gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular biology and pathogenesis of HIV infection (1993)

Pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is determined by the level of viral gene expression, biologic features of the infecting virus strain, and the immune response to infection. HIV gene expression is regulated by cellular and viral factors. The nuclear factor kappa B protein is a potentially important cellular protein involved in HIV gene expression, whereas TAT is a viral protein critical for viral RNA synthesis. Differences in biologic features of HIV-1 strains that affect pathogenicity include differences in cell-specific tropism and cytopathogenicity. These properties are regulated primarily by the envelope protein. Variation in virus strains during the progression of HIV infection results in alterations in both of these characteristics, with an outgrowth of HIV species unable to infect macrophages, and with enhanced replication rate and syncytium formation in primary lymphocytes.
Procyon high explosive pulsed power experiments (1996)

Procyon is a two-stage explosive pulsed-power system, consisting of a MK-IX helical generator and an explosively formed fuse (EFF) opening switch. A complete assembly including load and diagnostics is shown. The system was originally developed for the purpose of powering plasma z-pinch experiments and, in its original concept, was coupled to the plasma z-pinch load through a third pulsed power stage, a plasma flow switch (PFS). The authors have performed plasma z-pinch experiments both with and without a PFS, and they have now conducted the first heavy liner experiment. In this paper, they will summarize the results obtained to date with the system, and briefly discuss future applications.
[{Ph<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>C(CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O}NiH(PCy<sub>3</sub>)]: Support for a Nickel Hydride Mechanism in Ethene Oligomerization<sup>**</sup> (1989)

The formation of α-olefins from ethylene in the presence of homogeneous catalysts is of great industrial importance. How does this reaction proceed? Model experiments support the nickel hydride mechanism. Complexes 1 and 2 could be trapped with tricyclohexylphosphane (PCy3).
Association of variant alleles of mannose binding lectin with severity of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis: cohort study (1999)

Prognosis of cystic fibrosis is conditioned by the severity of pulmonary damage, which is related to infectious complications. The group of partial ∂F508 homozygous patients with cystic fibrosis shows a substantial variability in clinical expression of the severity of lung disease, which could be explained by the influence of modulating genes1 that are probably related to the efficiency of host immune factors in fighting against infection in patients' lungs.

Mannose binding lectin, a protein of the innate immune system, is involved in opsonisation and phagocytosis of micro-organisms. The mannose binding lectin gene shows three major allelic variants that are responsible for a decrease of the protein plasma concentration, an opsonic defect, and a common immunodeficiency.2

We investigated the possible modulating role of mannose binding lectin because studies have shown (a) that homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for mannose binding lectin variant alleles predisposes to recurrent infections including lung infections and (b) that Staphyloccus …
An Efficient Distributed Group Key Management Using Hierarchical Approach with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (2015)

Secure and reliable group communication is an active area of research. Its popularity is fuelled by the growing importance of group-oriented and collaborative properties. The central research challenge is secure and efficient group key management. In this paper, we propose an efficient many-to-many group key management protocol in distributed group communication. This protocol is based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography and decrease the key length while providing securities at the same level as that of other cryptosystems provides. The main issue in secure group communication is group dynamics and key management. A scalable secure group communication model ensures that whenever there is a membership change, a new group key is computed and distributed to the group members with minimal communication and computation cost. This paper explores the use of batching of group membership changes to reduce the time and key re-distribution operations. The features of ECC protocol are that, no keys are exchanged between existing members at join, and only one key, the group key, is delivered to remaining members at leave. In the security analysis, our proposed algorithm takes less time when users join or leave the group in comparison to existing one. In ECC, there is only 1 key generation and key encryption overhead at join and leave operation. At join the communication overhead is key size of a node and at leave operation is 2 log2 n -- 2 × key size of a node.
Effect of Phytate and Partially Hydrolyzed Phytate on <i>in vitro</i> Protein Digestibility (1985)

