gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy efficient solid state lighting (2013)

Please click here for information on Set 2: Thermal Packaging ToolsThermal and mechanical packaging — the enabling technologies for the physical implementation of electronic systems -- are responsible for much of the progress in miniaturization, reliability, and functional density achieved by electronic, microelectronic, and nanoelectronic products during the past 50 years. The inherent inefficiency of electronic devices and their sensitivity to heat have placed thermal packaging on the critical path of nearly every product development effort in traditional, as well as emerging, electronic product categories.Successful thermal packaging is the key differentiator in electronic products, as diverse as supercomputers and cell phones, and continues to be of pivotal importance in the refinement of traditional products and in the development of products for new applications. The Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging, compiled in multi-volume sets (Set 1: Thermal Packaging Techniques, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools, Set 3: Thermal Packaging Applications, and Set 4: Thermal Packaging Configurations) will provide a comprehensive, one-stop treatment of the techniques, tools, applications, and configurations of electronic thermal packaging. Each of the author-written sets presents the accumulated wisdom and shared perspectives of a few luminaries in the thermal management of electronics.Set 1: Thermal Packaging TechniquesThe first set of the Encyclopedia, Thermal Packaging Techniques, focuses on the technology “building blocks” used to assemble a complete thermal management system and provide detailed descriptions of the underlying phenomena, modeling equations, and correlations, as well as guidance for achieving the optimal designs of individual “building blocks” and their insertion in the overall thermal solution. Specific volumes deal with microchannel coolers, cold plates, immersion cooling modules, thermoelectric microcoolers, and cooling devices for solid state lighting systems, as well as techniques and procedures for the experimental characterization of thermal management components. These “building blocks” are the essential elements in the creation of a complete, cost-effective thermal management system.The four sets in the Encyclopedia of Thermal Packaging will provide the novice and student with a complete reference for a quick ascent on the thermal packaging learning curve, the practitioner with a validated set of techniques and tools to face every challenge, and researchers with a clear definition of the state-of-the-art and emerging needs to guide their future efforts. This encyclopedia will, thus, be of great interest to packaging engineers, electronic product development engineers, and product managers, as well as to researchers in thermal management of electronic and photonic components and systems, and most beneficial to undergraduate and graduate students studying mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering. Foreword(s)Foreword (English) (85 KB)Foreword (Japanese) (342 KB)
A microfluidic device for reversible environmental changes around single cells using optical tweezers for cell selection and positioning (2009)

Cells naturally exist in a dynamic chemical environment, and therefore it is necessary to study cell behaviour under dynamic stimulation conditions in order to understand the signalling transduction pathways regulating the cellular response. However, until recently, experiments looking at the cellular response to chemical stimuli have mainly been performed by adding a stress substance to a population of cells and thus only varying the magnitude of the stress. In this paper we demonstrate an experimental method enabling acquisition of data on the behaviour of single cells upon reversible environmental perturbations, where microfluidics is combined with optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy. The cells are individually selected and positioned in the measurement region on the bottom surface of the microfluidic device using optical tweezers. The optical tweezers thus enable precise control of the cell density as well as the total number of cells within the measurement region. Consequently, the number of cells in each experiment can be optimized while clusters of cells, that render subsequent image analysis more difficult, can be avoided. The microfluidic device is modelled and demonstrated to enable reliable changes between two different media in less than 2 s. The experimental method is tested by following the cycling of GFP-tagged proteins (Mig1 and Msn2, respectively) between the cytosol and the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon changes in glucose availability.
Expression of members of the multidrug resistance protein family in human term placenta (2000)

The placenta serves, in part, as a barrier to exclude noxious substances from the fetus. In humans, a single-layered syncytium of polarized trophoblast cells and the fetal capillary endothelium separate the maternal and fetal circulations. P-glycoprotein is present in the syncytiotrophoblast throughout gestation, consistent with a protective role that limits exposure of the fetus to hydrophobic and cationic xenobiotics. We have examined whether members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family are expressed in term placenta. After screening a placenta cDNA library, partial clones of MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3 were identified. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies demonstrated that MRP2 was localized to the apical syncytiotrophoblast membrane. MRP1 and MRP3 were predominantly expressed in blood vessel endothelia with some evidence for expression in the apical syncytiotrophoblast. ATP-dependent transport of the anionic substrates dinitrophenyl-glutathione and estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide was also demonstrated in apical syncytiotrophoblast membranes. Given the cellular distribution of these transporters, we hypothesize that MRP isoforms serve to protect fetal blood from entry of organic anions and to promote the excretion of glutathione/glucuronide metabolites in the maternal circulation.
Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fescue toxicosis and mineral absorption (1992)

