gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amination of Alcohols Catalyzed by Copper‐Aluminium Hydrotalcite: A Green Synthesis of Amines (2009)

Abstract Copper‐aluminium hydrotalcite (CuAl‐HT)/K 2 CO 3 has been employed in the activation of various benzyl alcohols with benzylamines to afford the corresponding amines in good to high yields. Experimentation showed that the reaction takes place through sequential transformations: the oxidation of alcohols into carbonyl compounds, imine formation between amines and carbonyl compounds, and then reduction ofimines to amines, heterogeneously catalyzed by non‐noble Cu‐Al HT catalyst in a one‐pot and straightforward fashion. The process was further extended to amination of alcohols with anilines, which are often resistant to alkylation reactions when substituted with strong electron‐withdrawing groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Adult T‐cell Leukemia in Spouses (1989)

A married couple who developed adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is described. The husband presented with acute ATL and died soon after admission in spite of aggressive chemotherapy, and his wife, who is diagnosed as smoldering ATL, has been followed in the out-patient clinic. The couple had serum antibodies against human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and the monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in their lymphocytes. The patients described represent the first reported example of ATL in a married couple.
Silicon High-Resistivity-Substrate Millimeter-Wave Technology (1986)

The application of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and X-ray lithography for the fabrication of monolithic integrated millimeter-wave devices on high-resistivity silicon has been investigated. Process compatibility and the retention of high-resistivity characteristics were measured using the spreading resistance method and Hall measurements after various process steps. Microstrip resonators of ring and linear geometry were fabricated ou 10 000 Omega · cm silicon substrates. For linear microstrip resonators, the attenuation was found to be less than 0.6 dB/cm at 90 GHz. A 95-GHz IMPATT oscillator circuit and a planar microstrip antenna array have been fabricated on highly insulating silicon substrates. For the oscillator, a combined monolithic-hybrid integration technique was used to attach the discrete IMPATT diode to the resonator circuit. The oscillator does not require tuning elements. Preliminary experimental results are 8 mW of output power with 0.2 percent efficiency at 95 GHz.
Silicon Germanium CMOS Optoelectronic Switching Device: Bringing Light to Latch (2007)

We propose a novel semiconductor optoelectronic (OE) switch that is a fusion of a Ge optical detector and a Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect transistor (FET). The device operation principle is investigated, and the performance is explored by simulations. The proof of principle is demonstrated by experiments. The use of Ge enables operation in standard telecommunication wavelengths, in addition to providing the surrounding Si circuitry with noise immunity from signaling. The transconductance of the FET provides amplification, and an experimental current gain of up to 1000 is demonstrated. A complementary function is shown by tailoring the doping profiles. The circuit performance of a complementary pair using the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors values for the 150-nm node is evaluated by simulation, yielding ~100-ps cycle times. The switch can be fabricated in the nanoscale regime along with a high-performance Si complementary MOS. A very low capacitance can be achieved due to the isolation of the detection region from the current drive. OE conversion that is performed with such a compact device offers the potential of inserting light at the latch level in a microprocessor.
Preparative isolation of osthol and xanthotoxol from Common Cnidium Fruit (Chinese traditional herb) using stepwise elution by high-speed counter-current chromatography (2004)

Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully used for isolation and purification of osthol and xanthotoxol from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (Common Cnidium Fruit) using stepwise elution with a pair of two-phase solvent systems composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water at (1:1:1:1, v/v), and (5:5:6:4, v/v), which had been selected by analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography. Using a preparative unit of the HSCCC centrifuge, about a 308 mg amount of the crude extract was separated, yielding 88.3 mg of osthol and 19.4 mg of xanthotoxol at a high purity of over 98%.
The current status and future directions of hepatitis B antiviral drug discovery (2016)

The current standard care of chronic hepatitis B fails to induce a durable off-drug control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in the majority of treated patients. The primary reasons are its inability to eliminate the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, the nuclear form of HBV genome, and restoration of the dysfunctional host antiviral immune response against the virus. Accordingly, discovery and development of therapeutics to completely stop HBV replication, eliminate or functionally inactivate cccDNA as well as activate a functional antiviral immune response against HBV are the primary efforts for finding a cure for chronic hepatitis B. Area covered: Herein, the authors highlight the current efforts of HBV drug discovery and offer their opinions for the future directions of this research. Expert opinion: The authors believe that through a consecutive or overlapping three-stage antiviral and immunotherapy program to: (i) completely stop HBV replication and cccDNA amplification; (ii) reduce viral antigen load and induce HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance through eradication or inactivation of cccDNA and RNA interference-mediated degradation of viral mRNA and (iii) activate a functional antiviral immune response against HBV through therapeutic immunization or immunotherapy, a functional cure of chronic HBV infection can be achieved in the majority of chronic HBV carriers.
Effects of Burkholderia pseudomallei and other Burkholderia species on eukaryotic cells in tissue culture. (1998)

Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a serious and often fatal bacterial infection. B. pseudomallei can behave as a facultatively intracellular organism and this ability may be important in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic infection. The uptake of B. pseudomallei and other Burkholderia spp. by cells in tissue culture was examined by electron microscopy. B. pseudomallei can invade cultured cell lines including phagocytic lines such as RAW264, J774 and U937, and non-phagocytic lines such as CaCO-2, Hep2, HeLa, L929, McCoy, Vero and CHO. Uptake was followed by the intracellular multiplication of B. pseudomallei and the induction of cell fusion and multinucleate giant cell formation. Similar effects were produced by B. mallei and B. thailandensis.
EnsMart: A Generic System for Fast and Flexible Access to Biological Data (2004)

The EnsMart system (www.ensembl.org/EnsMart) provides a generic data warehousing solution for fast and flexible querying of large biological data sets and integration with third-party data and tools. The system consists of a query-optimized database and interactive, user-friendly interfaces. EnsMart has been applied to Ensembl, where it extends its genomic browser capabilities, facilitating rapid retrieval of customized data sets. A wide variety of complex queries, on various types of annotations, for numerous species are supported. These can be applied to many research problems, ranging from SNP selection for candidate gene screening, through cross-species evolutionary comparisons, to microarray annotation. Users can group and refine biological data according to many criteria, including cross-species analyses, disease links, sequence variations, and expression patterns. Both tabulated list data and biological sequence output can be generated dynamically, in HTML, text, Microsoft Excel, and compressed formats. A wide range of sequence types, such as cDNA, peptides, coding regions, UTRs, and exons, with additional upstream and downstream regions, can be retrieved. The EnsMart database can be accessed via a public Web site, or through a Java application suite. Both implementations and the database are freely available for local installation, and can be extended or adapted to 'non-Ensembl' data sets.
Airborne Video Image Processing (1982)

Images of objects and scenes on earth taken from high and low altitude aircraft have been used for many purposes, including natural resource analysis, weather prediction, and navigational aid. For an image of low contrast, the amplitude variations of the high frequency components of the video are small and can be masked by noise introduced during recording and transmission. Digital and analog image processing techniques are used to enhance and retain the detail information of the scene represented by the high frequency components. Experimental results are presented for the processing of optical and radar images.
Relation between the Quality of Canned Fish and Its Content of ATP-breakdown-III (1973)

The ratios of HX and IMP content to total HX, HXR and IMP content in canned albacore and skipjack meat were measured and correlated with organoleptic judgments by Japanese and American inspectors in order to establish a useful chemical index of meat “decomposi-tion”. A linear relation expressed by a simple equation and a high correlation coefficient (over 0.9) between the HX or IMP ratios in raw and canned meat was obtained. As the inspection scores (odour judgments by Japanese inspectors) pass from high rating a' through b, b' down to low ratings C and D, there is a definite increase in the HX ratios of the respecti-vely rated canned meats. From this, it was inferred that the Japanese inspection standard of odour is closely related to the freshness of fish material. The Japanese inspection scores based on odour and the American inspection judgments of “decomposition” of canned albacore and skipjack prepared from frozen fish agreed fairly well with each other. There was, however, a pronounced disagreement in inspection judgements of canned “winter albacore” and canned skipjack prepared from iced fish.
Gate Oxide Reliability Issues of SiC MOSFETs Under Short-Circuit Operation (2014)

