gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cachectin/TNF kills or inhibits the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cells according to developmental stage (1989)

The effects of cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on growth and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells were examined. This fibroblastic cell line can be induced to differentiate into a mature cell type having the biochemical and morphological characteristics of normal adipocytes. At various stages of growth and differentiation, 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to 2.5 x 10(-16) to 2.5 x 10(-8) M (4.2 fg/ml to 420 ng/ml = ca. 1.2 x 10(-14) to 1.2 x 10(-16) U/ml) recombinant human cachectin/TNF for 24 hr, after which cytotoxicity or differentiation was evaluated. During log-phase cell growth, cachectin/TNF had no significant effect on cell viability, and the preadipocytic cells were also resistant to the cytotoxic effect of cachectin/TNF at the contact-inhibited confluent stage. However, when cachectin/TNF was added to the cells during induced differentiation, only 20% of the cells survived. After differentiation into adipocytes, cells regained their resistance to cachectin/TNF-induced cytotoxicity. Cachectin/TNF also markedly affected the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. When cells in the confluent phase of growth were exposed to cachectin/TNF for 24 hr, their subsequent hormone-induced differentiation to adipocytes was inhibited. Like cachectin/TNF, IL-1 also induces suppression of lipoprotein lipase and enhances lipolysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes; however, in contrast to cachectin/TNF, IL-1 had no effect on the viability or differentiation of pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicate that the cytotoxic action of cachectin/TNF varies in the same cell type depending on the stage of growth or differentiation. The results also imply that cachectin/TNF may play a normal role in controlling the differentiation of certain types of cells in vivo including adipocyte lineages.
Somatodendritic expression of an immediate early gene is regulated by synaptic activity. (1995)

Trans-synaptic activation of gene expression is linked to long-term plastic adaptations in the nervous system. To examine the molecular program induced by synaptic activity, we have employed molecular cloning techniques to identify an immediate early gene that is rapidly induced in the brain. We here report the entire nucleotide sequence of the cDNA, which encodes an open reading frame of 396 amino acids. Within the hippocampus, constitutive expression was low. Basal levels of expression in the cortex were high but can be markedly reduced by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. By contrast, synaptic activity induced by convulsive seizures increased mRNA levels in neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. High-frequency stimulation of the perforant path resulted in long-term potentiation and a spatially confined dramatic increase in the level of mRNA in the granule cells of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Transcripts were localized to the soma and to the dendrites of the granule cells. The dendritic localization of the transcripts offers the potential for local synthesis of the protein at activated postsynaptic sites and may underlie synapse-specific modifications during long-term plastic events.
Profile of cabotegravir and its potential in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection: evidence to date (2016)

Modern antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment of HIV infection. There is a demand for prevention and treatment regimens that could overcome challenges of improving adherence, toxicity, and dosing convenience. Cabotegravir is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor and an analog of dolutegravir. Unlike dolutegravir, cabotegravir has a long half-life and can be formulated into a long-acting nanosuspension for parenteral administration. Initial pharmokinetic studies in humans have demonstrated adequate drug levels with intramuscular (IM) administration at 4 weekly and 8 weekly intervals, with few interactions with commonly used concomitant medications. Preliminary animal PrEP studies have shown that IM cabotegravir can prevent simian/HIV acquisition from rectal, vaginal, and intravenous challenge. Currently, there are two ongoing Phase II studies assessing cabotegravir as a PrEP agent in humans: ÉCLAIR and HPTN077. Cabotegravir has been studied in combination with rilpivirine as long-acting IM maintenance therapy. The Long-Acting Antiretroviral Treatment Enabling study demonstrated that those switching to oral cabotegravir/rilpivirine once virologically suppressed were more likely to maintain suppression than those continuing standard efavirenz-based therapy (82% vs 71% at 24 weeks). Initial results of the Long-Acting Antiretroviral Treatment Enabling-2 study of parenteral regimens found that 12 weeks after randomization to parenteral or oral regimens, there was no difference in proportions virologically suppressed on cabotegravir/rilpivirine daily orally vs IM every 4 weeks or 8 weeks (91% vs 94% vs 95%). The injections were well tolerated as, although they caused injection site pain in most recipients, most participants reported satisfaction with parenteral therapy. Cabotegravir offers a new member of the integrase strand transfer inhibitor class with potential for alternative mode of delivery. We await Phase III studies to define its efficacy and real-world experience to learn which patient groups stand to benefit most from the novel mode of delivery of treatment and PrEP.
A smart bolter for improving entry stability (2003)

