gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Ion Selectivity of Chemically Modified Uracil Pairs in DNA Duplexes (2009)

DNA duplexes containing 5-modified uracil pairs (5-bromo, 5-fluoro, and 5-cyanouracil) bind selectivity to metal ions. Their selectivity is sensitive to the pH value of the solution (see picture), as the acidities of the modified uracil bases vary according to the electron-withdrawing properties of the substituents.
Degradation of substituted mandelic acids by meta fission reactions (1987)

A strain of Acinetobacter lwoffii degraded 4-hydroxymandelic and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acids to their corresponding benzoates, which were then hydroxylated by specific monooxygenases to yield, respectively, protocatechuic and 3-O-methylgallic acids; these were substrates for meta fission dioxygenases. The product formed from 3-O-methylgallate underwent slow spontaneous cyclization at pH 7 to release methanol.
Vapor pressure of aluminum chloride systems. 1. Vapor pressure and triple point of pure aluminum chloride (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVapor pressure of aluminum chloride systems. 1. Vapor pressure and triple point of pure aluminum chlorideJohn T. Viola, David W. Seegmiller, Armand A. Fannin Jr., and Lowell A. KingCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1977, 22, 4, 367–370Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je60075a003https://doi.org/10.1021/je60075a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views875Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Deep Feature Fusion Network for Answer Quality Prediction in Community Question Answering (2016)

Community Question Answering (cQA) forums have become a popular medium for soliciting direct answers to specific questions of users from experts or other experienced users on a given topic. However, for a given question, users sometimes have to sift through a large number of low-quality or irrelevant answers to find out the answer which satisfies their information need. To alleviate this, the problem of Answer Quality Prediction (AQP) aims to predict the quality of an answer posted in response to a forum question. Current AQP systems either learn models using - a) various hand-crafted features (HCF) or b) use deep learning (DL) techniques which automatically learn the required feature representations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for AQP known as - "Deep Feature Fusion Network (DFFN)" which leverages the advantages of both hand-crafted features and deep learning based systems. Given a question-answer pair along with its metadata, DFFN independently - a) learns deep features using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and b) computes hand-crafted features using various external resources and then combines them using a deep neural network trained to predict the final answer quality. DFFN achieves state-of-the-art performance on the standard SemEval-2015 and SemEval-2016 benchmark datasets and outperforms baseline approaches which individually employ either HCF or DL based techniques alone.
Quantification of the hydrophobic interaction by simulations of the aggregation of small hydrophobic solutes in water (2001)

The hydrophobic interaction, the tendency for nonpolar molecules to aggregate in solution, is a major driving force in biology. In a direct approach to the physical basis of the hydrophobic effect, nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations were performed on increasing numbers of hydrocarbon solute molecules in water-filled boxes of different sizes. The intermittent formation of solute clusters gives a free energy that is proportional to the loss in exposed molecular surface area with a constant of proportionality of 45 +/- 6 cal/mol A(2). The molecular surface area is the envelope of the solute cluster that is impenetrable by solvent and is somewhat smaller than the more traditional solvent-accessible surface area, which is the area transcribed by the radius of a solvent molecule rolled over the surface of the cluster. When we apply a factor relating molecular surface area to solvent-accessible surface area, we obtain 24 cal/mol A(2). Ours is the first direct calculation, to our knowledge, of the hydrophobic interaction from molecular dynamics simulations; the excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with experiment proves that simple van der Waals interactions and atomic point-charge electrostatics account for the most important driving force in biology.
Genes, Microbes, and T Cells — New Therapeutic Targets in Crohn's Disease (2002)

NOD2, a gene conferring susceptibility to Crohn's disease, has been identified on chromosome 16. Homozygosity for a mutation that truncates the gene increases the risk of Crohn's disease by a factor of 20 to 40. No such mutations have been found in patients with ulcerative colitis. NOD2 has a role in apoptosis and in the recognition of microbial endotoxins.
Caspase-1 activity affects AIM2 speck formation/stability through a negative feedback loop (2013)

The inflammasome is an innate immune signaling platform leading to caspase-1 activation, maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Recognition of DNA within the host cytosol induces the formation of a large complex composed of the AIM2 receptor, the ASC adaptor and the caspase-1 effector. Francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, replicates within the host cytosol. The macrophage cytosolic surveillance system detects Francisella through the AIM2 inflammasome. Upon Francisella novicida infection, we observed a faster kinetics of AIM2 speck formation in ASC(KO) and Casp1(KO) as compared to WT macrophages. This observation was validated by a biochemical approach thus demonstrating for the first time the existence of a negative feedback loop controlled by ASC/caspase-1 that regulates AIM2 complex formation/stability. This regulatory mechanism acted before pyroptosis and required caspase-1 catalytic activity. Our data suggest that sublytic caspase-1 activity could delay the formation of stable AIM2 speck, an inflammasome complex associated with cell death.
A remote and sensorless thermal protection scheme for small line-connected AC machines (2003)

