gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Considerations in the Design of a Goto Logical System (1962)

The general requirements for the clock generator can now be listed as follows: 1. Circuitry must be radiation resistant. 2. A single source generator should be used. 3. The circuitry should be such that; a. The initial voltage rise can be controlled. b. The plus and minus voltages are mirror images. c. The magnitude of the voltage is very accurately controlled at the time information is transferred to the next stage. The data in the next section were taken using a clock generator which was designed to meet these requirements.
In vitro evaluation of fibroplasia in a porous polymer. (1990)

We evaluated a polybutylene/polypropylene blend in a blown microfiber configuration in vitro for potential use as the peripheral area of a keratoprosthetic device. Material properties such as ultimate tensile strength and ultimate elongation were measured. Stromal fibroblasts were seeded onto the material in vitro, and cell proliferation between uncoated and Type I collagen coated discs did not differ significantly. Fibroblasts could be seen migrating along the fibers and also traversing the fibers. The synthesis of connective proteins was examined. Laminin, fibronectin, and Type I collagen were detected by day 8. The experiments demonstrate that stromal fibroblasts can adhere onto the fibers, proliferate, and synthesize connective tissue proteins. Experiments are now being conducted to further evaluate the material in vivo.
Lubrication of Machine Elements (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Symbols Lubrication Fundamentals Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Boundary Lubrication References
The effect of the <i>t</i>‐butyl substituent on polymer properties in homopolymer systems (1990)

Abstract The effect of a bulky substituent on properties of different homopolymers has been examined. The substituent is the t ‐butyl moiety attached to a benzene ring found in the repeat units of the homopolymers of polyesters, polyarylates, polyamides, and polyaramides. These polymers have been prepared by melt, solution, or interfacial techniques. The source of the t ‐butyl group is mainly from 5‐ t ‐butylisophthalic acid (5TBIA) and comparisons are generally made with corresponding homopolymers based on isophthalic acid. The effect of the t ‐butyl group is shown by comparison of the properties of these homopolymers. Thermal and mechanical (tensile and impact) properties, density, water absorption, solubility, and processability are discussed. Differences in these properties are attributed to the t ‐butyl group and are based on intermolecular and intramolecular interactions that include increased free volume, chain stiffening, and conformational changes.
Multilayer resonant light scattering nanoshells as a novel class of nonbleaching labels for multimarker molecular imaging (2004)

Optical molecular imaging of living tissues could potentially allow tissue characterization and disease diagnosis with high resolution, non-invasively and at a low cost [1]. The capability to image multiple molecular targets simultaneously is particularly important. However, currently this task cannot be achieved, due to the broad spectral responses (~80-200 nm) of current optical contrast agents, which limit the number of markers that can be used simultaneously to, typically, not more than three [1-6]. Therefore, ideal nanoparticle-labels for multi-color multi-marker detection should exhibit sharp resonances, whose spectral position can be controlled. We hereby describe a new concept that utilizes resonant light-scattering spectroscopy of multi-layered metallic nanospheres to achieve the labeling of multiple targets simultaneously. Our model of light-scattering predicts that multilayered metallic-dielectric nanoshells exhibit tunable ultra-sharp resonance peaks with widths as narrow as 10 nm. By varying the materials and size ratios between different layers, the position of the resonance peaks can be easily controlled, which may enable detection of more than 10 different labels simultaneously by recording the spectra of resonant light scattering in the visible range. Conjugated with molecular probes, such as antibodies, these novel structured nanospheres may enable previously unattainable multi-label optical molecular imaging.
Fast A3RL: Aesthetics-Aware Adversarial Reinforcement Learning for Image Cropping (2019)

Image cropping aims at improving the quality of images by removing unwanted outer areas, which is widely used in the photography and printing industry. Most previous cropping methods that don't need bounding box supervision rely on the sliding window mechanism. The sliding window method results in fixed aspect ratios and limits the shape of the cropping region. Moreover, the sliding window method usually produces lots of candidates on the input image, which is very time-consuming. Motivated by these challenges, we formulate image cropping as a sequential decision-making process and propose a reinforcement learning based framework to address this problem, namely Fast Aesthetics-Aware Adversarial Reinforcement Learning (Fast A3RL). Particularly, the proposed method develops an aesthetics-aware reward function, which is dedicated for image cropping. Similar to human's decisionmaking process, we use a comprehensive state representation including both the current observation and historical experience. We train the agent using the actor-critic architecture in an end-to-end manner. The adversarial learning process is also applied during the training stage. The proposed method is evaluated on several popular cropping datasets, in which the images are unseen during training. Experiment results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance with much fewer candidate windows and much less time compared with related methods.
Acidosis and Coagulopathy (2007)

