gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-Methyl-L-glucosaminic Acid<sup>1</sup> (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN-Methyl-L-glucosaminic Acid1M. L. Wolfrom, Alva Thompson, and I. J. HooperCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 11, 2343–2345Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01215a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01215a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Switching behavior of indium selenide-based phase-change memory cell (2005)

A cross-point-type phase-change random access memory (PRAM) cell without an access transistor is successfully fabricated with the In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ resistor, which has much higher electrical resistivity than conventionally used Ge/sub 2/Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 5/ and of which electrical resistivity can be varied by the factor of 10/sup 5/ related with the degree of crystallization. Thus, the switching power can be delivered more effectively due to its higher electrical resistivity and device failure related to phase decomposition can be avoided since In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ is single phase binary compound. The static-mode switching (dc test) is tested for the 5 /spl mu/m In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ PRAM device. In the first sweep, the as-grown amorphous In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ resistor showed the high resistance state at low voltage region. However, when it reached the threshold voltage, the electrical resistance of the device was drastically reduced through the formation of an electrically conducting path. The pulsed-mode switching of the 5 /spl mu/m In/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ PRAM device shows that the reset (crystalline /spl rarr/ amorphous) of the device was done with a 70 ns 3.1 V pulse and the set (amorphous /spl rarr/ crystalline) of the device was done with a 10 /spl mu/s 1.2 V pulse. Reading was accomplished by measuring the device resistance at 0.2 V and as high as 100 of switching dynamic range (ratio of R/sub high/ to R/sub low/) was observed.
An improved thinning method for density tapering of planar array antennas (1987)

A thinning method is presented to realize the desired aperture distribution in a planar array antenna with elements fixed on an array lattice. In this method elements to be excited are determined by quantizing cumulative weights which are calculated from the desired aperture distribution. At first, this method is applied to density tapering on orthogonal axes of a planar array. Radiation patterns of the planar array determined by this method are compared with those by the desired amplitude distribution, and the results show good coincidence. Next, this method is extended to density tapering on four axes, that is, orthogonal and diagonal axes of a planar array. Moreover, this method is applied to density tapering with multi-amplitude level elements in order to enhance directive gain of thinned array. Lastly, a rectangular planar array was fabricated, and its radiation patterns were measured. Measured results were in good coincidence with calculated ones, and the usefulness of this method was verified.
Characteristics of Lariat Crown Ether‐Copper (II) Ion‐Selective Electrodes (2001)

Abstract An ion‐selective electrode using ionophore 2′‐picolyl sym ‐dibenzo‐16‐crown‐5 ether as membrane carrier, sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder, and 2‐nitrophenyl‐octyl ether (NOPE) as the plasticing solvent mediator has been successfully developed. This electrode exhibits al in ear response with a slope of 42 mV/decade in concentration ranging from 10 −5 molL −1 to 10 −1 molL −1 , slightly larger than the 30 mV expected from the one‐to‐one complex. The reason for the super‐Nernstain slope is the partial dimmer formation in side the membrane of the electrode, because this dimmer [Cu(C 25 H 27 NO 6 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] 2ClO 4 , has been isolated and confirmed by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. The detection limit for the cop per (II) ion was estimated to be 1 × 10 −6 molL −1 . Electrades composed of other plasticing solvent mediators such as tris(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate (TOP), bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were also investigated. Stability constants (logKs) of the two to one and the one to one 2‐picolyl sym ‐dibenzo‐16‐crown‐5 ether‐Cu (II) complexes have been determined by potentiometric titration in methanol.
Predetermined Chirality at Metal Centers (1999)

Asymmetric synthesis in coordination chemistry was described very clearly by Smirnoff in 1920, but, contrary to the development in organic chemistry, it was almost completely neglected for several decades. The interest in chirality in coordination chemistry (see the stereoview of [Ru(bpy)<sub>3</sub> ]<sup>2+</sup> ) has increased rapidly in recent times as a consequence of developments in several fields where chirality is important (polynuclear systems, supramolecular structures, and enantioselective catalysis). Here we show many examples of how, through the choice of ligand, the configuration of a metal center or the chirality of a helicate can be predetermined.
Altered chemokine expression in the spinal cord and brain contributes to differential interleukin‐1β‐induced neutrophil recruitment (2002)

