gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How much of it is real? Analysis of paid placement in Web search engine results (2006)

Abstract Most Web search tools integrate sponsored results with results from their internal editorial database in providing results to users. The goal of this research is to get a better idea of how much of the screen real estate displays “real” editorial results as compared to sponsored results. The overall average results are that 40% of all results presented on the first screen are “real” results, and when the entire first Web page is considered, 67% of the results are nonsponsored results. For general search tools such as Google, 56% of the first screen and 82% of the first Web page contain nonsponsored results. Other results include that query structure makes a significant difference in the percentage of nonsponsored results returned by a search. Similarly, the topic of the query also can have a significant effect on the percentage of sponsored results displayed by most Web search tools.
Soft drug delivery systems (2006)

This brief review aims at providing some illustrative examples on the use of soft drug delivery systems formed by surfactants, polymers, and lipids. Such delivery systems are discussed and exemplified regarding both more traditional soft drug delivery systems such as micelles, liquid crystalline phases, liposomes and polymer gels, as well as more novel structures, , carbon nanotubes, polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules, and liquid crystalline particles.
An efficient algorithm for predictive continuous nearest neighbor query processing and result maintenance (2005)

Predictive continuous nearest neighbor queries are concerned with finding the nearest neighbor objects for some future time period according to the current object and query locations and their motion information. Existing continuous query processing algorithms are not efficient enough, requiring multiple dataset lookups to evaluate the query results throughout the duration of a continuous query. More importantly, the complete result for the whole query time interval is only available at the moment when all object motion updates have been examined, based on which adjustment of the query result is made. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which requires only one dataset lookup to deliver a complete predictive result. We then apply a differential update technique to maintain the query results incrementally in the presence of object location and motion updates.
Efficient Aluminum Chloride–Natural Graphite Battery (2017)

The quest for low-cost and large-scale stationary storage of electricity has led to a surge of reports on novel batteries comprising exclusively highly abundant chemical elements. Aluminum-based systems, <i>inter</i> alia, are appealing because of the safety and affordability of aluminum anodes. In this work, we examined the recently proposed aluminum-ionic liquid-graphite architecture. Using <sup>27</sup>Al nuclear magnetic resonance, we confirmed that AlCl<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> acts as an intercalating species. Although previous studies have focused on graphitic cathodes, we analyzed the practicality of achievable energy densities and found that the AlCl<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>based ionic liquid is a capacity-limiting anode material. By focusing on both the graphitic cathode and the AlCl<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>based anode, we improved the overall energy density. First, high cathodic capacities of ≤150 mAh g<SUP>-1</SUP> and energy efficiencies of 90% at high electrode loadings of at least 10 mg cm<SUP>-2</SUP> were obtained with natural, highly crystalline graphite flakes, which were subjected to minimal mechanical processing. Second, the AlCl<sub>3</sub> content in the ionic liquid was increased to its maximal value, which essentially doubled the energy density of the battery, resulting in a cell-level energy density of ≤62 Wh kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. The resulting batteries were also characterized by high power densities of at least 489 W kg<SUP>-1</SUP>.
Fomepizole Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in an Infant (2000)

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes ingested ethylene glycol (EG) to the toxic compounds glycolic and oxalic acids. Renal failure, acidosis, hypocalcemia, and death may follow. Traditional treatment of EG poisoning may require ethanol, a competitive substrate of alcohol dehydrogenase, and hemodialysis, that removes both EG and its toxic metabolites. A new alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole), was approved in 1997 for patients at least 12 years old with suspected or confirmed EG poisoning. Fomepizole has not been studied adequately in the pediatric population. We present a case of an 8-month-old male infant who drank up to 120 mL of EG and developed acidosis and oxalate crystalluria. He was treated with fomepizole and hemodialysis. Even after the completion of hemodialysis, fomepizole appeared to effectively block the production of EG toxic metabolites and to allow the resolution of acidosis; the patient recovered within 48 hours. This is the first report of fomepizole treatment of EG poisoning in an infant.4-methylpyrazole, fomepizole, poisoning, ethylene glycol, hemodialysis, infant, child, pediatrics.
Unmanned Aerial System for Antenna Measurement (UASAM) (2018)

The main goal of this contribution is to provide an overview of an Unmanned Aerial System for Antenna Measurement (UASAM), which will be presented at the AMTA Scientific Workshop on "UAV-based Antenna and Field Measurements".UASAM is a compact low-cost system that can be used for in-situ antenna measurement and diagnostics.It makes use of a Real Time Kinematik (RTK) and a laser altimeter to georefer the measurements with cm-level accuracy.Field radiated by the Antenna Under Test (AUT) is measured with a low-cost power detector at several acquisition surfaces (even non-canonical surfaces) around the AUT (in the near field region).Next, an iterative phase retrieval technique is applied, being able to recover the AUT aperture fields.Furthermore, from these fields, Near-Field to Far-Field (NF-FF) transformation can be used to retrieve the radiation pattern.Several application examples for different kinds of AUTs will be shown in the workshop.In addition, the impact of positioning and geo-referring accuracy will be discussed as well.This system is of great interest for those industrial applications where antenna diagnostics and radiation pattern assessment capabilities are required (e.g.analysis of antenna arrays, tilt testing of base station antennas, etc.) avoiding the need of stopping operational conditions.
Functional characterization of a pyrimidine-rich element in the 5'-noncoding region of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c gene. (1988)

