gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FUZZY MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF A MULTI-REGIONAL BIOETHANOL SUPPLY CHAIN (2013)

The onset of climate change has resulted in the development of strategies which try to mitigate the excessive generation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The transport sector for example, which contributes more than 10% of the global CO2 emission, is promoting the use of biofuels in order to improve a nation’s energy security and to reduce the sector’s carbon footprint. Biofuels which are sourced from agricultural feedstocks will require more water resources than their fossil fuel counterparts and with climate change affecting rainfall patterns, it is expected that water resources will become more scarce. A fuzzy multi-objective mathematical model for optimizing the biofuel supply chain in consideration of multiple regions is developed in this paper. The model seeks to identify how resources should be allocated in the presence of regional water constraints to satisfy the growing demand for biofuels. A case study on bioethanol produced from different indigenous feedstocks in three Asian countries is presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the model.
Essential Nonlinearities in Hearing (2000)

Our hearing organ, the cochlea, evidently poises itself at a Hopf bifurcation to maximize tuning and amplification. We show that in this condition several effects are expected to be generic: compression of the dynamic range, infinitely sharp tuning at zero input, and generation of combination tones. These effects are "essentially" nonlinear in that they become more marked the smaller the forcing: there is no audible sound soft enough not to evoke them. All the well-documented nonlinear aspects of hearing therefore appear to be consequences of the same underlying mechanism.
Principles of a three-axis vibrating gyroscope (2001)

The principal features of a three-axis ring gyroscope are described. The equations of motion, the response to constant rates of turn, and the relationships between the modes of vibration are derived. Tuned and untuned cases are considered.
<scp>DNA</scp>‐Dependent <scp>DNA</scp> Polymerases (1997)

There are two types of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases commonly used for nucleic acid research: E. coli RNA polymerase and the bacteriophage T7, T3, and SP6 RNA polymerases. This unit describes the uses and limitations of each class of RNA polymerase along with specific reaction conditions and applications.
Simple Scoring Scheme for Calculating the Risk of Acute Coronary Events Based on the 10-Year Follow-Up of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) Study (2002)

Our scoring system is a simple and accurate way of predicting global risk of myocardial infarction in clinical practice and will therefore allow more accurate targeting of preventive therapy.
Positioning features within the Rapid Design System (1991)

A method for representing and manipulating information on dimensioning and positioning within a feature-based environment for mechanical parts design is described. In the feature-based design paradigm, designs are constructed using form features which are high-level representations of part geometry, i.e. block, hole, slot, pocket, chamfer, fillet, etc. In the system discussed two modes of positioning form features are supported. The first is a layout mode, which allows the user to position form features relative to each other, in order to layout the general geometry of the part. The second is a dimensioning mode, in which the user specifies which dimensions on the part are critically important, and what they should be. The system completes the dimensioning on request, producing enough dimensions to generate an engineering drawing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Comparison of Compacting and Caking Behavior of Carbonate-Based Washing Powders (2013)

Two types of sodium carbonate powder produced by spray drying (SD) and dry neutralization (DN) were studied for their compaction properties using a uniaxial compression tester. A comparison was also made with Persil washing powder. Dry neutralized sodium carbonate showed greater resistance to compression and also produced a weaker compact when compressed to 100 kPa. Spray-dried sodium carbonate had an absence of fine particles but compacted easily. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that both types of powder were predominantly amorphous in nature. Moisture sorption measurements showed that both powders behaved in a similar way below 50% relative humidity (RH). However, dry neutralized sodium carbonate had a high moisture affinity above this RH. Particle structures were also examined using scanning electron microscopy, showing the heterogeneous interior of the spray-dried particles.
Technology for Rotorcraft Affordability Through Integrated Product/Process Development (IPPD) (1999)

1999 Alexander A. Nikolsky Lecture, Proceedings of the 55th National Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 25-27, 1999.
Rapid Extraction of DNA From <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> for Use in PCR (2001)

