gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Evaluation of New Dicarboxylic Acid Functional Trithiocarbonates:  RAFT Synthesis of Telechelic Poly(<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate)s (2005)

We report herein the synthesis of three new diacid functional trithiocarbonates (TTCs) in which the substitution pattern about the TTC functionality is varied and compare their effectiveness alongside examples of previously reported trithiocarbonates as mediating agents in the RAFT polymerization of n-butyl acrylate. For direct comparative purposes we show that at an initial TTC concentration:initial AIBN concentration ([TTC]0:[AIBN]0) of 20 2-(2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)propionic acid (TTC5) and 2-(2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid (TTC6) perform as well as 3-benzylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanylpropionic acid (TTC3) with respect to kinetics and molecular weight control. In contrast, 2-(1-carboxy-1-methylethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid (TTC1)-mediated homopolymerization deviates from “ideal” behavior due, we speculate, to steric crowding of the central TTC core. Additionally, 3-(2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)propionic acid (TTC4) fails to confer any control on the homopolymerization of nBA with the polymerization exhibiting complex characteristics, as evidenced in the resulting molecular weight distribution, which may be indicative of hybrid behavior. Subsequently, we examine the effect of [TTC]0:[AIBN]0 for TTC5 and TTC6 and show that lower ratios result in faster polymerizations, consistent with previous reports. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to form block copolymers with high reinitiating efficiency. These new TTCs thus offer access to the direct synthesis of AB diblock dicarboxylic acid telechelic (co)polymers.
Severe neonatal manifestations of Costello syndrome (2007)

These cases illustrate that the diagnosis of CS may be difficult in the newborn period, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the sick newborn infant with multisystem disease. Study of more cases will be required to establish if there is a definite association between severe disease and less common mutations.
AAA: a survey and a policy-based architecture and framework (2002)

The commercialization of the Internet has led to a large variety of business models based on Internet technology. Therefore, the demand for standardized and efficient solutions in support of reliable, secure, open, and flexible remote and mobile service accesses has increased. Existing authentication, authorization, and accounting systems still consider dedicated cases, but lack a generic approach. More general AAA services can be built by extending existing mechanisms and protocols for access scenarios other than dialup or PPP connections. While this work is performed mainly by the IETF AAA Working Group, another approach proposed by the IRTF AAAArch Research Group is termed AAA Architecture. This article surveys the state of the art in AAA and develops a new generic policy-based approach, A/sup x/, for AAA services and beyond, considering flexible levels of various services in an Internet service model, ranging from connectivity to content services.
Hydrogen—deuterium exchange at non-labile sites: A new reaction facet with broad implications for structural and dynamic determinations (2001)

Hydrogen—deuterium exchange at non-labile sites is reported. The conjugate bases of isophthalic acid (m-C6H4(CO2H)2), 2-oxoglutaric acid (HO2CCOCH2CH2CO2H), and 2-methylisophthalic acid (2-CH3-1,3-C6H4(CO2H)2) undergo scrambling with 1, 2, and 3 carboncentered hydrogens under a variety of conditions. Likewise, protonated 2-(m-methoxyphenyl)-ethylamine ((m-CH3OC6H4)CH2CH2NH2) undergoes up to 5 H/D exchanges upon gentle activation whereas the conjugate acid of 2-phenylethylamine (C6H5CH2CH2NH2) requires the presence of ammonia-d3 in order to be pushed to undergo up to 8 H/D exchanges. The very act of electrospraying ions can result in extensive movement of deuterium to carbon centers and, in some cases, could not be prevented. These findings offer great promise for future exploitation but also suggest that the interpretation of many H/D exchange experiments using mass spectrometry as the analytical tool could be in error.
Fiber optic sensors for perimeter security with intruder localisation (2005)

