gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring compact reinforcement-learning representations with linear regression (2009)

This paper presents a new algorithm for online linear regression whose efficiency guarantees satisfy the requirements of the KWIK (Knows What It Knows) framework. The algorithm improves on the computational and storage complexity bounds of the current state-of-the-art procedure in this setting. We explore several applications of this algorithm for learning compact reinforcement-learning representations. We show that KWIK linear regression can be used to learn the reward function of a factored MDP and the probabilities of action outcomes in Stochastic STRIPS and Object Oriented MDPs, none of which have been proven to be efficiently learnable in the RL setting before. We also combine KWIK linear regression with other KWIK learners to learn larger portions of these models, including experiments on learning factored MDP transition and reward functions together.
5-HEPTYL-2-THIOHYDANTION, A NEW ANTITUBERCULAR AGENT (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT5-HEPTYL-2-THIOHYDANTION, A NEW ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTE. Froelich, Alice Fruehan, Mary Jackman, Fred K. Kirchner, E. J. Alexander, and S. ArcherCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 11, 3099–3100Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01640a088https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01640a088research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views108Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Treatment of Severe Advanced Emphysema With Volume Reduction Using Lung Sealant (2013)

Correlation and comparisons between changes in primary and secondary outcome measures in the lung function parameters and 6-minute walking test before and after the application of AeriSealant revealed significant reduction of hyperinflation and improvement both in the flow rates and physical capacity of our patients.
Semantics-based multilevel transaction management in federated systems (2002)

A federated database management system (FDBMS) is a special type of distributed database system that enables existing local databases, in a heterogeneous environment, to maintain a high degree of autonomy. One of the key problems in this setting is the coexistence of local transactions and global transactions, where the latter access and manipulate data of multiple local databases. In modeling FDBMS transaction executions the authors propose a more realistic model than the traditional read/write model; in their model a local database exports high-level operations which are the only operations distributed global transactions can execute to access data in the shared local databases. Such restrictions are not unusual in practice as, for example, no airline or bank would ever permit foreign users to execute ad hoc queries against their databases for fear of compromising autonomy. The proposed architecture can be elegantly modeled using the multilevel nested transaction model for which a sound theoretical foundation exists to prove concurrent executions correct. A multilevel scheduler that is able to exploit the semantics of exported operations can significantly increase concurrency by ignoring pseudo conflicts. A practical scheduling mechanism for FDBMSs is described that offers the potential for greater performance and more flexibility than previous approaches based on the read/write model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reactions of Phenylhydrazinium Thiocyanate with Ketones and Aldehydes (1973)

Abstract Reactions of phenylhydrazinium thiocyanate with various ketones and aldehydes gave 1-phenyl-3-alkyl-5-mercapto-Δ4-1,2,4-triazoline compounds in 80–90% yield by the cycloaddition of thiocyanic acid to the phenyl-hydrazones intermediately formed from phenylhydrazine and the ketones or aldehydes. Their structure were determined by elemental analyses, spectral data (IR, NMR, and MS) and chemical reactions. Many 2-phenyl-thiosemicarbazone and 1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized in good yields.
Placing Identity: Interviews with Hong Kong Chinese Immigrants in Britain and Canada (1996)

"This paper explores the ¿borderline community of migration'.... The placing of migrant identities is examined in the context of Hong Kong immigrants in Britain and Canada. Changes in identity and the meaning of the multiplicity of migrant identities are explored through interview material. The tensions between the multiple facets of migrants' identities reflect the sociopolitical relationships within and between places. The resolution of these tensions is partially revealed in the hybridity and fluidity of migrants' articulation of their identities, whilst maintaining a primary identification with their culture of origin."
Developments in Gemstone Analysis Techniques and Instrumentation During the 2000s (2010)

