gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prisms with total internal reflection as solar reflectors (1976)

For the sake of good optical efficiency, the reflectivity rho of mirror surfaces in solar collectors should be as high as possible. Until now, most solar reflectors have used aluminum with values of rho in the 80 to 90 percent range. Even the best material, silver, allows reflectivities only up to 95 percent. With total internal reflection (TIR), on the other hand, the effective reflectivity is limited only by absorption in the transparent medium, and absorption losses can as easily be kept below five percent. In certain solar collectors, conventional mirrors can be replaced by an array of small rectangular glass prisms, an optical trick well known from binoculars. The only problem is that TIR occurs for a restricted range of incidence angles, limited by the low value of the refractive index n approximately equal to 1.5 of commonly available glass or acrylic. However, an additional degree of freedom is gained in the design of solar collectors because only concentration, not imaging, is relevant. The suitability of TIR prismatic reflectors for solar energy collection is investigated systematically. (WDM)
Highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles grafted onto nanocrystalline starch for the oxidation of alcohols using molecular oxygen as an oxidant (2013)

Highly dispersed Pd-nanoparticles grafted onto amino-functionalized nanocrystalline starch were found to be excellent heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of a variety of alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds in excellent yields. The prepared catalyst was found to be selective for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes without giving over-oxidation products and was recycled several times without any leaching of the metal into the solution.
Protein interactions and signaling activity in a self-assembled receptor system. (2003)

U163-U163
Quantification of Calcification in Atherosclerotic Lesions (2005)

Calcification can be deposited throughout the vasculature in several forms of calcium phosphate, including calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA). Calcium accumulation in arteries by mineralization and calcium loss from bone by osteoporosis often coexist, and vascular calcification may share common mechanisms with bone remodeling. Deposition of calcification in valves and arteries diminishes the valvular or arterial wall elasticity, a major cause of aneurysm and stenosis. Obstruction of arteries by calcification and other components can lead to heart attack and stroke. Mineralization in the femoral arteries can cause intermittent claudication in the legs, causing decreased mobility. Accurate measurement of calcification is essential for identifying other factors associated with this process and ultimately for elucidating the mechanism(s) of calcification. A wide range of methods for visualizing and measuring calcification for diagnosis and treatment in vivo and for studying the calcification process ex vivo are available. This review provides a critical comparison of older established methods and newer evolving technologies for quantifying calcification.
Ammoxidation (2008)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Ammoxidation of Alkenes General Propene Ammoxidation to Acrylonitrile The SOHIO Acrylonitrile Process Key Catalytic Functionalities Role of Lattice Oxygen‐Catalyst as Redox Solid Generalized Mechanism of Alkene Ammoxidation Bifunctional Nature of Active Sites Ammoxidation Mechanism (Molybdates, Antimonates) Molybdate Catalysts Multicomponent Molybdates Role of Excess Molybdenum Commercial Molybdate Catalysts Antimonate Catalysts Role of Excess Antimony Commercial Antimony Catalysts Ammoxidation of Substituted Alkenes Isobutene Ammoxidation to Methacrylonitrile α‐Methylstyrene Ammoxidation to Atroponitrile Ammoxidation of Alkanes Structure of Mo VNb Te O Catalysts Symbiosis between M1 and M2 Phases Reaction Network and Mechanism Future Research Ammoxidation of Aromatics Toluene Ammoxidation to Benzonitrile Xylene Ammoxidation to Corresponding Mono‐ and Di‐nitriles Ammoxidation of Heteroaromatics 3‐Methylpyridine Ammoxidation to Nicotinonitrile Ammoxidation of 4‐Methylthiazole to 4‐Cyanothiazole Acknowledgments
The location of antigenic sites on ferritin molecules (1984)

