gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growing Up Shuar: Life History Tradeoffs and Energy Allocation in the Context of Physical Growth Among an Indigenous Amazonian Population (2016)

Life history theory assumes that organisms allocate energetic resources (i.e., calories) to primary life functions such as maintenance, growth, reproduction, and physical activity in a manner that maximizes fitness. Under this conceptual framework, energy is limited, resource allocation is dynamic, and functional tradeoffs between competing metabolic processes are expected to occur. Life history tradeoffs have been invoked to explain biological variation across a range of species and ecological contexts. However, few studies have examined patterns of energy allocation and tradeoffs during human development, restricting fundamental understandings of human life history, phenotypic plasticity, and health.\n\nThis dissertation investigates human energy allocation and life history tradeoffs in the context of physical growth among the Shuar, a small-scale indigenous population from Amazonian Ecuador. Mixed-longitudinal anthropometric data were collected from 2,553 Shuar between the ages of 0-29 years. Additional market integration (i.e., production for and consumption from a market-based economy) and immune activity (i.e., finger-prick blood biomarker) data were obtained from a subset of children and adolescents. Analysis was performed to explore variation in physical growth at the population, regional, household, and individual levels.\n\nResults demonstrate that, as a population, the Shuar grow significantly more slowly than international references and experience several unique developmental characteristics that may be explained by energetic life history tradeoffs. Between-individual variation in Shuar growth, however, is substantial. A large portion of this variation is explained by household-level market integration factors associated with differences in diet, lifestyle, and pathogen exposure. Among Shuar children, linear growth is negatively related to several diverse biomarkers of immune function, such that growth is reduced by as much as 83% during intermittent periods of elevated immune activity. These tradeoffs occur over timeframes as short as one week and are typically avoided by children with adequate energy reserves (i.e., high levels of subcutaneous body fat). Taken together, these findings provide evidence for an important role of energetic tradeoffs in shaping patterns of human ontogeny and health.
Identification of a Homeodomain Binding Element in the Bone Sialoprotein Gene Promoter That Is Required for Its Osteoblast-selective Expression (2000)

Bone sialoprotein is a 70-kDa extracellular matrix component that is intimately associated with biomineralization, yet the cis-acting elements of the Bsp gene that restrict its expression to mineralizing cells remain uncharacterized. To identify such elements, we analyzed a 2472-base pair fragment of the murine promoter that directs osteoblast-selective expression of a luciferase reporter gene and found that the region between -338 and -178 relative to the transcriptional start is crucial for its osteoblast-selective activity. We identified an element within this region that binds a protein complex in the nuclear extracts of osteoblastic cells and is required for its transcriptional activity. Introduction of a mutation that disrupts a homeodomain binding site within this sequence eliminates both its in vitro binding and nearly all of the osteoblastic-selective activity of the 2472-base pair promoter. We further found that the Dlx5 homeoprotein, which is able to regulate the osteoblast-specific osteocalcin promoter, can bind this element and stimulate its enhancer activity when overexpressed in COS7 cells. These data represent the first description of an osteoblast-specific element within the bone sialoprotein promoter and demonstrate its regulation by a member of a family of factors known to be involved in skeletogenesis.
Design of the Health Monitoring System for the Artificial Pancreas: Low Glucose Prediction Module (2012)

