gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectral-domain OCT with dual illumination and interlaced detection for simultaneous anterior segment and retina imaging (2012)

We present Fourier-domain/spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (FD/SD-OCT) using a single spectrometer with dual illumination and interlaced detection at 830 nm, which can provide anterior segment and retinal tomograms simultaneously. Two orthogonal polarization components were used so that both parallel and focused beams could simultaneously be made incident on the eye. This configuration with a polarization-separated sample arm enables us to acquire images from the anterior segment and retina effectively with minimum loss of sample information. In the detector arm, a single spectrometer is illuminated via an ultrafast optical switch for interlaced detection. A graphical user interface (GUI) was built to control the optical switch for imaging the anterior segment and retina either simultaneously or individually. In addition, we implemented an off-pivot complex conjugate removal technique to double the imaging depth for anterior segment imaging. The axial resolution of our FD/SD-OCT system was measured to be ~6.7 μm in air, which corresponds to 4.9 μm in tissue (n = 1.35). The sensitivity was approximately 90 dB for both anterior segment and retina imaging when the acquisition speed was 35,000 A-scans per second and the depth position was near 120 μm from the zero-depth location. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of our system for simultaneous in vivo imaging of both the anterior segment and retina of a healthy human volunteer.
Molecular Characterization of a Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Related to a Putative Cysteine Proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni (1993)

Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Yuka Takeuchi, Mikio Nishimura, Molecular Characterization of a Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Related to a Putative Cysteine Proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni, The Plant Cell, Vol. 5, No. 11 (Nov., 1993), pp. 1651-1659
Genetic recombination after cell fusion of protoplasts from the facultative alkaliphile Bacillus sp. C-125 (1994)

Protoplasts were prepared from two auxotrophic and antibiotic-resistant strains (Met-Nalrand Thr-Strr, respectively) of the facultative alkaliphile Bacillussp. C-125 by treatment with lysozyme. The protoplasts fused effectively in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Fusants obtained between two parental protoplasts were regenerated on solid medium containing the two antibiotics, nalidixic acid (Nal) and streptomycin (Str). Parental protoplasts were regenerated at high frequency (43-97%) on non-selective medium but not on selective medium. The NalrStrrfusants had the form of bacilli. Met and Thr markers segregated among the fusants with a predominantly Met+Thr+phenotype. The exfusants seemed to restore the parental ploidy.
Stimulation of the proliferation of the madin‐darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell line by high‐density lipoproteins and their induction of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity (1983)

MDCK Cells seeded on extracellular matrix- (ECM) coated dishes and exposed to medium supplemented with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs, 750 micrograms protein/ml) and transferrin (10 micrograms/ml) have a proliferative rate, final cell density, and morphological appearance similar to those of cells grown in serum-supplemented medium. The mitogenic stimulus provided by HDLs is not limited by the initial cell density at which cultures are seeded, nor is it limited in time, since cells grown in medium supplemented with transferrin and HDLs grew to at least 50 generations. The presence of HDLs in the medium is required in order for cells to survive, since cells actively proliferating in the presence of medium supplemented with HDLs and transferrin begin to die within 2 days after being transferred to medium supplemented only with transferrin. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is mitogenic for MDCK cells when present at low concentrations (from 2.5 to 100 micrograms protein/ml). Above 100 micrograms protein/ml, LDL is cytotoxic and therefore cannot support cell proliferation at an optimal rate. The mitogenic effect of HDLs is also observed when cells are maintained on fibronectin-coated dishes. However, the proliferative rate of the cells is suboptimal and cultures cannot be passaged on this substrate indefinitely, as they can be on ECM-coated dishes. A close association between the ability of HDLs to support cell proliferation and their ability to induce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase is observed. HMG CoA reductase activity is 18 times higher (70 pmoles/min/10(6) cells) in proliferating cells than in confluent, nondividing cells (4 pmoles/min/10(6) cells). The HMG Coa reductase activity of sparse cells is more sensitive to induction by HDLs (eight-fold higher than control cells) than is the enzyme activity of confluent cells (two-fold higher than control levels). The dose-response relationship between the abilities of HDLs to support proliferation and to induce HMG CoA reductase activity are similar. The time course of the stimulation of proliferation and the increase in enzyme activity of sparse, quiescent cells after exposure to HDLs are parallel. The HMG CoA reductase activity of sparse MDCK cells is induced six-fold by exposure to compactin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. This induction of HMG CoA reductase is prevented by mevalonic acid, not affected by LDL, and synergistically enhanced by simultaneous exposure to HDLs. HDLs effect a rescue from the cytotoxic effect of compactin, whereas LDL does not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Copper‐ and phosphine‐free Sonogashira coupling reaction catalyzed by silica–(acac)‐supported palladium nanoparticles in water (2014)

