gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ADIC: an extensible automatic differentiation tool for ANSI-C (1997)

In scientific computing, we often require the derivatives ∂f/∂x of a function f expressed as a program with respect to some input parameter(s) x, say. Automatic Differentiation (AD) techniques augment the program with derivative computation by applying the chain rule of calculus to elementary operations in an automated fashion. This article introduces ADIC (Automatic Differentiation of C), a new AD tool for ANSI-C programs. ADIC is currently the only tool for ANSI-C that employs a source-to-source program transformation approach; that is, it takes a C code and produces a new C code that computes the original results as well as the derivatives. We first present ADIC ‘by example’ to illustrate the functionality and ease of use of ADIC and then describe in detail the architecture of ADIC. ADIC incorporates a modular design that provides a foundation for both rapid prototyping of better AD algorithms and their sharing across AD tools for different languages. A component architecture called AIF (Automatic Differentiation Intermediate Form) separates core AD concepts from their language-specific implementation and allows the development of generic AD modules that can be reused directly in other AIF-based AD tools. The language-specific ADIC front-end and back-end canonicalize C programs to make them fit for semantic augmentation and manage, for example, the association of a program variable with its derivative object. We also report on applications of ADIC to a semiconductor device simulator, 3-D CFD grid generator, vehicle simulator, and neural network code. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canonical variable analysis and long short-term memory for fault diagnosis and performance estimation of a centrifugal compressor (2018)

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link
Biological effects of extracorporeal shock waves (2003)

Extracorporeal shock waves are used in medicine to destroy kidney stones and gallstones. In the body, they can affect tissues. These effects have been examined in many organs and generally consist of hemorrhages, destruction of venous walls, and venous thrombi. Tissue effects and stone destruction were considered to be due to a direct shock-wave effect or to cavitation; some experiments are presented which point to the involvement of cavitation as a mechanism of both tissue damage and stone destruction. A model of shock-wave action that could explain the observed effects is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance evaluation for various configuration of superscalar processors (1993)

We present evaluation results on configuration of superscalar processors. We have developed tools for evaluating superscalar processors, which consists of an optimizing compiler and a configurable simulator. These tools can accept architectural parameters which characterize the configuration of target superscalar processors. We can estimate the most optimal performance of each configuration, as the compiler extracts the parallelism in application programs maximally and the execution on the simulator reflects the actual behavior of the target processor. By comparing exectution results on various configuration of processors, we can observe the effect of each architectural parameter and get optimal configuration of superscalar processor. We have evaluated the performance varying the following specification of superscalar processors; (1) The number of instructions the processor can issue maximally on each cycle (2) The number of functional units and memory ports (3) Latency of instructions. The results show that four instruction issue per cycle attains enough performance and the integer unit should have two ALUs and two memory ports for most integer programs tested here. For floating point programs, if programs are highly optimized, reducing instruction latency is more effective than having more functional units, in order to enhance the performance of superscalar processors.
Zymogens and Cofactors of Blood Coagulatio (1980)

Blood coagulation is a system in which a series of zymogens of serine proteases are sequentially activated. In this regard, there is little fundamental difference between coagulation and the activation of the homologous pancreatic zymogens. There are, however, several aspects unique to coagulation which are discussed in detail. These are (1) the requirement for a high-molecular-weight protein or lipoprotein cofactor for optimal reaction rates, (2) the requirement for membranes or a membrane-like surface which further distinguishes this system; (3) a metal ion requirement for most reactions (in contrast to the pancreatic serine proteases) relating to the content of the newly described amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the four vitamin K-dependent proteins, regarding which recent data relating to the metal binding sites on prothrombin are discussed in detail; and (4) the uniqueness of the initiating reactions in comparison to those which activate the pancreatic zymogens, insofar as no enzyme corresponding to enterokinase has been identified. The implications of this phenomenon are analyzed with particular attention to the potential role of the endogenous activity of certain zymogens in initiating coagulation. The article deals finally with the specific problems attendant on analyzing a system in which many serine proteases lacking absolute specificity are generated and regulated.
Heartbeat Rate Measurement from Facial Video (2016)

