gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pattern Grammar: A corpus-driven approach to the lexical grammar of English (2000)

This book describes an approach to lexis and grammar based on the concept of phraseology and of language patterning arising from work on large corpora. The notion of 'pattern' as a systematic way of dealing with the interface between lexis and grammar was used in Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995) and in the two books in the Collins Cobuild Grammar Patterns series (1996; 1998). This volume describes the research that led to these publications, and explores the theoretical and practical implications of the research. The first chapter sets the work in the context of work on phraseology. The next two chapters give several examples of patterns and how they are identified. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss and exemplify the association of pattern and meaning. Chapters 6, 7 and 8 relate the concept of pattern to traditional approaches to grammar and to discourse. Chapter 9 summarizes the book and adds to the theoretical discussion, as well as indicating the applications of this approach to language teaching. The volume is intended to contribute to the current debate concerning how corpora challenge existing linguistic theories, and as such will be of interest to researchers in the fields of grammar, lexis, discourse and corpus linguistics. It is written in an accessible style, however, and will be equally suitable for students taking courses in those areas.
Central Stimulants. II. Cholinergic Blocking Agents<sup>1</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCentral Stimulants. II. Cholinergic Blocking Agents1JOHN H. BIEL, LEO G. ABOOD, WALLACE K. HOYA, HELEN A. LEISER, PATRICK A. NUHFER, and E. F. KLUCHESKYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 10, 4096–4103Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01068a108https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01068a108research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views172Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease (1990)

Background.Four linkage analyses have identified a region on chromosome 18q22-23 that appears to harbour a diabetic nephropathy (DN) susceptibility locus.A trinucleotide repeat sequence in exon 2 of the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) residing on 18q22.3 was subsequently associated with DN in European Caucasians and Arabs.Methods.We evaluated the role of the CNDP1 5 leucine/5 leucine (5-5) polymorphism (CNDP1 Mannheim) in diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) susceptibility in 858 European Americans: 294 with type 2 DN-associated ESRD (DN-ESRD), 258 with diabetes mellitus (DM) lacking nephropathy and 306 healthy controls.Results.Subjects with DM lacking nephropathy were significantly more likely to be homozygous for the 5-leucine repeat CNDP1 genotype (5-5), compared with those with DN-ESRD (P ¼ 0.02).Healthy controls were also more likely to be homozygous for the 5-5 genotype, compared with those with DN-ESRD (P ¼ 0.008).No significant difference in 5-5 genotype frequency was observed between healthy controls and DM cases without nephropathy (P ¼ 0.74).Conclusion.European Americans homozygous for the 5-5 leucine repeat polymorphism in the CNDP1 gene are at significantly reduced risk for developing diabetic ESRD.This replicates the CNDP1 gene association with DN that was initially detected in European Caucasians and in Arabs, and further demonstrates that the CNDP1 gene and carnosine pathway appear to play a role in susceptibility to DN.
Reason, commonsense and imagination in the service of our shared humanity. -editorial- (2006)

The instrumental use of Reason has seen the systems and process of the health organisation become more important than the purpose for which they were established in the first place - to serve the public. It has also seen our ways of treating people largely narrow to mechanistic views of disease and illness. Mostly we work and are cared for within these services without much conscious thought about these things. The breaking up of knowledge into ever smaller 'specialisms' and 'silos' further enhances this lack of consciousness. (non-author abstract)
Commercial satellite communication (1972)

