gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive ion etching for VLSI (1981)

Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) is a dry etching technique that is used to etch 1-µm and submicrometer patterns into films of silicon and silicon compounds. RIE is suitable for VLSI applications because etching is anisotropic and proceeds via chemical reactions with the substrate. Anisotropic etching allows faithful reproduction of resist patterns into the films that make up a device, and chemical etching allows development of selective etching by manipulating the composition of the plasma. The RIE reactor is described and examples of its use to fabricate 1-µm MOSFET's are given. Concerns arising from the presence of a voltage between the substrates and the plasma, radiation damage of SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and contamination of silicon, are discussed.
299. The hydrothermal chemistry of silicates. Part III. Reactions of analcite and leucite (1953)

R. M. Barrer, L. Hinds and E. A. White, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1466 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530001466
[Food supply in schools in the Sabalibougou neighborhood, commune 5 of the district of Bamako]. (2015)

The aim of this study was to contribute to the improvement of food supply in schools at the Sabalibougou neighborhood in the fifth commune of the district of Bamako. Conducted in 2012, this was a cross quantitative questionnaire study including 200 sellers working within schools in the area. The main results were: Food sales activity at schools level was entirely ensured by married women. 74.50% were illiterate and the average age was 37.47 years. 10.50% of the food sellers were involved inside the establishment while 89.50% were working outside the schools in the streets. Hot meals, whose production chain has several critical points that must be monitor were consumed by 64.50% of schoolchildren. Whatever the seller's category and type of food sold, the hygiene conditions along the process were poor because 80.50% of foods were prepared at home the night before and brought out in the morning to be sold, and 87.93% kept the food prepared at room temperature. In 15.00% of cases the meals were served in the unwashed hands of the child. The work environment was unhealthy in 86.50% of cases. Given this situation it was recommended to educate vendors on food hygiene and continue promoting school canteens.
SIPs: solar irradiance prediction system (2014)

There is high interest in up-scaling capacities of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. However, variability and uncertainty in power output is a major concern and forecasting is, therefore, a top priority. Advancements in forecasting can potentially limit the impact of fluctuations in solar power generation, specifically in cloudy days when the variability and dynamics are the largest. We propose SIPS, Solar Irradiance Prediction System, a novel sensing infrastructure using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to enable sensing of solar irradiance for solar power generation forecasting. In this paper, we report the findings of a deployment of a hierarchical WSN system consisting of 19 TelosB nodes equipped with solar irradiance sensors, and 5 MicaZ nodes equipped with GPS boards, deployed in the vicinity of a 1 MW solar array. We evaluate different irradiance sensor types and the performance of different novel prediction methods using SIPS? data and show that the spatial-temporal cross-correlations between sensor node readings and solar array output power exists and can be exploited to improve prediction accuracy. Using this data for short-term solar forecasting for cloudy days with very high dynamics in solar output power generation - the worst case scenario for prediction - we get an average of 97.24% accuracy in our prediction for short time horizon forecasting and 240% reduction of predicted normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) compared to state-of-the-art methods that do not use SIPS data.
Robust interferometer for the routing of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (2011)

We have developed an interferometer requiring only minimal angular alignment for the routing of beams carrying orbital angular momentum. The Mach–Zehnder interferometer contains a Dove prism in each arm where each has a mirror plane around which the transverse phase profile is inverted. One consequence of the inversions is that the interferometer needs no alignment. Instead the interferometer defines a unique axis about which the input beam must be coupled. Experimental results are presented for the fringe contrast, reaching a maximum value of 93±1%.
Web services: what's real and what's not? (2005)

The idea of abstracted, well-defined, and ubiquitously invokable services replacing proprietary interprocess communications has been a goal of system designers for a long time. The rise of Web services has led to a lot of misconceptions about how they can and cannot support the holy grail of a service-oriented architecture (SOA). This article seeks to put Web services in perspective, explaining their current capabilities and what industry can expect from them in the near term. It gives an overview of how technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML), XML schemas, Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT), the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), the Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and universal description, discovery, and integration (UDDI) fit into the equation for an SOA.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Mononuclear Phagocyte Interactions:Emerging Avenues of Biomarker Discovery, Modes of Viral Persistence and Disease Pathogenesis (2006)