Heartbeat rate (HR) reveals a person's health. This article presents an effective system for measuring HR from facial videos acquired in a more realistic environment than current systems' testing environments. The proposed method uses a facial feature point-tracking method that combines a good feature to track method with a supervised descent method to overcome the limitations of currently available facial video-based HR measuring systems, including unrealistic restriction of the subject's movement and artificial lighting during data capture. A face quality assessment system is also incorporated to automatically discard low-quality faces that occur in a realistic video sequence to reduce erroneous results. The proposed method was comprehensively tested on the publicly available MAHNOB-HCI database and the authors' local dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed system outperforms existing video-based systems for HR measurement.
Auditory-Motor Mapping Training as an Intervention to Facilitate Speech Output in Non-Verbal Children with Autism: A Proof of Concept Study (2011)

Although up to 25% of children with autism are non-verbal, there are very few interventions that can reliably produce significant improvements in speech output. Recently, a novel intervention called Auditory-Motor Mapping Training (AMMT) has been developed, which aims to promote speech production directly by training the association between sounds and articulatory actions using intonation and bimanual motor activities. AMMT capitalizes on the inherent musical strengths of children with autism, and offers activities that they intrinsically enjoy. It also engages and potentially stimulates a network of brain regions that may be dysfunctional in autism. Here, we report an initial efficacy study to provide 'proof of concept' for AMMT. Six non-verbal children with autism participated. Prior to treatment, the children had no intelligible words. They each received 40 individual sessions of AMMT 5 times per week, over an 8-week period. Probe assessments were conducted periodically during baseline, therapy, and follow-up sessions. After therapy, all children showed significant improvements in their ability to articulate words and phrases, with generalization to items that were not practiced during therapy sessions. Because these children had no or minimal vocal output prior to treatment, the acquisition of speech sounds and word approximations through AMMT represents a critical step in expressive language development in children with autism.
Tyrosine kinase signalling pathways. (1994)

Protein-tyrosine kinases act as receptors for a wide range of external signals that control the growth and differentiation of normal cells. Additionally, many retroviral and cellular oncogenes encode tyrosine kinase variants that are constitutively active. Recent evidence suggests that the intracellular targets of tyrosine kinases contain a protein module of approximately 100 amino acids, the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. SH2 domains directly recognize tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and are thereby recruited to activated, autophosphorylated growth factor receptors. These interactions, in turn, stimulate the biochemical signalling pathways that control gene expression, cytoskeletal architecture, and cell metabolism. SH2-containing proteins frequently contain a distinct element of approximately 50 residues, the SH3 domain, that recognizes proline-rich motifs. Proteins with SH2 and SH3 domains can act as adaptors to couple tyrosine kinases to downstream targets with SH3-binding sites. A specific example of the synergistic action of SH2 and SH3 domains involves regulation of the Ras pathway by the adaptor protein Sem-5/drk/Grb2, which links tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos, which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state.
Investigating the Successes and Failures of BERT for Passage Re-Ranking (2019)

The bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model has recently advanced the state-of-the-art in passage re-ranking. In this paper, we analyze the results produced by a fine-tuned BERT model to better understand the reasons behind such substantial improvements. To this aim, we focus on the MS MARCO passage re-ranking dataset and provide potential reasons for the successes and failures of BERT for retrieval. In more detail, we empirically study a set of hypotheses and provide additional analysis to explain the successful performance of BERT.
Total synthesis of discorhabdin C: a general aza spiro dienone formation from O-silylated phenol derivatives using a hypervalent iodine reagent (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of discorhabdin C: a general aza spiro dienone formation from O-silylated phenol derivatives using a hypervalent iodine reagentYasuyuki Kita, Hirofumi Tohma, Masanao Inagaki, Kenji Hatanaka, and Takayuki YakuraCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 6, 2175–2180Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00032a036RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1587Altmetric-Citations156LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (858 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Circulating Dickkopf-1 and osteoprotegerin in patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. (2010)

There was a cross-talk between DKK-1 and OPG, which involved in bone destruction in RA. In different stage of RA, DKK-1 and OPG may play different roles in the pathogenesis of RA.
Membrane Rafts Play a Crucial Role in Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Signaling and Osteoclast Function (2003)

