gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface‐ and tip‐enhanced Raman scattering of DNA components (2006)

Abstract While surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an established technique to significantly enhance the Raman signal from samples bound to metal surfaces, a quantitative interpretation is very difficult because of the rough and arbitrary nature of the substrate. A distinction between concentration and enhancement effects is virtually impossible. Tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS), a scattering type of near‐field optical microscopy technique, circumvents the problem of random enhancement by concentrating the roughness to only a small region directly at the apex of a scanning probe tip. In this paper, TERS spectra of DNA pyrimidine bases have been collected and compared with standard SERS and Raman measurements of the nucleotides and the pure bases. The results are discussed in terms of electromagnetic and chemical effects of the SERS enhancement of the TERS probes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of barrier oxidation states in spin dependent tunneling structures (1999)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize spin dependent tunneling (SDT) structures using plasma oxidized Ta as the insulating barrier. We are able to determine the relative proportion of the different oxidation states of the insulating barrier material. Information available from this technique includes barrier oxidation states, thickness, and completeness of oxidation. Information on the electrodes is also obtained: specifically, Ta is found to diffuse into NiFe, and oxidation of Ni is observed. XPS is shown to be a powerful tool in characterizing the materials sets that comprise SDT devices.
OCDMA and Optical Coding: Principles, Applications, and Challenges [Topics in Optical Communications] (2007)

We survey the current trends in OCDMA and optical coding through their applications. Although a prerequisite for OCDMA, optical coding distinguishes itself from OCDMA through major applications where codes are not applied to data and carry network-level information other than user identity. After introducing the principles of coding, we discuss OCDMA and its applications, particularly OCDMA PON. Optical coding and its applications are then reviewed.
Etudes en série indolique: VII Synthèse de nouveaux pyridocarbazoles obtenus par photocyclisation de (β‐indolyl)‐1 (pyridyl)‐2 acrylonitriles (1975)

Abstract La photochime des (β‐indolyl)‐1 (α‐, β‐ and γ‐ pyridyl)‐2 acrylonitriles a permis de réaliser la synthèse de différents pyrido[ a ]carbazoles isomères. Des différences de réactivité ont été observées selon la place qu'occupe l'atome d'azote N b du cycle pyridinique. La diversité des résultats obtenus montre, de plus, que le processus photochimique ne peut se ramener à celui connu dans le cas des stilbènes.
Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection (2011)

Knowledge of the immunological events necessary to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has accelerated in recent years, but their translation towards therapeutic strategies able to achieve a durable HBV suppression has been challenging. The scenario of how HBV deals with the host immunity is presented and used to discuss how the immune response can be harnessed to potentially achieve infection control.
Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined‐bleached‐deodorized palm olein using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1999)

Abstract A rapid direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 100 µ BaF 2 transmission cell was developed for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) and refined‐bleached‐deodorized (RBD) palm olein, covering an analytical range of 3.0–6.5% and 0.07–0.6% FFA, respectively. The samples were prepared by hydrolyzing oil with enzyme in an incubator. The optimal calibration models were constructed based on partial least squares (PLS) analysis using the FTIR carboxyl region (C=O) from 1722 to 1690 cm −1 . The resulting PLS calibrations were linear over the range tested. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) obtained were 0.08% FFA for CPO with correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) of 0.992 and 0.01% FFA for RBD palm olein with R 2 of 0.994. The standard errors of performance (SEP) were 0.04% FFA for CPO with R 2 of 0.998 and 0.006% FFA for RBD palm olein with R 2 of 0.998, respectively. In terms of reproducibility ( r ) and accuracy ( a ), both FTIR and chemical methods showed comparable results. Because of its simpler and more rapid analysis, which is less than 2 min per sample, as well as the minimum use of solvents and labor, FTIR has an advantage over the wet chemical method.
Large eddy simulation of a nonisothermal turbulent jet flowing out into submerged space (2008)

Large eddy simulation is performed of a subsonic nonisothermal turbulent jet flowing out from a round nozzle into submerged space. The Navier-Stokes equations filtered over space and the RNG model of subgrid-scale viscosity are used for describing the flow. The calculations are performed for different values of the degree of jet preheating. The processing of the results of numerical simulation enables one to obtain the distributions of correlation moments of fluctuations of density, velocity, and temperature along the axis and in cross sections of jet flow. The calculation results are compared with the available data obtained using the solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and equations of the k-ɛ model of turbulence, as well as with the data of physical experiment.
Effect of <b> <i>N</i> </b>-Acetyl Cysteine on Oxidative DNA Damage and the Frequency of DNA Deletions in <b> <i>Atm</i> </b>-Deficient Mice (2004)

