gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanded HIV-1 Cellular Tropism by Phenotypic Mixing with Murine Endogenous Retroviruses (1990)

In view of the current interest in in vivo murine models for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-related retroviruses was investigated with a human leukemic T cell line (PF-382x) that acquired xenotropic MuLV (X-MuLV) after in vivo passage in immunosuppressed mice. Despite similar levels of membrane CD4 expression and HIV-1 125I-labeled gp 120 binding, a dramatic acceleration in the time course of HIV-1 infection was observed in PF-382x compared to its X-MuLV-negative counterpart (PF-382). Moreover, PF-382 cells coinfected by X-MuLV and HIV-1 generated a progeny of phenotypically mixed viral particles, enabling HIV-1 to productively infect a panel of CD4- human cells, including B lymphoid cells and purified normal peripheral blood CD4-/CD8+ T lymphocytes. Mixed viral phenotypes were also produced by human CD4+ T cells coinfected with an amphotropic MuLV-related retrovirus (A-MuLV) and HIV-1. These data show that endogenous MuLV acquired by human cells transplanted into mice can significantly interact with HIV-1, thereby inducing important alterations of HIV-1 biological properties.
Square-wave electromagnetic flowmeter employing commercially available recorder (1963)

The availability of a stable, highly sensitive commercial recorder led us to construct a simple delay unit and square-wave driver for the purpose of measuring blood flow electromagnetically. The construction of the flowmeter heads is described briefly, and some analysis is made of possible deficiencies in flowmeter heads employing iron cores. The flow-measuring system is sensitive and linear and, when the magnet drive is turned off, the base line is within a few microvolts of true zero flow. blood flow in intact animals; epoxyresin embedding implantation Submitted on March 4, 1963
Effects of electric field and biaxial flexure on the failure of poled lead zirconate titanate (2008)

Reliable design of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezo stack actuators demands that several issues, including electromechanical coupling and ceramic strength-size scaling, be scrutinized. This study addresses those through the use of ball-on-ring (BoR) biaxial flexure strength tests of a PZT piezoelectric material that is concurrently subjected to an electric field. The Weibull strength distributions and fracture surfaces were examined. The mechanical failures were further analyzed in terms of internal stress, energy release rate, and domain-switching toughening. Both the sign and the magnitude of an electric field had a significant effect on the strength of poled PZT within the tested range. A surface flaw type with an average depth of around 18 microm was identified to be the strength limiter and responsible for the failure of the tested PZT under both mechanical and electromechanical loadings. With a value of 0.74 MPa.m(1/2) in the absence of electric field, the fracture toughness of the poled PZT was affected by an applied electric field just as the strength was affected. These results and observations have the potential to serve probabilistic reliability analysis and design optimization of multilayer PZT piezo actuators.
Increased sphingosine 1‐phosphate mediates inflammation and fibrosis in tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy (2015)

Hyperglycemia induces all isoforms of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which in turn play key roles in inflammation and fibrosis that characterize diabetic nephropathy. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling sphingolipid, derived from sphingosine by the action of sphingosine kinase (SK). S1P mediates many biological processes, which mimic TGFβ signaling. To determine the role of SK1 and S1P in inducing fibrosis and inflammation, and the interaction with TGFβ-1, 2 and 3 signalling in diabetic nephropathy, human proximal tubular cells (HK2 cells) were exposed to normal (5 mmol/L) or high (30 mmol/L) glucose or TGFβ-1, -2, -3 ± an SK inhibitor (SKI-II) or SK1 siRNA. Control and diabetic wild type (WT) and SK1(-/-) mice were studied. Fibrotic and inflammatory markers, and relevant downstream signalling pathways were assessed. SK1 mRNA and protein expression was increased in HK2 cells exposed to high glucose or TGFβ1,-2,-3. All TGFβ isoforms induced fibronectin, collagen IV and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), which were reversed by both SKI-II and SK1 siRNA. Exposure to S1P increased phospho-p44/42 expression, AP-1 binding and NFkB phosphorylation. WT diabetic mice exhibited increased renal cortical S1P, fibronectin, collagen IV and MCP1 mRNA and protein expression compared to SK1(-/-) diabetic mice. In summary, this study demonstrates that inhibiting the formation of S1P reduces tubulointerstitial renal inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.
A simple Bi-directional bridgeless AC/DC buck-boost converter for automotive energy harvesting (2014)

