gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Taste Cells Express Functional Olfactory Receptors (2019)

The peripheral taste and olfactory systems in mammals are separate and independent sensory systems. In the current model of chemosensation, gustatory, and olfactory receptors are genetically divergent families expressed in anatomically distinct locations that project to disparate downstream targets. Although information from the 2 sensory systems merges to form the perception of flavor, the first cross talk is thought to occur centrally, in the insular cortex. Recent studies have shown that gustatory and olfactory receptors are expressed throughout the body and serve as chemical sensors in multiple tissues. Olfactory receptor cDNA has been detected in the tongue, yet the presence of physiologically functional olfactory receptors in taste cells has not yet been demonstrated. Here we report that olfactory receptors are functionally expressed in taste papillae. We found expression of olfactory receptors in the taste papillae of green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice and, using immunocytochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments, the presence of olfactory signal transduction molecules and olfactory receptors in cultured human fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Both HBO cells and mouse taste papilla cells responded to odorants. Knockdown of adenylyl cyclase mRNA by specific small inhibitory RNA and pharmacological block of adenylyl cyclase eliminated these responses, leading us to hypothesize that the gustatory system may receive olfactory information in the periphery. These results provide the first direct evidence of the presence of functional olfactory receptors in mammalian taste cells. Our results also demonstrate that the initial integration of gustatory and olfactory information may occur as early as the taste receptor cells.
Glucosamine inhibits angiotensin II-induced cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> elevation in neonatal cardiomyocytes via protein-associated <i>O</i>-linked <i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine (2005)

We previously reported that glucosamine and hyperglycemia attenuate the response of cardiomyocytes to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-generating agonists such as ANG II. This appears to be related to an increase in flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and decreased Ca2+ entry into the cells; however, a direct link between HBP and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis has not been established. Therefore, using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we investigated the relationship between glucosamine treatment; the concentration of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an end product of the HBP; and the level of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on ANG II-mediated changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). We found that glucosamine blocked ANG II-induced [Ca2+]i increase and that this phenomenon was associated with a significant increase in UDP-GlcNAc and O-GlcNAc levels. O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)-amino-N-phenylcarbamate, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase that increased O-GlcNAc levels without changing UDP-GlcNAc concentrations, mimicked the effect of glucosamine on the ANG II-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. An inhibitor of O-GlcNAc-transferase, alloxan, prevented the glucosamine-induced increase in O-GlcNAc but not the increase in UDP-GlcNAc; however, alloxan abrogated the inhibition of the ANG II-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. These data support the notion that changes in O-GlcNAc levels mediated via increased HBP flux may be involved in the regulation of [Ca2+]i homeostasis in the heart.
Plasma polymerization of hexafluoroethane (1982)

Abstract It was found that when hydrogen is mixed in a plasma, hexafluoroethane polymerization is accelerated. ESCA and IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the resulting polymers and to reveal the reaction mechanism. At relatively low hydrogen/hexafluoroethane ratios and radio‐frequency powers of 30 and 100 W (13.56 MHz), no hydrogen could be detected in the polymers with IR spectroscopy. However, after the ratio had increased above one, the hydrogen content increased abruptly. Thus, hydrogen might be looked upon as a sort of scavenger for active fluorine species. ESCA deconvolution analysis of the C 1 s peaks of the polymers indicated that the polymer structures were uniform throughout the reactor in the hydrogen/hexafluoroethane system at 30 W, even though the distribution of the deposition rate could still be observed. By examining sodium chloride powder exposed to the plasma with IR spectroscopy, it was possible to detect various fluorosilicates, which indicated ablation of the reactor's glass wall by the plasma.
Pharmacologically-guided dose adjustment of busulfan in high-dose chemotherapy regimens: rationale and pitfalls (review). (1995)

