gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaN-Ready Aluminum Nitride Substrates for Cost-Effective, Very Low Dislocation Density III-Nitride LED's (2010)

The objective of this project was to develop and then demonstrate the efficacy of a costeffective approach for a low defect density substrate on which AlInGaN LEDs can be fabricated. The efficacy of this “GaN-ready” substrate would then be tested by growing high efficiency, long lifetime InxGa1-xN blue LEDs. The approach used to meet the project objectives was to start with low dislocation density AlN single-crystal substrates and grow graded AlxGa1-xN layers on top. Pseudomorphic AlxGa1-xN epitaxial layers grown on bulk AlN substrates were used to fabricate light emitting diodes and demonstrate better device performance as a result of the low defect density in these layers when benched marked against state-of-the-art LEDs fabricated on sapphire substrates. The pseudomorphic LEDs showed excellent output powers compared to similar wavelength devices grown on sapphire substrates, with lifetimes exceeding 10,000 hours (which was the longest time that could reliably be estimated). In addition, high internal quantum efficiencies were demonstrated at high driving current densities even though the external quantum efficiencies were low due to poor photon extraction. Unfortunately, these pseudomorphic LEDs require high Al content so they emit in the ultraviolet. Sapphire based LEDs typically have threading dislocation densities (TDD) > 108 cm-2 while the pseudomorphic LEDs have TDD ≤ 105 cm-2. The resulting TDD, when grading the AlxGa1-xN layer all the way to pure GaN to produce a “GaN-ready” substrate, has varied between the mid 108 down to the 106 cm-2. These inconsistencies are not well understood. Finally, an approach to improve the LED structures on AlN substrates for light extraction efficiency was developed by thinning and roughening the substrate.
Efficacy of the Carbon Dioxide Laser in Hand Surgery (1984)

The use of the carbon dioxide laser for minor hand problems is reviewed, and the physiological effects of laser treatment are discussed. Forty-one patients have been treated during a one-year period for warts, nail disorders, and a variety of benign neoplasms. Results of CO2 laser treatment are equivalent to those of other methods with less pain and disability. Future applications of the CO2 laser are discussed.
Usage of the MELDEX Digital Music Library (2001)

Online Digital Music Libraries are becoming increasing common and more sophisticated; however, availability of information on how users access and navigate these resources is limited. This type of information is crucial for improving user interface design and for providing users with better supported services. Here we present an analysis of the logs for our digital music library, Meldex, for a 1 year period to discover patterns of usage.
Data-aided SIR measurement for closed loop fast TPC suitable for W-CDMA with closed loop transmit diversity (2005)

This paper investigates the effect of signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) measurement accuracy, exploiting data modulated symbols in SIR-based fast closed loop transmit power control (TPC), considering the application of closed loop transmit diversity mode 1 in wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) systems. SIR measurement is performed after removing the random data modulation so as to maximize the instantaneous received power. Computer simulation results clarify the advantage of data-aided SIR measurement even in the presence of feedback information (FBI) errors. Further, we also clarified that exploiting data symbols in addition to DPCH pilot symbols exhibits better performance. The data-aided SIR measurement technique is an add-on functionality to the standardized user equipment (UE) so that the adoption shall not affect the operation of commercial systems.
In situ nanoparticle sizing with zeptomole sensitivity (2015)

We present the basis for an entirely new approach to in situ nanoparticle sizing. Nanoparticles containing just 12 zeptomoles (1 zeptomole = 10(-21) moles) of silver, are detected via in situ particle coulometry. These stochastic charge measurements correspond to the transfer of only 7000-8000 electrons, yielding direct information relating to the individual nanoparticle volumes. The resulting particle size distribution (average equivalent radius 5 nm) obtained via nanoparticle coulometry is in excellent correspondence with that attained from TEM analysis. Moreover, the measurable particle size limit by this electrochemical method is shown to be significantly below that of more common optical nanoparticle tracking techniques, and as such can be viewed as a potential disruptive nano-technology.
Immunosuppressive treatment in multifocal motor neuropathy (1991)

