gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of black diamond-like carbon films as a contrast enhancement layer for liquid-crystal displays (1990)

We report development of single-layer, highly durable, pinhole-free, abrasion-resistant, chemically inert ‘‘black coating’’ suitable for use as a contrast enhancement layer for liquid- crystal display devices. The single layer is a diamond-like carbon coating that has a high extinction coefficient and appears black due to optical absorption. The optical transmittance is less than 2% over the visible spectrum, and the reflectance is about 20%. Furthermore, this coating is easy to deposit onto large-area substrates at high deposition rates. The coating is sufficiently durable, electrically insulating, and chemically compatible with liquid-crystal display materials. Its hardness exceeds that of SiC (9+ on Mohs scale), and it is resistant to abrasion and most common solvents and acids. It exhibits good adhesion to glass, silicon, metal, and oxide substrates. Films of this material have been used to provide an increased contrast enhancement ratio in liquid-crystal displays. Details on the synthesis of these films are presented. Also, data on the optical and mechanical properties of these films as well as their use as contrast enhancement layers for liquid-crystal displays are presented.
Self-referenced frequency combs using high-efficiency silicon-nitride waveguides (2017)

We utilize silicon-nitride waveguides to self-reference a telecom-wavelength fiber frequency comb through supercontinuum generation, using 11.3 mW of optical power incident on the chip. This is approximately 10 times lower than conventional approaches using nonlinear fibers and is enabled by low-loss (<2 dB) input coupling and the high nonlinearity of silicon nitride, which can provide two octaves of spectral broadening with incident energies of only 110 pJ. Following supercontinuum generation, self-referencing is accomplished by mixing 780-nm dispersive-wave light with the frequency-doubled output of the fiber laser. In addition, at higher optical powers, we demonstrate f-to-3f self-referencing directly from the waveguide output by the interference of simultaneous supercontinuum and third harmonic generation, without the use of an external doubling crystal or interferometer. These hybrid comb systems combine the performance of fiber-laser frequency combs with the high nonlinearity and compactness of photonic waveguides, and should lead to low-cost, fully stabilized frequency combs for portable and space-borne applications.
Differential Expression of Members of the Annexin Multigene Family in Arabidopsis (2001)

Although in most plant species no more than two annexin genes have been reported to date, seven annexin homologs have been identified in Arabidopsis, Annexin Arabidopsis 1-7 (AnnAt1--AnnAt7). This establishes that annexins can be a diverse, multigene protein family in a single plant species. Here we compare and analyze these seven annexin gene sequences and present the in situ RNA localization patterns of two of these genes, AnnAt1 and AnnAt2, during different stages of Arabidopsis development. Sequence analysis of AnnAt1--AnnAt7 reveals that they contain the characteristic four structural repeats including the more highly conserved 17-amino acid endonexin fold region found in vertebrate annexins. Alignment comparisons show that there are differences within the repeat regions that may have functional importance. To assess the relative level of expression in various tissues, reverse transcription-PCR was carried out using gene-specific primers for each of the Arabidopsis annexin genes. In addition, northern blot analysis using gene-specific probes indicates differences in AnnAt1 and AnnAt2 expression levels in different tissues. AnnAt1 is expressed in all tissues examined and is most abundant in stems, whereas AnnAt2 is expressed mainly in root tissue and to a lesser extent in stems and flowers. In situ RNA localization demonstrates that these two annexin genes display developmentally regulated tissue-specific and cell-specific expression patterns. These patterns are both distinct and overlapping. The developmental expression patterns for both annexins provide further support for the hypothesis that annexins are involved in the Golgi-mediated secretion of polysaccharides.
A new Method for Preparation and Treatment of Oriented Aggregate Specimens of Soil Clays for X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (1955)

An improved method is presented for preparation and treatment of oriented specimens of soil clays for x-ray diffraction. Clays are suspended in water and deposited by centrifugation as thin, highly oriented films on flat, porous ceramic plates. Specimens so prepared are then given diagnostic treatments such as solvation, cation exchange, and heating to various temperatures, diffraction patterns being recorded after each treatment. Photographs and specifications are presented for ( 1) the porous plates, (2) a device for holding a porous plate and the clay suspension during deposition of the clay by centrifugation, and (3) a device for applying suction to clay film-porous plate specimens to effect washing and cation exchange of the clay.
<title>Photonic crystals for integrated optical computing</title> (2000)

We propose and quantify a future role for photonic crystals in optical signal processing. We analyze the optical signal processing functionality of nonlinear periodic structures. By elaborating an analytical model and employing numerical simulations, we explore the performance of proposed devices. We prove that the proposed limiters provide true limiting by clamping the transmitted intensity at a level which is independent of the incident intensity. We explore the response of optical switches for signal and pump beams having the same and different frequencies. We describe and quantify the performance of the proposed structures in the realization of optical hard-limiters. We explore the performance of an all-optical logic gate whose forward- directed output implements a binary AND and whose backward- directed output implements an OR function. In addition we prove that the for fabrication errors as large as 10%, qualitative device functionality remains, with performance only modestly degraded.
Skin permeability. (1989)

