gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An analysis of developer metrics for fault prediction (2010)

Background: Software product metrics have been widely used as independent variables for constructing a fault prediction model. However, fault injection depends not only on characteristics of the products themselves, but also on characteristics of developers involved in the project. Aims: The goal of this paper is to study the effects of developer features on software reliability. Method: This paper proposes developer metrics such as the number of code churns made by each developer, the number of commitments made by each developer and the number of developers for each module. By using the eclipse project dataset, we experimentally analyzed the relationship between the number of faults and developer metrics. Second, the effective of developer metrics for performance improvements of fault prediction models were evaluated. Results: The result revealed that the modules touched by more developer contained more faults. Compared with conventional fault prediction models, developer metrics improved the prediction performance. Conclusions: We conclude that developer metrics are good predictor of faults and we must consider the human factors for improving the software reliability.
Chondrons from articular cartilage. (IV). Immunolocalization of proteoglycan epitopes in isolated canine tibial chondrons. (1991)

Chondrons have recently been extracted from adult articular cartilages and techniques developed to study their structure and composition in isolation. This study introduces methods to immobilize isolated canine chondrons in thin layers of agarose gel for immunohistochemistry and future in vitro studies. An antibody to Type VI collagen which stained the chondron in suspension was used to successfully validate the system and its feasibility for immunoelectron microscopy. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to a variety of epitopes on the proteoglycan molecule were tested on fresh and fixed plugs cored from chondron-agarose gels. Plugs were immunolabeled with peroxidase-diaminobenzidine before or after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC. Trypsin/chymotrypsin were used to challenge epitopes of the core protein. The results indicate that epitopes to keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronate binding region, and core protein are localized in the chondron. Consistent staining was found in the tail and interconnecting segments between chondrons, whereas staining of the pericellular matrix and capsule adjacent to the chondrocyte varied according to the enzyme pre-treatment employed. We conclude that isolated chondrons are rich in proteoglycan monomer, which is particularly concentrated in the tail and interconnecting segments of the chondron where it could function to protect and stabilize the chondrocyte.
SleepTalker: A ULV 802.15.4a IR-UWB Transmitter SoC in 28-nm FDSOI Achieving 14 pJ/b at 27 Mb/s With Channel Selection Based on Adaptive FBB and Digitally Programmable Pulse Shaping (2017)

Achieving wireless communications at 5-30 Mb/s in energy-harvesting Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications requires energy efficiencies better than 100 pJ/b. Impulse-radio ultrawideband (UWB) communications offer an efficient way to achieve high data rate at ultralow power for short-range links. We propose a digital UWB transmitter (TX) system-on-chip (SoC) designed for ultralow voltage in 28-nm FDSOI CMOS. It features a PLL-free architecture, which exploits the duty-cycling nature of impulse radio through aggressive duty cycling within the pulse modulation time slot for high energy efficiency and minimum jitter accumulation. Wide-range on-chip adaptive forward back biasing is used for threshold voltage reduction, PVT compensation, and tuning of both the carrier frequency and the output power. To ensure spectral compliance with output power regulations without the use of bulky and expensive off-chip filters, a programmable pulse-shaping functionality is integrated in the digital power amplifier based on a 7-9-GS/s, 5-b current DAC. Operated at 0.55 V, it achieves a record energy efficiency of 14 pJ/b for the TX alone and 24 pJ/b for the complete SoC with embedded power management. The TX SoC occupies a core area of 0.93 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Photophysical Properties of a Series of Poly(ladder‐type phenylene)s (2007)

