gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalability of the Nutch search engine (2007)

Nutch is an open source search engine that is gaining increasing popularity in the commercial world. The Nutch architecture leads itself to a wide range of parallelization techniques. Multiple backend servers can be used to both partition the corpus of search data, thus increasing the rate of queries serviced, and to increase the size of the search data while preserving the service rate. Alternatively, multiple search engines can operate in parallel, further increasing the query rate. In this paper, we analyze the performance and scalability of various configurations of Nutch. The configurations were implemented as part of the Commercial Scale Out project at IBM Research, and were used to investigate the applicability of scale-out architectures in commercial environments. We conclude that Nutch is highly scalable, with the different configurations behaving differently from a performance perspective.
Miniaturized continuous flow reaction vessels: influence on chemical reactions (2006)

This review offers an overview of the relatively young research area of continuous flow lab-on-a-chip for synthetic applications. A short introduction on the basic aspects of lab-on-a-chip is given in the first part. Subsequently, the effects of downscaling reaction vessels as well as the advantages of the continuous flow microfluidic approach over conventional chemical laboratory batch methodologies are illustrated by a number of examples of organic reactions carried out in microfluidic devices. The last part deals with a key issue of the lab-on-a-chip approach, viz. the integration of the microreactor with the analytical instrumentation to achieve high-throughput reaction monitoring.
Synthese und thermisches Verhalten einiger 3‐Aryl‐3‐azidoaziridin‐2‐carbonsäure‐ethylester (1977)

Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure läßt sich an einige 3-Aryl-2H-azirin-2-carbonsäure-ethylester 1 zu stabilen 3-Azidoaziridinen 2 addieren. Beim Erwärmen isomerisieren diese Verbindungen zu 1,5-disubstituierten Tetrazolen 12 und zerfallen zu Arylnitrilen 11. Beiträge zum Mechanismus dieser Reaktionen werden diskutiert. Synthesis and Thermal Behavior of Some Ethyl 3-Aryl-3-azidoaziridine-2-carboxylates Hydrazoic acid can be added to some 3-aryl-2H-azirine-2-carboxylic esters to give stable 3-azidoaziridines 2. On heating these compounds isomerize to 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles 12 and decompose to aryl nitriles 11. Results concerning the mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.
Emission of surface electromagnetic waves in the case of resonance tunneling of electrons (1987)

A calculation is made of the spectral density of the intensity of surface electromagnetic waves excited by the passage of a current across metal–barrier–metal tunnel structures when there are quantum potential wells inside the barrier. It is shown that quasilevels in these quantum wells give rise to narrow peaks in the spectrum of the excited surface electromagnetic waves and that the quantum efficiency of the excitation of such waves by tunneling electrons can reach unity. The peak positions can be controlled by altering the voltage across a tunnel structure.
Thermal properties of processable polyaniline with novel sulfonic acid dopants (2001)

Abstract Thermal properties of melt processable polyaniline (PANI) synthesized by doping with functionalised novel sulfonic acid dopants have been investigated. Doping of PANI was carried out by using the dopants derived from an inexpensive naturally existing biomonomer, cardanol: sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylphenol, sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylanisole and sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylphenoxyacetic acid. These dopants act as very good plasticizing cum protonating agents for PANI. Doping was carried out either by mechanical mixing of emeraldine base and the dopant or by an in situ doping emulsion polymerization of aniline. Highly conducting free‐standing flexible films of protonated PANI could be prepared by a hot pressing method at different temperatures. The thermal stability and thermal reactions of these protonated PANI were followed by conductivity measurements at different temperatures, wide angle X‐ray diffraction measurements, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning colorimetry analysis. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
MicroRNA-326 inhibits melanoma progression by targeting KRAS and suppressing the AKT and ERK signalling pathways (2017)