The histochemical and physicochemical aspects of skin permeability and transdermal drug permeation are reviewed under preponderant consideration of the past years' literature supplied by relevant investigations from the author's laboratories. The chemical composition and the physical order of the horny layer lipids as well as the interactions of drugs and vehicle components with these lipids are the basis of understanding drug penetration, its influencing by vehicles and penetration enhancement. By means of measuring drug concentration profiles in human skin the mechanisms of vehicle effects and penetration enhancement are demonstrated. The consequences of increased permeability and xenobiotic enrichment in pathologically altered skin are discussed.
Influence of Objects in Rooms on Illuminance and Luminance Distribution (1984)

Illuminance levels have to be planned taking into consideration not only objects in rooms, but, all standard planning methods restricted to empty rooms, as well as most of the lighting computer programs. In order to handle this situation a program was developed, which allows the calculations of illuminance and luminance distributions in non-empty rooms. The results of a sample calculation are given in graphic representation together with the basics of the computation procedure.
A review on using augmented reality in text translation (2017)

In recent years with the rapidly growth of smart phones/devices, augmented reality becomes part of many mobile applications. For instance, we can cite the translation applications. This paper reports on a review of literature on augmented reality text translation. The main components of any augmented reality translation application are: text detection, text extraction and text translation. Therefore the factors considered in our study include: the used Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for text extraction, the used technique/algorithm for detecting the text, the used API's for text translation, the used tools in developing these applications and used programming language(s), the application supporting platform(s), the supported translation languages, the dataset used for evaluating the system and lastly, the results of the experiments. In total, 12 studies published between 1998 and 2016 were analyzed. The main findings from this review provide the current state of the art on research in augmented reality in text translation. Furthermore, the paper permits to set up the ways towards developing an android mobile application for real time Arabic text translation. Although the enrichment and the integration of the new technologies in the translation process, the existing applications are still limited to few number of languages. Arabic language is one of those not yet supported.
A study on Load Power Probability-Distribution-Function effect on power conversion efficiency (2008)

This paper presents a study on the effect of load power distribution on the overall system or platform energy efficiency. By utilizing a MatLabreg simulation model that has been developed in this work, it is shown how the load power probability-distribution-function (P-PDF) and the power efficiency curve of power delivery/conversion affects the overall energy consumption of a load, system, and/or platform. The study shows how to select the power conversion efficiency optimization point and shape given a known P-PDF. It is also shown that there is a potential to improve the system or platform overall energy efficiency, if the workload distribution and power management scheme used are designed while considering available VR designs efficiency curves, such that the appropriate P-PDF is obtained for higher total energy efficiency.
Involvement of CREB Binding Protein in Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Genes via Interaction with the Class II Transactivator (1998)

The class II transactivator (CIITA) is a key regulatory factor that controls expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes that are essential components for antigen presentation and thus regulation of the immune response. We show here that the adenovirus E1A protein interferes with the action of CIITA and inhibits both B-cell-specific and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced expression of MHC class II promoters. Transfection studies provide evidence for the functional role of the CREB-binding protein (CBP) in IFN-gamma and CIITA-mediated MHC class II promoter activation. We demonstrate that the N-terminally located transcription activation domain of CIITA physically interacts with both the N-terminal and the E1A-binding (C/H3) regions of CBP. These results suggest the involvement of a multisubunit complex, which contains the gene-specific coactivator CIITA and the versatile coactivator CBP, in MHC class II gene regulation, which may be responsible for both high-level expression and modulation by different signaling pathways.
Antioxidant activity of green teas in different lipid systems (1997)

Abstract Different commercial green teas from Japan, China, and India, were compared in different lipid systems. Green teas were active antioxidants in bulk corn oil oxidized at 50°C but were prooxidant in the corresponding oil‐in‐water emulsions. Green teas also were active antioxidants in soybean lecithin liposomes oxidized at 37°C in the presence of cupric acetate as catalyst. At 50°C, however, three of the samples of green tea were active antioxidants in the absence of copper catalyst, and two samples showed prooxidant activity in the presence of copper catalyst. The marked variation in activity among green tea samples may be due partly to differences in their relative partition between phases in different lipid systems. The improved antioxidant activity observed for green teas in lecithin liposomes compared to corn oil emulsions can be explained by the greater affinity of the polar tea catechin gallates for the polar surface of the lecithin bilayers, thus affording better protection against oxidation. Liposomes may thus be appropriate lipid models to evaluate antioxidants for foods containing phospholipids.
The Adsorption of Phenol, <i>m</i>-Cresol and <i>m</i>-Catechol on a β-Cyclodextrin Derivative-Grafted Chitosan and the Removal of Phenols from Industrial Wastewater (2006)

