gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Food Addiction and Obesity: Evidence from Bench to Bedside (2010)

Obesity has become a major health problem and epidemic. However, much of the current debate has been fractious and etiologies of obesity have been attributed to eating behavior or fast food, personality issues, depression, addiction, or genetics. One of the interesting new hypotheses for epidemic obesity is food addiction, which is associated with both substance-related disorder and eating disorder. Accumulating evidences have shown that there are many shared neural and hormonal pathways as well as distinct differences that may help researchers find why certain individuals overeat and become obese. Functional neuroimaging studies have further revealed that good or great smelling, looking, tasting, and reinforcing food has characteristics similar to that of drugs of abuse. Many of the brain changes reported for hedonic eating and obesity are also seen in various forms of addictions. Most importantly, overeating and obesity may have an acquired drive like drug addiction with respect to motivation and incentive; craving, wanting, and liking occur after early and repeated exposures to stimuli. The acquired drive for great food and relative weakness of the satiety signal would cause an imbalance between the drive and hunger/reward centers in the brain and their regulation.
OmniChange: The Sequence Independent Method for Simultaneous Site-Saturation of Five Codons (2011)

Focused mutant library generation methods have been developed to improve mainly "localizable" enzyme properties such as activity and selectivity. Current multi-site saturation methods are restricted by the gene sequence, require subsequent PCR steps and/or additional enzymatic modifications. Here we report, a multiple site saturation mutagenesis method, OmniChange, which simultaneously and efficiently saturates five independent codons. As proof of principle, five chemically cleaved DNA fragments, each carrying one NNK-degenerated codon, were generated and assembled to full gene length in a one-pot-reaction without additional PCR-amplification or use of restriction enzymes or ligases. Sequencing revealed the presence of up to 27 different codons at individual positions, corresponding to 84.4% of the theoretical diversity offered by NNK-degeneration. OmniChange is absolutely sequence independent, does not require a minimal distance between mutated codons and can be accomplished within a day.
Ultraviolet absorption characteristics and calculated semi-empirical parameters as chemical descriptors in multivariate modelling of polychlorinated biphenyls (1996)

The structural variation within the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was characterized by using principal component analysis (PCA). A multivariate model was evolved from 52 physicochemical descriptors including measured ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra, calculated semiempirical parameters (AM1) and properties captured from the literature. Parameters calculated by using the AM1-Hamiltonian were e.g. heat of formation, dipole moments, ionization potential and the barrier of internal rotation. The UV spectra were measured and digitized in the range 200–300 nm. The multivariate model revealed that most of the information within the set of physicochemical parameters was related to molecular size. Descriptors depending on size were e.g. GC retention times, partition coefficients and a subset of semiempirically derived energy terms. Important also were parameters reflecting differences in substitution patterns and related to electronic and steric properties, such as UV absorption in the wavelength region 245–300 nm, the barrier of internal rotation and the ionization potential. The developed model describes the large variation in physicochemical characteristics within the PCBs. The importance of a broad chemical characterization is illustrated by a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the potency of inhibition of intercellular communication for 27 structurally diverse tetra- to heptachlorinated PCBs.
Mitigation of Fines Migration Using a New Clay Stabilizer: A Mechanistic Study (2011)

Abstract Fines migration is a well known problem in sandstone formations, where clay particles are released when come in contact with fresh water or high pH fluids. In its nature state, each clay platelets is surrounded by an atmosphere of cations. These positive charges neutralize the negative charges of the platelets and hold the platelets in electrostatic equilibrium. Beside the electrostatic interactions between colloidal entities, dispersion forces often called the London-van der Waals forces, which are always attraction forces, exist between particles. To mitigate the migration problem, it was required to control these forces. A new inorganic Al/Zr-based clay stabilizer was used to mitigate fines migration problem. Its effectiveness was proven experimentally in Berea sandstone cores with permeability of 65–100 md, Berea sandstone is rich in kaolinite. It showed also great effectiveness when come in contact with high pH fluids. Coreflood tests were conducted at various temperatures up to 300°F. Effluent samples were collected, and the concentrations of different cations were measured using ICP. Experimental results showed that the stabilizer was effective in mitigating fines migration in Berea cores up to 300°F. The amount of Al/Zr retained in the core effluent was found to be a function of clay content. Various forces acting on clay particles were defined using Derjaguin and Landau, Verwey and Overbeek theory. The mechanism of stabilizing clay using the new chemical is well explained by DLVO theory. The results of this work will help production engineers to design clay stabilizer treatment used in the field.
Automatic Emoji Insertion Based on Environment Context Signals for the Demonstration of Pervasive Computing Features (2021)

