gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo treatment of mice and hamsters with antibodies to asialo GM1 increases morbidity and mortality to pulmonary influenza infection. (1986)

The role of natural killer (NK) cells in host defenses against influenza virus infections in the lung was investigated by using rabbit antiserum to asialo GM1 (RAGM1), a neutral glycosphingolipid expressed on the plasma membrane of NK cells and some mouse pulmonary macrophages. Intravenous or intratracheal (i.t.) administration of RAGM1 resulted in depletion of the (in vitro) NK activity in lung and spleen or lung alone, respectively. The NK activity was depleted as early as 12 hr post-inoculation of antiserum, but returned to the normal range of activity by 4 days after antibody administration. RAGM1 serum treatment had no effect on the cytotoxic macrophage activity expressed by the plastic-adherent mononuclear cell populations isolated from mouse or hamster lung. Treatment of mice or hamsters with an i.t. or i.v. inoculation of RAGM1 rendered both species of laboratory animals susceptible to increased morbidity and mortality during a pulmonary influenza infection. These data support the hypothesis that a population of NK cells exist in an extravascular compartment within the lung, and that this local population of NK cells in the lung is crucial to the early natural pulmonary defenses during influenza infection.
Box2Pix: Single-Shot Instance Segmentation by Assigning Pixels to Object Boxes (2018)

The task of semantic instance segmentation has gained a large interest within academia as well as industry, especially in the context of autonomous driving. While several published approaches achieve very strong results, only few of them achieve frame rates that are sufficient for the automotive domain. We present an approach that achieves competitive results on the Cityscapes [1] and KITTI [2] datasets, while being twice as fast as any other existing approach. Our method relies on a single fully-convolutional network (FCN [3]) predicting object bounding boxes, as well as pixel-wise semantic object classes and an offset vector pointing to corresponding object centers. Using those outputs, we present an efficient and simple post-processing that assigns each object pixel to its best matching object detection, resulting in an instance segmentation obtained at real-time speeds.
Concurrency in linear hashing (1987)

Concurrent access to complex shared data structures, particularly structures useful as database indices, has long been of interest in the database community. In dynamic databases, tree structures such as B-trees have been used as indices because of their ability to handle growth; whereas hashing has been used for fast access in relatively static databases. Recently, a number of techniques for dynamic hashing have appeared. They address the major deficiency of traditional hashing when applied to databases that experience significant change in the amount of data being stored. This paper presents a solution that allows concurrency in one of these dynamic hashing data structures, namely linear hash files. The solution is based on locking protocols and minor modifications in the data structures.
Chemokines Regulate the Migration of Neural Progenitors to Sites of Neuroinflammation (2006)

Many studies have shown that transplanted or endogenous neural progenitor cells will migrate toward damaged areas of the brain. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear. Here we report that, using hippocampal slice cultures, grafted neural progenitor cells (NPs) migrate toward areas of neuroinflammation and that chemokines are a major regulator of this process. Migration of NPs was observed after injecting an inflammatory stimulus into the area of the fimbria and transplanting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-labeled NPs into the dentate gyrus of cultured hippocampal slices. Three to 7 d after transplantation, EGFP-NPs in control slices showed little tendency to migrate and had differentiated into neurons and glia. In contrast, in slices injected with inflammatory stimuli, EGFP-NPs migrated toward the site of the injection. NPs in these slices also survived less well. The inflammatory stimuli used were a combination of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, the bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide, the human immunodeficiency virus-1 coat protein glycoprotein 120, or a beta-amyloid-expressing adenovirus. We showed that these inflammatory stimuli increased the synthesis of numerous chemokines and cytokines by hippocampal slices. When EGFP-NPs from CC chemokine receptor CCR2 knock-out mice were transplanted into slices, they exhibited little migration toward sites of inflammation. Similarly, wild-type EGFP-NPs exhibited little migration toward inflammatory sites when transplanted into slices prepared from monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) knock-out mice. These data indicate that factors secreted by sites of neuroinflammation are attractive to neural progenitors and suggest that chemokines such as MCP-1 play an important role in this process.
The effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 on femoral reconstruction with an intercalary allograft in a dog model (2001)

