gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural Products as Promising Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Molecular Mechanism Aspect (2013)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder to date, with no curative or preventive therapy. Histopathological hallmarks of AD include deposition of β-amyloid plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Extent studies on pathology of the disease have made important discoveries regarding mechanism of disease and potential therapeutic targets. Many cellular changes including oxidative stress, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins can lead to programmed cell death in AD. Despite intensive research, only five approved drugs are available for the management of AD. Hence, there is a need to look at alternative therapies. Use of natural products and culinary herbs in medicine has gained popularity in recent years. Several natural substances with neuroprotective effects have been widely studied. Most of these compounds have remarkable antioxidant properties and act mainly by scavenging free radical species. Some of them increase cell survival and improve cognition by directly affecting amyloidogenesis and programmed cell death pathways. Further studies on these natural products and their mechanism of action, parallel with the use of novel pharmaceutical drug design and delivery techniques, enable us to offer an addition to conventional medicine. This review discussed some natural products with potential neuroprotective properties against Aβ with respect to their mechanism of action.
Environmental pH modulation by pathogenic fungi as a strategy to conquer the host (2017)

The ability of microorganisms to sense and adapt to changes in the environment is essential to their survival. This is particularly important for species with an intimate association with host organisms, such as pathogens, symbionts, and commensals. Host environments vary greatly in pH, ranging from highly acidic in the stomach (pH < 2) to mildly acidic on the skin and plant surfaces (6.5 < pH < 4.5), neutral in the blood (pH 7.4), and basic in parts of the intestine (pH < 8.5) [1-4], and fungi have developed multiple mechanisms to adapt to pH variations. This Pearl will focus on the ability of pathogenic fungi to respond to and actively modulate the host's pH.
Blockwise Based Detection of Local Defects (2019)

Print quality is an important criterion for a printer’s performance. The detection, classification, and assessment of printing defects can reflect the printer’s working status and help to locate mechanical problems inside. To handle all these questions, an efficient algorithm is needed to replace the traditionally visual checking method. In this paper, we focus on pages with local defects including gray spots and solid spots. We propose a coarse-to-fine method to detect local defects in a block-wise manner, and aggregate the blockwise attributes to generate the feature vector of the whole test page for a further ranking task. In the detection part, we first select candidate regions by thresholding a single feature. Then more detailed features of candidate blocks are calculated and sent to a decision tree that is previously trained on our training dataset. The final result is given by the decision tree model to control the false alarm rate while maintaining the required miss rate. Our algorithm is proved to be effective in detecting and classifying local defects compared with previous methods.
Chimeric Hemoglobin Subunits: Functional Properties of a Recombinant β/α Hemoglobin (1994)

Our goal was to design a single hemoglobin subunit able to assemble into a stable tetrameric structure with cooperative O2 binding and low oxygen affinity. We have synthesized in E. coli a chimeric beta/alpha globin subunit composed of the first 73 residues of the beta chain and the last 73 residues of the alpha chain. Molecular building indicated that this construction could result in Hb homotetramers possessing the alpha 1 beta 2 interface, responsible for the heme-heme interaction in Hb heterotetramers. The results show that the chimeric subunits assemble into tetramers which bind oxygen reversibly without cooperativity but with an oxygen affinity slightly lower than observed for human Hb. The strong effector RSR 4 lowers the oxygen affinity. Kinetics of CO recombination in the presence of RSR 4 reveal a biphasic bimolecular rebinding. Functional studies suggest that the quaternary structure of the oligomer is intermediary between R-and T-state.
Betaglycan has multiple binding sites for transforming growth factor-<i>β</i> 1 (1996)

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding site in betaglycan, the type III TGF-beta receptor, has been variously assigned to the C-terminal half and N-terminal one-third of the extracellular domain. In this study, we show that there are at least two TGF-beta-binding sites in betaglycan. Bacterially expressed fragments bg 1,2 and bg3, which represent the N-terminal two-thirds and C-terminal one-third of betaglycan extracellular domain, both competed for the binding of 125I-TGF-beta to mink lung epithelial cells. 125I-bg1,2 bound to immobilized TGF-beta with an affinity about 4-fold higher than bg3 had. Both bg3 and bg1,2 enhanced the bioactivity of TGF-beta. The whole ectodomain of betaglycan was more active than either bg3 or bg1,2 in the assays. The binding of 125I-bg3 to TGF-beta was inhibited by bg1,2 and vice versa. The binding of 125I-bg3 and 125I-bg1,2 to TGF-beta was also inhibited by the small decorin family of proteoglycans. These results indicate that there are at least two binding sites for TGF-beta in betaglycan and that these sites recognize the same or overlapping sites in TGF-beta.
Traveling fronts of methacrylic acid polymerization (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTraveling fronts of methacrylic acid polymerizationJohn A. PojmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 16, 6284–6286Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00016a063Request reuse permissions Article Views860Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (369 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Use of a new fluorogenic phosphatase substrate in immunohistochemical applications. (1995)