Abstract The photophysical properties, i.e., the fluorescence and phosphorescence of a series of blue light‐emitting poly(ladder‐type phenylene)s have been investigated employing continuous‐wave (cw) and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy in solid state and dilute solution. The chemically well‐defined polymers vary from two to five bridged phenyl‐rings per monomer unit bearing aryl‐ or alkyl‐substitution at the bridge‐head carbon atoms. It has been found that the fluorescence energy of the polymers and of the corresponding monomers deviates from a simple 1/ N dependence, if the number N of bridged‐phenylene rings is increased beyond a certain limit. Time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on thin films showed that apart from the blue fluorescence of the polymers an additional lower energy emission feature exists, which cannot be assigned to keto‐defects and which seems to be an inherent solid state property of this class of materials. Delayed time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy allowed the detection of phosphorescence energies and lifetimes for all investigated polymers. Photoinduced absorption spectroscopy on thin films showed that the triplet‐triplet absorption red‐shifts with increasing monomer length but reaches a constant value for polymers with N ≥ 4. Amplification of light via amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from thin film slab waveguide structures could be demonstrated for all ladder‐type polymers but the onset threshold value for ASE varies significantly with the polymer structure.
Evaluation of skin colouring properties of curcuma longa extract. (2014)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the skin colouring properties of curcuma extract in cosmetic formulations. Objective measurements of the skin colour changes were done by Chromameter using the CIE L*a*b* colour space parameters. These measurements were correlated with the results of the sensory analysis. The observations showed permanent, visible and statistically significant changing of b* component after one application of emulsions containing 12% and 25% of turmeric extract. The change of skin color remained also after removing the emulsion. Sensory analysis indicated that the tested emulsions with curcuma extract have a significant impact on skin smoothness, spreadability, cosmetic absorption and pillow effect.
Diagnosis of lung cancer by the analysis of exhaled breath with a colorimetric sensor array (2007)

The unique chemical signature of the breath of patients with lung cancer can be detected with moderate accuracy by a colorimetric sensor array.
Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 shedding in the oral cavity by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay at the prodromal stage of recrudescent herpes labialis (1997)

Recrudescent herpes labialis (RHL) is a disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), predominantly type 1 (HSV-1). We have monitored HSV-1 shedding in the oral cavity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using digoxigenin-labeled primers designed to amplify a 278 bp segment of the HSV-1 UL 42 region. Prodromal RHL was confirmed by thermographic imaging in 22 patients. Infectious virus was not detected using tissue culture for virus isolation (0/22). Using PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis, we could detect HSV-1 DNA in 8/22 patients. Using a biotinylated-probe internal to the predicted sequence of the PCR product, HSV-1 DNA was detected in 10/22 patients by ELISA. We conclude that HSV-1 DNA is shed into the oral cavity of patients presenting with sub-clinical RHL and that the PCR-ELISA technique represents a more sensitive method to monitor HSV-1 shedding than conventional tissue culturing or PCR-electrophoresis alone.
Essential Roles of Carbohydrate Signals in Development, Immune Response and Tissue Functions, as Revealed by Gene Targeting (2000)

Knockout mice lacking glycosyltransferases or sulfotransferases provide unequivocal evidence that the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans play essential roles in various biological phenomena such as development, the immune response, and tissue functions. Examples of abnormalities of null mutants include arrest of embryogenesis due to deletion of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I or glucosylceramide synthase, failure of kidney formation in heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase deficiency, suppressed antibody production in alpha-2, 6-sialyltransferase deficiency, male sterility in GM2/GD2 synthase deficiency, and abnormalities in the function and stability of myelin in galactosylceramide deficiency.
A robustreal-time gaiteventdetection using wirelessgyroscope and itsapplication on normal and alteredgaits (2015)

Gait events detection allows clinicians and biomechanics researchers to determine timing of gait events, to estimate duration of stance phase and swing phase and to segment gait data. It also aids biomedical engineers to improve the design of orthoses and FES (functional electrical stimulation) systems. In recent years, researchers have resorted to using gyroscopes to determine heel-strike (HS) and toe-off (TO) events in gait cycles. However, these methods are subjected to significant delays when implemented in real-time gait monitoring devices, orthoses, and FES systems. Therefore, the work presented in this paper proposes a method that addresses these delays, to ensure real-time gait event detection. The proposed algorithm combines the use of heuristics and zero-crossing method to identify HS and TO. Experiments involving: (1) normal walking; (2) walking with knee brace; and (3) walking with ankle brace for overground walking and treadmill walking were designed to verify and validate the identified HS and TO. The performance of the proposed method was compared against the established gait detection algorithms. It was observed that the proposed method produced detection rate that was comparable to earlier reported methods and recorded reduced time delays, at an average of 100 ms.
Attentional control and the self: The Self-Attention Network (SAN) (2015)

