gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbonic anhydrase facilitates CO2 and NH3 transport across the sarcolemma of trout white muscle (1997)

An isolated, perfused tail preparation was used to study the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in CO2 and NH3 transport across the sarcolemma of white muscle in the rainbow trout. Tissue was perfused with either control saline or saline containing the CA inhibitors quaternary ammonium sulfanilamide (QAS) or acetazolamide (Az). Inhibition of extracellular CA by QAS reduced CO2 efflux by approximately 30% and caused a significant increase in intracellular PCO2. Inhibition of total muscle CA activity (extracellular and intracellular) by Az also caused a reduction in CO2 efflux, but selective inhibition of intracellular CA only had no effect. Inhibition of both extracellular and intracellular CA activity resulted in increases in total intracellular ammonia concentrations, intracellular NH3 partial pressure (PNH3) and an increased PNH3 gradient across the sarcolemma. This suggests that both extracellular and intracellular CA function in normal NH3 transport out of the muscle. We suggest that CA in the extracellular boundary layer facilitates CO2 transport via the catalyzed hydration of CO2, thus maintaining the PCO2 gradient across the sarcolemma. H ions produced by that reaction serve to protonate excreted NH3, which helps maintain the PNH3 gradient. Thus CO2 and NH3 excretion are linked by the action of CA.
Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Sporulation of <i>Cercospora zeae-maydis</i> and Expansion of Gray Leaf Spot Lesions on Maize Leaves (2005)

Controlled environment studies were conducted to determine the effects of temperature on the expansion of lesions of gray leaf spot, and the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sporulation of Cercospora zeae-maydis on maize (Zea mays). For the lesion expansion experiment, potted maize plants were spray inoculated at growth stage V6, bagged, and incubated at 25 to 28°C and 100% relative humidity for 36 to 40 h. Symptomatic plants were transferred to growth chambers and exposed to constant temperatures of 25, 30, and 35°C. Lesion area (length by width) was measured at 4-day intervals for 17 days. For sporulation studies, lesions were excised from naturally infected maize leaves, measured, and incubated at constant temperature (20, 25, 30, or 35°C) and relative humidity (70, 80, 90, or 100%) for 72 h. Sporulation was estimated as the number of conidia per square centimeter of diseased leaf tissue. A quadratic function was used to model the relationship between log-transformed conidia per square centimeter at 100% relative humidity and temperature. Temperature had a significant effect on lesion expansion (P ≤ 0.05). At 25 and 30°C, the rate of lesion expansion was significantly higher than at 35°C (P ≤ 0.05). The largest lesions and the highest mean rate of lesion expansion were observed at 30°C; however, the mean lesion expansion rate at this temperature was not significantly different from that at 25°C. The interaction effect of temperature and relative humidity on the log of conidia per square centimeter of diseased tissue was significant (P ≤ 0.05). At 100% relative humidity, the effect of temperature on sporulation was significant (P ≤ 0.05), with maximum spore production occurring at 25 and 30°C. The quadratic model explained between 49 and 80% of the variation in the log of conidia per square centimeter at 100% with variation in temperature. These results suggest that the rapid increase in gray leaf spot severity generally observed during mid- and late summer may be due to favorable conditions for lesion expansion during this period. When relative humidity is >95%, expanding lesions may serve as a source of inoculum for secondary infections.
Base‐Catalyzed Depolymerization of Lignin: Separation of Monomers (2007)

Abstract In our quest for fractionating lignocellulosic biomass and valorizing specific constitutive fractions, we have developed a strategy for the separation of 12 added value monomers generated during the hydrolytic based‐catalyzed depolymerization of a Steam Exploded Aspen Lignin. The separation strategy combines liquid‐liquid‐extraction (LLE), followed by vacuum distillation, liquid chromatography (LC) and crystallization. LLE, vacuum distillation and flash LC were tested experimentally. Batch vacuum distillation produced up to 4 fractions. Process simulation confirmed that a series of 4 vacuum distillation columns could produce 5 distinct monomer streams, 3 of which require further chromatography and crystallization for purification.
Size polymorphisms of the androgen receptor among female Hispanics and correlation with androgenic characteristics. (1994)

Our findings suggest that androgenism may be mildly influenced by the molecular characteristics of the androgen receptor.
The phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental conditions (1993)

