gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C/EBPβ and RUNX2 cooperate to degrade cartilage with MMP-13 as the target and HIF-2α as the inducer in chondrocytes (2011)

To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the endochondral ossification process during the skeletal growth and osteoarthritis (OA) development, we examined the signal network around CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ, encoded by CEBPB), a potent regulator of this process. Computational predictions and a C/EBP motif-reporter assay identified RUNX2 as the most potent transcriptional partner of C/EBPβ in chondrocytes. C/EBPβ and RUNX2 were induced and co-localized in highly differentiated chondrocytes during the skeletal growth and OA development of mice and humans. The compound knockout of Cebpb and Runx2 in mice caused growth retardation and resistance to OA with decreases in cartilage degradation and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp-13) expression. C/EBPβ and RUNX2 cooperatively enhanced promoter activity of MMP13 through specific binding to a C/EBP-binding motif and an osteoblast-specific cis-acting element 2 motif as a protein complex. Human genetic studies failed to show the association of human CEBPB gene polymorphisms with knee OA, nor was there a genetic variation around the identified responsive region in the human MMP13 promoter. However, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), a functional and genetic regulator of knee OA through promoting endochondral ossification, was identified as a potent and functional inducer of C/EBPβ expression in chondrocytes by the CEBPB promoter assay. Hence, C/EBPβ and RUNX2, with MMP-13 as the target and HIF-2α as the inducer, control cartilage degradation. This molecular network in chondrocytes may represent a therapeutic target for OA.
Creating Cryptographic Challenges Using Multi-Party Computation (2016)

Practical hardness results are necessary to select parameters for cryptographic schemes. Cryptographic challenges proved to be useful for determining the practical hardness of computational problems that are used to build public-key cryptography. However, several of these problems have the drawback that it is not known how to create a challenge for them without knowing the solutions. Hence, for these problems the creators of the challenges are excluded from participating. In this work, we present a method to create cryptographic challenges without excluding anyone from participating. This method is based on secure multi-party computation (MPC). We demonstrate that the MPC-based approach is indeed feasible by using it to build a challenge for the learning with errors (LWE) problem. The LWE problem is one of the most important problems in lattice-based cryptography. The security of many cryptographic schemes that have been proposed in the last decade is directly based on it. We identify parameters for LWE instances that provide the appropriate hardness level for a challenge while representing instances used to instantiate encryption schemes as close as possible. The LWE challenge is designed to determine the practical hardness of LWE, to gain an overview of the best known LWE solvers, and to motivate additional research effort in this direction.
Mechanical Treatment of Weighted Drilling Muds (1954)

Abstract Maintenance of desirable plastic flow properties of weighted drilling muds may be greatly simplified by use of centrifugal classification to control the drilled solids content. The new application of a decanting type centrifuge to separate and reject the low density solids from the weighting material results in a drilling mud of greatly improved quality with lower values of yield and rigidity. Its practicality and economy has been proven in field operation. The degree of separation of light and heavy solids is not limited by the machine, but by the particle size distribution of the solids in the mud. Removal of the low density component of drilling mud that makes chemical treatment necessary permits a marked reduction in chemicals. The main uses of the centrifugal process are the treatment of muds while drilling, the reclaiming of discarded muds, cleaning up of workover muds, and the reduction in lime content of mud for completion. Introduction Drilling mud in any circulatory system is made viscous and difficult to pump by gradual accumulation of drilled solids which pass through the shale shaker and are continually reground. In a weighted mud containing a large proportion of barite by volume, the amount of drilled solids that may be tolerated is greatly reduced. Much effort has been expended to control by chemical treatment the effects of such solids. Though chemical treatment is quite effective, the time eventually comes at deeper depths after enough drilled solids nave entered the system when a portion of the mud must be discarded and replaced with water and more weighting material. Once begun, this process is generally continued at frequent intervals with resultant high maintenance costs.
The Tpl-2 protooncoprotein activates the nuclear factor of activated T cells and induces interleukin 2 expression in T cell lines (1998)

