gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of tissue microenvironment (stroma and extracellular matrix) on the development and function of mammary epithelium. (1993)

The morphogenesis and functional differentiation of mammary epithelium depends on signalling from systemic hormones and on cues from the local tissue microenvironment. With regard to the latter, regulatory cues are mainly provided by two subcompartments of the mesenchyme/stroma [fibroblastic and adipocyte] and the subjacent basement membrane. During embryogenesis, fibroblastic mesenchyme determines the sexual phenotype of the gland while adipocyte mesenchyme controls mammary-specific ductal morphogenesis. In the juvenile animal, adipocyte stroma continues to support ductal expansion while fibroblasts negatively regulate ductal outgrowth via interactions with the epithelium possibly involving TGF-beta mediated deposition of collagen I and chondroitin sulphate. In the adult, evidence from culture studies show that the signals required for the induction of tissue-specific differentiation during pregnancy and maintenance of function during lactation arise primarily from basement membrane. Beta-casein synthesis is induced in single mammary epithelial cells embedded within a basement membrane matrix via an integrin-dependent pathway. Further support for a critical role for basement membrane in the functional differentiation of the gland comes from studies in involution where degradative loss of basement membranes correlates with loss of functional activity in the epithelium. Thus the extracellular matrix in conjunction with certain cytokines plays a central role in coordinating mammary epithelial development. The findings discussed give further credence to a modal where mammary epithelium, together with certain elements of the subjacent microenvironment, form a dynamic and reciprocally interactive functional unit that regulates tissue specific gene expression in the mammary gland.
Evolutionary dynamics of mutator phenotypes in cancer: implications for chemotherapy. (2003)

Genetic instability is a central characteristic of cancers. However, the selective forces responsible for the emergence of genetic instability are not clear. We use mathematical models to determine the conditions under which selection favors instability, and when stable cells are advantageous. We take into account the processes of DNA damage, repair, cell cycle arrest, mutation, and death. We find that the rate of DNA damage can play a major role in this context. In particular, an increase in the rate of DNA damage can reverse the relative fitness of stable and unstable cells. In terms of cancer progression, we find the following results. If cells have intact apoptotic responses, stable cells prevail if the DNA hit rate is low. A high DNA hit rate can result in the selection of genetically unstable cells. This has implications for the induction of tumors by carcinogens. On the other hand, if cells are characterized by impaired apoptosis, we observe the opposite. Genetic instability is selected for if the DNA hit rate is low. A high DNA hit rate can select against instability and result in the persistence of stable cells. We propose that chemotherapy can be used to reverse the relative fitness of stable and unstable cells, such that unstable cells are the inferior competitors. This could result in the competitive exclusion of progressing cancer cells.
Pregnancy Increases Urinary Neopterin Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection (1990)

Summary Eleven mothers of 12 infants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (all intravenous drug users) were followed throughout their pregnancies for evidence of clinical and immunological abnormalities. Intrauterine death occurred in one, growth retardation in 7/12 pregnancies. Moderate progression of HIV-l infection according to the Walter Reed Staging Classification was observed in 5/ 11 women during pregnancy. Two of them developed AIDS during follow up after delivery. Mean neopterin levels in the first, second and third trimester were significantly higher as compared to HIV-l seronegative pregnant women. Furthermore, concentrations of urinary neopterin increased significantly with the time of pregnancy in all HIV-1 seropositive women. Since higher urinary neopterin concentrations are predictive for more rapid disease progression in HIV infected patients the data may indicate that pregnancy increases the risk for developing AIDS. However, a possible influence of continuous drug use has to be considered.
Characterization of Multiple Signaling Pathways of Insulin in the Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Vascular Cells and Angiogenesis (2003)

The effects of insulin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in cultured vascular cells and in angiogenesis were characterized. Insulin increased VEGF mRNA levels in mouse aortic smooth muscle cells from 10(-9) to 10(-7) m with an initial peak of 3.7-fold increases at 1 h and a second peak of 2.8-fold after 12 h. The first peak of VEGF expression was inhibited by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, and by the overexpression of dominant negative forms of p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase or Akt. Inhibitors of MEK kinase, PD98059, or overexpression of dominant negative forms of Ras was ineffective. In contrast, the chronic effect of insulin on VEGF expression was partially inhibited by both LY294002 or PD98059 as well as by the overexpression of dominant negatives of PI 3-kinase or Ras. The importance of PI 3-kinase-Akt pathway on VEGF expression was confirmed in mouse aortic smooth muscle cells isolated from insulin receptor substrate -1 knockout (IRS-1-/-) mice that showed parallel reductions of 46-49% in insulin-stimulated VEGF expression and PI 3-kinase-Akt activation. Insulin-induced activation of PI 3-kinase-Akt on hypoxia-induced VEGF expression and neovascularization was reduced by 40% in the retina of neonatal hypoxia model using IRS-1-/- mice. Thus, unlike other cells, insulin can regulate VEGF expression by both IRS-1/PI 3-kinase-Akt cascade and Ras-MAPK pathways in aortic smooth muscle cells. The in vivo results provide direct evidence that insulin can modulate hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via reduction in VEGF expression in vivo.
Calculation of Critical Temperatures by Empirical Formulae (2016)

