gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Somatostatin and its receptors from fish to mammals (2010)

Somatostatin (SST) and its receptors (sst) make up a molecular family with unique functional complexity and versatility. Widespread distribution and frequent coexpression of sst subtypes underlies the multiplicity of (patho)physiological processes controlled by SST (central nervous system functions, endocrine and exocrine secretion, cell proliferation). This complexity is clearly reflected in the intricate evolutionary development of this molecular family. Recent studies postulate the existence of an ancestral somatostatin/urotensin II (SST/UII) gene, which originated two ancestral, SST and UII, genes by local duplication. Subsequently, segment duplication would have originated two diverging SST genes in both fish (SS1/SS2) and tetrapods [(SST/cortistatin(CST))]. SST/CST actions are mediated by a family of GPCRs (sst1-5) encoded by five different genes. sst1-4 sequences are highly conserved compared with sst5, suggesting unique evolutionary and functional relevance for the latter. Indeed, we recently identified novel truncated but functional sst5 variants in several species, which may help to explain part of the complexity of the SST/CST/sst family. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of this molecular family would enhance our understanding of its paradigmatic evolutionary complexity and functional versatility.
Human β‐defensin 3 affects the activity of pro‐inflammatory pathways associated with MyD88 and TRIF (2011)

β-Defensins are cationic host defense peptides that form an amphipathic structure stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds. They are key players in innate and adaptive immunity and have recently been shown to limit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in TLR4-stimulated macrophages. In the present study, we investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of human β-defensin 3 (hBD3). We show that the canonical structure of hBD3 is required for this immunosuppressive effect and that hBD3 rapidly associates with and enters macrophages. Examination of the global effect of hBD3 on transcription in TLR4-stimulated macrophages shows that hBD3 inhibits the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Among the altered genes there is significant enrichment of groups involved in the positive regulation of NF-κB including components of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. We confirm these observations by showing corresponding decreases in protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell surface molecules. In addition, we show that hBD3 reduces NF-κB signaling in cells transfected with MyD88 or TRIF and that hBD3 inhibits the TLR4 response in both MyD88- and TRIF-deficient macrophages. Taken together these findings suggest that the mechanism of hBD3 anti-inflammatory activity involves specific targeting of TLR signaling pathways resulting in transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory genes.
CTR1 phosphorylates the central regulator EIN2 to control ethylene hormone signaling from the ER membrane to the nucleus in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2012)

The gaseous phytohormone ethylene C(2)H(4) mediates numerous aspects of growth and development. Genetic analysis has identified a number of critical elements in ethylene signaling, but how these elements interact biochemically to transduce the signal from the ethylene receptor complex at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to transcription factors in the nucleus is unknown. To close this gap in our understanding of the ethylene signaling pathway, the challenge has been to identify the target of the CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) Raf-like protein kinase, as well as the molecular events surrounding ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), an ER membrane-localized Nramp homolog that positively regulates ethylene responses. Here we demonstrate that CTR1 interacts with and directly phosphorylates the cytosolic C-terminal domain of EIN2. Mutations that block the EIN2 phosphorylation sites result in constitutive nuclear localization of the EIN2 C terminus, concomitant with constitutive activation of ethylene responses in Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of EIN2 by CTR1 prevents EIN2 from signaling in the absence of ethylene, whereas inhibition of CTR1 upon ethylene perception is a signal for cleavage and nuclear localization of the EIN2 C terminus, allowing the ethylene signal to reach the downstream transcription factors. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ethylene signal transduction.
Los horarios en la distribución comercial : la importancia del tiempo para consumidores, empresas y decisores públicos (2001)

El tiempo es una variable fundamental en los procesos de consumo. En este sentido, puede decirse que los horarios comerciales concilian la demanda de los consumidores con la oferta de los distribuidores. Por tanto, los consumidores conciben el horario comercial como un servicio desarrollado por una organización que influye en la flexibilidad con la que pueden realizar sus compras. Al mismo tiempo, una modificación en la duración de los horarios precisa un análisis en el grado de eficiencia que alcanzaría el comercio ante los cambios de estrategia. Por último, en el debate regulación vs. libertad de horarios, los decisores públicos han optado por posiciones tan distantes como considerar la plena libertad de apertura para todos los establecimientos o, por el contrario, controlar hasta el más mínimo detalle sobre la duración de la venta al público.
Field-effect conductance change in amorphous silicon (1974)

The change in conductance of an amorphous silicon film due to a transverse electric field was observed. The films were electron-beam vacuum deposited at controlled rates of less than 5 Å/sec onto Si–SiO2 substrates and then annealed for 4 h at 400 °C. The results indicate that the Fermi level is not pinned at near midgap and that the localized states are nearly uniform over a 0.4-eV section above and 0.4 eV below the Fermi level near the middle of the energy gap. Calculations show the density of localized states to be 1020/eV cm3 over this region and to be reduced as the deposition rate decreases.
Improved side information generation for Distributed Video Coding (2008)

