gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Redox imbalance links COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (2021)

Although most patients recover from acute COVID-19, some experience postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC). One subgroup of PASC is a syndrome called "long COVID-19," reminiscent of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a debilitating condition, often triggered by viral and bacterial infections, leading to years-long debilitating symptoms including profound fatigue, postexertional malaise, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive deficits, and orthostatic intolerance. Some are skeptical that either ME/CFS or long COVID-19 involves underlying biological abnormalities. However, in this review, we summarize the evidence that people with acute COVID-19 and with ME/CFS have biological abnormalities including redox imbalance, systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, an impaired ability to generate adenosine triphosphate, and a general hypometabolic state. These phenomena have not yet been well studied in people with long COVID-19, and each of them has been reported in other diseases as well, particularly neurological diseases. We also examine the bidirectional relationship between redox imbalance, inflammation, energy metabolic deficits, and a hypometabolic state. We speculate as to what may be causing these abnormalities. Thus, understanding the molecular underpinnings of both PASC and ME/CFS may lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
The Transcription Factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF-1) Is Important during the Maturation of Natural Killer 1.1+ T Cell Receptor–α/β+ (NK1+ T) Cells, Natural Killer Cells, and Intestinal Intraepithelial T Cells (1998)

In contrast to conventional T cells, natural killer (NK) 1.1+ T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta+ (NK1+T) cells, NK cells, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) bearing CD8-alpha/alpha chains constitutively express the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (R)beta/15Rbeta chain. Recent studies have indicated that IL-2Rbeta/15Rbeta chain is required for the development of these lymphocyte subsets, outlining the importance of IL-15. In this study, we investigated the development of these lymphocyte subsets in interferon regulatory factor 1-deficient (IRF-1-/-) mice. Surprisingly, all of these lymphocyte subsets were severely reduced in IRF-1-/- mice. Within CD8-alpha/alpha+ intestinal IEL subset, TCR-gamma/delta+ cells and TCR-alpha/beta+ cells were equally affected by IRF gene disruption. In contrast to intestinal TCR-gamma/delta+ cells, thymic TCR-gamma/delta+ cells developed normally in IRF-1-/- mice. Northern blot analysis further revealed that the induction of IL-15 messenger RNA was impaired in IRF-1-/- bone marrow cells, and the recovery of these lymphocyte subsets was observed when IRF-1-/- cells were cultured with IL-15 in vitro. These data indicate that IRF-1 regulates IL-15 gene expression, which may control the development of NK1+T cells, NK cells, and CD8-alpha/alpha+ IELs.
Suppression of p53-inducible gene 3 is significant for glioblastoma progression and predicts poor patient prognosis (2017)

Glioblastoma is the most malignant and invasive brain tumor with extremely poor prognosis. p53-inducible gene 3, a downstream molecule of the tumor suppressor p53, has been found involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress response. However, the functions of p53-inducible gene 3(PIG3) in cancer are far from clear including glioblastoma. In this study, we found that p53-inducible gene 3 expression was suppressed in glioblastoma tissues compared with normal tissues. And the expression of p53-inducible gene 3 was significantly associated with the World Health Organization grade. Patients with high p53-inducible gene 3 expression have a significantly longer median survival time (15 months) than those with low p53-inducible gene 3 expression (8 months). According to Cox regression analysis, p53-inducible gene 3 was an independent prognostic factor with multivariate hazard ratio of 0.578 (95% confidence interval, 0.352-0.947; p = 0.030) for overall survival. Additionally, gain and loss of function experiments showed that knockdown of p53-inducible gene 3 significantly increased the proliferation and invasion ability of glioblastoma cells while overexpression of p53-inducible gene 3 inhibited the proliferation and invasion ability. The results of in vivo glioblastoma models further confirmed that p53-inducible gene 3 suppression promoted glioblastoma progression. Altogether, our data suggest that high expression of p53-inducible gene 3 is significant for glioblastoma inhibition and p53-inducible gene 3 independently indicates good prognosis in patients, which might be a novel prognostic biomarker or potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
Plasma hyaluronan and hemorheology in patients with septic shock: A clinical and experimental study (2014)