We report the results of immunosuppressive treatments of 13 patients with multifocal motor neuropathy and elevated titers of serum antibodies to the GM1 ganglioside. All patients failed to respond to oral prednisone. There was no clinical response in 4 patients treated with plasma exchange. Nine patients received cyclophosphamide, with clinical improvement and fall in antibody titers in 8. In 3 patients, cyclophosphamide was discontinued with ensuing clinical relapse and rise in the titers of serum anti-GM1 antibodies. These patients provide further evidence for the efficacy of cyclophosphamide therapy in patients with multifocal motor neuropathy.
ChemInform Abstract: Reticulated Single‐Crystal Luminescent Screen. (1986)

Abstract Asimpli?ed wet chgmical etching process for the fabrication of YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) luminescent screens with truncated square mesas has been developed in which a single layer of plasma‐deposited SiO 2 is used as the masking material.
Secretion, pain and sneezing induced by the application of capsaicin to the nasal mucosa in man (1988)

1. Topical application of capsaicin to the human nasal mucosa induced a burning sensation and sneezing. A dose-dependent seromucous nasal secretion was also observed. Capsaicin (75 micrograms) was more potent than methacholine (50 mg) in producing nasal secretion, while topical histamine (200 micrograms), substance P (135 micrograms) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (36 micrograms) did not induce rhinorrhea. 2. Pretreatment with either topical ipratropium bromide, systemic dexchlorpheniramine or indomethacin did not influence the effects induced by capsaicin. Topical pretreatment with lidocaine inhibited the painful sensation but failed to block the rhinorrhea. Desensitization to the effects of capsaicin occurred following 4-5 subsequent applications, and full recovery was observed within 30-40 days. 3. It is proposed that the effects of capsaicin in human nasal mucosa are due to excitation of primary afferent neurones that (a) convey burning and painful sensation, (b) evoke a sneezing reflex and (c) induce nasal secretion by releasing transmitter(s) from their peripheral terminals.
PI(4,5)P2-dependent microdomain assemblies capture microtubules to promote and control leading edge motility (2005)

The lipid second messenger PI(4,5)P(2) modulates actin dynamics, and its local accumulation at plasmalemmal microdomains (rafts) might mediate regulation of protrusive motility. However, how PI(4,5)P(2)-rich rafts regulate surface motility is not well understood. Here, we show that upon signals promoting cell surface motility, PI(4,5)P(2) directs the assembly of dynamic raft-rich plasmalemmal patches, which promote and sustain protrusive motility. The accumulation of PI(4,5)P(2) at rafts, together with Cdc42, promotes patch assembly through N-WASP. The patches exhibit locally regulated PI(4,5)P(2) turnover and reduced diffusion-mediated exchange with their environment. Patches capture microtubules (MTs) through patch IQGAP1, to stabilize MTs at the leading edge. Captured MTs in turn deliver PKA to patches to promote patch clustering through further PI(4,5)P(2) accumulation in response to cAMP. Patch clustering restricts, spatially confines, and polarizes protrusive motility. Thus, PI(4,5)P(2)-dependent raft-rich patches enhance local signaling for motility, and their assembly into clusters is regulated through captured MTs and PKA, coupling local regulation of motility to cell polarity, and organization.
Thyroid Hormone Receptors: Multiple Forms, Multiple Possibilities* (1993)

