gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low dielectric and flame‐retardant properties of thermosetting redistributed poly(phenylene oxide) (2009)

Abstract A curable low‐molecular‐weight poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) was prepared by the redistribution of regular PPO with maleic anhydride (MA) in toluene, using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The redistributed PPO (MA‐PPO), which contained alkene groups, was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The redistributed PPO oligomers with reactive double bonds were cured with triallylisocyanurate (TAIC) and/or a phosphorus‐containing allyl‐functionalized monomer (allyl‐DOPO). Electrical properties of cured resins were studied by using a dielectric analyzer. The glass transition temperatures were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. The flame retardancy was determined by the UL‐94 vertical test. The effects of curing accelerator and the amounts of TAIC and allyl‐DOPO incorporated into the network on the dielectric properties, glass transition temperature, and flame retardancy of the resulting systems were investigated. The results indicated that MA‐PPO cured with TAIC exhibited low dielectric constants (2.23–2.58 at 1 GHz) and dissipation factors (0.0034–0.0039 at 1 GHz) but had high glass transition temperatures (171–197°C) . The MA‐PPO/TAIC copolymerized with allyl‐DOPO could achieve a flame retardancy rating of UL‐94 V‐0 at about 1.35 wt % of phosphorus. The redistributed PPO/TAIC resins have potential applications in the fabrication of printed circuit boards. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Uniform polarity microtubule assemblies imaged in native brain tissue by second-harmonic generation microscopy (2003)

Microtubule (MT) ensemble polarity is a diagnostic determinant of the structure and function of neuronal processes. Here, polarized MT structures are selectively imaged with second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy in native brain tissue. This SHG is found to colocalize with axons in both brain slices and cultured neurons. Because SHG arises only from noninversion symmetric structures, the uniform polarity of axonal MTs leads to the observed signal, whereas the mixed polarity in dendrites leads to destructive interference. SHG imaging provides a tool to investigate the kinetics and function of MT ensemble polarity in dynamic native brain tissue structures and other subcellular motility structures based on polarized MTs.
Theoretical modeling of Tm-doped silica fiber lasers (1999)

The theoretically determined slope efficiency and threshold pump power for continuous wave (CW) operation of a Tm-doped silica fiber laser are presented. The associated rate equations are solved using standard techniques and, in conjunction with the published and our measured spectroscopic parameters as input, the model was used to examine the fiber laser output for a variety of fiber and pump configurations. After good agreement was achieved between the model calculations and the published experimental measurements, the model was used to examine the relative performance of the fiber laser when the pump wavelength was varied over the /sup 3/F/sub 4/, /sup 3/H/sub 5/, and /sup 3/H/sub 4/ absorption bands of Tm/sup 3+/. The calculated maximum slope efficiencies were determined to be /spl sim/40, /spl sim/57, and /spl sim/84%, respectively, for each of the /sup 3/F/sub 4/, /sup 3/H/sub 5/, and /sup 3/H/sub 4/ absorption band pump schemes and the threshold pump power over the range of pump schemes was determined to vary by only 28%. The model was further used to analyze the fiber laser output when the fiber length, Tm/sup 3+/ concentration and /sup 3/H/sub 4/ energy level lifetime were varied and the consequences on the operation of the fiber laser with these variations are discussed.
An instrument for measurements of BrO with LED-based Cavity-Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (2014)

Abstract. The chemistry of the troposphere and specifically the global tropospheric ozone budget is affected by reactive halogen species such as bromine monoxide (BrO) or chlorine monoxide (ClO). Especially BrO plays an important role in the processes of ozone destruction, disturbance of NOx and HOx chemistry, oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and the deposition of elementary mercury. In the troposphere BrO has been detected in polar regions, at salt lakes, in volcanic plumes, and in the marine boundary layer. For a better understanding of these processes, field measurements as well as reaction chamber studies are performed. In both cases instruments with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity are necessary. A Cavity-Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) instrument with an open path measurement cell was designed and applied. For the first time, a CE-DOAS instrument is presented using an UV LED in the 325–365 nm wavelength range. In laboratory studies, BrO as well as HONO, HCHO, O3, and O4 could be reliably determined at detection limits of 20 ppt for BrO, 9.1 ppb for HCHO, 970 ppt for HONO, and 91 ppb for O3, for five minutes integration time. The best detection limits were achieved for BrO (11 ppt), HCHO (5.1 ppb), HONO (490 ppt), and O3 (59 ppb) for integration times of 81 minutes or less. Comparison with established White system (WS) DOAS and O3 monitor measurements demonstrate the reliability of the instrument.
Hetero-cope rearrangement via an isolable intermediate (1979)

A. J. Lawson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1979, 456 DOI: 10.1039/C39790000456
Bent-function sequences (1982)