Melanoma is the seventh most common malignancy in females and the fifth most common cancer in males worldwide. An increasing number of studies have reported that microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is frequently observed in various types of human cancers, including melanoma. Abnormally expressed miRNAs play an important role in melanoma formation and progression by serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, miRNA-326 (miR-326) has been reported to be differentially expressed in various types of tissues and play important roles in tumourigenesis and tumour development. However, the expression levels, biological roles and underlying mechanisms of miR-326 in melanoma remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-326 was significantly downregulated in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Functional assays revealed that the enforced expression of miR-326 suppressed melanoma cell proliferation and invasion and increased cell apoptosis in vitro. Using bioinformatic analysis, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) was predicted as a potential target of miR-326. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-326 could directly target the 3'-untranslated region of KRAS. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that miR-326 upregulation decreased the KRAS expression in melanoma cells at both the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, KRAS was upregulated in melanoma tissues and inversely correlated with miR-326 expression. In addition, the KRAS knockdown phenocopied the tumour-suppressing effects of miR-326 overexpression on melanoma cells. The restoration of the expression of KRAS markedly reversed the antitumour effects induced by miR-326 overexpression in melanoma cells. Further experiments indicated that miR-326 inactivated the AKT and ERK signalling pathways in melanoma. Collectively, these results revealed that miR-326 serves as a tumour suppressor in melanoma by targeting KRAS and regulating the AKT and ERK signalling pathways, indicating that miR-326 may be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma patients.
Selective inhibition of meningeal nociceptors by botulinum neurotoxin type A: Therapeutic implications for migraine and other pains (2014)

Background Meningeal and other trigeminal nociceptors are thought to play important roles in the initiation of migraine headache. Currently, the only approved peripherally administered chronic migraine prophylactic drug is onabotulinumtoxinA. The purpose of this study was to determine how botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) affects naïve and sensitized meningeal nociceptors. Material and methods Using electrophysiological techniques, we identified 43 C- and 36 Aδ-meningeal nociceptors, and measured their spontaneous and evoked firing before and after BoNT-A administration to intracranial dura and extracranial suture-receptive fields. Results As a rule, BoNT-A inhibited C- but not Aδ-meningeal nociceptors. When applied to nonsensitized C-units, BoNT-A inhibited responses to mechanical stimulation of the dura with suprathreshold forces. When applied to sensitized units, BoNT-A reversed mechanical hypersensitivity. When applied before sensitization, BoNT-A prevented development of mechanical hypersensitivity. When applied extracranially to suture branches of intracranial meningeal nociceptors, BoNT-A inhibited the mechanical responsiveness of the suture branch but not dural axon. In contrast, BoNT-A did not inhibit C-unit responses to mechanical stimulation of the dura with threshold forces, or their spontaneous activity. Discussion The study provides evidence for the ability of BoNT-A to inhibit mechanical nociception in peripheral trigeminovascular neurons. These findings suggest that BoNT-A interferes with neuronal surface expression of high-threshold mechanosensitive ion channels linked preferentially to mechanical pain by preventing their fusion into the nerve terminal membrane.
Autoencoding beyond pixels using a learned similarity metric (2015)

We present an autoencoder that leverages learned representations to better measure similarities in data space. By combining a variational autoencoder with a generative adversarial network we can use learned feature representations in the GAN discriminator as basis for the VAE reconstruction objective. Thereby, we replace element-wise errors with feature-wise errors to better capture the data distribution while offering invariance towards e.g. translation. We apply our method to images of faces and show that it outperforms VAEs with element-wise similarity measures in terms of visual fidelity. Moreover, we show that the method learns an embedding in which high-level abstract visual features (e.g. wearing glasses) can be modified using simple arithmetic.
Algebraic constraints (1983)

Constraints are a way of expressing relationships among objects; satisfying a set of constraints involves finding an assignment of values to variables that is consistent with the constraints. In its full generality, constructing a constraint satisfaction algorithm is a hopeless task. This dissertation focuses on the problem of performing constraint satisfaction in an interactive graphical layout system. It takes a pragmatic approach and restrics itself to a narrow but very useful domain. The algorithms used by MAGRITTE, an editor for simple line drawings, are presented. A major portion of the work concerns the algebraic transformation of sets of constraints. It describes algorithms for identifying difficult subregions of a constraint graph and replacing them with a transformed and simplified new constraint.
The Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by the Friedel‐Crafts Method (2011)

Abstract Since the discovery by Friedel and Crafts that aluminum chloride catalyzes the condensation of alkyl and acyl halides with various aromatic compounds to effect substitution of an alkyl or acyl group for more or more hydrogen atoms of the aromatic compound, this reaction has been greatly extended in scope with respect to alkylating or acylating agents and catalysts. The use of aluminum chloride as a catalyst was studied by Thomas. Aspects of this study appeared in an earlier volume of this series. The present discussion is limited to the direct alkyl, cycloalky, or aralkyl residues containing no functional groups into various aromatic compounds under various catalysts, such as e.g., aluminum trichloride, zinc dichloride, and hydrogen fluoride. The alkylating agents include olefins, highly strained cycloparaffins, polyalkylbenzenes, alkyl halides, alcohols, esters, of inorganic and organic acids, and ethers. The aromatic compound may be e.g., a hydrocarbon, an aryl chloride, or bromide, a mono‐or polyhdrydric phenol or its ether. The Friedel‐Crafts process is frequently the most useful method for the introduction of an alkyl group.
Relationships of Minimum Temperature and Growth Rate with Sex Expression of Papaya Plants (Carica papaya L.) (1958)

