gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Gamma Irradiation for Extending the Shelf Life of Kimchi (1989)

To improve the storage method of Kimchi, optimum ripening Kimchi for an irradiation treatment(the time of around 0.3% in total acidity of Kimchi) was irradiated by doses of 1, 2, 3 kGy with Co-60 and stored at . Total aerobic bacteria increased in the beginning of storage and then decrease slowly as the number of total lactic acid bacteria increased. Total lactic acid bacteria initially loaded by in Kimchi shortly after irradiation reduced to with 1-3 kGy doses and decreased gradually through the whole storage period. The initial load of yeast, , increased steadily during Kimchi storage and led to more than after 30 days of storage. While it maintained tha the load in 2-3 kGy irradiated groups after 30 days of storage was less than that at the beginning of storage. pH, acidity and volatile acid in the nonirradiated group were 4.0, 0.7% and 0.06%, respectively at the 15th day after storage, but at the 30th day after storage, 2-3 kGy irradiated groups showed different values, 4.1, 0.58-0.63%, and 0.04-0.05%, respectively. The texture(firmness) of Kimchi reduced along with storage time, and 2 kGy irradiated group proved most favourable in its texture during storage. In the sensory evaluation of Kimchi, nonirradiated group was inedible after 15 days of storage, whereas 2-3 kGy irradiated groups could proling the storage-life of Kimchi over 2 times compared with the nonirradiated Kimchi, showing the good sensory quality even after 30 days of storage.
Fighting fire and fatigue: sleep quantity and quality during multi-day wildfire suppression (2015)

This study examined firefighters' sleep quantity and quality throughout multi-day wildfire suppression, and assessed the impact of sleep location, shift length, shift start time and incident severity on these variables. For 4 weeks, 40 volunteer firefighters' sleep was assessed using wrist actigraphy. Analyses revealed that the quantity of sleep obtained on fire days was restricted, and pre- and post-sleep fatigue ratings were higher, compared to non-fire days. On fire days, total sleep time was less when: (i) sleep location was in a tent or vehicle, (ii) shifts were greater than 14 h and (iii) shifts started between 05:00 and 06:00 h. This is the first empirical investigation providing objective evidence that firefighters' sleep is restricted during wildfire suppression. Furthermore, sleep location, shift length and shift start time should be targeted when designing appropriate controls to manage fatigue-related risk and preserve firefighters' health and safety during wildfire events. Practitioner Summary: During multi-day wildfire suppression, firefighters' sleep quantity was restricted, and pre- and post-sleep fatigue ratings were higher, compared to non-fire days. Furthermore, total sleep time was less when: (i) sleep occurred in a tent/vehicle, (ii) shifts were >14 h and (iii) shifts started between 05:00 and 06:00 h.
Hypolipidemic activity of rifamycin derivatives (1990)

Series of 3-piperidinyl- and 3-piperazinylrifamycins and to a certain extent 3-hydrazonorifamycins all bearing lipophilic side chains were found to exert potent hypolipidemic activity in lowering both serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in rats. Starting from 3-[N'-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)-N-piperazinyl]rifamycin SV (compound 25), a series of derivatives were synthesized with the aim of dissociating the hypolipidemic from the antibacterial activity, leading to the 8-O,N-dipivaloyl derivative of 25 (compound 48), which is devoid of any antibacterial activity but shows about 50-60% reduction of LDL-cholesterol and 20-30% reduction of serum cholesterol at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Compound 48 was selected for further pharmacological evaluation.
Autonomous continuous target tracking technology for safety in air traffic radar systems network (2011)

In this paper, we discuss a technology as an industrial application of service-oriented engineering. The technology accomplishes continuous service in a wireless communication system. As the number of aircraft is increasing, data traffic in air in air traffic radar systems is also increasing. In addition, radar systems are required to obtain updated and detailed information from aircraft in order to provide safe and efficient air traffic control services in congested air spaces. Thus, it is anticipated that the radio frequency congestion are getting worse year by year. The heavy congestion interrupts radar service . Therefore, some counter measurements are required since air traffic control systems are not allowed to interrupt its services . In this paper, we propose the Autonomous Continuous Target Tracking Technology(ACTTT). The proposed technology reduces data traffic in air. Then, the technology enables radars to provide continuous services to aircraft under aircraft-congested environments.
Towards FLASH proton therapy: the impact of treatment planning and machine characteristics on achievable dose rates (2019)

