gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
p53 gene mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinoma. (1992)

In order to clarify the significance of mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the genesis and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an aflatoxin B1 low-exposure area, the spectrum, i.e., incidence, type, and site, of p53 gene mutations was examined in 169 tissue samples resected mainly from Japanese patients using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Forty-nine tumors (29%) showed a p53 mutation (39 point mutations and 10 frameshifts). The point mutations comprised 18 transitions, only 4 of which occurred at CpG sites, and 21 transversions. Two evolutionarily conserved domains, IV and V, contained 65% of all mutations and codon 249 was the most frequent mutation site (7/49). The spectrum of p53 mutation did not differ among HCCs in relation to the type of hepatitis virus infection, sex, age, and background liver disease of patients, tumor size, or presence of metastasis, but incidence and site were significantly associated with the degree of differentiation of cancer cells. In poorly differentiated HCC, p53 mutation was frequent (54%) and clustered on domains IV and V, whereas in well or moderately differentiated HCC, the mutation was less frequent (21%) and equally distributed on domains II to V. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17p in 55 (69%) of 80 informative cases and in 34 (95%) of 36 cases with p53 mutation. Therefore, p53 gene mutation is suggested to occur independently of the type of viral infection or status of preexisting liver disease and to occur preferentially in moderately and poorly differentiated HCCs in association with or after loss of another p53 allele as a late event of HCC progression.
Automatic Service Deployment Using Virtualisation (2008)

Manual deployment of the application usually requires expertise both about the underlying system and the application. Automatic service deployment can improve deployment significantly by using on-demand deployment and self-healing services. To support these features this paper describes an extension the globus workspace service. This extension includes creating virtual appliances for grid services, service deployment from a repository, and influencing the service schedules by altering execution planning services, candidate set generators or information systems.
Mitigation of harmonic and inter-harmonic effects in nonlinear power converters (2010)

cheering me up, sharing my concerns and worries, and giving great helps.Needless to say, I would like to thank to my parents, Chabong Cho and Okhee Chang, for their love, numerous prayers for me, and unlimited trust.I greatly appreciate to my fiance, Dohee Kim, for taking care of me 24/7 with love over a long distance.
Laryngeal reflex responses are not modulated during human voice and respiratory tasks (2007)

The laryngeal adductor response (LAR) is a protective reflex that prevents aspiration and can be elicited either by electrical stimulation of afferents in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or by deflection of mechanoreceptors in the laryngeal mucosa. We hypothesized that because this reflex is life-sustaining, laryngeal muscle responses to sensory stimuli would not be suppressed during volitional laryngeal tasks when compared to quiet respiration. Unilateral electrical superior laryngeal nerve stimulation was used to elicit early (R1) and late (R2) responses in the ipsilateral thyroarytenoid muscle in 10 healthy subjects. The baseline levels of muscle activity before stimulation, R1 and R2 response occurrence and the integrals of responses were measured during each task: quiet inspiration, prolonged vowels, humming, forced inhalation and effort closure. We tested whether R1 response integrals during tasks were equal to either: (1) baseline muscle activity during the task added to the response integral at rest; (2) the response integral at rest minus the baseline muscle activity during the task; or (3) the response integral at rest. R1 response occurrence was not altered by task from rest while fewer R2 responses occurred only during effort closure and humming compared to rest. Because the R1 response integrals did not change from rest, task increases in motor neuron firing did not alter the LAR. These findings demonstrate that laryngeal motor neuron responses to sensory inputs are not gated during volitional tasks confirming the robust life-sustaining protective mechanisms provided by this airway reflex.
Negative role of inducible PD-1 on survival of activated dendritic cells (2013)

PD-1 is a well-established negative regulator of T cell responses by inhibiting proliferation and cytokine production of T cells via interaction with its ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2), expressed on non-T cells. Recently, PD-1 was found to be expressed in innate cells, including activated DCs, and plays roles in suppressing production of inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we demonstrate that PD-1 KO DCs exhibited prolonged longevity compared with WT DCs in the dLNs after transfer of DCs into hind footpads. Interestingly, upon LPS stimulation, WT DCs increased the expression of PD-1 and started to undergo apoptosis. DCs, in spleen of LPS-injected PD-1 KO mice, were more resistant to LPS-mediated apoptosis in vivo than WT controls. Moreover, treatment of blocking anti-PD-1 mAb during DC maturation resulted in enhanced DC survival, suggesting that PD-1:PD-L interactions are involved in DC apoptosis. As a result, PD-1-deficient DCs augmented T cell responses in terms of antigen-specific IFN-γ production and proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells to a greater degree than WT DCs. Moreover, PD-1 KO DCs exhibited increased MAPK1 and CD40-CD40L signaling, suggesting a possible mechanism for enhanced DC survival in the absence of PD-1 expression. Taken together, our findings further extend the function of PD-1, which plays an important role in apoptosis of activated DCs and provides important implications for PD-1-mediated immune regulation.
Computer-aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis (2010)

