gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vision-based vehicle guidance (1997)

This implementation of lane and obstacle detection for an autonomous, self-guided vehicle succeeds by tailoring vision and computational techniques to an affordable SIMD architecture. The authors use a geometrical transform called inverse perspective mapping (IPM). Using a priori knowledge of both the scene and the acquisition device, the IPM technique allows one to remove the perspective effect and produce a new image in which the information content is homogeneously distributed among all pixels. In the remapped image, the amount of information carried by each pixel no longer depends on the pixel's position, making the SIMD approach practical.
与 Bob 对话:History We Learn and We Laugh Together (2004)

Dear Friends,Every living thing has a history.Everything we have ever doneis part of our history.And everything we will do in the future willbecome part of our history.We are constantly writing our histories.Because history is such an important part of every one of us,andbecause we are such an important part of history,I would like to usethis column to explore some aspects of this interesting topic.Human beings search for their roots.Nations also search fortheir past.Our personal search for our roots might be a topic for afuture column. Today let’s confine ourselves to thinking about histo-
Development of Alkyne-Containing Pyrazolopyrimidines To Overcome Drug Resistance of Bcr-Abl Kinase (2015)

Despite the success of imatinib at inhibiting Bcr-Abl and treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), resistance to the therapy occurs over time in patients. In particular, the resistance to imatinib caused by the gatekeeper mutation T315I in Bcr-Abl remains a challenge in the clinic. Inspired by the successful development of ponatinib to curb drug resistance, we hypothesize that the incorporation of an alkyne linker in other heterocyclic scaffolds can also achieve potent inhibition of Bcr-Abl(T315I) by allowing for simultaneous occupancy of both the active site and the allosteric pocket in the Abl kinase domain. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of alkyne-containing pyrazolopyrimidines as Bcr-Abl inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that some alkyne-containing pyrazolopyrimidines potently inhibit not only Abl(T315I) in vitro but also Bcr-Abl(T315I) in cells. These pyrazolopyrimidines can serve as lead compounds for future development of novel targeted therapy to overcome drug resistance of CML.
A Highly Convergent Synthesis of a Complex Oligosaccharide Derived from Group B Type III <i>Streptococcus</i> (2001)

An efficient synthesis of a heptasaccharide derived from group B type III Streptococcus carrying an artificial spacer (1) is described. Rapid assembly of a protected heptasaccharide (16a) is accomplished from readily available building blocks 2-5 without a single protecting group manipulation between glycosylation steps. The synthetic strategy may be applied to the assembly of other branched complex oligosaccharides. The deprotected heptasaccharide 1 was coupled to a poly[N-(acryloyloxy)succinimide, and the resulting material will be used for the development of an ELISA assay to detect antibodies against GBS, type III in pregnant women.
Getting Innovation Done (2010)

Creating innovations that successfully meet societal challenges on a grand scale involves great vision, great ideas and great execution. While coming up with a plethora of ideas is undoubtedly critical to innovation, many individuals, teams and organizations are lacking insight into how to practically move forward beyond the great idea without losing touch with the overall vision. This article describes a workshop-based approach that allows innovation teams to move back and forth between divergent and convergent activities – keeping the solution space open enough to allow identification of innovation opportunities within a broader vision, while still making practical progress towards bringing vision to reality.
Sideband cooling of ions in radio-frequency traps (1999)

An experimental study of sideband laser cooling of trapped ions in miniature radio-frequency traps is presented. ${\mathrm{In}}^{+}$ ions are laser cooled by exciting the narrow intercombination line ${5s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}$, which shows resolved sidebands due to the vibrational motion of the ions in the trap. The influence of the micromotion at the frequency of the oscillating trapping field is investigated. Heating processes through coupling with the trapping field occur for certain regions of negative laser detuning. A method of bichromatic sideband cooling is introduced that combines efficient cooling from high temperatures with the possibility of reaching low mean vibrational quantum numbers $〈n〉<1$ by using narrow optical transitions. This technique allows recording of high-resolution excitation spectra of the cooling transition in the Lamb-Dicke regime and thus determination of $〈n〉$. Single ions as well as two-ion Coulomb crystals have been cooled to temperatures below $100 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$, and population of the ground state of motion to more than 50% over long time scales is demonstrated. These values are close to the lower limit for the detection of vibrational excitation with the present method.
Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinium salts. Part I. Synthesis from 2-aminopyridines and interconversion with 2-(2-acylvinylamino)pyridines (1973)

