gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic and Structural Characterization of High- and Low- Temperature Nitinol (2006)

Interest in micro actuators using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) has increased as the research and development of micro and precision machinery have become active. However, no detailed studies of the thermodynamic properties of Nitinol alloy have been carried out yet. The thermal properties of high-temperature and low-temperature Nitinol SMAs were evaluated by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in the temperature range between -60 and 200 degrees C. The crystallographic structure was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The storage and loss modulus of the SMA were measured by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) as a function of frequency and temperature. The effects of frequency on the damping capacity have been systematically investigated in the cooling and heating process. Such frequency and temperature changes also significantly influenced the damping behavior of the SMA.
Microfluidic Multicolor Encoding of Microspheres with Nanoscopic Surface Complexity for Multiplex Immunoassays (2010)

Technicolor dreamcoating: A microfluidic device produces and manipulates double-emulsion droplets of equal size with unprecedented controllability (see picture). The droplets, which contain color core droplets, are photopolymerized to produce transparent microspheres. Silica colloidal particles anchored preferentially at the surfaces of the microspheres provide efficient binding sites for biomolecules for biological analyses. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Isolation of the Helicobacter pylori recA gene and involvement of the recA region in resistance to low pH (1995)

To understand the potential roles of the important DNA repair protein RecA in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, we cloned the recA gene from H. pylori 84-183. Degenerate PCR primers based on conserved RecA protein regions were used to amplify a portion of H. pylori recA, which was used as a probe to isolate the full-length recA gene from H. pylori genomic libraries. The H. pylori recA gene encoded a protein of 347 amino acids with a molecular mass of 37.6 kDa. As expected, H. pylori RecA was highly similar to other RecA proteins and most closely resembled that of Campylobacter jejuni (75% identity). Immediately downstream of recA was an open reading frame whose predicted product showed 58% identity to the Bacillus subtilis enolase protein. recA and eno were disrupted in H. pylori 84-183 by insertion of antibiotic resistance genes. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that recA and eno were cotranscribed and that insertion of the kanamycin resistance gene into recA had polar effects on expression of the downstream eno. The H. pylori recA mutants were severely impaired in their ability to survive treatment with UV light and methyl methanesulfonate and with the antimicrobial agents ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. The eno mutant had sensitivities to UV light and metronidazole intermediate to those of wild-type and recA strains, suggesting that truncation of the recA-eno transcript resulted in lowered recA expression. For survival at low pH, a recA mutant was approximately 10-fold more sensitive than strain 84-183, while the eno mutant demonstrated intermediate susceptibility. This difference occurred in the presence or absence of urea, implying the involvement of a gene in the recA region in an acid resistance mechanism distinct from that mediated by urease.
Quantification of Diacylglycerol Molecular Species in Biological Samples by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry after One-Step Derivatization (2007)

Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are important lipid intermediates in cellular trafficking and signaling. Their concentrations are altered in diabetes, cancer, and other disease states. Quantification of DAGs in biological samples may provide critical information to uncover molecular mechanisms leading to various cellular functional disorders. Recent advances in lipidomics using mass spectrometry have greatly accelerated global lipid analysis and quantification. Quantification of DAGs by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), however, is challenged by the absence of a permanent charge on the molecule, its low proton affinity and acidity, and its low abundance under normal biological conditions. We describe here the introduction of a quaternary ammonium cation to DAG molecules, using N-chlorobetainyl chloride, to afford a derivatized DAG that gives 2 orders of magnitude higher signal intensities than their underivatized sodium adducts. A linear calibration curve in which peak intensity ratios are plotted versus molar ratios can be achieved by using ESI/MS with dilauroyl glycerol as the internal standard. Employing this new approach to this analyte, we found a 9-fold increase of total DAGs in the livers of obese db/db mice as compared to their heterozygous lean controls. This proven strategy can be used to detect and quantify DAG molecular species from biological samples using ESI/MS after one-step derivatization.
Competitive Dynamics and the Introduction of New Products: The Motion Picture Timing Game (1998)

