gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DISPERSED AND CONTINUOUS PHASE VISCOSITY ON DROPLET SIZE OF EMULSIONS GENERATED BY HOMOGENIZATION (1981)

Abstract The average droplet diameter of an oil-in-water emulsion was measured to determine what effect the viscosities of the oil phase and water phase have on the efficiency of homogenization. The dispersed phase viscosity was adjusted by blending two oils, Castor Oil and Corn Oil, which have high and low viscosities. The continuous phase viscosity was adjusted by adding corn syrup to water. The efficiency of homogenization decreases when the oil phase viscosity increases. A mathematical expression is derived which reveals how the parameters of viscosity and homogenizing pressure affect emulsion quality. The homogenizing efficiency decreases by a small amount as continuous phase viscosity increases, but the efficiency then remains constant over a broad viscosity range. The results of the viscosity tests do not verify any one theory of homogenization, but they do correspond to the trends predicted by turbulence and cavitation theory.
Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (2012)

How to remove detector side channel attacks has been a notoriously hard problem in quantum cryptography. Here, we propose a simple solution to this problem--measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD). It not only removes all detector side channels, but also doubles the secure distance with conventional lasers. Our proposal can be implemented with standard optical components with low detection efficiency and highly lossy channels. In contrast to the previous solution of full device independent QKD, the realization of our idea does not require detectors of near unity detection efficiency in combination with a qubit amplifier (based on teleportation) or a quantum nondemolition measurement of the number of photons in a pulse. Furthermore, its key generation rate is many orders of magnitude higher than that based on full device independent QKD. The results show that long-distance quantum cryptography over say 200 km will remain secure even with seriously flawed detectors.
Atomic layer epitaxy of III-V binary compounds (1985)

Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of III-V semiconductors is reported for the first time using metalorganic and hydride sources. This is achieved by using a new growth chamber and susceptor design which incorporates a shuttering mechanism to allow successive exposure to streams of gases from the two sources. Also, most of the gaseous boundary layer is sheared off after exposure to the gas streams. GaAs and AlAs deposited by ALE are single crystal and show good optical properties.
New generation of mucosal adjuvants for the induction of protective immunity (2003)

Invasion of infectious agents through mucosal surfaces can be prevented by use of the common mucosal immune system (CMIS), which interconnects inductive tissues, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT), and effector tissues of the intestinal and respiratory tracts. In order for the CMIS to induce maximal protective mucosal immunity, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant has been shown to be essential. When vaccine antigen is administered together with mucosal adjuvant, antigen-specific T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IgA B cell responses are effectively induced by oral or nasal routes via the CMIS. In the early stages of induction of mucosal immune response, the uptake of orally or nasally administered antigens is achieved through a unique set of antigen-sampling cells, M cells located in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of inductive sites. After successful uptake, the antigens are immediately processed and presented by the underlying dendritic cells (DCs). Elucidation of the molecular/cellular characteristics of M cells and mucosal DCs will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of effective mucosal adjuvants and of a vaccine delivery vehicle that maximises the use of the CMIS. Our recent efforts at mucosal vaccine development have focused on nasal administration of vaccine antigen together with nontoxic mutant-based or cytokine-/chemokine-based adjuvant for the induction of the protective immunity. To this end, a chimeric form of a nontoxic adjuvant combining the merits of mutant cholera toxin A subunit (mCT-A) and heat labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) was created as the second generation of detoxified toxin-based mucosal adjuvant. When a vaccine antigen was coexpressed together with an immune stimulatory/delivery molecule in crop seed, this edible vaccine is not only effective but also extremely practical in that it can be produced in huge quantities and preserved and shipped over long distances at room temperature without altering the quality of the vaccine. Because such qualities would greatly facilitate global vaccination, this new generation edible vaccines with a built-in adjuvant and/or M cell-targeted edible vaccine promises to be a powerful weapon for combating infectious diseases and bioterrorism.
Processing and creep performance of siC-Whisker-reinforced Al 2 O 3 (1987)

On procede par melange et dispersion des constituants, filtration sur filtre-presse et pressage chaud. Etude de la microstructure, des proprietes mecaniques et du fluage des composites obtenus
PEG-Immunoliposome (2002)