The paper traces the development of satellite communication for commercial purposes up to the present day, and looks at the prospects for the next decade. A review of experimental programmes and of the institutions set up to provide satellite facilities is followed by an examination of the external constraints that mould system development, principally traffic demand, orbital geometry, choice of radio frequency and cost of launching. Next come Sections dealing with transmission, satellite design and earth-station design, with particular emphasis on systems serving large, high-performance, fixed earth stations such as are in use today. Finally, the prospects of development for these existing services are reviewed, and also those for new ones serving smaller fixed earth stations, ships and aircraft, and brief consideration is given to ways in which congestion in orbit, which will eventually result from expansion in the use made of satellite communication, can be minimised.
An update on molecular genetics of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (2006)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common primary mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Most of them show activating mutations of the genes coding for KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha), two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The RTK inhibitor Imatinib (Gleevec, Novartis, Switzerland), induces regression of the tumour. The level of response to treatment, together with other clinicopathological parameters is related to the type and site of the activating mutation, thus suggesting that these tumours should be classified according to the molecular context. This is confirmed also by the phenomenon of the resistance to treatment, which arises because of different mechanisms (second mutation, amplification, activation of other RTKs) and can be fought only by specific RTK inhibitors, that are at present under development. RTK activation involves an homogeneous transduction pathway whose components (MAPK, AKT, PI3K, mTOR and RAS) are possible targets of new molecular treatment. A new paradigm of classification integrating the classic pathological criteria with the molecular changes will permit personalised prognosis and treatment.
Suppression of tumor growth by novel peptides homing to tumor‐derived new blood vessels (2001)

Novel peptides homing to angiogenic vessels were recently isolated from a phage-displayed random pentadecapeptide library. One of the isolated peptides, ASSSYPLIHWRPWAR, significantly suppressed the migration of VEGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Dendoric ASSSYPLIHWRPWAR-peptide suppressed the formation of new blood vessels in dorsal air sac model mice. Furthermore, ASSSYPLIHWRPWAR-peptide and the fragment peptides containing WRP, which is revealed to be an epitope sequence, significantly suppressed the tumor growth, although 15-mer shuffled peptide derived from ASSSYPLIHWRPWAR and pentapeptides with alanine substitution of each residue of WRP did not. Taken together, ASSSYPLIHWRPWAR-peptide may cause tumor dormancy through inhibition of angiogenesis, and the WRP sequence may be the minimal and essential sequence for this activity.
RADAR: RET-aware detailed routing using fast lithography simulations (2005)

This paper attempts to reconcile the growing interdependency between nanometer lithography and physical design. We first introduce the concept of lithography hotspots and the edge placement error (EPE) map to measure the overall printability and manufacturing effort. We then adapt fast lithography simulation models to generate EPE map. Guided by EPE map, we develop effective RET-aware detailed routing (RADAR) techniques that can handle full-chip capacity to enhance the overall printability while maintaining other design closure. RADAR is implemented in an industry strength detailed router, and tested using some 65nm designs. Our experimental results show that we can achieve up to 40% EPE reduction with reasonable CPU time.
Rethinking Australia's practice of ‘turning around’ unauthorised arrivals: The case for good faith implementation of Australia's protection obligations∗ (1999)

Australia presently has a practice of ‘turning around’ most unauthorised arrivals without giving them an opportunity to apply for a protection visa. The practice reflects a deliberate choice on the part of the Australian government not to implement Australia's international protection obligations in good faith. The choice is easily explicable in domestic political terms. However, it is not a rational choice for the nation in an era of globalisation. By contrast, a choice to implement Australia's international protection obligations in good faith would be a choice to take responsibility for remaking the world into the sort of place in which we would all prefer to live: a world governed by an international rule of law founded on universal moral principles. This article argues that active moral agency is a choice worth making.
Regulation by Calcium of <i>In Vivo</i> Synthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and 21,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1971)

Tritiated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol accumulates in several tissues, to an extent that varies with dietary calcium content, 12 hr after the administration of 325 pmoles of tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to rats. As the dietary and serum calcium concentrations increase, the amount of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is diminished and the concentration of 21,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increases. This correlation is especially evident in rats given vitamin D(3). In vitamin D-deficient rats, the repression of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol formation occurs with a diet containing 3% calcium and 20% lactose. The results suggest that the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, believed to be the metabolically active form of vitamin D in the intestine, is responsible for the adaptation of calcium absorption to low dietary concentrations of calcium.
A kinetic model of starch hydrolysis by α‐ and β‐amylase during mashing (1983)

