gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICS FOR MACHINE LEARNING (2020)

Machine learning is a way to study the algorithm and statistical model that is used by computer to perform a specific task through pattern and deduction [1]. It builds a mathematical model from a sample data which may come under either supervised or unsupervised learning. It is closely related to computational statistics which is an interface between statistics and computer science. Also, linear algebra and probability theory are two tools of mathematics which form the basis of machine learning. In general, statistics is a science concerned with collecting, analysing, interpreting the data. Data are the facts and figure that can be classified as either quantitative or qualitative. From the given set of data, we can predict the expected observation, difference between the outcome of two observations and how data look like which can help in better decision making process [2]. Descriptive and inferential statistics are the two methods of data analysis. Descriptive statistics summarize the raw data into information through which common expectation and variation of data can be taken. It also provides graphical methods that can be used to visualize the sample of data and qualitative understanding of observation whereas inferential statistics refers to drawing conclusions from data. Inferences are made under the framework of probability theory. So, understanding of data and interpretation of result are two important aspects of machine learning. In this paper, we have reviewed the different methods of ML, mathematics behind ML, its application in day to day life and future aspects.
Identification of Steam-Breakthrough Intervals With DTS Technology (2004)

Summary Steam breakthrough in producing wells can be very problematic. Not only can production drop drastically, but catastrophic failure events can occur; holes can be cut in tubulars, screens, and casing. Many of these events can result in loss of the borehole. Therefore, it is critical that the offending sand zone is identified quickly. Many breakthrough-identification methods have been tried, including produced-well temperature, pulsed-neutron logging, and drilling observation wells to monitor zonal temperatures. This paper discusses methods for installing optical fibers in oil and gas wells for distributed temperature sensing (DTS), the search to gain the considerable value offered by fiber-optic technology, and the development of an extremely cost-effective and accurate method that takes advantage of the power of DTS technology for determining steam breakthrough in producing wells.
Modulation of Tac antigen on activated human T cells by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. (1982)

A monoclonal antibody termed anti-Tac antibody is reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells, but not reactive with resting T cells or B cells. We found that the expression of Tac antigen on activated T cells was inhibited by the addition of anti-Tac antibody in the culture of T cells activated with Con A or alloantigen. In the mixed lymphocyte culture, the expression of Ia-like antigen on allo-activated T cells was also inhibited by anti-Tac antibody, although the antibody does not recognize Ia-like antigen. However, anti-Ia monoclonal antibody did not suppress the expression of either Tac or Ia-like antigen. In addition, Tac antigen expressed on activated T cells was modulated by anti-Tac antibody cultured with activated T cells at 37 degrees C for 48 hr. Antigenic modulation, which means a specific loss of Tac antigen from the cell surface of T cells, was detected by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Tac antigen was reexpressed on T cells after restimulation when the anti-Tac antibody was removed, whereas Ia-like antigen already expressed on allo-activated T cells was not modulated by anti-Tac antibody. These results suggest that Tac and Ia-like antigens are carried on different molecules, both of which are closely linked in expression on activated T cells. The expression of Tac antigen may be essential for the following expression of Ia-like antigen.
Stereolithographic Ceramic Manufacturing of High Strength Bioactive Glass (2014)

Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics like the 45S5 formulation have been studied toward biocompatibility and biodegradability for years. Nevertheless, clinical applications as bone substitute or scaffold material are highly limited because of the often poor mechanical behavior of bioactive glasses. In this study, we are able to provide a new production alternative for 45S5 bioactive glass structures resulting in parts with high density and strength. Using the stereolithographic ceramic manufacturing ( SLCM ) process, it is possible to additively produce solid bulk glass ceramics as well as delicate scaffold structures. Recent developments in SLCM slurry preparation together with an appropriate selection of raw materials led to 3D parts with a very homogeneous microstructure and a density of about 2.7 g/cm³. Due to the low number and small size of defects, a high biaxial bending strength of 124 MPa was achieved. Weibull distribution also underlines good process control showing a Weibull modulus of 8.6 and a characteristic strength of 131 MPa for the samples tested here. By reaching bending strength values of natural cortical bone, bioactive glasses processed with SLCM could eventually advance to be an interesting bone substitute material even in load‐bearing applications, valuing the huge efforts undertaken to understand their bioactive behavior.
Annular Josephson junctions as superconductive nuclear particle detectors (1997)

