gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloud field classification based upon high spatial resolution textural features: 2. Simplified vector approaches (1989)

The huge volume of data being collected in global climate studies makes it necessary to develop efficient automatic data analysis methods. While most cloud classification algorithms are based upon multispectral signatures, there is growing use of textural features. The results given in Part 1 of this study demonstrate that textural features computed from the Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM) approach produce high cloud classification accuracies. The present study compares classification results derived from two vector approaches, Sum and Difference Histogram (SADH) and Gray Level Difference Vector (GLDV), with those from the GLCM approach. It is found that the SADH approach produces accuracies equivalent to those obtained using GLCM, but with greater ability to resolve error clusters; also, there is a 30% savings in run time and a 50% savings in storage requirements. The GLDV approach suffers a slight degradation in classification accuracy but has a 40% savings in run time and an 87% savings in storage requirements. Textural features are not highly sensitive to moderate variations in cloud threshold selection. However, the whole cloud, rather than only the brightest portions of the cloud, produce the highest classification accuracies. A very important result is that spatial information content and classification accuracy are preserved even at lower radiometric resolutions with effective gray levels of 16. means that significantly low resolution digitized versions of satellite imagery retain essentially the full spatial information content of the original digital data. Substitution of digitized imagery can significantly reduce the expense of many remote sensing studies.
Dorsalizing and neuralizing properties of Xdsh, a maternally expressed <i>Xenopus</i> homolog of <i>dishevelled</i> (1995)

Signaling factors of the Wnt proto-oncogene family are implicated in dorsal axis formation during vertebrate development, but the molecular mechanism of this process is not known. Studies in Drosophila have indicated that the dishevelled gene product is required for wingless (Wnt1 homolog) signal transduction. We demonstrate that injection of mRNA encoding a Xenopus homolog of dishevelled (Xdsh) into prospective ventral mesodermal cells triggers a complete dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Lineage tracing experiments show that cells derived from the injected blastomere contribute to anterior and dorsal structures of the induced axis. In contrast to its effect on mesoderm, overexpression of Xdsh mRNA in prospective ectodermal cells triggers anterior neural tissue differentiation. These studies suggest that Wnt signal transduction pathway is conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates and point to a role for maternal Xdsh product in dorsal axis formation and in neural induction.
Magnetized Forceps for Metallic Corneal Foreign Bodies (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Corneal foreign bodies are frequently ferromagnetic. These foreign bodies and their resultant rust rings should be removed.<sup>1</sup>Cotton-tipped applicators, hypodermic needles, and dental burrs are commonly used to extricate shards and rust rings.<sup>2</sup>Although an embedded particle can be displaced by the needle, it may not easily be lifted from the epithelial surface. We have found the following instrument helpful in the removal of corneal magnetic foreign bodies and their rust rings. A magnet is attached to the handle of a sterile jeweler's forceps, rendering the tips magnetic (Figure). One or multiple metallic foreign bodies can be dislodged and magnetically lifted or grasped. The tips of most forceps are slightly less sharp than the tip of a hypodermic needle and, when used tangentially, they facilitate foreign-body and rust-ring removal with less risk of impaling the cornea if the patient moves.
Boosting Focally-Induced Brain Plasticity by Dopamine (2007)

Dopamine (DA) simultaneously produces both excitation and inhibition in the human cortex. In order to shed light on the functional significance of these seemingly opposing effects, we administered the DA precursor levodopa (L-dopa) to healthy subjects in conjunction with 2 neuroplasticity-inducing motor cortex stimulation protocols. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces cortical excitability enhancement by anodal and depression by cathodal brain polarization, which is not restricted to specific subgroups of synapses. In contrast, paired associative stimulation (PAS) induces focal excitability enhancements of somatosensory and motor cortical neuronal synaptic connections. Here, we show that administering L-dopa turns the unspecific excitability enhancement caused by anodal tDCS into inhibition and prolongs the cathodal tDCS-induced excitability diminution. Conversely, it stabilizes the PAS-induced synapse-specific excitability increase. Most importantly, it prolongs all of these aftereffects by a factor of about 20. Hereby, DA focuses synapse-specific excitability-enhancing neuroplasticity in human cortical networks.
Cryopyrin-induced Interleukin 1β Secretion in Monocytic Cells (2004)

