gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic Level Control over Surface Species via a Molecular Precursor Approach:  Isolated Cu(I) Sites and Cu Nanoparticles Supported on Mesoporous Silica (2004)

A nonaqueous molecular precursor grafting approach was employed for the generation of well-defined surface structures featuring Cu on a mesoporous silica support. X-ray absorption measurements (XANES and EXAFS) were used to determine that [CuOSi(OtBu)3]4 provided 100% isolated Cu(I) sites upon grafting (without thermal treatment), whereas [CuOtBu]4 gave isolated species with most of the original Cu-O-Cu linkages intact, but in a more relaxed straight chain form. Upon heating under inert conditions, the vast majority of Cu in the materials from [CuOSi(OtBu)3]4 remained as isolated Cu(I) sites (up to 88% isolation), with significant stabilization provided from the -OSi(OtBu)3 ligands. In stark contrast, approximately 100% of the Cu in the materials generated from [CuOtBu]4 was readily reduced upon heating, forming isolated Cu metal particles with an average diameter of 0.7 nm.
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Abnormal Lung Function (2002)

Nicotine and the Neonatal Lung It has long been recognized that maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the incidence of premature delivery, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, and neonatal morbidity and mortality (1–3). There is also increased occurrence of lower respiratory illnesses with associated altered pulmonary mechanics on pulmonary function testing of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, suggesting that prenatal smoking affects lung development in utero (4–8). Nicotine, which crosses the placental barrier, may be the primary mediator of many of these effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy. In experimental models, maternal nicotine exposure alone elicits many of the same effects on neonates as maternal direct or sidestream tobacco smoke exposure. In animal models, maternal nicotine exposure causes a variety of effects on neonatal lung, summarized in Table 1. These effects include structural changes such as decreased elastin staining of lung parenchyma, increased mean linear intercept, decreased radial alveolar counts, and increased alveolar volume, indicative of emphysema-like changes in the neonatal lung (12–15). In this issue, Sekhon and colleagues present the third of a series of studies focusing on the effects of maternal nicotine exposure on lung structural development in a primate model. Their finding that maternal nicotine exposure alters fibrillar collagen expression in developing primate lungs helps explain how maternal nicotine exposure could lead to impaired pulmonary function in neonates. Such recent advances follow the discovery that receptors for nicotine are found on many different cell types in the lung and other tissues (10, 16).
Fuel Economy Benefit of Cylinder Deactivation - Sensitivity to Vehicle Application and Operating Constraints (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A Variable Displacement Engine (VDE) improves fuel economy by deactivating half the cylinders at light load. The actual fuel economy benefit attained in the vehicle depends on how often cylinders can be deactivated, which is a function of test cycle, engine size, and vehicle weight. In practice, cylinder deactivation will also be constrained by NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents fuel economy projections for VDE in several different engine and vehicle applications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Sensitivity to NVH considerations is quantified by calculating fuel economy with and without cylinder deactivation in various operating modes: idle, low engine speed, 1st and 2nd gear, and warm-up after cold start. The effects of lug limits and calibration hysteresis are also presented.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">All projections are based on engine dynamometer data with and without cylinder deactivation, in conjunction with a second-by-second computer simulation of various test cycles (EPA City and Highway, European NEDC, and Japanese 10-15 Mode).</div>
A Parallel Mixture of SVMs for Very Large Scale Problems (2002)

Support vector machines (SVMs) are the state-of-the-art models for many classification problems, but they suffer from the complexity of their training algorithm, which is at least quadratic with respect to the number of examples. Hence, it is hopeless to try to solve real-life problems having more than a few hundred thousand examples with SVMs. This article proposes a new mixture of SVMs that can be easily implemented in parallel and where each SVM is trained on a small subset of the whole data set. Experiments on a large benchmark data set (Forest) yielded significant time improvement (time complexity appears empirically to locally grow linearly with the number of examples). In addition, and surprisingly, a significant improvement in generalization was observed.
Waveform Correlation by Tree Matching (1985)

