gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalability of Sub-100 nm InAs HEMTs on InP Substrate for Future Logic Applications (2010)

We have experimentally studied the scaling behavior of sub-100-nm InAs high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on InP substrate from the logic operation point of view. These devices have been designed for scalability and combine a thin InAlAs barrier and a thin channel containing a pure InAs subchannel. InAs HEMTs with gate length down to 40 nm exhibit excellent logic figures of merit, such as I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> = 9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> , drain-induced-barrier lowering = 80 mV/V, S = 70 mV/dec, and an estimated logic gate delay of 0.6 ps at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.5 V. In addition, we have obtained excellent high-frequency operation with L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> = 40 nm, such as f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> = 491 GHz and f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> = 402 GHz at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.5 V. In spite of the narrow bandgap of InAs subchannel, under the studied conditions, our devices are shown not to suffer from excessive band-to-band tunneling. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art Si devices, 40-nm InAs HEMTs exhibit I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> = 0.6 A/μm at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Leak</sub> = 200 nA/μm. This is about two times higher I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> than state-of-the-art high-performance 65-nm nMOSFET with comparable physical gate length and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Leak</sub> .
Investigations of Glycosylation Reactions with 2-<i>N</i>-Acetyl-2<i>N</i>,3<i>O</i>-oxazolidinone-Protected Glucosamine Donors (2008)

NIS/AgOTf-promoted glycosylations with ethyl 2,3-N,O-carbonyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside donors can be performed with either alpha- or beta-selectivity by tuning the reaction conditions. Small amounts of AgOTf (0.1 equiv) and short reaction times give beta-selectivity, whereas 0.4 equiv of AgOTf and prolonged reaction times afford alpha-linked products. NMR-monitored glycosylation and anomerization experiments show initial formation of exclusively the beta-linkage, which anomerizes, through an intramolecular mechanism involving an endocyclic C-O bond cleavage, to the alpha-linkage.
Automated limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test for endotoxin analysis using a new Toxinometer ET-201. (1986)

A precise, efficient, automated method to perform Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) tests has been developed by using a new Toxinometer ET-201, which measures the turbidity change in gel-clotting in the LAL/endotoxin reaction. This instrument monitors the ratio R(t) of the sequential to the initial transmittance of up to 64 samples simultaneously and independently at 12 sec increments, and quantifies endotoxin by determining the gelation time of the sample defined as the time required to obtain a 5% decrease of R(t). The well correlated standard curve was obtained for endotoxin concentration from 0.0005 EU/ml to 500 EU/ml. CVs of the calculated endotoxin concentration were 5.64 to 14.1%. The detection of endotoxin obtained by this new method agreed well with positive or negative score obtained by the conventional gel-clot method. This method also made it possible to determine precise amounts of endotoxin among these samples previously only scored as negative or positive. Furthermore, using this instrument, inhibition or enhancement of various drugs on the LAL/endotoxin reaction could be quantitatively determined by observing alteration in the gelation time. We also found out that the titrating curves inhibited or enhanced by drugs shifted in parallel with the titrating curve obtained without these drugs. We can estimate the contamination of endotoxin in drugs by graphical extrapolation to the presumed titrating curve with endotoxin-free drugs. The Toxinometer ET-201 method will be very useful for the objective, quantitative determination of endotoxin in routine clinical and pharmaceutical analysis.
Localization of presenilin–nicastrin complexes and γ‐secretase activity to the <i>trans</i>‐Golgi network (2003)

Abundant biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that presenilins are catalytic components of gamma-secretase, the protease responsible for generating the Alzheimer amyloid beta-protein. However, the differential localization of presenilins to early secretory compartments and gamma-secretase substrates to late secretory compartments and the plasma membrane (the "spatial paradox") argues against this view. We investigated this issue by studying the localization of nicastrin, another putative gamma-secretase component, and its association with presenilin-1 into proteolytically active complexes. Glycosidase digests revealed that nicastrin exists in multiple glycoforms and is terminally sialylated, a modification often associated with the trans-Golgi network. Trafficking of nicastrin to the trans-Golgi network was confirmed by density gradient fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy. In presenilin-deficient cells, however, nicastrin trafficking and maturation were abnormal, as the protein was restricted to early secretory compartments and failed to be sialylated. Mature sialylated nicastrin in trans-Golgi network fractions was complexed quantitatively with N- and C-terminal fragments of presenilin-1, whereas immature nicastrin present in early secretory compartments was not. Additionally, trans-Golgi network fractions contained the gamma-secretase substrate beta-amyloid precursor protein C83 and were enriched in presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase proteolytic activity. The results resolve the apparent spatial paradox by demonstrating that presenilin-nicastrin complexes and presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity are co-localized to a late secretory compartment. The findings provide further evidence that presenilin-containing complexes are the gamma-secretase, and indicate that presenilins also regulate gamma-secretase assembly.
Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs (2003)

