gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent Controlled Self-Assembly at the Liquid-Solid Interface Revealed by STM (2005)

The effect of solvent on the two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular ordering of monodendron 1 at the liquid-solid interface has been systematically investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Solvents range from those with hydrophilic solvating properties, such as alkylated alcohols and acids, to hydrophobic solvents such as alkylated aromatics and alkanes. Dramatic differences in the 2D ordering are observed depending on the nature of the solvent. Of particular interest is the fact that in hydrophobic solvating solvents, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, solvent molecules are coadsorbed in the 2D molecular network while this is not the case for alkylated alcohols or acids. Furthermore, in the case of the coadsorbing solvents, a striking influence of the alkyl chain length has been observed on the 2D pattern formed. The solvent and alkyl chain length dependences are discussed in terms of molecule-molecule interactions (homo and hetero) and molecule-substrate interactions.
A comparison of nucleus accumbens neuronal firing patterns during cocaine self-administration and water reinforcement in rats (1994)

The firing patterns of nucleus accumbens (NA) neurons in the rat were recorded during cocaine self-administration and responding for water. Recordings were obtained from permanently implanted multiple-electrode arrays (eight microwires) inserted bilaterally into rostral portions of the NA in subjects (n = 18) exhibiting stable cocaine self-administration (0.33 mg/infusion), and during stable responding for water reinforcement. Electronically isolated and identified NA neurons exhibited four distinct patterns of phasic activity relative to the reinforced response. Three of these firing patterns were observed during both cocaine self-administration and water reinforcement sessions. Response-related activity was categorized by cells that showed an anticipatory increase in firing rate during the preresponse phase (type PR), and by cells that were excited (type RFE) or inhibited (type RFI) following the response in the reinforcement phase. PR and RFE cells showed significantly reduced peak firing during cocaine self-administration, compared to similar cells in water reinforcement sessions. A fourth type of NA firing pattern (type PR+RF) was observed only in cells recorded during cocaine self-administration sessions (Carelli et al., 1993b). PR+RF neurons exhibited two distinct peaks, one preceding the response and terminating at response completion (like PR cells), and a second peak immediately following the response (like RFE cells) with an inhibitory period between the two peaks (like RFI cells). The findings are discussed in terms of the role of the NA in mediating the reinforcing properties of both cocaine and water.
The Effect of High-Carbohydrate Diets on Liver Triglyceride Formation in the Rat (1973)

The effect of feeding diets containing 75% glucose or fructose on liver triglyceride formation in the rat was studied by both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The results were compared with those from control rats fed laboratory chow. Both high-sugar diets increased the capacity for triglyceride formation from sn-glycerol-3-P by rat liver homogenates and correspondingly increased incorporation of [1,3-(14)C]glycerol into hepatic triglyceride by the intact animal. These independent measures of hepatic triglyceride production changed with a similar time-course characteristic for each diet. The 75% fructose diet produced a greater increase in both determinations, reaching a maximum after 11 days.Despite the increase in hepatic triglyceride formation by both high-sugar diets, only the 75% fructose diet resulted in a consistent and sustained increase in serum triglyceride. This results most probably from differences in the fractional rate of serum triglyceride removal between the two groups.When serum triglyceride removal was inhibited by administration of Triton WR-1339, both high-sugar diets increased incorporation of [1,3-(14)C]glycerol in serum triglyceride in vivo and increased serum triglyceride level above that in control rats.
Consistent Stereo-Assisted Absolute Phase Unwrapping Methods for Structured Light Systems (2012)

