gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutritional ergogenic aids and exercise performance (1999)

The use of nutritional supplements in sport is widespread and few serious athletes do not, at some stage in their career, succumb to the temptation to experiment with one or more nutritional supplements. Nutritional ergogenic aids are aimed primarily at enhancing performance (either by affecting energy metabolism or by an effect on the central nervous system), at increasing lean body mass or muscle mass by stimulation of protein synthesis and at reducing body fat content. Although not strictly ergogenic (i.e. capable of enhancing work performance), supplements aimed at increasing resistance to infection and improving general health are seen by athletes as important in reducing the interruptions to training that minor illness and infection can cause. Creatine is perhaps the most widely used supplement in sport at the moment. Supplementation can increase muscle creatine phosphate levels and, although not all published studies show positive results, there is much evidence that performance of short-term high-intensity exercise can be improved by supplementation. Ingestion of large doses of bicarbonate can enhance performance of exercise where metabolic acidosis may be a limiting factor, but there is a significant risk of adverse gastrointestinal side effects. Caffeine can also improve performance, in part by a stimulation of fatty acid mobilization and sparing of the body's limited carbohydrate stores, but also via direct effects on muscle and possibly by central nervous system effects on the perception of effort and fatigue. Carnitine plays an essential role in fatty acid oxidation in muscle but, although supplements are used by athletes, there is no good evidence of a beneficial effect of supplementation. None of these products contravenes the International Olympic Committee regulations on doping in sports, although caffeine is not permitted above a urine concentration of 12 mg/l. Supplementation is particularly prevalent among strength and power athletes, where an increase in muscle mass can benefit performance. Protein supplements have not been shown to be effective except in those rare cases where the dietary protein intake is otherwise inadequate. Individual amino acids, especially ornithine, arginine and glutamine, are also commonly used, but their benefit is not supported by documented evidence. Cr and hydroxymethylbutyrate are also used by strength athletes, but again there are no well-controlled studies to provide evidence of a beneficial effect. Athletes use a wide variety of supplements aimed at improving or maintaining general health and vitamin and mineral supplementation is widespread. There is a theoretical basis, and limited evidence, to support the use of antioxidant vitamins and glutamine during periods of intensive training, but further evidence is required before the use of these supplements can be recommended.
Novel Distributed Cable Sensors for Detection of Cracks in RC Structures (2006)

In this paper, the development of a fundamentally new, topology‐based cable sensor design concept is summarized for crack detection in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The sensitivity, spatial resolution, and signal loss of sensors are investigated both numerically and experimentally. Two sensors were fabricated and validated with small‐ and large‐scale laboratory tests under different loads. Both were proven sensitive to crack of various sizes from visually undetectable to excessive, giving the location and severity of damage simultaneously. One sensor has been installed on a three‐span bridge for its long‐term monitoring. It is capable of recording damage that has occurred during a recent event.
Candida albicans Yeast and Hyphae are Discriminated by MAPK Signaling in Vaginal Epithelial Cells (2011)

We previously reported that a bi-phasic innate immune MAPK response, constituting activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase MKP1 and c-Fos transcription factor, discriminates between the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans in oral epithelial cells (ECs). Since the vast majority of mucosal Candida infections are vaginal, we sought to determine whether a similar bi-phasic MAPK-based immune response was activated by C. albicans in vaginal ECs. Here, we demonstrate that vaginal ECs orchestrate an innate response to C. albicans via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. However, unlike in oral ECs, the first MAPK response, defined by c-Jun transcription factor activation, is delayed until 2 h in vaginal ECs but is still independent of hypha formation. The 'second' or 'late' MAPK response, constituting MKP1 and c-Fos transcription factor activation, is identical to oral ECs and is dependent upon both hypha formation and fungal burdens. NF-κB activation is immediate but independent of morphology. Furthermore, the proinflammatory response in vaginal ECs is different to oral ECs, with an absence of G-CSF and CCL20 and low level IL-6 production. Therefore, differences exist in how C. albicans activates signaling mechanisms in oral and vaginal ECs; however, the activation of MAPK-based pathways that discriminate between yeast and hyphal forms is retained between these mucosal sites. We conclude that this MAPK-based signaling pathway is a common mechanism enabling different human epithelial tissues to orchestrate innate immune responses specifically against C. albicans hyphae.
티칭 포트폴리오 활동이 유아교사의 수학 교수효능감과 유아의 수학적 능력에 미치는 영향 (2015)

