gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Twenty Years Hard Labor as a Fiber Diffractionist (1980)

X-ray diffraction can be used to help determine the molecular geometry of polymers that prefer to be long helices rather than more complexly folded structures. It is usually possible to prepare specimens in which such helical molecules are aligned with their long axes parallel. Often further lateral organization occurs, but rarely to the degree of a three-dimensionally ordered single crystal. Potentially this is an advantage, since there is more information (about the Fourier transform (1, 2, 3) of a molecular structure) in the continuous intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern from a less well-ordered system than there is the "sampled" distribution characteristic of a single crystal. But, since "sampling" also implies local amplification of the molecular transform (at reciprocal lattice points), its absence results in much weaker diffraction signals and the theoretical advantage of knowing the continuous intensity variation is offset by the experimental difficulty of recording it accurately. A
Characterization of a slot antenna microwave plasma source for hydrogen plasma cleaning (1995)

A new large volume microwave plasma source has been used for the production of a hydrogen plasma. The source consists of an annular waveguide cavity with axial slots on the inner side which acts as a field applicator to sustain a plasma at 2.45 GHz. The plasma is contained in a fused silica bell jar of 16 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height. The distance between the slots corresponds to a waveguide wavelength. The source is able to generate a highly dissociated (up to 90%) hydrogen plasma for cleaning purposes. Stable operation of the plasma source is shown for a pressure range of 0.1–1.3 mbar and a power range of 600–2000 W. The plasma can be ignited over the entire examined pressure range, and the power needed for discharge ignition is below 1.7 kW. The minimum ignition power is 1050 W for a pressure of 0.7 mbar. A double Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy were used to characterize the hydrogen plasma as a function of microwave power, pressure, and position. The results indicated a typical ion density of 1.5×1011 cm−3 which is an order of magnitude less than that obtained for argon under similar conditions. The typical electron temperature is 2.5 eV for microwave power of 2 kW and pressure of 0.7 mbar.
Gonadal Hormones Determine Sensitivity to Central Leptin and Insulin (2006)

Males have proportionally more visceral fat and are more likely to develop complications associated with obesity than females, and the male brain is relatively more sensitive to the catabolic action of insulin and less sensitive to that of leptin than the female brain. To understand the underlying mechanism, we manipulated estrogen through ovariectomy (OVX) and estradiol administration. Rats with relatively high systemic estrogen (intact females and OVX females and males administered estrogen subcutaneously) were significantly more sensitive to leptin's anorexic action in the brain (i3vt), as well as significantly less sensitive to insulin's i3vt action, than intact males. Administering estradiol directly into the brain of our females increased i3vt leptin sensitivity while decreasing i3vt insulin sensitivity and changed the body fat distribution of our females to resemble that of intact females. These data indicate that estrogen acts within the brain to increase leptin sensitivity, decrease insulin sensitivity, and favor subcutaneous over visceral fat.
Multisite Validation Study to Determine Performance Characteristics of a 92-Gene Molecular Cancer Classifier (2012)

The 92-gene assay showed strong performance for accurate molecular classification of a diverse set of tumor histologies. Results support potential use of the assay as a standardized molecular adjunct to routine clinicopathologic evaluation for tumor classification and primary site diagnosis.
High-Power Radiation at 1 THz in Silicon: A Fully Scalable Array Using a Multi-Functional Radiating Mesh Structure (2018)

We introduce a highly scalable architecture of coherent harmonic oscillator array for high-power and narrow-beamwidth radiation in the mid-terahertz (THz) band. The array consists of horizontal and vertical slotlines (i.e., slot mesh) located at the boundaries between oscillator elements. Through such a structure, the following operations are achieved simultaneously: 1) maximum oscillation power at fundamental frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ; 2) precise synchronization of the oscillation phase among elements; 3) cancellation of the radiation at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , 2 f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , and 3 f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ; and 4) efficient radiation and power combining at 4 f0. The resultant compact design fits into the optimal radiator pitch of λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> /2 (half wavelength) for the suppression of sidelobes, hence enabling implementation of high-density THz arrays. In particular, an array prototype of 42 coherent radiators (with 91 resonant antennas) at 1 THz is presented using the IHP S13G2 130-nm SiGe process. The chip occupies only 1-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area and consumes 1.1 W of dc power. The measured total radiated power and the effective isotropically radiated power are 80 μW and 13 dBm, respectively.
Optimizing group-by and aggregation using GPU-CPU co-processing (2018)