Phase shifted sinusoidal patterns have proven to be effective in structured light systems, which typically consist of a camera and projector. They offer low decoding complexity, require as few as three projection frames per reconstruction, and are well suited for capturing dynamic scenes. In these systems, depth is reconstructed by determining the phase projected onto each pixel in the camera and establishing correspondences between camera and projector pixels. Typically, multiple periods are projected within the set of sinusoidal patterns, thus requiring phase unwrapping on the phase image before correspondences can be established. A second camera can be added to the structured light system to help with phase unwrapping. In this work, we present two consistent phase unwrapping methods for two-camera stereo structured light systems. The first method enforces viewpoint consistency by phase unwrapping in the projector domain. Loopy belief propagation is run over the graph of projector pixels to select pixel correspondences between the left and right camera that align in 3-D space and are spatially smooth in each 2-D image. The second method enforces temporal consistency by unwrapping across space and time. We combine a quality guided phase unwrapping approach with absolute phase estimates from the stereo cameras to solve for the absolute phase of connected regions. We present results for both methods to show their effectiveness on real world scenes.
Fibre-optic pH probe based on the use of an immobilised colorimetric indicator (1984)

The construction of a pH sensor, having the configuration of a probe, is described. The probe utilises a plastic-fibre bundle at the end of which is fabricated a sensitive tip consisting of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer supporting an adsorbed colorimetric pH indicator, which is retained in position by a membrane of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Changes in pH in the vicinity of the sensitive tip cause a variation in the attenuation of specific reflected visible radiation bands. Initial results and performance specifications using bromothymol blue as the colorimetric indicator are presented.
Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness (2015)

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is an unexplained incapacitating illness that may affect up to 4 million people in the United States alone. There are no validated laboratory tests for diagnosis or management despite global efforts to find biomarkers of disease. We considered the possibility that inability to identify such biomarkers reflected variations in diagnostic criteria and laboratory methods as well as the timing of sample collection during the course of the illness. Accordingly, we leveraged two large, multicenter cohort studies of ME/CFS to assess the relationship of immune signatures with diagnosis, illness duration, and other clinical variables. Controls were frequency-matched on key variables known to affect immune status, including season of sampling and geographic site, in addition to age and sex. We report here distinct alterations in plasma immune signatures early in the course of ME/CFS (<i>n</i> = 52) relative to healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 348) that are not present in subjects with longer duration of illness (<i>n</i> = 246). Analyses based on disease duration revealed that early ME/CFS cases had a prominent activation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as dissociation of intercytokine regulatory networks. We found a stronger correlation of cytokine alterations with illness duration than with measures of illness severity, suggesting that the immunopathology of ME/CFS is not static. These findings have critical implications for discovery of interventional strategies and early diagnosis of ME/CFS.
Discovery, production and purification of the Na+,K+ activated ATPase inhibitor, L-681,110 from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. MA-5038. (1984)

The maximum yield for the production of L-681,110 by Streptomyces sp. MA-5038 (ATCC 31587) was observed after 5 days' incubation at 28 degrees C and pH about 8.3. L-681,110 was isolated from the fermentation broth by acetone extraction of the mycelia, absorption to Amberlite XAD-2 resin and two separations by thin-layer chromatography. The structure of L-681,110 was found to consist of a sixteen-membered lactone with a new type of substitution. The inhibition of ATPase, activity against Caenorhabditis elegans and stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid release indicate that L-681,110 possesses some characteristics of both oligomycin and avermectin. L-681,110 was also active against tapeworm and ticks in an in vivo assay.
Topic Detection from Short Text: A Term-based Consensus Clustering method (2016)

The process of Topic Detection from Short Text Systems (SMS) is to extract distinct topics hidden inside short text collections, such as Twitter, Weibo, and instant messages. With the recent emergence of large volume user generated content collections enabled by online social media, topic detection from SMS becomes a challenging yet promising means for online public opinion analysis. In available literature, many forms and methods of topic detection have been proposed, but obtaining meaningful and coherent data is still difficult to reliably obtain for the extreme sparsity brought by SMS. To this end, we developed a Term-based Consensus Clustering topic detection (TCC) framework to provide an unsupervised methodology for finding distinct topics from within SMS collections. Specifically, we adopt a consensus clustering technique called K-means-based Consensus Clustering to handle SMS clustering, due to its low computational complexity and robust clustering performance. To further enrich the features of the information of the sparse SMS data, we conduct term clustering in the highly dense term space instead of the conventionally targeted sparse document space. To be more specific, we first use a feature space transfer technique to represent short text collections as a pseudo-document matrix, where rows, namely instances, correspond to terms and columns, namely features, correspond to adjacent terms. Basic partitions are generated from the pseudo-document matrix for term clustering and consensus clustering is followed to obtain the final term clustering result. Finally, a document classification process is adopted and a document is assigned to a cluster, where most terms occurred. Extensive experiments on real-world data sets demonstrate that TCC is comparable to several widely used methods in terms of topic detection quality. Particularly, we demonstrate that TCC obtains best clustering performance when observing a large number of the predefined topics across short text collections.
특집 : 빅데이터와 인문학 ; 한국 고전문학 연구와 빅데이터(Big data)의 활용 (2015)