A waveform correlation scheme is presented. The scheme consists of four parts: 1) the representation of waveforms by trees, 2) the definition of basic operations on tree nodes and tree distance, 3) a tree matching algorithm, and 4) a backtracking procedure to find the best node-to-node correlation. This correlation scheme has been implemented. Results show that the scheme has the capability of handling distortions that result from stretching or shrinking of intervals or from missing intervals.
Permutation Entropy: A Natural Complexity Measure for Time Series (2002)

We introduce complexity parameters for time series based on comparison of neighboring values. The definition directly applies to arbitrary real-world data. For some well-known chaotic dynamical systems it is shown that our complexity behaves similar to Lyapunov exponents, and is particularly useful in the presence of dynamical or observational noise. The advantages of our method are its simplicity, extremely fast calculation, robustness, and invariance with respect to nonlinear monotonous transformations.
The Synthesis of Phosphonate Ester Containing Fluorinated Vinyl Ethers (1996)

Three novel perfluorovinyl ethers containing phosphonate ester groups, diethyl 1,1,2,2,3,3,5,6,6-nonafluoro-4-oxa-5-hexenylphosphonate, (EtO)(2)P(O)(CF(2))(3)OCF=CF(2) (1), diethyl 1,1,2,2,4,5,5-heptafluoro-3-oxa-4-pentenylphosphonate, (EtO)(2)P(O)(CF(2))(2)OCF=CF(2) (2), and diethyl 1,1,2,2,4,5,5,7,8,8-decafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dioxa-7-octenylphosphonate, CF(2)=CFOCF(2)CF(CF(3))O(CF(2))(2)P(O)(OEt)(2) (3), have been synthesized. Perfluorovinyl ethers 1 and 2 were synthesized from methyl 4-trifluoroethenoxy-2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorobutanoate and methyl 3-trifluoroethenoxy-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanoate, respectively, while perfluorovinyl ether 3 was synthesized either from 5-trifluoroethenoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-3-oxa-1,1,2,2,4,5,5-heptafluoropentylsulfonyl fluoride or methyl 6-trifluoroethenoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4-oxa-2,2,3,3,5,6,6-heptafluorohexanoate. The carboxylate esters were converted to the corresponding fluoroalkyl iodides via a free-radical iododecarboxylation. The sulfonyl fluoride was converted to its corresponding fluoroalkyl iodide via iododesulfination. The intermediate iodides were found to be useful precursors for the incorporation of the phosphonic ester groups via a photoreaction with tetraethyl pyrophosphite to produce diethyl fluorophosphonites. The diethyl fluorophosphonites were oxidized to the desired phosphonates, 1, 2, and 3, utilizing hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Moderate to good overall yields of perfluorovinyl ethers 1-3 have been achieved.
Effects of staphylococcus toxoid vaccine on pain and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome (1998)

Positive results of pilot studies of the effect of staphylococcus toxoid vaccine in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome were the incitement to the present, placebo-controlled study. It included 28 patients who fulfilled the criteria for both fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. The effect of vaccination with a staphylococcus toxoid was compared with the effect of injections of sterile water. Psychometric assessment was made using 15 items from the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS), Zung's self-rating depression scale and clinical global impressions (CGI). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure pain levels, and a hand-held electronic pressure algometer was used to measure pressure pain thresholds. Significant improvement was seen in seven of the 15 CPRS items in the vaccine group when pretreatment values were compared to post-treatment values. In CPRS <<fatiguability>>, there were significant intergroup differences, and in CPRS <<pain>> intergroup differences bordered on significance. There was no significant improvement in CPRS items in the placebo group. Clinical global impressions showed significant improvement in the vaccine-treated group, and VAS did so in both groups. In a follow-up study of 23 patients, the vaccine treatment was continued for 2-6 years. Fifty percent were rehabilitated successfully and resumed half-time or full-time work. The results of this study support the authors>> hypothesis that treatment with staphylococcus toxoid may be a fruitful strategy in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Copyright 1998 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Wireless LANs; why IEEE 802.11 DSSS? (2002)

