gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient method to detect periodic behavior in botnet traffic by analyzing control plane traffic (2013)

Botnets are large networks of bots (compromised machines) that are under the control of a small number of bot masters. They pose a significant threat to Internet's communications and applications. A botnet relies on command and control (C2) communications channels traffic between its members for its attack execution. C2 traffic occurs prior to any attack; hence, the detection of botnet's C2 traffic enables the detection of members of the botnet before any real harm happens. We analyze C2 traffic and find that it exhibits a periodic behavior. This is due to the pre-programmed behavior of bots that check for updates to download them every T seconds. We exploit this periodic behavior to detect C2 traffic. The detection involves evaluating the periodogram of the monitored traffic. Then applying Walker's large sample test to the periodogram's maximum ordinate in order to determine if it is due to a periodic component or not. If the periodogram of the monitored traffic contains a periodic component, then it is highly likely that it is due to a bot's C2 traffic. The test looks only at aggregate control plane traffic behavior, which makes it more scalable than techniques that involve deep packet inspection (DPI) or tracking the communication flows of different hosts. We apply the test to two types of botnet, tinyP2P and IRC that are generated by SLINGbot. We verify the periodic behavior of their C2 traffic and compare it to the results we get on real traffic that is obtained from a secured enterprise network. We further study the characteristics of the test in the presence of injected HTTP background traffic and the effect of the duty cycle on the periodic behavior.
Overexpression of genes involved in phytochelatin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: effects on growth, cadmium accumulation and thiol level. (2005)

In Escherichia coli, heterologous production of Schizosaccharomyces pombe phytochelatin synthase (PCS) along with overproduction of E. coli serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase (gammaECS) was achieved and resulted in the accumulation of phytochelatins in bacterial cells. Overproduction of either gammaECS alone or simultaneous production of all three proteins in bacterial cells were accompanied by reduced growth rate in liquid cultures. Interestingly, bacteria overproducing either gammaECS or both SAT and gammaECS (with elevated level of gamma-glutamylcysteine but not of phytochelatins) were able to accumulate more cadmium per dry weight than the control. However, the most efficient cadmium accumulation was observed in bacteria with elevated levels of all three proteins: SAT, gammaECS and PCS. Therefore, "pushing" the entire pathway might be the most promising approach in modification of bacteria for potential bioremediation purposes because the level of intermediates, cysteine and glutathione, can limit the rate of production of phytochelatins. However, in such bacteria other metabolic process might become limiting for efficient growth.
Brain-Computer Interfaces for Human-Computer Interaction and Games (2008)

In this workshop we study the research themes and the state-of-the-art of brain-computer interaction. Braincomputer interface research has seen much progress in the medical domain, for example for prosthesis control or as biofeedback therapy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Here, however, we look at brain-computer interaction especially as it applies to research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Through this workshop and continuing discussions, we aim to define research approaches and applications that apply to disabled and able-bodied users across a variety of real-world usage scenarios. Entertainment and game design is one of the application areas that will be considered.
Hierarchical color clustering for segmentation of textured images (2002)

The paper describes a hierarchical color clustering approach for the segmentation of textured images. It is a bottom-up type split and merge operation performed in two steps: first, the operation is carried out using the K-means algorithm in the local windows of an input image to capture the local textural primitives. This is performed in the (R,G,B)-color space. This results in two color classes per local window. Second, the merge operation is employed using the same K-means algorithm module to group the pattern classes resulting from the split operation. This forms the global boundaries of the texture fields present in the input scene, The proposed algorithm is also suitable for a special purpose VLSI chip implementation.
A Study on Markers of Viral Hepatitis in Adults Living in Daegu and Gyungbuk Area (2003)

Backgroud/Aims: In spite of continuous decrease in prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatic diseases including hepatic cancer still are major causes of death in Korea. As a large portion of hepatic diseases is caused by HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Korea, we reviewed the serologic markers of HBV and HCV in adults in Daegu and Gyungbuk area for the last five years. Then, we compared them with the reported data of other areas. Methods: We studied total 21,291 adults who had received medical examination at health promotion center of Dongsan Hospital from 1997 to 2001. Results: The overall serologic positivity of HBsAg and anti-HCV was 6.1% and 0.9%, respectively. Seven (0.03%) of 21,291 were positive for both HBsAg and anti-HCV. The positivity of HBsAg was higher in male, highest in 4th and 5th decades. It decreased yearly from 1997 to 2001. The positivity of anti-HCV increased with age but there was no difference between both genders or examined years. Conclusions: The overall trend of viral markers in Daegu and Gyungbuk area was not different significantly from previously reported data of other areas.
Isomorph-redundancy in sequential circuits (2000)

