gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Monitoring with Integrated Control of Air Quality in Buildings (2002)

Summary The levels of air quality parameters of a building are always changing with time. Air quality level signals from real-time monitoring instruments can be used to control the functioning of an air-conditioning system to respond to the real-time levels of air quality parameters. This enables us to control the airconditioning to the levels of our pre-set targets to avoid wastage of energy due to over provision. In comparison real-time control with periodic sampling of air quality parameters, real-time control can respond to the actual air quality so as to ensure achievement of the pre-set targets. A proposal is made to classify the air quality parameters into three categories. The Primary Parameters shall comprise temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ventilation with positive air pressure. The Secondary Parameters shall comprise ozone, total volatile organic compound, formaldehyde, and respirable suspended particles. The Tertiary Parameters shall comprise radon, air velocity and airborne bacteria. Continuous monitoring of the profiles on the Primary Parameters can be integrated in the automatic control of HVAC systems and also be effectively used in routine building management. The need for continuous monitoring of the Secondary Parameters is at discretion of the building management. Measurement of the Tertiary Parameters shall only be done under expert advice and supervision.
Novel Control Strategy of Instantaneous Power Based CVCF Inverter (2007)

This paper describes a novel control strategy of an instantaneous power based CVCF inverter. The most important feature of this strategy is a direct selection of switching states of the CVCF inverter to restrict errors between feedback values and command values of the active and reactive power. A theoretical analysis on relationship between the instantaneous power and the switching states is investigated, which is essential to compose a switching state table in the controller. Effectiveness of the proposed technique was examined through several computer simulations and experimental tests, using a 2.5-kW prototype. As a result, the output voltages were confirmed to be stable sinusoidal waveforms with total harmonic distortion of only 1.13% under a nonlinear load condition. Excellent voltage balance is also achieved by the proposed system even under unbalanced load conditions.
Insertion Loss And Isolation Of Fused Wavelength Division Multiplexers/Demultiplexers (1988)

We present here the results of a theoretical study of the insertion loss and isolation of WDM couplers manufactured by the fused biconical taper process. Included in this study are single devices, identical concatenated devices and non-identical concatenated devices.
Modeling and signal processing for the nonlinear thin film recording channel (1992)

The implementation of high-density partial response channels in disk drives has been hampered by nonlinear interactions between transitions occurring in the write process. The degree of nonlinearity is not characterized by the density relative to the isolated transition pulsewidth, but rather by the transition spacing in relation to the transition width. For this reason the authors ignore the read process entirely and focus on the written magnetization, or write channel output. The origins of the nonlinearities are discussed. A simple generalization of the linear superposition model which is valid at higher densities is introduced. The Euclidean distance of suspected minimum distance paths is plotted versus density to estimate the performance roll-off of the nonlinear channel when maximum likelihood sequence detection is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Some fluorine‐containing pheromone analogues (1986)

Abstract Two analogues of the aphid alarm pheromone ( E )‐β‐farnesene, a trifluorofarnesene and a difluoro‐1‐norfarnesene, were found to be highly active and were more readily detectable than the parent compound. For ( Z )‐hexadec‐11‐enal, a component of some lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones, replacement of the carbonyl oxygen with a difluoromethyl group to give a difluoroheptadecadiene resulted in loss of activity. A trifluoroacetoxyhexadecanolide was a more volatile analogue of the mosquito oviposition pheromone (−)‐(5 R ,6 S )‐6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide and was highly active.
Full-Scale Evaluation of TOXECON II ™ on a Lignite-Fired Boiler (2004)

