gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T-Cell Regulation in Asthmatic Diseases (2008)

Effector and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the airways in allergic asthma. Here, the role of T cells in the immunopathogenesis of human asthma as well as in animal models of allergic airway inflammation is reviewed. Recent data have shown that Th2 and Th17 effector T cells augment experimental airway inflammation, while Tregs have an important anti-inflammatory function. The local induction of Th2 cells is critically dependent on the balance between the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3, while Th17 and Tregs require the transcription factors ROR-gammat and Foxp3, respectively. Cytokine signaling controls the development and activation of all the above T-cell subsets. For instance, local blockade of the membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-6R results in induction of lung CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+Tregs producing TGF-Beta and IL-10. In humans, it has been suggested that asthmatic patients have increased Th2 but decreased Tregs, however the role of Th17 cells in allergic asthma remains to be elucidated. However, the currently available data suggest that allergic asthma is a multifaceted disease that is actively controlled by T lymphocytes. A better understanding of effector and Treg activation will most likely lead to novel treatment strategies in the near future.
ICOS Mediates the Generation and Function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Conveying Respiratory Tolerance (2012)

Costimulatory molecules like ICOS are crucial in mediating T cell differentiation and function after allergen contact and thereby strongly affect the immunologic decision between tolerance or allergy development. In this study, we show in two independent approaches that interruption of the ICOS signaling pathway by application of a blocking anti-ICOSL mAb in wild-type (WT) mice and in ICOS(-/-) mice inhibited respiratory tolerance development leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and Th2 cytokine production in response to OVA sensitization. Respiratory Ag application almost doubled the number of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lung of WT mice with 77% of lung-derived Tregs expressing ICOS. In contrast, in ICOS(-/-) mice the number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs did not increase after respiratory Ag application, and ICOS(-/-) Tregs produced significantly lower amounts of IL-10 than those of WT Tregs. Most importantly, in contrast to WT Tregs, ICOS(-/-) Tregs did not convey protection when transferred to "asthmatic" recipients demonstrating a strongly impaired Treg function in the absence of ICOS signaling. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of ICOS for the generation and suppressive function of Tregs conveying respiratory tolerance and support the importance of ICOS as a target for primary prevention strategies.
Vascular endothelial growth factor expression by activated synovial leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: Critical involvement of the interaction with synovial fibroblasts (2001)

VEGF expression within inflamed joints thus appears to be regulated not only by inflammatory cytokines, but also by the physical interaction of activated leukocytes and FLS. Once expressed, VEGF likely plays a crucial role in the neovascularization of the pannus and the progressive joint destruction associated with the synovial inflammation of RA.
The Origin of British Administrators' Preference for the Northern Nigeria (1981)

It is widely known that not only Lord Lugard who had not hesitate to say about quasi “heaven-born” superiority of the Northern Nigeria, but also many British administrators had acknowledged their preference for the northern Nigeria than southern Nigeria. It is discussed in this paper what the origin of this “British administrators' preference for the north (Nothern Nigeria)” is.Before the year of 1830 when the River Niger's mouth was discovered, the main British people who were active on the coast of the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Biafra were slave traders and explorers. Slave traders overwhelmed explorers in number, but as far as information is concern which they had brought in to the Britain, their cotribution was nominal. In contrast to this, explorers had brought many kinds of and large quantities of information about both of the South (coastal area) and the North (inland area). They wrote many reports and books, in which they depicted the northern area as highly organized Mahomedan countries where people were modest.About ten years after the discovery, many kinds of peoples began to come to both coastal and inland areas. Among those groups, the most important groups were non-slave traders, missionaries, and administrators. All these new-comers arrived to Nigeria with the information and knowledge which was available in Britain. That is; continual political coflicts in the south, and well organized Mahomedan Emirates in the north; wild “pagan” people in the south, and polite and honest islamic people in the north; highly humid weather in the south, and dry and relatively comfortable weather in the north.But as missionaries in the north had experienced failure of missionary work because of strong resistance by islamic people and they had succeeded in the south, they began to change their image of Nigerian people. Contrary to this, administrators whose main interest was to find the means to secure their country's economic and political interest over the new territory, felt no need to change their image of Nigeria. For them well organized society in the north seemed to be favorable for their future rule. And this is one of the most important reasons why British administrators in the north concentrated their attention upon establishment of administrative and taxation systems in the first stage of British administration, and the British administrators in the south did not.
Constructal tree networks for the time-dependent discharge of a finite-size volume to one point (1998)

