gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ball lightning as a self‐organization phenomenon (2000)

The genesis and characteristics of ball lightning are explained in the frame of a new self‐organization physical scenario suggested by laboratory investigations of formation and stability of self‐consistent extended macroscopic space charge configurations. These are known as fireballs in dc gas discharges and as plasmoids in gas discharges sustained by a radio frequency electric field. We justify the proposed explanation with a test experiment able to simulate step by step, under controllable laboratory conditions, the succession of physical processes whose final product is a gaseous stable flaming globe revealing characteristics usually attributed to ball lightning. Although involving energies much lower than that developed in the Earth's atmosphere during thunderstorms, the described experimental simulation evidences that self‐organization is, very probably, the most suitable natural phenomenon able to explain the ball lightning appearance.
A NEW EFIE METHOD BASED ON COULOMB GAUGE FOR THE LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS (2013)

To solve the low-frequency breakdown inherent from the electric field integral equation (EFIE), an alternative new form of the EFIE is proposed by using the Coulomb-gauge Green's function of quasi-static approximation. Different from the commonly adopted Lorentz-gauge EFIE, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE separates the solenoidal and irrotational surface currents explicitly, which captures inductive and capacitive responses through electrodynamic and electrostatic Green's functions, respectively.
Two-Phase Flow Distribution in Multipass Tube. (1994)

Experimental study has been performed using two different types of multipass tubes, one with 4 vertical upward passes attached to a horizontal main pipe and the other with 5 horizontal passes placed to a vertically oriented main pipe. Passes had 6 [mm] I. D., and the I. D. of main pipes were 20 [mm] for the vertical type and 6 [mm] for the horizontal type. Multipass tubes simulated evaporators for air-conditioning systems, and the refrigerant R 11 was used as the working fluid. Vapor and liquid flow rates at each pass were measured under various conditions of two-phase mixture at main pipe inlet, i. e., inlet flow rate and quality. Results suggested that measured values of flow distribution ratio presented a marked distinction between the vertical and horizontal types. On the other hand, in spite of different pass orientations, the same data trend that the flow distribution is dominated by the main tube inlet flow condition, was observed, and the flow division ratio was estimated in terms of both phase flow rates before the junction. Based on these results, the flow split model was suggested and an attempt for the prediction of flow distribution was made.
Heterogeneous mechanisms of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation. I. Differential helper cell requirement for the generation of cytotoxic effector cells from CD8+ precursor subpopulations (1992)

The subpopulations of CD8+ T cells defined by CD45RA Ag expression have been hypothesized to represent cells varying in their relative maturation along a common, activation-dependent differentiation pathway. Previous studies have shown that both the CD8+CD45RA+ and CD8+CD45RA- subsets contain precursor cells capable of developing into alloreactive CTL. In the current study, we have examined the mechanisms involved in the generation of CTL effector cells from these two CD8+ subsets. Purified CD8+CD45RA+ or CD8+CD45RA- cells were stimulated with allogeneic non-T cells, either alone or in the presence of CD4+ Th cells. Although the generation of CTL from CD8+CD45RA- precursor cells consistently required the presence of CD4+ Th cells, cytotoxic effector cells could be generated from CD8+CD45RA+ precursor cells in the absence of CD4+ cells. Several lines of evidence indicated that the helper cell-independent generation of cytotoxic effector cells from CD8+CD45RA+ precursors resulted from the unique ability of this subset to produce and use IL-2 in an autocrine fashion: 1) exogenous IL-2 could replace the effects of CD4+ helper cells for either CD8+ subset; 2) the helper cell-independent functional maturation of CD8+CD45RA+ cells could be blocked by anti-CD25 or anti-IL-2 antibodies; and 3) CD8+CD45RA+ cells produced IL-2 after activation with allogeneic cells. The finding that precursors for helper cell-independent CTL generation are restricted to the CD8+CD45RA+ subset suggests that this capability may vary as a function of the maturation of CD8+ cells.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Common Bile Duct Stones: The Endoscopic Management of Difficult and Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stones (2013)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stone extraction are well-established therapeutic procedures for the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. The endoscopic stone removal procedure involves extraction using various devices after endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Many reports state that at least 90% of stones are extracted after conventional EST. However, some cases are still difficult to treat. Despite apparently complete clearance of bile duct stones at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, recurrent CBD stones developed in 3% to 15% of patients. We reviewed the guidelines currently enacted in United Kingdom, Europe and United Stated of America for the management of difficult and recurrent CBD stones. This guideline review suggests the guideline of Korean Pancreatobiliary Association for the endoscopic management of difficult and recurrent CBD stones.
An Intra/Intermolecular Suzuki Sequence to Benzopyridyloxepines Containing Geometrically Pure Exocyclic Tetrasubstituted Alkenes (2008)

