gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SiC Recession Due to SiO2 Scale Volatility Under Combustion Conditions (1998)

In combustion environments, volatilization of SiO2 to Si-O-H(g) species is a critical issue. Available thermochemical data for Si-O-H(g) species were used to calculate boundary layer controlled fluxes from SiO2. Calculated fluxes were compared to volatilization rates Of SiO2 scales grown on SiC which were measured in Part 1 of this paper. Calculated volatilization rates were also compared to those measured in synthetic combustion gas furnace tests. Probable vapor species were identified in both fuel-lean and fuel-rich combustion environments based on the observed pressure, temperature and velocity dependencies as well as the magnitude of the volatility rate. Water vapor is responsible for the degradation of SiO2 in the fuel-lean environment. Silica volatility in fuel-lean combustion environments is attributed primarily to the formation of Si(OH)4(g) with a small contribution of SiO(OH)2(g).
Neural cell differentiation from retinal pigment epithelial cells of the newt: An organ culture model for the urodele retinal regeneration (2002)

Transdifferentiation from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to neural retina (NR) was studied under a new culture system as an experimental model for newt retinal regeneration. Adult newt RPEs were organ cultured with surrounding connective tissues, such as the choroid and sclera, on a filter membrane. Around day 7 in vitro, lightly pigmented "neuron-like cells" with neuritic processes were found migrating out from the explant onto the filter membrane. Their number gradually increased day by day. BrdU-labeling study showed that RPE cells initiated to proliferate under the culture condition on day 4 in vitro, temporally correlating to the time course of retinal regeneration in vivo. Histological observations of cultured explants showed that proliferating RPE cells did not form the stratified structure typically observed in the NR but they rather migrated out from the explants. Neuronal differentiation was examined by immunohistochemical detection of various neuron-specific proteins; HPC-1 (syntaxin), GABA, serotonin, rhodopsin, and acetylated tubulin. Immunoreactive cells for these proteins always possessed fine and long neurite-like processes. Numerous lightly pigmented cells with neuron-like morphology showed HPC-1 immunoreactivity. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), known as a potent factor for the transdifferentiation of ocular tissues in various vertebrates, substantially increased the numbers of both neuron-like cells and HPC-1-like immunoreactive cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that our culture method ensures neural differentiation of newt RPE cells in vitro and provides, for the first time, a suitable in vitro experimental model system for studying tissue-intrinsic factors responsible for newt retinal regeneration.
Practical Aspects of Cyclic Voltammetry: How to Estimate Reduction Potentials When Irreversibility Prevails (2019)

What is the best approach for estimating standard electrochemical potentials, E(0), from voltammograms that exhibit chemical irreversibility? The lifetimes of the oxidized or reduced forms of the majority of known redox species are considerably shorter than the voltammetry acquisition times, resulting in irreversibility and making the answer to this question of outmost importance. Half-wave potentials, E(1/2), provide the best experimentally obtainable representation of E(0). Due to irreversible oxidation or reduction, however, the lack of cathodic or anodic peaks in cyclic voltammograms renders E(1/2) unattainable. Therefore, we evaluate how closely alternative potentials, readily obtainable from irreversible voltammograms, estimate E(0). Our analysis reveals that, when E(1/2) is not available, inflection-point potentials provide the best characterization of redox couples. While peak potentials are the most extensively used descriptor for irreversible systems, they deviate significantly from E(0), especially at high scan rates. Even for partially irreversible systems, when the cathodic peak is not as pronounced as the anodic one, the half-wave potentials still provide the best estimates for E(0). The importance of these findings extends beyond the realm of electrochemistry and impacts fields, such as materials engineering, photonics, cell biology, solar energy engineering and neuroscience, where cyclic voltammetry is a key tool.
A MDCT based harmonic spectral bandwidth extension method (2013)

