gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Fundamental Frequency Contours in Speech (1971)

Many factors contribute to the variability of an ensemble of measured fundamental frequency (Fo) contours. These include, among others, differences between speakers, differences between replications of the utterance by the same speaker, and errors of estimation. Unfortunately, the relative contribution of the different sources of variability vary during the course of an utterance. We discuss in detail a method for analyzing such data by subdividing the time axis into a series of time windows and approximating the Fo contour within each window by a set of orthogonal polynomials. An analysis of variance is then carried out on the coefficients of each polynomial expression. Consistent trends in coefficient values between contiguous time windows are then approximated by sets of orthogonal polynomials. The technique is not only a powerful method for evaluating quantitatively the effects of different sources of variability, including changes in the degree of variability during an utterance, but also provides a basis for comparing directly the effect of short-term smoothing of contours with that of approximating long-term trends. Both these effects may also be compared directly with those of averaging over replications or averaging over both subjects and replications. These effects can be rank ordered in terms of a least-squares criterion, thereby isolating those factors which have the greatest influence on contour shape. The technique can also be used to separate out within-subject and between-subject differences in contour shape. An analysis of two utterances repeated three times by each of three subjects showed that inter-replication differences were relatively small and that a good fit to the measured fundamental frequency contours (rms deviation ≈2 Hz) could be obtained by using an average contour for each subject. A single mean contour could be fitted to the entire utterance, but in this case the rms deviation was close to 4 Hz. There were also substantial differences in variability during the course of the utterance, the stressed portions being less variable than the nonstressed portions.
The Metabonomic Signature of Celiac Disease (2008)

Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial disorder involving genetic and environmental factors, thus, having great potential impact on metabolism. This study aims at defining the metabolic signature of CD through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of urine and serum samples of CD patients. Thirty-four CD patients at diagnosis and 34 healthy controls were examined by (1)H NMR of their serum and urine. A CD patients' subgroup was also examined after a gluten-free diet (GFD). Projection to Latent Structures provided data reduction and clustering, and Support Vector Machines provided pattern recognition and classification. The classification accuracy of CD and healthy control groups was 79.7-83.4% for serum and 69.3% for urine. Sera of CD patients were characterized by lower levels (P < 0.01) of several metabolites such as amino acids, lipids, pyruvate and choline, and by higher levels of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyric acid, while urines showed altered levels (P < 0.05) of, among others, indoxyl sulfate, meta-[hydroxyphenyl]propionic acid and phenylacetylglycine. After 12 months of GFD, all but one of the patients were classified as healthy by the same statistical analysis. NMR thus reveals a characteristic metabolic signature of celiac disease. Altered serum levels of glucose and ketonic bodies suggest alterations of energy metabolism, while the urine data point to alterations of gut microbiota. Metabolomics may thus provide further hints on the biochemistry of the disease.
Linear discrete-time H/sub ∞/-optimal tracking with preview (1997)

