gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of array type of dummy active diffused region and gate geometries on narrow NMOSFETs with SiC S/D stressors (2014)

To investigate the combined strained effects of dummy active diffused region (OD) and salient gate width of layout pattern on the mobility gain of nano-scaled device while advanced stressors of source/drain embedded silicon-carbon alloy and a tensile contact etch stop layers (CESL) are taken into account, the study uses a validated fabricated-oriented stress simulated methodology to estimate the performance of a 22nm NMOSFET.
Defects in CTLA-4 are associated with abnormal regulatory T cell function in rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

The ultimate goal for the treatment of autoimmunity is to restore immunological tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in immune tolerance, and Treg functional abnormalities have been identified in different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have previously shown that natural Treg from RA patients are competent at suppressing responder T cell proliferation but not cytokine production. Here, we explore the hypothesis that this Treg defect in RA is linked with abnormalities in the expression and function of CTLA-4. We demonstrate that CTLA-4 expression on Treg from RA patients was significantly reduced compared with healthy Treg and is associated with an increased rate of CTLA-4 internalization. Regulation of T cell receptor signaling by CTLA-4 was impaired in RA Treg and associated with delayed recruitment of CTLA-4 to the immunological synapse. Artificial induction of CTLA-4 expression on RA Treg restored their suppressive capacity. Furthermore, CTLA-4 blockade impaired healthy Treg suppression of T cell IFN-gamma production, but not proliferation, thereby recapitulating the unique Treg defect in RA. Our results suggest that defects in CTLA-4 could contribute to abnormal Treg function in RA and may represent a target for therapy for inducing long-lasting remission.
Analysis of optimal stator concentric winding patterns design (2005)

Most small induction motors in current use employ concentric windings which have equal numbers of turns per coil. An optimal choice of turns can achieve better distribution of MMF in the gap while keeping the turns in each slot essentially the same. In this paper, the air gap magnetic motive force (MMF) harmonics of electrical machine created by the stator concentric windings with sinusoidal current injection are investigated. The air gap MMF is modeled ideally by a linear winding function, which simplifies the MMF expression significantly by neglecting the slot effects and saturation for uniform air-gap machines. By evaluating the harmonic property of the synthesized three phase air gap MMF waveform, optimal winding patterns can be developed for conventional choices of phase belts.
Neonatal seizures (2005)

In the treatment of neonatal seizures, the chasm between what we know from the bench and what we do in routine bedside practice is wide. The two most commonly used medications, phenobarbital and phenytoin, were introduced as anticonvulsants in 1914 and 1938. Little was known then about the control of cellular and network excitability or how the developing brain is physiologically distinct from the mature brain. Phenobarbital and phenytoin had been used to treat seizures in the adult human, and were handed down for use in infants and children. Can we attribute the endurance of these remedies to their impressive efficacy? Unfortunately not. An earlier study1 demonstrated that fewer than 50% of the infants treated with either of those medications responded with electrographic cessation of seizures. The choice of phenobarbital or phenytoin likely rests on the availability of those agents in parenteral dosage forms for premature infants who are on gut …
High-quality and highly-transparent AlN template on annealed sputter-deposited AlN buffer layer for deep ultra-violet light-emitting diodes (2017)

A high-quality and highly-transparent AlN template was prepared by regrowth on a sputter-deposited AlN buffer layer. The buffer layer was thermally annealed and then underwent AlN regrowth in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The peakwidth of (002) and (102) plane x-ray rocking curve was 104 arcsec and 290 arcsec, respectively, indicating a threading dislocation density <5.0 × 108 cm−2. Dislocations were reduced via grain growth and morphological evolution. The absence of carbon impurity source in sputter deposition also resulted in an improved transparency. According to transmission and reflection measurements, the absorption rate of λ=280 nm emission propagating through the template was less than 6%.
Aspect-Oriented Programming with AspectJ (2002)

From the Publisher:
In Aspect-Oriented Programming with AspectJ, expect to learn the basics of AOP, why it is useful, and how it relates to object-oriented programming. AspectJ is an aspect-oriented extension to the Java programming language. Developed by Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated with partial support by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research projects Agency) this open-source project makes aspect-oriented programming technology available to a wide audience and creates a set of tools to support the technology's everyday use. AspectJ enables you to modularize crosscutting application concerns, making the development process more robust and less expensive. The AspectJ project provides an open-source compiler, structure browser, and API documentation tool with IDE support for JBuilder, Forte, and Emacs.
Clipping distortion in AM-VSB CATV subcarrier multiplexed lightwave systems (1992)

