gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of ISDN via ACTS in support of Army wide area information services (2002)

As the US Army draws down over the remainder of this decade, it will be expected to do more with less. Its ability to successfully project combat power from a CONUS-centric support base will depend greatly on how effectively it can harness the power of advanced information technologies to support its far-flung enterprise. The US Army's experiences in Southwest Asia demonstrated this. No other war in history relied so heavily on the efficient management of information (voice, data, image, video) in projecting combat power. This paper describes the US Army's experiment plan for evaluating the effectiveness of two new technologies, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), in providing improved information services at lower cost. The first sections give a brief description of the ISDN and ACTS technologies to include their complementary relationships. The following sections describe the ACTS configured for ISDN and the experiments to be conducted by the Army Research Laboratory. Both the technical and operational aspects of the experiment are discussed. The final section of the paper presents past and predicted cost/performance results, comments on anticipated quality of service to be delivered by the ISDN/ACTS system, and comments on the combination of ISDN, ACTS and cellular as enabling technologies for future combat power projection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The mangled lower extremity: can salvage be predicted? (1994)

The ability to predict amputation following combined orthopedic, vascular and soft tissue trauma to an extremity could eliminate prolonged attempts at salvage of a doomed limb. We reviewed our experience with 48 mangled lower extremities in 46 patients. Twenty-one penetrating wounds and 25 blunt injuries occurred in 37 men and nine women ranging in age from 3 to 59 years. Severity of injuries to muscle, skin, and major nerves were strongly interrelated (r = 0.49 to 0.74, P < 0.001), but there were no correlations between injuries to these tissues and severity of bone injury (r < 0.19, P > 0.20). Twenty-four limbs were salvaged, and 24 were amputated. Increased severity of soft tissue injury was associated with a greater probability of limb loss (P < 0.001), but limb salvage or amputation could not be predicted accurately by any variable or group of variables such as age, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, presence of shock, level of injury, venous injury or repair, sequence of repair (vascular vs skeletal), time of fasciotomy, arteriography, blood requirement, or duration of ischemia. Amputation was best predicted by severity of injury to the sciatic or tibial nerves (P < 0.001), and by failure of arterial repair (P < 0.01). Severe extremity injuries require a coordinated approach and decisions regarding amputation require careful judgement. These decisions cannot always be made at the time of presentation or during the initial operation. If after revascularization and skeletal stabilization the extremity is clearly nonviable or remains insensate, then delayed amputation can be performed under more controlled circumstances.
On the use of the stochastic Liouville equation in nuclear magnetic resonance: Application to <i>R</i><sub>1ρ</sub> relaxation in the presence of exchange (2003)

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin relaxation rate constant in the rotating frame of reference R 1ρ provides information on microsecond to millisecond (μs‐ms) timescale kinetic processes that stochastically modulate the resonance frequencies of nuclear spins in molecules. Expressions for R 1ρ are presented for two‐site chemical exchange using both the conventional perturbation approach for evolution of the density operator in the interaction frame of reference and the stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) for evolution of the average density operator in the rotating frame of reference. The former approach is limited to the fast‐exchange regime, in which the chemical exchange kinetics are faster than the frequency difference between spins in the two sites. The latter approach provides approximate expressions for R 1ρ that are accurate when chemical exchange is not fast. Expressions for R 1ρ that are accurate over the widest range of experimental conditions facilitate the interpretation of chemical exchange phenomena. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 19A: 134–148, 2003.
A New Formulation of Recombinant Human Factor IX Is Bioequivalent to BeneFIX: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Pharmacokinetic and Open-Label Safety and Efficacy Study. (2005)

