gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iodinated Organic Compounds As Contrast Media for Radiographic Diagnoses (1948)

In the course of testing o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzyl)-benzoic acid (I) as a cholecystographic agent in dogs, it was observed that the extrahepatic biliary ducts were visualized as well as the gallbladder. Since duct visualization would be a desirable addition to cholecystography, a comparison was made against the standard cholecystographic media to determine whether this property was unique with the benzoic acid derivative. Dogs were used as subjects, and comparisons were made both by oral administration and by intravenous injection. Only the new compound (I) consistently gave good visualization of the extrahepatic ducts after oral administration, Injected intravenously in the form of their sodium salts, the benzoic acid derivative (I), iodoalphionic acid (Priodax) (II), tetraiodophenolphthalein (III), and phenoltetraiodophthalein (IV), all delineated the ducts. There were marked differences, however, in the rate and degree of visualization achieved with each preparation. Delineation was most rapid with o-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzyl)-benzoic acid, and slowest with the iodinated derivatives of phenolphthalein. The time interval for initial duct visualization was in the range of ten to forty minutes. To eliminate the effect of the gallbladder on the secretion of the cholecystographic media, a number of examinations were made on dogs both before and after cholecystectomy. Intravenous injections of the benzoic acid derivative (I) and of iodoalphionic acid (II) gave satisfactory duct delineation. Anatomy The dog is the most satisfactory of the laboratory animals for the study of chole cystographic media, and is particularly suitable for the investigation of the secretion of such media into the biliary tract. The liver of the dog is divided into five chief lobes which are separated by deep fissures and drained by three main hepatic ducts. Although in situ the lobes overlap, the fresh specimen may be spread out so that all lobes and the main parts of the extrahepatic duct system are visible, as shown in Figure 1A. The gallbladder lies in a cleft between the two parts of the right central lobe and empties into the middle hepatic duct. The duct system varies greatly from dog to dog, but usually the right hepatic duct drains into the union of the left and middle branches a short distance from the entrance of the common duct into the duodenum. On roentgenograms the biliary system is best shown in lateral views, with the animal lying on its right side. Figure 1B is a lateral roentgenogram made after the injection of the biliary tract with ethyl iodophenylundecylate emulsion (1). For this illustration 7 c.c. of bile were replaced with 8 c.c, of emulsion through the cannulated common duct of a dead dog weighing 8.2 kg. Experimental Subjects: Stock dogs in apparent good health and weighing from 6 to 25 kg. were used in the preliminary studies.
Narrative Construction Kits: "Who am I? Who are you? What are we?" (1999)

This paper proposes narrative construction kits as powerful tools to help children and teenagers explore identity and values as dynamic complex constructions. The metaphor of a construction kit suggests that users can combine building blocks (e.g. aspects of the self), program them with storytelling behaviors and try them out in interactions with others. By integrating storytelling and computation these kits also support the development of knowledge about narrative and programming. Three examples of narrative construction kits designed and tested by the author with children and teenagers are described: SAGE, the web-based Kaleidostories and the 3D graphical multi-user environment Zora. Differences and similarities, design principles and lessons learned are presented.
Clinical, biochemical, and neuropsychiatric evaluation of a patient with a contiguous gene syndrome due to a microdeletion Xp11.3 including the Norrie disease locus and monoamine oxidase (<i>MAOA</i> and <i>MAOB</i>) genes (1992)

Norrie disease is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by blindness from infancy. The gene for Norrie disease has been localized to Xp11.3. More recently, the genes for monoamine oxidase (MAOA, MAOB) have been mapped to the same region. This study evaluates the clinical, biochemical, and neuropsychiatric data in an affected male and 2 obligate heterozygote females from a single family with a submicroscopic deletion involving Norrie disease and MAO genes. The propositus was a profoundly retarded, blind male; he also had neurologic abnormalities including myoclonus and stereotopy-habit disorder. Both obligate carrier females had a normal IQ. The propositus' mother met diagnostic criteria for "chronic hypomania and schizotypal features." The propositus' MAO activity was undetectable and the female heterozygotes had reduced levels comparable to patients receiving MAO inhibiting antidepressants. MAO substrate and metabolite abnormalities were found in the propositus' plasma and CSF. This study indicates that subtle biochemical and possibly neuropsychiatric abnormalities may be detected in some heterozygotes with the microdeletion in Xp11.3 due to loss of the gene product for the MAO genes; this deletion can also explain some of the complex phenotype of this contiguous gene syndrome in the propositus.
Evolution of Australian financial market infrastructure (2014)