The first decade of the 2000s continued the trend of using more powerful analytical instruments
to solve gem identification problems. Advances in gem treatment and synthesis technology, and
the discovery of new gem sources, led to urgent needs in gem identification. These, in turn, led to
the adaptation of newer scientific instruments to gemology. The past decade witnessed the
widespread use of chemical microanalysis techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and LIBS, luminescence
spectroscopy (particularly photoluminescence), real-time fluorescence and X-ray imaging,
and portable spectrometers, as well as the introduction of nanoscale analysis. Innovations in laser
mapping and computer modeling of diamond rough and faceted stone appearance changed the
way gemstones are cut and the manner in which they are graded by gem laboratories.
Lanthanum Tribenzyl Complexes as Convenient Starting Materials for Organolanthanum Chemistry (2006)

Simple tribenzyl complexes of lanthanum, [La(CH2C6H4-4-R)3(THF)3] (R = H (1a), Me (1b)), were prepared in a remarkably straightforward fashion from LaBr3(THF)4 and potassium benzyl reagents. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a fac arrangement of the three THF ligands and η2 binding of the benzyl groups. These compounds are convenient precursors to other organolanthanum complexes. Reaction of 1a with the amidine ArNCPhNHAr (Ar = 2,6-Pri2C6H3) affords the corresponding mono(amidinate) dibenzyl derivative 2. Complex 1b reacts with LiCH2C6H4-4-Me to give the THF-free anion [La(CH2C6H4-4-Me)4]- (3). Reactions of 1 with 1 or 2 equiv of [PhNMe2H][B(C6X5)4] (X = H, F) generate the corresponding mono- and dicationic benzyl species [La(CH2C6H4-4-R)2(THF)4]+ (4) and [La(CH2C6H4-4-R)(THF)6]2+ (5), which were structurally characterized. Scouting ethylene polymerization experiments indicate that these species are only modestly active catalysts but suggest that the monocationic dibenzyl species is more efficient. Both neutral and cationic lanthanum benzyl complexes effect the catalytic intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of 2,2-dimethyl-4-pentenylamine. It was also observed that polycationic La species without ancillary ligands effectively catalyze the isomerization of the substrate to (E)-2,2-dimethyl-3-pentenylamine.
Transactions in Distributed Event-Based Middleware (2006)

Distributed event-based middleware (DEBM) provides a basis for the interoperation of autonomous components in large-scale systems. Transactions ensure the atomic and reliable execution of operations that involve interconnected clients. Integrating transactions and DEBM is a challenging software design problem with important applications. This paper presents the Hermes transaction service (HTS), a service that supports event-driven applications with transactional requirements. HTS uses transaction-context propagation via event notifications, where the contexts of publishers and subscribers are interrelated within a mixed transaction. Clients may opt to be compensatable or non-compensatable. Optional anonymity of transaction participants is supported through hash-based set memberships
Influence of Dynamic Compression on Directional Hearing in the Horizontal Plane (2006)

The influence of compression ratio and attack time could be shown for ILDs, but the effect was rather small, at least for the low compression ratios commonly used in hearing aids. The influence further decreased when attack time was prolonged. The dramatic impairment of the discrimination of ITDs with the hearing-impaired subjects in the high-frequency range suggests that they primarily rely on ILD cues.
Biosuppression of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> in grapes (2006)

There is increasing interest in the use of biological control agents (BCAs) and plant resistance stimulants to suppress botrytis bunch rot in grapes, caused by Botrytis cinerea . Numerous different filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeasts have been selected as potential BCAs for control of grey mould based upon demonstrated antagonism towards B. cinerea. Biological suppression of the pathogen arises via competition for nutrients and space, the production of inhibitory metabolites and/or parasitism. Preformed and inducible grapevine defence mechanisms also contribute to disease suppression by preventing or delaying pathogenic infection. Furthermore, various biotic and abiotic agents can stimulate grapevine defence mechanisms and so elevate resistance to B. cinerea infection. Biosuppression of B. cinerea in vineyards, using BCAs and resistance stimulants, has been inconsistent when compared with that observed in controlled glasshouse or laboratory conditions. This may be attributable, in part, to the innate variability of the field environment. Research to improve field efficacy has focused on formulation improvement, the use of BCA mixtures and combinational approaches involving BCAs and plant resistance stimulants with complementary modes of action.
Loss of heterozygosity at selective sites on chromosomes 13 and 17 in human breast carcinoma. (1992)

