gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An introduction to their properties and applications (1980)

General Introduction: Engineering Materials and their Properties Part A - The Price and Availability of Materials Part B - The Elastic Moduli Bonding Between Atoms Packing of Atoms in Solids The Physical Basis of Young's Modulus Case Studies of Modulus-limited Design Part C - Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Hardness and Ductility Dislocations and Yielding in Crystals Strengthening Methods and Plasticity of Polycrystals Continuum Aspects of Plastic Flow Case Studies in Yield-limited Design Part D - Fast Fracture, Toughness and Fatigue Fast Fracture and Toughness Micromechanisms of Fast Fracture Fatigue Failure Case Studies in Fast Fracture and Fatigue Failure Part E - Creep Deformation and Fracture Creep and Creep Failure Kinetic Theory of Diffusion Mechanisms of Creep and Creep-resistant Materials The Turbine Blade - a Case Study in Creep-limited Design Part F - Oxidation and Corrosion Oxidation of Materials Case Studies in Dry Oxidation Wet Corrosion of Materials Case Studies in Wet Corrosion Part G - Friction and Wear Case Studies in Friction and Wear Final Case Study - Materials and Energy in Car Design Appendix 1 - Example Questions with Answers Appendix 2 - Teaching Aids and Demonstrations Appendix 3 - Symbols and Formulae Index.:
Hydrogen-Bonding Recognition-Induced Color Change of Gold Nanoparticles for Visual Detection of Melamine in Raw Milk and Infant Formula (2009)

The color change induced by triple hydrogen-bonding recognition between melamine and a cyanuric acid derivative grafted on the surface of gold nanoparticles can be used for reliable detection of melamine. Since such a color change can be readily seen by the naked eye, the method enables on-site and real-time detection of melamine in raw milk and infant formula even at a concentration as low as 2.5 ppb without the aid of any advanced instruments.
Nur transcription factors in stress and addiction (2013)

The Nur transcription factors Nur77 (NGFI-B, NR4A1), Nurr1 (NR4A2), and Nor-1 (NR4A3) are a sub-family of orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. These transcription factors are products of immediate early genes, whose expression is rapidly and transiently induced in the central nervous system by several types of stimuli. Nur factors are present throughout the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis where are prominently induced in response to stress. Drugs of abuse and stress also induce the expression of Nur factors in nuclei of the motivation/reward circuit of the brain, indicating their participation in the process of drug addiction and in non-hypothalamic responses to stress. Repeated use of addictive drugs and chronic stress induce long-lasting dysregulation of the brain motivation/reward circuit due to reprogramming of gene expression and enduring alterations in neuronal function. Here, we review the data supporting that Nur transcription factors are key players in the molecular basis of the dysregulation of neuronal circuits involved in chronic stress and addiction.
Development of .ALPHA.-Olefin Production Catalyst and ITS Process. (1994)

1 Main Reaction Mechanism of
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril prevents activation-induced apoptosis by interfering with T cell activation signals (2000)

Captopril is an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is widely used as an anti-hypertensive agent. In addition to its ability to reduce blood pressure, captopril has a number of other biological activities. Recently the drug was shown to inhibit Fas-induced apoptosis in human activated peripheral T cells and human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether captopril blocks activation-induced apoptosis in murine T cell hybridomas, and found that captopril inhibited IL-2 synthesis and apoptotic cell death upon activation with anti-CD3 antibody. In addition, captopril inhibited an inducible caspase-3-like activity during activation-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, captopril did not interfere with Fas signalling, since anti-Fas antibody-induced apoptosis in Fas+ Jurkat cells was unaffected by the drug. Furthermore, we examined whether captopril blocks activation-induced apoptosis by interfering with expression of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), or both on T cell hybridomas. FasL expression on activated T cells was significantly inhibited by captopril, whereas up-expression of Fas was partially inhibited, as assessed by cell surface staining. Taking all data together, we conclude that captopril prevents activation-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas by interfering with T cell activation signals. Captopril has been reported to induce systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome, and our findings may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of captopril-induced autoimmunity.
Combined Fuzzy-Logic Wavelet-Based Fault Classification Technique for Power System Relaying (2004)

This paper presents a new approach to real-time fault classification in power transmission systems using fuzzy-logic-based multicriteria approach. Only the three line currents are utilized to detect fault types such as LG, LL, and LLG, and then to define the faulty line. An online wavelet-based preprocessor stage is used with data window of ten samples (based on 4.5-kHz sampling rate and 50-Hz power frequency). The multicriteria algorithm is developed based on fuzzy sets for the decision-making part of the scheme. Computer simulation has been conducted using EMTP programs. Results are shown and they indicate that this approach can be used as an effective tool for high-speed digital relaying, as the correct detection is achieved in less than half a cycle and that computational burden is much simpler than the recently postulated fault classification techniques.
Highly Selective Reduction of Acyclic β-Alkoxy Ketones to Protected <i>s</i><i>yn</i>-1,3-Diols (2004)

