gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Physiopathology of obstructive sleep apneas]. (1989)

The syndrome of obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with an increased morbidity (the consequence of diurnal hypersomnolence and cardiovascular complications). The contraction of the dilator muscles of the upper airways (nose and pharynx) allows their patency at the time of inspiration. The obstruction of the airways resulted in a disequilibrium between the forces which tend to their collapse (negative inspiratory transpharyngeal pressure gradient) and those which contribute to their opening (muscle contraction). The mechanisms which underlie the triggering of obstructive apnoea are multiple including a reduction in the calibre of the superior airways, an increase in their compliance, and a reduction in the activity of the muscle dilators. This latter is intimately linked to the respiratory muscles and these muscles respond in a similar manner to a stimulation or a depression of the respiratory centre. The ventilatory fluctuations observed during sleep (alternately hyper and hypo ventilation of periodic respiration) thus favours an instability of the superior airways and the occurrence of oropharyngeal obstruction. The depth of post-apnoeic desaturation depends on the value of the arterial oxygen saturation at the beginning of apnoea, the duration of the period of apnoea and the pulmonary volume as the period of apnoea passes off. The cardiovascular consequences of apnoea include disorders of rhythm (bradycardia, auriculoventricular block, ventricular extrasystoles) and haemodynamic (pulmonary and systemic hypertension). This results in a stimulatory metabolic and mechanical effect on the autonomic nervous system. The electroencephalographic awakening which precedes the easing of obstruction of the upper airways is responsible for the fragmentation of sleep. The factors implicated in the cessation of the apnoea include hypoxia and hypercapnia but one also invokes a role for the negative pressure generated during the course of the apnoea.
Overexpression of p53 protein in betel‐ and tobacco‐related human oral dysplasia and squamous‐cell carcinoma in India (1994)

Abstract The aetiological factors for oral cancer are not the same in India and in Western countries. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between high incidence of oral cancer and heavy consumption of betel and/or tobacco in the Indian population, while this stud/ indicates an association with a genetic change. The p 53 tumour‐suppressor gene is the most commonly identified mutated gene in human malignancies. Expression of p53 protein was examined in premalignant and malignant oral lesions from Indian patients who were consumers of betel, areca nut and/or tobacco, using anti‐p53 monoclonal antibodies PAb 1801 and PAb 421. Cryosections from normal, premalignant or malignant oral mucosa were used for immunostaining and the observations were confirmed by immunoprecipitation. P53 protein was detected in 55% (15/27) premalignant oral lesions (leukoplakia). Strong p53‐positive staining was detected in 75% (24/32) of oral squamous‐cell carcinomas. Normal oral mucosa did not show positive p53 staining (0/24). The detection of p53 protein in premalignant oral lesions suggests that p53 aberrations are an early event in the development of oral cancer in India. The high incidence of p53 positivity in leukoplakia may be due to differences in aetiological factors. p53 overexpression in premalignant oral lesions is important in view of the significantly earlier onset of leukoplakia in the Indian population compared to the development of oral malignancy, and may be helpful in identifying lesions that are more likely to progress to malignancy. The frequency of p53 protein overexpression was high in premalignant and malignant oral lesions of patients who were heavy consumers of betel, areca nut and tobacco.
Revolutionizing Resin Handling for Combinatorial Synthesis (2001)

A new resin support generated by co-sintering resin beads with an inert polymer (see picture) facilitates resin handling. A wide range of reactions was carried out to demonstrate its applicability and its comparability to the free resin.
Desymmetrization of prochiral anhydrides with Evans’ oxazolidinones: an efficient route to homochiral glutaric and adipic acid derivatives (1999)

The prochiral recognition between enantiotopic carbonyl groups in the reaction of 3-substituted glutaric and 3,4-disubstituted adipic anhydrides with anions of Evans’ oxazolidinones has been investigated. Each of the σ-symmetric anhydrides provided a diastereoisomeric mixture of half-acids which were separated either by fractional crystallization or by column chromatography of their esters. The diastereoselectivity of the desymmetrization reaction is dependent on the substituents present in the anhydrides.
Production of Extracellular Pigment by a Mutant of <i>Monascus kaoliang</i> sp. nov (1982)