This paper shows that the time needed to discharge a volume to a concentrated sink can be minimized by making appropriate changes in the geometry of the flow path. The time-dependent flow of heat between a volume and one point is chosen for illustration, however, the same geometric optimization method (the constructal principle) holds for other transport processes (fluid flow, mass transfer, conduction of electricity). There are two classes of geometric degrees of freedom in designing the flow path: the external shape of the volume, and the distribution (amount, location, orientation) of high-conductivity inserts that facilitate the volumetric collection of the discharge. The optimization of flow path geometry is executed in a sequence of steps that starts with the smallest volume elements and proceeds toward larger and more complex volume sizes (first constructs, second constructs, etc.). Every geometric feature is the result of minimizing the time of discharge, or the resistance in volume-to-point flow. The innermost details of the structure have only a minor effect on the minimized time of discharge. The high-conductivity inserts come together into a tree-network pattern which is the result of a completely deterministic principle. The interstices are equally important in this optimal design, as they are occupied by the low-conductivity material in which the energy charge was stored initially. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance on this deterministic principle—the constructal law—to predicting structure in natural flow, and to understanding why the geometry of nature is not fractal.
DEGRADACIÓN DE ARSÉNICO POR Pseudomonas aeruginosaPARA BIOREMEDIACIÓNDE AGUA. ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR (2015)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la resistencia al arsénico en cultivos puros de Pseudomonas aeruginosa , aislada de aguas subterráneas de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, provincia de Chaco y evaluar la posibilidad de su uso para la remoción de este contaminante presente en las aguas subterráneas. Las cepas fueron inmovilizadas en piedra natural y se cu ltivaron en caldo de sales y 1 mgAs/L . Se observó la resistencia al arsénico y la formación de biofilm , logrando la interacción entre la s células, roca y arsénico . L a remoción de arsénico se evaluó durante 3 meses y el porcentaje de eliminación de arsénico al final del experimento fue 60%.
Determination of load condition of standard screws during tensile tests using acoustic emission analysis (2002)

We examined the acoustic behaviour of screws under applied load to develop an in-process monitoring system for endangered screw connections. To apply load to a screw, a hydraulic tensile testing machine was designed. Signals occurring during tensile tests were digitally recorded and analysed using acoustic emission (AE) technique. We established an increase of fhe AE- rate at the yield limit and weaker A€-activity during the plastic deformation. The A€-signals contained dominant frequencies in two narrow frequency ranges, namely at 590 kHz and 1010 kHz and therefore we were capable of distinguishing between friction processes in the screw thread and abrupt dislocation processes under load. The significance of the results for in-process moniforlng of screws is illustrated. I. INTRODUCTION Carrying through a special technique for in-process re- pairing of a leaky flange in a pipe line a special sub- stance is pressed from the outside into the flange. A higher pressure is necessary than exists inside of the pipeline, so that the flange screws or flange bolts are more stressed than usual. Generalising this special problem a method for in-process monitoring of screws being loaded in a critical range is needed. We decided to use the phenomen of acoustic emission, i.e. the emission of sound waves (mostly in the ultrasonic range) by a solid as a response to mechanical strength, expecting that structural changes in the condition of a screw express themselves as acoustic signals. Several authors report examinations of steel specimens during tensile tests according to the AE behaviour, especially the AE-rate (l-81. They established an increase of the AE-rate in the region of the elastic limit, with an amplitude strongly depending on the material and some other parameters. But there are other studies, e.g. (9), in which the AE-rate and the elastic limit could not be brought into connection. In this paper we present the results of our experiments with common industrial screws of German standard DIN 931 studying the AE- rate as well as the frequency distribution depending on the load condition. Especially, we were taking into consideration the applicability of our results for the in- process monitoring of screws.
Temporal differences in replication timing of homologous loci in malignant cells derived from CML and lymphoma patients (1998)

A close association usually exists between replication timing of a given locus and its transcriptional activity: expressed loci replicate early whereas silent ones replicate late. Accordingly, alleles that show concomitant expression replicate synchronously, while those displaying an allele-specific mode of expression show temporal differences in their replication timing, i.e., they replicate asynchronously. We aimed in our study to see whether the cancer phenotype is accompanied by a relaxation in the temporal control of allelic replication. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the level of synchronization in replication timing of four pairs of homologous loci in samples of malignant cells derived from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and lymphoma and in samples from healthy individuals. Four loci, HER2 mapped to 17q11.2-q12, a locus at 21q22, TP53 mapped to 17q13.1, and MYC mapped to 8q24 were studied. In each sample we analyzed two chromosomal regions, either 17q11.2-q12 and 21q22 or 17p13.1 and 8q24. The results showed distinct differences between healthy individuals and CML/lymphoma patients: all samples derived from noncancerous subjects showed high levels of synchrony in replication timing of alleles, whereas those of cancer patients displayed a large temporal difference in replication timing, indicating early and late replicating alleles. Thus, as judged by four unrelated loci, malignancy is associated with changes in the replication pattern of homologous loci.
J<scp>AC</scp>: declarative Java concurrency (2005)

