gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shearing Interferometry for at Wavelength Wavefront Measurement of Extreme-Ultraviolet Lithography Projection Optics (2003)

Shearing Interferometry for at Wavelength Wavefront Measurement of Extreme-Ultraviolet Lithography Projection Optics, Zhu, Yucong, Sugisaki, Katsumi, Murakami, Katsuhiko, Ota, Kazuya, Kondo, Hiroyuki, Ishii, Mikihiko, Kawakami, Jun, Oshino, Tetsuya, Saito, Jun, Suzuki, Akiyoshi, Hasegawa, Masanobu, Sekine, Yoshiyuki, Takeuchi, Seiji, Ouchi, Chidane, Kakuchi, Osamu, Watanabe, Yutaka, Hasegawa, Takayuki, Hara, Shinichi
Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations. (2014)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the vagal-related heart rate variability index, log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals (lnRMSSD), measured under ultra-short-term conditions (< 60 seconds) with conventional longer term recordings of 5 minutes in collegiate athletes under resting and post-exercise conditions. Electrocardiographic readings were collected from twenty-three athletes within 5-minute segments at rest and at 25-30 minutes of supine recovery following a maximal exercise test. From each 5-minute segment, lnRMSSD was recorded as the criterion measure. Within each 5-minute segment, lnRMSSD was also determined from randomly selected ultra-short-term segments of 10-, 30-, and 60-seconds in length, which were compared to the criterion. When compared to the criterion measures, the significant intraclass correlation (from 0.98 to 0.81, p < 0.05) and typical error (from 0.11 to 0.34) increased as ultra-short-term measurement duration decreased (i.e., from 60 seconds to 10 seconds). In addition, the limits of agreement (Bias ± 1.98 SD) increased as ultra-short-term lnRMSSD duration decreased as follows: 0.00 ± 0.22 ms, -0.07 ± 0.41 ms, -0.20 ± 0.94 ms for the 60-, 30-, and 10-second pre-exercise segments, respectively, and -0.15 ± 0.39 ms, -0.14 ± 0.53 ms, -0.12 ± 0.76 ms for the 60-, 30-, and 10-second post-exercise segments, respectively. This study demonstrated that as ultra-short-term measurement duration decreased from 60 seconds to 10 seconds, the agreement to the criterion decreased. Therefore, 60 seconds appears to be an acceptable recording time for lnRMSSD data collection in collegiate athletes. Key PointsThe log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals (lnRMSSD) is a vagal-related heart rate variability index that has become a promising method for monitoring individual adaptation to training when measured during resting or post-exercise conditions.This study demonstrated that lnRMSSD of the 60-second electrocardiogram segments could likely serve as an alternative to traditional 5-minute measures in resting and exercise recovery conditions.Due to the current results in athletes and previous investigation involving non-athletes, the utility of ultra-sound-term lnRMSSD measures, especially 60 seconds in duration, within field setting for monitoring athletes at rest and in response to stress appears promising.
Characteristics of δ-doped InAlAs/InGaAs/InP high electron mobility transistors with a linearly graded In<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ga<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>As channel (2006)

Various static and microwave performances on InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs with a linearly-graded InxGa1−xAs channel (LGC-HEMT) have been comprehensively investigated and compared to those having a conventional lattice-matched In0.53Ga0.47As channel (LM-HEMT). Improved carrier transport characteristics and confinement capability by employing the linearly-graded channel have contributed to superior extrinsic transconductance (gm) of 346 mS mm−1, gate-voltage swing (GVS) of 0.5 V (182 mA), unity-gain cut-off frequency (ft) of 41 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 63 GHz, with an improved frequency operation plateau at 300 K for a gate dimension of 0.65 × 200 µm2. Furthermore, improved kink effects leading to a lower gate leakage current of 0.7 µA mm−1, lower output conductance (gd) of 3.6 mS mm−1, higher voltage gain (AV) of 93.1, higher off-state breakdown voltage of 16.3 V and superior output power characteristics have also been discussed.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Isolation and sequences of several cyanogen bromide peptides from the NH2-terminal portion of the peptide chain. (1980)

Previous studies of the amino acid sequence of the NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa (EC 1.4.1.2) resulted in the assignments of peptides to four fragments, the longest being the COOH-terminal 669 residues of the protein. A further study of peptides derived by cyanogen bromide cleavage by different separation methods has yielded additional peptides that have provided new information concerning the sequence and has given overlaps of previously known sequences. This has permitted establishment of 313 residues in one sequence (fragment II). This is in addition to a sequence of 43 residues (fragment I) at the NH2-terminal end and a sequence of 669 residues (fragment III) previously established at the COOH-terminal end of the molecule. The present status of our knowledge of the overall sequence is given in the accompanying papers, together with some views regarding the conformation of the protein (Haberland, M.E., Chen, C.-W., and Smith, E.L. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7993-8000, and Austen, B.M., Haberland, M.E., and Smith, E.L. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 8001-8004).
The shadow economy: a challenge for economic and social policy (2013)

