gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Microstructure on the Fracture Properties of UO<sub>2</sub>-5wt%CeO<sub>2</sub> Pellets (2002)

The variation of fracture properties [toughness(KIC), strength(σf)] was mearsured for UO2-5wt%CeO2 pellets with different microstructures made by the use of different dopants(Li2O, Al2O3 and Cr2O3). The critical temperature difference(ΔTc), an important parameter of material behavior against thermal shock, was also studied by measuring the fracture strength as a function of the quenching temperature. Fracture toughness was not significantly varied, about 0.8Mpa.m1/2, despite the variation of grain size, while the fracture strength was varied from 40 to about 60 MPa with the grain size. The ΔTc in a Li2O doped UO2-5wt%CeO2 pellet decreased compared with that of the undoped UO2-5wt%CeO2 one, whereas that for Al2O3-doped or Cr2O3-doped UO2-5wt%CeO2 pellets increased to a less extent, irrespective of grain size. The variation in ΔTc is discussed in terms of the effect of different dopants.
Clinical and radiographic appearance of proximal carious lesions at the time of operative treatment in young permanent teeth (1986)

Clinical tissue changes were recorded during restorative treatment of proximal carious lesions of young premolars and molars. 60 proximal surfaces with radiolucencies in the inner half of the enamel or the outer half of the dentin were treated. The extent and character of the tissue changes were documented with photographs taken during drilling and evaluated after magnification. The maximum extent for each lesion was correlated to the extent of the radiographically observed lesion. The results showed that 70% of the restored surfaces were associated with a breakdown of the enamel surface. When the radiolucency did not extend deeper than into the inner half of the enamel, cavities were found in 61%; for lesions with a radiolucency extending into the outer half of the dentin the percentage was 78%. In the majority of cases the cavity was limited to the enamel. In all cases discoloration was observed in the enamel. The dentin was soft and discolored in 83%. Severe damage of tooth substance was found in 12% of the teeth.
An industry-based survey of reliability in power electronic converters (2009)

A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the industrial requirements and expectations of reliability in power electronic converters. According to the survey, power semiconductor devices ranked the most fragile components. It was concluded that main stresses were from the environment, transients and heavy loads, which should be considered during power electronic system design and normal operation. Further analyses suggest that power device reliability is a key issue and power electronic converter design is correlated with failure costs.
Retinal Vessel Segmentation in Fundoscopic Images with Generative Adversarial Networks (2017)

Retinal vessel segmentation is an indispensable step for automatic detection of retinal diseases with fundoscopic images. Though many approaches have been proposed, existing methods tend to miss fine vessels or allow false positives at terminal branches. Let alone under-segmentation, over-segmentation is also problematic when quantitative studies need to measure the precise width of vessels. In this paper, we present a method that generates the precise map of retinal vessels using generative adversarial training. Our methods achieve dice coefficient of 0.829 on DRIVE dataset and 0.834 on STARE dataset which is the state-of-the-art performance on both datasets.
Explosives Return To Marine Seismic Surveying (1970)