Silicon-Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs, due to material properties, are designed with smaller thickness in the gate oxide and a higher electric field compared to Si MOSFETs. Consequently, the SiC MOSFETs have a worse reliability which causes higher leakage currents during instantaneous abnormal operating conditions. This paper investigates the reliability issues of the SiC MOSFET gate oxide under standard short-circuit test conditions. In this paper, 1200-V SiC MOSFETs are newly modeled, and also their short-circuit sustainability (tolerance) have been studied at different drain-source and gate-source voltages. A hardware tester circuit was designed and developed to test the devices under such extreme circuit conditions. Then, the gate reliability of SiC MOSFET devices have been compared to that of Si power devices of similar ratings. The results reveal a higher reduction in the instantaneous gate-source voltage of SiC MOSFETs compared to that of Si devices under the same operating conditions. The gate-voltage reduction phenomenon results from the higher leakage currents through the gate. Furthermore, it was found that the gate-source voltage reduction during the test depends on the gate structures. The gate voltage reduction of SiC MOSFETs with planar gate is higher than that of MOSFETs with shield planar gate. As the pulse duration increases in short-circuit tests, the leakage current in the gate-source of SiC devices increases. The results show that even though the SiC MOSFETs are very capable of processing long pulses and high power in the drain-source, the gate-source side is highly degraded by these pulses in the test. Moreover, whenever a small number of the short-circuit tests are applied, the gate structure of SiC MOSFETs becomes broken while the drain-source is still able to block the dc-link voltage. The paper concludes that the short-circuit reliability of the gate was found to be worse compared with commercial Si devices with similar rating.
A logic theory of learning from experience (2002)

A formal description is presented of the process learning from experience. First-order logic is used as a language to denote knowledge. The theory consists of a first-order logic in Gentzen style, two concepts of counterexample and refutation by facts, and a hypothesis calculus for modifying a theory to match the human's observation and experiments. A comparison with nonmonotonic logic is also made.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laser penetration spike welding: a welding tool enabling novel process and design opportunities (2002)

A novel method for laser welding for sheet metal. is presented. This laser spike welding method is capable of bridging large gaps between sheet metal plates. Novel constructions can be designed and manufactured. Examples are light weight metal epoxy multi-layers and constructions having additional strength with respect to rigidity and impact resistance. Its capability to bridge large gaps allows higher dimensional tolerances in production. The required laser systems are commercially available and are easily implemented in existing production lines. The lasers are highly reliable, the resulting spike welds are quickly realized and the cost price per weld is very low.
Effect of Project Types on Business Health and Safety Practices in the Construction Sector: Focusing on Ankara Province (2018)

Today, the concept of occupational health and safety emerges from technical, legal, and socioeconomic aspects at every point of life. This study discusses the work accidents that have occurred at construction sites, the perspectives of employees in the sector toward these accidents, and what can be done after such work accidents occur. A survey was conducted with 384 construction project employees in Ankara (employers, technical staff, and workers). The interactions between parameters that are thought to cause workplace accidents have been evaluated. The study concludes that in large size projects, OHS measures were increased and that measures against occupational accidents in public housing areas were more effective than other project types. It has been found that occupational health and safety training is provided in 49.2% of the projects in build-and-sell sector and in 100% of turn-key projects. Some of the striking points that have emerged from the study are that the distance to danger has been increased by all the infrastructure companies within the context of collective protection against a present danger and that 90.5% of danger sources have been isolated by the mass housing developers. The results of the study are expected to positively contribute to the development of occupational health and safety training in the construction sector. Keywords : Occupational health and safety, work accidents, use of personal protective equipment, OHS trainings
Anormalidades neuropatológicas e neuroquímicas no transtorno afetivo bipolar (2004)

The neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities demonstrated in BD may be related to the pathophysiology of this disorder and the effects of mood stabilizers. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intracellular signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Medical Students' Academic Distress, Coping, and Achievement Strategies During the Preclinical Years (1999)

Background: Medical students' distress during medical education has attracted increasing attention. It is unclear what kind of coping strategies are most widely used and most adaptive in the different phases of the medical education and career. Purposes: Medical students' (N = 110) academic distress, coping, and achievement strategies were explored during their 2.5-year preclinical training. Methods: The students responded to inquiries at 3 points in time. Both questionnaires and individual interviews were used. Results: The time and coping strategies were associated with the students' achievement strategies and stress symptoms. There was a significant increase of symptoms during the first 2 study years. Although a majority of the students seemed to cope well with the stress, a subgroup with dysfunctional and inadequate strategies was identified to be at risk for negative development. Conclusions: More attention should be given to medical students' distress and coping efforts during the first study years. Preventive measures by medical educators are discussed.
Reactive site peptide structural similarity between heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III. (1985)

