gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental diagenesis of organo-mineral structures formed by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (2015)

Twisted stalks are organo-mineral structures produced by some microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria at O2 concentrations as low as 3 μM. The presence of these structures in rocks having experienced a diagenetic history could indicate microbial Fe(II)-oxidizing activity as well as localized abundance of oxygen at the time of sediment deposition. Here we use spectroscopy and analytical microscopy to evaluate if--and what kind of--transformations occur in twisted stalks through experimental diagenesis. Unique mineral textures appear on stalks as temperature and pressure conditions increase. Haematite and magnetite form from ferrihydrite at 170 °C-120 MPa. Yet the twisted morphology of the stalks, and the organic matrix, mainly composed of long-chain saturated aliphatic compounds, are preserved at 250 °C-140 MPa. Our results suggest that iron minerals might play a role in maintaining the structural and chemical integrity of stalks under diagenetic conditions and provide spectroscopic signatures for the search of ancient life in the rock record.
The Use of Phage for Detection, Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Enumeration (2012)

Bacteriophage are bacterial viruses which may attack and destroy bacterial cells. While many have a narrow host range and are used in sub-typing techniques, some infect many members of a genus or species and these have been used to develop rapid detection methods for a variety of bacterial pathogens (Rees and Loessner, 2008). The use of bacteriophage (or phage) in assays for detecting bacteria was first reported over half a century ago when an assay to detect Salmonella using phage Felix 01 was described by Cherry et al. (1954). Since then other bacteriophage-based detection methods have been developed that take advantage of the specificity of the host-phage interaction and its ability, once inside the host, to replicate rapidly. This is particularly useful when studying slowgrowing organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other slow growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (see Stanley et al., 2007; Grant & Rees, 2009, Botsaris et al., 2010). This chapter will provide an introduction to phage biology and will then describe the different phage-based detection methods that have been described for M. tuberculosis – including one that has been developed into a commercial product. In addition adaptations of the phage test are described that allow the antibiotic sensitivity of isolates to be rapidly determined, and also how a further modification can be used to allow rapid estimation of viable cell number. However, all these indirect methods have their limitations and these too will be discussed in each case.
Levels of Anonymity (2020)

In this paper we make a first attempt at systematically investigating levels of anonymity required in networked computer systems: we feel it is often overlooked that beyond such obvious cases as identified by means of a password or anonymous use there are many other levels of anonymity, identification and authenticity necessary in various applications.
Measurement of the Kernels of a Non-linear System of Finite Order† (1965)

ABSTRACT A method of measuring the Volterra kernels of a finite-order non-linear system is presented. The kernels are obtained individually as a multi-dimensional impulse response. The multi-dimensional kernel transforms also can be obtained by the method described. As an extension, a technique of obtaining the Volterra kernels from a multi-dimensional step response is presented. This technique is useful for non-linear systems which can be considered to be of a given finite order for only a limited range of input amplitudes.
Dual Immunofluorescent Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (1984)

These studies reveal that a dual immunofluorescent labeling method is useful for enumerating cells from human peripheral blood that bear the helper, suppressor, and/or T-cell receptors. Fluorescein (FL)-conjugated Leu-3a + 3b antibodies were used to enumerate Helper (H) T-lymphocytes, while the B-phycoerythrin (B-PE)-conjugated Leu-2a antibodies were utilized for quantitating suppressor (S) T-lymphocytes. FL-conjugated Leu-4 antibodies were used to measure the T-lymphocyte activity. Dual immunofluorescent stained lymphocytes, prepared either from whole blood or by Ficoll-Hypaque, gradient cell separation, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Two light scatter parameters, forward and 90 degree, were used to define the lysed erythrocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte populations. Only the lymphocytes were analyzed for dual immunofluorescence activity. The helper, suppressor, and T-lymphocyte distributions from 100 controls were as follows: The average percentages +/- SD of the helper and suppressor cells were 41.2 +/- 7.2 and 23.0 +/- 7.2, respectively. The H/S ratio was 1.99 +/- 0.77, while the T-cell distribution on 28 patients was 71.4 +/- 7.7. The Ficoll-Hypaque purified lymphocytes and lysed whole blood lymphocytes compared favorably in their H/S ratios. A comparison was made between the percentages of helper and suppressor cells enumerated by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry in which correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.86 were determined, respectively. These studies show that helper and suppressor T-lymphocytes can be quantitated simultaneously by flow cytometry, which enables one to correlate the phenotypic activities of two antibodies against cell surface receptors and permits the measurement of a large number of samples in a minimal time.
Functional importance of the cyclic AMP response element-like decamer motif in the CD8 alpha promoter (1993)