ABSTRACT Small explosive charges are now being used as seismic reflection and refraction sources. Half-pound charges of nitrocarbonitrate detonated at a depth of 40 or more feet are found to be the seismic equivalent of 150 1b at venting depth. Bubble effects are removed in digital computer processing. High repetition rates permit resolution equivalent to that of non explosives while achieving the maximum penetration provided by explosives. Seismic exploration was conceived more than a half century ago with the expression of the basic idea that sound waves will-travel in a different manner in different kinds of rocks. Reginald Fessenden in his 1916 patent proposed to generate the sound waves by means of an electric oscillator. His oscillator and his listening devices were to be placed in water-filled holes in the ground. It soon became clear that the primitive oscillators, microphones, and amplification systems of the 1920 era were incapable of achieving penetrations through the earth of more than a few tens of feet. Not until Ludger Mintrop and John C. Karcher in the early 1920's substituted explosive charges for the electric oscillator did seismic exploration become practical. When seismic exploration moved to sea in the late 1940's and early 1950's, it naturally took along the explosive sound sources which had been so successful on land. Unfortunately at sea; the reflection seismologist was faced with an apparently irreconcilable dilemma. He had, in the years of land work, learned through experience that his explosive charges were most effective when well tamped. He had drilled holes in the earth, placed charges in the bottoms of the holes, and filled the holes with water or mud to serve as a tamp or reaction mass. If he did not have enough tamping, he found that his charge produced a far smaller seismic wave than that which he could expect with adequate tamping. At sea, however, when he put his charges downdeep enough so that the water above the charge served as an appropriate tamp, he found an unpleasant side effect. When an explosive is detonated, the explosive material changes abruptly to a gas at high temperature and pressure. If the detonation takes place deep under water, these gaseous explosive products expand rapidly to form a gas bubble of increasing diameter. Because of inertia, expansion continues after the gas pressure inside the bubble has fallen below that of the surrounding water. Cooling of the gas enhances the pressure contrast. When the expansion finally stops, conditions in and near the bubble are unstable. The water pressure around the bubble is substantially greater than the gas pressure inside the bubble. The bubble collapses with increasing speed as the water rushes inward. The result is another sharp acoustic pulse, frequently one more powerful than the initial detonation pulse.
A 900 MHz frequency synthesizer with integrated LC voltage-controlled oscillator (2002)

Integration of general-purpose frequency synthesizers usually requires a BiCMOS process and necessitates a compromise between the level of integration and performance. Frequency synthesizers with extensive channel programming flexibility and low phase noise typically require external voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) while highly-integrated synthesizers utilizing on-chip VCOs tend to exhibit degraded phase-noise performance. The frequency synthesizer presented here features low reference spurs and low phase-noise and is fully-integrated with the exception of an external crystal and an RC loop-filter. It uses a 25 GHz f/sub /spl tau// silicon bipolar process and is for 900 MHz ISM band applications and operates over a supply voltage range of 2.7 V to 5.0 V. The integration level is achieved by a simplified pulse-swallow architecture that provides 41 channels with a 600 kHz spacing and requires a 6 bit programming word.
Effect of Oxygenated Perfluorocarbons on Isolated Rat Pancreatic Islets in Culture (2005)

One impediment for a wider application of islet transplantation is the limited number of donor pancreata for islet isolation. A more efficient utilization of available organs could in part alleviate this problem. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a high oxygen solubility coefficient and maintain high oxygen partial pressures for extended time. They serve also as oxygen "reservoirs" for harvested organs in pancreas organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to test whether the use of PFCs could also be beneficial for the secretory activity and overall viability of cultured purified islets before transplantation. Purified rat islets were cultured in static conditions with or without oxygen-saturated PFCs for 1 or 7 days. Cell death and apoptosis were assessed by trypan blue staining, DNA strand breaks, and caspase 3/7 activity. mRNA levels of insulin and ICA512/IA-2, a membrane marker of secretory granules (SGs), were quantitated by real-time PCR, whereas insulin content and secretion were measured by RIA. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), which promotes SG biogenesis, was assessed by Western blotting. The number of SGs and the ultrastructural appearance of beta5-cells were analyzed by cryoimmunoelectronmicroscopy for insulin. Various parameters, including caspase activity, insulin and ICA512/IA-2 mRNA levels, PTB expression, number of secretory granules, and ultrastructural appearance did not significantly differ between control and PFC-cultured islets. On the other hand, PFC culture islets showed significantly increased DNA fragmentation and a reduced insulin stimulation index at both time points compared to control islets. While advantageous for the transport of human harvested organs, the use of PFH in the culture may be comparable to and/or not provide advantage over conventional protocols for culture of islets for transplantation.
Transputer Applications and Systems '93 : Proceedings of the 1993 World Transputer Congress, 20-22 September 1993, Aachen, Germany (1993)