THE biological importance of the thyroid gland has been recognized for centuries (1). The realization in the late 19th century that cretinism and myxedema result from loss of thyroid function led to the discovery of T4 (2) and T3 (3) as the predominant and most potent thyroid hormones, respectively. During the ensuing decades the plasma membrane (4), synapse (5), endoplasmic reticulum (6), and mitochondria (7) have all been considered as potential cellular sites of action of the thyroid hormones. In the 1960s, however, it was noted that many of the physiological actions of T3 were preceded by nuclear RNA transcription (8, 9), and high-affinity nuclear receptors for T3 were discovered soon thereafter (10,11). The specificity of the nuclear T3 receptors (TRs) for thyroid hormone analogs closely parallels the biological potency of the compounds (12, 13), and the levels of the nuclear TRs correlate well with the developmental and tissue-specific effects of T3 in most cases (14, 15). Thus, although thyroid hormones may have some important nonnuclear actions, the concept that the majority of the actions of T3 are mediated by nuclear TRs was generally accepted by the mid-1980s (16, 17). The discovery of multiple TR isoforms and the characterization of their structure, regulation, properties, and function are the subjects of this review.
Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies (2014)

The current status of the use of nanoparticles for photothermal treatments is reviewed in detail. The different families of heating nanoparticles are described paying special attention to the physical mechanisms at the root of the light-to-heat conversion processes. The heating efficiencies and spectral working ranges are listed and compared. The most important results obtained in both in vivo and in vitro nanoparticle assisted photothermal treatments are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the different heating nanoparticles are discussed.
Water supply and pollution control (1985)

Water management - institutions and technology water management - environmental considerations water use and wastewater generation the availability of water water quanitity water quality hydrology and water management surface-water supplies reservoirs groundwater conveying and distributing water types of aqueducts hydraulic considerations design considerations distribution systems pumping wastewater and stormwater systems design of sanitary sewers design of storm drainage systems water quality microbiological quality chemical quality of drinking water quality criteria for surface waters selected pollution parameters systems for treating wastewater and water wastewater treatment systems water treatment systems physical treatment processes flow-measuring devices screening devices hydraulic characteristics of reactors mixing and flocculation sedimentation filtration chemical treatment processes chemical considerations water softening iron and manganese removal chemical disinfection and by-product formations disinfection of potable water disinfection of wastewater taste and odour fluoridation corrosion and corrosion control reduction and dissolved salts nitrate removal volatile organic chemical removal synthetic organic chemical removal biological treatment processes biological considerations characteristics of wastewater trickling (biological) filters rotating biological contractors activated sludge stabilization ponds odour control individual on-site wastewater disposal marine wastewater disposal processing of sludges sources, characteristics, and quantities of waste sludges arrangement of unit processes in sludge disposal gravity thickening flotation thickening biological sludge digestion vacuum filtration pressure filtration centrifugation recovery of chemicals ultimate disposal advanced wastewater treatment processes limitations of secondary treatment selection of advanced wastewater treatment processes suspended-solids removal carbon adsorption phosphorous removal nitrogen removal wastewater reclamation water-quality models.
Limitations in Xylose-Fermenting<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, Made Evident through Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling and Thermodynamic Analysis (2010)

Little is known about how the general lack of efficiency with which recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains utilize xylose affects the yeast metabolome. Quantitative metabolomics was therefore performed for two xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strains, BP000 and BP10001, both engineered to produce xylose reductase (XR), NAD(+)-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase and xylulose kinase, and the corresponding wild-type strain CEN.PK 113-7D, which is not able to metabolize xylose. Contrary to BP000 expressing an NADPH-preferring XR, BP10001 expresses an NADH-preferring XR. An updated protocol of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry that was validated by applying internal (13)C-labeled metabolite standards was used to quantitatively determine intracellular pools of metabolites from the central carbon, energy, and redox metabolism and of eight amino acids. Metabolomic responses to different substrates, glucose (growth) or xylose (no growth), were analyzed for each strain. In BP000 and BP10001, flux through glycolysis was similarly reduced (∼27-fold) when xylose instead of glucose was metabolized. As a consequence, (i) most glycolytic metabolites were dramatically (≤ 120-fold) diluted and (ii) energy and anabolic reduction charges were affected due to decreased ATP/AMP ratios (3- to 4-fold) and reduced NADP(+) levels (∼3-fold), respectively. Contrary to that in BP000, the catabolic reduction charge was not altered in BP10001. This was due mainly to different utilization of NADH by XRs in BP000 (44%) and BP10001 (97%). Thermodynamic analysis complemented by enzyme kinetic considerations suggested that activities of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes and the pool of fructose-6-phosphate are potential factors limiting xylose utilization. Coenzyme and ATP pools did not rate limit flux through xylose pathway enzymes.
A digital master hearing aid. (1986)

