gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autism Spectrum Disorders (2011)

Abstract According to Healthy People 2020, one population confronted with health disparities is that of individuals living with disabilities. Among these individuals are children living with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Increasing numbers of children in the United States have been diagnosed with ASDs, a group of developmental disorders for which no specific cause or cure has been conclusively identified. Increasing media exposure as well as legislation addressing ASDs reflects the increasing awareness of ASDs as a significant public health issue. However, whereas ASDs have become an issue of great interest to the general public, the amount of health education literature addressing autism spectrum disorders is extremely limited. This paper provides health educators with a review of literature concerning autism spectrum disorders, specifically its background, prevalence, possible causes, symptoms and diagnostic methods. Furthermore, the potential roles played by health educators in serving individuals (e.g., parents, educators, medical providers) who support children with ASDs is suggested through the application of National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. responsibilities and competencies for health educators.
Resist profile characteristics caused by photoelectron and Auger electron blur at the resist–tungsten substrate interface in 100 nm proximity x-ray lithography (2000)

The replicated resist pattern characteristics caused by photoelectrons and Auger electrons generated from the W substrate were investigated for 100 nm proximity x-ray lithography. In addition, simulations for a hard x-ray spectrum having 2.36 keV average energy were performed to investigate the substrate electron effects in hard x-ray lithography. In the experiments, it was found that the secondary electrons from the W substrate caused undercut and footing of resist profiles at the resist–substrate interface. Several buffer layers with varying thicknesses were tested to reduce the photoelectron effects from the W substrate. The best thickness of the buffer layers for a good resist pattern profile was discovered to be &gt;30 nm. Furthermore, the experimental results were quantitatively compared to the results from computer simulations using the Monte Carlo method. For hard x rays, we predict that the exposure latitude is worse on both W and Si substrates.
Fabrication of a Partial Genome Microarray of the Methylotrophic Yeast Hansenula polymorpha: Optimization and Evaluation of Transcript Profiling (2004)

The methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been extensively studied as a model organism for methanol metabolism and peroxisome biogenesis. Recently, this yeast has also attracted attention as a promising host organism for recombinant protein production. Here, we describe the fabrication and evaluation of a DNA chip spotted with 382 open reading frames (ORFs) of H. polymorpha. Each ORF was PCR-amplified using gene-specific primer sets, of which the forward primers had 5′-aminolink. The PCR products were printed in duplicate onto the aldehyde-coated slide glasses to link only the coding strands to the surface of the slide via covalent coupling between amine and aldehyde groups. With the partial genome DNA chip, we compared efficiency of direct and indirect cDNA target labeling methods, and found that the indirect method, using fluorescent-labeled dendrimers, generated a higher hybridization signal-to-noise ratio than the direct method, using cDNA targets labeled by incorporation of fluorescence-labeled nucleotides during reverse transcription. In addition, to assess the quality of this DNA chip, we analyzed the expression profiles of H. polymorpha cells grown on different carbon sources, such as glucose and methanol, and also those of cells treated with the superoxide-generating drug, menadione. The profiles obtained showed a high-level induction of a set of ORFs involved in methanol metabolism and oxidative stress response in the presence of methanol and menadione, respectively. The results demonstrate the sensitivity and reliability of our arrays to analyze global gene expression changes of H. polymorpha under defined environmental conditions.
The pathology of tampon usage and of the toxic shock syndrome. (1985)

Tampon usage is commonly associated with the development of transient, asymptomatic focal vaginal abnormalities such as dehydration, epithelial peeling and micro-ulceration. These abnormalities occur most commonly with superabsorbent tampons and are probably due to a fluid shift across the vaginal epithelium. Clinically apparent vaginal ulceration due to tampon usage is rare: these ulcers may develop from asymptomatic tampon-induced micro-ulcers. The pathological changes seen in the toxic shock syndrome are inconsistent but are, in general, due either to reduced tissue perfusion, or to the effects of a toxin. Cervico-vaginal ulceration in women with the toxic shock syndrome is probably a consequence rather than a cause of toxin entry into the systemic circulation.
Characterization of Matriptase Expression in Normal Human Tissues (2003)

Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease that has been implicated in the progression of epithelium-derived tumors. The role of this protease in the biology of normal epithelial cells remains to be elucidated. Matriptase mRNA has been detected by Northern analysis in tissues rich in epithelial cells, and the protein is expressed in vivo in normal and cancerous breast, ovarian, and colon tissues. However, a systematic analysis of the distribution of matriptase protein and mRNA in normal human tissues rich in epithelium has not been reported. In this study we characterized the expression of the protease in a wide variety of normal human tissues using a tissue microarray and whole tissue specimens. Significant immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were detected in the epithelial components of most epithelium-containing tissues. Matriptase expression was found in all types of epithelium, including columnar, pseudostratified columnar, cuboidal, and squamous. Distinct spatial distributions of reactivity were observed in the microanatomy of certain tissues, however. This suggests that although matriptase is broadly expressed among many types of epithelial cells, its activity within a tissue may be regulated in part at the protein and mRNA levels during the differentiation of selected epithelia.
Regulation of renal amino acid transporters during metabolic acidosis (2006)

The kidney plays a major role in acid-base homeostasis by adapting the excretion of acid equivalents to dietary intake and metabolism. Urinary acid excretion is mediated by the secretion of protons and titratable acids, particularly ammonia. NH 3 is synthesized in proximal tubule cells from glutamine taken up via specific amino acid transporters. We tested whether kidney amino acid transporters are regulated in mice in which metabolic acidosis was induced with NH 4 Cl. Blood gas and urine analysis confirmed metabolic acidosis. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to quantify the mRNAs of 16 amino acid transporters. The mRNA of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was quantified as positive control for the regulation and that of GAPDH, as internal standard. In acidosis, the mRNA of kidney system N amino acid transporter SNAT3 (SLC38A3/SN1) showed a strong induction similar to that of PEPCK, whereas all other tested mRNAs encoding glutamine or glutamate transporters were unchanged or reduced in abundance. At the protein level, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increased abundance of SNAT3 and reduced expression of the basolateral cationic amino acid/neutral amino acid exchanger subunit y + -LAT1 (SLC7A7). SNAT3 was localized to the basolateral membrane of the late proximal tubule S3 segment in control animals, whereas its expression was extended to the earlier S2 segment of the proximal tubule during acidosis. Our results suggest that the selective regulation of SNAT3 and y + LAT1 expression may serve a major role in the renal adaptation to acid secretion and thus for systemic acid-base balance.
Facile and Reliable Synthesis of Tetraphenoxyborates and Their Properties (2006)

Abstract Tetraphenoxyborates are reliably prepared in a two‐step sequence, exploiting less corrosive reagents like boric acid and the corresponding phenols. The broad scope of this transformation is demonstrated in 22 examples. Several solid‐state structures reveal the preferential conformation of the phenoxy moieties allowing cation interaction. Furthermore, a novel architecture of a phenoxy‐substituted tetraborate was found. Surprisingly, the tetraphenoxyborates exhibit a good stability in neutral and basic media. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Anomalous photovoltaic response in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">YBa</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1992)

Several experiments were carried out to study the origin of the anomalous photovoltaic effect in high-quality ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ thin films. In particular, the issue of whether the signal is induced by thermal gradients was addressed. Using samples with well-characterized orientation and texture, and using low-power cw lasers, it was determined that the signal was proportional to the thermal gradient along the c axis. However the magnitude of the signal was more than 10 times larger than that produced by thermoelectric power. Additionally, the temperature dependence of this photovoltaic signal was found to be very sample dependent even for high-quality films where all the resistance-temperature curves were apparently the same. The photovoltaic signal may be related to the recently discovered time-dependent photoinduced changes in superconductivity.
Sustainable Design and Construction of Earthen-Dam Reservoirs for Water Produced in Association with Coalbed Natural Gas in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming (2009)

Surface impoundment of produced water from coalbed natural gas (CBNG) development is a water management option routinely employed by operators in Wyoming's Powder River Basin (PRB). A substantial increase in CBNG development in recent years has resulted in the need for documented guidance and standards regarding the sustainable design and construction of impoundment structures; specifically earthen-dam reservoirs. Earthen-dam reservoirs are a cost effective, relatively low-impact management alternative for produced water, which also allows for a variety of secondary water management options such as evaporation, infiltration, local aquifer recharge, irrigation, and livestock and wildlife watering. Earthen dams are also high-risk structures with the potential for extensive property damage and possible threat to public safety upon failure. A guidance document is beneficial to all stakeholders, from regulators and local governments to land and resource management agencies, ranchers, and landowners. Design elements and construction procedures presented in the guidance document are based on data collected during the design and construction of nearly 1,000 large reservoirs and more than 4,000 smaller stock reservoirs in the PRB over the past eight years. Soil conditions, subsurface and surface hydrology, topography, and geology specific to the PRB are considered, as are the regulatory requirements of the Wyoming State Engineer's Office and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. While design considerations vary depending on intended beneficial use, landowner requirements, and pertinent regulations, sustainability and minimal disturbance are the governing objectives in all circumstances. Remediation and mitigation procedures for potential short and long-term concerns such as differential settlement, piping, excess surface erosion, and seepage are derived from field trial observations. Design aspects specific to on- and off-channel impoundments, planned long term use, and reclamation following short term use are provided.
Dictyostelium Chemotactic Response to Spatial and Temporal Gradients. Theories of the Limits of Chemotactic Sensitivity and of Pseudochemotaxis (1982)

