gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis (2013)

Isoprenoids are a class of natural products with more than 55,000 members. All isoprenoids are constructed from two precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate. Two of the most important discoveries in isoprenoid biosynthetic studies in recent years are the elucidation of a second isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway [the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway] and a modified mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. In this review, we summarize mechanistic insights on the MEP pathway enzymes. Because many isoprenoids have important biological activities, the need to produce them in sufficient quantities for downstream research efforts or commercial application is apparent. Recent advances in both MVA and MEP pathway-based synthetic biology are also illustrated by reviewing the landmark work of artemisinic acid and taxadien-5α-ol production through microbial fermentations.
Expression Analysis in Multiple Muscle Groups and Serum Reveals Complexity in the MicroRNA Transcriptome of the mdx Mouse with Implications for Therapy (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that regulate gene expression and are implicated in wide-ranging cellular processes and pathological conditions including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have compared differential miRNA expression in proximal and distal limb muscles, diaphragm, heart and serum in the mdx mouse relative to wild-type controls. Global transcriptome analysis revealed muscle-specific patterns of differential miRNA expression as well as a number of changes common between tissues, including previously identified dystromirs. In the case of miR-31 and miR-34c, upregulation of primary-miRNA transcripts, precursor hairpins and all mature miRNAs derived from the same transcript or miRNA cluster, strongly suggests transcriptional regulation of these miRNAs. The most striking differences in differential miRNA expression were between muscle tissue and serum. Specifically, miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206 were highly abundant in mdx serum but downregulated or modestly upregulated in muscle, suggesting that these miRNAs are promising disease biomarkers. Indeed, the relative serum levels of these miRNAs were normalized in response to peptide-phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO) mediated dystrophin restoration therapy. This study has revealed further complexity in the miRNA transcriptome of the mdx mouse, an understanding of which will be valuable in the development of novel therapeutics and for monitoring their efficacy.
Temperature dependence of magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions with different free layer structures (2006)

The temperature and bias voltage dependence of magnetoresistance and the resistance of two types of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) samples were studied. These two types of MTJ samples have different free layer structures, while having the same pinned layer structures and with the same material for free and reference layers. The layer structure for type 1 MTJs is $80\mathrm{Ru}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}8\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}15{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}50\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}9\mathrm{Ru}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}54\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Co}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}350\mathrm{Cr}\mathrm{Mn}\mathrm{Pt}$ (in angstroms). The layer structure for type 2 MTJs is $80\mathrm{Ru}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}40\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}50\mathrm{Ru}\mathrm{Ta}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}40\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}15{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}50\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}9\mathrm{Ru}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}54\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Co}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}350\mathrm{Cr}\mathrm{Mn}\mathrm{Pt}$. The tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio $[({R}_{\mathit{AP}}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}{R}_{P})∕{R}_{P}]$ is about 26% and 69% at room temperature for type 1 and type 2 MTJs, respectively. A TMR as high as 107% has been observed for type 2 MTJ samples at $13\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. By analysis of the voltage and temperature dependence of the resistance and magnetoresistance in these MTJs, we discuss the effects of the magnetic behavior of the free layers, barrier qualities, and barrier interfaces. The results clearly indicate that the micromagnetization orientation at the interface between the free layer and the barrier layer is one of the important factors that determines the TMR ratio.
Convenient Syntheses of Methyl 2-Bromo- and 2-Iodo-2,3-butadienoates (1994)

Abstract Syntheses of methyl 2-bromo- and 2-iodo-2,3-butadienoates 3 and 6 from readily available starting materials are described. 3 and 6 will be valuable building blocks for the synthesis of 2-aryl and 2-alkenyl substituted alka-2,3-dienoates via Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
Novel Measurement Method for Flexoelectric Coefficients of Nematic Liquid Crystals (1998)

A new measurement method for the flexoelectric coefficients e 11 and e 33 (corresponding to the splay and bend strain, respectively) of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) is proposed. The values of e 11 + e 33 and e 11 - e 33 can be determined by fitting experimental electrooptical characteristics of hybrid aligned nematic (HAN) cells with numerical simulations. For the measurement of e 11 + e 33 and e 11 - e 33 , a dc electric field is applied along the cell normal and along the cell surface, respectively. The measurements were carried out for two nematics, N -(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4 ′ - n -butylaniline (MBBA) and ZLI-4792. As a result, e 11 + e 33 =(-5.4 ±1.0) ×10 -11 C/m and e 11 - e 33 =(1.4 ±0.1) ×10 -11 C/m for MBBA, | e 11 + e 33 | ≤1.0 ×10 -11 C/m and e 11 - e 33 =(-1.5 ±0.1) ×10 -11 C/m for ZLI-4792 were obtained.
Genetic polymorphism of human plasminogen. (1980)

