gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformer-Based Predistortion Linearizer for High Linearity and High Modulation Efficiency in mm-Wave 5G CMOS Power Amplifiers (2019)

This paper presents a new predistortion linearization technique for high linearity and high modulation efficiency in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) CMOS power amplifiers (PA) for fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications. Our proposed linearizer adopts a transformer-based (i.e., inductive) self-compensated predistortion network at the input of the PA whose amplitude-modulation to phase-modulation (AM-PM) response is opposite compared with the AM-PM response of a CMOS PA, resulting in an AM-PM cancellation effect. This proposed inductive linearization method mitigates the large gain reduction problem in traditional capacitor-based linearization approaches while consuming no extra dc power or without introducing additional control circuitry. As a result, a significant improvement in power-efficiency and linearity is achieved with high-order complex modulation signals. To validate the proposed linearization method, a PA prototype in 65-nm CMOS technology was fabricated and tested, and it exhibited <;1° of |AM-PM| distortion at P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0,1 dB</sub> over 4 GHz of bandwidth (27-31 GHz). At 28 GHz, the measured saturated P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> and peak power-added-efficiency (PAE) was 15.6 dBm and 41%, respectively, while achieving a 6-dB P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> back-off PAE of 25%. To assess PA's large-signal performance for 5G communications, the prototype was measured with the 64-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) signal at 2-Gb/s data rates at 28 and 30 GHz, and the PA achieves modulated PAE of 18.2%/17.6% and average-Po of 9.8 dBm/10 dBm, respectively, while maintaining <; -30 dBc of adjacent-channel-power-ratio and <; -25.5 dB of error-vector-magnitude. The achieved modulated-PAE at 28 and 30 GHz shows more than 2× improvement in comparison with the recently reported 28-GHz linear CMOS PAs. Also, the PA occupies a compact active-area of 0.24 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Hepatitis E virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies (2014)

Our previous studies indicated that hepatitis E virus (HEV) forms membrane-associated particles in the cytoplasm, most likely by budding into intracellular vesicles, and requires the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway to release virus particles, and the released HEV particles with a lipid membrane retain the trans-Golgi network protein 2 on their surface. To examine whether HEV utilizes the exosomal pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed whether the virion release from PLC/PRF/5 cells infected with genotype 3 HEV (strain JE03-1760F) is affected by treatment with bafilomycin A1 or GW4869, or by the introduction of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Rab27A or Hrs. The extracellular HEV RNA titre was increased by treatment with bafilomycin A1, but was decreased by treatment with GW4869. The relative levels of virus particles released from cells depleted of Rab27A or Hrs were decreased to 16.1 and 11.5 %, respectively, of that released from cells transfected with negative control siRNA. Electron microscopic observations revealed the presence of membrane-associated virus-like particles with a diameter of approximately 50 nm within the MVB, which possessed internal vesicles in infected cells. Immunoelectron microscopy showed positive immunogold staining for the HEV ORF2 protein on the intraluminal vesicles within the MVB. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis indicated the triple co-localization of the ORF2, ORF3 and CD63 proteins in the cytoplasm, as specific loculated signals, supporting the presence of membrane-associated HEV particles within the MVB. These findings indicate that membrane-associated HEV particles are released together with internal vesicles through MVBs by the cellular exosomal pathway.
Nucleotide Sequence of Additional Members of the Gene Family Encoding Chalcone Synthase in Trifolium subterraneum (1995)

CHS (EC 2.3.1.74) catalyzes the condensation of three molecules of malonyl-COA with one molecule of 4-coumaroyl COA to produce 2’,4,4’,6-tetrahydroxychalcone (Heller and Hahlbrock, 1980). The CHS genes have been isolated and characterized in a variety of plants. In the Leguminosae, CHS is a multiple gene family, with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) having at least nine copies (Arioli et al., 1994). We have recently shown that different copies within this gene family are induced by wounding and Rhizobium infection (Lawson et al., 1994). Screening of a T. subterraneum genomic library with the cDNA clone for CHSZ from bean (Ryder et al., 1987) isolated a number of clones; of these, CHSZ and CHS2 were fully characterized (Arioli et al., 1994). To permit identification of the promoters responsible for the expression of separate gene copies, we determined sequences for additional CHS genes. Sequence data for CHS3 and CHS4, which are linked to CHSZ and CHS2, and CHS5 and CHS6, which, together with a pseudogene CHS7, form a second linkage group, are presented here (Table I). An as-yet unlinked gene, CHS8, has been cloned and partially sequenced to confirm its homology to CHS; this sequence is not presented. The COOH-terminal portion of CHS4 is not located on any of the A clones characterized; thus, the sequence for this gene is truncated 236 bp prior to the end of the gene. Six hundred base pairs of upstream sequence is included in the data base listings for each of these genes. A11 of the CHS sequences within each linkage cluster are oriented in the same direction. The average homology of the six clover CHS genes is 93% at the DNA and 98% at the amino acid level. Curiously, greater homology is present between some members of the two linkage clusters than within each cluster. The phylogenetic relationships be-
A fluorometric method for the micro‐quantitative determination of haemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations in fish muscle (1979)

