gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two dimensional modulation transfer function of luminance on display images with a mosaic pixel structure (1994)

The mosaic pixel structure of displays such as LCDs influences human visual characteristics differently than the raster scans of conventional CRTs. Specifically it has two weak points, the sampling patterns are inferior to raster scans, and the resolution is less good because fewer pixels are used. Therefore it is very important to further improve the design of the mosaic pixel structure. The paper describes a new formula that interprets the relation between the modulation transfer function (MTF) and mosaic pixel structures. The formula for the MTF of mosaic pixel structure displays is derived from two dimensional pixel structures as well as the pixel aperture with a weighted intensity of luminance. Using this formula, the effects of pixel aperture and pitch, and color dot arrangement can be qualitatively estimated and evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Multichamber rapid thermal processing</title> (1991)

Silicon processing makes ever-increasing demands on the capabilities and quality of processing equipment. Rapid thermal processing (RTP) enables the use of thermally activated processes with the minimum thermal budget. Multi-chamber systems minimise turn around time whilst providing a high quality processing environment. This paper seeks to identify the issues associated with the use of RTP in multi-chamber systems from the reasons for considering it to the further work required to optimise it. 1.
Phase formation due to high dose aluminum implantation into silicon carbide (2000)

High doses of 350 keV aluminum (Al) ions were implanted into hexagonal silicon carbide (6H–SiC) single crystals at 500 °C. Phase formation was studied by transmission electron microscopy, secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and Auger electron spectrometry. A critical Al concentration of about 10 at. % was found below which the 6H–SiC structure remains stable. The Al atoms occupy preferentially silicon (Si) sites in the SiC lattice. The replaced Si atoms seem to be mobile under the implantation conditions and diffuse out. At higher Al concentrations the SiC matrix is decomposed and precipitates of Si and aluminum carbide (Al4C3) are formed. The Al4C3 precipitates have a perfect epitaxial orientation to the SiC matrix. The phase transformation is accompanied by atomic redistribution and strong volume swelling. The resulting changes in the atomic depth profiles can be accounted for by a simple chemical reaction model.
High Efficiency and Low Overkill Testing for Probabilistic Circuits (2020)

Probabilistic circuits are a potential solution for low power designs which trade off correctness for power consumption. The behavior of probabilistic circuits are more complicated than deterministic circuits because the former produce different outputs given the same inputs. We need to apply test pattern many times to obtain output distribution of probabilistic circuits. In this paper, we apply multivariate hypothesis testing to reduce pattern repetition. We also reduce overkill by tomographic testing to determine pass or fail of CUT. Experimental results show that our proposed technique can reduce pattern repetition by 82% and reduce overkill by 99%.
Exploiting the interactions between poly-histidine fusion tags and immobilized metal ions (2011)

Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) of proteins containing poly-histidine fusion tags is an efficient research tool for purifying recombinant proteins from crude cellular feedstocks at laboratory scale. Nevertheless, to achieve successful purification of large amounts of the target protein for critical therapeutic applications that demand the precise removal of fusion tags, it is important to also take into consideration issues such as protein quality, efficiency, cost effectiveness, and optimal affinity tag choice and design. Despite the many considerations described in this article, it is expected that enhanced selectivity, the primary consideration in the field of protein separation, will continue to see the use of IMAC in solving new purification challenges. In addition, the platform nature of this technology makes it an ideal choice in purifying proteins with unknown properties. Finally, the unique interaction between immobilized metal ions and poly-histidine fusion tag has enabled new developments in the areas of biosensor, immunoassay, and other analytical technologies.
62. Variation in the Composition of Milk in Certain Midland Districts of England during the Years 1923–31 (1933)

1. Records of the percentages of fat and solids-not-fat in the milk supplies received at twelve depots in the counties of Cheshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire during the period 1923–31 have been analysed and the results of analysis given in the form of graphs. 2. The yearly averages for the whole area and for the three sections of the area are illustrated and compared with graphs based upon meteorological data (rainfall and temperature) recorded at stations in, or adjacent to, the area. 3. The monthly average figures for the whole period are shown in the form of graphs and compared with graphs based upon data recorded by Richmond. 4. The data upon which this paper is based indicate a positive correlation between rainfall and average composition of milk for each year
Anomalous refraction of airborne sound through ultrathin metasurfaces (2014)