Expression of the CD8 gene is highly regulated during lymphocyte differentiation and in a tissue-specific manner. We characterized the human CD8 alpha promoter region to determine whether tissue specificity resides within the promoter and to define important regulatory elements. A set of six fragments 5' of the CD8 alpha gene were linked to a luciferase reporter gene. The luciferase activity was then measured in a transient transfection assay. We found that CD8 alpha promoter activity can be detected from a 146-bp fragment upstream of the translation start site, but not from a 133-bp fragment. The cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-like site within the 10 bp from -143 to -133 is critical for promoter activity. Mutation of the CRE/decamer in the context of a 429-bp fragment causes loss of activity. Tissue specificity does not reside in the 146-bp fragment because this fragment directs expression in both T and non-T cell lines. Fragments longer than 146 bp are generally expressed less well in the cell lines suggesting the potential existence of negative regulatory elements upstream of -146. Using a CRE/decamer-containing oligomer as a probe in an electrophoresis mobility shift assay, three retarded bands formed by proteins binding to the DNA were detected using nuclear extracts from two T cell lines. Two of the three bands contain proteins of the CRE-binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) family. Because the CRE-binding protein/activating transcription factor proteins play a role in the expression of many other T cell-specific genes, our work strengthens the hypothesis that the CRE motif is important for regulating the expression of T cell-specific genes.
Highly selective 'analog' filters using ΔΣ based IIR filtering (2002)

Design equations and experimental results for a second-order delta-sigma (/spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/) based infinite impulse response (IIR) filter are presented. Although input and output signals are analog, filtering is performed directly on an oversampled /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ modulated signal, thus eliminating the need for any decimation or interpolation filters. Circuit complexity consists of only a single /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ analog-digital (A/D) modulator, approximately ten 26-b adders, a 1-b digital-analog converter (D/A) and a low-pass filter. It is shown experimentally that such a filtering technique can realize filter pole-Q's of at least 2600 in the audio frequency range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ECLAIR: an Extensible Class Library for Information Retrieval (1992)

This paper describes ECLAIR, an extensible object-oriented class library, which can be used to construct information retrieval systems and applications. ECLAIR is implemented in C++ and uses an object-oriented database management system for persistent object storage. The library provides data structures and operations necessary to allow the efficient indexing, storage and retrieval of data items based on their text content using automatic indexing and best-match retrieval techniques. By exploiting the object-oriented paradigm, we have been able to develop a library which is usable by any application requiring information retrieval functionality, and further, is extensible such that many of the functions provided by the library can be changed as required by an application. Additionally, applications can exploit the features of the underlying object-oriented database management system, which include support for persistence of data (objects), modelling complex objects, concurrent access to data, and reliable processing of data in the presence of system failures. In the paper we consider how to deliver information retrieval functionality to the developers of application systems and we evaluate current approaches. The design and implementation of ECLAIR is described in detail. A number of experiments applying ECLAIR are reported.
Novel‐doped zinc oxide sorbents for low temperature regenerable desulfurization applications (2010)

Abstract Eight metal oxide sorbents including transition metal doped ZnO/SiO 2 sorbents and ZnO/SiO 2 were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation for regenerable desulfurization applications at low temperatures (i.e. room temperature). Among them, copper‐doped sorbent (Cu‐ZnO/SiO 2 ) demonstrated the highest saturation sulfur capacity of 0.213 g sulfur/g ZnO (54% of the theoretical capacity), which is twice that of ZnO/SiO 2 sorbent. Compared with ZnO/SiO 2 , Cu‐ZnO/SiO 2 demonstrated superior desulfurization performance in a wide temperature range of 20–400°C. Due to the use of porous SiO 2 support, Cu‐ZnO/SiO 2 is highly regenerable. It can be easily regenerated in air at low temperatures, ca. 300–550°C, which are much lower than the typical regeneration temperatures of commercial ZnO sorbents. Cu‐ZnO/SiO 2 maintained its sulfur capacity during 10 cycles of regeneration/sulfidation. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Ion Pairing Chromatography (2008)

The present state of ion-pair chromatography (IPC) is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the theoretical modeling of the retention behavior of charged, zwitterionic, and neutral solutes, since the theory provides the generally good understanding of the factors affecting the separation. Although stoichiometric models were credited with the first easy-to-understand demonstration of the retention mechanism of IPC, they were thermodynamic models, consistent with fundamental physics, that extensively detailed the multiplicity of interactions involved in an IPC system. This review is also aimed at giving a broad outline of the progression of the application of this technique during the past decade. Many examples will be given of the analysis of a wide variety of materials, including chiral compounds. They assess the practical potential of this separation strategy. Detection and hyphenation are also described. The relation of IPC to other instrumental method of analysis, the importance of ion-pairing in different (non-extractive) analytical techniques, and not separative aims of IPC, that are topics for which there is a dearth in the literature, are critically reviewed.
Enhanced Light Extraction From Triangular Gan-Based Light-Emitting Diodes (2007)

