gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Design Synthesis and Simulation on a Novel Gemini Surfactant for EOR From Low Permeability Reservoirs (2012)

Abstract High injection pressure and the imbalance between water injection and oil production are two of the difficulties in developing low permeability oil reservoirs. Injecting gemini surfactants is a promising technique to overcome the difficulties to enhance oil recovery from low permeability oil reservoirs. Based on fractal analyses, a novel gemini surfactant is designed, and its possible synthesis route is suggested. The novel gemini surfactant is put into computer simulation. The results show that the novel gemini surfactant has better effects on washing oil than conventional gemini surfactants. The novel gemini surfactant has a great potential in enhancing oil recovery. The fractal dimension of the spacer group of the novel gemini surfactant is close to the fractal dimension of the microstructure of the reservoirs. This is the key point in designing the novel gemini surfactant. The fractal analyses of the key molecular structures help design more exact and efficient oilfield chemicals. Once the novel gemini surfactant is put into practical use, it will have active effects on both oil development and refinery industries.
Solder Glass Sealing (1956)

The development of low‐melting solder glasses which make possible the sealing of ordinary glasses at temperatures near their annealing point is described. The properties required of such solder glasses are discussed and some compositions which meet these requirements are given. The high‐lead region of the system PbO‐B 2 O 3 ‐Al 2 O 3 ‐SiO 2 is taken up in detail. The effect of the addition of ZnO to this system is also considered. Devitrification is a problem in the use of some of these glasses. The technique of applying the solder glass in various types of seals is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this kind of sealing are pointed out.
FairTorrent: A Deficit-Based Distributed Algorithm to Ensure Fairness in Peer-to-Peer Systems (2012)

Peer-to-peer file-sharing applications suffer from a fundamental problem of unfairness. Free-riders cause slower download times for others by contributing little or no upload bandwidth while consuming much download bandwidth. Previous attempts to address this fair bandwidth allocation problem suffer from slow peer discovery, inaccurate predictions of neighboring peers' bandwidth allocations, underutilization of bandwidth, and complex parameter tuning. We present FairTorrent, a new deficit-based distributed algorithm that accurately rewards peers in accordance with their contribution. A FairTorrent peer simply uploads the next data block to a peer to whom it owes the most data as measured by a deficit counter. FairTorrent is resilient to exploitation by free-riders and strategic peers, is simple to implement, requires no bandwidth overallocation, no prediction of peers' rates, no centralized control, and no parameter tuning. We implemented FairTorrent in a BitTorrent client without modifications to the BitTorrent protocol and evaluated its performance against other widely used BitTorrent clients. Our results show that FairTorrent provides up to two orders of magnitude better fairness, up to five times better download times for contributing peers, and 60%-100% better performance on average in live BitTorrent swarms.
Inherently Reproducible Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays for SERS by Combining Nanoimprint and Copolymer Lithography (2011)

We present an inherently reproducible route to realizing high-performance SERS substrates by exploiting a high-throughput top-down/bottom-up fabrication scheme. The fabrication route employs self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers to create high-resolution molds for nanoimprint lithography (NIL) spanning entire 100 mm Si wafers. The nanoporous polymer templates obtained upon NIL are subjected to galvanic displacement reactions to create gold nanorod arrays. Nanorods are subsequently converted to nanodiscs by thermal annealing. The nanodiscs were found to perform as robust SERS substrates as compared with the nanorods. The SERS performance of these substrates and its generality for catering to diverse molecules is demonstrated through the excellent Raman peak resolution and intensity for three different molecules, exhibiting different interaction modes on surface. Numerical simulations using FDTD shows plasmonic coupling between the particles and also brings out the influence due to size distribution. The approach combines distinct advantages of high-precision and repeatability offered by NIL with low-cost fabrication of high-resolution NIL molds by copolymer self-assembly.
Alterations in ROS Activity and Lysosomal pH Account for Distinct Patterns of Macroautophagy in LINCL and JNCL Fibroblasts (2013)

