gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Room temperature defect localization of hot and cold failures using scanning probe microscopy techniques (2005)

We have developed a defect localization technique at room temperature for devices with nano-leakage and fails only at either cold (0/spl deg/C) or hot (110/spl deg/C) temperature testing using conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) and tunneling atomic force microscope (TUNA). With this technique, we isolated the failure to a single transistor leg (i.e. source, drain, and gate) from two test structures. C-AFM was used to isolate a 90nm CMOS test unit whose failure is stuck at zero "0" logic only at cold and at certain frequency and voltage values. TUNA was used in the second test structure, a flash device that losses charge only at hot temperature. Different sample biases were used to capture and isolate the defect site. I-V curves were obtained on the isolated abnormal contacts to verify the failure models. Defect modeling using Spice simulation was also employed to verify and understand the failure mechanism.
Understanding processing–microstructure–properties relationships in Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Ag round wires and enhanced transport through saw-tooth processing (2013)

Superconducting magnets generating magnetic fields above 25 T are needed for many scientific applications. Due to fundamental limitations in NbTi and Nb3Sn, such high-field superconducting magnets require alternative high-field conductors. One candidate conductor is round wire composites of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox sheathed in a Ag-alloy matrix (Bi2212/Ag). The performance of such wires is sensitive to the heat treatment, so improvements in the critical current density (Jc) require a thorough understanding of the processing–structure–properties relationships. Here we present a two-part study. In part I, a new heat treatment approach, saw-tooth processing (STP), is introduced based upon previous results showing that Bi2212 nucleation is site-saturation limited. The microstructural evolution of Bi2212 filaments during processing is discussed and results from STP are compared with those from other processes. STP is shown to increase Jc by 120% and 70% relative to partial-melt processing at 5 T and self-field respectively, and by 65% and 34% relative to split-melt processing. Yet STP also complicates the heat treatment by introducing a number of new heat treatment variables that affect the grain morphology, phase assemblage and oxygen content of the Bi2212 filaments and thus the transport properties. In part II, the effects of STP heat treatment parameters on the microstructure and transport properties are discussed. It is shown that wires with the highest transport critical current densities primarily have filaments with two types of microstructures, one comprised primarily of highly textured Bi2212 grains, and another with a noticeable amount of Bi2Sr2CuOx with the Bi2212.
Regulation of sulfur assimilation in higher plants: A sulfate transporter induced in sulfate-starved roots plays a central role in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1997)

Proton/sulfate cotransporters in the plasma membranes are responsible for uptake of the environmental sulfate used in the sulfate assimilation pathway in plants. Here we report the cloning and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene, AST68, a new member of the sulfate transporter gene family in higher plants. Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic clones of AST68 revealed that the AST68 gene is composed of 10 exons encoding a 677-aa polypeptide (74.1 kDa) that is able to functionally complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lacking a sulfate transporter gene. Southern hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping confirmed that AST68 is a single-copy gene that maps to the top arm of chromosome 5. Northern hybridization analysis of sulfate-starved plants indicated that the steady-state mRNA abundance of AST68 increased specifically in roots up to 9-fold by sulfate starvation. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that AST68 transcripts were accumulated in the central cylinder of sulfate-starved roots, but not in the xylem, endodermis, cortex, and epidermis. Among all the structural genes for sulfate assimilation, sulfate transporter (AST68), APS reductase (APR1), and serine acetyltransferase (SAT1) were inducible by sulfate starvation in A. thaliana. The sulfate transporter (AST68) exhibited the most intensive and specific response in roots, indicating that AST68 plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation in plants.
A fast spectroscopic imaging method using a blipped phase encode gradient (1989)

Many methods of chemical shift imaging have been described recently. In most cases, these methods couple resolution and imaging time. The most flexible methods use time-varying gradients to cover a large region of k space on each excitation. We present here a new time-varying gradient method that offers a decrease in scan time (when SNR is sufficient), simplifies the reconstruction problem by retaining an essentially rectilinear sampling grid, and makes efficient use of scan time by minimizing gradient reversals. Implementation on a standard high-field imaging system (GE Signa) is discussed, and experimental results are shown. An application of the method to the generation of water reference data sets is described.
Growth of Mixed Cultures on Mixed Substrates (1968)

Continuous culture on mixed glucose-lactose or glucose-butyrate media inoculated with river water led to a population composed of a pseudomonad and a coliform. The glucose was used preferentially to the other carbon source, and the utilization of the secondary carbon source was greatly reduced at high growth rates. Significant amounts of acetate were excreted even though the cultures were limited by the carbon source, rather than by oxygen or other nutrients. At high growth rates, the pseudomonad dominated the population, whereas at low and moderate growth rates the coliform was dominant. A syntrophic relationship was shown by the fact that the pseudomonad could not grow alone on the glucose-butyrate medium.
An analysis of reliable delivery specifications for Web services (2005)

