gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth, current size and the role of the 'reversal paradox' in the foetal origins of adult disease: an illustration using vector geometry (2006)

Numerous studies have reported inverse associations between birth weight and a range of diseases in later life. These have led to the development of the 'foetal origins of adult disease hypothesis'. However, many such studies have only been able to demonstrate a statistically significant association between birth weight and disease in later life by adjusting for current size. This has been interpreted as evidence that the impact of low birth weight on subsequent disease is somehow dependent on subsequent weight gain, and has led to a broadening of the hypothesis into the 'developmental origins of health and disease'. Unfortunately, much of the epidemiological evidence used for both of these interpretations is prone to a statistical artefact known as the 'reversal paradox'. The aim of this paper is to illustrate why, using vector geometry.
Melibiotol and Maltitol (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMelibiotol and MaltitolM. L. Wolfrom and Thomas S. GardnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 9, 2553–2555Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01866a080https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01866a080research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Laid off! (1970)

Not in recent times has so much of the engineering force been on the unemployment rolls. Job seeking is never easy, and for many engineers the experience may be novel. This article covers the steps that the engineer job seeker should follow initially, and cites some of the dos and don'ts to help him sell himself.
Construcción del espacio para el movimiento corporal (2001)

This document, of interactive character, is destined to persons interested in the topic of body movement, and it means to fortify the learning in this sphere. The readers will be able to interact with the text in the blanc spaces, highlighted with a base line. Therefore, it is a backing tool for a pedagogical work.
Molecular Switching in the Near Infrared (NIR) with a Functionalized Boron-Dipyrromethene Dye (2001)

The highly fluorescent, unsymmetrically substituted boron-dipyrromethene dye 1 shows emission features that are strongly dependent on the solvent polarity. Thus, 1 can be used for highly sensitive fluorometric probing of solvent polarity and acidity and furthermore can be switched chemically or electrochemically in the near infrared.
Laser microsculpting for the generation of robust diffractive security markings on the surface of metals (2015)

We report the development of a laser-based process for the direct writing ('microsculpting') of unique security markings (reflective phase holograms) on the surface of metals. In contrast to the common approaches used for unique marking of the metal products and components, e.g., polymer holographic stickers which are attached to metals as an adhesive tape, our process enables the generation of the security markings directly onto the metal surface and thus overcomes the problems with tampering and biocompatibility which are typical drawbacks of holographic stickers. The process uses 35 ns laser pulses of wavelength 355 nm to generate optically-smooth deformations on the metal surface using a localised laser melting process. Security markings (holographic structures) on 304-grade stainless steel surface are fabricated, and their resulted optical performance is tested using a He–Ne laser beam of 632.8 nm wavelength.
Carbon Paste Electrodes (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon Paste ElectrodesRalph N. AdamsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1958, 30, 9, 1576Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1958Publication History Published online8 April 2003Published inissue 1 September 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60141a600https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60141a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2313Altmetric-Citations424LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Implementing deductive databases by mixed integer programming (1996)

Existing and past generations of Prolog compilers have left deduction to run-time and this may account for the poor run-time performance of existing Prolog systems. Our work tries to minimize run-time deduction by shifting the deductive process to compile-time. In addition, we offer an alternative inferencing procedure based on translating logic to mixed integer programming. This makes available for research and implementation in deductive databases, all the theorems, algorithms, and software packages developed by the operations research community over the past 50 years. The method keeps the same query language as for disjunctive deductive databases, only the inferencing procedure changes. The language is purely declarative, independent of the order of rules in the program, and independent of the order in which literals occur in clause bodies. The technique avoids Prolog's problem of infinite looping. It saves run-time by doing primary inferencing at compile-time. Furthermore, it is incremental in nature. The first half of this article translates disjunctive clauses, integrity constraints, and database facts into Boolean equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute equations, and develops procedures to use mixed integer programming methods to compute —least models of definite deductive databases, and —minimal models and the Generalized Closed World Assumption of disjunctive databases.
The effect of a shock-absorbing pylon on the gait of persons with unilateral transtibial amputation (2003)

