gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An integrated study of CaCO3 formation and inhibition (2008)

The management of mineral scale is a challenge in many industrial fields and environmental issues relating to eutrophication are leading industry to develop\nenvironmentally-friendly solutions to scale control. The determination of the strategy of inhibition is a real challenge as many factors influence the formation of calcium carbonate formation and affect the performance of scale inhibitors.\n\nThe processes of CaC03 formation on a surface have been studied. The mechanisms of inhibition of three green (Carboxymethyl Inulin, CMI, Polymaleic acid, PMA and\nPolyaspartic acid, PA) and one conventional (Polyphosphinocarboxylic acid, PPCA) scale inhibitors of calcium carbonate nucleation and growth have been investigated. The interactions between the chemicals and the surface have been studied by chronoamperometry.\nThe use of surface analysis enabled these interactions to be characterised. The in-situ electrochemical flow cell permitted the characterisation of the crystals formed (size, number and surface coverage of the electrode) and the affinity of the chemicals to inhibit the nucleation and/or the growth to be determined. Important information on the different effects of scale inhibitors on CaC03 polymorphs has been found by use of Synchrotron X-Ray\nDiffraction (SXRD) as an in-situ method for crystal characterisation.\n\nThe inhibitors partly inhibit the deposition of CaC03 by forming a film on the deposition surface. The interactions between the inhibitors and the metal surface occur via the\ncations Ca2+ and/or Mg2+. The adsorption of the chemicals on the crystals ofCaC03 has been investigated and it appears that the PPCA, PMA and PA act by blocking the growth sites of the crystals. Each inhibitor exhibits an affinity to the surface of deposition and with the\nCaC03 crystals but to a different extent resulting in different inhibition efficiencies. The PPCA affected greatly the deposition of CaC03 and PA and PMA exhibited similar effects. Nevertheless the PA is more efficient when it is present during the nucleation step or early\ncrystallisation whereas PMA acts more during the growth process. The SXRD permitted three steps of growth to be detected in the non-inhibited case and PMA, PA, CMI act by reducing the growth of the different planes whereas the PPCA totally inhibited two main crystal planes\n(the aragonite (032) and the vaterite (300» and an acceleration of the growth of the calcite\nC(006) and of the aragonite A( Ill) was observed.
Synthesis, Properties, Crystal Structures, and Semiconductor Characteristics of Naphtho[1,2-<i>b</i>:5,6-<i>b</i>′]dithiophene and -diselenophene Derivatives (2010)

In this paper we present the synthesis, structures, characterization, and applications to field-effect transistors (FETs) of naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (NDT) and -diselenophene (NDS) derivatives. Treatment of 1,5-dichloro-2,6-diethynylnaphthalenes, easily derived from commercially available 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, with sodium chalcogenide afforded a straightforward access to NDTs and NDSs including the parent and dioctyl and diphenyl derivatives. Physicochemical evaluations of NDT and NDS derivatives showed that these heteroarenes have a similar electronic structure with isomeric [1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and [1]benzoselenopheneno[2,3-b][1]benzoselenophene (BSBS) derivatives, respectively. Although attempts to fabricate solution-processed field-effect transistors (FETs) with soluble dioctyl-NDT (C(8)-NDT) and -NDS (C(8)-NDS) failed, diphenyl derivatives (DPh-NDT and DPh-NDS) afforded vapor-processed FETs showing field-effect mobility as high as 0.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). These results indicated that NDT and NDS are new potential heteroarene core structures for organic semiconducting materials.
Synthesis and Reactions of α-Haloalkyl Isocyanates (1980)

