gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two analytical approaches to the evaluation of chondroitin sulfate in european food supplements. (2009)

The amount and quality of CS from several Czech Republic food supplement/nutraceutical preparations was determined. In order to quantify CS, two different analytical approaches were applied after their validation [see Volpi, N. & Maccari, F. (2008) Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of chondroitin sulfate in dietary supplements. Food Anal. Chem., 1, 195-204], specific and sensitive agarose-gel electrophoresis and SAX-HPLC determination of the constituent disaccharides after treatment with specific chondroitin lyases.The CS content in food supplement products were found to conform to the label specifications only in four of the ten analyzed samples. Four of the food supplement preparations were found to contain approx. 0-1% CS in comparison with 47, 17, 12 and 6% declared on the label. Two products were found to have approx. 30-45% of the declared CS, and one preparation was found to contain approx. 2% hyaluronic acid. SAX-HPLC separation of unsaturated disaccharides for the nutraceutical CS was also used to evaluate its quality and the possible origin. The CS contained in eight food supplements resulted to be of bovine or porcine origin, one from cartilagineous fishes and in one case it was not possible to determine the origin due to a very low CS content.On the basis of these analytical results, the quality of these ten Czech Republic food supplement formulations is poor and strict regulations for quality control should be mandatory in order to guarantee the manufacture of high quality products. Furthermore, specific and accurate analytical procedures should be enforced for the control of high quality products and applied by quality control laboratories to confirm the purity and label claim of CS in raw materials and nutraceuticals.
Energy Metabolic Profile of Mice after Chronic Activation of Central NPY Y1, Y2, or Y5 Receptors<sup>**</sup> (2005)

Central activation of both Y1 and Y5 receptors increases RQ and adiposity, whereas only Y5 receptor activation reduces energy expended per energy ingested. Selective activation of Y2 autoreceptors leads to hypophagia and transient weight loss, with little effect on total EE. Our study indicates that all three NPY receptor subtypes may play a role in regulating energy homeostasis in mice.
Hypocholesterolemic Effect of an Androsterone Analogue (1964)

An assay was devised in which the hypocholesterolemic action of parenterally administered androsterone could be demonstrated in rats given a low dose of propyl-thiouracil. Using this procedure an analogue of androsterone, 3α-methoxy-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17-ol (SC-12790), was found to have an oral hypocholesterolemic activity similar to that of parenterally administered androsterone. Endocrine assays indicated the new steroid to be a weak androgen of the same order of potency as androsterone.
Optical Projection Tomography (2004)

Optical projection tomography is a new approach for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of small biological specimens. It fills an imaging gap between MRI and confocal microscopy, being most suited to specimens that are from 1 to 10 mm across. The tomographic principles of optical projection tomography (OPT) are explained, its most important applications in biomedical research explored, and comparisons drawn of its pros and cons compared to a number of alternative imaging technologies.
The Use of Strain Energy-Based Finite Element Techniques in the Analysis of Various Aspects of Damping of Composite Materials and Structures (1992)

This paper presents a review of the authors' recent work on the use of a strain energy-based finite element approach to the analysis of various aspects of damping of composite materials and structures. Particular interest was paid to the design and analy sis flexibility offered by finite element implementation of the strain energy method, and both micromechanical and macromechanical models are presented for the analysis of damping in composites. Previous work using micromechanical models to study the effects of fiber interaction, fiber aspect ratio, and fiber/matrix interphase size on the composite damping are described. Various macromechanical models for study of the effects of in terlaminar stresses, fiber orientation, vibration coupling, and constrained layer damping treatments in composites are discussed. Some experimental results from previous work are compared with analytical results from the strain energy-based finite element models. Finally, recommendations on ways of improving and optimizing damping in composites are offered. This review should be of interest to designers who must deal with vibration control and damping of composite materials and structures.
Adhaeribacter aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative isolate from a potable water biofilm (2005)

A Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from a freshwater biofilm developed on a stainless steel surface under a fluid velocity of 0.26 m s(-1). The strain, MBRG1.5(T), was cultivated on R2A agar and formed pink colonies. Light microscopy and negative staining in a transmission electron microscope showed that the cells were rod-shaped, approximately 2.8-4.1 microm long by 0.9-1.7 microm wide in size and produced large quantities of extracellular fibrillar material. Additionally, following growth in batch culture, transmission electron microscopy showed that many cells plasmolysed. Stationary-phase cells were more variable in size and shape. The DNA G+C content was 40.0 mol%. The most abundant fatty acids were 15 : 0 iso (22.5 %), followed by 16 : 1omega5c (16.9 %) and 15 : 0 iso 2-OH (16.5 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the strain was a member of the family 'Flexibacteraceae' of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses indicated that the strain could not be assigned to any recognized genus; therefore a novel genus and species, Adhaeribacter aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed, with MBRG1.5(T) (=DSM 16391(T)=NCIMB 14008(T)) as the type strain.
Optimizing Perforating Strategy in Well Completions to Maximize Productivity (2000)

Abstract The Britannia field is a gas producing reservoir operated jointly by Chevron and Conoco. Prior to completion of the wells, two major concerns were raised: potential sand production (perforation stability), and the optimum underbalance (for zero perforation skin) during completion. Theoretical models were used to predict the optimum underbalance based on log derived formation properties. Using detailed log permeability data numerous simulations were carried out to choose the gun, charges, shot density and perforating strategy for optimum productivity. Different shot densities and charges were used in different sections of the formation based on simulation results as opposed to choosing perforation parameters based on average well properties. Experiments were conducted to confirm the theoretical underbalance predictions and to investigate the stability of perforation tunnels at high underbalance pressures. Reservoir and outcrop core samples were perforated at simulated downhole conditions in the laboratory at different underbalances based on values obtained from the model. Flow performance evaluation of the perforated reservoir core samples confirmed earlier conclusions on the sensitivity of the formation to aqueous wellbore fluids (brine). The results also confirmed the stability of the perforation tunnels at high underbalance. An underbalance value of 1000 psi used in the outcrop sample tests indicated near zero perforation skin. Perforation strategy for the North Sea field was chosen based on the results from the study. Well performance analyses of 12 of the wells completed indicate low to negative skins. The information is presented in this paper as a case of how to design a good perforating job and also to emphasize the need to study optimum underbalance for gas formations.
Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium, and vascular elements by in situ hybridization. (1983)

A radiolabeled probe specific for hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleotide sequences was hybridized in situ to liver tissue from three patients with chronic hepatitis B. The HBV genome was detected not only in infected hepatocytes but also in bile duct epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. These findings extend the known host cell range for HBV, suggest new mechanisms of viral dissemination, and illustrate the usefulness of in situ hybridization in the study of pathogenesis of HBV infection.
Hydration of Propylene under Pressure (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydration of Propylene under PressureFrank M. Majewski and L. F. MarekCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1938, 30, 2, 203–210Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50338a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50338a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views394Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Stereodivergent Synthesis of 17‐α and 17‐β‐Aryl Steroids: Application and Biological Evaluation of D‐Ring Cortistatin Analogues (2009)

One stereocenter makes all the difference: The synthesis and biological evaluation of 17-epi-cortistatin A is reported from a common intermediate used to procure natural cortistatin A. The synthesis features a unique stereocontrolled Raney-Ni reduction process that can be employed to reliably produce both alpha- and beta-configured D-ring aryl steroids. Biological evaluations of these "cortalogs" are reported for the first time.
Mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy and tolerability in 86 patients. (2005)

Our data suggest that MMF is a good therapeutic alternative for patients with SLE and renal involvement or refractory disease activity.
The emergence of cellular computing (1999)

The von Neumann architecture-which is based upon the principle of one complex processor that sequentially performs a single complex task at a given moment-has dominated computing technology for the past 50 years. Recently however, researchers have begun exploring alternative computational systems based on entirely different principles. Although emerging from disparate domains, the work behind these systems shares a common computational philosophy, which the author calls cellular computing. This philosophy promises to provide new means for doing computation more efficiently-in terms of speed, cost, power dissipation, information storage, and solution quality. Simultaneously, cellular computing offers the potential of addressing much larger problem instances than previously possible, at least for some application domains. Cellular computing has attracted increasing research interest. Work in this field has produced results that hold prospects for a bright future. Yet questions must be answered before cellular computing can become a mainstream paradigm. What classes of computational tasks are most suited to it? How do we match the specific properties and behaviors of a given model to a suitable class of problems? At its heart, cellular computing consists of three principles: simplicity, vast parallelism, and locality.
Scope and Mechanism of Interstrand Cross-Link Formation by the C4′-Oxidized Abasic Site (2009)

