gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward a method of objectively determining scanpath similarity (2010)

The ability to objectively compare scanpaths enables researchers to study the adoption and evolution of visual search strategies within complex task environments. Current eye tracking technology is enhancing the researcher's ability to collect scanpaths. However, a drawback of using eye tracking technology is the difficulty in objectively analyzing portions of the obtained data. For example, the ability to compare two complete scanpaths, two subsections within the same scanpath, or two subsections of two different scanpaths has been elusive. Recent research has applied objective measures to scanpaths (see Goldberg & Kotval, 1999; Ponsoda, Scott, & Findlay, 1995). However, such measures fail to utilize the temporal flow of dwells composing scanpaths (e.g., scanpath length or convex hull area). I present a novel method to objectively determine scanpath similarity that includes the temporal flow of dwells. A sequence alignment algorithm adopted from bioinformatics is used to determine whether areas of interest in a complex task environment are foveated in the same temporal order over repeated trials and between participants. The algorithm determines the minimum number of edits necessary to change one scanpath into another - the smaller the number of edits the greater the similarity between the compared scanpaths. To demonstrate the usefulness of scanpath comparisons, all scanpaths from two conditions of an empirical study were compared for two participants (one per condition). Results demonstrate that prototypical scanpaths are determinable through sequence alignment, and represent search strategies. Results also demonstrate that such strategies are attained and settled on early in the task, and that two or more strategies likely compete over the course of the task. Furthermore, prototypical search strategies for the two subjects were similar, but differed systematically, suggesting that minute changes in task environments subtly change visual search strategies.
Verification of a Complete Pore Network Simulator of Drainage and Imbibition (2000)

Abstract Relative permeability and capillary pressure functions define how much oil can be recovered and at what rate. These functions, in turn, depend critically on the geometry and topology of the pore space, on the physical characteristics of the rock grains and the fluids, and on the conditions imposed by the recovery process. Therefore, imaging and characterizing the rock samples and the fluids can add crucial insight into the mechanisms that control field-scale oil recovery. The fundamental equations of immiscible flow in the imaged samples are solved, and one can elucidate how relative permeability and capillary pressure functions depend on wettability, interfacial tension and the interplay among viscous, capillary and gravitational forces. This knowledge enables one to answer questions such as: Can a change of injected brine salinity increase oil recovery and by how much? How much more oil would be recovered if advancing contact angles could be modified? Does water injection help to recover sufficiently more oil or is it just for pressure maintenance? How can water imbibition be enhanced and oil trapping limited? Can relative permeabilities be modified with a polymer or with a chemical agent, such as an electrolyte or surfactant? Can one rely on gravity drainage of oil films to increase recovery? These and many other questions may be answered through a combination of imaging and calculations presented here. This paper summarizes the development of a complete quasi-static pore network simulator of two-phase flow, "ANetSim," and its validation against Statoil's state-of-the-art proprietary simulator. ANetSim has been implemented in MATLAB® and it can run on any platform. Three-dimensional, disordered networks with complex pore geometry have been used to calculate primary drainage and secondary imbibition capillary pressures and relative permeabilities. The results presented here agree well with the Statoil simulations and experiments.
Accuracy of Depth Recorders (2009)

