gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Free paths and transport phenomena gases and the quantum theory of collisions. I.—The rigid sphere model (1933)

Abstract The necessity for the use of quantum mechanics in the theory of atomic phenomena is most clearly manifest in the study of collision processes. Diffrac­tion effects have been observed in the scattering of electrons from crystals and by atoms, while the recent developments of molecular ray technique have made it possible to establish the existence of cross-grating spectra in the reflection of molecular beams from crystal surfaces. In view of the importance of wave theory in these phenomena, it is clearly necessary to examine the conditions under which the classical theory of gases must be modified and to determine the nature of the modifications. Such an investigation receives added importance owing to the possibility of experimental test by molecular ray methods. Also, considerable interest is attached to the possibility of direct experimental proof of the Bose-Einstein statistics for neutral atoms and molecules from collision experiments as has already been possible for α-particles. In order to develop the quantum theory of collisions in a form suitable for this purpose, we first discuss the simplest model which bears sufficient re­semblance to the actual facts, and so we consider the rigid sphere model for gas atoms. This model has already proved valuable in the classical theory of transport phenomena and has the additional advantage of permitting an exact quantum mechanical solution. It will be seen that the results obtained by the use of this model are of great interest and suggest several new lines of investigation, both experimental and theoretical. Finally, a method for dealing with the general case of any law of force will be discussed.
1.1NM GATE DIELECTRICS IN THE LOWER TESTING VOLTAGE REGION (2003)

A prediction method of time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) lifetime on P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (PMOSFET) with 1.1 nm gate dielectrics is studied. A prediction of a voltage dependence of TDDB lifetime was newly proposed by a defect generation probability (PG), which incorporates both scattering rate of hole and valence hand electron. It is found that the lifetime predicted with PO is about ten times longer than that with the only high testing voltage. This is the reason why both the channel hole and valence band tunneling electron (VBE) influenced this probability, especially VBE is rapidly decreased with a low testing voltage below -I .5 V. The model based on the newly proposed PO enables us to estimate the proper TDDB lifetime of PMOSFET, and our simple model predicts that the voltage is power-law on inversion mode of PMOSFET.
Alternative tRNA Priming of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcription Explains Sequence Variation in the Primer-Binding Site That Has Been Attributed to APOBEC3G Activity (2005)

It is generally assumed that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses exclusively the cellular tRNA(3)(Lys) molecule as a primer for reverse transcription. We demonstrate that HIV-1 uses not only tRNA(3)(Lys) but also an alternative tRNA primer. This tRNA was termed tRNA(5)(Lys), and the near completion of the human genome project has allowed the identification of four tRNA(5)(Lys)encoding genes. Priming with tRNA(5)(Lys) results in a single nucleotide polymorphism in the viral primer-binding site that is present in multiple natural and laboratory HIV isolates. This sequence variation was recently attributed to APOBEC3G activity. However, our results show that alternative tRNA priming can cause this mutation in the absence of APOBEC3G.
Validity of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in children with ADHD and/or Tourette syndrome (2002)

The dynamic, multidimensional nature of executive function (EF), thought to be characteristically impaired in those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been challenging to operationalize and assess in a clinical setting [Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford Press.]. Gioia, Isquith, Guy, and Kenworthy [Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000) Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.] developed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to address these concerns. In order to provide concurrent validity information on the BRIEF, parents of 76 children (ADHD=18; Tourette syndrome (TS)=21; TS+ADHD=17; controls=20) completed the BRIEF, additional behavior rating scales and interviews, measures of psychoeducational (PE) competence, and performance-based measures of EF. Both ADHD and TS+ADHD groups were rated as more impaired (P<.0001) than the other groups on the five primary BRIEF indices. BRIEF index scores showed no significant correlation with performance-based EF or PE measures, with the exception of math achievement; however, the BRIEF showed a strong relationship with interviews and other parent rating measures of behaviors seen in ADHD. Future attempts to validate the BRIEF should focus on differences within subtypes of ADHD (e.g., inattentive, combined subtypes), and separating ADHD from other clinical groups in which EF is reported to be a problem.
Extension of the Equation for Calculation of the Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The equation or formula for the calculation of the air-fuel equivalence ratio λ of air-fuel mixtures presented in this paper is an extension of the already very comprehensive λ - equation which was published earlier. In that former version the quantities carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and water in the fuel, water vapor in the air, and carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides as the main components of the exhaust-gas are considered. In the present extended version of the equation additional quantities are included: the sulfur in the fuel, a possibly occurring and measurable engine oil consumption, the sulfur oxides and hydrogen sulfide in the exhaust-gas, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur from the particulate emissions, and furthermore the exhaust-gas components methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and ammonia which were introduced into the ISO-Standard 8178-1. The mentioned particulate emissions are taken as particulate emission mass fractions and are then mathematically converted into concentrations, given in volume fractions, which can be used in the equation.</div>
The Intestinal Fate of Citrus Flavanones and Their Effects on Gastrointestinal Health (2019)