The pattern of neutrophil recruitment that accompanies inflammation in the CNS depends on the site of injury and the stage of development. The adult brain parenchyma is refractory to neutrophil recruitment and associated damage as compared to the spinal cord or juvenile brain. Using quantitative Taqman RT-PCR and enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we compared mRNA and protein expression of the rat neutrophil chemoattractant chemokines (CINC) in spinal cord and brain of adult and juvenile rats to identify possible association with the observed differences in neutrophil recruitment. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) injection resulted in up-regulated chemokine expression in both brain and spinal cord. CINC-3 mRNA was elevated above CINC-1 and CINC-2alpha, with expression levels for each higher in spinal cord than in brain. By ELISA, IL-1beta induced greater CINC-1 and CINC-2alpha expression compared to CINC-3, with higher protein levels in spinal cord than in brain. In the juvenile brain, significantly higher levels of CINC-2alpha protein were observed in response to IL-1beta injection than in the adult brain following an equivalent challenge. Correspondingly, neutrophil recruitment was observed in the juvenile brain and adult spinal cord, but not in the adult brain. No expression of CINC-2beta mRNA was detected. Thus differential chemokine induction may contribute to variations in neutrophil recruitment in during development and between the different CNS compartments.
Diabetes-induced changes in specific lipid molecular species in rat myocardium (2000)

Intrinsic cardiac dysfunction during the diabetic state has been causally linked to changes in myocardial lipid metabolism. However, the precise alterations in the molecular species of myocardial polar and non-polar lipids during the diabetic state and their responses to insulin have not been investigated. Herein we demonstrate four specific alterations in rat myocardial lipid molecular species after induction of the diabetic state by streptozotocin treatment: (i) a massive remodelling of triacylglycerol molecular species including a &gt; 5-fold increase in tripalmitin mass and a 60% decrease in polyunsaturated triacylglycerol molecular species mass (i.e. triacylglycerols containing at least one acyl residue with more than two double bonds); (ii) a 46% increase in myocardial phosphatidylinositol mass; (iii) a 44% increase in myocardial plasmenylethanolamine mass and (iv) a 22% decrease in 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine content. Each of the changes in phospholipid classes, subclasses and individual molecular species were prevented by insulin treatment after induction of the diabetic state. In sharp contrast, the alterations in triacylglycerol molecular species were not preventable by peripheral insulin treatment after induction of the diabetic state. These results segregate diabetes-induced alterations in myocardial lipid metabolism into changes that can be remedied or not by routine peripheral insulin treatment and suggest that peripheral insulin therapy alone may not be sufficient to correct all of the metabolic alterations present in diabetic myocardium.
Model for determining the optimal number of lanes in toll stations (2017)

I design a rational toll plaza layout and the congestion problem of the vehicle passing th rough the toll station is optimized reasonably.By analyzing the behavior process, the arrival distrib ution and the distribution model of the vehicles at the toll station,we get a reasonable number of con ventional lanes, toll stations
Mechanism of Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with in situ Microwave Activated Boron-doped Diamond and Platinum Anodes (2009)

Remarkable enhancement in degradation effect is achieved at in situ activated boron-doped diamond (BDD) and Pt anodes with different extent through electrochemical oxidation (EC) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with microwave (MW) radiation in a flow system. Results show that when EC is activated with MW radiation, the complete mineralization time of 2,4-D at the BDD is reduced quickly from 10 to 4 h while Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal at Pt is increased from 37.7 to 58.3% at 10 h; the initial current efficiency is both improved about 1.5 times while the pseudo-first-order rate constant is increased by 153 and 119% at the BDD and Pt, respectively. To gain insight into the higher efficiency in microwave activated EC, the mechanism has therefore been systematically evaluated from the essence of electrochemical reaction and the accumulated hydroxyl radical concentration. 2,4-Dichlorophenol, catechol, benquinone, and maleic and oxalic acids are the main intermediates on the Pt anode measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the intermediates on the BDD electrode include 2,4-dichlorophenol, hydroquinone, and maleic and oxalic acids. The reaction pathway with microwave radiation is the same as that in a conventional electrochemical oxidation on both electrodes. While less and lower aromatic intermediates produce at the BDD with MW, which suggests the higher ring-open ratio and the faster oxidation of carboxylic acids. With microwave radiation, the ring-open ratio at the BDD is increased to 98.8% from 85.6%; the value at Pt is increased to 67.3% from 35.9%. So microwave radiation can activate the electrochemical oxidation, which leads to the higher efficiency. This promotion is mainly due to the higher accumulated hydroxyl radical concentration and the effects by microwave radiation. All the results prove that the BDD electrode presents much better mineralization performance with MW. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time the systematic analysis of the mechanism of microwave activated EC has been reported.
Hospital-Acquired Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria (2010)

Hospital-acquired infections are most commonly associated with mechanical ventilation, invasive medical devices, or surgical procedures. Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for more than 30% of hospital-acquired infections and predominate in hospital-acquired pneumonia. They are highly efficient at up-regulating or acquiring mechanisms of antibiotic drug resistance, especially in the presence of antibiotic selection pressure. This review updates what clinicians should know about these often life-threatening infections.
A 16-bit 250-MS/s IF Sampling Pipelined ADC With Background Calibration (2010)