Depth recorders are among the most useful tools available for ornithologists interested in waterbird foraging behavior. Despite their widespread use in the literature, there is little information available about their precision and accuracy, including, for the case of TDRs, device drift. We examined the uncertainty associated with two types of depth-recorders deployed on Thick-billed Murres Uria lomvia in the Canadian Arctic in 2007 for up to 48 hours. The maximum depth obtained by capillary tube maximum-depth gauges (MDGs), a cheap and simple depth-recorder, was highly correlated (R2 = 0.87) with maximum depth obtained by electronic time-depth recorders (TDRs) attached to the same bird (n = 29) up to depths of 100 m. Deeper than 100 m or in deployments of 144 hours, MDGs were unreliable. We suggest that the maximum depth for Thick-billed Murres in the Canadian Arctic is about 150 m, rather than the 210 meters previously reported using MDGs recorders, and that caution should be used when quoting maximal maximum depths for species diving deeper than 100 m using this method. We also attached two Lotek TDRs to the same bird (n = 18) and examined the similarity of the two recorders. The average difference increased from about 0.5 m near the surface to about 1.0 m below 60 m, with extreme differences of up to 4 m obtained. Furthermore, TDRs submerged to known depth were accurate within ± 2 m. The effect of these variations on measurements of maximum and average depth and duration was about 0.6–1.3 m (depth) or s (duration), which is similar to the manufacturer's accuracy specifications (±1%). Finally, we examined the drift (offset from zero at the surface) within the TDRs. Drift varied from -2.5 to 2 m, with 9 out of 36 recorders showing no drift, and no change amongst years for individual recorders. Drift was lowest (most negative) at the colony, higher during flight and highest (most positive) on the water surface, despite very small differences in altitude (<50 m). We suggest that drift may be a useful tool for quantifying at-sea behavior, especially in conjunction with temperature logs. We conclude that MDGs are reliable up to 100 m and within 48 hours, and that TDRs are precise within ±2%, but that more research needs to be completed on device accuracy and precision.
Performance modelling of GPRS with bursty multiclass traffic (2003)

An analytic framework is devised, based on the principle of maximum entropy (ME), for the performance modelling and evaluation of a wireless GSM/GPRS cell supporting bursty multiple class traffic of voice calls and data packets under complete partitioning (CPS), partial sharing (PSS) and aggregate sharing (ASS) traffic handling schemes. Three distinct open queueing network models (QNMS) under CPS, PSS and ASS, respectively, are described, subject to external compound Poisson traffic processes and generalised exponential (GE) transmission times under a repetitive service blocking mechanism and a complete buffer sharing management rule. Each QNM generally consists of three building block stations, namely a loss system with GSM/GPRS traffic and a system of access and transfer finite capacity queues in tandem dealing with GPRS traffic under head-of-line and discriminatory processor sharing scheduling disciplines, respectively. The analytic methodology is illustrated by focusing on the performance study of the GE-type tandem queueing system for GPRS under a CPS. An ME product-form approximation is characterised leading into a decomposition of the tandem system into individual queues and closed-form ME expressions for state and blocking probabilities are presented. Typical numerical examples are included to validate the ME solutions against simulation and study the effect of external GPRS bursty traffic upon the performance of the cell. Moreover, an overview of recent extensions of the work towards the analysis of a GE-type multiple server finite capacity queue with preemptive resume priorities and its implications towards the performance modelling and evaluation of GSM/GPRS cells with PSS and ASS are included.
The Long-Term Effects of Type 1 Diabetes Treatment and Complications on Health-Related Quality of Life (2013)

Among DCCT/EDIC participants, worsening metabolic control, serious diabetes complications and their associated symptoms, and development of psychiatric conditions led to decreased HRQOL.
Isoprenylation mediates direct protein-protein interactions between hepatitis large delta antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (1993)

Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) consists of two protein species of 195 and 214 amino acids, respectively, which are identical in sequence except that the large HDAg has additional 19 amino acids at its C terminus and is prenylated. Previous studies have shown that the large HDAg and the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) together can form empty hepatitis delta virus (HDV) particles. To understand the molecular mechanism of HDV virion morphogenesis, we investigated the possible direct protein-protein interaction between HDAg and HBsAg. We constructed recombinant baculoviruses expressing the major form of HBsAg and various mutant HDAgs and used these proteins for far-Western protein binding assays. We demonstrated that HBsAg interacted specifically with the large HDAg but not with the small HDAg. Using mutant HDAgs which have defective or aberrant prenylation, we showed that this interaction required isoprenylates on the cysteine residue of the C terminus of the large HDAg. Isoprenylation alone, without the remainder of the C-terminal amino acids of the large HDAg, was insufficient to mediate interaction with HBsAg. This study demonstrates a novel role of prenylates in HDV virion assembly.
Thermodynamics of large-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math> QCD and the nature of metastable phases (2020)

