gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the benefits of vehicle pooling with shareability networks (2014)

Taxi services are a vital part of urban transportation, and a considerable contributor to traffic congestion and air pollution causing substantial adverse effects on human health. Sharing taxi trips is a possible way of reducing the negative impact of taxi services on cities, but this comes at the expense of passenger discomfort quantifiable in terms of a longer travel time. Due to computational challenges, taxi sharing has traditionally been approached on small scales, such as within airport perimeters, or with dynamical ad hoc heuristics. However, a mathematical framework for the systematic understanding of the tradeoff between collective benefits of sharing and individual passenger discomfort is lacking. Here we introduce the notion of shareability network, which allows us to model the collective benefits of sharing as a function of passenger inconvenience, and to efficiently compute optimal sharing strategies on massive datasets. We apply this framework to a dataset of millions of taxi trips taken in New York City, showing that with increasing but still relatively low passenger discomfort, cumulative trip length can be cut by 40% or more. This benefit comes with reductions in service cost, emissions, and with split fares, hinting toward a wide passenger acceptance of such a shared service. Simulation of a realistic online system demonstrates the feasibility of a shareable taxi service in New York City. Shareability as a function of trip density saturates fast, suggesting effectiveness of the taxi sharing system also in cities with much sparser taxi fleets or when willingness to share is low.
Correction: Long Branch Effects Distort Maximum Likelihood Phylogenies in Simulations Despite Selection of the Correct Model (2012)

The aim of our study was to test the robustness and efficiency of maximum likelihood with respect to different long branch effects on multiple-taxon trees. We simulated data of different alignment lengths under two different 11-taxon trees and a broad range of different branch length conditions. The data were analyzed with the true model parameters as well as with estimated and incorrect assumptions about among-site rate variation. If length differences between connected branches strongly increase, tree inference with the correct likelihood model assumptions can fail. We found that incorporating invariant sites together with C distributed site rates in the tree reconstruction (C+I) increases the robustness of maximum likelihood in comparison with models using only C. The results show that for some topologies and branch lengths the reconstruction success of maximum likelihood under the correct model is still low for alignments with a length of 100,000 base positions. Altogether, the high confidence that is put in maximum likelihood trees is not always justified under certain tree shapes even if alignment lengths reach 100,000 base positions.
Severely exhausted CD8 T cells are refractory to rescue by PD-1 blockade, but re-invigorate following concomitant CD4 T cell depletion in vivo (P6097) (2013)

Abstract Blockade of the inhibitory PD-1 receptor during chronic infections and cancers has been promising at restoring CD8 T cell function, but it is currently unknown if this functional rescue is optimal during a specific stage of the process of T cell exhaustion. In a model of lifelong LCMV infection in mice, we showed that there is an early phase when PD-1 blockade is able to induce robust rescue of exhausted CD8 T cell responses. As the infection progresses, however, most of the severely exhausted cells become refractory to rescue by PD-1 blockade. This indicated a continuous accumulation of more terminally differentiated virus-specific T cells that underwent a T cell exhaustion program that was regulated by additional inhibitory pathways. This progressive decrease in CD8 T cell rescue potential was associated with a gradual increase in CD4+ Tregs. Interestingly, PD-1 blockade together with transient CD4 depletion during the late stage of chronic infection was able to re-invigorate severely exhausted CD8 T cells and enhance antiviral control. Importantly, whole CD4 depletion did not result in fulminant autoimmune-mediated death that is typically observed following specific Treg ablation. These data suggest that a crucial interplay exists between the PD-1 pathway and CD4+ Tregs at modulating CD8 T cell exhaustion. Our findings may also help to improve immune prophylaxis regimens in patients who remain refractory to PD-1 blockade therapy during chronic infections and cancer.
Cost analysis of compliant wafer level package (2002)

