gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AC electroosmotic micromixer for chemical processing in a microchannel (2006)

A rapid micromixer of fluids in a microchannel is presented. The mixer uses AC electroosmotic flow, which is induced by applying an AC voltage to a pair of coplanar meandering electrodes configured in parallel to the channel. To demonstrate performance of the mixer, dilution experiments were conducted using a dye solution in a channel of 120 microm width. Rapid mixing was observed for flow velocity up to 12 mm s(-1). The mixing time was 0.18 s, which was 20-fold faster than that of diffusional mixing without an additional mixing mechanism. Compared with the performance of reported micromixers, the present mixer worked with a shorter mixing length, particularly at low Peclet numbers (Pe < 2 x 10(3)).
<title>New tool for phase-shift mask evaluation: the stepper equipment aerial image measurement system--AIMS</title> (1994)

The aerial image measurement system is an optical system for measurements on phase shift masks under chosen stepper characteristics of NA, sigma, wavelength and depth of focus. The present tool operates at I-line or DUV (248 nm) and commonly 5 or 6 inch reticles can be handled. The image obtained is optically equivalent to that incident on resist, but is highly magnified so that it can be recorded using an UV CCD camera. Typically, features of interest are recorded as a through focus series; image intensity is digitized and may be analyzed in a variety of ways so as to produce intensity contours or profiles. Combined with simple models for predicting resist behavior a great deal of information may be obtained on the expected printing performance of a given reticle as a function of intensity and depth of focus prior to actual resist tests.
A novel biotin protein required for reductive carboxylation of 2‐oxoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase in <i>Hydrogenobacter thermophilus</i> TK‐6 (2003)

Isocitrate dehydrogenase was purified from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, and the corresponding gene was cloned and sequenced. The enzyme had similar structural properties to the isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli, but differed in its catalytic properties, such as coenzyme specificity, pH dependency and kinetic parameters. Notably, the enzyme catalysed the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, but not the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate. The carboxylation reaction required the addition of cell extract and ATP-Mg, suggesting the existence of additional carboxylation factor(s). Further analysis of the carboxylation factor(s) resulted in the purification of two polypeptides. N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that the two polypeptides are homologues of pyruvate carboxylase with a biotinylated subunit, but do not catalyse pyruvate carboxylation. Pyruvate carboxylase was also purified, but was not active in stimulating isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, the novel biotin protein, ATP-Mg and NADH were essential for the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate. These observations indicate that the novel biotin protein is an ATP-dependent factor, which is involved in the reverse (carboxylating) reaction of isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Effect of Porous Thrust Surfaces on Detonation Transition and Detonation Tube Impulse (2004)

As pulse detonation engine development matures, it becomes increasingly important to consider how practical details such as the implementation of valves and nozzles will affect performance. Inlet valve timing and valveless inlet designs may result in flow of products back upstream and, consequently, reduction in impulse over the ideal case. Although proper inlet design or operation under flowing conditions may minimize these losses, our study addresses the worst-case effect that a porous thrust surface may have on the measured impulse. A series of single-cycle tests have been carried out to measure the impulse in stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixtures, initially between 20 and 100 kPa, in a detonation tube with a porous thrust surface. The tested thrust surfaces had blockage ratios ranging from completely solid (100% blockage ratio) to completely open (0% blockage ratio). A 76% loss in impulse was observed with a thrust surface blockage ratio of 52% at an initial pressure of 100 kPa. The time to detonation transition was found to be more dependent on the mixture’s initial pressure than on the thrust surface blockage ratio. A model of the impulse in detonation tubes with porous thrust surfaces was developed.
Magnetic quantitative reverse transcription PCR: A high-throughput method for mRNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (2007)

Over the past few years high-throughput platforms for real-time quantitative PCR have become widely available. The cost of RNA extraction from a large number of samples are, however, quite notable. One method that stands out with respect to free up- or downscaling of sample size and reliability is the isolation of mRNA using oligodeoxythymidylate [oligo(dT)25]-coated magnetic particles. In combining this magnetic separation of mRNA with real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), we have achieved a highly reproducible, economic, and fast way of analyzing large sample numbers. One difficulty that has so far prevented the fusion of these techniques relates to accurate mRNA quantification. We present a solution to this problem that enables excellent adjustment of cDNA amounts prior to the real-time PCR. Furthermore, as the mRNA is rapidly isolated from crude plant extracts, our method is widely applicable to herbaceous plant species and various tissue types without cumbersome adjustments. Although designed and tested here for plants, we anticipate that the principles should be applicable to gene expression studies in any other organism. Lastly, due to its flexibility, the method presented here can easily be adapted to specific requirements of various users and has great potential for further automation.
REVIEWS (1965)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access CAMBRIDGE OPINION, 38: PRISONS. Edited by PHILIP COHEN. [July 1964. 52 pp. 5s. post free. (Available from P. Cohen, 49 Colebrooke Row, London, N. 1.)] Roger Hood Roger Hood Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 5, Issue 3, July 1965, Pages 339–340, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048857 Published: 01 July 1965
Performance comparison of target localization for active sonar systems (2008)