Several autoinflammatory disorders are associated with missense mutations within the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain of cryopyrin. The mechanism by which cryopyrin mutations cause inflammatory disease remains elusive. To understand the molecular bases of these diseases, we generated constructs to express three common cryopyrin disease-associated mutations, R260W, D303N, and E637G, and compared their activity with that of the wild-type protein. All cryopyrin mutant proteins tested were found to induce potent NF-kappaB activity when compared with the wild-type protein. This activation was dependent on the expression of ASC, an adaptor protein previously suggested to mediate cryopyrin signaling. When the disease-associated mutants were expressed in monocytic THP-1 cells (which express endogenous ASC), each induced spontaneous IL-1beta secretion, whereas wild-type protein did not. In the absence of stimuli, wild-type cryopyrin was unable to bind to ASC, whereas the three mutants coimmunoprecipitated with ASC, suggesting a mechanism involved in the constitutive activation of mutant proteins. The induction of cryopyrin activity by enforced oligomerization in THP-1 cells resulted in ASC binding and the secretion of IL-1beta, an effect that was abolished by the inhibition of ASC expression with small interfering RNAs. Thus, cryopyrin-mediated IL-1beta secretion requires ASC in monocytic cells. Further, these results indicate that cryopyrin disease-associated mutants are constitutively active and able to induce NF-kappaB activation and IL-1beta secretion at least in part by an increased ability to interact with ASC.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELING FOR ANNUAL PEAK FLOWS: A CASE STUDY (2019)

The data of annual peak flows in river system is not straight forward but rather complex function of hydrology and geography of the area. In such composite situations, models based on soft computing approaches such Artificial Neural Network (ANN) may increase understanding of the hidden hydrological processes. The primary objective of this study is to determine the best approach among Traditional Artificial Neural Network (T-ANN) and Wavelet Artificial Neural Network (W-ANN) using Annual Peak flows data of Mangla site on River Jhelum, Pakistan. The results reveal the better performance of W-ANN approach under db2 scheme. Further, to justify the authenticity of W-ANN we compared it with the frequency analysis by fitting best probability distribution and non-parametric kernel density estimation (KDE) using Gaussian kernel approach for the same data. Results reveal that probability distribution modeling approach by fitting the Generalized Logistic (GLO) distribution being the most suitable model provides comparable results with W-ANN-db2 approach but outperforms than non-parametric KDE. Overall, the performance of W-ANN-db2 is better in the present study. The findings of the study are useful for better policy implications in water resources management.
Antifeedant tests with larvae of <i>Pseudaletia unipuncta</i>: variability of behavioral response (1988)

Abstract Feeding preference assays that lasted 6 hours were used to test a range of plant secondary compounds for deterrence to Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a grass‐feeding armyworm. Preference was determined by relative amounts of treated and control material consumed. In these assays, about half of the compounds were deterrent and half were not when applied to corn leaf discs at 1% of the dry weight of the leaf. Direct observation of the behavior of individual caterpillars revealed that nicotine, which appeared to be non‐deterrent in the 6‐h preference assay, was deterrent the first time it was encountered. Caffeine was deterrent in both types of assay, but the caterpillars habituated to it after prolonged exposure and its deterrency decreased with time. Long‐term preference assays are adequate to screen chemicals for antifeedant properties for agricultural use, but short‐term behavioral responses may be important in plant‐insect interactions in more diverse natural ecosystems. Résumé Polymorphisme des réactions des chenilles de Pseudaletia unipuncta aux substances secondaires des végétaux La répulsion de Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lep., Noctuidae) pour des substances secondaires végétales a été examinée au cours d'expériences qui ont duré 6 heures. Environ 50% des substances appliquées sur des rondelles de feuilles de maïs, à la dose de 1% du poids sec de la feuille, ont provoqué une répulsion. L'observation directe de chaque chenille a permis d'examiner la prise de nourriture en présence de quelques substances. Aucune répulsion due à la nicotine n'a été notée après les 6 heures de l'expérience, mais l'observation directe a permis de constater une répulsion des chenilles trouvant de la nicotine pour la première fois. Les feuilles de maïs traitées avec de la nicotine ont été rejetées plus souvent que cells traitées avec un solvant seul, et la durée du repas a été plus brève. La caféïne a toujours été répulsive, mais la réaction a diminué avec le temps. On a observé des chenilles qui avait eu la veille nr aliment traité à la caféïne. Après 2 repas sans caféïne, ces chenilles ont consommé plus longtemps des aliments traités à la caféïne que cells qui n'avaient jamais été mises précédemment en présence d'aliments traités à la caféïne, ce qui laisse penser que l'accoutumance est responsable de cette diminution progressive de la répulsion.
Point Mutation in the Stalk of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Causes a Dramatic Increase in Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme But No Cardiovascular Disease (2001)