Using isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gel of neuraminidase-treated serum or plasma samples and immunofixation or caseinolytic overlay after urokinase activation of gels, a common genetic polymorphism in human plasminogen has been delineated. Two alleles PLGN*A and PLGN*B, were observed with gene frequencies in whites of .69 and .30; in Orientals of .96 and .03; and in blacks of .80 and .18. Several rare alleles were also found. The distribution of phenotypes fits the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Inheritance is autosomal codominant and fits the expectations of Mendelian inheritance. There is fetal synthesis, but no transplacental passage of plasminogen in either direction.
Compiler as Service over Cloud (2013)

In the today's world everything is online so we are creating software for the today's faster world called compiler as service over the cloud. Cloud computing refers to the logical computational resources (data, software) accessible via a computer network (through WAN or Internet etc.), rather than from a local computer. Data are stored on Server Farms generally located in the country of the service provider. The paper aims to describe an online compiler which helps to reduce the problems of portability and storage space by making use of the concept of cloud computing. The ability to use different compilers allows a programmer to pick up the fastest or the most convenient tool to compile the code and remove the errors. This project is being developed for JAVA & .NET languages. Moreover, a web-based application can be used remotely throughout any network connection and it is platform independent. The problem of several compiler installations can be eliminated. Also error/output are stored in convenient way..
Progress in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose Derivatives (1998)

Single enzymes of the cellulase complex are efficent tools for understanding the biodegradation of cellulose derivatives. Sensitive size exclusion chromatography makes it possible to detect minor fragmentations. The accessibility of cellulose derivatives is clearly a function of the degree of substitution (DS). In addition, charge and size of the substituents and the substituent distribution play major roles for enzymatic attack. Whereas carboxymethyl cellulose of a certain DS was fully resistant against endoglucanase action, a methylcellulose of the same DS was markedly fragmented. Cellulose acetate was taken as an example for demonstration of the impact of esterases besides cellulases in biodegradation. The presence of acetyl esterase enabled the endoglucanase to degrade cellulose acetate much faster than when this type of enzyme was absent.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy increases pain-evoked activation of the prefrontal cortex in patients with fibromyalgeia (2012)

Interventions based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) are widely used to treat chronic pain, but the brain mechanisms responsible for these treatment effects are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to validate the relevance of the cortical control theory in response to an exposure-based form of CBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, in patients with chronic pain. Forty-three female patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome were enrolled in a randomized, 12-week, waiting-list controlled clinical trial (CBT n=25; controls n=18). CBT was administered in groups of six patients during 12 weekly sessions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during pressure-evoked pain was assessed before and after treatment or the 12-week period. Self-report questionnaires of depression and anxiety were administered pre- and posttreatment as well as 3 months following end of treatment. Patients treated with CBT reported larger improvement of fibromyalgia on the Patient Global Impression of Change measure, and improved depression and anxiety symptoms, compared to the waiting-list controls. However, there were no effects on clinical pain or pain sensitivity measures. An analysis of fMRI scans revealed that CBT led to increased activations in the ventrolateral prefrontal/lateral orbitofrontal cortex; regions associated with executive cognitive control. We suggest that CBT changes the brain's processing of pain through an altered cerebral loop between pain signals, emotions, and cognitions; leading to increased access to executive regions for reappraisal of pain. Our data thereby support our hypothesis about the activation of a cortical control mechanism in response to CBT treatment in chronic pain.
Joint transmitter-receiver optimization for multi-input multi-output systems with decision feedback (1994)

The joint transmit-receive optimization problem for multiuser communication systems with decision feedback is investigated. It is shown that minimization of the geometric mean-squared error (defined as the determinant of the error covariance matrix) leads to a tractable transmitter optimization problem for general multi-input multi-output decision-feedback systems. Several computational results are included that highlight system performance for a variety of useful transmission scenarios.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of GaN Nanopowder. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
C4 Compatible Ultra-Thick Cu On-chip Magnetic Inductor Architecture Integrated with Advanced Polymer/Cu Planarization Process (2019)