Membrane lipid rafts play a key role in immune cell activation by recruiting and excluding specific signaling components of immune cell surface receptors upon the receptor engagement. Despite this, the role of these microdomains in the regulation of osteoclasts as controlled by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) has yet to be established. In this study, we demonstrate that the raft microdomain expression plays an essential role in osteoclast function and differentiation. Expression of raft component flotillin greatly increased during osteoclast differentiation, whereas engagement of RANK induced the translocation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 to rafts where Src was constitutively resident. Disruption of rafts blocked TRAF6 translocation and Akt activation by RANK ligand in osteoclasts and further reduced the survival of osteoclasts. Actin ring formation and bone resorption by osteoclasts were also found to require the integrity of rafts. Our observations demonstrate for the first time that RANK-mediated signaling and osteoclast function are critically dependent on the expression and integrity of raft membrane microdomains.
Emergence of a novel equine-like G3P[8] inter-genogroup reassortant rotavirus strain associated with gastroenteritis in Australian children (2015)

During 2013, a novel equine-like G3P[8] rotavirus emerged as the dominant strain in Australian children with severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Full genome analysis demonstrated that the strain was an inter-genogroup reassortant, containing an equine-like G3 VP7, a P[8] VP4 and a genogroup 2 backbone I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. The genome constellation of the equine-like G3P[8] was distinct to Australian and global G3P[8] strains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a genetic relationship to multiple gene segments of Japanese strains RVA/JPN/S13-30/2013/G3P[4] and RVA/Human-wt/JPN/HC12016/2012/G1P[8]. The Australian equine-like G3P[8] strain displayed a distinct VP7 antigenic profile when compared with the previously circulating Australian G3P[8] strains. Identification of similar genes in strains from several geographical regions suggested the equine-like G3P[8] strain was derived by multiple reassortment events between globally co-circulating strains from both human and animal sources. This study reinforces the dynamic nature of rotavirus strains and illustrates the potential for novel human/animal reassortant strains to emerge within the human population.
<i>Failure of N-Ethyl Maleimide to React With Sulfhydryl Groups of Intact Human Erythrocytes</i> (1956)

Certain sulfhydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzoic acid hemolyze human erythrocytes in a predictable manner. N-ethyl maleimide does not hemolyze human erythrocytes although it reacts freely with the –SH groups of cysteine, glutathione and ergothionine. Also N-ethyl maleimide reacts avidly with the –SH groups of human erythrocytes previously hemolyzed by freezing. These findings indicate the envelope of the intact erythrocyte prevents access of N-ethyl maleimide to the critical –SH groups of the intact erythrocyte or that freezing exposes the crucial –SH groups by altering the natural configuration of the proteins. Submitted on April 6, 1956
Nanocrystals as Stoichiometric Reagents with Unique Surface Chemistry (1996)

Nanocrystals of MgO and CaO have been prepared by a modified aerogel/hypercritical drying/dehydration method. For nanocrystalline MgO (AP-MgO) surface areas ranged from 250 to 500 m2/g, whereas for AP-CaO 100−160 m2/g. These materials have been compared with more conventional (CP) microcrystalline samples of lower surface area with regard to (1) morphology (AP-samples (autoclave preparation) are tiny polyhedral crystallites, while CP-samples (conventional preparation) are larger, hexagonal platelets and cubes); (2) residual surface OH (AP-samples have less acidic OH, which are more isolated from each other; (3) acid gas adsorption (AP-samples adsorb more SO2 and CO2 at low pressures and room temperature and prefer monodentate rather than bidentate adsorption modes, but at higher pressures CP-samples adsorb more SO2 and HCl apparently due to the formation of more well ordered multilayers); (4) destructive adsorption of organophosphorus compounds and chlorocarbons (AP-samples are superior due to higher surface areas and higher surface reactivities), and (5) very thin layers of transition metal oxides on the MgO and CaO nanocrystals that significantly enhance destructive adsorption capacities to the point where [MxOy]AP-MgO and [MxOy]AP-CaO become stoichiometric in reaction with CCl4. The data are conclusive that the nanocrystals are more reactive than the microcrystals, and this is mainly attributed to morphological differences, including defects. However, intrinsic electronic effects due purely to “smallness” cannot be ruled out.
Attenuation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cytopathic Effects by Replacing a 424-bp Region of Envelope from a Noncytopathic Biological Clone (2000)

