gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multimodality image integration for stereotactic surgical planning (1991)

A method is presented for integrating stereotactic projection and tomographic image data to give composite 3-D images (stereo pairs) of cerebral anatomy and vasculature. The technique serves to combine complementary information from each modality and allows the imaged volume to be viewed directly. The procedure is largely automated and requires no additional apparatus or information beyond that which is ordinarily employed during stereotactic surgical planning. The two types of data are combined by superimposing the projection angiogram (DSA) onto a translucent volume rendered CT or MR image. Since the rendering algorithm employs an orthographic projection technique, the tomographic volume must first be reshaped and oriented to yield a perspective view that matches the DSA projection. During this process, the data undergo various interpolations which consequently affect the accuracy of target identification based on the resulting images. The integrity of the matching procedure was assessed using simulated data sets. Also, calculations were performed to estimate the resolution of measurements made from digitized stereoscopic images. The resulting sub-pixel accuracy of the matched images suggests that the technique has potential for stereotactic applications. Preliminary results are presented illustrating combined CT-DSA and MR-DSA data sets.
Gas in gall stones: a rare radiological sign in the acute abdomen. (1966)

Gas in gall stones : A rare radiological sign in the acute abdomen
Coordinated allele-specific histone acetylation at the differentially methylated regions of imprinted genes (2010)

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic inheritance system characterized by parental allele-specific gene expression. Allele-specific DNA methylation and chromatin composition are two epigenetic modification systems that control imprinted gene expression. To get a general assessment of histone lysine acetylation at imprinted genes we measured allele-specific acetylation of a wide range of lysine residues, H3K4, H3K18, H3K27, H3K36, H3K79, H3K64, H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, H2AK5, H2BK12, H2BK16 and H2BK46 at 11 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in reciprocal mouse crosses using multiplex chromatin immunoprecipitation SNuPE assays. Histone acetylation marks generally distinguished the methylation-free alleles from methylated alleles at DMRs in mouse embryo fibroblasts and embryos. Acetylated lysines that are typically found at transcription start sites exhibited stronger allelic bias than acetylated histone residues in general. Maternally methylated DMRs, that usually overlap with promoters exhibited higher levels of acetylation and a 10% stronger allele-specific bias than paternally methylated DMRs that reside in intergenic regions. Along the H19/Igf2 imprinted domain, allele-specific acetylation at each lysine residue depended on functional CTCF binding sites in the imprinting control region. Our results suggest that many different histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase enzymes must act in concert in setting up and maintaining reciprocal parental allelic histone acetylation at DMRs.
Mechanisms of dichotomous action of IL-2- <i>Pseudomonas</i> exotoxin 40 (IL-2-PE40) on cell-mediated and humoral immune response. (1994)

IL-2-PE40 is a chimeric protein composed of human IL-2 genetically fused to the amino terminus of a modified form of Pseudomonas exotoxin lacking its cell recognition domain. The immunosuppressive efficacy of IL-2-PE40 was demonstrated in several experimental murine transplant and autoimmune models. However, some observations suggested that IL-2-PE40 could not inhibit the humoral response. In this report, we describe the dichotomous effects of IL-2-PE40 on humoral and cell-mediated immune response in a simple, well characterized in vivo model. Although IL-2-PE40 inhibited the cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to SRBC, it increased the humoral immune response to the same Ag. To understand the mechanism of dichotomous action of IL-2-PE40 on the immune response, IL-2R-bearing T cells were treated with IL-2-PE40 in vitro and the cytokine expression was studied at mRNA and protein level. Similar to IL-2, IL-2-PE40 promoted the expression of T helper 1-like (IFN-gamma) as well as T helper 2-like (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines. These in vitro studies show that IL-2-PE40 can induce signal transduction in activated T cells through the IL-2R before exerting its cytotoxic effect. In contrast to DTH reaction, humoral immune response requires T cell help only for a limited period. Therefore, the short-term stimulation of T helper cells by IL-2-PE40 may be sufficient in vivo to mediate a B cell response in the local environment, whereas the DTH reaction and other cell-mediated immune responses are inhibited by the toxin moiety of the chimeric protein.
Clinical Validation of a Predictive Modeling Equation for Sodium (1985)