Abstract The paper presents formulas used to calculate critical temperatures of structural steels. Equations that allow calculating temperatures Ac 1 , Ac 3 , Ms and B s were elaborated based on the chemical composition of steel. To elaborate the equations the multiple regression method was used. Particular attention was paid to the collection of experimental data which was required to calculate regression coefficients, including preparation of data for calculation. The empirical data set included more than 500 chemical compositions of structural steel and has been prepared based on information available in literature on the subject.
VLAN Service Function Chaining (2014)

This document describes an implementation of Service Function Chains
(SFC) utilizing standard VLAN switching, appropriate for bump-in-the-
wire Service Function nodes.
Heat Recovery and Bottoming Cycles for SI and CI Engines - A Perspective (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The pursuit of fuel economy is forcing technology change across the range of control and engine management technologies. Improved thermal management has been addressed in order to promote fast warm-up, improved exhaust gas after-treatment performance, and lower variance in combustion through a consistent and high cylinder head temperature. Temperature management of exhaust gas is of increasing interest because of the need to maintain efficiency in after-treatment devices. More effective temperature management places requirements on heat exchange systems, and offers the potential for bottoming and heat recovery cycles that use energy transferred from the exhaust stream.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Turbo-compounding is already established in heavy duty engines, where a reduction in exhaust gas temperature is the consequence of an additional stage of expansion through an exhaust turbine. A new project in electric turbo-compounding offers flexibility in the control of energy extracted from the exhaust stream[<span class="xref">1</span>]. Small scale fluid power systems can implement continuous bottoming cycles for both heavy and light duty engines. This represents another means of extracting energy from the exhaust gas stream. For light duty applications, the fluid cycle can utilize stored thermal energy after prolonged high load conditions at a time when the traction battery may be depleted. In heavy duty engines, the cycle will simply provide a means of recovering exhaust energy and thereby boost the vehicle's fuel economy. The particular relevance to hybrid vehicles comes through the architectural advantages of generating electricity using the recovered heat energy. Thermo-electric devices represent one, but by no means the only way to build heat recovery into a hybrid propulsion system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper we will review and compare a range of previously published techniques from the point of view of their fundamental thermodynamic behavior and their ability to sustain typical drive and duty cycles.</div>
Multilayer alumina substrates for ECU [automotive electronics] (2002)

Alumina multilayer ceramic substrates (MLCS) offer high reliability for use in the automotive field in terms of significant size reduction, thermal durability, high heat dissipation, rigidity, and extended practical application. The work described in this paper summarizes the achievements of design significance of multilayer cofired alumina. The combination of the inherited superior design and processing rules brings forth the realization of miniaturization of about 30% in terms of size (area) compared to the use of conventional glass epoxy substrates. In addition, the thermal conductivity of alumina, 18 W/mK, which is almost 10 times that of glass ceramics (LTCC), and its inherited mechanical/thermal durability enables the substrate to be attached directly to the engine with good heat dissipation. We performed various reliability tests for the substrates for 3000 hours/3000 cycles without any defects. Additional alumina multilayer technology applications for automotive electronics besides electronic control units (ECU) are mentioned in this paper.
Clear Evidence Showing the Robustness of a Highly Active Oxygen-evolving Mononuclear Ruthenium Complex with an Aqua Ligand (2009)

Abstract Experiments show that [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ is highly active as a catalyst toward oxidation of water into molecular oxygen in spite of the mononuclear character of the complex, while [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]+ shows no activity at all. It is also confirmed that [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ is fairly stable under strongly oxidizing conditions in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate, Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, which was evidenced by spectrophotometric, mass spectrometric, and gas chromatographic analysis.
Online Handwritten Character Recognition for a Personal Computer System (1982)