The scope and steric restrictions of a route for the preparation of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinium salts from 2-aminopyridines and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, or their acetals, have been investigated. 2-(2-Acylvinylamino)pyridines and not, as formerly suggested, acylethylidenaminopyridines, are shown to be the intermediates in this type of reaction, and the previous claim for the synthesis of a 1,8-naphthyridine under similar conditions is disproved. Good yields of twenty-six pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinium perchlorates and bromides have thus been obtained from the 2-aminopyridines in one step by reactions carried out at room temperature. Spectroscopic evidence is presented for all the products, including those where the formation of positional isomers is theoretically possible.
ChemInform Abstract: REARRANGEMENT OF DERIVATIVES OF 1,3‐DITHIAN‐5‐AMINE INTO BICYCLIC 2‐THIAZOLIDINES. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF CIS‐ AND TRANS‐1‐(2‐ARYL‐1,3‐DITHIAN‐5‐YL)‐2‐THIOUREAS AND CIS‐ AND TRANS‐5‐ARYL‐3‐IMINO‐7,7A‐DIHYDRO‐1H,3H,5H‐THIAZOLO(3,4‐C)THIAZOLES (1985)

Abstract Ausgehend von dem Thioether (I) werden über die Stufen der teilweise trennbaren Dithiangemische (III)/(IV) die Thioharnstoffe (VI) und (VII) synthetisiert.
MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO recording structure with low intrinsic critical current and high thermal stability (2014)

CoFeB-MgO based magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular easy axis are attracting much interest for application to nonvolatile very large scale integrated circuits. MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO recording structure with double-interface shows a high thermal stability factor without an increase of intrinsic critical current with comparison to MgO/CoFeB recording structure with single-interface. In this paper, we review our recent progress on the CoFeB-MgO magnetic tunnel junctions with a double MgO barrier (MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO) recording structure. It enabled us to obtain magnetic tunnel junctions with a high thermal stability factor of 59 at a device dimension of 29 nm in diameter.
An answer extraction method based on discourse structure and rank learning (2011)

For the complex questions of Chinese question answering system such as `why', `how' these non-factoid questions, we proposed an answer extraction method using discourse structures features and ranking algorithm. This method takes the judge problem of answers relevance as learning to rank answers. First, the method analyses questions to generate the query string, and then uses rhetorical structure theory and the natural language processing technology of vocabulary, syntax, semantic analysis to analyze the retrieved documents, so as to determine the inherent relationship between paragraphs or sentences and generate the answer candidate paragraphs or sentences. Thirdly, construct the answer ranking model, extract five group features of similarity features, density and frequency features, translation features, discourse structure features and external knowledge features to train ranking model. Finally, re-ranking the answers with the training model and find the optimal answers. Experiments show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy and quality of non-factoid answers.
An Emerging Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Pipeline for Cardiac Gene Therapy (2020)

The naturally occurring adeno-associated virus (AAV) isolates display diverse tissue tropisms in different hosts. Robust cardiac transduction in particular has been reported for certain AAV strains. Successful applications of these AAV strains in preclinical and clinical settings with a focus on treating cardiovascular disease continue to be reported. At the same time, these studies have highlighted challenges such as cross-species variability in AAV tropism, transduction efficiency, and immunity. Continued progress in our understanding of AAV capsid structure and biology has provided the rationale for designing improved vectors that can possibly address these concerns. The current report provides an overview of cardiotropic AAV, existing gaps in our knowledge, and newly engineered AAV strains that are viable candidates for the cardiac gene therapy clinic.
Sequence Prediction Model for Aspect-Level Sentiment Classification (2020)

Aspect-level sentiment classification aims to distinguish the sentiment polarity of each aspect in a given sentence. It is more complex than text-level sentiment classification in that it is a fine-grained task. Existing methods, which formulate this task as predicting the sentiment polarity of a provided (sentence, aspect) pair, tend to ignore the relationship between the sentiment polarity of aspects. In this paper, we propose a sequence prediction model with a sentiment polarity fusion module which sequentially predicts the sentiment polarity of each aspect within sentence. Besides, we use the temporal attention mechanism to keep track of what has been focused on, which discourages repeated attention to the context words with strong sentiment polarity when predicting the sentiment polarity of different aspects. Experimental results on five benchmarking collections illustrate that our proposed model3 outperforms a range of baseline models by a substantial margin, and further demonstrate that the relationship between the sentiment polarity of aspects is helpful to solve the aspect-level sentiment classification.
The crystal structure of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (1965)

The compound 1,3, 5triamino2, 4, 6trinitrobenzene (TATB) is unusual in its thermal and solubility properties. The compound sublimes and decomposes above 300 °C. Concentrated sulfuric acid is the best of the few known solvents for TATB. These facts indicated tha t the compound would be of interest because of its hydrogen bonding system in which both interand intra-molecular hydrogen bonds are likely between amine groups and adjacent nitro groups. Another compound, 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, form I (Holden, 1962), tha t has a similar hydrogen bond system has been reported.
Functional CD40 ligand expressed by human blood dendritic cells is up-regulated by CD40 ligation (1996)