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipofuscin within lysosomes. Late infantile (LINCL) and juvenile (JNCL) are their most common forms and are caused by loss-of-function mutations in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), a lysosomal endopeptidase, and CLN3 protein (CLN3p), whose location and function is still controversial. LINCL patients suffer more severely from NCL consequences than JNCL patients, in spite of having in common an abnormal accumulation of material with a similar composition in the lysosomes. To identify distinctive characteristics that could explain the differences in the severity of LINCL and JNCL pathologies, we compared the protein degradation mechanisms in patientś fibroblasts. Pulse-chase experiments show a significant decrease in protein degradation by macroautophagy in fibroblasts bearing TPP1 (CLN2) and CLN3p (CLN3) mutations. In CLN2 fibroblasts, LC3-II levels and other procedures indicate an impaired formation of autophagosomes, which confirms the pulse-chase experiments. This defect is linked to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an upregulation of the Akt-mTOR signalling pathway and increased activities of the p38α and ERK1/2 MAPKs. In CLN3 fibroblasts, LC3-II analysis indicates impairment in autophagosome maturation and there is also a defect in fluid phase endocytosis, two alterations that can be related to an observed increase of 0.5 units in lysosomal pH. CLN3 fibroblasts also accumulate ROS but to a lower extent than CLN2. TPP1 activity is completely abrogated in CLN2 and partially diminished in CLN3 fibroblasts. TPP1 cleaves small hydrophobic proteins like subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase and the lack or a lower activity of this enzyme can contribute to lipofuscin accumulation. These alterations in TPP1 activity lead to an increased ROS production, especially in CLN2 in which it is aggravated by a decrease in catalase activity. This could explain the earlier appearance of the symptoms in the LINCL form.
Pulmonary Aspiration Studied by Radionuclide Milk Scanning and Barium Swallow Roentgenography (1987)

We have examined the use of radionuclide milk scanning to detect aspiration and have compared the clinical features of patients with demonstrated aspiration with those of patients in whom aspiration was not demonstrated. One hundred twenty children underwent radionuclide milk scanning for three different clinical indications, namely, respiratory tract symptoms (n = 56), gastroesophageal (GO) reflux (n = 20), and near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (n = 44). Ninety-eight (82%) of the 120 patients had a GO reflux demonstrated on the radionuclide milk scan. The incidence of aspiration was high in the respiratory (23%) and near-miss SIDS groups (20%) but low in the GO reflux group (5%). Only four of the 19 patients with an aspiration-positive scan had an aspiration-positive barium swallow film. The clinical symptoms and signs of those patients with aspiration-positive results were not significantly different from those of patients in whom aspiration was not demonstrated. We conclude that radionuclide milk scanning is more sensitive than barium swallow roentgenography in detecting aspiration; however, the clinical significance of such aspiration is undetermined. In view of the high incidence of GO reflux demonstrated in the absence of aspiration by the use of radionuclide milk scanning, the sole finding of GO reflux in a child with respiratory tract symptoms should not be taken as presumptive evidence that aspiration is contributing to those symptoms.
Social dimensions in the architecture of Neolithic Çatalhöyük (2001)

Çatalhöyük is an important symbol of the Neolithic in Anatolia. Within the buildings of this settlement spectacular ‘art’ was found, and beneath the floors of these buildings elaborately furnished burials were unearthed. Among the characteristics of the settlement the absence of streets constitutes a central element for understanding this period. Despite the unique and well known remains found at the site, its architecture has not been studied systematically. The buildings remain to be distinguished. The distinction between shrines and nonshrines has not been fully scrutinised. Most importantly, the appearance of public space at the site has not been studied. In this paper an analysis of the architecture of Çatalhöyük levels VIII–II is presented. A method of distinguishing buildings is proposed. On that basis the analysis focuses on three themes. The first theme is the variability of features associated with the buildings, and the feasibility of the shrines / non-shrines distinction. It is argued that some buildings did indeed function as ritual centres for the inhabitants of other buildings, although they also had domestic functions.
Analysing coated powders with XPS (1991)

Abstract The goal for this study has been to show how different XPS analysis methods may be used in the characterization of coated powders. An inhomogeneous powder system serves also as an example of inhomogeneous uneven samples in general. The XPS methods discussed here are: elastic peak measurements and the layer calculations derived from them; depth profiling by sputtering or by verying the analysing angle; and analysis of both elastic and inelastic parts of an XPS peak by methods introduced by Tougaard et al . Correlations between the results from different XPS methods are also discussed. As an example, XPS methods were applied to the surface characterization of real coated TiO 2 pigments. XPS results are also compared both with XRF bulk analysis and with each other.
Multi-Objective Learning and Mask-Based Post-Processing for Deep Neural Network Based Speech Enhancement (2017)

We propose a multi-objective framework to learn both secondary targets not directly related to the intended task of speech enhancement (SE) and the primary target of the clean log-power spectra (LPS) features to be used directly for constructing the enhanced speech signals. In deep neural network (DNN) based SE we introduce an auxiliary structure to learn secondary continuous features, such as mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), and categorical information, such as the ideal binary mask (IBM), and integrate it into the original DNN architecture for joint optimization of all the parameters. This joint estimation scheme imposes additional constraints not available in the direct prediction of LPS, and potentially improves the learning of the primary target. Furthermore, the learned secondary information as a byproduct can be used for other purposes, e.g., the IBM-based post-processing in this work. A series of experiments show that joint LPS and MFCC learning improves the SE performance, and IBM-based post-processing further enhances listening quality of the reconstructed speech.
What are antibiotics? Archaic functions for modern activities (1990)

