gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determining the resolution of Laplace inversion spectrum (2005)

In experiments involving decaying signals, it is often desirable to analyze the data as a sum of exponential decays using the Laplace inversion method. However, Laplace inversion is an ill-conditioned problem, and it is difficult to ascertain the stability of the reconstruction method and resolution of the resulting spectrum. This paper provides an easily computed approximate bound of the resolution and offers guidelines on how to design experiments to improve the spectral resolution.
Using Cocrystals To Systematically Modulate Aqueous Solubility and Melting Behavior of an Anticancer Drug (2009)

Five cocrystals of an anticancer compound have been assembled using a well-defined hydrogen-bond-based supramolecular approach that produced the necessary structural consistency in the resulting solids. These cocrystals contain aliphatic even-numbered dicarboxylic acids of increasing chain length, and as a result, the physical properties of the cocrystals can be related to the molecular structure of the acid. The melting points of the five cocrystals show an excellent correlation with the melting points of the individual acids, and it has also been shown that aqueous solubility can be increased by a factor of 2.5 relative to that of the individual drug. Consequently, cocrystals can offer a range of solid forms from which can be chosen an active ingredient where a particular physical property can be dialed in, provided that the cocrystals show considerable structural consistency and that systematic changes are made to the participating cocrystallizing agents.
Recent advancement on polybenzoxazine—A newly developed high performance thermoset (2009)

Abstract Polybenzoxazine is a newly developed addition polymerized phenolic system, having a wide range of interesting features and the capability to overcome several shortcomings of conventional novolac and resole type phenolic resins. They exhibit (i) near zero volumetric change upon curing, (ii) low water absorption, (iii) for some polybenzoxazines T g much higher than cure temperature, (iv) high char yield, (v) no strong acid catalysts required for curing, (vi) release of no byproduct during curing and also possess thermal and flame retarding properties of phenolics along with the mechanical performance. Though benzoxazine based materials possess several advantages, they have not yet became very attractive to the industries. To improve the mechanical properties and processibility several strategies have been reported including (i) synthesis of benzoxazine monomers with additional functionality, (ii) incorporation of benzoxazine in polymer chain, and (iii) benzoxazine based composites or alloys. In this article, we have discussed about the recent development of benzoxazine chemistry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5565–5576, 2009
The essential role of Cited2, a negative regulator for HIF-1α, in heart development and neurulation (2002)

Cited2 is a cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CBP)/p300 interacting transcriptional modulator and a proposed negative regulator for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha through its competitive binding with HIF-1alpha to CBP/p300. Disruption of the gene encoding Cited2 is embryonic lethal because of defects in the development of heart and neural tube. Morphological and Doppler echocardiographic analyses of Cited2(-/-) embryos reveal severe cardiovascular abnormalities, including pulmonic arterial stenosis and ventricular septal defects accompanied by high peak outflow velocities, features of the human congenital cardiac defect termed tetralogy of Fallot. The mRNA levels of several HIF-1alpha-responsive genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Glut1, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1, increased in the Cited2(-/-) hearts. The increase of VEGF levels is significant, because defects in the Cited2(-/-) embryos closely resemble the major defects observed in the VEGF transgenic embryos. Finally, compared with wild-type, cultured fibroblasts from Cited2(-/-) embryos demonstrate an enhanced expression of HIF-1alpha-responsive genes under hypoxic conditions. These observations suggest that functional loss of Cited2 is responsible for defects in heart and neural tube development, in part because of the modulation of HIF-1 transcriptional activities in the absence of Cited2. These findings demonstrate that Cited2 is an indispensable regulatory gene during prenatal development.
A comparison between amplitude sorting and phase-angle sorting using external respiratory measurement for 4D CT (2006)

