gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sporacetigenium mesophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an anaerobic digester treating municipal solid waste and sewage (2006)

Two mesophilic, anaerobic bacterial strains (ZLJ115T and L4-2) were isolated from the sludge of an anaerobic digester treating municipal solid waste and sewage in Fujian province, China. The strains were Gram-positive, spore-forming, motile rods (0.9-1.0 x 3.6-7.3 microm). Growth of the strains was observed at 20-42 degrees C and pH 6.0-9.5. Both strains fermented several mono- and disaccharides. The main fermentation products from glucose were acetate, ethanol, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Optimal hydrogen production by the new isolates was observed at pH 8.8 and 39 degrees C, and 1.4 mol H2 was detected from fermentation of 1 mol glucose. The DNA G+C contents of strains ZLJ115T and L4-2 were 53.9 and 54.3 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates represented a novel phyletic sublineage within cluster XI of the clostridia, clustering with four thermophilic species, with <93.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to previously described species. Phenotypically, the new isolates were distinguished from their phylogenetic relatives by growing mesophilically and by fermenting a variety of pentoses, as well as their higher genome DNA G+C content. On the basis of polyphasic evidence from this study, a novel genus and species are proposed, Sporacetigenium mesophilum gen. nov., sp. nov.; strain ZLJ115T (=DSM 16796T = AS 1.5019T) is the type strain of Sporacetigenium mesophilum.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, PROTON AND CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA, AND DYNAMIC STEREOCHEMISTRY OF 2‐MONO‐ AND 2,2‐DISUBSTITUTED 4‐ARYL(ALKYL)CARBAMOYL‐3,4,5,6‐TETRAHYDRO‐1,3,4‐OXADIAZINES (1982)

Abstract Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen (III) wird beschrieben.
Classical information capacity of a quantum channel (1996)

We consider the transmission of classical information over a quantum channel. The channel is defined by an ``alphabet'' of quantum states, e.g., certain photon polarizations, together with a specified set of probabilities with which these states must be sent. If the receiver is restricted to making separate measurements on the received ``letter'' states, then the Kholevo theorem implies that the amount of information transmitted per letter cannot be greater than the von Neumann entropy H of the letter ensemble. In fact the actual amount of transmitted information will usually be significantly less than H. We show, however, that if the sender uses a block coding scheme consisting of a choice of code words that respects the a priori probabilities of the letter states, and the receiver distinguishes whole words rather than individual letters, then the information transmitted per letter can be made arbitrarily close to H and never exceeds H. This provides a precise information-theoretic interpretation of von Neumann entropy in quantum mechanics. We apply this result to ``superdense'' coding, and we consider its extension to noisy channels. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
La responsabilidad por cuota de mercado a juicio (2003)

El trabajo cuestiona la posibilidad y conveniencia de introducir la Llamada responsabilidad por cuota de mercado (market share liability) en el Derecho de danos espanol. Primero, estudia su origen, presupuestos y funcionamiento en los Estados Unidos de America, con referencia al caso Sindell versus Abbot y su progenie. Despues, da cuenta de los argumentos utilizados por diversos autores para defender la bondad de la regla y que se introduzca en nuestro Derecho, no solo para el ambito de los danos causados por productos defectuosos, sino tambien ?con ciertas adaptaciones? para el de los danos al medio ambiente. Frente a ello, el trabajo apunta diversas razones por las cuales dicha introduccion ni es posible ni conveniente con caracter general. En particular, se hace hincapie en el hecho de que la responsabilidad por cuota de mercado prescinde del requisito de que entre el dano y la conducta del agente exista un nexo causal, en contra del criterio seguido por el Derecho espanol ?y, con contadisimas excepciones, europeo. La responsabilidad por cuota de mercado adolece ademas de un importante deficit de aplicabilidad practica en la medida en que se apoya sobre un concepto, el de cuota de mercado, dificil de determinar. Finalmente, la regla puede conducir a consecuencias gravemente injustas y no esta en condiciones de dar una respuesta adecuada a muchos de los tipos de danos a los que actualmente se enfrenta el Derecho.
Efficacy of Naltrexone in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Itching in Burn Patients: Preliminary Report of an Open Trial (2009)