This study compared the effect of augmentation of allograft host bone junctions with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS), autogenous cancellous bone graft (CBG), and a collagen sponge alone in a canine intercalary femoral defect model repaired with a frozen allograft. Outcome assessment included serial radiographs, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, and gait analyses, and mechanical testing and histology of post-mortem specimens. The distal junction healed more quickly and completely with rhBMP-2 than ACS alone based on qualitative radiography and histologic evaluations. The primary tissue in the unhealed gaps in the ACS group was fibrous connective tissue. The proximal allograft host bone junction had complete bone union in the three treatment groups. There was significantly greater new bone callus formation at both junctions with rhBMP-2 than with CBG or ACS alone that resulted in increased bone density around the allograft host bone junctions. All dogs shifted their weight from the treated leg to the contralateral pelvic limb immediately after surgery. Weight bearing forces were redistributed equally between the pelvic limbs at 12 weeks after surgery with rhBMP-2, at 16 weeks after surgery with CBG, and at 24 weeks after surgery with ACS alone. Bending and compressive stiffnesses of the whole treated femora were equal to the contralateral control femora in all treatment groups, whereas torsional rigidities of the whole treated femora for the CBG and ACS groups were significantly less than the control. Both the proximal and distal junctions the treated with rhBMP-2 had torsional stiffnesses and strengths equal to intact control bones. Ultimate failure torques of the proximal junctions of the CBG group and of both junctions of the ACS group were significantly less than the BMP-treated bones. Augmentation of the allograft host bone junctions with rhBMP-2 on an ACS gave results for all parameters measured that equaled or exceeded autogenous graft in this canine intercalary femoral defect model.
Comments on "Minimum number of adders for implementing a multiplier and its application to the design of multiplierless digital filters" (1998)

For the original paper see ibid., vol. 42 p. 453-460 (July 1995). In the aforementioned paper by D. Li, a method of designing integer multipliers that uses fewer adders than canonic signed-digit (CSD) coding was described. This method is claimed by the author to be optimal, i.e., it produces a multiplier with the least possible adders. The commenters claim that they have presented a similar method, implemented using the MAG algorithm, to perform the same task, which was shown to be optimal. Comparing the two techniques shows that Li's method is not necessarily optimal. Both methods perform an exhaustive search over a set of multiplier configurations. In the commenters' paper, they described these configurations in terms of graphs. It is said that this method proves to be quite useful in that it becomes easy to describe the cases not covered by Li's algorithm. It is stated that the algorithm proposed by Li is suboptimal because: 1) graphs produced using fundamentals (intermediate vertices) of lower cost graphs are not considered; 2) tree-structured graphs are not considered; 3) right shifts (divide-by-two) are not allowed, causing some multipliers to require too many adders.
Enhanced Dispersion Frequency of Hot‐Pressed Z‐Type Magnetoplumbite Ferrite with the Composition 2CoO·3Ba <sub>0.5</sub> Sr <sub>0.5</sub> O·10.8Fe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> (1995)

The high‐frequency magnetic properties of strontium‐partially‐substituted Z‐type magnetoplumbite with the composition 2CoO·3Ba 1‐x .Sr x O.yFe 2 O 3 were studied using a hot‐pressing technique. The best properties were obtained for a sample hot‐pressed in oxygen, having x and y values of 0.5 and 10.8, respectively. The resonant frequency of that sample, corresponding to a μ” maximum reaching 2.5 GHz, was significantly larger than the value of 1.4 GHz previously reported for unsubstituted Z with the composition 2CoO·3BaO·12Fe 2 O 3 . This result implies that a new ferrite material, applicable in the gigahertz region, has been obtained.
Insulating and Fractional Quantum Hall States in the First Excited Landau Level (2002)

The observation of new insulating phases of two-dimensional electrons in the first excited Landau level is reported. These states, which are manifested as reentrant integer quantized Hall effects, exist alongside well-developed even-denominator fractional quantized Hall states at nu = 7/2 and 5/2 and new odd-denominator states at nu = 3+1/5 and 3+4/5.
Strength and Revolver Marksmanship (1992)

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relation between marksmanship success and both strength and muscular endurance variables at the Pittsburgh Public Safety Training Academy. Upper body strength, trigger finger (index finger) strength and endurance, trigger finger/marksmanship technique endurance, grip strength and hand length were measured as independent variables. Marksmanship skill (dependent variable) was tested using the Practical Pistol Course. Test data from a total of 22 male and 22 female police recruits were analyzed. Both linear stepwise regression and Pearson correlations were performed. Tests of index finger endurance, and index finger strength were the only variables that correlated significantly at the p < 0.005 level for the group of all 44 recruits. Only the test of trigger finger endurance entered the stepwise regression for this group. No variables were significant for the group of male recruits (p < 0.05). Only the test of index finger/marksmanship technique endurance was significant (p < 0.05) for the group of female recruits. Having determined the significant independent variables, graphic strength thresholds (independent variable) were determined using a modified hockey stick regression model. These thresholds were reinforced by regression equation determined threshold with a passing dependent variable (75 on the practical pistol course) entered. Using these thresholds, the specificity, sensitivity and the predictive value of the tests was determined. The test of index finger endurance had the highest specificity (0.943), sensitivity (0.556) and predictive value (0.714). The results of this investigation suggest that the test of trigger finger endurance can be used to predict marksmanship success and isolating the strength/muscular endurance component of marksmanship success. Further research is needed to determine if tests of shorter duration are as effective in predicting marksmanship success.
Characterization of an azimuthally symmetric helicon wave high density plasma source (1997)

