM broadcasting (BC) and cellular mobile telephone (MT) are usually mounted on the car's body. However, a triband antenna which can be used for both AM/FM BC and MT is more desirable to decrease the number of antennas. An outline of the general design for the AM/FM MT triband antenna with coils is described. Next, the design of a new triband antenna with double sleeves instead of coils is presented. The double sleeves consist of two coaxial lines connected in series. It is shown that the triband antenna with double sleeves has good characteristics, including radiation patterns and voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transcoronary stem cell delivery using physiological endothelium-targeting perfusion technique: the rationale and a pilot study involving a comparison with conventional over-the-wire balloon coronary occlusions in patients after recent myocardial infarction. (2006)

Our work indicates that the SH-PC technique can be used safely for intracoronary BMSC transplantation. Further research is needed to determine whether the putative advantages of physiological SH-PC delivery translate into enhanced BMSC homing.
Access flow control scheme for ATM networks using neural-network-based traffic prediction (1997)

The authors propose a new approach to the problem of congestion control arising at the user network interface (UNI) of ATM-based broadband networks. The access flow control mechanism operates on the principle of feedback control. It uses a finite impulse response (FIR) neural network to accurately predict the traffic arrival patterns. The predicted output in conjunction with the current queue information of the buffer can be used as a measure of congestion. When the congestion level is reached, a control signal is generated to throttle the input arrival rate. The FIR multilayer perceptron model and its training algorithm are discussed. Simulation results presented in the paper suggest that the scheme provides a simple and efficient traffic management for ATM networks.
702. Partial asymmetric synthesis in a Reformatsky reaction (1949)

J. A. Reid and E. E. Turner, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 3365 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490003365
Dissection of the locus control function located on the chicken lysozyme gene domain in transgenic mice (1994)

The entire chicken lysozyme gene locus including all known cis-regulatory sequences and the 5' and 3' matrix attachment sites defining the borders of the DNase I sensitive chromatin domain, is expressed at a high level and independent of its chromosomal position in macrophages of transgenic mice. It was concluded that the lysozyme gene locus carries a locus control function. We analysed several cis-regulatory deletion mutants to investigate their influence on tissue specificity and level of expression. Position independent expression of the gene is lost whenever one of the upstream tissue specific enhancer regions is deleted, although tissue specific expression is usually retained. Deletion of the domain border fragments has no influence on copy number dependency of expression. However, without these regions an increased incidence of ectopic expression is observed. This suggests that the domain border fragments may help to suppress transgene expression in inappropriate tissues. We conclude, that position independent expression of the lysozyme gene is not controlled by a single specific region of the locus but is the result of the concerted action of several tissue specific upstream regulatory DNA elements with the promoter.
Ideal concentration of growth factors in rabbit's flexor tendon culture (1999)

Growth factors have the ability to stimulate matrix synthesis and cell proliferation in rabbit flexor tendon. Maximal stimulation effects of growth factors have a wide variation. It depends upon the different anatomic sites of the tendon segment, the kinds of growth factor, the concentration of growth factors, and the time sequence. Since proliferation was an early component of intrinsic tendon healing, we investigated the short-term dose response to four different growth factors on in vitro rabbit's tendon culture. We evaluated the effects according to the various concentrations of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF), recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF). Fetal calf serum was the most potent stimulator of cell proliferation and protein synthesis in in vitro rabbit's tendon culture. Matrix synthesis and cell proliferation were stimulated dose-dependently by IGF between the doses of 50 and 150 ng/ml. The maximum mitogenic effect of EGF was observed at the concentration of 100 ng/ml (1.3 times more than the media-only control culture). The rabbit's tendon responded significantly dose-dependently to PDGF, whereas there was no significant response to FGF.
High-precision sampling for Brillouin-zone integration in metals (1989)

