gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Anxiety in Psychiatry and in Life<sup>†</sup> (1948)

(1948). The Meaning of Anxiety in Psychiatry and in Life. Psychiatry: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYANINE DYES. I. NEW WAY TO SYNTHESIZE 11‐ALKOXY SUBSTITUTED THIATRICARBOCYANINES (1982)

Abstract 11‐Methoxythiatricarbocyanin (I) wird mit Natriumalkoholaten in die zum Teil bisher unbekannten 11‐Alkoxythiacarbocyanine (II) übergeführt.
Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards: stability and reactivity (2012)

Mustard gas, bis(β-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD), is highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. It comprises one class of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that was used in both World Wars I and II. The three basic analogues or surrogates are: the monochloro derivative, known as the half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES); an oxygen analogue, bis(β-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE); and several nitrogen analogues based on the 2,2'-dichlorodiethylamine framework (e.g., HN1, HN2, and HN3). The origin of their toxicity is considered to be from the formation of three-membered heterocyclic ions, a reaction that is especially accelerated in aqueous solution. The reaction of these cyclic ion intermediates with a number of important biological species such as DNA, RNA and proteins causes cell toxicity and is responsible for the deleterious effects of the mustards. While a number of studies have been performed over the last century to determine the chemistry of these compounds, early studies suffered from a lack of more sophisticated NMR and X-ray techniques. It is now well-established that the sulfur and nitrogen mustards are highly reactive in water, while the oxygen analog is much more stable. In this study, we review and summarize results from previous studies, and add results of our own studies of the reactivity of these mustards toward various nonaqueous solvents and nucleophiles. In this manner a more comprehensive evaluation of the stability and reactivity of these related mustard compounds is achieved.
Row-redundancy scheme for high-density flash memory (2002)

Flash memory is recognized as one of the key devices of personal digital assistant and other portable equipment. Rapid expansion of the market is expected because it is estimated that the cost of flash memory will eventually be lower than that of DRAM. However, to achieve low cost, a highly efficient redundancy scheme must be implemented for the chip. Although the same column redundancy scheme used in DRAM and SRAM can be applied to flash memory, conventional row redundancy in which defective word lines are replaced by spare word lines is not suitable. In flash memory, all memory cells in the erase block must be programmed before the erase pulse is applied to the memory array to avoid over-erasure. If the replaced word line is shorted to the adjacent word line, memory cells on the defective word line cannot be programmed even if the replaced word line is selected because the word line is grounded through the adjacent word line.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On Signaling Efficiency for Call Setup in all-IP Wireless Networks (2006)

This paper analyzes the signaling efficiency for multimedia call (session) establishment in all-IP wireless networking infrastructures based on the Internet Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) standard framework and CDMA2000 Evolution Data Only Rev. A (EV-DOrA) standard for wireless link transmission. We present a comprehensive, bottom up analysis of signaling delay for setting up multimedia sessions and we evaluate system architecture alternatives to reduce it. Call setup time is particularly critical for interactive applications, such as gaming, push-to-X and Voice over IP (VoIP), where user experience of time that takes to start or join a session directly translates in user perception of service quality. Our analysis takes into account a large set of system design parameters across all layers, ranging from radio link properties to IMS processing and specific characteristics of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). For an example signaling flow between two mobile users, we derive an important set of numerical results for call set up time under various IMS design scenarios that consider effects of SIP compression efficiency, choice of transport protocols (TCP, UDP) and radio link quality. Based on the results obtained, we propose and discuss new methods to improve the signaling efficiency and to reduce the call setup time.
All-optical neural network with nonlinear activation functions (2019)

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used for industrial applications and have played a more important role in fundamental research. Although most ANN hardware systems are electronic-based, their optical implementation is particularly attractive because of its intrinsic parallelism and low energy consumption. Here, we demonstrate a fully functioning all-optical neural network (AONN), in which linear operations are programmed by spatial light modulators and Fourier lenses, while nonlinear optical activation functions are realized in laser-cooled atoms with electromagnetically induced transparency. Because all errors from different optical neurons are independent, it is possible to scale up the size of such an AONN. Moreover, our hardware system is reconfigurable for different applications without the need to modify the physical structure. We confirm its capability and feasibility in machine-learning application by successfully classifying order and disorder phases of a statistical Ising model. The demonstrated AONN scheme can be used to construct various ANN architectures with intrinsic optical parallel computation.
Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian Infants: A Longitudinal Study (2008)