Inductor is an essential component in Integrated Voltage Regulator(IVR) which is strongly corresponding to the efficiency of power management. In 2018 ECTC, an on-chip solenoid inductor package integrated with high-permeability magnetic(MAG) film and two ultra-thick Cu trace was successfully demonstrated, which exhibits the benefits of higher inductance, lower resistance, and competitive packaging dimension [1]. Two ultra-thick Cu trace for coils of inductor device inevitably accompanies with higher topography that will induce some concerns on processes, one of them is like bubble defect from spin coating process of photo resist. On the other hand, uneven plan resulted from high topography will also cause poor co-planarity(COP) post bump formation, result in concerns like cold joint in assembly process. In order to resolve this hindrance, a polish process on polymer and Cu by chemical & mechanistic planarization (CMP) is introduced to improve the topography of the inductor package. In the paper, a key process issue, interface delamination, relating to CMP will be disclosed. And the key approach that is how to optimize Cu surface treatment and parameter of CMP process for delamination improvement will be focused. In short, we face a critical issue poor COP post bump formation that induced from high topography in ultra-thick Cu scheme. How to realize CMP process for planarization is a key and must be relied on optimization of key approaches for delamination. At last, compared to the air-core thick copper inductor package reported last year, the results show that CMP can improved COP around 3~5-fold, and have comparable performance of electric resistance before/post wafer level torture.
Universal schemes for sequential decision from individual data sequences (1993)

Sequential decision algorithms are investigated in relation to a family of additive performance criteria for individual data sequences. Simple universal sequential schemes are known, under certain conditions, to approach optimality uniformly as fast as n/sup -1/ log n, where n is the sample size. For the case of finite-alphabet observations, the class of schemes that can be implemented by finite-state machines (FSMs) is studied. It is shown that Markovian machines with sufficiently long memory exist, which are asymptotically nearly as good as any given deterministic or randomized FSM for the purpose of sequential decision. For the continuous-valued observation case, a useful class of parametric schemes is discussed with special attention to the recursive least squares algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Derechos humanos, poder económico y empresas multinacionales (2015)

espanolEl principal objetivo del presente articulo es identificar algunas de las dificultades con que una concepcion tradicional de los derechos humanos —como algo que concierne unicamente a los poderes publicos— enfrenta en el proceso de globalizacion economica. A traves de un analisis historico–sociologico del concepto de derechos humanos, como una idea propia de la modernidad que nace para imponer limites al poder politico, se intenta poner en evidencia la exclusion de los poderes economicos, incluidas las empresas multinacionales, en el estudio de las teorias de los derechos fundamentales. Dicha omision se despliega en el proceso de globalizacion hegemonica que vivimos actualmente y que genera grandes beneficios economicos para las empresas multinacionales, pero no las condiciones necesarias para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la mayoria, lo que provoca un deficit importante en el desarrollo de los derechos humanos. Esta situacion nos obliga a replantearnos la delimitacion de las responsabilidades para garantizar la proteccion de los derechos humanos. Ante ello, recientemente se han llevado a cabo esfuerzos, en concreto en la Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas, para imponer obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos a las empresas multinacionales EnglishThe main objective of this article is to identify some of the difficulties that a traditional human rights conception —as a concept that only concerns the public powers— faces in the process of economic globalization. Through a historical-sociological analysis of the human rights concept, as a modern age notion that born to impose limits to the political power, the article will attempt to highlight the exclusion of the economic powers, including the multinational corporations, thanks to the above mentioned analysis of human rights. The omission is reflected in the hegemonic globalization process that the world is experiencing, a process that generates great economic profits for the multinational corporations, but does not create the social conditions to improve the life of the majority of people. This, in turn, is causing a deficit in the protection of human rights. This situation forces us to rethink the delimitation of responsibilities in the task to ensure the protection of human rights. Therefore, the United Nations has recently made efforts to impose human rights obligations to multinational corporation
Zeolite-Inspired Low-<i>k</i>Dielectrics Overcoming Limitations of Zeolite Films (2008)