The protocol presented in this article may represent a viable way to position craniofacial implants for supporting nasal prostheses.
Relationship between proportion and composition of albumins, and <i>in vitro</i> protein digestibility of raw and cooked pea seeds (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) (2010)

The quantitative ratio of albumins and globulins, and the quantitative variations of albumin protein components, including lipoxygenase, PA2, lectins and trypsin inhibitors, appear to influence the protein digestibility of both raw and cooked pea seeds.
Chemostat studies of a mixed culture growing on phenolics. (1990)

The growth of a mixed culture was studied in a two stage chemostat with growth limited by phenolics. The first stage provided a fully viable, adapted population that was fed at a constant rate to the second stage, where the concentration of phenolics could be varied. The population exhibited inhibition kinetics at high concentrations of phe nolics. The viability of the culture decreased with increasing dilution rate, or with increasing phenolic concentration. The nonviable population did not utilize significant amounts of substrate, but ignoring viability can lead to a significant underestimate of the growth rate. The mainte nance requirements were insignificant at noninhibitory levels of phenolics, but rose to 0.15 g/g*h at inhibitory levels, possibly due to the need to repair damaged cell membranes. Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 62, 684(1990).
Hologram fixing in Bi_12TiO_20 using heating and an ac electric field (1989)

We demonstrate hologram fixing in Bi(12)TiO(20) using a technique involving thermal cycling and an external ac field.
A Survey on Generative Adversarial Networks: Variants, Applications, and Training (2021)

The Generative Models have gained considerable attention in unsupervised learning via a new and practical framework called Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) due to their outstanding data generation capability. Many GAN models have been proposed, and several practical applications have emerged in various domains of computer vision and machine learning. Despite GANs excellent success, there are still obstacles to stable training. The problems are Nash equilibrium, internal covariate shift, mode collapse, vanishing gradient, and lack of proper evaluation metrics. Therefore, stable training is a crucial issue in different applications for the success of GANs. Herein, we survey several training solutions proposed by different researchers to stabilize GAN training. We discuss (I) the original GAN model and its modified versions, (II) a detailed analysis of various GAN applications in different domains, and (III) a detailed study about the various GAN training obstacles as well as training solutions. Finally, we reveal several issues as well as research outlines to the topic.
Credentials (2011)

As a ‘mark of especial favour’, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is entrusted with the task of taking news of the Russian victory at Krems to the Austrian Court. The battle has recorded itself on the Prince in the form of a slight graze on his hand: now, as he journeys on his errand, he formulates his own record of events, imagining himself stating each detail to the Emperor Francis ‘in due sequence, word for word’. As well as picturing his delivery of the news, he also pleasurably anticipates its reception: ‘vividly he imagined the casual questions that might be put to him and the answers he would give’. Driving in his post-chaise, he cuts an impressive figure, stopping to distribute gold pieces to wounded soldiers. The errand will not only ensure him a decoration but also constitutes an important step towards promotion.
Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar (1983)

In modern secondary surveillance radar (SSR) the monopulse technique is currently introduced for the measurement of the azimuth of the targets. The monopulse technique is based on a suitable processing of signals received by a multiple antenna. In SSR the signals are generated by a transponder on the aircraft as replies to interrogations from ground equipment, and consist of trains of pulses. The monopulse measurements can be carried out on the basis of a single pulse from each train, so that it provides a great number of azimuth estimates. Many monopulse measurement devices exist, corresponding to different processing techniques. From the point of view of accuracy and precision, their behaviors differ with respect to the sources of errors, both internal (noise and imperfect calibrations) and external (interference and propagation effects). The four main types of monopulse receivers are analyzed here with respect to the effects of the internal error sources on the resulting measurement accuracy. After an introductory discussion of the performances of the receivers, a detailed analysis is carried out on the basis of a general mathematical model. The results are given in an analytical form and in some comprehensive diagrams.
Minimal-Bracketing Sets for High-Dynamic-Range Image Capture (2008)

