gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of potential flow with separation in a right-angled elbow with unequal branches (1963)

A method developed by Roshko (1953 a, b ) has been applied to the case of flow round a right-angled elbow, in which the fluid separates at the inner corner at a speed which may be higher than the velocity of the separated flow far downstream. Numerical results have been evaluated and are presented for values of the ratio of the channel widths, downstream to upstream of the elbow, equal to 0·1 and 1·0. The elbow may be regarded as one half of a two-dimensional representation of an axisymmetric plate valve, on which experiments indicate considerable variation in performance, the discharge coefficient being found to depend to a marked extent on the length of the valve land.
Neuropeptide Y in Multiple Hypothalamic Sites Controls Eating Behavior, Endocrine, and Autonomic Systems for Body Energy Balance (1993)

To survive, all animals must have sufficient nutrients available to maintain cellular metabolism and function. To ensure that these nutrients are continuously available, complex animals have neuronal systems that regulate food intake, energy storage, and energy expenditure. These regulatory systems control and coordinate the behavioral response (eating behavior), and numerous autonomic and endocrine responses to achieve energy balance. These systems are sensitive to and integrate inputs from a variety of food-related, environmental, humoral, and endocrine factors, which they in turn regulate, thus forming continuous feedback loops. Intensive research is focused on defining these systems in order to reveal general principles of neural integration and control, and to determine how dysfunctions of these mechanisms may contribute to, or even cause, some of the eating and body-weight disorders so prevalent in Western society.
Thrombin receptor activation results in calcium signaling and protein kinase C-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis in HEp-2g laryngeal carcinoma cells (1997)

To the authors' knowledge, the results of this study demonstrate for the first time functional thrombin receptors in epidermoid carcinoma cells. The thrombin receptor appears to be involved in growth regulation in HEp-2g cells by a PKC-dependent mechanism.
Diabetes in Mice after Coxsackie B <sub>4</sub> Virus Infection (1973)

The intraperitoneal inoculation of CD(1) mice with Coxsackie virus B(4) resulted in the raising of blood sugar levels to diabetic values 12 days after the administration of the virus. Serum insulin remained inappropriately low. Light microscopy changes in the islets of Langerhans showed mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets and marked degranulation of the beta cells. The acinar tissue appeared to be little changed. It is concluded that Coxsackie B(4) virus may cause a diabetic state compatible with islet cell damage.
Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with La<sub>0.4</sub>Sr<sub>0.6</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>0.7</sub>Nb<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub>Cathode (2015)

In this paper, a new approach for metal-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) fabrication was investigated. Single cell with NiO and Fe2O3 (Ni:Fe = 1:1) oxide support, NiO-Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 (GDC) anode, GDC electrolyte and La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.7Nb0.1O3-δ (LSCFN) cathode was prepared through traditional ceramic processing methods in air. Subsequently, the as-prepared whole cell was annealed in the humidified 5% H2-95% N2 at 700°C for 1 hour to get the metal oxide support reduced. Results show that after being annealed in the reducing atmosphere at 700°C for 1 hour, the oxide support was mostly reduced into metal, while the LSCFN cathode maintained its perovskite structure with slightly oxygen loss which was proved redox reversible in air at the typical cell test temperature of 700°C. Fully reduced Ni-Fe metal support could be obtained during the cell test condition with humidified H2 sweeping at the anode side. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the polarization resistance of LSCFN symmetrical cell in air decreased after one redox cycle between the humidified 5% H2-95% N2 and air, suggesting the performance optimization of LSCFN cathode after the possible rearrangement of mixed-valence Fe3+/Fe4+ and Co2+/Co3+ redox couples and distribution of oxygen vacancies.
Globalización y Derecho Penitenciario: incidencias y reflexiones (2010)

Las ordenes de entrega, el traslado de personas condenadas y lo que en este trabajo se llaman terceros grados instrumentales, en el marco de renuncia o atenuacion de la accion y ejecucion penal, suponen positivamente instrumentos con los que dar cauce a realidades cada vez mas diversas. Sin embargo, comparten un dificil encaje en el derecho interno, por contradecir principios tradicionalmente establecidos, u omitir la solucion a espacios de patente friccion con normas nacionales.
<title>Evolving neural networks for video attitude and height sensor</title> (1995)

