gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novelty detection for the identification of masses in mammograms (1995)

Breast cancer is the major cause of death amongst women in the 35 to 55 age group. Mammography is the only feasible imaging modality for screening large numbers of women. With the present screening policy, there are three million mammograms to be analysed each year in the UK; there is therefore a need (as yet unmet) for an automated analysis system which could highlight areas of interest. In the first instance, the areas of interest might simply be any mass-like structures and this is indeed the approach reported on in this paper. Mammography is typical of many problems in medicine: the class of real interest is under-represented in the database of available examples and hence its prior probability will be very low. As a result of this, there are very few examples of abnormalities in any of the existing databases. If a neural network classifier is trained using the standard approach of minimising the mean-squared error (MSE) at the output, the under-represented class will be ignored. We have been exploring an alternative approach in which we attempt to learn a description of normality using the large number of available mammograms which do not show any evidence of mass-like structures. The idea is then to test for novelty against this description in order to try and identify candidate masses in previously unseen images analysis and interpretation and present a sample of the results which we have so far obtained on a standard database.
Arcs, Angles, or Areas: Individual Data Encodings in Pie and Donut Charts (2016)

Abstract Pie and donut charts have been a hotly debated topic in the visualization community for some time now. Even though pie charts have been around for over 200 years, our understanding of the perceptual factors used to read data in them is still limited. Data is encoded in pie and donut charts in three ways: arc length, center angle, and segment area. For our first study, we designed variations of pie charts to test the importance of individual encodings for reading accuracy. In our second study, we varied the inner radius of a donut chart from a filled pie to a thin outline to test the impact of removing the central angle. Both studies point to angle being the least important visual cue for both charts, and the donut chart being as accurate as the traditional pie chart.
Neural plasticity after cerebral ischemia (2002)

Neural stem cells that fulfill all the classic criteria for stem cells, including (i) multipotency, (ii) highly proliferative potential and self-renewal and (iii) a limited capacity to regenerate after injury or disease, continue to exist in the adult central nervous system (CNS). This chapter describes how cerebral global ischemia increases the proliferation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, producing new neurons and glia in two separate compartments, namely the granule cell layer and the dentate hilus. Our recent data show that focal ischemia, though it rarely damages hippocampal neurons, increases the proliferation of dentate gyrus stem cells. Regeneration in the dentate gyrus after cerebral ischemia represents an injury-induced neural plasticity.
Encapsulation of Fluorescent Molecules by Functionalized Polymeric Nanocontainers:  Investigation by Confocal Fluorescence Imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (2005)

Nanocontainers (NCs) were prepared from amphiphilic triblock copolymers, having an average molecular weight of around 8000 g/mol, by using previously published preparation methods consisting of dispersing the polymer in an aqueous buffer solution containing molecules for encapsulation. A small molecular weight fluorophore, sulforhodamine B, as well as the fluorescent protein avidin labeled with Alexa 488 were encapsulated, and the resulting nanocontainers were characterized using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS). Nanocontainer size determination by FCS is very robust and compares well with results obtained from photon correlation spectroscopy: the measured diameters of the polymeric nanocontainers vary between 140 and 172 nm. Encapsulation of fluorescent molecules was determined by evaluating the molecular brightness of nanocontainers with an encapsulated fluorescently labeled protein (avidin-Alexa 488). Results indicate that the number of encapsulated avidin-Alexa 488 molecules corresponds well with the initial concentration of the fluorescently labeled protein and the encapsulated volume. A nanocontainer binding assay was developed using biotinylated fluorescently labeled nanocontainers. Binding of biotinylated nanocontainers to fluorescently labeled streptavidin was followed by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. The intrinsic dissociation constant, K(d), of labeled streptavidin to the ligand-modified nanocontainers is 1.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(-8) M, and about 1921 +/- 357 molecules of labeled streptavidin are bound to each nanocontainer.
Activation of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase by nitroprusside limits cAMP accumulation in human platelets: effects on platelet aggregation (1997)