This paper considers the problem of high-dynamic-range (HDR) image capture using low-dynamic-range (LDR) cameras. We present three different minimal-bracketing algorithms for computing minimum-sized exposure sets bracketing of HDR scenes. Each algorithm is applicable to a different HDR-imaging scenario depending on the amount of target-scene-irradiance information and real-time image processing available at the time of image acquisition. We prove the optimality of each algorithm with respect to its ability to obtain a theoretically minimum-size bracketing set of exposures. We also provide closed-form expressions for computing minimal-bracketing exposure sets for two common types of HDR-imaging systems, those with geometrically varying and arithmetically varying exposure settings. We experimentally demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methods by capturing and processing multiple HDR scenes using minimal-bracketing and 1-stop bracketing methods. The results show that minimal-bracketing can be used to produce high-quality HDR images, while requiring only one third as many LDR images be acquired compared to 1-stop bracketing. We also perform a detailed SNR analysis that quantifies the tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio and image-bracketing-set size.
An RNA stem-loop structure directs hepatitis B virus genomic RNA encapsidation (1993)

Selective encapsidation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomic RNA within cytoplasmic core particles requires recognition of the cis-encapsidation signal, (termed epsilon) located at the 5' end of genomic RNA. By transfecting plasmids expressing chimeric RNAs bearing HBV sequences fused to lacZ, we have mapped the minimal region of epsilon to the 5' 94 nucleotides (nt) of genomic RNA. Enzymatic probing of the RNA secondary structure in this region (by using either in vitro transcripts or RNA extracted from HBV core particles) reveals a stem-loop structure containing a lower stem, a 6-nt bulge, an upper stem with a single unpaired U residue, and a 6-nt loop. The functional role of this structure in encapsidation was explored by examining the effects of mutations in epsilon on encapsidation of RNA in vivo. These studies reveal that (i) in the lower stem, base pairing but not specific primary sequence is required for function; (ii) there is no requirement for base pairing in the lower portion of the upper stem, but base pairing elsewhere in this stem contributes to packaging efficiency; (iii) the presence of the 6-nt bulge, but not its primary sequence, is important for function; and (iv) specific nucleotide sequences in the loop and in regions of the upper stem are critical for RNA encapsidation.
Liquid phase solvent bonding of plastic microfluidic devices assisted by retention grooves (2015)

We report a novel method for achieving consistent liquid phase solvent bonding of plastic microfluidic devices via the use of retention grooves at the bonding interface. The grooves are patterned during the regular microfabrication process, and can be placed at the periphery of a device, or surrounding microfluidic features with open ports, where they effectively mitigate solvent evaporation, and thus substantially reduce poor bond coverage. This method is broadly applicable to a variety of plastics and solvents, and produces devices with high bond quality (i.e., coverage, strength, and microfeature fidelity) that are suitable for studies in physics, chemistry, and cell biology at the microscale.
Cellular origin of pro-coagulant and (anti)-fibrinolytic factors in bleomycin-injured lungs (2007)

Excessive pro-coagulant and decreased fibrinolytic activities in the alveolar compartment have been repeatedly documented for inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases. The current authors determined the contribution of different resident lung cells to the altered local production of coagulation- and fibrinolysis-system components in bleomycin-injured mouse lungs via cell-specific and quantitative assessment of mRNA levels of various pro-coagulant and (anti)-fibrinolytic factors. Laser-assisted microdissection technology was used to sample specific cell populations in combination with subsequent mRNA analysis by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Additionally, western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and activity assays were performed. Following bleomycin challenge, the strongest induction of tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 mRNA expression was observed in alveolar macrophages (approximately 250- and 60-fold induction, respectively). These factors were also upregulated in alveolar type II cells, but to an approximately six-fold lesser extent. In contrast, PAI-2 expression was induced exclusively in alveolar macrophages. A slight increase of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression was also observed in alveolar macrophages (two-fold induction), but uPA activity was reduced due to a disproportionate increase of PAI production. Alveolar macrophages and, to a lesser extent, alveolar type II cells are the main sources of locally produced pro-coagulant and anti-fibrinolytic factors in bleomycin-injured lungs.
Cleaning Liquids for Motion Picture Film (1927)

It is necessary to clean motion picture film at various stages in its progress from the laboratory to the theatre to remove: (1) Dirt on the base side of negative or positive film; (2) Dirt or grease which may accumulate on negative film during printing; (3) Dirt and oil which accumulates on positive film during projection.
Filter Design Method for Loudspeaker Equalization Based on IIR Parametric Filters (2006)

