gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple System Atrophy: A Sporadic Synucleinopathy (1999)

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by varying degrees of Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic dysfunction and pathologically by degeneration in the substantia nigra, putamen, olivary nucleus, pontine nuclei and cerebellum. In addition to selective neuronal loss, iron pigment accumulation and gliosis, myelin pathology is increasingly recognized. In affected white matter, myelin displays signs of degeneration and oligodendroglia contain argyrophilic inclusion bodies, so-called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI). GCI are composed of 10-15-nm diameter coated filaments that are immunoreactive for ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. Similar inclusions are occasionally found in neuronal cell bodies and cell processes in MSA. Given the presence of inclusion bodies composed of synuclein, it is reasonable to assume that biochemical alterations would be detected in synuclein in MSA and indeed this is the case. In MSA synuclein has biophysical properties that suggest increasing insolubility such as sedimentation in dense fractions in sucrose gradients and ready extraction into detergents and formic acid. Surprisingly, these biochemical modifications in synuclein are more widespread in the brain that the obvious pathology and suggest a fundamental molecular characteristic of the disorder. Similar neuronal, and less frequently glial, inclusions are detected in Lewy body disease, where there is also evidence for biophysical alterations in synuclein. Thus, MSA and LBD are both synucleinopathies, and they may comprise different poles of a disease spectrum that includes sporadic disorders as well as genetically determined disorders such as familial Lewy body Parkinsonism.
A Novel Fasting Blood Test for Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes (2013)

The result, Quantose(TM), is a simple test for IR based on a single fasting blood sample and may have value as an early indicator of risk for the development of prediabetes and T2DM.
The Effect of Clarithromycin on Inflammatory Markers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Preliminary Data (2004)

This study demonstrated that the decrease in IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels might be related to the antiinflammatory effect of clarithromycin. Thus, we suggest that the use of clarithromycin in COPD exacerbations may either treat the infection or help control the inflammation. Future studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.
Object segmentation by top-down processes (2003)

In cluttered scenes, some object boundaries may not be marked by image cues. In such cases, the boundaries must be defined top-down as a result of object recognition. Here we ask if observers can retain the boundaries of several recognized objects in order to segment an unfamiliar object. We generated scenes consisting of neatly stacked objects, and the objects themselves consisted of neatly stacked coloured blocks. Because the blocks were stacked the same way within and across objects, there were no visual cues indicating which blocks belonged to which objects. Observers were trained to recognize several objects and we tested whether they could segment a novel object when it was surrounded by these familiar, studied objects. The observer's task was to count the number of blocks comprising the target object. We found that observers were able to accurately count the target blocks when the target was surrounded by up to four familiar objects. These results indicate that observers can use the boundaries of recognized objects in order to accurately segment, top-down, a novel object.
Coherent detection of stimulated Brillouin backscatter on photoconductive three-wave mixer for sensing applications (1989)

We describe the coherent detection of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from an optical fibre, using an InP photoconductive three-wave mixer. In this mixer two optical signals offset by 33 GHz are multiplied together with a microwave signal, all within the same device, to produce an output signal of a few hundred MHz. This arrangement could be used to measure the temperature distribution along a fibre.
A shuttered probe with in-line flowmeters for chronic in-vivo drug delivery (2002)

This paper describes a micromachined microprobe for in-vivo drug delivery at the cellular level. The probe was developed to support research in neuropharmacology as well as for eventual use in neural prostheses. Extending a standard process for the realization of electrical recording and stimulating probes, the drug delivery probe adds microchannels, fluidic cables, dielectric shutters over the injecting orifices, and in-line flowmeters to verify the intended dose. These fluidic components require three masks in addition to the normal probe process. The fluidic cables are 1.5X more flexible than the polyimide tubing formerly used and can be integrated with the probes, while the shutters reduce the unintended delivery of drugs into tissue by a factor of 25 compared with an open orifice. The flowmeter operates in pulsed mode as a hot wire anemometer, with a power dissipation of 1.5 mW and a flow resolution of about 150 pL/sec. The temperature rise in tissue near the flowmeter is less than 1/spl deg/C. Process compatibility with on-chip microvalve and micropump structures has also been explored.
Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and gamma‐aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones. (1987)

