gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Largest Open Reading Frame ( <i>pks12</i> ) in the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Genome Is Involved in Pathogenesis and Dimycocerosyl Phthiocerol Synthesis (2003)

The cell wall lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are probably involved in pathogenesis. The largest open reading frame in the genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, pks12, is unique in that it encodes two sets of domains needed to produce fatty acids. A pks12-disrupted mutant was produced, and disruption was confirmed by both PCR analysis and Southern blotting. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that a 430-kDa protein band present in the wild type was missing in the mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analysis of tryptic peptides showed that 54 peptides distributed throughout this protein matched the pks12-encoded sequence. Biochemical analysis using [1-(14)C]propionate as the radiotracer showed that the pks12 mutant was deficient in the synthesis of dimycocerosyl phthiocerol (DIM). SDS-PAGE, immunoblot analysis of proteins, and analysis of fatty acids showed that the mutant can produce mycocerosic acids. Thus, the pks12 gene is probably involved in the synthesis of phthiocerol, the diol required for DIM synthesis. Growth of the pks12 mutant was attenuated in mouse alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S, and the virulence of the mutant in vivo was highly attenuated in a murine model. Thus, pks12 probably participates in DIM production and its expression is involved in pathogenesis.
Functional cascade molecules (1998)

Cascade molecules/dendrimers are highly branched, regularly built molecules that have now been known for two decades. While efforts in the early stage of their investigation were directed towards the development of higher generation structures and new dendritic architectures, the design of functional dendrimers is more and more emphasized today. The latest literature in the field reflects the search for cascade molecules that accumulate certain functional groups resulting in novel properties—the first practical applications are in sight. Dendrimers that interact with, and can be manipulated with light, appear particularly attractive and hold promises for future developments.
SOA-based optical network components (2002)

SOA-based devices provide a family of key components for optical networks, including wavelength conversion, regeneration, space switching and wavelength selection. All these functions require integration of multiple SOAs that calls for efficient combination of monolithic and hybrid integration to reach performances and cost effective solutions. Several examples are presented and discussed.
Fabrication process for 200 nm-pitch polished freestanding ultrahigh aspect ratio gratings (2016)

A fully integrated fabrication process has been developed to fabricate freestanding, ultrahigh aspect ratio silicon gratings with potassium hydroxide (KOH)-polished sidewalls. The gratings are being developed for wavelength-dispersive, soft x-ray spectroscopy on future space telescopes. For this application, the grating needs to have a large open-area fraction and smooth sidewalls (roughness &lt; 1 nm) to maximize efficiency. The prototype gratings fabricated with the process presented here have been tested on a synchrotron beamline and have demonstrated an absolute diffraction efficiency greater than 30% for 2 nm-wavelength x-rays in blazed orders. This efficiency is greater than twice the efficiency of previously fabricated gratings. The fabrication process utilizes silicon-on-insulator wafers where the grating and a cross support are etched in the device layer, and an additional structural support is etched in the handle layer. The device layer and handle layer are both etched via deep reactive-ion etching using a Bosch process. The buried SiO2 layer stops both etches and is removed at the end of the process to create a freestanding structure. The gratings have a pitch of 200 nm, a depth of 4 μm, and the bars are polished via KOH. The polishing process reduces both the roughness and the grating-bar thickness. The finished gratings span an area of approximately 10 by 30 mm, supported by 1 mm-wide hexagons in the handle layer.
The Solubility of Mercury and Some Sparingly Soluble Mercury Salts in Water and Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions (1985)

The literature on the solubility of mercury and of the sparingly soluble salts of mercury (I) and mercury (II) in water and in aqueous electrolyte solutions has been reviewed. The solubility data have been compiled and evaluated. Recommended and tentative values of the solubilities are presented when warranted. Auxiliary thermodynamic data and crystallographic data useful in the interpretation of solubility data are given. An annotated bibliography on the solubility of some of the less common inorganic mercury compounds, with emphasis on the solubility literature published since 1950, is given.
Risk and benefit in the surgery of epilepsy: Complications and positive results on seizures tendency and intellectual function (1988)

A review of complications in a series of 560 consecutive craniotomies for surgery of epilepsy shows the mortality to be nil and the morbidity very low. Results on the seizure tendency for temporal resections are presented with emphasis on extent and modalities of removal. In this series the success/failure ratio was in the order of 80/20%. Patients with-right sided removal tend to do better than those with left-sided operations. Removal of the hippocampal formation appears to significantly improve the results. Patients studied with intracerebral electrodes tend as a group to do better than those operated without depth electrodes. Anterior temporal resection is usually followed by a significant increase in intellectual function when measured one year after surgery.
3,5-Bis(perfluorodecyl)phenylboronic Acid as an Easily Recyclable Direct Amide Condensation Catalyst (2001)

