gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combating Label Noise in Deep Learning Using Abstention (2019)

We introduce a novel method to combat label noise when training deep neural networks for classification. We propose a loss function that permits abstention during training thereby allowing the DNN to abstain on confusing samples while continuing to learn and improve classification performance on the non-abstained samples. We show how such a deep abstaining classifier (DAC) can be used for robust learning in the presence of different types of label noise. In the case of structured or systematic label noise -- where noisy training labels or confusing examples are correlated with underlying features of the data-- training with abstention enables representation learning for features that are associated with unreliable labels. In the case of unstructured (arbitrary) label noise, abstention during training enables the DAC to be used as an effective data cleaner by identifying samples that are likely to have label noise. We provide analytical results on the loss function behavior that enable dynamic adaption of abstention rates based on learning progress during training. We demonstrate the utility of the deep abstaining classifier for various image classification tasks under different types of label noise; in the case of arbitrary label noise, we show significant improvements over previously published results on multiple image benchmarks. Source code is available at https://github.com/thulas/dac-label-noise
Passive investors "win the losers' game'' : investment insights (2013)

National treasury's discussion paper on costs has refuelled the active / passive investment debate. Of course, it's more of a shouting match than a debate - since there can be no debate around a mathematical certainty.
The ‘value’ of multidisciplinary clinics in the management of cancer patients (2017)

Ideally, all cancer patients should be treated by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Defined in its broadest sense, it “combines or involves several academic disciplines or professional specialisations in an approach to a topic or problem”. 1 Achieved by gathering physically in one place or by remote teleconferencing, subspecialists from geriatrics, cardiology, psychiatry, critical care and oncology use this method. Teams may be used to help with both diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.
Wide-band measurement of the complex permittivity of dielectric materials using a wide-band cavity (1989)

A technique is presented for the characterization of dielectric materials over a wide band of frequencies (RF to millimeter wave region). The cavity structure offers a well-defined reference plane for precision measurements of dielectric characteristics. The dielectric sample completely fills a cylindrical cavity adapted to a precision air line(s). Two configurations are considered: the terminating cavity configuration, in which the cavity is adapted to the end of a precision air line; and the through-cavity configuration where the cavity is placed between two precision air lines. The measured scattering parameters, the reflection and/or the transmission coefficients, are used to determine the complex permittivity of the dielectric sample.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
BioCircos.js: an interactive Circos JavaScript library for biological data visualization on web applications (2016)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Large ZnO Mesocrystals of Hexagonal Columnar Morphology Derived from Liquid Crystal Templates (2011)

Large ZnO mesocrystals of hexagonal columnar morphology have been successfully synthesized by using liquid crystals (LCs) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 N + (CH 3 ) 3 Br − ) as templates. The LC‐templated growth process is established by monitoring the crystal morphology, phase evolution at various temperature stages for both ZnO building blocks and CTAB templates, where there is a phase transition and interaction between the two involved. In contrast to the well‐studied mesocrystals derived from solutions, we propose a new formation scheme for the large mesocrystals, on the basis of our experimental observations using X‐ray diffraction phase analysis, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy conducted at various stages of mesocrystal growth. The resultant mesocrystals are characterized by a level of mesoporosity and internal surfaces, where there is a large population of oxygen vacancies, as confirmed by their photoluminescence behavior.
Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type–1–Specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells: Frequency and Immunodominance Hierarchy (2004)

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). We used interferon- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays with overlapping peptides spanning the entire HTLV-1 proteome to test whether the HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells differed significantly in frequency or immunodominance hierarchy between patients with HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers and whether the frequency correlated with provirus load. Tax was the immunodominant target antigen. There was no significant qualitative or quantitative difference in the HTLV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response between the 2 groups. Virus-specific CD8(+) T cell frequency alone does not indicate the effectiveness of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in controlling provirus load at equilibrium.
Prevention of experimental diabetic cataract by Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts (2002)

