gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arsenate reduction mediated by the plasmid‐encoded ArsC protein is coupled to glutathione (1994)

Resistance to arsenate conferred on Escherichia coli by the ars operon of plasmid R773 requires both the product of the arsC gene and reduction of arsenate to arsenite. A genetic analysis was performed to identify the source of reducing potential in vivo. In addition to the ars genes, arsenate resistance required the products of the gor gene for glutathione reductase and the gshA and gshB genes for glutathione synthesis. Mutations in the trx and grx genes for thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, respectively, had no effect on arsenate resistance. Although resistance required the arsC gene, the rate of reduction of arsenate to arsenite was nearly the same in cells lacking the ars operon. In strains deficient in glutathione biosynthesis this endogenous reduction was greatly diminished, and cells exhibited increased sensitivity to arsenate. When glutathione was supplied exogenously to such mutants, resistance was restored only to cells expressing the ars operon, and only such cells had detectable arsenate reduction after addition of glutathione. Since ArsC-catalysed reduction of arsenate provides high level resistance, physical coupling of the ArsC reaction to efflux of the resulting arsenite is hypothesised.
A Direct Role for Dual Oxidase in <i>Drosophila</i> Gut Immunity (2005)

Because the mucosal epithelia are in constant contact with large numbers of microorganisms, these surfaces must be armed with efficient microbial control systems. Here, we show that the Drosophila nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme, dual oxidase (dDuox), is indispensable for gut antimicrobial activities. Adult flies in which dDuox expression is silenced showed a marked increase in mortality rate even after a minor infection through ingestion of microbe-contaminated food. This could be restored by the specific reintroduction of dDuox, demonstrating that this oxidase generates a unique epithelial oxidative burst that limits microbial proliferation in the gut. Thus, oxidant-mediated antimicrobial responses are not restricted to the phagocytes, but rather are used more broadly, including in mucosal barrier epithelia.
The Economic Limit to Moore's Law (2010)

There have been numerous papers and discussions about the lives and deaths of Moore's Law, all of them dealing with several technological questions. In this paper, we consider economic limitations to the exponential growth of the number of components per chip. As the presented growth model shows, economics constitute indeed a potential slow-down mechanism.
A Methylcellulose Microculture Assay for the <i>In Vitro</i> Assessment of Drug Toxicity on Granulocyte/macrophage Progenitors (CFU-GM) (2004)

In a recent prevalidation study, the use of a methylcellulose colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) macroassay for two independent in vitro tests (human and murine cell based) was suggested for quantifying the potential haematotoxicity of xenobiotics. In this paper, we describe the transfer of the macroassay to a 96-well plate microassay, in which the linearity of the response was studied (both in terms of CFU-GM and optical density [OD] versus the number of cells cultured), and the inhibitory concentration (IC) values for doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and taxol were determined and compared with those obtained by using the original macroassay. Fresh murine bone marrow and human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells were used as a source of myeloid progenitors. The cells were cultured in methylcellulose containing granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, and in the presence of increasing drug concentrations. The cloning capacity of the progenitors was measured both as the number of colonies counted manually (CFU-GM), and as OD evaluated with an automated plate reader in an MTT test. Our results show that, in the microassay, up to 20 colonies/well could be easily counted, and that this range (20 to zero) gave a regression line from which IC values were calculated, which were very close to those obtained by using the macroassay (where the range of colony numbers was from 100 to zero). The test did not give good results when the OD (instead of the colony count) was used as the endpoint, because, although a high coefficient of determination was obtained, the OD values ranged from 0.6 to zero and the IC values determined were not comparable to those obtained by manual counts. The use of the microassay dramatically reduces the quantity of methylcellulose needed, and permits hundreds of cultures to be processed in the same experiment, contributing to significant reductions in both the work involved and the cost. A further important benefit is a reduction of the amount of drug needed for testing, which is crucial for screening new molecules, when many different toxicological tests have to be carried out. The microassay is therefore a useful and reproducible tool for screening compounds (chemicals, drugs and xenobiotics) for potential haematotoxicity directly on human myeloid progenitors, and could contribute significantly to reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing.
High-Frequency Waveform Generation Using Optoelectronic Switching in Silicon (1978)

Conversion of dc energy to RF pulses may be accomplished by fast optoelectronic switching in semiconductors. A particular device is described and demonstrated involving the simultaneous activation of an array of silicon switches by a laser pulse. The resultant traveling wave is a short RF pulse burst whose waveshape is determined by the static voltage profile established in the device. The possibility exists for generating megawatt-level pulses at frequencies extending into the higher microwave bands.
A Mild, Ferrocene-Catalyzed C–H Imidation of (Hetero)Arenes (2014)

