gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectroscopy of Few-Quintuple Layer Topological Insulator Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> Nanoplatelets (2011)

We report on Raman spectroscopy of few quintuple layer topological insulator bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanoplatelets (NPs), synthesized by a polyol method. The as-grown NPs exhibit excellent crystalline quality, hexagonal or truncated trigonal morphology, and uniformly flat surfaces down to a few quintuple layers. Both Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for the first time resolve all four optical phonon modes from individual NPs down to 4 nm, where the out-of-plane vibrational A(1g)(1) mode shows a few wavenumbers red shift as the thickness decreases below ~15 nm. This thickness-dependent red shift is tentatively explained by a phonon softening due to the decreasing of the effective restoring force arising from a decrease of the van der Waals forces between adjacent layers. Quantitatively, we found that the 2D phonon confinement model proposed by Faucet and Campbell cannot explain the red shift values and the line shape of the A(1g)(1) mode, which can be described better by a Breit–Wigner–Fano resonance line shape. Considerable broadening (~17 cm(–1) for six quintuple layers) especially for the in-plane vibrational mode E(g)(2) is identified, suggesting that the layer-to-layer stacking affects the intralayer bonding. Therefore, a significant reduction in the phonon lifetime of the in-plane vibrational modes is probably due to an enhanced electron–phonon coupling in the few quintuple layer regime.
Resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides in a green foxtail (<i>Setaria viridis</i>) biotype in Europe (2004)

A biotype of green foxtail found in Spain exhibited cross-resistance among acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–inhibiting herbicides. Field doses that totally inhibited shoot fresh weight in the susceptible (S) biotype were determined for six aryloxyphenoxypropionates (clodinafop, diclofop, fenoxaprop-P, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop-P, and propaquizafop) and six cyclohexanediones (clefoxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, and tralkoxydim). The resistant (R) biotype showed cross-resistance to all herbicides except fenoxaprop-P, propaquizafop, clefoxydim, and tepraloxydim. There were no differences in the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of [ 14 C]diclofop between the S and R biotypes. On the basis of herbicide dose that inhibited ACCase activity by 50% (I 50 values), ACCase of the R biotype was 5.8-, 13.9-, 20.0-, 102.4-, 416.7-, and 625.0-fold less sensitive to clethodim, haloxyfop, diclofop, fluazifop, cycloxydim, and sethoxydim, respectively, than that of the S biotype. Two multifunctional ACCase isoforms (ACCase I and ACCase II) were purified partially and separated. ACCase II was highly resistant to diclofop acid in both biotypes, with I 50 values ranging between 92 and 95 μM. However, the I 50 values observed for ACCase I revealed that the R biotype was 30.8-fold less sensitive to diclofop than the S biotype. These results suggest the mechanism of resistance in green foxtail to diclofop relates to an altered ACCase I isoform.
Dementia : a guide for health care professionals (1997)

This work for professionals in health care deals with all aspects of dementia, particularly as it affects old people.
The effect of rotation on rapidly sheared homogeneous turbulence and passive scalar transport. Linear theory and direct numerical simulation (2005)

The effect of rotation on a homogeneous turbulent shear flow has been studied by means of a series of direct numerical simulations with different rotation numbers. The evolution of passive scalar fields with mean gradients in each of the three orthogonal directions in the flow was investigated in order to elucidate the effect of rotation on turbulent scalar transport. Conditions of the near-wall region of a boundary layer were approached by using a rapid shear and therefore, comparisons could be made with rapid distortion theory based on the linearized equations of the flow and scalar transport. Reynolds stresses, pressure–strain correlations and two-point velocity correlations were computed and turbulent structures were visualized. It is shown that rotation has a strong influence on the time development of the turbulent kinetic energy, the anisotropy of the flow and on the turbulent structures. Furthermore, rotation significantly affects turbulent scalar transport. The transport rate of the scalar and the direction of the scalar flux vector show large variations with different rotation numbers, and a strong alignment was observed between the scalar flux and the principal axes of the Reynolds stress tensor. The ratio of the turbulent and scalar time scales is influenced by rotation as well. The predictions of the linear theory of the turbulent one-point statistics and the scalar flux agreed fairly well with direct numerical simulation (DNS) results based on the full nonlinear governing equations. Nonetheless, some clear and strong nonlinear effects are observed in a couple of cases which significantly influence the development of the turbulence and scalar transport.
Customer Tracking and Tracing Data as a Basis for Service Innovations at the Point of Sale (2012)

While web shops generate record profits stationary retail shops continuously lose importance. Especially when it comes to non-perishable goods, people tend more and more to buy products online. Therefore, stationary retailers need to come up with new individual service offers to retain existing customers and to attract new ones. Building up new customized service offers requires knowledge about the customers at the point of sale. Especially customer movements are a valuable source of information that reveals a variety of information about customer behavior. First, an approach for video-based extraction of customer movements at the point of sale is presented. Subsequently, methods of customer behavior analysis are outlined. Based on the results applications for retail managers, sales personnel and automated customer services are introduced.
Spectroscopic study of vanadium in GaP and GaAs (1982)