Shock-absorbing pylons (SAPs) are components that increase prosthetic compliance and provide shock absorption during walking, running, and other high-impact activities in persons with leg amputations. This study investigated the effect of SAPs on the gaits of persons who walk with transtibial prostheses. Two gait analyses were performed on 10 subjects walking with and without an Endolite TT (Telescopic-Torsion) Pylon. Comparison of kinematic and kinetic gait parameters indicated that few quantitative changes were found in the way people walked with and without the SAPs. The most consistent change among subjects was a reduction in the magnitude of an isolated-force transient that occurred during the prosthetic loading response phase, an effect that was more evident at higher speeds. Results from a questionnaire that was administered to subjects indicated they generally preferred walking with the SAP for reasons related to comfort. We conclude that SAPs may provide significant benefit for persons with transtibial amputations who are able to routinely walk at speeds above approximately 1.3 m/s.
Headteacher autonomy: a sketch of a Bourdieuian field analysis of position and practice (2010)

Bourdieu argued that his research was biographical: he sought to reflexively understand the social production of many of his life experiences without resorting to the illusion that they were unique, a-historical and transparent. To this end he systematically developed and applied a methodological toolkit, built around the concepts of field, capitals and habitus. Following Bourdieu's argument about the social-personal, I seek in this paper to focus in on the position of the headteacher. I argue that post-WW2, headteachers in England and Australia have pushed for more and more freedom and autonomy arguing ‘I/we know what's best for my/our school. They [local authority, central office, politicians and policymakers] don't. If only they would give me/us the resources, stop interfering and leave me/us alone, we could just get on with it.’ Mobilising Bourdieu, I sketch an argument that the quest for freedom is (re)produced as a disposition necessary for headteacher/principal practice in a de- and re-centralising schooling field. I offer this as a possible agenda for further research.
Study of the Microcrystallization of Ethylene−Propylene Random Copolymers in Solution by Fluorescence (2007)

The results of fluorescence experiments carried out on two ethylene−propylene copolymers (EP) labeled with pyrene, naphthalene, or both provide the first experimental evidence of intrachain formation of crystalline microdomains in solution. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments performed on 50 g/L EP solutions in toluene demonstrated that one EP copolymer was crystalline (EP-CR) while the other was amorphous (EP-NCR). The intrinsic viscosity of EP-CR and EP-ΝCR in toluene was measured as a function of temperature. EP-CR was the only sample to exhibit a decrease in intrinsic viscosity around 0 °C, suggesting a decrease of the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer coil as expected if EP-CR forms microcrystals in solution. The light scattering intensity of 2 g/L solutions of EP-CR and EP-ΝCR was also measured as a function of temperature. The EP-CR solutions showed an increase in light scattering intensity at temperatures below 0 °C. The same observations were made with the fluorescently labeled EPs using DSC, intrinsic viscosity, and light scattering measurements, demonstrating that fluorescently labeling the polymers did not affect their solution properties. However, the high sensitivity of fluorescence enabled us to perform experiments at polymer concentrations as low as 20 mg/L. Experiments were carried out using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and pyrene excimer formation that established the absence of intermolecular association at this polymer concentration. These fluorescence experiments indicate that EP-CR undergoes a transition at 0 °C in toluene consistent with a decrease of the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer coil. These experiments constitute the first evidence that crystallization of semicrystalline EPs in solution can occur intramolecularly.
A Water‐Stable Cationic Metal–Organic Framework as a Dual Adsorbent of Oxoanion Pollutants (2016)

A three-dimensional water-stable cationic metal-organic framework (MOF) pillared by a neutral ligand and with Ni(II) metal nodes has been synthesized employing a rational design approach. Owing to the ordered arrangement of the uncoordinated tetrahedral sulfate (SO4 (2-) ) ions in the channels, the compound has been employed for aqueous-phase ion-exchange applications. The compound exhibits rapid and colorimetric aqueous-phase capture of environmentally toxic oxoanions (with similar geometries) in a selective manner. This system is the first example of a MOF-based system which absorbs both dichromate (Cr2 O7 (2-) ) and permanganate (MnO4 (-) ) ions, with the latter acting as a model for the radioactive contaminant pertechnetate (TcO4 (-) ).
Selecting short DNA fragments in plasma improves detection of circulating tumour DNA (2017)