A simple method for direct C-H imidation is reported using a new perester-based self-immolating reagent and a base-metal catalyst. The succinimide products obtained can be easily deprotected in situ (if desired) to reveal the corresponding anilines directly. The scope of the reaction is broad, the conditions are extremely mild, and the reaction is tolerant of oxidizable and acid-labile functionality, multiple heteroatoms, and aryl iodides. Mechanistic studies indicate that ferrocene (Cp2Fe) plays the role of an electron shuttle in the decomposition of the perester reagent, delivering a succinimidyl radical ready to add to an aromatic system.
Disruption of the Diurnal Rhythm of Plasma Melatonin in Cirrhosis (1995)

Objectives: To assess 24-hour plasma melatonin profile as a marker of output rhythm from the circadian clock and to study sleep diaries as reflections of subjective sleep quality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Clinical research center in a university hospital. Patients: Seven patients with cirrhosis but not alcoholism and seven age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. Measurements: Neuropsychological testing to confirm subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Plasma melatonin levels measured every 30 minutes for 24 hours by radioimmunoassay. Sleep diaries kept for 1 week before admission. Results: Patients with cirrhosis had markedly elevated melatonin levels during daytime hours; in addition, the time of onset of melatonin increase and the time at which melatonin levels peaked were consistently and significantly delayed in these patients. Sleep diaries indicated more nocturnal awakenings and more frequent daytime naps in patients with cirrhosis. Conclusion: Disruption of the diurnal rhythm of melatonin may reflect alterations of circadian function that could contribute to the disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle frequently seen in patients with cirrhosis.
High-speed gaze controller for millisecond-order pan/tilt camera (2011)

We developed an optical high-speed gaze controller, called the “Saccade Mirror”, and used it to realize a high-speed pan/tilt camera with a high-speed image processor. Generally, in a pan/tilt camera, the gaze is controlled mechanically by rotational actuators. However, because pan/tilt cameras will be expected to use high-speed image processing (≥ 1000 fps), sufficiently high-speed performance of the gaze controller, comparable to the high frame rate, cannot be obtained with the usual method. In our system, the camera itself was fixed, and an external Saccade Mirror subsystem was used for optical gaze control. An arbitrary gaze direction within ±30 deg could be achieved in less than 3.5 ms.
Non-linear coupling of plasma oscillations to transverse waves (1964)

The energy transfer rate from longitudinal oscillations into electromagnetic energy due to non-linear effects in a collisionless, homogeneous, isotropic plasma is calculated. It is found that the radiation is peaked around 2ωp and the energy transfer for systems having either a thermal or a mild two-stream instability `equilibrium' spectrum of longitudinal oscillations is estimated.
Detection of functional PTEN lipid phosphatase protein and enzyme activity in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, despite loss of heterozygosity at this locus (2001)

The human tumour suppressor gene PTEN located at 10q23 is mutated in a variety of tumour types particularly metastatic cases and in the germline of some individuals with Cowdens cancer predisposition syndrome. We have assessed the status of PTEN and associated pathways in cell lines derived from 19 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Loss of heterozygosity is evident at, or close to the PTEN gene in 5 cases, however there were no mutations in the remaining alleles. Furthermore by Western analysis PTEN protein levels are normal in all of these SCC-HN tumours and cell lines. To assess the possibility that PTEN may be inactivated by another mechanism, we characterized lipid phosphatase levels and from a specific PIP3 biochemical assay it is clear that PTEN is functionally active in all 19 human SCCs. Our data strongly suggest the possibility that a tumour suppressor gene associated with development of SCC-HN, other than PTEN, is located in this chromosomal region. This gene does not appear to be MXI-1, which has been implicated in some other human tumour types. PTEN is an important negative regulator of PI3Kinase, of which subunit alpha is frequently amplified in SCC-HN. To examine the possibility that PI3K is upregulated by amplification in this tumour set we assessed the phosphorylation status of Akt, a downstream target of PI3K. In all cases there is no detectable increase in Akt phosphorylation. Therefore there is no detectable defect in the PI3K pathway in SCC-HN suggesting that the reason for 3q26.3 over-representation may be due to genes other than PI3K110alpha.
Comparison of Urine and Serum Concentrations of Interleukin-6 in Women with Acute Pyelonephritis or Asymtomatic Bacteriuria (1992)

