gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Capacity of the watermark channel: how many bits can be hidden within a digital image?</title> (1999)

An evaluation of the number of bits that can be hidden within an image by means of frequency-domain watermarking is given. Watermarking is assumed to consist in the modification of a set of full-frame DCT (DFT) coefficients. The amount of modification each coefficient undergoes is proportional to the magnitude of the coefficient itself, so that an additive- multiplicative embedding rule results. The watermark-channel is modeled by letting the watermark be the signal and the image coefficients the noise introduced by the channel. To derive the capacity of each coefficient, the input (i.e. the watermark) and the output (i.e. the watermarked coefficients) of the channel are quantized, thus leading to a discrete- input, discrete-output model. Capacity is evaluated by computing the channel transition matrix and by maximizing the mutual input/output information. Though the results we obtained do not take into account attacks, they represent a useful indication about the amount of information that can be hidden within a single image.
Agricultural and food trade in European Union countries, 1963-2000: a gravity equation approach (2010)

The proliferation of regional trade agreements in the last decades of the 20th century has intensified the debate about the different processes of regional integration. This study contributes to this debate by analysing the principal determinants of the growth in trade flows of the countries making up the European Union. The work analyses EU agri?food trade from a disaggregated perspective, by products, imports and exports, from 1963 to 2000. An extended gravity equation model is estimated employing Prais? Weistein estimation and fixed effects in order to improve on the results reported in previous studies. The results of the present study show that in EU countries the growth of per capita income stimulated exports and reduced imports. Specifically, its exports were positively influenced by the presence of the home market effect, while its imports were strongly influenced by the effects of the liberalisation of intra?EU trade, as also occurred in the case of intra?EU trade flows.
Mobility Control Design for Miscible-Type Waterfloods Using Micellar Solutions (1970)

Introduction Oil recovery in any flooding operation depends on unit displacementefficiency and on the reservoir volume affected by the displacing fluid. Miscible fluids are used to increase the unit displacement efficiency. A higherpercentage of reservoir pore volume can be contacted if there is adequatemobility control during flooding. With hydrocarbon displacement media such as dry gas, enriched gas, and LPGslug, viscosity determines the mobility control. Under secondary recoveryconditions, viscosity ratios generally are greater than one, and theunfavorable mobility condition leads to a poor conformance factor. Both oil and water are displaced in a miscible waterflood. The flowing oiland water establish the mobility requirement for the displacing system. As weshall discuss later, the total mobility can be determined from relativepermeability curves. With tertiary flooding, transient test results can behelpful in selecting representative relative permeability curves. As will alsobe described, laboratory flooding procedures can be used to measure totalmobility directly. In miscible waterflooding such as with the alcohol slug process, there canbe a loss of miscibility because of mixing. The lack of mobility control behindthe alcohol slug has not been studied extensively. A new recovery process isavailable that utilizes micellar solutions for miscible-type waterflooding. With this process, mobility control is possible over a wide range of reservoirvariables. The mobility control feature, along with effective unitdisplacement, insures a high over-all recovery of oil. Design criteria foradequate mobility control in the process are described in this paper.
Path Tracking Control of Automatic Parking Cloud Model considering the Influence of Time Delay (2017)

This paper establishes the kinematic model of the automatic parking system and analyzes the kinematic constraints of the vehicle. Furthermore, it solves the problem where the traditional automatic parking system model fails to take into account the time delay. Firstly, based on simulating calculation, the influence of time delay on the dynamic trajectory of a vehicle in the automatic parking system is analyzed under the transverse distance D lateral between different target spaces. Secondly, on the basis of cloud model, this paper utilizes the tracking control of an intelligent path closer to human intelligent behavior to further study the Cloud Generator‐based parking path tracking control method and construct a vehicle path tracking control model. Moreover, tracking and steering control effects of the model are verified through simulation analysis. Finally, the effectiveness and timeliness of automatic parking controller in the aspect of path tracking are tested through a real vehicle experiment.
The application of piezoremanent magnetization to magnetic contact printing (1980)

