gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Failure of DMSO and vitamin E to prevent doxorubicin skin ulceration in the mouse. (1983)

Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced skin ulceration in rats and pigs has been reported to be reduced when treated with topical DMSO and/or vitamin E. In the present study using a mouse model, neither intradermal nor topical DMSO with or without vitamin E, administered up to 7 days, reduced intradermal DOX-induced skin ulceration. Intradermal DMSO with or without vitamin E caused skin ulceration and significantly increased DOX-induced ulcerations. Topical DMSO-containing solutions were not toxic to mouse skin. To test for a systemic effect of topical DMSO, two groups of mice received an additional 0.05-mg intradermal injection of DOX above a DMSO-treated lesion. There was no apparent effect of topical DMSO with or without vitamin E on this proximal but untreated DOX lesion. The results suggest either a major difference in DOX ulceration characteristics between rats and pigs on the one hand and mice on the other hand or a lack of significant efficacy for DMSO and vitamin E as DOX extravasation antidotes.
Roles of base excision repair subpathways in correcting oxidized abasic sites in DNA (2006)

Base excision DNA repair (BER) is fundamentally important in handling diverse lesions produced as a result of the intrinsic instability of DNA or by various endogenous and exogenous reactive species. Defects in the BER process have been associated with cancer susceptibility and neurodegenerative disorders. BER funnels diverse base lesions into a common intermediate, apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. The repair of AP sites is initiated by the major human AP endonuclease, Ape1, or by AP lyase activities associated with some DNA glycosylases. Subsequent steps follow either of two distinct BER subpathways distinguished by repair DNA synthesis of either a single nucleotide (short-patch BER) or multiple nucleotides (long-patch BER). As the major repair mode for regular AP sites, the short-patch BER pathway removes the incised AP lesion, a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate moiety, and replaces a single nucleotide using DNA polymerase (Polbeta). However, short-patch BER may have difficulty handling some types of lesions, as shown for the C1'-oxidized abasic residue, 2-deoxyribonolactone (dL). Recent work indicates that dL is processed efficiently by Ape1, but that short-patch BER is derailed by the formation of stable covalent crosslinks between Ape1-incised dL and Polbeta. The long-patch BER subpathway effectively removes dL and thereby prevents the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks. In coping with dL, the cellular choice of BER subpathway may either completely repair the lesion, or complicate the repair process by forming a protein-DNA crosslink.
The activation of C5 in the fluid phase and in the absence of C3 through the classical pathway of the complement system. (1986)

Unsensitized guinea-pig erythrocytes (Egp) were lysed by a combination of eight isolated, human-derived complement components, Cls, C4, C2, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 (Cls-C9exC3), even in the presence of anti-C3. It was determined that a factor was generated in the reaction mixture of Cls, C4, C2, C5 and C6, which had a lytic activity against Egp when C7, C8 and C9 were added. The lytic factor was similar to C56 in the following properties: the activity of the lytic factor decreased when incubated with C7 prior to its reaction with Egp, the lytic factor did not bind to Egp by itself but it did bind in the presence of C7, EDTA did not have any inhibitory effect on the lytic factor, and the activity of the lytic factor was lost by treatment with anti-C5 or anti-C6 but not by treatment with anti-C4. Furthermore, C5a, a cleavage product of C5, was clearly detected in the reaction mixture of Cls, C4, C2 and C5. These findings indicate that C5 can be activated proteolytically into C5a and C5b in the fluid phase solely by the classical pathway C3 convertase, C42, without any participation of C3.
Sequential changes in small intestinal structure and function during rotavirus infection in neonatal rats. (1995)

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute diarrhoea in children worldwide. The structural and functional consequences of mammalian rotavirus infection in the small intestine have been incompletely studied and the mechanism of enterocyte damage poorly defined. This study used a neonatal rat model of group B rotavirus infection to study the natural history, clinical features, and the structural and functional consequences of infection in the small intestine. Group B rotavirus infection in eight day old neonatal rats produced diarrhoea by 24-36 hours, which was accompanied by weight loss during the early stages of infection. By seven days the diarrhoea had ceased and body weight was similar to noninfected controls. Rotavirus could be recovered in faeces from 24-72 hours. Light microscopy and morphometry confirmed reduction in villous height in both jejunum and ileum, with a reduction in total mucosal thickness indicating true flat mucosa. Increase in crypt depth followed villous shortening and continued as villous height progressively increased between 96-168 hours. Steady state perfusion of the entire small intestine with a plasma electrolyte solution confirmed the presence of a net secretory state for water between 12-48 hours, with a parallel reduction in sodium absorption. Group B rotavirus infection produces a self limiting acute diarrhoeal illness in neonatal rats similar to human rotavirus infection. Infection causes a reversible flat mucosa resulting from enterocyte loss associated with a net secretory state for water and impaired sodium absorption as a functional correlate. These findings may have relevance for the pathogenesis of human rotavirus infection.
Autonomous Detection of Safe Landing Areas for an UAV from Monocular Images (2006)