Respiratory motion can cause significant dose delivery errors in conformal radiation therapy for thoracic and upper abdominal tumors. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) has been proposed to provide the image data necessary to model tumor motion and consequently reduce these errors. The purpose of this work was to compare 4D CT reconstruction methods using amplitude sorting and phase angle sorting. A 16-slice CT scanner was operated in ciné mode to acquire 25 scans consecutively at each couch position through the thorax. The patient underwent synchronized external respiratory measurements. The scans were sorted into 12 phases based, respectively, on the amplitude and direction (inhalation or exhalation) or on the phase angle (0-360 degrees) of the external respiratory signal. With the assumption that lung motion is largely proportional to the measured respiratory amplitude, the variation in amplitude corresponds to the variation in motion for each phase. A smaller variation in amplitude would associate with an improved reconstructed image. Air content, defined as the amount of air within the lungs, bronchi, and trachea in a 16-slice CT segment and used by our group as a surrogate for internal motion, was correlated to the respiratory amplitude and phase angle throughout the lungs. For the 35 patients who underwent quiet breathing, images (similar to those used for treatment planning) and animations (used to display respiratory motion) generated using amplitude sorting displayed fewer reconstruction artifacts than those generated using phase angle sorting. The variations in respiratory amplitude were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) with amplitude sorting than those with phase angle sorting. The subdivision of the breathing cycle into more (finer) phases improved the consistency in respiratory amplitude for amplitude sorting, but not for phase angle sorting. For 33 of the 35 patients, the air content showed significantly improved (P < 0.001) correlation with the respiratory amplitude than with the phase angle, suggesting a stronger relationship between internal motion and amplitude. Overall, amplitude sorting performed better than phase angle sorting for 33 of the 35 patients and equally well for two patients who were immobilized with a stereotactic body frame and an abdominal compression plate.
Changes in the Th1 : Th2 Cytokine Bias in Pregnancy and the Effects of the Anti-Inflammatory Cyclopentenone Prostaglandin 15-Deoxy-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>12</mml:mtext><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext>14</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>-Prostaglandin<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>J</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math> (2012)

Pregnancy is a complex immunological state in which a bias towards T helper 2 (Th2) protects the fetus. Evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines increase the risk of poor neonatal outcome, independently of the direct effect of preterm labour. The anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-Prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)) inhibits nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in amniocytes and myocytes in vitro and is a ligand for the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) receptor. Here we examine the Th1:Th2 cytokine bias in pregnancy and whether 15dPGJ(2) could be used to inhibit the production of the proinflammatory cytokines through inhibition of NF-κB while simultaneously promoting Th2 interleukin 4 (IL-4) synthesis via CRTH2 in T helper cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from women at 28 weeks, term pre-labour, term labour as well as non-pregnant female controls were cultured with 15dPGJ(2) or vehicle control and stimulated with phorbol myristyl acetate (PMA)/ionomycin. The percentage of CD4(+) cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in response to PMA/ionomycin was significantly reduced in pregnancy. 15dPGJ(2) reduced IFN-γ and TNF-α production in stimulated T helper cells, but did not alter IL-4 production in CRTH2(+ve) cells. 15dPGJ(2) also reduced phospho-p65 in stimulated PBMCs. In summary, 15dPGJ(2) suppresses the Th1 response of PBMCs during pregnancy and active labour whilst maintaining the Th2 response suggesting a therapeutic benefit in reducing neonatal morbidity in inflammation-induced PTL.
The effect of humidity on the electrical properties of Nasicon-type materials (2006)

Nasicon Na3Zr2Si2PO12 samples were prepared by coprecipitation and solid-state reaction. Both methods lead to materials consisting of monoclinic Nasicon phases with small admixtures of ZrO2 or ZrSiO4. The differences of their behaviours and stabilities in long-term ageing tests in humid atmospheres are discussed in terms of their microstructures. Model equivalent circuits are proposed to explain observed phenomena.
Contact-Induced Cytotoxicity by Lymphoid Cells Containing Foreign Isoantigens (1965)

In tissue culture, immune lymph node cells containing foreign histocompatibility antigens of the H-2 type exert marked cytotoxic effects on tumor cells incompatible with the H-2 antigen. An equally pronounced effect is obtained when normal allogeneic and semi-isologous lymphoid cells of F(1) hybrids are caused to aggregate around the target tumor cells by treating the cultures with either heat-inactivated rabbit antiserum to mouse cells or phytohemagglutinin. Isologous lymph node cells have no effect. Thus, aggregation of lymphoid cells and target cells is a necessary but insufficient requirement for cytotoxicity in vitro; in addition, close contact must be established between histoincompatible cells.
A 0.4-V, 500-MHz, ultra-low-power phase-locked loop for near-threshold voltage operation (2014)

We present a 500-MHz, ultra-low-power phase-locked loop (PLL) realized with the near-threshold supply voltage of 0.4 V in 65-nm CMOS technology. Our PLL employs a new charge pump (CP) circuit structure that can greatly reduce CP up/down current mismatch and their variation with voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) control voltages. The PLL consumes only 127.8 μW, which corresponds to power efficiency of 0.256 mW/GHz.
Transputer circuits for robot control (2005)

