gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a PAF immunogen and production of PAF‐specific antibodies (1991)

Platelet activating factor (PAF), a naturally occurring phospholipid with many potent physiological and pharmacological activities, is implicated as a mediator of many diseases. An immunoassay for PAF would greatly improve quantitation, and hence PAF-specific antibodies were required. Chemically-reactive analogs of PAF, containing an aldehyde group at the end of the 1-O-alkyl chain (hexyl or dodecyl), were synthesized from readily available materials. During the multi-step synthetic procedure, the aldehyde group was protected as an acetal, which was converted by mild acidic hydrolysis to the aldehyde immediately prior to protein coupling. These analogs were coupled to methylated bovine serum albumin and the resultant conjugates were injected into rabbits. Antibodies to PAF were detected using a solid phase radioimmunoassay based on Protein A-Sepharose. The dodecyl PAF conjugate proved to be the more immunogenic conjugate with more than half of the rabbits producing significant levels of antibodies (at least a 10-fold increase in radioactive uptake over pre-immune levels). Results from solid phase immunoassays employing nitrocellulose discs impregnated with PAF, lysoPAF, lecithin, lysolecithin and 2-O-methyl-lysoPAF indicated that the antibodies recognized only PAF. PAF-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography using a column of PAF-poly(lysine) conjugated to carboxy-activated polyacrylamide. The antibodies may be employed in a sensitive and specific immunoassay for PAF and for many other studies involving PAF.
Microbial Considerations in Genetically Engineered Mouse Research (2006)

Microbial infections have long been of concern to scientists using laboratory rodents because of their potential to confound and invalidate research. With the explosion of genetically engineered mice (GEM), new concerns over the impact of microbial agents have emerged because these rodents in many cases are more susceptible to disease than their inbred or outbred counterparts. Moreover, interaction between microbe and host and the resulting manifestation of disease conceivably differ between GEM and their inbred and outbred counterparts. As a result, infections may alter the GEM phenotype and confound interpretation of results and conclusions about mutated gene function. In addition, because GEM are expensive to produce and maintain, contamination by pathogens or opportunists has severe economic consequences. This review addresses how microbial infections may influence phenotype, how immunomodulation of the host as the result of induced mutations may modify host susceptibility to microbial infections, how novel host:microbe interactions have led to the development of new animal models for disease, how phenotype changes have led to the discovery of new pathogens, and new challenges associated with prevention and control of microbial infections in GEM. Although the focus is on naturally occurring infections, extensive literature on the use of GEM in studies of microbial pathogenesis also exists, and the reader is referred to this literature if microbial infection is a suspected culprit in phenotype alteration.
Biological basis of the ractopamine response (2002)

The potential for beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR) agonists to modify growth rate and body composition has been investigated for over 20 yr. Ractopamine was developed by Elanco Animal Health and is the first βAR ligand to be cleared for use in pigs in the United States, which occurred in 2000. Ractopamine is structurally similar to the natural catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and binds with high affinity to βAR in pig adipose and muscle tissue. The family of βAR, however, belongs to a much larger family of structurally related G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and there is little or no information available as to whether ractopamine binds and signals through additional GPCR. The question of whether βARmediate the growth response in pigs and other animals is not fully settled, but primary attention has been given to understanding how βAR might mediate increased growth and protein accretion, and whether effects are direct on adipose and muscle tissue or mediated by secondary factors. Ractopamine is a racemic mixture of four isomers resulting from two asymmetric carbons. The RR isomer (levorotatory at both carbons) has the highest affinity for the pig β1AR and β2AR and Kd values are essentially equivalent for both subtypes (∼25 nM). Other isomers have from 3- to 600-fold lower affinity. The RR isomer appears to mediate the growth response in rats and likely is the active isomer in pigs. Therefore, ractopamine can be considered nonselective in binding to either the β1AR or β2AR in pigs. It is not known, however, whether the β3AR or additional subtypes may mediate a ractopamine response. Direct activation of βAR in adipocytes promotes triglyceride hydrolysis and decreases fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, thus leading to less lipid accumulation. Fat accretion in pigs given ractopamine is not consistently reduced, which may result from βAR down-regulation. Ractopamine consistently increases muscle protein accretion in pigs. Responses are maximal within the 1st wk and decline toward zero over 4 to 6 wk. Curiously, βAR down-regulation is not significant in skeletal muscle. The mechanism responsible for increased protein accretion is not clear, but cumulative evidence points to a direct effect, possibly involving both protein synthesis and degradation.
Poly(triacetylene)s: A New Class of Linearly π-Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers with an All-carbon Backbone (2001)