Papaya plants of the Solo variety, derived from seeds whose plants were bearing uniformly few carpellodic flowers and fruits, were planted at three levels of elevations at the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station farms at Honolulu , Oahu (1OO-foot elevation), at Kainaliu, Hawaii (1,500-foot elevation), and at Makawao, Maui (2,1OO-foot elevation). Significantly greater percentages of carpellodic flowers (types 2 and 3) were produced by plants at either Kainaliu or Makawao over plants at Honolulu. These differences associated with locality must be primarily the result of differences in minimum temperature, since day-lengths are essentially the same at all localities. The data and statistical analyses indicate that the percentage of carpellodic flowers is significantly correlated with minimum temperature and growth rate of the plants.
Green Light Induces Shade Avoidance Symptoms    (2011)

Light quality and quantity affect plant adaptation to changing light conditions. Certain wavelengths in the visible and near-visible spectrum are known to have discrete effects on plant growth and development, and the effects of red, far-red, blue, and ultraviolet light have been well described. In this report, an effect of green light on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette architecture is demonstrated using a narrow-bandwidth light-emitting diode-based lighting system. When green light was added to a background of constant red and blue light, plants exhibited elongation of petioles and upward leaf reorientation, symptoms consistent with those observed in a shaded light environment. The same green light-induced phenotypes were also observed in phytochrome (phy) and cryptochrome (cry) mutant backgrounds. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the green light-induced response, the accumulation of shade-induced transcripts was measured in response to enriched green light environments. Transcripts that have been demonstrated to increase in abundance under far-red-induced shade avoidance conditions either decrease or exhibit no change when green light is added. However, normal far-red light-associated transcript accumulation patterns are observed in cryptochrome mutants grown with supplemental green light, indicating that the green-absorbing form of cryptochrome is the photoreceptor active in limiting the green light induction of shade-associated transcripts. These results indicate that shade symptoms can be induced by the addition of green light and that cryptochrome receptors and an unknown light sensor participate in acclimation to the enriched green environment.
A 6LoWPAN Accelerator for Internet of Things Endpoint Devices (2017)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the Internet of the future and the way smart devices, people, and processes interact with each other. Challenges in endpoint devices (EDs) communication are due not only to the security and privacy-related requirements but also due to the ever-growing amount of data transferred over the network that needs to be handled, which can considerably reduce the system availability to perform other tasks. This paper presents an IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) accelerator for the IP-based IoT networks, which is able to process and filter IPv6 packets received by an IEEE 802.15.4 radio transceiver without interrupting the microcontroller. It offers nearly 13.24% of performance overhead reduction for the packet processing and the address filtering tasks, while guaranteeing full system availability when unwanted packets are received and discarded. The contribution is meant to be deployed on heterogeneous EDs at the network edge, which include on the same architecture, field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology beside a microcontroller and an IEEE 802.15.4-compliant radio transceiver. Performed evaluations include the low FPGA hardware resources utilization and the energy consumption analysis when the processing and accepting/rejection of a received packet is performed by the 6LoWPAN accelerator.
CT–MRI image fusion for delineation of volumes in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer (2002)

The objective of this study was to assess the utility of CT-MRI image fusion software and compare both prostate volume and localization with CT and MRI studies. We evaluated the differences in clinical volumes in patients undergoing three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. After several tests performed to ensure the quality of image fusion software, eight patients suffering from prostate adenocarcinoma were submitted to CT and MRI studies in the treatment position within an immobilization device before the start of radiotherapy. The clinical target volume (CTV) (prostate plus seminal vesicles) was delineated on CT and MRI studies and image fusion was obtained from the superimposition of anatomical fiducial markers. A comparison of dose-volume histograms relative to CTV, rectum, bladder and femoral heads was performed for both studies. Image fusion showed a mean overestimation of CTV of 34% with CT compared with MRI. Along the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior direction, CTV was a mean 5 mm larger with CT study compared with MRI. The dose-volume histograms resulting from CT and MRI comparison showed that it is possible to spare a mean 10% of rectal volume and approximately 5% of bladder and femoral heads, respectively. This study confirmed an overestimation of CTV with CT images compared with MRI. Because this finding only allows a minimal sparing of organs at risk, considering the organ motion during each radiotherapy session and the excellent outcomes of prostate cancer treatment with CT based target identification, we are still reluctant to reduce the CTV to that identified by MRI.
Ba Loai Ong Ki Sinh Moi Thuoc Cac Giong Archiphanurus Szabo Va Platytelenomus Dodd (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae, Telenominae) O Viet Nam. (1980)

