gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Language model adaptation via minimum discrimination information (2002)

Statistical language models improve the performance of speech recognition systems by providing estimates of a priori probabilities of word sequences. The commonly used trigram language models obtain the conditional probability estimate of a word given the previous two words, from a large corpus of text. The text corpus is often a collection of several small diverse segments such as newspaper articles, or conversations on different topics. Knowledge of the current topic could be utilized to adapt the general trigram language models to match that topic closely. For example, an interpolation of the general language model with one built on the topic data could be used. The authors first discuss the adaptation of general trigram language models to a known topic using the minimum discrimination information (MDI) method. They then present results on the switchboard corpus which consists of telephone conversations on several topics.
Postconditioning Inhibits Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (2005)

Postconditioning inhibits opening of the mPTP and provides a powerful antiischemic protection.
Angiotensin-Receptor Blockade versus Converting–Enzyme Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy (2004)

Telmisartan is not inferior to enalapril in providing long-term renoprotection in persons with type 2 diabetes. These findings do not necessarily apply to persons with more advanced nephropathy, but they support the clinical equivalence of angiotensin II-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors in persons with conditions that place them at high risk for cardiovascular events.
AT/sup 2/-optimal Galois field multiplier for VLSI (1989)

VLSI designs for Galois field multipliers, which are central in many encoding and decoding procedures for error-detecting and error-correcting codes, are presented. An AT/sup 2/-optimal Galois-field multiplier based on AT/sup 2/-optimal integer multipliers for a synchronous VLSI model is exhibited. Galois field multiplication is done in two steps. First two polynomials (of degree n-1) over Z/sub p/ are multiplied, and then the resulting polynomial is reduced modulo a fixed irreducible polynomial (of degree n). Multiplication of polynomials is done by discrete Fourier transform (DFT). For p=2, the procedure is more involved for Z/sub p/(x) than for Z(x). An extension to the case of variable p is included and some open problems are stated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody for Melamine and Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA for Melamine Detection in Raw Milk, Milk Powder, and Animal Feeds (2010)

Melamine (MEL) has been involved in several food recalls after the discovery of severe kidney damages in children and pets poisoned by melamine-adulterated food. To detect MEL residue in foods and animal feeds, an indirect competitive ELISA (cELISA) method was developed in this study based on preparation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to MEL. The immunogen was prepared by linking MEL hapten with carrier protein via carbodiimide method. The method is applicable in the range of 5.0-135.0 microg L(-1) MEL in buffer solution, with an IC(50) value of 22.6 +/- 1.9 microg L(-1). The MAbs showed high specificity with low cross-reactivity (< or =1%) toward cyanurate, ammelide, and ammeline. The method was utilized in the detection of MEL in raw milk, milk powder, and animal feeds, with detection limits of 0.1 mg L(-1) for milk, 0.2 mg kg(-1) for milk powder, and 0.5 mg L(-1) for feeds. The recovery ratio was 79-110% for all matrices. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were <12.0 and <13.0%, respectively. Finally, the application of the cELISA in quantity evaluation of MEL in various feeds from local markets was evaluated and discussed.
Kinetic Theory in the Earth Sciences (1998)

The Earth is shaped by processes as fleeting as molecular motion and as slow as the movement of tectonic plates. This landmark book is the first comprehensive treatment of the huge range of kinetic processes that lie along the continuum from one of these extremes to the other. A leading researcher in modern geochemistry and geophysics, Antonio Lasaga reviews the theories and quantitative tools that explain these processes, and he shows how they can be applied in the field and laboratory. Chapters focus on such theoretical topics as rate laws of chemical reactions, transport theory, diffusion, irreversible thermodynamics, nucleation theory, and the theory of crystal growth and dissolution. These theories help to explain such kinetic processes as molecular complexation, fluid flow, weathering, oxidation, nucleation, growth, magma generation, biological membrane reactions, atmospheric gas reactions, geochemical cycles, mantle creep, subduction, and erosion. Throughout, Lasaga emphasizes the need to view earth-science phenomena as ongoing processes--to add fully the element of time to models of earth dynamics. He draws on extensive knowledge of geology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics and makes creative use of numerous examples from both nature and the laboratory. Kinetic Theory in the Earth Sciences will be essential reading for geologists and chemists who wish to understand the application of chemical kinetics to the workings of the Earth. Originally published in 1998. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Font recognition based on global texture analysis (1999)

