gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018 (2017)

DrugBank (www.drugbank.ca) is a web-enabled database containing comprehensive molecular information about drugs, their mechanisms, their interactions and their targets. First described in 2006, DrugBank has continued to evolve over the past 12 years in response to marked improvements to web standards and changing needs for drug research and development. This year's update, DrugBank 5.0, represents the most significant upgrade to the database in more than 10 years. In many cases, existing data content has grown by 100% or more over the last update. For instance, the total number of investigational drugs in the database has grown by almost 300%, the number of drug-drug interactions has grown by nearly 600% and the number of SNP-associated drug effects has grown more than 3000%. Significant improvements have been made to the quantity, quality and consistency of drug indications, drug binding data as well as drug-drug and drug-food interactions. A great deal of brand new data have also been added to DrugBank 5.0. This includes information on the influence of hundreds of drugs on metabolite levels (pharmacometabolomics), gene expression levels (pharmacotranscriptomics) and protein expression levels (pharmacoprotoemics). New data have also been added on the status of hundreds of new drug clinical trials and existing drug repurposing trials. Many other important improvements in the content, interface and performance of the DrugBank website have been made and these should greatly enhance its ease of use, utility and potential applications in many areas of pharmacological research, pharmaceutical science and drug education.
Hydrophilic coatings diminish adhesion of glue to catheter: an in vitro simulation of NBCA embolization. (1997)

Hydrophilically coated catheters should be less likely to exhibit permanent endovascular fixation during acrylic embolization because of a weaker catheter-NBCA bond and because of reduced catheter friction (allowing a larger portion of any applied catheter withdrawal force to be transmitted to the catheter tip with less force dissipated along the catheter resulting in stretch). A significant difference in NBCA types (Histoacryl and Avacryl) was discovered: Avacryl developed a significantly weaker bond with all catheter types.
High Nitrogen Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steels Produced by HIP P/M Processing (1999)

The development, production experience and properties of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels produced from nitrogen gas atomized powders consolidated by hot isostatic pressing or extrusion are described. These steels, which contain 3.5-8.5 Mn, 24-28 Cr, 22 Ni, 6-8 Mo and 0.45-0.90 N, exhibit an excellent combination of strength, ductility and corrosion resistance in the solution treated condition. Alloy development efforts indicate that variation of the major alloying elements not only influences the nitrogen solubility but also effects the corrosion resistance, ductility and toughness properties. In the solution treated condition, the steels exhibit tensile yield strengths as high as 700 MPa with over 60% ductility and FeCl 3 critical pitting and crevice corrosion temperatures in excess of 95°C. Successful atomization in heat quantities of up to 2,300 kg indicates that induction melting and gas atomization is a viable production method for these high nitrogen materials.
Human Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Seeded Hybrid Graft: Proliferative and Antithrombogenic Potentials <i>in Vitro</i> and Fabrication Processing (2003)

In this article, we show that human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in circulating peripheral blood may be a novel cell source for a cell-incorporated engineered vascular graft. Cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected by the density gradient technique developed highly proliferative EPC colonies, which expanded with culture time. The production rates of antiplatelet substances such as endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F(1)-alpha were approximately one-third and approximately one-half of those of mature endothelial cells (ECs), respectively. On the other hand, the tissue-type plasminogen activator production rate of EPCs was almost the same as that of ECs. EPCs were seeded and cultured on a small-diameter compliant graft (inner diameter, 1.5 mm) made of microporous segmented polyurethane film coated with a photo-reactive gelatin layer, and subsequently subjected to hydrodynamic shear stress by ex vivo circulation. EPCs fully covering the graft elongated and aligned themselves with the direction of the flow, resulting in the production of an integrated EPC-engineered graft. These results indicate that EPCs, which have high proliferative potential and high antithrombogenic potential, comparable to those of ECs, are a suitable cell source for cardiovascular tissue engineering.
Compliant articulation structure using superelastic NiTiNOL (2013)

A device that can provide articulation to surgical tool tips is needed in natural orifice transluminal endoscopy surgery (NOTES). In this paper, we propose a compliant articulation structure that uses superelastic NiTiNOL to achieve a large deflection angle and force in a compact size. Six geometric parameters are used to define this structure, and constraints based on the fabrication process are imposed. Using finite element analysis, a family of designs is evaluated in terms of the free deflection angle and blocked force. The same family of designs is evaluated for both NiTiNOL and stainless steel. It can be seen that significant benefits are observed when using NiTiNOL compared to 316 stainless steel; a maximum free deflection angle of 64.8° and maximum blocked force of 24.7 N are predicted. The structures are designed to avoid stress concentrations, and design guidelines are recommended. The meso-scale articulation structure is fabricated using both a Coherent Avia Q-switched, 355 nm laser and a Myachi Unitek 200 W single mode pulsed fiber laser with active water cooling. Select fabricated structures are then tested to validate the finite element models.
Low-threshold optically pumped λ=4.4 μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a PbSe quantum-well active region (2001)