Linearly π-conjugated polymers are intensively investigated in both academia and industry for a diversity of advanced materials applications. Polyacetylenes (PAs) and poly(diacetylene)s (PDAs) were among the earliest investigated linearly π-conjugated polymers possessing an all-carbon backbone. They actually represent the first members in an entire progression of linear all-carbon polymers which starts with polyacetylene and ultimately extends to carbyne. Here, we describe the discovery and systematic investigation of poly(triacetylene)s (PTAs), the third class of compounds in this progression. We report both the preparation of longer-chain polydisperse PTA polymers as well as the synthesis, characterization, and physical study of monodisperse oligomers with record lengths extending up to 18 nm. We show how molecular properties evolve into the saturation range with increasing oligomeric length and report several direct determinations of the effective conjugation length (ECL), i.e. the oligomeric length at which saturation of molecular properties occurs. Finally, we present a new class of hybrid oligomers and polymers, with a diversity of chromophores inserted as functional spacers into the PTA backbone for further enhancement of optoelectronic properties.
Methodological study of affine transformations of gene expression data with proposed robust non-parametric multi-dimensional normalization method (2006)

We find that an affine model can explain non-linear intensity-dependent systematic effects in observed log-ratios. Affine normalization removes such artifacts for non-differentially expressed genes and assures that symmetry between negative and positive log-ratios is obtained, which is fundamental when identifying differentially expressed genes. In addition, affine normalization makes the empirical distributions in different channels more equal, which is the purpose of quantile normalization, and may also explain why dye-swap normalization works or fails. All methods are made available in the aroma package, which is a platform-independent package for R.
Electrophilic organoselenium reagents. New route to allylic acetates and ethers (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleElectrophilic organoselenium reagents. New route to allylic acetates and ethersK. B. Sharpless and R. F. LauerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 3, 429–430Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00917a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00917a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1276Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders (2019)

There is evidence to support the efficacy of various medical, behavioral, and neurostimulation interventions for the treatment of tics. Both the efficacy and harms associated with interventions must be considered in making treatment recommendations.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov. (1989)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridizations were performed on strains of Lactobacillus casei. Our results indicate that this species as presently constituted is genomically very heterogeneous. The majority of strains designated L. casei subsp. casei, together with members of L. casei subsp. alactosus, L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and L. casei subsp. tolerans, exhibited high levels of DNA relatedness with each other but were distinct from the type strain of L. casei subsp. casei. Strains of L. casei subsp. rhamnosus also formed a genomically homogeneous group unrelated to all members of the other L. casei subspecies examined. On the basis of the present and previous findings we suggest that members of L. casei subsp. alactosus, L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and L. casei subsp. tolerans and the majority of L. casei subsp. casei strains be given separate species status, for which we propose the names L. paracasei sp. nov., L. paracasei subsp. paracasei (type strain, NCDO 151), and L. paracasei subsp. tolerans (type strain ATCC 25599). We also propose that L. casei subsp. rhamnosus be elevated to species status, as L. rhamnosus sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 7469).
Restriction enzyme mining for SNPs in genomes. (2008)

Many different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping methods have been developed recently. However, most of them are expensive. Using restriction enzymes for SNP genotyping is a cost-effective method. However, restriction enzyme mining for SNPs in a genome sequence is still challenging for researchers who do not have a background in genomics and bioinformatics. In this review, the basic bioinformatics tools used for restriction enzyme mining for SNP genotyping are summarized and described. The objectives of this paper include: i) the introduction of SNPs, genotyping and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); ii) a review of components for genotyping software, including tools for primer design only or restriction enzyme mining only; iii) a review of software providing the flanking sequence for primer design; iv) recent advances in PCR-RFLP tools and natural and mutagenic PCR-RFLP; v) highlighting the strategy for restriction enzyme mining for SNP genotyping; vi) a discussion of potential problems for multiple PCR-RFLP. The different implications for restriction enzymes on sense and antisense strands are also discussed. Our PCR-RFLP freeware, SNP-RFLPing, is included in this review to illustrate many characteristics of PCR-RFLP software design. Future developments will include further sophistication of PCR-RFLP software in order to provide better visualization and a more interactive environment for SNP genotyping and to integrate the software with other tools used in association studies.
PNC‐28, a p53‐derived peptide that is cytotoxic to cancer cells, blocks pancreatic cancer cell growth <i>in vivo</i> (2006)

