gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Versatile Phase Transfer Method for the Efficient Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles: Towards Controlled Nanoparticle Dispersion in a Polymer Matrix (2016)

In electronic devices based on hybrid materials such as nonvolatile memory elements (NVMEs), it is essential to control precisely the dispersion of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in an insulating polymer matrix such as polystyrene in order to control the functionality of the device. In this work the incorporation of AuNPs in polystyrene films is controlled by tuning the surface functionalization of the metallic nanoparticles via ligand exchange. Two ligands with different structures were used for functionalization: 1-decanethiol and thiol-terminated polystyrene. This paper presents a versatile method for the modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with thiol-terminated polystyrene ligands via phase transfer process. An organic colloid of AuNPs (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">5</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">1</mml:mn></mml:math> nm diameter) is obtained by the phase transfer process (from water to toluene) that allows exchanging the ligand adsorbed on AuNPs surface (hydrophilic citrate/tannic acid to hydrophobic thiols). The stability, size distribution, and precise location of modified AuNPs in the polymer matrix are obtained from UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron tomography. TEM tomographic 3D imaging demonstrates that the modification of AuNPs with thiol-terminated polystyrene results in homogeneous particle distribution in the polystyrene matrix compared to 1-decanethiol modified AuNPs for which a vertical phase separation with a homogeneous layer of AuNPs located at the bottom of the polymer matrix was observed.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS AND SYNTHESES WITH ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS. IV. NEW SYNTHESIS OF OXINDOLE DERIVATIVES BY UTILIZATION OF ORGANONICKEL COMPLEX (1976)

Abstract Aus dem o‐Chlorphenyl‐allyl‐methylamin (I) erhält man mit dem Nickel‐Komplex (II) und den Grignardverbindungen (III) die Komplexe (IV), die dann über diskutierte Zwischenstufen in schlechten Ausbeuten zu (V)‐(VII) führen, wobei letzteres nur mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid (IIIb) zu 5% entsteht.
Validation of an approach for improving existing measurement frameworks (2000)

Software organizations are in need of methods to understand, structure, and improve the data their are collecting. We have developed an approach for use when a large number of diverse metrics are already being collected by a software organization (M.G. Mendonca et al., 1998; M.G. Mendonca, 1997). The approach combines two methods. One looks at an organization's measurement framework in a top-down goal-oriented fashion and the other looks at it in a bottom-up data-driven fashion. The top-down method is based on a measurement paradigm called Goal-Question-Metric (GQM). The bottom-up method is based on a data mining technique called Attribute Focusing (AF). A case study was executed to validate this approach and to assess its usefulness in an industrial environment. The top-down and bottom-up methods were applied in the customer satisfaction measurement framework at the IBM Toronto Laboratory. The top-down method was applied to improve the customer satisfaction (CUSTSAT) measurement from the point of view of three data user groups. It identified several new metrics for the interviewed groups, and also contributed to better understanding of the data user needs. The bottom-up method was used to gain new insights into the existing CUSTSAT data. Unexpected associations between key variables prompted new business insights, and revealed problems with the process used to collect and analyze the CUSTSAT data. The paper uses the case study and its results to qualitatively compare our approach against current ad hoc practices used to improve existing measurement frameworks.
Three-dimensional image generation and processing in underwater acoustic vision (2000)

Underwater exploration is becoming more and more important for many applications involving physical, biological, geological, archaeological, and industrial issues. This paper aims at surveying the up-to-date advances in acoustic acquisition systems and data processing techniques, especially focusing on three-dimensional (3-D) short-range imaging for scene reconstruction and understanding. In fact, the advent of smarter and more efficient imaging systems has allowed the generation of good quality high-resolution images and the related design of proper techniques for underwater scene understanding. The term acoustic vision is introduced to generally describe all data processing (especially image processing) methods devoted to the interpretation of a scene. Since acoustics is also used for medical applications, a short overview of the related systems for biomedical acoustic image for motion is provided. The final goal of the paper is to establish the state of-the art of the techniques and algorithms for acoustic image generation and processing, providing technical details and results for the most promising techniques, and pointing out the potential capabilities of this technology for underwater scene understanding.
Electron mobility enhancement in metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown InAlN high-electron-mobility transistors by control of surface morphology of spacer layer (2017)

We demonstrated low-sheet-resistance metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown InAlN high-electron-mobility transistors using AlGaN spacers with excellent surface morphology. We systematically investigated the effects of AlGaN spacer growth conditions on surface morphology and electron mobility. We found that the surface morphology of InAlN barriers depends on that of AlGaN spacers. Ga desorption from AlGaN spacers was suppressed by increasing the trimethylaluminum (TMA) supply rate, resulting in the small surface roughnesses of InAlN barriers and AlGaN spacers. Moreover, we found that an increase in the NH3 supply rate also improved the surface morphologies of InAlN barriers and AlGaN spacers as long as the TMA supply rate was high enough to suppress the degradation of GaN channels. Finally, we realized a low sheet resistance of 185.5 Ω/sq with a high electron mobility of 1210 cm2 V−1 s−1 by improving the surface morphologies of AlGaN spacers and InAlN barriers.
P‐114: A Novel Curved LCD with Highly Durable and Slim Profile (2010)