The extremely short life cycle and the rapid decay in revenues after opening coupled with the rapid and frequent introduction of new competitive products makes the timing of new product introductions in the motion picture industry critical, particularly during the high-revenue Christmas and summer seasons. Each studio wants to capture as much of the season as possible by opening early in the season. At the same time, each wants to avoid head-to-head competition. The authors model competition between two motion pictures in a share attraction framework and conduct an equilibrium analysis of the product introduction timing game in a finite season. The following three different equilibrium configurations emerge: (1) a single equilibrium with both movies opening simultaneously at the beginning of the season, (2) a single equilibrium with one movie opening at the beginning of the season and one delaying, and (3) dual equilibria, with either movie delaying opening. A key factor is the product life cycle, which can be captured well with a two-parameter exponential decline. The authors relate the life-cycle parameters to these possibilities with the general result that the weaker movie may be forced to delay opening. These results are related to case studies of the opening of recently released movies. A statistical analysis of the 1990 summer season in North America provides support for the conclusions and suggests that current release timing decisions can be improved. The authors discuss the rationale of “avoiding the competition” in the general context of product introduction timing.
1-Aryl-2-chloro-5-methoxy-1<i>H</i>-3-pyrrolecarbaldehyde as Synthons for Fused Heterocycles: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrrolo[2,3-<i>b</i>]pyridine Derivatives (2004)

Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine derivatives (6a–f) were obtained by oxidation of tosylhydrazones of 2-allylamino-5-methoxypyrrole-3-carbaldehydes (3a–f) with lead tetraacetate. The nitrilimine intermediates (5a–f) underwent intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to yield the tricyclic heterocycles 6a–f in good yields.
A Classroom Note on Diagnosing Mathematical Errors and Recognizing Basic Learning Disabilities. (1999)

As the proportion of the population served by higher education continues to rise, the number of students with learning disabilities taking mathematics courses is also increasing. Hence, recognizing learning disabilities and effectively dealing with them are important skills for college mathematics teachers. An instructor without this knowledge cannot properly serve students, and will be increasingly frustrated by a failure to understand why students are not doing well. An ability to diagnose the causes of certain errors and to either prescribe corrective action or refer the matter to a specialist is an increasingly important skill for today's teachers. While routine errors made by students are expected, the repetitive commission of errors at a very elementary level is disturbing. If the student in these cases is to improve, the instructor must move beyond error detection to error analysis. Teachers need to be able to distinguish between errors caused by carelessness, poor mathematical skills, or limited mathematical knowledge and those caused by learning disabilities, since different ameliorative strategies are required in each case. The issue of poor mathematical skills can be addressed by presenting problem-solving strategies as well as definitions of certain mathematical terms at the beginning of the course. For example: The error correction cycle: A sequence of procedures that should be practiced regularly to help students reduce the number of errors committed. In this process, an operation is performed, an error detected, corrective action determined, and then a second attempt is made at the operation. Too often students do not use such a strategy, but instead perform mathematical operations without checking them until an answer is achieved, the result accepted uncritically. Confusion of factors and terms: This should be explained as early as possible, with an emphasis on the difference between coefficients and exponents, to avoid the very common problems that will otherwise occur. Treating functional notation as multiplication: A method used in many textbooks to introduce a function utilizes a fill-in-the-blank strategy. Where this is done, the function f(x) = 2x + 3 is represented by f( ) = 2( ) + 3, and whatever is placed in parentheses immediately after the f must also be placed in the parentheses to the right side of the equal sign. Although the above types of problems may be offset by useful strategies presented early in the course, problems caused by learning disabilities are a different matter and may require the help of an expert in the learning disabilities field. But the classroom teacher must refer students while there is still time to succeed in the course. Learning disabilities refers to a group of disorders in which a person has difficulty processing sensory input or giving sensory output. In other words, the student sees, hears, or feels something different from what is actually written or said [2]. …
Design and Implementation of a Compact Control System for Coupled RFQ-SFRFQ Linac (2014)

The coupled RFQ-SFRFQ (CRS) linac, which couples radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and separated function structure radio frequency quadrupole (SFRFQ) into a single cavity, is a novel compact accelerator developed in Peking university. In this paper, the detailed design of the remote control system for the CRS linac was presented. The hardware configuration of the system consists of an industry computer (IPC) and several different types of Programming Logic Controller (PLC) modules. The high voltage protection and cavity tuning control were discussed. The control software was developed with Windows Control Center (WinCC) and Step7 based on C script and Ladder Diagram (LAD) respectively. The interlock protection mechanism was introduced into the control system and the operating data can be flexibly acquired from the archives in structured query language (SQL) sever 2005. This system has been successfully implemented for the operation of an upgraded He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion injector. For the input beam optimization, a parameter scanner code was developed to optimize the beam transmission in low energy beam transport (LEBT) section, and the final optimized beam parameters were obtained.
The Cyclohexene Ring System as a Furanose Mimic:  Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Both Enantiomers of Cyclohexenylguanine (2000)