We report pulsed emission from an optically pumped lead-salt vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a PbSe/PbSrSe quantum-well active region. The lasing wavelength of λ=4.44 μm is nearly constant over the temperature range 200–280 K, and the threshold is only 10.5 kW/cm2 at 260 K, where the gain peak and cavity mode are in resonance. Over 330 mW of peak power is emitted at 260 K, into a circular beam whose divergence angle increases with pump intensity.
Can changes in malaria transmission intensity explain prolonged protection and contribute to high protective efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants? (2008)

A decrease in malaria transmission during the study period may explain part of the difference in observed PEs of IPTi between sites and the extended period of protection into the second year of life observed in the Ifakara study. This finding of continued benefit of interventions in settings of decreasing transmission may explain why rebound of clinical malaria was absent in the large scale trials of insecticide-treated bed nets.
A Practical Procedure for Measuring the Stiffness of Foam like Materials (2018)

Polymer foams are used extensively in everyday life, from disposable packaging and soft furnishings through to engineering applications such as core structural materials in the marine industry or bone analogue materials for orthopaedic device testing. In the engineering field it is important that the mechanical behaviour of these materials is characterised correctly, as computationally based predictions of structural performance rely heavily on accurate input data. Mechanical property data from standard physical tests such as uniaxial compression are subject to artefacts including non-uniformity of applied loading, test fixture-sample contact conditions, and test machine compliance. These are well-documented problems, which techniques such as extensometry and point tracking of marker pairs attempt to resolve. In particular, in addition to being non-contact, the use of individual marker pairs can reveal non-linear behaviours because of alignment issues. In the current work, a practical, accurate experimental methodology is introduced to investigate this issue. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on cellular polyurethane foam blocks. Both faces of the foam specimens were monitored using point tracking on multiple marker pairs to account for misalignment. Sample deformation was simultaneously measured by test-machine crosshead displacement. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were calculated in both cases. To verify the measurements, digital volume correlation (DVC) was applied. DVC is a full-field non-contact strain measurement method that interrogates the interior structure of the foam to determine the physical response. Results demonstrated that misalignment effects could easily be followed during testing, which averaged out on both front and back surfaces to produce a single modulus value. Considerable differences were evident between crosshead displacement calculated modulus and point tracking, indicating that artefacts can lead to substantial errors, as evidenced in the published literature.
Procarbazine-Free OEPA-COPDAC Chemotherapy in Boys and Standard OPPA-COPP in Girls Have Comparable Effectiveness in Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma: The GPOH-HD-2002 Study (2010)

Purpose Vincristine, etoposide, prednisone, and doxorubicin (OEPA)–cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and dacarbazine (COPDAC) is derived from standard vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone, and doxorubicin (OPPA)–cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP) chemotherapy by replacing procarbazine with etoposide and dacarbazine for a potentially less gonadotoxic regimen for boys with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Patients and Methods Five hundred seventy-three pediatric patients with classical HL were enrolled onto the German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology–Hodgkin's Disease (GPOH-HD) -2002 study between November 2002 and December 2005. Boys received two courses of OEPA and girls received two courses of OPPA for induction. Treatment group (TG) -2 (intermediate stages) and TG-3 (advanced stages) patients received further two or four cycles COPP (girls) or COPDAC (boys), respectively. After chemotherapy all patients received involved-field irradiation with 19.8 Gy, except for patients with early-stage disease (TG-1) in complete remission. Results Five hundred seventy-three patients (287 males and 286 females) were less than 18 years old and fulfilled all inclusion criteria; 195 patients (34.0%) were allocated to TG-1, 139 (24.3%) were allocated to TG-2, and 239 (41.7%) were allocated to TG-3. Toxicity of OEPA-COPDAC was tolerable overall. Hematotoxicity was more pronounced with OEPA than OPPA, whereas it was less pronounced with COPDAC compared with COPP. The median observation time was 58.6 months. Overall survival and event-free survival (EFS) rates (± SE) at 5 years were 97.4% ± 0.7% and 89.0% ± 1.4%, respectively. In TG-1, overall EFS was 92.0% ± 2.0%. EFS of patients without irradiation (93.2% ± 3.3%) was similar to that of irradiated patients (91.7% ± 2.5%), confirming results of the previous GPOH-HD-95 study. In TG-2+3, EFS did not significantly differ between boys and girls (90.2% ± 2.3 v 84.7% ± 2.7, respectively; P = .12). Conclusion In TG-2+3, results in boys and girls are superimposable. OPPA-COPP and OEPA-COPDAC seem to be exchangeable regimens in intermediate- and advanced-stage classical HL in pediatric patients.
Investigation and treatment of post-construction incidents at Satpara Dam (2012)