Background: The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a safety system for the artificial pancreas device system (APDS). Safe operation of the APDS is a critical task, where the safety system is engaged only as needed to ensure reliable operation without positive feedback to the controller. Methods: The Health Monitoring System (HMS) was designed as a modular system to ensure the safety of the APDS and the user. It was designed using a large set of ambulatory data and evaluated in silico by inducing hypoglycemia with a missed meal [bolus for a 65 g carbohydrate (CHO) meal] and administering rescue CHOs per HMS alerting. The HMS was validated in-clinic with a real-life challenge of a subject who overdosed insulin prior to admission. Results: The HMS was evaluated for clinical use with a 15 min prediction horizon. Retrospectively, 93.5% of episodes were detected with 2.9 false alarms per day. During in silico evaluation, the HMS reduced the time spent <70 mg/dl from 15% to 3%. When the HMS was first tested in-clinic, the subject overdosed ∼3 U of insulin prior to her arrival to a closed-loop session (against protocol). The controller reduced insulin delivery, and the HMS gave four alerts that were successfully received via clinical software and text and multimedia messages. Even with insulin reduction and CHO supplements, hypoglycemia was unavoidable but manageable due to the HMS, confirming that a safety system to detect adverse events is an essential part of the APDS. Conclusions: The ability of the HMS to be an effective alert system that provides a safety layer to the APDS controller has been demonstrated in a clinical setting.
γ-Irradiated Starches and Amylose-Acrylamide Graftcopolymers as an Electrolyte Holding Material of Dry Batteries (1963)

Various new previously reported starch derivatives were examined to determine whether they are appropriate as an electrolyte-holding material of dry batteries. Samples used include non-irradiated potato starch, potato starch irradiated by 1 x 10/sup 8/ r and by 1.25 x 10/sup 6/ r gamma rays, irradiated graftcopolymers (G-1 and G-2 fractions), and two other graftpolymers. An acid- proof property and anti-corrosive property against zinc chloride were examined by the measurement of swelling volume. At the same time, viscoelasticity of starch gel was also determined by a rheometer. Swelling volume measurement was made by a centrifugal precipitation method. gamma -Irradiated amyloseacrylamide graftcopolymers showed satisfactory results. Particularly, the G-2 fraction of the gamma -irradiated graftcopolymers was the best electrolyte-holding material. (Nucl. Sci. Abstr. Japan, Vol. 2, No. 4)
Establishment of a Human Cell Line Highly Expressing Endothelin in Serum-Free Medium (1991)

Human preproendothelin-1 (prepro-ET-1) was transfected into an immortal human endothelial cell line that had been cultivated in a serum-free medium. Several transformants selected with Ecogpt selection were probed to have prepro-ET insert, express prepro-ET-1 mRNA, and secrete immunoreactive ET (ir-ET). One of the transformants, t-HUE2-1, secreted 30 times the amount of ET-1 and the ratio of mature ET-1 to big ET-1 was 11-fold higher compared with normal human endothelial cells. Thus, this transformant might be of use to study regulation of the posttranscriptional process of prepro-ET-1 in human cells.
Postnatal Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in Transgenic Mice Is Associated with Adrenocortical Hyperplasia and Enhanced Steroidogenesis<sup>1</sup> (1999)

The influence of postnatal insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) overexpression on adrenal growth and function was investigated in 3-month-old male phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter human IGF-II transgenic mice, which are characterized by 4-to 6-fold elevated postnatal IGF-II serum levels. Plasma corticosterone levels of PEPCK-IGF-II transgenic mice were 2-fold higher than in age- and sex-matched controls, both in the morning (7.4 +/- 1.5 vs. 17.8 +/- 3.9 ng/ml, P < 0.01) and in the evening (33.3 +/- 6.5 vs. 65.3 +/- 12 ng/ml, P < 0.01). When PEPCK-IGF-II transgenic mice were subjected to an ACTH challenge, corticosterone levels were stimulated 6-fold, to 396 +/- 17 ng/ml after 60 min, compared with 230 +/- 24 ng/ml in the control group. In contrast to corticosterone, plasma ACTH levels were similar in transgenic and control mice, excluding an indirect effect of IGF-II at the hypothalamic or pituitary level. In vitro, the basal and ACTH-induced corticosterone production of adrenal glands from transgenic mice was higher (2-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively) than that of control organs. However, when normalized for adrenal weight, the in vitro corticosterone secretion was similar in both groups. At autopsy, adrenal weights of transgenic mice were significantly greater than those of control adrenal glands (3.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.2 mg, P < 0.01, n = 10). Furthermore, a local expression of human IGF-II could be demonstrated in transgenic adrenal glands by RT-PCR, whereas in normal adult mice, no adrenal expression of IGF-II was detected. Stereological investigation of adrenal glands from another set of PEPCK-IGF-II transgenic mice and controls (6-month-old males) demonstrated that the increase in adrenal weight in transgenic mice is mainly caused by a 50% increase in the number of zona fasciculata cells, whereas cell volume and zonation of transgenic adrenal glands remained unchanged. In conclusion, our data indicate that postnatal overexpression of IGF-II induces an increased adrenal weight and elevated corticosterone serum levels, presumably by a direct mitogenic effect of IGF-II on adrenocortical fasciculata cells.
Crosstalk in fiber Raman amplification for WDM systems (1989)