This paper presents an approach to detect safe landing areas for a flying robot, on the basis of a sequence of monocular images. The approach does not require precise position and attitude sensors: it exploits the relations between 2D image homographies and 3D planes. The combination of a robust homography estimation and of an adaptive thresholding of correlation scores between registered images yields the update of a stochastic grid, that exhibits the horizontal planar areas perceived. This grid allows the integration of data gathered at various altitudes. Results are presented
Ambulatory measurement of ground reaction forces (2005)

The measurement of ground reaction forces is important in the biomechanical analysis of gait and other motor activities. It is the purpose of this study to show the feasibility of ambulatory measurement of ground reaction forces using two six degrees of freedom sensors mounted under the shoe. One sensor was mounted under the heel, the other under the forefoot, thus allowing normal gait with flexion of the foot during push-off. The measurement of the ground reaction force was evaluated in a healthy subject, who walked repeatedly over a force plate. The ground reaction force reconstructed from the instrumented shoe sensor signals corresponded well with the force plate measurements, the RMS difference between the moduli of both ground reaction force measurements was 18.4 plusmn 3.1 N (2.3 plusmn 0.4% of maximal vertical ground reaction force) over 12 evaluated trials. The RMS distance of the center of pressure estimates of both measurement systems after optimal alignment was 3.1 plusmn 0.4 mm
Directly converting CO2 into a gasoline fuel (2017)

The direct production of liquid fuels from CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation has attracted enormous interest for its significant roles in mitigating CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and reducing dependence on petrochemicals. Here we report a highly efficient, stable and multifunctional Na-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/HZSM-5 catalyst, which can directly convert CO<sub>2</sub> to gasoline-range (C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>11</sub>) hydrocarbons with selectivity up to 78% of all hydrocarbons while only 4% methane at a CO<sub>2</sub> conversion of 22% under industrial relevant conditions. It is achieved by a multifunctional catalyst providing three types of active sites (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Fe<sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and acid sites), which cooperatively catalyse a tandem reaction. More significantly, the appropriate proximity of three types of active sites plays a crucial role in the successive and synergetic catalytic conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to gasoline. The multifunctional catalyst, exhibiting a remarkable stability for 1,000 h on stream, definitely has the potential to be a promising industrial catalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization to liquid fuels.
Spectral lines: Computer and math anxiety (1982)

The debate about the relative mathematical ability of males and females goes on. The experts are not of one mind as to whether there exists a biologically induced difference. The evidence of such a difference seems scarce or nonexistent. On the other hand, there is little disagreement that there are environmental factors that cause women as a group to perform less well in mathematics than do males. Simply put, if one does not study math, one does not do well in math. And there are many attitudinal and motivational factors that cause women to avoid mathematical studies. The unfortunate result is that math serves as a critical filter in screening out countless women from engineering careers. A 1980 report showed 66 percent of high school males who were college-bound had completed four years of math, in contrast to only 44 percent of the college-bound females. Male SAT scores in mathematics averaged 48 points higher than female scores.
Murine T cells with invariant gamma delta antigen receptors: origin, repertoire, and specificity. (1991)

T cells bearing invariant gamma delta T cell antigen receptors localize to distinct epithelial sites in the adult mouse. These gamma delta T cells differ from the lymphoid alpha beta and gamma delta T cells in several ways. The epithelial gamma delta T cells appear to be the product of the earliest waves of TCR expressing cells in the fetal thymus. Additionally, the rearranged TCR junctions exhibit a distinct lack of diversity, possibly a result of the fetal origin and a specialized selection process. The use of a single invariant TCR and strict tissue localization suggest that these gamma delta T cells may provide a specialized function in the epithelial tissues distinct from that of the circulating alpha beta and gamma delta T cells.
Exploiting Structure Recurrence in XML Processing (2008)