We used the phosphatase substrate 2-(5'-chloro-2'-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6- chloro-4-[3H]-quinazolinone, with standard alkaline phosphatase-mediated immunohistochemical techniques, to visualize a number of antibodies that bind to adult zebrafish retinal tissue. This compound, known as the ELF (enzyme-labeled-fluorescence) phosphatase substrate, produces a precipitate that fluoresces at approximately 500-580 nm (bright yellow-green). We show that the precipitated product from the ELF phosphatase substrate has a number of characteristics that make it superior to fluorescein-labeled secondary reagents. The staining produced with the ELF substrate is much more photostable than that produced by fluorescein-labeled secondary reagents, thus allowing time to examine, focus, and photograph the ELF-labeled tissue under high magnification. Moreover, the ELF precipitate exhibits a Stokes shift of greater than 100 nm, a characteristic that has enabled us to overcome the problem of distinguishing signal from background in this autofluorescent tissue. In addition, we show that the ELF product's large Stokes shift makes the ELF substrate ideal for multicolor applications.
Photodegradation as a mechanism for controlled drug delivery (2010)

A drug-releasing model compound based on photosensitive acrylated ortho-nitrobenzylether (o-NBE) moiety and fluorescein was synthesized to demonstrate photolysis as a mechanism for drug release. Release of this model compound from a hydrogel network can be controlled with light intensity (5-20 mW/cm(2)), exposure duration (0-20 min) and wavelength (365, 405, 436 nm). Due to the high molar absorptivity of the compound (5,984 M(-1) cm(-1)), light attenuation is significant in this system. Light attenuation can be used to self-limit the dosing from a hydrogel, and allow subsequent release from the drug reservoir after equilibration, or attenuation can be utilized to create a chemical gradient within the hydrogel. A model of photodegradation that uses an integrated form of Beer-Lambert's law quantitatively predicts release from hydrophilic hydrogels with low crosslink density, but fails to quantitatively predict release from more hydrophobic systems, presumably due to partitioning of the hydrophobic model compound in the hydrogel. In contrast to other mechanisms of release (enzymolysis, hydrolysis), photolysis provides real-time on demand control over drug release along with the unique ability to create chemical gradients within the hydrogel.
A VLSI architecture for digital filters using complex number-theoretic transforms (2005)

In this paper a parallel architecture is developed to realize a digital filter. First a systolic array is used to compute a 248-point complex number-theoretic transform (CNT). Next an algorithm is developed to realize a digital filter that uses 248-point CNT's and a generalization of the overlap-save method. This algorithm solves the conflict between long transform lengths and a wide dynamic range associated with the number-theoretic transform. Finally this algorithm is mapped to a parallel architecture. This architecture is simple, regular and expandable, and, hence, is suitable for VLSI implementation.
Infant Formula With Protein-Energy Ratio of 1.7 g/100 kcal Is Adequate but May Not Be Safe (1999)

Infants fed Formula 1.7 received adequate intakes of protein. Because of the possibility that ad libitum feeding of diets with moderately inadequate protein-energy ratios is associated with increased food intake leading to excess weight gain, it is not possible to conclude that a protein-energy ratio of 1.7 g/100 kcal is safe.
Unbalanced X;autosome translocations provide evidence for sequence specificity in the association of XIST RNA with chromatin (2002)

Whether XIST RNA is indifferent to the sequence content of the chromosome is fundamental to understanding its mechanism of chromosomal inactivation. Transgenic Xist RNA appears to associate with and inactivate an entire autosome. However, the behavior of XIST RNA on naturally occurring human X;autosome translocations has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, the relationship of human XIST RNA to autosomal chromatin is investigated in cells from two patients carrying X;autosome translocations in the context of almost complete trisomy for the involved autosome. Since trisomies of either 14 or 9 are lethal in early development, the lack of serious phenotypic consequences of the trisomy demonstrates that the translocated autosomes had been inactivated. Surprisingly, our analyses show that in primary fibroblasts from adult patients, XIST RNA does not associate with most of the involved autosome even though the bulk of it exhibits other hallmarks of inactivation beyond the region associated with XIST RNA. While results show that XIST RNA can associate with human autosomal chromatin to some degree, several observations indicate that this interaction may be unstable, with progressive loss over time. Thus, even where autosomal inactivation is selected for rather than against, there is a fundamental difference in the affinity of XIST RNA for autosomal versus X chromatin. Based on these results we propose that even autosomal chromatin that had been inactivated earlier in development may undergo a stepwise loss of inactivation hallmarks, beginning with XIST RNA. Hence compromised interaction with XIST RNA may be a primary cause of incomplete or unstable autosomal inactivation.
Structure and Dynamic Regulation of Abl Kinases* (2013)