cGMP enhances cAMP accumulation in platelets via cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE3) [Maurice and Haslam (1990) Mol. Pharmacol. 37, 671-681]. However, cGMP might also limit cAMP accumulation by activating cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2). We therefore evaluated the role of PDE2 in human platelets by using erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) to inhibit this enzyme selectively. IC50 values for the inhibition of platelet PDE2 by EHNA, with 10 microM cAMP as substrate in the absence and in the presence of 1 microM cGMP, were 15 and 3 microM respectively. Changes in platelet cyclic [3H]nucleotides were measured after prelabelling with [3H]adenine and [3H]guanine. Nitroprusside (NP) caused concentration-dependent increases in [3H]cGMP and a biphasic increase in [3H]cAMP, which was maximal at 10 microM (49+/-6%) and smaller at 100 microM (32+/-6%) (means+/-S.E.). In the presence of EHNA (20 microM), which had no effects alone, NP caused much larger increases in platelet [3H]cAMP (125+/-14% at 100 microM). EHNA also enhanced [3H]cGMP accumulation at high NP concentrations. In accord with these results, EHNA markedly potentiated the inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by NP. The roles of cAMP and cGMP in this effect were investigated by using 2', 5'-dideoxyadenosine to inhibit adenylate cyclase. This compound decreased the accumulation of [3H]cAMP but not that of [3H]cGMP, and diminished the inhibition of platelet aggregation by NP with EHNA. We conclude that much of the effect of NP with EHNA is mediated by cAMP. Lixazinone (1 microM), a selective inhibitor of PDE3, increased platelet [3H]cAMP by 177+/-15%. This increase in [3H]cAMP was markedly inhibited by NP; EHNA blocked this effect of NP. Parallel studies showed that NP suppressed the inhibition of platelet aggregation by lixazinone. EHNA enhanced the large increases in [3H]cAMP seen with 20 nM prostacyclin (PGI2), but had no effect with 1 nM PGI2. NP and 1 nM PGI2 acted synergistically to increase [3H]cAMP, an effect attributable to the inhibition of PDE3 by cGMP; EHNA greatly potentiated this synergism. In contrast, NP decreased the [3H]cAMP accumulation seen with 20 nM PGI2, an effect that was blocked by EHNA. The results show that, provided that cGMP is present, PDE2 plays a major role in the hydrolysis of low cAMP concentrations and restricts any increases in cAMP concentration and decreases in platelet aggregation caused by the inhibition of PDE3. At high cAMP, PDE2 plays the major role in cAMP breakdown, whether cGMP is present or not.
Multi-resolution parametric region tracking for 2D object replacement in video (2005)

This paper develops an efficient parametric multiresolution region tracking algorithm which is applied to the task of object replacement in video sequences. The tracker relies on gradient-based techniques to provide efficient estimation of the target location and pose in each frame. The tracking algorithm improves upon similar efficient parametric algorithms by increasing the distance an object can move from frame to frame. Experimental results provide clear evidence of the improved performance over existing region tracking. The parameters that estimate the pose and location of the target are used to initialise the object replacement algorithm. The object replacement uses the pose estimates with texture mapping techniques to perform image warping of an arbitrary sized replacement image. The location estimates are used to accurately insert the replacement image into the current frame.
A comparative survey on high dynamic range video compression (2012)