A palladium‐based catalyst supported on acac‐functionalized silica was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction of various aryl halides and phenylacetylene under copper‐ and phosphine‐free conditions. This catalytic system serves as an efficient and stable catalyst for this cross‐coupling reaction and allows easy separation and recycling of the catalyst. The catalyst could be recycled for five runs without appreciable loss of its catalytic activity. In addition, the reaction was carried out in water as a green solvent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel hot data identification mechanism for NAND flash memory (2015)

Hot data identification plays a very important role in NAND flash memory because it can improve the efficiency of garbage collection and decrease the degree of wear leveling. Existing hot data identification mechanisms have drawbacks in terms of their memory-space overhead and the true identification of hot data. To address these problems, this paper proposes a novel hot data identification mechanism. This mechanism mainly consists of kernel density estimation and a hot degree function. The kernel density estimation is used to build the kernel density function of the read and write operations by monitoring them in the NAND flash memory. That is, the kernel density function can be used for preliminary estimation of the probability distribution of the hot and cold data in NAND flash memory. After preliminary estimation of the kernel density function, the hot degree function is introduced to accurately identify the hot data in the NAND flash memory. Experimental results show that the proposed mechanism performs better than existing hot data identification mechanisms in terms of the false identification ratio between hot data and memory-space overheads.
SNOW AND ICE CONTROL--LIABILITY OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS--PART I (1990)

Presented are some cases in which state or local governments were found liable for accidents or fatalities which occurred during icy conditions. These cases were taken from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's (NCHRP) Legal Research Digest containing a report entitled Supplement to Liability of State and Local Governments for Snow and Ice Control. In some of these cases, the mere presence of warning signs or compliance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices was deemed insufficient by the courts.
<i>Cordyceps sinensis</i> as an Immunomodulatory Agent (1996)

Effects of various fractions of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps sinensis on the lymphoproliferative response, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production on human mononuclear cells (HMNC) were studied. Two of the 15 column fractions (CS-36-39 and CS-48-51) significantly inhibited the blastogenesis response (IC50 = 71.0 +/- 3.0 and 21.7 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml, respectively), NK cell activity (IC50 = 25.0 +/- 2.5 and 12.9 +/- 5.8 micrograms/ml, respectively) and IL-2 production of HMNC stimulated by PHA (IC50 = 9.6 +/- 2.3 and 5.5 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml, respectively). TNF-alpha production in HMNC cultures was also blocked by CS-36-39 and CS-48-51 (IC50 = 2.7 +/- 1.0 and 12.5 +/- 3.8 micrograms/ml, respectively). These results indicated that neither CS-36-39 nor CS-48-51 was cytotoxic on HMNC, and that immunosuppressive ingredients are contained in Cordyceps sinensis.
Complex Daubechies wavelet based affine invariant representation for object recognition (2002)

An algorithm based on the dyadic wavelet transform and complex Daubechies wavelets to recognise a planar object undergoing a general affine transformation is presented. The affine transformation most appropriately represents shape distortions arising from observing an object by a camera under arbitrary orientations. The proposed algorithm includes two steps: constructing the representation and the matching process. Experimental results show that the representation is robust and combined with the matching algorithm, it efficiently classifies unknown objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Installation Effects of a Propeller Over a Wing with Internally Blown Flap (2012)

