gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endovascular Sclerotherapy, Surgery, and Surgery Plus Sclerotherapy in Superficial Venous Incompetence: A Randomized, 10-Year Follow-up Trial Final Results (2000)

The study was planned to evaluate efficacy and costs of endovascular sclerotherapy (ES) in comparison with surgery and surgery associated with sclerotherapy in a prospective (10-year follow-up), good-clinical-practice study. Patients with varicose veins and pure, superficial venous incompetence were included. Of the patients randomized into the three groups 39 (group A) were treated with ES, 40 (B) with surgery + sclerotherapy, and 42 with surgery only (C). Surgery consisted of ligation of the SFJ (saphenofemoral junction) and of incompetent veins detected with color duplex. Of the preselected 150 patients, 121 subjects entered the study; 96 completed the 10-year follow-up (mean age 52.6 +/- 6 years; 51 men, 45 women). Dropouts were due to nonmedical problems. At 10 years no incompetence was observed in subjects treated with SPJ ligation (B and C). In the ES group 18.8% of the SFJs were patent and incompetent and in 43.8% of limbs the distal (below-knee) venous system was still incompetent [16.1% in the surgery + sclerotherapy group (p < 0.05) and 36% in the group treated with surgery only (p < 0.05 vs B and 0.05 vs A)]. Color duplex of the long saphenous vein indicated atrophy or obstruction of a segment (average 6.7 cm) after SFJ ligation (4.2 cm after ES). The cost of ES was 68% of surgery while the cost of surgery and sclerotherapy was 122% of surgery only. Endovascular sclerotherapy is an effective, cheaper treatment option, but surgery after 10 years is superior.
Rotation magnet sputtering: Damage-free novel magnetron sputtering using rotating helical magnet with very high target utilization (2009)

Novel magnetron-sputtering equipment, called rotation magnet sputtering (ROT-MS), was developed to overcome various disadvantages of current magnetron-sputtering equipment. Disadvantages include (1) very low target utilization of less than 20%, (2) difficulty in obtaining uniform deposition on the substrate, and (3) charge-up damages and ion-bombardment-induced damages resulting from very high electron temperature (&gt;3eV) and that the substrate is set at the plasma excitation region. In ROT-MS, a number of moving high-density plasma loops are excited on the target surface by rotating helical magnets, resulting in very high target utilization with uniform target erosion and uniform deposition on the substrate. This excellent performance can be principally maintained even if equipment size increases for very large-substrate deposition. Because strong horizontal magnetic fields (&gt;0.05T) are produced within a very limited region just at the target surface, very low electron-temperature plasmas (&lt;2.5eV for Ar plasma and &lt;1eV for direct-current-excited Xe plasma) are excited at the very limited region adjacent to the target surface with a combination of grounded plate closely mounted on the strong magnetic field region. Consequently, the authors can establish charge-up damage-free and ion-bombardment-induced damage-free processes. ROT-MS has been applied for thin-film formation of LaB6, which is well known as a stable, low-work-function bulk-crystal material for electron emissions. The work function of the LaB6 film decreased to 2.8eV due to enhanced (100)-orientation crystallinity and reduced resistivity realized by adjusting the flux of low-energy bombarding ions impinging on the depositing surface, which work very efficiently, improving the performance of the electron emission devices.
Sucrose uptake, invertase localization and gene expression in developing fruit of <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> and the sucrose‐accumulating <i>Lycopersicon hirsutum</i> (2002)

By using immunolocalization and differential extraction methods we show that only apoplastic invertase, but not vacuolar invertase, was present in the mature, sucrose-accumulating L. hirsutum pericarp. In contrast, in the hexose-accumulating L. esculentum fruit, both the apoplastic and vacuolar invertase activities and protein content increase in the mature fruit. Quantitative expression studies of the soluble invertase gene (TIV1) and the apoplastic invertase genes (LINs) showed that only TIV1 gene expression could account for the species and developmental differences of both soluble and insoluble enzyme activity of the pericarp. The expression of the LIN genes encoding for apoplastic tomato invertases was unrelated to the differences in bound enzyme activity and could not account for the rise in bound invertase activity in the mature L. esculentum fruit. Evidence is presented that the bound invertase activity of tomato fruit is also the TIV1 gene product. The presence of apoplastic invertase in the mature sucrose-accumulating L. hirsutum fruit suggests a hydrolysis-resynthesis mechanism of sucrose uptake. In order to test this hypothesis, we studied short- and long-term uptakes of asymmetrically labelled 3H-fructosyl-sucrose accompanied by compartmental analysis of the sugars in attached whole fruits of L. hirsutum and L. esculentum. The results indicate that hydrolysis-resynthesis is slow in the sucrose-accumulating fruit but is not an integral part of an uptake and compartmentation mechanism.
Distortion Analysis And Reduction In A Completely Digital Pwm Class D Power Amplifier (1994)