A route to enable the preparation of 5-benzylidenyl-benzopyridyloxepine analogues was developed to continue our research in the field of nuclear hormone receptor modulators. The key steps are 1) a syn-stereoselective diboration of a tethered aryl alkyne; 2) an intramolecular Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, which forms in a stereo- and regiocontrolled fashion, the 5-exoalkylidenyl 7-membered ring imbedded within the core of the scaffold and; 3) an intermolecular Suzuki to furnish the final tetra-substituted olefinic benzopyridyloxepines.
Monomeric CFTR in Plasma Membranes in Live Cells Revealed by Single Molecule Fluorescence Imaging (2008)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel. There is indirect and conflicting evidence about whether CFTR exists in cell membranes as monomers, dimers, or higher order oligomers. We measured fluorescence intensities and photobleaching dynamics of distinct fluorescent spots in cells expressing functional CFTR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras. Intensity analysis of GFP-labeled CFTR in live cells showed single-component distributions with mean intensity equal to that of purified monomeric GFP, indicating monomeric CFTR in cell membranes. Fluorescent spots showed single-step photobleaching, independently verifying that CFTR is monomeric. Results did not depend on whether GFP was added to the CFTR N terminus or fourth extracellular loop or on whether CFTR chloride conductance was stimulated by cAMP agonists. Control measurements with a CFTR chimera containing two GFPs showed two-step photobleaching and a single-component intensity distribution with mean intensity twice that of monomeric GFP. These results provide direct evidence for monomeric CFTR in live cells.
La charte de Richer de Liège du 16 novembre 932. Une copie historique à réhabiliter (2011)

Le 16 novembre 932, l'évêque de Liège Richer consacra un autel à la sainte Trinité en la cathédrale Saint-Lambert de Liège et le dota richement ; il consigna cette décision par écrit. La charte de fondation est parvenue jusqu'à nous sous la forme d'une copie historique isolée insérée dans les Gesta episcoporum Tungrensium et Leodiensium du chanoine Anselme de Liège. Cet article entend souligner l'intérêt de ce document tant pour l'histoire de la chancellerie liégeoise que pour celle de la réforme religieuse carolingienne dans l'espace lotharingien. Il comporte en annexe une nouvelle édition critique de ce document établie sur la base d'une confrontation de sept copies réparties en deux classes selon une typologie différente de celle de R. Koepke, l'éditeur de la chronique d'Anselme pour les Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
Continuous Datacenter Consolidation (2015)

Efficient mapping of Virtual Machines~(VMs) onto physical servers is a key problem for cloud infrastructure providers as hardware utilization directly impacts profit. Today, this mapping is commonly only performed when new VMs are created, but as VM workloads fluctuate and server availability varies, any initial mapping is bound to become suboptimal over time. We introduce a set of heuristic methods for continuous optimization of the VM-to-server mapping based on combinations of fundamental management actions, namely suspending and resuming physical machines, migrating VMs, and suspending and resuming VMs. By using these methods, cloud infrastructure providers can continuously optimize their server resources regardless of the predictability of the workload. To verify that our approach is applicable in real-world scenarios, we build a proof-of-concept datacenter management system that implements the proposed algorithms. The feasibility of our approach is evaluated through a combination of simulations and real experiments where our system provisions a workload of benchmark applications. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithms are feasible, that the combined management approach achieves the best results, and that the VM suspend and resume mechanism has the largest impact on provider profit.
Planar lightwave circuit polarization mode dispersion compensator (2002)