Plasma viscosity of the septic patients remained low for four days despite markedly elevated concentration of relatively small-molecular-weight hyaluronan.
Extreme Zoom Surveillance: System Design and Image Restoration (2007)

Applications of digital imaging with extreme zoom are traditionally found in astronomy and wild life monitoring. More recently, the need for such capabilities has extended to long range surveillance and wide area monitoring such as forest fires, harbors, and waterways. In this paper, we present a number of sensor arrangements for such applications, focusing on optical setups, auto-focusing mechanisms, and image deblurring techniques. Considering both the speed of convergence and robustness to image degradations induced by high system magnifications and long observation distances, we introduce an auto-focusing algorithm based on sequential search with a variable step size. We derive the transition criteria following maximum likelihood (ML) estimation for the selection of suitable step sizes. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated in real-time auto-focusing and tracking of faces from distances of 50m~300m. We also develop an image restoration algorithm for high magnification imaging systems, where an adaptive sharpness measure is employed as a cost function to guide the fine search for an optimal point spread function (PSF) for image deblurring. Experimental results demonstrate a considerably enhanced robustness to image noise and artifacts and ability to select the optimum PSF, producing superior restored images.
A unified approach for calculating error rates of linearly modulated signals over generalized fading channels (1999)

We present a unified analytical framework to determine the exact average symbol-error rate (SER) of linearly modulated signals over generalized fading channels. The results are applicable to systems employing coherent demodulation with maximal-ratio combining multichannel reception. The analyses assume independent fading paths, which are not necessarily identically distributed. In all cases, the proposed approach leads to an expression of the average SER involving a single finite-range integral, which can be easily computed numerically. In addition, as special cases, SER expressions for single-channel reception are obtained. These expressions reduce to well-known solutions, give alternative (often simpler) expressions for previous results, or provide new formulas that are either closed-form expressions or simple to compute numerically.
The initiation of peptide formation in the biosynthesis of actinomycin (1993)

Actinomycin Synthetase II (ACMS II), which activates threonine and valine by a thioltemplate mechanism during the synthesis of the actinomycin half-molecule 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (4-MHA) pentapeptide lactone, was purified to near homogeneity from Streptomyces chrysomallus. It is a single polypeptide chain of M(r) 280,000 and contains 4'-phosphopantetheine as a covalently bound prosthetic group. ACMS II charges itself with threonine but not with the 4-MHA analogue p-toluic acid via a specific sulfhydryl group at the expense of ATP. Charging of ACMS II with p-toluic acid in thioester linkage took place, however, only when actinomycin synthetase I (ACMS I), a 4-MHA-AMP ligase, was present. In the additional presence of L-threonine, enzyme-bound p-toluyl-L-threonine was formed on ACMS II. The latter compound was also formed when chemically synthesized p-toluic acid adenylate was added instead of ACMS I and p-toluic acid. This indicates that p-toluic acid adenylate is a free intermediate in the reaction and that charging of the enzyme and acylation of threonine are both catalyzed by ACMS II rather than by ACMS I. Chemically synthesized thioesters of p-toluic acid and coenzyme A, pantetheine, or beta-alanyl-cysteamine reacted with ACMS II, threonine, and ATP with formation of enzyme-bound p-toluyl-threonine. In contrast, p-toluyl-cysteamine thioester was inactive, which indicates structural constraints in the reactivity of free thioesters of p-toluic acid with ACMS II. Such constraints obviously require structural similarity of the artificial substrate to a p-toluic acid thioester formed on the enzyme's surface in the course of the reaction. Since free coenzyme A was not involved in the charging of p-toluic acid or in p-toluyl-threonine formation, the sulfhydryl group of the 4'-phosphopantetheine cofactor is most likely the primary acceptor of p-toluic acid (or 4-MHA) in the initiation of peptide lactone formation.
Learning Multimodal Attention LSTM Networks for Video Captioning (2017)

