gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Where's the FEEB? the effectiveness of instruction set randomization (2005)

Instruction Set Randomization (ISR) has been proposed as a promising defense against code injection attacks. It defuses all standard code injection attacks since the attacker does not know the instruction set of the target machine. A motivated attacker, however, may be able to circumvent ISR by determining the randomization key. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of a remote attacker successfully determining an ISR key using an incremental attack. We introduce a strategy for attacking ISR-protected servers, develop and analyze two types of attack, and present a technique for packaging the worm with a miniature virtual machine that reduces the number of key bytes an attacker must acquire to 128. Our attacks can break enough key bytes to infect an ISR-protected server in under 7 minutes. Our results provide insights into properties necessary for ISR implementations to be secure.
Calcium intake, calcium bioavailability and bone health (2002)

Calcium accounts for 1–2 % of adult human body weight. Over 99 % of total body Ca is found in the teeth and bones. Therefore, in addition to the obvious structural role of the skeleton, it also serves as a reservoir for Ca. Dietary Ca intake has an important impact on bone metabolism and bone health. Chronic Ca deficiency resulting from inadequate intake or poor intestinal absorption is one of several important causes of reduced bone mass and osteoporosis. It is vital, therefore, that adequate dietary Ca is consumed at all stages of life — in early life so that the genetically programmed peak bone mass can be reached and in later adulthood so that the skeletal mass can be maintained and age-related bone loss minimised. Unfortunately, there is wide variation in the estimates of daily Ca requirements made by different expert authorities. Furthermore, there is evidence that many individuals are not consuming these recommended levels. The consequence of this for bone health will be discussed in the present review. Besides the amount of Ca in the diet, the absorption of dietary Ca in foods is also a critical factor in determining the availability of Ca for bone development and maintenance. Thus, there is a need to identify food components and/or functional food ingredients that may positively influence Ca absorption in order to ensure that Ca bioavailability from foods can be optimised. This approach may be of particular value in individuals who fail to achieve the dietary recommended level of Ca.
Man–made noise power measurements at VHF and UHF frequencies (2001)

Man-made noise generated by automotive ignition, power distribution and transmission, industrial equipment, consumer products, and lighting systems degrades the performance of radio systems. Man-made noise models, derived from measurements made in the 1970s, may be inaccurate due to changes in these technologies. For example, recent man-made noise measurements performed by ITS in the 136 to 138 MHz meteorological satellite band indicated that man-made noise power in residential areas is lower than predictions by these models. However, these same measurements indicated that man-made noise in business areas has not changed. UHF man-made noise has not been comprehensively measured and modeled. This report describes UHF man-made noise measurements conducted in the Denver, CO, metropolitan area in 1999. Measurement data is analyzed and results are compared to other measurements and models. These results showed that 402.5 MHz UHF noise levels in business areas were high enough to adversely affect communication system performance some of the time.
Principles of a New Portable Electrometer (1932)

The fundamental principles underlying the operation of a new type of portable electrometer are given. It is shown that the periodic transfer of static charges from one capacity system to another and back again can be used to produce an alternating electrical potential. The alternating potential is amplified by means of vacuum tubes, then rectified by a synchronous commutator and the resulting direct current used to operate an indicator. Instruments with capacities of about 25 cm and sensitivities of ${10}^{4}$ microamperes per volt have been built to operate with portable microammeters used as the indicator. The period of the device depends on the indicator employed and is small.
Reversing the defective induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorticoid-resistant asthma patients (2005)

We previously reported that human CD4+ Tregs secrete high levels of IL-10 when stimulated in the presence of dexamethasone and calcitriol (vitamin D3). We now show that following stimulation by allergen, IL-10-secreting Tregs inhibit cytokine secretion by allergen-specific Th2 cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. A proportion of patients with severe asthma fail to demonstrate clinical improvement upon glucocorticoid therapy, and their asthma is characterized as glucocorticoid resistant (SR, abbreviation derived from "steroid resistant"). Dexamethasone does not enhance secretion of IL-10 by their CD4+ T cells. Addition of vitamin D3 with dexamethasone to cultures of SR CD4+ T cells enhanced IL-10 synthesis to levels observed in cells from glucocorticoid-sensitive patients cultured with dexamethasone alone. Furthermore, pretreatment with IL-10 fully restored IL-10 synthesis in these cells in response to dexamethasone. Vitamin D3 significantly overcame the inhibition of glucocorticoid-receptor expression by dexamethasone while IL-10 upregulated glucocorticoid-receptor expression by CD4+ T cells, suggesting potential mechanisms whereby these treatments may overcome poor glucocorticoid responsiveness. We show here that administration of vitamin D3 to healthy individuals and SR asthmatic patients enhanced subsequent responsiveness to dexamethasone for induction of IL-10. This strongly suggests that vitamin D3 could potentially increase the therapeutic response to glucocorticoids in SR patients.
The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity (2004)

