gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Restricted Self-Diffusion of Protons in Colloidal Systems by the Pulsed-Gradient, Spin-Echo Method (1968)

The pulsed-gradient, spin-echo technique has been used to study self-diffusion of protons in several colloidal systems in order to examine the usefulness of that technique in determining the extent to which the free movement of molecules in these systems is restricted by the colloidal structures present. The pulsed-gradient experiment is preferred to the steady-gradient experiment because it affords better definition and control over the time during which diffusion is observed. Diffusion times between 1 sec and 10−3 sec have been used. One artificial system of thin liquid layers, three different kinds of plant cells, and one emulsion have been studied. Clear indications of restricted diffusion are found in all the systems. When fitted to theoretical expressions derived for such behavior, the data yielded a description of each system, as seen by the diffusing molecules, adequately in agreement with the known structure and properties. Critiera for recognizing and analyzing restricted diffusion are discussed. Necessary conditions for the successful study of restricted diffusion are also discussed.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization of Fused-Ring Naphthoxazine Resins (2017)

Fused-ring naphthoxazine monomers are synthesized from 1-naphthols and cycloimines derived from piperidine and pyrrolidine. Their polymerization has been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) as well as by solution and solid-state 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). A polymerization reaction similar to the traditional benzoxazine monomers is found with oxazine ring disappearing and hydroxyl group forming by the nonisothermal FT-IR experiment. Fused-ring monomers, studied in this work, polymerize at significantly lower temperatures compared to the ordinary benzoxazine resins.
MR/sup 2/ (MR Square): a mixed-reality meeting room (2002)

Our new meeting room, the MR Square, was built as a testing ground of a variety of multimedia user interfaces and applications. The MR Square features mixed-reality technologies such as wide-area trackers and tens of head mount displays, as well as one 200-inch and two 150-inch screens. Participants sit and collaborate in fully wired, retractable seats. The MR Square illustrates how state of the art multimedia technologies can be incorporated into a meeting room.
Divide and conquer: the <scp> <i>P</i> </scp> <i>seudomonas aeruginosa</i> two‐component hybrid <scp>S</scp> ag <scp>S</scp> enables biofilm formation and recalcitrance of biofilm cells to antimicrobial agents via distinct regulatory circuits (2017)

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms antimicrobial resistant biofilms through sequential steps requiring several two-component regulatory systems. The sensor-regulator hybrid SagS plays a central role in biofilm development by enabling the switch from the planktonic to the biofilm mode of growth, and by facilitating the transition of biofilm cells to a highly tolerant state. However, the mechanism by which SagS accomplishes both functions is unknown. SagS harbours a periplasmic sensory HmsP, and phosphorelay HisKA and Rec domains. SagS domain was used as constructs and site-directed mutagenesis to elucidate how SagS performs its dual functions. It was demonstrated that HisKA-Rec and the phospho-signalling between SagS and BfiS contribute to the switch to the biofilm mode of growth, but not to the tolerant state. Instead, expression of SagS domain constructs harbouring HmsP rendered ΔsagS biofilm cells as recalcitrant to antimicrobial agents as wild-type biofilms, likely by restoring BrlR production and cellular c-di-GMP levels to wild-type levels. Restoration of biofilm tolerance by HmsP was independent of biofilm biomass accumulation, RsmA, RsmYZ, HptB and BfiSR-downstream targets. Our findings thus suggest that SagS likely makes use of a "divide-and-conquer" mechanism to regulate its dual switch function, by activating two distinct regulatory networks via its individual domains.
Novel Thieno[2,3-<i>d</i>][1,3]oxazin-4-ones as Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase (1998)

A series of thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase. New synthetic routes to 2-alkoxy-, 2-alkylthio-, and 2-sec-amino-substituted derivatives are reported. This study demonstrates the versatility of 2-aminothiophenes prepared by Gewald reaction as a synthetic entry to serine protease-inhibiting, fused 1,3-oxazin-4-ones. Introduction of ethoxy, n-propoxy, and ethylthio groups at C-2 delivered the most potent inhibitors of this series with Ki values lower than 11 nM. Kinetic studies and product analyses revealed the formation of acyl-enzymes as a result of the attack of the active site serine at the carbon C-4 and subsequent deacylation. This mode of action is similar to the inhibition of serine proteases by 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. Replacement of the benzene ring in benzoxazinones by a (substituted) thiophene led to improved hydrolytic stability and retained inhibitory potency.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Therapy in an Experimental Model of Breast Cancer Metastatic to the Brain (1995)