Now the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs (WLANs) has become a fact, choices for designers are simplified. As the implementation of IEEE 802.11 is a must dictated by the industry, the only choice left is the PHY (physical layer). The standard defines three choices in PHY including DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) and FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) RF PHYs and an infrared PHY. To choose the best PHY for the design, one should carefully consider characteristics such as peak bandwidth, aggregate throughput, cost of implementation, immunity to noise, and range. In offering multiple PHY choices, the IEEE 802.11 committee has followed the trend set by standards such as Ethernet that includes PHY choices such as 10BaseT, 10Base5, 100BaseT, and many others. In the successful Ethernet arena, multiple PHYs have allowed designers to match price and performance to applications. WLANs perform an analogous role to wired Ethernet networks, simply using RF or optical data transmission in stead of wiring. Evaluating WLAN technologies requires a look at all of the PHY choices. In most cases, the choice between infrared and RF should be straightforward. The infrared option will likely be used in cost sensitive office applications with short line-of-sight links. RF-based WLANs, however, have wide applicability in a range of office, warehouse, factory, medical and retail applications.
Photoelectrochemical behaviour of layer-type transition metal dichalcogenides (1980)

The photoelectrochemical properties of semiconducting layer-type disulphides and diselenides of transition metals belonging to Groups IV (zirconium, hafnium), VI (molybdenum, tungsten) and VIII (platinum), which have energy gaps between 1 and 2 eV, have been studied systematically. Characteristic reaction mechanisms and differences between compounds were found which can be interpreted in terms of the contribution of d-orbitals to the valence band in which photoreactive holes are generated. Evidence is provided that the behaviour of d-band semiconductors is critically influenced by a specific light-induced interaction of the interface with the redox system. This interaction leads to surface states which are apparently charged to an electric potential which is proportional or equivalent to the difference between the valence band edge and the redox potential of the electron donor (ΔE). It is the source of a photoelectrochemical reaction enthalpy which is useful for energy conversion. d-Band semiconductors thus have behaviour which is characteristically different from that of classical semiconducting compounds where hold formation is equivalent to the destruction of existing chemical bonds and the energy difference ΔE is dissipated as heat. The particular photoelectrochemical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides enable a larger variety of new applications to be explored. While the compounds of Mo and W can be used as reasonably stable electrodes for regenerative and fuel producing solar cells, those of Zr and Hf could be developed for the combined conversion and storage of solar energy by means of light-induced intercalation reactions. PtS2, finally, could be used as a sensitive and highly selective photoelectroanalytical probe for electron-exchanging ions and molecules. Various theoretical aspects ranging from photoelectrode stability to water decomposition with visible light are considered in this context.
<i>Candida albicans</i> Biofilms and Human Disease (2015)

In humans, microbial cells (including bacteria, archaea, and fungi) greatly outnumber host cells. Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota; this species asymptomatically colonizes many areas of the body, particularly the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of healthy individuals. Alterations in host immunity, stress, resident microbiota, and other factors can lead to C. albicans overgrowth, causing a wide range of infections, from superficial mucosal to hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. To date, most studies of C. albicans have been carried out in suspension cultures; however, the medical impact of C. albicans (like that of many other microorganisms) depends on its ability to thrive as a biofilm, a closely packed community of cells. Biofilms are notorious for forming on implanted medical devices, including catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and prosthetic joints, which provide a surface and sanctuary for biofilm growth. C. albicans biofilms are intrinsically resistant to conventional antifungal therapeutics, the host immune system, and other environmental perturbations, making biofilm-based infections a significant clinical challenge. Here, we review our current knowledge of biofilms formed by C. albicans and closely related fungal species.
Improving chroma intra prediction for HEVC (2016)

