gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of DNA damage induced in vivo following exposure of rats to carcinogens. (1978)

In the ideal case, noise measurements with four contacts minimize the contribution of the contact interface. There is a need to characterize conductance noise and noise correction factors for the different geometries provided with four contacts, as already is the case for resistivity measurements with van der Pauw structures. Here, we calculate the noise correction factors for two geometries with a pair of sensors and a pair of current driver electrodes placed in a square array. The first geometry investigated is a very large film compared to the distance L between four circular electrodes, which are placed in a square array far away from the borders of the film. The second is a square-shaped conductive film with side length L and provided with four quarter-circle corner contacts with radius l. The effect of the conductance noise in the film can be observed between current free sensors in a four-point measurement or between current carrying drivers in a two-point measurement. Our analytical expressions are based on approximations to solve the integrals (J·)2dA and |J|4dA for the voltage noise measured across a pair of sensors, SVQ, and across the drivers, SVD, respectively. The first and second integrands represent the squared dot product of the current density and adjoint current density and the modulus of the current density to the fourth power, respectively. The current density J in the samples is due to the current I passing through the driver contacts. The calculated expressions are applicable to samples with thickness tl0.1L. Hence, the disturbances in the neighborhood of the sensors on J and of the drivers on are ignored. Noise correction factors for two- and four-point measurements are calculated for sensors on an equipotential (transversal noise) with the driver contacts on the diagonal of a square and for sensors next to each other on one side of the square with the drivers next to each other on the other side of the square (longitudinal noise). In all cases the noise between the sensors is smaller and less sensitive to the contact size 2l/L than the noise between the drivers. The ratio SVQ/SVD becomes smaller with smaller contact radius l. Smaller sensors give a better suppression of interface noise at the contacts. But overly low 2l/L values result in overly high resistance between the sensors and too strong a contribution of thermal noise at the sensors. Therefore, equations are derived to calculate the current level needed to observe 1/f conductance fluctuations on top of the thermal noise. The results from the calculated analytical expressions show good agreement with experimental results obtained from the noise in carbon sheet resistance and numerical results. Transversal noise measurements on a square sample with corner contacts are recommended to characterize the 1/f noise of the layer. This is due to the increased current densities in the sample compared to the open structure, which result in easier detection of the 1/f on top of the thermal noise. ©2007 American Institute of Physics
An Efficient Design of Doubly Selective Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems (2007)

We find that placing each pilot tone in an equally spaced manner according to the conventional placement scheme is not suitable for doubly selective channel estimation. In this paper, we propose an efficient pilot tone placement scheme enabling accurate channel estimation in OFDM systems regardless of time variations of a channel. Since the number of channel impulse response taps to be estimated is typically much greater than the number of pilot tones, linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation schemes for time-invariant channels cannot be straightforwardly extended to doubly selective channel estimation. To overcome this problem, we propose an accurate LMMSE channel estimator that exploits a small number of pilot tones located according to the derived pilot placement. To achieve performance close to the LMMSE estimator but with lower complexity, an approximate LMMSE (ALMMSE) channel estimator is also proposed. Finally, we propose a novel iterative ALMMSE channel estimator that achieves better performance than the LMMSE and ALMMSE estimators, while having complexity in between the two.
The Universal Oxygen Connector. (2006)

The purpose of this article is to describe the benefits of using the Universal Oxygen Connector. Until now, an oxygen hose was only able to connect to a 22-mm fitting, such as those found on humidifiers used in the recovery room, and oxygen tubing was only able to connect to a Christmas tree type adapter. The Universal Oxygen Connector, manufactured and sold by International Medical, Inc (Burnsville, Minn), was developed to allow the practitioner to attach either a 22-mm oxygen hose, oxygen tubing, or a 15-mm oxygen adapter to the same connector. Patients benefit from the administration of supplemental oxygen in the perioperative period. Supplemental oxygen has been shown to decrease postoperative hypoxemia, infection, and in some cases, nausea and vomiting. As such, oxygen should be administered during transport from the operating room to the recovery room, in the recovery room, and at times during transport to the patient room and in the patient room. Oxygen also should be administered whenever a patient receiving oxygen is transported. Use of the Universal Oxygen Connector decreases material waste, decreases hospital costs, saves time and effort and, most importantly, promotes patient safety by providing a versatile system for oxygen delivery.
SPEA2: Improving the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm For Multiobjective Optimization (2002)

The Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) is a relatively recent technique for finding or approximating the Pareto-optimal set for multiob- jective optimization problems. In different studies ,2 SPEA has shown very good performance in comparison to other multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, and therefore it has been a point of reference in various recent investigations? Furthermore, it has been used in different applications. 4 In this paper, an improved version, namely SPEA2, is proposed, which incorporates in contrast to its predecessor a fine-grained fitness assignment strategy, a density estimation technique, and an enhanced archive truncation method. The comparison of SPEA2 with SPEA and two other modern elitist methods, PESA and NSGA-II, on different test problems yields promising results.
Beating Betz: Energy Extraction Limits in a Constrained Flow Field (2009)

Abstract Experiments with diffusers and other flow concentrating devices have shown that the power performance coefficient Cp of an energy extraction device, defined in relation to the area of flow intercepted at the device, may exceed the Betz limit. “Beating Betz,” in that sense, has been long established but no theory has existed to define in a generalized way what ideal limit may apply to Cp in such situations. Recent analysis has resolved this. This indicates that, irrespective of the presence of flow concentration systems or other influences that perturb the flow but do not in themselves extract energy, there is a universal ideal limit of energy extraction. This is found to be 89 of the upstream kinetic energy in the streamtube associated with the energy extraction. Moreover, the familiar Betz equations for power and thrust coefficients can be generalized in a simple way to express this. Although this work has been developed in the context of wind energy, it will be apparent that the results are of general significance for any application of ducted rotors or propellers in a fluid stream.
SIP mobility and IPv4/IPv6 dual‐stack supports in 3G IP multimedia subsystem (2006)

Abstract In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), session initiation protocol (SIP) and IPv6 are the default protocols for IP multimedia core network subsystem (IMS). However, a user equipment (UE) may not be allowed to roam or hand off from UMTS to a private‐IPv4 GPRS network. In this paper, we utilize SIP mobility and an automatic IPv6 tunneling mechanism, called Teredo, to support roaming/handoff of a UE between different networks. We have developed the first non‐commercial Linux‐based Teredo mechanism, and compared our solution with other Teredo implementations in the public domain. Our study indicates that our solution can reduce the tunneling overhead and transmission delay over two other implementations by 44–74%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New microbial phenazines (1969)

Abstract Eleven phenazines were identified as fermentation products of a bacterium. They included the previously unknown 2,9‐dihydroxyphenazine‐1‐carboxyIic acid ( 4 ), 1,8‐phenazinediol‐1()‐oxide ( 5 ) and 8‐amino‐1‐phenazinol ( 6 ) as well as phenazine‐1,6‐dicarboxylic acid ( 1 ),9‐hydroxyphena‐zine‐1‐carboxylic acid ( 2 ) and 1,8‐phenazinediol ( 3 ) not isolated before from natural sources.
Individually addressable planar patch clamp array (2003)

We present a new planar, silicon-based patch clamp array. Each patch site is vertically oriented, which allows simultaneous use of scanning probe, optical, or fluorescent detection technologies. Each microfabricated patch site is also connected to its own fluidic channel so that the array can be used for parallel screening of cells or analysis of tethered lipid membranes or vesicles that express the proteins of interest. A single unit, fully three-dimensional ring-shaped patch clamp recording device has been designed and fabricated.
Functional specialization of β-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis (2007)

Beta-arrestins are cytosolic proteins that form complexes with seven-transmembrane receptors after agonist stimulation and phosphorylation by the G protein-coupled receptor kinases. They play an essential role in receptor desensitization and endocytosis, and they also serve as receptor-regulated signaling scaffolds and adaptors. Moreover, in the past decade, a growing list of protein-protein interactions of beta-arrestins pertinent to these functions has been documented. The discovery of several novel functions of beta-arrestins stimulated us to perform a global proteomics analysis of beta-arrestin-interacting proteins (interactome) as modulated by a model seven-transmembrane receptor, the angiotensin II type 1a receptor, in an attempt to assess the full range of functions of these versatile molecules. As determined by LC tandem MS, 71 proteins interacted with beta-arrestin 1, 164 interacted with beta-arrestin 2, and 102 interacted with both beta-arrestins. Some proteins bound only after agonist stimulation, whereas others dissociated. Bioinformatics analysis of the data indicates that proteins involved in cellular signaling, organization, and nucleic acid binding are the most highly represented in the beta-arrestin interactome. Surprisingly, both S-arrestin (visual arrestin) and X-arrestin (cone arrestin) were also found in heteromeric complex with beta-arrestins. The beta-arrestin interactors distribute not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus as well as other subcellular compartments. The binding of 16 randomly selected newly identified beta-arrestin partners was validated by coimmunoprecipitation assays in HEK293 cells. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of proteins that bind beta-arrestin isoforms and underscores their potentially broad regulatory roles in mammalian cellular physiology.
Relationship between Ultrasonic Characteristics and Relative Porosity in Al and Al-XSi Alloys (2009)

Pores form readily in aluminum alloy castings. The percentage of porosity is often used to quantitatively evaluate the quality of aluminum alloy castings. In this study, the relative porosity, as represented by the percentage of porosity in Al and Al-XSi alloys is evaluated. Nondestructive ultrasonic techniques are adopted to investigate the relative porosity of Al and Al-XSi alloys. The relationship between the relative porosity and ultrasonic characteristics, including the ultrasonic velocity and the attenuation coefficient, are determined and compared, and the pore formation in the alloys is also discussed.
MIMO FMCW Reader Concept for Locating Backscatter Transponders (2016)

This paper presents a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) reader concept for locating backscatter radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponders. The proposed MIMO concept enables transmitter sided digital beamforming after a measurement has been executed. An algorithm is presented to decompose the MIMO response to match a digital beamforming input matrix. A 2.4-GHz experimental reconfigurable localization system based on FMCW technology was set up to demonstrate the concept. Multichannels are implemented to allow the possibility of testing the MIMO concept. A frequency-division multiplexing was implemented into an MIMO FMCW RFID reader and successful tested. Moreover, the system is able to locate multiple transponders simultaneously. Measurements confirm the functionality of the concept. The implementation of a digital beamforming algorithm shows the possibility of transmitting and receiving sided spatial filtering. Angle and distance precision were determined in an antenna chamber as well as in a harsh multipath environment. To help readers to compare the system with others, the mean absolute error of the position shows the system accuracy in a laboratory environment. Finally, an error analysis of the decomposition algorithm verified its robustness.
Darstellung <i>O</i>‐geschützter (<i>R</i>)‐2‐Hydroxyaldehyde und ihre Hydrocyanierung (1991)

Synthesis of O ‐Protected ( R )‐2‐Hydroxy Aldehydes and Their Hydrocyanation The synthesis of O ‐silyl‐ and O ‐benzyl‐protected ( R )‐2‐hydroxy aldehydes ( R )‐ 6 from ( R )‐2‐hydroxy carboxylic acids ( R )‐ 1 is described. While attempts for their diastereoselective hydrocyanation with hydrocyanic acid and ( R )‐oxynitrilase as catalyst have not been successful, the cyano silylation with trimethylsilyl cyanide occurred diastereoselectively with a ratio of 81 : 19 preferring the threo form without racemization at C‐2 of the 2‐hydroxy aldehyde.
Overexpression of Akt converts radial growth melanoma to vertical growth melanoma (2007)

Melanoma is the cancer with the highest increase in incidence, and transformation of radial growth to vertical growth (i.e., noninvasive to invasive) melanoma is required for invasive disease and metastasis. We have previously shown that p42/p44 MAP kinase is activated in radial growth melanoma, suggesting that further signaling events are required for vertical growth melanoma. The molecular events that accompany this transformation are not well understood. Akt, a signaling molecule downstream of PI3K, was introduced into the radial growth WM35 melanoma in order to test whether Akt overexpression is sufficient to accomplish this transformation. Overexpression of Akt led to upregulation of VEGF, increased production of superoxide ROS, and the switch to a more pronounced glycolytic metabolism. Subcutaneous implantation of WM35 cells overexpressing Akt led to rapidly growing tumors in vivo, while vector control cells did not form tumors. We demonstrated that Akt was associated with malignant transformation of melanoma through at least 2 mechanisms. First, Akt may stabilize cells with extensive mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can generate ROS. Second, Akt can induce expression of the ROS-generating enzyme NOX4. Akt thus serves as a molecular switch that increases angiogenesis and the generation of superoxide, fostering more aggressive tumor behavior. Targeting Akt and ROS may be of therapeutic importance in treatment of advanced melanoma.
Simulation, Design, and Validation of an UAV SOFC Propulsion System (2012)

A physically-based model for design and optimization of a fuel cell powered electric propulsion system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is presented. Components of the system include a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) providing power, motor controller, brushless dc (BLDC) motor, and a propeller. Steady-state models for these components are integrated into a simulation program and solved numerically. This allows an operator to select constraints and explore design trade-offs between components, including fuel cell, controller, motor, and propeller options. We also present a graphical procedure using this model that allows rapid assessment and selection of design choices, including fuel cell characteristics and hybridization with multiple sources. A series of experiments conducted on an instrumented propulsion system in a low-speed wind tunnel were performed for comparison of individual component and full propulsion system performance with simulation model predictions. Data from these experiments are provided and are consistent with model predictions.
Biomarkers and clinical scores to aid the identification of disease severity and intensive care requirement following activation of an in-hospital sepsis code (2020)

Results suggest that the individual use of PCT and MR-proADM might help to accurately identify patients with infection and assess the overall severity of the host response, respectively. In addition, the use of MR-proADM could accurately identify patients requiring admission onto the ICU, irrespective of whether patients presented to the ED or were undergoing treatment on the ward. Initial measurement of both biomarkers might therefore facilitate early treatment strategies following activation of an in-hospital sepsis code.
The Increasing Complexity of the Cancer Stem Cell Paradigm (2009)

The investigation and study of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have received enormous attention over the past 5 to 10 years but remain topics of considerable controversy. Opinions about the validity of the CSC hypothesis, the biological properties of CSCs, and the relevance of CSCs to cancer therapy differ widely. In the following commentary, we discuss the nature of the debate, the parameters by which CSCs can or cannot be defined, and the identification of new potential therapeutic targets elucidated by considering cancer as a problem in stem cell biology.
Peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. (2013)

Th17/Treg cells were imbalanced in ACI patients, and ox-LDL may contribute to this imbalance and lead to the occurrence of ACI suggesting their pathogenetic role in ACI.
Effects of conventional and laser activated intracoronal bleaching agents on ultrastructure and mineral content of dentin (2013)

Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ultra structural changes induced in dentin after exposure to different conventiona and laser-activated intracoronal bleaching agents . Materials and Methods: Forty human maxillary teeth were taken and were decoronated through the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) perpendicular to the long axis of tooth, the crown part was then cut parallel to long axis dividing the tooth into mesial and distal half. Experimental specimen were then divided into two groups (n = 20) in which group 1-35% hydrogen peroxide (Pola office SDI limited Australia) Group 2-30% hydrogen peroxide (J White Heydent GmbH Germany), the groups were further sub-divided into sub-group A - conventional application and Subgroup B - laser activation (Nd: Yag laser Fotona Fidellis III). The specimens were then evaluated under scanning electron microscope (FEI quanta 200 North America) to determine diameter of dentinal tubules and chemical analysis of the same was done. Results : Within the limits of this in vitro study, higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide used as intracoronal bleaching agent: (1) increases dentinal tubule diameter. (2) And also promote alteration in organic and inorganic components of dentin with reduction in calcium/phosphorous ratio leading to demineralization with insignificant difference between conventional application and laser activation. Conclusion : Laser activation of hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent can be added to the present treatment modalities for intracoronal bleaching techniques for faster and more accurate results.
Cardanol-glycols and cardanol-glycol-based polyurethane films (1997)

The syntheses of cardanol–glycols (CGs) and CG-based polyurethane (CGPU) films have been investigated. The characterization of CGs and CGPU films were determined by IR, 1H-NMR spectra as well as a swelling test and DSC studies. The increase of molecular weight of glycols leads to a decrease of cardanol content in CGPUs and hence decreases crosslinking density of the films, which strongly affects the swelling property and glass transition temperature. The autooxidation-polymerization of CGPUs through the double bonds of the cardanol side chain, catalyzed by cobalt salt, resulting the crosslinking films was also discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 65:507–510, 1997
Class-BD amplifier circuit (1970)

An experimental class-BD amplifier circuit is reported, which confirms the previously announced principle of the circuit. Although slightly more complex than the conventional class-AD circuit, filtering problems are simplified, and it may have applications as a high-power amplifier.
Automatic 6-D.O.F. Kinematic Trajectory Acquisition and Analysis (1989)

An optoelectronic photogrammetric system to measure the spatial kinematic histories of linkages is presented. A Body Coordinate System approach produces both three-dimensional position and orientation trajectories with no singularities for any rotation. Bandwidth is in excess of 300 Hz for each of 10 link elements. A detailed analysis and measurement of the intrinsic camera calibration corrections has been performed using 12,000 calibration points per camera. An independent verification of spatial accuracy has been performed.
Second harmonic electron cyclotron pre-ionization in the DIII-D tokamak (2007)

Second harmonic 60 GHz electron cyclotron (EC) pre-ionization using low field side (LFS) X-mode launchers has been effective in producing target plasmas for startup of the DIII-D tokamak with electron densities comparable to fundamental LFS pre-ionization plasmas using the same EC system. A visible Bremsstrahlung array showed that breakdown occurred at the 2nd harmonic resonance location and after a few milliseconds the EC driven plasma filled the entire vessel, independent of the resonant location, which was varied from near the inner wall to the centre of the torus. The power threshold for ionization of ∼0.4 MW was observed in DIII-D for these 2nd harmonic pre-ionization experiments. An orbit following code calculated that cold (0.03 eV) electrons could be heated to energies above 20 eV where the ionization of the neutral deuterium gas can occur. Scaling from DIII-D to ITER indicates that electron cyclotron heating (ECH) 2nd harmonic pre-ionization and initial plasma formation is possible if ITER operation at reduced toroidal field is desired, but additional experiments are required to extrapolate the entire ECH start-up scenario from DIII-D to ITER.
Probe based MMW antenna measurement setup (2004)

A MMW setup is presented for measuring complex impedance and radiation patterns in an anechoic chamber while contacting the antenna with a coplanar probe. Measurement and simulation results of a 60 GHz Vivaldi antenna are shown to demonstrate the setup performance.