gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Image Segmentation with Two-Dimensional Hidden Markov Models (2013)

Image segmentation is one of the fundamental problems in computer vision. In this work, we present a new segmentation algorithm that is based on the theory of two-dimensional hidden Markov models (2D-HMM). Unlike most 2D-HMM approaches we do not apply the Viterbi Algorithm, instead we present a computationally efficient algorithm that propagates the state probabilities through the image. This approach can easily be extended to higher dimensions. We compare the proposed method with a 2D-HMM standard algorithm and Iterated Conditional Modes using real world images like a radiography or a satellite image as well as synthetic images. The experimental results show that our approach is highly capable of condensing image segments. This gives our algorithm a significant advantage over the standard algorithm when dealing with noisy images with few classes.
Recognition of a guanine-cytosine base pair by 8-oxoadenine (1992)

Two oligodeoxyribonucleotides, d-CTTCTTTTTTATTTT, I(A), and d-ATTATTTTTTATTTT, II(A), where C is 5-methylcytosine and A is 8-oxoadenine, were prepared and their interactions with the duplex d-GAAGAAAAAAYAAAA/d-TTTTZTTTTTTCTTC, III.IV(Y.Z), were studied. Oligomers I(A) and II(A) each form triplexes with III.IV(G.C) at temperatures below 20 degrees C as shown by continuous variation experiments, melting experiments, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD spectra of these triplexes are almost identical to those formed by I(C) and II(C), oligomers which contain cytosine in place of 8-oxoadenine. This suggests that the 8-oxoadenine-containing triplexes have conformations which are very similar to those of the cytosine-containing triplexes. The melting temperature (Tm) for dissociation of the third strand of triplex II.III.IV(A.G.C) is 22 degrees C at pH 7.0 and 8.0, whereas the Tm of the corresponding transition in triplex II.III.IV(C.G.C) decreases from 28 degrees C at pH 7.0 to 17 degrees C at pH 8.0. The pH dependence of the Tm in the latter triplex reflects the necessity of protonating the N-3 of cytosine in order for it to form two hydrogen bonds with G of the G.C base pair. It appears that the keto form of 8-oxoadenine can potentially form two hydrogen bonds with the N-7 and O-6 atoms of G of the G.C base pair, when the 8-oxoadenine is in the syn conformation and in contrast to cytosine does not require protonation of the base. Oligomer I(A) does not form triplexes with III.IV(Y.Z) when Y.Z is A.T or T.A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Produced-Gas Measurement Using Ultrasonic Metering During Underbalanced Operations (2007)

Abstract The accurate measurement of produced gas during underbalanced and managed pressure drilling operations is recognized as one of the most critical requirements for determining production capability of drilled producing zones, accurate wellbore flow modeling, quantifiable reservoir characterization, and for determining methods for well control. Most underbalanced equipment service providers currently use conventional orifice meters to measure annular gas flow during underbalance drilling operations. However, there are a number of disadvantages with the use of conventional orifice metering technology for this application. Such disadvantages include: Inaccuracies in flow calculations if incorrect gas compositions are assumed Difficulty of measuring widely varying gas-flow rates and high turn-down ratios Difficulty of rapidly removing and/or changing orifice plates when flow rates change quickly Possible downstream equipment damage as the result of dislodged orifice plates. An ultrasonic meter can resolve some of the above problems, since it has no physical restrictions or moving parts, and therefore, the need to physically remove and/or change a plate due to varying gas-flow rates is eliminated along with the danger of damaging downstream equipment due to dislodged plates. The local computer provides for "hands-off" measurement once the electronics are calibrated and properly programmed. The meter is capable of turn-down ratios of over 250:1 to accommodate varying gas-flow rates. The electronic capabilities also provide automatic flow correction for rapidly changing gas composition. This paper discusses several lessons learned from designing and testing a portable ultrasonic metering system in the field that was customized specifically for underbalanced operations. Suggestions are given for comparing an ultrasonic measurement system versus conventional orifice measurement system for use in an underbalanced application.
S2DS: Physics-based compact model for circuit simulation of two-dimensional semiconductor devices including non-idealities (2016)