YCbCr color space is widely used in previous video coding standards such as H.264 and the latest video coding standard HEVC. Although the conversion from RGB to YCbCr reduces the inter-channel redundancy significantly, there are still some correlations among Y, Cb and Cr. In order to reduce the inter-channel redundancy, LM mode was proposed based on HEVC in which the reconstructed luma component is used to predict the chroma components through a linear model. The model parameters are derived by the reconstructed causal pixels. In this paper, in order to get more accurate parameters, an adaptive template selection method is proposed in which we extend the neighboring pixels and remove unavailable pixels before the calculation of parameters. Besides, adaptive Cr prediction is proposed. Specifically, in the prediction of Cr component, predictions from Y, Cb and both Y and Cb are exploited simultaneously. By combining these two methods, the BD-rate reduction is 0.3%, 2.0% and 3.0% (0.3%, 1.2% and 1.8%) under all-intra high QP (normal QP) setting based on HM12.0 compared to original LM mode for Y, Cb and Cr components respectively.
Adaptive weighted channel equalizer for direct-detection optical OFDM transmission systems (2009)

We study the performance of an adaptive weighted channel equalizer for non-compensated OFDM transmission systems and show that it improves the BER and can reduce the overhead and sensitivity to drifts in the optical channel.
Autonomous lightweight airborne spectrometers for ground reflectance measurements (2010)

A series of small, lightweight, autonomous spectrometer systems has been designed in Tartu Observatory. They are used for obtaining top-of-canopy spectral reflectance measurements for vegetation remote sensing, validation of radiative transfer models, and reflectance-based vicarious calibration of satellite and airborne sensors. The spectrometer systems are based on miniature spectrometer modules by Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH. The radiometric properties of the modules have been characterized based on laboratory measurements and appropriate data correction methods have been developed. The UAVSpec series spectrometer systems have been in operational use for several years and have been proven to be valuable tools for airborne, as well as on-ground and laboratory measurements. They are suitable for being carried by an unmanned aerial vehicle, which could make the measurement truly autonomous and independent of any service provider.
Deposits From Heated Gas Turbine Fuels (1976)

Deposits from gas turbine fuels are a major concern when prevaporized-premixed combustor concepts are considered for gas turbine engines. Even in conventional gas turbines, deposits are occasionally found in fuel nozzles after a long period of operation. A search was made for information regarding deposits from heated gas turbine fuels using open literature data and data generated within United Technologies Corporation. Summaries of both the data obtained from this survey and the physical and chemical mechanisms leading to the formation of fuel deposits are presented. Data obtained by Pratt and Whitney Aircraft at the Florida Research and Development Center indicate that deposits were suppressed while the fuel was vaporized by mixing with air at velocities of 6 to 13 fps (15 to 33 cm/sec) and pressures of 50 to 200 psia (3.4 to 14 atm). Data obtained at United Technologies Research Center showed that deposits can also be prevented by intermittent use of heated air. Data obtained at EXXON and at the Naval Research Laboratory show that although deposits increase with temperature, a peak is found at about 700 F (682 K). Fuel vaporization was shown to increase the deposit levels in experiments at the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory.
Food Aid and Food Security: A Cautionary Note (1991)

A simple model is presented to examine the effects of instability in global food aid supplies on foreign exchange expenditures and food availability in recipient countries. When global food prices rise, food aid recipients are doubly affected through decreased availability of food aid, and through higher costs of additional commercial imports needed to make up the shortfall. Empirical estimates of key parameters of the model suggest that countries with a high dependence on food aid may place their food security at risk. Suit un modèle simple qui permet d'analyser les conséquences de l'instabilité des approvi‐sionnements destinés à l'aide alimentaire sur les dépenses en devises étrangères et l'offre d'aliments dans les pays bénéficiaires. Lorsque le prix mondial des aliments augmente, les bénéficiaires de l'aide alimentaire subissent le contrecoup à la fois d'une aide alimentaire réduite et du coût plus éléve des produits importés pour répondre à la pénurie. Une estimation empirique des principaux parametrés du modele suggére que les pays qui dépendent fortement de l'aide alimentaire compromettent leur sécurité alimentaire.
Theoretical Stress‐Strain Model for Confined Concrete (1988)