We present a sampling method for Brillouin-zone integration in metals which converges exponentially with the number of sampling points, without the loss of precision of normal broadening techniques. The scheme is based on smooth approximants to the \ensuremath{\delta} and step functions which are constructed to give the exact result when integrating polynomials of a prescribed degree. In applications to the simple-cubic tight-binding band as well as to band structures of simple and transition metals, we demonstrate significant improvement over existing methods. The method promises general applicability in the fields of total-energy calculations and many-body physics.
Virtual browser (2012)

Third party JavaScripts not only offer much richer features to the web and its applications but also introduce new threats. These scripts cannot be completely trusted and executed with the privileges given to host web sites. Due to incomplete virtualization and lack of tracking all the data flows, all existing approaches without native sandbox support can secure only a subset of third party JavaScripts, and they are vulnerable to attacks encoded in non-standard HTML/-JavaScript (browser quirks) as these approaches will parse third party JavaScripts independently at server side without considering client-side non-standard parsing quirks. At the same time, native sandboxes are vulnerable to attacks based on unknown native JavaScript engine bugs.
Synthesis, characterization and propane metathesis activity of a tantalum-hydride prepared on high surface area “silica supported zirconium hydroxide” (2007)

A new tantalum-hydride supported on zirconium hydroxide [(triple bond SiO)(2)Zr(H)-O-Ta(H)(x)-(OSi triple bond)] (x = 1 or 3) was prepared using surface organometallic chemistry and its catalytic properties in the propane metathesis reaction were assessed showing improved activity and selectivities in comparison to the tantalum-hydride supported on silica.
"Vertistat": An Improved Satellite Orientation Device (1962)

The Vertistat consists of a wire or tube 100 ft or more in length extending from the satellite. This provides a very large moment of inertia about a transverse axis and a consequent erecting torque of the magnitude of 500 d-cm/deg. Two shorter secondary tubes orthogonal to the orienting tube and to each other are coupled to the satellite via dampers and provide completely passive damping. The tubes are stowed in an elastically flattened and rolled up manner and extend themselves by means of their stored elastic energy. Sealed stiction-free dampers are used.
Structuring fault-tolerant object systems for modularity in a distributed environment (1994)

The object-oriented approach to system structuring has found widespread acceptance among designers and developers of robust computing systems. The authors propose a system structure for distributed programming systems that support persistent objects and describe how properties such as persistence and recoverability can be implemented. The proposed structure is modular, permitting easy exploitation of any distributed computing facilities provided by the underlying system. An existing system constructed according to the principles espoused here is examined to illustrate the practical utility of the proposed approach to system structuring.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distributed Inference in Dynamical Systems (2007)

We present a robust distributed algorithm for approximate probabilistic inference in dynamical systems, such as sensor networks and teams of mobile robots. Using assumed density filtering, the network nodes maintain a tractable representation of the belief state in a distributed fashion. At each time step, the nodes coordinate to condition this distribution on the observations made throughout the network, and to advance this estimate to the next time step. In addition, we identify a significant challenge for probabilistic inference in dynamical systems: message losses or network partitions can cause nodes to have inconsistent beliefs about the current state of the system. We address this problem by developing distributed algorithms that guarantee that nodes will reach an informative consistent distribution when communication is re-established. We present a suite of experimental results on real-world sensor data for two real sensor network deployments: one with 25 cameras and another with 54 temperature sensors.
A New Family of Proton‐Conducting Electrolytes for Reversible Solid Oxide Cells: BaHf<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ce<sub>0.8−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Y<sub>0.1</sub>Yb<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3−</sub><i><sub>δ</sub></i> (2020)