It has now been shown beyond reasonable doubt that poor indoor air quality in buildings can decrease productivity in addition to causing visitors to express dissatisfaction. The size of the effect on most aspects of office work performance appears to be as high as 6-9%, the higher value being obtained in field validation studies. It is usually more energy-efficient to eliminate sources of pollution than to increase outdoor air supply rates. The experiments summarized in this article have documented and quantified relationships that can be used in making cost-benefit analyses of either solution for a given building. The high cost of labor per unit floor area ensures that payback times will usually be as low as 2 years.
PET Radiochemistry Automation: State of the Art and Future Trends in 18F-nucleophilic Fluorination (2013)

This review article summarizes the recent information regarding general aspects in the automated synthesis of 18F-labelled PET radiotracers that are prepared via nucleophilic fluorination pathway. The previous and on-going researches in development of different automation solutions are discussed and the current trends in large scale production of radiotracers are considered. The advantages and limitations of the fully automated systems available from different manufacturers are exemplified by routine automated production of several clinically relevant 18F-radiotracers using traditional automated synthesizers, kit-based (cassette-type) radiochemistry modules and modular systems.
Coherent control using adaptive learning algorithms (2001)

We have constructed an automated learning apparatus to control quantum systems. By directing intense shaped ultrafast laser pulses into a variety of samples and using a measurement of the system as a feedback signal, we are able to reshape the laser pulses to direct the system into a desired state. The feedback signal is the input to an adaptive learning algorithm. This algorithm programs a computer-controlled, acousto-optic modulator pulse shaper. The learning algorithm generates new shaped laser pulses based on the success of previous pulses in achieving a predetermined goal.
A new activator protein that activates tryptophan 5-monooxygenase and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase in the presence of Ca2+-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Purification and characterization. (1981)

Rat brain tryptophan 5-monooxygenase was activated by incubation with ATP, Mg2+, calmodulin, and micromolar concentrations of Ca2+. The activating activity was resolved into two distinct peaks upon gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B: one, Ca2+-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and the other, a heat-labile activator protein. The activator protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from rat brain by a procedure involving calmodulin-Sepharose 4B, Sephadex G-150, and phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography. The molecular weight of the activator protein was determined to be 70,000 by sedimentation equilibrium and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The protein gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the molecular weight of which was estimated to be 35,000, indicating that the protein might be composed of two identical subunits. Analysis of cross-linked activator protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also suggested that the protein might be a dimer of identical subunits. Some other molecular properties of the activator protein were: sedimentation coefficient, 4.3 S; Stokes radius, 3.6 nm; diffusion coefficient, 6.0 x 10(-7) cm2/s; frictional ratio, 1.32; and partial specific volume, 0.73 cm3/g. The activator protein activated tyrosine 5-monooxygenase as well as tryptophan 5-monooxygenase in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, Ca2+, calmodulin, and Ca2+-, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.
Superconductivity of Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>Pb<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6) (1988)

The addition of Pb to the superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system is found to increase the volume fraction of the high- T c phase ( T c >100 K) determined by the ac susceptibility and the X-ray powder diffraction pattern. It also lowers the optimum firing temperature to produce the high- T c phase. The peaks attributed to the high- T c phase in the X-ray diffraction pattern become sharper, which indicates that the addition of Pb promotes crystallization. It is found by differential thermal analyses that Pb also acts as a flux.
Calcium Stimulation of Procoagulant Activity in Human Erythrocytes (1995)