Design of irredundant and fully testable nonscan sequential circuits is a major concern of logic synthesis, as the presence of undetectable faults may render an ATPG intractable. This paper outlines some intriguing properties of isomorph faults, which are sequentially undetectable as well as redundant. An isomorph fault in a sequential circuit makes the state diagram of the faulty machine identical to that of the fault-free machine under certain renaming of states. Examples of reduced sequential machines whose circuit realization is combinationally irredundant, but isomorph-redundant, are hard to construct and very little is known about them. In this paper, many curious examples of such sequential circuits are presented wherein a single stuck-at fault causes isomorphic faulty machines. An infinite family of such circuits may, in fact, be constructed. It is shown that even two-level irredundant circuits obtained by synthesis tools may admit isomorph-redundancy under multiple stuck-at faults. Various classifications and related properties of isomorph faults are also reported. These results reveal new insight and understanding of redundancy in sequential circuits.
ACCUMULATION OF MONOTERPENES AND ASSOCIATED VOLATILES FOLLOWING INOCULATION OF GRAND FIR WITH A FUNGUS TRANSMITTED BY THE FIR ENGRAVER, <i>SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS</i> (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) (1982)

Abstract The accumulation of monoterpenes during the defensive response by grand fir was quantified over a 28-day period. Monoterpene content increased exponentially with time and varied greatly among trees. Following analysis, sampled trees were observed for 4 years. Those trees which showed an extensive accumulation of monoterpenes in response to artificial inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver were less likely to be killed during this period than trees which exhibited low levels of secondary monoterpene accumulation. The extent of the defensive response was influenced by host age, disease, crown class, and artificial stress. Following inoculation with fungi transmitted by the fir engraver, the proportions of limonene, myrcene, and Δ-3-carene, present in the monoterpene fraction increased. In previously reported laboratory bioassays, each of these compounds has demonstrated higher toxic or repellent properties, or both, than have the other monoterpenes present in grand fir. Mechanical injury resulted in less pronounced reactions than did fungal inoculation. Necrotic lesion formation is accompanied by an increased concentration of short-chain hydrocarbons, followed by a decline to normal levels. Necrotic lesion formation and monoterpene synthesis represent at least two independent activities during the wound response.
Targeting of Antibodies Using Aptamers (2004)

Antibodies are traditionally viewed as targeting entities that are used to specifically recognize and target other molecules, antigens, or receptors. However, there are occasions in which cognate ligands are generated against the antibodies themselves. The number of useful applications that rely on the recognition and targeting of antibodies extends to various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. For example, anti-idiotypic antibodies have been generated to target surface immunoglobulins on neoplastic B-lymphocytes and plasma cells for the treatment of lymphomas and leukaemias (1,2). Such idiotypic determinants are tumor-specific, and have been exploited in a number of immunotherapeutic approaches, either in the form of vaccines (3–11) or as the target of anti-idiotypic antibodies (12–24). The latter, in particular, have been used successfully both in the unconjugated mono- and bi-specific forms (13,14,17), or as conjugates to other agents such as interleukin-2 (18–20), cytotoxic drugs (23), or radioisotopes (12,22). In addition to haematological malignancies, antibodies are also implicated in autoimmune disorders and transplant rejection, and they could become possible targets in the management of these conditions. On the other hand, antigenmimics, whether structural, functional or both, can be produced against a target antibody. Such mimics have been used in raising antibodies (25) and as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agents (26).In addition, RNA aptamers have recently been used as antigen mimics to elude patient autoantibodies from binding to acetylcholine receptors in the control of myasthenia gravis (27). Finally, molecules with binding specificity for antibodies could also be used in the generation of immunoaffinity matrices for the purification of antibodies. To fulfill the promise of antibody targeting, significant interest has emerged in the generation of peptide ligands against antibody targets using phage-display generated peptide libraries (28). However, the structural freedom of peptides and the resulting entropic cost upon target binding limit the use of peptide libraries in which high-affinity and specificity are required (29, 30). Moreover, amino acids are not interactive with each other in the way that nucleotides are, causing most small peptides to be unstructured in solution, whereas structurally stable proteins are large (31)
INCENTIVE COMPATIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS (1992)

