gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the TOA E-5000® Automated Hematology Analyzer (1987)

A three-phase evaluation of the Toa E-5000 Automated Hematology Analyzer was performed. The first phase consisted of evaluation of linearity, carryover, precisions, accuracy, sample stability, and effectiveness of the mixing and sampling mechanism. The second phase was comparison of erythroid and platelet parameters with results from a Coulter Counter Model S-Plus IV. The third phase consisted of comparison of the trimodal leukocyte differential count of the Toa E-5000 in 300 patients with four other differential methods. The first-phase studies showed excellent performance characteristics. Stability of samples at room temperature was good for a minimum of 12 hours, but storage for longer than 12 hours requires refrigeration to maintain stable values. The erythrocyte and platelet parameters showed good correlation with the Coulter S-Plus IV values except for the erythrocyte distribution width that is calculated differently. The third-phase studies are published elsewhere.
A maximal figure-of-merit learning approach to text categorization (2003)

A novel maximal figure-of-merit (MFoM) learning approach to text categorization is proposed. Different from the conventional techniques, the proposed MFoM method attempts to integrate any performance metric of interest (e.g. accuracy, recall, precision, or F1 measure) into the design of any classifier. The corresponding classifier parameters are learned by optimizing an overall objective function of interest. To solve this highly nonlinear optimization problem, we use a generalized probabilistic descent algorithm. The MFoM learning framework is evaluated on the Reuters-21578 task with LSI-based feature extraction and a binary tree classifier. Experimental results indicate that the MFoM classifier gives improved F1 and enhanced robustness over the conventional one. It also outperforms the popular SVM method in micro-averaging F1. Other extensions to design discriminative multiple-category MFoM classifiers for application scenarios with new performance metrics could be envisioned too.
Simulation of the effect of a resist-surface bound air bubble on imaging in immersion lithography (2005)

Resist-surface bound air bubbles have been identified as a possible defect mechanism in immersion lithography. The general expectation is that the bubble will primarily cause local dose reductions, but no detailed simulations on this effect have been published. The work described in this paper is a first attempt to do so: we have simulated the effect of bubbles on 1:1 dense Line/Space patterning. Our results confirm that the major effect of the presence of a bubble is indeed underexposure - or in most cases even non-exposure - of the pattern in the area occupied by the bubble, but it also identifies a few more subtle characteristics of bubble-induced defects which can help identify defects observed on immersion wafers as being caused by a bubble. Apart from the simulation results, we also show a few experimentally observed immersion defects, which we believe are indeed generated by a bubble.
Harmonic voltage control with a STATCOM (2009)

Harmonic current control with converters is widely practiced, e.g. compensation of harmonics generated by a load. Control of harmonic grid voltage components is much more difficult due to the fact that the grid impedance for harmonic frequencies changes in a wide range, which changes the behavior of the control loop significantly. This paper shows how a STATCOM is used to reduce voltage harmonics in a high-voltage grid. Two methods to control harmonic grid voltage components together with simulation and measurement results are presented.
Sparse Approximate Solutions to Linear Systems (1995)

The following problem is considered: given a matrix A in ${\bf R}^{m\times n}$, (m rows and n columns), a vector b in ${\bf R}^m$, and $\epsilon > 0$, compute a vector x satisfying $\|Ax - b\|_{2} \leq \epsilon $ if such exists, such that x has the fewest number of non-zero entries over all such vectors. It is shown that the problem is NP-hard, but that the well-known greedy heuristic is good in that it computes a solution with at most $\lceil 18 \operatorname{Opt}(\epsilon/2)\|{\bf A}^{+}\|_{2}^{2} \ln ({\| b \|_{2}/\epsilon})\rceil$ non-zero entries, where $\operatorname{Opt}(\epsilon/2)$ is the optimum number of nonzero entries at error $\epsilon/2$, ${\textbf{A}}$ is the matrix obtained by normalizing each column of A with respect to the $L_{2}$ norm, and $\textbf{A}^{+}$ is its pseudo-inverse.
The preparation of α‐substituted acrylic esters (1979)

Abstract Treatment of the lithium enolates of cyclopentadiene‐blocked acrylates with various electrophilic reagents, such as alkyl chloroformates, α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, epoxides, episulfides, and α‐halocarbonyl compounds, has led to a convenient synthetic method for the preparation of α‐substituted acrylic esters.
Collisional activation and collision-activated dissociation of large multiply charged polypeptides and proteins produced by electrospray ionization (1990)

