gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclosporin: revisions in monitoring guidelines and review of current analytical methods (2002)

This article summarizes the main changes that have occurred in cyclosporin (ciclosporin) monitoring and measurement since the previous review in this journal. Cyclosporin has been reformulated to reduce variability in its absorption, leading to fewer post-transplant rejection episodes. Monitoring has mostly utilized the measurement of pre-dose blood levels of the drug, but more recently the potential benefit of using samples collected during the first few hours post-dose has been evaluated. Calculating the area under the cyclosporin concentration-time curve may be the ideal, but is not viable in the routine clinical situation and 2-h post-dose sampling seems likely to offer a practical clinical solution. Analytical methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoassay are available for the determination of whole blood cyclosporin concentrations. HPLC is specific but rarely used for routine monitoring, although HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry is making the technique more viable. New immunoassays have been introduced, but none are completely specific for the parent drug and all exhibit cross-reactivity towards cyclosporin metabolites. Immunoassays were originally designed for the lower cyclosporin concentrations seen in pre-dose samples, but are being evaluated and modified for determination of the higher concentrations seen 2 h post-dose.
Mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 is required for motility and invadopodia formation in human U87 glioblastoma cells (2013)

Characterized by invasive growth and infiltrative dissemination, glioma is poorly diagnosed and prognosed at present. The mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDRF1), which is involved in a number of actin-related biological processes, has been found to participate in the process of invasion and metastasis in human breast cancer cells and to show abnormal expression under pathological conditions. However, the role of mDRF1 in glioma is not clear. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the effects of mDRF1 on human glioma. We used siRNA to knock down mDRF1 expression in highly invasive U87 malignant glioma (MG) cells and examined the changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration. Atomic force microscopy was used to examine invadopodia formation. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical assays were used to analyze the cellular localization and the expression levels of mDRF1 in human glioma tissue and in the U87 MG cells. Following the transfection of U87 MG cells with siRNA-mDRF1, their in vitro proliferation was significantly decreased, apoptosis was markedly increased, and invasion and metastasis were significantly inhibited. The results from atomic force microscopy revealed that invadopodia were formed at leading the edge of the U87 MG cells. However, following the silencing of mDRF1 by siRNA, the edge of the cells became smooth and the invadopodia disappeared. For in vivo experiments, nude mice were transplanted with tumor cells and then treated with siRNA-mDRF1. The results revealed that treatment with siRNA-mDRF1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and led to a decrease in the weight of the transplanted tumor. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that mDRF1 is highly expressed in human glioma tissue. The knockdown of mDRF1 in U87 MG cells led to a sharp decline in their invasive and metastatic ability, which effectively reduced the spread of glioma cells into the surrounding areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that mDRF1 is a promising target for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Characterization and Modeling of Left-Handed Microstrip Lines With Application to Loop Antennas (2006)

This study investigates in detail the left-handed (LH) properties of the two-layer microstrip line, periodically loaded with broadside-coupled split ring resonators (BC-SRRs) and vias. The mechanism of the left-handed microstrip line (LHML), which includes the diamagnetic response, the backward-wave propagation and the proportionality of the guided wavelength on frequency, is discussed in terms of the field and current distributions and the dispersion diagram. To examine the resonance of the BC-SRR, both the full-wave eigenmode analysis and the closed-form formula based on the quasistatic approach are developed. The effects of the BC-SRR shape on the resonant frequency are evaluated. To facilitate the computer-aided-design (CAD) applications of the LHML, the equivalent-circuit model, which comprises the three-conductor coupled microstrip line for the coupling section, the series LC for the BC-SRR, and the shunt inductance for the via, is established. Good agreement among the results of the full-wave simulation, equivalent-circuit model, published data, and measurement supports the usefulness of the proposed modeling methodology and also validates the analytical expressions. The application of the LHML in the microstrip rectangular loop antenna fed by the conductor-backed coplanar waveguide-to-conductor-backed coplanar stripline (CBCPW-to-CBCPS) transition is presented to highlight the unique features of the LHML. Compared with the conventional loop antenna, the LHML-loaded loop antenna achieves a 50% area reduction and the 52% of main beam steering.
Lamellar structure of poly(ethylene oxide) molecular complexes (1997)

