gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of vilyuisk virus as a picornavirus (1983)

The V-1 strain of Vilyuisk virus, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a chronic case of encephalomyelitis in Siberia and subsequently passaged 41 times in mice, was examined to determine its serological relationship to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus and some physicochemical characteristics of the virion. On the basis of virion size (28 nm), icosahedral symmetry, buoyant density (1.33 g/ml), sedimentation coefficient (150S), and capsid polypeptide profile, Vilyuisk virus appears to belong to the family Picornaviridae. Acute phase mouse antisera were used to study the antigenic relatedness of Vilyuisk, GDVII (the prototypic strain TMEV), and EMC viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that Vilyuisk and GDVII viruses are similar but distant subtypes, and that Vilyuisk and EMC viruses are unrelated.
Sentence similarity based on semantic nets and corpus statistics (2006)

Sentence similarity measures play an increasingly important role in text-related research and applications in areas such as text mining, Web page retrieval, and dialogue systems. Existing methods for computing sentence similarity have been adopted from approaches used for long text documents. These methods process sentences in a very high-dimensional space and are consequently inefficient, require human input, and are not adaptable to some application domains. This paper focuses directly on computing the similarity between very short texts of sentence length. It presents an algorithm that takes account of semantic information and word order information implied in the sentences. The semantic similarity of two sentences is calculated using information from a structured lexical database and from corpus statistics. The use of a lexical database enables our method to model human common sense knowledge and the incorporation of corpus statistics allows our method to be adaptable to different domains. The proposed method can be used in a variety of applications that involve text knowledge representation and discovery. Experiments on two sets of selected sentence pairs demonstrate that the proposed method provides a similarity measure that shows a significant correlation to human intuition
Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on the oxidative metabolism of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1976)

The addition of 0.1 mug/ml of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to a suspension of resting human neutrophils causes a marked stimulation of all aspects of cellular oxidative metabolism normally associated with phagocytosis. PMA induces a greatly increased rate of glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt, increased production of superoxide anion and of hydrogen peroxide, increased cellular chemiluminescence, and increased iodination of protein material. The time course of hexose monophosphate shunt activation and of chemiluminescence are similar to those observed following phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan; the levels of activation achieved in all cases approximate those seen following phagocytosis. These phenomena are not simply reflections of altered cellular permeability, since PMA actually inhibits the uptake of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose and of uniformly labeled amino acids. The addition of PMA similarly inhibits the uptake of 14C-labeled bacteria, suggesting a competition between the effect of the chemical and the process of phagocytosis. These results suggest that PMA activates the cell in the same manner as does phagocytosis. This compound should provide a useful tool for elucidating the metabolic events underlying the phenomena of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Points from Letters: Value of C.P.C.s (1970)

have time, they also have few juniors with whom to share the service load.Sixteen years after qualifying I find that during the house physician's holiday or study leave the service load is greatly increased.
Differential Expression of Inducible Costimulator-Ligand Splice Variants: Lymphoid Regulation of Mouse GL50-B and Human GL50 Molecules (2001)

The process of immunological costimulation between APC and T cells is mediated by protein ligand:receptor interactions. To date, costimulatory receptors known to be expressed by T cells include the structurally related proteins CD28 and the inducible costimulator (ICOS). The ligands to human and mouse ICOS, human GL50 (hGL50), and mouse GL50 (mGL50) were recently cloned and demonstrated to have sequence similarity to the CD28 ligands B7-1 and B7-2. Examination of mGL50 cDNA transcripts by 3'RACE revealed an alternatively spliced form, mGL50-B, that encoded a protein product with a divergent 27-aa intracellular domain. Both mGL50- and mGL50-B-transfected cells exhibited binding to human and mouse ICOS-Ig fusion protein, indicating that the alternate cytoplasmic domain of mGL50-B does not interfere with extracellular interactions with ICOS receptor. Flow cytometric and RT-PCR analysis of BALB/c and RAG1(-/-) mice splenocytes demonstrate that freshly isolated B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells express both splice variant forms of ICOS ligand. Comparative analyses with the human ICOS ligand splice variants hGL50 and B7-H2 indicate that differential splicing at the junction of cytoplasmic exon 6 and exon 7 may be a common method by which GL50-ICOS immunological costimulatory processes are regulated in vivo.
Design of New Ionic Liquids by Neutralization of Imidazole Derivatives with Imide-Type Acids (2001)

A series of new ionic liquids were prepared by neutralizing five different imidazole derivatives with two imide-type acids such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, and their ionic conductivity and thermal properties were investigated. All the imidazolium salts synthesized are liquid at room temperature. The ionic liquid of the methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide system has the best ionic conductivity, at 25°C, of the series of five imidazolium salts. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Exotic fruit fly pests and California agriculture (1989)

