gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the genome and the genetic code: selection at the dinucleotide level by methylation and polyribonucleotide cleavage. (1989)

Noting the scarcity of CpG dinucleotide in total genomic DNA derived from higher organisms and the scarcity of TpA dinucleotide in total genomic DNA derived from most life forms, we examined the distribution of these dinucleotides in sequences derived from functionally distinct types of human DNA, including mitochondrial DNA, intergenic DNA, intron DNA, and DNA destined to be represented in the cytoplasm as mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. While CpG frequency has fallen to its lowest levels in DNA that is transcriptionally silent, TpA is most stringently excluded in DNA destined to be expressed as mRNA in the cytosol. This observation suggests that the selective pressures leading to the removal of CpG and TpA operate at different levels. With respect to TpA, dinucleotide scarcity may reflect a requirement for mRNA stability and may indicate the action of UpA-selective ribonucleases. We propose that, by reason of its instability, UpA must have been very rare in primordial RNA. Therefore, tRNA with the anticodon for this dinucleotide may have failed to evolve, making UpA the primordial doublet "stop" codon. The modern triplet code has faithfully conserved this arrangement in the two universal stop codons, UAA and UAG.
Exploiting Filtering approach with Web Scrapping for Smart Online Shopping : Penny Wise: A wise Tool for Online Shopping (2019)

With the advancement in technology and popularity of e-commerce, the number of online shopping websites have been increased rapidly in the cyber world. This made people's life easy because it is easy to shop through internet. But this also bring effort for people as they spend a lot of time and efforts to search best product deals and offers on e-commerce websites. They have to filter and compare data by themselves. It takes a lot of time and still there are chances of ambiguous results. This paper is based on web crawling and scraping methods applied for identifying best deals from five e-commerce websites. The framework is designed using HTML (Hypertext markup language) and CSS (Cascading style sheet) as front-end and PHP: Hypertext preprocessor language as back-end support. The scrapping scripts are written using python libraries and web crawling works on HTML labels. The novelty in this framework is that we are not storing scrapped data on local database. Instead the results are dynamically fetched and showed every time the user input the query. It will help to improvise the storage and processing ability. Furthermore, the data retrieval process accuracy is 93% with minimum computation and less time.
Learning compatibility coefficients for relaxation labeling processes (1994)

Relaxation labeling processes have been widely used in many different domains including image processing, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence. They are iterative procedures that aim at reducing local ambiguities and achieving global consistency through a parallel exploitation of contextual information, which is quantitatively expressed in terms of a set of "compatibility coefficients." The problem of determining compatibility coefficients has received a considerable attention in the past and many heuristic, statistical-based methods have been suggested. In this paper, the authors propose a rather different viewpoint to solve this problem: they derive them attempting to optimize the performance of the relaxation algorithm over a sample of training data; no statistical interpretation is given: compatibility coefficients are simply interpreted as real numbers, for which performance is optimal. Experimental results over a novel application of relaxation are given, which prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Need for Data Quality (1993)

I’crmission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment.
Plasmonic Nanostructured Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Reflection Modulators (2015)

We propose a plasmonic surface that produces an electrically controlled reflectance as a high-speed intensity modulator. The device is conceived as a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor on silicon with its metal structured as a thin patch bearing a contiguous nanoscale grating. The metal structure serves multiple functions as a driving electrode and as a grating coupler for perpendicularly incident p-polarized light to surface plasmons supported by the patch. Modulation is produced by charging and discharging the capacitor and exploiting the carrier refraction effect in silicon along with the high sensitivity of strongly confined surface plasmons to index perturbations. The area of the modulator is set by the area of the incident beam, leading to a very compact device for a strongly focused beam (∼2.5 μm in diameter). Theoretically, the modulator can operate over a broad electrical bandwidth (tens of gigahertz) with a modulation depth of 3 to 6%, a loss of 3 to 4 dB, and an optical bandwidth of about 50 nm. About 1000 modulators can be integrated over a 50 mm2 area producing an aggregate electro-optic modulation rate in excess of 1 Tb/s. We demonstrate experimentally modulators operating at telecommunications wavelengths, fabricated as nanostructured Au/HfO2/p-Si capacitors. The modulators break conceptually from waveguide-based devices and belong to the same class of devices as surface photodetectors and vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers.
A Short History of Isotopes and the Measurement of Their Abundances (1942)