High dynamic range (HDR) video compression has until now been approached by using the high profile of existing state-of-the-art H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) codec or by separately encoding low dynamic range (LDR) video and the residue resulted from the estimation of HDR video from LDR video. Although the latter approach has a distinctive advantage of providing backward compatibility to 8-bit LDR displays, the superiority of one approach to the other in terms of the rate distortion trade-off has not been verified yet. In this paper, we first give a detailed overview of the methods in these two approaches. Then, we experimentally compare two approaches with respect to different objective and perceptual metrics, such as HDR mean square error (HDR MSE), perceptually uniform peak signal to noise ratio (PU PSNR) and HDR visible difference predictor (HDR VDP). We first conclude that the optimized methods for backward compatibility to 8-bit LDR displays are superior to the method designed for high profile encoder both for 8-bit and 12-bit mappings in terms of all metrics. Second, using higher bit-depths with a high profile encoder is giving better rate-distortion performances than employing an 8-bit mapping with an 8-bit encoder for the same method, in particular when the dynamic range of the video sequence is high. Third, rather than encoding of the residue signal in backward compatible methods, changing the quantization step size of the LDR layer encoder would be sufficient to achieve a required quality. In other words, the quality of tone mapping is more important than residue encoding for the performance of HDR image and video coding.
Analog VLSI neuromorphic image acquisition and pre-processing systems (1995)

We consider the problem of automatic object recognition by small, light-weight, low power, hardware systems. We abstract from biological function and organization and propose hardware architectures and a design methodology to engineer such hardware. Robust, miniature, and energetically efficient VLSI systems for AOR can ultimately be achieved by following a path which optimizes the design at and between all levels of system integration, i.e., from devices and circuit techniques all the way to algorithms and architectural level considerations. By way of example, we discuss two experimental systems for image acquisition and preprocessing fabricated in standard CMOS processes. The first one is a large scale analog system, a contrast sensitive silicon retina, with over 590, 000 transistors operating in subthreshold CMOS. The second system is a mixed analog-digital system for image acquisition and tracking compensation that incorporates a contrast sensitive silicon retina in the image sensing area.
Execution cache-based microarchitecture for power-efficient superscalar processors (2005)

This paper investigates a possible solution to the problem of power consumption in superscalar, out-of-order processors by proposing a new microarchitecture, specifically designed to reduce increasing power requirements of high-end processors. More precisely, we show that by modifying the well-established superscalar processor architecture, significant savings can be achieved in terms of power consumption. Our approach aims at limiting the growing amount of power used in a typical processor for dynamic optimizations (including out-of-order scheduling and register renaming). Our proposed approach achieves significant power savings by reusing as much as possible from the work done by the front-end of a typical superscalar, out-of-order pipeline, via the use of a special cache nested deeply into the processor structure. By reusing instructions that are already decoded, reordered, and have their registers already renamed, the front end of the pipeline can be turned off for large periods of time with significant savings in the overall power consumption. Experimental results show up to 35% (30% on average) savings in average energy per committed instruction, and 35% (20% on average) savings in energy-delay product, with about 9% average performance loss, over a large spectrum of SPEC95 and SPEC2000 benchmarks.
Origin of the anomalous photovoltaic signal in Y-Ba-Cu-O (1991)

The temperature and polarization dependence, and anisotropy of the laser-generated voltage response in Y-Ba-Cu-O under no-current-bias conditions were examined. It was found that the photogenerated current flowed predominantly along the c axis of the Y-Ba-Cu-O crystal, and was laser-polarization independent. The strong temperature dependence observed indicated that the signal was related to the 240-K structural transformation which was also responsible for other anomalies in the early days of Y-Ba-Cu-O research. The anomalous photovoltaic response is due to an asymmetry along the c axis of the Y-Ba-Cu-O orthorhombic crystalline structure.
The Need to Decide If All Estrogens Are Intrinsically Similar (2004)

We used gene expression profiling to investigate whether the molecular effects induced by estrogens of different provenance are intrinsically similar. In this article we show that the physiologic estrogen 17-beta-estradiol, the phytoestrogen genistein, and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol alter the expression of the same 179 genes in the intact immature mouse uterus under conditions where each chemical has produced an equivalent gravimetric and histologic uterotrophic effect, using the standard 3-day assay protocol. Data are also presented indicating the limitations associated with comparison of gene expression profiles for different chemicals at times before the uterotrophic effects are fully realized. We conclude that the case has yet to be made for regarding synthetic estrogens as presenting a unique human hazard compared with phytoestrogens and physiologic estrogens. Key words: diethylstilbestrol, estrogen, gene expression, genistein, microarray, phytoestrogen, toxicogenomics, uterus.
Fate of Benzene in Soils Planted with Alfalfa: Uptake, Volatilization, and Degradation (1997)

