gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Assisted Ventilator Modes on Triggering, Patient Effort, and Dyspnea (1997)

In 11 ventilator-dependent patients, we undertook a head-to-head comparison of patient-ventilator interaction during four ventilator modes: assist-control ventilation (ACV), intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), pressure support (PS), and a combination of IMV and PS. Progressive increases in IMV rate and PS level each decreased inspiratory pressure-time product (PTP) (p < 0.0001). These reductions in PTP were greater with PS than with IMV at lower but proportional levels of maximal assistance (p < 0.005). When PS 10 cm H2O was added to a given level of IMV, greater reductions in PTP were achieved not only during intervening (PS) breaths (p < 0.001), but also during mandatory (volume-assisted) breaths (p < 0.0005); this additional unloading during mandatory breaths was proportional to the decrease in respiratory drive (dP/dt) during intervening breaths (r = 0.67, p < 0.0001). Maximal unloading occurred with ACV, achieving more than a fivefold decrease in PTP compared with unassisted breathing. Decreases in PTP were confined to the post-trigger phase, and PTP of the post-trigger phase correlated with dP/dt (r = 0.78, p < 0.0001). Effort during the trigger phase remained constant despite marked changes in drive and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi). Ineffective triggering occurred with all modes, and wasted PTP increased with increasing levels of assistance as a result of the accompanying decrease in drive and increase in volume. Breaths preceding nontriggering efforts had shorter respiratory cycle times (p < 0.0005) and expiratory times (p < 0.0001) and higher PEEPi (p < 0.0001), indicating that neural-mechanical asynchrony resulted from inspiratory activity commencing prematurely before elastic recoil pressure had fallen to a level that could be overcome by a patient's muscular effort. Thus, increases in the level of ventilator assistance produced progressive decreases in inspiratory muscle effort and dyspnea,which were accompanied by increases in the rate of ineffective triggering.
Experimental Design of Fire Retardant Formulations: SMC Low Profile Formulations (1998)

The problems originated by fire are important enough to carry out studies related to ignition, flame spread, combustibility, and smoke suppression for the purpose of obtaining materials with better fire behaviour. An improvement in fire properties can be achieved using fire retardants and smoke suppressants. Fire retardants can act by means of chemical reactions where the combustion presents radicals with high energy in the gas phase. They can also react physically by several methods: developing a layer which protects the material from ignition on the surface of the substrate, giving off non flammable gases such as H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 , HCl, etc., in order to dissolve the flammable gases and withdrawing the oxygen from the fire area in the gas phase, improving certain reactions such as endothermic ones or surface dehydrations. On the other hand, smoke suppressants can also act physically and chemically (by means of Red-Ox reactions) in the condensed and gas phases. The present work focuses on the study of SMC-LP(Sheet Moulding Compound Low Profile) materials which are widely used in sectors such as: automotive, transport and building. In SMC low profile process, the polyester resins are mixed with thermoplastic additives. In this way, the formulation obtained is called low profile due to the contraction inside the mould tends to zero. On the other hand, using the proper process it is possible to obtain fibre reinforced plastics formulations with different fire retardant and smoke suppressants. The main objective of the present work has been an exhaustive analysis of the possible effects and interactions in fire and mechanical properties due to the different fillers added. This study has been carried out by means of an experimental design with statistical analysis of the results. The scope is focused on a further optimisation of these sorts of materials, in order to obtain a wide range of suitable formulations.
Direct Conversion of <i>N</i>-Methoxy-<i>N</i>-methylamides (Weinreb Amides) to Ketones via a Nonclassical Wittig Reaction (2005)

[reaction: see text] N-Methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb amides) are converted efficiently into ketones by reaction with alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes and in situ hydrolysis of the product.
Phase I study of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine plus cytosine arabinoside infusions in patients with solid tumors. (1979)

A phase I trial was conducted in 30 patients with solid tumors, using infusions of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR) plus cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). Doses of 5-FUdR administered over 2 hours daily X 5 ranged from 0.02 to 1.0 mg/kg, and these doses immediately preceded a 1-hour infusion of ara-C. These schedules were selected because 5-FUdR pretreatment had been shown to sensitize L5178Y cells in culture to acute cell death by ara-C. Dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression. Based upon results in this study, the recommended dose of 5-FUdR to be used in phase II trials of this combination is 0.04--0.05 mg/kg (1.6--2.0 mg/m2) given prior to ara-C at a dose of 100 mg/m2. Antitumor responses were seen in patients with head and neck cancer, breast carcinoma, and carcinoid syndrome.
Predicting VoLTE Quality using Random Neural Network (2016)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was initially designed for a high data rates network. However, voice service is always a main service that drives huge profits benefit for mobile phone operators. Hence the deployment of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is very essential. LTE network is a fully All-IP network, thus, the deployment of VoLTE is quite complex, specially for guaranteeing of Quality of Service (QoS) for meeting quality of experience of mobile users. The key purpose of this paper is to present an object, non-intrusive prediction model for VoLTE quality based on Random Neural Network (RNN). In order to simulate an experiment, a three-layer feedforward RNN architecture with gradient descent training algorithm is applied. The inputs of this model are object network impairments such as Packet Loss Rate (PLR), Delay and Jitter. The VoLTE quality was predicted in term of the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The simulation results show that this model offers MOS values which are quite close to well-known method is WB-PESQ (Wideband Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality) model. The results also show that the proposed model is very suitable for predicting voice quality over LTE network.
A comparison of single- and double-carrier injection in amorphous silicon alloys (1985)

We present results from both experimental and theoretical studies of single and double carrier injection into amorphous silicon alloys. For biases above approximately half the built-in potential double carrier injection in forward biased p-i-n diodes leads to higher currents than are obtained for single carrier injection in n-i-n diodes. Single carrier injection was found to depend mainly on the density and distribution of localized states in the gap, whereas double injection currents are also very dependent on the recombination kinetics and the carrier band mobilities. Analysis of experimental results suggests that for an electron band mobility of 20 cm2/V sec the hole band mobility is approximately 4 cm2/V sec.
Solution synthesis of human midkine, a novel heparin‐binding neurotrophic factor consisting of 121 amino acid residues with five disulphide bonds (1996)

Abstract Human midkine (hMK), a novel heparin‐binding neurotrophic factor consisting of 121 amino acid residues with five intramolecular disulphide bonds, was synthesized by solution procedure in order to demonstrate the usefulness of our newly developed solvent system, a mixture of dichloromethane or chloroform and trifluoroethanol. The final protected 121‐residue peptide was assembled from two large fully protected intermediates, Boc‐(1–5 9)‐OH and H‐(60–121)‐OBzl, in CHL/TFE (3:1, v/v) using water‐soluble carbodiimide in the presence of HOOBt as coupling reagents. After removal of the protecting groups by HF followed by treatment with Hg(OAc) 2 in 50% acetic acid, the fully deprotected peptide was subjected to the oxidative folding reaction. The final product was confirmed to have the correct disulphide structure from its tryptic peptide mapping and to possess the same biological activities as those of the natural product. In order to clarify the active region of the hMK molecule, the N‐terminal and C‐terminal half domains [(1–59) and (60–121)] were also synthesized by the same procedure used for the hMK synthesis. The C‐half domain was confirmed to show the full pattern of bioactivities except for the neuronal cell survival activity, while the N‐half one showed much less activity in general.
Decentralized control of a collective of autonomous robotic vehicles (2001)

In this paper, the performance of a group of autonomous vehicles tracking a prescribed goal is analyzed. The vehicles are considered to be ground-based unmanned robots acting as a group to maintain an unbroken communication network in a building or some other region. Vehicle interactions are modeled as a chain of interconnected systems. The stability of the entire collective as well as individual vehicles is studied using largescale systems theory. Stability can be controlled via two key parameters: vehicle speed constant (maximum vehicle speed times sample time) and vehicle interaction gain. In addition to the stability analysis, simulation of a group of vehicles in a building with walls, doors, and other obstacles is studied with respect to maintaining a communication network among the vehicles at all times.
Presenilin function and γ‐secretase activity (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Genetic studies of AD first highlighted the importance of the presenilins (PS). Subsequent functional studies have demonstrated that PS form the catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex that produces the Abeta peptide, confirming the central role of PS in AD biology. Here, we review the studies that have characterized PS function in the gamma-secretase complex in Caenorhabditis elegans, mice and in in vitro cell culture systems, including studies of PS structure, PS interactions with substrates and other gamma-secretase complex members, and the evidence supporting the hypothesis that PS are aspartyl proteases that are active in intramembranous proteolysis. A thorough knowledge of the mechanism of PS cleavage in the context of the gamma-secretase complex will further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause AD, and may allow the development of therapeutics that can alter Abeta production and modify the risk for AD.
Maximizing Functional Photoreceptor Differentiation From Adult Human Retinal Stem Cells (2009)

Retinal stem cells (RSCs) are present in the ciliary margin of the adult human eye and can give rise to all retinal cell types. Here we show that modulation of retinal transcription factor gene expression in human RSCs greatly enriches photoreceptor progeny, and that strong enrichment was obtained with the combined transduction of OTX2 and CRX together with the modulation of CHX10. When these genetically modified human RSC progeny are transplanted into mouse eyes, their retinal integration and differentiation is superior to unmodified RSC progeny. Moreover, electrophysiologic and behavioral tests show that these transplanted cells promote functional recovery in transducin mutant mice. This study suggests that gene modulation in human RSCs may provide a source of photoreceptor cells for the treatment of photoreceptor disease.
VARP Is Recruited on to Endosomes by Direct Interaction with Retromer, Where Together They Function in Export to the Cell Surface (2014)