An online handwritten character recognition algorithm, suitable for the home use computer, was developed. A character, written on a digitizing tablet, is expressed as a directional angle sequence. In order to recognize a quickly written multi-stroke character, the character pattern is converted into a single interconnected stroke pattern. The recognition is carried out using dynamic programming based pattern matching technique.
Lanthanum catalysts for methane oxidative coupling: a comparison of the reactivity of phases (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLanthanum catalysts for methane oxidative coupling: a comparison of the reactivity of phasesR. Paul Taylor and Glenn L. SchraderCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1991, 30, 5, 1016–1023Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00053a025Request reuse permissionsArticle Views617Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (965 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural, chemical, and electrical characterization of indium nitride produced by pulsed laser ablation (2012)

Abstract The peculiar electronic characteristics of indium nitride offers great technological potential for novel device applications in several areas such as: multi‐junction solar cells, terahertz emitters, chemical sensors, and light emitting diodes. Reactive pulsed laser ablation has been used to deposit indium nitride thin films for its versatility. The laser source employed has been a Nd:YAG (∼8 ns, 532 nm, 10 Hz) performing the ablation in a RF‐generated nitrogen plasma. Thin films have been deposited varying some parameters such as the substrate temperature, the nitrogen gas pressure, and the RF power. Structural (XRD) and chemical (XPS) characterizations have been performed. Electrical resistivity of the films has been evaluated to correlate structural and chemical properties to the electrical ones. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PP.40.18 (2015)

Objective: Though obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is common in patients with resistant hypertension (RH), the prevalence of other sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome (RLS) is unknown. We aimend at investigating the prevalence of OSAS and RLS in a cohort of patients with RH recruited in two centres.Design and method: By using the ESC/ESH definition we consecutively recruited 63 patients with RH (age 63 ± 12 years, BMI 32 ± 6 kg/mq, 24% women, 31% patients with previous CV events, 31% diabetic), undergoing a polisomnographic study. RLS rating scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), past medical history and office BP were obtained. Sleep stages were scored according to 2007 AASM modified criteria. Results: Moderate-severe OSAS (AHI>15/h) was diagnosed in 34 RH patients (54%), RLS in 26 (41%): 13 patients presented both conditions. Only 16 patients (25%) had neither OSAS nor RLS. Periodic limb movements (PLM Index>15/h) were present in 31% of the studied population. OSAS+RLS- and OSAS+RLS+ patients were older than OSAS-RLS- and OSAS-RLS+. None among OSAS-RLS- had diabetes. OSAS+RLS- patients had a reduced total sleep time, sleep and REM latency and sleep efficiency in comparison to OSAS-RLS-. Conversely, slow wave sleep was reduced only in OSAS+RLS+. PLM index was increased in OSAS-RLS+ [18 (0–36)] but not in OSAS+RLS+ [2 (0–25), p < 0.05]. Conclusions: OSAS and RLS are common in RH patients, often co-occurring. BMI or daily sleepiness are not useful to identify RH patients with sleep disorders, suggesting that all RH patients should undergo polisomnography. Diabetes seems to be a feature of RH patients with sleep disorders. When coexisting with OSAS, RLS is not associated with PLM, suggesting a different pathophysiology. However, the presence of OSAS together with RLS is associated with shorter slow wave sleep, a phenomenon that can possibly lead to severe cardiovascular and cognitive complications in this subgroup.
Gaussian noise generator with specific autocorrelation properties (1989)

This paper deals with a new method for the design and implementation of a gaussian pseudorandom generator with a specific power spectral density or autocorrelation function. The method is based on the central limit theorem. The mathematical analysis of the generator, which consists of a digital white-noise generator and correlation-shaping transversal filter, is given. Computer simulation and experimental results show that the required process is generated with high accuracy.
The transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in tumorigenesis (2001)

Transforming growth factor-beta is believed to play a dual role in carcinogenesis. Through its ability to inhibit cellular proliferation it suppresses tumor development in its early stages, but in the course of tumor progression malignant cells often acquire resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta and themselves secrete large amounts of this cytokine. Transforming growth factor-beta furthers malignant progression in two ways: for one, it acts on nontransformed cells present in the tumor mass to suppress antitumor immune responses and to augment angiogenesis. Secondly, it promotes invasion and the formation of metastases in a cell-autonomous manner that requires transforming growth factor-beta signaling activity, albeit at reduced levels, to be present in the tumor cells themselves.
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, elaborated (2020)

Coronavirus
Vaccine development for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is focused on the trimeric spike protein that initiates infection. Each protomer in the trimeric spike has 22 glycosylation sites. How these sites are glycosylated may affect which cells the virus can infect and could shield some epitopes from antibody neutralization. Watanabe et al. expressed and purified recombinant glycosylated spike trimers, proteolysed them to yield glycopeptides containing a single glycan, and determined the composition of the glycan sites by mass spectrometry. The analysis provides a benchmark that can be used to measure antigen quality as vaccines and antibody tests are developed.

