gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient JPEG 2000 VBR Compression with True Constant Perceived Quality (2007)

This paper describes a novel JPEG 2000 variable bit rate (VBR) encoding system for digital cinema that uses visually lossless viewing distance as the image quality metric to provide true constant perceived quality. In this approach, the wavelet coefficients are quantized using a human visual system model so that there are no detectable compression errors when a movie is viewed at the specified viewing distance (or at any greater distance). The compressed codestream includes only the minimum information that is needed to ensure visually lossless quality, so coding efficiency is high. Compression times are also significantly reduced, as compared to typical VBR systems, which results in a more efficient workflow. These benefits are achieved while maintaining full compatibility with the Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) compression specifications.
Surface Ultrastructure of Human Amnion and Chorion in Early Pregnancy (1971)

Fetal membranes of early human pregnancy were investigated by a simple method in which surface ultrastructure could be evaluated rapidly. The differentiation of amniotic epithelium was found as early as the twelfth week of pregnancy. Plaque-like cell groups with morphologic features in common with free cells in amniotic fluid were seen in the epithelium, probably constituting the source of these cells. The microvillous abundance on chorion villi and the spatial interrelations of microvilli were particularly studied. The morphologic findings are related to earlier suggestions concerning function and to earlier transmission electron microscope results.
Study on Improvement of Convergence Rate of Acoustic Echo Canceller (2009)

An adaptive echo canceller is necessary for an application such as a speakerphone, 3G image telephony and VoIP service system. These echo cancellers need to have many taps for filtering echo signals. Many taps cause computation data to increase and convergence speed to be low. To overcome these problems, An adaptive echo canceller with the advanced convergence speed is proposed in this paper. To improve the speed, we divide an echo band into subbands and place a subband filter to be adaptive for each subband. Each subband filter recognizes the echo signal as subband echo signals. So, dynamic range of subband is small, the convergence speed is fast. Moreover, as the number of Tap and weight update are estimated in each subband, the implementation complex of a adaptive filter is low.
The Tat Inhibitor Didehydro-Cortistatin A Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency (2015)

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV-1 replication to very low levels, but the virus persists in latently infected memory CD4(+) T cells, representing a long-lasting source of resurgent virus upon ART interruption. Based on the mode of action of didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA), a Tat-dependent transcription inhibitor, our work highlights an alternative approach to current HIV-1 eradication strategies to decrease the latent reservoir. In our model, dCA blocks the Tat feedback loop initiated after low-level basal reactivation, blocking transcriptional elongation and hence viral production from latently infected cells. Therefore, dCA combined with ART would be aimed at delaying or halting ongoing viral replication, reactivation, and replenishment of the latent viral reservoir. Thus, the latent pool of cells in an infected individual would be stabilized, and death of the long-lived infected memory T cells would result in a continuous decay of this pool over time, possibly culminating in the long-awaited sterilizing cure.
A Bi-level Block Coding Technique for Encoding Data Sequences with Sparse Distribution (2008)

In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient method for encoding data sequences with the sparse distribution. The data sequence with a sparse distribution contains most data samples that can be encoded with a smaller number of bits per sample and a small number of large amplitude samples that require a larger number of bits to encode. The data sequence with the sparse distribution is often encountered as the residues from prediction in waveform, image, and video compression. The proposed method divides the data sequence into two block sets. One is the level-0 block, where at least one sample in the block requires the maximum number of bits to encode, and the other one is the level-1 block, in which each sample in the block only needs a smaller number of bits to encode. Hence, coding efficiency could be achieved. We propose an algorithm to determine the optimal coding parameters, such as the block size and the number of bits for encoding each data sample in the level-1 blocks based on the sparse distribution of the given data sequence. Comparing with the traditional bi-level coding method [1], in which the coding parameters are obtained via an assumed Gaussian distribution function and pre-optimization, the proposed method achieves its coding efficiency using a real data amplitude distribution to determine the optimal coding parameters and is simpler to implement in real-time. In addition, the bi-level block coder is more robust to bit errors, as compared to instantaneous coding schemes such as Huffman and arithmetic coding schemes.
Insights into Thermal Stability from a Comparison of the Glutamate Dehydrogenases from <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> and <i>Thermococcus litoralis</i> (1995)

