gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans (2000)

1. Changes in muscle strength, vastus lateralis fibre characteristics and myosin heavy-chain (MyoHC) gene expression were examined in 48 men and women following 3 weeks of knee immobilization and after 12 weeks of retraining with 1866 eccentric, concentric or mixed contractions. 2. Immobilization reduced eccentric, concentric and isometric strength by 47 %. After 2 weeks of spontaneous recovery there still was an average strength deficit of 11 %. With eccentric and mixed compared with concentric retraining the rate of strength recovery was faster and the eccentric and isometric strength gains greater. 3. Immobilization reduced type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre areas by 13, 10 and 10 %, respectively and after 2 weeks of spontaneous recovery from immobilization these fibres were 5 % smaller than at baseline. Hypertrophy of type I, IIa and IIx fibres relative to baseline was 10, 16 and 16 % after eccentric and 11, 9 and 10 % after mixed training (all P < 0.05), exceeding the 4, 5 and 5 % gains after concentric training. Type IIa and IIx fibre enlargements were greatest after eccentric training. 4. Total RNA/wet muscle weight and ty I, IIa and IIx MyoHC mRNA levels did not change differently after immobilization and retraining. Immobilization downregulated the expression of type I MyoHC mRNA to 0.72-fold of baseline and exercise training upregulated it to 0.95 of baseline. No changes occurred in type IIa MyoHC mRNA. Immobilization and exercise training upregulated type IIx MyoHC mRNA 2.9-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. For the immobilization segment, type I, IIa and IIx fibre area and type I, IIa and IIx MyoHC mRNA correlated (r = 0.66, r = 0.07 and r = -0.71, respectively). 5. The present data underscore the role muscle lengthening plays in human neuromuscular function and adaptation.
Tree Nuts (2008)

Tree Nuts: Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects: An Overview, C. Alasalvar and F. Shahidi Chemical Composition of Edible Nut Seeds and Its Implications in Human Health, S.K. Sathe, E.K. Monaghan, H.H. Kshirsagar, and M. Venkatachalam Health Benefits of Tree Nuts, M.E. Ternus, K. Lapsley, and C.J. Geiger Tree Nut Allergens, S.K. Sathe, G.M. Sharma, and K.H. Roux Sphingolipids in Tree Nuts, Y. Wang, D. Tan, and C.-T. Ho Health Aspects and Antiaflatoxigenic Activity of Phytochemicals in Tree Nuts, R.J. Molyneux, N. Mahoney, J.H. Kim, and B.C. Campbell Flavor and Volatile Compounds in Tree Nuts, K.R. Cadwallader and S. Puangpraphant Almond and Almond Products: Nutraceutical Components and Health Effects, F. Shahidi, Y. Zhong, S.S.K. Wijeratne, and C.-T. Ho Bioactives and Health Benefi ts of Brazil Nut, F. Shahidi and Z. Tan Bioactive Compounds from Cashew Nut and Its Coproducts, F. Shahidi and Z. Tan Chemical Composition and Health Aspects of Chestnut (Castanea spp.), F. Korel and M.OE. Balaban Compositional Characteristics and Health Effects of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.): An Overview, C. Alasalvar, F. Shahidi, J.S. Amaral, and B.P.P. Oliveira Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemicals in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and Hazelnut By-Products, C. Alasalvar, A.M. Hoffman, and F. Shahidi Phytochemical Profi les and Potential Health Benefi ts of Heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis): A Comparison with the Common Walnut (Juglans regia L.), R. Tsao and L. Li Nutrient Composition and Health Beneficial Effects of Macadamia Nuts, I.A. Munro and M.L. Garg Compositional Characteristics and Health Effects of Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], R.R. Eitenmiller and R.B. Pegg Nutraceutical Potential of Pine Nut, L. Yu and M. Slavin Phytochemicals and Health Aspects of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), N.P. Seeram, Y. Zhang, S. Bowerman, and D. Heber Walnut Polyphenols: Structures and Functions, T. Fukuda Index
A prospective study on the predictive value of CSF oligoclonal bands and MRI in acute isolated neurological syndromes for subsequent progression to multiple sclerosis. (1996)