textabstractWhile GPU query processing is a well-studied area, real adoption\nis limited in practice as typically GPU execution is only\nsignicantly faster than CPU execution if the data resides in\nGPU memory, which limits scalability to small data scenarios\nwhere performance tends to be less critical. Another problem\nis that not all query code (e.g. UDFs) will realistically be\nable to run on GPUs. We therefore investigate CPU-GPU\nco-processing, where both the CPU and GPU are involved in\nevaluating the query in scenarios where the data does not t\nin the GPU memory.\nAs we wish to deeply explore opportunities for optimizing\nexecution speed, we narrow our focus further to a specic\nwell-studied OLAP scenario, amenable to such co-processing,\nin the form of the TPC-H benchmark Query 1.\nFor this query, and at large scale factors, we are able to improve\nperformance signicantly over the state{of{the{art for\nGPU implementations; we present competitive performance\nof a GPU versus a state{of{the{art multi-core CPU baseline\na novelty for data exceeding GPU memory size; and nally,\nwe show that co-processing does provide signicant additional\nspeedup over any of the processors individually.\nWe achieve this performance improvement by utilizing\nparallelism-friendly compression to alleviate the PCIe transfer\nbottleneck, query-compilation-like fusion of the processing\noperations, and a simple yet eective scheduling mechanism.\nWe hope that some of these features can inspire future work\non GPU-focused and heterogeneous analytic DBMSes.
MCDM Approach for Assigning Task to the Workers by Selected Features Based on Multiple Criteria in Crowdsourcing (2021)

Crowdsourcing in simple words is the outsourcing of a task to an online market to be performed by a diverse group of crowds in order to utilize human intelligence. Due to online labor markets and performing parallel tasks, the crowdsourcing activity is time- and cost-efficient. During crowdsourcing activity, selecting the proper labeled tasks and assigning them to an appropriate worker are a challenge for everyone. A mechanism has been proposed in the current study for assigning the task to the workers. The proposed mechanism is a multicriteria-based task assignment (MBTA) mechanism for assigning the task to the most suitable worker. This mechanism uses approaches for weighting the criteria and ranking the workers. These MCDM methods are Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Criteria have been made for the workers based on the identified features in the literature. Weight has been assigned to these selected features/criteria with the help of the CRITIC method. The TOPSIS method has been used for the evaluation of workers, with the help of which the ranking of workers is performed in order to get the most suitable worker for the selected tasks to be performed. The proposed work is novel in several ways; for example, the existing methods are mostly based on single criterion or some specific criteria, while this work is based on multiple criteria including all the important features. Furthermore, it is also identified from the literature that none of the authors used MCDM methods for task assignment in crowdsourcing before this research.
Stochastic segmentation of ultrasound images (2003)

Presents a Markov random field model designed to construct a segmentation of echocardiographic images from an initial segmentation. An iterative procedure for estimating the model parameters is described and results are presented for a sequence of cardiac images in order to segment cardiac cavities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laser frequency synthesis employing fiber four-wave mixing (1992)

Laser frequency synthesis using partially degenerated four-wave mixing (FWM) is proposed. The frequency stabilities of two input lightwaves are transferred to the third lightwave generated by FWM. The largest frequency-difference among the three lightwaves is twice that between the inputs. Cascading n stages multiples the frequency-difference by 2/sup n/. By using FWM in a 26-km single-mode optical fiber, 50-GHz offset frequency stabilization of diode lasers is demonstrated in a 1.55- mu m frequency synthesizer system based on an HCN absorption line.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bingo Games: Turning Student Intuitions into Investigations in Probability and Number Sense (2000)

