gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C-MYC expression in medulloblastoma and its prognostic value (2000)

To identify prognostic factors in medulloblastoma, a common malignant brain tumor of childhood, expression of the oncogene c-myc was examined at the mRNA level by in situ hybridization. c-myc mRNA expression was observed in 30 of 72 tumors (42%). The c-myc gene copy number was determined by quantitative PCR from genomic DNA of paraffin-embedded tumors. c-myc gene amplification was present in 5 of 62 cases (8.3%). Therefore, c-myc amplification was obviously not the cause of c-myc mRNA expression in most samples. Kaplan-Meier estimation revealed a significant correlation between c-myc mRNA expression and survival (total mean follow-up 4.6 +/- 3.6 years, log-rank p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis including sex, age, histological type, degree of surgical resection and expression of synaptophysin, GFAP and c-myc, was carried out on 54 patients who received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The analysis identified expression of c-myc as an independent predictive factor of death from disease.
Prediction of missing enzyme genes in a bacterial metabolic network (2007)

The metabolic network is an important biological network which consists of enzymes and chemical compounds. However, a large number of metabolic pathways remains unknown, and most organism-specific metabolic pathways contain many missing enzymes. We present a novel method to identify the genes coding for missing enzymes using available genomic and chemical information from bacterial genomes. The proposed method consists of two steps: (a) estimation of the functional association between the genes with respect to chromosomal proximity and evolutionary association, using supervised network inference; and (b) selection of gene candidates for missing enzymes based on the original candidate score and the chemical reaction information encoded in the EC number. We applied the proposed methods to infer the metabolic network for the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa from two genomic datasets: gene position and phylogenetic profiles. Next, we predicted several missing enzyme genes to reconstruct the lysine-degradation pathway in P. aeruginosa using EC number information. As a result, we identified PA0266 as a putative 5-aminovalerate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.48) and PA0265 as a putative glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.20). To verify our prediction, we conducted biochemical assays and examined the activity of the products of the predicted genes, PA0265 and PA0266, in a coupled reaction. We observed that the predicted gene products catalyzed the expected reactions; no activity was seen when both gene products were omitted from the reaction.
DiSiA-a digital chip design for smart antennas (2003)

Smart array antennas are well suited for optimising the signal to noise ratio in mobile communications. While the performance of smart array antennas rise by using more antenna elements, the digital signal processing of the element signals becomes more expensive for large antennas. Therefore, the digital signal processor DiSiA (Digital Signal processor for intelligent Antennas) was developed. Besides mixing and beamforming, the DiSiA does a distributed addition of the base band signals, in the case of receiving. An intelligent multiplex control enables the use of SDMA without needing all element signals in a central processing unit. In the case of transmitting, each DiSiA performs beamforming employing multiple independent signals. Simulation results show the overall performance of the signal path.
Isolation and structural elucidation of a novel type of ganglioside, deaminated neuraminic acid (KDN)-containing glycosphingolipid, from rainbow trout sperm. The first example of the natural occurrence of KDN-ganglioside, (KDN)GM3. (1991)

Rainbow trout sperm contained almost exclusively monoanionic ganglioside fraction as a major acidic glycosphingolipid. Two monoacidic gangliosides were isolated and purified in this study and designated as sperm ganglioside 1 and 2 (sg-1 and sg-2). The two gangliosides, sg-1 and sg-2, contained the same neutral sugars, galactose and glucose in molar ratio of 1:1 and no GalNAc except for the presence of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) in sg-1 and deaminated neuraminic acid (KDN; 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid) in sg-2. The complete structures of these gangliosides were determined by a combination of methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 400-MHz one- and two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fatty acid analysis, and endoglycoceramidase digestion NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----Cer sg-1 [(NeuAc)GM3] KDN alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----Cer sg-2 [(KDN)GM3] where, for both sg-1 and sg-2, the ceramide moieties (Cer) were found to be made up of 4-sphingenine and mainly C16:0 fatty acid (palmitate; 95%) with a minor amount of C24:1 fatty acyl chain (nervonate, 5%). The structure of sg-2 is novel and represents the first example of a new class of gangliosides, i.e. KDN-gangliosides.
Multiuser signaling in the symbol-synchronous AWGN channel (1995)