The efficacy of Momordica charantia (MC), Eugenia jambolana (EJ), Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Mucuna pruriens (MP) was assessed in the prevention of murine alloxan dibetic cataract. Alloxan (120 mg/kg) was used as the diabetogenic agent. While controls and diabetic controls did not receive any plant extract, treated rats received lyophilized aqueous extract of MC and EJ (200 mg/kg p.o.), alcohol extract of TC (400 mg/kg) and MP (200 mg/kg p.o.) every day until 4 months. Serum glucose concentration was assessed and cataracts examined with both the naked eye and through a slit lamp. Of the eight animals in the diabetic control group, four developed cortical cataract (stage IV) by day 90 while the remaining four developed it by day 100. The incidence rate of cataract in MC, EJ, TC and MP treated groups at 120 days was only 0, 0, 1 and 2. Oral feeding of MC, EJ, TC and MP extracts for 1 month produced a fall of 64.33%, 55.62%, 38.01% and 40.17%, respectively, in the serum glucose levels in comparison with the 48 h level. After 2 months of treatment, the respective values were 66.96%, 59.85%, 40.41% and 45.63%. MC and EJ prevented the development of cataract while the protective effect was less with TC and MP along with a significant reduction of plasma glucose levels (p < 0.001).
불안정 애착의 세대 간 전이를 경험한 어머니-자녀에 관한 사례연구 : Bowen의 가족상담이론을 중심으로 (2013)

애착유형, 애착의 세대 간 전이, Bowen의 가족상담이론은 밀접한 연관성이 있다. 다세대 가족상담은 가족의 정서과정이 역사를 통해 지속되고, 이전 세대에서 제대로 정리되지 않은 문제가 유사한 유형으로 다음 세대로 전수될 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 불안정 애착의 세대 간 전이를 경험한 어머니가 자녀에게 미치는 영향에 대하여 탐색하고, 불안정 애착을 경험한 어머니와 자녀에게 Bowen의 가족상담이론을 활용하여, 어머니-자녀의 관계변화 과정을 살펴보고자한다. 연구대상은 중학교에 다니고 있는 남자 청소년으로 또래친구들과 다툼이 찾으며, 지각, 무단결석, 가출 등으로 인하여 어머니와 심한 갈등이 있다고 하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 어머니의 불안정 애착형성은 어머니-자녀 상호작용에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지 못하였고, 자녀의 문제행동에도 영향력을 미치었다. 둘째, 연구참여자 가족의 애착유형을 살펴보면, 연구참여자, 어머니, 외할머니는 불안정 애착유형이 전수됨을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 불안정 애착을 경험한 어머니-자녀에게 Bowen의 가족상담이론을 적용한 결과, 연구참여자 가족의 기능과 체계에 변화를 가져왔다. 연구참여자는 상담을 통하여 어머니-자녀관계 개선뿐만 아니라 또래관계, 학교생활에도 변화가 나타났다.
Research on Parallel Interleaved Inverters with Discontinuous Space-Vector Modulation (2013)

Parallel converter can significantly increase the capacity of the converter and improve the power quality of AC side, but the circulation which can lead to high switching loss and even damage the devices will easily exist in the direct parallel converters. In this paper, the average model of parallel interleaved inverters system to analyze the circulation current is shown, and the cross current is relevant to DC-bus voltage and the overlap time of zero vectors in the switching period. Based on this observation, a discontinuous space vector modulation without using zero vectors (000) is eliminate and suppress the zero-sequence current to entire system. Finally, the effectiveness of modulation strategy is verified by the simulations in this paper.
Anterior surgery of the upper cervical spine. (1992)