Piezoremanent magnetization (i.e., remanent magnetization obtained by the simultaneous application of a momentary pressure and a magnetic dc field) was studied for application to magnetic contact printing. A Co-γFe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> tape was found most suitable for the slave tape, and the origin of the piezoremanent magnetization effect was attributed to the inverse magnetostrictive effect, the dispersion of Co atoms to vacant lattices, and crystalline anisotropy.
Affinities of Packaging Domain Loops in HIV-1 RNA for the Nucleocapsid Protein (2002)

To design anti-nucleocapsid drugs, it is useful to know the affinities the protein has for its natural substrates under physiological conditions. Dissociation equilibrium constants are reported for seven RNA stem-loops bound to the mature HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein, NCp7. The loops include SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4 from the major packaging domain of genomic RNA. The binding assay is based on quenching the fluorescence of tryptophan-37 in the protein by G residues in the single-stranded loops. Tightly bound RNA molecules quench nearly all the fluorescence of freshly purified NCp7 in 0.2 M NaCl. In contrast, when the GGAG-tetraloop of tight-binding SL3 is replaced with UUCG or GAUA, quenching is almost nil, indicating very low affinity. Interpreting fluorescence titrations in terms of a rapidly equilibrating 1:1 complex explains nearly all of the experimental variance for the loops. Analyzed in this way, the highest affinities are for 20mer SL3 and 19mer SL2 hairpin constructs (K(d) = 28 +/- 3 and 23 +/- 2 nM, respectively). The 20mer stem-UUCG-loop and GAUA-loop constructs have <0.5% of the affinity for NCp7 relative to SL3. Affinities relative to SL3 for the other stem-loops are the following: 10% for a 16mer construct to model SL4, 30% for a 27mer model of the 9-residue apical loop of SL1, and 20% for a 23mer model of a 1 x 3 asymmetric internal loop in SL1. A 154mer construct that includes all four stem-loops binds tightly to NCp7, with the equivalent of three NCp7 molecules bound with high affinity per RNA; it is also possible that two strong sites and several weaker ones combine to give the appearance of three strong sites.
Corneal antibody levels to ribitol teichoic acid in rabbits immunized with staphylococcal antigens using various routes. (1987)

Although Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of infectious diseases of the eye and hypersensitivity lesions of the cornea, little is known about ocular immunity to this pathogen. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we measured antibody titers to ribitol teichoic acid, the major antigenic determinant of S. aureus, in corneas as well as serum and tears after immunizing rabbits using the following routes: intradermal injection of cell wall mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, subconjunctival injection of cell wall mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, topical application of cell wall to the eye or topical application of viable S. aureus to the eye. IgG titers to ribitol teichoic acid were found consistently in corneas after intradermal and subconjunctival immunization with cell wall and topical immunization with viable S. aureus. After intradermal immunization with cell wall, IgG titers in cornea were higher than tears but lower than serum, which was presumably the source of the IgG antibodies for the cornea. After subconjunctival immunization with cell wall or topical immunization with viable S. aureus, IgG titers in corneas were higher than tears and generally higher than serum, suggesting that the ocular tissues were a local source of IgG. On the other hand, IgA titers to ribitol teichoic acid were found in tears but not in serum and were found only occasionally in corneas, suggesting that IgG responses to staphylococcal antigens may be more important than IgA responses in the cornea. The results of this study suggest that corneal antibodies to ribitol teichoic acid may be influenced by exposure to staphylococcal antigens not only in the external eye but also at sites remote from the eye.
ARTMAP-IC and medical diagnosis: Instance counting and inconsistent cases (1998)