<b>Background:</b> This study aimed at evaluating spatially varying instantaneous dose rates for different intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) planning strategies and delivery scenarios, and comparing these with FLASH dose rates (>40 Gy/s). <b>Material and methods:</b> In order to quantify dose rates in three-dimensions, we proposed the 'dose-averaged dose rate' (DADR) metric, defined for each voxel as the dose-weighted mean of the instantaneous dose rates of all spots (i.e., pencil beams). This concept was applied to four head-and-neck cases, each planned with clinical (4 fields) and various spot-reduced IMPT techniques: 'standard' (4 fields), 'arc' (120 fields) and 'arc-shoot-through' (120 fields; 229 MeV only). For all plans, different delivery scenarios were simulated: constant beam intensity, variable beam intensity for a clinical Varian ProBeam system, varied per energy layer or per spot, and theoretical spot-wise variable beam intensity (i.e., no monitor/safety limitations). DADR distributions were calculated assuming 2-Gy or 6-Gy fractions. <b>Results:</b> Spot-reduced plans contained 17-52 times fewer spots than clinical plans, with no deterioration of plan quality. For the clinical plans, the mean DADR in normal tissue for 2-Gy fractionation was 1.7 Gy/s (median over all patients) at maximum, whereas in standard spot-reduced plans it was 0.7, 4.4, 7.1, and 12.1 Gy/s, for the constant, energy-layer-wise, spot-wise, and theoretical spot-wise delivery scenarios, respectively. Similar values were observed for arc plans. Arc-shoot-through planning resulted in DADR values of 3.0, 6.0, 14.1, and 24.4 Gy/s, for the abovementioned scenarios. Hypofractionation (3×) generally resulted in higher dose rates, up to 73.2 Gy/s for arc-shoot-through plans. The DADR was inhomogeneously distributed with highest values at beam entrance and at the Bragg peak. <b>Conclusion:</b> FLASH dose rates were not achieved for conventional planning and clinical spot-scanning machines. As such, increased spot-wise beam intensities, spot-reduced planning, hypofractionation and arc-shoot-through plans were required to achieve FLASH compatible dose rates.
Shape-changing interfaces (2012)

Shape change is increasingly used in physical user interfaces, both as input and output. Yet, the progress made and the key research questions for shape-changing interfaces are rarely analyzed systematically. We review a sample of existing work on shape-changing interfaces to address these shortcomings. We identify eight types of shape that are transformed in various ways to serve both functional and hedonic design purposes. Interaction with shape-changing interfaces is simple and rarely merges input and output. Three questions are discussed based on the review: (a) which design purposes may shape-changing interfaces be used for, (b) which parts of the design space are not well understood, and (c) why studying user experience with shape-changing interfaces is important.
Epidermal Growth Factor Elevates Intracellular pH in Chicken Granulosa Cells* (1991)

Many bioregulators, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), induce intracellular alkalinization by activating a membrane bound Na+/H+ antiporter. The present studies were designed to examine the influence of EGF on intracellular pH (pHi) in chicken granulosa cells. pHi in granulosa cells from the two largest preovulatory follicles of hens was determined spectrofluorometrically using the dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The resting pHi was 6.81 +/- 0.006 (n = 30) when the extracellular pH and sodium concentration (Na+o) were 7.3 and 144 mM, respectively. EGF (5-100 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent increase in pHi, which reached a maximum of 0.217 +/- 0.009 pH units at a concentration of 100 ng/ml EGF. Cytosolic alkalinization was observed within 10 min of the addition of EGF and lasted over the 60 min observation period. The increase in pHi was dependent upon the presence of Na+o, since the EGF effect was attenuated when Na+o was substituted with equimolar concentrations of nonpermeant choline chloride. The EGF-induced pHi change was also inhibited by amiloride, dimethyl amiloride, and ethylisopropyl amiloride, inhibitors of the Na+/H+ antiporter. The alkalinization effect of EGF was mimicked by transforming growth factor-alpha but not by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, or transforming growth factor-beta. These studies suggest for the first time that intracellular alkalinization resulting from activation of the Na+/H+ antiporter may be a part of the transmembrane signaling pathway in the action of EGF on chicken granulosa cells.
A stretchable, conductive rubber sensor to detect muscle contraction for prosthetic hand control (2017)