Modern audio coding technologies apply methods of bandwidth extension (BWE) to efficiently represent audio data at low bitrates. An established method is the well-known spectral band replication (SBR) that is part of MPEG High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC). However, if the signal features a distinct harmonic spectral structure, the use of these methods tends to result in audible artifacts, because the harmonic structure is not reconstructed correctly. In this paper a bandwidth extension method is proposed which eliminates the undesirable effects and allows for an efficient implementation in the Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) domain. The proposed Harmonic Spectral Bandwidth Extension (HSBE) method uses arbitrary frequency shifts for modulating the replicated spectrum in a way that the harmonic structure of the signal is preserved. A listening test demonstrates the advantage of the proposed method compared to the state of the art.
Twin tub III - A third generation CMOS technology (1984)

A third generation Twin-Tub (1, 2) CMOS Technology was developed using 1.75 µm lines/spaces and epitaxial substrates to suppress latch-up. The 5.0 volt transistor structures use a 250 A gate oxide, polycide gates, 0.55 µm X <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</inf> and 1.3 µm nominal channel lengths, n- and p-channel thresholds of 0.7 and -1.0 volts are obtained with a blanket boron ion implant. Long channel behavior and minimal threshold changes are obtained at geometries down to 0.9 µm channel length and 1.5 µm channel width. The time for linear threshold drift of 100 mv change extrapolates to > 1E5 hours for Vd < 5.5 V. This technology has been applied to the fabrication of the WE <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> 32100 microprocessor and memory management chips (3, 4) and SRAM devices.
Asymmetric Recursive Gaussian Filtering for Space-Variant Artificial Bokeh (2018)

This paper describes a recursive filter that handles discontinuous space-variant blur. The two-dimensional space-variant blur is approximated by separable Gaussian filtering along the x- and y-dimensions. Within each dimension, the one-dimensional Gaussian filter is further approximated by a pair of forward and backward Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters applied in parallel. By modifying the blur sigma's of the IIR filters as they approach a blur discontinuity, smearing artefacts are eliminated. Different modifications of the forward and backward filter sigma's results in an asymmetric space-variant IIR Gaussian filter. Our asymmetric IIR filters produce visually pleasing background blur for a complicated scene whose contents are at different depths to the camera.
Activity of type 1 5α-reductase is greater in the follicular infrainfundibulum compared with the epidermis (1997)

The enzyme 5α–reductase converts testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Although this enzyme has been localized to various regions of the pilosebaceous unit, its activity has not been studied in the follicular portion of either vellus or sebaceous follicles. The goal of our study was to determine the relative activities of 5α–reductase within various regions of these follicles with particular emphasis on the infrainfundibulum. A finding of increased 5α–reductase activity in upper follicles compared to epidermis might support the hypothesis that increased follicular production of DHT is involved in the hyperkeratinization observed in this region of the follicle in acne vulgaris. 5α–reductase activity was determined at pH 5 (optimal for the type 2 isozyme) and pH 7 (optimal for the type 1 isozyme) in isolated infrainfundibular segments from sebaceous and vellus follicles, homogenized epidermis from various anatomical areas and in microdissected segments of the pilosebaceous unit from breast skin of normal subjects. Enzyme activity was also determined at pH 7 in cultured infrainfundibular keratinocytes and in interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes. Homogenates of infrainfundibular segments demonstrated significantly greater activity at pH 7 compared to pH 5 (P < 0.001), confirming activity of the type 1 5α–reductase in this region. Activity of 5α–reductase was much lower in homogenized epidermis and did not demonstrate a clear pH preference. Keratinocytes cultured from the infrainfundibulum demonstrated significantly greater 5α–reductase activity compared to keratinocytes from interfollicular epidermis (P = 0.04). In the dissected segments of pilosebaceous units from breast skin, 5α–reductase activity was greatest in the sebaceous gland followed by the sebaceous duct, infrainfundibulum, whole skin and epidermis. These data indicate that 5α–reductase activity varies within regions of the pilosebaceous unit and compared with interfollicular epidermal cells, infrainfundibular keratinocytes have an increased capacity for producing androgens which may play a role in the follicular hyperkeratinization seen in acne.
Cognition, learning, reinforcement, and rhythm (1987)