We present a physics-based compact model for two-dimensional (2D) field-effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer semiconductors such as MoS2. A semi-classical transport approach is appropriate for the 2D channel, enabling simplified analytical expressions for the drain current. In addition to intrinsic FET behavior, the model includes contact resistance, traps and impurities, quantum capacitance, fringing fields, high-field velocity saturation, and self-heating, the latter being found to play an important role. The model is calibrated with state-of-the-art experimental data for n- and p-type 2D-FETs, and it can be used to analyze device properties for sub-100 nm gate lengths. Using the experimental fit, we demonstrate the feasibility of circuit simulations using properly scaled devices. The complete model is implemented in SPICE-compatible Verilog-A, and a downloadable version is freely available at the nanoHUB.org.
alpha-Optimal User Association and Cell Load Balancing in Wireless Networks (2010)

In this paper we develop a framework for user association in infrastructure-based wireless networks, specifically focused on flow-level cell load balancing under spatially inhomogeneous traffic distributions. Our work encompasses several different user association policies: rate-optimal, throughput- optimal, delay-optimal, and load-equalizing, which we collectively denote α-optimal user association. We prove that the optimal load vector ρ∗ that minimizes a generalized system performance function is the fixed point of a certain mapping. Based on this mapping we propose and analyze an iterative distributed user association policy that adapts to spatial traffic loads and converges to a globally optimal allocation.
A new synthetic aperture focusing method to suppress the diffraction of ultrasound (2011)

Spatial resolution of an ultrasound image is limited by diffraction of ultrasound as it propagates along the axial direction. This paper proposes a method for reducing the diffraction spreading effect of ultrasound by using a synthetic aperture focusing (SAF) method that uses plane waves instead of spherical waves. The new method performs data acquisition and beamforming in the same manner as conventional SAF methods. The main difference is that all array elements are used on each firing to generate a plane wave, the traveling angle of which varies with the position of a receive subaperture. On reception, each scan line is formed by synthesizing RF samples acquired by relevant receive subapertures with delays to force the plane waves to meet at each imaging point. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation with infinite transmit aperture show that the proposed method is capable of suppressing the diffraction of ultrasound and especially causing the lateral beam width to remain unchanged beyond a certain depth determined by the size of a receive subaperture and the maximum traveling angle of plane waves. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is realizable using a linear array transducer. It is also shown that the lateral radiation pattern produced by the proposed method has smaller beam width than that using conventional SAF methods in the region of interest because it suppresses the diffraction of ultrasound.
Polynomial algorithm for the k-cut problem (1988)

The k-cut problem is to find a partition of an edge weighted graph into k nonempty components, such that the total edge weight between components is minimum. This problem is NP-complete for arbitrary k and its version involving fixing a vertex in each component is NP hard even for k=3. A polynomial algorithm for the case of a fixed k is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Minimalistic optic flow sensors applied to indoor and outdoor visual guidance and odometry on a car-like robot (2016)

Here we present a novel bio-inspired optic flow (OF) sensor and its application to visual guidance and odometry on a low-cost car-like robot called BioCarBot. The minimalistic OF sensor was robust to high-dynamic-range lighting conditions and to various visual patterns encountered thanks to its M<sup>2</sup>APIX auto-adaptive pixels and the new cross-correlation OF algorithm implemented. The low-cost car-like robot estimated its velocity and steering angle, and therefore its position and orientation, via an extended Kalman filter (EKF) using only two downward-facing OF sensors and the Ackerman steering model. Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out in which the robot was driven in the closed-loop mode based on the velocity and steering angle estimates. The experimental results obtained show that our novel OF sensor can deliver high-frequency measurements ([Formula: see text]) in a wide OF range (1.5-[Formula: see text]) and in a 7-decade high-dynamic light level range. The OF resolution was constant and could be adjusted as required (up to [Formula: see text]), and the OF precision obtained was relatively high (standard deviation of [Formula: see text] with an average OF of [Formula: see text], under the most demanding lighting conditions). An EKF-based algorithm gave the robot's position and orientation with a relatively high accuracy (maximum errors outdoors at a very low light level: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] over about [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) despite the low-resolution control systems of the steering servo and the DC motor, as well as a simplified model identification and calibration. Finally, the minimalistic OF-based odometry results were compared to those obtained using measurements based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a motor's speed sensor.
Power module control design (2002)