In this paper, we describe a new texture analysis based approach towards font recognition. Existing methods are typically based on local features that often require connected components analysis. In our new method, we take the document as an image containing some special textures, and font recognition as texture identification. The method is content independent and involves no local feature analysis. Global features are extracted by texture analysis. We apply the well-established 2D Gabor filtering technique to extract such features and a weighted Euclidean distance classifier to fulfil the recognition task. Experiments are made using 6,000 samples of 24 frequently used Chinese fonts (6 typefaces combined with 4 styles) and very promising results are achieved.
Analysis of <b><i>O</i></b>‐glycosylation site occupancy in bovine κ‐casein glycoforms separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2005)

The ability of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to separate glycoproteins was exploited to separate distinct glycoforms of kappa-casein that differed only in the number of O-glycans that were attached. To determine where the glycans were attached, the individual glycoforms were digested in-gel with pepsin and the released glycopeptides were identified from characteristic sugar ions in the tandem mass spectrometry (MS) spectra. The O-glycosylation sites were identified by tandem MS after replacement of the glycans with ammonia / aminoethanethiol. The results showed that glycans were not randomly distributed among the five potential glycosylation sites in kappa-casein. Rather, glycosylation of the monoglycoform could only be detected at a single site, T152. Similarly the diglycoform appeared to be modified exclusively at T152 and T163, while the triglycoform was modified at T152, T163 and T154. While low levels of glycosylation at other sites cannot be excluded the hierarchy of site occupation between glycoforms was clearly evident and argues for an ordered addition of glycans to the protein. Since all five potential O-glycosylation sites can be glycosylated in vivo, it would appear that certain sites remain latent until other sites are occupied. The determination of glycosylation site occupancy in individual glycoforms separated by 2-DE revealed a distinct pattern of in vivo glycosylation that has not been recognized previously.
Heteromer formation of a long‐chain prenyl diphosphate synthase from fission yeast Dps1 and budding yeast Coq1* (2008)

Ubiquinone is an essential factor for the electron transfer system and is also a known lipid antioxidant. The length of the ubiquinone isoprenoid side-chain differs amongst living organisms, with six isoprene units in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eight units in Escherichia coli and 10 units in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and in humans. The length of the ubiquinone isoprenoid is determined by the product generated by polyprenyl diphosphate synthases (poly-PDSs), which are classified into homodimer (i.e. octa-PDS IspB in E. coli) and heterotetramer [i.e. deca-PDSs Dps1 and D-less polyprenyl diphosphate synthase (Dlp1) in Sc. pombe and in humans] types. In this study, we characterized the hexa-PDS (Coq1) of S. cerevisiae to identify whether this enzyme was a homodimer (as in bacteria) or a heteromer (as in fission yeast). When COQ1 was expressed in an E. coli ispB disruptant, only hexa-PDS activity and ubiquinone-6 were detected, indicating that the expression of Coq1 alone results in bacterial enzyme-like functionality. However, when expressed in fission yeast Deltadps1 and Deltadlp1 strains, COQ1 restored growth on minimal medium in the Deltadlp1 but not Deltadps1 strain. Intriguingly, ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10, but not ubiquinone-6, were identified and deca-PDS activity was detected in the COQ1-expressing Deltadlp1 strain. No enzymatic activity or ubiquinone was detected in the COQ1-expressing Deltadps1 strain. These results indicate that Coq1 partners with Dps1, but not with Dlp1, to be functional in fission yeast. Binding of Coq1 and Dps1 was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation, and the formation of a tetramer consisting of Coq1 and Dps1 was detected in Sc. pombe. Thus, Coq1 is functional when expressed alone in E. coli and in budding yeast, but is only functional as a partner with Dps1 in fission yeast. This unusual observation indicates that different folding processes or protein modifications in budding yeast/E. coli versus those in fission yeast might affect the formation of an active enzyme. These results provide important insights into the process of how PDSs have evolved from homo- to hetero-types.
Quasi-adiabatic ternary CMOS logic (1996)

