gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
53 GHz static frequency divider in a Si/SiGe bipolar technology (2002)

High-speed static frequency divider ICs are critical functional blocks in a variety of applications, ranging from RF instrumentation to broadband optical fiber communication systems. For these systems maximum speed is mandatory, while power consumption is not a limiting factor. To date, impressive results have been achieved with realizations in different technologies: 66 GHz with InAlAs/InGaAs transferred-substrate HBTs and 50 GHz with SiGe bipolar HBTs. These measurements have been been performed on-wafer. The best published value for a mounted static frequency divider, fabricated in an InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMT technology, is 45.2 GHz. On-wafer measurements of frequency dividers are considered as a benchmark for evaluating the speed performance of IC technologies, while measurement results on mounted chips are interesting from the application point of view. Both types of results are presented here.
Timing driven force directed placement with physical net constraints (2003)

This paper presents a new timing driven force directed placement algorithm that meets physical net length constraints as well as constraints on specific pin sets. It is the first force directed placement algorithm that meets precise half perimeter bounding box constraints on critical nets. It builds on the work of Eisenmann et al. [12], adding a new net model that changes the contribution of constrained nets in the quadratic programming problem, during solving for each force generation step. We propose several methods for selecting and constraining critical nets to achieve improved timing. Our work suggests that the force directed method with net constraints is a powerful tool for placement and timing convergence, achieving an average worst negative slack optimization exploitation of 64% and average total negative slack optimization exploitation of 48% results on 16 industry circuits from a 1.5GHz microprocessor.
Low-temperature (≤200 <b>°</b>C) plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of dense titanium nitride thin films (2012)

Titanium nitride (TiN) has been widely used in the semiconductor industry for its diffusion barrier and seed layer properties. However, it has seen limited adoption in other industries in which low temperature (&lt;200 °C) deposition is a requirement. Examples of applications which require low temperature deposition are seed layers for magnetic materials in the data storage (DS) industry and seed and diffusion barrier layers for through-silicon-vias (TSV) in the MEMS industry. This paper describes a low temperature TiN process with appropriate electrical, chemical, and structural properties based on plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition method that is suitable for the DS and MEMS industries. It uses tetrakis-(dimethylamino)-titanium as an organometallic precursor and hydrogen (H2) as co-reactant. This process was developed in a Veeco NEXUS™ chemical vapor deposition tool. The tool uses a substrate rf-biased configuration with a grounded gas shower head. In this paper, the complimentary and self-limiting character of this process is demonstrated. The effects of key processing parameters including temperature, pulse time, and plasma power are investigated in terms of growth rate, stress, crystal morphology, chemical, electrical, and optical properties. Stoichiometric thin films with growth rates of 0.4–0.5 Å/cycle were achieved. Low electrical resistivity (&lt;300 μΩ cm), high mass density (&gt;4 g/cm3), low stress (&lt;250 MPa), and &gt;85% step coverage for aspect ratio of 10:1 were realized. Wet chemical etch data show robust chemical stability of the film. The properties of the film have been optimized to satisfy industrial viability as a Ruthenium (Ru) preseed liner in potential data storage and TSV applications.
New synthesis of 4,5‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3(2<i>H</i>)‐one derivatives through cyclic transformation of 1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2(3<i>H</i>)‐one derivatives (1992)

Abstract Some 5‐aryl(or benzyl)‐2‐oxo‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐3(2 H )‐acetones or acetophenones 2 were easily prepared. These compounds reacted with hydrazine derivatives to give 4,5‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3(2 H )‐one derivatives 3 , 4 and 6 in good yields. With phenylhydrazine, the intermediate hydrazones 5 were obtained. Their conversion into triazinones necessitated the presence of sodium ethylate.
Decision feedback equalization for digital cellular radio (1990)

The authors study an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for application in the USA digital cellular radio telephone system. A synchronous DFE and a fractionally spaced DFE are adaptive and use a fast recursive least squares algorithm to track rapid channel variations. Simulation results indicating the performance sensitivity to time delay spread, Doppler shift, and timing jitter are presented. A DFE using a complex fast-Kalman adaptation algorithm is presented, and its bit error rate performance evaluated. The fast Kalman equalizer is found to possess good tracking ability and can track channel variations at vehicle speeds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Sensitivity to sample timing jitter can be reduced by using a DFE with fractionally spaced feedforward taps.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Agricultural Management Practices to Sustain Crop Yields and Improve Soil and Environmental Qualities (2003)