Changes in plasma sodium (Na) concentration during hemodialysis were predicted by changes in Na concentration of the dialysate at equilibrium with the plasma, according to the formula C't = CD - (CD - C'0) [(V0 - QFt)/V0]A/QF, where C'0 and C't are the Na concentration of the dialysate at equilibrium with the plasma at times 0 and t, respectively; QF is the ultrafiltration flow rate; V0 is the initial total body water; and CD is the Na dialysate concentration. This modeling involves only one parameter, A, which is the effective sodium dialysance and depends on the dialyzer, the QF, the plasma water flow rate, and the actual Donnan coefficient. Parameter A was evaluated after 1 h of dialysis. Seven routine 4-h dialysis sessions were performed in which the Na concentration of dialysate at equilibrium with the plasma was measured at varying times. The mean (+/- SEM) difference between predicted and measured values was delta C = 0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/L. These data support the validity of the model that allows the monitoring of Na dialysate concentration to obtain a prescribed Na plasma concentration at the end of a dialysis session.
Efficient coupler between chip-level and board-level optical waveguides (2011)

We propose an efficient optical coupler between a submicrometer-sized silicon waveguide on a silicon photonic chip and a multi-micrometer wide polymer waveguide on an optical printed circuit board for interchip optical networks. We show low coupling loss <0.4 dB with high lateral and angular tolerance to misalignment so that coupling can be done by automatic pick-and-place equipments with high throughput and low cost. The coupler has a wide optical bandwidth from 1470 to 1650 nm.
In vitro and in vivo Uric Acid Lowering by Artificial Cells Containing Microencapsulated Genetically Engineered E. coli DH5 Cells (2000)

Increase in systemic uric acid occurs in renal insufficiency, gout, chemotherapy, and other diseases. Dialysis can lower this metabolite but is expensive. The use of drugs can, sometime, result in side effects. Therefore, a suitable affordable method for this is required. In this article, for the first time, we report the use of artificial cells containing micro encapsulated genetically engineered E. Coli DH5 cells for lowering uric acid in vitro and in vivo. Results show that this novel approach has the ability to significantly lower uric acid from 84.80 +/- 3.40 mg/dl to 9.32 +/- 0.05 mg/dl in vitro and from the plasma of the experimental animals from the control levels of 71.00 +/- 27.49 mg/dl to 20.33 +/- 17.92 mg/dl in vivo. Continued daily oral administration maintained the plasma uric acid concentration of experimental uremic rats to the normal plasma uric acid level range during the entire test period.
Ambient nitrogen reduction cycle using a hybrid inorganic–biological system (2017)

We demonstrate the synthesis of NH<sub>3</sub> from N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O at ambient conditions in a single reactor by coupling hydrogen generation from catalytic water splitting to a H<sub>2</sub>-oxidizing bacterium <i>Xanthobacter autotrophicus</i>, which performs N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to solid biomass. Living cells of <i>X. autotrophicus</i> may be directly applied as a biofertilizer to improve growth of radishes, a model crop plant, by up to ∼1,440% in terms of storage root mass. The NH<sub>3</sub> generated from nitrogenase (N<sub>2</sub>ase) in <i>X. autotrophicus</i> can be diverted from biomass formation to an extracellular ammonia production with the addition of a glutamate synthetase inhibitor. The N<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction proceeds at a low driving force with a turnover number of 9 × 10<sup>9</sup> cell<sup>-1</sup> and turnover frequency of 1.9 × 10<sup>4</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>⋅cell<sup>-1</sup> without the use of sacrificial chemical reagents or carbon feedstocks other than CO<sub>2</sub> This approach can be powered by renewable electricity, enabling the sustainable and selective production of ammonia and biofertilizers in a distributed manner.
Dust and fibers as a cause of indoor environment problems (2008)