The c-abl proto-oncogene encodes a unique protein-tyrosine kinase (Abl) distinct from c-Src, c-Fes, and other cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In normal cells, Abl plays prominent roles in cellular responses to genotoxic stress as well as in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Abl is also well known in the context of Bcr-Abl, the oncogenic fusion protein characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Selective inhibitors of Bcr-Abl, of which imatinib is the prototype, have had a tremendous impact on clinical outcomes in chronic myelogenous leukemia and revolutionized the field of targeted cancer therapy. In this minireview, we focus on the structural organization and dynamics of Abl kinases and how these features influence inhibitor sensitivity.
Campylobacter jejuni Lipooligosaccharides Modulate Dendritic Cell-Mediated T Cell Polarization in a Sialic Acid Linkage-Dependent Manner (2011)

Carbohydrate mimicry between Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and host neural gangliosides plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Campylobacter jejuni LOS may mimic various gangliosides, which affects the immunogenicity and the type of neurological deficits in GBS patients. Previous studies have shown the interaction of LOS with sialic acid-specific siglec receptors, although the functional consequences remain unknown. Cells that express high levels of siglecs include dendritic cells (DCs), which are crucial for initiation and differentiation of immune responses. We confirm that α2,3-sialylated GD1a/GM1a mimic and α2,8-sialylated GD1c mimic LOS structures interact with recombinant Sn and siglec-7, respectively. Although the linkage of the terminal sialic acid of LOS did not regulate expression of DC maturation markers, it displayed clear opposite expression levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and OX40L, molecules involved in DC-mediated Th cell differentiation. Accordingly, targeting DC-expressed siglec-7 with α2,8-linked sialylated LOS resulted in Th1 responses, whereas Th2 responses were induced by targeting with LOS containing α2,3-linked sialic acid. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that depending on the sialylated composition of Campylobacter jejuni LOS, specific Th differentiation programs are initiated, possibly through targeting of distinct DC-expressed siglecs.
Sintered octadecylsilica as monolithic column packing in capillary electrochromatography and micro high-performance liquid chromatography (1998)

Fused-silica capillaries were packed with porous 6-microns octadecylated silica microspheres and subjected to thermal treatment in order to obtain a column with porous silica based monolithic packing. After sintering, the monolithic packing was reoctadecylated in situ with dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane. The mechanical strength and stability of the monolithic column were significantly greater than those of conventional columns packed with particulate stationary phase. The performance of the columns was evaluated in both mu-HPLC and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of small aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 10 mM borate, pH 8.0, in acetonitrile-water mixtures as the mobile phase. Since no untoward bubble formation was observed, CEC could be performed in a CZE unit without the need for pressurizing the monolithic column. The plate efficiency of the monolithic column was similar to that of columns freshly packed with the same particles and was always higher in the CEC than in the mu-HPLC under otherwise identical conditions. The electrosmotic flow (EOF) velocity increased with the acetonitrile content of the eluent in open fused-silica capillaries with octadecylated innerwall and in columns packed with sintered octadecylsilica. In contradistinction, the EOF velocity decreased with the organic strength of the eluent in raw fused-silica capillaries. The opposite trend is attributed to the different effect of changing organic modifier concentration on the accessibility of silanol groups at the raw and octadecylated silica surfaces.
Circulating and Urinary microRNAs in Kidney Disease (2012)

microRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that control gene/protein expression through target messengerRNA degradation and/or inhibition of protein synthesis. An array of experimental studies has shown the importance of microRNAs for disease initiation/progression. microRNAs are generally considered to act as intracellular modulators of gene expression. However, first studies in the cancer and cardiovascular field have elucidated that microRNAs are remarkably stable in the extracellular compartment (e.g., in blood or urine). The detection and quantification of circulating microRNAs may, thus, represent a novel noninvasive tool to detect and monitor disease activity. In addition, there might be a potential biologic relevance of circulating microRNAs for cell/cell communication. The aim of the present article is to give an outline of recent work on circulating and urinary microRNAs as well as their potential paracrine activity in kidney disease.
Linking Sheet Music and Audio - Challenges and New Approaches (2012)