In the past several decades, agricultural management practices consisting of intensive tillage and high rate of fertilization to improve crop yields have resulted in the degradation of soil and environmental qualities by increasing erosion and nutrient leaching in the groundwater and releasing greenhouses gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), that cause global warming in the atmosphere by oxidation of soil organic matter. Consequently, management practices that sustain crop yields and improve soil and environmental qualities are needed. This paper reviews the findings of the effects of tillage practices, cover crops, and nitrogen (N) fertilization rates on crop yields, soil organic carbon (C) and N concentrations, and nitrate (NO3)-N leaching from the soil. Studies indicate that conservation tillage, such as no-till or reduced till, can increase soil organic C and N concentrations at 0- to 20-cm depth by as much as 7-17% in 8 years compared with conventional tillage without significantly altering crop yields. Similarly, cover cropping and 80-180 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) fertilization can increase soil organic C and N concentrations by as much as 4-12% compared with no cover cropping or N fertilization by increasing plant biomass and amount of C and N inputs to the soil. Reduced till, cover cropping, and decreased rate of N fertilization can reduce soil N leaching compared with conventional till, no cover cropping, and full rate of N fertilization. Management practices consisting of combinations of conservation tillage, mixture of legume and nonlegume cover crops, and reduced rate of N fertilization have the potentials for sustaining crop yields, increasing soil C and N storage, and reducing soil N leaching, thereby helping to improve soil and water qualities. Economical and social analyses of such practices are needed to find whether they are cost effective and acceptable to the farmers.
Creation of Low Toxic Reverse-transcriptase Inhibitory Nucleosides that Prevent the Emergence of Drug-resistant HIV Variants (2006)

Although the Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved the quality of life and the prognosis of patients infected with HIV, development of more active and less toxic drugs that prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HIV variants is strongly required, due to the emergence of new drug-resistant HIV variants, need of taking a large quantity of drugs, and side effects of the drugs.The principal author has proposed a concept to prevent the emergence of the HIV variants resistant to reverse-transcriptase (RT) inhibitory nucleosides. Based on the concept, 4'-C-substituted-2'-deoxynucleoside (4'Sd-N) was designed as the anti-HIV nucleoside that could prevent the emergence of resistant HIV variants. Various kinds of 4'Sd-N were synthesized and evaluated for biological activity.2'-Deoxy-4'-C-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine (4'Ed-2FA) which is stable to adenosine deaminase turned out to be highly active against all HIV-1 including multi-drug resistant variants and very lowly toxic, and so far no HIV-1 variants resistant to it emerged. These results suggest that once-daily-dosing schedule of 4'Ed-2FA is possible presumably with few side effects and warrant that 4'Ed-2FA be further developed as a potential therapeutic for HIV-1 infection.
<title>Fizeau interferometry for large convex surfaces</title> (1995)

Measurements of large convex surfaces are notoriously difficult because they require auxiliary optics that are larger than the surface being tested. Fizeau interferometry is well suited for these surfaces because the only surface required to be made to high accuracy is the concave reference surface, which is only slightly larger than the surface being measured. Convex surfaces which are spherical or aspheric can be measured using spherical, aspherical, or holographic test plates. The reference surfaces for these tests must be of good quality and measured to high accuracy. The optical systems that provide illumination and create an image of the interference pattern do not have to be made to high quality. The illumination systems can typically have errors several orders of magnitude larger than the allowable surface measurement errors, so these systems can be made at low cost. Several such systems using low cost aspheric mirrors and lenses for measuring convex spherical and aspherical surfaces are presented.
Bt Toxin: Assessing GM Strategies (2000)

The debate over possible deleterious effects on the Monarch butterfly of genetically engineered plants expressing a biological insecticide (Bt toxin) is described in the News Focus article “Risks and benefits:GM crops in the cross hairs” by Dan Ferber (26 Nov., p. 1662). In response, some critical points should be raised.

The issue is broader than whether Bt toxin (from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ) produced by genetically modified (GM) crops imperils Monarch butterflies. The real issue is that a strategy to constitutively express an insecticidal compound in large-scale crop monocultures (15 million acres of Bt corn was planted in the United States in 1998, 20% of the total acreage of corn), and thus expose a homogeneous subecosystem continuously to the toxin, seems bound to create Bt-toxin-resistant pests because of heavy selection pressure. Sooner or later we will likely see Bt-toxin resistance in those insects that are continuously in contact with these monocultures and feed on them. If or when this occurs, we will have lost the use of a valuable bio-insecticide. For about 30 years Bt toxin has been applied on the spot (by spraying B. thuringiensis directly onto plants) and only when there are signs of infestation of the crops by insects. It is the most successful biological insecticide control system we have and would probably retain its potency against pests for many more years to come.