High-dose busulfan is used in conditioning regimens before allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in adults and children. During the last six years, several studies have established the wide inter- and intrapatient variability of high-dose busulfan disposition. Clearance rate ranges from 0.8 to 20 ml/min/kg. Some factors of variability have been identified: age, alteration in hepatic functions, disease, circadian rhythmicity, drug interactions. Using a fixed dose of busulfan, wide interpatient variability in systemic exposure is thus expected, with eventual consequences on toxicity and efficacy. In adults, a pharmacodynamic relationship between a high busulfan systemic exposure and the occurrence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) has been established. A prospective controlled study demonstrated that busulfan dose-adjustment decreased the morbidity and mortality of HVOD in adults. So far, pharmacodynamic studies in children have failed to establish a toxic level. The present paper analyses the rationale for busulfan dose adjustment, and focuses on the eventual pitfalls that may jeopardize its reliability (drug absorption, chronopharmacology, drug interaction within the conditioning regimen, complex pathophysiology of HVOD). Further pharmacodynamic studies are required to establish a minimum therapeutic threshold in systemic exposure for bone marrow engraftment, especially in children undergoing HLA-compatible or incompatible allogeneic BMT for non malignant disease. The definition of a therapeutic window according to the disease and the type of BMT, along with the development of iv-busulfan, will allow accurate and effective pharmacologically-guided dose adjustment of high-dose busulfan. By the end of the century, busulfan plasma level monitoring and dose adjustment at the individual level may improve the outcome of patients undergoing BMT.
Electrical properties of Te-implanted GaAs (1976)

Tellurium was implanted into Cr-doped GaAs at 250 °C to a dose of 1013 or 1014 Te/cm2 at 120 keV. Sheet-resistivity and Hall-effect measurements were made on the samples for annealing temperatures up to 900 °C. From the temperature dependence of the sheet resistivity, the conduction mechanism of as-implanted samples was found to be due to thermally assisted tunneling in disordered semiconductors. The very small activation energy of &lt;0.1 meV obtained from the sheet-resistivity curves for isochronal annealing temperatures of ≲200 °C indicates that formation of an amorphous layer has been prevented and that the samples have undergone no epitaxial recrystallization. Annealing at ?600 °C produced n-type conductivity with the maximum effective bulk concentration being ∼1018 electrons/cm3 for the 1014 Te/cm2 sample annealed at 800 °C. However, the electrical compensation remained high (NA/ND ?0.6) for annealing temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 °C, the compensating centers being of the VGaTe-complex type. The temperature dependence of the electrical characteristics for well-annealed samples resembled that of bulk material. However, a somewhat larger value of donor ionization energy (∼7 meV) was obtained for the 1013 Te/cm2 sample annealed at 800 °C; this value may arise from the profiling effects.
Liver stellate cells and aminoterminal peptide of type III procollagen in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon. (2004)

Since all the patients had received a similar treatment for a similar period, our results suggest that fibrogenesis activity in a defined time is related to the clinical response present in that time, and is influenced by short-term variations in necro-inflammatory activity induced by interferon, rather than by interferon itself.
Detecting Abnormal Turbine Engine Deterioration Using Electrostatic Methods (1978)

A method of detecting abnormal turbine engine deterioration has been developed and tested. The method observes pulse electrostatic signals in the exhaust which have been determined to originate from component rubbing, chaffing, erosion, and burning (i.e., various forms of deterioration). The normal (healthy engine) deterioration rate is first studied as a function of engine cycling and power. This deterioration rate is then normalized with an engine power and an engine cycling parameter. Tenfold increases in the normalized deterioration rate are then used as an indication of impending component failure. Experience shows that about two out of three turbine engines gas-path failures can be predicted four or more hours ahead of time by this method. The false alarm rate is estimated to be about 5%.
Effect of combining boron nitride with fluoroelastomer on the melt fracture of HDPE in extrusion blow molding (2000)

Abstract Boron nitride (BN) is a new polymer processing aid which not only eliminates surface melt fracture in the extrusion of molten polymers, but also postpones the critical shear rate for the onset of gross melt fracture to significantly higher values that depend on resin type and additive concentration. In this work, the influence of BN as a polymer processing additive is first examined in the extrusion blow molding of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) resins in order to evaluate its usefulness and performance in operations other than continuous extrusion. The equipment used includes both a Battenfeld/Fisher 50‐mm extrusion blow molding machine and a parallel‐plate rheometer. Two types of HDPE, which are blended with boron nitride at various concentration levels, are tested accordingly. It is found that the degree of BN dispersion, characteristics of the HDPE resins, extrusion temperature, and induction time play an important role in eliminating melt fracture. Finally, the influence of combining BN with fluoroelastomer, as an enhanced and potentially better processing aid on the melt fracture of a third HDPE is examined. It is found that such a combination is a superior processing aid that allows extrusion blow molding at very high shear rates.
The Aminomorphides and Aminocodides (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Aminomorphides and AminocodidesLyndon. Small and Fred S. PalmerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 8, 2186–2190Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01877a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01877a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Upregulation of lysyl oxidase in vascular smooth muscle cells by cAMP: Role for adenosine receptor activation (1999)