Because of their worldwide distribution and numbers, future introductions of fruit flies into California are inevitable. Infestations of economically important pests, including but not limited to the medfly, Mexican fruit fly, and oriental fruit fly, are expensive to treat, and their elimination is seldom certain. Researchers are seeking to improve detection and control methods.
Efficient Digital Quadrature Transmitter Based on IQ Cell Sharing (2017)

In this paper, we proposed and designed a digitally configured versatile RF quadrature transmitter. The transmitter efficiency was enhanced by IQ cell sharing and the deactivation of cells of opposite phases. In simulation, these techniques were able to increase the average efficiency of the transmitter from 46.3% to 70.7% for a 6.9-dB PAPR LTE signal. Moreover, the number of power amplifying cells was halved, improving the total efficiency of the transmitter. The proposed transmitter was implemented in a 6-b configuration at 0.8 GHz using a 28-nm CMOS process. Furthermore, the performance of the transmitter was verified. The dynamic range of the measured output power was in the range -20.2 to 13.9 dBm, and the measured average output power was 6.97 dBm for the 6.9-dB PAPR LTE signal. The measured power-added efficiencies of the transmitter at the peak power and average power were 40.43% and 29.1%, respectively.
Short term load forecasting (2002)

The exponential smoothing method and the Box-Jenkins approach to time series analysis methods for short term load forecasting are presented. The application of both methods to load forecasting of a public electric utility in Slovenia is presented. Methods are compared for accuracy and simplicity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Epigenetic programming via histone methylation at <i>WRKY53</i> controls leaf senescence in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2009)

Summary Leaf senescence, the final step of leaf development, involves extensive reprogramming of gene expression. Here, we show that these processes include discrete changes of epigenetic indexing, as well as global alterations in chromatin organization. During leaf senescence, the interphase nuclei show a decondensation of chromocenter heterochromatin, and changes in the nuclear distribution of the H3K4me2, H3K4me3, and the H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 histone modification marks that index active and inactive chromatin, respectively. Locus‐specific epigenetic indexing was studied at the WRKY53 key regulator of leaf senescence. During senescence, when the locus becomes activated, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 are significantly increased at the 5′ end and at coding regions. Impairment of these processes is observed in plants overexpressing the SUVH2 histone methyltransferase, which causes ectopic heterochromatization. In these plants the transcriptional initiation of WRKY53 and of the senescence‐associated genes SIRK , SAG101 , ANAC083 , SAG12 and SAG24 is inhibited, resulting in a delay of leaf senescence. In SUVH2 overexpression plants, significant levels of H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 are detected at the 5′–end region of WRKY53 , resulting in its transcriptional repression. Furthermore, SUVH2 overexpression inhibits senescence‐associated global changes in chromatin organization. Our data suggest that complex epigenetic processes control the senescence‐specific gene expression pattern.
Surface growing from stereo images (2002)

We present a new theoretical result for the problem of surface reconstruction from stereo images. For a given initial seed point, i.e. for a pair of corresponding points in the left and right image, the proposed algorithm grows the surface without directly computing the point correspondences. The method assumes the Lambertian surface reflectance model. Our approach is based on a surface normal calculation from the left and right image gradients. Knowing the surface normal, the algorithm grows the surface in the directions defined by the tangent plane. The algorithm is independent of the camera model, and requires placement of an initial seed point for each surface to be reconstructed. Technical problems associated with errors in the image gradient estimates and camera calibration are discussed and a solution is suggested. In addition to this algorithm, we present a theoretical result that permits one to track surfaces deforming in time, which is often encountered in medical applications (e.g. brain surface deforms during the surgery). These methods of surface reconstruction and deformable surface tracking are applied to the particular problem of brain shift, commonly recognized as one of the main source of errors in surgical navigation systems used in neurosurgery. We also suggest a way to overcome problems associated with brain surface specularities caused by fluids on the brain surface and lights in the operating room. We conclude with experimental results on real brain images and show that the surface reconstruction algorithm is robust to the position of the initial seed point.
Virtual acceleration with galvanic vestibular stimulation in a virtual reality environment (2005)

This study describes the relation between the vection produced by optical flow and that created by galvanic vestibular stimulation. Vection is the illusion of self motion and is most often experienced when an observer views a large screen display containing a translating pattern. This illusion has only limited fidelity and duration unless it is reinforced by confirming vestibular information. Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can directly produce the sensation of vection.
Inhibition of melanogenesis in response to oxidative stress: transient downregulation of melanocyte differentiation markers and possible involvement of microphthalmia transcription factor (2001)

