gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abrasion Resistance of GR-S Vulcanizates (1952)

Abstract A method for determining the abrasion resistance properties of reinforced vulcanizates was required for evaluating new GR-S type elastomers and carbon blacks developed for use in automobile tire treads. In spite of the fact that past experiences revealed that most laboratory machines are unsatisfactory for testing GR-S vulcanizates, a program for evaluating several machines was undertaken. A Lambourn abrader similar to the one recently adopted by the British Standards Institution for testing elastomer vulcanizates appeared to be most promising, for which reason efforts were expended on constructing a similar machine. The abrader that was constructed and operated to simulate wear brought about by a tire slipping on road surfaces embodied the following four modifications of the British machine: 1. All parts and accessories were either obtained or fabricated in the United States. 2. The electrical eddy current type of brake used in the original Lambourn machine was replaced with a hydraulic, gear pump braking system. 3. Intermittent talcing of the test wheel during operation was specified. 4. A revolution counter equipped with a friction drive wheel, one foot in circumference, was installed to ride on the test wheel for the purpose of conveniently determining test run distances. The conditions for testing vulcanizates were standardized to obtain abrasion loss values that could be expressed in terms of loss in cubic centimeters per 3000 feet of running at 24 per cent slip. Adjustments were made in calculating abrasion ratings from volume loss values to bring them more in line with reported service test ratings.
Experimental comparison of 28Gbaud Polarization Switched- and Polarization Division Multiplexed- QPSK in WDM Long-Haul Transmission System (2011)

We report on experimental long-haul transmission of 28Gaud PS-QPSK signal in a WDM scenario. We compare its performance with that of 28Gbaud PDM-QPSK signal and demonstrate it could be interesting into software-defined optical transceivers.
Efficiency of 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone for the photopolymerization of methacrylate monomers in thick sections (2011)

Abstract The efficiency of 2,2‐Dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) for the photopolymerization of methacrylate monomers in thick sections was assessed. DMPA is an efficient photoinitiator for thick sections (≈2 mm) because a fast reaction and high conversions are obtained with concentrations as low as 0.25 wt % DMPA. The polymerization rate increased when the DMPA content increased from 0.125 wt % to 0.25 wt %. However, the conversion versus irradiation time profiles in resins containing 0.25 wt % or 0.5 wt % DMPA were similar. This is attributed to the screening effect caused by excessive levels of DMPA. In addition, the consumption of DMPA under UV irradiation was accompanied by the appearance of light absorbing photoproducts. Because the absorbing species nearest to the light source absorb part of it, the light fails to reach the deeper layers of the sample. The overall effect of light screening is a reduced photoinitiation rate and double bond conversion along the irradiation path. This effect was compensated by the use of irradiation sources of higher intensity; which increased the initiation rate by increasing the production of primary radicals. DMPA is colorless and it does not require the presence of amine as coinitiator. These properties make DMPA attractive as photoinitiator of dental composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical genetics: receptor–ligand pairs for rapid manipulation of neuronal activity (2011)

Toward the functional dissection of neuronal circuits, a number of new genetic tools have been developed that enable rapid and reversible manipulation of genetically defined neuronal subtypes in intact mammalian brain circuits. Alongside the breakthrough technology of optogenetics, receptor-ligand pairs provide complementary approaches to modulate neuronal activity using chemical genetics.
Eyeglasses in the Classroom (2009)