Recently, many type of prosthetic hands have been proposed. Nonetheless, any active prosthesis needs patient's physiological signals to be controlled. Electromyography is one of the most used signals to control prostheses. However, EMG needs electrodes in contact with patient's skin. This study aims to test an alternative, easy to wear sensor able to detect muscle contraction and to control hand prosthesis as well. The new sensor consists of a conductive rubber cord that changes its electrical resistance when stretched. The rubber cord was enclosed in a soft fabric cuff that can be easily worn by the patient. No electrical contact between the cord and the patient is needed. Simultaneous recordings of EMG and the correspondent rubber cord resistance were carried out in order to test the relationship between the two signals and to assess the effectiveness of proportional control of the prosthesis motor. A simple 3D printed, under-actuated prosthetic hand was connected to the new sensor. Results show that the new sensor offers a control signal very similar to the EMG envelope and it is able to provide both on-off and proportional control of the prosthesis.
Semantic parsing with structured SVM ensemble classification models (2006)

We present a learning framework for structured support vector models in which boosting and bagging methods are used to construct ensemble models. We also propose a selection method which is based on a switching model among a set of outputs of individual classifiers when dealing with natural language parsing problems. The switching model uses subtrees mined from the corpus and a boosting-based algorithm to select the most appropriate output. The application of the proposed framework on the domain of semantic parsing shows advantages in comparison with the original large margin methods.
Improving Cement Placement in Horizontal Wells of Unconventional Reservoirs Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids (2013)

Summary URTeC 1619212 Development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources as a result of horizontal drilling and multistage fracturing has raised several environmental concerns. Long-term zonal isolation provided by cement is one of the major challenges in the completion of horizontal wells since the implementation of casing centralization in the wellbore is a difficult task. This situation can create eccentricity in the wellbore, thus affecting the mud displacement process in the narrow region of the casing. During the mud displacement process, cement has the tendency to flow in the upper wide part of the annulus, thus bypassing mud in the narrow part of the annulus. This causes channeling of the cement in the wide side, leaving slow moving or immobile mud in the narrow region behind. In such cases, the poor cementing can have consequences such as gas migration to surface or water zone and stimulation failure. Current best cementing practices have deficiencies in providing excellent cementing efficiency especially in long horizontal section of the wellbore. Therefore, a novel technique, using Magneto-Rheological fluid, is proposed to improve the mud displacement efficiency in the narrow side. Magneto-Rheological fluid can act as a smart spacer by a moving magnetic field to balance the fluid flow in the annulus. Consequently, more flow will be directed to the narrower annular region that could not be cemented or swept otherwise. The simulation results on the impact of magneto-rheological fluids as a smart spacer on velocity distribution and volumetric movement of fluids are presented.
Preclinical formulations for discovery and toxicology: physicochemical challenges (2006)

Formulations play a key role in assessing the biological properties of a molecule during drug discovery. Maximising exposure is the primary objective in early animal experimentation, so that the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicological signals can be put into context with the biological response to specific targets. Consistency in the exposure is also a key aspect, and effective formulation and drug delivery strategies are important to achieve this. Diversity in the physiology between various animal species, routes of administration and limitations posed by specific pharmacological models make formulation development that much more challenging. Poor physicochemical properties of compounds in the early stages need to be kept under consideration while screening for formulation vehicles. This review captures the various challenges posed at different stages of drug discovery for formulation of a compound to dose in animals. Approaches to formulations for various routes of administration are discussed. Limitations posed by the goals for various animal studies such as early efficacy studies, pharmacokinetic studies and toxicology studies are identified and some strategies are proposed. Physicochemical characterisations that are needed to select formulation vehicles as well as to identify potential issues are suggested.
Use of oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine in the treatment of severe persistent diarrhea in infants. (1986)

Oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine were given either as single agents or in various combinations to infants who still required treatment after seven days in the hospital for persistent diarrhea. The effect of these drugs and the interactions between them were assessed by comparing daily stool output during treatment with that in the pretreatment period. The effect of the drugs on apparent nitrogen and fat absorption was also studied. On the first day of treatment the presence of cholestyramine was associated with a significantly greater decrease in stool output. This effect appeared to be largely due to an interaction with gentamicin. Thereafter, only gentamicin produced a significantly greater decrease in stool weight. At no stage was metronidazole of benefit. Gentamicin and cholestyramine also indirectly improved apparent nitrogen and fat absorption by reducing stool output. The combination of oral gentamicin and cholestyramine is recommended as a safe and effective way of treating infants with severe persistent diarrhea following acute gastroenteritis.
Cytochalasin support studies. 10. Nucleophilic and electrophilic mercaptanylations via 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanethiol-derived reagents (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCytochalasin support studies. 10. Nucleophilic and electrophilic mercaptanylations via 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanethiol-derived reagentsM. B. Anderson, M. G. Ranasinghe, J. T. Palmer, and P. L. FuchsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 13, 3125–3127Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00248a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00248a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1365Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The evolutionarily conserved avian Aiolos gene encodes alternative isoforms (1999)

