gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Nano-Scale Point Contact Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors Using Micrometer-Scale Design Rule (1999)

In this paper, we report the novel fabrication technique of Si nano-scale point contact channels on the silicon-on-insulator substrate. In our method, the width of the point contact channel is determined only by the thickness of the surface Si layer and the nano-scale channels can be fabricated without using any fine resolution lithography. By applying the method to the point contact channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET), the electrical properties of the nano-scale channels are investigated. The experimental results show that uniform nano-scale point contact channels are successfully formed.
Electroassisted Transfer of Vertical Silicon Wire Arrays Using a Sacrificial Porous Silicon Layer (2013)

An electroassisted method is developed to transfer silicon (Si) wire arrays from the Si wafers on which they are grown to other substrates while maintaining their original properties and vertical alignment. First, electroassisted etching is used to form a sacrificial porous Si layer underneath the Si wires. Second, the porous Si layer is separated from the Si wafer by electropolishing, enabling the separation and transfer of the Si wires. The method is further expanded to develop a current-induced metal-assisted chemical etching technique for the facile and rapid synthesis of Si nanowires with axially modulated porosity.
The effect of antibody valency and lysosomotropic amines on the synergy between ricin A chain- and ricin B chain-containing immunotoxins. (1986)

The cytotoxicity of A chain immunotoxins containing IgG or Fab fragments specific for the surface immunoglobulin of the Daudi cell line was assessed in the presence of B chain immunotoxins (IgG or Fab) or lysosomotropic amines, or both. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (IC50) in Daudi cells was 1.3 X 10(-8) M for IgG-A and 5 X 10(-8) M for Fab-A. The toxicity of both A chain immunotoxins was enhanced twofold by ammonium chloride. In the presence of A chain immunotoxins and ammonium chloride, a maximum of 99 and 90% reduction of clonal precursors was obtained with IgG and Fab-A chain immunotoxins respectively. Immunotoxins containing ricin B chain and IgG or Fab fragments specific for the antibody portion of A chain immunotoxins were used as secondary "piggyback" immunotoxins to treat cells that were pretreated with A chain immunotoxins. Both B chain immunotoxins were nontoxic at 1 X 10(-6) M. When added to target cells pretreated with specific A chain immunotoxins, the IC50 of the A chain immunotoxins was decreased up to 16-fold in the absence of ammonium chloride. In contrast to the results obtained with A chain immunotoxins alone, ammonium chloride significantly increased the toxicity of the complete piggyback system, resulting in the killing of 99.999% or five logs of target cells in the clonal assay. This decreased the IC50 of A chain immunotoxins up to 116-fold when compared with A chain immunotoxin alone. This enhanced toxicity was independent of the valency of either immunotoxin.
Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides. 158.<sup>1</sup> Alkenyl-Functionalized Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of Yttrium, Samarium, and Lutetium and Their Hydroboration (2002)

YCl3, SmCl3, and LuCl3 react with (tetramethylvinylcyclopentadienyl)lithium (1a), yielding (CH2CHC5Me4)2Ln(μ-Cl)2Li(Et2O)2 (Ln = Y (2a), Sm (2b), Lu (2c)). LuCl3 and the analogous potassium salt 1b form oligomeric [(CH2CHC5Me4)2Lu(μ3-Cl)2K(THF)]n (3). Methylation of the yttrium complex 2a with MeLi gives (CH2CHC5Me4)2Y(μ-CH3)2Li(THF) (4). Hydroboration of the complexes 2a−c with 9-BBN results in the formation of (C8H14BCH2CH2C5Me4)2Ln(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2 (Ln = Y (5a), Sm (5b), Lu (5c)). The reaction of YCl3 with 2 equiv of K[C5H4CHC6H10] (6) or K[C5H4CHCMe2] (10) affords the dimeric complexes [(C6H10CHC5H4)2Y(μ-Cl)]2 (7) and [(Me2CCHC5H4)2Y(μ-Cl)]2 (11), whereas SmCl3 reacts with 2 equiv of 6 or 10, yielding the tris(cyclopentadienyl) derivatives (C6H10CHC5H4)3Sm(THF) (9) and (Me2CCHC5H4)3Sm(THF) (13), respectively. Methylation of 7 with MeLi yields unstable [(C6H10CHC5H4)2Y(μ-CH3)]2 (7a). SmI2 and 6 react with formation of (C6H10CHC5H4)2Sm(THF)2 (8). Hydrolysis during crystallization of 11 caused by some water in the solvent leads to decomposition, forming the oxygen-bridged complex [(Me2CCHC5H4)2Y(Et2O)]2(μ-O) (12). The ansa-lanthanidocene chloride [H2CC(CH2C5H4)2]LuCl(THF) (15) was prepared from LuCl3 and the new ligand K2[H2CC(CH2C5H4)2] (14). The structures of 2a, 3, 5b, 7, and 12 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man (1992)