The crosstalk between channels in Raman amplification for two-channel WDM system is calculated. Theory shows that severe crosstalk can occur even in the linear amplification (or pump undepletion) region. To ensure small crosstalk, the signal gain and injected pump power should be limited to values well below the threshold of Raman amplification. As a numerical example, a 30-dB gain penalty and 3-dB pump power penalty occur when a 30-dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is required. Thus, the conversion efficiency of Raman amplification in WDM systems is very low.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies Related to Biological Detoxification of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. IV.The Biodegradation of 14‐Chlorodehydroabietic Acid with Mortierella isabellina (1982)

Abstract One of the fish‐toxic chlorinated resin acids, 14‐chlorodehydroabietic acid ( 5 ), found in kraft mill effluent is examined. When exposed to the fungus Mortierella isabellina , 5 is converted into a number of hydroxylated derivatives which show low levels of toxicity to fish. These biotransformation products were isolated and characterized.
User-preference-based service selection using fuzzy logic (2010)

Web services provide a standard interaction interface for network-based services. With so many diverse web services available over the Internet, services can be composed together and delivered to users as a package. The way to combine services is still an open problem, especially considering users' preferences. Users always have vague opinions on these preferences when they choose component services. In this paper, we propose a user-preference-based selection engine to compose services, which allows users to define non-quantifiable factors and policies to represent their preferences. Then, the engine automatically composes web services into a package following these policies by use fuzzy logic. The engine ensures the whole package has the most satisfaction.
Functional Changes in β-Lactoglobulin by Conjugation with Cationic Saccharides (2000)

Bovine beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) was conjugated to each of three cationic saccharides [glucosamine (GlcN), chitopentaose (CPO), and chitosan (CHS)] by means of a water-soluble carbodiimide or by the Maillard reaction in an effort to improve the functional properties of beta-LG. The molar ratios of beta-LG to the cationic saccharide in the beta-LG-GlcN, beta-LG-CPO, and beta-LG-CHS conjugates were 2:1, 2:5, and 2:1, respectively. Fluorescence studies indicated that the conformation around Trp had changed in each conjugate and that the surface of each of the conjugates was covered with a saccharide chain. Structural analysis using monoclonal antibodies indicated that the conformation around (15)Val-(29)Ile (beta-sheet region) in beta-LG-GlcN and beta-LG-CPO had changed but that in beta-LG-CHS was maintained, whereas the conformation around (125)Thr-(135)Lys (alpha-helix region) in the conjugates had changed. The emulsifying activity of beta-LG was improved by conjugation with CPO or CHS, and aggregation of beta-LG was suppressed by conjugation with CHS. Reduction of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of beta-LG was achieved by conjugation with CHS.
A cumulative damage approach to modeling atmospheric corrosion of steel (2014)