Reliable delivery of messages is now a key component of the Web Services roadmap, with two promising, and competing, specifications in this area viz. WS-reliability (WSR) from OASIS and WS-reliable messaging (WSRM) from IBM and Microsoft. In this paper we provide an analysis of these specifications. Our investigations have been aimed at identifying the similarities and divergence in philosophies of these specifications. We also include a gap analysis and recommendations regarding the gaps identified by the gap analysis.
Synthesis of radiolabeled inhibitors of presynaptic monoamine uptake systems; [<sup>18</sup>F]GBR 13119 (DA),[<sup>11</sup>C]nisoxetine (NE), and [<sup>11</sup>C]fluoxetine (5‐HT) (1989)

Peer Reviewed
Active learning using adaptive resampling (2000)

Classi cation modeling a.k.a. supervised learning is an extremely useful analytical technique for developing predictive and forecasting applications. The explosive growth in data warehousing and internet usage has made large amounts of data potentially available for developing classi cation models. For example, natural language text is widely available in many forms e.g., electronic mail, news articles, reports, and web page contents. Categorization of data is a common activity which can be automated to a large extent using supervised learning methods. Examples of this include routing of electronic mail, satellite image classi cation, and character recognition. However, these tasks require labeled data sets of su ciently high quality with adequate instances for training the predictive models. Much of the on-line data, particularly the unstructured variety e.g., text, is unlabeled. Labeling is usually a expensive manual process done by domain experts. Active learning is an approach to solving this problem and works by i d e n tifying a subset of the data that needs to be labeled and uses this subset to generate classi cation models. We present an active learning method that uses adaptive resampling in a natural way t o signi cantly reduce the size of the required labeled set and generates a classi cation model that achieves the high accuracies possible with current adaptive resampling methods.
Endogenous production of TNF in mice long after BCG sensitization. (1986)

The effect of tuberculin-antigen protein (PPD: purified protein derivatives) on the priming of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a long time after sensitization with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was investigated in mice. Mice were infected intravenously (i.v.) with 4 X 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) of BCG per mouse, and the TNF activity triggered by 15 micrograms lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assayed with time using L-929 cells. The activity was maximal 4 weeks after sensitization and decreased to the control level after 10 weeks. The i.v. injection of 10 micrograms of PPD per mouse enhanced the TNF production triggered by LPS in mice even 10-20 weeks after sensitization. This enhancement was unexpectedly quite transient, being maximal 3 h after PPD treatment. The activity was comparable to that in mice 4 weeks after sensitization of BCG (without PPD). The enhancing effect of PPD was observed in the dose range of 0.1-10 micrograms/mouse, and 10 micrograms of PPD significantly enhanced the TNF activity triggered by even 0.6 microgram LPS. These findings indicate that priming of sensitized animals with some antigens followed by triggering with LPS induces a significant endogenous production of TNF even a long time after antigen sensitization. The possible application of these findings for inducing endogenous production of TNF in human patients by use of tuberculin allergy is discussed.
Seabed stress determinations using the inertial dissipation method and the turbulent kinetic energy method (1995)

Abstract Direct measurements of seabed stress are difficult, especially in field conditions. Several methods for estimating these stresses using current meter data are available. Two of these methods, the Inertial Dissipation Method and the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Method, are described below, and a Matlab program is used to analyse data from a wave‐current environment.
Pharmacophore, Drug Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Models on Non-Peptide AT<sub>1</sub>, AT<sub>2</sub>, and AT<sub>1</sub>/AT<sub>2</sub> Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (2005)

About 20 non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists are in various stages of clinical development. Different modeling approaches were used to predict the pharmacophoric requirements for AT(1) (angiotensin II receptor subtype 1) affinity. However, to our knowledge, none was used to predict both the selectivity toward AT(1) and AT(2) (angiotensin II receptor subtype 2) receptor subtypes. In this paper, partial least squares discriminant analysis is applied to derive the chemical features guiding AT(1) and AT(2) selectivity or mixed AT(1)/AT(2) receptor binding. The method can be used to modulate AT(1) versus AT(2) selectivity. Concerns that unopposed stimulation of the AT(2) receptor might produce adverse effects initiated a search for new balanced antagonists. Moreover, it can serve as a fast filtering procedure in database searches. Finally, some relevant pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties of the database of 53 compounds are calculated using the VolSurf and MetaSite software to allow the simultaneous characterization of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics properties of the chemical space of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Extreme Temperatures and Mortality: Effect, Modification, and Acclimatization in A Continental Study (2006)

