gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose‐Proportional Pharmacokinetics of <i>d‐threo</i>‐Methylphenidate After a Repeated‐Action Release Dosage Form (2006)

A bimodal extended-release formulation of d-methylphenidate (d-MPH) has been developed to enable fast onset of action and once-daily administration in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The authors studied the dose proportionality of extended-release d-MPH pharmacokinetics. Twenty-five healthy adult volunteers received 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg d-MPH in a crossover study with 7 days between doses. All doses were well tolerated. Dose proportionality was shown for all dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters. Geometric means (%gCV) for the first Cmax peak, Cmax0-4, were 3.25 (29.0%), 6.05 (27.1%), 12.6 (31.9%), 18.5 (31.9%), and 25.2 ng/mL (29.3%) for d-MPH 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg, respectively. Geometric means (%gCV) for Cmax4-10 were 3.18 (27.5%), 5.84 (27.7%), 12.5 (31.7%), 17.7 (31.6%), and 23.6 ng/mL (29.0%), respectively. Geometric means for AUC(0-infinity) were 24.3 (30.7%), 45.9 (30.2%), 96.4 (35.5%), 144 (33.3%), and 195 ng x h/mL (30.9%), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of once-daily extended-release d-MPH are proportional to the dose.
The accurate measurement of permittivity by means of an open resonator (1971)

Abstract A method for the measurement of permittivity at microwave frequencies using an open resonator is proposed. The theory of the method is developed, and an experimental procedure is evolved and justified. It is shown that the present method has advantages over other open resonator methods which have been proposed, and a thorough experimental study of the method has shown that experimental errors can be made very small indeed.
Twinned/untwinned catalytic gold nanoparticles identified by applying a convolutional neural network to their Hough transformed Z-contrast images (2018)

In this article, we demonstrate that a convolutional neural network (CNN) can be effectively used to determine the presence of twins in the atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of catalytic Au nanoparticles. In particular, the CNN screening of Hough transformed images resulted in significantly higher accuracy rates as compared to those obtained by applying this technique to the raw STEM images. The proposed method can be utilized for evaluating the statistical twining fraction of Au nanoparticles that strongly affects their catalytic activity.
Bacterial diversity of a cyanobacterial mat degrading petroleum compounds at elevated salinities and temperatures (2006)

Cyanobacterial mats of the Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia experience extreme conditions of temperature and salinity. Because they are exposed to continuous oil pollution, they form ideal models for biodegradation under extreme conditions. We investigated the bacterial diversity of these mats using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA cloning, and tested their potential to degrade petroleum compounds at various salinities (fresh water to 16%) and temperatures (5 to 50 degrees C). Cloning revealed that c. 15% of the obtained sequences were related to unknown, possibly novel bacteria. Bacteria belonging to Beta-, Gamma- and Deltaproteobacteria, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group and Spirochetes, were detected. The biodegradation of petroleum compounds at different salinities by mat microorganisms showed that pristine and n-octadecane were optimally degraded at salinities between 5 and 12% (weight per volume NaCl) whereas the optimum degradation of phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene was at 3.5% salinity. The latter compounds were also degradable at 8% salinity. The same compounds were degraded at temperatures between 15 and 40 degrees C but not at 5 and 50 degrees C. The optimum temperature of degradation was 28-40 degrees C for both aliphatics and aromatics. We conclude that the studied microbial mats from Saudi Arabia are rich in novel halotolerant and thermotolerant microorganisms with the potential to degrade petroleum compounds at elevated salinities and temperatures.
Identification and Structure–Activity Relationship of HDAC6 Zinc-Finger Ubiquitin Binding Domain Inhibitors (2018)