Kinetics of malt starch hydrolysis by endogeneous alpha- and beta-amylases has been experimentally investigated in laboratory-, pilot- and industrial-scale reactors. The production rates of glucose, maltose, maltotriose and total extract, and the separate alpha- and beta-amylases deactivation rates are measured at varying mashing temperature and different initial starch concentrations and qualities. Based on the experimental results, a model is proposed that takes into account the initial carbohydrates and enzymes dissolution, the starch gelatinization, the separate hydrolytic action of alpha-and beta-amylases on insoluble and soluble starch and dextrins, and the influence of temperature both on enzyme activities and thermal denaturation rate. The model can predict, at the three scales, the final sugars concentrations in the wort for given initial malt concentrations and enzymatic contents, and for a fixed temperature profile during the mashing process.
Autocrine effects of fibroblast growth factor in repair of radiation damage in endothelial cells. (1991)

The study demonstrates that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) serves as an inducer of radiation damage repair in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Radiation dose-survival curves were generated with plateau-phase BAEC using culture dishes precoated with HR9-bFGF/extracellular matrix (ECM) for the postradiation colony formation assay. This natural basement membrane-like ECM is enriched with ECM-bound bFGF. Under these conditions the cells exhibited increased repair of radiation damage as compared to cells plated on top of the bFGF-free isotype of this extracellular matrix (the HR9/ECM). While the slopes of the curves did not differ significantly (Do 107 +/- 6.8 cGy on the HR9/ECM, compared to 112 +/- 1.3 cGy on the HR9-bFGF/ECM), there was a nearly complete elimination of the threshold shoulder in the curves generated on the bFGF-free HR9/ECM (Dq 29 +/- 19 cGy, compared to 174 +/- 22 cGy on the HR9-bFGF/ECM; P less than 0.05). Delayed plating experiments, in which the cells were irradiated under bFGF-free conditions (while adherent as contact-inhibited monolayers to the HR9/ECM in bFGF-free medium) and maintained after irradiation in the same culture for various periods of time, showed that the cells performed repair of potentially lethal damage (PLDR) and restored clonogenic ability, with a 24 h to immediate postradiation recovery ratio of 3.27. This expression of PLDR was inhibited by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against bFGF, indicating that the irradiated cells secreted bFGF into their conditioned medium. Northern blot hybridization showed a 5.6-fold increase of the 3.7-kilobase species and a 4.7-fold increase of the 7.0-kilobase species of the bFGF-specific mRNA within 6 h after delivery of a single dose of 400 cGy. The data suggest that radiation induces a complete cycle of an autoregulated damage-repair pathway in BAEC, initiated by radiation-induced damage to cellular DNA and followed by stimulation of bFGF synthesis and its secretion into the medium. The newly synthesized bFGF stimulates the PLDR pathway, acting via an extracellular autocrine loop (inhibitable by specific anti-bFGF antibodies), leading to recovery of cells from radiation lesions and restoration of their clonogenic capacity.
Implementation of transmitarray antenna concept by using aperture-coupled microstrip patches (2002)

A transmitarray antenna combining the features of lens and phased array antenna is presented. An aperture-coupled microstrip patch with a tuning stub as a radiating element is proposed. A 360/spl deg/ differential phase shift is achieved. The measured VSWR is 1.2 over a 1.9 percent bandwidth.
Acid-fast bacteria in scleroderma and morphea. (1971)

A bacteriologic and histologic study of the skin of six consecutive patients with generalized scleroderma and three patients with localized scleroderma (morphea) was undertaken to determine if acid-fast bacteria could be demonstrated and cultured. Cultures were positive in seven cases for an intermittently acid-fast, gram-positive, pleomorphic organism most closely resembling the bacterium first isolated from scleroderma in 1947 by Wuerthele-Caspe. In addition, rare acid-fast organisms could be detected in Fite-Faraco stained tissue sections from four of the scleroderma patients, and from two of those with morphea. The possibility that this type of organism is etiologic in both the localized and systemic forms of scleroderma should be considered, at least until the pathogenicity of this microbe is more fully clarified.
Human complement (C3b) receptors defined by a mouse monoclonal antibody. (1982)

The aim of the present study was to prepare a monoclonal antibody against human C3 receptors. The monoclonal antibody termed C3RTo5, which is characterized in this study, inhibited the ligand binding of C3b receptors of human erythrocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, but did not block the ligand binding of C3bi and C3d receptors. C3RTo5 reacted only with cells that express C3b receptors. It did not react with cells that do not express C3 receptors or with cells that express C3 receptors other than C3b receptors. The reactivity of C3RT05 against C3b receptors of human erythrocytes, neutrophils, glomerular cells, tonsil cells, or spleen cells could be removed by absorption with human erythrocytes or tonsil cells, whereas absorption with human peripheral T cells or sheep erythrocytes had no effect. In immunoprecipitation studies, a glycoprotein with a mol. wt of 205,000 could be isolated with C3RTo5 from non-ionic detergent lysate of tritiated tonsil cells. A rabbit antiserum prepared against this glycoprotein was able to stain C3b receptor-positive cells, inhibit C3b receptor ligand-binding activity and, furthermore, to precipitate a 205,000 mol. wt component. The results of this study indicate that C3RTo5 is a monoclonal antibody with selective reactivity to C3b receptors and presumably to the binding sites within the receptor molecule. Using C3RTo5 further strong evidence was obtained that membrane-bound C3b receptors have a mol. wt of 205,000.
Textbook of Glaucoma. (1999)

Textbook of Glaucoma. By M Bruce Shields. 4th ed. Pp 588; £85. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1997. ISBN 0683-07693-0.

This is the 4th edition of Bruce Shields’ excellent book, appearing about 5 years after the last edition. The text has been thoroughly revised and as noted in the preface 2300 original papers have been reviewed for this edition with 1440 new references incorporated into the text. For the first time a companion volume entitled Colour Atlas of Glaucoma has been produced which was not available for review. The text and photographs follow the same order in the two volumes. …
Neutrophils and asthma. (2009)

Although eosinophilic airway inflammation is recognized as an important feature of some patients with chronic, stable asthma, evidence supports an important role for neutrophils in asthma. Neutrophils are the first cells recruited to the site of the allergic reaction. Their presence may influence clinical presentation and has been linked to the development of severe chronic asthma and sudden severe attacks. Neutrophils are eliminated by apoptosis during the resolution of the allergic response.
Identification and characterization of TMEM24 family genes in silico (2004)

JMJD1 family genes, including JMJD1 (TSGA), TRIP8, and C5orf7 (5qNCA), encode nuclear proteins with Jumonji C (JmjC), TRI8H1 and TRI8H2 domains. Here, we identified JMJD2 family genes. Human genes corresponding to KIAA0677, KIAA0876, KIAA0780 and FLJ10251 cDNAs were designated JMJD2A, JMJD2B, JMJD2C, and JMJD2D, respectively. In addition, JMJD2D homologous genes within human genome sequences AP002383.3 and AP001264.4 were designated JMJD2E and JMJD2F, respectively. JMJD2A gene was mapped to human chromosome 1p34.1, JMJD2B gene to 19p13.3, and JMJD2C gene to 9p24.1. JMJD2D, JMJD2E and JMJD2F genes were clustered at human chromosome 11q21. Coding region of JMJD2A, JMJD2B, JMJD2C genes was located on multiple exons, while that of JMJD2D, JMJD2E and JMJD2F genes was located on a single exon. These facts strongly indicate that JMJD2D, JMJD2E and JMJD2F genes are locally triplicated retrotransposed elements derived from JMJD2 family gene. JD2H domain with C2HC2HC2- and C5HC2-type Cys (His) clusters was identified as the region conserved among JMJD2A (1064 aa), JMJD2B (1096 aa), and JMJD2C (1056 aa) proteins. JMJD2A, JMJD2B and JMJD2C consist of JmjN, JmjC, JD2H, and two TUDOR domains, while JMJD2D (523 aa), JMJD2E (506 aa) and JMJD2F (638 aa) consist of JmjN and JmjC domains. JMJD2 family proteins were classified into one group with JD2H and TUDOR domains and another group without JD2H or TUDOR domains. Because JMJD2C gene (also known as GASC1 gene) is amplified in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), JMJD2 family genes are cancer-associated genes. This is the first report on identification and characterization of human JMJD2 gene family.
Alergia, respiración oral y mordida cruzada, ¿una triada? (2015)

