gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developmental Context Determines Latency of MYC-Induced Tumorigenesis (2004)

One of the enigmas in tumor biology is that different types of cancers are prevalent in different age groups. One possible explanation is that the ability of a specific oncogene to cause tumorigenesis in a particular cell type depends on epigenetic parameters such as the developmental context. To address this hypothesis, we have used the tetracycline regulatory system to generate transgenic mice in which the expression of a c-MYC human transgene can be conditionally regulated in murine hepatocytes. MYC's ability to induce tumorigenesis was dependent upon developmental context. In embryonic and neonatal mice, MYC overexpression in the liver induced marked cell proliferation and immediate onset of neoplasia. In contrast, in adult mice MYC overexpression induced cell growth and DNA replication without mitotic cell division, and mice succumbed to neoplasia only after a prolonged latency. In adult hepatocytes, MYC activation failed to induce cell division, which was at least in part mediated through the activation of p53. Surprisingly, apoptosis is not a barrier to MYC inducing tumorigenesis. The ability of oncogenes to induce tumorigenesis may be generally restrained by developmentally specific mechanisms. Adult somatic cells have evolved mechanisms to prevent individual oncogenes from initiating cellular growth, DNA replication, and mitotic cellular division alone, thereby preventing any single genetic event from inducing tumorigenesis.
Control of the repetitive discharge of rat CA 1 pyramidal neurones in vitro. (1984)

Experiments using intracellular recording techniques were performed on rat hippocampal neurones in vitro, to study the discharge properties of these cells. When CA 1 pyramidal cells were excited by injecting long depolarizing current pulses (approximately 600-800 ms), they responded with an initial rapid action potential discharge which slowed, or accommodated, and then stopped after 200-300 ms. The train of action potentials was followed by a hyperpolarization which was due primarily to calcium-activated potassium conductance (GK(Ca]. The amplitude of this hyperpolarization increased with an increasing number of action potentials in the initial discharge. Blocking the calcium-activated potassium conductance, by injecting EGTA into the cell, by bathing the cell in cadmium, a calcium channel blocker, or by bathing the cell in calcium-free medium, reduced the after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) and accommodation such that the frequency of action potential discharge increased and the duration of this discharge was prolonged. Blocking the calcium-activated potassium conductance had a greater effect on discharge frequency later in the action potential train, as late interspike intervals were shortened more than early ones by the application of cadmium or of calcium-free medium. This was presumably because the calcium-activated potassium conductance was more developed later in the train. Accommodation was not completely abolished in the absence of calcium and presence of cadmium, suggesting that other factors, in addition to calcium-activated potassium conductance, contributed to this process. This remaining accommodation was reduced by low doses of carbachol, suggesting that the M-current also plays a role in accommodation. We conclude that accommodation of the action potential discharge of hippocampal pyramidal cells may be regulated by at least two potassium currents: the calcium-activated potassium current and the M-current. Both of these currents are turned on during excitation of the neurone and act in an inhibitory manner on that neurone to limit further action potential discharge.
The effect of an electrical double layer on the voltammetric performance of nanoscale interdigitated electrodes: a simulation study (2008)

Finite-element based computational simulation is performed to investigate the effect of an electrical double layer (EDL) on the electrochemical processes of nanometer-scale interdigitated electrodes (nano-IDEs). Results show that the EDL structure will alter the voltammetric current response of nano-IDEs due to the expansion of the diffuse layer into the diffusion layer at the electrode surfaces and the overlap of the electrical fields of the neighboring electrodes. The EDL induced change in the voltammetric current response is more severe for nano-IDEs with a smaller electrode size and gap spacing, and the EDL effect is influenced by the compact layer thickness, the charge valence of the redox species, the electron transfer rate, and the absence of the supporting electrolyte.
The synthesis and chelation properties of the oximes of certain pyridinyl‐ and diazinylmethyl ketones (1977)

Abstract Two series of oximes derived from pyridinyl and diazinylmethyl ketones have been prepared and tested with regard to their metal‐chelation properties.
Microwave-assisted conversion of carbohydrates to levulinic acid: an essential step in biomass conversion (2012)

