gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE IN GAS SEPARATION PROCESSES: ITS SUITABILITY AND MECHANISMS (2010)

In separation of gases, membranes offer the greatest potential. In interaction with a membrane, a high degree of permeability coupled with a large selectivity of a specific gaseous species ensures superior performances in the gas processing industry. Economically, the advantage of membrane separation technology is immense. The separation of natural gas by thin barriers termed as membranes is a dynamic and rapidly growing field, and it has been proven to be technically and economically superior to other emerging technologies. This superiority is due to certain advantages which membrane technology benefits from, including low capital investment, low weight, and space requirement and high process flexibility. In the past ten years, the membrane gas separation technology has advanced greatly and can now be regarded as a competitive industrial gas separation method. The benefits of Membrane Technology also include higher recovery of the desired gaseous effluent that can be reused for multiple purposes. This article discusses various experimental and analytical models related to current membrane technologies.
Market and Nonmarket Barriers to Internet Wine Sales: The Case of Virginia (2004)

We discuss the political and legal environment surrounding Internet wine sales, and consider the arguments in the debate over direct shipment bans on wine by investigating the wine market in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC. Using a sample of wines identified by Wine and Spirits magazine's annual restaurant poll, we find that 15 percent of wines available online were not available from retail wine stores within 10 miles of McLean, Virginia during the month the data were collected. Our results also indicate that Virginia's direct shipment ban, which was in place until 2003, prevented consumers from purchasing some premium wines at lower prices online. Aggregate cost savings depends on the consumer's shopping strategy, the price per bottle, the quantity of wine ordered, and the shipping method chosen. For the entire sample, online purchase could result in an average savings of as much as 3.6 percent or an average premium of as much as 48 percent. A comparison shopper who considers both online and offline retailers could save an average of 1.6-9.7 percent. These results help explain why consumers and producers have found it worthwhile to challenge interstate direct shipment bans, which tend to benefit wine wholesalers.
Indolelactate dehydrogenase from <i>Clostridium sporogenes</i> (1968)

Indolelactate dehydrogenase has been purified 13-fold from cell-free extracts of Clostridium sporogenes. The enzyme is inactive with lactate, but active with indolelactate, phenyllactate, and p-hydroxyphenyllactate, and utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) but not nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP (1), as coenzyme. The reaction is reversible; the equilibrium constant is 6.3 × 10 − 6 M at pH 7.0, expressed as [indolepyruvate] [NADH] [H + ]/[indolelactate] [NAD].The enzyme preparation exhibits regular Michaelis–Menten kinetics with respect to indolelactate, NAD, and NADP, but not with respect to indolepyruvate.
Recent Developments in Testing the Permeability of Good Barriers (1992)

Today's better barriers require a precision in permeation testing not available even as recently as 1985. New processes such as coextrusion, new materials such as EVOH, and new uses for barriers, such as controlled at mosphere packaging, have placed new requirements on the method and preci sion for testing good barriers. This paper outlines the basic parameters which affect permeation, the ASTM and TAPPI Methods which are currently in use, and the apparatus which is required. The current state-of the-art in the most accurate methods for testing oxygen and water vapor available today is ex plored, along with an analysis of expected precision of measurements.
Organocatalytic reactions in water (2009)

Organocatalysts have emerged as a third major way of catalyzing a wide variety of reactions, besides metal catalysts and biocatalysts. They have gained tremendous importance because of their green chemistry perspective. The criteria for green chemistry would be largely fulfilled if the major component of the reaction mixture, i.e. the solvent, is water which is a suitable solvent in various biosynthetic reactions. In this feature article we have described reactions promoted by organocatalysts in a large excess of water, without any organic solvent or excess of any reactant. We have also explained the structural features required for organocatalysts to work well in aqueous media.
Evaluation of design options for the trace cache fetch mechanism (1999)

In this paper, we examine some critical design features of a trace cache fetch engine for a 16-wide issue processor and evaluate their effects on performance. We evaluate path associativity, partial matching, and inactive issue, all of which are straightforward extensions to the trace cache. We examine features such as the fill unit and branch predictor design. In our final analysis, we show that the trace cache mechanism attains a 28 percent performance improvement over an aggressive single block fetch mechanism and a 15 percent improvement over a sequential multiblock mechanism.
Noncovalent active site interactions enhance the affinity and control the binding order of reversible inhibitors of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1990)

