gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Cracking of Coker Gas Oil at High Reaction Temperature and Catalyst to Oil Ratio (2013)

Coker gas oil (CGO) is difficult to be cracked in the conventional FCC process, due to their high nitrogen content, especially the basic nitrogen compounds. To enhance the conversion of CGO, the high reaction temperature and catalyst to oil ratio processing scheme was performed in a pilot-scale riser FCC apparatus. To study the impact of (basic) nitrogen content, two kinds of CGO were tested. The results show that increasing the reaction temperature and CTO is an effective method for enhancing the conversion of CGO. The (basic) nitrogen content significantly influences the cracking behavior of CGO and the choose of optimal reaction conditions.
Functional description of H-Bus: a broadband customer premises network (2002)

A broadband customer premises network (CPN) provides multiaccess capabilities at a user network interface (UNI)-between the B-ISDN and customer premises terminals. The functionality of H-Bus, an experimental broadband CPN prototype suitable for residential and small business environments is described. H-Bus extends the use of SONET (synchronous optical network) and ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) standard formats into the CPN, which results in a common set of key components in both the B-ISDN and the CPN, and reduces the complexity of the CPN/B-ISDN interface equipment, as compared to other non-ATM CPN solutions. Background information on the H-Bus CPN is given, including the architecture and basic description of its components. The functional requirements of H-Bus within the framework of the broadband protocol reference architecture model are addressed. Some specific aspects of the UNI are discussed in the context of H-Bus, and possible solutions to various problems associated with the multiaccess UNI arrangement are proposed. Functions and applications of the H-Bus ATM layer chip as well as other crucial H-Bus prototype components are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antenna systems for 800 MHz (1982)

The assignment of the 800 MHz frequencies has brought into sharper focus the long standing requirement for omnidirectional coverage from base station antennas that are not individually mounted at the top of a dedicated tower. The cellular and trunking systems with their large number of channels at any one site must, with present state of the art transmitter combiners, use more than one transmit antenna. Since each tower has only one top; the requirement to place several antennas there becomes evident. Figures are presented illustrating the variation in pattern and gain caused by this multiplicity of antennas mounted in such candelabra arrangements of two, three and five antennas. The spacing of the antennas varies from less than two wavelengths to greater than seven wavelengths in these tower top clusters. In the past, existing large broadcast towers have been utilized as antenna mounting locations: 800 MHz systems will be no different. The top of these towers are generally not available for land mobile antennas as they are occupied by TV or FM broadcast stations. As a result, side mounting becomes absolutely necessary. The tower may be many wavelengths in width at the antenna mounting elevation. The patterns resulting from side mounting antennas on these large structures as well as smaller structures are shown.
TIFA Signaling in Gastric Epithelial Cells Initiates the<i>cag</i>Type 4 Secretion System-Dependent Innate Immune Response to<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Infection (2017)

