gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rotifera (2013)

Abstract Rotifera is a moderately sized phylum of minute, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented animals that live predominantly in freshwaters. The phylum name (Latin, rota , wheel; ferre , to bear), first used by Cuvier in 1798, refers to the anterior end that in many species resembles a rotating wheel due to the sequential beat of its cilia. Rotifers have been found on every continent, occupying a diverse array of habitats, including marine, brackish and freshwaters, as well as the film of water that coats terrestrial mosses and particles in damp soils. In lakes rotifers often achieve high population densities (>1000 individuals per litre); thus, as consumers of bacteria, algae and protists they are ecologically important in transferring energy to higher trophic levels. As rotifers are a good food for young fishes, they are grown in mass quantities in commercial aquaculture. They also serve as models for research on ageing, and as bioindicators for ecotoxicology. Key Concepts: Rotifers have been found in the inland waters (both fresh and saline) of every continent, in the moisture covering some plants such as mosses, and in damp soil. Although generally not as abundant as in continental waters, rotifers often flourish in nearshore marine waters and estuaries. Many rotifers are capable of undergoing dormancy, either as adults or embryos, allowing them to disperse in space or time and often avoid harsh conditions. Feeding mainly on other microscopic organisms, including bacteria, algae and protists, rotifers are important basal consumers in aquatic systems. In certain lakes, rotifers play an important role connecting the microbial loop to the classic food web, whereby the dissolved organic carbon is taken up by the bacteria that are consumed by rotifers, which in turn are consumed by higher trophic levels. In this way, a portion of the energy in dissolved organic matter is returned to the food web. As they are the first food for larval organisms, rotifers have been exploited by aquaculturists to maintain commercially important fishes, shrimps and crabs. As they are comparatively inexpensive and easy to culture and possess relatively short life spans, rotifers are used in ageing studies and to assess the toxicity of compounds such as heavy metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Some species of rotifers have specific ecological requirements making them useful as indicators of water quality. The phylogenetic position of rotifers has not yet been resolved, but they appear to be related to a group of small, jawed metazoans (Gnathifera). Acanthocephala, an entirely parasitic phylum, are now considered to be highly aberrant rotifers. Over the years rotifers have entered the collective culture ethos as subjects of poetry, science fiction and children's literature, artists' workings in glass and mixed media and pop music.
An Innovative Pathway towards Nano-Sized Parylene-Based Materials Prepared by Plasma-Based Deposition: Example of Application to the Production of Antimicrobial Materials (2014)

A new method for the production of nano-sized materials is presented. The method consists in a co-deposition of parylene monomer molecules and metal atoms. The monomer molecules are deposited by the Gorham CVD process, while contemporary deposition of metal atoms is obtained by plasma sputtering. Successful metal incorporation is shown by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, while Fourier transform infrared analysis and X-ray diffraction highlight that metal species are embedded in a parylene matrix. As a first example of the capabilities of this new method, a new hybrid material with antimicrobial properties has been achieved, as shown by the results of tests with two different bacteria.
An efficient synthesis of pterosin C and other pterosins (1984)

A versatile synthetic route to pterosins, sesquiterpenoid indanones present in bracken, Pteridiumaquilinum, has been developed. The route is exemplified by the synthesis of (2S,3S)-pterosin C by Friedel–Crafts bisacylation of the methyl ether of 2-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethanol with methylmalonyl chloride. Demethylation of the resulting 1,3-indandione and reduction with zinc and acetic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride and sodium acetate afforded a mixture of racemic cis and trans isomers of pterosin C diacetate, which was hydrolysed to the corresponding pterosins. Separation and resolution via the S-(+)-α-phenylbutyric esters gave (2S,3S)-pterosin C and (2R,3R)-pterosin C. Other pterosins were prepared as racemates from the 1,3-indandione.
A Fast Ray-Tracing Using Bounding Spheres and Frustum Rays for Dynamic Scene Rendering (2010)

