gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acylsugars in tomato leaflets confer resistance to the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta Meyr (2006)

Acylsugars present in the accession 'LA716' of Lycopersicon pennellii play an important role in the resistance to Tuta absoluta. This paper investigates the possible association between the resistance to T. absoluta and the acylsugar contents in F2 and F2BC1 tomato plants derived from the interspecific crossing between L. esculentum 'TOM-584' and L. pennellii 'LA716'. From the F2 population, four high acylsugars and one low acylsugars plants were selected and tested for Tuta absoluta resistance along with parental lines TOM-584 and LA-716, and with the checks TOM-600 (high 2-tridecanone line with resistance to T. absoluta) and TOM-556 (low acylsugar line). The genotypes were tested under natural field infestation and were evaluated for overall plant damage, leaflet lesion type and percent of attacked leaflet. Four plants from F2BC1 [=(Lycopersicon esculentum 'TOM-584' <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> F2)] were selected for high acylsugars and two for low acylsugars, and tested in greenhouse cages infested with T. absoluta. These genotypes were evaluated with the parental lines and the checks for oviposition ten days after infestation, and for leaflet lesion type and overall plant damage at four different dates. The F2 genotypes BPX-370Bpl#25, BPX-370Bpl#30 and BPX-370Bpl#79, the F2BC1 genotypes BPX-370B pl#30-380 and BPX-370B pl#30-271 and the wild accession LA716 had good levels of resistance to Tuta absoluta. The resistance level increased with longer exposition time to the acylsugars, both in the field and in the cage tests. Acylsugar contents seemed to be highly and negatively correlated with the traits related to the pinworm resistance.
The Effect of Liner Component Iron Content on Cladding Corrosion, Hydriding, and PCI Resistance (2005)

Abstract This paper focuses on the effect of liner component Fe content on cladding corrosion, hydriding and Pellet-Cladding Interaction (PCI) resistance. A multitude of experimental techniques is used to evaluate the various properties. The PCI resistance is evaluated through mandrel testing of un-irradiated claddings as well as by ramp tests of pre-irradiated fuel segments in the Studsvik R2 reactor. The results from the mandrel testing indicate that an increase of the iron concentration from 0.05 to 0.21 wt% has a rather small impact on the PCI properties. The ramp data, on the other hand, show a clear decrease in the PCI resistance as the Fe content approaches and exceeds 0.19 wt%. The phenomena involved in secondary degradation are complex, and separate tests are used to evaluate the corrosion resistance in steam as well as the hydriding resistance in pure hydrogen. The corrosion test includes cladding tubes with ZrSn-liner components with iron concentrations from 0.025 to 0.21 wt%. The results show that the corrosion resistance is dramatically increased as the Fe content is increased from 0.025 to 0.05–0.06 wt%, but that a further increase of the Fe concentration only has a minor impact on the corrosion resistance. However, increasing the Fe content from 0.05 to 0.21 wt% increases the hydrogen pick-up rate. The 0.21 wt% Fe liner has a significantly higher density of Secondary Phase Particles (SPPs) as well as slightly larger SPPs than the 0.05 wt% Fe liner. Consequently, it is believed that the SPPs offer sites where hydrogen can easily be absorbed into the Zr-based material, and the frequency of these sites is important for the hydrogen pick-up rate. It is finally concluded that even though the optimization of the Fe concentration in the liner is complex, an iron level regime exists that provides a good balance of resistance against PCI, corrosion, and hydriding.
Multifunctional Micelles for Cancer Cell Targeting, Distribution Imaging, and Anticancer Drug Delivery (2007)

