gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving e-learning with sentiment analysis of users' opinions (2011)

E-learning has witnessed a great interest from the part of corporations, educational institutions and individuals alike. As an education pattern, e-learning systems have become more and more popular. It commonly refers to teaching efforts propagated through the use of computers in a bid to impart knowledge in a non traditional classroom environment. As a prerequisite for an effective development of e-learning systems, it is important to have certain knowledge about users' opinions and build an evaluation regarding them. Hence, an opinion mining method has been applied in this paper for the sake of helping the developers to improve and promote the quality of relevant services. Actually, three feature selection methods MI (Mutual Information), IG (Information Gain), and CHI statistics (CHI) have been investigated and advanced along with our proper HMM and SVM-based hybrid learning method. In fact, the experimental results have indicated that opinion mining becomes more difficult and challenging when performed for e-learning blogs. Moreover, we attempt to demonstrate that IG performs the best potential for sentimental terms selection and exhibits the best performance for sentiment classification.
Organogold chemistry. III. 2-Pyridylgold(I) (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganogold chemistry. III. 2-Pyridylgold(I)Lawrence G. VaughanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 3, 730–731Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00706a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00706a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views467Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Functional Gene Array for Detection of Bacterial Virulence Elements (2008)

Emerging known and unknown pathogens create profound threats to public health. Platforms for rapid detection and characterization of microbial agents are critically needed to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. Available detection technologies cannot provide broad functional information about known or novel organisms. As a step toward developing such a system, we have produced and tested a series of high-density functional gene arrays to detect elements of virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Our first generation array targets genes from Escherichia coli strains K12 and CFT073, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. We determined optimal probe design parameters for gene family detection and discrimination. When tested with organisms at varying phylogenetic distances from the four target strains, the array detected orthologs for the majority of targeted gene families present in bacteria belonging to the same taxonomic family. In combination with whole-genome amplification, the array detects femtogram concentrations of purified DNA, either spiked in to an aerosol sample background, or in combinations from one or more of the four target organisms. This is the first report of a high density NimbleGen microarray system targeting microbial antibiotic resistance and virulence mechanisms. By targeting virulence gene families as well as genes unique to specific biothreat agents, these arrays will provide important data about the pathogenic potential and drug resistance profiles of unknown organisms in environmental samples.
Derivative corrections to Dirac-Born-Infeld Lagrangian and non-commutative gauge theory (1999)

We consider the constraints on the effective Lagrangian of the rank-one gauge field on D-branes imposed by the equivalence between the description by ordinary gauge theory and that by non-commutative gauge theory in the presence of a constant B field. It is shown that we can consistently construct the two-derivative corrections to the Dirac-Born-Infeld Lagrangian up to the quartic order of field strength and the most general form which satisfies the constraints up to this order is derived.
Supporting intelligent Web search (2007)

Search engines continue to struggle to provide everyday users with a service capable of delivering focussed results that are relevant to their information needs. Moreover, traditional search engines really only provide users with a starting point for their information search. That is, upon selecting a page from a search result list, the interaction between user and search engine is effectively over and the user must continue their search alone. In this article, we argue that a comprehensive search service needs to provide the user with more help, both at the result list level and beyond, and we outline some recommendations for intelligent Web search support. We introduce the SearchGuide Web search support system and we describe how it fulfils the requirements for a search support system, providing evaluation results where applicable.
Ca/P ratio effects on the degradation of hydroxyapatite <i>in vitro</i> (2003)