A new geometrical configuration for superconductive tunnel junctions as high energy resolution particle detectors is presented. The proposed configuration is based on annular junctions, in which fluxons are trapped in the central hole during the superconducting transition. Such a configuration overcomes some important drawbacks of the traditional geometries. The suppression of the Josephson critical current by a magnetic field that does not need to be sustained during the whole detection time and the absence of Fiske steps, which compromise the stability of the bias point, are automatically reached with the new configuration.
Flow cytometric determination of circulating immune complexes with the indirect granulocyte phagocytosis test (1985)

A method for the determination of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was adapted for flow cytometric analysis. Human granulocytes were used to phagocytose IgG-bearing CIC of serum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. A method for labeling the phagocytosed CIC with FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG was developed where the granulocytes remain in suspension during fixation and labeling. The fluorescence per cell, measured with a flow cytometer, is a measure of the total amount of the phagocytosed IgG. The results indicate that a rapid and quantitative method for the detection and measurement of phagocytosed CIC is possible using the flow cytometer.
Effect of excitation on coaxial jet noise (1983)

Coaxial model jets, including those of high bypass ratio engine exhaust hot gas conditions, were excited internally by tone and broadband noise. Acoustic excitation in the secondary (outer) duct was found to be most effective in jet noise amplification due to the sensitivity of the outer shear layer. Jet noise amplification at the subharmonic of the excitation frequency occurred in a number of cases. An acoustic elliptic mirror was used to observe the noise sources along the jet. It revealed local noise source characteristics in different shear layer regions and noise source location changes from unexcited to excited jets.
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p40SIC1 imposes the requirement for Cln G1 cyclin function at Start. (1996)

In yeast, commitment to cell division (Start) is catalyzed by activation of the Cdc28 protein kinase in late G1 phase by the Cln1, Cln2, and Cln3 G1 cyclins. The Clns are essential, rate-limiting activators of Start because cells lacking Cln function (referred to as cln-) arrest at Start and because CLN dosage modulates the timing of Start. At or shortly after Start, the development of B-type cyclin Clb-Cdc28 kinase activity and initiation of DNA replication requires the destruction of p40SIC1, a specific inhibitor of the Clb-Cdc28 kinases. I report here that cln cells are rendered viable by deletion of SIC1. Conversely, in cln1 cln2 cells, which have low CLN activity, modest increases in SIC1 gene dosage cause inviability. Deletion of SIC1 does not cause a general bypass of Start since (cln-)sic1 cells remain sensitive to mating pheromone-induced arrest. Far1, a pheromone-activated inhibitor of Cln-Cdc28 kinases, is dispensable for arrest of (cln-)sic1 cells by pheromone, implying the existence of an alternate Far1-independent arrest pathway. These observations define a pheromone-sensitive activity able to catalyze Start only in the absence of p40SIC1. The existence of this activity means that the B-type cyclin inhibitor p40SIC1 imposes the requirement for Cln function at Start.
Synthesis and properties of new segmented block poly(urethane‐urea)s containing phosphatidylcholine analogues and polybutadienes (1996)

Abstract New hydrophobic‐hydrophilic microphase‐separated block segmented copoly(urethane‐urea)s were synthesized by introducing hydrophobic polybutadienes as the soft segments and 4,4′‐methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, ethylenediamine, and a hydrophilic phosphatidylcholine analogue as the hard segments in the backbones of these polymers. The results of ATR‐IR and XPS show the coexistence of phosphatidylcholine analogues and polybutadienes on the surface of cast films of the synthesized poly(urethane‐urea)s. Furthermore, TEM cross sectional observation of the cast film PBDP‐1370 indicates that it possesses a hydrophilic‐hydrophobic microphase‐separated domain structure.
Refining the ML/DL Argument for the SensorAble Project (2020)

