gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Functions of the Sensory Hairs of the Inner Ear (1962)

The structure and relationships of the hairs of the cochlear and vestibular sensory cells have been investigated in fixed and fresh tissue by light, phase contrast, and electron microscopy. The cochlear hairs closely resemble the stereocilia of the vestibular cells, but there are differences in size, number, and arrangement between those of the inner and outer hair cells. In the cuticlefree region of the cell surface, a basal body is found, corresponding to the single kinocilium on each vestibular cell. The stiff cochlear stereocilia are regarded simply as levers, transmitting mechanical energy from the overlying tectorial membrane by way of the cuticular plate to the basal body. It seems unlikely that their bending as such has the importance generally ascribed to it. In view of the great functional significance of modified kinocilia in other sense organs, the basal body, like the vestibular kinocilium with its associated mitochondria, membranes, granules, appears to be the essential excitable structure of the hair cells.
Sector-Based Analysis of Optic Nerve Head Shape Parameters and Visual Field Indices in Healthy and Glaucomatous Eyes (1997)

Purpose To evaluate the correlations between the sector optic nerve head parameters measured by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), version 1.1 IS, and the visual field. Methods One eye was randomly chosen from 55 individuals with glaucoma and 50 healthy individuals. Each participant had at least one Humphrey visual field, program 30–2 (Humphrey Instruments. San Leandro, CA. U.S.A.), and three 10° HRT pictures. From the mean of the three HRT pictures, global measurements, superior (45°-135°). nasal (135°-225°), inferior (225°-315°), and temporal (315°-45°) sector measurements were calculated for the following parameters: disc area, effective area, area below reference, mean height of contour, volume below surface, volume above surface, volume below reference, volume above reference, and third moment. From the visual field results, mean deviation (MD). superior MD. and inferior MD were calculated. For each HRT parameter we calculated the “r” Pearson correlation with the corresponding visual field measures. Results Within the combined healthy and glaucomatous groups we found highly significant (p < 0.001) correlations between the following HRT parameters and the visual field MD: inferior and mean hight of contour (r = −0.53), inferior and third moment (r = −0.52). global and third moment (r = −0.49). inferior and volume above reference (r = 0.47). superior and third moment (r = −0.46), and superior and area below reference (r = −0.44). Correlations between global mean deviation and nasal or temporal sector parameters were generally smaller and less significant. Conclusions Interior and superior HRT sector parameters were correlated with the respective visual field indices. In many cases these correlations were as strong or stronger than with the global equivalent shape measures.
Approximate Sparsity Pattern Recovery: Information-Theoretic Lower Bounds (2013)

Recovery of the sparsity pattern (or support) of an unknown sparse vector from a small number of noisy linear measurements is an important problem in compressed sensing. In this paper, the high-dimensional setting is considered. It is shown that if the measurement rate and per-sample signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are finite constants independent of the length of the vector, then the optimal sparsity pattern estimate will have a constant fraction of errors. Lower bounds on the measurement rate needed to attain a desired fraction of errors are given in terms of the SNR and various key parameters of the unknown vector. The tightness of the bounds in a scaling sense, as a function of the SNR and the fraction of errors, is established by comparison with existing achievable bounds. Near optimality is shown for a wide variety of practically motivated signal models.
Characterizing the Structural Properties of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylformamide-Based Ionic Liquid:  Density-Functional Study (2007)

Amide-based ionic liquids are receiving great enthusiasm recently. In this work, the structures of a kind of N,N-dimethylformamide-based (DMF-based) ionic liquid are investigated theoretically by means of density-functional theory methods. Enol and keto forms of the cation with anions are optimized. The enol form of the DMFH+ cation can form three stable configurations of ion pairs with the anion, while the cation of the keto form is unstable and the proton transfer occurs to form three kinds of neutral molecule pairs. Moreover, the neutral pairs are more stable than the ion pairs, and the ion pairs tend to tautomerize to neutral pairs without barriers. It is suggested that the transformation from the ion pairs to neutral pairs may be the first step for decomposition of DMF-based ionic liquids.
CampusSense — A smart vehicle parking monitoring and management system using ANPR cameras and android phones (2017)