In the limit of a large number of colors $(N)$, both Yang-Mills and quantum chromodynamics are expected to have a first-order phase transition separating a confined hadronic phase and a deconfined plasma phase. One aspect of this separation is that at large $N$, one can unambiguously identify a plasma regime that is strongly coupled. The existence of a first-order transition suggests that the hadronic phase can be superheated and the plasma phase supercooled. The supercooled deconfined plasma present at large $N$, if it exists, has the remarkable property that it has negative absolute pressure---i.e., a pressure below that of the vacuum. For energy densities of order unity in a $1/N$ expansion but beyond the endpoint of the hadronic superheated phase, a description of homogeneous matter composed of ordinary hadrons with masses of order unity in a $1/N$ expansion can exist, and acts as though it has a temperature of ${T}_{H}$ in order unity. However, the connection between the canonical and microcanonical descriptions breaks down and the system cannot fully equilibrate as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Rather, in a hadronic description, energy is pushed to hadrons with masses that are arbitrarily large. The thermodynamic limit of large volumes becomes subtle for such systems: the energy density is no longer intensive. These conclusions follow provided that standard large-$N$ scaling rules hold, the system at large $N$ undergoes a generic first-order phase transition between the hadronic and plasma phases and that the mesons and glueballs follow a Hagedorn-type spectrum.
Monoclonal Antibody Fab' Fragment Crosslinking Using Equilibrium Transfer Alkylation Reagents. A Strategy for Site-Specific Conjugation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents with F(ab')2 Fragments (1994)

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of site-selective addition of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments through cross-linking of antibody Fab' fragments. In the investigation, trifunctional equilibrium transfer alkylation cross-link (ETAC) reagents, 4-[2,2-bis[(p-tolylsulfonyl)methyl]acetyl]benzoic acid, 1a, N-[4-[2,2bis[(p-tolylsulfonyl)methyl]acetyl]-benzoyl]-4- (tri-n-butylstannyl)phenethylamine, 3a, and N-[4-[2,2-bis[(p-tolylsulfonyl)methyl]acetyl]- benzoyl]-4-[125,131I]iodophenethylamine, 3b, were synthesized. The ETAC derivatives were reacted with Fab' fragments of an antirenal cell carcinoma antibody (A6H) produced from reduction of F(ab')2 using 1,4-dithiothreitol. Cross-linking of Fab' was obtained to yield a radioiodinated modified F(ab')2, [mF(ab')2], fragment. The cross-linking reaction produced mixed addition products, requiring the desired mF(ab')2 to be separated from radioiodinated Fab' by size exclusion HPLC. Tumor cell binding immunoreactivities varied (60-90%) for five isolated mF(ab')2 preparations but were consistent with other radiolabeled antibody preparations tested on the same day. In vitro stability testing indicated that the mF(ab')2 was reasonably stable toward loss of the ETAC cross-linking reagent, except under strongly basic conditions. Under reducing sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analyses, protein bands believed to be cross-linked heavy chain dimers were observed. Biodistribution of purified radioiodinated A6H mF(ab')2 was conducted in athymic mice bearing a renal cell carcinoma xenograft (TK-82). A nonmodified control A6H F(ab')2, radioiodinated as a p-[125,131I]-iodobenzoyl conjugate, was coinjected for comparison. The radioiodionated mF(ab')2 had a similar distribution to the radioiodinated control at 3.5, 19, and 43 h postinjection. In another study, the distribution of radioiodinated A6H Fab' was evaluated at 4 and 24 h to establish clearance and pharmacokinetics for comparison with the data obtained from the mF(ab')2. The biodistribution data indicated that A6H mF(ab')2 was quite different from that of A6H Fab'. The results from this preliminary study suggest that it may be possible to attach (large polymeric) diagnostic or therapeutic agents to monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments through the use of ETAC reagents.
The Y-box factors: a family of nucleic acid binding proteins conserved from Escherichia coli to man. (1992)