Four aspects of ameboid cell chemotaxis are discussed: 1) Ameboid cells (Dictyostelium discoideum, leukocytes) might orient to chemotaxin gradients by sensing a spatial gradient or a temporal change in the concentration. Using a moving micropipette source of cAMP, we show the D discoideum cells can orient toward the gradient in which the concentration is everywhere decreasing with time-implying a spatial mechanism. 2) The number of molecules N that must be released by a source to orient a cell is limited by the natural concentration "noise" due to diffusion. N is shown to be simply related to the cell size and the distance from the source. 3) We show that previous diffusion equations for cell population movement have not taken the speed variations (klinokinesis) into account properly, and we present a new result that does. 4) We briefly discuss reaction-diffusion models of cell orientation.
Isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes by magnetic selection (2008)

We have presented detailed protocols for phagosome isolation, which can be adapted for use with different cell types and prey. The versatility and simplicity of the approach allow better control of phagosome isolation, the parameters of which are critical in studies of host-bacteria interaction and phagosome maturation.
The Mevalonate Pathway of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2008)

Isoprenoids are a class of ubiquitous organic molecules synthesized from the five-carbon starter unit isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Comprising more than 30,000 known natural products, isoprenoids serve various important biological functions in many organisms. In bacteria, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate is absolutely required for the formation of cell wall peptidoglycan and other cell surface structures, while ubiquinones and menaquinones, both containing an essential prenyl moiety, are key electron carriers in respiratory energy generation. There is scant knowledge on the nature and regulation of bacterial isoprenoid pathways. In order to explore the cellular responses to perturbations in the mevalonate pathway, responsible for producing the isoprenoid precursor IPP in many gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes, we constructed three strains of Staphylococcus aureus in which each of the mevalonate pathway genes is regulated by an IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible promoter. We used DNA microarrays to profile the transcriptional effects of downregulating the components of the mevalonate pathway in S. aureus and demonstrate that decreased expression of the mevalonate pathway leads to widespread downregulation of primary metabolism genes, an upregulation in virulence factors and cell wall biosynthetic determinants, and surprisingly little compensatory expression in other isoprenoid biosynthetic genes. We subsequently correlate these transcriptional changes with downstream metabolic consequences.
Multipacket message transmission on CSMA-CD LANs using limited and gated strategies (2003)

The limited and gated packet transmission strategies are proposed for transmitting multipacket messages on a random-access local area network. The message response time analysis is performed using primarily Little's (1961) law in conjunction with the embedded Markov chain theory approach and some limiting results from the theory of regenerative processes. Computer simulations conducted to assess the accuracy of the analytical results are reported. The results of a numerical example show that the use of the limited and gated strategies leads to lower message response time compared with that obtained from using the conventional packet transmission strategy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alteration of central serotonin modifies onset and severity of adjuvant- induced arthritis in the rat (1998)

These data suggest a pro-inflammatory role for central serotonin in this disease model and indicate that treatment with SSRIs may exacerbate the development of inflammation.
Laser-Electron Storage Ring (1998)

A compact laser-electron storage ring (LESR) is proposed for electron beam cooling or x-ray generation. The LESR uses an intense laser pulse stored in a high-finesse resonator to interact repetitively with a circulating electron beam in the energy range from a few MeV to a few hundred MeV. The rapid damping caused by laser-electron interaction counterbalances the intrabeam scattering effect, thus allowing electron beams with relatively low energy to be cooled or stabilized in the storage ring to very low transverse emittances. Intense x rays are produced simultaneously from Compton backscattering and can be used for x-ray lithography and other applications.
Ultrahigh-density trench capacitors in silicon and their application to integrated DC-DC conversion (2009)

This paper addresses silicon-based integration of passive components applied to 3D integration with dies of other technologies within one package. Particularly, the development of high-density trench capacitors has enabled the realization of small-formfactor DC-DC converters. As illustration, an integrated inductive DC-DC converter based on flip-chipping a 65-nm CMOS active die on a PICS™ (Passive-Integration Connecting Substrate) passive die is described. The PICS die includes high-density (80 nF/mm2) integrated MOS trench capacitors. A converter peak efficiency of 87.5% is achieved at Vin=1.2 V, Vout=0.95 V, Iout=100 mA and 100-MHz switching frequency. The concept enables further integration with sensors, actuators and MEMS.
An active-RC reconfigurable lowpass-polyphase tow-thomas biquad filter (2004)