Abstract A fluorometric procedure based upon conversion of the haem moiety of haemoproteins to the free porphyrin by incubation with oxalic acid was employed to determine haemoglobin and myoglobin contents of fish extracts. The haemoproteins were extracted with 0.05M Tris buffer, pH 8.6, and the haemoglobin and myoglobin were separated with DEAE cellulose. Quenching or interference by unidentified substances resulted in low apparent recoveries of added haemoprotein but this could be partially overcome by the addition of potassium ferricyanide or by dialysis or ultra‐filtration.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrogen Bridgehead Compounds. Part 50. Vilsmeier‐Haack Acylation of 6,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones. (1986)

Abstract Kondensationsreaktionen zwischen den Pyrido‐pyrimidinonen (I) und den Amiden (II) ergeben die Produkte (III) oder (IV).
Quantification of increased cellularity during inflammatory demyelination (2011)

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammatory demyelination and irreversible axonal injury leading to permanent neurological disabilities. Diffusion tensor imaging demonstrates an improved capability over standard magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate axon from myelin pathologies. However, the increased cellularity and vasogenic oedema associated with inflammation cannot be detected or separated from axon/myelin injury by diffusion tensor imaging, limiting its clinical applications. A novel diffusion basis spectrum imaging, capable of characterizing water diffusion properties associated with axon/myelin injury and inflammation, was developed to quantitatively reveal white matter pathologies in central nervous system disorders. Tissue phantoms made of normal fixed mouse trigeminal nerves juxtaposed with and without gel were employed to demonstrate the feasibility of diffusion basis spectrum imaging to quantify baseline cellularity in the absence and presence of vasogenic oedema. Following the phantom studies, in vivo diffusion basis spectrum imaging and diffusion tensor imaging with immunohistochemistry validation were performed on the corpus callosum of cuprizone treated mice. Results demonstrate that in vivo diffusion basis spectrum imaging can effectively separate the confounding effects of increased cellularity and/or grey matter contamination, allowing successful detection of immunohistochemistry confirmed axonal injury and/or demyelination in middle and rostral corpus callosum that were missed by diffusion tensor imaging. In addition, diffusion basis spectrum imaging-derived cellularity strongly correlated with numbers of cell nuclei determined using immunohistochemistry. Our findings suggest that diffusion basis spectrum imaging has great potential to provide non-invasive biomarkers for neuroinflammation, axonal injury and demyelination coexisting in multiple sclerosis.
Cdc42 overexpression induces hyperbranching in the developing mammary gland by enhancing cell migration (2013)

These data suggest that Cdc42 overexpression disrupts mammary gland branching morphogenesis by altering Rho GTPase and MAPK signaling, leading to increased MEC contractility and migration in association with stromal alterations. Our studies provide insight into how aberrant Cdc42 expression may contribute to mammary tumorigenesis.
An engineered U1 small nuclear RNA rescues splicing‐defective coagulation F7 gene expression in mice (2013)

Here we provide the first in vivo proof of-principle of the rescue of the expression of a splicing-defective F7 mutant by U1snRNAs, thus highlighting their therapeutic potential in coagulation disorders.
Isolation of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of L-Cells (1970)

Procedures are described for the isolation of conditional lethal mutants of mouse L-60T cells. The mutant lines were temperature sensitive by the following criteria: (a) colony-forming ability, (b) growth in suspension culture, and (c) rate of uptake of tritiated-thymidine.
Ultrastructure of human sebaceous follicles and comedones following treatment with vitamin A acid. (1975)

Ultrastructural findings in normal human sebaceous follicles, of comedones from acne patients, and from comedones during topical treatment with vitamin A acid (VAA) are described. In normal human sebaceous follicles, the two segments of the infundibulum-the acroinfundibulum and the infrainfundibulum-show differing ultramorphological patterns of keratinization. The incomplete horny layer of the infrainfundibulum is physiological and seems to be necessary for its normal function. On the other hand, no effective barrier function is established in this region. During comedo formation, excessive keratinization takes place in the infra-infundibulum, leading to a compact and coherent horny core. VAA-treatment leads to profound alterations of keratin production, with the appearance of small, irregular, non-coherent and foamy horny cells. The comedonal wall resumes almost physiological conditions. These changes are in agreement with experimental work using VAA in vivo and in vitro and may explain the therapeutic mechanism of action of this compound in the treatment of acne.
Immobilizing Au Nanoparticles with Polymer Single Crystals, Patterning and Asymmetric Functionalization (2006)

