gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brightness limitations of cold field emitters caused by Coulomb interactions (2010)

Emission theory predicts that high brightness cold field emitters can enhance imaging in the electron microscope. This (neglecting chromatic aberration) is because of the large (coherent) probe current available from a high brightness source and is based on theoretically determined values of reduced brightnesses up to 1014 A/(m2 sr V). However, in their analysis, the authors find that statistical Coulomb interactions limit the reduced brightness of even atomically sharp cold field emitters to 1011 A/(m2 sr V) and regular tungsten cold field emitters to around 2×108 A/(m2 sr V). The authors also find that for tip radii in the range from 5 nm to 1 μm, cold field emitters do not outperform larger Schottky (thermal field) emitters. Although this is applied to only one geometry, they expect that similar results will occur for most other cases due to a distinct difference in the behavior of different beam regimes.
Surgical Correction of Hematoma of the Penis in Bulls (1976)

Rupture of the tunica albuginea of the penis of bulls occurs at a very predictable location, i.e., on the dorsal aspect of the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure (7). The rupture probably occurs as a result of extreme bending of the erect penis during an inept copulatory thrust. The location of the rupture has been described as the point at which a fulcrum (the preputial orifice) is applied to the erect penis (5). However, experimental rupture of 25 cadaver penises with hydraulic pressure at the predicted site with or without bending indicated an intrinsic weakness at the rupture site (3). The tunica albuginea has been described as focally thinner at this point ( 4). The angioarchitecture of the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure with its relatively large cavernous spaces (1) may also contribute to the predisposition. The force for the rupture comes from within the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) and may be facilitated by the proposed bending. Whereas normal copulatory CCP pressure frequently reaches 200-400 lbs. per sq. in. (psi) (2), the pressure required for the rupture of cadaver penises was ca. 1486 psi (3). At rupture a jet of blood under this pressure serves as a highly traumatic force, which accounts for the severity of the lesions encountered on surgical exposure. The blood tears and displaces the surrounding elastic tissue layers and collects en masse along variable planes of the elastic tissue. The blood may invade the sheaths of the retractor penis muscles. The sensory nerves and vessels dorsal to the penis are vulnerable to injury. The resultant hematoma formation in the excavated surrounding tissue gives the clinical condition its popular name.
Adaptive code unloading for resource-constrained JVMs (2004)

Compile-only JVMs for resource-constrained embedded systems have the potential for using device resources more efficiently than interpreter-only systems since compilers can produce significantly higher quality code and code can be stored and reused for future invocations. However, this additional storage requirement for reuse of native code bodies, introduces memory overhead not imposed in interpreter-based systems.In this paper, we present a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) extension for adaptive code unloading that significantly reduces the memory requirements imposed by a compile-only JVM. The extension features an unloader that uses execution behavior to adaptively determine when to unload as well as what code to unload. We implement and empirically identify a set of unloading strategies that enable significant code size reduction (43%-61%). This reduction translates into significant execution time benefits for the benchmarks and JVM configurations that we studied. As such, by using adaptive code unloading, we make compile-only JVMs for embedded devices more feasible.
Irradiation-induced palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative desaturation enabled by a dual ligand system (2018)

Generation of alkenes through decarboxyolefination of alkane carboxylates has significant synthetic value in view of the easy availability of a variety of carboxylic acids and the synthetic versatility of alkenes. Herein we report that palladium catalysts under irradiation with blue LEDs (440 nm) catalyze decarboxylative desaturation of a variety of aliphatic carboxylates to generate aliphatic alkenes, styrenes, enol ethers, enamides, and peptide enamides under mild conditions. The selection of a dual phosphine ligand system is the key enabler for the successful development of this reaction. The Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative desaturation is utilized to achieve a three-step divergent synthesis of Chondriamide A and Chondriamide C in overall 68% yield from simple starting materials. Mechanistic studies suggest that, distinct from palladium catalysis under thermal condition, irradiation-induced palladium catalysis involves irradiation-induced single-electron transfer and dynamic ligand-dissociation/association process to allow two phosphine ligand to work synergistically.
A 1.6ps peak-INL 5.3ns range two-step digital-to-time converter in 65nm CMOS (2018)

A wide range high resolution 2-stage digital-to-time converter (DTC) is presented. It uses a counter in the first stage and a digitally controlled delay line in the second stage to decouple the range versus resolution trade-off. Background calibration is used to correct interstage gain error. Fabricated in 65nm, the prototype DTC achieves 1.65ps-peak-integral non-linearity (INL) while consuming 10.13mW at 100MHz carrier frequency. The achieved dynamic range is 15dB higher than state-of-the-art DTCs.
System-Level Buffer Allocation for Application-Specific Networks-on-Chip Router Design (2006)