This paper addresses the problem of designing environmental regulations when firms possess better information about the cost of pollution abatement than regulators. In the regulatory equilibrium derived in the paper, firms are induced to reveal the information they have concerning abatement costs through the judicious use of abatement standard‐subsidy combinations. Offering firms a menu of regulatory contracts, each one specifying a required level of pollution abatement as well as a lump sum subsidy to be paid by the regulatory agency to the firm, is shown to be superior to optimal uniform standard‐subsidy schemes. By appealing to the revelation principle and employing a second policy instrument (subsidies), albeit a costly one, in conjunction with an abatement standard, the incentive compatible approach to environmental regulation presented in the paper minimizes the economic inefficiency customarily attributable to a lack of initial information regarding pollution abatement costs.
O-Antigen Serotypes and Type III Secretory Toxins in Clinical Isolates of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2003)

The association of O-antigen serotypes with type III secretory toxins was analyzed in 99 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Isolates secreting ExoU were frequently serotyped as O11, but none were serotype O1. Most of the isolates that were nontypeable for O antigen did not secrete type III secretory toxins.
Substituent interference on supramolecular assembly in urea gelators: synthesis, structure prediction and NMR (2016)

Correction for 'Substituent interference on supramolecular assembly in urea gelators: synthesis, structure prediction and NMR' by Francesca Piana et al., Soft Matter, 2016, 12, 4034-4043.
Effects of Different Filler Treatments on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Composites (2010)

A discontinuous foaming process has been employed to investigate the effects of two types of fillers - calcite (CaCO 3 ) and dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) on the morphological and mechanical properties of flexible polyurethane foam. The particle sizes of the fillers: 6 nm, 3.5µm, and 0.84 mm vary from composition ranges of 0 - 40 wt%. Indentation hardness, Tensile strength, and Elongation at break of the polyurethane composites were examined as a function of the filler content in the polyurethane matrix. It was found that the influence of the fillers on the Indentation hardness of polyurethane composite depend strongly on the content and particle size of the fillers. The addition of filler of upto 20 - 35wt% and of nanosizes improves the Indentation hardness of the foam much more than the micro- and macro-scaled fillers. The tensile strength and elongation at break were however, reduced with an increasing amount of filler in the polyurethane matrix for all particle sizes. Morphological examination of the foam revealed that the cell geometry characteristics exert a significant influence on the observed mechanical characteristics. (Nature and Science 2010;8(6):23-26). (ISSN: 1545-0740).
Suppression of growth of renal carcinoma cells by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. (1995)

Clear cell renal carcinomas are most frequently characterized by loss of function of both copies of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease gene, suggesting that the VHL gene product plays an important role in regulating renal cell proliferation. To directly assess the function of the VHL gene product, we transfected the wild-type VHL gene into two renal carcinoma cell lines that lacked normal expression of the gene. Expression of the wild-type VHL gene led to a dramatic suppression of growth in two renal carcinoma cell lines, A498 and UMRC6 in vitro, as measured by colony formation and direct cell counting. Transfection of a naturally occurring mutant VHL gene (nucleotide 713 G to A, Arg to Gln) did not lead to growth suppression of these renal carcinoma cells, nor did transfection of the wild-type VHL gene into two non-renal tumor cell lines that expressed the endogenous wild-type VHL gene. Expression constructs, which included the first ATG at nucleotide 214, were sufficient to produce the strongest growth suppression. These experiments provide direct evidence that the VHL gene product functions to suppress the growth of renal carcinoma cells and also provide a model for mapping the domains of the VHL protein important in suppressing tumor growth.
Fibrillary deposits: amyloids and tactoids. (1995)

