gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Consequences of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Cross-talk and Trafficking (2014)

The signaling capacity of seven-transmembrane/G-protein-coupled receptors (7TM/GPCRs) can be regulated through ligand-mediated receptor trafficking. Classically, the recycling of internalized receptors is associated with resensitization, whereas receptor degradation terminates signaling. We have shown previously that the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) internalizes fast and is primarily resensitized through recycling back to the cell surface. GLP-1R is expressed in pancreatic islets together with the closely related glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIPR) and glucagon (GCGR) receptors. The interaction and cross-talk between coexpressed receptors is a wide phenomenon of the 7TM/GPCR superfamily. Numerous reports show functional consequences for signaling and trafficking of the involved receptors. On the basis of the high structural similarity and tissue coexpression, we here investigated the potential cross-talk between GLP-1R and GIPR or GCGR in both trafficking and signaling pathways. Using a real-time time-resolved FRET-based internalization assay, we show that GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR internalize with differential properties. Remarkably, upon coexpression of the internalizing GLP-1R and the non-internalizing GIPR, GLP-1-mediated GLP-1R internalization was impaired in a GIPR concentration-dependent manner. As a functional consequence of such impaired internalization capability, GLP-1-mediated GLP-1R signaling was abrogated. A similar compromised signaling was found when GLP-1R internalization was abrogated by a dominant-negative version of dynamin (dynamin-1 K44E), which provides a mechanistic link between GLP-1R trafficking and signaling. This study highlights the importance of receptor internalization for full functionality of GLP-1R. Moreover, cross-talk between the two incretin receptors GLP-1R and GIPR is shown to alter receptor trafficking with functional consequences for GLP-1R signaling.
Changes in the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from dairy cows throughout the year (2000)

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring anticarcinogen found in dairy products which is produced in the rumen as an intermediate in the biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the bacteria Butyrivibrio fibrivsolvens. An experiment was conducted to examine the changes in CLA concentration in bovine milk throughout the year. 338 milk samples were taken from the University of Nottingham's commercial dairy herd between December 1997 and March 1999. All animals followed the same dietary regime throughout the study. Samples were analysed for fat and CLA content. Morning and evening samples were pooled to calculate daily fat and CLA concentrations and yields. There was a small variation in milk yield (P<0.05) whereas CLA content and yield varied considerably (P<0.001) throughout the year (CLA = 0.91 to 2.81 mg/g of fat). The highest concentrations were found during the summer months when the cows were mainly eating fresh grass as opposed to conserved forages. Fat content and yield followed by the month were the predominant factors affecting CLA output. Results indicate that, if required, CLA in milk could be increased through suitable dietary management practices.
Patch‐clamp study of liver nuclear ionic channels reconstituted into giant proteoliposomes (2000)

Nuclear ionic channels (NICs) represent ubiquitous structures of living cells, although little is known about their functional properties and encoding genes. To characterize NICs, liver nuclear membrane vesicles were reconstituted into either planar lipid bilayers or proteoliposomes. Reconstitution of nuclear envelope (NE) vesicles into planar lipid bilayer proceeded with low efficiency. NE vesicle reconstitution into proteoliposomes led to NIC observations by the patch-clamp technique. Large conductance, voltage-gated, K(+)-permeant and Cl(-)-permeant NICs were characterized. An 80-105-pS K(+)-permeant NIC with conducting sub-state was also recorded. Our data establish that NICs can be characterized upon reconstitution into giant proteoliposomes and retain biophysical properties consistent with those described for native NICs.
Pharmacodynamics of basic fibroblast growth factor: route of administration determines myocardial and systemic distribution (1997)