The near-infrared optical-absorption, luminescence, and luminescence-excitation spectra of liquid-encapsulation Czochralski-grown, vanadium- (V) doped GaP and GaAs have been investigated. The behavior of the characteristic V emission has been studied in magnetic fields up to 5.3 T. An analysis of the data within the framework of crystal-field theory indicates that the V-induced optical bands arise from crystal-field transitions within nonassociated ${V}^{2+}{3d}^{3}$ ions in the strong-field (low-spin) case. The electron-spinresonance spectrum of semi-insulating GaAs:V contains a characteristic signal which is identified as isolated ${V}^{3+}{3d}^{2}$. The characteristics of this signal show that V can act as a deep acceptor. The distribution coefficient of V in GaAs is close to that of Cr in GaAs.
Preparation of SiO<sub>2</sub>Film by Photo-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition Using a Deuterium Lamp and Its Annealing Effect (1987)

Silicon dioxide thin films have been prepared at low temperatures from SiH 4 and O 2 by direct photo-induced CVD using a deuterium lamp. The growth rate is 75 Å/min at 84°C while no growth occurs below 180°C without deuterium lamp irradiation. UV and VUV light irradiation and an increase of the substrate temperature have effects of increasing the refractive index, and decreasing H incorporation and the amount of the oxide charge. The photo-CVD films deposited above 180°C show refractive indices of 1.45–1.46. Annealing in an O 2 environment decreases the infrared absorptions due to Si–H stretching, Si–OH deformation and Si 2 O 3 bondings as well as the oxide charge. The activation energies of the Si–H, the Si–OH deformation, the Si 2 O 3 and the oxide charge obtained from the annealing characteristics are 0.18–0.19, 0.12, 0.19 and 0.12–0.13 eV, respectively. The reduction of Si–OH deformation absorption is considered to be closely related to the reduction of oxide charge.
Structure and reactivity in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis (2003)

The function, structure and mechanism of two Escherichia coli enzymes involved in the non-mevalonate route of isoprenoid biosynthesis, 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, are reviewed. Comparisons of each with enzymes from microbial pathogens highlight important conservation of sequence suggestive of similarities in secondary structure, subunit folds, quaternary structure and active sites. Since both enzymes are validated drug targets, the models provide templates for structure-based design of anti-microbial agents targeting a number of serious human diseases.
Bacterial wound infections in diabetic patients and their therapeutic implications (2010)

In order to identify the bacterial pathogens associated with diabetic wounds and testing the antibiotic susceptibility of main antibiotics against predominant anaerobic bacterial types in comparison with some plant extracts, a total of 27 diabetic patients in each types; Insulin dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent NIDDM and 30 non-diabetic patients with wound infection were introduced in the present study that was conducted between October - December 2007. It has been found that wounds are highly infected by aerobic and anaerobic bacterial types; Propionibacterium granulosum - as anaerobic bacteria- was a predominant pathogen in diabetic wound infections, in comparison withPseudomonas aeruginosa which is predominant in non-diabetic wounds. Amoxycillin/ calvulanic acid was the best effective antibiotic which gave 20 mm inhibition zone in comparison with other standard antibiotics, and aqueous extracts of Myrtus communis and Nerium oleander gave II and 10 mm inhibition zone, respectively.

	 

	Key words: Bacterial infections, diabetics, antibiotics
Protective Immunity to<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>Genital Infection: Evidence from Human Studies (2010)

Background. Some screening and treatment programs implemented to control Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections and their complications have shown initial reductions in infection prevalence, followed by increases to preprogram levels or higher. One hypothesis is that treatment shortens duration of infection, attenuates development of protective immunity, and thereby, increases risk of reinfection. Methods. A literature review was undertaken to assess evidence supporting the concept of protective immunity,its characteristics, and its laboratory correlates in human chlamydial infection. The discussion is organized around key questions formulated in preparation for the Chlamydia Immunology and Control Expert Advisory Meeting held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in April 2008. Results. Definitive human studies are not available, but cross-sectional studies show that chlamydia prevalence,organism load, and concordance rates in couples decrease with age, and organism load is lower in those with repeat infections, supporting the concept of protective immunity. The protection appears partial and can be overcome after reexposure, similar to what has been found in rodent models of genital infection. No data are available to define the duration of infection required to confer a degree of immunity or the time course of immunity after resolution of untreated infection. In longitudinal studies involving African sex workers, a group presumed to have frequent and ongoing exposure to chlamydial infection, interferon-g production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to chlamydial heat-shock protein 60 was associated with low risk of incident infection.In cross-sectional studies, relevant T helper 1-type responses were found in infected persons, paralleling the studies in animal models. Conclusions. The data support the concept that some degree of protective immunity against reinfection develops after human genital infection, although it appears, at best, to be partial. It is likely that factors besides population levels of immunity contribute to trends in prevalence observed in screening and treatment programs.Future studies of protective immunity in humans will require longitudinal follow-up of individuals and populations,frequent biological and behavioral sampling, and special cohorts to help control for exposure.
Alternatively spliced mRNAs predicted to yield frame-shift proteins and stable intron 1 RNAs of the herpes simplex virus 1 regulatory gene alpha 0 accumulate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. (1996)