Lysyl oxidase (LO) is a key participant in the accumulation of insoluble fibers of elastin and collagen by virtue of its role in the initiation of the covalent cross-linkages between and within individual molecules comprising these fibers. In view of the essential role played by LO in the accumulation of the fibrotic components of occlusive arterial lesions in atherosclerosis, identification of the signaling molecules which can affect the expression of the LO gene in vascular smooth muscle is of considerable interest. In the present report, we describe evidence for the role of the second messenger, cAMP, in the modulation of the levels of LO in vascular smooth muscle cells. Elevated intracellular cAMP induces the transcription of the LO gene, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and nuclear run on assays. Transient transfection experiments performed with the wild-type LO promoter and with this promoter mutated at a consensus CREB site, located within the region -100 to -93 base pairs relative to the start of transcription, indicate that cAMP-induced transcriptional activation is partially due to the presence of this CREB site within the promoter. Activation of stimulatory adenosine receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells with 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine (NECA) increases cAMP, LO mRNA, and enzyme activity. These findings point to the importance of cAMP signaling, potentially initiated by a variety of physiological agents, in the upregulation of LO expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
A comparison of SS7 congestion control options during mass call-in situations (1995)

The ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunications Standardization Sector, formerly known as CCITT), in its specification of the SS7 protocol, describes a number of alternatives for congestion control. In this paper we provide a direct comparison of the effectiveness of some of these methods in dealing with a mass call-in situation. We find that the international option provides better call throughput and is more robust to threshold settings and delays in feeding back congestion information than the national option with congestion priorities and a combination of the two options. The results can provide guidance to those attempting to define application level overload procedures, to those studying internetworking issues for connection between countries employing different SS7 congestion control options, and to those preparing to formulate B-ISDN overload strategies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Temperature-Indicating Paints (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTemperature-Indicating PaintsJ. E. Cowling, Peter King, and Allen L. AlexanderCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1953, 45, 10, 2317–2320Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50526a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50526a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Steric Effects. Internal-Rotation of 1-Aryl-8-Phenylnaphthalenes (1987)

A general, albeit low-yielding, synthesis of 1-aryl-8-phenylnaphthalenes was devised and used to prepare three l-(3'-X-5'-isopropylphenyl)-8-phenylnaphthalenes (X = H, F, Br). Activation parameters for the rotation of the 3'-X-5'4sopropylphenyl group were determined by dynamic m.m.r. spectroscopy.
Anoxia tolerance in the aquatic monocot Potamogeton pectinatus : absence of oxygen stimulates elongation in association with an unusually large Pasteur effect (2000)

Elongation by stems of overwintered tubers of Potamogeton pectinatus (L.) is strongly promoted over several days by oxygen‐free conditions. Characteristics of the respiration underpinning this unusual response were examined. Anaerobic plants produced ethanol and CO 2 in approximately equimolar amounts, indicating that glycolysis coupled to alcoholic fermentation was the principal CO 2 ‐producing respiratory pathway. Rates of CO 2 evolution by aerobic and anaerobic whole plants (shoot and tuber) were similar, suggesting a rate of glycolysis three times that of aerobic plants, i.e. a strong Pasteur effect. In the shoot alone, anaerobic CO 2 production was twice the aerobic rate indicating a 6‐fold increase in the rate of glycolysis in this tissue. Anoxic stems contained more sucrose at a stronger concentration than slower‐growing aerobic stems or anaerobic leaves, demonstrating that sugar supply to the site of most rapid growth exceeded demand in the absence of oxygen. Concentrations of potentially toxic acetaldehyde in the external medium were small (approximately 0.2 mol m −3 ) during anoxia and on return to aerated conditions. Lactic acid was undetectable under anaerobic conditions and in vivo31 P‐NMR analysis of shoots revealed a cytoplasmic acidification of only ≤0.2 pH units. In contrast, shoots of Pisum sativum , an anoxia‐intolerant species, showed much stronger cytoplasmic acidification when transferred to oxygen‐free conditions.
Stabilizing the surface morphology of Si1−x−yGexCy/Si heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy through the use of a silicon-carbide source (1998)