A prospective study in patients with a clinical acute isolated brainstem or spinal cord disorder was undertaken. The aim was to evaluate the predictive value of IgG intrathecal synthesis (through the detection of oligoclonal bands in CSF) and MRI lesions at presentation, for the subsequent progression to multiple sclerosis. Forty four patients took part in this study: 22 had a brainstem disorder and 22 a spinal cord disorder. After a mean period of 26 (SD 22) months, 30 patients (68.2%) developed clinically definite multiple sclerosis. The remaining 14 patients were followed up for more than seven years. Twenty six (59.1%) patients had oligoclonal bands in CSF, with a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 85.7%, and a predictive value of 92.2%. Magnetic resonance imaging showed disseminated white matter lesions in 22 patients (50.0%), with a sensitivity of 60.0%, a specificity of 71.4%, and a predictive value of 81.7%. The difference between patients with multiple sclerosis and patients without the disease was statistically significant for the findings of an IgG intrathecal synthesis (P < 0.001). It was only borderline for the MRI findings (P = 0.052). Thus the detection of an intrathecal synthesis at presentation seemed to be a better prognostic indicator of the progression to multiple sclerosis in patients affected by acute isolated brainstem or spinal cord syndromes.
Synthesis, characterization and application of two nucleoside triphosphate analogues, GTPγNH<sub>2</sub> and GTPγF (2002)

Guanosine triphosphate nucleotide analogues such as GppNHp (also named GMPPNP) or GTPgammaS are widely used to stabilize rapidly hydrolyzing protein-nucleotide complexes and to investigate biochemical reaction pathways. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of guanosine 5'-O-(gamma-amidotriphosphate) (GTPgammaNH(2)) and a new synthesis of guanosine 5'-O-(gamma-fluorotriphosphate) (GTPgammaF). The two nucleotides were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. Chemical shift data on (31)P, (19)F and (1)H NMR resonances are tabulated. For GTPgammaNH(2) the enthalpy of magnesium coordination is DeltaH degrees = 3.9 kcal.mol(-1) and the association constant K(a) is 0.82 mm(-1). The activation energy for GTPgammaNH(2).Mg2+ complex formation is DeltaH++ = 7.8 +/- 0.15 kcal.mol(-1), similar to that for the natural substrate GTP. For GTPgammaF we obtained a similar enthalpy of DeltaH degrees = 3.9 kcal.mol(-1) while the magnesium association constant is only K(a) = 0.2 mm(-1). The application of both guanine nucleotide analogues to the GTP-binding protein Ras was investigated. The rate of hydrolysis of GTPgammaNH(2) bound to Ras protein lay between the rates found for Ras-bound GTPgammaS and GppNHp, while Ras-catalysed hydrolysis of GTPgammaF was almost as fast as for GTP. The two compounds extend the variety of nucleotide analogues and may prove useful in structural, kinetic and cellular studies.
Notch Activation Induces the Generation of Functional NK Cells from Human Cord Blood CD34-Positive Cells Devoid of IL-15 (2009)

The development of NK cells from hematopoietic stem cells is thought to be dependent on IL-15. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation of human cord blood CD34(+) cells by a Notch ligand, Delta4, along with IL-7, stem cell factor, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, but no IL-15, in a stroma-free culture induced the generation of cells with characteristics of functional NK cells, including CD56 and CD161 Ag expression, IFN-gamma secretion, and cytotoxic activity against K562 and Jurkat cells. Addition of gamma-secretase inhibitor and anti-human Notch1 Ab to the culture medium almost completely blocked NK cell emergence. Addition of anti-human IL-15-neutralizing Ab did not affect NK cell development in these culture conditions. The presence of IL-15, however, augmented cytotoxicity and was required for a more mature NK cell phenotype. CD56(+) cells generated by culture with IL-15, but without Notch stimulation, were negative for CD7 and cytoplasmic CD3, whereas CD56(+) cells generated by culture with both Delta4 and IL-15 were CD7(+) and cytoplasmic CD3(+) from the beginning and therefore more similar to in vivo human NK cell progenitors. Together, these results suggest that Notch signaling is important for the physiologic development of NK cells at differentiation stages beyond those previously postulated.
Mutations Enhancing Amino Acid Catabolism Confer a Growth Advantage in Stationary Phase (1999)