Immunoreactivities of peptides purified after cleavage of human liver apoferritin are reported and discussed in relation to the known 3-dimensional and primary structures of homologous apoferritins. These studies point to 3 antigenic sites occupying continuous inter-helical regions of the polypeptide chains which lie on the surface of the apoferritin molecule. Other antigenic regions may encompass amino acids remote in the primary structure or belonging to different subunits.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: a Powerful Additive of Mn(Salen) Catalyzed Oxidation of sec-Alcohols (2004)

A simple, mild, efficient Mn(salen)-catalyzed oxidation system of secondaty alcohols,
in which the ionic liquid [bmim]PF_6 acts as a powerful additive, has been described. The reaction
proceeded with higher efficiency. The catalyst was more easier to recycle in ionic liquid
[bmim]PF_6 with a well-proportioned CH_2C1_2 than in the single CH_2Cl_2 or ionic liquid.
Rapamycin Inhibits VEGF-Induced Microvascular Hyperpermeability<i>In Vivo</i> (2010)

At therapeutically relevant concentrations, rapamycin inhibits VEGF- and PAF-induced microvascular permeability. This inhibition is (i) a direct effect on the endothelial barrier, and (ii) independent of arteriolar vasodilation. Rapamycin at 10 mg/kg stimulates effectors that increase microvascular permeability.
<title>Effects of light on scintillating fibers</title> (1993)

Tracking detectors based on scintillating-fiber technology are being developed for the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration at the Superconducting Super Collider and for the D0 collaboration at Fermilab. An important part of the work is to insure that the fibers will not be damaged by environmental conditions in the course of detector construction. This paper presents preliminary results of the effects of ambient fluorescent light on scintillating fibers containing 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) waveshifter. Six fiber types having 3HF concentrations between 100 ppm and 6000 ppm were studied; both single-clad fibers from Bicron and Kuraray and a new Kuraray multiclad fiber were included. A blue fiber containing no 3HF was used to provide a comparison.
Terahertz optical frequency comb generation (1997)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Hall measurements on low-mobility materials and high resistivity materials (2011)

The Hall effect is a primary method to measure carrier density, mobility and carrier type in semiconducting materials. Many contemporary semiconductor and electronic materials being developed for green energy, efficient lighting, flexible inexpensive electronics and high power devices are characterized by very low mobilities<sup>1,2,3</sup>. For a traditional DC field Hall system, mobilities of less than 10 cm<sup>2</sup>/(Vs) become very difficult to measure with magnetic fields on the order of 1 T. This paper examines an AC field Hall measurement methodology that allows one to measure Hall mobilities down to 0.001 cm<sup>2</sup>/(Vs)-lower than possible using traditional DC field Hall measurement techniques. The first section of this paper is a review of the DC method, followed by the introduction of the AC method. AC field measurements of microcrystalline Si and ZnO are presented.
HeteroVisor (2015)

This paper presents HeteroVisor, a heterogeneity-aware hypervisor, that exploits resource heterogeneity to enhance the elasticity of cloud systems. Introducing the notion of 'elasticity' (E) states, HeteroVisor permits applications to manage their changes in resource requirements as state transitions that implicitly move their execution among heterogeneous platform components. Masking the details of platform heterogeneity from virtual machines, the E-state abstraction allows applications to adapt their resource usage in a fine-grained manner via VM-specific 'elasticity drivers' encoding VM-desired policies. The approach is explored for the heterogeneous processor and memory subsystems evolving for modern server platforms, leading to mechanisms that can manage these heterogeneous resources dynamically and as required by the different VMs being run. HeteroVisor is implemented for the Xen hypervisor, with mechanisms that go beyond core scaling to also deal with memory resources, via the online detection of hot memory pages and transparent page migration. Evaluation on an emulated heterogeneous platform uses workload traces from real-world data, demonstrating the ability to provide high on-demand performance while also reducing resource usage for these workloads.
Structure-based design of carboxybiphenylindole inhibitors of the ZipA–FtsZ interaction (2003)