Science this issue p. [330][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abb9983
Pulmonary Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale during Severe Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease (2008)

Pulmonary pressures increase during severe acute chest syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension is associated with cardiac biomarker elevation and a higher risk of death.
The design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel electrode structure self-aligned HBT with a cutoff frequency of 45 GHz (1987)

This paper establishes a systematic approach for the design, fabrication, and modeling of a newly proposed self, aligned Al-GaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) employing a two-dimensional heterostructure device simulator and a heterojunction bi-polar transistor circuit simulator. The developed HBT has an abrupt emitter-base heterojunction, and applies a novel structure in which a single base electrode is placed between two emitter electrodes. A fabricated 3 × 8 µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> two-emitter HBT exhibits a measured current gain cutoff frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> = 45 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> = 18.5 GHz. Results of frequency divider circuit Simulation indicate that the developed HBT would be 1.4 times faster than a conventional HBT in which one emitter electrode is located between two base electrodes.
Alkaline Degradation of Oligosaccharides Coupled with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry:  A Method for Sequencing Oligosaccharides (1998)

A new technique for determining sequence and linkage information of underivatized oligosaccharides is developed using alkaline degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). Alkaline degradation (also known as the "peeling" reaction) is a chemical degradation technique that only cleaves the glycosidic bond at the reducing end by beta-elimination to yield a new reducing end. The reaction products are sampled directly with minimal cleanup and monitored by MALDI-FTMS to elucidate the oligosaccharide sequence. Linkage information is provided by cross-ring cleavage fragmentation of the new reducing ends, created by either MALDI source fragmentation or sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation. This method is illustrated by the successful sequence and linkage determination of neutral, branched, fucosylated, and sialylated oligosaccharides. Experiments on differently linked disaccharides are also performed to determine the specificity of the cross-ring cleavage reactions. The power of this technique is enhanced by the Fourier transform mass analyzer, which provides high-resolution, exact mass, and facile tandem mass spectrometry experiments of MALDI-produced ions.
CFD and PIV aided study of hydrodynamics and mixing in a Couette-Taylor mixing device for animal cell culture (2002)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of some lantibiotics (1994)

Four lantibiotics namely epidermin, gallidermin, lanthiopeptin and mersacidin, have been studied by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The molecular ion clusters of these compounds can be detected with reasonable abundance. The low-mass regions of the spectra show the presence of ions characteristic of the amino acids in the peptides. The mass distribution of the sequence ions provides information about the location of sulphur bridges the occurrence of which is a common feature of these kinds of molecules. The two isomeric compounds epidermin and gallidermin differ only in a leucine/isoleucine exchange at position 6. These two compounds can be distinguished on the basis of the tandem mass spectrum of m/z 86, the immonium ion of leucine and isoleucine.
Optimization of conformal radiotherapy dose distributions by simulated annealing: II. Inclusion of scatter in the 2D technique (1991)

For pt.1 see ibid., vol.34, p.1349-69 (1989). Part 1 used the simulated annealing optimization method to deduce the beam profiles and showed how target areas with concave borders, containing organs at risk, could be achieved for a variety of clinical problems posed in the literature. In order to establish the method a simple 'primary-only' beam model was used. The author now reports further developments with this treatment planning technique to include scattered radiation. An extension of the method into three dimensions has also recently been completed (Webb, 1990,1991).
Neurofilament protein is phosphorylated in the squid giant axon. (1978)

We have observed the phosphorylation of neurofilament protein from squid axoplasm. Phosphorylation is demonstrated by 32P labeling of protein during incubation of axoplasm with [gamma-32P]ATP. When the labeled proteins are separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two bands, at 2.0 x 10(5) daltons and greater than 4 x 10(5) daltons, contain the bulk of the 32P. The 2.0 x 10(5)-dalton phosphorylated polypeptide comigrates on SDS-PAGE with one of the subunits of squid neurofilament protein. Both major phosphorylated polypeptides co-fractionate with neurofilaments in discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and on gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The protein-phosphate bond behaves like a phospho-ester, and labeled phospho-serine is identified in an acid hydrolysate of the protein. The generality of this phenomenon in various species and its possible physiological significance are discussed.