Tpl-2 expression is induced within 30-60 min after ConA stimulation of rat splenocytes, suggesting that it may contribute to the induction of IL-2 during T cell activation. Herein we show that wild-type and carboxyl-terminally truncated (activated) Tpl-2 activate the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and induce interleukin 2 (IL-2) expression in EL4 cells. In Jurkat cells the truncated Tpl-2 activates NFAT and induces IL-2, whereas wild-type Tpl-2 activates NFAT only when cotransfected with NFAT expression constructs, suggesting that Tpl-2 may induce NFAT activation signals. Experiments in NIH 3T3 cells revealed that the NFATp isoform, but not the NFATc or NFATx isoform, undergoes nuclear translocation when coexpressed with wild-type Tpl-2 and confirmed this hypothesis. Activation of NFAT by anti-CD3 stimulation but not by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin in Jurkat cells was inhibited by the kinase-dead Tpl-2K167M, suggesting that Tpl-2 contributes to the transduction of NFAT activation signals originating in the T cell receptor. The Tpl-2-mediated induction of IL-2 was not observed in T cell lymphoma lines other than EL4 and Jurkat, as well as in normal T cells. NFAT activation by Tpl-2, however, was observed in several cell lines including some of nonhematopoietic origin. The activation of NFAT by Tpl-2 in different cell types defines a molecular mechanism that may contribute to its oncogenic potential.
Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for coating thickness measurement (2007)

A handheld x-ray spectrometer has been realized and tested. The purpose of the device is to measure the thickness of coated samples in the range of 1-1500 nm in an industrial environment. Accuracy of approximately 3% has been achieved in this range with a measurement time of 1 min. Automated software has been implemented to allow utilization by a nonspecialist operator. An automated calibration procedure, based on measurements of reference samples, is used.
Removal of C-Terminal Src Kinase from the Immune Synapse by a New Binding Protein (2005)

The Csk tyrosine kinase negatively regulates the Src family kinases Lck and Fyn in T cells. Engagement of the T-cell antigen receptor results in a removal of Csk from the lipid raft-associated transmembrane protein PAG/Cbp. Instead, Csk becomes associated with an ∼72-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, which we identify here as G3BP, a phosphoprotein reported to bind the SH3 domain of Ras GTPase-activating protein. G3BP reduced the ability of Csk to phosphorylate Lck at Y505 by decreasing the amount of Csk in lipid rafts. As a consequence, G3BP augmented T-cell activation as measured by interleukin-2 gene activation. Conversely, elimination of endogenous G3BP by RNA interference increased Lck Y505 phosphorylation and reduced TCR signaling. In antigen-specific T cells, endogenous G3BP moved into a intracellular location adjacent to the immune synapse, but deeper inside the cell, upon antigen recognition. Csk colocalization with G3BP occurred in this “parasynaptic” location. We conclude that G3BP is a new player in T-cell-antigen receptor signaling and acts to reduce the amount of Csk in the immune synapse.
Cloning and Characterization of Long‐Chain Fatty Alcohol Oxidase <i>LjFAO1</i> in <i>Lotus japonicus</i> (2008)

The Lotus japonicus EST database was searched against Arabidopsis thaliana AtFAO3, a full-length cDNA that encodes a membrane-bound, flavin-containing, hydrogen peroxide generating, long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase. One EST fragment was detected, and the corresponding full-length cDNA was obtained by screening a cDNA library of L. japonicus. The LjFAO1 genomic DNA was amplified by PCR, to give a product 3.6 kb in length. Comparison between the LjFAO1 cDNA and genomic DNA revealed that the LjFAO1 contains 3 exons and 2 introns. RT-PCR analysis showed that the LjFAO1 was expressed in the whole plant, with the highest expression level in the apex and the lowest expression level in the siliques. The LjFAO1 gene was down-regulated by cold stress in both the apex and the cotelydon of the 8-day old seedlings, the first time that a long-chain alcohol oxidase has been shown to respond directly to stress. The full length cDNA and a C-terminal truncated version were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The full length version of LjFAO1 exhibited long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase activity and was subsequently purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. The active LjFAO1 protein showed substrate specificities toward 1-dodecanol, 1-hexadecanol, and 1,16-hexadecanediol with Km values 59.6 +/- 14.8 (microM), 40.9 +/- 8.2 (microM) and 19.4 +/- 1.5 (microM), respectively, suggesting apparent differences in substrate preferences with AtFAO3.
EPITAXIAL VAPOR GROWTH OF III-V COMPOUNDS. (1963)