Optical phenomena can be divided into two categories: ray optics and wave optics. The former is also known as geometrical optics, and examples are reflection and refraction, while the latter is also known as physical optics and includes interference and diffraction. In most textbooks, these two topics are presented in separate chapters.1 To help students grasp corresponding principles, instructors often emphasize the contrast between these two categories. For example, the length scale of objects encountered by light beams is taken as an indicator to differentiate these two. When the scale is microscopic (down to the wavelength at 550 nm for green light), the light shall be treated as a wave, while at a macroscopic scale (start from a few mm for a tiny lens), the light shall be taken as a ray. Diffraction effects are almost always negligible in the formation of images by lens, and refraction effects can also be neglected safely in the discussions of interference. As a result, some students get the wrong impression that these two phenomena must manifest in quite different regimes. In this paper, we show that eyeglasses can be a very handy tool to demonstrate these two phenomena at the same time, working as a lens for light rays and also showing interference of light waves from reflections off the lens coating. According to a recent survey, more than 80% of college students in Taiwan are nearsighted, and eyeglasses are easily accessible in the classroom. Students are guided to observe, describe, and then provide qualitative explanations. And some of the students might take the challenge to work out quantitative calculations as exercises after class.
Evidence for the horizontal transfer of an integrase gene from a fusellovirus to a pRN-like plasmid within a single strain of Sulfolobus and the implications for plasmid survival (2008)

A fusellovirus SSV4 and a pRN-like plasmid pXZ1 were co-isolated from a single strain of Sulfolobus. In contrast to the previously characterized virus-plasmid hybrids pSSVx and pSSVi, which can coexist intracellulary with a fusellovirus, pXZ1 is not packaged into viral particles and shows no viral infectivity. The virus and plasmid carry genomes of 15 135 and 6970 bp, respectively. For SSV4, 33 predicted ORFs are compactly organized with a strong preference for UGA stop codons, three-quarters of which overlap with either the Shine-Dalgarno motif or the start codon of the following gene. pXZ1 carries seven ORFs, three of which encode an atypical RepA, a PlrA and a CopG protein. A fourth ORF exhibits a high nucleotide sequence identity to the SSV4 integrase gene, which suggests that it has been transferred to the plasmid from SSV4. A single point mutation within an otherwise identical 500 bp region of the integrase gene occurs in the viral attachment site (attP), which corresponds to the anticodon region of the targeted tRNA gene in the host chromosome. This point mutation confers on pXZ1 the ability to integrate into the tRNA(Glu)[CUC] gene, which differs from the integration site of SSV4, tRNA(Glu)[UUC]. SSV4 and pXZ1 were also shown experimentally to integrate into separate sites on the host chromosome. This is believed to be the first report of a pRN plasmid sharing its natural host with a fusellovirus and carrying a highly similar integrase gene.
A convenient synthesis of 2S, 3S‐[3‐<sup>2</sup>H]‐serine and 2S, 3R‐[2, 3‐<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>]‐serine (1982)

Abstract Both 2S, 3R‐[2, 3‐ 2 H 2 ]‐serine 5 and 2S, 3S‐[3‐ 2 H]‐serine 6 have been prepared from (E)‐methyl‐[2, 3.‐ 2 H 2 ]‐acrylate and (Z)‐ethyl‐[3‐ 2 H]‐acrylate, respectively. The acrylate esters were converted to a mixture of isomeric bromohydrins by treatment with N‐bromoacetamide. The ratio of 2‐bromo‐3‐hydroxy species to the 2‐hydroxy‐3‐bromo isomer was approximately 3:1. Conversion to the corresponding azido alcohols by treatment with NaN 3 followed by catalytic reduction over Pd gave the alkyl esters of serine and isoserine. Purification and hydrolysis yielded serine in typically 20–25% yield from methyl or ethyl acrylate. Resolution was accomplished enzymatically by hog kidney acylase I treatment of the N‐acetyl derivative. Absolute configuration was determined by 1 H NMR and the ratio of proton intensity in the diastereotopic positions at C–3 were measured to be H S /H R = 11 for 5 and H R /H S = 4.4 for 6 .
Hemoglobin pyrgos alpha2 beta2 83 (EF7) Gly leads to Asp: a new hemoglobin variant in double heterozygosity with hemoglobin S (1976)