The possibility of supplementing livestock diets with an aluminosilicate to protect them from fescue toxicosis was investigated. An in vitro study showed that hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) removed greater than 90% of the ergotamine from aqueous solutions at pH 7.8 or lower, indicating a high affinity of ergotamine for HSCAS in vitro. Rats fed diets containing tall fescue seed infested (E+) with the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum had lower (P less than .05) feed intakes and weight gains than did rats fed diets containing uninfested (E-) tall fescue seed. When feed intake by rats fed the E- seed diet was limited to that of rats fed the E+ seed diet, weight gains did not differ, but testes weights and serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were lower (P less than .05 and .10, respectively) in rats receiving E+ seed. Supplementing E+ seed diets with HSCAS did not eliminate effects of E+ seed on intake, PRL, or testes weights. Sheep fed E+ tall fescue hay had higher (P less than .05) rectal temperatures than did sheep fed an equal amount of E- tall fescue hay, but OM and N digestion coefficients did not differ between the two hays. Supplementing E+ hay diets with HSCAS did not eliminate the effect of E+ hay on rectal temperatures. Addition of 2% HSCAS to tall fescue hay diets did not affect apparent absorption by sheep of OM, N, Ca, P, Na, K, or Cu, but it reduced (P less than .05) the apparent absorption of Mg, Mn, and Zn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diffusion and convection in normal and neoplastic tissues. (1974)

Summary The hydraulic conductivity of s.c. and hepatocarcinoma tissue was determined by in vivo and in vitro experiments. A single parameter was developed to calculate the ratio of diffusive to convective flux of solutes in the extravascular space. Tissue glycosaminoglycan content and solute molecular weight are the two most important parameters which may determine whether the extravascular transport of solutes occurs predominantly by diffusion or by convection. The analysis has implications for transport of metabolic nutrients and wastes, drugs, hormones, plasma proteins, and viruses in the extravascular space.
Characterization of modified surface of indium tin oxide film during process of laser patterning (2002)

Effect of excimer laser irradiation at different fluences on Indium-Tin-Oxide films has been studied with the use of optical transmission, XRD, Mirco-Raman spectra and XPS. Surface modification at low fluence of 154mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> is observed to cause the increase of optical transmittance at initial several pulses of UV laser. At moderate fluence of 239mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, UV laser irradiation results in apparent coloration and chemical compositional change on the ITO surface. XRD results show the grain size of ITO tends to decrease after irradiation. Novel features appear in Raman spectra, which involve the change of surface crystallinity and composition induced by UV laser irradiation. XPS analysis indicates peak shape of O bond is modified post irradiation and Sn/In ratio presents maximum corresponding to dark coloration. ITO films have also been patterned at high fluence of 1-2J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> using simple masks. The ablation rate on laser pulse demonstrates linear change. An alternative method for laser patterning is proposed by the combination of excimer laser coloration and visible laser patterning.
Langmuir films of monodisperse 0.5 μm spherical polymer particles with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell (1994)

Densely packed monolayers of spherical polymer particles are expected to show interesting materials properties, e.g. a high permeability. It is demonstrated that relatively close‐packed Langmuir films of monodisperse 0.5 μm particles—with a hydrophilic shell and hydrophobic core—can be formed at the air‐water interface and transferred to solid substrates (see Figure) by the subphase‐lowering or Langmuir‐Blodgett technique. magnified image
Experiments with Infinite-Horizon, Policy-Gradient Estimation (2001)

In this paper, we present algorithms that perform gradient ascent of the average reward in a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). These algorithms are based on GPOMDP, an algorithm introduced in a companion paper (Baxter & Bartlett, this volume), which computes biased estimates of the performance gradient in POMDPs. The algorithm's chief advantages are that it uses only one free parameter beta, which has a natural interpretation in terms of bias-variance trade-off, it requires no knowledge of the underlying state, and it can be applied to infinite state, control and observation spaces. We show how the gradient estimates produced by GPOMDP can be used to perform gradient ascent, both with a traditional stochastic-gradient algorithm, and with an algorithm based on conjugate-gradients that utilizes gradient information to bracket maxima in line searches. Experimental results are presented illustrating both the theoretical results of (Baxter & Bartlett, this volume) on a toy problem, and practical aspects of the algorithms on a number of more realistic problems.
Lightweight, compact, three-wheel electric vehicle for urban mobility (2005)