In the absence of scientifically based guidelines for airborne dust concentrations, good practice calls for dust levels to be kept as low as practically achievable. To do so means reducing the sources. Once particles are introduced, there is only one way of removing them, through a combination of ventilation and surface cleaning. These removal processes, in combination with source emissions and material transport between indoor air and surface compartments, determine the net concentration of particles in the room air. Data on source emission and transport rates are presented in this paper. Such data provide useful background information for developing effective strategies for controlling particles in indoor air. Visually perceived cleanliness is one measure of indoor-air quality and is the subjective assessment of cleaning quality. Cleaning quality can be concisely defined and objectively assessed according to a Nordic standard on cleaning quality. An example of how to deal with complaints of irritation attributed to particles in the absence of concentration guidelines is presented for synthetic vitreous fibers.
An Architecture for Dynamic Reconfiguration in a Distributed Object-Based Programming Language (1991)

Distributed applications ideally allow reconfiguration while the application is running, but changes are usually limited to adding new client and server processes and changing the bindings among such processes. In some application domains, such as real-time financial services, it is necessary to support finer grained reconfiguration at the level of entities smaller than processes, but for performance reasons it is desirable to avoid conventional approaches that require dynamic storage allocation. We present a scheme for special cases of fine-grained dynamic reconfiguration sufficient for our application domain and show how it can be used for practical changes. We introduce new language concepts to apply this scheme in the context of an object-based programming language that supports shared data in a distributed environment.
High density Schottky barrier IRCCD sensors for SWIR applications at intermediate temperature (1982)

Monolithic 32 x 64 and 64 x 1:128 palladium silicide (Pd2Si) interline transfer infrared charge coupled devices (IRCCDs) sensitive in the 1 to 3.5 micron spectral band were developed. This silicon imager exhibits a low response nonuniformity of typically 0.2 to 1.6% rms, and was operated in the temperature range between 40 to 140 K. Spectral response measurements of test Pd2Si p-type Si devices yield quantum efficiencies of 7.9% at 1.25 microns, 5.6% at 1.65 microns 2.2% at 2.22 microns. Improvement in quantum efficiency is expected by optimizing the different structural parameters of the Pd2Si detectors. The spectral response of the Pd2Si detectors fit a modified Fowler emission model. The measured photo-electric barrier height for the Pd2Si detectors is 0.34 eV and the measured quantum efficiency coefficient, C1, is 19%/eV. The dark current level of Pd2Si Schottky barrier focal plane arrays (FPAs) is sufficiently low to enable operation at intermediate temperatures at TV frame rates. Typical dark current level measured at 120 K on the FPA is 2 nA/sq cm. The operating temperature of the Pd2Si FPA is compatible with passive cooler performance. In addition, high density Pd2Si Schottky barrier FPAs are manufactured with high yield and therefore represent an economical approach to short wavelength IR imaging. A Pd2Si Schottky barrier image sensor for push-broom multispectral imaging in the 1.25, 1.65, and 2.22 micron bands is being studied. The sensor will have two line arrays (dual band capability) of 512 detectors each, with 30 micron center-to-center detector spacing. The device will be suitable for chip-to-chip abutment, thus providing the capability to produce large, multiple chip focal planes with contiguous, in-line sensors.
Specific changes in the expression of imprinted genes in prostate cancer—implications for cancer progression and epigenetic regulation (2012)