Abstract The phase diagrams of some binary systems such as poly(ethy lene oxide)‐ p ‐dihalogenobenzene, poly(ethylene oxide)‐resorcinol and poly(ethylene oxide)‐ p ‐nitrophenol show the existence of molecular complexes with a well definite stoichiometry. The crystal structure of these molecular complexes has been determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The morphology of these molecular complexes crystallized from the melt is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and small angle X‐ray scattering. PEO‐ p ‐dichlorobenzene and PEO‐resorcinol complexes crystallize from the melt as extended chains (EC) or integral folded chain (IFC) lamellar crystals. As observed for PEO oligomers, the fraction of EC crystals of PEO‐resorcinol increases with the crystallization temperature. However EC crystals are present in a larger range of crystallization temperatures than for pure PEO. On the other hand, the PEO‐ p ‐nitrophenol complex crystallizes over all the studied crystallization temperature range as stable non integral folded chain (NIFC) crystals. Explanations related to the crystal structure of these complexes and to their mode of growth are invoked to explain these two deeply different lamellar morphologies.
Olfactory Sensitivity, Nasal Resistance, and Autonomic Function in Patients With Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (1988)

A frequent, if not predominant, complaint of persons reporting symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) is that of heightened sensitivity to smells. In this study odor detection thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol (a major component of rose oil) and methyl ethyl ketone (a common solvent) were measured in 18 persons exhibiting symptoms of MCS and in 18 matched normal controls. In addition, nasal resistance, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate were determined before and after the olfactory tests. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were obtained prior to testing. Although olfactory thresholds were equivalent in the two study groups, the MCS group evidenced significantly higher nasal resistances, respiration rates and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Decreases in systolic blood pressure and pulse were noted in both groups across the test sessions. These results do not support the hypothesis that MCS is associated with greater olfactory threshold sensitivity (at least to the two target chemicals), but do suggest that MCS is associated with depression, increased respiration rate, and decreased nasal airway patency.
A survey of corporate governance: international trends and China's mode (2012)

Purpose The literature on corporate governance has experienced an explosive growth in the past decade and presented some new trends. One purpose of this paper is to make an exploratory survey of this. Since China is a typically emerging and transition economy, another purpose of this paper is to review some domestic studies with an intention to discover the evolution logic of corporate governance practices in China under a complicated and exclusive context, the third purpose is to provide future research directions. Design/methodology/approach This paper surveys recent literature in the field of corporate governance, intending to find out the development trends and extract the main line of literature on and practices of Chinese corporate governance. Findings In this paper, we find that recent literature on corporate governance provides some new insights into subtle characteristics of governance, governance effects of relational network, political connections, corporate governance evaluation and financial institutions governance. During the past decade, the literature on Chinese corporate governance has referred to some new areas during the transition process from administrative governance to economic governance. In addition to the above, we attempt to put forward an analytical framework and the proposition that Chinese corporate governance is in the transition process from administrative governance to economic governance. Research limitations/implications The authors propose some research topics where future studies on corporate governance may prove valuable, especially putting forward an analytical framework which can be used for discussing and analyzing corporate governance in China. Originality/value This paper reviews some new trends of literature on corporate governance and makes a contribution to corporate governance studies by providing fruitful directions, extracting the main line and analytical framework for China's mode during the transition process from administrative governance to economic governance.
A Comparison of Image Processing Techniques for Visual Speech Recognition Applications (2000)

We examine eight different techniques for developing visual representations in machine vision tasks. In particular we compare different versions of principal component and independent component analysis in combination with stepwise regression methods for variable selection. We found that local methods, based on the statistics of image patches, consistently outperformed global methods based on the statistics of entire images. This result is consistent with previous work on emotion and facial expression recognition. In addition, the use of a stepwise regression technique for selecting variables and regions of interest substantially boosted performance.
Shark New Antigen Receptor (IgNAR): Structure, Characteristics and Potential Biomedical Applications (2021)

Shark is a cartilaginous fish that produces new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. This antibody is identified with a similar human heavy chain but dissimilar sequences. The variable domain (VNAR) of IgNAR is stable and small in size, these features are desirable for drug discovery. Previous study results revealed the effectiveness of VNAR as a single molecule or a combination molecule to treat diseases both in vivo and in vitro with promising clinical applications. We showed the first evidence of IgNAR alternative splicing from spotted bamboo shark (<i>Chiloscyllium plagiosum</i>), broadening our understanding of the IgNARs characteristics. In this review, we summarize the discoveries on IgNAR with a focus on its advantages for therapeutic development based on its peculiar biochemistry and molecular structure. Proper applications of IgNAR will provide a novel avenue to understand its special presence in cartilaginous fishes as well as designing a number of drugs for undefeated diseases.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of BTA Removal by TMAH during Post Cu CMP Cleaning Process (2011)