The paper outlines the original solutions adopted for powering an original three-wheel electric vehicle. This is a lightweight vehicle for use in the urban mobility with mission tasks such as 50 km/h cruising speed and 80 km range of autonomy. The propulsion system is based on a lead-acid battery fed wheel direct drive. This is arranged with a 4.5 kW prototype of slotless axial-flux permanent magnet machine which has total weight of 15 kg and is capable of 85 Nm continuous torque and 120 Nm peak torque over 2 min. The motor is totally enclosed in the single front wheel of the vehicle and fed through an IGBT bidirectional power converter which allows the control of both motoring and regenerative braking operations. Design characteristics and experimental data taken from the prototype of wheel direct drive are given in the paper.
Oxazole Quaternary Salts<sup>1</sup> (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxazole Quaternary Salts1Donald G. Ott, F. Newton Hayes, and Vernon N. KerrCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 9, 1941–1944Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01590a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01590a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views218Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High responsivity GaN-based UV detectors (2003)

The high temperature characterisation of low barrier metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) GaN-bulk photodetectors is reported. A very high DC responsivity of 6.7×106A/W at room temperature and of 1.4×106A/W at 450 K was achieved at the wavelength of 325 nm. These values, which are to our knowledge the highest reported in the literature, are in good agreement with our theoretical calculations.
Microwave circuit characteristics of bulk GaAs oscillators (1967)

The microwave circuit characteristics of bulk GaAs transit-time mode and limited space-charge accumulation (LSA) mode oscillators have been evaluated experimentally and theoretically. Experimental measurements were performed with a waveguide-coaxial microwave circuit having two experimental degrees of freedom in which the circuit radiation impedance at the device contacts was evaluated by a dyadic Green's function method. Experiments conducted in three rectangular waveguide circuits at fixed bias voltage have established that the LSA mode frequency tuning range is determined by the magnitude and variation of the circuit series inductive reactance X <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</inf> relative to the device low-field resistance R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> . At a bias voltage which is twice threshold the tuning range is given by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2.4\leq X_{L}/R_{0}\leq 2.4</tex> . No fixed, linear equivalent circuit characterizes the LSA mode. Analysis and experimental results indicate that the device impedance of small-signal transit-time mode oscillators changes from a passive parallel RC impedance well below threshold to an impedance just above threshold which can be approximated by a series RLC circuit. The series L and C decrease linearly with transit-time mode harmonic order number.
Relationships between geographical cluster and cyberspace community: A case study on microblog (2012)

As a major online interactive platform, microblogs have accumulated numerous data about people's interactive behaviors, which have attracted many researchers to study these data. However, the existing studies mainly focus on the community structure detection or information propagation from the conventional perspective of social network analysis. Few studies have investigated the relationships between people's online social behaviors and their geographical location information over Social Media. In this paper, we aim to analyze the relationships between people's online social activities and their geographical locations in Tencent-Microblog. We first make a statistical summary on different geographical locations and the number of users at each location. We find that the frequency distribution of the number of recorded locations from an individual follows a power law. Considering each individual's posting frequency and staying time on a certain location, we define a main location of an individual. In order to study the relations between communities and location clusters, we propose the index of location entropy to measure the degree of dispersion of the locations in each community, and the index of community entropy to measure the degree of dispersion of the communities in each location cluster. More importantly these two indexes can potentially help measure the influential power for the topic community and monitor the active degree of people's online social behavior in a location cluster.
Teprotumumab as a Novel Therapy for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy (2020)

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) has remained a vexing and poorly managed autoimmune component of Graves' disease where the tissues surrounding the eye and in the upper face become inflamed and undergo remodeling. This leads to substantial facial disfigurement while in its most severe forms, TAO can threaten eye sight. In this brief paper, I review some of the background investigation that has led to development of teprotumumab as the first and only US FDA approved medical therapy for TAO. This novel treatment was predicated on recognition that the insulin-like growth factor I receptor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO. It is possible that a similar involvement of that receptor in other autoimmune disease may lead to additional indications for this and alternative insulin-like growth factor I receptor-inhibiting strategies.
Structure and expression of mitsugumin29 gene<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Recently mitsugumin29 unique to the triad junction in skeletal muscle was identified as a novel member of the synaptophysin family; the members of this family have four transmembrane segments and are distributed on intracellular vesicles. In this study, we isolated and analyzed mouse mitsugumin29 cDNA and genomic DNA containing the gene. The mitsugumin29 gene mapped to the mouse chromosome 3 F3-H2 is closely related to the synaptophysin gene in exon-intron organization, which indicates their intimate relationship in molecular evolution. RNA blot hybridization and immunoblot analysis revealed that mitsugumin29 is expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle and at lower levels in the kidney. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that mitsugumin29 exists specifically in cytoplasmic regions of the proximal and distal tubule cells in the kidney. The results obtained may suggest that mitsugumin29 is involved in the formation of specialized endoplasmic reticulum systems in skeletal muscle and renal tubule cells.
Effect of surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus on the clinical outcome of oesophageal cancer (2004)