[reaction: see text] The conversion of 1-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl-protected beta-hydroxy ketones to syn-1,3-ethylidene acetals is effected by Et(3)SiH and SnCl(4). This reaction is proposed to proceed via a cyclic oxocarbenium ion intermediate and provides the products in yields that range from 69 to 94% and with diastereoselectivities that are >200:1.
The Bayesian Case Model: A Generative Approach for Case-Based Reasoning and Prototype Classification (2015)

We present the Bayesian Case Model (BCM), a general framework for Bayesian case-based reasoning (CBR) and prototype classification and clustering. BCM brings the intuitive power of CBR to a Bayesian generative framework. The BCM learns prototypes, the "quintessential" observations that best represent clusters in a dataset, by performing joint inference on cluster labels, prototypes and important features. Simultaneously, BCM pursues sparsity by learning subspaces, the sets of features that play important roles in the characterization of the prototypes. The prototype and subspace representation provides quantitative benefits in interpretability while preserving classification accuracy. Human subject experiments verify statistically significant improvements to participants' understanding when using explanations produced by BCM, compared to those given by prior art.
Helicopter trim analysis by shooting and finite element methods withoptimally damped Newton iterations (1993)

Helicopter trim settings of periodic initial state and control inputs are investigated for convergence of Newton iteration in computing the settings sequentially and in parallel. The trim analysis uses a shooting method and a weak version of two temporal finite element methods with displacement formulation and with mixed formulation of displacements and momenta. These three methods broadly represent two main approaches of trim analysis: adaptation of initial-value and finite element boundary-value codes to periodic boundary conditions, particularly for unstable and marginally stable systems. In each method, both the sequential and in-parallel schemes are used, and the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are solved by damped Newton iteration with an optimally selected damping parameter. The impact of damped Newton iteration, including earlier-observed divergence problems in trim analysis, is demonstrated by the maximum condition number of the Jacobian matrices of the iterative scheme and by virtual elimination of divergence. The advantages of the in-parallel scheme over the conventional sequential scheme are also demonstrated.
The structure of CD3∊γ in complex with the therapeutic antibody, OKT3 (2005)

Antibodies that can potently neutralize a broad spectrum of HIV-1 primary isolates are extremely rare and invaluable for innovative HIV-1 vaccine design strategies. Crystal structures for four of the five antibodies [b12; 2G12; 447-52D; and 4E10] have been determined. Antibody b12 interacts with the recessed CD4 binding site through a long CDR H3 loop. Anti-gp120 antibody 2g12 recognizes a cluster of high-mannose sugars on the surface of gp120-an unexpected high affinity for a carbohydrate epitope. The 2g12 Fab arms dimerize via exchange of their V H domains to form a multivalent binding surface for carbohydrates that is useful for designing a carbohydrate-based vaccine. Antibody 447-52D also uses a long CDR H3 loop, but it interacts with the V3 loop backbone of gp120, which explains its broad specificity. 4E10 is the most broadly neutralizing and is effective against all clades and subtypes of HIV-1. The 4E10 structure with a gp41 peptide shows a helical conformation for the epitope that gives insights into the membrane fusion events. Thus, these structural studies not only elucidate how each antibody interacts with its respective antigenic site in either gp120 or gp41, but also give fascinating insights into how the immune system evolves strategies to overcome challenges in accessing epitopes that are deeply-buried (b12), have low antigenicity (2g12), that vary in sequence (447-52D), and are transiently-accessible (4E10). The novel modes of antigen recognition provide a plethora of new ideas for the design of novel HIV-1 immunogens to elicit such antibody responses and are being harnessed in a retrovaccinology approach for HIV-1 vaccine design.
Restructuring Web applications via transformation rules (2002)

During the evolution phase, the structure (pages and links) of a Web application tends unavoidably to degrade. A solution to reverse this degradation can be restructuring the Web application, but this work may take a lot of time and effort if conducted without appropriate tools. The theory of rewrite rules has been used with success in many real restructuring works on traditional software. Our idea is trying to apply rewrite rules to Web applications with the aim of restructuring them. The purpose of the paper is threefold: to describe our initial ideas on HTML rewrites to improve the quality of Web applications, to present our approach for implementing a tool, based on transformation rules, that can help designers in Web application restructuring and to define the starting point of the joint project between ITC-irst and Semantic Designs.
The application of catalytic ring-closing olefin metathesis to the synthesis of unsaturated oxygen heterocycles (1992)

