gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of Ni in increasing the reversibility of the hydrogen release from nanoconfined LiBH4 (2011)

Nanoconfinement and the use of catalysts are promising strategies to enhance the reversibility of hydrogen storage in light metal hydrides. We combined nanoconfinement of LiBH4 in nanoporous carbon with the addition of Ni. Samples were prepared by deposition of 5-6 nm Ni nanoparticles inside the porous carbon, followed by melt infiltration with LiBH4. The Ni addition has only a slight influence on the LiBH4 hydrogen desorption, but significantly enhances the subsequent uptake of hydrogen under mild conditions. Reversible, but limited, intercalation of Li is observed during hydrogen cycling. X-ray diffraction shows that the initial crystalline 5-6 nm Ni nanoparticles are not present anymore after melt infiltration with LiBH4. However, transmission electron microscopy showed Ni-containing nanoparticles in the samples. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy proved the presence of Ni(x)B phases with the Ni-B coordination numbers changing reversibly with dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation of the sample. Ni(x)B can act as a hydrogenation catalyst, but solid-state 11B NMR proved that the addition of Ni also enhanced the reversibility of the system by influencing the microstructure of the nanoconfined LiBH4 upon cycling.
REACTIONS OF STYRYLTHIENYL KETONE, STYRYL FURYL KETONE WITH THIOCYANOACETAMIDE: SYNTHESIS OF SEVERAL NEW PYRIDINES, THIENO[2,3-b]PYRIDINES, PYRIDO [2′,3′:4,5]THIENO[3,2-c]PYRIDAZINES AND PYRIDO-[3′,2′:4,5]THIENO[3,2-d]PYRIMIDIN ONE DERIVATIVES (1998)

Abstract Styryl thienyl ketone and Styryl furyl ketone 2a, b reacted with thiocyanoacetamide(1) to give the dihydropyridinethiones 3a, b which used as starting material for the synthesis of several heterocyclic compounds. Reaction with several halogeno-esters, halogeno-ketones and chloroacetamide gave 2-S-alkoyl pyridines 5a-d, 10a-d, 13a, b and 19a, b thieno[2,3-c] pyridines 6a, b, 11a, b 14a, b and 20a-d, pyrido[2′,3′,4:5]thieno[2,3-c]pyndazines 8a, b and pyrido[2′.3′:-4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinones 15a, b 16a, b and 17a, b. Structures were established based on elemental analyses and spectral data studies.
Current and emerging medications for overweight or obesity in people with comorbidities (2015)

Recently, the recognition of obesity as a complex disease that requires chronic management has become more widespread. There has also been a movement away from a focus on body mass index alone, and toward the management of obesity-related comorbidities as well as excess weight. This article examines the current and emerging pharmacological options for weight management in people with overweight or obesity who have, or are at a high risk of, weight-related comorbidities. In the USA, the current options for pharmacological weight management are phentermine (indicated for short-term use only), orlistat, combined phentermine/topiramate extended release, lorcaserin, naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide 3.0 mg. Currently, orlistat, naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide 3.0 mg are approved in Europe. All of the above-mentioned medications have shown weight-loss efficacy versus placebo. Those approved for long-term weight management have also been associated with improvements in weight-related comorbidities, such as hypertension, prediabetes, diabetes or dyslipidaemia, or related biomarkers. As with all drugs, the safety and tolerability profiles of medications for weight management should be considered alongside their efficacy to ensure correct use. Additional medications for weight management that are in clinical development include bupropion/zonisamide and beloranib. The field of obesity treatment is advancing with a number of medications being recently approved, and with other pharmacological options emerging.
Analysis of sampling-pattern dependence in time-sequential sampling of spatiotemporal signals (1981)

The time-sequential sampling of signals that vary in time and have one or more spatial dimensions is analyzed for both deterministic and nondeterministic signals. It is shown that the severity of frequency-domain aliasing because of undersampling is strongly dependent on the temporal ordering of the spatial sampling points in each period of the sampling pattern. The signal-to-aliasing-noise power ratio provides a quantitative means of assessing this dependence. Conventional lexicographic sampling, a bit-reversed sampling pattern proposed by S. Deutsch [ IEEE Trans. Broadcast.BC-11, 11– 21 ( 1965)], and random sampling are compared for white band-limited signals. It is found that, in some cases, bit-reversed sampling is an improvement over conventional patterns, but other patterns probably exist that would be even better.
Correlation of an osteoclast antigen and ruffled border on giant cells formed in response to resorbable substrates (1990)