1. The ion-selective and ion transport properties of glycine receptor (GlyR) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR) channels in the soma membrane of mouse spinal cord neurones were investigated using the whole-cell, cell-attached and outside-out patch versions of the patch-clamp technique. 2. Current-voltage (I-V) relations of transmitter-activated currents obtained from whole-cell measurements with 145 mM-Cl- intracellularly and extracellularly, showed outward rectification. In voltage-jump experiments, the instantaneous I-V relations were linear, and the steady-state I-V relations were rectifying outwardly indicating that the gating of GlyR and GABAR channels is voltage sensitive. 3. The reversal potential of whole-cell currents shifted 56 mV per tenfold change in internal Cl- activity indicating activation of Cl(-)-selective channels. The permeability ratio of K+ to Cl- (PK/PCl) was smaller than 0.05 for both channels. 4. The permeability sequence for large polyatomic anions was formate greater than bicarbonate greater than acetate greater than phosphate greater than propionate for GABAR channels; phosphate and propionate were not measurably permeant in GlyR channels. This indicates that open GlyR and GABAR channels have effective pore diameters of 5.2 and 5.6 A, respectively. The sequence of relative permeabilities for small anions was SCN- greater than I- greater than Br- greater than Cl- greater than F- for both channels. 5. GlyR and GABAR channels are multi-conductance-state channels. In cell-attached patches the single-channel slope conductances close to 0 mV membrane potential were 29, 18 and 10 pS for glycine, and 28, 17 and 10 pS for GABA-activated channels. The most frequently observed (main) conductance states were 29 and 17 pS for the GlyR and GABAR channel, respectively. 6. In outside-out patches with equal extracellular and intracellular concentrations of 145 mM-Cl-, the conductance states were 46, 30, 20 and 12 pS for GlyR channels and 44, 30, 19 and 12 pS for GABAR channels. The most frequently occurring main state was 46 pS for the GlyR and 30 pS for the GABAR channel. 7. Single-channel conductances measured in equal 140 mM concentrations of small anions on both membrane faces revealed a conductance sequence of Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than SCN- greater than F- for both channels. This is nearly the inverse sequence of that found for the permeability of these ions indicating the presence of binding sites for ions in the channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Juvenal 8.220 (1972)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Isolation and Characterization of Human DNA Fragments with Nucleotide Sequence Homologies with the Simian Virus 40 Regulatory Region (1982)

A recombinant library of human DNA sequences was screened with a segment of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA that spans the viral origin of replication. One hundred and fifty phage were isolated that hybridized to this probe. Restriction enzyme and hybridization analyses indicated that these sequences were partially homologous to one another. Direct DNA sequencing of two such SV40-hybridizing segments indicated that this was not a highly conserved family of sequences, but rather a set of DNA fragments that contained repetitive regions of high guanine plus cytosine content. These sequences were not members of the previously described Alu family of repeats and hybridized to SV40 DNA more strongly than do Alu family members. Computer analyses showed that the human DNA segments contained multiple homologies with sequences throughout the SV40 origin region, although sequences on the late side of the viral origin contained the strongest cross-hybridizing sequences. Because of the number and complexity of the matches detected, we could not determine unambiguously which of the many possible heteroduplexes between these DNAs was thermodynamically most favored. No hybridization of these human DNA sequences to any other segment of the SV40 genome was detected. In contrast, the human DNA segments isolated cross-hybridized with many sequences within the human genome. We tested for the presence of several functional domains on two of these human DNA fragments. One SV40-hybridizing fragment, SVCR29, contained a sequence which enhanced the efficiency of thymidine kinase transformation in human cells by approximately 20-fold. This effect was seen in an orientation-independent manner when the sequence was present at the 3' end of the chicken thymidine kinase gene. We propose that this segment of DNA contains a sequence analogous to the 72-base-pair repeats of SV40. The existence of such an "activator" element in cellular DNA raises the possibility that families of these sequences may exist in the mammalian genome.
A 2-W W-Band GaN Traveling-Wave Amplifier With 25-GHz Bandwidth (2015)