Bingo is a game enjoyed by all ages. Community centers, schools, churches, and service organizations often have regularly scheduled bingo nights. Although bingo is sometimes called a game of chance, it has been used to raise money for special causes; to provide an enjoyable evening out; and in the classroom, to teach vocabulary, listening skills, mathematics facts, geography, language, and so on. Its history begins with the eighteenthcentury Italians, who played a similar game called lotto ; a variation of the game, known by that name, still exists. In the nineteenth century, this game became popular in the United States and England, with the British renaming the game housey-housey . People in the United States began playing the game but called it keno , which comes from the French word quine , meaning set of five (Wykes 1964). In these games, the numbers selected for making the cards, as well as the shape of the grid, have varied. In the United States, a bingo card is a five-by-five grid displaying numbers from 1 through 75, with a free space in the center, as shown in figure 1
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-infected patients. (1994)

We report on the detection of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) among 23 regular partners of HIV-infected individuals. 15 of the 46 individuals enrolled in the study were positive for HLA-A2.1 typing. Among the 23 contacts studied, 7 were seropositive and 16 were seronegative on repeated tests. None of the 16 seronegative contacts were positive for p24 antigenemia nor were they positive by the lymphocytes coculture assay, although, in two instances HIV-1 DNA could be detected by PCR (in one case using a gag SK 38/39 primer, and in the other using a primer for the pol P3/P4 primer). These two individuals remained seronegative for 18 and 36 mo, respectively. HIV-specific cytotoxicity was performed in the 15 HLA-A2.1 subjects (7 indexes, 2 seropositive contacts, and 6 seronegative contacts) and in 4 HLA-matched HIV negative donors. CTL specific for env, gag, or nef proteins could not be detected in unstimulated bulk cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes in any of the six seronegative contacts. However, using a limiting dilution assay we found an usually high frequency of HIV nef-specific CTL precursors (CTLp) for HIV env and gag was very similar to that observed in seronegative HLA-matched healthy donors. Because no presence of HIV could be demonstrated in these individuals, these findings argue against the possibility of a silent HIV infection and suggest that a CTL response against nef may be involved in a rapid and effective clearance of the virus after sexual exposure.
D1.3 Benchmark Report On Wake Models At The Wind Farm Scale (2013)

This report is a short summary of the activities done in the task T1.1 and an introduction to some of the articles and reports produced for the task 1.1. Task 1.1 focuses on benchmarking the existing wind farm scale wake models of the EERA-DTOC partners. The ultimate goal of this task is to provide guidelines for the industry users on which model to use in a specific context and how to quantify the uncertainty of the results produced by the wind farm flow models. In order to draw this conclusion two benchmark campaigns on two different Danish offshore wind farms (Horns Rev and Lillgrund) were carried out in close collaboration with another international collaborative project the IEA-Task 31: WakeBench. The IEA-Task 31 has many similar goals as the Task 1.1 of EERA-DTOC, with a wider scope (also including wind farm in complex terrain, and in the vicinity of forest) and a wider range of participants (over 60 participants from various countries all over the world) that runs from 2012 to 2014. The purpose of the IEA-Task 31 is to reach an international consensus and establish guidelines on operation of wind farm flow models. Most participants in EERA-DTOC T1.1 are also participating in the IEA-Task 31, including CENER, which is leading the IEA-Task 31 and DTU, who processed the two common offshore wind farm benchmarking campaigns between the two projects. This gave EERA-DTOC a key position within IEA-Task 31 to influence the offshore benchmarks definitions and which metrics to use in the benchmark. It also provided an opportunity to EERA-DTOC participants to use datasets from offshore wind farms that are owned by companies that are not partners of EERA-DTOC (DONG Energy: Horns Rev and Vattenfall: Lillgrund). The results of the two benchmarking campaigns indicate that many of the models significantly overpredict the maximum wake losses in comparison with the measurements. This is particularly the case for the CFD models that simulate the wake shape exactly, and less so for more empirically-based models. However, recent findings obtained within this project indicate that the discrepancy between the measurements and model results could be caused by a high uncertainty in the measurement of the wind direction. This high uncertainty causes the analysis of the measured data to produce artificially low power losses in the wake center because of direction variability. This finding challenges the traditional methods of comparing wind farm SCADA measurements with wind farm flow models. It has created a considerable amount of discussion within the wind farm flow modeler community, and this has been identified as one of the major tasks to be addressed within the IEA-Task 31: WakeBench project. Because of this situation, we consider that it is necessary to reach some sort of an international consensus on how to properly validate wind farm flow models with measurements with high degree of uncertainty. We therefore recommend to the industry users to follow the guidelines planned to be established within the IEA-Task 31: WakeBench project.
Terms of Engagement (2006)