A cylindrically symmetric (azimuthal mode number m=0) resonant inductive (MO/RITM) radio frequency (rf) helicon wave high density plasma source is described. The source consists of an antenna and bell jar generator immersed in a diverging magnetic field. Plasma is generated in this upstream region and then is transported along the field lines into the low-field downstream processing chamber. A propagating wave is observed in the plasma with rf spatial distribution and propagation characteristics that obey the theoretical m=0 helicon wave dispersion relation. By varying the divergence of the source magnetic field, the wafer etch rate and etch uniformity can be controlled. Spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy shows that molecular gases are almost completely dissociated near the plasma center and have a uniform radial distribution. Highly uniform plasma and neutral distributions are then produced at the wafer location, and have been used in a variety of etch applications.
A normalized frequency domain LMS adaptive algorithm (1986)

A scheme is presented for obtaining an input power estimate for setting the algorithm gain parameter μ separately in each frequency bin in the frequency domain LMS adaptive algorithm. This is particularly important if the input has large spectral variations, and a single feedback parameter, set on the broad-band power, could result in instability in the adaptive filters in some frequency bins. The estimate is incorporated directly into the algorithm as a data dependent time-varying stochastic μ(n). Using a Gaussian data model and sample-to-sample data independence, first-order linear difference equations are derived and solved for the mean and misadjustment errors. The performance of the scheme is compared to the case for which the input power level is known a priori. For the same transient response, only about ten samples need be averaged to yield the same misadjustment error.
Bivalent binding by intermediate affinity of nimotuzumab: A contribution to explain antibody clinical profile (2011)

Nimotuzumab is an EGFR-targeting antibody that has demonstrated encouraging clinical results in the absence of severe side-effects observed with other approved anti-EGFR antibodies. We investigated whether different clinical behavior of nimotuzumab is related to its bivalent/monovalent binding profile. Binding properties of nimotuzumab and cetuximab, the most development of anti-EGFR antibodies, were studied in vitro using chip surfaces and cells with varying EGFR expression levels. Experimental observations demonstrated that in contrast to cetuximab, the intrinsic properties of nimotuzumab required bivalent binding for stable attachment to the cellular surface, leading to nimotuzumab selectively binding to cells that express moderate to high EGFR expression levels. At these conditions, both antibodies bound bivalently, and accumulated to similar degrees. When EGFR density is low, nimotuzumab monovalent interaction was transient, whereas cetuximab continued to interact strongly with the receptors. We compared the in vitro anti-tumor efficacy of nimotuzumab and cetuximab. Cetuximab decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis for all the tested cell lines, effects which did not depend on EGFR expression level. In contrast, nimotuzumab also provoked significant anti-cellular effects, but its anti-tumor capacity decreased together with EGFR expression level. Cetuximab Fab fragment was able to impact tumor cell survival, whereas nimotuzumab fragment totally lost this effect. Tumor-xenograft experiments using cells with a high EGFR expression revealed similar tumor growth inhibiting effects for both antibodies. This study suggests an explanation for nimotuzumab clinical profile, whereby anti-tumor activity is obtained in absence of severe toxicities due to its properties of bivalent binding to EGFR.
Managing endometriosis (2000)

Endometriosis is a common condition affecting a significant number of women of childbearing age. The diagnosis is clinical and thus can be difficult to make. History taking is generally most helpful, and diagnostic tests have a limited role. Diagnostic laparoscopy remains the "gold standard" for diagnosis of endometriosis. Treatment is geared toward improving fertility and controlling pain and is often not curative. However, both medical and surgical therapies are of value in controlling the disease. Attention to the psychosocial needs of the patient are also critical. Future therapies will be based on a further understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis and the effect of hormones on the disease. For the primary care physician who may not be comfortable prescribing GnRH analogs or other medical therapies, referral to a gynecologist or endocrinologist should be considered.
Dural vasodilation causes a sensitization of rat caudal trigeminal neurones <i>in vivo</i> that is blocked by a 5‐HT<sub>1B/1D</sub> agonist (1999)