In the present study, the efficiency of TMAH in removing BTA organic layer from Cu surface is evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. As the conventional EIS measurements could not be applied in situ to study the cleaning system, a modified EIS experimental procedure is adopted in the present work. The impedance data is validated by Kramers Kronig transform (KKT) and modeled by electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model. Contact angle measurements were also conducted to complement the studies. The results show that a minimum concentration of 0.5 wt % TMAH is required for complete removal of BTA from the Cu surface.
Reservoir Targeted Vaccine for Lyme Borreliosis Induces a Yearlong, Neutralizing Antibody Response to OspA in White-Footed Mice (2011)

Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The enzootic cycle of this pathogen requires that Ixodes spp. acquire B. burgdorferi from infected wildlife reservoirs and transmit it to other uninfected wildlife. At present, there are no effective measures to control B. burgdorferi; there is no human vaccine available, and existing vector control measures are generally not acceptable to the public. However, if B. burgdorferi could be eliminated from its reservoir hosts or from the ticks that feed on them, the enzootic cycle would be broken, and the incidence of Lyme disease would decrease. We developed OspA-RTV, a reservoir targeted bait vaccine (RTV) based on the immunogenic outer surface protein A (OspA) of B. burgdorferi aimed at breaking the natural cycle of this spirochete. White-footed mice, the major reservoir species for this spirochete in nature developed a systemic OspA-specific IgG response as a result of ingestion of the bait formulation. This immune response protected white-footed mice against B. burgdorferi infection upon tick challenge and cleared B. burgdorferi from the tick vector. In performing extensive studies to optimize the OspA-RTV for field deployment, we determined that mice that consumed the vaccine over periods of 1 or 4 months developed a yearlong, neutralizing anti-OspA systemic IgG response. Furthermore, we defined the minimum number of OspA-RTV units needed to induce a protective immune response.
Conformational Heterogeneity and Stability of Apomyoglobin Studied by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The solution conformations and stability of apomyoglobin (apo-Mb), at both neutral and acidic pH, have been investigated by analyzing charge state distributions observed in the mass spectra, and by on-line monitoring of the hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in combination with circular dichroism (CD). The results demonstrate that the conformation of apo-Mb, which lacks the heme group, is considerably less stable than that of holomyoglobin in identical solution conditions at neutral pH. ESI-MS shows that apo-Mb in the buffered solution at pH 7 (native state) and at pH 4.3 (intermediate state) yields two distinct charge state distributions that presumably correspond to different protein conformations. Both conformations have the same H/D exchange rate. This provides strong evidence that both the native and the intermediate state of apo-Mb have highly dynamic structures, consisting of two or more rapidly interconverting conformations rather than single fixed conformations. However, the H/D exchange rate of the acid-induced compact state of apo-Mb at pH approximately 2 [Goto, Y., Calciano, L. J., & Fink, A. L. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 573-577] indicates that it has a stable, partially folded conformation. Although CD data suggest that apo-Mb in H20 at pH 6 and in the buffered solution at pH 7 has a native-like secondary structure, the charge state distribution and the H/D exchange rate measurements indicate that a large portion of the apo-Mb molecules are unfolded or partially unfolded under these conditions. Thus, conformational information obtained from ESI-MS measurements of the charge state distributions and H/D exchange rates is complementary to that obtained from CD measurements. The combination of these three measurements can be used to assess the conformational stability and conformational heterogeneity of a protein.
Fuzzy-based self-organizing control for building systems (2005)

A self-organizing controller based on fuzzy set theory is applied to the problem of building temperature and lighting control. A three-level hierarchical controller composed of supervisor, coordinator, and local levels is employed. The intelligent control structure is designed to maximize occupant comfort while minimizing energy usage. Fuzzy sets representing zone occupancy, utility cost, and building dynamics are used as inputs to an adaptive fuzzy relation algorithm which generates local controller setpoints. Implementation of the controller in an office building is discussed.
Reduction of polarization-fluctuation induced drift in resonator fiber optic gyro by a resonator with twin 90° polarization-axis rotated splices (2010)

