gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Immune System and Neuroinflammation as Potential Sources of Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Huntington’s Disease (2016)

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a loss of neurons that leads to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people in the United States and worldwide, followed by Parkinson's disease (PD). While some early onset forms of AD and PD are hereditary, the sporadic or late-onset cases are believed to result from lifestyle and environmental factors. On the contrary, Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease solely caused by mutations in the gene for huntingtin protein. The disease mechanisms at play for all three disorders remain elusive, hampering efforts to develop effective therapeutic interventions. In light of this, the discovery of robust biomarkers is crucial in order to identify people at risk for AD and PD, preferably before symptoms arise. For all three diseases, the identification of biomarkers would not only allow development of treatments but also evaluation and adjustment of these with disease progression. It is now understood that neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, along with subsequent immune activation. Therefore, research is actively ongoing to discover and evaluate inflammatory and immune-related biomarkers. Recent progress in this area for AD, PD, and HD is presented here.
CALCULATION OF TAKEOFF AND LANDING PERFORMANCE UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS (2016)

The takeoff and the landing of an aircraft are the most dangerous phases of flight, so the study of takeoff performance and landing performance is of great importance for aircraft design and safety. In the paper, a high-precision numerical integration algorithm for evaluating takeoff and landing performance is developed, which establishes and solves the equations of dynamics during takeoff and landing process. The proposed method is capable of calculating takeoff and landing performance under different environments. To verify the current approach, all-engine operating takeoff distance, one engine failure takeoff distance, takeoff stop distance and landing distance of a certain type of plane with four engines are analyzed. It shows that the developed calculation method is reliable and effective. Based on this algorithm, a detailed analysis of the main factors affecting the takeoff and landing performance is given. The influences of altitude, temperature, takeoff and landing weight and wind speed are analyzed. Through theoretical derivation and examples verification, the proposed method will be reference for the study of takeoff and landing performance.
Carbon Monoxide (2000)

Abstract Carbon monoxide is a valuable chemical intermediate. It is produced either from reforming of hydrocarbons or by coke and coal gasification. Numerous purification methods are available, depending on the method of production, to obtain chemical‐grade CO. This article reviews the physical properties, basic chemistry, industrially significant reactions, production and purifying methods, toxicity, and economics of producing carbon monoxide. Methods of purification covered in this review are copper‐liquor scrubbing, cryogenic purification, the cosorb process, and adsorption processes. Industrially significant reactions covered are the water gas shift reaction, oxidation, disproportionation, the production of phosgene, methanol synthesis, acetic acid synthesis, hydroformylation, acrylic acid production, Fischer‐Tropsch chemistry, methanation, and nickel purification.
Attenuation of murine lupus nephritis by mycophenolate mofetil. (1998)

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is the morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid, which is its active metabolite. MMF is effective in prolonging survival of allografts and xenografts. However, little is known about the effects and the main mechanism of action of MMF in autoimmune diseases. In this study, the effect of MMF on the spontaneous disease progression in the MRL/lpr mouse model of lupus was examined. Eight-week-old MRL/lpr mice (n=18) were orally treated with MMF dissolved in a vehicle (90 mg/kg) once a day. Control animals received vehicle alone (n=17). The incidence of albuminuria (>300 microg/18 h) was significantly reduced by MMF treatment compared with vehicle-treated controls (cumulative incidence of albuminuria at 23 wk in MMF-treated mice; 22% versus 88% in controls; P=0.0001). The glomerulonephritis was histologically less severe in MMF-treated mice than in control mice (P=0.005). Furthermore, in immunofluorescence studies the amount of immunoglobulin and C3 deposits in the glomerular capillary wall was significantly less in MMF-treated mice (P < or = 0.002). Surprisingly, in vivo no clear-cut immune-modulating effects were observed because there were no differences between MMF-treated and control animals with regard to autoantibody formation. Also, spleen enlargement and numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood were not different between both groups. Furthermore, no immunosuppressive properties of 90 mg/kg MMF were found in BALB/c mice on delayed-type hypersensitivity and primary antibody response to methylated bovine serum albumin. Interestingly, renal perfusion experiments revealed that binding of nucleosome/antinucleosome complexes to the glomerular basement membrane is decreased in MMF-treated mice compared with control mice. It is concluded that MMF suppresses the development of lupus glomerulonephritis and albuminuria in MRL/ lpr mice. The observed reduction of glomerular immunoglobulin deposits in MMF-treated mice and the renal perfusion studies indicate that MMF treatment leads to a decreased binding of immune complexes in the glomerular capillary wall in lupus nephritis.
Effect of Prenatal Ultrasound Screening on Perinatal Outcome (1993)

Screening ultrasonography did not improve perinatal outcome as compared with the selective use of ultrasonography on the basis of clinician judgment.
Preliminary Study Analyzing the Methylated Genes in the Plasma of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer (2012)