Aiming at maximum climb performance, the lift-to-drag ratio and the installed thrust of a STOL transport aircraft can be enhanced through a synergistic propeller integration. ReynoldsAveraged-Navier-Stokes simulations have been conducted on a generic geometry to quantify the aerodynamic interactions between the propulsion system and a wing with blown flaps. At takeo , a conventional tractor configuration shows a distinct thrust vectoring e ect inducing large lift and drag increments. By relocating the propeller at midchord above the wing, the lift over drag ratio and the installed e ciency are considerably improved while losing half of the lift augmentation. Compared to a simple over-the-wing installation, a channel wing design with a partially embedded propeller has the advantage that the thrust vector is closer to the center of gravity resulting in a smaller pitching moment due to thrust. An issue of over-the-wing propellers is the inhomogeneous inflow to the propeller which leads to cyclic variations in blade load and reduced net thrust.
Upregulation of HMG1 Leads to Melanoma Inhibitory Activity Expression in Malignant Melanoma Cells and Contributes to Their Malignancy Phenotype (2003)

Malignant transformation of melanocytes to melanoma cells closely parallels activation of melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) expression. We have previously shown that upregulation of MIA occurs on a transcriptional level and involves the highly conserved region (HCR) promoter element. We further observed that the HCR element interacts with the melanoma-associated transcription factor (MATF) and thereby confers strong promoter activation. In this study we identify the peptide sequence of MATF and show that it is identical with the transcription factor HMG1. HMG1 was upregulated in malignant melanoma cells and further activated by hypophosphorylation. Stable antisense-HMG1 expression in melanoma cells led to the reduction of MIA promoter activity and protein expression, indicating that HMG1 is a potent regulator of MIA expression. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift experiments indicated that HMG1 and the NF-kappa B family member p65 both interact and bind to the HCR promoter element. In summary, our study proves HMG1 and p65 to be important factors in MIA regulation and melanoma progression.
Hysteresis phenomena in polyvinylidene fluoride under high electric field (1980)

Dielectric and piezoelectric responses caused by a high electric field and a 10-Hz small strain have been simultaneously measured for stretched polyvinylidene fluoride using a minicomputer system. The electric field was applied up to 240 MV/m in a sinusoidal or triangular wave form in the frequency range 10−4–10−2 Hz at temperatures between −100 and 100 °C. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops were observed even below the glass-transition temperature of −60 °C. At 20 °C the 120-MV/m electric field gave the remanent polarization Pr of 50 mC/m2 which resulted in the piezoelectric activities e31 and e32 of 70 and 7.5 mC/m2, respectively. The origin of Pr was confirmed to be the molecular dipole orientation because the value of Pr was independent of the frequency of applied field. The coercive field Ec significantly decreased with increasing temperature from 180 MV/m (−100 °C) to 25 MV/m (100 °C), while Pr showed only a slight temperature dependence.
Self‐cycling fermentation in a stirred tank reactor (1993)

Self-cycling fermentations (SCFs) were conducted in a stirred tank apparatus using Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The systems were very stable and the experiments lasted through many cycles. The variation of parameters such as biomass and doubling time from cycle to cycle was small. The stirred tank reactor (STR) allowed a much better control of the working volume in the fermentor from cycle to cycle, compared to the cyclone column, and it was not necessary to make periodic corrections.The production of surfactin from B. subtilis was achieved without extending the cycle time. The harvested broth at the end of each cycle was allowed to remain in a secondary vessel, at ambient temperature, before being collected. It is exhaustion of the limiting nutrient which causes an increase in dissolved oxygen (DO). At this point, the computer, which constantly monitors the DO, triggered the harvesting sequence to end the cycle. Thus, the mature culture in the secondary vessel experienced appropriate conditions for the production of the secondary metabolite. Meanwhile, the next batch of cells was being grown in the primary reactor.The response of a gas analyzer on the effluent paralleled that of the DO measurements in the fermentor. These data for oxygen and carbon dioxide exhibited less noise than the DO readings. Either would be a more reliable parameter for feedback control of the SCF because the problem of fouling of the DO probe after extended runs of many cycles would be eliminated.
[Determination of calceolarioside B in Caulis Akebiae by RP-HPLC]. (2007)