Multiuser signal set design for the energy-constrained linear real-additive symbol-synchronous additive white Gaussian noise channel is investigated in this correspondence. An argument is presented showing the suboptimality of binary alphabets which, in turn, uncovers a rule for the formation of multiuser signal sets. This simple rule leads to a theorem stating the dimensionality at which additional users can be added to a multiuser system without decreasing the minimum Euclidean distance. Specific vector sets with the desired property are then constructed as examples and some generalizations are discussed. The theorem may also be used as a platform for the design of more efficient multiuser codes incorporating redundant signal sets. Two such codes are presented. In particular, a code combining four-dimensional unit-energy signals with a rate-2/3 convolutional code obtains a summed rate of 1.75 bits/dimension in the two-user adder channel with received minimum Euclidean distance of 2.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimum Reaction Conditions for Human Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes as They Affect Total Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity (1968)

Abstract Optimum reaction conditions at 30° ± 0.5° for two continuous spectrophotometric assay procedures, lactate to pyruvate (L → P) and pyruvate to lactate (P → L), were determined with respect to pH at 30° (pH30) substrate concentration, and coenzyme concentration for the human LDH isoenzymes. For the P → L procedure, broad pH30 optima were within the range of 7.20-7.40 for all the LDH isoenzymes. The coenzyme optima were identical for all of the isoenzymes tested at a reduced NAD concentration of 1.5 x 10-4 M. Pyruvate substrate optima ranged from 7.5 x 10-4 M for LDH1 to 1.7 x 10-3 M for LDH5 at pH30 7.30. For the L → P procedure, the pH30 optima were within the range of 8.30-8.88 for the LDH5 through LDH1 isoenzymes, respectively. Optimum activity was obtained at a NAD concentration of 6.0 x 10-3 M and remained constant at least to 1.8 x 10-2 M for each of the isoenzymes tested. L-Lactate substrate optima ranged from 4.0 x 10-2 M for LDH1 to at least 7.2 x 10-2 M for LDH5. From the isoenzyme studies, the degree of variation possibly involved in either method due to variations in isoenzyme distribution was calculated for total LDH samples. These calculations showed that both methods, P → L and L → P, were essentially equivalent. This equivalency was verified by a comparative study of the two methods on human serum samples.
Formate Formation and Formate Conversion in Biological Fuels Production (2011)

Biomethanation is a mature technology for fuel production. Fourth generation biofuels research will focus on sequestering CO(2) and providing carbon-neutral or carbon-negative strategies to cope with dwindling fossil fuel supplies and environmental impact. Formate is an important intermediate in the methanogenic breakdown of complex organic material and serves as an important precursor for biological fuels production in the form of methane, hydrogen, and potentially methanol. Formate is produced by either CoA-dependent cleavage of pyruvate or enzymatic reduction of CO(2) in an NADH- or ferredoxin-dependent manner. Formate is consumed through oxidation to CO(2) and H(2) or can be further reduced via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for carbon fixation or industrially for the production of methanol. Here, we review the enzymes involved in the interconversion of formate and discuss potential applications for biofuels production.
Assessment of asymptomatic liver fibrosis in alcoholic patients using fibroscan: prospective comparison with seven non‐invasive laboratory tests (2008)

Fibroscan is effective to assess liver fibrosis in alcoholic patients. Instant screening of liver fibrosis in heavy drinkers is feasible without liver biopsy.
Variations in the functional electrical coupling between the subendocardial Purkinje and ventricular layers of the canine left ventricle. (1985)