A predominantly pyrimidine-rich sequence (purine in the template strand, 32 of 37 bases) is located between a functional TATA element and the corresponding transcription start site region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) gene. By using linker deletions and gene fusion techniques, the functional characteristics of this pyrimidine sequence were examined. Results indicate that the function of this element is to limit the accumulation of full-length mRNAs with 5' ends which map upstream of the pyrimidine-rich sequence. Data suggest that the 5'-noncoding region of the CYC1 gene possesses signals for mRNA 3'-end processing.
Beclin 1 bridges autophagy, apoptosis and differentiation (2008)

Beclin 1 is a critical component in the class III PI3 kinase complex (PI3KC3) that induces the formation of autophagosomes in mammalian systems. Autophagic triggers upregulate Beclin 1, which in turn binds to PI3KC3 or Bcl-X(L) to form complexes of Beclin 1-PI3KC3 or Beclin 1-Bcl-X(L) that are physically and functionally independent from each other. Contrary to the previous observations that Beclin 1 binding to Bcl-2 family members is apoptotic and antiautophagic, we found that autophagic trigger-induced Beclin 1-binding to Bcl-X(L) is antiapoptotic and has no effect on autophagy, suggesting a convertible role of the Beclin 1-Bcl-X(L) complex in response to autophagy stimuli. Both autophagy and differentiation cascades require upregulation of Beclin 1. While the basal Beclin 1 level does not cause autophagy or differentiation, depletion of Beclin 1 cripples both autophagy and differentiation capabilities, but activates apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Beclin 1 is essential for autophagy, differentiation and antiapoptosis, and may play an important role in coordinating inputs for cellular decisions to signaling machinery that mediates different cellular cascades.
Comparison of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) and 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)(AMVN) as free radical initiators: a spin-trapping study (1996)

Spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO) and its hydrophobic analogue 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole 1-oxide (DMPIO) was used to identify and to monitor the concentration of participating radical species in oxidation reactions initiated by azo compounds: water-soluble 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) and lipophilic 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)(AMVN). Incubation of AAPH with spin traps in aqueous media produced alkoxyl radical spin adducts with hyperfine splitting constants being aN= 14.62 G, βaH= 15.29 G, γaH= 0.72 G and aN= 13.46 G, βaH= 12.53 G, for DMPO and DMPIO, respectively. In contrast, formation of AMVN-derived peroxyl radicals was detected by both direct EPR and spin trapping in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) solutions. In the presence of either rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes (10 g dm–3 of SR protein) or egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes (10 g dm–3 of lipid) preloaded with AMVN no spin adduct formation was observed, for both DMPO and DMPIO spin traps, indicating that AMVN-derived radical species do not escape the lipid environment. Only a small portion of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals was trapped by DMPIO in the presence of SR membranes. Spectral characteristics of the DMPIO spin adduct indicate its location at the lipid–water interface. At the same time, there was virtually no effect of SR on the rate of formation and steady-state level of the DMPO-spin adduct formed in the aqueous phase. From these data we suggest that the bulky cytosolic domains of the SR Ca2+-ATPase protect the membrane surface from radicals generated in the bulk (aqueous) solvent. Other evidence also demonstrates different mechanisms for free radical formation by AAPH and AMVN azo-initiators.
Effect of Number of Bipolar Membranes and Temperature on the Performance of Bipolar Membrane Electroacidification (1997)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stacking bipolar membranes (1−4 BPMs) on the energy and electroacidification parameters, as well as the temperature (10, 20, and 35 °C) on the efficiency of bipolar membrane electroacidification (BMEA) of soybean protein for the production of isolate. BMEA is based on the production of protons by dissociation of water molecules at the interface of bipolar membranes. Increasing the surface of bipolar membranes accelerates the electrochemical precipitation in a quasilinear fashion, while also increasing the electrical efficiency. The stacking has no effect on the final protein precipitation rate. The main effect of increasing the temperature from 10 to 35 °C appears to be a decrease in the duration of the procedure (30.42 vs 26.79 min) as well as increasing the energy efficiency. Increasing temperature slows the precipitation of proteins by decreasing hydrophobic interactions. Keywords: Temperature; bipolar membrane; stacking; electroacidification; soya protein
Ontogeny of Rat Myocardial A<sub>1</sub> Adenosine Receptors (1995)