An advanced remote and sensorless thermal protection technique for small line-connected AC machines is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique includes an algorithm for detecting abnormal cooling conditions due to reduced motor cooling ability, in addition to a stator resistance (R/sub s/)-based stator temperature (T/sub s/) monitoring scheme. The motor cooling ability monitoring algorithm can be implemented using the R/sub s/ estimates of an existing DC-injection-based R/sub s/ estimation scheme without parameter information or additional hardware. In addition, the influence of the fuse, circuit breaker, and cable resistances on the R/sub s/ estimate is investigated, and methods for compensation are suggested for improving the accuracy of the R/sub s/ estimate and, therefore, the reliability of T/sub s/ monitoring. Experimental results under a number of abnormal cooling conditions verify that the reduced cooling ability of the motor can be reliably detected and that it can be used in addition to the T/sub s/ estimate for complete motor thermal protection.
Valuation consequences of master limited partnership formation (1994)

The valuation consequences associated with the creation of master limited partnerships (MLPs) are examined using event study methodology. Analysis of a sample of 39 MLPs indicates that positive abnormal returns accrue to corporate sponsors of MLPs, both for the complete sample and for subsets categorized by type of industry. Positive effects for the sponsoring corporations are consistent with special tax incentives, a reduction in free cash flow, increased liquidity, and market revaluation of assets transferred to the MLP. A test for mean differences across industries indicates that the market reaction to the formation of a MLP does not differ across industries.
Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes (2007)

The authors report the Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes. The devices were fabricated on transparent AlN templates specifically for back illumination in order to enhance hole-initiated multiplication. The spectral response in Geiger-mode operation was analyzed under low photon fluxes. Single photon detection capabilities were demonstrated in devices with areas ranging from 225to14063μm2. Single photon detection efficiency of 20% and dark count rate &lt;10kHz were achieved in the smallest devices.
Polyoxometalate Chemistry: An Old Field with New Dimensions in Several Disciplines (1991)

Abstract Inorganic metal–oxygen cluster anions form a class of compounds that is unique in its topological and electronic versatility and is important in several disciplines. Names such as Berzelius , Werner , and Pauling appear in the early literature of the field. These clusters (so‐called isopoly‐ and heteropolyanions) contain highly symmetrical core assemblies of MO x units (M = V, Mo, W) and often adopt quasi‐spherical structures based on Archimedean and Platonic solids of considerable topological interest. Understanding the driving force for the formation of high‐nuclearity clusters is still a formidable challenge. Polyoxoanions are important models for elucidating the biological and catalytic action of metal–chalcogenide clusters, since metal–metal interactions in the oxo clusters range from very weak (virtually none) to strong (metal–metal bonding) and can be controlled by choice of metal (3d, 4d, 5d), electron population (degree of reduction), and extent of protonation. Mixed‐valence vanadates, in particular, show novel capacities for unpaired electrons, and the magnetic properties of these complexes may be tuned in a stepwise manner. Many vanadates also act as cryptands and clathrate hosts not only for neutral molecules and cations but also for anions, whereby a remarkable “induced self‐assembly process” often occurs. Polyoxometalates have found applications in analytical and clinical chemistry, catalysis (including photocatalysis), biochemistry (electron transport inhibition), medicine (antitumoral, antiviral, and even anti‐HIV activity), and solid‐state devices. These fields are the focus of much current research. Metal–oxygen clusters are also present in the geosphere and possibly in the biosphere. The mixed–valence vanadates contribute to an understanding of the extremely versatile geochemistry of the metal. The significant differences between the chemistry of the polyoxoanions and that of the thioanions of the same elements is of relevance to heterogeneous catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, and veterinary medicine.
Colloidal gold nanoparticle formation derived from self-assembled supramolecular structure of cyclodextrin/Au salt complex (2011)