Degradation of non-edible carbohydrates to levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid) was studied by using dielectric heating with microwave energy. Levulinic acid and its reduced and dehydrated derivative, γ-valerolactone (GVL), can be used for the production of small-molecule, functionalized hydrocarbons, which might be potential platform molecules for the chemical industry. First, simple model compounds (fructose, glucose, saccharose and cellobiose) were hydrolyzed in order to find the optimum reaction conditions (e.g. reagent, reaction temperature, acid concentration, time) for the degradation and transformation of polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, chitosan) by using controlled microwave irradiation. Cellulose, a non-edible biopolymer of plant origin, was successfully converted to levulinic acid under the optimized conditions (2 M H2SO4, 170 °C, 50 min) with a yield of 34.2% in a mono-mode Multisynth microwave reactor. The reactions proceeded with hydrochloric acid catalysis as well, and a slightly better yield was achieved, however, using HCl (a chlorine containing catalyst) raises serious environmental concerns. The hydrolysis of glucosamine-based glycans (D-glucosamine, N-Ac-D-glucosamine, LMw-chitosan, MMw-chitosan, chitin) was also studied and optimized with sulfuric acid as a catalyst in a mono-mode Multisynth microwave reactor. The highest yield of levulinic acid was obtained with 2 M H2SO4 at 190 °C for 30 min. N-Ac-D-glucosamine, D-glucosamine, LMw-chitosan and MMw-chitosan resulted in levulinic acid with yields between 20.6% and 32.7%, the larger molecular weight chitin was degraded to levulinic acid with a yield of 37.8%.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole–Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Copolymer for High-Mobility Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2012)

In this communication, we report the synthesis of a novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP-DPP)-based conjugated copolymer and its application in high-mobility organic field-effect transistors. Copolymerization of DPP with DPP yields a copolymer with exceptional properties such as extended absorption characteristics (up to ~1100 nm) and field-effect electron mobility values of >1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). The synthesis of this novel DPP-DPP copolymer in combination with the demonstration of transistors with extremely high electron mobility makes this work an important step toward a new family of DPP-DPP copolymers for application in the general area of organic optoelectronics.
The Synthesis of Nucleoside 5'-O-(1,1-Dithiotriphosphates) (1994)

Appropriately protected nucleoside 5'-O-(2-thio-1,3,2-dithiaphospholanes) react with inorganic pyrophosphate in the presence of a strong base catalyst (DBU) to give nucleoside 5'-O-(1,1-dithiotriphosphates) 1a-g. The latter compounds, including an AZT analogue, show modest antivirial activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in CEM cells. The AZT and deoxyadenosine derivatives were found to be inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.
<title>Correction For X-Ray Source Optical-Transfer-Function Degradation Of Radiologic Images By Optical Spatial Filtering</title> (1974)

Degradation of the radiologic image is caused by the finite size of X-ray sources. This effect is often the principal limitation on the resolution of a radiologic imaging system. If it were possible to reduce the source size, the contrast and resolution of an X-ray image would be improved. Unfortunately, X-ray tube construction considerations and the need for sufficient radiation output necessitate relatively large X-ray sources.
Quantitative Rapid Analysis Method for Ofloxacin in Raw Milk Based on Molecule-Specific Recognition and Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (2017)

Abstract. A quantitative rapid analysis method for ofloxacin detection in raw milk using molecule-specific recognition and an electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) technique was investigated in this study. An association complex (AC) formed by a combination of ofloxacin and sodium tetraphenylboron (ST) was used as the active material for electrochemical analysis. A carbon screen-printed electrode (CSE) was modified with the AC to form an electrochemical active membrane for ofloxacin detection. EIS data of pretreated raw milk samples were measured and analyzed with a non-linear bistable stochastic resonance (SR) model. Trace ofloxacin concentrations were characterized by SR output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) eigen values. An ofloxacin quantitative analysis model was built based on SNR eigen values. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method presented good accuracy, repeatability, and recovery. It is a promising way for ofloxacin detection in raw milk. Keywords: Association complex, Electrochemical impedance spectrum, Ofloxacin, Quantitative analysis, Sodium tetraphenylboron.
<i>HSP110</i> T17 simplifies and improves the microsatellite instability testing in patients with colorectal cancer (2016)