An ongoing research program directed onward investigating drilling parameters (thrust, torque, penetration rate, and drill revolutions) during the drilling of roof bolt holes is discussed. A system that measures these drilling parameters, calculates the specific energy of drilling, and determines drill bit penetration depth has been developed and mounted on a roof bolting/drilling machine to provide an operator with real-time displays of the specific energy of drilling and drill bit penetration depth, as referenced to first contact with the mine back. Through the use of a microcomputer, critical drilling parameters can be interpreted immediately and analyzed. This makes it possible to inform the operator of hazardous roof conditions, such as voids, inclusions, or changes in strata. In addition to real-time operator displays, data on specific energy versus bit and void position can be downloaded to a removable semiconductor memory device. Data stored in this memory can be transferred to the surface and directly accessed with a personal computer for post-acquisition analysis. System components exposed to hazardous mine environments are designed to be intrinsically or permissibly safe.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Osteogenic protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 with its soluble receptor synergistically stimulate rat osteoblastic cell differentiation (2002)

Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1, BMP-7), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family, stimulates synthesis of biochemical markers characteristic of the osteoblastic and chondrocytic phenotypes and induces new bone formation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine produced by a wide variety of cells, appears to interact with other factors producing different biological effects. In the present study, we showed that OP-1 action in fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells was enhanced by the combination of IL-6 and the soluble receptor IL-6sR. OP-1 alone induced alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity by 4- to 5-fold above the control. Exogenous IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6sR) synergistically stimulated the OP-1-induced AP activity and mineralized bone nodule formation by an additional 3-fold. The stimulation was IL-6sR concentration-dependent. The combination of IL-6 and IL-6sR synergistically stimulated OP-1 action by an additional 6- to 7-fold. BMPR-II receptor mRNA expression in FRC cells treated with OP-1 and IL-6 plus IL-6sR was stimulated further, while BMPR-IA, -IB, and ActR-I expressions were not affected. The intracellular signaling molecules Smad2 and Smad5 mRNA expressions were not changed under these conditions. The expression of selected BMP family members (BMP-3, -4, and -6) was altered in FRC cells treated with OP-1 in combination with IL-6 and IL-6sR. The combination of IL-6 and IL-6sR reduced the OP-1-stimulated BMP-3 mRNA levels and enhanced the suppressive effect of OP-1 on BMP-4 and -6 mRNA expressions. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that exogenous IL-6 and IL-6sR synergistically stimulate OP-1 action in primary cultures of rat osteoblastic cells. One possible mechanism of synergy involves differential regulation of the effects of OP-1 on the expression of the type II BMP receptor and several other BMPs.
Adolescent Problem Behaviour in Relation to Emotional Autonomy and Parent- Child Relationship (2012)

The present study was designed to study adolescentproblem behavior (internalizing and externalizingproblems ) in relat ion to emot ional autonomy(deidealization of parents, non-dependency on parents,individuation, perceiving parents as people) ,and parentchildrelationship (mothers’ care, fathers’ care, mothers’overprotection, fathers’ overprotection). For this purpose200 adolescent boys (age range 13-15 years, fromPatiala, India) were administered Youth Self Report(Achenbach, 1991), Emotional Autonomy Scale (Steinberg& Silverberg, 1986), and Parental Bonding Inventory(Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979). Pearsons’ ProductMoment Correlation analyses reveals that deidealizationof parents and nondependency on parents, and mothers’overprotection are positively correlated with adolescentproblem behavior. Mothers’ care is inversely correlatedwith adolescent problem behaviour. Stepwise MultipleRegression Analyses reveals that positive contributorsto adolescent problem behavior are individuation,deidealization of parents, and fathers’ care. While thosecontributing inversely to adolescent problem behavior aremothers’ care and fathers’ overprotection, and perceivingparents as people dimension of emotional autonomy. Theresults have been discussed in the light of cultural context. Key words: adolescence; problem behavior; emotionalautonomy; parent-child relationship Resume La presente etude a ete concue pour etudier lecomportement des adolescents probleme (troublesinternalises et externalises) par rapport a l’autonomieaffective (deidealization des parents, non-dependancea l’egard des parents, l’individuation, les parentspercevoir comme des personnes), et la relation parentenfant(soins des meres, des soins, les meres des peressurprotection, la surprotection des peres). Pour ce but 200adolescents (tranche d’âge 13-15 ans, de Patiala, Inde)ont ete administres rapport d’auto jeunesse (Achenbach,1991), echelle de l’autonomie emotionnelle (Steinberg& Silverberg , Inventaire Collage 1986), et des parents(Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979). Pearsons ‘analysesde correlation produit Moment revele que deidealizationdes parents et des nondependency sur les parents et lesmeres des surprotection sont positivement correles avecles problemes de comportement chez les adolescents.soins des meres est inversement correlee aux problemesde comportement chez les adolescents. pas a pas multiplesanalyses de regression revele que les contributeurs positifsa problemes de comportement chez les adolescents sontl’individuation, deidealization des parents, et des peres desoins. Alors que ceux qui contribuent aux problemes decomportement inverse chez les adolescents sont des meresde soins et de la surprotection des peres, et les parentspercevant comme dimension humaine de l’autonomieaffective. les resultats ont ete discutes a la lumiere ducontexte culturel. Mots cles: Adolescence; Les problemes de comportement;L'autonomie affective; Relation parent-enfant
The High-Frequency Base Converter-A New Approach to Static High-Power Conversion (1979)