In this paper, a novel system-level buffer planning algorithm that can be used to customize the router design in networks-on-chip (NoCs) is presented. More precisely, given the traffic characteristics of the target application and the total budget of the available buffering space, the proposed algorithm automatically assigns the buffer depth for each input channel, in different routers across the chip, such that the overall performance is maximized. This is in deep contrast with the uniform assignment of buffering resources (currently used in NoC design), which can significantly degrade the overall system performance. Indeed, the experimental results show that while the proposed algorithm is very fast, significant performance improvements can be achieved compared to the uniform buffer allocation. For instance, for a complex audio/video application, about 80% savings in buffering resources, can be achieved by smart buffer allocation using the proposed algorithm
Minimum inverter capacity design for LC-hybrid active power filters in three-phase four-wire distribution systems (2012)

This study presents a minimum inverter capacity design for three-phase four-wire centre-split inductor-capacitor (LC) coupling hybrid active power filters (LC-HAPFs). Based on its equivalent circuit models in d–q–0 coordinate, the coupling part filtering characteristics of the LC-HAPF without or with neutral inductor can be more clearly illustrated and easily understood, compared with the past analysis based on the generic filter structure. According to the current quality data, the minimum dc-link voltage expressions for the LC-HAPF without and with neutral inductor are deduced and compared. Conventionally, the coupling LC is usually tuned at a higher fifth- or seventh-order harmonic frequency to reduce its cost and size compared with third-order case. When triplen harmonic currents exist significantly, the LC-HAPF with a small tuned neutral inductor can further reduce its minimum dc-link voltage requirement. Thus, the initial cost, switching loss and switching noise of the LC-HAPF can be lowered. Representative simulation and experimental results of the three-phase four-wire LC-HAPF with neutral inductor are presented to verify the filtering characteristics analysis and minimum dc-link voltage expressions, to show the effectiveness of reducing its inverter capacity, switching loss and switching noise in current quality compensation compared with the conventional LC-HAPF.
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Cytologic Findings in Vitreous Samples (2003)

There are some differences in vitreous cellularity in PVR specimens when compared with RD. Especially relevant could be the large number of macrophages in earlier stages and their constant presence over time in PVR samples. The cytology of vitreous samples may shed light on the chronology of PVR cell pathobiology.
Modularity and protection should be decoupled (2003)

It is argued that a modular operating system architecture should provide support for modularity that is independent of protection domains. Given such support, modules and interfaces can be designed according to sound software engineering principles, without concern for cross-domain invocation costs. The partitioning of modules into domains (and across machines) becomes a matter of configuration, rather than design. Current microkernel-based architectures do not sufficiently address this issue since their communication mechanisms are designed for the nonlocal, i.e., cross-domain case. An architecture is proposed that provides location-transparent binding and access of modules optimized for the local case, thereby decoupling modularity and protection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Zespół dziecka maltretowanego (2005)

Artykul jest przedrukiem fragmentu historycznego artykulu doktora Henrego Kempe i jego wspolpracownikow, ktorzy jako pierwsi opisali zespol dziecka maltretowanego (The Battered Child Syndrome). Artykul zostal opublikowany w 1962 r. przez „The Journal of the American
Medical Association“.
The Development of Doctrine: A Lutheran Understanding and its Ecumenical Application (2005)

Abstract In this essay, a Lutheran understanding of the development of doctrine is developed, in contrast with what George Lindbeck calls ‘historical situationalism’, the limitations of which are analysed. While the final authority of doctrine is a function of its evangelical content, a particular historical development of church teaching can possess a subordinate, distinct, formal authority as an authoritative sign of the material authority of its content. Such developments of doctrine can be irreversible. This understanding is placed in relation to the most prominent doctrine on the development of doctrine, the Catholic teaching on papal infallibility. The comprehensive narrative of the Western church’s struggle over authority since the late Middle Ages should be seen as including both Catholic and non-Catholic developments and as still unresolved.
Visible luminescent lanthanide ions and a large π-conjugated ligand system shake hands (2016)

Visible luminescence europium(iii) complexes with large π-conjugated systems were theoretically and experimentally studied. A strategy for extending the π-conjugation of a ligand for use with europium(iii) ions was found on the basis of fragment molecular orbital and density functional theory calculations. Using this method, a novel europium complex was designed and synthesized. Its excited state properties were assessed from the luminescence spectrum, excitation spectrum, luminescence lifetime, and luminescence quantum yield. In this study, the novel photophysics induced by the combination of visible luminescent europium(iii) ions and large π-conjugated systems are described.
Microglia-derived Pronerve Growth Factor Promotes Photoreceptor Cell Death via p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (2004)