Low cost package solutions are required by the semiconductor industry to meet the growing demand of high performance and high functionality in electronic products. In particular, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects the package cost per pin to be as low as (0.30-1.26 cents) in 1999 to (0.27-0.93 cents) in 2005 to (0.24-0.68 cents) in 2011. To satisfy this need, a Compliant Wafer Level Package (CWLP) technology has been developed that: (a) packages all of the ICs intact on the wafer at once, and (b) fabricates all of the compliant Input/Output (I/O) connections monolithically in one step. Using discrete event simulations, a detailed manufacturing cost model for the CWLP is described. In contrast to the conventional packages where the cost of the package increases with the I/O count, the CWLP cost is independent of the I/O count because all of the I/Os are monolithically fabricated in one step. For 6-inch wafers and throughput greater than 50,000 wafers per year, the manufacturing cost of the CWLP is computed to be $26.65 per wafer. The percent contributions of the material, equipment and labor to the total cost is calculated to be 87%, 9%, and 4%, respectively.
SignalsThat Dictate Nuclear Localization of Human Papillomavirus Type 16Oncoprotein E6 in LivingCells (2003)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 (16E6) is an oncogenic, multifunctional nuclear protein that induces p53 degradation and perturbs normal cell cycle control, leading to immortalization and transformation of infected keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Although it is unclear how 16E6 disrupts the epigenetic profile of host genes, its presence in the nucleus is a key feature. The present report describes intrinsic properties of 16E6 that influence its nuclear import in living cells. When the coding region of full-length 16E6 was inserted in frame into the C terminus of green fluorescent protein (GFP), it effectively prevented the 16E6 pre-mRNA from being spliced and led to the expression of a GFP-E6 fusion which localized predominantly to the nucleus. Further studies identified three novel nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in 16E6 that drive the protein to accumulate in the nucleus. We found that all three NLS sequences are rich in positively charged basic residues and that point mutations in these key residues could abolish the retention of 16E6 in the nucleus as well as the p53 degradation and cell immortalization activities of the protein. When inserted into corresponding regions of low-risk HPV type 6 E6, the three NLS sequences described for 16E6 functioned actively in converting the normally cytoplasmic HPV type 6 E6 into a nuclear protein. The separate NLS sequences, however, appear to play different roles in nuclear import and retention of HPV E6. The discovery of three unique NLS sequences in 16E6 provides new insights into the nuclear association of 16E6 which may reveal other novel activities of this important oncogenic protein.
The Electrodeposition Mechanism of CdTe from Acidic Aqueous Solutions (1986)

Voltammetry was used to investigate the codeposition of from an acidic aqueous solution containing Cd2+ and ions. The formation of is controlled not only by diffusion; the adsorption of is also a step in the deposition process. Furthermore, the Cd2+ ions displace the from their adsorption sites, causing a shift of the Te(IV) reduction wave and a decrease in the limiting current K+ ions like Cd2+ ions, are also able to displace . A model is given to account for experimental results.
Regulation of Chondrogenesis by Transforming Growth Factor-ß3 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 from Human Mesenchymal Umbilical Cord Blood Cells (2010)

TGF-ss3 used in micromass culture is the best growth factor for promoting the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells from umbilical cord blood during chondrogenesis. This approach may provide an alternative to autologous grafting.
Optimizing the Selection of Bridging Particles for Reservoir Drilling Fluids (2000)

Abstract Most water-based reservoir drilling fluid systems used today are comprised of four primary components: the base brine, viscosifier, fluid-loss additive, and bridging particles. With the exception of minor adjustments of loading levels, the first three components normally do not change. The two primary types of bridging agents include calcium carbonate and sodium chloride salt. Some companies offer as many as seven different grades or sizes of each type of bridging particle. For the first time, the "ideal" pigment-size-distribution theory used widely in the paint industry has been transferred to practical oilfield use. This paper discusses the method and its use in selecting the optimum blend of bridging particles, focusing on an ideal packing sequence for minimizing fluid invasion. The authors examine the various procedures for optimizing sealing, as well as a management maintenance system. The paper expands on Abrams’ Median Particle-Size Rule by going beyond the size of particle required to initiate a bridge. In the discussion, the authors examine the ideal packing sequence for formulating a minimally invading (non-damaging) fluid.
Adhesive bonding of polymer composites (1989)

Abstract In structures composed of polymer matrix composite materials, components must be joined such that the overall structure retains its structural integrity while it is performing its, intended function which can include both mechanical loads (static and dynamic) and environmental loads (temperature and humidity). The use of composite materials in complex structures almost always reduces the number of components in the structures compared to the use of metallic alloys for the same structure. Thus, using composite materials not only results in great savings in weight, but also through a reduced number of joining operations, results in significant savings in assembly, inspection, parts storage, and movement, resulting in increased reliability and lower cost. Yet joining is still required. Joining metallic structures is a mature technology involving riveting, bolting, welding, glueing, brazing, soldering, and other methods. However, for most polymer matrix composites only adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening can be utilized. Attention has been given recently, however, to localized welding of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites, and this will be discussed briefly later. Inherently, adhesive bonding is preferable to mechanical fastening because of the continuous connection, whereas in drilling holes for bolts or rivets, fibers or other reinforcements are cut, and large stress concentrations occar at each discrete fastener hole. The following is a review of much of the literature dealing with adhesive bonding of polymer matrix composite structures. It is Intended not only to be a review, but also a background for detailed study of the referenced and other documents, and a catalyst for future research.
Passive mechanical properties of maturing extensor digitorum longus are not affected by lack of dystrophin (2006)

Mechanical weakness of skeletal muscle is thought to contribute to onset and early progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but this has not been systematically assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine in mice: (1) whether the passive mechanical properties of maturing dystrophic (mdx) muscles were different from control; and (2) if different, the time during maturation when these properties change. Prior to and following the overt onset of the dystrophic process (14-35 days), control and dystrophic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were subjected to two passive stretch protocols in vitro (5% strain at instantaneous and 1.5 L(0)/s strain rates). Force profiles were fit to a viscoelastic muscle model to determine stiffness and damping. The mdx and control EDL muscles exhibited similar passive mechanical properties at each age, suggesting a functional threshold for dystrophic muscle below which damage may be minimized. Determining this threshold may have important clinical implications for treatments of muscular dystrophy involving physical activity.
Pathogenesis of tracheal stenosis following tracheostomy with a cuffed tube: An experimental study in dogs (1972)

A study was undertaken to clarify the pathogenesis of tracheal stenosis complicating the use of cuffed tracheostomy tubes, a complication of increasing clinical significance. Tracheostomy with a cuffed inflated tube was established in dogs and was maintained for two weeks. The effects of tracheostomy were assessed by bronchoscopy, tracheography, and histology at the time of killing, eight weeks after extubation. Animals were divided into four groups, each mimicking a common clinical situation. A control group had uncuffed tubes. A method was designed to determine the pressure developed between the cuff and the tracheal wall. Cuff inflation was maintained at low pressure and at high pressure in a second and third group of animals. A fourth group of animals received prednisone during the two weeks of low pressure inflation. Tracheal stenosis, resembling the defect we have encountered in humans, occurred at the tracheostome in all animals. The greater the diameter of the tracheostomy tube relative to the tracheal diameter, the more severe was the resultant stenosis. Greater degrees of tracheal injury occurred with cuffed than with uncuffed tubes, and still greater injury was observed in animals in which high inflationary pressures or steroids were used. These findings suggest that tracheal stenosis complicating cuffed tracheostomy tubes is the result of ischaemic death of tracheal cartilage due to pressure and infection. Steroids used concomitantly accelerate these changes.
Evolution of domain structures in Na<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Bi<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>TiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>single crystals with BaTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2011)

The domain structures of Na${}_{1/2}$Bi${}_{1/2}$TiO${}_{3}$-Ba${}_{x}$TiO${}_{3}$ (NBT-$x$%BT) crystals for $x$$=$0, 4.5, and 5.5 have been investigated by polarized light and piezoresponse force microscopies. The results show that BaTiO${}_{3}$ (i) refines the size of polar nanoregions and enhances their self-organization, and (ii) suppresses the formation of proper ferroelastic domains at high temperatures in the paraelectric state, and it rather favors the formation of improper ones that form below the ferroelectric Curie temperature and that elastically accommodate the ferroelectric ones.
Henry J. E. Reid (2015)

In recognition of development of the NACA V-G Recorder, and his exemplary leadership during a storied career as the 'Engineer-in-Charge' of the NACA Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory and Director of the NASA Langley Research Center.
Expression of Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor in Keloids (2003)

Our observation suggests that the uPA system is involved in the expansion of keloids beyond the wound margins in part through the degradation of the extracellular matrix, a finding that is supported by the strong expression of uPAR in the extracellular matrix and collagenous cords in most keloids studied.
High plasma concentrations of autoantibodies against native peptide 210 of apoB-100 are related to less coronary atherosclerosis and lower risk of myocardial infarction (2008)

Circulating IgG antibodies against the native peptide 210 of apoB-100 are inversely related to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis and associated with lower risk of MI. Epitope 210 of apoB-100 emerges as a target for immunization against atherosclerosis in humans.
Eating attitudes in young females with diabetes: Insulin omission identifies a vulnerable subgroup (1996)

