gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient finite-element, Green's function approach for critical-dimension metrology of three-dimensional gratings on multilayer films (2006)

We present an efficient method for calculating the reflectivity of three-dimensional gratings on multilayer films based on a finite-element, Green's function approach. Our method scales as NlogN, where N is the number of plane waves used in the expansion. Therefore, it is much more efficient than the commonly adopted rigorous-coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), which scales as N3. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by applying it to a two-dimensional periodic array of contact holes on a multilayer film. We find that our Green's function approach is about one order of magnitude faster than the RCWA approach when applied to typical contact holes considered in industry. For most cases, this method is efficient enough for application as a realtime, critical-dimension metrology tool.
Genetic Testing in the Long QT Syndrome (2005)

We have developed an approach to improve the efficiency of genetic screening for LQTS. This novel method may facilitate wider access to genotyping resulting in better risk stratification and treatment of LQTS patients.
Preparation of fully deuterated fatty acids by simple method (1974)

Abstract An economical, simple, efficient system of deuterating saturated fatty acids at atmospheric pressure has been developed. Exchange is carried out between fatty acids and deuterium gas over palladium on charcoal catalyst at 195 C. The method was applied to even membered fatty acids containing from 6–14 carbon atoms. The method yielded perdeuterated fatty acids of high isotopic purity with no evidence of other reaction products.
Investigative Detention: A Search/Seizure by Any Other Name? (2008)

In the early years of the Charter, the Supreme Court of Canada pledged to interpret the section 8 right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure restrictively — the Constitution “does not itself confer any powers, even of ‘reasonable’ search and seizure, on … governments” (Hunter v. Southam (1984)). Two decades later, without government advancing statutory authority, the Court recognized, in effect created, an investigative detention power as an integral and necessary aspect of street policing and exception to the arbitrary detention protection of section 9 of the Charter (R. v. Mann (2004)). This police-initiated detention, effectively a warrantless seizure of the person, in turn raises issues of search of the detainee, questioning of the detainee on occasion amounting to a search, and the exercise of incidental powers raising section 8 Charter issues. The investigative detention power, immersed in a matrix of search and seizure issues, but currently analyzed exclusively in section 9 Charter language, might more purposively be measured for compliance with constitutional principles through section 8 analysis with the onus upon government to justify circumstances of warrantless detention/seizure of the pedestrian or driver. With the low visibility of investigative detention, the absence of effective administrative review of its exercise, and its disproportionate impact on the young, the poor and visible minorities, the courts, in the absence of Parliamentary action, must discharge their duty to bring greater clarity, if not accountability, into the process.
Cadmium‐induced changes in the composition and structure of the light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex II in radish cotyledons (1988)

Five‐day‐old etiolated radish ( Raphanux salivux L. cv. Saxa) seedlings exposed to white continuous light in the presence of Cd 2+ (0.2 mM) showed characteristic changes in their light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex II after 48 h of greening. The content of its oligomeric supramolecular form was greatly diminished with a concomitant increase in the level of the monomer. The isolation of highly purified light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex II from control and Cd 2+ treated radish cotyledons and a detailed analysis of its structure and composition revealed that first of all, Cd 2+ altered the content of the specific phosphatidylglycerol fatty acid ‐ trans ‐Δ 3 ‐hexadecenoic acid, widely accepted as a component responsible for the oligomerization of this chlorophyll‐protein complex. This fatty acid in the thylakoid membrane phosphatidylglycerol pool seems to be very sensitive to different environmental stresses lowering its content, which indicates the vital significance of this component for the supramolecular organization and proper functioning of the light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex II.
Manual of internal fixation of the spine (1996)

This volume provides spinal surgeons with detailed instruction in the latest techniques of spinal instrumentation and fixation. The book is designed to equip the surgeon with the know-how needed to perform these procedures, enhance surgical results, and minimize complications. The first section discusses key considerations in pre-operative planning and provides information on thoracolumbar anatomy, biomechanics of thoracolumbar spine fixation, and vertebral screw fixation. The second section details the various instrumentation systems that are currently used for anterior fixation and describes the use of these systems in treatment of various spinal disorders and deformities.
Predicting Spacecraft Multilayer Insulation Performance from Heat Transfer Measurements (1974)

One of the most commonly utilized insulation systems for National Aeronautics and Space Administration spacecraft is multilayer insulation (MLI). The problem of predicting performance of MLI blankets containing discontinuities is described. Design data and test techniques are required which allow correlation of heat leaks through discontinuities with measurable parameters. Some of these design data are obtained using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's calorimetric testing program. New materials and testing approaches will be required for more extreme environments of future spacecraft. Both higher and lower environmental temperatures are anticipated. Insulation performance must meet these demands, at the same time avoiding excessive weight.
Computer‐aided build style decision support for stereolithography (1998)