Youth engagement is widely accepted as an essential element of successful youth development activities at an organizational level. However, because the practical issue of how to engage youth in the work of organizations remains unsettled, this qualitative research study was conducted as an outgrowth of consultation by Youth Infusion (a youth organization that works to support youth as decision makers, advocates, and community change agents) requested by two youth-serving governmental agencies. Organizational structures, processes, and cultures that might support youth engagement were the focus of two research questions: (1) What accounts for differences in an organization's youth-adult engagement outcomes; and (2) What strategies can organizations adopt to maximize the likelihood of successful outcomes? Participatory action research drove the design and implementation of data collection and analysis. Five elements were related to successful youth engagement: (1) strong external advocacy coalitions; (2) alignment of management and staff; (3) clear, consensus-driven visions; (4) an openness to change; and (5) unified values. Organizations interested in advancing youth engagement in their daily operations should consider attending to these elements in their strategic planning.
Enhanced OSGi Bundle Updates to Prevent Runtime Exceptions (2008)

Explicit declaration of provided and required features facilitates easier updates of components within an application. A necessary precondition is that sufficient and correct meta-data about the component and its features is available. In this paper we describe a method that ensures safe OSGi bundle updates and package bindings despite potentially errorneous meta-data. It uses subtype checks on feature types, implemented as user-space enhancements of the standard bundle update process. The method was successfully applied in the Knopflerfish and Apache Felix frameworks and the paper discusses the general experiences with the OSGi framework gained during the implementation.
Non-linear minimum variance state-space-based estimation for discrete-time multi-channel systems (2011)

A new state equation and non-linear operator-based approach to estimation is introduced for discrete-time multi-channel systems. This is a type of deconvolution or inferential estimation problem, where a signal enters a communications channel involving both non-linearities and transport delays. The measurements are corrupted by a coloured noise signal, which is correlated with the signal to be estimated both at the inputs and outputs of the channel. The communications channel may include either static or dynamic non-linearities represented in a general non-linear operator form. The optimal non-linear estimator is derived in terms of the state equations and non-linear operators that describe the system. The algorithm is relatively simple to derive and to implement in the form of a recursive algorithm. The main advantage of the approach is the simplicity of the non-linear estimator theory and the straightforward structure of the resulting solution. The results may be applied to the solution of channel equalisation problems in communications or fault detection problems in control applications.
Total synthesis of (-)-vertinolide. A general approach to chiral tetronic acids and butenolides from allylic alcohols (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of (-)-vertinolide. A general approach to chiral tetronic acids and butenolides from allylic alcoholsJay E. Wrobel and Bruce GanemCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 21, 3761–3764Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00169a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views545Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (615 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Simultaneous Targeting of Toll- and Nod-Like Receptors Induces Effective Tumor-Specific Immune Responses (2012)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are increasingly being used as adjuvants in cancer vaccine trials to harness innate immunity and prime effective antitumor immune responses. Despite some success, enhancing tumor antigen presentation, promoting a protective antitumor response, and overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment pose considerable challenges that necessitate further improvements in vaccine design. Here, we show that expression of the TLR ligand flagellin within tumor cells constitutes an effective antitumor vaccination strategy that relies on simultaneous engagement of TLR5 and the Nod-like receptors (NLRs) NLRC4/NAIP5 (neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein 5) by flagellin along with associative recognition of tumor antigen for optimal antigen presentation to T cells. Although TLR5 signaling was critical for mediating rapid macrophage-dependent clearance of flagellin-expressing tumor cells in vivo, TLR5 and NLRC4/NAIP5 were equally important for priming antitumor CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and suppressing tumor growth. Vaccination with irradiated flagellin-expressing tumor cells prevented tumor development, and disrupting flagellin recognition by TLR5 or NLRC4/NAIP5 impaired protective immunization against an existing or subsequent tumor. Our findings delineate a new strategy to induce anticancer immune responses consisting of introducing microbial structures with dual TLR and NLR stimulatory activity into tumor cells. This ensures recognition of tumor-derived antigen within the inflammatory context of microbial recognition and additionally activates both the phagocytic and the cytosolic pathways of innate immune defense against the tumor.