gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disruptive Effect: A Phenomenon in Oral Reading. (1975)

The major purpose of the present study is to examine the effect that an unknown word has on the oral reading of second grade children. Specifically, the study is concerned with the possible increased probability of error on words that are in close proximity to an unknown word. Additionally, the study examines the degree of disruptiveness created by unknown words in different grammatical positions, and the degree of disruptiveness of various types of unknown words.
Recombination-enhanced defect motion in forward-biased 4H–SiC p-n diodes (2002)

The generation and evolution of defects in 4H–SiC p-n junctions due to carrier injection under forward bias have been investigated by synchrotron white beam x-ray topography, electroluminescence imaging, and KOH etching. The defects are Shockley stacking faults with rhombic or triangular shapes bound by partial dislocation loops with dislocation lines along Peierls valleys (〈11-20〉) or along the intersection of the basal plane containing the fault and diode surface. The Burgers vector of all bounding partials was of 1/3〈10-10〉-type. Among six possible types of partial dislocations with these properties, only two were observed in the volume of the epitaxial structure. One was tentatively identified as 30° carbon-core [C(g) 30°] and second as 30° silicon-core [Si(g) 30°] partial dislocation. Only one of them [proposed to be the Si(g) 30° partial] have been observed to move and emit light under forward bias. The other type of bounding dislocation [C(g) 30°] remained stationary during current injection. Low angle grain boundaries have been observed to act as one of a number of possible nucleation sites of stacking faults.
Abstract A37: Ectopic claudin 6 and 18.2 expression as potential treatment target in non-small cell lung cancer. (2014)

Abstract Claudins are central components of tight junctions that regulate epithelial cell barrier function and polarity. Altered claudin expression patterns have been demonstrated in numerous cancer types and lineage-specific claudins have been proposed as therapy targets. The objective of this study was to assess claudin 6 (CLDN6) and claudin 18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2) expression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transcript levels were evaluated based on gene expression microarray data from a fresh-frozen NSCLC tissue cohort (n=196). Protein expression levels of CLDN6 and CLDN18.2 were examined by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray (n=355), and analyzed with regard to frequency distribution and association with clinical parameters. High mRNA levels of CLDN6 and total CLDN18 were observed in subsets of non-squamous lung carcinomas. Correspondingly, distinct membranous positivity of CLDN6 (6.5%) and CLDN18.2 (3.7%) was displayed by virtually non-overlapping subgroups of adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas, while pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells were consistently negative. CLDN18.2 positive tumors were enriched among slowly proliferating, TTF1-negative adenocarcinomas, suggesting that isoform-specific claudin expression may delineate a specific subtype. Noteworthy, high CLDN6 mRNA as well as protein expression was associated with worse prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, distinct CLDN6 and CLDN18.2 positivity was observed in minor subsets of non-squamous NSCLC, indicating that tumor-specific claudin expression may define molecular subtypes associated with clinical parameters. These findings encourage further clinical exploration of targeting ectopic claudin expression as a valuable treatment concept in NSCLC. Citation Format: Johanna SM Mattsson, Patrick Micke, Karolina Edlund, Miriam Lohr, Karin Jirström, Anders Berglund, Johan Botling, Jörg Rahnenfuehrer, Millaray Marincevic, Fredrik Pontén, Simon Ekman, Jan G. Hengstler, Stefan Wöll, Ugur Sahin, Özlem Türeci. Ectopic claudin 6 and 18.2 expression as potential treatment target in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer; 2014 Jan 6-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(2Suppl):Abstract nr A37.
The Problem of Normalization and a Normalized Similarity Measure by Online Data (2011)

Case-based reasoning, image or data retrieval is based on similarity determination between the actual case and the cases in a database. It is preferable to normalize the similarity values between 0 and 1 in order to be able to compare different similarity values based on a scale. Similarity is thus imparted with a semantic meaning. The main problem arises when the case base is not yet complete and contains only a small number of cases while the other cases are collected incrementally as soon as they arrive in the system. In this case the upper and lower bounds of the feature values cannot be estimated close to the real values. This paper concerns possible methods for predicting the upper and lower bounds of a feature value and the problems that arise when these values are not correctly estimated due to a limited number of samples or a parameter distribution that is not available a-priori. The aim is to develop a method for learning the upper and the lower bounds of a feature value and to develop a methodology for dealing with change in semantic meaning of the similarity.
New pediatric information added to labels of 27 gastroenterology drugs (2014)

Editor’s note: This is the sixth of 12 articles from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighting some of the 500 products that have received new pediatric labeling information since 1998. 