A high-power gallium-nitride (GaN) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) operating over the 75-100-GHz band is reported. Using an on-chip traveling-wave power-combining network, it achieves a continuous wave output power level of 34 dBm (2.5 W) ±1 dB over the 75-100-GHz bandwidth and a peak power of 3 W at 84 GHz. Operating in a pulsed mode (10% duty), the MMIC chip produces a peak power of 3.6 W at 83 GHz. This work establishes new levels of performance for GaN MMICs at these frequencies. In comparison to the previous work, these results represent improvements in output power, bandwidth, and gain/power flatness with frequency across the full 75-100-GHz band. This paper also presents design details on the combining network and the MMIC not previously reported.
Comparison of androst-16-ene steroid levels determined by a colorimetric assay with boar taint estimated by a trained sensory panel. (1991)

A group of 17 intact male pigs and 3 gilts ranging in weight from 96 to 260 kg was selected for sensory evaluation of boar taint in loin chops. Samples were evaluated by 10 trained judges using a 10-cm graphic scale for rating off-aroma, off-flavor, pork flavor, softness, tenderness, juiciness, and residual tissue. In addition, a fry test for taint was conducted by four experienced testers on fat samples from all animals. Androst-16-ene steroid levels were measured in salivary gland and fat. Two versions of a colorimetric assay for the androst-16-ene steroids were used, a complete version, in which cholesterol was removed from the tissue extracts using a digitonin-Sepharose affinity column, and a simplified version, which does not include this step. The off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores showed a good correlation with the androst-16-ene levels in fat and salivary glands and high correlations were obtained between the androst-16-ene steroid levels in fat and salivary glands. The levels of the androst-16-ene steroids in the salivary gland were highly correlated with the levels of estrogen in the blood and to a lesser extent with the levels of testosterone in the blood. Similar correlation coefficients were obtained between salivary gland androst-16-ene steroid levels measured using either the complete or simplified versions of the colorimetric assay and the off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores. The results of the fry test were variable and no statistically significant correlations were obtained between the fry test results and the off-aroma and off-flavor sensory scores from the trained sensory panel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans (1997)

Phytosterols (plant sterols), abundant in fat-soluble fractions of plants, are consumed at levels of 200-400 mg/day in Western diets. Chemically resembling cholesterol, phytosterols inhibit the absorption of cholesterol. Phytosterol consumption in human subjects under a wide range of study conditions has been shown to reduce plasma total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels; however, the response varies widely. Greater cholesterol-lowering efficacy occurs with consumption of the saturated phytosterol sitostanol versus sitosterol or campesterol. Most studies report no effect of phytosterol administration in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or triglyceride levels, although certain evidence exists for an HDL cholesterol raising effect of sitostanol. Phytosterol absorption is limited, although serum phytosterol levels have proven to be important indicators of both cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Serum phytosterols correlate with HDL cholesterol level. In addition, higher phytosterol/cholesterol ratios appear in HDL versus LDL particles, suggesting the existence of an intrinsic phytosterol action, in addition to the extrinsic effect on cholesterol absorption. In conclusion, addition to diet of the phytosterol sitostanol represents an effective means of improving circulating lipid profiles to reduce risk of coronary heart disease.
Bench Wear Testing of Common Gasoline Engine Cylinder Bore Surface/Piston Ring Combinations (1996)