A hyperpigment-producing mutant, R-10847, was derived from Monascus kaoliang F-2 (ATCC 26264) through a series of mutagenesis steps. The mutant produced a large quantity of Monascus pigment when grown in mantou (steamed bread) by solid culture. The mutant produced pigments extracellularly by extruding the pigments outside the cell in a lump together with some viscous substances. The productivity of pigment was about 100-fold greater than that of the wild type. The mutant lost the capability of spore formation, the growth rate decreased, and both the size and quantity of conidia were reduced. The color of the pigment produced by the mutant changed from orange to deep red.
Binding of a mouse monoclonal IgE (anti‐DNP) antibody to radio‐derivatized polystyrene‐DNP complexes (1990)

Polystyrene (PS) labware products (microtiter plates, test tubes, etc.) show radiation (gamma) dose-dependent carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated uptake of carboxyl-containing molecules such as DNP-[3H]Gly. The presence of water during irradiation increases, and oxygen decreases the coupling capacity of irradiated PS. The EDC-mediated attachment of DNP-Gly to PS is stable because it resists prolonged exposure to acids at low or high salt concentrations; the bond is sensitive to bases and oxidizing agents. Commercially available radiation-sterilized PS labware products also show elevated EDC-mediated uptake of DNP-[3H]Gly. Nonirradiated PS products or non-PS materials in these studies were inactive. Commercially irradiated PS microtiter plates were coated with DNP-amino acids in an EDC-mediated reaction, and the binding of a radiolabeled mouse monoclonal IgE (aDNP) to DNP-coated plates was studied. 1) The minimal ligand (DNP-Gly) and reagent (EDC) concentrations for plate coating to reach saturating antibody binding were found to be 0.2 mM and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. High coating densities were suboptimal for antibody binding; 2) five to 60 min of coupling times yielded optimal coating densities; 3) The binding of antibody to DNP-Gly-coated plates reached half-maximal levels in approximately 40 min; 4) Dissociation of antibody from DNP-Gly and DNP-Ser-coated plates was very slow. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of antibody binding to plates coated with DNP-Gly under optimal conditions were generally below 3%. We conclude that the PS-bound DNP produced by this method is recognizable by anti-DNP antibodies. The optical quality of PS is not affected by radio-derivatization, and the ligand-coated plates obtained by these methods are suitable for colorimetric assays. All brands of heavily irradiated PS examined were suitable carriers for EDC-mediated coupling of DNP-aminoacids.
Kinetics of Acid Diffusion and Demineralization of Bone (1980)

AbstractThe dissolution of the inorganic calcium phosphate salts from ground bone samples via hydrochloric acid solutions has been studied. The diffusion of the acid into bone tissue occurred by a Fickian diffusion process, with measured diffusivities for these ~ystems being independent of the acid .concentration, up to ~ 2 N HCl. The actual dissolution of the salts into the acid was virtually mstantaneous relative to the aCid dlff~lon. Thus the overall dissolutIOn kmetlcs could be correlated quite well with the classic "shrinking core" fluid olid reaction model, with the diffusion of the reacting fluid through the reacted layer of the solid being the rale-determining step.RésuméLa dissolution dans des solutions d’acide chlorhydrique des phosphates inorganiques de calcium provenant d’échantillons d’os droyés a été étudiée. La diffusion de l’acide dans Ie tissu osseux se fait suivant le modéle de Fick, avec des constantes de diffusion mesurées indépendantes de la concentration en acide jusqu’à 2 N environ. La dissolution réelle des sels dans l’acide est quasi instantanée par rapport à la diffusion de l’acide. Ainsi, la cinétique globale de la dissolution pcut etre représentée par le modèle c1assique de la réaction fluide-solide “shrinking core”, la diffusion du fluide actif à travers la couche solide avec laquelle il réagit étant l’étapc determinante de la vitesse.ZusammenfassungDie Kinetic der Auflösung der anorganischen Calziumphosphat-Salze aus gemahlenen Knochenproben mittels Salzsäurelosungen unterschiedlicher Konzenlration wurde untersucht. Die Diffusion der Säure in das Knochengewebe folgt dem Fickschen Diffusionsmodell; die gernessenen Diffusionskoeffizienten waren dabei im Bereich bis zu ca. 2 N HCI unabhängig von der Säurekonzentration. Die Auflösung der Phosphate erfolgt schnell im Vergleich zur Diffusion der Säure. Damit kann die Gesamtkinetik der Auflösung gut mit dem klassischen “Shrinking Core”-Modell für die Reaktion einer Flüssigkeit mit dem Bestandteil eines Feststoffes beschrieben werden, wobei die Diffusion des gelösten Reaktionspartners durch den Farbstoff cler geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt ist.RiassuntoE’ stata studiala la dissoluzione dei sali di fosfato di calcio inorganico di campioni di ossa macinale in soluzioni di acido c1oridrico. La diffusione dell’acido nel tessulo osseo ha luogo tramite un processo di diffusione Fickiano, con misure di diffondibilita per questi sistemi che sono indipendenti, Jirr’o a ~ 2 N HCI, dalla concentrazione dell’acido. La dissoluzione dei sali nell’acido risulta virtualmente istantanea relativam’ente alia difTusione acida. Ne cOllsegue che Ie cinetiche delrintero processo di dissoluzione sono abhastanza bene correlabili col clas ico modello di reazione fluido-solido a “restringimento di nucleo”, in cui la difTusione del fluid realtivo attraverso lo strato reagente del solido è lo stadio che delermina la velocitll di reazione.
Acoustic reflectometry for airway measurement. Principles, limitations and previous work (1991)