A novel active-RC biquad is presented which can be reconfigured as a polyphase filter for a low IF wireless receiver architecture, and as a lowpass filter for a zero IF wireless receiver architecture. A second order lowpass-polyphase reconfigurable filter is implemented to illustrate the technique. A 1.8 V fully differential operational amplifier in 0.18 /spl mu/ CMOS technology is used as the active element.
Traditional beliefs part of people's lives. (1996)

Many couples worldwide practice rituals, herbal approaches, and similar traditional approaches to regulate fertility, but many of them are ineffective at preventing pregnancy and some may even be harmful. Health providers who are familiar with cultural beliefs about fertility may use nonharmful practices (e.g., rituals or storytelling) to teach couples about the fertile period or modern contraception. In fact, providers gain credibility when they teach family planning in ways that include traditional beliefs. In Nigeria, fertility regulation methods were used before modern contraception was introduced. In both Nigeria and Niger, some customs prohibit premarital sexual intercourse. Others promote sexual abstinence for up to three years to promote proper birth spacing. Even though many beliefs do not prevent pregnancy and cause no harm, they can be used to assure women that they are in control of their own fertility. Such beliefs include avoiding the sun or moon at certain times or wearing charms (e.g., dead spiders, children's teeth, or leopard skin bracelets). Providers should discourage dangerous or counterproductive beliefs, however. For example, the Nigerian belief that intercourse during menstruation turns people into albinos (although it is not harmful) may encourage sex during the fertile period. Some harmful beliefs or practices include douching with hot water, salt, vinegar, lemon, or potassium after sex; eating arsenic or castor oil seeds; and drinking water used to wash dead bodies. A 28-bead necklace is being used to help women keep track of their menstrual cycle and know when the risk of pregnancy is greatest. 11 white beads designate the fertile period, with fluorescent beads indicating the peak days of ovulation. In Brazil, the third most popular family planning method is natural family planning (NFP), indicating a clear demand for NFP; yet many couples use NFP incorrectly. In the Philippines, lime juice is used to prevent bean pods from opening and releasing their seeds. This is used to explain how the pill can prevent the ovary from releasing an egg.
Podocytes Are Firmly Attached to Glomerular Basement Membrane in Kidneys with Heavy Proteinuria (2004)

Glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) play an important role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Podocyte foot process effacement is characteristic for proteinuric kidneys, and genetic defects in podocyte slit diaphragm proteins may cause nephrotic syndrome. In this work, a systematic electron microscopic analysis was performed of the structural changes of podocytes in two important nephrotic kidney diseases, congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). The results showed that (1) podocyte foot process effacement was present not only in proteinuric glomeruli but also in nonproteinuric MCNS kidneys; (2) podocytes in proteinuric glomeruli did not show detachment from the basement membrane or cell membrane ruptures; (3) the number of pinocytic membrane invaginations in the basal and apical parts of the podocytes was comparable in proteinuric and control kidneys; (4) in proteinuric kidneys, the podocyte slit pore density was decreased by 69 to 80% and up to half of the slits were so "tight" that no visible space between foot processes was seen; thus, the filtration surface area between podocytes was dramatically reduced; and (5) in the narrow MCNS slit pores, nephrin was located in the apical part of the podocyte foot process, indicating vertical transfer of the slit diaphragm complex in proteinuria. In conclusion, these results suggest that protein leakage in the two nephrotic syndromes studied occurs through defective podocyte slits, and the other structural alterations commonly seen in electron microscopy are secondary to, not a prerequisite for, the development of proteinuria.
Mucosal immunotherapy in an Alzheimer mouse model by recombinant Sendai virus vector carrying Aβ1–43/IL-10 cDNA (2011)

Based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, many reports have indicated that immunotherapy is beneficial for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We developed a mucosal immunotherapy for AD by nasal administration of recombinant Sendai virus vector carrying Aβ1-43 and mouse IL-10 cDNA. Nasal but not intramuscular administration of the vaccine induced good antibody responses to Aβ. When APP transgenic mice (Tg2576) received this vaccine once nasally, the Aβ plaque burden was significantly decreased 8 weeks after without inducing inflammation in the brain. The amount of Aβ measured by ELISA was also reduced in both soluble and insoluble fractions of the brain homogenates, and notably the Aβ oligomer (12-mer) was also apparently decreased. Tg2576 mice showed significant improvement in cognitive functions examined at 3 months after vaccination. Thus, this is an alternative immunotherapy for AD, which has an advantage in non-invasive, safe and relatively long lasting features.