We examined whether human blood dendritic cells (DCs) express a functional ligand for CD40 (CD40L). Human blood DCs expressed significant amounts of cell surface CD40L identical to that expressed on activated T cells, as detected by mAb to CD40L or a chimeric CD40.Ig fusion protein (CD40.Ig). Stimulation through CD40 up-regulated protein and mRNA CD40L expression in DCs, B cells, and B cell lines. CD40-mediated CD40L expression was inhibited by a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin, in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the induction of CD40L expression via CD40 requires protein tyrosine kinase activity. CD40L surface expression correlated with constitutive or inducible levels of CD40L-specific mRNA, as determined by reverse transcribed PCR analysis (RT-PCR) using CD40L-homologous primers. Furthermore, CD40L on DCs was functional, since CD40L+ DCs, unlike CD40L- DCs, induced B cell IgG and IgA production, and this induction could be inhibited by blocking CD40L-CD40 interactions with mAb to CD40L. Thus, CD40L on DCs and CD40L induced by crosslinking CD40 may regulate B cell activation and maturation. The importance of DC CD40L expression on B cell function is discussed.
Genetic risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1997)

Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, only a minority of cigarette smokers develop symptomatic disease. Studies of families and twins suggest that genetic factors also contribute to the development of COPD. We present a detailed literature review of the genes which have been investigated as potential risk factors for this disease. The only established genetic risk factor for COPD is homozygosity for the Z allele of the alpha1-antitrypsin gene. Heterozygotes for the Z allele may also be at increased risk. Other mutations affecting the structure of alpha1-antitrypsin or the regulation of gene expression have been identified as risk factors. Genes, including those for alpha1-antichymotrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, vitamin D-binding protein and blood group antigens, have also been associated with the development of COPD. Variants of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene have been identified as risk factors for disseminated bronchiectasis. The genetic basis to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has begun to be elucidated and it is likely that several genes will be implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. The knowledge gained from such studies may also prove relevant to other inflammatory diseases.
Feature Article—Mathematical Models in Farm Planning: A Survey (1987)

Farm planning has increased in complexity and importance as agriculture in the developed world has become concentrated in larger, more specialized farm units. These changes have stimulated the development of formal planning techniques based on mathematical models. Although this approach is characteristic of operations research, the profession's direct involvement in agricultural planning has been limited: much of the published work is associated with agricultural economics. In this paper, we provide an OR-oriented introduction to the problems involved in agricultural planning, particularly at the farm level. We describe the planning problems of both the crop and livestock sectors and outline the models that have been proposed for solving these problems. Researchers, and agricultural extension and advisory services, have been the main users of these models, but the widespread availability of microcomputers gives considerable scope for developing models for use by farmers.
Monosaccharides <i>versus</i> PEG-Functionalized NPs: Influence in the Cellular Uptake (2012)

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for biomedical applications. The core composition and small size of these particles produce superparamagnetic behavior, thus facilitating their use in magnetic resonance imaging and magnetically induced therapeutic hyperthermia. However, the development and control of safe in vivo applications for NPs call for the study of cell-NP interactions and cell viability. Furthermore, as for most biotechnological applications, it is desirable to prevent unspecific cell internalization of these particles. It is also crucial to understand how the surface composition of the NPs affects their internalization capacity. Here, through accurate control over unspecific protein adsorption, size distribution, grafting density, and an extensive physicochemical characterization, we correlated the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanism of 6 nm magnetic NPs coated with several types and various densities of biomolecules, such as glucose, galactose, and poly(ethylene glycol). We found that the density of the grafted molecule was crucial to prevent unspecific uptake of NPs by Vero cells. Surprisingly, the glucose-coated NPs described here showed cellular uptake as a result of lipid raft instead of clathrin-mediated cellular internalization. Moreover, these glucose-functionalized NPs could be one of the first examples of NPs being endocytosed by caveolae that finally end up in the lysosomes. These results reinforce the use of simple carbohydrates as an alternative to PEG molecules for NPs functionalization when cellular uptake is required.
Electric Field Mediated Transport in Nanometer Diameter Channels (1998)

Nanoporous polycarbonate (PCTE) nuclear-track-etched membranes were used to effect electric field modulation of the mass transport of cationic, anionic, and neutral species in aqueous buffer. The permeability response to electric fields depended on the molecular charge and electrolyte concentration. Solute and solvent fluxes through nanopores under an electrical potential result from a balance of diffusion, electroosmosis, and ion migration. The Debye length, κ-1, associated with the electrical double layer within the pores relative to the pore diameter, 2a, plays a critical role in determining electrokinetic transport behavior. The channel walls adsorb anions preferentially to produce a largely immobile negative charge density, leaving a large and mobile cation population to mediate transport in the channel. By adjusting the supporting electrolyte concentration, κa can be tuned such that the electrical double layer is either small in relation to the pore (κa ≥ 1) or more diffuse and spanning the pore (κa < 1). Electroosmotic transport, mediated primarily by buffer cations, dominates when κa < 1. In this case the pores are essentially permselective, and anion electromigration is virtually eliminated. When κa ≥ 1, the sign of the applied potential can be used to select for anion vs cation/neutral molecule transport.
Scan Based Testing of Dual/Multi Core Processors for Small Delay Defects (2008)

We present a new structural delay test methodology that identifies small timing anomalies in dual/multi core processor circuits by comparing the relative switching time of identical circuit paths in the multiple cores. A difference in switching delay beyond the statistically observed worst case within-die timing variation indicates a defect. The proposed test is purely a comparison test between identical cores to detect manufacturing defects and does not measure absolute circuit timing. Common mode noise effects such as power supply droop, clock stretching, etc. are automatically compensated and do not impact the test results. Furthermore, the test response can be captured at multiple sample times, including faster than the rated clock period to target small delays on short paths. We present a practical approach for implementing such a test that alternately uses one core as a timing reference to test for delays in another identical core using slightly different capture clocks to allow for normal intradie parameter variations. Test results are obtained in real time without the need for any post processing. Early experimental results show good potential for this new technique.
Base force/torque sensing for position based Cartesian impedance control (2009)

In this paper, a position based impedance controller (i.e. admittance controller) is designed by utilizing measurements of a force/torque sensor, which is mounted at the robot's base. In contrast to conventional force/torque sensing at the end-effector, placing the sensor at the base allows to implement a compliant behavior of the robot not only with respect to forces acting on the end-effector but also with respect to forces acting on the robot's structure. The resulting control problem is first analyzed in detail for the simplified one-degree-of-freedom case in terms of stability and passivity. Then, an extension to the Cartesian admittance control of a robot manipulator is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how the steady state properties of the underlying position controller can be taken into account in the design of the outer admittance controller. Finally, a simulation study of the Cartesian admittance controller applied to a three-degrees-of-freedom manipulator is presented.
Equation of State of Polystyrene and Polymethylmethacrylate from Ultrasonic Measurements at Moderate Pressures (1972)

The relationship of ultrasonic velocities to equations of state is addressed for two homogeneous isotropic plastics, polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate. Ultrasonic velocities were measured at hydrostatic pressures up to 10 kbar and temperatures from ambient to 75°C at an acoustic frequency of 6 MHz. From these data the pressure and temperature dependence of the elastic moduli are calculated. In particular, the bulk modulus is used to compute an equation of state from models proposed by Birch and Murnaghan. The nonlinearity of the bulk modulus at pressures below 10 kbar favors the Birch model. Comparison with shock data shows that the Birch equation of state, determined ultrasonically, agrees quite well with the shock data to pressures well over an order of magnitude in excess of the 10-kbar ultrasonic data for both polystyrene and polymethacrylate.
Effect of selected substances on heat-induced aggregation of albumin, IgG and lysozyme. (1998)

Compounds capable of inhibiting protein aggregation may find pharmacological applications in the treatment of a number of diseases called protein condensation diseases [Benedek (1997)], which include cataract, biliary and urinary lithiasis and certain rheumatic diseases. We examined the effect of selected compounds on heat-induced aggregation human serum albumin (HSA), IgG and lysozyme. HSA (0.2% w/v in 0.066 M sodium phosphate pH 5.3 at 22 degrees C), IgG (0.5% w/v in 0.066 M Tris pH 8.0 at 22 degrees C), and L (0.2 % w/v in 0.066 M CAPS pH 11.0 at 22 degrees C) were heated for 30 min at 70 degrees C in the presence or absence of different concentrations of the substance under examination and heat-induced aggregation of 100 microl aliquots was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 595 nm using an automatic microplate reader. In these conditions, inhibition of aggregation could be due to an anti-denaturant effect or to interferences with the aggregation of denatured molecules, as previously described [Saso, Casini et al. (1998)]. However, this distinction may not be pharmacologically relevant when the target of the therapy is the prevention of abnormal phenomena of protein aggregation. Inorganic salts like NaCl and CaCl2 were active on the three proteins (IgG > HSA > L) but many ligands of HSA such as tryptophan, N-acetyl-tryptophan, caprylic acid, capric acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and bendazac were active on their carrier but not on IgG and L, indicating that the latter proteins are more difficult to protect and that specific anti-denaturant and/or anti-aggregant compounds should be developed.
Anti-diabetic Treatment in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Effects of Medication on Body Weight (2006)

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes; 1–3 moreover, the presence of obesity in type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of vascular complications associated with the disorder. 4,5 The majority of patients are overweight or obese at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that progression to diabetes in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance can be prevented through weight reduction and increased levels of physical activity. 6,7 For patients who have developed type 2 diabetes, intentional weight loss has many potential benefits including improved metabolic control and a reduced need for antidiabetic medications. 8–10