The C4'-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) is a commonly formed DNA lesion, which generates two types of interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The kinetically favored cross-link consists of two full length strands and forms reversibly and exclusively with dA. Cross-link formation is attributed to condensation of C4-AP with the N6-amino group of dA. Formation of the thermodynamic ICL involves cleavage of the strand containing C4-AP on the 3'-side of the lesion. The ratios and yields of the ICLs are highly dependent upon the local sequence. Product analysis of enzyme-digested material reveals that the ICL with dA is a cyclic adduct. Formation of the thermodynamically favored cross-link is catalyzed by the surrounding DNA sequence and occurs favorably with dC and dA but not with dG or dT. Mechanistic studies indicate that beta-elimination from C4-AP is the rate-limiting step in the formation of the thermodynamic ICL and that the local DNA environment determines the rate constant for this reaction. The efficiency of ICL formation, the stability of the thermodynamic products, and their possible formation in cells (Regelus, P.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 14032) suggest that these lesions will be deleterious to the biological system in which they are produced.
A Prospective Study on the Epidemiology of Febrile Episodes during Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Children with Cancer or after Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2007)

The overall incidence of febrile neutropenia and severe infectious complications in children with cancer is low, with differences according to the aggressiveness of chemotherapy. This fact must be considered when designing clinical trials on the management of infectious complications in children with cancer.
Polarization controller using nematic liquid crystals (1999)

In this Letter we demonstrate a polarization controller capable of changing any state of polarization of light from one arbitrary state to another. The controller consists of a stack of three homogeneous nematic liquid-crystal cells. The polarization state is controlled by proper adjustment of the voltages applied across each of the cells. The mathematical algorithm and principles of this polarization controller are developed in the framework of the Stokes parameters, allowing easy visualization by use of a Poincaré sphere representation. The transformation functions are given for conversion of an arbitrary input state to any output state. Experiments are carried out to demonstrate arbitrary polarization transformation.
8. Exotic matter (and antimatter) (2004)

Abstract ‘Exotic matter (and antimatter)’ investigates the existence of different generations of particles. In the middle of the twentieth century, cosmic rays provided a source of quarks that had not been seen before. Strange quarks are identical to down quarks, except they are slightly heavier. Charm quarks are the heavier equivalents of up quarks. Furthermore, top and bottom quarks are an even heavier generation! Leptons also have different generations of particle — muons and tau particles are heavier relatives of the electron. There is a tiny imbalance in the way regular exotic matter and exotic antimatter behaves, and it is believed that this may explain the matter/antimatter imbalance that exists today.
A Dynamic G-Quadruplex Region Regulates the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Promoter (2013)

G-Quadruplexes, noncanonical nucleic acid structures, act as silencers in the promoter regions of human genes; putative G-quadruplex forming sequences are also present in promoters of other mammals, yeasts, and prokaryotes. Here we show that also the HIV-1 LTR promoter exploits G-quadruplex-mediated transcriptional regulation with striking similarities to eukaryotic promoters and that treatment with a G-quadruplex ligand inhibits HIV-1 infectivity. Computational analysis on 953 HIV-1 strains substantiated a highly conserved G-rich sequence corresponding to Sp1 and NF-κB binding sites. Biophysical/biochemical analysis proved that two mutually exclusive parallel-like intramolecular G-quadruplexes, stabilized by small molecule ligands, primarily fold in this region. Mutations disrupting G-quadruplex formation enhanced HIV promoter activity in cells, whereas treatment with a G-quadruplex ligand impaired promoter activity and displayed antiviral effects. These findings disclose the possibility of inhibiting the HIV-1 LTR promoter by G-quadruplex-interacting small molecules, providing a new pathway to development of anti-HIV-1 drugs with unprecedented mechanism of action.
Effectiveness of CCS with time-dependent CO2 leakage (2009)