The fate of benzene in planted and unplanted soils was investigated using high-flow sealed test systems specifically designed for the recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Test systems, containing established alfalfa plants or unplanted controls, were subirrigated with aqueous solutions of [14C]benzene to produce soil concentrations of 40 (low dose) or 620 μg/kg soil (high dose). The test systems allowed us to determine separately root uptake and foliar uptake of the radiolabel and to establish a mass balance for the 14C- label. During the 7 to 10 days experiment, the efflux of 14C-labeled VOCs and 14CO2 resulting from mineralization were measured at 12h intervals. At the end of each experiment, soils and plant tissues were analyzed for 14C and, in some experiments, benzene was analyzed using gas chromatography. Less than 2% of the recovered 14C was associated with the plant shoots and between 2% to 8% in the root fraction (root tissue plus rhizosphere soil). No benzene was detected in the soils or plant tissue by gas chromatography, even in the high dose experiments. The average total recovery of added radiolabel in all experiments was greater than 90%. Comparisons of planted and unplanted soils indicated that alfalfa did not enhance the degradation of benzene in this experimental system. The amount of benzene that was volatilized directly from soil was far greater than any that might have evolved from the plants themselves.
Copper‐Promoted N‐Arylations of Cyclic Imides within Six‐Membered Rings: A Facile Route to Arylene‐Based Organic Materials. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin genes are coexpressed in adult human skeletal muscle and heart. (1983)

We determined the actin isotypes encoded by 30 actin cDNA clones previously isolated from an adult human muscle cDNA library. Using 3' untranslated region probes derived from alpha-skeletal, beta- and gamma-actin cDNAs and from an alpha-cardiac actin genomic clone, we showed that 28 of the cDNAs correspond to alpha-skeletal actin transcripts. Unexpectedly, however, the remaining two cDNA clones proved to derive from alpha-cardiac actin mRNA. Sequence analysis confirmed that the two skeletal muscle alpha-cardiac actin cDNAs are derived from transcripts of the cloned alpha-cardiac actin gene. Direct measurements of actin isotype mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle showed that alpha-cardiac actin mRNA is expressed at 5% the level of alpha-skeletal actin. Furthermore, the alpha-cardiac actin gene expressed in skeletal muscle is the same gene which produces alpha-cardiac actin mRNA in the human heart. Of equal surprise, we found that alpha-skeletal actin mRNA accounts for about half of the total actin mRNA in adult heart. Comparison of total actin mRNA levels in adult skeletal muscle and adult heart revealed that the steady-state levels in skeletal muscle are about twofold greater, per microgram of total cellular RNA, than those in heart. Thus, in skeletal muscle and in heart, both of the sarcomeric actin mRNA isotypes are quite abundant transcripts. We conclude that alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin genes are coexpressed as an actin pair in human adult striated muscles. Since the smooth-muscle actins (aortic and stomach) and the cytoplasmic actins (beta and gamma) are known to be coexpressed in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells, respectively, we postulate that coexpression of actin pairs may be a common feature of mammalian actin gene expression in all tissues.
Optical layer survivability: a comprehensive approach (2002)