Past attempts to develop models that predict atmospheric corrosion rates used statistical regression, "power-law", or other approaches that result in linear or simple nonlinear corrosion rate predictions.Such models were calibrated by statistically comparing corrosion test results to predictions based upon long-term (e.g., annual) deposition measurements of chloride aerosols and/or SO 2 .Relative humidity, if explicitly considered, was only used to define the amount of time during the year when conditions were thought to be favorable for corrosion.Most models ignored temperature effects but those that do only consider annual averages.A new approach was constructed to predict corrosion rates using the concept of cumulative damage.This new model is analogous to some types of fatigue models [1, 2] and is based upon the Eyring equation, which was originally developed to predict the dependence of chemical reaction rates on levels of the presumed acceleration factors.The model makes hourly weight loss predictions, which when added together makes longer-term "cumulative" predictions.Principal advantage of using hourly predictions is that the effects of diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles and related changes to relative humidity are explicitly considered.The
Real-time coherent correlator using binary magnetooptic spatial light modulators at input and Fourier planes (1986)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text David L. Flannery, Anne Marie Biernacki, John S. Loomis, and Steven L. Cartwright, "Real-time coherent correlator using binary magnetooptic spatial light modulators at input and Fourier planes," Appl. Opt. 25, 466-466 (1986) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Collective Utility and Welfare (2002)

Abstract Normative economics is mainly concerned with the welfare of communities. Somehow the happiness or utility of individuals has to be compared, and amalgamated or added up. The status of the interpersonal comparisons involved is discussed. The mathematical conditions required for making sense of a general measure of the welfare or utility of a community are outlined. It is concluded that the concept makes sense, but the conditions are very demanding.
The DVB Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) and Related Specifications (2006)

For some years, digital pay television services have been accompanied by software applications which are downloaded from the broadcast into the set-top boxes in the living room and executed there. The formats and protocols used for these are proprietary. In 2000, after a long and difficult development process, the DVB Project offered to the world an open standard specification to support the execution of such applications called the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP). It enables digital content providers and broadcast equipment suppliers to address MHP receivers, regardless of the manufacturer of the receiver or the developer of the MHP middleware implementation. Since the completion of version 1.0 of the MHP specification in January 2000, derivative specifications have been produced for non-DVB markets. One such derivative is the Open Cable Application Platform (OCAP) produced by CableLabs for cable TV in the United States. This removes completely those MHP features which are simply not applicable in that market. Other features are replaced with a U.S. equivalent. Extensions have been defined by CableLabs for additional requirements.
Structural Elements in the Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains of the Metal Transporter SLC30A10 Are Required for Its Manganese Efflux Activity (2016)

Homozygous mutations in SLC30A10 lead to the development of familial manganese-induced parkinsonism. We previously demonstrated that SLC30A10 is a cell surface-localized manganese efflux transporter, and parkinsonism-causing mutations block its trafficking and efflux activity. Interestingly, other transporters in the SLC30 family mediate zinc efflux. Determining the mechanisms that allow SLC30A10 to transport manganese, which are unclear, is essential to understand its role in parkinsonism. Here, we generated a predicted structure of SLC30A10, based on the structure of the bacterial zinc transporter YiiP, and performed functional studies. In YiiP, side chains of residues Asp-45 and Asp-49 in the second and His-153 and Asp-157 in the fifth transmembrane segments coordinate zinc and are required for transport. In SLC30A10, the corresponding residues are Asn-43 and Asp-47 in the second and His-244 and Asp-248 in the fifth transmembrane segments. Surprisingly, although alanine substitution of Asp-248 abolished manganese efflux, that of Asn-43 and Asp-47 did not. Instead, side chains of charged or polar residues adjacent to Asp-248 in the first (Glu-25) or fourth (Asn-127) transmembrane segments were required. Further analyses revealed that residues His-333 and His-350 in the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain were required for full activity. However, the C-terminal domain failed to transfer manganese transport capability to a related zinc transporter. Overall, our results indicate that residues in the transmembrane and C-terminal domains together confer optimal manganese transport capability to SLC30A10 and suggest that the mechanism of ion coordination in the transmembrane domain of SLC30A10 may be substantially different from that in YiiP/other SLC30 proteins.
Named Entity Extraction for Knowledge Graphs: A Literature Overview (2020)