We present a novel procedure for the formation of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) derived from the supramolecular self-assembled structure of a cyclodextrin (CD)/Au salt complex (SCA) without the necessity for additional reducing or stabilizing agents. The SCA served as a solid template for the formation of gold seeds by solid-state thermal treatment within the confining environment of the α-CD, i.e., the matrix of the SCA. Subsequently, thermally treated SCA, denoted as T-SCA, was placed (without further treatment) into an aqueous medium and gold seeds were nucleated for the formation of α-CD-stabilized AuNPs at room temperature. The surface topology of SCA, as revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), consisted of flaky plate-like structures. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) revealed that the surface topology of SCA resulted from a transformation in the crystalline structure of α-CD from the cage-type to the hexagonally ordered channel-type. The structure transformation on the surface of SCA was attributed to the nucleated self-assembly of surface α-CD molecules by Au salt. From combined FE-SEM, energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), WXRD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results, it was concluded that the thermal treatment of SCA led to the formation of gold seeds, attributed to the reduction and aggregation of some Au salt molecules, confined within the interface between the cage-type and channel type structure of the SCA. After placement of T-SCA into an aqueous solution, the growth and stabilization of AuNPs by α-CD were verified by UV-vis spectroscopy. The formation of AuNPs, by this novel method, can be considered a one step seed-mediated growth process. The resulting AuNPs are spherical in morphology, narrowly size distributed and possesses excellent stability. Furthermore, the AuNPs size is tunable by simply controlling water content during nanoparticle growth.
Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of adalimumab vs etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (2013)

The matching-adjusted indirect comparison method cannot account for unobserved differences in patient characteristics across trials, and only a head-to-head randomized clinical trial can fully avoid the limitations of indirect comparisons. CPR findings are limited to the US and German markets, and may not be generalizable to other markets with different relative pricing.
Structural Evolution and Photoluminescence of Zinc-Blende CdSe-Based CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals (2010)

Anisotropic heterostructures are of significant importance in creating novel nanomaterials and realizing their application potentials. Here we report a study on structural evolution and photoluminescence of zinc-blende CdSe-based CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals with variations of the ZnS shell growth. When raising the shell growth temperature, the structure of CdSe/ZnS can be tuned from sphere to near triangle, and to branched ones, including a tetrapod-like structure. But fast interface diffusion and alloying at high growth temperature will corrupt the branched structure and induce a blue shift in the luminescence spectrum. For tetrapod-like CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals, the growth of ZnS exhibits a pattern of first elongating and then branching, which is accompanied by rising, steady, and descending phases of the photoluminescence quantum yield. This study shows the shape tuning and interface alloying of CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals, and reveals that a moderate growth temperature is necessary for obtaining tetrapod-like CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer with S-1, an Oral Fluoropyrimidine (2007)

S-1 is an effective adjuvant treatment for East Asian patients who have undergone a D2 dissection for locally advanced gastric cancer. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00152217 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Measurement of spiraling in a magnetically confined electron beam for use in collision studies (1974)

A method is described to directly measure mean spiral diameter in a magnetically confined electron beam. In collision experiments, spiraling affects polarization measurements and effective path length assessment; and in experiments using colliding beams, the collision energy or energy spread can be significantly altered. The technique described here allows experimental correction for these effects. Magnitudes of transverse velocities from various causes leading to spiraling are estimated on the basis of models. A gun designed for use in crossed beam electron-ion excitation experiments is described, and results of tests on spiraling and space charge effects for this gun are given. The tests generally indicate the modeling to be correct. Judicious choice of operating conditions led to path length corrections as small as 4±2% at 3 eV, decreasing to 0.25±0.2% at 200 eV.
Radiation Efficiency of Nano-Radius Dipole Antennas in the Microwave and Far-infrared Regimes (2008)

At microwave and far-infrared frequencies, the radiation efficiency of a wire antenna with a radius value smaller than a few hundred nanometers is very low, due to large wire impedances and associated high ohmic losses. However, with the continued miniaturization of electronic devices, nano-radius interconnects and antennas are desirable. In this work, the relationships among wire radius, conductivity, frequency, and ohmic loss are examined for dipole antennas. Simple formulas are derived for the distributed resistance, effective conductivity, and radius required to achieve a desired radiation efficiency, and particular emphasis is given to half-wavelength antennas. Several methods to improve antenna efficiency at sub-100-nm radius values are discussed, including the use of superconducting nanowires and multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
Three-dimensional position sensitive cadmium zinc telluride gamma ray spectrometers. (2001)

