gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From well‐defined diblock copolymers prepared by a versatile atom transfer radical polymerization method to supramolecular assemblies (2001)

Abstract The synthesis of well‐defined diblock copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was explored in detail for the development of new colloidal carriers. The ATRP technique allowed the preparation of diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (number‐average molecular weight: 2000) and ionic or nonionizable hydrophobic segments. Using monofunctionalized PEG macroinitiator, ionizable and hydrophobic monomers were polymerized to obtain the diblock copolymers. This polymerization method provided good control over molecular weights and molecular weight distributions, with monomer conversions as high as 98%. Moreover, the copolymerization of hydrophobic and ionizable monomers using the PEG macroinitiator made it possible to modulate the physicochemical properties of the resulting polymers in solution. Depending on the length and nature of the hydrophobic segment, the nonionic copolymers could self‐assemble in water into nanoparticles or polymeric micelles. For example, the copolymers having a short hydrophobic block (5 < degree of polymerization < 9) formed polymeric micelles in aqueous solution, with an apparent critical association concentration between 2 and 20 mg/L. The interchain association of PEG‐based polymethacrylic acid derivatives was found to be pH‐dependent and occurred at low pH. The amphiphilic and nonionic copolymers could be suitable for the solubilization and delivery of water‐insoluble drugs, whereas the ionic diblock copolymers offer promising characteristics for the delivery of electrostatically charged compounds (e.g., DNA) through the formation of polyion complex micelles. Thus, ATRP represents a promising technique for the design of new multiblock copolymers in drug delivery. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3861–3874, 2001
Cytokines and Brain Injury: Invited Review (2008)

The brain reacts to injury or disease by cascades of cellular and molecular responses. Evidence suggests that immune-inflammatory processes are key elements in the physiopathological processes associated with brain injury or damage. Cytokines are among major mediators implicated in these processes. Cytokine responses in the initial phase of brain injury might have a role in aggravating brain damage. However, in later stages, these molecular mediators might contribute to recovery or repair. Hemodynamic stabilization and optimalization of oxygen delivery to the brain remain cornerstones in the management of acute brain injury. New approaches might use anticytokine therapy to limit progression and halt or attenuate secondary brain damage. Progress toward such novel neuroprotection strategies, however, awaits better understanding of the optimal timing and dosing of those neuromodulatory therapies and better knowledge of the numerous interactions of those mediators. This also requires understanding of how and when precisely immune mechanisms shift from noxious to protective or restorative actions.
Oral Supplementation with Lactobacillus casei Subspecies rhamnosus Prevents Enteric Colonization by Candida Species in Preterm Neonates: A Randomized Study (2006)

Orally administered L. casei subspecies rhamnosus significantly reduces the incidence and the intensity of enteric colonization by Candida species among very low birth weight neonates.
Blood cell structure-function studies: light transmission and attenuation coefficients of suspensions of blood cells and model particles at rest and with stirring. (1975)

The Beer-Lambert law of light transmission was found valid for suspensions of blood platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, as well as similarly sized model particles (latex spheres and flat guanine crystals), for a DB-G double-bean photometer at 605 and 710 mg, and a Payton aggregometer with red filter (660 to 750 mu). Attenuation coefficients (K) showed a similar dependence on a particle "equivalent sphere" radius as data reported for a "zero-degree photometer," for particles at rest. Size distribution, degree of aggregation, state of contamination, and effects of aldehyde fixation of the cell suspensions, well as optical geometry, were related to the measured K values. Particle optical efficiencies (K) for asymmetric particles were similar whether calculated from cross-sectional areas derived from "equivalent spheres" or from geometric cross-sections accounting for orientation distributions at rest. Appropriate cell and latex models were identified for the erythrocytes (E) and platelets (P) at rest on the basis of similar K,k values. The biphasic change in K occurring with stirring of these asymmetric blood cells (E, HP) was partly explainable by the known variations of K with shear-induced particle alignment to the optic axis. No such effects were observed with spherical particles or "sphered" cells, even when polydisperse as to size an aggregates. This investigation begins to quantitate ongoing light transmission studies of blood cell shape/aggregation changes.
Chemically Cross-Linked Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels with Shape Recovery and Superabsorbent Properties (2014)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are entering the marketplace as new high-strength nanoadditives from renewable resources. These high aspect ratio particles have potential applications as rheological modifiers, reinforcing agents in composites, coatings, and porous materials. In this work, chemically cross-linked CNC aerogels were prepared based on hydrazone cross-linking of hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized CNCs. The resulting aerogels were ultralightweight (5.6 mg/cm3) and highly porous (99.6%) with a bimodal pore distribution (mesopores <50 nm and macropores >1 μm). Chemically cross-linked CNC aerogels showed enhanced mechanical properties and shape recovery ability, particularly in water, compared to previous reports of physically cross-linked CNC aerogels. Specifically, the aerogel shape recovered more than 85% after 80% compression, even after 20 compress and release cycles. These CNC aerogels can absorb significant amounts of both water (160 ± 10 g/g of aerogel) and dodecane (72 ± 5 g/g of aerogel) with cyclic absorption capacity. We demonstrate that CNC aerogels can be used as superabsorbents and for oil/water separations and they may also find application as insulating or shock-absorbing materials. The cross-linking technology developed here presents new ways to design CNC networked structures and suggests an alternate route to incorporate CNCs into matrix materials, such as epoxies and foams.
Characterizing Population EEG Dynamics throughout Adulthood (2016)