Photosynthetic organisms can acclimate to their environment by changing many cellular processes, including the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus. In this article we discuss the phycobilisome, the light-harvesting apparatus of cyanobacteria and red algae. Unlike most light-harvesting antenna complexes, the phycobilisome is not an integral membrane complex but is attached to the surface of the photosynthetic membranes. It is composed of both the pigmented phycobiliproteins and the nonpigmented linker polypeptides; the former are important for absorbing light energy, while the latter are important for stability and assembly of the complex. The composition of the phycobilisome is very sensitive to a number of different environmental factors. Some of the filamentous cyanobacteria can alter the composition of the phycobilisome in response to the prevalent wavelengths of light in the environment. This process, called complementary chromatic adaptation, allows these organisms to efficiently utilize available light energy to drive photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 fixation. Under conditions of macronutrient limitation, many cyanobacteria degrade their phycobilisomes in a rapid and orderly fashion. Since the phycobilisome is an abundant component of the cell, its degradation may provide a substantial amount of nitrogen to nitrogen-limited cells. Furthermore, degradation of the phycobilisome during nutrient-limited growth may prevent photodamage that would occur if the cells were to absorb light under conditions of metabolic arrest. The interplay of various environmental parameters in determining the number of phycobilisomes and their structural characteristics and the ways in which these parameters control phycobilisome biosynthesis are fertile areas for investigation.
SAR Automatic Target Recognition Based on Euclidean Distance Restricted Autoencoder (2017)

Deep learning algorithms have been introduced into target recognition of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for extracting deep features because of its accuracy on various recognition problems with sufficient training samples. However, applying deep structures in recognizing SAR images may suffer lack of training samples. Therefore, a deep learning method is proposed in this study based on a multilayer autoencoder (AE) combined with a supervised constraint. We bind the original AE algorithm with a restriction based on Euclidean distance to use the limited training images well. Moreover, a dropout step is added to our algorithm, which is designed to prevent overfitting caused by supervised learning. Experimental results on the MSTAR dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on real SAR images.
Scanning a photonic crystal slab nanocavity by condensation of xenon (2005)

Allowing xenon or nitrogen gas to condense onto a photonic crystal slab nanocavity maintained at 10–20K results in shifts of the nanocavity mode wavelength by as much as 5nm(≅4meV). This occurs in spite of the fact that the mode defect is achieved by omitting three holes to form the spacer. This technique should be useful in changing the detuning between a single quantum dot transition and the nanocavity mode for cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments, such as mapping out a strong coupling anticrossing curve. Compared with temperature scanning, it has a much larger scan range and avoids phonon broadening.
Simulation of Maternal Immunity by Inoculation of Immune Yolk Preparations into the Yolk Sac of 1-Day-Old Chickens (1992)

Yolk harvested from eggs laid by hens hyperimmunized with killed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was inoculated into the yolk sac of 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers reached maximum levels 1 to 4 days after yolk inoculation and declined at a rate similar to that reported for naturally acquired maternal antibody. Expected levels of immune interference were observed when yolk-inoculated chickens were vaccinated with a conventional oil-emulsion NDV vaccine. These results show that yolk-sac inoculation with yolk antibody is a suitable approach for producing maternally immune chickens for laboratory studies.
Optimal Size of Gold Nanoparticles for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy under Different Conditions (2013)

Gold nanoparticles have been used as effective surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for decades. However, the origin of the enhancement and the effect of the size of nanoparticles still need clarification. Here, gold nanoparticles with different sizes from 17 to 80 nm were synthesized and characterized, and their SERS enhancement toward both 4‐aminothiophenol and 4‐nitrothiophenol was examined. For the same number of nanoparticles, the enhancement factor generated from the gold nanoparticles increases as the size of nanoparticles increases. Interestingly, when the concentration of gold or the total surface area of gold nanoparticles was kept the same, the optimal size of gold nanoparticles was found out to be around 50 nm when the enhancement factor reached a maximum. The same size effect was observed for both 4‐aminothiophenol and 4‐nitrothiophenol, which suggests that the conclusions drawn in this study might also be applicable to other adsorbates during SERS measurements.
Separation of the citric acid cycle acids by liquid chromatography (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeparation of the citric acid cycle acids by liquid chromatographyV. T. Turkelson and Milton. RichardsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 11, 1420–1423Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50033a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50033a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views695Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Tailored Eggshell Cobalt Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Using Wet Chemistry Techniques (2011)