Abstract Reversible solid oxide cells based on ceramic proton conductors have potential to be the most efficient system for large‐scale energy storage. The performance and long‐term durability of these systems, however, are often limited by the ionic conductivity or stability of the proton‐conducting electrolyte. Here new family of solid oxide electrolytes, BaHf x Ce 0.8− x Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3− δ (BHCYYb), which demonstrate a superior ionic conductivity to stability trade‐off than the state‐of‐the‐art proton conductors, BaZr x Ce 0.8− x Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3− δ (BZCYYb), at similar Zr/Hf concentrations, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, and X‐ray diffraction analysis of samples over 500 h of testing are reported. The increase in performance is revealed through thermodynamic arguments and first‐principle calculations. In addition, lab scale full cells are fabricated, demonstrating high peak power densities of 1.1, 1.4, and 1.6 W cm −2 at 600, 650, and 700 °C, respectively. Round‐trip efficiencies for steam electrolysis at 1 A cm −2 are 78%, 72%, and 62% at 700, 650, and 600 °C, respectively. Finally, CO 2 H 2 O electrolysis is carried out for over 700 h with no degradation.
Physical Activity, Diet, and Risk of Alzheimer Disease (2009)

In this study, both higher Mediterranean-type diet adherence and higher physical activity were independently associated with reduced risk for AD.
Action Detection From Skeletal Data Using Effecient Linear Search. (2015)

Sliding window is one direct way to extend a successful recognition system to handle the more challenging detection problem. While action recognition decides only whether or not an action is present in a pre-segmented video sequence, action detection identifies the time interval where the action occurred in an unsegmented video stream. Sliding window approaches for action detection can however be slow as they maximize a classifier score over all possible sub-intervals. Even though new schemes utilize dynamic programming to speed up the search for the optimal sub-interval, they require offline processing on the whole video sequence. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for online action detection based on 3D skeleton sequences extracted from depth data. It identifies the sub-interval with the maximum classifier score in linear time. Furthermore, it is invariant to temporal scale variations and is suitable for real-time applications with low latency.
Assemblability evaluation based on tolerance propagation (2002)

The specification of tolerances is an integral part of product design since tolerances directly affect the assemblability, as well as the functionality, manufacturability, and cost-effectiveness of the product. However, there has been little research on the assemblability evaluation based on tolerance propagation which can play an important role in assembly planning. Assembly planners in the past have assumed nominal dimensions for product components for generating the feasible assembly sequences. These sequences, however, may not be assemblable in practice due to propagations and accumulations of tolerances. In this paper, we present a new approach to assemblability evaluation based on tolerance propagation. For the assemblability evaluation, we introduce an important concept of clearance. Clearance represents the possible free space between two mating features. In the assemblability evaluation, clearances are used to compensate for tolerances.
Synthesis and <i>in Vitro</i> Evaluation of N‐[[4‐[2‐(Carboxyl)‐1‐Cycloalken‐1‐yl]Phenyl]Methyl]Imidazoles as Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (1993)

Abstract A series of nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists was synthesized via palladium‐assisted cross coupling of aryl stannane and cycloalkenyl triflates and subsequent alkylation of silyl‐protected imidazole. Our compounds, which have a terminal five‐ to seven‐membered cycloalkenyl ring, are compared to DuPont EXP7711, an N ‐[(2′‐carboxybiphenylyl)methyl]imidazole, which has a terminal phenyl moiety. Physicochemical properties of the compounds, such as lipophilicity, steric bulk, conformation, and the relative spatial proximity of the 2‐carboxyl and the middle phenyl, are quantitated by computational chemistry. Potency in terms of binding affinity to AT 1 receptors in rat adrenal glomerulosa and rabbit aorta is maximized when the terminal ring is aromatic.
Estimating Evapotranspiration from Solar Radiation (1963)

An analysis of water shortages for municipal and industrial, and (project type) irrigation uses is presented. The investigation was undertaken to compile data on water shortages for these uses and to establish general practical guides for use in planning studies by governmental agencies and consulting firms. It is concluded that shortages of any magnitude should not be permitted in studies in which water is to be supplied for municipal and industrial purposes. In regard to irrigation, no firm guides and limitations based entirely on water shortages are recommended. In determining the feasibility of irrigation, economic analyses will be made, on a project by project basis, that will consider reduced crop yields due to water shortages. Desirable limits on water shortages for irrigation in planning work are considered to be as follows: Maximum average annual for 50-yr period, 3% maximum for a single year, 50% maximum for two consecutive years (total), 70% and maximum shortage years, 27%.
Application of distribution system capacitor banks and their impact on power quality (1996)

