gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The art of search (1992)

We formulated a model of visual search by conducting a work flow study and task analysis of art directors as they searched for images to use in an advertisement. The analysis revealed the presence of artistic and image concepts, flexible structures which guide the search and are molded by them. Analysis results were used to build a model-based interface for visual search. Results from presenting the interface to users indicate that the interface has the potential to make significant contributions to the visual search task, both in time savings and as an aid to the creative process.
Fundamental performance limitations in tracking sinusoidal signals (2003)

This paper attempts to give a thorough treatment of the performance limitation of a linear time invariant multivariable system in tracking a reference signal which is a linear combination of a step signal and several sinusoids with different frequencies. The tracking performance is measured by an integral square error between the output of the plant and the reference signal. Our purpose is to find the fundamental limit for the attainable tracking performance, under any control structure and parameters, in terms of the characteristics and structural parameters of the given plant, as well as those of the reference signal under consideration. It is shown that this fundamental limit depends on the interaction between the reference signal and the nonminimum phase zeros of the plant and their frequency-dependent directional information.
Approaches to biological control of termites (2003)

Biological control refers to the application or manipulation of predators, parasitoids, or pathogens in order to suppress and manage insect populations. The cryptic habits of subterranean termites limit their susceptibility to predators. Ants are generally considered to be the most effective predators of termites, and under some conditions may be able to exclude them from occupying feeding sites at the soil surface. However, ants are not able to penetrate far into the subterranean gallery system. To date, there is very little documentation of termite parasitism. Thus, the most promising area of biological control research with termites appears to lie with pathogens. Unfortunately, termite social and chemical defenses appear to be strong limiting factors in inhibiting disease outbreaks in termite colonies. Fungi and nematodes have received the greatest attention to date, and a few commercial formulations are either available or on the near horizon, but their field efficacy is not well documented. Bacteria are also currently of interest, and manipulation via molecular techniques may be a viable path to development of efficient microbial agents. Other approaches to enhancing the efficacy of microbial agents may be the use of combinations of pathogens, or insecticide plus pathogen combinations. Microbial control is a balancing act, in that pathogens must not be repellent, and must not have such rapid or dramatic effects upon the infected individuals that others will subsequently avoid contact with them or with the inoculum source. On the other hand, they must be capable of distribution through the colony and induction of either an epizootic or sufficient delayed mortality to essentially destroy the colony. A self-replicating time bomb, akin to a computer virus, would be the ideal microbial control agent.
Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric mucosal hypertrophy in gastrin transgenic mice (2005)

Gastrin promotes gastric mucosal growth, and hypergastrinemia induces gastric mucosal hypertrophy. Recently, it has been reported that gastrin induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines. However, whether COX-2 is involved in gastrin-induced gastric mucosal growth in vivo is unknown. We investigated the role of COX-2 in gastrin-induced gastric mucosal hypertrophy using gastrin transgenic mice. Hypergastrinemic mice [mice with mutated gastrin under the control of the beta-actin promoter (ACT-GAS mice)] received the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (0, 200, or 500 mg/kg of diet) from 5 wk of age and were killed at 16 or 24 wk. Some ACT-GAS mice received celecoxib from 16 wk and were killed at 24 wk. Eighty-week-old ACT-GAS mice without celecoxib treatment were also examined. The thickness of the gastric mucosa, cell populations, COX-2 expression, and PGE(2) levels were evaluated. All ACT-GAS mice showed gastric mucosal hypertrophy, and four of six 80-wk-old ACT-GAS mice developed gastric cancer. COX-2 was expressed in interstitial cells of the hypertrophic gastric mucosa and gastric cancers. Moreover, PGE(2) levels in the gastric mucosa of ACT-GAS mice were significantly higher than those of normal mice. With treatment with celecoxib, PGE(2) levels, the gastric mucosal thickness, and the number of total gastric cells per gastric gland of ACT-GAS mice were significantly decreased. The decrease in gastric mucosal thickness was caused by a reduction of foveolar hyperplasia. The thickness of glandules and the number of Ki67-positive cells were not significantly changed. In conclusion, COX-2 contributes to gastrin-induced mucosal hypertrophy of the stomach.
Porcine sheath proteins show periodontal ligament regeneration activity (2006)

