gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioassay of Parathyroid Hormone in Vitro with a Stable Preparation of Adenyl Cyclase from Rat Kidney (1969)

A bioassay for parathyroid hormone in vitro was developed based upon the activation of adenyl cyclase from the renal cortex of the rat. Preparation of the enzyme in 0.05M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, containing 10% v/v dimethylsulfoxide allowed storage in liquid nitrogen for periods in excess of 30 days without significant loss of sensitivity to parathyroid hormone or fluoride. The assay was sensitive to as little as 0.14 USP U of parathyroid hormone, and showed a log-linear dose response over the range of 0.14– 1.13 USP U of hormone. The average index of precision in a series of 23 assays was 0.083. Theassay was highly specific for parathyroid hormone and showed appropriate increments in potency for hormone preparations at consecutive stages of purification. Results with the adenyl cyclase method in vitro were similar to those obtained with a standard bioassay in vivo. There was no significant interference from other hormones and proteins, including nonhormonal contaminants found in crude parathyroid extracts. The adenyl cyclase method was simple to carry out and highly reproducible. (Endocrinology85: 801, 1969)
A Mitochondrial Superoxide Signal Triggers Increased Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans (2010)

The nuo-6 and isp-1 genes of C. elegans encode, respectively, subunits of complex I and III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Partial loss-of-function mutations in these genes decrease electron transport and greatly increase the longevity of C. elegans by a mechanism that is distinct from that induced by reducing their level of expression by RNAi. Electron transport is a major source of the superoxide anion (O(⋅) (-)), which in turn generates several types of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and aging is accompanied by increased oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the generation and detoxification of ROS. These observations have suggested that the longevity of such mitochondrial mutants might result from a reduction in ROS generation, which would be consistent with the mitochondrial oxidative stress theory of aging. It is difficult to measure ROS directly in living animals, and this has held back progress in determining their function in aging. Here we have adapted a technique of flow cytometry to directly measure ROS levels in isolated mitochondria to show that the generation of superoxide is elevated in the nuo-6 and isp-1 mitochondrial mutants, although overall ROS levels are not, and oxidative stress is low. Furthermore, we show that this elevation is necessary and sufficient to increase longevity, as it is abolished by the antioxidants NAC and vitamin C, and phenocopied by mild treatment with the prooxidant paraquat. Furthermore, the absence of effect of NAC and the additivity of the effect of paraquat on a variety of long- and short-lived mutants suggest that the pathway triggered by mitochondrial superoxide is distinct from previously studied mechanisms, including insulin signaling, dietary restriction, ubiquinone deficiency, the hypoxic response, and hormesis. These findings are not consistent with the mitochondrial oxidative stress theory of aging. Instead they show that increased superoxide generation acts as a signal in young mutant animals to trigger changes of gene expression that prevent or attenuate the effects of subsequent aging. We propose that superoxide is generated as a protective signal in response to molecular damage sustained during wild-type aging as well. This model provides a new explanation for the well-documented correlation between ROS and the aged phenotype as a gradual increase of molecular damage during aging would trigger a gradually stronger ROS response.
Cell-surface changes associated with transformation of human hepatocytes to the malignant phenotype. (1988)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. To understand the cellular changes associated with transformation of hepatocytes to the malignant state, we have made several libraries of monoclonal antibodies against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line FOCUS and have found six antibodies (AF-20, SF-25, SF-31, SF-90, XF-4, and XF-8) that recognize antigens expressed at consistently higher levels on hepatoma cells. We have studied malignant and nontransformed liver tissue from the same individual by using direct 125I-labeled antibody binding and immunoperoxidase staining techniques. For each of these antibodies, we found striking increases in antigen expression on the transformed tissues. These antigens were found to be expressed throughout the tumor and on distant metastases, with little, if any, expression on the nontransformed adjacent liver. These antibodies demonstrate that hepatic transformation may be accompanied by stereotyped and predictable antigenic changes. The uniformity of such antigenic changes suggests an association between these cell-surface alterations and the malignant transformation process.
Extraction of 3D images using pitch-actuated 2D laser range finder for robotic vision (2010)

Volumetric mapping is essential for recognizing the 3D environment and consequentially for the decision making process for special-task mobile robots (such as stair climbing, inspection, or search and rescue). In this paper, we propose a fast surface detection algorithm based on point cloud data from a small pitch-actuated laser range finder mounted on a mobile manipulator arm. The developed algorithm is mainly composed of two steps: (i) gradient based classification; and (ii) Recursive Connected Component Labeling (RCCL) algorithm. The algorithm was experimentally validated. A complete segmentation of different planes in the environment was also successfully accomplished.
Energy efficiency in passive optical networks: where, when, and how? (2012)

