gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct aromatic amination by azides: reactions of hydrazoic acid and butyl azides with aromatic compounds in the presence of both trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid (1993)

Reactions of hydrazoic acid with aromatic compounds in the presence of both trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) efficiently gave primary arylamines without diamine contaminants. The reactions provide mainly the ortho- and para-monoamines even for readily oxidised aromatic compounds such as cumene, mesitylene, durene, isodurene and anisole. The mechanistic investigation demonstrates that the reactions proceed via a concerted process involving both arene attack on a conjugate acid of the azide and elimination of N2 from the conjugate acid. The reaction of butyl azide with benzene and mesitylene in the presence of both TFSA and TFA produced N-butylarylamines in low yields together with high yields of butanal via a butylnitrenium ion intermediate; a similar reaction with tert-butyl azide gave no tert-butylarylamines.
Error resolution during multimodal human-computer interaction (2002)

Recent research indicates clear performance advantages and a strong user preference for interacting multimodally with computers. However, in the problematic area of error resolution, possible advantages of multimodal interface design remain poorly understood. In the present research, a semi automatic simulation method with a novel error generation capability was used to collect within subject data before and after recognition errors, and at different spiral depths in terms of number of repetitions required to resolve an error. Results indicated that users adopt a strategy of switching input modalities and lexical expressions when resolving errors, strategies that they use in a linguistically contrastive manner to distinguish a repetition from original failed input. Implications of these findings are discussed for the development of user centered predictive models of linguistic adaptation during human computer error resolution, and for the development of improved error handling in advanced recognition based interfaces.
Development of an autostereoscopic display system using projectors array (2010)

An autostereoscopic display using multiple miniature projectors array was developed to realize a 3D display system with both high resolution and large number of views. It is found that image distortion of the projection lens, alignment between the projector and the screen, and image blending among tiled images are the three critical technologies in such a system. This paper presents the researches intended to solve the problems and implement a 3D display with wide view angle and smooth parallax transition.
Fabry disease, enzyme replacement therapy and the significance of antibody responses (2011)

Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A. This leads to a progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in tissues throughout the body. Cardiac, renal and neurological manifestations are common and life expectancy is significantly reduced relative to the general population. Management of Fabry disease involves the administration of intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Two forms - agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta - have been licensed in certain jurisdictions and are generally well tolerated; however, some patients develop antibodies to the infused enzyme, which may impair the efficacy and safety of treatment. Agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta are produced in different systems; this leads to certain differences in post-translational modification that may affect immunogenicity. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies have frequently been reported in patients with Fabry disease receiving ERT; IgG responses are reported in a greater proportion of patients receiving agalsidase beta than in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. IgE antibodies are less common than IgG antibodies, and have not been observed in patients receiving agalsidase alfa. However, these data are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences in the assessment of seropositivity, and in the doses of enzyme used. The clinical impact of the development of IgG antibodies to ERT in patients with Fabry disease remains unclear, due to lack of data and to the marked heterogeneity of patients both in terms of disease manifestations and response to therapy. Further studies that examine the development of antibodies in patients with Fabry disease and the potential impact of such antibodies on the outcome of ERT are necessary.
Betaine inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury (2010)

AIM:To test whether ethanol feeding could induce Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)responses,assess the hepatoprotective effect of betaine and its inhibitive effect on TLR4 in animal models of alcoholic liver injury.METHODS:Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as control,model,low and high dose betaine groups.Except control group,all rats were fed with high fat-containing diet plus ethanol and fish oil gavages for 8 wk.Betaine was administered intragastrically after exposure...
Cell death in the mammalian blastocyst (1997)

Cell death is a widespread feature in the blastocysts of many mammals. Isolated cells in both the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm undergo cell death. These dying cells appear morphologically to be undergoing apoptosis. In mouse blastocysts, a wave of cell death is seen in vivo, suggesting that it plays an important role in normal development. However, cell death is increased under suboptimal culture conditions. There is evidence that levels of cell death are regulated by 'survival' factors produced both by the embryo itself and by the maternal reproductive tract. The role of cell death in development is unknown, but could involve the elimination of abnormal cells, or a sublineage of cells with an inappropriate developmental potential. Work in other systems has demonstrated that cell death is regulated by the activity of apoptosis genes. Whether these genes are implicated in blastocyst cell death, and the reasons for apoptosis in the early embryo, remain to be determined.
Zinc Supplementation does not Affect the Breast Milk Zinc Concentration of Lactating Women Belonging to Low Socioeconomic Population (2013)