The human erythrocyte membrane is generally considered to have no procoagulant activity. The normal membrane is characterized as having an asymmetric distribution of phospholipid species such that negatively charged and aminophospholipids are predominantly located on the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer. Elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in erythrocytes produces an assortment of biochemical and structural responses that include diminished phospholipid asymmetry and an elevation in procoagulant activity. Maintenance of the normal asymmetric distribution of phospholipid species is believed to be largely mediated by a phospholipid translocase mechanism. We have utilized a recently developed single-step kinetic assay of procoagulant activity to investigate the mechanisms of Ca2+ stimulation of procoagulant activity and recovery from the procoagulant state upon removal of Ca2+. This study demonstrated that stimulation of procoagulant activity by elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ is greatly diminished in ATP-depleted erythrocytes. Phospholipid translocase inhibitors failed to fully inhibit recovery from the procoagulant state after removal of Ca2+. The data indicate that recovery of endogenous lipid from a procoagulant cofiguration may not be entirely mediated by the phospholipid translocase. Additionally, the data are inconsistent with the phospholipid translocase mediating the Ca(2+)-induced elevation of procoagulant activity, although the involvement of other protein(s) is indicated.
Clustering-based fast intra prediction mode algorithm for HEVC (2015)

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the next generation video coding standard. The HEVC provides equivalent perceptual quality with bit-budget saving greater than 50% compared to the H.264/AVC. In this paper, we propose a new fast intra prediction mode decision algorithm for the HEVC. We apply an early termination method based on the statistics of the resulted IPMs from both rough mode decision and most probable mode stages. The resulted IPMs are clustered into a K cluster by means of the K-medoid clustering algorithm, and each IPM cluster center represents all the IPMs within a cluster for the RDO process. The sugeested algorithm has been evaluated on high resolution test video sequences. Compared with the current HM16.0 and state-of-the-art scheme in all intra high efficiency configuration cases, the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art scheme in terms of encoding time with similar coding efficiency.
Daptomycin: Another Novel Agent for Treating Infections Due to Drug‐Resistant Gram‐Positive Pathogens (2004)

Daptomycin is a novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that provides rapid bactericidal activity against gram-positive pathogens in vitro, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and ampicillin- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved daptomycin for treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Its efficacy in the treatment of more-serious infections (e.g., staphylococcal bacteremia) is under investigation. As an intravenous agent that is administered once per day, it offers a convenient regimen for therapy that is continued after discharge, with a side effect profile that appears minimal and manageable. Spontaneous acquisition of resistance in vitro is rare, and hopefully this characteristic will extrapolate into the clinical setting. The rapid bactericidal activity, low potential for resistance, and promising safety profile associated with this agent will make it a useful addition to our growing armamentarium of antibiotics active against gram-positive pathogens.
Neurological disorders and the potential role for stem cells as a therapy (2012)

Introduction Neurological disorders are routinely characterized by loss of cells in response to an injury or a progressive insult. Stem cells could therefore be useful to treat these disorders. Sources of data Pubmed searches of recent literature. Areas of agreement Stem cells exhibit proliferative capacity making them ideally suited for replacing dying cells. However, instead of cell replacement therapy stem cell transplants frequently appear to work via neurotrophic factor release, immunomodulation and upregulation of endogenous stem cells. Areas of controversy and areas timely for developing research Many questions remain with respect to the use of stem cells as a therapy, the answers to which will vary depending on the disorder to be treated and mode of action. Whereas the potential tumorigenic capability of stem cells is a concern, most studies do not support this notion. Further determination of the optimal cell type, and whether to perform allogeneic or autologous transplants warrant investigation before the full potential of stem cells can be realized. In addition, the use of stem cells to develop disease models should not be overlooked.
A millimeter wave broadband wireless access technology demonstrator for the next generation Internet network reach extension (2001)

We report design and implementation scenarios for a gigabit-capacity and high-data-rate fixed wireless access technology demonstrator. The system is based on a broadband wireless access concept and...
Saxons, Vikings and Celts, ad 400–1066 (1996)

The fifth century is an especially obscure period. It is far from clear how far continuity or discontinuity should be stressed between Roman and post-Roman Britain. In particular, it is unclear how far there were large-scale movements of people or invasions by smaller warrior groups. The invaders attacked eastern and southern England. The Jutes established themselves in Kent, the Isle of Wight and parts of Hampshire, the Saxons elsewhere in southern England, the Angles further north. Barbarian progress was, however, resisted, for longer and more successfully than in France, Spain or Italy, although resistance was gravely handicapped by internal divisions. Resistance may have been greater because there was more at stake for the Romano-British elite: the assimilation with invaders that characterised France, for example, was absent. In about 500 the Romano-Britons possibly won a major battle under Artorius (Arthur) at Mons Badonicus, and it is possible that a large hall at the hillfort at South Cadbury was the feasting hall of a warrior of the period, the basis of the legend of Arthur's Camelot.
Towards Programmable Packet Scheduling (2015)