HDAC6 plays a central role in the recruitment of protein aggregates for lysosomal degradation and is a promising target for combination therapy with proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Pharmacologically displacing ubiquitin from the zinc-finger ubiquitin-binding domain (ZnF-UBD) of HDAC6 is an underexplored alternative to catalytic inhibition. Here, we present the discovery of an HDAC6 ZnF-UBD-focused chemical series and its progression from virtual screening hits to low micromolar inhibitors. A carboxylate mimicking the C-terminal extremity of ubiquitin, and an extended aromatic system stacking with W1182 and R1155, are necessary for activity. One of the compounds induced a conformational remodeling of the binding site where the primary binding pocket opens up onto a ligand-able secondary pocket that may be exploited to increase potency. The preliminary structure-activity relationship accompanied by nine crystal structures should enable further optimization into a chemical probe to investigate the merit of targeting the ZnF-UBD of HDAC6 in multiple myeloma and other diseases.
Human class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes specific for human immunodeficiency virus envelope antigens (1988)

Vaccines incorporating HIV envelope antigens are being developed for the prevention of AIDS. To determine whether HIV envelope antigens are recognized by human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), we assessed class I MHC-restricted, HIV envelope antigen-specific cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected individuals, following in vitro stimulation. The target cells were human skin fibroblasts of known tissue type, infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses, either containing or lacking the whole HIV envelope gene. Ten out of 17 (59%) asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals demonstrated HIV envelope antigen-specific cytotoxicity at levels that were above those seen in HIV-seronegative controls. MHC restriction of cytotoxicity was evident in that 13 out of 19 (68%) of the targets matched for the tissue type of the donor at one or more class I MHC loci were lysed, but only two out of 18 (11%) mismatched targets (P = 0.0004). Both partial purification of effector cells and evidence of MHC restriction indicated that T-lymphocytes were responsible for the observed cytotoxicity. HIV envelope antigen-specific CTL can be detected following in vitro stimulation of the PBMC in many asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals. HIV envelope antigens are recognized by human CTL and are, therefore, potentially relevant immunogens for induction of HIV-specific CTL responses.
Alignment sensing for optical cavities using radio-frequency jitter modulation (2017)

Alignment sensing is often required in precision interferometry applications such as Advanced LIGO in order to achieve the optimum performance. Currently favored sensing schemes rely on the use of two separate radio-frequency (RF) quadrant photodetectors and Gouy phase telescopes to determine the alignment of a beam relative to an optical cavity axis. In this paper, we demonstrate an alternative sensing scheme that has potential advantages over the current standard schemes. We show that by using electro-optic beam deflectors to impose RF jitter sidebands on a beam, it is possible to extract full alignment signals for two in-line optical cavities from just one single-element photodetector in reflection of each cavity.
Biological cellular response to carbon nanoparticle toxicity (2006)

Recent advances in nanotechnology have increased the development and production of many new nanomaterials with unique characteristics for industrial and biomedical uses. The size of these new nanoparticles (<100 nm) with their high surface area and unusual surface chemistry and reactivity poses unique problems for biological cells and the environment. This paper reviews the current research on the reactivity and interactions of carbon nanoparticles with biological cells in vivo and in vitro, with ultrastructural images demonstrating evidence of human cell cytotoxicity to carbon nanoparticles characteristic of lipid membrane peroxidation, gene down regulation of adhesive proteins, and increased cell death (necrosis, apoptosis), as well as images of nontoxic carbon nanoparticle interactions with human cells. Although it is imperative that nanomaterials be systematically tested for their biocompatibility and safety for industrial and biomedical use, there are now ways to develop and redesign these materials to be less cytotoxic, and even benign to cell systems. With this new opportunity to utilize the unique properties of nanoparticles for research, industry and medicine, there is a responsibility to test and optimize these new nanomaterials early during the development process, to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.
The Organization Of Curve Detection: Coarse Tangent Fields And Fine Spline Coverings (2005)