This report from the World Transputer Congress contains more than 120 articles that reflect the state-of-the-art in transputer applications. Topics covered include: real time control; graphic tools; systems programming; algorithms; image processing; operating systems; development and formal methods; programme environments; languages and architecture; AI and signal processing.
Survey on user interface programming (1992)

This paper reports on the results of a survey of user interface programming. The survey was widely distributed, and we received 74 responses. The results show that in today's applications, an average of 48% of the code is devoted to the user interface portion. The average time spent on the user interface portion is 45% during the design phase, 50% during the implementation phase, and 37% during the maintenance phase. 34% of the systems were implemented using a toolkit, 27% used a UIMS, 14% used an interface builder, and 26% used no tools. This appears to be because the toolkit systems had more sophisticated user interfaces. The projects using UIMSs or interface builders spent the least percent of time and code on the user interface (around 41%) suggesting that these tools are effective. In general, people were happy with the tools they used, especially the graphical interface builders. The most common problems people reported when developing a user interface included getting users' requirements, writing help text, achieving consistency, learning how to use the tools, getting acceptable performance, and communicating among various parts of the program.
Plasmonic Rainbow Trapping Structures for Light Localization and Spectrum Splitting (2011)

"Rainbow trapping" has been proposed as a scheme for localized storage of broadband electromagnetic radiation in metamaterials and plasmonic heterostructures. Here, we articulate the dispersion and power flow characteristics of rainbow trapping structures, and show that tapered waveguide structures composed of dielectric core and metal cladding are best suited for light trapping. A metal-insulator-metal taper acts as a cascade of optical cavities with different resonant frequencies, exhibiting a large quality factor and small effective volume comparable to conventional plasmonic resonators.
Diminished circadian rhythm of locomotor activity after vagotomy in rats. (1981)

Circadian rhythm of spontaneous locomotor activity, which is normally highly elevated during the dark phase of a day, diminished after ablation of the vagal nerves in rats with intact suprachiasmatic nuclei under light-dark cyclic conditions. This suggests that gastrointestinal activity affects the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity through the afferent pathway of the vagus.
[Use of vasodilator agents for treating acute cardiac insufficiency]. (1980)

Peripheral vasodilators nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside were given to 29 patients in the treatment of acute circulatory insufficiency (10 of these patients had pulmonary edema) which in most of them was caused by acute myocardial infarction. Diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery, which was measured by means of a Swan-Ganz balloon catheter, was above 18 mm Hg (18--34 mm Hg) in all patients. Sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin given sublingually caused rapid normalization of diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery and reduction of arterial pressure with no essential changes in the rate of cardiac contractions and cardiac output, which was attended by an improvement in the functional condition of the left ventricle and in the patients' condition. In patients with a low initial cardiac output (less than 2.2 1/min/m2), however, there was a statistically significant increase of this index in the presence of sodium nitroprusside administration. It is advisable to use sodium nitroprusside for long-term treatment of cardiac insufficiency in a low cardiac output, whereas nitroglycerin is a good measure for rapid relief of pulmonary congestion.
Simultaneous synthesis of human-, mouse- and chimeric epidermal growth factor genes via ‘hybrid gene synthesis’ approach (1986)

Simultaneous synthesis of two DNA duplexes encoding human and mouse epidermal growth factors (EGF) was accomplished in a single step. A 174 b.p. DNA heteroduplex, with 16 single and double base pair mismatches, was designed. One strand encoded the human EGF, and the opposite strand indirectly encoded the mouse EGF. The heteroduplex DNA was synthesized by ligation of seven overlapping oligodeoxyribonucleotides with a linearized plasmid. After transformation in E. coli HB101 (recA 13), the resulting heteroduplex plasmid served as the template in plasmid replication. Two different plasmid progenies bearing either the human or mouse EGF-coding sequence were identified by colony hybridization using the appropriate probes. However, in E. coli JM103, the same process yielded plasmid progenies encoding different chimeric EGF molecules, presumably due to crossover of human and mouse EGF gene sequences.
Human cytomegalovirus induces apoptosis in neural stem/progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells by generating mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress (2013)

iPSC-derived NSPCs are thought to be a useful model to study HCMV neuropathogenesis and to analyze the mechanisms of HCMV-induced apoptosis in neural cells.
Comparison of the Susceptibilities of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> to Meropenem and Ceftazidime by Conventional and Intracellular Methods (2004)

