gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The New Frontier in RAN Heterogeneity: Multi-Tier Drone-Cells (2016)

In cellular networks, the locations of the RAN elements are determined mainly based on the long-term traffic behavior. However, when the random and hard-to-predict spatio-temporal distribution of the traffic (load, demand) does not fully match the fixed locations of the RAN elements (supply), some performance degradation becomes inevitable. The concept of multi-tier cells (heterogeneous networks, HetNets) has been introduced in 4G networks to alleviate this mismatch. However, as the traffic distribution deviates more and more from the long-term average, even the HetNet architecture will have difficulty in coping with the erratic supply-demand mismatch, unless the RAN is grossly over-engineered (which is a financially non-viable solution). In this article, we study the opportunistic utilization of low-altitude unmanned aerial platforms equipped with BSs (i.e., drone-BSs) in future wireless networks. In particular, we envisage a multi-tier drone-cell network complementing the terrestrial HetNets. The variety of equipment and non-rigid placement options allow utilizing multi-tier drone-cell networks to serve diversified demands. Hence, drone-cells bring the supply to where the demand is, which sets new frontiers for the heterogeneity in 5G networks. We investigate the advancements promised by dronecells and discuss the challenges associated with their operation and management. We propose a drone-cell management framework (DMF) benefiting from the synergy among SDN, network functions virtualization, and cloud computing. We demonstrate DMF mechanisms via a case study, and numerically show that it can reduce the cost of utilizing drone-cells in multi-tenancy cellular networks.
Circulant Binary Embedding (2014)

Binary embedding of high-dimensional data requires long codes to preserve the discriminative power of the input space. Traditional binary coding methods often suffer from very high computation and storage costs in such a scenario. To address this problem, we propose Circulant Binary Embedding (CBE) which generates binary codes by projecting the data with a circulant matrix. The circulant structure enables the use of Fast Fourier Transformation to speed up the computation. Compared to methods that use unstructured matrices, the proposed method improves the time complexity from $\mathcal{O}(d^2)$ to $\mathcal{O}(d\log{d})$, and the space complexity from $\mathcal{O}(d^2)$ to $\mathcal{O}(d)$ where $d$ is the input dimensionality. We also propose a novel time-frequency alternating optimization to learn data-dependent circulant projections, which alternatively minimizes the objective in original and Fourier domains. We show by extensive experiments that the proposed approach gives much better performance than the state-of-the-art approaches for fixed time, and provides much faster computation with no performance degradation for fixed number of bits.
중등 예비교사 체육수업에서의 피드백 분석 (2003)

본 연구는 교수 기능의 향상을 위한 연습의 일환으로 이루어지는 중등 체육예 비교사들의 교생실습에서 나타나는 피드백을 분석하여 예비교사들이 제공하는 피드백의 형태와 교수-학습의 효율성 및 수업의 질을 높일 수 있는 피드백 제공방법을 살펴보는데 목적이 있으며 이를 위해 9명의 예비교사들의 체육수업을 비디오 촬영하여 피드백 분석 프로필(FAP)을 사용하여 피드백 제공형태를 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대상에 따른 피드백 유형은 개인별 피드백이 많았으며, 대부분의 피드백은 부정확한 운동기능에 대한 처방적 피드백이었고, 피드백의 제공시기는 운동수행 중, 직후에 이루어졌다. 둘째, 성공적으로 수행된 행동에 대하여 긍정적으로 반응하기보다는 다른 잘못된 점을 교정해 주는 교정 콤플렉스 현상이 나타났다. 이로 인해 긍정적 피드백보다는 부정확한 기능에 대한 처방적 피드백의 제공이 많았다. 셋째, 운동 수행 중, 직후에 처방적 피드백을 제공하였으나 학생들이 운동 기능 향상에는 많은 도움을 주지 못하고 있었다. 학생들의 선수학습 상태와 운동 수행 능력을 사전에 파악하지 못하고 수업준비를 함으로써 학생들의 능력에 맞는 수업준비 부족과 내용에 대한 확실한 이해 부족으로 이어져 학생들의 능력을 고려한 수업의 세부적인 단계화가 이루어지지 않았으며, 이로 인해 과제제시, 연습, 피드백의 유기적인 공조가 이루어지지 않았다.
PPP Network Control Protocol for LAN Extension (1995)