For decades, electroencephalography (EEG) has been a useful tool for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying human psychological processes. However, the amount of time needed to gather EEG data means that most laboratory studies use relatively small sample sizes. Using the Muse, a portable and wireless four-channel EEG headband, we obtained EEG recordings from 6029 subjects 18-88 years in age while they completed a category exemplar task followed by a meditation exercise. Here, we report age-related changes in EEG power at a fine chronological scale for δ, θ, α, and β bands, as well as peak α frequency and α asymmetry measures for both frontal and temporoparietal sites. We found that EEG power changed as a function of age, and that the age-related changes depended on sex and frequency band. We found an overall age-related shift in band power from lower to higher frequencies, especially for females. We also found a gradual, year-by-year slowing of the peak α frequency with increasing age. Finally, our analysis of α asymmetry revealed greater relative right frontal activity. Our results replicate several previous age- and sex-related findings and show how some previously observed changes during childhood extend throughout the lifespan. Unlike previous age-related EEG studies that were limited by sample size and restricted age ranges, our work highlights the advantage of using large, representative samples to address questions about developmental brain changes. We discuss our findings in terms of their relevance to attentional processes and brain-based models of emotional well-being and aging.
Bonding Behavior and Chemical Stability of Silica-Based Nanotubes and Their 3D Assembly (2014)

Recently discovered amorphous silica-based nanotubes (SBNTs) forming 3D hyperbranched assemblies were studied with transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition and the element distribution in these template-free synthesized SBNTs were analyzed in depth at the nanoscale with energy-dispersive X-ray and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Furthermore, the bonding behavior of the elements Si, O, N, and P was examined. The SBNTs show a better resistance to extreme pH conditions than pure amorphous silica nanotubes. This is most likely due to the incorporation of N and P in the SBNTs.
Computational Modeling of Blast Furnace Stave Cooler Based on Steady State Heat Transfer Analysis (2015)

Abstract The technology of the furnace cooling is very important for the metallurgical industry, because it can substantially increase output and operation life of furnaces. A three dimensional mathematical model for the temperature field of the blast furnace stave cooler has been developed and analyzed. The temperature and heat dissipated by stave cooler is examined by using the finite element method. The cast steel stave is studied and computational analysis is made to know the effect of the cooling water velocity, temperature, and the lining material on the maximum temperature of the stave hot surface. The refractory lining materials, which are used in this experiment, are high alumina bricks with different stave materials (copper, aluminum and cast iron). The obtained numerical calculations are compared with that obtained from experiments performed at Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha taking a stave in belly zone having maximum heat load shows very good agreement.
(C. M.) Bowra Pindar. Oxford: the Clarendon Press. 1964. Pp. xvii + 446. £2 10<i>s</i>. (1966)

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Thickness profiling of freshwater ice using a millimeter-wave FM-CW radar (1992)