Abstract The Java programming language has a low‐level concurrency model which is hard to use and does not blend well with inheritance. J AC is an extension of Java that introduces a higher level of concurrency, hiding threads and separating thread synchronization from application logic in a declarative fashion. The emphasis is on limiting the differences between sequential and concurrent code, thus furthering code reuse, and on avoiding inheritance anomalies. This is achieved by taking a middle road between concurrent code on the one hand and complete separation of sequential application logic from concurrency mechanisms on the other. An extensive comparison with related approaches is given for motivating our design decisions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Highly Efficient Diversification of 2-Amino/Amido-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via Reagent-Based Cyclization of Thiosemicarbazide Intermediate on Solid-Phase (2015)

A 2-amino/amido-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole library has been constructed on solid-phase organic synthesis. The key step on this solid-phase synthesis involves the preparation of polymer-bound 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole core skeleton resin by cyclization of thiosemicarbazide with EDC·HCl and p-TsCl, respectively. The resulting core skeleton undergoes functionalization reaction with various electrophiles such as alkyl halides, and acid chlorides to generate N-alkylamino and N-acylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole resin, respectively. Finally, the 2-amino and 2-amido-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole library was then generated in good yields and high purities by cleavage of the respective resin under trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) in dichloromethane(DCM). The constructed library shows reasonable, oral bioavailability drug properties as determine by using the Lipinski's Rule and similar parameters.
Mesoscale Folding, Instability, and Disruption of Laminar Flow in Metal Surfaces (2012)

Using in situ imaging, we report surface fold formation and fluidlike flow instabilities in sliding of annealed copper. We demonstrate using simulations that folding is principally driven by grain-induced plastic instability. The phenomenon shows remarkable similarities with Kelvin-Helmholtz-type flow instabilities in fluids. While such instabilities have been conjectured to exist in sliding interfaces at the nanoscale, we find vortices and folding in metals at the mesoscale. The occurrence of folds impacts many applications, including surface generation processes and tribology.
Dual-Homing Coordination for MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Pseudowires Protection (2017)

In some scenarios, MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) pseudowires (PWs)
(RFC 5921) may be statically configured when a dynamic control plane
is not available. A fast protection mechanism for MPLS-TP PWs is
needed to protect against the failure of an Attachment Circuit (AC),
the failure of a Provider Edge (PE), or a failure in the Packet
Switched Network (PSN). The framework and typical scenarios of dual-
homing PW local protection are described in RFC 8184. This document
proposes a dual-homing coordination mechanism for MPLS-TP PWs that is
used for state exchange and switchover coordination between the dual-
homing PEs for dual-homing PW local protection.
HEPA filters of high structural strength for nuclear air cleaning systems (1989)

HEPA-filter media, though having excellent particle-removal efficiencies, remain characterized as rather brittle, fragile, and weak materials. As a result, undesired structural damage, followed by significant losses in filtration efficiency, can easily occur in handling, transport, and even normal operation of filter units. In recent years, extensive investigations into the structural limits of HEPA filters in dry air and under extended exposure to high-humidity airflow have been carried out. In the course of this work, the failure modes and the underlying failure mechanisms were thoroughly studied. On the basis of the information obtained, considerable improvements in the structural strength of HEPA filters could be achieved. As verified by removal efficiency tests, differential pressures up to 56 kPA in dry air and 15 kPA after extended operation under fog conditions were proved to be sustainable without mechanical damage to the filter medium.
Gemini Surfactants: A New Family of Building Blocks for Non-Viral Gene Delivery Systems (2008)

Gemini surfactants provide a significant opportunity in the development of new non-viral delivery systems designed for gene therapy applications. This review summarizes the wide range of gemini surfactant structures that have been employed for DNA transfection in vitro. A general observation is that those structures capable of inducing a wide variety of polymorphic structures (lamellar, hexagonal, or cubic phases) demonstrate higher transfection efficiencies. Those compounds whose structures result in pH-dependent changes in aggregate structure similarly show higher levels of transfection. In vivo transfection using gemini surfactants has been demonstrated in only three cases, and in a recent study the transfection was linked to a specific therapeutic response.
Pathogenic immune mechanisms at the neuromuscular synapse: the role of specific antibody‐binding epitopes in myasthenia gravis (2013)