Action potential propagation from the subendocardial Purkinje network into the ventricular muscle is an essential link in cardiac activation. Studies of papillary muscles have indicated that ventricular muscle activation by the Purkinje network occurs only at discrete, localized regions near the papillary muscle base. Over the rest of the endocardial surface, however, the spatial distribution of these subendocardial Purkinje to ventricular muscle connections has been less well defined. We therefore studied in vitro 12 canine left ventricular preparations (eight from the septum, four from the lateral wall), using a high-density (1-mm spacings), high-resolution extracellular mapping technique to determine the subendocardial Purkinje and ventricular muscle activation sequences. These studies show that the distribution of subendocardial Purkinje to ventricular muscle electrical coupling is spatially inhomogeneous, and that the junctional regions themselves have variable degrees of electrical coupling. We also attempted to determine whether ventricular muscle coupling to the Purkinje network might influence Purkinje network conduction velocity. We found that on the papillary muscle apex, a region without direct Purkinje to ventricular muscle propagation, Purkinje network conduction velocity was slowed, suggesting that the Purkinje network might be electrically loaded by the underlying ventricular muscle. Finally, we performed numerical simulations using a model consisting of two layers of excitable cells to evaluate the effects that different electrical coupling patterns and/or different coupling resistivities between the two layers might have on activation of each layer. These simulation studies suggest that a coupling pattern having discrete junctional sites between the two layers (similar to our findings for subendocardial Purkinje to ventricular muscle coupling) is beneficial, as this arrangement allows more rapid activation of both layers by minimizing electrical loading of the thin Purkinje layer by the thicker ventricular muscle layer.
Multifocal bootlace lens design concepts: a review (2005)

Reflectors and lenses provide two optical mechanisms to magnify small apertures. There are a number of basic differences between the two structures. While the reflector system is less complex, it may, occupy more volume for the same features and suffers from blockage losses. The bootlace or Rotman lenses are more complex, have three multiple-element radiating structures, and offer more degrees of freedom that help in realizing multiple focal points. The three radiating structures are the feed array, the receiving array on one side of the lens, and the radiating array on the other side of the lens. The traditional bootlace lens is two dimensional, with feed points, receiving and transmitting arrays all lying on a plane. While this provides for easy stripline or printed circuit fabrications, there is no physical restriction from extending the formulations to three-dimensional structures. The process of optimizing the lens, aimed at increasing the number of focal points and minimizing the phase errors at other points, has produced lens designs with two to five focal points. The paper reviews some of these designs.
When Should a Chest Radiograph Be Obtained after Chest Tube Removal in Mechanically Ventilated Patients? A Prospective Study (2002)

A CXR obtained within 1 to 3 hours after chest tube removal effectively identifies pneumothorax in mechanically ventilated patients.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM–ASSOCIATED DEGRADATION (2005)

Secretory and transmembrane proteins enter the secretory pathway through the protein-conducting Sec61 channel in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the endoplasmic reticulum, proteins fold, are frequently covalently modified, and oligomerize before they are packaged into transport vesicles that shuttle them to the Golgi complex. Proteins that misfold in the endoplasmic reticulum are selectively transported back across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol for degradation by proteasomes. Depending on the topology of the defect in the protein, cytosolic or lumenal chaperones are involved in its targeting to degradation. The export channel for misfolded proteins is likely also formed by Sec61p. Export may be powered by AAA-ATPases of the proteasome 19S regulatory particle or Cdc48p/p97. Exported proteins are frequently ubiquitylated prior to degradation and are escorted to the proteasome by polyubiquitin-binding proteins.
The Involvement of Aspartate and Glutamate in the Decarboxylation of Malate by Isolated Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts from <i>Zea mays</i> (1986)

