gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D shock wave visualization on unstructured grids (1996)

A critical issue in understanding high speed flows is the study of shock waves. The paper summarizes our research on techniques for the detection and visualization of shock waves occuring in simulations of three dimensional flows on unstructured grids. Detection algorithms based on Mach number, density gradient and directional derivatives are compared using a data set from calculations of a transonic flow with a weak double shock around an airfoil. Both surface and volume rendering techniques are used to display the shocks. The issues in this research area are very much like those occurring in medical imaging. Since the data themselves (in this case the results of the fluid dynamics simulation) are intrinsically low resolution and noisy, properly extracting and visualizing the shock is very difficult. In this environment, blurry, low resolution techniques, like the splatting volume rendering, seem to do rather well. More complex schemes, using sophisticated numerical shock detectors coupled with polygon rendering, produce visually sharper shocks, but also introduce graphics artifacts, which complicate understanding of the flow physics. On the other hand, visualization results produced with techniques like splatting are, in effect, relying more on the human visual system to compensate for limited resolution in the simulation.
Plausible Deniability in Web Search—From Detection to Assessment (2017)

Web personalization uses what systems know about us to create content targeted at our interests. When unwanted personalization suggests we are interested in sensitive or embarrassing topics, a natural reaction is to deny interest. This is a practical response only if denial of our interest is credible or plausible. Adopting a definition of plausible deniability in the usual sense of “on the balance of probabilities,” we develop a practical and scalable tool called PDE, allowing a user to decide when their ability to plausibly deny interest in sensitive topics is compromised. We show that threats to plausible deniability are readily detectable for all the topics tested in an extensive testing program. Of particular concern is observation of threats to deniability of interest in topics related to health and sexual preferences. We show that this remains the case when attempting to disrupt search engine learning through noise query injection and click obfuscation. We design a defense technique exploiting uninteresting, proxy topics and show that it provides a more effective defense of plausible deniability in our experiments.
Corrosion of Type 304 Stainless Steel in Mixed Anhydrous Nitric and Sulfuric Acids (1969)

The corrosion behavior of Type 304 stainless steel was investigated in anhydrous HNO3-H2SO4 solutions at temperatures from 50 C (122 F) to 100 C (212 F). The HNO3 concentration ranged from 0 to 100 percent by weight. Type 304 stainless steel corrosion rates were determined by gravimetric analysis and by measuring the relative loss of the constituent materials, such as iron, chromium, nickel and manganese, using atomic absorption spectrometry. The corrosion rate was found to increase with HNO3 concentration until a composition of 20 weight percent HNO3 is reached. After this point, the corrosion rate decreases with the addition of HNO3 to a minimum at 90 weight percent HNO3 - 10 weight percent H2SO4. Increasing the HNO3 concentration beyond this point rapidly increases the corrosion rate. The corrosion rates measured gravimetrically were substantiated by analysis of the elemental constituents in solution.
Arachidonic acid metabolism and inhibition of cyclooxygenase in platelets from asthmatic subjects with aspirin intolerance. (1985)

Exaggerated inhibition of cyclooxygenase has been proposed as a mechanism of drug-induced bronchospasm in aspirin-intolerant patients. This study, using platelets, shows that inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by aspirin is unmodified in patients when compared with healthy subjects. The ratio of cyclooxygenase:lipoxygenase products is similar in platelets from patients and control subjects. We conclude that the cyclooxygenase alteration observed in cells from the respiratory tract is not generalised to other cells such as platelets. We also propose that the major abnormality in NSAID-intolerant patients would affect receptivity to lipoxygenase products more than their biosynthesis.
HIV-1 TAR element is processed by Dicer to yield a viral micro-RNA involved in chromatin remodeling of the viral LTR (2007)

HIV-1 TAR element is processed by the Dicer enzyme to create a viral miRNA. This viral miRNA is detectable in infected cells and appears to contribute to viral latency.
Deferoxamine Therapy in High-Ferritin Diabetes (1989)

Serum ferritin and diabetes control were evaluated in 18 White patients with poorly controlled type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes who had no known causes of iron-storage disorder. Serum ferritin levels were found to be elevated with normal serum iron and total iron-binding capacity in 9 of the 18 patients studied. Because excess iron, typified by hemochromatosis, is associated with diabetes, and diabetes has been shown to improve after lowering total-body iron load through repeat venesection, I investigated whether regulating elevated ferritin levels could facilitate diabetes control. Deferoxamine (DFO), a known specific chelator of iron, was used because of its capacity to correct excess iron stores. All 9 patients in the high-ferritin diabetic group and 7 of 9 diabetic control subjects with normal serum ferritin levels were given DFO (10 mg/kg i.v.) twice weekly. Diabetic control, fasting glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HbA1c, and serum ferritin levels were monitored. Data show that lowering elevated ferritin levels correlated well with diabetes control and improved fasting glucose, triglyceride, and HbA1c in 8 of 9 patients with high ferritin levels. Lowering normal ferritin levels had no effect on diabetes control or on any of the other parameters in the 7 control subjects. This study shows there is a need to study iron metabolism in poorly controlled diabetes and demonstrates the value of DFO in controlling high-ferritin diabetes.
Stimulating Lymphotoxin β Receptor on the Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Their Homeostasis and Expansion (2005)

