gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controls on Polymer Molecular Weight May Be Used To Control the Size of Palmitoyl Glycol Chitosan Polymeric Vesicles (2001)

For the first time, to our knowledge, it has been demonstrated that polymeric vesicle size may be controlled by controls on polymer molecular weight. A direct relationship exists between the square root of the palmitoyl glycol chitosan molecular weight and sonicated polymeric vesicle z-average mean diameter (r = 0.95). Glycol chitosan samples of varying molecular weight were prepared by hydrolysis with 4 M hydrochloric acid and palmitoyl glycol chitosan samples of varying molecular weight synthesized by reacting glycol chitosan with palmitic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Polymer characterization was carried out by gel permeation chromatography/laser light scattering and 1H NMR. Vesicles produced from the various palmitoyl glycol chitosan samples by probe sonication in the presence of cholesterol were sized and imaged by transmission electron microscopy. Palmitoyl glycol chitosan samples of MW 276 000, 134 000, 89 000, 28 000, and 31 000 produced unilamellar polymeric vesicles with a z-average mean diameter of 481, 429, 384, 221, and 206 nm, respectively. In addition palmitoyl glycol chitosan vesicles could be prepared from the low molecular weight polymer (MW 28 000) alone in the absence of cholesterol.
The effect of condenser heat transfer on the energy performance of a plate heat pipe solar collector (2005)

For a novel prototype solar collector, using a plate heat pipe, condenser heat transfer was analysed in detail. The condenser has the shape of a rectangular channel. Flow and heat transfer of water in the rectangular channel was modelled and the heat transfer coefficient assessed, using the Fluent code. Under typical operating conditions a mixed convection situation occurs. The channel is inclined and heating is through one wall only (upper channel surface). The range of temperature differences considered was similar to the one verified under real operating conditions, covering a wide range of Grashof numbers. Results showed that the Nusselt number is significantly higher than the one for forced convection in a rectangular channel with fully developed boundary layers. In order to enhance heat transfer, a modification to the rectangular channel was analysed, using baffles to improve flow distribution and increase velocity. The effect of this modification on collector energy performance (efficiency) was assessed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Regulation of Cell Interactions in theArabidopsis fiddlehead-1Mutant: A Role for the Epidermal Cell Wall and Cuticle (1997)

Although the plant epidermis serves primarily a protective role, during plant development some epidermal cells specialize, becoming competent to interact not only with pollen but also with other epidermal cells. In the former case, these interactions mediate recognition, germination, and pollen growth responses and, in the latter case, result in interorgan fusions which, most commonly, alter floral architecture in ways that are thought to promote reproductive success. In either case, all of the initial signaling events must take place across the cell wall and cuticle. In Arabidopsis, mutation of the FIDDLEHEAD gene alters the shoot epidermis such that all epidermal cells become competent to participate in both types of interactions. In fdh-1 mutants, epidermal cells manifest not only a contact-mediated fusion response but also interact with pollen. Since carpel epidermal derivatives manifest both of these properties, we postulated that fdh-1 epidermal cells were ectopically expressing a carpel-like program. In this report we demonstrate that manifestation of the fdh-1 phenotype does not require the product of the AGAMOUS gene, indicating that the phenotype is either independent of the carpel development program or that fdh-1 mutations activate a carpel-specific developmental program downstream of the AG gene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that plants bearing mutations in the fdh-1 gene show significant changes in cell wall and cuticular permeability. Biochemical analyses of the lipid composition of the crude cell wall fraction reveal that fdh-1 cell walls differ from wild-type and manifest significant changes in high-molecular-weight lipid peaks. These results suggest that cell wall and cuticular permeability may be important determinants in developmental signaling between interacting cells and implicate lipids as important factors in modulating the selectivity of the permeability barrier presented by the epidermal cell wall and cuticle.
Insight into mode-of-action and structural determinants of the compstatin family of clinical complement inhibitors (2022)