Ray tracing is one of the most popular techniques for generating photo-realistic images. Extensive research and development work has made interactive static scene rendering realistic. This paper deals with interactive dynamic scene rendering in which not only the eye point but also the objects in the scene change their 3D locations every frame. In order to realize interactive dynamic scene rendering, RTRPS (Ray Tracing based on Ray Plane and Bounding Sphere), which utilizes the coherency in rays, objects, and grouped-rays, is introduced. RTRPS uses bounding spheres as the spatial data structure which utilizes the coherency in objects. By using bounding spheres, RTRPS can ignore the rotation of moving objects within a sphere, and shorten the update time between frames. RTRPS utilizes the coherency in rays by merging rays into a ray-plane, assuming that the secondary rays and shadow rays are shot through an aligned grid. Since a pair of ray-planes shares an original ray, the intersection for the ray can be completed using the coherency in the ray-planes. Because of the three kinds of coherency, RTRPS can significantly reduce the number of intersection tests for ray tracing. Further acceleration techniques for ray-plane-sphere and ray-triangle intersection are also presented. A parallel projection technique converts a 3D vector inner product operation into a 2D operation and reduces the number of floating point operations. Techniques based on frustum culling and binary-tree structured ray-planes optimize the order of intersection tests between ray-planes and a sphere, resulting in 50% to 90% reduction of intersection tests. Two ray-triangle intersection techniques are also introduced, which are effective when a large number of rays are packed into a ray-plane. Our performance evaluations indicate that RTRPS gives 13 to 392 times speed up in comparison with a ray tracing algorithm without organized rays and spheres. We found out that RTRPS also provides competitive performance even if only primary rays are used.
All selective MOVPE grown BH-LDs fabricated by the novel self-alignment process (1996)

1.3 μm-strained MQW BH LDs with a current blocking structure have been developed by selective MOVPE and a newly developed self-alignment process; we call these devices ASM (all selective MOVPE grown)-BH-LDs. The fabrication process, which completely eliminates semiconductor etching, is very promising to realize high-performance LDs with excellent uniformity and reproducibility. The light output power was remarkably improved by a factor of two, compared with previous selective MOVPE-LDs.
Constantly Updated Knowledge of Hsp90 (2005)

Although protein folding, in principle is a spontaneous process which depends only upon the amino-acid sequence, the assistance of molecular chaperones is required for many proteins to achieve their final conformation in vivo. While Hsp90 is one of the major molecular chaperones, it has long been the most mysterious among them. Recent advances in our knowledge regarding Hsp90 structure and function, owing to both detailed biochemical and genetic characterizations of Hsp90 co-chaperones, as well as eminent structural studies have established Hsp90 as an ATPase-dependent chaperone, and have provided a paradigm of the Hsp90 chaperone cycle, which is sequentially tuned and coordinated by a variety of co-chaperones. Here we summarize the current knowledge regarding the structure and essential activities of Hsp90, which certainly promises a deeper understanding of the functions of Hsp90 in vivo.
Process techniques for improving performance of positive tone silylation (1993)

Two approaches that control the overflow of silylated material that can occur subsequent to surface imaging of acid-hardened resists are introduced. Treatment of the resist surface with a cross-linking agent [bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane] prior to silylation can produce a surface layer with the physical integrity to constrain silylated material. Alternatively, the unexposed areas of the resist may be partially removed by development with a basic solution. The surface depressions thus produced allow volume expansion to occur during silylation without causing overflow.
Supplier involvement through certification: a case study. (1996)

The Clarkson Company is located in the Reno-Sparks area of Nevada. We are a manufacturer of slurry valves for mining, pulp and paper, power generation, and various other industries. Because of the diverse nature of the applications for which the valves are used, the product can be configured a vast number of ways. Therefore, we use the assemble-to-order methodology for our master production scheduling. It became apparent over a decade ago that the use of materiel requirements planning (MRP) would aid us in controlling our low volume, high option mix environment. That journey led to The Clarkson Company becoming a Class A user of MRPII in June of 1990.
Nomenclature update for the mammalian UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene superfamily (2005)

Several novel UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, mainly UDP glucuronosyltransferases, have been identified in the human, mouse and rat genomes and in other mammalian species. This review provides an update of the UGT nomenclature to include these new genes and prevent the confusion that arises when the same gene is given different names. The new genes are named following previously established recommendations, taking into consideration evolutionary relatedness and the names already in general usage in the literature. The mammalian UGT gene superfamily currently has 117 members that can be divided into four families, UGT1, UGT2, UGT3 and UGT8. The 5-exon genes of the UGT1 family each contain a unique first exon, plus four exons that are shared between the genes; the exons 1 appear to have evolved by a process of duplication, leading to the synthesis of proteins with identical carboxyl-terminal and variable amino-terminal domains. Exon-sharing is also seen with the 6-exon UGT2A1 and UGT2A2 genes. However, UGT2A3 and those of the UGT2B (six exons), UGT3 (seven exons) and UGT8 gene families (five or six exons) do not share exons and most likely were derived by a process of duplication of all exons in the gene. Most UGT1 and UGT8 enzymes have been characterized in detail; however, the catalytic functions of the UGT3A enzymes and several UGT2 enzymes remain to be characterized.
Analytic representation of the dose from a <sup>32</sup>P‐coated stent (1996)