Autoantibodies against three different postsynaptic antigens and one presynaptic antigen at the neuromuscular junction are known to cause myasthenic syndromes. The mechanisms by which these antibodies cause muscle weakness vary from antigenic modulation and complement-mediated membrane damage to inhibition of endogenous ligand binding and blocking of essential protein-protein interactions. These mechanisms are related to the autoantibody titre, specific epitopes on the target proteins and IgG autoantibody subclass. We here review the role of specific autoantibody-binding epitopes in myasthenia gravis, their possible relevance to the pathophysiology of the disease and potential implications of epitope mapping knowledge for new therapeutic strategies.
Influence of viscosity, surface tension, and inclination angle on motion of long bubbles in closed tubes (1966)

An experimental study has been made of the motion of long bubbles in closed tubes. The influence of viscosity and surface tension on the bubble velocity is clarified. A correlation of bubble velocities in vertical tubes is suggested and is shown to be useful for the whole range of parameters investigated. In addition, the effect of tube inclination angle on bubble velocity is presented, and certain features of the flow are described qualitatively.
HER2 antibodies pertuzumab and trastuzumab differ in their effect on cell signaling and growth inhibition in breast cancer cells (2006)

3836 HER2 overexpression occurs in about 20-30% of breast cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. Therapy with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has significantly improved the outcome of patients with breast cancers that overexpress HER2. A novel anti-HER2 antibody, pertuzumab binds to domain II of HER2, whereas trastuzumab binds to domain IV. Here we report that pertuzumab almost completely blocks heregulin-induced HER3-p85 association with PI3K, AKT activation, and ERK1/2 activation, whereas trastuzumab only partially reduces heregulin-induced HER3-p85 association and activation of AKT or ERK1/2. Trastuzumab inhibits by 40% the anchorage-dependent growth of BT474 and SKBr3 cells that overexpress HER2 in vitro, but had no effect on cell growth of T47D and MCF-7 cells that express low levels of HER2. Pertuzumab had no inhibitory effect on each of the four cell lines in vitro in the absence of heregulin stimulation. Pertuzumab did, however, block heregulin-stimulated cell proliferation of T47D. In contrast to trastuzumab, pertuzumab did not inhibit CDK2, induce p27Kip1 or induce G1 arrest of the cell cycle in BT474 or SKBr3 cells. Using protein lysates array, trastuzumab was found to reduce activation of AKT, p70S6K, and 4EBP-1. In contrast, pertuzumab did not inhibit activation of AKT, p70S6K, and 4EBP-1 in either BT474 or SKBr3 cells. By using biotinalized-trastuzumab, biotinalized-pertuzumab, and streptoavidin-FITC, both trastuzumab and pertuzumab were found to internalize slowly, although trastuzumab internalized slightly faster than pertuzumab. After 16-48 hrs at 37 degrees Celsius, 96.7% of pertuzumab-treated SKBr3 cells were still surface-FITC positive with a fluorescent intensity of 65, whereas 93% of trastuzumab-treated cells were surface-FITC positive with a fluorescent intensity of 64. Trastuzumab could not block the binding sites of pertuzumab. Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies TA1 and ID5 could block neither trastuzumab nor pertuzamab binding sites, whereas 4D5 completely block trastuzumab-binding sites as expected. Like trastuzumab, pertuzumab inhibited invasion of breast cancer cells. In conclusion, HER2 antibodies pertuzumab and trastuzumab differ in their effect on cell signaling and growth inhibition in breast cancer cells.
Why ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride is special (2010)

Ferroelectric polymers entail a number of constraints, which together limit the useful compositional variations. These constraints include the following: a stable molecular dipole moment, compact crystal structure, conformational flexibility, and minimal steric hindrance. They are well satisfied by the prototype ferroelectric polymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and yet almost every other conceivable molecular structure is limited by comparison.
Creating a Reliable Mass Spectral–Retention Time Library for All Ion Fragmentation-Based Metabolomics (2019)

Accurate metabolite identification remains one of the primary challenges in a metabolomics study. A reliable chemical spectral library increases the confidence in annotation, and the availability of raw and annotated data in public databases facilitates the transfer of Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods across laboratories. Here, we illustrate how the combination of MS2 spectra, accurate mass, and retention time can improve the confidence of annotation and provide techniques to create a reliable library for all ion fragmentation (AIF) data with a focus on the characterization of the retention time. The resulting spectral library incorporates information on adducts and in-source fragmentation in AIF data, while noise peaks are effectively minimized through multiple deconvolution processes. We also report the development of the Mass Spectral LIbrary MAnager (MS-LIMA) tool to accelerate library sharing and transfer across laboratories. This library construction strategy improves the confidence in annotation for AIF data in LC-MS-based metabolomics and will facilitate the sharing of retention time and mass spectral data in the metabolomics community.