Secondary metabolites are proposed to have played important roles in the evolution of the reactions of living forms on earth, in effecting and modulating reactions during biochemical evolution by chemical and structural interaction with 'receptor' sites in primitive macromolecular templates. For example, in the evolution of the translation system, as the polymerizing reactions became more complex and proteins became involved, the low molecular-weight effectors were functionally replaced by polypeptides, but retained their ability to interact with receptor sites in nucleic acids and proteins. Many of these low molecular-weight effectors now play a different role, that of antagonists, by interacting with the original receptor sites in macromolecular structures; this explains their contemporary activity as antibiotics.
Cosmetics and Nanotechnology (2009)

The extensive use of nanotechnology in cosmetics such as lipstick, foundation and anti-ageing products, owing to the novel optical and biological properties of nanoparticles, is criticised. It is suggested that government regulation on the issue is essential in order to avoid potential health risks posed by nanoparticles to users.
A pathway for lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. (1995)

In plants, the hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) can initiate the developmental program for lateral root formation. We have isolated mutants that have permitted the dissection of this program into initiation and maturation of lateral roots. The alf1-1 mutation causes hyperproliferation of lateral roots, alf4-1 prevents initiation of lateral roots, and alf3-1 is defective in the maturation of lateral roots. The alf3-1 mutant can be rescued by IAA, whereas the alf4-1 mutant is not rescued. Our data suggest a model in which IAA is required for at least two steps in lateral root development: (1) to initiate cell division in the pericycle, and (2) to promote cell division and maintain cell viability in the developing lateral root.
History and potential of home economics in the People's Republic of China (2012)

This chapter focuses on the development of Home Economics in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C). Home Economics in China has experienced different stages of development from its introduction, from cancelation to its reconstruction. Home Economics' history is closely related to the nation's modernization process and with the evolution of women's social status. This chapter is organized chronologically into four sections: the predecessor of Home Economics in China, women's education in China; the introduction of Western Home Economics to China; the cancellation of Home Economics after the P.R.C. was established; and the reconstruction of Home Economics since 1978. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the potential of Home Economics in China through three lenses: education, research and extension.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Vinylogous Michael Reaction of Vinylketene Silyl-<i>N,O</i>-Acetals (2013)

The enantioselective vinylogous Michael reaction of vinylketene silyl N,O-acetals derived from α,β-unsaturated N-acyl pyrroles and a broad range of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes proceeds with good regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity when the Hayashi-Jørgensen diphenylprolinolsilylether was employed as a chiral organocatalyst. Products were obtained in generally good yields and as single stereoisomers after chromatographic purification with very high optical purity. They were easily derivatized into a set of useful synthetic building blocks.
Improved algorithms for robust point pattern matching and applications to image registration (1998)

Given two images of roughly the same scene, image registration is the process of determining the transformation that most nearly maps one image to another. This problem is of particular interest in remote sensing applications, where it is known that two images correspond to roughly the same gecgraphic region, but the exact alignment between the images io not known. There are many approaches to image registration. We will consider an approach based on extracting a Ret of point features from each of the two images, and thus reducing the problem to a point pattern matching problem.
Analysis and Annotation of Nucleic Acid Sequence (1998)

The aims of this project were to develop improved methods for computational genome annotation and to apply these methods to improve the annotation of genomic sequence data with a specific focus on human genome sequencing. The project resulted in a substantial body of published work. Notable contributions of this project were the identification of basecalling and lane tracking as error processes in genome sequencing and contributions to improved methods for these steps in genome sequencing. This technology improved the accuracy and throughput of genome sequence analysis. Probabilistic methods for physical map construction were developed. Improved methods for sequence alignment, alternative splicing analysis, promoter identification and NF kappa B response gene prediction were also developed.
New advances in antibiotic development and discovery (2005)

The development of new antibiotics is crucial to controlling current and future infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Increased development costs, the difficulty in identifying new drug classes, unanticipated drug toxicities, the ease by which bacteria develop resistance to new antibiotics and the failure of many agents to address antibiotic resistance specifically, however, have all led to an overall decline in the number of antibiotics that are being introduced into clinical practice. Although there are few, if any, advances likely in the immediate future, there are agents in both clinical and preclinical development that can address some of the concerns of the infectious disease community. Many of these antibiotics will be tailored to specific infections caused by a relatively modest number of susceptible and resistant organisms.
Genome-wide association and functional analyses identify CASC20 and KIF26B as target loci in heterotopic ossification (2019)