In the light of the solution of the three-dimensional structure of the NAD(+)-linked glutamate dehydrogenase from the mesophile Clostridium symbiosum, we have undertaken a detailed examination of the alignment of the sequences for the thermophilic glutamate dehydrogenases from Thermococcus litoralis and Pyrococcus furiosus against the sequence and the molecular structure of the glutamate dehydrogenase from C. symbiosum, to provide insights into the molecular basis of their thermostability. This homology-based modelling is simplified by the relatively small number of amino acid substitutions between the two thermophilic glutamate dehydrogenase sequences. The most frequent amino acid exchanges involve substitutions which increase the hydrophobicity and sidechain branching in the more thermostable enzyme; particularly common is the substitution of valine to isoleucine. Examination of the sequence differences suggests that enhanced packing within the buried core of the protein plays an important role in maintaining stability at extreme temperatures. One hot spot for the accumulation of exchanges lies close to a region of the molecule involved in its conformational flexibility and these changes may modulate the dynamics of this enzyme and thereby contribute to increased stability.
ZCCHC10 suppresses lung cancer progression and cisplatin resistance by attenuating MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation (2019)

The activation of p53 tumor suppressor is essential for preventing abnormal cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. ZCCHC10 was previously identified as a potential p53-interacting partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen, but the interaction in cells and its subsequent influence on p53 activity and cancer development have not been investigated. In this paper, we demonstrate that ZCCHC10 expression levels are statistically lower in lung adenocarcinoma tissues than the corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues, and decreased expression of ZCCHC10 mRNA predicts poorer survival of the patients. Ectopic expression of ZCCHC10 in lung cancer cells harboring wild-type p53 dramatically suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and cisplatin resistance in vitro, as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of ZCCHC10 exerts opposite effects in the normal lung cell Beas-2b. However, ZCCHC10 has no influence on the biological behaviors of p53-null (H358) or p53-mutant (H1437) lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, ZCCHC10 binds and stabilizes p53 by disrupting the interaction between p53 and MDM2. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α attenuated the influences of ZCCHC10 overexpression on p53 pathway, cell cycle, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas the p53 activator Nutlin3 could reverse the effects of ZCCHC10 knockdown. Collectively, our results indicate that ZCCHC10 exerts its tumor-suppressive effects by stabilizing the p53 protein and can be used a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma.
The Inheritance of the Leopard Complex of Spotting Patterns in Horses (1990)

The leopard complex of white spotting patterns in horses consists of the leopard, few-spot leopard, blanket, blanket with spots, varnish roan (or marble), snowflake, frosted, speckled, and mottled patterns. Horses with any of these patterns can produce the other patterns when mated to nonpatterned horses. Twenty-two horses of the Welsh Pony, Noriker, Appaloosa, and Pony of the Americas breeds produced 270 foals in a distribution consistent with a single dominant allele being responsible for the patterns. The symbol for this dominant allele, Lp, is retained from previous work on the leopard pattern. Heterozygotes are less extensively marked than are homozygotes, but the two classes overlap. The differences in the patterns are related to varying degrees of expression of this allele.
Dynamical modeling of cellular response to short-duration, high-intensity electric fields (2003)

The interaction of ultra-short duration, high-intensity electric fields with biological cells has recently begun to generate significant interest due to the possibility for non-thermal manipulation of cellular functions. It is clear that a full understanding requires a dynamical model for both electroporation and the electrostatic potential evolution. Here, dynamical aspects related to electroporation are reviewed. The simple model used in the literature is somewhat incorrect and unphysical for a variety of reasons. Our model for the pore formation energy, E(r), includes a dependence on pore population, density, a variable surface tension, and is dynamic in nature. It is shown that membranes can survive a strong electric pulse and recover provided the pore distribution has a relatively large spread. If, however, the population consists predominantly of larger radii pores, then irreversibility can result. Physically, such a distribution could arise if pores at adjacent sites coalesce. Results show that a finite time delay exists for pore formation, and can lead to a transient overshoot of the transmembrane potential V/sub mem/ beyond 1.0 V. Pore re-sealing is shown to consist of an initial fast process, a 10/sup -4/ s delay, followed by a much slower closing at a time constant of about 10/sup -1/ s. This establishes a time-window for effective killing by a second pulse.
Monomolecular Multimodal Fluorescence-Radioisotope Imaging Agents (2005)

Diagnosis of diseases by different imaging methods can provide complementary information about the functional status of diseased tissues or organs. To overcome the current difficulties in coregistering images from different imaging modalities with a high degree of accuracy, we prepared near-infrared (NIR) monomolecular multimodal imaging agents (MOMIAs) consisting of a heptamethine carbocyanine and 111In−DOTA chelate that served as antennae for optical and scintigraphic imaging, respectively. Their spectral properties clearly show that coordination of indium to MOMIA increased the fluorescence intensity of the compounds. The MOMIAs are exceptionally stable in biological media and serum up to 24 h at 37 °C. Biodistribution of the compounds in mice obtained by fluorescence photon and γ-counts demonstrated a similar distribution trend of the molecular probe in different tissues, suggesting that the detected fluorescence and γ-emissions emanated from the same source (MOMIA). At 24 h postinjection, the MOMIAs were excreted by the renal and hepatobiliary systems and the blood level of a representative MOMIA was very low, thereby reducing background noise caused by circulating molecular probes. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of preparing single molecules with the capacity to emit discernible and diagnostic fluorescent and γ-radiations for optical and nuclear imaging of living organisms.
Robust long-read native DNA sequencing using the ONT CsgG Nanopore system (2017)