The head injury criterion (HIC) is currently the government-accepted head injury indicator. The HIC is not injury-specific, does not relate to injury severity, nor does it take into account variations in the brain mass or load direction. This report focuses on one type of inertial brain injury, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and utilizes animal studies, physical model experiments, and analytical model simulations to determine the kinematics of DAI in the subhuman primate and to scale these results to man. A human injury tolerance for moderate to severe DAI, which includes the influences of rotational loads and brain mass, is proposed.
To upgrade or not to upgrade (2010)

Online software upgrades are often plagued by runtime behaviors that are poorly understood and difficult to ascertain. For example, the interactions among multiple versions of the software expose the system to race conditions that can introduce latent errors or data corruption. Moreover, industry trends suggest that online upgrades are currently needed in large-scale enterprise systems, which often span multiple administrative domains (e.g., Web 2.0 applications that rely on AJAX client-side code or systems that lease cloud-computing resources). In such systems, the enterprise does not control all the tiers of the system and cannot coordinate the upgrade process, making existing techniques inadequate to prevent mixed-version races. In this paper, we present an analytical framework for impact assessment, which allows system administrators to directly compare the risk of following an online-upgrade plan with the risk of delaying or canceling the upgrade. We also describe an executable model that implements our formal impact assessment and enables a systematic approach for deciding whether an online upgrade is appropriate. Our model provides a method of last resort for avoiding undesirable program behaviors, in situations where mixed-version races cannot be avoided through other technical means.
Improvement of Skin Symptoms and Mineral Imbalance by Drinking Deep Sea Water in Patients with Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis Syndrome (AEDS) (2002)

Deep sea water intake improves skin symptoms and mineral imbalance and decreases serum IgE levels mad IgE-inducing cytokines, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-18 in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS), while distilled water intake fails to do so.
Mobile Relaying: Coverage Extension and Throughput Enhancement (2010)

This paper presents a quantitative study of the benefits that mobile relays can provide to the wireless infrastructure namely, extension of base station coverage and enhancement of wireless connection throughput. The end user can choose to connect directly to a base station, or, as an alternative, to establish a two-hop link using a relay. Relay locations are modelled as realizations of a two-dimensional Poisson process with random motion, and as such their availability to forward messages received from a base station or from an end user is analyzed. Two important performance metrics are derived for out-of-coverage end users: the probability of establishing a route and the expected duration that a route or connection can be sustained. For an end user within the coverage area, the maximum and average throughput gains that can be achieved using mobile relays are derived. These results provide insight into the benefits mobile relays can offer in terms of improving connectivity or throughput.
The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy of Radiation-Sensitive Specimens (2016)