PNC-28 is a p53 peptide from its mdm-2-binding domain (residues 17-26), which contains the penetratin sequence enabling cell penetration on its carboxyl terminal end. We have found that this peptide induces necrosis, but not apoptosis, of a variety of human tumor cell lines, including several with homozygous deletion of p53, and a ras-transformed rat acinar pancreatic carcinoma cell line, BMRPA1. Tuc3. On the other hand, PNC-28 has no effect on untransformed cells, such as rat pancreatic acinar cells, BMRPA1, and human breast epithelial cells and no effect on the differentiation of human stem cells. In this study, we now test PNC-28 in vivo for its ability to block the growth of BMRPA1. Tuc3 cells. When administered over a 2-week period in the peritoneal cavities of nude mice containing simultaneously transplanted tumors, PNC-28 causes complete destruction of these tumors. When delivered concurrently with tumor explantation at a remote site, PNC-28 causes a complete blockade of any tumor growth during its 2-week period of administration and 2 weeks posttreatment, followed by weak tumor growth that plateaus at low tumor sizes compared with tumor growth in the presence of a control peptide. When administered after tumor growth has occurred at a site remote from the tumor, PNC-28 causes a decrease in tumor size followed by a slow increase in tumor growth that is significantly slower than growth in the presence of control peptide. These results suggest that PNC-28 may be effective in treating cancers especially if delivered directly to the tumor.
Autonomous Self-Parking Robot (2018)

Parking of a 4-wheeler is one of a troublesome and boisterous occupation particularly in a zone where an empty space is obliged as it includes a progression of forward and invert movements and turns which end up being a complicated task for most auto drivers to deal with. Individuals who have quite recently got the hang of driving may likewise observe parking to be an exceptionally troublesome activity. In this paper we proposes an autonomous self-parking system in a particular parking space. In this system, the vehicle can drive itself and discover the parking spots to automatically park the vehicle utilizing proximity sensors. The system comprises of parking space seeking, vacant space detection and steering control. As indicated by the kind of the parking space (parallel or perpendicular) which has been perceived by the sensors, the system will record the appropriate parking spot and carry out the required parking operation. Our proposed framework is completed with hypothetical calculation, and equipment reconciliation, and besides the outcome demonstrates the capacity of vehicle stopping.
Knowledge-Based Machine Translation. (1978)

This paper discusses knowledge-based machine translation research at Yale University Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Our paradigm, illustrated by several working computer programs, is to analyze the source text into a language-free representation, apply world knowledge to infer information implicit in the input text, and generate the translation in various target languages. (Author)
Compact mode-size converters for efficient coupling between fibers and integrated optical waveguides (2002)

We present a theoretical and numerical investigation of compact fiber-waveguide couplers that are based on lensing and high index-contrast and are only a few microns long. These structures are characterized by very broadband operation which makes them suitable for WDM systems. We assume that the input mode is from a lensed single-mode fiber and can be approximated by a Gaussian. Thus a preliminary design can be obtained analytically using Gaussian beam optics and ray matrices. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations are performed for evaluation of the performance and optimization of the design.
Locally most powerful invariant tests for signal detection (1998)

Locally most powerful tests and invariant tests are combined in a new detector to test for the presence of a signal in additive white Gaussian noise. Such tests, locally most powerful invariant (LMPI) tests, are defined using a number of orthogonal linear subspaces, and the second-order signal statistics in each subspace.
The cytotoxic <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> PSMα3 reveals a cross-α amyloid-like fibril (2017)

Amyloids are ordered protein aggregates, found in all kingdoms of life, and are involved in aggregation diseases as well as in physiological activities. In microbes, functional amyloids are often key virulence determinants, yet the structural basis for their activity remains elusive. We determined the fibril structure and function of the highly toxic, 22-residue phenol-soluble modulin α3 (PSMα3) peptide secreted by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> PSMα3 formed elongated fibrils that shared the morphological and tinctorial characteristics of canonical cross-β eukaryotic amyloids. However, the crystal structure of full-length PSMα3, solved de novo at 1.45 angstrom resolution, revealed a distinctive "cross-α" amyloid-like architecture, in which amphipathic α helices stacked perpendicular to the fibril axis into tight self-associating sheets. The cross-α fibrillation of PSMα3 facilitated cytotoxicity, suggesting that this assembly mode underlies function in <i>S. aureus</i>.
Localization of curved parts through continual touch (2005)