Transmitting, parsing, and transforming XML documents (and messages) are particularly costly in cellular environments because of the limitations in handset and access network capabilities. A big part of XML processing cost is caused by the processing of the structure of the documents. By structure we refer to the entity resulted from an XML document after removing the text nodes and attribute values of the document. While XML is a flexible, extensible language, real-world data exchanged in XML often exhibit some degree of stability in its organization. In other words, a computer receiving an XML data item of certain structure is likely to encounter the same structure among future data items. Since most structure-related processing is identical for data items with identical structure, it is thus evident that the overall performance of XML processing will improve if redundancy in structure related processing can be reduced. In this paper we present the concept of Structure Encoding and the approaches to quickly identifying recurring structures, including one relying on collision-resistant hash function. The paper then describes in detail techniques to improving the performance of XML transmission, tokenization, parsing, and transformation by using Structure Encoding. Evaluation experiments with our prototype implementation and industry benchmark suite demonstrate huge performance improvement potential in the presence of structure recurrence: up to 7 times faster for DOM-style parsing, up to 38 times faster for transformation, and up to 97.4% in size reduction when 20% of the text and attribute values change. In the worst case when there is no structure recurrence, structure encoding causes an overhead of about 11.1% for DOM-style parsing and about 8.9% for transformation.
Ad Hoc M2M communications and security based on 4G cellular system (2011)

In this paper, we introduce an M2M(machine-to-machine) communications model based on 4G cellular system which is capable to establish Ad Hoc networks wherever the terminals are close enough. The M2M terminal structure is proposed accordingly. In Ad Hoc mode, the security issue becomes more critical. We consider a simplified protocol stack while introducing key components to provide secure communication between M2M and the network and also among M2M terminals.
Sulfur-containing Pyridine Derivatives. XLVI. Synthesis of 7-Bromopyrido [3, 4-d] thiazoles (1956)

1) 3-Nitro-4-chloro-5-bromopyridine (I) reacted with KSCN in glacial acetic acid to give 3-nitro-4-amino-5-bromopyridine, and 3-nitro-4-mercapto-5-bromopyridine was obtained by the reacion of (I) and KSH in methanol. 2) 7-Bromopyrido [3, 4-d] thiazole derivatives were synthesized from 3-nitro-4-mercapto-5-bromopyridine through reduction followed by cyclization.
Learning and tuning fuzzy logic controllers through reinforcements (1992)

A method for learning and tuning a fuzzy logic controller based on reinforcements from a dynamic system is presented. It is shown that: the generalized approximate-reasoning-based intelligent control (GARIC) architecture learns and tunes a fuzzy logic controller even when only weak reinforcement, such as a binary failure signal, is available; introduces a new conjunction operator in computing the rule strengths of fuzzy control rules; introduces a new localized mean of maximum (LMOM) method in combining the conclusions of several firing control rules; and learns to produce real-valued control actions. Learning is achieved by integrating fuzzy inference into a feedforward network, which can then adaptively improve performance by using gradient descent methods. The GARIC architecture is applied to a cart-pole balancing system and demonstrates significant improvements in terms of the speed of learning and robustness to changes in the dynamic system's parameters over previous schemes for cart-pole balancing.
Interferometric moving ground target imaging (2002)

This paper describes an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing technique, interferometric moving target focusing (IMTF), which is capable of creating clutter suppressed moving ground target images. One-meter range resolution data has been processed and is presented. The potential benefit of a moving ground target imaging system, the IMTF processing approach, differences between IMTF and other moving ground target imaging techniques and attributes of the moving target imagery are discussed.
Active Disks - Remote Execution for Network-Attached Storage (CMU-CS-99-177) (2018)

The principal trend in the design of computer systems is the expectation of much greater computational power in future generations of microprocessors. This trend applies to embedded systems as well as host processors. As a result, devices such as storage controllers have excess capacity and growing computational capabilities. Storage system designers are exploiting this trend with higher-level interfaces to storage and increased intelligence inside storage devices. One development in this direction is Network-Attached Secure Disks (NASD) which attaches storage devices directly to the network and raises the storage interface above the simple (fixed-size block) memory abstraction of SCSI. This allows devices more freedom to provide efficient operations; promises more scalable subsystems by offloading file system and storage management functionality from dedicated servers; and reduces latency by executing common case requests directly at storage devices. In this paper, we push this increasing computation trend one step further. We argue that application-specific code can be executed at storage devices to make more effective use of device, host and interconnect resources and significantly improve application I/O performance. Remote execution of code directly at storage devices allows filter operations to be performed close to the data; enables support of timing-sensitive transfers and application-aware scheduling of access and transfer; allows management functions to be customized without requiring firmware changes; and makes possible more complex or specialized operations than a general-purpose storage interface would normally support.
The analytical biochemistry of chromium. (1991)

The essentiality and carcinogenicity of chromium depend on its chemical form. Oxidation state and solubility are particularly important in determining the biological effects of chromium compounds. For this reason, total chromium measurements are of little value in assessing its nutritional benefits or its toxicological hazards. Aqueous sodium carbonate-sodium hydroxide solutions have been successfully used for extracting hexavalent chromium from a variety of environmental and biological matrices while preserving its oxidation state. Typical recoveries are 90 to 105% in samples spiked with both trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Determination of hexavalent chromium after extraction with sodium carbonate-sodium hydroxide solution, coupled with the determination of total chromium after nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion, has been applied to the evaluation of chromium speciation in airborne particulates, sludges, and biological tissues.
Optimizing position readout circuits in positron emission tomography front-end electronics (2003)

