gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and Check of Inconsistencies between UML Diagrams (2013)

Relationships between Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams are complex. The complexity leads to inconsistencies between UML diagrams easily. This paper focus on how to identify and check inconsistencies between UML diagrams. 13 consistency rules are given to identify inconsistencies between the most frequent 6 types of UML diagrams in the domain of information systems analysis and design. These diagrams are as follows: Use Case Diagrams, Class Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, State Machine Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams and Communication Diagrams. 4 methods are given to check inconsistencies between UML diagrams as follows: manual check, compulsory restriction, automatic maintenance, dynamic check. These rules and methods are helpful for developers to model information systems.
Design of flyback echo‐planar readout gradients for magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (2005)

The spatial resolution of conventional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging-(MRSI) is typically coarse, mainly due to SNR limitations. The increased signal available with higher field scanners and new array coils now permits higher spatial resolution, but conventional chemical shift imaging (phase encoding) limits the spatial coverage possible in a patient-acceptable acquisition time. The "flyback" echo-planar trajectory is particularly insensitive to errors and provides data that are simple to process. In this study, high-efficiency gradient waveforms for flyback echo-planar MRSI were designed and implemented. Normal volunteer studies at 3 T showed the feasibility of acquiring high spatial resolution with large coverage in a short scan time (2048 voxels in 2.3 min and 4096 voxels in 8.5 min). The trajectories were insensitive to errors in timing and require only a modest (10 to 30%) penalty in SNR relative to conventional phase encoding using the same acquisition time.
The Importance of Being Important: Question Generation (2008)

We propose that the task of question genera-tion should incorporate not only measures of grammaticality, but also a measure of the im-portance of a question automatically generat-ed. Necessarily, importance of a given question can be judged only in context, so we propose that the data for a shared task be larg-er than a single sentence, data point or state-ment in a knowledge base. By focusing on the importance of questions, the community will be in a position to address the shortcom-ings of existing systems that employ question generation. 1
On factors affecting EMI-performance of conducted-noise-mitigating digital controllers in DC-DC converters—an experimental investigation (2010)

This paper investigates several factors affecting EMI-performance of digital controllers targeted at conducted-noise reduction in dc-dc converters. Four factors have been studied: frequency modulation profile, randomization ratio percentage, clock frequency, and spread-spectrum scheme. The field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have made substantial improvements in price and performance throughout the past few years. All investigations have been accomplished by using FPGA-based implementations. A breadboard circuit has been built-up for the experimental investigations. Furthermore, a comparative study has been carried-out to comprehensively understand the effect of such factors on conducted noise mitigation. A substantial part of the manufacturing cost of power converters involves designing filters to comply with the EMI limits. Considering these investigations when designing the dc-dc power converters significantly reduces the filter size.
Linear and cyclic oligo-&beta;-(1&rarr;6)-D-glucosamines: Synthesis, conformations, and applications for design of a vaccine and oligodentate glycoconjugates (2013)

Poly-&beta;-(1&rarr;6)- N -acetyl-D-glucosamine is an exopolysaccharide secreted by numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Yersinia pestis , Bordetella pertussis , Acinetobacter baumannii , Burkholderia spp . , and others. A convergent approach was developed for the synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments consisting of 5, 7, 9, and 11 glucosamine or N -acetylglucosamine units and for the preparation of five nona-&beta;-(1&rarr;6)-D-glucosamines with various N -acetylation patterns. Penta- and nona-&beta;‑(1&rarr;6)-D-glucosamines conjugated to protein carriers through a specially developed sulfhydryl linker proved to be highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and elicited antibodies that mediated opsonic killing of multiple strains of S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus , MRSA) and E. coli , and protected against S. aureus skin abscesses and lethal E. coli and B. cenocepacia peritonitis. These findings provide a basis for the construction of a unique semisynthetic vaccine against multiple bacterial targets. Conformational studies by means of special NMR experiments and computer modeling revealed that the oligo-&beta;-(1&rarr;6)-D-glucosamine chain exists mostly in a helix-like conformation, where the terminal monosaccharides are arranged close to each other. Owing to this feature, oligoglucosamines consisting of 2 to 7 residues easily form products of cycloglycosylation. Cyclooligo-&beta;-(1&rarr;6)-D-glucosamines represent a new family of functionalized cyclic oligosaccharides. Owing to their molecular architectonics, these compounds are convenient scaffolds for the design of conjugates with defined valency, symmetry, flexibility, and function.
Synthesis and characterization of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing terminal phosphates. NMR, UV spectroscopic and thermodynamic analysis of duplex formation of [d(pGGAATTCC)]<sub>2</sub>, [d(GGAATTCCp)]<sub>2</sub>and [d(pGGAATTCCp)]<sub>2</sub> (1987)