When building parts in a stereolithography apparatus (SLA), the user is faced with many decisions regarding how the part will be built. The quality of the build can be controlled by the user by changing one of several build style variables, including part orientation, cross sectional layer thickness, and laser hatch density. A user will probably have preferences for the part build (i.e. accuracy or speed), but may not understand how to vary the build style variables to produce the desired results. A method based on response surface methodology and multiobjective decision support is described in this paper for relating build goals to the build style variables to provide support for making build style decisions. The method is applied to the build style of a circuit breaker handle. Results indicate the method’s usefulness in supporting build style decisions. Expected behaviors of the goals with respect to the variables were confirmed and quantified. Additionally, response surface methodology was shown to be accurate and effective in modeling the relationships among variables and goals.
Superomedial Pedicle Technique of Reduction Mammaplasty (1989)

A series of 148 patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty utilizing the superomedial pedicle technique is presented. Resections as large as 4100 gm per breast with nipple-areola transpositions up to 30 cm were done with reliable nipple-areola survival, including preservation of sensation. The superior pedicle technique of breast reduction is recognized by many as technically easier and capable of producing a longer-lasting aesthetic effect. Classically, however, it has been limited to smaller resections. By incorporating the medial quadrant in the superior pedicle, more aggressive reductions can be safely undertaken with the same excellent results. Details of the procedure, the anatomic basis for its success, and complications are discussed.
Estimation of the Magnitude-Squared Coherence Function (Spectrum) (1972)

A method of estimating the magnitude-squared coherence function (spectrum) for zero-mean processes that are wide-sense stationary and random is presented. The estimation technique uses the weighted overlapped segmentation fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach. Analytical and empirical results for statistics of the estimator are presented for the processes. Analytical expressions are derived in the non overlapped case. Empirical results show a decrease in bias and variance of the estimator with increasing overlap and suggest that a 50-percent overlap is highly desirable when cosine (Hanning) weighting is used.
Metallic Light Absorbers Produced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses (2009)

Using high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses for surface structuring, technologically important metallic light absorbers (dark Au, W, and Ti alloy) with absorption of about 85–95% over a broad wavelength range from ultraviolet to infrared were produced. It was found that the enhanced absorption of the dark metals is caused by a rich variety of nano-/microscale surface structures. The dark metals produced in this study may find a variety of applications in the fields of renewable energy and energy efficiency, such as thermophotovoltaics, solar energy absorbers, thermal radiation sources, and radiative heat transfer devices.
A unimodal person authentication system based on signing sound (2012)

Person authentication based on only the name, password or person identification number is not secured enough. In recent years researchers have focused on human physiological and behavioral parameters, because these parameters are more unique and human-specific than traditional ones. This approach of person authentication is usually called biometric authentication. Signature is the most commonly used behavioral biometric which is investigated in two ways of online and offline by researchers. In online procedure, the temporal indices of signature such as signing velocity, and acceleration are involved to increase the accuracy relative to offline methods and to recognize counterfeit signatures. In this work, a unimodal authentication system based on the sounds of the signing of thirty persons is proposed. Signals are analyzed in online approach. Four different types of features based on cepstrum analysis and parametric models are extracted and classified with three different distance based classifiers. For the evaluation of the proposed authentication system, 10×10 fold cross-validation method is used and the results are reported in terms of False Accept Rate (FAR) and False Reject Rate (FRR) metrics.
Statistical signal characterization-new help for real-time processing (2003)

The author presents and explains statistical signal characterization (SSC), a technique by which certain easily measured time and amplitude attributes of a signal may be extracted and used to calculate a set of SSC parameters. It is shown how the SSC parameter extraction and statistical analysis processes can be accomplished at considerable savings in computational burden, compared to waveform processing through conventional Fourier methods. The SSC technique is applied to some selected problems within the fields of signal identification and association (or discrimination), and to conventional waveform parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase) extraction. General examples are presented to clarify the use of the technique. Specific examples in radar processing, medical waveform analysis, and seismology are given. Discussions on combining SSC with more conventional processing methods, to arrive at an optimal system design for a particular application, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock (1996)

Amino acid sequence data from 57 different enzymes were used to determine the divergence times of the major biological groupings. Deuterostomes and protostomes split about 670 million years ago and plants, animals, and fungi last shared a common ancestor about a billion years ago. With regard to these protein sequences, plants are slightly more similar to animals than are the fungi. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis of the same sequences indicates that fungi and animals shared a common ancestor more recently than either did with plants, the greater difference resulting from the fungal lineage changing faster than the animal and plant lines over the last 965 million years. The major protist lineages have been changing at a somewhat faster rate than other eukaryotes and split off about 1230 million years ago. If the rate of change has been approximately constant, then prokaryotes and eukaryotes last shared a common ancestor about 2 billion years ago, archaebacterial sequences being measurably more similar to eukaryotic ones than are eubacterial ones.
Overlapping clustering: A review (2016)