The use of computer simulation in evaluating conventional and experimental hearing aids is described. Two illustrative examples are provided. The first involves the simulation of a conventional master hearing aid and its application in evaluating different adaptive strategies in the prescriptive fitting of hearing aids. The second example involves the simulation of an experimental hearing aid embodying modern digital signal-processing techniques for the reduction of background noise. A high-speed array processor is used in order to accomplish these simulations in real time.
Invasion and metastasis: new approaches to an old problem. (1993)

The progressive process of tumor invasion and generation of metastases is the primary cause of death for most patients with cancer. Recent advances have led to identification of novel sites for investigation and intervention. These advances include the definition of regulatory components of the metastatic cascade and characterization of the processes of angiogenesis, adhesion, proteolysis, and migration. This further understanding of the complex process of cancer progression has allowed the development of new diagnostic tools and potential therapeutic approaches.
Ganglioside GM<sub>1</sub> Does Not Initiate, but Enhances Neurite Regeneration of Nerve Growth Factor‐Dependent Sensory Neurones (1985)

An enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for neurofilament protein was utilised to quantify the effect of exogenous ganglioside on neurite regeneration in cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurones. In contrast to nerve growth factor (NGF), ganglioside GM1 (100 micrograms/ml) failed to support neuronal survival and neurite regeneration as quantified by the ELISA assay and confirmed by morphological criteria. However, the simultaneous presence of GM1 (100 micrograms/ml) and NGF (0.5-5 ng/ml) throughout a 5-day period of culture resulted in an enhancement of previously reported NGF-induced increases in the expression of neurofilament protein. Further, the addition of GM1 (0-200 micrograms/ml) at 48 h in vitro to cultures initially established in the presence of 5 ng/ml NGF substantially increased the subsequent expression of neurofilament protein, this response being both independent of and not potentiated by NGF. The results in the present system suggest that GM1 cannot initiate a programme of neurite regeneration; however, GM1 can enhance this process with the response being secondary to the effect of NGF.
Expression of RuBP carboxylase small subunit genes involves sequences with enhancer-like properties (1985)

Chimaeric genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) under the control of promoter fragments of varied length from a pea RuBP carboxylase small subunit gene were introduced into tobacco cells by Agrobacterium-mediated cell transformation and their expression characteristics studied in calli grown in light or darkness. These deletion studies demonstrated that nucleotide sequences at least 722 bp 5' to the mRNA cap site are required for high levels of light-inducible expression, although sequences residing within 92 bp of the cap site are still capable of directing low levels of photoregulated expression. Similar to transcriptional enhancer elements described in animal viral and cellular systems, nucleotide sequences involved in directing photoregulated expression act independent of orientation with either homologous or heterologous transcriptional control signals.
Formate modulated solvothermal synthesis of ZIF-8 investigated using time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (2011)

Time-resolved investigations using in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction in tandem with ex situscanning electron microscopy revealed that solvothermal crystallisation of ZIF-8 in methanol solvent and in the presence of sodium formate as a simple monodentate ligand (modulator) is a rapid process yielding big, high-quality single crystals in short time (<4 h). Kinetic analysis of crystallisation curves was performed by applying the Avrami–Erofe'ev and Gualtieri models. The analyses revealed that the weakly basic formate modulator acts as a base in deprotonation equilibria (deprotonation of the bridging 2-methylimidazole ligand) rather than as a competitive ligand in coordination equilibria at the metal (Zn2+) centres. This is in contrast to the coordination modulation function of formate in ZIF-8 synthesis at room temperature. Crystal shape evolves with time in the presence of formate from cubes with truncated edges to rhombic dodecahedra. The latter shape represents most likely the stable equilibrium morphology of ZIF-8.
A Density Functional Study of the <sup>13</sup>C NMR Chemical Shifts in Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2007)