The peptides, Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-NH2, Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Ala-Leu-Gly-NH2, and Leu-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Leu-Gly-NH2, serve as active site-directed inhibitors of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle. The Asn-containing peptide is a 10-fold more potent inhibitor than its Ala- and Gln-containing counterparts. All three peptides are linear competitive inhibitors versus a peptide-based substrate and uncompetitive inhibitors versus MgATP. The enhanced inhibitory potency of the Asn-peptide, in conjunction with the observed loss of ATP-ase activity of the enzyme in the presence of the inhibitor, suggests that asparagine may serve as a through-space isostere of serine. The uncompetitive inhibition pattern displayed by amide-capped peptides versus MgATP indicates that these species bind in an ordered fashion to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, with MgATP binding first.
Scaling drug indication curation through crowdsourcing (2015)

Motivated by the high cost of human curation of biological databases, there is an increasing interest in using computational approaches to assist human curators and accelerate the manual curation process. Towards the goal of cataloging drug indications from FDA drug labels, we recently developed LabeledIn, a human-curated drug indication resource for 250 clinical drugs. Its development required over 40 h of human effort across 20 weeks, despite using well-defined annotation guidelines. In this study, we aim to investigate the feasibility of scaling drug indication annotation through a crowdsourcing technique where an unknown network of workers can be recruited through the technical environment of Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). To translate the expert-curation task of cataloging indications into human intelligence tasks (HITs) suitable for the average workers on MTurk, we first simplify the complex task such that each HIT only involves a worker making a binary judgment of whether a highlighted disease, in context of a given drug label, is an indication. In addition, this study is novel in the crowdsourcing interface design where the annotation guidelines are encoded into user options. For evaluation, we assess the ability of our proposed method to achieve high-quality annotations in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner. We posted over 3000 HITs drawn from 706 drug labels on MTurk. Within 8 h of posting, we collected 18 775 judgments from 74 workers, and achieved an aggregated accuracy of 96% on 450 control HITs (where gold-standard answers are known), at a cost of $1.75 per drug label. On the basis of these results, we conclude that our crowdsourcing approach not only results in significant cost and time saving, but also leads to accuracy comparable to that of domain experts.
The Influence of Polysaccharides on the Glass Transition in Frozen Sucrose Solutions and Ice Cream (1993)

Abbreviation key: DSC = differential scanning calorimeter (or calorimetry), SEM = scanning electron microscope (or microscopy), Tg' = the glass transition temper~ture of a maximally freeze-concentrated solutIOn, TMA = thermomechanical analyzer (or analysis).
Dendrimer-transition metal catalyzed oxidation and reduction reactions. (2005)

This project was launched with the aim of developing dendrimer catalysts for oxidation and reduction reactions. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propyleneimine) (PPI) dendrimers were of interest because of their well-established synthesis. Chapter 1 describes the fundamentals of dendrimers and provides a brief insight of their application in catalysis. In particular, examples of dendritic catalysts that have been previously employed as oxidation and reduction catalysts are presented. Chapter 2 presents the synthesis and characterization of silica-supported PAMAM dendrimers, their phosphomethylation with Ph2 PCH2OH, and their complexation to palladium complexes. Chapter 3 reports the application of the silica-supported PAMAM-Pd complexes to the oxidation of alkenes to methyl ketones under Wacker-type conditions as well as the use of tBuOOH as the oxidant in these reactions. Chapter 4 discusses the use of the above-mentioned complexes to catalyze the selective hydrogenation of dienes to monoolefins in the presence of H2 under mild reaction conditions. Chapter 5 presents our efforts in modifying PPI dendrimers with the salen moiety to give ligands that are coordinated to the metals Ti and V. Attempts at using the former complexes to promote the epoxidation of alkenes and the latter complexes to catalyze the epoxidation of olefinic alcohols are discussed.
A New Algorithm for Generating All the Maximal Independent Sets (1977)

The problem of generating all the maximal independent sets (or maximal cliques) of a given graph is fundamental in graph theory and is also one of the most important in terms of the application of graph theory. In this paper, we present a new efficient algorithm for generating all the maximal independent sets, for which processing time and memory space are bounded by $O(nm\mu)$ and $O(n+m)$, respectively, where n, m, and $\mu$ are the numbers of vertices, edges, and maximal independent sets of a graph.
A novel algorithm for enumerating maximal bicliques from a symmetric matrix (2012)