A transputer is an all-in-one type microcomputer with communications links. Trans puter circuits to write data into EEPROM, to read data from EEPROM, to send data to a robot controller via RS232C interface and to receive data from a robot controller via RS232C will be discussed.
The genealogical approach to the layout problem (1980)

The concept of the genealogical approach to the layout problem is presented. The system pursues the idea of flexible modules and is capable of dealing with arbitrarily complex tasks.
Training tomorrow's specialists in wildlife damage management (1992)

In 1990, Utah State University (USU) established a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC)-funded center dedicated to research, education, and extension in wildlife damage management. USU' s Program in Wildlife Damage Management is designed to increase appreciation for wildlife damage management among wildlife professionals, provide superior training for future practitioners of wildlife damage management through education and innovative research, and create better public understanding of the role of wildlife damage management in today's society.
Alteration in Rate Modulation of Reflexes to Lumbar Motoneurons After Midthoracic Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat. I. Contusion Injury (1998)

This study investigated the regulation of reflex excitability in normal and midthoracic contusion-injured animals. Recent observations revealed that rate depression, a rate-modulatory process that decreases reflex excitability, was significantly decreased following experimental midthoracic contusion injury. The present experiments were performed to extend those studies and to determine if posttetanic potentiation (PTP), a rate-modulatory process that increases reflex excitability, also was altered in lumbar monosynaptic reflexes (MSRs) following midthoracic contusion injury. In normal animals, a mean PTP of 160% of the pretetanus control was observed at 30 sec following tetanus of the tibial MSR. The decay of the PTP in normal animals followed a rapid initial, then a more gradual pattern, before returning to pretetanus values by 5 min posttetanus. Following midthoracic contusion injury, the maximal (unpotentiated) MSRs were significantly increased in amplitude, whereas the percent potentiation of the PTP of the tibial MSRs was significantly decreased. PTP decay in postcontusion animals was significantly more gradual than observed in normal animals and followed a single decay process. Further analysis of rate depression of tibial MSRs in normal animals revealed that the attenuation pattern produced by stimulation within the lower range of test frequencies was different from that produced by stimulation at the higher test frequencies. Following contusion, rate depression of tibial MSRs was significantly reduced at all test frequencies. These physiological changes in the stretch reflex neural pathway are discussed relative to the development of spasticity.
Trans-complementation by human apurinic endonuclease (Ape) of hypersensitivity to DNa damage and spontaneous mutator phenotype in apn 1<sup>-</sup>yeast (1995)

Abasic (AP) sites in DNA are potentially lethal and mutagenic. 'Class II' AP endonucleases initiate the repair of these and other DNA lesions. In yeast, the predominant enzyme of this type is Apn1, and its elimination sensitizes the cells to killing by simple alkylating agents or oxidants, and raises the rate of spontaneous mutation. We investigated the ability of the major human class II AP endonuclease, Ape, which is structurally unrelated to Apn1, to replace the yeast enzyme in vivo. Confocal immunomicroscopy studies indicate that approximately 25% of the Ape expressed in yeast is present in the nucleus. High-level Ape expression corresponding to approximately 7000 molecules per nucleus, equal to the normal Apn1 copy number, restored resistance to methyl methanesulfonate to near wild-type levels in Apn1-deficient (apn1-) yeast. Ape expression in apn1- yeast provided little protection against H2O2 challenges, consistent with the weak 3'-repair diesterase activity of the human enzyme. Ape expression at approximately 2000 molecules per nucleus reduced the spontaneous mutation rate of apn1- yeast to that seen for wild-type cells. Because Ape has a powerful AP endonuclease but weak 3'-diesterase activity, these findings indicate that endogenously generated AP sites can drive spontaneous mutagenesis.
The motional impedance of simple sources in an isotropic solid (1953)

This paper analyses the motional impedance of sources of simple geometrical shapes which are either dilating or oscillating in an isotropic solid medium of infinite extent.
Testing monotonicity in unobservables with panel data (2013)

Monotonicity in a scalar unobservable is a crucial identifying assumption for an important class of nonparametric structural models accommodating unobserved heterogeneity. Tests for this monotonic-ity have previously been unavailable. This paper proposes and analyzes tests for scalar monotonicity using panel data for structures with and without time-varying unobservables, either partially or fully nonseparable between observables and unobservables. Our nonparametric tests are computationally straightforward, have well behaved limiting distributions under the null, are consistent against pre-cisely specified alternatives, and have standard local power properties. We provide straightforward bootstrap methods for inference. Some Monte Carlo experiments show that, for empirically relevant sample sizes, these reasonably control the level of the test, and that our tests have useful power. We apply our tests to study asset returns and demand for ready-to-eat cereals.
Pulsing of Photomultipliers (1958)