This review deals with the current status of newly developed pendant-type PEG-immunoliposomes (Type C), carrying monoclonal antibodies or their fragments (Fab') at the distal ends of the PEG chains. In terms of target binding of Type C, two different anatomical compartments are considered. They are mouse lung endothelium as a readily accessible site via the intravascular route and the implanted solid tumor as a much less accessible target site reached via extravasation. Small unilamellar liposomes (90-130 nm in diameter) were prepared from phosphatidycholine and cholesterol (2:1, m/m) containing 6mol.% of DSPE-PEG-COOH or DPPE-PEG-Mal. For targeting to the vascular endothelial surface in the lung, 34A antibody, which is highly specific to mouse pulmonary endothelial cells, was conjugated to PEG-liposomes (34A-Type C). The degree of lung binding of 34A-Type C in BALB/c mouse was significantly higher than that of 34A-Type A, which is an ordinary type of immunoliposome (without PEG derivatives). For targeting to solid tumor tissue, 21 B2 antibody (anti-human CEA) and its Fab' fragment were used. The targeting ability of Fab'-Type C was examined by using CEA-positive human gastric cancer strain MKN-45 cells inoculated into BALB/c nu/nu mice. Fab'-Type C showed low RES uptake and a long circulation time, and enhanced accumulation of the liposomes in the solid tumor was seen. The small Fab'-Type C predominantly passed through the leaky tumor endothelium by passive convective transport. These studies offer important insights into the potential of Type C liposomes for target-specific drug delivery.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN MICROBIAL INHIBITOR TO CONTROL INTERNAL PIPELINE CORROSION (2004)

The overall program objective is to develop and evaluate environmentally benign agents or products that are effective in the prevention, inhibition, and mitigation of microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) in the internal surfaces of metallic natural gas pipelines. The goal is to develop one or more environmentally benign (a.k.a. ''green'') products that can be applied to maintain the structure and dependability of the natural gas infrastructure. Various chemicals that inhibit the growth and/or the metabolism of corrosion-associated microbes such as sulfate reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and methanogenic bacteria were evaluated to determine their ability to inhibit corrosion in experiments utilizing pure and mixed bacterial cultures, and planktonic cultures as well as mature biofilms. Planktonic cultures are easier to inhibit than mature biofilms but several compounds were shown to be effective in decreasing the amount of metal corrosion. Of the compounds tested hexane extracts of Capsicum pepper plants and molybdate were the most effective inhibitors of sulfate reducing bacteria, bismuth nitrate was the most effective inhibitor of nitrate reducing bacteria, and 4-((pyridine-2-yl)methylamino)benzoic acid (PMBA) was the most effective inhibitor of methanogenic bacteria. All of these compounds were demonstrated to minimize corrosion due to MIC, at least in some circumstances. The results obtained in this project are consistent with the hypothesis that any compound that disrupts the metabolism of any of the major microbial groups present in corrosion-associated biofilms shows promise in limiting the amount/rate of corrosion. This approach of controlling MIC by controlling the metabolism of biofilms is more environmentally benign than the current approach involving the use of potent biocides, and warrants further investigation.
Defining a Molecular Mechanism of Synergy between Nucleoside and Nonnucleoside AIDS Drugs (2004)

Combination therapies treating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection delay the emergence of drug-resistant virus and exhibit synergistic inhibition. This synergy is observed within the two classes of inhibitors that target the essential viral reverse transcriptase (RT): the chain-terminating nucleoside analogs (NRTIs) and the allosteric nonnucleosides (NNRTIs) that bind in a pocket distinct from the active site. A general mechanism to define the molecular basis for synergy between these two classes remains to be elucidated. Previous mechanistic studies from our laboratory (Spence, R. A., Kati, W. M., Anderson, K. S., and Johnson, K. A. (1995) Science 267, 988-993) have shown that the natural deoxynucleoside triphosphate and the NNRTI can simultaneously bind to their respective sites. This work also suggests communication between the two sites, since the inhibition of RT by NNRTIs is manifested through a remote effect on the chemical step. This interplay between the two sites offers a plausible hypothesis for understanding synergy in which binding of NNRTIs modulates the chain termination by NRTIs. The present study supports this hypothesis by illustrating that the clinically approved NNRTIs, nevirapine and efavirenz, inhibit the ATP-mediated removal of AZTMP, d4TMP, ddCMP, (-)3TCMP, (-)FTCMP, and (+)3TCMP, thereby prolonging the effectiveness of chain termination. This inhibition is mediated through an effect on both the rate of the chemical step and binding of ATP, resulting in an overall decrease in efficiency of removal. This work substantiates communication between the two binding pockets, the sustained use of combination therapy to treat HIV infection, and a molecular basis for understanding synergy.
From Manual to Semi-Automatic Semantic Annotation: About Ontology-Based Text Annotation Tools (2000)

Semantic Annotation is a basic technology for intelligent content and is beneficial in a wide range of contentoriented intelligent applications. In this paper we present our work in ontology-based semantic annotation, which is embedded in a scenario of a knowledge portal application. Starting with seemingly good and bad manual semantic annotation, we describe our experiences made within the KA # -initiative. The experiences gave us the starting point for developing an ergonomic and knowledge base-supported annotation tool. Furthermore, the annotation tool described are currently extended with mechanisms for semi-automatic information-extraction based annotation. Supporting the evolving nature of semantic content we additionally describe our idea of evolving ontologies supporting semantic annotation. 1 Introduction The KA # -initiative (Knowledge Annotation initiative of the Knowledge Acquisition community) was launched at EKAW in 1997 in order to provide semantic access to inform...
Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies (1994)