Citrus flavanones, with hesperidin and naringin as the most abundant representatives, have various beneficial effects, including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Evidence also indicates that they may impact the intestinal microbiome and are metabolized by the microbiota as well, thereby affecting their bioavailability. In this review, we provide an overview on the current evidence on the intestinal fate of hesperidin and naringin, their interaction with the gut microbiota, and their effects on intestinal barrier function and intestinal inflammation. These topics will be discussed as they may contribute to gastrointestinal health in various diseases. Evidence shows that hesperidin and naringin are metabolized by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the (proximal) colon, resulting in the formation of their aglycones hesperetin and naringenin and various smaller phenolics. Studies have also shown that citrus flavanones and their metabolites are able to influence the microbiota composition and activity and exert beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and gastrointestinal inflammation. Although the exact underlying mechanisms of action are not completely clear and more research in human subjects is needed, evidence so far suggests that citrus flavanones as well as their metabolites have the potential to contribute to improved gastrointestinal function and health.
Fire Effects on Soils and Restoration Strategies (2009)

Forest Fire in the Fossil Record SECTION I: FIRE EFFECTS ON SOIL: Forest Fire Effects on Geomorphic Processes Fire Effects on Soil Infiltration Physical and Chemical Effects of Fire on Soil Forest Fire Effects on Soil Microbiology Soil Erosion after Forest Fire Soil Water Repellency: A Key Factor in Post-fire Erosion Effects of Fire on Forest Nutrient Cycles The Effect of Forest Fire on Vegetation SECTION II: REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION STRATEGIES: Post-fire Stabilization and Rehabilitation Non-native and Native Seeding Using Erosion Barriers for Post-fire Stabilization Post-fire Mulching Long-term Restoration Strategies and Techniques SECTION III: REGIONAL STRATEGIES: The Portuguese Experience in Managing Fire Effects Effects of Forest Fires and Post-fire Rehabilitation: A Colorado Case Study Fire Landscape in Canada: How to Restore or Prevent Them Fire, Catchment Runoff and Erosion Processes, and Post-fire Rehabilitation Programs: Recent Australian Experience Rehabilitation Strategies after Fire: The California Experience Fire Disturbance Regimes, Ecosystem Recovery and Restoration Strategies in Mediterranean and Temperate Regions of Chile Summary and Remarks
Editorial (1999)

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High voltage (4kV) emitter short type diode (ESD) (2005)

This paper reports for the first time, the effects of emitter short structures, ESD(a), ESD(b)(see Fig.l), as well as the effect of a very shallow emitter on the reverse recovery characteristics for 4kV high voltage diodes. It was found that a diode with a shallow p-emitter and emitter short structures attains half of the reverse recovery current Irr, compared to conventional punch-through type p-i-n diode. It was also found that ESD has a further advantage, in that the leakage current is as low as conventional p-n junction diodes, even at 125 E. ESD structures with a fine n+ and p+ short structure attains no parasitic effect, even at current density 100 A/& and di/dt -1000 A/&/ps conditions.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry into T cells: more-rapid escape from an anti-V3 loop than from an antireceptor antibody (1992)

The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into two T-cell lines has been analyzed to determine the relative time courses with which virus entry can be blocked (i) by washing, (ii) by adding a monoclonal antibody to the V3 loop of gp120 that neutralizes without blocking CD4 binding (0.5 beta), or (iii) by adding an antireceptor monoclonal antibody that competes for virus binding (leu3a). During entry into C8166 cells, 50% escape from the wash as well as the anti-V3 loop antibody required 20 min, whereas 50% escape from the leu3a block required 45 minutes. In contrast, during entry into H9 cells, 50% escape from the wash block required 50 min, 50% escape from the anti-V3 loop antibody required 110 min, and 50% escape from the antireceptor antibody required 190 min. These results demonstrate that the times required for entering virus to escape each of the blocks were cell type specific. They also demonstrate that V3 loop-dependent steps occur relatively early in entry and suggest that binding of gp120 to CD4 is important for late as well as early steps in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry.
Novel Phosphorus Radical-Based Routes to Horsfiline (2005)

[reaction: see text]. Radicals derived from the phosphorus reagents, ethylpiperidine hypophosphite (EPHP) and diethylphosphine oxide (DEPO), are used in two related approaches to synthesis of the alkaloid horsfiline (1). In particular, DEPO proves beneficial for effecting cyclizations at 80 degrees C that are difficult or impossible with Bu(3)SnH.
Leaf hairs influence phytopathogenic fungus infection and confer an increased resistance when expressing a Trichoderma  -1,3-glucanase (2006)

