gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An edge-based heuristic for Steiner routing (1994)

A new approximation heuristic for finding a rectilinear Steiner tree of a set of nodes is presented. It starts with a rectilinear minimum spanning tree of the nodes and repeatedly connects a node to the nearest point on the rectangular layout of an edge, removing the longest edge of the loop thus formed. A simple implementation of the heuristic using conventional data structures is compared with previously existing algorithms. The performance (i.e., quality of the route produced) of our algorithm is as good as the best reported algorithm, while the running time is an order of magnitude better than that of this best algorithm. It is also shown that the asymptotic time complexity for the algorithm can be improved to O(n log n), where n is the number of points in the set.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials (2011)

Flaws in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of randomised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more accurate
Frequency Modulation of System Clocks for EMI Reduction (1997)

The proliferation of electronic products in the home and office is putting increasing pressure on every product to reduce its electromagnetic interference (EMI). At HP’s Integrated Circuit Business Division (ICBD), several different methods have been used to help deal with EMI directly on-chip, among them frequency modulation of the system clock, also called clock dithering, and control of pad output rise and fall times over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. This latter method is also called adjustable output pad (AOP) control, and sometimes includes programmable adjustment for capacitive loading. This paper focuses on clock dithering as an on-chip technique for EMI reduction. It reviews the basic concept, the work that has been done at several different ICBD design centers and elsewhere, ICBD customer experiences with that work, and lessons drawn from these experiences about design, effectiveness, and customer implementation with ICBD. The paper closes with a brief review of the costs and benefits of implementing dithering and a summary of what customers can expect when working with ICBD. This paper does not aim to be a comprehensive description of dithering circuitry and mathematics, but rather a more narrative description of experiences and rules of thumb. See reference 1 for a more detailed discussion of circuit implementation.
Iodinated phenylalanines. Tests for selective localization in pancreas and preparation of 3,4,5-triiodophenylalanine (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIodinated phenylalanines. Tests for selective localization in pancreas and preparation of 3,4,5-triiodophenylalanineVirginia B. Schatz, Barbara C. O'Brien, and William R. SanduskyCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 1, 140–142Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00307a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00307a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electrically pumped photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (2007)

We demonstrate electrically pumped, room temperature, single mode operation of photonic crystal distributed feedback (PCDFB) quantum cascade lasers emitting at λ∼4.75μm. Ridge waveguides of 100μm width were fabricated with both PCDFB and Fabry-Pérot feedback mechanisms. The Fabry-Pérot device has a broad emitting spectrum and a double lobed far-field character. The PCDFB device, as expected, has primarily a single spectral mode and a diffraction limited far field characteristic with a full angular width at half maximum of 2.4°. This accomplishment represents the first step in power scaling of single mode, midinfrared laser diodes operating at room temperature.
Web application for size and topology optimization of trusses and gusset plates (2015)

With its ever growing popularity, providing Internet based applications tuned towards practical applications is on the rise. Advantages such as no external plugins and additional software, ease of use, updating and maintenance have increased the popularity of web applications. In this work, a web-based application has been developed which can perform size optimization of truss structure as a whole as well as topology optimization of individual gusset plate of each joint based on specified joint displacements and load conditions. This application is developed using cutting-edge web technologies such as Three.js and HTML5. The client side boasts of an intuitive interface which in addition to its modeling capabilities also recommends configurations based on user input, provides analysis options and finally displays the results. The server side, using a combination of Scilab and DAKOTA, computes solution and also provides the user with comparisons of the optimal design with that conforming to Indian Standard (IS 800-2007). It is a freely available one-stop web-based application to perform optimal and/or code based design of trusses.
The influence of Notch over-stimulation on muscle stem cell quiescence versus proliferation, and on muscle regeneration (2015)