HT17 simplifies and improves the current standard molecular methods for detecting MSI in CRC.
Source-level global optimizations for fine-grain distributed shared memory systems (2001)

This paper describes and evaluates the use of aggressive static analysis in Jackal, a fine-grain Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) system for Java. Jackal uses an optimizing, source-level compiler rather than the binary rewriting techniques employed by most other fine-grain DSM systems. Source-level analysis makes existing access-check optimizations (e.g., access-check batching) more effective and enables two novel fine-grain DSM optimizations: object-graph aggregation and automatic computation migration . The compiler detects situations where an access to a root object is followed by accesses to subobjects. Jackal attempts to aggregate all access checks on objects in such object graphs into a single check on the graph's root object. If this check fails, the entire graph is fetched. Object-graph aggregation can reduce the number of network roundtrips and, since it is an advanced form of access-check batching, improves sequential performance. Computation migration (or function shipping) is used to optimize critical sections in which a single processor owns both the shared data that is accessed and the lock that protects the data. It is usually more efficient to execute such critical sections on the processor that holds the lock and the data than to incur multiple roundtrips for acquiring the lock, fetching the data, writing the data back, and releasing the lock. Jackal's compiler detects such critical sections and optimizes them by generating single-roundtrip computation-migration code rather than standard data-shipping code. Jackal's optimizations improve both sequential and parallel application performance. On average, sequential execution times of instrumented, optimized programs are within 10% of those of uninstrumented programs. Application speedups usually improve significantly and several Jackal applications perform as well as hand-optimized message-passing programs.
Optimal inhalation technique with terbutaline Turbuhaler (1989)

The bronchodilator response after four different modes of inhalation of 0.25 mg terbutaline from a Turbuhaler was assessed, in a double-blind cross-over study, of 14 asthmatic children aged 8-14 yrs (mean 11.6 yrs). The children inhaled as fast as possible (mean peak inspiratory flow rate = 53 l.min-1), because fast inhalations have been found to be more efficient than slow inhalations when the Turbuhaler is used. Tilting the head back during inhalation and a breath-holding pause of 10 s after the inhalation had no significant effect upon bronchodilation. Furthermore, the response was the same whether the children inhaled from residual volume (RV) or functional residual capacity (FRC). These results suggest that this new inhaler can be used with a very simple inhalation technique without any loss of effect. A simple inhalation technique is likely to facilitate teaching and improve compliance.
Heterogeneous multi-sensor data fusion using geometric transformations and Parzen windows for the nondestructive evaluation of gas transmission pipelines (2004)

The natural gas transmission pipeline network in the United States is a key component of the nation's energy supply infrastructure and extends for over 280,000 miles and has an average age of over 60 years. The integrity of the pipeline is maintained by periodic inline inspections using magnetic or ultrasonic pigs. Defect characterization algorithms developed using current pigging data are hampered by the fact that single inspection techniques (either magnetic or ultrasonic) do not yield sufficient information for accurately and repeatably characterizing defects. This thesis demonstrates that defect characterization algorithms using multiple inspection techniques can accomplish this task. In particular, it is shown that the varying depth of a surface breaking pipeline defect can be precisely determined using a combination of multiple inspection methods. Also the precise location of such defects can be predicted using dissimilar interrogation methods. A judicious combination of signal and image processing strategies, including geometric transformations, radial basis function approximations and Parzen windows density estimations, have been used to fuse data from both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensors. Application results using data from laboratory experiments demonstrate the consistency and efficacy of the proposed approach.
Differences in the molecular basis of resistance to the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxydim in <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> (2005)