Over the past 15 years, pediatric information has been added to the labels of 27 gastrointestinal
Device performance enhancement via a Si-rich silicon oxynitride buffer layer for the organic photodetecting device (2017)

An advanced organic photodetector (OPD) with a butter layer of Si-rich silicon oxynitride (SiO<sub>x</sub>N<sub>y</sub>) was fabricated. The detector structure is as follows: Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate/SiO<sub>x</sub>N<sub>y</sub>(10 nm)/naphthalene-based donor:C60(1:1)/ITO. Values of x and y in SiO<sub>x</sub>N<sub>y</sub> were carefully controlled and the detector performances such as dark current and thermal stability were investigated. When the values of x and y are 0.16 and 0.66, the detector illustrates low dark current as well as excellent thermal stability. In the OPD, silicon oxynitride layer works as electron barrier under reverse bias, leading to the decrease of dark current and increase of detectivity. Since the band gap of silicon oxynitride unlike conventional buffer layers can also be controlled by adjusting x and y values, it can be adapted into various photodiode applications.
LEDS-An overview of the state of the art in technology and application (2002)

Solid state lighting in the form of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is bringing new sources with different operating characteristics to the market. With the control in dimension, optics, intensity and color, these sources have the potential to transform the way we use light. This paper will review the recent improvements in performance that have been achieved by these devices, focusing on those product attributes identified as being critical to end users. The paper will conclude with a consideration of applications capitalizing on the LEDs' unique operating and physical properties.
Ovarian morphology and the concentration of steroids during the oestrous cycle of sheep actively immunized against androstenedione (1980)

Ewes were immunized against androstenedione-11 alpha-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin (androstenedione-11-BSA) or BSA alone (controls). The ovaries were examined macroscopically and ovarian venous blood was collected at laparotomy by in-situ cannulation of the ovarian vein on Day 10 of the oestrous cycle, or by needle puncture of the ovarian vein 36 h after prostaglandin treatment. Follicular fluid was also collected from follicles greater than 5 mm diameter in some ewes. Ovaries and adrenal glands were collected and examined histologically. Oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta, androstenedione, testosterone and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays. Immunization against androstenedione-11-BSA was followed by an increase in the number of surface follicles greater than 3 mm in diameter and in ovulation rate. These changes were accompanied by an increased production of androgens (especially androstenedione) and of oestrogens during the preovulatory period. There were no observed changes in the adrenal cortex or pituitary glands, but the ovaries were heavier in immunized ewes and luteinized follicles were present in the ovaries of 1 of 4 immunized ewes. These results show that immunization against androstenedione-11-BSA leads to increased ovulation rate and suggest two possible mechanisms: (1) interference with the negative feedback effects of oestradiol-17 beta and/or (2) a reduction in the incidence of follicular atresia.
High-frequency and low-resonance-impedance lamb wave resonators utilizing the S<inf>1</inf> mode (2015)

In this work, a high-frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ) and low-resonance-impedance (Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> ) Lamb wave resonator utilizing the first-order symmetric (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ) mode propagating in highly textured aluminum nitride (AlN) plates is presented. In order to achieve the larger electromechanical coupling coefficient and smooth phase velocity dispersion as well as to avoid the negative group velocity in the S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> Lamb wave mode, the 4-μm-thick AlN layer and 3-μm-wide finger electrodes are employed in the Lamb wave resonator design. The experimental results show that despite the S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> mode shows a slightly lower quality factor than the lowest-order symmetric (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) mode, the S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> mode presents a Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> of 94 © at 1.34 GHz, lower than the S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> mode showing a Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> equal to 224 © at 878.3 MHz.
Investigation on Antenna Coupling in Pulsed Arrays (2006)

Pulsed arrays are becoming popular in new ultrawide-band applications to achieve long-range coverage, high capacity and to identify the angle of arrival of multiple echoes in complex environments. As in the monochromatic regime, distortion of ultrawide-band transmitted and received signals can result from the coupling between individual radiators that are in close proximity. This paper investigates the time-domain coupling in finite arrays that radiate short pulses, by introducing the concept of time-domain "active" array factor and "active" element factor. The proposed model highlights the signal-distortion phenomenology and obtains useful guidelines to reduce pulse coupling, even in dense arrays, by a proper choice of the geometrical and electrical parameters
Scalable Programming Models for Massively Multicore Processors (2008)