Is Machine Learning/Deep Learning (ML/DL) a technological necessity when implementing SensorAble or is it something to be investigated because of its potential? Should ML/DL be implemented because it permits processing large quantities of multimodal data enabling modelling of autistic neurocognitive processes that well relate to distractibility and anxiety? Or would interventional prototyping using old-fashioned Artificial Intelligence (AI), Bayesian theory or a hand-crafted rule be preferable?Following Participant Public Information (PPI), can ML/DL techniques permit greater understanding of how disruptions occur and properly align/prepare the groundwork for an interventional prototype? Would heuristics, data mining, or perhaps some other statistical approach adequately provide evidence proceeding a design? With the constellation of supervisors who have invested in this project, can fundamental science properly situate SensorAble in a broader vision that creates practical tools? It is one thing to understand and model a problem. It’s another to simply design/build. Doing the latter may inform the user, but how does it guarantee that other stress factors, ethical issues and newly created anomalies aren’t inadvertently introduced?
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions under in vivo conditions during interstitial cell migration in <i>Hydra vulgaris</i> (1994)

Interstitial cell (I-cell) migration in hydra is essential for establishment of the regional cell differentiation pattern in the organism. All previous in vivo studies have indicated that cell migration in hydra is a result of cell-cell interactions and chemotaxic gradients. Recently, in vitro cell adhesion studies indicated that isolated nematocytes could bind to substrata coated with isolated hydra mesoglea, fibronectin and type IV collagen. Under these conditions, nematocytes could be observed to migrate on some of these extracellular matrix components. By modifying previously described hydra grafting techniques, two procedures were developed to test specifically the role of extracellular matrix components during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra. In one approach, the extracellular matrix structure of the apical half of the hydra graft was perturbed using beta-aminopropionitrile and beta-xyloside. In the second approach, grafts were treated with fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin after grafting was performed. In both cases, I-cell migration from the basal half to the apical half of the grafts was quantitatively analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that beta-aminopropionitrile, fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin all were inhibitory to I-cell migration as compared to their respective controls. beta-xyloside treatment had no effect on interstitial cell migration. These results indicate the potential importance of cell-extracellular matrix interactions during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra.
Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms of Two Different Dimers of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody (2018)

Protein therapeutics, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, are large, structurally complex molecules that are prone to numerous modes of degradation during their production and long-term storage. Physical degradation via protein aggregation is a major concern when developing protein therapeutic candidates for clinical use. A dimer is perhaps the simplest element of protein aggregation, and thus, a better understanding of protein dimers in terms of their structures, intermolecular interactions, and chemical nature will help in the development of rational strategies for reducing aggregation propensity. In this study, two different mAb dimers were generated from an IgG2 monoclonal antibody solution, i.e., a native dimer generated under long-term storage and a thermal dimer from a thermal stress condition. Both IgG2 dimers were characterized in terms of their chemical and physical properties, bioactivity, and conformational dynamics. The native IgG2 dimer was formed mainly through noncovalent association. It displayed minimal differences in biophysical properties and higher-order structure compared to the monomer yet showed compromised in vitro potency, likely because of steric hindrance. In contrast, the thermal IgG2 dimer was mainly disulfide-linked, but even so, no new non-native disulfide bonds were detected by peptide mapping. Two regions within the Fc-C<sub>H</sub>2 domain of the thermal IgG2 dimer exhibited significantly increased flexibility as measured by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and notably, these regions are connected by an intrachain disulfide bond under natively folded conditions. These findings provide a better understanding of dimer formation under long-term storage and thermal stress conditions for this IgG2 mAb, and possible aggregation mechanisms are discussed.
Dispersal of Adult European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Within and Proximal to Irrigated and Non-irrigated Corn (2001)

