gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Rasch Model (1984)

The Rasch model is one of several item response theory measurement models that provides generality of measurement and linearity of scale. The former is a result of the separation of test item and person measures. Item difficulties are adjustedfor the effects of the particular group of examinees tested, and examinee scores are adjusted for the effects of the particular items in the test. Linearity of scale is accomplished by expressing item difficulty and person ability in a natural log odds unit. After several years of study, the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) now uses the Rasch model to calibrate items, build and maintain calibrated item banks, equate scores, and monitor the consistency ofexaminee item response patterns. The model is also being used by the NBMEin the study ofpatient management problems (PMP) examinations, in standard-setting studies, and in development of computer-based examinations.
Reduction of Solar Keratoses by Regular Sunscreen Use (1993)

Regular use of sunscreens prevents the development of solar keratoses and, by implication, possibly reduces the risk of skin cancer in the long-term.
The role of Glu87 and Trp89 in the lid of <i>Humicola lanuginosa</i> lipase (1996)

The importance of Glu87 and Trp89 in the lid of Humicola lanuginosa lipase for the hydrolytic activity at the water/lipid interface was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. It was found that the effect on the hydrolytic activity upon the replacement of Trp89 with Phe, Leu, Gly or Glu was substrate dependent The Trp89 mutants displayed an altered chain length specificity towards triglycerides, with a higher relative activity towards triacetin and trioctanoin compared with tributyrin. Trp89 was shown to be lessimportant in the hydrolysis of vinyl esters compared with ethylesters and triglycerides. An exclusive effect on the acylation reaction rate by the mutation of Trp89 was consistent with the data. It is suggested that Trp89 is important in the process of binding the acyl chain of thesubstrate into the activesite for optimal acylation reaction rate. The Trp89Phe mutation resulted in an increased hydrolytic activity towards 2-alkylalkanoic acid esters. This is suggested to be due to reduction of unfavourable van der Waals contacts between Trp89 and the 2-substituent of the substrate. Thus, in contrast to natural substrates, Trp89 has a negative impact on the catalytic efficiencywhen substrates with bulky acyl chains are used. In contrast to the Trp89 mutations, the effect on the hydrolytic activity of the Glu87Ala mutation was almost substrate independent, 35–70% activity of wild-type lipase. Areduction of both the acylation and deacylation reaction was consistent with the data.
A Darwinian approach to artificial neural systems (1987)

Self-organization in artificial neural systems and simulated genetic methods for determining functional parameters of such systems have been combined. This leads to a model of the genome as a self-organizing system on a supra-organism level, and to suggestions for a number of experiments to be performed on the abstract genetic space. The problem of the open system is also addressed in this model. A synthetic intelligent system is viewed as an extensible set of parameters-the evolved genome. This set also serves as a specification file for individual synthetic organisms, and algorithms for network-construction use this set as data for creating specific networks. It is this set of parameters that undergoes mutation and selection leading to a synthetic organism fulfilling the goals of the systems designer. 22 refs., 4 figs.
Photo-injection PIN diode switch for high power RF switching (2005)

The RF high power switching properties of an optically controlled RF switch, the photo-injection PIN switch (PIPINS), are investigated. Proper functioning of a PIPINS as a low insertion loss RF switch requires that it operates as a photoconductor, where the photo-injected charge is much greater than the RF sweep out charge. Insertion loss using 650 mW optical power was <0.4 dB at RF (VHF-UHF) power in excess of 200 W, isolation is determined by the device capacitance (e.g., 225 fF). PIPINS hot switching measurements are reported with output RF power up to 180 W at low duty cycle, rise times of 1 /spl mu/s, and fall times for a series shunt switch of /spl ap/ 2.5 /spl mu/s. The RF power for hot switching a PIPINS is limited by a latch-on effect likely caused by thermally generated carriers. The switching properties of PIPINS make them a candidate for RF high power applications such as reconfigurable antennas, where electromagnetic isolation of the switch and control lines are critical.
NONINVASIVE GLUCOSE DETECTION (2006)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTNONINVASIVE GLUCOSE DETECTIONGold nanoparticle method detects glucose at the low levels found in healthy peopleCELIA ARNAUDCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2006, 84, 14, 15Publication Date (Print):April 3, 2006Publication History Published online14 November 2010Published inissue 3 April 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v084n014.p015https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n014.p015newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates Get e-Alerts
Structure and toxicity of amphotericin B/triglyceride emulsion formulations (1995)