In this paper, a new switched-mode bidirectional bridgeless AC/DC converter, operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), for automotive energy harvesting is presented. The simple topology consisting of common source n-MOSFETs allows for direct AC/DC conversion, minimum auxiliary circuits and simple gating patterns, when compared to other AC/DC converters proposed in the literatures. The circuit operation is analyzed and shown that the converter-battery topology can operate as a synthesized variable resistor with regenerative functionality. The circuit is designed for low-power energy harvesting applications; for example, regenerating dissipated power in a vehicle suspension damper by converting vibrational energy into battery charge. Simulation results including various switching waveforms and power conversion efficiency are presented to demonstrate performance of the proposed converter. Experimental results, including power conversion efficiency and resistance synthesis sweep, by connecting the proposed converter to a regenerative vehicle suspension prototype are also included.
Novel Approaches for Targeting Thymidylate Synthase To Overcome the Resistance and Toxicity of Anticancer Drugs (2010)

International audience
Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitors with Manganese Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Electrodes (2005)

Supercapacitor characteristics of manganese oxide/nickel and manganese oxide/carbon nanotubes/nickel nanocomposite electrodes were investigated in this study. The CNTs were deposited on the Ni substrate by electrophoresis in a dimethylformamide solution, whereas the were synthesized by anodic deposition in a manganese sulfate pentahydrate aqueous solution on substrates. The crystallinity and surface morphology of these electrodes were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The capacitive properties of these electrodes were demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry with scan rates ranging from . The specific capacitances of the nanocomposite electrode were 415 and with scan rates of 5 and , respectively. After of operation, this electrode can maintain 79% of its original capacitance. These nanocomposite electrodes possessing good electrochemical reversibility and high capacitance may be appropriate for supercapacitor application in the future.
Microwave and millimeter wave signal generation using mode-locked semiconductor lasers with intra-waveguide saturable absorbers (2003)

The authors consider electrical and optical signal generation techniques using passively and hybridly mode-locked semiconductor lasers with intra-waveguide saturable absorbers. Microwave and millimeter-wave signals can be generated using mode-locked semiconductor lasers with the intra-waveguide saturable absorbers. Monolithic and external cavity devices optimized for electrical and optical signal generation are discussed along with measurements of amplitude noise, phase noise, output power, and repetition rate tunability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 1 cycle-per-byte XML parsing accelerator (2010)

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is playing an increasing important role in web services and database systems. However, the task of XML parsing is often the bottleneck, and as a result, the target of acceleration using custom hardware or multicore CPUs. In this paper, we detail the design of the first complete field programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerator capable of XML well-formed checking, schema validation, and tree construction at a throughput of 1 cycle per byte (CPB). This is a significant advancement from 40 CPB, the best previous reported commercial result. We demonstrate our design on a Xilinx Virtex-5 board, which successfully saturates a 1 Gbps Ethernet link.
Variable cytotoxicity of amifostine in malignant and non-malignant cell lines (2003)