The introduction of digital technology to audio electronics has become widespread over recent years and it is becoming increasingly desirable to produce a completely digital power amplifier to take over from its analogue counterpart. Class D amplification, which uses the principle of pulse-width modulation (PWM), can be adapted to perform the role of a completely digital power amplifier. The purpose of this paper is to show how distortion is introduced by the PWM sampling process used in the class D amplifier with particular reference to a bass-midrange amplifier with a bandwidth of 6 kHz. A new sampling process is presented which can enhance the performance of the amplifier by introducing lower levels of distortion compared with the usual natural and uniform sampling processes. In addition it is shown that the new sampling process is suitable for implementation in a completely digital system through the use of a digital signal processor.
Engineering and manufacturing of pharmaceutical co-crystals: a review of solvent-free manufacturing technologies (2016)

Design and synthesis of pharmaceutical cocrystals have received great interest in recent years. Cocrystallization of drug substances offers a tremendous opportunity for the development of new drug products with superior physical and pharmacological properties such as solubility, stability, hydroscopicity, dissolution rates and bioavailability. It is now possible to engineer and develop cocrystals via 'green chemistry' and environmentally friendly approaches such as solid-state synthesis in the absence of organic solvents. In addition, significant efforts have been directed towards computational screening, cocrystal manufacturing in a continuous manner and real-time monitoring for quality purposes by using various analytical tools. Pharmaceutical cocrystals are not fully exploited yet and there is a lot of ground to cover before they can be successfully utilized as medical products.
The preparation and characterisation of H1-e palladium films with a regular hexagonal nanostructure formed by electrochemical deposition from lyotropic liquid crystalline phases (2002)

The hexagonal (H1) lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of C16EO8 (octaethyleneglycol monohexadecyl ether) and Brij® 56 non-ionic surfactants have been used to template the electrochemical deposition of nanostructured palladium films. The resulting H1-e palladium films were characterised by SEM, TEM and X-ray. The films contain regular hexagonal arrays of cylindrical pores separated by palladium walls with a centre to centre distance of 5.8 nm. Electrochemical studies show that these films have very high surface areas of the order of 91 m2 g−1. Studies of the hydrogen evolution reaction on these H1-e palladium films in acid show that the formation of adsorbed hydrogen can be readily distinguished because of the high surface area to volume ratio of the films (of the order of 107 cm2 cm−3). Hydrogen insertion into the palladium films is fast and the formation of both the α and β-hydride phases is observed in the voltammetry at potentials which are similar to those reported for bulk palladium. The electrodes are stable towards repeated cycling to form the β-hydride phase showing that the hydrogen insertion and concomitant lattice expansion does not destroy the H1 nanostructure.
A general strategy for synthesis of quaternary semiconductor Cu2MSnS4 (M = Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+) nanocrystals (2012)

Quaternary semiconductor Cu2MSnS4 (M = Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+) nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized via a simple and mild solvothermal method. Cu2FeSnS4 and Cu2CoSnS4 show a spherical shape; Cu2NiSnS4 and Cu2MnSnS4 possess a nail-like structure and a rod-like structure. The four types of nanocrystals exhibit significantly different magnetic properties. Cu2FeSnS4 and Cu2CoSnS4 nanoparticles show ferromagnetic behavior; Cu2MnSnS4 and Cu2NiSnS4 nanorods exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at low temperature. The band gaps of Cu2MSnS4 (M = Co, Fe, Ni, Mn) nanocrystals are in the range of 1.2–1.5 eV, indicating a high potential application in low-cost thin film solar cells.
Effects of LPA and S1P on the Nervous System and Implications for Their Involvement in Disease (2006)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two well-studied lysophospholipids that are known to be important regulators of cellular events. Their actions are mediated by activating a family of G-protein coupled receptors present in many cell types and tissues. These receptors have diverse biological roles owing to the heterogeneity of their signal transduction pathways. Many of these receptors are expressed in subsets of cells in the developing and mature mammalian nervous system and are thought to have important functions in its formation and maintenance. They are also widely expressed within other organ systems such as the immune system. Growing interest in the field has stimulated the development of a number of molecules that act as agonists or antagonists to LPA and S1P receptors. These molecules may lead to the development of new therapeutic compounds. Indeed, one such compound (FTY720) is currently in clinical trials for use in preventing transplant rejection and treating multiple sclerosis. The purpose of this manuscript is to: 1) review effects elicited by LPA and S1P on cells and tissues with a particular emphasis on the nervous system, 2) examine possible roles of these lipids in the development of disease, and 3) summarize the existing literature describing their agonists/antagonists.
Antibiotic prophylaxis during prolonged clean neurosurgery (1990)

