gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Therapy in Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1987)

The effects of broad-spectrum antibiotic and placebo therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in exacerbation were compared in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. Exacerbations were defined in terms of increased dyspnea, sputum production, and sputum purulence. Exacerbations were followed at 3-day intervals by home visits, and those that resolved in 21 days were designated treatment successes. Treatment failures included exacerbations in which symptoms did not resolve but no intervention was necessary, and those in which the patient's condition deteriorated so that intervention was necessary. Over 3.5 years in 173 patients, 362 exacerbations were treated, 180 with placebo and 182 with antibiotic. The success rate with placebo was 55% and with antibiotic 68%. The rate of failure with deterioration was 19% with placebo and 10% with antibiotic. There was a significant benefit associated with antibiotic. Peak flow recovered more rapidly with antibiotic treatment than with placebo. Side effects were uncommon and did not differ between antibiotic and placebo.
Learning Hadamard-Product-Propagation for Image Dehazing and Beyond (2020)

Image dehazing has evolved into an attractive research field in the computer vision community in the past few decades. Previous traditional approaches attempt to design energy-based objective functions. However, they cannot accurately express the intrinsic characteristics of the images, posing weak adaptation ability for real-world complex scenarios. More recently, deep learning techniques for image dehazing have matured and become more reliable, showing outstanding performance. Nevertheless, these methods heavily depend on training data, restricting their application ranges. More importantly, both traditional and deep learning approaches all ignore a common issue, noises/artifacts always appear in the recovery process. To this end, a new Hadamard-Product (HP) model is proposed, which consists of a series of data-driven priors. Based on this model, we derive a Learnable Hadamard-Product-Propagation (LHPP) by cascading a series of principle-inspired guidance and recovery modules. In which, the principle-inspired guidance related to transmission is endowed the smoothness property, the other recovery module satisfies the distribution of natural images. The Hadamard-product-based propagations is generated in our developed learnable framework for the task of image dehazing. In this way, we can eliminate noises/artifacts in the recovery procedure to obtain the ideal outputs. Subsequently, since the generality of our HP model, we successfully extend our LHPP to settle low-light image enhancement and underwater image enhancement problems. A series of analytical experiments are performed to verify our effectiveness. Plenty of performance evaluations on three complex tasks fully reveal our superiority against multiple state-of-the-art methods.
Analysis of the Performance, Power, and Noise Characteristics of a CMOS Image Sensor With 3-D Integrated Image Compression Unit (2014)

This paper investigates the design of logarithmic CMOS image sensor with 3-D integrated image compression unit. The image sensor consists of a pixel array, column circuits, an array of analog-to-digital converters, a frame memory (image buffer) array, and a signal processing unit for image compression. This paper analyzes the correlation between the power dissipation in the image compression unit and the spatial noise characteristics of the photodiode array in the 3-D image sensor. The coupled power, performance, thermal, and noise analysis is performed considering 180-nm CMOS technology. The coupled analysis shows that, due to die-to-die thermal coupling, 3-D stacking of the image compression unit, although provides for better energy efficiency, results in a strong interaction between image quality, desired image throughput, and environmental factors, such as lighting conditions or available channel bandwidth.
Synthesis and crossover reaction of TEMPO containing block copolymer via ROMP (2010)

We report on the block copolymerization of two structurally different norbornene monomers (±)-endo,exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethylester (7), and (±)-endo,exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl) ester (9) using ruthenium based Grubbs' type initiators [(PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru(benzylidene)] G1 (PCy₃ = tricyclohexylphosphine), [(H₂IMes)(PCy₃)Cl₂Ru(benzylidene)] G2 (H₂IMes = 1,3-bis(mesityl)-2-imidazolidinylidene), [(H₂IMes)(py)₂Cl₂Ru(benzylidene)] G3 (py = pyridine or 3-bromopyridine) and Umicore type initiators [(PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru(3-phenylinden-1-ylidene)] U1 (PCy₃= tricyclohexylphosphine), [(H₂IMes)(PCy₃)Cl₂Ru(3-phenylinden-1-ylidene)] U2 (H₂IMes = 1,3-bis(mesityl)-2-imidazolidinylidene), [(H₂IMes)(py)Cl₂Ru(3-phenylinden-1-ylidene)] U3 (py = pyridine or 3-bromopyridine) via ring opening polymerization (ROMP). The crossover reaction and the polymerization kinetics were investigated using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. MALDI showed that there was a complete crossover reaction after the addition of 25 equivalents of the second monomer. NMR investigation showed that U3 gave a faster rate of polymerization in comparison to U1. The synthesis of block copolymers with molecular weights up to M(n) = 31 000 g/mol with low polydispersities (M(w)/M(n) = 1.2) is reported.
Freeters: young atypical workers in Japan (2005)

