gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A distinct human testis and brain mu-class glutathione S-transferase. Molecular cloning and characterization of a form present even in individuals lacking hepatic type mu isoenzymes. (1990)

mu-Class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were identified in all 13 human testes and 28 brains examined; even subjects whose livers were devoid of mu-GSTs expressed extrahepatic GSTs of this class. Testes and brains from individuals with mu-class GSTs in their livers had additional forms that also reflected the liver phenotypes. An isoenzyme with an isoelectric point of 5.2, which was a major GST in testis and present as well in cerebral cortex but not detected in any livers, was identified and purified. Sequence analysis of peptides derived by cleavage of the testicular mu-class GST by Achromobacter protease I revealed distinct aspects of primary structure not found previously in any mammalian mu-class GSTs. These unique features included a blocked and extended amino terminus and 3 additional residues (Pro-Val-Cys) at the carboxyl terminus. This structure was confirmed by molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs derived from human testis and brain libraries. In the coding region the mRNA of the brain-testis mu-class GST was 75% homologous with that of the liver form, and its 3'-untranslated sequence was mostly divergent, indicating that it is the product of a separate gene. Distinct catalytic and structural properties of the testis-brain mu-class GSTs suggest that these GSTs may be uniquely involved in blood-barrier functions common to both organs.
Hyperactivity and Intact Hippocampus-Dependent Learning in Mice Lacking the M<sub>1</sub>Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (2001)

Members of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family are thought to play key roles in the regulation of a large number of important functions of the CNS. However, the precise roles of the individual muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulating these processes are not well understood at present, primarily because of the lack of ligands with sufficient receptor subtype selectivity. To investigate the behavioral significance of the M(1) muscarinic receptor (M(1)R), which is abundantly expressed in the forebrain, we subjected M(1) receptor-deficient mice (M(1)R(-/-) mice) to a battery of behavioral tests. M(1)R(-/-) mice showed no significant impairments in neurological reflexes, motor coordination, pain sensitivity, and prepulse inhibition. Strikingly, however, M(1)R(-/-) mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including open field, elevated plus maze, and light/dark transition tests. Moreover, M(1)R(-/-) mice showed reduced immobilization in the Porsolt forced swim test and reduced levels of freezing after inescapable footshocks, suggesting that M(1)R(-/-) mice are hyperactive under stressful conditions as well. An increased number of social contacts was observed in a social interaction test. Surprisingly, M(1)R(-/-) mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze and in contextual fear conditioning. M(1)R(-/-) mice showed slight performance deficits in auditory-cued fear conditioning and in an eight-arm radial maze, most likely because of the hyperactivity phenotype displayed by the M(1)R(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that M(1) muscarinic receptors play an important role in the regulation of locomotor activity but appear to be less critical for cognitive processes, as generally assumed.
Low-Power Design of Pipeline A/D Converters (2006)

In this paper, low-power design techniques of highspeed A/D converters are reviewed and discussed. Pipeline and parallel-pipeline architectures are treated as these are dominant architectures when required high sampling rate and high resolution with reasonable power dissipation. A power optimization of pipeline and parallel pipeline ADCs based on models of noise analysis and response time of a building block in the multiple-stage pipeline ADC is also presented. Finally, the theoretical minimum of required power in pipeline ADCs is discussed
Drilling efficiency and stability comparison between Tricone, PDC and Kymera drill bits (2014)

The primary object of this thesis is to analyse and optimise the drill bits performance that used to drill on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The three different types of bits that were utilized under drilling are described in the first part of the thesis. The different aspects of designs and features are discussed and their technological advantages are highlighted. \n\n\nIn the second part of the thesis an experimental tests are conducted. The main purpose of this test is to evaluate the performance, efficiency and stability of 9 ½ inch Kymera (KM623), against 9 ½ inch PDC (6 bladed), and 9 ½ inch (TCI) VMD - 20. The test will compare the drillability (ROP), durability (dullgrade, wear etc) and stability of Kymera vs PDC and TCI. All the bits will be tested in the same formation types and strenghts at the same range of RPM and ROP parameters. Bit response, stability and MSE will be evaluated in order to better understand bit behavior in the subject formation. The analyses and conclusions will be used for future field drilling optimization and advice in offshore operations.
Near-Lossless Compression of Mass Spectra for Proteomics (2007)