Abstract The innovations in information technologies of the past two decades have radically reduced the time and cost of processing and communicating information. These reductions have in turn brought many changes in the ways that tasks are accomplished in firms. Data-processing systems have transformed the ways in which accounting data are gathered and processed, for example, and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and manufacture) has transformed the ways in which complex machinery is designed. Underlying (and often obscured by) these changes in how business tasks are performed may be more fundamental changes in how firms and markets organize the flow of goods and services through their value-added chains (e.g., see Porter & Millar, 1985). This chapter addresses this more basic issue of how advances in information technology are affecting firm and market structures and discusses the options that these changes present for corporate strategies.
Unique Characteristics of Barium Sulfate Scale Deposition (1967)

Abstract Methods of studying oilfield mineral scale deposition in the laboratory do not work for barium sulfate because only small nonadhering crystals are formed. On the other hand, barium sulfate scale found in down-hole or surface equipment is strongly adhering and may contain very large crystals. Results suggest that most of the difference derives from the extremely low solubility of barium sulfate. Firm adherence of scale and the consistent development of oriented crystals 100 microns and larger suggest a relationship between scale adherence and crystal growth. Data from this study indicate some reasons for barium sulfate's occurring as a deposit in oilfield waters. The unique characteristics as well as the associative properties of barium sulfate scale as related to calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are shown. Introduction The first observed deposition of barium sulfate scale in oilfield production equipment is unknown but probably coincides closely with the beginnings of the oil industry itself. Moore described barite oolites in some producing wells in the Saratoga field, Tex., in 1914. Currently, positive identification of barium sulfate deposition is recorded in most of the major oil-producing areas of the United States. As efforts continue to identify the composition and functions of the materials found in scale deposits. the geographic and economic importance of the part played by barium sulfate will become even more important. This belief is based on the following facts.Many oil fields in the U. S. are in or entering their mature phase and the volume of produced water is increasing; thus, the cumulative effects of low-solubility minerals become more significant.Secondary recovery techniques and increased emphasis on waste disposal systems require controlling the behavior of all constituents of water to prevent formation plugging.The more general use of instrumental analysis has reduced the time and improved the accuracy of complete scale and water analysis.Once formed, barium sulfate scale is resistant topresent methods of chemical removal; therefore, costly mechanical methods are necessary. Thus, new methods of prevention and control will require specialized chemical techniques and better knowledge of the causes of scaling. Consider the results of some simulated field deposition studies illustrating this need (Fig. 1). The studies utilized a Scale Deposition Test Cell* and each coupon was exposed to 8,000 ml of a 300 me/liter solution of the various types of mineral scale. All tests were conducted at 140F. Only the calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate deposited scale. The solution containing 300 me/liter of barium sulfate exhibited copious amounts of precipitate, but none of the precipitate adhered. The fluids from the effluents were also allowed to impinge on glass slides. Fig. 1 shows the relative adherence of the three types of scale on unetched glass. The barium sulfate failed to deposit in the same manner as the calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate solutions. JPT P. 1381ˆ
Scalable, absolute position recovery for omni-directional image networks (2005)

We describe a linear-time algorithm that recovers absolute camera positions for networks of thousands of terrestrial images spanning hundreds of meters in outdoor urban scenes, under uncontrolled lighting. The algorithm requires no human input or interaction. For real data, it recovers camera pose globally consistent on average to roughly five centimeters, or about four pixels of epipolar alignment. The paper's principal contributions include an extension of Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation techniques to the case of unknown numbers of feature points, unknown occlusion and deocclusion, large scale (thousands of images, and hundreds of thousands of point features), and large dimensional extent (tens of meters of inter-camera baseline, and hundreds of meters of baseline overall). Also, a principled method is given to manage uncertainty on the sphere; a new use of the Hough transform is proposed; and a method for aggregating local baseline constraints into a globally consistent pose set is described.
A multithreaded processor core with low overhead context switch for IP-packet processing (2010)

In this paper a multithreaded processor with hardware context switch mechanism driven by external events is presented for multi-processor system on chip (MPSoC). Combining this mechanism with asynchronous memory access the proposed processor implements Non-preemptive thread scheduling which can assure fairness of threads and optimization for single thread. The overhead of hardware thread switch is reduced to 0-1 clock cycle with this structure. Proposed multithreaded processor is designed based on 5 stages pipeline RISC processor in order for easier realization. FPGA simulation results show that the whole performance of the proposed structure improves about 3.8 times than the baseline one with area increased only 7%. It shows perfect performance/area ratio.
Flow control in high-speed communication networks (1994)