Structural features of two weak inhibitors of the ZipA-FtsZ protein-protein interaction which were found to bind to overlapping but different areas of the key binding site were combined in one new series of carboxybiphenyl-indoles with improved inhibitory activity.
Layered Li‐Mn‐Oxide with the O2 Structure: A Cathode Material for Li‐Ion Cells Which Does Not Convert to Spinel (1999)

Layered sodium manganese bronzes having the P2 structure , were used to prepare layered lithium manganese oxides by ion exchange of Na by Li using LiBr in hexanol. X‐ray diffraction and chemical analysis show that layered has an O2 type structure. The arrangement of manganese and oxygen atoms in this phase differs fundamentally from that found in layered (O3 structure), in orthorhombic , and in spinel so that conversion to spinel during electrochemical cycling is not expected. as well as the related and have a reversible charge capacity of about 150 mAh/g. During cycling the new cathode materials do not convert to spinel, in contrast to the behavior of layered and orthorhombic . © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
BETWEEN THE DESERT AND THE SEA (2010)

Nearly three thousand years ago the Phoenicians set up trading colonies on the coast of North Africa, and ever since successive civilizations have been imposed on the local inhabitants, largely from outside. Carthaginians, Romans, vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, TUrks, French and Italians have all occupied the region in their time.The Romans governed this part of Africa for six hundred cities, twelve thousand miles of roads and hundreds of aquaducts, some fifty miles long. The remains of many of these structures can be seen today.At the height of its prosperity, during the second and third centuries AD, the area was the granary of Rome, and produced more olive oil than Italy itself.The broadening horizons of the Roman Empire provided scope for the particular talents of a number of Africa's sons: the writers Terence and Apuleius; the first African Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, famous Christian theologians like Tertulllian and Saint Augustine - these are just some who rose to meet the challenges of their age.
Endometrial pathology in postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment: comparison between gynaecologically symptomatic and asymptomatic breast cancer patients. (1999)

Endometrial pathology is more likely to be diagnosed in gynaecologically symptomatic postmenopausal breast cancer patients with tamoxifen treatment, and after a shorter duration of time, than in gynaecologically asymptomatic patients.
Mandatory sentencing: implications for judicial independence (2001)

(2001). Mandatory sentencing: implications for judicial independence. Australian Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 7, Mandatory Sentencing Symposium 28 October 2000, ‘Mandatory sentencing: rights and wrongs’, pp. 21-30.
Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration: In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo (2002)

The amount of drug achieved and maintained in the brain after systemic administration is determined by the agent's permeability at blood-brain barrier (BBB), potential involvement of transport systems, and the distribution, metabolism and elimination properties. Passive diffusion permeability may be predicted by an in silico method based on a molecule's structure property. In vitro cell culture is another useful tool for the assessment of passive permeability and BBB transports (e.g. PGP, MRP). In situ or in vivo techniques like carotid artery single injection or perfusion, brain microdialysis, autoradiography, and others are used at various stages of drug discovery and development to estimate CNS penetration and PK/PD correlation. Each technique has its own application with specific advantages and limitations.
An Efficient Synthetic Approach to Optically Active β‐Carboline Derivatives via Pictet—Spengler Reaction Promoted by Trimethylchlorosilane. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A finite-element method model of soft tissue response to impulsive acoustic radiation force (2005)

Several groups are studying acoustic radiation force and its ability to image the mechanical properties of tissue. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is one modality using standard diagnostic ultrasound scanners to generate localized, impulsive, acoustic radiation forces in tissue. The dynamic response of tissue is measured via conventional ultrasonic speckle-tracking methods and provides information about the mechanical properties of tissue. A finite-element method (FEM) model has been developed that simulates the dynamic response of tissues, with and without spherical inclusions, to an impulsive acoustic radiation force excitation from a linear array transducer. These FEM models were validated with calibrated phantoms. Shear wave speed, and therefore elasticity, dictates tissue relaxation following ARFI excitation, but Poisson's ratio and density do not significantly alter tissue relaxation rates. Increased acoustic attenuation in tissue increases the relative amount of tissue displacement in the near field compared with the focal depth, but relaxation rates are not altered. Applications of this model include improving image quality, and distilling material and structural information from tissue's dynamic response to ARFI excitation. Future work on these models includes incorporation of viscous material properties and modeling the ultrasonic tracking of displaced scatterers.
Copper catalyzed oxygen assisted C(CNOH)–C(alkyl) bond cleavage: a facile conversion of aryl/aralkyl/vinyl ketones to aromatic acids (2015)