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Rubber Linings in the Transportation Industry (1992)

Abstract Rubber lining stocks have been used successfully in the production and therefore transport and transfer of chemicals, in the chemical processing and other industries for more than fifty years. These linings provide outstanding long term protection of steel surfaces due to their wide range of favourable chemical handling properties along with natural physical abilities that accept the flexing, twisting, shunting and vibration of over the surface travel and product movement. These stocks continue to be the dominant choice for hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetisitisa1yic acid and many other transported commodities. More recent widespread uses include industrial waste and water treatment. This paper is based on the experiences of applicators, vessel fabricators, owners or lessees, specifiers and maintenance shop operators identifying criteria to select, achieve and then maintain a successful rubber lining installation. Pitfalls are also discussed. Surface preparation, fabrication requirements, proper installation practices, inspection and maintenance principles are described with reference to appropriate standards.
Animatable Human Body Model Reconstruction from 3D Scan Data using Templates (2004)

Many detailed 3D datasets of human bodies are available, and with current scanning technology, new ones are relatively easy to produce. As a result, more realistic looking animations become possible, but only after considerable processing: holes in the data, (too) high resolutions, and the laborious task of fitting an animation skeleton to the data are the main problems to overcome. In this paper, we propose a reconstruction pipeline which solves these three problems by fitting a template with surface and animation information to the scanned data. A correspondence between the scanned data and the template is set manually, with the aid of a tool that identifies and visualises landmarks (characteristic points) on the mesh. Holes are handled using a &quot;vertex confidence weight&quot; scheme, with low weights assigned to vertices in or near holes (implying higher weights to template vertices, and vice versa). Initial tests on two detailed 3D human body scans produced highquality closed surface meshes, which are directly animatable.
Complexing effect in the reaction of graft polymerization proceeding by the coordination‐radical mechanism with the participation of copper ions (1991)

Abstract A new phenomenon in graft polymerization has been investigated: the complexing of growing radicals with copper ions. Graft polymerization of methacrylic acid to polycaproamide, initiated by the reversible K 2 S 2 O 8 –Na 2 S 2 O 3 redox system in the presence of copper ions, is used as an illustration to show that the complexing of growing radicals with copper ions significantly enhances their activity. The concepts of the graft polymerization mechanism have been formulated.
Shale Alteration by Water Adsorption (1970)

An adsorptional isotherm technique makes it possible to define quantitatively the hydrational tendencies of any formation, thereby eliminating the cumbersome rock classification schemes presently used in industry. Introduction Properties of some argillaceous rocks are known to be Properties of some argillaceous rocks are known to be altered by adsorption of water. Montmorillonitic rocks, for example tend to expand and crumble when contacted by low-salinity water.' Quantitative data are available on the behavior and properties of montmorillonitic sandstones and pure clays, but not for rocks that can be broadly categorized as shales. (A shale can be described as being fine grained, argillaceous, highly compacted, and partially dehydrated.) The purpose of this work was to observe the behavior and measure the properties of a broad range of shale types-montmorillonitic, illitic and chloritic-when exposed to water. Investigators working with clays and montmorillonitic rocks have found that expansion is caused by water or ion adsorption onto the electrically charged surfaces of clays. Some investigators postulate that on a molecular scale an "ordering" of the water molecules takes place on the clay, resulting in the water's being "rigid" or "captured". The degree of capture (or the extent of total hydration) is best represented by an adsorption isotherm. When the clay is dry it consists of layers that are close together. Adsorption produces a net flow of water that causes the layers to separate, thus inducing internal expansive stresses. Hydration reduces the clay's strength and density, and alters its electrical resistance. Since shales are essentially quartzitic-feldspathic rocks that contain clay, it was felt that the mechanism just described would be responsible for most of the property alterations that take place when adsorption property alterations that take place when adsorption occurs. Shales Studied Samples of 50 shales from formations ranging in depth from 300 to 16,000 ft were collected and studied. All shales were restored to their original state of hydration, and samples of 12 shales were preserved at the wellsite and subsequently tested with minimal exposure to weathering. Control samples deliberately exposed to the atmosphere adsorbed water and eventually fragmented. All samples tested adsorbed fresh water (tap water was used) and evidenced physical alteration. It would be inconvenient to present data on all 50 shales. Instead, results of tests on six shales from as many different locations and depths are presented as being typical. Table 1 shows compositions from X-ray analyses of these shales (designated A through F) and gives their locations and depths. Table 1 also shows the weight percent water of each shale when it is in equilibrium with an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 50 percent. Generally, for shales containing an appreciable amount of clay, the weight percent water observed under these conditions percent water observed under these conditions exceeded 3 percent.
Radiation effect on the performance of robot manipulator (2017)