A new approach to high-power conversion in which two naturally commutated converters (cycloconverters) are used in tandem, each with its input connected to a (passive) high-frequency (HF) source (``base'') is presented. The arrangement approximates an ideal converter; its ``input'' and ``output'' frequency can be equal or different, and the power factor at both external terminals can be maintained at unity or any other value. Potential utility applications in which the HF base converter functions as an asynchronous intertie between two ac power systems and as a tie between a dc transmission line and a weak ac system are discussed, and technical and economic comparisons with conventional approaches are given.
Norbornene Derived Doxorubicin Copolymers as Drug Carriers with pH Responsive Hydrazone Linker (2011)

The synthesis and complete characterization of both norbornene-derived doxorubicin (mono 1) and polyethylene glycol (mono 2) monomers are clearly described, and their copolymerization by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to get the block copolymer (COPY-DOX) is vividly elaborated. The careful design of these conjugates exhibits properties like well-shielded drug moieties and well-defined nanostructures; additionally, they show solubility in both water and biological medium and also have the important tendency of rendering acid-triggered drug release. The drug release profile suggests the importance of having the hydrazone linker that helps to release the drug exactly at the mild acidic conditions resembling the pH of the cancerous cells. It is also observed that the drug release from micelles of COPY-DOX is significantly accelerated at a mildly acidic pH of 5.5-6, compared to the physiological pH of 7.4, suggesting the pH-responsive feature of the drug delivery system with hydrazone linkages. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements indicate that these COPY-DOX micelles are easily internalized by living cells. MTT assays against HeLa and 4T cancer cells showing COPY-DOX micelles have a high anticancer efficacy. All of these results demonstrate that these polymeric micelles that self-assembled from COPY-DOX block copolymers have great scope in the world of medicine, and they also symbolize promising carriers for the pH-triggered intracellular delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
Genomic Analysis of Reactive Astrogliosis (2012)

Reactive astrogliosis is characterized by a profound change in astrocyte phenotype in response to all CNS injuries and diseases. To better understand the reactive astrocyte state, we used Affymetrix GeneChip arrays to profile gene expression in populations of reactive astrocytes isolated at various time points after induction using two mouse injury models, ischemic stroke and neuroinflammation. We find reactive gliosis consists of a rapid, but quickly attenuated, induction of gene expression after insult and identify induced Lcn2 and Serpina3n as strong markers of reactive astrocytes. Strikingly, reactive astrocyte phenotype strongly depended on the type of inducing injury. Although there is a core set of genes that is upregulated in reactive astrocytes from both injury models, at least 50% of the altered gene expression is specific to a given injury type. Reactive astrocytes in ischemia exhibited a molecular phenotype that suggests that they may be beneficial or protective, whereas reactive astrocytes induced by LPS exhibited a phenotype that suggests that they may be detrimental. These findings demonstrate that, despite well established commonalities, astrocyte reactive gliosis is a highly heterogeneous state in which astrocyte activities are altered to respond to the specific injury. This raises the question of how many subtypes of reactive astrocytes exist. Our findings provide transcriptome databases for two subtypes of reactive astrocytes that will be highly useful in generating new and testable hypotheses of their function, as well as for providing new markers to detect different types of reactive astrocytes in human neurological diseases.
Detection and Segmentation of Manufacturing Defects with Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning (2018)