Abstract Multifunctional micelles for cancer cell targeting, distribution imaging, and anticancer drug delivery were prepared from an environmentally‐sensitive graft copolymer, poly( N ‐isopropyl acrylamide‐ co ‐methacryl acid)‐ g ‐poly( D , L ‐lactide) (P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐MAAc)‐ g ‐PLA), a diblock copolymer, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐ b ‐poly( D , L ‐lactide) (mPEG‐PLA) and two functionalized diblock copolymers, galactosamine‐PEG‐PLA (Gal‐PEG‐PLA) and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐PEG‐PLA (FITC‐PEG‐PLA). Anticancer drug, free base doxorubicin (Dox) was incorporated into the inner core of multifunctional micelles by dialysis. From the drug release study, a change in pH (from pH 7.4 to 5.0) deformed the structure of the inner core from that of aggregated P(NIPAAm‐ co ‐MAAc), causing the release of a significant quantity of doxorubicin (Dox) from multifunctional micelles. Multifunctional micelles target specific tumors by an asialoglycoprotein (HepG2 cells)‐Gal (multifunctional micelle) receptor‐mediated tumor targeting mechanism. This mechanism then causes intracellular pH changes which induce Dox release from multifunctional micelles and that micelles have strong effects on the viability of HepG2 cells and are abolished by galactose. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) reveals a clear distribution of multifunctional micelles. With careful design and sophisticated manipulation, polymeric micelles can be widely used in cancer diagnosis, cancer targeting, and cancer therapy simultaneously.
Plasmonic-controlled single molecule fluorescence near defined metallic nanostructures (2009)

Creating a versatile set of highly stable fluorophores capable of high emission rate is crucial to studies of the individual function of biomolecules. There are continuing efforts to increase the sensitivity of fluorescence. These efforts include modifications in the spectral properties of the probes, increasing the detection efficiencies of the instruments, or the use of amplification methods. Our previous results show that plasmonic-controlled fluorescence provides a novel physical mechanism to enhance fluorescence intensity, reduce blinking and increase photostability. The further development of fluorophore-metal interactions for single molecule detection requires defined structures. For example, we investigate the effects of the defined silver nanospheres fabricated by wet chemistry methods coupling to nearby organic fluorophores. Additionally, we are developing nanoparticles incorporated into the Quantum Dot (QD) system. Coupling between the plasmon resonance effect and the quantum size effect of the QD or the organic fluorophore may develop new aspects of nano-composite material systems and also widen applications for noble imaging probes.
Interaction of Intrathecal Morphine with Bupivacaine and Lidocaine in the Rat (1992)

The interaction in the rat between intrathecal morphine and local anesthetics (bupivacaine and lidocaine) on nociception (52.5 degrees C hot plate and paw pressure), motor function, and autonomic function (blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) was examined over a range of doses for both morphine and the local anesthetics. High doses of intrathecal bupivacaine (75 micrograms) or lidocaine (500 micrograms) produced motor block and hypotension (150 micrograms bupivacaine) lasting approximately 15 and 7 min, respectively, whereas low doses of intrathecal bupivacaine (25 micrograms) and lidocaine (100 micrograms) produced only a transient motor weakness lasting 2 min or less. Alone, neither agent altered the hot plate or paw pressure response at doses, or at times, where the agents had no effect upon motor function. In contrast, at the low dose of either local anesthetic, after the resolution of the transient motor weakness, these doses resulted in a significant leftward shift in the dose-response curves for intrathecal morphine on both the hot plate and paw pressure, as measured by the maximum observed peak effect and by the area under the time-effect curve. Thus, for example, the morphine ED50 (95% confidence intervals) for morphine/saline was 1.7 micrograms (0.7-1.9) on the hot plate and 1.1 micrograms (0.8-1.4) on the paw pressure versus for morphine/bupivacaine (25 micrograms): hot plate 0.25 micrograms (0.21-0.42) and paw pressure 0.28 micrograms (0.2-0.4). Intrathecal morphine was not observed to have any effect on the dose-dependent effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on motor or autonomic blockade. Comparable results were also observed with lidocaine (bupivacaine was found to have no significant effect on spinal cord morphine clearance). We conclude that low doses of intrathecal lidocaine and bupivacaine, which alone have no antinociceptive effect, at times when motor function was clearly unimpaired, are able to significantly augment the antinociceptive activity of intrathecal morphine on the hot plate and paw pressure tests. This prominent and selective potentiation appears to occur via a non-pharmacokinetic mechanism and probably reflects upon the interaction of low concentrations of local anesthetics with systems in the spinal dorsal horn that process acute high threshold afferent input.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Peroxidase from <i>Geotrichum candidum</i> Dec 1 Involved in Decolorization of Dyes (1999)

A peroxidase (DyP) involved in the decolorization of dyes and produced by the fungus strain Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 was purified. DyP, a glycoprotein, is glycosylated with N-acetylglucosamine and mannose (17%) and has a molecular mass of 60 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.8. The absorption spectrum of DyP exhibited a Soret band at 406 nm corresponding to a hemoprotein, and its Na2S2O4-reduced form revealed a peak at 556 nm that indicates the presence of a protoheme as its prosthetic group. Nine of the 21 types of dyes that were decolorized by Dec 1 cells were decolorized by DyP; in particular, anthraquinone dyes were highly decolorized. DyP also oxidized 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and guaiacol but not veratryl alcohol. The optimal temperature for DyP activity was 30 degrees C, and DyP activity was stable even after incubation at 50 degrees C for 11 h.
Kinetic Stabilization of an Oligomeric Protein by a Single Ligand Binding Event (2005)

Protein native state stabilization imposed by small molecule binding is an attractive strategy to prevent the misfolding and misassembly processes associated with amyloid diseases. Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidogenesis requires rate-limiting tetramer dissociation before misassembly of a partially denatured monomer ensues. Selective stabilization of the native TTR tetramer over the dissociative transition state by small molecule binding to both thyroxine binding sites raises the kinetic barrier of tetramer dissociation, preventing amyloidogenesis. Assessing the amyloidogenicity of a TTR tetramer having only one amyloidogenesis inhibitor (I) bound is challenging because the two small molecule binding constants are generally not distinct enough to allow for the exclusive formation of TTR.I in solution to the exclusion of TTR.I(2) and unliganded TTR. Herein, we report a method to tether one fibril formation inhibitor to TTR by disulfide bond formation. Occupancy of only one of the two thyroxine binding sites is sufficient to inhibit tetramer dissociation in 6.0 M urea and amyloidogenesis under acidic conditions by imposing kinetic stabilization on the entire tetramer. The sufficiency of single occupancy for stabilizing the native state of TTR provides the incentive to search for compounds displaying striking negative binding cooperativity (e.g., K(d1) in nanomolar range and K(d2) in the micromolar to millimolar range), enabling lower doses of inhibitor to be employed in the clinic, mitigating potential side effects.
Distributional Similarity vs. PU Learning for Entity Set Expansion (2010)

Distributional similarity is a classic technique for entity set expansion, where the system is given a set of seed entities of a particular class, and is asked to expand the set using a corpus to obtain more entities of the same class as represented by the seeds. This paper shows that a machine learning model called positive and unlabeled learning (PU learning) can model the set expansion problem better. Based on the test results of 10 corpora, we show that a PU learning technique outperformed distributional similarity significantly. 1
β-Carotene and the immune response (1991)

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Polarized-cathodoluminescence study of uniaxial and biaxial stress in GaAs/Si (1991)

The strain-induced splitting of the heavy-hole (hh) and light-hole (lh) valence bands for 4-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick GaAs/Si is examined on a microscopic scale using linear polarized-cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy. The energies and intensities of the hh- and lh-exciton luminescence are quantitatively analyzed to determine spatial variations in the stress tensor. The results indicate that regions near and far from the microcracks are primarily subject to uniaxial and biaxial tensile stresses, respectively. The transition region where biaxial stress gradually converts to uniaxial stress is analyzed, and reveals a mixing of lh and hh characters in the strain-split bands.
Sensitive profiling of chemically diverse bioactive lipids (2007)

Here, we present an improved method for sensitive profiling of lipids in a single high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry experiment. The approach consists of i) sensitive isocratic elution, which takes advantage of C18 column material that is resistant to increased pH values induced by piperidine, ii) chemometric alignment of mass spectra followed by differential analysis of ion intensities, and iii) semiquantitative analysis of extracted ion chromatograms of interest. A key advantage of this method is its wide applicability to extracts that harbor lipids of considerable chemical complexity. The method allows qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids (such as glycerophosphatidylinositols, glycerophosphatidylserines, and glycerophosphatidylcholines in brain extracts), phosphatidylinositol mannosides, acylated glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids (including ceramides and gangliosides in brain extracts), and, for the first time with ESI, prenols and mycolic acids (MAs). MAs are targets in antimycobacterial therapy, and they play an important immunomodulatory role during host-pathogen interactions. We compared high-resolution mass spectra of MAs derived from Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Camette-Guérin during entry into nonreplicative conditions induced by oxygen deprivation (hypoxic dormancy). Although the overall composition is not drastically altered, there are pronounced differences in individual MAs. alpha-MAs accumulate during entry into dormancy, whereas a subpopulation of keto-MAs is almost entirely eliminated. This effect is reversed upon resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria. These results provide detailed chemical information with relevance to drug development and immunobiology of mycobacteria.
The Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism (2013)

