gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Anthocyanins and Other Phenolics from Black Currants with Sulfured Water (2002)

Health benefits of fruits, vegetables, and red wine are attributed to anthocyanins and other phytochemicals. In this research, the extraction of phenolics from black currants was optimized using different SO(2) concentrations (28, 300, 700, 1100, and 1372 ppm), temperatures (6, 20, 40, 60, and 74 degrees C), and solvent to solid ratios (S/S) (6, 20, 40, 60, and 74 mL/g). Surface response methodology was used to optimize yields of anthocyanins and total phenolics, as well as their antiradical and antioxidant activities. The extraction of phenolics varied with the SO(2) concentration, S/S, and temperature. Maximum yields of total phenolics and anthocyanins were obtained at an SO(2) concentration of 1000-1200 ppm and 19 L of solvent/kg of milled frozen berries. The increase of extraction temperature increased the rate of extraction and, thus, times to reach equilibrium for the extraction of total phenolics and anthocyanins were reduced. However, for the extraction of anthocyanins it is recommended that temperatures of 30-35 degrees C be used, as higher temperatures will degrade these compounds. Antioxidant activity was affected by all three experimental variables evaluated; however, the main variable affecting it was S/S. The higher the S/S, the lower the antioxidant index.
Development and Characterization of Edible Films from Cranberry Pomace Extracts (2006)

ABSTRACT The feasibility of using cranberry pomace extract as a new film‐forming material was studied. Cranberry pomaces were extracted using hot water. Low methoxyl pectin (LMP) or high methoxyl pectin (HMP) at a concentration of 0.50% or 0.75% (w/w) and 0.25% (w/w) sorbitol or glycerol was incorporated into film‐forming solutions (FFSs) for improving film functionality. Proximate compositions of cranberry pomace and its extract were determined. The pH and total soluble solid content (SSC) of FFSs, physical and mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and microstructure of dried films were analyzed. About 1.4% (w/w) of solids was obtained from cranberry pomace water extracts, of which about 93% was carbohydrate. Dried films had bright red color and strong cranberry flavor. Films plasticized with sorbitol were denser in matrix structure and had higher color intensity than those of glycerol plasticized films. In general, LMP and sorbitol incorporated films had higher tensile strength and lower elongation at break and lower water vapor permeability than other films. The higher (0.75%) pectin concentration resulted in increased tensile strength, but decreased elongation at break. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that sorbitol added films had more regular and compact cross‐section structure than those of glycerol added films. This study demonstrated that it is feasible to create natural colorful and fruit flavor edible films from fruit pomace water extracts. Depending on specific applications of the films, targeted film functionality can be achieved by incorporating proper pectin type and concentration and plasticizer into pomace extracts.
Commercialization of early stage university-based inventions (2013)

The changing university environment have meant a substantial rise in the rate of commercialization of university-based technologies. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of technology transfer process as perceived by different stakeholders in the innovation lifecycle. Data is collected using semi-structured interviews with inventors, technology transfer personnel, patent attorneys, consultants and investors. Secondly, the secondary patent and market data was utilized for the selected case. This paper uses a case of Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and its ongoing activities to accelerate the commercialization process. The study takes one potential university-based inventions — Micro Organic Rankine Cycle energy converter — for deeper examination. The results contribute to a better understanding of successful technology transfer process and the potential challenges in the commercialization of early stage technologies.
Characterization of a semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch for ultrawide band high power microwave applications (1998)

Simulation results depicting physical conditions in a photoconductive semiconductor switch in the pulse charging state, prior to high power switching, are analyzed. Results show that surface conditions and EL2 traps in semi-insulating GaAs influence the conduction process, specifically at high bias. Formation of trap-filled regions renders the device inhomogeneous for stable conduction and premature breakdown occurs, due to a large extent on unstable current filamentation within the device. Unlike insulators, the breakdown of desorbed gas from the surface (surface flashover) does not contribute to premature breakdown.
Modeling of free radical polymerization up to high conversion. II. Development of a mathematical model (1997)

In free radical polymerization diffusion-controlled processes take place simultaneously to the normal chemical reactions. Despite extensive efforts to model such processes a consistent model for the design of a polymerization reactor has not yet been established. In this article a semiempirical model describing the conversion, polymerization degree, and molecular weight distribution (MWD) for the free radical polymerization is developed for the entire course of the reaction. The model includes the change of termination, propagation, transfer, and initiation rate. By simultaneous parameter estimation from the conversion and degrees of polymerization data the model parameters have been determined for isothermal polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (ST). The simulation results for the conversion, degrees of polymerization, and MWD are in good accordance with experimental data for suspension and bulk polymerization of MMA and ST up to very high conversions. The influence of diffusion on the propagation rate in case of polymerization of MMA is negligible compared to the influence of the cage effect on the radical efficiency; in case of ST polymerization both effects must be included in the kinetic model. The model presented is also tested for polymerizations conducted in the presence of solvent and/or chain transfer agents. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1663–1680, 1997
High-Salt Diet Inhibits Expression of Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor in Resistance Arteries (2005)

