gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Production of Glycerol by Catalytic High Pressure Hydrogenolysis of Sucrose (1970)

Several continuous reactor systems have been discussed for the catalytic high pressure hydrogenolysis of sucrose to glycerol. Theoretically and actually, continuous reactors lead to lower glycerol yields than in a batch process. Two continuous stirred tank reactors in cascade constitute a reasonable compromise. An economic evaluation of the sucrose route to glycerol in comparison with other synthetic glycerol processes based on allyl chloride and acrolein suggests that the sucrose process can be competitive if a sales potential is developed for the by-products propane-l,2-diol, ethylene glycol, and a mixture of higher polyhydric alcohols containing tetritol, pentitol, methyl fructoside, and hexitol.
Solar cells (1993)

Abstract Solar cells are based on the photovoltaic effect of converting solar energy into electric energy. The mechanism for solar cells is divided into steps, that is, electron-hole pair generation by absorption of light in semiconductors, separation of electron-hole pairs by built-in potential, electron-hole recombination, collection of charge carriers by metal electrodes, etc. In this article, the principle and the theories of these basic steps are presented. On the basis of these steps, methods to improve the efficiency for solar cells are discussed. The fabrication process and the situation of currently produced solar cells are also presented. Solar cells having no p-n junction, that is, photoelectrochemical solar cells and MIS solar cells, are discussed from the perspective of low-cost solar cells.
Determination of Complex Conductivity of Thin Strips with a Transmission Method (2018)

Induced modes due to discontinuities inside the waveguide are dependent on the shape and material properties of the discontinuity. Reflection and transmission coefficients provide useful information about material properties of discontinuities inside the waveguide. A novel non-resonant procedure to measure the complex conductivity of narrow strips is proposed in this paper. The sample is placed inside a rectangular waveguide which is excited by its fundamental mode. Reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated by the assistance of the Green’s functions and enforcing the boundary conditions. We show that resistivity only impacts one of the terms in the reflection coefficient. The competency of the method is demonstrated with a comparison of theoretic results and full wave modelling of method of moments and finite element methods.
HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain enhances <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> binding to human brain microvascular endothelial cells via gp41 core-induced membrane activities (2011)

Cryptococcus neoformans causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis, particularly prevalent in AIDS patients. The interrelationship between C. neoformans and HIV-1 is intriguing, as both pathogens elicit severe neuropathological complications. We have previously demonstrated that the HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain fragments gp41-I33 (amino acids 579-611) and gp41-I90 (amino acids 550-639) can enhance C. neoformans binding to HBMECs (human brain microvascular endothelial cells). Both peptides contain the loop region of gp41. In the present study, we used immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy to explore the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicated that both C. neoformans and gp41-I90 up-regulated ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) on the HBMECs and elicited membrane ruffling on the surface of HBMECs. The HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain could also induce CD44 and β-actin redistribution to the membrane lipid rafts, but it could not enhance PKCα (protein kinase Cα) phosphorylation like C. neoformans. Instead, gp41-I90 was able to induce syncytium formation on HBMECs. The results of the present study suggest HIV-1 gp41-enhanced C. neoformans binding to HBMECs via gp41 core domain-induced membrane activities, revealing a potential mechanism of invasion for this pathogenic fungus into the brain tissues of HIV-1-infected patients.
A General Method for Selection of α-Acetolactate Decarboxylase-Deficient <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> Mutants To Improve Diacetyl Formation (1999)