Si 1−x−y Ge x C y / Si superlattices were grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy using silicon carbide as a source of C. Samples consisting of alternating layers of nominally 25 nm Si1−x−yGexCy and 35 nm Si for 10 periods were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry to determine strain, thickness, and composition. C resonance backscattering and secondary ion mass spectrometries were used to measure the total C concentration in the Si1−x−yGexCy layers, allowing for an accurate determination of the substitutional C fraction to be made as a function of growth rate for fixed Ge and substitutional C compositions. For C concentrations close to 1%, high-quality layers were obtained without the use of Sb-surfactant mediation. These samples were found to be structurally perfect to a level consistent with cross-sectional TEM (&lt;107 defects/cm2) and showed considerably improved homogeneity as compared with similar structures grown using graphite as the source for C. For higher Ge and C concentrations, Sb-surfactant mediation was found to be required to stabilize the surface morphology. The maximum value of substitutional C concentration, above which excessive generation of stacking fault defects caused polycrystalline and/or amorphous growth, was found to be approximately 2.4% in samples containing between 25 and 30% Ge. The fraction of substitutional C was found to decrease from roughly 60% by a factor of 0.86 as the Si1−x−yGexCy growth rate increased from 0.1 to 1.0 nm/s.
Control of localized access to circuitry through the backside using focused ion beam technology (1999)

Complex logic chips are almost exclusively assembled in flip chip packaging. This type of assembly complicates traditional debug and circuit modification techniques. Development of new applications and new equipment now enable precise access to the circuitry of flip chip parts. One such application and the equipment developed are being introduced in this article. The technique makes use of optical beam induced current (OBIC) as a way to measure the amount of silicon that is left covering active areas of a flip chip circuit after a trench has been milled in the bulk silicon using a focused ion beam (FIB) system. The apparatus is all contained in one system thus enhancing the throughput of such work. When accessing the circuitry of flip chip parts, it is crucial to be able to locally remove silicon from the backside to within a few microns of the circuitry. This is necessary in order to preserve the integrity of the part and allow access to the circuitry for probe point creation or circuit modification using FIB. OBIC offers a high level of resolution and accuracy in measuring thin layers of bulk silicon in flip chips. In this article we describe the apparatus used, the details of the application, data collected, and a theoretical model developed to confirm the experimental findings.
Identification of the <i>cis</i> -Acting Site Involved in Activation of Promoters Regulated by Activity of the Type III Secretion Apparatus in <i>Shigella flexneri</i> (2002)

Bacteria of Shigella spp. use a virulence plasmid-encoded type III secretion (TTS) system to invade the colonic epithelium in humans. The activity of the TTS apparatus is tightly regulated in the wild-type strain and is induced upon contact of bacteria with epithelial cells, whereas it is deregulated, i.e., constitutively active, in some mutants. Under conditions of deregulated secretion, approximately 20 proteins are secreted, including VirA, OspB to OspG, and at least three members of the IpaH family, all of which are encoded by the virulence plasmid. Conditions inducing or deregulating the activity of secretion also induce the transcription of virA and four ipaH genes. The transcription of virA and ipaH9.8 requires both MxiE, a transcriptional activator of the AraC family, and IpgC, the chaperone of IpaB and IpaC, acting as a coactivator. Using reporter plasmids containing lacZ transcriptional fusions, we showed that the ipaH7.8. ipa4.5. ospC1, and ospF promoters are activated under conditions of deregulated secretion and that both MxiE and IpgC are necessary and sufficient for their activation in both Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli. Promoter mapping and deletion analysis of the ipaH9.8. virA, and ospC1 promoters identified a 17-bp motif, the MxiE box, which overlaps the -35 region and is essential for the activation of these promoters. The presence of eight MxiE boxes on the virulence plasmid suggests that 11 genes encoding secreted proteins may be regulated by the activity of secretion. We also present evidence that at least one ipaH gene that is carried by the chromosome is controlled by MxiE and IpgC.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Superstolide A (2008)

A convergent and highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolide (+)-superstolide A is described. Key features of this synthesis include the use of bimetallic linchpin 36b for uniting the C(1)-C(15) (43) and the C(20)-C(27) (38) fragments of the natural product, a late-stage Suzuki macrocyclization of 49, and a highly diastereoselective transannular Diels-Alder reaction of macrocyclic octaene 4. In contrast, the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of pentaenal 5 provided the desired cycloadduct with lower stereoselectivity (6:1:1).