Recent studies suggested that type 2 angiotensin receptor (AT2R) could contribute to regulation of blood pressure and/or vascular remodeling. A key question relates to the effects of potential modulators of vascular AT2R expression. In the present work, we evaluated if high salt intake (70 mmol/L NaCl in drinking water) could modulate rat mesenteric artery AT2R function and expression. Angiotensin II dose-response curves were studied in rat perfused pressurized small-diameter arteries in the presence of losartan (AT1R antagonist). Arteries were precontracted with phenylephrine, yielding approximately 30% decrease in resting diameter. AT2R activation by angiotensin-induced dose-dependent relaxation of precontracted arteries (60.1+/-9.1% of phenylephrine-induced contraction, P<0.05). In contrast, AT2R-dependent relaxation was not observed in arteries obtained from rats on high-salt diet. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrated reduced amount of AT2R mRNA in arteries of rats on high-salt diet (65.5+/-7.5% of control levels, P<0.05). Western blot studies demonstrated decreased AT2R in mesenteric artery protein fractions of high-salt diet rats (60.0+/-18.0 of control levels, P<0.05). In a second set of experiments, adrenalectomy (4 days) blunted AT2R-mediated vasorelaxation and decreased AT2R mRNA (72.0+/-11.0% of control levels, P<0.05). AT2R abundance in protein fractions of mesenteric arteries of ADX rats was also diminished (64.0+/-13% of control levels, P<0.05). Both, AT2R mRNA and protein downregulation were prevented by mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Finally, physiological concentrations of aldosterone caused a dose-dependent increase in AT2R mRNA of small diameter mesenteric artery explants. The results are consistent with aldosterone-mediated upregulation AT2R.
CTGF and SMADs, Maintenance of Scleroderma Phenotype Is Independent of SMAD Signaling (2001)

In normal adult fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) induces the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). CTGF independently promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition, and in acute models of fibrosis promotes cell proliferation and collagen deposition acting synergistically with TGFbeta. In contrast to normal fibroblasts, fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic tissues express high basal levels of CTGF, even in the absence of added TGFbeta. Induction of transcription by TGFbeta requires the action of SMAD proteins. In this report we have investigated the role of SMADs in the TGFbeta-induction of CTGF in normal fibroblasts and in the elevated levels of CTGF expression found in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of patients with scleroderma, a progressive fibrotic disorder that can affect all organs of the body. We have identified a functional SMAD binding site in the CTGF promoter. TGFbeta-induction of CTGF is dependent on SMAD3 and SMAD4 but not SMAD2 and is p300-independent. However, mutation of the SMAD binding site does not reduce the high level of CTGF promoter activity observed in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of scleroderma patients. Conversely, the previously termed TGFbetaRE in the CTGF promoter is required for basal CTGF promoter activity in normal fibroblasts and for the elevated level of CTGF promoter activity in scleroderma fibroblasts. Thus, the maintenance of the fibrotic phenotype in scleroderma fibroblasts, as visualized by excess CTGF expression, appears to be independent of SMAD-dependent TGFbeta signaling. Furthermore, given CTGF's activities, the high level of CTGF expression observed in scleroderma lesions may contribute to the excessive scarring observed in this disorder.
PTHrP and Cancer (2005)

Originally discovered as a product of cancers that produce hypercalcemia, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been demonstrated to be a product of many malignant tissues, including prostate and lung cancer, where it can regulate growth and proliferation in vivo and in vitro (1–8). The amino-terminus of PTHrP reacts with the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHrPR) and produces most of the biological effects of native PTH, including hypercalcemia (1,2). A second family of PTH-specific receptors has recently been identified (1,9–11). However, there is accumulating and compelling evidence that non-amino-terminal forms of PTHrP, also generated through processing of the native isoforms, can exert biological effects (1–4). The PTHrP gene expresses three forms of the polypeptide through alternate mRNA splicing: PTHrP1-141, a truncated 1-139 form, and a human-specific 1-173 residue (11). Whereas PTHrP1-139 is quite similar to PTHrP1-141, PTHrP1-173 completely diverges from both at its own carboxy terminus (1,2,11). The PTHrP gene sequence spans more than 15 kb and is composed of three primary regions: a complex promoter region, a coding region, and a multiple 3′-noncoding region (3,11). The promoter region contains three different promoter elements, designated P1, P2, and P3. P1 and P3 are “TATA box”-like, and the P2 element is a GC-rich region (1,11).
Aggregation and inference: facts and fallacies (2003)