Pruritus (itching) constitutes a source of severe distress for burn patients. The authors administered naltrexone to burn patients suffering from itching that was refractory to treatment with antihistamine and anticonvulsant medications to examine the efficacy of this medication as a treatment for pruritus in burn patients. Nineteen burn patients admitted to the Hallym Burn Center at Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital in Seoul, Korea, with burns over 40.32% (+/-18.3) of their total body surface were recruited for this study. The mean number of postburn days before naltrexone treatment was 157.3 days (+/-114.7). The authors observed a significant decrease in itching sensations after 2 weeks of treatment with naltrexone (z = -3.32, P = .001). Scratching activity was also decreased in 44.5% (+/-20.5) of subjects. The authors propose that naltrexone constitutes a potential antipruritic medication for burn patients suffering from treatment-refractory itching.
Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy: validation in vivo (1999)

We validate the use of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantitatively differentiate between adipocyte and intracellular triglyceride (TG) stores by monitoring the TG methylene proton signals at 1.6 and 1.4 ppm, respectively. In two animal models of intracellular TG accumulation, intrahepatic and intramyocellular TG accumulation was confirmed histologically. Consistent with the histological changes, the methylene signal intensity at 1.4 ppm increased in both liver and muscle, whereas the signal at 1.6 ppm was unchanged. In response to induced fat accumulation, the TG concentration in liver derived from 1H MRS increased from 0 to 44.9 +/- 13.2 micromol/g, and this was matched by increases measured biochemically (2.1 +/- 1.1 to 46.1 +/- 10.9 micromol/g). Supportive evidence that the methylene signal at 1.6 ppm in muscle is derived from investing interfascial adipose tissue was the finding that, in four subjects with generalized lipodystrophy, a disease characterized by absence of interfacial fat, no signal was detected at 1.6 ppm; however, a strong signal was seen at 1.4 ppm. An identical methylene chemical shift at 1.4 ppm was obtained in human subjects with fatty liver where the fat is located exclusively within hepatocytes. In experimental animals, there was a close correlation between hepatic TG content measured in vivo by 1H MRS and chemically by liver biopsy [R = 0.934; P <.0001; slope 0.98, confidence interval (CI) 0.70-1.17; y-intercept 0.26, CI -0.28 to 0. 70]. When applied to human calf muscle, the coefficient of variation of the technique in measuring intramyocellular TG content was 11.8% in nonobese subjects and 7.9% in obese subjects and of extramyocellular (adipocyte) fat was 22.6 and 52.5%, respectively. This study demonstrates for the first time that noninvasive in vivo 1H MRS measurement of intracellular TG, including that within myocytes, is feasible at 1.5-T field strengths and is comparable in accuracy to biochemical measurement. In addition, in mixed tissue such as muscle, the method is clearly advantageous in differentiating between TG from contaminating adipose tissue compared with intramyocellular lipids.
Combined antennas for radiating ultrawideband short pulses (2008)

Ultrawideband combined antennas optimized to radiate 0.2-ns length high-voltage (~100 kV) and low-voltage bipolar pulses have been developed. Linear arrays of low-voltage antennas were investigated in the mode of wide-angle steering by a wave beam.
Electric-stimulus-responsive multilayer films based on a cobaltocenium-containing polymer (2014)

Robust fabrication of electroactive multilayer films from a cationic metallocene-containing polymer and their redox-controlled disassembly are presented. Multilayers are assembled from the cationic cobaltocenium polymer (PMCl) and anionic poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), and the effect of salt on the assembly process is investigated. Both electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance confirm excellent response properties of the multilayer film to the electric potential. At an appropriate voltage (≤−0.7 V) these multilayer films undergo rapid disassembly due to reduction of the cationic cobaltocenium to neutral cobaltocene in PMCl and disappearance of the electrostatic interactions holding the polymers together. The extent of disassembly is linearly dependent on the time when the voltage is applied, and the film completely disintegrates from the substrate surface in several minutes. Furthermore, the PMCl/PSS film is employed as a switch layer, and upon electric stimulus the disintegration of the switch layer leads to rapid and complete release from the substrate surface of the overlaying poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/PSS multilayer, which is not electro-responsive.
Gamma Glutamyltransferase and Long-Term Survival: Is It Just the Liver? (2007)