The data provided in this study regarding time to acquisition and duration of pneumococcal carriage in Gambian infants provide an important baseline for evaluating the impact of the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in The Gambia and elsewhere in Africa.
A Digital TV Receiver RF and BB Chipset with Adaptive Bias-Current Control for Mobile Applications (2007)

An ISDB-T 1-segment RF and BB chipset with adaptive bias-current control is presented. The BB IC monitors MER and dynamically sets the bias current of RF sub-circuits. In the worst reception case, the chipset consumes 105mW. In the absence of strong interferences, the adaptive control reduces the consumption down to 77mW without performance degradation.
Crude oil characterization and correlation by principal component analysis of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrude oil characterization and correlation by principal component analysis of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectraOlav M. Kvalheim, Dagfinn W. Aksnes, Trond. Brekke, Magnus O. Eide, and Einar. SlettenCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 14, 2858–2864Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00291a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00291a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views357Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Anthocyanin–aluminium and –gallium complexes in aqueous solution (1997)

Complexation of aluminium and gallium ions with synthetic anthocyanin models and natural anthocyanins extracted from the blue flowers of Evolvulus pilosus cv ‘Blue Daze’ and the violet flowers of Matthiola incana has been thoroughly investigated in aqueous solution. From UV–VIS spectroscopic data collected at pH 2–5, the presence of complexes, involving not only the coloured forms but also the colourless forms of the pigments is demonstrated. A theoretical treatment is developed for the calculation of the corresponding stability constants. The pigments studied throughout this work can be divided into two series, one sharing a cyanidin chromophore and the other a delphinidin one. Within both series, individual pigments are distinguished according to the degree and type of glycosylation and/or acylation. Intramolecular effects such as copigmentation of anthocyanin–aluminium complexes and the effect of the presence of a malonyl group on the formation of those complexes are discussed. These results are important to plant pigmentation and, for instance, a narrow pH domain in which colour amplification due to complexation is at a maximum has been found.
Characterization of the 16S rRNA genes from Mycoplasma sp. strain F38 and development of an identification system based on PCR (1994)

Mycoplasma sp. (strain F38) is the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, which is a goat disease of great global concern. Strain F38 belongs to the so-called "Mycoplasma mycoides cluster," and the members of this cluster have many biochemical and serological properties in common, which makes it difficult to differentiate between them by conventional methods. Their phylogenetic interrelationship are thus uncertain. The 16S rRNA gene of the rrnB operon from strain F38 was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was compared with the 16S rRNA sequences of related mycoplasmas, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony analysis. A three-way ambiguity among strain F38, Mycoplasma capricolum, and Mycoplasma sp. strain PG50 was observed in the trees. This observation is in agreement with a recent proposal to reclassify strain F38 and M. capricolum. A primer set was designed for in vitro amplification by PCR of a fragment of the 16S rRNA genes from the M. mycoides cluster. The amplimers of strain F38 could be distinguished easily from the corresponding amplimers from other members of the M. mycoides cluster by restriction enzyme analysis with PstI. This observation was utilized to design an identification system for strain F38. Part of the 16S rRNA gene of the rrnA operon from strain F38 was also cloned, and several sequence differences between the two rRNA operons were discovered, revealing microheterogeneity between the two 16S rRNA genes of this organism.
Is Racism 'Sexism Extended?' Feminist Criticism, 'Moral Panics' and the Grass Is Singing (1985)