본고의 목적은 한국 고전문학 연구가 빅데이터(big data) 시대에 어떻게 대응해야 하며 또한 어떤 변화를 모색해야 할 것인가에 대해 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해 우선 빅데이터의 개념을 고구하였으며 이를 통해 고전소설과 구비문학을 중심으로 빅데이터 활용을 위한 선결 과제 등을 살폈다. 나아가 빅데이터와 인문학 전반에 관한 논자의 소박한 견해를 제시하는 것으로 마무리 하였다. 빅데이터는 단순히 많은 정보를 의미하는 것이 아니라 그 정보에 대한 분석 기술과 통찰력을 함께 의미하는 일종의 관점과 같은 것이다. 따라서 한국 고전문학 연구에서 이러한 관점을 적절히 활용하기 위해서는 데이터 마이닝을 할 수 있는 광산을 구축해야 하고 나아가 일정한 통찰력을 바탕으로 한 적절한 분석 기술을 적용하여 유의미한 결과를 산출해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 논자는 고전소설과 구비문학 분야를 중심으로 이본과 각편, 자료 소장자의 인식, 연구 방법론의 보수성, 비문자언어, 화자의 문제 등을 지적하였다. 물론 이러한 문제들은 지극히 상식적인 수준의 지적이지만 빅데이터 시대를 맞이한 고전문학 연구에서 반드시 해결해야 할 문제들이라 할 수 있다.
FORTE radio‐frequency observations of lightning strokes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network (2000)

This work compares simultaneous observations of lightning from two complementary systems. FORTE is a low‐Earth‐orbit satellite carrying radiowave and optical instruments for the study of lightning. The radio receivers aboard FORTE observe very high frequency (VHF) emissions from the air‐breakdown process preceding (and sometimes accompanying) a lightning current. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is a ground‐based array of sensors in the contiguous United States observing the low‐frequency (LF) and very low frequency (VLF) radiation from vertical currents. Prior to the launch of FORTE in 1997, essentially no work had been done on the statistical correlations between (1) ground‐based LF/VLF and (2) spaced‐based VHF remote sensing of lightning. During a 6‐month campaign in April‐September 1998, FORTE took most of its triggered VHF data over and near the contiguous United States, and NLDN data were specially postprocessed in a loosened‐criterion mode providing enhanced detection range beyond the coastline and borders of the array itself. The time history of reported events from the two systems was compared, and event pairs (each pair containing one event from FORTE, the other from NLDN) which were candidate correlations (closer than 200 ms from each other) were scrutinized to determine whether the members of a pair actually came from the same discharge process. We have found that there is a statistically significant correlation, for a subset of FORTE events. This correlation is most likely to occur for intracloud and less likely to occur for cloud‐to‐ground discharges. The correlated VHF and NLDN events tend to occur within ±30 μs of each other, after correction for the propagation of the VHF signal to FORTE from the NLDN‐geolocated stroke location. Most correlations outside of ±30 μs turn out to be merely a statistical accident. The NLDN‐furnished geolocation allows the correlated FORTE‐detected VHF pulses to be better interpreted. In particular, we can deduce, from the lag of the VHF ground‐reflection echo, the height of the VHF emission region in the storm.
Asymmetric Deprotonations:  Lithiation of <i>N</i>-(<i>tert</i>-Butoxycarbonyl)indoline with <i>sec</i>-Butyllithium/(−)-Sparteine (1997)