The authors discuss theoretical and experimental investigations of clipping distortion in CATV systems. After reporting an exact form of an earlier clipping model, the authors present a new model which predicts the clipping distortion at each intermodulation product (IMP) frequency of a set of carriers as a function of their modulation depth for all orders. This allows the calculation of distortion ratios (CSO, CTB, and CNLD) from basic principles, expressed in closed form. Experiments were performed to test the model's validity. The results of CSO, CTB, and CNLD measurements are presented and they are found to agree well with the predictions of the model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Image-guided radiation therapy: emergence of MR-guided radiation treatment (MRgRT) systems (2010)

Radiation therapy has been on the march toward highly conformal and precise placement of radiation dose within the human body. Development of image-guidance systems based upon x-ray and ultrasound have advanced our capabilities to the level of a few millimeters of uncertainty in many sites. However, there are a subset of existing applications, and potentially many new applications that could be improved upon or pursued if greater targeting accuracy could be achieved. This is motivating the creation of magnetic resonance image-guided radiation treatment units (MRgRT) that either operate simultaneously or provide pre-treatment MR-based targeting capabilities. In this review, the motivation for these pursuits, an overview of recent developments, and a commentary on the challenges they face is presented.
Immunologic Uniqueness of the Genital Tract: Challenge for Vaccine Development (2005)

Although the genital tract is considered to be a component of the mucosal immune system, it displays several distinct features not shared by other typical mucosal tissues and external secretions. Both male and female genital tract tissues lack inductive mucosal sites analogous to intestinal Peyer's patches. Consequently, local humoral and cellular immune responses stimulated by infections [with e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)] are weak or absent, and repeated local intravaginal immunizations result in minimal humoral responses. In contrast to typical external secretions such as intestinal fluid that contain secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) as the dominant isotype, semen and cervico-vaginal fluid contain more IgG than IgA. Furthermore, irrespective of the route of infection, humoral immune responses to HIV-1 are dominated by specific IgG and low or absent IgA antibodies in all external secretions. Because a significant proportion of IgG in genital tract secretions is derived from the circulation, systemic immunization may provide protective IgG antibody-mediated immunity in the genital tract. Furthermore, combined systemic and mucosal (oral, rectal, and especially intranasal) immunization may induce protective humoral responses in both the systemic and mucosal compartments of the immune system.
Sub-10 nanometer uncooled platinum bolometers via plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (2013)

We report the realization of coalescent free-standing ultra-thin (as thin as 5.5 nm) platinum layers deposited via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition and their characterization as an uncooled infrared detector. Such thin platinum thermistors enable a responsivity as high as 2 · 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> V/WA, an estimated noise equivalent temperature difference of 163 mK and thermal time constants on the order of 1 ms.
Biologically active products of complement and acute lung injury in patients with the sepsis syndrome. (1984)

To determine if biologically active products of complement appear during sepsis and to establish the relationship of these components to the respiratory and hemodynamic complications of sepsis, we measured C5a des Arg and C3a des Arg (radioimmunoassay), neutrophil chemotaxis, and neutrophil-aggregating activity in plasma obtained from 40 patients at the time sepsis was suspected clinically. Levels of C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg were elevated in 35 and 38 patients, respectively, and in all 25 with positive blood cultures. Highest C5a des Arg levels occurred in patients with hypotension (less than 90 mmHg) and/or acidemia. The C5a des Arg concentrations were significantly higher in patients with than in those without neutrophil-chemotactic activity. Neutrophil-aggregating activity was less sensitive an index of complement activation, as it was positive in only 8 patients and correlated poorly with C5a des Arg and C3a des Arg values. Using a composite scoring system to quantify sepsis-related pulmonary abnormalities, we found that neither biologic nor immunologic assays of complement activation products correlated with the initial severity nor predicted the development or worsening of associated acute lung injury.
Validation and automatic test generation on UML models (2002)

