gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Random sampling from a search engine's index (2008)

We revisit a problem introduced by Bharat and Broder almost a decade ago: How to sample random pages from the corpus of documents indexed by a search engine, using only the search engine's public interface? Such a primitive is particularly useful in creating objective benchmarks for search engines. The technique of Bharat and Broder suffers from a well-recorded bias: it favors long documents. In this article we introduce two novel sampling algorithms: a lexicon-based algorithm and a random walk algorithm. Our algorithms produce biased samples, but each sample is accompanied by a weight , which represents its bias. The samples, in conjunction with the weights, are then used to simulate near-uniform samples. To this end, we resort to four well-known Monte Carlo simulation methods: rejection sampling , importance sampling , the Metropolis--Hastings algorithm, and the Maximum Degree method. The limited access to search engines force our algorithms to use bias weights that are only “approximate”. We characterize analytically the effect of approximate bias weights on Monte Carlo methods and conclude that our algorithms are guaranteed to produce near-uniform samples from the search engine's corpus. Our study of approximate Monte Carlo methods could be of independent interest. Experiments on a corpus of 2.4 million documents substantiate our analytical findings and show that our algorithms do not have significant bias towards long documents. We use our algorithms to collect comparative statistics about the corpora of the Google, MSN Search, and Yahoo! search engines.
Endogenous Antigen Processing (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Unbottling the Genie DRiPs to the Rescue The Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway Pressing TDH Questions Answer to Question 1 The Real World Answer to Question 2 What Does This Have to Do With Immunodominance?
Sustainable land management activities (OP 15) within the World Bank (2005)

This report discusses the need for sustainable land management, explains which activities are eligible for GEF funding under OP 15, and discusses the Bank's policy and strategy context for sustainable land management. It identifies opportunities and methods for integrating Sustainable Land Management (SLM) objectives into Bank programs and projects and describes the main lessons learned from past SLM projects. Finally, it summarizes the Regional contexts, projects, and opportunities for SLM.
Pseudorabies virus mutants lacking the essential glycoprotein gII can be complemented by glycoprotein gI of bovine herpesvirus 1 (1991)

The genome of pseudorabies virus (PrV) encodes at least seven glycoproteins. The glycoprotein complex gII consists of three related polypeptides, two of them derived by proteolytic cleavage from a common precursor and linked via disulfide bonds. It is homologous to herpes simplex virus (HSV) gB and is therefore thought to be essential for PrV replication, as is gB for HSV replication. To isolate PrV mutants deficient in gII expression, we established cell lines that stably carry the PrV gII gene. Line N7, of Vero cell origin, contains the gII gene under its own promoter and expresses gII after transactivation by herpesviral functions after infection. MDBK-derived line MT3 contains the gII gene under control of the mouse metallothionein promoter. However, it has essentially lost inducibility and constitutively produces high amounts of correctly processed glycoprotein gII. We used a beta-galactosidase expression cassette inserted into a partially deleted cloned copy of the gII gene for cotransfection with PrV DNA. gII- PrV mutants were isolated from viral progeny by taking advantage of their blue-plaque phenotype when incubated under an agarose overlay containing a chromogenic substrate. Analysis of these mutants proved that gII is indeed essential for PrV replication, since the gII- mutants grew normally on gII-complementing cells but were unable to produce plaques on noncomplementing cells. Surprisingly the PrV gII- mutants were also able to grow on a cell line constitutively expressing the gB-homologous glycoprotein gI from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) to the same extent as on cells expressing PrV gII. gII- PrV propagated on cells expressing BHV-1 gI became susceptible to neutralization by anti-BHV-1 gI monoclonal antibodies. We also found that BHV-1 gI is present in the envelope of purified gII- pseudorabies virions grown on cells expressing BHV-1 gI, as judged by radioimmunoprecipitation and immunoelectron microscopy. These results prove that BHV-1 gI is integrated into the PrV envelope and can functionally replace glycoprotein gII of PrV.
Presence of highly selective receptors for PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) in membranes from the rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR 4‐2J (1990)