MAA1-O-01 Session Title: Temperature-related Short Term Health Effects Introduction: During the next century, the frequency of temperature extremes, which have been related to increased mortality, is predicted to change. The impact of those changes on public health will be partly determined by our ability to adapt. We aimed to assess in a large sample of cities the increase in daily mortality associated with temperature extremes and to explore the influence of acclimatization. Methods: We conducted a case-crossover study in 50 U.S. cities during the period of 1989–2000. We used hourly weather data and daily mortality data corresponding to 7,531,120 deaths. We selected control days every 3 days within the same month of the same year. Exposure to extreme temperatures was assessed using city-specific indicator variables for extreme cold (≤1st percentile of daily maximum temperature) and extreme heat (≥99th percentile of daily minimum temperature). As a sensitivity analysis, we also assessed the effect of temperature using a piecewise linear variable. In a meta-analysis based on the city-specific conditional logistic regression models, several city characteristics were evaluated as effect modifiers. Results: We observed significant increases in total mortality associated with extreme cold (2-day cumulative change = 1.58%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.61–2.56) and especially to extreme heat (5.68%; 3.47–7.89). The increase in mortality occurred mainly at lag 1 for cold and both at lag 0 and lag 1 for heat. Low-educated persons were particularly susceptible to heat, with an additional increase in mortality (lag 0) of 2.55% (95% CI = 0.69–4.41) when compared with those who were highly educated. The heat effects decreased with increasing percentage of air conditioning and mean summer apparent temperature and increased with population density. Subsequent analyses of cause-specific mortality showed a noticeably large increase in cardiac arrest deaths on extremely cold days (2-day cumulative change 14.85%; 95% CI = 5.15–24.55). Most results were similar when exposure was assessed using a piecewise linear temperature variable. For cardiac arrest mortality, the latter analyses showed some indications of a greater impact of cold temperatures in cities with milder winters. Discussion and Conclusions: The study confirmed, in a larger sample of cities than had been previously examined, that temperature extremes are associated with increases in daily mortality. We also found evidence of population acclimatization, especially to heat, which should be taken into account when assessing the public health impact of global warming.
Evaluation of genetic variation within and between different chicken lines by DNA fingerprinting (1998)

A DNA fingerprinting technique was used to assess the extent of genetic variation within and between 12 lines of chickens of different origin. DNA fingerprints were obtained with the restriction endonucleases AluI and HinfI and with the oligonucleotide probes (CA)8, (CAC)5, (GGAT)4, and (GACA)4. Different methods that are based on band sharing and band frequency were tested to estimate genetic variation within and between populations. The genetic variability was significantly different within the populations. It was highest in a commercial broiler line and lowest in a White Leghorn inbred line. All three measures of genetic variation within populations provided results that were highly correlated (r = 0.89-0.97). A lower degree of correspondence was observed for the estimation of genetic variation between populations by three different methods. This is shown by differences of the phylogenetic trees and by coefficients of correlation between these measures ranging from r = 0.51-0.96.
New results on HVPE growth of AlN, GaN, InN and their alloys (2008)

Abstract A variety of new results on HVPE growth of group III nitride layers and heterostructures are described. Crack free from 10 to 30 μm thick AlN layers were grown on 100‐mm SiC substrates. Bowing of the AlN/SiC wafers was controlled below 10 microns. Low growth rate HVPE with deposition rate below 10 nm/min was demonstrated for GaN, AlN, and AlGaN. This process resulted in the first HVPE grown multi‐quantum wells (MQWs) and superlattices. P‐type as‐grown GaN<Mg> layers with acceptor concentrations up to 3×10 19 cm –3 were demonstrated. InGaN layers from 0.002 to 2 μm thick were grown by HVPE for the whole composition range using c‐plane GaN/sapphire template substrates. Non‐polar InGaN layers were grown on a‐GaN/r‐sapphire templates and m‐plane GaN bulk substrates. Blue and green all‐HVPE LEDs were made utilizing InGaN MQWs grown on p‐GaN/sapphire templates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Instant MOFs: continuous synthesis of metal–organic frameworks by rapid solvent mixing (2012)

A continuous flow reactor allows the preparation of porous metal-organic framework materials with crystallisation induced by rapid mixing of streams of preheated water and solutions of reagents in organic solvent: this gives high volume production (132 g h(-1)) with crystallite size of the products from nanoscale to micron.
15.3 An a-IGZO asynchronous delta-sigma modulator on foil achieving up to 43dB SNR and 40dB SNDR in 300Hz bandwidth (2017)

Amorphous IGZO (a-IGZO) TFTs fabricated on flexible large-area substrates provide better mobility than a-Si or organic counterparts and good uniformity. These features make a-IGZO TFTs an attractive technology for large-area sensing (e.g. strain, pressure, IR), low-cost RFIDs augmented with sensors and monitoring of biopotentials. In this context, it is crucial to accurately transform analogue sensor signals in a robust representation. The most common choice is a synchronous digital word, but a two-level PWM representation is another interesting possibility. Binary PWM can be transmitted on wire or via RF amplitude modulation with high immunity to noise and interferers.
Vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (2008)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy,toxicity and side effects of vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC).METHODS The patient with advanced NSCLC were treated with vinorelbine plus cisplatin.Vinorelbine was given at a dose of 25mg/m2 on days 1 and 5,Cisplatin 25mg/m2 on day 1 to 3.The schedule was repeated every 21 days,with at least two cycles.RESULTS 57 of all the cases could be evaluated.CR 1 case,PR 23 cases,NC 20 cases,PD 13 cases,the overall response rate was 42.1%(CR+PR).The median progression-free survival time was 4 months.The median overall survival time was 9 months.The main toxicity and side effects were myelosuppression,nausea,vomiting.CONCLUSION Vinorelbine plus cisplatin is safe and effective therapy for patient with advanced Non-small-cell-lung cancer.
Temperature Limitations of Alkaline Battery Electrodes (1981)

The study described here is concerned with possible temperature limitations in Ni-Fe and Ni-Zn aqueous alkaline battery systems in the temperature range -20°C to 120°C. Thermodynamic studies involved the calculation of potential/concentration relationships for concentrated solutions. Kinetic studies have employed potential step and sweep, rotating ring disk and ac impedance methods. The principal temperature limitation of Ni appears to be reduced coulombic efficiency at high temperature as a result of the coevolution of oxygen at a high state of charge. The irreversible component of charging also increases immediately following prolonged discharge of Ni. The temperature limitation of the negative electrode materials, Fe and Zn, are more serious and more complex than those for Ni. In addition to the effects of increased hydrogen evolution, oxidative and reductive dissolution processes may substantially reduce the coulombic efficiency of Fe electrodes at 7>80°C. At r^O°C, charge/discharge kinetics of Fe become limited by the resistance of a residual surface oxide film. Discharge of Zn electrodes also is severely curtailed at reduced temperatures by reduced dissolution current and the premature onset of passivation. Under potentiostatic or high load conditions, zinc electrodes undergo an oscillatory activation/passivation process within a defined region of potential. This potential region increases with increasing temperature.
Two-photon exposure of photographic film (1999)

Photographic film has commonly been exposed by a single-photon absorption mechanism. We determine the conditions for film exposure by direct two-photon absorption. Using subpicosecond laser pulses, we find that two-photon exposure for commercial film has a threshold fluence and an intensity of 0.0008 J/cm2 and 0.0066 TW/cm2, respectively, well below the optical damage threshold. Multiphoton photography has the potential for higher spatial resolution and affords an opportunity for three-dimensional image storage.
Broadband Surface Plasmon Lasing in One-dimensional Metallic Gratings on Semiconductor (2017)

We report surface plasmon (SP) lasing in metal/semiconductor nanostructures, where one-dimensional periodic silver slit gratings are placed on top of an InGaAsP layer. The SP nature of the lasing is confirmed from the emission wavelength governed by the grating period, polarization analysis, spatial coherence, and comparison with the linear transmission. The excellent performance of the device as an SP source is demonstrated by its tunable emission in the 400-nm-wide telecom wavelength band at room temperature. We show that the stimulated emission enhanced by the Purcell effect enables successful SP lasing at high energies above the gap energy of the gain. We also discuss the dependence of the lasing efficiency on temperature, grating dimension, and type of metal.
Behavior and Contract (2009)

The law of contracts and consumer protection has been dominated in the recent past by the ideology of rational choice theory. As a descriptive project, rational choice theory holds that consumers express their preferences and maximize their expected utility by making choices in the marketplace. As a normative project, rational choice theory has promoted deregulation of contract terms, based on underlying values of utilitarianism and autonomy. Legislators, judges and agencies have internalized these norms and adopted the deregulation program. The behavioral economics literature has seriously undermined rational choice theory as a description of consumer and seller behavior. In the real world, consumers use abbreviated and biased reasoning and short cuts, are heavily influenced by affect and channeling factors, and respond to framing and endowment effects. Sellers study and understand consumer behavior, and exploit this knowledge. The result in a deregulated marketplace is seller exploitation and consumer harm. Numerous empirical examples of irrational consumer behavior and seller exploitation are explored. Law and economics scholarship has been reluctant to face the normative implications of the improved understanding of consumer and seller behavior. Soft paternalism seeks to retain the ideal of a perfect market by fixing the information and bias problems, clinging to the values of utilitarianism and autonomy. The insights of behavioral economics may enlighten lawmakers as to how better to strive for genuine autonomy, and genuine utility maximization. Viewing contract law as a tool for justice, however, requires doing more than improving the means without rethinking the ends. A deeper notion of justice requires that we return to the prevention of exploitation of the weak by the powerful, an equity-based value, as one of lodestars for what the law of contracts ought to be.