gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting Purinergic Receptors in Islet Transplantation (2013)

Transplanted islets are exposed to a distinctively hostile immunological environment. Grafted islets typically encounter a combination of innate, allogeneic and anti-islet immune responses—the relative contributions of which are not fully understood. The relatively low success rate of islet transplantation compared with other organs suggests that current immunomodulatory protocols are inadequate to provide long-term islet graft protection. As the negative consequences of long-term immunosuppression can arguably outweigh the benefits of islet transplantation, there is intense focus on the development of strategies to induce immune tolerance toward grafts, thereby avoiding the requirement of chronic immunosuppression. In this issue of Diabetes , Vergani et al. (1) provide evidence that targeting purinergic receptor signaling is a viable strategy for islet allograft protection.

Extracellular ATP modulates many aspects of the immune system. For example, ATP signaling is able to promote the differentiation of proinflammatory Th17 cells (2), which may play a role in islet rejection and recurrent autoimmunity. ATP signaling can also suppress the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) (3), which are immunosuppressive T cells that play a role in immune tolerance (4). Thus, ATP signaling acts to shift the immune response toward a more inflammatory, less tolerant state (Fig. 1).



FIG. 1. 
Schematic summary of the proposed mechanism of action of ATP during islet allograft rejection. A : Extracellular ATP activates P2X receptors and promotes T-cell …
A 32-bit superscalar microprocessor with 64-bit processing and high bandwidth DRAM interface (2002)

This paper describes a 32-bit CISC superscalar microprocessor designed for high-end embedded applications, such as X-window terminals and printers. To realize high performance of processing a series of memory data such as a frame buffer and a character-string, we have used block-data-transfer and 64-bit processing to improve execution efficiency of multiple-operation instructions of the processor. 16-byte block read/write operations through a 32-bit external data bus have accomplished high bandwidth for DRAM access, even in the case of non-cacheable regions such as a frame buffer. In executing multiple-operation instructions, 64-bit processing has been realized by operating the dual execution circuits for superscalar executions and a 64-bit internal data bus under the control of a very long micro-instruction word. By using these techniques, we have enhanced the frame buffer manipulation performance of this processor 1.5 to 2 times.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Systemic inflammation and fracture healing (2011)

Apart from their pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens, leukocytes are also essential for bone repair, as fracture healing is initiated and directed by a physiological inflammatory response. Leukocytes infiltrate the fracture hematoma and produce several growth and differentiation factors that regulate essential downstream processes of fracture healing. Systemic inflammation alters the numbers and properties of circulating leukocytes, and we hypothesize that these changes are maintained in tissue leukocytes and will lead to impairment of fracture healing after major trauma. The underlying mechanisms will be discussed in this review.
Derivative-Free Model Reference Adaptive Control (2011)

A derivative-free, delayed weight update law is developed for model reference adaptive control of continuous-time uncertain systems, without assuming the existence of constant ideal weights. Using a Lyapunov―Krasovskii functional it is proven that the error dynamics are uniformly ultimately bounded, without the need for modification terms in the adaptive law. Estimates for the ultimate bound and the exponential rate of convergence to the ultimate bound are provided. Also discussed are employing various modification terms for further improving performance and robustness of the adaptively controlled system. Examples illustrate that the proposed derivative-free model reference adaptive control law is advantageous for applications to systems that can undergo a sudden change in dynamics.
High speed dual modulus dividers using AlInAs-GaInAs HBT IC technology (2002)

4/5 and 8/9 dual-modulus prescalers are fabricated using AlInAs-GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) which operate at clock frequencies up to 9 GHz and which dissipate 700 mW and 900 mW, respectively. The transistor technology results in a cutoff frequency and maximum frequency of oscillation of 90 GHz and 70 GHz, respectively. The 4/5 and 8/9 dividers consists of 106 and 124 transistors, respectively. These are the largest circuits fabricated with HBTs on InP substrates and are among the fastest reported dual-modulus prescalers. The AlInAs-GaInAs HBT technology, circuit design, and measurement results are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Catastrophizing and Depressive Symptoms as Prospective Predictors of Outcomes Following Total Knee Replacement (2009)