Pervasive computing applications are becoming much closer to take over the computing environment in different areas through different portable and smart devices. This includes healthcare, education, military, retail, instant messaging, and much more. For the vision to be a reality, the use of context-awareness as a technique for the development of pervasive computing applications is of growing interest. Context-awareness gives flexibility, adaptability, and autonomy to the computing system. In this paper, design and development of a MATLAB-based instant messaging tool with automatic emoji insertion is presented. This tool incorporates a two-way application that uses ThingSpeak as a middleware. It also takes inputs from different sensors that indicate a specific context on which a decision is made about the type of emoji to be inserted into the text message. The contexts that are taken into consideration are physical, human, and local and networked ICT environments. In addition, the system demonstrates the use of artificial intelligence for emotion detection as well as physical environment tagging. After implementation, we analyzed its accuracy, response time, and major constraints that need to be taken into consideration. Most of the contexts were detected with high accuracy between 86.6667% and 100%, in addition to faster response times between 565.28ms and 1.743s when tested individually. However, in a scenario where all contexts are being used in a prioritized way, the performance of the overall system was affected by the 66.67% medium accuracy of the emotion detection system(intelligent feature) and its slow response times of 5.979s. Further improvements on the context detection systems and their constraints will highly improve the overall system accuracy and response times. This work has an educational aspect of demonstrating multiple types of context awareness in a practical pervasive computing application.
<title>Scleral tissue clearing effects</title> (2002)

We have presented experimental data on in vivo and in vitro study on the optical clearing of the scleral tissue controlled by administration of the osmotic liquids. For example, administration of glucose induces matter diffusion and as a result equalization of the refractive indices of scleral tissue scatterers and interstitial fluid. The significant increase of transmittance and decrease of reflectance of the sclera under glucose solution action have been demonstrated. The glucose diffusion coefficient has been estimated. The results of in vitro study of polarization features of scleral optical transmittance at tissue clearing are also presented.
The Hardware Design of a S3C44B0X-based Embedded Electric Power Monitor (2009)

This paper introduce the hardware structure of a S3C44B0X-based Embedded electric power monitor.Special emphasis is put on the circuit design of memory system module,data acquisition module,the serial communication module as well as man-machine interface module.Expanded A/D,D/A,I/O,LCD,RS232 string interface used to simulate quantity,switch quantity input output,the electric current voltage power demonstration as well as with position machine correspondence.
Next Generation Flow for highly sensitive and standardized detection of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma (2017)

Flow cytometry has become a highly valuable method to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) and evaluate the depth of complete response (CR) in bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) after therapy. However, current flow-MRD has lower sensitivity than molecular methods and lacks standardization. Here we report on a novel next generation flow (NGF) approach for highly sensitive and standardized MRD detection in MM. An optimized 2-tube 8-color antibody panel was constructed in five cycles of design-evaluation-redesign. In addition, a bulk-lysis procedure was established for acquisition of ⩾10<sup>7</sup> cells/sample, and novel software tools were constructed for automatic plasma cell gating. Multicenter evaluation of 110 follow-up BM from MM patients in very good partial response (VGPR) or CR showed a higher sensitivity for NGF-MRD vs conventional 8-color flow-MRD -MRD-positive rate of 47 vs 34% (P=0.003)-. Thus, 25% of patients classified as MRD-negative by conventional 8-color flow were MRD-positive by NGF, translating into a significantly longer progression-free survival for MRD-negative vs MRD-positive CR patients by NGF (75% progression-free survival not reached vs 7 months; P=0.02). This study establishes EuroFlow-based NGF as a highly sensitive, fully standardized approach for MRD detection in MM which overcomes the major limitations of conventional flow-MRD methods and is ready for implementation in routine diagnostics.
Mechanism and Tissue Specificity of Nicotine-mediated Lung S-Adenosylmethionine Reduction (2008)

We previously reported that chronic nicotine infusion blocks development of Pneumocystis pneumonia. This discovery developed from our work demonstrating the inability of this fungal pathogen to synthesize the critical metabolic intermediate S-adenosylmethionine and work by others showing nicotine to cause lung-specific reduction of S-adenosylmethionine in guinea pigs. We had found nicotine infusion to cause increased lung ornithine decarboxylase activity (rate-controlling enzyme of polyamine synthesis) and hypothesized that S-adenosylmethionine reduction is driven by up-regulated polyamine biosynthesis. Here we report a critical test of our hypothesis; inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase blocks the effect of nicotine on lung S-adenosylmethionine. Further support is provided by metabolite analyses showing nicotine to cause a strong diversion of S-adenosylmethionine toward polyamine synthesis and away from methylation reactions; these shifts are reversed by inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. Because the nicotine effect on Pneumocystis is so striking, we considered the possibility of tissue specificity. Using laser capture microdissection, we collected samples of lung alveolar regions (site of infection) and respiratory epithelium for controls. We found nicotine to cause increased ornithine decarboxylase protein in alveolar regions but not airway epithelium; we conclude that tissue specificity likely contributes to the effect of nicotine on Pneumocystis pneumonia. Earlier we reported that the full effect of nicotine requires 3 weeks of treatment, and here we show recovery is symmetrical, also requiring 3 weeks after treatment cessation. Because this time frame is similar to pneumocyte turnover time, the shift in polyamine metabolism may occur as new pneumocytes are produced.
Real-time/<i>in situ</i> diffraction study of phase and microstructural evolution in sputtered β-Ta/Ta2O5 films (2001)