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the human stomach, causing inflammation which, in some cases, leads to gastric ulcers and cancer. The clinical outcome of infection depends on a complex interplay of bacterial, host genetic, and environmental factors. Although <i>H. pylori</i> is recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems, this rarely results in bacterial clearance. Gastric epithelial cells are the first line of defense against <i>H. pylori</i> and alert the immune system to bacterial presence. Cytosolic delivery of proinflammatory bacterial factors through the <i>cag</i> type 4 secretion system (<i>cag</i>-T4SS) has long been appreciated as the major mechanism by which gastric epithelial cells detect <i>H. pylori</i> Classically attributed to the peptidoglycan sensor NOD1, recent work has highlighted the role of NOD1-independent pathways in detecting <i>H. pylori</i>; however, the bacterial and host factors involved have remained unknown. Here, we show that bacterially derived heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), a metabolic precursor in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, is delivered to the host cytosol through the <i>cag</i>-T4SS, where it activates the host tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain (TIFA)-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway. This response, which is independent of NOD1, drives robust NF-κB-dependent inflammation within hours of infection and precedes NOD1 activation. We also found that the CagA toxin contributes to the NF-κB-driven response subsequent to TIFA and NOD1 activation. Taken together, our results indicate that the sequential activation of TIFA, NOD1, and CagA delivery drives the initial inflammatory response in gastric epithelial cells, orchestrating the subsequent recruitment of immune cells and leading to chronic gastritis.<b>IMPORTANCE</b><i>H. pylori</i> is a globally prevalent cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers and cancer. <i>H. pylori</i> antibiotic resistance is rapidly increasing, and a vaccine remains elusive. The earliest immune response to <i>H. pylori</i> is initiated by gastric epithelial cells and sets the stage for the subsequent immunopathogenesis. This study revealed that host TIFA and <i>H. pylori</i>-derived HBP are critical effectors of innate immune signaling that account for much of the inflammatory response to <i>H. pylori</i> in gastric epithelial cells. HBP is delivered to the host cell via the <i>cag</i>-T4SS at a time point that precedes activation of the previously described NOD1 and CagA inflammatory pathways. Manipulation of the TIFA-driven immune response in the host and/or targeting of ADP-heptose biosynthesis enzymes in <i>H. pylori</i> may therefore provide novel strategies that may be therapeutically harnessed to achieve bacterial clearance.
A probabilistic approach for human everyday activities recognition using body motion from RGB-D images (2014)

In this work, we propose an approach that relies on cues from depth perception from RGB-D images, where features related to human body motion (3D skeleton features) are used on multiple learning classifiers in order to recognize human activities on a benchmark dataset. A Dynamic Bayesian Mixture Model (DBMM) is designed to combine multiple classifier likelihoods into a single form, assigning weights (by an uncertainty measure) to counterbalance the likelihoods as a posterior probability. Temporal information is incorporated in the DBMM by means of prior probabilities, taking into consideration previous probabilistic inference to reinforce current-frame classification. The publicly available Cornell Activity Dataset [1] with 12 different human activities was used to evaluate the proposed approach. Reported results on testing dataset show that our approach overcomes state of the art methods in terms of precision, recall and overall accuracy. The developed work allows the use of activities classification for applications where the human behaviour recognition is important, such as human-robot interaction, assisted living for elderly care, among others.
Selective Solvation Extraction of Gold from Alkaline Cyanide Solution by Alkyl Phosphorus Esters (1987)

Abstract Research efforts have shown that solvation extraction of gold from alkaline cyanide solution is possible by alkyl phosphorus esters. Both tributyl phosphate (TBP) and dibutyl butyl phosphonate (DBBP) appear to be effective extractants for gold and exhibit high loading capacities exceeding 30 gpl. Selective solvation extraction of—gold from alkaline cyanide solution can be achieved with selectivity factors relative to other cya-noanions as high as 1000 under certain circumstances. Variables influencing the selectivity such as ionic strength, temperature, and extractant structure, are discussed in terms of the extraction chemistry, which seems to involve the solvation of a ion pair.
Non-unitary orthogonal differential space-time modulation with non-coherent soft-output detection (2006)

Differential space-time modulation is an attractive alternative for mobile communications systems with multiple antennas at transmitter and/or receiver since it does not require channel estimation. Most proposals which are available in liter- ature are based on unitary matrices which limits the achievable data rate and performance. We propose a generalized transmitter and soft-output detector for non-coherent space-time modulation which is not restricted to unitary matrices. At the transmitter, a normalization factor guarantees that the differential scheme meets a power constraint. However, this normalization factor- which depends on the transmitted data- makes it hard to design a soft-output detector. Our main contribution is a new soft-output detector which does not require knowledge of channel coefficients, channel statistics or noise variance. I. INTRODUCTION
Liver fat is reproducibly measured using computed tomography in the Framingham Heart Study (2008)