A method to suppress polarization-fluctuation induced drift in resonator fiber optic gyro (R-FOG) is demonstrated by a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) resonator with twin 90 degrees polarization-axis rotated splices. By setting the length difference of the fiber segments between two 90 degrees polarization-axis rotated splicing points to a half of the beat-length of the fiber, a single eigen-state of polarization (ESOP) is excited with incident lightwave linearly polarized along the polarization-axis of the fiber. Compared to the previously reported resonator employing single 90 degrees polarization-axis rotated splice [1], in which two ESOPs are excited, our new scheme avoids the effect from the unwanted ESOP and thus suppresses the polarization-fluctuation induced drift in R-FOG output significantly.
Dosage des bases puriques et pyrimidiques par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (1993)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Nuclear Radiation Detection Using a Superconducting Resonant Cavity (1971)

Nuclear radiation is detected using a superconducting resonant circuit operated at 380 MHz. The technique uses a doped semiconductor crystal placed on the stub of a reentrant cavity. The cavity is lead plated and cooled to 4.2°K, such that it becomes superconducting. The cavity then becomes the frequency controlling element for a voltage variable oscillator. Nuclear radiation impinging on the crystal causes a change in the relative dielectric constant, which in turn causes the resonant frequency of the cavity to change. The crystal exhibits a peculiar trap property at 70°K or below, which allows any electron-hole pairs generated in the crystal to be indefinitely trapped. The output frequency of the resonant circuit is then proportional to the total dose received by the crystal. Frequency shifts of the order of 4.051 kHz/min are observed in CdS, for a 14C source of 1 μ Ci.
Inhibition of immune checkpoints prevents injury-induced heterotopic ossification (2019)

Heterotopic ossification (HO), true bone formation in soft tissue, is closely associated with abnormal injury/immune responses. We hypothesized that a key underlying mechanism of HO might be injury-induced dysregulation of immune checkpoint proteins (ICs). We found that the earliest stages of HO are characterized by enhanced infiltration of polarized macrophages into sites of minor injuries in an animal model of HO. The non-specific immune suppressants, Rapamycin and Ebselen, prevented HO providing evidence of the central role of the immune responses. We examined the expression pattern of ICs and found that they are dysregulated in HO lesions. More importantly, loss of function of inhibitory ICs (including PD1, PD-L1, and CD152) markedly inhibited HO, whereas loss of function of stimulatory ICs (including CD40L and OX-40L) facilitated HO. These findings suggest that IC inhibitors may provide a therapeutic approach to prevent or limit the extent of HO.
Soil mechanics in engineering practice; second edition (1967)

This Wiley classic presents both theoretical and practical knowledge of soil mechanics in engineering. Written by Karl Terzaghi, universally recognized as ``the father of geotechnical engineering,`` it has long been the standard in the field. It offers a fundamental understanding of how to determine and use soil properties needed for design and construction; points out appropriate nature and benefits of exploration and soil tests under various conditions; and discusses most suitable methods and types of equipment for fills, excavations, and foundations. It also features expanded coverage of vibration problems, mechanics of drainage, passive earth pressure, and consolidation. This book contains information on the following. Part 1: physical properties of soils; index properties of soils; soil exploration; and hydraulic and mechanical properties of soils. Part 2: theoretical soil mechanics; hydraulics of soils; plastic equilibrium in soils; and settlement and contact pressure. Part 3: problems of design and construction; ground improvement; earth pressure and stability of slopes; foundations; settlement due to extraneous causes; and dams and dam foundations.
Approximate Bayesian Inference for Latent Gaussian models by using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (2009)

Summary Structured additive regression models are perhaps the most commonly used class of models in statistical applications. It includes, among others, (generalized) linear models, (generalized) additive models, smoothing spline models, state space models, semiparametric regression, spatial and spatiotemporal models, log-Gaussian Cox processes and geostatistical and geoadditive models. We consider approximate Bayesian inference in a popular subset of structured additive regression models, latent Gaussian models, where the latent field is Gaussian, controlled by a few hyperparameters and with non-Gaussian response variables. The posterior marginals are not available in closed form owing to the non-Gaussian response variables. For such models, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods can be implemented, but they are not without problems, in terms of both convergence and computational time. In some practical applications, the extent of these problems is such that Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is simply not an appropriate tool for routine analysis. We show that, by using an integrated nested Laplace approximation and its simplified version, we can directly compute very accurate approximations to the posterior marginals. The main benefit of these approximations is computational: where Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms need hours or days to run, our approximations provide more precise estimates in seconds or minutes. Another advantage with our approach is its generality, which makes it possible to perform Bayesian analysis in an automatic, streamlined way, and to compute model comparison criteria and various predictive measures so that models can be compared and the model under study can be challenged.