The leaf surface of a very large number of plant species are covered by trichomes. Non-glandular trichomes are specialized unicellular or multicellular structures that occur in many different plant species and function in xenobiotic detoxification and protecting the plant against pest attack. By analysing the susceptibility of trichome mutants, evidence is provided that indicates the influence of leaf trichomes on foliar fungal infections in Arabidopsis thaliana, probably by facilitating the adhesion of the fungal spores/hyphae to the leaf surface. A decreased trichome number in the hairless Arabidopsis mutant gl1 enhances tolerance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. By contrast, the try mutant shows an increased susceptibility to both fungal infection and accumulation. Trichome density does not influence infection by the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. In addition, the influence of trichomes on foliar infection is supported by targeting the high-level expression of the Trichoderma harzianum alpha-1,3-glucanase protein to the specialized cell structures. Trichome expression of this anti-fungal hydrolase shows a significant resistance to infection by the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Resistance to this fungus is not dependent on the constitutive induction of the salicylic or jasmonic defence signalling pathways, but the presence of the alpha-1,3-glucanase protein in trichomes.
A Mask-Based Approach for the Geometric Calibration of Thermal-Infrared Cameras (2012)

Accurate and efficient thermal-infrared (IR) camera calibration is important for advancing computer vision research within the thermal modality. This paper presents an approach for geometrically calibrating individual and multiple cameras in both the thermal and visible modalities. The proposed technique can be used to correct for lens distortion and to simultaneously reference both visible and thermal-IR cameras to a single coordinate frame. The most popular existing approach for the geometric calibration of thermal cameras uses a printed chessboard heated by a flood lamp and is comparatively inaccurate and difficult to execute. Additionally, software toolkits provided for calibration either are unsuitable for this task or require substantial manual intervention. A new geometric mask with high thermal contrast and not requiring a flood lamp is presented as an alternative calibration pattern. Calibration points on the pattern are then accurately located using a clustering-based algorithm which utilizes the maximally stable extremal region detector. This algorithm is integrated into an automatic end-to-end system for calibrating single or multiple cameras. The evaluation shows that using the proposed mask achieves a mean reprojection error up to 78% lower than that using a heated chessboard. The effectiveness of the approach is further demonstrated by using it to calibrate two multiple-camera multiple-modality setups. Source code and binaries for the developed software are provided on the project Web site.
The preclinical new drug research program of the National Cancer Institute. (1984)

The discovery and development of anticancer drugs with clinical potential are the responsibility of the Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP), Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute (NCI). Approximately 10,000 compounds/year are selectively acquired and screened against murine tumor models in order to discover new, active materials. The program required to accomplish this objective, as well as the subsequent tasks of formulation development and toxicology testing, is described. Since its inception in 1955, the preclinical new drug research program of the NCI has played a major role in the discovery and development of new agents which have been entered into clinical trial. The NCI has been responsible for the discovery of eight of the 16 commercially available drugs discovered since 1955. In addition, the NCI has played an important role in the clinical evaluation of all 16 of these New Drug Application (NDA)-approved drugs. During 1977-1982, the NCI filed Investigational New Drug Applications (INDA) for 33 cytotoxic agents. It was responsible for the discovery of the antitumor activity of 73% of these compounds. Most of the INDA compounds were acquired directly through NCI efforts. The DTP active acquisition program was responsible for obtaining 69% of these materials, with an additional 12% coming from the DTP intramural research program. Only 19% were received as voluntary submissions. The DTP active acquisition and screening effort is shown to have played even a larger role in identifying and obtaining those compounds which are currently in earlier stages of the NCI drug discovery and development process.
A one-stage light-gas gun for studying dynamic properties of structural materials in a range up to 40 GPa (2013)

A one-stage light-gas gun with a 44-mm bore is described. If light gases are used, the gun ensures a 1.6-km/s limit impact velocity. The gun is used for studying the dynamic properties of structural materials, kinetics, and mechanisms of their destruction. The diameter of impactors and samples is 34 mm, and the angle skewness of the impactor surface relative to the target surface varies from 0.4 to 2.0 mrad. A brief description of the basic assemblies and measuring procedures of the light-gas gun is given.
Interactive Cutaway Illustrations (2003)

Abstract In this paper we discuss different approaches to generate cutaway illustrations. The purpose of such a drawingis to allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Traditional methods to draw thesekinds of illustrations are evaluated to extract a small and effective set of rules for a computer‐based renderingof cutaway illustrations. We show that our approaches are not limited to a specific rendering style but can besuccessfully combined with a great variety of well‐known artistic or technical illustration techniques. All methodsof this paper make use of modern graphics hardware functionality to achieve interactive frame rates.
Cervical Cancer Staging (2003)