The problem of finite-time H/sub /spl infin//-tracking for linear, discrete, time-varying systems is considered. No a prior knowledge of the dynamics of the reference signal is assumed. A distinction between three cases is made, depending on whether the reference signal is perfectly known in advance, measured online, or previewed in a fixed interval of time ahead. The tracking problem is formulated as a game, where the controller plays against nature which may choose the initial condition or the system and any energy bounded driving disturbance and measurement noise inputs. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of saddle-point equilibrium solutions to the three different information structures of the reference, and the corresponding tracking controllers are derived.
Analysis of the synergistic stimulation of mouse macrophage proliferation by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) (1993)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) more than doubles tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) uptake in mouse macrophages stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). However, nothing is known of how TNF-alpha affects this increase or even whether it is manifested by increased cellular proliferation. Here we characterize the effects of TNF-alpha on CSF-1-stimulated proliferation of both primary cells (bone marrow-derived macrophages, BMMs) and a cloned growth factor-dependent macrophage cell line (S1). We show that the TNF-alpha-induced increase in [3H]TdR uptake of CSF-1-stimulated macrophages is directly proportional to an increase in the DNA content of the culture and that the effects of TNF-alpha are direct and independent of cell number. TNF-alpha decreases the population doubling time of log-phase growing macrophages having quite different growth rates to the same (approximately 30%) extent: the doubling time of BMMs decreases from 24 to 17 h and that of S1 cells from 17 to 13 h. TNF-alpha exerts its effects on log-phase growth by increasing to the same proportion CSF-1-stimulated proliferation at all concentrations of CSF-1; that is, TNF-alpha does not shift, but rather amplifies, the CSF-1 dose-response curve. Although TNF-alpha alone does not stimulate macrophage proliferation, its presence in S1 cell cultures coming to quiescence after withdrawal of CSF-1 greatly increases subsequent CSF-1-stimulated [3H]TdR uptake as the cells reenter the cycle. Finally, we show that both human and mouse TNF-alpha increase CSF-1-stimulated log-phase growth and reentry of quiescent cells into the cycle equally on a molar basis (half-maximal stimulation of approximately 0.3 nM). The latter observation argues that the growth-stimulatory effects of TNF-alpha are mediated via the 55-60-kd TNF receptor. We conclude that TNF-alpha acts directly on growth-competent macrophages to decrease significantly the population doubling time in a manner that enhances the mitogenic effects of CSF-1.
Bubble dielectrophoresis (1977)

The force due to polarization exerted on dielectric particles, vapor or gas bubbles, and voids in insulating dielectric liquids is an example of dielectrophoresis. This force is directly proportional to the gradient of the electric field intensity. Bubbles and voids are attracted into regions of lower electric field intensity, while dielectric particles (with higher relative polarizability) are attracted into regions of higher electric field intensity. It is shown that local electric field intensity maxima cannot exist in space-charge-free electrostatic fields, while examples such as the three-dimensional quadrupole demonstrate the existence of local electric field intensity minima. Experimental investigation of the dielectrophoretic force on small gas bubbles (up to ∼1.0 mm in diameter) in insulating dielectric liquids shows that a simple model, which neglects bubble elongation effects, adequately describes the static and dynamic behavior. Experimental demonstration of a simple bubble trap which levitates and positions bubbles using dielectrophoresis is also provided. Applications of these bubble traps in laser target fabrication and zero-gravity space processing are envisioned.
Human melanocytes can be isolated, propagated and expanded from plucked anagen hair follicles (2010)

Herein, we report a technically simple method for isolation and culture of human follicular melanocytes based on explant cultures of epilated hair follicles. This technique does not require any surgical intervention and allows the isolation and cultivation of follicular melanocytes from a comparatively small amount of raw material. Generally, 30-60 human anagen hair follicles have been plucked from the scalp of healthy donors and cultivated under low oxygen pressure (5%). After a short period of time cells of various types were growing out from the outer root sheath (ORS) of the hair follicles. Under the selected culture conditions, most of the cells other than melanocytes have been eliminated and a nearly 100% pure population of melanocytes has been achieved, as confirmed by immunohistochemical analyses for melanocyte-specific markers, for example, Tyrosinase-1, S-100 and premelanosomal antigens. These melanocytes derived from the ORS were proliferating for up to 2 months.
Comparative immunogenicity studies on epstein‐barr virus membrane antigen (MA) gp340 with novel adjuvants in mice, rabbits, and cotton‐top tamarins (1984)

The effectiveness of immunisation of mice, rabbits, and cotton-top tamarins with small amounts of EB virus MA glycoprotein gp340 , incorporated into artificial liposomes, has been compared using various routes of injection with or without additional adjuvants. Liposomes containing gp340 gave specific high titre antibodies after i.p. or i.v. administration, and the addition of lipid A to the liposomes resulted in a significant enhancement of the response. Antibodies generated by the above procedure were virus neutralising and bound gp340 specifically. These findings indicate an advantageous approach for use with a prototype vaccine for the prevention of EB virus infection.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Containing Phosphonic Acid as Anticorrosion Coating for Steel (2017)

