gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending the computational bandwidth of engineering workstations (1988)

The authors describe their experience so far with the development of a distributed facility called REM (remote execution manager), which supports load sharing and remote execution in a local network of workstations. REM is implemented at the application layer and runs on workstations running Berkeley Unix. The authors describe the motivation and justification behind the development of REM and given an overview of REM as it exists now. The load sharing is described, and the interprocessor communication overheads are compared with similar systems. The methods used to achieve fault tolerance in case a workstation crashes or is withdrawn from the pool of servers are outlined. Some of the preliminary results and plans for future work are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reflection and transmission secondary emission from GaAs (1972)

Reflection and transmission secondary-emission ratios have been measured for a 3.5-μm-thick self-supporting GaAs film activated to negative electron affinity. A reflection-mode gain of 540 at 20 keV primary energy was observed. In transmission, the gain at 20 keV primary energy was 112. Analysis of the data gives the surface-escape probability as 0.18 and the electron-diffusion length as 3.0 μm. The data are well described by a simple diffusion-transport model.
Deep Learning and Its Applications to Signal and Information Processing [Exploratory DSP (2010)

The purpose of this article is to introduce the readers to the emerging technologies enabled by deep learning and to review the research work conducted in this area that is of direct relevance to signal processing. We also point out, in our view, the future research directions that may attract interests of and require efforts from more signal processing researchers and practitioners in this emerging area for advancing signal and information processing technology and applications.
ChemInform Abstract: A “One‐Pot” Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines from Metalated Alkylphosphonates, Nitriles, and α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Teniposide-resistant CEM cells, which express mutant DNA topoisomerase II alpha, when treated with non-complex-stabilizing inhibitors of the enzyme, display no cross-resistance and reveal aberrant functions of the mutant enzyme. (1993)

We have examined the effects of a group of DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors, merbarone, aclarubicin, SN22995, RP60475F, and fostriecin, in CCRF-CEM cells and two sublines, CEM/VM-1 and CEM/VM-1-5, that were selected for increasing resistance to teniposide (VM-26). The teniposide-resistant sublines have been termed "at-MDR" for altered topo II-associated multidrug resistance. These topo II inhibitors differ from the "classic" inhibitors such as teniposide in that they do not stabilize DNA-topo II complexes. In this study, we found that our at-MDR cell lines express little or no cross-resistance to these "non-classic" topo II inhibitors. Merbarone and SN22995 inhibited VM-26-mediated DNA-topo II complexes in CEM cells only when they were added before VM-26. Since they did not deplete topo II protein, it suggested that these drugs may inhibit topo II activity before the enzyme binds to DNA, thereby preventing stabilization of VM-26-mediated topo II-DNA complexes. Continuous exposure of CEM cells to merbarone, SN22995, or VM-26 caused G2 arrest, as determined by flow cytometry. Likewise, at-MDR cells continuously treated with VM-26 also arrested in G2. By contrast, treatment of at-MDR cells with either merbarone or SN22995 produced a qualitatively different pattern; the at-MDR cells first accumulated in G2 but then escaped the G2 block and proceeded into mitosis with elongated and intertwined chromosomes but failed to divide. Their DNA was re-replicated, however, and the cells eventually accumulated at the 8N DNA stage. Given that both wild-type and mutant topo II alpha alleles are expressed in the at-MDR cells (B. Y. Bugg, M. K. Danks, W. T. Beck, and D. P. Suttle. Expression of a mutant DNA topoisomerase II in CCRF-CEM human leukemic cells selected for resistance to teniposide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 7654-7658, 1991), we hypothesize that drugs such as merbarone may inhibit the activity of wild-type topo II alpha, allowing the aberrant activity of the mutant enzyme to be revealed during chromosome condensation and sister chromatid segregation.
Successful migraine prophylaxis with naproxen sodium (1985)