Starved cultures of Escherichia coli undergo successive rounds of population takeovers by mutants of increasing fitness. These mutants express the growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype. Previous work identified the rpoS819 allele as a GASP mutation allowing cells to take over stationary-phase cultures after growth in rich media (M. M. Zambrano, D. A. Siegele, M. A. Almirón, A. Tormo, and R. Kolter, Science 259:1757-1760, 1993). Here we have identified three new GASP loci from an aged rpoS819 strain: sgaA, sgaB, and sgaC. Each locus is capable of conferring GASP on the rpoS819 parent, and they can provide successively higher fitnesses for the bacteria in the starved cultures. All four GASP mutations isolated thus far allow for faster growth on both individual and mixtures of amino acids. Each mutation confers a growth advantage on a different subset of amino acids, and these mutations act in concert to increase the overall catabolic capacity of the cell. We present a model whereby this enhanced ability to catabolize amino acids is responsible for the fitness gain during carbon starvation, as it may allow GASP mutants to outcompete the parental cells when growing on the amino acids released by dying cells.
Sound Isolation and Giant Linear Nonreciprocity in a Compact Acoustic Circulator (2014)

Acoustic isolation and nonreciprocal sound transmission are highly desirable in many practical scenarios. They may be realized with nonlinear or magneto-acoustic effects, but only at the price of high power levels and impractically large volumes. In contrast, nonreciprocal electromagnetic propagation is commonly achieved based on the Zeeman effect, or modal splitting in ferromagnetic atoms induced by a magnetic bias. Here, we introduce the acoustic analog of this phenomenon in a subwavelength meta-atom consisting of a resonant ring cavity biased by a circulating fluid. The resulting angular momentum bias splits the ring's azimuthal resonant modes, producing giant acoustic nonreciprocity in a compact device. We applied this concept to build a linear, magnetic-free circulator for airborne sound waves, observing up to 40-decibel nonreciprocal isolation at audible frequencies.
The design of a hybrid filter bank for the psychoacoustic model in ISO/MPEG phases 1, 2 audio encoder (1997)

The ISO/MPEG phases 1 and 2 audio compression are receiving a wide range of applications. In the MPEG encoding process, the psychoacoustic model exploits the audio irrelevancy which has the key role in achieving a high compression ratio without losing the audio quality. However, the Fourier transform (FT) which has been used by the two psychoacoustic models suggested in the draft standard requires a high computational complexity, and hence leads to high hardware and software cost for real-time applications. This paper presents a new design named the hybrid filter bank to replace the FT. The hybrid filter bank can be integrated with the psychoacoustic models and provides a much lower complexity than the FT. Also, this paper shows that the hybrid filter is more suitable for stereo coding and hence can provide a better quality for the intensity stereo coding, which is the key technology for the MPEG 1 to achieve a near transparent quality lower than 96/spl times/2 kbits for two stereo channels.
Phase Diagrams as a Tool for Production and Development of Cemented Carbides and Steels (1992)

AbstractAbstractDatabases and programs for the calculation of phase diagrams have become valuable tools in research and development programmes for cemented carbides and steels. The number of applications of this technique for cemented carbide systems has increased lately due to the fact that some basic systems have now been analysed and entered into such databases. In the following, some cases are reviewed where the knowledge of phase diagrams, especially calculated diagrams, plays an important role in development work. These cases refer to the accurate control of the carbon balance necessary for successful sintering of some WC–Co alloys as well as the information needed for the sintering of Fe–Ni based carbides. The development work on steels within Sandvik Steel is further advanced when it comes to using phase diagrams and especially calculated diagrams as a tool for the development of new grades. This work is now facilitated by the great number of assessed systems for iron based alloys and the reliable databases available today. A few examples concerning steels are also reviewed where the use of calculated diagrams has been successful. PM/0587
Energy-efficient DBA and QoS in FiWi networks constrained to metro-access convergence (2012)

Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) access networks aim at combining the flexibility, ubiquity and mobility of wireless access networks with the robustness and high capacity support of the optical access networks. Several bandwidth allocation algorithms have been proposed for the convergence of fiber and wireless access networks. Besides, fiber-wireless convergence, metro-access convergence and energy-efficiency have appeared as further challenges of the ICTs. In this paper, we report our current research results on the service quality of existing energy-efficient bandwidth allocation schemes in long-reach FiWi networks, in terms of detailed delay performance, fairness and utilization. We show that deployment of energy-efficient Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) in a FiWi network does not only guarantee energy savings throughout the day but also introduces reduced maximum packet delay for both FTTX and wireless users, enhanced delay variance for all packets and significant fairness among different parts of the network. Furthermore, energy-efficient DBA decreases average buffer occupancy at the ONUs.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Bors, LIV. Chemische Eigenschaften von Tris(2.2‐dimethyl‐hydrazino)‐boran (1971)