In Brief Objective: Uncontrolled bleeding from coagulopathy signals imminent death in severely injured patients. Acidosis is an important predictor of coagulopathy, but the underlying contributing mechanisms are unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acidosis on fibrinogen metabolism and coagulation function in a swine model. Methods: Twelve pigs were randomly divided into the control (n = 6) and acid (n = 6) groups. Acidosis of pH 7.1 was induced by infusion of 0.2 M HCl in lactated Ringer solution in the acid group. Afterward, an infusion of stable isotope 1-13C-phenylalanine (6 hours) and d5-phenylalanine (4 hours) was performed. Blood samples were withdrawn hourly to quantify fibrinogen synthesis and degradation rates using gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry analysis. To correlate changes in fibrinogen metabolism, coagulation changes were assessed by prolonged prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, activated clotting time, and thrombelastograph (TEG). Results: Acidosis caused decreases in mean arterial pressure, arterial bicarbonate concentration, base excess, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet counts. Acidosis increased fibrinogen degradation rate from the control value of 4.3 ± 1.0 mg/kg/h to 11.8 ± 1.4 mg/kg/h (P < 0.05), with no effect on fibrinogen synthesis. Prolonged prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, activated clotting time were consistently prolonged by acidosis (all P < 0.05). Clotting rapidity (angle α in TEG) was decreased from a baseline value of 73.3 ± 1.1 degree to 63.0 ± 2.4 degree (P < 0.05). Clot strength (maximum amplitude in TEG) was decreased from a baseline value of 72.2 ± 1.4 mm to 56.2 ± 3.1 mm (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Acidosis compromised the clotting process and accelerated fibrinogen consumption with no effect on fibrinogen production, resulting in a deficit in fibrinogen availability. To study the effects of acidosis on fibrinogen metabolism, acidosis was induced in pigs by hydrochloric acid infusion and fibrinogen metabolism was quantified by a 6 hours stable isotope infusion technique and subsequent gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry analysis. Acidosis increased fibrinogen degradation with no effect on fibrinogen synthesis, resulting in a deficit in fibrinogen availability.
Evaluation of the Possible Use of PPG Waveform Features Measured at Low Sampling Rate (2019)

To date, the applications of photoplethysmograms in the estimation of cuff-less blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and so on have been studied. Photoplethysmogram waveform features have often been used to estimate the target volumes. For these estimations, it is necessary to acquire photoplethysmogram waveforms and changes in their derivative waveform details, for which the photoplethysmograms measured at comparatively high sampling rates have been used. The performance of smartphone cameras and wearable photoplethysmogram sensors has improved; with regard to mobile health technology, photoplethysmograms measured at lower sampling rates offer considerable advantages. These include lower computational resources, compression of accumulated data, and lower sensor power consumption. However, compared to photoplethysmograms measured at a high sampling rate, photoplethysmogram measurement at a low sampling rate will result in waveform signal degradation. This paper investigates the possibility of using photoplethysmograms measured at a low sampling rate. To this end, we statistically compared photoplethysmogram waveform features obtained from 63 male subjects free of circulatory diseases, at a sampling rate of 240 Hz, with waveform features obtained at low sampling rates (120, 60, 30, 20, and 10 Hz) through downsampling, and evaluated possible commercial use.
Echo-MIMO: A Two-Way Channel Training Method for Matched Cooperative Beamforming (2008)

A new two-way multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounding method for enabling a transmitter and a receiver both to have complete knowledge of the channel between them is presented. The key idea is that when the transmitter sends out its training signal, the receiver repeats, or ldquoechoes,rdquo its received signal back to that transmitter. From this round-trip training signal, together with the usual one-way incoming training signal from the receiver, the transmitter is able to recover its own outgoing channel fading coefficients for all transmit/receive pairs of antenna elements. The two-stage, weighted least squares problem to estimate the incoming and outgoing channel response matrices is solved. The method applies to FDD and TDD channels, and is suitable for wireless networks with relays. A second contribution of this paper is to propose another new training step, called naturally channel-matched beamforming (NCMB). This step actively uses the physical channel to match the transmit and receive beamformers, instead of relying on uncoordinated beamformer estimates at the transmit and receive ends. When we create parallel virtual channels, by spatial precoding with singular modes of the channel matrix, this training step directly matches each pair of right and left singular vectors used to beamform, adjusting the receive vector to optimize the virtual link gain for the pair. Evidence for a ridge in the gain surface over beamformer pairs is given, which would explain the near-ideal gains obtained from the channel-matching step. We also show how to optimize the link gains while constraining these pairs to ensure low interchannel interference (ICI). Simulation results show that the echo-MIMO method for the case of channel-matched maximal ratio transmission/combining (MRT/MRC) approaches the performance of the ideal beamformers based on perfect channel estimates, especially for the case of no fewer transmit antennas than receive antennas. In this case, echo-MIMO outperforms a quantized MRT/MRC codebook feedback method.
Adenosine triphosphate-dependent uptake of glutamate into protein I-associated synaptic vesicles. (1983)

