gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetic studies on the reaction between substituted benzyl phosphonates and substituted benzaldehydes (2005)

The kinetics of Wittig-Horner reaction between several middle-active phosphonates and substituted benzaldehydes, and the effect of substituents which bond on phosphonates and benzaldehydes respectively on the reaction rate have been studied. Experimental findings are consistent with intermediate formation being the rate-determining step. The substituents on phosphonates play an important part in the formation of the intermediate. Large negative entropy values provide further evidence for the rate-detemining step, and for the intermediate, which probably has a four-membered cyclic structure.
Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by oral tranilast in the rat. (1999)

Tranilast inhibits the development of choroidal neovascularization in this experimental model.
On receptor inhibitors and chemotherapy. (2000)

In the search for rational targets for drug development in cancer, receptor tyrosine kinases have become a favorite. The rationale for directing efforts to developing inhibitors of these receptors is compelling. Mutated or overexpressed growth factor receptors play a pivotal role in malignant
Energy parameters of a large-aperture prism active mirror (1988)

The main energy parameters of an active-mirror amplifier were determined using rectangular prisms made of LGS-59 neodymium glass as the active elements. The efficiency of conversion of the pump energy into the energy stored in the active medium was ~ 3% when the inhomogeneity of the distribution of the gain over the aperture was less than 12%. The linearity of variation of the small-signal gain within a wide range of pump energies demonstrated a low level of the superradiant noise, which in this geometry of the active elements was considerably less than the spontaneous noise.
Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto polystyrene (1997)

It is possible to graft vinyl monomers, such as acrylonitrile, onto polystyrene via anionic processes but not by a radical process. Both homopolymerization of the added acrylonitrile and graft copolymerization in which acrylonitrile units are added to the para position on the benzene ring in styrene occur; the conversion of acrylonitrile into polymer depends upon the time and temperature of the reaction and on the concentration of the anionic initiator, butyllithium. A constant 15–20% of the acrylonitrile is converted to graft copolymer while the remainder is homopolymerized; graft copolymer may be separated from homopolymer by selective precipitation from either N,N′-dimethylformamide or aqueous potassium thiocyanate. Treatment of the mixed graft and homopolymer with aqueous sodium hydroxide converts the nitrile into an acid salt and one may conveniently separate homopolymer from graft copolymer in this way. Each polystyrene chain is grafted with acrylonitrile units. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1275–1282, 1997
Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Dynamic MR Image Reconstruction (2018)

Accelerating the data acquisition of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging leads to a challenging ill-posed inverse problem, which has received great interest from both the signal processing and machine learning communities over the last decades. The key ingredient to the problem is how to exploit the temporal correlations of the MR sequence to resolve aliasing artifacts. Traditionally, such observation led to a formulation of an optimization problem, which was solved using iterative algorithms. Recently, however, deep learning-based approaches have gained significant popularity due to their ability to solve general inverse problems. In this paper, we propose a unique, novel convolutional recurrent neural network architecture which reconstructs high quality cardiac MR images from highly undersampled k-space data by jointly exploiting the dependencies of the temporal sequences as well as the iterative nature of the traditional optimization algorithms. In particular, the proposed architecture embeds the structure of the traditional iterative algorithms, efficiently modeling the recurrence of the iterative reconstruction stages by using recurrent hidden connections over such iterations. In addition, spatio-temporal dependencies are simultaneously learnt by exploiting bidirectional recurrent hidden connections across time sequences. The proposed method is able to learn both the temporal dependence and the iterative reconstruction process effectively with only a very small number of parameters, while outperforming current MR reconstruction methods in terms of reconstruction accuracy and speed.
Engineered Diversion: Using Well Heterogeneity as an Advantage to Designing Stage Specific Diverter Strategies (2018)

Abstract When hydraulically fracturing a horizontal wellbore with multiple perforation clusters, the fluid being pumped into the reservoir will preferentially take the path of least resistance. Perforations that are located in the lowest stressed rocks will take a larger amount of fluid, and those perforations located in highest stressed rocks will receive less, or in some cases none. One of the ways that engineers are trying to overcome these differences is the use of diverters. A fluid diverter is typically inserted at some point within a hydraulic fracturing pump schedule to seal off dominant fractures, allowing fluid to flow into under-stimulated fractures. The problem with this methodology is that without reservoir knowledge, operators rely on rules of thumb developed through trial and error to determine when and how much diverter to use. Data has shown how this methodology can be ineffective, leaving some clusters over stimulated and others under-stimulated. Anecdotal evidence also supports these concerns because equally sized diverter slugs do not always have equal pressure response. This paper will present a methodology currently in use that examines well heterogeneity, and designs the diversion strategy based on actual reservoir properties. Estimations of minimum insitu stress at each cluster are combined with estimates of stress shadow effect both from previous stages and between treatment clusters to determine at which pressure each cluster will accept fluid. This data is then used to bin clusters into primary clusters which will be treated first, followed by a diverter slug, then secondary and possibly tertiary clusters. The volume of diverter slug used will be proportional to the number of clusters within the previous bin. In addition to this, an engineered diversion strategy will look at the perforation design, fracture treatment design and pump rate. The result of this workflow is a tool that will maximize the effectiveness of diverters that will ultimately result in better producing wells at lower completions cost.
Selection of targeted agent(s) based on matching differential protein expression and mutational profile in NSCLC patients. (2011)