ABSTRACT The effects of sodium phytate and partially hydrolyzed sodium phytate (0 ‐ 82% hydrolyzed) on pepsin digestion of casein and bovine serum albumin were evaluated by an in vitro procedure using dialy‐sates of pepsin digestion over a period of 0 – 23 hr. The inhibitory effect of phytate differed with substrate and increased with dose level. At the highest phytate level, the digestion of casein and bovine serum albumin was reduced by 14% and 7%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the phytate was inversely correlated with the degree of phytate hydrolysis. Hydrolysis for 16 hr almost eleminated the inhibitory effect of phytate.
FPGA-based accelerator for long short-term memory recurrent neural networks (2017)

Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs) have been widely used for speech recognition, machine translation, scene analysis, etc. Unfortunately, general-purpose processors like CPUs and GPGPUs can not implement LSTM-RNNs efficiently due to the recurrent nature of LSTM-RNNs. FPGA-based accelerators have attracted attention of researchers because of good performance, high energy-efficiency and great flexibility. In this work, we present an FPGA-based accelerator for LSTM-RNNs that optimizes both computation performance and communication requirements. The peak performance of our accelerator achieves 7.26 GFLOP/S, which significantly outperforms previous approaches.
Effect of enzymatic interesterification on the melting point of tallow‐rapeseed oil (LEAR) mixture (1992)

To reduce the melting point of a tallow‐rapeseed oil mixture, the triglyceride composition of the mixture was altered by enzymatic interesterification in a solvent‐free system. The interesterification and hydrolysis were followed by melting point profiles and by free fatty acid determinations. The degree of hydrolysis was linearly related to the initial water content of the reaction mixture. The rate of the interesterification reaction was influenced by the amount of enzyme but not much by temperature between 50 and 70°C. The melting point reduction achieved by interesterification depended on the mass fractions of the substrates: the lower the mass fraction of tallow, the larger the reduction of the melting point.
Pressure-Induced Upregulation of Preproendothelin-1 and Endothelin B Receptor Expression in Rabbit Jugular Vein In Situ (2000)

Abstract —Upregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis in venous bypass grafts in response to arterial levels of blood pressure may play a major role in graft failure. To investigate this hypothesis, isolated segments of the rabbit jugular vein were perfused at physiological (0 to 5 mm Hg) and nonphysiological (20 mm Hg) levels of intraluminal pressure. As judged by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis (mRNA level), neither endothelin-converting enzyme nor endothelin A receptor expression appeared to be pressure sensitive. In contrast, there was a profound and time-dependent increase in endothelial prepro-ET-1 mRNA and intravascular ET-1 abundance (by ELISA) as well as in smooth muscle endothelin B receptor mRNA and functional protein (by superfusion bioassay) on raising the perfusion pressure from 5 to 20 mm Hg, but not from 0 to 5 mm Hg, for up to 12 hours. Video microscopy analysis revealed that the segments were distended by 75% at 5 mm Hg and near maximally at 20 mm Hg compared with the resting diameter at 0 to 1 mm Hg. Treatment of the segments with actinomycin D (1 μmol/L), the specific protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro 31–8220 (0.1 μmol/L), or the c-Src family–specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A (0.1 μmol/L), demonstrated that the pressure-induced expression of these gene products occurs at the level of transcription and requires activation of protein kinase C, but not c-Src. In venous bypass grafts such deformation-induced changes in gene expression may contribute not only to acute graft failure through ET-1–induced vasospasm but also to endothelin A receptor– and/or endothelin B receptor–mediated smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and graft occlusion.
100  kHz, 100  ms, 400  J burst-mode laser with dual-wavelength diode-pumped amplifiers (2014)

