gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Transradial Anatomically Contoured (TRAC) Interface: Design Principles and Methodology (2003)

In Brief Although there are many variations of the self-suspending transradial (below elbow) level interface, they generally can be divided into two styles: the Muenster-type and Northwestern University Supracondylar Suspension Technique designs. Variations of these styles often represent practitioner interpretation and an evolutionary process to enhance comfort, stability, and suspension. The Transradial Anatomically Contoured (TRAC) interface incorporates design elements from both the Muenster and Northwestern interfaces with more aggressive contouring of the anatomy to maximize load tolerant areas of the residual limb, as demonstrated by the radiologic analysis in this text. In the medial/lateral plane, the interface focuses the compression anterior and slightly inferior to the epicondyles, specifically about the radial head on the lateral aspect. In addition, on the anterior/posterior plane, suspension is achieved by precisely directed compression into the cubital fold and supra-olecranon region. A critical element in the successful design of the Transradial Anatomically Contoured interface is extensive anatomic contouring of the antecubital region. The combined effects of medial/lateral and anterior/posterior compression along with contouring of the musculoskeletal structure of the residuum allow enhanced comfort, suspension, and stability throughout an increased range of motion. The authors present the Transradial Anatomically Contoured (TRAC) interface, a variation of the self-suspending transradial (below elbow) level interface. This design combines elements from the two leading styles of interfaces to provide enhanced comfort, suspension and stability throughout an increased range of motion.
Evaluation of nonlinear low-frequency components generated by amplitude-modulated waves in a carbon/carbon composite (2012)

In highly inhomogeneous materials such as damaged solids or composites, nonlinearly generated lowfrequency components due to amplitude-modulated waves can be a measure to characterize the materials by nonlinear ultrasonic methods even when higher harmonics are difficult to quantify due to their severe attenuation. In this study, amplitude-modulated waves with different envelope functions, namely a rectangular burst and a Gaussian-modulated burst, are used to examine the low-frequency generation characteristics in a unidirectional carbon/carbon composite sample. The amplitude dependence of the low-frequency components is discussed for two envelopes. As a result, it is found that the transmitted waveforms contain both linearly and nonlinearly generated components in the low-frequency range for the rectangular burst, while nonlinear components dominate for the Gaussian burst.
Antenna redundancy for increasing transmission reliability in wireless industrial LANs (2004)

In this paper we introduce the concept of antenna redundancy, which uses different transmitter antennas for performing retransmissions, however, without transmitting in parallel over multiple antennas and therefore without requiring complex space-time processing techniques in receivers. This allows to keep receivers of small wireless field devices cheap. We investigate for certain wireless channel error scenarios the potential of this approach to transmit data within a prescribed deadline. This question is of utmost importance for wireless industrial communication systems. The results show that antenna redundancy not only reduces the probability of deadline miss exponentially with increasing the number of antennas, furthermore it reduces the expected bandwidth needed to transmit data.
The Emerging Role of Innate Immunity in the Heart and Vascular System (2011)

Recent studies suggest that the heart possesses an innate immune system that is intended to delimit tissue injury, as well as orchestrate homoeostatic responses, within the heart. The extant literature suggests that this intrinsic stress response system is mediated, at least in part, by a family of pattern recognition receptors, most notably the Toll-like receptors. Although the innate immune system provides a short-term adaptive response to tissue injury, the beneficial effects of this phylogenetically ancient system may be lost if innate immune signaling becomes sustained and/or excessive; in which case, the salutary effects of activation of these pathways are contravened by the known deleterious effects of inflammatory signaling. Herein, the biology of innate immune signaling in the heart is reviewed, as well as the literature suggesting that the innate immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, viral myocarditis, sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and heart failure. The review concludes by discussing new therapies that are being developed to modulate the innate immune system.
Effect of grinding on physical and chemical properties of crystalline medicinals with microcrystalline cellulose. II. Retention of volatile medicinals in ground mixture. (1978)

Volatile medicinals, naphthalene, d-camphor, and p-cresol became amorphous during grinding with microcrystalline cellulose. The medicinal of interest was retained in the ground mixture even when the mixture was heated at moderately high temperature in vacuo. The close relationship was noticed between the retentivity and the state of the medicinals (amorphous or not) in the ground mixture. The amount of the medicinal remaining in the ground mixture was influenced by the medicinal content, the grinding time, and the amount of water adsorbed. The medicinals were very rapidly released from the ground mixture into water. The mechanism for these results was discussed, based on the structure of the groud mixture proposed in the previous paper as follows : the molecules of the volatile medicinals are enclosed by the cellulose molecules that were bound by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl radicals. The system was regarded as an "entropy frozen solution" of the medicinal in cellulose molecules. By adding water to the ground mixture, the hydrogen bonds are weakened and the medicinal molecule obtains the ability of molecular movement.
[Age estimation using content of sjTREC in human peripheral blood]. (2013)