Adenosine functions as a counterregulatory hormone in the myocardium by decreasing work and thereby protecting the myocardium against ischemia. Functional adenosine A1 receptors could serve as an important regulatory system in the developing preinnervated heart by balancing the humoral sympathetic input to the heart. The aims of this study were to determine if A1 adenosine receptors were functionally coupled to their Gi protein in the immature preinnervated heart and to determine if A1 adenosine receptors were present in greater numbers in the immature heart. One- to 3-day-old rat ventricular cardiomyocyte cultures were exposed to (1) control conditions; (2) isoproterenol, a beta-receptor agonist, (3) R-PIA, an A1 agonist, or (4) isoproterenol and R-PIA, cAMP levels were determined by RIA in each group. Adenosine A1 receptor density and the equilibrium dissociation constant were determined by binding of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist in newborn, 1-week-old, 2-week-old, and adult rat hearts. A1 stimulation decreased the isoproterenol-induced increase in cAMP by 30%, demonstrating functional A1 receptors in immature preinnervated myocytes. The A1 receptor density in the newborn age group was twice the adult and 2-week-old level. We conclude that A1 receptors in the immature heart are functionally coupled to their effector and that A1 receptors are present in greater numbers in the immature heart.
Authentication in peer-to-peer systems (2002)

In the environment of the 3:rd generation Internet based on peer-to-peer architecture, well-trusted methods must exist to establish a secure environment. One main issue is the possibility to verify that a node actually is who it claims to be (authentication). Establishment of authentication between nodes in a peer-to-peer environment where nodes are exchanging information directly with each other requires more planning than in a typical client-server environment where the authentication methods are server-based. The peer-to-peer applications described in this report use authentication methods based on central authorities as well as solutions without central authorities. Lack of standards in the way peer-to-peer systems should communicate and apply security lead to a variety of “local” communication and security solutions. These local solutions make different applications incompatible with each other, meaning that a peer using one application will not be able to communicate and exchange information with other peers using some other application.
A singular enzymatic megacomplex from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2006)

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), polyketide synthases (PKS), and hybrid NRPS/PKS are of particular interest, because they produce numerous therapeutic agents, have great potential for engineering novel compounds, and are the largest enzymes known. The predicted masses of known enzymatic assembly lines can reach almost 5 megadaltons, dwarfing even the ribosome (approximately 2.6 megadaltons). Despite their uniqueness and importance, little is known about the organization of these enzymes within the native producer cells. Here we report that an 80-kb gene cluster, which occupies approximately 2% of the Bacillus subtilis genome, encodes the subunits of approximately 2.5 megadalton active hybrid NRPS/PKS. Many copies of the NRPS/PKS assemble into a single organelle-like membrane-associated complex of tens to hundreds of megadaltons. Such an enzymatic megacomplex is unprecedented in bacterial subcellular organization and has important implications for engineering novel NRPS/PKSs.
Pharmacogenetics of Lung Cancer (2010)

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and around the world. Smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and also affects treatment response and survival of lung cancer patients. There is compelling evidence supporting a genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. A family history of lung cancer increases the relative risk of lung cancer by approximately 1.8-fold. The associations between common genetic polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer have been firmly established through candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies. Genetic polymorphisms may not only directly affect lung cancer susceptibility through their functional impact on genes involved in processes of tobacco-induced carcinogenesis, including carcinogen metabolism and DNA damage response, but also indirectly influence lung cancer risk through their effect on nicotine addiction and other risk behavior. The same genes that are implicated in lung cancer risk may also be involved in the modulation of clinical outcome. For example, tobacco carcinogen metabolism genes may affect cancer risk and clinical outcome due to the dual role of smoking in lung cancer etiology and outcome, and genes involved in repairing DNA-carcinogen adducts are also responsible for removing DNA-cisplatin complex and therefore can impact chemotherapy response. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and genetic determinants of lung cancer clinical outcomes, focusing on pharmacogenetics of platinum-based chemotherapy and genetic predictors of radiotherapy response and toxicity.
Theory of eddy currents induced by a nonsymmetric coil above a conducting half-space (1984)

A solution is presented for the boundary value problem posed by a current-carrying coil of arbitrary shape in air above the plane surface of a conductor of semi-infinite extent. Two special cases are also treated: a circularly-symmetric coil at an arbitrary tilt angle with respect to the surface normal, and an infinitesimal coil, a magnetic dipole, also at an arbitrary tilt angle. Numerical results are presented for dipole orientations parallel and perpendicular to the surface.
An automated multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization workstation for the identification of clonally related cells (2008)