Recent improvements in mass spectrometry (MS) technology led to an explosive amount of MS data collected and shared. A typical liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) "image" from the instrument used in this study consists of 4 GB of data. To reduce the bit rate required to code the MS data below that of the authors' previous (lossless) algorithm, we introduce a technique for near-lossless compression. It guarantees that each decompressed sample differs from its original value by no more than a user-specified quantity defined as the target maximum absolute distortion (MAD). We evaluate the proposed method by introducing feature-based metrics applied to the decompressed MS data and show that the MAD-based compression outperforms a traditional coding algorithm aimed at minimizing the mean squared error.
Intratympanic gentamicin treatment in Meniere's disease: Patients' experiences and outcomes (2006)

Intratympanic gentamicin treatment ought to be offered to Ménière's patients suffering from disabling vertigo, with the proviso that they be made aware of the possibility of hearing deterioration.
Shadow: A System for X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern Analysis (1988)

The Shadow system consists of a set of programs and files, the relation of which is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Of the three programs in the system, Shadow and XRDPLT are used routinely. The third, INSCAL, is used in the determination of various parameters characterizing the instrument. Two files, Shadow.DFT and XRDPLT.DFT, contain default values for parameters controlling the reduction and display of data. A third file, WSGDAT, contains the instrument parameters.
Endothelial Cells Derived From Nuclear Reprogramming (2012)

The endothelium plays a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, regulating the tone of the vascular wall, and its interaction with circulating blood elements. Alterations in endothelial functions facilitate the infiltration of inflammatory cells and permit vascular smooth muscle proliferation and platelet aggregation. Therefore, endothelial dysfunction is an early event in disease processes including atherosclerosis, and because of its critical role in vascular health, the endothelium is worthy of the intense focus it has received. However, there are limitations to studying human endothelial function in vivo, or human vascular segments ex vivo. Thus, methods for endothelial cell (EC) culture have been developed and refined. Recently, methods to derive ECs from pluripotent cells have extended the scientific range of human EC studies. Pluripotent stem cells may be generated, expanded, and then differentiated into ECs for in vitro studies. Constructs for molecular imaging can also be employed to facilitate tracking these cells in vivo. Furthermore, one can generate patient-specific ECs to study the effects of genetic or epigenetic alterations on endothelial behavior. Finally, there is the opportunity to apply these cells for vascular therapy. This review focuses on the generation of ECs from stem cells; their characterization by genetic, histological, and functional studies; and their translational applications.
Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits (1987)

Two groups of female NZW rabbits were implanted in the paravertebral muscles with aramid (du Pont Kevlar aramid 49) fibers and aramid-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites for 14 and 28 days. Rabbits were killed at these times periods, necropsies performed, sites scored for gross tissue response, and tissue specimens containing the implants removed for histopathological evaluation. A mild fibrous tissue reaction was observed around all implants containing aramid fiber similar to that observed around the silicone control implant. Some foreign body giant cells were also present adjacent to the fibers. An intense necrotic inflammatory reaction was present around the positive control material (PVC Y-78). The tissue response to implantation of aramid fiber and fiber-PMMA composites indicates that aramid is a biocompatible material.
Alternative A&#946; Immunotherapy Approaches for Alzheimers Disease (2009)