Abstract We have developed curved liquid crystal display with highly durable glass substrates which are pretreated. Thin glasses lower than 0.5 mm thickness are too breakable to be applied to the mass production of LCDs. Thin Glass substrates for TFT‐LCD can be damaged by abnormal distortion during the process or curved LCD fabrication etc. A novel cell was prepared by lamination of flexible plastic or chemical treatment on the glass surface after polishing from 0.5 mm to 0.1 mm. We have developed 10.1 inch HDS‐LCD (highly durable and slim LCD) with 0.15 mm glass substrate, radius of curvature and maximum endurance weight are 33 cm and 2.8 kgf, respectively.
Common medical abbreviations (1995)

Preface. Acknowledgements. Common Medical Abbreviations, Appendix A-E: Medical Symbols, Greek Alphabet, Common Cardinal Numerals, Metric Weights and Measurements, Decimal Factors.
Effectiveness of Weighted Searching in an Operational IR Environment. (1993)

this paper. First of all, Cirt is a front-end system connected to an operational IR host with real users, queries, databases, hosts, networks, etc. The system used for the research described in this paper was designed similarly and even the same host was used, namely Data-Star. Secondly, the results reported from the Cirt experiment were not really enthusiastic. This is in sharp contrast to our experiment that showed a significant improvement in weighted retrieval over Boolean retrieval. Although the authors claim in [Rob 90] that &apos;Weighted retrieval is capable of achieving results comparable to those obtained with Boolean searching,&apos; the attentive reader notices that the authors actually expected quite a bit more. The main reason for the mediocre success of Cirt was the inability of the host to execute weighted queries. Rather, weighted queries had to be converted into sequences of Boolean queries that were sent to the host and evaluated as if they were issued by a normal Data-Star user. We experienced the same disappointment when we did a similar experiment a year earlier. It seems to be difficult to simulate weighted queries in a Boolean environment especially when some of the basic data like term frequency is not available. In addition, it is well-known that one of the strengths of weighted retrieval is caused by the usually large number of search terms employed. When using Cirt, the users used only a few - 3 search terms because of the time it took to process queries. Therefore, the actual potential of the weighted technique could never really surface. We profited from the fact that a real weighted retrieval algorithm has been built directly into the Data-Star system in the meantime. This algorithm accepts a weighted query q represented by a vector q = (a 1 , a 2...
High frequency of human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type II infection in New Mexico blood donors: determination by sequence- specific oligonucleotide hybridization (1990)

The Albuquerque branch of the United Blood Services system was found to have an unusually high blood donor human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) seroprevalence (0.72 per 1,000). Many studies investigating HTLV seroprevalence and transmission have assumed that all seropositivity is due to HTLV type I (HTLV-I); recent data dispute this conclusion. We investigated the high prevalence of HTLV seropositivity in New Mexico by determining whether HTLV-I or HTLV-II is predominant in our donors. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of proviral DNA from peripheral blood, followed by sequence-specific hybridization with oligonucleotide probes to distinguish the two viruses, we demonstrate that 9 of 10 Western blot-confirmed HTLV-seropositive blood donors from New Mexico are infected with HTLV-II. Implications of this finding for donors and the safety of the blood supply are discussed.
Federated data mining services and a supporting XML-based language (2005)

E-businesses are increasingly looking towards data mining systems for meeting their business intelligence needs. However, the current state of the art in data mining does not allow any one system to be able to meet the diverse business intelligence needs of e-businesses. A second bottleneck is the high initial cost involved in establishing data mining infrastructure within an organisation. We propose the concept of a federated data mining system hosted by an Application Service Provider (ASP) as a means of alleviating the bottlenecks of high cost and diverse data mining needs. We also present an XML DTD, which provides the basis for data mining systems to describe their services and architecture to the rest of the federation.
Hydroxyproline metabolism in mouse models of primary hyperoxaluria (2011)