We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy to treat malignant mammary tumors in vitro and in vivo in the brain. A mammary adenocarcinoma cell line derived from Fischer rats (13762 MAT B III; MAT-B) was used. In vitro studies demonstrated that the MAT-B cells could be efficiently transduced with a replication-defective adenovirus (ADV) vector that carried the herpes simplex virus gene for thymidine kinase (ADV-tk), and that ADV-tk transduction rendered the MAT-B cells sensitive to killing, in a dose-dependent manner, with ganciclovir (GCV). An animal model of a mammary tumor metastatic to the brain was produced by injecting MAT-B cells into the caudate nucleus of Fischer rats. Seven days after MAT-B cell injection, when the tumors were approximately 5 mm2 in cross-sectional size, the tumors were injected with ADV-tk or a control adenovirus vector containing the beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) gene (ADV-beta gal). After vector injection the animals were treated with GCV or with saline for 6 days. Sixteen days after tumor cell injection, the brains were examined histologically. The rats that were injected with ADV-beta gal and treated with GCV or saline, and those that were injected with ADV-tk and treated with saline had large tumors, whereas the rats that were injected with ADV-tk and treated with GCV had no visible tumor tissue at the site of tumor cell injection. In survival studies animals treated with ADV-tk+GCV survived a significantly longer time than animals treated with ADV-beta gal+GCV. Our results demonstrate that the recombinant adenoviral vector containing the tk gene confers GCV cytotoxic sensitivity to mammary tumor cells in vitro and in the brain, and suggest that this treatment strategy may be useful in treating somatic tumors that metastasize to the brain.
Comparison of ablation centration in initial and retreatment active eye-tracker-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis and the effect on visual outcome (2004)

With an active eye-tracking system, the retreatment center was not only close to the pupil center but also close to the primary ablation center. Regardless of the relationship between the 2 ablation centers, the BCVA did not change if the retreatment ablation was well centered.
SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL SULFOXIDES BY ASYMMETRIC OXIDATION (1986)

Abstract The main chemical or enzymatic methods of asymmetric oxidation of sulfides are reviewed. A new approach to chiral sulfoxides is described, which uses tertiobutyl hydroperoxide in presence of a chiral titanium complex. The results obtained during the last two years are summarized. The best enantiomeric excess amounts to 95% in the case of formation of cyclopropyl phenyl sulfoxide.
Topical Therapy of Psoriasis with Fluocinolone Acetonide (1961)

It has been the general experience that intralesional injection of suspensions of certain corticosteroids will consistently induce complete involution of lesions of psoriasis,<sup>1-3</sup>the effect being purely local. The same compounds have had little effect when applied as ointment or lotions. The effectiveness of intralesional injection is based on the injection of a suspension which creates a depot of crystals insoluble in tissue, and inhibition of the lesion continues (apparently) until the crystals are no longer present. In essence, this is a form of tissue-depot therapy. Intralesional injection, however, has certain limitations and disadvantages: It is time consuming, uncomfortable for the patient, and atrophy, usually reversible, of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is often a sequel. A method which is free of these limitations and objections would be highly desirable. Twelve patients with chronic patches of typical psoriasis have been used to study the possible effectiveness of an alternate
Interactive investigation of fluid mechanics data sets (1990)

Scientific Visualization techniques provide convenient means to graphically represent various types of experimental and computational data. Fluid mechanics data tends to be challenging to visualize. FIELDVIEW is a visual analysis tool designed to facilitate the interactive investigation of these data sets by providing an easy-to-use interface to the flow field data. Operating on NASA Plot 3D format data, FIELDVIEW computes scalar and vector flow quantities and displays them using a variety of representations including animation. An interactive viewing interface allows free motion around the data under study to allow the researcher to locate and study the interesting flow features of three-dimensional fluid dynamic data.
Discovery of COM701, a therapeutic antibody targeting the novel immune checkpoint PVRIG, for the treatment of cancer. (2017)