The effect of the two antibiotics ceftazidime and meropenem on a collection of 46 Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates representing clinical and environmental sources across northern Australia was investigated by using a series of in vitro test methods. The susceptibility testing methods used included Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, Etest MIC, broth microdilution MIC, and a modification of the microdilution method in which Acanthamoeba cells were added to simulate the effect of a professional phagocytic cell on test outcome. In a semiquantitative validation coculture series, the majority of bacteria were intracellular up to a multiplicity of infection of 10 bacteria to one ameba. The optical density and bacterial count (log10 CFU/ml) correlated across the range tested (r2 = 0.77; P < 0.0001). Susceptibility test results were compared against clinical outcomes. The MICs of ceftazidime were consistently higher than those of meropenem by all three methods. The MICs of both agents were significantly higher when Acanthamoeba trophozoites were added to the broth microdilution method. Conventional and intracellular MIC results were consistent for clinical isolates from the Western Australian outbreak cluster despite the wide variety of clinical outcomes. Further development of the intracellular MIC method is expected to help assess the efficacy of antimicrobial agents on this bacterial species in an intracellular setting.
Sparse Convolved Gaussian Processes for Multi-output Regression (2008)

We present a sparse approximation approach for dependent output Gaussian processes (GP). Employing a latent function framework, we apply the convolution process formalism to establish dependencies between output variables, where each latent function is represented as a GP. Based on these latent functions, we establish an approximation scheme using a conditional independence assumption between the output processes, leading to an approximation of the full covariance which is determined by the locations at which the latent functions are evaluated. We show results of the proposed methodology for synthetic data and real world applications on pollution prediction and a sensor network. 1
Polyacrylamide grafted polysaccharide as friction reducer for slickwater fracturing treatment (2020)

A series of polysaccharide-graft-polyacrylamide copolymers were prepared via conventional free radical polymerization process, where polysaccharide served as macro-initiators in water-in-oil inverse emulsion polymerization media. The formed polysaccharide-graft-polyacrylamide copolymers were evaluated as friction reducers for slickwater fracturing in fresh water and synthetic seawater. Compared to standard friction reducers based on acrylamide copolymers, the new friction reducer based on polysaccharide-graft-polyacrylamide showed better salt tolerance with well-maintained viscosity in synthetic seawater vs. in fresh water. Additionally, it also provided high friction reduction of 65–70% in friction flow loop studies using synthetic seawater with total dissolved solids (TDS) of over 50,000 mg/L. These properties allow the potential utilization of polysaccharide-graft-polyacrylamide as friction reducer when seawater is used as base fluid for slickwater fracturing treatment.
Microneedle-mediated intrascleral delivery of <i>in situ</i> forming thermoresponsive implants for sustained ocular drug delivery (2013)

This study shows that the minimally invasive HMN device can localise in situ forming implants in the scleral tissue and provide sustained drug delivery.
The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters (2011)

The K-D test is an accurate and reliable method for identifying athletes with head trauma, and is a strong candidate rapid sideline screening test for concussion.
Glutamate or aspartate as a possible neurotransmitter of cerebral corticofugal fibers in the monkey (1983)

We measured high affinity glutamate uptake in subcortical projection sites of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) 8 weeks after unilateral ablation of Brodmann's areas 4 and 6. Uptake decreased ipsilateral to the lesion in ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, caudate nucleus, and pons. Uptake also decreased contralateral to the lesion in cervical and lumbar spinal cord. These results suggest that L-glutamate (or possibly L-aspartate) is a neurotransmitter of corticofugal fibers in primate.
OC-2, a Novel Mammalian Member of the ONECUT Class of Homeodomain Transcription Factors Whose Function in Liver Partially Overlaps with That of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-6 (1999)

