gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of biomarker classifiers from high-dimensional data (2009)

Recent development of high-throughput technology has accelerated interest in the development of molecular biomarker classifiers for safety assessment, disease diagnostics and prognostics, and prediction of response for patient assignment. This article reviews and evaluates some important aspects and key issues in the development of biomarker classifiers. Development of a biomarker classifier for high-throughput data involves two components: (i) model building and (ii) performance assessment. This article focuses on feature selection in model building and cross validation for performance assessment. A 'frequency' approach to feature selection is presented and compared to the 'conventional' approach in terms of the predictive accuracy and stability of the selected feature set. The two approaches are compared based on four biomarker classifiers, each with a different feature selection method and well-known classification algorithm. In each of the four classifiers the feature predictor set selected by the frequency approach is more stable than the feature set selected by the conventional approach.
A new alkylation reagent for seleno- and thio-substituted nucleosides and related compounds (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA new alkylation reagent for seleno- and thio-substituted nucleosides and related compoundsChyng-Yann Shiue and Shih-Hsi ChuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 10, 1847–1848Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00872a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00872a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views129Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SUPPRESSION OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION WITH ANTI-???? T CELL RECEPTOR ANTIBODY IN RAT CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION1 (1999)

alphabeta T cell receptor-targeted therapy prevents allograft rejection in rat corneal transplantation as evidenced by suppression of DTH responses. The cytokine profile after R73 treatment was characterized by low interferon-gamma, IL-2, and IL-10, and high IL-4 expression.
Chemical Flooding: A Comparison Between Alkaline And Soft Saline Preflush Systems For Removal Of Hardness Ions From Reservoir Brines (1979)

Abstract Brine displacement studies using Berea sandstone cores were undertaken to compare the effects of alkaline and soft saline preflush systems on an equivalent basis. The alkaline chemicals used were sodium orthosilicate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate (2.0 ratio of SiO2/Na2O) and sodium carbonate. The soft saline solutions used ranged in concentration from 3% NaCl to 10% NaCl. The effects of the various preflush systems were measured by titration of the effluent for hardness ion levels. In some of the experiments dilute surfactant was injected following the preflush to determine the effect of surfactant on elution of hardness ions. Results are presented which show that the highly alkaline chemicals, sodium orthosilicate and sodium hydroxide, were very effective in removing the hardness ions from connate brine. Further elution with soft brine following the highly alkaline preflush showed that essentially no ion-exchange occurred and the hardness ion level remained at zero in the effluent. This same effect was observed with the 2.0 ratio sodium silicate, but higher volumes of solution were required to reduce the hardness ion levels to zero in the effluent. With high salinity and sodium carbonate preflushes a high ion exchange peak was observed. Continued elution reduced the hardness ion levels considerably, but not to zero.
The role of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>variant surface antigens in protective immunity and vaccine development (2010)

There is substantial immuno-epidemiological evidence that the parasite-encoded, so-called variant surface antigens (VSAs), such as PfEMP1 on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs) are important-in some cases probably decisive determinants of clinical outcome of P. falciparum malaria. The evidence is increasingly being underpinned by specific molecular understanding of the pathogenic processes involved. Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) caused by placenta-sequestering IEs expressing the PfEMP1 variant VAR2CSA is a particularly striking example of this. These findings have raised hopes that development of PfEMP1-based vaccines to protect specifically against severe malaria syndromes-in particular PAM-is feasible. This review summarizes the evidence that VSAs are important targets of NAI, discusses why VSA-based vaccines might be feasible despite the extensive intra- and interclonal variation of VSAs, and how vaccines based on this type of antigens fit into the current global strategy to reduce, eliminate and eventually eradicate the burden of malaria.
Dynamical Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Bodies (1982)

Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor ...Read More
A Behavior-based Method for Detecting Distributed Scan Attacks in Darknets (Preprint) (2013)

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway on the osteoblast differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), MSCs were isolated from mouse compact bone and serially passaged. After being cultured in osteogenic induction medium, the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 were detected by Western blot. The effects of corresponding pathway inhibitors including PD98059, JNK II and SB203580 on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium accumulation in the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs were determined by ALP staining and von kossa staining respectively. The results showed that MAPK pathway including ERK, JNK and p38 was activated in differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. ALP activity of MSCs increased in the early phase by addition of PD98059 treatment, whereas ALP activity and calcium accumulation were not observed via JNK II treatment. However, SB203580 strongly inhibited the ALP expression and the calcium accumulation. It is concluded that p38 plays a positive role in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and ERK is probably a negative factor at the early phase of differentiation, but the effect of JNK is not essential.
MEMTI: Optimizing On-Chip Nonvolatile Storage for Visual Multitask Inference at the Edge (2019)