Introductory paragraph Non-invasive analysis of cancer genomes using cell-free circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is being widely implemented for clinical indications. The sensitivity for detecting the presence of ctDNA and genomic changes in ctDNA is limited by its low concentration compared to cell-free DNA of non-tumour origin. We studied the feasibility for enrichment of ctDNA by size selection, in plasma samples collected before and during chemotherapy treatment in 13 patients with recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer. We evaluated the effects using targeted and whole genome sequencing. Selecting DNA fragments between 90-150 bp before analysis yielded enrichment of mutated DNA fraction of up to 11-fold. This allowed identification of adverse copy number alterations, including MYC amplification, otherwise not observed. Size selection allows detection of tumour alterations masked by non-tumour DNA in plasma and could help overcome sensitivity limitations of liquid biopsy for applications in early diagnosis, detection of minimal residual disease, and genomic profiling.
Tuberculosis in Africa — Combating an HIV-Driven Crisis (2008)

Africa is facing the worst tuberculosis epidemic since the advent of the antibiotic era. Drs. Richard Chaisson and Neil Martinson write that the unprecedented growth of the epidemic is attributable to several factors, the most important being the HIV epidemic.
Techniques for increasing storage density of magnetic drum systems (1954)

The problem of increasing the number of digits per linear inch of track length which can be reliably stored on and recovered from a magnetic medium is considered herein. The techniques to be described evolve from two well-known recording systems: the return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) systems. The modifications concern both the nature of the recording and the method of reading back the information. The techniques can be used for tape storage as well as for drum storage.
Bandgap voltage reference sources in CMOS technology (1982)

Two configurations are proposed for the implementation of bandgap reference sources in CMOS technology. The circuits presented are capable of high temperature operation, and allow a choice of the positive supply rail, the negative supply rail, or ground as the reference point.
S100A8 causes a shift toward expression of activatory Fcγ receptors on macrophages via toll‐like receptor 4 and regulates Fcγ receptor expression in synovium during chronic experimental arthritis (2010)

S100A8 is a strong promoter of activating FcγRI and FcγRIV in macrophages through the activation of TLR-4, and acts as a regulator of FcγR expression in inflamed synovium in chronic experimental arthritis.
Nucleic acid sequences coding for internal antisense peptides: are there implications for protein folding and evolution? (1994)

We have asked whether coding segments of nucleic acids generate amino acid sequences which have an antisense relationship to other amino acid sequences in the same chain (i.e. 'Internal Antisense'), and if so, could the internal antisense content be related to the structure of the encoded protein? Computer searches were conducted with the coding sequences for 132 proteins. The result for each search of a specific sequence was compared to the mean result obtained from 1000 randomly assembled nucleic acid chains whose length and base composition were identical to that of the native sequences. The study was conducted in all three reading frames. The normal reading frame (frame one) was found to be contain lower amounts of internal antisense than the randomly assembled chains, whereas the frame two results were much higher. The internal antisense content in frame three was not significantly different from that in the random chains. The amount of internal antisense in frames two and three was correlated with the GC content at the center position of the codons in that frame, but this correlation was absent in frame one. No correlation with chain length was found. Qualitatively similar results were obtained when the random model was limited to retain the same purine/pyrimidine ratio as the native chains at each position in the codons, but in this case the internal antisense in frame three was also significantly greater than the computer-generated sequences. The results suggest that the internal antisense content in the correct reading frame has a qualitatively different origin from that in the other two frames. The high amount in frames two and three is apparently an artifact resulting from the asymmetric distribution of G and C in the codons, while the low amount in frame one may suggest evolutionary selection against internal antisense. Thus, the results do not support a relationship between internal antisense and protein structure.
A selt-testing BOST for high-frequency PLLs, DLLs, and SerDes (2007)

A built-off self-test (BOST) approach is described in which a self-testing FPGA on a device-under-test (DUT) interface board can test serializers or deserializers at serial rates up to 6.4 Gbps, and some SerDes at much higher rates. With a few on-chip undersampling latches, the same BOST can also test embedded PLLs, DLLs, clocks, and logic delays. For SerDes functions, the structurally tested parameters include jitter and its constituent components, jitter tolerance, and waveshape. For other embedded functions, the tested parameters include jitter, duty cycle, frequency, phase error, and delay. The hardware results show that picosecond resolution has been achieved, with minimal or no changes to the DUT.
Dislocations as the origin of threshold voltage scatterings for GaAs MESFET on LEC-grown semi-insulating GaAs substrate (1984)