For complex database prediction problems such as medical diagnosis, the ARTMAP-IC neural network adds distributed prediction and category instance counting to the basic fuzzy ARTMAP system. For the ARTMAP match tracking algorithm, which controls search following a predictive error, a new version facilitates prediction with sparse or inconsistent data. Compared to the original match tracking algorithm (MT+), the new algorithm (MT-) better approximates the real-time network differential equations and further compresses memory without loss of performance. Simulations examine predictive accuracy on four medical databases: Pima Indian diabetes, breast cancer, heart disease, and gall bladder removal. ARTMAP-IC results are equal to or better than those of logistic regression, K nearest neighbour (KNN), the ADAP preceptron, multisurface pattern separation, CLASSIT, instance-based (IBL), and C4. ARTMAP dynamics are fast, stable, and scalable. A voting strategy improves prediction by training the system several times on different orderings of an input set. Voting, instance counting, and distributed representations combine to form confidence estimates for competing predictions.
Surface multiple attenuation - Theory, practical Issues, Examples (1993)

Surface multiple attenuation (SMA) is a prestack inversion of a surface-recorded, 2-D; wavefield that removes all orders of all surface multiples present within the wavefield. In addition, the process determines the average acquisition wavelet imbedded in the wavefield. Surface multiple attenuation requires no assumptions or modeling regarding the positions, shapes, or reflection coefficients of the multiple-causing reflectors. Instead, SMA relies on the internat physical consistency between primary and multiple events that must be present in any properly recorded marine data set.
Reassessment of the interruption technique for measuring flow resistance in humans (1989)

We have previously produced evidence that, in patients with obstructive lung disease, compliance of extrathoracic airways is responsible for lack of mouth-to-alveolar pressure equilibration during respiratory efforts against a closed airway. The flow interruption method for measuring respiratory resistance (Rint) is potentially faced with the same problems. We reassessed the merits of the interruption technique by rendering the extrathoracic airways more rigid and by using a rapid shutter. We measured airway resistance (Raw) with whole body plethysmography during panting (at 2 Hz) and Rint during quiet breathing. Rint and Raw were expressed as specific airway (sGaw) and interruptive conductance (sGint), respectively. In nine healthy subjects (cheeks supported), sGint (0.140 +/- 0.050 s-1.cmH2O-1) was lower (P less than 0.02) than sGaw (0.182 +/- 0.043 s-1.cmH2O-1). By contrast, in 12 patients with severe obstructive lung disease (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/vital capacity = 41.0 +/- 19.8%), sGint (0.058 +/- 0.012 s-1.cmH2O-1) was higher (P less than 0.05) than sGaw (0.047 +/- 0.007 s-1.cmH2O-1), when the cheeks were supported. When the mouth floor was also supported, average values of sGaw (0.048 +/- 0.008 s-1.cmH2O-1) and sGint (0.049 +/- 0.014 s-1.cmH2O-1) became similar. In conclusion, we confirm previous findings in healthy subjects of higher values of Rint, with respect to Raw, probably because of differences in glottis opening between quiet breathing and panting. In airflow obstruction, supporting both the cheeks and the mouth floor decreased sGint, which became similar to sGaw.
The mechanism of the solid-state reaction between carbon nanotubes and nanocrystalline silicon under high pressure and at high temperature (2006)

An x-ray powder diffraction method was used to study the reaction between carbon nanotubes (CNT) and silicon (Si) nanosize powder at 2 GPa and temperatures varying from 1273 to 1370 K with different sintering times. Samples were obtained using the piston–cylinder system. On the basis of the Avrami–Erofeev model, we found the activation energy of silicon carbide (SiC) formation from CNT and Si to be 96 ± 30 kJ mol−1. Analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns provided information on the domain sizes and microstrain in SiC. Extending the sintering time increased the grain sizes and decreased the microstrain in SiC, and increasing the temperature resulted in larger crystallites.
Optimal specialization of a maintenance workforce (1997)