With the addition of the compstatin-based complement C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan, another class of complement targeted therapeutics have recently been approved. Moreover, compstatin derivatives with enhanced pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles are in clinical development (e.g., Cp40/AMY-101). Despite this progress, the target binding and inhibitory modes of the compstatin family remain incompletely described. Here, we present the crystal structure of Cp40 complexed with its target C3b at 2.0-Å resolution. Structure-activity-relationship studies rationalize the picomolar affinity and long target residence achieved by lead optimization, and reveal a role for structural water in inhibitor binding. We provide explanations for the narrow species specificity of this drug class and demonstrate distinct target selection modes between clinical compstatin derivatives. Functional studies provide further insight into physiological complement activation and corroborate the mechanism of its compstatin-mediated inhibition. Our study may thereby guide the application of existing and development of next-generation compstatin analogs.
The Production Histories of Oil Producing Gas-Drive Reservoirs (1945)

A theory has been developed for predicting the behavior of solution gas-drive oil producing reservoirs, on the basis of previously established empirical laws on the flow of heterogeneous fluids through porous media. Treatments are given both for the simple pressure depletion history without gas injection, and those for systems in which gas is injected during the course of oil production. The specific results provided by the theoretical analysis include the ultimate oil recovery, and the pressure decline, gas-oil ratio, and productivity factor histories. Two types of gas injection have been considered, namely: (1) that in which the returned gas is supposed to diffuse through and be produced continuously with the oil zone; and (2) that in which the injected gas remains locked in the gas cap, which merely expands as oil production and gas injection proceed. In the latter case the rate of growth of the gas cap is also obtained as a function of the cumulative oil recovery. The theory is illustrated by numerical application to a hypothetical virgin oil reservoir with an original pressure of 2500 p.s.i. producing by gas-drive, and with no initial gas cap. It is so found that if no gas is injected into the system the physical ultimate oil recovery will be 14.5 percent of the pore space, or 27.1 percent of the original stock tank oil content, assuming that the formation initially has a connate water saturation of 30 percent. The gas-oil ratio first declines as production is started, then rises sharply to a maximum of 4400 cu. ft./bbl., and finally falls steeply as the pressure is depleted to atmospheric. If there is no gas segregation and 60 percent of the produced gas is returned to the formation, the ultimate oil recovery will be increased by 27.6 percent. The gas-oil ratio history will be similar to that with no gas injection, but will rise to a maximum of 10,300 cu. ft./bbl. If 80 percent of the gas is returned, the recovery increase will be 48.8 percent, the maximum in the gas-oil ratio history reaching a value of 19,450 cu. ft./bbl. If all the gas is returned, the gas-oil ratio rise will be so rapid that by the time 20,000 cu. ft./bbl. is reached only 23.5 percent additional oil will be recovered. During these operations the productive capacities of the wells will fall by factors of the order of 10, because of the increasing viscosities of the oil and decreasing permeabilities to the oil, as the pressure declines and the oil saturation decreases. For the case where the gas remains trapped in the gas cap, the ultimate oil recovery will be 163 percent greater than by direct pressure depletion, if the residual oil after gravity drainage is 15 percent of the pore space. This recovery will be essentially independent of the amount of gas return, although the final reservoir pressure at the time of complete gas cap expansion will be greater as more gas is returned. The increased oil viscosity and decreased permeability to the oil will here reduce the specific production capacities of the wells to ¼ or ⅓ of their initial values.
Development of a Self-Cleaning Particle Trap for Diesel Engine Particulate Control (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A rotating, self-cleaning particulate trap device has been developed and tested coupled with the exhaust of a single cylinder compression ignition engine. This trap design does not require thermal regeneration to burn the collected particles. Instead, it involves a continuous self-cleaning process, thereby eliminating some of the most persistent problems associated with material failure during regeneration. Captured particulates are blown out of the trap in a reverse flow configuration and they are collected on a fabric filter. Initial tests at high engine loadings showed that the system performs satisfactorily, although further improvements are necessary to render the device suitable for long term applications. Numerical modelling techniques are also employed to study the flow patterns in the trap assembly and aid in the optimization of the system.</div>
The major histocompatibility complex: the value of extended haplotypes in the analysis of associated immune diseases and disorders. (1991)

