gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor is expressed by cells in the early oligodendrocyte lineage (1994)

We report the localization of PDGFR alpha mRNA (PDGFR alpha) in phenotypically defined cells during the first postnatal week of rat forebrain development. Using a method of combined immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization we have demonstrated the cellular colocalization of PDGFR alpha mRNA with GD3 ganglioside or O4 sulfatide, phenotypic markers of oligodendrocytes, in the gray and white matter of the dorsal cerebral cortex at all ages studied. Population analysis of the PDGFR alpha +/GD3+ and PDGFR alpha+/O4+ cells revealed that three populations express PDGFR alpha: GD3+, GD3+/O4+, and O4+, corresponding to two lineage stages, progenitor and preoligodendrocyte, in oligodendrocyte development. Immature oligodendrocytes, identified by galactocerebroside immunoreactivity, did not express detectable levels of PDGFR alpha mRNA. Post-mitotic neurons, identified by immunoperoxidase localization of the 68 kD neurofilament, and astrocytes identified by S-100 or GFAP immunoreactivity were also negative for PDGFR alpha mRNA. The spatial and temporal expression of PDGFR alpha mRNA occurred in oligodendrocyte cell populations which are post-migratory and proliferative, but which do not express myelin proteins characteristic of post-mitotic oligodendrocytes.
Structural order of lipids and proteins in membranes: evaluation of fluorescence anisotropy data. (1979)

The limiting long-time value of fluorescence anisotropy in membranes is correlated with the orientational order parameter, which characterizes the structural anisotropy of membranes. Existing experimental results for diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers are evaluated for the order parameter of lipid order. Steady-state measurements of fluorescence anisotropy can provide the order parameter in good approximation. Proteins in a fluid lipid phase increase the lipid order parameter so determined. Upon comparison with the order parameter from deuterium magnetic resonance, it is concluded that proteins increase the order of the surrounding lipids in off-normal directions. Order parameters of protein order obtained from the limiting value of protein fluorescence anisotropy are discussed with respect to the influence of lipid order on protein order.
Cellulose Graft Copolymers (1970)

Abstract Graft copolymerization reactions of fibrous cellulose with vinyl monomers were initiated at free radical sites formed on the cellulose molecule by interaction with high-energy radiation, by reaction with Ce4+ ions in acidic solution, or by H abstraction by ·OH radicals fromed by reaction of Fe2+ ions with HLOz in aqueous solution. The effects of experimental conditions on the nature, half-lives, location of these free radical sites on the cellulose molecule, and on the copolymerization reactions were studied by the use of electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the grafted polymers varied over a range from about 3 × 104 to 1 × 106. The distributions of the grafted polymers within the fibrous cellulosic structure were determined. Some of the changes in physical properties of the cellulose graft copolymers, as compared with cellulose, were decreased permanent set, development of thermoplasticity, decreased stiffness, increased rot resistance, and increased abrasion resistance.
Dominant Negative Effect of TGF-β1 and TNF-α on Basal and IL-6–Induced Lipoprotein(a) and Apolipoprotein(a) mRNA Expression in Primary Monkey Hepatocyte Cultures (1998)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consists of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] disulfide linked to apolipoprotein B-100 of LDL. Elevated plasma Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for a variety of vascular diseases. Lp(a) has been reported to be an acute-phase reactant, suggesting that cytokines may regulate its levels. To determine whether Lp(a) expression was subject to modulation by cytokines, primary monkey hepatocytes that endogenously express Lp(a) were used. Hepatocytes were treated with interleukin (IL)-6, the major mediator of the acute-phase response, and several other cytokines. IL-6 treatment (0.3 to 10 ng/mL) resulted in a marked, dose-dependent, 2- to 4-fold enhancement of Lp(a) accumulation in the hepatocyte culture media that was highly correlated with changes in apo(a) mRNA levels (r>0.9). Several other cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-8, and hepatocyte growth factor, had no significant effect on Lp(a) levels; however, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were very active in inhibiting Lp(a) accumulation in the culture media, with IC50s of approximately 0.3 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. Both TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha also decreased the apo(a) transcript. Mixing experiments, in which hepatocytes were treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-6 and 0.3 to 10 ng/mL of TGF-beta1 or TNF-alpha, demonstrated that the IL-6-mediated induction of Lp(a) and apo(a) mRNA was ablated with very low levels of either inhibitory cytokine, suggesting a dominant negative effect of TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha. These results show that Lp(a) and apo(a) mRNA expression in primary monkey hepatocytes is subject to both positive (IL-6) and negative (TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha) regulation by physiological levels of cytokines. Thus, in vivo Lp(a) levels may be dependent on the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines.
New Targets for Obesity Pharmacotherapy (2007)