Fibre optic have been using in security technology for 25 years. It started from simple systems where an alarm was generated only when a fibre (placed inside a fence, a net or a wire) was cut or broken. Now, there is a growing interest in research of sensors for disturbance localization. These sensors can be specially useful for perimeter security. In comparison with other sensors, they are passive, multikilometer-long devices and can be sensitive to variety of parameters. The fiber optic sensors with intruder localisation can be divided into three classes, that base on: interferometers, internal modes interference and Brillion scattering. In this paper, we will present our research of interferometer-based sensors as well as state of art of the other sensors.
Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state (2006)

We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to study 2 patients with traumatic brain injury. The first patient recovered reliable expressive language after 19 years in a minimally conscious state (MCS); the second had remained in MCS for 6 years. Comparison of white matter integrity in the patients and 20 normal subjects using histograms of apparent diffusion constants and diffusion anisotropy identified widespread altered diffusivity and decreased anisotropy in the damaged white matter. These findings remained unchanged over an 18-month interval between 2 studies in the first patient. In addition, in this patient, we identified large, bilateral regions of posterior white matter with significantly increased anisotropy that reduced over 18 months. In contrast, notable increases in anisotropy within the midline cerebellar white matter in the second study correlated with marked clinical improvements in motor functions. This finding was further correlated with an increase in resting metabolism measured by PET in this subregion. Aberrant white matter structures were evident in the second patient's DTI images but were not clinically correlated. We propose that axonal regrowth may underlie these findings and provide a biological mechanism for late recovery. Our results are discussed in the context of recent experimental studies that support this inference.
SPECTROFLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLL(IDE) <i>a</i> AND <i>b</i> AND PHEOPHYTIN (OR PHEOPHORBIDE) <i>a</i> AND <i>b</i> IN UNSEGREGATED PIGMENT MIXTURES* (1979)

Abstract— Simultaneous equations were derived for the determination of chlorophyllide a and b and pheophorbide a and b in unsegregated mixtures of the four tetrapyrroles. The same equations can also be used for the determination of chlorophyll a and b and pheophytin a and b in unsegregated mixtures, after separation of the phytylated tetrapyrroles from their unphytylated analogs by solvent extraction. The equations are capable of calculating the fluorescence Soret excitation amplitude contributed solely by any one of the four tetrapyrroles in the mixture, from two Soret excitation spectra recorded at emission wavelengths of 674 and 660 nm respectively. The Soret excitation amplitudes are then converted into concentrations by reference to standard calibration curves. The equations are usable with any excitation corrected spectrofluorometer. They are particularly suited for the study of Chl‡catabo‐lism with minimum generation of chemical artifacts.
Molindone hydrochloride: a review of laboratory and clinical findings. (1989)

Molindone hydrochloride, a dihydroindolone neuroleptic, is structurally distinct from other classes of neuroleptics. Molindone exhibits many similarities to other neuroleptics, including dopamine receptor blockade, antipsychotic efficacy, and extrapyramidal side effects. Despite these similarities, molindone also has atypical properties and inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have shown that molindone causes less dopamine receptor supersensitivity than other neuroleptics and thus may be less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia. It also appears to have a greater effect on mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine neurons than on those in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Clinically, molindone has a tendency to cause weight loss and may have less effect on seizure threshold than conventional antipsychotic agents. The authors review the laboratory and clinical data on molindone and discuss the relevance of atypical research findings to the clinical characteristics of this antipsychotic agent.
Kinetics of G-protein–coupled receptor endosomal trafficking pathways revealed by single quantum dots (2010)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest protein superfamily in the human genome; they comprise 30% of current drug targets and regulate diverse cellular signaling responses. The role of endosomal trafficking in GPCR signaling regulation is gaining substantial consideration. However, this process remains difficult to study due to the inability to distinguish among many individual receptors, simultaneously trafficking within multiple endosomal pathways. Here we show accurate measurement of the internalization and endosomal trafficking of single groups of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors using single quantum dot (QD) probes and quantitative colocalization. We demonstrate that the presence of a QD tag does not interfere with 5-HT receptor internalization or endosomal recycling. Direct measurements show simultaneous trafficking of the 5-HT1A receptor in two distinct endosomal recycling pathways. Single-molecule imaging of endosomal trafficking will significantly impact the understanding of cellular signaling and provide powerful tools to elucidate the actions of GPCR-targeted therapeutics.
Characterization of a Zinc-Containing Alcohol Dehydrogenase with Stereoselectivity from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus guaymasensis (2011)

An alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus guaymasensis was purified to homogeneity and was found to be a homotetramer with a subunit size of 40 ± 1 kDa. The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned and sequenced; this gene had 1,095 bp, corresponding to 365 amino acids, and showed high sequence homology to zinc-containing ADHs and l-threonine dehydrogenases with binding motifs of catalytic zinc and NADP(+). Metal analyses revealed that this NADP(+)-dependent enzyme contained 0.9 ± 0.03 g-atoms of zinc per subunit. It was a primary-secondary ADH and exhibited a substrate preference for secondary alcohols and corresponding ketones. Particularly, the enzyme with unusual stereoselectivity catalyzed an anti-Prelog reduction of racemic (R/S)-acetoin to (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol. The optimal pH values for the oxidation and formation of alcohols were 10.5 and 7.5, respectively. Besides being hyperthermostable, the enzyme activity increased as the temperature was elevated up to 95°C. The enzyme was active in the presence of methanol up to 40% (vol/vol) in the assay mixture. The reduction of ketones underwent high efficiency by coupling with excess isopropanol to regenerate NADPH. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme showed that the apparent K(m) values and catalytic efficiency for NADPH were 40 times lower and 5 times higher than those for NADP(+), respectively. The physiological roles of the enzyme were proposed to be in the formation of alcohols such as ethanol or acetoin concomitant to the NADPH oxidation.
Antibacterial effect of polyethyleneimine nanoparticles incorporated in provisional cements against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (2010)

Incorporation of nanoparticles may prevent caries and inflammation, and thereby improve the results of the prosthetic treatment. Further investigation is necessary on the effect on mechanical properties and clinical relevance.
Muscle atrophy in transgenic mice expressing a human TSC1 transgene (2006)

Muscle mass is regulated by a wide range of hormonal and nutritional signals, such as insulin and IGF. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an inherited hamartoma disease with tumor growth in numerous organs. TSC is caused by mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes that negatively regulate insulin-induced S6K activation and cell growth. Here we report that expression of human TSC1 (hTSC1) in mouse skeletal muscle leads to reduction of muscle mass. Expression of hTSC1 stabilizes endogenous TSC2 and leads to inhibition of the mTOR signaling. The hTSC1-mTSC2 hetero-complex and its downstream components remain sensitive to insulin stimulation and nutrition signals. This study suggests that an increase in the steady state level of resident TSC1-TSC2 complex is sufficient to reduce muscle mass and cause atrophy.
Detection of KIR3DS1 on the Cell Surface of Peripheral Blood NK Cells Facilitates Identification of a Novel Null Allele and Assessment of KIR3DS1 Expression during HIV-1 Infection (2007)

KIR3DL1 is a highly polymorphic killer cell Ig-like receptor gene with at least 23 alleles described, including its activating counterpart, KIR3DS1. Recently, the KIR3DS1 allele has been shown to slow progression to AIDS in individuals expressing HLA-Bw4 with isoleucine at position 80. However, due to the lack of a specific Ab, KIR3DS1 expression and function is not well characterized. In this study, we demonstrate KIR3DS1 expression on a substantial subset of peripheral natural killer cells through its recognition by the mAb Z27. The fidelity of this detection method was confirmed by analysis of KIR3DS1 transfectants and the identification of a novel KIR3DS1 null allele. Interestingly, KIR3DS1 is also expressed by a small proportion of CD56(+) T cells. We show that ligation of KIR3DS1 by Z27 leads to NK cell IFN-gamma production and degranulation as assessed by expression of CD107a. Furthermore, we document the persistence of KIR3DS1(+) NK cells in HIV-1 viremic patients. The high frequency of KIR3DS1 expression, along with its ability to activate NK cells, and its maintenance during HIV-1 viremia are consistent with the epidemiological data suggesting a critical role for this receptor in controlling HIV-1 pathogenesis.
A Computer Program for the Selection of Gradient Elution in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1984)