Overstimulation of sympathetic nervous system activity is related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, but the role of parasympathetic activity in this association is not clear. This study evaluated sympathetic and parasympathetic function by spectral analysis of heart rate variability and plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) epinephrine (EPI), dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). It also examined the interrelationships among these parameters and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in 53 men (mean age 59.5 years). During supine rest, low-frequency power correlated positively with high-frequency power (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), plasma NE correlated with plasma DHPG (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and plasma DOPA with DOPAC (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) but neither low- nor high-frequency power was correlated with plasma levels of any catechol. Among risk factors, plasma NE correlated with fasting insulin and mean arterial blood pressure, and urine NE correlated with body mass index. Both low- and high-frequency power correlated positively with insulin levels. Orthostasis decreased high-frequency power and increased low-frequency power and plasma NE levels. During the oral glucose tolerance test, both high- and low-frequency power increased, plasma NE levels were unchanged, and plasma EPI levels decreased [88.5 +/- 18 (SEM) versus 52.5 +/- 12 pM, p = 0.001]. The results suggest that orthostasis decreases and the oral glucose tolerance test increases parasympathetic outflows, whereas both stimuli increase sympathetic outflows. Among all atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors, hyperinsulinaemia showed the strongest association with autonomic nervous system activity, especially parasympathetic activity. Estimates of sympathetic responses obtained from power spectral analysis of heart rate variability agree poorly with those from plasma levels of catechols, possibly because of a parasympathetic contribution to low-frequency power and independence of sympathoneural outflows to the arm and heart.
Stereochemical studies of polyols from the polyene macrolide lienomycin (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemical studies of polyols from the polyene macrolide lienomycinJan Pawlak, Koji Nakanishi, Takashi Iwashita, and Edward BorowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 13, 2896–2901Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00389a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00389a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1046Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Scanning probe tip geometry optimized for metrology by focused ion beam ion milling (1991)

We have developed a novel technique for producing tips for scanning probe microscopy. The shape of the tip is optimized for applications where high aspect ratio surface topography is the norm, as with integrated circuit structures. The technique involves focused ion beam (FIB) milling of a tip which was previously shaped to a nominal geometry by electrochemical etching. The ion milling pattern is annular, and the ion beam is collinear with the axis of the tip. The process allows control of the ion milling dose using 20 keV Ga+ with submicron control of the annular patterns. The result is a narrow, tapered structure approximately 20 μm in length which ends in a point with a radius of curvature between 30 and 50 nm when grains dominate the sputter process, and radii of about 3–4 nm when there is no evidence of grain structure effects. This microstructure is 3 μm in diameter at the base and it protrudes from a portion of the shank of the macrostructure where the diameter is about 15 μm. We have sufficient control over the sputter process to yield the final tip length, taper, and radius. Cone angles between 12° and 15° over the first two microns from the apex can be achieved routinely, by the correct choice of annulus and ion dose. Sputter simulations predict the correct shape of the final tip profile, and show the effect of varying the ion beam focus, dose, and inner and outer annulus radii. Tips with the desired geometry have been produced in polycrystalline tungsten, iridium, and platinum-iridium. Significant improvements in scanning tip microscopy (STM) images have been consistently observed with these FIB milled tips.
Pulsed Method for Characterizing Aqueous Media Using Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (2011)

This paper presents a method for using nanowire field-effect transistors (NW-FETs) as sensors in aqueous solutions without the need for a reference electrode. A pulsed-gate potential method is used to reduce instabilities related to the dynamics of ions and other charged species present in the solution. Application of this method results in a significant increase in the stability of the electrical properties of the devices, enabling reproducible characterization of aqueous media with NW-FETs. We show that this method can be applied to perform pH measurements with a silicon NW-FET.
A 35 DOF humanoid that can coordinate arms and legs in standing up, reaching and grasping an object (2002)

We present a 35 DOF full-body humanoid is designed to be a testbed to integrate research tools for humanoid full-body behaviors. Each limb has 6 DOF. The neck has 3 DOF. Each hand has 4 DOF. The key idea of the system architecture is the remote-brained approach. This paper describes the design concept and the details of the system and introduces experiments to stand up using table for support and to perform action selection in reaching and grasping an object based on vision.
The Science of the Blockchain (2016)