Eating attitudes were investigated in young females with diabetes (YFDs) and healthy age-matched female controls. Results from the Eating Disorder Inventory confirmed that YFDs had higher scores for drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction and bulimia. In addition, YFDs who omitted insulin injections had high scores for ineffectiveness and interoceptive awareness and had increased sensitivity to external eating cues (as measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire). It is suggested that dieting and weight gain associated with diabetes treatment precipitate a deterioration in eating attitudes. Furthermore, omission of insulin and increased sensitivity to external eating cues serve as markers for a group of YFDs who are at increased risk of developing an eating disorder. The present results provide support for the spiral model of eating disorders (Heatherton & Polivy, 1992) and its emphasis on the importance of self-esteem and self-awareness.
Law Association of Zambia and Chapter One Foundation Limited v Attorney General 2019/CCZ/0013/0014 (2020)

The Constitutional Court of Zambia on 29th November 2019 rendered its highly anticipated (abridged) judgment in the case of Law Association of Zambia and Chapter One Foundation Limited v Attorney General 2019/CCZ/0013/0014. In June 2019 the Minister of Justice introduced into the National Assembly the Constitution of Zambia (Amendment) Bill No. 10 (generally referred to as Bill 10) intended to extensively amend the Constitution. The Bill had been criticized by many stakeholders as it is seen as an attempt to enhance executive powers and undermine constitutionalism. In August 2019, the Law Association of Zambia and Chapter One Foundation Limited commenced action in the Constitutional Court challenging the constitutionality of the Bill. The petitioners argued that the manner in which the Bill sought to introduce amendments violated fundamental tenets that protect the substance and integrity of the Constitution. It is important to bear in mind that the petitioners did not challenge the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution, at least not directly. The focus of the petition was on constitutional safeguards for ensuring that arbitrary amendment of the Constitution was forestalled.
THE OXIDES OF IRON. I. SOLID SOLUTION IN THE SYSTEM FE<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>—FE<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>1</sup>. (1916)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE OXIDES OF IRON. I. SOLID SOLUTION IN THE SYSTEM FE2O3—FE3O41.R. B. Sosman and J. C. HostetterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 4, 807–833Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1916Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1916https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02261a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02261a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phosphorothioate-phosphodiester oligonucleotide co-polymers: assessment for antisense application. (1993)

Efforts have been made to reduce the disadvantages associated with the natural oligonucleotides (all-PO) for antisense application by introducing phosphorothioate (PS) linkages into the molecule. A series of such oligodeoxynucleotide copolymers (17-mers) complementary to the coding region of the rabbit beta-globin mRNA, and containing different proportions and arrangements of PO and PS bonds, were synthesized and tested for their protein-binding properties, nuclease stability in vitro, hybridizing ability with the complementary DNA (cDNA), ability to form RNase H-sensitive substrates and antisense activity in cell-free systems. The melting temperatures (Tm) of the co-polymers were reduced by up to 6 degrees C relative to the all-PO oligo, compared to 11 degrees C for the all-PS compound, indicating intermediate hybridizing abilities of the co-polymers. The protein-binding studies with human serum albumin exhibited a linear correlation with the percentage of PS linkage present in the molecule. Nuclease susceptibilities of the co-polymers were also improved, but the number and position of the PS linkages played a significant role in such improvement. Translation inhibition by these oligonucleotides was only found in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) extract, but not in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) cell-free system, suggesting the involvement of RNase H in their antisense activities. Provided they have > or = 50% PS linkages, the co-polymers produced almost the same increased inhibition in the WGA system as that of the all-PS oligo. The translation arrest in WGA extract is in good agreement with the in vitro cleavage found for rabbit globin mRNA in the oligo:mRNA duplex by RNase H alone. It is concluded that a copolymer of PO and PS might be preferable to either all-PO or all-PS for antisense applications.
A feature projection based adaptive pattern recognition network (1988)

An adaptive pattern recognition network is introduced which is based on multiprecision feature space projection and Bayes confidence combinations. The adaptive network has the following properties: it allows incremental accumulation and effective use of statistical data; for each pattern class, the network dynamically selects the most significant (weighted) features for classification; and the method allows fast incremental learning from training samples and provides for the dynamical introduction of new classes and new features or the exclusion of existing classes and features without retraining on the old data. The model implements the optimal Bayesian classifier without recourse to underlying assumptions about class probability distributions. The network is computationally efficient because it has a parallel architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>