We propose a new paradigm for curve detection in which an autonomous and atomic description is computed between measurements on the image and global curves. The description takes the form of a discrete tangent field, i.e.. an estimated representation of quantized tangents and curvatures at each possible trace point. We then present a new algorithm for inferring global curves through this tangent field. by inferring a covering of the global curve. The elements of the covering are short splines, each of which moves according to a potential distribution computed from the tangent field. Both stages of the algorithm are parallel and both bear some analogy to biological mechanisms for curve detection
Comparison of Approaches to Service Deployment (2005)

IT today is driven by the trend of increasing scale and complexity. Utility and Grid computing models, PlanetLab, and traditional data centers, are reaching the scale of thousands of computers. Installed software consists of dozens of interdependent applications and services. As the complexity and scale of these systems continues to grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to administer and manage them. At the same time, the service deployment technologies are still based on scripts and configuration files with minimal ability to express dependencies, to document and to verify configurations. This results in hard-to-use and erroneous system configurations. Language- and model-based tools, such as SmartFrog and Radia, are proposed for addressing these deployment challenges, but it is unclear whether they are beneficial over traditional solutions. In this paper, we quantitatively compare manual, script-, language-, and model-based deployment solutions as a function of scale, complexity, and susceptibility to change. We also qualitatively compare them in terms of expressiveness and barrier to first use. We demonstrate that script-based solutions are well matched for large scale deployments, language-based for services of large complexity, and model-based for dynamic changes to the design. Finally, we offer a table summarizing rules of thumb regarding which solution to use in which case, subject to deployment needs.
Relationship between Financial Leverage and Financial Performance: Evidence from Fuel & Energy Sector of Pakistan (2012)

Fuel and energy sector serves as the backbone of the economy. The segment provides support, not only for the economic development of the country by showing positive trends towards the sectoral growth, but also serves as a steering wheel for the growth of manufacturing, trading and service sector. It provides significant inputs for production, trade and service. A general concept prevails that the financial leverage is helpful to enhance the financial performance of the companies. For measuring the impact of financial leverage on the financial health of the companies, it is essential to know whether a positive relationship exists between the financial leverage and financial performance or not? So, this study is intended to test the hypothesis and to measure a relationship between the financial leverage and the financial performance of the fuel and energy sector in Pakistan. The paper also examines the generalization that firms with higher profitability may choose high leverage by using various statistical tools. The findings of the study show a positive relationship between the financial leverage and the financial performance of the companies by accepting the alternate hypothesis H 1 and Ho is rejected. The results of the study confirm that the firms having higher profitability may improve their financial performance by having high levels of financial leverage. The study provides evidence by evaluating different facts. It reveals that the players of the fuel and energy in Pakistan can improve at their financial performance by employing the financial leverage and can arrive at a sustainable future growth by making vital decisions about the choice of their optimal capital structure. Key Words: Financial leverage, Firms’ Performance, Key Indicators- Financial Ratios, Fuel and Energy Sector in Pakistan
Speech Source Separation Using a Multi-Pitch Harmonic Product Spectrum-Based Algorithm (2011)

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for separating speech signals by determining multiple pitches from mixtures of signals and assigning the sources to one of those estimated pitches. The pitch detection algorithm is based on Harmonic Product Spectrum. Since the pitch of speech signals fluctuates readily, a frame-based algorithm is used to extract the multiple pitches in each frame. Then, the fundamental frequency (pitch) for each source is estimated and tracked after comparing all the frames. The estimated fundamental frequency of the sources is then used to generate a set of binary masks that allow separating the signals in the Short Time Fourier Transform domain. Results show a considerable separation of the speech signals, justifying the feasibility of the proposed method.
THE DIVERSITY OF DIAGNOSES OF PREECLAMPSIA (2001)

Scientific and clinical research groups are studying different preeclamptic groups as a result of using different definitions of this condition. As comparison of results among studies is fundamental to the correct elucidation of knowledge about preeclampsia, standardization of the classification and diagnostic criteria of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be a major priority of societies devoted to the study of these disorders.
MOS Device Technology using Alternative Channel Materials for Low Power Logic LSI (2018)