Collisional activation (CA) and collision-activated dissociation (CAD) of multiply protonated molecular ions produced by electrospray ionization using an atmospheric pressure source are described. A TAGA 6000E triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, in both unmodified and differentially pumped inlet arrangements, was used to investigate CA and CAD during transfer through the atmosphere-vacuum interface and subsequent CAD in the tandem instrument. Melittin, which has a molecular weight (M r ) of 2846, is efficiently dissociated in the interface at higher nozzle-skimmer voltages, yielding fragmentation that can be assigned to the various charge states. Selection of such product ions formed in the interface for subsequent tandem mass spectrometry allows confirmation of earlier sequence assignments and extends the utility of these methods. Various charge states of larger polypeptides, such as human parathyroid hormone (1-44) (M r 5064), can be efficiently collisionally dissociated in the second (rf-only) quadrupole. However, for molecular ions of this size, the low-energy collisions used for CAD yield only partial sequence information. For large molecules such as horse heart myoglobin (M r 16,951), the effects of nozzle-skimmer bias are explored, and it is shown that higher charge states (at ≤ m/z 1400) can be effectively dissociated in the interface. Initial results for both metastable (unimolecular) and CAD for myoglobin are reported. The potential and limitations of CAD for large biomolecular ions are discussed. The feasibility of fingerprinting for proteins is illustrated by the CAD spectra of cytochrome c from nine species.
Prosthetic Vein Valve: Delivery and In Vitro Evaluation (2007)

Venous disease will affect 1-3% of the western world at some point in their lives, yet there are few effective treatments for the venous system [1]. One such disease is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), a painful and debilitating illness that affects the superficial and deep vein valves of the legs. When the valves become incompetent they allow reflux and subsequent pooling of blood. Current clinical therapies are only moderately; and therefore, the need for a better solution remains.\n\nProsthetic venous valves were constructed from a novel hydrogel biomaterial patented by Georgia Tech. The valves had flexible cusps similar to normal, anatomic venous valves. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the thrombotic potential of the GT venous valve in an in vitro study and to design a percutaneous delivery system. In vitro thrombosis model provides an appropriate intermediate step between valve development and in vivo analysis, which is necessary to determine the biocompatibility of the prosthetic device.\n\nThe flow system was modified from a one-pass, flow-through thrombosis assay using whole blood [2] to mimic pulsatile physiologic conditions. Cessation of flow indicated thrombotic obstruction. Histological analysis was performed using H and E staining and Carstairs stain (specific for platelets). A group of valves were lined with Dacron to confirm the thrombotic potential of the system. All Dacron valves were occluded by thrombus connecting the polymer fibers with adherent platelets.\n\nWhole blood perfused through the GT prosthetic valves exhibited no thrombosis or platelet adherence. All GT valves were patent and competent after blood perfusion. H and E staining revealed no thrombus deposition on the GT vein valves.\n\nA percutaneous delivery system was designed after evaluating the GT valves for their compressibility and plastic deformation over time. Appropriate stents, catheters and sheaths were selected. As designed, this system will be utilized in an ovine trial of the valve. Due to the low in vitro thrombotic potential and strong history of PVA as a medical implant material, positive trial results are expected. With successful animal and human trials this valve can provide a potential intervention for the 7 million people suffering from CVI.
AC susceptibility study of YBCO (2011)

The temperature dependence of ac susceptibility of YBCO bulk samples was measured as a function of ac field amplitude and frequency. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the ac susceptibility near the transition temperature (T c ) has been done employing the simplified Kim model. We have obtained an empirical function for the penetration field H p = H α (1−t) β , t = T=T c . Best fitting to data was obtained with parameters H α ≈ 6:2 × 103 A/m and β ≈ 1.50. The experimental value agrees well with the model calculations. In addition, as the frequency increases, the peak temperature (T p ) shifts to higher temperature. This effect can be interpreted in terms of flux creep. The field dependence of activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius plots for the frequency (f) and (T p ) can be described as U ∝ (H ac )−β′ with β′ ≈ 0:38 for YBCO.
Efficient multifaceted screening of job applicants (2013)

Built on top of human resources management databases within the enterprise, we present a decision support system for managing and optimizing screening activities during the hiring process in a large organization. The basic idea is to prioritize the efforts of human resource practitioners to focus on candidates that are likely of high quality, that are likely to accept a job offer if made one, and that are likely to remain with the organization for the long term. To do so, the system first individually ranks candidates along several dimensions using a keyword matching algorithm and several bipartite ranking algorithms with univariate loss trained on historical actions. Next, individual rankings are aggregated to derive a single list that is presented to the recruitment team through an interactive portal. The portal supports multiple filters that facilitate effective identification of candidates. We demonstrate the usefulness of our system on data collected from a large organization over several years with business value metrics showing greater hiring yield with less interviews. Similarly, using historical pre-hire data we demonstrate accurate identification of candidates that will have quickly left the organization. The system has been deployed as described in a large globally integrated enterprise.
Review of flux-weakening in high performance vector controlled induction motor drives (2002)