A novel copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C(NOH)-C(alkyl) bond cleavage reaction of aryl/aralkyl/vinyl ketones for the synthesis of aromatic/acrylic acids is described. A series of ketones having aryl/aralkyl/vinyl at the one end and methyl to any higher alkyl at the other end can be selectively cleaved and converted into the corresponding acids via oxime intermediates.
Generation of high magnetic fields using a gas-puff <i>Z</i> pinch (1986)

The imploding plasma column of a gas-puff Z pinch was used to compress an embedded axial magnetic field. Field compression ratios up to 180 times and peak compressed fields up to 1.6 MG were measured by Faraday rotation. Field compression by this method has the advantage of high repetition rate for applications in the controlled production of high-energy densities, solid-state studies, generation of short-wavelength radiation, reducing the ignition threshold for fusion, and particle acceleration.
Aerodynamic parameters from distributed heterogeneous CNT hair sensors with a feedforward neural network (2016)

Distributed arrays of artificial hair sensors have bio-like sensing capabilities to obtain spatial and temporal surface flow information which is an important aspect of an effective fly-by-feel system. The spatiotemporal surface flow measurement enables further exploration of additional flow features such as flow stagnation, separation, and reattachment points. Due to their inherent robustness and fault tolerant capability, distributed arrays of hair sensors are well equipped to assess the aerodynamic and flow states in adverse conditions. In this paper, a local flow measurement from an array of artificial hair sensors in a wind tunnel experiment is used with a feedforward artificial neural network to predict aerodynamic parameters such as lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free-stream velocity, and angle of attack on an airfoil. We find the prediction error within 6% and 10% for lift and moment coefficients. The error for free-stream velocity and angle of attack were within 0.12 mph and 0.37 degrees. Knowledge of these parameters are key to finding the real time forces and moments which paves the way for effective control design to increase flight agility, stability, and maneuverability.
DOPCA: A New Method for Calculating Ontology-Based Semantic Similarity (2011)

Although semantic similarity has been broadly applied in artificial intelligence and related fields, the calculation of such similarity still remains a great challenge, appealing for the development of effective methods that can be flexibly applied to a diversity of domains. In this paper, we first review existing methods that rely on an ontology to calculate semantic similarity. We classify these methods into three categories: methods based on the structure of an ontology, methods based on the information content of an ontology, and methods that utilize multiple properties of an ontology in a hybrid manner, and we analyze the advantages and limitations of these methods. Then, we propose a novel method called DOPCA that relies on the structure of an ontology to calculate semantic similarity. Our method combines two similarity measures, the degrees of overlap in paths (DOP) and the depth of the lowest common ancestor node (DLCA), and uses their weighted summation to quantify the relatedness of terms in an ontology. We apply our method to the gene ontology (GO) and the plant ontology (PO), and we show the well agreement of our method with two existing methods. Finally, we show that our method is capable of overcoming the limitation of existing methods that overlook the existence of multiple lowest common ancestor nodes, and we analyze the flexibility of our method when applied to ontologies of different domains.
Identifying the Divergence of a Given Alternative for Consensus Process in Group Decision Making (2007)