Several recent reports suggest that pain-related catastrophizing is a risk factor for poor acute pain outcomes following surgical interventions. However, it has been less clear whether levels of catastrophizing influence longer-term postoperative outcomes. Data were analyzed from a relatively small number (n=43) of patients who underwent total knee replacement and were followed for 12 months after their surgery. Previous research has suggested that high levels of both catastrophizing and depression are associated with elevated acute postoperative pain complaints among patients undergoing knee surgery. In this sample, catastrophizing and depression at each of the assessment points were studied as prospective predictors of pain (both global pain ratings and pain at night) at the subsequent assessment point over the course of one year. The predictive patterns differed somewhat across measures of pain reporting; depressive symptoms were unique predictors of greater global pain complaints, while catastrophizing was a specific and unique predictor of elevated nighttime pain. While surgical outcomes following total knee replacement are, on average, quite good, a significant minority of patients continue to experience long-term pain. The present findings suggest that high levels of catastrophizing and depression may promote enhanced pain levels, indicating that interventions designed to reduce catastrophizing and depressive symptoms may have the potential to further improve joint replacement outcomes.
A high-speed, tunable silicon photonic ring modulator integrated with ultra-efficient active wavelength control (2014)

We report the first complete 10G silicon photonic ring modulator with integrated ultra-efficient CMOS driver and closed-loop wavelength control. A selective substrate removal technique was used to improve the ring tuning efficiency. Limited by the thermal tuner driver output power, a maximum open-loop tuning range of about 4.5nm was measured with about 14mW of total tuning power including the heater driver circuit power consumption. Stable wavelength locking was achieved with a low-power mixed-signal closed-loop wavelength controller. An active wavelength tracking range of > 500GHz was demonstrated with controller energy cost of only 20fJ/bit.
Touchscreens vs. traditional controllers in handheld gaming (2010)

We present a study which compares touchscreen-based controls and physical controls for game input using Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed: Altair's Chronicles. Our study used the Apple iPhone as a representative touchscreen-based controller and the Nintendo DS for its physical control pad. Participants completed a game level four times on each platform. Level completion time and number of player deaths were recorded. Results indicate that physical buttons allowed significantly better performance than virtual buttons. Specifically, the number of character deaths on the iPhone was 150% higher than on the DS, while level completion time on the DS was 42% faster. The learning curve for the touchscreen version of the game was also steeper. Participants strongly preferred the physical buttons of the Nintendo DS. We conclude that either game designers should consider alternative input methods for touchscreen devices, or hardware designers should consider the inclusion of physical controls.
Induction of Cardiogenesis in Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulation of Notch1 Signaling (2006)

Embryonic stem cells represent an attractive source of cardiomyocytes for cell-replacement therapies. However, before embryonic stem cells can be successfully used for the treatment of cardiac diseases, the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie their cardiogenic differentiation must be identified. A network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulates embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation into a variety of different cell lineages. Here, we show that Notch signaling takes place in some but not all embryonic stem cells and that the Notch pathway is shut down during the course of differentiation concomitantly with downregulation of Notch receptor and ligand expression. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function experiments for Notch signaling components show that this pathway is a crucial regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiation within ES cells. Differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes is favored by inactivation of the Notch1 receptor, whereas endogenous Notch signaling promotes differentiation of ES cells into the neuronal lineage. We conclude that Notch signaling influences the cell fate decision between mesodermal and the neuroectodermal cell fates during embryonic stem cell differentiation. These findings should help to optimize the production of specific cell types via modulation of the Notch pathways and, in particular, to improve the production of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
Long-term, deep-ocean test of concrete spherical structures, results after six years (1979)

Abstract : In 1971, a long-term, deep-ocean test was started on eighteen concrete spheres, 66 inches (1, 676 mm) in outside diameter by 4,12 inches (105 mm) in wall thickness. The spheres were placed in the ocean at depths from 1,840 to 5,075 feet (560 to 1,547 m). Over a 6.4-year period, yearly inspections of the spheres by submersibles have provided data on time-depedent failure and permeability. After 5.3 years, three of the spheres were retrieved from the ocean for laboratory testing. Data on concrete compressive strength gain, short-term implosion strength of the three retrieved spheres, and permeability and durability of the concrete were obtained. This report summarizes the findings from the laboratory and ocean tests. (Author)
Review on SAW RFID tags (2010)