First Page
Solar Active Region Detection Using Deep Learning (2021)

Solar eruptive events could affect radio communication, global positioning systems, and some high-tech equipment in space. Active regions on the Sun are the main source regions of solar eruptive events. Therefore, the automatic detection of active regions is important not only for routine observation, but also for the solar activity forecast. At present, active regions are manually or automatically extracted by using traditional image processing techniques. Because active regions dynamically evolve, it is not easy to design a suitable feature extractor. In this paper, we first overview the commonly used methods for active region detection currently. Then, two representative object detection models, faster R-CNN and YOLO V3, are employed to learn the characteristics of active regions, and finally establish a deep learning–based detection model of active regions. The performance evaluation demonstrates that the high accuracy of active region detection is achieved by both the two models. In addition, YOLO V3 is 4% and 1% better than faster R-CNN in terms of true positive (TP) and true negative (TN) indexes, respectively; meanwhile, the former is eight times faster than the latter.
Restoration of Degraded Images by Composite Gratings in a Coherent Optical Processor (1973)

A study has been made on restoration of degraded images utilizing spatial filtering techniques in a coherent optical processor. This study differs from other coherent approaches in that the spatial filters employed contain only composite gratings that are quite simple to produce. A general method of synthesizing the appropriate composite gratings for the linearly smeared as well as multiply exposed and out-offocus images will be presented in some detail with experimental results. The extension of the method of synthesis to other types of degradation will be briefly discussed. in Appendix A.
Essentials of Marketing Research (1998)

THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF MARKETING RESEARCH. A Decision-Making Perspective on Marketing Research. Marketing Research in Practice. The Marketing Research Process. Research Design and Implementation. DATA COLLECTION. Secondary and Standardized Sources of Marketing Data. Marketing Research on the Internet. Information Collection: Qualitative and Observational Methods. Information from Respondents: Issues in Data Collection. Attitude Measurement. Designing the Questionnaire. Sampling Fundamentals. DATA ANALYSIS. Fundamentals of Data Analysis. Hypothesis Testing. Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis. APPLICATIONS. Presenting the Results. Applications of Marketing Research. APPENDIX. Table. Procedure. Glossary. Index.
Expression of Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein V in Human Megakaryocytes and Megakaryocytic Cell Lines: A Study Using a Novel Monoclonal Antibody against GPV (1994)

Glycoprotein V (GPV) is a platelet membrane protein with a molecular weight of 82 kD, and one of the leucine rich glycoproteins (LRG). By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), GPV cDNA was amplified from mRNA of platelets and megakaryocytic cell lines. However, since there are few reports indicating whether GPV protein is expressed in megakaryocytes as a lineage and maturation specific protein, we studied the GPV expression at the protein level by using a novel monoclonal antibody (1D9) recognizing GPV. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that GPV was detected on the surface and in the cytoplasm of only the megakaryocytes in bone marrow aspirates. In a megakaryocytic cell line UT-7, GPV antigen increased after treatment with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). These data indicate that only megakaryocytes specifically express the GPV protein among hematopoietic cells and that the expression of GPV increases with differentiation of the megakaryocyte as GPIb-IX complex.
Effects of antiinflammatory drugs on migration of the rabbit corneal epithelium (2001)

At clinical doses, diclofenac sodium and betamethasone did not inhibit corneal epithelial migration. However, these drugs should be prescribed cautiously in patient with high-risk diseases such as diabetes mellitus and glaucoma.
Accelerometer-Based Gait Recognition by Sparse Representation of Signature Points With Clusters (2014)