One cross-sectional slice is adequate to capture the majority of variance of fat content in the liver per individual. Abdominal scan measures as compared to chest scan measures of fat content in the liver are more precise. The measurement of fat content in the liver on MDCT scans is feasible and reproducible.
Fishing for Aquaculture: Non-Food Use of Small Pelagic Forage Fish—A Global Perspective (2009)

About 33.29 million tonnes or 36.2% of the total world fisheries catch was destined for non-food uses in 2006, either targeted for reduction into dry meal (fish meal) and oil (fish oil) for use within industrially compounded animal feeds, or used directly as animal feed in fresh, frozen, or wet processed form. However, whereas the proportion of non-food landings destined for reduction has been relatively constant since 1970 (mean ± SD: 23.17 ± 3.74 million tonnes), “other” non-food use landings have risen markedly from 0.90 million tonnes in 1970 (3.7% total non-food use landings) to 13.14 million tonnes in 2006 or 39.5% total non-food use landings. At present, small pelagic forage fish species, including “low-value/trash fish,” form the bulk of the fisheries catch destined for non-food uses, with the aquaculture sector currently being the largest consumer. In 2006, it is estimated that the aquaculture sector consumed an estimated 23.8 million tonnes of small pelagic forage fish in the form of feed inputs, including 3.72 million tonnes used to make fish meal, 0.83 million tonnes to make fish oil used in compounded aquafeeds, and an additional 7.2 million tonnes of low value/trash fish as a direct feed or within farm-made aquafeeds.
Relationship between the trigeminal nerve root and its around vessel. (2000)

Objective: To study relationship between trigeminal nerve root and its around vessel. Methods: 16 case head specimen infused with red gelatin into artery were dissected and observed under operating microscope. Results: Trigeminal nerve root and its around vessel (main are superior cerebellar artery and anterior inferior cerebellar artery)creating contact was found 50.0%(16/32),forming compression was found 12.5%(4/32). Conclusion:Vascular compression may be predominant cause of trigeminal neuralgia.
Caspase Inhibition Improves Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Lung Transplantation (2005)

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with cell death in many organ systems. The role of programmed cell death (PCD) pathways and the ultimate clinical relevance of PCD in the context of lung transplantation (LTx) are unknown. In randomized and blinded studies, rat single LTx was performed in the presence of caspase inhibitors after 'short' (6 h) and 'long' (18 h) periods of cold ischemic storage. Lung function, electron microscopic morphology, caspase 3, 8 and 9 activities and TUNEL assays were evaluated. Endothelial cells and lymphocytes were observed undergoing apoptotic cell death with electron microscopy. Caspase activities were significantly up-regulated immediately after the initial flush and increased further during short periods of cold ischemic storage. A significant amount of apoptotic cell death was observed after LTx and reperfusion. Caspase inhibition virtually eliminated apoptotic cell death and led to improved lung function after LTx and reperfusion. Activation of caspases during cold ischemia contributes significantly to cell death in LTx. Suppression of caspase activity appears to decrease apoptosis and improve lung function. Clearly, this needs to be investigated further with more experiments to validate the potential role of caspase inhibition as a therapeutic modality in ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury.
Metastatic breast cancer treated by chemotherapy: Trends in survival and costs in two patient cohorts treated in 1994–1998 and 2003–2006 (2009)