The increased number of dendritic cells (DCs) inside lymphoid tissue may contribute to the enhanced priming of lymphocytes. The homeostasis of splenic DCs has mostly been attributed to their migration to the spleen via the chemokine microenvironment induced by lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR) signaling on splenic stromal cells. In this study we show that the lack of direct LTbetaR signaling on DCs is associated with the reduction of the number of DCs in the spleen independently of chemokine gradients. LTbetaR-/- mice have reduced DCs and reduced BrdU incorporation on DCs, and fewer DCs from LTbetaR-/- mice are detected in the spleen. Furthermore, increased expression of LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, competes with herpesvirus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator on T cells) on T cells, a member of the TNF family (TNFSF14) and a ligand for LTbetaR, could dramatically increase the number of T cells and DCs, which leads to severe autoimmune diseases in a LTbetaR-dependent fashion. In vitro, LIGHT could directly promote accumulation of bone marrow-derived DCs. Furthermore, intratumor expression of LIGHT can dramatically expand DCs in situ, and inoculation of DCs into tumor tissues enhanced tumor immunity. Therefore, LTbetaR signaling on DCs is required for their homeostasis during physiology and pathological conditions, and increased LIGHT-LTbetaR interaction could stimulate DC expansion for T cell-mediated immunity.
Computer-aided design of pipelined IIR digital filters (2003)

Describes a computer-aided design procedure which allows the user to enter filter specifications and the required pipelining delay and then automatically generate a pipelined infinite impulse response (IIR) filter that meets the filter specifications. The new computer algorithm allows for the design of pipelined IIR filters using any one of the three techniques (z-domain, time-domain, and frequency-sampling pipeline techniques) and allows for transfer function zeros to be used not only for canceling of unwanted poles, but also for generating zeros on the unit circle. This approach includes an optimization algorithm for placing the zeros in the pipelined structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms: a review of safety data (2013)

Numerous clinical studies have evaluated the safety of CEE. The data reviewed in this article describe the breast, endometrial, and cardiovascular safety of unopposed CEE. International recommendations describe CEE as the menopausal symptom treatment of choice, particularly in young or recently postmenopausal hysterectomized women.
188 INTRAPULMONARY ADMINISTRATION OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS REDUCES ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND MORTALITY IN A MOUSE MODEL. (2006)

<h3>Purpose</h3> Mesenchymal stem cells are bone marrow-derived cells that have the ability to differentiate into cells of different lineages including pulmonary epithelium. Prior studies in lung injury models have focused on administration of stem cells by the intravenous route. Our objective was to test the potential benefit from intrapulmonary administration of mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse model of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by measuring extravascular lung water and survival. <h3>Methods</h3> The mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from GFP-C57BL/6 mice and were propagated in culture. C57BL/6 mice were used for all experiments, and acute lung injury was established by intratracheal (it) instillation of LPS from <i>E. coli</i> 055:B5 (5 mg/kg). Four hours after LPS instillation, mice received by its instillation either mesenchymal stem cells (750,000 cells in 30 μL) or PBS (30 μL). Mice were followed for 48 hours. The lungs were harvested and blood samples collected at 48 hours or earlier if the mice died. Further experiments using the same protocol were done with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and plasma samples for the measurement of TNF-α and MIP-2 by R&D ELISA kits. <h3>Results</h3> Intrapulmonary mesenchymal stem cells reduced pulmonary edema compared to controls treated with PBS (wet-to-dry lung water 5.4 ± 1.3 vs 6.9 ± 1.2 g water/g dry lung, data as mean ± SD, <i>p</i> < .01, n = 12 for both groups). In addition, the stem cells improved survival over the 48-hour time period (100% in the stem cell group vs 31% in the control group, p < .01, n = 13 for both groups). Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cells decreased both the BAL levels of TNF-α and MIP-2 compared to control mice (BAL TNF-α: 174 ± 92 vs 798 ± 531 pg/mL, p = .02; BAL MIP-2: 207 ± 67 vs 717 ± 567 pg/mL, p = .05; all comparisons are stem cell treated vs control group, n = 6 for both groups). Significant reductions were also found in the plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-2 in the stem cell versus PBS control mice. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, the intrapulmonary administration of mesenchymal stem cells reduces the severity of lung injury and improves survival when given 4 hours after LPS instillation into the lung. This benefit appears to be mediated in part through a down-regulation of the acute inflammatory responses to endotoxin.
Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes (2009)