Bt toxin has been found to leak through the root system of Bt-toxin GM maize into the soil, which could possibly affect a myriad of insects in the soil and give rise to horizontal gene transfer, for example, through soil bacteria ([1][1]). Perhaps we should consider going back to the drawing board and designing better GM strategies with less or none of such drawbacks.

1. [↵][2]1. D. Saxena, 2. S. Flores, 3. G. Stotzky
 , Nature 402, 480 (1999).
 [OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5]

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 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text
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Integrative modeling of the cardiac ventricular myocyte (2010)

Cardiac electrophysiology is a discipline with a rich 50-year history of experimental research coupled with integrative modeling which has enabled us to achieve a quantitative understanding of the relationships between molecular function and the integrated behavior of the cardiac myocyte in health and disease. In this paper, we review the development of integrative computational models of the cardiac myocyte. We begin with a historical overview of key cardiac cell models that helped shape the field. We then narrow our focus to models of the cardiac ventricular myocyte and describe these models in the context of their subcellular functional systems including dynamic models of voltage-gated ion channels, mitochondrial energy production, ATP-dependent and electrogenic membrane transporters, intracellular Ca dynamics, mechanical contraction, and regulatory signal transduction pathways. We describe key advances and limitations of the models as well as point to new directions for future modeling research. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 392-413 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.122
Inhibition of diphtheria toxin degradation and cytotoxic action by chloroquine. (1980)

Chloroquine was found to prevent the cytotoxic action of diphtheria toxin on cultured monkey kidney cells. Analysis of the cellular processing of 125I-labeled diphtheria toxin showed that chloroquine does not affect the rate or extent of toxin uptake but substantially blocks degradation. These studies provide strong evidence that diphtheria toxin enters monkey kidney cells primarily by adsorptive endocytosis and suggest that lysosomal processing is involved in intracellular activation of the proenzyme form of the toxin.
Mismatch Shaping Techniques to Linearize Charge Pump Errors in Fractional-$N$ PLLs (2010)

A recent charge pump linearization technique demonstrated 8 dB reduction in spurious tones caused by charge pump current mismatch in delta-sigma fractional- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> phase locked loops. In this paper, two purely digital mismatch shaping techniques are proposed to modify and further improve the charge pump linearization technique. Both the techniques suppress spurious tones by randomizing the residual charge pump mismatch error power. The second technique further spectrally shapes the residual charge pump mismatch errors to suppress close-in phase noise. No spurs are observed and -120 dBc/Hz phase noise is achieved at frequency offsets lower than 10 kHz in simulation. A theoretical proof of the spectral shaping of the charge pump mismatch error power is also presented.
Detection of outliers and level shifts in time series: an evaluation of two alternative procedures (2000)

A unified method to detect and handle innovational and additive outliers, and permanent and transient level changes has been presented by R. S. Tsay. N. S. Balke has found that the presence of level changes may lead to misidentification and loss of test-power, and suggests augmenting Tsay's procedure by conducting an additional disturbance search based on a white-noise model. While Tsay allows level changes to be either permanent or transient, Balke considers only the former type. Based on simulated series with transient level changes this paper investigates how Balke's white-noise model performs both when transient change is omitted from the model specification and when it is included. Our findings indicate that the alleged misidentification of permanent level changes may be influenced by the restrictions imposed by Balke. But when these restrictions are removed, Balke's procedure outperforms Tsay's in detecting changes in the data-generating process. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cis-urocanic acid stimulates human peripheral blood monocyte prostaglandin E2 production and suppresses indirectly tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (1993)

Photoisomerization of trans-urocanic acid (UCA) in the stratum corneum has been implicated in the immunosuppression detected after irradiation with UVB (UV wavelength of 280-320 nm). In this study, cis-urocanic acid suppressed human monocyte production of TNF-alpha by a PGE2-dependent mechanism. This contrasted with the mechanism involving histamine type 2 receptors by which the UCA structural analogue, histamine, suppressed monocyte TNF-alpha production. Histamine type 1 receptor antagonists were without effect on both the cis-UCA- and histamine-induced suppression of monocyte TNF-alpha levels. As indomethacin can reverse UVB-immunosuppression in murine models, we may have identified one of the cellular mechanisms responsible for reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Decreased TNF-alpha levels, by restricting further cytokine recruitment, may also limit the development of the inflammatory components of hypersensitivity responses.
No Effect of Reboxetine on Plasma Concentrations of Clozapine, Risperidone, and Their Active Metabolites (2001)

