gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Osteoarthritis: a problem of growth not decay? (2008)

The traditional view of OA is that it is primarily a disease of articular cartilage that results, by altering the biomechanics of the joint, in secondary changes to the subchondral bone and, through secondary inflammation, other joint tissues. This focus on cartilage tends to ignore other musculoskeletal changes reported, especially those remote from affected joints. It has been proposed instead that generalized OA is a systemic musculoskeletal disorder with a metabolic component. Evidence for this position will be presented by summarizing changes identified in all the major musculoskeletal tissues. This will endeavour to show the links between these tissues, most of which have a common mesenchymal origin. Dysregulated tissue turnover, with the balance in favour of growth, will be seen to be a common thread underlying many of the changes described. It is proposed that the production of new tissue in the midst of existing tissue, in the wrong place and at the wrong time, could result in the changes observed and that reversion of cellular behaviour to an earlier, developmental-like, phenotype may provide a mechanism that could drive the disease process. New therapies may arise both from recognizing this whole musculoskeletal disease phenotype and by exploring what might be the factors underlying this cellular reversion.
Electrolytic Reduction of Sorbic Acid: Factors Influencing the Formation of Bimolecular Products (1941)

The influence of cathode, current density, temperature and medium on the formation of bimolecular reduction products, referred to as pinacol , from sorbic acid is described. Pinacol production is high at mercury and lead and very low at spongy copper. At mercury it increases with rising current density and falls with increasing temperature. These features are conveniently summarized by the statement that pinacol is favored by conditions conducive to a high hydrogen overvoltage at the cathode. Mechanism of the process is discussed. It is shown that the experimental results are consistent with the view that pinacol formation proceeds by the capture of single electrons and protons by adsorbed sorbic acid molecules and subsequent union of the radicals so formed. Increased cathode potential probably operates by enhancing the degree of adsorption of the depolarizer on the cathode. It is demonstrated how this can lead to increased pinacol production.
Reduction of Plasticizer Leaching from PVC by Barrier Coatings Deposited Using DBD Processes at Atmospheric Pressure (2012)

Abstract Barrier coatings against plasticizer leaching are deposited on flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) films typically used in flooring or in the automotive industry. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) are plasma polymerized using plasma‐activated CVD (PA‐CVD) based on an atmospheric pressure (AP) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). A reduction in plasticizer leaching higher than 80% is achieved with these coatings. The effect of the monomer flow rate, discharge power, and oxygen flow rate on the barrier efficiency is investigated. The coating composition of the best barrier coating has been identified and the long‐time barrier efficiency in contact with an organic solvent has been studied. magnified image
Lymphoma of head and neck masquerading as carcinoma (1972)

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the following: 1. 1. An ulcerating lesion in the oropharynx can be a lymphomatous lesion. The histologic diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma, if made, should be questioned and all efforts exerted to rule out lymphoma. 2. 2. A biopsy specimen of a cervical lymph node that is believed to be anaplastic carcinoma, of unknown primary, should be similarly questioned. Reticulum cell sarcoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis. 3. 3. Enlarged salivary glands can be the primary site of lymphoma. 4. 4. Lymphangiography and exploratory laporotomy may be necessary for an accurate histologic diagnosis.
PRECISION TRANSFER MOLDED SINGLE FIBER OPTIC CONNECTOR AND ENCAPSULATED CONNECTORIZED DEVICES (1977)

We describe a precision transfer molded single fiber optic connector. The plugs are molded directly onto the 110µm O.D. optical fibers and possess conical alignment surfaces. A molded biconical sleeve aligns two plugs with a total offset error of less than 3µm. The average transmission loss is 0.4 ± 0.1 dB with index match.
HUMAN-CENTERED PHONE OXIMETER INTERFACE DESIGN FOR THE OPERATING ROOM - Pulse Oximeter Interfaced to a Mobile Device for Anesthesia Monitoring in the Developing World (2011)