A novel method for the equalization of loudspeakers and other audio systems using IIR (infinite impulse response) parametric filters is presented. The main characteristic of the proposed filter design method resides in the fact that the equalization structure is planned from the beginning as a chain of SOSs (second-order sections), where each SOS is a low-pass, high-pass, or peak filter, defined by its parameters. The algorithm combines a direct search method with a heuristic parametric optimization process where constraints on the values could be imposed in order to obtain practical implementations. A psychoacoustic model based on the detection of peaks and dips in the frequency response has been employed to determine which ones need to be equalized, reducing the filter order without noticeable effect. The first computed sections of the designed filter are the ones that correct the response more effectively, allowing scalable solutions when hardware limitations exist or different degrees of correction are needed. The method has been validated with subjective testing and compared with other methods. Its results could be applied to passive and multiway active loudspeakers.
Effects of the human CD38 glycoprotein on the early stages of the HIV‐1 replication cycle (1999)

CD38 displays lateral association with the HIV-1 receptor CD4. This association is potentiated by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. The aim of this work was to evaluate the CD38 role in T cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Using laboratory X4 HIV-1 strains and X4 and X4/R5 primary isolates, we found that CD38 expression was negatively correlated to cell susceptibility to infection, evaluated as percentage of infected cells, release of HIV p24 in the supernatants, and cytopathogenicity. This correlation was at first suggested by results obtained in a panel of human CD4(+) T cell lines expressing different CD38 levels (MT-4, MT-2, C8166, CEMx174, Supt-1, and H9) and then demonstrated using CD38 transfectants of MT-4 cells (the line with the lowest CD38 expression). To address whether CD38 affected viral binding, we used mouse T cells that are non-permissive for productive infection. Gene transfection in mouse SR.D10.CD4(-).F1 T cells produced four lines expressing human CD4 and/or CD38. Ability of CD4(+)CD38(+)cells to bind HIV-1 or purified recombinant gp120 was significantly lower than that of CD4(+)CD38(-) cells. These data suggest that CD38 expression inhibits lymphocyte susceptibility to HIV infection, probably by inhibiting gp120/CD4-dependent viral binding to target cells.-Savarino, A., Bottarel, F., Calosso, L., Feito, M. J., Bensi, T., Bragardo, M., Rojo, J. M., Pugliese, A., Abbate, I., Capobianchi, M. R., Dianzani, F., Malavasi, F., and Dianzani, U. Effects of the human CD38 glycoprotein on the early stages of theHIV-1 replication cycle.
Lightning surge analysis of Faraday cage using alternative transient program‐electromagnetic transients program (2016)

Lightning surge analysis of protective structures is significant for the design of system. However, simulation models are limited. In this study, a Faraday cage with four air terminals and 2 × 6 grounding rods built to protect a switchyard control building in a 380 kV substation is simulated in alternative transient program for the analysis of lightning surges. Distributed line modelling is used for cage conductors. Down conductors are represented by considering non‐uniform variation of the conductor parameters. Current waveforms through the system and voltages at some critical points after a lightning stroke are computed. The traditional lightning parameters needed in structural protection such as lightning peak current, maximum current derivative, current rise time and current duration are determined. The effects of mesh size and some system parameters such as grounding resistance and lightning surge impedance are investigated.
Phosphonic acid esters as thermally latent initiatiors: Initiation process in the polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (2000)

The initiating species of phosphonic acid esters serving as thermally latent initiators was investigated in the cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE). O,O-Di-t-butyl phenylphosphonate (1 H) dissociated into phenylphosphonic acid and isobutene on heating to 150°C. 2H NMR spectroscopic study was carried out to examine the alkyl initiating species in the cationic polymeriaztion of GPE with O,O-di-t-butyl-d9 phenylphosphonate (1 D) in the presence of ZnCl2. A signal based on the t-butyl-d9 group was observed in the obtained polymer. The cationic polymerization of GPE with phosphonic acid was carried out to examine the proton initiating species at 170°C. GPE was converted quantitatively to the corresponding. It was suggested that both the alkyl cation and the proton serve as the initiating species in the cationic polymerization of GPE.
Inspection techniques for detecting corrosion under insulation (1997)

Corrosion under insulation is a real threat to the onstream reliability of many of today`s plants. This type of corrosion can cause failures in areas that are not normally of a primary concern to an inspection program. The failures are often the result of localized corrosion and not general wasting over a large area. These failures can be catastrophic in nature or at least have an adverse economic effect in terms of downtime and repairs. Corrosion under insulation is difficult to find because of the insulation cover that masks the problem until it is too late. It is expensive to remove the insulation, particularly if asbestos is involved. There are a number of methods used today to inspect for corrosion under insulation. The main ones are profile radiography, ultrasonic spot readings, and insulation removal. The other method now available is real time X-ray. Real time X-ray has proven to be a safe, fast, and effective method of inspecting pipe in plant operations.