VARP is a Rab32/38 effector that also binds to the endosomal/lysosomal R-SNARE VAMP7. VARP binding regulates VAMP7 participation in SNARE complex formation and can therefore influence VAMP7-mediated membrane fusion events. Mutant versions of VARP that cannot bind Rab32:GTP, designed on the basis of the VARP ankyrin repeat/Rab32:GTP complex structure described here, unexpectedly retain endosomal localization, showing that VARP recruitment is not dependent on Rab32 binding. We show that recruitment of VARP to the endosomal membrane is mediated by its direct interaction with VPS29, a subunit of the retromer complex, which is involved in trafficking from endosomes to the TGN and the cell surface. Transport of GLUT1 from endosomes to the cell surface requires VARP, VPS29, and VAMP7 and depends on the direct interaction between VPS29 and VARP. Finally, we propose that endocytic cycling of VAMP7 depends on its interaction with VARP and, consequently, also on retromer.
Sulfur regulation of heparinase and sulfatases in Flavobacterium heparinum (1986)

Sulfur regulation of heparinase synthesis and sulfatase synthesis was studied in Flavobacterium heparinum. Heparinase synthesis was strongly repressed by sulfate and L-cysteine, while the activity of this enzyme showed little or no inhibition by these compounds. Heparinase was synthesized in the absence of heparin when L-methionine was used as the sole sulfur source. The sulfatases produced by F. heparinum, which include the sulfatases involved in heparin catabolism, were also studied. At least some of the sulfatase activity was regulated by sulfur compounds in a manner similar to heparinase regulation. L-Cysteic acid and taurine were not suitable sulfur sources to support the growth of F. heparinum.
An Empirical Evaluation of doc2vec with Practical Insights into Document Embedding Generation (2016)

Recently, Le and Mikolov (2014) proposed doc2vec as an extension to word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013a) to learn document-level embeddings. Despite promising results in the original paper, others have struggled to reproduce those results. This paper presents a rigorous empirical evaluation of doc2vec over two tasks. We compare doc2vec to two baselines and two state-of-the-art document embedding methodologies. We found that doc2vec performs robustly when using models trained on large external corpora, and can be further improved by using pre-trained word embeddings. We also provide recommendations on hyper-parameter settings for general purpose applications, and release source code to induce document embeddings using our trained doc2vec models.
Structural signatures of antibiotic binding sites on the ribosome (2010)

The ribosome represents a major target for antibacterial drugs. Being a complex molecular machine, it offers many potential sites for functional interference. The high-resolution structures of ribosome in complex with various antibiotics provide a unique data set for understanding the universal features of drug-binding pockets on the ribosome. In this work, we have analyzed the structural and evolutionary properties of 65 antibiotic binding sites (ABSs) in the ribosome. We compared these sites to similar-size computed pockets extracted from the small and large ribosomal subunits. Based on this analysis, we defined properties of the known drug-binding sites, which constitute the signature of a 'druggable' site. The most noticeable properties of the ABSs are prevalence of non-paired bases, a strong bias in favor of unusual syn conformation of the RNA bases and an unusual sugar pucker. We propose that despite the different geometric and chemical properties of diverse antibiotics, their binding sites tend to have common attributes that possibly reflect the potency of the pocket for binding small molecules. Finally, we utilized the ensemble of properties to derive a druggability index, which can be used in conjunction with site functionality information to identify new drug-binding sites on the ribosome.
Maximum Force Control of a Linear Induction Motor Drive (2007)

Linear induction machines (LIM) have shown their advantages in high speed propulsion in a variety of applications, such as military, and transportation. Implementation of vector control to achieve position, speed, and force control in linear induction machines has been a focal area of research for the past decade. However, due to the trailing eddy current effects and magnetic asymmetry effects, vector control can not provide the perfect functionality for LIM as it does for rotary induction machines (RIM). Furthermore, the vector control schemes are relatively complicated. Therefore, searching for an adequate control scheme with ease in implementation and low cost is the motivation of this paper. Using finite element analysis (FEA) the relationship between traction force and different ranges of linear speed and excitation frequencies in motoring, generating, and electromagnetic braking regions has been found. By storing these characteristics in the form of lookup tables which provides excitation frequencies resulting in maximum accelerating and decelerating forces, a closed-loop control scheme incorporating position, speed, and force controls with fast response has been proposed.
Susceptibility of Vegetatively Propagated Petunia to Tobamovirus Infection and Its Possible Control (1999)