Robots have great potential in substituting human beings for operations in accidents of nuclear power plants; however, knowing that the radiation will potentially damage the robot components, how the robot will perform in radiation environment has never been discussed. In this paper, we claim that the performance of robot manipulators will vary because servo motor will degrade due to the radiation. Degrading to the motor occurs because radiation damages the magnets residing inside the motor. Once damage is done, the degrading of the motor is permanent in a deterministic way, which is reflected in the reduced back electromotive force (back-emf). We first use MATLAB to simulate the performance of servo motor variation before and after radiation based on the model of radiation demagnetisation, and then build a three degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulator to analyse the motion variation of a robot arm based on the results of motor performance variation.
Recent Advances in Isolation and Characterization of Protein Concentrate and Isolate from Seeds (2017)

Protein concentrate is defined as the non-oil fraction of the amino acid rich components obtained from defatting plant part followed by extraction and isoelectric precipitation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review some existing methods used in the isolation and characterization of protein concentrate and isolate from plant origin. The methods were also compared based on the properties of their resulting concentrate and their percentage yields as reported by many researchers. Among these methods, enzyme-solvent extraction methods yielded highest amount of concentrate followed by alkaline filtration and lastly enzymatic extraction. Similarly, types of extraction method employed were observed to have significant impact on the functional properties of the concentrate.
Antibiotics That Resist Resistance (1995)

Drug-resistant bacteria have been on the offensive for years, with few new compounds available for a counterattack. But at a recent meeting, pharmaceutical companies introduced a promising crop of new antibiotics, with a variety of ways to beat back resistance. Whether companies have enough incentives to develop the most effective anti-resistance strategies—narrow-spectrum antibiotics—remains an open question. See sidebar (p. 725).
Superoxide dismutase does not improve penetration of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) through the vessel wall. (1989)

In superfusion bioassay systems including rabbit aorta donor segment, femoral artery detector rings and porcine circumflex coronary artery donor segment, interventricular coronary artery detector rings, the transwall movement of EDRF was tested. No penetration of the factor through the vessel wall could be detected even after stabilization of EDRF by superoxide dismutase whereas a pronounced relaxation of recipient vessels on intraluminally released EDRF could be seen.
Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy II. Cell-Internal Factors for Conditional Growth in Neoplastic Cells (2005)

Recent advances in our understanding of virus-host interactions have fueled new studies in the field of oncolytic viruses. The first part of this review explained how cell-external factors, such as cellular receptors, influence tumor tropism and specificity of oncolytic virus candidates. In the second part of this review, we focus on cellinternal factors that mediate tumor-specific virus growth. An oncolytic virus must be able to replicate within cancerous cells and kill them without collateral damage to healthy surrounding cells. This desirable property is inherent to some proposed oncolytic viral agents or has been achieved by genetic manipulation in others.
Optimization Method for Request Admission Control to Guarantee Performance Isolation (2014)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) often shares one single application instance among different tenants to reduce costs. However, sharing potentially leads to undesired influence from one tenant onto the performance observed by the others. Furthermore, providing one tenant additional resources to support its increasing demands without increasing the performance of tenants who do not pay for it is a major challenge. The application intentionally does not manage hardware resources, and the OS is not aware of application level entities like tenants. Thus, it is difficult to control the performance of different tenants to keep them isolated. These problems gain importance as performance is one of the major obstacles for cloud customers. Existing work applies request based admission control mechanisms like a weighted round robin with an individual queue for each tenant to control the share guaranteed for a tenant. However, the computation of the concrete weights for such an admission control is still challenging. In this paper, we present a fitness function and optimization approach reflecting various requirements from this field to compute proper weights with the goal to ensure an isolated performance as foundation to scale on a tenants basis.
Acoustically driven flow in flexural plate wave devices: theory and experiment (1994)

In this paper a theoretical and experimental investigation of the acoustic streaming that occurs in the fluid near a silicon-based, micromachined flexural plate wave (FPW) device is presented. A method of incorporating source boundary condition effects, which have been neglected in the past, into streaming theory is outlined briefly. This modified streaming theory is then applied to the problem in which the acoustic source is a thin plate with flexural waves traversing it. The source boundary effect in that case has a profound influence on the streaming flow, which is allowed to slip at the surface of the plate. Theoretical now profiles with velocity maxima of over 500 μm/s agree well with those that are measured in FPW devices
Improvement of lateral resolution property of differential confocal system using radial birefringent pupil filter (2008)

