gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mental health nursing: is Rome burning? (2020)

Background/Aims The recent period of financial austerity, between 2010 and 2020, adversely impacted mental health service provision and raised fundamental questions for mental health nurses. This article aims to identify and discuss present areas of professional concern to mental health nurses in the UK. Methods The authors invited submissions from 12 experienced mental health nurses regarding the contemporary circumstances and likely future direction of mental health nursing. Each manuscript was reviewed, and recurrent themes emerged around which an editorial discussion was framed. Findings Many issues around service provision have persisted and/or deteriorated over time. The impacts on mental health nursing continue to be largely related to the type of educational preparation required, the size of the workforce and the research activity deemed necessary to strengthen the evidence base of clinical practice. Conclusions Mental health nursing faces several challenging issues to address if it is to survive and then to establish the unique professional identity it seeks.
A torsional stiffness criterion for preventing flutter of wings of supersonic missiles (1947)

"A formula, based on a semirational analysis, is presented for estimating the torsional stiffness necessary to prevent flutter of a sweptback or unswept uniform wing that attains supersonic speeds. Results of missile flights at speeds up to Mach number 1.4 demonstrate the usefulness of the formula" (p. 1).
Characterization of a reverse gyrase from the extremely thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium<i>Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum</i> (1993)

Reverse gyrase was isolated from an extremely thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum. The enzyme catalyses the introduction of positive supercoils into the covalent closed DNA and requires ATP or dATP for its activity. So far, reverse gyrase has been purified to homogeneity only from thermophilic archaebacteria. Reverse gyrase from C. hydrogenophilum such as the archaebacterial enzymes is a monomeric protein and has a molecular mass between 115 and 120 kDa. The optimal reaction temperature is 90°C and the thermostability of this reverse gyrase is remarkable. The enzyme retains more than 95% of the activity after 40 min of incubation at 100°C.
Towards Virtual Machine Migration in Fog Computing (2015)

Handoff mechanisms allow mobile users to move across multiple wireless access points while maintaining their voice and/or data sessions. A traditional handoff process is concerned with smoothly transferring a mobile device session from its current access point (or cell) to a target access point (or cell). These handoff characteristics are sufficient for voice calls and background data transfers, however nowadays many mobile applications are heavily based on data and processing capabilities from the cloud. Such applications, especially those that require greater interactivity, often demand not only a smooth session transfer, but also the maintenance of quality of service requirements that impact a user's experience. In this context, the Fog Computing paradigm arises to overcome delays encountered when applications need low latency to access data or offload processing to the cloud. Fog computing introduces a distributed cloud layer, composed of cloudlets (i.e., "small clouds" with lower computational capacity), between the user and the cloud. Cloudlets allow low latency access to data or processing capabilities, which can be accomplished by offering a VM to the user. An overview of Fog computing is first providing, relating it to general concepts in Cloud-based systems, followed by a general architecture to support virtual machine migration in this emerging paradigm - discussing both the benefits and challenges associated with such migration.
A Statistical Method for Analyzing Rating Scale Data: The BBB Locomotor Score (2002)

The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale is widely used to test behavioral consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI) to the rat. Sensitivity of this rating scale can differentiate hind limb locomotor skills over a wide range of injury severities. While the 21-point BBB scale is ordinal in nature, the present discussion recommends the use of parametric statistics to evaluate the locomotor results. Specifically, it defines appropriate statistical analysis of these data in order to facilitate interpretation of results between laboratories and to provide a common methodology for the correct interpretation of SCI behavioral data.
FLUORESCENCE AND THE LOCATION OF TRYPTOPHAN RESIDUES IN PROTEIN MOLECULES (1973)

Abstract— Fluorescence spectra of a number of native and denaturated proteins have been analysed, using spectral band width (ΔΛ), spectral maximum position (Λ m ), fluorescence quenching by external ionic quenchers, lifetime (b), and quantum yield ( q ) and its changes upon denaturation. The results enabled a model of fluorescence properties of tryptophan residues in the proteins to be substantiated by considering the existence of three discrete spectral classes, one buried in nonpolar regions of the protein (Λ m 330–332 nm, ΔΛ= 48–49nm, q 0.11, τ= 2.1 ns) and two on the surface. One of the latter is completely exposed to water (Λ m # 350–353 nm, ΔΛ= 59–61 nm, q # 0.2, τ= 5.4 ns); the other is in limited contact with water which is probably immobilized by bonding at the macromolecular surface (Λ m # 340–342 nm, ΔΛ= 53–55 nm, q # 0.3, = 4.4 ns). Some quantitative predictions from the model, for (a) the fraction of fluorescence that is quenched by ionic quenchers, (b) the mean values of quantum yield, and (c) the mean values of fluorescence lifetime for various proteins, show good concordance with independent experimentally determined values.
Inhibition of the lymphotoxin pathway as a therapy for autoimmune disease (2008)