A Psychophysiological Theory of Reinforcement, Drive, Motivation, and Attention (S. Grossberg). Some Psychophysiological and Pharmacological Correlates of a Developmental, Cognitive, and Motivational Theory (S. Grossberg). Processing of Expected and Unexpected Events During Conditioning and Attention: A Psychophysiological Theory (S. Grossberg). Neural Dynamics of Category Learning and Recognition: Attention, Memory Consolidation, and Amnesia (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). Absolute Stability of Global Pattern Formation and Parallel Memory Storage by Competitive Networks (M.A. Cohen, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: The Gated Pacemaker (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: Aschoff's Rule in Diurnal and Nocturnal Mammals (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: Split Rhythms, After-Effects, and Motivational Interactions (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). Associative and Competitive Principles of Learning and Development: The Temporal Unfolding and Stability of STM and LTM Patterns (S. Grossberg).
Thermal imaging of electronic devices with low surface emissivity (1991)

The technique of thermal imaging uses an infra-red scanning imager to map the surface temperature of electronic devices and circuits. Often unrealistic thermal distributions are found in thermal images after emissivity correction, particularly where there are areas of low emissivity on the surface being studied. The background principles of temperature measurement are described using this technique and the reason these inconsistencies and errors may arise in measurements on devices having low surface emissivities is explained. A method of dealing with this problem is suggested and some results of measurements on a gallium arsenide MESFET with a very low surface emissivity are presented. These measurements give some guidance and warnings about the accuracy of this method for measuring thermal resistance.
Learning Translation Consensus with Structured Label Propagation (2012)

In this paper, we address the issue for learning better translation consensus in machine translation (MT) research, and explore the search of translation consensus from similar, rather than the same, source sentences or their spans. Unlike previous work on this topic, we formulate the problem as structured labeling over a much smaller graph, and we propose a novel structured label propagation for the task. We convert such graph-based translation consensus from similar source strings into useful features both for n-best output re-ranking and for decoding algorithm. Experimental results show that, our method can significantly improve machine translation performance on both IWSLT and NIST data, compared with a state-of-the-art baseline.
Gain clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-modeling and experiment (1997)

A spectrum-resolved numerical model for the gain clamped EDFA is developed. Good agreement between the model and experimental results is achieved. The model results reveal the gain, clamped gain spectral distribution and noise figure characteristics of the amplifier. The model is used to optimize the selection of the clamped amplifier laser wavelength and laser output coupling to minimize the noise figure.
Construction of Functional Polymers from Acetylenic Triple‐Bond Building Blocks (2008)

Special Article Series: New Frontiers in Functional Polymers, Guest-Edited by Ben Z. Tang Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Simplifying amino acid alphabets by means of a branchand bound algorithm and substitution matrices (2002)

AlphaSimp and other accessory programs are available at http://bioinformatics.cribi.unipd.it/alphasimp
<i>Tsix</i> transcription across the <i>Xist</i> gene alters chromatin conformation without affecting <i>Xist</i> transcription: implications for X-chromosome inactivation (2005)

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is highly dynamic during early mouse embryogenesis and strictly depends on the Xist noncoding RNA. The regulation of Xist and its antisense partner Tsix remains however poorly understood. We provide here the first evidence of transcriptional control of Xist expression. We show that RNA polymerase II (RNAPolII) preinitiation complex recruitment and H3 Lys 4 (H3-K4) methylation at the Xist promoter form the basis of the Xist expression profiles that drives both imprinted and random XCI. In embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are derived from the inner cell mass where imprinted XCI is reversed and both Xs are active, we show that Xist is repressed at the level of preinitiation complex (PIC) recruitment. We further demonstrate that Tsix, although highly transcribed in ES cells, is not itself responsible for the transcriptional down-regulation of Xist. Rather, Tsix induces efficient H3-K4 methylation over the entire Xist/Tsix unit. We suggest that chromatin remodeling of the Xist locus induced by biallelic Tsix transcription renders both Xist loci epigenetically equivalent and equally competent for transcription. In this model, Tsix, by resetting the epigenetic state of the Xist/Tsix locus, mediates the transition from imprinted to random XCI.
Structural basis of the cross‐reaction between an antibody to the <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> ribosomal P2β protein and the human β <sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptor (2006)