Mobile phones offer huge potential as platforms for clinical decision making in resource-poor and remote areas. We present methods for the development of a human-centered interface for anesthesia monitoring that is targeted to remote operating rooms in developing countries. The Phone Oximeter is compatible with major PC and mobile phone operating systems and is optimized for small phone screens. It displays vital physiological parameters in the corresponding clinical colours. Combined with an easily identifiable icon, this guarantees that accessibility is language-independent. To evaluate the acceptance and usability of the initial prototype of the Phone Oximeter, the Think Aloud process while completing a specific Task List, followed by the Mobile Phone Usability Questionnaire (MPUQ) were tested on 20 subjects with varying medical and mobile phone experience. The acceptance rate of 81.9 % from the MPUQ questionnaire clearly demonstrates the usability of the Phone Oximeter. The incorporation of the most relevant errors and complaints into the design of the next iteration of the Phone Oximeter prototype enhanced its capabilities further.
PROGNOS: applying probabilistic ontologies to distributed predictive situation assessment in naval operations (2009)

Achieving agile Command and Control in Maritime Operations requires composeability the ability to construct responses “on the fly” to queries about a given situation, by discovering and drawing upon the appropriate resources from among the vast collection of resources existing on a distributed network. Although net-centric architectures such as FORCEnet provide the necessary connectivity and computational power needed to achieve fast and adaptive decision cycles, the sheer volume of data creates informational and cognitive bottlenecks that hinder agility. To address these limitations, new approaches bridging the gap from data interchange to knowledge interchange are needed, enabling C2 systems to produce a dynamic, comprehensive, and accurate battlespace picture. This is the main focus of PROGNOS, a system for Predictive Naval Situation Awareness currently being developed at George Mason University’s C4I Center. PROGNOS will integrate four state-of-the-art enabling technologies into a distributed system architecture that represents domain knowledge as a modular collection of probabilistic ontologies, combine these “knowledge nuggets” dynamically into complex situation models, and apply theoretically sound, computationally efficient hypothesis management and inference to combine evidence and background knowledge to reason about the current situation. PROGNOS will also interoperate with other FORCEnet systems by interacting via semantically enabled services.
<title>Periodic Oscillations And Chaos In Optical Bistability: Possible Guided-Wave All-Optical Square-Wave Oscillators</title> (1982)

We have observed periodic oscillations and optical turbulence in hybrid optical bistable systems having a delay in the feedback, as predicted by Ikeda et al. The period-two output is essentially a square wave of period equal to twice the feedback delay time. Most of the measurements in our hybrid system have been made with a detector-amplifier-modulator response time T of 0.8 ms, much less than the 36 ms computer-generated delay time tR, as required for Ikeda instabilities. Period-two oscillations have also been seen with an optical fiber providing a tR of 6 ps. These hybrid systems have enabled us to study the path to chaos as the input intensity or feedback gain is increased. In all-optical bi-stable devices, such as semiconductor etalons, the feedback time is the cavity round-trio time, which can be made very short (approximately picoseconds), so that many-gigahertz all-optical oscillators can be contemplated. However, such oscillations also require that the medium response time be shorter than the delay time, so realization of high-frequency optical oscillators must await the discovery of high-speed bistable optical devices. In the meantime, use of fast nonresonant nonlinearities in guided-wave configurations could lead to gigahertz optical oscillators.
Mastering Hadoop (2014)