CMOS utilizing alternative channel materials such as Ge and III-Vs on Si substrates is strongly expected for high performance and low power logic devices using nano-sheet/nano-wire structures in the future technology nodes. Also, tunneling-FETs (TFETs) using Ge/III-V materials are regarded as one of the most important steep slope devices for the ultra-low power applications. In this paper, we address the current status and key issues of CMOS and TFETs using alternative channel materials such as Ge, III-V and oxide semiconductors. Viable device and process technologies for realizing these devices are presented and discussed on a basis of our recent research activities.
Purification and Some Properties of Cytotoxin Produced by <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (1988)

The cytotoxin produced by Clostridium difficile was highly purified by using ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies of DEAE-Sephadex A-25, hydroxyapatite, Bio-Gel A-0.5m, Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, and Mono Q. The purified cytotoxin gave a single band on conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 260,000 and 50,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in the presence of dithiothreitol, respectively. Thus it was supposed that the toxin consists of 5 subunits having molecular weight of approximately 50,000. It had an isoelectric point of 6.6. The toxin was heat-labile (60 C for 10 min) and inactivated by treatment with trypsin and pronase, or at pH below 4 or over 10. The minimum cytotoxic dose of the cytotoxin against Chinese hamster ovary cells was 3 ng. It was also demonstrated that the toxin is antigenically different from enterotoxin of C. difficile.
MOCVD growth of InGaN multiple quantum well LEDs and laser diodes (1997)

The MOCVD growth of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures for blue LEDs and lasers has been investigated. (1) The structural and optical properties of the layers have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence. (2) By incorporating an MQW structure as the active region in a GaN p-n diode, high-brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been produced. Under a forward current of 20 mA, these devices emit 2.2 mW of power corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 4.5%. (3) Room temperature (RT) pulsed operation of blue (420 nm) nitride based multi-quantum well (MQW) laser diodes grown on c-plane sapphire substrates with threshold current densities as low as 19 kA/cm/sup 2/ were observed for 5/spl times/800 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ lasers with uncoated reactive ion etched (RIE) facets.
Stimuli-Responsive Smart Gels Realized via Modular Protein Design (2010)

Smart gels have a variety of applications, including tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Here we present a modular, bottom-up approach that permits the creation of protein-based smart gels with encoded morphology, functionality, and responsiveness to external stimuli. The properties of these gels are encoded by the proteins from which they are synthesized. In particular, the strength and density of the network of intermolecular cross-links are specified by the interactions of the gels' constituent protein modules with their cognate peptide ligands. Thus, these gels exhibit stimuli-responsive assembly and disassembly, dissolving (or gelling) under conditions that weaken (or strengthen) the protein-peptide interaction. We further demonstrate that such gels can encapsulate and release both proteins and small molecules and that their rheological properties are well suited for biomedical applications.
Insect antibacterial proteins: Not just for insects and against bacteria (1991)

In response to a bacterial infection, insects launch an array of countermeasures. Among these are the antibacterial proteins, which effectively lyse bacteria or are bacteriostatic. These proteins were generally assumed to be restricted to insects, yet recent information has shown some homologous counterparts in vertebrates, including humans. Recent data have revealed that at least some of these proteins can also act against eukaryotic cells, including human infectious parasites. The latter activities have opened up new possibilities for disease control.
Ancillary Ligand Effects on Organo-f-Element Reactivity. <i>ansa</i>-Metallocenes with Bridge-Tethered Donors (1997)