Four chromosomal regions were tested for loss of constitutional heterozygosity in primary tumours from 85 Icelandic breast cancer patients. Loss of heterozygosity and other types of gene rearrangements were observed in 37% of informative cases at the retinoblastoma locus, RB1, on chromosome 13q. Allele losses on chromosome 17 were tested with two polymorphic probes on 17p and two on 17q. Loss of heterozygosity or other types of genetic rearrangement were detected in 43.5% of cases on 17p near the p53 gene and 40.5% on 17q. In our study abnormalities at the RB1 locus and on chromosome 17 frequently occurred together, indicating that the coincident inactivation of more than one tumour suppressor gene may, in some cases, play a part in tumour formation. No significant correlation was found between these losses and clinico-histological parameters. Family history of breast cancer was found to be more common among patients with RB1 deletions and this trend was strengthened in cases where there were deletions at both the RB1 locus and on chromosome 17.
Insider Threat Control: Understanding Data Loss Prevention (DLP) and Detection by Correlating Events from Multiple Sources (2013)

Removable media, such as universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, present unique problems to the enterprise since insiders can use such media to remove proprietary information from company systems. Insiders may do this for legitimate reasons, such as to work on material at home, or they may do so for malicious reasons, such as to steal intellectual property. Organizations must establish and implement effective methods and processes to prevent unauthorized use of removable media while still allowing users with a genuine business need to access and remove such media. In addition, organizations should establish sound methods to track critical electronic assets so that they may better protect them. This report focuses on the theft of intellectual property using removable media, in particular, USB devices. We present methods to control removable media devices in a Microsoft Windows environment using Group Policy within an Active Directory environment. We also explore OpenDLP, an open source tool for identifying where sensitive data resides on organizational systems.
An Efficient Variable-Cost Maze Router (1982)

A variable cost maze router is described. The router is substantially faster than most other maze routers and also provides a flexibility which is valuable in a variety of ways. It is particularly well suited for use on multiple layer routing surfaces in which adjacent layers have primary wire directions which are perpendicular to each other. The router has been incorporated as a final phase into both a circuit board routing system and an LSI gate array router. Experience with these systems is described. Potential applications of the variable cost ability are also discussed.
Immunotherapy for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Monoclonal Antibodies and Vaccines (2005)

Advances in the development of monoclonal antibodies have led to new agents rapidly incorporated into standard lymphoma therapy. The characteristics of the target antigen and the properties of the antibody including interaction with the host immune system have been found to correlate with outcome. Antibodies targeting the CD20 antigen on B cells have been most widely used, led by the chimeric antibody rituximab, now used in nearly all types of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). New antibodies targeting CD20 with augmented complement or Fc receptor binding are now being evaluated and will eventually have to be compared with rituximab. Challenges to these new antibodies include the nearly universal use of rituximab early in NHL therapy, and its increasing use as maintenance therapy. It is not clear what the activity of these antibodies will be in rituximab-refractory patients. New antibodies targeting antigens such as CD40 and CD80 are also being tested alone and in combination with rituximab. Vaccine trials using patient-specific immunization with immunoglobulin idiotype (Ig-Id present on the surface of most B-cell NHL) isolated by molecular rescue or by cell hybridization techniques are also nearing completion. These approaches attempt to actively induce specific humoral or cellular immune responses to the Ig-Id by attaching the protein to a carrier protein and the use of an immunologic adjuvant such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Prior rituximab appears to delay humoral responses to the idiotype but may still allow cellular responses. The incorporation of all these approaches into optimal NHL therapy remains a challenge.
A Low-Cost SEU Fault Emulation Platform for SRAM-Based FPGAs (2006)