This work describes an open-tube method for epitaxial growth of III-V compounds using heterogeneous, gas-solid chemical reactions. Different techniques and reactions are briefly discussed and a simplified model is exposed to a thermodynamic treatment to clarify how different parameters influence the growth process. The experimental apparatus and procedure are outlined and data are given for the growth of the two compound semiconductors, GaAs and GaP, as well as for the ternary GaAs(x)P(1-x) mixtures. Also mentioned is the fabrication of heterojunctions, the possibilities of doping, and closed-tube growth processes. (Author)
Use of a Chemical Genetic Technique To Identify Myosin IIB as a Substrate of the Abl-Related Gene (Arg) Tyrosine Kinase (2007)

Abl family kinases have been implicated in the regulation of cell morphogenesis and migration, but the molecular mechanisms through which they operate are not fully elucidated. We applied the bump-hole technique, pioneered by Shokat and colleagues, to identify direct substrates of Abl and the Abl-related gene (Arg) kinases. This technique required the engineering of Abl/Arg to utilize an unnatural ATP analogue as a phospho-donor. Mutation of T334A and T361A in Abl and Arg, respectively, altered their nucleotide specificity and allowed them to utilize N6-benzyl-ATP as a phospho-donor. These mutations did not affect the catalytic activity or protein substrate specificity of Abl and Arg. An unexpected high level of background labeling necessitated further optimization of this approach. Dialysis, pretreatment with a broad-spectrum Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor, K-252a, and purification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins allowed for definitive identification of putative substrates. Using mass spectrometry, we identified eight putative substrates. One of these putative substrates, myosin IIB, can be phosphorylated in vivo by Arg. Our results indicate that the bump-hole technique can be used to identify Abl family kinase substrates and suggests that myosin IIB may be regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation.
OEM4 Inertial: A Tightly Integrated Decentralised Inertial/GPS Navigation System (2001)

The synergy between GPS and inertial navigation has been 
well known in the industry since the inception of GPS. In 
theory, the continuity of the inertial system can both fill in 
positioning gaps left by GPS satellite outages and reduce 
the effect of high frequency GPS errors, while the 
unbiased nature of the GPS signals can limit the size of the 
low frequency errors in the inertial system. NovAtel Inc. 
embarked on a development process more than 2 years 
ago in order to build a prototype GPS/INS integrated 
system designed to take advantage of the complementary 
nature of the two systems. 
The components of the prototype system were a 
Honeywell HG1700 IMU and a NovAtel Inc. OEM4 GPS 
receiver. The objective of the development was to provide 
a tightly integrated system at reasonable cost which could 
give positioning continuously at a 10 cm level provided 
the GPS signal outages were of short duration. The 
approach taken during the system development was to take 
advantage of the existing GPS navigation algorithms and 
supplement these with a set of inertial algorithms and to 
use these in a decentralised process that could run on the 
target processor on the OEM4 board. The result of this 
development is a modular system which fulfils the 
accuracy requirements noted and resides entirely on the 
NovAtel Inc. OEM4 receiver. 
A decentralised filter has both advantages and 
disadvantages compared to a centralised filter. The 
advantages of simplicity, modularity, component size and 
independence, are offset to a certain extent by the 
requirement that at least 4 satellite observations are needed 
to generate a GPS solution that can be used to control the 
inertial errors. Another drawback of the decentralised 
approach is related to eliminating the use of data with poor 
integrity. In addition, a decentralised filter does not 
incorporate integer ambiguity states with the states related 
specifically to the inertial system, so another method of 
aiding the ambiguity resolution process needed to be 
devised. Solutions to these problems are described. 
In an inertial system, the measurements of the system are 
used to provide the coefficients of the differential equation 
set which describes the dynamics of the system errors. 
Noise on these measurements tricks the Kalman filter into 
a condition of 'false observability', in which theoretically
unobservable states experience incorrect reductions in 
standard deviation. This condition was investigated and a 
solution to this problem was implemented. 
In this paper, the authors propose to describe the system 
architecture, the particulars of the system development 
noted above and to provide test results which 
demonstrates the system performance in various 
environments.
An unbiased offline evaluation of contextual bandit algorithms with generalized linear models (2011)