<ns4:p> <ns4:italic>Background:</ns4:italic> The ability to obtain long read lengths during DNA sequencing has several potentially important practical applications. Especially long read lengths have been reported using the Nanopore sequencing method, currently commercially available from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). However, early reports have demonstrated only limited levels of combined throughput and sequence accuracy. Recently, ONT released a new CsgG pore sequencing system as well as a 250b/s translocation chemistry with potential for improvements. <ns4:italic>Methods:</ns4:italic> We made use of such components on ONTs miniature ‘MinION’ device and sequenced native genomic DNA obtained from the near haploid cancer cell line HAP1. Analysis of our data was performed utilising recently described computational tools tailored for nanopore/long-read sequencing outputs, and here we present our key findings. <ns4:italic>Results:</ns4:italic> From a single sequencing run, we obtained ~240,000 high-quality mapped reads, comprising a total of ~2.3 billion bases. A mean read length of 9.6kb and an N50 of ~17kb was achieved, while sequences mapped to reference with a mean identity of 85%. Notably, we obtained ~68X coverage of the mitochondrial genome and were able to achieve a mean consensus identity of 99.8% for sequenced mtDNA reads. <ns4:italic>Conclusions:</ns4:italic> With improved sequencing chemistries already released and higher-throughput instruments in the pipeline, this early study suggests that ONT CsgG-based sequencing may be a useful option for potential practical long-read applications. </ns4:p>
Dynamic iterative beam hardening correction (DIBHC) for an optimized assessment of cardiac perfusion in ECG-correlated CT (2009)

In cardiac perfusion examinations large concentrations of iodine in the ventricle cause beam hardening artifacts that lead to incorrect perfusion parameters. Beam hardening corrections are either implemented as simple precorrections which cannot account for higher order beam hardening effects, or as iterative approaches that are based on segmenting the original image into material distribution images. Conventional segmentation algorithms fail to clearly distinguish between iodine and bone. Our new algorithm, DIBHC, calculates the time-dependent iodine distribution by analyzing the voxel changes of a cardiac perfusion examination (typically N ¿ 30 ECG- correlated scans distributed over a total scan time T ¿ 20 s). These voxel dynamics are due to changes in contrast agent. This prior information allows to precisely distinguish between bone and iodine and is key to DIBHC where each iteration consists of a multi-material (soft tissue, bone, iodine) polychromatic forward projection, a raw data comparison and a filtered backprojection. Simulations with a semi-anthropomorphic dynamic phantom and clinical scans using a dual source CT scanner (2 × 128 slices, 100 kV, 160 mAs, 0.28 s) have been carried out. The uncorrected images suffer from beam hardening artifacts that appear as dark bands connecting large concentrations of iodine in the ventricle and bony structures. The CT-values of the affected tissue are typically underestimated by up to 20 HU. One iteration of DIBHC greatly reduces these artifacts yielding CT-value deviations of only 1 HU for the simulations and improvements of up to 56 HU for the measurements. DIBHC greatly reduces the beam hardening artifacts induced by the contrast agent dynamics (and those due to bone) now allowing for an improved calculation of perfusion parameters that are essential for quantifying myocardial perfusion.
Noble Polymeric Surface Conjugated with Zwitterionic Moieties and Antibodies for the Isolation of Exosomes from Human Serum (2012)

New zwitterionic polymer-coated immunoaffinity beads were developed to resist nonspecific protein adsorption from undiluted human serum for diagnostic applications of exosomes. A zwitterionic sulfobetaine monomer with an amine functional group was employed for simple surface chemistry and antifouling properties. An exosomal biomarker protein, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), was selected as a target molecule in this work. The beads were coated with polyacrylic acids (PAA) for increasing biorecognition sites, and protein G was then conjugated with carboxylic acid groups on the surfaces for controlling EpCAM antibody orientation. The remaining free carboxylic acid groups were modified with sulfobetaine moieties, and anti-EpCAM antibody was finally introduced. The amount of anti-EpCAM on the beads was increased by 40% when compared with PAA-uncoated beads. The surfaces of the beads exhibited near-net-zero charge, and nonspecific protein adsorption was effectively suppressed by sulfobetaine moieties. EpCAM was captured from undiluted human serum with almost the same degree of efficiency as from PBS buffer solution using the newly developed immunoaffinity beads.
Cul4B regulates neural progenitor cell growth (2012)