The efficacy of oxacillin as a prophylaxis for infection was analyzed in a 27-month randomized double-blind study of 400 patients who had undergone clean neurosurgical interventions lasting longer than 2 hours. Four neurosurgeons took part in the study and 356 patients were eligible for final analysis. Among the 171 patients treated with oxacillin, there was one case of infection (0.6%), compared to nine (4.9%) of the 185 patients given a placebo. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0398). This study, together with others (randomized or not), clearly demonstrates the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in prolonged clean neurosurgery.
Inverted Opal Fluorescent Film Chemosensor for the Detection of Explosive Nitroaromatic Vapors through Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2009)

This paper reports an inverted opal fluorescence chemosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of explosive nitroaromatic vapors through resonance-energy-transfer-amplified fluorescence quenching. The inverted opal silica film with amino ligands was first fabricated by the acid-base interaction between 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and surface sulfonic groups on polystyrene microsphere templates. The fluorescent dye was then chemically anchored onto the interconnected porous surface to form a hybrid monolayer of amino ligands and dye molecules. The amino ligands can efficiently capture vapor molecules of nitroaromatics such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) through the charge-transfer complexing interaction between electron-rich amino ligands and electron-deficient aromatic rings. Meanwhile, the resultant TNT-amine complexes can strongly suppress the fluorescence emission of the chosen dye by the fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the dye donor to the irradiative TNT-amino acceptor through intermolecular polar-polar resonance at spatial proximity. The quenching response of the highly ordered porous films with TNT is greatly amplified by at least 10-fold that of the amorphous silica films, due to the interconnected porous structure and large surface-to-volume ratio. The inverted opal film with a stable fluorescence brightness and strong analyte affinity has lead to an ultrasensitive detection of several ppb of TNT vapor in air.
Thermal cycloaddition to oxonin (1970)

A. G. Anastassiou and R. P. Cellura, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1970, 484 DOI: 10.1039/C29700000484
The mathematical model of UAV vertical take-off and landing (2018)

Purpose This paper aims to present a mathematical model of the dynamics of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vertical take-off and landing (VTOL). It will be used to develop control laws to a multirotor that is inherently unstable. Also, the model will be used to design algorithms to estimate the attitude of an object. Design/methodology/approach The physical model of UAV assumes that it is a rigid body with six degrees of freedom acted by forces generated by the propellers, motors, aerodynamic forces, gravity and disturbance forces. The mathematical model was described by differential equations. However, drive system (propeller, BLDC motor and BLDC motor controller) was described by six transfer functions. These transfer functions were demarcated with Matlab/Simulink identification toolbox from data received from a specially designed laboratory stand. Moments of inertia of the platform have been analytically determined and compared with empirical results from the pendulum. The mathematical model was implemented in Matlab/Simulink. Findings The paper confirms the need of designing mathematical models. Moreover, mathematical models show that some parts of the object are better to be replaced by experimental results than by equations, which is proved by the data. The paper also shows advantages of using Matlab/Simulink. What is more the simulation of the model proves that multirotor is an unstable object. Research limitations/implications The test results show that drive units are strongly dependent on ambient conditions. An additional problem is the different response of the drive set to increasing and decreasing the control signal amplitude. Next tests will be done at different temperatures and air densities of the environment, also it is need to explore drag forces. Practical implications The mathematical model is a simplification of the physical model expressed by means of equations. The results of simulation like accelerations and angular rate are noise-free. However, available sensors always have their errors and noise. To design control loops and attitude estimation algorithms, there is a need for identification of sensors’ errors and noise. These parameters have to be measured. Originality/value The paper describes a solution of correct identification of drive unit, which is a main component of the UAV.
Velocity Gradient Stabilised, Continuous, Free Flow Electrophoresis. A Review (1980)

Abstract A new technique for continuous preparative electrophoresis based on the concept of J. St.L. Philpot1 is described, in which electrophoresis is carried out in free solution in an annulus, the voltage gradient being perpendicular to the direction of flow. Stable annular flow is maintained by a gradient of angular velocity created by rotation of the outer wall of the annulus while the inner wall is held stationary.
Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management and avoidance (2013)

The authors confirmed that the overall risk of both procedure- and hardware-related adverse events is acceptably low. They offer advice on how to avoid the most common complications.
Examination of the influence of support boots on the fetlock of equine forelimbs. A kinematic study in walk and trot on the treadmill (2004)