The development of an on-board video attitude and height sensor (VAHS) which is used to measure the height, roll, and pitch of an airborne vehicle at low altitude, is presented. The VAHS consists of a downlooking TV camera and two orthogonal sets of laser diodes (total four laser diodes) producing a structured light pattern. Although the height, roll, and pitch can be determined by measuring the locations of the dots in the image, in practice it is very difficult to precisely align the laser diodes and the TV camera. Moreover it is also very hard to obtain accurate camera parameters, because of its various nonlinear distortions. An approach which uses layered neural networks (NNs) to map the locations of the dots in the image to the height, roll, and pitch of the airborne vehicle, is presented here. Amorphous NNs have also been evolved by genetic algorithms (GA) with mixed results. Some simulation results of these experiments are presented.
Elements of Food Biochemistry (1943)

The authors state that "the purpose of this book is to emphasize the chemistry of the constituents of food and the chemical changes that these constituents undergo in the process of metabolism." Written to serve primarily as a textbook in food biochemistry for college undergraduates, the book will no doubt prove useful to many other persons as well. The presentation of the various topics of interest is about as elementary as is possible when one considers the numerous chemical formulas necessarily involved in the discussion of any phase of biochemistry. The nine chapters cover carbohydrates, fermentation food products, acidity, lipides, proteins, mineral elements in nutrition, water, vitamins and enzymes. Attempts are made to show the relation of many of the topics to industry and economic life in general. For example, in the chapter on carbohydrates one finds a table setting forth the economic importance of some industries based on carbohydrates;
Two-Phase Microfluidic Droplet Flows of Ionic Liquids for the Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles (2012)

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms have the potential to provide superior control over mixing as compared to traditional batch reactions. Ionic liquids have advantageous properties for metal nanoparticle synthesis as a result of their low interfacial tension and complexing ability; however, droplet formation of ionic liquids within microfluidic channels in a two-phase system has not yet been attained because of their complex interfacial properties and high viscosities. Here, breakup of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid into droplets in a simple two-phase system has for the first time been achieved and characterized by using a microchannel modified with a thin film fluoropolymer. This microfluidic/ionic liquid droplet system was used to produce small, spherical gold (4.28 ± 0.84 nm) and silver (3.73 ± 0.77 nm) nanoparticles.
Effects of ketamine anaesthesia, stress and repeated bleeding on the haematology of vervet monkeys (1985)

Haematology values are presented for the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), and the relative effects of high dose ketamine anaesthesia, stress of capture and repeated bleedings assessed. Anaesthesia resulted in decreased WBC and RBC values, attributed to depression of cardiovascular function. These effects were the reverse of those of alarm and strenuous exercise (leukocytosis and polycythaemia) during capture. Stress resulted in relatively high white and low red blood cell counts. Opposing effects of stress and anaesthesia led to comparable haematological values for trained, non-anaesthetized vervets and stressed, anaesthetized vervets. Effects of repeated bleedings were opposite in anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized animals. These effects, however, along with those of ketamine anaesthesia and stress, were relatively insignificant compared with the wide variation in haematological values found among individuals. The biological importance of these effects thus appeared to be slight. The concept of 'normal values' is discussed.
Correcting ocular spherical aberration with soft contact lenses. (2009)

Following aberroscopy, aspheric front surface soft contact lenses (SCLs) were custom-made to correct spherical refractive error and ocular spherical aberration (SA) of 18 myopic and five hypermetropic subjects (age, 20.5±5 yr). On-eye residual aberrations, logMAR visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were compared with the best-correcting spectacle lens, an equally powered standard SCL, and an SCL designed to be aberration free in air. Custom-made and spherical SCLs reduced SA (p<0.001;p<0.05) but did not change total root-mean-square (rms) wave-front aberration (WFA). Aberration-free SCLs increased SA (p<0.05), coma (p<0.05), and total rms WFA. Visual acuity remained unchanged with any of the SCL types compared with the spectacle lens correction. Contrast sensitivity at 6 cycles/degree improved with the custom-made SCLs (p<0.05). Increased coma with aspheric lens designs and uncorrected astigmatism limit the small possible visual benefit from correcting ocular SA with SCLs.
Editors' Comments - Special Issue on IS Capabilities (2007)