Adequate sexual expression is essential to many human relationships and provides a sense of physical, psychological and social well-being. Epidemiological and clinical studies show that depression and schizophrenia are associated with impairment of sexual function and satisfaction, even in untreated patients. Most antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs have adverse sexual effects but it is difficult accurately to identify the incidence of treatment-emergent dysfunction, as disturbances can be reliably detected only from systematic enquiries made at baseline and during treatment. Growing awareness of the adverse effects of psychotropic drugs has led to attempts to use adjuvants or substitute treatments to resolve sexual dysfunction. More studies of the effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs on sexual function are needed.
Silicon-Microring-Based Modulation of 120 Gbps DPSK Signal (2013)

A coupling-switching-based microring modulator capable of 120 Gb/s NRZ-DPSK signal generation with 4 V voltage is proposed, in which the tolerance to active element propagation loss is released from <9 to >30 dB/cm.
Enhanced password processing scheme based on visual cryptography and OCR (2017)

Traditional password conversion scheme for user authentication is to transform the passwords into hash values. These hash-based password schemes are comparatively simple and fast because those are based on text and famed cryptography. However, those can be exposed to cyber-attacks utilizing password by cracking tool or hash-cracking online sites. Attackers can thoroughly figure out an original password from hash value when that is relatively simple and plain. As a result, many hacking accidents have been happened predominantly in systems adopting those hash-based schemes. In this work, we suggest enhanced password processing scheme based on image using visual cryptography (VC). Different from the traditional scheme based on hash and text, our scheme transforms a user ID of text type to two images encrypted by VC. The user should make two images consisted of subpixels by random function with SEED which includes personal information. The server only has user's ID and one of the images instead of password. When the user logs in and sends another image, the server can extract ID by utilizing OCR (Optical Character Recognition). As a result, it can authenticate user by comparing extracted ID with the saved one. Our proposal has lower computation, prevents cyber-attack aimed at hash-cracking, and supports authentication not to expose personal information such as ID to attackers.
Crossbreeding in Swine: Experimental Results (1981)

A review of recent swine crossbreeding experiments is presented and integrated with earlier work. Variation among experiments in observed heterosis for specific crosses was large for reproduction and sow productivity traits. However, standard errors of estimates were also large. It seems likely that heterosis, expressed in absolute values or in percentage units, is different for specific crosses. It is unclear whether these differences are large enough to warrant the use of unique parameter values for comparisons of alternate mating systems. In addition to average heterosis values, average direct and maternal genetic effects are given.
Stomata from growth‐chamber‐grown <i>Vicia faba</i> have an enhanced sensitivity to CO<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup> (1996)

Abaxial stomata from Vicia faba leaves grown in a growth chamber under constant light, temperature and humidity showed an elaborate pattern of aperture changes over the course of a light cycle. These aperture changes were tightly correlated with changes in chamber CO2 concentration (r2=0.83). Changes in chamber [CO2] resulted, in turn, from substantial daily fluctuations in ambient [CO2], typical of the Los Angeles environment, with a constant offset caused by photosynthesis and respiration of the plants within the chamber. The dominant role of the stomatal response to CO2 in the control of aperture was confirmed by manipulation of chamber [CO2]. Fast (15 min) increases and decreases in [CO2] caused rapid decreases and increases in aperture, while constant [CO2] resulted in constant aperture. In contrast, aperture changes in comparable plants grown under greenhouse conditions were tightly correlated with changes in incident solar radiation (r2=0.80), and poorly correlated with changes in [CO2] (r2=0.09). Greenhouse-grown plants transferred to growth chamber conditions showed no apparent response to CO2. These data indicate that growth-chamber-grown V. faba leaves provide an experimental system optimally suited for the study of the stomatal response to CO2, and suggest that acclimation to environmental conditions alters the sensitivity of stomata to CO2.
The impact of polyphenols on Bifidobacterium growth (2015)