Eggshell cobalt catalysts are used in CO hydrogenation reactions due to their ability to maximize the use of precious cobalt metal. The thickness of the shell can be utilized to control the product yield and distribution. In this article, we describe how the metal support interaction can be exploited to control the thickness and, hence, the product distribution. The catalysts are prepared using precipitation of cobalt nitrate solution (dissolved in ethanol) on silica. The metal deposition rate and location are controlled through optimized nonpolar solvent imbibing, followed by water addition to a Co(NO3)2-ethanol solution and hydrolysis by urea. The eggshell coating thickness (in the absence of restricting solvent) onto silica gel substrate has been determined via theoretical equations and experimentally verified during catalyst preparation through microscopic analysis of catalyst samples. Bulk precursor solution properties such as viscosity and surface tension along with substrate properties such as tortuosity are analyzed and included in the theoretical analysis for tailoring the catalyst eggshell thickness. Polar and nonpolar solvent interactions are exploited during precipitation of silica gel as a factor in controlling the eggshell thickness. The optimized samples are characterized using hydrogen chemisorption studies. The catalyst was tested in a fixed-bed tubular bench scale reactor using a research-grade synthetic feed (H2/CO being 2:1). Products were analyzed using gas chromatography and compared with Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution. Liquid product analysis validated the approach used for effectual eggshell catalyst design and synthesis.
High temperature performance limits of IGBT modules (2002)

In order to optimally utilize insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) in high power converters, the limitations to high temperature performance of these devices need to be clearly identified. This paper presents the influence of electrothermal effects on the switching characteristics and reliability of punch-through (PT) and nonpunch-through (NPT) IGBTs. NPT IGBTs are shown to be less temperature-sensitive than PT IGBT. Drift region thickness and carrier lifetime have been identified as the crucial physical parameters affecting the electrical performance of IGBTs. Optimal utilization of these devices in high power electronic converters requires a careful trade-off of these physical parameters.
New Pathogen Testing Technologies and the Market for Food Safety Information (2004)

New rapid and sensitive testing technologies, based on the biotechnology tools underlying modern medical diagnostics, have been developed for the food industry. The growing demand for food safety in the marketplace, combined with increased availability of new testing technologies, has led to shifts in both the demand and supply of food safety information. As a result, more food safety information is being generated, and this information is being used in firm management and food buyer decisions. These biotechnology-based testing methods are leading to better food safety performance in the marketplace. Key words: economics of information, food safety, rapid diagnostic tests The impact of modern biotechnology on productivity in agricultural production is widely appreciated. Less attention has been paid to other ways in which modern biotechnology is changing the food system. Relatively recent advances in pathogen testing technology, based on the biotechnology tools underlying modern medical diagnostics, are changing the ability of food producers to measure food safety. Although real-time results for specific pathogens are still in the future, these new tests provide better information at lower cost and in a shorter time. New tests allow food buyers to more easily specify desired food safety levels and food sellers to more easily certify their products ’ safety. This paper investigates how the availability of new testing methods influences private incentives to generate and use food safety information. We use an economic framework that describes the supply of information and the demand for information. The impact of shifts in supply and demand for information on food markets is discussed, based on published case studies and interviews with firms that make test kits, carry out food safety audits, or provide third-party certification. We conclude with the implications of these testing technologies for market performance in delivering improved food safety.
Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna for High-Data-Rate SATCOM (2012)

The general issue of this letter deals with the design of a phased array antenna for high-data-rate SATCOM. A final demonstrator antenna could be installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to communicate with a satellite in Ka-band. First, a compact reflection-type phase shifter is designed and realized. Second, the conception of a phased array antenna prototype is detailed. Third, a new calibration method is involved that can provide the bias voltage to be applied to each phase shifter in order to scan the beam in the desired direction.
Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding subunit VIb of human cytochrome<i>c</i>oxidase (1989)

Journal Article Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding subunit VIb of human cytochrome c oxidase Get access Jan-Willem Taanman, Jan-Willem Taanman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cobi Schrage, Cobi Schrage Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nico Ponne, Nico Ponne 1Department of Neurology, Academic Medical CentreMeibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Piet Bolhuis, Piet Bolhuis 1Department of Neurology, Academic Medical CentreMeibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hans de Vries, Hans de Vries Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Etienne Agsteribbe Etienne Agsteribbe Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 4, 25 February 1989, Page 1766, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.4.1766 Published: 25 February 1989 Article history Received: 18 January 1989 Published: 25 February 1989
The effect of demographic changes on saving for life-cycle motives in developing countries. (1989)