Summary Resistance to the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide sethoxydim was investigated in two UK Lolium multiflorum populations, Yorks A2 and PYL. Resistance screening experiments demonstrated a qualitative difference in the responses of the two populations to sethoxydim, suggesting that the molecular basis of resistance between them was different. After treatment, Yorks A2 plants were either alive (78% of sample tested) or dead (22% tested) but plants of the PYL population showed two further intermediate categories of response. The level of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) insensitivity directly correlated with the degree of resistance at the whole plant level, indicating that the molecular basis of resistance is associated with differences in ACCase sensitivity in each population. Direct sequencing of the carboxyl transferase domain of the ACCase gene showed that an Ile‐418‐Leu substitution in the L. multiflorum chloroplastic ACCase (GenBank accession number AY710293 ) confers resistance to sethoxydim in Yorks A2. This corresponds to amino acid residue 1781 in the Alopecurus myosuroides full ACCase sequence. This is the first report of this mutation in this L. multiflorum , which has also been reported in four other grass‐weeds, including L. rigidum . However, no amino acid substitutions were found to be specifically associated with the resistant phenotypes in the PYL population and the molecular basis of resistance in this population remains to be resolved.
Regression Analysis of a Disease Onset Distribution Using Diagnosis Data (2007)

We consider methods for estimating the effect of a covariate on a disease onset distribution when the observed data structure consists of right-censored data on diagnosis times and current status data on onset times amongst individuals who have not yet been diagnosed. Dunson and Baird (2001, Biometrics 57, 306-403) approached this problem using maximum likelihood, under the assumption that the ratio of the diagnosis and onset distributions is monotonic nondecreasing. As an alternative, we propose a two-step estimator, an extension of the approach of van der Laan, Jewell, and Petersen (1997, Biometrika 84, 539-554) in the single sample setting, which is computationally much simpler and requires no assumptions on this ratio. A simulation study is performed comparing estimates obtained from these two approaches, as well as that from a standard current status analysis that ignores diagnosis data. Results indicate that the Dunson and Baird estimator outperforms the two-step estimator when the monotonicity assumption holds, but the reverse is true when the assumption fails. The simple current status estimator loses only a small amount of precision in comparison to the two-step procedure but requires monitoring time information for all individuals. In the data that motivated this work, a study of uterine fibroids and chemical exposure to dioxin, the monotonicity assumption is seen to fail. Here, the two-step and current status estimators both show no significant association between the level of dioxin exposure and the hazard for onset of uterine fibroids; the two-step estimator of the relative hazard associated with increasing levels of exposure has the least estimated variance amongst the three estimators considered.
Spatio-temporal analysis and prediction of cellular traffic in metropolis (2017)

Understanding and predicting cellular traffic at large-scale and fine-granularity is beneficial and valuable to mobile users, wireless carriers and city authorities. Predicting cellular traffic in modern metropolis is particularly challenging because of the tremendous temporal and spatial dynamics introduced by diverse user Internet behaviours and frequent user mobility citywide. In this paper, we characterize and investigate the root causes of such dynamics in cellular traffic through a big cellular usage dataset covering 1.5 million users and 5,929 cell towers in a major city of China. We reveal intensive spatio-temporal dependency even among distant cell towers, which is largely overlooked in previous works. To explicitly characterize and effectively model the spatio-temporal dependency of urban cellular traffic, we propose a novel decomposition of in-cell and inter-cell data traffic, and apply a graph-based deep learning approach to accurate cellular traffic prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art time-series based approaches and we also show through an example study how the decomposition of cellular traffic can be used for event inference.
5‐(<i>N</i>‐ethyl‐N‐isopropyl)‐amiloride enhances <i>SMN2</i> exon 7 inclusion and protein expression in spinal muscular atrophy cells (2007)

Our finding that EIPA, an inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger, can increase SMN protein expression in SMA cells provides a new direction for the development of drugs for SMA treatment. However, further translational studies are needed to determine whether this finding is applicable for SMA treatment or just a proof of cellular pH effect on SMN splicing.
The Canal Irrigation in Paediatric Pulpal Treatment (2016)