Both enantiomers of cyclohexenylguanine were synthesized in a stereospecific way starting from the same starting material: R-(-)-carvone. Both compounds showed potent and selective anti-herpesvirus activity (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV). The binding of both cyclohexene nucleosides in the active site of HSV-1 thymidine kinase was investigated, and a model for the binding of both enantiomers is proposed. The amino acids involved in binding of the optical antipodes are the same, but the interaction energy of both enantiomers is slightly different. This may be attributed to the interaction of the secondary hydroxyl function of the nucleoside analogues with Glu-225. Structural analysis has demonstrated the flexibility of the cyclohexenyl system, and this may be considered as an important conformational characteristic explaining the potent antiviral activity.
Silicon Nanosheets and Their Self-Assembled Regular Stacking Structure (2010)

Silicon nanomaterials are encouraging candidates for application to photonic, electronic, or biosensing devices, due to their size-quantization effects. Two-dimensional silicon nanosheets could help to realize a widespread quantum field, because of their nanoscale thickness and microscale area. However, there has been no example of a successful synthesis of two-dimensional silicon nanomaterials with large lateral size and oxygen-free surfaces. Here we report that oxygen-free silicon nanosheets covered with organic groups can be obtained by exfoliation of layered polysilane as a result of reaction with n-decylamine and dissolution in an organic solvent. The amine residues are covalently bound to the Si(111) planes. It is estimated that there is ca. 0.7 mol of residue per mole of Si atoms in the reaction product. The amine-modified layered polysilane can dissolve in chloroform and exfoliate into nanosheets that are 1-2 microm wide in the lateral direction and with thicknesses on the order of nanometers. The nanosheets have very flat and smooth surfaces due to dense coverage of n-decylamine, and they are easily self-assembled in a concentrated state to form a regularly stacked structure. The nanosheets could be useful as building blocks to create various composite materials.
Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling and Microscale Phase Change for Passive Internal Thermal Management of Lithium Ion Batteries (2012)

A fully coupled electrochemical and thermal model for lithium-ion batteries is developed to investigate the impact of different thermal management strategies on battery performance. In contrast to previous modeling efforts focused either exclusively on particle electrochemistry on the one hand or overall vehicle simulations on the other, the present work predicts local electrochemical reaction rates using temperature-dependent data on commercially available batteries designed for high rates (C/LiFePO{sub 4}) in a computationally efficient manner. Simulation results show that conventional external cooling systems for these batteries, which have a low composite thermal conductivity ({approx}1 W/m-K), cause either large temperature rises or internal temperature gradients. Thus, a novel, passive internal cooling system that uses heat removal through liquid-vapor phase change is developed. Although there have been prior investigations of phase change at the microscales, fluid flow at the conditions expected here is not well understood. A first-principles based cooling system performance model is developed and validated experimentally, and is integrated into the coupled electrochemical-thermal model for assessment of performance improvement relative to conventional thermal management strategies. The proposed cooling system passively removes heat almost isothermally with negligible thermal resistances between the heat source and cooling fluid. Thus, the minimization of peak temperatures and gradients within batteries allow increased power and energy densities unencumbered by thermal limitations.
X-band GaAs MMIC size reduction and integration (2002)

This paper describes efforts at ITT to develop cost effective GaAs X-Band MMICs. The ITT MSAG(R) GaAs MMIC process is first described. A brief discussion on the merits of chip integration is followed by a discussion of the ITT338510D commercial 12-Watt MMIC, and the ITT373504D commercial control chip (phase shifter, attenuator, driver, digital control) with emphasis on our efforts to reduce chip area.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Ion-Exchange Resins (2005)

The historical uses of ion-exchange resins and a summary of the basic chemical principles involved in the ion-exchange process are discussed. Specific applications of ion-exchange resins are provided. The utility of these agents to stabilize drugs are evaluated. Commonly occurring chemical and physical incompatibilities are reviewed. Ion-exchange resins have found applicability as inactive pharmaceutical constituents, particularly as disintegrants (inactive tablet ingredient whose function is to rapidly disrupt the tablet matrix on contact with gastric fluid). One of the more elegant approaches to improving palatability of ionizable drugs is the use of ion-exchange resins as taste-masking agents. The selection, optimization of drug:resin ratio and particle size, together with a review of scaleup of typical manufacturing processes for taste-masked products are provided. Ion-exchange resins have been extensively utilized in oral sustained-release products. The selection, optimization of drug:resin ratio and particle size, together with a summary of commonly occurring commercial sustained-release products are discussed. Ion-exchange resins have also been used in topical products for local application to the skin, including those where drug flux is controlled by a differential electrical current (ionotophoretic delivery). General applicability of ion-exchange resins, including ophthalmic delivery, nasal delivery, use as drugs in their own right (e.g., colestyramine, formerly referred to as cholestyramine), as well as measuring gastrointestinal transit times, are discussed. Finally, pharmaceutical monographs for ion-exchange resins are reviewed.
Loss of dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in chronic rhinosinusitis contributes to the neurogenic inflammation induced by substance P in the nasal mucosa (2002)