An understanding of the mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis is essential for understanding novel obesity therapies. The status of energy reserves is communicated to the brain by adiposity and satiety signals. These signals modify either anabolic or catabolic pathways and, consequently, alter food intake in line with signaled energy requirements. New antiobesity therapies are in development that target anabolic or catabolic regulatory networks to reduce food intake and/or increase energy expenditure to promote weight loss.
P‐168: LTPS PMOS Four‐Mask Process for AMLCDs (2005)

Abstract Simple p‐channel poly‐Si TFT (Thin Film Transistor) structure (PMOS 4mask structure) for AMLCD (active matrix liquid crystal display) was developed. Compared with a conventional PMOS 6mask process, two photo mask steps, passivation‐hole mask and pixel mask, has been eliminated to create 4mask process. Both ELA (Eximer Laser Annealing) and SLS (Sequential Lateral Solidification) method were used for the formation of a poly‐Si. By using PMOS 4mask process, 10.4‐inch XGA (1024×768) AMLCD panel with integration of the gate‐driver and demultiplexer was successfully realized.
Interaction of Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles with the Blood-Brain Barrier<i>in vivo</i>and<i>in vitro</i> (2001)

Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles were produced by emulsion polymerisation and used either uncoated or overcoated with polysorbate 80 (Tween 80). [3H]-dalargin bound to nanoparticles overcoated with polysorbate 80 or in the form of saline solution was injected into mice and the brain concentrations of radioactivity determined. Statistically significant, three-fold higher brain concentrations with the nanoparticle preparations were obtained after 45 minutes, the time of greatest pharmacological response assessed as analgesia in previous experiments. In addition the brain inulin spaces in rats and the uptake of fluoresceine isothiocyanate labelled nanoparticles in immortalised rat cerebral endothelial cells, (RBE4) were measured. The inulin spaces after i.v. injection of polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles were significantly increased by 1% compared to controls. This is interpreted as indicating that there is no large scale opening of the tight junctions of the brain endothelium by the polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles. In in vitro experiments endocytic uptake of fluorescent nanoparticles by RBE4 cells was only observed after polysorbate 80-overcoating, not with uncoated particles. These results further support the hypothesis that the mechanism of blood-brain barrier transport of drugs by polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles is one of endocytosis followed by possible transcytosis. The experiments were conducted in several laboratories as part of an EEC/INTAS collaborative program. For various procedural and regulatory reasons this necessitated the use of both rats and mice as experimental animals. The brain endothelial cell line used for the in vitro studies is the rat RBE4.
Codesign of <italic>Ka</italic>-Band Integrated Limiter and Low Noise Amplifier (2016)