Phase purity is a well-recognized but not well-understood variable affecting the biological integration of hydroxyapatite (HA)-based biomaterials. Minor amounts of specific, relevant impurities--calcium oxide (CaO) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP)--may often be present either as deliberate additions or as a result of decomposition during sintering. We investigated the influence of these two impurities in terms of their effects on surface morphology, weight loss/gain, and microstructural-level degradation. Phase purity variations were deliberately introduced into an otherwise-standardized HA matrix--the parent HA grain size and bulk density were relatively constant--produced using identical fabrication conditions. Stability varied markedly during exposure to mildly acidic, neutral, and pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline. Equivalent molar variations in the Ca/P ratio (1.62 vs 1.72) on either side of the stoichiometric ratio produce relatively small volumetric amounts of CaO (1.6 vol%) versus TCP (27 vol%) in HA. However, the relatively small amounts of CaO render the bulk more susceptible to degradation and more likely to have negative effects on a biological milieu. Interestingly, the presence of CaO is also a potent nucleating agent for the precipitation of new surface phases and detectable weight gain. The TCP-containing ceramic, in contrast, paradoxically exhibited slightly greater resistance to degradation than HA.
Simply and reliably integrating micro heaters/sensors in a monolithic PCR‐CE microfluidic genetic analysis system (2009)

A novel fabrication process was presented to construct a monolithic integrated PCR-CE microfluidic DNA analysis system as a step toward building a total genetic analysis microsystem. Microfabricated Titanium/Platinum (Ti/Pt) heaters and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) were integrated on the backside of a bonded glass chip to provide good thermal transfer and precise temperature detection for the drilled PCR-wells. This heater/RTD integration procedure was simple and reliable, and the resulting metal layer can be easily renewed when the Ti/Pt layer was damaged in later use or novel heater/RTD design was desired. A straightforward "RTD-calibration" method was employed to optimize the chip-based thermal cycling conditions. This method was convenient and rapid, comparing with a conventional RTD-calibration/temperature adjustment method. The highest ramping rates of 14 degrees C/s for heating and 5 degrees C/s for cooling in a 3-microL reaction volume allow 30 complete PCR cycles in about 33 min. After effectively passivating the PCR-well surface, successful lambda-phage DNA amplifications were achieved using a two- or three-temperature cycling protocol. The functionality and performance of the integrated microsystem were demonstrated by successful amplification and subsequent on-line separation/sizing of lambda-phage DNA. A rapid assay for Hepatitis B virus, one of the major human pathogens, was performed in less than 45 min, demonstrating that the developed PCR-CE microsystem was capable of performing automatic and high-speed genetic analysis.
THE CENTRAL ACTION OF BETAAMINOPROPYLBENZENE (BENZEDRINE) (1937)

Beta-aminopropylbenzene (benzedrine) is a compound of the epinephrine series resembling ephedrine in chemical constitution, as shown in the structural formula. In 1910 Barger and Dale<sup>1</sup>made an exhaustive study of a large group of epinephrine-like substances, with the conclusion that an action simulating that of true sympathetic nervous stimulation is not peculiar to epinephrine but is possessed by a large number of amines (substituted ammonias). These substances were termed sympathomimetic amines by Barger and Dale, since they mimic the effects of sympathetic stimulation. The response of the blood pressure in experimental animals has been used largely to study the comparative activities of these compounds. More recently I have studied the comparative actions of these substances on the cardiac standstill which may be induced in many individuals by pressure over the carotid artery in the neck.<sup>2</sup> Interest in these compounds has centered almost entirely on the sympathomimetic action, an
Scattering from composite laminate strips (1989)

An analytical model is developed for a composite laminate consisting of unidirectional fibers embedded in a dielectric slab on a conducting strip. The physics of the problem is formulated in terms of integral equations solved by the method of moments using an entire-domain Galerkin formulation. The effect of fiber spacing, the proximity of the ground plane, and the properties of the embedding dielectric are examined in relation to the nonspecular scattering characteristics of the laminate. Results of this analysis are presented for various limiting cases and are compared with experimental data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient updates in cross-object erasure-coded storage systems (2013)