The global world of financial market infrastructure is in an unprecedented state of transition. Spurred by significant developments in technology and regulatory frameworks, market infrastructure across modern economies is becoming increasingly integrated, competitive, global and complex. These considerations and rapidly changing dynamics in global financial markets are being acutely felt in the Australian marketplace. To deliver most effectively for those they are designed to serve, markets need to reliably and effectively provide the infrastructure for companies to raise capital and for investors to invest and allocate risk. Using the example of recent developments in the trading of ASX-listed securities, this paper highlights the challenges and opportunities in ensuring Australian financial markets continue to deliver these enduring benefits.
A Real-Time Adaptive High-Gain EKF, Applied to a Quadcopter Inertial Navigation System (2013)

The authors demonstrate the practical application of the adaptive high-gain extended Kalman filter (EKF) (AEKF) onboard a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The AEKF presents several advantages in state estimation, as it combines good filtering properties with an increased sensitivity to large perturbations. It does this by varying the high-gain parameter according to a metric called innovation. Unlike many adaptive observers, the AEKF is mathematically proven to globally converge, a significant advantage over the traditional EKF when considering robust controls. The AEKF is implemented on the UAV's inertial navigation system (INS). Full INSs can have problems when sensors are noisy and limited, particularly in the case of highly dynamically unstable systems such as a quadcopter. Simulation and experimental data show that the AEKF is suitable for this INS.
PURE SINGLET OXYGEN CYTOTOXICITY FOR BACTERIA (1987)

Abstract We have modified the separated‐surface‐sensitizer singlet oxygen generating system previously described (Midden and Wang, 1983) for the efficient exposure to pure singlet oxygen of bacteria collected on membrane filters. Physical separation of the photosensitizer and the bacteria eliminates the possibility of direct interaction between bacteria and photoexcited sensitizers that could lead to Type I (non‐singlet oxygen) photooxidation processes. This system was used to examine the bacterial cytotoxicity of singlet oxygen. The role of singlet oxygen was confirmed by measuring the decrease in cytotoxicity as the distance between the singlet oxygen source and the bacteria was increased. The gas phase half‐life of the intermediate responsible for cell killing, determined from this distance dependence analysis (24 ± 6 ms), is the same as that calculated from literature data for the gas phase half‐life of singlet oxygen (53 ± 37 ms). Killing of various strains of Salmonella lyphimurium and Escherichia coli was compared at the same dose of singlet oxygen. Bacteria were killed by singlet oxygen at levels several orders of magnitude lower than those effective in killing by H 2 O 2 . Altered DNA repair capacities (uvrB, recA, xth, nth , pKM101) did not affect survival. Incomplete cell wall lipopolysaccharide formation decreased survival following singlet oxygen exposure. Overproduction of the singlet oxygen quencher histidine increased survival, as did accumulation of the dipeptide carnosine (β‐alanyl‐L‐histidine). No evidence for mutagenicity of exogenous singlet oxygen exposure was obtained in a variety of S. typhimurium strains killed to 35% survival.
Ueber einige Condensationsproducte aromatischer Amine mit Formaldehyd in alkalischer Lösung (1894)

der Fall sein kann,
Updates from B Cell Trials: Efficacy. (2006)

Recent reports of data from ongoing trials have contributed substantially to our growing understanding of the potential effectiveness and safety of B cell targeted therapy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. In addition, the results have addressed practical questions regarding the administration of specific agents. Phase II trials of rituximab (RTX) have provided data supporting efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including more clearly defining the role of glucocorticoids in the treatment and exploring the doses necessary to improve the signs and symptoms of RA. The Phase IIb Dose-Ranging Assessment International Clinical Evaluation of Rituximab in RA (DANCER) trial demonstrated that a significant percentage of patients achieved clinical improvement when treated with different doses of RTX as compared with those given placebo. The Phase III Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Efficacy of Rituximab in RA (REFLEX) trial demonstrated efficacy of RTX in patients with a history of nonresponse to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Preliminary results of a small cohort of patients receiving RTX retreatment demonstrated efficacy with repeat administration. Phase II results of another B cell targeted therapy, anti-B lymphocyte stimulator protein, demonstrated efficacy. The efficacy of the agent, belimumab, resulted in an ACR20 response that was significantly higher in patients treated with belimumab versus placebo and in patients with RA. These findings support the hypothesis that B cells play an integral role in the pathogenesis of RA, and this report will review the efficacy results of clinical trials targeting B cells.
Subliminal Reorientation and Repositioning in Virtual Reality During Eye Blinks (2016)