Major histocompatibility complex antigens are critical to an animal's immune response. In most animals, the extreme polymorphism of MHC molecules complicates studies of the role of this complex in the immune response. In mice, however, MHC haplotype-homozygous inbred strains have been developed which are invaluable in the study of the immune system and the search for immune response genes. The human MHC bears many similarities to its murine equivalent with regard to antigen structure and polymorphism; furthermore, a number of combinations of specific MHC alleles between HLA-B and HLA-DR/DQ (extended haplotypes) are found in people more commonly than predicted by individual allele frequencies. Over 30 percent of Caucasian haplotypes are extended haplotypes, and over 55 percent of individuals have at least one extended haplotype. Examples of the same extended haplotype, even in unrelated individuals, should either all have or lack any gene within the MHC region. The value of considering extended haplotypes in searching for associations between the MHC and diseases, or immune response, is shown in three examples: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hepatitis B immunization, and transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.
<i>D</i>‐Ring‐Opened Phragmalin‐Type Limonoids from <i>Chukrasia tabularis</i> var. <i>velutina</i> (2011)

Five new D-ring-opened phragmalin-type limonoids, tabulalins A-E (1-5, resp.), were isolated from the stem bark of Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina. In the structures of these new isolates, the D-ring (C(16)/C(17) δ-lactone ring) of phragmalins was cleaved, and rare C(16)/C(30) δ-lactone ring in 1-3 or C(16)/C(8) γ-lactone ring in 4 and 5 were formed. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive 1D- and 2D-spectroscopic analyses (HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) and HR-ESI-MS. The major compounds, 2, 3, and 5, were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a macrophage (RAW264.7) cell line with IC(50) values of 15.3±0.6, 13.0±0.5, and 17.1±0.7 μM, respectively.
An Investigation of the Association Between the Hydrolysis of Sucrose and Its Absorption by Grains of Wheat (1974)

The possibility of a linkage between the hydrolysis of sucrose and its uptake by wheat grain was investigated by culturing isolated grain in solutions of sugar. The grain hydrolyses sucrose to glucose and fructose, the catalyst seems to be extracellular acid invertase (ß-fructofuranosidase), and the rate of hydrolysis is at least as fast as the deposition of starch. However, tris-HCl buffers inhibit hydrolysis but have no effect on the uptake of sucrose or on the speed of its conversion to starch. The grains absorb invert sugar (glucose and fructose) faster than sucrose, but more sucrose accumulates and less starch is produced from invert sugar than from sucrose. Culturing grain in a mixture of non-radioactive glucose or fructose and symmetrically labelled sucrose introduces very little asymmetry into the sucrose taken up, but sucrose accumulated from [fructosyl-14C]sucrose loses half the asymmetry, while sucrose produced from a mixture of [12C]glucose and [14C]fructose is not completely symmetrical. Both moieties of sucrose are converted into starch. It is concluded that absorption of sucrose is not dependent on extracellular hydrolysis, and intracellular hydrolysis of sucrose prior to conversion to starch is unlikely.
Synthesis and spectroscopic evidences of N-arylmaleimides and N-aryl-2,3-dimethylmaleimides (2003)

A series of N-arylmaleimides (N-aryl-MI) and N-aryl-2,3-dimethylmaleimides (N-aryl-DiMeMI) were prepared by condensation of primary amines with maleic anhydride (MAn) and 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DiMeMAn), respectively. Preparation of N-aryl-MI proceeded through the formation of N-arylmaleamic acid, which subsequently cyclized to N-aryl-MI. In the reaction of N-arylamines with DiMeMAn, cyclic condensation products were formed in one step. By means of one- and two-dimensional H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy it was proven that N-aryl-DiMeMI and not isomaleimides were formed by a one step reaction.
Abnormal interface state generation under positive bias stress in TiN/HfO2 p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (2012)