A prototype broadband millimeter wave (26.5 to 40 GHz) FM-CW radar employing digital signal processing techniques has been developed for profiling the thickness of freshwater ice. The radar was tested at elevations of up to 7 m above ice surfaces and at speeds up to 40 km/h both from a surface vehicle and a helicopter. The thickness of pond and river ice sheets between 3-cm and 35-cm thick with and without fresh snow cover and minimal surface roughness showed direct correlation with borehole thickness measurements. Losses due to volume scattering by imbedded air bubbles did not significantly affect system capability to discern the air/ic and ice/water scattering boundaries.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structures of Complex Fluorides.<sup>1</sup> Barium Fluosilicate and Barium Fluogermanate (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructures of Complex Fluorides.1 Barium Fluosilicate and Barium FluogermanateJ. L. Hoard and W. B. VincentCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 11, 3126–3129Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01868a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01868a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
LQG control for minimization of emissions in a diesel engine (2008)

The problem of minimizing emissions of NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and soot in a diesel engine using fuel injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position in a low-pressure EGR system as control variables is addressed. Two feedback variables are computed from in-cylinder pressure sensor data, the crank angle degree of 50% fuel burnt, and the ignition delay. Empirical maps of NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and soot according to the feedback variables form the basis of a quadratic cost function in the feedback variables which is minimized by LQG control. For a multi-cylinder engine, the number of control variables will be less than the number of output variables to be controlled, and the consequences of this setup for the LQG controller is addressed. Experimental results verify the performance of the controller at a fixed operating point of a six-cylinder heavy-duty engine.
Targeting translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) dampens pro-inflammatory microglia reactivity in the retina and protects from degeneration (2015)

Reactive microglia are commonly seen in retinal degenerative diseases, and neurotoxic microglia responses can contribute to photoreceptor cell death. We and others have previously shown that translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is highly induced in retinal degenerations and that the selective TSPO ligand XBD173 (AC-5216, emapunil) exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects on microglia in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we investigated whether targeting TSPO with XBD173 has immuno-modulatory and neuroprotective functions in two mouse models of acute retinal degeneration using bright white light exposure. BALB/cJ and Cx3cr1 GFP/+ mice received intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg XBD173 or vehicle for five consecutive days, starting 1 day prior to exposure to either 15,000 lux white light for 1 h or 50,000 lux focal light for 10 min, respectively. The effects of XBD173 treatment on microglia and Müller cell reactivity were analyzed by immuno-stainings of retinal sections and flat mounts, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and mRNA expression of microglia markers using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stainings, and morphometric analyses were used to quantify the extent of retinal degeneration and photoreceptor apoptosis. Four days after the mice were challenged with bright white light, a large number of amoeboid-shaped alerted microglia appeared in the degenerating outer retina, which was nearly completely prevented by treatment with XBD173. This treatment also down-regulated the expression of TSPO protein in microglia but did not change the TSPO levels in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RT-PCR analysis showed that the microglia/macrophage markers Cd68 and activated microglia/macrophage whey acidic protein (Amwap) as well as the pro-inflammatory genes Ccl2 and Il6 were reduced after XBD173 treatment. Light-induced degeneration of the outer retina was nearly fully blocked by XBD173 treatment. We further confirmed these findings in an independent mouse model of focal light damage. Retinas of animals receiving XBD173 therapy displayed significantly more ramified non-reactive microglia and more viable arrestin-positive cone photoreceptors than vehicle controls. Targeting TSPO with XBD173 effectively counter-regulates microgliosis and ameliorates light-induced retinal damage, highlighting a new pharmacological concept for the treatment of retinal degenerations.
Stem Cells, Retinal Ganglion Cells and Glaucoma (2014)

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represent an essential neuronal cell type for vision. These cells receive inputs from light-sensing photoreceptors via retinal interneurons and then relay these signals to the brain for further processing. RGC diseases that result in cell death, e.g. glaucoma, often lead to permanent damage since mammalian nerves do not regenerate. Stem cell differentiation can generate cells needed for replacement or can be used to generate cells capable of secreting protective factors to promote survival. In addition, stem cell-derived cells can be used in drug screening research. Here, we discuss the current state of stem cell research potential for interference in glaucoma and other optic nerve diseases with a focus on stem cell differentiation to RGCs.
The relationship of the femoral attachment site to the isometric tracking of the anterior cruciate ligament graft (1987)

