gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Input/output access pattern classification using hidden Markov models (1997)

Input/output performance on current parallel file systems is sensitive to a good match of application access pattern to file system capabilities. Automaticiuput/output access classification can determine application access patterns at execution time, guiding adaptive file system policies. In this paper we examine a new method for access pattern classification that uses hidden Markov models, trained on access patterns from previous executions, to create a probabilistic model of input/output accesses. We compare this approach to a neural network classification &n-rework, presenting performance results from parallel and sequential benchmarks and applications.
Effects of bias frequency on reactive ion etching lag in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching system (1997)

We examined the etch characteristics of SiO2 contact holes which have the sizes of 0.3–1.2 μm in a C4F8+H2 electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching system. We varied the chamber pressure (3–7.5 mTorr), microwave power (300–800 W), gas mixing ratio, bias voltage (100–300 V) and bias frequency (100 –800 kHz) as the experimental parameters to investigate the reactive ion etching (RIE) lag. The RIE lag improved, as the bias voltage increased and this RIE lag improvement was thought to be due to the increase of ion energy incident on the substrate. The RIE lag also improved as the chamber pressure decreased and this improvement is due to the increase of ion current density as the chamber pressure decreases. When we increased the bias frequency from 100 to 800 kHz maintaining the same bias voltage, the RIE lag improved considerably. We calculated energy distribution of ions striking the rf biased substrate using Monte Carlo particle-in-cell method to understand this phenomenon. The ion energy distributions are bimodal when the bias frequencies are below 1 MHz, but as the bias frequency increases from 100 kHz to 1 MHz, the low energy part decreases and the high energy part increases, and it is suggested that this change of ion energy distribution is responsible for the RIE lag improvement with the bias frequency increase.
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Low Temperature SiO<sub>2</sub> (2011)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit SiO 2 films in the temperature range of 50-400 o C. H 2 Si[N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ] 2 and an O 2 plasma were used as Si precursor and oxidant, respectively. The growth process was characterized in detail, using various in situ diagnostics. Ultrashort precursor doses (~50 ms) were found to be sufficient to reach self-limiting ALD growth with a growth-per-cycle of ~1 Aå. The films exhibited a refractive index of 1.46 ± 0.02, a mass density of 2.0 ± 0.1 g/cm 3 , and an O/Si ratio of 2.1 ± 0.1, virtually independent of the substrate temperature. The results therefore demonstrate an efficient ALD process for the conformal and uniform deposition of SiO 2 at low substrate temperatures. Also the surface chemistry during the plasma ALD process and surface passivation performance of the ALD SiO 2 films on crystalline silicon surfaces are briefly addressed.
γδ T Cells as a Major Source of IL-17 Production During Age-Dependent RPE Degeneration (2014)

The results suggest that the T cell-mediated immune responses played important roles in controlling the progression of AMD-like phenotype in Nrf2-deficient mice.
On performance bounds for the integration of elastic and adaptive streaming flows (2004)

We consider a network model where bandwidth is fairly shared by a dynamic number of elastic and adaptive streaming flows. Elastic flows correspond to data transfers while adaptive streaming flows correspond to audio/video applications with variable rate codecs. In particular, the former are characterized by a fixed size (in bits) while the latter are characterized by a fixed duration. This flow-level model turns out to be intractable in general. In this paper, we give performance bounds for both elastic and streaming traffic by means of sample-path arguments. These bounds present the practical interest of being insensitive to traffic characteristics like the distributions of elastic flow size and streaming flow duration.
Flow of nanodispersed catalyst particles through porous media: Effect of permeability and temperature (2011)