Activated carbon injection (ACI) has been successfully demonstrated to remove mercury from coal-fired power plant flue gas and reduce stack emissions. In conventional ACI, activated carbon can render the fly ash unsuitable for reuse as a cement admixture, which can result in lost revenues and increased waste disposal costs. A potential solution is EPRI’s TOXECON IITM, in which the carbon is injected between ESP collecting fields. The majority of the fly ash is collected in the inlet ESP fields upstream of carbon injection while collecting carbon with adsorbed mercury in the downstream ESP fields. In November 2003, ADA-ES, Inc., conducted a full-scale evaluation of TOXECON IITM at Coal Creek Station through a program funded by Great River Energy and EPRI. This paper presents the results of this evaluation, including the effectiveness of activated carbon injected within the ESP for mercury control and the impacts on ESP performance and particulate emissions. ADA-ES Pub No. 04005
Intracellular expression of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-stimulated CD4+ CD57+ T-cell subpopulation with memory phenotype in tuberculosis patients. (2004)

In some chronic pathological conditions, antigen persistence activates and expands the CD4+ CD57+ T-cell subset. The host immune response against tuberculosis infection is maintained through the continuous presence of antigen-stimulated effector/memory helper T cells. To determine whether CD4+ CD57+ T cells were also expanded in human tuberculosis, we analysed (by flow cytometry) the phenotype of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from 30 tuberculosis patients and 30 healthy controls. We observed a significant increase in the CD4+ CD57+ T-cell subset in tuberculosis patients in comparison to healthy controls (P < 0.001). Most CD4+ CD57+ T cells exhibited a CD28- CD45RO+ CD62L- phenotype, which is associated with memory cells. In vitro, a higher number of antigen-stimulated CD4+ CD57+ T cells produced intracellular interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 compared with antigen-stimulated CD4+ CD57- T cells (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the majority of CD4+ CD57+ T cells correspond to a phenotype of activated memory T cells.
Structure and Conformations of Cyclopentasilane, Si<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub> (1999)

Three different conformations of cyclopentasilane, Si5H10, have been analyzed in detail using ab initio and density functional methods at the HF/B2, MP2/B2, CCSD/6-31G*, and B3LYP/B2 levels of theory. While the envelope (Cs) and the twist (C2) forms have essentially the same energy, the planar form (D5h) is ca. 1.3−2.9 kcal mol-1 less stable. The averaged computed Si−Si bond length of 2.356 Å (for Cs and C2, each) is ca. 0.02 Å larger than the re value of 2.332 Å derived from an electron diffraction study.
Analysis of HIV-induced autoantibodies to cryptic epitopes on human CD4 (1992)

Antilymphocyte antibodies, including autoantibodies to CD4, have been reported in AIDS patients and are postulated to contribute to T cell depletion and immunologic dysfunction. In this paper, we characterize and localize binding sites of human anti-CD4 autoantibodies from a number of HIV+ patients. Epitope mapping by ELISA and Western blotting, together with cross-competition experiments, showed that common autoepitopes were localized to at least two topographically separate sites on the fourth domain of sCD4. These sites were partially dependent on the carboxyl terminus of the soluble molecule and were not exposed on full length membrane CD4, even under denaturing Western blotting conditions. Peptide screening identified peptides from the fourth and third domains that were recognized by several, but not all, anti-CD4 serum samples. Soluble CD4 affinity-purified antibodies were predominantly IgG1 and were not induced to bind mCD4 after gp120 binding to T cells. Analysis of HIV seroconversion panels showed that the appearance of anti-CD4 antibodies followed HIV seroconversion by 6 to 12 months and paralleled anti-gp120 reactivity. This suggested a correlation between immune reactivity to envelope and anti-CD4 antibody production. Together, the data indicate that human anti-CD4 antibodies recognize cryptic conformational and linear epitopes on a cleaved form of CD4. These findings suggest that HIV may induce abnormal cleavage of full length CD4, thereby exposing immunogenic self epitopes normally hidden from humoral and cellular immune interactions. This model of abnormal processing of self Ag has general implications for autoantigen exposure in other autoimmune disorders.
Assembly of a rod-shaped chimera of a trimeric GCN4 zipper and the HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain expressed in  <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1997)