Abstract A computer program is presented for the selection of a gradient mobile phase that will give the same resolution for all the component pairs in the mixture. Each pair is treated as a separate experiment. The computer is used to compile these experiments and to recommend an optimum gradient.
Long-Term Fracture Prediction by DXA and QUS: A 10-Year Prospective Study (2006)

In conclusion, it may be possible to scan women around the time of the menopause to predict future fractures. It seems that, for "osteoporotic" fractures, BUA may be an improved predictor of fractures in comparison with DXA, because the relative risk is highest for BUA, and independent of BMD.
A comparison of clinical and photographic scoring using the TF and modified DDE indices. (1998)

There was good agreement between the TF and modified DDE indices when recording the distribution of milder types of enamel opacities in a population of 9-year-old children.
Translating written material for community health research and service delivery: guidelines to enhance the process. (1994)

Translating health promotion and research material for cross-cultural use is costly and time-consuming. Methods to enhance the translation process are reviewed. The concept of equivalence and non-statistical approaches to achieve equivalence are presented. Utilization of these approaches may help strengthen the development of health promotion material and community health research instruments for use with ethnically diverse populations.
The Silicon Diode Array Camera Tube (1969)

A new electronic camera tube has been developed for Picturephone® visual telephone applications; with minor modifications it should also be suitable for conventional television systems. The image sensing target of the new camera consists of a planar array of reversed biased silicon photodiodes which are accessed by a low energy scanning electron beam similar to that used in a conventional vidicon. This paper presents a description of the operating principles and an analysis of the sensitivity and resolution capabilities of the new silicon diode array camera tube. We also give the detailed experimental results obtained with the tubes. The gamma of a silicon diode array camera tube is unity and its spectral response is virtually uniform over the wavelength range from 0.45 to 0.90 micron with an effective quantum yield greater than 50 percent. For a 13.4 millimeter square target the silicon diode array camera tube's sensitivity is 20 μamp foot-candles of faceplate illumination with normal incandescent illumination or 1.3 μamp per foot-candle with fluorescent illumination; with a center-to-center diode spacing of 15 micron it's modulation transfer function is greater than 60 percent for a spatial frequency of 14 cycles per millimeter. Typical dark currents for a 13.4 millimeter square target are in the range of 5 to 50 nanoamperes.
Bypassing stereoselectivity in the early steps of alkaloid biosynthesis (2009)

Total synthesis of glycosylated seco-iridoid stereoisomers allows the identification and bypassing of the stereoselectivity of early steps in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
Flexure Mounts For High-Resolution Optical Elements (1988)

Flexures are passive mechanical-structural devices used to isolate optical elements from the mechanical and thermal effects of the structural support system in such a way that these effects on optical instrument quality are minimized. Mechanical effects include gravity, and inertial and vibratory loadings, as well as possible stresses resulting from assembly errors. Thermal effects include both steady-state and transient environments. For example, if an optical device, with a mirror or lens having a coefficient of thermal expansion orders of magnitude less than that of the material of the support structure (e.g., steel or aluminum), is assembled at a given temperature but operates in a thermally different environment, the optical quality of the instrument may degrade very significantly unless the mirror or lens is isolated from the thermal strain of the support structure. Normally, the mechanical precision of the mount is much less than the precision of the optical surface of the element. If the optical element is rigidly clamped to the mount, this lack of precision in the mount may distort the optical element, and degrade the optical quality of the element.
Vitrification of immature bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes: effects of cryoprotectants, the vitrification procedure and warming time on cleavage and embryo development (2012)