As a new coding paradigm, distributed video coding (DVC) deals with lossy source coding using side information to exploit the statistics at the decoder to reduce computational demands at the encoder. The performance of DVC highly depends on the quality of side information. With a better side information generation method, fewer bits will be requested from the encoder and more reliable decoded frames will be obtained. In this paper, a side information generation method is introduced to further improve the rate-distortion (RD) performance of transform domain distributed video coding. This algorithm consists of a variable block size based Y, U and V component motion estimation and an adaptive weighted overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC). The proposal is tested and compared with the results of an executable DVC codec released by DISCOVER group (DIStributed COding for Video sERvices). RD improvements on the set of test sequences are observed.
Implications of Inter-Individual Differences in Clopidogrel Metabolism, with Focus on Pharmacogenetics (2010)

Increasing evidence for the role of pharmacogenetics in treatment resistance to the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel has been gained during the last years. Apart from CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms, nongenetic factors, particularly drug-drug interactions, age and other clinical characteristics influence the interindividual variability in clopidogrel response to varying degrees. The present article reviews the so far accumulated evidence on the role of pharmacogenetic traits influencing CYP-activity as determinants of the antiplatelet response to clopidogrel, and its clinical implications. The genetic variation in CYP2C19 activity seems to influence short- and long-term antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel to a substantial extent. Prediction models for clopidogrel non-responsiveness that include CYP2C19 genotyping together with relevant non-genetic risk factors are needed to be verified for their potential benefit in individualization of antithrombotic therapy.
An anisotropic acoustic wave equation for modeling and migration in 2D TTI media (2006)

In this abstract, we propose a new anisotropic acoustic wave equation for 2D TTI media. This is the extension of our previous work on VTI media to TTI media. Similar to VTI case, we follow the same procedures as Zhou et al. (2006), by the introduction of an auxiliary function, the original fourth‐order differential equation becomes a coupled system of lower‐order differential equations. However, unlike VTI case, a cross‐derivative term has been added to each of the coupled system of the hyperbolic differential equations because of its TTI characteristics. Of these two equations, one equation plays a key role in governing the propagation of the wavefront, with the other equation compensating for the loss of anisotropy for TTI media not only in the lateral but also in the depth directions. The new anisotropic acoustic wave equation has the obvious physical meaning and is much easier to implement. Impulse responses for both modeling and migration have been tested to show the validation of the proposed anisotropic acoustic wave equation.
Influence of variations in sample handling on SELDI‐TOF MS serum protein profiles for colorectal cancer (2008)

Abstract Sample handling can have a profound effect on serum protein profiles, challenging results obtained with archived sera under non‐standardized sample collection. Here, we evaluate the influence of variations in sample handling on previous serum protein profiles for colorectal cancer (CRC) (Engwegen et al.,. World J. Gastroenterol . 2006, 12 , 1536–1544). Sera were prospectively obtained from individuals with an indication for colonoscopy ( n = 150: 65 controls, 52 adenomatous polyps, 29 CRC, 4 unknown), as well as from normal volunteers ( n = 8). Protein profiles were acquired by SELDI‐TOF MS on CM10 chips at pH 5. We assessed the influence of storage temperature, type of collection tube, coagulation temperature and freeze‐thaw cycles on the serum protein profile. Several peptides occurred only in samples stored at –20°C, indicating proteolytic degradation during storage. One was a previous CRC biomarker candidate, an N‐terminal albumin fragment ( m/z 3087), and two others complement C3f and a fragment thereof ( m/z 2022 and 1863). Overall differences in protein profiles were also seen for different collection tubes, coagulation temperature and freeze‐thaw cycles. However, three of five of our previously defined CRC biomarker candidates are stable to variations in the sample handling protocol, justifying their further validation in prospective studies.
Relativistic Generation of Isolated Attosecond Pulses in a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mi>λ</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>Focal Volume (2004)

Lasers that provide an energy encompassed in a focal volume of a few cubic wavelengths (lambda(3)) can create relativistic intensity with maximal gradients, using minimal energy. With particle-in-cell simulations we found, that single 200 attosecond pulses could be produced efficiently in a lambda(3) laser pulse reflection, via deflection and compression from the relativistic plasma mirror created by the pulse itself. An analytical model of coherent radiation from a charged layer confirms the pulse compression and is in good agreement with simulations. The novel technique is efficient (approximately 10%) and can produce single attosecond pulses from the millijoule to the joule level.
Prolonged n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study (2006)