The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase (Ald) plays a key role in the regulation of the alpha-acetolactate pool in both pyruvate catabolism and the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). This dual role of Ald, due to allosteric activation by leucine, was used as a strategy for the isolation of Ald-deficient mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Such mutants can be selected as leucine-resistant mutants in ILV- or IV-prototrophic strains. Most dairy lactococcus strains are auxotrophic for the three amino acids. Therefore, the plasmid pMC004 containing the ilv genes (encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of IV) of L. lactis NCDO2118 was constructed. Introduction of pMC004 into ILV-auxotrophic dairy strains resulted in an isoleucine-prototrophic phenotype. By plating the strains on a chemically defined medium supplemented with leucine but not valine and isoleucine, spontaneous leucine-resistant mutants were obtained. These mutants were screened by Western blotting with Ald-specific antibodies for the presence of Ald. Selected mutants lacking Ald were subsequently cured of pMC004. Except for a defect in the expression of Ald, the resulting strain, MC010, was identical to the wild-type strain, as shown by Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting. The mutation resulting in the lack of Ald in MC010 occurred spontaneously, and the strain does not contain foreign DNA; thus, it can be regarded as food grade. Nevertheless, its application in dairy products depends on the regulation of genetically modified organisms. These results establish a strategy to select spontaneous Ald-deficient mutants from transformable L. lactis strains.
HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM (1999)

Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid whose metabolism stands at the intersection of two pathways: remethylation to methionine, which requires folate and vitamin B12 (or betaine in an alternative reaction); and transsulfuration to cystathionine, which requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The two pathways are coordinated by S-adenosylmethionine, which acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase reaction and as an activator of cystathionine beta-synthase. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition that recent epidemiological studies have shown to be associated with increased risk of vascular disease, arises from disrupted homocysteine metabolism. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia is due to rare genetic defects resulting in deficiencies in cystathionine beta synthase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, or in enzymes involved in methyl-B12 synthesis and homocysteine methylation. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia seen in fasting conditions is due to mild impairment in the methylation pathway (i.e. folate or B12 deficiencies or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolability). Post-methionine-load hyperhomocysteinemia may be due to heterozygous cystathionine beta-synthase defect or B6 deficiency. Early studies with nonphysiological high homocysteine levels showed a variety of deleterious effects on endothelial or smooth muscle cells in culture. More recent studies with human beings and animals with mild hyperhomocysteinemia provided encouraging results in the attempt to understand the mechanism that underlies this relationship between mild elevations of plasma homocysteine and vascular disease. The studies with animal models indicated the possibility that the effect of elevated homocysteine is multifactorial, affecting both the vascular wall structure and the blood coagulation system.
총설 : 솔껍질깍지벌레류의 지리적분포 , 생태 , 피해 및 방제연구 (1991)

Geographical distribution, bionomics, damage, and control efforts of Matsucoccus pine bast scales of the world are reviewed. Strategies for the control of M. thunbergianae in Korea and the management of forests damaged. by the scale insect are discussed.
Scale-Hopping in Computer Simulations of Polymers (2002)

Polymer simulations can be performed at many different length scales by using techniques ranging from quantum chemistry to finite element via a hierarchy of coarser and coarser particle or field-based methods. Recent years have seen many efforts to connect simulations at different levels to 1) indirectly predict large-scale properties starting from fundamental models and 2) to accelerate the equilibration at more fundamental levels via the detour of coarse-grained levels. It is the purpose of the present synopsis to review some of the recent methodological advances concerning the systematic and, where available, automatic bridging between different levels of polymer simulation.
Investigations of the  O 2 Reduction Reaction at the Platinum/Nafion® Interface Using a Solid‐State Electrochemical Cell (1991)

