gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunobiology of the human penile urethra. (1995)

The human penile urethra contains numerous IgA and J chain-positive plasma cells, and the epithelium expresses secretory component, the transport molecule for polymeric IgA, indicating that this region is an active site of secretory IgA-mediated immune defense. At the distal tip, the mucosae of the meatus and fossa navicularis contain intraepithelial dendritic cells but few macrophages, whereas the urethra proper contains many macrophages within the lamina propria and epithelium, but no dendritic cells. T lymphocytes are abundant and ubiquitous in all regions of the urethra. Both CD8+ and CD4+ subpopulations of T lymphocytes are present in the lamina propria and epithelium, although CD8+ cells predominate. The majority of T lymphocytes are positive for CD45RO (memory marker), and many are also positive for the alpha E beta 7 integrin (mucosal-associated antigen). These data indicate that the human urethra is a highly dynamic immunocompetent tissue possessing all the necessary elements for antigen presentation and both humoral and cellular mucosal immune responses. Furthermore, the urethra resembles other mucosal surfaces in terms of lymphocyte subpopulations, segregation of phenotypes and expression of antigenic determinants characteristic of mucosal lymphocytes. It is likely that this region plays a dominant role in protecting the male urogenital tract against ascending infections, and should be targeted in vaccination strategies directed against sexually transmitted diseases.
Performance of Horizontal Wells Completed with Slotted Liners and Perforations (2000)

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study on the productivity and flow efficiency of horizontal wells completed with slotted-liners or perforations. The study is based on a semi-analytical model that couples the flow equations in the reservoir and wellbore. The reservoir model takes into account the 3D convergence of flow around perforations and slots. The wellbore flow model considers the pressure losses inside the horizontal well and the effect of axial influx at the perforations and slots. A new, experimental apparent friction factor correlation is used for horizontal wellbore flow computations with perforations and slots. The model is capable of incorporating the effects of selective completion and non-uniform skin distribution. The results of this study indicate that software based on detailed semi-analytical models can provide a powerful tool to design, predict, and optimize horizontal well completions. It is also shown that horizontal wells deserve genuine guidelines to optimize their completions. For example, horizontal wells are shown to require significantly lower slot and perforation densities to accomplish optimum PI compare to vertical wells. Similarly, in horizontal wells, the effect of slot or perforation phasing becomes more important as the anisotropy of the formation increases.
Back to the Basics: Rethinking Partial Correlation Network Methodology (2018)

Gaussian graphical models are an increasingly popular technique in psychology to characterize relationships among observed variables. These relationships are represented as covariances in the precision matrix. Standardizing this covariance matrix and reversing the sign yields corresponding partial correlations that imply pairwise dependencies in which the effects of all other variables have been controlled for. In order to estimate the precision matrix, the graphicallasso (glasso) has emerged as the default estimation method, which uses l-1-based regularization. Glasso was developed and optimized for high dimensional settings where the number of variables (p) exceeds the number of observations (n) which are uncommon in psychological applications. Here we propose to go “back to the basics”, wherein the precision matrix is first estimated withnon-regularized maximum likelihood and then Fisher Z-transformed confidence intervals are used to determine non-zero relationships. We first show the exact correspondence between the confidence level and specificity, which is due to 1 - specificity denoting the false positive rate (i.e., alpha). With simulations in low-dimensional settings (p &lt;&lt; n), we then demonstrate superior performance compared to glasso for determining conditional relationships, in addition tofrequentist risk measured with various loss functions. Further, our results indicate that glasso is inconsistent for the purpose of model selection, whereas the proposed method converged on the true model with a probability that approached 100%. We end by discussing implications for estimating Gaussian graphical models in psychology.
Synthetic tuberculostats. VII. Monoalkyl derivatives of isonicotinyhydrazine (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic tuberculostats. VII. Monoalkyl derivatives of isonicotinyhydrazineH. Herbert Fox and John T. GibasCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 8, 994–1002Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50014a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50014a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Redox-controlled release of molecular payloads from multilayered organometallic polyelectrolyte films (2012)

Organometallic poly(ferrocenylsilane)s (PFSs) featuring redox responsive ferrocene units in their main chain are prepared and characterized for redox triggered film disassembly and release of molecular payloads. Positively or negatively charged side groups render PFS water soluble and these polyelectrolytes also allow the use of an electrostatic self-assembly process for the fabrication of novel functional supermolecular nanostructures. The layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic fabrication approach is utilized to obtain films with different bilayer numbers. The electrochemical behaviour of the multilayers with different thicknesses is recorded by capturing cyclic voltammograms (CVs). Film disassembly (multilayer re-dispersed in water) is performed by exposing the multilayers to the different values of holding potentials, corresponding to partial or full oxidation of PFS. Disassembly kinetics is quantitatively monitored by determining the amount of polymer released from CV experiments, as well as from UV-VIS spectroscopy. The proposed PFS multilayer disassembly mechanism is presented. The morphology of the multilayer films as a function of holding times is monitored by AFM. The release of guest molecules such as fluorescent Alexa dyes incorporated at different depths in the multilayer films is studied by fluorescence spectroscopy.
<i>Clostridium difficile </i>Infection: Risk Factors, Medical and Surgical Management (2000)

<b>Background:</b><i>Clostridium difficile</i> has become recognized as a cause of nosocomial infection which may progress to a fulminant disease. <b>Methods:</b> Literature review using electronic literature research back to 1966 utilizing Medline and Current Contents. All publications on antibiotic-associated diarrhea, antibiotic-associated colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis as well as <i>C. difficile</i> infection were included. We addressed established and potential risk factors for <i>C. difficile</i> disease such as an impaired immune system and cost benefits of different diagnostic tests. An algorithm is outlined for diagnosis and both medical and surgical management of mild, moderate and severe <i>C. difficile</i> disease. <b>Results:</b> Diagnosis of <i>C. difficile</i> infection should be suspected in patients with diarrhea, who have received antibiotics within 2 months or whose symptoms started after hospitalization. A stool specimen should be tested for the presence of leukocytes and <i>C. difficile</i> toxins. If this is negative and symptoms persist, stool should be tested with ‘rapid’ enzyme immunoabsorbent and stool cytotoxin assays, which are the most cost-effective tests. Endoscopy and other imaging studies are reserved for severe and rapidly progressive courses. Oral metronidazole or vancomycin are the antibiotics of choice. Surgery is rarely required for selected patients refractory to medical treatment. The threshold for surgery in severe cases with risk factors including an impaired immune system should be low. <b>Conclusion:</b><i>C. difficile</i> infection has been recognized with increased frequency as a nosocomial infection. Early diagnosis with immunoassays of the stool and prompt medical therapy have a high cure rate. Metronidazole has supplanted oral vancomycin as the drug of first choice for treating <i>C. difficile</i> infections.
Reversibility of severe metabolic stress in stored platelets after in vitro plasma rescue or in vivo transfusion: restoration of secretory function and maintenance of platelet survival (2003)

Transient derangement of platelet metabolism, which does not increase membrane phosphatidylserine exposure, causes in vitro functional abnormalities that are fully reversed or stabilized by metabolic rescue. Preliminary data suggest that such rescued platelets may have normal posttransfusion recovery and survival.
Corporate social responsibility decisions: a dilemma for SME executives? (2013)

Purpose This study aims to examine the factors that move the decision‐makers in small businesses to expend company resources for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative phenomenological study used a Van Kaam method as modified by Moustakas with in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews to explore the factors and priorities considered by SME executives in CSR decisions. Findings The study revealed that small business executives are generally influenced by personal feelings, financial conditions, friends and family, and religion in making decisions on CSR activities. In addition, these decision‐makers prefer local CSR activities, are concerned with the environment, and go beyond the basic legal requirements. The sole focus on profits was not evident in these small business executives. Research limitations/implications The results imply that small business management does not rely simply on the analytical but on the relational and emotional. Management theories for small businesses may need to include the factors such as local community, personal feelings and religion as determining the direction of overall decision‐making in the small business community. This study is also significant to leadership in that it identifies factors that influence the decision process in small businesses. Originality/value The results of this study may open new discussions and lead to the development of new theories on leadership and management in small businesses.
Learning recommender systems with adaptive regularization (2012)