Aspartate or glutamate stimulated the rate of light-dependent malate decarboxylation by isolated Zea mays bundle sheath chloroplasts. Stimulation involved a decrease in the apparent K(m) (malate) and an increased maximum velocity of decarboxylation. In the presence of glutamate other dicarboxylates (succinate, fumarate) competitively inhibited malate decarboxylation by intact chloroplasts with respect to malate with an apparent K(i) of about 6 millimolar. For comparison the K(i) for inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme from freshly lysed chloroplasts by these dicarboxylates was 15 millimolar. A range of compounds structurally related to aspartate stimulated malate decarboxylation by intact chloroplasts. K(a) values for stimulation at 5 millimolar malate were 1.7, 5, and 10 millimolar for l-glutamate, l-aspartate, and beta-methyl-dl-aspartate, respectively. Certain compounds, notably cysteic acid, which stimulated malate decarboxylation by intact chloroplasts inhibited malate decarboxylation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme obtained from lysed chloroplasts and assayed under comparable conditions. It was concluded that aspartate, glutamate, and related compounds affect the transport of malate into the intact chloroplasts and that malate translocation does not take place on the general dicarboxylate translocator previously reported for higher plant chloroplasts.
A NEW SYNDROME: PROGRESSIVE FAMILIAL INFANTILE CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNUSUAL URINARY SUBSTANCE (1954)

Four cases of a syndrome involving a rapidly progressive cerebral dysfunction and commencing during the first week of life are reported. In each of these cases the urine excreted had a peculiar odor resembling that of maple syrup. The pathogenesis of this condition is unexplained, although some anomaly of cerebral metabolism seems to be the most likely cause of the syndrome.
Dynamic gain equalisation filter based on integrated optical transversal filter with asymmetric combiner (2002)

A compact dynamic gain equalisation filter on a silica-based planar lightwave circuit has been fabricated. The filter is based on the authors' newly developed optical transversal filter that uses an asymmetric combiner. This device flattened the amplified spontaneous emission spectrum of an erbium-doped fibre amplifier to a ripple of ∼1 dB over a wavelength range of 30 nm.
Design considerations of highly-efficient active clamp flyback converter using GaN power ICs (2018)

High switching frequency and high efficiency are critical in reducing power adapter size. The active clamp flyback (ACF) allows soft switching under all line and load conditions, eliminating all leakage inductance and snubber losses. This paper discusses key design considerations for high density ACF converters by looking into ZVS condition, RMS current reduction, and EMI optimization. Current-dip effect and secondary resonant scheme are found to significantly improve efficiency. GaN power ICs, with low output charge & integrated drive with reduced parasitics, are ideal for high frequency ACF. A 65 W USB-PD adapter was built to 24 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> cased power density and 93.4% worst case efficiency. The design met European CoC Tier 2 and US DoE Level VI efficiency requirement and the EN55022 Class B conducted EMI standard.
Evaluation of a risk‐screening questionnaire to detect equine lung inflammation: Results of a large field study (2010)

Prevalence of MLAI was high in this population. Although the RSQ did not allow differentiating normal horses from horses with MLAI, it has a high sensitivity to detect horses with SLAI and is therefore a good screening tool for SLAI.
Role of the driving laser position on atomic force microscopy cantilevers excited by photothermal and radiation pressure effects (2010)

The excitation efficiency of the photothermal effect on coated microcantilevers has been studied for different flexural modes, both experimentally and theoretically, showing that the position of the driving laser is crucial to obtain a significant oscillation. Moreover, the characterization has been carried out on uncoated cantilevers, where the radiation pressure is not negligible with respect to the photothermal effect, showing that the laser position can be used to select which physical phenomenon is dominating the cantilever dynamics.
Discovery of Periodic Patterns in Sequence Data: A Variance-Based Approach (2011)

We address the discovery of periodic patterns in sequence data. Building on prior work in this area, we present definitions and new methods for characterizing and identifying four types of periodic patterns. A unifying concept across the different types of periodic patterns we consider is the use of statistical variance to define periodicity. This lends itself to efficient variance-reduction algorithms for identifying periodic patterns. We motivate and test our approach using both extensive simulated sequences and real sequence data from online clickstream data.
Wireless sensing using oscillator circuits locked to remote high-Q SAW resonators (1998)