The burst duration of an all-diode-pumped burst-mode laser is extended to 100 ms and 100 kHz (10,000 pulses) by utilizing dual-wavelength diode pumping. Total energies of 225 J at 10 kHz and 400 J at 100 kHz are achieved during the 100 ms burst period at 1064 nm. This represents an order-of-magnitude increase in the number of pulses compared with prior work, while maintaining similar or higher pulse energies. Amplitude tailoring of each pulse is used to flatten the burst profile, reducing the standard deviation in pulse energy over the 100 ms burst from 3.7% to 2.1% with a burst-to-burst standard deviation of 0.8%.
A Research of the Efficient Financial Management of Welfare for Education through Operating Mixed-use of School Facilities (2011)

Nowadays, the change of the social structure such as the elderly society and the broken traditional family conception is progressing rapidly. The social change produced a lot of problems, and the welfare from among these is the urgent problem. The welfare for the aged is very important problem in an aging society. The changes of industrial and economic structures also caused the increase of double-income families. The numbers of schoolchildren decreased rapidly because of the low birth and elderly society. So, many idle spaces of existing school facilities have emerged, and these left spaces is being blamed for the fiscal waste. If these idle spaces were used for the welfare-facilities, it will be of assistant to solve the problem about welfare and use the school facilities effectively. And then, the big profit from these enterprises can be used for the better welfare for education.
ACTIVITY OF TiO_2 IN MOLTEN BLAST FURNACE SLAG (1992)

Activity of TiO_2 in the molten blast furnace slag containing TiO_2 has been examined at 1500℃ by means of “molten slag-Sn” chemical equilibrium method,using metallic Sn as flux and graphite as deoxidizer,together with phase diagram caIculation.In the pentary slag system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-TiO_2-Al_2O_3,a_(TiO_2)=0.01—0.05 or 0.02—0.10 with pure liquid or solid TiO_2 as standard state,respectively.The activity and activity coefficient of TiO_2 in relation to concentration of TiO_2 have been discussed.
CD4 Cell Count and the Risk of AIDS or Death in HIV-Infected Adults on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy with a Suppressed Viral Load: A Longitudinal Cohort Study from COHERE (2012)

Despite the low mortality rate, the risk of a new AIDS event or death follows a CD4 cell count gradient in patients with viral suppression. A higher CD4 cell count was associated with the greatest benefit for patients with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/µl but still some slight benefit for those with a CD4 cell count ≥500 cells/µl.
Prolonged Asystolia in a Young Athlete: A Case of Sinus Arrest During REM Sleep (2004)

A young asymptomatic male athlete came to our laboratory to be enrolled in a research protocol on physical fatigue. Routine clinical and cardiological evaluations including echocardiogram were in the normal range. Several consecutive cardiopulmonary tests showed a fairly good tolerance to exercise, with no symptoms even when the effort was abruptly arrested. On the other hand, Holter ECG recordings showed long nocturnal sinus pauses. As he was absolutely asymptomatic and free from any structural heart disease, he underwent a follow-up with repeated Holter monitorings for one year. During this period he decided on his own to stop practising sports; in spite of this sharp reduction in his overall physical activity, consecutive Holter monitorings showed that the sinus pauses were progressively increasing in duration (up to 9.2 seconds). With the hypothesis of a malignant vagotonia, he underwent a tilt test; however, we could not elicit any pauses or symptoms. The pauses grew longer over time; a endocavitary electrophysiologic test was performed, which showed no evidence of disease. To rule out the hypothesis of a sleep apnoea syndrome, he also underwent a polysomnography, including EEG, eye movement electromyography, arterial blood oxygen saturation and thoracic impedance: no alterations were detected with the exception of the sinus pauses, which appeared to be strictly linked to REM sleep, as suggested by the concurrent increase in rapid eye movements and desynchronized EEG. We hence made a diagnosis of sinus arrest during REM sleep (SAdRS), a very uncommon disease belonging to the parasomnias. Pauses were then quantified for one month by implanting a ECG loop recorder. As the patient became more and more upset and worried, and the pauses increased to nearly 12 seconds, we decided to implant a pacemaker, which is the only therapeutic option established in the literature for patients with SAdRS.
Budget-Optimal Task Allocation for Reliable Crowdsourcing Systems (2011)