Hepatocellular accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the form of triglycerides constitutes the metabolic basis for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent data demonstrate that excess FFA hepatocyte storage is likely to lead to lipotoxicity and hepatocyte apoptosis. Hence, FFA-mediated hepatocyte injury is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, essential hypertension, and other common medical problems together comprise metabolic syndrome. Evidence suggests that peptide hormones from the L cells of the distal small intestine, which comprise the core of the enteroendocrine system (EES), play two key roles, serving either as incretins, or as mediators of appetite and satiety in the central nervous system. Recent data related to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other known L-cell hormones have accumulated due to the increasing frequency of bariatric surgery, which increase delivery of bile salts to the hindgut. Bile acids are a key stimulus for the TGR5 receptor of the L cells. Enhanced bile-salt flow and subsequent EES stimulation may be central to elimination of hepatic steatosis following bariatric surgery. Although GLP-1 is a clinically relevant pharmacological analogue that drives pancreatic β-cell insulin output, GLP-1 analogues also have independent benefits via their effects on hepatocellular FFA metabolism. The authors also discuss recent data regarding the role of the major peptides released by the EES, which promote satiety and modulate energy homeostasis and utilization, as well as those that control fat absorption and intestinal permeability. Taken together, elucidating novel functions for EES-related peptides and pharmacologic development of peptide analogues offer potential far-ranging treatment for obesity-related human disease.
TREOR, a semi-exhaustive trial-and-error powder indexing program for all symmetries (1985)

An indexing program, TREOR, mainly based on trial-and-error methods is described. The program contains separate routines for cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic symmetries. Ten years usage has been analysed to improve the original program. For monoclinic indexing a specific short-axis test has been developed. The over-all success rate of the program has been found to be better than 90%, and considerably more for orthorhombic and higher symmetries.
52 EFFECT OF CARBOXYLATED POLY-L-LYSINE ON THE POST-THAW VIABILITY OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE BLASTOCYST (2014)

Recently, there has been development of an antifreeze polyamino acid (carboxylated poly-l-lysine: PLL) as new cryoprotectants (CPA). This compound counts as amphoteric macromolecular cationic and anionic substituents (polyampholyte) by chemically modifying poly-lysine. In addition, PLL is highly safe and frequently used as a food additive in substitution for other CPA. Other common CPA have high toxicity and caused physiological damage. In vitro-produced blastocysts were randomly assigned into 3 groups: (1) vitrified embryos with PLL vitrification solution [PLL-vit-1: 15% PLL + 15% ethylene glycol (EG); PLL-vit-2: 30% PLL + 30% EG + 0.5 M sucrose], (2) vitrified embryos with Vajta et al. solution (Conv-vit-1: 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide + 7.5% EG; Conv-vit-2: 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide + 16.5% EG + 0.5 M sucrose), and (3) nonvitrified blastocysts (control). All embryos were frozen by droplet vitrification method. First, the PLL-vitrified embryos were exposed to 5, 10, and 15 min in the PLL-vit-1 and then putted for 30 to about 60 s in the PLL-vit-2. Then, we compared with each group regarding exposure time of Vit-1. Post-thaw survival rate of each exposure time did not significantly differ among the 3 groups (100 v. 100 v. 100%). However, hatching rate of the 10-min exposure group was higher than that of 5- and 15-min groups (75.0 v. 25.0 v. 66.7; P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, we confirmed that exposure time of Vit-1 was exposed for a minimum of 10 min. The post-thawed survival rate of each vitrification method was not significantly different between PLL-vit and Conv-vit groups (97.7 v. 86.4%). The total cell numbers of blastocyst did not significantly differ among groups. However, the apoptotic cell numbers of blastocyst was significantly different between the control and Conv-vit groups (0.4 ± 0.6 v. 4.4 ± 3.9; P &lt; 0.05) but was not different in control v. PLL-vit (0.4 ± 0.6 v. 2.1 ± 2.4) and Conv-vit v. PLL-vit (4.4 ± 3.9 v. 2.1 ± 2.4). In conclusion, PLL-vit for bovine blastocyst could reduce toxicity and osmotic shock and showed high efficiency on the quality of post-thawed bovine blastocysts compared with that of Conv-vit. This work was partly supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ009587022014), IPET (Grant No. 112020-3), and a scholarship from the BK21 plus program. A-Na Ha, Kyeong-Lim Lee, and Md. Fakruzzaman were supported by BK21 plus fellowships at Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea.
Forecasting the Effects of Reservoir Souring From Waterflooding a Formation Containing Siderite (2009)