We fabricated an integrated-type optical PMD compensator on a silica-based planar lightwave circuit, where an endless polarization controller and a polarization-dependent delay line are installed. We confirmed its operational principle in a 43-Gbps transmission system.
Topical Application of Insulin in Decubitus Ulcers (1979)

When a pilot study provided evidence that insulin may increase the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers, this study attempted to answer the question: Is topical insulin therapy an effective treatment regimen for decubitus ulcers? The experimental study utilized a two-group, before-after design. Twenty-nine geriatric subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The single independent variable was the topical application of ten units of regular insulin (U.S.P.) twice daily. The dependent variable was the surface area of the decubitus ulcer measured in square millimeters. Rate of healing was defined as decrease in surface area over time. Data were also gathered on extraneous variables believed to influence the healing process. The F test was used to test the research hypothesis that experimental subjects would have an increased rate of healing. When comparison of group means on day seven and day 15 revealed no significant differences, the research hypothesis was rejected. Pearson product moment correlation procedures were utilized to determine if there were differences between extraneous variables and the rate of healing. Females healed significantly (p less than .05) more slowly than males. Also, there was a direct correlation between the number of days of treatment and the rate of healing.
Atorvastatin action involves diminished recovery of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity (1998)

The effects of atorvastatin on the expression of the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor genes were investigated in rats. Like the other statins, atorvastatin increased the rate of degradation and presumably cycling of the hepatic LDL receptor. In atorvastatin-treated rats, the half-life of the receptor was decreased by over 60%. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels were increased about 3-fold by feeding a diet containing 0.04% atorvastatin while reductase protein levels were increased by as much as 700-fold. Apparent HMG-CoA reductase activity was not increased as much as protein levels. Washing experiments revealed that atorvastatin is more difficult to remove from microsomes than lovastatin. The results support the conclusion that the potent hypocholesterolemic action of atorvastatin involves decreased hepatic VLDL production due to effective inhibition of in vivo cholesterol biosynthesis resulting from diminished recovery of HMG-CoA reductase activity following drug treatment.
Comparative antimicrobial activity of metronidazole and the hydroxy metabolite against Gardnerella vaginalis. (1983)

Metronidazole (M) (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) undergoes oxidative metabolism with the formation of several metabolites, the most important quantitatively in serum and urine being the "hydroxy" metabolite (HM) (1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole). The antimicrobial activity of HM was compared with M against strains of G. vaginalis using minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentration determinations and time-kill curve studies. At an inoculum of 10(6) colony forming units per ml (cfu/ml), and anaerobic incubation for 48 hours, the median MIC and MBC of HM were 1 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively, compared to 4 and 16 micrograms/ml for M. HM also demonstrated a more rapid bactericidal effect than M in time-kill curves against exponential (10(6) cfu/ml) and stationary phase (10(10-13) cfu/ml) organisms. However, the cidal effect of HM against G. vaginalis was slower than that previously shown for M against obligate anaerobes such as B. fragilis. The degree of inactivation of both HM and M, determined by high pressure liquid chromatography, was similar during the time-kill studies and averaged less than 10% with exponential phase organisms and approximately 40% against stationary phase organisms after 48 hours' incubation. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that on usual dosage regimens of M used for non-specific vaginitis the serum levels of HM would likely exceed the MIC/MBC for most strains of G. vaginalis. Therefore, HM likely contributes a significant antimicrobial effect against this organism.
Thin malignant melanomas with regression and metastases (1987)