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been known for more than a century. Applications in industries such as water and wastewater treatment processes have been adapted for the removal of metals, nonmetals, suspended solids, organic compounds, COD (chemical oxygen demand), and BOD (biological oxygen demand). Iron electrodes have been preferred over aluminum due to their durability and cost. However, the electrochemical reactions occurring with EC using iron electrodes have not been systematically studied. For a better understanding of the mechanism and reactions for EC using iron electrodes, we present a review of the concept of green rust (GR) and its relationship to the current theory of EC. Experimental results obtained by measuring pH at different zones near the iron electrodes during the EC process are detailed, and are used to illustrate the mechanism and reactions that occur at both the anode and the cathode. The mechanism and reactions presented explain phenomena associated with EC and are congruent with solubility and Pourbaix diagrams.
Real-Time Multi-View 3D Reconstruction for Interventional Environments (2011)

This thesis addresses the topic of real-time multi-view 3D reconstruction in interventional environments. The ability to recover the 3D structure of a dynamic scene in real-time is essential for many novel and innovative interventional applications. In this thesis we take a step towards this goal by presenting the design of a multi-view reconstruction system taking into consideration the difficult conditions typically encountered in interventional environments. Based on the proposed system several applications were developed to demonstrate the benefits of real-time 3D reconstruction in interventional environments, including a collision avoidance and a radiation modeling application. The promising experimental results obtained using these applications show the possible impact of our work for the medical community and illustrate the clinical value of multi-camera systems in the development of intelligent, integrated interventional suites.
Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR) by UV/Vis Spectroscopy (2013)

UV/Vis spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to determine protein concentrations as well as the average number of drugs that are conjugated to the antibody in an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Using the measured absorbances of the ADC and the extinction coefficients of the antibody and the drug, the average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) can be determined.
Digital Transmission Techniques that support Digital Broadcasting. Equalization Techniques for an OFDM System under Fading Conditions. (1999)

We have studied frequency-and time-domain equalization techniques under fading conditions for the European DVB-T OFDM system. We first describe a frequency-domain equalizer using simplified linear interpolation in the symbol direction that estimates the channel response of receiving-data carriers by using the pilot-carrier channel response. We calculated the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and the bit error rate (BER) over one-path and two-path Rayleigh-fading channels. We found that an SIR of about 20 dB and a BER of less than 1.5 × 10-3 (QPSK and 16 QAM) are obtained even for a maximum doppler frequency of 50 Hz in a 2-k FFT system. We next describe a simplified time-domain equalizer using step interpolation over the OFDM useful period. A simulated BER of 2 × 10-3 (QPSK) over one-path Rayleigh-fading channels (fd =50 Hz) was attained for an 8-k FFT system, when the new time-domain and frequency-domain equalizer techniques were applied.
[Progress in study on organic anion transporters]. (2012)

Organic anion transporters (OATs) belong to a family of poly-specific transporters mainly located in barrier epithelia such as renal proximal tubule, brain, liver and placenta. OATs interact with endogenous metabolic end products such as urate and acidic neutrotransmitter metabolites, as well as with a multitude of widely used drugs, including antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives and anti-inflammatory drugs. Thereby, OATs play an important role in renal drug elimination and have an impact on pharmacokinetics. This review summarizes current knowledge of the properties and functional roles of the cloned OAT family members detailed in tissue differences in expression and physiologic function, drug-drug interactions, and finally, gender-dependent regulation in health and diseased states.
A 3D active microwave imaging system for breast cancer screening (2008)

<p>A 3D microwave imaging system suitable for clinical trials has been developed. The anatomy, histology, and pathology of breast cancer were all carefully considered in the development of this system. The central component of this system is a breast imaging chamber with an integrated 3D antenna array containing 36 custom designed bowtie patch antennas that radiate efficiently into human breast tissue. 3D full-wave finite element method models of this imaging chamber, complete with full antenna geometry, have been developed using Ansoft HFSS and verified experimentally. In addition, an electronic switching system using Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) absorptive RF multiplexer chips, a custom hardware control system with a parallel port interface utilizing TTL logic, and a custom software package with graphical user interface using Java and LabVIEW have all been developed. Finally, modeling of the breast (both healthy and malignant) was done using published data of the dielectric properties of human tissue, confirming the feasibility of cancer detection using this system.</p>
Analysis Of The Controllability Of A Sub-Micron CMOS Process Using TCAD (2005)

