gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Symmetrical Tetranuclear Cluster Complexes Supported by <i>p</i>‐<i>tert</i>‐Butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene as a Cluster‐Forming Ligand (2006)

Abstract Square‐planar tetranuclear clusters [M 4 ( L )(AcO) 4 (μ 4 ‐OH)] – (M = Mn II , Co II , and Ni II ) are synthesized using tetra‐anionic p ‐ tert ‐butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene ( L 4– ) as a cluster‐forming ligand. Three complexes are crystallographically isostructural, being crystallized in the triclinic crystal system with space group P $\bar {1}$ . The calix[4]arene acts as a tetrakis fac ‐tridentate ligand through four phenoxo and four sulfonyl oxygen atoms to form square arrangement of four metal ions, which are further bridged by four chelating acetate ions and one hydroxo ion in a μ 4 manner to complete the hexacoordination of each metal center. Although the whole molecule of each complex is crystallographically independent, the molecule is highly symmetrical with a pseudo‐four‐fold axis lying on the μ 4 ‐OH – group. The tetranuclear clusters are stable enough to maintain the core structures even in highly dilute solution (≈10 μ M ), which was confirmed by mass spectroscopic study, however, bridging acetates were easily exchanged by other carboxylate chelates to form derivatives such as [M 4 ( L )(BzO) 4 (OH)] – . Metal–metal interactions were investigated by means of magnetic susceptibility, and it was revealed that both ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic interactions occur in the Ni II complex depending on the bridging angles of Ni–O–Ni. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons in cell culture (1977)

A method has been developed for the long-term culture of dissociated adult mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Of critical importance to the success of this technique was a three-hour incubation in collagenase which softened the DRG and permitted gentle dissociation. The morphological and electrophysiological features of the dissociated adult DRG were similar to those observed in previous studies of immature (i.e., embryonic and newborn) DRG in culture and also to those of adult DRG in situ. With regard to electrophysiological work, the adult DRG neurons are superior to embryonic and newborn neurons because of their larger size and greatly increased survival in culture (no degeneration for first six days, and thereafter a relatively slow decrease). The adult neurons regenerated nerve fibers to an extent comparable to that of immature neurons. Therefore, the adult DRG cultures might be useful to study factors influencing regeneration in the adult mammalian nervous system. The adult cultures might also be useful to investigated factors influencing the aging process.
Consonant Recognition and Confusion Patterns Among Elderly Hearing-Impaired Subjects (1987)

This study investigated whether unique consonant recognition and confusion patterns are associated with hearing loss among elderly listeners. Subjects were all greater than 65 years, and had normal hearing, or gradually or sharply sloping sensorineural hearing losses. Recognition of 19 consonants, paired with each of three vowels in a CV format, was assessed at two speech levels in a background of babble (+6 dB signal-to-babble ratio). Analyses of percent correct scores for overall nonsense syllable performance and for consonants according to place, manner, and voicing categories generally revealed better performance by the normal-hearing subjects than by the hearing-impaired subjects. However, individual differences scaling analysis of consonant confusions failed to retrieve speech perception patterns that were unique to listener group. These results tentatively suggest that the presence and configuration of hearing loss among elderly listeners may affect the level of performance but not the specific pattern of performance.
A Strong Positive Allosteric Effect in the Molecular Recognition of Dicarboxylic Acids by a Cerium(IV) Bis[tetrakis(4-pyridyl)porphyrinate] Double Decker (1998)

With increasing number of bound dicarboxylic acid molecules, the binding of further molecules by the title compound becomes more favorable (a 1:4 complex is depicted schematically on the right). The association constant for binding of the first guest molecule is small, since the increase in Gibbs free energy due to binding is outweighed by the energy loss asssociated with the suppression of rotation of the porphyrin rings. Once rotation has been suppressed, further guest molecules can be more effectively bound (positive allosteric effect).
Optical instabilities in a nonlinear Kerr medium (1984)

Instabilities and self-oscillation in systems containing an optical Kerr medium are studied in detail. Nonlinear interactions, both within and without a cavity, are discussed. Instability thresholds and frequencies of self-oscillation are treated as a gain-feedback process. A detailed investigation of the instabilities in a high-finesse nonlinear ring cavity shows that both Ikeda instabilities and bistability are obtained in a rather limited regime of detuning. In most of the detuning range, the system exhibits period-τ oscillations. Counterpropagating waves in a Kerr medium are shown to become unstable above a certain threshold intensity. This results in a system that is equivalent to a Raman-like laser that is being excited in the distributed-feedback structure generated by the two waves. A qualitative description of harmonic generation and period doubling, based on wave-mixing processes, is also presented.
The next economy: from dead carbon to living carbon (2006)