During the initial 5 years, spanning over the partial impounding stages of the Satpara Dam project, two independent post-construction incidents were observed at the project. This paper describes in detail the methods of investigation and treatment conducted for the unusual development of depressions observed slightly upstream of the main dam axis, and sinkholes observed upstream of the project area. The former incident was limited within the shell/shoulder zone and rehabilitated subsequently. The second incident was interconnected with a subsurface subsidence and its subsequent treatment was considered to induce self-healing within the natural foundations over time.
Association of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator with CAL:  Structural Features and Molecular Dynamics (2005)

The association of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) with two PDZ-containing molecular scaffolds (CAL and EBP50) plays an important role in CFTR trafficking and membrane maintenance. The CFTR-molecular scaffold interaction is mediated by the association of the C-terminus of the transmembrane regulator with the PDZ domains. Here, we characterize the structure and dynamics of the PDZ of CAL and the complex formed with CFTR employing high-resolution NMR. On the basis of NMR relaxation data, the alpha2 helix as well as the beta2-beta3 loop of CAL PDZ domain undergoes rapid dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest a concerted motion between the alpha2 helix and the beta1-beta2 and beta2-beta3 loops, elements which define the binding pocket, suggesting that dynamics may play a role in PDZ-ligand specificity. The C-terminus of CFTR binds to CAL with the final four residues (-D(-)(3)-T-R-L(0)) within the canonical PDZ-binding motif, between the beta2 strand and the alpha2 helix. The R(-)(1) and D(-)(3) side chains make a number of contacts with the PDZ domain; many of these interactions differ from those in the CFTR-EBP50 complex, suggesting sites that can be targeted in the development of PDZ-selective inhibitors that may help modulate CFTR function.
Enhanced expression of TGF-<i>β</i> and <i>c-fos</i> mRNAs in the growth plates of developing human long bones (1988)

The expression of mRNAs for type I and type II procollagens, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and c-fos was studied in developing human long bones by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The cells producing bone and cartilage matrix were identified by hybridizations using cDNA probes for types I and II collagen, respectively. Northern blotting revealed that the highest levels of TGF-beta mRNA were associated with the growth plates. By in situ hybridization, this mRNA was localized predominantly in the osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the developing bone, in periosteal fibroblasts and in individual bone marrow cells. These findings are consistent with the view that TGF-beta may have a role in stimulation of type I collagen production and bone formation. Only a low level of TGF-beta mRNA was detected in cartilage where type II collagen mRNA is abundant. In Northern hybridization, the highest levels of c-fos mRNA were detected in epiphyseal cartilage. In situ hybridization revealed two cell types with high levels of c-fos expression: the chondrocytes bordering the joint space and the osteoclasts of developing bone. These differential expression patterns suggest specific roles for TGF-beta and c-fos in osseochondral development.
Synthesis of Hydroxamic Esters via Alkoxyaminocarbonylation of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds (1999)

N-t-Butoxycarbonyl-O-sulfonyl-substituted hydroxylamines react with soft enolates to yield O-t-butoxycarbonylamino derivatives rather than the expected Boc-protected amino acids. The reaction is limited to enolates of β-dicarbonyl compounds. Decarboxylation of the resultant tricarbonyl compound affords malonyl α-alkyl O-t-butoxycarbonylamino derivatives.
Brain-immune connection: Immuno-regulatory properties of CNS-resident cells (2000)

Even though the immune privileged status of the central nervous system (CNS) limits access of systemic immune cells through the blood brain barrier (BBB), an immune response can occur in this compartment with or without major breach of the BBB. In this review, we consider properties of resident cells of the CNS, that participate in regulating the neural antigen (Ag)-directed immune responses implicated in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Under such conditions, the CNS is usually viewed as the target or victim of the immune assault, because such immune responses are thought to be initiated and regulated within the systemic immune compartment. The CNS-endogenous cells may themselves, however, initiate, regulate and sustain an immune response. We consider the immune regulatory functions within the CNS in terms of events occurring within the CNS parenchyma (microglia, astroglia) and at the vascular interface. These regulatory functions involve antigen presentation to T cells and polarization of the cytokine response of these cells. Such responses may contribute not only to the overall tissue injury in primary immune disorders but also in a wide range of traumatic, ischemic and degenerative processes.
Global Abnormal Behaviour Detection Using a Network of CCTV Cameras (2008)

This paper investigates the detection of global abnormal behaviours across a network of CCTV cameras. Although the problem of multiple camera tracking has attracted much attention recently, little work has been done on modelling global behaviours of objects monitored by a network of CCTV cameras with disjointed camera views, and no effort has been taken to tackle the challenging problem of detecting abnormal global behaviours, which are only meaningful and recognisable when observed over space and time across multiple camera views. To that end, we propose a novel framework, which consists of object tracking across camera views, global behaviour modelling based on unsupervised learning, and probabilistic abnormality inference. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated with experiments on real-world surveillance video data. 1
Full-scale demonstration of the cintichem process for the production of Mo-99 using a low-enriched target. (1998)