The authors report the results obtained in a series of more than 80 cases submitted to 76 operations of the upper cervical spine by transoral approach with a minimum follow-up of two years. The cases include: 15 unstable fractures or non-union of the odontoid processes; 28 cases of post-traumatic instability of C1-C2 level without fracture of the odontoid process; 13 cases of rheumatoid arthritis with instability at C1-C2; 14 cases of severe anomalies of the craniovertebral junction, often associated with basilar impression and spinal cord compression, of which 7 cases presented with tetraparesis; 6 malignant tumors. The method used involves an anterior transoral approach, more often without tracheotomy, and with exposure of the anterior aspect of the atlas and of the odontoid process by means of a midline incision of the posterior wall of the pharynx. When spinal cord lesion was present, decompression and reconstruction by bone grafts taken from the iliac crest were performed. In nearly all of the cases osteosynthesis with an anterior plate was used. Complications were mild. There were two cases of infection, observed at the onset of our experience, which were resolved after removal of the instrumentation. There was loosening of a screw in three cases; this was eliminated through the digestive tube with no consequences. There were no early intra- or postoperative deaths. Consolidation was obtained in most of the patients, and only in three cases did we observe a loss of postoperative reduction. Among patients affected with tetraparesis we observed many cases of neurological recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Plasminogen Activation by Invasive Human Pathogens (1997)

In this review the interaction between invasive human pathogens expressing plasmin(ogen) receptors and/or producing plasminogen activators with the human plasmin(ogen) system is described. Evidence is presented for multiple mechanisms by which human pathogens can acquire a surface bound form of plasmin that cannot be regulated by host serpins. The potential importance of these pathways in providing the organisms with the ability to cross tissue barriers is discussed.
Effect of Residual CO on Combustion-Type CO<sub>2</sub>-Gas Dynamic Laser Performance (1979)

The CO2-Gas Dynamic Laser (GDL) has been developed as a high-power laser. The combustion-type CO2-GDL has the particular merit of a readily obtainable high input energy, because it can use chemical reaction energy. In this type of GDL, however, impurities such as CO and O2 which result from imperfect combustion are present in the laser medium. This paper presents experimental studies of the influence of these impurities on CO2-GDL performance. CO and CH4 fuel is burned with air and N2 is added to form high temperature (1500 K) CO2–N2–H2O gas mixtures. All the observed impurities were CO and O2. Both gain and power decreased monotonically with the increase of CO mole fraction up to 10%. The mole fraction of O2 was always approximately 0.5%, and higher levels of O2 fraction led to unstable combustion.
Analysis of CD7 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia: martingale residual plots combined with 'optimal' cutpoint analysis reveals absence of prognostic significance. (1995)

Conflicting results exist regarding the prognostic importance of CD7 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Differences in the method of determining CD7 positivity, the antibody used, the therapy administered, and the CD7 level used as a cutoff point to reduce it to a binary variable have all been postulated to account for the discordant findings. We determined the level of CD7 expression by flow cytometric analysis using the Leu9 monoclonal antibody in 331 patients with newly diagnosed AML and attempted to determine the impact of CD7 on AML prognosis. This study used the same methodology and antibody as three of the four studies that reported a positive association between CD7 expression and prognosis in AML. Optimal cutpoint analysis was used to divide the population into CD7-positive (CD7+) (>10.5% expression) and CD7-negative (CD7-) (< 10.5% expression) groups with the largest survival difference. At the optimal cutpoint, the difference in survival was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.068 uncorrected, P = 0.244 corrected for optimal cutpoint search). There was a marked imbalance in the distribution of favorable cytogenetic abnormalities [t(8;21), inversion 16, t(15;17)], with 95% segregating to the CD7- group. Analysis excluding patients with favorable cytogenetic abnormalities revealed no prognostic importance for CD7 expression (P = 0.24 uncorrected). The response rate (CR) and survival experiences of CD7+ and CD7- patients were similar with six different regimens. CD7 expression was not a significant independent prognostic factor in a Cox regression model that included cytogenetics as a predictive variable, but it was marginally significant when cytogenetics was excluded. We conclude that regardless of the antibody used, the therapy received, or the cutoff point selected to determine CD7 expression, CD7 is not associated with response rate, prognosis, or survival in AML. The 'optimal cutoff point analysis' utilized in this study has applicability to other biologic parameters as well.
ASE effects in small aspect ratio laser oscillators and amplifiers with nonsaturable absorption (1986)