Antibodies from patients with Chagas heart disease and monoclonal antibodies (or mAb) to the carboxy-terminal end (B cell epitope R13) of the ribosomal P2beta protein of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcP2beta) cross-react with the beta1 adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR). Two single-chain Fv fragments (scFv) C5 and B7 derived from the variable regions of the anti-R13 mAb 17.2 were expressed. scFv C5 was a dimer and bound to TcP2beta with an affinity of K(d) = 8 nM, whereas scFv B7 was monomeric and had less affinity than scFv C5 for TcP2beta, K(d) = 46 nM. The affinity constant of scFv C5 to the second extracellular loop of the human beta1-AR was of 10 microM. Moreover, scFv C5 induced an increase in cAMP levels of CHO-K cells transfected with the human beta1-AR; scFv B7 had no effect but blocked isoproterenol stimulation. The agonist-like activity of scFv C5 and the antagonist activity of scFv B7 were both confirmed in vivo on heart beating frequency after their passive transfer to mice. Molecular modeling of the variable region of mAb 17.2 indicated which amino acids were likely to be involved in recognizing both peptide EDDDMGFGLF, derived from the R13 epitope of TcP2beta, and peptide ESDEARRCYN from the second extracellular loop of the human beta1-AR. It is plausible that the recently described cross-reaction of mAb 17.2 with rhodopsin can also be explained by this model. The physiological effects of this type of anti-T. cruzi antibodies may increase the liability of patients with Chagas disease.
Special Political Dynamics (2004)

The Indian people eventually won their independence in 1947 through a forced peaceful transfer of power by the British after years of struggles with Indian flavor of movement of non-violence and non-cooperation led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Parallelization of the EM algorithm for 3-D PET image reconstruction (1991)

The EM algorithm for PET image reconstruction has two major drawbacks that have impeded the routine use of the EM algorithm: the long computation time due to slow convergence and a large memory required for the image, projection, and probability matrix. An attempt is made to solve these two problems by parallelizing the EM algorithm on multiprocessor systems. An efficient data and task partitioning scheme, called partition-by-box, based on the message passing model is proposed. The partition-by-box scheme and its modified version have been implemented on a message passing system, Intel iPSC/2, and a shared memory system, BBN Butterfly GP1000. The implementation results show that, for the partition-by-box scheme, a message passing system of complete binary tree interconnection with fixed connectivity of three at each node can have similar performance to that with the hypercube topology, which has a connectivity of log(2) N for N PEs. It is shown that the EM algorithm can be efficiently parallelized using the (modified) partition-by-box scheme with the message passing model.
Growth Hormone for Heart Failure — Cause for Cautious Optimism (1996)

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular dilatation, insufficient compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle, interstitial fibrosis in the myocardium, and increased stress on the wall of the left ventricle. In this disorder, a fundamental abnormality of the contractile function of the heart leads to progressive ventricular remodeling and symptomatic heart failure. Most therapies are directed at unloading the left ventricle with the use of agents that reduce afterload (i.e., angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors) and that decrease chamber size by reducing volume overload (i.e., diuretics). These approaches do not specifically improve the underlying contractile dysfunction of the myocytes. An alternative therapeutic . . .
Persistence of chronic myelocytic leukemia despite deletion of rearranged bcr/c-abl sequences in blast crisis. (1986)