Similar to their optic counterparts, acoustic components are anticipated to flexibly tailor the propagation of sound. However, the practical applications, e.g. for audible sound with large wavelengths, are frequently hampered by the issue of device thickness. Here we present an effective design of metasurface structures that can deflect the transmitted airborne sound in an anomalous way. This flat lens, made of spatially varied coiling-slit subunits, has a thickness of deep subwavelength. By elaborately optimizing its microstructures, the proposed lens exhibits high performance in steering sound wavefronts. Good agreement has been demonstrated experimentally by a sample around the frequency 2.55 kHz, incident with a Gaussian beam at normal or oblique incidence. This study may open new avenues for numerous daily life applications, such as controlling indoor sound effects by decorating rooms with light metasurface walls.
Statistical moments of backscattered ultrasound in porous fiber reinforced composites (1998)

Statistical moments are important tools for understanding wave propagation in random media and are applied here to backscatter measurements in porous, fiber-reinforced polyimide composites. High temperature resins, such as PMR-15, used in load critical components are much more prone to void production than traditional epoxies. Porosity was induced in thin laminates by cure cycle perturbations and quantified destructively as to void content (0.3 to 8.1%) and radius distribution (10 to 250 mum). Measurements of the statistical moments of the scattered field were made using a single, large aperture transducer. Backscatter signals were acquired and used to calculate the rectified ensemble average, and the point signal-to-noise ratio. The lateral and axial full-width half-maximum (FWHM) were extracted from a two-dimensional auto-covariance of the field and compared to the limiting values set by the diffraction pattern and bandwidth of the measurement transducer. Results confirm that the statistical behavior of the echo amplitudes from porous fabric laminates follow predictions based on circular Gaussian statistics for void contents in the range 2 to 5%. Deviations from these predictions occur for void contents outside this range primarily due to changes in the void distribution. These results are important to the development of better void content measurement techniques and are particularly crucial when imaging specularly reflecting defects embedded in a porous volume because spatial and contrast resolution are limited by speckle and the image signal-to-noise.
A Time-Sharing TX/RX Control Technique for the Rejection of Feedback Noise Jamming Interference (2005)

When the isolation between transmitter and receiver in Electronic Warfare equipment is not sufficient, the radiated noise jamming signal from the transmitter feeds back into the receiver and interferes with receiving radar pulse signal. Therefore pulse jamming and noise jamming can't be performed together in the same frequency bands. In this paper, we present a time-sharing TX/RX control technique of the switch matrix which inhibits the transmission of noise jamming signal by using the predicted gate of pulse train and also makes the corresponding channel filter operate to receive the radar pulse signal during the predicted gate pulse. This technique was implemented by EPLD and confirmed by experiment. The proposed technique enables the pulse jamming and the noise jamming to be simultaneously executed in multiple jamming environments.
Spatial firing properties of lateral septal neurons (2006)

The present study describes the spatial firing properties of neurons in the lateral septum (LS). LS neuronal activity was recorded in rats as they performed a spatial navigation task in an open field. In this task, the rat acquired an intracranial self-stimulation reward when it entered a certain place, a location that varied randomly from trial to trial. Of 193 neurons recorded in the LS, 81 showed place-related activity. The majority of the tested neurons changed place-related activity when spatial relations between environmental cues were altered by rotating intrafield (proximal) cues. The comparison of place activities between LS place-related neurons recorded in the present study and hippocampal place cells recorded in our previous study, using identical behavioral and recording procedures, revealed that spatial parameters (spatial information content, coherence, and cluster size) were smaller in the LS than in the hippocampus. Of the 193 LS neurons, 86 were influenced by intracranial self-stimulation rewards; 31 of these 86 were also place-related. These results, together with previous anatomical and behavioral observations, suggest that the spatial information sent from the hippocampus to the LS is modulated by and interacts with signals related to reward in the LS.
GaAs field emitter arrays (1991)

The authors report on technological peculiarities of fabrication of large-area gallium arsenide multipoint cathodes. The topics discussed are fabrication methods, noise characteristics and uniformity of emission, and lifetime and degradation of semiconductor multipoint cathodes. The results of the emission characteristics investigation are described. Expressions for the noise power spectral density function and the time constant of degradation for such cathode arrays are obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Skin Music (2012) (2015)

Skin Music (2012) is a musical composition that is experienced as a private, multisensory installation by one person at a time. By lying on a piece of bespoke furniture, the listener perceives the music both through the usual auditory channels, as well as by different types of haptic sensation, through their body. The piece addresses the shared perceptual experiences of sonic and haptic sensation through an exploration of vibrational feedback.
Roles of the CDC24 gene product in cellular morphogenesis during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. (1981)

