gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonrecursive digital filtering using cascade fast Fourier transformers (1970)

The organization of a special-purpose digital processor for performing nonrecursive digital filtering is described. The processor uses two complementary cascade fast Fourier transformers. Each transformer can simultaneously transform two independent data blocks of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> words using <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\log_{2} N</tex> arithmetic units and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3/2 N</tex> complex words of digital storage. Continuous filtering is achieved by sectioning the input signal, performing a fast transform on each section, multiplying by the frequency characteristics of the desired filter, and inverse transforming. The cascade organization of the processor allows processing at very high speeds. Word rates in excess of 3 MHz are possible with currently available hardware.
Improving on PPI-based therapy of GORD. (2001)

Blockade of the gastric acid pump, hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+,K+-ATPase), by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is one of the most effective treatments for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). In ideal terms, however, the inhibition of acid secretion should occur rapidly, on the first dose, and remain virtually complete in a dose-dependent manner. Several aspects of PPI biochemistry prevent the achievement of this ideal. PPIs target the final step of acid secretion and, due to the covalent nature of their inhibition of H+,K+-ATPase, cause suppression of acid secretion long after the drug has been eliminated. Their disadvantages stem from their mechanism of action: they require accumulation and activation in active parietal cells and have short plasma half-lives, hence a relatively slow onset of action. An extension of PPI plasma half-lives is an obvious goal, possibly via exploitation of probable differences in the metabolism of the two enantiomers (structural mirror images) present in current PPI formulations: e.g., clinical data on the S-enantiomer of omeprazole (esomeprazole) suggest some improvement in acid control. An alternative is to generate a pro-drug of a PPI; plasma levels of the PPI would thus depend on release of the active metabolite from the pro-drug, again extending drug half-life. Another area of active investigation is the development of acid-pump antagonists to inhibit acid secretion at its final step.
The Power Loss Optimization of a Current Fed ZVS Two-Inductor Boost Converter With a Resonant Transition Gate Drive (2006)

This paper develops a power loss optimization method in a current fed zero-voltage switching (ZVS) two-inductor boost converter, which is suitable for the module integrated converter applications in grid interactive photovoltaic systems. The paper conducts the numerical analysis of the variable power loss components and establishes a set of the circuit parameters for an optimized operating point with a minimized average power loss. The ZVS two-inductor boost cell is fed from a sinusoidally modulated two-phase synchronous buck converter with an interphase transformer and produces a rectified sinusoidal voltage, which can be applied to an unfolding stage to generate the grid compatible voltage. The boost cell is also equipped with a resonant transition gate drive circuit to reduce the power loss in the drive circuit under high frequency operations. The experimental results for a prototype 1-MHz 100-W ZVS two-inductor boost converter are presented at the end of the paper
Geometrical constraints on the evolution of ridged sea ice (2004)

A numerical model of the evolving draft distribution of seasonal pack ice is driven by freezing and ice field compression in one dimension. Spatial transects of sea ice draft acquired during winter in the Beaufort Sea are used to evaluate the model. Histograms obtained by ice‐profiling sonar on subsea moorings reveal changes in the draft distribution, while observations of ice velocity by Doppler sonar allow calculation of the strain to which the draft distribution is responding. Numerical diffusion in thermal ice growth is controlled using a remapping algorithm. Mechanical redistribution algorithms in common use generate much more deep ridged ice than is observed. Geometric constraints on ridge‐keel development that reflect the finite extent of level floes available for ridge building and the true average shape of keels produce more realistic results. In the seasonal pack ice of the Beaufort Sea, 75% of all floes are too small to provide a volume of ice sufficient to construct a keel of draft equal to that commonly assumed in ice dynamics modeling. On average, the distribution of draft within keels has a negative exponential form, implying a cusped keel shape with more area on the thinner flanks than at the crest; models commonly assume a uniform redistribution of ice into a keel of triangular shape. Clearly, the spatial organization of ice within seasonal pack or, equivalently, the existence of ridges and floes should be an acknowledged factor in redistribution theory for pack ice thickness.
A PATHWAY FOR NUTRIENTS FROM THE MEDULLARY CAVITY TO THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF THE HUMAN FEMORAL HEAD (1969)

1. The routes by which adult human articular cartilage can receive its nutrition is still a subject of controversy. 2. Microscopic examination of normal adult human femoral heads has revealed vascular channels which penetrate the subchondral plate and calcified cartilage. These channels bring the medullary soft tissue into contact with the articular cartilage. 3. A fluorescent dye migration technique was used to show that the observed vascular channels are pathways for dye from the medullary cavity to the articular cartilage. It is suggested that these pathways could also be routes by which articular cartilage receives part of its nutrition. 4. The nutritional mechanism in the mature rabbit and adult human femoral heads cannot be compared because histological studies revealed differences in their subchondral structures.
Polymerase engineering: from PCR and sequencing to synthetic biology (2012)