Heparin cofactor II (Mr = 65,600) was purified 1800-fold from human plasma to further characterize the structural and functional properties of the protein as they compare to antithrombin III (Mr = 56,600). Heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III are functionally similar in that both proteins have been shown to inhibit thrombin at accelerated rates in the presence of heparin. There was little evidence for structural homology between heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III when high performance liquid chromatography-tryptic peptide maps and NH2-terminal sequences were compared. A partially degraded form of heparin cofactor II was also obtained in which a significant portion (Mr = 8,000) of the NH2 terminus was missing. The rates of thrombin inhibition (+/- heparin) by native and partially degraded-heparin cofactor II were not significantly different, suggesting that the NH2-terminal region of the protein is not essential either for heparin binding or for thrombin inhibition. A significant degree of similarity was found in the COOH-terminal regions of the proteins when the primary structures of the reactive site peptides, i.e. the peptides which are COOH-terminal to the reactive site peptide bonds cleaved by thrombin, were compared. Of the 36 residues identified, 19 residues in the reactive site peptide sequence of heparin cofactor II could be aligned with residues in the reactive site peptide from antithrombin III. While the similarities in primary structure suggest that heparin cofactor II may be an additional member of the superfamily of proteins consisting of antithrombin III, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and ovalbumin, the differences in structure could account for differences in protease specificity and reactivity toward thrombin. In particular, a disulfide bond which links the COOH-terminal (reactive site) region of antithrombin III to the remainder of the molecule and is important for the heparin-induced conformational change in the protein and high affinity binding of heparin does not appear to exist in heparin cofactor II. This observation provides an initial indication that while the reported kinetic mechanisms of action of heparin in accelerating the heparin cofactor II/thrombin and antithrombin III/thrombin reactions are similar, the mechanisms and effects of heparin binding to the two inhibitors may be different.
Albuminuria and the renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms in type-2-diabetic and in normoglycemic hypertensive Chinese. (2001)

In this cohort of Chinese subjects, the ACE gene polymorphism D allele was less frequent in normoglycemic hypertensive patients with albuminuria and in type 2 diabetes.
AndrEnsemble (2019)

Assigning family labels to malicious apps is a common practice for grouping together malware with identical behavior. However, recent studies show that apps labeled as belonging to the same family do not necessarily behave similarly: one app may lack or have extra capabilities compared to others in the same family, and, conversely, two apps labeled as belonging to different families may exhibit close behavior. To reveal these inconsistencies, this paper presents AndrEnsemble, a characterization system for Android malware families based on ensembles of sensitive API calls extracted from aggregated call graphs of different families. Our method has several advantages over similar characterization approaches, including a greater reduction ratio with respect to original call graphs, robustness against transformation attacks, and flexibility to be applied at different granularity levels. We experimentally validate our approach and discuss three specific use cases: mobile ransomware, SMS Trojans and banking Trojans. This left us with some interesting findings. First of all, malicious operations in these types of malware are not necessarily exercised by using several sensitive API calls all together. Second, SMS Trojans have larger ensembles of API calls compared to the other types. Last but not least, we identified several samples with identical ensembles though being labeled as part of different families.
Inhibited and Enhanced Spontaneous Emission from Optically Thin AlGaAs/GaAs Double Heterostructures (1988)

Inhibited spontaneous emission in atomic physics has been intensively investigated recently. In solid-state physics these effects are no less important. We have studied the spontaneous emission of light from electron-hole recombination in optically thin GaAs double heterostructures. The electron-hole radiative recombination rate coefficient $B$ is not purely a property of the GaAs itself, but depends strongly on the optical-mode density and refractive index of the medium in which it is immersed. The spontaneous-emission rate can be markedly increased or decreased depending on whether the surrounding refractive index is higher or lower than that of GaAs.
Paclitaxel combination therapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. (1996)

After the single-agent activity of paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) was confirmed, trials to develop a synergistic combination began. Doxorubicin, the most active agent for breast cancer, was studied first. As paclitaxel became more available, other combinations, including high-dose regimens and adjuvant therapies, have been studied. No optimal combination regimen has been defined. Recent and/or ongoing trials are looking at paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil/ folinic acid, and mitoxantrone combinations, as well as with high-dose regimens and as adjuvant therapy. This review describes a plethora of combination studies finally under way to better define the optimal use of paclitaxel in breast cancer therapies, both as adjuvant treatment and for metastatic disease. Because of the unpredictable nature of drug interactions related to schedule and sequence, ad hoc combinations should not be undertaken outside the context of a well-designed trial.