Temperature-sensitive yeast mutants defective in gene CDC24 continued to grow (i.e., increase in cell mass and cell volume) at restrictive temperature (36 degrees C) but were unable to form buds. Staining with the fluorescent dye Calcofluor showed that the mutants were also unable to form normal bud scars (the discrete chitin rings formed in the cell wall at budding sites) at 36 degrees C; instead, large amounts of chitin were deposited randomly over the surfaces of the growing unbudded cells. Labeling of cell-wall mannan with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A suggested that mannan incorporation was also delocalized in mutant cells grown at 36 degrees C. Although the mutants have well-defined execution points just before bud emergence, inactivation of the CDC24 gene product in budded cells led both to selective growth of mother cells rather than of buds and to delocalized chitin deposition, indicating that the CDC24 gene product functions in the normal localization of growth in budded as well as in unbudded cells. Growth of the mutant strains at temperatures less than 36 degrees C revealed allele-specific differences in behavior. Two strains produced buds of abnormal shape during growth at 33 degrees C. Moreover, these same strains displayed abnormal localization of budding sites when growth at 24 degrees C (the normal permissive temperature for the mutants); in each case, the abnormal pattern of budding sites segregated with the temperature sensitivity in crosses. Thus, the CDC24 gene product seems to be involved in selection of the budding site, formation of the chitin ring at that site, the subsequent localization of new cell wall growth to the budding site and the growing bud, and the balance between tip growth and uniform growth of the bud that leads to the normal cell shape.
Robotic egg candling system (1987)

A prototype laboratory test model showed the system is feasible and could lead to large savings for egg-processing plants.
Isn't My Process Too Variable for EVOP? (1968)

One often hears the question “Isn't my process too variable for EVOP to work properly?” In this paper this question is answered in the negative. First it is pointed out that large variability implies the existence of large effects waiting to be found. Second it is shown that an EVOP scheme which produces only a modest increase in the basic process variation can lead to detection of effects in a very few cycles.
A 36 Kilodalton Limiting-CO<sub>2</sub> Induced Polypeptide of <i>Chlamydomonas</i> Is Distinct from the 37 Kilodalton Periplasmic Carbonic Anhydrase (1990)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses a CO(2)-concentrating mechanism, induced by limiting CO(2), which involves active transport and accumulation of inorganic carbon within the cell. Synthesis of several proteins is induced by limiting CO(2), but, of those, only periplasmic carbonic anhydrase has an identified function in the system. No proteins involved in active transport have yet been identified, but induced, membrane-associated polypeptides, such as the 36 kilodalton polypeptide focused on in this paper, would seem to be candidates for such involvement. The 36 kilodalton polypeptide was shown to be synthesized de novo upon transfer of cells to limiting CO(2). It was purified using SDS-PAGE and used to produce polyclonal antibodies. Antibodies were used to confirm the air-specific nature of the polypeptide, its strict association with membrane fractions, and the time course of its induction. Using the antibodies, a single, 36 kilodalton polypeptide was found to be specifically immunoprecipitated from in vitro translation products of poly(A(+)) RNA from cells only after exposure to limiting CO(2). The absence of translatable mRNA for this polypeptide in CO(2)-enriched cells indicated that regulation occurs at the level of message abundance. The antibodies were also used to demonstrate the distinction between the limiting-CO(2) induced 36 kilodalton polypeptide and the similarly sized, limiting-CO(2) induced periplasmic carbonic anhydrase.
Some aspects of the chemistry of aluminium in podzolic soils (1988)

Abstract Studies conducted on the major characteristics of podzolic soils from northeastern Ontario, Canada, have shown that these soils are highly acidic, show intense weathering of minerals and considerable redistribution of both Al and Fe. Approximately 60% and 80% respectively of the accumulated Al and Fe in Bf horizons is in inorganically‐bound forms and secondary minerals formed during podzolization include an expandable 2: 1 clay mineral in the albic horizons and Al‐rich allophanes and ferrihydrite in spodic horizons. Studies on displaced soil solutions indicate significant contents of organically‐bound Al, the amounts of which decrease with depth as the proportion of inorganically‐bound Al increases. The application of phase diagrams and model calculations indicates that amorphous and/or poorly crystalline minerals may control the activity of Al3+ in the soil solutions, and that the content of organically‐bound Al in solution could be described adequately by assuming complexation with relatively simple organic acids, such as salicylic acid. Key words: Acidic soilsAl‐speciationweathering
Effect of pressure on bonding in black phosphorus (1979)

The bond lengths and bond angles of orthorhombic black phosphorus have been determined as a function of hydrostatic pressures to 26.6(5) kbar using time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction. We show that the markedly anisotropic compression reported previously results from a large pressure-induced shortening of the van der Waals bonds separating layers of atoms combined with a shear motion within the layers. Covalently bonded chains of atoms along the a direction remain very rigid. The average effective linear compressibility for van der Waals bonds is 1.48(9) ×10−3 kbar−1 while the average effective linear compressibility for covalent bonds is an order of magnitude smaller, 2.6(8) ×10−4 kbar−1.
Cloning of gp-340, a putative opsonin receptor for lung surfactant protein D (1999)

