gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Student attendance monitoring at the university using NFC (2012)

There are several complex business processes in the higher education. As the number of university students has been tripled in Hungary the automation of these task become necessary. The Near Field Communication (NFC) technology provides a good opportunity to support the automated execution of several education related processes. Recently a new challenge is identified at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. As most of the lecture notes had become available in electronic format the students especially the inexperienced freshman ones did not attend to the lectures significantly decreasing the rate of successful exams. This drove to the decision to elaborate an accurate and reliable information system for monitoring the student's attendance at the lectures. Thus we have developed a novel, NFC technology based business use case of student attendance monitoring. In order to meet the requirements of the use case we have implemented a highly autonomous distributed environment assembled by NFC enabled embedded devices, so-called contactless terminals and a scalable backoffice. Beside the opportunity of contactless card based student identification the terminals support biometric identification by fingerprint reading. These features enable the implementation of flexible and secure identification scenarios. The attendance monitoring use case has been tested in a pilot project involving about 30 access terminals and more that 1000 students. In this paper we are introducing the developed attendance monitoring use case, the implemented NFC enabled system, and the experiences gained during the pilot project.
Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin - piperaquine - trimethoprim versus artemether - lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Senegal (2011)

The overall efficacy and tolerability of DPT are similar to those of AL. The ease of taking DPT and its short treatment course (two days) may help to improve adherence to treatment. Taken together, these findings make this medicinal product a treatment of choice for the effective management of malaria in Africa.
Improved systems reliability through improved battery monitoring techniques (1993)

The standards for reliability in critical backup power systems are increasing. To meet the standards, even better batteries, better system integration of batteries, and continuous monitoring of batteries should be employed. This paper focuses on continuous monitoring of batteries. Monitoring which can increase system reliability and further improve battery life, performance, and reduce overall systems costs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
National and regional incidence of surgery for adult hydrocephalus in Sweden (2005)

In Sweden, the annual incidence of surgery for hydrocephalus was 3.4 per 100,000 adults between the years 1996 and 1998. The most common indication for surgery was normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH; 47%), followed by high-pressure hydrocephalus (27%). Seventy-three percent of the patients had communicating hydrocephalus, of which 63% had NPH. Twenty percent of the patients had non-communicating hydrocephalus, of which half resulted from aqueduct stenosis. The annual incidence of operations varied between regional clinics from 2.3 to 6.3 per 100,000 inhabitants.
Planar native-oxide Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As-GaAs quantum well heterostructure ring laser diodes (1992)

Native-oxide planar AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs quantum well heterostructure ring laser diodes (25-μm- wide annulus, 250-μm inside diameter, 300-μm outside diameter) are demonstrated. The curved cavities (full-ring, half-ring, and quarter-ring) are defined by native oxidation (H2O vapor+N2 carrier gas, 450 °C) of the entire upper confining layer inside and outside of the annulus. The native oxide provides current confinement and a sufficiently large lateral index step, and thus photon confinement, to support laser oscillation along the ring. Half-ring laser diodes fabricated in a self-aligned geometry exhibit continuous wave (cw) 300-K thresholds as low as ∼105 mA (∼500-μm circular cavity length), high total external differential quantum efficiencies (∼49%), and cw output powers of ≳40 mW.
Stopping power of a buffer gas for laser plasma debris mitigation (2009)

The stopping power of a buffer gas against laser-plasma debris is quantitatively assessed by means of visualization techniques. For ablation of planar tin targets in an Ar ambient, an expanding wavefront was visualized, whose translation energy was rapidly reduced within a few millimeters above the target surface. The fastest debris component was along the normal to the target with an initial kinetic energy of 1.1 keV. The buffer gas efficiency changed in a line-of-sight-dependent way, thermalizing more efficiently the on-axis components. The maximum stopping power of the gas buffer was determined as high as 0.4 keV/mm. Due to the reduction in stopping power, nonlinearly with the debris kinetic energy, a gas buffer thickness of 10 mm is required at the studied atmospheric pressure in order to mitigate high energy debris below a fiducial threshold of 0.1 keV.
Structure and magnetic properties of iron nitride thin films on Cu(001) (2010)