The lymphotoxin (LT) system is part of the tumor necrosis factor family and is required for lymph node development. It has provided a wonderful tool for the dissection of processes critical not only for lymphoid organ development but also the maintenance of the adult immune architecture and the formation of ectopic organized lymphoid tissues in chronically inflamed sites. A soluble lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin (LTbetaR-Ig) fusion protein can block this pathway and is currently being tested in the treatment of autoimmune disease. This review focuses on the immunological consequences of combined LT and LIGHT inhibition with LTbetaR-Ig administration as distinct from the developmental biology.
Building a Tiered Approach to In Vitro Predictive Toxicity Screening: A Focus on Assays with In Vivo Relevance (2010)

One of the greatest challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry today is the failure of promising new drug candidates due to unanticipated adverse effects discovered during preclinical animal safety studies and clinical trials. Late stage attrition increases the time required to bring a new drug to market, inflates development costs, and represents a major source of inefficiency in the drug discovery/development process. It is generally recognized that early evaluation of new drug candidates is necessary to improve the process. Building in vitro data sets that can accurately predict adverse effects in vivo would allow compounds with high risk profiles to be deprioritized, while those that possess the requisite drug attributes and a lower risk profile are brought forward. In vitro cytotoxicity assays have been used for decades as a tool to understand hypotheses driven questions regarding mechanisms of toxicity. However, when used in a prospective manner, they have not been highly predictive of in vivo toxicity. Therefore, the issue may not be how to collect in vitro toxicity data, but rather how to translate in vitro toxicity data into meaningful in vivo effects. This review will focus on the development of an in vitro toxicity screening strategy that is based on a tiered approach to data collection combined with data interpretation.
Release of ATP and glutamate in the nucleus tractus solitarii mediate pulmonary stretch receptor (Breuer–Hering) reflex pathway (2008)

The Breuer-Hering inflation reflex is initiated by activation of the slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor afferents (SARs), which monosynaptically activate second-order relay neurones in the dorsal medullary nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Here we demonstrate that during lung inflation SARs release both ATP and glutamate from their central terminals to activate these NTS neurones. In anaesthetized and artificially ventilated rats, ATP- and glutamate-selective microelectrode biosensors placed in the NTS detected rhythmic release of both transmitters phase-locked to lung inflation. This release of ATP and glutamate was independent of the centrally generated respiratory rhythm and could be reversibly abolished during the blockade of the afferent transmission in the vagus nerve by topical application of local anaesthetic. Microionophoretic application of ATP increased the activity of all tested NTS second-order relay neurones which receive monosynaptic inputs from the SARs. Unilateral microinjection of ATP into the NTS site where pulmonary stretch receptor afferents terminate produced central apnoea, mimicking the effect of lung inflation. Application of P2 and glutamate receptor antagonists (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid, suramin and kynurenic acid) significantly decreased baseline lung inflation-induced firing of the second-order relay neurones. These data demonstrate that ATP and glutamate are released in the NTS from the central terminals of the lung stretch receptor afferents, activate the second-order relay neurones and hence mediate the key respiratory reflex - the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex.
Periodic bandgap and effective dielectric materials in electromagnetics: characterization and applications in nanocavities and waveguides (2003)

The main objectives of this paper are to characterize and develop insight into the performance of photonic bandgap (PBG) periodic dielectric materials and to integrate the results into some novel applications. A powerful computational engine utilizing the finite-difference time-domain technique with periodic boundary conditions/perfectly matched layers integrated with Prony's method is applied to provide an in-depth look at the physics of PBG/periodic bandgap structures. Next, the results are incorporated into two classes of applications in the areas of nanocavity lasers and guidance of electromagnetic (EM) waves in sharp bends. A two-dimensional PBG structure with finite thickness is presented to strongly localize the EM waves in three directions and design a high-Q nanocavity laser. It is shown that the periodic PBG/total internal reflections remarkably trap the EM waves inside the defect region. The effect of the number of periodic cells and defect's dielectric constant on the Q of structure is investigated. It has been found that a seven-layer PBG with a dielectric impurity defect can be used in the design of a laser with a Q as high as 1050. Additionally, potential applications of the PBG structures for guiding the EM waves in sharp bends, namely, 90/spl deg/ and 60/spl deg/ channels are demonstrated. It is shown that shaping the bend by introducing small holes can noticeably improve the guidance of the waves at the bends and channel the EM waves with great efficiency. A comparative study between PBG and effective dielectric materials in controlling the EM waves is also provided and it is observed that the novel characteristics of the PBG cannot be modeled using the effective material for the frequencies within the bandgap.
Studies on ketene and its derivatives. Part <b>119</b>. Reactions of haloketenes with 2‐arylideneaminopyridines (1984)