The osteoclast is the specialized multinucleated cell primarily responsible for the degradation of the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix. The functional and developmental relationship between osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells is unclear. The osteoclast plasma membrane ruffled border juxtaposed to the bone surface is a unique morphologic characteristic of active osteoclasts. In the studies reported here giant cell formation was induced in response to a variety of materials implanted onto the richly vascularized chick chorioallantoic membrane. Light and electron microscopic techniques were used to examine the morphologic characteristics of the giant cells. In addition, immunohistochemical methods were used to demonstrate the appearance of a 150 kD cell surface antigen on chicken osteoclasts recognized by monoclonal antibody 121F. Giant cells that formed in response to mineralized bone particles exhibited ruffled borders and stained positively with the 121F antibody. Many giant cells that formed in response to hydroxyapatite possessed ruffled borders similar to but not as extensive as those observed on giant cells formed on bone. Immunohistochemical localization of the 121F antigen on these cells suggested that the antigen was present, but staining intensity was reduced compared to that of bone-associated giant cells. The formation of mineral matrix complexes by the adsorption to hydroxyapatite of bone extract or osteocalcin enhanced ruffled borders and the presence of the 121F antigen on elicited giant cells. In contrast, giant cells that formed on non-resorbable materials, such as Sepharose beads, mica, and methacrylate, lacked ruffled borders and were negative for the 121F antigen. It appears that expression of the 121F osteoclast antigen correlates with the appearance and extent of ruffled membranes on giant cells. Furthermore, it appears that giant cell ruffled membrane development and the presence of the 121F osteoclast antigen are related to giant cell formation in response to resorbable materials that are subject to extracellular dissolution. Expression of this antigen may be indicative of the developmental and/or functional state of giant cells (osteoclasts) that form on resorbable substrates. In addition, components of the bone matrix, including osteocalcin, in association with bone mineral, lead to elevated levels of this osteoclast antigen.
Analysis of GPS and Loran-C performance for land vehicle navigation in the Canadian Rockies (1992)

Loran-C and GPS were assessed for vehicular navigation along selected roads of British Columbia during the winter of 1991. The general topography of this mountainous area is described, together with the specific topographic features and tree coverage characteristics of the 2000 km of roads tested on the mainland and on Vancouver Island. The configuration and characteristics of the Loran C Canadian West Coast chain along the roads used are described. The portable vehicle-mounted system used to collect and analyze the Loran-C and GPS signals along road profiles is described. The performance of Loran-C is analyzed in terms of signal to noise ratios (SNR), field strength, and time-difference distortions, as measured by differential GPS. These distortions, which can reach several hundred meters over distances of less than 20 km, are analyzed in terms of topographic features. The possibility of using these time-independent distortions to calibrate Loran-C for use along the above roads is discussed. Masking of GPS signals due to topographic features and tree coverage along the roads is analyzed. A comparative analysis of both Loran-C and GPS is presented in terms of signal availability and accuracy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Double-Blind Trial of Fluoxetine in Pathologic Skin Picking (1997)

Article AbstractBackground: Our objective was to determine the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of pathologic skin picking in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial. Method: Twenty-one adults with chronic pathologic skin picking agreed to participate and received 10 weeks of placebo or fluoxetine with a flexible dosing schedule up to 80 mg/day. Three skin-picking measures were employed: the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale, the Skin Picking Treatment Scale (SPTS), and a visual analog scale of self-rated change (VAS). In addition, depression, anxiety, and obsessions-compulsions were rated using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) for the duration of the study. Results: Seventeen subjects (6 treated with fluoxetine and 11 treated with placebo) completed the trial, at a mean fluoxetine dose of 55 mg/day. Fluoxetine was significantly superior to placebo in the treatment of skin picking according to two of the three measures for the completer analysis and to one of the three measures for the intent-to-treat analysis. Neither baseline level nor change in depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms was significantly related to change in skin picking. Conclusion: This first controlled trial of the treatment of pathologic skin picking suggests that fluoxetine may be of therapeutic benefit. Larger controlled studies are warranted.
Effect of the Disulfide Bridge and the C-Terminal Extension on the Oligomerization of the Amyloid Peptide ABri Implicated in Familial British Dementia (2001)