In this study, two bench wear tests, the Cameron-Plint modified lest (C-P) and the Electro-Mechanical test (LS9), have been used to evaluate common internal combustion engine cylinder bore surface/piston ring pairs. Bore, materials tested include cast iron, 390 aluminum, and Nikasil. Piston rings tested include chromium-plated, plasma-sprayed molybdenum, and gas-nitrided stainless steel. Both the C-P and LS9 bench wear tests showed the same general trends. Gas-nitrided stainless steel rings provide the lowest overall ring wear and the lowest cast iron bore wear. 390 bore wear is higher than that of cast iron or Nikasil. Chromium-plated or gas-nitrided stainless steel rings provide the best balance of ring and bore wear against 390 aluminum, while molybdenum rings against 390 produce the worst combined wear. Differences in wear rates for 390 aluminum are related to variations in temperature and lubrication rate between the two testers. Bore wear measurement accuracy is quantified and an improved measurement technique is introduced. An initial study of surface finish effects shows that an increase in roughness increases the friction coefficient.
Micromachining / nanotechnology in direct methanol fuel cell (2005)

Fuel cell is a small power generating system. Direct methanol fuel cell, DMFC, can operate at lower temperature such as below 70/spl deg/C with a simpler system than other fuel cells, and it is considered as one of future power sources for portable electronic devices. However size of DMFC should be more compact in order to replace rechargeable batteries. Here, several current technologies for DMFC system to make the DMFC compact are described. MEMS and nanotechnology play an important roles in these approaches.
Lightweight, compact, and high‐performance 3<scp>T MR</scp> system for imaging the brain and extremities (2018)

The compact 3T MRI system has been in continuous operation at the Mayo Clinic since March 2016. To date, over 200 patient studies have been completed, including 96 comparison studies with a clinical 3T whole-body MRI. The increased gradient performance has reliably resulted in consistently improved image quality.
Secondary Face‐to‐Face 2–2′ β‐Cyclodextrin Dimers Linked with Fluorescent Rigid Spacer Arms: A Cyclodextrin‐Based Ratiometric Sensor for Bile Salts (2012)

Abstract The synthesis of a series of β‐cyclodextrin (CD) dimers in which the two macrocycle units are linked by rigid‐rod phenylene‐ethynylene tethers of different length and shape through the cyclodextrin secondary sides is reported. The synthesis involves Sonogashira coupling reactions for construction of the tethers and final grafting of the CD units by click chemistry. The self‐aggregation of the synthesized CD dimers in aqueous medium was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. Rigid‐rod‐tethered cyclodextrin dimers formed polydisperse nanoparticles of 240 to 480 nm in water solution depending on the tether shape, and exhibited fluorescence. The binding and fluorescence sensing abilities of the CD dimers toward sodium cholate and deoxycholate were studied. As a result, the newly synthesized rigid‐rod‐tethered cyclodextrin dimers proved to be very sensitive fluorescent chemosensors. A new cyclodextrin‐based ratiometric fluorescence probe has thus been developed for the detection of bile salts such as sodium cholate and deoxycholate.
Effect of Concentration of Organic Chemicals on Their Biodegradation by Natural Microbial Communities (1979)

The effect of concentration on the biodegradation of synthetic organic chemicals by natural microbial communities was investigated by adding individual C-labeled organic compounds to stream water at various initial concentrations and measuring the formation of CO(2). The rate of degradation of p-chlorobenzoate and chloroacetate at initial concentrations of 47 pg/ml to 47 mug/ml fell markedly with lower initial concentrations, although half or more of the compound was converted to CO(2) in 8 days or less. On the other hand, little mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, or the naphthol formed from the latter, occurred when these compounds were present at initial concentrations of 2 to 3 ng/ml or less, although 60% or more of the chemical initially present at higher concentrations was converted to CO(2) in 6 days. It is concluded that laboratory tests of biodegradation involving chemical concentrations greater than those in nature may not correctly assess the rate of biodegradation in natural ecosystems and that low substrate concentration may be important in limiting biodegradation in natural waters.
A forward model and conjugate gradient inversion technique for low-frequency ultrasonic imaging (2006)

