gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CLONAL VARIATION IN RASPBERRY FRUIT PHENOLICS AND RELEVANCE FOR DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT (2007)

ABSTRACT The health-relevant functionality of fruit extracts from 12 Rubus cultivars was evaluated for potential diabetes and hypertension management. Inhibition of in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE-1) activity was evaluated in conjunction with phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Black raspberries, Jewel and MacBlack cultivars, had the highest overall phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Red raspberry cultivars, Nova, Heritage and K81-6, showed the overall highest α-amylase inhibition in water and ethanol extracts. Jewel, a black raspberry cultivar, had the lowest α-amylase inhibitory activity of 40% or lower. Ethanol extracts of all 12 cultivars showed high inhibitory activity (above 85%) against α-glucosidase. The yellow raspberry, KCB-1, was the most effective at inhibiting α-glucosidase in both water and ethanol extracts. Fruit extracts of the yellow raspberries, KCB-1 and Kiwi Gold, showed the most potential for ACE-1 inhibition. Jewel and the red raspberry, Caroline, also had good activity against ACE-1. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The insights from this research provide the biochemical rationale for further in vivo studies based on in vitro enzyme inhibition studies. This structure-function-based rationale can help to target specific cultivars of raspberry with specific and uniform phenolic profiles for diet designs targeted for managing early stages of type II diabetes and hypertension. The structure-function rationale of this in vitro study can also provide the directions for better design of animal and human clinical studies for more precise dietary recommendations for the previously mentioned chronic disease targets.
A Case-Control Study of Spermicides and Gonorrhea (1984)

A case-control study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of vaginal spermicides as a prophylaxis against gonorrhea. The subjects included 735 women with gonorrhea and 958 controls seen in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. The relative risk (RR) of gonorrhea for spermicide users compared with nonusers was 0.67 with 90% confidence limits, 0.44 to 1.0. This RR was 0.47 (90% confidence limits, 0.25 to 0.87) after the exclusion of women using oral contraceptives, an intrauterine device, or with a tubal ligation. The protective effect of spermicides was confined largely to women who had also used diaphragms or whose partners had used condoms. The RR of gonorrhea for spermicide and condom users relative to nonusers of spermicides, condoms, and diaphragms was 0.41 (90% confidence limits, 0.21 to 0.79), while for spermicide and diaphragm users, this RR was 0.45 (90% confidence limits, 0.15 to 1.3). These results suggest that a woman can appreciably decrease her risk of contracting gonorrhea if she uses spermicides in conjunction with either the diaphragm or the condom.
Scheduling programs with conditional branches for look-ahead dynamically reconfigurable systems (2006)

The paper presents an extension of task scheduling algorithms for dynamically look-ahead reconfigurable multi-processor systems to account for conditional branches in programs. The target architecture assumes preparing link connections in advance in redundant connection switches in parallel with program execution. It provides time transparency of inter-processor connection setting at program run-time. Application programs are partitioned into sections, which execute using fixed look-ahead prepared connections. Programs are represented by a new graph representation - branching task graph (BTG), which composed including macro-dataflow and control-flow paradigms. The BTG enables extending known up-to-now scheduling algorithms of program graphs with fully static control towards scheduling of graphs data dependent control. The new scheduling algorithm includes branch handling techniques based on detection of mutually-exclusive paths in the graphs and scheduling paths in branches according to their probabilities. The program partitioning into sections uses modified iterative clustering heuristics. An example shows advantages of the proposed method.
NEAR MINIMAL WEIGHTED WORD GRAPHS FOR POST-PROCESSING SPEECH (1999)

Large vocabulary speech recognition applications can benefit from an efficient data structure for representing large numbers of acoustic hypotheses compactly. Word graphs or lattices generated by acoustic recognition engines are generally not compact and must be post-processed to keep lattice sizes small; however, algorithms designed for this task need to reduce the size of the lattice without either eliminating hypotheses or distorting their relative acoustic probabilities. In this paper, we will discuss the relevant criteria for measuring graph size, compare the advantages of two different structures for graphs, and introduce a new data structure and compression algorithm which give additional graph compression and maintain exact hypothesis path scores by storing probability information on both nodes and arcs within the graph. 1. INTRODUCTION Many recognition systems use word lattices or graphs as mechanisms for representing sentence hypotheses and interfacing with additional knowle...
Use of<i>F</i>-BODIPYs as a Protection Strategy for Dipyrrins: Optimization of BF<sub>2</sub>Removal (2012)

