gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Selectively Modulates the Outcome of Learning Unnatural Action–Valence Associations (2017)

Abstract Learning the contingencies between stimulus, action, and outcomes is disrupted in disorders associated with altered dopamine (DA) function in the BG, such as Parkinson disease (PD). Although the role of DA in learning to act has been extensively investigated in PD, the role of DA in “learning to withhold” (or inhibit) action to influence outcomes is not as well understood. The current study investigated the role of DA in learning to act or to withhold action to receive rewarding, or avoid punishing outcomes, in patients with PD tested “off” and “on” dopaminergic medication (n = 19) versus healthy controls (n = 30). Participants performed a reward-based learning task that orthogonalized action and outcome valence (action–reward, inaction–reward, action–punishment, inaction–punishment). We tested whether DA would bias learning toward action, toward reward, or to particular action–outcome interactions. All participants demonstrated inherent learning biases preferring action with reward and inaction to avoid punishment, and this was unaffected by medication. Instead, DA produced a complex modulation of learning less natural action–outcome associations. “Off” DA medication, patients demonstrated impairments in learning to withhold action to gain reward, suggesting a difficulty to overcome a bias toward associating inaction with punishment avoidance. On DA medication, these patterns changed, and patients showed a reduced ability to learn to act to avoid punishment, indicating a bias toward action and reward. The current findings suggest that DA in PD has a complex influence on the formation of action–outcome associations, particularly those involving less natural linkages between action and outcome valence.
Blue/white organic light-emitting diodes and passive matrix display (2005)

The blue organic light emitting diodes (OLED) based on anthracene derivatives (ADN) doped with distryrylarylene derivatives (BCzVB and DSA-ph) were presented. The device of ADN doped with BCzVb shows high color purity (x=0.146, y=0.162) with maximum luminance 11600 cd/m<sup>2</sup> (15V), current efficiency 2.8 cd/A, while the device of ADN doped with DSA-ph exhibits a sky blue with as high as efficiency 8.29 cd/A, both have a flat efficiency vs current density responses. A typical blue device of ADN doped with TBPe is used for comparison, which gives greenish blue and a stronger current-induced flyorescence quenching. Three kinds of White organic light emitting devices (WOLED) with different dopants and doping sites were constructed. The cell with a single-doped red dye in the light emitting layer (EML)(single-doped) and the cell with both red and blue dyes doped in a single EML (double-doped as well as the cell with red and blue dyes doped in EML and a green dye in another layer (triple-doped). The triple-doped cell shows much higher performance than other two cells: maximum luminance 21200cd/m<sup>2</sup>, 1026 cd/m<sup>2</sup> at driving current 20mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, efficiency 6cd/A and a half lifetime over 22245h were reached. A passive display features 102x64 pixels with pixel size of 0.25x0.25mm<sup>2</sup> pixel pitch 0.08mm, luminance 100 cd/m<sup>2</sup> at driving duty 1/64, and power consumption of 0.6W was constructed.
An ASIC-architecture for VLSI-implementation of the RBN-algorithm (2002)

An optimized recursive binary nesting (RBN) algorithm for coding true color documents is presented. The RBN compression in which algorithm is a segmentation algorithm in which a picture is subdivided into regions with equal properties and for each region only the relevant information for the human eye is kept. Thus, the compressed image consists of segmentation information and the information of the picture behavior in those regions. The picture is subsampled on a quadtree based lattice (segmentation information). The inner pixels are approximated with the use of four lattice corner pixels (pictorial behavior). The subdivision in blocks has to be a function of the image contents. The size of the initial blocks is 65*65. Each pixel in the block is approximated as a weighted average of the four corner pixels (bilinear interpolation). The efficient VLSI architecture used to implement the algorithm is termed the lowly multiplexed cooperating data-path style. Several other designs under consideration are briefly reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internally staged permeator prepared from annular hollow fibers for gas separation (1998)

Abstract A polysulfone/polyethersulfone annular hollow‐fiber (tube) membrane was prepared using a phase‐inversion process, which is useful for further preparation of an internally staged permeator (ISP) for gas separation. This study focused on the techniques of fabricating the polysulfone/polyethersulfone annular‐hollow‐fiber membranes and its membrane permeators for gas enrichment. Two homogeneous polymer solutions comprising polysulfone/DMAc and polyethersulfone/NMP/water, respectively, were prepared and extruded with a triple‐orifice spinneret into an annular‐hollow‐jiber membrane that possesses two distinct skin layers and is capable of providing two separation stages internally for gas separation. The performance of the ISP fabricated from the prepared annular hollow‐fiber membrane was evaluated theoretically and experimentally under co/countercurrent and countercurrent flow patterns for various binaly gas mixtures. The mathematical models generally describe satisfactorily the observed experimental results. A parametric study reveals that while, in general, better separation is available at lower values of overall stage cuts, highly purified permeate products could be achieved at higher values of overall stage cuts if the concentration of a permeating component in the feed stock is relatively high.
Hypoxic intensity: a determinant for the contribution of ATP and adenosine to the genesis of carotid body chemosensory activity (2012)