The related economic goals of test generation are quite important for software industry. Manufacturers ever seeking to increase their productivity need to avoid malfunctions at the time of system specification: the later the defaults are detected, the greater the cost is. Consequently, the development of techniques and tools able to efficiently support engineers who are in charge of elaborating the specification constitutes a major challenge whose fallout concerns not only sectors of critical applications but also all those where poor conception could be extremely harmful to the brand image of a product. This article describes the design and implementation of a set of tools allowing software developers to validate UML (the Unified Modeling Language) specifications. This toolset belongs to the AGATHA environment, which is an automated test generator, developed at CEA/LIST. The AGATHA toolset is designed to validate specifications of communicating concurrent units described using an EIOLTS formalism (Extended Input Output Labeled Transition System). The goal of the work described in this paper is to provide an interface between UML and an EIOLTS formalism giving the possibility to use AGATHA on UML specifications. In this paper we describe first the translation of UML models into the EIOLTS formalism, and the translation of the results of the behavior analysis, provided by AGATHA, back into UML. Then we present the AGATHA toolset; we particularly focus on how AGATHA overcomes several problems of combinatorial explosion. We expose the concept of symbolic calculus and detection of redundant paths, which are the main principles of AGATHA's kernel. This kernel properly computes all the symbolic behaviors of a system specified in EIOLTS and automatically generates tests by way of constraint solving. Eventually we apply our method to an example and explain the different results that are computed.
Direct determination of stability constants of lanthanide ion chelates by laser-excited europium(III) luminescence spectroscopy: application to cyclic and acyclic aminocarboxylate complexes (1997)

Excitation spectroscopy of the 7 F 0 → 5 D 0 transition of Eu 3+ in the visible has been used to quantitate the complexation of this ion to various chelating carboxylate ligands including 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (dota). Two methods were employed. The first involves the measurement of conditional stability constants at constant low pH values where hydrogen ions compete with Eu 3+ for the ligand. The second method involves measurement of the concentration of the Eu 3+ –ligand complex as a function of pH in the low pH region. The data are then fitted by an equation which accounts for the multiple equilibria involved (ligand and complex protonation) with the stability constant being a parameter to be fit. For [Eu(dota)] - a log K value of 26.21 ± 0.10 was obtained which falls among a wide range of reported values. The values for the remaining ligands are in excellent accord with literature values. The log K values for complexes of dota were obtained for the entire Ln 3+ ion series by a metal ion competition method. This ligand discriminates effectively against the larger members of this series.
SURVEY FOR ANTIBODIES TO INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPE 2 IN WILD TURKEYS AND SANDHILL CRANES OF FLORIDA, USA (2010)

Captive-reared Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) released into Florida for the resident reintroduction project experienced unusually high mortality and morbidity during the 1997-98 and 2001-02 release seasons. Exposure to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) serotype 2 as evidenced by seroconversion was suspected to be the factor that precipitated these mortality events. Very little is known about the incidence of IBD in wild bird populations. Before this study, natural exposure had not been documented in wild birds of North America having no contact with captive-reared cranes, and the prevalence and transmission mechanisms of the virus in wild birds were unknown. Sentinel chickens (Gallus gallus) monitored on two Whooping Crane release sites in central Florida, USA, during the 2003-04 and 2004-05 release seasons seroconverted, demonstrating natural exposure to IBDV serotype 2. Blood samples collected from Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) in eight of 21 counties in Florida, USA, and one of two counties in southern Georgia, USA, were antibody-positive for IBDV serotype 2, indicating that exposure from wild birds sharing habitat with Whooping Cranes is possible. The presence of this virus in wild birds in these areas is a concern for the resident flock of Whooping Cranes because they nest and raise their chicks in Florida, USA. However, passively transferred antibodies may protect them at this otherwise vulnerable period in their lives.
Sulfate Transport in Penicillium chrysogenum: Cloning and Characterization of the sutA and sutB Genes (1999)

In industrial fermentations, Penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as the source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. By a PCR-based approach, two genes, sutA and sutB, whose encoded products belong to the SulP superfamily of sulfate permeases were isolated. Transformation of a sulfate uptake-negative sB3 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans with the sutB gene completely restored sulfate uptake activity. The sutA gene did not complement the A. nidulans sB3 mutation, even when expressed under control of the sutB promoter. Expression of both sutA and sutB in P. chrysogenum is induced by growth under sulfur starvation conditions. However, sutA is expressed to a much lower level than is sutB. Disruption of sutB resulted in a loss of sulfate uptake ability. Overall, the results show that SutB is the major sulfate permease involved in sulfate uptake by P. chrysogenum.
Transplant Therapy: Recovery of Function after Spinal Cord Injury (1997)