Familial British dementia (FBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder and shares features with Alzheimer's disease, including amyloid plaque deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and progressive dementia. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of plaques and vascular amyloid of FBD brains revealed that a 4 kDa peptide named ABri is the main component of the highly insoluble amyloid deposits. In FBD patients, the ABri peptide is produced as a result of a point mutation in the usual stop codon of the BRI gene. This mutation produces a BRI precursor protein 11 amino acids longer than the wild-type protein. Mutant and wild-type precursor proteins both undergo furin cleavage between residues 243 and 244, producing a peptide of 34 amino acids in the case of ABri and 23 amino acids in the case of the wild-type (WT) peptide. Here we demonstrate that the intramolecular disulfide bond in ABri and the C-terminal extension are required to elongate initially formed dimers to oligomers and fibrils. In contrast, the shorter WT peptide did not aggregate under the same conditions. Conformational analyses indicate that the disulfide bond and the C-terminal extension of ABri are required for the formation of beta-sheet structure. Soluble nonfibrillar ABri oligomers were observed prior to the appearance of mature fibrils. A molecular model of ABri containing three beta-strands, and two beta-hairpins annealed by a disulfide bond, has been constructed, and predicts a hydrophobic surface which is instrumental in promoting oligomerization.
Strategy and enhanced temperature determination in a laser heated diamond anvil cell (2009)

We show that a strategy for increased accuracy in temperature determination by optical pyrometry when the wavelength dependence of the emissivity is unknown is to measure the spectral irradiance at short wavelengths. We then introduce an improved method of determining the temperature in laser heated diamond anvil cells. In general a blackbody source is used to determine the optical transfer function required for determining the blackbody curve. By using the thermal radiation of a heated absorber at ambient pressure and known temperature, uncertainties in the temperature determination caused by the wavelength dependence of the emissivity of the heated absorber can be eliminated. Temperature determination reduces to a one-parameter fit to the blackbody curve rather than the usual two parameters (emissivity and temperature), leading to increased precision and accuracy.
An adaptive fault locator system for transmission lines (2003)

This paper presents an adaptive fault locator system which utilizes two-terminal Global Positioning System (GPS) based synchronized phasor measurements for on-line estimation of line parameters in steady-state and calculation of fault location in the occurrence of faults. Uncertainty about the line parameters, which usually results in a significant error in the calculated fault location, can be resolved in the proposed parameter estimation algorithm. A novel fault location index in terms of Clarke components of the synchronized voltage and current phasors is also proposed to calculate the fault location in the accuracy of up to 99.9%. This paper also proposes a new discrete Fourier transform (termed as smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) based algorithm to eliminate system noise and measurement errors. The field tests of two GPS based phasor measurement prototypes demonstrate that a synchronization error between two remotely spaced prototypes is small enough for a fault locator. The performance of the parameter estimation algorithm and index is illustrated with simulation results from EMTP.
Positron emission tomography of 5-HT reuptake sites in the human brain with C-11 McN5652 extraction of characteristic images by artificial neural network analysis (1995)

The goal of this work was to identify the distribution of serotonin transporters in the human brain with [11C](+)McN5652/PET. Four healthy volunteers were studied. To determine non-specific binding, a PET study was also performed with the inactive enantiomer [11C](-)McN5652 as well as with [11C](+)McN5652 after pretreatment with fluoxetine. For pattern extraction the PET data sets were analyzed by a back-propagation neural network. Two pharmacokinetic patterns and two characteristic images were separated; one representing specific binding, the other representing non-specific binding. The specific binding image showed characteristic distribution of serotonin transporters with [11C](+)McN5652. The pattern images demonstrated an improvement in image quality compared to the original PET images (reduced variance, higher region-to-cerebellum ratio, good correlation with known density of serotonin transporters). The non-specific binding images extracted from [11C](-)McN5652/PET were similar to those of [11C](-)McN5652 and [11C](-)McN5652 with fluoxetine. Thus, PET studies obtained with [11C](+)McN5652 largely represent the regional distribution of the serotonin transporters and the inactive enantiomer [11C](-)McN5652 shows the distribution of its nonspecific binding.
The International Campaign against the Multilateral Agreement on Investment: A Test Case for the Future of Globalisation? (2000)

Written from the point of view of a campaigner against economic globalisation, this paper looks at the recent Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the campaign against it which eventually led to its demise. It looks at the nature of the diverse coalition of interests opposed to the MAI, and in particular their use of e-mail and the Internet, and argues that the success of this campaign has lessons beyond the immediate victory over the forces promoting the MAI. It is argued that the emergence of anti-globalisation action also contains the seeds of new grassroots forms of ethical social organisation, based in specific but interconnected localities, a cosmopolitan interlocalism, and that this in itself remains a key feature in the short- and long-term success of such action.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1967)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease well known for almost 100 years, occurs throughout the world. Approximately 15 years ago, an unusually high incidence of ALS was noted among the indigenous Chamorro population on Guam of the Mariana Islands. Subsequently, detailed epidemiological, clinical, and pathological studies confirmed the fact that the condition on Guam fulfilled the classical criteria of ALS. However, three major unusual features were noted in these studies: (1) an extraordinarily high incidence, often with familial aggregation<sup>1,2</sup>; (2) the development, in some instances, of clinical evidence of dementia and extrapyramidal symptomatology<sup>3</sup>; (3) the presence of histological changes characteristic of the parkinsonismdementia complex (PD), another endemic fatal neurological disease affecting the Chamorros on Guam.<sup>4,5</sup>These features were not previously recognized among classical ALS cases. In addition, two clinical features which are not notable among classical ALS cases were discovered as a result of several investigations, including
Computing graphical queries over XML data (2001)