In this paper we construct a new family of nonlinear binary signal sets which achieve Welch's lower bound on simultaneous cross correlation and autocorrelation magnitudes. Given a parameter <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n=0 \pmod{4}</tex> , the period of the sequences is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2^{n}-1</tex> , the number of sequences in the set is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2^{n/2}</tex> , and the cross/auto correlation function has three values with magnitudes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\leq 2^{n/2}+1</tex> . The equivalent linear span of the codes is bound above by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sum_{i=1}^{n/4}\left(\stackrel{n}{i} \right)</tex> . These new signal sets have the same size and correlation properties as the small set of Kasami codes, but they have important advantages for use in spread spectrum multiple access communications systems. First, the sequences are "balances," which represents only a slight advantage. Second, the sequence generators are easy to randomly initialize into any assigned code and hence can be rapidly "hopped" from sequence to sequence for code division multiple access operation. Most importantly, the codes are nonlinear in that the order of the linear difference equation satisfied by the sequence can be orders of magnitude larger than the number of memory elements in the generator that produced it. This high equivalent linear span assures that the code sequence cannot be readily analyzed by a sophisticated enemy and then used to neutralize the advantages of the spread spectrum processing.
Versatile Core–Shell Nanoparticle@Metal–Organic Framework Nanohybrids: Exploiting Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine for Tailored Structural Integration (2015)

We report a versatile strategy based on the use of multifunctional mussel-inspired polydopamine for constructing well-defined single-nanoparticle@metal-organic framework (MOF) core-shell nanohybrids. The capability of polydopamine to form a robust conformal coating on colloidal substrates of any composition and to direct the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of MOFs makes it possible for customized structural integration of a broad range of inorganic/organic nanoparticles and functional MOFs. Furthermore, the unique redox activity of polydopamine adds additional possibilities to tailor the functionalities of the nanohybrids by sandwiching plasmonic/catalytic metal nanostructures between the core and shell via localized reduction. The core-shell nanohybrids, with the molecular sieving effect of the MOF shell complementing the intrinsic properties of nanoparticle cores, represent a unique class of nanomaterials of considerable current interest for catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine.
Analysis of D.C. logging through metal casing (1991)

The measurement of formation resistivity through metal casing can aid in characterizing existing reservoirs for effective recovery of oil and gas, as well as geothermal heat, without the cost and time of drilling new wells. Measuring the resistivity of adjacent fonnations may be useful to locate oil that was missed during the original logging prior to insertion of the casing. The method is also useful to monitor changes in resistivity caused by subsurface processes such as injection or leakage of contaminants from a waste site, flooding operations for enhanced oil recovery, or extraction processes of geothennal production. Several patents have recently been issued which describe methods and devices that are capable of measuring formation resistivity through casing, (Kaufman, 1989; Vail, 1989a, 1989b; Gard et al., 1989). Currently, it is only known that Vail has developed and tested such a device, called Through-Casing Resistivity TooI (TCRT). Kaufman (1990) investigated the behavior of the potential and its derivatives for a borehole with casing based on models of an infinite-length conductive pipe in a homogeneous medium. Schenkel and Morrison (1990) presented numerical results for a point souree of current in or beyond the end of a fixed length of casing in a homogeneous half-space. This study has now been extended using a surface integral equation approach can calculate the potentials for various electrode configurations in the presence of a finite-length casing and a layered medium.
Optical Etch‐Rate Monitoring: Computer Simulation of Reflectance (1984)

We report on a numerical simulation of the signal from a laser etch‐rate monitor which utilizes changes in the optical reflectance of a layered structure while the top layer is being etched. The simulation can be applied to structures having several layers. For a strongly absorbing layer such as aluminum , the reflectance is constant until the layer has been etched completely. For a moderately absorbing layer such as a transition‐metal silicide ( between 1.5 and 2.5), light can be transmitted through the film and can be reflected from the underlying layers when the silicide has been etched down to a few hundred angstroms thick. The only required parameters are the wavelength of the light, and, for each layer, the indexes of refraction and absorption, the initial thickness, and the etch rate. It can also be applied to cases where portions of the film area are being etched at different rates, such as when part of the film is covered with photoresist. The simulation is applied to several etch processes, including silicide‐polysilicon gate and metallization etches. Good agreement is found between experimental and calculated data.
Acoustic Differential Extraction for Forensic Analysis of Sexual Assault Evidence (2009)