Acoustic pulse reflectometry is a relatively recent technique which allows the non-invasive measurement of human airways. The technique consists of guiding an acoustic impulse through the subject's mouth and into the airway. Suitable analysis of the resulting reflection (the 'echo') allows a reconstruction of the area-distance function. The non-invasive nature of the technique offers significant advantages over the established methods of x-ray cephalometry and CT scanning, and makes it very attractive for the investigation of ENT problems and sleep apnoea, and in the anaesthetic management of patients. This paper describes the theory and limitations of acoustic reflectometry, discusses previous work, and suggests some modifications: it is currently being implemented clinically.
The Varying Porosity of Braided Self-Expanding Stents and Flow Diverters: An Experimental Study (2012)

Braided self-expandable devices show predictable changes in porosity according to device size, vessel diameter, and curvature. Adequate landing zones are required to prevent terminal device stenosis.
PERIODIC CORRELATION IN STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DATA (1994)

Abstract. A 50‐year time series of monthly stratospheric ozone readings from Arosa, Switzerland, is analyzed. The time series exhibits the properties of a periodically correlated (PC) random sequence with annual periodicities. Spectral properties of PC random sequences are reviewed and a test to detect periodic correlation is presented. An autoregressive moving‐average (ARMA) model with periodically varying coefficients (PARMA) is fitted to the data in two stages. First, a periodic autoregressive model is fitted to the data. This fit yields residuals that are stationary but non‐white. Next, a stationary ARMA model is fitted to the residuals and the two models are combined to produce a larger model for the data. The combined model is shown to be a PARMA model and yields residuals that have the correlation properties of white noise.
Profiling of dynamically changed gene expression in dorsal root ganglia post peripheral nerve injury and a critical role of injury-induced glial fibrillary acetic protein in maintenance of pain behaviors (2009)

To explore cellular changes in sensory neurons after nerve injury and to identify potential target genes contributing to different stages of neuropathic pain development, we used Affymetrix oligo arrays to profile gene expression patterns in L5/6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from the neuropathic pain model of left L5/6 spinal nerve ligation at different stages of neuropathic pain development. Our data indicated that nerve injury induced changes in expression of genes with similar biological functions in a temporal specific manner that correlates with particular stages of neuropathic pain development, indicating dynamic neuroplasticity in the DRG in response to peripheral nerve injury and during neuropathic pain development. Data from post-array validation indicated that there was a temporal correlation between injury-induced expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for activated astrocytes, and neuropathic pain development. Spinal nerve ligation injury in GFAP knockout mice resulted in neuropathic pain states with similar onset, but a shortened duration compared with that in age, and gender-matched wild-type littermates. Intrathecal GFAP antisense oligonucleotide treatment in injured rats with neuropathic pain states reversed injury-induced behavioral hypersensitivity and GFAP upregulation in DRG and spinal cord. Together, these findings indicate that injury-induced GFAP upregulation not only serves as a marker for astrocyte activation, but it may also play a critical, but yet identified, role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain states.
Synthesis of Phytoalexins in Sorghum as a Site-Specific Response to Fungal Ingress (1990)