6552 Background: Although new chemotherapy agents have been approved during the past decade for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), it is unclear whether their use has changed the outcome of patients. This study assessed the clinical and economic impacts of these drugs. Methods: We undertook a retrospective study of women diagnosed with MBC during two periods of time, 1994–1998 and 2003–2006 and compared overall survival data between the two groups. Female patients with MBC were identified from the Centre Léon Bérard (Lyon, France) database. Tumor and treatment characteristics, costs of chemotherapy, and patient outcome were compared using the X 2 test, the log rank test, and Cox regression analysis. Overall survival was calculated from the date of MBC diagnosis to the date of death or last follow-up. Chemotherapy-related costs were calculated according to the 2008 pricelist of French cancer centers. Results: A total of 301 MBC cases were identified. The median follow-up of living patients was 3.87 years. No survival difference was observed between the two periods, with a median overall survival of 2.76 years for the 1994–1998 cohort (149 patients) and 2.68 years for the 2003–2006 cohort (152 patients) (HR 1.04, 95%CI 0.70–1.55; p = 0.83). The median number of lines of chemotherapy was similar in the two groups (=3). The median cost of chemotherapy per MBC patient was 3 times higher in 2003–2006 (25,320 €) than in 1994–1998 (8,865 €; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, prognostic factors for overall survival were the number of metastatic sites (HR 2.06; p < 0.0001), bone metastases (HR 0.67; p = 0.007), and hormone receptors (HR 0.56; p = 0.002). Survival was identical in HER-2 positive and HER-2 negative patients (HR 0.99; p = 0.99). Conclusions: Despite the implementation of numerous novel chemotherapeutic agents, the overall survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer has not improved over the last decade on the scale of our institution, whereas the costs of chemotherapy have significantly increased. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Identification and Modification of the Uridine-binding Site of the UDP-GalNAc (GlcNAc) Pyrophosphorylase (2000)

UDP-GalNAc pyrophosphorylase (UDP-GalNAcPP; AGX1) catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-GalNAc from UTP and GalNAc-1-P. The 475-amino acid protein (57 kDa protein) also synthesizes UDP-GlcNAc at about 25% the rate of UDP-GalNAc. The cDNA for this enzyme, termed AGX1, was cloned in Escherichia coli, and expressed as an active enzyme that cross-reacted with antiserum against the original pig liver UDP-HexNAcPP. In the present study, we incubated recombinant AGX1 with N(3)-UDP-[(32)P]GlcNAc and N(3)-UDP-[(32)P]GalNAc probes to label the nucleotide-binding site. Proteolytic digestions of the labeled enzyme and analysis of the resulting peptides indicated that both photoprobes cross-linked to one 24-amino acid peptide located between residues Val(216) and Glu(240). Four amino acids in this peptide were found to be highly conserved among closely related enzymes, and each of these was individually modified to alanine. Mutation of Gly(222) to Ala in the peptide almost completely eliminated UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc synthesis, while mutation of Gly(224) to Ala, almost completely eliminated UDP-GalNAc synthesis, but UDP-GlcNAc was only diminished by 50%. Both of these mutations also resulted in almost complete loss of the ability of the mutated proteins to cross-link N(3)-UDP-[(32)P]GlcNAc or N(3)-UDP-[(32)P]GalNAc. On the other hand, mutations of either Pro(220) or Tyr(227) to Ala did not greatly affect enzymatic activity, although there was some reduction in the ability of these proteins to cross-link the photoaffinity probes. We also mutated Gly(111) to Ala since this amino acid was reported to be necessary for catalysis (Mio, T., Yabe, T., Arisawa, M., and Yamada-Okabe, H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14392-14397). The Gly(111) to Ala mutant lost all enzymatic activity, but interestingly enough, this mutant protein still cross-linked the radioactive N(3)-UDP-GlcNAc although not nearly as well as the wild type. On the other hand, mutation of Arg(115) to Ala had no affect on enzymatic activity although it also reduced the amount of cross-linking of N(3)-UDP-[(32)P]GlcNAc. These studies help to define essential amino acids at or near the nucleotide-binding site and the catalytic site, as well as peptides involved in binding and catalysis.
Solgel‐Processed Mullite Coating—A Review (2014)

Mullite is one of the popular ceramic materials for different engineering applications due to some of its important properties which include good thermal and chemical stability, high creep resistance, etc. Mullite synthesized by solgel process generally requires lower temperature for processing and generate product with better homogeneity and more purity compared with other conventional processes. Coating of solgel‐derived mullite film on surface of a ceramic substrate can improve its thermomechanical properties, making it suitable for applications in different aggravated conditions. This study embarks a comprehensive review on synthesis, characterization and applications of solgel‐derived mullite coating.
Bed Load Grain Velocities and Sediment Transport Rates (1984)