The combination of specialized hardware and embedded nonvolatile memories (eNVM) holds promise for energy-efficient deep neural network (DNN) inference at the edge. However, integrating DNN hardware accelerators with eNVMs still presents several challenges. Multilevel programming is desirable for achieving maximal storage density on chip, but the stochastic nature of eNVM writes makes them prone to errors and further increases the write energy and latency. In this article, we present MEMTI, a memory architecture that leverages a multitask learning technique for maximal reuse of DNN parameters across multiple visual tasks. We show that by retraining and updating only 10% of all DNN parameters, we can achieve efficient model adaptation across a variety of visual inference tasks. The system performance is evaluated by integrating the memory with the open-source NVIDIA deep learning architecture.
Domain structure of epitaxial CaHfO3 gate insulator films on SrTiO3 (2004)

Thin CaHfO3 films were grown on (100) and (110)-oriented SrTiO3 surfaces with the aim of obtaining an insulator film for epitaxial oxide device design. We show that films grown on the (100) surface of SrTiO3 have a multidomain structure, which increases film roughness and decreases the maximum breakdown field of the insulator. Single-domain films were obtained on the SrTiO3 (110) surface. These films had a breakdown field of 5 MV/cm and a dielectric constant of εr=16 to 17 at room temperature.
Cancer Stem Cells (2007)

Recent results have supported the cancer stem cells hypothesis in which tumors originate from tissue stem cells or their early progenitors and, as a result, produce tumors that retain stem cell properties. These properties include selfrenewal that drives tumorigenesis and differentiation that contributes to cellular heterogeneity. The number of these cells is very small, and is tightly controlled by the self-renewal pathway and the signals of their environment (niche). Evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells has been reported for a number of human cancers including leukemia, cancers of the breast, brain, and colon. Although our understanding of the biology of these cancer stem cells remains rudimentary, the existence of these cells has implications for current conceptualization of malignant transformation and targeted therapy for the treatment of cancer.
Optimal Energy and Data Routing in Networks With Energy Cooperation (2015)

We consider the delay minimization problem in an energy harvesting communication network with energy cooperation. In this network, nodes harvest energy from nature to sustain the power needed for data transmission, and may transfer a portion of their harvested energies to neighboring nodes through energy cooperation. For fixed data and energy routing topologies, we determine the optimum data rates, transmit powers, and energy transfers, subject to flow and energy conservation constraints, to minimize the network delay. We start with a simplified problem where data flows are fixed and optimize energy management at each node for the case of a single energy harvest per node. This is tantamount to distributing each node's available energy over its outgoing data links and energy transfers to neighboring nodes. For this case, with no energy cooperation, we show that each node should allocate more power to links with more noise and/or more data flow. In addition, when there is energy cooperation, our numerical results indicate that the energy is routed from nodes with lower data loads to nodes with higher data loads. We then extend this setting to the case of multiple energy harvests per node over time. In this case, we optimize each node's energy management over its outgoing data links and its energy transfers to neighboring nodes, over multiple time slots. For this case, with no energy cooperation, we show that, for any given node, the sum of powers on the outgoing links over time is equal to the single-link optimal power over time. Finally, we consider the problem of joint flow control and energy management for the entire network. We determine the necessary conditions for joint optimality of a power control, energy transfer, and routing policy. We provide an iterative algorithm that updates the data flows, energy flows, and power distribution over outgoing data links sequentially. We show that this algorithm converges to a Pareto-optimal operating point.
Stochastic Linear Hybrid Systems: Modeling, Estimation, and Application in Air Traffic Control (2009)