An electrophoretically fast-moving hemoglobin variant was found to be present together with hemoglobin S, in the hemolysate of the rythrocytes of at 3-yr-old Greek boy. Electrophoresis of the parents' erythrocyte hemolysates revealed that the father was an AS heterozygote, while the mother was a carrier of the variant hemoglobin. A sibling was also found to be a carrier. The amount of the mutant hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of the propositus, his mother, and his brother was 62.2%, 52.5%, and 51.1%, respectively, as determined by column chromatography. The patients peripheral blood smear showed mild anisocytosis, microcytosis, and hypochromia. Similar but less pronounced red cell abnormalities were found in the other two carriers. Structural analysis of the variant hemoglobin revealed substitution of an aspartic acid for the glycine residue at the beta83 (EF7) position. This new hemoglobin was named hemoglobin Pyrgos. All the carriers of hemoglobin Pyrgos are clinically healthy, and there seems to be no interaction between hemoglobin Pyrgos and hemoglobin S as manifested clinically.
Mechanisms of combustion wave propagation in heterogeneous reaction systems (1998)

For many condensed heterogeneous systems, the propagation of the combustion front occurs in a planar, steady manner, when observed using typical imaging rates (30 frames/s) and magnifications (4×). However, using much higher magnification (> 400×) and imaging rates (1000 frames/s), two different mechanisms (quasihomogeneous and relay-race) of combustion propagation have been observed recently. For the former, the microstructure of the combustion wave resembles what is viewed macroscopically (i.e., at typical magnification and imaging rates). Under these conditions, steady, planar propagation occurs. In the relay-race mechanism, while planar at the macroscopic level, the combustion front profiles are irregularly shaped, with arc-shaped convexities and concavities at the microscopic level. Moreover, the reaction front propagation consists of a series of rapid jumps and hesitations. In this paper, based on the local conditions during combustion (i.e., the microstructure of the combustion wave), we develop and evaluate several new criteria for determining the mechanisms of combustion wave propagation. Using these criteria, the boundaries between quasihomogeneous and relay-race mechanisms are determined experimentally as a function of the initial organization of the reaction medium (i.e., particle size and porosity). Further, the characteristics of the two mechanisms in terms of temperature gradients and ignition delays are also studied.
Implementation and analysis of forward error correction decoding for Cloud-RAN systems (2015)

In future 5G mobile networks, radio access network functions will be virtualized and implemented on centralized cloud platforms. In principle, this allows for more advanced algorithms of joint processing and offers the ability to balance the computational load. However, the shift of functionality on a cloud-platform also imposes challenges on the design of the applied algorithms. In this paper, we analyse the implementation of forward error correction decoding algorithms on general purpose hardware, which draws the main computational burden of signal processing in the uplink. Although the protocol stack introduces strict timing requirements we demonstrate by numerical results the feasibility of such implementation.
Measurements and modeling of the volume scattering function in the coastal northern Adriatic Sea (2007)

We performed measurements of the volume scattering function (VSF) between 0.5 degrees and 179 degrees with an angular resolution of 0.3 degrees in the northern Adriatic Sea onboard an oceanographic platform during three different seasons, using the multispectral volume scattering meter (MVSM) instrument. We observed important differences with respect to Petzold's commonly used functions, whereas the Fournier-Forand's analytical formulation provided a rather good description of the measured VSF. The comparison of the derived scattering, b(p)(lambda) and backscattering, b(bp)(lambda) coefficients for particles with the measurements performed with the classical AC-9 and Hydroscat-6 showed agreement to within 20%. The use of an empirical relationship for the derivation of b(b)(lambda) from beta(psi,lambda) at psi=140 degrees was validated for this coastal site although psi=118 degrees was confirmed to be the most appropriate angle. The low value of the factor used to convert beta(psi,lambda) into b(b)(lambda) within the Hydroscat-6 processing partially contributed to the underestimation of b(b)(lambda) with respect to the MVSM. Finally, use of the Kopelevich model together with a measurement of b(p)(lambda) at lambda=555 nm allowed us to reconstruct the VSF with average rms percent differences between 8 and 15%.
Analysis, Design, and $X$-Band Implementation of a Self-Biased Active Feedback $G_{m}$-Boosted Common-Gate CMOS LNA (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper explores the use of active feedback to boost the transconductance of a common-gate (CG) low-noise amplifier and achieve simultaneous low noise and input power match. Unlike transformer coupled topologies, the CG input stage is dc-coupled to a self-biased common-source feedback amplifier (for <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$g_{m}$</tex></formula> boosting), thus eliminating the need of external bias circuitry. Noise and intermodulation analysis with and without <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$g_{m}$</tex> </formula> boosting are extensively studied yielding closed-form expressions of the noise figure (NF) and third-order input-referred intercept point (IIP3) that are useful for circuit design and optimization. A 9.6-GHz differential prototype implemented in a 0.18-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula>m technology using only NMOS transistors, achieves a minimum NF of 4 dB, an IIP3 of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex> </formula>11.3 dBm, a return loss of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex> </formula>17 dB, and a transducer gain of 18 dB while dissipating 10 m (excluding buffer circuit) from a 1.8-V supply voltage. The active chip area is 0.11 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex></formula>. </para>
Survey of supersonic combustion ramjet research at Langley (1986)