Abstract The proposed in situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil to achieve an environmentally sustainable method for heavy oil recovery requires the placement of nanodispersed catalyst particles deep into the formation where it can accelerate the high‐temperature upgrading reactions. In continuation of the previous work [Zamani et al., Energy Fuels 24, 4980‐4988 (2010)], this paper presents results of several new experiments carried out to examine the effects of other parameters, including the connate brine salinity, absolute permeability, sand‐bed temperature and particle concentration on the propagation of nanoparticles in porous media. The results show that lower permeability, increased operating temperature and higher particle concentration did not significantly affect the propagation of nanodispersed catalyst suspension through the sand‐bed. Virtually the same filtration behaviour, displaying a rapid increase of effluent concentration at 1 pore volume injected to a steady concentration close to the inlet concentration was seen in all experiments. A classical phenomenological approach was used to model the macroscopic propagation behaviour of suspended particles in the porous medium. The model was successful in history matching the effluent composition profile observed in the experiments and the deposition profile obtained from post‐test analysis of the sand‐bed. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Sodium sulfur battery: An overview (1987)

High theoretical specific energy values are expected from batteries with low equivalent weight reactants and large electronegativity differences. Alkali metals, acting as the negative electrode, and the chalcogenides as the positive electrode, potentially could produce a battery with high specific energy density. Weber and Kummer demonstrated such a battery using sodium and sulfur as the two electrode materials. The key to the development of this battery was the discovery that solid electrolytes such as beta-alumina conducts sodium ions efficiently. Since then other glassy materials have been shown to be adequate conductors of sodium ions as well. Based on these two types of electrolytes, three approaches to the design of the sodium/sulfur battery have evolved. This paper provides a brief overview of these design approaches.
Rare Earth Element Concentrations in the Natural Water Reference Materials (NRCC) NASS‐5, CASS‐4 and SLEW‐3 (2007)

The rare earth element and yttrium concentrations of the NRCC reference materials North Atlantic Surface seawater, NASS‐5; Coastal Atlantic Surface Seawater, CASS‐4; and the estuarine water, SLEW‐3 have been precisely determined by ICP‐MS after ca. 1:8 preconcentration following a triple chelation using HDEHP (phosphoric acid 2‐ethylhexyl ester ‐mono and di ester mixture) in heptane, and back extraction in nitric acid. We propose reference values with uncertainties for all naturally occurring lanthanides and yttrium.
Single-shot-capable fast multichannel Fourier transform interferometer based on a microfabricated 3D multimirror array (2012)

We present a Fourier transform interferometer that is capable to record single short pulses and fast continuous transient spectra. This is achieved by spatially parallel instead of time serial processing by means of a micro/nanomanufactured multimirror array and a pixellated detector camera. The multimirror array is produced in excellent optical quality from poly(methyl methacrylate) by means of deep X-ray gray level lithography including multiple moving masks followed by sputter deposition of the gold reflecting surfaces. The crucial components such as the multimirror array and the pixellated camera are part of a straightforward optical system similar to a Czerny-Turner mount. Results demonstrate single shot measurements down to 320 μs, only limited by the camera shutter and the infrared source, and the time evolution of the absorption spectrum of an evaporating acetone layer that shows spectral changes during the first few seconds. While the spectral range of the multichannel Fourier transform interferometer (MC FTIR) as reported extends from near to mid infrared, multimirror arrays can be produced for spectra from visible to far infrared. Thus, the potential performance depends mostly on availability of detectors. The minimum pulse duration is determined by that photon number in the pulse which yields a sufficient signal to noise ratio, whereas the maximum acquisition rate of continuous transients is given by the frame rate of the detector.
Characterization of a Caenorhabditis elegans recA-like Gene Ce-rdh-1 Involved in Meiotic Recombination (1998)

A recA-like gene was identified in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome project database. The putative product of the gene, termed Ce-rdh-1 (C. elegans RAD51 and DMC1/LIM15 homolog 1), consists of 357 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of Ce-rdh-1 showed 46-60% identity to both RAD51 type and DMC1/LIM15 type genes in several eukaryote species. The results of RNAi (RNA-mediated interference) indicated that repression of Ce-rdh-1 blocked chromosome condensation of six bivalents and dissociation of chiasmata in oocytes of F1 progeny. Oogenesis did not proceed to the diakinesis stage. Accordingly, all the eggs produced (F2) died in early stages. These results suggest that Ce-rdh-1 participates in meiotic recombination.
Spreading of Trisiloxanes EO3 and EO9 Polyethylene Oxide Surfactant over Hydrophobic Substrates (2007)