3074 Background: While inhibitors of CTLA4 and PD1 have emerged as effective cancer therapies, the majority of treated patients do not derive long term benefit. Employing our computational discovery platform, we discovered PVRIG as an immune suppressive molecule expressed on T and NK cells and identified COM701, an antibody (Ab) targeting human PVRIG that enhances T cell function and anti-tumor responses. Methods: Anti-human PVRIG Ab COM701 was identified as an antagonistic Ab that enhanced T cell function in multiple assays. Antagonistic anti-mouse PVRIG Abs and PVRIG deficient (PVRIG -/- ) mice were generated and characterized using syngeneic tumor models. Results: PVRIG was induced upon T cell activation, with long term activation leading to the highest expression. PVRL2 was identified as the ligand for PVRIG, placing PVRIG in the DNAM/TIGIT immunoreceptor axis. Compared to normal adjacent tissues, PVRIG and PVRL2 were both induced in the tumor microenvironment of several human cancers. To target PVRIG for therapeutic intervention, we identified COM701, a high affinity Ab that disrupts the interaction of PVRIG with PVRL2. COM701 enhanced CD8 T cell proliferation and IFN-g production in vitro and had an additive or synergistic effect on T cell activation when further combined with an anti-PD1 or anti-TIGIT Ab. Consistent with a checkpoint function for human PVRIG, mouse PVRIG -/- T cells showed increased function compared to wild type T cells. A surrogate antagonistic anti-mPVRIG Ab reduced growth of CT26 and B16 tumors when combined with an anti-PDL1 Ab in vivo. MC38 tumors also grew slower in PVRIG -/- mice compared to wild type mice and ex vivo analysis pointed to functional differences in anti-cancer immunity. Conclusions: We demonstrated that targeting PVRIG with COM701, a high affinity antagonistic Ab, increased human T cell function. We further showed that PVRIG was induced in the tumor microenvironment and that disruption of PVRIG/PVRL2 interaction resulted in reduced tumor growth in preclinical models. These data demonstrate that PVRIG is a promising target for the treatment of cancer and provide the rationale for COM701 as a potential cancer immunotherapy.
Reaktionen mit Phosphinalkylenen, XXXIII. Darstellung lithiumsalzfreier Ylidlösungen mit Natrium‐bis(trimethylsilyl)amid als Base (1976)

Abstract Das in vielen organischen Lösungsmitteln gut lösliche Natrium‐bis(trimethylsily)amid ( 2 ) eignet sich ausgezeichnet als Base zur darstellung lithiumsalzfreier Alkylidentriphenylphosphoran‐Lösungen, die für alle bekannten Ylidreaktionen eingesetzt werden können. Als Beispiele solcher Reaktionen werden die cis ‐stereoselektive Witting‐Reaktion, die C ‐Acylierung mit Thiolestern und die Ringschlußreaktion durch kombinierte inter‐und intramolekulare C ‐Alkylierung beschrieben.
Parallel-stranded duplexes and quartet assemblies formed by oligonucleotides containing isoguanine. (1997)

Oligonucleotides with isoguanine-cytosine base pairs form duplexes with parallel chain orientation. This strong base pair dictates the strand polarity when additional dA-dT or N7Ad-dT pairs are present. The same is observed for the isocytosine-guanine pair. Quartet structures are built by the self-assembly of oligonucleotides containing short runs of isoguanine or 7-deazaisoguanine. New base pairs between isoguanine or guanine and 5-aza-7-deazaguanine are presented.
Investigation of a resonance microgenerator (2003)