The effectiveness of CCS, i.e. its emission abatement potential in relation to the possibility of leakage of CO2 from geological reservoirs once this greenhouse gas has been stored artificially underground, will be among the main determinants of whether CCS can significantly contribute to a deep cut in global CO2 emissions. This paper presents an analysis of the economic and climatic implications of the large-scale use of CCS for reaching a stringent climate change control target, when geological CO2 leakage is accounted for. The natural scientific uncertainties regarding the rates of possible leakage of CO2 from geological reservoirs are likely to remain large for a long time to come. We present a concise analytical inspection, as well as an analysis with a more detailed integrated assessment model, proffering insight into the economics of geological CO2 storage and leakage. CO2 leakage lowers the value of CCS as climate mitigation option below the prevailing level of the CO2 tax. We therefore employ a definition for the effectiveness of temporary carbon storage as the net present value of the total stream of avoided emissions. We calculate the effectiveness of CCS under two leakage models (an exponential model with a constant seepage rate and a two-layer model with a bell-shaped time-dependent seepage rate) and with different assumptions regarding (1) the carbon tax growth rate relative to the interest rate and (2) the average CO2 storage life-time. We introduce the expression for the effectiveness of CCS in a top-down integrated assessment model that represents three main CO2 emission reduction options: energy savings, a carbon to non-carbon (renewable) energy transition and the use of CCS. We find CCS to remain a valuable option even with CO2 leakage of a few %/yr, well above the maximum seepage rates that we think are likely from a geo-scientific point of view.
Cell surface protein receptors in oral streptococci (1994)

Streptococci have a vast repertoire of adherence properties which include binding to human tissue components, epithelial cells and to other bacterial cells. These interactions are determined by the expression of cell-surface receptors some of which are species-specific. In the oral streptococci, two families of surface protein receptors with highly conserved amino acid sequences have been identified. The antigen I/II family of polypeptides are wall-associated high molecular mass proteins (158-166 kDa) with several binding functions that may be attributed to different domains of the receptor molecules. The LraI family of polypeptides are surface-associated lipoproteins (32-33 kDa) involved in adherence of streptococci to salivary glycoprotein pellicle and to oral Actinomyces. A region of amino acid sequence similarity is evident amongst members of the two protein families in Streptococcus gordonii. Ligand-binding specificities of these receptor polypeptides may account for species-specific adherence and site-directed colonization of streptococci within the human oral cavity.
RAPID STRENGTH PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (2001)

Caltrans needs a fast setting concrete with early high strength gain so that short nighttime working windows, between 10:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m., can be used to repair and rehabilitate highways and structures. Proprietary cements have been used in the past with some degree of success for concrete slab replacement work and for a limited bridge structural repair. Until now, the goal of a portland cement concrete mix, which can be placed and subsequently opened to traffic within four to six hours, has been elusive. This report describes a fast setting portland cement concrete with high early strength gain which was developed using conventional aggregates, a selected Type I, II/III or III cement, and the latest innovations in concrete admixture technology. This concrete can be mixed and delivered in a ready mix truck, meets workability requirements, and gains strength rapidly at cooler nighttime temperatures thus allowing opening to traffic typically four hours after placing. This was accomplished by using (1) a Glenium formulation which is a newer high range water reducing admixture, (2) Delvo a hydration control stabilizer to control setting time, and (3) a high dose rate of Pozzolith NC 534, a set accelerator. This combination of materials and admixtures made possible any slump up to 10 inches, as desired, through concrete placement. This concrete mix design was found to be user friendly by both the concrete producer and the construction crew placing the mix. Planned future uses for this unusual concrete include a wide range of applications, primarily for highway pavement repair and rehabilitation in urban areas but also for bridge and other emergency repairs. Also, because this early high strength concrete is user friendly, its use by Highway Maintenance personnel should result in reduced lane closure times and aid significantly in traffic congestion relief.
Axial Diffusivity Is the Primary Correlate of Axonal Injury in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Spinal Cord: A Quantitative Pixelwise Analysis (2009)

The dissociation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and permanent disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), termed the clinicoradiological paradox, can primarily be attributed to the lack of specificity of conventional, relaxivity-based MRI measurements in detecting axonal damage, the primary pathological correlate of long-term impairment in MS. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has shown promise in specifically detecting axonal damage and demyelination in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To quantify the specificity of DTI in detecting axonal injury, in vivo DTI maps from the spinal cords of mice with EAE and quantitative histological maps were both registered to a common space. A pixelwise correlation analysis between DTI parameters, histological metrics, and EAE scores revealed a significant correlation between the water diffusion parallel to the white matter fibers, or axial diffusivity, and EAE score. Furthermore, axial diffusivity was the primary correlate of quantitative staining for neurofilaments (SMI31), markers of axonal integrity. Both axial diffusivity and neurofilament staining were decreased throughout the entire white matter, not solely within the demyelinated lesions seen in EAE. In contrast, although anisotropy was significantly correlated with EAE score, it was not correlated with axonal damage. The results demonstrate a strong, quantitative relationship between axial diffusivity and axonal damage and show that anisotropy is not specific for axonal damage after inflammatory demyelination.