We characterized highly selective receptors for PACAP, the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, in the tumoral acinar cell line AR 4-2J derived from the rat pancreas. PACAP, a novel hypothalamic peptide related to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), was tested as the full natural 38-residue peptide (PACAP-38) and as an N-terminal amidated 27-residue derivative (PACAP-27). The binding sites showed considerable affinity for [125I]PACAP-27 (Kd = 0.4 nM) and PACAP-38, while their affinity for VIP and the parent peptide helodermin was 1000-fold lower. These receptors were coupled to adenylate cyclase, the potency of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 (Kact = 0.2 nM) being much higher than that of VIP (Kact = 100 nM) and helodermin (Kact = 30 nM). Chemical cross-linking of [125I]PACAP-27 followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography revealed a specifically cross-linked peptide with an Mr of 68,000 (including 3000 for one PACAP-27 molecule).
Process Evaluation of Improved Solvents for Butadiene Recovery (1970)

Four solvents were evaluated for the recovery of 1,3-butadiene from crude C4 fractions by extractive distillation. Furfural [5 wt % water], methyl Cellosolve [10% water], acetonitrile [10% water] and β-methoxypropionitrile [5% water] solvents were studied at comparable operating conditions in a 2 inch diameter, 140 tray column. Furfural and methyl Cellosolve solvents performed the desired separation between 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-butene only at high solvent-to-C4 feed ratios. Acetonitrile and β-methoxypropionitrile solvents were far superior to furfural and methyl Cellosolve at equivalent solvent-to-C4 feed ratios. The superior solvents could perform the desired separation at half the solvent ratio. When related to a plant scale operation, β-methoxypropionitrile solvent could double the capacity of an existing butadiene plant using furfural.
DETECTION OF<i>PLASMODIUM YOELII</i>STAGE mRNA IN BALB/c MICE (2001)

Relatively little information is available concerning the expression of parasite genes during the liver stage of Plasmodium infection, mostly because of low-level infection of host hepatocytes and the lack of purification techniques for the liver stage parasites. We have determined the optimal dosage of Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite inoculum and routes of inoculation, which are intravenous tail vein and the intrahepatic portal circulation. To determine which route was optimal, BALB/c mice were inoculated via 1 of these routes, and parasitemia was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detecting both murine beta-actin and P. yoelii-specific 28S ribosomal RNA in the liver samples. Murine beta-actin was detected after 15 cycles of PCR, and its expression levels did not differ between treatment groups. However, P. yoelii-specific 28S ribosomal RNA gene product was detected after 15 cycles of PCR in animals inoculated via the tail vein but was not detected until 25 cycles in animals inoculated via the intrahepatic portal circulation. Experiments were then performed to identify the smallest inoculum required to initiate a liver stage infection that would yield sufficient parasite RNA for analysis. Inoculation with different doses of sporozoite inocula was followed by RT-PCR on the livers of the inoculated animals. The P. yoelii-specific 28S ribosomal RNA gene product was first detected in both treatment groups after 15 cycles, suggesting that both doses of sporozoite inocula provided relatively the same level of liver infection rate. We also have analyzed infected mouse liver for parasite-specific mRNA, which was detectable as early as 24 hr postinfection.
BP1, a Homeodomain-Containing Isoform of DLX4, Represses the β-Globin Gene (2002)

In earlier studies we identified a putative repressor of the human beta-globin gene, termed beta protein 1 (BP1), which binds to two silencer DNA sequences upstream of the adult human beta-globin gene and to a negative control region upstream of the adult delta-globin gene. Further studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between the binding affinity of the BP1 protein for the distal beta-globin silencer sequence and the severity of sickle cell anemia, suggesting a possible role for BP1 in determining the production of hemoglobin S. We have now cloned a cDNA expressing the BP1 protein. Sequencing revealed that BP1 is a member of the homeobox gene family and belongs to the subfamily called Distal-less (DLX), genes important in early development. Further analysis showed that BP1 is an isoform of DLX4. BP1 protein has repressor function towards the beta-globin promoter, acting through the two beta-globin DNA silencers, demonstrated in transient transfection assays. Strong BP1 expression is restricted to placenta and kidney tissue, with no expression in 48 other human tissues. BP1 exhibits regulated expression in the human erythroid cell line MB-02, where its expression decreases upon induction of the beta-globin gene. BP1 is thus the first member of the DLX family with known DNA binding sites and a function in globin gene regulation.
Scheme for visual feature-based image indexing (1995)

As digital images are progressing into the mainstream of information systems, managing and manipulating them as images becomes an important issue to be resolved before we can take full advantage of their information content. To achieve content-based image indexing and retrieval, there are active research efforts in developing techniques to utilize visual features. On the other hand, without an effective indexing scheme, any visual content based image retrieval approach will lose its effectiveness as the number of features increases. This paper presents our initial work in developing an efficient indexing scheme using artificial neural network, which focuses on eliminating unlikely candidates rather than pin-pointing the targets directly. Experiment results in retrieving images using this scheme from a prototype visual database system are given.
An optimised split-and-recombine micro-mixer with uniform ‘chaotic’ mixing (2004)

A second generation micro-mixer, being a further optimised version of a first prototype, relying on the consequent utilisation of the split-and-recombine principle is presented. We show that the mixing can be characterized by a positive finite-time Lyapunov exponent although being highly regular and uniform. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) we investigate the mixing performance for Reynolds numbers in the range of about 1 to about 100. In particular for low Reynolds numbers (Re < 15) the CFD results predict an almost ideal multi-lamination. Thus, the developed mixer is especially suited for efficient mixing of highly viscous fluids. Furthermore, the numerical results are experimentally validated by investigations of mixing of water-glycerol solutions. The experimental results are found to be in excellent agreement with the numerical data and prove the high mixing efficiency.
Improvement of a row displacement algorithm for sparse table compression (2002)

A row displacement method compresses efficiently a sparse matrix into a one-dimensional array. The access time with this method is O(1), but the application was restricted to the static matrices. In order to extend the use of the row displacement method to the dynamic matrices, the algorithms for insertion and deletion are proposed and the efficiency is confirmed by theoretical and empirical observations.
Nucleic acid related compounds. 70. Synthesis of 2'(and 3')-deoxy-2'(and 3')-methyleneadenosines and bis(methylene)furan 4',5'-didehydro-5'-deoxy-2'(and 3')-methyleneadenosines. Inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and ribonucleotide reductase (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleic acid related compounds. 70. Synthesis of 2'(and 3')-deoxy-2'(and 3')-methyleneadenosines and bis(methylene)furan 4',5'-didehydro-5'-deoxy-2'(and 3')-methyleneadenosines. Inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and ribonucleotide reductaseVicente Samano and Morris J. RobinsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 25, 7108–7113Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00025a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00025a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views301Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An OpenMP Programming Toolkit for Hybrid CPU/GPU Clusters Based on Software Unified Memory (2016)

Recently, hybrid CPU/GPU cluster has drawn much attention from the researchers of high performance computing because of amazing energy efficiency and adaptable resource exploitation. However, the programming of hybrid CPU/GPU clusters is very complex because it requires users to learn new programming interfaces such as CUDA and OpenCL, and combine them with MPI and OpenMP. To address this problem, we propose a novel OpenMP toolkit called HyCOMP (Hybrid Cluster OpenMP) for hybrid CPU/GPU clusters in this paper. This toolkit is developed based on a novel page-based distributed shared memory system called SUM (software unified memory) which is aimed at emulating a virtual shared memory space over distributed CPUs and GPUs. Compared to traditional page-based DSM systems, SUM can effectively prevent GPUs from performance degradation caused by the latency of handling an enormous number of page faults coming from host-to-device memory copies. Moreover, HyCOMP can automatically achieve load balance of heterogeneous processors. Consequently, HyCOMP dramatically reduces the programming complexity of hybrid CPU/GPU clusters while simultaneously maintains the execution performance of user programs.
Method of Evaluating Metal Cleaners (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethod of Evaluating Metal CleanersSamuel Spring, Howard I. Forman , and Louise F. PealeCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1946, 18, 3, 201–204Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i560151a013https://doi.org/10.1021/i560151a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Genetically‐determined interaction between propafenone and low dose quinidine: role of active metabolites in modulating net drug effect. (1989)

1. Quinidine is a potent inhibitor of the genetically-determined debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. Oxidation reactions of several other drugs, including the 5-hydroxylation of the new antiarrhythmic drug propafenone, depend on the isozyme responsible for debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. 2. The effect of quinidine on the debrisoquine phenotype-dependent 5-hydroxylation and the pharmacological activity of propafenone was studied in seven 'extensive' metabolizers and two 'poor' metabolizers of the drug receiving propafenone for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. 3. In patients with the extensive metabolizer phenotype, quinidine increased mean steady-state plasma propafenone concentrations more than two fold, from 408 +/- 351 (mean +/- s.d.) to 1096 +/- 644 ng ml-1 (P less than 0.001), decreased 5-hydroxypropafenone concentrations from 242 +/- 196 to 125 +/- 97 ng ml-1 (P less than 0.02) and reduced propafenone oral clearance by 58 +/- 23%. 4. Despite these changes in plasma concentrations, electrocardiographic intervals and arrhythmia frequency were unaltered by quinidine coadministration, indicating that 5-hydroxypropafenone contributes to the pharmacologic effects of propafenone therapy in extensive metabolizers. 5. In contrasts, plasma concentrations of propafenone and 5-hydroxypropafenone remained unchanged in the two patients with the poor metabolizer phenotype. 6. Biotransformation of substrates for the debrisoquine pathway can be markedly perturbed by even low doses of quinidine; interindividual variability in drug interactions may have a genetic component.
Identification of genes differentially expressed in two types of v-myb-transformed avian myelomonocytic cells. (1992)

In an earlier study we found that different forms of the v-myb oncogene transform myeloid cells which resemble either monoblasts [when v-myb of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) was used] or promyelocytes [when a point mutant in v-myb of AMV was used; Introna, M., Golay, J., Frampton J., Nakano, T., Ness, S.A. & Graf, T. (1990). Cell, 63, 1287-1297]. In the present study we have searched for genes expressed in AMV mutant-transformed promyelocytes that are not expressed in AMV-transformed monoblasts using a differential screening approach. Eight different genes were identified among more than 500 differentially expressed clones. The most abundant of these was the previously identified myb-regulated mim-1 gene. The others were found to encode a small calcium-binding (MRP-like) protein; the p20K protein; goose-type lysozyme; a ribonuclease A/angiogenin-related protein; and three non-identified proteins. Although these genes appear to be rather lineage restricted, their expression varied in different subtypes of transformed myelomonocytic cells, and only two of them (goose lysozyme and ribonuclease) showed a similar expression pattern in normal promyelocytes and macrophages, suggesting an aberrant gene regulation in the transformed cells. Co-transfection experiments of a reporter construct containing the promoter of the ribonuclease A-related gene indicated that this promoter is regulated by the v-Myb oncoprotein without the involvement of Myb-specific binding sequences.
Effect of Alumina Composition on Interfacial Chemistry and Strength of Direct Bonded Copper-Alumina (2008)

The gas-metal eutectic method was used to bond copper to sintered high alumina ceramics which had different sintering aid compositions in the magnesia-cakia-silica system. The highest average copper-alumina peel adhesion strength, 205 N/cm (117 lb/in.), was observed for alumina which contained 0.2% magnesia and 0.2% calcia. The lowest peel adhesion strength, 103 N/cm (59 lb/in.), was observed for copper bonded to 95% alumina which contained magnesia, calcia, and silica additions. This bond strength was similar to that for commercial 96% alumina. Statistical matrix experiments showed that alumina containing calcium silicate had significantly lower copper bond strength. This may be attributed to the formation of a transition compound other than the copper aluminate phase identified for well bonded samples in this study.
Current-voltage characteristics of thin-film SOI MOSFET's in strong inversion (1984)

A simple analytic model for the steady-state current-voltage characteristics of strongly inverted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's is developed. The model, simplified by a key approximation that the inversion charge density is described well by a linear function of the Surface potential, clearly shows the dependence of the drain current on the device parameters and on the terminal voltages, including the back-gate (substrate) bias. The analysis is supported by measurements of current-voltage characteristics of thin-film (laser-recrystallized) SOI MOSFET's. The dependence of carrier mobility on the terminal voltages, especially the back-gate bias, is analyzed and shown to underlie discrepancies between the theoretical (constant mobility) and experimental results at high gate voltages. The mobility dependence on the back-gate bias enhances the strong influence of the back gate on the drain current, especially when the device is saturated.
Comparison of the Immediate Effects of Surgical Incision on Dorsal Horn Neuronal Receptive Field Size and Responses during Postnatal Development (2008)

Continuous recording from single dorsal horn cells both before and after injury shows that sensitization of receptive fields and of background and afferent-evoked spike activity at 1 h is greater in younger animals. This difference is not reflected in von Frey mechanical thresholds. These results highlight the importance of studying the effects of injury on sensory neuron physiology. Injury in young animals induces a marked and rapid increase in afferent-evoked activity in second-order sensory neurons, which may be important when considering long-term effects and analgesic interventions.