Sorghum produces phytoalexins that are 3-deoxyanthocyanidin flavonoids. The compounds inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. The phytoalexins appear to be synthesized in subcellular inclusions within a host epidermal cell that is about to be penetrated by a fungus. This site-restricted synthesis suggests that the phytoalexin response occurs initially in the first cells that come under fungal attack and is not simply a response of cells that surround the original infection site.
Edge state in graphene ribbons: Nanometer size effect and edge shape dependence (1996)

Finite graphite systems having a zigzag edge exhibit a special edge state. The corresponding energy bands are almost flat at the Fermi level and thereby give a sharp peak in the density of states. The charge density in the edge state is strongly localized on the zigzag edge sites. No such localized state appears in graphite systems having an armchair edge. By utilizing the graphene ribbon model, we discuss the effect of the system size and edge shape on the special edge state. By varying the width of the graphene ribbons, we find that the nanometer size effect is crucial for determining the relative importance of the edge state. We also have extended the graphene ribbon to have edges of a general shape, which is defined as a mixture of zigzag and armchair sites. Examining the relative importance of the edge state for graphene ribbons with general edges, we find that a non-negligible edge state survives even in graphene ribbons with less developed zigzag edges. We demonstrate that such an edge shape with three or four zigzag sites per sequence is sufficient to show an edge state, when the system size is on a nanometer scale. The special characteristics of the edge state play a large role in determining the density of states near the Fermi level for graphite networks on a nanometer scale.
Pay attention! - Robustifying a Deep Visuomotor Policy through Task-Focused Attention (2018)

Several recent studies have demonstrated the promise of deep visuomotor policies for robot manipulator control. Despite impressive progress, these systems are known to be vulnerable to physical disturbances, such as accidental or adversarial bumps that make them drop the manipulated object. They also tend to be distracted by visual disturbances such as objects moving in the robot's field of view, even if the disturbance does not physically prevent the execution of the task. In this paper, we propose an approach for augmenting a deep visuomotor policy trained through demonstrations with Task Focused visual Attention (TFA). The manipulation task is specified with a natural language text such as `move the red bowl to the left'. This allows the visual attention component to concentrate on the current object that the robot needs to manipulate. We show that even in benign environments, the TFA allows the policy to consistently outperform a variant with no attention mechanism. More importantly, the new policy is significantly more robust: it regularly recovers from severe physical disturbances (such as bumps causing it to drop the object) from which the baseline policy, i.e. with no visual attention, almost never recovers. In addition, we show that the proposed policy performs correctly in the presence of a wide class of visual disturbances, exhibiting a behavior reminiscent of human selective visual attention experiments. Our proposed approach consists of a VAE-GAN network which encodes the visual input and feeds it to a Motor network that moves the robot joints. Also, our approach benefits from a teacher network for the TFA that leverages textual input command to robustify the visual encoder against various types of disturbances.
CAMPHOR-AND 10-SULFONAMIDOCAMPHOR SULFONOHYDRAZONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1988)

Abstract Camphor-10-sulfonyl chloride (1) was converted into the hydrazide (3), the N-phenyl- and N,N 1-dimethylhydrazides (14,15); the former was characterized as the hydrazones (5–9) and the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (10). Camphor-10-sulfonanilide (17) and the morpholidate (19) were condensed with hydrazine hydrate, to give the hydroazones (18,20) converted into the azines (21–30). Camphorhydrazone was similarly prepared, together with the azines (31–37). The spectral data are briefly discussed together with the results of preliminary biological screening.
Dynamics of laminar circular jet impingement upon convex cylinders (2015)