The method is simple and repeatable and could be used for the quality control of Caulis Akebiae.
Cleaning of step-and-flash imprint masks with damage-free nonacid technology (2010)

Step-and-flash imprint lithography (S-FIL®) is a promising lithography strategy for semiconductor manufacturing at device nodes below 32 nm. The S-FIL 1:1 pattern transfer technology utilizes a field-by-field ink jet dispense of a low-viscosity liquid resist to fill the relief pattern of the device layer etched into the glass mask. Compared to other sub-40-nm critical dimension (CD) lithography methods, the resulting high resolution, high throughput through clustering, 3-D patterning capability, low process complexity, and low cost of ownership of S-FIL makes it a widely accepted technology for patterned media as well as a promising mainstream option for future CMOS applications. Preservation of mask cleanliness is essential to avoid the risk of repeated printing of defects. The development of mask cleaning processes capable of removing particles adhered to the mask surface without damaging the mask is critical to meet high-volume manufacturing requirements. We present various methods of residual (cross-linked) resist removal and final imprint mask cleaning. Conventional and nonconventional (acid-free) methods of particle removal are compared and the effect of mask cleaning on pattern damage and CD integrity is also studied.
Effect of Fiber Drawing Tension on Optical and Mechanical Properties of Optical Fiber Waveguides (1983)

Based on experimental results, the effects of fiber drawing tension on both optical and mechanical properties of optical fibers are discussed. Lower drawing tensions (i.e. > 0.05 N (5 g)) were found to be desirable for fabricating uniform high‐strength fibers, whereas higher drawing tensions (i.e. > 0.5 N (50 g)) were better for low‐loss fibers having a large silica core.
A Clathrin Independent Macropinocytosis-Like Entry Mechanism Used by Bluetongue Virus-1 during Infection of BHK Cells (2010)

Acid dependent infection of Hela and Vero cells by BTV-10 occurs from within early-endosomes following virus uptake by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Forzan et al., 2007: J Virol 81: 4819-4827). Here we report that BTV-1 infection of BHK cells is also dependent on a low endosomal pH; however, virus entry and infection were not inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of Eps15, AP180 or the 'aa' splice variant of dynamin-2, which were shown to inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, infection was not inhibited by depletion of cellular cholesterol, which suggests that virus entry is not mediated by a lipid-raft dependent process such as caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Although virus entry and infection were not inhibited by the dominant-negative dynamin-2 mutant, entry was inhibited by the general dynamin inhibitor, dynasore, indicating that virus entry is dynamin dependent. During entry, BTV-1 co-localised with LAMP-1 but not with transferrin, suggesting that virus is delivered to late-endosomal compartments without first passing through early-endosomes. BTV-1 entry and infection were inhibited by EIPA and cytochalasin-D, known macropinocytosis inhibitors, and during entry virus co-localised with dextran, a known marker for macropinocytosis/fluid-phase uptake. Our results extend earlier observations with BTV-10, and show that BTV-1 can infect BHK cells via an entry mechanism that is clathrin and cholesterol-independent, but requires dynamin, and shares certain characteristics in common with macropinocytosis.
A neural network mapper for stochastic code book parameter encoding in code-excited linear predictive speech processing (2002)

The authors present a novel method of stochastic code book (SCB) searching for code excited linear predictive (CELP) coding by implementing the counterpropagation neural network model. The high performance of CELP is achieved at the expense of very high computational power required to find the SCB parameters. The counterpropagation neural network model is used to replace the exhaustive serial searching process by an open-loop, less computationally demanding code book parameters encoding. A scheme to embed the neural network model into the original CELP coding is presented. The scheme is equivalent to a standard CELP with a 512 word SCB. The system performance is analyzed and compared with the present closed-loop parameter searching method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spinal afferents to functionally distinct periaqueductal gray columns in the rat: An anterograde and retrograde tracing study (1997)