Abstract A new formulation (rFIX-R) of BeneFIX has been developed to reduce the possibility of RBC agglutination, a phenomenon associated with the low ionic strength of the reconstituted drug product. The new formulation contains NaCl to increase the ionic strength and the recombinant factor IX concentration is increased for the 1000 IU strength and a new 2000 IU strength by reconstituting all strengths in 5 mL, facilitating the administration of larger doses in decreased volumes. Thirty-four (34) previously treated (≥150 exposure days [EDs]) males (≥12 years) with moderately severe/severe hemophilia B (FIX:C ≤2%) were enrolled and treated in this 2 part study. In the randomized, double-blind, crossover pharmacokinetic (PK) period of the study, the PK characteristics of rFIX-R were compared with those of the currently available formulation of BeneFIX. Subjects received either rFIX-R or BeneFIX as a 75 IU/kg bolus infusion over 10 minutes after a suitable washout. Blood samples were collected at defined times over 72 hours to measure pre-/post-infusion plasma factor IX activity. Subjects then received the alternate treatment following the same procedure. The mean plasma factor IX activity-versus-time profile after the infusion of rFIX-R was essentially identical to that seen with BeneFIX. From the 26 evaluable subjects, the mean PK parameter estimates of factor IX activity establish bioequivalence of the products since the 90% confidence intervals for rFIX-R to BeneFIX ratios of the geometric means of Cmax and AUCs fell within the bioequivalence interval of 80% to 125%. Figure Figure In the open-label treatment period, subjects used rFIX-R for on-demand control of bleeding, routine prophylaxis, and/or surgical prophylaxis for 6- to 12-months to achieve at least 30 EDs. The plasma factor IX activity-versus-time profile was recharacterized after 6 months of rFIX-R treatment and was unchanged compared with the baseline rFIX-R PK profile. Over 1000 infusions (&gt;3,500,000 IU of rFIX-R) have been administered with no serious adverse events related to rFIX-R. No clinically significant adverse events related to rFIX-R have been reported, including FIX inhibitor development, allergic-type manifestations, or thrombotic complications. One subject, with a prior history of frequent RBC agglutination, reported two instances without any associated adverse events. The overall results of this study demonstrate the safety of rFIX-R and the bioequivalence of the new formulation and BeneFIX. Since bioequivalence is the most important surrogate endpoint for efficacy, these data predict a favorable rFIX-R efficacy profile, consistent with that of BeneFIX, but with increased convenience in that larger doses can be administered using decreased volumes relative to BeneFIX.
An Acoustic Model Based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence for Posterior Features (2007)

This paper investigates the use of features based on posterior probabilities of subword units such as phonemes. These features are typically transformed when used as inputs for a hidden Markov model with mixture of Gaussians as emission distribution (HMM/GMM). In this work, we introduce a novel acoustic model that avoids the Gaussian assumption and directly uses posterior features without any transformation. This model is described by a finite state machine where each state is characterized by a target distribution and the cost function associated to each state is given by the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between its target distribution and the posterior features. Furthermore, hybrid HMM/ANN system can be seen as a particular case of this KL-based model where state target distributions are predefined. A recursive training algorithm to estimate the state target distributions is also presented.
Prevalence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis among beef cow-calf herds (2001)

Results suggest that the prevalence of antibodies to M avium subsp paratuberculosis among beef cows in the United States is low. Herds with seropositive animals were widely distributed geographically.
Further Cracks in the Pi-Code (2000)

In "Cracking the Pi-Code" in the November 1999 issue of Word Ways, David Morice discussed the recreation of looking for words in the decimal digits of pi (3.14159265358979...) with the 10 digits replaced by some set of 10 different letters, as in a substitution cipher.
EGFR-TKI Resistance Due to <i>BIM</i> Polymorphism Can Be Circumvented in Combination with HDAC Inhibition (2013)

BIM (BCL2L11) is a BH3-only proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. BIM upregulation is required for apoptosis induction by EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) in EGFR-mutant forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Notably, a BIM deletion polymorphism occurs naturally in 12.9% of East Asian individuals, impairing the generation of the proapoptotic isoform required for the EGFR-TKIs gefitinib and erlotinib and therefore conferring an inherent drug-resistant phenotype. Indeed, patients with NSCLC, who harbored this host BIM polymorphism, exhibited significantly inferior responses to EGFR-TKI treatment than individuals lacking this polymorphism. In an attempt to correct this response defect in the resistant group, we investigated whether the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat could circumvent EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines that also harbored the BIM polymorphism. Consistent with our clinical observations, we found that such cells were much less sensitive to gefitinib-induced apoptosis than EGFR-mutant cells, which did not harbor the polymorphism. Notably, vorinostat increased expression in a dose-dependent manner of the proapoptotic BH3 domain-containing isoform of BIM, which was sufficient to restore gefitinib death sensitivity in the EGFR mutant, EGFR-TKI-resistant cells. In xenograft models, while gefitinib induced marked regression via apoptosis of tumors without the BIM polymorphism, its combination with vorinostat was needed to induce marked regression of tumors with the BIM polymorphism in the same manner. Together, our results show how HDAC inhibition can epigenetically restore BIM function and death sensitivity of EGFR-TKI in cases of EGFR-mutant NSCLC where resistance to EGFR-TKI is associated with a common BIM polymorphism.
Cryptographic key recovery (2002)