The purpose of this study was to identify the periodontal regeneration factors of enamel protein extracts that induce cementum and bone regeneration in vivo. Cementum regeneration, one aspect of periodontal ligament regeneration, was examined using a buccal dehiscence model of dogs. Enamel matrix protein fractions were prepared from developing porcine incisors. Cementum-regeneration activity was found to reside in a protein aggregate composed of amelogenins and sheath proteins extracted from newly formed secretory enamel. Cementum-regeneration activity was not observed in protein fractions containing only amelogenin or its derivatives. The sheath proteins were purified to homogeneity and tested for alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-inducing activity on human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. The induction of ALP was observed following application of the 17-kDa sheath protein but not of the lower-molecular-weight sheath proteins. Although transforming growth factor-beta1 also shows ALP-inducing activity, contamination with growth factors was excluded because synthetic peptides (based on the sheath protein's sequence) also showed ALP-inducing activity. The 17-kDa sheath protein showed both cytodifferentiation and cementum-regeneration activity, but it is unclear whether its cementum-regeneration activity is derived from its ALP-inducing activity on HPDL cells.
The Solubility of C<sub>60</sub>Fullerene in Long Chain Fatty Acids Esters (2007)

Abstract A series of fatty acid esters of glycerol as linseed, sunflower, soybean and olive oils have been tested as C60 fullerene solvents together with a mixture of methyl ester fatty acids derived from brassica oilseeds and used as a biofuel known as “biodiesel.” All the oils evaluated are effective solvents of C60. The solubility of C60 in the selected vegetable oils has been determined spectrophotometrically. The C60 solubility in vegetable oils may pave the way for easier application of C60 fullerene in medicinal chemistry and in additive chemistry for varnishes and fuels. It has been found that C60 is not only soluble in the fatty acid esters but is also reactive with them under mild conditions, giving addition products easily recognized by a characteristic absorption band at 435 nm. The addition reaction mechanism has been discussed.
<title>Nondeterministic approaches in data fusion: a review</title> (1991)

Information gathered by different knowledge sources from the same scene are often uncertain, imprecise, fuzzy, vague, or incomplete. Numerous papers have appeared in the literature dealing with the fusion of this kind of information using different frameworks. In this paper, we review a number of non-deterministic methods for solving the fusion problem. The use of Bayes’ rules in resolving ambiguities and conflicts associated with given bodies of evidence is examined. We also present the theory of belief (i.e., Dempster’s rule of combination) and its use in evidence fusion. The theory of possibility, which has emerged from the theory of fuzzy sets, the sym metric sums, and other hybrid’ techniques are also examined. A meaningful comparison among all these methods is carried out using the same set of synthetic data presented in various frameworks. This example is inspired from a real robotic experiment. The strengths and weaknesses of these techniques are discussed in some detail. Based upon the performance of each method on this particular fusion problem, general comparative remarks are given.
Development of Experimental Techniques for the Characterization of Helicoidal Fin Arrays in Transonic Flow Conditions (2011)

The current research focuses on the aerodynamic investigation of the three dimensional turbofan bypassflow and its interaction with a finned air/oil surface heat exchanger integrated at the inner wall of the secondary duct. This paper addresses the experimental methodology employed in a new transonic facility characterized by a complex 3D test section. The development of accurate and relatively short time response measurement techniques is essential for the evaluation of the flow by means of map measurements at different locations along the test section. Flow angles, total and static pressures are computed using a new methodology for the processing of the pressure readings acquired by means of hemispherical five-hole probes. The sensibility of the probes and the errors on the angle determination are analyzed. Errors lower than 0.4 deg. for the determination of yaw and flow angles are obtained. The response of the shielded thermocouples designed for the temperature measurements are studied by means of conjugate heat transfer simulations. The numerical methodology is described and the steady and transient temperature effects evaluated. An innovative procedure for shear stress measurements based on oil-dot techniques is discussed and applied on a representative test bench for validation. Results are comparable with theoretical and empirical wall shear stress correlations for the case of a flat plate in subsonic flow conditions.
Dependence of breakdown field on dielectric (interelectrode) thickness in base-metal electroded multilayer capacitors (2007)

The authors have empirically determined the dependence of breakdown field EB versus dielectric thickness d (electrode separation) for a large number (4100) of BaTiO3-based multilayer capacitors with Ni base-metal electrodes. The data averaged over lateral area show for 6&lt;d&lt;22μm that EB=const×d−n, where n=0.50±0.06, a result compatible with macroscopic “thermal” dc breakdown mechanisms. More precisely, however, the results nearly perfectly fit a situation of breakdown occurring in connected defects from collision ionization resulting from field emission from the cathode.
Development of a Biochemical Profile for Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Methodological Considerations and Evaluation of Collagen‐Degrading and Ground Substance‐Degrading Enzyme Activity during Experimental Gingivitis (1985)