Two forms of abnormal fibrillary protein deposition are considered: amyloidosis and fibrillary (immunotactoid) glomerulonephritis. Amyloid is characterised by an antiparallel, beta-pleated configuration which imparts to it a unique apple-green birefringence after Congo red staining. Inspite of its fairly constant physical properties, the chemical composition of amyloid fibrils is amazingly diverse, encomposing AA protein, light chain fragments, transthyretin, procalcitonin, islet amyloid polypeptide, atrial natriuretic peptides, beta-amyloid protein, beta-2-microglobulin, cystatin C, gelsolin, apolipoprotein A1, lyzozyme and their mutant variants. Amyloid P component and heparan sulphate proteoglycan are ubiquitous non-fibrillary amyloid components which have significant roles in the amyloidogenetic process, as do also precursor fibril proteins. Different amyloid fibril proteins relate to different amyloidosis syndromes and different histological patterns, and provide the basis for new diagnostic approaches to this disorder. Glomerular deposits in fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FGN), although often mistaken for amyloid, differ from it in its negative Congophilia, wider fibril width and highly organised, microtubular-tactoidal appearance ultrastructurally. FGN is essentially a primary glomerulopathy resulting in progressive renal failure. Despite certain differences, intriguing similarities between both entities of fibrillary deposition pose a challenge to researchers as to the mechanisms of abnormal protein crystallization and fibril formation in tissues.
Orientation in Friedel-Crafts Reactions with 2-Methoxy-1-methylnaphthalene (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrientation in Friedel-Crafts Reactions with 2-Methoxy-1-methylnaphthaleneNG. PH. BUU-HOÏ and DENISE LAVITCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 8, 912–914Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01359a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01359a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Composition and physical state of phospholipids in calanoid copepods from India and Norway (1988)

Abstract The fatty acid composition and physical state of isolated phospholipids obtained from marine copepods collected on the Southwest coast of India ( Calanus ssp. ) and the West coast of Norway ( Calanus finmarchicus ) were investigated to compare the adaptation of membrane lipids with seawater temperatures. Phospholipid vesicles obtained from the tropic copepods proved more rigid than those from C. finmarchicus , as assessed by diphenylhexatriene fluorescence polarization techniques. In each case, there were two breaks present on the fluorescence polarization vs 1/T plots, suggesting that the onset and completion of phase separation to occurred above 0 C. For the tropic copepods, the onset of phase separation roughly corresponded to the ambient water temperature, while for C. finmarchicus some discrepancies were observed, depending on the time of the year. Phospholipids in copepods from both habitats contained more than 50% unsaturated fatty acids, the animals from Norway containing slightly higher amounts. The data indicate an adaptation of membranes to temperature.
Dynamics Platooning Model and Protocols for Self-Driving Vehicles (2019)

Cooperative driving has caught the interest of many research centers around the world as it introduced a solution to many problems in traffic and especially the reduction of accidents. One of the cooperative driving applications is vehicle platooning, which has proven its ability to increase road capacity and decrease fuel consumption. As the platoon has to have a rules of organization to form and split safely, this paper introduces a dynamic platoon model and protocols with different control techniques applied on different sub-systems in the model. Additionally, the basic platooning maneuvers are governed by applying certain protocols to organize the formation of platoon in a safe manner. Several tests on the platooning model and maneuvering controls have been performed from real-life scenarios and using real-vehicle data and a software in the loop to verify the results and evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches. The results prove an acceptable performance of the control techniques applied on the platooning model.
A Discriminative CNN Video Representation for Event Detection (2014)

In this paper, we propose a discriminative video representation for event detection over a large scale video dataset when only limited hardware resources are available. The focus of this paper is to effectively leverage deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to advance event detection, where only frame level static descriptors can be extracted by the existing CNN toolkit. This paper makes two contributions to the inference of CNN video representation. First, while average pooling and max pooling have long been the standard approaches to aggregating frame level static features, we show that performance can be significantly improved by taking advantage of an appropriate encoding method. Second, we propose using a set of latent concept descriptors as the frame descriptor, which enriches visual information while keeping it computationally affordable. The integration of the two contributions results in a new state-of-the-art performance in event detection over the largest video datasets. Compared to improved Dense Trajectories, which has been recognized as the best video representation for event detection, our new representation improves the Mean Average Precision (mAP) from 27.6% to 36.8% for the TRECVID MEDTest 14 dataset and from 34.0% to 44.6% for the TRECVID MEDTest 13 dataset. This work is the core part of the winning solution of our CMU-Informedia team in TRECVID MED 2014 competition.
Chronic Pain and Addictive Disorder (2011)

The intersection of pain and addiction to opioids is a problem that has defied understanding and solution since 3000 BCE. While addictive disorders do not make treatment with opioids impossible, they certainly make it more dangerous for our patients and society not to mention the emotional and temporal strain they may place on providers.
Calcium Chloride Prolongs the Effects of Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in Rat Sciatic Nerve (2009)

The mechanism of prolonged nerve block of CaCl2 coadministered with LAs seems to be a raised threshold for nerve excitation. Major histopathologic changes at higher concentrations of CaCl2 are evident, and therefore, clinical application as an adjuvant to LAs seems unlikely.