Abstract Reactions of haloketenes with 2‐arylideneaminopyridines were examined. Reaction of dichloroketene with 2‐benzylideneaminopyridines gave 2,2‐dichloro‐3‐phenyl‐3‐(2‐pyridylamino)propanoic acids and 3‐chloro‐2‐phenylpyrido[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidin‐4(4 H )‐ones. Similar reaction of dichloroketene with 2‐(2‐furfurylideneamino)‐pyridines gave 3‐chloro‐2‐(2‐furyl)pyrido[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidin‐4‐(4 H )‐ones. Chloroketene and chlorophenylketene also reacted with 2‐arylideneaminopyridines to give pyrido[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidin‐4(4 H )‐ones. Ring transformations of pyrido[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidin‐4‐(4 H )‐ones were carried out to give 1,8‐naphthyridin‐4(1 H )‐ones and imidazo[1,2‐ a ]‐pyridines.
An adaptive decision feedback equalizer using error feedback (1996)

The decision feedback equalizer (DFE) can compensate for channels with severe intersymbol interference (ISI) without as much noise enhancement as the linear equalizer (LE). We propose a new DFE which can increase the performance of the DFE further by using error feedback. The performance increase is achieved by reducing the error signal correlation (using an error feedback filter), which cannot be reduced by the feedforward or feedback filter. The hardware complexity for the proposed approach is minimal since it requires only the addition of a few taps to the conventional DFE. Based on theoretical analysis and computer simulations, the proposed approach is shown to be much more effective than the conventional DFE, especially for channels with large ISI and small AWGN.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis in Adults without Pathogenic Mutations in the Hemochromatosis Gene (1999)

Hereditary hemochromatosis can occur in adults who do not have pathogenic mutations in the hemochromatosis gene.
The effect of time since measles vaccination and age at first dose on measles vaccine effectiveness – A systematic review (2019)

The paucity of data from measles-eliminated settings indicates that additional studies and approaches (such as studies using proxies including laboratory correlates of protection) are needed to answer the question of whether VE in measles-eliminated settings wanes. Age at first dose of MCV was the most important factor in determining VE. More VE studies need to be conducted in elimination settings, and standards should be developed for information collected and reported in such studies.
Clinical and Metabolic Characterization of Lean Caucasian Subjects With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver (2016)

Lean subjects with evidence of NAFLD have clinically relevant impaired glucose tolerance, low adiponectin concentrations and a distinct metabolite profile with an increased rate of PNPLA3 risk allele carriage.
A segment of cold shock protein directs the folding of a combinatorial protein (2005)

It has been suggested that protein domains evolved by the non-homologous recombination of building blocks of subdomain size. In earlier work we attempted to recapitulate domain evolution in vitro. We took a polypeptide segment comprising three beta-strands in the monomeric, five-stranded beta-barrel cold shock protein (CspA) of Escherichia coli as a building block. This segment corresponds to a complete exon in homologous eukaryotic proteins and includes residues that nucleate folding in CspA. We recombined this segment at random with fragments of natural proteins and succeeded in generating a range of folded chimaeric proteins. We now present the crystal structure of one such combinatorial protein, 1b11, a 103-residue polypeptide that includes segments from CspA and the S1 domain of the 30S ribosomal subunit of E. coli. The structure reveals a segment-swapped, six-stranded beta-barrel of unique architecture that assembles to a tetramer. Surprisingly, the CspA segment retains its structural identity in 1b11, recapitulating its original fold and deforming the structure of the S1 segment as necessary to complete a barrel. Our work provides structural evidence that (i) random shuffling of nonhomologous polypeptide segments can lead to folded proteins and unique architectures, (ii) many structural features of the segments are retained, and (iii) some segments can act as templates around which the rest of the protein folds.
Sorting of proteins to the vacuoles of plant cells (1992)

The secretory system of plant cells sorts a large number of soluble proteins that either are secreted or accumulate in vacuoles. Secretion is a bulk-flow process that requires no information beyond the presence of a signal peptide necessary to enter the endoplasmic reticulum. Many vacuolar proteins are glycoproteins and the glycans are often modified as the proteins pass through the Golgi complex. Vacuolar targeting information is not contained in glycans as it is in animal cells; rather, targeting information is in polypeptide domains as it is in yeast cells. Several such domains have now been identified, but these show little or no amino acid sequence homology. We discuss the possibilities that targeting of protein to plant vacuoles may involve receptors as well as aggregation of protein at low pH.
A Computational Lexicon of Contemporary Hebrew. (2006)