Abstract In the early part of the 19th century, the global economy was largely based on carbon extracted directly or indirectly (via animals) from plants. The infant science of chemistry distinguished between products made from vegetables and those made from minerals, in effect, distinguishing between living carbon and dead carbon. By the mid 19th century, however, chemists had adopted a different terminology. Both dead carbon and living carbon, from that time, were lumped together as organic. During the next century the hydrocarbon displaced the carbohydrate as the fundamental building block of industrial societies. But at the dawn of the 21st century, a combination of technological, resource and political developments encouraged a renewed distinction between living and dead carbon and the emergence of a new carbohydrate economy. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of process condition of top-TiN and TaN thickness on the effective work function of MOSCAP with high-<i>k</i>/metal gate stacks (2014)

We introduced a TaN/TiAl/top-TiN triple-layer to modulate the effective work function of a TiN-based metal gate stack by varying the TaN thickness and top-TiN technology process. The results show that a thinner TaN and PVD-process top-TiN capping provide smaller effective work function (EWF), and a thicker TaN and ALD-process top-TiN capping provides a larger EWF; here, the EWF shifts are from 4.25 to 4.56 eV. A physical understanding of the dependence of the EWF on the top-TiN technology process and TaN thickness is proposed. Compared with PVD-TiN room temperature process, the ALD-TiN 400 °C process provides more thermal budget. It would also promote more Al atoms to diffuse into the top-TiN rather than the bottom-TiN. Meanwhile, the thicker TaN prevents the Al atoms diffusing into the bottom-TiN. These facts induce the EWF to increase.
Characterising Reservoir Performance for the Mahogany 20 Gas Sand Based on Petrophysical and Rock Typing Methods (2003)

Abstract The Mahogany Field in Trinidad produces ∼475 MMscfd and is the sole supplier of the gas to Atlantic Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant's train 1. The Mahogany Field's gas reserves are dedicated to the LNG plant. The original reserve calculations assumed volumetric depletion would be the dominant drive mechanism for the gas reservoirs in this field. Four years later, water drive is the dominant drive mechanism for all sands except the 20 Sand. If the 20 Sand eventually shows water drive, the predicted rate profile and reservoir management would be different than if it had been a volumetric reservoir. This study investigates both drive mechanisms and makes recommendations for managing the reservoir in either eventuality. To support this work, a petrophysical description was carried out. This included rock typing of the reservoir and calibrating the wireline log data with 20 Sand core. Three independent methods for rock typing were employed, two of which have not been used on offshore Trinidad core samples previously. A facies description was compared to the rock type classifications and flow units. A reservoir simulation model was built using log analysis from the 20 Sand and incorporating the results of the petrophysical descriptions of the different rock types and flow units. A history match was obtained for the well currently draining this reservoir and predictions on the 20 Sand incorporating a future 7″ horizontal gas well were also done. The recovery factors were obtained for the reservoir under different drive mechanisms – volumetric and water drive. Recommendations for optimal reservoir management of the 20 Sand are given.
The dimer of 1-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)-3-oxidopyridinium and its reactions (1974)

The betaine 1-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)-3-oxidopyridinium reversibly forms a dimer which provides a convenient source of the reactive betaine monomer; olefinic dipolarophiles add readily at the 2,6-positions, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene reacts across the 2,4-positions and stereochemical integrity is preserved during the addition of maleic and fumaric esters.
Time-Predictable Java Dynamic Compilation on Multicore Processors (2012)

Java has been increasingly used in programming for real-time systems. However, some of Java's features such as automatic memory management and dynamic compilation are harmful to time predictability. If these problems are not solved properly then it can fundamentally limit the usage of Java for real-time systems, especially for hard real-time systems that require very high time predictability. In this paper, we propose to exploit multicore computing in order to reduce the timing unpredictability that is caused by dynamic compilation and adaptive optimization. Our goal is to retain high performance comparable to that of traditional dynamic compilation, while at the same time, obtain better time predictability for Java virtual machine (JVM). We have studied pre-compilation techniques to utilize another core more efficiently, preoptimization on another core (PoAC) scheme to replace the adaptive optimization system (AOS) in Jikes JVM and the counter based optimization (CBO). Our evaluation reveals that the proposed approaches are able to attain high performance while greatly reducing the variation of the execution time for Java applications.
Arrhenius Equation-Based Cell-Health Assessment: Application to Thermal Energy Management Design of a HEV NiMH Battery Pack (2013)