Flow control within a virtual circuit on a high-speed network is modeled using fluid-flow queues with a fixed propagation delay for each channel. Data from other virtual circuits are modeled as disturbances of the available service capacities. The resulting dynamics are shown to form a linear hybrid system. This model allows the design of flow control mechanisms on a mathematical basis. Simulation results show a marked improvement over window flow control for a single channel, and a marginal improvement over window flow control for a virtual circuit of three tandem channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional dyspepsia: The role of visceral hypersensitivity in its pathogenesis (2006)

Functional, or non-ulcer, dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common reasons for referral to gastroenterologists. It is associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Many authorities believe that functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome represent part of the spectrum of the same disease process. The pathophysiology of FD remains unclear but several theories have been proposed including visceral hypersensitivity, gastric motor dysfunction, Helicobacter pylori infection and psychosocial factors. In this review, we look at the evidence, to date, for the role of visceral hypersensitivity in the aetiology of FD.
Spectrum of Serum Thyroglobulin Elevation in Congenital Thyroid Disorders (1993)

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) data are presented for 47 infants with congenital thyroid disorders. Abnormal elevation of serum Tg (> 250 micrograms/L) occurred in 17% of the population studied, whereas values in excess of 1,000 micrograms/L were demonstrated in 11% of infants. The latter group includes the first report of supraphysiologic Tg elevation in an infant with thyroid gland ectopia, and the highest reported thyroglobulin level in the syndrome of generalized thyroid hormone resistance in an infant homozygous for a novel deletion in the c-erbA beta receptor. Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Tg elevation are discussed. We conclude that Tg elevation in congenital thyroid disorders is more common than previously recognized, and values > 1,000 micrograms/L identify infants with a spectrum of anatomic and biochemical abnormalities.
A Brief Review of the State of the Art and Some Recent Results on Electromigration in Integrated Circuit Aluminum Metallization (1969)

This paper presents a report of the state of the art with respect to the electromigration phenomenon in integrated circuit (IC) metallization. Reported here are some of the latest research efforts, including the authors' research, on the effects of dielectric overcoatings on electromigration in aluminum interconnections. This research has shown that dielectric overcoating of the aluminum stripes yields interconnections with greater mean time between failures than found in many conventional integrated circuits.
Tris (Dibenzylideneacetone) Dipalladium, a<i>N</i>-Myristoyltransferase-1 Inhibitor, Is Effective against Melanoma Growth<i>In vitro</i>and<i>In vivo</i> (2008)

Tris DBA is thus a novel inhibitor of N-myristoyltransferase-1 with significant antitumor activity and is well tolerated in vivo. Further preclinical evaluation of Tris DBA and related complexes is warranted.
Features of faraday rotation in cs atomic vapor in a cell thinner than the wavelength of light (2015)

Features of the effect of Faraday rotation (the rotation of the radiation polarization plane) in a magnetic field of the D 1 line in Cs atomic vapor in a nanocell with the thickness L varying in the range of 80–900 nm have been analyzed. The key parameter is the ratio L/λ, where λ = 895 nm is the wavelength of laser radiation resonant with the D 1 line. The comparison of the parameters for two selected thicknesses L = λ and λ/2 has revealed an unusual behavior of the Faraday rotation signal: the spectrum of the Faraday rotation signal at L = λ/2 = 448 nm is several times narrower than the spectrum of the signal at L = λ, whereas its amplitude is larger by a factor of about 3. These differences become more dramatic with an increase in the power of the laser: the amplitude of the Faraday rotation signal at L = λ/2 increases, whereas the amplitude of the signal at L = λ almost vanishes. Such dependences on L are absent in centimeter-length cells. They are inherent only in nanocells. In spite of a small thickness, L = 448 nm, the Faraday rotation signal is certainly detected at magnetic fields ≥0.4 G, which ensures its application. At thicknesses L < 150 nm, the Faraday rotation signal exhibits “redshift,” which is manifestation of the van der Waals effect. The developed theoretical model describes the experiment well.
The count rate performance of a multiwire gamma camera measured by a decaying source method with 9.3-minute tantalum-178. (1990)

The multiwire gamma camera (MWGC) operates at high count rates with radionuclides of low energy and short half-life. We evaluate the count rate performance of the MWGC with tantalum-178 (178Ta) by a decaying source method. Data acquired dynamically by the camera from a 178Ta source in the NEMA Standards scatter phantom were corrected for deadtime loss by a trial paralyzing deadtime and converted to their natural logarithms. The trial deadtime, tau, was adjusted iteratively after curve fittings until a straight line was achieved. The paralyzing deadtime determined by this method was 0.41 microsecond. Therefore, the camera can be operated up to 850,000 cps with 178Ta without exceeding 50% data loss. This rate is 10 times greater than the performance of the typical scintillation camera. Moreover, high count rates are achieved without significant loss of spatial resolution.