Telecommunications infrastructure is improving to offer higher bandwidth connections at lower cost.Access to the network is changing from modems to more intelligent devices.This informational RFC discusses a PPP Network Control Protocol for one such intelligent device.The protocol is the LAN extension interface protocol.
Feasibility Study of Using the Housing Cases of Implantable Devices as Antennas (2016)

A novel antenna design for implantable pacemakers is proposed. The housing of a pacemaker is utilized as an antenna to cover both the 402-405 MHz Medical Implant Communication Service band and the 433-MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. This is achieved by exploiting radiating characteristic current modes of the housing case. These modes are excited using a capacitive coupling element with the help of a matching circuit. The radiation pattern of this antenna is optimized to be in a desirable direction away from the body (off-body direction). The ability of the proposed antenna for communications is demonstrated using a transceiver and a base station at 433 MHz. A communication range of 1 m is established when a transmitter with the proposed antenna is implanted in a rabbit and the power fed by the transceiver to the antenna is 25 μW. A longer range of up to 19 m can be established with the maximum allowable transmit power within the safety limits. Furthermore, the far field wireless power transfer through the proposed antenna is investigated by experiment. A received power of up to 22.38 μW by the proposed antenna is demonstrated when an equivalent isotropically radiated power of 140 mW is transmitted 1 m away from a transmitting antenna. From the same transmitting antenna in the same distance, a power of 4 mW can be received when the transmit power is within safety limits. This power can be used to recharge a small battery or a capacitor, which can potentially cover the communication power consumption of the pacemaker and hence extend the life span of the primary battery.
The Development of a Marine Natural Product-based Antifouling Paint (2003)

Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten water-based paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined.
Two 1 : 1 binding modes for distamycin in the minor groove of d(GGCCAATTGG) (2002)

Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of the complex between the minor-groove binder distamycin and d(GGCCAATTGG) reveal two 1 : 1 binding modes which differ in the orientation of the drug molecule in the minor groove. The two crystals were grown from different crystallization conditions and found to diffract to 2.38 and 1.85 A, respectively. The structures were refined to completion using SHELXL-93, resulting in a residual R factor of 20.30% for the 2.38-A resolution structure (including 46 water molecules) and 19.74% for the 1.85-A resolution structure (including 74 water molecules). In both orientations, bifurcated hydrogen bonds are formed between the amide nitrogen atoms of the drug and AT base pairs. With a binding site of at least five base pairs, close contacts between the terminal distamycin atoms and guanine amino groups are inevitable. The detailed nature of several of these interactions was further investigated by ab initio quantum chemical methods.
Bioinspired Fabrication of 3D Ordered Macroporous Single Crystals of Calcite from a Transient Amorphous Phase (2008)

Der Platz in den Zwischenräumen: Geordnete makroporöse Calcit-Einkristalle mit einstellbarer Orientierung und definierten Nanomustern entstehen, wenn amorphes CaCO3 in ein Kolloidkristalltemplat aus Polymerkügelchen eingelagert wird (siehe Bild). Diese Strategie könnte zu funktionellen Einkristallmaterialien führen und Biomineralisationsmechanismen erklären. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2008/z705403_s.html or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
ControlFreak: Signature Chaining to Counter Control Flow Attacks (2015)

Many modern embedded systems use networks to communicate. This increases the attack surface: the adversary does not need to have physical access to the system and can launch remote attacks. By exploiting software bugs, the attacker might be able to change the behavior of a program. Security violations in safety-critical systems are particularly dangerous since they might lead to catastrophic results. Hence, safety-critical software requires additional protection. We present an approach to detect and prevent control flow attacks. Such attacks maliciously modify program's control flow to achieve the desired behavior. We develop ControlFreak, a hardware watchdog to monitor program execution and to prevent illegal control flow transitions. The watchdog employs chained signatures to detect any modification of the instruction stream and any illegal jump in the program even if signatures are maliciously modified.
Dynamic policy-based management in open distributed environments (2002)