Go beyond the basics and master the next generation of Hadoop data processing platforms About This BookLearn how to optimize Hadoop MapReduce, Pig and HiveDive into YARN and learn how it can integrate Storm with HadoopUnderstand how Hadoop can be deployed on the cloud and gain insights into analytics with HadoopWho This Book Is ForDo you want to broaden your Hadoop skill set and take your knowledge to the next level? Do you wish to enhance your knowledge of Hadoop to solve challenging data processing problems? Are your Hadoop jobs, Pig scripts, or Hive queries not working as fast as you intend? Are you looking to understand the benefits of upgrading Hadoop? If the answer is yes to any of these, this book is for you. It assumes novice-level familiarity with Hadoop. In Detail Hadoop is synonymous with Big Data processing. Its simple programming model, once and deploy at any scale paradigm, and an ever-growing ecosystem makes Hadoop an all-encompassing platform for programmers with different levels of expertise.This book explores the industry guidelines to optimize MapReduce jobs and higher-level abstractions such as Pig and Hive in Hadoop 2.0. Then, it dives deep into Hadoop 2.0 specific features such as YARN and HDFS Federation.This book is a step-by-step guide that focuses on advanced Hadoop concepts and aims to take your Hadoop knowledge and skill set to the next level. The data processing flow dictates the order of the concepts in each chapter, and each chapter is illustrated with code fragments or schematic diagrams.
Weighted Constraints in Generative Linguistics (2009)

Harmonic Grammar (HG) and Optimality Theory (OT) are closely related formal frameworks for the study of language. In both, the structure of a given language is determined by the relative strengths of a set of constraints. They differ in how these strengths are represented: as numerical weights (HG) or as ranks (OT). Weighted constraints have advantages for the construction of accounts of language learning and other cognitive processes, partly because they allow for the adaptation of connectionist and statistical models. HG has been little studied in generative linguistics, however, largely due to influential claims that weighted constraints make incorrect predictions about the typology of natural languages, predictions that are not shared by the more popular OT. This paper makes the case that HG is in fact a promising framework for typological research, and reviews and extends the existing arguments for weighted over ranked constraints.
Rebalancing Bike Sharing Systems (2016)

Bike sharing systems, aiming at providing the missing links in public transportation systems, are becoming popular in urban cities. A key to success for a bike sharing systems is the effectiveness of rebalancing operations, that is, the efforts of restoring the number of bikes in each station to its target value by routing vehicles through pick-up and drop-off operations. There are two major issues for this bike rebalancing problem: the determination of station inventory target level and the large scale multiple capacitated vehicle routing optimization with outlier stations. The key challenges include demand prediction accuracy for inventory target level determination, and an effective optimizer for vehicle routing with hundreds of stations. To this end, in this paper, we develop a Meteorology Similarity Weighted K-Nearest-Neighbor (MSWK) regressor to predict the station pick-up demand based on large-scale historic trip records. Based on further analysis on the station network constructed by station-station connections and the trip duration, we propose an inter station bike transition (ISBT) model to predict the station drop-off demand. Then, we provide a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation of multiple capacitated bike routing problem with the objective of minimizing total travel distance. To solve it, we propose an Adaptive Capacity Constrained K-centers Clustering (AdaCCKC) algorithm to separate outlier stations (the demands of these stations are very large and make the optimization infeasible) and group the rest stations into clusters within which one vehicle is scheduled to redistribute bikes between stations. In this way, the large scale multiple vehicle routing problem is reduced to inner cluster one vehicle routing problem with guaranteed feasible solutions. Finally, the extensive experimental results on the NYC Citi Bike system show the advantages of our approach for bike demand prediction and large-scale bike rebalancing optimization.
Using MEMS-based storage in disk arrays (2003)

Current disk arrays, the basic building blocks of high-performance storage systems, are built around two memory technologies: magnetic disk drives, and non-volatile DRAM caches. Disk latencies are higher by six orders of magnitude than non-volatile DRAM access times, but cache costs over 1000 times more per byte. A new storage technology based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) will soon offer a new set of performance and cost characteristics that bridge the gap between disk drives and the caches. We evaluate potential gains in performance and cost by incorporating MEMS-based storage in disk arrays. Our evaluation is based on exploring potential placements of MEMS-based storage in a disk array. We used detailed disk array simulators to replay I/O traces of real applications for the evaluation. We show that replacing disks with MEMS-based storage can improve the array performance dramatically, with a cost performance ratio several times better than conventional arrays even if MEMS storage costs ten times as much as disk. We also demonstrate that hybrid MEMS/disk arrays, which cost less than purely MEMS-based arrays, can provide substantial improvements in performance and cost/performance over conventional arrays.
Impaired IL‐1<i>β</i>‐induced neutrophil accumulation in tachykinin NK<sub>1</sub> receptor knockout mice (1998)