Amifostine is the best known radioprotector and chemoprotector which has already been incorporated into general oncology practice. However, the data regarding its action at the cellular level remain unclear. The present study examined the effect of amifostine with and without ionizing radiation on the growth of malignant and non-malignant cell lines. Amifostine was found to have a remarkable cytotoxic effect on malignant epithelial cell lines but a modest cytotoxic effect on malignant melanoma and non-malignant cell lines. It demonstrated an additive effect with radiation therapy on the malignant cell line and a variable effect on the non-malignant cell line. Endothelial cells were not affected by amifostine, but the myoblast cells showed a synergistic effect of amifostine and radiation. These findings demonstrate that the cytotoxic as well as the radioprotective effect of amifostine are cell-specific. Thus, caution should be exercised in the use of amifostine as a radioprotector, and it should be tested for each model of disease.
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus (type 2) infection in trigeminal ganglia and oral lips with cyclophosphamide treatment. (1978)

Age-dependent resistance in trigeminal nerve against type 2 herpes simplex virus infection through oral lips and reactivation of the latent virus infection with cyclophosphamide in the ganglion in correlation to theprimary infected part were studied in mice with immunofluorescent and histopathological methods. The mice acquired resistance in the nervous tissue after 8 weeks of age. The viral antigen appeared in all trigeminal ganglia immediately after infection, but not found at 4 weeks later. Reactivation of the latent infection was tried by using 8-week-old mice with cyclophosphamide treatment. Four to five times administration of the drug produced the leasions of herpes simplex virus infection in the ganglia and also in the primary infected areas, but viral antigen-bearing neurons in the ganglia were very few.
Influence of Two-Step Heat Treatment on Sputtered Lithium Cobalt Oxide Thin Films (2011)

A crack-free LiCoO2 thin film with a preferred oriented crystalline structure is obtained by adopting a two-step heat treatment with a combination of substrate heating at 300°C during sputtering and a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. The performances of cells deposited at room temperature and at 600°C with and without the RTA process are also compared. The LiCoO2 cathode thin film deposited at 300°C with RTA shows a high specific discharge capacity of 65 μAh/cm2-μm at a 1C rate and excellent reversibility of the dQ/dV curve in a half cell using liquid electrolyte. In a Li/Lipon/LiCoO2 structure, a specific discharge capacity of 63.5 μAh/cm2-μm is demonstrated, corresponding to 92% of its theoretical value. During charge and discharge the first specific discharge capacity of 60 μAh/cm2-μm is observed even at a 5 C rate, demonstrating superior cycling performance over 500 cycles with no capacity degradation.
Biosimilar peptides: need for pharmacovigilance. (2011)

Biosimilars or their copies are generic version of biopharmaceutical medicines which try to mimic products which are derived from recombinant technology. These are near or semi-identical products which use a separate process for its bioformulation and need to pass strict mandates of regulatory bodies like U.S. FDA and EMEA in Europe. As these compounds need for the process of manufacture requiring fermentation and not traditional reverse chemistry it is difficult to mimic bioidentical compounds. There are clear cut differences in the manufacture process and protein folding. However there is unclear data currently to know if these biosimilar have any clinically relevant impact. Due to the sophisticated nature of these biomolecules and their 3-D structure its a new area of research for pharmaceutical scientists and drug regulators. In India apart from Biogenerics a host of molecules especially have Biosimilar copies of compounds especially in endocrinology namely insulin, Exenatide, growth hormone, teriperatide like peptides are made in India. These need evidence based validation if they have clinically relevants effects or side effects and close pharmacovigliance.
Self-organizing neural networks for human activity modeling and analysis (2020)

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) refer to self-care activities performed by an individual in his/her residence on a daily basis. ADLs are widely used to measure the functional status of elderly people by health professionals. Given the importance of ADLs as indicators of wellness status, there has been active research in ADL detection and recognition in the recent years. However, whereas ADL recognition technologies are fairly mature, modeling ADL patterns remains a challenge and currently, there are limited works in this field. This thesis is aimed at developing computational methods to model and analyze ADL patterns, specifically daily ADL routines that a person frequently performs in a day as well as inter-ADL patterns encoding temporal relationship among individual ADLs. This thesis firstly presents a multi-memory model designed to learn a person's ADL routines. By mimicking the human multi-memory systems, the model, named Activities of Daily Living Adaptive Resonance Theory (ADLART), encodes the user's activity routines through an episodic memory module and generalizes them into semantics ADL routines. Based on ADLART, another model, named Recommendation Activities of Daily Living Adaptive Resonance Theory (RADLART), is developed to recommend ADLs to users. By learning the association among users' profiles, daily ADL routines, and the wellness scores, RADLART provides ADL recommendations for a healthy lifestyle. The second part of the thesis looks at encoding the spatiotemporal information of ADLs explicitly. A neural network model, named spatiotemporal ADL adaptive resonance theory (STADLART), is proposed which explicitly encodes the spatiotemporal
Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (2002)