SAW tags were invented more than 30 years ago, but only today are the conditions united for mass application of this technology. The devices in the 2.4-GHz ISM band can be routinely produced with optical lithography, high-resolution radar systems can be built up using highly sophisticated, but low-cost RF-chips, and the Internet is available for global access to the tag databases. The "Internet of Things," or I-o-T, will demand trillions of cheap tags and sensors. The SAW tags can overcome semiconductor-based analogs in many aspects: they can be read at a distance of a few meters with readers radiating power levels 2 to 3 orders lower, they are cheap, and they can operate in robust environments. Passive SAW tags are easily combined with sensors. Even the "anti-collision" problem (i.e., the simultaneous reading of many nearby tags) has adequate solutions for many practical applications. In this paper, we discuss the state-of-the-art in the development of SAW tags. The design approaches will be reviewed and optimal tag designs, as well as encoding methods, will be demonstrated. We discuss ways to reduce the size and cost of these devices. A few practical examples of tags using a time-position coding with 10(6) different codes will be demonstrated. Phase-coded devices can additionally increase the number of codes at the expense of a reduction of reading distance. We also discuss new and exciting perspectives of using ultra wide band (UWB) technology for SAW-tag systems. The wide frequency band available for this standard provides a great opportunity for SAW tags to be radically reduced in size to about 1 x 1 mm(2) while keeping a practically infinite number of possible different codes. Finally, the reader technology will be discussed, as well as detailed comparison made between SAW tags and IC-based semiconductor device.
High-Precision Automatic Digital AC Bridge (1983)

This paper deals with a high-precision automatic digital ac bridge including a digital detector as an integral part of the bridge. The resolution and systematic errors of this type of bridge are formulated. An automatic method to reduce the errors caused by the differential nonlinearity is described.
Protein disorder in the human diseasome: unfoldomics of human genetic diseases (2009)

These observations provide the basis for the construction of the human-genetic-disease-associated unfoldome.
Using Visual Symptoms for Debugging Presentation Failures in Web Applications (2016)

Presentation failures in a website can undermine its success by giving users a negative perception of the trustworthiness of the site and the quality of the services it delivers. Unfortunately, existing techniques for debugging presentation failures do not provide developers with automated and broadly applicable solutions for finding the site's faulty HTML elements and CSS properties. To address this limitation, we propose a novel automated approach for debugging web sites that is based on image processing and probabilistic techniques. Our approach first builds a model that links observable changes in the web site's appearance to faulty elements and styling properties. Then using this model, our approach predicts the elements and styling properties most likely to cause the observed failure for the page under test and reports these to the developer. In evaluation, our approach was more accurate and faster than prior techniques for identifying faulty elements in a website.
Multiuser detection with cell diversity for DS/CDMA systems (2002)

This paper presents a multiuser detection scheme based on cell diversity for DS/CDMA systems. This scheme may be employed when multiple base stations can receive the signal from a mobile. Each participating base station uses a decorrelator to remove multiple access interference and obtains the decision statistic for each user. It then quantizes the decision statistic and transmits it to a central processor. Based on these received quantized cell decision statistics, the central processor determines the received bit for each user. The quantizer proposed here is a MMSE log likelihood ratio quantizer, and is obtained via a Lloyd-Max type of algorithm. The decision-making rule at the central processor is derived based on multisensor signal detection theory. Numerical results show that significant performance improvement over single cell multiuser detection can be obtained at a moderate cost in terms of additional signal processing and communication bandwidth.
The Pentacovalent Phosphorus Intermediate of a Phosphoryl Transfer Reaction (2003)

Enzymes provide enormous rate enhancements, unmatched by any other type of catalyst. The stabilization of high-energy states along the reaction coordinate is the crux of the catalytic power of enzymes. We report the atomic-resolution structure of a high-energy reaction intermediate stabilized in the active site of an enzyme. Crystallization of phosphorylated beta-phosphoglucomutase in the presence of the Mg(II) cofactor and either of the substrates glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate produced crystals of the enzyme-Mg(II)-glucose 1,6-(bis)phosphate complex, which diffracted x-rays to 1.2 and 1.4 angstroms, respectively. The structure reveals a stabilized pentacovalent phosphorane formed in the phosphoryl transfer from the C(1)O of glucose 1,6-(bis)phosphate to the nucleophilic Asp8 carboxylate.
Enhanced derivation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical glutamatergic neurons by a small molecule (2017)

Abstract Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) play important role in studying the function of human glutamatergic neurons and related disease pathogenesis. However, the current hPSC-derived cortical system produced a significant number of inhibitory GABAergic neurons that reduced the purity of excitatory neurons. In this study, we established a robust hPSC-derived cortical neurogenesis system by applying the SHH inhibitor cyclopamine. Cyclopamine specified the dorsal cortical fate in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the generation of cortical glutamatergic neurons, expressing PAX6, TBR1, TBR2, CTIP2, SATB2, and vesicular glutamate transporters (vGLUT). In contrast, the ventral patterning was inhibited and the GABAergic neurons were significantly reduced to 12% with the treatment of cyclopamine. In addition, we applied our current method to generate trisomy 21 iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons that showed a robust reduction of vesicular glutamate transporters in the glutamatergic neurons with trisomy 21, revealing the developmental deficits in cortical glutamatergic neurons. Our method enriched the generation of cortical glutamatergic neurons which may facilitate the study of human neurological diseases and cell therapy.
Electromagnetically induced transparency in metamaterials at near-infrared frequency (2010)