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a hereditary human disorder resulting in a wide variety of clinical manifestations, including progressive neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and high incidence of lymphoid tumors. Cells from patients with AT show genetic instability, hypersensitivity to radiation, and a continuous state of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and genetic instability, including DNA deletions, are involved in carcinogenesis. We examined the effect of dietary supplementation with the thiol-containing antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on levels of oxidative DNA damage and the frequency of DNA deletions in Atm-deficient (AT-mutated) mice. We confirmed that Atm-deficient mice display an increased frequency of DNA deletions (Bishop et al., Cancer Res 2000;60:395). Furthermore, we found that Atm-deficient mice have significantly increased levels of 8-OH deoxyguanosine, an indication of oxidative DNA damage. Dietary supplementation with NAC significantly reduced 8-OH deoxyguanosine level and the frequency of DNA deletions in Atm-deficient mice. These levels were similar to the levels in wild-type mice. Our findings demonstrate that NAC counteracts genetic instability and suggest that genetic instability may be a consequence of oxidative stress in Atm-deficient mice.
Novel Small Organic Molecules for a Highly Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reaction (2003)

Novel organic molecules containing an l-proline amide moiety and a terminal hydroxyl for catalyzing direct asymmetric aldol reactions of aldehydes in neat acetone are designed and prepared. Catalyst 3d, prepared from l-proline and (1S,2S)-diphenyl-2-aminoethanol, exhibits high enantioselectivities of up to 93% ee for aromatic aldehydes and up to >99% ee for aliphatic aldehydes. A theoretical study of transition structures demonstrates the important role of the terminal hydroxyl group in the catalyst in the stereodiscrimination. Our results suggest a new strategy in the design of new organic catalysts for direct asymmetric aldol reactions and related transformations because plentiful chiral resources containing multi-hydrogen bond donors, for example, peptides, might be adopted in the design.
A Versatile Excimer Laser Processing System (1988)

Excimer lasers are proving to be a unique and versatile tool in any materials processing applications. This paper reviews briefly. some of the fundamental aspects of excimer laser processing, and describes a general purpose excimer laser workstation. Examples of several relevant application areas are also discussed.
Identification of Interleukin-1 Receptors in Mouse Testis (1990)

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been reported to alter reproductive functions through both effects in brain and direct actions at the level of the gonads. To further define the role of IL-1 at the gonads, we have used 125I-labeled recombinant human IL-1 to identify and characterize IL-1 receptors in crude membrane preparations of mouse (C57BL/6) testis and to study the distribution of IL-1-binding sites using autoradiography. In preliminary homogenate binding and autoradiographic studies, [125I]IL-1 alpha showed significantly higher specific binding than [125I]IL-1 beta. Thus, [125I]IL-1 alpha was used in all subsequent assays. The binding of [125I]IL-1 alpha was linear over a broad range of membrane protein concentrations, saturable, and reversible, and on Scatchard analysis revealed an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 82 +/- 4 pM and a maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) of 10.8 +/- 1.5 fmol/mg protein. In competition studies, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and a weak IL-1 beta analog IL-1 beta+ inhibited [125I]IL-1 alpha binding to mouse testis in parallel with their relative bioactivities in immune assays, with inhibitory binding affinity constant (Ki) values of 14.2 +/- 1.7, 88.8 +/- 5.7, and 7183.3 +/- 603 pM, respectively; rat/human CRF and human tumor necrosis factor showed no effect on [125I]IL-1 alpha binding. In autoradiographic studies, IL-1 receptors were heterogeneously distributed, with highest densities present in the luminal border of the epididymis and interstitial areas of the testis. After hypophysectomy, the testes were significantly atrophied, and homogenate binding and autoradiographic studies showed that while the total number of binding sites per testis was significantly decreased in hypophysectomized mice in proportion to the reduction in testicular mass, there was no apparent change in the relative density of IL-1 receptors. These data provide the first identification of IL-1 receptors in testis and provide further support for a physiological role for IL-1 to alter reproductive functions through a direct effect at the gonads.
Syntheses of Organic Phosphates. III. Syntheses and Properties of 2-Amino-3-pyridylmethyl and 2-Chloro-3-pyridylmethyl Phosphates (1973)