Derivatives of the oligomer [d(GGAATTCC)]2 with 5' (5'-P), 3' (3'-P) and both 5' and 3' (5',3'-P2) terminal phosphate groups have been synthesized and studied by temperature dependent UV and NMR spectroscopic methods. Thermodynamic studies of the helix to strand transition indicate that addition of 3' phosphate groups has very little effect on the delta G degree for helix formation at 37 degrees C while addition of 5' phosphate groups adds approximately -0.5 kcal/mole to the delta G degree for duplex formation. The helix stabilization by 5' phosphate groups occurs at salt concentrations of 0.1 M and above, and is primarily enthalpic in origin. Tm studies as a function of ionic strength also indicate that the oligomers fall into two groups with the parent and 3'-P derivatives being similar but less stable than the 5'-P and 5',3'-P2 derivatives. Imino proton and 31P NMR studies also divide the oligomers into these same two groups based on spectral comparisons and temperature induced chemical shift and linewidth changes. 31P NMR analysis suggests that addition of 5' phosphate groups results in a small change in phosphodiester torsional angles in the g,t to g,g direction, indicating improved base stacking at the 5' end of the modified oligomer. No such changes are seen at the 3' end of the oligomer on adding 3' phosphate groups.
A Novel Design of Downlink Control Information Encoding and Decoding Based on Polar Codes (2018)

In legacy long term evolution (LTE) networks, multiple transmission modes are defined to cater to diverse wireless environment and improve the spectrum utilization. However, constrained by user equipment (UE) processing capability on blind detection of downlink control information (DCI), two transmission modes are allowed to be configured to UE simultaneously. In recent 5G standardization, the polar codes have supplanted the tail biting convolution codes (TBCC), becoming the channel coding scheme for downlink control information (DCI). Motivated by its successive decoding property, a novel design of DCI encoding and decoding is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme could support dynamic configuration of transmission modes with decreasing the complexity of blind detection. Evaluation results from link level simulations show that the performance loss compared to conventional encoding/decoding scheme is generally negligible and the proposed scheme can comply with the false alarm rate (FAR) target of 5G standardization.
Evidence for altered sensitivity of the nitric oxide/cGMP signalling cascade in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle (1998)

Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase to form cGMP, comprising a signalling system that is believed to be a distinct mechanism for increasing glucose transport and metabolism in skeletal muscle. The effects of a selective cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, zaprinast, on basal glucose utilization was investigated in incubated rat soleus muscle preparations isolated from both insulin-sensitive (lean Zucker; Fa/?) and insulin-resistant (obese Zucker; fa/fa) rats. Zaprinast at 27 microM significantly increased cGMP levels in incubated soleus muscle isolated from lean, but not obese, Zucker rats. Muscles were incubated with 14C-labelled glucose and various concentrations of zaprinast (3, 27 and 243 microM). Zaprinast (at 27 and 243 microM) significantly increased rates of net and 14C-labelled lactate release and of glycogen synthesis in lean Zucker rat soleus muscle; glucose oxidation was also increased by 27 microM zaprinast. In addition, regardless of concentration, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor failed to increase any aspect of 14C-labelled glucose utilization in soleus muscles isolated from obese Zucker rats. The maximal activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was significantly decreased in insulin-resistant obese Zucker muscles. Thus the lack of effect of zaprinast in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle is consistent with decreased NOS activity. To test whether there is a defect in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle for endogenous activation of guanylate cyclase, soleus muscles were isolated from both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant Zucker rats and incubated with various concentrations of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1, 1, 5 and 15 mM). SNP significantly increased rates of net and 14C-labelled lactate release, as well as glucose oxidation in muscles isolated from both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant rats. A decreased response to SNP was observed in the dose-dependent generation of cGMP within isolated soleus muscles from insulin-resistant rats. A possible link between impaired NO/cGMP signalling and abnormal glucose utilization by skeletal muscle is discussed.
Meju Fermentation for a Raw Material of Korean Traditional Soy Products (1995)