Abstract A computer model has been developed to investigate the potential effects of water injection in an offshore oilfield on H2S biogeneration and its subsequent production from the reservoir. The model is based on mechanistic algorithms employed in previous reservoir souring models developed for the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River Fields (Alaska) and the Ekofisk Field (Norway). These mechanisms include the biogeneration of H2S, the partitioning of H2S between oil and water in the waterflooded portions of the reservoir, the reaction of dissolved H2S with siderite to form immobile iron sulfides, and the transport of H2S, oil, water, and gas to producing wells. The reservoir is currently being seawater flooded although produced water reinjection (PWRI) will soon be initiated. In mid-2006, after less than three years of waterflood at relatively low injection rates, H2S was detected in the gas of several producing wells located close to injectors. It is known that PWRI will result in increased H2S production. The model was initially calibrated via history match to determine algorithm coefficients associated with siderite scavenging and microbial nutrient availability within the reservoir during seawater flooding. This calibration required historical produced water sulfate concentrations and H2S mass production rates in order to ascertain actual biogenic sulfate reduction levels and the remaining amount of H2S scavenged by the siderite following its partitioning to reservoir fluids. Results indicate that while scavenging by the siderite is likely occurring at a relatively high level, the H2S production rate will increase significantly once water injection rates are increased and PWRI begins. This paper presents insight as to the importance of water geochemistry in the reservoir souring process and the potential for siderite reactivity, distribution and availability to affect H2S production.
Evidence that pinocytosis in lymphoid cells has a low capacity. (1986)

In contrast to adherent cells, human B and T lymphoblasts, marmoset monkey T lymphoblasts, and mouse T lymphoblasts do not form monolayers and have a poor ability to pinocytose. After a 10-min incubation of lymphoblasts at 37 degrees C, the level of internalized medium reached a plateau. During this time, lymphoblasts pinocytosed 3-4 femtoliters (1 fl = 10(-15) l) of medium per cell as calculated by the quantity of the entrapped pinocytic marker 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The levels of pinocytosed liquid did not increase during a subsequent 90-min incubation of cells at 37 degrees C. Adherent HeLa cells took up 27 fl of medium per cell per hour. Other types of adherent cells were reported by others to pinocytose 20 to 90 fl of medium per cell per hour. The process of pinocytosis in lymphoblasts appeared to be reversible since cells which were pre-loaded with carboxyfluorescein and then incubated at 37 degrees C in fresh medium lost the marker almost completely within 40 min. Similar results were obtained with horseradish peroxidase as the pinocytic marker. Further evidence that lymphoblasts have a low capacity for pinocytic internalization relative to adherent cells was obtained from the observation that Namalwa lymphoblasts were approximately 100 times more resistant to the cytotoxic action of the protein toxin gelonin than the adherent HeLa cells. Gelonin is a ribosome-inactivating toxin which is not capable of binding to cells, and its only mode for internalization appears to be pinocytosis. Ribosomes in cell lysates of the two lines were equally sensitive to gelonin. It is speculated that the poor pinocytic ability of lymphoid cells may reflect a fundamental difference between adherent and non-adherent cells and that this may impede the targeting of drugs into lymphoid cells.