Crowdsourcing systems, in which numerous tasks are electronically distributed to numerous "information piece-workers", have emerged as an effective paradigm for human-powered solving of large scale problems in domains such as image classification, data entry, optical character recognition, recommendation, and proofreading. Because these low-paid workers can be unreliable, nearly all such systems must devise schemes to increase confidence in their answers, typically by assigning each task multiple times and combining the answers in an appropriate manner, e.g. majority voting. In this paper, we consider a general model of such crowdsourcing tasks and pose the problem of minimizing the total price (i.e., number of task assignments) that must be paid to achieve a target overall reliability. We give a new algorithm for deciding which tasks to assign to which workers and for inferring correct answers from the workers' answers. We show that our algorithm, inspired by belief propagation and low-rank matrix approximation, significantly outperforms majority voting and, in fact, is optimal through comparison to an oracle that knows the reliability of every worker. Further, we compare our approach with a more general class of algorithms which can dynamically assign tasks. By adaptively deciding which questions to ask to the next arriving worker, one might hope to reduce uncertainty more efficiently. We show that, perhaps surprisingly, the minimum price necessary to achieve a target reliability scales in the same manner under both adaptive and non-adaptive scenarios. Hence, our non-adaptive approach is order-optimal under both scenarios. This strongly relies on the fact that workers are fleeting and can not be exploited. Therefore, architecturally, our results suggest that building a reliable worker-reputation system is essential to fully harnessing the potential of adaptive designs.
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control and the Unmet Demand for Sensors: Part 1. Problem Formulation and the Hypothesis (2019)

In this study, information pertaining to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for improving the performance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems was collected. Among the 18 AI tools developed for HVAC control during the past 20 years, only three functions, including weather forecasting, optimization, and predictive controls, have become mainstream. Based on the presented data, the energy savings of HVAC systems that have AI functionality is less than those equipped with traditional energy management system (EMS) controlling techniques. This is because the existing sensors cannot meet the required demand for AI functionality. The errors of most of the existing sensors are less than 5%. However, most of the prediction errors of AI tools are larger than 7%, except for the weather forecast. The normalized Harris index (NHI) is able to evaluate the energy saving percentages and the maximum saving rations of different kinds of HVAC controls. Based on the NHI, the estimated average energy savings percentage and the maximum saving rations of AI-assisted HVAC control are 14.4% and 44.04%, respectively. Data regarding the hypothesis of AI forecasting or prediction tools having less accuracy forms Part 1 of this series of research.
SmartStep 2.0 - A completely wireless, versatile insole monitoring system (2015)

Insole based wearable sensors are becoming popular in applications such as gait and physical activity monitoring, energy expenditure estimation, in providing biofeedback, fall risk and others. In the existing systems, the insole needs to be taken out of the shoe to recharge the battery, which is not a convenient task. The existing systems are application specific and can be used for a limited purpose. However, the desired system functionality for the shoe based wearable systems depends on factors such as the targeted age group of the individuals and laboratory set up vs free living conditions. We attempt to fill these gaps in this work, as we present the recent advancements in SmartStep monitors - SmartStep 2.0, making it a completely wireless, versatile gait data acquisition device. We discuss the implementation of the seamless wireless charging feature to resolve the battery charging problems, along with the implementation of the base station for charging purposes. In making the SmartStep 2.0 a versatile insole monitor, we discuss the implementation of the Wireless Firmware Upgrade (WFD) feature, which allows the same insole system to be used in different application scenarios. Two example application scenarios for wireless gait data acquisition are discussed, along with the power consumption figures in different modes. Results suggest that the SmartStep 2.0 can potentially be used in the ambulatory monitoring of physical activity and gait in laboratory as well as in free living conditions.
Digital Compensation of Intercarrier Nonlinear Distortion With Carrier Phase Locking (2009)