We analyzed the env genes of cytopathic and noncytopathic biological clones derived from two HIV-1-infected children with discordant clinical courses. Chimeric viruses were constructed by switching env regions from V2 through V3 of the biological clones with the corresponding region from the molecular clone NL4-3. These HIV-1 chimeric viruses exhibited similar replication kinetics as well as syncytium-inducing abilities. The chimeric virus containing the env region of noncytopathic biological clone, GC6 8-4, was noncytopathic in an in vitro cell-killing assay, while the chimeric virus containing the env region of cytopathic biological clone, HC4, was cytopathic in the in vitro cell-killing assay. These studies suggest the presence of a cytopathicity determinant that maps to the envelope sequences contained within the downstream region of V2 and within the V3 region (nucleotide position 6822 to nucleotide position 7250, based on NL4-3 sequence).
Timing-Constrained Yield-Driven Wiring Reconstruction for Critical Area Minimization (2007)

In this paper, given a full-chip routing result with a set of rectilinear Steiner trees, based on the computation of critical areas for short and open wires, a two-phase timing-constrained yield-driven approach is proposed to minimize the critical area for short wires by using timing-constrained path reconstruction and minimize the critical area for open wires by using width-and timing-constrained wire sizing. The experimental results show that our proposed two-phase timing-constrained yield-driven approach increases about 8% ~ 12% chip yield for the tested benchmark examples in reasonable CPU time
Observation of Ordered Phases of Fullerenes in Carbon Nanotubes (2004)

We have assembled molecular arrays of C60 inside double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) with internal diameters of 11-26 A and directly observed the existence of different crystalline phases of C60 previously predicted theoretically. The structure of the encapsulated C60 crystal is defined by the internal diameter of the DWNT, as the molecules adjust their packing arrangement in order to maximize van der Waals interactions. We have also shown that fullerenes in C(60)@DWNT interact with the outer layer of DWNTs, as demonstrated by the efficient filling of DWNTs with internal diameters of less than 12 A.
Unique Fluid Ensemble including Silicone Oil for the Application of Optical Liquid Lens (2008)

The fluid ensemble in the liquid lens, which is composed of electrolyte and silicone oil, is the key material system to vary the focal length processing of the electrochemical desorption. In order to characterize the capability of the liquid lens according to response time and optical range, we prepared a fluid ensemble comprising the electrolyte and oil. To elucidate the physical mechanism of the effective response time, we examined the viscosity dependency while satisfying the requirements for the density and refractive index of the electrolyte and oil, respectively. The characterization results indicated that the response time (up and down) is influenced by the viscosity of the electrolyte and oil. On this basis, we prepared a fluid ensemble capable of reversibly adjusting for the focal length of the liquid lens, as well as the response time. The ensemble is applicable to various systems such as micro-lens and optical sensors.
GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer (2014)

The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
Characterization of Cu–In–Se–Te system in thin films grown by thermal evaporation (1992)

The growth conditions of thin films of Cu–In–Se–Te system fabricated by thermal evaporation and their composition, structural, optical, and electrical properties have been studied. When analyzing the optical absorption coefficient of the films, several energy gap discrete values appear: 0.86±0.04, 0.95±0.05, 1.26±0.06, 1.51±0.02, and 1.71±0.03 eV. Resistivities and mobilities varying in the ranges of 10−3 to 8 Ω cm and 0.2 to 28.6 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively were found depending on growing conditions. The ‘‘as grown’’ samples were p type. The thermal treatments may change the type of conduction from p to n.
Intelligent chinese text input technology for mobile computing (2007)

A sentence-based Chinese text input method system is proposed in this paper, which is implemented on both Symbian S60 and Windows Mobile platform with such characters as easy-to-use, efficient and smart. The whole system is compacted within 150k, and can be integrated with cell phone, PDA and remoter.
Structural and Dielectric Studies in the System (Ba, Ca) (Ti, Zr)O <sub>3</sub> (1954)

The crystalline phases in the system (Ba, Ca) (Ti, Zr)O 3 were identified and their lattice dimensions were determined from X‐ray powder patterns of fired ceramic disks. Compositions near the BaTiO 3 ‐BaZrO 3 and CaTiO 3 ‐CaZrO 3 sides of the composition square gave evidence of complete solid solution, whereas all intermediate compositions contained two separate phases. Variations in the temperature of the Curie point and in aging rate were found to correlate reasonably well with variations in the character of the crystal structure.