gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-situ electronic characterization of graphene nanoconstrictions fabricated in a transmission electron microscope (2011)

We report electronic measurements on high-quality graphene nanoconstrictions (GNCs) fabricated in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the first measurements on GNC conductance with an accurate measurement of constriction width down to 1 nm. To create the GNCs, freely-suspended graphene ribbons were fabricated using few-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The ribbons were loaded into the TEM, and a current-annealing procedure was used to clean the material and improve its electronic characteristics. The TEM beam was then used to sculpt GNCs to a series of desired widths in the range 1 - 700 nm; after each sculpting step, the sample was imaged by TEM and its electronic properties measured in-situ. GNC conductance was found to be remarkably high, comparable to that of exfoliated graphene samples of similar size. The GNC conductance varied with width approximately as, where w is the constriction width in nanometers. GNCs support current densities greater than 120 \muA/nm2, two orders of magnitude higher than has been previously reported for graphene nanoribbons and 2000 times higher than copper.
Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study (2018)

Registered to the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies EUPAS8705.
Injection molding ceramics to high green densities (1983)

The injection molding behavior of a concentrated suspension of Si powder in wax was studied. It was found that the injection molding behavior was a function of the processing techniques used to generate the powder. Dry ball-milled powders had the best molding behavior, while air classified and impact-milled powders demonstrated poorer injection moldability. The relative viscosity of these molding batches was studied as a function of powder properties: distribution shape, surface area, packing density, and particle morphology. The experimental behavior, in all cases, followed existing theories. The relative viscosity of an injection molding composition composed of dry ball-milled powders could be expressed using Farris' relation.
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated CCR5 Ablation in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Confers HIV-1 Resistance In Vivo (2017)

Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with a naturally occurring CCR5 mutation confers a loss of detectable HIV-1 in the patient, making ablation of the CCR5 gene in HSCs an ideal therapy for an HIV-1 cure. Although CCR5 disruption has been attempted in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), efficient gene editing with high specificity and long-term therapeutic potential remains a major challenge for clinical translation. Here, we established a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system in human CD34<sup>+</sup> HSPCs and achieved efficient CCR5 ablation evaluated in long-term reconstituted NOD/Prkdc<sup>scid</sup>/IL-2Rγ<sup>null</sup> mice. The CCR5 disruption efficiency in our system remained robust in secondary transplanted repopulating hematopoietic cells. More importantly, an HIV-1 resistance effect was observed as indicated by significant reduction of virus titration and enrichment of human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. Hence, we successfully established a CRISPR/Cas9 mediated CCR5 ablating system in long-term HSCs, which confers HIV-1 resistance in vivo. Our study provides evidence for translating CCR5 gene-edited HSC transplantation for an HIV cure to the clinic.
RNA regulatory networks diversified through curvature of the PUF protein scaffold (2015)

Proteins bind and control mRNAs, directing their localization, translation and stability. Members of the PUF family of RNA-binding proteins control multiple mRNAs in a single cell, and play key roles in development, stem cell maintenance and memory formation. Here we identified the mRNA targets of a S. cerevisiae PUF protein, Puf5p, by ultraviolet-crosslinking-affinity purification and high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP). The binding sites recognized by Puf5p are diverse, with variable spacer lengths between two specific sequences. Each length of site correlates with a distinct biological function. Crystal structures of Puf5p-RNA complexes reveal that the protein scaffold presents an exceptionally flat and extended interaction surface relative to other PUF proteins. In complexes with RNAs of different lengths, the protein is unchanged. A single PUF protein repeat is sufficient to induce broadening of specificity. Changes in protein architecture, such as alterations in curvature, may lead to evolution of mRNA regulatory networks.
The genetics of osteoporosis (1997)

Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis--a common condition characterized by reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk. Twin and family studies suggest that up to 85% of the variance in bone mineral density is genetically determined, and molecular genetic studies have identified several candidate genes which may be involved in this process. The vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) has been most widely studied, but the relationship between VDR polymorphisms and bone density is inconsistent, and poorly reproducible in different populations. Polymorphisms in and around other candidate genes have also been associated with bone mass, but the most promising candidate so far identified is the collagen type 1 alpha gene. A polymorphism in the regulatory region of this gene has recently been described which affects a recognition site for the transcription factor Sp1. This polymorphism is associated, not only with bone mass, but also with bone loss and the clinically important condition of osteoporotic fracture. Since osteoporosis is a preventable disease, clinical testing for this and other polymorphisms may have a future role to play in the clinical assessment of osteoporotic fracture risk, along with other diagnostic tools such as biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone densitometry.
Visualization, Fate, and Pathogenicity of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Graft-Versus-Host Reaction (1999)