Emerging methods of hyperthermia cancer treatment require noninvasive temperature monitoring, and ultrasonic techniques show promise in this regard. Various tomographic algorithms are available that reconstruct sound speed or contrast profiles, which can be related to temperature distribution. The requirement of a high enough frequency for adequate spatial resolution and a low enough frequency for adequate tissue penetration is a difficult compromise. In this study, the feasibility of using low frequency ultrasound for imaging and temperature monitoring was investigated. The transient probing wave field had a bandwidth spanning the frequency range 2.5-320.5 kHz. The results from a forward model which computed the propagation and scattering of low-frequency acoustic pressure and velocity wave fields were used to compare three imaging methods formulated within the Born approximation, representing two main types of reconstruction. The first uses Fourier techniques to reconstruct sound-speed profiles from projection or Radon data based on optical ray theory, seen as an asymptotical limit for comparison. The second uses backpropagation and conjugate gradient inversion methods based on acoustical wave theory. The results show that the accuracy in localization was 2.5 mm or better when using low frequencies and the conjugate gradient inversion scheme, which could be used for temperature monitoring.
Salt loading in MOFs: solvent-free and solvent-assisted loading of NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> and LiNO<sub>3</sub> in UiO-66 (2019)

While the loading of liquid or solid materials in the pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can yield composite materials with novel and useful emergent properties, the loading of solids, and ionic solids in particular, can be challenging. We report the loading of the salts NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> and LiNO<sub>3</sub> in the MOF UiO-66. The relatively low-melting NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> is loaded in UiO-66 in a solvent-free method, and loading is complete in 8 h at 75 °C, far below the melting point of NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>. The higher-melting LiNO<sub>3</sub> requires a small amount of solvent (water) for loading, and active removal of water assists in loading of the salt to form a composite that is 38% by mass LiNO<sub>3</sub>. These and similar salt-MOF composites are of interest for applications such as solid-ion conductors and energetic materials.
Hematological malignancies (1997)

The present cure rate for leukemia and lymphoma represents one of the success stories of modern cancer therapy. However, treatments remain toxic, expensive, and ineffective for many patients. There is therefore considerable interest in exploring gene therapies for these disorders. To date, four major strategies have been adopted: 1) modifying the tumor cell itself either by "repairing" one or more genetic defect associated with the malignant process, introducing a gene that will trigger an anti-tumor immune response, or delivering a pro-drug metabolizing enzyme that will render the tumor sensitive to the corresponding cytotoxic agent; 2) modifying the immune response to the tumor by altering the specificity or effector function of immune system cells; 3) decreasing the sensitivity of normal host tissue by delivering cytotoxic drug resistance genes to marrow precursor cells and thereby increasing the therapeutic index of cytotoxic agents; and 4) marking normal and malignant hemopoietic cells in order to more closely monitor the efficacy of conventional therapies. Given the current "state of the art," all these approaches have significant limitations, but each has had its successes, offering encouragement for future applications in clinical practice.
A review of extra-articular prosthetic stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle (2011)

Extra-articular prosthetic stabilization techniques have been used as a method of stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle for decades. During extra-articular prosthetic stabilization, the prosthesis is anchored to the femur and tibia, and tensioned in the attempt to resolve femorotibial instability. The position of the anchor points of the prosthesis is crucial for restoring a normal range of joint motion and mitigating alterations in prosthesis tension during motion. Recently developed techniques offer several innovations with potential advantages such as bone-to-bone fixation, prosthetic materials with better mechanical properties, and improved isometry of the anchor points. Whether these innovations provide clinically superior results to the traditional techniques such as lateral circumfabellar-tibial suture techniques has yet to be determined.