Excitatory effects of adenosine and ATP on carotid body (CB) chemoreception have been previously described. Our hypothesis is that both ATP and adenosine are the key neurotransmitters responsible for the hypoxic chemotransmission in the CB sensory synapse, their relative contribution depending on the intensity of hypoxic challenge. To test this hypothesis we measured carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity in response to moderate and intense hypoxic stimuli (7 and 0% O(2)) in the absence and in the presence of adenosine and ATP receptor antagonists. Additionally, we quantified the release of adenosine and ATP in normoxia (21% O(2)) and in response to hypoxias of different intensities (10, 5, and 2% O(2)) to study the release pathways. We found that ZM241385, an A(2) antagonist, decreased the CSN discharges evoked by 0 and 7% O(2) by 30.8 and 72.5%, respectively. Suramin, a P(2)X antagonist, decreased the CSN discharges evoked by 0 and 7% O(2) by 64.3 and 17.1%, respectively. Simultaneous application of both antagonists strongly inhibited CSN discharges elicited by both hypoxic intensities. ATP release by CB increased in parallel to hypoxia intensity while adenosine release increased preferably in response to mild hypoxia. We have also found that the lower the O(2) levels are, the higher is the percentage of adenosine produced from extracellular catabolism of ATP. Our results demonstrate that ATP and adenosine are key neurotransmitters involved in hypoxic CB chemotransduction, with a more relevant contribution of adenosine during mild hypoxia, while vesicular ATP release constitutes the preferential origin of extracellular adenosine in high-intensity hypoxia.
Development of a FTIR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Paper Strength (2006)

Inter-fiber bonding is improved by refining resulting in higher Young’s modulus. This effect is consistent to the changes of FTIR absorption intensities associated with the hydroxyl groups in the pulp samples. A PLS model, which is established to correlate the FTIR spectral data with the Young’s modulus of the pulp samples for predicting the elastic Young’s modulus of paper, is statistically robust.
Replication of sub‐micron features using amorphous thermoplastics (2002)

Abstract A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to replicate sub‐micron features using the injection molding technique. For the experiments, five different plastic materials were selected according to their flow properties. The materials were polycarbonate (PC), styrene‐butadiene block copolymer (SBS), impact modified poly(methyl methacrylate), methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene polymer (MABS), and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). Nanofeatures down to 200‐nm line width and with aspect ratios (aspect ratio = depth/width) of 1:1 could be replicated. In all selected materials, the greatest differences between the materials emerged when the aspect ratio increased to 2:1. The most favorable results were obtained with the use of high flow polycarbonate as the molding material. The best replication results were achieved when melt and mold temperatures were higher than normal values.
Metformin in the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot open label trial (2004)

Metformin treatment was associated with only a transient improvement in liver chemistries. A progressive, sustainable reduction in insulin sensitivity was not noted during treatment.
Whither the Federation?: Federalism under Rudd (2010)

Federalism played a crucial role in the election campaign in November 2007 as Kevin Rudd argued that only a Federal Labor government could guarantee the cooperation necessary to eliminate the 'blame game' between Canberra and the states. As Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd exceeded his pre-election commitment to engage with the states, institutionalising cooperation through his acceptance that COAG provided the means by which national policies and programs that require the exercise of powers across jurisdictions could be developed and implemented. A new financial agreement with the states fundamentally redrew the architecture of federal-state relations and could rightly be described as the most significant change in a generation that had the effect of slowing the centralisation of power inherent in the use of Specific Purpose Payments (SPPs) under section 96 of the Constitution. But, in the months leading up to the dramatic events of late June 2010 the federalist promise of the Rudd government had begun to fade in the face of political pressure that sought to cast it as a government of great intentions but little action. The politics of 2010 once again brought federalism to the fore as an election approached, but not this time as an opportunity for reform and repair of relationships between Canberra and the states. Decisions taken by the Rudd government in the third year of its term which impinged so dramatically on areas traditionally the domain of the states may yet see the significance of the reforms of the first two years diminished and the overall assessment of federalism under Rudd more problematic.
Protective Effects of <scp>l</scp>- and <scp>d</scp>-Carnosine on α-Crystallin Amyloid Fibril Formation: Implications for Cataract Disease (2009)