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in devastating loss of function and altered sensation. Presently, victims of SCI have few remedies for the loss of motor function and the altered sensation often experienced subsequent to the injury. A goal in SCI research is to improve function in both acute and chronic injuries. Among the most successful interventions is the utilization of transplanted tissues toward improved recovery. The theory is that the transplanted tissue could (1) bridge the spinal lesion and provide chemical and/or mechanical guidance for host neurons to grow across the lesion, (2) bridge the spinal lesion and provide additional cellular elements to repair the damaged circuitry, (3) provide factors that would rescue neurons that would otherwise die and/or modulate neural circuits to improve function. A variety of tissues and cells have been added to the adult mammalian spinal cord to encourage restoration of function. These include Schwann cells, motor neurons, dorsal root ganglia, adrenal tissue, hybridomas, peripheral nerves, and fetal spinal cord (FSC) tissue en bloc or as disassociated cells. It is postulated that these tissues would rescue or replace injured adult neurons, which would then integrate or promote the regeneration of the spinal cord circuitry and restore function. In some instances, host-appropriate circuitry is supplied by the transplant and functional improvement is demonstrated. In this presentation, specific examples of recent work with transplanted tissue and cells that demonstrate improved behavioral outcome are presented. New recent work describing the in vitro propagation and characterization of human fetal spinal cord multipotential progenitor cells are also described in the context of a potential resource for transplantable cells. Additionally, data from transplantation experiments of human FSC cells into nonimmunosuppressed rat spinal cord are described, and the resultant improvements in behavioral outcome reported. Lastly, directions for future SCI research are proposed. Key words: spinal cord injury; transplants; human fetal tissue; human fetal spinal cord cells; behavior; human progenitor cells; CNS; review
Butyrylcholinesterase from Chicken Brain Is Smaller than That from Serum: Its Purification, Glycosylation, and Membrane Association (1992)

Applying a new four-step isolation procedure, we have purified butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) from chicken serum to homogeneity with more than 250 U/mg specific activity. The serum enzyme was used for producing monoclonal antibodies. These BChE-specific also recognize BChE from brain, and thus enabled us to isolate the enzymes from embryonic and adult brain that occur only in minute amounts. More than 50% of the brain BChE is membrane-bound. The catalytic and inhibition properties of brain BChE are similar to those of serum BChE. However on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the serum enzyme is represented by a double-band of 79/82 kDa, whereas the brain enzyme has a size of 74 kDa. Limited digestion of the serum and brain preparations by V8-protease leads to similar peptide patterns. Enzymatic deglycosylation shows that their core proteins consist of 59-kDa subunits and that the different molecular weights are due to different glycosylation patterns. The differently sized glycosylation parts of brain and serum BChE may indicate that they subserve different functions. Furthermore, the membrane-bound brain BChE can be solubilized by Pronase or protease K, but not by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.
A Binaural Neuromorphic Auditory Sensor for FPGA: A Spike Signal Processing Approach (2016)

This paper presents a new architecture, design flow, and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation analysis of a neuromorphic binaural auditory sensor, designed completely in the spike domain. Unlike digital cochleae that decompose audio signals using classical digital signal processing techniques, the model presented in this paper processes information directly encoded as spikes using pulse frequency modulation and provides a set of frequency-decomposed audio information using an address-event representation interface. In this case, a systematic approach to design led to a generic process for building, tuning, and implementing audio frequency decomposers with different features, facilitating synthesis with custom features. This allows researchers to implement their own parameterized neuromorphic auditory systems in a low-cost FPGA in order to study the audio processing and learning activity that takes place in the brain. In this paper, we present a 64-channel binaural neuromorphic auditory system implemented in a Virtex-5 FPGA using a commercial development board. The system was excited with a diverse set of audio signals in order to analyze its response and characterize its features. The neuromorphic auditory system response times and frequencies are reported. The experimental results of the proposed system implementation with 64-channel stereo are: a frequency range between 9.6 Hz and 14.6 kHz (adjustable), a maximum output event rate of 2.19 Mevents/s, a power consumption of 29.7 mW, the slices requirements of 11141, and a system clock frequency of 27 MHz.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE ISOLATED FROM BEEF PANCREAS (1946)

1. A method is described for the isolation and purification of desoxyribonuclease from a 0.25 N sulfuric acid extract of beef pancreas. The activity of the enzyme is measured by a viscosimetric method using sodium desoxyribonucleate from calf thymus as substrate. 2. The enzyme is highly active, a measurable effect being obtained at concentrations of less than 0.01 microgram per cc. In highly dilute solution the enzyme is rapidly inactivated, and the use of a protective agent such as gelatin or peptone is necessary. 3. The purified material contains traces of a proteolytic enzyme, but displays no ribonuclease, lipase, or phosphatase activity. 4. The enzyme requires activation by magnesium or manganese ion, and citrate serves as a potent inhibitor of the magnesium-activated enzyme. 5. Its enzymatic activity is inhibited by the specific antibody present in the serum of rabbits immunized with enzyme protein.