Vinylidene fluoride (VDF)-based copolymers bearing pendant phosphonic acid function for potential application as anticorrosion coatings were synthesized via free radical copolymerization of VDF with a new phosphorus containing 2-trifluoromethacrylate monomer, (dimethoxyphosphoryl)methyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate (MAF-DMP). MAF-DMP was prepared from 2-trifluoromethacrylic acid in 60% overall yield. Radical copolymerizations of VDF with MAF-DMP initiated by tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate at varying ([VDF]<sub>0</sub>/[MAF-DMP]<sub>0</sub>) feed ratios led to several poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers having different molar percentages of VDF (79-96%) and number-average molecular weights (M<sub>n</sub>'s) up to ca. 10 000 g mol<sup>-1</sup> in fair yields (47-53%). Determination of the composition and microstructure of all the synthesized copolymers was done by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>19</sup>F NMR spectroscopies. The monomer reactivity ratios of this new VDF/MAF-DMP pair were also determined (r<sub>VDF</sub> = 0.76 ± 0.34 and r<sub>MAF-DMP</sub> = 0 at 74 °C). The resulting poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers exhibited high melting temperature (162-171 °C, with respect to the VDF content), and the degree of crystallinity reached up to 51%. Finally, the pendant dimethyl phosphonate ester groups of the synthesized poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymer were quantitatively hydrolyzed, giving rise to novel phosphonic acid-functionalized PVDF (PVDF-PA). In comparison to hydrophobic poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers (the water contact angle, WCA, was 98°), the hydrophilic character of the PVDF-PA was found to be surprisingly rather pronounced, exhibiting low WCA (15°). Finally, steel plates coated with PVDF-PA displayed satisfactory anticorrosion properties under simulated seawater environment.
A green, simple and cost-effective approach to synthesize high quality graphene by electrochemical exfoliation via process optimization (2015)

High-quality graphene was successfully manufactured by electrochemical exfoliation method<italic>via</italic>tuning the synthetic parameters of electrolyte composition and current density.
Platelet aggregation studies: autologous platelet-poor plasma inhibits platelet aggregation when added to platelet-rich plasma to normalize platelet count (2007)

Adjusting platelet count (PC) in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using platelet-poor plasma (PPP) is recommended for platelet aggregation (PA) studies, but it could also affect PA independently of the decrease in PC. Analysis of aggregation tracings from healthy controls showed that PC correlated with PA in 47 diluted-PRPs, but not in 104 undiluted-PRPs. Dilution of 9 PRPs with PPP progressively decreased PA, while dilution of washed platelets with buffer hardly affected PA. Apyrase partially prevented the inhibitory effect of PPP. Therefore, the practice of diluting PRP with PPP to adjust platelet count should be avoided because it artefactually inhibits PA.
Autoimmune Basal Ganglia Disorders (2012)

The basal ganglia are deep nuclei in the brain that include the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Pathological processes involving the basal ganglia often result in disorders of movement and behavior. A number of different autoimmune disorders predominantly involve the basal ganglia and can result in movement and psychiatric disorders. The classic basal ganglia autoimmune disorder is Sydenham chorea, a poststreptococcal neuropsychiatric disorder. Resurgence in the interest in Sydenham chorea is the result of the descriptions of other poststreptococcal neuropsychiatric disorders including tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder, broadly termed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection. Encephalitic processes affecting the basal ganglia are also described including the syndromes basal ganglia encephalitis, encephalitis lethargica, and bilateral striatal necrosis. Last, systemic autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome can result in chorea or parkinsonism. Using paradigms learned from other autoantibody associated disorders, the authors discuss the autoantibody hypothesis and the role of systemic inflammation in autoimmune basal ganglia disorders. Identification of these entities is important as the clinician has an increasing therapeutic repertoire to modulate or suppress the aberrant immune system.
Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment (1987)