If developing countries follow the same paths that industrialized countries have followed, saving for retirement will initially become more important as the population growth rate declines. To calculate the potential importance of life-cycle savings (saving for retirement), the paper presents a simulation model that translates demographic projections into savings-rate projections. It simulated aggregate rates for life-cycle savings for Brazil, China, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey. The savings rates increase 5 or 6 percentage points when the last baby boomers enter the work force and begin to save after their children leave home. The effect on life-cycle savings is dramatic; the effect on total savings rates which are often three or four times as high, is not. Simulated life-cycle savings rates peak at an absolute 10 percent or less in all cases. The patterns of these projections seem robust with regard to assumptions about productivity growth, interest rates, and age-specific participation in the labor force.
Subsea Pressure Boost/Separation: A Necessity for Deepwater Development? (1993)

Abstract Early in the DeepStar program, both subsea pressure boosting and subseaseparation were identified as potentially necessary components for implementingdeepwater subsea production. The initial goal for the entire DeepStar programwas to have the technical capability to implement a deepwater Gulf of Mexico(GOM) subsea production system by 1996. Thus, the current status of subsea pumpand separator development was reviewed to determine whether such equipmentwould meet DeepStar technical requirements, and could be implemented by the1996 target date. Assessments were made of the system arrangements and costsfor implementing subsea pumps or separators relative to alternativeapproaches. This paper addresses a number of technical aspects and cost implications ofthese pumps and separators. It notes the field development circumstances thatfavor implementation of subsea pumping and subsea separation, but also suggestspotential system design alternatives to these components. Introduction Oil production from deepwater reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico may requirein-field pressure boosting in order to achieve satisfactory flow rates over thelife of the field. Satellite subsea production systems, such as proposed forDeepStar, are prime candidates for pressure boosting, particularly as theoffset distances lengthen and production pipeline friction losses increase. Subsea multiphase pumps, as well as subsea production separators withliquid-phase pumps and gas compressors, are being developed for satellite fieldpressure boosting applications. The multiphase pump systems are generallysimpler systems than the subsea separators, but face technical problemsinherent in pumping gas-entrained liquids of varying gas content (up to 100%gas in some applications). Subsea separation overcomes these multiphase pumpingproblems and significantly reduces pumping power consumption; it can alsopotentially relieve hydrate problems by separating produced gas from producedwater. However, subsea separators are generally more complex and costly thanmultiphase pumps, and have to demonstrate reliable, low maintenance separationfor site-specific well fluids.
The role of laser wavelength on plasma generation and expansion of ablation plumes in air (2013)

We investigated the role of excitation laser wavelength on plasma generation and the expansion and confinement of ablation plumes at early times (0–500 ns) in the presence of atmospheric pressure. Fundamental, second, and fourth harmonic radiation from Nd:YAG laser was focused on Al target to produce plasma. Shadowgraphy, fast photography, and optical emission spectroscopy were employed to analyze the plasma plumes, and white light interferometry was used to characterize the laser ablation craters. Our results indicated that excitation wavelength plays a crucial role in laser-target and laser-plasma coupling, which in turn affects plasma plume morphology and radiation emission. Fast photography and shadowgraphy images showed that plasmas generated by 1064 nm are more cylindrical compared to plasmas generated by shorter wavelengths, indicating the role of inverse bremsstrahlung absorption at longer laser wavelength excitation. Electron density estimates using Stark broadening showed higher densities for shorter wavelength laser generated plasmas, demonstrating the significance of absorption caused by photoionization. Crater depth analysis showed that ablated mass is significantly higher for UV wavelengths compared to IR laser radiation. In this experimental study, the use of multiple diagnostic tools provided a comprehensive picture of the differing roles of laser absorption mechanisms during ablation.
Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Discrete Mathematics (1976)

Set Theory.Relations.Functions and Algorithms Logic and Propositional Calculus.Vectors and Matrices.Counting.Probability Theory.Graph Theory.Directed Graphs.Binary Trees.Properties of the Integers.Algebraic Systems.Languages, Grammars, Machines.Ordered Sets and Lattices.Boolean Algebra.
Boosted Linear Projections for Discriminant Analysis (2004)

In this paper we explain a new linear Discriminant technique to project high dimensional data into a low dimensional subspace where the accuracy of the nearest neighbor classifier is maximized. Our algorithm combines a set of one-dimensional projections, using the Adaboost algorithm, to form the final discriminant projection matrix. We also introduce the way to establish an order to rank the features extracted, and select the best directions given a fixed low dimensional subspace. Due to nature of the algorithm, we do not restrict the projection vectors to be orthogonal, and no global assumptions on the data distribution are performed, the projection matrix is constructed into the boosting scheme minimizing the classification error at each iteration.