Considerable attention has been paid to nanoparticle (NP) research due to their fascinating properties and potential applications in nanotechnology and biotechnology. Asymmetrically functionalizing NPs is of particular interest since it could directly lead to controlled patterning of NPs into complex structures for a variety of applications. In this communication, we report, for the first time, using two-dimensional polymer lamellar single crystals as the solid substrate to create a patterned functional (thiol) surface and to immobilize AuNPs. We demonstrated that patterning of AuNPs could be achieved, and the AuNP area density could be easily controlled by polymer molecular weight. Furthermore, this unique technique also enables asymmetric functionalization of AuNPs. Bilayer AuNPs/polymer hybrids were obtained. Dissolving PEO single crystals led to free asymmetric binary AuNP complexes. This approach provides a novel means to pattern AuNPs and to synthesize asymmetrically functionalized AuNPs. We also anticipate that this methodology could be applied to other metallic or semiconducting NPs.
oLMpics-On What Language Model Pre-training Captures (2020)

Recent success of pre-trained language models (LMs) has spurred widespread interest in the language capabilities that they possess. However, efforts to understand whether LM representations are useful for symbolic reasoning tasks have been limited and scattered. In this work, we propose eight reasoning tasks, which conceptually require operations such as comparison, conjunction, and composition. A fundamental challenge is to understand whether the performance of a LM on a task should be attributed to the pre-trained representations or to the process of fine-tuning on the task data. To address this, we propose an evaluation protocol that includes both zero-shot evaluation (no fine-tuning), as well as comparing the learning curve of a fine-tuned LM to the learning curve of multiple controls, which paints a rich picture of the LM capabilities. Our main findings are that: (a) different LMs exhibit qualitatively different reasoning abilities, e.g., RoBERTa succeeds in reasoning tasks where BERT fails completely; (b) LMs do not reason in an abstract manner and are context-dependent, e.g., while RoBERTa can compare ages, it can do so only when the ages are in the typical range of human ages; (c) On half of our reasoning tasks all models fail completely. Our findings and infrastructure can help future work on designing new datasets, models, and objective functions for pre-training.
Investigation of an optical fiber cerebral oximeter using a Monte Carlo model (2007)

A new system for monitoring the oxygen saturation of blood within brain tissue has been developed for patients recovering from neurosurgery or trauma. The system is based on a two-wavelength oximeter, implemented via an optical fiber probe designed to pass through the lumen of a cranial bolt. The oximeter records the oxygen saturation of blood within a small volume of brain tissue surrounding the probe using the differential absorption of light at each wavelength. The contribution to the absorption and the degree of scatter by the brain tissue, blood and other components is difficult to quantify by analytical methods. A Monte Carlo model was developed to try to predict these contributions and thereby identify those variables which might have a significant influence on the calculation of oxygen saturation from measurements of back-scattered intensity in the brain. The model was validated for whole blood by comparing results from the model with empirical results obtained from samples of blood over a range of saturation values.
Mutant Huntingtin in Glial Cells Exacerbates Neurological Symptoms of Huntington Disease Mice (2010)

Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of the polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat (>37Q) in huntingtin (htt), and age of onset is inversely correlated with the length of the polyQ repeat. Mutant htt with expanded polyQ is ubiquitously expressed in various types of cells, including glia, but causes selective neurodegeneration. Our recent study demonstrated that expression of the N-terminal mutant htt with a large polyQ repeat (160Q) in astrocytes is sufficient to induce neurological symptoms in mice (Bradford, J., Shin, J. Y., Roberts, M., Wang, C. E., Li, X.-J., and Li, S. H. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 22480-22485). Because glia-neuron interactions are critical for maintaining the normal function and survival of neurons in the brain and because mutant htt is more abundant in neurons than in glial cells, it is important to investigate whether glial htt can still contribute to HD pathology when mutant htt is abundantly expressed in neuronal cells. We generated transgenic mice that express mutant htt with 98Q in astrocytes. Unlike our recently generated htt-160Q transgenic mice, htt-98Q mice do not show obvious neurological phenotypes, suggesting that the length of the polyQ repeat determines the severity of glial dysfunction. However, htt-98Q mice show increased susceptibility to glutamate-induced seizure. Mice expressing mutant htt in astrocytes were mated with N171-82Q mice that express mutant htt primarily in neuronal cells. Double transgenic mice expressing mutant htt in both neuronal and glial cells display more severe neurological symptoms and earlier death than N171-82Q mice. These findings indicate a role of glial mutant htt in exacerbating HD neuropathology and underscore the importance of improving glial function in treating HD.
The VESPA Project: Driving Advances in Data Management for Vehicular Networks. (2013)