The mucosal and systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) response to urinary tract infection was analyzed in women with acute pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Urine and serum samples were obtained at diagnosis and after treatment. IL-6 activity was elevated in urine samples from most bacteriuric women, regardless of the severity of infection. Urinary levels greater than 20 units/mL occurred in 25 of 29 women with acute pyelonephritis and in 36 of 42 women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Elevated serum IL-6 levels were found mainly in patients with acute pyelonephritis: Levels greater than 20 units/mL occurred in 14 of 28 women with acute pyelonephritis compared with 0 of 28 women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. These results suggest that bacteriuria is accompanied by elevated urinary IL-6 levels and that this IL-6 is locally produced. The spread of IL-6 to the circulation in patients with acute pyelonephritis may contribute to the elevation of fever and C-reactive protein characteristic of the disease.
Functional safety SoC for autonomous driving (2018)

Advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) for autonomous driving requires high computational power. The requirement on functional safety support in ADAS SoCs is getting strict. This paper discusses two topics: implementation and verification for supporting functional safety. The SoC in this paper introduces hardware built-in self-test (BIST), hardware lock-step, and killer-droop monitor for voltage droop prediction as safety mechanism for supporting automotive safety integrity level (ASIL) B, considering area and power constraints. To verify the safety mechanisms efficiently, the hardware BIST operation is emulated by X-injection to flip-flops in RTL simulation. With this approach, the simulation verification speed can be improved by more than 50 times, compared to the gate level simulation with hardware BIST implemented gate netlist.
The Social Structure of Accumulation in Canada, 1945-1988 (1992)

This paper examines the “social structure of accumulation” in Canada in the post-World War II period. It is argued that the rapid rates of economic growth achieved between 1945 and the early 1970s were based upon an institutional setting which stabilized conflict and provided the basis for high rates of productivity and profitability. Subsequently, Canada’s worsening economic performance is traced to the breakdown in this institutional setting. Particular emphasis is placed upon the erosion of the capital-labour “settlement” and increasing labour militancy. The paper concludes by examining whether the economic recovery since 1983 represents the emergence of a new social structure of accumulation based upon greater capital mobility, reduced social spending, and a coercive system of industrial relations.
New Optically Active <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes for Hydrogenation:  A Tale with an Atropisomeric Twist (2007)

A synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolium salts 1 and 2 from three different, easily varied, components was developed to facilitate access to a diverse set of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Salts 1 epimerized in the synthesis, so they were not investigated further. A coordinated chlorine atom was retained on reaction of 2 with [Ir(COD)Cl]2, and this resulted in two atropisomeric complexes, 3 and 4, which were both characterized via X-ray diffraction studies. Neither of these complexes mediated hydrogenation of E-1,2-diphenylethene, but both 3 and 4 were reacted with NaBARF to give the chlorine-free complex 5, which was catalytically active in this reaction.
All-optical associative memory incorporating holography and phase conjugation (1986)

We have demonstrated an all-optical implementation of an associative memory. An associative memory is a device which when addressed by a partial, noisy or distorted version of the stored data generates the complete version most closely associated with that input. We use a hologram as a storage medium in an optical feedback configuration which incorporates two phase-conjugate mirrors (PCMs). Holograms were chosen as the recording medium because the information is stored globally and is well suited to parallel processing. In addition the hologram is capable of storing multiple images by the use of angular multiplexing of the reference beams during recording. We exploit this inherent associative property by addressing the hologram simultaneously by both the object beam as well as the conjugate reference beam. The phase conjugate mirrors are used to provide regenerative feedback, optical gain and thresholding.
Elevated pCO2 favours nitrate reduction in the roots of wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Gat.) and significantly alters N-metabolism in transformants lacking functional nitrate reductase in the roots (2002)

The impact of elevated pCO 2 on N-metabolism of hydroponically grown wild-type and transformed tobacco plants lacking root nitrate reduction was studied in order to elucidate the effects on (i) nitrate uptake, (ii) long-distance transport of N, (iii) nitrate reduction with emphasis on root-NR, and (iv) the allocation of N between the root and shoot. The ndings were related to alterations of growth rates. At elevated pCO 2 the wild type exhibited higher growth rates, which were accompanied by an increase of NO 3 -uptake per plant, due to a higher root:shoot ratio. Furthermore, elevated pCO 2 enhanced nitrate reduction in the roots of the wild type, resulting in enhanced xylem-loading of organic N (amino-N) to supply the shoot with sufcient nitrogen, and decreased phloem-transport of organic N in a basipetal direction. Transformed tobacco plants lacking root nitrate reduction were smaller than the wild type and exhibited lower growth rates. Nitrate uptake per plant was decreased in transformed plants as a consequence of an impeded root growth and, thus, a sig-nicantly decreased root:shoot ratio. Surprisingly, transformed plants showed an altered allocation of amino-N between the root and the shoot, with an increase of amino-N in the root and a substantial decrease of amino-N in the shoot. In transformed plants, xylem-loading of nitrate was increased and the roots were supplied with organic N via phloem transport. Elevated pCO 2 increased shoot-NR, but only slightly affected the growth rates of transformed plants, whereas carbohydrates accumulated at elevated pCO 2 as indicated by a signicant increase of the C/N ratio in the leaves of transformed plants. Unexpectedly, the C/N balance and the functional equilibrium between root and shoot growth was disturbed dramatically by the loss of nitrate reduction in the root.
Automatic and simultaneous measurements of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation changes (1979)