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) and type 2 (PH2) are rare genetic diseases that result from deficiencies in glyoxylate metabolism. The increased oxalate synthesis that occurs can lead to kidney stone formation, deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidney and other tissues, and renal failure. Hydroxyproline (Hyp) catabolism, which occurs mainly in the liver and kidney, is a prominent source of glyoxylate and could account for a significant portion of the oxalate produced in PH. To determine the sensitivity of mouse models of PH1 and PH2 to Hyp-derived oxalate, animals were fed diets containing 1% Hyp. Urinary excretions of glycolate and oxalate were used to monitor Hyp catabolism and the kidneys were examined to assess pathological changes. Both strains of knockout (KO) mice excreted more oxalate than wild-type (WT) animals with Hyp feeding. After 4 wk of Hyp feeding, all mice deficient in glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR KO) developed severe nephrocalcinosis in contrast to animals deficient in alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT KO) where nephrocalcinosis was milder and with a lower frequency. Plasma cystatin C measurements over 4-wk Hyp feeding indicated no significant loss of renal function in WT and AGXT KO animals, and significant and severe loss of renal function in GRHPR KO animals after 2 and 4 wk, respectively. These data suggest that GRHPR activity may be vital in the kidney for limiting the conversion of Hyp-derived glyoxylate to oxalate. As Hyp catabolism may make a major contribution to the oxalate produced in PH patients, Hyp feeding in these mouse models should be useful in understanding the mechanisms associated with calcium oxalate deposition in the kidney.
Studies on the Laccase of Lentinus edodes: Specificity, Localization and Association with the Development of Fruiting Bodies (1981)

The phenol oxidases from mature fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., a commercially cultivated mushroom, were studied. The major phenol oxidase was a laccase with a pH optimum near 4.0 and an apparent molecular weight of 100000. Catechol oxidase and tyrosinase were also present. The laccase investigated was primarily extracellular; the highest activity was in the pigmented rind of the pileus and in the stipe. Increased laccase activity was associated with rapid growth of non-pigmented aerial mycelium and formation of pigmented primordia and fruiting bodies. Possible functions of the laccase and its regulation during the development of fruiting bodies are discussed.
Optimal temperature for development of poly(methylmethacrylate) (2007)

The authors have investigated a range of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) development temperatures as low as −70°C and characterized their effect on the resolution of PMMA as an electron resist. The results show that cooling, in addition to reducing the sensitivity of the commonly used positive-tone mode of PMMA, also increases the sensitivity of its less commonly used negative-tone mode. They have shown that the resolution-enhancing properties of cold development peak at approximately −15°C as a result of these competing sensitivity changes. At lower temperatures, the high doses required to expose the resist produce significant cross-linking of the polymer, altering its solubility properties and sharply degrading the contrast. If the correct development temperature is used, however, sub-10nm features are readily achievable in PMMA-based scanning electron-beam lithography.
Seeing the forest in spite of the trees (1997)

Deep anaesthesia may impair neuronal, vascular and mitochondrial function facilitating neurological complications, such as delirium and stroke. On the other hand, deep anaesthesia is performed for neuroprotection in critical brain diseases such as status epilepticus or traumatic brain injury. Since the commonly used anaesthetic propofol causes mitochondrial dysfunction, we investigated the impact of the alternative anaesthetic isoflurane on neuro-metabolism. In deeply anaesthetised Wistar rats (burst suppression pattern), we measured increased cortical tissue oxygen pressure (p<sub>ti</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), a ∼35% drop in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and burst-associated neurovascular responses. <i>In vitro</i>, 3% isoflurane blocked synaptic transmission and impaired network oscillations, thereby decreasing the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO<sub>2</sub>). Concerning mitochondrial function, isoflurane induced a reductive shift in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and decreased stimulus-induced FAD transients as Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx was reduced by ∼50%. Computer simulations based on experimental results predicted no direct effects of isoflurane on mitochondrial complexes or ATP-synthesis. We found that isoflurane-induced burst suppression is related to decreased ATP consumption due to inhibition of synaptic activity while neurovascular coupling and mitochondrial function remain intact. The neurometabolic profile of isoflurane thus appears to be superior to that of propofol which has been shown to impair the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Synthesis and biological activity of substituted [[3(S)-(acylamino)-2-oxo-1-azetidinyl]oxy]acetic acids. A new class of heteroatom-activated .beta.-lactam antibiotics (1985)

The synthesis of substituted [[3(S)-(acylamino)-2-oxo-1-azetidinyl]oxy]acetic acids (1) is described. 3-[(Carbobenzyloxy)amino]-N-hydroxy-2-azetidinones (13a,b), prepared from serine and threonine, were alkylated with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl bromoacetate in the presence of potassium carbonate in THF/H2O. Alkylation with secondary alpha-bromo esters was accomplished with potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide. The Cbz group was replaced with the 2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2(Z)-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain by catalytic hydrogenation followed by treatment with 21. Removal of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester with fluoride ion provided derivatives suitable for antimicrobial evaluation. In vitro tests showed that the title compounds possess significant activity predominantly against Gram-negative bacteria.
Kinetics of the ligand exchange reactions between bidentate ligands and rriethylenetetramine nickelate (II) and synthesis of boron (III) subphthalocyanines with various boron substitutions (2007)