In this paper, we introduce a fully automated low cost hardware/software platform for efficiently performing fault emulation experiments targeting SEUs in the configuration bits of FPGA devices, without the need for expensive radiation experiments. We propose a method for significantly reducing the fault list by removing the faults on unused LUT bit positions. We also target the design flip-flops found in the configurable logic blocks (CLBs) inside the FPGA. Run-time reconfigurability of Virtex devices using JBits is exploited to provide the means not only for fault injection but fault detection as well. First, we consider five possible application scenarios for evaluating different self-test schemes. Then, we apply the least favorite and most time consuming of these scenarios on two 32times32 multiplier designs, demonstrating that transferring the simulation processing workload to FPGA hardware can allow for acceleration of simulation time of more than two orders of magnitude
α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters: Manufacturing process, properties, and applications (1975)

Abstract α‐Sulfonated fatty acid esters, because of their wide‐range of application and biological properties, represent an interesting class of surfactants. A technical method for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acid esters is described. By using special reaction conditions it is possible to α‐sulfonate saturated fatty esters directly without the use of solvents. The use of gaseous SO 3 gives the product in greater than 97% yield. A process for the bleaching of the α‐sulfonated fatty esters has been developed, whereby a product of faultless color is produced without the necessity of further purification or separation techniques. The sulfonation and bleaching processes operate continuously. The process has been tried successfully on a commercial scale using the methyl esters of technical fatty acids. Methods for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acids are given. The chemical, technical, and biological properties of the α‐sulfonated fatty acids and their esters are discussed. α‐Sulfonated fatty esters possess good washing and foaming properties, have good biological degradability, possess good skin compatibility and low acute toxicity. They can be considered as surfactant components for phosphate‐free or low‐phosphate detergents. α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters also possess other favorable technical properties which allow them to be used in cosmetics, as auxiliary agents in the production of fibers, plastics, and rubber, and in leather manufacture.
Synthesis of some diphenyl and triphenyl derivatives of anthracene and naphthalene (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of some diphenyl and triphenyl derivatives of anthracene and naphthaleneHerbert O. House, Don G. Koepsell, and Walter J. CampbellCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 7, 1003–1011Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00972a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00972a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2626Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Gum Formation in Gasoline (1933)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGum Formation in GasolineT. H. Rogers, J. L. Bussies, and P. T. WardCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1933, 25, 4, 397–402Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1933Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1933https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50280a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50280a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Protein Purification: Adsorption Chromatography on Controlled Pore Glass with the Use of Chaotropic Buffers (1976)

Chromatography on controlled pore glass in combination with chaotropic buffers makes possible, in a single step, protein purifications of several hundredfold. The new emphasis is on highly selective controllable adsorption. The method is useful for the purification and concentration of proteins from large volumes of complex media and for the purification of proteins that are poorly soluble or tend to aggregate in aqueous solution. D-(-)-β-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial membrane-bound protein, several soluble proteins, and staphylococcal α toxin, which can be purified directly from large volumes of culture medium, are used to illustrate the method.
Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning (2019)

Machine-learning models have demonstrated great success in learning complex patterns that enable them to make predictions about unobserved data. In addition to using models for prediction, the ability to interpret what a model has learned is receiving an increasing amount of attention. However, this increased focus has led to considerable confusion about the notion of interpretability. In particular, it is unclear how the wide array of proposed interpretation methods are related and what common concepts can be used to evaluate them. We aim to address these concerns by defining interpretability in the context of machine learning and introducing the predictive, descriptive, relevant (PDR) framework for discussing interpretations. The PDR framework provides 3 overarching desiderata for evaluation: predictive accuracy, descriptive accuracy, and relevancy, with relevancy judged relative to a human audience. Moreover, to help manage the deluge of interpretation methods, we introduce a categorization of existing techniques into model-based and post hoc categories, with subgroups including sparsity, modularity, and simulatability. To demonstrate how practitioners can use the PDR framework to evaluate and understand interpretations, we provide numerous real-world examples. These examples highlight the often underappreciated role played by human audiences in discussions of interpretability. Finally, based on our framework, we discuss limitations of existing methods and directions for future work. We hope that this work will provide a common vocabulary that will make it easier for both practitioners and researchers to discuss and choose from the full range of interpretation methods.