This paper describes a 16-bit 250 MS/s ADC fabricated on a 0.18 BiCMOS process. The ADC has an integrated input buffer with a new linearization technique that improves its distortion by 5-10 dB and lowers its power consumption by 70% relative to the state of the art. It demonstrates a new background calibration technique to correct the residue amplifier (RA) gain errors and lower its power consumption. This summing node sampling (SNS) calibration technique is based on sampling the summing-node voltage of the residue amplifier and using it with the corresponding residue to estimate the amplifier open loop gain. The ADC achieves an SNDR of 76.5 dB and consumes 850 mW from a 1.8 V supply, while the input buffer consumes 150 mW from a 3 V supply. Up to 125 MS/s, the SFDR is greater than 100 dB for input frequencies up to 100 MHz and 90 dB up to 300 MHz input frequency. At 250 MS/s, the SFDR is greater than 95 dB up to 100MHz and 85 dB up to 300 MHz.
Adaptation of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity. Expression nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. (1987)

An increase in mitochondrial biogenesis in mammalian cells requires a coordinated increase in the expression of a number of nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins. To examine the regulatory mechanisms involved, we used specific anti-sense RNA probes to estimate the cellular concentrations of mRNA transcripts of two such nuclear genes in rabbit tibialis anterior muscles subjected in vivo to 10-21 days of indirect electrical stimulation. The unstimulated contralateral muscle in the same animals provided a base line for comparison. Change in expression of mitochondrial proteins was assessed in terms of the enzymatic capacity of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase, which increased 2.1-fold after 10 days and 5.5- and 4.1-fold, respectively, after 21 days of stimulation. As a proportion of total cellular RNA, messenger RNA encoding subunit beta of F1-ATPase increased 2.2-fold over control levels after 10 days and 2.3-fold after 21 days; mRNA encoding subunit VIC of cytochrome oxidase increased 1.3-fold and 1.9-fold over control levels after stimulation for 10 and 21 days, respectively. These changes were not attributable to nonspecific effects of stimulation on all mRNA transcripts, since aldolase A mRNA decreased to 26% of control levels after 21 days of stimulation. Furthermore, mRNA transcripts from these nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins did not increase to the same extent as mRNA transcripts of mitochondrial genes such as cytochrome b, which increased 5.9-fold after 21 days of stimulation. We conclude that the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis induced by electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle is supported by pretranslational regulation of expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. There are, however, indications that translational or post-translational regulatory events may also be involved.
Affinity Purification of Copper-Chelating Peptides from Sunflower Protein Hydrolysates (2007)

Copper-chelating peptides were purified from sunflower protein hydrolysates by affinity chromatography using immobilized copper. A variety of protein hydrolysates were obtained by incubation with the proteases Alcalase and Flavourzyme for different periods of time. Chelating activity was indirectly determined by measuring the inhibitory effect of hydrolysates on the oxidation of beta-carotene by copper. Copper-binding peptides purified from the two hydrolysates that inhibited oxidation by copper the most contained 25.4 and 42.0% histidine and inhibited beta-carotene oxidation 8 and 3 times more than the original hydrolysates, which had 2.4 and 2.6% histidine, respectively. Thus, histidine content is not the only factor involved in antioxidant activity, and probably other factors such as peptide size and amino acid sequence are also important. This work shows that affinity chromatography can be used for the purification of copper-chelating peptides and probably other metals of nutritional interest such as calcium, iron, and zinc. In addition to their antioxidant potential, chelating peptides are of nutritional interest because they increase bioavailability of minerals.
Glass transition temperature: Basics and application in pharmaceutical sector (2009)

Glass transition temperature (Tg) is an important tool used to modify physical properties of drug and polymer molecules. g is shown by certain crystalline as well as amorphous solids. During the process of heating, some solid gets melted and if quench cooled, instead of crystallizing, gets converted to amorphous solid form appearing as that of glass. This glass formation is seen because of the dynamic arrest of molecules forming a disordered state at Tg. The molecules/atoms in glassy state are subject to only vibration and not translational and rotational motion. Mainly, at Tg, conversion of glassy (vitrified, amorphous) solid to rubbery (viscous liquid) takes place. Numerous factors like structural change in molecules, cooling rate and incorporation of additives alter the Tg. Techniques like differential scanning calorimetry, elastic modulus, broad-line NMR are used to measure the Tg of substances. The change in Tg has been carried out to improve dissolution and bioavailability, processing and handling qualities of the material.
Pain measurement: Construct validity of the affective dimension of the McGill Pain Questionnaire with chronic benign pain patients (1981)