Abstract Investigations were conducted to determine the hydrothermal transformations of synthetic birnessite exchanged with different metal ions. Autoclaving in a Teflon-lined stainless steel pressure vessel at 155°C for 24 hr of Mg-, Ca-, La-, and Co-saturated birnessite yielded manganese minerals having 10-Å X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spacings. The autoclaved Mg-birnessite yielded a mineral identical to natural todorokite in its infrared (IR) spectrum and XRD patterns. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) provided images having 10-, 12.5-, 15-, and 20-Å wide fringes indicating heterogeneous channel widths in the crystallographic a direction, and IR spectroscopy produced bands at 757, 635, 552, 515, 460, and 435 cm -1 , confirming the product obtained by autoclaving Mg-birnessite to be todorokite. Prolonged autoclaving of Mg-birnessite yielded manganite (γ-MnOOH) as a by-product; manganite did not form when the autoclaving time was shortened to 8 hr. Also, when Ca-saturated samples were autoclaved, the product gave d-values of 10 Å, but the XRD lines were broad and heterogeneity of the channel sizes was evident from HRTEM observations. The Ca-derivative had an IR spectrum similar to that of natural todorokite. Images showing 10-Å lattice fringes were observed by HRTEM for the Ni-saturated sample, which also produced an XRD pattern similar to that of the Mg-saturated sample. Co- and Lasaturated samples did not form todorokite, although HRTEM of La-saturated samples indicated some 10-Å lattice fringes that were unstable in the electron beam. Birnessite saturated with Na, K, NH 4 , Cs, Ba, or Mn(II) gave products having 7-Å spacings upon autoclaving.
The First Example of the Stereoselective Synthesis of 7β‐Carbamoyl‐4,5α‐epoxymorphinan via a Novel and Reactive γ‐Lactone. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hepsin Paradox Reveals Unexpected Complexity of Metastatic Process (2004)

The existing models of cancer progression assume that a linear sequence of genetic and epigenetic events occurs during this process. In this representation every new event (either loss of a tumor-suppressor, or activation of a proto-oncogene) makes cells even more malignant. The result is a "super" cell that can form metastases at the distant sites. Metastatic cells are believed to carry all genetic and epigenetic characteristics that are necessary for metastasis formation. Recently, we have shown that cell-surface protease hepsin causes disorganization of the basement membrane and promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. In human prostate cancer hepsin is upregulated in the precancerous lesions and this upregulation is maintained in the primary tumors. Remarkably and completely unexpected for a metastasis-promoting gene, hepsin is expressed at low levels in metastatic lesions and the message is completely absent in metastasis-derived prostate cancer cell lines. These results demonstrate that genes that play an important role in metastatic process may exercise their role only at the specific fragments of cancer progression pathway (for example, during initial invasion and tissue disorganization in the primary organ) and may have no role in metastatic lesions. Future treatment of cancer patients may rely heavily on monitoring of tumor progression, as treatment efficient in attenuation of initial tumor progression may be inefficient or even adverse at the advance stages of disease.
Experimental Validation of Foot to Foot Range Measurements in Pedestrian Tracking (2011)

A pedestrian tracking system using inertial sensors mounted on both feet is presented. Significant accuracy improvements are demonstrated, compared to single shoe tracking, by using ultrasonic foot-to-foot range measurements to constrain heading drift. A single complementary Kalman filter fuses data from both inertial measurement units and the range sensor. The system is composed of commercial and custom hardware. Experimental results collected over long durations and distances are presented.
Inherent sex‐dependent regulation of human hepatic<scp>CYP3A5</scp> (2012)

Female-predominant expression of human CYP3A5 is due to an inherent, sex-dependent suboptimal activation of the transcription networks responsible for hormone-induced expression of the isoform in men. Accordingly, in conjunction with previous studies of other human CYPs, men and women are intrinsically unlikely to handle many drugs in the same way; thus, sex should be a requisite component factored into the design of personalized drug therapies.
Diversity of 16S rRNA Genes within Individual Prokaryotic Genomes (2010)