The method for the age estimation with the content of sjTREC was simple, fast, sensitive, and good species specific with important potential application prospect.
Implementing clarification dialogues in open domain question answering (2005)

We examine the implementation of clarification dialogues, a mechanism for ensuring that question answering systems take into account user goals by allowing them to ask series of related questions either by refining or expanding on previous questions with follow-up questions, in the context of open domain Question Answering systems. We develop an algorithm for clarification dialogue recognition through the analysis of collected data on clarification dialogues and examine the importance of clarification dialogue recognition for question answering. The algorithm is evaluated and shown to successfully recognize the start and continuation of clarification dialogues in 94% of cases. We then show the usefulness of the algorithm by demonstrating how the recognition of clarification dialogues can simplify the task of answer retrieval.
Foveal automatic target recognition using a multiresolution neural network (1998)

This paper presents a method for detecting and classifying a target from its foveal (graded resolution) imagery using a multiresolution neural network. Target identification decisions are based on minimizing an energy function. This energy function is evaluated by comparing a candidate blob with a library of target models at several levels of resolution simultaneously available in the current foveal image. For this purpose, a concurrent (top-down-and-bottom-up) matching procedure is implemented via a novel multilayer Hopfield neural network. The associated energy function supports not only interactions between cells at the same resolution level, but also between sets of nodes at distinct resolution levels. This permits features at different resolution levels to corroborate or refute one another contributing to an efficient evaluation of potential matches. Gaze control, refoveation to more salient regions of the available image space, is implemented as a search for high resolution features which will disambiguate the candidate blob. Tests using real two-dimensional (2-D) objects and their simulated foveal imagery are provided.
Basic Properties of Metal Optics (1977)

The mirror of the first reflecting telescope was polished by Newton in a speculum metal substrate. Subsequent inventions of practical methods of "silvering" glass diverted attention from metal substrates for many decades, but new applications, new environments, and improvements in manufacturing technology have forced a relatively recent (10-15 year time scale) return to more extensive use of metal mirrors. This paper surveys the basic properties of metals of practical utility for mirror substrates. Desirable combinations of property values, or figures of merit, for different environmental applications are discussed. The extrinsic properties, i.e. those which may be peculiar to a particular manufacturing process for a given metal, or combinations of metals, may also affect the choice of material for a particular application and some of these are briefly noted.
Object composition identification via mediated-reality supplemented radiographs (2014)

This exploratory work investigates the feasibility of extracting linear attenuation functions with respect to energy from a multi-channel radiograph of an object of interest composed of a homogeneous material by simulating the entire imaging system combined with a digital phantom of the object of interest and leveraging this information along with the acquired multi-channel image. This synergistic combination of information allows for improved estimates on not only the attenuation for an effective energy, but for the entire spectrum of energy that is coincident with the detector elements. Material composition identification from radiographs would have wide applications in both medicine and industry. This work will focus on industrial radiography applications and will analyse a range of materials that vary in attenuative properties. This work shows that using iterative solvers holds encouraging potential to fully solve for the linear attenuation profile for the object and material of interest when the imaging system is characterized with respect to initial source x-ray energy spectrum, scan geometry, and accurate digital phantom.
GENETIC AND OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS ASCERTAINED IN FAMILIES OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. (1991)

We conducted a relatively large survey of Daughters of the American Revolution members and their relatives, currently living or dead, to estimate the frequency and type of genetic diseases and other health problems found in the general population in the United States. Sufficient information was available for data analysis on 46,664 living or dead individuals, of whom 27,509 (59%) had some type of health problem. The conditions were categorized according to established guidelines as single-gene (4.02% of all health problems: autosomal dominant 2.83%, autosomal recessive 1.06%, X-linked 0.13%), chromosomal (0.12%), sporadic (5.35%), developmental (2.47%), environmental (0.02%), multifactorial (57.44%), or unknown (30.59%). Thus, 61.5% of all health problems were due in some degree to genetic factors. The associations of specific disorders were also investigated, and several significant (chi-square test; p < 0.001) ones were identified. Some of them were not surprising (e.g., diabetes mellitus and obesity), whereas others (e.g., allergies/hayfever and alcoholism) were not expected or easily explained. Studies of such associations may open a new area of investigation on the etiology of specific diseases. Our study confirms that genetic factors play a major role in health problems in the general population.
Automatization and Training in Visual Search (1992)