GGT is associated with mortality in both men and women, especially in patients younger than 30 years, and even high-normal GGT is a risk factor for all-cause mortality.
Induced Dendritic Cell Differentiation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Blasts Is Associated with Down-Regulation of BCR-ABL (2003)

Although differentiation of leukemic blasts to dendritic cells (DC) has promise in vaccine strategies, the mechanisms underlying this differentiation and the differences between leukemia and normal progenitor-derived DC are largely undescribed. In the case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), understanding the relationship between the induction of DC differentiation and the expression of the BCR-ABL oncogene has direct relevance to CML biology as well as the development of new therapeutic approaches. We now report that direct activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester PMA in the BCR-ABL(+) CML cell line K562 and primary CML blasts induced nonterminal differentiation into cells with typical DC morphology (cytoplasmic dendrites), characteristic surface markers (MHC class I, MHC class II, CD86, CD40), chemokine and transcription factor expression, and ability to stimulate T cell proliferation (equivalent to normal monocyte-derived DC). PKC-induced differentiation was associated with down-regulation of BCR-ABL mRNA expression, protein levels, and kinase activity. This down-regulation appeared to be signaled through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Therefore, PKC-driven differentiation of CML blasts into DC-like cells suggests a potentially novel strategy to down-regulate BCR-ABL activity, yet raises the possibility that CML-derived DC vaccines will be less effective in presenting leukemia-specific Ags.
Identification of a novel sugar‐H<sup>+</sup> symport protein, FucP, for transport of L‐fucose into <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1994)

L-Fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) is used as sole carbon source by many microorganisms, and its transport into Escherichia coli is mediated by an L-fucose-H+ symport activity. In order to determine the nature of a putative transporter encoded by the E. coli fucP gene and identify its protein product it was cloned downstream of the inducible T7 RNA polymerase and lambda OLPL promoters. Induction of the T7 promoter resulted in the expression of [14C]-L-fucose uptake activity and the concomitant expression of a [35S]-Met-labelled 32 kDa protein at levels too low for detection by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue or for protein sequencing. Induction of the lambda OLPL promoter caused the appearance of L-fucose-H+ symport activity and of a Coomassie brilliant blue-stained 32 kDa membrane protein expressed at high levels sufficient for identification as FucP by N-terminal protein sequencing. The FucP protein is, therefore, a sugar-H+ symporter different in amino acid sequence from any other known transporter. These and other results illustrate the general unpredictability of cloning strategies for attempting the amplified expression of membrane transport proteins.
GaN-based tunnel junction in optical devices (2002)

We have demonstrated hole injection through a tunnel junction embedded in the GaN-based light emitting diode structure. The tunnel junction consists of 30 nm GaN:Si<SUP>++</SUP> and 15 nm InGaN:Mg<SUP>++</SUP> grown on a GaN-InGaN quantum well heterostructure. The forward voltage of the light emitting diode, included the voltage drop across the reverse-biased tunnel junction, is 4.1 V at 50 Z/cm$_2), while that of a standard light emitting diode with a conventional contact structure is 3.5 V. The light output of the diode with the tunnel junction is comparable to that of the standard device. We then employed the tunnel junction in vertical cavity surface emitting laser structures and dual-wavelength light emitters. In the vertical cavity structure, a good lateral current spreading was accomplished, resulting in uniform emission pattern. The dual-wavelength light emitter has been operated as a three- terminal device with independent electrical control of each LEDs to a nsec time scale.
Evaluation method for mutual support between regional power grid considering large-scale power loss (2017)

The risk of large scale power loss is increasing in UHV interconnected power grid. All levels of dispatch center need to consider the ability in electric power support from adjacent power grid. When large scale power loss occurs, it needs to consider whether adjacent dispatch center can support and the support level for mutual support between regional power grids. The contribution level evaluation of regional power support is helpful to promote the large-scale transfer of power flow. The objectives and methods of regional power support is analysis, the emergency power response ability evaluation optimization model is established, and the regional cooperation contribution level evaluation index is proposed. The simulation results prove the validity of the method.
Anti-tempered layered adaptive importance sampling (2017)

Monte Carlo (MC) methods are widely used for Bayesian inference in signal processing, machine learning and statistics. In this work, we introduce an adaptive importance sampler which mixes together the benefits of the Importance Sampling (IS) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. Different parallel MCMC chains provide the location parameters of the proposal probability density functions (pdfs) used in an IS method. The MCMC algorithms consider a tempered version of the posterior distribution as invariant density. We also provide an exhaustive theoretical support explaining why, in the presented technique, even an anti-tempering strategy (reducing the scaling of the posterior) can be beneficial. Numerical results confirm the advantages of the proposed scheme.
Isolation of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses from Two Sooty Mangabeys in Côte d'Ivoire: Virological and Genetic Characterization and Relationship to Other HIV Type 2 and SIVsm/mac Strains (1994)

This study provides additional evidence that sooty mangabey monkeys can be infected with a lentivirus in their natural habitat. Within the SIVsm and SIVmac viruses extensive genetic variation is observed.
The kinetics and mechanism of oxide layer formation from porous silicon formed on <i>p</i>-Si substrates (1987)

The formation of oxide layers from porous silicon layers formed on P substrates which present different and well-controlled porous textures is studied in detail. It is shown that the overall process leading to oxides with properties similar to standard thermal oxides consists of two steps: the oxidation of silicon in the porous layer and the densification of silica. The first step does not depend upon the initial texture of the layer, but is mostly determined by the porosity of the sample and the temperature of the oxidation sequence. The second step, oxide densification, which takes place at temperatures higher than 1000 °C, is very sensitive to the porous texture of the layer, the densification times increasing sharply with the average pore size. The densification process has a high activation energy, which can be related to the activation energy for the viscous flow of silica.
Mitigation and Monitoring of the Impact of Extinction Ratio of IQ-Modulator on Nyquist M-QAM Signals (2013)

We present the analysis of the distortion of optical constellations, induced by IQ-modulator with finite extinction ratio, for NRZ and Nyquist M-QAM signals. We demonstrate that constellation points of NRZ 16-QAM signal shift nonlinearly, whereas constellation points of Nyquist 16-QAM experience linear shift, which is accompanied with appearance of residual carrier in the optical spectrum. Mitigation of this error in Nyquist M-QAM signal is achieved by simple bias adjustment based on monitoring of low-pass filtered RF power at the transmitter output.
Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Cachexia (2020)

Cachexia is the involuntary loss of muscle and adipose tissue that strongly affects mortality and treatment efficacy in patients with cancer or chronic inflammatory disease. Currently, no specific treatments or interventions are available for patients developing this disorder. Given the well-documented involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in muscle and fat metabolism in physiological responses and in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disease and cancer, considerable interest has revolved around their role in mediating cachexia. This has been supported by association studies that report increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in some, but not all, cancers and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, preclinical studies including animal disease models have provided a substantial body of evidence implicating a causal contribution of systemic inflammation to cachexia. The presence of inflammatory cytokines can affect skeletal muscle through several direct mechanisms, relying on activation of the corresponding receptor expressed by muscle, and resulting in inhibition of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), elevation of catabolic activity through the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) and autophagy, and impairment of myogenesis. Additionally, systemic inflammatory mediators indirectly contribute to muscle wasting through dysregulation of tissue and organ systems, including GCs via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the digestive system leading to anorexia-cachexia, and alterations in liver and adipocyte behavior, which subsequently impact on muscle. Finally, myokines secreted by skeletal muscle itself in response to inflammation have been implicated as autocrine and endocrine mediators of cachexia, as well as potential modulators of this debilitating condition. While inflammation has been shown to play a pivotal role in cachexia development, further understanding how these cytokines contribute to disease progression is required to reveal biomarkers or diagnostic tools to help identify at risk patients, or enable the design of targeted therapies to prevent or delay the progression of cachexia.
Suppression of <i>δ</i>PKC Activation after Focal Cerebral Ischemia Contributes to the Protective Effect of Hypothermia (2007)