The development of general approaches to carbon-carbon bond formation represents an important ongoing challenge for synthetic organic chemists. One efficient method for constructing carbon-carbon double bonds, the transition metal alkylidene-catalyzed olefin metathesis reaction (eq 1), has been the focus of intense interest in recent years from the standpoint of both mechanism and polymer synthesis; in contrast, use of this transformation in organic synthesis has been limited. As part of a broader program directed toward establishing transition metal alkylidenes as versatile reagents for organic chemistry, we report the successful application of catalytic olefin metathesis to the generation of a variety of unsaturated oxygen heterocycles.
Development of fault detection and diagnosis schemes for industrial refrigeration systems - lessons learned (2005)

The success of a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme depends not alone on developing an advanced detection scheme. To enable successful deployment in industrial applications, an economically optimal development of FDD schemes are required. This paper reviews and discusses the gained experiences achieved by employing a combination of various techniques, methods, and algorithms, which are proposed by academia, on an industrial application. The main focus is on sharing the "lessons learned" from developing and employing fault-tolerant functionalities to a controlled process in order to meet the industrial needs while satisfying economically motivated constraints.
Carboxypeptidase S- and Carboxypeptidase Y-Deficient Mutants of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1981)

A new carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase S) was found in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking carboxypeptidase Y (D. H. Wolf and U. Weiser, Eur. J. Biochem. 73:553-556, 1977). Mutants devoid of carboxypeptidase S activity were isolated from a mutant strain that was also deficient in carboxypeptidase Y. Four mutants were analyzed in detail and fell into one complementation group. The defect segregated 2:2 in meiotic tetrads. Gene dosage experiments indicated that the mutation might reside in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase S. The absence of both enzymes, carboxypeptidases Y and S, did not affect mitotic growth. Ascopore formation was only slightly affected by the absence of both carboxypeptidases. Protein degradation under conditions of nutrient deprivation and under sporulation conditions showed no obvious alteration in the absence of carboxypeptidases Y and S. When a proteinase B mutation, which led to the absence of proteinase B activity and resulted in the partial reduction of sporulation, was introduced into a mutant lacking both carboxypeptidases, the ability of diploid cells to sporulate was nearly completely lost. Mutants lacking both carboxypeptidases were unable to grow on the dipeptide benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-l-leucine as a sole nitrogen source, which indicates an additional function for carboxypeptidases Y and S in supplying nutrients from exogenous peptides. Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and inactivation of nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent, glutamate dehydrogenase, events which have been proposed to involve proteolysis in vivo, were not dependent on the presence of carboxypeptidase Y and S. In a mutant lacking both carboxypeptidases, four new proteolytic enzymes with carboxypeptidase activity were detected.
Active and semi-active control of uncertain railway wheelset (2002)

By increasing the operational speed of railway vehicles, dynamics and wear phenomena play a very important rule in the design phase of vehicle components; especially, attention should be paid to the most important part-the wheelsets. The other problems designers usually face include the field of parametric uncertainties of the wheelsets, such as geometrical and physical parameter uncertainties. It is obvious that certain barriers have to be taken in order to avoid unrequired dynamics and wear. Besides the aforementioned reasons, economy also plays a very important role in everyday operation, due to wheel damage. Recent studies show the effect of using active and semi-active control strategies on railway wheelsets. From an active control strategy, the applicability of robust H/sub /spl infin// control (RLQR) is examined, where the problem is solved as a direct state feedback problem, assuming that all state variables are available directly. From semi-active control strategies, the DSAD, DESAD and CSAD methods are presented and the so-called relative velocity compensation method is also considered. For practical purposes, the simple sky-hook compensation technique is also investigated, which is very challenging in railway vehicle applications. The nonlinear dynamic behaviour of controlled active and semi-active railway wheelsets is investigated by means of a numerical integration method.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DYNAMIC PROPAGATION OF CRACKS UNDER BIAXIAL COMPRESSION (1994)

This paper deals with the initiation and non-coplaner propagation ofcracks under biaxial compression.The running process of the propagating cracks issuccessfully recorded with the method of dynamic photoclasticity.A series of importantfracture parameters such as cracks’ propagating velocity,critical opening loading andinitial angle of cracks’ growth under hiaxial compression is calculated.Results showthat the stress field in front of the non-closed crack tip under biaxial compression is amixed-mode singular field,the dynamic propagation of the new tensile cracks is juststable and shows distinct stages,but the unstable crack appears under high loads andresults in the rupture of the matrix.
Not All Character N-grams Are Created Equal: A Study in Authorship Attribution (2015)

Upendra Sapkota, Steven Bethard, Manuel Montes, Thamar Solorio. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 2015.
<i>In Situ</i> Fabrication of 3D Ag@ZnO Nanostructures for Microfluidic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Systems (2014)