The segmental and laminar organization of spinal projections to the functionally distinct ventrolateral (vlPAG) and lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) columns was examined by using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. It was found 1) that spinal input to both vlPAG and lPAG columns arose predominantly from neurons in the upper cervical (C1-4) and sacral spinal cord; 2) that there was a topographical separation of vl-PAG projecting and lPAG-projecting neurons within the upper cervical spinal cord; but 3) that below spinal segment C4, vlPAG-projecting and lPAG-projecting spinal neurons were similarly distributed, predominantly within contralateral lamina I, the nucleus of the dorsolateral fasciculus (the lateral spinal nucleus) and the lateral (reticular) part of lamina V. Consistent with the retrograde results, the greatest density of anterograde label, within both the vlPAG and lPAG, was found after tracer injections made either in the superficial or deep dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord. Tracer injections made within the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord revealed that the vlPAG column received a convergent input from both the superficial and deep dorsal horn. However, thoraco-lumbar input to the lPAG was found to arise uniquely from the superficial dorsal horn; whereas the deep dorsal horn was found to innervate the "juxta-aqueductal" PAG region rather than projecting to the lPAG. These findings suggest that similar to spino-parabrachial projections, spinal projections to the lPAG (and juxta-aqueductal PAG) are topographically organised, with distinct subgroups of spinal neurons projecting to specific lPAG or juxta-aqueductal PAG subregions. In contrast, the vlPAG receives a convergent spinal input which arises from the superficial and deep dorsal horn of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal segments.
Yield modeling of 3D integrated wafer scale assemblies (2010)

3D Integration approaches exist for wafer-to-wafer, die-to-wafer, and die-to-die assembly, each with distinct merits. Creation of "seamless" wafer scale focal plane arrays on the order of 6-8” in diameter drives very demanding yield requirements and understanding. This work established a Monte Carlo model of our exploratory architecture in order to assess the trades of the various assembly methods. The model results suggested an optimum die size, number of die stacks per assembly, number of layers per stack, and quantified the value of sorting for optimizing the assembly process.
Biohydrogenation of Sterols by <i>Eubacterium</i> ATCC 21,408—<i>Nova</i> Species (1973)

Biohydrogenation of Δ 5 ‐steroids was studied in vitro by incubating various steroids with a pure culture of Eubacterium 21,408 in a brain‐thioglycollate medium under anaerobic conditions. Eubacterium 21,408, a strictly anaerobic bacterium, was isolated from rat cecal contents. It differed from any previously described Eubacterium species by its requirements for a Δ 5 ‐3β‐hydroxy steroid. Eubacterium 21,408 reduced the 5,6‐double bond of cholesterol, campesterol, β‐sitosterol and stigmasterol, exclusively yielding the corresponding 5β‐saturated derivatives. Similarly, the 4,5‐double bond of allocholesterol was reduced to yield coprostanol. Neither the 7,8‐double bond in 7‐dehydrocholesterol or in lathosterol, nor the 22,23‐double bond in the side chain of stigmasterol were reduced. In the absence of a 3‐hydroxyl function ( e.g. in cholest‐5‐ene), when the 3‐hydroxyl function was in the 3α‐position ( e.g. in epicholesterol) or was substituted ( e.g. in 3β‐chloro‐cholest‐5‐ene and in cholesteryl esters), no saturation of the 5,6‐double bond was observed. When incubated with Eubacterium 21,408, the carbonyl group of 4‐cholesten‐3‐one, was reduced to the corresponding 3β‐hydroxyl group along with saturation of the 4,5‐double bond. The bacterium also reduced the 3‐oxo group of cholestanone and coprostanone to a 3β‐hydroxyl group.