Meju is a raw material used to make Korean soy sauce (Kanjang) and soybean paste (Doenjang), both of them rich in plant protein. The twenty-nine fungal and a bacterial species were identified from twenty-three traditionally homemade meju cakes. Out of them, only a few species were found to be involved in the actual fermentation process of meju; The other species were contaminants during the improper subprocesses of meju fermentation. The fungal floral successions were observed to be related to two physical and biochemical changes of meju cakes during meju fermentation: drying and heat releasing processes. The zygomycetous fungi were first observed to exist mainly during the first stage. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was observed to grow on the surface of meju cakes and then to coexist with Bacillus megatrium in the inner part of meju cakes during the second stage. Based on the biochemical tests, the proteases secreted by the different microorganisms were involved in the degradation of soybean proteins with a mutual relationship. Also, zygomycetous fungi were speculated to be important microorganisms for inducing the second stage in the traditional Korean homemade meju.
Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng saponins into ginsenoside compound K production by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229 (2008)

This is the first report on the optimization of culture conditions for the production of ginsenoside compound K by fungal biotransformation. The degree of conversion is significantly higher than previous reports. Our method describes an inexpensive, rapid and efficient biotransformation system for the production of ginsenoside compound K.
Transport of Proteins Across the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane (1992)

The biosynthesis of many eukaryotic proteins requires their transport across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The process can be divided into two phases: (i) a targeting cycle, during which, by virtue of their signal sequences, nascent polypeptides are directed to translocation sites in the ER and (ii) the actual transfer of proteins across the membrane. The first phase has been well characterized, whereas the latter until recently was completely unresolved. Key components of the translocation apparatus have now been identified and it seems likely that they form a protein-conducting channel in the ER membrane. The transport process is similar to the process of protein export in bacteria.
Discrete wavelet transform vs. wavelet packets for texture analysis of ultrasound images of carotid atherosclerosis (2009)

In this paper, a scale/frequency approach, based on the wavelet transform, was used in an attempt to characterize carotid atherosclerotic plaque from B-mode ultrasound. Two wavelet decomposition schemes, namely the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and wavelet packets (WP), and three basis functions, namely Haar, symlet3 and biorthogonal3.1, were investigated in terms of their ability to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. A total of 12 detail sub-images were extracted using the DWT and 255 using the WP decomposition schemes. It was shown that WP analysis by the use of Haar filter and the l-1 norm as texture descriptor could reveal differences not only in high but also in low frequencies, and therefore characterize efficiently the atheromatous tissue. Additional studies applying and further extending the above methodology are required to ensure the usefulness of wavelet-based texture analysis of carotid atherosclerosis.
Aqueous One-Pot Synthesis of Derivatized Cyclopentadienyl-Tricarbonyl Complexes of99mTc with an In Situ CO Source: Application to a Serotonergic Receptor Ligand (2001)

Instant radiopharmaceuticals-just add [(99m) TcO4 ](-) in water! Half-sandwich complexes of the type [(RCOCp)(99m) Tc(CO)3 ] (e.g. 1) were synthesized in a single step in water from [(99m) TcO4 ](-) . The acidification of the Cp ring by a carbonyl substituent and the use of K2 [H3 BCO2 ] as a reducing agent and in situ source of CO are instrumental in the synthesis.
A Survey on Consensus Protocols in Blockchain for IoT Networks (2018)

The success of blockchain as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies has opened up possibilities for its use in other application domains as well. The main advantages of blockchain for its potential use in other domains are its inherent security mechanisms and immunity to different attacks. A blockchain relies on a consensus method for agreeing on any new data. Most of the consensus methods which are currently used for the blockchain of different cryptocurrencies require high computational power and thus are not apt for resource-constrained systems. In this article, we discuss and survey the various blockchain based consensus methods that are applicable to resource constrained IoT devices and networks. A typical IoT network consists of several devices which have limited computational and communications capabilities. Most often, these devices cannot perform intensive computations and are starved for bandwidth. Therefore, we discuss the possible measures that can be taken to reduce the computational power and convergence time for the underlying consensus methods. We also talk about some of the alternatives to the public blockchain like private blockchain and tangle, along with their potential adoption for IoT networks. Furthermore, we review the existing consensus methods that have been implemented and explore the possibility of utilizing them to realize a blockchain based IoT network. Some of the open research challenges are also put forward.
The epidemiological approach to cadmium pollution in Japan. (1984)

The study of health problems due to cadmium pollution in Japan originated from an endemic episode of Itai-itai disease in a rural area in north-central Japan after World War II. The disease was defined as osteomalacia with tubular changes in the kidney and considered to be associated with excess intake of cadmium. This episode motivated the Japanese Government to conduct health examinations on the general population in cadmium-polluted and non-polluted areas throughout the country since 1969. Although Itai-itai disease-like bone changes were rarely found, these studies revealed a higher prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction among elderly people in the cadmium-polluted areas. No significant difference was noted in cancer mortality, but mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes tended to be lower in cadmium-polluted areas. Clinical and pathological studies in man as well as experiments on primates have recently been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of Itai-itai disease and the health effects of cadmium. The lack of knowledge on the ecological and biological complex of cadmium resulted in the impediment of studies on this problem. The lesson from this experience is that basic research is essential for promoting the study of pollutants such as heavy metals, though pollution problems usually require urgent solutions.
Optimum Color Analysis Characteristics and Matrices for Color Television Cameras with Three Receptors (1968)