The structural and magnetic properties of iron nitride thin films on a Cu(001) surface were investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). In the STM and LEED observations of 1 and 2 monolayer (ML) films, the nitride films exhibit $p4gm(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ reconstructed smooth surfaces without significant amounts of dislocations or islands. The stoichiometry of the 1 ML film was found to be ${\text{Fe}}_{2}\text{N}$, while that of 2 ML was ${\text{Fe}}_{4}\text{N}$, consisting of a topmost layer with the ${\text{Fe}}_{2}\text{N}$ composition and a second layer containing Fe atoms only. The XMCD measurements were performed for nitride films up to 4 ML. The angle-dependent XMCD spectra indicate that the films are ferromagnetic, with easy axes along the surface parallel direction. In addition, according to the results of the sum-rule analysis, strong magnetic anisotropy appears in the 1 ML film, where the orbital magnetic moment perpendicular to the surface is almost zero. The total magnetic moment, which is a combination of the spin and orbital magnetic moments, increases with the increase in film thickness up to 3 ML. The magnetic moment for more than 2 ML is $\ensuremath{\sim}2.1\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}}$, which is nearly equal to that of bulk ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\text{-Fe}}_{4}\text{N}$ of $2.2\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}}$.
Maximize piezoelectric energy harvesting using synchronous charge extraction technique for powering autonomous wireless transmitter (2008)

Interest for harvesting energy from the environment to sustain the operational lifetime of any battery-driven electronic device like wireless sensor nodes has been growing tremendously. One prominent challenge with energy harvesting sources is the deficiency in energy supply to continuously power the electronic devices even with the rapid advancement in ultra low power microelectronic technology. To overcome that, the synchronous electric charge extraction technique has been used to maximize the energy harvested from vibrational energy source using the piezoelectric generator. A low power synchronized switch control circuitry, which consumes 300 muW @ 5 V supply, has been designed and implemented to achieve synchronous charge extraction from the piezoelectric generator. Experimental results have verified that using the synchronous charge extraction technique as compared to the standard rectifying circuit, more electrical energy can be harvested from the piezoelectric generator with an increase from 1.75 mW to 5.6 mW. The harvested electrical energy is used to power the 433 MHz wireless transmitter to transmit 12-bit digital data to the remote base station.
Evidence for two catalytic sites on 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. Dynamics of substrate exchange and phosphoryl enzyme formation. (1984)

The bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase appears to be the only enzyme catalyzing the formation and hydrolysis of Fru-2,6-P2. The enzyme as we isolate it, contains a trace of tightly bound Fru-6-P. In this condition, it exhibited an ATPase activity comparable to its kinase activity. Inorganic phosphate stimulated all of its activities, by increasing the affinity for all substrates and increasing the Vmax of ATP and Fru-2,6-P2 hydrolysis. The enzyme catalyzed ADP/ATP and Fru-6-P/Fru-2,6-P2 exchanges at rates comparable to net reaction rates. It was phosphorylated by both [gamma-32P]ATP and [2-32P] Fru-2,6-P2, and the label from either donor was chased by either unlabeled donor, showing that the bound phosphate is hydrolyzed if not transferred to an acceptor ligand. The rate of labeling of the enzyme by [2-32P]Fru-2,6-P2 was 2 orders of magnitude greater than the maximal velocity of the bisphosphatase and therefore sufficiently fast to be a step in the hydrolysis. Both inorganic phosphate and Fru-6-P increased the rate and steady state of enzyme phosphorylation by ATP. Fru-2,6-P2 inhibited the ATPase and kinase reactions and Fru-6-P inhibited the Fru-2,6 bisphosphatase reaction while ATP and ADP had no effect. Removal of the trace of Fru-6-P by Glu-6-P isomerase and Glu-6-P dehydrogenase reduced enzyme phosphorylation by ATP to very low levels, greatly inhibited the ATPase, and rendered it insensitive to Pi, but did not affect ADP/ATP exchange. (alpha + beta)Methylfructofuranoside-6-P did not increase the rate or steady state labeling by ATP. These results suggest that labeling of the enzyme by ATP involved the production of [2-32P]Fru-2,6-P2 from the trace Fru-6-P. The 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, and ATP/ADP exchange were all inhibited by diethylpyrocarbonate, suggesting the involvement of histidine residues in all three reactions. These results can be most readily explained in terms of two catalytic sites, a kinase site whose phosphorylation by ATP is negligible (or whose E-P is labile) and a Fru-2,6 bisphosphatase site which is readily phosphorylated by Fru-2,6-P2.
Simulation of proton-induced local lifetime reduction in 10 kV diodes (1993)

The results of simulation of localized charge carrier lifetime reductions in 10-kV power diodes are presented. These results are compared to experiments with proton irradiation as a means for local lifetime reduction. It is shown that the range straggling inherent in the irradiation process must be taken into account in the simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells directly present peripheral tissue antigen under steady-state and inflammatory conditions (2010)

Lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) can induce potent, antigen-specific T cell tolerance under steady-state conditions. Although expression of various peripheral tissue–restricted antigens (PTAs) and presentation to naive CD8+ T cells has been demonstrated, the stromal subsets responsible have not been identified. We report that fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), which reside in the T cell zone of the LN, ectopically express and directly present a model PTA to naive T cells, inducing their proliferation. However, we found that no single LNSC subset was responsible for PTA expression; rather, each subset had its own characteristic antigen display. Studies to date have concentrated on PTA presentation under steady-state conditions; however, because LNs are frequently inflammatory sites, we assessed whether inflammation altered stromal cell–T cell interactions. Strikingly, FRCs showed reduced stimulation of T cells after Toll-like receptor 3 ligation. We also characterize an LNSC subset expressing the highest levels of autoimmune regulator, which responds potently to bystander inflammation by up-regulating PTA expression. Collectively, these data show that diverse stromal cell types have evolved to constitutively express PTAs, and that exposure to viral products alters the interaction between T cells and LNSCs.
Spiculated periosteal response induced by intraosseous injection of 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells resembles subset of bone metastases in prostate cancer patients (2005)

Background Prostate cancer bone metastasis is distinguished by the predominance of osteoblastic lesions. This phenotype has been difficult to reproduce in animal models. Here, we describe a model utilizing the 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell line that generates osteolytic lesions and a prominent spiculated periosteal osteoblastic response following intraosseous injection in scid mice. Methods We injected 22Rv1-luciferase prostate cancer cells directly into the tibiae of C.B-17 scid mice. We analyzed tumor growth and pathology every 2 weeks using radiographic and histologic techniques. Results X-ray analysis revealed that 22Rv1 tumors elicit a mixed-type lesion including some osteolysis and a robust induction of periosteal bone formation, in contrast to PC3M-luciferase intraosseous tumors which induce only extensive osteolysis. Micro-computerized tomographic imaging shows that 22Rv1 tumors exhibit both osteolytic and osteoblastic features which become apparent between 4 and 6 weeks post injection. There is initial disruption of the cortex and corresponding invasion of the periosteum which is associated with a vigorous osteoblastic response. Histological analysis of late stage tumors shows that the tumor has grown outside of the medullary cavity and surrounds the tibia underneath the periosteum and intermixed with spicules of woven bone which is detected in the radiographic analysis. Conclusions The overall pattern of this model is suggestive of clinical cases of prostate cancer metastasis in which periosteal responses are noted, often in association with rapidly progressive disease. We expect that intraosseous injection of 22Rv1 cells will provide a new experimental model for the study of osteoblastic prostate cancer metastasis. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of adhesion of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells (1996)

For many microorganisms, including Clostridium difficile, mucosal association is an important factor influencing intestinal colonisation and subsequent infection. Inhibition of adhesion of C. difficile to intestinal mucosa could be a new promising strategy for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. We investigated the possibilities of influencing the adhesion of C. difficile by xylitol and bovine colostrum.whey. Caco-2 cells and C. difficile cells were incubated with 1%, 5% and 10% solutions of xylitol and colostrum. Our study revealed that both xylitol and colostrum inhibited the adhesion of C. difficile to Caco-2 cells. Inhibition by xylitol was dose-dependent. When compared to the control, the count of adherent C. difficile decreased 3.4 times when treated with 1% xylitol, 12 times when 5% xylitol was applied, and 18.7 times when treated with 10% xylitol. The inhibition of adherence by colostrum was partially dose-dependent: 3.1 times in the case of 1%, and 5.5 times in the cases of 5% and 10% colostrum. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed for the application of xylitol and colostrum in the treatment and prophylaxis of pseudomembraneous colitis.
Identification of Surface Topography Scanned by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (2014)

Topography and surface roughness is defined as a set of surface textures formed due to used machining or other production technology. It is a key factor mainly for dynamically stressed components. Greater surface roughness negatively affects the fatigue strength of component or its wear resistance.The paper deals with the visualization and processing of data obtained from a laser confocal microscope Zeiss LSM 700. Data acquired by LSM software ZEN2009 are exported in the text form of 3D coordinates of the image data points and are arranged as a set of 2D profiles with resolution 1.10 -7 m. The aim is to describe an alternative method of evaluating raw data extracted from z-stack of acquired TIFF images in order to achieve higher precision and identify the topography of the scanned sample surface. Different methods of data processing have been tested to eliminate deficiencies located mainly in the parts of the scanned surface with low intensity.
Copper‐Catalyzed Activation of Disulfides as a Key Step in the Synthesis of Benzothiazole Moieties (2010)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of substituted benzothiazoles has been accomplished by way of a copper catalyzed reaction of aromatic disulfide amines and aldehydes. The process, which involves copper catalyzed activation of disulfide functionality, proceeds in a tandem fashion via C–H bond activation, followed by aerobic oxidation of a resulting dihydrobenzothiazole intermediate. The scope and limitations of the reaction are demonstrated on a variety of substrates.
A Comparative Analysis of Congestion Management Schemes under a Unified Framework (2002)