The methods presented in this study are aimed at the identification of subpopulations (clones) of genetically similar cells within tissue samples through measurement of loci-specific Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) spot signals for each nucleus and analyzing cell spatial distributions by way of Voronoi tessellation and Delaunay triangulation to robustly define cell neighbourhoods. The motivation for the system is to examine lung cancer patient for subpopulations of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cells with biologically meaningful gene copy-number profiles: patterns of genetic alterations statistically associated with resistance to cis-platinum/vinorelbine doublet chemotherapy treatment. Current technologies for gene-copy number profiling rely on large amount of cellular material, which is not always available and suffers from limited sensitivity to only the most dominant clone in often heterogeneous samples. Thus, through the use of FISH, the detection of gene copy-numbers is possible in unprocessed tissues, allowing identification of specific tumour clones with biologically relevant patterns of genetic aberrations. The tissue-wide characterization of multiplexed loci-specific FISH signals, described herein, is achieved through a fully automated, multicolour fluorescence imaging microscope and object segmentation algorithms to identify cell nuclei and FISH spots within. Related tumour clones are identified through analysis of robustly defined cell neighbourhoods and cell-to-cell connections for regions of cells with homogenous and highly interconnected FISH spot signal characteristics. This study presents experiments which demonstrate the system’s ability to accurately quantify FISH spot signals in various tumour tissues and in up to 5 colours simultaneously or more through multiple rounds of FISH staining. Furthermore, the system’s FISH-based cell classification performance is evaluated at a sensitivity of 84% and specificity 81% and clonal identification algorithm results are determined to be comparable to clone delineation by a human-observer. Additionally, guidelines and procedures to perform anticipated, routine analysis experiments are established.
Global and Near Tip Response of Cracked Solid Propellant (1993)

Abstract : A series of tensile tests were conducted at two head rates (2.54 and 12.7 mm/min) and three temperatures (-65 degrees F, 72 degrees F, and 165 degrees F) on edge cracked biaxial solid propellant specimens of two thicknesses (2.54 and 12.7mm) to simulate typical curing, transport, and storage conditions. A grating of negligible stiffness was inscribed on the specimen surfaces near the crack tip and photographs of the grating were taken at various time intervals from which near tip displacement and strain fields, and the dominant eigenvalues were extracted. A companion test program on uncracked biaxial specimens was conducted to obtain global stress-strain and stress relaxation data. Results of the cracked specimen tests suggested a blunt-growth- blunt-growth mechanism of extension which was highly non-linear with the blunting preceded by extensive local voiding ahead of the crack tip except in the thick models at -65 degrees F, where a classic brittle fracture resulted with negligible voiding. Reasonable estimates of the dominant eigenvalues were obtained for all cases. The head rate effect was considered small relative to that of temperature and the relaxation modulus followed generally the WLF predictions. Explanations are suggested for the development of brittle fractures.
WDM applications in broadband telecommunication networks (1989)

Network applications of multichannel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) techniques are considered. The photonic technologies that will be critical to future systems using WDM are reviewed. Both interoffice and subscriber loop architectures that utilize the unique properties of WDM to achieve important advantages over more traditional network designs are presented. Several experimental demonstrations that illustrate how these architectures can be realized with currently available components are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unique characteristics of cold cathode carbon-nanotube-matrix field emitters (1997)

The attributes of electron field emission from disordered matrix arrays of carbon nanotubes are studied and found to be quite reproducible in spite of the disorder, density, and quality variations from sample to sample. At low applied electric fields, the electron field emission current-voltage characteristics qualitatively follow conventional Fowler-Nordheim behavior up to a critical current density. However, the current rise at low applied fields is anomalously steep, suggesting that the Fowler-Nordheim model is not sufficient to quantitatively characterize the emission. In the high-field region, the emission characteristics have a more complex behavior. In that regime, the instantaneous field emission is reminiscent of the low-field behavior, but discrete switching events lead to an overall current suppression. We attribute the sudden and well-defined onset of the switching events to interactions between neighboring nanotube tips. By correlating the switching behavior to the current-voltage characteristics, we rule out other physical processes that cause similar effects.
Creating Simplified 3D Models with High Quality Textures (2015)

This paper presents an extension to the KinectFusion algorithm which allows creating simplified 3D models with high quality RGB textures. This is achieved through (i) creating model textures using images from an HD RGB camera that is calibrated with Kinect depth camera, (ii) using a modified scheme to update model textures in an asymmetrical colour volume that contains a higher number of voxels than that of the geometry volume, (iii) simplifying dense polygon mesh model using quadric-based mesh decimation algorithm, and (iv) creating and mapping 2D textures to every polygon in the output 3D model. The proposed method is implemented in real-time by means of GPU parallel processing. Visualization via ray casting of both geometry and colour volumes provides users with a real-time feedback of the currently scanned 3D model. Experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of keeping the model texture quality even for a heavily decimated model and that, when reconstructing small objects, photorealistic RGB textures can still be reconstructed.