gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The study of the APIs design in the Internet application to construct a database server (2005)

In the hospital MIS (management information system) where it uses the Internet infrastructure, the implementation is possible with the various methods. Such Applications are developed in the multi-tiered architecture. A lot of applications make the distributed process possible and are made as the multi-tiered architecture to develop the reusability of the existing software module. In this case, there are many cases for the server to be separated from the hardware or software for the architecture of the server. Especially, it is mostly general to separate for the case of a database server to a new tier. One of the important points of multi-tiered server side applications is security and because of this, it is difficult to share the related data about the design skill. In this paper, through the analysis of the general hospital MIS currently servicing in the Internet, we discuss how to implement a business logic tier using database system among the server side architectures. The main objective of this article is to show an efficient APIs (application programming interfaces) design method which can be used to manage the data that must be saved to the database system among the packets that client/server have to be exchange.
Monoclonal Antibodies for the Identification and Purification of vNAR Domains and IgNAR Immunoglobulins from the Horn Shark <i>Heterodontus francisci</i> (2011)

In addition to conventional antibodies, cartilaginous fish have evolved a distinctive type of immunoglobulin, designated as IgNAR, which lacks the light polypeptide chains and is composed entirely by heavy chains. IgNAR molecules can be manipulated by molecular engineering to produce the variable domain of a single heavy chain polypeptide (vNARs). These, together with the VHH camel domains, constitute the smallest naturally occurring domains able to recognize an antigen. Their special features, such as small size, long extended finger-like CDR3, and thermal and chemical stability, make them suitable candidates for biotechnological purposes. Here we describe the generation of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MAb 370-12 and MAb 533-10, that both specifically react with vNAR domains of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci. While the former recognizes a broad spectrum of recombinant vNAR proteins, the latter is more restricted. MAb 370-12 precipitated a single band from whole shark serum, which was identified as IgNAR by mass spectrometry. Additionally, we used MAb 370-12 to follow the IgNAR-mediated immune response of sharks during immunization protocols with two different antigens (complete cells and a synthethic peptide), thus corroborating that MAb 370-12 recognizes both isolated vNAR domains and whole IgNAR molecules. Both MAbs represent an affordable molecular, biochemical, and biotechnological tool in the field of shark single-domain antibodies.
Mapping thin resistors and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods: Insights from 1D modeling (2006)

Abstract The use of marine controlled-source electromagnetic EM (CSEM) sounding to detect thin resistive layers at depths below the seafloor has been exploited recently to assess the resistivity of potential hydrocarbon reservoirs before drilling. We examine the sensitivity of the CSEM method to such layers with forward and inverse modeling in one and three dimensions. The 3D modeling demonstrates that if both source and receivers are over a tabular 3D target, 1D modeling predicts the observed response to very high accuracy. Experimental design can thus be based on 1D analysis in which hundreds of range and frequency combinations can be computed to find the optimal survey parameters for a given target structure. Modeling in three dimensions shows that the vertical electric-field response is largest over the edges of a 3D target. The 3D modeling also suggests that a target body needs to have a diameter twice the burial depth to be reliably seen by CSEM sounding. A simple air-wave model (energy propagating from source to receiver via the atmosphere) allows the effects of the target layer and atmosphere to be separated and shows where sensitivity to the target is diminished or lost because of finite water depth as a function of range, frequency, and seafloor resistivity. Unlike DC resistivity sounding, the marine CSEM method is not completely T-equivalent and, in principle, can resolve resistivity and thickness separately. Smooth inversion provides an estimate of the method's resolving power and highlights the fact that although the radial CSEM fields contain most of the sensitivity to the thin resistive target, inverted alone they produce only increasing resistivity with depth. Inclusion of the radial mode CSEM data forces the recovery of the thin resistor, but magnetotelluric data can be used more effectively to achieve the same result.
Human epidermal lipids: characterization and modulations during differentiation (1983)