Mononuclear phagocytes (MP; bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages, histiocytes, alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells, perivascular macrophages, and microglia) function as sentry and surveillance cells by acting as debris scavengers, killers of microbial pathogens, and regulators of immune responses. Interestingly, these same cells are reservoirs and vehicles of dissemination for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). How virus alters the MP immunoregulatory activities so it can complete its own life cycle and affect disease is only recently being unravelled. Physiologic, anatomic and functional changes also underlie virus-MP interactions and include multinucleated giant cell formation, changes in ion channel expression and cell volume, and robust secretory responses with the production of numerous secretory factors affecting tissue injury. The balance between such MP activities and ability to both mobilize an adaptive immune response to thwart viral growth underlies the progression of viral infection and clinical disease. This review serves to discuss the functions of MP in HIV disease by bringing together what is known with what remains unknown. The advent of functional genomics and proteomics has opened the ways to address the intricacies of viral-host interactions and has provided new avenues for therapeutic interventions and disease monitoring that takes advantage of specific intracellular relationships between the virus and its host cell.
Node Compromise in Sensor Networks: The Need for Secure Systems (2005)

While sensor network deployment is becoming more commonplace in environmental, business, and military applications, security of these networks emerges as a critical concern. Without proper security, it is impossible to completely trust the results reported from sensor networks deployed outside of controlled environments. Much of the current research in sensor networks has focused on protocols and authentication schemes for protecting the transport of information. However, all of those schemes are useless if an attacker can obtain a node from the network and extract the appropriate information, such as security keys, from it. We focus our research on the area of secure systems. In this paper we demonstrate the ease with which nodes can be compromised as well as show exactly what information can be obtained and how it can be used to disrupt, falsify data within, or eavesdrop on sensor networks. We then suggest mechanisms to detect intrusions into individual sensor nodes. Finally, we come up with security measures that can be implemented in future generation nodes to improve security. 1.
Synthetic Chlorins Bearing Auxochromes at the 3- and 13-Positions (2006)

Synthetic chlorins bearing diverse auxochromes at the 3- and 13-positions of the macrocycle are valuable targets given their resemblance to chlorophylls a and b, which bear 3-vinyl and 13-keto groups. A de novo route has been exploited to construct nine zinc chlorins bearing substituents at the 3- and 13-positions and two benchmark zinc chlorins lacking such substituents. The chlorins are sterically uncongested and bear (1) a geminal dimethyl group in the reduced pyrroline ring, (2) a H, an acetyl, a triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS-ethynyl), or a vinyl at the 3-position, (3) a H, an acetyl, or TIPS-ethynyl at the 13-position, and (4) a H or a mesityl at the 10-position. The synthesis of the 13-substituted chlorins relied on p-TsOH x H2O-catalyzed condensation of an 8,9-dibromo-1-formyldipyrromethane (eastern half) and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin (western half), followed by metal-mediated oxidative cyclization, affording the 13-bromochlorin. Similar use of a bromo- or TIPS-ethynyl-substituted western half provided access to 3-substituted chlorins. A 3-bromo, 13-bromo, or 3,13-dibromochlorin was further transformed by Pd-coupling to introduce the vinyl group (via tributylvinyltin), TIPS-ethynyl group (via TIPS-acetylene), or acetyl group (via tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin, followed by acidic hydrolysis). In the 10-mesityl-substituted zinc chlorins, the series of substituents, 3-vinyl, 13-TIPS-ethynyl, 3-TIPS-ethynyl, 13-acetyl, 3,13-bis(TIPS-ethynyl), 3-TIPS-ethynyl-13-acetyl, or 3,13-diacetyl, progressively causes (1) a redshift in the absorption maximum of the B band (405-436 nm) and the Q(y) band (606-662 nm), (2) a relative increase in the intensity of the Q(y) band (I(B)/I(Q) = 4.2-1.5), and (3) an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield phi(f) (0.059-0.29). The zinc chlorins bearing a 3-TIPS-ethynyl-13-acetyl or a 3,13-diacetyl group exhibit a number of spectral properties resembling those of chlorophyll a or its zinc analogue. Taken together, this study provides access to finely tuned chlorins for spectroscopic studies and diverse applications.
14 Ribosomal Protein S6 Phosphorylation and Signal Transduction (1996)