The effect of reboxetine on steady-state plasma concentrations of the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone was studied in 14 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with associated depressive symptoms. Seven patients stabilized on clozapine therapy (250-500 mg/day) and seven receiving risperidone (4-6 mg/day) were given additional reboxetine (8 mg/day). After 4 weeks of reboxetine therapy, mean plasma concentrations of clozapine, norclozapine, and risperidone active moiety (sum of concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) increased slightly but not significantly by 5%, 2%, and 10%, respectively. The mean plasma clozapine/norclozapine and risperidone/9-hydroxyrisperidone ratios were not modified during reboxetine treatment. Reboxetine coadministration with either clozapine or risperidone was well tolerated. These findings indicate that reboxetine has minimal effects on the metabolism of clozapine and risperidone and may be added safely to patients receiving maintenance treatment with these two antipsychotics.
Applications of Ni3Al Based Intermetallic Alloys—Current Stage and Potential Perceptivities (2015)

The paper presents an overview of current and prospective applications of Ni3Al based intermetallic alloys—modern engineering materials with special properties that are potentially useful for both structural and functional purposes. The bulk components manufactured from these materials are intended mainly for forging dies, furnace assembly, turbocharger components, valves, and piston head of internal combustion engines. The Ni3Al based alloys produced by a directional solidification are also considered as a material for the fabrication of jet engine turbine blades. Moreover, development of composite materials with Ni3Al based alloys as a matrix hardened by, e.g., TiC, ZrO2, WC, SiC and graphene, is also reported. Due to special physical and chemical properties; it is expected that these materials in the form of thin foils and strips should make a significant contribution to the production of high tech devices, e.g., Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or Microtechnology-based Energy and Chemical Systems (MECS); as well as heat exchangers; microreactors; micro-actuators; components of combustion chambers and gasket of rocket and jet engines as well components of high specific strength systems. Additionally, their catalytic properties may find an application in catalytic converters, air purification systems from chemical and biological toxic agents or in a hydrogen “production” by a decomposition of hydrocarbons.
Association of Human Origin Recognition Complex 1 with Chromatin DNA and Nuclease-resistant Nuclear Structures (2000)

An origin recognition complex (ORC) consisting of six polypeptides has been identified as a DNA replication origin-binding factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Homologues of ORC subunits have been discovered among eukaryotes, and we have prepared monoclonal antibodies against a human homologue of ORC1 (hORC1) to study its localization in human cells. It was thus found to associate with nuclei throughout the cell cycle and to be resistant to nonionic detergent treatment, in contrast to MCM proteins, which are other replication factors, the association of which with nuclei is clearly dependent on the phase of the cell cycle. A characteristic feature of hORC1 is dissociation by NaCl in a narrow concentration range around 0.25 M, suggesting interaction with some specific partner(s) in nuclei. Nuclease treatment experiments and UV cross-linking experiments further indicated interaction with both nuclease-resistant nuclear structures and chromatin DNA. Although its DNA binding was unaffected, some variation in the cell cycle was apparent, the association with nuclear structures being less stable in the M phase. Interestingly, the less stable association occurred concomitantly with hyperphosphorylation of hORC1, suggesting that this hyperphosphorylation may be involved in M phase changes.
DNA Methylation as an Adjunct to Histopathology to Detect Prevalent, Inconspicuous Dysplasia and Early-Stage Neoplasia in Barrett's Esophagus (2012)

Widespread DNA methylation changes were observed in Barrett's carcinogenesis including ≈70% of known imprinted genes. A four-gene methylation panel stratified patients with Barrett's esophagus into three risk groups with potential clinical utility.
<i>Katharsis</i> as Clarification: an Objection Answered (1973)

In the Introduction to her recent translation of the Poetics , Miss Hubbard astutely recognizes the intellectual orientation of Aristotle's aesthetic theory. She observes that for Aristotle the concept of mimesis is intimately connected with that of mathesis and thus that the basic pleasure of art is the intellectual pleasure involved in learning. She then correctly identifies two levels of the learning process involved in mimesis : on a lower level it signifies the way in which children learn their first lessons but on a much more sophisticated plane it denotes a process by which our understanding of ‘moral facts and moral possibilities’ is deepened. She perceptively concludes that if art is to achieve the goal set for it by Aristotle, it must have a significant relationship to ultimate truth.