A method is described for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation simultaneously by sampling echo pulses along with the repetition rate of velocity measurements. This is achieved by extending the pulse superposition method. This system enables us to measure the attenuation coefficient with a precision of 0.001 dB/cm, and the ultrasonic velocity with better precision than 1 part in 10(6). Velocity measurements can be made automatically up to five times the initial round trip time and can also track fast changes of 50 ms. Since the operation under the p=1 condition can be applied, the system can be used for the measurements of high-loss materials.
Inhibition of in vivo tumour growth by the blocking of host alpha(v)beta3 and alphaII(b)beta3 integrins. (2009)

Integrin-targeted treatment reduced tumour growth, solely targeting the host angiogenesis. This treatment strategy should be further exploited for use in combination with conventional treatment strategies, or the combined targeting of alternative antiangiogenic pathways.
PARP Inhibitor with Selectivity Toward ADP-Ribosyltransferase ARTD3/PARP3 (2013)

Inhibiting ADP-ribosyl transferases with PARP-inhibitors is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of many cancers and ischemia, but most of the cellular targets are poorly characterized. Here, we describe an inhibitor of ADP-ribosyltransferase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-3 (ARTD3), a regulator of DNA repair and mitotic progression. In vitro profiling against 12 members of the enzyme family suggests selectivity for ARTD3, and crystal structures illustrate the molecular basis for inhibitor selectivity. The compound is active in cells, where it elicits ARTD3-specific effects at submicromolar concentration. Our results show that by targeting the nicotinamide binding site, selective inhibition can be achieved among the closest relatives of the validated clinical target, ADP-ribosyltransferase-1/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.
Characteristics of the nanofiltration composite membranes based on PVA and sodium alginate (2001)

Chemically stable nanofiltration (NF) composite membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) (hereafter, these membranes are called PVA/SA composite membranes) were prepared by coating microporous polysulfone (PSF) supports with dilute PVA/SA blend solutions. The PSF supports were pretreated with small monomeric compounds to reduce their pore size and to improve their hydrophilicity before coating with the PVA/SA blend solutions. The concentration of the PVA/SA blend solutions ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 wt %. The membranes prepared in this study were characterized with various methods such as SEM, FTIR, permeation tests, and z-potential measurements. Especially, chemical stabilities of the membranes were tested, using three aqueous solutions with different pHs such as a HCl solution (pH 1), a K2CO3 solution (pH 12.5), and a NaOH solution (pH 13). Their chemical stabilities were compared with that of a polyamide (PA) composite membrane prepared from piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). In this study, it was found that the PVA/SA composite membranes prepared showed not only good chemical stabilities but also good permeation performances in the range from pH 1 to 13. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2471–2479, 2001
PDMS‐Modified Polyurethane Films with Low Water Contact Angle Hysteresis (2006)

Abstract Summary: Polyurethane (PU) films with low water contact angle hysteresis (CAH) were prepared by employing less than 0.2 wt.‐% of mono‐ or bihydroxyl‐functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of 60–70 DMS repeat units. A Si content of as low as 0.03 wt.‐% was sufficient to lead to a CAH of 20°. The curing temperature demonstrated strong effects on the wetting behavior of the PDMS‐modified PU films: a relatively low curing temperature (40 °C) resulted in stronger surface segregation of PDMS than higher curing temperatures, giving rise to high water receding CAs and thus low CAH. It was found from angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis that the surface silicon content was greater when cured at a lower temperature. The surface of PDMS‐modified PU films was very smooth from AFM observations, but the Si content had strong effects on the surface phase contrast. The chain length of 60–70 DMS repeating units for both mono‐ and bifunctional PDMS appeared to be long enough to prevent the surface reorganization during the CA measurements. Schematic, simplified illustration of PDMS chains at the surface of PU films modified by PDMS 60 OH and PDMS 70 (OH) 2 . magnified image Schematic, simplified illustration of PDMS chains at the surface of PU films modified by PDMS 60 OH and PDMS 70 (OH) 2 .
Myotonic dystrophy health index: Correlations with clinical tests and patient function (2015)

Patient-reported health status, as measured by the MDHI, is associated with alternative measures of clinical health. These results support the use of the MDHI as a valid tool to measure disease burden in DM1 patients.