Naproxen sodium, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet aggregation, was studied for efficacy in migraine prophylaxis in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. On naproxen treatment, 52% of the patients had no severe headaches, whereas 19% had no severe headaches during placebo. Naproxen sodium was much better than placebo when patients' diaries were reviewed for severity of attacks, nausea, vomiting, activity reduction, duration of headache, and decreased use of therapeutic medication. The degree of platelet inhibition did not correlate with efficacy in preventing headache. Naproxen sodium can be recommended as a drug of first choice for migraine prevention.
Effect of root exudates on the exopolysaccharide composition and the lipopolysaccharide profile of<i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>Cd under saline stress (2003)

The effect of wheat root exudates on the exopolysaccharide (EPS) composition and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile of Azospirillum brasilense Cd under saline stress was studied. EPS of A. brasilense Cd was composed of glucose (47%), mannose (3%), xylose (4%), fucose (28%), rhamnose (6%), arabinose (1%) and galactose (11%). Under saline stress, A. brasilense produced a totally different EPS, composed mainly of galactose. Root exudates induced changes in A. brasilense EPS composition only under normal conditions, consisting of higher amounts of arabinose and xylose compared with EPS of bacteria grown without root exudates. No changes were induced by root exudates when A. brasilense was grown under saline stress. Additionally, root exudates induced changes in the LPS profile, both under normal and stress conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIDOTHIAZINES. PART V. SYNTHESES AND PROPERTIES OF 7‐ALKOXY DERIVATIVES OF PYRIDO(2,3‐C)‐1,2‐THIAZINE 1,1‐DIOXIDE (1981)

Abstract Die Titelverbindung (I) wird einerseits durch direkte Alkylierung in die Dialkylderivate (II) übergeführt, wobei das Isomere (III) als Nebenprodukt entsteht.
A coupled-waveguide grating resonator filter (1992)

A coupled-waveguide grating resonator is proposed and analyzed for implementing a tunable narrowband wavelength filter. Exchange Bragg reflection between two strongly coupled dissimilar waveguides is utilized in the filter design. The input and output (reflected) signals are spatially separated so that the device may be suitable as a signal dropping filter in a unidirectional ring photonic network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Andrology: Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity (1995)

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is an important functional mediator in several physiological systems, including the reproductive system. However, when generated in excessive amounts for long periods, mainly during immunological reactions, NO is cytotoxic and cytostatic for invading microbes, as well as for the cells generating it and the tissues present around it. Since infertility associated with urogenital tract infection in males and females is also accompanied by reduced sperm motility and viability, it is possible that reduced fertility in these patients is due to NO-induced sperm toxicity. We therefore evaluated the direct effects of NO, chemically derived from S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 0.012–0.6 mM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.25–2.5 mM), on the motility and viability of human spermatozoa. Furthermore, we tested whether inhibition of NO synthesis prevents sperm motility and viability by incubating washed total cells present in the semen (spermatozoa, round cells) with N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), a NO synthesis inhibitor. Treatment of purified spermatozoa with SNAP or SNP decreased forward progressive sperm motility and straight line velocity, and also increased the percentage of immotile spermatozoa in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the percentage of immotile spermatozoa positively correlated with the percentage of dead spermatozoa. In contrast to freshly prepared SNAP, SNAP preincubated for 48 h had no effect on the motility and viability of the spermatozoa. Furthermore, as compared to untreated controls, a significantly higher percentage of forward progressive sperm motility as well as viability (P < 0.05) was maintained in washed semen incubated with L-NAME (0.15 mM). Seminal plasma concentrations of nitrite-nitrate (stabile metabolites of NO/106 spermatozoa correlated positively (P < 0.05) with the percentage of immotile spermatozoa. Our results suggest that NO can cause sperm toxicity as well as inhibit sperm motility. In conclusion, excessive NO synthesis in response to infection and inflammation could be an important factor contributing to functional change of the spermatozoa, leading to their dysfunction and to infertility.
Boundary effect free and adaptive discrete signal sinc-interpolation algorithms for signal and image resampling (2003)