Research in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells is gaining momentum because of the prospects of attaining high energy efficiencies and power densities essential for transportation and space applications. The most advanced solid polymer electrolytes for these fuel cells are the perfluorosulfonate ionomers (PFSIs), such as Du Pont's Nafion and the Dow PFSIs. The high oxygen solubility, chemical stability, proton conductivity and permselectivity exhibited by Nafion and the Dow PFSIs make them ideal candidates as electrolytes for fuel cells. Furthermore, the minimal anion adsorption on electrodes from fluorinated acids enhances oxygen reduction kinetics. The objectives of this work were to determine the concentration and diffusion coefficient of oxygen in Nafion, and the electrode kinetic parameters for the reduction of oxygen at the Pt/Nafion interface under totally solid‐state conditions (i.e., no contacting liquid electrolyte phase). Cyclic voltammetric and potentiostatic transient measurements were made at the Pt/Nafion interface. From cyclic voltammetric measurements, the purity of Nafion was ascertained and the roughness factor of the electrode was calculated. The slow sweep experiments yielded the Tafel parameters for oxygen reduction. From the two‐section Tafel plot, the calculated exchange current densities were found to be higher than those obtained at any other Pt/acid interface. From an analysis of the potentiostatic transients, the calculated values of oxygen solubility and diffusion coefficient in Nafion were higher than previously reported. These differences in mass‐transfer data were attributed to differences in water content of the Nafion membrane.
Effects of pH and Iminosugar Pharmacological Chaperones on Lysosomal Glycosidase Structure and Stability (2009)

Human lysosomal enzymes acid-beta-glucosidase (GCase) and acid-alpha-galactosidase (alpha-Gal A) hydrolyze the sphingolipids glucosyl- and globotriaosylceramide, respectively, and mutations in these enzymes lead to the lipid metabolism disorders Gaucher and Fabry disease, respectively. We have investigated the structure and stability of GCase and alpha-Gal A in a neutral-pH environment reflective of the endoplasmic reticulum and an acidic-pH environment reflective of the lysosome. These details are important for the development of pharmacological chaperone therapy for Gaucher and Fabry disease, in which small molecules bind mutant enzymes in the ER to enable the mutant enzyme to meet quality control requirements for lysosomal trafficking. We report crystal structures of apo GCase at pH 4.5, at pH 5.5, and in complex with the pharmacological chaperone isofagomine (IFG) at pH 7.5. We also present thermostability analysis of GCase at pH 7.4 and 5.2 using differential scanning calorimetry. We compare our results with analogous experiments using alpha-Gal A and the chaperone 1-deoxygalactonijirimycin (DGJ), including the first structure of alpha-Gal A with DGJ. Both GCase and alpha-Gal A are more stable at lysosomal pH with and without their respective iminosugars bound, and notably, the stability of the GCase-IFG complex is pH sensitive. We show that the conformations of the active site loops in GCase are sensitive to ligand binding but not pH, whereas analogous galactose- or DGJ-dependent conformational changes in alpha-Gal A are not seen. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from alpha-Gal A unfolding indicate two-state, van't Hoff unfolding in the absence of the iminosugar at neutral and lysosomal pH, and non-two-state unfolding in the presence of DGJ. Taken together, these results provide insight into how GCase and alpha-Gal A are thermodynamically stabilized by iminosugars and suggest strategies for the development of new pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders.
Chalcones Enhance TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (2009)

Chalcones exhibit chemopreventive and antitumor effects. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a naturally occurring anticancer agent that induces apoptosis in cancer cells and is not toxic to normal cells. We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of five chalcones in combination with TRAIL on prostate cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT and LDH assays. The apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC. Our study showed that all five tested chalcones: chalcone, licochalcone-A, isobavachalcone, xanthohumol, butein markedly augmented TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells and confirmed the significant role of chalcones in chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
Gelcasting foams for porous ceramics (1997)

A gel-cast foam process has been used to produce porous alumina ceramics having a bending strength as high as 26 MPa.
Classifying server behavior and predicting impact of modernization actions (2013)

Today the decision of when to modernize which elements of the server HW/SW stack is often done manually based on simple business rules. In this paper we alleviate this problem by supporting the decision process with an automated approach based on incident tickets and server attributes data. As a first step we identify and rank servers with problematic behavior as candidates for modernization using a random forest classifier. Second, this predictive model is used to evaluate the impact of different modernization actions and suggest the most effective ones. We show that our chosen model yields high quality predictions and outperforms traditional linear regression models on a large set of real data.
Recovery blocks in action: A system supporting high reliability (1976)