In this study, 18 Petunia × hybrida Hort. Volm.-Andr. cultivars were mechanically inoculated with the tobamoviruses tobacco mosaic (TMV) or tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) (20 μg·L -1 in 0.05 m sodium phosphate buffer). One and 2 weeks post-inoculation (PI), inoculated and noninoculated upper leaves were harvested and assayed for TMV infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Local lesions developed on inoculated leaves of 16 cultivars 3-5 days PI. A total of 11 and 16 of the cultivars developed systemic symptoms characteristic of tobamovirus infection 2 weeks after inoculation with TMV and ToMV, respectively. All cultivars were positive in ELISA tests. Large amounts of virus were recovered from the upper, noninoculated leaves of all cultivars, including symptomless plants. Up to 95% infection by TMV occurred when a sterilized knife was passed through an infected shoot of petunia prior to its being used to remove cuttings from healthy petunia plants. Heat sterilization of knives and/or treatment with 2.8 g·L -1 sodium troclosene was very effective in controlling TMV transmission.
UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy (2012)

Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency state in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people globally. Although it is particularly prevalent in less-developed countries, it remains a significant problem in the developed world, even where other forms of malnutrition have already been almost eliminated. Effective management is needed to prevent adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes, including the need for red cell transfusion. The objective of this guideline is to provide healthcare professionals with clear and simple recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period. This is the first such guideline in the UK and may be applicable to other developed countries. Public health measures, such as helminth control and iron fortification of foods, which can be important to developing countries, are not considered here. The guidance may not be appropriate to all patients and individual patient circumstances may dictate an alternative approach.
Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution with Solid Cosolvent (RESS−SC) Process:  Formation of Griseofulvin Nanoparticles (2005)

In the conventional RESS process, a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded through a nozzle to precipitate the solute as microparticles. The modeling of RESS has shown that the precipitated particles at the nozzle tip are on the order of 5−25 nm in size. However, for most solutes, the final particles experimentally obtained are on the order of 800−3000 nm in size, due to growth by coagulation in the expansion chamber. Another difficulty is that most of the pharmaceutical compounds have poor solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (a fluid of choice). In this work, both challenges are addressed by utilizing a cosolvent that is solid at the nozzle exit conditions. The solid cosolvent (SC) enhances the solubility and provides a barrier for coagulation in the expansion chamber. The solid cosolvent is later remove from the solute particles by lyophilization (sublimation). The new process is termed as RESS−SC. A suitable solid cosolvent is menthol, which is solid below 35 °C (the typical nozzle exit temperature is 5−30 °C) and can be easily sublimed. The RESS−SC concept is demonstrated by producing nanoparticles of griseofulvin, an antifungal drug which has very low solubility in supercritical CO2. With the use of the menthol cosolvent, griseofulvin solubility in supercritical CO2 is increased by about 28-fold. With the use of a simple capillary nozzle, griseofulvin particles in the range of 50−250 nm were obtained, which is a 10-fold reduction from the conventional RESS process. The final powder is pure griseofulvin, free of any stabilizing agents. Particles are characterized by SEM, XRD, and DSC analyses. In addition, data and modeling of the solubility enhancement are presented.
User Authentication via PRNU-Based Physical Unclonable Functions (2017)

Multifactor user authentication systems enhance security by augmenting passwords with the verification of additional pieces of information such as the possession of a particular device. This paper presents an innovative user authentication scheme that verifies the possession of one’s smartphone by uniquely identifying its camera. High-frequency components of the photo-response nonuniformity of the optical sensor are extracted from raw images and used as a weak physical unclonable function. A novel scheme for efficient transmission and server-side verification is also designed based on adaptive random projections and on an innovative fuzzy extractor using polar codes. The security of the system is thoroughly analyzed under different attack scenarios both theoretically and experimentally.
Conductive composites of PVC and wood's metal with interpenetrating network structure (2013)

Abstract This work presents composite materials with interpenetrating network structure based on thermoplastic polymer and low melting metal alloy. Composites with various alloy content were prepared by PVC powder sintering to obtain polymer matrix with open pores. Then, liquid Wood's metal was intruded into the matrix using a pressure autoclave. Obtained composites have been studied with respect to microstructure, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. SEM micrographs revealed good dispersion of metal in the matrix but at low loading levels it is incomplete. Addition of metal improved mechanical properties, especially flexural strength. Electrical resistivity of samples varies from 10 −4 to 10 −5 Ω m and these values are typical of conductors. The measurements of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) shows that generally PVC/Wood's metal composites have a good ability to shield electromagnetic waves. Composites containing more than 15 vol % Wood's metal exhibited EMI SE above 40 dB in the major part of frequency range. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013