A review of the methods of preparation of α-haloalkyl isocyanates is given and their chemical transformations are discussed. 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of α-Haloalkyl Isocyanates 2.1. Curtius and Hofmann Reactions 2.2. Reactions of Imino Compounds with Phosgene and Analogues 2.3. Reactions of Nitriles with Phosgene and Fluorophosgene 2.4. Halogenation of Alkyl Isocyanates 2.5. Fluorination of α-Chloroalkyl Isocyanates 2.6 Reactions of α-Hydroxyalkyl Isocyanates, N-(α-Hydroxyal-kyl)- urethanes, and Derivatives with Chlorinating Agents 2.7. Reactions of Acyl and Thioacyl Isocyanates with Chlorinating Agents 2.8. Introduction of the Isocyanate Group by Exchange Reactions 2.9. Addition of Halogen to α-Alkenyl Isocyanates and Aryl Isocyanates 2.10. Preparation from N-(α-Haloalkyl)-carbonimidic Dichlorides 2.11. Specific Methods for the Synthesis of α-Fluoroalkyl Isocyanates 3. Reactions of α-Haloalkyl Isocyanates 3.1. Tautomerism of α-Haloalkyl Isocyanates 3.2. Reactions with Nucleophiles Containing Mobile Hydrogen Atoms 3.3. Exchange Reactions with N-Silylated Heterocumulenes 3.4. Elimination of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens 3.5. Addition to Multiple Bond Systems 3.6. Reactions with Oxiranes and N-Substituted Aziridines 3.7. Friedel-Crafts Reactions 3.8. Reactions with Alkylidenephosphoranes and Iminophosphoranes 3.9. Arbuzov Reaction 3.10. Reactions with Tertiary Amines and Tertiary Phosphines 3.11. Other Reactions
Machine fault classification: a neural network approach (1992)

This paper presents a neural network approach for machine fault diagnosis. Specifically, two tasks are explained and discussed: (1) a neural network-based machine fault diagnosis model is developed using the back propagation (BP) learning paradigm; (2) network training efficiency is studied by varying the learning rate and learning momentum of the activation function. The results are presented and discussed.
Structure, alkylation, and macrocyclic derivatives of bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene adducts of metal dithienes (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure, alkylation, and macrocyclic derivatives of bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene adducts of metal dithienesGerhard N. Schrauzer, R. K. Y. Ho, and R. P. MurilloCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 11, 3508–3509Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00714a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00714a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preparation of highly photosensitive hydrogenated amorphous Si-C alloys from a glow-discharge plasma (1986)

The preparation conditions for the deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloys (a-SiC:H) from a glow-discharge plasma have been systematically scanned by changing the starting-gas materials as well as the starting gas to hydrogen dilution ratio. A highly photosensitive alloy showing a photoconductivity to dark conductivity ratio of 107 at a band gap of 2.0 eV was prepared under optimized conditions.
Plasma Endotoxin and Serum Cytokine Levels in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis: Relation to Severity of Liver Disturbance (2000)

Endotoxemia and related elevation of IL-8 may play an important role in the activation and migration of neutrophils in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Marked elevation of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, are related to severity and poor prognosis of alcoholic hepatitis. Serum LBP may serve as an index of inflammatory reaction in alcoholics.
Biological and functional aspects of catalytic RNAs. (1992)

Several naturally occurring ribozymes have now been well characterized with respect to their in vivo and in vitro activities. Through detailed biochemical and genetic analyses, it has become possible to alter the substrate specificity of each ribozyme using simple Watson-Crick base pairing. Several laboratories, therefore, have designed ribozymes to cleave viral or other cellular transcripts in vitro with the hope of developing these molecules as antiviral or therapeutic agents. In addition to Watson-Crick base pairing, however, other factors such as protein or RNA tertiary interactions are involved in the ribozyme cleavage activity. Although several engineered ribozymes have been used successfully to reduce gene expression in vivo, it is difficult to determine whether gene expression has been reduced by the cleaving activity of the ribozyme or by its inherent antisense activity. In order to discriminate between these two activities and optimize potentially therapeutic ribozymes, it is imperative to develop in vivo assays in which the antisense activity of ribozymes is negligible.
Can Community Activists Be Taught Their Job? (1997)