e21085 Background: Treatment of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) shows initial response, but most tumors develop acquired resistance to TKIs due to secondary resistance mutations (T790M) and amplification of other RTKs. Patients stratified for mono therapy treatment based on genotype alone is not sufficient as other kinases contribute to survival and necessitate inhibition of multiple kinases. Methods: The Collaborative Enzyme Enhanced Reactive-immunoassay (CEER) is a multiplexed protein microarray platform requiring co-localization of two detector enzyme-conjugated-antibodies. CEER is capable of high detection sensitivity from FNA/CTC viable samples (23-35 gage needle). Lysates were prepared from frozen tissues obtained surgically from 71 Caucasian and 29 Asian patients with NSCLC. Expression and activation of EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, cMET, IGF1R, cKIT, Shc, PI3K, AKT, ERK, VEGFR2, Src, FAK, Stat5, JAK2, CrKL, and other pathway proteins were profiled. Genotyping on panel of mutations in KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF were performed on all samples. Results: We have observed differential expression patterns between Asian and Caucasian patients. KRAS is mutated in 30% of all the patients. In Asians, EGFR over expression is higher (27%) compared to the Caucasians (3%). Caucasian patients expressed high Her3 (58%), cMET (25%), and co expression of both cMET and HER3 (27%). VEGFR2 is highly expressed in 17% of all patients. Patients over expressing cMET, HER3, and HER2 will benefit from combination of pan-HER and cMET inhibitors. Those over expressing cMET and EGFR will benefit from cMET and EGFR inhibitors. Lastly, patients over expressing VEGFR2 and cMET will benefit from cMET and VEGFR inhibitors. A comprehensive differential biomarker prevalence for each NSCLC sub-populations for all tested RTKs and signaling proteins will be presented. Conclusions: Mono therapy and patient selection based on genotype is not an effective criteria for treatment options. Instead, a comprehensive pathway profile using FNA/CTC should guide selection of appropriate therapy (combined or sequenced), and shifts in pathway profile should be monitored for appropriate response.
Role of kinins in chronic heart failure and in the therapeutic effect of ACE inhibitors in kininogen-deficient rats (2000)

Using Brown Norway Katholiek (BNK) rats, which are deficient in kininogen (kinin precursor) due to a mutation in the kininogen gene, we examined the role of endogenous kinins in 1) normal cardiac function; 2) myocardial infarction (MI) caused by coronary artery ligation; 3) cardiac remodeling in the development of heart failure (HF) after MI; and 4) the cardioprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) on HF after MI. Two months after MI, rats were randomly treated with vehicle or the ACEI ramipril for 2 mo. Brown Norway rats (BN), which have normal kininogen, were used as controls. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic pressure (EDP), and ejection fraction (EF) as well as myocardial infarct size (IS), interstitial collagen fraction (ICF), cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (MCA), and oxygen diffusion distance (ODD) were measured. We found that 1) cardiac hemodynamics, function, and histology were the same in sham-ligated BN and BNK rats; 2) IS was similar in BN and BNK; 3) in rats with HF treated with vehicle, the decrease in LVEF and the increase in LVEDV, LVESV, LVEDP, ICF, MCA, and ODD did not differ between BNK and BN; and 4) ACEI increased EF, decreased LVEDV and LVESV, and improved cardiac remodeling in BN-HF rats, and these effects were partially blocked by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist icatibant (HOE-140). In BNK-HF rats, ACEI failed to produce these beneficial cardiac effects. We concluded that in rats, lack of kinins does not influence regulation of normal cardiac function, myocardial infarct size, or development of HF; however, kinins appear to play an important role in the cardioprotective effect of ACEI, since 1) this effect was significantly diminished in kininogen-deficient rats and 2) it was blocked by a B(2) kinin receptor antagonist in BN rats.
The risk of relapses in multiple sclerosis during systemic infections (2006)

There was a significant association between systemic infections and risk of MS relapse, increased MRI activity, and T cells activation. Furthermore, infectious agents increased myelin specific T-cells sensitivity to cognate Ag.
Cluster Based Iterative GPS-Free Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks (2011)