The dose along the radial direction located at the midplane of a radioactive stent, simulated by a uniform cylinder of 32P, is represented by an analytical function consisting of the sum of two modified exponentials. This procedure reproduces values obtained from numerical integration, for which no closed form exists, to within 5% for distances up to 6 mm from the wall and for stent diameters from 2-6 mm.
Trajectory Optimization for Variable-Density Spiral Two-Dimensional Excitation (2006)

||), where the fourth-order vector refers to element-by-element exponentiation and the denominator normalizes the vector describing the radii of the circles so that the maximum is at kr = 1 cm -1 . A global search was performed for all values of ci from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.1. The maximum sidelobe height for each trajectory was recorded, and the polynomial coefficients yielding the minimum value over all trajectories was used in designing the pulse. The polynomial search was limited to fourth order to avoid lengthy computation times; the improvement in going from third order to fourth order was small, and a fifth- order term did not seem likely to provide further improvement. In order to test the accuracy of the approximation, the forward SLR transform was performed for each of the corresponding spiral trajectories, and the maximum sidelobe height was recorded and compared to the value obtained from the approximation. Results Search speed for the approximation exceeded that of the SLR transform by a factor of 16 (25 minutes vs. 6.75 hrs using MATLAB 6.5 and an Intel Pentium 4 2.26 GHz processor). The set of coefficients ci was found to be (1 0 0 .4). Figure 1 depicts the slice profile for the corresponding circle trajectory (blue) and spiral trajectory (red). The sidelobes do not completely coincide for the two trajectories because of the anti-symmetric nature of sampling for the spiral trajectory. However, the peak sidelobe height is comparable. Figure 2 depicts a scatterplot of peak sidelobe height for the spiral trajectory versus the circular trajectory for all of the trajectories sampled. Although the approximation does not precisely correspond to the spiral approximation, there is a close correlation. Furthermore, the optimal trajectory is also optimal for the spiral trajectory. Figure 3 depicts a cut through the two-dimensional inversion profile (computed using a numerical solution of the Bloch equation) for the uniform density (blue) and optimized variable density (red) spiral. For the uniform density spiral, the peak sidelobe height is 5% of the mainlobe height; the variable density spiral, the peak sidelobe is only 1% of the mainlobe height. Figure 4 depicts the trajectory in excitation k- space (4a) and the shapes of the rf waveforms (4b) for the uniform density (blue) and variable density (red) spirals. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
The Glycemic Index1 (2015)

Different starchy foods produce different glycemic responses when fed individually, and there is evidence that this also applies in the context of the mixed meal. Methods of processing, and other factors unrelated to the nutrient composition of foods may also have major effects on the glycemic response. The reason for differences in glycemic response appears to relate to the rate at which the foods are digested and the many factors influencing this. The glycemic index (GI) is a system of classification in which the glycemic responses of foods are indexed against a standard (white bread). This allows the results of different investigators to be pooled. GI values also depend upon a number of nonfood-related variables. The method of calculation of the glycemic response area is most important, but the method of blood sampling and length of time of studies also may have effects. Variability of glycemic responses arises from day-to-day variation in the same subject and variation between different subjects. There is less variability between the GI values of different subjects than there is within the same subject from day to day. Therefore, the mean GI values of foods are independent of the glucose tolerance status of the subjects being tested. Potentially clinically useful starchy foods producing relatively flat glycemic responses have been identified, including legumes, pasta, barley, bulgur, parboiled rice and whole grain breads such as pumpernickel. Specific incorporation of these foods into diets have been associated with reduced blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels. Low-GI foods may influence amino acid metabolism although the implications of these are unknown. In addition, low GI foods increase colonic fermentation. The physiologic and metabolic implications of this relate to increased bacterial urea utilization, and to the production and absorption of short chain fatty acids in the colon. The application of the GI to therapeutic diets should be in the context of the overall nutrient composition of the diet. High-fat or high-sugar foods may have a low GI, but it may not be prudent to recommend these foods solely on the basis of the GI. It is therefore suggested that the most appropriate use of the GI is to rank the glycemic effects of starchy foods which would already have been chosen for possible inclusion in the diet on the basis of their nutritional attributes, i.e. low-fat, unrefined carbohydrate.
Eye-gaze interfaces using electro-oculography (EOG) (2010)