Although there is strong evidence that human decision-making is frequently self-biased, it remains unclear whether self-biases mediate attention. Here we review evidence on the relations between self-bias effects in decision-making and attention. We ask: Does self-related information capture attention? Do self-biases modulate pre-attentive processes or do they depend on attentional resources being available? We review work on (1) own-name effects, (2) own-face effects, and (3) self-biases in associative matching. We argue that self-related information does have a differential impact on the allocation of attention and that it can alter the saliency of a stimulus in a manner that mimics the effects of perceptual-saliency. However, there is also evidence that self-biases depend on the availability of attentional resources and attentional expectancies for upcoming stimuli. We propose a new processing framework, the Self-Attention Network (SAN), in which neural circuits responding to self-related stimuli interact with circuits supporting attentional control, to determine our emergent behavior. We also discuss how these-bias effects may extend beyond the self to be modulated by the broader social context-for example, by cultural experience, by an in-group as opposed to an out-group stimulus, and by whether we are engaged in joint actions. Self-biases on attention are modulated by social context.
Application programmer`s guide for SDDS version (1995)

SDDS is a file protocol for Self Describing Data Sets. This document describes Version 1 of the SDDS protocol and the function library that supports it. It is intended for those who wish to develop programs that use SDDS files.
Development of a novel simian adenovirus 24 based vaccine vector (2012)

Methods Neutralizing antibodies against sAd24 were determined using a panel of 106 rhesus macaque sera and 128 human sera from Rwanda and South Africa using a luciferasebased adenovirus neutralization assay. The immunogenicity of a single dose of 10E7, 10E8 or 10E9 virus particles of sAd24-SIV Gag based vector was determined in C57BL/6 mice. SIV-Gag-specific immune responses were assessed by Db/AL11 tetramer binding assays, IFN-g ELISPOT assays and ICS assays.
Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth (2019)

Abstract Optical sensors are widely used for refractive index measurement in chemical, biomedical, and food processing industries. Due to specific field distribution of the resonances, optical sensors provide high sensitivity to ambient refractive index variations. The sensitivity of an optical sensor is highly dependent on material and structure of the sensor. Here, six major categories of optical refractive index sensors using plasmonic and photonic structures are reviewed: i) metal‐based propagating plasmonic eigenwave structures, ii) metal‐based localized plasmonic eigenmode structures, iii) dielectric‐based propagating photonic eigenwave structures, iv) dielectric‐based localized photonic eigenmode structures, v) advanced hybrid structures, and vi) 2D material integrated structures. Representative configurations working in the wavelength range of 400–2000 nm will be selected and compared in terms of bulk refractive index sensitivities, figures of merit, and working wavelengths. A technology map is established in order to define the standard and development trend for optical refractive index sensors.
Spectral Parameters of Nd3+ Ion in ?-Nd3+: LaSc3(BO3)4 Crystal (2002)

The spectroscopic study of Nd3+ in γ-Nd3+ : LaSc3(BO3)4 crystal had been performed. Using the Judd–Ofelt theory to analyze the optical strengths measured in absorption spectra, the following spectral parameters were obtained: parameters of oscillator strengths Ωλ are Ω2 = 1.951 × 10–20 cm2, Ω4 = 3.262 × 10–20 cm2, Ω6 = 2.801 × 10–20 cm2, the radiative lifetime is 300 μs, the quantum efficiency is 37.3%, the emission cross section σp(1.06 μm) = 9.0 × 10–20 cm2, and the fluorescence branch ratios were calculated: β1 = 0.427, β2 = 0.432, β3 = 0.077, β4 = 0.004.
Synthesis And Hot Pressing Of Transparent Aluminum Oxynitride (1989)

Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramic is an attractive material to replace magnesium fluoride on next generation missile domes. An original process has been developed to manufacture and sinter transparent AlON ceramic. First AlON was synthesized by carbothermal reduction of aluminum oxide in nitrogen. The process consists in a two step thermal treatment of an homogeneous mixture of fine alumina and carbon powders under nitrogen. The crushed powder was thus nearly full densified by hot pressing at 1700-1750°C. Significant visible and infrared transparency was achieved by an appropriate grain growth annealing at 1940°C for several hours. Yttria-doped AlON powder could also be sintered close to theoretical density under normal pressure. However translucent but not transparent samples could be obtained. This result could be related to the sample microstructure.
Image integrity-based gray-level error control for low power liquid crystal displays (2009)

In this paper, we present a new approach to dynamic gray-level error control for global dimming of liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. In the LCD devices, global dimming is used to reduce power consumption by limiting the maximum luminance and lowering the brightness of backlight. The existing approaches, based on the fixed rate of clipped pixels, deteriorate the image quality seriously for some images even after gray level compensation. The proposed approach, on the other hand, dynamically chooses the maximum luminance for a given image, based on final image integrity. Thus, it has an advantage of preserving the worst image quality at any desired level, while reducing power consumption as much as possible. In the experiments, the proposed approach successfully maintained the minimum target peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) for test sequences.
Privacy-preserving Virtual Machine (2015)

Cloud computing systems routinely process users' confidential data, but the underlying virtualization software in use today is not constructed to minimize the exposure of such data. For instance, virtual machine (VM) checkpointing can drastically prolong the lifetime and vulnerability of confidential data without users' knowledge by storing such data as part of a persistent snapshot. A key requirement for minimizing the exposure of any data is the ability to cleanly isolate such data for either exclusion or processing. Traditional mechanisms for memory taint tracking are expensive whereas those for isolating application footprint in VM-based sandboxes are not transparent. In this paper, we propose a transparent and lightweight mechanism for isolating a confidential application's memory footprint in a VM. The key idea is for a parent VM to spawn a child VM, called a Privacy-preserving Virtual Machine (PPVM) within which the confidential application executes. Hypervisor features, such as VM checkpointing, that need to exclude the memory of a confidential application can safely ignore the child VM's memory footprint. Alternatively, features such as checkpoint encryption or malware tracking can operate only on the child VM's memory. We implement memory isolation for PPVM through a lightweight VM fork operation that uses copy-on-write to reduce the memory and filesystem overhead of the PPVM. Transparency is achieved through a confidential shell that allows the parent VM to spawn the confidential application in the PPVM and exercise control over it during runtime. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PPVM through its use with VM checkpointing, which can safely checkpoint the parent VM while excluding or encrypting the associated PPVM. We show that our PPVM implementation achieves effective memory isolation with low overheads on memory, CPU, and network performance.
A platform for high-throughput bioenergy production phenotype characterization in single cells (2017)

Driven by an increasing number of studies demonstrating its relevance to a broad variety of disease states, the bioenergy production phenotype has been widely characterized at the bulk sample level. Its cell-to-cell variability, a key player associated with cancer cell survival and recurrence, however, remains poorly understood due to ensemble averaging of the current approaches. We present a technology platform for performing oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification measurements of several hundreds to 1,000 individual cells per assay, while offering simultaneous analysis of cellular communication effects on the energy production phenotype. The platform comprises two major components: a tandem optical sensor for combined oxygen and pH detection, and a microwell device for isolation and analysis of single and few cells in hermetically sealed sub-nanoliter chambers. Our approach revealed subpopulations of cells with aberrant energy production profiles and enables determination of cellular response variability to electron transfer chain inhibitors and ion uncouplers.
Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units (1985)