A stress‐strain model is developed for concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive loading and confined by transverse reinforcement. The concrete section may contain any general type of confining steel: either spiral or circular hoops; or rectangular hoops with or without supplementary cross ties. These cross ties can have either equal or unequal confining stresses along each of the transverse axes. A single equation is used for the stress‐strain equation. The model allows for cyclic loading and includes the effect of strain rate. The influence of various types of confinement is taken into account by defining an effective lateral confining stress, which is dependent on the configuration of the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. An energy balance approach is used to predict the longitudinal compressive strain in the concrete corresponding to first fracture of the transverse reinforcement by equating the strain energy capacity of the transverse reinforcement to the strain energy stored in the concrete as a result of the confinement.
Strengths in diversity (1996)

Christina Potrykus talks to Alison While about a recent comparative study of pre registration nursing courses
A Highly Porous Luminescent Terbium–Organic Framework for Reversible Anion Sensing (2006)

Unique tailored porous frameworks incorporating a lanthanide metal center have been designed to function as chemical detectors. A flexible multidentate ligand, mucic acid, is used to differentiate between several anions, thus creating an organic framework (see figure) that is ideally suited for applications in gas separation, sensors, and chemical switches. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2006/c2138_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Plasma glucose and insulin levels during the menstrual cycles of normal women and premenstrual syndrome patients. (1990)

Three-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on days 5 and 25 of ovulatory menstrual cycles in 26 women. The women were divided into normal (n = 9) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (n = 17) categories. Ovulation was confirmed by basal body temperature records and plasma progesterone levels. There were no statistically significant changes in the plasma glucose or insulin levels between the two tests in either group. Except for a higher two-hour plasma insulin concentration on the day 5 test in normal women, no statistically significant carbohydrate differences were noted between the groups. The data suggest that alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are not important in PMS.
Temperature Dependence of the Transport Properties of Gallium Arsenide Determined by a Monte Carlo Method (1970)

Transport properties of gallium arsenide in an electric field have been calculated in the temperature range 77°–500°K using a Monte Carlo technique. In intrinsic material it is found that the threshold field for the onset of negative differential mobility changes only slightly over this temperature range increasing from 3.1 kV/cm at 77°K to 3.7 kV/cm at 500°K, while the negative differential mobility reduces from 4200 to 1000 cm2/V sec over the same temperature rise. The influence of impurity scattering on the velocity field characteristic has been considered at 77°K for impurity concentrations of 1015 and 1017 cm−3 and at 300°K for concentrations for 1013, 1015, and 1017cm−3. The threshold field for the onset of negative differential mobility is found to change only slightly while the peak-to-valley ratio decreases significantly with increasing impurity concentration. The temperature dependence of the low-field mobility has been calculated for impurity concentrations of 1015, 1016, and 1017 cm−3.
Efficient convolutional sparse coding (2014)

When applying sparse representation techniques to images, the standard approach is to independently compute the representations for a set of overlapping image patches. This method performs very well in a variety of applications, but the independent sparse coding of each patch results in a representation that is not optimal for the image as a whole. A recent development is convolutional sparse coding, in which a sparse representation for an entire image is computed by replacing the linear combination of a set of dictionary vectors by the sum of a set of convolutions with dictionary filters. A disadvantage of this formulation is its computational expense, but the development of efficient algorithms has received some attention in the literature, with the current leading method exploiting a Fourier domain approach. The present paper introduces a new way of solving the problem in the Fourier domain, leading to substantially reduced computational cost.