gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manufacture, Structure And Performance Of W/B4C Multilayer X-Ray Mirrors (1988)

One of the most important considerations in the design and manufacture of multilayer mirrors is material compatibility. Ideally, the materials selected should not chemically react or interdiffuse thereby avoiding the formation of second phases, enhancing the smoothness of the deposited layer interface and hence enhancing the reflectivity of the optic. It is also possible to increase the reflectivity by decreasing the thickness of the more absorbing layers and increasing the thickness of the less absorbing layers, for any given periodicity. The optimum thickness of each layer, however, is rigorously related to the specific materials as well as the x-ray wavelength being used. The transparency of the spacing (low absorption) layers can thus be augmented by materials of low absorption that are thermodynamically stable and which deposit in a smooth continuous fashion. Whereas the use of boron as opposed to carbon as a spacing material provides lower absorption, it is typically inferior in providing as low an interfacial roughness in multilayer form. For example, in rhenium-tungsten/carbon multilayers, produced by evaporation, a typical rough-ness of <0.3 nm is obtained versus 0.7 nm for rhenium-tungsten/boron multilayers. Our initial findings with B<sub>4</sub>C layers indicate deposits which show layer smoothness exceeding those containing carbon with the advantage of greater stability, lower absorption and therefore greater reflectivity. The manufacture, microstructure and reflectivity of W/B<sub>4</sub>C multilayers will be the focus of this presentation.
Oxidative lipid modification of nicastrin enhances amyloidogenic γ‐secretase activity in Alzheimer’s disease (2012)

The cause of elevated level of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ42) in common late-onset sporadic [Alzheimer's disease (AD)] has not been established. Here, we show that the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is associated with amyloid and neurodegenerative pathologies in AD and that it enhances γ-secretase activity and Aβ42 production in neurons. The γ-secretase substrate receptor, nicastrin, was found to be modified by HNE in cultured neurons and in brain specimens from patients with AD, in which HNE-nicastrin levels were found to be correlated with increased γ-secretase activity and Aβ plaque burden. Furthermore, HNE modification of nicastrin enhanced its binding to the γ-secretase substrate, amyloid precursor protein (APP) C99. In addition, the stimulation of γ-secretase activity and Aβ42 production by HNE were blocked by an HNE-scavenging histidine analog in a 3xTgAD mouse model of AD. These findings suggest a specific molecular mechanism by which oxidative stress increases Aβ42 production in AD and identify HNE as a novel therapeutic target upstream of the γ-secretase cleavage of APP.
Effect of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis on blood glucose, plasma insulin and some polyol pathway enzymes in experimental rat diabetes (2004)

The effects of an aqueous extract of the plant Scoparia dulcis (200 mg/kg) on the polyol pathway and lipid peroxidation were examined in the liver of streptozotocin adult diabetic male albino Wistar rats. The diabetic control rats (N = 6) presented a significant increase in blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides, and a significant decrease in plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to normal rats (N = 6). Scoparia dulcis plant extract (SPEt, 200 mg kg-1 day-1) and glibenclamide (600 microg kg-1 day-1), a reference drug, were administered by gavage for 6 weeks to diabetic rats (N = 6 for each group) and significantly reduced blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin, TBARS, and hydroperoxides, and significantly increased plasma insulin, GPx, GST and GSH activities in liver. The effect of the SPEt was compared with that of glibenclamide. The effect of the extract may have been due to the decreased influx of glucose into the polyol pathway leading to increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma insulin and decreased activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that the SPEt was effective in attenuating hyperglycemia in rats and their susceptibility to oxygen free radicals.
The effect of powered scooters on activity, participation and quality of life in elderly users (2015)

A PS has significant effects on the areas of activity, participation and QoL in elderly people. These findings have implications for prescriptions of a PS to this population. Implications for Rehabilitation Powered scooter interventions increased the performance of activities and increased participation in elderly people with mobility limitations. Actions from several parts of the community are required to prevent from mishaps from using powered scooters. The Individually Prioritized Problem Assessment is an adequate method to measure goal attainment in elderly users of powered scooters.
Crystal structure of potassium samarium nitrate hydrate, K[Sm(No3)4(H2O)2] (2001)

Article Crystal structure of potassium samarium nitrate hydrate, K[Sm(No3)4(H2O)2] was published on April 1, 2001 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 216, issue 1-4).
ADHOC: a new, flexible and reliable MAC architecture for ad-hoc networks (2004)