Analysis of intragenomic variation of 16S rRNA genes is a unique approach to examining the concept of ribosomal constraints on rRNA genes; the degree of variation is an important parameter to consider for estimation of the diversity of a complex microbiome in the recently initiated Human Microbiome Project (http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp). The current GenBank database has a collection of 883 prokaryotic genomes representing 568 unique species, of which 425 species contained 2 to 15 copies of 16S rRNA genes per genome (2.22 +/- 0.81). Sequence diversity among the 16S rRNA genes in a genome was found in 235 species (from 0.06% to 20.38%; 0.55% +/- 1.46%). Compared with the 16S rRNA-based threshold for operational definition of species (1 to 1.3% diversity), the diversity was borderline (between 1% and 1.3%) in 10 species and >1.3% in 14 species. The diversified 16S rRNA genes in Haloarcula marismortui (diversity, 5.63%) and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (6.70%) were highly conserved at the 2 degrees structure level, while the diversified gene in B. afzelii (20.38%) appears to be a pseudogene. The diversified genes in the remaining 21 species were also conserved, except for a truncated 16S rRNA gene in "Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila." Thus, this survey of intragenomic diversity of 16S rRNA genes provides strong evidence supporting the theory of ribosomal constraint. Taxonomic classification using the 16S rRNA-based operational threshold could misclassify a number of species into more than one species, leading to an overestimation of the diversity of a complex microbiome. This phenomenon is especially seen in 7 bacterial species associated with the human microbiome or diseases.
Effect of Physiological Hyperinsulinemia on Gluconeogenesis in Nondiabetic Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2001)

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is enhanced in type 2 diabetes. In experimental animals, insulin at high doses decreases the incorporation of labeled GNG precursors into plasma glucose. Whether physiological hyperinsulinemia has any effect on total GNG in humans has not been determined. We combined the insulin clamp with the (2)H(2)O technique to measure total GNG in 33 subjects with type 2 diabetes (BMI 29.0 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2), fasting plasma glucose 8.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) and in 9 nondiabetic BMI-matched subjects after 16 h of fasting and after euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. A primed-constant infusion of 6,6-(2)H-glucose was used to monitor endogenous glucose output (EGO); insulin (40 mU. min(-1). m(-2)) was then infused while clamping plasma glucose for 2 h (at 5.8 +/- 0.1 and 4.9 +/- 0.2 mmol/l for diabetic and control subjects, respectively). In the fasting state, EGO averaged 15.2 +/- 0.4 micromol. min(-1). kg(-1)(ffm) (62% from GNG) in diabetic subjects and 12.2 +/- 0.7 micromol. min(-1). kg(-1)(ffm) (55% from GNG) in control subjects (P < 0.05 or less for both fluxes). Glycogenolysis (EGO - GNG) was similar in the two groups (P = NS). During the last 40 min of the clamp, both EGO and GNG were significantly (P < 0.01 or less, compared with fasting) inhibited (EGO 7.1 +/- 0.9 and 3.6 +/- 0.5 and GNG 7.9 +/- 0.5 and 4.5 +/- 1.0 respectively) but remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher in diabetic subjects, whereas glycogenolysis was suppressed completely and equally in both groups. During hyperinsulinemia, GNG micromol. min(-1). kg(-1)(ffm) in diabetic and control subjects, was reciprocally related to plasma glucose clearance. In conclusion, physiological hyperinsulinemia suppresses GNG by approximately 20%, while completely blocking glycogenolysis. Resistance of GNG (to insulin suppression) and resistance of glucose uptake (to insulin stimulation) are coupled phenomena. In type 2 diabetes, the excess GNG of the fasting state is carried over to the insulinized state, thereby contributing to glucose overproduction under both conditions.
Dynamic thermal tomography: perspective field of thermal NDT (1990)

Development of thermophysical approach to the solution of thermal nondestructive testing has led to the so called 'dynamic thermal tomography" which allows to picturize the in-deep distribution of thermophysical properties including defects' description. Some aspects of the thermal tomography are discussed.