In this paper we describe the statistical simulation and SPICE model prediction of a 0.8um CMOS process. The simulation environment consisted of an integrated TCAD framework combining two dimensional process and device simulation with physically-based SPICE model extraction. In-line process tolerances were assigned, and Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the variation of device performance and worst case SPICE model parameters. The device parameter distributions resulting from 100 Monte Carlo simulations were found on average to match the three sigma limites of the electrical database within 5% as shown in Table 1. Nominal BSIM models extracted deterministically with pdFab were found to match the typical results of a proprietary device model within 10%.
Interacting with digital video (2002)

Video has become an important element of multimedia computing and communication environments, with applications as varied as broadcasting, education, publishing and military intelligence. However, in the content of current information technology, it remains a highly passive medium. This paper discusses three tools for interacting with digital video: interactive video icons, a video streamer and a hierarchical viewer. It also provides a case study of how these techniques may be applied to a full-length video.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spectral and spatial changes of brain rhythmic activity in response to the sustained thermal pain stimulation (2016)

The aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of pain caused by sustained thermal stimulation. A group of 21 healthy volunteers was studied. Sixty-four channel continuous electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while the subject received tonic thermal stimulation. Spectral changes extracted from EEG were quantified and correlated with pain scales reported by subjects, the stimulation intensity, and the time course. Network connectivity was assessed to study the changes in connectivity patterns and strengths among brain regions that have been previously implicated in pain processing. Spectrally, a global reduction in power was observed in the lower spectral range, from delta to alpha, with the most marked changes in the alpha band. Spatially, the contralateral region of the somatosensory cortex, identified using source localization, was most responsive to stimulation status. Maximal desynchrony was observed when stimulation was present. The degree of alpha power reduction was linearly correlated to the pain rating reported by the subjects. Contralateral alpha power changes appeared to be a robust correlate of pain intensity experienced by the subjects. Granger causality analysis showed changes in network level connectivity among pain-related brain regions due to high intensity of pain stimulation versus innocuous warm stimulation. These results imply the possibility of using noninvasive EEG to predict pain intensity and to study the underlying pain processing mechanism in coping with prolonged painful experiences. Once validated in a broader population, the present EEG-based approach may provide an objective measure for better pain management in clinical applications. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2976-2991, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tyrosyl Phosphorylation and Activation of MAP Kinases by p56 <sup> <i>lck</i> </sup> (1992)

T cell signaling via the CD4 surface antigen is mediated by the associated tyrosyl protein kinase p56lck. The 42-kilodalton mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p42mapk) was tyrosyl-phosphorylated and activated after treatment of the murine T lymphoma cell line 171CD4+, which expresses CD4, with antibody to CD3. Treatment of the CD4-deficient cell line 171 with the same antibody did not result in phosphorylation or activation of p42mapk. Purified p56lck both tyrosyl-phosphorylated and stimulated the seryl-threonyl phosphotransferase activity of purified p44mpk, a MAP kinase isoform from sea star oocytes. A synthetic peptide modeled after the putative regulatory phosphorylation site in murine p42mapk (Tyr185) was phosphorylated by p56lck with a similar Vmax, but a fivefold lower Michaelis constant (Km) than a peptide containing the Tyr394 autophosphorylation site from p56lck. MAP kinases may participate in protein kinase cascades that link Src family protein-tyrosyl kinases to seryl-threonyl kinases such as those encoded by rsk and raf, which are putative substrates of MAP kinases.
Level dependence of the nonlinear-distortion component of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in humans (2015)

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) emerge when presenting two primary tones with different frequencies f1 and f2 to the cochlea and are commonly used in diagnosis and research to evaluate the functional state of the cochlea. Optimal primary-tone stimulus levels accounting for the different level dependencies of the traveling-wave amplitudes of the two primary tones near the f2-tonotopic place on the basilar membrane are often used to maximize DPOAE amplitudes. However, parameters defining the optimal levels can be affected by wave interference between the nonlinear-distortion and coherent-reflection components of the DPOAE. Here, the components were separated in the time domain using a pulsed stimulus paradigm and optimal levels determined. Based on the amplitude dependence of the nonlinear-distortion components on primary-tone stimulus levels, level parameters yielding maximum DPOAE amplitudes were derived for six normal-hearing adults and compared to data recorded with continuous two-tone stimulation. The level parameters resulting from analysis of the nonlinear-distortion components show dependence on stimulus frequency and small standard deviations. DPOAE input/output functions derived for optimal levels exhibit larger slopes, wider dynamic range and less variability across subjects than those derived for conventional stimulus and analysis conditions, potentially increasing their reliability and sensitivity for assessing cochlea function.