This paper is a tutorial review of flux-weakening operation in high performance vector controlled induction motor drives (VCIM). Flux-weakening has become very important due to the enhanced benefits of high speed operation of many processes and due to the impending introduction of electrical vehicles with propulsion drives having a range of operational speed up to 14,000 r/min. All of these applications demand precision dynamic torque and speed control over the entire speed range. Flux-weakening control, though familiar in the pretext of low performance V/Hz type controllers, takes on complex proportions in the context of high performance vector controlled induction motor drives. Stator flux control emerges as the obvious candidate for high speed operation but is unsuitable or incompatible with indirect vector controllers. A hybrid combination of rotor flux linkages reference with the imposed voltage limit due to the limited DC link voltage is a very attractive alternative at this juncture for indirect VCIMs. This paper presents the fundamentals of flux weakening operation, presents the hybrid algorithm, critically reviews control algorithms for high performance flux-weakening and summarizes solution methodologies available for constant power operation over a wide speed range. In the process, an important solution for this problem in the form of coordinating the design of inverter-fed induction machines and control variables emerges in this paper.
Fuzzy model reference learning control for cargo ship steering (2002)

The fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) primarily focuses on improving existing learning control approaches or introducing new ones. A comparative analysis of the FMRLC and conventional model reference adaptive control (MRAC) for a cargo ship steering application is provided. The main objective is to make an initial assessment of what advantages (if any) a fuzzy learning control approach has over conventional adaptive control approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electromagnetic fields and energy (1989)

Published in 1989 by Prentice-Hall, this book is a useful resource for educators and self-learners alike. The text is aimed at those who have seen Maxwell's equations in integral and differential form and who have been exposed to some integral theorems and differential operators. A hypertext version of this textbook can be found here. An accompanying set of video demonstrations is available below. These video demonstrations convey electromagnetism concepts. The demonstrations are related to topics covered in the textbook. They were prepared by Markus Zahn, James R. Melcher and Manuel L. Silva and were produced by the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The purpose of these demonstrations is to make mathematical analysis of electromagnetism take on physical meaning. Based on relatively simple configurations and arrangements of equipment, they make a direct connection between what has been analytically derived and what is observed. They permit the student to observe physically what has been described symbolically. Often presented with a plot of theoretical predictions that are compared to measured data, these demonstrations give the opportunity to test the range of validity of the theory and present a quantitative approach to dealing with the physical world. The short form of these videos contains the demonstrations only. The long form also presents theory, diagrams and calculations in support of the demonstrations.
FORMATION OF MEGACHROMOSOMES FROM HETEROCHROMATIC BLOCKS OF <i>NICOTIANA TOMENTOSIFORMIS</i> (1973)

A heterochromatic block (HB) from N. otophora occasionally undergoes great enlargement to form a "megachromosome" in hybrids and hybrid derivatives with N. tabacum. This paper shows that the two large HB's of closely related N. tomentosiformis, and perhaps a smaller one, also have the same capability. The evidence that both large HB's form megachromosomes is twofold. In a segregating backcross population from a parent possessing the two large HB's, all segregants with one block produced megachromosomes at metaphase or large heterochromatic clumps at interphase. Second, those segregants which possessed both heterochromatic blocks produced megachromosomes of two visibly different types. Proliferation to make megachromosomes thus may not be the property of merely one particular segment but a more common property of heterochromatin in a hybrid or otherwise disturbed background.
A commensal strain of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> protects against skin neoplasia (2018)