We propose a discrete-time model for a stochastic hybrid system (SHS) in which the continuous state evolution is described by stochastic difference equations and the discrete state evolution is governed by stochastic guards (or conditions that contain random parameters). The stochastic guards model system's uncertainties that directly affect the discrete state evolution and thus incorporate uncertainties that are different from those due to the stochastic evolution of the continuous state. A special class of the SHS family, called stochastic linear hybrid system (SLHS), is then presented. In the SLHS, the continuous state evolution is described by a set of stochastic linear difference equations, and the stochastic guards are a set of polyhedral partitions of a real vector space (which is a union of the continuous state space and the random parameter space). Some examples of practical systems that can be modeled as the SLHS are presented. Utilizing the properties of the SLHS, we propose a corresponding hybrid estimation algorithm. The algorithm approximates the conditional probability density functions (pdfs) of the continuous state by Gaussian pdfs. Both the conditional continuous state pdf and the discrete state pdf are then propagated analytically using a Bayesian approach. The SLHS model and the proposed hybrid estimation algorithm are used in an aircraft tracking application in air traffic control. It is illustrated that, in this application, a more accurate modeling of the discrete state transitions with the stochastic guards results in better hybrid estimation accuracy compared with other models/algorithms that assume deterministic guards or constant transition probabilities.
Surface Morphology of Prevulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Films by Atomic Force Microscopy:  New Insight into the Prevulcanization Mechanism (1999)

Prevulcanization of natural rubber latex was investigated as a function of maturation duration. The morphology of the film formed from these latexes was monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM) as the film aged. The morphology is correlated with the cross-link density of the rubber molecules. Film formed from prevulcanized latex was further postvulcanized, and their film morphologies were compared. Inhomogeneous latex particles cross-linked on the surface with an unvulcanized core were obtained during prevulcanization. This gives rise to the characteristic indentation structure when these hard shell−soft core latex particles coalesce to form film. Basically the prevulcanization mechanism is controlled by the relative rates of the diffusion of vulcanizing reagents and the cross-linking reaction within the latex particles. It is clear that the partially vulcanized particles have a profound influence on the film-forming property of the prevulcanized latex.
A HISTORY OF ORGIES (Book) (2002)

In recent years, all-inorganic lead-halide perovskites have received extensive attention due to their many advantages, but their poor stability and high toxicity are two major problems. In this paper, a low toxicity and stable Cs<sub>2</sub>SnCl<sub>6</sub> double perovskite crystals were prepared by aqueous phase precipitation method using SnCl<sub>2</sub> as precursor. By the XRD, ICP-AES, XPS, photoluminescence and absorption spectra, the fluorescence decay curve, the structure and photoluminescence characteristics of Ce<sup>3+</sup>-doped and undoped samples have been investigated in detail. The results show that the photoluminescence originates from defects. [ S n S n 4 + 2 + +V<sub>Cl</sub>] defect complex in the crystal is formed by Sn<sup>2+</sup> substituting Sn<sup>4+</sup>. The number of defects formed by Sn<sup>2+</sup> in the crystal decreases with Ce<sup>3+</sup> content increases. Within a certain number of defects, the crystal luminescence is enhanced with the number of [ S n S n 4 + 2 + +V<sub>Cl</sub>] decreased. When Ce<sup>3+</sup> is incorporated into the crystals, the defects of [ C e 3 + S n 4 + +V<sub>Cl</sub>] and [ S n S n 4 + 2 + +V<sub>Cl</sub>] were formed and the crystal show the strongest emission. This provides a route to enhance the photoluminescence of Cs<sub>2</sub>SnCl<sub>6</sub> double perovskite crystals.
Error identification and data retrieval in signature analysis based data compaction (2002)

A novel multiple error identification and data retrieval technique for multiple input shift register (MISR) based signature analysis environment is presented. Utilizing existing BIST resources and using a second MISR, it is capable of identifying any number errors in an input data stream and fully recovering the information lost during signature compaction. The application of this technique in a IC level fault diagnosis scheme is given.
Security of continuous-variable quantum cryptography (2000)

We discuss a quantum key distribution scheme in which small phase and amplitude modulations of cw light beams carry the key information. The presence of EPR-type correlations provides the quantum protection. We identify universal constraints on the level of shared information between the intended receiver (Bob) and any eavesdropper (Eve) and use this to make a general evaluation of security. We identify teleportation as an optimum eavesdropping technique.
Interactive simulation for banking (1973)

We have described our experimental approach to bank modeling, one intention of which is to permit bank management to estimate how well the policies they devise will stand up under the uncertainties that make the banking industry so dynamic. One need only look at government actions that affect the country's monetary policy to see the importance of possible but unexpected contingencies. We have modeled banking situations in a research environment. From a satisfactory demonstration in that context, we believe that our approach is worthy of further consideration by the banking industry.
Bioactivation of Tamoxifen by Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes (2002)