One of the key challenges facing liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of biological specimens has been the damaging effects of electron beam irradiation. The strongly ionizing electron beam is known to induce radiolysis of surrounding water molecules, leading to the formation of reactive radical species. In this study, we employ DNA-assembled Au nanoparticle superlattices (DNA-AuNP superlattices) as a model system to demonstrate that graphene and its derivatives can be used to mitigate electron beam-induced damage. We can image DNA-AuNP superlattices in their native saline environment when the liquid cell window material is graphene, but not when it is silicon nitride. In the latter case, initial dissociation of assembled AuNPs was followed by their random aggregation and etching. Using graphene-coated silicon nitride windows, we were able to replicate the observation of stable DNA-AuNP superlattices achieved with graphene liquid cells. We then carried out a correlative Raman spectroscopy and TEM study to compare the effect of electron beam irradiation on graphene with and without the presence of water and found that graphene reacts with the products of water radiolysis. We attribute the protective effect of graphene to its ability to efficiently scavenge reactive radical species, especially the hydroxyl radicals which are known to cause DNA strand breaks. We confirmed this by showing that stable DNA-AuNP assemblies can be imaged in silicon nitride liquid cells when graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots, which have also recently been reported as efficient radical scavengers, are added directly to the solution. We anticipate that our study will open up more opportunities for studying biological specimens using liquid-phase TEM with the use of graphene and its derivatives as biocompatible radical scavengers to alleviate the effects of radiation damage.
Bifunctional constructs of aspirin and ibuprofen (non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; NSAIDs) that express antibacterial and alkylation activities (2003)

Ibuprofen and aspirin are two common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Both NSAIDs have a carbonyl carbon [-C(O)-], which was utilized to attach a nitrogen mustard (N-mustard) ester group or a tripeptide group. The tripeptide consisted of a L-Gly-D-Ala-D-Ala sequence, where D-Ala-D-Ala is the reactive site for antibacterial activity and L-Gly serves as a linker to the NSAID carrier drug. The aspirin tripeptide and N-mustard show significant antibacterial activity at >or=5.0 x 10(-5) M against penicillin-susceptible or -resistant Escherichia coli. The partition coefficients (log Kow)log P of aspirin and ibuprofen tripeptide drugs were -1.05 and 2.23, respectively. The NSAIDs served as carrier drugs of the N-mustard group which expressed alkylation activity directed towards the nucleophilic primary amine of p -chloroaniline. Hydrolysis of the N-mustard agents yielded the parent structure of aspirin (or ibuprofen) and an N-mustard moiety, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]ethanol. The (log Kow)log P for the N-mustard structures of aspirin and ibuprofen were 2.61 and 5.63, respectively. The (log Kow)log P value of 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]ethanol was 0.56. Fluorescamine was utilized to determine unreacted p -chloroaniline at known time intervals, which permitted calculation of rate constants and rate equations. The aspirin N-mustard agent expressed strong antibacterial activity against a penicillin-resistant bacteria and first-order alkylation kinetics. The ibuprofen N-mustard and 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]ethanol followed second-order alkylation kinetics. All N-mustard and tripeptide compounds showed zero violations of the Rule of 5. Values of TPSA (molecular polar surface area), C log P and molecular dipoles were calculated.
Alzheimer's Aβ Peptides Containing an Isostructural Backbone Mutation Afford Distinct Aggregate Morphologies but Analogous Cytotoxicity. Evidence for a Common Low-Abundance Toxic Structure(s)? (2007)

Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide amyloidogenesis, involving the formation of numerous distinct quaternary structures, appears to cause Alzheimer's disease. However, the precise identification of the toxic structure(s) and the neurotoxicity mechanism(s) remains elusive. Mutating the Abeta 1-40 Phe19-Phe20 backbone amide bond to an isostructural E-olefin bond enables formation of spherical aggregates to the exclusion of detectable amyloid fibrils. Herein, the fibrillization and toxicity of amide-to-ester mutants of Abeta 1-40 at the 19-20 position and surrounding backbone amide bonds are compared to the fibrillization and toxicity of the 19-20 E-olefin Abeta analogue and wild type Abeta. Whereas isostructural amide-to-E-olefin mutations eliminate both the H-bond donor and acceptor capabilities, isostructural amide-to-ester mutations eliminate the donor while retaining the ester carbonyl as a weakened acceptor. None of the amide-to-ester Abeta 1-40 mutants prevent fibrillization; in fact several exhibit hastened amyloidogenesis. The 18-19 amide-to-ester substitution is the only backbone mutation within the hydrophobic core region of the fibril (residues 17-21) that significantly slows fibrillization. Despite forming different morphologies, the 19-20 E-olefin mutant, the 18-19 amide-to-ester mutant, and WT Abeta 1-40 fibrils all exhibit similar toxicities when applied to PC12 cells at 18 h into the aggregation reactions, as assessed by MTT metabolic activity measurements. This result suggests that a common but low abundance aggregate morphology, that is accessible to these Abeta analogues, mediates toxicity, or that several different aggregate morphologies are similarly toxic.
Complex Triaxial Fabrics—Cover, Flexural Rigidity, and Tear Strength (1984)