Abstract Two substituted pyridylmethyl phosphates, 2-amino-3-pyridylmethyl (I) and 2-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl phosphates (II), were prepared and their properties were discussed. Acid dissociation constants and NMR data suggested that the neutral species of I exists in the zwitterion form consisting of the protonated amino group and the monoanionic phosphate moiety, while that of II in the dihydrogen phosphate form analogous to the simple alkyl phosphates. In addition, physical properties of 2-amino-3-pyridylmethanol and 2-chloro-3-pyridylmethanol, which are respectively precursors of phosphates I and II, as well as l,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3-hydroxymethylpyridine, were examined by IR and NMR measurements.
Quaranta anys de percepció social dels aliments i l’alimentació (2019)

catalaLa percepcio social dels aliments i l’alimentacio depen de molts condicionants, culturals, socials i emocionals. En el marc dels quaranta anys de l’Associacio Catalana de Ciencies de l’Alimentacio (ACCA) es revisen les visions dels consumidors, des dels antecedents a partir de la decada dels anys quaranta del segle passat fi ns a les dels anys setanta o vuitanta, quan es crea l’ACCA, i les questions que es plantegen en l’actualitat. Es valoren els diversos factors, cientifi cs i divulgatius, que infl ueixen en el public i tambe les perspectives dels mitjans de comunicacio, de les administracions (legislatives) i de la industria alimentaria. Es te en compte el fet que les dades cientifi ques no sempre arriben degudament explicades a tots els consumidors, o no son ben interpretades i portades a la practica. A aixo s’hi ha d’afegir la infl uencia dels falsos mites i creences. Tot plegat determina que moltes dietes i formes d’alimentacio siguin erronies, amb les conseguents infl uencies negatives en la salut individual i col·lectiva. L’evolucio de la percepcio social del valor del pa com a aliment serveix d’exemple. Tambe es consideren les perspectives de futur en aquest ambit, en funcio dels valors entorn dels aliments d’una societat desenvolupada i urbana, en la qual circulen un cumul d’informacions falses que determinen que molts consumidors facin mes cas de la pseudociencia i de plantejaments esoterics que de la racionalitat cientifica. EnglishSociety’s perception of food and diet depends on many cultural, social and emotional factors. The consumers’ viewpoints, from as far back as the 1940’s, through the 1970s and 1980s when the ACCA was created, and up to the present day’s issues, are reviewed within the framework of the ACCA’s 40 years of activity. Scientifi c and dissemination factors that infl uence to the public are assessed, as are the effects of the mass media, the public (legislative) administrations and the food industry. The fact that the scientifi c data do not always reach all consumers in a duly explained way or are not always well interpreted and put into practice is considered, to which must be added the infl uence of false myths and beliefs. All this determines that many diets and ways of eating are wrong, with the consequent negative infl uence on individual and collective health. The evolution of the social perception of the value of bread as food serves as an example. Future outlooks in this area are also considered, based on the food-related values in a developed urban society, in which there is an accumulation of fake news causing many consumers to pay more attention to pseudoscience and esoteric ideas than to scientifi c rationality
Atmospheric waste isoflurane concentrations using conventional equipment and rat anesthesia protocols. (2002)

Chronic, low-level exposure of health care professionals to waste anesthetic gases has been linked to increased incidences of neurologic and reproductive dysfunction, hepatic and renal toxicity, and neoplasia. The present study assessed the potential for waste anesthetic gas exposure to researchers administering isoflurane to rats by using standard delivery systems and conventional anesthesia protocols. Well-maintained bench-top precision isoflurane vaporizers were equipped with two circuits (a nonrebreathing one hooked to a modified Bain facemask, and the other to an induction box) attached to commercially available, activated charcoal canisters (passive gas scavenging). The isoflurane concentration was varied from 1% to 5%, while the oxygen flow rate was either 1 or 2.5 L/min. Real-time atmospheric isoflurane levels were assessed by using a portable infrared spectrophotometer. When euthanized female sentinel CD rats were positioned in the facemask loop, isoflurane emissions at the mask rat interface, breathing zone, and exhaust port of scavenging canisters were increased in proportion to the isoflurane concentration and oxygen flow rates as well as the amount of gas directed through the facemask circuit. Isoflurane was detected in the anesthetist s breathing zone only if the entire carrier gas flow was directed to the facemask loop. The background isoflurane level rose to 0.5 ppm after 75 min of continuous bench-top operation in a room with 22 air exchanges hourly but did not escalate if the anesthesia unit--or at least the gas-scavenging canister--was placed in a fume hood, or if the system was used in a room with 42 hourly air changes. Isoflurane efflux via the exhaust ports exceeded 5 ppm in 31% of gas-scavenging canisters that had not reached their maximum use life (as defined by the manufacturer's specifications); in a parallel prospective study, isoflurane was emitted from 88% of canisters by the time that they had reached 50% of their specified lifespan. These data indicate that (1) isoflurane emissions likely will occur at trace levels in laboratory animal facilities even when well-maintained precision isoflurane vaporizers equipped with conventional activated charcoal (passive) gas-scavenging units are used and (2) exposure to anesthetic pollution can be mitigated substantially by selecting low-flow anesthesia regimens, improving gas-scavenging practices, and optimizing the configurations of the delivery system and work area.
New generation pharmacotherapy in elderly multiple myeloma patients (2008)