Score and audio files are the two most important ways to represent, convey, record, store, and experience music. While score describes a piece of music on an abstract level using symbols such as notes, keys, and measures, audio files allow for reproducing a specific acoustic realization of the piece. Each of these representations reflects different facets of music yielding insights into aspects ranging from structural elements (e.g., motives, themes, musical form) to specific performance aspects (e.g., artistic shaping, sound). Therefore, the simultaneous access to score and audio representations is of great importance. In this paper, we address the problem of automatically generating musically relevant linking structures between the various data sources that are available for a given piece of music. In particular, we discuss the task of sheet music-audio synchronization with the aim to link regions in images of scanned scores to musically corresponding sections in an audio recording of the same piece. Such linking structures form the basis for novel interfaces that allow users to access and explore multimodal sources of music within a single framework. As our main contributions, we give an overview of the state-of-the-art for this kind of synchronization task, we present some novel approaches, and indicate future research directions. In particular, we address problems that arise in the presence of structural differences and discuss challenges when applying optical music recognition to complex orchestral scores. Finally, potential applications of the synchronization results are presented.
Regulation of proliferation and differentiation in spermatogonial stem cells: the role of c-kit and its ligand SCF (2000)

ABSTRACT To study self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells, we have transplanted undifferentiated testicular germ cells of the GFP transgenic mice into seminiferous tubules of mutant mice with male sterility, such as those dysfunctioned at Steel (Sl) locus encoding the c-kit ligand or Dominant white spotting (W) locus encoding the receptor c-kit. In the seminiferous tubules of Sl/Sld or Sl17H/Sl17H mice, transplanted donor germ cells proliferated and formed colonies of undifferentiated c-kit (−) spermatogonia, but were unable to differentiate further. However, these undifferentiated but proliferating spermatogonia, retransplanted into Sl (+) seminiferous tubules of W mutant, resumed differentiation, indicating that the transplanted donor germ cells contained spermatogonial stem cells and that stimulation of c-kit receptor by its ligand was necessary for maintenance of differentiated type A spermatogonia but not for proliferation of undifferentiated type A spermatogonia. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that their transplantation efficiency in the seminiferous tubules of Sl17H/Sl17H mice depended upon the stem cell niche on the basement membrane of the recipient seminiferous tubules and was increased by elimination of the endogenous spermatogonia of mutant mice from the niche by treating them with busulfan.
Radial Force Reduction in a New Flat-Type Double-Stator Switched Reluctance Motor (2015)

The inherent structure of double-stator switched reluctance motor (DSSRM) provides a significant improvement in energy conversion efficiency by eliminating the radial component of the forces. Reduction of the radial force (RF) in rotational motion increases efficiency and performance of the machine. This paper proposes and implements a new flat-type double-stator segmented cup-rotor SRM (DSSCR-SRM). In this structure, the shaft is placed on one bearing, which reduces the system cost and friction. The rotor structure is designed to be connected directly to the load (direct-drive system) without the shaft requirement. Moreover, the rotor can be balanced between two stators such that the resultant RFs is reduced to zero. Due to the difference between the number of turns in inner and outer stator-coils, the forces exerted on the segmented rotor will cause it to stay partially suspended. In order to improve the results and determine appropriate performance of the motor, the magnetic analysis has been done on a 3-D model. The results of analytical calculations and the finite-element method analyses are validated by testing a prototype model of the DSSCR-SRM.
MAFL experiment: development of photonic devices for a space-based multiaperture fiber-linked interferometer (2007)

We present a three-telescope space-based interferometer prototype dedicated to high-resolution imaging. This project, named multiaperture fiber-linked interferometer (MAFL), was founded by the European Space Agency. The aim of the MAFL project is to propose, design, and implement for the first time to the best of our knowledge all the optical functions required for the global instrument on the same integrated optics (IO) component for controlling a three-arm interferometer and to obtain reliable science data. The coherent transport from telescopes to the IO component is achieved by means of highly birefringent optical fiber. The laboratory bench is presented, and the results are reported allowing us to validate the optical potentiality of the IO component in this frame. The validation measurements consist of the throughput of this optical device, the performances of metrological servoloop, and the instrumental contrasts and phase closure of the science fringes.