The author examines inference and aggregation problems that can arise in multilevel relational database systems and points out some fallacies in current thinking about these problems that may hinder real progress from being made toward their solution. She distinguishes several different types of aggregation and inference problems and shows that the different types of problems are best addressed by different approaches. In particular, it is shown that sensitive associations among entities of different types are best treated by representing the sensitive association separately and classifying the individual entities low and the relationship high. Sensitive associations among the various properties of an entity are best treated by determining those properties that contribute most to the inference and by storing those separately at a higher classification. Sensitive associations among entities of the same type are best treated by storing the individual data items comprising the aggregate at the aggregate-high classification; they must be sanitized for release to lower-level users. The suggested approaches allow the mandatory reference monitor to protect the sensitive associations, with no additional trusted mechanism needed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved Liver R2* Mapping by Averaging Decay Curves (2017)

Liver R2* mapping is often degraded by the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) especially in the presence of severe iron. This study aims to improve liver R2* mapping at low SNRs by averaging decay curves before the process of curve-fitting. Independently filtering echo images by nonlocal means (NLM) demonstrated improved quality of R2* mapping, but may introduce new errors due to the nonlinear nature of the NLM filter, during which the averaging weights may vary with different image contents at multiple echo times. In addition, the image denoising effect of the NLM may decline when no sufficient similar patches are available. To overcome these drawbacks, we proposed to filter decay curves instead of images. In this novel scheme, decay curves were averaged in a local window, each with a weight assigned according to the curve-similarity measured by the distance between one of the neighboring curves and the targeted one. The proposed method was tested on simulated, phantom and patient data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide more accurate R2* mapping compared with the NLM algorithm, and hence has the potential to improve diagnosis and therapy in patients with liver iron.
Stability and aggregation of ranked gene lists (2009)

Ranked gene lists are highly instable in the sense that similar measures of differential gene expression may yield very different rankings, and that a small change of the data set usually affects the obtained gene list considerably. Stability issues have long been under-considered in the literature, but they have grown to a hot topic in the last few years, perhaps as a consequence of the increasing skepticism on the reproducibility and clinical applicability of molecular research findings. In this article, we review existing approaches for the assessment of stability of ranked gene lists and the related problem of aggregation, give some practical recommendations, and warn against potential misuse of these methods. This overview is illustrated through an application to a recent leukemia data set using the freely available Bioconductor package GeneSelector.
Viable/Inviable Polynomial-Phase Modulations for "Stretch Processing" (2012)

For pulse compression, "stretch processing" offers a low sampling rate, computationally simple alternative to the conventional matched-filter-based approach for radar/sonar receivers to pulse-compress the linear frequency modulated (a.k.a. "chirp," "linear chirp," or "sweep signal") radar returns. A question remains in the open literature whether this "stretch processing" method could be applied to other constant-modulus polynomial-phase modulations. A concise mathematical proof is presented to show the answer as "no"; the linear frequency modulation (LFM) is the only constant-modulus polynomial-phase-based pulse compression suitable for "stretch processing".
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Major Depression (1990)

A relationship between cigarette smoking and major depressive disorder was suggested in previous work involving nonrandomly selected samples. We conducted a test of this association, employing population-based data (n = 3213) collected between 1980 and 1983 in the St Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey of the National Institute of Mental Health. A history of regular smoking was observed more frequently among individuals who had experienced major depressive disorder at some time in their lives than among individuals who had never experienced major depression or among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis. Smokers with major depression were also less successful at their attempts to quit than were either of the comparison groups. Gender differences in rates of smoking and of smoking cessation observed in the larger population were not evident among the depressed group. Furthermore, the association between cigarette smoking and major depression was not ubiquitous across all psychiatric diagnoses. Other data are cited indicating that when individuals with a history of depression stop smoking, depressive symptoms and, in some cases, serious major depression may ensue.
A Solid-Phase Assay for the Quantitation of Total Protein Eluted from Balafilcon, Lotrafilcon, and Etafilcon Contact Lenses (2008)

Both the AB on NC and CBQCA assays can be used to measure protein in extracts of lotrafilcon, balafilcon, and etafilcon lens materials.
Defective repression of c- <i>myc</i> in breast cancer cells: A loss at the core of the transforming growth factor β growth arrest program (2001)