The permeating cryoprotectants (EG and DMSO) present in VS1 and VS2 solutions and the time in the warming solution containing sucrose had no adverse effects on cleavage and blastocyst rates of immature bovine COCs. However, cleavage rate and early embryo development were reduced following the vitrification and warming.
Development of Carbon-Based “Molecular Basket” Sorbent for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2012)

The objective of the present study is to develop a new type of “molecular basket” sorbent (MBS) by using inexpensive and commercially available carbon materials instead of mesoporous silica molecular sieves as supports for CO2 capture from flue gas. Several commercial carbon materials, including activated carbons and carbon blacks, with different pore sizes and pore volumes have been used to prepare the carbon-based MBS (CB-MBS) by loading the CO2-philic polyethylenimine (PEI) on them. The CO2 sorption performance of the prepared CB-MBS was evaluated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and a fixed-bed flow sorption system. Effects of the pore properties of the carbon supports, PEI loading amount, sorption temperature, and moisture on the sorption capacity were examined. A sorption capacity of 135 mg-CO2/g-sorb was obtained by loading 50 wt % PEI on a carbon black, which is almost the same as that of PEI(50)/SBA-15 prepared by loading 50 wt % PEI on SBA-15. The higher CO2 sorption capacity of 154 mg-CO2/g-sorb was achieved when increasing the PEI loading on the carbon black to 65 wt %. Characterization of the porous structure of the carbon materials indicates that the high sorption capacity of the carbon-black-supported PEI sorbents can be ascribed to their high pore volume and large pore size. It was further found that the volume-based capacity of PEI(50)/C4 was even higher than that of PEI(50)/SBA-15 by 57% due to the higher packing density (0.35 g/mL) of the former than that (0.22 g/mL) of the latter. Because of its high CO2 sorption performance and low preparation cost, the carbon-based MBS could be a promising sorbent for cost-efficient CO2 capture from flue gas.
Elucidating protein dynamics and function using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ( <scp>FCS</scp> ) (2005)

Abstract The principles and most prominent recent applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) are outlined, with special focus on intracellular studies, particularly protein dynamics and interactions in situ. FCS is a very valuable alternative to other fluorescence‐based techniques such as FRET, due to its extreme sensitivity that can readily reach the single‐molecule level, and due to its high temporal resolution that allows us to study molecular dynamics on millisecond to microsecond scales.
Engineered chloroplast dsRNA silences <i>cytochrome p450 monooxygenase</i>,<i> V</i>‐<i>ATPase</i> and <i>chitin synthase</i> genes in the insect gut and disrupts <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> larval development and pupation (2015)

In the past two decades, chloroplast genetic engineering has been advanced to achieve high-level protein accumulation but not for down-regulation of targeted genes. Therefore, in this report, lepidopteran chitin synthase (Chi), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and V-ATPase dsRNAs were expressed via the chloroplast genome to study RNA interference (RNAi) of target genes in intended hosts. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed homoplasmy and site-specific integration of transgene cassettes into the chloroplast genomes. Northern blots and real-time qRT-PCR confirmed abundant processed and unprocessed dsRNA transcripts (up to 3.45 million copies of P450 dsRNAs/μg total RNA); the abundance of cleaved dsRNA was greater than the endogenous psbA transcript. Feeding of leaves expressing P450, Chi and V-ATPase dsRNA decreased transcription of the targeted gene to almost undetectable levels in the insect midgut, likely after further processing of dsRNA in their gut. Consequently, the net weight of larvae, growth and pupation rates were significantly reduced by chloroplast-derived dsRNAs. Taken together, successful expression of dsRNAs via the chloroplast genome for the first time opens the door to study RNA interference/processing within plastids. Most importantly, dsRNA expressed in chloroplasts can be utilized for gene inactivation to confer desired agronomic traits or for various biomedical applications, including down-regulation of dysfunctional genes in cancer or autoimmune disorders, after oral delivery of dsRNA bioencapsulated within plant cells.