This paper presents a model-based cell-health-conscious thermal energy management method. An Arrhenius equation-based mathematical model is firstly identified to quantify the effect of temperature on the cell lifetime of a Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery pack. The cell aging datasets collected under multiple ambient temperatures are applied to extract the Arrhenius equation parameters. The model is then used as an assessment criterion and guidance for the thermal management design of battery packs. The feasibility and applicability of a pack structure with its cooling system, is then evaluated, and its design problems are studied by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The performance and eligibility of the design method is validated by both CFD simulations and experiments.
Robust production of purified H<sub>2</sub>in a stable, self-regulating, and continuously operating solar fuel generator (2013)

The development of practical solar-driven electrochemical fuel generators requires the integration of light absorbing and electrochemical components into an architecture that must also provide easy separation of the product fuels. Unfortunately, many of these components are not stable under the extreme pH conditions necessary to facilitate ionic transport between redox reaction sites. By using a controlled recirculating stream across reaction sites, this work demonstrates a stable, self-regulating and continuous purified solar-hydrogen generation from near neutral pH electrolytes that yield continuous nearly pure H2 streams with solar-fuel efficiencies above 6.2%.
Crystal Structure of Human Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 (2003)

SHP-1 is a cytosolic protein-tyrosine phosphatase that behaves as a negative regulator in eukaryotic cellular signaling pathways. To understand its regulatory mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of the C-terminal truncated human SHP-1 in the inactive conformation at 2.8-A resolution and refined the structure to a crystallographic R-factor of 24.0%. The three-dimensional structure shows that the ligand-free SHP-1 has an auto-inhibited conformation. Its N-SH2 domain blocks the catalytic domain and keeps the enzyme in the inactive conformation, which supports that the phosphatase activity of SHP-1 is primarily regulated by the N-SH2 domain. In addition, the C-SH2 domain of SHP-1 has a different orientation from and is more flexible than that of SHP-2, which enables us to propose an enzymatic activation mechanism in which the C-SH2 domains of SHPs could be involved in searching for phosphotyrosine activators.
Vena cava filter ensnarement and delayed migration: An unusual series of cases (1997)

Delayed complications of vena cava filters should be considered whenever unusual patient signs or symptoms cannot be easily explained, even in the absence of a history of filter placement. To prevent guidewire ensnarement of filters, simple techniques should modify endovascular procedures when vena cava filters are present.
Practical Synthesis of Lespedezol A<sub>1</sub> (2008)

A practical formal synthesis of lespedezol A 1 ( 1) was accomplished in 33% yield for four steps starting from formation of the substituted chalcone. Of particular note is a useful protocol for reduction of the 2-ene bond in the isoflavone intermediate. A significant improvement in the final ring closure when water was scavenged from the reaction is also noteworthy. The ready availability of lespedezol A 1 will provide material for further pharmacological evaluation and for exploration of the pterocarpene nucleus as a potential entry into various 6a-hydroxypterocarpans.
Polycation graft copolymers accelerating DNA strand exchange: Involvement of ionic interaction (2001)

In the previous study (Chem. Eur. J., 7, 176 (2001)) we demonstrated that the comb-type polycationic copolymer (PLL-g-Dex) which is composed of poly (L-lysine) backbone and dextran graft chains expedited the DNA strand exchange reaction. In this study, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was employed to explore the copolymer-mediated DNA strand exchange with higher time-resolution. To initiate strand exchange reaction the duplex prepared from 3'-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)--and 5'-carboxytetramethylrhodamine(TAMRA)-labeled complementary DNAs was added to its non-labeled complementary single strand. DNA strand exchange was monitored by observing the recovery of the FITC quenching. More than 20,000 times increase in strand exchange rate at 37 degrees C by the copolymer was estimated. To investigate the accelerating mechanisms of the copolymer, the same reactions but at various ionic strenghts were studied. With increasing ionic strengths the strand exchange rate in the absence of the copolymer increased, suggesting that ionic repulsion among DNAs is unfavorable for the strand exchange to occur. Hence, alleviation of the electrostatic repulsion through interpolyelectrolyte complex formation is probably a role of the copolymer for accelerating the strand exchange reaction.
Dynamic versus static menus: an exploratory comparison (1989)

Sixty-three subjects completed 24 tasks using a menu driven computer program. The menu items appeared in a fixed (static) order during 12 of the tasks. During the other 12 tasks the menu item order changed dynamically such that the most frequently selected items always appeared at the top of the menu. All the subjects tried both dynamic and static menus.The subjects that used adaptive dynamic menus for the first set of tasks were significantly slower than those who used static menus on the first set of tasks. Subjects' performance during the second set of tasks was not affected by menu style. Eighty-one percent of the subjects preferred working with static menus to working with dynamic menus.
OWL-T: A Task Ontology Language for Automatic Service Composition (2007)