Cite this article: Sazawal S, Black RE, Dhingra P, Jalla S, Krebs N, et al. (2013) Zinc Supplementation does not Affect the Breast Milk Zinc Concentration of Lactating Women Belonging to Low Socioeconomic Population. J Hum Nutr Food Sci 1(2): 1014. *Corresponding author Sunil Sazawal, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615, North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103, USA, Tel: 1-443-538-0624; Fax: 1-410-955-2029; E-mail: ssazawal@jhsph.edu
RFID Smart Shelf With Confined Detection Volume at UHF (2008)

This letter presents a smart shelf configuration for radio frequency identification (RFID) application. The proposed shelf has an embedded leaking microstrip transmission line with extended ground plane. This structure, when connected to an RFID reader, allows detecting tagged objects in close proximity with proper field confinement to avoid undesired reading of neighboring shelves. The working frequency band covers simultaneously the three world assigned RFID subbands at ultrahigh frequency (UHF). The concept is explored by full-wave simulations and it is validated with thorough experimental tests.
Regulation of DNA synthesis in chicken adipocyte precursor cells by insulin-like growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β (1991)

ABSTRACT Adipose tissue growth can occur by both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The capacity for adipocyte hyperplasia in vivo resides in a population of fibroblast-like adipocyte precursor cells but the regulation of the proliferation of these cells by growth factors has not been well characterized. This study was designed to determine the effects of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) added alone or together on the proliferation of primary adipocyte precursor cells in vitro . Adipocyte precursor cell proliferation measured by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was stimulated by all of these growth factors and was particularly marked with PDGF. IGF-I or IGF-II added together with TGF-β1 produced a greater than additive response and the effect of PDGF was synergistic with that of IGF-I at certain concentrations. Stimulation of proliferation of some cell types by TGF-β has been linked to the secondary production of PDGF but the evidence we have suggests that this is unlikely in chicken adipocyte precursors. DNA synthesis in response to TGF-β1 required only a short exposure to the peptide, and conditioned medium from chicken adipocyte precursor cells previously exposed to TGF-β had no effect on DNA synthesis when added to fresh batches of cells. Addition of TGF-β1 together with PDGF produced a synergistic effect whereas an additive effect would be expected if PDGF mediated the effect of TGF-β1. IGF-I mRNA is expressed in the Ob 1771 preadipocyte cell line during differentiation, in stromalvascular cells from adipose tissue, and TGF-β mRNA is expressed in both proliferating and differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Together with the data presented here, this would indicate that these peptides have a role in adipocyte development by an autocrine or paracrine mechanism although the source of PDGF in vivo is at present unknown. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 203–209
Pitting corrosion of TiN-coated stainless steel in 3 % NaCl solution (2015)

TiN coatings deposited by arc PVD were characterized by XRD and SEM. In-situ measurements of the corrosion of the substrate and the TiN-coated substrate were made using the corrosion potential (Cor.Pot.), the polarization resistance (PR) method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 3 % NaCl solution as a function of the immersion time. The semiconductor scale formed on the TiN was identified using a Mott-Shottky analysis as an n-type semiconductor with a flat band potential of -0.83 V vs. SCE. The TiN coating (0.5 m thick) consisted of cubic TiN exhibiting columnar grains, pin holes, voids and porosities. The pitting corrosion of the TiN, observed visually between 1 h and 2 h, was captured by EIS and PR. The electrical circuit (EC) model used for the EIS data supported the degradation of the coating through pitting corrosion, in agreement with the visual observations. The corrosion resistance (polarization resistance) determined by the polarization resistance method (Rp) and the EIS (Rtotal) decreased suddenly during the pitting corrosion. The corrosion resistance of the TiN-coated substrate was greater than the corrosion resistance of the substrate during the approximately 24 h of exposure.
Investigating the safety of plants used in South African traditional medicine: Testing for genotoxicity in the micronucleus and alkaline comet assays (2003)

Previous studies indicate that traditional botanical remedies can be valuable for treating human disease. The potential risk from long-term use of such remedies has not, however, been fully investigated, especially in terms of their potential carcinogenic activity. In the present study, 51 South African plant species were selected on the basis of their use in traditional medicine and crude extracts were sequentially prepared from different dried plant parts using dichloromethane followed by 90% methanol. These extracts were tested for genotoxic activity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the micronucleus test, with further testing of select extracts using the alkaline comet assay. Screening results indicated the induction of significant numbers of micronuclei by many of the plant extracts. Several samples also induced DNA damage in human white blood cells using the alkaline comet assay. Although a number of these plants are recognised as toxic by traditional healers, several plants that are used in common remedies were found to be genotoxic and potentially dangerous. Environ.
A Miniature Toposcopic Catheter Suitable for Small Diameter Tortuous Blood Vessels (1980)