The HIV-1 envelope subunit gp41 plays a role in viral entry by initiating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. A chimeric molecule was constructed centered on the ectodomain of gp41 without the fusion peptide, with a trimeric isoleucine zipper derived from GCN4 (pIIGCN4) on the N terminus and part of the trimeric coiled coil of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) HA2 on the C terminus. The chimera pII-41-HA was overexpressed as inclusion bodies in bacteria and refolded to soluble aggregates that became monodisperse after treatment with protease. Either trypsin or proteinase K, used previously to define a protease-resistant core of recombinant gp41 [Lu, M., Blacklow, S. C. & Kim, P. S. (1995) Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 1075-1082], removed about 20-30 residues from the center of gp41 and all or most of the HA2 segment. Evidence is presented that the resulting soluble chimera, retaining the pIIGCN4 coiled coil at the N terminus, is an oligomeric highly alpha-helical rod about 130 A long that crystallizes. The chimeric molecule is recognized by the Fab fragments of mAbs specific for folded gp41. A similar chimera was assembled from the two halves of the molecule expressed separately in different bacteria and refolded together. Crystals from the smallest chimera diffract x-rays to 2.6-A resolution.
Melamine–formaldehyde resins: Constitutional characterization by fourier transform <sup>13</sup>C‐NMR spectroscopy (1979)

Abstract The random chemical structures of melamine–formaldehyde resins, including methylated melamine–formaldehyde resins and urea–melamine formaldehyde resins, were investigated by 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy (Fourier transform). All the combined formaldehydes, methylol and methyl ether groups, methylene structures, and dimethylene ether structures were assigned. A 13 C chemical shift of methylene carbon occurred by substitution of other constituents of the methylene group for a proton of the adjacent monosubstituted nitrogen atom, as shown in a 13 C‐NMR spectrum of urea–formaldehyde resins. It was found that the chemical shift of each corresponding carbon of both melamine resins and urea–melamine resins was almost superimposed with that of urea resins.
Electrochemical Deposition of Conductive Superhydrophobic Zinc Oxide Thin Films (2003)

A simple method of electrochemical deposition was adopted to prepare conductive hydrophobic zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films. The surface structures were characterized by sanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Wettability studies revealed that the surface of the as-prepared thin films showed a contact angle (CA) for water of 128.3 ± 1.7°, whereas the superhydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 152.0 ± 2.0° was obtained by (fluoroalkyl)silane modification. The superhydrophobic conductive thin films materials may have potential use such as microfluidic devices in the future. It is likely that other oxide materials may be similarly prepared by this method.
A new probabilistic model for title generation (2002)

Title generation is a complex task involving both natural language understanding and natural language synthesis. In this paper, we propose a new probabilistic model for title generation. Different from the previous statistical models for title generation, which treat title generation as a generation process that converts the 'document representation' of information directly into a 'title representation' of the same information, this model introduces a hidden state called 'information source' and divides title generation into two steps, namely the step of distilling the 'information source' from the observation of a document and the step of generating a title from the estimated 'information source'. In our experiment, the new probabilistic model outperforms the previous model for title generation in terms of both automatic evaluations and human judgments.
A Comprehensive Model of the Near-Earth Magnetic Field (2000)

The near-Earth magnetic field is due to sources in Earth's core, ionosphere, magnetosphere, lithosphere, and from coupling currents between ionosphere and magnetosphere and between hemispheres. Traditionally, the main field (low degree internal field) and magnetospheric field have been modeled simultaneously, and fields from other sources modeled separately. Such a scheme, however, can introduce spurious features. A new model, designated CMP3 (Comprehensive Model: Phase 3), has been derived from quiet-time Magsat and POGO satellite measurements and observatory hourly and annual means measurements as part of an effort to coestimate fields from all of these sources. This model represents a significant advancement in the treatment of the aforementioned field sources over previous attempts, and includes an accounting for main field influences on the magnetosphere, main field and solar activity influences on the ionosphere, seasonal influences on the coupling currents, a priori characterization of ionospheric and magnetospheric influence on Earth-induced fields, and an explicit parameterization and estimation of the lithospheric field. The result of this effort is a model whose fits to the data are generally superior to previous models and whose parameter states for the various constituent sources are very reasonable.
RNA–protein hybrid ribozymes that efficiently cleave any mRNA independently of the structure of the target RNA (2001)