The potential application of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) analysis to periodontal diagnosis has been examined for more than 25 years. Unfortunately, the information available has not provided the clinician with a more sensitive means of diagnosing periodontal disease or an effective means of monitoring periodontal therapy. A careful review of the literature on GCF, however, suggests that discrepancies occur in the method of GCF collection, the use of GCF for analysis from pooled or isolated crevicular locations, the method of analyzing the samples and the way in which the data is reported. Studies in our laboratory have suggested a technique for GCF analysis that collects GCF from individual crevices with a filter paper strip inserted for a standard time, determines the volume of GCF collected with a calibrated electronic meter and elutes the material into a larger volume of diluent. This approach allows for detection of site-to-site and patient-to-patient differences in GCF volume while providing sufficient samples to analyze GCF for multiple constituents. We have used this approach to evaluate GCF for vertebrate forms of the enzymes collagenase (latent and active forms), β-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase during the development of experimental gingivitis in man. Interproximal and midradicular areas were studied. Our results indicate that during the 4 weeks of the gingivitis, the absolute amount of active collagenase in GCF increased 550% at the interproximal sites and 190% in the midradicular sites, and the per cent of active collagenase increased from 15 to 71% at the interproximal sites, and from 16 to 36% at the midradicular sites. In contrast, the increase in ground substance-degrading enzyme activity during the experimental gingivitis was proportionally less. The increase in β-glucuronidase activity in GCF was 180% for the interproximal sites and 40% for the midradicular sites, and the increase in arylsulfatase activity in GCF was 240% for the interproximal sites and 20% for the midradicular sites. These data suggest that the degree of collagen degradation in the periodontium may be modulated by a relative lack of ground substance-degrading enzyme activity in the gingival environment. In addition, this study supports the use of our sampling and processing approach for GCF analysis.
Sucrose and Cytokinin Modulation of <i>WPK4</i>, a Gene Encoding a SNF1-Related Protein Kinase from Wheat (1999)

WPK4, a gene encoding a putative protein kinase, was initially identified in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and shown to be up-regulated by light, nutrient deprivation, and cytokinins. To confirm that WPK4 has protein kinase activity, the protein was produced in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. The purified protein exhibited autophosphorylation activity and phosphorylated both myelin basic protein and a peptide fragment of rice 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Levels of WPK4 transcripts in wheat seedlings were increased and decreased by the removal and addition of sucrose (Suc), respectively, to the culture medium. The introduction of the N-terminal kinase region of WPK4 into the yeast snf1 mutant cells, which cannot utilize Suc as a carbon source, rescued growth in Suc-containing medium. Cytokinins up-regulated the accumulation of WPK4 transcripts, but their effects were cancelled by the addition of Suc. Our results suggest that Suc negatively regulates the signaling pathway in which transcriptional activation of WPK4 is mediated by cytokinins.
Preparation of CNT Emitters (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction CNT Point Emitters CNT Film Emitters References
EHR satisfaction: user characteristics matter. (2011)

How satisfied you are with your EHR system depends on more than how well it is designed, implemented and supported by the vendor.
Meta-discourse markers and problem-structuring in scientific articles (1998)

Knowledge about the argumentative structure of scientific articles can, amongst other things, be used to improve automatic abstracts. We argue that the argu- mentative structure of scientific discourse can be auto- matically detected because reasoning about problems, research tasks and solutions follows predictable pat- terns.
Low-frequency charge noise in suspended aluminum single-electron transistors (2007)

The authors have developed a fabrication method for suspended metallic single-electron transistors (SETs) utilizing a combination of conventional angle evaporation technique and ashing of the underlying organic polymer. The authors’ Al-based suspended devices exhibit clear Coulomb blockade effects typical for conventional SETs. The measured low-frequency charge noise is rather low but still within the range reported for conventional Al devices. We suggest that the noise level can be further reduced by decreasing the effective SET temperature.
Uncertainty management in a distributed knowledge based system (1988)

In many situations, a knowledge source may not give definite hypothesis; it can only express its belief and disbelief in multiple hypotheses, We present a scheme of uncertainty management in such a system. Disbelief is given a considerable importance in our approach. Various experts influence one another and show co-operative behavior by mutually changing their confidence factor values. The final decision about the feasibility of a certain hypothesis is based on the mean value and the consistency of the confidence factor values of the experts.
Quantitative plasmid mixture analysis using the fluorogenic 5′‐nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay† (2001)

The fluorogenic 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been shown to be useful for quantifying a given DNA target in a sample. Here we show how an existing PCR protocol can be amended for quantification by incorporating distinctive dual-labeled, sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and resulting in a two- to threefold broader and more reliable dynamic range than that of conventional end-point analysis of PCR products. Moreover, we show a multiplex situation in which two targets, one normal and one mutated, can be amplified and quantified simultaneously and in the same reaction tube. Use of this novel approach for quantitative PCR applications eliminates the need for post-PCR processing and has clinical- and research-based diagnostic applications, particularly for measuring levels of mutations in a mixture.
Probability functions on complex pedigrees (1978)