The properties of complex triaxial fabrics are examined and compared to earlier results presented for the simplest case of the triaxial weave. Cover factor results for the case of the basic weave are extended to the general triaxial case, which admits the stacking of three yarns. The tear strength (tongue) of complex triaxial fabrics is shown to be independent of the orientation of the test, altfiough the mode of tear propagation differs. Flexural rigidity is shown to vary with orientation angle, indicating that unlike simple triaxial fabrics, the effect of interlacing cannot be ignored.
Crim's content-based audio copy detection system for TRECVID 2009 (2010)

We report results on audio copy detection for TRECVID 2009 copy detection task. This task involves searching for transformed audio queries in over 385 hours of test audio. The queries were transformed in seven different ways, three of them involved mixing unrelated speech to the original query, making it a much more difficult task. We give results with two different audio fingerprints and show that mapping each test frame to the nearest query frame (nearest-neighbor fingerprint) results in robust audio copy detection. The most difficult task in TRECVID 2009 was to detect audio copies using predetermined thresholds computed from 2008 data. We show that the nearest-neighbor fingerprints were robust to even this task and gave actual minimal normalized detection cost rate (NDCR) of around 0.06 for all the transformations. These results are close to those obtained by using the optimal threshold for each transform. This result shows the robustness of the nearest-neighbor fingerprints. These nearest-neighbor fingerprints can be efficiently computed on a graphics processing unit, leading to a very fast search.
Phase-Coherent Measurement of the Hydrogen<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">S</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">S</mml:mi></mml:math>Transition Frequency with an Optical Frequency Interval Divider Chain (1997)

We have measured the absolute frequency of the hydrogen $1S\ensuremath{-}2S$ two-photon resonance with an accuracy of 3.4 parts in ${10}^{13}$ by comparing it with the $28\mathrm{th}$ harmonic of a methane-stabilized $3.39\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ He-Ne laser. A frequency mismatch of 2.1 THz at the $7\mathrm{th}$ harmonic is bridged with a phase-locked chain of five optical frequency interval dividers. From the measured frequency ${f}_{1S\ensuremath{-}2S}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2466061413187.34(84)\mathrm{kHz}$ and published data of other authors we derive precise new values of the Rydberg constant, ${R}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10973731.568639(91){\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and of the Lamb shift of the $1S$ ground state, ${L}_{1S}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}8172.876(29)\mathrm{MHz}$. These are now the most accurate values available.
Cooperative Short Range Routing for Energy Savings in Multi-Interface Wireless Networks (2013)

Energy efficiency in wireless networks has become an important field of research due to ever increasing energy expenditure in battery supplied mobile terminals. In this paper we present an energy efficient routing scheme for multi-standard infrastructure wireless networks based on multi-hop cooperative relaying. The aim of the proposed technique is to exploit short-range cooperation to take benefit from mobile terminals having superior links thus enable energy efficiency. Performance results show that higher data-rate yielded by cooperation can compensate the expense of higher energy due to multiple interfaces active on the same mobile terminal, making possible to observe energy efficiency gain of the system. A maximum achievable energy efficiency gain of up to 42 % was observed in our simulations when using the cooperative short range routing technique.
Electronics of single-wall carbon nanotubes (2003)

Device miniaturization has been a focus since the invention of the integrated circuit, with current industrial plans for MOSFETs with 70 nm channels. Anticipating yet smaller critical dimensions, physicists and chemists are exploring nanometer-scale devices based on semiconductors and single molecules. The small size of molecular electronic circuitry has profound device implications. Ballistic electron transport over nanometer distances allows THz switching speeds, and novel device architectures based on quantum effects and electron charging are conceivable. Only recently, a room temperature single-molecule device was demonstrated, a transistor made from a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT). This is the first of a new class of molecular circuits with potential for significant impact. Here, focus is on progress in SWNT molecular transistors and quantum effect single-electron transistors (SETs).
Relevance of biologic markers in colorectal carcinoma (2002)