The performance comparison of target localization for active sonar and effective fusion algorithms for target localization of multistatic sonar is investigated. Active sonar can be categorized into monostatic, bistatic, and multistatic, depending on the number of receiver elements. Target localization performance depends on the system configuration. The target localization performance of the monostatic, bistatic, and multistatic sonar systems is compared assuming that each element can receive both range and azimuth information of the target. In addition, we propose the weighted least square (WLS) algorithm, which incorporates judicial weighting to the conventional least square (LS) method, and an efficient sensor arrangement rule for target localization in the multistatic sonar system. The representative experimental results demonstrate that the target localization performance of multistatic sonar configuration is superior in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE), to monostatic sonar and bistatic sonar by 35.98% and 37.45%, respectively, while the proposed WLS algorithm showed an improvement of 2.27% compared with the LS method.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Sorghum (1972)

Journal Article Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Sorghum: II. Tapetal behavior in fertile and sterile anthers Get access MARY ANN OVERMAN, MARY ANN OVERMAN University of Florida Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. E. WARMKE H. E. WARMKE Research plant geneticist Plant Science Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Virus Laboratory, University of FloridaGainesville, 32601 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 63, Issue 5, September 1972, Pages 227–234, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108284 Published: 01 September 1972
Antiwear Mechanism of ZDDP in the Presence of Calcium Sulfonate Detergent (1981)

Interactions between zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear additive and commercial calcium sulfonate detergent are studied using a plane/plane contact configuration friction machine lubricated under boundary conditions. Comparative tests have allowed us to envisage three types of interactions, respectively, due to, — first: chemical interaction between both additives in the oil phase leading to an effective ZDDP concentration decrease. — second: detergent effect due to the presence of the calcium sulfonate surfactant molecule, preventing basal materials from agglomerating during running. — third: specific role due to the overbasing agent, considered as a colloidal dispersion. When an overbased detergent is used, the two latter contributions are predominant. This study suggests that a new approach in boundary lubrication should be envisaged in relation to the evolution of the interface products which must be regarded as a highly concentrated colloidal system.
Developmental regulation of the neuronal-specific isoform of K-CL cotransporter KCC2 in postnatal rat brains (1999)

We examined the expression of the KCC2 isoform of the K-Cl cotransporter in the developing and adult brain, using an affinity-purified antibody directed against a unique region of the KCC2 protein. Expression was shown to be limited to neurons at the cell bodies and cell processes in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Expression seemed to be the highest at the end of processes that originated from the CA1 pyramidal cells. Developmental up-regulation of KCC2 expression was demonstrated in the entire rat brain by Northern and Western blot analyses, and in the hippocampus by immunofluorescence. Level of KCC2 expression was minimal at birth and increased significantly during postnatal development. This pattern of expression was opposite to the one of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter that is highly expressed in immature brain and decreases during development. The up-regulation of the K-Cl cotransporter expression is consistent with the developmental down-regulation of the intracellular Cl- concentration in neurons. The level of intracellular Cl-, in turn, determines the excitatory versus inhibitory response of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in the immature versus mature brain. Finally, KCC2 expression was shown in dorsal root ganglion neurons, demonstrating that expression of the cotransporter is not strictly confined to central nervous system neurons.
DRIVER-ADAPTIVE WARNING SYSTEM (1995)

This Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project explored the application of learning algorithms to developing individualized models of a human driver's style and then using these models to tailor warnings to be more appropriate and useful for the individual. This approach is called a Driver-Adaptive Warning System (DAWS). Such tailored warnings hold promise for reducing the number of false alarms in collision warning systems and thus enhancing the acceptance and use of such systems by drivers. Work was concentrated on developing techniques to acquire and use individualized driver models appropriate to a Maneuver Intent Recognition (MIR) module and an Adaptive Maneuver Assessment (AMA) module.
A new clinch knot. (1991)

A new slip knot is introduced. It can be used as the beginning knot of a running suture and for ligation of pedicles where accessibility is limited. When used at the beginning of a running suture to close abdominal-wall fascia, the knot can be safely used with monofilament material such as polydioxanone. It locks readily, it takes less time to tie than numerous square knots, and it is not as bulky as other knots. The clinch knot has been found to be especially useful for securing pedicles in relatively inaccessible places such as the infundibulopelvic ligament when performing oophorectomy at the time of vaginal hysterectomy. During endoscopic surgery, the knot has been used as an alternative to the Endoloop and as the preferred knot to secure the Endo-knot.
Role of caspases in the regulation of apoptotic pancreatic islet beta‐cells death (2004)