Mildly denaturing conditions induce bovine α-crystallin, the major structural lens protein, to self-assemble into fibrillar structures in vitro. The natural dipeptide l-carnosine has been shown to have potential protective and therapeutic significance in many diseases. Carnosine derivatives have been proposed as potent agents for ophthalmic therapies of senile cataracts and diabetic ocular complications. Here we report the inhibitory effect induced by the peptide (l- and d-enantiomeric form) on α-crystallin fibrillation and the almost complete restoration of the chaperone activity lost after denaturant and/or heat stress. Scanning force microscopy (SFM), thioflavin T, and a turbidimetry assay have been used to determine the morphology of α-crystallin aggregates in the presence and absence of carnosine. DSC and a near-UV CD assay evidenced that the structural precursors of amyloid fibrils are polypeptide chain segments that lack stable structural elements. Moreover, we have found a disassembling effect of carnosine on α-crystallin amyloid fibrils. Finally, we show the ability of carnosine to restore most of the lens transparency in organ-cultured rat lenses exposed to similar denaturing conditions that were used for the in vitro experiments.
Cotranslational Integration of Soybean (Glycine max) Oil Body Membrane Protein Oleosin into Microsomal Membranes (1993)

Storage triglycerides in oil seeds are sequestered in discrete organelles termed oil bodies. They are bounded by a monolayer of phospholipids in which a few distinct proteins (oleosins) are embedded. Synthesis of soybean (Glycine max) 24-kD oleosin was analyzed by in vitro transcription and translation in reticulocyte lysate in the presence of canine microsomes. Our results show that 24-kD oleosin is cotranslationally integrated into microsomal membranes. We demonstrate that oleosin is integrated into a bilayer membrane in preference to the oil body monolayer membrane, indicating that oleosin is synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A new model of oil body assembly involving a conformational change through initial association with the ER membrane is proposed.
Structured tone mitigation in 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> order MASH Delta-Sigma Modulators-comparative study (2009)

A delta-sigma modulator (DSM) can be thought as a nonlinear chaotic system that may exhibit tonal behaviour in its output spectrum. These tones are sometimes referred to as spurs and they are undesirable. To provide for the mitigation of structured tones, application of dithering, using chaotic modulators, loading irrational initial conditions and maintaining controllable maximum sequence lengths are commonly used and advised methods primarily in Multi-stAge noise SHaping (MASH) DSMs. Higher order MASH-DSMs are less problematic and are commonly used in many high speed and low noise frequency synthesiser circuits. As MASH is composed of cascaded first order digital DSM stages, it is unconditionally stable. In this paper, the tone mitigation techniques for MASH 1-1-1 and MASH 1-1-1-1 modulators are compared and their noise performances presented.
Dimensionamento amostral para a caracterização da qualidade póscolheita do maracujá-amarelo (2011)

Este trabalho teve, como objetivo, determinar o tamanho mínimo de amostras representativas de uma população infinita de frutos, para caracterizar a qualidade pós-colheita do maracujá-amarelo, decorrente do tamanho do fruto e do estádio de maturação. Foram coletadas amostras padronizadas de 20 frutos, em lavoura comercial, em Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), e os dados foram interpretados, considerando-se o método de amostragem simples ao acaso. Avaliaram-se a coloração e a espessura da casca, a razão comprimento/largura, o rendimento em suco, a massa do fruto, a acidez, o pH e os conteúdos de vitamina C, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores e não redutores e açúcares solúveis totais. A amostragem padronizada de 20 frutos foi representativa de uma população infinita, quando utilizada para análises químicas de maracujás maduros, colhidos com mais de 30% de coloração amarela da casca. Medidas de rendimento em suco e espessura de casca exigiram tamanhos de amostras maiores.
Acetylation of β-Catenin by p300 Regulates β-Catenin-Tcf4 Interaction (2004)

Lysine acetylation modulates the activities of nonhistone regulatory proteins and plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular gene transcription. In this study, we showed that the transcriptional coactivator p300 acetylated beta-catenin at lysine 345, located in arm repeat 6, in vitro and in vivo. Acetylation of this residue increased the affinity of beta-catenin for Tcf4, and the cellular Tcf4-bound pool of beta-catenin was significantly enriched in acetylated form. We demonstrated that the acetyltransferase activity of p300 was required for efficient activation of transcription mediated by beta-catenin/Tcf4 and that the cooperation between p300 and beta-catenin was severely reduced by the K345R mutation, implying that acetylation of beta-catenin plays a part in the coactivation of beta-catenin by p300. Interestingly, acetylation of beta-catenin had opposite, negative effects on the binding of beta-catenin to the androgen receptor. Our data suggest that acetylation of beta-catenin in the arm 6 domain regulates beta-catenin transcriptional activity by differentially modulating its affinity for Tcf4 and the androgen receptor. Thus, our results describe a new mechanism by which p300 might regulate beta-catenin transcriptional activity.
The Discovery of Cell Wall Active Antibacterial Antibiotics (1992)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: detection assayscell wall activeantibioticsMOA
Establishment of a Bovine Herpesvirus 4 based vector expressing a secreted form of the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus structural glycoprotein E2 for immunization purposes (2007)