This study investigated the characteristics of a triangular light-emitting diode (LED) and compared it to a standard quadrangular LED. The total radiant flux from the packaged triangular LED increased by 48% and 24% at input currents of 20 and 100 mA, respectively, compared to that of a quadrangular LED which was grown on patterned sapphire substrate. In light far-field beam distribution, the light extraction in the horizontal direction of the LED was much higher than that of the quadrangular LED due to the enhancement of light emission from the side walls of the triangular LED.
A hybrid architecture for massively multiplayer online games (2008)

Many massively multiplayer online games use client-server architectures that have enormous server-side bandwidth requirements. Peer-to-peer game architectures provide better scaling, but open the game to additional cheating, since players are responsible for distributing events and storing state. We have developed a hybrid game architecture that maintains centralized control of state, while significantly reducing server bandwidth. The architecture uses a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer event distribution, so that only critical events are processed by the server. In addition, the architecture uses measurements and monitoring to ensure that players are capable of handling event distribution and are indeed providing this service. By lowering the bandwidth needed to host a game, while also providing a simple way to prevent cheating, our hybrid architecture allows game companies to support more concurrent players while still providing a controlled game experience. We deploy a game using the hybrid architecture on PlanetLab and use a measurement study to demonstrate its advantages over a client-server architecture.
Fabrication of trench isolation and trench power MOSFETs in a smart power IC Technology with a single trench unit process (2009)

We report on using a single trench unit process for the trench isolation and for the trench power MOSFET of a common-drain smart power IC technology. The trench power MOSFET has a maximum specific on-resistance, (R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</inf> ⋅A), below 50mΩ-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a typical breakdown voltage, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">br</inf> , of 95V. The trench isolation provides well isolation up to 90V. Using a single trench unit process for both devices results in low process costs. In addition both power and logic areas of a chip benefit from the trench process.
Commercial Building Energy Asset Score System: Program Overview and Technical Protocol (Version 1.0) (2012)

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing a national voluntary energy asset score system that includes an energy asset score tool to help building owners evaluate their buildings with respect to the score system. The goal of the energy asset score system is to facilitate cost-effective investment in energy efficiency improvements of commercial buildings. The system will allow building owners and managers to compare their building infrastructure against peers and track building upgrade progress over time. The system can also help other building stakeholders (e.g., building operators, tenants, financiers, and appraisers) understand the relative efficiency of different buildings in a way that is independent from their operations and occupancy. This report outlines the technical protocol used to generate the energy asset score, explains the scoring methodology, and provides additional details regarding the energy asset score tool. This report also describes alternative methods that were considered prior to developing the current approach. Finally, this report describes a few features of the program where alternative approaches are still under evaluation.
Tracking chemical changes in a live cell: Biomedical applications of \nSR-FTIR spectromicroscopy (2002)

Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy is a newly emerging bioanalytical and imaging tool. This unique technique provides mid-infrared (IR) spectra, hence chemical information, with high signal-to-noise at spatial resolutions as fine as 3 to 10 microns. Thus it enables researchers to locate, identify, and track specific chemical events within an individual living mammalian cell. Mid-IR photons are too low in energy (0.05 - 0.5 eV) to either break bonds or to cause ionization. In this review, we show that the synchrotron IR beam has no detectable effects on the short- and long-term viability, reproductive integrity, cell-cycle progression, and mitochondrial metabolism in living human cells, and produces only minimal sample heating (&lt; 0.5 degrees C). We will then present several examples demonstrating the application potentials of SR-FTIR spectromicroscopy in biomedical research. These will include monitoring living cells progressing through the cell cycle, including death, and cells reacting to dilute concentrations of toxins.
Quantification of Trace-Level DNA by Real-Time Whole Genome Amplification (2011)

Quantification of trace amounts of DNA is a challenge in analytical applications where the concentration of a target DNA is very low or only limited amounts of samples are available for analysis. PCR-based methods including real-time PCR are highly sensitive and widely used for quantification of low-level DNA samples. However, ordinary PCR methods require at least one copy of a specific gene sequence for amplification and may not work for a sub-genomic amount of DNA. We suggest a real-time whole genome amplification method adopting the degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR) for quantification of sub-genomic amounts of DNA. This approach enabled quantification of sub-picogram amounts of DNA independently of their sequences. When the method was applied to the human placental DNA of which amount was accurately determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), an accurate and stable quantification capability for DNA samples ranging from 80 fg to 8 ng was obtained. In blind tests of laboratory-prepared DNA samples, measurement accuracies of 7.4%, -2.1%, and -13.9% with analytical precisions around 15% were achieved for 400-pg, 4-pg, and 400-fg DNA samples, respectively. A similar quantification capability was also observed for other DNA species from calf, E. coli, and lambda phage. Therefore, when provided with an appropriate standard DNA, the suggested real-time DOP-PCR method can be used as a universal method for quantification of trace amounts of DNA.
Real time recognition of hand-drawn characters (1964)