This article develops an analytical method for determining an optimal specialization strategy for a maintenance workforce. The method assumes that maintenance tasks are generated by a system of statistically identical machines that experience random malfunctions and require periodic service. The impact of alternative workforce structures on system performance is evaluated with a queueing network model. Markov decision analysis is employed to determine an optimal assignment of maintenance personnel to pending tasks as the network status varies over time. A linear programming algorithm is derived to enable simultaneous optimization of specific assignment decisions and the overall workforce structure. A manufacturing example demonstrates the applicability of the method to many industrial contexts. The method is also applied to the problem of maximizing military aircraft sortie generation subject to a constraint on maintenance personnel expenditure.
Computer simulation of coating processes with monochromatic monitoring (2008)

For the production of high performance multilayer systems optical monitoring is essential. Substantial progress was achieved by the introduction of direct monitoring on the rotating substrate holder. It is a complex task to develop a stable monitoring strategy for multilayers with a large number of layers and irregular thicknesses. The verification and improvement requires the feedback of more or less numerous real coating runs. This expensive and time consuming trial and error method can be reduced significantly by computer simulation of coating runs. A new software tool which simulates the coating process with monochromatic optical monitoring is introduced. Process instabilities are described by systematic and random errors of the deposition rate, refractive indices, etc. For the simulation of the monitoring curve real monochromatic bandwidth, signal noise, measurement frequency, etc. are taken into account. A UV-IR cut filter and a single notch filter design were simulated with virtual deposition runs. In both cases the simulation results were confirmed by real coating processes.
Efficient Semisynthesis of a Tetraphosphorylated Analogue of the Type I TGFβ Receptor (2001)

[structure: see text] Semisynthesis of an active tetraphosphorylated analogue of the Type I TGFbeta receptor is reported. An efficient native chemical ligation protocol was developed to link a tetraphosphopeptide and a recombinant receptor fragment. Synthesis of the peptide alpha-thioester on a 4-sulfamylbutyryl resin was optimized following the characterization of a major side reaction and subsequent substitution of norleucine for methionine in the peptide sequence. These optimized protocols will be applicable to the semisynthesis of related protein kinases.
Observability and estimation uncertainty analysis for PMU placement alternatives (2010)

The synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU), developed in the 1980s, is considered to be one of the most important devices in the future of power systems. While PMU measurements currently cover fewer than 1% of the nodes in the U.S. power grid, the power industry has gained the momentum to advance the technology and install more units. However, with limited resources, the installation must be selective. Previous PMU placement research has focused primarily on the network topology, with the goal of finding configurations that achieve full network observability with a minimum number of PMUs. Here we present a new approach that also includes stochastic models for the signals and measurements, to characterize the observability and corresponding uncertainty of any given configuration of PMUs, whether that configuration achieves full observability or not. We hope that this approach can provide planning engineers with a new tool to help choose between PMU placement alternatives.
Vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en cepas de Neisseria gonorrhoeae aisladas en Paraguay. Año 2021 (2022)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) es el agente causal de la gonorrea, infección de transmisión sexual (ITS) que corresponde a la segunda causa más frecuente de ITS a nivel mundial, provocando una alta morbilidad y costo en atención de salud. En las últimas décadas han aumentado los reportes a nivel mundial de cepas resistentes a penicilina, sulfonamidas, tetraciclina, macrólidos y fluoroquinolonas, y más recientemente a azitromicina y cefalosporinas de espectro extendido como ceftriaxona y cefixima. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en cepas de N. gonorrhoeae que fueron enviadas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública (LCSP), por los centros colaboradores de la Red de Vigilancia Laboratorial de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (RAM). Para ello, se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal de enero a diciembre de 2021. Se caracterizaron 128 cepas como N. gonorrhoeae a las cuales se le realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad obteniéndose 48% de resistencia y 52% de sensibilidad intermedia a penicilina. El 70% presentó resistencia a ciprofloxacina y el 19% a tetraciclina. Se obtuvo 100% de sensibilidad a ceftriaxona y cefixima. El fenotipo de resistencia de mayor prevalencia fue QRNG, asociado con resistencia a ciprofloxacina, seguido del fenotipo PPNG-QRNG, asociado con resistencia a penicilina y ciprofloxacina. Ante estos hallazgos y frente a la emergencia mundial de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, especialmente de cefalosporinas de espectro extendido, se recomienda que los laboratorios de bacteriología fortalezcan la vigilancia para apoyar la detección de casos y proporcionar el tratamiento adecuado.
Lexical modeling of non-native speech for automatic speech recognition (2002)