Ribozyme activity in vivo depends on achieving high-level expression, intracellular stability, target colocalization, and cleavage site access. At present, target site selection is problematic because of unforeseeable secondary and tertiary RNA structures that prevent cleavage. To overcome this design obstacle, we wished to engineer a ribozyme that could access any chosen site. To create this ribozyme, the constitutive transport element (CTE), an RNA motif that has the ability to interact with intracellular RNA helicases, was attached to our ribozymes so that the helicase-bound, hybrid ribozymes would be produced in cells. This modification significantly enhanced ribozyme activity in vivo, permitting cleavage of sites previously found to be inaccessible. To confer cleavage enhancement, the CTE must retain helicase-binding activity. Binding experiments demonstrated the likely involvement of RNA helicase(s). We found that attachment of the RNA motif to our tRNA ribozymes leads to cleavage in vivo at the chosen target site regardless of the local RNA secondary or tertiary structure.
Selected Contribution: Estrogen receptor-α antisense decreases brain estrogen receptor levels and affects ventilation in male and female rats (2001)

We hypothesized that administration of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha mRNA decreases the ER protein in the neonatal rat brain, alters the sex-specific ventilatory responses to aspartic acid in rats, and counteracts the effects of testosterone proportionate (TP) in females. One-day-old rat pups were injected intraventricularly with vehicle, antisense ER ODN, or scrambled ODN control. Additional groups of females received TP or vehicle and one of the three treatments. Brain ER protein levels were decreased by 65% at 6 h and 35% at 24 h after antisense ODN. Aspartic acid decreased ventilation in all groups of weanling males and females except ER ODN-treated females and TP-vehicle-treated females. Aspartic acid decreased ventilation in all groups of adult females except those given TP and in males. Weanling ER ODN-treated rats were shorter and weighed less than controls. Only adult ER ODN-treated males exhibited these traits. Thus neonatal ER affects aspartic acid modulation of breathing and body growth in a sex-specific and developmental manner.
A high density CMOS inverter with stacked transistors (1981)

This paper describes a complete CMOS inverter, whose P-channel transistor is made from laser annealed polycrystalline silicon and is superimposed upon the N-channel transistor. The single gate is common to both transistors. The process is NMOS compatible and polysilicon transistors with channel lengths down to 4 micrometers have been made.
Modulated ellipsometric measurements and transfer-matrix calculation of the field-dependent dielectric function of a multiple quantum well (1992)

We perform a complete nondestructive optical characterization of a GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As multiple-quantum-well (MQW) sample. Modulated ellipsometry, a combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and photomodulation spectroscopy, is used as an experimental technique. The electric field is modulated via photoexcitation of electron-hole pairs in the p-i-n structure. The field-induced modification in the dielectric function of the multiple quantum well is derived in the spectral range from the GaAs to the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As band gap. We show that the modulated ellipsometry technique is particularly well suited to characterize higher quantized transitions. The experimental results are compared to an extensive theoretical model of the MQW dielectric function, based on a transfer-matrix solution of the Schr\"odinger equation. The effective-mass dispersion of electrons and light holes are treated by the Kane model, and the excitonic transitions are introduced by oscillator functions. A detailed comparison of the experimental spectra and this theory allows a very precise determination of the sample parameters, such as well thickness, barrier thickness, and aluminum content.
Cyclodextrins in Pesticides (1985)