3,5-Bis(perfluorodecyl)phenylboronic acid has been synthesized based on the direct coupling of perfluorodecyl iodide with 1,3-diiodobenzene. This new boronic acid is shown to be a "green" catalyst for the direct amide condensation reaction by virtue of the strong electron-withdrawing effect and the immobility in the fluorous recyclable phase of the perfluorodecyl group.
Prediction of salt contamination on high voltage insulators in rainy season using regression technique (2002)

The severity of contamination on the high voltage insulator surfaces is the significant factor in determining the level of outdoor insulation and in choosing the types of insulators. In the equatorial region, the most dangerous kind of contamination is salt contamination. A regression technique has been used to develop a modified equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) mathematical model with respect to meteorological conditions. This model provides a useful way for predicting contamination level and for determining frequency of washing the insulators in a given contaminated area.
Microinductors for Spacecraft Power Electronics (2000)

This paper will focus on the development of microinductors for a 1-10 MHz integrated dc-dc converter for space applications.
Cladribine: not just another purine analogue? (2009)

Cladribine was synthesized as a purine analogue drug that inhibited adenosine deaminase. It received FDA approval in the 1980s for treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Given its toxicity towards lymphocytes and its corresponding immunosuppressive effects, it has been studied and found efficacious in a variety of hematologic malignancies and autoimmune conditions, most recently multiple sclerosis. This review highlights pharmacological, toxicological and clinical data for the use of cladribine. It also discusses existing and new mechanisms that may contribute to its unique clinical activity. Emerging data show that in addition to its known purine nucleoside analogue activity, cladribine possesses epigenetic properties, inhibiting S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and DNA methylation. This may contribute to its efficacy and highlights the importance of studying combination therapy with other epigenetic or targeted agents. Clinical trials are underway in a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions.
Offset frequency stabilization of RF excited waveguide CO/sub 2/ laser arrays (1990)

A close-packed array of waveguide lasers provides an offset frequency which is inherently more stable than that from independent devices, and permits difference frequency tuning based on the tilting of a common resonator mirror. Examples are given for two- and three-channel arrays. Passive stability of the beat frequencies between channels generated by this tuning method is shown to be good, and for two channel arrays was further enhanced by using an electronic stabilization loop. A simple model of the control loop is formulated to express the relationship between the loop parameters and resultant improvement in frequency stability. The model parameters are compared to experimental results through Allan variance measurements. An Allan variance minimum of 20 Hz has been achieved for the two-channel system and areas for further improvements are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of morphine‐d<sub>5</sub> and codeine‐d<sub>8</sub> (1976)

Abstract The synthesis of morphine labeled with deuterium in the N ‐methyl group and at positions 1 and 6 is described. Reduction of N ‐carboethoxy‐1‐bromonorcodeinone (IV) with lithium aluminum deuteride in tetrahydrofuran‐d 5 yielded the codeine‐d 5 . O‐Demethylation with sodium propylmercaptide‐dimethyl formamide afforded morphine‐d 5 , which could be remethylated with perdeuterioiodomethane to give codeine‐d 8 . The labeled compounds are useful as standards for field ionization mass spectrometric analysis.
Increased glycogen accumulation in transgenic mice overexpressing glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle. (1996)

To investigate the role of glycogen synthase in controlling glycogen accumulation, we generated three lines of transgenic mice in which the enzyme was overexpressed in skeletal muscle by using promoter-enhancer elements derived from the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene. In all three lines, expression was highest in muscles composed primarily of fast-twitch fibers, such as the gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis. In these muscles, glycogen synthase activity was increased by as much as 10-fold, with concomitant increases (up to 5-fold) in the glycogen content. The uridine diphosphoglucose concentrations were markedly decreased, consistent with the increase in glycogen synthase activity. Levels of glycogen phosphorylase in these muscles increased (up to 3-fold), whereas the amount of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 either remained unchanged or decreased. The observation that increasing glycogen synthase enhances glycogen accumulation supports the conclusion that the activation of glycogen synthase, as well as glucose transport, contributes to the accumulation of glycogen in response to insulin in skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle predicts ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and mortality in elderly ICU patients (2013)

Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in the elderly population with traumatic injuries. Traditional measures of nutritional assessment, such as BMI and serum albumin, do not accurately predict outcome in the injured elderly. Sarcopenia, however, represents a potential new predictor for mortality, discharge disposition, and ICU utilization. Measurement of muscularity allows for the early identification of at-risk patients who may benefit from aggressive and multidisciplinary nutritional and rehabilitative strategies.
Semimetallicity and Negative Differential Resistance from Hybrid Halide Perovskite Nanowires (2019)