The Hypersonic Propulsion Branch at NASA Langley Research Center has maintained an active research program in supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) and high speed ramjet propulsion since the 1960s. The focus for this research has centered on propulsion for manned reuseable vehicles with cryogenic hydrogen fuel. This paper presents some highlights of this research. The design philosophy of the Langley fixed-geometry airframe-integrated modular scramjet is discussed. The component development and research programs that have supported the successful demonstration of the engine concept using subscale engine module hardware is reviewed and a brief summary of the engine tests presented. An extensive bibliography of research supported by the Langley program is also included.
Incisional hernia rate 3 years after midline laparotomy (2013)

This follow-up of two trials demonstrated that 1 year of clinical follow-up for detection of incisional hernia is not sufficient; follow-up for at least 3 years should be mandatory in any study evaluating the rate of postoperative incisional hernia after midline laparotomy.
New semiconductor scintillators ZnSe(Te,O) and integrated radiation detectors based thereon (2001)

Data are presented on properties of a new type of scintillator based on isovalently doped crystals of zinc selenide. Depending upon concentration of activating dopants Te and O, the wavelength of the luminescence maximum is 590-640 nm, response time is 1-50 /spl mu/s, and afterglow level after 5 ms is not more than 0.01-0.05%. Conversion efficiency is 3-6% higher, and radiation stability is /spl sim/1000 times higher than for CsI(Tl) crystals. Accounting for their optical and physical properties, this type of scintillator is the most suitable for tomography uses in "scintillator-photodiode" detectors. The combination of semiconductor properties and characteristics of a highly efficient scintillator, which is observed in ZnSe(Te), makes it possible to create integrated scintielectronic detectors of X-ray radiation of the type "photosensitive heterostructure A/sup II/B/sup VI/ -semiconductor scintillator ZnSe(Te)." Detectors of charged particles and ultraviolet radiation based on the Schottky barrier structure of "metal-nZnSe(Te)" have been also developed, with quantum efficiency of 0.3-0.4 electron/quantum in the region 0.20-0.47 /spl mu/m.
A low-power, high-speed CMOS/CML 16:1 serializer (2009)

This paper presents a low power CMOS/CML 16:1 serializer for optical data transmission systems. The serializer comprises a 16:N CMOS multiplexer, a CMOS to CML data converter, a N:1 CML multiplexer, a CML to CMOS clock converter and clock dividers. The serializer was implemented in two technologies: fabricated in 65-nm CMOS process and a total area of 110µm × 390µm, consumes 106mW from 1/1.8-V supplies, designed in 45-nm CMOS process and a total area of 140µm × 360µm, consumes 50mW from 0.9/1.2-V supplies. In both cases, simulated DDJ is less than 3ps under worst case conditions. Advantages of using static CMOS and CML topologies together for high-speed digital signals are discussed. A design method for avoiding timing issues is presented.
Performance estimation of SAR using NIIRS techniques (2012)