Ad-hoc networks, though an attractive solution for many applications, still presents many unsolved issues, such as the hidden-terminal problem, flexible and prompt access, QoS provisioning, and efficient broadcast service. In this paper, we present a MAC architecture able to solve the above issues in environments with no power consumption limitation, such as networks for inter-vehicle communications. This new architecture is based on a completely distributed access technique, RR-ALOHA, capable to dynamically establish on a slotted/framed structure a reliable single-hop broadcast channel for each active terminal on the network. Though the proposed MAC uses a slotted channel, it can be adapted to operate on the physical layer of different standards, including the UMTS terrestrial radio access TDD, and the IEEE 802.11. The paper presents the mechanisms that compose the new MAC: the basic RR-ALOHA protocol, an efficient broadcast service and the reservation of point-to-point channels that exploit parallel transmissions. Some basic performance figures are discussed to prove the effectiveness of this protocol.
EPA-0139 – Increasing the uptake of systematic reviews: a systematic review of intervention effectiveness and relevance (2014)

The increased uptake of evidence from systematic reviews is advocated because of their potential to improve the quality of patient care. However, research suggests that evidence from systematic reviews has not been widely adopted. Little is known about the factors that impact on systematic review uptake. To identify how uptake of evidence from systematic reviews can be enhanced. We searched 19 databases covering the full range of publication years, utilizing three search engines. Study selection Reports of strategies improving systematic review uptake were selected and evaluated according to the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care criteria. Two reviewers independently assessed quality and extracted data from each outcome study. Ten publications addressing interventions met inclusion criteria. Following a systematic review of these studies, a further broader synthesis of findings was carried out to determine the extent to which the identified interventions overcame already identified barriers and built on perceived facilitators. Strategies such as targeted messaging, educational visits, and summaries, addressed a range of barriers and facilitators and are recommended to enhance uptake of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Promising approaches such as inactive workshops, e-learning programmes and computer-based approaches need to be developed further. New strategies need to be designed that address a number of identified but neglected barriers and facilitators. This review has added value. It addressed not just effectiveness but also appropriateness of knowledge uptake strategies. It allowed the development of an intervention to enhance evidence uptake in psychiatry.
Hydrocarbon Reactions in the Presence of Cracking Catalysts. II.<sup>1</sup> Hydrogen Transfer (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrocarbon Reactions in the Presence of Cracking Catalysts. II.1 Hydrogen TransferCharles L. ThomasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 9, 1586–1589Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01237a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01237a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views159Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The use of antibodies in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections (2012)

The use of antibodies to provide passive immunity to infections has a long history. Although the coming of antibiotics greatly reduced its use for bacterial infections, it is still widely used for a variety of purposes which are reviewed here. The use of animal antisera gave way to the use of human convalescent serum as a source of antibodies and more recently human and monoclonal antibodies have become widely used, not just providing passive immunity but as therapeutic agents. The current uses of antibody therapy are discussed as are the problems of antibody-mediated immunopathology and how this can be avoided. More recent developments include the making of monoclonal antibodies that react with cross-reacting determinants on flu viruses. Such antibodies are not usually made following infection and they provide a very promising approach to providing passive immunity that will be effective against a variety of different strains of the flu virus. It is also pointed out that passive immunotherapy can act as a surrogate vaccine providing that the subject gets infected while protected by the passive antibodies. Finally, there is a section on the possible use of oral antibodies given as food to prevent diseases such as infantile gastroenteritis.
Regulation of Autotrophic CO <sub>2</sub> Fixation in the Archaeon <i>Thermoproteus neutrophilus</i> (2010)