Summary form only given. Summary form only given. To many, the rapid deployment of dense-wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) line systems in world-wide telecommunications networks heralds a new age-the age of Optical Networking. While line systems in and of themselves support little in terms of networking functionality, DWDM line systems with wavelength add/drop capability are being deployed, and demonstrations (and lab/field trials) of optical network elements with nodal features, such as WDM add/drop multiplexers and optical cross-connects are being reported. The ability to add, drop, and in effect construct wavelength-switched and wavelength-routed networks, facilitated by these WDM optical nodal elements, does indeed herald the dawning of an age of optical networking. As such, it presents an attractive opportunity to design survivable optical WDM network architectures, using WDM optical nodal elements as tools analogous to those currently used at the electrical (e.g., SONET/SDH) layer. The emergence of survivable WDM optical network architectures will likely mirror the emergence of SONET/SDH survivable architectures. Both SONET/SDW and WDM optical survivable architectures have been classified as either protection switching or restoration architectures, wherein the distinction between the two has largely been based upon differences in restoral time frame, and degree of autonomy. Providing survivability, either in the form of protection switching, restoration, or some combination of both, at the optical layer is inherently attractive.
An isoelectric variant of the 150,000-dalton neurofilament polypeptide. Evidence that phosphorylation state affects its association with the filament. (1984)

A soluble isoelectric variant of the 150,000-dalton neurofilament protein was isolated from bovine brain by treating a partially purified filament preparation with a low-ionic-strength high-pH buffer. The protein (S150) had similar peptide maps to the neurofilament component of the same molecular weight (NF150) and was recognized by a polyclonal antibody made against the NF150 polypeptide. However, only half the anti-NF150 activity could be removed with the S150 protein. In addition, the S150 protein had a higher isoelectric point than the NF150 protein. Phosphate analysis indicated that the S150 protein was considerably lessened in phosphate content, which could account for the higher isoelectric point of the protein. It appears, therefore, that the S150 protein may be a precursor of NF150 or the result of phosphatase activity during the isolation procedure. Assembly studies showed that the S150 protein, unlike the NF150 protein, could not assemble with the 70-kDa neurofilament protein, indicating that the phosphate groups which were removed are important in the association of this protein to the neurofilament. When filaments containing all three triplet neurofilament polypeptides or those composed of the 70- and 150-kDa neurofilament proteins were subjected to acid phosphatase, a soluble fraction was obtained, which contained isoelectric variants with higher pI values than the NF150 polypeptide. Only unmodified NF150 protein was found in the insoluble fraction. These results support the argument that removal of phosphate groups results in the dissociation of this protein from the filament.
Attenuation of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice using the heme oxygenase inhibitor Zn-deuteroporphyrin IX-2,4-bisethylene glycol (2004)

<b>Background:</b> Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disorders remains unclear, but the extent of tissue damage due to the persistent presence of oxidants or proteases is believed to be important. The heme degrading enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) has been found to be expressed in experimental fibrosis, and generation of free iron and carbon monoxide (CO) by HO has been implicated in oxidant induced lung damage. A study was undertaken to examine the effects of the HO inhibitor Zn-deuteroporphyrin-IX-2,4-bisethylene glycol (Zndtp) on the development of pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin model of lung injury and repair. <b>Methods:</b> Zndtp (10 μmol/kg) was administered subcutaneously twice daily to mice 1 week following the intratracheal instillation of 0.025 U bleomycin. Animals were killed 10 or 21 days after bleomycin instillation and indices of lung damage and fibrosis were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> Bleomycin treatment induced pulmonary cytotoxicity, increased levels of active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), enhanced lung collagen accumulation, and decreased glutathione content. Zndtp administration significantly attenuated these indices. <b>Conclusions:</b> Administration of Zndtp in the bleomycin model resulted in appreciable alveolar cytoprotection and amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis. This molecule and its analogues may warrant further consideration in the treatment of acute lung injury and fibrotic lung disorders.
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy improvement by use of Mueller-matrix polarimetry (2002)

A new technique for improving the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast in images recorded with a confocal scanning laser system is presented. The method is based on the incorporation of a polarimeter into the setup. After the spatially resolved Mueller matrix of a sample was calculated, images for incident light with different states of polarization were reconstructed, and both the best and the worst images were computed. In both the microscope and the opthalmoscope modes, the best images are better than the originals. In contrast, the worst images are poorer. This technique may be useful in different fields such as confocal microscopy and retinal imaging.