Two different families of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, HRGP(1) and HRGP(2), have been isolated from melon callus and separated by ion exchange chromatography on CM-sepharose. HRGP(1) corresponds to an arabinogalactan protein. The sugar portion of HRGP(1) accounts for 94% of the molecule and contains galactose (66%) and arabinose (34%); these residues are present as polysaccharide side chains attached to hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline is the main amino acid residue (46%) of the protein moiety. The arabinogalactan protein nature of HRGP(1) has been checked by its ability to positively react with the beta-glucosyl Yariv antigen; the (3)H-labeled deglycosylated HRGP(1) also called HRP(1) migrates upon electrophoresis as a single band of molecular weight 76,000. HRGP(2) was fractionated by affinity chromatography on heparin-Ultrogel into three different glycoproteins, HRGP(2a,2b) and (2c). Two of these glycoproteins behave as polycations (HRGP(2b) and (2c)) and are chemically distinct from HRGP(2a). HRGP(2b) is the most abundant component and contains 41% protein and 50% sugar. Hydroxyproline, lysine, tyrosine, and arabinose are the most prominent residues of their respective moiety. The glycosylation pattern of hydroxyproline indicates that HRGP(2b) is related to and possibly a precursor of the wall HRGP; as in melon cell wall HRGP, Hyp-Ara(3) predominates, and small amounts of a putative Hyp-Ara(5) a hitherto unreported hyp-arabinoside, are recorded. The molecular weight of HRP(2b), the protein portion of HRGP(2b) is 55,000 +/- 5,000, as estimated after deglycosylation of the molecule with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid. Antibodies have been raised against HRGP(2b) and HRP(2b). Immunodiffusion shows that each antigen (HRGP(2b) or HRP(2b)) reacts with its own IgG, and cross-reacts with the heterologous IgG, thereby indicating the presence of common (unglycosylated) and specific (glycosylated and deglycosylated) epitopes. The arabinogalactan protein HRGP(1) is not recognized by either antibody and HRGP(2b) does not react with the Yariv antigen. Immunoprecipitation of (3)H-labeled HRP(1) and HRP(2b) in the presence of goat antirabbit IgG, followed by gel electrophoresis, allows to recover HRP(2b) only. Again, HRP(2b) is immunoprecipitated by the two antisera.
Hand hygiene adherence among healthcare providers working in radiation therapy center (2012)

Background Good hand hygiene is a crucial measure for preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). The factors contributing to the rise of HCAIs in patients with cancer may include an increase in antimicrobial resistance and the treatment effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. Infection control and prevention practices such as proper hand hygiene practice could decrease infection rates among patients with cancer. Hence, in order to minimize cross-transmission of HCAIs, it is essential that healthcare providers working in the radiation therapy center practice proper hand hygiene technique. Aims This project aimed to improve adherence of hand hygiene practices among healthcare providers working in a radiation therapy center using the six steps hand hygiene techniques together with the “My five moments for hand hygiene” concept. Methods The team utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice program to conduct pre- and post-implementation audit using evidence-based criteria, and implement the change. The project was implemented from July 2011 to November 2011, in three different phases. Results The post-implementation results showed an improvement for all criteria except Criterion 5. Adherence rate for Criterion 2 showed a slight improvement of 28% (36% to 64%). There was a remarkable improvement of 73% (0 to 73%) in Criterion 3. Another remarkable improvement in adherence of 72% (10% to 82%) was observed for Criterion 4. Criterion 5 showed a 12% reduction in adherence (100% to 88%). Criteria 1 and 6 showed no change in adherence rate. Conclusion The improvement of adherence in five out of the six criteria in hand hygiene could be attributed to teamwork and dedication of the project team. The team had also gained knowledge and skills in enhancing their leadership roles in conducting this project. Sustaining the outcomes is an ongoing challenge, and the team had come up with different strategies to maintain the positive outcomes.
Chemical modifications and amino acid substitutions in recombinant hirudin that increase hirudin-thrombin affinity (1991)

Recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin), unlike the naturally occurring leech protein, lacks a sulfate ester on Tyr-63 which reduces its binding affinity to thrombin by 3-10-fold. We demonstrate that nitration or iodination of Tyr-63 restores hirudin-thrombin affinity to levels similar to or exceeding that of the natural inhibitor. In contrast, nitration of Tyr-3 reduces the affinity of hirudin for thrombin. These chemical modifications results in multiple reaction products that are readily separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The mechanism of the observed changes in thrombin affinity may involve a reduction in the pK of the hydroxyl group of tyrosine due to substitution of the electrophilic iodo or nitro group on the phenyl ring, resulting in an increased negative charge at neutral pH. For Tyr-63, this effect mimics the sulfatotyrosine of natural hirudin, leading to an increased thrombin affinity at the anion-binding exosite. For Tyr-3, the increased polarity may destabilize its interaction within the apolar-binding site of thrombin. Substitution of the highly conserved Tyr-3 residue with Phe or Trp not only enables specific and quantitative chemical modification at Tyr-63 but also independently increases hirudin-thrombin affinity. Kinetic analysis of thrombin inhibition showed that enhanced binding by r-hirudin(nitro-Tyr-63) is due to an increase in the association rate between hirudin and thrombin whereas the reduced binding of r-hirudin(nitro-Tyr-3) results from a large increase in the dissociation rate. These observations indicate that specific segments within both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of hirudin interact with thrombin.
Inhibition of lipase and inflammatory mediators by Chlorella lipid extracts for antiacne treatment (2015)

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease, and its treatment is challenging due to the multifactorial etiology and emergence of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes strains. This study was focused to reduce antibiotics usage and find an alternate therapeutic source for treating acne. Lipid extracts of six Chlorella species were tested for inhibition of lipase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytokine production using P. acnes (Microbial Type Culture Collection 1951). Lipase inhibitory assay was determined by dimercaprol Tributyrate - 5, 5'- dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid method and ROS production assay was performed using nitro-blue tetrazolium test. The anti-inflammatory activity of algal lipid extracts was determined by in vitro screening method based on inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of lipid extracts were determined by microdilution method, and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Chlorella ellipsoidea has the highest lipase inhibitory activity with 61.73% inhibition, followed by Chlorella vulgaris (60.31%) and Chlorella protothecoides (58.9%). Lipid extracts from C. protothecoides and C. ellipsoidea has significantly reduced the ROS production by 61.27% and 58.34% respectively. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α showed the inhibition ranging from 58.39% to 78.67%. C. vulgaris has exhibited the MICvalue of 10 μg/ml followed by C. ellipsoidea, C. protothecoides and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (20 μg/ml). FAME analysis detected 19 fatty acids of which 5 were saturated fatty acids, and 14 were unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C14 to C24. The results suggest that lipid extracts of Chlorella species has significant inhibitory activity on P. acnes by inhibiting lipase activity. Further, anti-inflammatory reaction caused by the pathogen could be reduced by the inhibiting the production of ROS and inflammatory mediators TNF-α and exposes new frontiers on the antiacne activities of Chlorella lipid extracts.
Vascular Integration of Endothelial Progenitors During Multistep Tumor Progression (2006)

Bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cells contribute to tumor neovascularization. However, it is unclear when during progressive tumor growth circulating precursors are recruited into the preexisting vascular network, and how they home specifically into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize recent findings from mouse models of multistage carcinogenesis, which reveal distinct phases of angiogenic activity. Only advanced tumors with a highly heterogeneous, sprouting vasculature recruite endothelial progenitors into neovessels. Surprisingly, during progressive tumor growth endothelial cells acquire new characteristics and secrete CC chemokines, a group of chemoattractants with adjacent cysteins, which play a dual role by enhancing neovascularization in an autocrine and endocrine fashion. Locally, chemokines stimulate endothelial proliferation; systemically, they guide chemokine receptor-positive circulating progenitors into the tumor bed. Subsequently, endothelial progenitors are truly integrated into the network of pre-existing vessels. This mechanism represents a novel concept where not the tumor itself, but endothelial cells as components of the tumor-induced stroma foster neovascularization in a self-amplifying loop.
Mammalian chitinase-like proteins (1999)

Mammals express genes coding for proteins that show significant similarity to chitinases of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. These chitinase-like proteins have no chitinase activity due to changes in critical residues in the putative active center. One of these is oviductin, a high molecular weight glycoprotein most likely involved in fertilization and protection of the tubal epithelium owing to its mucin character. Another is YKL-40 (HCgp39) produced in association with tissue remodeling. Such proteins could have a general function in morphogenesis.
Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients by ultrasound quantification of anterior neck soft tissue* (2003)

In 50 morbidly obese patients, we quantified the soft tissue of the neck from the skin to the anterior aspect of the trachea at the vocal cords using ultrasound. Thyromental distance, mouth opening, limited neck mobility, modified Mallampati score, abnormal upper teeth, neck circumference and sleep apnoea were assessed as predictors of difficult laryngoscopy. Of the nine (18%) cases of difficult laryngoscopy, seven (78%) had a history of obstructive sleep apnoea, compared with two of the 41 patients (5%) in whom laryngoscopy was easy (p < 0.001). Patients in whom laryngoscopy was difficult had more pretracheal soft tissue (mean (SD) 28 (2.7) mm vs. 17.5 (1.8) mm; p < 0.001) and a greater neck circumference (50 (3.8) vs. 43.5 (2.2) cm; p < 0.001). None of the other predictors correlated with difficult laryngoscopy. We conclude that an abundance of pretracheal soft tissue at the level of the vocal cords is a good predictor of difficult laryngoscopy in obese patients.
Optical systems for high‐luminance LC rear projection (1997)