Part 1. The kinetics of the ligand exchange reaction between 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline and triethylenetetramine nickel (II) were studied spectrophotometrically over the pH range of 5.2 to 8.0 at 25C. A ternary complex Ni(Trien)(5MP) forms within a few seconds and subsequently reacts with 5MP to form Ni(5MP)3. The reaction is first-order with respect to: [5MP], [Ni(Trien)(5MP)] and [H+]. The rate law is given by: k dt trien Ni d ( )] ( [ = − MP Ni(trien)(5MP) + kH, 5MP Ni(trien)(5MP) [H]) [Ni(trien)][5mp] where: 5MP is 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline and k is the first order rate constant that has units of 1/time. kH, 5mp Ni(trien)(5mp) = 9.78 X 10 M s and k5mp Ni(trien)(5mp) = 9.42 X 10 M s Part 2. Axial substitution on boron (III) subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) were investigated. The Boron subphthalocyanines BsubPcCl and BsubPcOH were synthesized. These derivatives were then used to prepare BsubPcSiHx3, BsubPcBu, and BsubPcOSi(CH2CH2CH2CH3)3. This study represents the first synthesis of axial substitution on boron subphthalocyanine with a tributylsiloxy group. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and high resolution mass spectroscopy.
Effects of asphericity on single-particle polarized light scattering (1993)

Polarized light scattering from individual particles has been analyzed to determine the effects of particle shape. Flow cytometric techniques were used on samples of spherical microspheres and naturally occurring marine algae. An analog of the depolarization ratio was obtained by using crossed polarizers in the source and detector of the flow cytometer. Results suggest that differences between the polarized light scattering of spheres and aspherical particles are not discernible unless the scattered intensities are normalized to the forward scattering, which is roughly equivalent to particulate cross section. This research indicates that polarized light scattering, when normalized to particle size, may provide an indication of the extent of asphericity of hydrosols.
Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths (2004)

Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths compiles information from scattered sources that is often available only to specialists. It provides a complete and usable survey of the rare earth resources, extraction, and production of numerous end products that translates to both laboratory and industrial settings. This book is a source of industry expertis
A Secure IEC-61850 Toolkit for Utility Automation (2009)

This paper addresses development of an opensource Toolkit for constructing secure IEC-61850-based systems for a variety of utility automation applications. Development of the Toolkit was originally focused on control system cyber security. Subsequently, extension of the Toolkit was explored to address grid integration of wind power. It also became necessary to identify the security and other benefits of 61850 and provide tools to enable their achievement. The paper provides some background, an overview of the Toolkit, an overview of 61850 and its benefits, a description of Toolkit architecture and functionality, and a discussion of its status.
Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections (1997)

Nitric oxide (NO) derived from L-arginine by the catalytic action of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in killing parasites. Many cell types express high levels of iNOS when activated by a number of immunological stimuli which include interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. IFN-gamma is typically produced by the Th1 subject of CD4+ T cells, whose differentiation depends on interleukin-12 (IL-12) produced by macrophages. Mice with a disrupted iNOS gene were highly susceptible to Leishmania major infection compared with similarly infected control wild-type mice. The mutant mice developed significantly higher levels of TH1-cell response compared with the control mice, suggesting that NO is likely to be the effector molecule in the immunological control of this and other intracellular parasitic infections. To ensure their survival, the Leishmania parasites have evolved effective means to inhibit NO synthesis. The highly conserved major surface glycolipids, glycoinositol-phospholipids and lipophosphoglycan (LPG), of Leishmania are potent inhibitors of NO synthesis. Furthermore, LPG can also inhibit IL-12 synthesis, thereby indirectly blocking the induction of iNOS. The evolutionary and therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.
New approach to elastrograph imaging: modality-independent elastography (2002)

Medicine today relies on palpation as a first line of investigation in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Tissue stiffness (e.g. a lump found in breast tissue) can signal the growth of a potential life threatening cell mass. As such, elastographic imaging techniques (i.e. direct imaging of tissue stiffness) have recently become of great interest to scientists. In this paper, a new method called Modality Independent Elastography (MIE) will be investigated within the context of a mammographic imaging alternative/complement. This new approach uses measures of image similarity in conjunction with computational models to reconstruct images of tissue stiffness. The real strength in MIE is that any imaging modality (e.g. magnetic resonance, computed tomography, ultrasound) in which the image intensity data remains consistent from a pre- to a post-deformed state could be used in this paradigm. Results illustrate: (1) the encoding of stiffness information within the context of a regional image similarity criterion, (2) the methodology for an iterative elastographic imaging framework and (3) successful elasticity reconstructions.