Computational lexicons are among the most important resources for natural language processing (NLP). Their importance is even greater in languages with rich morphology, where the lexicon is expected to provide morphological analyzers with enough information to enable them to correctly process intricately inflected forms. We describe the Haifa Lexicon of Contemporary Hebrew, the broadest-coverage publicly available lexicon of Modern Hebrew, currently consisting of over 20,000 entries. While other lexical resources of Modern Hebrew have been developed in the past, this is the first publicly available large-scale lexicon of the language. In addition to supporting morphological processors (analyzers and generators), which was our primary objective, the lexicon is used as a research tool in Hebrew lexicography and lexical semantics. It is open for browsing on the web and several search tools and interfaces were developed which facilitate on-line access to its information. The lexicon is currently used for a variety of NLP applications. Overview Computational lexicons are among the most important resources for NLP. In languages with rich morphology, where the lexicon is expected to provide morphological analyzers with enough information to enable them to process intricately inflected forms correctly, a careful design of the lexicon is crucial. This paper describes the Haifa Lexicon of Contemporary Hebrew, the broadest-coverage publicly available lexicon of Modern Hebrew, currently consisting of over 20,000 entries. Table 1 lists the number of words in the lexicon by main part of speech. noun 10332 preposition 100 verb 4485 conjunction 62 properName 4227 pronoun 60 adjective 1612 interjection 40
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation and circulating nucleosomes in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (2016)

The mechanisms underlying increased thrombotic risk in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are incompletely understood. We assessed whether neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which promote thrombosis, contribute to the procoagulant state in essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis (MF) patients. Although MPN neutrophils showed increased basal reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced NETosis by unstimulated neutrophils was an infrequent finding, whereas PMA-triggered NETosis was impaired, particularly in MF, due to decreased PMA-triggered ROS production. Elevated circulating nucleosomes were a prominent finding and were higher in patients with advanced disease, which may have potential prognostic implication. Histone-MPO complexes, proposed as specific NET biomarker, were seldomly detected, suggesting NETs may not be the main source of nucleosomes in most patients, whereas their correlation with high LDH points to increased cell turn-over as a plausible origin. Lack of association of nucleosomes or NETs with thrombosis or activation markers does not support their use as predictors of thrombosis although prospective studies in a larger cohort may help define their potential contribution to MPN thrombosis. These results do not provide evidence for relevant in vivo NETosis in MPN patients under steady state conditions, although availability of standardized NET biomarkers may contribute to further research in this field.
Welding and Parkinson disease (2005)

The cause of Parkinson disease (PD) remains unknown. Progress has been made on the genetic front with the identification of specific gene mutations (e.g., α-synuclein) associated with familial Parkinson syndromes. Because of their clinical heterogeneity there remains debate as to whether these genetic syndromes are representative of what has been considered classical PD. The identification of mutations in the parkin and LRRK2 genes in both familial and sporadic PD1,2 suggest that genetic mutations may be more common than previously estimated. Despite these advances, at least 80% of PD cases do not have a clear genetic or familial basis. The knowledge that different genetic mutations can produce the PD phenotype suggests that perhaps there is no single clinical entity PD, but rather that PD is an amalgamation of many different conditions that simply have a greater or lesser degree of phenotypic overlap. However, most clinicians and scientists still endorse the classical concept of idiopathic PD.

See also pages 2021 and 2033 

For the condition generally referred to as idiopathic PD and characterized by asymmetric onset of rest tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity, responsiveness to dopaminergic treatment, and the classic pathology of nigral degeneration with Lewy bodies, the cause remains unknown. Because genetic causes appear identifiable in only a minority of cases, there has been an extensive search for potential environmental causes. This search has been fueled by the identification of individuals who developed parkinsonism following exposure to MPTP through injection drug use and epidemiologic links between PD and environmental exposure to agricultural chemicals. Another environmental topic of recent interest has been the potential relationship between occupational welding fume exposure and PD. Welding fume is the cloud of smoke that is produced when welding metals. This fume, like cigarette smoke, is a combination of many different chemicals in a complex interaction. The …
Trinary Logic Operations and Circuitry with Communication Systems Applications (1986)

This paper begins with a general discussion of numbering system properties including the concepts of ambipolarity and radix. A classic derivation of the optimumly efficient radix is given. This leads to the consideration of a trinary number system as an advantageous alternative to the binary system. There follows a discussion of the practical economies of the trinary system in hardware realization and operational speed of digital systems. A family of functional, combinatorial, and sequential logic operations is developed with associated truth tables. Synthesis of complex functions from these elementary operations is illustrated for data storage, data movement, and arithmetic processes. A practical scheme for realizing trinary system circuitry using CMOS technology is presented. Trinary digital-to-analog (D-A) and analog-to-digital (A-D) circuits and algorithms are considered. The paper includes discussions of applications of the trinary system to communication formats and carrier modulation schemes, including the use of pseudo-noise (PN) trinary coding for continuous and pulsed spread-spectrum modems.