This paper presents a summary of the power quality-related concerns associated with the application of utility distribution capacitor banks. These concerns include distribution capacitor switching transients and power system harmonics. Methods for identifying these problems, determining their impact on utility and customer systems, and developing solutions are provided.
The Integrative Physiology of the Bladder (2007)

Normal bladder function is complex, resulting from the co-operative interaction of numerous regulatory cell types, of which the interstitial cells and the peripheral neurones are particularly interesting. Collectively, these comprise the myovesical plexus, which appears to confer structural and functional characteristics on the bladder loosely akin to those of the gut. These include functional modularity, which gives rise to the potential for localised and propagating peristalsis-like movements in the bladder wall according to the prevailing physiological conditions. Localised modular activity during filling may contribute to normal generation of sensation and exaggerated modular activity may give rise to urinary urgency. Enhanced co-ordination of modular activity occurs in various models of detrusor overactivity; it leads to surges of contraction over a large part of the bladder wall, generating phasic changes in intravesical pressure. During voiding, the myovesical plexus sustains detrusor contraction at the behest of the brainstem, monitoring state of bladder fullness as it does so, as a guide to the required duration for which it has to keep up the effort. Accordingly, the bladder wall itself may house structures which render the bladder the effector level in a hierarchy of lower urinary tract regulation. Dysfunction in these vital regulatory structures is an underestimated factor in the pathophysiology of clinical bladder problems.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER LEA BRIDGE IN LONDON DOCKLANDS (1994)

This paper describes the design and construction of the 235m long Lower Lea Bridge and its approach viaducts in London Docklands. The bridge is part of the Lower Lea crossing, a strategic link in London's new Docklands highway network. The key challenges for this project were poor ground conditions, limited space and a tight schedule. In the preliminary design studies, four options for a three-span bridge were appraised. A four-span design of 55-75-60-45m was chosen, having steel rectangular section box girders with composite deck. The bridge's substructure has cellular box abutments and three piers, all of reinforced concrete and supported on large-diameter bored piles. Grillage analysis was used for global analysis of the bridge deck, which is continuous between abutments; it is fixed longitudinally at the piers on either side of the navigation span, and free at the sidespan pier and abutments. The girders were lifted directly by crane from a barge onto the piers. Deck concreting followed a prescribed sequence. The bridge was opened in December 1991, and cost 5,280,000 pounds at 1990 prices. For the covering abstract see IRRD 869077.
Investigation of the adhesion strength between molding compound and leadframe at higher temperatures (2002)

The popcorn effect is still a main failure source where the reliability of surface mounted devices is concerned. For thin packages such as P-TSOPs or P-TQFPs, it was found that after preconditioning to level 3 or level 1, the popcorn effect starts from the back side or the top side of the die pad, respectively. Adhesion tests at room temperature could not enlighten this difference, but raised even more questions. To clarify the situation, we investigated the adhesion strength between molding compound and leadframe and between Ag coating and chip adhesive as a function of temperature, Ag coating and moisture content. We also report on investigations of the temperature dependence of different molding compounds and leadframes, with particular emphasis on leadframes with a special coating which showed increased adhesion strength in comparison to uncoated leadframes in popcorn experiments and adhesion tests at room temperature.
Nerves - level sets for interactive 3D segmentation of nerve channels (2005)

In this paper, we present a novel method for 3D segmentation of the nerve channels in the human mandible that contain the nervus alveolaris inferior. The technique utilizes geodesic active surfaces that are implemented with level sets. The method consists of two steps: (i) After defining two points, which denote the entry and exit of the nerve channel, a connecting path of minimal action inside the channel is calculated. This calculation is driven by the gray values in proximity to the two defined points inside the channel, (ii) Using this path as an initial configuration, an active surface evolves until the inner borders of the channel are reached. Since this initial configuration is located very close to the borders of the channel, a propagation term is not necessary in this model.