In this paper, a thorough design procedure for concurrent design of integrated antiparallel Schottky-diode-based limiter and low noise amplifier (LNA) is presented. The optimum number of limiter branches, the size and number of diodes in each branch, width of the transmission line loaded by diode branches, and design considerations for input transistor of the LNA are discussed in detail. To improve power handling of the limiter with a minimum impact on overall noise figure (NF), a novel limiter structure is proposed where transistors are utilized in a limiter topology. A design procedure is also introduced for the transistor-based limiter-LNA. Developed methodologies are employed to design and fabricate a diode-based and transistor-based limiter-LNA in a 0.1-μm AlGaAs/InGaAs pHEMT process. Measurement results show that the diode-based limiter-LNA tolerates up to 2-W continuous wave (CW) input power without failure, while transistor-based limiter-LNA is capable of handling 5-W CW input power. Measured average gain and NF for the diode-based limiter-LNA are 21 and 2.3 dB over 28-38-GHz frequency range, while the transistor-based limiter-LNA achieves an average 18-dB small-signal gain and 2.5-dB NF over the 30-38-GHz bandwidth.
Kuijk Bandgap Voltage Reference With High Immunity to EMI (2010)

This brief evaluates the effect of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) that is injected in the power supply of a classic Kuijk bandgap reference voltage circuit. Two modified Kuijk bandgap topologies with high immunity to EMI are introduced and compared to the original structure. Measurements of a test IC confirm the theoretical analyses.
Band Gap Engineering via Edge-Functionalization of Graphene Nanoribbons (2013)

Density functional calculations are used to perform a systematic study of the effect of edge-functionalization on the structure and electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). −H, −F, −Cl, −Br, −S, −SH, and −OH edge-functionalization of armchair, zigzag, and reconstructed Klein-type GNRs was considered. The most energetically favorable edge structure varies depending on the choice of functional group. It is shown, for the first time, that reconstructed Klein-type GNRs are important stable configurations for several edge-functional groups. Band gaps using three different exchange-correlation functionals are calculated. The band gap for armchair GNRs can be tuned over a range of ∼1.2 eV by varying the edge-functional groups. In contrast, the band gaps of zigzag and reconstructed Klein edge GNRs are largely insensitive to the choice of edge-functional group, and ribbon width is instead the defining factor. Alternatively, the armchair GNR band gap can be controlled by varying the number of functional groups per opposing edge, altering the GNR “effective” width. Edge-functionalization design is an appropriate mechanism to tune the band gap of armchair GNRs.
A multi standard single-chip transceiver covering 5.15 to 5.85GHz (2003)

This transceiver achieves a transmit 1dB output compression point of +15dBm, and the overall receiver noise figure is 5dB. A power gain range of >45dB/65dB for transmit/receive and a PLL synthesizer frequency range of 4.9 to 5.85GHz with -79dBc/Hz phase noise at 10kHz offset have been measured. The IC is realized in 0.5/spl mu/m SiGe BICMOS technology and occupies 17mm/sup 2/.
Mouse Anesthesia and Analgesia (2015)

Providing anesthesia and analgesia for mouse subjects is a common and critical practice in the laboratory setting. These practices are necessary for performing invasive procedures, achieving prolonged immobility for sensitive imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging for instance), and providing intra- and post-procedural pain relief. In addition to facilitating the procedures performed by the investigator, the provision of anesthesia and analgesia is crucial for the preservation of animal welfare and for humane treatment of animals used in research. Furthermore, anesthesia and analgesia are important components of animal use protocols reviewed by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, requiring careful consideration and planning for the particular animal model. In this article, we provide technical outlines for the investigator covering the provision of anesthesia by two routes (injectable and inhalant), guidelines for monitoring anesthesia, current techniques for recognition of pain, and considerations for administering preventative analgesia.
Nanopore-CMOS Interfaces for DNA Sequencing (2016)

DNA sequencers based on nanopore sensors present an opportunity for a significant break from the template-based incumbents of the last forty years. Key advantages ushered by nanopore technology include a simplified chemistry and the ability to interface to CMOS technology. The latter opportunity offers substantial promise for improvement in sequencing speed, size and cost. This paper reviews existing and emerging means of interfacing nanopores to CMOS technology with an emphasis on massively-arrayed structures. It presents this in the context of incumbent DNA sequencing techniques, reviews and quantifies nanopore characteristics and models and presents CMOS circuit methods for the amplification of low-current nanopore signals in such interfaces.
Phosphorylation of Serine 51 in Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) Promotes Complex Formation between eIF2α(P) and eIF2B and Causes Inhibition in the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity of eIF2B (2000)