Abstract— A front projector and rear‐projection TV's for home entertainment have been brought to market at affordable prices by virtue of a mosaic color‐filterless single‐LCD projection system with tilted dichroic mirrors and microlens array. In this paper, the optical throughput of LC projectors is discussed with respect to spectral domain and “geometrical extend,” which is the product of display area and acceptance angle of the optical system including LCD(s).
Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus. (1983)

Plasma exchange (PE) was performed in 8 of 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) PE was instituted as an additional therapy during active disease in patients who did not respond to conventional therapy. The best results were obtained in plasmapherized patients; in fact, immune complex serum levels disappeared rapidly, whereas anti-DNA antibodies decreased slowly. The changes observed indicate that PE may be beneficial, especially when it is associated with drugs that can block antibody rebound. A variety of "technical factors" may influence PE therapy which therefore must be monitored appropriately.
Future directions in tumor marker technology for prostate cancer. (1993)

This article assesses the likely role of PSA in the future management of patients with carcinoma of the prostate, taking into consideration new methods for measurement and assessment. In addition, novel tumor markers are discussed that may complement, or even perhaps replace, PSA.
Combinatorial Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Infection (2011)

The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1982 soon led to the identification and development of antiviral compounds to be used in treatment strategies for infected patients. Early in the epidemic, drug monotherapies frequently led to treatment failures because the virus quickly developed resistance to the single drug. Following the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, dramatic improvements in HIV-1-infected patient health and survival were realized as more refined combination therapies resulted in reductions in viral loads and increases in CD4+ T-cell counts. In the absence of an effective vaccine, prevention of HIV-1 infection has also gained traction as an approach to curbing the pandemic. The development of compounds as safe and effective microbicides has intensified and has focused on blocking the transmission of HIV-1 during all forms of sexual intercourse. Initial preclinical investigations and clinical trials of microbicides focused on single compounds effective against HIV-1. However, the remarkable successes achieved using combination therapy to treat systemic HIV-1 infection have subsequently stimulated the study and development of combination microbicides that will simultaneously inhibit multiple aspects of the HIV-1 transmission process by targeting incoming viral particles, virus-infected cells, and cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on existing and developing combination therapies, covering preclinical development, in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies, and subsequent clinical trials. The shift in focus within the microbicide development field from single compounds to combination approaches is also explored.
Recent Developments in the Vehicle Steer-by-Wire System (2020)

The next generation of steering systems in the auto manufacturing industry would be steer-by-wire (SBW) in which the mechanical connection between vehicle steering wheel and tires is removed. Numerous advantages are envisaged for this modification, but there are still some under-research technical and safety-related challenges to be addressed. This article presents a thorough review on the history of vehicle steering systems first. The structure and components of the cutting edge technology SBW system are subsequently described with the advantages and disadvantages discussed in detail. The main challenges of this system, including the required motor drives equipped with advanced controllers and reliability concerns, are studied and proposed solutions presented in the literate are reviewed. Finally, a projection of the future of steering systems considering driverless vehicles with integrated steering and traction systems is briefly presented.
The computer in the care of critically III patients (1979)

Computer technology and biomedical electronics have been successfully employed in the care of critically ill patients by many medical centers and hospitals. In some settings automation of physiological measurements and record keeping have relieved the nurses of time consuming tasks, which enables them to devote more of their time to direct care. Some intensive care systems assist in the clinical decision making as well as in performing warning functions. A few systems perform closed loop feedback control of certain physiological variables by means of computer controlled infusion pumps and rigidly structured algorithms. Evidence indicates that the additional cost of the computer may be recovered through enhanced personnel performance and more rapid patient stabilization which results in earlier transfer from intensive care to a semiprivate room. However, irrefutable proof that the systems are cost effective is still lacking mainly because of the difficulty in quantitating the economic value of benefits. The applicability of this technology depends largely on the nature of the clinical environment. Well-organized units wherein the patient management is highly structured provide the maximum opportunity for efficacious and economic use of computer-based intensive care system. Analysis of the activities and procedures of the unit must precede system design and implementation to appraise the appropriateness, to identify the clinical requirements, and to avoid improper application of the technology.
Private Citizens, Public Policies… …Brandt's Ostpolitik (1971)

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