Pferde mit Sehnenproblemen
Efficient color image contrast enhancement using Range Limited Bi-Histogram Equalization with Adaptive Gamma Correction (2015)

Good quality digital image is the basic need for various applications of present digital world like face recognitions, computer vision applications, satellite imaging and various security porpoises. Due to improper lance positions or insufficient light or unfavorable environment condition or some other causes many time captured images has bad contrast issues. It is necessary to improve contrast of the image for better performances in all image and video applications. This paper proposes an efficient method for improving bad contrast effects in colored images. This method uses hybridization of Range Limited Bi-Histogram Equalization and Adaptive Gamma Correction methods. Histogram Equalization is most popular method to enhancement of low contrast image, Bi-Histogram equalization method improved the results of basic Histogram Equalization contrast enhancement but Histogram Equalization method does not performs the brightness improvement in enhanced image. In other hand gamma correction method improves the brightness of dimmed image. The proposed hybridized method Range Limited Bi-Histogram Equalization with Adaptive Gamma Correction is implemented in low contrast color images and efficiently enhanced contrast better than using Range Limited Bi-Histogram Equalization and Adaptive Gamma Correction separately.
Photographic Study on Bubble Motion in Subcooled Pool Boiling (2010)

Using a static contact angle of a vertical heated wall as a main experimental parameter, a photographic study was carried out to elucidate the mechanisms to determine the vapor bubble dynamics during subcooled pool boiling. The test fluid was distilled water and the experiments were performed under the atmospheric pressure; liquid subcooling was set to around 5 K. To enable clear observation of bubble behavior with a high speed camera, the experiments were conducted in an isolated bubble regime near the onset of nucleate boiling. Distinctly different bubble behaviors were observed on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces: the bubbles were adhered to the surface for a long period of time when the contact angle was large while lifted-off the surface within a short period of time after the nucleation when the contact angle was small. Since buoyancy does not remove the bubble from the vertical surface, the mechanisms of bubble lift-off were investigated. It was indicated that the change in bubble shape induced by the surface tension force, unsteady growth force, and local liquid flow induced by heterogeneous condensation around the bubble are considered to promote the bubble lift-off while the surface tension force acting on the three-phase common line prevented the lift-off. Effects of the surface wettability on the lift-off bubble diameter, the elapsed time from the nucleation at the lift-off, and the condensation rate after the lift-off were also investigated.
Hierarchical Temporal Memory-based algorithmic trading of financial markets (2012)

This paper explores the possibility of using the Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) machine learning technology to create a profitable software agent for trading financial markets. Technical indicators, derived from intraday tick data for the E-mini S&P 500 futures market (ES), were used as features vectors to the HTM models. All models were configured as binary classifiers, using a simple buy-and-hold trading strategy, and followed a supervised training scheme. The data set was divided into a training set, a validation set and three test sets; bearish, bullish and horizontal. The best performing model on the validation set was tested on the three test sets. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were subjected to the same data sets in order to benchmark HTM performance. The results suggest that the HTM technology can be used together with a feature vector of technical indicators to create a profitable trading algorithm for financial markets. Results also suggest that HTM performance is, at the very least, comparable to commonly applied neural network models.
Efficient dynamic dispatch without virtual function tables (1997)

SmallEiffel is an Eiffel compiler which uses a fast simple type inference mechanism to remove most late binding calls, replacing them by static bindings. Starting from the system's entry point, it compiles only statically living code, which saves compiling and then removing dead code. As the whole system is analyzed at compile time, multiple inheritance and genericity do not cause any overhead.SmallEiffel features a coding scheme which eliminates the need for virtual function tables. Dynamic dispatch is implemented without any array access but uses a simple static binary branch code. We show that this implementation makes it possible to use modern hardware very efficiently. It also allows us to inline more calls even when dynamic dispatch is required. Some more dispatch sites are removed after the type inference algorithm has been performed, if the different branches of a dispatch site lead to the same code.The advantage of this approach is that it greatly speeds up execution time and considerably decreases the amount of generated code.
Introduction (2017)

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book presents the results of the three seasons of excavation undertaken at Wigmore Castle. It can be seen from the above that the two areas chosen for excavation were not in any way dictated by wider archaeological imperatives and the excavated areas were correspondingly small. The book aims to publish the excavation results and artefactual and ecofactual assemblages from the castle and view them in their own context but also in that of other Marcher castles and that of the powerful family for whom Wigmore Castle was its chief seat. The castle was extremely ruinous and the unexpected collapse of part of the Southern Curtain Wall necessitated both the consolidation of the castle and an exploration into why the fabric was unstable.