We describe a simple system that localizes two-dimensional curved shapes through touch sensing, offering computational and experimental studies. The idea lies in determining the placement of a manipulator on a curved object during some special motion-rolling. A geometric algorithm is introduced to locate the boundary segment traced out by their contact using tactile data. Both completeness and local convergence have been established. The algorithm is asymptotically as efficient as evaluating the object's perimeter through numerical integration. For implementation, a two-axis force/torque sensor has been designed to realize contact sensing. Functioning like a "wrist," the sensor is calibrated over the ratio between the bending and twisting moments, eliminating the need for known weights. A simple geometry-based control strategy is devised to implement the rolling motion. Experiments have been conducted with an Adept Cobra 600 manipulator.
Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR, and MDR1 correlate with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (1997)

Resistance to antifungal drugs, specifically azoles such as fluconazole, in the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans has become an increasing problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this resistance have only recently become apparent and can include alterations in the target enzyme of the azole drugs (lanosterol 14alpha demethylase [14DM]), or in various efflux pumps from both the ABC transporter and major facilitator gene families. To determine which of these possible mechanisms was associated with the development of drug resistance in a particular case, mRNA levels have been studied in a series of 17 clinical isolates taken from a single HIV-infected patient over 2 years, during which time the levels of fluconazole resistance of the strain increased over 200-fold. Using Northern blot analysis of steady-state levels of total RNA from these isolates, we observed increased mRNA levels of ERG16 (the 14DM-encoding gene), CDR1 (an ABC transporter), and MDR1 (a major facilitator) in this series. The timing of the increase in mRNA levels of each of these genes correlated with increases in fluconazole resistance of the isolates. Increased mRNA levels were not observed for three other ABC transporters, two other genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, or the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase gene that transfers electrons from NADPH to 14DM. Increases in mRNA levels of ERG16 and CDR1 correlated with increased cross-resistance to ketoconazole and itraconazole but not to amphotericin B. A compilation of the genetic alterations identified in this series suggests that resistance develops gradually and is the sum of several different changes, all of which contribute to the final resistant phenotype.
Modification on surface roughness by combining dry and wet etching (2003)

The materials owning the rough surface have been adopted in many applications, such as MEMS devices, solar cell, DRAM, and so on. However, the modified targets on the previous methods were almost limited to silicon-type materials, and some had the limitations in the material properties. Recently, a process combining spin-on photoresist and one-step RIE was proposed to modify various materials, which can be etched by RIE. Here, a modification process, which combines spin-on photoresist, two-step RIE, and wet etching, is proposed to extend the feasible materials to be modified, because more materials can be etched by chemical solutions. Also, it is a low temperature process, and no extra mask is needed. From the experimental results, the modified surface can be used to alleviate stiction of microstructures, and a detachment length is found to be about 2.2 times longer than the cantilevers without the modified surface. Moreover, the related parameters for the anti-stiction are also developed, and the effects are compared with the previously developed one-step RIE method.
The number of antral follicles in normal women with proven fertility is the best reflection of reproductive age (2003)

It is concluded that the number of antral follicles has the closest association with chronological age in normal women with proven fertility. As stimulated estradiol and inhibin B clearly reflect the size of the antral follicle cohort, the GAST may be considered the second best single test to predict reproductive age.
SMPTE Historical Paper: The Evolution of High-Definition Television (1984)

The concept of “high definition” is not a new one to the field of television research and development. In the 1930's television engineers and inventors sought to achieve what they considered true high-definition images — about 240 horizontal scan lines. This article traces — through historical narrative and tables describing specific scanning devices — the evolution of television systems from “low” to “high” definition, primarily in the 1920's and the 1930's. A historical overview is given describing developments in the field (primarily in the U.S. and Great Britain) through the 1980's.
High frequency compensated current-mode ladder filters using multiple output OTAs (1994)

A methodology to implement compensated current-mode filters using multiple output OTAs and based on RLC ladder filter prototypes is presented. The resulting structures are very compact and share the low sensitivity characteristics of the passive RLC prototypes. They can be realized as CMOS circuits since they use only grounded capacitors and OTAs with one of the input terminals grounded. Compensation techniques to minimize degradation in the filter response due to excess phase of OTA parasitic poles are discussed. Simulations with CMOS OTAs and experimental results from discrete circuit implementations using bipolar OTAs are presented that verify the proposed approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>