본 연구의 목적은 유아수학 교사교육과정에서 티칭 포트폴리오 활용의 효과를 밝히는데 있다. 이를 위해 티칭 포트폴리오 활동이 유아교사의 수학 교수효능감과 유아의 수학적 능력에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 연구대상 유아교사는 전라북도에 소재한 대학교에서 ‘유아수학교육’ 교과목을 수강하고 있는 교육대학원생 22명(실험집단 12명, 통제집단 10명)이고, 연구대상 유아는 실험집단과 통제집단 교사 중 개인변인과 상황변인을 고려해 선정된 총 4명(실험집단 2명, 통제집단 2명)의 유아교사 학급의 유아로 실험집단 32명, 통제집단 30명이다. 본 연구에 참여한 유아교사들은 15주 동안 티칭 포트폴리오 활동에 참여하였다. 실험의 효과를 검증하기 위해 사전검사와 사후검사에서 유아교사를 대상으로 수학 교수효능감 검사(2000)를 실시하고, 유아를 대상으로 수학적 능력 검사(2007)를 실시하였으며, 자료분석은 독립표본 t-검증을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 티칭 포트폴리오 활동은 유아교사의 수학 교수효능감 총점과 하위 요인 수학 교수 결과기대 효능감과 개인적 수학 교수효능감을 향상시켰으며, 티칭 포트폴리오 활동은 유아의 수학적 능력 총점과 하위 요인 대수, 수와 연산, 기하, 측정에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
Effects of vitamin C on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in human liver tumor cells. (1998)

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in a human liver tumor (heptoma) cell line was inhibited by vitamin C. Using high performance liquid chromatography, NAT activity on the acetylation of 2-aminofluorene and p-aminobenzoic acid was examined. Two assay systems were performed, one with cellular cytosols, the other with intact liver tumor cell suspensions. The NAT activity in a human liver tumor cell line was inhibited by vitamin C in a dose-dependent manner in both types of examined system: i.e. the greater the concentration of vitamin C in the reaction, the greater the inhibition of NAT activities in both systems examined. The data also indicated that vitamin C decreased the apparent Km and Vmax of NAT enzymes from human liver tumor cells in both systems examined. This report is the first demonstration which showed vitamin C effect on human liver tumor cell NAT activity.
Nineteenth-Century Memsahibs in India (1985)

About two months after she arrived in Calcutta in 1836, Emily Eden, sister of Governor-General Lord Auckland, recorded her reactions to India."It certainly is tiresome," she wrote, "not being able to speak the language of the country one lives in, but as for attempting to learn their gibberish I can't.I get such horrible fits at times (particularly when I am driving out) of thinking that we are gone back to an entirely savage state, and are at least 3000 years behind the rest of the world.I take all the naked black creatures squatting at the doors of their huts in such aversion, and what with the paroquets, and the jackals, and the vultures, which settle in crowds on the dead bodies that are thrown on the banks of the river, and what with the climate and the strange trees and shrubs, I feel all Robinson Crusoe-ish.I cannot abide India, and that is the truth." 1 Robinson Crusoe was, of course, an adventurer-but a strange kind of adventurer, whose chief accomplishment was to recreate on an alien shore an economy and culture that resembled as far as possible the world he had left behind in England.Emily's reference to Crusoe was entirely fitting.In the nineteenth century, English men went to India to recreate a culture they had left behind.The English women who accompanied them saw India chiefly as "not England"-not home-and they worked hard to correct that fault.As a result, they observed remarkably little of the land they lived in, except as it added romance to their lives or impeded their efforts to live a virtuous and comfortable life.The core of Robinson Crusoe's strength of character was his belief in the merits of "due and regular conduct" as a means to salvation. 2And due and
Transcription from a bacteriophage T4 middle promoter using T4 motA protein and phage-modified RNA polymerase. (1991)

The bacteriophage T4 motA protein is required for transcription from T4 middle promoters. These promoters, which contain the Escherichia coli promoter consensus sequence at the -10 region (TATAAT) but a unique sequence centered at -30 ((a/t)(a/t)TGCTT(t/c)A) (Guild, N., Gayle, M., Sweeney, R., Hollingsworth, T., Modeer, T., and Gold, L. (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 199, 241-258), become active about 2 min after infection, a time when the host RNA polymerase has been modified by phage proteins. This paper shows that motA protein binds to a T4 middle promoter in vitro and that the addition of the motA protein allows in vitro transcription from this promoter by T4-modified RNA polymerase. The T4 motA gene was cloned into a multicopy plasmid that complemented T4 motA mutants in vivo. MotA protein, partially purified from cells containing a motA+ plasmid, specifically retarded the electrophoretic mobility of an oligomer containing the T4 middle promoter located 195 bases upstream of uvsX (PuvsX). RNA polymerase isolated from infected cells during T4 middle gene expression supported in vitro transcription from PuvsX only when fractions containing the motA protein were added. In contrast, unmodified host RNA polymerase catalyzed the synthesis of minor amounts of RNA from PuvsX, but this synthesis was not motA dependent. Thus, the in vitro transcription system described here provides the basis for a detailed study of the phage and host factors needed to regulate T4 middle gene expression.
Characterization of MoS<sub>2</sub>–Graphene Composites for High-Performance Coin Cell Supercapacitors (2015)

Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), can greatly increase the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices because of the combination of high surface area and electrical conductivity. Here, we have investigated the performance of solution exfoliated MoS2 thin flexible membranes as supercapacitor electrodes in a symmetrical coin cell arrangement using an aqueous electrolyte (Na2SO4). By adding highly conductive graphene to form nanocomposite membranes, it was possible to increase the specific capacitance by reducing the resistivity of the electrode and altering the morphology of the membrane. With continued charge/discharge cycles the performance of the membranes was found to increase significantly (up to 800%), because of partial re-exfoliation of the layered material with continued ion intercalation, as well as increasing the specific capacitance through intercalation pseudocapacitance. These results demonstrate a simple and scalable application of layered 2D materials toward electrochemical energy storage.
Ti:Sapphire-Based Picosecond Visible-Infrared Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy from 900–3100 cm<sup>−1</sup> (2004)

Visible-infrared sum-frequency spectroscopy is ideally suited to the study of surfaces and interfaces. This paper introduces new sum-frequency spectroscopy instrumentation that we have developed with two novel features: (1) stable and robust infrared generation in the 900-3100 cm(-1) (11-3.2 microm) region using an amplified Ti : sapphire oscillator with a home-built OPG/OPA, and (2) continuous tuning over either 900-2700 cm(-1) (11-3.7 microm) or 1800-3100 cm(-1) (5.5-3.2 microm) in a single experiment. All practical details of baseline correction issues due to the picosecond pulses (including variation in infrared (IR) energy, spatial and temporal overlap, Fresnel coefficients) are addressed while demonstrating signal throughout this region from an amorphous gold surface. A sum-frequency spectrum from an oriented polymer is shown as a complete example of the data treatment, which reveals the vibrational modes accessible in this wavelength region.
Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Salts Having Pentafluorosulfanylarenes and Their Application to Electrophilic Pentafluorosulfanylarylation of C-, O-, N-, and S-Nucleophiles (2015)

Novel reagents for the electrophilic introduction of pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) arenes into target molecules are disclosed. Unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts 1 having SF5-arenes were synthesized by a one-pot process from iodo-SF5-benzenes 2 in good yields. The SF5-aryliodonium salts 1 were found to be efficient for the electrophilic SF5-arylation of carbon and heterocentered nucleophiles to furnish the corresponding substituted SF5-arenes in good to high yields.
Semantic-based Grid Resource Discovery and its Integration with the Grid Service Broker (2006)

This paper addresses the need of semantic component in the grid environment to discover and describe the grid resources semantically. We propose semantic grid architecture by introducing a knowledge layer at the top of Gridbus broker architecture and thereby enabling broker to discover resources semantically. The semantic component in the knowledge layer enables semantic description of grid resources with the help of ontology template. The ontology template has been created using Protégé-OWL editor for different types of computing resources in the grid environment. The Globus Toolkit's MDS is used to gather grid resource information and Protégé-OWL libraries are used to dynamically create knowledge base of grid resources. Algernon inference engine is used for interacting with the knowledge base to discover suitable resources.
Plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition on ‘‘three-dimensional’’ substrates (1992)

A novel plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition reactor forms ceramic coatings on ‘‘three-dimensional’’ surfaces of complicated parts such as cutting tools and bearing surfaces. The reactor chamber features a unique rf-driven electrode configuration to establish uniform, large volume, low temperature plasmas from which the coatings are deposited. Highly adherent silicon nitride coatings formed from silane/ammonia/argon plasmas have hardness values up to 30 GPa. Variations of methane/silane feed gas ratios produce microcrystalline silicon carbide films with C/Si atomic ratios ranging from 0.4 to 3; the coatings consist of free Si and stoichiometric SiC; SiC, free Si and diamond-like carbon (DLC); or SiC and DLC, depending on the methane/silane fraction. Hardness varies monotonically between about 10 and 60 GPa as the carbon fraction increases. SiC coatings significantly reduced wear rates in abrasive wear tests; Si–SiC coatings effectively protected molybdenum samples during a 180 h oxidation test in 650 °C air.
Cloning and characterization of the <i>ALG3</i> gene of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1996)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg3-1 mutant is described as defective in the biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (Huffaker and Robbins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 7466-7470, 1983). Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol accumulates in alg3 cells and Endo H resistant carbohydrates are transferred to protein by the oligosaccharyltransferase complex. In this study, we describe the cloning of the ALG3 locus by complementation of the temperature sensitive growth defect of the alg3 stt3 double mutant. The isolated ALG3 gene complements both the defect in the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of the alg3-mutant and the under-glycosylation of secretory proteins. The inactivation of the nonessential ALG3 gene results in the accumulation of lipid-linked Man5GlcNac2 and protein-bound carbohydrates which are completely Endo H resistant. The ALG3 locus encodes a potential ER-transmembrane protein of 458 amino acids (53 kDa) with a C-terminal KKXX-retrieval sequence.
Characterization of a new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma. (1977)

A new continuous cell line derived from a human retinoblastoma has been established. This cell line, WERI-RB1, has been maintained in vitro since December 1974. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize WERI-Rb1 on the basis of morphology, growth, tumorigenicity, cytogenetics, and to compare this cell line with Y79, a human retinoblastoma cell line established at another institution. Morphologically, both cell lines were similar; each spontaneously grew as a suspension of small round cells in grapelike clusters. Each exhibited growth of cells in rosettes, as well as unusual chain formations. Growth rates differed: the population-doubling times for WERI-Rb1 and Y79 were 96 and 33 hr, respectively. When the negative surface charge on a plastic tissue culture flask was changed, each cell line grew as a monolayer. Y79 could be cloned in soft agar; WERI-Rb1 could not. An inoculm of 10(7) WERI-Rb1 or Y79 cells produced a retinoblastoma in test rabbits. Karyological examination showed each cell line to have a stable, near diploid chromosome number. Although large markers were observed in each line, they shared no common marker.
Dynamic modelling and friction compensated control of a robot manipulator joint (2003)

The authors describe a dynamic modeling of a robot joint drive, based on experimental results. The friction model is a function of angular position and velocity. This model was used for the design of mechanisms to compensate for internal disturbances. Two friction compensation mechanisms were tested experimentally: one for the position-dependent part and another for the velocity-dependent part. The velocity-dependent friction torque component was written in a different form. This made possible an analysis of closed-loop poles behavior, that can be useful in the elaboration of gain scheduling control laws.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-loss silicon partial-rib waveguide polarization rotator (2013)