A miniature catheter suitable for clinical use based on the principle of the continuously everting tube has been developed and tested extensively in dogs. The 1-mm-dia flexible tube can advance up a narrow tortuous blood vessel 30 cm beyond the tip of the conventional catheter to which it is attached. A slippery hydromer coating combined with a U-shaped cross section enables the tube eversion to be accomplished at an acceptable operating pressure. The new system will provide access to previously inaccessible regions of the body, and has the potential for clinical use in embolizing selected vessels, providing highly localized chemotherapy, and sampling body fluids. The catheter can advance both with and against the blood flow in arteries and veins, and is awaiting clinical trials.
SECOMS: advanced interactive multimedia satellite communications for a variety of compact terminals (1997)

The paper provides the description of a satellite system under study by a European Team leaded by Alenia Aerospazio in the frame of the Advanced Communications Technology Service (ACTS) programs of the European Community. The project named Satellite EHF COmmunication for Multimedia-mobile Services (SECOMS) pursues the following objectives: demonstrate the feasibility of broadband multimedia services for portable and mobile users with flexible data rate assignment from few kbps up to 2 Mbps; perform feasibility studies of advanced satellite system configurations based on the utilization of the Ka and EHF frequency bands; define satellite channel models for millimetric waves; define broadband small size terminals; and perform field trials and service demonstration through the ITALSAT satellite. The paper addresses service requirements, terminals, system architecture and field trials.
Respiratory Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects on Inflammation-Coagulation Interaction during Influenza Virus Infection (2016)

Influenza virus (IFV) is a major respiratory pathogen of global importance, and the cause of a high degree of morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk populations such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised hosts. Given its high capacity to change antigenically, acquired immunity is often not effective to limit IFV infection and therefore vaccination must be constantly redesigned to achieve effective protection. Improvement of respiratory and systemic innate immune mechanisms has been proposed to reduce the incidence and severity of IFV disease. In the last decade, several research works have demonstrated that microbes with the capacity to modulate the mucosal immune system (immunobiotics) are a potential alternative to beneficially modulate the outcome of IFV infection. This review provides an update of the current status on the modulation of respiratory immunity by orally and nasally administered immunobiotics, and their beneficial impact on IFV clearance and inflammatory-mediated lung tissue damage. In particular, we describe the research of our group that investigated the influence of immunobiotics on inflammation-coagulation interactions during IFV infection. Studies have clearly demonstrated that hostile inflammation is accompanied by dysfunctional coagulation in respiratory IFV disease, and our investigations have proved that some immunobiotic strains are able to reduce viral disease severity through their capacity to modulate the immune-coagulative responses in the respiratory tract.
Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants and levels of infection in dendritic and T cells from symptomatic HIV-1-infected patients. (1998)

Dendritic cells (DC) are required to initiate primary cellular immune responses. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of DC may be central to transmission and persistence of virus and in the pathogenesis of AIDS. In symptomatic HIV-1-infected patients the proportion of DC in the mononuclear cell population was reduced. Provirus load in the T cells was 3-100 times higher than in DC and there was no correlation between the levels of infection in the two cell types. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acids in the V3 loop and flanking regions indicated intermingling of sequences and thus provides the first evidence for transfer of virus between DC and T cells in vivo. In one of three patients analysed there were significant differences in amino acid residues in the V3 region. This may reflect reduced interactions between DC and T cells in infected individuals and for the existence of variants with a stronger tropism for DC, which could play a role in transmission by initiating infection in mucosal DC.
Synthesis of Programmable Mechanisms Using Adjustable Dyads (1997)