Based on the evidence of this study, TGF-alpha MMP-2, and IGF-II seem suitable candidates for a selective panel of markers designed to provide significant additional information with respect to the current pathologic staging system for patients with colorectal carcinoma.
Molecular characterization of BET1, a gene expressed in the endosperm transfer cells of maize. (1995)

A cDNA clone, BET1 (for basal endosperm transfer layer), was isolated from a cDNA bank prepared from 10-days after pollination (DAP) maize endosperm mRNA. BET1 mRNA was shown to encode a 7-kD cell wall polypeptide. Both the mRNA and protein were restricted in their distribution to the basal endosperm transfer layer and were not expressed elsewhere in the plant. BET1 expression commenced at 9 DAP, reached a maximum between 12 and 16 DAP, and declined after 16 DAP. The initial accumulation of the BET1 polypeptide reached a plateau by 16 DAP and declined thereafter, becoming undetectable by 20 DAP. The antibody raised against the BET1 protein reacted with a number of polypeptides of higher molecular mass than the BET1 monomer. Most of these were present in cytosolic fractions and were found in nonbasal cell endosperm extracts, but three species appeared to be basal cell specific. This result and the reactivity of exhaustively extracted cell wall material with the BET1 antibody suggest that a fraction of the protein is deposited in a covalently bound form in the extracellular matrix. We propose that the BET1 protein plays a role in the structural specialization of the transfer cells. In addition, BET1 provides a new molecular marker for the development of this endosperm domain.
Construction of the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tags for Subunit H of Complex I in Escherichia coli (2019)

Complex I is a member of the respiratory chain in both bacteria and human mitochondria. Studies have shown that many human mitochondria disorders are related to the poor assembly of Complex I, rather than simple enzymatic malfunction [1,2,3,4]. For the purpose of analyzing the assembly of the thirteen subunits (A-N) found in the Escherichia coli homolog of the Complex I enzyme, antibodies are needed to recognize the individual subunits. Since the H subunit is the only subunit without an antibody, high-affinity antibodies are needed to be produced from the HA epitope tags. The tags were introduced separately by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in two different plasmids, one containing genes G-H, and the other containing H-I-J-K. DNA sequencing indicated high confidence in HA complexes. After growth of cell cultures, an induced expression of these genes by arabinose verified expression of the protein with induced tag. Then, a western blot was done to test both constructs ability to yield single proteins, of the correct size, that were recognized by the HA-antibody. Therefore, these constructs can be further tested for suitability in the analysis of Complex I assembly.
Characterizing Types of Convolution in Deep Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Robust Speech Emotion Recognition (2017)

Deep convolutional neural networks are being actively investigated in a wide range of speech and audio processing applications including speech recognition, audio event detection and computational paralinguistics, owing to their ability to reduce factors of variations, for learning from speech. However, studies have suggested to favor a certain type of convolutional operations when building a deep convolutional neural network for speech applications although there has been promising results using different types of convolutional operations. In this work, we study four types of convolutional operations on different input features for speech emotion recognition under noisy and clean conditions in order to derive a comprehensive understanding. Since affective behavioral information has been shown to reflect temporally varying of mental state and convolutional operation are applied locally in time, all deep neural networks share a deep recurrent sub-network architecture for further temporal modeling. We present detailed quantitative module-wise performance analysis to gain insights into information flows within the proposed architectures. In particular, we demonstrate the interplay of affective information and the other irrelevant information during the progression from one module to another. Finally we show that all of our deep neural networks provide state-of-the-art performance on the eNTERFACE'05 corpus.
Multidose vials versus single-dose vials: a study in sterility and cost-effectiveness (1983)

A total of 197 multidose injectable vials were collected from 10 different nursing stations and evaluated for sterility. Experimental contamination studies were undertaken, and the cost-effectiveness of multidose vials was compared with that of single-dose vials. Our results showed that bacterial contamination of multidose injectable vials was not a significant hazard; in addition, contrary to common belief, the use of multidose vials was not always successful as a cost-containment measure.