Data Clustering or unsupervised classification is one of the main research area in Data Mining. Partitioning Clustering involves the partitioning of n objects into k clusters. Many clustering algorithms use hard (crisp) partitioning techniques where each object is assigned to one cluster. Other algorithms utilise overlapping techniques where an object may belong to one or more clusters. Partitioning algorithms that overlap include the commonly used Fuzzy K-means and its variations. Other more recent algorithms reviewed in this paper are: the Overlapping K-Means (OKM), Weighted OKM (WOKM), the Overlapping Partitioning Cluster (OPC), and the Multi-Cluster Overlapping K-means Extension (MCOKE). This review focuses on the above mentioned partitioning methods and future direction in overlapping clustering is highlighted in this paper.
Channel Equalization in Filter Bank Based Multicarrier Modulation for Wireless Communications (2006)

Channel equalization in filter bank based multicarrier (FBMC) modulation is addressed. We utilize an efficient oversampled filter bank concept with 2x-oversampled subcarrier signals that can be equalized independently of each other. Due to Nyquist pulse shaping, consecutive symbol waveforms overlap in time, which calls for special means for equalization. Two alternative linear low-complexity subcarrier equalizer structures are developed together with straightforward channel estimation-based methods to calculate the equalizer coefficients using pointwise equalization within each subband (in a frequency-sampled manner). A novel structure, consisting of a linear-phase FIR amplitude equalizer and an allpass filter as phase equalizer, is found to provide enhanced robustness to timing estimation errors. This allows the receiver to be operated without time synchronization before the filter bank. The coded error-rate performance of FBMC with the studied equalization scheme is compared to a cyclic prefix OFDM reference in wireless mobile channel conditions, taking into account issues like spectral regrowth with practical nonlinear transmitters and sensitivity to frequency offsets. It is further emphasized that FBMC provides flexible means for high-quality frequency selective filtering in the receiver to suppress strong interfering spectral components within or close to the used frequency band.
Somatic hypermutation of human mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases, a pathway for DNA catabolism (2011)

The human APOBEC3 (A3A-A3H) locus encodes six cytidine deaminases that edit single-stranded DNA, the result being DNA peppered with uridine. Although several cytidine deaminases are clearly restriction factors for retroviruses and hepadnaviruses, it is not known if APOBEC3 enzymes have roles outside of these settings. It is shown here that both human mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are vulnerable to somatic hypermutation by A3 deaminases, with APOBEC3A standing out among them. The degree of editing is much greater in patients lacking the uracil DNA-glycolyase gene, indicating that the observed levels of editing reflect a dynamic composed of A3 editing and DNA catabolism involving uracil DNA-glycolyase. Nonetheless, hyper- and lightly mutated sequences went hand in hand, raising the hypothesis that recurrent low-level mutation by APOBEC3A could catalyze the transition from a healthy to a cancer genome.
Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel as Sustained-Release Vehicle for Transdermal Sytem of Bunitrolol-HCL (1990)

In order to evaluate a bunitrolol (β-blocker preparation using poly(vinyl alchol) (PVA) hydrogel for hypertension as a transdermal delivery system, in vitro release characteristics and the permeation of bunitrolol through rat sking from hydrogel and the bunitrolol plasma profile after application onto abdominal skin in rats were examined. The PVA hydrogel containing bunitrolol-HCl was prepared by a low temperature crystallization method. The release of bunitrolol from PVA hydrogel followed with Ficklan diffusion (Higuchi model); the drug relaase, profile versus square root of relase. The release rate and premeation through rat skins of bunitrolol from hydrogels affected with preparation at various physical and chemical states. Longer freezing times, higher polymerization and higher concentration of PVA resulted in lower permeation. These results had relations with the results of release tests. Higher pH of preparation resulted in a higher permeation of bunitrolol, which did not have a relaion with the results of release tests. The plasma concentration of bunitrolol after application of hydrogel preparation onto the abdominal skins were relatively high at early times and sustained a plateau level during 48 h in rates. In conclusion, transdermal delivery system using PVA hydrogel is favorable with prolonged action for low available drugs such as bunitrolol-HCl.
Propagation in and scattering from a matched metamaterial having a zero index of refraction (2004)