An acute experimental arthritis was induced in the right knee joint of adult cats anesthetized with chloralose, and the activity of single fine afferent units of the medial articular nerve was recorded from filaments of the saphenous nerve. All units included in this study were sensitive to local mechanical probing of the medial and anteromedial aspects of the knee joint. The units were identified by their conduction velocity as belonging either to group III (2.5-20 m/s, 48 U) or group IV (less than 2.5 m/s, 29 U). After the identification, the resting activity was measured, and the evoked activity was determined using local mechanical stimulation with glass rods and von Frey hairs, and passive movements of the knee joint. The results were compared with those obtained in a similar study of fine articular units from normal joints. Resting activity was observed in 75% of the group III and 83% of the group IV units. The discharges were irregular and often of high frequency. Both the percentages of units with resting activity and the frequencies of their discharges were more than twice as high as in the control sample. Nearly all units from inflamed joints had low threshold to movements (group III 89%, group IV 72%), and most units responded well to flexion and extension. In contrast, in units from normal joints only 33% of the group III and 10% of the group IV units responded well to passive movements in the normal working range of the joint. In inflamed as well as in normal joints the responses were mostly tonic in character and adapted slowly or not at all when the joint was held in a new position. In normal joints 24% of the group III and 36.5% of the group IV afferent units with local mechanosensitive receptive fields could not be excited by any physiological or noxious joint movements. Such units were only very occasionally seen in the present sample. The average number of receptive fields per unit found in inflamed joints exceeded considerably that in normal units, but no systematic drop in von Frey thresholds was seen when comparing the control sample with the inflamed one. From the above data we conclude that an acute inflammation sensitizes many fine articular units, making them active at rest and increasing the responsiveness more readily to normally innocuous joint movements. Both nociceptors and units with low threshold to movement seem to become sensitized by the inflammation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ursachen und Entwicklung des Kartellwesens (1959)

Wirtschaftspolitik auf iiberbetrieblicher Stufe wird nicht allein vom Staat und anderen öffentlichen Organisationen und Körperschaften betrieben. Auch privatwirtschaftliche Verbände wirken durch Planung und Lenkung auf den Wirtschaftsablauf ein und beeinflussen durch ihre Tätigkeit nicht nur die Entwicklung und den Wirtschaftserfolg der ihnen angeschlossenen Unternehmungen, sondern bilden unter Umständen die Struktur und Wirtschaftsverfassung der gesamten Volkswirtschaft in nachhaltiger Weise um.
Synthesis and calcium channel antagonist activity of alkyl cycloalkyl esters of nifedipine containing pyridinyl substituents. (1987)

Alkyl cycloalkyl esters of nifedipine (1a) analogues, in which the ortho-nitrophenyl group at position 4 is replaced by pyridinyl (5-19) were synthesized and evaluated as calcium channel antagonists using the muscarinic receptor-mediated Ca(2+)-dependent contraction of guinea pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle. The relative activity profile for unsymmetrical esters (5-15), which indicated the effect of cycloalkyl ring size on activity, was cyclopentyl > cyclohexyl > cyclobutyl. In addition unsymmetrical esters, possessing one R2-cyclohexyl substituent, exhibited an activity profile dependent upon the nature of the R1-alkyl ester substituent with Me > Et, i-Pr, i-Bu > cyclohexyl > t-Bu. The point of attachment of the C-4 pyridinyl substituent was also a determinant of activity for unsymmetrical compounds (R1 = Me, i-Pr; R2 = cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl) where the relative potency order was 2-pyridinyl > 3-pyridinyl > 4-pyridinyl. In contrast, when the R1 and R2-substituents are larger in size (R1 = R2 = cyclohexyl or R1 = i-Pr, R2 = cyclopentyl) the relative activity profile was 3-pyridinyl = 4-pyridinyl > 2-pyridinyl. The C-3 and C-5 ester substituents therefore appear to provide important interdependent contributions to calcium channel antagonist activity, and hence to interaction with the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor site.