Muscle stem cell transplantation possesses great potential for long-term repair of dys-trophic muscle. However expansion of muscle stem cells ex vivo significantly reduces their engraftment efficiency since the myogenic potential is dramatically lost in culture. The Notch signaling pathway has emerged as a major regulator of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and it has recently been discovered that high Notch activity is crucial for maintaining stemness in MuSCs. This feature might be exploited and developed into a novel therapeutic approach.Murine MuSCs were freshly isolated and seeded on culture vessels coated with Dll1-Fc, which fused Delta-like-1 extracellular domain with human Fc, to activate Notch sig-naling and with human IgG as a control. The rAAV gene delivery system was em-ployed to express Dll1 in murine muscles. P3 mice were treated with AAV for 3 weeks and 6 weeks to investigate the effect of Dll1 during postnatal development. To investi-gate the regeneration process, AAV were injected into mdx muscles whereas wild-type mice were used as control.Higher potential stemness (marked by Pax7 positivity) was observed in MuSCs grow-ing on a Dll1-Fc surface as compared to their counterparts on the control surface, while their proliferation rate was reduced. During postnatal development, overstimulation of Notch signaling by Dll1 on the mus-cle fibers was able to enlarge the Pax7+ cell pool, while also resulting in decreased muscle mass and smaller muscle fibers without affecting the accretion of myonuclei into the fiber. In quiescent (wild-type) MuSCs, overstimulation of Notch signaling did not have any discernible effect. Overexpression of Dll1 in mdx muscle decreased the muscle mass and enlarged the muscle stem cell pool, while muscle regeneration re-mained unaffected. By investigating Notch stimulation in MuSCs both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that high Notch activity preserves stemness via inhibition of MuSCs proliferation and myogenic differentiation. Our findings point out that the Dll1 molecule, as a canonical Notch ligand, might have a therapeutic potential in cell-based therapies against muscu-lar dystrophies.
Blockchain Technology in Finance (2017)

The banking and financial-services industry has taken notice of blockchain technology’s many advantages. This special issue explores its unlikely origins, tremendous impact, implementation challenges, and enormous potential. The web extra at https://youtu.be/wPFxKnlu1bA features R3’s Tim Swanson as he interviews global experts on blockchain technology for finance.
Liquid metal nanodroplet dynamics inside nanocontainers (2013)

Here we report direct observations of spatial movements of nanodroplets of Pb metal trapped inside sealed carbon nanocontainers. We find drastic changes in the mobility of the liquid droplets as the particle size increases from a few to a few ten nanometers. In open containers the droplet becomes immobile and readily evaporates to the vacuum environment. The particle mobility strongly depends on confinement, particle size, and wetting on the enclosed surface. The collisions between droplets increase mobility but the tendency is reversed if collisions lead to droplet coalescence. The dynamics of confined nanodroplets could provide new insights into the activity of nanostructures in spatially constrained geometries.
Reaction kinetics of CO2 absorption in to phosphonium based anion-functionalized ionic liquids (2013)

The reaction kinetics between CO2 and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P66614])-based ionic liquids (ILs) with prolinate ([Pro]), 2-cyanopyrrolide ([2-CNpyr]), and 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolide ([3-CF3pyra]) anions are studied at temperatures from 22-60 °C. The absorption of CO2 is carried out in a stirred reactor under pseudo first order conditions. ILs are diluted to concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 M with tetraglyme--a nonreactive, low volatility solvent with much lower viscosity than the ILs. Physical solubility of CO2 in the mixtures is calculated using correlations developed from CO2 solubility measurements in tetraglyme and the N2O-analogy for ILs and dilute IL solutions. The diffusivity of CO2 is estimated from viscosity-dependent correlations chosen after a thorough literature review. The results indicate partial first order reaction kinetics with respect to IL with values ranging from 19,500 L mol(-1) s(-1) ([P66614][Pro]) to 3200 L mol(-1) s(-1) ([P66614][3-CF3pyra]) at 22 °C. The second order reaction rate constants follow Arrhenius behavior with the highest activation energy of 43 kJ mol(-1) measured for [P66614][Pro]. ILs with aprotic heterocylic anions (AHA), on the other hand, show small activation energies of 18 and 11 kJ mol(-1) for [P66614][3-CF3pyra] and [P66614][2-CNpyr], respectively. The ILs studied in this work exhibit reactivity comparable to or higher than common aqueous amines. High reaction rates and tunable capacity make ILs, and AHA ILs in particular, attractive solvents for CO2 separations.
Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis. (1984)

Blood was found in the peritoneal fluid in 90% of women with patent tubes at laparoscopy during perimenstrual time. If the fallopian tubes were occluded, then only 15% of patients had evidence of blood in the pelvis. Also, 90% of patients with endometriosis and eight of nine women on oral contraceptives had bloody fluid during the menstrual period. The present observations indicate that retrograde menstruation through the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity is a very common physiologic event in all menstruating women with patent tubes.
Historic Usage and Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Preservation of Cultural Heritage Conclusion References
Surface morphology of Si on Si(100) grown below 500 °C using H/Cl exchange chemistry (1993)