Locomotion in Immersive Virtual Environments (IVEs) is one of the most basic interactions, while human walking is the most natural user-interface for this. Obviously, this technique is limited by the available physical space. Redirected Walking (RDW) wants to overcome this issue by subliminal redirection of the user inside the physical space. Traditional RDW algorithms need a circle with a radius of 22m to allow the user the exploration of an infinite virtual world. Because this is still too large to fit in a room-scale setup, we have to optimize detection thresholds and algorithms.
A new network representation of the metabolism to detect chemical transformation modules (2015)

This representation of metabolism in a RMS network offers new insights to capture relevant metabolic contexts. Furthermore, along with genomic context methods, it should improve the detection of gene clusters corresponding to new metabolic pathways.
Melagenina. An analysis of published and other available data. (1990)

The placenta should be an excellent source of factors which might be efficacious in the treatment of vitiligo. Proof, however, for that hypothesis is lacking. Numerous claims have been made about Melagenina. It would appear to be nontoxic if we were to assume that the medication does not contain infectious agents. The ease of application certainly is of value for patients with vitiligo who wish to try some therapy for their disease. Practically, it is very costly to travel to Cuba and to export Melagenina. The cost of shipping on airplanes plus import duties make the price very high. Unfortunately, the inconvenience of the travel and the costs cannot necessarily be offset by the claims to efficacy. The biochemistry, assays for biological activity and the pharmacology studies as reported do not stand up to rigorous and acceptable scientific standards. The medication clearly needs further and intensive study. Now that the barriers between countries are being dismantled, it is hoped that the Cuban team will be able to travel to other laboratories outside of Cuba where they can continue animal studies as well as studies on melanocytes growing in culture. In addition, it is hoped that they will be able to share more about the pharmacology, the chemistry, the isolation and other chemical properties of the medication. These results can be published and will stand up to scrutiny by the world's medical and scientific community. Until that time, patients and their physicians must recognize the uncertain quality of the claims as well as the high financial cost and potential risk of using Melagenina either within or outside of Cuba.
Instrument Science and Technology Vol 2 (1984)

Barry E Jones (ed) 1983 Bristol: Adam Hilger x + 148 pp price £7.95 (paperback) (IOP members' price £6.36) ISBN 0 85274 7535
Raw materials for the MX missile (1981)

Abstract A large part of the raw materials exported from the Third World is consumed by the arms industries of the industrialized countries. One striking example of military use of resources is the new US MX-missile, recently ordered by President Reagan.
Butyrophilin-like 2 Modulates B7 Costimulation To Induce Foxp3 Expression and Regulatory T Cell Development in Mature T Cells (2013)

Naive T cell activation involves at least two signals from an APC, one through the TCR via interaction with peptide-MHC complexes and a second through ligation of CD28 with B7 ligands. Following activation, T cells upregulate a host of other membrane-bound costimulatory molecules that can either promote or inhibit further T cell maturation and proliferation. In some cases, it is necessary to attenuate T cell activation to prevent deleterious inflammation, and inhibitory members of the B7/butyrophilin family of ligands have evolved to balance the strong stimuli the activating B7 ligands confer. Human genetic association and in vitro studies have implicated one such ligand, BTNL2, in controlling inflammation at mucosal surfaces. In this study, we show that recombinant mouse BTNL2 modifies B7/CD28 signaling to promote expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor necessary for regulatory T cell (Treg) development and function. BTNL2 blocks Akt-mediated inactivation of Foxo1, a transcription factor necessary for Foxp3 expression. Immunophenotyping and gene profiling reveal that BTNL2-induced Treg share many properties with natural Treg, and in vivo they suppress enteritis induced by mouse effector T cells. These findings describe a mechanism by which environmental Ag-specific Tregs may be induced by APC expressing specific modulators of costimulatory signals.
On the investigation of hidden periodicities with application to a supposed 26 day period of meteorological phenomena (1898)

1. Obvious and hidden periodicities. A variable quantity may show periodic changes which become obvious as soon as a sufficient record has been obtained; such are the semi‐diurnal changes of the tides, or the eleven years recurrence of sunspot maxima. We may call these obvious periodicities . Most often, however, small periodic variations are hidden behind irregular fluctuations, and their investigation then becomes a matter of considerable difficulty.
Visual Education Tools to Illustrate Coordinated System Operation (2011)