Transcription factors of the ONECUT class, whose prototype is hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-6, are characterized by the presence of a single cut domain and by a peculiar homeodomain (Lannoy, V. J., Bürglin, T. R., Rousseau, G. G., and Lemaigre, F. P. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13552-13562). We report here the identification and characterization of human OC-2, the second mammalian member of this class. The OC-2 gene is located on human chromosome 18. The distribution of OC-2 mRNA in humans is tissue-restricted, the strongest expression being detected in the liver and skin. The amino acid sequence of OC-2 contains several regions of high similarity to HNF-6. The recognition properties of OC-2 for binding sites present in regulatory regions of liver-expressed genes differ from, but overlap with, those of HNF-6. Like HNF-6, OC-2 stimulates transcription of the hnf-3beta gene in transient transfection experiments, suggesting that OC-2 participates in the network of transcription factors required for liver differentiation and metabolism.
High-power (>0.5-W CW) diode-pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers with circular TEM/sub 00/ beams (1997)

We report demonstration of a new high-power semiconductor laser technology, the optically pumped semiconductor (OPS) vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). Using diode laser pump, an OPS-VECSEL laser with a strain-compensated InGaAs-GaAsP-GaAs multiquantum-well (MQW) structure operated continuous-wave (CW) near /spl lambda//spl sim/1004 nm with record output power of 0.69 W in a TEM/sub 11/ mode, 0.52 W in a TEM/sub 00/ mode, and 0.37 W coupled to a single-mode fiber. It is feasible to produce greater than 1 W of power in a diffraction-limited circular beam from an efficient, compact, manufacturable and reliable OPS-VECSEL laser.
Development of a Fluorinated Class-I HDAC Radiotracer Reveals Key Chemical Determinants of Brain Penetrance (2015)

Despite major efforts, our knowledge about many brain diseases remains remarkably limited. Epigenetic dysregulation has been one of the few leads toward identifying the causes and potential treatments of psychiatric disease over the past decade. A new positron emission tomography radiotracer, [(11)C]Martinostat, has enabled the study of histone deacetylase in living human subjects. A unique property of [(11)C]Martinostat is its profound brain penetrance, a feature that is challenging to engineer intentionally. In order to understand determining factors for the high brain-uptake of Martinostat, a series of compounds was evaluated in rodents and nonhuman primates. The study revealed the major structural contributors to brain uptake, as well as a more clinically relevant fluorinated HDAC radiotracer with comparable behavior to Martinostat, yet longer half-life.
Increased Brain Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 After Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Human Stroke (2006)

Our results demonstrate in situ higher levels of MMP-9 in human brain tissue after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting a contribution of MMP-9 to ischemic brain injury and perihematoma edema.
Influence of derivation on the lipophilicity and inhibitory actions of cardiac glycosides on myocardial Na<sup>+</sup>‐K<sup>+</sup>‐ATPase (1987)

Lipophilicity and inhibitory actions on guinea-pig heart Na+-K+-ATPase of twenty-six digitalis and six strophanthus glycosides comprising the aglycones, mono-, bis-, tris-sugar, alkylated (acylated) tris-sugar, acyl steroid derivatives and three cardanolides were investigated. Their octanol/water partition coefficients (P), reversed phase thin layer (r.t.l.c.) and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (r.h.p.l.c.) were determined and the viability of these methods as a measure of the lipophilicity of the cardiotonic steroids evaluated. The influence of lipophilicity and so also structural changes on the inhibitory effects of the cardiac glycosides on myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase was then examined. It is concluded that (a) r.t.l.c. and r.h.p.l.c. are just as effective as the conventional shake-flask method for estimation of the lipophilicity of cardiac glycosides and (b) the inhibitory potencies of cardiotonic steroids on the myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase increase with growing lipophilicity. The relationship between these two parameters is, however, governed by the influence of substitution or derivation of structural components on their inhibitory potencies on the myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase.