gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Method for recognizing multiple radiation fields in computed radiography</title> (1999)

An algorithm is developed to detect collimation regions in computed radiography images. Based on a priori knowledge of the collimation process, the algorithm consists of four major stages of operations: (1) pixel-level detection and classification of collimation boundary transition pixels; (2) line-level delineation of candidate collimation blades; (3) estimation of the most likely partitioning; and (4) region- level determination of the collimation configuration. This algorithm has been tested on a set of 8,436 images, which includes 7,703 single-exposure images and 733 multiple- exposure images. An overall success rate in excess of 99% has been achieved.
Survey of CO sub 2 laser development for space applications (1968)

This report presents the status of C02 laser development with special emphasis on those qualities which are relevant to the needs of NASA.The first NASA application of a C02 laser is expected to be in the development and testing of an optical communication link from a synchronous orbit to Earth using heterodyne detection.The transmitter for this link will be a small, low-powered, space-qualified C02 laser with stable, single-frequency, single-mode operation, and dependable, long operating life.In this report, the brief history of C02 laser development is surveyed and a somethat simplified qualitative discussion of the C02 laser and the various additives is presented.Then the current level of development is compared to what is desired.It is found that the C02 laser is especially suited for single-frequency operation; stable, single-frequency C02 lasers have been built and tested in heterodyne communication systems in the laboratory.Many of the requirements for space qualification can be met by proper design.The most difficult design problem will probably be the cooling of the discharge tube.The major problem is that of obtaining dependable, long operating life in a sealed-off C02 laser.Considerable progress has been made and, hopefully, continuing research will establish a basis for designing a long-lived C02 laser.
Contactless energy transmission to mobile loads by CLPS-test driving of an EV with starter batteries (1997)

Starting and driving methods of contactless power transmission to electric vehicles are proposed. By employing rectangular and spiral coils for primary and secondary windings, respectively, for a contactless power station (CLPS), over 200 W of electric power was transmitted to the authors' fabricated EV motor setup and verified its actual operation on it. The EV is a compact prototype driven by CLPS, loaded with a lightweight battery. The battery supplies a part of transient current arising from starting and acceleration of EV. The CLPS-powered prototype could actually be driven at 30 km/h for an overall energy consumption of 100 W. Driving tests with and without CLPS using a "10-mode" driving schedule were executed and compared.
Probing the structure and in silico stability of cargo loaded DNA icosahedra using MD simulations (2017)

Platonic solids such as polyhedra based on DNA have been deployed for multifarious applications such as RNAi delivery, biological targeting and bioimaging. All of these applications hinge on the capability of DNA polyhedra for molecular display with high spatial precision. Therefore high resolution structural models of such polyhedra are critical to widen their applications in both materials and biology. Here, we present an atomistic model of a well-characterized DNA icosahedron, with demonstrated versatile functionalities in biological systems. We study the structure and dynamics of this DNA icosahedron using fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in explicit water and ions. The major modes of internal motion have been identified using principal component analysis. We provide a quantitative estimate of the radius of gyration (R<sub>g</sub>), solvent accessible surface area (SASA) and volume of the icosahedron which is essential to estimate its maximal cargo carrying capacity. Importantly, our simulation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) encapsulated within DNA icosahedra revealed enhanced stability of the AuNP loaded DNA icosahedra compared to empty icosahedra. This is consistent with the experimental results that show high yields of cargo-encapsulated DNA icosahedra that have led to its diverse applications for precision targeting. These studies reveal that the stabilizing interactions between the cargo and the DNA scaffold powerfully position DNA polyhedra as targetable nanocapsules for payload delivery. These insights can be exploited for precise molecular display for diverse biological applications.
Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-one, pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-5-one and pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazol-6-one (three isomeric azapyrrolizinones), by pyrolysis of Meldrum's acid derivatives (1987)

Reaction of Meldrum's acid with the imidazole- and pyrazole-carbaldehydes (9)–(11) gave the condensation products (6), (7a), and (8) which were pyrolysed in the gas phase to give the title azaanalogues (2)–(4) of pyrrolizin-3-one (1), as air-sensitive yellow solids.
The Cariostatic Effect of Calcium Glycerophosphate in Monkeys (1972)

In extension of previous experiments, a study was devised to test the effect on caries activity of adding calcium glycerophosphate to the diet of monkeys. Five experimental and 6 control animals were fed a high carbohydrate diet. Both groups of animals received icing sugar 5 times daily but that fed to the experimental animals contained 1% calcium glycerophosphate. After 30 months it was observed that the control animals had 47 carious lesions and the experimental animals 8 (p < 0.01). All the control animals developed dental caries, whereas 3 of the experimental animals remained caries-free. Higher levels of calcium, and lower concentrations of soluble and insoluble carbohydrate were observed in the plaque of experimental animals than in plaque of the control monkeys. No differences were observed in the protein and total phosphate content. Both the fasting pH values of plaque and those observed 20 min after the application of sucrose were higher in the experimental animals. Slightly higher counts of micro-organisms were found in plaque from the experimental animals.
Geometric tree matching with applications to 3D lung structures (1996)

No abstract available.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ASSAY FOR OESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN PARAFFIN WAX SECTIONS OF BREAST CARCINOMA USING A NEW MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (1996)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a new monoclonal antibody (AER311) that targets the oestrogen receptor (ER) in an immunohistochemical assay (IHA) applied to breast cancers. Ninety-seven cases of invasive ductal carcinoma were studied by AER311-IHA using a pressure-cooking antigen retrieval technique applied to formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections; immunostaining was assessed by semi-quantitative scoring (H score). There was 80 per cent concordance between the ER status measured by dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assay and AER311-IHA, with 63/97 (65 per cent) tumours positive and 15/97 (15 per cent) tumours negative by both assays. Of the 12 DCC-positive cases that were negative by AER311-IHA, 11 were borderline positive (3-8 fmol/mg). Similarly, six of seven DCC-negative cases that scored positive by AER311-IHA had only borderline positive H scores (< 50). When AER311-IHA was compared with ID5-IHA, there was good concordance in ER status (77 per cent) and a significant correlation (r = 0.7, P < 0.001) between H scores. Nevertheless, the correlation between ER level determined by AER311-IHA and that measured by DCC (r = 0.53, P < 0.001) was higher than that for 1D5-IHA (r = 0.32, P = 0.002). AER311-IHA can therefore provide reliable information about the ER status of breast carcinoma on paraffin sections and is an acceptable alternative to other commercially available monoclonal antibodies.
Quantized Spiking Neuron With A/D Conversion Functions (2006)

This brief presents a simple artificial spiking neuron and proposes its application to an A/D converter. Depending on the initial state, which is an analog input, the neuron can generate spike trains having various spike position patterns. Based on spike position modulation, the spike train can be symbolized by a digital output. As a result, the analog input can be encoded into the digital output. Adjusting a reconfigurable parameter, the neuron can realize various encodings such as binary and Gray encodings. This brief also proposes a simple reconfigurable implementation circuit and experimentally confirms typical A/D conversion functions
Effects of manganese deposits from MMT on automotive catalysts in the absence and presence of other fuel additives (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of manganese deposits from MMT on automotive catalysts in the absence and presence of other fuel additivesK. Otto and R. J. SulakCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1978, 12, 2, 181–184Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60138a008https://doi.org/10.1021/es60138a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Common Formula for the Combined Torsional Mesh Stiffness of Spur Gears (2007)

This paper presents the results of a detailed two-dimensional analysis of the torsional stiffness of several pairs of spur gears in mesh using finite element methods. The model on which this research is based allows the generation of pairs of spur gears in contact with several different parameters and includes an adaptive meshing algorithm for the contact zones. The FEA results from the various model settings are used to develop a common formula for the combined torsional stiffness of spur gears in mesh. The torsional mesh stiffness of gears in mesh consists of three main components which are the body, teeth and contact stiffnesses. The introduced formula uses these three parts to determine the stiffness for a wide range of gear and gear ratio combinations.
Face Search at Scale: 80 Million Gallery (2015)

Due to the prevalence of social media websites, one challenge facing computer vision researchers is to devise methods to process and search for persons of interest among the billions of shared photos on these websites. Facebook revealed in a 2013 white paper that its users have uploaded more than 250 billion photos, and are uploading 350 million new photos each day. Due to this humongous amount of data, large-scale face search for mining web images is both important and challenging. Despite significant progress in face recognition, searching a large collection of unconstrained face images has not been adequately addressed. To address this challenge, we propose a face search system which combines a fast search procedure, coupled with a state-of-the-art commercial off the shelf (COTS) matcher, in a cascaded framework. Given a probe face, we first filter the large gallery of photos to find the top-k most similar faces using deep features generated from a convolutional neural network. The k candidates are re-ranked by combining similarities from deep features and the COTS matcher. We evaluate the proposed face search system on a gallery containing 80 million web-downloaded face images. Experimental results demonstrate that the deep features are competitive with state-of-the-art methods on unconstrained face recognition benchmarks (LFW and IJB-A). Further, the proposed face search system offers an excellent trade-off between accuracy and scalability on datasets consisting of millions of images. Additionally, in an experiment involving searching for face images of the Tsarnaev brothers, convicted of the Boston Marathon bombing, the proposed face search system could find the younger brother's (Dzhokhar Tsarnaev) photo at rank 1 in 1 second on a 5M gallery and at rank 8 in 7 seconds on an 80M gallery.
Impaired fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (2002)

The mechanisms contributing to bleeding complications in dengue hemorrhagic fever were studied by investigating the pattern of activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in 50 children with severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Thirteen patients (26%) died, and activation of coagulation was most pronounced in the deceased group. Fibrinolysis was also activated, but this activation was relatively weak compared with that of coagulation as a result of persistently high plasminogen activator inhibitor levels. Plasminogen activator inhibitor also prevented a switch from the procoagulant to the profibrinolytic state in lethal dengue hemorrhagic fever, which was further enhanced by an acquired protein C deficiency. The present study is the first to demonstrate such a mechanism in a viral infection. This imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis may be used as a prognostic marker, but it may also be a target for future therapeutic intervention.
Identification of Neural Crest and Glial Enhancers at the Mouse Sox10 Locus through Transgenesis in Zebrafish (2008)

Sox10 is a dynamically regulated transcription factor gene that is essential for the development of neural crest-derived and oligodendroglial populations. Developmental genes often require multiple regulatory sequences that integrate discrete and overlapping functions to coordinate their expression. To identify Sox10 cis-regulatory elements, we integrated multiple model systems, including cell-based screens and transposon-mediated transgensis in zebrafish, to scrutinize mammalian conserved, noncoding genomic segments at the mouse Sox10 locus. We demonstrate that eight of 11 Sox10 genomic elements direct reporter gene expression in transgenic zebrafish similar to patterns observed in transgenic mice, despite an absence of observable sequence conservation between mice and zebrafish. Multiple segments direct expression in overlapping populations of neural crest derivatives and glial cells, ranging from pan-Sox10 and pan-neural crest regulatory control to the modulation of expression in subpopulations of Sox10-expressing cells, including developing melanocytes and Schwann cells. Several sequences demonstrate overlapping spatial control, yet direct expression in incompletely overlapping developmental intervals. We were able to partially explain neural crest expression patterns by the presence of head to head SoxE family binding sites within two of the elements. Moreover, we were able to use this transcription factor binding site signature to identify the corresponding zebrafish enhancers in the absence of overall sequence homology. We demonstrate the utility of zebrafish transgenesis as a high-fidelity surrogate in the dissection of mammalian gene regulation, especially those with dynamically controlled developmental expression.
Sintering of solution-based nano-particles by a UV laser pulse train (2011)

Sintering of palladium (Pd) and silicon (Si) nano-particles (NPs) by a 266nm laser pulse train on ink-printed films was investigated. Organic Pd-ink, and organic Si-ink were used as precursors. A high repetition rate DPSS laser (up to 300 kHz, 25ns, 266nm, Coherent AVIA series), which produces a ns pulse train with 3.3 μs -33.3 μs interval of pulse-topulse, was used as the heating source. Highly electrically conductive Pd (Resistivity=~150μΩ·cm) thin film on PET substrate and semi-conductive Si (Resistivity=~23kΩ·cm) thin film on glass substrate were successfully obtained with this laser pulse train sintering process. The sintered films were characterized by AFM, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The pulse train heating process was also numerically simulated.
Hardware security strategies exploiting nanoelectronic circuits (2013)

Hardware security has emerged as an important field of study aimed at mitigating issues such as piracy, counterfeiting, and side channel attacks. One popular solution for such hardware security attacks are physical unclonable functions (PUF) which provide a hardware specific unique signature or identification. The uniqueness of a PUF depends on intrinsic process variations within individual integrated circuits. As process variations become more prevalent due to technology scaling into the nanometer regime, novel nanoelectronic technologies such as memristors become viable options for improved security in emerging integrated circuits. In this paper, we provide an overview of memristor based PUF structures and circuits that illustrate the potential for nanoelectronic hardware security solutions.
Thin-film coatings--a transmission ellipsometric function approach:<br/>I Nonnegative transmission systems, polarization devices, coatings, and closed-form design formulas (2006)

The transmission ellipsometric function (TEF) of a film-substrate system relates the polarization change, upon transmission, of an electromagnetic wave obliquely incident on, and transmitted through, a film-substrate system. The behavior of the TEF depends on the category of the film-substrate system: negative, zero, or positive. The category is determined by the sign of [equation in text]: negative for a negative film-substrate system, zero for a zero system, and positive for a positive system. We discuss the behavior of the TEFs of the two transparent nonnegative film-substrate systems, zero and positive. We describe the TEF as two successive transformations and analyze its behavior as the angle of incidence and film thickness of the film-substrate system are changed. We use the constant-angle-of-incidence contours and constant- thickness contours to analyze and utilize that behavior. From the analysis and understanding of the behavior of the TEF, and from the definition of a polarization device as a film-substrate system that introduces prescribed polarization changes, we discuss the design of all possible types of polarization devices using either of the two systems. We present a design formula for each. We also present a general formula that is used for the design of any of the devices. Thin-film coatings are treated as polarization devices for the purposes of our discussion. We conclude with a brief discussion of suggested practical modifications to, and simplifications of, ellipsometric memory, which is an interesting application of polarization devices for which there is a patent pending.
ALD Capping Layers for Accelerator Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities (2007)

Superconducting radio frequency (SCRF) materials are becoming increasingly important for a variety of applications. Applications range from cellular phone networks to high energy physics particle accelerators such as the International Linear Collider (ILC). Improvement of these devices requires coherent, high purity surface films of nanometer thickness. Here Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) methods are described for producing well defined dielectric (Al2O3) films on Nb, the substrate of choice for SCRF applications.
Learning Algorithms for Fuzzy Cognitive Maps—A Review Study (2011)

This study presents a survey on the most recent learning approaches and algorithms that are related to fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs). FCMs are cognition fuzzy influence graphs, which are based on fuzzy logic and neural network aspects that inherit their main advantages. They gained momentum due to their dynamic characteristics and learning capabilities. These capabilities make them essential for modeling and decision-making tasks as they improve the performance of these tasks. An efficient number of learning algorithms for FCMs, by modifying the FCM weight matrix, have been developed in order to update the initial knowledge of human experts and/or include any knowledge from historical data in order to produce learned weights. The proposed learning techniques have mainly been concentrated on three directions: on the production of weight matrices on the basis of historical data, on adaptation of the cause-effect relationships of the FCM on the basis of experts' intervention, and on the production of weight matrices by combining experts' knowledge and data. The learning techniques could be categorized into three groups on the basis of the learning paradigm: Hebbian-based, population-based, and hybrid, which subsequently combine the main aspects of Hebbian-based- and population-based-type learning algorithms. These types of learning algorithms are the most efficient and widely used to train the FCMs, according to the existing literature. A survey on recent advances on learning methodologies and algorithms for FCMs that present their dynamic capabilities and application characteristics in diverse scientific fields is established here.
Low energy ion beam transport by permanent magnets (1980)

The guiding of a 300 eV divergent hydrogen ion beam by a surface magnetic field generated by samarium cobalt magnets has been investigated. It was found that magnets arranged in a multi-ring-cusp configuration produced the best beam transport efficiency.
Stigma (2014)

Stigma is a state of disgrace, shame, or dishonor. Stigma impacts how individuals view themselves and how they perceive they will be perceived by others. Stigma influences how individuals may be treated by authority figures, or even by their neighbors. Stigma can be culturally specific: a trait stigmatized by one culture may not draw attention in another. In some ways, stigma's greatest impact is on the individuals who feel they are subject to, or perceive, stigma. An individual's behavior can impact stigma and related perceptions. In criminological theory, stigma is multifaceted. Because stigma can be applied to victims as well as to perpetrators, and even to locations where crime has occurred, it has links to a wide range of theories.