1. Migraine headache pain is thought to result from an abnormal distention of intracranial, extracerebral blood vessels and the consequent activation of the trigeminal nervous system. Migraine is also often accompanied by extracranial sensory disturbances from facial tissues. These experiments investigate whether meningeal dilation produces central sensitization of neurones that receive convergent input from the face. 2. Single unit extracellular activity was recorded from the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of anaesthetized rats in response to either noxious stimulation of the dura mater, innocuous stimulation of the vibrissae or to a transient dilation of the meningeal vascular bed. 3. Rat alpha-CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide; 1 microg kg(-1), i.v.) caused a dilation of the middle meningeal artery and facilitated vibrissal responses by 36+/-7%. 4. The 5-HT1B/1D agonist, L-741,604 (3 mg kg(-1), i.v.), inhibited responses to noxious stimulation of the dura mater (16+/-7% of control) and, in a separate group of animals, blocked the CGRP-evoked facilitation of vibrissal responses. 5. L-741,604 (3 mg kg(-1), i.v.) also inhibited responses to innocuous stimulation of the vibrissa (14+/-10% of control) with neurones that received convergent input from the face and from the dura mater, but not with cells that received input only from the face (70+/-12% of control). 6. These data show that dilation of meningeal blood vessels causes a sensitization of central trigeminal neurones and a facilitation of facial sensory processing which was blocked by activation of pre-synaptic 5-HT1B/1D receptors. 7. Sustained dural blood vessel dilation during migraine may cause a sensitization of trigeminal neurones. This may underlie some of the symptoms of migraine, such as the headache pain and the extracranial allodynia. Inhibition of this central sensitization may therefore offer a novel strategy for the development of acute and/or prophylactic anti-migraine therapies.
Human Cytomegalovirus-Encoded Human Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Homolog Amplifies Its Immunomodulatory Potential by Upregulating Human IL-10 in Monocytes (2016)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that causes significant human disease, particularly in the congenital setting and in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. A prominent feature of HCMV is the wide range of viral gene products that it encodes which function to modulate host defenses. One of these is cmvIL-10, which is a homolog of the potent immunomodulatory cytokine human interleukin 10 (hIL-10). In this study, we report that, in addition to exerting a direct biological impact, cmvIL-10 upregulates the expression of hIL-10 by primary blood-derived monocytes and that it does so by modulating existing cellular pathways. This capacity of cmvIL-10 to upregulate hIL-10 represents a mechanism by which HCMV may amplify its immunomodulatory impact during infection.
The Deposition and Clearance of Radioactive Particles in the Human Lung (1967)

Volunteers inhaled monodisperse iron oxide particles tagged with /sup 198/Au or /sup 51/Cr. Clearance was determined by external monitoring. Rapid clearance in first day (50% of initial) was followed by an additional 10% lost the first week with slower rates after that. During the first day, there was rapid clearance in the first 2 to 4 hr followed by a second, slower phase lasting 10 to 18 hr. Larger particles (e.g., 5 ..mu..m) deposited higher in bronchial tree and were cleared more rapidly than smaller (e.g., 3 ..mu..m) particles. Total first day clearance is from bronchi, as increase in abdomen radioactivity indicates swallowing of cleared particles.
Heteroaryl-<i>N</i>-difluoromethyltrimethylsilanes - Versatile Sources of Heteroaryl-<i>N</i>-difluoromethyl Anions in Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds (2001)

An efficient procedure for synthesizing heteroaryl-N-difluoromethyltrimethylsilanes - new nucleophilic difluoromethylene synthons - from easily available N-bromodifluoromethylated heterocycles, chlorotrimethylsilane and aluminium powder in triglyme or N-methylpyrrolidinone on a preparative scale in 71-75% isolated yield is described. Heteroaryl-N-difluoromethyltrimethylsilanes and benzaldehyde react under fluoride ion catalysis to give 1-(1,1-difluor-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl)heteroaryls, whereas for anionic heteroaryl-N-difluoromethylation of cyclohexanone a stoichiometrical mixture of heteroaryl-N-difluoromethyltrimethylsilanes and tetramethylammonium fluoride has to be used.
Continuous 300-K laser operation of strained superlattices (1983)

Continuous (cw) 300-K laser operation of a 66-period lower energy GaAs-InxGa1−xAs (x∼0.2) strained superlattice (SL) and a higher energy 128-period GaAs1−xPx-GaAs (x∼0.25) strained SL is demonstrated. The strained SL’s are grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with higher gap quaternary confining layers and LB ∼75 Å barriers and Lz ∼75 Å quantum wells. These SL’s are unstable during high level excitation, failing in 2–20 min when operated cw at 300 K as photopumped lasers.
Bibliography on augmentation of convective heat and mass transfer-II (1983)

Heat transfer augmentation has developed into a major specialty area in heat transfer research and development. This report presents and updated bibliography of world literature on augmentation. The literature is classified into passive augmentation techniques, which require no external power, and active techniques, which do require external power. The fifteen techniques are grouped in terms of their applications to the various modes of heat transfer. Mass transfer is included for completeness. Key words are included with each citation for technique/mode identification. The total number of publications cited is 3045, including 135 surveys of various techniques and 86 papers on performance evaluation of passive techniques. Patents are not included, as they are the subject of a separate bibliographic report.