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an oligomeric C type lectin that promotes phagocytosis by binding to microbial surface carbohydrates. A 340-kDa glycoprotein (gp-340) has been shown to bind SP-D in the presence of calcium but does so independently of carbohydrate recognition. This protein exists both in a soluble form and in association with the membranes of alveolar macrophages. The primary structure of gp-340 has been established by molecular cloning, which yielded a 7,686-bp cDNA sequence encoding a polypeptide chain of 2,413 amino acids. The domain organization features 13 scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains, each separated by an SRCR-interspersed domain, except for SRCRs 4 and 5, which are contiguous. The 13 SRCR domains are followed by two C1r/C1s Uegf Bmp1 domains separated by a 14th SRCR domain and a zona pellucida domain. gp-340 seems to be an alternative spliced form of DMBT1 . Reverse transcription–PCR analysis showed that the main sites of synthesis of gp-340 are lung, trachea, salivary gland, small intestine, and stomach. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong staining for gp-340 in alveolar and other tissue macrophages. Immunostaining of the macrophage membrane was either uniform or focal in a way that suggested capping, whereas other macrophages showed strong intracellular staining within the phagosome/phagolysosome compartments. In some macrophages, SP-D and gp-340 were located in the same cellular compartment. Immunoreactive gp-340 was also found in epithelial cells of the small intestine and in the ducts of salivary glands. The distribution of gp-340 in macrophages is compatible with a role as an opsonin receptor for SP-D.
Drug-resistant human cytomegalovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation may have different clinical outcomes (2000)

Three seropositive pediatric recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation out of a group of 42 patients receiving T-cell-depleted, unrelated transplants and 37 patients receiving T-cell-depleted, haploidentical transplants were monitored longitudinally for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and the emergence of antiviral drug resistance. Early in the posttransplant course, all 3 patients developed HCMV mutations conferring drug resistance to ganciclovir. One child additionally developed multidrug resistance to foscarnet and cidofovir, with mutations in the viral phosphotransferase gene (UL97) and the DNA-polymerase gene (UL54) being found. These data show that resistant HCMV infection does not necessarily correlate with a severe clinical outcome. The early detection of genotypic resistance up to 129 days before the emergence of phenotypic resistance and the dissociation of resistance patterns among different body sites emphasize the importance of genotypic analyses of different DNA specimens for an efficient antiviral therapy. T-cell-depleted children having transplantation might be at an increased risk for the development of drug resistance.
Regulation of cell growth by Notch signaling and its differential requirement in normal vs. tumor-forming stem cells in<i>Drosophila</i> (2011)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are postulated to be a small subset of tumor cells with tumor-initiating ability that shares features with normal tissue-specific stem cells. The origin of CSCs and the mechanisms underlying their genesis are poorly understood, and it is uncertain whether it is possible to obliterate CSCs without inadvertently damaging normal stem cells. Here we show that a functional reduction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in Drosophila specifically eliminates CSC-like cells in the brain and ovary without having discernable effects on normal stem cells. Brain CSC-like cells can arise from dedifferentiation of transit-amplifying progenitors upon Notch hyperactivation. eIF4E is up-regulated in these dedifferentiating progenitors, where it forms a feedback regulatory loop with the growth regulator dMyc to promote cell growth, particularly nucleolar growth, and subsequent ectopic neural stem cell (NSC) formation. Cell growth regulation is also a critical component of the mechanism by which Notch signaling regulates the self-renewal of normal NSCs. Our findings highlight the importance of Notch-regulated cell growth in stem cell maintenance and reveal a stronger dependence on eIF4E function and cell growth by CSCs, which might be exploited therapeutically.
[Antiradical and antioxidant effect of arginine and its action on lipid peroxidation in hypoxia]. (1990)

Arginine (0.5 and 1 mu mol) decreased by 14-17% rates of superoxide anion formation in two systems: HADH-phenazine methosulfate and hydroxylamine autooxidation with nitrotetrazolium blue. These concentrations of arginine decreased by 40-50% formation of diene conjugates and Schiff bases in plasma when lipid peroxidation initiated by iron -ascorbate. Arginine administration before hypoxia decreased lipid peroxidation rate in plasma and liver microsomal membranes of rats.
Frontispiece: A Separation‐Integrated Cascade Reaction to Overcome Thermodynamic Limitations in Rare‐Sugar Synthesis (2015)

Biocatalysis S. Panke et al. describe in their Communication on page 4182 ff. how integration of continuous chromatography into a multienzyme cascade reaction allows thermodynamic constraints to be overcome to form pure D-psicose from sucrose in high yield.