Various ways of pulsing photomultipliers are investigated. Some drawbacks inherent to the conventional methods are pointed out; a new pulsing method is suggested and experimentally studied, which avoids these inconveniences.
Humoral and Mucosal Immunity in Protection from Natural Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults (2004)

Virus-specific nasal immunoglobulin (Ig) A and serum antibody titers in 67 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected adults were compared with titers in age-matched uninfected control subjects. Control subjects had significantly higher levels of nasal IgA and serum IgG to the RSV F, Ga, and Gb proteins than infected subjects. Serum neutralizing-antibody titers to group A and B RSV strains were also lower in infected subjects, although differences were not as large. Multivariate analysis found that low RSV-specific nasal IgA was an independently significant risk factor for RSV infection.
Liquid handling using expandable microspheres (2003)

In this study we introduce two novel concepts for fluid handling in microfluidic systems and show their realization in micromachined test structures: a one-shot micropump and a normally open one-shot valve. Both principles use Expancel/spl reg/ microspheres, which are small spherical plastic particles that, when heated, increase their volume by a factor of about 60. The expansion is irreversible, i.e. when cooled again, the expandable microspheres do not shrink.
Dynamic circuit generation for solving specific problem instances of Boolean satisfiability (2002)

Optimization and query problems provide the best clear opportunity for configurable computing systems to achieve a significant performance advantage over ASICs. Programmable hardware can be optimized to solve a specific problem instance that only needs to be solved once, and the circuit can be thrown away after its single execution. This paper investigates the applicability of this technology to solving a specific query problem, known as Boolean Satisfiability. We provide a system for capturing the complete execution cost of this approach, by accounting for CAD tool execution time. The key to this approach is to circumvent the standard CAD tools and directly generate circuits at runtime. A set of example circuits is presented as part of the system evaluation, and a complete implementation on the Xilinx XC6216 FPGA is presented.
A fast block partition algorithm for HEVC (2013)

HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), the next generation video coding standard being developed by JCT-VC (Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding), can significantly improve the coding efficiency compared to H.264/AVC. HEVC adopts a highly flexible quadtree coding block partitioning structure, which includes Coding Unit (CU), Prediction Unit (PU) and Transform Unit (TU). The CU can be recursively split into four equally size blocks based on the content of an input picture. The quadtree structure increases the coding efficiency but also brings huge computational complexity. In this paper, a fast and efficient block partition algorithm has been proposed. It uses the distribution character of pixels to select the block mode, and uses a new cost function to select the intra mode. The experimental results show that the average saving time is 45.33% in AI-Main configuration, 35.07% in RA-Main configuration and 33.02% in LB-Main configuration.
Alarms and anesthesia: challenges in design of intelligent systems for patient monitoring (1993)

The limitations of current anesthesia monitor alarm technology are first discussed. The challenges of applying technology to improve patient monitoring are then considered, with attention given to integrating stand-alone devices and functions that are part of the anesthesia workstation and to the standardization of anesthetic practices. Design strategies for intelligent alarms are addressed. The process of generating alarms is considered as compromising three distinct tasks: sensing, signal processing, and annunciation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Architecture and Conservation of the Bacterial DNA Replication Machinery, an Underexploited Drug Target (2012)

New antibiotics with novel modes of action are required to combat the growing threat posed by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Over the last decade, genome sequencing and other high-throughput techniques have provided tremendous insight into the molecular processes underlying cellular functions in a wide range of bacterial species. We can now use these data to assess the degree of conservation of certain aspects of bacterial physiology, to help choose the best cellular targets for development of new broad-spectrum antibacterials. DNA replication is a conserved and essential process, and the large number of proteins that interact to replicate DNA in bacteria are distinct from those in eukaryotes and archaea; yet none of the antibiotics in current clinical use acts directly on the replication machinery. Bacterial DNA synthesis thus appears to be an underexploited drug target. However, before this system can be targeted for drug design, it is important to understand which parts are conserved and which are not, as this will have implications for the spectrum of activity of any new inhibitors against bacterial species, as well as the potential for development of drug resistance. In this review we assess similarities and differences in replication components and mechanisms across the bacteria, highlight current progress towards the discovery of novel replication inhibitors, and suggest those aspects of the replication machinery that have the greatest potential as drug targets.