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), causes economic damage to corn, Zea mays L., throughout the Corn Belt. Because this insect has become the primary target of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) transgenic corn, current efforts addressing the management of O. nubilalis resistance to Bt corn require information on adult European corn borer dispersal and factors affecting its dispersal. In 1998 we conducted mark-release-recapture, release-recapture, and caged-mating studies to directly measure and compare local dispersal patterns of O. nubilalis adults within and proximal to irrigated and non-irrigated cornfields. Releases of marked adults were made corresponding to the first and second flight of O. nubilalis in eastern Nebraska. Adult dispersal was significantly different between irrigated and non-irrigated cornfields. Released adults tended to remain in and near irrigated cornfields, but dispersed out of and away from non-irrigated cornfields. When released at the edge of the cornfield, neither male nor unmated female O. nubilalis displayed an initial tendency to move out of irrigated corn and into the mixed smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) and broadleaf-weed field edge. Mating efficiency in a late-season cornfield was not significantly different than in dense foxtail (Setaria spp.). Generally, we found that adult O. nubilalis dispersal may vary depending on variables such as action-site availability and agronomic practices and their interaction with O. nubilalis life history.
Antitumor activity of anti-type IV collagenase monoclonal antibody and its lidamycin conjugate against colon carcinoma (2005)

瞄准：包括 MMP-2 和 -9 的类型 IV 胶原酶在癌症房间侵略和转移起一个重要作用并且是为指导 mAb 的治疗的一个吸引人的目标。mAb 3G11 的免疫反应，在人对类型 IV 胶原酶指导的 mAb 渲染表面的癌，被学习由免疫组织化学(IHC ) 染色。mAb 3G11 被结合到反肿瘤抗菌素 lidamycin (LDM ) 。对冒号癌的 3G11-LDM conjugate 的反肿瘤活动在老鼠被调查。方法：ELISA，明胶 zymography，和西方的污点试金被用于 mAb 3G11 的生物描述。有人的 mAb 3G11 的免疫反应渲染表面的癌被染色的 IHC 检测。到人的结肠癌 HT-29 房间的 LDM 和 3G11-LDM conjugate 的细胞毒性被 clonogenic 试金和 MTT 试金检验。conjugate 3G11-LDM 的治疗学的效果与在老鼠的冒号癌 26 被评估。结果：是出现在 ELISA， mAb 3G11 与类型 IV 胶原酶明确地反应了，当 3G11-LDM conjugate 也明确地认出了它的各自的抗原时。在 IHC 试金， mAb 3G11 在颜色的大多数情况中显示出积极免疫反应表面的癌，和在邻近的非恶意的纸巾的否定免疫反应。由明胶 zymography，在类型 IV 胶原酶的分泌物活动的 mAb 3G11 的抑制效果被证明。以在 MTT 试金的 IC50 价值，到人的结肠癌 HT-29 房间的 LDM 的细胞毒性更是 10,000 褶层比丝裂霉素Ｃ(MMC ) 和 adriamycin (ADM ) 的有势力。3G11-LDM conjugate 也极其与 5.6 x 10 的 IC50 价值显示了有势力细胞毒性到人的冒号癌 HT-29 房间(-19) mol/L。在 0.05 和 0.1 mg/kg 的剂量的 3G11-LDM conjugate 分别地在 70.3 和 81.2% 禁止了在老鼠的结肠癌 26 的生长。结论：mAb 3G11 是与有 LDM 的表面的癌和它的 conjugate 是的人的颜色反应的免疫对在老鼠的冒号癌高度有效。
Peritubular Capillary Injury during the Progression of Experimental Glomerulonephritis in Rats (2000)

The functional and morphologic changes occurring in the peritubular capillaries (PTC) of the kidney during the progression of renal disease are not yet completely understood. In this study, the features of PTC disruption observed in a rat anti-glomerular basement membrane-induced glomerulonephritis (GN) model were characterized. Contributions to the progression of the disease made by other interstitial components, including ED-1-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T cells, were also investigated. Within 7 d of inducing GN, severe necrotizing glomerular injuries were observed. Thrombomodulin staining revealed that within 3 to 8 wk, there was a significant (P < 0.001) decline in the number of PTC, accompanied by a marked accumulation of macrophages, T cells, and fibrotic material. By the end of this period, most PTC were severely damaged or lost, and tubulointerstitial scarring was noted in the affected areas. Furthermore, PTC endothelial cell apoptosis occurred concomitantly, as shown by application of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling methods and electron microscopy. It was presumed that the PTC injury was mediated possibly by the infiltrating macrophages and T cells, which, together with destruction of the PTC structure, correlated significantly with the impairment of renal function. These findings suggest that PTC disruption and the subsequent regression of the capillary network may contribute to the development of the tubulointerstitial injury largely responsible for the renal dysfunction in progressive GN.
The ARTIST 5 (2008)