We address the problem of enumerating maximal bicliques from a symmetric matrix. We propose a novel algorithm named TWINBLADE which exploits the properties of symmetric matrix, and reduces the search space to a larger extent and it generates not even a single duplicate. Our algorithm is compared with LCM-MBC algorithm, in the experiment conducted, ours take almost only half the running time of LCM-MBC for sparse and comparatively performs better for dense datasets.
New techniques for predicting the multipath fading distribution on VHF/UHF/SHF terrestrial line-of-sight links in Canada (1992)

New methods are presented for predicting the signal fading distribution due to multipath propagation for the average worst month on VHF/UHF/SHF terrestrial line-of-sight lines in Canada. One method for the deep fading range does not require detailed path profile information and is designed for preliminary planning or licensing purposes. A second method which does employ the path profile is intended for more detailed design purposes. A third method, complementary to the other two, is given for predicting the distribution in the shallow fading range. All three methods are presented in step-by-step form for ease of application. The detailed bases of the methods, and their relationship to earlier methods, are also presented. These methods are the first to employ refractivity gradient statistics in the predictions and to cover the VHF/UHF bands in addition to the SHF band. Some guidance is also given to the designer on the path clearances required to minimize the effects of multipath fading.
Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers (1992)

A new microlaser design based on the high-reflectivity whispering-gallery modes around the edge of a thin semiconductor microdisk is described and initial experimental results are presented. Optical confinement within the thin disk plane results in a microresonator with potential for single-mode, ultralow threshold lasers. Initial experiments use selective etching techniques in the InP/InGaAsP system to achieve 3–10 μm diameter disks as thin as 500 Å suspended in air or SiO2 on an InP pedestal. Optically pumped InGaAs quantum wells provide sufficient gain when cooled with liquid nitrogen to obtain single-mode lasing at 1.3 and 1.5 μm wavelengths with threshold pump powers below 100 μW.
Volumetric Display System Using a Digital Micromirror Device Based on Inclined-Plane Scanning (2010)

Experimental results of a volumetric display system based on three-dimensional (3D) scanning using an inclined image are reported. An optical real image of an inclined two-dimensional (2D) display device is moved laterally by an optical mirror scanner. Inclined cross-sectional images of a 3D object are projected in accordance with the position of the image plane. A 3D real image is formed as a stack of 2D cross-sectional images as a result of high-speed scanning. This 3D image can satisfy all the criteria for stereoscopic vision. An experimental system using a galvanometer mirror and a digital micromirror device was constructed, and generated three-dimensional images consisting of 1024 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex> </formula> 768 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\times$</tex> </formula> 200 voxels. A multilevel image can be formed by a spatial dithering technique, even though the binary display device was used.
Transition Metal-Containing Rotaxanes and Catenanes in Motion: Toward Molecular Machines and Motors (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition Metal-Containing Rotaxanes and Catenanes in Motion: Toward Molecular Machines and MotorsJean-Pierre SauvageView Author Information Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minérale, UMR 7513 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 10, 611–619Publication Date (Web):June 9, 1998Publication History Received20 November 1997Published online9 June 1998Published inissue 1 October 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar960263rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar960263rresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4844Altmetric-Citations762LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catenanes,Molecules,Rearrangement,Redox reactions,Rotaxanes Get e-Alerts
Simple Approach to Assign Disulfide Connectivity Using Extracted Ion Chromatograms of Electron Transfer Dissociation Spectra (2012)

Increasing interest in production of protein-based pharmaceuticals (biotherapeutics) is accompanied by an increased need for verification of protein folding and correct disulfide bonding. Recombinant protein expression may produce aberrant disulfide bonds and could result in safety concerns or decreased efficacy. Thus, the thorough analysis of disulfide bonding is a necessity for protein therapeutics. The use of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) facilitates this analysis because disulfide bonds are preferentially cleaved when subjected to ETD. Here, we make use of this well-characterized reaction to assign disulfide bonding networks by coupling the use of extracted ion chromatograms (XICs) of cysteine-containing peptides with ETD analysis to produce an efficient assignment approach for disulfide bonding. This method can be used to assign a disulfide pattern in a de novo fashion, to detect disulfide shuffling, and to provide information on heterogeneity, when more than one disulfide bonding pattern is present. The method was applied for assigning the disulfide-bonding network of a recombinant monomer of the HIV envelope protein gp120. It was found that one region of the protein, the V1/V2 loops, had significant heterogeneity in the disulfide bonds.
Error Estimates in Second-Order Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulators (2021)