Growth factors, acting through single transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors or G-protein-coupled serpentine receptors, induce cells in the animal and in culture to exit the G 0 state of the cell cycle, progress through G 1 , synthesize DNA, and divide (Bourne et al. 1990; Cantley et al. 1991). This process is accomplished through the coordinate activation of a number of metabolic events (Pardee 1989). It has become evident during the last 5–10 years that the major intracellular mediator of these events is protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation (Krebs 1994). The realization of the importance of this regulatory mechanism to cell growth has focused a great deal of attention on the identification of substrates and the signaling pathways that control cell cycle progression (Egan and Weinberg 1993; Downward 1994). One of the early obligatory metabolic events involved in the induction of cell growth is the activation of protein synthesis (Pardee 1989), a process that proceeds through a complex set of steps involving a large number of translational components (see Morley and Thomas 1991), including initiation factors, tRNA Met , mRNA, and the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits. The rate-limiting event in increased protein synthesis is thought to be the recognition and binding of mRNA by the 43S ribosomal preinitiation complex, a step that also requires a family of initiation factors termed 4A, 4B, and 4F (Sonenberg 1994; see Mathews et al.; Sonenberg; both this volume). In turn, this process is thought to be regulated by the concerted phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of key translational components (see Morley and Thomas...
Colorants Anthraquinoniques Stables de Parametre D'Ordre Eleve en Solution Dans les Cristaux Liquides (1981)

Abstract Les colorants anthraquinoniques peuvent ětre dissous et orientés dans les cristaux liquides. La présence d'un atome d'hydrogéne mobile au voisinage de la fonction quinone confere aux solutions de ces colorants une grande stabilité à la lumière. Par un choix convenable des substituants ilest possiblede synthitiser des colorants poskdant I'ensemble des propriétés requises pour réaliser un affichage dicbroique. La comparaison des propriites physico-chimiques des solutions de colorants anthmquinoniques 2-phénoxy, 2-phényle, 2,6-diphényle substitub met en évidence les caracteristiques avantageuses de ces derniers. Des colorants bleus, de haut “paramétre d'ordre,” de solubilité élevée, stables en solution dans les cristaux liquides d'anisotropie positive sont dicrits. Le degri & orientation est diminui dans les milanges contqnant des esters, qui sont gentralement utilisis pour realiser des melanges eutectiques d'anisotropée ntgative, ce qui limite leur application dans les procédés utilisant ce type de mélange.
Composition of Tick Oral Secretions Obtained by Three Different Collection Methods1 (1973)

Journal Article Composition of Tick Oral Secretions Obtained by Three Different Collection Methods Get access Robert W. Barker, Robert W. Barker 2Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. Burris, E. Burris 2Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. Sauer, J. R. Sauer 3Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jakie A. Hair Jakie A. Hair 3Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 10, Issue 2, 25 April 1973, Pages 198–201, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/10.2.198 Published: 25 April 1973
Electron and hole mobilities in inversion layers on thermally oxidized silicon surfaces (1965)

Extensive measurements of electron and hole mobilities in inversion layers on thermally oxidized silicon surfaces were performed using the field effect conductance technique. It was found that both electron and hole mobilities are practically constant and approximately equal to one half of their respective bulk values up to a surface field of about 1.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> volts/cm, corresponding to about 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> electronic charges/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> induced in the silicon. At higher fields the inversion layer mobilities begin to decrease slightly. The temperature dependence of inversion layer mobilities follows a T <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1.5</sup> rule at the upper range of the interval -196 to 200°C, indicating a scattering mechanism similar to lattice scattering. This observation is further supported by the lack of a significant effect of an order-of-magnitude variation in the bulk impurity concentration (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> - 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) on the inversion layer mobilities. No significant effect of structural and geometrical parameters (such as channel length and shape, oxide type and thickness, and surface charge density) was found on the inversion layer mobilities.
Localization of single copy gene by PRINS technique (1993)

Journal Article Localization of single copy gene by PRINS technique Get access Caterina Cinti, Caterina Cinti 1Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Microscopia Elettronica IORBologna Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Spartaco Santi, Spartaco Santi 2lstituto di Citomorfologia Normale e Patologica CNRvia di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nadir Mario Maraldi Nadir Mario Maraldi * 1Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Microscopia Elettronica IORBologna2lstituto di Citomorfologia Normale e Patologica CNRvia di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy * To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Istituto di Citomorfologia Normale e Patologica CNR, c/o IOR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 21, Issue 24, 11 December 1993, Pages 5799–5800, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.24.5799 Published: 11 December 1993 Article history Received: 07 September 1993 Revision received: 22 October 1993 Accepted: 22 October 1993 Published: 11 December 1993
Editorial: A tribute to jack renner (7/25/24–8/10/91) (1992)

At the 1988 NARST meeting, I had the honor of introducing John W. Renner as the recipient of our Distinguished Contributions Award.It was my belief then and now that Jack Renner represented
An Enhanced Oil Recovery Method: Injection Of Steam With Surfactant Solutions (1978)