This paper describes the extended results on the influence of dislocations in liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) grown semi-insulating GaAs substrates on threshold voltage of GaAs MESFET's. MESFET's located less than about 50 µm from a dislocation exhibit threshold voltage lower than those far from a dislocation and threshold voltage scatters at less than about 30 µm from a dislocation. The scattering is considered briefly from anisotropy of stress field around dislocations. Particular interest is devoted to the electrical properties around dislocations because of their detrimental influence on the FET threshold voltage.
GAD <sup>65</sup> and Insulin B Chain Peptide (9-23) are not Primary Autoantigens in the Type 1 Diabetes Syndrome of the BB Rat (1999)

To investigate whether GAD65 whole molecule, GAD65 p35 or insulin B chain peptide (amino acids 9-23) play an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the BioBreeding (BB) rat, we gave serial injections of GAD65, p35 or insulin B chain (9-23) to six groups of BB/Worcester rats. The individual antigens were administered either intrathymically on day 2 and intraperitoneally in MF 59-0 adjuvant 5 times during the first 5 weeks, or by intranasal instillation once neonatally and 5 days/week for the following 6 weeks. Control groups were injected with vehicle only. Age of onset of diabetes and degree of insulitis were not different between controls and antigen-treated rats. Rats that received GAD65 intrathymically and intraperitoneally developed high GAD65-antibody titers without altering diabetes development. In GAD65-treated animals, serum antibodies recognized epitopes at 3 sites on GAD65 in diabetic animals but only at 1 site in non-diabetic animals. GAD65-injected animals also showed a significant reduction of IFN-gamma mRNA expression in the thymus. This study provides evidence against the hypothesis that GAD65 and insulin B chain peptide (9-23) are primary diabetogenic autoantigens in BB rats because immunizations with these antigens and GAD65-induced immune deviation did not alter the development of diabetes.
The Hemoglobin A1c Level as a Progressive Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Death, Hospitalization for Heart Failure, or Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (2008)

In diabetic and nondiabetic patients with symptomatic chronic HF, the HbA(1c) level is an independent progressive risk factor for CV death, hospitalization for HF, and total mortality.
Physicochemical Aspects of Microencapsulation (1975)

Abstract Microencapsulation is a process whereby small discrete solid particles or liquid droplets are completely engulfed by an intact membrane. The concept of microencapsulation originated a number of years ago and was initially utilized in carbonless copy papers [1]. More recently, it has received increasing attention in biomedical applications [2] and as a means of packaging Pharmaceuticals for controlled release purposes [3,4]. Both solids and liquids have been encapsulated successfully. Although most microcapsules fall between 5 and 500 μ diameter, they can be made below 1 μ and up to 5000 μ diameter. One can argue whether or not the latter should be classified as microcapsules. The material contained within a microcapsule is called the internal phase (IP) or core material. Because of the author's familiarity with the term IP, it will be used exclusively in this paper.
Rheological behavior of an acrylamide-based terpolymer with p-vinylbenzyl-terminated octylphenoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (2012)

A comb-like associating terpolymer PAOE was synthesized from acrylamide (AM), sodium 2-aciylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonate (NaAMPS) and a novel macromonomer: p-vinylbenzyl-terminated octylphenoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (VOE, degree of polymerization: 4—using aqueous free-radical copolymerization technique. The polymer chains were still comparatively extended in the brine solutions at low polymer concentrations. This leaded to the formation of continuous network structures via the intermolecular hydrophobic associations of the octylphenyl groups in despite of the addition of NaCl. As a result, PAOE predominantly exhibited significant elastic characters in brine solutions at 0.5–9 g/dL NaCl, as well as in aqueous solutions. The viscous and elastic character decreased slightly with increasing temperature from 25 to 45°C for the PAOE brine solution with 0.5 g/dL NaCl. The PAOE aqueous and brine solutions displayed obvious shear thickening behavior upon consecutive steady shear cycles. The brine solution also showed the excellent thickening properties, salt-thickening behaviors twice, and resistance to salt.