It is well understood that the increasing importance of open distributed systems and the growing number of services that utilise them has given rise to the need for effective distributed systems management [190]. Furthermore, it has also become increasingly difficult to build management systems that can cope with the increasing size and complexity of current open distributed systems [192, 196]. Recently, a number of distributed object-based computing environments, such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) [167] and the Telecommunication Intelligent Network Architecture (TINA) [152], have been developed that aim to support interoperability between domains in large open distributed systems, where components may appear and disappear dynamically at run-time. As a direct result of the interoperability promoted by such architectures, the complexity of security and management policies has increased greatly due in part to the requirement to support both mutual transparency and individual autonomy between domains [18], and also because of the necessity to cope with the coexistence of multiple, potentially inconsistent, security and management policies. In this thesis, an approach to the modelling of policy and a formal temporal logic based specification of a policy language has been developed that are suitable for supporting the requirements of large open distributed systems. Use of both the concepts defined in the policy model and a formal policy language has enabled the precise specification of what constitutes conflict in policy-based management systems. Furthermore, the development of methods and algorithms that support the systematic dynamic detection and resolution of policy-based conflicts in large open distributed environments have been defined.
Rapid and simple DNA extraction method for the detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus directly from food samples: comparison of PCR and LAMP methods (2012)

The method is suitable for direct detection of Staph. aureus without any enrichment in contaminated food samples and hence finds its application in food safety analysis, in permutation with LAMP.
Robust UAV Position and Attitude Estimation using Multiple GNSS Receivers for Laser-based 3D Mapping (2019)

Small-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely investigated for use in a variety of applications such as remote sensing and aerial surveying. Direct three-dimensional (3D) mapping using a small-sized UAV equipped with a laser scanner is required for numerous remote sensing applications. In direct 3D mapping, the precise information about the position and attitude of the UAV is necessary for constructing 3D maps. In this study, we propose a novel and robust technique for estimating the position and attitude of small-sized UAVs by employing multiple low-cost and light-weight global navigation satellite system (GNSS) antennas/receivers. Using the “redundancy'' of multiple GNSS receivers, we enhance the performance of real-time kinematic (RTK)-GNSS by employing single-frequency GNSS receivers. This method consists of two approaches: hybrid GNSS fix solutions and consistency examination of the GNSS signal strength. The fix rate of RTK-GNSS using single-frequency GNSS receivers can be highly enhanced to combine multiple RTK-GNSS to fix solutions in the multiple antennas. In addition, positioning accuracy and fix rate can be further enhanced to detect multipath signals by using multiple GNSS antennas. In this study, we developed a prototype UAV that is equipped with six GNSS antennas /receivers. From the static test results, we conclude that the proposed technique can enhance the accuracy of the position and attitude estimation in multipath environments. From the flight test, the proposed system could generate a 3D map with an accuracy of 5 cm.
Application of Machine Learning Methods to the Open-Loop Control of a Freeform Fabrication System (2004)

Freeform fabrication of complete functional devices requires the fabrication system to achieve well-controlled deposition of many materials with widely varying material properties. In a research setting, material preparation processes are not highly refined, causing batch property variation, and cost and time may prohibit accurate quantification of the relevant material properties, such as viscosity, elasticity, etc. for each batch. Closed-loop control based on the deposited material road is problematic due to the difficulty in non-contact measurement of the road geometry, so a labor-intensive calibration and open-loop control method is typically used. In the present work, k-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning algorithms are applied to the problem of generating open-loop control parameters which produce desired deposited material road geometry from a description of a given material and tool configuration comprising a set of qualitative and quantitative attributes. Training data for the algorithms is generated in the course of ordinary use of the SFF system as the results of manual calibration of control parameters. Given the large instance space and the small training data set compiled thus far, the performance is quite promising, although still insufficient to allow complete automation of the calibration process. The SVM-based approach produces tolerable results when tested with materials not in the training data set. When control parameters produced by the learning algorithms are used as a starting point for manual calibration, significant operator time savings and material waste reduction may be achieved.
Comparative Studies of Substitution Reactions of Rhenium(I) Dicarbonyl−Nitrosyl and Tricarbonyl Complexes in Aqueous Media (2005)