Abstract In the rapidly progressing field of organometal halide perovskites, the dimensional reduction can open up new opportunities for device applications. Herein, taking the recently synthesized trimethylsulfonium lead triiodide (CH 3 ) 3 SPbI 3 perovskite as a representative example, first‐principles calculations are carried out and the nanostructuring and device application of halide perovskite nanowires are studied. It is found that the 1D (CH 3 ) 3 SPbI 3 structure is structurally stable, and the electronic structures of higher‐dimensional forms are robustly determined at the 1D level. Remarkably, due to the face‐sharing [PbI 6 ] octahedral atomic structure, the organic ligand‐removed 1D PbI 3 frameworks are also found to be stable. Moreover, the PbI 3 columns avoid the Peierls distortion and assume a semimetallic character, contradicting the conventional assumption of semiconducting metal‐halogen inorganic frameworks. Adopting the bundled nanowire junctions consisting of (CH 3 ) 3 SPbI 3 channels with sub‐5 nm dimensions sandwiched between PbI 3 electrodes, high current densities and large room‐temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) are finally obtained. It will be emphasized that the NDR originates from the combination of the near‐Ohmic character of PbI 3 ‐(CH 3 ) 3 SPbI 3 contacts and a novel NDR mechanism that involves the quantum‐mechanical hybridization between channel and electrode states. This work demonstrates the great potential of low‐dimensional hybrid perovskites toward advanced electronic devices beyond actively pursued photonic applications.
A flash compression layer for SmartMedia card systems (2004)

Flash memory based SmartMedia card is becoming increasingly popular as data storage for mobile consumer electronics. Since flash memory is an order of magnitude more expensive than magnetic disks, data compression can be effectively used in managing flash memory based storage systems. However, compressed data management in flash memory is challenging because it only supports page-based I/Os. For example, when the size of compressed data is smaller than the page size, internal fragmentation occurs and this degrades the effectiveness of compression seriously. In this paper, we developed a flash compression layer (FCL) for the SmartMedia card systems. FCL stores several small compressed pages into one physical page by using a write buffer. Based on prototype implementation and simulation studies, we show that the proposed system offers the storage of flash memory more than 140% of its original size and expands the write bandwidth significantly.
Characterization of Chlorinated Ethene Degradation in a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (2007)

Chlorinated solvents, including perchloroethene (PCE) and trichlorethene (TCE), are among the most common groundwater contaminants found in the United States. The use of constructed wetlands has shown promise as an effective and less costly alternative for the treatment of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater. This study characterized and evaluated the concentration of chlorinated ethenes within a vertical flow constructed wetland, fed with PCE contaminated groundwater, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Ohio. Chlorinated ethene concentrations were characterized within three distinct layers of the wetland cell, as well as within the influent, and effluent. In addition, a pore-water sampler prototype was designed and developed for this research effort in order to obtain a more detailed contaminant profile. PCE concentrations declined from an average of 46.5 mug/L in the influent to an average of 0.5 mug/L in the upper layer, a 98.9% decrease. The chlorinated ethene concentration profiles indicate that the lower half of the wetland provides favorable conditions for the complete anaerobic reductive dechlorination of the PCE. Within the upper half of the wetland, contaminant profiles indicate dominant degradation processes other than anaerobic reductive dechlorination, possibly including aerobic or anaerobic oxidation or direct volatization.
Proteasomal Expression, Induction of Immunoproteasome Subunits, and Local MHC Class I Presentation in Myofibrillar Myopathy and Inclusion Body Myositis (2004)

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) and myofibrillar myopathy (MM) are diseases characterized by the abnormal accumulation of proteins in muscle fibers, including desmin, alphaB-crystallin, gelsolin, actin, kinases, and phospho-tau, along with ubiquitin in muscle fibers, suggesting abnormal protein degradation as a possible cause of the surplus myopathy. Since the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a crucial role in non-lysosomal protein degradation, the present study has examined by immunohistochemistry the expression of components of the catalytic core of 20S proteasomes and its regulators: 19S and PA28alpha/beta, and the expression of immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL1 in 8 patients with MM and 10 patients with IBM. The patients with MM were from 6 unrelated families, 2 sporadic cases, I with autosomal recessive and 5 with autosomal dominant inheritance. One sporadic patient had a de novo R406W mutation in the desmin gene, and 1 patient with autosomal dominant MM had a single amino acid deletion at position 366 in the desmin gene. Increased immunoreactivity to 20S, 19S, and PA28alpha/beta colocalizing abnormal protein deposits, as revealed in consecutive serial sections, was seen in all cases with MM and IBM. In all cases, the subunits of the immunoproteasome LMP2, LMP7, and MECL1 colocalized with proteasomal immunoreactivity and abnormal protein accumulation. Immunohistochemistry revealed focal MHC class I immunoreactivity in the cytoplasmic membrane of muscle fibers in IBM and in association with protein aggregates in IBM, and to a lesser degree, in MM. The present findings provide a link between abnormal protein accumulation and altered proteasomal expression in IBM and MM.
AtHKT1 Facilitates Na+ Homeostasis and K+ Nutrition in Planta (2004)