The asymmetric lithiation of N-Boc indoline (1) with s-BuLi/(−)-sparteine and subsequent substitution provides the 2-substituted N-Boc indolines 3 and 5−11 with excellent enantiomeric ratios and in variable yields. The asymmetric lithiation−substitution sequence with N-Boc-7-chloroindoline (12) provides products 13−19 with good enantiomeric ratios. Mechanistic investigation establishes that the enantioselectivities arise from an initial asymmetric deprotonation to provide the enantioenriched and configurationally stable organolithium intermediates (S)-28 and (S)-29, which react stereoselectively with electrophiles.
A Combined Adaptive Neural Network and Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Multirate Networked Industrial Process Control (2015)

This paper investigates the multirate networked industrial process control problem in double-layer architecture. First, the output tracking problem for sampled-data nonlinear plant at device layer with sampling period T(d) is investigated using adaptive neural network (NN) control, and it is shown that the outputs of subsystems at device layer can track the decomposed setpoints. Then, the outputs and inputs of the device layer subsystems are sampled with sampling period T(u) at operation layer to form the index prediction, which is used to predict the overall performance index at lower frequency. Radial basis function NN is utilized as the prediction function due to its approximation ability. Then, considering the dynamics of the overall closed-loop system, nonlinear model predictive control method is proposed to guarantee the system stability and compensate the network-induced delays and packet dropouts. Finally, a continuous stirred tank reactor system is given in the simulation part to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Proinflammatory Environment in Potential Heart and Lung Donors: Prevalence and Impact of Donor Management and Hormonal Therapy (2009)

There is high prevalence of a proinflammatory environment in the organ donor that is not affected by tri-iodothyronine or MP therapy. High PCT and TNF-alpha levels are associated with donor heart dysfunction.
Histologic evaluation of chitosan as an accelerator of bone regeneration in microdrilled rat tibias. (2012)

Chitosan significantly accelerated the bone regeneration process in rat tibias. Regarding its biocompatibility and osteoinductivity, it can be studied as a biomaterial in human bone healing.
Perspectives: The Ca2+-dependent K+-channel KCa3.1 as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease (2014)

The endothelium is an interesting target to modify cardiovascular disease. In addition to the well-known autacoids such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins, a third endothelial pathway exists which relaxes vascular smooth muscle through hyperpolarization (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-type dilation). Herein, calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) are crucial in which two types are expressed in endothelial cells (KCa3.1, KCa2.3). Specifically, KCa3.1 is selectively activated by small molecules that are potentially useful as pharmacological compounds which lead to overall vascular dilation including the coronary bed and a decrease in arterial pressure. Conversely, blockade of this channel reduces atherosclerosis and neointima formation since under these conditions KCa3.1 is up-regulated in phenotypically modulated, proliferative smooth muscle cells and supports migration and proliferation. This review briefly summarizes main experimental findings on this channel.
Using Internet and Mobile Phone Technology to Deliver an Automated Physical Activity Program: Randomized Controlled Trial (2007)

A fully automated Internet and mobile phone-based motivation and action support system can significantly increase and maintain the level of physical activity in healthy adults.
Thermodynamics of hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures (1969)

Sufficient thermodynamic data are available to permit calculation of equilibrium constants for a large number of hydrothermal reactions. Where the data are incomplete, the calculations involve entropy estimates, application of average heat capacities, and/or assumptions concerning the temperature dependence of thermodynamic variables and the relative importance of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interaction among the species. Temperature stoichiometric activity coefficients for individual ions can be calculated using deviation functions computed from osmotic coefficients for concentrated NaCl solutions. The results of such calculations, together with computed heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies, and equilibrium constants for many hydrothermal species and reactions are presented in tables and diagrams.
Give your bootstrap the boot: using the operating system to boot the operating system (2005)

One of the slowest and most annoying aspects of system management is the simple act of rebooting the system. The sysadmin starts from a known state $the OS is running - and hands the computer over to an untrustworthy piece of software. With enough nodes involved, there is a certain chance that the process will fail on one of them. Bootstrapping is well named - it takes the system down to a low level, from which return is uncertain. It would be much better if we could use the known, trusted OS software to manage the boot process. The OS can apply all its power to the problem of locating, verifying, and loading a new OS image. Error checking and feedback can be far more robust. We discuss five systems for Linux and Plan 9 that allow the OS to boot the OS. These systems allow for the complete elimination of old-fashioned bootstrap.
Regulated secretion of proinsulin/insulin from human hepatoma cells transduced by recombinant adeno‐associated virus (2001)

To employ hepatocytes as surrogate beta-cells for gene therapy of diabetes, a regulatory system was devised in this study by placing the human insulin cDNA under the control of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter, followed by the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter-driven enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein open reading frame. The expression cassette was inserted into the adeno-associated virus vector between two inverted terminal repeats, and used to produce recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). HepG2 human hepatoma cells were transduced by rAAV at the desired multiplicity of infection, followed by treatment with various concentrations of retinoic acid, dexamethasone, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). The cell-culture media were collected at 8, 16 and 24 h later. Proinsulin/insulin levels were determined with human proinsulin/insulin radioimmunoassay kits. Transduction of HepG2 cells by rAAV showed that green fluorescence was produced as early as 12 h after rAAV infection. Flow-cytometrical analysis demonstrated that transduction efficiency increased with the numbers of transducing rAAV particles used. The transduced hepatocytes were shown to secrete immunoreactive proinsulin/insulin, which were stimulated by the concentrations of retinoic acid, dexamethasone and dbcAMP in the culture medium. High conversion from proinsulin into insulin occurred when these cells were treated with dexamethasone and dbcAMP. The presence of IBMX enhanced the secretion of proinsulin/insulin from the dbcAMP-treated cells. We conclude that rAAV is a promising vector for gene therapy of diabetes. Regulated secretion of proinsulin/insulin can be obtained in the rAAV-transduced HepG2 cells conferred with the PEPCK promoter via rAAV-mediated gene transfer.
Fluorescent Kabiramides:  New Probes to Quantify Actin in Vitro and in Vivo (2005)

We present the design, synthesis, and biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of five functional fluorescent conjugates of kabiramide C (KabC), a small molecule biomimetic of gelsolin. The tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), rhodol green (RG), IC5, dapoxyl (DAP), and fluorescein diester (FDE) conjugates of KabC bind specifically to actin at the barbed end in a 1:1 complex. These probes are shown to function in an indistinguishable manner to the unmodified KabC. Various modalities of the fluorescence emission of these KabC probes, including fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, are used for the development of assays for the rapid determination of G-actin concentration in solution. The TMR-KabC and FDE-KabC probes are cell permeable and provide unique imaging information on the distribution and dynamics of actin filament within living cells.
Hysteresis-Free Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (2017)

While carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) promise high-performance and energy-efficient digital systems, large hysteresis degrades these potential CNFET benefits. As hysteresis is caused by traps surrounding the CNTs, previous works have shown that clean interfaces that are free of traps are important to minimize hysteresis. Our previous findings on the sources and physics of hysteresis in CNFETs enabled us to understand the influence of gate dielectric scaling on hysteresis. To begin with, we validate through simulations how scaling the gate dielectric thickness results in greater-than-expected benefits in reducing hysteresis. Leveraging this insight, we experimentally demonstrate reducing hysteresis to <0.5% of the gate-source voltage sweep range using a very large-scale integration compatible and solid-state technology, simply by fabricating CNFETs with a thin effective oxide thickness of 1.6 nm. However, even with negligible hysteresis, large subthreshold swing is still observed in the CNFETs with multiple CNTs per transistor. We show that the cause of large subthreshold swing is due to threshold voltage variation between individual CNTs. We also show that the source of this threshold voltage variation is not explained solely by variations in CNT diameters (as is often ascribed). Rather, other factors unrelated to the CNTs themselves (i.e., process variations, random fixed charges at interfaces) are a significant factor in CNT threshold voltage variations and thus need to be further improved.