Using thin-layer chromatography and glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography, we have quantitated the lipids in the germinative, differentiating, and fully cornified layers in human epidermis. As previously noted in nonhuman species, we found progressive depletion of phospholipids coupled with repletion of sterols and sphingolipids during differentiation. The sphingolipids, present only in small quantities in the lower epidermis, accounted for about 20% of the lipid in the stratum corneum, and were the major repository for the long-chain fatty acids that predominate in the outer epidermis. Although the absolute quantities of sphingolipids increased in the outer epidermis, the glycolipid:ceramide ratio diminished in the stratum corneum, and glycolipids virtually disappeared in the outer stratum corneum. Squalene and n-alkanes were distributed evenly in all epidermal layers, suggesting that these hydrocarbons are not simply of environmental or pilosebaceous origin. Cholesterol sulfate, previously considered only a trace metabolite in epidermis, was found in significant quantities, with peak levels immediately beneath the stratum corneum in the stratum granulosum. These studies: 1) provide new quantitative data about human epidermal lipids; 2) implicate certain classes of lipids for specific functions of the stratum corneum; and, 3) shed light on possible product-precursor relationships of these lipids.
Selective Synthesis of Optically Pue (+) and (-)-trans-Chrysanthemic Acids from (+) Δ3-Carene (1965)

Synthesis of Optically Pure (+) and (
TCI : Target Controlled Infusion, or Totally Confused Infusion? Call for an Optimised Population Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Propofol. (2008)

Different pharmacokinetic models for target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol are available in the recently launched open TCI systems. There is also a compelling choice to work with either plasma- or effect-site targets. Knowledge about the clinical consequences of different alternatives is of importance. We aimed to illustrate the potential differences in the actual drug delivery/output between three present commercially available and clinically used pharmacokinetic models: the original Marsh model, which is also implemented in the Diprifusor, the "modified Marsh-" and the Schnider models. Simulations were made in the TivaTrainer program (eurosiva.com). Firstly, our standard plasma target regimen was simulated, and secondly an effect-site target of 3.5 microg/mL was chosen. Thirdly, real infusors were used for measuring the time to reach defined predicted effect-site concentrations when aiming at a plasma target of 6 microg/mL. Identical patient characteristics were used in all simulations: male, 170 cm, 70 kg, 40 years of age. Resulting predicted effect-site peak concentrations, and used bolus doses were recorded, as were the resulting plasma over-shoot, and time frames. The plasma target regimen gave predicted effect-site peaks in the different models ranging from 3.6 to 7.2 microg/mL, reached after 2(3/4) to 4 minutes. To reach the same effect-site target, the three models used bolus doses ranging from 68 to 150 mg given during 22 to 46 seconds. The predicted plasma concentration over-shoots varied from 5.0 to 13.4 microg/mL. There were obvious differences between the models in the time taken to reach defined effect-site concentrations. We observed clinically significant different results between the models. The choice of model will make a difference for the patient. To eliminate confusion - not necessarily to improve precision - we call for an optimised population based pharmacokinetic model for propofol - a consensus model!
Natural functions of lipopeptides from<i>Bacillus</i>and<i>Pseudomonas</i>: more than surfactants and antibiotics (2010)

Lipopeptides constitute a structurally diverse group of metabolites produced by various bacterial and fungal genera. In the past decades, research on lipopeptides has been fueled by their antimicrobial, antitumour, immunosuppressant and surfactant activities. However, the natural functions of lipopeptides in the lifestyles of the producing microorganisms have received considerably less attention. The substantial structural diversity of lipopeptides suggests that these metabolites have different natural roles, some of which may be unique to the biology of the producing organism. This review gives a detailed overview of the versatile functions of lipopeptides in the biology of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species, and highlights their role in competitive interactions with coexisting organisms, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, protozoa, nematodes and plants. Their functions in cell motility, leading to colonization of novel habitats, and in the formation and development of highly structured biofilms are discussed in detail. Finally, this review provides an update on lipopeptide detection and discovery as well as on novel regulatory mechanisms and genes involved in lipopeptide biosynthesis in these two bacterial genera.
Optical CT reconstruction of 3D dose distributions using the ferrous–benzoic–xylenol (FBX) gel dosimeter (1998)