To follow the fate of alloreactive T cell effectors in graft-vs-host disease, Ld-specific CD8+ T cells from C57BL/6 2C TCR-transgenic donors were transplanted into sublethally irradiated (750 cGy) Ld+ or Ld- recipients. In Ld- C57BL/6 or (BALB/c-dm2 x C57BL/6)F1 recipients, naive 2C T cells engrafted and survived long term, but did not acquire effector function. In Ld+ (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 recipients, 2C T cells engrafted, expanded, became cytolytic, destroyed host B cells and double-positive thymocytes, and later disappeared. Despite marked damage to lymphoid and hemopoietic cells by 2C T cells, no significant pathology was detected in other organs, and recipients survived. Ld+ (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 recipients died when LPS/endotoxin was administered on day 7 after cell transfer, while Ld- (BALB/c-dm2 x C57BL/6)F1 recipients survived. Our findings show that under certain conditions, a CD8+ T cell population recognizing an extremely limited repertoire of Ags can initiate graft-vs-host disease.
The Use of an Amino-acid-based CAPD Fluid over 12 Weeks (1989)

Eight patients with end-stage renal failure (plasma albumin less than 35 g/l) who were established on glucose CAPD exchanges, were studied for 4-week periods before, and after 12 weeks when 1% amino-acid solution had been used for the morning exchange. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments were made every 4 weeks. Dietary intakes of protein and calories were maintained. Studies with amino-acid solutions showed a mean of 13% and 8% amino acids remaining in the dialysate after 6 and 8 h respectively. Plasma amino acids increased to a maximum after 2 h of dialysis; however, fasting concentrations were constant over the 5 months. Osmolality of amino acids decreased comparably with 1.36% glucose during 8-h exchanges although the recovery of fluid was marginally less. Plasma transferrin increased significantly after 8 weeks of amino acids but subsequently decreased in one patient due to infection. No significant changes occurred in albumin, apolipoprotein A, IgG, IgA or prealbumin. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein B decreased in seven patients but increased in one due to rising calorie intake. Increases in urea and decreases in bicarbonate were not clinically significant. Amino-acid-based fluid was well tolerated with modest nutritional benefit and reduction in hyperlipidaemia. Optimal effects of amino acids are likely at higher concentrations using two or more exchanges in patients eating less than 0.9 g protein/kg per day.
Technology of Convenience Rice Products. (1993)

In Japan, the market for convenience rice products which can be served and consumed with little preparation is expanding.
Experiential meeting system (2003)

We are developing experiential meeting systems to allow people to be tele-present in a remote meeting and to be able to review proceedings of a meeting or of several meetings using all the data recorded in a meeting. We consider this as a problem in management and experiential access to all multimedia data acquired in a meeting. The data includes video, audio, presentations, text material, databases and websites related to people and the discussions in the meeting, and any other data or information that could be obtained related to the events in the meeting. For experiential access to live and archived meetings, we propose detecting and storing events at three levels, domain, elemental, and data. We address issues in organizing information at domain level and using current signal processing algorithms for detecting events at data level. We show that to provide better specifications for processing algorithms for video and audio, it is essential to identify what is expected from them and define the environment and expectations very clearly. We also believe that while data processing algorithms are being developed for automatic detection of events, it may be essential to build tagging environments that will allow rapid semiautomatic tagging of data at all three levels so practical meeting systems could be implemented. Use of tagging environment is not only required to enable development of meeting systems in near future, but for defining environments for automatic detection of events in multifarious data. In this paper we present our ideas and experience with different techniques and outline our future directions.
FatPaths: Routing in Supercomputers and Data Centers when Shortest Paths Fall Short (2020)

We introduce FatPaths: a simple, generic, and robust routing architecture that enables state-of-the-art low-diameter topologies such as Slim Fly to achieve unprecedented performance. FatPaths targets Ethernet stacks in both HPC supercomputers as well as cloud data centers and clusters. FatPaths exposes and exploits the rich (“fat”) diversity of both minimal and non-minimal paths for high-performance multi-pathing. Moreover, FatPaths uses a redesigned “purified” transport layer that removes virtually all TCP performance issues (e.g., the slow start), and incorporates flowlet switching, a technique used to prevent packet reordering in TCP networks, to enable very simple and effective load balancing. Our design enables recent low-diameter topologies to outperform powerful Clos designs, achieving 15% higher net throughput at 2” lower latency for comparable cost. FatPaths will significantly accelerate Ethernet clusters that form more than 50% of the Top500 list and it may become a standard routing scheme for modern topologies.Extended paper version: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.10885
Oxygen nonstoichiometry, defect structure and related properties of LaNi<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.4</sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> (2015)