Abstract This is a report of the second and final stage of a research project evaluating courses for community activists in Israel. We compared 286 graduates of Schools for Community Activists, of whom 198 were still active in their communities and 98 were not, with 138 activists and 131 non-active residents of the same neighbourhoods who had never participated in courses for activists. We noted no significant socio-economic or demographic differences between the graduates and the non-graduates. However, on a range of variables, we found consistent and generally significant differences between the graduate and non-graduate activists: the former reported higher levels of activism, knowledge and skills, higher community involvement and deeper community roots, and assessed more highly the prestige of community involvement. Few differences were noted on their assessment of the benefits and losses of community activity. Since the graduates and non-graduates come from similar backgrounds, we conclude that the courses made a significant contribution to the development and socialization of those activists who participated in them.
A force feedback joystick and control algorithm for wheelchair obstacle avoidance (1996)

Many powered wheelchair users have difficulty manoeuvring in confined spaces. Common tasks such as traversing through doorways, turning around in halls or travelling on a straight path are complicated by an inability to accurately and reliably control the wheelchair with a joystick or other common input device, or by a sensory impairment that prevents the user from receiving feedback from the environment. An active joystick with force feedback to indicate obstacles in the environment has been developed. Two force feedback schemes designed to assist a powered wheelchair user have been developed and implemented using the active joystick. The development of the joystick and associated control algorithms are described.
Biomedical applications of nanofibers (2010)

Abstract Nanofiber technology is an exciting area attracting the attention of many researchers as a potential solution to the current challenges in the biomedical field such as burn and wound care, organ repair, and treatment for osteoporosis and various diseases. Nanofibers are attractive in this field for several reasons. First, surface area on nanofibers is much higher compared to bulk materials, which allows for enhanced adhesion of cells, proteins, and drugs. Second, nanofibers can be fabricated into sophisticated macro‐scale structures. The ability to fabricate nanofibers allows renewed efforts in developing hierarchical structures that mimic those in animals and human. On top of that, a wide range of polymers can be fabricated into nanofibers to suit different applications. Nanofibers are most commonly fabricated through electrospinning, which is a low cost method that allows control over fiber morphology and is capable of being scaled‐up for mass production. This review explored two popular areas of biomedical nanofiber development: tissue regeneration and drug delivery, and included discussions on the basic principles for how nanofibers promote tissue regeneration and drug delivery, the parameters that affect nanofiber performance and the recent progress in these areas. The recent work on biomedical nanofibers showed that the large surface area on nanofibers could be translated into enhanced cell activities, drug encapsulation, and drug release rate control. Furthermore, by optimizing the electrospinning process via adjusting the material choices and fiber orientation, for example, further enhancement in cell differentiation and drug release control could be achieved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guest Emission Processes in Doped Organic Light-Emitting Diodes:  Use of Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Near-IR Dopants (2002)

A series of near-IR emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been prepared using poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the hole transport polymer, aluminum quinolate (Alq3) or a sulfonamide derivative (Al(qs)3) as the host dye (H), and phthalocyanine (Pc) or naphthalocyanine (NPc) dopants as guest dyes (G). The separation of the emission spectrum of the guest dye from that of the host dye allows for independent assessment of their relative efficiencies and correlation of these efficiencies with their tendencies toward charge capture and recombination reminiscent of solution electrogenerated chemiluminescent reactions. Although the absorbance spectra of the guest dyes are significantly separated from the emission spectra of the host dyes, the high molar absorptivities of the Pc and NPc dopants lead to Förster radii and relative energy-transfer (ET) efficiencies comparable to values previously obtained for quinacridone or rubrene dopants, which have been used to create intense green or yellow emission in Alq3-based OLEDs. We show that hole capture by the guest dye from oxidized PVK, PVK+•/G → PVK/G+•, followed by cross-reactions, Alq3-•(Al(qs)3-•)/G+• → Alq3(Al(qs)3)/G*, can be an important charge-trapping (CT), light-producing pathway at sufficiently high concentrations of the guest dye. Relative efficiencies of Pc* or NPc* emission in these single-layer devices increased exponentially with the electrochemically predicted excess free energy for the oxidation of G to form G+• by PVK+•.
A versatile light microscope heating stage for biological temperatures (1986)