We recently reported the first general method for the deprotection of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacenes (F-BODIPYs) involving a microwave-assisted procedure for the removal of the BF(2) moiety, and liberation of the corresponding free-base dipyrrin. Further optimization of the reaction has resulted in a more convenient and accessible protocol. The availability of this new methodology enables BF(2)-complexation to be used as a dipyrrin protection strategy. Herein lies a detailed examination of the deprotection reaction, with a view to optimization and gaining mechanistic insight, and its application in facilitating a multistep synthesis of pyrrolyldipyrrins.
Evaluation of risk factors for degenerative joint disease associated with hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Rottweilers (2001)

Results indicated that the probability of having hip DJD increased with hip joint laxity as measured by use of DI. This association was breed-specific, indicating that breed-specific information on disease susceptibility should be incorporated when making breeding decisions and when deciding on possible surgical treatment of hip dysplasia.
Tanshinones Inhibit Mast Cell Degranulation by Interfering with IgE Receptor-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PLCγ2 and MAPK<i/> (2004)

Recently we have isolated four active components from Tanshen (the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Labiatae) responsible for the anti-allergic activities. In this study, the molecular mechanism of action of tanshinones for the inhibition of mast cell degranulation was investigated by testing their effects on the signaling components of the high affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI. Activation of FcepsilonRI produced immediate tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK1/ERK2 (p44, p42), and phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2). 5,16-Dihydrotanshinone-I possessed the strongest inhibitory effects on mast cell degranulation and markedly reduced FcepsilonRI-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK and PLCgamma2. This suggests that tanshinones possibly exert their anti-allergic activities by affecting FcepsilonRI-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK and PLCgamma2. Abbreviations. FcepsilonRI:high affinity IgE receptor ERK:extracellular signal regulated kinase PLC: phospholipase C
Multifaceted roles of β-arrestins in the regulation of seven-membrane-spanning receptor trafficking and signalling (2003)

Beta-arrestins are cytosolic proteins that bind to activated and phosphorylated G-protein-coupled receptors [7MSRs (seven-membrane-spanning receptors)] and uncouple them from G-protein-mediated second messenger signalling pathways. The binding of beta-arrestins to 7MSRs also leads to new signals via activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) such as JNK3 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3), ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and p38 MAPKs. By binding to endocytic proteins [clathrin, AP2 (adapter protein 2), NSF (N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) and ARF6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6)], beta-arrestins also serve as adapters to link the receptors to the cellular trafficking machinery. Agonist-promoted ubiquitination of beta-arrestins is a prerequisite for their role in receptor internalization, as well as a determinant of the differing trafficking patterns of distinct classes of receptors. Recently, beta-arrestins have also been implicated as playing novel roles in cellular chemotaxis and apoptosis. By virtue of their ability to bind, in a stimulus-dependent fashion, to 7MSRs as well as to different classes of cellular proteins, beta-arrestins serve as versatile adapter proteins that regulate the signalling and trafficking of the receptors.
Performance enhancement for relational systems through query compilation (1979)

In recent years, considerable research has been directed toward the relational model of data first proposed in Reference 5 . The advantages of this approach have been discussed elsewhere, however they can be summarized as follows: (1) the user is presented with a very simple view of his data (i.e., organized as tables of information), (2) the user is freed from explicitly knowing the underlying implementation structure of his data (i.e., data independence) and (3) very powerful non-procedural, set-oriented query languages can be defined for the relational model because of its simple conceptual structure.
Group delay in glass-fibre waveguide (1971)

The group delay in a single-mode glass fibre appears to be dominated by the glass dispersion but could, in principle, be reduced considerably by using glass with a certain index/frequency characteristic. In a fibre communication system, with a GaAs laser as transmitter, the large frequency spread of the present-day laser is the most serious factor limiting the bandwidth.
Treatment of Children with Port-Wine Stains Using the Flashlamp-Pulsed Tunable Dye Laser (1989)