Tamoxifen is a major drug used for adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer; however, its use has been associated with a small but significant increase in risk of endometrial cancer. In rats, tamoxifen is a hepatocarcinogen, and DNA adducts have been observed in both rat and human tissues. Tamoxifen has been shown previously to be metabolized to reactive products that have the potential to form protein and DNA adducts. Previous studies have suggested a role for P450 3A4 in protein adduct formation in human liver microsomes, via a catechol intermediate; however, no clear correlation was seen between P450 3A4 content of human liver microsomes and adduct formation. In the present study, we investigated the P450 forms responsible for covalent drug-protein adduct formation and the possibility that covalent adduct formation might occur via alternative pathways to catechol formation. Recombinant P450 3A4 catalyzed adduct formation, and this correlated with the level of uncoupling in the P450 incubation, consistent with a role of reactive oxygen species in potentiating adduct formation after enzymatic formation of the catechol metabolite. Whereas P450s 1A1, 2D6, and 3A5 generated catechol metabolite, no covalent adduct formation was observed with these forms. By contrast, P450 2B6, 2C19, and rat liver microsomes catalyzed drug-protein adduct formation but not catechol formation. Drug protein adducts formed specifically with P450 3A4 in incubations using membranes isolated from bacteria expressing P450 3A4 and reductase, as well as in reconstitutions of purified 3A4, suggesting that the electrophilic species reacted preferentially with the P450 enzymes concerned.
Modeling, Simulation, and Experimental Study of a Simulated Moving Bed Reactor for the Synthesis of Methyl Acetate Ester (2003)

In this work, the performance of a simulated moving bed reactor (SMBR) for the synthesis of methyl acetate catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 ion-exchange resin was evaluated numerically and experimentally. A rigorous mathematical model was developed to describe the dynamic behavior of SMBR and validated experimentally at different operating conditions. It was found that the model could predict the experimental results quite well. A high yield and purity of methyl acetate and nearly complete conversion of the limiting reactant, acetic acid, could be achieved in the SMBR by selecting proper operating conditions. The effects of various process parameters such as switching time, feed, eluent flow rate, etc., on the behavior of the SMBR was also investigated systematically.
An Antibacterial Vitamin E Derivative from<i>Tovomitopsis psychotriifolia</i> (1995)

The crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Tovomitopsis psychotriifolia (Clusiaceae) exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biologically active agent in the extract has been isolated by chromatographic techniques and identified by NMR spectroscopy as trans-delta-tocotrienoloic acid.
Sea surface height variations in the Yellow and East China Seas: 1. Linear response to local wind stress (1998)

The sea surface height (SSH) variations observed by the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite in the Yellow and East China Seas are examined over the 3 years from 1993 through 1995 assuming a linear response to wind stress across the region. The transfer function relating wind stress to SSH is modeled by a series of increasingly complex functions that gradually allow wind stress over successively broader regions and time periods to influence the SSH solution at a particular point. The SSH response to instantaneous wind stress at the same point in space implies an Ekman transport, but the response explains only a small fraction of the SSH variability. Relating SSH to wind stress averaged over two subregions and including both instantaneous and 12‐hour lagged wind stress indicates that a significant portion of SSH variability responds to winds that are remote in both space and time. An optimal estimation of the transfer function by minimizing the error variance leads to an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis of the wind stress field. The SSH response to each wind mode is determined. The analysis shows the principle variations in the wind stress to consist of northerly wind bursts during winter, which produce large SSH drops in the Bohai Bay and northern Yellow Sea region. The principal wind mode also is significantly related to variations along the shelf break near the Kuroshio Current. The third and fourth wind stress modes indicate the passage of typhoons.
Determination of Size, Morphology, and Nitrogen Impurity Location in Treated Detonation Nanodiamond by Transmission Electron Microscopy (2009)

Abstract Size, morphology, and nitrogen impurity location, all of which are all thought to be related to the luminescent properties of detonation nanodiamonds, are determined in several detonation nanodiamond samples using a combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques. Results obtained from annealed and cleaned detonation nanodiamond samples are compared to results from conventionally purified detonation nanodiamond. Detailed electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with model‐based quantification provides direct evidence for the sp 3 like embedding of nitrogen impurities into the diamond cores of all the studied nanodiamond samples. Simultaneously, the structure and morphology of the cleaned detonation nanodiamond particles are studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the size and morphology of detonation nanodiamonds can be modified by temperature treatment and that by applying a special cleaning procedure after temperature treatment, nanodiamond particles with clean facets almost free from sp 2 carbon can be prepared. These clean facets are clear evidence that nanodiamond cores are not necessarily in coexistence with a graphitic shell of non‐diamond carbon.