Gait, as a promising biometric for recognizing human identities, can be nonintrusively captured as a series of acceleration signals using wearable or portable smart devices. It can be used for access control. Most existing methods on accelerometer-based gait recognition require explicit step-cycle detection, suffering from cycle detection failures and intercycle phase misalignment. We propose a novel algorithm that avoids both the above two problems. It makes use of a type of salient points termed signature points (SPs), and has three components: 1) a multiscale SP extraction method, including the localization and SP descriptors; 2) a sparse representation scheme for encoding newly emerged SPs with known ones in terms of their descriptors, where the phase propinquity of the SPs in a cluster is leveraged to ensure the physical meaningfulness of the codes; and 3) a classifier for the sparse-code collections associated with the SPs of a series. Experimental results on our publicly available dataset of 175 subjects showed that our algorithm outperformed existing methods, even if the step cycles were perfectly detected for them. When the accelerometers at five different body locations were used together, it achieved the rank-1 accuracy of 95.8% for identification, and the equal error rate of 2.2% for verification.
Tuning the Surface Hydrophobicity of Polymer/Nanoparticle Composite Films in the Wenzel Regime by Composition (2005)

Surface hydrophobicity of composite films containing polymer and nanoparticles has been studied as a function of composition. We show that the hydrophobicity can be tuned by adjusting the amount of particles in the two-component system. A sharp transition from a polymer-rich surface to a nanoparticles-rich surface was observed with increasing mass fraction of particles in spin-coated thin films. Water drops on the films did not slide down even at tilt angles of 90 degrees . Contact angle hysteresis increased with the mass fraction of particles indicating that the surface roughness increased as the surfaces remained in the Wenzel regime. Contact angle hysteresis data were quantitatively consistent with predictions of a recent theory.
Regioselectivity in Photochemical Chlorocarbonylation of Carbonyl Compounds (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegioselectivity in Photochemical Chlorocarbonylation of Carbonyl CompoundsA. Bashir-Hashemi, J. R. Hardee, Nathan Gelber, Lida Qi, and Theodore AxenrodCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 8, 2132–2134Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00087a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00087a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views560Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An optimization model for communication networks with partial multiple link failures (2013)

This paper studies optimization issues related to a proposed traffic protection strategy referred to as flow-thinning strategy (FTS). FTS is an extension of the well known protection concept, called path diversity, to the case of partial multiple link failures. Path diversity assumes that when a certain subset of links fail, then their capacity is entirely lost and the nominal path-flows that are not affected by the failure are sufficient to realize the required demand. FTS, in turn, is designed to work also when link failures are partial, that is, the failing links in general lose only a fraction of capacity. We consider a link dimensioning problem for FTS, called flow-thinning optimization problem (FTOP), and discuss its properties. It turns out that FTOP, in its general setting, is NP-hard so that its linear programming formulations are unavoidably non-compact and require path generation. As in the general case path generation is also difficult, we propose an integer programming formulation of the pricing problem for the general case of failure scenarios. We also exhibit two special cases when the pricing problem can be solved in polynomial time. Finally, we present a numerical study illustrating cost effectiveness of FTS. The considered partial multi-link failure scenarios are relevant for wireless networks and for the upper layers of fixed communication networks, as for example the MPLS layer with greedy elastic traffic demands.
Relative contribution of solar radiation and temperature in enhanced temperature-index melt models from a case study at Glacier de Saint-Sorlin, France (2012)

Abstract A large set of ice ablation data from a glacier in the French Alps is used to investigate the sensitivity of ice melting to solar radiation and temperature. The data come from 7 years of observations on a small network of 16 stakes set up on Glacier de Saint-Sorlin. The high spatial variability of ice ablation is shown to be strongly dependent on potential solar radiation. On the other hand, temporal variations are highly correlated with air temperatures measured both at a nearby and at a remote meteorological station, but poorly correlated with incoming shortwave radiation measured at an automatic weather station located close to the glacier terminus. Spatial variations of ice ablation therefore appear to be mainly driven by potential solar radiation, while temporal variations are driven by temperature. This result suggests that minimizing the influence of temperature in an enhanced temperature-index melt model may compromise the model’s ability to simulate interannual changes in melt. These new results may help to improve the calibration, and thus the performance, of these empirical melt models used for long-term simulations of glacier mass balances.
Human [alpha]-L-iduronidase : substrate synthesis and mechanistic analysis (2009)