The spreading of aqueous dispersions of trisiloxane with various polyethylene oxide chain length surfactant solutions over hydrophobic surfaces is considered from experimental point of view. It is shown that the transfer of surfactant molecules from the droplet onto the hydrophobic surface changes the wetting characteristics in front of the drop making them useful in water-based coatings for plastics and agricultural adjuvant for plant spray. The surfactant molecules increase the solid-vapor interfacial tension and hydrophilize the initially hydrophobic solid substrate just in front of the spreading drop. This process causes water drops to spread over time. The behavior of the drops containing surfactant molecules varied according the surface active molecules that it contains, temperature and the degree of hydrophilicity of the surfactant. The trisiloxane surfactants with polyethylene oxide chain length of nine (EO9) and three EO3 were used on this experiment. Different features of these spreading phenomena were observed. Initial spreading is followed by a period in which the radius of spread increases linearly with time. Water droplets containing the EO9 were more active than the droplets containing the EO3, and they spread more rapidly. On the other
A Network-Centric Hardware/Algorithm Co-Design to Accelerate Distributed Training of Deep Neural Networks (2018)

Training real-world Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) can take an eon (i.e., weeks or months) without leveraging distributed systems. Even distributed training takes inordinate time, of which a large fraction is spent in communicating weights and gradients over the network. State-of-the-art distributed training algorithms use a hierarchy of worker-aggregator nodes. The aggregators repeatedly receive gradient updates from their allocated group of the workers, and send back the updated weights. This paper sets out to reduce this significant communication cost by embedding data compression accelerators in the Network Interface Cards (NICs). To maximize the benefits of in-network acceleration, the proposed solution, named INCEPTIONN (In-Network Computing to Exchange and Process Training Information Of Neural Networks), uniquely combines hardware and algorithmic innovations by exploiting the following three observations. (1) Gradients are significantly more tolerant to precision loss than weights and as such lend themselves better to aggressive compression without the need for the complex mechanisms to avert any loss. (2) The existing training algorithms only communicate gradients in one leg of the communication, which reduces the opportunities for in-network acceleration of compression. (3) The aggregators can become a bottleneck with compression as they need to compress/decompress multiple streams from their allocated worker group. To this end, we first propose a lightweight and hardware-friendly lossy-compression algorithm for floating-point gradients, which exploits their unique value characteristics. This compression not only enables significantly reducing the gradient communication with practically no loss of accuracy, but also comes with low complexity for direct implementation as a hardware block in the NIC. To maximize the opportunities for compression and avoid the bottleneck at aggregators, we also propose an aggregator-free training algorithm that exchanges gradients in both legs of communication in the group, while the workers collectively perform the aggregation in a distributed manner. Without changing the mathematics of training, this algorithm leverages the associative property of the aggregation operator and enables our in-network accelerators to (1) apply compression for all communications, and (2) prevent the aggregator nodes from becoming bottlenecks. Our experiments demonstrate that INCEPTIONN reduces the communication time by 70.9~80.7% and offers 2.2~3.1x speedup over the conventional training system, while achieving the same level of accuracy.
Insulin Promotes Neuronal Survival via the Alternatively Spliced Protein Kinase CδII Isoform (2012)

Insulin signaling pathways in the brain regulate food uptake and memory and learning. Insulin and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways are integrated and function closely together. PKC activation in the brain is essential for learning and neuronal repair. Intranasal delivery of insulin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to improve memory, reduce cerebral atrophy, and reverse neurodegeneration. However, the neuronal molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been studied in depth. PKCδ plays a central role in cell survival. Its splice variants, PKCδI and PKCδII, are switches that determine cell survival and fate. PKCδI promotes apoptosis, whereas PKCδII promotes survival. Here, we demonstrate that insulin promotes alternative splicing of PKCδII isoform in HT22 cells. The expression of PKCδI splice variant remains unchanged. Insulin increases PKCδII alternative splicing via the PI3K pathway. We further demonstrate that Akt kinase mediates phosphorylation of the splicing factor SC35 to promote PKCδII alternative splicing. Using overexpression and knockdown assays, we demonstrate that insulin increases expression of Bcl2 and bcl-xL via PKCδII. We demonstrate increased cell proliferation and increased BrdU incorporation in insulin-treated cells as well as in HT22 cells overexpressing PKCδII. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo that intranasal insulin promotes cognitive function in mice with concomitant increases in PKCδII expression in the hippocampus. This is the first report of insulin, generally considered a growth or metabolic hormone, regulating the alternative isoform expression of a key signaling kinase in neuronal cells such that it results in increased neuronal survival.
A single-inductor bipolar-output converter with 5 mV positive voltage ripple for active matrix OLED (2011)

This paper proposed a single inductor bipolar outputs (SIBO) switching converter for the active matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode (AMOLED). The negative voltage is generated by the inverting buck-boost converter, which is regulated by the high signal-to-noise ratio comparator. Moreover, the boost converter is utilized to provide the positive output voltage. The proposed switching converter uses the switch sequential to reduce the positive voltage ripple to about 5 mV with the proportional-integral (PI) compensator to guarantee good line and load-regulation. Simulation results show the positive output voltage is regulated to 5 V and the negative output voltage is -7 V for driving the AMOLED. When the load current is 25 mA and the ESR is 30 mΩ, the output voltage ripples are equal to 5 mV and 11 mV for positive and negative voltages, respectively. Besides, the load and line regulations of positive output voltage are 0.24 mV/mA and 5 mV/V, respectively. The maximum efficiency is 88.5% when the input voltage is 4.5 V and the load current is 50 mA.
Glycothiohexide .ALPHA., a novel antibiotic produced by "Sebekia" sp., LL-14E605. III. Structural elucidation. (1994)

The chemical structure of a novel thiopeptide antibiotic, glycothiohexide alpha (1), isolated from the fermentation broth of a "Sebekia" species was determined based on extensive 2D NMR studies, as well as, IR, UV, and mass spectral data. The chemical structure of glycothiohexide alpha is closely related to nosiheptide (3) and antibiotic S-54832A.
Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Alkenyl Aziridines via Three-Component Coupling Reaction involving Alkynes and Benzyne (2012)

Alkenyl aziridines can be successfully arylated in a three-component coupling triggered by in situ generated benzyne with a simple copper catalyst (CuI–PPh<sub>3</sub>), without the need of any palladium salts. The corresponding allylic amines can be obtained with good to high regioselectivity in mild reaction conditions with a variety of cyclic and acyclic alkenyl aziridines. A new domino reaction with ethyl propiolate to give tetrahydrophenanthridine was also found.
Parallelized QR decomposition using GPUs (2019)

This paper presents the performance results of a parallelized, accelerated eigendecomposition using the block Householder QR decomposition algorithm on a graphic processing unit (GPU). The QR software was developed using NVIDIA's CUDA parallel programming and computing platform and executed on an NVIDIA Tesla GPU accelerator card. Factors affecting program performance of the GPU-accelerated QR implementation are highlighted with respect to the baseline serial implementation developed in MATLAB and executed on a conventional multi-core processor. We compare results with relevant previously published studies and discuss possible performance bottlenecks and speedups.
Feature clustering in direct eigen-vector data reduction using support vector machines (2012)

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been used in a variety of applications like feature extraction for classification, data compression and dimensionality reduction. Often, a small set of principal components are sufficient to capture the largest variations in the data. As a result, the eigen-values of the data covariance matrix with the lowest magnitude are ignored (along with their corresponding eigen-vectors) and the remaining eigenvectors are used for a 'coarse' representation of the data. It is well known that this process of choosing a few principal components naturally induces a loss in information from a signal reconstruction standpoint. We propose a new technique to represent the data in terms of a new set of basis vectors where the high-frequency detail is preserved, at the expense of a 'feature-scale blurring'. In other words, the 'blurring' that occurs due to possible colinearities in the bases vectors is relative to the eigen-features' scales; this is inherently different from a systematic blurring function. Instead of thresholding the eigen-values, we retain all eigen-values, and apply thresholds on the components of each eigen-vector separately. The resulting basis vectors can no longer be interpreted as eigenvectors and will, in general, lose their orthogonality properties, but offer benefits in terms of preserving detail that is crucial for classification tasks. We test the merits of this new basis representation for magnitude synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR). A feature vector is obtained by projecting a SAR image onto the aforementioned basis. Decision engines such as support vector machines (SVMs) are trained on example feature vectors per class and ultimately used to recognize the target class in real-time. Experimental validation are performed on the MSTAR database and involve comparisons against a PCA based ATR algorithm.
Atypical Antipsychotic Augmentation in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trials (2009)

Atypical antipsychotics are effective augmentation agents in major depressive disorder but are associated with an increased risk of discontinuation due to adverse events.
Uptake and metabolism of dolichol and cholesterol in perfused rat liver (1990)

Abstract The uptake of dolichol and cholesterol by perfused rat liver was studied. When these radioactive lipids were incorporated into egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes, both dolichol and cholesterol appeared initially in the supernatant and in the microsomal fraction and, later on, in the mitochondrial‐lysosomal fraction. The lipids taken up were esterified to some extent, but no phosphorylation of dolichol occurred. Incorporation of dolichol and cholesterol into lipoproteins increased the efficiency of uptake, which was receptor‐mediated in this case. Accumulation of these lipids occurred in lysosomes followed by a transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both labeled dolichol and cholesterol appeared in the bile. In the case of dolichol, the majority of this radioactivity was not associated with the original substance itself, and probably represented lipid‐soluble catabolites. In the case of cholesterol, most of the radioactivity was associated with bile acids. It appears that, in contrast to the receptor‐mediated uptake of lipoproteins from the perfusate, the uptake of liposomal lipids involves a different mechanism. After association with the plasma membrane, the lipids enter into the cytoplasm and are transported to the ER and later to the lysosomes.
Analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus-neutralizing idiotypes from immune bovine and swine with anti-murine idiotype antibody probes. (1989)

Rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies (a-IdAb) induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) neutralizing mAb were used as probes to identify anti-FMDV Id in immune serum from bovine and swine. In a competitive RIA, at least two of the a-IdAb exhibited a dose-dependent capacity to compete with labeled virus for anti-FMDV antibodies from a convalescent bovine serum. These a-IdAb were immobilized on activated Sepharose and used to isolate anti-viral Id from bovine, swine, and murine FMDV immune sera. Both the bovine and swine antibodies recovered from the a-IdAb/Sepharose columns reacted with virus, and to a lesser extent with corresponding mAb-resistant virus variants. The binding of affinity isolated bovine and swine antibodies to virus was specifically inhibited by the homologous a-IdAb, and in addition, both were capable of neutralizing FMDV in suckling mouse protection and plaque reduction neutralization assays. Therefore, by means of a-IdAb probes generated against FMDV murine Id, two neutralizing Id were identified in bovine and swine. These results suggest that FMDV-neutralizing epitopes recognized by murine systems play a role in the overall immunity of foot-and-mouth disease-susceptible animals.
X-Ray Tube with a Built-In Secondary Target for Exciting K Lines (1963)

A special continuously pumped x-ray tube has been developed for producing high intensities of characteristic K-emission lines. The rotating primary target consists of a gold-plated copper cylinder, which is water-cooled. The conical secondary target is placed inside the primary target and close to it so as to achieve a high output yield. With the tube windows used at present, wavelengths between 0.1 and 0.5 Å can be produced by choosing the appropriate elements for the secondary target. To obtain a high purity of the radiation, the tube voltage should be less than three times the minimum excitation potential for the K radiation in question. The x-ray yield is 108−109 quanta/mA-sec-sr.