The problem of digital signal and image resampling with discrete sinc interpolation is addressed. Discrete sine interpolation is theoretically the best one among the digital convolution-based signal resampling methods because it does not distort the signal as defined by its samples and is completely reversible. However, sinc interpolation is frequently not considered in applications because it suffers from boundary effects, tends to produce signal oscillations at the image edges, and has relatively high computational complexity when irregular signal resampling is required. A solution that enables the elimination of these limitations of the discrete sine interpolation is suggested. Two flexible and computationally efficient algorithms for boundary effects free and adaptive discrete sinc interpolation are presented: frame-wise (global) sine interpolation in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain and local adaptive sinc interpolation in the DCT domain of a sliding window. The latter offers options not available with other interpolation methods: interpolation with simultaneous signal restoration/enhancement and adaptive interpolation with super resolution.
Domain Architectures and Grain Boundaries in Chemical Vapor Deposited Highly Anisotropic ReS<sub>2</sub> Monolayer Films (2016)

Recent studies have shown that vapor phase synthesis of structurally isotropic two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 and WS2 produces well-defined domains with clean grain boundaries (GBs). This is anticipated to be vastly different for 2D anisotropic materials like ReS2 mainly due to large anisotropy in interfacial energy imposed by its distorted 1T crystal structure and formation of signature Re-chains along [010] b-axis direction. Here, we provide first insight on domain architecture on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) ReS2 domains using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, angle-resolved nano-Raman spectroscopy, reflectivity, and atomic force microscopy measurements. Results provide ways to achieve crystalline anisotropy in CVD ReS2, establish domain architecture of high symmetry ReS2 flakes, and determine Re-chain orientation within subdomains. Results also provide a first atomic resolution look at ReS2 GBs, and surprisingly we find that cluster and vacancy defects, formed by collusion of Re-chains at the GBs, dramatically impact the crystal structure by changing the Re-chain direction and rotating Re-chains 180° along their b-axis. Overall results not only shed first light on domain architecture and structure of anisotropic 2D systems but also allow one to attain much desired crystalline anisotropy in CVD grown ReS2 for the first time for tangible applications in photonics and optoelectronics where direction-dependent dichroic and linearly polarized material properties are required.
Positron emission tomography using <sup>18</sup>F‐labelled endothelin‐1 reveals prevention of binding to cardiac receptors owing to tissue‐specific clearance by ET<sub>B</sub> receptors <i>in vivo</i> (2004)

Our aim was to synthesise an (18)F analogue of endothelin-1 (ET-1), to dynamically image ET receptors in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) and to elucidate the function of the ET(B) subtype as a clearing receptor in organs expressing high densities including kidney and lung.[(18)F]-ET-1 was characterised in vitro and bound with a single subnanomolar affinity (K(D)=0.43+/-0.05 nM, B(max)=27.8+/-2.1 fmol mg(-1) protein) to human left ventricle (n=4). The in vivo distribution of [(18)F]-ET-1 in anaesthetised rats was measured using a dedicated small animal PET scanner (microPET) and ex vivo analysis. Dynamic PET data demonstrated that high levels of radioligand accumulated rapidly in the lung, kidney and liver, consistent with receptor binding. The in vivo distribution correlated with the anatomical localisation of receptors detected in vitro using [(125)I]-ET-1. However, the receptor density visualised in the heart was unexpectedly low compared with that predicted from the in vitro measurements.[(18)F]-ET-1 binding in lungs could not be displaced by the ET(B) selective antagonist BQ788, in agreement with the proposed internalisation of ET-1 by ET(B) receptors. In contrast, infusion of BQ788 prior to injecting [(18)F]-ET-1 significantly reduce the amount of radioligand visualised in the ET(B) rich lung and kidney by 85% (P< 0.05, n=3) and 55% (P<0.05, n=3), respectively. Under conditions of ET(B) receptor blockade, the heart could be visualised by microPET imaging.These results suggest that clearance by ET(B) receptors in the lung and kidney prevents binding of ET-1 to receptors in the heart.
Partitioning of the Golgi Apparatus during Mitosis in Living HeLa Cells (1997)