Thirty-five children, three months to 14 years of age, with disfiguring port-wine stains were treated with a flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser. All had complete clearing of the stains after an average of 6.5 laser treatments to each lesional area; skin over bony prominences required approximately half as many sessions as skin on the cheek. Children less than seven years old required fewer sessions (mean +/- SD, 5.8 +/- 1.1) than older children (7.1 +/- 1.1; P less than 0.05). Treated skin was identical in texture and color to adjacent normal skin in 33 (94.3 percent) of the children, whereas 2 (5.7 percent) had small, isolated, depressed scars in areas accidentally traumatized soon after laser treatment. The only other side effect was transient hyperpigmentation, which occurred in 20 patients (57 percent). These results can be attributed to two distinguishing characteristics of the flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser: an emission wavelength of 577 nm, theoretically ideal for selective absorption by the intravascular target oxyhemoglobin, and a pulse duration of 360 microseconds, which closely matches the thermal relaxation time for dermal blood vessels and hence avoids diffuse nonspecific thermal necrosis with subsequent scarring of the treated skin.
Direct Torque Control of Brushless DC Motor with Non-sinusoidal Back-EMF (2007)

In this paper, a direct torque control (DTC) technique for brushless dc (BLDC) motors with non-sinusoidal back-EMF operating in the constant torque region is presented. This approach introduces a two-phase conduction mode as opposed to the conventional three-phase DTC drives. In this control scheme, only two phases conduct at any instant of time. Unlike conventional six-step PWM current control, by properly selecting the inverter voltage space vectors of the two-phase conduction mode from a simple look-up table at a predefined sampling time, the desired quasi-square wave current is obtained. Therefore, a much faster torque response is achieved compared to conventional PWM current control. In this paper, it is also shown that in the constant torque region under the two-phase conduction DTC scheme, the amplitude of the stator flux linkage cannot easily be controlled due to the sharp changes and the curved shape of the flux vector between two consecutive commutation points in the stator flux linkage locus. Furthermore, to eliminate the low- frequency torque oscillations caused by the non-ideal trapezoidal shape of the actual back-EMF waveform of the BLDC motor, a pre-stored back-EMF versus position look-up table is designed. As a result, it is possible to achieve DTC of a BLDC motor drive with faster torque response due to the fact that the voltage space vectors are directly controlled while the stator flux linkage amplitude is deliberately kept almost constant by ignoring the flux control in the constant torque region. Since the flux control along with PWM generation is removed, fewer algorithms are required for the proposed control scheme. A theoretical concept is developed and the validity and effectiveness of the proposed DTC scheme are verified through the simulations and experimental results.
Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic (2012)

The kappa statistic is frequently used to test interrater reliability. The importance of rater reliability lies in the fact that it represents the extent to which the data collected in the study are correct representations of the variables measured. Measurement of the extent to which data collectors (raters) assign the same score to the same variable is called interrater reliability. While there have been a variety of methods to measure interrater reliability, traditionally it was measured as percent agreement, calculated as the number of agreement scores divided by the total number of scores. In 1960, Jacob Cohen critiqued use of percent agreement due to its inability to account for chance agreement. He introduced the Cohen's kappa, developed to account for the possibility that raters actually guess on at least some variables due to uncertainty. Like most correlation statistics, the kappa can range from -1 to +1. While the kappa is one of the most commonly used statistics to test interrater reliability, it has limitations. Judgments about what level of kappa should be acceptable for health research are questioned. Cohen's suggested interpretation may be too lenient for health related studies because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be acceptable. Kappa and percent agreement are compared, and levels for both kappa and percent agreement that should be demanded in healthcare studies are suggested.
Synthesis, post-translational processing, and autocrine transforming activity of a carboxylterminal truncated form of colony stimulating factor-1. (1988)

The mononuclear phagocyte colony stimulating factor encoded by a 1.6 kilobase pair human cDNA is synthesized as a homodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein that is released from the plasma membrane by proteolysis. Premature termination of the CSF-1 coding sequence upstream of its carboxylterminal transmembrane-spanning segment and expression of the truncated CSF-1 cDNA in either bovine papilloma virus or retrovirus vectors led to the synthesis of a soluble, biologically active growth factor that was rapidly secreted from cells. Like the full-length CSF-1 precursor, the truncated polypeptide was rapidly assembled through disulfide bonds immediately after synthesis and acquired asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains that underwent progressive post-translational modifications during intracellular transport. Soluble CSF-1 encoded by the truncated cDNA stimulated the formation of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophage colonies in semisolid medium and induced transformation of mouse NIH-3T3 cells when coexpressed with the human c-fms proto-oncogene product (CSF-1 receptor). Compared to results obtained with the full-length CSF-1 cDNA, the efficiency of transformation obtained with the truncated CSF-1 gene was reduced, in spite of the fact that transfected cultures produced similar levels of the extracellular growth factor. The results indicate that CSF-1 amino acid residues 1-158 (together with the aminoterminal signal peptide at residues -32 to -1) are sufficient for biological activity and that CSF-1 cDNAs encoding either membrane-bound or soluble precursors are active in autocrine transformation.
Stereochemical control of reductions. 5. Effects of electron density and solvent on group haptophilicity (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemical control of reductions. 5. Effects of electron density and solvent on group haptophilicityHugh W. Thompson, Eugene McPherson, and Barbara L. LencesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 17, 2903–2906Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00879a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00879a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views371Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>Ex situ</i> variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry studies on chemical vapor deposited boron-doped diamond films: Layered structure and modeling aspects (2008)