A laboratory study is presented on the recovery of a 30 Api gravity oil by the combined injection of steam and a sodium sulfonate aqueous solution. After the optimization of both surfactant concentration and injection procedure, a significant decrease in the residual oil saturation has been obtained compared to steam injection alone. The alternative injection of surfactant and steam slugs has proved to be the most efficient method of inducing low values of interfacial tensions inside the porous medium.
Acid−Base Equilibria inside Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica (2011)

Acid-base equilibria and effective proton concentration inside a silica mesopore modified with a trimethyl ammonium (TMAP) layer were studied by steady-state fluorescence experiments. The mesoporous silica with a dense TMAP layer (1.4 molecules/nm(2)) was prepared by a post grafting of N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium at surfactant-templated mesoporous silica (diameter of silica framework =3.1 nm). The resulting TMAP-modified mesoporous silica strongly adsorbed of anionic fluorescence indicator dyes (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (pyranine), 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS), 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphinetetrasulfonic acid disulfuric acid (TPPS), 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate (2NT)) and fluorescence excitation spectra of these dyes within TMAP-modified mesoporous silica were measured by varying the solution pH. The fluorescence experiments revealed that the acid-base equilibrium reactions of all pH indicator dyes within the TMAP-modified silica mesopore were quite different from those in bulk water. From the analysis of the acid-base equilibrium of pyranine, the following relationships between solution pH (pH(bulk)) and the effective proton concentration inside the pore (pH(pore)) were obtained: (1) shift of pH(pore) was 1.8 (ΔpH(pore)=1.8) for the pH(bulk) change from 2.1 to 9.1 (ΔpH(bulk)=7.0); (2) pH(pore) was not simply proportional to pH(bulk); (3) the inside of the TMAP-modified silica mesopore was suggested to be in a weak acidic or neutral condition when pH(bulk) was changed from 2.0 to 9.1. Since these relationships between pH(bulk) and pH(pore) could explain the acid-base equilibria of other pH indicator dyes (APTS, TPPS, 2NT), these relationships were inferred to describe the effective proton concentration inside the TMAP-modified silica mesopore.
Radiation balance microwave thermograph for industrial and medical applications (1978)

A new improved radiometer has been developed, which measures physical temperature independently of a possible mismatch between the radiation-emitting object and the receiving antenna. Its ability to reduce a mismatch-induced error of 74% (in a conventional system) to a level comparable to the random fluctuations of the instruments output (3% or 0.3 K) has been demonstrated experimentally.
Biosynthetic Burden and Plasmid Burden Limit Expression of Chromosomally Integrated Heterologous Genes (<i>p</i><i>dc,</i><i>a</i><i>dhB</i>) in <i>Escherichia</i><i>c</i><i>oli</i> (1999)

Previous studies have shown an unexpectedly high nutrient requirement for efficient ethanol production by ethanologenic recombinants of Escherichia coli B such as LY01 which contain chromosomally integrated Zymomonas mobilis genes (pdc,adhB) encoding the ethanol pathway. The basis for this requirement has been identified as a media-dependent effect on the expression of the Z. mobilis genes rather than a nutritional limitation. Ethanol production was substantially increased without additional nutrients simply by increasing the level of pyruvate decarboxylase activity. This was accomplished by adding a multicopy plasmid containing pdc alone (but not adhB alone) to strain LY01, and by adding multicopy plasmids which express pdc and adhB from strong promoters. New strong promoters were isolated from random fragments of Z. mobilis DNA and characterized but were not used to construct integrated biocatalysts. These promoters contained regions resembling recognition sites for 3 different E. coli sigma factors: sigma(70), sigma(38), and sigma(28). The most effective plasmid-based promoters for fermentation were recognized by multiple sigma factors, expressed both pdc and adhB at high levels, and produced ethanol efficiently while allowing up to 80% reduction in complex nutrients as compared to LY01. The ability to utilize multiple sigma factors may be advantageous to maintain the high levels of PDC and ADH needed for efficient ethanol production throughout batch fermentation. From this work, we propose that the activation of biosynthetic genes in nutrient-poor media creates a biosynthetic burden that reduces the expression of chromosomal pdc and adhB by competing for transcriptional and translational machinery. This reduced expression can be viewed as analogous to the effect of plasmids (plasmid burden) on the expression of native chromosomal genes.
Time and dose-dependent activation of p53 serine 15 phosphorylation among cell lines with different radiation sensitivity (2007)

Cells that are competent in signal transduction have p53-p-Ser15 kinetics corresponding to cellular radiosensitivity as assessed by clonogenicity and DNA DSB repair, and cells impaired in signal transduction lack this correspondence. Therefore, using p53-p-Ser15 as a general marker of radiation sensitivity has confounding factors which may impair proper radiosensitivity prediction.