Internet/intranet security has witnessed an explosive and exciting growth in the past two years. Under the surface of excitement lies a mine of technical and commercial challenges. Without solving these challenges, secure systems will not reach their expected potential. Security can be achieved via encryption. Encryption uses "keys" to encrypt and decrypt the information. Without having the cryptographic key, the enciphered information will never be converted into its original text. In case of key loss or damage or forgetting the key password, there should be a mechanism to recover the cryptographic keys and decipher the encrypted information. This paper describes a key recovery mechanism to facilitate the recovery of encryption keys and encrypted data. The mechanism does not require keys to be escrowed. It is based on adding an extra small field-the Key Recovery Entry (KRE)-to a message or file being transmitted. This mechanism facilitates key recovery both for session keys in symmetric cryptographic systems and private keys in asymmetric cryptographic systems without any need to escrow any key information. The author makes the differentiation between key escrow and key recovery.
Multivariate interrelationships of selected physiological and biochemical variables associated with physical fitness status. (1978)

The interrelationships between selected physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables were investigated in active and sedentary middle-aged males during consecutive periods of rest, graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer, and recovery. Venous blood samples were drawn during each phase of the activity which was performed in the post-absorptive state. Data were analysed using correlational and factorial analysis techniques, and further evaluated by discriminant function procedures. Significant correlational relationships were evident among physiological, metabolic and hormonal variables, and factor analysis identified four factors at each phase of activity which accounted for as much as 69% of the common extracted variance. These factors described physiological function and hormone-metabolite behaviour during each phase of activity. Discriminant function allowed fitness classification of subjects using only the hormone-metabolite data, thus identifying specific biochemical correlates of the fitness groupings which had been established by physiological criteria alone.
Recombinant PhpA Protein, a Unique Histidine Motif-Containing Protein from<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, Protects Mice against Intranasal Pneumococcal Challenge (2001)

The multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is effective against both systemic disease and otitis media caused by serotypes contained in the vaccine. However, serotypes not covered by the current conjugate vaccine may still cause pneumococcal disease. To address these serotypes and the remaining otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, we have been evaluating antigenically conserved proteins from S. pneumoniae as vaccine candidates. A previous report identified a 20-kDa protein with putative human complement C3-proteolytic activity. By utilizing the publicly released pneumococcal genomic sequences, we found the gene encoding the 20-kDa protein to be part of a putative open reading frame of approximately 2,400 bp. We recombinantly expressed a 79-kDa fragment (rPhpA-79) that contains a repeated HxxHxH motif and evaluated it for vaccine potential. The antibodies elicited by the purified rPhpA-79 protein were cross-reactive to proteins from multiple strains of S. pneumoniae and were against surface-exposed epitopes. Immunization with rPhpA-79 protein adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (for subcutaneous immunization) or a mutant cholera toxin, CT-E29H (for intranasal immunization), protected CBA/N mice against death and bacteremia, as well as reduced nasopharyngeal colonization, following intranasal challenge with a heterologous pneumococcal strain. In contrast, immunization with the 20-kDa portion of the PhpA protein did not protect mice. These results suggest that rPhpA-79 is a potential candidate for use as a vaccine against pneumococcal systemic disease and otitis media.
Mode of action of estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3, 17 beta-diol, 3-benzoate, 17[4-[4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]-1-oxobutoxy] acetate] (KM2210) on MCF-7 human breast tumours transplanted into nude mice. (1993)

KM2210 is a benzoate of an estradiol-chlorambucil conjugate with three active metabolites, KM2202, estradiol (E2) and chlorambucil (CBL). The mode of action of this compound was assessed using MCF-7 human breast tumours transplanted into nude mice. The growth of MCF-7 in nude mice was inhibited by KM2210 and enhanced by E2, although the serum levels of E2 in nude mice treated with KM2210 and E2 were similar. The antitumour activity of CBL was completely blocked by extrinsic E2, while KM2210 suppressed the growth of MCF-7 in spite of the presence of E2 in the serum of tumour-bearing nude mice. KM2210 and KM2202 suppressed the expression of cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) of MCF-7 cells detected by the dextran-coated charcoal and fluorescent E2 staining method, although CBL did not affect the ER expression of MCF-7 cells. This inhibitory effect of KM2210 on ER was also corroborated by the fact that the pretreatment with KM2210 prevented the E2-stimulated growth of MCF-7 in nude mice. These results indicated that one of the effects induced by KM2210 is the blockage of ER expression in combination with the alkylating antitumour activity of CBL. KM2210 is thought to be a promising agent with unique modes of action for ER-positive breast carcinomas.
[Retrieval of atmospheric CO2 from ground-based high resolution FTS spectra]. (2013)

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is a key greenhouse gas. Global monitoring of carbon dioxide would be helpful to improving the understanding of climate change. Ground-based observations usually have higher resolution and signal-to-noise ratio and more known parameters than satellite-based observations, which make it easier to achieve a better retrieval precision Ground-based retrieval method could be extended to satellite scenarios, and it could also provide validation for satellite data. The main procedure of the retrieval method was established, and this procedure was validated by simulated retrieval. It was proved that the method could get reasonable results under certain system errors. The retrieval of ground-based FTS spectra showed that this method has a potential to obtain atmospheric carbon dioxide column information.
Anaerobic Respiration Using Fe <sup>3+</sup> , S <sup>0</sup> , and H <sub>2</sub> in the Chemolithoautotrophic Bacterium <i>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> (2002)