Protein I is a neuron-specific, synaptic phosphoprotein highly localized on the surface of synaptic vesicles. We have recently isolated anti-Protein I IgG by affinity chromatography and shown that these antibodies inhibit specifically the phosphorylation of Protein I (Naito, S., and Ueda, T. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10657-10663). In an effort to characterize Protein I-associated synaptic vesicles with respect to the types of neurotransmitters, we have now developed a procedure, using the affinity-purified anti-Protein I IgG, which allows immunoprecipitation of those synaptic vesicles which contain Protein I. The isolated vesicles are largely free of contamination from other intracellular organelles and plasma membranes. We present evidence that these vesicles isolated from bovine cortex are able to accumulate L-glutamate specifically in an ATP-dependent, temperature-dependent but Na-independent manner. Thus, the structurally similar aminoacid neurotransmitters aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, as well as other neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glycine, failed to show a significant ATP-dependent uptake into these vesicles. Moreover, the ATP-dependent glutamate uptake was not inhibited effectively by glutamine, aspartate, or gamma-aminobutyric acid. The ATP-dependent glutamate uptake requires ATP hydrolysis; thus there was little accumulation of glutamate in the absence of ATP or Mg2+, or when ATP was replaced by an unhydrolyzable beta, gamma-methylene ATP analog. The glutamate uptake appears to be driven at least in part by a membrane potential generated by Mg2+-ATPase, similar to that of the catecholamine and serotonin uptakes into storage granules. These observations suggest that Protein I may be involved in some aspect of the function of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles in the brain.
15 Years at a Cook Stove (1937)

Once, in my extreme youth on an Iowa farm, we had a hired girl, She was probably the most inefficient, incompetent cook I ever found, and her name was legion. My mother, home infrequently, would drive her from the kitchen in desperation at the sight of sad biscuits, disconsloate steaks and watery gravies, and take over the meals herself.
Introduction to Protein Purification (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Protein Extract An Overview of Fractionation Techniques Fractionation Strategies Monitoring the Fractionation The Final Product Laboratory Equipment References
<i>In Vivo</i> Activity and Duration of Short Interfering RNAs Containing a Synthetic 5′-Phosphate (2012)

Endogenous and exogenous short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) require a 5'-phosphate for loading into Ago2 and cleavage of the target mRNA. We applied a synthetic 5'-phosphate to siRNA guide strands to evaluate if phosphorylation in vivo is rate limiting for maximal siRNA knockdown and duration. We report, for the first time, an in vivo evaluation of siRNAs with a synthetic 5'-phosphate compared to their unphosphorylated versions. siRNAs that contained a 5'-phosphate had the same activity in vivo compared with unphosphorylated siRNAs, indicating phosphorylation of an siRNA is not a rate limiting step in vivo.
Lipase‐catalyzed fractionation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (1999)

The abilities of lipases produced by the fungus Geotrichum candidum to selectively fractionate mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers during esterification of mixed CLA free fatty acids and during hydrolysis of mixed CLA methyl esters were examined. The enzymes were highly selective for cis-9,trans-11-18:2. A commercial CLA methyl ester preparation, containing at least 12 species representing four positional CLA isomers, was incubated in aqueous solution with either a commercial G. candidum lipase preparation (Amano GC-4) or lipase produced from a cloned high-selectivity G. candidum lipase B gene. In both instances selective hydrolysis of the cis-9,trans-11-18:2 methyl ester occurred, with negligible hydrolysis of other CLA isomers. The content of cis-9, trans-11-18:2 in the resulting free fatty acid fraction was between 94 (lipase B reaction) and 77% (GC-4 reaction). The commercial CLA mixture contained only trace amounts of trans-9,cis-11-18:2, and there was no evidence that this isomer was hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Analogous results were obtained with these enzymes in the esterification in organic solvent of a commercial preparation of CLA free fatty acids containing at least 12 CLA isomers. In this case, G. candidum lipase B generated a methyl ester fraction that contained >98% cis-9,trans-11-18:2. Geotrichum candidum lipases B and GC-4 also demonstrated high selectivity in the esterification of CLA with ethanol, generating ethyl ester fractions containing 96 and 80%, respectively, of the cis-9,trans-11 isomer. In a second set of experiments, CLA synthesized from pure linoleic acid, composed essentially of two isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, was utilized. This was subjected to esterification with octanol in an aqueous reaction system using Amano GC-4 lipase as catalyst. The resulting ester fraction contained up to 97% of the cis-9,trans-11 isomer. After adjustment of the reaction conditions, a concentration of 85% trans-10,cis-12-18:2 could be obtained in the unreacted free fatty acid fraction. These lipase-catalyzed reactions provide a means for the preparative-scale production of high-purity cis-9,trans-11-18:2, and a corresponding CLA fraction depleted of this isomer.
THE PROPERTIES OF SONIC FRAGMENTS OF DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID (1958)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Starting out - My experience of depression helped me support my patient through it (2014)