Tachykinin NK1 receptors play an important role in the development of neurogenic inflammatory responses. We have used the murine air-pouch model to investigate whether the neurogenic component of the cellular inflammatory response to interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta, 10 ng into the air-pouch) is altered in NK1 receptor knockout mice compared to wild type controls. Air-pouches were washed following a 4 h IL-1beta treatment, the wash collected and neutrophil number estimated using a Neubauer haemocytometer. The response to IL-1beta was significantly attenuated in NK1 receptor +/- (40% reduction) and -/- mice (62% reduction) compared to wild type controls (+/+), whilst the response to cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC, 0.3 microg) was unaffected. The response to substance P (7.5 nmol) was attenuated by approximately 50% in both NK1 receptor +/- and -/- mice compared to wild type controls. In conclusion NK1 receptors play a significant role in the cellular response to IL-1beta in a model of inflammation.
Frictional behaviour of some sealing elastomers in lubricated sliding (2012)

Frictional behaviour of four sealing elastomers, including an acrylonitrile butadienerubber (NBR), a hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), an acrylate rubber(ACM) and a fluoroelastomer (FKM), sliding against a steel surface under unidirectionallubricated conditions have been studied. The lubricant used in this study was paraffinic oilwith no additive and the experiments were conducted under a block-on-ring testconfiguration. The friction coefficients of the elastomers have been measured at differentsliding velocities in boundary and fluid film lubrication regimes. In the first part of each test,the sliding velocity varied from low to high values and then, in the second part, the slidingvelocity varied from high to low values repeating the same conditions in reverse order. Theresults show that the friction coefficients at low speeds are different for the two parts whichcan be due to the oil absorption or possibly dissolution of some elastomer constituents in theoil. The NBR and the ACM were the least and the most affected elastomer by the lubricantrespectively. The friction coefficients of NBR and ACM at low speeds decreased in thesecond part of the tests (in which the interaction of oil and elastomer was for longerdurations) but the friction coefficient of HNBR and FKM increased in the second part of thetests.
Internet core protocols : the definitive guide (2000)

Foreword. Preface. 1. An Introduction to TCP/IP A Brief History of the Internet TCP/IP's Architecture TCP/IP Protocols and Services In-Depth How Application Protocols Communicate Over IP. 2. The Internet Protocol The IP Standard The IP Header IP in Action Troubleshooting IP. 3. The Address Resolution Protocol The ARP Standard The ARP Packet ARP in Action Debugging ARP Problems. 4. Multicasting and the Internet Group Management Protocol The IP Multicasting and IGMP Specifications IGMP Messages Multicasting and IGMP in Action Troubleshooting Multicasts and IGMP. 5. The Internet Control Message Protocol The ICMP Specification ICMP Messages ICMP in Action Troubleshooting ICMP. 6. The User Datagram Protocol The UDP Standard The UDP Header Troubleshooting UDP. 7. The Transmission Control Protocol The TCP Standard The TCP Header TCP in Action Troubleshooting TCP A. The Internet Standardization Process B. IP Addressing Fundamentals C. Using the CD-ROM Bibliography Index
<title>Multimodal fusion of polynomial classifiers for automatic person recgonition</title> (2001)