In a seminal report in 1999, Schenk and colleagues demonstrated that vaccination of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with amyloid-beta(1-42) peptide (Abeta(1-42)) and adjuvant resulted in striking mitigation of AD-like pathology - giving rise to the field of AD immunotherapy. Later studies confirmed this result in other mouse models of AD and additionally showed cognitive improvement after Abeta vaccination. Based on these results, early developmental clinical trials ensued to immunize AD patients with Abeta(1-42) plus adjuvant (so-called "active" Abeta immunotherapy; trade name AN-1792; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Dublin, Ireland). However, the phase IIa trial was halted after 6 % of patients developed aseptic meningoencephalitis. Despite occurrence of this adverse event, many individuals demonstrated high serum antibody titres to Abeta and histological evidence of clearance of the hallmark AD pathology, beta-amyloid plaques. While raising justifiable safety concerns, these important results nonetheless demonstrated the feasibility of the active Abeta immunotherapy approach. This review focuses on alternative approaches to active Abeta vaccination that are currently in various stages of development - from pre-clinical studies in animal models to current clinical trials. Specifically, the focus is on those strategies that target inflammatory and immune aspects of AD, and can therefore be classified as immunotherapeutic in a broad sense.
Heart rate variability in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. (2015)

These results indicate children with IBD have less adaptability to stress.
Labeling of monoclonal antibodies with samarium-153 for combined radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy. (1989)

The labeling of a monoclonal antibody K-1-21 with 153Sm has been investigated using the bifunctional chelate cyclic diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) anhydride. Labeling efficiencies greater than 60% were obtained using high specific activity [153Sm]chloride and a cDTPAa:MAb conjugation ratio of 20:1. The resultant labeled antibody had a s.a. greater than 150 MBq.mg-1 and a % retained immunoreactivity greater than 90%. Imaging and biodistribution studies in a rat model demonstrated that specific uptake of 153Sm-K-1-21 into s.c. implants of the target antigen could be clearly detected in scintigrams at 6 days p.i. The specific uptake (1.90 +/- 0.45% ID/g, 19.95 +/- 2.20 Implant:Blood ratio) compared favorably to 131I- and 111In-labeled K-1-21 (2.52 +/- 0.20 and 3.33 +/- 0.20% ID/g, 7.69 +/- 0.45 and 10.10 +/- 0.60 I:B, respectively). Labeling of MAbs with 153Sm for combined scintigraphy/therapy is feasible at clinically appropriate specific activities using cDTPAa, with the resultant conjugates retaining immunoreactivity and in vivo antigen localization.
Pegylated liposomes have potential as vehicles for intratumoral and subcutaneous drug delivery. (2000)

The potential value of intratumoral or s.c. injections of pegylated liposomes as locoregionally targeted therapy of tumors and their draining lymph nodes was assessed in nude mice as part of an ongoing program aimed at developing pegylated liposomal radiosensitizers for the treatment of head and neck cancers. Animals received (111)In-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), either encapsulated in pegylated liposomes (IDLPL) or in the unencapsulated form ((111)In-DTPA), as intratumoral or s.c. injections, and the local retention, locoregional nodal drainage, and systemic biodistribution were measured. After intratumoral injections, IDLPL were effectively retained in the tumor with an area under the curve (AUC) between 1 and 96 h of 2,574.4% injected dose per gram hours (%ID/g x h). The corresponding value for (111)In-DTPA was 204.4%ID/g x h. Accumulation of IDLPL was seen in ipsilateral lymph nodes. The maximal ipsilateral:contralateral node ratios were 8:1 (2.2 versus 0.27%ID/g) for inguinal nodes at 24 h and 19:1 (2.5 versus 0.13%ID/g) for axillary nodes at 48 h. Unencapsulated (111)In-DTPA showed no evidence of accumulation in locoregional nodes. After s.c. injection, IDLPL were cleared slowly from the injection site with an AUC between 1 and 192 h of 24,051.1%ID/g x h. Unencapsulated (111)In-DTPA was cleared rapidly with an AUC between 1 and 192 h of 46.4%ID/g x h. Again, significant levels of IDLPL were detected in the ipsilateral locoregional nodes, with ipsilateral:contralateral ratios of 121:1 (57.9 versus 0.48%ID/g) at 24 h (inguinal nodes) and 17:1 (5.2 versus 0.3%ID/g) at 72 h (axillary nodes). There was no retention of unencapsulated (111)In-DTPA in the draining nodes. Locoregional administration of pegylated liposomal radiosensitizers may be a useful approach for targeted therapy of head and neck tumors and their nodal metastases.
Surface Structure and High-Voltage Charge/Discharge Characteristics of Al-Oxide Coated LiNi<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>Cathodes (2015)