ì ì¹ë ìêµ¬ì¹ë¥¼ ë§ë¡ íê³ ê·¼ê´ë´ì ì¸ê· ê°ì¼ì¼ë¡ ì¸í ì¹ì ê´´ì¬ ë° ì´ì ë°ë¥¸ ì¹ê·¼ë¨ ë³ìì ì ë°ì ìììë¡ íì¬ê¸ ê·¼ê´ì¹ë£ë ë°ì¹ì ê°ì ëì ì ì¸ ì¹ë£ì ì§ë©´íê² íë¤. í¹í ì ì¹ì ê·¼ê´ì¹ë£ë¥¼ íìë¡ íë ê²½ì°, ìì íìì íëì¡°ì ì´ íê³ê° ìê³ , ì¹ìì í´ë¶íì  ì°¨ì´, ëë ê³ì¹ì¹ì ì¡´ì¬ë¡ ì¸í´ ê·¼ê´ì¹ë£ê° ìë ë°ì¹ì ê°ì ì°¨ì ì ì¹ë£ë¡ ì ê·¼í ì ìë¤. ìêµ¬ì¹ë ì ì¹ë¥¼ ë§ë¡ íê³ ì¹ìë´ ìì¡´ ì¸ê· ê³¼ ì ê¸°ì¡°ì§ ìì¬ë¥¼ ê¸°ê³ì  ë°©ë²ê³¼ í¨ê» ì ì í ê·¼ê´ì¸ì²ì¡ì ì¬ì©íì¬ ê°ë¥í ë§ì´ ì ê±°í¨ì¼ë¡ì¨ ì¹ê·¼ë¨ ì£¼ìì¡°ì§ì ì¹ì ë¥¼ ì ëíì¬ì¼ íë¤. ì°¨ìì¼ìì° ëí¸ë¥¨ì ì°ìí í­ê· í¨ê³¼ì ì¡°ì§ì©í´ì±, ë ìì ë¬´ë ¥í ëë ëë§ì¸µì ì ê±°í ì ìë ì±ì§ ë±ì¼ë¡ ì´ìì ì¸ ê·¼ê´ì¸ì²ì ì ì¡°ê±´ì ê±°ì í©ë¹í ì½ì ì´ë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë¯ë¡ ë¬ë²ë ë° ì¶ê°ì ì¸ ì°¨í ì¡°ì¹ë¥¼ í ë¤ì, ì ëëì ì°¨ìì¼ìì° ëí¸ë¥¨ì ì¬ì©íë ê²ì´ ë°ëì§íë¤.
Wearable Inkjet-Printed Wideband Antenna by Using Miniaturized AMC for Sub-GHz Applications (2016)

A novel compact wearable antenna printed on paper is presented. The antenna comprises a nonresonant coplanar monopole antenna placed on a miniaturized artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) (total size of 0.14 λ0 × 0.14 λ0 × 0.01 λ0 at 700 MHz). The manufacturing process only requires a commercial desktop inkjet printer and conductive nano-ink. The effectiveness of the proposed configuration (monopole above AMC) with respect to the unloaded monopole or to the monopole above a metallic ground plane is proved with on-body measurements in the sub-GHz band.
Distribution of Acyclic Isoprenoids in Fractions from Stepwise Oxidation of Green River Kerogen (1988)

Abstract A study on the distribution of isoprenoid structures in the five fractions obtained by mild Na2Cr2O7/AcOH stepwise oxidation of Green River kerogen is presented. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the fractions resulted in the identification of a homologous series of isoprenoid acids ranging from C14-C21 with C16 as the largest and C18 entirely absent, as well as the two isoprenoidal ketones: 6,l0-dimethyl-2-undecanone and 6,10,l4-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone. A semiquantitative analysis of these components was performed using an INCOS 2300 data system. On the basis of the results obtained, it is suggested that isoprenoid structures do not constitute more than 4% of the kerogen matrix. The results also substantiate previous assumptions that the phytol side chain of chlorophyll is the most likely pre-genitor to the chain isoprenoids found in Green River kerogen.
Electronic and Structural Aspects of Rectangular Pyramidal Hypervalent 10-P-5 Compounds (1987)

Abstract New examples of cationic and neutral trigonal bipyramidal and rectangular pyramidal 10-P-5 species are presented. Their spectral properties (especially their NMR characteristics) and the factors stabilizing them are discussed.