The rapid evolution of XML from a mere data exchange format to a universal syntax for encoding domain-specific information raises the need for new query languages specifically conceived to address the characteristics of XML. Such languages should be able not only to extract information from XML documents, but also to apply powerful transformation and restructuring operators, based on a well-defined semantics. Moreover, XML queries should be natural to write and understand, as nontechnical persons also are expected to access the large XML information bases supporting their businesses. This article describes XML-GL, a graphical query language for XML data. XML-GL's uniqueness is in the definition of a graph-based syntax to express a wide variety of XML queries, ranging from simple selections to expressive data transformations involving grouping, aggregation, and arithmetic calculations. XML-GL has an operational semantics based on the notion of graph matching, which serves as a guideline both for the implementation of native processors, and for the adoption of XML-GL as a front-end to any of the XML query languages that are presently under discussion as the standard paradigm for querying XML data.
Tannic Acid as a Degradable Mucoadhesive Compound (2016)

To achieve site-specific delivery of pharmaceuticals, the development of effective mucoadhesive polymers is essential. Thus far, only a few polymers, such as thiolated ones and related variants, have been studied. However, their mucoadhesiveness varies depending on the type of polymer and the degree of chemical functionalization. Furthermore, the chemistry of tethering often requires harsh reaction conditions. Recently, pyrogallol-containing molecules have emerged as good tissue and hemostatic adhesives, but their in vivo mucoadhesive properties have not been demonstrated. Herein, we found that pyrogallol-rich tannic acid (TA) formulated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), named TAPE, exhibits superior mucoadhesive properties. TAPE is prepared by a simple physical mixture of TA and PEG. It remained on esophageal mucus layers for at least several hours (<8 h) after oral feeding. The mucoadhesion originated from intermolecular interaction between the polyphenols of TA and mucin, exhibiting pH dependency. TAPE adhered strongly to mucin in neutral conditions but bound weakly in acidic conditions due to different hydrolysis rates of the ester linkages in TA. Thus, TAPE might be useful as a long-lasting esophageal mucoadhesive composite.
Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Gestational Tissues by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ: Effect of 15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-PGJ<sub>2</sub>and Troglitazone (2002)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that is essential for murine placental development and trophoblast differentiation. In nonreproductive tissues, PPAR-gamma regulates the formation of proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence suggests that many of the observed anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR-gamma are in part caused by antagonizing the activities of the transcription factors, including nuclear factor-kappa B. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether natural [15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2))] and synthetic (troglitazone) PPAR-gamma ligands regulate the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha from human intrauterine tissues. Human placenta, amnion, and choriodecidual tissues were incubated in the presence of 10 micro g/ml lipopolysaccharide in the absence (control) or presence of 30 micro M 15d-PGJ(2) (n = 6 independent placenta) or troglitazone (n = 6 independent placentas). After a 6-h incubation, the incubation medium was collected and the release of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha was quantified by ELISA. Treatment of placental, amnion, and choriodecidual tissues with both 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone significantly reduced the release of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha (t test, P < 0.05). Gel shift analyses demonstrated that 15d-PGJ(2), but not troglitazone, suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B DNA-binding activity. The data presented in this study demonstrate that the formation of proinflammatory mediators can be modulated by currently available therapeutic agents and may therefore be of therapeutic potential in human labor.
A family of killer toxins (2006)

The ADP-ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs) are a family of toxins that catalyse the hydrolysis of NAD and the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety onto a target. This family includes many notorious killers, responsible for thousands of deaths annually including: cholera, enterotoxic Escherichia coli, whooping cough, diphtheria and a plethora of Clostridial binary toxins. Despite their notoriety as pathogens, the ADPRTs have been extensively used as cellular tools to study and elucidate the functions of the small GTPases that they target. There are four classes of ADPRTs and at least one structure representative of each of these classes has been determined. They all share a common fold and several motifs around the active site that collectively facilitate the binding and transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to their protein targets. In this review, we present an overview of the physiology and cellular qualities of the bacterial ADPRTs and take an in-depth look at the structural motifs that differentiate the different classes of bacterial ADPRTs in relation to their function.