The calculation of probabilities on pedigrees of arbitrary complexity is discussed for a basic model of transmission and penetrance (encompassing Mendelian inheritance, and certain environmental influences). The structure of pedigrees, and the types of loops occurring, is discussed. Some results in graph theory are obtained and, using these, a recurrence relation derived for certain probabilities. The recursive procedure enables the successive peeling off of certain members of the pedigree, and the condensation of the information on those individuals into a function on a subset of those remaining. The underlying theory is set out, and examples given of the utilization of the resulting algorithm.
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2): its role in multidrug resistance and regulation of its gene expression (2011)

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter identified as a molecular cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) in diverse cancer cells. BCRP physiologically functions as a part of a self-defense mechanism for the organism; it enhances elimination of toxic xenobiotic substances and harmful agents in the gut and biliary tract, as well as through the blood-brain, placental, and possibly blood-testis barriers. BCRP recognizes and transports numerous anticancer drugs including conventional chemotherapeutic and targeted small therapeutic molecules relatively new in clinical use. Thus, BCRP expression in cancer cells directly causes MDR by active efflux of anticancer drugs. Because BCRP is also known to be a stem cell marker, its expression in cancer cells could be a manifestation of metabolic and signaling pathways that confer multiple mechanisms of drug resistance, self-renewal (stemness), and invasiveness (aggressiveness), and thereby impart a poor prognosis. Therefore, blocking BCRP-mediated active efflux may provide a therapeutic benefit for cancers. Delineating the precise molecular mechanisms for BCRP gene expression may lead to identification of a novel molecular target to modulate BCRP-mediated MDR. Current evidence suggests that BCRP gene transcription is regulated by a number of trans-acting elements including hypoxia inducible factor 1α, estrogen receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Furthermore, alternative promoter usage, demethylation of the BCRP promoter, and histone modification are likely associated with drug-induced BCRP overexpression in cancer cells. Finally, PI3K/AKT signaling may play a critical role in modulating BCRP function under a variety of conditions. These biological events seem involved in a complicated manner. Untangling the events would be an essential first step to developing a method to modulate BCRP function to aid patients with cancer. This review will present a synopsis of the impact of BCRP-mediated MDR in cancer cells, and the molecular mechanisms of acquired MDR currently postulated in a variety of human cancers.
Effects of cold pressor test on circulating atrial natriuretic peptide 99–126 (ANP) in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and influence of treatment with magnesium sulphate and nifedipine (1993)

The effect of a standardized cold pressure test (CPT) on the venous concentration of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (irANP) was studied in 12 females with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) and 12 female age-matched controls. The test was performed at the end of three stages. During the first stage no medication was given. During the second stage a magnesium infusion was given. After fourteen days of medication with a calcium antagonist (Nifedipine) the third stage of the study was performed. The venous irANP increased significantly (P < 0.05) 10 min after the start of the CPT both in the PRP group and in the control group (136 +/- 39 to 159 +/- 54 and 153 +/- 45 to 179 +/- 40 pg ml-1, given as mean and SD). Baseline irANP did not change in the PRP group after treatment with magnesium or nifedipine. In the control group nifedipine treatment significantly (P < 0.01) lowered venous irANP compared to the no treatment or magnesium sulphate infusion stages (128 +/- 31 vs. 153 +/- 45 and 160 +/- 41 pg ml-1). After the CPT in both PRP group and control group the venous irANP did not increase either during magnesium sulphate infusion or nifedipine treatment. In conclusion the study has demonstrated that a standardized CPT results in a delayed increase in irANP in venous plasma and that magnesium sulphate infusion and nifedipine treatment prevent this increase. Furthermore, our data do not suggest a role for irANP in the symptomatology of primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Negative-U Properties for Point Defects in Silicon (1980)

Experimental evidence is presented in support of a recent suggestion by Baraff, Kane, and Schl\"uter that the isolated lattice vacancy in silicon is an Anderson negative-$U$ system. The second donor level (+/++) (of charge state + if defect level is occupied by an electron; ++, if unoccupied) is located at ${E}_{v}+0.13$ eV, above a first donor level (0/+) at ${E}_{v}+0.05$ eV. Evidence is presented that interstitial boron has negative-$U$ properties with a single donor level (0/+) at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.13$ eV, above a single acceptor level (-/0) at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.45$ eV.