Performing immunohistochemical analysis on minute lesions is a challenging task, primarily because they frequently disappear when the paraffin block is recutfor immunostaining purposes. This is a particularly common occurrence with prostate biopsy specimens, in which immunostains for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin commonly are used as an adjunct to H&E examination for aiding in the interpretation of minute "suspicious" lesions. We describe an original method designated tissue protection immunohistochemistry, that allows the performance of high-molecular-weight cytokeratin immunostains (or other immunostains) on previously stained H&E slides. The method described does not require destaining of H&E-stained sections, and it allows the preservation of the H&E stain on adjacent levels that may be present on the same slide. The method described requires that the original H&E-stained sections be placed on adhesive slides, but it has the advantages of eliminating the requirement of a paraffin block for immunostaining and eliminating the need for saving intervening unstained sections for possible immunohistochemical analysis.
Whole‐arm t(1;16) and i(1q) as sole anomalies identify gain of 1 q as a primary chromosomal abnormality in breast cancer (1992)

Cytogenetic analysis of four ductal breast carcinomas revealed net gain of 1q in all tumors. In the first tumor, the only change was that one chromosome 16 was replaced by a derivative chromosome consisting of 16p and 1q. The same unbalanced whole-arm translocation was also found in the second tumor, as the only aberration in one of four abnormal clones. In the last two cases, which also were characterized by cytogenetically unrelated clones, an extra i(1q) was present in one clone in both tumors as the sole aberration. Our findings suggest that gain of 1q is a primary chromosomal abnormality in breast carcinomas, in the sense that it is an early event that precedes the acquisition of more complex changes.
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor binding to mRNA and DNA as a possible cause of toxicity to Escherichia coli (1989)

The expression of the positively charged human protein secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in Escherichia coli causes severe cellular toxicity. After induction of SLPI synthesis in a high-level-expression strain, SGE61, the growth of the strain is arrested and total protein and RNA synthesis rates decline by 60 to 70%. The mechanism of SLPI-mediated inhibition of macromolecular synthesis was examined in cell-free transcription-translation systems. SLPI proved to be a potent inhibitor of translation in vitro. When SLPI was added to translation reactions at SLPI/mRNA ratios attained during maximal SLPI accumulation in SGE61, translation of a test mRNA was inhibited by 75%. The mechanism of translation inhibition was deduced from in vitro experiments showing that SLPI bound to mRNA and interfered with the interaction of RNA-metabolizing enzymes, such as RNase. In addition, SLPI bound to DNA in vitro, but transcription was not inhibited as strongly in cell-free reactions as it was in SGE61. Similar nucleic acid-binding and translation inhibition properties were displayed in vitro by another basic protein, chicken egg white lysozyme, but were not displayed by the relatively acidic protein bovine serum albumin. On the basis of these results, we concluded that SLPI binds to nucleic acids via charge interactions and inhibits translation by competing with ribosomes for binding to mRNA. Since SLPI-mRNA and SLPI-DNA binding occurred at SLPI/mRNA and SLPI/DNA ratios existing in SGE61, nucleic acid binding may contribute to the toxicity of SLPI to E. coli. These results indicate that, in general, high-level expression of basic recombinant proteins in E. coli may be problematic.
High efficiency solar cells based on AlInGaP (2009)