Including multiple cores on a single chip has become the dominant mechanism for scaling processor performance. Exponential growth in the number of cores on a single processor is expected to lead in a short time to mainstream computers with hundreds of cores. Scalable implementations of parallel algorithms will be necessary in order to achieve improved single-application performance on such processors. In addition, memory access will continue to be an important limiting factor on achieving performance, and heterogeneous systems may make use of cores with varying capabilities and performance characteristics. An appropriate programming model can address scalability and can expose data locality while making it possible to migrate application code between processors with different parallel architectures and variable numbers and kinds of cores. We survey and evaluate a range of multicore processor architectures and programming models with a focus on GPUs and the Cell BE processor. These processors have a large number of cores and are available to consumers today, but the scalable programming models developed for them are also applicable to current and future multicore CPUs.
A new mechanism of toughening glassy polymers. 2. Theoretical approach (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA new mechanism of toughening glassy polymers. 2. Theoretical approachAli S. Argon, R. E. Cohen, O. S. Gebizlioglu, H. R. Brown, and E. J. KramerCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 17, 3975–3982Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00219a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views274Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (992 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Identification of Metabolites of NK-104, an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, in Rat, Rabbit and Dog Bile. (1999)

NK-104 is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase with a very potent lipid-lowering effect. Biotransformation profiles of NK-104 in bile from rat, rabbit and dog given an intravenous infusion of NK-104 were investigated. Structural assignment was made by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-MS and proton NMR analyses. The predominant component was intact NK-104 in all the animals. At least eight other metabolites were present in rat, four in rabbit, and 10 in dog. These bile metabolites were purified and isolated by preparative HPLC. Biotransformation pathways elucidated for NK-104 were as follows: (a) lactonization ; (b) beta-oxidation of the side-chain; (c) hydroxylation of the quinoline ring; (d) conjugation with Beta-glucuronic acid and taurine. Beta-oxidative degradation of the side-chain in the case of other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is necessary for epimerization of the hydroxy group which has an R-configuration. However, M-16, glucuronide of the ketolactone derivative, was obtained as a key metabolite suggesting another beta-oxidation pathway for the side-chain.
Correlating carbon monoxide oxidation with <i>cox</i> genes in the abundant Marine Roseobacter Clade (2010)

The Marine Roseobacter Clade (MRC) is a numerically and biogeochemically significant component of the bacterioplankton. Annotation of multiple MRC genomes has revealed that an abundance of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) cox genes are present, subsequently implying a role for the MRC in marine CO cycling. The cox genes fall into two distinct forms based on sequence analysis of the coxL gene; forms I and II. The two forms are unevenly distributed across the MRC genomes. Most (18/29) of the MRC genomes contain only the putative form II coxL gene. Only 10 of the 29 MRC genomes analysed have both the putative form II and the definitive form I coxL. None have only the form I coxL. Genes previously shown to be required for post-translational maturation of the form I CODH enzyme are absent from the MRC genomes containing only form II. Subsequent analyses of a subset of nine MRC strains revealed that only MRC strains with both coxL forms are able to oxidise CO.
Ex Vivo–Expanded but Not In Vitro–Induced Human Regulatory T Cells Are Candidates for Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases Thanks to Stable Demethylation of the FOXP3 Regulatory T Cell–Specific Demethylated Region (2014)

Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising approach for transplant rejection and severe autoimmunity. Unfortunately, clinically meaningful Treg numbers can be obtained only upon in vitro culture. Functional stability of human expanded (e)Tregs and induced (i)Tregs has not been thoroughly addressed for all proposed protocols, hindering clinical translation. We undertook a systematic comparison of eTregs and iTregs to recommend the most suitable for clinical implementation, and then tested their effectiveness and feasibility in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Regardless of the treatment, iTregs acquired suppressive function and FOXP3 expression, but lost them upon secondary restimulation in the absence of differentiation factors, which mimics in vivo reactivation. In contrast, eTregs expanded in the presence of rapamycin (rapa) retained their regulatory properties and FOXP3 demethylation upon restimulation with no stabilizing agent. FOXP3 demethylation predicted Treg functional stability upon secondary TCR engagement. Rapa eTregs suppressed conventional T cell proliferation via both surface (CTLA-4) and secreted (IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35) mediators, similarly to ex vivo Tregs. Importantly, Treg expansion with rapa from RA patients produced functionally stable Tregs with yields comparable to healthy donors. Moreover, rapa eTregs from RA patients were resistant to suppression reversal by the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and were more efficient in suppressing synovial conventional T cell proliferation compared with their ex vivo counterparts, suggesting that rapa improves both Treg function and stability. In conclusion, our data indicate Treg expansion with rapa as the protocol of choice for clinical application in rheumatological settings, with assessment of FOXP3 demethylation as a necessary quality control step.
Rheological, mechanical, and bioadhesive behavior of hydrogels to optimize skin delivery systems (2012)