Polyphenols are a common group of plant based bioactive compounds, that can affect human health because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as well as free-radical scavenging activity. An increasing interest is observed in the interaction between polyphenols and microbiota occurring in food and the human gut. The aim of the work presented here, was to evaluate the effect of some polyphenolic compounds on the growth of two strains of Bifidobacterium: B. adolescentis and B. bifidum. The influence of some flavonoids: naringinin, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin as well as phenolic acids: gallic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, vanillic and sinapic was determined by a 96-well microtiter plate assay. In the experiments the effect of three different concentrations of polyphenols: 2, 20 and 100 µg/ml on the growth of Bifidobacterium strains was investigated. All tested compounds influenced the growth of the examined bacteria. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects were observed in comparison to the positive control. The strongest impact on the growth of bifidobacteria was observed during the first hours of incubation. The constant inhibitory effect was observed for hesperidin and quercetin addition and was dose-dependent. B. bifidum showed a stronger dependence on phenolic acids content in the medium than B. adolescentis during the first hours of incubation.
GLONASS Satellite Surveying (1998)

Double differencing of the carrier phases is a popular technique in global positioning system (GPS) surveying for eliminating receiver and satellite clock errors. However, because each global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) satellite transmits a different carrier frequency, it is not straightforward to constrain double difference integer ambiguities from GLONASS carrier phases. Various solutions are reviewed, following the formalism traditionally applied to GPS observations and focusing on the receiver clock errors. Mixed GPS/GLONASS data are used to demonstrate the impact of receiver clock errors on GLONASS double differences carrier phases.
Immuno-Oncology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2017 Update (2017)

Clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the utility of antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) as monotherapy or combination therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results of combination treatment with the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody tremelimumab in HCC were presented at the 2017 annual meeting of the ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology). Response rates were 25% in all 40 patients and 40% in the 20 uninfected patients, both of which are encouraging. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation can activate tumor immunogenicity by releasing tumor-associated antigen and by inducing the migration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to small intrahepatic metastatic nodules. Subsequent administration of anti-PD-1 antibody could control these small intrahepatic metastatic nodules. In a nonclinical study, the combination of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib inhibited the cancer immunosuppressive environments induced by tumor-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells. This, in turn, decreased the levels of TGF-β and IL-10, the expression of PD-1, and the inhibition of Tim-3, triggering anticancer immunity mediated by immunostimulatory cytokines such as IL-12. Studies such as these may provide insight into the appropriate molecular targeted agents to be used with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Interaction of poly(methacrylic acid) and bivalent counterions. I (1964)

Abstract The calculation of formation curves of metal‐polyacid complexes from titration curves is discussed. The interaction of bivalent ions of Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, and Mg with poly(methacrylic acid) is investigated by this method. These metals seem to form complexes involving two carboxylate groups for each ion in a large domain of pH values. Formation constants for these complexes are given which decrease according to the order indicated above.
Existing and potential applications of ultraviolet light in the food industry - a critical review (2000)

Short-wave ultraviolet light (UVC, 254 nm) can reduce dramatically the microbial load in air or on hard surfaces free from food residues, and can eliminate pathogens from potable water filtered to remove organic residues and 'clumps' of bacteria. More recently, approval of the Food and Drug Administration (USA) has been sought for a system for the destruction of pathogenic bacteria in fruit juices using UVC, and the same approach could perhaps be applied to remove spoilage organisms from cider or wines. In contrast, long-wave UV light (UVA, >320 nm) has limited microbiocidal properties, and for practical applications its effectiveness has to be enhanced by the presence of photosensitive compounds (eg furocoumarins) that will diffuse into a microbial cell prior to irradiation. The penetration of UVA into water is better than that of UVC, and its bacteriocidal action in the presence of photosensitisers can be rapid. However, pure furocoumarins are expensive and their addition to foodstuffs might be questioned on safety grounds. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Automatic Analyzer System for Corrosion Products in LWR Primary Coolant (1980)

KEYWORDS: nuclear power plantsX-ray fluorescence spectrometeratomic absorption spectrophotometerinductively coupled plasma spectrophotometercorrosion productsprimary coolants
An Efficient Process of Cross-Linking Poly(methylsilane) for SiC Ceramics (2001)

Reflux-treated poly(methylsilane) (PMS) at 420−570 K improves its ceramic yield dramatically. This efficient process was investigated by TG, GC, 29Si, 13C, and 1H NMR, and FT-IR methods. The structural transformation process of the PMS polymer consists of three stages. In the first stage below 500 K, PMS forms Si−Si3 cross-link units predominantly by evolving MeSiH3. This process may proceed mainly via silylene formation. The Si−Si cross-link structure leads to a high ceramic yield up to 89%. In the second stage around 625 K, thermal rearrangement of the Si−Si3 units to Si−CH2−Si units (Kumada rearrangement) begins to convert the polymers into polycarbosilanes. The third stage occurs above 673 K where almost all polymer units are converted into SiC4 units. Evolution of H2 and CH4 begins in the second stage and becomes the dominant process in the third stage.
A 36 W, V-band, solid state source (2003)