A three-dimensional calculation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is presented that allows rapid determination (with suitable approximation techniques) of extraction efficiency and power gain for small aspect ratio (length/width) laser amplifiers and oscillators. These calculations include nonsaturable absorption, ASE line-narrowing effects, and end mirrors that reflect ASE flux back into the active gain medium. The applicability of this technique has been verified for laser aspect ratios below unity, and results are presented that show the optimum scaling of extraction efficiency and power gain for large fusion class lasers. The technique is particularly suited to first-order design efforts where fast turnaround results are required. Nevertheless, the approach shows an accuracy of at least 10 percent when the laser medium is efficiently loaded with coherent flux.
Efficacy of metformin in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) in metastatic malignant melanoma (2018)

We have observed favorable treatment-related outcomes (ORR, DCR, median PFS and median OS) in patients who have received metformin in combination with ICIs without reaching significance, probably, due to small sample size. Hence, large prospective clinical trials are required to study the synergistic effect of metformin in combination with ICIs before it can be recommended as routine additive therapy.
Pseudo-Relevance Feedback in Web Information Retrieval Using Segments&#146; Subjective Importance Values (2005)

To make Web search more effective, we address the problem of articulating a user's information needs more effectively. This is done in an iterative way, by allowing the user to provide relevance feedback regarding individual segments of retrieved Web-pages. Previously applied methods are limited to discovering 'general importance values of segments' (based on the authors' 'objective views' i.e., main topics) rather than 'subjective importance values of segments' (based on a user's 'subjective view' i.e., personal information needs). In this paper, a user's interests are incrementally identified by allowing the user to iteratively select relevant keywords or phrases from a set of system-recommended candidate-keywords and candidate-phrases (i.e., pseudo-relevance feedback). It makes it possible to discover 'subjective importance values of segments' that can be dynamically changed by the user by indicating their interests regarding retrieved Web-pages. The important segments, selected by the user, provide higher precision of pseudo-relevance feedback for further Web information retrieval purposes.
Induction of Glutathione <i>S</i> -Transferase in Biofilms and Germinating Spores of <i>Mucor hiemalis</i> Strain EH5 from Cold Sulfidic Spring Waters (2007)

The occurrence and activation of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the GST activities in biofilms in cold sulfidic spring waters were compared to the occurrence and activation of GST and the GST activities of the aquatic fungal strains EH5 and EH7 of Mucor hiemalis isolated for the first time from such waters. Using fluorescently labeled polyclonal anti-GST antibodies and GST activity measurements, we demonstrated that a high level of GST occurred in situ in natural biofilms and pure cultures of strain EH5. Measurement of microsomal and cytosolic soluble GST activities using different xenobiotic substrates, including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane, 1-iodo-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and fluorodifen, showed that the overall biotransforming abilities of biofilms were at least sixfold greater than that of strain EH5 alone. Increasing the level of sodium thiosulfate (STS) in the medium stimulated the microsomal and cytosolic GST activities with CDNB of strain EH5 about 44- and 94-fold, respectively, compared to the activities in the control. The induction of microsomal GST activity with fluorodifen by STS was strongly linear, but the initial strong linear increase in cytosolic GST activity with fluorodifen showed saturation-like effects at STS concentrations higher than approximately 1 mM. Using laser scanning confocal and conventional fluorescence microscopy, abundant fluorescently labeled GST proteins were identified in germinating sporangiospores of strain EH5 after activation by STS. High-performance size exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of at least two main GSTs ( approximately 27.8- and approximately 25.6-kDa subunits) in the cytosol of EH5, whereas the major 27.8-kDa subunit was the only GST in microsomes. We suggest that differential cellular GST expression takes place in strain EH5 depending on spore and hyphal development. Our results may contribute to our understanding of induction of GST by sulfurous compounds, as well as to the immunofluorescence visualization of GST in aquatic fungus and fungus-bacterium biofilms.
Missense mutation in exon 7 of the common gamma chain gene causes a moderate form of X-linked combined immunodeficiency. (1995)