Precise location information is important in sensor networks to support a great many functions like location aided routing, tracking and other specific applications. This paper proposes a Cluster based Iterative GPS-Free Localization(CIGL) algorithm for wireless sensor network, which only depends upon the distances between the sensor nodes and their neighbors obtained by measurements like TOA. The proposed algorithm firstly selects a subset of nodes to establish Local Coordinate Systems (LCSs) on the basis of clustering results. By rotation and reflection transformation, all the LCSs converge to form the global coordinate system and complete the nodes localization in succession. The located nodes are nominated as new beacons to re-locate the remaining unknown nodes, namely expand localization coverage by iteration. Comparing with the previous approach, simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves considerable performance in terms of localization accuracy and coverage, especially when the communication range is small and the network deployment is sparse.
Nutraceuticals for the treatment of osteoarthritis. (2011)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent human condition which is becoming an even greater health problem in an aging global population. Existing treatments for OA provide pain relief and some anti-inflammatory effects, but no truly disease-modifying treatments are available for this disease. Furthermore, the generally advanced age and frequent comorbid conditions present in OA patients limit safety of many available drugs. Treatments with enhanced safety margins and that offer chondroprotective effects are unmet needs. Nutraceuticals derived from foods and herbs have been long used in traditional medicine, and many have wide-ranging biologic effects suggesting novel mechanisms of action. Some of these have shown promise in controlled clinical trials in OA patients. Whether these approaches could offer safe symptom relief and possibly mediate beneficial joint remodeling in early OA are possibilities that merit further investigation.
Silicon Atomic Quantum Dots Enable Beyond-CMOS Electronics (2013)

We review our recent efforts in building atom-scale quantum-dot cellular automata circuits on a silicon surface. Our building block consists of silicon dangling bond on a H-Si(001) surface, which has been shown to act as a quantum dot. First the fabrication, experimental imaging, and charging character of the dangling bond are discussed. We then show how precise assemblies of such dots can be created to form artificial molecules. Such complex structures can be used as systems with custom optical properties, circuit elements for quantum-dot cellular automata, and quantum computing. Considerations on macro-to-atom connections are discussed.
The action of magnetic field on the sodium transport across the cell membrane. (1964)

In the frog skin Na+ transport has been studied using 24Na+ and the short circuit technique, with or without a 650 gauss steady magnetic field. The magnetic field reduced the influx of sodium by 10-30%. In short circuit experiments the current appeared to be altered within 1 second of increasing the field. Such effect seems to be due to a block in active transport of sodium since the addition of 3 mM ouabain to the inside solution prevented the change.
A Peptide-Based Magnetic Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Serological Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (2020)

Therefore, combining our immunoassay with real-time RT-PCR might enhance the diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19.
<i>MAX1</i>and<i>MAX2</i>control shoot lateral branching in<i>Arabidopsis</i> (2002)

Plant shoots elaborate their adult form by selective control over the growth of both their primary shoot apical meristem and their axillary shoot meristems. We describe recessive mutations at two loci in Arabidopsis, MAX1 and MAX2, that affect the selective repression of axillary shoots. All the first order (but not higher order) axillary shoots initiated by mutant plants remain active, resulting in bushier shoots than those of wild type. In vegetative plants where axillary shoots develop in a basal to apical sequence, the mutations do not clearly alter node distance, from the shoot apex, at which axillary shoot meristems initiate but shorten the distance at which the first axillary leaf primordium is produced by the axillary shoot meristem. A small number of mutant axillary shoot meristems is enlarged and, later in development, a low proportion of mutant lateral shoots is fasciated. Together, this suggests that MAX1 and MAX2 do not control the timing of axillary meristem initiation but repress primordia formation by the axillary meristem. In addition to shoot branching, mutations at both loci affect leaf shape. The mutations at MAX2 cause increased hypocotyl and petiole elongation in light-grown seedlings. Positional cloning identifies MAX2 as a member of the F-box leucine-rich repeat family of proteins. MAX2 is identical to ORE9, a proposed regulator of leaf senescence ( Woo, H. R., Chung, K. M., Park, J.-H., Oh, S. A., Ahn, T., Hong, S. H., Jang, S. K. and Nam, H. G. (2001) Plant Cell 13, 1779-1790). Our results suggest that selective repression of axillary shoots involves ubiquitin-mediated degradation of as yet unidentified proteins that activate axillary growth.
Immune profile of infectious bursal disease. III. Effect of infectious bursal disease virus on the lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens and on mixed lymphocyte reaction of chickens. (1981)