This paper investigates the relationship between the in-vitro toxicity of amphotericin B/triglyceride emulsion formulations, and their phospholipid composition and method of manufacture. Emulsion toxicity, as measured by the erythrocyte potassium leakage assay, was found to be dependent on the transition temperature of the phospholipid emulsifier, and the thermal history of the emulsion. Emulsions made using unsaturated phospholipids showed a low toxicity irrespective of the method of manufacture. Emulsions made using phospholipids with phase transition temperatures above the maximum process temperature displayed a toxicity comparable to the deoxycholate-solubilized formulation. This toxicity was significantly reduced when such formulations were heated to a temperature above the phase transition temperature for the phospholipid. We interpret these data as demonstrating that the amphotericin molecule must be inserted fully into the phospholipid emulsifier in order to produce a low toxicity emulsion, and that this insertion is critically dependent on the composition of the emulsifier and its phase transition properties.
Impurity Distribution in MgO (1966)

Microprobe studies were conducted on hot‐pressed polycrystalline MgO compacts, nominally 99.5 and 99.95% pure. Results indicated that in MgO some common impurities, such as Al, Ca, and Si, when present in amounts as small as 30 atomic ppm, were segregated to grain boundaries. Mutually incompatible segregated phases existed at grain boundaries. Other impurities such as Fe appeared to be uniformly distributed. Although some impurity agglomeration was noted, it was not required for impurity segregation. The presence of such agglomerates would complicate the problems of chemical analysis.
[Production and use of monoclonal glucagon and insulin antibodies--reduction of pancreatic insulin in rats by treatment with complete Freund's adjuvant]. (1988)

Murine monoclonal antibodies against glucagon and insulin were generated by somatic cell hybridization and partially characterized. The monoclonal glucagon antibody K79bB10 exhibited no cross-reaction with gut glucagon. This antibody and the insulin antibody K36aC10 were found of very high concentration in ascites. An ascites dilution of 1:5,000 was used for immunohistochemical staining of insulin and glucagon on Bouin-fixed pancreatic tissue sections. By indirect immunofluorescence technique we could demonstrate a reduction of pancreatic insulin in Lewis rats after treatment with complete Freund's adjuvant. The glucagon staining was not altered. The results were confirmed by radioimmunoassay analysis of pancreatic insulin and glucagon content.
Low voltage energy-saving double-walled carbon nanotube electric lamps (2007)

The relative efficacy of electric lamps with double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) filaments is higher than that with tungsten filaments at the same input power. The luminescence of DWNT electric lamps shows a cold light performance besides blackbody radiation. At a color temperature of 2386 K, the visible light emitted by the DWNT electric lamp (filament diameter: 0.06 mm) occupies 7.6% of the total radiation energy, higher than that of tungsten lamps. The longevity of the DWNT electric lamp (filament diameter: 0.15 mm, 15 V) is no less than 3000 h. DWNT electric lamps are energy saving at low voltages and have potential applications.
Reduced virulence of Candida albicans PHR1 mutants (1995)

Candida albicans mutants lacking PHR1 exhibit a pH-dependent morphogenic defect which is expressed at pH 7.5, a pH comparable to that of mammalian blood (S. M. Saporito-Irwin, C. E. Birse, P. S. Sypherd, and W. A. Fonzi, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:601-613, 1995). The in vivo relevance of this expression pattern was tested in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. A phr1/phr1 mutant was found to be less virulent than an isogenic Phr1+ strain and exhibited altered morphological development in vivo. These results indicate that PHR1 contributes to the virulence of C. albicans.
Comparison of Refined and Crude Indigo Naturalis Ointment in Treating Psoriasis: Randomized, Observer-Blind, Controlled, Intrapatient Trial (2012)

Our group's previous studies1,2 have shown that topical application of indigo naturalis significantly improves psoriatic symptoms. However, patient compliance is hindered because the preparation is unsightly and stains clothing.
Design and Implementation of the KioskNet System (Extended Version) (2007)

Rural Internet kiosks in developing regions can cost-effectively provide communication and information services to the poorest sections of society. Yet, a variety of technical and nontechnical issues have caused most kiosk deployments to be economically unsustainable [1]. KioskNet addresses the key technical problems underlying kiosk failure by using robust ‘mechanical backhaul ’ for connectivity [2], and by using lowcost and reliable kiosk-controllers to support services delivered from one or more recycled PCs. KioskNet also addresses related issues such as security, user management, and log collection. In this paper, we describe the KioskNet system, outlining its hardware, software, and security architecture. We describe a pilot deployment, and how we used lessons from this deployment to re-design our initial prototype. 1.
Molecular characterization of bacterial diversity from British Columbia forest soils subjected to disturbance (2002)