We report on a Ph+ chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) case, cytogenetically characterized by the occurrence of a second Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in lymphoid blast crisis of T cell lineage. In situ hybridization analyses showed a deletion of translocated c-abl sequences, present on the Ph during chronic state, from both Ph in acute state. Moreover, Southern blot analyses of blastic cells exhibited a rearrangement within bcr, but a deletion of 5' bcr sequences, and Northern blots failed to detect the hybrid 8.5 kb bcr/c-abl transcript usually observed in Ph+ CML.
Fos-related antigen (Fra-1), junB, and junD activate human involucrin promoter transcription by binding to proximal and distal AP1 sites to mediate phorbol ester effects on promoter activity. (1996)

Vol. 270, p. 12614 We inadvertently failed to cite the work of Carroll et al.(1.Carroll J.M. Albers K.M. Garlick J.A. Harrington R. Taichman L.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 10270-10274Crossref PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar) which shows that the human involucrin promoter upstream regulatory region, fused to SV40 sequences, can drive tissue-specific transcription of a β-galactosidase gene in transgenic mice. Our work (2.Crish J.F. Howard J.M. Zaim T.M. Murthy S. Eckert R.L. Differentiation. 1993; 53: 191-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar) shows that a 6-kilobase segment of the gene, including the structural protein, targets expression to epidermis. These results are fully consistent with the important regulatory elements being localized upstream of the transcription start site.
Diagnosis and management of Lyme disease (1995)

Lyme disease was first reported in the United States in 1977. In 1982, Burgdorfer identified a spirochete as the infective source carried by and transmitted by Ixodes ticks. The disease is a multisystem bacterial infection and has been diagnosed primarily by recognition of its well-described clinical symptoms. However, this approach has led to much confusion with frequent overdiagnosis as well as underdiagnosis. Much of the recent literature on Lyme disease stresses the need for better diagnostic tests and more appropriate treatment plans.
An Uncleavable Procaspase-3 Mutant Has a Lower Catalytic Efficiency but an Active Site Similar to That of Mature Caspase-3 (2003)

We have examined the enzymatic activity of an uncleavable procaspase-3 mutant (D9A/D28A/D175A), which contains the wild-type catalytic residues in the active site. The results are compared to those for the mature caspase-3. Although at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C the K(m) values are similar, the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)) is approximately 130-fold lower in the zymogen. The mature caspase-3 demonstrates a maximum activity at pH 7.4, whereas the maximum activity of procaspase-3 occurs at pH 8.3. The pK(a) values of both catalytic groups, H121 and C163, are shifted to higher pH for procaspase-3. We developed limited proteolysis assays using trypsin and V8 proteases, and we show that these assays allow the examination of amino acids in three of five active site loops. In addition, we examined the fluorescence emission of the two tryptophanyl residues in the active site over the pH range of 2.5-9 as well as the response to several quenching agents. Overall, the data suggest that the major conformational change that occurs upon maturation results in formation of the loop bundle among loops L4, L2, and L2'. The pK(a) values of both catalytic groups decrease as a result of the loop movements. However, loop L3, which comprises the bulk of the substrate binding pocket, does not appear to be unraveled and solvent-exposed, even at lower pH.
New Signal Designs for Enhanced Spatial Modulation (2016)

In this paper, we present three new signal designs for enhanced spatial modulation (ESM), which was recently introduced by the present authors. The basic idea of ESM is to convey information bits not only by the index(es) of the active transmit antenna(s) as in conventional SM, but also by the types of the signal constellations used. The original ESM schemes were designed with reference to single-stream SM and involved one or more secondary modulations in addition to the primary modulation. Compared with single-stream SM, they provided either higher throughput or improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we focus on multi-stream SM (MSM) and present three new ESM designs leading to increasing SNR gains when they are operated at the same spectral efficiency. The secondary signal constellations used in the first two designs are derived through a single geometric interpolation step in the signal constellation plane, while the third design also makes use of additional constellations derived through a second interpolation step. The new ESM signal designs are described for MIMO systems with four transmit antennas out of which two are active, but we also briefly present extensions to higher numbers of antennas. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed designs provide a significant SNR gain over MSM.