Automatic generation of video caption is a challenging task as video is an information-intensive media with complex variations. Most existing methods, either based on language templates or sequence learning, have treated video as a flat data sequence while ignoring intrinsic multimodality nature. Observing that different modalities (e.g., frame, motion, and audio streams), as well as the elements within each modality, contribute differently to the sentence generation, we present a novel deep framework to boost video captioning by learning Multimodal Attention Long-Short Term Memory networks (MA-LSTM). Our proposed MA-LSTM fully exploits both multimodal streams and temporal attention to selectively focus on specific elements during the sentence generation. Moreover, we design a novel child-sum fusion unit in the MA-LSTM to effectively combine different encoded modalities to the initial decoding states. Different from existing approaches that employ the same LSTM structure for different modalities, we train modality-specific LSTM to capture the intrinsic representations of individual modalities. The experiments on two benchmark datasets (MSVD and MSR-VTT) show that our MA-LSTM significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with 52.3 [email protected] and 70.4 CIDER-D metrics on MSVD dataset, respectively.
A novel tuneable low-intensity adversarial attack (2005)

Currently, denial of service (DoS) attacks remain amongst the most critical threats to Internet applications. The goal of the attacker in a DoS attack is to overwhelm a shared resource by sending a large amount of traffic thus, rendering the resource unavailable to other legitimate users. In this paper, we expose a novel contrasting category of attacks that is aimed at exploiting the adaptive behavior exhibited by several network and system protocols such as TCP. The goal of the attacker in this case is not to entirely disable the service but to inflict sufficient degradation to the service quality experienced by legitimate users. An important property of these attacks is the fact that the desired adversarial impact can be achieved by using an non-suspicious low-rate attack stream, which can easily evade detection. Further by tuning various parameters of the attack traffic stream, the attacker can inflict varying degrees of service degradation and at the same time making it extremely difficult for the victim to detect attacker presence. Our simulation based experiments validate our observations and demonstrate that an attacker can significantly degrade the performance of the TCP flows by inducing lowrate attack traffic which is co-ordinated to exploit the congestion control behavior of TCP
A Self-Recovery Method Based on Mixed Reboot (2009)

Microreboot is one of the most efficient self recovery technologies for mission-critical system. But some limitations still exist in the existing microreboot methods such as demand of componentization and loosing coupling etc. In order to eliminate these limitations, we propose a more flexible and usable microreboot method called mixed reboot in this paper, which systematically combines coarse-grained reboot with fine-grained reboot. The mixed reboot can be used to recursively restart from inner class to the whole application which has never been realized before. The result of our experiment shows that the MR can realize autonomic recursive reboot of software to provide system with higher self-recovery ability than the existing microreboot methods.
The chemistry of 4‐hydrazino‐7‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐<i>a</i>] ‐1,3,5‐triazines (1974)