A whole-blood-culture technique was used to sequentially evaluated peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) of normal chickens and chickens infected at 1 day or 3 weeks of age with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). This method had numerous advantages over the more conventional techniques. A comparative study was made on the percentage of inhibition of responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA and Con A of 1-day- and 3-week-old IBDV-infected chickens. In both groups, there was a minimum inhibition between 3 and 4 weeks postinfection (PI) and a maximum inhibition at 6 weeks PI. A one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was performed using mitomycin-C-treated cells as stimulator cells obtained from chickens of genetically different strains. Lymphocytes from the experimental birds (control, 1-day-infected, and 3-week-infected groups) were used as the responder cells. The results showed that MLR response of the IBDV-infected chickens was significantly reduced compared with those of the uninfected controls. The degree of lowered response was much more severe in chickens infected at 1 day of age than in those infected at 3 weeks of age.
Multilocus Methods for Estimating Population Sizes, Migration Rates and Divergence Time, With Applications to the Divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis (2004)

The genetic study of diverging, closely related populations is required for basic questions on demography and speciation, as well as for biodiversity and conservation research. However, it is often unclear whether divergence is due simply to separation or whether populations have also experienced gene flow. These questions can be addressed with a full model of population separation with gene flow, by applying a Markov chain Monte Carlo method for estimating the posterior probability distribution of model parameters. We have generalized this method and made it applicable to data from multiple unlinked loci. These loci can vary in their modes of inheritance, and inheritance scalars can be implemented either as constants or as parameters to be estimated. By treating inheritance scalars as parameters it is also possible to address variation among loci in the impact via linkage of recurrent selective sweeps or background selection. These methods are applied to a large multilocus data set from Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. The species are estimated to have diverged approximately 500,000 years ago. Several loci have nonzero estimates of gene flow since the initial separation of the species, with considerable variation in gene flow estimates among loci, in both directions between the species.
Conjugation of Colloidal Gold to Proteins (1994)

The ability to conjugate proteins to colloidal gold sols provides a wide variety of probes for electron microscopy. In addition to antibodies, protein A, lectins, enzymes, toxins, and other proteins have all been conjugated to colloidal gold (1– 7). The nature of the interaction between the colloidal gold and the protein is poorly understood. Colloidal gold is a negatively charged lyophobic sol. The surface of the particle displays not only electrostatic characteristics, but also hydrophobic properties. In conjugating proteins to a gold sol, the electrostatic interactions must be reduced so that the hydrophobic interactions can prevail. This is accomplished by adjusting the pH of the gold sol to approx 0.5 pH unit higher than the pI of the protein being conjugated. Roth (7) gives a table of optimum pH for a number of commonly used proteins. Once the pH is properly adjusted, the net charge of the protein is zero or slightly negative. This prevents the aggregation of the protein owing to electrostatic attraction while maintaining the hydrophobic interactions and facilitates the conjugation of the protein to the gold.
<i>gltF</i>, a member of the <i>gltBDF</i> operon of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, is involved in nitrogen‐regulated gene expression (1992)

We report here the construction and analysis of insertional mutations in each of the three genes of the gltBDF operon and the nucleotide sequence of the region downstream from gltD. Two open reading frames were identified, the first of which corresponds to gltF. The gltB and gltD genes code for the large and small subunits, respectively, of the enzyme glutamate synthase (GOGAT). gltF codes for a protein, with a molecular mass of 26,350 Da, which is required for Ntr induction. Histidase synthesis was determined as a measure of Ntr function. First, insertions in gltB, gltD or gltF all prevent Ntr induction. Second, complementation analysis indicates that high-level expression of both the gltD and gltF genes is required for the induction of the Ntr enzymes under nitrogen-limiting conditions, indicating that the phenotype of the gltB insertion probably results from polarity on gltD and gltF. Third, glutamate-dependent repression of the glt operon appears to be mediated by the product of the gltF gene. Thus, the gltBDF operon of Escherichia coli is involved in induction of the so-called Ntr enzymes in response to nitrogen deprivation, as well as in glutamate biosynthesis.
The human cot proto-oncogene encodes two protein serine/threonine kinases with different transforming activities by alternative initiation of translation. (1993)

The cot gene is an oncogene encoding serine/threonine kinases isolated by DNA transfection assay. In this study, we isolated cDNA for the human cot protooncogene (proto-cot gene) and examined the structure and function of its gene products. The proto-cot gene has an open reading frame encoding 467 amino acids of which the first 397 amino acids are identical to those in the corresponding part of the cot gene. The protein products of the proto-cot gene were identified as 58- and 52-kDa proteins with intrinsic protein serine/threonine kinase activity. These two protein species were suggested to be generated by alternative initiation from two AUGs. The 58- and 52-kDa proteins are both localized predominantly in the cytosol, but the 58-kDa protein has a shorter half-life than the 52-kDa protein, suggesting the importance of the amino-terminal domain in regulating the stability of the proto-Cot protein. More interestingly, the 58-kDa protein showed stronger transforming activity than the 52-kDa protein, although this activity was much weaker than that of the Cot oncoprotein. Thus, the amino-terminal domain of the Cot protein may be necessary for cellular transformation, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain may negatively regulate the transforming activity.