Flow dynamics associated with a laminar circular jet impinging upon a convex cylinder has been investigated by laser-induced fluorescence and digital particle-image velocimetry techniques. Cylinder-to-jet diameter ratios of 1, 2, and 4 were investigated, while the jet-to-cylinder separation distance was kept at four jet diameters throughout. Flow visualization and λ2 criterion results show that once the jet ring-vortices impinge upon the cylindrical surface, they move away from the impingement point by wrapping themselves partially around the surface. As the cylinder diameter increases, wall boundary layer separation, vortex dipole formation, and separation locations are initiated earlier along the cylindrical surface, producing significantly larger wakes. Along the cylinder straight-edges, ring-vortex cores are significantly smaller after impingement. This is due to accentuated vortex-stretching caused by partial wrapping around the cylindrical surface by the ring-vortices, on top of their movement away from the impingement point. Interestingly, vortex dipoles demonstrate a strong tendency to travel upstream and interact with other upstream vortex dipoles, instead of moving downstream gradually seen for flat-surface jet-impingements. Wall shear stress results are also presented to quantify the effects of cylinder diameter-ratio on surface skin friction distribution. Finally, these preceding observations are corroborated and explained in a three-dimensional flow dynamics model presented here.
Variable-Path Magnetic Ion Buncher (1963)

Following a previously proposed method for producing short intense monoenergetic ion bunches, a complete variable-path magnetic ion buncher was constructed. Tests in 1958 showed that bunching did occur, but available ion beam intensity and instrumental resolution were too low for detailed measurements at that time. Reconstruction of the available accelerator to give a high current (≥100 μA), well-focused ion beam, and correspondingly high resolution pulse measuring equipment permitted meaningful resumption of testing by late 1960. Bunching performance in accordance with design predictions was then observed. Measurements with ½-MeV protons indicated pulse lengths ≤1 mμsec, peak currents ≥4 mA, and a bunching ratio of ≥40. Average bunched current was &gt;30 μA. Although tested with ½-MeV protons, the design permits operation with protons or deuterons to more than 1 MeV. Bunching is accomplished by deflecting successive portions of a continuous monoenergetic ion beam from an electrostatic accelerator over progressively shorter paths between foci of a multifocusing 103° deflection magnet in a manner such that all ions come together essentially simultaneously at one focal point in high intensity short duration ion pulses. Sinusoidal electrostatic deflection at 8.8 Mc, linearized by cylindrical electrostatic lenses, or through harmonic synthesis, provides the required sweep.
High-throughput, low complexity, parametrizable VLSI architecture for full search block matching algorithm for advanced multimedia applications (2003)

In this paper a new VLSI architecture, called ALPHA-B, for the motion estimation full-search algorithm is proposed. It features high throughput/area efficiency and high block size flexibility for a small hardware complexity. This circuit concurrently processes different block sizes, N/2/spl times/N/2 and N/spl times/N, permitting for the Advanced Prediction (AP) option of the H.263/MPEG-4 standards. It is fully parametrizable in terms of block (N) and search area (p) sizes thus allowing for QCIF/CIF/4CIF image format processing. This architecture was implemented on a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology in order to realize two IP macro-cells to be integrated in single-chip H.263/MPEG coders. The cases of 30 frames/s CIF and 4CIF formats with a search area of -16/+15 were considered. The resulting CIF-format ASIC features a core area of 1.5 mm/sup 2/ for a clock frequency of 72 MHz while the 4CIF-format ASIC is characterized by a core area of 3.84 mm/sup 2/ for a clock frequency of 105 MHz.
Murine hematopoietic stem cell characterization and its regulation in BM transplantation (2000)

Using 5-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we isolated a subset of murine pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) with the phenotype Lin(-) Sca(+) kit(+) CD38(+) CD34(-) that appears to fulfill the criteria for most primitive PHSC. In the presence of whole bone marrow (BM) competitor cells, these cells produced reconstitution in lethally irradiated primary, secondary, and tertiary murine transplant recipients over the long term. However, these cells alone could not produce reconstitution in lethally irradiated recipients. Rapid proliferation of these cells after BM transplantation required the assistance of another BM cell subset, which has the phenotype Lin(-) Sca(+) kit(+) CD38(-) CD34(+).