In this paper we present an overview of the National Image Interprability Rating Scale (NIIRS) for SAR im- agery. We map basic SAR image formation parameters into the NIIRS via an information theoretic framework. Preliminary results obtained from a pilot study are presented for human interpretablity of various SAR im- ages. Extensions to this work which include sensor exploitation algorithms and integration within the Pursuer environment are outlined .
Cardiovascular Effects of Nepicastat (RS-25560-197), a Novel Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Inhibitor (1998)

Nepicastat (RS-25560-197) is a novel, selective, and potent inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which modulates catecholamine levels (reduces norepinephrine and elevates dopamine) in cardiovascular tissues. This study was designed to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of nepicastat. Acute oral administration of nepicastat (0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) produced attenuation of the pressor and positive chronotropic responses to preganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation (about twofold to sixfold shift in the frequency-response curve) in pithed spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In inactin-anesthetized SHRs, the antihypertensive effects of nepicastat (3 mg/kg, i.v.) were accompanied by a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance (38%), a tendency toward an increase in renal blood flow (22%), and no adverse effects on urine output and Na/K excretion. In conscious, unrestrained, telemetry-implanted SHRs, nepicastat (30 and 100 mg/kg/day for 30 days) produced dose-dependent decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (peak decrease of 20 and 42 mm Hg, respectively) without evoking reflex tachycardia. Long-term, concurrent administration of nepicastat (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and a subthreshold dose of enalapril (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) produced greater antihypertensive effects than those produced by nepicastat alone. In normal dogs, nepicastat (5.0 mg/kg, p.o., b.i.d., for 4.5 days) blunted the positive chronotropic and pressor response to tyramine. These findings suggest that nepicastat functionally modulates sympathetic drive to cardiovascular tissues and may be of value in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders associated with overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system such as hypertension and congestive heart failure.
A Balance Feedback Human Machine Interface for humanoid teleoperation in dynamic tasks (2015)

This paper introduces a novel Balance Feedback Interface (BFI) that addresses the problem of bilateral feedback for teleoperation of humanoid robots. With this new device we expect to enhance robot's high force manipulation performance to a level comparable to humans by dynamically synchronizing master and slave. Through this Human-Machine Interface (HMI) we aim to achieve two goals: (i) have the human pilot learn from the robot's dynamic behavior; and (ii) have the humanoid robotic platform learn from human's motor skills. The eventual goal is to fuse the teleoperator's commands and an autonomous controller for optimal performance. Initial results evaluate the stability of the robot while being teleoperated by a human pilot for a simple upright balancing task. During the experiment the user has no visual information about the robot's state and is expected to compensate for unpredicted instabilities. The bilateral feedback system shows robustness to inertial variations and to external disturbances with the proposed human-in-the-loop control strategy offering valuable insight for future work.
System design issues for low-power, low-cost short range wireless networking (2003)

The emergence of battery powered handheld devices as popular computing devices is presenting new challenges. Among the most important challenges is the need to provide a low cost, low power, indoor wireless networking access to handheld devices. The constraints posed by battery power and cost require a careful re-evaluation of system design issues at all layers of the protocol stack. We present the design of a short range wireless networking system called BlueSky which is being developed at IBM Research to address these challenges. We show that the optimization objectives for short range indoor wireless systems are quite different from those for traditional cellular wireless systems. We also argue that in the next millennium the primary optimization criteria for the design of (short range) wireless systems will shift from the traditional spectral efficiency towards battery lifetime and cost.
Wafer Treatment Using Electrolysis-Ionized Water (1994)

Electrolysis-ionized water treatment is shown to be useful for removing polystyrene particles from contact holes, silicon surface cleaning and the removal of metal contamination such as copper. Electrolysis-ionized water has a controllable pH and a higher oxidation-reduction potential than chemicals. Moreover, this water does not contain acid or alkaline chemicals, and can easily be neutralized without adding chemicals. Electrolysis-ionized water treatment has great potential for ecologically safe and low cost semiconductor processing.