The restructuring of the electricity industry has spawned the introduction of new independent grid operators or IGOs, typically called transmission system operators (TSO), independent system operator (ISO) or regional transmission organizations (RTO), in various parts of the world. An important task of an IGO is congestion management (CM) and pricing. This activity has significant economic implications on every market participant in the IGO's region. The paper briefly reviews the congestion management schemes and the associated pricing mechanism used by the IGO's in five representative schemes. These were selected to Illustrate the various CM approaches in use: England and Wales, Norway, Sweden, PJM and Califomia. We develop a unified framework for the mathematical representation of the market dispatch and redispatch problems that the IGO must solve in CM in these various jurisdictions. We use this unified framework to develop meaningful metrics to compare the various CM approaches so as to assess their efficiency and the effectiveness of the market signals provided to the market participants. We compare, using a small test system, side by side, the performance of these schemes.
Low energy memory design. (2004)

The increasing demand for data intensive applications has increased the needed memory for each computation. Thus, the contribution of the memory hierarchy to the total power dissipation of a computer system is increasing. This thesis focuses on low power VLSI design methodologies that reduce the power dissipation of DRAM and SRAM. DRAM is used extensively in typical portable devices owing to its high density and thus is one of the major dissipative modules of such hand-held devices in standby mode. We propose a method to reduce DRAM data retention power for performing periodic refresh by increasing the effective refresh period. Our approach exploits the large difference in required refresh period of DRAM cells to reduce the DRAM data retention power. In contrast to conventional row-based refresh, small refresh blocks are used to increase worst-case data retention times. Long periods are used to accommodate cells with small leakage. We propose a polynomial time refresh period search algorithm along with a low overhead implementation. We discuss the effect of process variation on the power savings. Experimental results show power savings in the 4x range. Owing to its high operating speed, large amounts of SRAM are used as on-chip memories and constitute a large portion of the processor dissipation. We present energy recovery techniques for lowering SRAM dissipation by reusing the energy stored in the highly capacitive wires such as word and bit lines. Powered by a single-phase sinusoidal <italic>power-clock</italic>, a special resonant power source implementing energy recovery, our SRAM delivers read and write operations with single-cycle latency. A simple control circuit is used to maintain driver operation in synchrony with the power-clock waveform. Feedback from the driver output to the control circuit ensures that our driver remains efficient, independent of the access pattern. A test chip designed and tested to demonstrate the practicality of our scheme shows correct operation of energy recovery memory. The efficiency of the power-clock generator is largely influenced by the variance of its load capacitance. We have developed methods to provide an unperturbed power-clock that relies on reducing the effective or actual memory load variance. For the various variants of our energy recovery technology, power savings are in the 1.7x--2x range.
Fungal diagnosis: how do we do it and can we do better? (2013)

Better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of currently available diagnostic tools, and further devising linked strategies to best implement them either alone or in combination, would greatly improve early and accurate diagnosis of IFIs and improve their successful management.
Formation of free-standing micropyramidal colloidal crystals grown on silicon substrate (2003)

The self-organization of microspheres is one of the simplest methods for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PhCs), but the 3D structure of such organized microspheres, colloidal crystals, is difficult to control. In this letter, we report a method for forming face-centered-cubic colloidal crystals into a pyramidal shape on an anisotropically etched silicon (100) and (110) substrate. The colloidal crystals were lifted from the substrate for observation after thermal bonding. Free-standing colloidal crystals with a well-defined “micropyramid” shape were obtained. This type of PhC formation is suitable for batch production as well as for handling a single pyramid.
Anti-cancer effects of COX-2 inhibitors and their correlation with angiogenesis and invasion in gastric cancer (2004)

COX-2 inhibitors have anticancer effects on gastric cancer. They play important roles in angiogenesis and infiltration or metastasis of stomach carcinoma. The anticancer effects of COX-2 inhibitors may include inducing apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, reducing angiogenesis and weakening invasiveness.
Spontaneous gene flow from rapeseed (<i>Brassica napus</i>) to wild<i>Brassica oleracea</i> (2006)

Research on the environmental risks of gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to wild relatives has traditionally emphasized recipients yielding most hybrids. For GM rapeseed (Brassica napus), interest has centred on the 'frequently hybridizing' Brassica rapa over relatives such as Brassica oleracea, where spontaneous hybrids are unreported in the wild. In two sites, where rapeseed and wild B. oleracea grow together, we used flow cytometry and crop-specific microsatellite markers to identify one triploid F1 hybrid, together with nine diploid and two near triploid introgressants. Given the newly discovered capacity for spontaneous introgression into B. oleracea, we then surveyed associated flora and fauna to evaluate the capacity of both recipients to harm cohabitant species with acknowledged conservational importance. Only B. oleracea occupies rich communities containing species afforded legislative protection; these include one rare micromoth species that feeds on B. oleracea and warrants further assessment. We conclude that increased attention should now focus on B. oleracea and similar species that yield few crop-hybrids, but possess scope to affect rare or endangered associates.