Glycosidases are enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. On the basis of sequence sirnilarities, glycosidases have been assigned to a series of families, one of which, Family 39, contains both β-D-xylosidases and α-L-iduronidases. However, the level of sequence similarity between these two enzymes is relatively low, calling into question mechanistic conclusions made about the iduronidases on the basis of results from xylosidases. By being assigned to a family of retaining glycosidases, human α -L-iduronidase (IDUA) is also predicted to operate with net retention of anomeric configuration, and sequence alignments suggest that E299 is the catalytic nucleophile. When 4- methylumbelliferyl- α -L-idopyranosiduronic acid was incubated with IDUA in the presence of 3 M methanol, ¹H NMR analysis of the resulting products revealed the presence of methyl a-L-idopyranosiduronic acid, and a complete absence of the β -methanolysis product, thus proving IDUA to be a retaining glycosidase. In order to identify the catalytic nucleophile, 5-fluoro- α -L-idopyranosyluronic acid fluoride (5F-IdoAF) was used to label the enzyme via trapping of the intermediate. MS analysis of a peptic digest of an assay mixture containing IDUA and 5F-IdoAF permitted the identification of the labeled peptide ²⁹¹ADTPIYNDEADPLVG³⁰⁵, having m/z = 893 ± 1. Further analysis revealed that the label was attached to E299, proving it to be the catalytic nucleophile. This, together with the proof of retention of anomeric configuration, supports the assignment of IDUA to Family 39. To further probe the mechanism of this enzyme, we required a series of aryl α-Liduronides of varying reactivities. Because the glycosylation chemistry of ido compounds is poorly understood, a methodology study was performed in which five glycosylation methods were tested for their ability to form the desired anomeric stereochemistry with a range of acceptors of varying pK[sub a]. The trichloroacetimidate method was found to produce the best results, and a series of aryl α -L-iduronides was synthesized. Kinetic parameters for their hydrolysis by IDUA were determined, and it was found that both kcai and k[sub cai]/K[sub m] were independent of leaving group pK[sub a]- This indicates that either glycosylation is rate-determining, with extremely efficient proton donation at the transition state, or that some other step, such as conformational change is ratedetermining.
Properties of thick ZnO layers on oxidized silicon (1994)

Properties of thick ZnO layers having a thickness of about 20 μm will be discussed in this paper. To achieve ZnO layers with a high resistance, a new sputtering method with a ramp shaped and cycled power process mode was developed. It is shown that it is possible to obtain weak textured <002>-ZnO layers at deposition rates of about 130 nm/min on (100)-Si-substrates with a thin SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -film. The specific resistance of the layers was in a range of 2.0*10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> Ωcm to 1.5*10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> Ωcm. The internal stress of the layers, calculated by the measurement of the deflection of the whole wafer, was about 3.0 MPa. Initial measurements have shown that there are possibilities to excite surface acoustic waves in layered structures. This paper presents calculated and measured results for structures with thick ZnO layers. Measurements of SAW properties using thick ZnO layered structures will be shown. Also presented are results on the quality of the ZnO films and the specifics of the deposition process
A new regularization technique for limited-view sound-speed imaging (2013)

Reconstructing sound-speed maps from the limited view offered by a linear array of ultrasonic sensors has been a long-standing challenge in medical diagnostics and nondestructive evaluation. Because of the limited range of angles that can be used to interrogate the volume beneath the array, the inverse problem of retrieving sound-speed maps from scattering measurements is highly ill-posed. The missing angles cause significant artifacts that degrade the image by altering the values of sound speed and producing ghost features. This paper introduces the virtual image space component iterative technique (VISCIT), which addresses the limited-view problem by introducing a new regularization technique which iteratively compensates for the missing components by applying an adaptive threshold to the reconstruction. The effectiveness of the method in yielding high-accuracy sound-speed maps is demonstrated using a complex numerical phantom and validated experimentally with an agar phantom. It is shown that sound-speed contrast as low as 1.3% is readily detectable, thus paving the way for more sensitive and selective detection of damage precursors and early stage diseases.
Polyethylene-coated urea. 2. Urea release as affected by coating material, soil type and temperature (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyethylene-coated urea. 2. Urea release as affected by coating material, soil type and temperatureOmar A. Salman, George Hovakeemian, and Nadia KhraishiCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1989, 28, 5, 633–638Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00089a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00089a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views489Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts