gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The marvels of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures: novel microwave and optical applications (2004)

This invited plenary session paper highlights research activities at the author's laboratory at UCLA in the area of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. Specifically, an overview of a powerful computational engine utilizing finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique integrated with novel extrapolating algorithms is presented to extract and highlight the marvels of EBG structures. The objective is to provide an in-depth understanding of the EBG phenomena and present representative applications. Among the structures addressed in this presentation are: (a) frequency selective surface (FSS) structures, (b) PBG crystals, (c) smart surfaces for communication antenna applications, (d) surfaces with perfectly magnetic conducting properties (PMC), (e) creation of materials with negative permittivity and negative permeability, (f) surfaces with reduced edge diffraction effects and (g) reduction of mutual coupling among array antenna elements.
An artificial neural-net based method for predicting power system voltage harmonics (1992)

A novel method for predicting power system voltage harmonics with an artificial neural network is presented. The method is based on the backpropagation learning technique for feedforward neural networks. The promise of the proposed method in harmonics prediction is shown. In order to demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed method is applied to voltage harmonics observed through a personal computer based measurement system and the performance is compared with that of conventional methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rigid body movements of optical elements due to opto-mechanical factors (2005)

Techniques and formulas will be presented that demonstrate an effective means of characterizing the rigid body motions of optical elements from their nominal positions as caused by manufacturing tolerances and thermal effects. These techniques allow accurate prediction of the final position of a mechanically held lens element to be determined relative to mechanical datums. Even a single lens element with entirely nominal dimensions often needs to be positioned relative to a mechanical reference; the effects of any inherent inaccuracy of the mounting process can be over-looked and/or over-simplified. Tolerances on lens seats, element radii, bore diameters as well as thermal effects need to be accounted for in a design in order to accurately predict the final optical performance of a system in an "as built" condition. The differences in accounting for the mounting tolerances of edge mounted, cell mounted, and surface-centered elements are discussed. The work presented will aid in linking the tools available to the optical engineer in the form of optical design software, with the data available to the mechanical engineer in the form of manufacturing and fabrication tolerances.
Fiber-optic Doppler velocimeter that incorporates active optical feedback from a diode laser (1992)

A fiber-optic Doppler velocimeter that incorporates the effect of self-mixing in a diode laser is described. A theoretical model, based on self-mixing interference theory, is presented, and a simple experimental arrangement is constructed. The results of the experimental research are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. A Doppler velocity of as much as 3 m/s was measured directly, and a good linear relationship between the Doppler velocity and the Doppler-shifted frequency was obtained, which can be used to determine the speed of a moving object.
Biology of hypoxia. (2006)

Hypoxia is an often seen problem resulting from conditions such as ischemia, hemorrhage, stroke, premature birth, and other cardiovascular difficulties. To find useful remedies that are capable of ameliorating its casualty is an essential effort. Although the underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia-induce injury and cell death are still not fully understood, it has been shown that hypoxia induces nitric oxide (NO) overproduction and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overexpression that play important roles in producing injury including increases in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltration to injured tissues and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation. Moreover, it has been evident that transcription factors responsible for iNOS expression are also altered by hypoxia. Hypoxia also increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E2 production, activity of caspase-3 and -9, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, apoptosis inducible factor, and endonuclease G. However, it has been shown that downregulation of iNOS can limit cell injury caused by hypoxia. In our laboratory, we have found that treatment with either iNOS inhibitors or iNOS siRNA inhibits iNOS expression, reduces lipid peroxidation, apoptosome formation, and cellular caspase-3 activity, preserves cellular ATP levels, and increases cell survival. Therefore, iNOS inhibition may be a novel mechanism for protection from hypoxia-induced injury and cell death.
The Action of Aluminum Bromide on Some Halogenated Thiophenols and Benzyl Phenyl Sulfides (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Action of Aluminum Bromide on Some Halogenated Thiophenols and Benzyl Phenyl SulfidesH. F. Wilson and D. S. TarbellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 11, 5200–5205Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01167a117https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01167a117research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views384Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic applications of protein engineering (2011)

The engineering of insulin analogs represents a triumph of structure-based protein design. A framework has been provided by structures of insulin hexamers. Containing a zinc-coordinated trimer of dimers, such structures represent a storage form of the active insulin monomer. Initial studies focused on destabilization of subunit interfaces. Because disassembly facilitates capillary absorption, such targeted destabilization enabled development of rapid-acting insulin analogs. Converse efforts were undertaken to stabilize the insulin hexamer and promote higher-order self-assembly within the subcutaneous depot toward the goal of enhanced basal glycemic control with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Current products either operate through isoelectric precipitation (insulin glargine, the active component of Lantus(®); Sanofi-Aventis) or employ an albumin-binding acyl tether (insulin detemir, the active component of Levemir(®); Novo-Nordisk). To further improve pharmacokinetic properties, modified approaches are presently under investigation. Novel strategies have recently been proposed based on subcutaneous supramolecular assembly coupled to (a) large-scale allosteric reorganization of the insulin hexamer (the TR transition), (b) pH-dependent binding of zinc ions to engineered His-X(3)-His sites at hexamer surfaces, or (c) the long-range vision of glucose-responsive polymers for regulated hormone release. Such designs share with wild-type insulin and current insulin products a susceptibility to degradation above room temperature, and so their delivery, storage, and use require the infrastructure of an affluent society. Given the global dimensions of the therapeutic supply chain, we envisage that concurrent engineering of ultra-stable protein analog formulations would benefit underprivileged patients in the developing world.
Homologs of the mouse Brachyury gene are involved in the specification of posterior terminal structures in Drosophila, Tribolium, and Locusta. (1994)

The Brachyury (T) gene is required for notochord differentiation in vertebrates. We have identified a Drosophila gene, the T-related gene (Trg), with high similarity to T within a stretch of approximately 200 amino acids, the DNA-binding domain of T. Trg is expressed throughout embryogenesis, first at the blastoderm stage in the hindgut primordium under the control of the terminal gap genes tll and hkb, and then until the end of embryogenesis in the differentiating hindgut. Drosophila embryos deficient for Trg do not form the hindgut, a phenotype that can be rescued by a Trg transgene. Thus, a common feature of T and Trg is their requirement in specifying the development of a single embryonic structure. Homologs of Trg are also expressed in the developing hindgut of Tribolium and Locusta embryos suggesting a highly conserved function of Trg in insects. This conservation and the high similarity of T and Trg raise the question of a common evolutionary origin of the hindgut of insects and the notochord of chordates.
The Intestinotrophic Peptide, GLP-2, Counteracts Intestinal Atrophy in Mice Induced by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor, Gefitinib (2007)

Treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor in mice results in small-intestinal growth inhibition that can be completely prevented by simultaneous treatment with GLP-2. This suggests that the gastrointestinal side effects elicited by treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be circumvented by GLP-2 treatment.
CA and Monte Carlo models of HIV infection (2001)

The models presented are discrete Monte Carlo(MC) and Cellular Automata(CA) representations of the interaction of HIV with the immune system. HIV is characterised by the depletion of Helper T cells in the body. Helper T cells are essential to the correct regulation of the immune system. Their degradation leaves the body incapable of defending itself, even against what is usually an unharmful infection. The models consider just four cell types the Macrophage, M, the helper T cell, H , the cytotoxic Killer cell, C and the virus, V. Each cell type can either be in high concentration (1) or low concentration (0). An up d a te of a site consists of nearest-neighbour interaction followed by intra-site interactions. The nearest-neighbour interaction represents the influence of a siteâs surroundings on it. The intra-site interactions are Boolean equations which represent a succinct interpretation of HIV infection and its effect on the host immune system. Mutation is considered via a probabilistic parameter P m u t - Each cell type has inherent mobility due to the nearest-neighbour interactions, explicit mobility is explored by a probabilistic parameter Pmobâ¢ The MC and CA .simulations differ in their updating, with CA updating is synchronous and with MC it is asynchronous. MC is explored as an alternative to the CA model form. Due to th e Boolean concentrations of the cell types, synchronous (CA) updating leads to overshooting, there is either complete viral dominance or immune dominance and no intermediate state. Asynchronous (MC) updating smoothes these extremes; intermediate states between immuno-dominance and immuno-deficiency exist. These intermediate states offer new insight into the dynamics of HIV and the immune system. Asynchronous updating gives clearly defined growth patterns and this enables th e exploration of critical points. One such critical point is the value of Pmut for which the cross-over between immune dominance and deficiency occurs. Also characteristics of the disease progression such as latency can be investigated.
Simulation of an electrical variable transmission based on dual mechanical ports electric machine with clutch (2008)

A dual mechanical ports electric machine (DMPM) with clutch is used as an electrical variable transmission (EVT) in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), as presented in, which can eliminate copper loss and iron loss in the inner motor when clutch is engaged. In this paper, the EVT system simulation model including the models of DMPM, clutch, internal combustion engine (ICE) and controller together, is constructed. The dynamic performance of the system such as the engaging or disengaging process of clutch, the ICEpsilas startup or stop are analyzed under FTP75. Simulation results show that there is an impact torque, which is equal to output torque of ICE, on the outer motor of DMPM at the moment of ICEpsilas startup and the immediate speed increase of ICE in opposite direction due to the sudden decrease of ICEpsilas load when the clutch is disengaging, which should be avoided when the HEV with EVT based on DMPM with clutch is in practical application.
Overview and research progress of dipetidyl peptidase I (2006)

Dipeptidyl peptidase I(DPPI),a lysosomal cysteine proteinase also known as cathepsin C,functions as a key enzyme in the activation of many granule serine proteases in the granules of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells(granzymes A and B),mast cells(chymase and tryptase),and neutrophils(cathepsin G,proteinase 3 and elastase).It is well established that DPPI-deficient mice have severe defects in serine protease activities in these hemopoietic lineages.In light of the present investigators' work regarding the important role of DPPI-dependent effector on mechanisms in several human pathophysiological processes,the development of selective DPPI inhibitors would provide an important therapeutic tool in the treatment of immune/inflammation/lymphoma-related diseases.
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Dinitroaniline-Resistant <i>Eleusine</i> (1990)

Dinitroaniline-resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica) biotypes were first discovered in South Carolina and have now been found in several southern states where trifluralin is used for weed control in cotton. Two kinds of resistant biotypes have been noted: one is highly-resistant (R) and is unaffected even by saturated solutions of dinitroaniline herbicide, whereas an intermediate-resistant (I) biotype is only 50X resistant to trifluralin and less than 10X resistant to oryzalin compared with the susceptible (S) biotype. Both R and I biotypes are cross-resistant to phosphoric amide herbicides. Tubulin from the R is able to polymerize into microtubules even in the presence of oryzalin, whereas that of the S biotypes cannot. Western blots of tubulin from the R biotype reveal two β-tubulin isotypes whereas only one form is noted in the S biotype. Because the R biotype is hypersensitive to the microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol, it is likely that the R biotype is resistant by having hyperstabilized microtubules. The I biotype has no gross alteration in tubulin nor extreme sensitivity to taxol, indicating that this biotype has a different resistance mechanism than the R.
SIMULTANEOUS PHASE-LOCKING OF LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE LASER MODES (1968)

By using a discharge tube filled with pure neon as a nonlinear element, it has been found possible to obtain simultaneous locking of both longitudinal and transverse modes of a 6328 Å He–Ne laser. Under certain circumstances, each transverse mode has all its longitudinal resonances phase locked to form a narrow pulse, but the pulses corresponding to the various transverse mode orders do not coincide in time. Beam scanning has been observed when the frequency spacing between the transverse modes is a simple fraction of the longitudinal mode spacing. Under these conditions, a ``spot'' of light traces out a zig-zag path in the laser cavity.
Visualization of the subcellular location of sporulation proteins in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> using immunofluorescence microscopy (1995)

We describe the application of immunofluorescence microscopy to visualization of the subcellular localization of proteins involved in coat morphogenesis and chromosome packaging during the process of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. In confirmation and extension of previous findings, we show that SpolVA, which is responsible for guiding coat formation to the surface of the outer membrane that surrounds the developing spore, assembles into a shell that is located close to or on the surface of this enveloping membrane. CotE, which is responsible for the formation of the outer layer of the coat, assembles into a second shell of apparently larger diameter. Assembly of SpolVA could be detected as early as the morphological stage of polar septation and closely followed the enveloping membrane of the mother cell during the stage of engulfment, thereby providing a sensitive and diagnostic marker for this phagocytic-like process. Surprisingly, the chromosome of the developing spore and the small, acid-soluble proteins, known as alpha/beta-type SASPs, that are known to coat the spore chromosome, were found to co-localize to a doughnut-like ring of approximately 1 micrometer in diameter. The use of a double mutant lacking the alpha/beta-type SASP demonstrated that these high abundance, DNA-binding proteins are responsible for packaging the chromosome of the developing spore into this unusual structure. We conclude that sporulation in B. subtilis is a fertile system for addressing cell biological problems in a bacterium and that immunofluorescence microscopy provides a sensitive method for visualizing protein subcellular localization at high resolution.
Guanidinylated poly(allyl amine) as a gene carrier (2009)

Abstract Guanidinylated poly(allyl amine) (GA) was synthesized and used as a gene carrier. The degree of guanidinylation in GA increased linearly when the feed ratio of guanidino groups in 1 H ‐pyrazole‐1‐carboxamidine to amino groups in poly(allyl amine) (PA) was below 0.7, and the amino groups of poly(allyl amine) with a weight‐average molecular weight of 15,000 (PA15) were almost replaced with guanidino groups when the ratio reached 2. GA showed good plasmid condensation and protection ability. Nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, good dispersity, and spherical shape could be assembled between GA and DNA. With an increase in the N/P ratio [where N is the amount of nitrogen in the polycation (for GA, three nitrogens per guanidino group) and P is the amount of plasmid phosphate in the DNA as moles] or the degree of guanidinylation, the ζ‐potential of GA/DNA nanoparticles increased, whereas the sizes of GA/DNA nanoparticles decreased sharply with increasing N/P ratios. Compared with polyethylenimine with a weight‐average molecular weight of 25,000 and PA15, GA essentially showed decreased cytotoxicity to HeLa, 293T, and HepG2 cell lines, and guanidinylated PA15 exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity. Guanidinylation of PA enhanced its gene transfection. This enhancement was dependent on the degree of guanidinylation and the cell lines. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Activation of Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer (2003)

Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (TKs) have emerged as clinically useful drug target molecules for treating certain types of cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-TK is a transmembrane receptor TK that is overexpressed or aberrantly activated in the most common solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. Activation of the EGFR-TK enzyme results in autophosphorylation, which drives signal transduction pathways leading to tumor growth and malignant progression. Randomized clinical trials of the EGFR-TK inhibitor gefitinib have demonstrated clinical benefits in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer whose disease had previously progressed on platinum- and docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimens. Bcr-Abl is a constitutively activated nonreceptor TK enzyme found in the cytoplasm of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia cells. STI571 (imatinib mesylate) inhibits the Bcr-Abl TK, blocks the growth of these leukemia cells, and induces apoptosis. STI571 also inhibits other TKs, including the receptor TK c-kit, which is expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. As TK inhibitors become available for clinical use, new challenges include predicting which patients are most likely to respond to these targeted TK inhibitors. Additional clinical trials are needed to develop the full potential of receptor and nonreceptor TK inhibitors for cancer treatment.
Immigrant Killers: Introduced Predators and the Conservation of Birds in New ZealandCarolyn King Oxford University Press, 1984224 pp. £29·50 (1986)

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Pharmacologic therapy: promising clinical investigations. (1995)

The identification of ischemia as a central mechanism of cell injury within the nervous system has resulted in a commonality of interests of neurosurgeons, neurologists and basic scientists interested in head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage and stroke. This, in turn, has led to a certain synergy between the development of new agents and the availability of interested and committed investigators so that these agents can be tested under appropriate clinical conditions. In head injury, major sources of focus have been the membrane damage resulting from the free-radical cascade and the disruption in cellular ionic homeostasis resulting from the excitotoxic effects of pathologic release of amino acid neurotransmitters. At present, the final analyses of phase III trials of the antagonism of the initiation and propagation of the free-radical cascade by tirilazad and polyethylene glycol-bound superoxide dismutase are nearing completion. Data on the efficacy of these agents in improving outcome from moderate and severe head injury should be available within the next 6 months. In addition, worldwide trials of glutamate antagonists are presently being initiated in severe head injury, with results anticipated in late 1997 or early 1998. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, calcium has been hypothesized to play a role in mediating vasospasm-induced ischemia as well as in promoting intracellular damage. Trials of calcium-channel blockade have demonstrated a reduction in mortality, but no improvement in the quality of survival over other methods of managing these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Field-weakening method for v/f -controlled hoist drive (2011)

This paper presents a field-weakening control method for V/f-controlled hoist drives. The method is based on the power limitation, which enables a load-dependent maximum speed without load measurement. In order to avoid the pull-out point of the hoist motor, the acceleration is halted if the motor input power exceeds a predefined limit. In addition, an integral (I) controller is used to reduce the steady-state error of the power limiter. The advantage of the proposed method is that a load sensor is not needed. Simulation and experimental results show that power limitation is suitable field-weakening method for V/f-controlled hoist drives.