Using electro-oculography (EOG), two types of eye-gaze interfaces have been developed; &quot;EOG Pointer &quot; and &quot;EOG Switch&quot;. The former enables a user to move a computer cursor or to control a machine using only eye-gaze, regardless of drifting signal and blinking artifacts. In contrast, the latter output an ON/OFF signal only. Although it has the least simple function, it enables every user easily to turn ON/OFF a nurse-call device or to send one bit signal to a personal computer with high stability and reliability. Since the EOG Switch was commercialized in 2003, it has been widely used among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in Japan. Author Keywords Eye-gaze interface, electro-oculography (EOG), DC amplifier, AC amplifier ACM Classification Keywords H5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
pH Valve Based on Hydrophobicity Switching (2011)

pH switchable valves were constructed using nanoporous membranes, the surface of which was modified by mixtures of aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and butyl trimethoxy silane. The modified membranes are dry at neutral and basic conditions because of their hydrophobicity but open to flux of aqueous solutions at slightly acidic pH because of protonation of amino groups. The resulting high contrast between the open and the closed states and a high flux in the open state because of large pore size make the approach attractive in applications where pH switching is employed, for example, in drug delivery applications.
Microbial Models and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants (1994)

Abstract Improving salt tolerance in crop plants remains an urgent issue in plant molecular biology. The adaptation of plants to NaCl involves metabolic reactions (synthesis of organic solutes) and transport phenomena (ion extrusion at the plasma membrane and vacuolar compartmentation). In addition, a plethora of salt-induced genes with a bewildering variety of suggested functions have been described. The uncertainties about the physiological roles and/or molecular bases of many of these phenomena make it difficult to select genes that could improve salt tolerance (halotolerance) in transgenic plants. We suggest that the field of salt tolerance can benefit by complementing the present phenomenological or descriptive approaches with a functional strategy directed toward isolating genes that, by overexpression of the corresponding protein, could improve salt tolerance. These halotolerance genes not only could illuminate the critical steps for salt tolerance, but also could provide the tools for improvement. Microbial genetics facilitates the implementation of this genetic approach. Studies using the prokaryotic organism Escherichia coli suggest that the synthesis of organic solutes may be the crucial step for salt tolerance because the first described bacterial halotolerance gene (proB-74) determines the overaccumulation of proline. In the eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, potassium homeostasis seems to be the most critical response to salt stress. The first halotolerance gene isolated from this organism (HAL1) seems to modulate potassium transport, increasing the intracellular level of this cation in NaCl-containing media. The existence of plant homologues to HAL1 indicates that yeast may be a useful model for the genetics of salt tolerance in plants.
Clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. (1991)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder affects about 2 percent of the U.S. population and can be quite disabling. Clomipramine is the only drug approved for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Its efficacy is unique among tricyclic antidepressants and may be related to its relatively high potency in affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. The drug has many anticholinergic effects, but it is relatively well tolerated by the patients for whom it is effective. A 0.4 percent incidence of seizures, a potentially serious side effect, has been observed. Other antidepressants that are relatively selective for serotonergic (as opposed to noradrenergic) transmission may be as effective as clomipramine in the treatment of this disorder; controlled studies are under way. Clomipramine at low doses is also effective in the treatment of panic disorder and has been used successfully in the treatment of premature ejaculation.
History of Kanauj to the Moslem Conquest. By Rama Shankar Tripathi. pp. xx, 422. Benares: Indian Book Shop, 1937. 7 rupees (15s.). (1940)

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<title>High-performance spatial light modulator</title> (1991)

The development of a ferroelectric liquid-crystal-over-single-crystal-silicon spatial light modulator is described. The reflective SLM has an array of 176 X 176 pixels over a clear aperture of 5.28 mm X 5.28 mm. Prototype devices driven from a specially designed high speed frame store have been operated at frame rates of approximately equals 1 kHz.
A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filtering Slot Antenna Array (2019)

A fully integrated 1×4 filtering linear antenna array is presented in this work. The filtering array is designed in substrate integrated waveguide technology and consists of 5 coupled cavities with a 6 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -order filtering function. The antenna array is formed with a linear arrangement of four slot antennas in the final cavities which excite two modes in the radiating cavity. The array operates at a center frequency of 6.75 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 5.0% and with a gain of 7.44 dBi.
Observations of Microvessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (1991)

Microvessels in the brain with Alzheimer's disease and those of a control group were observed by means of the scanning electron microscopy. There were no morphological differences between the relatively large arteries in Alzheimer's disease and those of the control. Remarkable differences existed in terminal arterioles and capillaries. In Alzheimer's brain, the terminal arterioles frequently had focal constriction and smooth muscle cells with an irregular shape and arrangement, and the capillaries also showed an irregular abluminal surface and irregular constriction and dilatation along their paths. In the control brain, there were no changes such as those observed in Alzheimer's disease. The findings suggest that diffuse neuronal loss in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex might be induced by circulatory disturbance through the changed microvessels.
Correlation of faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin with an endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease and histological findings (2008)

In ileocolonic and colonic disease, endoscopic score SES-CD and histological findings correlated significantly with faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin. A normal faecal-marker concentration was a reliable surrogate marker for endoscopically and histologically inactive CD. Ileal endoscopic score and histological findings failed, however, to correlate with faecal markers.