The evolution of texture, grain size, and phase content in sputtered β-Ta/Ta2O5 films was studied and controlled in situ using a laboratory-based real-time x-ray diffraction system. The films were dc magnetron sputter deposited using sputter gas (Ar) pressures ranging from 2 to 20 mTorr. To collect diffraction data during growth, a grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS) configuration was necessary. Because this configuration complicated the interpretation of texturing data, complete Schultz geometry pole figures were also used to characterize the films after growth, and the relationship between pole figure and GIXS data was examined. The film composition was evaluated using sputter profile x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It was found that the degree and rate of (002) out-of-plane texturing was systematically stronger in films grown at lower Ar pressures (&lt; 10 mTorr). These films were predominantly β-Ta in composition and had relatively large grains (∼50 nm in diameter). Films grown using progressively higher Ar pressures had increasing amounts of Ta2O5, developed a (002) out-of-plane texture more slowly, and were nanocrystalline/amorphous in nature. Data from depositions where the Ar pressure was changed during growth showed that the deposition environment at the instant of layer formation determined the phase content, degree of texture, and grain size in the developing film; the characteristics of previous layers had little bearing on subsequent growth. This shows that tailored multilayer β-Ta/Ta2O5 films may be created and monitored in situ.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 decreases endogenous amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) levels and protects hippocampal neurons from death induced by Aβ and iron (2003)

Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)-amide (GLP-1) is an endogenous insulinotropic peptide that is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to food. It enhances pancreatic islet beta-cell proliferation and glucose-dependent insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose and food intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 receptors, which are coupled to the cyclic AMP second messenger pathway, are expressed throughout the brains of rodents and humans. It was recently reported that GLP-1 and exendin-4, a naturally occurring, more stable analogue of GLP-1 that binds at the GLP-1 receptor, possess neurotrophic properties and can protect neurons against glutamate-induced apoptosis. We report here that GLP-1 can reduce the levels of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in the brain in vivo and can reduce levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in cultured neuronal cells. Moreover, GLP-1 and exendin-4 protect cultured hippocampal neurons against death induced by Abeta and iron, an oxidative insult. Collectively, these data suggest that GLP-1 can modify APP processing and protect against oxidative injury, two actions that suggest a novel therapeutic target for intervention in Alzheimer's disease.
Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses (1966)

The length of time that poliovirus could be recovered from wool gabardine and blanket, and from cotton sheeting, terry cloth, and knit jersey fabrics was determined under conditions of controlled temperature and humidity (25 C in 35 and 78% relative humidities). Three types of exposure of the fabrics to viruses were used: direct contact, aerosol, and virus-containing household dust having a high content of textile fibers. When held in 35% relative humidity, virus persisted for 20 weeks on wool fabrics, but only 1 to 4 weeks on cotton fabrics. At this relative humidity, virus titers on wool fabrics decreased rapidly to low but detectable levels which persisted for long periods of time, whereas in 78% relative humidity the decrease in virus titer was less rapid, but the period of viral persistence was shorter. Generally, virus titers on cotton fabrics held in both relative humidities decreased exponentially to an undetectable level. The method of exposure to virus had a definite effect on the duration of viral persistence on a given fabric. Virus contained in household dust was least stable.
Biological properties of a human compact anti-ErbB2 antibody (2005)