These data predict efficacy of intracoronary, left atrial, and pericardial bFGF for myocardial angiogenesis, and a lack of efficacy after bolus intravenous and Swan Ganz administration.
Flow cytometric analysis of semen preparation, and assessment of acrosome reaction, reactive oxygen species production and leucocyte contamination in subfertile men (1999)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, poor acrosome reaction ability, and leucocyte and round cell contamination of semen are associated with diminished male fertility. In addition to the assessment of these variables, the number of abnormal and round cells in semen preparation was studied by flow cytometry. Men with varying degree of fertility despite normal concentrations and motility of spermatozoa were investigated. Group 1 consisted of semen donor candidates (n = 25), group 2 of patients with acceptable fertilization in vitro, but diminished fertility in vivo (n = 56), and group 3 of patients with poor (< 25%) fertilization in vitro (n = 32). The subfertile men in groups 2 and 3 had lower concentrations and poorer rapid progressive motility of spermatozoa than the men in group 1. Using flow cytometry, the number of events in the round cell gate in the Percoll-prepared semen sample was higher in the subfertile men than in the donors, independently of the differences in other semen parameters. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in the number of round cells in native semen by microscopic analysis, or in ROS production or acrosome reaction. In conclusion, flow cytometric assessment of round cells may be a useful method in the investigation of male fertility.
Optimal Algorithms for <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$L_{1}$</tex></formula>-subspace Signal Processing (2014)

We describe ways to define and calculate L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm signal subspaces that are less sensitive to outlying data than L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -calculated subspaces. We start with the computation of the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> maximum-projection principal component of a data matrix containing N signal samples of dimension D. We show that while the general problem is formally NP-hard in asymptotically large N, D, the case of engineering interest of fixed dimension D and asymptotically large sample size N is not. In particular, for the case where the sample size is less than the fixed dimension , we present in explicit form an optimal algorithm of computational cost 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> . For the case N ≥ D, we present an optimal algorithm of complexity O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sup> ). We generalize to multiple L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -max-projection components and present an explicit optimal L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> subspace calculation algorithm of complexity O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DK-K+1</sup> ) where K is the desired number of L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> principal components (subspace rank). We conclude with illustrations of L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -subspace signal processing in the fields of data dimensionality reduction, direction-of-arrival estimation, and image conditioning/restoration.
Wnt signalling in rheumatoid arthritis (2005)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a symmetrical polyarticular disease of unknown aetiology that affects primarily the diarthrodial joints. Characteristic features of RA pathogenesis are synovial hyperplasia and inflammation accompanied by cartilage loss and joint destruction. Synovial hyperplasia and inflammation are a consequence of an increase in the macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes of the synovial intimal lining associated with infiltration of leucocytes into the subintimal space. Although therapeutic interventions are available, the disease persists despite therapy in a significant fraction of patients. Several lines of evidence have substantiated a crucial role of activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) during RA pathogenesis. The hyperplastic FLS population potentially promotes leucocyte infiltration and retention. The rheumatoid synovium eventually transforms into a pannus that destroys articular cartilage and bone. There are no approved drugs that are known to target the FLS in RA, and the underlying mechanisms driving FLS activation remain unresolved. In this review, the importance of Wnt-frizzled (Fz)-mediated signalling in the autonomous activation of FLS is discussed. Anti-Wnt/anti-Fz antibodies, Fz receptor antagonists or small-molecule inhibitors of Wnt-Fz signalling might be useful for therapeutic interventions in refractory RA.
Osteoblastic Cells Mediate Osteoclastic Responsiveness to Parathyroid Hormone* (1986)

Indirect evidence suggests that cells of the osteoblastic lineage may mediate augmented osteoclastic bone resorption induced by PTH. To test this suggestion, osteoclasts were disaggregated from neonatal rat long bones and incubated on slices of human femoral cortical bone. Resorption was measured by computer-assisted morphometric and stereophotogram-metric quantification of osteoclastic excavations, identified in the scanning electron microscope after culture. We compared the effect of PTH on bone resorption by osteoclasts incubated alone with the effect of the hormone on resorption by osteoclasts cocultured with osteoblastic cells. PTH had no effect on bone resorption by osteoclasts alone, but in the presence of any of three osteoblast-containing cell populations, or in the presence of cloned, hormone-responsive osteosarcoma cells, PTH caused a 2- to 4-fold increase in osteoclastic resorption. Significant stimulation was observed at 10(-4) IU/ml PTH. None of the osteoblastic cell populations caused morphologically detectable bone resorption in the absence of osteoclasts. These results indicate that PTH acts primarily on osteoblasts, which are induced by the presence of the hormone to stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption.
A supplementary circuit rule-set for the neuronal wiring (2013)