Forensic DNA analysis of samples obtained from sexual assault evidence relies on separation of male and female components of the recovered genetic material. The conventional separation method used by crime laboratories, differential extraction (DE), is one of the most time-consuming sample preparation steps, requires extensive sample handling, is difficult to automate, and often results in inefficient separation of female DNA from the male sample components. To circumvent conventional DE, acoustic differential extraction (ADE) analysis was developed on a microfluidic device. The ADE method relies on acoustic trapping of sperm cells in the presence of epithelial cell lysate (which is unretained), and laminar flow valving to direct the male and female fractions to separate outlets. Following the separation of sperm from epithelial cell lysate, DNA extraction, quantitation, amplification, and separation were performed using conventional laboratory methods. The results show that highly purified male and female fractions can be obtained with the ADE microdevice from mock sexual assault samples in 14 min. ADE analysis provides the potential to significantly alter the means by which sexual assault evidence is processed in crime laboratories.
Activated protein C therapy slows ALS-like disease in mice by transcriptionally inhibiting SOD1 in motor neurons and microglia cells (2009)

Activated protein C (APC) is a signaling protease with anticoagulant activity. Here, we have used mice expressing a mutation in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) that is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to show that administration of APC or APC analogs with reduced anticoagulant activity after disease onset slows disease progression and extends survival. A proteolytically inactive form of APC with reduced anticoagulant activity provided no benefit. APC crossed the blood-spinal cord barrier in mice via endothelial protein C receptor. When administered after disease onset, APC eliminated leakage of hemoglobin-derived products across the blood-spinal cord barrier and delayed microglial activation. In microvessels, motor neurons, and microglial cells from SOD1-mutant mice and in cultured neuronal cells, APC transcriptionally downregulated SOD1. Inhibition of SOD1 synthesis in neuronal cells by APC required protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and PAR3, which inhibited nuclear transport of the Sp1 transcription factor. Diminished mutant SOD1 synthesis by selective gene excision within endothelial cells did not alter disease progression, which suggests that diminished mutant SOD1 synthesis in other cells, including motor neurons and microglia, caused the APC-mediated slowing of disease. The delayed disease progression in mice after APC administration suggests that this approach may be of benefit to patients with familial, and possibly sporadic, ALS.
Generalized Latent Variable Recovery for Generative Adversarial Networks (2018)

The Generator of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is trained to transform latent vectors drawn from a prior distribution into realistic looking photos. These latent vectors have been shown to encode information about the content of their corresponding images. Projecting input images onto the latent space of a GAN is non-trivial, but previous work has successfully performed this task for latent spaces with a uniform prior. We extend these techniques to latent spaces with a Gaussian prior, and demonstrate our technique's effectiveness.
Probing Surface and Bulk Electrochemical Processes on the LaAlO<sub>3</sub>–SrTiO<sub>3</sub> Interface (2012)

Local electrochemical phenomena on the surfaces of the LaAlO(3)-SrTiO(3) heterostructure are explored using unipolar and bipolar dynamic electrochemical strain microscopy (D-ESM). The D-ESM suggests the presence of at least two distinct electrochemical processes, including fast reversible low-voltage process and slow high-voltage process. The latter process is associated with static surface deformations in the sub-nanometer regime. These behaviors are compared with Kelvin probe force microscopy hysteresis data. The possible origins of observed phenomena are discussed, and these studies suggest that charge-writing behavior in LAO-STO includes a strong surface/bulk electrochemical component and is more complicated than simple screening by surface adsorbates.
Cyber–Physical Device Authentication for the Smart Grid Electric Vehicle Ecosystem (2014)

Entity authentication and related key management is an active research topic in smart grid security. However, existing works seem to have overlooked the significance that the smart grid is a cyber-physical system, which entails more considerations in the integration of its cyber and physical domains. Ignoring this could possibly undermine security since the effects of cyber authorization in the smart grid are usually extended into the physical domain. The substitution attack, a kind of the man-in-the-middle attack, has been demonstrated using this gap. This paper proposes a two-factor cyber-physical device authentication protocol to defend against coordinated cyber-physical attacks in the smart grid. The idea is to combine a novel contextual factor based on physical connectivity in the power grid with the conventional authentication factor in the challenge-response protocol, widely used in cybersecurity. The resulting protocol provides assurance on not only the digital identity of a device but also the device's controllability in the physical domain. While the design is for the electric vehicle ecosystem, the framework could be readily extended to other smart grid subsystems.
Generation of Nanoliter Droplets on Demand at Hundred-Hz Frequencies (2014)

We describe a precision micropump for generation of precisely metered micro-aliquots of liquid at high rates. The use of custom designed piezoelectric valves positioned externally to the microfluidic chip allows for on-demand formation of micro-droplets with online control of their individual volumes from nLs to μLs at frequencies up to 400 Hz. The system offers precision of administering volumes of 1% and of time of emission of <0.5 ms. The use of a piezoelectric actuator provides two distinct vistas for controlling the volume of the droplets—either by digital control of the “open” interval or by analogue tuning of the lumen of the valve. Fast and precise generation of droplets make this system a perfect constituent module for microfluidic high-speed combinatorial screening schemes.
Towards a unified visual database access (1993)