Spin-on zeolite films deposited from Silicalite-1 nanocrystal suspensions prepared by hydrothermal treatment of clear solutions have the required properties for insulating media in microelectronics. However, on the scale of the feature sizes in on-chip interconnects of a few tens of nanometers, their homogeneity is still insufficient. We discovered a way to overcome this problem by combining the advantages of the clear solution approach of Silicalite-1 synthesis with a sol-gel approach. A combination of tetraethyl orthosilicate and methyltrimethoxysilane silica sources was hydrolyzed and cocondensed in the presence of an aqueous tetraalkylammonium hydroxide template. The resulting suspension of nanoparticles of a few nanometers in size together with residual oligomeric silica species were spun onto support. The final zeolite-inspired low-k films (ZLK) with respect to pore size and homogeneity satisfied all requirements and presented excellent hydrophobicity, stiffness, and dielectric constant. The size and content of initially formed nanoparticles and the spatial hindrance promoted by occluded tetraalkylammonium molecules were found to be crucial elements in the definition of the final pore network.
Identification of a Novel Cellular TPR-Containing Protein, SGT, That Interacts with the Nonstructural Protein NS1 of Parvovirus H-1 (1998)

The nonstructural protein NS1 of autonomous parvoviruses is essential for viral DNA amplification and gene expression and is also the major cytopathic effector of these viruses. NS1 acts as nickase, helicase, and ATPase and upregulates P38-driven transcription of the capsid genes. We report here the identification of a novel cellular protein that interacts with NS1 from parvovirus H-1 and which we termed SGT, for small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing protein. The cDNA encoding full-length SGT was isolated through a two-hybrid screen with, as bait, the truncated NS1dlC69 polypeptide, which lacks the C-terminal transactivation domain of NS1. Full-length NS1 and SGT interacted in the two-hybrid system and in an in vitro interaction assay. Northern blot analysis revealed one major transcript of about 2 kb that was present in all rat tissues investigated. Rat sgt cDNA coded for 314 amino acids, and the protein migrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular mass of 34 kDa. SGT could be detected in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of rat cells, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence analysis and Western blotting of fractionated cellular extracts with an affinity-purified antiserum raised against recombinant SGT (AC1.1). In H-1 virus-infected rat and human cells, compared to mock-infected controls, differences in the migration of SGT polypeptides were revealed after Western blot analysis of total cellular extracts. Moreover, the transient expression of NS proteins was sufficient to induce SGT modification. These results show that cellular SGT, which we have identified as an NS1-interacting protein, is modified by parvovirus infection as well as NS expression.
High-Resolution Representation for Mobile Mapping Data in Curved Regular Grid Model (2019)

As mobile mapping systems become a mature technology, there are many applications for the process of the measured data. One interesting application is the use of driving simulators that can be used to analyze the data of tire vibration or vehicle simulations. In previous research, we presented our proposed method that can create a precise three-dimensional point cloud model of road surface regions and trajectory points. Our data sets were obtained by a vehicle-mounted mobile mapping system (MMS). The collected data were converted into point cloud data and color images. In this paper, we utilize the previous results as input data and present a solution that can generate an elevation grid for building an OpenCRG model. The OpenCRG project was originally developed to describe road surface elevation data, and also defined an open file format. As it can be difficult to generate a regular grid from point cloud directly, the road surface is first divided into straight lines, circular arcs, and and clothoids. Secondly, a non-regular grid which contains the elevation of road surface points is created for each road surface segment. Then, a regular grid is generated by accurately interpolating the elevation values from the non-regular grid. Finally, the curved regular grid (CRG) model files are created based on the above procedures, and can be visualized by OpenCRG tools. The experimental results on real-world data show that the proposed approach provided a very-high-resolution road surface elevation model.
Analysis of 2-Methylisoborneol in Water, Mud, and Channel Catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) from Commercial Culture Ponds in Mississippi (1987)

We describe a new method for the isolation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) that have been declared "off-flavor" organoleptically. The method involves microwave cooking fish under a nitrogen stream and trapping the condensate at −80 °C. The fish condensate was extracted with hexane which was reduced to 100 μL and analyzed by gas chromatography. Concentrations as low as 5 ng MIB∙g fish −1 were routine detected. A bioconcentration value for MIB in off-flavored fish flesh was 28.1 ± 14.0 (±SD) concentration water/concentration fish. Analysis of off-flavored fish collected at the processing plant consistently showed elevated concentrations of MIB. Geosmin, another compound known to cause flavor and odor problems in fish flesh, was not detected.