The configuration of a single controller in a coordinated arterial signal system requires the programming of approximately 250 parameters ranging from minimum green times to complex hardware-specific settings that determine how unused green time is allocated to competing phases. When this parameter count is extrapolated to a 10-intersection arterial (2,500 parameters), one or more data entry errors are likely to occur and must be identified and corrected. Ensuring that the resulting coordinated signal system operates as designed requires an exceptionally high level of expertise to confirm by visual field observations and a perhaps unattainable level of expertise in verification by inspection of data entry screens in an office. There is a clear need for visualization tools to provide educational insight into how coordinated signal systems should be expected to operate under different parameter settings and to document coordinated system behavior. In this paper a series of graphics was developed to visualize coordinated system operation characteristics such as time-of-day schedule change time, observed cycle length, green time and split time, coordinated phase actuation, early return to green, arrivals over advance detection relative to green indication, progression quality characteristics related to offset, adjacent signal synchronization, coordinated phase operation in rest, plan time changes, preemption, impact of queuing, and longitudinal analysis of splits. These graphics can be used as a new learning tool, as well as a visual feedback tool to confirm that a coordinated system is operating as expected.
Effect of External Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields on the Healing of Soft Tissue (1986)

Since fibroblast behavior in bone healing can be altered electrically, it is plausible to hypothesize that fibroblast proliferation and function in soft tissue healing also would respond to an electromagnetically induced pulse. Reports of clinical impressions of accelerated closure of chronic skin wounds overlying areas being treated for nonunion have produced support for this hypothesis, but experimental data have been lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) with clinically employed wave-form parameters on the rate of closure of excisional wounds in normal animals and those with steroid retarded wound healing. Four groups, each containing 12 PEMF-treated rats and 12 control rats, were given different field exposures and two groups were treated with methylprednisolone. The wound areas were measured and tissue was harvested for histological examination at intervals for 28 days after wounding. There was no difference in the gross or microscopical appearance of wounds in each active group and its respective control group. Differences in the number of counted fibroblasts were not significant (p less than 0.5), and wound contraction and epithelialization proceeded at the same rate (t-test for equality of means, power = 90%). Electrical PEMF stimulation with the driving pulse used clinically for nonunion bony repair did not affect soft tissue healing in this model. No experimental support is provided for the reports of accelerated skin healing within therapeutic fields. It is possible that different wave-form characteristics are needed to provoke a response in soft tissue.
The 8-7 national poverty reduction program in China: the national strategy and its impact (2004)

During the post-1978 reform period, China dramatically reduced large-scale poverty through specific government reform policies and rapid economic growth. Using the official poverty line, the number of poor people is estimated to have fallen from about 200 million in 1981 to 28 million in 2002. Alternatively, using the World Bank's $1/day income measure, the number of poor is estimated to have dropped from about 490 million to 88 million over the same period, a decline in poverty incidence from 49 percent in 1981 to 6.9 percent in 2002. China's large-scale poverty reduction has been achieved mainly through rapid economic growth. Real GDP grew at an average of 9.4 percent per year in the period 1979.2003. This increase was realized through continuous reform and structural changes that included shifts from central planning to markets and from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and opening up to international trade and knowledge transfer. Poverty in China is a rural phenomenon (at the beginning of the 1980s, absolute poverty in the urban population was 0.3 percent vs. 28 percent of the rural population.) Because rural-urban migration is limited, growth in rural areas has been most important to reducing poverty. In the early 1980s, when fast rural growth emerged from institutional reforms-including institutional changes in land holding, production, distribution and procurement prices-the poverty rate in China rapidly halved from 49 to 24 percent at the $1/day income level, and the number of rural poor declined from 250 million in 1978 to 125 million in 1985, measured at the official poverty line.
Preparation and reduction of 2-methyl-2-nitro-3-(benzylthio)propanol (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and reduction of 2-methyl-2-nitro-3-(benzylthio)propanolF. Ivy CarrollCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 2, 466–468Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01254a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01254a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Corpus and Evaluation Framework for Deeper Understanding of Commonsense Stories (2016)

Representation and learning of commonsense knowledge is one of the foundational problems in the quest to enable deep language understanding. This issue is particularly challenging for understanding casual and correlational relationships between events. While this topic has received a lot of interest in the NLP community, research has been hindered by the lack of a proper evaluation framework. This paper attempts to address this problem with a new framework for evaluating story understanding and script learning: the 'Story Cloze Test'. This test requires a system to choose the correct ending to a four-sentence story. We created a new corpus of ~50k five-sentence commonsense stories, ROCStories, to enable this evaluation. This corpus is unique in two ways: (1) it captures a rich set of causal and temporal commonsense relations between daily events, and (2) it is a high quality collection of everyday life stories that can also be used for story generation. Experimental evaluation shows that a host of baselines and state-of-the-art models based on shallow language understanding struggle to achieve a high score on the Story Cloze Test. We discuss these implications for script and story learning, and offer suggestions for deeper language understanding.