Während die Verbindungen BCl3, (BH3)2, HCl und CH3J die B N-Bindungen von Tris(dialkylamino)-boranen spalten, lagern sie sich an Tris(2.2-dimethyl-hydrazino)-boran (1) an. Dabei erfolgt zunächst Addition an die stärker basische Dimethylaminogruppe, danach reagiert auch die schwächer basische NH-Gruppe. Solvolysen von 1 mit H2O und C2H5OH oder Komproportionierungen mit B(OCH3)3 oder B[N(CH3)2]3 führen nicht zu gemischten Verbindungen XnB[NHN(CH3)2]3 n(XOH, OR, N(CH3)2). Im Vergleich zu Tris(alkylamino)-boranen ist 1 thermisch sehr stabil. Erst oberhalb 280° spaltet sich N,N-Dimethylhydrazin ab. Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, LIV. Chemical Properties of Tris(2.2-dimethylhydrazino)borane In contrast to the ready cleavage of BN-bonds in tris(dialkylamino)boranes by BCl3, (BH3)2, HCl or CH3J the prefered reactions of these acids with tris(2.2-dimethylhydrazino)borane (1) are additions. Due to the greater basicity of the dimethylamino group as compared to the NH moiety, additions occur at the group (CH3)2N before the group NH is attacked. Solvolysis of B[NHN(CH3)2]3 (1) by H2O or C2H5OH yields (CH3)2 NNH2 and B(OH)3 or B(OC2H5)3, respectively, but no mixed compounds XnB[NHN(CH3)2]3 n are formed in these reactions or by ligand exchange with B(OCH3)3 or B[N(CH3)2]3. 1 is stable up to 280° at higher temperature condensation with formation of N.N-dimethylhydrazine occurs.
Non‐aqueous Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanocrystals and Their Assembly into Ordered Porous Mesostructures (2005)

Highly ordered mesostructures of tin oxide have been obtained via the block-copolymer-assisted assembly of crystalline tin oxide nanoparticle sols. The 3.5 nm tin oxide nanoparticles obtained using low-temperature synthesis can be dispersed without the use of any stabilizers and are assembled via an evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) process (see Figure).
CC chemokine receptors 1 and 3 are differentially regulated by IL-5 during maturation of eosinophilic HL-60 cells. (1998)

CC chemokine receptors 1 and 3 (CCR1 and CCR3) are expressed by eosinophils; however, factors regulating their expression and function have not previously been defined. Here we analyze chemokine receptor expression and function during eosinophil differentiation, using the eosinophilic cell line HL-60 clone 15 as a model system. RNA for CCR1, -3, -4, and -5 was not detectable in the parental cells, and the cells did not specifically bind CC chemokines. Cells treated with butyric acid acquired eosinophil characteristics; expressed mRNA for CCR1 and CCR3, but not for CCR4 or CCR5; acquired specific binding sites for macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha and eotaxin (the selective ligands for CCR1 and CCR3, respectively); and exhibited specific calcium flux and chemotaxis responses to macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, eotaxin, and other known CCR1 and CCR3 agonists. CCR3 was expressed later and at lower levels than CCR1 and could be further induced by IL-5, whereas IL-5 had little or no effect on CCR1 expression. Consistent with the HIV-1 coreceptor activity of CCR3, HL-60 clone 15 cells induced with butyric acid and IL-5 fused with HeLa cells expressing CCR3-tropic HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, and fusion was blocked specifically by eotaxin or an anti-CCR3 mAb. These data suggest that CCR1 and CCR3 are markers of late eosinophil differentiation that are differentially regulated by IL-5 in this model.
Evidence that the 'Active Centre' of the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Involves an Interaction between Three Distinct Regions of the Polypeptide (1986)

The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the thymidine kinase gene from each of three mutant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 and from the parental strain, SC16, has been determined. The mutants were known to express thymidine kinase enzymes with distinct substrate binding properties. Consideration of the lesions in the genes responsible for these altered biochemical properties. Consideration of the lesions in the genes responsible for these altered biochemical properties has led us to postulate a preliminary model for the active centre of the enzyme, involving the cooperation of three distinct regions of the polypeptide.
Application of Zero-Vector Control to Three-Phase Inverter (2012)