ABSTRACT Heterotopic ossification (HO) is bone formation that occurs after trauma within tissues that do not normally have the property of ossification, resulting in pain and disability. The genetic architecture of HO remains unclear. In the first genome-wide association studies of this disease, we identify the human-only long non-coding RNA-encoding gene CASC20 as a robust, replicating susceptibility locus for HO and KIF26B as a potential severity locus. We find that both CASC20 and KIF26B are expressed in human bone. Both CASC20 and KIF26B expression is upregulated upon BMP2 induced osteogenic differentiation in primary human mesenchymal stem cells, followed by RUNX2 and OSTERIX upregulation and mineralised nodule formation. A CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of Kif26b inhibits BMP2-induced Runx2 , Sp7/Osterix , Col1A1 , Alp , and Bglap / Osteocalcin expression in a murine myocyte model of osteogenic trans-differentiation, and prevents mineralised nodule formation. These studies provide the first insights into the heritable biology of common, complex HO.
Schottky emitter high holding voltage ESD clamp in BCD power technology (2012)

A holding voltage boosting methodology for NPN ESD clamp was proposed. By simply changing emitter contact from Ohmic to Schottky, Vh can be increased about 10V without degrading its Ron and It2 level. TCAD simulation is used to explain the mechanism and simulated TLP are well matched with silicon results.
The Human Acute‐Phase Serum Amyloid A Gene Family: Structure, Evolution and Expression in Hepatoma Cells (1991)

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a group of phylogenetically conserved acute-phase reactants. Evidence is presented here for the existence of four genetic loci for the human serum amyloid A (SAA) genes. The first locus was defined by three contiguous lambda clones spanning approximately 30 kb which contained a single SAA gene encoding apoSAA1 beta. Allelic variants were isolated at the second locus: a novel clone encoding apoSAA2 alpha was distinguished from SAA2 beta (previously known as SAAg9, Ref.1) by a His/Arg polymorphism at residue 71.SAA1 and SAA2 found in the high density lipoprotein fraction of acute-phase plasma were approximately 90% homologous at the nucleotide level. Homology in the 5' flanking regions was reflected functionally with similar transcriptional responses to inflammatory cytokines in transfected hepatoma cells. A further novel gene, SAA4, was isolated from a cosmid library and mapped 10 kb downstream of SAA2. The locus defining SAA3 has been described elsewhere. Polymorphisms were detected at both SAA1 and SAA2 loci by Southern analysis and the entire SAA region mapped to discrete fragments by pulsed field analysis. The four genes account for all the hybridizing bands present on Southern analyses in a Caucasian population.
Lossless Compression of Colour Video Sequence using Optimal Prediction Theory - Octopus (2007)

Summary form only given. In this paper we present a lossless compression algorithm for colour video sequence which exploits the spatial, the spectral and the temporal correlations of a colour video sequence in the RGB colour space using the well-known optimal prediction theory. The main idea is to construct the optimal prediction coefficients estimating an autocorrelation matrix which exploits all these correlations. No colour transformation or motion compensation are applied because reversible colour transformations are not able to fully decorrelate the three bands of each frame, and motion compensation remarkably increases the complexity of the updating step of the autocorrelation matrix estimate. Furthermore, the fact that our algorithm is not based on motion compensation lead it to be robust to scene changes. The prediction errors are then coded using a context-based Golomb-Rice coder, with bias cancellation, but without run-length coding. To construct the contexts, the prediction errors are then modeled using an estimate of their local variance. This estimate considers all the previous prediction errors, using a forgetting factor to improve the adaptability of the proposed algorithm. The quantized estimated variance values are used as contexts for the Golomb-Rice coder, and, among others, we considered the following solutions: - 12 contexts estimated by sampling the standard deviation with a quantization step Delta = 1, and a saturation threshold equal to 12, [delta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> ]; - 128 contexts estimated by sampling the standard deviation with Delta = 1/3 and a saturation threshold equal to 128/3, [delta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">128</sub> ]. The obtained coding results are presented for the proposed algorithm compared to JPEG-LS (without using any colour transformation), and JPEG2000 (in lossless mode, using the reversible colour YD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> transform, and the 5/3 DWT). The results show an improvement of about 1.5 bpp and 0.65 bpp if compared with JPEG-LS coder, and JPEG2000, respectively
D-Dimer and Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 Predict Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer: Results From the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study (2009)

High D-dimer and F 1 + 2 levels independently predict occurrence of VTE in patients with cancer.
On the biosynthesis of the mycoticins, metabolites of Streptomyces ruber (1970)

H. H. Wasserman, P. A. Zoretic and P. S. Mariano, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1970, 1634 DOI: 10.1039/C29700001634