Book synopsis: This introduction collects 17 innovative approaches to engineer novel and improved proteins for diverse applications in biotechnology, chemistry, bioanalytics and medicine. As such, key developments covered in this reference and handbook include de novo enzyme design, cofactor design and metalloenzymes, extremophile proteins, and chemically resistant proteins for industrial processes. The editors integrate academic innovations and industrial applications so as to arrive at a balanced view of this multi-faceted topic.\n\nThroughout, the content is chosen to complement and extend the previously published two-volume handbook by the same editors, resulting in a superb overview of this burgeoning field.
Inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Promotes Axonal Growth and Recovery in the CNS (2008)

Axonal regeneration is minimal after CNS injuries in adult mammals and medical treatments to recover neurological deficits caused by axon disconnection are extremely limited. The failure of axonal elongation is principally attributed to the nonpermissive environment and reduced intrinsic growth capacity. In this report, we studied the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inactivation on neurite and axon growth from adult neurons via combined in vitro and in vivo approaches. We found that the major CNS inhibiting substrates including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans could inactivate protein kinase B (Akt) and activate GSK-3beta signals in neurons. GSK-3 inactivation with pharmacologic inhibitors enhances neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons derived from adult mice or cerebellar granule neurons from postnatal rodents cultured on CNS inhibitors. Application of GSK-3 inhibitors stimulates axon formation and elongation of mature neurons whether in presence or absence of inhibitory substrates. Systemic application of the GSK-3 inhibitor lithium to spinal cord-lesioned rats suppresses the activity of this kinase around lesion. Treatments with GSK-3 inhibitors including a clinical dose of lithium to rats with thoracic spinal cord transection or contusion injuries induce significant descending corticospinal and serotonergic axon sprouting in caudal spinal cord and promote locomotor functional recovery. Our studies suggest that GSK-3 signal is an important therapeutic target for promoting functional recovery of adult CNS injuries and that administration of GSK-3 inhibitors may facilitate the development of an effective treatment to white matter injuries including spinal cord trauma given the wide use of lithium in humans.
The Tubulin‐Bound Structure of the Antimitotic Drug Tubulysin (2010)

Aktiv wenn gebunden: Die Struktur des Titelsystems in Lösung wurde aus transferierten NOE-Daten bestimmt (siehe Bild; blau N, rot O, gelb S, grün C), und diese bioaktive Konformation wird mit der ungebundenen Konformation verglichen. Interligand-NOEs, wie sie zwischen Epothilon A und Tubulysin A in Gegenwart von Tubulin beobachtet werden, geben Aufschluss über die Bindungsstelle am Tubulin.
Cytotoxic Cardenolides from Woods of Euonymus alata. (1996)

Three cytotoxic cardenolides, acovenosigenin A 3-O-alpha-L-ramnopyranoside (1), euonymoside A (2) and euonymusoside A (3), were isolated from the woods of Euonymus alata (Celastraceae). The chemical structure of a new cardenolide, euonymusoside A (3) has been elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analysis and enzymic hydrolysis to be acovenosigenin A (1 beta, 3 beta, 14 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cardenolide) 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside. All three showed potent cytotoxic activity against some neoplastic cell lines.
Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Lignin-Derived Sulphonates by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (1996)

ABSTRACT A fast and simple analytical procedure, based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), for separation of underivatized low molecular weight lignin-derived sulphonates has been developed. Optimal CZE-operatipn conditions for the separation and detection of several lignin-derived sulphonic acids was found when using a low pH (pH 1.7) phosphate buffer system, an applied voltage of 20 kV and UV-detection at the anode-side. At these conditions the electroosmotic flow is negligible and the analytes are transported through the capillary column by electromigration. The sulphonation and subsequent degradation of the lignin-model compound 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-O-(2-methoxyphenyl)-glycerol has been studied by CZE-analysis of aliquots taken from a sulphite reaction mixture No sample pretreatment was needed before analyzing the sulphite reaction mixture with CZE. The method has also been found to be useful for detection of sulphonic acids in samples from sulphite cooking. Crude extracts of a sulphite cooking liquor could be directly analysed by using the technique developed. Based on migration time data and comparison with an authentic sample, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-meth6xyphenyl)-prop-2-ene-1-sulphonate was identified as one of the sulphonic acids present in the sulphite cooking liquor.
A Self-Sensing Approach for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Based on Online Estimation Algorithms (2016)

This paper develops a position self-sensing approach for a motion actuator based on a dielectric elastomer membrane. The proposed method uses voltage and current measurements to estimate the electrical resistance and capacitance online by means of a high-frequency low-amplitude voltage component injected in the actuation signal. The actual deformation is subsequently reconstructed using a model-based estimate of the electrical parameters implemented on a field programmable gate array platform (FPGA) with a sampling frequency of 20 kHz. The main peculiarity of the approach is the use of recursive identification and filtering algorithms that avoid the need of charge measurements. The self-sensing algorithm is extensively validated on a precision linear-motion actuator, which uses a nonlinear biasing system to obtain large actuation strokes.
Thickness Optimization of Drilling Fluid Filter Cakes for Cement Slurry Filtrate Control and Long-Term Zonal Isolation (1995)

Abstract In this paper, the long-term isolation characteristics of two typical filter-cake systems in a gas or water environment are investigated. The test models were designed to measure the sealing capability of a premium cement and filter-cake system used to prevent hydraulic communication at a permeable-nonpermeable boundary. The test models represented the area of a sand-stone/shale layer in an actual well. In a real well, sandstone is a water- or gas-bearing formation, and sealing the annulus at the shale formation would prevent hydraulic communication to an upper productive zone. To simulate these conditions, the test models remained in a gas or water environment at either 80° or 150°F for periods of 3, 4, 30, and 90 days before the hydraulic isolation measurements were conducted. Models without filter cake, consisting of 100% cement, were tested for zonal isolation with the filter-cake models to provide reference points. Results show that at 80°F, all filter cakes tested provided adequate zonal isolation up to 90 days. However, at 150°F, the reduction in filter-cake thickness prevented communication at higher pressures, The two highest pressures recorded occurred when no filter cake was on a water-saturated core. The next three highest pressures were measured with no filter cake on a gas-saturated core. These results show how critical filter-cake removal is to the long-term sealing of the cemented annulus. Results indicate that complete removal of the filter cake provides the greatest resistance to fluid communication in most of the cases studied.
Prevalence of Detectable C-Peptide According to Age at Diagnosis and Duration of Type 1 Diabetes (2014)

The American Diabetes Association's definition of type 1 diabetes as "usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency" results in clinicians often considering the presence of residual insulin secretion as unexpected in this population. However, our data suggest that residual secretion is present in almost one out of three individuals 3 or more years from type 1 diabetes diagnosis. The frequency of residual C-peptide decreases with time from diagnosis regardless of age at diagnosis, yet at all durations of disease, diagnosis during adulthood is associated with greater frequency and higher values of C-peptide.
Comparative Quantitation of Aberrant Glycoforms by Lectin-Based Glycoprotein Enrichment Coupled with Multiple-Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Lectin enrichment-coupled multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry was employed to quantitatively monitor the variation of aberrant glycoforms produced under pathological states. For this, aberrant glycoforms of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) and protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPkappa), previously known target proteins for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V), were enriched by phytohemagglutinin-L(4) (L-PHA) lectin and comparatively analyzed in the conditioned medium of the WiDr colon cancer cell line and its GnT-V-overexpressing transfectant cells. Enriched glycoforms were digested, and the resultant peptides were comparatively quantified by MRM analysis. MRM quantitation data for the L-PHA-enriched samples revealed that the abundance of aberrant glycoforms of TIMP1 and PTPkappa was greatly increased (11.7- and 16.5-fold, respectively) in GnT-V-treated cells compared to the control cells, although the abundance of total TIMP1 and PTPkappa in GnT-V-treated cells was slightly different (1.1- and 0.5-fold, respectively) for unenriched samples compared to that in control cells. The dramatic variation in abundance of the aberrant glycoforms due to overexpressed GnT-V was confirmed quantitatively by comparative MRM analysis of lectin-enriched samples. This method is capable of comparatively quantitating the abundance of a protein of interest and its aberrant glycoform and will be useful for studying pathological mechanisms of cancer or verifying biomarker candidates.
Structure and Evolution of Linalool Synthase (1998)

Plant terpene synthases constitute a group of evolutionarily related enzymes. Within this group, however, enzymes that employ two different catalytic mechanisms, and their associated unique domains, are known. We investigated the structure of the gene encoding linalool synthase (LIS), an enzyme that uses geranyl pyrophosphate as a substrate and catalyzes the formation of linalool, an acyclic monoterpene found in the floral scents of many plants. Although LIS employs one catalytic mechanism (exemplified by limonene synthase [LMS]), it has sequence motifs indicative of both LMS-type synthases and the terpene synthases employing a different mechanism (exemplified by copalyl diphosphate synthase [CPS]). Here, we report that LIS genes analyzed from several species encode proteins that have overall 40%-96% identity to each other and have 11 introns in identical positions. Only the region encoding roughly the last half of the LIS gene (exons 9-12) has a gene structure similar to that of the LMS-type genes. On the other hand, in the first part of the LIS gene (exons 1-8), LIS gene structure is essentially identical to that found in the first half of the gene encoding CPS. In addition, the level of similarity in the coding information of this region between the LIS and CPS genes is also significant, whereas the second half of the LIS protein is most similar to LMS-type synthases. Thus, LIS appears to be a composite gene which might have evolved from a recombination event between two different types of terpene synthases. The combined evolutionary mechanisms of duplication followed by divergence and/or "domain swapping" may explain the extraordinarily large diversity of proteins found in the plant terpene synthase family.
Polymers and the p-block elements (2015)

A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
Phase-Locked High-Order Harmonic Sources (1997)

We demonstrate that two harmonic sources generated independently in a xenon gas jet using the same picosecond Nd:YAG laser are locked in phase. The experiment is performed by separating a laser beam into two parallel beams focused at different locations under the nozzle of a gas jet, and therefore producing two independent sources of harmonic radiation, and studying the pattern obtained in the far field when the radiations from these sources interfere. A high and robust fringe visibility is obtained.
Support Vector Machines Framework for Predicting the PVT Properties of Crude-Oil Systems (2007)

Abstract PVT properties are very important in the reservoir engineering computations. There are many empirical approaches for predicting various PVT properties using regression models. Last decade, researchers utilized neural networks to develop more accurate PVT correlations. These achievements of neural networks open the door to both machine learning and data mining techniques to play a major role in both oil and gas industry. Unfortunately, the developed neural networks correlations have some limitations as they were originally developed for certain ranges of reservoir fluid characteristics and geographical area with similar fluid compositions. Accuracy of such correlations is often limited and global correlations are usually less accurate compared to local correlations. Recently, support vector machines have been proposed as a new intelligence framework for both prediction and classification based on both structure risk minimization criterion and soft margin hyperplane. This new framework dealt with kernel neuron functions instead of sigmoid-like ones, which allows projection to higher planes and solves more complex nonlinear problems. It has featured in a wide range of medical and business journals, often with promising results. The objective of this research is to assess the benefit of support vector machines as decision making tools in the field of oil and gas industry. To demonstrate the usefulness of the support vector machines technique in petroleum engineering area, we describe both the steps and the use of support vector machine modeling approach for predicting the PVT properties of crude oil systems. A comparative study will be carried out to compare their performance with the performance of the neural networks, nonlinear regression, and the empirical correlations algorithms. A preliminary results show that the performance of support vector machines will be accurate, reliable, and outperform most of the existing approaches. Future work can be achieved by using this new framework as a modeling approach for solving oil and gas industry problems, such as, permeability and porosity prediction, identify liquid-holdup flow regimes, and other reservoir characterization.
Localization of vasa protein to the <i>Drosophila</i> pole plasm is independent of its RNA-binding and helicase activities (1994)

The Drosophila gene vasa encodes a DEAD-box protein, which is localized during early oogenesis to the perinuclear region of the nurse cells and later to the pole plasm at the posterior end of the oocyte. Posterior localization of vasa protein depends upon the functions of four genes: capu, spir, osk and stau. We have found that localization of vasa to the perinuclear nuage is abolished in most vas alleles, but is unaffected by mutations in four genes required upstream for its pole plasm localization. Thus localization of vasa to the nuage particles is independent of the pole plasm assembly pathway. Furthermore, electron-dense nuage particles are less abundant in the cytoplasm of nurse cells from vas mutants that fail to exhibit perinuclear localization, suggesting that the formation of the nuage depends upon vas function. Eight of nine vas point mutations cause codon substitutions in a region conserved among DEAD-box genes. The proteins from two mutant alleles that retain the capacity to localize to the posterior pole of the oocyte, vasO14 and vasO11, are both severely reduced in RNA-binding and -unwinding activity as compared to the wild-type protein on a variety of RNA substrates including in vitro synthesized pole plasm RNAs. Initial recruitment of vasa to the pole plasm must consequently depend upon protein-protein interactions but, once localized, vasa must bind to RNA to mediate germ cell formation.