An enormous amount of digital information is expressed as natural-language (NL) text that is not easily processable by computers. Knowledge Graphs (KG) offer a widely used format for representing information in computer-processable form. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is therefore needed for mining (or lifting) knowledge graphs from NL texts. A central part of the problem is to extract the named entities in the text. The paper presents an overview of recent advances in this area, covering: Named Entity Recognition (NER), Named Entity Disambiguation (NED), and Named Entity Linking (NEL). We comment that many approaches to NED and NEL are based on older approaches to NER and need to leverage the outputs of state-of-the-art NER systems. There is also a need for standard methods to evaluate and compare named-entity extraction approaches. We observe that NEL has recently moved from being stepwise and isolated into an integrated process along two dimensions: the first is that previously sequential steps are now being integrated into end-to-end processes, and the second is that entities that were previously analysed in isolation are now being lifted in each other's context. The current culmination of these trends are the deep-learning approaches that have recently reported promising results.
Expression of phenotype- and proliferation-related genes in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture (1997)

It is proposed that the coordinated shift in gene expression here described to take place in connection with the phenotypic modulation of vascular SMCs in primary culture is part of a predetermined genetic program that normally serves the function to engage the cells in a wound healing response.
Colossal Magnetoresistance Without Mn <sup>3+</sup> /Mn <sup>4+</sup> Double Exchange in the Stoichiometric Pyrochlore Tl <sub>2</sub> Mn <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> (1996)

Structural analysis from powder neutron and single-crystal x-ray diffraction data for a sample of the Tl2Mn2O7 pyrochlore, which exhibits colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), shows no deviations from ideal stoichiometry. This analysis gives an Mn-O distance of 1.90 angstroms, which is significantly shorter than the Mn-O distances (1.94 to 2.00 angstroms) observed in phases based on LaMnO3 perovskites that exhibit CMR. Both results in Tl2Mn2O7 indicate oxidation states very close to Tl23+Mn24+O7. Thus, Tl2Mn2O7 has neither mixed valence for a double-exchange magnetic interaction nor a Jahn-Teller cation such as Mn3+, both of which were thought to have an important function in CMR materials. An alternate mechanism for CMR in Tl2Mn2O7 based on magnetic ordering driven by superexchange and strong spin-fluctuation scattering above the Curie temperature is proposed here.
<i>Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) Pleuropneumoniae</i>: Use of Coagglutination and Complement Fixation to Determine the Relationship between Presence of Organism and Antibody Titer in Slaughterhouse Pigs (1989)

The conventional culture method was compared to coagglutination for detection of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae in 425 sets of pig lungs. Sera from the same animals were evaluated for antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae by the complement fixation (CF) test. All samples were collected at 2 packing plants in Iowa. In 2 nonvaccinated herds with no history of respiratory disease, the difference between standard culture results and coagglutination was highly significant (P less than 0.001). None of the 57 pigs in this group were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by conventional culture, but 7 were positive by the coagglutination test. There were 15 animals with CF titers between 1:8 and 1:32. Animals from 6 herds vaccinated for A. pleuropneumoniae and without recent respiratory problems were evaluated. One out of 118 animals tested was positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by standard culture as compared to 9 positive by coagglutination. The difference in positive results between culture and coagglutination was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Twenty-eight animals had CF titers to A. pleuropneumoniae (1:4 to greater than or equal to 1:128). Two hundred fifty lungs and sera samples were collected from 7 herds which had recently experienced varying degrees of respiratory disease. Thirty-nine lungs were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by culture and 182 were positive by coagglutination. The number of positives detected by coagglutination was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the number positive by culture. There were 172 animals with antibody titers ranging from suspect to greater than or equal to 1:128. There were significantly fewer positive animals detected by standard culture than with the CF test (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)