The homeostatic control of beta-cell mass in normal and pathological conditions is based on the balance of proliferation, differentiation, and death of the insulin-secreting cells. A considerable body of evidence, accumulated during the last decade, has emphasized the significance of the disregulation of the mechanisms regulating the apoptosis of beta-cells in the sequence of events that lead to the development of diabetes. The identification of agents capable of interfering with this process needs to be based on a better understanding of the beta-cell specific pathways that are activated during apoptosis. The aim of this article is fivefold: (1) a review of the evidence for beta-cell apoptosis in Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, and islet transplantation, (2) to review the common stimuli and their mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis, (3) to review the role of caspases and their activation pathway in beta-cell apoptosis, (4) to review the caspase cascade and morphological cellular changes in apoptotic beta-cells, and (5) to highlight the putative strategies for preventing pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis.
Altered expression of aquaporin 4 and H<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>‐ATPase in the stomachs of peptide YY (PYY) transgenic mice (2005)

In the present study, we demonstrate that the sustained inhibition of gastric secretion due to tumours producing PYY/enteroglucagon in transgenic mice is associated with an increase in AQP4 expression and a down-regulation of H(+)/K(+)-ATPase in parietal cells that acquire the characteristics of basal parietal cells. The absence of H2 receptors-mediated signalling due to the inhibition of histamine release from ECL (enterochromaffin-like) cells by PYY may be in part responsible for the observed increase in the number of parietal cells expressing AQP4.
Predicting survival in fulminant hepatic failure using serum Gc protein concentrations. (1995)

Plasma Ge protein sequesters actin released into the circulation after massive hepatocyte necrosis, but is greatly depleted in the process. In fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), Gc is present in serum both as a complex with actin and as unbound protein, the latter becoming completely exhausted in those patients with the most severe FHF. In the present study, 47 consecutive patients with FHF, 39 of whom were the result of acetaminophen (AC) overdose, were evaluated to determine whether measurement of Gc protein levels could be used to predict survival. Using serum samples obtained shortly after admission as well as later samples, levels for total Gc protein, percentage of Gc complexed with actin, and calculated unbound Gc remaining in serum were compared for survivors and those who died of their illness. The most marked changes were present in unbound Gc levels in nonsurvivors, the mean of which for follow-up samples was 10% of normal mean values, as compared with 23% of normal mean values in those who survived (P < .01). Using a cutoff value for unbound Gc protein of > or = 34 micrograms/mL to predict survival, outcome was correctly predicted in 32 of 47 (68%) patients using early samples, and in 24 of 27 (89%) patients using later sera. No differences were observed between values and/or outcome in AC and non-AC cases. Measurement of Gc protein level correctly predicted all patients dying of hepatic failure. This single measurement compares favorably with multifactorial predictive models, such as the King's College model, and might be a useful test for patients being considered for transplantation.
Adsorption in Biodiesel Refining - A Review (2011)

Biodiesel is a petrodiesel substitute composed of a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters obtained by the transesterification of plant oils or animal fats with short chain alcohols such as methanol or ethanol. Despite its natural origin biodiesel is technically fully compatible with petroleum diesel, requiring virtually no changes in the fuel distribution system or the Diesel motor. Its production and use have increased significantly in many countries and are in nascent status in many others. Other advantages of biodiesel compared to petrodiesel are reduction of most exhaust emissions, biodegradability, higher flash point, inherent lubricity and domestic origin (Chang et al., 1996; Romig & Spataru, 1996; Wang et al., 2000). Literature on the refining of biodiesel is abundant but concentrates almost exclusively on the transesterification steps for transforming fats and oils into esters of short alcohols and fatty acids. In this sense in the last years the most important advances in the reaction technology have been the development of continuous heterogeneous transesterification reactors (Bournay et al., 2005; Portilho et al., 2008) and the design of new robust non-catalytic processes for multifeedstock operation (Saka & Kusdiana, 2001; Saka & Minami, 2009). In the case of the refining operations downstream and upstream the transesterification reactors the biodiesel literature is however scarce. Two are the reasons for this: (i) Feedstock pretreatment in the case of biodiesel is a mature technology developed decades ago for the production of edible oil. (ii) After natural triglycerides are converted into fatty acid methyl esters, the product mixture needs little chemical adjustment since many properties of these esters are ideal for the functioning of Diesel motors. Some reports on post-reactor biodiesel refining have dealt with classical and simple techniques of purification, e.g. water washing (Karaosmanoglu et al., 1996). Others have indicated that adsorption technologies are particularly suited for the refining of biodiesel (Yori et al. 2007; Mazzieri et al., 2008; Manuale et al. 2011). In order to elucidate the role of adsorption processes in the refining of biodiesel, this review studies some theoretical and practical aspects related to the functioning, design and operation of adsorbers and their application to the purification of biodiesel product and feedstocks.
A wearable wound moisture sensor as an indicator for wound dressing change: an observational study of wound moisture and status (2015)