To date, CdZnTe is the most promising material in the development of large volume room temperature gamma ray detectors. Although the performance of large volume CdZnTe detectors has been greatly improved in recent years, it still suffers from the problem of material non-uniformity. To further improve the performance, 3-D position sensitive CdZnTe spectrometers were introduced and investigated in this research. Monte Carlo simulation was performed for 3-D CdZnTe detectors having 11 x 11 pixellated anodes. The simulation showed that single-pixel events only account for ∼30% of the 662 keV full energy deposition events. This indicated the necessity to reconstruct the energy spectrum from the multiple-pixel events. Two interaction depth sensing techniques were modeled. The modeling showed that for 662 keV single-pixel full energy deposition events, depth resolutions (FWHM) of ∼2--3% and ∼5% of the detector thickness can be achieved using the C/A ratio (the ratio of the signals from the cathode and anode pixel) method and the drift time method, respectively. Two generations of 3-D CdZnTe gamma ray spectrometers were developed. The first generation 3-D detector was built using a 1 cubic centimeter CdZnTe crystal. During operation, 3-D pulse height correction was applied to the single-pixel events using depth sensing by C/A ratio. The second generation 3-D detector was developed using a 1.5 x 1.5 x 1 cm<super>3</super> CdZnTe crystal. During operation, 3-D pulse height correction was applied to both single-pixel and multiple-pixel events using depth sensing by C/A ratio and by electron drift time. In the experiments testing interaction depth sensing, it was demonstrated that the depth resolution of both the C/A ratio method and the drift time method was better than 0.5 mm FWHM for 662 keV single-pixel full energy deposition events. The application of 3-D pulse height correction to the single-pixel events showed excellent energy resolution (∼1.2--1.5% at 662 keV) from the normal pixels. This clearly demonstrated the potential of the 3-D CdZnTe spectrometers. However, degradation of energy resolution due to material non-uniformity was also observed, which indicated that the overall performance of a 3-D CdZnTe spectrometer still depends on the quality of the CdZnTe material. Reconstruction of the energy spectrum from the two-pixel events was investigated, and the results are discussed.
A static timing analysis environment using Java architecture for safety critical real-time systems (2003)

Certainly, in hard real-time systems, it is reasonable to argue that no hard real-time threads should behave in an unpredictable way and that schedulability should be guaranteed before execution. In order to guarantee the timing constraints of portable code for hard real-time applications, a particular static timing analysis is necessary. In this paper, we provide a static timing analysis environment for the development of real-time applications on the Java architecture. The major contributions include introducing a novel Extensible Annotations Class (XAC) format to capture portable annotations from the source level, presenting how to integrate XACs with portable Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) analysis, describing how to obtain real-time thread parameters from Real-Time Java's specifications, and demonstrating how static timing analysis using the Java architecture can be carried out from portable code.
Large-Scale Weakly-Supervised Pre-Training for Video Action Recognition (2019)

Current fully-supervised video datasets consist of only a few hundred thousand videos and fewer than a thousand domain-specific labels. This hinders the progress towards advanced video architectures. This paper presents an in-depth study of using large volumes of web videos for pre-training video models for the task of action recognition. Our primary empirical finding is that pre-training at a very large scale (over 65 million videos), despite on noisy social-media videos and hashtags, substantially improves the state-of-the-art on three challenging public action recognition datasets. Further, we examine three questions in the construction of weakly-supervised video action datasets. First, given that actions involve interactions with objects, how should one construct a verb-object pre-training label space to benefit transfer learning the most? Second, frame-based models perform quite well on action recognition; is pre-training for good image features sufficient or is pre-training for spatio-temporal features valuable for optimal transfer learning? Finally, actions are generally less well-localized in long videos vs. short videos; since action labels are provided at a video level, how should one choose video clips for best performance, given some fixed budget of number or minutes of videos?
Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region (1969)

This paper considers the effect of continuous convection from small sources of buoyancy on the properties of the environment when the region of interest is bounded. The main assumptions are that the entrainment into the turbulent buoyant region is at a rate proportional to the local mean upward velocity, and that the buoyant elements spread out at the top of the region and become part of the non-turbulent environment at that level. Asymptotic solutions, valid at large times, are obtained for the cases of plumes from point and line sources and also periodically released thermals. These all have the properties that the environment is stably stratified, with the density profile fixed in shape, changing at a uniform rate in time at all levels, and everywhere descending (with ascending buoyant elements). The analysis is carried out in detail for the point source in an environment of constant cross-section. Laboratory experiments have been conducted for this case, and these verify the major predictions of the theory. It is then shown how the method can be extended to include more realistic starting conditions for the convection, and a general shape of bounded environment. Finally, the model is applied quantitatively to a variety of problems in engineering, the atmosphere and the ocean, and the limitations on its use are discussed.