This Letter studies positive bias stress-induced abnormal interface state on TiN/HfO2 p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. It can be found that the degradation is associated with electron trapping, resulting in Vth shift but without subthreshold slope degradation. However, charge pumping current (ICP) shows a significant degradation after stress. Accordingly, the impact ionization-induced Nit located HfO2/SiO2 is proposed to demonstrate the ICP degradation. The AC stress with several frequencies is used to evidence the occurrence of impact ionization. Further, the device with additional pre-existing Nit located SiO2/Si has insignificant degradation due to reduction in stress electric field.
CCCLXVIII.—Trisulphonylmethanes (1931)

D. T. Gibson, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 2637 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310002637
Directional detail histogram for content based image retrieval (2002)

With the widespread availability of personal computers and the staggering amount of digital imagery available, recent investigation has focused on the storage, query and retrieval of images from large image databases. Methods, which are employed presently, precompute image indices, which are deemed to be statistical representations of image information. Queries of colour, shape, texture, etc., are then performed directly on these indices to find valid images. We propose a new indexing technique which calculates the histogram of the directional detail content in a given image. We apply wavelet theory and multiresolution analysis to extract the directional information from an image. This information is mapped into 3-dimensional vectors and histograms are calculated, allowing image query using colour histogram techniques to be directly applied. Our technique is capable of querying and searching a database for images based on attributes such as smoothness, randomness and horizontal, vertical and diagonal edges at varying resolutions.
Inkjet Printing of Multicolor Daylight Visible Opal Holography (2018)

Abstract Inkjet printing of holography is a prospective technique for fabrication of anti‐counterfeiting devices and full‐color imaging. A method for production of multicolor opal holography using photonic colloidal crystals is presented. The method for direct printing of holograms on paper with transparent inks based on uniform polystyrene spheres with diameters 315, 450, and 550 nm, respectively, is presented. Inks are prepared and optimized by rheological parameters with the theory of Ohnesorge numbers. Opal‐like structures are formed on a silicon wafer, glass slide, and glossy photo paper under variation temperatures of drying and different number of layers. Drops morphology and effect on optical properties are profoundly studied. The implementation of Fourier transform of the radial distribution function for calculation of relative value of ordering of the colloidal spheres in the printed drop which allows estimating the influence of printing defects and coffee‐ring on total particle order in the printed drop is reported for the first time. The received data have a direct applied value and can be used in future printing technologies.
Effects ofD-glucose concentration,D-fructose, and inhibitors of enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway on the development and sex ratio of bovine blastocysts (2005)

D-glucose at 5.6 mM reduces the progression of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos from the morula to the blastocyst stage and skews sex ratio towards males. Possibly, the presence of two transcriptionally active X-chromosomes compromises female embryo development through imbalance in glucose metabolism. Here, we have determined the threshold of embryo sensitivity to glucose, whether substitution of D-fructose for glucose reduces the selective loss of female embryos, and whether inhibition of an X-linked gene product, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), normalizes sex ratio among bovine blastocysts. IVP zygotes were cultured in glucose-free medium to 72 hr post-insemination, at which time 8-cell embryos were selected for treatment and cultured until 144 hr post-insemination. Addition of 4 mM glucose at the 8-cell stage reduced (P < 0.05) the number of blastocyst that formed, whereas 2.5 and 1 mM glucose had no effect. Sex ratio in the presence of 4 and 2.5 mM glucose differed significantly from 0.5, while 1 mM glucose had no effect. D-fructose (5.6 mM) did not compromise development to blastocyst and did not alter the sex ratio of blastocysts that formed. When G6PD inhibitors (dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA and 6-aminonicotinamide: 6-AN), which effectively inhibit the reduction of the NADPH-sensitive dye, brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) in bovine morulae, were added to the culture medium containing 4 mM glucose, embryo development was moderately reduced, but sex ratio skewing was corrected (with 6-AN) or lowered (with DHEA). In conclusion, glucose above 2.5 mM impairs bovine embryo development and increases sex ratio, most likely as a result of increased pentose-phosphate (PP) pathway activity in female embryos.
An integrated framework for universal motion control (2011)