The ligand substitution behavior of [ReBr3(CO)3](NEt4)2 (1) and [ReBr3(CO)2(NO)]NEt4 (2) in aqueous media was compared. Ligand exchange reactions were performed with multidentate chelating systems such as picolylaminediacetic acid (L1; N,N',O,O'), nitrilotriacetic acid (L2; N,O,O',O''), iminodiacetic acid (L3; N,O,O'), and bis(2-pyridyl)methane (L4; N,N'). The products of the substitution reactions were isolated and characterized by means of IR, NMR, MS, and X-ray structure analysis. NMR and crystallographic analyses confirmed the formation of single structural isomers in all cases with a ligand-to-metal ratio of 1:1. With ligands L1 and L2 and precursor 1 the tridentately coordinated complexes [Re(L1)(CO)3] (7) and [Re(L2)(CO)3]2- (8) were formed. With precursor 2 the same ligands unexpectedly coordinated tetradentately after displacing a CO ligand, yielding complexes [Re(L1)(CO)(NO)] (3) and [Re(L2)(CO)(NO)]- (4). In both complexes NO was found to be coordinated trans to the carboxylate group. Time-dependent IR spectra of the reaction of 2 with ligand L1 and L2 confirmed the loss of one CO during the reaction. The product of the reaction of 2 with L3 was identified as the neutral complex [Re(L3)(CO)2(NO)] (5), again, with the nitrosyl coordinated trans to the carboxylate. With 1, ligand L3 formed the anionic complex [Re(L3)(CO)3]- (9). Finally the reactions with L4 yielded the complexes [ReBr(L4)(CO)2(NO)]Br (6) and [ReBr(L4)(CO)3] (10), in which bromide was found to be coordinated trans to the NO and CO, respectively. The X-ray structures of 3, 5-7, and 10 are discussed: 3, monoclinic P2(1)/n, with a = 14.6071(6) A, b = 8.0573(3) A, c = 24.7210(11) A, beta = 107.117(5) degrees, and Z = 4; 5, triclinic P1, with a = 6.9091(5) A, b = 9.8828(7) A, c = 14.2834(10) A, alpha = 89.246(9) degrees, beta = 89.420(9) degrees, gamma = 86.196(9) degrees, and Z = 4; 6, triclinic P1, with a = 9.8236(8) A, b = 10.0949(8) A, c = 12.5346(10) A, alpha = 108.679(9) degrees, beta = 111.992(9) degrees, gamma = 95.426(10) degrees, and Z = 2; 10, monoclinic P2(1)/c, with a = 12.7491(12) A, b = 13.3015(13) A, c = 9.0112(9) A, beta = 107.195(2) degrees, and Z = 7.
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is the Central Regulator of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Transcription of the Brown Fat Uncoupling Protein 1 Gene (2004)

It is well established that catecholamine-stimulated thermogenesis in brown fat requires beta-adrenergic elevations in cyclic AMP (cAMP) to increase expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene. However, little is known about the downstream components of the signaling cascade or the relevant transcription factor targets thereof. Here we demonstrate that cAMP- and protein kinase A-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in brown adipocytes is an indispensable step in the transcription of the UCP1 gene in mice. By phosphorylating activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coativator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha), members of two distinct nuclear factor families, p38 MAPK controls the expression of the UCP1 gene through their respective interactions with a cAMP response element and a PPAR response element that both reside within a critical enhancer motif of the UCP1 gene. Activation of ATF-2 by p38 MAPK additionally serves as the cAMP sensor that increases expression of the PGC-1alpha gene itself in brown adipose tissue. In conclusion, our findings illustrate that by orchestrating the activity of multiple transcription factors, p38 MAPK is a central mediator of the cAMP signaling mechanism of brown fat that promotes thermogenesis.
Application of heuristic search and information theory to sequential fault diagnosis (2003)