We employ a planar metamaterial structure composed of a split-ring-resonator (SRR) and paired nano-rods to experimentally realize a spectral response at near-infrared frequencies resembling that of electromagnetically induced transparency. A narrow transparency window associated with low loss is produced, and the magnetic field enhancement at the center of the SRR is dramatically changed, due to the interference between the resonances with significantly different linewidths. The variation of the spectral response in terms of relative position of the bright and dark elements is evaluated with numerical simulations.
A low profile electronically-steerable artificial-impedance-surface antenna (2014)

A Ku-band, electronically-steerable, artificial-impedance-surface antenna (AISA) was designed, fabricated and measured. It is capable of scanning in elevation from -70° to 80° with gain variation of less than 5 dB. The antenna operates by launching a surface wave along a surface-wave waveguide (SWG) whose impedance elements are rectangular patches with electrically tunable capacitors between them. The radiation beam is scanned in elevation by applying voltages to the varactors to change the SWG's impedance pattern. Azimuthal scanning can be accomplished with a linear array of SWGs whose relative radiation phases are controlled with variations in the impedance patterns.
Optimization of evanescent‐field fluorescence‐assisted lectin microarray for high‐sensitivity detection of monovalent oligosaccharides and glycoproteins (2008)

Lectin microarray is an emerging technique, which will accelerate glycan profiling and discovery of glycan-related biomarkers. One of the most important stages in realizing the potential of the technique is to achieve sufficiently high sensitivity to detect even the low concentrations of some target glycoproteins which occur in sera or tissues. Previously, we developed a lectin microarray based on an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted detection principle that allows rapid profiling of glycoproteins. Here, we report optimization of procedures for lectin spotting and immobilization to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of the lectin microarray. The improved microarray allows high-sensitivity detection of even monovalent oligosaccharides that generally have a low affinity with lectins (K(d)>10(-6) M). The LOD observed for RCA120, a representative plant lectin, with asialofetuin, and an asialo-biantennary N-glycan probe were determined to be 100 pg/mL and 100 pM, respectively. With the improved lectin microarray system, closely related structural isomers, i.e., Le(a) and Le(x), were clearly differentiated by the difference in signal patterns on relevant multiple lectins, even though specific lectins to detect these glycan structures were not available. The result proved a previously proposed concept of lectin-based glycan profiling.
Long-term Follow-up of Surgically Treated Phantosmia (2002)

To determine whether transnasal excision of olfactory epithelium is a safe, effective therapy and to learn more of the pathogenesis of phantosmia by studying the histological features of the excised mucosa.A retrospective study consisting of a medical record review and telephone survey. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 11 years (average, 5.4 years). Excised tissues were histologically processed and descriptively compared with normal and other abnormal olfactory tissues.Tertiary university medical referral centers.All patients who presented to the primary author (D.A.L.) from 1988 to 1999 with unremitting phantosmia lasting longer than 4 years.Olfactory testing and transnasal endoscopic excision of olfactory mucosa.Tested olfactory function, patients' perception of phantom odor resolution, and histological findings.Of 8 patients, 7 have complete and permanent resolution of their phantosmia. Postoperatively, the single nostril olfactory ability in the operated-on nostril is decreased in 2 nostrils, remains unchanged in 7, and is improved in 1. The excised olfactory mucosa generally shows a decreased number of neurons, a greater ratio of immature to mature neurons, and disordered growth of axons with some intraepithelial neuromas.Surgical excision of olfactory epithelium is an effective and safe method to relieve phantosmia while potentially preserving olfactory ability. The abnormal histological features of the excised olfactory tissue suggest at least some pathological condition in the peripheral olfactory system. This nasal surgery requires intensive olfactory evaluation and follow-up. It is also extremely difficult with significant risks, and therefore should be limited to specialized centers.
Mine Action Development Funding in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010)

Mine action seeks to eliminate the lingering effects of contamination from landmines and explosive remnants of war, but the need for development in these communities often trumps clearance and mine-risk education activities. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, where clearance activities are expected to continue until 2019, the Swiss Development Cooperation and Handicap International are exploring new ways for mine action to integrate development efforts into more traditional mine-action efforts.