The irradiation, disassembly, and processing of two full-scale low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets were recently demonstrated by personnel in the BATAN PUSPIPTEK Facilities (Serpong, Indonesia). Targets were fabricated at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL, U.S.A.) and shipped to PUSPIPTEK. The processing was done by nearly the same procedure used for the production of {sup 99}Mo from high-enriched uranium (HEU) targets. The BATAN Radioisotope Production Centre produces {sup 99}Mo using the Cintichem process by first dissolving the uranium in an acid cocktail; three proprietary separation steps recover the {sup 99}Mo and purify it from other components of the irradiated uranium. Processing of LEU-metal targets is nearly identical to that used for HEU-oxide targets except (1) a separate dissolver is required and (2) the dissolution cocktail is nitric acid alone rather than a nitric/sulfuric acid mixture. The demonstrations went smoothly except for problems with sampling and gamma analysis to assess product purity. Foils could be removed from targets fabricated from zirconium and/or 304 stainless steel, and processing produced an equivalent yield of {sup 99}Mo/{sup 235}U to that of the HEU target.
Superoscillations: Faster Than the Nyquist Rate (2006)

It is commonly assumed that a signal bandlimited to mu/2 Hz cannot oscillate at frequencies higher than mu Hz. In fact, however, for any fixed bandwidth, there exist finite energy signals that oscillate arbitrarily fast over arbitrarily long time intervals. These localized fast transients, called superoscillations, can only occur in signals that possess amplitudes of widely different scales. This paper investigates the required dynamical range and energy (squared L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sup> norm) as a function of the superoscillation's frequency, number, and maximum derivative. It briefly discusses some of the implications of superoscillating signals, in reference to information theory and time-frequency analysis, for example. It also shows, among other things, that the required energy grows exponentially with the number of superoscillations, and polynomially with the reciprocal of the bandwidth or the reciprocal of the superoscillations' period
Controlled electrodeposition of Cu–Ga from a deep eutectic solvent for low cost fabrication of CuGaSe2 thin film solar cells (2011)

The electrochemical deposition of Ga and Cu-Ga alloys from the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/urea (Reline) is investigated to prepare CuGaSe(2) (CGS) semiconductors for their use in thin film solar cells. Ga electrodeposition is difficult from aqueous solution due to its low standard potential and the interfering hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Ionic liquid electrolytes offer a better thermal stability and larger potential window and thus eliminate the interference of solvent breakdown reactions during Ga deposition. We demonstrate that metallic Ga can be electrodeposited from Reline without HER interference with high plating efficiency on Mo and Cu electrodes. A new low cost synthetic route for the preparation of CuGaSe(2) absorber thin films is presented and involves the one-step electrodeposition of Cu-Ga precursors from Reline followed by thermal annealing. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) cyclic voltammetry (CV) is used in combination with viscosity measurements to determine the diffusion coefficients of gallium and copper ions in Reline. The composition of the codeposited Cu-Ga precursor layers can be controlled to form Cu/Ga thin films with precise stoichiometry, which is important for achieving good optoelectronic properties of the final CuGaSe(2) absorbers. The morphology, the chemical composition and the crystal structure of the deposited thin films are analysed by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Annealing of the Cu-Ga films in a selenium atmosphere allowed the formation of high quality CuGaSe(2) absorber layers. Completed CGS solar cells achieved a 4.1% total area power conversion efficiency.
Antibacterial metabolites of lactic acid bacteria: Their diversity and properties (2012)

The review is devoted to literature data on antimicrobial metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have long been used for the preparation of cultured dairy products. This paper summarizes data on low-molecular-weight antimicrobial substances, which are primary products or by-products of lactic fermentation. Individual sections are devoted to a variety of antifungal agents and bacteriocins produced by LAB; their potential use as food preservatives has been discussed. The characteristics and classification of bacteriocins are presented in a greater detail; their synthesis and mechanism of action are described using the example of nisin A, which belongs to class I lantibiotics synthesized by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. The mechanism of action of class II bacteriocins has been demonstrated with lacticin. Prospective directions for using LAB antimicrobial metabolites in industry and medicine are discussed in the Conclusion.
Nonblocking photonic switch networks (1988)

A practical algorithm is described, with examples, for deciding whether or not a given network of 2*2 photonic switches is truly unblocking. Nonblocking photonic networks with specific additional properties, e.g. planarity, short path length, are also discussed, and specific networks, which have advantages over the square networks so far fabricated, are described. It is also shown that a correspondence can be set up between classical switch networks and networks of 2*2 switches, so that the classical results on blocking can be carried over to these networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>