A silicon partial-rib waveguide polarization rotator is designed, fabricated and characterized. The rotator, which consists of an asymmetric rib waveguide and a nano-taper waveguide, is suitable to simultaneous fabrication with a silicon optical modulator. The rotator has low excess loss of 0.5-1.5 dB and polarization extinction ratio higher than 10 dB in 1500-1600 nm.
Deduplication with Block-Level Content-Aware Chunking for Solid State Drives (SSDs) (2013)

A critical weak point of Solid State Drives (SSDs) is the limited lifespan which stems from the characteristics of NAND flash memory. In this paper, we propose a new deduplication scheme called block-level content-aware chunking to extend the lifetime of SSDs. The proposed scheme divides the data within a fixed-size block into a set of variable-sized chunks based on its contents and avoids storing duplicate copies of the same chunk. Our evaluations on a real SSD platform show that the proposed scheme improves the average deduplication rate by 77% compared to the previous block-level fixed-size chunking scheme. Additional optimizations reduce the average memory consumption by 39% with a 1.4% gain in the average deduplication rate.
A model of GUI for interactive TV (2003)

The digital TV era is just ahead of us. Digital TV will provide quality audio and video. Fortunately digital signal processing technologies have been fully developed. Digital TV will also give us interactivity. Users have experienced interactivity through Internet and they expect that the same interactivity can be experienced in the digital TV programs. Interactive TV can transform the dumb TV that is one-way into a smart TV that will be bidirectional. However, nobody has ever experienced bidirectional TV programs. Therefore, the implementation of bidirectional programs is not easy. For this a GUI for the interative programs is illustrated.
Review of Graphene as a Solid State Diffusion Barrier (2015)

Conventional thin-film diffusion barriers consist of 3D bulk films with high chemical and thermal stability. The purpose of the barrier material is to prevent intermixing or penetration from the two materials that encase it. Adhesion to both top and bottom materials is critical to the success of the barrier. Here, the effectiveness of a single atomic layer of graphene as a solid-state diffusion barrier for common metal schemes used in microelectronics is reviewed, and specific examples are discussed. Initial studies of electrical contacts to graphene show a distinct separation in behavior between metallic groups that strongly or weakly bond to it. The two basic classes of metal reactions with graphene are either physisorbed metals, which bond weakly with graphene, or chemisorbed metals, which bond strongly to graphene. For graphene diffusion barrier testing on Si substrates, an effective barrier can be achieved through the formation of a carbide layer with metals that are chemisorbed. For physisorbed metals, the barrier failure mechanism is loss of adhesion at the metal–graphene interface. A graphene layer encased between two metal layers, in certain cases, can increase the binding energy of both films with graphene, however, certain combinations of metal films are detrimental to the bonding with graphene. While the prospects for graphene's future as a solid-state diffusion barrier are positive, there are open questions, and areas for future research are discussed. A better understanding of the mechanisms which influence graphene's ability to be an effective diffusion barrier in microelectronic applications is required, and additional experiments are needed on a broader range of metals, as well as common metal stack contact structures used in microelectronic applications. The role of defects in the graphene is also a key area, since they will probably influence the barrier properties.
A NEW APPROACH OF MINIMIZING COMMUTATION TORQUE RIPPLE FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR BASED ON ADAPTIVE ANN (2002)

In this paper, the principle of commutation torque ripple (CTR) for brushless DC motor is analyzed, and a new approach of minimizing CTR is presented, which is based on adaptive artificial neural network (ANN) control.Two three layer forward artificial neural networks are trained both in off line and in on line ways, and the weights in networks are updated using the error back propagation (BP) algorithm. One of the networks is used to estimate the commutation parameters of the motor online. The other is used to regulate the terminal voltages using the parameters estimated by the former network during commutation. In this way, the whole model can be considered as a voltage self tuning regulator (STR). Through regulating the terminal voltages of motor, the STR makes the rising ratio and dropping ratio of the phase currents be approximate in order to keep the amplitude of the total current in the circuit constant, so as to minimize CTR. This approach is unnecessary to know the accurate system parameters, and can modify the model adaptively while parameters are changed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is highly precise and robust.