The control and interface circuits for power transistor modules that are used in 50 to 100 kW motor drives are difficult to design because of the 400 to 600A currents, 400V operating levels, and fast switching times. Each of the power module control design functions is examined, as well as futuristic semiconductor devices that will simplify the control circuit. These functions include: logic-to-power module interface, DC-DC gate bias power supply, IGBT gate driver, overcurrent protection, temperature sensing, undervoltage shutdown, and fault output interface. The module control functions are usually located on an external printed circuit board. Recent progression in power IGBT modules have improved the ease of interfacing to the power module by locating the control circuit board in the module. These "smart" modules, while easier to use, cost more and place pre-defined limits on circuit flexibility. An alternative modular approach is shown.
Effects of external reflector alignment in sensing applications of optical feedback in laser diodes (1996)

The alignment of the components in sensor systems based on external optical feedback is a critical factor due to the small size of laser aperture into which the returned light must be coupled. This paper presents experimental results and a theoretical explanation which show that the fringe frequency of a self-mixing interferometric sensor system can be doubled due to misalignment of the external reflector. The double frequency fringes are less sensitive to the alignment of the reflector than the normal fringes and offer a potential increase in the resolution of a sensing system of a factor of two.
Classification of binary random patterns (1965)

In various pattern-recognition problems such as classification of photographic data, preprocessing operations result in a two-dimensional array of binary random variables. An optimal recipe for classifying such patterns is described. It combines the use of an orthonormal expansion for the logarithm of probability functions, with the generation of a joint probability distribution from lower-order marginals. The unwieldy nature of the optimal recipe leads to the consideration of dependence represented by a Markov chain and a two-dimensional analog called a Markov mesh. The Markov chain has a "reflecting" property in that the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</tex> th order nonstationary chain implies that a point depends on its <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</tex> nearest neighbors on each side. By scanning along a grid-filling curve so that the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2r</tex> neighbors of a point are geometrically close to it, certain spatial dependencies are obtained. The grid-filling curves are sequences of functions which have Hilbert "space-filling" curves as their limit. This simple approach does not provide for many of the spatial dependencies that should be considered. A novel extension of Markov chain methods into two dimensions leads to the Markov mesh which economically takes care of a much larger class of spatial dependencies. Likelihood ratio classification based on Markov chain and Markov mesh assumptions requires the estimation of a much smaller number of parameters than the general case. The development presented in this paper is new and need not be restricted to binary variables.
A Novel Network Architecture for In-Vehicle Audio and Video Communication (2007)

In-vehicle audio/video communication has recently received considerable attention in the automotive industry. First, because of the increasing number of audio/video oriented nomadic devices in the consumer electronic market and the requirement to integrate them in the car. Second, because the number of real-time audio/video based driver assistance systems is growing fast. So far, the interconnection of in-vehicle stream oriented devices has been performed by different and proprietary, automotive oriented network systems with limited transmission capacities. Ethernet provides good conditions for audio/video streaming, due to its high transmission capacity. But it unfortunately fails in providing adequate QoS. In this work, a new network architecture for in-car audio/video communication based on the Ethernet technology is introduced and solutions are proposed to extend Ethernet with QoS guarantees while keeping its cost low.
Comparison of computed aortic blood velocity with that of electromagnetic flowmeter (1962)

The probe of an electromagnetic flowmeter was placed on the ascending aorta of five dogs. Aortic blood pressure was obtained from the same area. This pressure signal was fed into a simple computer circuit designed to solve a modification of the Navier-Stokes equation. The output of this circuit was assumed to be proportional to blood velocity and was compared directly with the velocity obtained with the electromagnetic flowmeter. The peak amplitudes and the stroke volumes (represented by the area under the velocity tracings), obtained simultaneously by the two different methods, were compared. Each dog was bled, transfused, and given methoxamine and nitroglycerin to produce a wide variation in stroke volume and blood pressure. A correlation coefficient of .93 was obtained from 350 paired stroke-volume values. Thus, it appears that in a wide variety of conditions, stroke volume may be derived from the aortic pressure pulse by the computer technique. Submitted on October 27, 1961
Classification of underwater mammals using feature extraction based on time-frequency analysis and BCM theory (1998)

Underwater mammal sound classification is demonstrated using a novel application of wavelet time-frequency decomposition and feature extraction using a Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (1982) (BCM) unsupervised network. Different feature extraction methods and different wavelet representations are studied. The system achieves outstanding classification performance even when tested with mammal sounds recorded at very different locations (from those used for training). The improved results suggest that nonlinear feature extraction from wavelet representations outperforms different linear choices of basis functions.
Assessment of simple methods of measuring intestinal transit times in children with gastroenteritis. (1975)