Epigenetic dysregulation comprising DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) overexpression and altered patterns of histone modifications is associated with the progression of prostate cancer. DNA methylation, EZH2 and histone modifications also ensure the parental-specific monoallelic expression of at least 62 imprinted genes. Although it is therefore tempting to speculate that epigenetic dysregulation may extend to imprinted genes, expression changes in cancerous prostates are only well documented for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). A literature and database survey on imprinted genes in prostate cancer suggests that the expression of most imprinted genes remains unchanged despite global disturbances in epigenetic mechanisms. Instead, selective genetic and epigenetic changes appear to lead to the inactivation of a sub-network of imprinted genes, which might function in the prostate to limit cell growth induced via the PI3K/Akt pathway, modulate androgen responses and regulate differentiation. Whereas dysregulation of IGF2 may constitute an early change in prostate carcinogenesis, inactivation of this imprinted gene network is rather associated with cancer progression.
Polyethylenimine Modified Graphene-Oxide Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Central Nervous System Injury (2018)

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is as an intermediate filament protein expressed by certain cells in the central nervous system (CNS). GFAP has been recognized as a reliable biomarker of CNS injury. However, due to the absence of rapid and easy-to-use assays for the detection of CNS injury biomarkers, measuring GFAP levels to identify CNS injury has not attained widespread clinical implementation. In the present work, we developed a polyethylenimine (PEI) coated graphene screen-printed electrode and used it for highly sensitive immunosensing of GFAP. Covalent binding of GFAP antibody to the PEI-modified electrode surface along with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used for detecting the change in the electrical conductivity of the electrodes. A highly linear response was recorded for various GFAP concentrations. Quantitative, selective, and label-free detection was achieved in the dynamic range of 1 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> to 100 ng mL<sup>-1</sup> for GFAP spiked in phosphate buffer saline, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and human blood serum. The performance of the immunosensor was further validated and correlated by testing samples with the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. This functionalized electrode could be used clinically for rapid detection and monitoring of CNS injury.
Hemifacial Microsomia-A Case Report (1994)

Hemifacial microsomia is considered one of a spectrum of syndromes including oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia and Goldenhar syndrome. It is not commonly encountered in our daily practice and is usually not discussed in detail in the textbook. We report a case with such polytomographic and computed tomographic pictures, and review the literature to give a whole view of hemifacial microsomia.
Three-terminal thermoelectric transport through a molecular junction (2010)

The thermoelectric transport through a molecular bridge is discussed with an emphasis on the effects of inelastic processes of the transport electrons caused by the coupling to the vibrational modes of the molecule. In particular, it is found that when the molecule is strongly coupled to a thermal bath of its own, which may be at a temperature different from those of the electronic reservoirs, a heat current between the molecule and the electrons can be converted into an electric current. Expressions for the transport coefficients governing this conversion and similar ones are derived, and a possible scenario for increasing their magnitudes is outlined.
Performance degradation of an LC-tank VCO by impact of digital switching noise (2004)

In mixed-signal designs, digital switching noise is an important limitation for the analog and RF performance. This paper reports a thorough experimental and analytical study of the impact of digital switching noise on a 3.5 GHz LC-tank voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS. Frequency modulation is recognized as the dominating mechanism behind the impact of digital switching noise in the investigated frequency range (DC to 15 MHz). The dominating coupling path, from the source of noise to the VCO, in this frequency range is via the non-ideal metal ground lines.
J. J. Thomson and The Electron: 1897?1899 An Introduction (1997)

Three Seminal Papers of J. J. Thomson This being the 100th anniversary of J. J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron, the October 1897 paper in which he presented his case that cathode rays are streams of subatomic “corpuscles” is attracting a great deal of attention. Viewed from 100 years later, this paper stands out as the starting point for the research into the structure of the atom that has dominated 20th-century science. Viewed in its original historical context, however, this paper was but one of a group by Thomson and his Cavendish Laboratory research students and is matched in importance by his two ensuing papers: “On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays” published in December 1898 and “On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures” published in December 1899. All three of these seminal papers, which appeared in the prestigious Philosophical Magazine, are included here, along with the published text of Thomson’s talk of April 30, 1897, in which he first put the subatomic proposal forward and George Fitzgerald’s commentary on this talk.
The regulation of jejunal induction of the maltase–glucoamylase gene by a high‐starch/low‐fat diet in mice (2010)