In the past few years erasure codes have been increasingly embraced by distributed storage systems as an alternative for replication, since they provide high fault-tolerance for low overheads. Erasure codes, however, have few shortcomings that need to be addressed to make them a complete solution for networked storage systems. Lack of support for efficient data repair and data update are the two most notable shortcomings. We recently proposed to use a 2-dimensional product code-Reed-Solomon coding per object and simple XORing across objects- and showed that at a reasonable storage overhead, it can greatly reduce the repair cost. In this paper we propose an efficient approach to handle data updates in cross-object erasure-coded storage systems. Our proposed solution has been implemented and experimentally evaluated. Our results show that compared to the naive approach (re-encoding the data), our proposed scheme can considerably decrease the update cost, especially for when the number of updated blocks is small.
The Isolation of a New Resin Acid from Gum Rosin—Palustric Acid (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Isolation of a New Resin Acid from Gum Rosin—Palustric AcidVirginia M. Loeblich, Doris E. Baldwin, and Ray V. LawrenceCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 10, 2823–2825Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01615a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01615a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views156Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A fully differential layout placement paradox: Matching vs. full symmetry (2008)

The use of a fully differential architecture has numerous advantages in a switched capacitor delta-sigma modulator, but the efficient use of such an architecture requires a completely symmetrical layout and routing, which may contradict with the requirements of component matching. A fully symmetrical placement, for example, requires division of the capacitor arrays and possibly placement of the two halves in distant locations on the chip. Hence full symmetry requirements conflict with the matching of capacitor arrays. This paper discusses the effect of possible separation of the capacitor array, based on the assumption of a systematic capacitance variation along the chip surface due to process variations. The result of such a separation is observed in simulated circuits.
A Switching Logic Digitizer for Analog-to-Digital Conversion (2007)

The design and simulation of a complementary output switching logic (COSL) compatible, voltage state, switching logic comparator (SLC), and a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for high-speed applications, with multigigahertz input bandwidth, is presented. A detailed design for the SLC is provided and verified with simulations. The comparator is then optimized utilizing Monte Carlo yield predictions. The optimized comparator is incorporated into the construction of a 4-bit quantizer of an ADC. The Gray-code output is converted into binary using COSL gates. The functionality, linearity, maximum input bandwidth, and dynamic range of the 4-bit ADC is verified by simulation, using a number of special input waveforms. The performance of the comparator and the 4-bit ADC are also evaluated with thermal noise incorporated into simulations. Beat frequency simulations and Fourier spectra are also used in the evaluation of the ADC performance. A fully functional 4-bit ADC, with a maximum input bandwidth of 10 GHz for a clock speed of 20 GHz, was achieved through simulations. Beat frequency simulations revealed that the comparators have an input bandwidth greater than 19 GHz with sufficient dynamic range for an ADC of greater than 6 bits of resolution. Due to the fact that the aperture time for the ADC is dependent on the rise time of the sampling pulse and not the width of the pulse, a much smaller aperture time is obtained which directly translates to higher input bandwidth.
Sapheno-femoral Valves (1996)

background Since the literature indicated that in the early stages of primary venous disease valves are simply dilated, some authors performed external valvuloplasty of deep and superficial venous valves with encouraging results, although some failures were observed without being sufficiently explained. objective To obtain further interpretations of the natural history of venous valve pathology, clarify methods for a correct diagnostic approach, and provide indications for the external valvuloplasty procedure. methods Forty-two proximal valves of the long saphenous vein removed for varicose veins of the lower limbs were studied with optical microscopy. The relationship between histologic alterations and age of varicose disease was investigated. Five valvuloplastics were explanted for recurrent reflux and submitted to histopathological observation. Preoperative echographic findings and histologic observations were compared. Nineteen limbs were subjected to external valvuloplasty under angioscopic control; preoperative echographic findings and angioscopic observations were compared. results The histologic alterations observed in venous valves were mainly hypotrophy of cusps, which seemed to be the main cause of failure after external valvuloplasty. The frequency of such hypotrophic alterations increases with the age of varicose disease but no statistically significant relationship was found. Preoperative echographic imaging of venous valves does not appear sufficiently predictive when compared with histologic and angioscopic examinations. conclusion Hypotrophic valve damage seems to be prevalent in patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs. Valve cusp hypotrophy may be present in early disease though some normal cusps can be found in advanced disease. When preoperative echographic visualization of cusps is doubtful, intraoperative angioscopy plays the main role in the diagnosis of venous valve disease before and during external valvuloplasty.
Identification of promoter elements required for in vitro transcription of hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene. (1987)