Theoretical consideration of the dynamics of bed load sediment transport leads to expressions for bed grain velocity and sediment transport rate as, respectively, U b = a ( U * − U *c ) and i b = ( a /tan α) ( U * − U *c ) (т 0 −т c ), agreeing in form with many previous analyses. The grain velocity equation agrees well with all experimentally determined velocities of single grains moving over fixed rough beds if a is allowed to vary with bed roughness and saltation height. Values of U *c for such overriding grains are substantially less than normally accepted values. The sediment transport rate equation predicts plane bed experimental data well, over five orders of magnitude of i b . Values of a /tan α increase significantly from lower to upper stage plane beds due to an increase in a with suspended sediment concentration but also due to a decrease in tan α with increasing transport stage and grain size (as predicted by Bagnold).
A robust pole clustering design of pneumatic systems using LMI approach (2003)

This article deals with a robust control scheme for a pneumatic servo system containing unknown possibly nonlinear uncertainties. Added to neglecting spool valve dynamics, it will be hypothesized that the temperature may vary from its nominal value within the variable volume chamber, resulting in some parameters sensitively changing. Obtained by a simpler feedback linearization, the linear plant is investigated by multi-objective synthesis of a PI controller. The design objective will be a mix of H/sub /spl infin// performance minimization constrained on an appropriate closed-loop pole location. These conditions will be expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). This formulation is therefore numerically tractable via LMI optimization. So, simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed controller.
Catheter autoreconstruction in computed tomography based brachytherapy treatment planning (2000)

The aim of this study is to develop an automatic reconstruction of brachytherapy catheters using CT (computed tomography) data. Previously no such automatic facility has existed in any treatment planning software. To achieve this facility we have developed tools for the automatic reconstruction (which we term autoreconstruction) of plastic and metallic catheters. These algorithms overcome a number of difficulties which arise when a large number of catheters are present. These include situations with intersecting catheters and with loop techniques. The time required for the catheter reconstruction process using our autoreconstruction method is significantly reduced. The accuracy of our autoreconstruction is at least as high as the classical manual slice-by-slice method.
Guanosine 5‘-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate and adenosine 5‘-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate. New nucleotide affinity labels which react with rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. (1994)

Three new reactive nucleotide analogues with bromo-keto substituents adjacent to a thiophosphate have been synthesized. Guanosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate (GMPS-BDB), reacts covalently with rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase with complete inactivation and incorporation of 1.8 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit. By contrast, the mono-keto compound, guanosine 5'-O-[S-(3-bromo-2-oxopropyl)]thiophosphate (GMPS-BOP), causes no loss of pyruvate kinase activity. When the analogous adenosyl nucleotide derivatives are incubated with pyruvate kinase, the di-keto compound, adenosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate (AMPS-BDB), rapidly effects inactivation, whereas the mono-keto compound, adenosine 5'-O-[S-(3-bromo-2-oxopropyl)]thiophosphate (AMPS-BOP), causes no loss of activity. Complete protection against inactivation by GMPS-BDB is provided by phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of K+ and Mn2+ and the amount of reagent incorporated (0.9 mol/reagent/mol subunit) is reduced to half that observed in the absence of protectants. Gas-phase sequencing of the tryptic peptides purified from inactive GMPS-BDB or AMPS-BDB-modified enzyme gave the cysteine-labeled peptides: C151DENILWLDYK161, and N162IC164K165 as the two major peptide products, with a smaller amount of N43TGIIC48TIGPASR55. Reaction in the presence of the protectants PEP, K+, and Mn2+ yielded Cys164 as the only labeled residue, indicating that inactivation is primarily due to modification of Cys151. We propose that GMPS-BDB (or AMPS-BDB), which may exist in enolized form in aqueous solution, functions as a reactive analogue of phosphoenolpyruvate and GDP (ADP) to target Cys151 in the active site of pyruvate kinase.