xBio:D Automated Upload
Changes in the Survival Curve Shape of<i>E. Coli</i>Cells Following Irradiation in the Presence of Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation (1985)

Four uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (UOP) (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-hydroxybenzylidenemalonitrile and N-phenylanthranilic acid) have been found to alter the shape of the radiation survival curves of several cell lines of E. coli when present during irradiation in oxia. Incubation of cells with high concentrations of UOP for 30 min before irradiation induced an increase in extrapolation number (n) in cell lines AB 1157 (wild-type), AB 1886(uvrA-) and KMBL(polA-) but not GR 501(lig-)ts, AB 2463(recA-) and AB 2480(uvrA-recA-). In addition the UOP all effect a decrease in mean lethal dose (D0) even when tested at low concentrations or short contact times. Studies with wild-type cells correlate the increase in n with measured increased levels of ATP (above oxic control cells) produced upon incubation with UOP. The increased levels of ATP most likely arise from the UOP overstimulating glycolysis. The decrease in D0 cannot be associated with any of the repair pathways investigated and it is concluded that the highly lipophilic UOP directly or indirectly potentiate other target(s) to radiation damage as well as DNA under oxic conditions. Treatment of the cells with UOP did not result in the deleterious depletion of energy substrates, loss of non-protein thiols or the production of cytotoxins upon irradiation.
The Reaction between Sulfur Dioxide and Olefins. II. Propylene (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction between Sulfur Dioxide and Olefins. II. PropyleneMadison Hunt and C. S. MarvelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 9, 1691–1696Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01312a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01312a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Significance of changes of T lymphocytes subsets in children with infectious mononucleosis and the effects of different interventions]. (2009)

It is indicated that the subsets of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood are obviously abnormal in children with IM caused by EBV infection in acute phase. IVIG can regulate the immunological derangements of T lymphocytes subsets, on which anti-viral therapy alone may have little impact.
Chemokine Receptor 2b Inhibition Provides Renal Protection in Angiotensin II–Salt Hypertension (2007)

The present study was designed to determine whether chemokine receptor 2b (CCR2b) contributes to the development of renal injury in salt-sensitive angiotensin II (ANG) hypertension. Rats were infused with ANG and fed a high-salt diet (HS) for 14 days. Rats were divided into 4 groups: HS; HS administered the CCR2b antagonist, RS102895; Ang/HS hypertensive; and Ang/HS hypertensive administered RS102895. CCR2b inhibition slowed the progression of blood pressure elevation during the first week of ANG/HS hypertension; however, it did not alter blood pressure in the HS group. At 2 weeks, arterial pressure was not significantly different between ANG/HS and ANG/HS hypertensive rats administered RS102895. Renal cortical nuclear factor kappaB activity increased in ANG/HS hypertension compared with the HS group (0.11+/-0.006 versus 0.08+/-0.003 ng of activated nuclear factor kappaB per microgram of protein), and RS102895 treatment lowered nuclear factor kappaB activity in ANG/HS hypertension (0.08+/-0.005 ng of activated nuclear factor kappaB per microgram of protein). Renal tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression increased, and Cyp2c23 expression decreased in ANG/HS hypertension compared with the HS group, and CCR2b inhibition reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and increased Cyp2c23 expression. Histological immunostaining revealed increased renal monocyte and macrophage infiltration in ANG/HS hypertensive rats with decreased infiltration in rats receiving RS102895 treatment. Albuminuria and cortical collagen staining also increased in ANG/HS hypertensive rats, and RS102895 treatment lowered these effects. Afferent arteriolar autoregulatory responses to increasing renal perfusion pressure were blunted in ANG/HS hypertension, and RS102895 treatment improved this response. These data suggest that CCR2b inhibition protects the kidney in hypertension by reducing inflammation and delaying the progression of hypertension.