This paper presents original results on the oxygen nonstoichiometry and defect structure modeling of LaNi<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.4</sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> in relation to its physico-chemical properties.
S4-P1: Wide and extreme bandgap semiconductor devices for power electronics applications (2014)

The present status of the research, development and commercialization of wide (SiC, GaN) and extreme (diamond, AlN) bandgap semiconductor devices for power electronics applications is presented. The technology obstacles and needs as well as future trend in these power devices are also discussed.
Improved techniques for the culture of the liver stages of Plasmodium berghei and their relevance to the study of causal prophylactic drugs. (1989)

The in vitro exoerythrocytic (EE) of Plasmodium berghei was compared in primary rat and mouse hepatocytes and the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. All of the cell-types supported the full maturation of EE stages, but the HepG2 cells were much more susceptible to infection than the primary rodent hepatocytes and were also the most efficient host cells. Following refinement of culture techniques, the development of EE forms which is now observed in HepG2 cells closely reflects that occurring in vivo with respect to the morphology and size of parasites and their rate of maturation. Furthermore, high densities of parasites are reproducibly achieved. A detailed description is presented of exoerythrocytic development in HepG2 cells. The application of these cultures to chemosensitivity studies is discussed and the relative advantages of employing cell lines or primary hepatocytes as host cells in such a system are considered.
Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Novel Genes with Sexually Dimorphic Expression in the Zebrafish Gonad and Brain (2008)

We have generated a gonad-derived zebrafish cDNA microarray and demonstrated its usefulness in identifying genes with sexually dimorphic co-expression in both the gonads and the brains. We have also provided the first evidence of large-scale differential gene expression between female and male brains of a teleost. Our microarray would be useful for studying gonad development, differentiation and function not only in zebrafish but also in related teleosts via cross-species hybridizations. Since several genes have been shown to play similar roles in gonadogenesis in zebrafish and other vertebrates, our array may even provide information on genetic disorders affecting gonadal phenotypes and fertility in mammals.
Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) (2008)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Mechanical and thermal characterisation of poly (l-lactide) composites reinforced with hemp fibres (2013)

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most promising in the bio-derived polymer's family. But its use can be constrained by its poor mechanical properties, poor thermal stability and processing difficulties. The objective of this research is to investigate and improve mechanical and dynamic thermal properties of PLA by developing PLA composites reinforced with natural fibres (hemp). Composites were prepared by melt blending of PLA with hemp fibres. Their properties were investigated using mechanical and dynamic thermal analysis. The elastic modulus increased significantly – from 4.1 ± 0.74 to 9.32 ± 0.86 (GPA) – when the weight fraction of hemp increased from 0 to 30(wt %). The storage modulus obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis increased from 2.20 to 4.58 (GPA) for the same change in the volume fraction of hemp. FE simulation of tensile testing and DMA were carried out to investigate the effect of strain rate and temperature on the observed properties respectively. The model was developed in the commercially available code MSC Marc mentate. The model validated all experimental results.
Abstract 18836: Drug Delivery Strategies Employing Angioplasty Balloons for Treatment of Atherosclerosis (2013)

Introduction: Conventional treatments of atherosclerosis including angioplasty and stenting have adverse drawbacks like restenosis and thrombosis. Recent research on drug eluting balloons show that anti-restenotic drugs delivered at the atherosclerotic lesion via angioplasty balloons are eliminated through circulation. Our goal is therefore to provide a sustained and targeted drug release at the diseased site via paclitaxel loaded Urethane doped polyester (UPE) nanoparticles (NPs) eluting balloons. Materials and Methods: Paclitaxel-loaded UPE NPs were fabricated and characterized by dynamic light scattering, SEM and TEM. These nanoparticles were coated onto the balloon surface by either Layer by Layer (LbL) electrostatic or hydrogel (acrylic acid) coatings. NP loading was optimized by studying various parameters like incubation saturation and coating efficiency. SEM micrographs were acquired to visualize the coatings and the loaded nanoparticles. Finally, rat arteries were harvested and NP delivery via angioplasty balloons to the arterial lumen ex vivo was investigated. Results and Discussion: UPE NPs had an average size of 300 nm and zeta potential of -28.5 mV. NP loading reached saturation at 24h and 16h, allowing over 65% and 80% of UPE NPs to be loaded for LbL and hydrogel, respectively. Moreover, ex vivo NP retention results revealed that a higher rate of NPs can be delivered to the arterial wall by the hydrogel coating compared to LbL coating. It was also noted that coating materials (LbL and hydrogel coating) and UPE NPs were non-toxic to human vascular endothelial cells. Conclusion: Our results conclude that LbL nanoparticle loading, although considered as a well-established procedure, provides a comparatively low loading efficiency and NP transfer than that obtained by the hydrogel technique. However, it is difficult to obtain a uniform hydrogel coating consisting of NPs on the balloon surface. If successful, these techniques can provide a means for delivering drug loaded nanoparticles to the atherosclerotic lesion locally.
Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora (2002)