Velocity changes following single and double conditioning impulses were studied by microneurography in single human C fibres to provide information about axonal membrane properties. C units were identified as mechano-responsive (n = 19) or mechano-insensitive (12) nociceptors, cold-sensitive (8) or sympathetic fibres (9), and excited by single, double and triple electrical stimuli to the skin at mean rates of 0.25-2 Hz. The interval between single or paired (20 ms apart) conditioning stimuli and test stimulus was then varied between 500 and 2 ms, and recovery curves of velocity change against inter-spike interval constructed, allowing for changes in these variables with distance. All fibres exhibited an initial (4-24 ms) relative refractory phase, and a long-lasting (>500 ms) 'H2' phase of reduced velocity, attributed to activation of Na+/K+-ATPase. Mechano-responsive nociceptors exhibited an intermediate phase of either supernormality or subnormality, depending on stimulation rate. Mechano-insensitive nociceptors behaved similarly, but all were supernormal at 1 Hz. Sympathetic units exhibited only a long-lasting supernormality, while cold fibres exhibited a briefer supernormal and a late subnormal phase (H1), similar to A fibres. A pre-conditioning impulse doubled H2 and increased H1, but did not augment supernormality or the subnormality of similar time course. Like A fibre supernormality, these phenomena were explained by a passive cable model, so that they provide an estimate of membrane time constant. Nociceptor membrane time constants (median 110 ms, n = 17) were rather insensitive to membrane potential, indicating few active voltage-dependent potassium channels, whereas sympathetic time constants were longer and reduced by activity-dependent hyperpolarisation.
Factors Contributing to Hook Failure of Latch Needles in Weft Knitting (1975)

One of the problems that occurs in high-speed knitting machinery is the event of hook breakage of the knitting needle. Many causes have been suggested for this. This article deals with a theoretical analysis into the nature of the cause of failure and describes a needle design feature that has proven to be effective in reducing the problem. It also reports a sequence of testing that supported the theoretical analyses. The basic premise of the report is that acceleration forces imparted to the knitting needles via the cams on the machines are major factors contributing to hook failure. Upon selection of a stress level required to achieve fatigue failure at the needle hook, an acceleration force is calculated, and the value of the acceleration required to produce this force is readily obtained. This value for the acceleration is then used as the input for a dynamic loading analysis, which demonstrates how changes in the design of the main body of the needle can reduce the acceleration at the hook end of the needle, thereby reducing the forces that can cause fatigue failure. By placing scallops or cutouts in the body of the needle near the driving butt, the stiffness-to-weight ratio of the needle is reduced, yielding lower accelerations at the hook. The conclusion is that the forces accompanying these accelerations are reduced, and that hook breakage can be reduced. The report also demonstrates how cams can affect needle life. Clearly, it is the cam design that determines the level of acceleration initially imparted to the needle butt, which in turn can be transmitted to the hook end of the needle.
DNA ploidy and clonal selection in <i>ras</i> + <i>myc</i> – Induced mouse prostate cancer (1995)

An important goal in prostate cancer research is to define specific molecular and cellular alterations that are associated with malignant progression. The mouse prostate reconstitution model is a relevant and useful system as it allows the study of early events in cancer progression under conditions where oncogene-initiated cells are surrounded by normal tissue. Using this model, activated ras and myc oncogenes are introduced into urogenital sinus cells via the recombinant retrovirus Zipras/myc 9. After 4 weeks' growth as subcapsular renal grafts, poorly differentiated carcinomas are produced in C57BL/6 mice. In this study we examined the temporal relationships between morphological alterations, growth, DNA ploidy status and clonal selection as determined by Southern blotting in ras + myc-initiated carcinomas. Nuclear image analysis demonstrated that the emergence of a cycling DNA tetraploid cell population strongly correlated with growth and histologic progression. These tightly linked events culminated in the outgrowth of mono- or oligoclonal cancer.
Adequacy of dietary mineral supply for human bone growth and mineralisation. (1994)