Many factorization models like matrix or tensor factorization have been proposed for the important application of recommender systems. The success of such factorization models depends largely on the choice of good values for the regularization parameters. Without a careful selection they result in poor prediction quality as they either underfit or overfit the data. Regularization values are typically determined by an expensive search that requires learning the model parameters several times: once for each tuple of candidate values for the regularization parameters. In this paper, we present a new method that adapts the regularization automatically while training the model parameters. To achieve this, we optimize simultaneously for two criteria: (1) as usual the model parameters for the regularized objective and (2) the regularization of future parameter updates for the best predictive quality on a validation set. We develop this for the generic model class of Factorization Machines which subsumes a wide variety of factorization models. We show empirically, that the advantages of our adaptive regularization method compared to expensive hyperparameter search do not come to the price of worse predictive quality. In total with our method, learning regularization parameters is as easy as learning model parameters and thus there is no need for any time-consuming search of regularization values because they are found on-the-fly. This makes our method highly attractive for practical use.
The Determinants of Stock Price Exposure: Financial Engineering and the Gold Mining Industry (1998)

ABSTRACT This paper studies the exposure of North American gold mining firms to changes in the price of gold. The average mining stock moves 2 percent for each 1 percent change in gold prices, but exposures vary considerably over time and across firms. As predicted by valuation models, gold firm exposures are significantly negatively related to the firm's hedging and diversification activities and to gold prices and gold return volatility, and are positively related to firm leverage. Simple discounted cash flow models produce useful exposure predictions but they systematically overestimate exposures, possibly due to their failure to reflect managerial flexibility.
How to organise return handling; an exploratory study with nine retailer warehouses (2002)

Already for a long time retailers take back products. In this paper we explore the factors contributing to the decision of combining vs. separating inbound and outbound flows during the return handling process. We do so through a comparative analysis of the operations in nine retailer warehouses, which can be divided in three groups: food retailers, department stores and mail order companies. We identify both aggravating factors and facilitating actions for return handling. Furthermore, we bring about recommendations for practice. At the end we put forward propositions that are useful in feeding studies on return handling efficiency. In particular, we conjecture over the impact that return volume and product diversity have on the decision for combining vs. separating the reverse and forward flows.
Epoxy Esters as Plasticizers and Stabilizers for Vinyl Chloride Polymers (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEpoxy Esters as Plasticizers and Stabilizers for Vinyl Chloride PolymersLee P. Witnauer, H. B. Knight, W. E. Palm, R. E. Koos, W. C. Ault, and Daniel SwernCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1955, 47, 11, 2304–2311Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50551a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50551a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views235Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
LBP-based penalized weighted least-squares approach to low-dose cone-beam computed tomography reconstruction (2014)

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has attracted growing interest of researchers in image reconstruction. The mAs level of the X-ray tube current, in practical application of CBCT, is mitigated in order to reduce the CBCT dose. The lowering of the X-ray tube current, however, results in the degradation of image quality. Thus, low-dose CBCT image reconstruction is in effect a noise problem. To acquire clinically acceptable quality of image, and keep the X-ray tube current as low as achievable in the meanwhile, some penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS)-based image reconstruction algorithms have been developed. One representative strategy in previous work is to model the prior information for solution regularization using an anisotropic penalty term. To enhance the edge preserving and noise suppressing in a finer scale, a novel algorithm combining the local binary pattern (LBP) with penalized weighted leastsquares (PWLS), called LBP-PWLS-based image reconstruction algorithm, is proposed in this work. The proposed LBP-PWLS-based algorithm adaptively encourages strong diffusion on the local spot/flat region around a voxel and less diffusion on edge/corner ones by adjusting the penalty for cost function, after the LBP is utilized to detect the region around the voxel as spot, flat and edge ones. The LBP-PWLS-based reconstruction algorithm was evaluated using the sinogram data acquired by a clinical CT scanner from the CatPhan® 600 phantom. Experimental results on the noiseresolution tradeoff measurement and other quantitative measurements demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness in edge preserving and noise suppressing in comparison with a previous PWLS reconstruction algorithm.
The basics of echocardiography (2010)