The Y-box factors interact specifically with both DNA and RNA. Biologically they have roles in both transcriptional and translational regulation. Conserved through evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic organisms they represent a new family of nucleic acid binding proteins.
A Simplified, Coarse-Mesh, Three-Dimensional Diffusion Scheme for Calculating the Gross Power Distribution in a Boiling Water Reactor (1971)

A simplified, finite-difference diffusion scheme for a three-dimensional calculation of the gross power distribution in the core of a boiling water reactor (BWR) is presented. Results obtained in a series of one- and two-dimensional test cases indicate that this method may be of sufficient accuracy and simplicity for implementation in BWR-simulator computer programs. Computer requirements are very modest; thus, only 3N memory locations are required for in-core treatment of the inner iteration in the solution of a problem with N mesh points. The mesh width may be chosen equal to the fuel assembly pitch. Input data are in the form of conventional 2-group diffusion parameters. It is concluded that the method presented has definite advantages in comparison with the nodal coupling method.
Who Joins the Platform? The Case of the RFID Business Ecosystem (2005)

Today, many knowledge-based technology applications form a business ecosystem: a set of complex products and services made by multiple firms in which no firm is dominant. For this paper the emerging radio frequency ID (RFID) ecosystem was built based on firms' alliance announcements, and propositions around the behavior of large, multi-line technology firms in this network were analyzed. The RFID network is used to empirically show that absorptive capacity, and exploration vs. exploitation theories may explain some behavior of large firms. Specifically, a propensity to form alliances in general makes it more likely large firms will join the RFID ecosystem, and more exploratory firms join earlier. Greater availability of slack resources also leads to the formation of more alliances in the network. The ecosystem perspective and these results may influence alliance decisions of firms entering into high cost technological innovations.
The CD11c antigen couples concanavalin A binding to generation of superoxide anion in human phagocytes (1990)

We have found that an anti-CD11c monoclonal antibody (MAb) inhibits the respiratory burst induced in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated U937 cells as well as in human peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils upon cell stimulation with concanavalin A. The MAb had no effect, however, when the added stimulus was fMet-Leu-Phe or PMA. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that concanavalin A was able to interact with CD11c. The anti-CD11c MAb inhibited significantly concanavalin A binding to differentiated U937 cells, and concanavalin A blocked binding of anti-CD11c MAb to the cells. Binding of labelled concanavalin A to membrane proteins which were separated by PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose paper indicated that proteins with apparent molecular masses similar to those of CD11c (150 kDa) and CD18 (95 kDa) molecules were the main concanavalin A-binding proteins in differentiated U937 cells as well as in mature neutrophils. Similar experiments carried out in the presence of the anti-CD11c MAb showed a specific and significant inhibition of concanavalin A binding to the CD11c molecule. These results indicate that concanavalin A binds to the CD11c molecule and this binding is responsible for the concanavalin A-induced respiratory burst in PMA-differentiated U937 cells as well as in human mature monocytes and neutrophils.
Closed Rupture of the Thumb Flexor Tendon Pulleys (2005)

Closed flexor tendon pulley ruptures are relatively rare injuries. All previously reported cases have been in the long finger pulleys. To our knowledge, there has not been a case of closed thumb flexor tendon pulley rupture reported in the literature. This paper presents two cases of this pathology and discusses appropriate treatment of it.
Optimization of 2-Stack WOLED Structure With Consideration on Color Gamut and Power Consumption (2009)