In this study, we have found that dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) plays in vivo an active role in the modulation of the inflammatory response of chronic rhinosinusitis. Human nasal mucosa expresses DPPIV-like immunoreactivity in submucosal seromucus glands, leukocytes, and endothelial cells of blood vessels. DPPIV enzymatic activity in nasal tissue biopsies taken from patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis was correlated inversely with the density of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa, and the DPPIV activity rose when chronic rhinosinusitis was treated. By using a pig animal model, we have shown that the intranasal administration of recombinant DPPIV decreased the vasodilatation induced by exogenous substance P (SP), a proinflammatory peptide released by sensory nerves. In contrast, an inhibitor of DPPIV enhanced the vasodilatatory effect at low doses of SP. SP5-11 was 100- to 1000-fold less potent than SP as a vasodilator of the nasal mucosa. The vasodilatatory effect of SP was abolished by a NK1 receptor antagonist. In conclusion, these results suggest a new pathophysiological pathway for rhinitis based on clinical observations in humans, indicating the involvement of an enzyme to modulate non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic substrate that occurred during nasal dysfunctions.
Phase II study of estramustine and vinblastine, two microtubule inhibitors, in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. (1992)

We conclude that EMP and vinblastine is an active combination in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Primary motor cortical activity related to the weight and texture of grasped objects in the monkey (1992)

1. Two monkeys were trained to grasp an object between the thumb and index finger and lift it to a vertical distance of 12-25 mm. Up to 12 different conditions defined by different combinations of object weights (15, 65, and 115 g) and four surface textures (oiled metal, smooth metal, fine and coarse sandpaper) were used. The apparatus was equipped to measure grip (prehensile) force, vertical (load) force, and object displacement. 2. The monkeys appropriately scaled the grip force for the weight and the coefficient of friction of the object. However, during the dynamic phase of the task (grasping and lifting), the monkeys increased the prehensile force in multiple steps, suggesting that they relied on sensory feedback from the fingers to attain an adequate grip force to lift the object rather than programming the lift in advance. 3. Single-unit activity of 248 neurons was recorded in the hand area of the primary motor cortex while the monkeys performed the task. Of 208 neurons tested for cutaneous and proprioceptive receptive fields (RFs), 96 were sensitive to cutaneous stimulation of the glabrous skin of the hand, whereas 82 received proprioceptive input from wrist and finger muscles. The concentration of neurons with cutaneous input was significantly greater in the rostral bank of the central sulcus compared with cells with proprioceptive RFs, which were more concentrated in the convexity of the precentral gyrus. 4. From the global sample, 199 cells were tested with the three object weights, and 128 of these with at least two surface textures were used in combination with the object weights. The discharge of 58/199 (29%) cells was modulated with the object weight. Cells with cutaneous (20/84, 24%) and proprioceptive (23/71, 32%) RFs were about equally responsive to the object weight. 5. A greater number of motor cortical neurons were influenced by surface texture than by object weight. Of 128 cells tested with at least two surface textures, 67 (52%) showed a modulation of their activity as a function of texture. A significantly greater proportion of neurons with cutaneous RFs (40/63, 63%) showed differential activity as a function of object texture than cells receiving proprioceptive input (21/47, 45%). 6. Weight- and texture-related neurons were not distributed equally in the rostrocaudal dimension of the motor cortex. Only 8% of texture-related cells were located in the convexity of the precentral gyrus, whereas 30% of weight-related neurons were recorded from this rostral zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evi-1, a murine zinc finger proto-oncogene, encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. (1991)

Evi-1 was originally identified as a common site of viral integration in murine myeloid tumors. Evi-1 encodes a 120-kDa polypeptide containing 10 zinc finger motifs located in two domains 380 amino acids apart and an acidic domain located carboxy terminal to the second set of zinc fingers. These features suggest that Evi-1 is a site-specific DNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of RNA transcription. We have purified Evi-1 protein from E. coli and have employed a gel shift-polymerase chain reaction method using random oligonucleotides to identify a high-affinity binding site for Evi-1. The consensus sequence for this binding site is TGACAAGATAA. Evi-1 protein specifically protects this motif from DNase I digestion. By searching the nucleotide sequence data bases, we have found this binding site both in sequences 5' to genes in putative or known regulatory regions and within intron sequences.