On the understanding that the weight of decision-makers is unchangeable, the theoretical framework of this research is put forward. This article starts from constructing consensus degree model and group's difference coefficient (GDC), then analyzes the function of GDC on the mediation mechanism for consensus process, and proposes that identifying the group divergence in evaluating given alternative is the key element of research. In the light of alliance enterprises, this article not only proves that identifying evaluation divergence of a given alternative in mediating consensus process is effective, but also reaches some valuable conclusion. The conclusions are obtained by the models calculated from actual alliance enterprises, which includes: firstly, the 6 members delegating alliance enterprises differ in evaluation of the initial alternatives; secondly, GDC makes divergence degree between group's evaluation of a given alternative and of other alternatives clear; finally, GDC not only provides a basis for adjusting consensus process mediation mechanism alternatives, but also directs participants in full discussion. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
호아빈 문화 석기 공작에 대하여-베트남 항쪼 유적 자료를 중심으로- (2005)

베트남 북부 항쪼 유적의 발굴 조사는 약 20KY 무렵부터 1만년 이상에 달하는 장기간에 걸친 호아빈 문화 석기군 구성의 특징의 일단을 파악할 수 있게 해주었다. 호아빈 문화 석기군은 대형긁개 종류를 비롯한 대형석기가 중요한 요소를 차지하고 있으나, 시간의 흐름에 따라 박편을 모재로 해 만든 소형석기의 비중이 커지는 경향이 있다. 박편의 제작이 뚜렷한...
Joint feature and classifier design for OCR (2002)

Shift-invariant, custom designed n-tuple features are combined with a probabilistic decision tree to classify isolated printed characters. The feature probabilities are estimated using a novel compound Bayesian procedure in order to delay the fall-off in classification accuracy with tree size due to a small sample set. On a ten-class confusion set of eight-point characters, the method yields error rates under 1% with only 3 training samples per class.
3D Face Reconstruction from Stereo Video (2006)

Face processing in video is receiving substantial attention due to its importance in many securityrelated applications. A video provides rich information about a face (multiple frames and temporal coherence) that can be utilized in conjunction with 3D face models, if available, to establish a subject’s identity. We propose a 3D face modeling method that reconstructs a user-specific model derived from a generic 3D face model and two video frames of the user. The user-specific 3D face model can be enrolled into the 3D face database at the enrollment stage to be used in later identification process. The reconstruction process can also be used for the probe data in recognition stage, where the reconstructed 3D face model using probe face is used to generate an optimal view and lighting for the recognition process. The advantage of utilizing reconstructed 3D face model is demonstrated by conducting face recognition experiments for 15 probe subjects against a gallery database containing 100 subjects.
A 0.28THz 4&#x00D7;4 power-generation and beam-steering array (2012)

Up until recently, the terahertz frequency range (0.3 to 3THz) has been mostly addressed by high-mobility custom III-V processes, bulky and expensive nonlinear optics, or cryogenically cooled quantum cascade lasers. A low-cost room temperature alternative will enable a wide range of applications in security, defense, ultra-high-speed wireless communication, sensors, and biomedical imaging not currently accessible due to cost and size limitations. CMOS can potentially provide such a low-cost platform, but it requires novel techniques and architectures to generate, manipulate, radiate, and detect signals above transistor f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> , which are in the sub-THz frequency region in most of today's nodes.
Equipment and strategies for emergency tracheal access in the adult patient (2011)

The inability to maintain oxygenation by non-invasive means is one of the most pressing emergencies in anaesthesia and emergency care. To prevent hypoxic brain damage and death in a 'cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate' situation, emergency percutaneous airway access must be performed immediately. Even though this emergency is rare, every anaesthetist should be capable of performing an emergency percutaneous airway as the situation may arise unexpectedly. Clear knowledge of the anatomy and the insertion technique, and repeated skill training are essential to ensure completion of this procedure rapidly and successfully. Various techniques have been described for emergency oxygenation and several commercial emergency cricothyroidotomy sets are available. There is, however, no consensus on the best technique or device. As each has its limitations, it is recommended that all anaesthetists are skilled in more than one technique of emergency percutaneous airway. Avoiding delay in initiating rescue techniques is at least as important as choice of device in determining outcome.