Microgenerators that could extract energy from the environment would be very attractive for powering some types of microsystems. One approach uses a mechanical resonant element to transfer seismic vibrations into useful motion. A novel configuration for an electromagnetic microgenerator and an electrostatic microgenerator has been modelled and confirmed by experiments at a small macroscopic scale. This design allows the possibility of a 'stacked' array to increase the output. However it is concluded, as with other studies, that few applications are plausible with the outputs that can be achieved. A power output of 6 nW is predicted for a typical single-element electromagnetic microgenerator but at a very low voltage. The electrostatic form delivers more useful voltage but, at the small scale, its reactive impedance is much too high for useful power delivery.
Developmentally‐regulated changes of <i>Xist</i> RNA levels in single preimplantation mouse embryos, as revealed by quantitative real‐time PCR (2002)

Xist RNA localizes to the inactive X chromosome in cells of late cleavage stage female mouse embryos (Sheardown et al., 1997: Cell 91:99-107). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), however, does not quantify the number of Xist transcripts per nucleus. We have used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure Xist RNA levels in single preimplantation embryos and to establish developmental profiles in both female and male samples. The gender of each embryo was readily established based on Xist RNA levels, by counting Xist gene copies per cell, and by independent detection of the presence/absence of Sry, a Y chromosome-specific gene. Xist expression in males was found to be very low at all stages, as suggested by FISH. In contrast, female embryos contained measurable levels of Xist mRNA starting at the late 2-cell stage and rapidly accumulated Xist transcripts until morula stage. Xist RNA accumulation per embryo then reached a plateau, while cell division continued. We propose that during early cleavage high enough levels of Xist mRNA are transcribed to generate a pool of unbound molecules. This pool would serve to temporarily maintain X chromosome inactivation without additional transcription while the trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) differentiate. The ICM would then loose the paternally imprinted pattern of X inactivation originally present in all embryonic cells.
Anxiolytic-like profile of propofol, a general anesthetic, in the plus-maze test in mice. (2004)

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of propofol on anxiety using the elevated plus-maze test. Groups of mice received propofol (20, 40, 60 mg/kg) or diazepam (2 mg/kg), caffeine (30 mg/kg), L-arginine (100 mg/kg), m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 2.5 mg/kg) and then were placed in an elevated plus-maze that was composed of two opposite closed arms and two opposite open arms. Propofol (20, 40, 60 mg/kg) and diazepam (2 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent in the open arms compared to control. Caffeine (30 mg/kg) and m-CPP (2.5 mg/kg) decreased the percentage of time spent in the open arms and these effects were antagonized when propofol (40 mg/kg) was administered before the test. L-arginine (100 mg/kg) has also produced anxiogenic effect and this effect was not prevented by propofol. All drugs used in this study did not significantly change locomotor activity. These results suggest that propofol has anxiolytic effect in plus-maze test.
Sol–gel synthesis of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>glasses: mechanistic studies by solution and solid state NMR (2004)

Colorless and transparent aluminium phosphate gels and glasses with P/Al ratios ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 are prepared via the sol–gel process using aluminium lactate and phosphoric acid as precursors. This glass-forming range is significantly wider than accessible via the melt cooling route. Optimum pH ranges and thermal treatment conditions have been established on the basis of extensive solution- and solid state NMR spectroscopies. The NMR spectra help identify the various types of local environments present in the sols, gels and glasses, thereby providing a mechanistic understanding of the molecular transformation processes involved. Furthermore, they provide a basis for discussing the structural evolution as a function of composition. The formation of transparent gels and glasses is closely connected to high concentrations of the mixed [Al(lact)1(H2O)4]2+ and [Al(lact)2(H2O)2]+ complexes in the precursor solution. Addition of H3PO4 to such solutions results in multiple equilibria involving octahedrally coordinated aluminium complexes having variable lactate, phosphate and water ligands. The structure of the dried xerogels is dominated by the four octahedrally coordinated aluminium environments [Al(lact)3], [Al(lact)2(PO3)2]−, [Al(lact)1(PO3)4]2−, and [Al(PO3)6]3−, involved in various degrees of polymerization. Heat treatment of the dried xerogels at temperatures up to 400 °C results in further polymerization, producing AlO4, AlO5, and AlO6 coordination states. 27Al–31P double resonance experiments confirm that the extent of Al/P connectivity in the glasses is generally maximized. For those glasses that can be prepared by either sol–gel or melt-cooling procedures, all of the NMR experiments indicate virtually identical network structures for both preparation routes.
Effects of targeted deletion of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 on immune competence and sensitivity to immune modulation by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (2008)