A β-cyclodextrin derivative (CCDC) was synthesized with chitosan and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, and its structure was characterized via elemental analysis, infrared spectral analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. On addition of DMF to the reaction solution, the degree of substitution by the carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin moiety achieved a value of 0.27. The results were in agreement with expectations. The static adsorption properties of CCDC towards phenol, m-cresol and m-catechol were studied. The experimental results demonstrated that CCDC had a higher adsorption capability towards m-catechol than for phenol and m-cresol, with the adsorption capacity for m-catechol being 110.56 mg/g. The adsorption capacity was greatly influenced by the pH, time and temperature. The introduction of chitosan enhanced the adsorption ability and adsorption selectivity of β-cyclodextrin towards m-catechol. This novel chitosan derivative demonstrated high percentage removal of phenols from wastewater.
Competitive Coadsorption of CO<sub>2</sub> with H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>4</sub> in M-MOF-74 (M = Mg, Co, Ni): The Role of Hydrogen Bonding (2015)

The importance of coadsorption for applications of porous materials in gas separation has motivated fundamental studies, which have initially focused on the comparison of the binding energies of different gas molecules in the pores (i.e., energetics) and their overall transport. By examining the competitive coadsorption of several small molecules in M-MOF-74 (M = Mg, Co, Ni) with in situ infrared spectroscopy and ab initio simulations, we find that the binding energy at the most favorable (metal) site is not a sufficient indicator for prediction of molecular adsorption and stability in MOFs. Instead, the occupation of the open metal sites is governed by kinetics, whereby the interaction of the guest molecules with the MOF organic linkers controls the reaction barrier for molecular exchange. Specifically, the displacement of CO2 adsorbed at the metal center by other molecules such as H2O, NH3, SO2, NO, NO2, N2, O2, and CH4 is mainly observed for H2O and NH3, even though SO2, NO, and NO2 have higher binding energies (∼70–90 kJ/mol) to metal sites than that of CO2 (38 to 48 kJ/mol) and slightly higher than that of water (∼60–80 kJ/mol). DFT simulations evaluate the barriers for H2O → CO2 and SO2 → CO2 exchange to be ∼13 and 20 kJ/mol, respectively, explaining the slow exchange of CO2 by SO2, compared to water. Furthermore, the calculations reveal that the kinetic barrier for this exchange is determined by the specifics of the interaction of the second guest molecule (e.g., H2O or SO2) with the MOF ligands. Hydrogen bonding of H2O molecules with the nearby oxygen of the organic linker is found to facilitate the positioning of the H2O oxygen atom toward the metal center, thus reducing the exchange barrier. In contrast, SO2 molecules interact with the distant benzene site, away from the metal center, hindering the exchange process. Similar considerations apply to the other molecules, accounting for much easier CO2 exchange for NH3 than for NO, NO2, CH4, O2, and N2 molecules. In this work, critical parameters such as kinetic barrier and exchange pathway are first unveiled and provide insight into the mechanism of competitive coadsorption, underscoring the need of combined studies, using spectroscopic methods and ab initio simulations to uncover the atomistic interactions of small molecules in MOFs that directly influence coadsorption.
Antibodies for treating and preventing disease: the potential role of polymeric controlled release. (1993)

Following the identification of antibodies (Abs) as agents of immunity, it was hypothesized that individuals could be both (1) protected against disease by the transfer of unmodified Ab (passive immunization), and (2) cured of established disease by Ab armed with cytotoxic agents (immunotherapy). The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology in 1975 reinvigorated these ideas. Although passive immunization has been practiced with great success for many years, successful tissue targeting by systemically delivered immunotoxins in humans has been documented in only a few cases. New modes of drug delivery, engineered for mAb-based products, may enable new applications of passive immunization and may provide improved tissue targeting for immunotherapy. By allowing sustained and tissue-localized delivery of mAb-conjugates, controlled-release polymers may play an important role in this effort. This article reviews the use of mAb in treating and preventing human disease, as well as the pharmacokinetics of Ab delivery. Two areas where controlled Ab release may yield new therapies are highlighted: sustained passive immunization of the mucus secretions and immunotherapy of brain tumors.
Nonlinear synchronization in EEG and whole‐head MEG recordings of healthy subjects (2003)