The need for reliable complex systems motivates the development of techniques by which acceptable service can be maintained, even in the presence of residual errors. Recovery blocks allow a software designer to include tests on the acceptability of the various phases of a system's operation, and to specify alternative actions should the acceptance tests fail. This approach relies on certain architectural features, ideally implemented in hardware, by which control and data structures can be retrieved after errors.A brief account is presented of the recovery block scheme, together with a description of a new implementation of the underlying cache mechanism. The salient features of a proposed computer architecture are described, which incorporates this implementation and also provides a high level of detection for errors such as the corruption of code and data. A prototype system has been constructed to test the viability of these techniques by executing programs containing recovery blocks on an emulator for the proposed architecture. Experiences in running this system are recounted with respect to the execution of programs based on erroneous algorithms and also with respect to errors introduced by deliberate attempts to corrupt the system.
Effect of Salt Level in Water on Feed Intake and Growth Rate of Red and Fallow Weaner Deer (2005)

Under a typical Mediterranean environment in southern Australia, the evaporation rate increases significantly in hot summers, resulting in highly saline drinking water for grazing animals. Also in the cropping areas, dryland salinity is a problem. Grazing animals under these environments can ingest excessive amount of salt from feed, drinking water and soil, which can lead to a reduction in growth rate. To understand the impact of high salt intake on grazing deer, two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of salt levels in drinking water on feed intake and growth rate of red and fallow weaner deer. The results revealed that fallow deer did not show any abnormal behaviour or sickness when salt level in drinking water was increased from 0% to 2.5%. Feed intake was not affected until the salt content in water exceeded 1.5%. Body weight gain was not affected by 1.2% salt in drinking water, but was reduced as salt content in water increased. Compared with deer on fresh water, the feed intake of red deer on saline water was 11-13% lower when salt level in drinking water was 0.4-0.8%. An increase in salt level in water up to 1% resulted in about a 30% reduction in feed intake (p<0.01). Body weight gain was significantly (p=0.004) reduced when salt level reached 1.2%. The deer on 1% salt tended to have a higher (p=0.052) osmotic pressure in serum. The concentration of P, K, Mg and S in serum was affected when salt level in water was over 1.0%. The results suggested that the salt level in drinking water should be lower than 1.2% for fallow weaner deer and 0.8% for red weaner deer to avoid any reduction in feed intake. Deer farmers need to regularly test the salt levels in drinking water on their farms to ensure that the salt intake of grazing deer is not over the levels that deer can tolerate. (
A 3.3 volt, low distortion ISDN line driver with a novel quiescent current control circuit (1997)

A single chip ISDN network terminator in an advanced 3.3 V, 0.5µ CMOS technology is presented. The circuit features a U-interface line driver with a THD better than -68 dB for an output swing of 5 V pp On a 67 Ω load. A novel quiescent current control circuit is implemented which reduces the variation of the quiescent current and facilitates the driver's compensation.
The role of phosphoglycans in<i>Leishmania</i>–sand fly interactions (2000)

Leishmania promastigotes synthesize an abundance of phosphoglycans, either attached to the cell surface through phosphatidylinositol anchors (lipophosphoglycan, LPG) or secreted as protein-containing glycoconjugates. These phosphoglycans are thought to promote the survival of the parasite within both its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The relative contributions of different phosphoglycan-containing molecules in Leishmania-sand fly interactions were tested by using mutants specifically deficient in either total phosphoglycans or LPG alone. Leishmania donovani promastigotes deficient in both LPG and protein-linked phosphoglycans because of loss of LPG2 (encoding the Golgi GDP-Man transporter) failed to survive the hydrolytic environment within the early blood-fed midgut. In contrast, L. donovani and Leishmania major mutants deficient solely in LPG expression because of loss of LPG1 (involved in biosynthesis of the core oligosaccharide LPG domain) had only a slight reduction in the survival and growth of promastigotes within the early blood-fed midgut. The ability of the LPG1-deficient promastigotes to persist in the midgut after blood meal excretion was completely lost, and this defect was correlated with their inability to bind to midgut epithelial cells in vitro. For both mutants, when phosphoglycan expression was restored to wild-type levels by reintroduction of LPG1 or LPG2 (as appropriate), then the wild-type phenotype was also restored. We conclude, first, that LPG is not essential for survival in the early blood-fed midgut but, along with other secreted phosphoglycan-containing glycoconjugates, can protect promastigotes from the digestive enzymes in the gut and, second, that LPG is required to mediate midgut attachment and to maintain infection in the fly during excretion of the digested blood meal.
Retinal Toxicity of Commercial Intravitreal Tissue Plasminogen Activator Solution in Cat Eyes (2000)