A sol-gel method was used to fabricate Al-oxide coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes and their surface structure and high-voltage charge/discharge characteristics were evaluated with a view to their potential use in Li-ion batteries. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revealed that a solid solution of LiAlO2-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is uniformly formed to a depth of several nanometers from the surface of Al-oxide coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. Furthermore, the discharge capacity and average discharge voltage of Al-oxide coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is equal to or higher than uncoated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 at a charge voltage of 4.5 to 4.9 V. It was also found that the Al-oxide coating significantly improves the cycle performance at a charge voltage of 4.5 to 4.7 V. A substantial fade in capacity observed during the cycling of bare LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is attributed to an increase in polarization due to an increased charge transfer resistance (Rct), which is indicative of degradation of the interface between the electrode and electrolyte. However, this increase in polarization and Rct is effectively suppressed in the Al-oxide coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. This can be explained by an inhibition of the formation of a rock-salt-structured phase in the surface region of bare LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 during cycling, as confirmed by STEM and electron energy loss spectrometry.
Topoisomerase II levels and drug sensitivity in adult acute myelogenous leukemia (1994)

The topoisomerase (topo) II-directed agents etoposide, daunorubicin (DNR), and amsacrine (m-AMSA) are widely used in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In the present study, multiple aspects of topo II-mediated drug action were examined in marrows from adult AML patients. Colony-forming assays revealed that the dose of etoposide, DNR, or m-AMSA required to diminish leukemic colony formation by 90% (LD90) varied over a greater than 20-fold range between different pretreatment marrows. Measurement of nuclear DNR accumulation in the absence and presence of quinidine revealed evidence of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) function in 8 of 82 samples at diagnosis and 5 of 36 samples at first relapse, but the largest quinidine-induced increment in DNR accumulation (< 2-fold) was too small to explain the variations in drug sensitivity. Restriction enzyme-based assays and sequencing of partial topo II alpha and topo II beta cDNAs from the most highly resistant specimens failed to demonstrate topo II gene mutations that could account for resistance. Western blotting of marrow samples containing greater than 80% blasts revealed that the content of the two topo II isoenzymes varied over a greater than 20-fold range, but did not correlate with drug sensitivity in vitro or in vivo. In addition, levels of topo II alpha and topo II beta in 46 of 47 clinical samples were lower than in human AML cell lines. Immunoperoxidase staining showed that these low topo II levels were accompanied by marked cell-to- cell heterogeneity, with topo II alpha being abundant in some blasts and diminished or absent from others. There was a trend toward increasing percentages of topo II alpha-positive cells in pretreatment marrows that contained more S-phase cells. Consistent with this observation, treatment of patients with granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor for 3 days before chemotherapy resulted in increases in topo II alpha-positive cells concomitant with increases in the number of cells traversing the cell cycle. These observations have implications for the regulation of topo II in AML, for the use of topo II-directed chemotherapy, and for future attempts to relate drug sensitivity to topo II levels in clinical material.
Application of location-based sentiment analysis using Twitter for identifying trends towards Indian general elections 2014 (2015)

Location based sentiment analysis is the use of natural language processing or machine learning algorithms to extract, identify, or characterize the sentiment content of a 'text unit', according to the location of origin of the text unit. In this paper, we study the application of location based sentiment analysis using Twitter for identifying trends and patterns towards the Indian general elections 2014. We perform data (text) mining on 650,000 tweets collected over a period of 5 days pertaining to two political parties in India, during the campaigning period. We make use of Naive Bayes algorithm to build our classifier and classify the test data (as positive or negative) according to it. We identify the sentiment of Twitter users towards each of the two Indian political parties, by location and plot our findings on an Indian map. In the end, we present our observations and conclusions and how certain "social events" influence the sentiments of Twitter users on the social network. We also discuss the issues related to geo-location using the data obtained from the Twitter API.
The “Remodelling Technique” in the Treatment of Wide Neck Intracranial Aneurysms (1997)