Thermoproteus neutrophilus, a hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, anaerobic crenarchaeon, uses a novel autotrophic CO(2) fixation pathway, the dicarboxylate/hydroxybutyrate cycle. The regulation of the central carbon metabolism was studied on the level of whole cells, enzyme activity, the proteome, transcription, and gene organization. The organism proved to be a facultative autotroph, which prefers organic acids as carbon sources that can easily feed into the metabolite pools of this cycle. Addition of the preferred carbon sources acetate, pyruvate, succinate, and 4-hydroxybutyrate to cultures resulted in stimulation of the growth rate and a diauxic growth response. The characteristic enzyme activities of the carbon fixation cycle, fumarate hydratase, fumarate reductase, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase, and enzymes catalyzing the conversion of succinyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, were differentially downregulated in the presence of acetate and, to a lesser extent, in the presence of other organic substrates. This regulation pattern correlated well with the differential expression profile of the proteome as well as with the transcription of the encoding genes. The genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, fumarate reductase, and four enzymes catalyzing the conversion of succinyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA are clustered. Two putative operons, one comprising succinyl-CoA reductase plus 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase genes and the other comprising 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase plus fumarate reductase genes, were divergently transcribed into leaderless mRNAs. The promoter regions were characterized and used for isolating DNA binding proteins. Besides an Alba protein, a 18-kDa protein characteristic for autotrophic Thermoproteales that bound specifically to the promoter region was identified. This system may be suitable for molecular analysis of the transcriptional regulation of autotrophy-related genes.
THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF NORMAL AND SOME PATHOLOGICAL SKIN (1962)

A detailed histochemical study of the connective tissue of the skin has been presented. The stains used included hematoxylin and cosin, Mowry's colloidal iron and alcian blue for acid mucopolysaccharides, bromphenol blue for proteins, synthetic orcein and Verhoeff's for elastic tissue, and a combined Mowry's colloidal iron-orcein stain. Blocking procedures employed included methylation, demethylation, acetylation, deamination, and oxidation. Enzyme extractions were performed with testicular hyaluronidase. Representative diseases of the following three types were studied: 1) those due to or influenced by the effects of solar radiation; 2) those associated with abnormal elastic fibers without particular relationship to the amount of actinic radiation; and, 3) those associated with large numbers of fibroblasts. In chronically sun-damaged skin such as actinic elastosis, actinic keratosis, and basal cell epithelioma, markedly increased amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides were found in the areas of basophilic and orceinophilic material. Polymorphic light eruption and discoid and disseminate lupus erythematosus were found to have numerous acid mucopolysaccharide strands throughout the upper one-half of the dermis. Elastosis perforans serpiginosa displayed increased acid mucopolysaccharides associated with its orceinophilic fibers. Approximately 75% of the acid mucopolysaccharide in sun-damaged skin and elastosis perforans serpiginosa was removed by testicular hyaluronidase. In pseudoxanthoma elasticum each curled elastic fiber was found in the center of a pool of acid mucopolysaccharide, as though, when it retracted, it brought its mucopolysaccharide sheath with it. This acid mucopolysaccharide, in contrast to that found in sun-damaged skin and elastosis perforans serpiginosa, is only slightly labile to testicular hyaluronidase. Acid mucopolysaccharides were also found in large quantity wherever there were young fibroblasts as in dermatofibromas, neurofibromas, keloids, and fibroepithelial polyps, and is believed by the authors to represent de novo production by these cells rather than "mucinous degeneration." Hyaluronidase removed approximately 75% of the acid mucopolysaccharides in all conditions associated with young fibroblasts. The usefulness of the combined Mowry-Haleorcein stain was stressed. From the evidence presented, doubt was cast on the presently held concept that colloidal iron binding is by dissociated acid groups alone; iron may also be chelated by the intermolecular hydrogen bond of acid mucopolysaccharides. Oxidation greatly increased the intensity of Mowry-Hale staining: bromine probably by direct bromination and formation of cysteic acid and permanganate probably by formation of carboxyl groups.
Benign Methylmalonic Aciduria (1984)

Methylmalonic aciduria due to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency is usually considered to be a serious, often life-threatening disease. However, through routine screening of urine in neonates or screening of siblings of clinically affected neonates, we have identified eight children who have a benign clinical variant of this disorder. Their urinary methylmalonic acid levels have ranged from 1.0 to 3.4 mg per milligram of creatinine, with serum values ranging from an undetectable level to 1.7 mg per deciliter (130 nmol per liter). The children have not received dietary or vitamin therapy, have had normal growth and development (age range, 18 months to 13 years), and have performed as well as their unaffected siblings on psychometric testing. These children have no evidence of a deficiency of vitamin B12, which acts as a cofactor with methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and they did not respond to the administration of vitamin B12. Two siblings were found by complementation analysis to have a defect in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apoenzyme; complementation analysis was not performed on the other patients. We conclude that the clinical spectrum of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency is wider than indicated by previously reported cases.
NMDA Receptor Activity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (2013)