This paper describes a system designed to recognize handdrawn characters in real time. The central feature of the system is its use of the time sequence information of the input character.
Radiation Biology of Malignant Melanoma (1986)

The survival curves for melanoma cells exposed to single radiation doses in vitro and the specific growth delays for melanoma xenografts irradiated with single doses in vivo were found to differ considerably among individual cell lines and tumours. In fact, the differences could be almost as large as the largest differences observed among cell lines and xenografts from tumours of different histology with very different clinical radiocurability. Moreover, radiobiologic parameters that may have significant influence on tumour response to fractionated irradiation, e.g. growth rate, hypoxic fraction, reoxygenation ability, PLD-repair capacity and contact repair capacity, were found to differ greatly in magnitude among individual melanomas. This review therefore concludes that malignant melanoma is a tumour type that is very heterogeneous in radioresponsiveness, i.e. malignant melanomas should no longer be considered to be radiation resistant in general. The values of the alpha/beta ratio derived from cell survival curves for melanoma cells irradiated in vitro and melanoma xenografts irradiated in vivo were found to cover a wide range relative to those for acutely and late responding normal tissues. Although these alpha/beta ratios are no more than estimates of the effective alpha/beta ratios in a clinical situation, they still indicated that hyperfractionation may be beneficial in the treatment of some melanomas, whereas others may be more efficiently treated by use of conventional fractionation regimes, either based on 2 Gy or higher doses per fraction. Consequently, optimum radiation therapy of malignant melanoma will probably require an individualized treatment strategy. In vitro assays for prediction of radiocurability and choice of treatment strategy for individual melanoma patients seem therefore highly warranted.
Oxidations of enone systems in steroids by oxidizers with reversible redox potential (1988)

The oxidation of steroid enones by oxidizers with reversible redox potentials (mostly tetrazolium salts) is described. Products containing an oxo or hydroxy group at the position γ with respect to the oxo of the enone group were isolated in relatively high yields. The results of kinetic studies on the redox processes are reported and a reaction mechanism is proposed.
Long Distance Quantum Teleportation in a Quantum Relay Configuration (2004)

A long distance quantum teleportation experiment with a fiber-delayed Bell state measurement (BSM) is reported. The source creating the qubits to be teleported and the source creating the necessary entangled state are connected to the beam splitter realizing the BSM by two 2 km long optical fibers. In addition, the teleported qubits are analyzed after 2.2 km of optical fiber, in another laboratory separated by 55 m. Time-bin qubits carried by photons at 1310 nm are teleported onto photons at 1550 nm. The fidelity is of 77%, above the maximal value obtainable without entanglement. This is the first realization of an elementary quantum relay over significant distances, which will allow an increase in the range of quantum communication and quantum key distribution.
SENSING OF AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENTS USING STEREO VISION (1997)

This paper presents a vision system to be used on moving vehicles to increment road safety. Pairs of images acquired by two stereo cameras installed on the vehicle are processed in order to detect both generic obstacles on the path of the vehicle and the road position. Both stereo images are used for the detection of the free-space in front of the vehicle, while only the left one is used for the identification of the road, which is performed through the detection of lane markings. The two functionalities share the same underlying approach, thus easing the fusion of the results of the two processings. The system has been tested both in laboratory and on board of MOB-LAB experimental vehicle and has demonstrated to be robust with respect to shadows, different road textures and vehicle movements. INTRODUCTION This paper presents a stereo vision system for the detection of obstacles and the identification of the lane in a road environment that processes grey-level images acquired by a pa...
Antidepressant Adherence and Medical Resource Use Among Managed Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders (2006)

Nonadherence with antidepressant therapy in anxiety disorders is common, but mental health specialty care may be associated with improved adherence. Lower medical costs for adherent patients who did not have a change in medication or a titrated dosage offset the increase in pharmacy costs, resulting in total costs (medical plus pharmacy) that were similar to those of nonadherent patients.
Intermittent Treatment for the Prevention of Malaria during Pregnancy in Benin: A Randomized, Open‐Label Equivalence Trial Comparing Sulfadoxine‐Pyrimethamine with Mefloquine (2009)

MQ proved to be highly efficacious--both clinically and parasitologically--for use as IPTp. However, its low tolerability might impair its effectiveness and requires further investigations.