Planar metamaterials that exhibit a zero index of refraction have been realized experimentally by several research groups. Their existence stimulated the present investigation, which details the properties of a passive, dispersive metamaterial that is matched to free space and has an index of refraction equal to zero. Thus, unlike previous zero-index investigations, both the permittivity and permeability are zero here at a specified frequency. One-, two-, and three-dimensional source problems are treated analytically. The one- and two-dimensional source problem results are confirmed numerically with finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. The FDTD simulator is also used to treat the corresponding one- and two-dimensional scattering problems. It is shown that in both the source and scattering configurations the electromagnetic fields in a matched zero-index medium take on a static character in space, yet remain dynamic in time, in such a manner that the underlying physics remains associated with propagating fields. Zero phase variation at various points in the zero-index medium is demonstrated once steady-state conditions are obtained. These behaviors are used to illustrate why a zero-index metamaterial, such as a zero-index electromagnetic band-gap structured medium, significantly narrows the far-field pattern associated with an antenna located within it. They are also used to show how a matched zero-index slab could be used to transform curved wave fronts into planar ones.
Identifying requirements for Business Contract Language: a monitoring perspective (2004)

This paper compares two separately developed systems for monitoring activities to business contracts, describes how we integrated them and exploits the lessons learned from this process to identify a core set of requirements for a Business Contract Language (BCL). Concepts in BCL needed for contract monitoring include: the expression of coordinated concurrent actions; obliged, permitted and prohibited actions; rich timeliness expressions such as sliding windows; delegations; policy violations; contract termination/renewal conditions and reference to external data/events such as change in interest rates. The aim of BCL is to provide sufficient expressive power to describe contracts, including conditions which specify real-time processing, yet be simple enough to retain a human-oriented style for expressing contracts.
Removal of copper from hydrogenated soybean oil (1969)

Abstract Hydrogenation with a copper‐chromite catalyst at 170 C, 30 psi, increased the copper content of a refined, bleached soybean oil from 0.02 to as much as 3.8 ppm. Removing residual copper from soybean oil is essential to the successful use of copper catalysts for selective hydrogenation. Various methods were examined to remove this copper, including alkali refining, bleaching, acid washing, citric acid treatment and cation‐exchange resin treatment. Properly conducted, each of the methods except alkali refining gives 95% or higher removal of copper introduced during hydrogenation. Ion exchange appears to be the most economical, but addition of about 0.01% citric acid during deodorization may be needed to inactivate traces of unremoved copper. Soybean oil hydrogenated with a copper‐chromite catalyst, bleached or treated with an ion‐exchange resin and deodorized with 0.01% citric acid added had low AOM peroxide values and acceptable flavor scores after eight days at 60 C which indicate that removal of residual copper from the oil should be adequate for the production of stable oils low in linolenic acid content.
ADSL: a new twisted-pair access to the information highway (1995)

The asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) takes advantage of the existing twisted-pair copper loop that currently provides customer access to the telephone network. An ADSL modem is placed at each end of the loop to create a high speed access link above the existing telephone service. Since ADSL makes use of the existing copper telephone line, its application in the telephone network can conceivably be nearly as ubiquitous as the public telephone network itself. With ADSL, it is possible to connect small numbers of customers to broadband services in areas where full upgrade to hybrid fiber coaxial or fiber facilities is not economical in the near term. ADSL systems offer a means to introduce broadband services using the embedded base of metallic loops in areas where optic fiber-based, hybrid fiber-coaxial radio systems or other broadband transport systems may not be scheduled for deployment in time to meet business needs and customer demand. The article concentrates on ADSL systems capable of at least a nominal 6 Mb/s payload transport toward the customer, in addition to associated upstream channels and symmetrical "telephony" services via nonloaded loops that comply with carrier serving area design guidelines.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-frequency ultrasound for intraoperative margin assessments in breast conservation surgery: a feasibility study (2011)

Results from high-frequency ultrasonic measurements of human breast tissue specimens indicate that characteristics in the ultrasonic attenuation, spectra, and cepstra can be used to differentiate between normal, benign, and malignant breast pathologies.
HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO A NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR ANTIGEN (OFA‐I‐2)a (1983)

Human IgM kappa monoclonal antibody to human tumors of neuroectodermal origin was produced in the spent medium of an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line, L72. Chemically, the antigen was identified as ganglioside GD2 [Gal NAc beta 1----4 (Neu Ac alpha 2----8 Neu Ac alpha 2---3) Gal beta 1----4 Glc----ceramide]. Twenty-seven mg of pure human IgM were obtained from 10 liters of L72 spent medium using salt and hypotonic precipitation, ultracentrifugation, and Sephacryl-S 300 superfine gel filtration. The monoclonal origin of the antibody was determined by agarose isoelectrofocusing. This human monoclonal antibody may be a particularly useful reagent for immunotherapy trials in cancer patients.