The Golgi apparatus of HeLa cells was fluorescently tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP), localized by attachment to the NH2-terminal retention signal of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (NAGT I). The location was confirmed by immunogold and immunofluorescence microscopy using a variety of Golgi markers. The behavior of the fluorescent Golgi marker was observed in fixed and living mitotic cells using confocal microscopy. By metaphase, cells contained a constant number of Golgi fragments dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Conventional and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy showed that the NAGT I-GFP chimera (NAGFP)-positive fragments were tubulo-vesicular mitotic Golgi clusters. Mitotic conversion of Golgi stacks into mitotic clusters had surprisingly little effect on the polarity of Golgi membrane markers at the level of fluorescence microscopy. In living cells, there was little self-directed movement of the clusters in the period from metaphase to early telophase. In late telophase, the Golgi ribbon began to be reformed by a dynamic process of congregation and tubulation of the newly inherited Golgi fragments. The accuracy of partitioning the NAGFP-tagged Golgi was found to exceed that expected for a stochastic partitioning process. The results provide direct evidence for mitotic clusters as the unit of partitioning and suggest that precise regulation of the number, position, and compartmentation of mitotic membranes is a critical feature for the ordered inheritance of the Golgi apparatus.
Particle Filter Algorithm for Object Tracking Based on Color Local Entropy (2013)

To achieve accurate visual object tracking and overcome the difficulties brought by the object deformation, occlusion, and illumination variations, a particle filter for object tracking algorithm based on color local entropy (CLE) is proposed. First we improved the traditional histogram weighted function by using a scale factor. Then, for the shortcoming that the color feature is sensitive to illumination and environmental interference, a color local entropy object observation model is constructed by mapping the object from color feature space to local entropy space. In addition, an adaptive updating strategy of the object template is designed and the number of particle is adjusted dynamically according to the tracking performance. The experimental results show that compared with several existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm is more effective and robust for the real-time object tracking under the situation of illumination variation, object occlusion, and nonlinear motion.
Association Between Microdeletion and Microduplication at 16p11.2 and Autism (2008)

Twin and family studies have shown that autism is approximately 90% heritable, and in about 10% of patients, the disorder can be explained by genetic syndromes and known chromosomal anomalies. The present study is an initial component of a genome-wide associational analysis of families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). Two novel algorithms were used to search for recurrent copy-number variations in genotype data from 751 multiplex families with autism. Particular recurrent de novo events were further examined in clinical test data from Children's Hospital Boston and in a large population study carried out in Iceland. Among the AGRE families studied were 5 instances of a de novo deletion of 593 kb on chromosome 16p11.2. Comparative genomic hybridization studies demonstrated the identical deletion in 5 of 512 children referred to Children's Hospital Boston because of developmental delay, mental retardation, or suspected autism spectrum disorder. It was also observed in 3 of 299 individuals with autism in the Icelandic population. Two of 18,834 unscreened Icelandic control subjects also carried the deletion. The reciprocal duplication of this region was observed in 7 affected individuals in AGRE families and in 4 of the children from Children's Hospital. The duplication appeared to be a high-penetrance risk factor. The novel recurrent microdeletion and reciprocal microduplication identified in this study carry with them substantial susceptibility to autism, accounting for approximately 1% of cases. The lack of other notable recurrent events suggests that only a fraction of cases of familial idiopathic autism may be explained by large de novo copy-number mutations.
C. Diff Quik Chek Complete Enzyme Immunoassay Provides a Reliable First-Line Method for Detection of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> in Stool Specimens (2009)