N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a variety of physiologic roles and their proper signaling is essential for cellular homeostasis. Any disruption in this pathway, leading to either enhanced or decreased activity, may result in the manifestation of neuropsychiatric pathologies such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, substance induced psychosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we explore the notion that the overlap in activity of at least one biochemical pathway, the NMDA receptor pathway, may be the link to understanding the overlap in psychotic symptoms between diseases. This review intends to present a broad overview of those neuropsychiatric disorders for which alternations in NMDA receptor activity is prominent thus suggesting that continued direction of pharmaceutical intervention to this pathway may present a viable option for managing symptoms.
Photodynamic and Non-Photodynamic Action of Several Porphyrins on the Activity of Some Heme-Enzymes (1990)

The action of porphyrins, uroporphyrin I and III (URO I and URO III), pentacarboxylic porphyrin I (PENTA I), coproporphyrin I and III (COPRO I and COPRO III), protoporphyrin IX (PROTO IX) and mesoporphyrin (MESO), on the activity of human erythrocytes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogenase, deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the dark and under UV light was investigated. Both photoinactivation and light-independent inactivation was found in all four enzymes using URO I as sensitizer. URO III had a similar action as URO I on porphobilinogenase and deaminase and PROTO IX exerted equal effect as URO I on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Photodynamic efficiency of the porphyrins was dependent on their molecular structure. Selective photodecomposition of enzymes by URO I, greater specificity of tumor uptake by URO I and enhanced porphyrin synthesis by tumors from delta-aminolevulic acid, with predominant formation of URO I, underline the possibility of using URO I in detection of malignant cells and photodynamic therapy.
Influence of scanning and reconstruction parameters on quality of three-dimensional surface models of the dental arches from cone beam computed tomography (2009)

The study aim is to investigate the influence of scan field, mouth opening, voxel size, and segmentation threshold selections on the quality of the three-dimensional (3D) surface models of the dental arches from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). 3D models of 25 patients scanned with one image intensifier CBCT system (NewTom 3G, QR SLR, Verona, Italy) using three field sizes in open- and closed-mouth positions were created at different voxel size resolutions. Two observers assessed the quality of the models independently on a five-point scale using specified criteria. The results indicate that large-field selection reduced the visibility of the teeth and the interproximal space. Also, large voxel size reduced the visibility of the occlusal surfaces and bone in the anterior region in both maxilla and mandible. Segmentation threshold was more variable in the maxilla than in the mandible. Closed-mouth scan complicated separating the jaws and reduced teeth surfaces visibility. The preliminary results from this image-intensifier system indicate that the use of medium or small scan fields in an open-mouth position with a small voxel is recommended to optimize quality of the 3D surface model reconstructions of the dental arches from CBCT. More research is needed to validate the results with other flat-panel detector-based CBCT systems.
Multiple pass unstable resonator for an annular gain CO_2 laser (1986)

The design, construction, and operational characteristics of an optical resonator for an annular gain media are described. The system, developed for laser power extraction investigations in a new type of coaxial discharge geometry, features a folded multipass unstable resonator concept, fabricated from lightweight uncoated diamond-turned aluminum substrates. The resulting cw CO2 device incorporates excitation aspects of the nonself-sustained PIE excitation process in addition to a new magnetic discharge stabilization technique. Laser performance and output beam characteristics are presented.
Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Applications as Additives in Polymers, as Precursors to Magnetic Materials and in Biology and Medicine (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Sequence-Independent Study of the Influence of Short Loop Lengths on the Stability and Topology of Intramolecular DNA G-Quadruplexes (2007)

G-Rich sequences found within biologically important regions of the genome have been shown to form intramolecular G-quadruplexes with varied loop lengths and sequences. Many of these quadruplexes will be distinguishable from each other on the basis of their thermodynamic stabilities and folded conformations. It has been proposed that loop lengths can strongly influence the topology and stability of intramolecular G-quadruplexes. Previous studies have been limited to the analysis of quadruplex sequences with particular loop sequences, making it difficult to make generalizations. Here, we describe an original study that aimed to elucidate the effect of loop length on the biophysical properties of G-quadruplexes in a sequence-independent context. We employed UV melting and circular dichroism spectroscopy to examine and compare the properties of 21 DNA quadruplex libraries, each comprising partially randomized loop sequences with lengths ranging from one to three nucleotides. Our work supports a number of general predictions that can be made solely on the basis of loop lengths. In particular, the results emphasize the strong influence of single-nucleotide loops on quadruplex properties. This study provides a predictive framework that may help identify or classify biologically relevant G-quadruplex-forming sequences.