Loss of growth inhibitory responses to the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in cancer cells may result from mutational inactivation of TGF-beta receptors or their signal transducers, the Smad transcription factors. In breast cancer, however, loss of TGF-beta growth inhibition often occurs without a loss of these signaling components. A genome-wide analysis of rapid TGF-beta gene responses in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells shows that c-myc repression, a response that is key to the TGF-beta program of cell cycle arrest, is selectively lost in the cancer cell line. Transformation of MCF-10A cells with c-Ha-ras and c-erbB2 oncogenes also led to a selective loss of c-myc repression and cell cycle arrest response. TGF-beta stimulation of epithelial cells rapidly induces the formation of a Smad complex that specifically recognizes a TGF-beta inhibitory element in the c-myc promoter. Formation of this complex is deficient in the oncogenically transformed breast cells. These results suggest that a Smad complex that specifically mediates c-myc repression is a target of oncogenic signals in breast cancer.
Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxial Growth and Properties of GaN/Al<sub>0.1</sub>Ga<sub>0.9</sub>N Layered Structures (1991)

High-quality, well-controlled GaN/Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 N layered structures with periodicity varying from 4.5 nm to 60 nm have been successfully grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). The layered structure has been confirmed by double-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Photoluminescence peak energy showed a shift toward the higher-energy side with decreasing thickness of the GaN well layer, which is in good agreement with the calculation obtained from the Kronig-Penny analysis.
Effect of meal viscosity and nutrients on satiety, intragastric dilution, and emptying assessed by MRI (2001)

The relationship between the intragastric distribution, dilution, and emptying of meals and satiety was studied using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques in 12 healthy subjects with four polysaccharide test meals of varying viscosity and nutrient content as follows: 1) low-viscosity nonnutrient, 2) low-viscosity nutrient, 3) high-viscosity nonnutrient, and 4) high-viscosity nutrient. Increasing the nutrient content of the high-viscosity meal delayed gastric emptying from 46 +/- 9 to 76 +/- 6 min (P < 0.004), whereas increasing viscosity had a smaller effect. The volume of secretions within the stomach 60 min after ingestion was higher for the high-viscosity nutrient meal (P < 0.04). A simple model to calculate the total volume of secretion added to the test meal is presented. Color-coded dilution map images showed the heterogeneous process of progressive gastric dilution of high-viscosity meals, whereas low-viscosity meals were uniformly diluted. Fullness was found to be linearly related to total gastric volumes for the nutrient meals (R(2) = 0.98) and logarithmically related for the nonnutrient meals (R(2) = 0.96). Fullness was higher for high- compared with low-viscosity meals (P < 0.02), and with the nutrient meals this was associated with greater antral volumes (P < 0.05).
A highly aromatic and sulfonated ionomer for high elastic modulus ionic polymer membrane micro-actuators (2012)

A high modulus, sulfonated ionomer synthesized from 4,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine and 4,4?-biphenol with bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (DPA-PS:BP) is investigated for ionic polymer actuators. The uniqueness of DPA-PS:BP is that it can have a high ionic liquid (IL) uptake and consequently generates a high intrinsic strain response, which is >1.1% under 1.6?V while maintaining a high elastic modulus (i.e. 600?MPa for 65?vol% IL uptake). Moreover, such a high modulus of the active ionomer, originating from the highly aromatic backbone and side-chain-free structure, allows for the fabrication of free-standing thin film micro-actuators (down to 5??m thickness) via the solution cast method and focused-ion-beam milling, which exhibits a much higher bending actuation, i.e. 43??m tip displacement and 180?kPa blocking stress for a 200??m long and 5??m thick cantilever actuator, compared with the ionic actuators based on traditional ionomers such as Nafion, which has a much lower elastic modulus (50?MPa) and actuation strain.
Tissue-integrated prosthesis complications (1993)

Over a 78-month period from 1983 to 1990 at the Mayo Clinic, 353 patients involving 407 jaws were restored with 1,778 Brånemark system implants supporting prostheses. Complications involved loss of implant anchorage, soft tissue problems, or mechanical problems. The most predominant complication involved soft tissues. There were 152 patients with loaded prostheses who had no complications and 37 with only one occurrence. Those seen in 160 patients with more than one occurrence were all conservatively managed, so that prosthesis use was only permanently discontinued in 4 patients, who returned to the use of a maxillary complete denture.
Experimental Observation of Direct Particle Acceleration by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2006)

We report the first experimental evidence for direct particle acceleration by stimulated emission of radiation. In the framework of this proof-of-principle experiment, a 45 MeV electron macrobunch was modulated by a high-power CO2 laser and then injected into an excited CO2 gas mixture. The emerging microbunches experienced a 0.15% relative change in the kinetic energy, in a less than 40 cm long interaction region. According to our experimental results, a fraction of these electrons have gained more than 200 keV each, implying that such an electron has undergone an order of magnitude of 2 x 10(6) collisions of the second kind.