Abstract The reaction of 4‐hydrazino‐7‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 4 ) with nitrous acid gave 8‐phenyltetrazolo[1,5‐ e ]pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 5b ), which was determined by pmr and ir spectra to be in equilibrium with 4‐azido‐7‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 5a ). The equilibrium between the tetrazolo ( 5b ) and azido ( 5a ) forms was studied by pmr and an attempt was made to determine if substituents in the pyrazole nucleus could sufficiently stabilize the tricyclic tetrazolo form ( 5b ) over the bicyclic azido form ( 5a ). Thermal degradation of 5 (a ⇌ b) in an aprotic solvent gave 4‐amino‐7‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 7 ), indicating the probability of a nitrene mechanism involved in the decomposition. Heating 5 in aqueous base gave both 7 and the “hydroxy” analog, 7‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐4(3 H )one ( 6 ), further substantiating the existence of a nitrene intermediate with a competing nucleophilic displacement of the azido group by a hydroxyl group. Cyclization of 4 with diethoxymethylacetate (DEMA) gave 8‐phenyl‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ e ]pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 8 ), which underwent thermal rearrangement to 8‐phenyl‐ s ‐triazolo[2,3‐ e ]pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine ( 9 ). Acid catalyzed ring opening of 9 with formic acid gave 3‐ N ‐formamido‐5‐phenyl‐2(2‐ s ‐triazolyl)pyrazole ( 10 ). The failure of 10 to recyclize to 9 with the resultant loss of water, supported the theory that the rearrangement of 8 to 9 might occur simply as a concerted, thermally induced “anhydrous” rearrangement rather than via a covalently hydrated intermediate or a Dimroth type mechanism (in the base catalyzed rearrangement).
Multifunctional Dendritic Drug Delivery Systems: Design, Synthesis, Controlled and Triggered Release (2008)

This review describes the strategy for the development of multifunctional dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymers, collectively named dendritic polymers, aiming at their application as drug and gene delivery systems. Employing well-characterized and mainly commercially available dendritic polymers, the functionalization of these polymers is aimed at providing drug carriers of low toxicity, high encapsulating capacity, specificity to certain type of cells and transport ability through their membranes. Following a step-wise functionalization strategy of the starting dendritic polymers one has the option to prepare products that fulfill one or more of these requirements. In particular, in addition to polyvalency which is a common feature of the dendritic polymers, these carriers bearing a number of targeting ligands exhibit specificity to certain cells, another type of groups secures stability in biological milieu and prolonged circulation, while other moieties facilitate their transport through cell membranes. Furthermore, dendritic polymers applied for gene delivery should be or become cationic in the biological environment for the formation of complexes with the negatively charged genetic material.
Precipitation of Nucleic Acids with Poly (ethyleneimine) (1990)

Removal of nucleic acids from cell extracts is a common early step in downstream processing for protein recovery. We report on the precipitation of nucleic acids from a homogenate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by addition of the cationic polyelectrolyte poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), focusing on the effect of PEI dosage on particle size, protein loss, and extent of nucleic acid removal in both batch and continuous mode. Better than 95% removal of nucleic acids from yeast homogenates was achieved by means of precipitation with PEI with protein losses of approximately 15% with or without previous removal of cell debris. The coprecipitated protein is predominately large molecular weight material and exhibits both low and high isoelectric points. Such treatment does not aggregate the cell debris; size distribution of the precipitated particles from a continuous precipitator is very similar to that for protein precipitation.
Adobe Flash CS3 Professional Hands-On Training (2007)

Adobe Flash CS3 Professional Hands-On Training is the latest, updated version of the highly acclaimed publication from the leaders in training at lynda.com. In this book, readers will find carefully developed lessons and exercises that teach readers to create interactive Web sites and rich media, with the latest version of the Flash authoring tool. Given the extensive changes to the Flash interface and function, the step-by-step approach is much needed to help present things to a beginner in a very clear, easy-to-follow way. In it, they ll learn how to use the full set of creative drawing, animation, and interactive tools including drawing and color tools, animation basics, symbols and instances, motion, bitmaps, buttons, movie clips, sound, components and forms, and video. Not only that but readers will learn how to use the new powerful integration features with Photoshop and Illustrator and discover new Shape Primitives (expanding your ability to use and manipulate shapes), a new Pen tool that functions like that found in Illustrator, a new ability to convert animations to ActionScript 3, a brand new unified interface matching that of others in the Creative Suite, and much more. Accompanied by a CD-ROM loaded with classroom-proven exercises and QuickTime training videos, this book ensures ensures readers will master the key features of Adobe Flash CS3 in no time. PUBLISHER NOTE: We have received some complaints from readers about the quality of the binding of Adobe Flash CS3 Professional Hands-On Training (ISBN: 0-321-50983-8). We have checked all copies of the inventory in our warehouse and found just a few copies with this problem. If you have received a defective copy of this book we recommend that you return it to the bookstore/reseller from which you purchased it.
Ultrasound-Enhanced Attenuated Total Reflection Mid-infrared Spectroscopy In-Line Probe: Acquisition of Cell Spectra in a Bioreactor (2015)