Contextual bandit algorithms have become popular tools in online recommendation and advertising systems. Offline evaluation of the effectiveness of new algorithms in these applications is critical for protecting online user experiences but very challenging due to their “partial-label” nature. A common practice is to create a simulator which simulates the online environment for the problem at hand and then run an algorithm against this simulator. However, creating the simulator itself is often difficult and modeling bias is usually unavoidably introduced. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, we review a recently proposed offline evaluation technique. Different from simulator-based approaches, the method is completely data-driven, is easy to adapt to different applications, and more importantly, provides provably unbiased evaluations. We argue for the wide use of this technique as standard practice when comparing bandit algorithms in real-life problems. Second, as an application of this technique, we compare and validate a number of new algorithms based on generalized linear models. Experiments using real Yahoo! data suggest substantial improvement over algorithms with linear models when the rewards are binary.
The Reduction of Apparent Contrast by the Atmosphere (1948)

A veil of atmospheric haze reduces the visibility of all distant objects by decreasing their apparent contrast. In this paper equations are derived which describe the manner in which the apparent contrast of any object depends upon the distance of the observer. The treatment is not limited to horizontal paths of sight, but applies also to the apparent contrast of objects on the ground as seen from the air, and to the apparent contrast of objects aloft as viewed from the ground. The equations are not limited to the case of a homogeneous standard atmosphere; they may be applied to many kinds of non-standard atmospheric conditions. For every path of sight there exists a luminance level which will be transmitted unchanged. The apparent luminance of any receding object approaches this equilibrium level. For many paths of sight the equilibrium luminance is matched by the luminance of some portion of the horizon sky.
Outlines of a theory of visual pattern recognition in animals and man (1968)

Abstract This paper lists twelve conditions that must be fulfilled by a satisfactory theory of visual pattern recognition in animals and man : such a theory must explain (1) size invariance, (2) position invariance, (3) brightness invariance, (4) the equivalence of outline and filled-in shapes, (5) lack of invariance under most rotations, (6) the known confusions made between patterns, (7) animals’ ability to disregard jitter, (8) the human ability to segment shapes in different ways, (9) the way in which man recognizes complex scenes without recognizing individual details of the scene, (10) perceptual learning, (11) the way in which the brain takes advantage of the redundancy of the visual environment; (12) finally any theory must be consistent with the physiological evidence. The outlines of a theory meeting these con­ditions are put forward. The model has three parts : (1) A processor that extracts local features from the input picture preserving information about the spatial relationships between the features. (2) A mechanism that induces an abstract description of the output from the processor. (3) A store in which such descriptions are held. Some suggestions are made about the language in which descriptions are framed : it must contain hierarchical elements to allow for the possibility of segmenting a picture in different ways. It is shown how the properties of such a language could account for the facts listed above. In recognizing a picture the output from the store is matched to a stored descriptive rule. What we see is the descriptive rule selected to describe an input picture—we cannot respond to details of the picture not represented in the rule. Since, however, many different rules describe the same input picture, animals and man respond to different aspects of the same picture on different occasions of presentation.
Sobre presídios, mídia e agentes penitenciários: uma nova realidade social no Oeste Paulista? (2002)