Cardiac echocardiography is becoming an essential diagnostic tool for a variety of cardiac pathology. Acquiring the necessary knowledge will help non cardiac and the cardiac specialist to understand the echocardiography images and reports and in return will improve the care of the patients. The aim of these of publication is to address the basic knowledge of cardiac echocardiography and the recent advances of its applications.
Frontal lobe functioning in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (2001)

A prominent hypothesis regarding the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is that its presence and magnitude reflect frontal lobe dysfunction. Past tests of this hypothesis have been inconsistent. The present study examined frontal lobe functioning in adolescents with ADHD. A sample of 10 ADHD adolescents and 10 controls between the ages of 12 and 17 served as participants for the study. The control group was matched on age (within six months) and gender. This study aided in clarifying past contradictory studies by using clearly defined criteria to determine ADHD, a representative age range of participants, carefully selected tests, and a control task. The two measures that were administered to assess frontal lobe functioning were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Purdue Pegboard was used as a control measure that did not assess frontal lobe functioning. The findings indicate that the ADHD group performed significantly worse on the following: color score, color/word score, and interference score of the Stroop Color and Word Test; percent of perseverative responses, percent of perseverative errors, and number of completed categories of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. No differences were found on the Purdue Pegboard task.
Nanometre scale 3D nanomechanical imaging of semiconductor structures from few nm to sub-micrometre depths (2015)

Multilayer structures of active semiconductor devices (1), novel memories (2) and semiconductor interconnects are becoming increasingly three-dimensional (3D) with simultaneous decrease of dimensions down to the few nanometres length scale (3). Ability to test and explore these 3D nanostructures with nanoscale resolution is vital for the optimization of their operation and improving manufacturing processes of new semiconductor devices. While electron and scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) can provide necessary lateral resolution, their ability to probe underneath the immediate surface is severely limited. Cross-sectioning of the structures via focused ion beam (FIB) to expose the subsurface areas often introduces multiple artefacts that mask the true features of the hidden structures, negating benefits of such approach. In addition, the few tens of micrometre dimension of FIB cut, make it unusable for the SPM investigation.
Neural network-based segmentation and classification system for automated grading of histologic sections of bladder carcinoma. (2002)

The proposed image analysis system provides the means to reduce subjectivity in grading bladder tumors and may contribute to more accurate diagnosis and prognosis since it relies on nuclear features, the value of which has been confirmed.
Trichothecene Mycotoxins Trigger a Ribotoxic Stress Response That Activates c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Induces Apoptosis (1999)

The trichothecene family of mycotoxins inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal peptidyltransferase site. Inhibitors of the peptidyltransferase reaction (e.g. anisomycin) can trigger a ribotoxic stress response that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, components of a signaling cascade that regulates cell survival in response to stress. We have found that selected trichothecenes strongly activate JNK/p38 kinases and induce rapid apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Although the ability of individual trichothecenes to inhibit protein synthesis and activate JNK/p38 kinases are dissociable, both effects contribute to the induction of apoptosis. Among trichothecenes that strongly activate JNK/p38 kinases, induction of apoptosis increases linearly with inhibition of protein synthesis. Among trichothecenes that strongly inhibit protein synthesis, induction of apoptosis increases linearly with activation of JNK/p38 kinases. Trichothecenes that inhibit protein synthesis without activating JNK/p38 kinases inhibit the function (i.e. activation of JNK/p38 kinases and induction of apoptosis) of apoptotic trichothecenes and anisomycin. Harringtonine, a structurally unrelated protein synthesis inhibitor that competes with trichothecenes (and anisomycin) for ribosome binding, also inhibits the activation of JNK/p38 kinases and induction of apoptosis by trichothecenes and anisomycin. Taken together, these results implicate the peptidyltransferase site as a regulator of both JNK/p38 kinase activation and apoptosis.