The chemolithoautotrophic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has been known as an aerobe that respires on iron and sulfur. Here we show that the bacterium could chemolithoautotrophically grow not only on H(2)/O(2) under aerobic conditions but also on H(2)/Fe(3+), H(2)/S(0), or S(0)/Fe(3+) under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic respiration using Fe(3+) or S(0) as an electron acceptor and H(2) or S(0) as an electron donor serves as a primary energy source of the bacterium. Anaerobic respiration based on reduction of Fe(3+) induced the bacterium to synthesize significant amounts of a c-type cytochrome that was purified as an acid-stable and soluble 28-kDa monomer. The purified cytochrome in the oxidized form was reduced in the presence of the crude extract, and the reduced cytochrome was reoxidized by Fe(3+). Respiration based on reduction of Fe(3+) coupled to oxidation of a c-type cytochrome may be involved in the primary mechanism of energy production in the bacterium on anaerobic iron respiration.
<i>In vitro</i> study of a triple‐secured von Willebrand factor concentrate (2004)

We have perfected a large-scale manufacturing process to produce a human plasma-derived VWF concentrate that boasts high specific activity and is very safe for the treatment of patients with von Willebrand disease.
One shot mapping of minority carrier diffusion length in polycrystalline silicon solar cells using electroluminescence (2005)

The novel technique of analyzing the spatial distribution of minority carrier diffusion length was investigated in detail by utilizing the photographic surveying of electroluminescence emitted from polycrystalline Si cells. The emitted infrared light (peak wavelength: 1150 nm) from a sample cell under the forward bias was captured by a cooled CCD camera. The intensity was found to be proportional to the minority carrier diffusion length regardless of the running current density, which gave the quantitative information of the minority carrier diffusion length distribution with high reliability. The deteriorated areas and/or aggregation of defects were detected by a simple one-shot capturing of the emitted light.
Coming Late to the table: Methodius in the context of sympotic literary development (2017)

[Extract] When Methodius wrote the most famous of his works, the Symposium, or On Chastity, the Symposium was a popular genre.¹ Imperial Symposia abounded, which took as their models and modified the founding Socratic Symposia of Plato and Xenophon. Plutarch in the 2nd century wrote not one, but two sympotic works: Quaestiones Convivales is a collection of different sympotic moments that took place over many years, and Septem Sapientium Convivium (Symposium of the Seven Wise Men) recounts the conversations at a wedding banquet set in the mythical time of the archaic wise men, couching a collection of archaic wisdom within an elaborate narrative structure. In the early 3rd century, Athenaeus wrote the Deipnosophistae, a sprawling work that covers a dinner party among friends in Rome and amasses an enormous amount of quotation from the archive. Other Christians used the genre as well: Lactantius, an exact contemporary of Methodius, wrote a Latin Symposium on his way from North Africa to the court of Diocletian, which may or may not survive.² The popularity of the Symposium continued well after Methodius, with Julian the Apostate and Macrobius, among others, turning their hand to the genre.
Mask Encoding for Single Shot Instance Segmentation (2020)

To date, instance segmentation is dominated by twostage methods, as pioneered by Mask R-CNN. In contrast, one-stage alternatives cannot compete with Mask R-CNN in mask AP, mainly due to the difficulty of compactly representing masks, making the design of one-stage methods very challenging. In this work, we propose a simple singleshot instance segmentation framework, termed mask encoding based instance segmentation (MEInst). Instead of predicting the two-dimensional mask directly, MEInst distills it into a compact and fixed-dimensional representation vector, which allows the instance segmentation task to be incorporated into one-stage bounding-box detectors and results in a simple yet efficient instance segmentation framework. The proposed one-stage MEInst achieves 36.4% in mask AP with single-model (ResNeXt-101-FPN backbone) and single-scale testing on the MS-COCO benchmark. We show that the much simpler and flexible one-stage instance segmentation method, can also achieve competitive performance. This framework can be easily adapted for other instance-level recognition tasks. Code is available at: https://git.io/AdelaiDet
The stress intensity factor of screw dislocations at internal interfacial crack tips (1992)

Abstract On the basis of the results of Lin et al. [12], the interaction between screw dislocations and an internal crack in a two‐phase medium is analyzed. The complex potential, stress field, stress intensity factor, crack extension force and strain energy are derived. The mechanical behavior of the medium is strongly influenced by the shear modulus ratio of the two‐phase medium and the dislocations inside the internal crack. Finally, our results can be reduced to several special cases.