According to Friston, brain dynamics can be modelled as a large ensemble of coupled nonlinear dynamical subsystems with unstable and transient dynamics. In the present study, two predictions from this model (the existence of nonlinear synchronization between macroscopic field potentials and itinerant nonlinear dynamics) were investigated. The dependence of nonlinearity on the method of measuring brain activity (EEG vs. MEG) was also investigated. Dataset I consisted of 10 MEG recordings in 10 healthy subjects. Dataset II consisted of simultaneously recorded MEG (126 channels) and EEG (19 channels) in 5 healthy subjects. Nonlinear coupling was assessed with the synchronization likelihood S and dynamic itinerancy with the synchronization entropy Hs. Significance was assessed with a bootstrap procedure ("surrogate data testing"), comparing S and Hs with their distribution under the null hypothesis of stationary, linear dynamics. Significant nonlinear synchronization was detected in 14 of 15 subjects. The nonlinear dynamics were associated with a high index of itinerant behaviour. Nonlinear interdependence was significantly more apparent in MEG data than EEG. Synchronous oscillations in MEG and EEG recordings contain a significant nonlinear component that exhibits characteristics of unstable and itinerant behaviour. These findings are in line with Friston's proposal that the brain can be conceived as a large ensemble of coupled nonlinear dynamical subsystems with labile and unstable dynamics. The spatial scale and physical properties of MEG acquisition may increase the sensitivity of the data to underlying nonlinear structure.
Robot end-effector based sensor integration for tracking moving parts (2002)

The paper presents a cost-efficient end-effector based infrared proximity sensor integration system and the implementation of a fuzzy logic control algorithm. End-effector sensor outputs are incorporated in a fuzzy logic control algorithm to make the robotic manipulator grasp objects on a moving conveyor belt. The robot movements are going to be the result of the comparative measurements made by the sensors after the motion of the moving target is predicted and the gripper is brought into a zone close to the object to be grasped by the application of a vision system.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering studies on immunoassay (2005)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently been a matter of keen interest from the points of both basic science and applications because by using the SERS effect one can obtain Raman signals even from a single molecule. Immunoassay is one of the most promising fields in the applications of SERS, and the purpose of this review paper is to discuss the potential of SERS in immunoassay. This paper consists of four parts work on the indirect and direct methods of immunoassay via SERS. These methods provide the laboratorial attempts on biomedical diagnostic applications of SERS.
Adherence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to Human Epithelial Cells: The Role of Intimin (1995)

Abstract : Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) is the leading cause of infectious bloody diarrhea in the United States as well as acute renal failure among U.S. and Canadian children. EHEC colonize the large bowel and produce Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) that are considered essential for EHEC virulence. EHEC cause intestinal attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in experimental animals and carry a homologue of the enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) eaeA (E. coli attach and efface) locus.
The performance of conducting elastomer antennas for body worn applications (2015)

Antenna efficiencies for dipole, bowtie and spiral antennas made from readily available conducting elastomer materials, as used for EMC gaskets, were measured and also calculated from computer simulations. These materials are well suited to body worn and textile antenna applications as they are elastic and can withstand repeated washing in detergent. Our results show that the antenna efficiency is only reduced by a factor of between 0.75 to 0.85 for antennas made of conducting elastomers with either silver coated aluminum or nickel coated graphite, when compared to antennas fabricated from annealed copper. The advantage of the graphite material is its low cost compared to the materials containing silver. Surprisingly, the performance of elastomer with silver coated copper filler was poorer. A new method for measuring the conductivity of conducting elastomer materials at RF and microwave frequencies was also developed.
Simulation run lengths to estimate blocking probabilities (1996)

We derive formulas approximating the asymptotic variance of four estimators for steady-state blocking probability in a multiserver loss system, exploiting diffusion process limits. These formulas can be used to predict simulation run lengths required to obtain desired statistical precision before the simulation has been run, which can aid in the design of simulation experiments. They also indicate that one estimator can be much better than another, depending on the loading. An indirect estimator based on estimating the mean occupancy is significantly more (less) efficient than a direct estimator for heavy (light) loads. A major concern is the way computational effort scales with system size. For all the estimators, the asymptotic variance tends to be inversely proportional to the system size, so that the computational effort (regarded as proportional to the product of the asymptotic variance and the arrival rate) does not grow as system size increases. Indeed, holding the blocking probability fixed, the computational effort with a good estimator decreases to zero as the system size increases. The asymptotic variance formulas also reveal the impact of the arrival-process and service-time variability on the statistical precision. We validate these formulas by comparing them to exact numerical results for the special case of the classical Erlang M/M/s/0 model and simulation estimates for more general G/GI/s/0 models. It is natural to delete an initial portion of the simulation run to allow the system to approach steady state when it starts out empty. For small to moderately size systems, the time to approach steady state tends to be negligible compared to the time required to obtain good estimates in steady state. However, as the system size increases, the time to approach steady state remains approximately unchanged, or even increases slightly, so that the computational effort associated with letting the system approach steady state becomes a greater portion of the overall computational effort as system size increases.