• The significance of partial regression in thin malignant melanomas (0.76 mm or less) of the skin was evaluated to determine if the regression was associated with the later development of metastases in patients who previously were considered to have a favorable prognosis. Of 575 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma treated and followed up by the Division of Surgical Oncology at the University of Illinois, Chicago, we found that 103 (18%) had tumors that measured less than 0.76 mm. Of these, 30 (29%) showed histologic evidence of partial regression. In six (20%) of the 30 patients, visceral metastases developed and the patients died. All six had more than 77% regression of their primary tumors. Of the remaining 24 patients, only one had regression greater than 77% and she is still alive three years after diagnosis. Most of these 24 (83%) patients had regression of less than 50% (mean, 29.9%). No metastasis occurred in the 73 patients who had thin melanomas without histologic evidence of regression. It is apparent from this study that patients with thin melanomas who show partial regression cannot be included in the "low-risk" group if the extent of regression is 75% to 80% or more. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>1987;123:1326-1330)
A versatile suite of strong authenticated key agreement protocols for body area networks (2012)

Authenticated key agreement protocols are increasingly being applied to wireless communications for initial security setup. They were, however, traditionally developed one by one without regard to the structural and computational differences between one protocol and another. This paper addresses a rising need for implementing, in a single device, multiple key agreement protocols authenticated with different means and hence suitable to a variety of device configurations. It presents three elliptic curve based key agreement protocols with authentication via hidden public key transfer, pre-shared password, and numerical display, and with only fractional variations from a common unauthenticated base protocol. It also analyzes their security. These protocols have been adopted into a new IEEE standard on wireless body area networks (BAN); they are applicable to other wireless networks as well.
A Study on the Strategies of the Positioning of a Satellite on Observed Images by the Astronomical Telescope and the Observation and Initial Orbit Determination of Unidentified Space Objects (2011)

An optical tracking system has advantages for observing geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites relatively over other types of observation system. Regular surveying for unidentified space objects with the optical tracking system can be an early warning tool for the safety of five Korean active GEO satellites. Two strategies of positioning on the observed image of Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite 1 are tested and compared. Photometric method has a half root mean square error against streak method. Also eccentricity method for initial orbit determination (IOD) is tested with simulation data and real observation data. Under 10 minutes observation time interval, eccentricity method shows relatively better IOD results than the other time interval. For follow-up observation of unidentified space objects, at least two consecutive observations are needed in 5 minutes to determine orbit for geosynchronous orbit space objects.
Comentarios sobre la reforma del Impuesto sobre Sociedades para el año 2007 (2007)

Silver sulfadiazine can effectively inhibit and remove mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilms and decrease biofilm formation ability and metabolic activity; SSD may exert these effects by inhibiting the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins among the extracellular polymeric substances of voice prosthesis biofilms.
Stigma Variations: Observations on Suppressor T Cells and Leprosy (1992)

Few areas of immunology have been so controversial as that of suppressor T cells. Studies of T cell clones derived from patients with infectious diseases, including leprosy, and allergies have allowed the delineation of functional human T cell subsets. Both CD4 and CD8 cells can be discriminated into subsets that are differentiated by their functions and patterns of lymphokines. Type 1 CD4 cells reactive with lepromin and PPD produce IFN-gamma and IL-2 predominantly, while Type 2 CD4 clones, specific for tetanus toxoid, produce IL-4 and IL-5. Type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes produce predominantly IFN-gamma and IL-2. T suppressor clones derived from immunologically unresponsive lepromatous leprosy patients are antigen-specific, CD8 cells, HLA-DQ restricted, and produce predominantly IL-4, and were designated Type 2 CD8 cells. Several models for peripheral tolerance based on distinct functional T cell subsets are discussed. Previous models of T cell suppression in the mouse and the reciprocal relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity in general are reinterpreted in light of such T cell subset interactions.
Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA polymerase I lacks 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity: localization of the 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic domain (1992)