The Xtra Amp tube, Isocode paper, Instagene matrix, and PrepMan matrix methods were evaluated for their ability to rapidly extract PCR-quality DNAs from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium parvum. All methods provided satisfactory DNA from E. coli, and the Xtra Amp and Instagene reagents provided satisfactory DNA from C. parvum.
Vitamin D and Sunlight (2008)

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem. The major source of vitamin D for most humans is sensible sun exposure. Factors that influence cutaneous vitamin D production include sunscreen use, skin pigmentation, time of day, season of the year, latitude, and aging. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the measure for vitamin D status. A total of 100 IU of vitamin D raises blood level of 25(OH)D by 1 ng/ml. Thus, children and adults who do not receive adequate vitamin D from sun exposure need at least 1000 IU/d vitamin D. Lack of sun exposure and vitamin D deficiency have been linked to many serious chronic diseases, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, and deadly cancers. It is estimated that there is a 30 to 50% reduction in risk for developing colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer by either increasing vitamin D intake to least 1000 IU/d vitamin D or increasing sun exposure to raise blood levels of 25(OH)D >30 ng/ml. Most tissues in the body have a vitamin D receptor. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is made in many different tissues, including colon, prostate, and breast. It is believed that the local production of 1,25(OH)(2)D may be responsible for the anticancer benefit of vitamin D. Recent studies suggested that women who are vitamin D deficient have a 253% increased risk for developing colorectal cancer, and women who ingested 1500 mg/d calcium and 1100 IU/d vitamin D(3) for 4 yr reduced risk for developing cancer by >60%.
Comparative effects of S9977-2 versus tacrine on passive avoidance learning and psychomotor activity (1997)

We have studied the time- and dose-dependent effects of S9977-2 versus tacrine (THA) on psychomotor activity (PMA) and passive avoidance learning (PAL) in intact 3-month-old rats. No significant changes were observed in the levels of PMA in animals tested 0, 30 and 60 min after i.p. injections of S9977-2 (0·125 mg/kg) or THA (1 mg/kg). In a PAL maze paradigm, S9977-2 and THA, administered 30, 60 and 120 min before testing, induced time-dependent improvements in learning indices, with maximum effects during the first hour after administration. In the dose–response study, S9977-2 (0·005, 0·025 and 0·125 mg/kg) tended to increase and THA (0·33, 1 and 3 mg/kg) to decrease PMA scores while the two compounds improved learning in a progressive dose-related manner. The present results indicate that S9977-2 and THA exert opposite actions on exploratory behaviour, S9977-2 increasing this parameter and THA decreasing it, and that both molecules improve learning in a similar time- and dose-dependent manner. On a molar basis S9977-2 is 10–20 times more potent than THA in enhancing learning acquisition. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors involved in root formation in Medicago truncatula (2006)

The fact that auxin induces root formation has been known for more than half a century. However, despite the recent progress in this field, neither the molecular processes in which the auxin-responsive genes leading to root formation nor the interactions between phytohormones and other bioactive molecules during the commitment phase of root formation are well understood. Here the effect of biomolecules such as cytokinin, glutathione, and flavonoids, as well as the expression of several transcription factors in in vitro root formation in model legume Medicago truncatula are presented. It was demonstrated that auxin NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) pretreatment for 7 d can irreversibly interrupt somatic embryo formation, whilst both reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione enhance root formation via a mechanism independent of ethylene perception, as determined by analysis of the ethylene-insensitive skl mutant. It was also shown that quercetin and the well-known auxin transport inhibitor NPA (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid), which has a similar structure to quercetin, and isoflavonoids formononetin and genistein caused severe reduction in root formation. Also, the relative expression of several transcription factors was analysed in 1-week-old NAA-treated explants (stem cell niche formation stage), in NAA- and BAP-treated explants (no root formation), and in the roots of germinated seeds. The results showed, for the first time in a legume, that the transcription factors homeodomain WOX5 and the AP2-domain containing PLETHORA1 and 2, BABY BOOM1 were strongly induced by auxin addition, while cytokinin addition dramatically reduced their expression, indicating a role for these genes in the formation of root stem cell niches.
Calibration of ac susceptometer for cylindrical specimens (1984)