Genetic and physiological data establish that Arabidopsis AtHKT1 facilitates Na(+) homeostasis in planta and by this function modulates K(+) nutrient status. Mutations that disrupt AtHKT1 function suppress NaCl sensitivity of sos1-1 and sos2-2, as well as of sos3-1 seedlings grown in vitro and plants grown in controlled environmental conditions. hkt1 suppression of sos3-1 NaCl sensitivity is linked to higher Na(+) content in the shoot and lower content of the ion in the root, reducing the Na(+) imbalance between these organs that is caused by sos3-1. AtHKT1 transgene expression, driven by its innate promoter, increases NaCl but not LiCl or KCl sensitivity of wild-type (Col-0 gl1) or of sos3-1 seedlings. NaCl sensitivity induced by AtHKT1 transgene expression is linked to a lower K(+) to Na(+) ratio in the root. However, hkt1 mutations increase NaCl sensitivity of both seedlings in vitro and plants grown in controlled environmental conditions, which is correlated with a lower K(+) to Na(+) ratio in the shoot. These results establish that AtHKT1 is a focal determinant of Na(+) homeostasis in planta, as either positive or negative modulation of its function disturbs ion status that is manifested as salt sensitivity. K(+)-deficient growth of sos1-1, sos2-2, and sos3-1 seedlings is suppressed completely by hkt1-1. AtHKT1 transgene expression exacerbates K(+) deficiency of sos3-1 or wild-type seedlings. Together, these results indicate that AtHKT1 controls Na(+) homeostasis in planta and through this function regulates K(+) nutrient status.
Molecular Transport from an Atomic Force Microscope Tip:  A Comparative Study of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (2002)

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), the direct transport of a “molecular ink” onto a substrate from an AFM tip, is of interest both as a potential industrial patterning tool and as a means to study molecular behavior. We investigated DPN for the patterning of both octadecanethiol (ODT) and mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA). The molecular transport of ODT and MHA does not require a water meniscus but takes place because the molecules are individually mobile. The effects of relative humidity and temperature on the patterning of each molecule were investigated. While the molecular transport rate for MHA increases slightly with increased relative humidity, the rate of molecular transport for ODT exhibits no dependence on relative humidity (although relative humidity affects the resulting molecular distribution). The transport rate of both molecules increases exponentially with temperature, consistent with an activation barrier of about 0.75 eV. Although the molecular fluxes of MHA and ODT vary with tip preparation and atmospheric conditions, both molecules diffuse from an AFM tip at a rate of about 105 molecules/s, corresponding to a patterning time of 100 years/cm2.
[Antitumor activity of CPT-11 against rat Walker 256 carcinoma]. (1988)

The antitumor activity of CPT-11 on rat Walker 256 carcinoma was investigated. Intraperitoneal, intravenous or oral administration of CPT-11 caused a remarkable prolongation of the life span of Wistar rat implanted with Walker 256 intraperitoneally. Intravenous injection and oral administration of CPT-11 markedly inhibited the growth of subcutaneously implanted Walker 256. CPT-11 showed a considerable antitumor activity by continuous intravenous injection against the solid type Walker 256.
Caries as experienced by adult caries active patients: a qualitative study (2018)

<b>Objective:</b> In the western world, increased oral health has resulted in a skewed occurrence of caries disease where relatively few individuals now account for most caries disease. This study examines how adults with recurrent caries activity experience caries disease and treatment.<b>Materials and methods:</b> The study is based on qualitative data from individual interviews, which were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The interviews were semi-structured and thematic and an interview guide was used that consisted of two main areas with open ended questions. Meaning units were condensed and labelled with a code which preserved the core content of the reduced text. Codes were assigned to different subcategories according to their similarities or differences. Subcategories formed categories which describe the manifest content of the text.<b>Results:</b> The domain "experience with caries" consisted of four subcategories that formed the main category Caries - an unwelcomed acquaintance. The domain "experience with caries treatment" consisted of three subcategories that formed the category Caries treatment - pain for gain.<b>Conclusion:</b> Comprehensive non-operative treatment and close follow-ups should precede restorations; this would probably gain insight in how to avoid new cavities to a greater extent. If to be supportive, information and advice about self-care given to individuals with recurrent cavities should be delivered with respect to the patient's feelings about their experience of dental caries.