The synthesis and reactivity of ansa-metallocenes based upon the new ligand system R(Me)SiCp‘‘22- (Cp‘‘ = C5Me4 and R = (CH2)nOMe, n = 3−5) is reported. The tethered donor functionality, which is appended via varying chain lengths to the silicon bridge, is introduced to examine possible intramolecular reactivity modifications. The key step of the ligand synthesis is the hydrosilylative fusion of the donor functionality R to the silicon center. The complexes [R(Me)SiCp‘‘2]LnCH(SiMe3)2 (Ln = Y, Sm) were synthesized to investigate the influence of the tethered ether group on the reactivity and catalytic properties. Catalytic reactions in which the substrate is a relatively weak donor, such as in olefin hydrogenation, exhibit depressed turnover frequencies, presumably reflecting competition between the substrate and donor functionality for the empty coordination site at the metal center. In contrast, for amino−alkene hydroamination/cyclization in which a strong amine donor is the substrate, catalytic activity is significantly enhanced while diastereoselectivity is essentially unchanged. The molecular structure of the precatalyst [MeO(CH2)5(Me)SiCp‘‘2]YCH(SiMe3)2 has been determined by X-ray diffraction.
Improved Epilayer Surface Morphology on 2˚ Off-Cut 4H-SiC Substrates (2014)

Homoepitaxial layers of 4H-SiC were grown with horizontal hot-wall CVD on 2˚ off-cut substrates, with the purpose of improving the surface morphology of the epilayers and reducing the density of surface morphological defects. In-situ etching conditions in either pure hydrogen or in a mixture of silane and hydrogen prior to the growth were compared as well as C/Si ratios in the range 0.8 to 1.0 during growth. The smoothest epilayer surface, together with lowest defect density, was achieved with growth at a C/Si ratio of 0.9 after an in-situ etching in pure hydrogen atmosphere.
Polonium: Tera-Scale Graph Mining and Inference for Malware Detection (2011)

We present Polonium, a novel Symantec technology that detects malware through large-scale graph inference. Based on the scalable Belief Propagation algorithm, Polonium infers every file's reputation, flagging files with low reputation as malware. We evaluated Polonium with a billion-node graph constructed from the largest file submissions dataset ever published (60 terabytes). Polonium attained a high true positive rate of 87% in detecting malware; in the field, Polonium lifted the detection rate of existing methods by 10 absolute percentage points. We detail Polonium's design and implementation features instrumental to its success. Polonium has served 120 million people and helped answer more than one trillion queries for file reputation.
Simulation of Distributed Parameter Systems Using a Matlab-Based Method of Lines Toolbox:  Chemical Engineering Applications (2003)

Computational modeling is now generally accepted as an essential procedure for the dynamic analysis of chemical processes. Many of these processes are distributed parameter systems, i.e., systems in which state variables depend on several independent variables (such as time and space) and which are described by sets of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The method of lines (MOL) is probably the most widely used approach to the solution of evolutionary PDEs, and the objective of this paper is to report on the development of a Matlab-based MOL toolbox. The toolbox contains a set of linear spatial approximation techniques, e.g., finite-difference methods, implemented using the concept of differentiation matrices, as well as a set of nonlinear spatial approximations, e.g., flux limiters. In addition, several time integrators, including basic explicit methods and some advanced linearly implicit methods, are included. The underlying philosophy of these developments is to provide the user with a variety of easily understood methods and a collection of application examples that can be used as Matlab templates for the rapid prototyping of new dynamic simulation codes. In this paper, Burgers' equation in one and two space dimensions, as well as a dynamic model of a three-zone tubular fixed-bed reactor used for studying benzene hydrogenation, and the poisoning kinetics of thiophene on a nickel catalyst are considered.
Screening of a glutamic acid-binding aptamer from arginine-modified DNA library (2005)

A binder that is specific for a target will be applicable to detection of a variety of molecules such as bioactive substances, environmental contaminants and so on. Nucleic acid aptamers obtained by in vitro selection method are interesting and promising binders. To enhance the ability of nucleic acid aptamers, we prepared a combinatorial modified DNA library containing arginyl uracil base by using arginyl dUTP, then attempted screening of glutamic acid-binding aptamers from the library by in vitro selection method.