Adiabatic switching is one technique for designing low power IC. To diminish its expensive silicon area requirements a quasi-adiabatic ternary logic is proposed. The performances of a half adder using this logic have been obtained, showing a 65% area saving with respect to adiabatic binary logic.
Dissection of a type I interferon pathway in controlling bacterial intracellular infection in mice (2011)

Defence mechanisms against intracellular bacterial pathogens are incompletely understood. Our study characterizes a type I IFN-dependent cell-autonomous defence pathway directed against Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular model organism and frequent cause of pneumonia. We show that macrophages infected with L. pneumophila produced IFNβ in a STING- and IRF3- dependent manner. Paracrine type I IFNs stimulated upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and a cell-autonomous defence pathway acting on replicating and non-replicating Legionella within their specialized vacuole. Our infection experiments in mice lacking receptors for type I and/or II IFNs show that type I IFNs contribute to expression of IFN-stimulated genes and to bacterial clearance as well as resistance in L. pneumophila pneumonia in addition to type II IFN. Overall, our study shows that paracrine type I IFNs mediate defence against L. pneumophila, and demonstrates a protective role of type I IFNs in in vivo infections with intracellular bacteria.
A molecular colour sensor for monosaccharides (2000)

C. J. Ward, P. Patel, P. R. Ashton and T. D. James, Chem. Commun., 2000, 229 DOI: 10.1039/A909204H
Efficient Sorption and Removal of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) from Aqueous Solution by Metal Hydroxides Generated in Situ by Electrocoagulation (2015)

Removal of environmentally persistent perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), that is, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs, C4 ∼ C10) were investigated through sorption on four metal hydroxide flocs generated in situ by electrocoagulation in deionized water with 10 mM NaCl as supporting electrolyte. The results indicated that the zinc hydroxide flocs yielded the highest removal efficiency with a wide range concentration of PFOA/PFOS (1.5 μM ∼ 0.5 mM) at the zinc dosage <150 mg L(-1) with the energy consumption <0.18 Wh L(-1). The sorption kinetics indicated that the zinc hydroxide flocs had an equilibrium adsorbed amount (qe) up to 5.74/7.69 mmol g(-1) (Zn) for PFOA/PFOS at the initial concentration of 0.5 mM with an initial sorption rate (v0) of 1.01 × 10(3)/1.81 × 10(3) mmol g(-1) h(-1). The sorption of PFOA/PFOS reached equilibrium within <10 min. The sorption mechanisms of PFAAs on the zinc hydroxide flocs were proposed based on the investigation of various driving forces. The results indicated that the hydrophobic interaction was primarily responsible for the PFAAs sorption. The electrocoagulation process with zinc anode may have a great potential for removing PFAAs from industrial wastewater as well as contaminated environmental waterbody.
A consensus structure inference algorithm (2002)

The notion of consensus structure, a special form of random graph, is formally defined. The consensus structure represents an extended higher-order representation of the random n-tuple for statistical and structural pattern recognition. An algorithm inferring the consensus structure from a random n-tuple is designed based on the detection of statistical interdependency under certain structural constraints. In applying structural constraints, a circular diagram indicating variable interaction is used to extract global structural features in a macromolecular modeling problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Gcn2 Kinase as a Cell Cycle Regulator (2007)

Cell cycle progression through G1 phase is of particular importance because this is the phase where the decision to embark on another cell cycle is made. An aberrant G1/S transition often leads to cell cycle deregulation and cancer development. Therefore, there is a complex regulatory network to ensure timely entry into S phase, coordinating initiation of DNA replication with growth and stress signals. We have studied the response of fission yeast cells to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in G1 phase and identified a Gcn2-dependent checkpoint that delays entry into S phase. UV irradiation activates Gcn2 which, in turn, phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and depresses translation. Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha is a well-known response to various forms of stress, but whether or how this response is causing the specific cell cycle effects is not known. Here we discuss the relationships between Gcn2 activity, eIF2alpha phosphorylation, translation downregulation and cell cycle delay.
Template-Free Synthesis of Hollow-Structured Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Nanoparticles as High-Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2015)