In this work, we develop an in situ method to grow highly controllable, sensitive, three-dimensional (3D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates via an optothermal effect within microfluidic devices. Implementing this approach, we fabricate SERS substrates composed of Ag@ZnO structures at prescribed locations inside microfluidic channels, sites within which current fabrication of SERS structures has been arduous. Conveniently, properties of the 3D Ag@ZnO nanostructures such as length, packing density, and coverage can also be adjusted by tuning laser irradiation parameters. After exploring the fabrication of the 3D nanostructures, we demonstrate a SERS enhancement factor of up to ∼2×10(6) and investigate the optical properties of the 3D Ag@ZnO structures through finite-difference time-domain simulations. To illustrate the potential value of our technique, low concentrations of biomolecules in the liquid state are detected. Moreover, an integrated cell-trapping function of the 3D Ag@ZnO structures records the surface chemical fingerprint of a living cell. Overall, our optothermal-effect-based fabrication technique offers an effective combination of microfluidics with SERS, resolving problems associated with the fabrication of SERS substrates in microfluidic channels. With its advantages in functionality, simplicity, and sensitivity, the microfluidic-SERS platform presented should be valuable in many biological, biochemical, and biomedical applications.
Diels−Alder Reactions of 3-Substituted Coumarins in Water and under High-Pressure Condition. An Uncatalyzed Route to Tetrahydro-6<i>H</i>-benzo[<i>c</i>]chromen-6-ones (2005)

[reaction: see text] Diels-Alder reactions of 3-substituted coumarins 1a-g with methyl-1,3-butadienes 2a-c carried out in water alone and in CH2Cl2 under 9 kbar pressure are reported. In aqueous medium satisfactory results were obtained by operating at 150 degrees C, whereas under high pressure the cycloadditions were complete at 60-70 degrees C with excellent yields (85-95%). The reactions with isoprene (2b) always resulted in the exclusive formation of para cycloadducts, whereas with (E)-piperylene (2c) only ortho products were detected. The cycloaddition of 3-phenylsulfonylcoumarin (1a) with (E)-piperylene (2c) allowed the endo adduct to be obtained exclusively, whereas 3-carboxycoumarin (1b) reacted with 2c to give a mixture of the corresponding endo/exo adducts in a 58:42 ratio in water and in a 45:55 ratio under high-pressure condition.
Determination of Plasma Protein S - The Protein Cofactor of Activated Protein C (1985)

Protein S, an important cofactor of activated protein C, and C4b-binding protein were purified from human plasma. Specific antibodies against the purified proteins were raised in rabbits and used for the development of immunologic assays for these proteins in plasma: an immunoradiometric assay for protein S (which measures both free protein S and protein S complexed with C4b-binding protein) and an electroimmunoassay for C4b-binding protein. Ranges for the concentrations of these proteins were established in healthy volunteers and patients using oral anticoagulant therapy. A slight decrease in protein S antigen was observed in patients with liver disease (0.78 +/- 0.25 U/ml); no significant decrease in protein S was observed in patients with DIC (0.95 +/- 0.25 U/ml). Criteria were developed for the laboratory diagnosis of an isolated protein S deficiency.
Diurnal Pattern of Insulin Action in Type 1 Diabetes (2013)

We recently demonstrated a diurnal pattern to insulin action (i.e., insulin sensitivity [SI]) in healthy individuals with higher SI at breakfast than at dinner. To determine whether such a pattern exists in type 1 diabetes, we studied 19 subjects with C-peptide–negative diabetes (HbA1c 7.1 ± 0.6%) on insulin pump therapy with normal gastric emptying. Identical mixed meals were ingested during breakfast, lunch, and dinner at 0700, 1300, and 1900 h in randomized Latin square of order on 3 consecutive days when measured daily physical activity was equal. The triple tracer technique enabled measurement of glucose fluxes. Insulin was administered according to the customary insulin:carbohydrate ratio for each participant. Although postprandial glucose excursions did not differ among meals, insulin concentration was higher (P &lt; 0.01) and endogenous glucose production less suppressed (P &lt; 0.049) at breakfast than at lunch. There were no differences in meal glucose appearance or in glucose disappearance between meals. Although there was no statistical difference (P = 0.34) in SI between meals in type 1 diabetic subjects, the diurnal pattern of SI taken across the three meals in its entirety differed (P = 0.016) from that of healthy subjects. Although the pattern in healthy subjects showed decreasing SI between breakfast and lunch, the reverse SI pattern was observed in type 1 diabetic subjects. The results suggest that in contrast to healthy subjects, SI diurnal pattern in type 1 diabetes is specific to the individual and cannot be extrapolated to the type 1 diabetic population as a whole, implying that artificial pancreas algorithms may need to be personalized.