Student experiences in the real world of nursing
Building Online Communities with Drupal, phpBB, and WordPress (2006)

Content management, blogs, and online forums are among the most significant online trends today, and Drupal, phpBB, and WordPress are three of the most popular open source applications facilitating th
Circuit architectures for high linearity monolithic continuous-time filtering (1992)

Circuit architectures for high-linearity monolithic continuous-time filters are described based on the use of integrated passive components in active RC structures. Tunability of the frequency response is achieved by arranging either resistive or capacitive elements in programmable arrays. The array value is then set using a digital code produced by an on-chip calibration circuit. The advantages and disadvantages of possible configurations are analyzed, indicating the limits of usefulness. Different filter architectures are considered, and design equations for determining basic cell specifications are given. The analyses are compared with results of experimental integrated filter designs, confirming that both very high linearity (-90 dB) and reasonable tuning accuracy (around +or-5%) are achievable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mask bias in submicron optical lithography (1988)

The effects of mask bias on the performance of an optical lithographic process are examined theoretically and experimentally. By studying the effects of bias on the aerial image, the fundamental reasons for process improvement with bias are made clear. Simulations are used to examine mask linearity and exposure and focus latitude as a function of bias. Experimental data confirm the improvement in latitude for isolated lines with bias. The proximity effect is investigated and shown to be not well understood. Two possible explanations for the proximity effect: image flare and developer depletion, are studied.
Complex flexibility of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. (1995)

The transforming growth factors beta (TGF-beta s) are important modulators of growth and differentiation. They are intermolecular disulfide-bonded homodimeric molecules. The monomer fold has a conserved cystine knot and lacks a hydrophobic core. The biological specificity of a given member of the family is believed to be determined by the conformational flexibility of the variable loop regions of the monomer. The monomer subunit assembly in the dimer is stabilized mainly by hydrophobic contacts and a few hydrogen bonds. Since these interactions are nondirectional, we examined subunit assemblies of TGF-beta by using conformational analysis. The different subunit assemblies in TGF-beta 2 dimer were characterized in terms of the intersubunit disulfide torsion. Our analyses show that the subunit assemblies fall into two states: the crystallographically observed gauche+conformation and the previously not reported gauche--conformation, both having almost identical interaction energies. Furthermore, there is significant flexibility in the subunit assembly within the gauche+ and the gauche- states of the disulfide bond. The monomer subunit assembly is independent of the variations about the loop regions. The variations in the loop regions, coupled with flexibility in the monomer assembly, lead to a complex flexibility in the dimer of the TGF-beta superfamily. For the TGF-beta superfamily, the cystine knot acts as a scaffold and complex flexibility provides for biological selectivity. Complex flexibility might provide an explanation for the diverse range of biological activities that these important molecules display.
The mechanical point impedance of the human head, with and without skin penetration (1986)

The fact that a titanium screw can be implanted into the mastoid portion of the human skull, at the same time establishing a permanent, reaction-free skin penetration, has made it possible to attach a new bone conduction hearing aid directly to the skull. To understand and improve this new method of bone stimulation, the mechanical point impedance of the titanium screw–skull system was measured. The conventional point impedance of the skin-covered mastoid portion of the temporal bone was also measured and the difference in magnitude between the two impedances was calculated. An impedance head (Brüel & Kj1r 8001) and an FFT analyzer (Hewlett–Packard 5423) were used for mechanical point impedance measurements. Seven patients have been investigated. The magnitude of the impedance for the screw–skull system was found to be generally between 10 and 30 dB higher than that for the conventional skin-covered mastoid bone. One conclusion is that the conventional point impedance of the skin-covered mastoid portion of the human skull is essentially due to the properties of the skin and subcutaneous soft tissue. Another conclusion is that a much lower stimulation velocity is needed, with skin penetration, to produce a given hearing sensation.