The 13C NMR chemical shifts for functionalized (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), and (10,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been studied computationally using gauge-including projector-augmented plane-wave (GIPAW) density functional theory (DFT). The functional groups NH, NCH3, NCH2OH, and CH2NHCH2 have been considered, and different sites where covalent addition or substitution may occur have been examined. The shifts of the carbons directly attached to the group are sensitive to the bond which has been functionalized and may, therefore, be used to identify whether the group has reacted with a parallel or a diagonal C-C bond. The addition of NH to a parallel bond renders the functionalized carbons formally sp3-hybridized, yielding shifts of around 44 ppm, independent of the SWNT radius. Reaction with a diagonal bond retains the formal sp2 hybridization of the substituted carbons, and their shifts are slightly lower or higher than those of the unsubstituted carbon atoms. The calculated 1H NMR shifts of protons in the functional groups are also dependent upon the SWNT-group interaction. Upon decreasing the degree of functionalization for the systems where the group is added to a parallel bond, the average chemical shift of the unfunctionalized carbons approaches that of the pristine tube. At the same time, the shifts of the functionalized carbons remain independent upon the degree of functionalization. For the SWNTs where N-R attaches to a parallel bond, the average shift of the sp2 carbons was found to be insensitive to the substituent R. Moreover, the shifts of the functionalized sp3 carbons, as well as of the carbons within the group itself, are independent of the SWNT radius. The results indicate that a wealth of knowledge may be obtained from the 13C NMR of functionalized SWNTs.
Effect of Additive Molecular Structure on Friction Coefficient and Adsorption (1986)

Experimental results on friction coefficients obtained with a number of model additives in a four ball test apparatus have confirmed a recently proposed model of boundary lubrication. The values of adsorption free energies, calculated from friction coefficient data, agreed very closely with the free energies of adsorption determined by contact potential difference measurements. In general, the ranking order of additives based on the free energy of adsorption was the same as the published literature. The friction coefficient data obtained here were in excellent agreement with the published data on the chain length effect, chain saturation and branching and polar end-group structure. The ranking order within each group of single chain compounds was explained by the chain dispersion interactions. In general, the greater the chain dispersion interaction, the lower the minimum friction coefficient (the friction coefficient at monolayer coverage).
Parathyroid hormone‐related protein as a potential tumor marker: A case report of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (2006)

Hypercalcemia is one of the important paraneoplastic syndromes, mostly occurring in patients with advanced cancer. Clear cell carcinoma is known to be one of the most common histological subtypes of ovarian tumor associated with hypercalcemia. We present a case of ovarian clear cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia caused by elevated serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis in the primary and metastasis lesions. Serum calcium and PTHrP levels returned to normal after antihypercalcemic treatment and a radical operation, but they elevated along with the recurrence. Because tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen (CA)125 and CA19-9 were unstable owing to the patient's liver cirrhosis and were not reliable data for management, serum calcium and PTHrP levels are shown to have been a potential indicator of the recurrence in this case.
Bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria and their impact on milk fermentations (2011)

Every biotechnology process that relies on the use of bacteria to make a product or to overproduce a molecule may, at some time, struggle with the presence of virulent phages. For example, phages are the primary cause of fermentation failure in the milk transformation industry. This review focuses on the recent scientific advances in the field of lactic acid bacteria phage research. Three specific topics, namely, the sources of contamination, the detection methods and the control procedures will be discussed.