The advance of the motion tracking and 3D display technologies impacts the input and output devices of the general human-computer interaction framework nowadays. The motion sensing devices can provide great tracking accuracy at relatively low prices, which make motion-based interactions affordable and popular for general use. Taking into account all the general interactions required on graphic user interfaces, we propose an integrated framework for motion control, which seamlessly supports 2D, 3D and motion gesture interactions. We categorize the general tasks and define four corresponding operating modes: 2D cursor, 3D manipulation, 3D navigation, and motion gesture. Trade-offs are made between generality, performance, and usability. With a careful design of mapping, we believe the generality of the motion control can outweigh the compromise in performance.
Maintaining family life under shiftwork schedules: A case study of a New Zealand petrochemical plant (2010)

This article discusses the impact of long-term shiftwork on the families of male shiftworkers at a New Zealand petrochemical company. The findings are based primarily on interviews with twenty-seven shiftworkers and seventeen female partners, supplemented by informal observations of the organisation. All respondents described shiftwork as having a profound influence on the economic, temporal, social and emotional patterns of family life. Men and women gave divergent accounts, reflecting their differing roles within the family. Whilst the company compensated workers well financially for the inconveniences of shiftwork, the rigidity of the shiftwork system meant that families shouldered the primary responsibility for resolving the tensions between work and family life. In consequence, women paid a high price for their partner's employment, often sacrificing their own careers in order to take primary responsibility for organising family life.
Arsenite and Arsenate Adsorption on Ferrihydrite:  Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Adsorption Envelopes (1998)

Because of its toxicity, arsenic is of considerable environmental concern. Its solubility in natural systems is strongly influenced by adsorption at iron oxide surfaces. The objective of this study was to compare the adsorption behavior of arsenite and arsenate on ferrihydrite, under carefully controlled conditions, with regard to adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and the influence of pH on adsorption. The adsorption reactions were relatively fast, with the reactions almost completed within the first few hours. At relatively high As concentrations, arsenite reacted faster than arsenate with the ferrihydrite, i.e., equilibrium was achieved sooner, but arsenate adsorption was faster at low As concentrations and low pH. Adsorp tion maxima of approximately 0.60 (0.58) and 0.25 (0.16) molAs molFe-1 were achieved for arsenite and arsenate, respectively, at pH 4.6 (pH 9.2 in parentheses). The high arsenite retention, which precludes its retention entirely as surface adsorbed species, indicates the likelihood that ferrihydrite was transformed to a ferric arsenite phase, although this possibility has yet to be confirmed by spectroscopic studies. The general trend at initial arsenic concentrations ≥0.27 molAs kg-1 ferrihydrite within the pH range of 4−9 was increasing arsenite adsorption and decreasing arsenate adsorption with increasing pH. At initial As concentrations of 0.27−0.80 molAs kg-1 ferrihydrite, the adsorption envelopes crossed at approximately pH 6−7.5, i.e., adsorbed arsenate concentrations were relatively greater than adsorbed arsenite concentrations at lower pH values whereas adsorbed arsenite was greater at higher pH. At the highest initial arsenic concentration of 13.3 molAs kg-1 ferrihydrite, a distinct adsorption maximum was observed for arsenite adsorption at approximately pH 9.0, which corresponds closely to the first pKa (9.2) of H3AsO30, whereas there was a continuous drop in arsenate adsorption with increasing pH from 3 to 11.