Reports implicating microglia-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) during programmed cell death in the developing chick retina led us to investigate its possible role in degenerative retinal disease. Freshly isolated activated retinal microglia expressed high molecular weight forms of neurotrophins including that of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4. Conditioned media from cultured retinal microglia (MGCM) consistently yielded a approximately 32-kDa NGF-reactive band when supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or protease inhibitors (PI); and promoted cell death that was suppressed by NGF immunodepletion in a mouse photoreceptor cell line (661w). The approximately 32 kDa protein was partially purified (MGCM/p32) and was highly immunoreactive with a polyclonal anti-pro-NGF antibody. Both MGCM/p32 and recombinant pro-NGF protein promoted cell death in 661w cultures. Increased levels of pro-NGF mRNA and protein were observed in the RCS rat model of retinal dystrophy. MGCM-mediated cell death was reversed by p75NTR antiserum in p75NTR(+)/trkA(-) 661w cells. Our study shows that a approximately 32 kDa pro-NGF protein released by activated retinal microglia promoted degeneration of cultured photoreceptor cells. Moreover, our study suggests that defective post-translational processing of NGF might be involved in photoreceptor cell loss in retinal dystrophy.
Searching a UV-Visible Spectral Library (1988)

A UV-visible spectral library has been generated after the spectra have been preprocessed with a Fourier analysis. Both the library and unknown spectra are Fourier transformed and are represented by a window of coefficients from the transforms. In order that the optimum window for the coefficients could be determined, synthetic spectra were generated and used to test the effects of band shifts, high-frequency noise, and background fluctuations. Spectra of 24 compounds, many of which were very similar, were measured and processed from 200 to 712 nm. Eight of the samples were treated as unknowns and their spectra remeasured. The arc-cosine of the dot product was used as the similarity metric. All eight of the unknowns were correctly identified with the use of as few as 16 coefficients to represent the spectra. Since many of the spectra were very similar, the success of the algorithm is due to the fact that it incorporates wavelengths and band shapes, widths, and heights into the comparison process.
THE EFFECT OF HETEROGENEOUS DRAG REDUCING SURFACTANT IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER REDUCTION IN CRUDE OIL SYSTEMS (1998)

Abstract Pilot scale experiments have been performed to study the effect of a heterogeneous surfactant into the drag and heat transfer coefficient in crude oil pipelines. The effects of surfactant concentration, pipe diameter, Reynolds number and temperature were studied in this research program. An extensive set of data was obtained for heat transfer and friction coefficients for a heterogeneous surfactant known as MDR-2000. A wide range of Reynolds numbers were covered and experiments were conducted for many different Prandtl numbers. All drag and heat transfer reduction experiments were performed in the same installation using the same measurement techniques which facilitates the assessment of the trends caused by the various parameters studied. Typical results showed that the friction coefficient was reduced by half at the optimum concentration. While, the heat transfer coefficient was reduced even more dramatically.
Surgical Anatomy Of The Geniculate Ganglion (1975)

The position and the average dimensions of the geniculate ganglion have been measured with the Zeiss screw micrometer in 24 temporal bones obtained from the histological collection of the ENT department of the University of Zurich. The geniculate ganglion has been found to lie like a cup over the anterior portion of the genu of the VII nerve. Its dimensions have shown only minimal variations (standard deviation of average length, height and width less than 10%). Surgical resection of the anterior third of the genu of VII nerve has been shown to include 90% of the ganglion cells but not to endanger the motor fibres. These surgical measurements are the basis for performing a resection of the geniculate ganglion in cases of geniculate neuralgia.
Analysis of the Global RNA Expression Profiles of Skeletal Muscle Cells Treated with Statins (2005)

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most effective drugs for hypercholesteloremia. However, a significant side effect of statin treatment is rhabdomyolysis. In order to study the effect of statins in skeletal muscle cells, we used a DNA microarray analysis to investigate the changes in gene expression profiles brought about by statins in two skeletal muscle cell lines, namely, differentiated rat L6 myotubes and a human skeletal muscle cell line (hSkMC). In both cell lines, the statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin and pitavastatin) induced the expression of four genes, which relate to cholesterol metabolism, namely, HMG-CoA synthase 1, HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase and isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase. Statin inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol at least five times more effectively in hSkMCs than in the hepatocytes. In addition, unlike in osteoblasts or coronary artery smooth muscle cells, statins upregulated the mRNA expression of cholesterol-associated enzymes in hSkMCs. These results provide basic information on skeletal muscle cells treated with statins and indicate that the cells are sensitive to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, which may be related to the pathogenesis of muscle damage in statin therapy.
Acyclovir ointment plus topical betamethasone or placebo in first episode disciform keratitis. (1992)