Conventional hard automation such as linkage mechanisms and cam-driven mechanisms provide high speed capability at a low cost, but fail to provide the flexibility required in many industrial applications. On the other hand, for most manufacturing automation applications in high production industries, expensive multi-axis robots are employed for simple repetitive operations that require only limited flexibility. In order to provide a true middle ground between conventional mechanism-based hard automation and overly flexible anthropomorphic robots, we incorporate flexibility in conventional mechanisms, thereby creating “programmable mechanisms” or Adjustable Robotic Mechanisms (ARMs). This paper introduces the concept of ARMs and presents generalized analytical methods for designing adjustable mechanisms based on synthesis of adjustable dyads. The synthesis methods presented here, which are extensions of the well-known Burmester precision point theory, enable one to design multi-purpose mechanisms for multiple sets of precision points, thereby enabling conventional mechanisms to perform multiple tasks. The analytical synthesis method has been implemented in a computer program that generates all adjustable dyad solutions for given sets of precision points. Two or more adjustable dyads are assembled together to form a programmable linkage mechanism that performs multiple tasks. Synthesis formulations and a design example illustrating the analytical and computer-aided synthesis methods are presented.
Overproduction of the xylS gene product and activation of the xylDLEGF operon on the TOL plasmid (1987)

The effect of high-level expression of the regulatory gene xylS of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid on the activation of the xylDLEGF operon was investigated in Escherichia coli. The xylS gene was placed downstream from the tac promoter, and the resultant fusion was cloned in cis to the xylDLEGF operon. The expression of the operon was monitored by the level of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, whose structural gene xylE was placed directly after the operator-promoter region of xylDLEGF. xylS transcription was also determined by reverse transcriptase mapping of mRNA. Overproduction of the xylS gene product elicited constitutive high expression of the xylDLEGF operon even in the absence of the inducer for the operon. The results were consistent with a cascade model for the positive control of the xylDLEGF operon by the xylR and xylS genes (S. Inouye, A. Nakazawa, and T. Nakazawa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press): m-xylene, a substrate of the degradative pathway, binds to the xylR gene product; the m-xylene-xylR product complex activates the xylS gene; and the xylS product thus synthesized de novo activates the xylDLEGF operon.
Nanosystems in Drug Targeting: Opportunities and Challenges (2005)

The long cherished goal of targeting drugs to specific sites in the body, where the pharmacological action is desired and sparing other tissues has been actively pursued all these years. The concept of magic bullets given by Ehrlich has now seen a metamorphosis to magic wands, in the form of targeted drug delivery systems. The magic, all due to the specific targeting ligands which guide the drug carriers to the molecular targets be it on cell surface or nuclear membranes. Nanosystems including the nano-sized ( < 1000 nm) drug carrier systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles and polymer-drug conjugates are the vanguards of this ever-evolving field. Targeting drugs to specific sites, and maintaining pharmacologically relevant drug levels at the site for a period required for desired therapeutic action is what makes the nanosystems - the burgeoning magic wands. Substantial challenges still exist in terms of biological barriers. Nevertheless, the approaches like directly reaching the target using catheters, or using exogenous guiding mechanisms (magnetic fields and ultrasound), and exploiting the accessible targets on vascular endothelium are emerging as new and promising trends. It is conceivable, that despite all the formidable challenges, interplay of different disciplines ranging from engineering to biology will make the dream of drug targeting come true !
Disruption of HDAC/CoREST/REST repressor by dnREST reduces genome silencing and increases virulence of herpes simplex virus (2010)

In nonneuronal cells, herpes simplex virus 1 overcomes host defenses, replicates, and ultimately kills the infected cell. Among the host defenses suppressed by the virus is a repressor complex whose key components are histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 or 2, RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), corepressor of REST (CoREST), and lysine-specific demethylase (LSD) 1. In neurons innervating cells at the portal of entry into the body, the virus establishes a "latent" infection in which viral DNA is silenced with the exception of a family of genes. The question posed here is whether the virus hijacks this repressor complex to silence itself in neurons during the latent state. To test this hypothesis, we inserted into the wild-type virus genome a wild-type REST [recombinant (R) 111], a dominant-negative REST (dnREST) lacking the N- and C-terminal repressor domains (R112), or an insertion control consisting of tandem repeats of stop codons (R113). The recombinant virus R112 carrying the dnREST replicated better and was more virulent than the wild-type parent or the other recombinant viruses when administered by the corneal or i.p. routes. Moreover, in contrast to other recombinants, corneal route inoculation by R112 recombinant virus resulted in higher DNA copy numbers, higher levels of infectious virus in eye, trigeminal ganglion, or brain, and virtually complete destruction of trigeminal ganglia in mice that may ultimately succumb to infection. These results support an earlier conclusion that the HDAC/CoREST/REST/LSD1 repressor complex is a significant component of the host innate immunity and are consistent with the hypothesis that HSV-1 hijacks the repressor to silence itself during latent infection.