gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total Emissions Control Possible with LP-Gas Vehicle (1968)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A 1966 compact van, converted to operate on LP-gas and evaluated under the federal exhaust emissions procedure, approached several definitions of a “pollution-free vehicle.” Specific pollutant results were as follows: <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels of 126 ppm and 0.3%, respectively, were below the 1968 and 1970 emission limits.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Certain LP-gas fuel system designs promise to eliminate all evaporative losses.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The exhaust hydrocarbons were 70% less reactive than those in gasoline exhaust.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">4.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Aldehydes, a highly reactive class of exhaust compounds, were low.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">5.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Oxides of nitrogen were significantly higher with LP-gas because of operation at maximum economy mixtures and maximum power spark advance.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">6.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of a catalytic muffler and rich LP-gas mixtures produced very low oxides of nitrogen levels with other pollutants below the 1968 limits.</div></li></ol></div>
Anionic ring opening polymerization by alkali metal solutions (1986)

Abstract The alkali metal solutions were found to be active initiators in the ring‐opening polymerization of β‐lactones. The chemistry of those solutions and their activity as initiators were discussed.
The AMD Opteron Northbridge Architecture (2007)

To increase performance while operating within a fixed power budget, the AMD opteron processor integrates multiple times86-64 cores with a router and memory controller. AMD's experience with building a wide variety of system topologies using Opteron's hypertransport-based processor interface has provided useful lessons that expose the challenges to be addressed when designing future system interconnect, memory hierarchy, and I/O to scale with both the number of cores and sockets in future times86-64 CMP architectures.
Bimodal Viral Vectors and<i>In Vivo</i>Imaging Reveal the Fate of Human Neural Stem Cells in Experimental Glioma Model (2008)

Transplantation of genetically engineered cells into the CNS offers immense potential for the treatment of several neurological disorders. Monitoring expression levels of transgenes and following changes in cell function and distribution over time is critical in assessing therapeutic efficacy of such cells in vivo. We have engineered lentiviral vectors bearing fusions between different combinations of fluorescent and bioluminescent marker proteins and used bioluminescence imaging and intravital-scanning microscopy in real time to study the fate of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) at a cellular resolution in glioma-bearing brains in vivo. Using Renilla luciferase (Rluc)-DsRed2 or GFP-Rluc-expressing malignant human glioma model, transduced hNSCs were shown to migrate extensively toward gliomas, with hNSCs populating gliomas at 10 d after transplantation. Furthermore, transduced hNSCs survived longer in mice with gliomas than in normal brain, but did not modulate glioma progression in vivo. These studies demonstrate the utility of bimodal viral vectors and real-time imaging in evaluating fate of NSCs in diseased models and thus provide a platform for accelerating cell-based therapies for CNS disorders.
Protective Effect of Etomidate on Kainic Acid-induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Hippocampus (2001)

(limbic system) (hippocampus) (CA1, CA3) , 2 CA3, CA1 (pyramidal neuron), (amygdaloid nucleus) kainic acid (KA) .
Atmospheric correction for inland waters—application to SeaWiFS (2005)

Inland waters are an increasingly valuable natural resource that has major impact and benefits for population and environment. The new generation of ocean colour sensors has better spatial resolution, and hence are suitable for monitoring water quality of lakes. As an alternative to standard algorithms developed for oceans, which often fail over inland waters, we propose here a scheme based on aerosol remote sensing over land. The ocean colour sensors have spectral bands that allow characterization of aerosols over dark land pixels (vegetation in the blue and in the red spectral bands). It is then possible to use a representative aerosol model (aerosol optical thickness and aerosol type) for atmospheric correction over inland waters after validating the spatial homogeneity of the aerosol model in the lake vicinity. The performance of this new algorithm is shown in Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) scenes of Lakes Balaton (Hungary) and Constance (Germany). We demonstrate the good spatial homogeneity of the aerosols and the meaningfulness of the water‐leaving reflectances derived over these two lakes. We also addressed the particularity of Fresnel reflection computation. The direct to diffuse term of this Fresnel contribution is reduced because of the limited size of the lake. Based on the primary scattering approximation, we propose a simple formulation of this component. A specific Fresnel correction needs to be developed to fulfil the accuracy requirements.
A new video noise reduction algorithm using spatial subbands (2002)