This article presents a novel method for selective acquisition of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of microorganisms in-line during fermentation, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example. The position of the cells relative to the sensitive region of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) FT-IR probe was controlled by combing a commercially available ATR in-line probe with contact-free, gentle particle manipulation by ultrasonic standing waves. A prototype probe was successfully constructed, assembled, and tested in-line during fed-batch fermentations of S. cerevisiae. Control over the position of the cells was achieved by tuning the ultrasound frequency: 2.41 MHz was used for acquisition of spectra of the cells (pushing frequency f(p)) and 1.87 MHz, for retracting the cells from the ATR element, therefore allowing spectra of the medium to be acquired. Accumulation of storage carbohydrates (trehalose and glycogen) inside the cells was induced by a lack of a nitrogen source in the feed medium. These changes in biochemical composition were visible in the spectra of the cells recorded in-line during the application of f(p) and could be verified by reference spectra of dried cell samples recorded off-line with a FT-IR microscope. Comparison of the cell spectra with spectra of trehalose, glycogen, glucose, and mannan, i.e., the major carbohydrates present in S. cerevisiae, and principal components analysis revealed that the changes observed in the cell spectra correlated well with the bands specific for trehalose and glycogen. This proves the applicability and capability of ultrasound-enhanced in-line ATR mid-IR spectroscopy as a real-time PAT method for the in situ monitoring of cellular biochemistry during fermentation.
Asociación de Dirigentes y Cuadros Cristianos (ADIC) de Bélgica (1967)

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α‐Synuclein up‐regulates expression of caveolin‐1 and down‐regulates extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activity in B103 neuroblastoma cells: role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (2003)

alpha-Synuclein accumulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease (LBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the mechanisms are not yet clear, it is possible that dysregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) might play a role. As caveolins form scaffolds onto which signaling molecules such as ERK can assemble, we propose that signaling alterations associated with alpha-synuclein accumulation and neurodegeneration, might be mediated via caveolae. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the potential contribution of alterations in the caveolar system in mediating alpha-synuclein effects on the ERK signaling pathway. For this, synuclein-transfected B103 neuroblastoma cells were used as a model system. In this cell line, caveolin-1 expression was up-regulated, whereas, ERK was down-regulated. ERK was weakly but consistently co-immunoprecipitated with alpha-synuclein but caveolin-1 did not co-immunoprecipitate with alpha-synuclein. Moreover, treatment of alpha-synuclein- overexpressing cells with caveolin-1 antisense oligonucleotides resulted in stimulation of ERK activity, with amelioration of the neuritic alterations. Transduction of alpha-synuclein-overexpressing cells, with an adenoviral vector directing the expression of ERK, resulted in suppression of caveolin-1 expression and re-establishment of the normal patterns of neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that alpha-synuclein may also interfere with ERK signaling by dysregulating caveolin-1 expression. Thus, the caveolin-1/ERK pathway could be a therapeutic target for the alpha-synuclein-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Shape retrieval based on dynamic programming (2000)

We propose a shape matching algorithm for deformed shapes based on dynamic programming. Our algorithm is capable of grouping together segments at finer scales in order to come up with appropriate correspondences with segments at coarser scales. We illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in retrieval of shapes by content on two different two-dimensional (2-D) datasets, one of static hand gesture shapes and another of marine life shapes. We also demonstrate the superiority of our approach over traditional approaches to shape matching and retrieval, such as Fourier descriptors and geometric and sequential moments. Our evaluation is based on human relevance judgments following a well-established methodology from the information retrieval field.