The absolute magnetic susceptibility of cylindrical specimens is obtained with an ac susceptometer whose calibration is based on a calculation of mutual inductance. An axially magnetized cylinder is modeled as a solenoid of the same size. The mutual inductance between such a solenoid and a pickup coil of arbitrary dimensions is computed. The susceptibility is then a function of the mutual inductance, the cylinder length, the magnitude and frequency of the ac magnetizing field, and the voltage induced on the pickup coil. Demagnetization factor and eddy-current effects are considered, an example is given, and pickup coil compensation is discussed. Other calibration methods are also presented.
Software Defined Networking: Attacks and Countermeasures (2018)

Software defined networking (SDN) is an emerging network architecture; it differs from traditional networks as it separates control planes from data planes. This separation helps the network to be more flexible and easier to handle and allows faster innovation cycles at both planes. SDN has benefit over traditional networks in terms of simplicity, programmability and elasticity. Openflow protocol is a south-bound API interface; it is the most popular and common protocol that used to communicate the controller with the switches. This paper will focus on the architecture of SDN and provide some challenges faces the SDN; finally, it will discuss some security threats that face SDN and their countermeasures.
Incisions and Tissue Management in Periodontal Surgery (2004)

Periodontal surgery is an essential part of modern periodontal therapy. Selection of the appropriate incision technique is one of the main preconditions for a complication-free healing process involving minimum esthetic impairment. This applies not only to periodontal surgery but also to oral surgery and implant surgery. The different surgical incision techniques are described in detail from this aspect. Instructions on tissue management aimed at minimum traumatization are discussed from macrosurgical and microsurgical points of view. The crucial factors here include inflammation-free tissue, maximum exsanguination, sharp surgical instruments, atraumatic, non-contaminable suture material, and the shortest possible duration of surgery.
HDAC inhibitors in parasitic diseases (2011)

Parasitic diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped regions of the world. Malaria alone causes ~800000 deaths each year, with children and pregnant women being at highest risk. There is no licensed vaccine available for any human parasitic disease and drug resistance is compromising the efficacy of many available anti-parasitic drugs. This is driving drug discovery research on new agents with novel modes of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being investigated as drugs for a range of diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and several parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of HDAC inhibitors targeted to the major human parasitic diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Insights are provided into the unique challenges that will need to be considered if HDAC inhibitors are to be progressed towards clinical development as potential new anti-parasitic drugs.
Biomarkers Predicting Clinical Benefit: Fact or Fiction? (2011)

Preoperative therapy is increasingly used in operable disease to improve the chance for breast-conservative surgery. Moreover, this strategy allows for a better definition of patient prognosis. Independently from stage at diagnosis and breast cancer subtype, the achievement of a pathological complete response (pCR) is a surrogate marker for long-term outcome. The likelihood of pCR depends on tumor biology, being poorly differentiated tumors with ductal histology, absence of hormone receptors, and high proliferation rate those with a higher chance of achieving a CR. However, pCR is a late efficacy parameter that can be evaluated at the end of the preoperative treatment; moreover, a pCR is achieved in a minority of patients and is not an appropriate efficacy measure for neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. The predictive role of tumor biomarkers such as p53, microtubule-associated tau protein, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase will be reviewed along with potential markers of early treatment effect.
Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage in Subphthalocyanine/C<sub>60</sub> Organic Photovoltaic Cells (2006)

A double-heterostructure boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc)/C60 thin-film photovoltaic cell exhibits a more than doubled Voc compared to a conventional copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/C60 cell under 1 sun AM1.5G simulated illumination. The lower oxidation potential of SubPc results in an increase in the energy difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the acceptor-like material and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the donor-like material (referred to as the interface gap, Ig) by 400 meV. We attribute the significant increase in Voc to this increase in Ig.
[Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density in rabbit radius defects repaired with allogeneic and autogenic bone]. (2010)

VEGF can express diversity at different time and positions, and the different expressions indicated various biology significances in the process of the bone healing. It can coordinate growth of cartilage and bone and profit vascular reconstruction of allogeneic bone. VEGF may participate in promoting osteogenesis in the course of allogeneic bone transplantation.
Restenosis after coronary angioplasty (1995)