Antecedentes: La alergia respiratoria en pediatría es una patología que se presenta en nuestro medio con una prevalencia superior al 30% y una incidencia anual que va en aumento. La asociación de la alergia respiratoria en la edad pediátrica y determinadas alteraciones estomatológicas ha sido demostrada en numerosos estudios. Objetivos: Estudiamos una muestra de pacientes en edad pediátrica de nuestro medio en la que pretendemos observar, si lo hubiera, una relación entre la patología alérgica en vías respiratorias altas, con el hábito respirador oral como causa de la disminución del diámetro transversal del maxilar superior como causa de mordida cruzada posterior. Material y método: Se recogen datos de todos los pacientes pediátricos de edades comprendidas entre los 1 y los 15 años que acuden a la Clínica de Odontología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte (Universidad de Zaragoza, ciudad de Huesca) entre los años 2010 y 2014; en la encuesta se recoge la edad, el sexo, las alergias diagnosticadas por su pediatra que cursen con rinoconjuntivitis, respiración bucal o mordida cruzada. Resultados: Llama especialmente la atención las grandes diferencias en los porcentajes de pacientes alérgicos con respiración oral, un 81%, en contraste con el 20% de los pacientes no alérgicos que respiran bucalmente. También la mordida cruzada que se observa en el 17,4% de los pacientes alérgicos, frente al 5,29% de los pacientes no alérgicos con mordida cruzada, es otro dato que debe tenerse en cuenta. Conclusiones: Los pacientes pediátricos alérgicos muestran una gran predisposición a presentar respiración bucal, así como se incrementa significativamente el riesgo de padecer mordida cruzada.
Integrated optical silicon photodiode array (1975)

Applications of integrated optical devices to optical communications or signal processing often involve light beam deflection or spatial Fourier transformation performed by optical waveguide lenses. In each of these processes information carried by the light beam can be converted to an electrical signal through use of a detector array. By integrating a detector array into an optical waveguide structure, optical scattering which would occur in coupling light out of the waveguide and into a detector array is eliminated so that the primary limitation on information capacity is the detector array resolution. We consider herein such an integrated optical waveguide detector array which uses silicon as the substrate. The use of silicon allows fabrication of CCD array scanning structures or other array addressing circuitry, signal enhancement circuitry, and signal processing circuitry on the same substrate as the optical waveguide. A silicon substrate is also advantageous for optical waveguide formation in that the thermallygrown Si0 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer which supports the thin-film optical waveguide has a low refractive index and a very smooth surface for waveguide deposition. Also, Si is well-suited for the formation of three-dimensional channel waveguides by preferential etching.
Tactical Combat Casualty Care: Update 2009 (2010)

From the US Army Institute of Surgical Research, For Sam Houston, Texas. Submitted for publication February 26, 2010. Accepted for publication April 21, 2010. Address for correspondence: Frank K. Butler, MD, 4575 Lavallet Lane, Pensacola, FL 32504; email: [email protected].
Anorganische Chemie (2004)

This introductory text book is primarily written for students of chemistry. It treats both theoretical basics and specifically anorganic chemistry. Further, it is suitable for all disciplines, such as Biochemistry and Chemical Engineering, which require a solid basis in anorganic chemistry.