The evidence on the relationship between dietary mineral supply and bone development in children has been extensively reviewed. Data from children and primates suggest that overt deficiencies of Ca, P and Zn are likely to produce rickets and growth retardation, while the effects of Mg deficiency on human bone are unknown. The manifestations of marginal deficiencies are little understood. The biological needs for Ca, P, Mg and Zn in childhood have been calculated based on mineral deposition rates, using published values for the mineral content of the human body, and on obligatory endogenous losses. As a rough guide, the estimated biological requirements for the Ca, P, Mg and Zn can be taken as 200, 100, 4 and 1 mg/d respectively. A comparison of measured daily intakes of children in developing countries with biological requirements was made. This revealed that P and Mg intakes were many times higher than estimated needs. Ca intakes at all ages were found to be close to the biological requirement for children in many Third World societies, before any allowance for possible poor absorption. Zn intakes approach estimated needs in breast-fed infants, particularly during weaning, but are 4-5 times higher in older children. Poor absorption from phytate-rich diets could affect Zn supply. Supplementation studies indicate that raising Zn intakes can increase height gains in certain vulnerable groups, such as infant and adolescent boys. In conclusion, the evidence suggests that inadequate dietary intakes of Ca and Zn may contribute to linear growth retardation in children of developing countries but more research is needed.
Interactions Between Androgen and Growth Factors in Granulosa Cell Subtypes of Porcine Antral Follicles1 (2004)

Androgens acting via the androgen receptor (AR) have been implicated in regulation of folliculogenesis in many animal species. These effects are possibly mediated via enhancement of FSH and/or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I activity in granulosa cells, which contain high levels of AR protein. We examined the in vitro effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on DNA synthesis and progesterone secretion by follicular cells in response to FSH and IGF-I, alone or in combination. Cells from separate pools of 1- to 3-mm and 3- to 5-mm antral follicles were aspirated from gilt ovaries and fractioned into mural granulosa cells (MGCs) and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) for subsequent cell culture. Androgen alone or with any combination of mitogen had minimal effect on proliferative and no effect on steroidogenic responses of MGCs from 3- to 5-mm antral follicles. Conversely, in MGCs from 1- to 3-mm follicles, DHT significantly enhanced IFG-I-stimulated proliferation and had variable influence on progesterone secretion. The effects of DHT on proliferative responses of COCs were also dependent on follicle size: DHT significantly augmented either IGF-I-stimulated proliferation (1- to 3-mm follicles) or FSH-stimulated proliferation (3- to 5-mm follicles). However, the steroidogenic responses of all COCs were identical, whereby DHT significantly suppressed progesterone secretion, predominantly in the presence of FSH. Addition of an AR antagonist, hydroxyflutamide, generally reversed the proliferative responses invoked by DHT but not the steroidogenic responses. We conclude that androgen-receptor-mediated activity in granulosa cells of antral follicles is dependent on follicle size, is influenced by proximity of cells to the oocyte, and possibly involves both classic and nonclassic steroid mechanisms.
Integrated Optics: Design and Modeling (1995)