Supplementation with n-3 PUFA improves biochemical, ultrasonographic and haemodynamic features of liver steatosis. Our study supports the efficacy of n-3 PUFA as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of NAFLD.
Cretaceous faunas from Zululand and Natal, South Africa. The ammonite subfamily Texanitinae Collignon, 1948 (1980)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Needle Thoracostomy for Tension Pneumothorax: Failure Predicted by Chest Computed Tomography (2009)

The standard 4.4-cm angiocatheter is likely to be unsuccessful in 50% (95% confidence interval = 40.7-59.3%) of trauma patients on the basis of body habitus. In light of its low predicted success, the standard method for treatment of tension pneumothorax by prehospital personnel deserves further consideration.
Capture and emission of electrons at 2.4-eV-deep trap level in Si<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>films (1975)

Capture, photoionization, and impact-ionization cross sections for a 2.4-eV-deep electron trapping center in the silicon-dioxide layer of a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure have been determined using the photoinjection-photodepopulation technique. The electric field dependence of both capture and impact-ionization cross sections have been determined for accelerating fields in the range 0.1-1.0 MV/cm. Capture cross sections are of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and uv photoionization cross sections greater than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. High-field impact-ionization rates are 1-10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for filled trap densities of order 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Regulator of G Protein Signaling 8 (RGS8) Requires Its NH2 Terminus for Subcellular Localization and Acute Desensitization of G Protein-gated K+ Channels (2001)

Functional roles of the NH(2)-terminal region of RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) 8 in G protein signaling were studied. The deletion of the NH(2)-terminal region of RGS8 (DeltaNRGS8) resulted in a partial loss of the inhibitory function in pheromone response of yeasts, although Galpha binding was not affected. To examine roles in subcellular distribution, we coexpressed two fusion proteins of RGS8-RFP and DeltaNRGS8-GFP in DDT1MF2 cells. RGS8-RFP was highly concentrated in nuclei of unstimulated cells. Coexpression of constitutively active Galpha(o) resulted in translocation of RGS8 protein to the plasma membrane. In contrast, DeltaNRGS8-GFP was distributed diffusely through the cytoplasm in the presence or absence of active Galpha(o). When coexpressed with G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, DeltaNRGS8 accelerated both turning on and off similar to RGS8. Acute desensitization of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) current observed in the presence of RGS8, however, was not induced by DeltaNRGS8. Thus, we, for the first time, showed that the NH(2) terminus of RGS8 contributes to the subcellular localization and to the desensitization of the G protein-coupled response.
Autonomous Intersection Management for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles (2015)

AIM is designed for the time when all vehicles are fully autonomous. We anticipate, however,
that there will be a long transition period during which most vehicles have some but not all
capabilities of fully autonomous vehicles. In fact, this transition period has already begun. Since
the late 1990s, adaptive cruise control systems and lane departure warning systems have become
widely available as optional equipment on luxury production vehicles. The National Highway
Trafﬁc Safety Administration acknowledges that fully autonomous vehicles represent just the
top level in ﬁve levels of vehicle automation.4 Indeed, they deﬁne a level below this top level
with vehicles that have limited self-driving automation. The main motivation of this chapter is
to propose a new intersection control system called Semi-Autonomous Intersection Management
(SemiAIM) that can accommodate both fully autonomous vehicles and semi-autonomous
vehicles with limited self-driving automation. There is a high likelihood that human-driven
vehicles, semi-autonomous vehicles, and fully autonomous vehicles will coexist on the road in
the future. SemiAIM takes advantage of this trend and allows autonomous intersections to handle
a trafﬁc mixture with different types of vehicles.
Activity Classification for Interactive Game Interfaces (2008)

We present a technique for modeling and recognising human activity from moving light displays using hidden Markov models. We extract a small number of joint angles at each frame to form a feature vector. Continuous hidden Markov models are then trained with the resulting time series, one for each of a variety of human activity, using the Baum‐Welch algorithm. Motion classification is then attempted by evaluation of the forward variable for each model using previously unseen test data. Experimental results based on real‐world human motion capture data demonstrate the performance of the algorithm and some degree of robustness to data noise and human motion irregularity. This technique has potential applications in activity classification for gesture‐based game interfaces and character animation.
Mask erosion during dry etching of deep features in III-V semiconductor structures (1992)

Erosion and changes in the sidewall smoothness of masking layers commonly used as dry etch masks for III-V semiconductors have been studied for Cl2-, F2- and CH4/H2-based discharges. A particular problem with photoresist masks is the introduction of sidewall roughness which is transferred into the underlying dielectric or semiconductor. Distortion of the resist mask also occurs during high DC bias dry etching, leading to feature widths wider than the original mask dimension. Both of these phenomena are minimized with the use of low ( approximately 100 V DC) self-bias during the etching. Dielectric layers such as SiO2 display erosion and faceting of the mask edges during extended high-bias dry etching and for small (<or=1 mu m) feature widths this can lead to trenching at the base of the sidewalls. Metal-based (Al, Ti/Au) masks are much more resistant to erosion and appear to be favoured when etching deep (>2 mu m) features into both GaAs and InP.
Etomidate Reduces Ischemia-Induced Glutamate Release in the Hippocampus in Rats Subjected to Incomplete Forebrain Ischemia (1995)