ErbB2 is a prognostic factor and target of therapy for many carcinomas. In contrast with the other ErbB receptors, ErbB2 lacks a soluble direct ligand, but it is the preferred co-receptor for the ErbB family members, forming heterodimers with more potent and prolonged signalling activity than that of homodimers. We recently produced a new anti-ErbB2 antibody, Erb-hcAb, by fusion of Erbicin, a human, anti-ErbB2 scFv, selectively cytotoxic to ErbB2-positive cells, and a human Fc domain. This fully human antitumour antibody represents a compact version of an IgG1, with the cytotoxicity of the scFv moiety on target cells, combined with the ability of the Fc moiety to induce both antibody- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Here, we describe the main properties of Erb-hcAb, using as a reference Herceptin, an anti-ErbB2 humanized monoclonal currently employed in clinical immunotherapy. We found that both bivalent Erb-hcAb and Herceptin increase receptor phosphorylation and downregulation, whereas monovalent Erbicin does not. These results correlate with the finding that Erb-hcAb is capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell cycle progression in ErbB2-positive cells. Its powerful in vitro antitumour action matched that observed in vivo in experiments with human ErbB2-positive tumour xenografts established in athymic mice. Finally, Erb-hcAb displays a glycosylation profile virtually superimposable to that of a human IgG. These findings suggest that Erb-hcAb is a very promising new agent for the immunotherapy of carcinomas that overexpress the ErbB2 receptor.
Chemical and antioxidant evaluation of Indian gooseberry (<i>emblica officinalis</i> gaertn., syn. <i>phyllanthus emblica</i> L.) supplements (2009)

Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) (Euphorbiaceae) has a distinguished history in Ayurveda medicine and is ascribed a number of medicinal properties and as a dietary supplement, its use is increasing in Western countries. It is thought that its beneficial properties are a function of its antioxidant potency. The study investigated the chemistry and antioxidant properties of four commercial E. officinalis fruit extracts in order to determine if there are any qualitative-quantitative differences. All extracts produced positive responses in the total phenol, total flavonoid and total tannin assays. The presence of predominantly (poly)phenolic analytes, e.g. ellagic and gallic acids and corilagin, was confirmed by RP-HPLC coupled with photodiode array detection. Despite ascorbic acid being a major constituent of E. officinalis fruits, the furanolactone could not be identified in one of the samples. The extracts demonstrated varying degrees of antioxidative efficacy. The extract designated IG-3 was consistently amongst the most effective extracts in the iron(III) reduction and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays while the extract designated IG-1 demonstrated the best hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. All extracts appeared to be incapable of chelating iron(II) at realistic concentrations.
Reactive Nature of Dopamine as a Surface Functionalization Agent in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2007)

Dopamine forms an initial structure coordinated to the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticle as a result of improved orbital overlap of the five-membered ring and a reduced steric environment of the iron complex. However, through transfer of electrons to the iron cations on the surface and rearrangement of the oxidized dopamine, a semiquinone is formed. Because of free protons in the system, oxygens on the surface are protonated, which allows for the Fe2+ to be released into the solution as a hydroxide. This released fragment of the nanoparticle will then eventually oxidize in air to a form of an iron(III) oxyhydroxide. All of the reported results demonstrate that the reactivity between Fe3+ and dopamine quickly facilitates the degradation of the nanoparticles. The energetic modeling studies substantiate our proposed decomposition mechanism and thus conclude that the use of dopamine as a robust anchor for iron oxide or iron oxide shell particles will not fulfill the need for stable ferrofluids in most biomedical applications.
Exercise and the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. (1991)

We examined illness patterns in a cohort of 530 male and female runners who completed a monthly log for 12 months. The average number of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) per person per year for the cohort was 1.2. An upper respiratory tract infection was indicated by the report of any of the following symptoms; runny nose, sore throat, or cough. Using a multiple logistic regression model, the following factors were found to be associated with having one or more URTIs in the follow-up period: living alone (odds ratio = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.01, 5.09), running mileage (486-865 miles, odds ratio = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.78; 866-1388 miles, odds ratio = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.52, 4.44; greater than 1388 miles, odds ratio = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.30, 3.68), body mass index greater than the 75th percentile (odds ratio = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.94), and male gender (odds ratio = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.68). A significant interaction was found to exist between gender and alcohol use, with the association between alcohol use and upper respiratory tract infections being positive in males and negative in females. These results suggest that running dosage (mileage) is a significant risk factor for upper respiratory tract infections in this group of exercisers.
Liquid Core ARROW Waveguides: A Promising Photonic Structure for Integrated Optofluidic Microsensors (2016)

In this paper, we introduce a liquid core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) as a novel optofluidic device that can be used to create innovative and highly functional microsensors. Liquid core ARROWs, with their dual ability to guide the light and the fluids in the same microchannel, have shown great potential as an optofluidic tool for quantitative spectroscopic analysis. ARROWs feature a planar architecture and, hence, are particularly attractive for chip scale integrated system. Step by step, several improvements have been made in recent years towards the implementation of these waveguides in a complete on-chip system for highly-sensitive detection down to the single molecule level. We review applications of liquid ARROWs for fluids sensing and discuss recent results and trends in the developments and applications of liquid ARROW in biomedical and biochemical research. The results outlined show that the strong light matter interaction occurring in the optofluidic channel of an ARROW and the versatility offered by the fabrication methods makes these waveguides a very promising building block for optofluidic sensor development.