Intestinal transit times in children less than 3 years old with gastroenteritis were measured using carmine suspension and radioopaque pellets. Carmine transit times were short as expected in the acute illness, and lengthened on recovery to the values found in children without diarrhoea. Pellet transit times of the sick children were the same as those of controls without bowel disease. Solid markers may thus be misleading in acute diarrhoeal illness of childhood. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
3D Rapid Prototyping for Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery: Applications in Image-Guidance, Surgical Simulation and Patient-Specific Modeling (2015)

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of advanced fabrication technology across a broad spectrum of head and neck surgical procedures, including applications in endoscopic sinus surgery, skull base surgery, and maxillofacial reconstruction. The initial case studies demonstrated three applications of rapid prototyping technology are in head and neck surgery: i) a mono-material paranasal sinus phantom for endoscopy training ii) a multi-material skull base simulator and iii) 3D patient-specific mandible templates. Digital processing of these phantoms is based on real patient or cadaveric 3D images such as CT or MRI data. Three endoscopic sinus surgeons examined the realism of the endoscopist training phantom. One experienced endoscopic skull base surgeon conducted advanced sinus procedures on the high-fidelity multi-material skull base simulator. Ten patients participated in a prospective clinical study examining patient-specific modeling for mandibular reconstructive surgery. Qualitative feedback to assess the realism of the endoscopy training phantom and high-fidelity multi-material phantom was acquired. Conformance comparisons using assessments from the blinded reconstructive surgeons measured the geometric performance between intra-operative and pre-operative reconstruction mandible plates. Both the endoscopy training phantom and the high-fidelity multi-material phantom received positive feedback on the realistic structure of the phantom models. Results suggested further improvement on the soft tissue structure of the phantom models is necessary. In the patient-specific mandible template study, the pre-operative plates were judged by two blinded surgeons as providing optimal conformance in 7 out of 10 cases. No statistical differences were found in plate fabrication time and conformance, with pre-operative plating providing the advantage of reducing time spent in the operation room. The applicability of common model design and fabrication techniques across a variety of otolaryngological
Iterative cage-based registration for dynamic shape capture (2012)

Recent advances in low-cost dynamic scanning turn the cross-parametrization of non-rigid animatable surface into a vision-oriented ill-posed problem. In contrast with [Li et al. 2012], we propose a novel detail-preserving registration approach with resolution-independent control. Furthermore, our skin-detached surface registration avoids patch-based segmentation or affine fitting to maintain the local plasticity, as required in [Budd and Hilton 2010]. In particular, we leverage the problem of highly non-rigid spacetime registration by employing an elasto-plastic coarse cage. Thus, we perform scalable handle-aware harmonic shape registration, relying on the high-level of shape abstraction offered by the space-based paradigm. To the best of our knowledge, our technique is the first to investigate handle-aware elastic overlapping-rigidities for registering life-like dynamic shapes in full-body clothing.
Microcomputers in Special Schools (1980)

Bob Hart senior inspector for schools, Walsall, and Ian Staples, teacher at Jane Lane ESN(M) School, Walsall, describe microcomputers' value as a link between research and classroom teaching styles and some programs developed so far
Treatment of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Endophthalmitis with Intravitreal Moxifloxacin in a Rabbit Model (2005)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most common causes of postoperative infectious endophthalmitis, which is a serious complication of ocular surgery and penetrating trauma. Moxifloxacin is a newly developed fluoroquinolone with a potent antimicrobial activity. Corticosteroids are used in endophthalmitis to suppress devastating intraocular inflammatory response. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of intravitreal moxifloxacin alone and in combination with intravitreal dexamethasone. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published report demonstrating the effect of intravitreal moxifloxacin on bacterial endophthalmitis. One eye of each rabbit (n=24) was infected by inoculation of 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. epidermidis into the vitreus cavity. Rabbits received intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin (50 microg) or a combination of moxifloxacin (50 microg) and dexamethasone (400 microg). No treatment was given to control group. Clinical and histopathological examination scores and microbiological analysis of vitreus aspirates were compared. In the treatment groups, the clinical and histopathological scores and mean CFU were significantly lower than those in the control group (p <0.05) but showed no significant difference between the treatment groups. These results suggest that intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin is effective against S. epidermidis in this experimental rabbit model. Moxifloxacin may be a promising agent in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.