With the prevalence of the information age, privacy and personalization are forefront in today's society. As such, biometrics are viewed as essential components of current evolving technological systems. Consumers demand unobtrusive and non-invasive approaches. In our previous work, we have demonstrated a speaker verification system that meets these criteria. However, there are additional constraints for fielded systems. The required recognition transactions are often performed in adverse environments and across diverse populations, necessitating robust solutions. There are two significant problem areas in current generation speaker verification systems. The first is the difficulty in acquiring clean audio signals in all environments without encumbering the user with a head- mounted close-talking microphone. Second, unimodal biometric systems do not work with a significant percentage of the population. To combat these issues, multimodal techniques are being investigated to improve system robustness to environmental conditions, as well as improve overall accuracy across the population. We propose a multi modal approach that builds on our current state-of-the-art speaker verification technology. In order to maintain the transparent nature of the speech interface, we focus on optical sensing technology to provide the additional modality-giving us an audio-visual person recognition system. For the audio domain, we use our existing speaker verification system. For the visual domain, we focus on lip motion. This is chosen, rather than static face or iris recognition, because it provides dynamic information about the individual. In addition, the lip dynamics can aid speech recognition to provide liveness testing. The visual processing method makes use of both color and edge information, combined within Markov random field MRF framework, to localize the lips. Geometric features are extracted and input to a polynomial classifier for the person recognition process. A late integration approach, based on a probabilistic model, is employed to combine the two modalities. The system is tested on the XM2VTS database combined with AWGN in the audio domain over a range of signal-to-noise ratios.
Recognition of gypsum-responsive soils (1974)

Gypsum response for 53 soils has been measured in terms of air-dry crust strength (resistance to penetrometer, Y1) and subterranean clover seedling emergence (Y2) in three glasshouse experiments. It was also measured in terms of hydraulic conductivity (Y3) of samples taken from the treated and untreated soils at the end of the experiments, and this proved to be the most sensitive response measure. Relationships between these response measures and a variety of soil properties have been examined by regression and canonical correlation analyses. A regression of Y3 on three properties, i.e. dispersion index, and percentage exchangeable sodium and magnesium, gives the greatest predictability (R2 86%). Regressions involving a pair of easily determined properties, dispersion index and pH, give reasonable predictability (R2 = 70, 73 and 77% respectively for Y1, Y2, and Y3). Limits to the values of Y1, Y2, and Y3 have been set to provide three categories of gypsum response, viz. strong, moderate and little or no response. It is argued from a general understanding of the ameliorative process that the predictive equations should be of value beyond the areas sampled in the present study.
Pipelined LMS adaptive filter using a new look-ahead transformation (1999)

This paper proposes an adaptive least mean square (LMS) algorithm that can he pipelined and has an efficient architecture for hardware implementation. The proposed algorithm shows the possibility of having LMS algorithms perform pipelined processing without degrading the convergence characteristics. An architecture based on the proposed algorithm is considered.
Extended release peptide delivery systems through the use of PLGA microsphere combinations (2000)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of combining polymer matrices to overcome extended lag periods or unacceptably short durations of action intrinsic in the individual polymer systems. Leuprolide, an LHRH superagonist, was incorporated into a variety of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) matrices using a solvent extraction/evaporation method. The in vitro release of Leuprolide from these matrices was evaluated at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C in phosphate buffer. The formulations were administered to an animal model at 3 or 9 mg kg(-1) doses and serum testosterone levels were followed using a RIA method. A two-part system was made by combining microspheres made from a 75:25 acid terminated PLGA and microspheres made from a 75:25 ester terminated PLGA. This combination elicited chemical castration from 10-100 days. A three-part combination composed of an ester terminated 75:25 PLGA formulation, an ester terminated 50:50 PLGA formulation and an acid terminated 50:50 PLGA formulation also provided a composite profile with an onset of 10 days and a duration of approximately 100 days. Additionally, a single polymer system composed of a high molecular weight ester terminated 75:25 PLGA was employed to produce release over the desired 90-day release period. This study demonstrates that microsphere combinations can potentially provide effective therapies over extended intervals when combined at the proper ratio.