Abstract Many synthetic pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) can be complexed with cyclodextrins. This “molecular encapsulation” frequently results in advantageous modifications of the properties of complexed substances. The hydrophilicity is strongly reduced, i. e. wettability, rate of dissolution and extent of solubility is enhanced, which generally results in enhanced bioavailability. Volatile, liquid, and gaseous substances, or substances of intolerable stink can be converted into microcrystalline, stable, well formulable substances. Incompatible substances can be mixed when at least one of the reacting components is complexed. The selectivity between herbivorous/non‐herbivorous insects toxicity can be enhanced. CD‐complexes are per se micronized substances, they are easily dispergable, no electric charging was observed. Long lasting effect can be ensured ( e. g. in soil) because the complexed substances are released only on contacting with water. Cyclodextrins exert a direct auxin‐like effect on plants therefore phytotoxic effect of pesticides can be reduced, etc . .
The Control of Dicumarol Therapy and the Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin and Proconvertin (1951)

(1951). The Control of Dicumarol Therapy and the Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin and Proconvertin. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 201-208.
Rigorous Evaluation of Worst Case Total Crosstalk in the Time Domain Using Frequency Domain Scattering Parameters (2001)

Total crosstalk is the sum of all crosstalk waveforms due to input waveforms simultaneously present on all input ports of a circuit. Worst case crosstalk is typically evaluated by means of multiple analyses in the time domain. However, this requires either fabrication and physical measurement, or careful development of a (typically lumped) model. As frequencies become higher, the various lumped model approximations lose accuracy and physical measurements become difficult and expensive. In this paper, maximum crosstalk is evaluated in the frequency domain. Each crosstalk waveform is viewed as a sum of sinusoidal waveforms, or spectrum. The worst case occurs when all sinusoidal waveforms add in phase. The magnitudes of the crosstalk spectral components are determined by means of an electromagnetic analysis. The electromagnetic analysis is based purely on Maxwell’s equations and the circuit geometry and inherently includes all capacitance, inductance, resistance, substrate conductivity, and coupling between all lines regardless of orientation. Given knowledge of the absolute worst-case crosstalk, the high-speed digital designer can design the critical portions of a circuit so that it is impossible for a given level of crosstalk to be exceeded. Authors/Speakers James C. Rautio received a BSEE from Cornell in 1978, a MS Systems Engineering from University of Pennsylvania in 1982, and a Ph. D. in electrical engineering from Syracuse University in 1986. From 1978 to 1986, he worked for General Electric, first at the Valley Forge Space Division, then at the Syracuse Electronics Laboratory. At this time he developed microwave design and measurement software, and designed microwave circuits on Alumina and on GaAs. From 1986 to 1988, he was a visiting professor at Syracuse University and at Cornell. In 1988 he went full time with Sonnet Software, a company he had founded in 1983. In 1995, Sonnet was listed on the Inc. 500 list of the fastest growing privately held US companies, the first microwave software company ever to be so listed. Today, Sonnet is the leading vendor of 3-D planar high frequency electromagnetic analysis software. Dr. Rautio was recently elected an IEEE Fellow and has been awarded the 2001 IEEE MTT Applications Award for his work in high frequency electromagnetics.
Retained T-Cell Reactivity of Rye Grass Pollen Extract following Cleavage with Cyanogen Bromide and Nitrothiocyanobenzoic Acid (1988)

Rye grass pollen extract was fragmented by sequential treatments with cyanogen bromide and 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid, and a fraction containing fragments of molecular weight greater than 10,000 Mr was isolated. The in vitro reactivity of the extract with specific IgE was extensively reduced by fragmentation. Less reduction in activity was shown either by skin testing or by inhibition of an extract-specific IgG-binding assay. Reactivity with, and ability to induce, extract-specific mouse T cells were retained by the fragment preparation, and the ability to cause transformation of lymphocytes from atopic donors was unchanged. Fragments did not induce extract-specific IgG antibody in mice, were unable to stimulate the production of T-helper cells which could collaborate in an adoptive cell-transfer system, and did not induce delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs. The possibility that such T-cell-reactive modified allergens (T'allergoids) might be used to stimulate selectively T-cell subsets and, therefore, could be used to advantage in immunotherapy is discussed.