Etomidate and thiopental reduce ischemic neuronal injury but the mechanism by which they do so is not clear.Ischemia-induced release of the excitatory neurotransmitters glutamate and glycine is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of ischemic injury. To determine how etomidate and thiopental modulate excitatory transmitter release, their effect on the release of glycine and glutamate during ischemia was evaluated by microdialysis in the hippocampus and cortex of rats. Three groups of Wistar-Kyoto rats (n = 5/group) were studied. In the etomidate and thiopental groups, electroencephalogram (EEG) burst-suppression was achieved and maintained by a continuous infusion of either etomidate (0.6 mg centered dot kg-1 centered dot min-1) or thiopental (3 mg centered dot kg-1 centered dot min-1) 40 min prior to ischemia. Halothane anesthetized (1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration [MAC]) rats served as controls. Ischemia was induced in all three groups by bilateral carotid artery occlusion with simultaneous hypotension to 35 mm Hg for 10 min. Pericranial temperature was controlled at 38 degrees C. Dialysate was collected before, during, and after ischemia. The levels of glutamate and glycine in the dialysate were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Within the hippocampus, both glutamate and glycine levels increased significantly in the thiopental and control groups. By contrast, in the etomidate group, glutamate and glycine levels did not increase during ischemia, and peak levels were significantly less than those in the thiopental group. Within the parietal cortex, significant ischemia-induced increases in glutamate and glycine occurred in all three groups. Peak glutamate levels in the thiopental group were significantly larger than in the control group, whereas the peak glycine levels were not different among the groups. The data suggest that the previously demonstrated ability of etomidate to reduce neuronal injury in the hippocampus may be related to its ability to reduce excitatory neurotransmitter release. A reduction in neuronal injury produced by thiopental probably involves mechanisms other than the modulation of neurotransmitter release. (Anesth Analg 1995;80:933-9)
Multi Agent System Optimization in Virtual Vehicle Testbeds (2015)

Modelling, simulation, and optimization play a crucial role in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles. The ability to compute, test, assess, and debug suitable configurations reduces the time and cost of vehicle development. Until now, engineers are forced to manually change vehicle
Information, Ownership Structure, and Shareholder Voting: Evidence from Shareholder‐Sponsored Corporate Governance Proposals (1993)

ABSTRACT This paper examines how information and ownership structure affect voting outcomes on shareholder‐sponsored proposals to change corporate governance structure. We find that the outcomes of votes vary systematically with the governance and performance records of target firms, the identity of proposal sponsors, and the type of proposal. We also find that outcomes vary significantly as a function of ownership by insiders, institutions, outside blockholders, ESOPs, and outside directors who are blockholders. These results suggest that both public information and ownership structure have a significant influence on voting outcomes.
A study of some chemical reactions employed in photometric analysis (1948)

Abstract The paper describes an investigation into a number of the chemical reactions employed in photometric analysis for the determination of silicon, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, titanium, copper, iron and molybdenum. The influence of a large number of variables has been studied in order to establish the optimum solution conditions for the development of stable and reproducible colours irrespective of the class of material in which the clement to be determined may occur.
Towards Smarter Cars (1999)

Most approaches for vision systems use greyscale or color images. In many applications, such as driver assistance or presence detection systems, the geometry of the scene is more relevant than the reected brightness information and therefore range sensors are of increasing interest.
Multiple Advantageous Amino Acid Variants in the NAT2 Gene in Human Populations (2008)

Data on the structure of haplotypes and their frequencies are compatible with a model in which slow-causing variants were present in widely dispersed populations before major shifts to pastoralism and/or agriculture. In this model, slow-causing mutations gained a selective advantage in populations shifting from hunting-gathering to pastoralism/agriculture. We suggest the diminished dietary availability of folates resulting from the nutritional shift, as the possible cause of the fitness increase associated to haplotypes carrying mutations that reduce enzymatic activity.
Soft decision decoding of Reed Solomon codes (2002)

The paper presents a maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) and a sub-optimum decoding algorithm for Reed-Solomon codes. The proposed algorithms are based on the algebraic structure of RS codes represented in GF(2). Theoretical bounds on the performance are derived and shown to be accurate. The proposed sub-optimum algorithm is seen to have better error performance compared to other sub-optimum decoding algorithms while the new MLD algorithm has significantly lower decoding complexity when compared to other MLD algorithms.