The detection of methylated genes in the plasma may have a role in differentiating between pancreatic cancers and healthy controls but not between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis.
System Design and Technologies for WDM Networks (1994)

The advantages of the wavelength domain in for high capacity optical networking have been well documented Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) offers high capacity yet does not place ever increasing demands on the speed of the electronic interface. It offers evolution either through wavelength re-use, successive refinement of the wavelength multiplex or indeed upgrade of opto-electronic interfaces to higher bit rate. In addition, many have observed that the wavelength domain offers additional functionality ranging from the opportunity to trade capacity for simplicity to allowing completely new approaches to network functionality. Although some might argue that the gigabit and terabit capacities offered by such networks are beyond the requirements of most current systems, it has become clear that a significant number of applications for WDM networks exist in television studio networking, high performance computing, multimedia systems and the public telecommunications transport network.
Increased expression of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene, IGF1R, in Wilms tumor is correlated with modulation of IGF1R promoter activity by the WT1 Wilms tumor gene product. (1993)

Wilms tumor is a pediatric neoplasm that arises from the metanephric blastema. The expression of the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is often elevated in these tumors. Since many of the actions of IGF-II are mediated through activation of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), we have measured the levels of IGF-IR mRNA in normal kidney and in Wilms tumor samples using solution hybridization/RNase protection assays. IGF-IR mRNA levels in the tumors were 5.8-fold higher than in adjacent normal kidney tissue. Among the tumors themselves, the levels of IGF-IR mRNA in those containing heterologous stromal elements were 2-fold higher (P < 0.01) than in tumors without these elements. IGF-IR gene (designated IGF1R) expression in the tumors was inversely correlated with the expression of the Wilms tumor suppressor gene WT1, whose inactivation appears to be a key step in the etiology of Wilms tumor. Cotransfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with rat and human IGF-IR gene promoter constructs driving luciferase reporter genes and with WT1 expression vectors showed that the active WT1 gene product represses IGF-IR promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that underexpression, deletion, or mutation of WT1 may result in increased expression of the IGF-IR, whose activation by IGF-II may be an important aspect of the biology of Wilms tumor.
A novel mitogen-inducible gene product related to p50/p105-NF-kappa B participates in transactivation through a kappa B site. (1992)

A Rel-related, mitogen-inducible, kappa B-binding protein has been cloned as an immediate-early activation gene of human peripheral blood T cells. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 900 amino acids capable of encoding a 97-kDa protein. This protein is most similar to the 105-kDa precursor polypeptide of p50-NF-kappa B. Like the 105-kDa precursor, it contains an amino-terminal Rel-related domain of about 300 amino acids and a carboxy-terminal domain containing six full cell cycle or ankyrin repeats. In vitro-translated proteins, truncated downstream of the Rel domain and excluding the repeats, bind kappa B sites. We refer to the kappa B-binding, truncated protein as p50B by analogy with p50-NF-kappa B and to the full-length protein as p97. p50B is able to form heteromeric kappa B-binding complexes with RelB, as well as with p65 and p50, the two subunits of NF-kappa B. Transient-transfection experiments in embryonal carcinoma cells demonstrate a functional cooperation between p50B and RelB or p65 in transactivation of a reporter plasmid dependent on a kappa B site. The data imply the existence of a complex family of NF-kappa B-like transcription factors.
Das System Eisen ‐ Nickel ‐ Molybdän (1934)

Aufstellung des Teilsystems Fe‐Fe 3 Mo 2 ‐MoNi‐Ni auf Grund von dilatometrischen, magnetometrischen, Härtungs‐ und Gefügeuntersuchungen.
<i>In vivo</i> liver differentiation by ultrasound using an artificial neural network (1994)

A pattern recognition algorithm and instrumentation for in vivo ultrasound human liver differentiation are presented. An available 16-MHz microprocessor-based data acquisition and analysis system with 6-bit resolution is used to capture, digitize, and store the backscattered ultrasound signal. The algorithm is based on a multilayer perception neural network using the backpropagation training procedure. The network is implemented to differentiate between normal and abnormal liver. Data earlier obtained from 18 volunteers with normal liver history and from 12 volunteers with liver abnormalities are used to test the algorithm. The power spectra of the backscattered signal from depths of 5, 6.5, and 8 cm in the liver are calculated. The acoustic attenuation coefficient is calculated by the log spectral difference technique over the frequency range from 1.5 to 4.5 MHz. The change of speed of sound with frequency (dispersion) is estimated over the 3-MHz bandwidth. The attenuation and velocity dispersion are used as differentiation features. The results show that of the 22 tested cases, the system differentiated correctly 19 and 20 cases when using the attenuation and the velocity dispersion, respectively. The average magnitude of dispersion of liver is estimated to be 1.67 +/- 0.1 m/s/MHz and about 2.3 +/- 0.18 m/s/MHz in the normal and abnormal cases, respectively. The overall performance of the system for liver differentiation is 91% for normal cases, and 86% for abnormal cases. The data files are also differentiated using the nearest neighbor statistical classifier. The results show that of the 30 tested cases, 23 files are differentiated correctly using the attenuation coefficient.
Role of the Phytotoxin Coronatine in the Infection of<i>Ambidopsis thaliana</i>by<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>pv.<i>tomato</i> (1995)