Part 1 Introduction: history materials outline of the book. Part 2 Foundations: Helmholtz equations dielectric interfaces geometrical optics. Part 3 Waveguide theory: general remarks formulations of the eigenvalue problem power flux in waveguides dispersion universal approximation schemes weakly guiding waveguides analytical solutions slab waveguides separable eigenvalue problems geometrical optics of the waveguide. Part 4 Beam propagation: fundamental principles classical BPM diffraction integrals improved BPM algorithms vectorial beam propagation method bidirectional beam propagation application of the BPM. Part 5 Mode conversion: Hermite-Gaussian beams coupling of gaussian beams gaussian optics fiber-to-chip coupling by microlenses optical tapers. Part 6 Codirectional coupling: coupled mode theory uniform directional couplers symmetrical couplers asymmetrical couplers transfer matrix theory Machzehnder devices directional couplers with periodic overlay. Part 7 Contradirectional coupling: phenomenological coupled mode theory Bragg gratings contradirectional coupler. Part 8 Planar spectrographs: theory of planar spectrographs focussing reflection gratings phased arrays. Appendices: application of photonics computer aided engineering component cost modelling mathematical background.
Structure and doping optimization of SiGe heterojunction internal photoemission detectors for mid-infrared applications (2001)

We present full-scale calculations of highly p-type doped siGe heterojunction internal photoemission (Hip) detectors that operate in the mid-infrared (3- to 5-?m) range of wavelength. We explore the effects of including undoped spacer layers within the highly doped siGe wells, for which a systematic body of experimental data is available to us, and which demonstrates a substantial reduction in the dark current produced by these devices. We model the doping explicitly by means of a screened Coulomb potential, leading to a full description of the resultant impurity band, and compare our calculated optical line shapes with recent state-of-the-art molecular-beam epitaxy experiments. The variation of the optical response with well width, germanium concentration, spacer width and position, and doping concentration are all considered.
Black tobacco, maté, and bladder cancer. A case–control study from uruguay (1991)

A case-control study of bladder cancer involving interviews with 111 incident cases and 222 controls was carried out in Montevideo, Uruguay. The analysis was conducted separately for each sex. Point estimates of relative risk associated with smoking variables, ingestion of infusions of the herb Ilex paraguariensis (maté), and selected dietary items were obtained by stratified and logistic regression analysis. Among men, smokers of black tobacco showed a relative risk (RR) 2.7 higher than blond tobacco smokers and maté exposure showed a significant dose-response, after adjustment for age, residence, social class, hospital, type of tobacco, smoking intensity, smoking duration, and vegetable consumption, with a seven-fold increase in risk for heavy consumers. Joint exposure to type of tobacco and maté consumption showed a multiplicative effect. Women showed a similar increase in risk with maté consumption. The results suggest that the high mortality rates of bladder cancer observed in Uruguay could be explained by the combined effect of black tobacco smoking and maté ingestion.
On Linear Structure from Motion for Light Field Cameras (2015)

We present a novel approach to relative pose estimation which is tailored to 4D light field cameras. From the relationships between scene geometry and light field structure and an analysis of the light field projection in terms of Pluecker ray coordinates, we deduce a set of linear constraints on ray space correspondences between a light field camera pair. These can be applied to infer relative pose of the light field cameras and thus obtain a point cloud reconstruction of the scene. While the proposed method has interesting relationships to pose estimation for generalized cameras based on ray-to-ray correspondence, our experiments demonstrate that our approach is both more accurate and computationally more efficient. It also compares favourably to direct linear pose estimation based on aligning the 3D point clouds obtained by reconstructing depth for each individual light field. To further validate the method, we employ the pose estimates to merge light fields captured with hand-held consumer light field cameras into refocusable panoramas.
Hydrogen Plasma Removal of Post‐RIE Residue for Backend Processing (1999)

Reactive ion etching of a patterned silicon dioxide layer leaves behind a uniform fluorocarbon layer which must subsequently be removed. Both surface and via polymeric residues form during the reactive ion etch step and their removal using ‐based plasma clean processes is reported here. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the composition of the residue. Scanning electron microscope images were taken before and after the dry clean treatment to determine the effectiveness of the residue removal process. A radio‐frequency‐generated hydrogen plasma was used in the dry clean experiments. Power, temperature, and pressure were varied while gas flow was kept constant at 75 sccm and the process time was 5–10 min. The surface residue (on the oxide) was most efficiently removed at 400 W, 450°C, and 15 mTorr when exposed to the plasma for 10 min. The in‐via residue was best removed following a 5 min plasma exposure at 100 W, 450°C and 15 mTorr. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.