A point mutation in the stalk region of the ACE protein causes increased shedding, leading to increased serum ACE, whereas cell-bound ACE is unaltered, and affected individuals exhibit no clinical abnormalities. These findings qualify the importance of serum ACE and establish a new determinant of ACE solubilization.
Motion-induced error reduction by combining Fourier transform profilometry with phase-shifting profilometry (2016)

We propose a hybrid computational framework to reduce motion-induced measurement error by combining the Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) and phase-shifting profilometry (PSP). The proposed method is composed of three major steps: Step 1 is to extract continuous relative phase maps for each isolated object with single-shot FTP method and spatial phase unwrapping; Step 2 is to obtain an absolute phase map of the entire scene using PSP method, albeit motion-induced errors exist on the extracted absolute phase map; and Step 3 is to shift the continuous relative phase maps from Step 1 to generate final absolute phase maps for each isolated object by referring to the absolute phase map with error from Step 2. Experiments demonstrate the success of the proposed computational framework for measuring multiple isolated rapidly moving objects.
SC-FDMA Versus OFDMA: Sensitivity to Large Carrier Frequency and Timing Offsets on the Uplink (2009)

In this paper, we present a comparison between the sensitivity of SC-FDMA and OFDMA schemes to large carrier frequency offsets (CFO) and timing offsets (TO) of different users on the uplink. Our study shows the following observations: 1) In the ideal case of zero CFOs and TOs (i.e., perfect synchronization), the uncoded BER performance of SC-FDMA with frequency domain MMSE equalizer is better than that of OFDMA due to the inherent frequency diversity that is possible in SC-FDMA. Also, because of inter-symbol interference in SC-FDMA, the performance of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer can be further improved by using low-complexity interference cancellation (IC) techniques. 2) In the presence of large CFOs and TOs, significant multiuser interference (MUI) gets introduced, and hence the performance of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer can get worse than that of OFDMA. However, the performance advantage of SC-FDMA with MMSE equalizer over OFDMA (due to the potential for frequency diversity benefit in SC-FDMA) can be restored by adopting multistage IC techniques, using the knowledge of CFOs and TOs of different users at the receiver.
Optimal, worst case filter design via convex optimization (2004)

We propose a convex optimization method for optimal robust linear filter design. This is based on the observation that the design problem, which is infinite dimensional, is convex in the filter. It is shown that finite dimensional relaxations can be used to get arbitrary close to the optimal solution. The design procedure constitutes successive finite dimensional approximations, involving worst case analysis to get converging upper and lower bounds. Our approach differs from standard robust filtering techniques. Usually, these minimize a specific choice of upper bound of the . The choice is usually well-motivated, but partially made for computational simplicity. The computational demands put forth in this paper are much larger.
Preparation and properties of photocurable unsaturated oligoester acrylourethanes (1987)