We report the optical property measurements on boron-doped diamond (BDD) films which were synthesized by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique on Si (100) using methane in high hydrogen dilution and trimethylboron as precursors with varying boron concentration such that [B]∕[C]gas=100, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 6467ppm. These BDD films were investigated using a rotating analyzer variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) from the near IR to UV range (830–193nm). By applying the conventional Bruggeman effective medium approximation and linear regression analyses to the raw SE data that is, [ψ(λi),Δ(λi)] and pseudodielectric function (⟨εr(λi)⟩,⟨εi(λi)⟩), we determined the most appropriate model fit. The SE modeling was performed through the normal and point-by-point fit methods combined with the coupled and uncoupled bulk and surface layer approaches providing the details about the thin films’ microstructure in terms of the (a) multilayer (component and surface) structure and component layer thickness of the films, (b)volume fraction of constituents [fsp3C, fsp2C and void (fv) in the component layer], (c) inhomogeneity of the structure along the growth axis and its variation with boron concentration, and (iv) surface roughness layer thickness (ds) with dimensions less than the optical wavelength that is not otherwise available. A simplified three-layer structural model consisting of an interfacial layer, an intermediate (or bulk) layer, and a top surface roughness layer has been proposed, which simulates the ellipsometry data reasonably well with coupled point-by-point method. An estimator, i.e., mean squared error (χ2), is used to assess the accuracy of the model fit. The results (surface roughness and constituents’ fraction) obtained through SE modeling are also compared with those from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy to validate the layered model employed. Typically, high surface roughness values around 6nm were found for films grown under different boron concentrations which is almost five times smaller than determined from AFM. In this context, we determined an approximate linear relationship between these two variables. The relatively smaller surface roughness for BDD films indicates the combined role of boron-hydrogen (B, H) in diamond (C) while keeping the substrate temperature constant. We also discussed the variation of (fv and fnd) for the bulk and surface layers with increasing boron concentration.
Use of linear free energy related and other parameters in the study of fungicidal selectivity (1976)

Abstract The modulation of fungicidal activity in a congeneric series of compounds is dependent on several processes taking place in the biological object which may be influenced by the different hydrophobic, electronic and steric properties of the members of the series. These possible influences can be studied in a quantitative way with multiple regression analysis using substituent constants for the properties mentioned. The comparative study of the resulting regression equations for the activity on different fungi or on a fungus and another biological subject may contribute to an understanding of fungicidal selectivity. This is illustrated in studies on the fungitoxicity of isophthalonitriles, 2‐chlorobenzonitriles, arylsulphonyl‐ and arylsulphinyl‐alkylthio‐cyanates, acetylenic sulphones, methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamates and phosphorus compounds derived from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole. In these studies new steric parameters were used, which have been introduced recently.
Male Sterility in Flowering Plants: Are Plant Growth Substances Involved? (1994)

Male sterility in flowering plants is of tremendous importance not only in molecular and developmental studies of stamen and pollen grains and evolutionary studies on the origin of dioecy, but also in its commercial application in hybrid seed production. This paper reviews the literature on the possible involvement of plant growth substances (PGSs) in male sterility, and in normal stamen and pollen development. Different experimental approaches on a number of male sterile systems and normal plants have shown that nearly all PGSs, i.e., gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin, abscisic acid, and ethylene, directly or indirectly influence the expression of male sterility. Analyses of endogenous PGSs have revealed that in male sterile plants the level and/or metabolism of more than one PGS is affected. These studies support the suggestion that it is the relative ratio of various PGSs, rather than any one substance, that is critical for normal stamen and pollen development. It is also proposed that gene-regulated male sterility is likely mediated through an altered balance of endogenous PGSs in developing flowers and stamens.