Changes in surface structure for thin epitaxial Si layers (Si*) grown on Si(100) below 500 °C using alternating exposures to Si precursors are presented. Two different methods for growing Si* are compared, which involve a self-limiting exposure to Si2Cl6 followed by removal of the Cl layer with either Si2H6 or atomic hydrogen. Scattering and recoiling spectroscopy is used to depth profile a N marker layer as Si* is grown using Si2Cl6 and Si2H6 at TS=465 °C. The decrease in the N marker intensity proves that a Si* film is grown, and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns show that the Si* is epitaxial. RHEED patterns from Si* grown using alternating exposures of Si2Cl6 and atomic hydrogen are nearly identical to clean Si(100), again indicating epitaxial growth. Both methods suppress formation of three-dimensional islands, which are observed for Si growth from Si2H6 below TS=600 °C.
Imaging free zinc in synaptic terminals in live hippocampal slices (1997)

Some glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian central nervous system exhibit high levels of free ionic zinc in their synaptic vesicles. The precise role of this vesicular zinc remains obscure, despite suggestive evidence for zinc as a neuromodulator. As a step towards elucidating the role of free zinc in the brain we have developed a method for imaging zinc release in live brain slices. A newly synthesized zinc-sensitive fluorescent probe, N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-carboxybenzoylsulphonamide (TFLZn), was used to monitor intracellular zinc in live rat hippocampal slices. The dye loaded into the zinc-rich synaptic vesicles of the mossy fibre terminals in the hippocampal formation. Direct electrical stimulation of the mossy fibre pathway diminished the fluorescence in the mossy fibre terminals, consistent with a stimulus-dependent zinc release. The synaptic release of zinc was followed by the rapid replenishment of the zinc levels in vesicles from an as yet unidentified intracellular zinc source. Furthermore, we present evidence that zinc may play a role in a form of long-term potentiation exhibited by the mossy fibre pathway.
The role of human glandular kallikrein 2 for prediction of pathologically organ confined prostate cancer (2002)

hK2 and hK2 density could independently predict pT2a/b PCa. However, improvement in predictive accuracy was marginal when nomograms based on traditional variables were complemented with this serum marker.
WO3 mesocrystal-assisted photoelectrochemical activity of BiVO4 (2017)

Self-assembled nanocomposites have gained much attention over the past decade due to their intriguing properties and functionalities. In this work, we developed a self-assembled nanocomposite photoanode composed of an epitaxial BiVO4 matrix embedded with WO3 mesocrystals for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications in the visible-light regime. The orientation of the crystal facet and interface provides a superior template to understand the intimate contact between the two constituent phases. We demonstrate that the interfacial coupling of the mesocrystal and matrix improves the separation of photoexcited carriers and the properties of charge transfer, resulting in a greatly enhanced PEC performance compared with their parent compounds. The current study demonstrates that the utilization of the interface-to-volume ratio to optimize charge interactions in the nanocomposite is essential for the advanced design of novel mesocrystal-embedded nanocomposite photoelectrodes. Optimizing how two photocatalysts contact each other inside an amalgamated crystal may enhance solar energy conversion strategies. Bismuth vanadium oxide (BiVO4) is a bright yellow pigment that readily turns photons into electronic charges, which can be used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The team of Ying-Hao Chu from Taiwan's National Chiao Tung University has now found that embedding tungsten oxide (WO3) nanostructures into BiVO4 crystals makes it easier for photogenerated carriers to reach their target. Using pulsed laser deposition, the researchers grew bamboo-shaped nanotubes inside a BiVO4 matrix to produce numerous heterointerfaces. Band structure analysis and transport measurements showed that the improved charge separation at these interfaces provided more carriers for catalytic water splitting. The material's tunable structure makes it a promising tool for understanding surface-to-volume effects in other nanocomposites. We developed a self-assembled nanocomposite photoanode composed of epitaxial BiVO4 (BVO) matrix embedded with WO3 (WO) mesocrystal for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting in the visible-light regime. The well-defined WO3-BiVO4 interface and controllable thickness provide a template for the fundamental understanding of photoactivity in the nanocomposite. The interfacial coupling of the mesocrystal and matrix improves the separation of photoexcited carriers and the properties of charge transfer, resulting in a significantly enhanced PEC performance. The utilization of the interface-to-volume ratio to optimize the charge interaction of the nanocomposite is essential for the advance design of novel mesocrystal-embedded nanocomposite photoelectrodes.
Differential expression of forkhead box transcription factors following butylated hydroxytoluene lung injury (2001)