The problem of constructing optimal and near-optimal test sequences to diagnose permanent faults in electronic and electromechanical systems is considered. The test sequencing problem is formulated as an optimal binary AND/OR decision tree construction problem, whose solution is known to be NP-complete. The approach is based on integrating concepts from information theory and heuristic AND/OR graph search methods to subdue the computational explosion of the optimal test sequencing problem. Lower bounds on the optimal cost-to-go are derived from the information-theoretic concepts of Huffman coding and entropy, which ensure that an optimal solution is found using the heuristic AND/OR graph search algorithms. This makes it possible to obtain optimal test sequences to problems that are intractable with the traditional dynamic programming techniques. In addition, a class of test sequencing algorithms that provide a tradeoff between optimality and complexity have been derived using the epsilon -optimal and limited search strategies. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated on several test cases. As a by-product, this approach to test sequencing can be adapted to solve a wide variety of binary identification problems arising in other fields.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced State Estimation using Multiscale Kalman Filtering (2006)

Multiscale wavelet-based representation of data has shown great noise removal abilities when used in data filtering. In this paper, a multiscale Kalman filtering (MSKF) algorithm is developed, in which the filtering advantages of multiscale representation are combined with those of the Kalman filter to further enhance its estimation performance. The MSKF algorithm relies on representing the data at multiple scales using stationary wavelet transform (SWT), applying Kalman filtering on the scaling coefficients at each scales, and then selecting the optimum scale at which the Kalman filter minimizes a cross validation mean square error criterion. The multiscale state space models used in MSKF are also derived using the SWT representation. The MSKF algorithm is shown to outperform the conventional Kalman filter through a simulated example, and the reason behind this improvement is the additional filtering advantage gained by the low pass filters used in SWT
A highly efficient Cu/La2O3 catalyst for transfer dehydrogenation of primary aliphatic alcohols (2009)

La2O3-supported copper nanoparticles are sufficiently active for transfer dehydrogenation of primary aliphatic alcohols to aldehydes. When used for 1-octanol, the yield of 1-octanal can be as high as 63%. The catalyst is also highly effective for a wide variety of substrates, such as aromatic, aliphatic, and cyclic alcohols. The yield of the desired products approaches 100% and the turnover frequency is 86.5 h−1. The synergistic effect between the basicity of La2O3 and the hydrogen spillover of Cu particle contributes significantly to the extremely high activity of the Cu/La2O3 catalyst for transfer dehydrogenation of primary aliphatic alcohols.
Tibio‐femoral loading during human gait and stair climbing (2003)

Surgical intervention of the knee joint routinely endeavors to recreate a physiologically normal joint loading environment. The loading conditions resulting from osteotomies, fracture treatment, ligament replacements, and arthroplasties of the knee are considered to have an impact on the long term clinical outcome; however, knowledge regarding in vivo loading conditions is limited. Using a previously validated musculoskeletal lower limb model, we predicted the tibio-femoral joint contact forces that occur in the human knee during the common daily activities of walking and stair climbing. The average resultant peak force during walking was 3.1 times body weight (BW) across four total hip arthroplasty patients. Inter-individual variations proved larger than the variation of forces for each patient repeating the same task. Forces through the knee were considerably larger during stair climbing than during walking: the average resultant peak force during stair climbing was 5.4 BW although peaks of up to 6.2 BW were calculated for one particular patient. Average anteroposterior peak shear components of 0.6 BW were determined during walking and 1.3 BW during stair climbing. These results confirm both the joint contact forces reported in the literature and the importance of muscular activity in creating high forces across the joint. The magnitudes of these forces, specifically in shear, have implications for all forms of surgical intervention in the knee. The data demonstrate that high contact and shear forces are generated during weight bearing combined with knee flexion angles greater than approximately 15 degrees. Clinically, the conditions that produce these larger contact forces should be avoided during post-operative rehabilitation.