Vehicle parking monitoring and management has become a big challenge for educational institutions with increasing enrollments, high percentage of vehicle ownership and decreasing parking supply which in result triggering blockage of vehicle, congestion, wastage of time and money. In university campuses particularly in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, vehicle parking monitoring and management problem is getting worse and more frustrating due to the fact that majority of students, faculty and staff members own cars and drive through them to the university campuses. These common problems include finding out people (evidence) who are responsible for the damages (hitting, scraping, scratching and dents) to other cars and the blockage of car due to wrong car parking which takes much time to locate the owner of the car. Moreover, locating or forgetting their car park location another difficulty that is often faced by the students, faculty and staff members. The existing cameras located at the parking lots are only for video surveillance and cannot help in such situations as there is a lack of proper vehicle parking monitoring and management system. To cope with above mentioned problems and to ensure a better parking experience by accommodating increasing number of vehicles in a proper convenient manner, we propose a smart vehicle parking monitoring and management system called CampusSense. In CampusSense, Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras and android based mobile application is developed to efficiently monitor, manage and protect the parking facilities at university campuses. Parking problems around the university campus faced by the students, faculty and staff members are analyzed by conducting a survey.
The Mechanism of Action of Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis (1977)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Optimal Configuration of Multi-Faceted Phased Arrays for Wide Angle Coverage (2007)

As more users share the radio spectrum, communications systems become limited by interference. The situation can be improved by using smart antennas, including beam-scanning systems, for increased gain and interference suppression. The design of beam-scanning arrays typically involves a tradeoff between the coverage (the set of directions over which beams can be directed) and the scan angle. Wide coverage, which is typical for mobile communications, requires large scan angles from single arrays and this results in scan loss and greater cross-polarization which degrade the SNIR. Large coverage angles with low scan loss can only be realized with multi-faceted or conformal arrays. The multi-faceted arrays are simpler to manufacture. For hemispherical coverage, the basic array configurations are the pyramid and the pyramidal frustum. The design for the optimal geometry (face elevation angle) of pyramidal frustum arrays is addressed using a novel minimax-based approach and the methodology for the choice of the number of faces is presented. The coverage is the partial (rotationally symmetric) hemisphere. Applications for these wide coverage array systems are widespread, ranging from fixed and mobile satellite terminals, landmobile vehicular antennas, basestations for indoor and outdoor networks, to radar surveillance and radio astronomy.
Reynolds Number Dependence for Laminar Flow Loss Coefficients in Tee and Wye Junctions (2010)

In fluid flow piping systems, tee and wye junctions are commonly encountered and the study of flow through them has been well documented. Most of these studies have focused on flow characterized as turbulent for which there are nearly constant losses in pressure and kinetic energy in the junctions. Laminar flow has received much less attention since it is not frequently observed in macro scale piping systems where pipe diameters are measured in centimeters. The recent increase in use of micro scale flow devices calls for more research into laminar flow behavior that dictates the design and operation of these devices. This paper documents results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow in planar tee and wye junctions. The junctions studied consisted of circular pipes with two outlets and one inlet. The angles between the tee and wye junctions were fixed to 180 and 60 degrees, respectively. The inlet pipe diameter was fixed at 50 microns and the outlet pipe diameters were chosen to satisfy the continuity equation constrained to have equal velocities in all pipes. The lengths of the inlet and outlet pipes were varied to achieve fully developed flow within the junction. Following a grid resolution study performed on a sample tee junction, a generalized algorithm was designed and implemented to create three-dimensional models of these junctions subject to the former conditions. In the CFD simulations, Reynolds number was varied in the laminar characterized region between 1 and 2000. The simulations calculated static pressure and velocity magnitude values for a number of planes intersecting the junctions along the inlet and outlet pipes. From these values, pressure and kinetic energy gradients were calculated to estimate the static pressure and kinetic energy at the inlet and outlet pipes of each junction. Finally, these inlet and outlet values were used to calculate the stagnation pressure loss coefficient, which reflects dimensionless losses of pressure and kinetic energy for the junction. These coefficients ranged from 1 to 300 for the tee junction and 1 to 400 for the wye junction over the specified range of Reynolds number. The values were inversely proportional to Reynolds number and curve fits were provided for valid ranges.
Z-Scan: A Simple And Sensitive Technique For Nonlinear Refraction Measurements (1990)

We describe a sensitive technique for measuring nonlinear refraction in a variety of materials that offers simplicity, sensitivity and speed. The transmittance of a sample is measured through a finite aperture in the <i>far-field</i> as the sample is moved along the propagation path (z) of a focused Gaussian beam. The sign and magnitude of the nonlinearity is easily deduced from such a transmittance curve (Z-scan). Employing this technique a sensitivity of better than λ/300 wavefront distortion is achieved in n<sub>2</sub> measurements of BaF<sub>2</sub> using picosecond frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser pulses.
Trajectory of Transsacral Iliac Screw for Lumbopelvic Fixation (2010)

The TSIS could be safely inserted without increasing the general risk of conventional iliac screw. On the basis of the result of this study, we consider the TSIS technique a useful option for lumbopelvic fixation to overcome disadvantages of iliac screw.
Analysis of image noise due to position errors in laser writers (1986)