Quality control is a fundamental component of many manufacturing processes, especially those involving casting or welding. However, manual quality control procedures are often time-consuming and error-prone. In order to meet the growing demand for high-quality products, the use of intelligent visual inspection systems is becoming essential in production lines. Recently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding performance in both image classification and localization tasks. In this article, a system is proposed for the identification of casting defects in X-ray images, based on the Mask Region-based CNN architecture. The proposed defect detection system simultaneously performs defect detection and segmentation on input images, making it suitable for a range of defect detection tasks. It is shown that training the network to simultaneously perform defect detection and defect instance segmentation, results in a higher defect detection accuracy than training on defect detection alone. Transfer learning is leveraged to reduce the training data demands and increase the prediction accuracy of the trained model. More specifically, the model is first trained with two large openly-available image datasets before finetuning on a relatively small metal casting X-ray dataset. The accuracy of the trained model exceeds state-of-the art performance on the GRIMA database of X-ray images (GDXray) Castings dataset and is fast enough to be used in a production setting. The system also performs well on the GDXray Welds dataset. A number of in-depth studies are conducted to explore how transfer learning, multi-task learning, and multi-class learning influence the performance of the trained system.
Syntheses of<u>cis</u>and<u>trans</u>Methyl 12-Oxo-9-Dodecenoates, Their Corresponding Acetals, and Methyl 12-Oxo-<u>trans</u>-10-Dodecenoate (1979)

Abstract For the synthesis of deuterated geometrically isomeric 9,12-octadecadienoates to be used in metabolic studies in humans,1 methyl 12-oxo-cis- and trans-9-dodecenoates were required as intermediates. In 1954, Gunstone2 oxidized
Reactions with 4'-Carboxy-4-Chlorostilbene (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions with 4'-Carboxy-4-ChlorostilbeneJohn F. Codington and Erich MosettigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1952, 17, 7, 1035–1042Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50007a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50007a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views445Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sorption of Heavy Metals by Inorganic and Organic Components of Solid Wastes: Significance to Use of Wastes as Low-Cost Adsorbents and Immobilizing Agents (2010)

Reactions involved in the sorption of heavy metal cations and anions to the surfaces of inorganic and organic components of solid wastes are examined. The properties of various waste materials (e.g., fly ash, slag, red mud, water treatment sludge, fungal and bacterial biomass, tree bark, sawdust, paper mill sludge, seafood processing waste, and composted organics) and the use of these materials as heavy metal sorbents, in situ immobilizing agents, and stabilization-solidification agents are then reviewed and discussed. Specific adsorption/surface precipitation onto various mineral phases present on composite inorganic waste materials explains the capacity of such materials to sorb metals. Similarly, reactions of various functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, sulphydryl) on organic molecules (e.g., lignin, chitin, humic substances) with heavy metals explain the sorption capacities of biosorbents. Differences in operational parameters between studies make a comparison of sorption capacities between materials difficult. Ease of desorption is also an important consideration, because in the treatment of wastewaters, materials are used primarily as ion exchangers, while for in situ immobilization, the metals need to be irreversibly bound to the added adsorbent. In the future, there is a need to develop low-cost sorbents with a wide range of metal affinities (through the combination of several waste sorbent materials) that can remove a variety of metal ions from solution from multielement-contaminated waters or soils.
The Maximum Error Probability Criterion, Random Encoder, and Feedback, in Multiple Input Channels (2014)

For a multiple input channel, one may define different capacity regions, according to the criterions of error, types of codes, and presence of feedback. In this paper, we aim to draw a complete picture of relations among these different capacity regions. To this end, we first prove that the average-error-probability capacity region of a multiple input channel can be achieved by a random code under the criterion of maximum error probability. Moreover, we show that for a non-deterministic multiple input channel with feedback, the capacity regions are the same under two different error criterions. In addition, we discuss two special classes of channels to shed light on the relation of different capacity regions. In particular, to illustrate the roles of feedback, we provide a class of MAC, for which feedback may enlarge maximum-error-probability capacity regions, but not average-error-capacity regions. Besides, we present a class of MAC, as an example for which the maximum-error-probability capacity regions are strictly smaller than the average-error-probability capacity regions (first example showing this was due to G. Dueck). Differently from G. Dueck’s enlightening example in which a deterministic MAC was considered, our example includes and further generalizes G. Dueck’s example by taking both deterministic and non-deterministic MACs into account. Finally, we extend our results for a discrete memoryless two-input channel, to compound, arbitrarily varying MAC, and MAC with more than two inputs.