The "International Classification of the Stages of Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix" dates back to 1950; since then, seven changes have been made to the staging system for cervical cancer (almost all were made to Stage I), the most recent being in 1995. The FIGO system of classification of cervical cancer is originally based on the results of clinical examination, essentially of the anatomical extent of disease, and is determined at the time of primary diagnosis. Only if the rules for clinical staging are strictly observed is it possible to compare results using different modalities of treatment. Cervical cancer remains a clinically staged malignancy according to the FIGO staging system. Surgical-pathologic staging would not be feasible for advanced-stage disease or in early-stage patients treated primarily with radiation, especially in nations that do not routinely offer surgical extirpation due to different or limited health care resources. However, surgical and pathological data are important for precise analysis of survival and prognostic risk factors.
Mutational Analysis of the Uukuniemi Virus ( <i>Bunyaviridae</i> Family) Promoter Reveals Two Elements of Functional Importance (2002)

We have performed an extensive mutational analysis of the proposed promoter region of the phlebovirus Uukuniemi (UUK), a member of the Bunyaviridae family. This was achieved by using a recently developed RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-driven reverse genetics system (R. Flick and R. F. Pettersson, J. Virol. 75:1643-1655, 2001). Chimeric cDNAs containing the coding region for the reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in an antisense orientation were flanked by the 5'- and 3'-terminal nontranslated regions of the UUK virus-sense RNA (vRNA) derived from the medium-sized (M) RNA segment. The chimeric cDNAs (Pol I expression cassettes) were cloned between the murine Pol I promoter and terminator, and the plasmids were transfected into BHK-21 cells. CAT activity was determined after cotransfection with viral expression plasmids encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the nucleoprotein (N) or, alternatively, after superinfection with UUK virus helper virus. Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, single point mutations (substitutions, deletions, and insertions) were introduced into the viral promoter region. Differences in CAT activities were interpreted to reflect the efficiency of mRNA transcription from the mutated promoter and the influence on RNA replication. Analysis of 109 mutants allowed us to define two important regulatory regions within the proximal promoter region (site A, positions 3 to 5 and 2 to 4; site B, positions 8 and 8, where underlined nucleotides refer to positions in the vRNA 3' end). Complementary double nucleotide exchanges in the proximal promoter region, which maintained the possibility for base pairing between the 5' and 3' ends, demonstrated that nucleotides in the two described regions are essential for viral polymerase recognition in a base-specific manner. Thus, mere preservation of panhandle base pairing between the 5' and 3' ends is not sufficient for promoter activity. In conclusion, we have been able to demonstrate that both ends of the M RNA segment build up the promoter region and are involved in the specific recognition by the viral polymerase.
The Swan—Ganz pulmonary artery catheter (1979)

A series of seventy-three adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery was studied, in whom a Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter was inserted. The incidence of complications occurring during insertion and use of the catheter was noted, and a controlled trial carried out to determine the efficacy of lignocaine 1 mg/kg iv in preventing ventricular dysrhythmias during passage of the catheter. A significant decrease in dysrhythmia rate was observed. Ways of minimising or preventing other complications are discussed.
Advanced pressure swing adsorption system with fiber sorbents for hydrogen recovery (2010)

A new concept of a "fiber sorbent" has been investigated. The fiber sorbent is produced as a pseudo-monolithic material comprising polymer (cellulose acetate, CA) and zeolite (NaY) by applying hollow fiber spinning technology. Phase separation of the polymer solution provides an appropriately porous structure throughout the fiber matrix. In addition, the zeolite crystals are homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix with high loading. The zeolite is the main contributor to sorption capacity of the fiber sorbent. Mass transfer processes in the fiber sorbent module are analyzed for hydrogen recovery and compared with results for an equivalent size packed bed with identical diameter and length. The model indicates advantageous cases for application of fiber sorbent module over packed bed technology that allows system downsizing and energy saving by changing the outer and bore diameters to maintain or even reduce the pressure drop. The CA-NaY fiber sorbent was spun successfully with highly porous structure and high CO2 sorption capacity. The fiber sorbent enables the shell-side void space for thermal moderation to heat of adsorption, while this cannot be applied to the packed bed. The poly(vinyl alcohol) coated CA-NaY demonstrated the thermal moderation with paraffin wax, which was carefully selected and melt at slightly above operating temperature, in the shell-side in a rapidly cycled pressure swing adsorption. So this new approach is attractive for some hydrogen recovery applications as an alternative to traditional zeolite pellets.
Multiple Coloration of Carpets in Piece Form (1974)

The three main methods of producing multicolour patterns on carpet piece, other than by conventional printing, are reviewed under the general classification of: Winch dy eing of carp ets composed of producer– or dyer–modified yarns. The application of multicolour dye streams, continuously or intermittently, under continuous–processing conditions. Transfer of patterns from suitably impregnated papers. Process requirements and limitations are discussed in general terms.