The major disadvantage of using percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to treat patients with atherosclerotic coronary disease is the frequent occurrence of restenosis after an initially successful procedure. Studies in animals and histological observations in man have demonstrated that restenosis is characterized by neointimal hyperplasia due to smooth muscle cell proliferation and to the synthesis of extracellular matrix. Improvements in technology or pharmacological interventions have had no significant impact on the rate of restenosis. In spite of our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of restenosis. no effective treatment is available at the present time. Gene therapy, which has produced encouraging initial results in experimental models, may provide a solution in the medium term.
The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Metagenomic Characterization of Viruses within Aquatic Microbial Samples (2008)

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on our planet. Interactions between viruses and their hosts impact several important biological processes in the world's oceans such as horizontal gene transfer, microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycling. Interrogation of microbial metagenomic sequence data collected as part of the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Expedition (GOS) revealed a high abundance of viral sequences, representing approximately 3% of the total predicted proteins. Cluster analyses of the viral sequences revealed hundreds to thousands of viral genes encoding various metabolic and cellular functions. Quantitative analyses of viral genes of host origin performed on the viral fraction of aquatic samples confirmed the viral nature of these sequences and suggested that significant portions of aquatic viral communities behave as reservoirs of such genetic material. Distributional and phylogenetic analyses of these host-derived viral sequences also suggested that viral acquisition of environmentally relevant genes of host origin is a more abundant and widespread phenomenon than previously appreciated. The predominant viral sequences identified within microbial fractions originated from tailed bacteriophages and exhibited varying global distributions according to viral family. Recruitment of GOS viral sequence fragments against 27 complete aquatic viral genomes revealed that only one reference bacteriophage genome was highly abundant and was closely related, but not identical, to the cyanomyovirus P-SSM4. The co-distribution across all sampling sites of P-SSM4-like sequences with the dominant ecotype of its host, Prochlorococcus supports the classification of the viral sequences as P-SSM4-like and suggests that this virus may influence the abundance, distribution and diversity of one of the most dominant components of picophytoplankton in oligotrophic oceans. In summary, the abundance and broad geographical distribution of viral sequences within microbial fractions, the prevalence of genes among viral sequences that encode microbial physiological function and their distinct phylogenetic distribution lend strong support to the notion that viral-mediated gene acquisition is a common and ongoing mechanism for generating microbial diversity in the marine environment.
Asymmetric synthesis via acetal templates. 6. A stereoselective approach to a key intermediate for the preparation of vitamin D metabolites (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis via acetal templates. 6. A stereoselective approach to a key intermediate for the preparation of vitamin D metabolitesWilliam S. Johnson, John D. Elliott, and Gunnar HansonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4, 1138–1139Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00316a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00316a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views378Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A short, flexible route to symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipins) (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA short, flexible route to symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipins)John F. W. Keana, Masato Shimizu, and Karen K. JernstedtCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 12, 2297–2299Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00362a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00362a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fog collecting biomimetic surfaces: Influence of microstructure and wettability (2015)

We analyzed the fog collection efficiency of three different sets of samples: replica (with and without microstructures), copper wire (smooth and microgrooved) and polyolefin mesh (hydrophilic, superhydrophilic and hydrophobic). The collection efficiency of the samples was compared in each set separately to investigate the influence of microstructures and/or the wettability of the surfaces on fog collection. Based on the controlled experimental conditions chosen here large differences in the efficiency were found. We found that microstructured plant replica samples collected 2-3 times higher amounts of water than that of unstructured (smooth) samples. Copper wire samples showed similar results. Moreover, microgrooved wires had a faster dripping of water droplets than that of smooth wires. The superhydrophilic mesh tested here was proved more efficient than any other mesh samples with different wettability. The amount of collected fog by superhydrophilic mesh was about 5 times higher than that of hydrophilic (untreated) mesh and was about 2 times higher than that of hydrophobic mesh.