The Streptococcus pneumoniae polA gene was altered at various positions by deletions and insertions. The polypeptides encoded by these mutant polA genes were identified in S. pneumoniae. Three of them were enzymatically active. One was a fused protein containing the first 11 amino acid residues of gene 10 from coliphage T7 and the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of pneumococcal DNA polymerase I; it possessed only polymerase activity. The other two enzymatically active proteins, which contained 620 and 351 amino acid residues from the amino terminus, respectively, lacked polymerase activity and showed only exonuclease activity. These two polymerase-deficient proteins and the wild-type protein were hyperproduced in Escherichia coli and purified. In contrast to the DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli but similar to the corresponding enzyme of Thermus aquaticus, the pneumococcal enzyme appeared to lack 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity. The 5'-to-3' exonuclease domain was located in the amino-terminal region of the wild-type pneumococcal protein. This exonuclease activity excised deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate from both double- and single-stranded DNAs. It degraded oligonucleotide substrates to a decameric final product.
Model checking security properties of control flow graphs (2001)

A fundamental problem in software-based security is whether local security checks inserted into the code are sufficient to implement a global security property. This article introduces a formalism based on a linear-time temporal logic for specifying global security properties pertaining to the control flow of the program, and illustrates its expressive power with a number of existing properties. We define a minimalistic, security-dedicated program model that only contains procedure call and run-time security checks and propose an automatic method for verifying that an implementation using local security checks satisfies a global security property. We then show how to instantiate the framework to the security architecture of Java 2 based on stack inspection and privileged method calls.
Toward design of a modular laparoscopic assistant stand (MLAS) (2002)

Laparoscopy refers to the examination of the abdominal cavity by means of an endoscope. Some of the current technical limitations of the procedure for the surgeons are: (a) occasional awkward postures by the operator; (b) the surgeon has to continuously guide the assistant for proper orientation of the endoscope; (c) prolonged period of holding the endoscope can result in unsteady images and (d) some procedures (e.g. fundoplication) which involves holding an organ (such as liver) for extended periods of time can increase the fatigue for the surgical assistant. This paper presents design concepts that are begin developed at ERL and can be assembled and configured in the surgical suite to address the above mentioned limitations. The design is modular which can be configured based on the number of ports of entry required for the surgery (e.g. cholecystectomy, appendectomy or fundoplication) with preferred configuration.
Local attenuation of electromagnetic field generated by wireless communication system inside the building (2011)

The aim of this paper is an analysis of propagation of a high frequency electromagnetic wave (f=1.8 GHz) in a part of the building. Three typical technologies (i.e. the brick, the reinforced slabs, and the passive building), commonly used in construction of buildings are evaluated. Some phenomena connected with interaction of electromagnetic field with the complex, non-ideal material structures are presented and discussed. The influence of physical properties of materials, and the effect of obstacles such as additional wall are examined. A discussion connected with the influence of the reinforcement and the additional walls on the distribution of electromagnetic field is useful for designers of wireless networks. Streszczenie. Celem publikacji jest analiza propagacji fali elektromagnetycznej wewnątrz cześci budynku. Analiza dotyczy trzech powszechnie stosowanych typow konstrukcji budowlanych, w ktorych wykorzystuje sie: cegly, zbrojone plyty betonowe lub beton komorkowy. Artykul zawiera dyskusje dotyczącą zjawisk fizycznych związanych z polem elektromagnetycznym wystepujących w zlozonych konstrukcjach. Badany jest wplyw fizycznych wlaściwości materialowych i konstrukcji ścian dzialowych na rozklad pola elektromagnetycznego. Wnioski mogą byc źrodlem wiedzy dla projektantow bezprzewodowych sieci. (Lokalne tlumienie pola elektromagnetycznego generowanego przez system komunikacji bezprzewodowej wewnątrz budynkow).