H(2)O(2) and other reactive oxygen species are key regulators of many intracellular pathways. Within mammalian skin, H(2)O(2) is formed as a byproduct of melanin synthesis, and following u.v. irradiation. We therefore analyzed its effects on melanin synthesis. The activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme, tyrosinase, decreased in H(2)O(2)-treated mouse and human melanoma cells. This inhibition was concentration- and time-dependent in the B16 melanoma model. Maximal inhibition (50-75%) occurred 8-16 hours after a 20 minute exposure to 0.5 mM H(2)O(2). B16 cells withstand this treatment adequately, as shown by a small effect on glutathione levels and a rapid recovery of basal lipid peroxidation levels. Enzyme activities also recovered, beginning to increase 16-20 hours after the treatment. Inhibition of enzyme activities reflected decreased protein levels. mRNAs for tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, dopachrome tautomerase, silver protein and melanocortin 1 receptor also decreased after H(2)O(2) treatment, and recovered at different rates. Downregulation of melanocyte differentiation markers mRNAs was preceded by a decrease in microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf) gene expression, which was quantitatively similar to the decrease achieved using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Recovery of basal Mitf mRNA levels was also observed clearly before that of tyrosinase. Therefore, oxidative stress may lead to hypopigmentation by mechanisms that include a microphthalmia-dependent downregulation of the melanogenic enzymes.
Enabling Smart Cloud Services Through Remote Sensing: An Internet of Everything Enabler (2014)

The recent emergence and success of cloud-based services has empowered remote sensing and made it very possible. Cloud-assisted remote sensing (CARS) enables distributed sensory data collection, global resource and data sharing, remote and real-time data access, elastic resource provisioning and scaling, and pay-as-you-go pricing models. CARS has great potentials for enabling the so-called Internet of Everything (IoE), thereby promoting smart cloud services. In this paper, we survey CARS. First, we describe its benefits and capabilities through real-world applications. Second, we present a multilayer architecture of CARS by describing each layer's functionalities and responsibilities, as well as its interactions and interfaces with its upper and lower layers. Third, we discuss the sensing services models offered by CARS. Fourth, we discuss some popular commercial cloud platforms that have already been developed and deployed in recent years. Finally, we present and discuss major design requirements and challenges of CARS.
Prediction of recurrence in Ta urothelial cell carcinoma by real‐time quantitative PCR analysis: A microarray validation study (2006)

Accurate prediction of tumor recurrence in patients with superficial urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) might result in a significant reduction of invasive follow-up cystoscopies. A recent study identified a panel of 26 genes from a large cDNA microarray analysis of bladder tumors that discriminated between early- and late-recurring patients with superficial Ta tumors (Dyrskjøt et al., Nat Genet 2003;33:90-6). We aimed to validate this panel of genes in 44 primary Ta UCCs (23 and 21 tumors from patients with short or prolonged recurrence-free periods, respectively), by real-time quantitative PCR. Statistical analysis showed marginal significant different mRNA expression levels between the 2 patient groups. To evaluate a supplementary effect of genes for the identification of patients with short or prolonged recurrence-free intervals, forward logistic regression analysis was applied. This revealed that a combination of the expression profiles of the genes HNRPK, LTB4DH and ANP32B resulted in the best performance, although the combination only marginally increased the predictive value of HNRPK alone. Comparing the receiver-operating-characteristic curves for HNRPK expression among patients with short or prolonged recurrence-free periods, revealed an area under the curve of 0.696 (95% CI, 0.537-0.855). Using the median HNRPK expression level as cut-off, a sensitivity of 69.6% and a specificity of 71.4% were obtained for the identification of patients with short or prolonged recurrence-free periods, respectively. In conclusion, we were not able to confirm the microarray gene expression pattern of the 26 genes shown by Dyrskjøt et al. The discovery of accurate recurrence predictive markers, therefore, remains a challenge.
Update on third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (2014)

Among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR mutations, 90% of which present as an exon 19 deletion or exon 21 point mutation L858R, have been detected in Western and Asian populations at a rate of ~15% and ~40%, respectively. To date, numerous trials have established the efficacy and toxicity profile of singleagent oral EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies for EGFR-TKI-naive NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations. These trials include IPASS for gefitinib (1), Optimal for erlotinib (2), and LUX-Lung 3 for afatinib (3). Still, the majority of patients will eventually develop resistance.
Domain-specific modeling environment based on UML profiles (2009)

Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSML) play a key role in model-driven development. There are many approaches how to create a DSML. Recent trends in domain-specific modeling languages and issues of creating and using UML profiles are discussed in this paper. Then we present a novel approach for defining a full-featured DSML based on a UML profile and its customization instead of heavyweight metamodeling. This approach was implemented in MagicDraw UML tool and already successfully accepted by its users. Also, MagicDraw UML developers themselves applied it for creating SysML, DoDAF and UPDM modeling environments. The main benefit of this approach is that it allows a DSML modeler to reuse powerful features of already existing tools. We propose a seven-step DSML development process and illustrate it by an example demonstrating creation of a DSML for modeling organization structures. We also discuss benefits of taking the presented approach and some ideas for future enhancements based on the feedback of users.
A carrier-based adjustable discontinuous PWM for three-phase voltage source inverter (2015)