This article provides an overview of current efforts in reducing energy consumption in passive optical access networks. Both ITU-T and IEEE standardized PONs are considered. The current solutions proposed by standardization authorities, industry, and academia are classified based on the layer they address in the standardized architectures: physical layer, data link layer, and hybrid. Then, the article provides answers to major questions, such as where, when, and how to reduce PON energy consumption in TDM PONs by means of a quantitative evaluation. Results show that to reduce energy consumption, ONUs must be provided with physical devices that are not only power-efficient but also provide improved services (e.g., fast synchronization) to upper layers. For this latter purpose, novel physical ONU architectures are proposed to speed up the synchronization process and enable effective data link layer solutions. Finally, the feasibility of switching ONUs to low power mode in idle slots is assessed through a testbed implementation.
Selective-area electroless copper plating on polyimide employing laser patterning of a catalytic film (1990)

A scanned, focused argon ion laser beam is used to locally heat a thin polymer/palladium film applied to a polyimide-coated substrate, thereby reducing chemically bound palladium to palladium metal. The metallic palladium is resistant to a caustic etchant that removes the unirradiated film; the residual patterned palladium then acts as a catalyst for conventional electroless plating. As an alternate patterning method a laser may be used to selectively deposit the thin polymer film on the substrate from a surrounding liquid solution.
MAP model matching (2002)

A simple MAP model-matching criterion that captures important aspects of recognition in controlled situations is described. A detailed metrical object model is assumed. A probabilistic model of image features is combined with a simple prior on both the pose and the feature interpretations to yield a mixed objective function. The parameters that appear in the probabilistic models can be derived from images in the application domain. By extremizing the objective function, an optimal matching between model and image feature results. Within this framework, good models of feature uncertainty allow for robustness despite inaccuracy in feature detection. In addition, the relative likelihood of features arising from either the object or the background can be evaluated in a rational way. The objective function provides a simple and uniform means of evaluating match and pose hypotheses. Several linear projection and feature models are discussed. An experimental implementation of MAP model matching, among features derived from low-resolution edge images, is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spline-Wavelets of Minimal Support (1992)

For any finite dimensional univariate spline spaces S 0 and S 1 of the same degree, with S 0 ⊂ S 1, we determine a basis for the orthogonal complement of S 0 in S 1. This basis has minimal support and is of interest in wavelet decompositions.
Classification of Neurodegenerative Disorders Based on Major Risk Factors Employing Machine Learning Techniques (2010)

Medical data mining has great potential for exploring the hidden patterns in the data sets of the medical domain. These patterns can be utilized for the classification of various diseases. Data mining technology provides a user-oriented approach to novel and hidden patterns in the data. The present study consisted of records of 746 patients collected from ADRC, ISTAART, USA. Around eight hundred and ninety patients were recruited to ADRC and diagnosed for Alzheimer's disease (65%), vascular dementia (38%) and Parkinson's disease (40%), according to the established criteria. In our study we concentrated particularly on the major risk factors which are responsible for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease. This paper proposes a new model for the classification of Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease and Parkinson's disease by considering the most influencing risk factors. The main focus was on the selection of most influencing risk factors for both AD and PD using various attribute evaluation scheme with ranker search method. Different models for the classification of AD, VD and PD using various classification techniques such as Neural Networks (NN) and Machine Learning (ML) methods were also developed. It is observed that increase in the vascular risk factors increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. It was found that some specific genetic factors, diabetes, age and smoking were the strongest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, for the classification of Parkinson's disease, the risk factors such as stroke, diabetes, genes and age were the vital factors.
Molecular evidence for phytosiderophore‐induced improvement of iron nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize in calcareous soil (2013)

Peanut/maize intercropping is a sustainable and effective agroecosystem that evidently enhances the Fe nutrition of peanuts in calcareous soils. So far, the mechanism involved in this process has not been elucidated. In this study, we unravel the effects of phytosiderophores in improving Fe nutrition of intercropped peanuts in peanut/maize intercropping. The maize ys3 mutant, which cannot release phytosiderophores, did not improve Fe nutrition of peanut, whereas the maize ys1 mutant, which can release phytosiderophores, prevented Fe deficiency, indicating an important role of phytosiderophores in improving the Fe nutrition of intercropped peanut. Hydroponic experiments were performed to simplify the intercropping system, which revealed that phytosiderophores released by Fe-deficient wheat promoted Fe acquisition in nearby peanuts and thus improved their Fe nutrition. Moreover, the phytosiderophore deoxymugineic acid (DMA) was detected in the roots of intercropped peanuts. The yellow stripe1-like (YSL) family of genes, which are homologous to maize yellow stripe 1 (ZmYS1), were identified in peanut roots. Further characterization indicated that among five AhYSL genes, AhYSL1, which was localized in the epidermis of peanut roots, transported Fe(III)-DMA. These results imply that in alkaline soil, Fe(III)-DMA dissolved by maize might be absorbed directly by neighbouring peanuts in the peanut/maize intercropping system.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Insulin Dissolving Microneedles in Dogs (2010)

Dissolving microneedles were demonstrated to be a useful TDDS as an immediate-acting insulin preparation.
Mode of receptor binding and activation by plasminogen‐related growth factors<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) are plasminogen-related kringle proteins that lost serine protease domain enzymatic activity and became ligands for cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors. They are activated by cleavage to disulfide-linked alphabeta chains. Surprisingly, despite structural similarities, the high affinity receptor binding regions of the two proteins are different: alpha chain for HGF, and beta chain for MSP. We propose that after cleavage exposes a beta chain binding site (high affinity for MSP, low affinity for HGF), monomeric ligand induces receptor dimerization and activation via alpha and beta chain binding sites of different affinity.
Preparation of Carbodiimides Using Phase-Transfer Catalysis (1987)

A new method is described for the preparation of carbodiimides by dehydration of ureas with arenesulfonyl chlorides under solid-liquid phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) conditions using solid potassium carbonate as a base and a lipophilic quaternary ammonium salt as a catalyst. The method is generally applicable for the synthesis of disubstituted carbodiimides, but is especially useful for unsymmetrically substituted carbodiimides. The basic carbodiimides prepared were identified in the form of the more stable, crystalline quaternary salts.
Single-shot optical sectioning using polarization-coded structured illumination (2010)

The acquisition of optically sectioned light microscopy images has become a fundamental tool of cell biology. However, most techniques capable of optical sectioning suffer from either a limited acquisition rate or a rather large slice thickness. In this paper we propose the technique of polarization-illumination-coded structured illumination (picoSIM), which combines high temporal and high spatial resolution. Our technique encodes the three individual light patterns needed for conventional structured illumination microscopy in a polarization-coded light distribution; this allows the acquisition of the three images required for the computational reconstruction of a sectioned image in one single exposure, allowing imaging with in principle arbitrary temporal resolution. We derive the imaging properties of this technique and propose a possible setup. Furthermore we show how an optical demodulation of the detected light would allow real-time observation of optically sectioned images.
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (2007)

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is the delivery of irradiation at the time of an operation. This is performed by different techniques including intraoperative electron beam techniques and high-dose rate brachytherapy. IORT is usually given in combination with external-beam radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy and surgical resection. IORT excludes part or all dose-limiting sensitive structures, thereby increasing the effective dose to the tumor bed (and therefore local control) without significantly increasing normal tissue morbidity. Despite best contemporary therapy, high rates of local failure occur in patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer, retroperitoneal sarcoma, select gynecologic cancers, and other malignancies. The addition of IORT to conventional treatment methods has improved local control as well as survival in many disease sites in both the primary and locally recurrent disease settings. More recently, there has been interest in the use of IORT as a technique of partial breast irradiation for women with early breast cancer. Given newer and lower cost treatment devices, the use of IORT in clinical practice will likely grow, with increasing integration into the treatment of nonconventional malignancies. Optimally, phase III randomized trials will be carried out to prove its efficacy in these disease sites.
Suppression of dislocation formation in silicon by carbon implantation (1995)

We have examined the role of carbon co-implantation in the formation of secondary defects in self-ion-irradiated Si(100). Implantation of Si ions (540 keV energy, 1015 ions/cm2 at 1.3×1011 ions/cm2/s, Ti=90 °C) followed by a 900 °C, 15 min anneal leads to the growth of an extended defect band at the end of range. Range matched-carbon co-implantation (300 keV energy, 1015 ions/cm2 plus 500 keV energy 1015 ions/cm2 of 1.5×1011 ions/cm2/s, Ti=90 °C) can be used to modify this defect development dramatically. While direct co-implantation of carbon and silicon ions to similar concentrations has no apparent effect on the formation of extended defects, such formation is suppressed when the implanted C is incorporated substitutionally into the silicon lattice. These results are discussed in the context of recent reports on C suppression of the transient enhanced diffusion of boron.
The compact quad-band planar internal antenna for mobile handsets (2007)

This paper presents the design of a compact planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) suitable for mobile handset applications. The prototype of the proposed antenna designs to satisfy specific bandwidth specifications of present-day mobile cellular communication systems, including the global system for mobile communication (GSM; 890-960 MHz), the digital communication system (DCS; 1710-1880 MHz), the personal communication system (PCS; 1850- 1990 MHz), and the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS; 1920- 2170 MHz). Therefore, it could be applicable for the existing and future mobile communication systems. Design details and experimental results are also presented and discussed.
The effects of pressure on yeast cytochrome <i>c</i> peroxidase (1986)