The color fidelity of a color television signal source may be substantially improved if a linear matrix is included in the signal chain. This improvement is greatest when the optical color analysis characteristics of the source are chosen together with the matrix coefficients. This paper describes computations made to determine the optimum matrix for use with a given set of color analysis characteristics. The method is then extended to enable the analysis characteristics and the matrix to be optimized together. The resulting characteristics are found to give an improvement not only in color fidelity but also in noise performance, when compared with the characteristic giving best color fidelity when a matrix is not permitted.
Preparation of bacterial enzymes capable of degrading the cell wall of red alga Porphyra yezoensis. (1986)

The authors isolated three bacteria from natural habitats which were able to produce β-1, 4-mannanase, β-1, 3-xylanase and porphyranase. They were cultivated in a fiuid media, stirring for 4 days at 25°C. Each enzyme produced was partially purified from the culture fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column. The thallus of Porphyra yezoensis was treated with a 0.5% papain solution, and then it was put in a mixture solution of 0.1M acetate buffer, pH 6.0, 0.1 unit each of β-1, 4-mannanase, β-1, 3-xylanase and porphyranase, and 0.7M mannitol as an osmoticum. After 1 h-gentle shaking of the mixed solution, a number of protoplasts were released from the thallus. When the thallus was treated with the mixture solution which lacked in the above three enzymes, no protoplast was observed. These results indicate that the bacterial enzymes obtained were quite useful to degrade the cell wall of red aigae, and an of β-1, 4-mannanase, β-1, 3-xylanase and porphyranase were essential for the release of protoplast from the thallus of P. yezoensis.
Fundamental Studies in Selective Wet Etching and Corrosion Processes for High-Performance Semiconductor Devices (2000)

As multistep, multilayer processing in semiconductor industry becomes more complex, the role of cleaning solutions and etching chemistries are becoming important in enhancing yield and in reducing defects. This thesis demonstrates successful formulations that exhibit copper and tungsten compatibility, and are capable of Inter Layer Dielectric (ILD) cleaning and selective Ti etching. The corrosion behavior of electrochemically deposited copper thin films in deareated and non-dearated cleaning solution containing hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were carried out to determine active, active-passive, passive, and transpassive regions. Corrosion rates were calculated from tafel slopes. ICP-MS and potentiodynamic methods yielded comparable Cu dissolution rates. Interestingly, the presence of hydrogen peroxide in the cleaning solution led to more than an order of magnitude suppression of copper dissolution rate. We ascribe this phenomenon to the formation of interfacial CuO which dissolves at slower rate in dilute HF. A kinetic scheme involving cathodic reduction of oxygen and anodic oxidation of Cu0 and Cu+1 is proposed. It was determined that the reaction order kinetics is first order with respect to both HF and oxygen concentrations. The learnings from copper corrosion studies were leveraged to develop a wet etch/clean formulation for selective titanium etching. The introduction of titanium hard-mask (HM) for dual damascene patterning of copper interconnects created a unique application in selective wet etch chemistry. A formulation that addresses the selectivity requirements was not available and was developed during the course of this dissertation. This chemical formulation selectively strips Ti HM film and removes post plasma etch polymer/residue while suppressing the etch rate of tungsten, copper, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and carbon doped silicon oxide. Ti etching selectivity exceeding three orders of magnitude was realized. Surprisingly, it exploits the use of HF, a chemical well known for its SiO2 etching ability, along with a silicon precursor to protect SiO2. The ability to selectively etch the Ti HM without impacting key transistor/interconnect components has enabled advanced process technology nodes of today and beyond. This environmentally friendly formulation is now employed in production of advanced high-performance microprocessors and produced in a 3000 gallon reactor.
Training-trellis systems and canopy management of table grapes in California (1994)

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Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. (2001)

A resurgence of interest in garlic due to recent revelations of its beneficial effects in the treatment of various human and plant diseases and also due to validation of claims made in traditional systems of medicine has resulted a plethora of publications on different aspects of garlic in recent years. Chemical constituents of garlic and their variations on the methods of isolation have been discussed in the present review. Effect of garlic and its constituents against various human and plant pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms has also been reviewed.