In several search tasks, the amount of practice on particular combinations of targets and distractors was equated in varied-mapping (VM) and consistent-mapping (CM) conditions. The results indicate the importance of distinguishing between memory and visual search tasks, and implicate a number of factors that play important roles in visual search and its learning. Visual search was studied in Experiment 1. VM and CM performance were almost equal, and slope reductions occurred during practice for both, suggesting the learning of efficient attentive search based on features, and no important role for automatic attention attraction. However, positive transfer effects occurred when previous CM targets were re-paired with previous CM distractors, even though these targets and distractors had not been trained together. Also, the introduction of a demanding simultaneous task produced advantages of CM over VM. These latter two results demonstrated the operation of automatic attention attraction. Visual search was further studied in Experiment 2, using novel characters for which feature overlap and similarity were controlled. The design and many of the findings paralleled Experiment 1. In addition, enormous search improvement was seen over 35 sessions of training, suggesting the operation of perceptual unitization for the novel characters. Experiment 3 showed a large, persistent advantage for CM over VM performance in memory search, even when practice on particular combinations of targets and distractors was equated in the two training conditions. A multifactor theory of automatization and attention is put forth to account for these findings and others in the literature.
Liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis (1994)

Since the introduction of techniques to reliably identify antibody to the hepatitis C virus and quantitation of hepatitis C virus, there has been an increasing interest in the behavior of chronic hepatitis C infection with liver transplantation. Ninety-seven patients with chronic active hepatitis C and fifty-nine patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis underwent 100 and 62 liver transplantation procedures, respectively, at a single institution. This represents 35% of the total liver transplantations performed during this time period. Twenty-three percent of transplants were performed in patients with evidence of chronic active hepatitis C. Patients and graft survival were excellent in both groups. One-, 2- and 3-yr patient survival rates for chronic active hepatitis C and cryptogenic cirrhosis were 94%, 89% and 87% and 84%, 84% and 73%, respectively. Hepatitis C can frequently be identified after transplantation. More than 95% of patients show persistence of antibody to the hepatitis C virus. Forty-one of 95 patients (surviving > 1 mo) showed recurrent hepatitis (initially seen 3 to 20 mo after transplantation), and 12 progressed to chronic active hepatitis. In 16 patients of the cryptogenic group in whom hepatitis developed, 11 were associated with de novo hepatitis C infection. Seven of these 11 cases went on to a chronic state. Of 11 deaths after transplant in the hepatitis C group, 2 were directly related to recurrent disease. There were 15 deaths in the cryptogenic group, 2 related to de novo hepatitis C. Patients were not serotyped. Interferon therapy was attempted in a small number of patients with disease, with inconclusive results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synergistic effects of gamma interferon on inflammatory mediators that induce interleukin-6 gene expression and secretion by human retinal pigment epithelial cells (1994)

The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell is a potent regulatory cell within the retina. It helps to maintain normal retinal activity, and following gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) exposure, it may express major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and function as an antigen-presenting cell. Since interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 are potent cytokines observed in ocular inflammatory processes, we initiated studies to evaluate conditions which enable RPE cells to produce these cytokines. Cultures of human RPE cells from two eye donors were established and characterized, and enzyme immunoassays were employed to screen for IL-1 and IL-6 production. Treatment of RPE cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, or IFN-gamma resulted in a significant level of secretion of IL-6. In contrast, treatment with recombinant epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, or transforming growth factor alpha, or LPS can dramatically augment the secretion of IL-6 by RPE cells. Thus, these inflammatory mediators can act alone or synergistically with IFN-gamma to activate RPE cells and dramatically increase the expression and secretion of IL-6. In contrast, IL-1 was not detected following stimulation with any of the above-mentioned cytokines or LPS. Characterization of IL-6 protein production by RPE cells revealed that 98% of the protein is promptly secreted by the cell, its induction is dependent upon the time and concentration of the stimulant, and the continuous presence of the stimulant is required for IL-6 production. Moreover, Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of secreted proteins revealed that IL-6 was produced in multiple molecular forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. (1991)

Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress in the past 2 decades raise several questions concerning traditional diathesis-stress theories of psychopathology. First, comprehensive measures of life stress force investigators to become more precise about the particular stressful circumstances hypothesized to interact with diatheses. Second, the influence of the diathesis on a person's life is typically ignored, which results in several types of possible bias in the assessment of life stress. Finally, information is available on diatheses and stress for specific disorders to provide a foundation for more empirically based hypotheses about diathesis-stress interactions. This possibility is outlined for depression. Such an approach provides the basis for developing broader, yet more specific, frameworks for investigating diathesis-stress theories of psychopathology in general and of depression in particular.
Structures of Leisure Travel: Temporal and Spatial Variability (2004)

Leisure activities play an increasingly dominant role in our daily lives. Their importance has increased steadily over the last 40 years compared with other activities. Considering leisure travel, one would expect to discover this trend in recent empirical work. Unfortunately, this has not been possible in Germany or other countries due to a lack of suitable data. The lack of such data is mainly caused by different leisure activities being performed sporadically, which are influenced by changing conditions such as the weather, traffic, etc. It is thus desirable to obtain data over periods substantially longer than 1 or even several days (longitudinal data). The longitudinal 6‐week Mobidrive survey data match this requirement and are analysed here with regards to leisure activities. The Mobidrive data allow the examination of aspects of temporal and spatial variability and separate analyses of distinct detailed leisure activities. Because leisure traffic has been rarely analysed from a longitudinal perspective, it is difficult to generalize the results. For this reason, a similar but outdated dataset (Uppsala dataset) is used to validate the results.
RhoB is required to mediate apoptosis in neoplastically transformed cells after DNA damage (2001)

The effect of neoplastic transformation on the response to genotoxic stress is of significant clinical interest. In this study, we offer genetic evidence that the apoptotic response of neoplastically transformed cells to DNA damage requires RhoB, a member of the Rho family of actin cytoskeletal regulators. Targeted deletion of the rhoB gene did not affect cell cycle arrest in either normal or transformed cells after exposure to doxorubicin or gamma irradiation, but rendered transformed cells resistant to apoptosis. This effect was specific insofar as rhoB deletion did not affect apoptotic susceptibility to agents that do not damage DNA. However, rhoB deletion also affected apoptotic susceptibility to Taxol, an agent that disrupts microtubule dynamics. We have demonstrated that RhoB alteration mediates the proapoptotic and antineoplastic effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors, and we show here that RhoB alteration is also crucial for farnesyltransferase inhibitors to sensitize neoplastic cells to DNA damage-induced cell death. We found RhoB to be an important determinant of long-term survival in vitro and tumor response in vivo after gamma irradiation. Our findings identify a pivotal role for RhoB in the apoptotic response of neoplastic cells to DNA damage at a novel regulatory point that may involve the actin cytoskeleton.
Effect of the expression of transforming growth factor-β2 in primary human glioblastomas on immunosuppression and loss of immune surveillance (1992)

Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors that are attended by an immunosuppressed state. The authors have studied the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 2, which is known to have potent immunosuppressive and angiogenic properties. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 messenger ribonucleic acid and its protein product are both found to be greatly overexpressed in these tumors and are absent from normal brain tissue. The overexpression of this growth factor may contribute to the escape of neoplastic astrocytes from immune surveillance and, furthermore, to the immunosuppressed state that is characteristic of many of these patients.
QoS mechanisms in SpaceFibre and RapidIO: SpaceWire networks and protocols, long paper (2016)

The paper presents analysis and comparison of Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms in SpaceFibre draft H4 and in RapidIO rev 4.0. SpaceFibre and RapidIO standards are currently used in aerospace instrumentation field. SpaceFibre standard is developed by ESA, JAXA, NASA, ROSCOSMOS agencies for aerospace industry in accordance to different requirements and limitations such as a high speed data transmission, a low data transmission time, a guaranteed packet delivery, a guaranteed throughput, a possibility to establish real-time systems in conjunction with compact VLSI design and low energy consumption. RapidIO standard is developed for a high performance computing systems with a globally shared distributed memory (GSM) model. At the present time NASA applies this standard as a main standard for aerospace field. These standards provide data transmission with different QoS. In these standards there is a feature of guaranteed packet delivery, they support several priority levels. Also they provide a mechanism of virtual channels allowing to distribute throughput between different data streams. In this paper authors have presented the information about comparison QoS mechanisms of SpaceFibre draft H4 and RapidIO rev 4.0. Moreover similarities and differences of supported technologies are demonstrated. Also author have evaluated the reachable characteristics of data transmission and overheads for each standard. Advantages and effective range of application of SpaceFibre QoS are shown.