Clinical and immunologic features of a recently recognized X-linked combined immunodeficiency disease (XCID) suggested that XCID and X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) might arise from different genetic defects. The recent discovery of mutations in the common gamma chain (gamma c) gene, a constituent of several cytokine receptors, in XSCID provided an opportunity to test directly whether a previously unrecognized mutation in this same gene was responsible for XCID. The status of X chromosome inactivation in blood leukocytes from obligate carriers of XCID was determined from the polymorphic, short tandem repeats (CAG), in the androgen receptor gene, which also contains a methylation-sensitive HpaII site. As in XSCID, X-chromosome inactivation in obligate carriers of XCID was nonrandom in T and B lymphocytes. In addition, X chromosome inactivation in PMNs was variable. Findings from this analysis prompted sequencing of the gamma c gene in this pedigree. A missense mutation in the region coding for the cytoplasmic portion of the gamma c gene was found in three affected males but not in a normal brother. Therefore, this point mutation in the gamma c gene leads to a less severe degree of deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity than that seen in XSCID.
A double-blind dose-response study of amlodipine in patients with stable angina pectoris (1991)

Sixty patients (31 male, 29 female) were studied in a 4-week double-blind parallel dose-response study. Patients received amlodipine 1.25 mg (n = 12), 2.5 mg (n = 12), 5 mg (n = 12), 10 mg (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12) once a day. Anti-anginal efficacy was assessed by sequential treadmill testing 24 h post-dose, frequency of anginal attacks and consumption of nitroglycerin, patient and investigator assessment. In the analysis of the final vs baseline total exercise time, the difference between those on amlodipine and those on placebo was significant (P less than 0.01), (all doses). Mean total exercise time increased by 24% in the amlodipine 10 mg group compared with a 20% decrease in the placebo group. The time to onset of angina increased by 37% in the amlodipine 10 mg group, compared with a 16.5% decrease in the placebo group. Differences were statistically significant for the 1.25, 5 and 10 mg amlodipine groups vs placebo. ST-segment charges and rate-pressure product were not affected significantly. There was a statistically significant difference in angina attack frequency and nitroglycerin tablet consumption (P less than 0.05) for all dose groups vs placebo. The majority of patients receiving amlodipine reported improvement in angina symptoms. Side-effects were frequent but mild and dose-related. Amlodipine has significant anti-anginal efficacy. The mechanisms underlying the anti-ischaemic effects of amlodipine are still under discussion.
Early growth response proteins (EGR) and nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) form heterodimers and regulate proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (2003)

Activation of transcription factors by receptor mediated signaling is an essential step for T lymphocyte effector function. Following antigenic stimulation of T cells the two central cytokines IL-2 and TNFalpha are co-expressed and co-regulated. Two important transcription factors, i.e., early growth response (EGR) protein EGR-1 and nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) protein NFATc, regulate transcription of the human IL-2 cytokine and the same combination of EGR and NFAT proteins seems relevant for coordinated cytokine expression. Here we demonstrate that the zinc finger protein EGR-1 and two members of the NFAT protein family bind simultaneously to adjacent elements position -168 to -150 within the TNFalpha promoter. Both promoter sites are important for TNFalpha gene transcription as shown by transfection assays having the IL-2 and TNFalpha promoters linked to a luciferase reporter. The use of promoter deletion constructs with the zinc finger protein (ZIP), the NFAT binding element or a combination of both deleted show a functional cooperation of these elements and of their binding factors. These experiments demonstrate that EGR-1 as well as EGR-4 functionally cooperate with NFAT proteins and induce expression of both cytokine genes. Using tagged NFATc and NFATp in glutathione S-transferase pull down assays showed interaction and physical complex formation of each NFAT protein with recombinant, as well as native, EGR-1 and EGR-4 proteins. Thus EGR-NFAT interaction and complex formation seems essential for human cytokine expression as adjacent ZIP and NFAT elements are conserved in the IL-2 and TNFalpha gene promoters. Binding of regulatory EGR and NFAT factors to these sites and the functional interaction and formation of stable heterodimeric complexes indicate an important role of these factors for gene transcription.