This study provides first evidence that unneddylated Cul4B isoforms exist in the brain and are necessary for mitosis progression in NPCs. The data suggest that unneddylated Cul4B isoforms specifically inhibits β-catenin degradation during mitosis. Furthermore, unneddylated Cul4B may play a role in addition to cell cycle since it is exclusively localized to the processes in starved NT-2 cells. Further analyses of the different isoforms of Cul4B will help understand the cognitive deficits in Cul4B-linked XLID and give insights into drug and biomarker discoveries.
The Effects of Magnitude and Frequency of Distraction Forces on Tissue Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis of the Mandible (2002)

Callus distraction has become an accepted treatment procedure to lengthen hypoplastic mandibles in humans. For this purpose, extraoral and intraoral devices have been applied successfully. The effects of the distraction vector, distractor stability, and rate and frequency of callus distraction on the regenerating tissues have been examined in various studies. In an experimental animal trial on pigs (n = 12), a newly developed microhydraulic osteodistractor was tested. The animals were evenly assigned to two groups to perform a continuous and noncontinuous osteodistraction of the mandible. Initially, the forces necessary to distract the pig mandibles were recorded from a noncontinuous distraction procedure; the results were then used to perform continuous bone distraction. Besides testing the new distractor, the study proved that in continuous osteodistraction, intramembranous bone regeneration occurred, whereas in noncontinuous osteodistraction the bone regeneration process followed a chondroid ossification. In continuous osteodistraction, the bone regeneration proceeded at a higher speed with the lower distraction forces compared with noncontinuous distraction, thereby reducing the consolidation period. Clinical and microscopical results are presented.
Evidence for phosphorylation of rat liver glucose‐regulated protein 58, GRP58/ERp57/ER‐60, induced by fasting and leptin (2005)

Glucose-regulated protein 58 (GRP58)-like immunoreactivity in rat liver obtained in the evening or after fasting underwent an electrophoretic band-shift, which disappeared after phosphatase-treatment. Since mass spectrometric analysis raised a possibility that Ser150 of GRP58 is phosphorylated, an antibody against the phosphoserine150 GRP58 was generated. Immunoreactivity to this antibody was increased in the evening and after fasting. Since GRP58 was shown to interact with signal transducer and activator of transduction 3 (STAT3), a leptin-related protein, the effect of leptin was examined. Immunoreactivity to the anti-phosphoGRP58 antibody was markedly elevated after the leptin injection, indicating that Ser150 of GRP58 is phosphorylated after fasting and leptin-treatment.
Improved Medium for Detection of Citrate-Fermenting <i>Streptococcus lactis</i> subsp. <i>diacetylactis</i> (1980)

A modified medium which distinguished between citrate-fermenting and non-citrate-fermenting species of lactic streptococci within 48 h was developed. In addition, the occurrence of citrate-negative variants in citrate-positive populations of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis could be detected.
THE EXPRESSION AND INTERACTION OF HEREDITARY FACTORS PRODUCING HYPOTRICHOSIS IN THE MOUSE: HISTOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (1946)

The first visible abnormality in the skins of homozygous rhino mice is a hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and follicle neck wall at the time when active growth of the hair ceases. This is associated with a widening of the hair canal (due to a lateral expansion of the hyperplastic layers of the follicle neck) and a subsequent irregular shortening of the follicle. The cause of hair loss is considered to be the widening of the hair canal and consequent lack of the support supplied by the normally tight-fitting follicle neck when shortening of the follicle raises the base of the hair to a level just below the proximal end of the hair canal. The hyperplastic tendencies of the epidermal derivatives are further expressed by (a) the development of hair canal cysts (utriculi), which leads to an increase in the surface area and a consequent wrinkling of the skin, (b) the formation of sebaceous-gland and follicle-end cysts, which cause the thickening of the epidermis, and (c) overgrowth of the nails.Hairless (hr hr) mice show a similar, but less extreme, tendency towards hyperplasia, and the histological character of the skins of hairless/rhino hybrids is intermediate between that of the rhino and hairless types.Mice of any of these types (hr hr, hr rh hr, hr rh hr rh ), which are also heterozygous for the Naked factor, show an exaggeration of both the follicular keratosis and the Naked characteristics. In mice homozygous for the Naked factor the exaggeration is more extreme.Transplantation experiments show that rhino skin adjacent to normal skin behaves non-autonomously, indicating that rhino skin cells are able to utilize but cannot produce some substance necessary for the maintenance of normal stratified squamous epithelium; this substance is produced by normal skin cells but is not present in the blood stream of normal mice.Results of an attempt to discover a relationship between the mode of action of the rhino mutation and the metabolism of vitamin A by feeding rhino mice massive doses of vitamin A were inconclusive.