A 36 W, V-band, solid state source with <1 deg/dB of AM/PM distortion has been demonstrated. The source joins low loss RF spatial combining techniques with high thermal capacity, high density, multi-layer substrates, enabling a breakthrough for the generation of millimeter-wave, solid state power. Subsequently, using 0.1 /spl mu/m PHEMT MMICs allows low AM/PM distortion. To the author's knowledge, this paper's result is the highest V-band solid state power recorded.
Effects of Rumen-Undegradable Protein on Dairy Cow Performance: A 12-Year Literature Review (1998)

In order to integrate and analyze knowledge on the use of protein supplements and protein nutrition of lactating dairy cows, we compiled a review of 108 studies published throughout the world, but principally in the Journal of Dairy Science between 1985 and 1997. In 29 comparisons from 15 metabolism trials, soybean meal was replaced by high amounts of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) as a supplement; the benefits were not consistently observed for flow to the duodenum, essential amino acids, or lysine and methionine. High RUP diets resulted in decreased microbial protein synthesis in 76% of the comparisons. However, fish meal provided a good balance of lysine and methionine when calculated as a percentage of total essential amino acids. In 127 comparisons from 88 lactation trials that were published from 1985 to 1997, researchers studied the effects of replacing soybean meal with high RUP sources, such as heated and chemically treated soybean meal, corn gluten meal, distillers grains, brewers grains, blood meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal, or blends of these sources; milk yield was significantly higher in only 17% of the comparisons. Fish meal and treated soybean meal accounted for most of the positive effects on milk yield from RUP; corn gluten meal resulted in mostly negative results. The percentage of fat in milk was depressed more by fish meal than by other RUP sources. Protein percentage was decreased in 28 comparisons and increased in only 6 comparisons, probably reflecting the decrease in microbial protein synthesis, as was observed for diets high in RUP. The data strongly suggest that increased RUP per se in dairy cow diets, which often results in a decrease in RDP and a change in absorbed AA profiles, does not consistently improve lactational performance.
The synthesis of progesterone and related compounds (1954)

A. F. Daglish, J. Green and V. D. Poole, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2627 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540002627
Towards the proteome of <b><i>Brassica napus</i></b> phloem sap (2006)

The soluble proteins in sieve tube exudate from Brassica napus plants were systematically analyzed by 1-DE and high-resolution 2-DE, partial amino acid sequence determination by MS/MS, followed by database searches. 140 proteins could be identified by their high similarity to database sequences (135 from 2-DE, 5 additional from 1-DE). Most analyzed spots led to successful protein identifications, demonstrating that Brassica napus, a close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, is a highly suitable model plant for phloem research. None of the identified proteins was formerly known to be present in Brassica napus phloem, but several proteins have been described in phloem sap of other species. The data, which is discussed with respect to possible physiological importance of the proteins in the phloem, further confirms and substantially extends earlier findings and uncovers the presence of new protein functions in the vascular system. For example, we found several formerly unknown phloem proteins that are potentially involved in signal generation and transport, e.g., proteins mediating calcium and G-protein signaling, a set of RNA-binding proteins, and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its twin sister that might be key components for the regulation of flowering time.
Tumor initiating but differentiated luminal-like breast cancer cells are highly invasive in the absence of basal-like activity (2012)

The majority of human breast cancers exhibit luminal epithelial differentiation. However, most aggressive behavior, including invasion and purported cancer stem cell activity, are considered characteristics of basal-like cells. We asked the following questions: Must luminal-like breast cancer cells become basal-like to initiate tumors or to invade? Could luminally differentiated cells within a basally initiated hierarchy also be tumorigenic? To answer these questions, we used rare and mutually exclusive lineage markers to isolate subsets of luminal-like and basal-like cells from human breast tumors. We enriched for populations with or without prominent basal-like traits from individual tumors or single cell cloning from cell lines and recovered cells with a luminal-like phenotype. Tumor cells with basal-like traits mimicked phenotypic and functional behavior associated with stem cells assessed by gene expression, mammosphere formation and lineage markers. Luminal-like cells without basal-like traits, surprisingly, were fully capable of initiating invasive tumors in NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice. In fact, these phenotypically pure luminal-like cells generated larger and more invasive tumors than their basal-like counterparts. The tumorigenicity and invasive potential of the luminal-like cancer cells relied strongly on the expression of the gene GCNT1, which encodes a key glycosyltransferase controlling O-glycan branching. These findings demonstrate that basal-like cells, as defined currently, are not a requirement for breast tumor aggressiveness, and that within a single tumor there are multiple "stem-like" cells with tumorigenic potential casting some doubt on the hypothesis of hierarchical or differentiative loss of tumorigenicity.