A comprehensive comparative rheological and textural analyses of several polymers for topical systems were undertaken in terms of their bioadhesion. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that these polymers can be used for optimization of drug delivery systems on the skin.
My-Direct: A Middleware for P2P Mobile Social Networks (2014)

In recent years, middleware for mobile social network has attracted the attention of academia, causing the design and development of various approaches by researchers. This type of middleware facilitates and makes more efficient the development process of mobile social networking applications. Furthermore, middleware solutions also abstract the communication process with other applications, allowing the acquisition, persistence and reuse of social context information and location of users, besides providing API so that developers can access this information quickly and build new social applications. With a view to supporting this new trend of research, this paper presents a middleware for mobile social networking called My-Direct which makes use of Wi-Fi Direct technology together with the Bluetooth, aiming to provide flexible communication between the nodes of the mobile social network. Along with My-Direct also was created a mechanism for user privacy based on information available on his mobile device.
An Ellipsometry System For High Accuracy Metrology Of Thin Films (1984)

A computer-controlled spectroscopic ellipsometer of high accuracy has been designed and constructed. A theta-two-theta goniometer unit and optical rail system allows various ellipsometric methods to be used to measure the parameters A and 4). Three important methods under study for accuracy, precision, and speed of measurement are the conventional null method, the rotating analyzer method, and the principal angle method. All the goniometer angles, including the angle of incidence, can be measured to an accuracy of 0.001 deg. The present light sources are two lasers with fixed wavelengths, 632.8 nm and 441.6 nm, in addition to a monochromator that can be used to scan the wavelength range from 190 to 2600 nm. A unique sample alignment system which utilizes two quadrant detectors has been developed and a simple but very effective nulling scheme is used. This instrument is primarily used for the metrology of semiconductor materials and for the calibration of reference standards for thin film thickness and refractive index.
Treatment of carbapenem-resistant<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>: the state of the art (2013)

The increasing incidence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) fundamentally alters the management of patients at risk to be colonized or infected by such microorganisms. Owing to the limitation in efficacy and potential for toxicity of the alternative agents, many experts recommend using combination therapy instead of monotherapy in CR-KP-infected patients. However, in the absence of well-designed comparative studies, the best combination for each infection type, the continued role for carbapenems in combination therapy and when combination therapy should be started remain open questions. Herein, the authors revise current microbiological and clinical evidences supporting combination therapy for CR-KP infections to address some of these issues.
The <i>slick</i> hair coat locus maps to chromosome 20 in Senepol‐derived cattle (2007)

The ability to maintain normal temperatures during heat stress is an important attribute for cattle in the subtropics and tropics. Previous studies have shown that Senepol cattle and their crosses with Holstein, Charolais and Angus animals are as heat tolerant as Brahman cattle. This has been attributed to the slick hair coat of Senepol cattle, which is thought to be controlled by a single dominant gene. In this study, a genome scan using a DNA-pooling strategy indicated that the slick locus is most likely on bovine chromosome 20 (BTA20). Interval mapping confirmed the BTA20 assignment and refined the location of the locus. In total, 14 microsatellite markers were individually genotyped in two pedigrees consisting of slick and normal-haired cattle (n = 36), representing both dairy and beef breeds. The maximum LOD score was 9.4 for a 4.4-cM support interval between markers DIK2416 and BM4107. By using additional microsatellite markers in this region, and genotyping in six more pedigrees (n = 86), the slick locus was further localized to the DIK4835 - DIK2930 interval.
Detector nonlinearity correction scheme for the LPMA balloonborne Fourier transform spectrometer (1998)

The Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere (LPMA) instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer designed to record stratospheric (and in some cases tropospheric) absorption spectra from a balloon gondola. This spectrometer operates with two-detector output optics (photoconductive HgCdTe and photovoltaic InSb, liquid-nitrogen cooled). The response of the HgCdTe detector becomes nonlinear for high photon fluxes, which is the case for solar occultation. We have designed a processing scheme, based on the minimization of out-of-optical-band spectral artifacts, to correct for the effect of nonlinearity in the useful spectral range. The method is explained, and sample results are presented for spectra recorded in different balloon flight conditions and with two different HgCdTe detectors.