We report the discovery that strains of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> produce 6-<i>N</i>-hydroxyaminopurine (6-HAP), a molecule that inhibits DNA polymerase activity. In culture, 6-HAP selectively inhibited proliferation of tumor lines but did not inhibit primary keratinocytes. Resistance to 6-HAP was associated with the expression of mitochondrial amidoxime reducing components, enzymes that were not observed in cells sensitive to this compound. Intravenous injection of 6-HAP in mice suppressed the growth of B16F10 melanoma without evidence of systemic toxicity. Colonization of mice with an <i>S. epidermidis</i> strain producing 6-HAP reduced the incidence of ultraviolet-induced tumors compared to mice colonized by a control strain that did not produce 6-HAP. <i>S. epidermidis</i> strains producing 6-HAP were found in the metagenome from multiple healthy human subjects, suggesting that the microbiome of some individuals may confer protection against skin cancer. These findings show a new role for skin commensal bacteria in host defense.
The Zinc Dyshomeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Hallmark AD neuropathology includes extracellular amyloid plaques composed largely of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyper-phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (MAP-tau), and microtubule destabilization. Early-onset autosomal dominant AD genes are associated with excessive Aβ accumulation, however cognitive impairment best correlates with NFTs and disrupted microtubules. The mechanisms linking Aβ and NFT pathologies in AD are unknown. Here, we propose that sequestration of zinc by Aβ-amyloid deposits (Aβ oligomers and plaques) not only drives Aβ aggregation, but also disrupts zinc homeostasis in zinc-enriched brain regions important for memory and vulnerable to AD pathology, resulting in intra-neuronal zinc levels, which are either too low, or excessively high. To evaluate this hypothesis, we 1) used molecular modeling of zinc binding to the microtubule component protein tubulin, identifying specific, high-affinity zinc binding sites that influence side-to-side tubulin interaction, the sensitive link in microtubule polymerization and stability. We also 2) performed kinetic modeling showing zinc distribution in extra-neuronal Aβ deposits can reduce intra-neuronal zinc binding to microtubules, destabilizing microtubules. Finally, we 3) used metallomic imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) to show anatomically-localized and age-dependent zinc dyshomeostasis in specific brain regions of Tg2576 transgenic, mice, a model for AD. We found excess zinc in brain regions associated with memory processing and NFT pathology. Overall, we present a theoretical framework and support for a new theory of AD linking extra-neuronal Aβ amyloid to intra-neuronal NFTs and cognitive dysfunction. The connection, we propose, is based on β-amyloid-induced alterations in zinc ion concentration inside neurons affecting stability of polymerized microtubules, their binding to MAP-tau, and molecular dynamics involved in cognition. Further, our theory supports novel AD therapeutic strategies targeting intra-neuronal zinc homeostasis and microtubule dynamics to prevent neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
HBV Immune-Therapy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications (2019)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a worldwide public health concern with approximately 250 million people chronically infected and at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUC) are the most widely used therapies for HBV infection, but they often require long-lasting administration to avoid the risk of HBV reactivation at withdrawal. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel treatments to shorten the duration of NUC therapy by accelerating virus control, and to complement the effect of available anti-viral therapies. In chronic HBV infection, virus-specific T cells are functionally defective, and this exhaustion state is a key determinant of virus persistence. Reconstitution of an efficient anti-viral T cell response may thus represent a rational strategy to treat chronic HBV patients. In this perspective, the enhancement of adaptive immune responses by a checkpoint inhibitor blockade, specific T cell vaccines, lymphocyte metabolism targeting, and autologous T cell engineering, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and TCR-redirected T cells, constitutes a promising immune modulatory approach for a therapeutic restoration of protective immunity. The advances of the emerging immune-based therapies in the setting of the HBV research field will be outlined.
Investigation of Two Distinct Flavone Synthases for Plant-Specific Flavone Biosynthesis in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2005)

Flavones are plant secondary metabolites that have wide pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. We previously constructed a recombinant flavanone pathway by expressing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a four-step recombinant pathway that consists of cinnamate-4 hydroxylase, 4-coumaroyl:coenzyme A ligase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase. In the present work, the biosynthesis of flavones by two distinct flavone synthases was evaluated by introducing a soluble flavone synthase I (FSI) and a membrane-bound flavone synthase II (FSII) into the flavanone-producing recombinant yeast strain. The resulting recombinant strains were able to convert various phenylpropanoid acid precursors into the flavone molecules chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin, and the intermediate flavanones pinocembrin, naringenin, and eriodictyol accumulated in the medium. Improvement of flavone biosynthesis was achieved by overexpressing the yeast P450 reductase CPR1 in the FSII-expressing recombinant strain and by using acetate rather than glucose or raffinose as the carbon source. Overall, the FSI-expressing recombinant strain produced 50% more apigenin and six times less naringenin than the FSII-expressing recombinant strain when p-coumaric acid was used as a precursor phenylpropanoid acid. Further experiments indicated that unlike luteolin, the 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone apigenin inhibits flavanone biosynthesis in vivo in a nonlinear, dose-dependent manner.
Immediate and Long-term Effects of Radiation on the Immune System of Specific-pathogen-free Mice (1988)

Studies on the immediate and long-term effects of radiation on the immune system of specific-pathogen-free mice are summarized in this paper. There was a striking difference in the radiation response of lymphocyte subsets; B cells consist of a fairly radiosensitive homogeneous population, whereas T cells consist of a large percentage (greater than 90 per cent) of radiosensitive and a small percentage (less than 10 per cent) of extremely radioresistant subpopulations. Ly 1+ and Ly 2+ lymphocytes appear equally radiosensitive, although the percentage of radioresistant cells was slightly larger for the former (approximately 5.5 per cent) than the latter (approximately 2.5 per cent). There was a significant strain difference in the radiosensitivity of immune-response potential in mice; immunocompetent cells of C3H mice were more radioresistant than those of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and B10.BR mice. Studies on the long-term effect of radiation on immune system in mice indicated no evidence for accelerated ageing of the immunologic functions when radiation exposure was given to young adults. Preliminary results on the enhancing effect of low dose radiation on cytotoxic T cell response in vitro are also discussed.