This work highlights the engineerization of BoHV-4 genome as a vector for vaccine purposes and may provide the basis for BVDV vaccination exploiting the BoHV-4- based vector that delivers an improved secreted version of the BVDV structural glycoprotein E2.
Germination stimulants. II. Structure of strigol, a potent seed germination stimulant for witchweed (Striga lutea) (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGermination stimulants. II. Structure of strigol, a potent seed germination stimulant for witchweed (Striga lutea)C. E. Cook, Leona P. Whichard, Monroe Wall E., Grant H. Egley, P. Coggon, Patricia A. Luhan, and A. T. McPhailCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 17, 6198–6199Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00772a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00772a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1081Altmetric-Citations358LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COMMON BEANS (<i>PHASEOLUS VULGARIS</i> L.) (2004)

ABSTRACT Four bean varieties with different hull colors (white, red, brown and black) were extracted with 80% acetone and evaluated for their total, hydrophobic and hydrophilic phenolics as well as tannin contents. The tannin content was measured using three different methods. Antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed using β‐carotene/linoleate and bulk corn oil model systems. The content of hydrophobic antioxidants was higher compared with the hydrophilic fraction in all tested bean types. Evaluation of antioxidant activity in a β‐carotene model system revealed that red, brown and black whole bean extracts were capable of inhibiting oxidation (33–52%) of β‐carotene as compared with the control when used at 100 p.p.m. level as catechin equivalents. In the corn oil model system, red, brown and black bean extracts inhibited the formation of conjugated dienes (CD; 20–28%), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; 44–52%) and hexanal (68–84%) when used at 100 p.p.m. level as catechin equivalents. The results of this study demonstrated that colored beans possess superior antioxidative activity compared with white beans.
Comparative Review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Influenza A Respiratory Viruses (2020)

The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused a global health emergency. The outbreak of this virus has raised a number of questions: What is SARS-CoV-2? How transmissible is SARS-CoV-2? How severely affected are patients infected with SARS-CoV-2? What are the risk factors for viral infection? What are the differences between this novel coronavirus and other coronaviruses? To answer these questions, we performed a comparative study of four pathogenic viruses that primarily attack the respiratory system and may cause death, namely, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2 strains). This comparative study provides a critical evaluation of the origin, genomic features, transmission, and pathogenicity of these viruses. Because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing, this evaluation may inform public health administrators and medical experts to aid in curbing the pandemic's progression.
Vibrationally autoionizing Rydberg clusters: Spectroscopy and dynamics of pyrazine–Ar and –Xe clusters (2000)

Vibrational autoionization spectra of high Rydberg states of pyrazine–Ar and –Xe van der Waals clusters were observed by two-color double resonance spectroscopy. Two Rydberg series converging to the same ionization threshold appeared in the spectra of both the clusters, while only one Rydberg series was seen in bare pyrazine. One of the series of the clusters was assigned to be of “gerade,” which is the same Rydberg series as that found in bare pyrazine. The other series of the clusters was assigned to an “ungerade” series, suggesting that the symmetry breakdown of the ion core is induced by the cluster formation. For both the Rydberg series, apparently very small quantum defects were involved, and the “gerade” and “ungerade” series were tentatively assigned to the d (or s) and f Rydberg series, respectively. In comparison with the bare molecule, the quantum defects of the clusters exhibited slight shifts to the negative direction, indicating the decrease of the binding energy of the Rydberg electron. The vibrational autoionization efficiency does not change upon the cluster formation, even above the dissociation threshold of the van der Waals bond. This fact indicates that the vibrational autoionization rate is much faster than the vibrational predissociation rate.
Reactive scripts (2002)

Reactive scripts are designed to get a flexible approach for responsive systems; they are based on the reactive/synchronous approach, well suited to real time programming. A reactive script interpretor is a broadcast event-driven interpreter which can react to several commands in parallel. Generating events and waiting for occurrence of events are the basic commands which are composed in several ways to build complex behaviors. The basic principle is that absence of an event cannot be decided before the end of the current interpretor reaction. One can define objects with associated methods (behaviors), run when a nonblocking order is sent to them. Method execution is immediate (in the same interpreter reaction as the order) and a method can be executed at most once during each reaction. Reactive scripts are a mix of two formalisms: the SL synchronous language, and the ROM Reactive Object Model. Reactive script interpreters are implemented using the Reactive-C language.