Este texto pretende discutir aspectos das novas penitenciárias inauguradas nos últimos anos no Estado de São Paulo, durante os governos de Mário Covas e Geraldo Alckmin, sobretudo no Oeste Paulista. [...].
Characterization of Nanocrystalline Si-MCMB Composite Anode Materials (2004)

Nanocrystalline Si-mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) composite anode materials were prepared by ballmilling. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the spherical shape of MCMB particles can be retained via moderate ballmilling. Ballmilling conditions have an impact on the capacity and cyclability of nanocrystalline Si-MCMB composites. The optimized Si-MCMB composite anode demonstrated a reversible capacity of 1066 mAh/g with good cyclability. A reaction model has been proposed to explain the reaction mechanisms of lithium insertion and extraction in the Si-MCMB electrode. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Herniación uncal secundaria a plasmocitoma intracraneal (2007)

Describe a case of a 51 year old female with medical background of multiple myeloma that complained of right hemiparesis and neurological examination revealed signs of intracranial hypertension and uncal herniation. Computed tomography showed an osteolitic epidural high-density mass with marked homogeneous enhancement. At surgery a soft yellowish tumor was totally resected. The pathological analysis revealed a plasmacytoma. After radiation, the postoperative course over the following ten months was uneventful. However, since clinicopatholgic studies have identified extramedullary plasmacytomas with skull bone location, the epidural mass effect is an infrequent clinical presentation. Clinical, neuroradiological features and surgical treatment of this unusual lesion are discussed.
New surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles using N-glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine as the outer shell (2011)

The SLNs prepared in this study were able to control the release of triamcinolone acetonide under acidic conditions.
Fabrication of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst Coatings by Cold Spray (2009)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising material for photocatalyst coating. However, it was difficult to fabricate TiO2 coatings which have excellent photocatalytic property by thermal spray processes. Because anatase phase of TiO2 transforms into rutile phase under high temperature i.e. the photocatalytic property of TiO2 declines by heating. In this study, TiO2 photocatalyst coatings were fabricated by cold spray process. Agglomerated TiO2 powder with 100% anatase phase was injected into helium gas stream and deposit onto steel substrate. It was possible to fabricate TiO2 coatings with anatase phase. The deposition efficiency was increased with working gas temperature. The photocatalytic property of the coatings was evaluated by NOx elimination test. From the results, it became clear that cold sprayed TiO2 coatings have outstanding photocatalytic property.
Cardiovascular fitness and thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in man. (1989)

Nine healthy male subjects differing in their training status (VO2 max 54 +/- 7 ml.min-1.kg-1, mean +/- SD; 43-64 ml.min-1 kg-1, range) exercised on two occasions separated by one week. On each occasion, having fasted overnight, subjects exercised for 1 h on an electrically braked cycle ergometer at a workload equivalent to 70 per cent VO2 max (test A) or at a fixed workload of 140 W (test B). Each test was assigned in a randomized manner and was performed at an ambient temperature of 22.5 +/- 0.0 degrees C and a relative humidity of 85 +/- 0 per cent. Absolute exercise workload was the most successful predictor of sweat loss during test A (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). Sweat loss was also related to VO2 max tests A (r = 0.67, p less than 0.05) and B (r = 0.67, p less than 0.05). There was no relationship between resting pre-exercise core temperature and VO2 max. However, core temperature recorded during the final min of exercise in test B was inversely related to VO2 max (r = -0.86, p less than 0.01). As a consequence, core temperature during the final minute of exercise was also related to the relative exercise intensity (% VO2 max) performed (r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). The heart rate response during test B was inversely related to VO2 max (r = -0.71, p less than 0.05) and was positively related to the relative exercise intensity performed (r = 0.68, p less than 0.05). No relationship was found between weighted mean skin temperature during the final minute of exercise and the relative (r = 0.26) or absolute (r = 0.03) workloads performed during exercise. The results of the present experiment suggest that cardiovascular fitness (as indicated by VO2 max) will have a significant influence upon the thermoregulatory responses of Man during exercise.