The role of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in immune competence and modulation by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) was investigated in CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) mice. Immunofluorescence analysis of splenic leukocytes showed no significant differences in the percentage of T cell subsets, B cells, or macrophages between wild-type and CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) mice. Lymphoproliferative control responses to PHA, phorbol ester plus ionomycin, or LPS and sensitivity to suppression by Delta9-THC showed no profound differences between the two genotypes, although some differences were observed in control baseline responses. Likewise, similar control responses and sensitivity to Delta9-THC were observed in mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR) and in IL-2 and IFN-gamma production in both genotypes. Conversely, humoral immune responses showed a markedly different profile of activity. Delta9-THC suppressed the in vivo T cell-dependent, anti-sheep RBC (anti-sRBC) IgM antibody-forming cell (AFC) response in wild-type but not in CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) mice, and the in vitro anti-sRBC IgM response in CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) splenocytes was too low to rigorously assess CB1/CB2 involvement in modulation by Delta9-THC. Conversely, comparable in vitro IgM AFC control responses to LPS and CD40 ligand (CD40L) activation were observed in the two genotypes. Interestingly, LPS-induced IgM responses were refractory to suppression by Delta9-THC, regardless of genotype, and CD40L-induced IgM responses were only suppressed by Delta9-THC in wild-type but not in CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) B cells. Collectively, we demonstrate differential involvement of CB1 and/or CB2 in immune modulation by Delta9-THC and in some control responses. Moreover, CB1/CB2 involvement was observed in humoral responses requiring CD40-initiated signaling for suppression by Delta9-THC.
A Comparison of Methods for Clustering 16S rRNA Sequences into OTUs (2013)

Recent studies of 16S rRNA sequences through next-generation sequencing have revolutionized our understanding of the microbial community composition and structure. One common approach in using these data to explore the genetic diversity in a microbial community is to cluster the 16S rRNA sequences into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) based on sequence similarities. The inferred OTUs can then be used to estimate species, diversity, composition, and richness. Although a number of methods have been developed and commonly used to cluster the sequences into OTUs, relatively little guidance is available on their relative performance and the choice of key parameters for each method. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of ten existing OTU inference methods. We found that the appropriate dissimilarity value for defining distinct OTUs is not only related with a specific method but also related with the sample complexity. For data sets with low complexity, all the algorithms need a higher dissimilarity threshold to define OTUs. Some methods, such as, CROP and SLP, are more robust to the specific choice of the threshold than other methods, especially for shorter reads. For high-complexity data sets, hierarchical cluster methods need a more strict dissimilarity threshold to define OTUs because the commonly used dissimilarity threshold of 3% often leads to an under-estimation of the number of OTUs. In general, hierarchical clustering methods perform better at lower dissimilarity thresholds. Our results show that sequence abundance plays an important role in OTU inference. We conclude that care is needed to choose both a threshold for dissimilarity and abundance for OTU inference.
Gender-Related Themes in African Entrepreneurship: Introduction to the Articles (2009)

This special issue is concerned with gender and entrepreneurship in Africa, mostly in the formal sector. Geographically, the issue includes articles on West Africa (Ghana and Nigeria), East Africa ...
Breast implant research: where we have been, where we are, where we need to go. (2001)

This article summarizes the current state and future needs of research into saline-filled and silicone gel breast implants. The authors describe recent investigations into possible causes and potential risk factors for silicone gel and saline implant failure. Also discussed are local complications of breast implantation and the need for revisional operations in augmentation and reconstruction patients. In addition, the effects that surgical, implant, and patient variables have on the aesthetic outcome of surgery are addressed. The last portion of the article lays out future research needs, such as determining the incidence rate of implant failure, reducing the frequency of revisional surgery, and the difficulty of designing better breast implants in the current strict regulatory climate.
The motives, timing and subsequent performance of seasoned equity issues (1995)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1995.