A light microscope heating stage suitable for biological temperatures is described. A novel feature of the design is the use of cupro-nickel foil heaters (0.1 mm thick). With a temperature sensor mounted on the slide clip and a temperature controller unit, this apparatus maintains a temperature of 310 K with a precision of 0.1 K. The apparatus is inexpensive, reliable, not confined to use with one microscope and does not interfere significantly with the stage movement or optical alignment.
Loblolly pine seed dormancy. I. The relationship between protein synthesis and the loss of dormancy (1994)

Embryos from the mature unstratified loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) seeds used in this study were nondormant: however, they failed to germinate in situ because of constraints imposed by the surrounding tissues. During a stratification period of 35 days of moist chilling at 2°C, seed germinability increased from 19 to 76%. The total lipid content of the megagametophyte did not change during stratification, whereas the total protein content of both megagametophyte and embryo was more variable. The rate of synthesis of buffer soluble proteins in these two tissues increased and electrophoretic analysis showed that while similar proteins were synthesized during the stratification period, changes in the patterns of synthesis of some proteins did occur. In both the embryo and megagametophyte the synthesis of a set of proteins with molecular masses below 46 kDa decreased markedly after 14 days of chilling (DOC). In the megagametophyte, the synthesis of a more diverse set of proteins with molecular masses ranging from 16 to 78 kDa increased after 14 DOC. It is noteworthy that these changes in the patterns of protein synthesis coincided with the greatest relative increase in seed germinability of 35%.
Intelligent Sensor Networks (2012)

Although governments worldwide have invested significantly in intelligent sensor network research and applications, few books cover intelligent sensor networks from a machine learning and signal processing perspective. Filling this void, Intelligent Sensor Networks: The Integration of Sensor Networks, Signal Processing and Machine Learning focuses on the close integration of sensing, networking, and smart signal processing via machine learning. Based on the world-class research of award-winning authors, the book provides a firm grounding in the fundamentals of intelligent sensor networks, including compressive sensing and sampling, distributed signal processing, and intelligent signal learning. Presenting recent research results of world-renowned sensing experts, the book is organized into three parts: Machine Learning—describes the application of machine learning and other AI principles in sensor network intelligence—covering smart sensor/transducer architecture and data representation for intelligent sensors Signal Processing—considers the optimization of sensor network performance based on digital signal processing techniques—including cross-layer integration of routing and application-specific signal processing as well as on-board image processing in wireless multimedia sensor networks for intelligent transportation systems Networking—focuses on network protocol design in order to achieve an intelligent sensor networking—covering energy-efficient opportunistic routing protocols for sensor networking and multi-agent-driven wireless sensor cooperation Maintaining a focus on "intelligent" designs, the book details signal processing principles in sensor networks. It elaborates on critical platforms for intelligent sensor networks and illustrates key applications—including target tracking, object identification, and structural health monitoring. It also includes a paradigm for validating the extent of spatiotemporal associations among data sources to enhance data cleaning in sensor networks, a sensor stream reduction application, and also considers the use of Kalman filters for attack detection in a water system sensor network that consists of water level sensors and velocity sensors.
Isolation and Characterization of a Mutant of <i>Arthrobacter</i> sp. Strain GLP-1 Which Utilizes the Herbicide Glyphosate as Its Sole Source of Phosphorus and Nitrogen (1988)