Most of the front-end position readout circuits in positron emission tomography (PET) detectors originate from the Anger logic design. In PET detectors with position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PS-PMTs) and multi-channel photomultiplier tubes (MC-PMTs), anode position readout circuits are more complex due to multi-anode outputs from a single PMT. To simplify the circuits, many researches have investigated different schemes by combining multiple PMTs with simplified X/sup -/, X/sup +/, Y/sup -/, Y/sup +/ outputs. In this paper, we aim at optimizing the performance of the position readout electronic circuits. First, we compared the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in different position readout schemes. Then we examined the truncation and roundoff errors in the irradiation-image processes by applying the root-sum-square (RSS) analysis and the uniform distribution simulation methods. Furthermore, we investigated the gain adjustment and balance issues in the X/sup -/, X/sup +/, Y/sup -/, Y/sup +/ analog signal channels. We demonstrated that an eight-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) is probably insufficient in the position recording if a gamma-ray event position is calculated from digitized X/sup -/, X/sup +/, Y/sup -/, Y/sup +/ signals. We also revealed that an energy nonuniformity error could be occurred if the signal gains in the front-end analog circuits are improperly adjusted. As a result, the quantitative gain adjustment criteria are given to optimize the PET position readout circuits.
Introduction to Thyroid Ultrasound (2018)

Thyroid ultrasound has become an essential tool for the diagnosis of various thyroid disorders. It can be performed in the office during a medical consultation and is used to guide fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes. Thyroid ultrasound waves are produced by piezoelectric crystals in response to electrical stimulation. These crystals also detect reflected incoming waves and produce a voltage that is used to construct an image. Beginning with A-mode imaging, thyroid ultrasound has evolved into inexpensive machines that produce high resolution twodimensional B-images. Important properties of thyroid ultrasound waves that affect image quality and resolution include wavelength, propagation velocity, frequency, and acoustic impedance. Posterior shadowing, enhancement, and reverberation are common artefacts of neck ultrasonography and can be useful in defining certain features on ultrasound, such as posterior enhancement of cystic structures and the identification of colloid crystals in thyroid nodules due to reverberation. Colour Doppler and power Doppler help differentiate vascular structures in the neck, where power Doppler is more useful for smaller vessels.
A nanocontact printing system for sub-100 nm aligned patterning (2011)

Though many aspects of contact printing have been explored extensively since its invention, there are still hurdles to overcome for multilayer printing in the nanometer regime. Here we report on an aligned nanocontact printing (nCP) system that has demonstrated a sub-100 nm alignment capability by means of moiré fringes and microspacers. To address issues in the stamp inking, we have devised a microfluidic apparatus based on the gradient capillary force for transport of ink solutions. The nCP system has been tested by printing nucleoside phosphoramidites on a nanopillar arrayed substrate. Although the nCP system was designed primarily for use in the fabrication of high density DNA nanoarrays, it has the potential to be applied to other fields of nanotechnology for nanoscale patterning.
Cytogenetic effects of contrast material in patients undergoing excretory urography. (1980)

Acentric chromosome fragments produced in cells by irradiation or other agents give rise to micronuclei in daughter cells. The micronuclei can be counted readily in large numbers of cells which provides a sensitive measure of chromosome aberrations. Previous studies have shown that the presence of contrast material enhances the radiation-induced yield of micronuclei in vitro. This may be due to the dose enhancement effect and the chemical action of contrast media or their derivatives. Micronuclei were scored in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 26 patients before and after excretory urography (ExU). The results show a consistent and significant increase in the counts after ExU amounting to about one third of the counts blood samples before the examination. We have also measured radiation exposures in this group and estimated an average exposure to the circulating lymphocytes of about 0.2R (0.52 X 10(-4) C/kg). We conclude that the contrast medium contributed significantly to the increase in micronuclei.
Microwave reflection properties of a rotating corrugated metallic plate used as a reflection modulator (1988)

The performance of a simple microwave modulating retro-reflector based on a rotating corrugated metallic plate is analyzed theoretically and compared with laboratory measurements. Fields within the corrugations are described by waveguide modes and free-space fields by Floquet modes. The periodicity of the grooves is represented through the reciprocal lattice corresponding to the periodic structure. The accuracy of the calculation is analyzed as a function of the number of modes used to describe the electromagnetic field. Graphs are given for the design of a modulator for any wavelength.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>