In recent years, magnetic-resonance imaging of gelatin doped with the Fricke solution has been applied to the direct measurement of three-dimensional (3D) radiation dose distributions. However, the 3D dose distribution can also be imaged more economically and efficiently using the method of optical absorption computed tomography. This is accomplished by first preparing a gelatin matrix containing a radiochromic dye and mapping the radiation-induced local change in the optical absorption coefficient. Ferrous-Benzoic-Xylenol (FBX) was the dye of choice for this investigation. The complex formed by Fe3+ and xylenol orange exhibits a linear change in optical attenuation (cm-1) with radiation dose in the range between 0 and 1000 cGy, and the local concentration of this complex can be probed using a green laser light (lambda = 543.5 nm). An optical computed tomography (CT) scanner was constructed analogous to a first-generation x-ray CT scanner, using a He-Ne laser, photodiodes, and rotation-translation stages controlled by a personal computer. The optical CT scanner itself can reconstruct attenuation coefficients to a baseline accuracy of < 2% while yielding dose images accurate to within 5% when other uncertainties are taken into account. Optical tomography is complicated by the reflection and refraction of light rays in the phantom materials, producing a blind spot in the transmission profiles which, results in a significant dose artifact in the reconstructed images. In this report we develop corrections used to reduce this artifact and yield accurate dosimetric maps. We also report the chemical reaction kinetics, the dose sensitivity and spatial resolution (< 1 mm3) obtained by optical absorption computed tomography. The article concludes with sample dose distributions produced by "cross-field" 6 MV x-ray beams, including a radiosurgery example.
NF-κB Regulates VCAM-1 Expression on Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes (2000)

Expression of VCAM-1 on synovial fibroblasts is a clinical hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. The interaction of VCAM-1 and its integrin receptor very late Ag-4 is believed to be critically involved in the recruitment and retention of immune cells in the inflamed joints. To study the regulation of VCAM-1 in synovial fibroblasts, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from the knee joints of normal mice and passaged repeatedly to obtain a homogeneous cell population. We have found that VCAM-1 is constitutively expressed on mouse FLS (mFLS) and that its surface expression is further increased after exposure to TNF-alpha. Nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-kappa B including P50/P50 homodimer and P65/P50 heterodimer was activated by TNF-alpha treatment. In mFLS stably expressing a dominant-negative mutant of the inhibitory protein I-kappa B alpha- (mI-kappa B), which does not undergo proteolytic degradation, NF-kappa B remains in the cytosol and its activation in response to TNF-alpha is abolished. VCAM-1 protein expression after TNF-alpha stimulation was blocked in cells expressing the mI-kappa B. This effect is likely due to the loss of NF-kappa B-mediated transcription of VCAM-1, because the 5-fold increase in mRNA levels in response to TNF-alpha is absent in the mutant cells. To confirm these findings, we transduced mFLS with an adenoviral vector containing the mI-kappa B transgene. VCAM-1 expression was also blocked by mI-kappa B in this system, whereas cells transduced with a control adenoviral vector remained responsive to TNF-alpha. These results indicate that NF-kappa B mediates TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression on mFLS.
Steric Effects in Aluminum Compounds Containing Monoanionic Potentially Bidentate Ligands:  Toward a Quantitative Measure of Steric Bulk (1999)