International audience
Waveguide-to-microstrip transitions for millimeter-wave applications (2003)

Design and test data are presented for waveguide-to-microstrip probe transitions that cover millimeter-wave frequencies from 26 to 110 GHz. The broadband design provides a good transition for full-waveguide bandwidth (40%). Because of the compact structure, the measured insertion loss contributed by the transition is less than 0.1 dB in Ka-band, less than 0.2 dB in Q-band and V-band, and less than 0.35 dB in W-band. These transitions are useful for the device and circuit characterisation of millimeter-wave MICs and MMICs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coupling of the Orientations of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals to Protein Binding Events at Lipid-Decorated Interfaces (2007)

We report a study of the interactions of proteins with monolayers of phospholipids (D/L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine) spontaneously assembled at an interface between an aqueous phase and a 20-microm-thick film of a nematic liquid crystal (4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl). Because the orientation of the liquid crystal is coupled to the organization of the lipids, specific interactions between phospholipase A2 and the lipids (binding and/or hydrolysis) that lead to reorganization of the lipids are optically reported (using polarized light) as dynamic orientational transitions in the liquid crystal. In contrast, nonspecific interactions between proteins such as albumin, lysozyme, and cytochrome-c and the lipid-laden interface of the liquid crystal are not reported as orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Concurrent epifluorescence and polarized light imaging of labeled lipids and proteins at the aqueous-liquid crystal interface demonstrate that spatially patterned orientations of the liquid crystals observed during specific binding of phospholipase A2 to the interface, as well as during the subsequent hydrolysis of lipids by phospholipase A2, reflect the lateral organization (micrometer-sized domains) of the proteins and lipids, respectively, at the aqueous-liquid crystal interface.
Holographic particle image velocimetry: from film to digital recording (2004)

Holographic particle image velocimetry (HPIV) offers potentially the best solution to volumetric measurements of the three-dimensional velocity fields in complex flows. However, the traditional film-based HPIV measurement is rather cumbersome, limiting its use to only a handful of groups worldwide. The newly emerged digital HPIV revolutionizes flow measurement science by providing a practical 3D velocimetry tool. It commands simple hardware that is similar to regular two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV), yet it provides continuous (time-series) three-dimensional, three-component flow field data. Not only is the need for chemical processing eliminated, but also the cumbersome optical reconstruction is completely replaced by numerical reconstruction algorithms. Several breakthroughs have led to the development of the first practical and integrated digital HPIV systems. To explain the transition from film to digital recording, fundamental issues in HPIV are reviewed in this paper. Axial accuracy in HPIV measurement is ultimately limited by an inherent depth-of-focus problem, while information capacity is limited by inherent speckle noise. Information capacity is an important concept in HPIV, comprising the maximum acceptable seeding density multiplied by the sample volume depth along the optic axis. Both the axial accuracy and the information capacity are limited by the effective hologram aperture. The pursuit of a large hologram aperture in the past has resulted in further complexity in film-based HPIV systems. Digital HPIV, on the other hand, enjoys great simplicity of implementation and operation. A digital HPIV is also far more compact and rugged compared to existing film-based HPIV systems, making it suitable for duplication and commercialization. However, since digital sensors suffer from inferior pixel resolutions compared to films, the effective hologram aperture is much smaller in digital HPIV than that achievable in film-based HPIV. Alleviating this problem, digital HPIV also presents new possibilities in data processing such as the use of the complex amplitude of the reconstructed light wave to improve depth sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. Two examples of digital HPIV systems and measurement results are given. We believe digital HPIV can revitalize holographic particle imaging and bring it into the mainstream in much the same way that digital PIV brought PIV into widespread use a decade ago.
Carbon Fibers from Polyethylene-Based Precursors (1994)

Abstract Polyethylene fibers are attractive as carbon fiber precursors due to their high carbon content and ease of manufacture. Also, highly ordered and oriented fibers with extraordinary physical and mechanical properties are available today. However, being thermoplastic fibers, they soften or melt at a fairly low temperature, losing their fiber form. These precursors have to be stabilized by introducing cross links in them so that they can withstand the higher temperatures of carbonization. Heating in a sulfuric acid bath was investigated as a possible means of stabilizing these fibers. The process of stabilization was studied using several characterization techniques, such as thermal analyses (DSC and TGA), color change, tensile properties, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The fibers had a tendency to shrink to a great extent and the tension had a major role during the process of sulfonation. Some of the stabilized fibers were carbonized and their properties were evaluated