Wound moisture is known to be a key parameter to ensure optimum healing conditions in wound care. This study tests the moisture content of wounds in normal practice in order to observe the moisture condition of the wound at the point of dressing change. This study is also the first large-scale observational study that investigates wound moisture status at dressing change. The WoundSense sensor is a commercially available moisture sensor which sits directly on the wound in order to find the moisture status of the wound without disturbing or removing the dressing. The results show that of the 588 dressing changes recorded, 44·9% were made when the moisture reading was in the optimum moisture zone. Of the 30 patients recruited for this study, 11 patients had an optimum moisture reading for at least 50% of the measurements before dressing change. These results suggest that a large number of unnecessary dressing changes are being made. This is a significant finding of the study as it suggests that the protocols currently followed can be modified to allow fewer dressing changes and less disturbance of the healing wound bed.
Decentralized mutual exclusion in the presence of link failures (1989)

A distributed algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion in a point-to-point network with lossy communication links is presented. A communication link is said to be lossy if it loses messages at will. The algorithm tolerates any number of lossy communication links, as long as the link failures do not partition the communication network. The message network is completely asynchronous and, hence, link failures are not detectable. In a network with n nodes and e links, the algorithm requires no more than 2e(2√n + 1) message transmissions per mutual exclusion request.
Centralized and decentralized policies for the containment of moving source in 2D diffusion processes using sensor/actuator network (2009)

In this note we consider centralized and decentralized control policies for the detection and containment of a moving source in 2D diffusion-advection PDE, often describing environmental processes. Such a task is enabled by the employment of a network of sensing devices judiciously located within the 2D spatial domain. These devices are assumed to have actuating capabilities aimed at containing the moving source by minimizing its effects on the process concentration. The source-detecting ability of the sensor network is considerably enhanced when the sensing devices are equipped to measure spatial gradients as opposed to only process concentration. The proposed estimation scheme provides estimates of the process state and at the same time provides an estimate of the proximity of the moving source. An added feature of the supervision and monitoring scheme is a power management scheme whereby a subset of the available sensors within the network are kept active over a time interval while the remaining devices are kept dormant. The resulting hybrid infinite dimensional system switches both the actuator, deemed more suitable to contain the source over the duration of a given time interval, and its associated control signal. Additionally, it switches the set of active sensors that are used by the scheme. The control policy examines two different schemes in which both a centralized and a decentralized scheme are considered. In the centralized scheme, information on the status of the active sensors along with the estimate of the state process are transmitted to the supervisor to feed a dynamic output feedback control signal to the actuator closest to the moving source. In the decentralized scheme, a computationally efficient controller is implemented, whereby the outputs from the active sensors are independently fed to the collocated actuators via static output feedback. Simulation studies utilizing at each time 16% of the total sensors and having either a single actuator with a centralized scheme or 16% of the total actuators with a decentralized scheme and used to minimize the effects of the moving source, are presented.
Improved method for measuring intracellular Ca<sup>++</sup> with fluo‐3 (1990)

The accuracy of flow cytometric measurement of intracellular calcium with fluo-3 is compromised by variation in basal fluorescence intensity due to heterogeneity in dye uptake or compartmentalization. We have loaded cells simultaneously with fluo-3 and SNARF-1. When SNARF-1 fluorescence is collected at approximately 600 nm, its intensity does not change upon cell activation. Furthermore, fluo-3 and SNARF-1 fluorescence signals exhibit a linear relationship. The ratio of fluo-3 to SNARF-1 eliminates a significant proportion of variation in fluorescence intensity caused by variation in fluo-3 uptake and thus can be used as a sensitive parameter for measuring changes in [Ca2+]i.
Iterative computational techniques in scattering based upon the integrated square error criterion (1984)

An iterative technique is developed to rigorously compute the electromagnetic time- and frequency-domain scattering problems. The method is based upon a wave-function expansion technique (this also includes the integral-representation techniques), in which the electromagnetic field equations and causality conditions are satisfied analytically, while the boundary conditions or the constitutive relations have to be satisfied in a computational manner. The latter is accomplished by an iterative minimization of the integrated square error. For the solution of an integral equation, it is shown how to obtain optimum convergence. Some numerical results pertaining to a number of representative problems illustrate the numerical advantages and disadvantages of the iterative method.