Phosphorylation of serine 51 residue on the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) inhibits the guanine nucleotide exchange (GNE) activity of eIF2B, presumably, by forming a tight complex with eIF2B. Inhibition of the GNE activity of eIF2B leads to impairment in eIF2 recycling and protein synthesis. We have partially purified the wild-type (wt) and mutants of eIF2alpha in which the serine 51 residue was replaced with alanine (51A mutant) or aspartic acid (51D mutant) in the baculovirus system. Analysis of these mutants has provided novel insight into the role of 51 serine in the interaction between eIF2 and eIF2B. Neither mutant was phosphorylated in vitro. Both mutants decreased eIF2alpha phosphorylation occurring in hemin and poly(IC)-treated reticulocyte lysates due to the activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). However, addition of 51D, but not 51A mutant eIF2alpha protein promoted inhibition of the GNE activity of eIF2B in hemin-supplemented rabbit reticulocyte lysates in which relatively little or no endogenous eIF2alpha phosphorylation occurred. The 51D mutant enhanced the inhibition in GNE activity of eIF2B that occurred in hemin and poly(IC)-treated reticulocyte lysates where PKR is active. Our results show that the increased interaction between eIF2 and eIF2B protein, occurring in reticulocyte lysates due to increased eIF2alpha phosphorylation, is decreased significantly by the addition of mutant 51A protein but not 51D. Consistent with the idea that mutant 51D protein behaves like a phosphorylated eIF2alpha, addition of this partially purified recombinant subunit, but not 51A or wt eIF2alpha, increases the interaction between eIF2 and 2B proteins in actively translating hemin-supplemented lysates. These findings support the idea that phosphorylation of the serine 51 residue in eIF2alpha promotes complex formation between eIF2alpha(P) and eIF2B and thereby inhibits the GNE activity of eIF2B.
Yeast mutants auxotrophic for choline or ethanolamine (1980)

Three mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which require exogenous ethanolamine or choline were isolated. The mutants map to a single locus (cho1) on chromosome V. The lipid composition suggests that cho1 mutants do not synthesize phosphatidylserine under any growth conditions. If phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine, which are usually derived from phosphatidylserine, were synthesized from exogenous ethanolamine or choline, the mutants grew and divided relatively normally. However, mitochondrial abnormalities were evident even when ethanolamine and choline were supplied. Diploids homozygous for the cho1 mutation were defective in sporulation. Growth on nonfermentable carbon sources was slow, and a high proportion of respiratory-deficient (petite) cells were generated in cho1 cultures.
Most efficient intramolecular general acid catalysis of acetal hydrolysis by the carboxy group (1994)

The hydrolysis of 4-methoxymethoxybenzisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (halflife 31 s at 39 °C) is the fastest measured for a methoxymethyl acetal: catalysis by the neighbouring CO2H group is facilitated by a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond.
Tourism Studies on the Cultural Values at National and Organizational Level (2005)

We evaluated the image quality and diagnostic performance of late iodine enhancement computed tomography (LIE-CT) with knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction (IMR) for the detection of myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison with late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI). The study investigated 35 patients who underwent a comprehensive cardiac CT protocol and LGE-MRI for the assessment of coronary artery disease. The CT protocol consisted of stress dynamic myocardial CT perfusion, coronary CT angiography (CTA) and LIE-CT using 256-slice CT. LIE-CT scans were acquired 5 min after CTA without additional contrast medium and reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), a hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR), and IMR. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were assessed. Sensitivity and specificity of LIE-CT for detecting MI were assessed according to the 16-segment model. Image quality scores, and diagnostic performance were compared among LIE-CT with FBP, HIR and IMR. Among the 35 patients, 139 of 560 segments showed MI in LGE-MRI. On LIE-CT with FBP, HIR, and IMR, the median SNRs were 2.1, 2.9, and 6.1; and the median CNRs were 1.7, 2.2, and 4.7, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 56 and 93% for FBP, 62 and 91% for HIR, and 80 and 91% for IMR. LIE-CT with IMR showed the highest image quality and sensitivity (p < 0.05). The use of IMR enables significant improvement of image quality and diagnostic performance of LIE-CT for detecting MI in comparison with FBP and HIR.
A Novel Interface for Interactive Exploration of DTI Fibers (2009)

Visual exploration is essential to the visualization and analysis of densely sampled 3D DTI fibers in biological specimens, due to the high geometric, spatial, and anatomical complexity of fiber tracts. Previous methods for DTI fiber visualization use zooming, color-mapping, selection, and abstraction to deliver the characteristics of the fibers. However, these schemes mainly focus on the optimization of visualization in the 3D space where cluttering and occlusion make grasping even a few thousand fibers difficult. This paper introduces a novel interaction method that augments the 3D visualization with a 2D representation containing a low-dimensional embedding of the DTI fibers. This embedding preserves the relationship between the fibers and removes the visual clutter that is inherent in 3D renderings of the fibers. This new interface allows the user to manipulate the DTI fibers as both 3D curves and 2D embedded points and easily compare or validate his or her results in both domains. The implementation of the framework is GPU based to achieve real-time interaction. The framework was applied to several tasks, and the results show that our method reduces the user's workload in recognizing 3D DTI fibers and permits quick and accurate DTI fiber selection.
Kinetic Study of Electromigration in Al and Al Alloy Thin Films by Combined Resistance and Temperature Change Measurements (1991)

Combined resistance and temperature change measurements, which allow the determination of the kinetic parameters for electromigration in short times, are presented. In this technique, the resistance, , and the temperature increase, , above room temperature of thin film stripes are measured simultaneously. Thin film thermocouples are used for temperature measurements along the stripes' length. The current density dependence of the activation energies for pure Al thin film stripes has been examined by this technique. After verifying that there was no statistically significant dependence, data from all the current densities employed were used to evaluate the activation energy for electromigration and the current density exponent. Furthermore, the activation energy for electromigration in Al‐Cu thin films has also been obtained in a study where the current was used to heat the samples. In this case, the activation energy was found to be 0.66 eV. This value is to be compared with 0.49 eV for pure Al.
Addressing the eduroam inter-domain mobility problem through virtual APs (2017)

The Education Roaming (eduroam) is a widely spread federation of Wi-Fi networks that allows users to freely roam between providers. The key to eduroam's massive adoption has been the fact that a single global network identifier is used across all the federated Wi-Fi networks. However, when multiple eduroam networks are deployed in an overlapping geographical area, the current design may cause client devices to inadvertently roam between providers, hence potentially disrupting applications and hindering network planning. In this paper we study how virtual Access Points (vAPs) can be used to address the inter-domain mobility problem in eduroam. Our main contribution is a novel mechanism to steer clients across vAPs, which mitigates unintended handovers. The proposed extensions have been validated experimentally considering a wide range of commercial Wi-Fi clients available in the market.
Classification of facial features for recognition (2002)

A facial feature classification technique that independently captures both the geometric configuration and the image detail of a particular feature is described. The geometric configuration is first extracted by fitting a deformable template to the shape of the feature (for example, an eye) in the image. This information is then used to geometrically normalize the image in such a way that the feature in the image attains a standard shape. The normalized image of the facial feature is then classified in terms of a set of principal components previously obtained from a representative set of training images of similar features. This classification stage yields a representation vector which can be used for recognition matching of the feature in terms of image detail alone without the complication of changes in facial expression. Implementation of the system is described and results are given for its application to a set of test faces. These results show that features can be reliably recognized using the representation vectors obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>