Noise filtering in television receivers provides an attractive feature, especially under sub-optimal reception conditions. This paper describes a concept of temporal recursive noise filtering in video signals for a standard interlaced TV environment based on the visual noise perception characteristics and on different processing modules in the spatial subbands. The subband (highs and lows channels) oriented algorithm allows optimal noise filtering based on a 2-channel-model of the human visual system. An adequate combination of two different subband based motion detection techniques is proposed. Therefore, different procedures in the highs and lows channels lead to results well matched to the requirements of the human visual system. An evaluation of the new concept is included. A comparison to known motion adaptive noise filter techniques shows a significant improvement of the scheme. Experiments using the new noise reduction scheme on MPEG-received video images show that a good quality improvement of noisy source materials can be achieved.
Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD1- and NOD2-activating agonists (2005)

Muropeptides are degradation products of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) sensed by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, members of a recently discovered family of pattern recognition molecules (PRM). One of these muropeptides, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) mediates cell signaling by NOD2, exerts adjuvant activity and synergizes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce pro-inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, few and contradictory results exist about the stimulatory capacity of NOD1 agonists. Thus, the ability of NOD1 (MurNAc-L-Ala--D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid, MtriDAP) and NOD2 (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln, MDP; MurNAc-L-Ala--D-Glu-L-Lys, MtriLYS) agonists to activate primary human myeloid cells was examined. We show that both CD14+ monocytes and CD1a+ immature dendritic cells (DC) express NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA. Stimulation of primary human monocytes and DC with highly purified muropeptides (MtriDAP, MDP and MtriLYS) induces release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We reveal here that NOD1 as well as NOD2 agonists act cooperatively with LPS to stimulate the release of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in these myeloid cell subsets. Finally, we report that NOD1 as well as NOD2 agonists synergize with sub-active doses of LPS to induce DC maturation, demonstrating that NOD agonists act cooperatively with molecules sensed by Toll-like receptor 4 to instruct the onset of adaptive immune responses.
Cobalamin‐Dependent and Cobalamin‐Independent Methionine Synthases: Are There Two Solutions to the Same Chemical Problem? (2003)

Abstract Two enzymes in Escherichia coli , cobalamin‐independent methionine synthase (MetE) and cobalamin‐dependent methionine synthase (MetH), catalyze the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine using N (5)‐methyltetrahydrofolate (CH 3 ‐H 4 folate) as the Me donor. Despite the absence of sequence homology, these enzymes employ very similar catalytic strategies. In each case, the p K a for the SH group of Hcy is lowered by coordination to Zn 2+ , which increases the concentration of the reactive thiolate at neutral pH. In each case, activation of CH 3 ‐H 4 folate appears to involve protonation at N(5). CH 3 ‐H 4 folate remains unprotonated in binary E⋅CH 3 ‐H 4 folate complexes, and protonation occurs only in the ternary E⋅CH 3 ‐H 4 folate⋅Hcy complex in MetE, or in the ternary E⋅CH 3 ‐H 4 folate⋅cob(I)alamin complex in MetH. Surprisingly, the similarities are proposed to extend to the structures of these two unrelated enzymes. The structure of a homologue of the Hcy‐binding region of MetH, betainehomocysteine methyltransferase, has been determined. A search of the three‐dimensional‐structure data base by means of the structure‐comparison program DALI indicates similarity of the BHMT structure with that of uroporphyrin decarboxylase (UroD), a homologue of the MT2‐A and MT2‐M proteins from Archaea, which catalyze Me transfers from methylcorrinoids to coenzyme M and share the Zn‐binding scaffold of MetE. Here, we present a model for the Zn binding site of MetE, obtained by grafting the Zn ligands of MT2‐A onto the structure of UroD.
SIMPLE NEURON MODELS FOR INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS (1996)

Recently, several neural algorithms have been introduced for Independent component Analysis. Here we approach the problem from the point of view of a single neuron. First, simple Hebbian-like learning rules are introduced for estimating one of the independent components from sphered data. Some of the learning rules can be used to estimate an independent components which has a negative kurtosis, and the others estimate a component of positive kurtosis. Next, a two-unit system is introduced to estimate an independent component of any kurtosis. The results are then generalized to estimate independent components from non-sphered (raw) mixtures. To separate several independent components, a system of several neurons with linear negative feedback is used. The convergence of the learning rules is rigorously proven without any unnecessary hypotheses on the distribution of the independent components.
Delay and Capacity Trade-Offs in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Global Perspective (2007)

Since the original work of Grossglauser and Tse, which showed that mobility can increase the capacity of an ad hoc network, there has been a lot of interest in characterizing the delay-capacity relationship in ad hoc networks. Various mobility models have been studied in the literature, and the delay-capacity relationships under those models have been characterized. The results indicate that there are trade-offs between the delay and capacity, and that the nature of these trade-offs is strongly influenced by the choice of the mobility model. Some questions that arise are: (i) How representative are these mobility models studied in the literature? (ii) Can the delay-capacity relationship be significantly different under some other "reasonable" mobility model? (iii) What sort of delay-capacity trade-off are we likely to see in a real world scenario? In this paper, we take the first step toward answering some of these questions. In particular, we analyze, among others, the mobility models studied in recent related works, under a unified framework. We relate the nature of delay-capacity trade-off to the nature of node motion, thereby providing a better understanding of the delay-capacity relationship in ad hoc networks in comparison to earlier works.
Parametric Amplification in Spatially Extended Media and Application to the Design of Tuneable Oscillators at Optical Frequencies (1962)

A theory of traveling wave and backward wave variable-parameter amplification appropriate to the amplification of a light beam is developed. It is an extension of the theory of Tien and Suhl for one-dimensional propagation to the case in which the pump wave, signal wave, and idler waves have different directions of propagation. The theory is then applied to the design of a tuneable oscillator at optical wavelengths. The device is tuned by changing the orientation of a parallel mirror system. It appears that currently available pulsed laser powers are sufficient to drive such devices and that a continuous tuning range over a three-to-one interval in frequency is possible.
A Lattice-Based Model for Recommender Systems (2008)

A major challenge in building recommender systems is organizing the recommendation space since, the underlying data organization scheme has a significant impact on the overall performance and capabilities of the recommender system. Lattices offer a natural scheme to encode the recommender space, and their structural properties could be leveraged to efficiently retrieve recommendations. In our lattice-based approach, we present a generic framework and algorithms for building recommender systems. The algorithms convert user ratings into concepts; organize concepts into coherent lattices by imposing constraints based on collaborative filtering, and enable fast querying of lattices for generating recommendations. A lattice-based model also offers interesting insights into the complex higher-level interrelationships between entities in the data. We apply our algorithms on two real-world datasets and demonstrate their capabilities in generating quality recommendations in real-time.
Design for environment can be profitable-a case study of the paper feeder in the IBM printer 4234 (2002)

This paper describes how to redesign an old design to fulfil environmental constraints, i.e. re-use, recycling, substitution of hazardous processes. The new design is far easier to disassemble and is also easier to assemble. The production cost is also reduced (approx. 200 SEK or 25 US Dollars per unit) for the new paper feeder because of the change of manufacturing method. The usage of the new manufacturing method will probably be less environmentally hazardous.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extensions of Conformal Modules (1998)

In this paper we classify extensions between irreducible finite conformal modules over the Virasoro algebra, over the current algebras and over their semidirect sum.
Polyunsaturated phospholipids promote the oxidation and fragmentation of γ-hydroxyalkenals: formation and reactions of oxidatively truncated ether phospholipids (2007)

Low density lipoprotein contains traces of biologically active platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like ether phosphatidylcholines (PCs). These oxidatively truncated alkylacylphosphatidylcholines (OxPAFs) are presumably formed through the oxidative truncation of 1-alkyl-2-polyunsaturated fatty acyl PCs. We now report that a diverse structural variety of OxPAFs are generated in small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) upon myeloperoxidase (MPO)-promoted autoxidation of ether PCs that incorporate linoleoyl, arachidonyl, or docosahexaenoyl groups at the sn-2 position. Total syntheses are reported that confirm the identities of the new OxPAFs and will facilitate the evaluation of their biologically important chemistry and activities. Especially noteworthy is the formation of OxPAFs containing gamma-hydroxyalkenal functionality. Analogous oxidatively truncated diacylphosphatidylcholines are biologically important because they and their more oxidized derivatives are strong ligands for the scavenger receptor CD36. Furthermore, their covalent adduction with proteins can interfere with protein function or generate biologically active carboxyalkylpyrrole derivatives. We now find a profound influence of membrane composition on the stability of OxPAFs. In the presence of a polyunsaturated diacyl PC, the linoleic acid ester of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine, MPO induces the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids and the further oxidative truncation of gamma-hydroxyalkenals. Remarkably, these reactions do not occur readily with MPO in SUVs composed entirely of saturated diacyl-PCs. A mechanistic rationale is presented that can account for this dichotomy.
General and Abdominal Adiposity and Risk of Death in Europe (2008)

These data suggest that both general adiposity and abdominal adiposity are associated with the risk of death and support the use of waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio in addition to BMI in assessing the risk of death.
A Survey of Model Evaluation Approaches With a Tutorial on Hierarchical Bayesian Methods (2008)