PWM strategy is classified into a Continuous PWM (CPWM) and a Discontinuous PWM (DPWM). Because the conventional DPWM has constant non-switching period which is 120° of fundamental period, DPWM could bring about the high Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) compared to CPWM and the lower switching loss than CPWM. This paper presents a carrier-based Adjustable Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation (ADPWM) for 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The non-switching period can be controlled from 0° to 120° of fundamental period using the proposed PWM strategy. Thus, it can be noted that the ADPWM offers tradeoff between THD and switching loss. This paper also proposes a seamless transfer method from CPWM to DPWM with the proposed PWM strategy. With the proposed method, the non-switching period is variable according to Modulation Index (MI). The validity of the proposed strategies is verified by the experimental results with 3.7 kW induction machine drive.
Multiscale Wavelets on Trees, Graphs and High Dimensional Data: Theory and Applications to Semi Supervised Learning (2010)

Harmonic analysis, and in particular the relation between function smoothness and approximate sparsity of its wavelet coefficients, has played a key role in signal processing and statistical inference for low dimensional data. In contrast, harmonic analysis has thus far had little impact in modern problems involving high dimensional data, or data encoded as graphs or networks. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a harmonic analysis approach, including both learning algorithms and supporting theory, applicabletothesemoregeneralsettings. Given data (be it high dimensional, graph or network) that is represented by one or more hierarchical trees, we first construct multiscale wavelet-like orthonormal bases on it. Second, we prove that in analogy to the Euclidean case, function smoothness with respect to a specific metric induced by the tree is equivalent to exponential rate of coefficient decay,thatis,toapproximatesparsity. These results readily translate to simple practical algorithms for various learning tasks. We present an application to transductive semisupervised learning. 1.
Bid expressiveness and clearing algorithms in multiattribute double auctions (2006)

We investigate the space of two-sided multiattribute auctions, focusing on the relationship between constraints on the offers traders can express through bids, and the resulting computational problem of determining an optimal set of trades. We develop a formal semantic framework for characterizing expressible offers, and show conditions under which the allocation problem can be separated into first identifying optimal pairwise trades and subsequently optimizing combinations of those trades. We analyze the bilateral matching problem while taking into consideration relevant results from multiattribute utility theory. Network flow models we develop for computing global allocations facilitate classification of the problem space by computational complexity, and provide guidance for developing solution algorithms. Experimental trials help distinguish tractable problem classes for proposed solution techniques.
Antipsychotic monotherapy among outpatients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine or risperidone in Japan: a health care database analysis (2012)

Consistent with prior global research, this retrospective naturalistic study of schizophrenia outpatients in Japan found that olanzapine is more likely to be used as monotherapy and to be used as monotherapy for a longer duration than risperidone.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Tin Whisker (and Other Metal Whisker) Homepage (2004)

This website provides information about tin whiskers and related research. The independent research performed during the past 50+ years is so vast that it is impractical to cover all aspects of tin whiskers in this one resource. Therefore, the absence of information in this website about a particular aspect of tin whiskers should NOT be construed as evidence of absence.
ADAM disintegrin-like domain recognition by the lymphocyte integrins α4β1 and α4β7 (2005)

The ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteins possess both proteolytic and adhesive domains. We have established previously that the disintegrin domain of ADAM28, an ADAM expressed by human lymphocytes, is recognized by the integrin alpha4beta1. The present study characterizes the integrin binding properties of the disintegrin-like domains of human ADAM7, ADAM28 and ADAM33 with the integrins alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7 and alpha9beta1. Cell-adhesion assays demonstrated that, similar to ADAM28, the ADAM7 disintegrin domain supported alpha4beta1-dependent Jurkat cell adhesion, whereas the ADAM33 disintegrin domain did not. The lymphocyte integrin alpha4beta7 was also found to recognize both disintegrin domains of ADAM7 and ADAM28, but not of ADAM33. This is the first demonstration that mammalian disintegrins are capable of interacting with alpha4beta7. All three disintegrin domains supported alpha9beta1-dependent cell adhesion. Recognition by both alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 of ADAM7 and ADAM28 was activation-dependent, requiring either the presence of Mn2+ or an activating monoclonal antibody for cell attachment. Charge-to-alanine mutagenesis experiments revealed that the same residues within an individual ADAM disintegrin domain function in recognizing multiple integrins. However, the residues within a specific region of each ADAM disintegrin-like domain required for integrin binding were distinct. These results establish that ADAM7 and ADAM28 are recognized by the leucocyte integrins alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7 and alpha9beta1. ADAM33 exclusively supported only alpha9beta1-dependent adhesion.