For raster-written images, the modulated laser exposing beam is scanned across the photosensitive material in a line-by-line configuration. Image noise can be introduced by the writer directly, for example, by the granularity of the photosensitive materials and indirectly, for example, by beam position errors. For analysis of the effect of position errors they must first be related to their resultant exposure fluctuations. Here, position errors are addressed via models of image writing that include several spot/pixel writing schemes. Three types of image noise due to page-scan position error are examined. The effect of low-frequency position errors is described. Exposure fluctuations due to broadband stochastic errors are then addressed. For laser writers using a rotating polygon for beam deflection, the effect of stochastic facet-angle errors is repeated down the image; this results in periodic exposure fluctuations and is the third type of image noise analyzed. Expressions are given for the mean and variance of the exposure error in terms of the statistics of the position error, writing spot profile, and raster sampling distance. The analytical models are then compared with the results of an image simulation calculation. In this way, the exposure error fluctuations are described by their noise power spectra as functions of spatial frequency. After consideration of the sensitometry of the hardcopy recording materials, the exposure errors are then related to the corresponding output density fluctuations.
Biocompatibility of elastin‐like polymer poly(VPAVG) microparticles: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies (2006)

Poly(L-valine-L-proline-L-alanine-L-valine-L-glycine) (VPAVG) is a new kind of proteinaceous polymer belonging to the Elastin-like family. These polymers are based on the recurrence of certain short peptide monomers that are considered as "building blocks" in the natural elastin. This smart thermoresponsive polymer has the ability to self-associate at physiological temperature to form aggregates with about 60% in water. This ability can be harnessed to prepare microparticles loaded with an active substance. The aim of this report is to evaluate, from the results of the experiment conducted, the biocompatibility of microparticles prepared from poly(VPAVG). We have studied the cytotoxic effects of microparticles, edema formation after subcutaneous injection (1 and 2.5 mg) in rats (n = 6), and also intraocular tolerance after the intravitreal injection of 2.5 mg of poly(VPAVG) microparticles into pigmented rabbits (n = 12). The polymer did not induce any cytotoxicity or nonspecific depression of cellular respiration on macrophages under the range of polymer concentrations investigated in this study (20, 30, 40, and 60 mg/mL). We observed no inflammatory response to microparticles after subcutaneous injection in the hind-paw of rats, with no significant differences between the control group (PBS) and experimental groups. Anterior and posterior segment signs were evaluated after intraocular injection of poly(VPAVG) microparticles. Only a few eyes (2/11) of the experimental group presented inflammation signs at day 28 postinjection. Nevertheless, 45% (5/11) of the eyes receiving microparticles showed tractional retinal detachment. The results observed in this work suggested certain fibroblastic activity induced by poly(VPAVG) microparticles after their intraocular injection.
Miniaturized impedance analyzer using AD5933 (2015)

When analyzing worldwide market of impedance spectroscopy instrumentation and comparing it to wide range of possible applications of impedance spectroscopy, it can be noticed that the nowadays portable impedance analyzer do not fulfill the current requirements neither functionally, nor costly nor dimensionally especially in case of test performed directly in the field including multi-point telemetric measurements. This leads to conclusion, that there is a need for miniaturized, low-cost and field-worthy impedance analyzers. Presented in the paper the impedance analyzers answer the existing needs.
Partially folded state of the disulfide-reduced N-terminal half-molecule of ovotransferrin as a renaturation intermediate (1991)

A previous report (Hirose, M., Akuta, T., and Takahashi, N. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16867-16872) has shown that for the efficient oxidative refolding of disulfide-reduced ovotransferrin, a preincubation under reduced conditions at a low temperature is essential. To study the renaturation pathway, the disulfide-reduced N-terminal half-molecule of ovotransferrin was analyzed by CD spectrum. The reduced protein was found to take, at low temperatures, a partially folded conformation that can be distinguished from both the native and denatured states. The folded protein was in a metastable state with delta GD value of 2.2-2.8 kcal/mol at 6 degrees C. The conformation was variable depending on temperature conditions; its stability was decreased at a lower temperature (1.0-1.2 kcal/mol at 0 degrees C). Subsequent reoxidation at 6 degrees C by oxidized glutathione led efficiently the reduced protein to the correctly renatured form having the iron-binding capacity, indicating that the partially folded state is the immediate precursor to subsequent oxidative refolding.
A Review Paper on Image Segmentation and its Various Techniques in Image Processing (2014)

Image segmentation can be defined as in which we divide the image into multiple parts in the form of pixels. In segmentation, we simply represent the image into more understandable form. Segmentation basically used to detect the objects, boundaries and other relevant data in the digital images. There are different approaches to implement segmentation like threshold, clustering and transform methods etc. After performing these approaches, the resultant segmented image is a collective pixel set of the entire image. Pixels in the image corresponds to some characteristics of image like color, texture etc.
[Morphological analysis of bone dynamics and metabolic bone disease. Bone Histomorphometry in CKD-MBD (chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder)]. (2011)