Limitations of known anatomical circuit rules necessitate the identification of supplementary rules. This is essential for explaining how associative sensory stimuli induce nervous system changes that generate internal sensations of memory, concurrent with triggering specific motor activities in response to specific cue stimuli. A candidate mechanism is rapidly reversible, yet stabilizable membrane hemi-fusion formed between the closely apposed postsynaptic membranes of different neurons at locations of convergence of sensory inputs during associative learning. The lateral entry of activity from the cue stimulus-activated postsynapse re-activates the opposite postsynapse through the hemi-fused area and induces the basic units of internal sensation (namely, semblions) as a systems property. Working, short-term and long-term memories can be viewed as functions of the number of re-activatible hemi-fusions present at the time of memory retrieval. Blocking membrane hemi-fusion either by the insertion of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins or by the deposition of insoluble intermediates of amyloid protein in the inter-postsynaptic extracellular matrix (ECM) space leads to cognitive impairments, supporting this mechanism. The introduction of membrane fusion blockers into the postsynaptic cell cytoplasm that attenuates long-term potentiation (LTP), a correlate of behavioral motor activities in response to memory retrieval, provides further support. The lateral spread of activity through the inter-postsynaptic membrane is capable of contributing to oscillating neuronal activity at certain neuronal orders. At the resting state these oscillations provide sub-threshold activation to many neurons at higher orders, including motor neurons maintaining them at a low initiation threshold for motor activity.
Electron Microscopy (1961)

Anyone viewing electron microscopic photographs, such as the ones published elsewhere in this issue, must be thrilled by the clarity of pictures at these magnifications. Not only is the fineness of detail esthetically satisfying, but the wealth of data that is there for the interpreting is scientifically provocative. The limit of magnification with light microscopy is X 1000-2000, whereas that of "routine" electron microscopy is easily X 100,000. Optical resolution that was 100 Angstroms is now in the range of 6-8 Angstroms. The new order of magnitude has necessitated the invention of new terms and reinterpretation of old structures. Fenestrated membranes, long identified in the eye as the external limiting membrane of the retina and the inner membrane of the pigment epithelium (Wolfe calls it Verhoeff's membrane), consist of what the electron microscopists call terminal bars. They are not membranes at all but condensations of cytoplasm where intercellular exchanges are
The meso Reactivity of Porphyrins and Related Compounds. I. Nitration (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe meso Reactivity of Porphyrins and Related Compounds. I. NitrationR. Bonnett and G. F. StephensonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 8, 2791–2798Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01019a070https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01019a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views545Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preconditioning of transfer matrices: bounding the frequency dependent structured singular value (1994)

The precondition of matrices by diagonal sealing is a useful tool for bounding the structured singular value. Although the constant matrix case has been well studied, comparatively little is known about the behavior of the scaling matrices as a function of frequency. In this paper this problem is addressed by considering the optimal Frobenius-norm scaling. It is shown that, under mild assumptions, there exist stable and minimum-phase diagonal transfer matrices which minimize the Frobenius-norm of a scaled transfer matrix.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assessment of the presence of mucosal human papillomaviruses in malignant melanomas using combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and chemiluminescent immunohistochemistry (2006)

The strong colocalization of mucosal HR-HPV nucleic acids and HMB-45 melanocytic marker emphasized that viral nucleic acids were specifically present in melanoma cells and supported a possible active role of HPV in malignant melanoma.
Contrast-enhanced MR angiography at 3T in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms: a comparison with time-of-flight MR angiography. (2007)

The combination of 3T and parallel-acquisition techniques holds promise for improved performance of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA), in terms of speed, spatial resolution, and coverage. We present a comparison of 2 MRA techniques, including time-of-flight (TOF) and contrast-enhanced MRA, for detection and evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. Our results show that contrast-enhanced MRA with highly accelerated parallel acquisition at 3T does not have the known drawbacks of TOF-MRA techniques, including prolonged acquisition time, spin saturation, and flow-related artifacts, with comparable aneurysm characterization.
Computing n-Finger Form-Closure Grasps on Polygonal Objects (2000)

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for computing all n-finger form-closure grasps on a polygonal object based on a new sufficient and necessary condition for form-closure. With this new condition, it is possible to transfer the problem of computing the form-closure grasp in R 3 to one in R 1 . We demonstrate that the non-form-closure grasps consist of two convex polytopes in the space of n parameters representing grasp points on sides of the polygon. The proposed algorithm works efficiently for n ≤ 3 and takes O(n 3n/2 ) time for n > 3, where n denotes the number of the fingers. The algorithm has been implemented and its efficiency has been confirmed with two examples.
Memory T Cell Subsets, Migration Patterns, and Tissue Residence (2012)

Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens. Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the low frequency of naive T cells specific for any one pathogen means dependence on primary responses initiated in draining lymph nodes, often allowing time for serious infection to develop. These responses imprint effectors with the capacity to home to infected tissues; this process, combined with inflammatory signals, ensures the effective targeting of primary immunity. Upon vaccination or previous pathogen exposure, increased pathogen-specific T cell numbers together with altered migratory patterns of memory T cells can greatly improve immune efficacy, ensuring infections are prevented or at least remain subclinical. Until recently, memory T cell populations were considered to comprise central memory T cells (TCM), which are restricted to the secondary lymphoid tissues and blood, and effector memory T cells (TEM), which broadly migrate between peripheral tissues, the blood, and the spleen. Here we review evidence for these two memory populations, highlight a relatively new player, the tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM), and emphasize the potential differences between the migratory patterns of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. This new understanding raises important considerations for vaccine design and for the measurement of immune parameters critical to the control of infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
Reconstruction of plasma density profiles by measuring spectra of radiation emitted from oscillating plasma dipoles (2020)

Abstract We suggest a new method for characterising non-uniform density distributions of plasma by measuring the spectra of radiation emitted from a localised plasma dipole oscillator excited by colliding electromagnetic pulses. The density distribution can be determined by scanning the collision point in space. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate the reconstruction of linear and nonlinear density profiles corresponding to laser-produced plasma. The method can be applied to a wide range of plasma, including fusion and low temperature plasmas. It overcomes many of the disadvantages of existing methods that only yield average densities along the path of probe pulses, such as interferometry and spectroscopy.
Design and Calibration of Stagnation Temperature Probes for Use at High Supersonic Speeds and Elevated Temperatures (1954)

A stagnation temperature probe with a single platinum-coated silica shield was built for use at high supersonic speeds and elevated temperatures. For large Reynolds numbers the temperature recovery factor of the probe reaches 0.998. It decreases with decreasing Reynolds number and increasing temperature. At temperatures up to 700° K the major thermometric losses of the probe are conduction losses. One single calibration curve is obtained for any one probe by relating the calibration data to the flow conditions inside the probe.
Non-glutamate Type Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine Antifolates. II. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of N5-Substituted Glutamine Analogs. (1996)

The glutamic acid moiety of N-[4-[3-(2,4-diamino-7H-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)propyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1b, TNP-351) and related compounds was replaced with some N5-substituted glutamines. Antifolates (4A-S) were effectively prepared by coupling pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine carboxylic acids (11a, b) with some properly protected N5-substituted glutamine derivatives (10A-S), which were prepared by coupling Boc-Glu-OMe (7) with various amines (8A-S) using a suitable condensing reagent, followed by hydrolysis. The inhibitory effects of the resulting products on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthetase (TS) and the growth of murine fibrosarcoma Meth A cells in culture were examined. All N5-substituted glutamine analogs (4A-S) inhibited DHFR much more strongly than TNP-351 and some analogs exhibited the same potent growth inhibition of Meth A cells as TNP-351. Some typical analogs (4Bb, 4Db, 4F, 4Oa) were also examined for inhibitory effects on the growth of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant human CCRF-CEM cells in culture and for in vivo antitumor activities against murine leukemia and solid tumors. MTX-resistant cells, with a defect in transport and decreased polyglutamylation activity, showed little cross resistance to the analog (4Oa) having a tetrazole moiety as a substituent of glutamine, which exhibited potent antitumor activities. These results demonstrate that the antifolate analogs (4) with N5-substituted glutamine in place of glutamic acid are novel potent DHFR inhibitors with activity against MTX-resistant tumors. The potent antitumor activity of these analogs (4) may result from their effective uptake via reduced folate carrier in combination with their potent inhibition of DHFR.
Rock mechanics as a multidisciplinary science : proceedings of the 32nd U.S. Symposium, The University of Oklahoma/Norman/10-12 July 1991 (1991)

The proceedings of the 32nd US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, held at the U. of Oklahoma, Norman, July 1991, include three papers related to a special sessi on lunar rock mechanics, as well as 121 technical papers covering areas such field observations, in-situ stresses, instrumentation/measurement te