Mild hypothermia is a robust neuroprotective treatment for stroke. Understanding the mechanisms underlying hypothermia's benefits will lead to more effective treatments to prevent stroke damage. Delta protein kinase C (deltaPKC) is a kinase that has been strongly implicated in executing ischemic damage. We investigated the effects of hypothermia on deltaPKC activation, as determined by its subcellular translocation, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation in a focal cerebral ischemia model. The amount of constitutively activated C-terminal catalytic fragment of deltaPKC (CF-deltaPKC) increased after stroke. Both hypothermia (30 degrees C) and the caspase-3-specific inhibitor, Z-DQMD-FMK, blocked the accumulation of activated deltaPKC in the penumbra. Other hallmarks of deltaPKC activation, its translocation to the mitochondria, and nucleus were observed in the penumbra as early as 10 mins after reperfusion. These events were blocked by hypothermia. Hypothermia also blocked CF-deltaPKC increases in the mitochondria and nuclei. Conversely, a specific deltaPKC activator, psideltaRACK, decreased the neuroprotective effect of hypothermia. Finally, deltaPKC activity may lead to mitochondrial injury and cytochrome c release, as the timing of cytochrome c release corresponded to the time course of deltaPKC translocation. Both cytochrome c release and deltaPKC translocation were blocked by hypothermia. In conclusion, hypothermia protects against ischemic damage in part by suppressing deltaPKC activation after stroke.
Relay communication with hierarchical modulation (2007)

We consider a relay communication with distributed channel coding. The source broadcasts channel encoded and modulated information to the relay and to the destination. In a second time slot, the relay sends additional redundancy to the destination. The broadcast from the source leads to the dilemma of adjusting the modulation scheme to the relay or to the destination link. We propose to use hierarchical modulation to solve this dilemma. We show with simulation results that the proposed system achieves a significant gain compared to reference systems.
Einführung: Die Zukunft der europäischen Stadt (2010)

In seiner Abhandlung über die Stadt in der europäischen Geschichte beschreibt Leonardo Benevolo die Städte „als eine – vielleicht die hauptsächliche – Ursache dafür, dass Europa sich als eine historische Einheit zu erkennen gibt“ (Benevolo 1999: 13). Dabei stellt, so Benevolo weiter, das für europäische Städte charakteristische Nebeneinander von öffentlicher und privater Hand, die sich das Recht an Grund und Boden in den Städten teilen, ein Grundthema der europäischen Geschichte dar: die Schaffung eines ausgewogenen Verhältnisses von Individualrecht und öffentlicher Kontrolle, das nur dort funktionieren kann, wo die Interessen beider Seiten angemessen vertreten sind (Benevolo 1999: 223). Dies bedeutet, dass das europäische Modell von Stadt nur eine von vielen möglichen städtischen Steuerungsformen sein kann und eben kein ubiquitärer, universell anwendbarer Markenartikel. Der Versuch der Kolonialmächte, das europäische Modell von Stadt zu exportieren und damit die Überlegenheit Europas zu demonstrieren, führte zu kaum wiedergutzumachenden Schäden außerhalb Europas und zeigt aus historischer Sicht die Problematik des Begriffs der europäischen Stadt. Gleichzeitig wird auch deutlich, dass „europäische Stadt“ nicht nur eine geographische Bezeichnung für Städte, die sich auf dem europäischen Kontinent befinden, ist; je nach Definitionsansatz werden unter dem Begriff bestimmte Bau- und Nutzungsstrukturen, soziale Formationen oder politische Organisationen verstanden.