Aiolos is an Ikaros-related lymphoid regulatory protein involved in B cell development and function. To evaluate the role of Aiolos in avian B lymphopoiesis, we have cloned and characterized the first non-mammalian Aiolos ortholog in the avian. In sharp contrast to the avian Ikaros, expressed already at the multipotential stage and prior to the colonization of the lymphoid rudiments, Aiolos transcripts were not expressed in early ontogeny and were first detected in cells isolated from the embryonic bursa of Fabricius and thymus. In accordance with Ikaros, the avian Aiolos is also highly related to the mammalian homolog, thus suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function in lymphocyte development. Interestingly, in contrast to the mammalian Aiolos, at least one alternatively spliced form of avian Aiolos is detected in addition to the primary full-length transcript. Both of these alternate transcripts are expressed in bursa, thymus and peripheral lymphoid cells, and no major differences in the expression were detected during lymphocyte development. Furthermore, avian Aiolos is clearly expressed at various stages of B cell development, thus supporting recent evidence for the importance of Aiolos in B cell development and function.
The epitaxy of Poly‐<scp>L</scp>‐alanine on <scp>L</scp>‐quartz and a glass‐ceramic (1972)

Abstract The effect of surface contamination on the morphology and orientation of poly‐ L ‐alanine on a glass‐ceramic and the (10 1 0) and (10 1 1) crystal faces of L ‐quart is dealt with both microscopically and graphically. “Cleaning” with an r. f. plasma cleaner and contamination with pure nitrogen results in a change in the number of active sites with a corresponding change in the relative orientation of the polymer and the strength of bonding.
FHWA and AI Partner to Identify Best Practices for Longitudinal Joints (2012)

This article brings readers up-to-date on the best practices for longitudinal joints in asphalt pavements. The author defines a longitudinal joint as the interface between adjacent and parallel asphalt mats. Joint failures are usually attributed to a combination of low density, permeability, segregation, and lack of adhesion at the interface. The article first outlines a partnering effort between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Asphalt Institute (AI) to review past studies and research on longitudinal joints, focusing on current state-of-the-practice for both specifying and constructing joints. The remainder of this article presents the findings and recommendations of this joint effort, outlines construction best practices, lists agency considerations, and summarizes the specifications for current construction. Readers are referred to the full report, published in February 2012.
Clinical cardiac pacing (1995)

I. Basic Concepts of Cardiac Pacing. Ii. Artificial Rate-Adaptive Sensors. Iii. Clinical Concepts. Iv. Pacemaker Electrocardiography. V. Related Issues.
<title>Using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process to produce complex components from a CAD solid model</title> (1997)

The laser engineered net shaping (LENS<SUP>TM</SUP>) process, currently under development, has demonstrated the capability to produce near-net shape, fully dense metallic parts with reasonably complex geometrical features directly from a CAD solid model. Results to date show that excellent mechanical properties can be achieved in alloys such as 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625. In fact, due to the highly localized nature of the laser heating, a fine grain structure will occur resulting in a significant increase in yield strength at no expense of ductility. The current approach lends itself to produce components with a dimensional accuracy of plus or minus .002 inches in the deposition plane and plus or minus .0.015 inches in the growth direction. These results suggest that this process will provide a viable mens for direct fabrication of metallic hardware directly from the CAD solid model.
The epidemiology of preterm labour (2005)

Although the definition of preterm birth is birth before 37 completed weeks, the major transition in terms of needing special care occurs between 34 and 37 weeks. The Homo sapiens neonate is born much more immature than other anthropoid species, perhaps because earlier birth has evolved to avoid the large head of the human fetus becoming impacted in the small pelvis of the mother, who has become adapted to a bipedal gait. The main burden of preterm birth exists in developing countries. There are no accurate recent worldwide data, but estimates of preterm birth rates range from 5% in developed countries to 25% in developing countries. The preterm delivery rate has been relatively stable at 5-10% in developed countries for many years. The North Thames database of 517,381 pregnancies demonstrates significant ethnic variation in preterm birth rates, with higher rates in black women. This is associated with an accelerated rate of maturity in the black fetus and neonate, with correspondingly lower gestation-specific neonatal mortality rates below 38 weeks, and higher at 38 weeks of gestation and beyond. Ethnic differences can explain only a very small proportion of global preterm births. The greatest aetiological factor worldwide is infection, mainly due to malaria and HIV. In developed countries, iatrogenic delivery is responsible for almost half of the births between 28 and 35 weeks; hypertension and pre-eclampsia are the major pathologies. Other factors include multiple pregnancy, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal stress and heavy physical work.