Bacteria from forest soils were characterized by DNA sequence analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene fragments (16S clones). Surface organic matter and mineral soil samples from a British Columbia Ministry of Forests Long-Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) installation were collected during winter and summer from two disturbance treatments: whole-tree harvesting with no soil compaction (plot N) and whole-tree harvesting plus complete surface organic matter removal with heavy soil compaction (plot S). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 87% of 580 16S clones were classified as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacterium, Verrucomicrobia, Bacillus/Clostridium group, Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, green nonsulfur bacteria, Planctomyces, and candidate divisions TM6 and OP10. Seventy-five 16S clones could not be classified into known bacterial divisions, and five 16S clones were related to chloroplast DNA. Members of Proteobacteria represented 46% of the clone library. A higher proportion of 16S clones affiliated with y-Proteobacteria were from plot N compared with plot S. 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified with Pseudomonas-specific primers and cloned (Ps clones) were examined from mineral-soil samples from plots N and S from three LTSP installations. A significantly greater proportion of sequenced Ps clones from plot N contained Pseudomonas 16S rRNA gene fragments compared with Ps clones from plot S.
Hash2Vec, Feature Hashing for Word Embeddings (2016)

In this paper we propose the application of feature hashing to create word embeddings for natural language processing. Feature hashing has been used successfully to create document vectors in related tasks like document classification. In this work we show that feature hashing can be applied to obtain word embeddings in linear time with the size of the data. The results show that this algorithm, that does not need training, is able to capture the semantic meaning of words. We compare the results against GloVe showing that they are similar. As far as we know this is the first application of feature hashing to the word embeddings problem and the results indicate this is a scalable technique with practical results for NLP applications.
Differential Gene Expression Induced by Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-II through the Insulin Receptor Isoform A (2003)

The human insulin receptor (IR) exists in two isoforms (IR-A and IR-B). IR-A is a short isoform, generated by the skipping of exon 11, a small exon encoding for 12 amino acid residues at the carboxyl terminus of the IR alpha-subunit. Recently, we found that IR-A is the predominant isoform in fetal tissues and malignant cells and binds with a high affinity not only insulin but also insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). To investigate whether the activation of IR-A by the two ligands differentially activate post-receptor molecular mechanisms, we studied gene expression in response to IR-A activation by either insulin or IGF-II, using microarray technology. To avoid the interfering effect of the IGF-IR, IGF-II binding to the IR-A was studied in IGF-IR-deficient murine fibroblasts (R- cells) transfected with the human IR-A cDNA (R-/IR-A cells). Gene expression was studied at 0.5, 3, and 8 h. We found that 214 transcripts were similarly regulated by insulin and IGF-II, whereas 45 genes were differentially transcribed. Eighteen of these differentially regulated genes were responsive to only one of the two ligands (12 to insulin and 6 to IGF-II). Twenty-seven transcripts were regulated by both insulin and IGF-II, but a significant difference between the two ligands was present at least in one time point. Interestingly, IGF-II was a more potent and/or persistent regulator than insulin for these genes. Results were validated by measuring the expression of 12 genes by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. In conclusion, we show that insulin and IGF-II, acting via the same receptor, may differentially affect gene expression in cells. These studies provide a molecular basis for understanding some of the biological differences between the two ligands and may help to clarify the biological role of IR-A in embryonic/fetal growth and the selective biological advantage that malignant cells producing IGF-II may acquire via IR-A overexpression.
Phase differentiation via combined EBSD and XEDS (2004)

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and orientation imaging microscopy have become established techniques for analysing the crystallographic microstructure of single and multiphase materials. In certain instances, however, it can be difficult and/or time intensive to differentiate phases within a material by crystallography alone. Traditionally a list of candidate phases is specified prior to data collection. The crystallographic information extracted from the diffraction patterns is then compared with the crystallographic information from these candidate phases, and a best-fit match is determined. Problems may arise when two phases have similar crystal structures. The phase differentiation process can be improved by collecting chemical information through X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) simultaneously with the crystallographic information through EBSD and then using the chemical information to pre-filter the crystallographic phase candidates. This technique improves both the overall speed of the data collection and the accuracy of the final characterization. Examples of this process and the limitations involved will be presented and discussed.
Report on approaches to database translation (1984)

Transporting a database from a source to a target environment has often been an expensive and complex project.
Using Transport Triggered Architectures for Embedded Processor Design (1998)

In this paper we propose the usage of Transport Triggered Architectures (TTAs) as a template for the design of application specific processors. TTAs can be compared to VLIWs (Very Long Instruction Word processors); both exploit the instruction level
Two-pass search strategy for large list recognition on embedded speech recognition platforms (2003)

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for a speech recognition system which can process large lists of items. The described two-pass search implementation focuses on maximizing the speed and minimizing the memory footprint of the search engine. The algorithm is designed to handle thousands or tens of thousands of words in a search space restricted by a grammar. A typical example of such a task is stock name recognition, street name finding, song selection etc. The intended application of this algorithm is in embedded ASR system in portable devices (e.g. iPAQ) or cars.
Electrochemical “Switching” of Si(100) Modular Assemblies (2011)

We report on a modular approach for producing well-defined and electrochemically switchable surfaces on Si(100). The switching of these surfaces is shown to change a Si(100) surface from resistant to cell adsorption to promoting cell adhesion. The electrochemical conversion of the modified electrode surface is demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray reflectometry, contact angle and cell adhesion studies.
Specific suppression of rat IgE responses with milk from immunized females and with feeds of serum antibody. (1983)

Suckling by ovalbumin sensitized females suppressed the IgE anti-ovalbumin response of young rats. Suppression was also achieved after feeding rat pups with (i) immune adult rat serum and (ii) isolated serum IgG containing anti-ovalbumin antibody.
Highly Active Rhodium Catalyst with Electron-Poor Diphosphine Enables Efficient Synthesis of Chiral 4-Aryl-δ-lactones (2009)

Chiral 4-aryl--lactones could be synthesized efficiently with high enantioselectivity through asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acid to α,β-unsaturated lactones using Rh catalyst including electron-poor diphosphine (MeO-F 12 -BIPHEP) at room temperature for 1 h.In particular, our catalytic system proved to be applicable to relatively large coumarin analogues, giving optically pure 4-phenylchroman-2-one analogues in a short time.Since Akira Suzuki and Norio Miyaura reported on the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction in 1979, 1 researchers have utilized arylboronic acids for metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. 2Furthermore, the utility of arylboronic acids has been further enhanced by the development of the rhodium catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acid to an α,β-unsaturated ketone. 3Using these reactions, chiral 4-substituted--lactones such as 4-phenyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (2) can also be synthesized from the α,β-unsaturated lactone, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (1).The reactivity of 1 was equal to or less than that of 2-cyclohexenone (Scheme 1). 4 The reaction usually requires 3 -5 mol% Rh catalyst and a relatively higher reaction temperature (30 -100 °C).In addition, the reaction at room temperature or with less catalyst loading required a longer reaction time.In contrast, highly active rhodium catalysts for the reaction of 1 even at room temperature were developed in 2008. 5Here, 1 or 2 mol% Rh catalysts with chiral diene ligand obtained (R)-2a in a high yield with high enantioselectivity at room temperature for 3 or 1 h, respectively.Recently, we have developed a new type of electron-poor MeO-F 12 -BIPHEP ligand, which highly accelerates the rhodium-catalyzed 1,4-addition (Scheme 1). 6The catalytic system enabled
Electrical performance of electronic packaging, October 26-28, 1998, The Hotel Thayer, West Point, New York (1998)

This volume covers the topics of this meeting, the general topic of which is electrical design, analysis, and characterization of electronic interconnections and packaging structures for performance-driven, high-speed/high complexity electronic systems.
A Force Field for 3,3,3-Fluoro-1-propenes, Including HFO-1234yf (2010)

The European Union (EU) legislation 2006/40/EC bans from January 2011 the cooperative marketing of new car types that use refrigerants in their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with global warming potentials (GWP) higher than 150. Thus, the phase-out of the presently used tetrafluoroethane refrigerant R134a necessitates the adoption of alternative refrigerants. Fluoropropenes such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFO-1234yf) are currently regarded as promising low GWP refrigerants, but the lack of experimental data on their thermophysical properties hampers independent studies on their performance in HVAC systems or in other technical applications. In principle, molecular modeling can be used to predict the relevant properties of refrigerants, but adequate intermolecular potential functions ("force fields") are lacking for fluoropropenes. Thus, we developed a transferable force field for fluoropropenes composed of CF(3)-, -CF=, -CH=, CF(2)=, and CH(2)= groups and applied the force field to study 3,3,3 trifluoro-1-propene (HFO-1243zf), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFO-1234yf), and hexafluoro-1-propene (HFO-1216). We performed Gibbs ensemble simulations on these three fluoropropenes to compute the vapor pressure, saturated densities, and heats of vaporization. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to provide predictions for the density, thermal expansivity, isobaric heat capacity, and transport properties of liquid HFO-1234yf in the temperature range from 263.15 to 310 K and pressures up to 2 MPa. Agreement between simulation results and experimental data and/or correlations (when available) was good, thereby validating the predictive ability of the force field.
Weltanschaulich-philosophische Probleme in der Denkschrift des westdeutschen Wissenschaftsrates (1961)

Article Weltanschaulich-philosophische Probleme in der Denkschrift des westdeutschen Wissenschaftsrates was published on July 1, 1961 in the journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie (volume 9, issue 7).