The infected cell protein no. 0 (ICP0), the product of the alpha 0 gene, and an important herpes simplex virus 1 regulatory protein is encoded by three exons. We report that intron 1 forms a family of four stable nonpolyadenylylated cytoplasmic RNAs sharing a common 5' end but differing in 3' ends. The 5' and 3' ends correspond to the accepted splice donor and four splice acceptor sites within the mapped intron domain. The most distant splice acceptor site yields the mRNA encoding the 775-aa protein known as ICP0. The mRNAs resulting from the use of alternative splice acceptor sites were also present in the cytoplasm of infected cells and would be predicted to encode proteins of 152 (ICP0-B), 87 (ICP0-C), and 90 (ICP0-D) amino acids, respectively. Both the stability of the alpha 0 mRNA and the utilization of at least one splice acceptor site was regulated by ICP22 and or US1.5 protein inasmuch as cells infected with a mutant from which these genes had been deleted accumulated smaller amounts of alpha 0 mRNA than would be predicted from the amounts of accumulated intron RNAs. In addition, one splice acceptor site was at best underutilized. These results indicate that both the splicing pattern and longevity of alpha 0 mRNA are regulated. These and other recent examples indicate that herpes simplex virus 1 regulates its own gene expression and that of the infected cells through control of mRNA splicing and longevity.
Effects of the chromanol 293B, a selective blocker of the slow, component of the delayed rectifier K+ current, on repolarization in human and guinea pig ventricular myocytes (1998)

293B is a selective IKs blocker, and the frequency dependence of APD prolongation caused by this IKs blocker is different from that caused by IKr blockade: 293B may be an interesting tool to study the physiologic role of IKs and the antiarrhythmic potential of IKs blockade.
An 820μW 9b 40MS/s Noise-Tolerant Dynamic-SAR ADC in 90nm Digital CMOS (2008)

Current trends in analog/mixed-signal design for battery-powered devices demand the adoption of cheap and power-efficient ADCs. SAR architectures have been recently demonstrated as able to achieve high power efficiency in the moderate-resolution/medium- bandwidth range in Craninckx, J. and Van der Plas, G., (2007). However, when the comparator determines in first instance the overall performance, as in most SAR ADCs, comparator thermal noise can limit the maximum achievable resolution. More than 1 and 2 ENOB reductions are observed in Craninckx, J. and Van der Plas, G., (2007) and Kuttner, F., (2002), respectively, because of thermal noise, and degradations could be even worse with scaled supply voltages and the extensive use of dynamic regenerative latches without pre-amplification. Unlike mismatch, random noise cannot be compensated by calibration and would finally demand a quadratic increase in power consumption unless alternative circuit techniques are devised.
QTL Mapping of Resistance to Stalk Tunneling by the European Corn Borer in RILs of Maize Population B73 × De81 (2004)

Considerable effort has been expended toward the genetic characterization of native resistance to stalk tunneling by the European corn borer [ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)], indicative of the importance of this pest and the difficulty in obtaining conclusive results. In this study, 191 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of B73 maize ( Zea mays L.) (susceptible to stalk tunneling by ECB) × De811 (resistant) were evaluated for stalk tunneling, anthesis, and plant height in Iowa at two locations in 1998 and one location in 1999 with the objectives of (i) determining the genetic relationship between these traits and (ii) mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to stalk tunneling. The genotypic correlation between plant height and stalk tunneling ( r g = 0.1) was negligible, but the correlation between stalk tunneling and anthesis was very high ( r g = −0.8) necessitating the adjustment of the means of former with the latter. Ten QTL for stalk tunneling adjusted for anthesis associated with 42% of the phenotypic variation were observed in the mean across trials, only one of which was observed in each of the individual trials. The lack of consistent QTL detection across environments is a common characteristic among studies of ECB tunneling and underscores a major problem of breeding for resistance. QTL observed in F 3 lines of the same cross and in RILs of B73 × B52 are linked to three QTL each for the mean across trials herein, providing further evidence of association between these genomic regions and resistance to stalk tunneling.
Nitric Oxide Insufficiency, Platelet Activation, and Arterial Thrombosis (2001)