In this paper, a new application of three-phase inverter using zero-vector control is proposed. In order to control the amplitude of output current, the d-q axis coordinate transformation, hysteresis controller and space vector strategy are adopted. Besides, the frequency of output current also can be adjusted by zero-vector control. Therefore, the proposed inverter has lower switching loss, higher system efficiency and better dynamic response. Use VisSim simulation software and TI TMS320F28335 chip to implement the proposed control strategy. The controller has several advantages such as easier to control, smaller circuit size and fully digital design etc. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the proposed theory for verifications.
Deployment-related TBI, persistent postconcussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression in OEF/OIF veterans. (2011)

These findings highlight the importance of addressing persistent PCSs in order to facilitate the functional recovery of returning war veterans.
The Basis for Diminished Functional Recovery after Delayed Peripheral Nerve Repair (2011)

The postsurgical period during which neurons remain without target connections (chronic axotomy) and distal nerve stumps and target muscles are denervated (chronic denervation) deleteriously affects functional recovery. An autologous nerve graft and cross-suture paradigm in Sprague Dawley rats was used to systematically and independently control time of motoneuron axotomy, denervation of distal nerve sheaths, and muscle denervation to determine relative contributions of each factor to recovery failure. Tibial (TIB) nerve was cross-sutured to common peroneal (CP) nerve via a contralateral 15 mm nerve autograft to reinnervate the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle immediately or after prolonging TIB axotomy, CP autograft denervation, or TA muscle denervation. Numbers of motoneurons that reinnervated TA muscle declined exponentially from 99 ± 15 to asymptotic mean (± SE) values of 35 ± 1, 41 ± 10, and 13 ± 5, respectively. Enlarged reinnervated motor units fully compensated for reduced motoneuron numbers after prolonged axotomy and autograft denervation, but the maximal threefold enlargement did not compensate for the severe loss of regenerating nerves through chronically denervated nerve stumps and for failure of reinnervated muscle fibers to recover from denervation atrophy. Muscle force, weight, and cross-sectional area declined. Our results demonstrate that chronic denervation of the distal stump plays a key role in reduced nerve regeneration, but the denervated muscle is also a contributing factor. That chronic Schwann cell denervation within the nerve autograft reduced regeneration less than after the denervation of both CP nerve stump and TA muscle, argues that chronic muscle denervation negatively impacts nerve regeneration.
Methods of Preparation and Crystal Chemistry of Ferrites (1956)

Conventional ceramic methods for pure oxide materials can generally be applied to the processing of ferrites. Specialized techniques such as coprecipitation and hydrostatic pressing are sometimes employed. A process involving nonaqueous milling and forming additives provides dense shapes. The general formula for ferrites is MO·Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (M is a divalent metallic cation). X-ray diffraction may be used to conduct unit cell and phase relation studies. Metallurgical micrographic techniques are useful in investigating grain and pore structure. A study of the solid state reaction kinetics of an equimolar mixture of MgO and Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> at elevated temperatures showed that the reaction was expressed by the diffusion equation (1- <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> √1-.01x) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = K where x is the percentage of reaction at time t, and Kis a constant.
Human pro-Tumor Necrosis Factor Is a Homotrimer (1996)

The structure of human transmembrane pro-TNF-α was studied both in intact cell systems and in an in vitro translation system. In intact cell systems (LPS-induced THP-1 and TNF cDNA-transfected COS-7), a trimer of pro-TNF was detected after chemical cross-linking based on its molecular weight in Western blotting analysis. The trimer was shown to be a TNF-specific protein and could be partially cleaved to 26-kDa pro-TNF monomers by cleaving the cross-linkers. The trimeric structure was assembled intracellularly, because it could be detected in both the in vitro microsomal translation system and in THP-1 cells coincident with the appearance of pro-TNF in the cell lysate, prior to secretion of mature TNF. To further analyze the relationship between the trimeric structure and the biological activity of pro-TNF, we characterized several noncleavable pro-TNF deletion mutants. We observed a correlation between expression of TNF cytotoxicity in a juxtacrine fashion and detection of trimer. Thus, human pro-TNF-α, like the secreted mature TNF-α, has trimeric structure which is assembled intracellularly before transport to the cell surface and is apparently required for mediating its biologic activity.