This paper introduces a method of wireless read out of high Q surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator sensors. The resonator is excited by a short RF pulse and decays after switching off the interrogating signal. In the measurement system, a gated phase locked loop (GPLL) locks to the resonance frequency of the SAW resonator within a few bursts. Then the frequency of the GPLL oscillator is synchronized to the resonance of the sensor and can be measured easily. The concept is intended to yield an alternative to interrogators with expensive signal processing. Considering the inherent limitations, the proposed system presents a low cost solution for temperature, force, torque, etc. measurements. We describe the sensors, the signals, and the implemented system. Results of temperature measurements using quartz resonators are presented, and merits and disadvantages are discussed.
Prototype of a coherent tracking and detection receiver with wideband vibration compensation for free-space laser communications (1996)

The Optical Communications Group of the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) has investigated the feasibility of a fiberless receiver telescope for high sensitive coherent optical space communication, resulting in an elegant pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) concept. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new concept, an optical receiver terminal that coherently obtains both the spatial error signal for tracking and the data signal with only one set of detectors has been built. The result is a very simple and compact setup with few optical surfaces. It does not require fibers for superpositioning and is capable to compensate for microaccelerations up to about one kilohertz.
Digital computer algorithms to calculate ultrasonic wave speed (1996)

Ultrasonic wave speed measurements are required in many applications, including material property determination, microstructural characterization, and flaw detection of materials. The accuracy and repeatability of results are dependent on both the hardware used to propagate and receive the ultrasonic waveforms and on the analysis for calculating wave speed. In this study, a comparison is made between five analysis algorithms for calculating ultrasonic wave speed. The overlap, Hilbert transform, phase slope, cross correlation, and cepstrum algorithms are implemented using a commercial software package. Average wave speed and standard deviation are compared for ten materials. Each algorithm has calculated wave speed within 1 percent of the mean for all five algorithms. The most consistent results have been provided by the overlap, cross-correlation, and cepstrum algorithms, which have produced results within 0.2 percent of the mean for the three algorithms.
Diode-pumped mid-infrared fiber laser with 50% slope efficiency (2017)

Until now, the field of mid-infrared fiber laser research has been constrained by the limitation imposed by the Stokes efficiency limit. The conversion of high-power diode light emission operating at near-infrared wavelengths into mid-infrared light invariably results in the deposition of significant amounts of heat in the fiber. This issue is compounded by the fact that mid-infrared transmitting glasses are thermomechanically weak, which means scaling the output power has been a longstanding challenge. In this report, we show that by cascading the adjacent transitions of the erbium ion at 2.8 and 1.6 μm in combination with a low-loss fluoride fiber, the slope efficiency for emission at 2.8 μm can reach 50%, thus exceeding the Stokes limit by 15%. We also show that by highly resonating the 1.6 μm transition, a highly non-resonant excited-state absorption process efficiently recycles the excitation back to the upper laser level of the mid-infrared transition. This demonstration represents a significant advancement for the field that paves the way for future demonstrations that will exceed the 100 W power level.
Hall effect under null current conditions (1994)

In a double boundary geometry, it is shown that dual independent Hall effects may be realized simultaneously by injecting two currents into the device, and the Hall effect on each boundary reflects only the current injected via the same boundary. A study of the magnetoresistance shows, however, that branch dissipation may be reduced through the optimal orientation of the injected currents. The results help clarify the signature edge currents in experiment by demonstrating that a Hall effect may be generated under null (net) current conditions.
CORDIC arithmetic for an SVD processor (1987)

Arithmetic issues in the calculation of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are discussed. Traditional algorithms using hardware division and square root are replaced with the special purpose CORDIC algorithms for computing vector rotations and inverse tangents. The CORDIC 2×2 SVD processor can be twice as fast as one assembled from traditional hardware units. A prototype VLSI implementation of a CORDIC SVD processor array is planned for use in real-time signal processing applications.