FinTech developers and managers understand that the blockchain has the potential to disrupt the financial world. The blockchain allows the participants of a distributed system to agree on a common view of the system, to track changes in the system, in a reliable way. In the distributed systems community, agreement techniques have been known long before cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (where the term blockchain is borrowed) emerged. Various concepts and protocols exist, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This book introduces the basic techniques when building fault-tolerant distributed systems, in a scientific way. We will present different protocols and algorithms that allow for fault-tolerant operation, and we will discuss practical systems that implement these techniques.
Temporal aggregation for large-scale query-by-image video retrieval (2015)

We address the challenge of using image queries to retrieve video clips from a large database. Using binarized Fisher Vectors as global signatures, we present three novel contributions. First, an asymmetric comparison scheme for binarized Fisher Vectors is shown to boost retrieval performance by 0.27 mean Average Precision, exploiting the fact that query images contain much less clutter than database videos. Second, aggregation of frame-based local features over shots is shown to achieve retrieval performance comparable to aggregation of those local features over single frames, while reducing retrieval latency and memory requirements by more than 3X. Several shot aggregation strategies are compared and results indicate that most perform equally well. Third, aggregation over scenes, in combination with shot signatures, is shown to achieve one order of magnitude faster retrieval at comparable performance. Scene aggregation also outperforms the recently proposed aggregation in random groups.
The neuropathology of the vegetative state after an acute brain insult (2000)

The vegetative state is often described clinically as loss of function of the cortex while the function of the brainstem is preserved. In an attempt to define the structural basis of the vegetative state we have undertaken a detailed neuropathological study of the brains of 49 patients who remained vegetative until death, 1 month to 8 years after an acute brain insult. Of these, 35 had sustained a blunt head injury and 14 some type of acute non-traumatic brain damage. In the traumatic cases the commonest structural abnormalities identified were grades 2 and 3 diffuse axonal injury (25 cases, 71%). The thalamus was abnormal in 28 cases (80%), and in 96% of the cases who survived for more than 3 months. Other abnormalities included ischaemic damage in the neocortex (13 cases, 37%) and intracranial haematoma (nine cases, 26%). In the non-traumatic cases there was diffuse ischaemic damage in the neocortex in nine cases (64%) and focal damage in four (29%); the thalamus was abnormal in every case. There were cases in both groups where the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and the brainstem were of structurally normal appearance. In every case, however, there was profound damage to the subcortical white matter or to the major relay nuclei of the thalamus, or both. These lesions render any structurally intact cortex unable to function because connections between different cortical areas via the thalamic nuclei are no longer functional, and there is also extensive damage to afferent and efferent cerebral connections.
Electric Field-Guided Neuron Migration:A Novel Approach in Neurogenesis (2011)

Effective directional neuron migration is crucial in development of the central nervous system and for neurogenesis. Endogenous electrical signals are present in many developing systems and crucial cellular behaviors such as neuronal cell division, cell migration, and cell differentiation are all under the influence of such endogenous electrical cues. Preclinical in vivo studies have used electric fields (EFs) to attempt to enhance regrowth of damaged spinal cord axons with some success. Recent evidence shows that small EFs not only guide axonal growth, but also direct the earlier events of neuronal migration and neuronal cell division. This raises the possibility that applied or endogenous EFs, perhaps in combination, may direct transplanted neural stem cells, or regenerating neurons, to the desired site after brain injury or neuron degeneration. The high complexity of both structure and function of the nervous system, however, poses significant challenges to techniques for applying EFs to promote neurogenesis. The evolution of functional biomaterials and nanotechnology may provide promising solutions for the application of EFs in guiding neuron migration and neurogenesis within the central nervous system.
Gate-tunable graphene spin valve (2007)

The authors perform nonlocal four-probe spin-valve experiments on graphene contacted by ferromagnetic Permalloy electrodes. They observe sharp switching and often sign reversal of the nonlocal resistance at the coercive field of the electrodes, indicating the presence of a spin current between injector and detector. The nonlocal spin-valve signal changes magnitude and sign with back-gate voltage, and is observed up to T=300K. The gate voltage variation of the spin-valve signal may result from quantum-coherent transport, as evidenced by Fabry-Pérot-like oscillations of the current.