The effects of pressure on cytochrome c peroxidase [CcP(FeIII)], its cyano derivative (CcP X CN) and its enzyme-substrate complex (ES) have been studied. The effects of pressure on the binding of the substrate analog porphyrin cytochrome c (porphyrin c) to CcP X CN and ES have also been studied. High pressure causes CcP(FeIII) to undergo a high-spin to low-spin transition but has no detectable effect on either CcP X CN, which is already low spin, or on ES. The low-spin CcP(FeIII) structure at pressure is similar to the low-spin form at low temperature and the low-spin form of horseradish peroxidase at high pressure. delta V degree associated with the spin equilibrium is about 30 ml/mol and is independent of temperature. delta G degree is small, 4.7 kJ/mol at 0 degree C, while delta H degree is 14.2 kJ/mol at 1 bar (100 kPa). Pressure has no detectable effect on the binding equilibria of mixtures of CcP X CN plus porphyrin c or ES plus porphyrin c. This indicates that the interaction of CcP and porphyrin c results in little or no volume change; the same is true in the case of cytochrome c oxidase and porphyrin c.
Enhancing SSDs with multi-stream: What? why? how? (2017)

The adoption of SSDs has become very prominent, but they still suffer from challenges to control write amplification. Traditional SSDs have single active append point where new data writes can be stored. Data of different lifetime stored together causes high write amplification. Recently, multi-stream SSDs are developed that allows multiple active append points. These multiple active append points can be used to store data of different lifetime in different locations within SSD. Such a data placement according to the lifetime of data would considerably reduce internal write amplification of SSD. For using multi-stream SSDs it is required to attach stream-id to each new incoming data writes. According to these stream-ids, the flash transition layer (FTL) of a multi-stream SSD then appends data to different erase blocks. Thus, multi-stream SSDs will help to reduce write amplification. But, to efficiently use this new multi-stream SSDs, it is important to properly identify streamids of data with respect to its lifetime. The lifetime of data is expected using different features that data exhibits like frequency, sequentiality etc. Stream-id identification using different features may have different impact on the final write amplification of multi-stream SSDs, depending on workload. Thus, it is required to quantify the impact of different data features that are used for stream-id identification on the resultant write amplification. Additionally, the combination of these data features may be used for stream-id identification, so it is also important to be able to study the impact of such different combinations. In order to address above challenges towards efficiently using multi-stream SSDs, here we propose a portable and adoptable framework to study the impact of stream-id identification using different workload data features and their combinations on write amplification of multi-stream SSDs. Our evaluation results show that use of appropriate features according to workload can considerably reduce the Write Amplification Factor (WAF) when compared to the legacy SSDs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Oral Hypoglycemic Properties of 4‐Oxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindole‐3‐acetic Acids. (1989)

Abstract A series of analogues of (Ia) (= C 8778‐GO) and (Ib) (= C 9001‐GO) are prepared and tested for their hypoglycemic activity.
ESTUDO PALEOMAGNÉTICO DO VULCANISMO TERCIÁRIO DO ARQUIPÉLAGO DE FERNANDO DE NORONHA (1987)

The Fernando de Noronha archipelago lies in the Atlantic Equatorial Ocean at 3º50'S latitude and 32º26'W longitude. It comprises a big volcaníc complex consisting of unweathered volcanic rocks of Tertíary age. Three geological formations can be separated: Quixaba, Remédios, and São José. Using a compass and a clinometer, 100 samplee were collected in the formations in a total of 15 sites. However, with the results obtained in the laboratory, it was impossible to make use of all studied sites because five out of the 15 sítes presented weak magnetíc intensity relative to the employed magnetometer preventíng the cleaning process of the secondary magnetizations of these sites. Therefore, the 10 studied sítes presented a magnetízation with D = 350°, I=-9°, a 95 = 6,8°, and k = 51,2. The cleaning process employed was the magnetic alternate field. Just one site prevented reversed polarization. The paleomagnetic pole was computed as 81°N and 232°E (A 95 = 5°), which agrees with the results for peles having the same age in the South America.
Registration and 3D reconstruction of histological sections: application to mammary gland development (2009)

We present a method for automatically registering 2D images of histological serial sections.This method combines two independent algorithms.The rst one consists of a hierarchical, multi-resolution rigid body registration.The second uses non-linear local correlation-based registration to rene the result of the previous algorithm.Both methods present two variants, one that is applied to the gray scale images and makes use of the entire image information, and another one that reuses the result from the segmentation of the most relevant structures in the image.These methods could be applied independently, although are more eective when combined.In this chapter we present the algorithms and evaluate their performance by registering fully sectioned tissue biopsies of human mammary gland and breast cancer tissue samples. 2.1 Consistent and Elastic Pairwise Registration of Histological Sections Using Vector-Spline RegularizationNot everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.