Compensating for intercarrier nonlinear distortion allows launching higher power into the transmission fiber and it leads to an increase in the transmission distance. Numerical calculations show that the launch power is increased by 10 dB and the maximum transmission distance is more than tripled, when the optical repeater spacing of 80 km, dispersion-shifted fiber, and signal format of 10 Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero are assumed. It is experimentally demonstrated that waveform distortion due to the four-wave mixing (FWM) among different carriers in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) becomes deterministic by phase-locking optical carriers and that FWM distortion can be compensated at 5 Gb/s with three-channel condition by employing DSP at the transmitter or receiver.
Experimental nonunion in dogs. (1984)

A consistently reproducible nonunion was produced in mongrel dogs by resecting 3 mm of bone and 1 cm of periosteum at the diaphyseal-metaphyseal junction in the radius. Bone wax was used to seal the cut surfaces. No external or internal immobilization was necessary. The animals were sacrificed at various intervals up to one year after the operation. In one subgroup the events were assessed by radiologic and histologic techniques, and in another the limb was examined by microvascular and bone scintigraphic methods. Nonunion of the hypertrophic type occurred in 85% of cases and of the oligotrophic type in 15% of cases. Pseudarthrosis (with persistent mobility, neocapsule, synovial-like fluid, and well-differentiated cartilaginous tissue capping the bone ends) was established by the 28th week.
Combined vaccination and immunostimulatory antibodies provides durable cure of murine melanoma and induces transcriptional changes associated with positive outcome in human melanoma patients (2012)

We have developed a recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding dopachrome tautomerase (rHuAd5-hDCT) that produces robust DCT-specific immunity, but only provides modest suppression of murine melanoma. In the current study, an agonist antibody against 4-1BB was shown to enhance rHuAd5-hDCT efficacy and evoke tumor regression, but most tumors ultimately relapsed. The vaccine triggered upregulation of the immune inhibitory PD-1 signaling pathway and PD-1 blockade dramatically enhanced the rHuAd5-hDCT + anti-4-1BB strategy, resulting in complete regression of growing tumors in > 70% of recipients. The impact of the combined anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 treatment did not manifest as a dramatic enhancement in either the magnitude or functionality of DCT-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes relative to either treatment alone. Rather, a synergistic enhancement in intratumoral cytokine expression was observed, suggesting that the benefit of the combined therapy was a local event within the tumor. Global transcriptional analysis revealed immunological changes within the tumor following the curative vaccination, which extended beyond the T cell compartment. We identified an immune signature of 85 genes associated with clearance of murine melanoma that correlated with improved survival outcome in two independent cohorts of human melanoma patients. Our data reinforce the concept that successful vaccination must overcome local hurdles in the tumor microenvironment that are not manifest within the periphery. Further, tumor rejection following vaccination involves more than simply T cells. Finally, the association of our immune signature with positive survival outcome in human melanoma patients suggests that similar vaccination strategies may be promising for melanoma treatment.
Effective multi-mode equalization for ATSC receivers (2006)

This paper presents a new equalization scheme for VSB-based digital video broadcasting (DVB) receivers used in the North-American ATSC standard. The proposed equalizer consists of switching between multiple modes of adaptation, depending on its convergence state. The contribution described in this paper is about a novel criteria to switch between a blind and a decision-directed adaptation, and is based on the 4th order statistics (the kurtosis) of the slicer error (the error between the received soft symbols and their estimated hard levels). Simulation in adverse channel conditions shows the scheme is effective and very robust in the presence of high levels of noise and the echo sets specified in the Grand Alliance requirements (9) for DTV broadcast. Comparison to other known methods showed this scheme is more reliable and accurate in changing channel conditions, thus ensuring proper equalizer convergence in all practical situations.