This article reviews current methods for evaluating models in the cognitive sciences, including theoretically based approaches, such as Bayes factors and minimum description length measures; simulation approaches, including model mimicry evaluations; and practical approaches, such as validation and generalization measures. This article argues that, although often useful in specific settings, most of these approaches are limited in their ability to give a general assessment of models. This article argues that hierarchical methods, generally, and hierarchical Bayesian methods, specifically, can provide a more thorough evaluation of models in the cognitive sciences. This article presents two worked examples of hierarchical Bayesian analyses to demonstrate how the approach addresses key questions of descriptive adequacy, parameter interference, prediction, and generalization in principled and coherent ways.
Chemical composition and morphology of individual aerosol particles from a CARIBIC flight at 10 km altitude between 50°N and 30°S (2008)

Analysis of individual particles by analytical electron microscopy as well as quantitative analysis using particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and particle elastic scattering analysis (PESA) were carried out on samples collected from a flight at 10 km altitude between 50°N and 30°S as part of the Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (CARIBIC) project ( http://www.caribic-atmospheric.com ). Particle morphology showed large variability with sampling latitude. Complicated branched structures dominated the large particles of the extratropical northern and southern hemisphere and the northern tropics. Particles in the tropics of the southern hemisphere were small in size and large in number concentration, whereas particles in or close to the intertropical convergence zone were few and small in size. Particles in the lowermost stratosphere were found to have similar structures but more branched than the ones found in the upper troposphere of the extratropics. Quantitative analysis revealed that the sulfur concentration varied by a factor of 50 in the nine samples analyzed in this study. The carbon‐to‐sulfur mass concentration ratio was lowest in the lowermost stratosphere (0.5) and highest in the tropics of the southern hemisphere (3.5). The elemental distribution of carbon and sulfur in individual particles was mapped by energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Almost all particles analyzed contained a mixture of carbonaceous and sulfurous matter. Particles with satellites were found by EFTEM to contain both carbon and sulfur in the central particle, whereas in the satellite particles only carbonaceous material was detected.
Physics Of In-Situ Laser Deposition Of Superconducting Thin Films (1990)

The physics of the in-situ laser deposition process is reviewed. Emphasis will be placed on the use of excimer lasers, and the deposition of YBCO thin films. It will be shown that the laser target interaction conditions, and the properties of the laser generated plume are inducive to the formation of high quality films. In addition to the formation of energetic atomic beams, laser deposition is also highly compatible with reactive deposition which make it suitable for oxide and nitride films. An in-situ diagnostic technique is introduced which is capable of detecting the inter-facial boundary layer between the film and the substrate. It is also shown that post-deposition in-situ oxidation is necessary for the formation of superconducting films.
Thermal resistance analysis by induced transient (TRAIT) method for power electronic devices thermal characterization. I. Fundamentals and theory (1998)

In this paper, a careful theoretical analysis of the thermal dynamics of an electronic device and its package was carried out in order to study the problem of the equivalent thermal circuit implementation. It was found that the device temperature evolution in time is ruled by an infinite and convergent series of time constants. The knowledge of the first n terms of the time-constant spectrum obtained from the temperature transient measurements allows the complete characterization of a suitable and reliable equivalent thermal circuit structured as a Cauer low-pass network with n cells. The total thermal resistance is therefore evaluated as a sum of several contributions due to given parts of the whole system. The techniques allowing the physical identifications of these contributions are also discussed. Furthermore, the influence of plastic coverage on the device thermal behavior is taken into account. The proposed characterization method is also applied to one-dimensional (1-D) multilayered simulated structures in order to study the influence of the number of time constants used for the analysis and effects of local defects or modifications of the material thermal properties.
Synthesis of soluble, branched polyphenyls (1972)

Abstract The cotrimerization of phenylacetylene and diethynylbenzene yields high molecular weight highly branched polyphenyls. The polymers obtained have the usual thermal stability. They are soluble in common chlorinated solvents.
Three-Dimensional X-Ray Imaging and Analysis of Fungi on and in Wood (2009)

As wood is prone to fungal degradation, fundamental research is necessary to increase our knowledge aiming at product improvement. Several imaging modalities are capable of visualizing fungi, but the X-ray equipment presented in this article can envisage fungal mycelium in wood nondestructively in three dimensions with submicron resolution. Four types of wood subjected to the action of the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor (Linnaeus) Quélet (CTB 863 A) were scanned using an X-ray-based approach. Comparison of wood volumes before and after fungal exposure, segmented manually or semiautomatically, showed the presence of the fungal mass on and in the wood samples and therefore demonstrated the usefulness of computed X-ray tomography for mycological and wood research. Further improvements to the experimental setup are necessary to resolve individual hyphae and enhance segmentation.