Bone disorders are often happened in Chronic kidney disease patients. Pathophysiology of bone disease are assessed by bone histomorphometry. KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) committee proposed new classification of bone biopsies by assessing Turnover, Mineralization and Volume.
An Extended Linkage Map of Sugar Beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) Including Nine Putative Lethal Genes and the Restorer Gene X (1993)

Abstract An extended genetic map of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) is presented encompassing 177 segregating markers (2 morphological traits, 7 isozymes, and 168 RFLP markers) on 9 linkage groups. The linkage map comprises 1057.3 cM equivalent to an average genetic spacing of 6.0 cM/marker. The length of individual linkage groups varies between 80.7 (group VIII) and 167.4 cM (group VIII). The number of markers per linkage group ranges between 13 and 24. No indication of duplicate regions was found, confirming the true diploid nature of B. vulgaris. Twenty‐six markers (15 %) deviated significantly (a = 0.01) from the expected segregation ratio. This distorted segregation was probably caused by linkage with lethal genes. Four such genes (designated Let Ib, Let 5b, Let 6b, Let 8) could be located at discrete positions due to their absolute linkage to skewed RFLP markers. The restorer gene X has been located terminally on linkage group ÜI, 9.6 cM distant from RFLP marker pKP1238.
Phase noise of self-sustained optomechanical oscillators (2014)

In this paper we present a theory that predicts the phase noise characteristics of self-sustained optomechanical oscillators. By treating the cavity optomechanical system as a feedback loop consisting of an optical cavity and a mechanical resonator, we analytically derive the transfer functions relating the amplitude and phase noise of all the relevant dynamical quantities from the quantum Langevin equations, and obtain a closed-form expression for the phase noise spectral densities contributed from thermomechanical noise, photon shot noise, and low-frequency technical laser noise. We numerically calculate the phase noise for various situations and perform a sample calculation for an experimentally demonstrated system. We also show that the presented model reduces to the well-known Leeson's phase noise model when the amplitude noise and the amplitude to phase noise intertransfers are ignored. This paper not only addresses the practical questions about oscillator phase noise characteristics but also presents a theoretical framework for studying cavity optomechanical systems with large oscillation amplitude.
Checkpointing and rollback-recovery in distributed object based systems (2002)

Checkpointing and rollback-recovery algorithms in distributed object-based systems are presented. By utilizing the structure of objects and operation invocations, the authors have derived efficient algorithms that involve fewer participants than when invocations are treated as messages and existing algorithms for message-based systems are used. It is planned to implement these algorithms and evaluate their performance in the context of the Clouds project at Georgia Tech.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Integration of Vertical Carbon Nanotube Bundles for Interconnects (2010)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered a promising material for interconnects for future generation microchips. The integration of vertical CNT in a processing environment is evaluated in this work. Extrapolated performances of CNT-based interconnects are compared with existing technologies at different hierarchy levels including the limitations of present deposition methods for copper and tungsten. For practical implementation, CNT bundles were selectively grown into contact holes using physical vapor deposited and electrochemical deposited cobalt or nickel catalysts. A polishing step was used to control the CNT length after embedding the CNT into an oxide matrix. A CNT metal decoration method based on electrodeposition is presented, which can be used to assess the yield of electrically conductive CNT as well as to form top contacts for electrical characterization. Finally, the importance of having suitable and robust structures for evaluating the integration process is highlighted after the electrical characterization of CNT in a nanoprober station.
An Investigation of Ordering, Tearing, and Latency Algorithms for the Time-Domain Simulation of Large Circuits (1980)

Many circuit simulation programs have been available for the design of integrated circuits. However, these conventional circuit simulation programs calculate all of the node voltages or branch voltages and currents at each iteration and each timepoint. Even with sparse matrix techniques the simulation of modern large-scale integrated circuits is not possible in many situations due to the excessive computation time and high storage requirements. The goal of this research was to investigate new approaches to the simulation of integrated circuits which can alleviate the problems of excessive computation time and high storage requirements. A new ordering scheme for the modified nodal approach was developed, and some new algorithms, for the dc and transient analysis of logic circuits were studied. Different tearing methods and sparsity considerations for the node tearing method were theoretically and experimentally studied. Latency at the subcircuit and the network levels was investigated. Different latency criteria were proposed and studied. The result of this research is a new general purpose circuit simulation program SLATE. (Author)
Polypeptide chain termination in vitro: isolation of a release factor. (1967)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.