Continuous-time Sigma-Delta (CT-ΔΣ) modulators are oversampling Analog-to-Digital converters that may provide higher sampling rates and lower power consumption than their discrete counterpart. Whereas approximation errors are established for high-order discrete time ΔΣ modulators, theoretical analysis of the error between the filtered output and the input remain scarce. This paper presents a general framework to study this error: under regularity assumptions on the input and the filtering kernel, we prove for a second-order CT-ΔΣ that the error estimate may be in o(1/N)2, where N is the oversampling ratio. The whole theory is validated by numerical experiments.
UBC<sup>®</sup><i>Rapid</i>Test for detection of carcinoma in situ for bladder cancer (2017)

UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test is a test that detects fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in urine. We present results of a multicentre study measuring UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test in bladder cancer patients and healthy controls with focus on carcinoma in situ (CIS) and high-grade bladder cancer. From our study with N = 452 patients, we made a stratified sub-analysis for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Clinical urine samples were used from 87 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder (23 carcinoma in situ, 23 non-muscle-invasive low-grade tumours, 21 non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours and 20 muscle-invasive high-grade tumours) and from 22 healthy controls. The cut-off value was defined at 10.0 µg/L. Urine samples were analysed by the UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test point-of-care system (concile Omega 100 POC reader). Pathological levels of UBC Rapid Test in urine are higher in patients with bladder cancer in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001). Sensitivity was calculated at 86.9% for carcinoma in situ, 30.4% for non-muscle-invasive low-grade bladder cancer, 71.4% for nonmuscle-invasive high grade bladder cancer and 60% for muscle-invasive high-grade bladder cancer, and specificity was 90.9%. The area under the curve of the quantitative UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test using the optimal threshold obtained by receiveroperated curve analysis was 0.75. Pathological values of UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test in urine are higher in patients with high-grade bladder cancer in comparison to low-grade tumours and the healthy control group. UBC<sup>®</sup> Rapid Test has potential to be more sensitive and specific urinary protein biomarker for accurate detection of high-grade patients and could be added especially in the diagnostics for carcinoma in situ and non-muscle-invasive high-grade tumours of urinary bladder cancer.
An evaluation of variables influencing implant fixation by direct bone apposition (1985)

A systematic mechanical and histologic evaluation of design variables affecting bone apposition to various biocompatible materials was undertaken. The variables investigated included material elastic modulus, material surface texture, as well as material surface composition. The implant materials included polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), low-temperature isotropic (LTI) pyrolytic carbon, commercially pure (C.P.) titanium, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Implant surface texture was varied by either polishing or grit-blasting the various materials. Implant surface composition was varied by applying a coating of ultra-low temperature isotropic (ULTI) pyrolytic carbon to the various implants. A total of 12 types of implants were evaluated in vivo by placement transcortically in the femora of adult mongrel dogs for a period of 32 weeks. Following sacrifice, mechanical push-out testing was performed to determine interface shear strength and interface shear stiffness. The results obtained from mechanical testing indicate that for implants fixed by direct bone apposition, interface stiffness and interface shear strength are not significantly affected by either implant elastic modulus or implant surface composition. Varying surface texture, however, significantly affected the interface response to the implants. For each elastic modulus group the roughened surfaced implants exhibited greater strengths than the corresponding smooth surfaced implants. Undecalcified histologic evaluation of the implants demonstrated that the roughened implants exhibited direct bone apposition, whereas the smooth implants exhibited various degrees of fibrous tissue encasement. Thus, for implants utilizing direct bone apposition fixation, it appears that of the parameters investigated, implant surface texture is the most significant.
Studies on pyrimidine derivatives. XII. Reaction of 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine N-oxides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. (1979)

The 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4-benzyloxy-6-methylpyrimidine 1-oxide (Ia) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) gave dimethyl α-oxo-α'-(4-benzyloxy-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl) succinate (IIa), which was readily hydrolyzed to methyl 4-benzyloxy-6-methyl-2-pyrimidineacetate (IIIa). A similar reaction of 4-methoxy-(Ib) and 4-ethoxy-6-methylpyrimidine 1-oxide (Ic) gave corresponding methyl 2-pyrimidineacetates (IIIb, c). On the other hand, 6-methyl-4-piperidinopyrimidine 1-oxide (Id) reacted with DMAD to give a betaine derivative, 1-(6-methyl-4-piperidino-1-pyrimidinio)-1, 2-bis (methoxycarbonyl) ethenyl-2-oxide (IV).