We fabricated 2-stack white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) structure with luminance efficiency of 27.4 cd/A and color point of (0.32, 0.29) where one unit device emitted blue color and the other emitted red and green colors. Comparing with other configurations possible for 2-stack WOLED, it was found that our structure had merits of higher color gamut and lower power consumption, in spite of low luminance efficiency. In our 2-stack structure, we found that the blue efficiency which determines the power consumption of panel was strongly dependent on the position of the blue emitting layer. Based on an optical simulation and a viewing-angle analysis, we proved that the change of the luminance of blue color came from the microcavity effect depending on the distances between anode and cathode and between blue emitting layer and cathode.
Adsorption of <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> cellulase on cellulose: Experimental data and their analysis by different equations (1988)

The adsorption of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei MCG 77 on Avicel was measured at varying cellulase (2-8 g/L) and Avicel (10-200 g/L) concentrations at pH 4.8 and 50 degrees C. Different mathematical equations were derived for the evaluation of the experimental data. The fraction of cellulase protein that can maximally be adsorbed is 0.96, and 1 g Avicel can bind maximally 0.092 g cellulase protein. The Michaelis constant for the adsorption equilibrium [cellulase] + [Avicel] right harpoon over left harpoon [cellulase Avicel] complex is between 2.0 and 2.3 . 10(-5) mol/L. This value is based on the assumption that cellulase has an average molecular weight of 48.000. The apparent molecular weight of Avicel, i.e., that amount in grams that can bind 1 mol cellulase, is 520,000. Under maximum binding the enzyme covers on Avicel a surface of 42 m(2)/g, and the occupied volume is 0.186 cm(3)/g Avicel.
Chitosan adhesive for laser tissue repair: In vitro characterization (2005)

A novel chitosan-based adhesive has been developed, which is insoluble, flexible, and adheres firmly to tissue upon infrared laser activation.
Alzheimer Disease Pharmacologic Treatment and Treatment Research (2013)

Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are marketed for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Drug development programs aimed at new targets, including the amyloid-β cascade, have been unsuccessful thus far despite their designs to detect very small or minimal clinical effects from the experimental drugs. Marked advances in preclinical science nevertheless support a basis for considerable optimism that effective interventions will be found soon.
The adenosine deaminase binding protein of human skin fibroblasts is located on the cell surface. (1982)

We have studied the cellular localization of human adenosine deaminase binding protein in human skin fibroblasts. The binding activity sediments with the membrane fractions in a subcellular fractionation, and anti-binding protein antiserum reacts with the cell surface of intact fibroblasts, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. The surface of intact fibroblasts binds 125I-labeled adenosine deaminase with an apparent KD of 0.26 units/ml and a maximum binding capacity of 553 milliunits/mg of cell protein. This binding is inhibited by antibinding protein antiserum. We conclude that most, if not all, of the adenosine deaminase binding protein is located on the cell surface.
The Effect of SNR and GCI Perturbation on Speech Synthesis with Harmonic plus Noise Model (2011)

Harmonic plus noise model (HNM) divides the speech spectrum in two bands: harmonic and noise. As most of the non-periodic components are removed in harmonic part, it may be expected that HNM synthesis is less susceptible to additive noise in input speech. As HNM analysis/synthesis is performed, at each glottal closure instant (GCI), errors in estimation of GCIs affect the quality of the synthesized speech. Effects of the amount of additive broadband noise in input speech and perturbation in GCIs on the synthesized speech quality with special reference to phoneme sets in Indian languages were studied. Synthesis results show that for SNR in the 2-10 dB range, the quality of synthesized speech is superior to that of the input speech. Investigations also show that the speech quality is very sensitive to positions of the GCIs. Perturbations above 8% severely affect quality of the output speech.
An investigation on corrosion protection layers in pipelines transporting hydrocarbons (2014)

Chemical reactions between carbon steel, water and chemical species produce corrosion layers (scales) on the internal surface of pipelines transporting hydrocarbons. Scales act as a diffusion barrier and prevent the progress of corrosion, a dangerous failure initiator. The protective film (10-100 ?m thickness) can be removed locally by the action of the internal flow, or by other mechanisms. Adhesion with the substrate and the failure modes of the corrosion layer can be tested by indentation. Some results are presented of experiments performed on specimens with scales grown in a controlled environment.