Lateral resolution, as one of the most important parameters of a confocal system, has a direct effect on the measurement accuracy of a confocal system. The lateral resolution of a confocal system can be improved by introducing a radial birefringent pupil filter into a differential confocal system. The pupil function of this radial birefringent pupil filter can be obtained using Jones algorithm and, the angle between the polarization direction of the polarizing film of the lateral birefringent filter and the optical axis of the birefringent element, and the size of a filter a, can be got by analyzing the first zero point G. Meanwhile, we analyzed the influence of such factors as the defocusing amount on the lateral response of the system. It was proved through simulation and experiments that the lateral resolution of a confocal system can be improved using an optimized radial birefringent pupil filter.
Detection of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Women Following Administration of a Single Dose of Nevirapine: Comparison of Plasma RNA to Cellular DNA by Consensus Sequencing and by Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay (2010)

A single dose of nevirapine (sdNVP) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 increases the risk of failure of subsequent NVP-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially when initiated within 6 months of sdNVP administration, emphasizing the importance of understanding the decay of nevirapine-resistant mutants. Nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 genotypes (with the mutations K103N, Y181C, and/or G190A) from 21 women were evaluated 10 days and 6 weeks after sdNVP administration and at the initiation of ART. Resistance was assayed by consensus sequencing and by a more sensitive assay (oligonucleotide ligation assay [OLA]) using plasma-derived HIV-1 RNA and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA. OLA detected nevirapine resistance in more specimens than consensus sequencing did (63% versus 33%, P<0.01). When resistance was detected only by OLA (n=45), the median mutant concentration was 18%, compared to 61% when detected by both sequencing and OLA (n=51) (P<0.0001). The proportion of women whose nevirapine resistance was detected by OLA 10 days after sdNVP administration was higher when we tested their HIV-1 RNA (95%) than when we tested their HIV-1 DNA (88%), whereas at 6 weeks after sdNVP therapy, the proportion was greater with DNA (85%) than with RNA (67%) and remained higher with DNA (33%) than with RNA (11%) at the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (median, 45 weeks after sdNVP therapy). Fourteen women started NVP-ART more than 6 months after sdNVP therapy; resistance was detected by OLA in 14% of the women but only in their DNA. HIV-1 resistance to NVP following sdNVP therapy persists longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, as determined by a sensitive assay using sufficient copies of virus, suggesting that DNA may be superior to RNA for detecting resistance at the initiation of ART.
Congestion Pricing That Preserves Driver Privacy (2006)

In 2003, the city of London implemented a congestion pricing policy in order to reduce traffic and raise revenues for transit improvements. The dramatic success of this system has led to widespread consideration of the adoption of such variable tolling, including road pricing, in dense urban cores around the world. While from many perspectives the broad implementation of such congestion pricing systems would be socially beneficial, the likely consequences for the privacy of motorists are extremely negative. A sophisticated congestion pricing strategy assigns a cost to a specific space-time path of a vehicle through the pricing zone. Straightforward implementations of monitoring systems to assess congestion tolls thus require detailed tracking technology to monitor the paths of each individual vehicle. In this paper, we introduce a novel protocol for computing congestion pricing tolls in a fashion that preserves driver privacy. Our scheme uses cryptographic algorithms to guarantee that the state can collect arbitrarily nuanced congestion pricing tolls without being able to track the movements of individual drivers. That is, the system provides simultaneous guarantees that the state can correctly compute the tolls for a particular driver from the information it collects but that the state cannot reconstruct the path of the driver no matter what it does with this information. Our system is built using a variant of the protocol we described in a previous paper to handle automated traffic enforcement (i.e. stop-light violation detection) in a way that preserves driver privacy and eliminates camera use. The protocol is relatively easy to implement with existing technology, and such implementation can be done in a fashion which is sufficiently robust to handle realistic operational requirements. In particular, we discuss methods for ensuring resistance to attempts to cheat and modifications to handle sporadic users (tourists)
Differential regulation of MAP kinase cascade in human colorectal tumorigenesis (1999)

Hyper-activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has recently been reported in several human cancers and activation of MAPK in those cancers may be associated with carcinogenesis through aberrant cell proliferation. To understand the roles of the MAPK pathway in colorectal tumorigenesis, we examined the status of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) in 21 colorectal tumour specimens and compared it with that of paired normals. The specific MAPK activities were two- to tenfold lower in 71% (15 out of 21 cases) of colorectal tumours compared to those in paired normals. The individual MAPK kinase (MEK) correlated with MAPK activities (P = 0.006). Reduction of the MAPK and MEK activities in colorectal tumours was also observed in adenomas. These results suggested that down-regulation of the MAPK cascade may be caused by early genetic event(s) and that it may be related to the loss of normal growth control. Although MAPK activities were down-regulated both in adenomas and carcinomas, activities of the MAPKs in carcinomas were higher than those of paired adenomas. These results suggested that MAPK activities may be increased in the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence and that it may play a role in the tumour progression. Observation of the differential regulation of MAPK activities in colorectal tumorigeneis suggested roles for the MAPK pathway in both positive and negative controls of cell growth.