Maltase and glucoamylase are derived from the same mRNA and are responsible for digestion of starch in the small intestine. Their jejunal activities in rodents are induced by a high-starch/low-fat (HS)-diet. However, it is unknown whether jejunal expression of the maltase-glucoamylase (Mgam) gene is enhanced by the HS-diet. In this study, we found that jejunal Mgam mRNA was increased by a HS-diet in mice. We showed that the HS-diet increased acetylation of histones, bindings of a coactivator, Creb binding protein (CREBBP), and the transcriptional factors caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) and HNF1 homeobox (HNF1) in the promoter/enhancer and transcriptional regions of Mgam gene. This suggests that the increase in the jejunal activity of maltase and glucoamylase caused by a HS-diet in mice is regulated at the mRNA level through histone acetylation and binding of CREBBP, CDX2 and HNF1 in the promoter/enhancer and transcriptional regions of Mgam gene.
Monolithic chemical sensor using heterodyned sampledgrating DBRlasers (2001)

A chemical sensor using tandem wavelength-tunable lasers monolithically integrated with a field combiner and a photodetector is presented. The evanescent field of one laser senses small changes in refractive index due to impurities or binding of antigens, and induces a shift in the heterodyne frequency.
Nature of Weak Magnetism in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>SrTiO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>LaAlO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Multilayers (2012)

We report the observation of weak magnetism in superlattices of LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) using β-detected nuclear magnetic resonance. The spin lattice relaxation rate of ^{8}Li in superlattices with a spacer layers of 8 and 6 unit cells of LaAlO(3) exhibits a strong peak near ~35 K, whereas no such peak is observed in a superlattice with spacer layer thickness of 3 unit cells. We attribute the observed temperature dependence to slowing down of weakly coupled electronic moments at the LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) interface. These results show that the magnetism at the interface depends strongly on the thickness of the spacer layer, and that a minimal thickness of ~4-6 unit cells is required for the appearance of magnetism. A simple model is used to determine that the observed relaxation is due to small fluctuating moments (~0.002μ(B)) in the two samples with a larger LaAlO(3) spacer thickness.
The role of Helicobacter species in newly recognized gastrointestinal tract diseases of animals. (1997)

Because Helicobacter pylori is now known to be a significant human pathogen, experimental animal models are increasingly being used to study the pathogenesis of this organism. Unfortunately, early studies failed to establish H. pylori in animal models, and surprisingly, Koch's postulates were initially fulfilled in two human volunteers. Germfree experiments performed in pigs and pups however established that H. pylori would colonize in these animals, and gastritis was induced. Certain macaque species and cats are now known to be naturally infected with H. pylori, and these animals are susceptible to experimentally induced infection with the organism as well. Interestingly, as the ability to manipulate and grow H. pylori in vitro increased, so did the ability to colonize it in animal models. Helicobacter pylori has now experimentally induced gastritis in germfree euthymic and nude mice and in conventionally housed mice. Six additional Helicobacter species have been isolated and identified from the stomachs of various mammals, including dogs, cats, ferrets, pigs, monkeys, and cheetahs; these organisms, similar to H. pylori, are associated with variable degrees of gastritis in their hosts. In addition to the discovery of gastric helicobacters, an increasing number of Helicobacter spp. have been isolated from the distal part of the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds. Importantly, in one inbred strain of mice, A/JCr, persistent infection with H. hepaticus is linked to development of hepatic adenomas and adenocarcinomas. To date, the genus Helicobacter includes 17 named species as well as other formally unnamed closely related organisms. An overview of gastric helicobacters and naturally acquired Helicobacter spp.-induced disease in laboratory animals and, where appropriate, use of animal models to study H. pylori-associated gastric disease is presented. Similarities between Helicobacter infections and the epidemiology of the diseases induced by these bacteria in humans and animals also are highlighted.