Probiotic ingestion can be recommended as a preventative approach to maintaining the balance of the intestinal microflora and thereby enhance 'well-being'. Research into the use of probiotic intervention in specific illnesses and disorders has identified certain patient populations that may benefit from the approach. Undoubtedly, probiotics will vary in their efficacy and it may not be the case that the same results occur with all species. Those that prove most efficient will likely be strains that are robust enough to survive the harsh physico-chemical conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract. This includes gastric acid, bile secretions and competition with the resident microflora. A survey of the literature indicates positive results in over fifty human trials, with prevention/treatment of infections the most frequently reported output. In theory, increased levels of probiotics may induce a 'barrier' influence against common pathogens. Mechanisms of effect are likely to include the excretion of acids (lactate, acetate), competition for nutrients and gut receptor sites, immunomodulation and the formation of specific antimicrobial agents. As such, persons susceptible to diarrhoeal infections may benefit greatly from probiotic intake. On a more chronic basis, it has been suggested that some probiotics can help maintain remission in the inflammatory conditions, ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. They have also been suggested to repress enzymes responsible for genotoxin formation. Moreover, studies have suggested that probiotics are as effective as anti-spasmodic drugs in the alleviation of irritable bowel syndrome. The approach of modulating the gut flora for improved health has much relevance for the management of those with acute and chronic gut disorders. Other target groups could include those susceptible to nosocomial infections, as well as the elderly, who have an altered microflora, with a decreased number of beneficial microbial species. For the future, it is imperative that mechanistic interactions involved in probiotic supplementation be identified. Moreover, the survival issues associated with their establishment in the competitive gut ecosystem should be addressed. Here, the use of prebiotics in association with useful probiotics may be a worthwhile approach. A prebiotic is a dietary carbohydrate selectively metabolised by probiotics. Combinations of probiotics and prebiotics are known as synbiotics.
Study Czochralski Liquid-Seal Crystal Growing Technique. (1979)

N-Type, P-Type and semi-insulating (Chrome dope) single crystals of Gallium Arsenide were grown using the Czochralski Liquid-Seal Technique. Boron Nitride was selected as the crucible material that would yield the best quality single crystals. Single Gallium Arsenide crystals of up to 300 grams were grown as a result of modifications made in the puller apparatus. Experiments were conducted to identify the cause of impurity contamination during the growth process. The results of these experiments indicated that: 1) The introduction of Boron Oxide (B2O3) to the Gallium Arsenide melt absorbed impurities. 2) Silicon (si) was being introduced to the melt by the breakdown of the quartz (2SiO2 2SiO+O2). This was caused by the natural gas-oxygen torch, which heats the quartz chamber to prevent Gallium Arsenide condensation. 3) A special viewport, heated by a resistance furnace rather than a natural gas-oxygen torch was used to reduce silicon contaminants. As a result of this experiment, an undoped semi-insulating crystal of extremely high purity was grown. (Author)
Accuracy assessment of a novel image-free handheld robot for Total Knee Arthroplasty in a cadaveric study (2018)

Surgical navigation has been shown to improve the accuracy of bone preparation and limb alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous work has shown the effectiveness of various types of navigation systems. Here, for the first time, we assessed the accuracy of a novel imageless semiautonomous handheld robotic sculpting system in performing bone resection and preparation in TKA using cadaveric specimens. In this study, we compared the planned and final implant placement in 18 cadaveric specimens undergoing TKA using the new tool. Eight surgeons carried out the procedures using three types of implant designs. A quantitative analysis was performed to determine the translational, angular, and rotational differences between the planned and achieved positions of the implants. The mean femoral flexion, varus/valgus, and rotational error was -2.0°, -0.1°, and -0.5°, respectively. The mean tibial posterior slope, and varus/valgus error was -0.2°, and -0.2°, respectively. We obtained higher flexion errors for the femoral implant when using cut-guides as compared to using a bur for cutting the bones. The image-free robotic sculpting tool achieved accurate implementation of the surgical plan with small errors in implant placement. Future studies will focus on determining how well the accurate implant placement translates into a clinical and functional benefit for the patient.