Nitric oxide (NO) was originally discovered as a vasodilator product of the endothelium. Over the last 15 years, this vascular mediator has been shown to have important antiplatelet actions as well. By activating guanylyl cyclase, inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase, impairing capacitative calcium influx, and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1, endothelial NO limits platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation. Platelets are also an important source of NO, and this platelet-derived NO pool limits recruitment of platelets to the platelet-rich thrombus. A deficiency of bioactive NO is associated with arterial thrombosis in animal models, individuals with endothelial dysfunction, and patients with a deficiency of the extracellular antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-3. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen and lipid peroxides, which limits the availability of these reactive oxygen species to react with and inactivate NO. The complex biochemical reactions that underlie the function and inactivation of NO in the vasculature represent an important set of targets for therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombotic disorders.
Advanced Data-Mining Strategies for the Analysis of Direct-Infusion Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Data from the Association of Perennial Ryegrass with Its Endophytic Fungus,<i>Neotyphodium lolii</i>      (2008)

Direct-infusion mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to study the metabolic effects of the symbiosis between the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii and its host perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in three different tissues (immature leaf, blade, and sheath). Unbiased direct-infusion MS using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer allowed metabolic effects to be determined free of any preconceptions and in a high-throughput fashion. Not only the full MS(1) mass spectra (range 150-1,000 mass-to-charge ratio) were obtained but also MS(2) and MS(3) product ion spectra were collected on the most intense MS(1) ions as described previously (Koulman et al., 2007b). We developed a novel computational methodology to take advantage of the MS(2) product ion spectra collected. Several heterogeneous MS(1) bins (different MS(2) spectra from the same nominal MS(1)) were identified with this method. Exploratory data analysis approaches were also developed to investigate how the metabolome differs in perennial ryegrass infected with N. lolii in comparison to uninfected perennial ryegrass. As well as some known fungal metabolites like peramine and mannitol, several novel metabolites involved in the symbiosis, including putative cyclic oligopeptides, were identified. Correlation network analysis revealed a group of structurally related oligosaccharides, which differed significantly in concentration in perennial ryegrass sheaths due to endophyte infection. This study demonstrates the potential of the combination of unbiased metabolite profiling using ion trap MS and advanced data-mining strategies for discovering unexpected perturbations of the metabolome, and generating new scientific questions for more detailed investigations in the future.
The Effects of Text Readability and Summary Exercises on Parental Knowledge of Behaviour Therapy: the Portage parent readings (1989)

An experimental study of the effects of text readability and presence or absence of summary exercises on parental knowledge of behaviour therapy is reported using four chapters of the Portage parent readings. Increasing text readability by the Flesch formula leads to a significant increase in parental knowledge of behaviour therapy as measured by the knowledge of behaviour principles applied to children. There was no effect of summaries. A modest correlation of parental socio‐economic class and parental knowledge was found. The implications for the future design of instructional texts in behaviour therapy are discussed.
Analysis of multiple mycotoxins in beer employing (ultra)‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (2010)

The objective of the presented study was to develop and optimize a simple, high-throughput method for the control of 32 mycotoxins (Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, and sterigmatocystin) in beer. Due to the broad range of their physicochemical properties, the sample preparation step was simplified as much as possible to avoid analyte losses. The addition of acetonitrile to beer samples enabled precipitation of abundant matrix components. The clean-up efficiency was controlled by ambient mass spectrometry employing a direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source. For determination of analytes, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry utilizing an orbitrap (U-HPLC-orbitrapMS) or time-of-flight (TOFMS) technology was used. Because of significantly better detection capabilities of the orbitrap technology, the U-HPLC-orbitrapMS method was chosen as a determinative step and fully validated. To compensate matrix effects, matrix-matched calibration was employed. The lowest calibration levels for most of the target mycotoxins ranged from 1 to 8 µg L(-1) beer and the recoveries of analytes were in range from 86 to 124%.
Non-restarting cumulative sum charts and control of the false discovery rate (2012)

Cumulative sum or cusum charts are typically used to detect a change in the distribution of a sequence of observations, e.g., shifts in the mean. Usually, after signalling, the chart is restarted by setting it to some value below the signalling threshold. We propose a non-restarting cusum chart which is able to detect periods during which the stream is out of control. Further, we advocate an upper boundary to prevent the cusum chart rising too high, which helps to detect a change back into control. We present an algorithm to control the false discovery rate when considering cusum charts based on multiple streams of data. We consider two definitions of a false discovery: signalling out-of-control when the observations have been in control since the start and signalling out-of-control when the observations have been in control since the last time the chart was at zero. We prove that the false discovery rate is controlled under both these definitions simultaneously. Simulations reveal the difference in false discovery rate control when using these and other desirable definitions of a false discovery.