Thirty patients with first episode disciform keratitis and with no previous steroid exposure were randomly assigned to double blind treatment with 3% acyclovir ointment and 0.1% betamethasone (Betnesol) drops or acyclovir ointment and matching placebo. In the steroid group 14 of the 15 patients healed in a mean time of 21.8 days. In the placebo group eight of the 13 patients healed in a mean time of 34.5 days. The difference in mean healing time between the two groups was significant (p < 0.05). The cumulative rate of healing was also quicker in the steroid group when compared with the placebo group (p < 0.001). Other clinical parameters improved more favourably in the combination treatment group. Four patients, two in either group, experienced a mild transient punctate epitheliopathy, but no other serious adverse effects were noted. There has been no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups after a mean follow-up period of approximately 3 years.
Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer (2011)

The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract have traditionally been perceived to be limited to the digestion and absorption of nutrients and to electrolytes and water homeostasis. A more attentive analysis of the anatomic and functional arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract, however, suggests that another extremely important function of this organ is its ability to regulate the trafficking of macromolecules between the environment and the host through a barrier mechanism. Together with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the neuroendocrine network, the intestinal epithelial barrier, with its intercellular tight junctions, controls the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens. Zonulin is the only physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions described so far that is involved in trafficking of macromolecules and, therefore, in tolerance/immune response balance. When the finely tuned zonulin pathway is deregulated in genetically susceptible individuals, both intestinal and extraintestinal autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders can occur. This new paradigm subverts traditional theories underlying the development of these diseases and suggests that these processes can be arrested if the interplay between genes and environmental triggers is prevented by reestablishing the zonulin-dependent intestinal barrier function. This review is timely given the increased interest in the role of a "leaky gut" in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions targeting both the intestine and extraintestinal organs.
Intestinal absorptive cell tight junctions are linked to cytoskeleton (1987)

Permeation of intercellular tight junctions in epithelia may be altered by maneuvers that affect the cytoskeleton. Conversely, agents that alter tight-junction permeability also often produce alterations in cytoskeletal structure. However, anatomic links between the tight junction and the cytoskeleton have not been clearly defined. We explore the anatomy of the perijunctional cytoskeleton by applying electron microscopy to cytoskeletal preparations of whole intestinal absorptive cells using detergent extraction techniques. Individual elements of the perijunctional cytoskeleton, including actin microfilaments as determined by S1 labeling, appear to associate with the tight junction by means of plaque-like densities that intimately associate with the lateral membrane at the site of the tight junction. Furthermore, such associations are not diffuse within the tight junction, but occur only at sites of fusions ("kisses") between lateral membranes that are thought to represent the specific intrajunctional sites at which the barriers to transjunctional permeation reside. These data provide evidence of intimate cytoskeletal-tight-junction associations, which may represent the anatomical basis for cytoskeletal control of tight-junction permeability.
Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Solid-Supported Chloropyrimidines with Arylboronic Acids (2003)

The utility of the Suzuki cross-coupling to synthesize biaryl compounds is expanded herein to include reactions of resin-supported chloropyrimidines with boronic acids. In particular, an efficient method is described for the synthesis of a library of biaryl compounds from solid-supported chloropyrimidines. The Suzuki reaction was performed in an inert atmosphere using Pd(2)(dba)(3)/P(t-Bu)(3) as catalyst, spray-dried KF as base, and THF as solvent. The reaction was allowed to proceed overnight at 50 degrees C. Upon cleavage with acid, a library of 4-(substituted amino)-6-arylpyrimidines was obtained in moderate yield and high purity.
A time-domain backpropagating ray technique for source localization (1994)

A new method is presented for source localization which is based on a ray backpropagation procedure, and which exploits both the temporal and spatial characteristics of the multipath arrival structure at a receiving sensor array. The basic method consists of two steps. The first step employs a receiving sensor array to estimate the angles and relative arrival times of the various multipath trajectories which arrive at the receiver after having been emitted by the source located at an unknown range R and depth Z from the receiver. The second step utilizes a ray tracing technique to backpropagate the rays and produce an estimate of the source position by making full use of all the spatial and temporal information extracted by the array. The source signal is taken to be a narrow-band stochastic process, which simulates a realistic situation commonly encountered in the ocean acoustic environment. Some key advantages of the approach are (1) localization ambiguity is minimized by utilizing ray travel times as well as path convergence; (2) the approach does not require full-wave matched-field processing; (3) ray backpropagation is numerically very efficient; (4) phase ambiguity is eliminated by employing the group delay of arriving wave packets; (5) ray chaos can be avoided simply by excluding chaotic rays from the backpropagation algorithm.