Arthrobacter sp. strain GLP-1, grown on glucose as a carbon source, utilizes the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] as its sole source of phosphorus as well as its sole source of nitrogen. The mutant strain GLP-1/Nit-1 utilizes glyphosate as its sole source of nitrogen as well. In strain GLP-1, P(i) was a potent competitive inhibitor of glyphosate uptake (K(i), 24 muM), while the affinity of P(i) for the uptake system of strain GLP-1/Nit-1 was reduced by 2 orders of magnitude (K(i), 2.3 mM). It is concluded that the inability of strain GLP-1 to utilize glyphosate as a source of nitrogen is due to the stringent control of glyphosate uptake by excess phosphate released during the degradation of the herbicide.
Ionic‐Strength‐ and pH‐Responsive Poly[acrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐(maleic acid)] Hydrogel Nanofibers (2007)

Abstract A novel acrylamide/maleic acid copolymer [P(AM‐MA)] hydrogel nanofibrous membrane with a fiber diameter of ca. 120 nm is prepared by electrospinning an aqueous P(AM‐MA) solution with diethylene glycol as crosslinker, followed by a heat‐induced esterification crosslinking reaction at 145 °C. This hydrogel nanofiber can maintain a fiber form, but becomes distorted and merges to form many physical crosslinking points after immersion in water. The P(AM‐MA) hydrogel nanofibers are sensitive to external stimuli ionic strength and pH. Their water‐swelling ratio decreases with increasing solution ionic strength, and it shows a characteristic two‐step increase at pH = 2.5 and 8.5 in response to the increase of solution pH. The maximum water‐swelling ratios of the P(AM‐MA) hydrogel nanofibers are 18.1 and 22.5 g · g −1 in a solution of 0.05 mol · dm −3 ionic strength and in an aqueous solution of pH 11, respectively. magnified image
Systems engineering and risk management: a case study (2005)

The authors discuss the risk management (RM) of a residential development (RD) within the systems engineering (SE) context. The RM system is divided into sub-systems and the risks associated with each sub-system are analyzed. A risk assessment model for a cluster development is introduced. I. INTRODUCTION Risk and the management thereof plays an ever increasing role in modern engineering project management. This is also true without exception in residential property development. International developers have seen growing opportunities of investing in foreign developments as a direct result of globalization. Yet the anticipated profits are not necessarily concomitant with the risks experienced. These risks are apparently increasing as there is often a significant difference between the developer's country of origin and the country in which the development takes place. Residential development as a process requires developers to invest substantial capital with an expectation of a reasonable return on investment, but the sources, development processes, potential damage mechanisms, and political impacts of the project risk are extremely complex and difficult to document. No single management process, engineering technique, financial engineering, or organizational management design is effective in the development of such a risk management framework. It is proposed that the unifying nature of SE would provide a reasonable approach to manage the related complexity.
Echo‐planar imaging of the human fetus in utero (1990)

We have demonstrated that echo-planar imaging can be used to produce high-quality snapshot images of the human fetus in utero in a fraction of a second. These images are free of motional artifact or blurring and allow detailed depiction of fetal structures in normal and pathological pregnancies.
Quantum confinement effects on low-dimensional electron mobility (1993)

A study of quantum confinement effects on the low-dimensional electron mobility in various AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well/wire structures has been performed. The influence of the electron envelop wave function and the subband structure on the low-dimensional electron scattering rates is evaluated. The electron transport behavior is studied through a Monte Carlo simulation. The result shows that the low-dimensional electron mobility varies significantly with the quantum well/wire geometry. The one-dimensional electron mobility of 9200 cm2/V s is obtained in a rectangular quantum wire with a geometry of 110 Å×110 Å. This value is much improved in comparison with the bulk electron mobility of 8000 cm2/V s in intrinsic GaAs and the maximum two-dimensional electron mobility of 8600 cm2/V s in a 120 Å GaAs quantum well. It is also noticed that the highest low-dimensional electron mobility is achieved in a quantum well/wire structure where the energy separation between the first subband and the second subband is about two polar optical phonon energy.