The large number of reconstructive procedures in the treatment of ACL reflect a lack of consistent clinical success, thus creating the current controversy over the treatment of ACL injuries. The purpose of this study on the relationship of the femoral attachment site to the isometric tracking of the ACL graft was three-fold: 1) to develop a method for evaluating the femoral attachment site for the ideal isometric graft tracking pattern; 2) to develop a reference table comparing femoral attachment sites to graft excursion; and 3) to apply this information to the surgical procedure to allow for stepwise refinement of the attachment site for improved clinical results. To aid in graphic representation, the attachment sites were identified from radiographs by the sclerotic margin of the drill hole in the bone or the bone trough. These attachment sites were transferred to a trace diagram and compiled to form a composite diagram. Three distinct graft tracking patterns were identified. Group I represented the modified "over-the-top" technique with a deep cancellous bone trough and represented the most isometric tracking. Group II represented the modified over-the-top technique with a shallow or no cancellous bone trough and Group III the drill hole technique. Groups II and III were nonisometric. In surgery, palpation of the graft for excursion while performing a range of motion allows for review of isometric graft tracking. Stepwise intraoperative refinement of the femoral attachment site can result in isometric graft tracking.
Determination of the triplet lifetimes of 1,3-cyclopentanediyl biradicals derived from the photodenitrogenation of azoalkanes with time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of the triplet lifetimes of 1,3-cyclopentanediyl biradicals derived from the photodenitrogenation of azoalkanes with time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetryWaldemar Adam, Herbert Platsch, Juergen Sendelbach, and Jakob WirzCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6, 1477–1482Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00058a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00058a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views259Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Relation to the Severity of Diabetic Polyneuropathy and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (2004)

OBJECTIVE—Oxidative stress resulting from enhanced free-radical formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defenses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental diabetic neuropathy. The objective of this study was to evaluate plasma levels of various biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetic subjects in relation to the presence or absence of polyneuropathy (PN) and/or cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), superoxide anion (O2·−) generation, lag phase to peroxidation by peroxynitrite (ONOO−), vitamin E-to-lipid ratio, and vitamin C were measured in nonsmoking diabetic patients without PN and CAN (PN−/CAN− group; n = 62), in a group with PN but without CAN (PN+/CAN− group; n = 105), in those with both PN and CAN (PN+/CAN+ group; n = 22), and in healthy control subjects (n = 85). RESULTS—All three markers of oxidative stress were significantly increased, and both markers of antioxidant defense were decreased in the PN+/CAN− group compared with the control group (all P &lt; 0.05). PN−/CAN− subjects showed a significant increase compared with control subjects for 8-iso-PGF2α, O2·−, and ONOO− and a decrease for the vitamin E-to-lipid ratio (all P &lt; 0.05). In the PN+/CAN− group, a significant increase compared with the PN−/CAN− group was noted for O2·−, whereas the vitamin E-to-lipid ratio and vitamin C were reduced (all P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the PN+/CAN− and PN+/CAN+ groups for each of the five markers of oxidative stress. In multivariate models, O2·− and ONOO− were independently associated with neuropathic deficits, but diabetes duration and triglyceride levels were also independent determinants. CONCLUSIONS—Oxidative stress is enhanced in diabetic patients before the development of PN but to an even higher degree in those with PN, without further significant increase in relation to superimposed autonomic neuropathy. However, apart from oxidative stress, diabetes duration and triglyceride levels are also related to the severity of PN.
Nutrigenomics and Personalized Diets: What Will They Mean for Food? (2011)

The modern food system feeds six billion people with remarkable diversity, safety, and nutrition. Yet, the current rise in diet-related diseases is compromising health and devaluing many aspects of modern agriculture. Steps to increase the nutritional quality of individual foods will assist in personalizing health and in guiding individuals to achieve superior health. Nutrigenomics is the scientific field of the genetic basis for varying susceptibilities to disease and the diverse responses to foods. Although some of these genetic determinants will be simple and amenable to personal genotyping as the means to predict health, in practice most will not. As a result, genotyping will not be the secret to personalizing diet and health. Human assessment technologies from imaging to proteomics and metabolomics are providing tools to both understand and accurately assess the nutritional phenotype of individuals. The business models are also emerging to bring these assessment capabilities to industrial practice, in which consumers will know more about their personal health and seek personal solutions.