Because cat eyes are similar to human eyes regarding retinal vascularity and vitreous volume, intravitreal injections of commercial tPA (with L-arginine vehicle) in concentrations greater than 25 microg/0.1 mL are potentially unsafe in human eyes.
Load Balancing in All-Optical Overlaid-Star TDM Networks (2006)

Load balancing is an effective solution to relieving network congestion and achieving good network performance. This paper investigates routing strategies for load balancing in all-optical overlaid-star TDM networks. A random routing strategy and a least-congested-path routing strategy are first presented, based on which a weighted-least-congested-path routing strategy is then proposed. The proposed strategy takes into account both load balancing and end-to-end delay in path selection, and thus can achieve better delay performance while maintaining the same blocking performance under low traffic load as compared with the other strategies. The performance of the routing strategies is evaluated through simulation results.
Cebranopadol, a Mixed Opioid Agonist, Reduces Cocaine Self-administration through Nociceptin Opioid and Mu Opioid Receptors (2017)

Cocaine addiction is a widespread psychiatric condition still waiting for approved efficacious medications. Previous studies suggested that simultaneous activation of nociceptin opioid (NOP) and mu opioid (MOP) receptors could be a successful strategy to treat cocaine addiction, but the paucity of molecules co-activating both receptors with comparable potency has hampered this line of research. Cebranopadol is a non-selective opioid agonist that at nanomolar concentration activates both NOP and MOP receptors and that recently reached phase-III clinical trials for cancer pain treatment. Here, we tested the effect of cebranopadol on cocaine self-administration (SA) in the rat. We found that under a fixed-ratio-5 schedule of reinforcement, cebranopadol (25 and 50 µg/kg) decreased cocaine but not saccharin SA, indicating a specific inhibition of psychostimulant consumption. In addition, cebranopadol (50 µg/kg) decreased the motivation for cocaine as detected by reduction of the break point measured in a progressive-ratio paradigm. Next, we found that cebranopadol retains its effect on cocaine consumption throughout a 7-day chronic treatment, suggesting a lack of tolerance development toward its effect. Finally, we found that only simultaneous blockade of NOP and MOP receptors by concomitant administration of the NOP antagonist SB-612111 (30 mg/kg) and naltrexone (2.5 mg/kg) reversed cebranopadol-induced decrease of cocaine SA, demonstrating that cebranopadol activates both NOP and classical opioid receptors to exert its effect. Our data, together with the fairly advanced clinical development of cebranopadol and its good tolerability profile in humans, indicate that cebranopadol is an appealing candidate for cocaine addiction treatment.
Self-aligned, buried heterostructure AlInGaAs laser diodesby micro-selective-area epitaxy (2004)

We describe the growth and characteristics of AlInGaAs, self-aligned buried heterostructure quantum well lasers deposited by micro-selective-area growth. The lateral waveguide is defined by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy in narrow stripe openings; and the natural tendency to form smooth, no-growth {111} sidewall planes produces a low-loss, single-mode waveguide. By proper adjustment of the growth conditions after the waveguide formation, the waveguide may be buried in p-type InP. A buried heterostructure (BH) laser is there formed in a single growth step, eliminating the deterioration associated with air exposure and etch damage, especially for AlInGaAs active regions. The AlInGaAs BH lasers formed in this simple manner exhibit good performance characteristics, with room-temperature threshold current of 4mA.