The research reported here used a population of chronic benign pain patients and examined the relationship between scores in the affective dimension of the McGill Pain Questionnaire and independent measures of affect and infirmity The data indicated that patients who reported high affective dimensional scores were significantly more depressed and anxious and somatized more than patients who reported low effective scores. Similarly, these high affective patients reported significantly greater perceived infirmity secondary to their pain. These results suggest that the affective dimension score of the McGill Pain Questionnaire can serve as a useful index of the overall affective status of pain patients and given this interpretation the dimension has good construct validity.
Differences in Pressure Stability of the Three Components of Cowpea Mosaic Virus: Implications for Virus Assembly and Disassembly (1994)

A comparison of pressure stability of empty capsids and ribonucleoprotein particles of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is presented. A combination of high pressure and subdenaturing concentrations of urea was utilized to promote dissociation and denaturation. We found that RNA plays an important role in stabilizing the particles as well as in conferring reversibility to the pressure-induced denaturation. Dissociation and denaturation of the top component (empty capsid) was observed at 2.5 kbar and in the presence of 2.5 M urea. The pressure-dissociated state of the capsid protein had the characteristics of a denatured conformation as suggested by fluorescence spectra, lifetime of tryptophans, and binding of bis-ANS. The properties of the dissociated capsid protein were more similar to those of a molten-globule conformation, different from the more drastically unfolded state obtained using high concentrations of urea. Whereas the fluorescence of bis-ANS increased for the pressure-dissociated protein (1.5 M urea and 2.5 kbar), it decreased for the virus denatured by 6.0 M urea. Middle and bottom components underwent less than 50% change in center of spectral mass at 2.5 kbar and 2.5 M urea. The particles containing RNA could be fully affected by pressures of 2.5 kbar--as measured by the spectral shift--only in the presence of 5.0 M urea. RNA-containing capsids denatured by pressure did not bind bis-ANS, suggesting that the capsid protein continues to be bound to the RNA after the protein-protein contacts are broken by pressure. Reassembly of the nucleoprotein particles was obtained after decompression, reinforcing the idea that proteins had not dissociated from RNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Integrated Mathematical Model of Pulverised Coal Combustion in a Blast Furnance. (1997)

The shortage of coke production due to the closure of coke ovens has led in Japan and other industrialised countries to increasing the injection of auxiliary fuels, e.g. pulverised coal (PC) into blast furnace tuyeres. The PC injection at high rates of more than 200 kg/t requires high burnout within the raceway zone. In order to analyse flow and combustion in the raceway and to assist improvement of burner design, a two-dimensional mathematical model of PC combustion has been developed with simulating both the blowpipe and raceway. Effects of a packed bed on the turbulent features of gas and particulate flow were introduced to the model along with all other pertinent phenomena such as heterogeneous reactions of coke and char particles. Validation work against measurements in two industrial blast furnaces indicated that the model has worked satisfactorily for simulation with and without PC injection. Various measures for burnout improvements were explored under an injection rate of 200 kg/tHM. Notable improvements were observed by oxygen enrichment to the secondary air and enlargement of the outer diameter of the injection burner.
Allo-limbal transplantation in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency (1999)

Allo-limbal transplantation, with systemic immunosuppression with FK-506 is useful in reconstruction of the ocular surface with improvement in vision in patients with severe stem cell deficiency.
Protein kinase Cδ-mediated proteasomal degradation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 contributes to glutamate-induced neuronal cell death (2006)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a dual-specificity phosphatase that is involved in the regulation of cell survival, differentiation and apoptosis through inactivating MAPKs by dephosphorylation. Here, we provide evidence for a role of MKP-1 in the glutamate-induced cell death of HT22 hippocampal cells and primary mouse cortical neurons. We suggest that, during glutamate-induced oxidative stress, protein kinase C (PKC) delta becomes activated and induces sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) through a mechanism that involves degradation of MKP-1. Glutamate-induced activation of ERK1/2 was blocked by inhibition of PKCdelta, confirming that ERK1/2 is regulated by PKCdelta. Prolonged exposure to glutamate caused reduction in the protein level of MKP-1, which correlated with the sustained activation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous MKP-1 by small interfering (si)RNA resulted in pronounced enhancement of ERK1/2 phosphorylation accompanied by increased cytotoxicity under glutamate exposure. In glutamate-treated cells, MKP-1 was polyubiquitylated and proteasome inhibitors markedly blocked the degradation of MKP-1. Moreover, inhibition of glutamate-induced PKCdelta activation suppressed the downregulation and ubiquitylation of MKP-1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that activation of PKCdelta triggers degradation of MKP-1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby contributing to persistent activation of ERK1/2 under glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity.