gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Internet Routing in Space: Architectures for Quality of Service (2009)

End-to-End Quality of Service Architectures for Internet Protocol based satellite communication are evolving. Cisco Systems, Inc. Next Generation Global Services Space-based Internet provides an integration challenge for providing end-to-end Quality of Service utilizing the first full Internet Routing in Space payload router located in geostationary orbit. This first Space-Based Internet consists of a payload router/modem ground based terminals and Network Operations Center. The payload is hosted on the Intelsat IS-14 geostationary satellite, due to be launched in 2009. Internet Routing In Space Next Generation Global Services are being developed as a Joint Capability Technology Demonstration for the US Department of Defense. The Space-based Internet introduces an advanced Quality of Service Architecture in support of providing Service Level Agreement based managed services. We first introduce the QoS functionality and propose a simplified QoS model to integrate the components for an end-to-end architecture. Integration challenges are discussed and are being studied in a high fidelity proof of concept lab. Future QoS integration research areas are introduced.
Plant Guide: Bluebunch wheatgrass: Pseudoroegneria spicata (2010)

Grass Family (Poaceae). Bluebunch wheatgrass is a perennial native bunchgrass. Bluebunch wheatgrass is highly variable and grows to 1.5 to 4 feet (0.4 to 1.2 m) tall with seed spikes 3 to 8 inches (76 to 200 mm) long. The auricles are pointed and semi-clasping to nearly lacking. Leaves are lax, cauline, flat to in-rolled, 0.6 to 0.25 inches (4 to 6 mm) wide, and green to blue in color. The sheath is generally glabrous. Reproductive stems are erect, slender, and sometimes wiry with a wavy rachis. The lemma awns range from being short to prominent and divergent except on the beardless type where the awn is lacking (Hitchcock 1950).
Distinct Retinal Capillary Plexuses in Normal Eyes as Observed in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Axial Profile Analysis (2018)

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows the retinal microvasculature to be visualized at various retinal depths. Previous studies introduced OCTA axial profile analysis and showed regional variations in the number and location of axially distinct vascular retinal plexuses. OCTA acquisition and processing approaches, however, vary in terms of their resulting transverse and axial resolutions, and especially the latter could potentially influence the profile analysis results. Our study imaged normal eyes using the Spectralis OCT2 with a full-spectrum, probabilistic OCTA algorithm, that, in marked contrast to split-spectrum approaches, preserves the original high OCT axial resolution also within the resulting OCTA signal. En face OCTA images are generally created by averaging flow signals over a finite axial depth window. However, we assessed regional OCTA signal profiles at each depth position at full axial resolution. All regions had two sharp vessel density peaks near the inner and outer boundaries of the inner nuclear layer, indicating separate intermediate and deep capillary plexuses. The superficial vascular plexus (SVP) separated into two distinct peaks within the ganglion cell layer in the parafoveal zone. The nasal, superior, and inferior perifovea had a deeper SVP peak that was shifted anteriorly compared to the parafoveal zone. Axial vascular density analysis with high-resolution, full spectrum OCTA thus allows healthy retinal vasculature to be precisely reconstructed and may be useful for clinically assessing retinal pathology.
Unsupervised Monocular Depth and Ego-Motion Learning With Structure and Semantics (2019)

We present an approach which takes advantage of both structure and semantics for unsupervised monocular learning of depth and ego-motion. More specifically we model the motions of individual objects and learn their 3D motion vector jointly with depth and ego-motion. We obtain more accurate results, especially for challenging dynamic scenes not addressed by previous approaches. This is an extended version of Casser et al. [1]. Code and models have been open sourced at: https://sites.google.com/corp/view/struct2depth.
A Potential Blood Test for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies by Detecting Carbohydrate‐Dependent Aggregates of PrPres‐Like Proteins in Scrapie‐Infected Hamster Plasma (2007)

PrPres has rarely been detected in blood (except in leukocytes) even in diseased animal models that are known to contain a large amount of PrPres in infected tissues. It seems likely that PrPres detection in blood is difficult because of the low titer of infectious material within the blood. Here, we demonstrate the detection of proteinase K-resistant 3F4-reactive protein in the plasma of scrapie-infected hamsters but not in the plasma of mock-infected hamsters by partial purification using a novel method termed "acidic SDS precipitation," in conjunction with a highly sensitive chemiluminescence detection system used to show the presence of PrP at a concentration equivalent to 1.4x10(-9) g of brain homogenate or 1.5x10(-12) g (6.5x10(-17) mol) of rPrP by conventional Western blotting. The 3F4-reactive proteins in scrapie-infected hamster plasma often resulted in multiple Mw protein bands occurring at higher Mw positions than the position of the di-glycosyl PrP molecule. Mixing scrapie-infected hamster brain homogenate with mock-infected hamster plasma resulted in the formation of similar Mw positions for multiple 3F4-reactive proteins. Predigestion of carbohydrate side chains from the proteins in the plasma or brain homogenate before mixing resulted in failure to obtain these multiple 3F4-reactive proteins. These observations indicate that PrPres aggregated with other proteins in the plasma through carbohydrate side chains and was successfully detected in the plasma of scrapie-infected hamsters. Counterparts in these aggregates with PrPres-like proteins in scHaPl are not known but any that exist should resist the PK digestion.
A method of channel measurement based on MB-OFDM signal (2008)

This paper introduces a channel measurement method for rotor-telemetry systems based on multiband OFDM. The rotor-telemetry is a special type of the radio-telemetry, where measuring data of physical parameters like pressure or temperature are captured by sensors predominantly on rotating objects such as shafts or gear parts, transmitted over special on the rotor mounted along-moved antennas and received by static antennas. Since usual channel measurement using the network analyser during the rotation is not possible, due to the fact that cables will be damaged, we proposed a new method of UWB-impulse response measurement. The proposed method can be employed not only for the rotating systems, but also for any UWB radio system. The measurement of the impulse response is based on cross-correlation of the transmitted and received MBOFDM signal.
A Physiologically Inspired Model for Solving the Cocktail Party Problem (2019)

At a cocktail party, we can broadly monitor the entire acoustic scene to detect important cues (e.g., our names being called, or the fire alarm going off), or selectively listen to a target sound source (e.g., a conversation partner). It has recently been observed that individual neurons in the avian field L (analog to the mammalian auditory cortex) can display broad spatial tuning to single targets and selective tuning to a target embedded in spatially distributed sound mixtures. Here, we describe a model inspired by these experimental observations and apply it to process mixtures of human speech sentences. This processing is realized in the neural spiking domain. It converts binaural acoustic inputs into cortical spike trains using a multi-stage model composed of a cochlear filter-bank, a midbrain spatial-localization network, and a cortical network. The output spike trains of the cortical network are then converted back into an acoustic waveform, using a stimulus reconstruction technique. The intelligibility of the reconstructed output is quantified using an objective measure of speech intelligibility. We apply the algorithm to single and multi-talker speech to demonstrate that the physiologically inspired algorithm is able to achieve intelligible reconstruction of an "attended" target sentence embedded in two other non-attended masker sentences. The algorithm is also robust to masker level and displays performance trends comparable to humans. The ideas from this work may help improve the performance of hearing assistive devices (e.g., hearing aids and cochlear implants), speech-recognition technology, and computational algorithms for processing natural scenes cluttered with spatially distributed acoustic objects.
Performance Evaluations of the New GPS L5 and L2 Civil (L2C) Signals (2004)

ABSTRACT: The United States is planning to implement two new civil signals on the GPS satellites in the next few years. The L2 civil (L2C) signal will be implemented beginning with the first Block IIR-M satellite, anticipated to be launched in 2004. The L5 signal will be implemented beginning with the first Block IIF satellite, anticipated to be launched in 2006. Both new civil signals include design features that make them very different from the only existing civil GPS signal—the L1 C/A-code. In a previous paper, signal structure, cross-correlation protection, tracking loop performance, and multipath were evaluated for each signal. This paper presents additional performance evaluations, such as proposed methods of code acquisition, and receiver tracking thresholds considering platform dynamics and receiver oscillator phase noise. The performance trade-offs between carrier loop bandwidth and loop update time, as well as data demodulation performance, are also evaluated.
A protocol to formalise function verbs to support conservation-based model checking (2011)

This paper proposes, demonstrates, and validates a protocol to formalise mechanical function verb definitions to support automated analysis of early design concepts, specifically, physics-based model checking using the conservation laws. Present graph-based function structures rely on controlled vocabularies of verbs and nouns to model functions and flows. Currently, all vocabularies define these terms in plain text, allowing inconsistent interpretation and term usage in models, thus making the models unsuitable for formal computational reasoning. To address this limitation, two types of model-level consistencies – topological and conservational – are identified through model examination as critical requirements for physics-based reasoning. A protocol is then demonstrated to evolve three verbs – Branch, Distribute, and Convert_Energy – from their textual definitions into formal classes that include the necessary information elements to support this reasoning. These verbs are used to construct function models, which are then used to simulate reasoning by computer algorithms, thus validating that the definitions indeed support conservation-based model checks at the conceptual level.
Angle-of-attack sensor analysis and calibration method for a heavy jet transport (2002)

This paper describes a method that has been used to install and calibrate angle-of-attack (AOA) vane sensors on out-of-production jet transport aircraft that have never been equipped with such sensors. The calibration process is accomplished without using a boom-mounted AOA sensor which is commonly used during new aircraft certification flight testing. Instead, a commercial AOA vane sensor is installed on the fuselage and then flight test data is collected under conditions that allow measurements of actual AOA using accelerometers and the aircraft attitude gyros. The flight data is analyzed to extract the actual AOA and generate the transformation that maps the output from the AOA vane sensor to actual AOA.
Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura: An Epidemiological Study (1992)

In a cross-sectional study of headache disorders in a representative general population of 1,000 persons the epidemiology of migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) was analysed in relation to sex and age distribution, symptomatology and precipitants. The headache disorders were classified on the basis of a clinical interview as well as a physical and a neurological examination using the operational diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS). Lifetime prevalence of MA was 5%, male:female ratio 1:2. Lifetime prevalence of MO was 8%, M:F ratio 1:7. Women, but not men, were significantly more likely to have MO than MA. Neither MA nor MO showed correlation to age in the studied age interval (25-64 years). Premonitory symptoms occurred in 16% of subjects with MA and in 12% with MO. One or more precipitating factor was present in 61% with MA and in 90% with MO. In both MA and MO the most conspicuous precipitating factor was stress and mental tension. Visual disturbances were the most common aura phenomenon occurring in 90% of subjects with MA. Aura symptoms of sensory, motor or speech disturbances rarely occurred without coexisting visual disturbances. The pain phase of MA fulfilled the criteria for MO of the IHS. Headache was, however, less severe and shorter lasting in MA than in MO. Onset at menarche, menstrual precipitation, menstrual problems, influence of pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives all showed some relationship with the presence of MO and less with MA. The present findings suggest that MA and MO share the pain phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Indications and results of thyroid gland ultrasound imaging of ambulatory care patients]. (1999)

Sonography permits investigations which furnish impressive information whose practical benefit for the patient, however, has not been documented so far. The thyroid lends itself extremely well to sonographic study because of its superficial localization. The efficiency of this investigation has also not been elucidated. This study addresses the question of correlation between clinical and sonographic examination. Sonographic imaging did not have a great clinical impact and therapeutic consequences were rarely generated. A definitive diagnosis was usually possible after fine needle aspiration or hormonal analysis. Solitary thyroid nodules are an indication for sonography. Whether sonography is useful in patients with euthyreotic nodular goiter is debatable.
A new adaptive CFAR processor in multiple target situations (2017)

In this paper, we deal with the problem of radar target detection in presence of severe interfering targets. To this end, we propose a new Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detection approach based on evaluating the abrupt changes in the background power level samples i.e number of interfering target and/or clutter edge. The proposed new detector is a CFAR detector based on a difference hypothesis of second order statistics, referred as SODCFAR detector. Unlike some recent works that use the information theoretic criteria (ITC) or the variability of the background clutter power level samples, this contribution detects the abrupt changes, analyzes the distribution exponentially of the remaining samples and select the homogeneous window based on the second-order statistics and the Shapiro-Wilk exponentially test. The proposed CFAR detector does not require any prior information about the background environment. Therefore, the performances of the proposed detector combine the advantages of the Order Statistics-CFAR (OS-CFAR) and the Cell Averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) detectors to immune to the presence of randomness interfering targets among the reference cells. Numerical simulations that validate the performances of the proposed detector, in both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous environments, are presented.
Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea (2011)

Salinity is a major factor controlling the distribution of biota in aquatic systems, and most aquatic multicellular organisms are either adapted to life in saltwater or freshwater conditions. Consequently, the saltwater-freshwater mixing zones in coastal or estuarine areas are characterized by limited faunal and floral diversity. Although changes in diversity and decline in species richness in brackish waters is well documented in aquatic ecology, it is unknown to what extent this applies to bacterial communities. Here, we report a first detailed bacterial inventory from vertical profiles of 60 sampling stations distributed along the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, one of world's largest brackish water environments, generated using 454 pyrosequencing of partial (400 bp) 16S rRNA genes. Within the salinity gradient, bacterial community composition altered at broad and finer-scale phylogenetic levels. Analogous to faunal communities within brackish conditions, we identified a bacterial brackish water community comprising a diverse combination of freshwater and marine groups, along with populations unique to this environment. As water residence times in the Baltic Sea exceed 3 years, the observed bacterial community cannot be the result of mixing of fresh water and saltwater, but our study represents the first detailed description of an autochthonous brackish microbiome. In contrast to the decline in the diversity of multicellular organisms, reduced bacterial diversity at brackish conditions could not be established. It is possible that the rapid adaptation rate of bacteria has enabled a variety of lineages to fill what for higher organisms remains a challenging and relatively unoccupied ecological niche.
Identification of sepsis subtypes in critically ill adults using gene expression profiling (2012)

Sepsis subtypes can be identified based on different gene expression patterns. These patterns may generate hypotheses about the underlying pathophysiology of sepsis and suggest new ways of classifying septic patients both in clinical practice, and in the design of clinical trials.
Syntheses of Photosensitive Poly(amino acids) (1975)

Abstract New poly(amino acids) (l-glutamic acid, l-tyrosine and l-lysine) containing photosensitive acryloyl, methacryloyl, and cinnamoyl groups in their side chains were synthesized from the corresponding amino acid NCAs. Their photosensitivities under UV irradiation were also investigated as to kind of functional group and the skeleton portion of the poly(amino acids). As regards the effect of the former, the sensitivities were in the order: acryloyl\simeqmethacryloyl&gt;cinnamoyl; as regards the effect of the latter, the sensitivities were in the order: poly-glutamate&gt;poly-lysine&gt;poly-tyrosine.
Expectation-propagation for the generative aspect model (2002)

The generative aspect model is an extension of the multinomial model for text that allows word probabilities to vary stochastically across docu-ments. Previous results with aspect models have been promising, but hindered by the computa-tional difficulty of carrying out inference and learning. This paper demonstrates that the sim-ple variational methods of Blei et al. (2001) can lead to inaccurate inferences and biased learning for the generative aspect model. We develop an alternative approach that leads to higher accuracy at comparable cost. An extension of Expectation-Propagation is used for inference and then em-bedded in an EM algorithm for learning. Exper-imental results are presented for both synthetic and real data sets. 1
Evolutionary genetics of vertebrate tissue mineralization: the origin and evolution of the secretory calcium‐binding phosphoprotein family (2005)

Three principal mineralized tissues are present in teeth; a highly mineralized surface layer (enamel or enameloid), body dentin, and basal bone. Similar tissues have been identified in the dermal skeleton of Paleozoic jawless vertebrates, suggesting their ancient origin. These dental tissues form on protein matrix and their mineralization is controlled by distinctive proteins. We have shown that many secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (SCPPs) are involved in tetrapod tissue mineralization. These SCPPs all originated from the common ancestral gene SPARCL1 (secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich like 1) that initially arose from SPARC. The SCPP family also includes a bird eggshell matrix protein, mammalian milk casein, and salivary proteins. The eggshell SCPP plays crucial roles in rigid eggshell production, milk SCPPs in efficient lactation and in the evolution of complex dentition, and salivary SCPPs in maintaining tooth integrity. A comparative analysis of the mammalian, avian, and amphibian genomes revealed a tandem duplication history of the SCPP genes in tetrapods. Although these tetrapod SCPP genes are fewer in teleost genomes, independent parallel duplication has created distinct SCPP genes in this lineage. These teleost SCPPs are also used for enameloid and dentin mineralization, implying essential roles of SCPPs for dental tissue mineralization in osteichthyans. However, the SCPPs used for tetrapod enamel and teleost enameloid, as well as tetrapod dentin and teleost dentin, are all different. Thus, the evolution of vertebrate mineralized tissues seems to be explained by phenogenetic drift: while mineralized tissues are retained during vertebrate evolution, the underlying genetic basis has extensively drifted.
Fluorescence line narrowing-nonphotochemical hole burning spectrometry: femtomole detection and high selectivity for intact DNA-PAH adducts (1988)

A new fluorescence line narrowing (FLN) apparatus is described and evaluated through experiments on intact DNA-PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and globin-PAH adducts, as well as polar PAH metabolites. A detection limit of approximately 3 modified bases in 10(8) for a DNA adduct formed with a diol-epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE-DNA) is reported for 20 micrograms of DNA at a spectral resolution of approximately 8 cm-1. The methodology employed avoids or minimizes spectral degradation and loss of sensitivity due to photooxidation and nonphotochemical hole burning (NPHB). A new double selection technique that employs both FLN and NPHB is described and found to lead to a significant improvement in selectivity over that obtained with conventional FLN.
Universal quantum circuit for n-qubit quantum gate: a programmable quantum gate (2007)

Quantum computation has attracted much attention, among other things, due to its potentialities to solve classical NP problems in polynomial time. For this reason, there has been a growing interest to build a quantum computer. One of the basic steps is to implement the quantum circuit able to realize a given unitary operation. This task has been solved using decomposition of unitary matrices in simpler ones till reach quantum circuits having only single-qubits and CNOTs gates. Usually the goal is to find the minimal quantum circuit able to solve a given problem. In this paper we go in a different direction. We propose a general quantum circuit able to implement any specific quantum circuit by just setting correctly the parameters. In other words, we propose a programmable quantum circuit. This opens the possibility to construct a real quantum computer where several different quantum operations can be realized in the same hardware. The configuration is proposed and its optical implementation is discussed.