The forkhead box (Fox) proteins are a growing family of transcription factors that have important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation and in organ morphogenesis. The Fox family members hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-3beta (Foxa2) and HNF-3/forkhead homolog (HFH)-8 (FREAC-1, Foxf1) are expressed in adult pulmonary epithelial and mesenchymal cells, respectively, but these cells display only low expression levels of the proliferation-specific HFH-11B gene (Trident, Foxm1b). The regulation of these Fox transcription factors in response to acute lung injury, however, has yet to be determined. We report here on the use of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-mediated lung injury to demonstrate that HFH-11 protein and RNA levels were markedly increased throughout the period of lung repair. The maximum levels of HFH-11 were observed by day 2 following BHT injury when both bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells were undergoing extensive proliferation. Although BHT lung injury did not alter epithelial cell expression of HNF-3beta, a 65% reduction in HFH-8 mRNA levels was observed during the period of mesenchymal cell proliferation. HFH-8-expressing cells were colocalized with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-positive alveolar endothelial cells and with alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive peribronchiolar smooth muscle cells.
High temperature annealing of n-type 4H-SiC: Impact on intrinsic defects and carrier lifetime (2012)

In this paper, the impact of high-temperature annealing of 4H silicon carbide (SiC) on the formation of intrinsic defects, such as Z1/2 and EH6/7, and on carrier lifetimes was studied. Four nitrogen-doped epitaxial layers with various initial concentrations of the Z1/2- and EH6/7-centers (1011-1014cm-3) were investigated by means of deep level transient spectroscopy and microwave photoconductance decay. It turned out that the high-temperature annealing leads to a monotone increase of the Z1/2- and EH6/7-concentration starting at temperatures between 1600 °C and 1750 °C, depending on the initial defect concentration. In the case of samples with high initial defect concentration (1014cm-3) a distinct decrease in Z1/2- and EH6/7-concentration in the temperature range from 1600 °C to 1750 °C was observed, being consistent with previous reports. For higher annealing temperatures (Tanneal≥1750 ∘C), the defect concentration is independent of the samples’ initial values. As a consequence, beside the growth conditions, such as C/Si ratio, the thermal post-growth processing has a severe impact on carrier lifetimes, which are strongly reduced for samples annealed at high temperatures.
Convergence index filter for vector fields (1999)

This paper proposes a unique fitter called an iris filter, which evaluates the degree of convergence of the gradient vectors within its region of support toward a pixel of interest. The degree of convergence is related to the distribution of the directions of the gradient vectors and not to their magnitudes. The convergence index of a gradient vector at a given pixel is defined as the cosine of its orientation with respect to the line connecting the pixel and the pixel of interest. The output of the iris filter is the average of the convergence indices within its region of support and lies within the range [-1,1]. The region of support of the iris filter changes so that the degree of convergence of the gradient vectors in it becomes a maximum, i.e., the size and shape of the region of support at each pixel of interest changes adaptively according to the distribution pattern of the gradient vectors around it. Theoretical analysis using models of a rounded convex region and a semi-cylindrical one is given. These show that rounded convex regions are generally enhanced, even if the contrast to their background is weak and also that elongated objects are suppressed. The filter output is 1/pi at the boundaries of rounded convex regions and semi-cylindrical ones. This value does not depend on the contrast to their background. This indicates that boundaries of rounded or slender objects, with weak contrast to their background, are enhanced by the iris filter and that the absolute value of 1/pi can be used to detect the boundaries of these objects. These theoretical characteristics are confirmed by experiments using X-ray images.
High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Uniaxially Reinforced Zircon‐Silicon Carbide Composite (1990)

Mechanical properties of a monolithic zircon ceramic and zircon‐matrix composites uniaxially reinforced with either uncoated or BN‐coated silicon carbide monofilaments were measured in flexure between 25° and 1477°C. Monolithic zircon ceramics were weak and exhibited a brittle failure up to about 1300°C. An increasing amount of the plastic deformation was observed before failure above about 1300°C. In contrast, composites reinforced with either uncoated or BN‐coated SiC filaments were stronger and tougher than the monolithic zircon at all test temperatures between 25° and 1477°C. The ultimate strength and work‐of‐fracture of composite samples decreased with increasing temperature. A transgranular matrix fracture was shown by the monolithic and composite samples tested up to about 1200°C, whereas an increasing amount of the intergranular matrix fracture was displayed above 1200°C.