Version 5 of the Automatic Real-Time Ionogram Scaler with True height (ARTIST), an intelligent system developed at UMLCAR for extraction of ionospheric specification data from Digisonde ionograms, entered its operational phase in May 2007. Version 5 implements the classic ARTIST techniques re-vamped for modern computers and programming environments, as well as new approaches developed to strengthen the ARTIST performance. This paper describes progress in the ionogram autoscaling research at UMLCAR that has culminated into release of the ARTIST 5 software.
A new volume of fluid method in three dimensions—Part II: Piecewise‐planar interface reconstruction with cubic‐Bézier fit (2008)

Abstract A new interface reconstruction method in 3D is presented. The method involves a conservative level‐contour reconstruction coupled to a cubic‐Bézier interpolation. The use of the proposed piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) reconstruction scheme coupled to a multidimensional time integration provides solutions of second‐order spatial and temporal accuracy. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed reconstruction algorithm are demonstrated through several tests, whose results are compared with those obtained with other recently proposed methods. An overall improvement in accuracy with respect to other recent methods has been achieved, along with a substantial reduction in the central processing unit time required. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation characteristic of waveguide-type optical frequency comb generator (1998)

We report the modulation characteristics of a waveguide-type optical frequency comb generator (WG-OFCG) with the advantages of compactness, high modulation index and low driving power. The characteristics of the optical frequency comb (OFC) generated when the modulation index exceeds 2/spl pi/ are discussed. The power of the modulation sidebands was measured by the optical heterodyne method with an external-cavity laser as a local oscillator. The dependence of the modulation index of the WG-OFCG on the modulation frequency up to 40 GHz was measured. The generation span of the OFC at the modulation frequency detuned from an integer multiple of the free spectral range (FSR) is discussed.
Roller One-Way Clutches for Today's Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions (1967)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The roller one-way clutch has achieved wide acceptance in today's passenger car automatic transmission and has proved itself able to operate satisfactorily under the high demands of this application. Careful attention to the various design parameters for the clutch and its races, and to development through test has resulted in excellent performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The roller clutches being used in present transmissions are of the loose spring and roller type or the caged spring and roller type, both with individually spring energized rollers.</div>
Urban point-of-interest recommendation by mining user check-in behaviors (2012)

In recent years, researches on recommendation of urban Points-Of-Interest (POI), such as restaurants, based on social information have attracted a lot of attention. Although a number of social-based recommendation techniques have been proposed in the literature, most of their concepts are only based on the individual or friends' check-in behaviors. It leads to that the recommended POIs list is usually constrained within the users' or friends' living area. Furthermore, since context-aware and environmental information changes quickly, especially in urban areas, how to extract appropriate features from such kind of heterogeneous data to facilitate the recommendation is also a critical and challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a novel approach named Urban POI-Mine (UPOI-Mine) that integrates location-based social networks (LBSNs) for recommending users urban POIs based on the user preferences and location properties simultaneously. The core idea of UPOI-Mine is to build a regression-tree-based predictor in the normalized check-in space, so as to support the prediction of interestingness of POI related to each user's preference. Based on the LBSN data, we extract the features of places in terms of i) Social Factor, ii) Individual Preference, and iii) POI Popularity for model building. To our best knowledge, this is the first work on urban POI recommendation that considers social factor, individual preference and POI popularity in LBSN data, simultaneously. Through comprehensive experimental evaluations on a real dataset from Gowalla, the proposed UPOI-Mine is shown to deliver excellent performance.