The 5'-flanking region of the gene for hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is shown to contain promoter sequences that drive transcription in vitro in the presence of a HeLa whole-cell extract. DNase I protection studies revealed at least six different regions within the 277-base-pair (bp) promoter that bind nuclear proteins and produce "footprints." The functional significance of these sequences was determined through transcriptional analysis of a series of substitution mutations that scrambled short sequences throughout this region. Two of the footprint sequences were crucial for transcription in vitro; one of these contains a match in 6 of 6 bp, with a sequence in the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter that is known to be required for transcription. Scrambling a 26-bp sequence in a third footprint led to a consistent 2-fold increase in transcription, suggesting that this sequence might be a site for negative regulation. These studies define three regions that play a role in regulating transcription of the gene for HMG-CoA reductase, a negatively regulated enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
Feasibility of Cellular Microencapsulation Technology for Evaluation of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drugs In Vivo (1990)

We investigated the feasibility of micro-encapsulation technology for the evaluation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs in vivo. The ability to place human cells in microcapsules with semipermeable membranes for implantation into test animals led to the development of this assay. The anti-HIV activity assay involves microencapsulating human T-lymphoblastoid cells sensitive to the cytopathic effects of HIV; the encapsulated cells are then implanted into athymic nude mice and recovered after drug treatment in vivo. A positive antiviral effect of the test substance is indicated by growth or survival of the virus-infected cells in the microcapsules. Several HIV-sensitive cell lines of T-lymphocyte, monocyte, and nonlymphocyte origin were examined for growth in microcapsules in vitro and in vivo. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the capsules and the human cells contained therein revealed the invasion of mouse immune cells and other adverse effects that could not be overcome by any of numerous technical modifications attempted. We conclude that cellular microencapsulation technology is not feasible for in vivo drug-testing protocols because of immunogenic reactions.
DNA vaccination against multiple myeloma. (1999)

A variety of approaches to antitumor therapy are currently being explored that use both antigen-encoding DNA and noncoding nucleotides as a component of gene vaccination. Among the specific strategies reviewed are a construct that fuses a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that incorporates both the variable-region genes necessary to encode the idiotypic determinants with fragment C (FrC) of tetanus toxin; a novel vector system using herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for in vivo gene delivery; the possibility of eliciting hyperacute xenograft response to treat human cancer; and the use of gene gun-mediated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cDNA-based tumor cell vaccines. The protection provided by DNA vaccination against viral diseases such as influenza suggested a role for such vaccines against cancer. However, unlike vaccines against infectious diseases, cancer vaccines are therapeutic, rather than prophylactic. With multiple myeloma, for example, it is possible that the optimal timing of administration of such a vaccine is during a remission that has been induced by traditional therapies, to eliminate residual disease. DNA cancer vaccines are designed to activate immune responses to tumor antigens to which the immune system has already been exposed. To do so, the vaccines must first overcome immune tolerance that may have already developed to the tumor. There is increasing evidence that tumor antigens, unlike viral or bacterial antigens, do not consistently activate an immune response. One major factor in determining whether a reaction occurs appears to be whether antigen presentation is accompanied by danger signals. With viral or bacterial infection, the accompanying tissue destruction and inflammation produce costimulatory signals that promote T-cell activation. However, inflammatory and tissue-destructive processes are absent during initial tumor transformation. The typical outcome may be immunologic tolerance.
Immune cells in colorectal cancer: prognostic relevance and therapeutic strategies (2008)

During the last two decades, considerable efforts have been made to improve the prevention, early diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer by gaining enhanced insights into disease-specific pathogenesis. Along these lines, tumor-infiltrating immune cells turned out to be critical indicators for an efficient antitumor immune response and the number and type of tumor-infiltrating immune cells determined the resulting tumor prognosis. This review aims to describe the prognostic relevance of the different subsets of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and highlights their specific function in the complex process of immune system-mediated rejection of colorectal cancer cells. Considering the clinical impact of this increased insight into tumor-associated immunology, resulting innovative approaches in the treatment of colorectal cancer are summarized and discussed immunotherapeutic critically.