Patients with surveillance-detected adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus are diagnosed at an earlier stage and have a better prognosis than those who present with symptomatic tumours.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Prussian Blue Nanocubes from a Single-Source Precursor (2005)

Regular, single-crystalline nanocubes of Prussian blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, with different sizes were synthesized in large quantities by a direct dissociation of the single-source precursor K4Fe(CN)6 in acidic solution under ultrasonic conditions. The size and size distribution of the cubes strongly depends on the reaction temperature, the concentration of K4Fe(CN)6 aqueous solution, and the ultrasonic condition. The probable mechanism of formation of Prussian blue is discussed.
Combining “click” chemistry and step‐growth polymerization for the generation of highly functionalized polyesters (2008)

Abstract Aliphatic polyesters bearing pendant alkyne groups were successfully prepared by step‐growth polymerization of different building blocks such as adipic acid and succinic acid in combination with an acetylene‐based diol, 2‐methyl‐2‐propargyl‐1,3‐propanediol, besides 1,4‐butanediol and ethylene glycol. It was demonstrated that the alkyne groups survive the high reaction temperatures (200 °C) in the presence of a radical inhibitor. The alkyne loading has been tuned by the ratio of the different monomers used, up to 25 mol % of alkyne groups. Subsequently, the alkyne groups have been reacted with azides by the copper‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction, a popular type of “click” chemistry. “Click” reactions have been performed quantitatively in the presence of benzyl azide and azide‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol), yielding brush copolymers in the latter case. Kinetic investigations about this click reaction have been performed by means of on‐line Fourier transform mid‐infrared spectroscopy, which was reported for the first time in the field of the click chemistry research. A whole range of functionalized polyesters, based on poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(butylene adipate), is available, the properties of which can be tailored by choosing the appropriate azide compound. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6552–6564, 2008
Functional Neuroimaging Distinguishes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Traumatic Brain Injury in Focused and Large Community Datasets (2015)

This study demonstrates the ability to separate PTSD and TBI from healthy controls, from each other, and detect their co-occurrence, even in highly comorbid samples, using SPECT. This modality may offer a clinical option for aiding diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Glia- and Neuron-specific Expression of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Brain Alters Blood Pressure, Water Intake, and Salt Preference (2002)

The purpose of this study is to examine the regulation of blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in mice overexpressing angiotensin II (Ang-II) in the brain and to determine whether there are significant physiologic differences in Ang-II production in neurons or glia. Therefore, we generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing human renin (hREN) under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter (GFAP-hREN) and synapsin-I promoter (SYN-hREN) and bred them with mice expressing human angiotensinogen (hAGT) under the control of the same promoters (GFAP-hAGT and SYN-hAGT). Both GFAP-hREN and SYN-hREN mice exhibited the highest hREN mRNA expression in the brain and had undetectable levels of hREN protein in the systemic circulation. In the brain of GFAP-hREN and SYN-hREN mice, hREN protein was observed almost exclusively in astrocytes and neurons, respectively. Transgenic mice overexpressing both hREN and hAGT transgenes in either glia or neurons were moderately hypertensive. In the glia-targeted mice, blood pressure could be corrected by intracerebroventricular injection of the Ang-II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, and intravenous injection of a ganglion blocking agent, but not an arginine vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, lowered blood pressure. These data suggest that stimulation of Ang-II type 1 receptors in the brain by Ang-II derived from local synthesis of renin and angiotensinogen can cause an elevation in blood pressure via a mechanism involving enhanced sympathetic outflow. Glia- and neuron-targeted mice also exhibited an increase in drinking volume and salt preference, suggesting that chronic overexpression of renin and angiotensinogen locally in the brain can result in hypertension and alterations in fluid homeostasis.