We have developed a template-free procedure to synthesize Co3O4 hollow-structured nanoparticles on a Vulcan XC-72 carbon support. The material was synthesized via an impregnation-reduction method followed by air oxidation. In contrast to spherical particles, the hollow-structured Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibited excellent lithium storage capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability when used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical testing showed that the hollow-structured Co3O4 particles delivered a stable reversible capacity of about 880 mAh/g (near the theoretical capacity of 890 mAh/g) at a current density of 50 mA/g after 50 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance is attributed to its unique hollow structure, which combines nano- and microscale properties that facilitate electron transfer and enhance structural robustness.
Light‐induced degradation of D2 protein in isolated photosystem II reaction center complex (1992)

When isolated photosystem II reaction centers from spinach are exposed to photoinhibitory light in the presence of an electron acceptor, breakdown products of the D2 protein at 28, 25, 23, 18, 9, 5 and 4.5 kDa are detected by immunoblotting with a monospecific anti-D2 polyclonal antibody. In a time-course experiment the 23 and 4.5 kDa fragments show a transient appearance, whilst the others are photoaccumulated. The regions of the D2 protein containing the cleavage sites for the 28 and 18 kDa photoinduced fragments have been identified. Significant degradation of D2 takes place only in the presence of an electron acceptor, and breakdown of the protein is partially prevented by serine-type protease inhibitors.
Nonoxidative method for ketone transposition (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNonoxidative method for ketone transpositionJames Arthur Marshall and Heide RoebkeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 12, 4188–4191Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01264a105https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01264a105research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Formation and alkylation of anions of bis(methylsulfonyl)methane (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation and alkylation of anions of bis(methylsulfonyl)methaneAlfredo Castro and Thomas A. SpencerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 12, 3496–3499Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00038a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00038a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views225Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Methods of analysis for agar, carrageenan and alginate in seaweed (1994)

The extraction of agar and carrageenan was carried out after alkali treatment, and alginate after acid treatment, of samples agarophytes and carrageenophytes were treated at high temperatures whilst the alginophytes were extracted at room temperature. Agar yield and gel strength were obtained after alkali treatment (5% NaOH, at 70 and 80℃, for 2 hours) from commercially harvested Gracilaria chorda (mature and young material) from Japan; G. fisheri (cultivated and wild material from Thailand); G. verrucosa from the Philippines and G. lemaneiformis from Chile. Agar with a high yield (18.34% of dry weight) and gel strength (692±24 g.cm^<-2>) was obtained from G. chorda (mature thalli) after alkali treatment at 80℃, whilst a low yield (9.92%) and gel strength (355±22 g.cm^<-2>) was obtained from G. verrucosa.\nThe yield and gel strength of carrageenan were obtained with alkali treatment (6% KOH), for kappa carrageenan and 6% NaOH for iota carrageenan, at 80℃ for a period of 3 hours, using different extract recovery methods (e.g. freeze-thawing, gel pressing and alcohol precipitation). The largest carrageenan yield (35.47%) of kappa carrageenan was obtained by the freeze-thawing method. Alcohol precipitation provided the best extraction of iota carrageenan (34.05%). High gel strength reading were obtained from the freeze-thawing method to extract kappa carrageenan (814±82 g.cm^<-2>) and iota carrageenan (191±5 g.cm^<-2>).\nThe yield of alginate (1 - 2% sodium carbonate treatment) unbleached and bleached was, 32.16 and 30.65% respectively for Laminaria japonica, 33.95 and 33.72% respectively for Ecklonia cava and 27.63 and 28.68% respectively for Sargassum duplicatum.
A systematic review of the ultrasound estimation of fetal weight (2004)

The accuracy of EFW is compromised by large intra- and interobserver variability. Efforts must be made to minimize this variability if EFW is to be clinically useful. This may be achieved through averaging of multiple measurements, improvements in image quality, uniform calibration of equipment, careful design and refinement of measurement methods, acknowledgment that there is a long learning curve, and regular audit of measurement quality. Further work to improve the universal validity and accuracy of fetal weight estimation formulae is also required.
Space-time iterative and multistage receiver structures for CDMA mobile communication systems (2002)

In this paper we consider low-complexity multistage and iterative receiver structures and examine their application in a CDMA mobile communication systems. In particular, the complexity and performance of the two novel partial multistage and iterative parallel interference cancellers is examined in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The proposed receivers are further enhanced by receive adaptive array antennas and spacetime processing.