In order to satisfy incremental business demands, it is often required to combine functionalities of several services together. A number of approaches for service composition have been therefore proposed in both academic and industrial communities. These approaches, such as BPEL, WSCI, etc. can be categorized into static, manual service composition methods. In addition, by applying Semantic Web technologies, many research works have been investigated to support automatic service composition. Despite of the significant results being achieved, the task of service composition is still a challenging and complex issue. The main reason is that the former approaches require too much detail and technical interventions for defining business processes while the latter approaches are not much scalable for sophisticated applications. In this paper, we will introduce our approach for developing an ontology/language based on the OWL, called OWL-T (T stands for task), which can be used for users describing and specifying formally and semantically their needs at a high-level abstraction, which can be then transformed into executable business processes by underlying systems. The OWL-T aims at facilitating the modeling of complex demands or systems without regarding details of low-level and technical aspects of underlying infrastructure.
EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER WHAT DO WOMEN KNOW ABOUT TREATMENT CHOICES? (1983)

Lydia Greiner, RN, BSN, is a staff nurse in radiation therapy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Clare Weiler, RN, is clinical research coordinator, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia.
Deposition, annealing and characterisation of high‐dielectric‐constant metal oxide films (1995)

Abstract Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , ZrO 2 and TiO 2 have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.
Automatic mobile menu customization based on user operation history (2009)

Mobile devices are becoming more and more difficult to use due to the sheer number of functions now supported. In this paper, we propose a menu customization system that ranks functions so as to make interesting functions, both frequently used functions and rarely used functions, easy to access. Concretely, we define the features of phone functions by extracting keywords from the manufacturer's manual, and propose the method that ranks the functions based on user operation history by using Ranking SVM (Support Vector Machine). We conduct a home-use test for one week to evaluate the efficiency of customization and the usability of menu customization. The results show that the average rank of used functions on the last day of the test is half of that of first day and almost 70 % of the users are satisfied with the ranking provided by menu customization and the usability of menus. In addition, interviews show that automatic mobile menu customization is more appropriate for mobile phone beginner rather than the master users.
Arachidonic Acid in Platelet Microparticles Up-regulates Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent Prostaglandin Formation via a Protein Kinase C/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Pathway (1999)

Activation of platelets results in shedding of membrane microparticles (MP) with potentially bioactive properties. Platelet MP modulate platelet, monocyte, and vascular endothelial cell function, both by direct effects of MP arachidonic acid (AA) and by its metabolism to bioactive prostanoids. We have previously reported that platelet MP induce expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostacyclin production in monocytes and endothelial cells. To elucidate further the molecular mechanisms that underlie MP-induced up-regulation of COX-2 expression, we investigated the response of a human monocytoid (U-937) cell line to platelet MP stimulation. In U-937 cells, MP-induced COX-2 expression and eicosanoid formation is prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), PI 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 kinase. Treatment with the PI 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 also blocked MP-induced p42/p44 MAPK, p38, and JNK1 phosphorylation. Conversely, platelet MP stimulation of U-937 cells results in direct activation of PKC, p42/p44 MAPK, p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as activation of the transcription factors c-Jun and Elk-1. However, MP failed to activate the cAMP response element. Activation of U-937 cells by MP induces translocation of classical (PKCbeta), novel (PKCdelta) and atypical (PKCzeta and PKClambda) isozymes of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane, with concomitant activation of downstream MAPK. While MP-induced activation of p42/p44 MAPK and p38 kinase is transient, a sustained activation of JNK1 was observed. Although PKC activation is required for MP-induced p42/p44 MAPK, activation of the stress kinases p38 and JNK1 was PKC-independent. The fatty acid fraction of the MP accounted for these effects, which were mimicked by MP AA. Rather than acting directly via nuclear receptors, MP AA activates COX-2-dependent prostaglandin production by a PKC/p42/p44 MAPK/p38 kinase-sensitive pathway in which PI 3-kinase plays a significant role. MP AA also stimulates transcriptional activation of COX-2 as well as c-Jun and Elk-1.
Developing a decision support system to determine carbohydrate intake of diabetic patients (2012)

The use of telecommunication methods for healthcare purposes is nowadays inevitable to provide satisfactory service. This article introduces and investigates the concept of a decision support system using telemedicine solutions, namely supporting the medical staff and the patient to treat diabetes by determining diet plans and monitoring food consumption (focusing on carbohydrate intake). The system's requirements are to support the monitoring of the patient's well-being, making a choice on the right therapy, the identification of deterioration of health and alert before the patient's situation gets worse. After summarizing the currently existing diet planning systems, the current article focuses on the presentation of the preliminary work, an application developed by Healthcare Technologies Knowledge Centre of Budapest University of Technology and Economics and the Dept. of Control Engineering and Information Technology. The article introduces in detail the homecare supporting system which is the base of the application, the next steps of the specification and the existing literature. Along with present tasks the future plans are also presented.