To develop an understanding of the factors that control the strength of the Lewis acid−base interactions in five-coordinate compounds of aluminum, dimeric dialkylaluminum compounds [R2Al{μ-O(CH2)nER‘x}]2 (n = 2, 3; ER‘x = OR‘, SR‘, NR‘2) have been prepared from AlR3 and the appropriate substituted alcohol, thiol, or amine: [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2OMe)]2, R = tBu (1), iBu (2), and Et (3); [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2OnBu)]2, R = tBu (4) and Me (5); [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2CH2OMe)]2, R = tBu (6) and Me (7); (tBu)2Al(μ-OnBu)(μ-OCH2CH2OMe)Al(tBu)2 (11); [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2SMe)]2, R = tBu (12), iBu (13), Et (14), and Me (15); [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2CH2SMe)]2, R = tBu (16) and Me (17); [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2NMe2)]2, R = tBu (18), iBu (19), Et (20), and H (21); [(tBu)2Al(μ-OCH2CH2NH2)]2 (22); [(tBu)2Al(μ-OCH2CH2CH2NH2)]2 (23). The molecular structures of compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18−22, and [Me2Al(μ-OCH2CH2NMe2)]2 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The solution structures have been probed by 13C NMR spectroscopy using the alkoxide derivatives, [R2Al(μ-OnBu)]2, R = tBu (8), iBu (9), and Et (10), as a comparison, which show that compounds 1−7 and 11−23 exist as an equilibrium mixture between the four-coordinate isomer and its five-coordinate isomer, where Keq = [4-coord]/[5-coord]. Factors that control the extent of this equilibrium and hence the coordination about aluminum include the steric bulk of the substituents at aluminum (R) and the Lewis base donor (R‘), the basicity of the neutral donor group (ER‘x), and the chelate ring size (as determined by n). The intramolecular bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the Lewis base donor (ER‘x), as determined by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy, for compounds 1, 12, 15, 16, [Me2Al(μ-OCH2CH2OMe)]2, and [R2Al(μ-OCH2CH2NMe2)]2 (2.3−13.2 kJ·mol-1) are significantly lower than observed for their four-coordinate analogues, R3Al(ER‘x+1) (63.8−125.5 kJ·mol-1). In addition, the relative donor ability (thioether > ether > amine) is the opposite of that expected. The similarity in BDE between compound 1 and 11 suggests that no cooperative effects are present. Ab initio calculations on the four- and five-coordinate isomers of the model compound [H2Al(μ-OCH2CH2OH)]2 indicate that the surprisingly weak fifth coordination ligation in [R2Al{μ-O(CH2)nER‘x}]2 is a consequence of significant steric hindrance between the aluminum alkyl groups (R) and the Lewis base donor group. A quantitative measure of the thermodynamic destabilization that occurs upon substitution of H with Me or tBu is proposed on the basis of the derivation of the Lennard-Jones (12,6) potential from solution thermodynamic and X-ray structural data.
An approach to modified heterocyclic analogues of huperzine A and isohuperzine A. Synthesis of the pyrimidone and pyrazole analogues, and their anticholinesterase activity (1996)

Synthetic approaches to the pyrimidone and the pyrazole analogues of the naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor huperzine A and its unnatural regioisomer, isohuperzine, are described. The pyrimidone analogues of huperzine A were obtained starting from cyclohexane-1,4-dione monoethylene ketal by first annealing to this monocycle a pyrimidine ring and then constructing the unsaturated three-carbon bridge using the previously described palladium-catalysed bicycloannulation methodology. A major problem in this synthetic undertaking proved to be introduction of the ethylidene appendage onto tricycle 10. While both Wittig and Takai olefination protocols proved unsuccessful, the ethylidene moiety was eventually introduced using the Danheiser methodology which involves a two step reaction sequence consisting of the intermediate construction of a β-lactone, which in turn undergoes a [2 + 2] cycloreversion leading to the desired olefin. This β-lactone synthesis, which has not previously been applied to β-keto esters, was found to proceed with excellent diastereoselectivity. In turn, the β-lactone underwent a stereospecific decarboxylation reaction to provide the E-olefin product as the sole isomer. Additionally, starting from the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonene intermediate 2 we describe a synthetic strategy for procuring modified heterocyclic analogues of isohuperzine A. This chemistry provides an attractive approach to the synthesis of heterocyclic analogues with unsaturation in the 6,7 position. While none of these new analogues was found to rival huperzine A in its ability to act as a reversible inhibitor of AChE, the data reported herein should prove useful to modeling efforts aimed at acquiring a better understanding of huperzine A's binding topography within AChE.
Modeling and characterization of on-chip transformers (2002)