Syntheses of several photocurable resins and their properties before and after photocuring are investigated. Unsaturated oligoester acrylourethanes (IIIa–IIId) are prepared by addition reaction between four types of hydroxy-terminate unsaturated oligoesters (Ia–Id) and intermediate of adduct II. The former is prepared by addition-condensation reaction of glycols and maleic anhydride, while the latter is prepared from 2,4-TDI and equivalent HEMA by addition reaction in the presence of stannous octoate with THF as solvent. From the decrease of NCOs characteristic absorption peak at 2250 cm−1 of IR spectrum, the conversions of the reaction of 2,4-TDI with HEMA and hydroxy-terminated unsaturated oligoesters were calculated. The unsaturated photocurable resins are compared with saturated oligomers (obtained by replacing maleic anhydride with succinic anhydride) with regard to curing rates and mechanical properties. Properties of pure oligomers are determined both before and after hardening. If added with reactive monomers, the oligomers thus cured are found to possess better properties than otherwise. Among the monomers, HEMA proves to be especially helpful in the increase of mechanical properties. Above all, combined use of IIIb oligomer and HEMA serves the best purpose for metal coating.
Maturation, Fertilization, and Development of Marmoset Monkey Oocytes in Vitro (1997)

This study was conducted to investigate 1) the capacity of in vitro-matured (IVM) marmoset oocytes to be fertilized and to support embryonic development in vitro and 2) oocyte meiotic maturation in relation to in vivo FSH administration, follicle size, and oocyte-cumulus cell status. Pairs of ovaries were collected on Day 4 of the follicular phase from adult females receiving either 1) human FSH (3 IU; n = 5) or 2) control (saline; n = 5) daily for 4 days. Antral follicles were excised from ovaries and separated into classes according to size: class 1 (660-840 microm), class 2 (> 840-1000 microm), class 3 (> 1000-1400 microm), and class 4 (> 1400 microm). A total of 823 partially naked and cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) were released from follicles and cultured in vitro. Cumulus cells remaining after 22 h were removed, metaphase II (MII) oocytes were inseminated with epididymal sperm, and resulting embryos were cultured until developmental arrest. Fluorescence microscopy was used to assess oocyte meiotic and embryo developmental progression. Oocyte germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB)- and MII-competencies increased significantly with follicular size (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively), although they were independent of oocyte-cumulus cell associations. After 24 and 32 h in vitro, 69% and 93%, respectively, of CEOs with MII competence had completed meiotic maturation, and the rate of nuclear maturation increased progressively with follicle size (p < 0.01) and with the association of cumulus cells (p < 0.01). In vivo FSH priming slightly improved oocyte GVB- and MII-competencies (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and decreased the time required to achieve MII (p < 0.01). IVM oocytes from all follicle sizes fertilized (78-92%) in vitro, with 27% developing to morula- and 4% to blastocyst-stage embryos. This study demonstrates for the first time that IVM New World primate oocytes are able to support advanced preimplantation embryonic development in vitro. Oocyte meiotic competence and the time course of nuclear maturation are profoundly influenced by their follicular origin, and marginally by FSH treatment.
A Targeted Mutation at the T-Cell Receptor α/δ Locus Impairs T-Cell Development and Reveals the Presence of the Nearby Antiapoptosis Gene <i>Dad1</i> (1997)

Locus control regions are cis gene regulatory elements comprised of DNase I-hypersensitive sites. These regions usually do not stimulate transcription outside of a chromosomal context, and therefore their ability to regulate the expression of genes is thought to occur through the modification of chromatin accessibility. A locus control region is located downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha/delta locus on mouse chromosome 14. This locus control region is known to drive T-cell-specific TCR alpha transcription in transgenic mice. In this report, we describe a targeted deletion of this locus control region and show that this mutation acts at a critical checkpoint in alphabeta T-cell development, between the TCR-intermediate and TCR-high stages. Our analysis further reveals that the antiapoptosis gene Dad1 is at the 3' end of the TCR alpha/delta locus and that Dad1 is required for embryogenesis. We show that mouse Dad1 has a broader expression pattern than the TCR genes, in terms of both tissue and temporal specificity. Finally, we report that the chromatin between TCR alpha and Dad1 is DNase I hypersensitive in a variety of cell types, thus correlating with Dad1 expression and raising the possibility that Dad1 regulatory sequences reside in this region.
Macromolecular Engineering of Polylactones and Polylactides. 19. Kinetics of Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone Initiated with Functional Aluminum Alkoxides (1996)