Aim of this work, is the study of the properties of Aluminium Gallium Indium Phosphide for the realization of the next generation high-efficiency multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. (Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.50</sub> In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.50</sub> P (AlInGaP) is a semiconductor with a high direct bandgap that can be tuned between 1.81 eV and 2.00 eV varying the Al content in the range 0<x¿0.12. This makes AlInGaP one of the most promising candidates for the manufacture of the top junction layers in multi-junction solar cells. In a five junction structure AlInGaP/InGaP/AlInGaAs/InGaAs/Ge, the use of AlInGaP with high Al content may lead to solar cells with maximum theoretical efficiencies above 40% in AM0 conditions. In this paper, we report the results of the material characterization we have carried out on AlInGaP single junction (SJ) solar cells grown by MOCVD, highlighting its electrical and optical behaviour as a function of the Aluminium content. The best performing cell we have obtained so far showed an open circuit voltage of 1.473 V, and a short circuit current of 15 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Mapping the genes for complex canine autoimmune diseases (2012)

The aetiology of autoimmune disease is a complex interplay between genetics, environment and immunological regulation. Our understanding of the genetic aspects of autoimmunity has increased with recent findings from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). There is now a movement towards meta-analyses of GWA studies in order to increase the number of genetic loci detected. There are also efforts to detect common genetic risk factors amongst groups of diseases that potentially share common aetiopathogenic pathways. Animal models have formed the basis of many genetic discoveries and the domestic dog presents a spontaneous model for many diseases, including autoimmunity. Through man?s efforts to create specific breeds, the dog has acquired a genomic architecture consisting of long haplotype blocks and extensive linkage disequilibrium. This means that a GWAS can be conducted in dog breeds with fewer samples and fewer markers than an equivalent study in humans, reducing costs, cohort collection times, and data handling/storage considerations. Successful canine GWA studies are now starting to be published. Building upon this success, the findings from GWA studies in three canine autoimmune diseases (across six different breeds), with equivalent human pathologies, are presented. Dogs with diabetes mellitus (similar to latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood in man), lymphocytic thyroiditis (similar to Hashimoto?s thyroiditis), and anal furunculosis (similar to perianal Crohn?s disease) were compared to control dogs to identify genetic susceptibility loci underlying disease. Follow-up genotyping of the top hits from the GWAS analyses were conducted to replicate findings and to better characterise the diseases across a number of dog breeds. Typing of MHC class II genes, important in the immune response, was also undertaken in canine diabetes mellitus and canine lymphocytic thyroiditis. In anal furunculosis, high-throughput, next-generation sequencing was utilised to identify novel mutations and fine-map associations at discovered loci. Several genes were identified in all of these canine autoimmune diseases, many with good candidate function. Some of these genes indicated common genetic susceptibility loci and pathways between canine autoimmune diseases. Breed-specific genetic effects underlying canine diabetes mellitus and canine lymphocytic thyroiditis were identified, which has implications for disease diagnosis and clinical management. Novel loci for investigation in the corresponding human disease studies have been identified and future work will begin to genetically link the conditions in dog and man.
Real-Time Recursive Specular Reflections on Planar and Curved Surfaces using Graphics Hardware. (2002)

Real-time rendering of recursive reflections have previously been done using different techniques. However, a fast unified approach for capturing recursive reflections on both planar and curved surfaces, as well as glossy reflections and interreflections between such primitives, have not been described. This paper describes a framework for efficient simulation of recursive specular reflections in scenes containing both planar and curved surfaces. We describe and compare two methods that utilize texture mapping and environment mapping, while having reasonable memory requirements. The methods are texture-based to allow for the simulation of glossy reflections using image-filtering. We show that the methods can render recursive reflections in static and dynamic scenes in real-time on current consumer graphics hardware. The methods make it possible to obtain a realism close to ray traced images at interactive frame rates.