Packet scheduling in switches is not programmable; operators only choose among a handful of scheduling algorithms implemented by the manufacturer. In contrast, other switch functions such as packet parsing and header processing are becoming programmable [10, 3, 6]. This paper presents a programmable packet scheduler that allows operators to program a variety of scheduling algorithms.
Inhibition of galectin-3 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (2013)

Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding lectin implicated in the pathophysiology of CVD and is highly expressed within atherosclerotic lesions in mice and humans. The object of this present study was to use genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition in a well-characterized mouse model of atherosclerosis to determine the role of galectin-3 in plaque development. Apolipoprotein-E/galectin-3 knockout mice were generated and fed a high-cholesterol "western" diet. Galectin-3 deletion had no consistent effect on the serum lipid profile but halved atherosclerotic lesion formation in the thoracic aorta (57% reduction), the aortic arch (50% reduction) and the brachiocephalic arteries. The aortic plaques were smaller, with reduced lipid core and less collagen. In apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice, there was a switch from high inducible nitric oxide expression in early lesions (6 weeks) to arginase-1 expression in later lesions (20 weeks), which was reversed in ApoE(-/-)/gal-3(-/-) mice. Administration of modified citrus pectin, an inhibitor of galectin-3, during the latter stage of the disease reduced plaque volume. We conclude that inhibiting galectin-3 causes decreased atherosclerosis. Strategies to inhibit galectin-3 function may reduce plaque progression and potentially represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
The Epigenomic Landscape of Prokaryotes (2016)

DNA methylation acts in concert with restriction enzymes to protect the integrity of prokaryotic genomes. Studies in a limited number of organisms suggest that methylation also contributes to prokaryotic genome regulation, but the prevalence and properties of such non-restriction-associated methylation systems remain poorly understood. Here, we used single molecule, real-time sequencing to map DNA modifications including m6A, m4C, and m5C across the genomes of 230 diverse bacterial and archaeal species. We observed DNA methylation in nearly all (93%) organisms examined, and identified a total of 834 distinct reproducibly methylated motifs. This data enabled annotation of the DNA binding specificities of 620 DNA Methyltransferases (MTases), doubling known specificities for previously hard to study Type I, IIG and III MTases, and revealing their extraordinary diversity. Strikingly, 48% of organisms harbor active Type II MTases with no apparent cognate restriction enzyme. These active 'orphan' MTases are present in diverse bacterial and archaeal phyla and show motif specificities and methylation patterns consistent with functions in gene regulation and DNA replication. Our results reveal the pervasive presence of DNA methylation throughout the prokaryotic kingdoms, as well as the diversity of sequence specificities and potential functions of DNA methylation systems.
Flying-Capacitor-Based Hybrid LLC Converters With Input Voltage Autobalance Ability for High Voltage Applications (2015)

An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with integrated flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to enable the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The inherent flying-capacitor branch in the primary side can effectively halve the primary switch voltage stress compared with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared equally and automatically between the two series half-bridge modules without additional balance circuit or control strategies due to the built-in flying-capacitor cell. Moreover, the inherent soft switching performance during wide load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to reduce the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. Besides, the proposed converter can be extended to further decrease the switch voltage stress by employing stacked connection. Finally, a 500 ∼ 640 V-input 48 V-output 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Impact of Emission Anisotropy on Fluorescence Spectroscopy and FRET Distance Measurements (2009)

The objective of this report is to provide a practical and improved method for estimating Förster resonance energy transfer distance measurement error due to unknown angles in the dipole orientation factor based on emission anisotropy measurements. We improve on the method of Dale et al. (1979), which has minor mistakes and is frequently interpreted in overly optimistic ways in the literature. To facilitate proper fluorescence intensity measurements, we also evaluated instrument parameters that could impact the measurement. The apparent fluorescence intensity of isotropic samples depends on the sample emission anisotropy, fluorometer geometry, and optical apertures. We separate parameters of the sample, and those of the cylindrically symmetric illumination source and detector in the equations describing results of unpolarized and polarized fluorescence intensity measurements. This approach greatly simplifies calculations compared with the more universal method of Axelrod (1989). We provide a full computational method for calculating the Förster resonance energy transfer distance error and present a graph describing distance error in the simplest case.
The Multiple-Write Bus Technique (1982)

A New Access Technique, Developed in Germany, Solves Some Raster Scan Problems and Also Appears to Speed up Basic Sorting Algorithms.