We evaluated a single membrane device assay for simultaneously detecting both Clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A/B antigens against a standard that combines two PCR assays and cytotoxigenic culture. Results showing dual GDH and toxin A/B antigen positives and negatives can be reported immediately as true positives and negatives, respectively. Specimens with discrepant results for GDH and toxins A/B, which comprised 13.2% of the specimens, need to be retested.
Importance of the Mixing and High-Temperature Heating Steps in the Controlled Thermal Coprecipitation Synthesis of Sub-5-nm Na(Gd–Yb)F<sub>4</sub>:Tm (2019)

In order to achieve a significant size reduction to get ultrasmall upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) following a thermal coprecipitation pathway, we identified two critical points: the UCNP precursor mixing and high-temperature heating steps. Significant differences could be observed according to the way the inorganic sodium and fluoride sources were mixed to the rare-earth oleate before the high-temperature heating step. More interestingly, accurate monitoring of the high-temperature heating step using microwave (MW) dielectric heating yielded major improvement toward ultrasmall UCNPs. Thus, hexagonal, Tm-doped sub-5-nm UCNPs with an unusual Na(Yb-Gd)F<sub>4</sub> matrix with 53% Yb were produced, displaying satisfactory luminescence. Noticeably, MW heating was achieved in a weakly MW-absorbing oleic acid (OA)/octadecene mixture, and the influence of the OA content composition on the MW heating efficiency is discussed in this report.
A human monoclonal autoantibody specific for human platelet glycoprotein IIb (integrinαIIb) heavy chain (1990)

Splenocytes from a patient with chronic, immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. A stable lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) derived from this transformation (2A3) produces IgM antibody reactive with platelet glycoprotein IIb. 2A3 was fused to the 6-thioguanine-resistant ouabain-resistant, murine-human heteromyeloma cell line, F6. The resultant heterohybridomas were selected by growth in medium containing hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine and ouabain. One hybridoma line, 2E7, produces high levels of IgM antibody (2 to 4 micrograms IgM/ml/24 hr/10(5) cells) reactive with glycoprotein IIb. 2E7 has been repeatedly subcloned by limiting dilution and has been maintained in continuous culture for 26 months. 2E7 binds to human platelets but not endothelial cells, as determined by flow cytometry, and does not react with platelets of patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia that lack IIb-IIIa. The epitope recognized by 2E7 is likely to be a contiguous peptide sequence since the antibody binds to the IIb heavy chain in immunoblot assays of denatured, reduced platelet protein. Treatment of intact platelets or purified IIb-IIIa with papain or chymotrypsin, but not SV8 protease, destroys the epitope. Thus, the 2E7 epitope may be at or very close to a site on IIb that is cleaved by these proteases. The expression of the 2E7 epitope is significantly affected by the presence of divalent cations. Treatment of intact platelets with EDTA at 37 degrees C results in a three-to four-fold increase in the number of 2E7 molecules bound per platelet and an eight-fold increase in the affinity of the antibody. The binding of 2E7 to normal platelets does not inhibit any of the functions attributed to IIb-IIIa, such as fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation or clot retraction. 2E7 represents the first human monoclonal antibody reported to recognize an epitope on platelet glycoprotein IIb. The epitope is unique to IIb and not shared by other integrin alpha subunits.
The Go Transformer: Natural Language Modeling for Game Play (2020)

This work applies natural language modeling to generate plausible strategic moves in the ancient game of Go. We train the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT-2) to mimic the style of Go champions as archived in Smart Game Format (SGF), which offers a text description of move sequences. The trained model further generates valid but previously unseen strategies for Go. Because GPT-2 preserves punctuation and spacing, the raw output of the text generator provides inputs to game visualization and creative patterns, such as the Sabaki project's game engine using auto-replays. Results demonstrate that language modeling can capture both the sequencing format of championship Go games and their strategic formations. Compared to random game boards, the GPT-2 fine-tuning shows efficient opening move sequences favoring corner play over less advantageous center and side play. Game generation as a language modeling task offers novel approaches to more than 40 other board games where historical text annotation provides training data (e.g., Amazons & Connect 4/6).