In the advanced-age population, implementation of new therapies results in significant benefits in older as well as younger patients.
Co-Locating Style-Defining Elements on 3D Shapes (2017)

We introduce a method for co-locating style-defining elements over a set of 3D shapes. Our goal is to translate high-level style descriptions, such as “Ming” or “European” for furniture models, into explicit and localized regions over the geometric models that characterize each style. For each style, the set of style-defining elements is defined as the union of all the elements that are able to discriminate the style. Another property of the style-defining elements is that they are frequently occurring, reflecting shape characteristics that appear across multiple shapes of the same style. Given an input set of 3D shapes spanning multiple categories and styles, where the shapes are grouped according to their style labels, we perform a cross-category co-analysis of the shape set to learn and spatially locate a set of defining elements for each style. This is accomplished by first sampling a large number of candidate geometric elements and then iteratively applying feature selection to the candidates, to extract style-discriminating elements until no additional elements can be found. Thus, for each style label, we obtain sets of discriminative elements that together form the superset of defining elements for the style. We demonstrate that the co-location of style-defining elements allows us to solve problems such as style classification, and enables a variety of applications such as style-revealing view selection, style-aware sampling, and style-driven modeling for 3D shapes.
A theoretical analysis of optical clock extraction using a self-pulsating laser diode (1999)

The potential for using inexpensive compact disc laser diodes as optical clock extraction elements in transparent networks has led to an increase in research into the dynamics of self-pulsating laser diodes. We use a rate-equation model to simulate the synchronization of the self-pulsating laser output pulses to a periodic optical signal, In particular, we investigate the time it takes for the laser to synchronize to the input signal and also, the time taken for the laser to unlock when the signal is removed. The effect of varying the power of the optical signal and the detuning of the input signal frequency relative to the laser's self-pulsation frequency are determined. Our results enable us to identify important issues which need to be addressed when a self-pulsating laser diode is used in a clock extraction subsystem, In particular, we find that the signal frequency and laser free-running frequency must be as close as possibility to minimize errors. Also, the higher the signal power the quicker the laser synchronizes to the signal, although we find that if the power becomes too large the laser can no longer lock, which would cause a significant increase in detection errors.
1Kbit FinFET Dielectric (FIND) RRAM in pure 16nm FinFET CMOS logic process (2015)

A fully CMOS process compatible FinFET Dielectric RRAM (FIND RRAM) is firstly proposed and demonstrated by 1kbit RRAM macro on 16nm standard FinFET CMOS logic platform. The new 16nm low voltage FIND RRAM consists of one FinFET transistor for select gate and an HfO2-based resistive film for a storage node of the cell. The FIND RRAM largely improves the set and reset characteristics by the locally enhanced field at fin corners and results in a low set voltage and reset current in array operation. Besides, by adopting the 16nm FinFET CMOS logic process, the FIND RRAM is shrink to an aggressive cell size of 0.07632μm2 without additional mask or process step. The low voltage operation, excellent reliability, and very stable LRS/HRS window are all realized in the new fabricated 1kbit macro. They all support the new FIND RRAM technology is a promising embedded NVM in the coming FinFET era.
A 0.13 µm 8 Mb Logic-Based Cu$_{\rm x}$Si$_{\rm y}$O ReRAM With Self-Adaptive Operation for Yield Enhancement and Power Reduction (2013)

A 0.13 µm 8 Mb <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm Cu}_{\rm x}{\rm Si}_{\rm y}{\rm O}$</tex></formula> resistive random access memory (ReRAM) test macro with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$20{\rm F}^{2}$</tex></formula> cell size is developed based on logic process for embedded applications. Smart and adaptive write and read assist circuits are proposed to fix yield and power consumption issues arising from large variations in set/reset time and high-temperature cell resistance. Self-adaptive write mode (SAWM) helps increase the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm R}_{\rm off}/{\rm R}_{\rm on}$</tex></formula> window from 8X to 24X at room temperature. The reset bit yield is improved from 61.5% to 100% and the high power consumption is eliminated after the cell switches to <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\rm R}_{\rm on}$</tex></formula> during set. Self-adaptive read mode (SARM) increases read bit yield from 98% to 100% at 125 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex></formula> . The typical access time of the on-pitch voltage sense amplifier (SA) is 21 ns. High bandwidth throughput is supported.
Case 3-2006 (2006)

A 63-year-old woman who had recently emigrated from the Dominican Republic sought medical attention because of the recent onset of dark urine, pruritus, and epigastric pain. Imaging studies revealed a complex cystic mass in the head of the pancreas, with stenosis of the common bile duct. Stenting of the obstruction was followed by resolution of jaundice; two months later, the pancreatic mass had resolved, but new intraabdominal lymphadenopathy had appeared. A diagnostic procedure was performed.