Since the development of QBE, over fifty visual query languages have been proposed to facilitate easy database access. Although these languages have introduced some very useful paradigms, a number of these have some severe limitations, such as: (a) not extending beyond the relational model (b) not considering negation and safety, formally (c) using ad hoc constructs, with no analysis of expressivity or complexity done, etc. Note that visual database access is an important issue being revisted, with the emergence of different flavors of object-oriented databases. We believe that there is a need for developing a unified visual query language. Specifically, our goal is to develop a visual query language that has the following properties: (i) It has a few core constructs using which “expert-users” can define new ( derived ) constructs easily (ii) “Normal users” can use easily either the core or the derived constructs for database querying (iii) It can implement representative constructs of other (textual or visual) query language straightforwardly, and (iv) It has formal semantics, with its theoretical properties, such as complexity, analyzed. We believe that we make a first step towards the above goal by introducing a new logical construct called restricted universal quantifier and combining it with the hierarchical structure of windows to develop a V isual Q uery L anguage, called VQL. The core constructs of VQL can encode easily a number of representative constructs of different (about six visual and four non-visual) relational, nested and object-oriented query languages. We also study the theoretical aspects such as safety, complexity, etc., of VQL.
In Situ Curing and Out‐of‐Autoclave of Interply Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Hybrid Composites Using Electrical Current (2016)

A new simple out‐of‐autoclave (OOA) method is introduced in this study. Electrical current is applied to layers of CNT BP to generate heat for curing the hybrid composite. The results indicate that hybrid composites fabricated by this in situ curing method exhibits relatively good mechanical properties and low void content, compared to samples produced by the autoclave process. In addition, finite element analysis demonstrates that the in situ curing of composite can achieve uniform heat distribution and energy efficiency. The proposed in situ curing technique is promising for fabricating high‐quality advanced composites with potential for energy and cost savings.
Facile Procedure for the Synthesisof <i>N</i>-Aryl-<i>N</i>-hydroxyCarbamates (2009)

An efficient one-pot procedure for the zinc-mediated reduction of nitroarenes in the presence of chloroformates leading to the corresponding N,O-bisprotected hydroxylamine is described. Reactions proceed smoothly under ambient conditions in THF-­water mixtures in good to excellent yield (34-81%). Solvolysis of the bisprotected hydroxylamines with sodium methoxide at room temperature provides access to synthetically versatile N-aryl-N-­hydroxy carbamates in excellent yields (89-97%).
Cloning and Initial Characterization of a Human Phospholipase D2 (hPLD2) (1998)

Phospholipase D (PLD) has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including vesicular transport, the respiratory burst, and mitogenesis. PLD1, first cloned from human, is activated by small GTPases such as ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and RhoA. Rodent PLD2, which is approximately 50% identical to PLD1 has recently been cloned from mouse embryo (Colley, W., Sung, T., Roll, R., Jenco, J., Hammond, S., Altshuller, Y., Bar-Sagi, D., Morris, A., and Frohman, M. (1997) Curr. Biol. 7, 191-201) and rat brain (Kodaki, T., and Yamashita, S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11408-11413). We describe herein the cloning from a B cell library and expression of human PLD2 (hPLD2). The open reading frame is predicted to encode a 933-amino acid protein (Mr of 105,995); this corresponds to the size of the protein expressed in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 53 and 90% identity to hPLD1 and rodent PLD2, respectively. The mRNA for PLD2 was widely distributed in various tissues including peripheral blood leukocytes, and the distribution was distinctly different from that of hPLD1. hPLD1 and hPLD2 both showed a requirement for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Both isoforms showed optimal activity at 10-20 mol % phosphatidylcholine in a mixed lipid vesicle system and showed comparable basal activities in the presence of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Unexpectedly, ARF-1 stimulated the activity of hPLD2 expressed in insect cells about 2-fold, compared with a 20-fold stimulation of hPLD1 activity. Thus, not only PLD1 but also hPLD2 activity can be positively regulated by both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and ARF.
Fabrication of Two-Dimensional InGaN-Based Micro-LED Arrays (2002)

We have successfully fabricated two-dimensional InGaN-based 12 × 12 micro-light emitting diode (LED) arrays with individually addressable emitters having diameters of 8 and 12 μm. A new planarisation scheme including gap-filling with plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) SiO2 and a chemical–mechanical polishing process was successfully developed for the electrical isolation of individual diodes. The uniformity of elements within an array was demonstrated through their electroluminescence and I–V characteristics.