We present a scalable analytical model for on-chip transformers that is suitable for design optimization and circuit simulation. We also provide simple and accurate expressions for evaluating the self inductance and the mutual coupling coefficient (k). The model agrees very well with measurements for a variety of transformer configurations.
The rat control program on the island of St. Helena (2000)

St. Helena is an Atlantic Ocean island lying 1,200 miles off the coast of Angola. Both species of commensal Rattus occur on the island, the ship rat (R. rattus) having possibly arrived as early as 1502, the year of the island’s discovery, and the brown rat (R. norvegicus) in the 1700s. Today, rats are widespread and common over the entire island, including the arid wastes, the inhabited and agricultural areas, and into the National Park around the central peaks. The impact of invasive rats on the endemic flora and fauna (predominantly invertebrate with many endemic species of snail, spider, and weevil being recorded) is unknown. The only natural enemies of rats on the island are occasional feral cats, raptors, and other predators being absent. In 1924, the Agriculture and Forestry Department started a 50 year poisoning campaign against rats which ended in 1956 when the brown rat was considered to be almost extinct. Since that time a continuous island-wide suppression campaign has been carried out by the Department of Public Health. This consists of placing anticoagulant baits in and around the inhabited areas of the island (and, on demand, in the agricultural and forested land) routinely, checking baits at least every two weeks and more often if take is high. On average, 20 tons of bait are laid every year. Data on baits placed, takes, and dead rats found were examined for the years 1995 to 1998. R. norvegicus was found to be the most common species, with the two species approaching 1:1 in only three areas of the island. A number of recommendations for the improvement of the rodent control program have been made with the overall aim of raising the professional status of the operators from that of "rat baiters" to that of professional pest control technicians. This will effectively raise the professional status of the Environmental Health Section as a whole. The aim is also to involve the public as partners for improvements in their own health and welfare.
AdaptNet: an adaptive protocol suite for the next-generation wireless Internet (2004)

Over the last decade, the tremendous growth in the mobile Internet user population has been accompanied by an equally exciting evolution in wireless data networks. However, quite understandably, the evolution has been distinctly characterized by an increasing degree of heterogeneity along several dimensions such as the access technology, network model, device, and application requirements. This heterogeneity, in turn, imposes a significant challenge on the design of the network protocol stack, and leads to the question: how can the protocol stack at a mobile host cater effectively to the heterogeneous characteristics of the operating environment? In this article we provide an overview of AdaptNet, an adaptive protocol suite for next-generation wireless data networks. AdaptNet consists of protocol solutions at different layers of the protocol stack addressing several problems, including rate adaptation, congestion control, mobility support, and coding. A common underlying theme in the design of the protocols in the AdaptNet suite is adaptiveness to the operating environment. Through high-level discussions, preliminary results, and pointers to relevant related work, we show how AdaptNet achieves the goal of effectively addressing heterogeneity in next-generation wireless data networks.
Mild Synthesis of Polyfunctional Benzimidazoles and Indoles by the Reduction of Functionalized Nitroarenes with Phenylmagnesium Chloride (2003)

Phenylmagnesium chloride has been used for the conversion of selected nitroarenes into nitrenes. Their insertion into a neighboring sp(2) C-H bond yielded functionalized heterocycles. A novel and mild synthesis of polyfunctional benzimidazoles and indoles is described.