End-functional aliphatic polyesters have been synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and lactides (LA). Polymerization initiated with any of the functional aluminum alkoxides of the general structure Et3-pAl(OCH2X)p, where p = 1 and 3, obeys a living “coordination−insertion” mechanism, under suitable conditions (temperature, concentration, and solvent), with the formation of α-functional chains of a predictable molecular weight. A kinetic study has emphasized the importance of the cyclic monomer (ε-CL or LA) and the key role of the initiator structure: the number of functional alkoxides per aluminum and the nature of the functional group (X = CH2Br, (CH2)2CHCH2, (CH2)2NEt2). Activation enthalpy and entropy have been calculated for the ε-CL polymerization initiated by several aluminum alkoxides at various temperatures. The effects of solvent (toluene or tetrahydrofuran) and purification of the aluminum monoalkoxides by distillation under reduced pressure have also been considered.
ROC analysis of lesion descriptors in breast ultrasound images (2003)

Breast biopsy serves as the key diagnostic tool in the evaluation of breast masses for malignancy, yet the procedure affects patients physically and emotionally and may obscure results of future mammograms. Studies show that high quality ultrasound can distinguish a benign from malignant lesions with accuracy, however, it has proven difficult to teach and clinical results are highly variable. The purpose of this study is to develop a means to optimize an automated Computer Aided Imaging System (CAIS) to assess Level of Suspicion (LOS) of a breast mass. We examine the contribution of 15 object features to lesion classification by calculating the Wilcoxon area under the ROC curve, A<sub>W</sub>, for all combinations in a set of 146 masses with known findings. For each interval A, the frequency of appearance of each feature and its combinations with others was computed as a means to find an “optimum” feature vector. The original set of 15 was reduced to 6 (area, perimeter, diameter ferret Y, relief, homogeneity, average energy) with an improvement from A<sub>w</sub>=0.82∓0.04 for the original 15 to A<sub>w</sub>=0.93∓0.02 for the subset of 6, p=0.03. For comparison, two sub-specialty mammography radiologists also scored the images for LOS resulting in A<sub>z</sub> of 0.90 and 0.87. The CAIS performed significantly higher, p=0.02.
Binding of Polyphosphates and Phosphonates to Hydroxyapatite, Subsequent Hydrolysis, Phosphate Exchange and Effects on Demineralization, Mineralization and Microcrystal Aggregation (1983)

The polyphosphates pyro-, tripoly-, trimeta- and hexametaphosphate were bound to hydroxyapatite (HA) in much larger amounts in an H2O-labile (removed by H2O washing) than in an H2O-stable (crystal) compartment. Approximately 1 PO4 group was liberated per polyphosphate molecule bound in both compartments. Incubation of HA containing polyphosphates in the crystal compartment gave rise to the liberation of PO4, most of which came from HA-catalyzed polyphosphate hydrolysis, but some of which came from solubilization of HA and possibly from displacement of crystal PO4 via exchange. Crystal-bound phosphonates (ethanehydroxy-11-diphosphonate and methane diphosphonate) neither hydrolyzed nor exchanged further with crystal PO4. The relative amounts of binding and hydrolysis of the test substances as well as their relative effects in solubilizing HA in H2O, reducing HA acid solubility and inhibiting mineralization and microcrystal aggregation were determined. The results are discussed with respect to known or implied anticaries activity.
Precision electron diffraction structure analysis and its use in physics and chemistry of solids (2001)

The present level of the precision electron diffraction provides the quantitative analysis of the electrostatic potential and electron density in crystals and allows us to approach the direct study of properties of solids by electron diffraction. This is demonstrated by examples of ionic compounds with an NaCl structure and a covalent Ge crystal. Using the analytical structure models of crystals, one can quantitatively characterize chemical bonding and study topological characteristics of the electrostatic potential by electron diffraction data. It is established that the internal crystal field is well structurized, whereas the topological analysis revealed some important characteristics of its structure. These data considerably enrich our knowledge on atomic interactions in crystals.