The main factor limiting endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is the shape of the aneurysmal sac, particularly the width of the neck. In this study we present a new technique to occlude wide neck aneurysms that involve the temporary inflation of a non-detachable balloon in front of the aneurysm neck during each coil placement. The aim of the study is to present the feasibility, efficacy and safety of this "remodelling technique" (RT) compared to that of "normal" GDC treatment. We selected 56 aneurysms in 54 patients for treatment with the RT. Thirty-seven (70%) of the patients presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Twenty-five (45%) of the aneurysms were located at the vertebrobasilar artery, 24 (43%) at the internal carotid artery, and seven at the level of smaller arteries. Treatment was achieved in 52 aneurysms in 50 patients. Two aneurysms which were initially not completely occluded underwent a second treatment using the RT. Final results (i.e. the last follow-up angiography or results at the end of the treatment for the cases that have not yet had follow-up) consisted of total occlusion in 40 cases (77%), subtotal occlusion in nine cases (17%), and incomplete occlusion in three cases (6%). Angiographic evidence of clotting was observed during the procedure in three cases, resulting in one permanent deficit (quadranopia). Rupture of the aneurysmal sac occurred during the procedure in three cases, all of which were asymptomatic in the follow-up. Thus, morbidity due to the technique was 1/52 (1%) and mortality was 0/56 patients. The remodelling technique allowed the treatment of 52 wide neck or badly shaped aneurysms that were not treatable without this technique. The results of occlusion with the RT seem better than those in our series of normal GDC treatment, and complications related to the technique are fewer. This technique thereby extends the spectrum of treatable aneurysms without increasing the risk incurred by treatment.
Cuckoo directory: A scalable directory for many-core systems (2011)

Growing core counts have highlighted the need for scalable on-chip coherence mechanisms. The increase in the number of on-chip cores exposes the energy and area costs of scaling the directories. Duplicate-tag-based directories require highly associative structures that grow with core count, precluding scalability due to prohibitive power consumption. Sparse directories overcome the power barrier by reducing directory associativity, but require storage area over-provisioning to avoid high invalidation rates. We propose the Cuckoo directory, a power- and area-efficient scalable distributed directory. The cuckoo directory scales to high core counts without the energy costs of wide associative lookup and without gross capacity over-provisioning. Simulation of a 16-core CMP with commercial server and scientific workloads shows that the Cuckoo directory eliminates invalidations while being up to four times more power-efficient than the Duplicate-tag directory and 24% more power-efficient and up to seven times more area-efficient than the Sparse directory organization. Analytical projections indicate that the Cuckoo directory retains its energy and area benefits with increasing core count, efficiently scaling to at least 1024 cores.
An autozeroing amplifier using PFET hot-electron injection (2002)

We have developed an amplifier which removes its "off-set" as a natural part of its operation by modifying the charge on a floating gate. The charge on the floating gate is adapted by a combination of electron tunneling and hot-electron injection, resulting in a nonlinear high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency less than 1 Hz. We show experimental data from this autozeroing amplifier for various input waveforms, and an analytical model which fits the output waveforms. This autozeroing amplifier is a single-input case of a continuous learning circuit.
Coffee-can-sized spacecraft (1988)

The current status and potential scientific applications of intelligent 1-5-kg projectiles being developed by SDIO and DARPA for military missions are discussed. The importance of advanced microelectronics for such small spacecraft is stressed, and it is pointed out that both chemical rockets and EM launchers are currently under consideration for these lightweight exoatmospheric projectiles (LEAPs). Long-duration power supply is identified as the primary technological change required if LEAPs are to be used for interplanetary scientific missions, and the design concept of a solar-powered space-based railgun to accelerate LEAPs on such missions is considered.