The paper examines the recognition of non-native speech in JUPITER, a speaker-independent, spontaneous-speech conversational system. Because the non-native speech in this domain is limited and varied, speaker- and accent-specific methods are impractical. We therefore chose to model all of the non-native data with a single model. In particular, the paper describes an attempt to better model non-native lexical patterns. These patterns are incorporated by applying context-independent phonetic confusion rules, whose probabilities are estimated from training data. Using this approach, the word error rate on a non-native test set is reduced from 20.9% to 18.8%.
A facile approach to synthesize uniform hydrogel shells with controllable loading and releasing properties (2008)

We present a facile and straightforward method to synthesize uniform poly(vinyl amine) hydrogel shells with excellent loading capability for active materials and controllable responsiveness to applied stimuli, providing tunable releasing properties.
GMI-Maximizing Constellation Design with Grassmann Projection for Parametric Shaping (2016)

We introduce a new geometric shaping to optimize signal constellations maximizing generalized mutual information for both binary and nonbinary coding. With parametric projection of hyper cubes, we can perform seamless constellation shaping with near 1 dB gain.
Accurate control of contrast on microcomputer displays (1991)

Off-the-shelf microcomputers can now display arbitrary 8-bit images, but accurate control of these images requires dealing with several undesirable properties of real digital to analog converters (DACs) and analog video monitors. The limitations of DACs and video monitors are presented in the form of a model for their calibration and use in vision experiments. Low contrasts can be accurately rendered by summing a small accurate a.c. signal and a large less-accurate d.c. signal (Watson et al., 1986; Behavior Research, Method, Instrument and Computers, 18, 587-594). Exploiting that idea, this note presents an easy-to-build passive resistor network, a video attenuator, that combines the outputs of three 8-bit DACs to render low contrasts with 12-bit accuracy at the display. Measurements confirm the 12-bit accuracy.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein gene promoter is differently modulated by transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in astrocytes from distinct brain regions (2004)

The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the major intermediate filament protein of mature astrocytes, is regulated under developmental and pathological conditions. Recently, we have investigated GFAP gene modulation by using a transgenic mouse bearing part of the GFAP gene promoter linked to the beta-galactosidase reporter gene. We demonstrated that cerebral cortex neurons activate the GFAP gene promoter, inducing transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) secretion by astrocytes. Here, we report that cortical neurons or conditioned medium derived from them do not activate the GFAP gene promoter of transgenic astrocytes derived from midbrain and cerebellum suggesting a neuroanatomical regional specificity of this phenomenon. Surprisingly, they do induce synthesis of TGF-beta 1 by these cells. Western blot and immunocytochemistry assays revealed wild distribution of TGF receptor in all subpopulations of astrocytes and expression of TGF-beta 1 in neurons derived from all regions, thus indicating that the unresponsiveness of the cerebellar and midbrain GFAP gene to TGF-beta 1 is not due to a defect in TGF-beta 1 signalling. Together, our data highlight the great complexity of neuron-glia interactions and might suggest a distinct mechanism underlying modulation of the GFAP gene in the heterogeneous population of astrocytes throughout the central nervous system.
Immune mechanisms in the sequential steps of metastasis. (1993)

The number of viable disseminating cancer cells may be reduced dramatically at each step of the metastatic sequence. Host defense mechanisms may contribute to the reduction in the number of cancer cells able to accomplish each step of metastasis. However, augmentation by host defense mechanisms of the ability to complete metastatic events has been observed. The role of cellular host defense mechanisms in the elimination of disseminating cancer cells at individual steps of metastasis is reviewed.