The role of the phytotoxin coronatine in the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana was evaluated by comparing symptom development, in planta bacterial multiplication, and the induction of defense-related genes in Arabidopsis plants inoculated with the coronatine-producing (Cor+) P. s. pv. tomato strain DC3000 and the coronatine-defective (Cor-) strain DC3661 by either infiltration or dipping methods. The Cor+ strain, P. s. pv. tomato DC3000, caused severe disease symptoms and multiplied by 4-6 logs after inoculation by either infiltration or dipping. P. s. pv. tomato DC3661 failed to produce any disease symptoms and multiplied by only 1-1.5 logs in dipped plants, whereas it caused mild symptoms and multiplied 6 logs over the 4-day experimental period in plants inoculated by infiltration. Parallel experiments using a natural host, tomato, yielded similar results. Analysis of the accumulation of mRNAs encoded by several distinct defense-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves infiltrated with either DC3000 or DC3661 demonstrated that the Cor- strain consistently induced higher levels of these transcripts. These results demonstrate that coronatine production is required under more natural inoculation conditions for the successful infection of Arabidopsis by DC3000, and that coronatine may play a critical role during the early stages of infection by suppressing the activation of defense-related genes.
Structure and Band-Gap Design of a New Series of Light-Emitting Poly(cyanofluorene-<i>a</i><i>lt-</i><i>o</i>/<i>m</i>/<i>p</i>-phenylenevinylene)-Based Copolymers for Light-Emitting Diodes (2006)

A new series of 2,2‘-(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)diacetonitrile-based alternating polyfluorene copolymers (P12-FL, P13-FL, P14-FL) containing ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted phenylene derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. These polymers were synthesized using a Knoevenagel condensation polymerization reaction and were found to be predominantly in the trans configuration. The resulting polymers were found to be thermally stable and readily soluble in common organic solvents. The structural, configurational, and conformational changes in the backbone caused a wide variation in the absorption and emission maxima of the polymers. The fabricated light-emitting devices showed very good performance in terms of turn-on voltage, electroluminescence, and lifetime properties.
Nonholonomic kinematics and dynamics of the Sphericle (2002)

We consider a complete dynamic model for the "Sphericle", a spherical vehicle that has been designed and realized in our laboratory. The Sphericle is able to roll on the floor of the laboratory and reach arbitrary positions and orientations, through the use of only two motors placed within the rolling sphere. In this paper, we report on the derivation of the kinematic model of the Sphericle, which incorporates two types of nonholonomic constraints and its dynamic model.
Modeling and analysis of interconnects within a package incorporating vias and a perforated ground plane (2002)

Frequently multichip modules (MCM) have perforated ground and power planes as opposed to solid ground and power planes. The periodic apertures in the planes alter how electromagnetic waves propagate in the system, and therefore must be taken into account when analyzing the system. The characteristic behavior of interconnects above a perforated ground plane is affected by the size, shape, and orientation of the apertures. To accurately model the interconnects over perforated ground planes requires the use of the periodic 3D Green's function. The Green's functions comprises two infinite series both of which converge extremely slowly, and this slow convergence of the periodic Green's function has hampered previous analysis. To overcome this obstacle a mixed domain representation of the Green's function based on the error function transformation is used. This representation of the Green's function converges exponentially in both the spatial and spectral domains. Using this representation, the Green's function can be computed accurately and in a short amount of time. Modeling the gridded ground plane is just the first step in modeling an entire system. In addition to being able to accurately model the ground plane, one must be able to model a wide variety of structures, such as multiple interconnects, discontinuities, and conformal vias. All of these models need to be verified with measurements of actual devices. Finally, in order to be effective in post-layout verification, the developed models must interface with a circuit simulator.
Anandamide-induced sleep is blocked by SR141716A, a CB1 receptor antagonist and by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor (2001)

Anandamide (ANA) alters sleep by increasing the amount of time spent in slow wave sleep 2 (SWS2) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) at the expense of wakefulness (W) in rats. In this report, we describe a similar effect of ANA when injected itracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or into the peduriculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and the lack of an effect when ANA is administered into the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Furthermore, the i.c.v. or PPTg administration of SR141716A, a CB1 antagonist, or U73122, a PLC inhibitor, 15 min prior to ANA, readily prevents the ANA induced changes in sleep. The present results suggest that a cannabinoid system in the PPTg may be involved in sleep regulation and that the cannabinoid effect is mediated by the CB1 receptor coupled to a PLC second messenger system.
2011 update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1. (2011)

This November 2011 edition of the IAS-USA drug resistance mutations list updates the figures last published in December 2010 (Johnson VA et al, Top HIV Med, 2010;18:156-163).
The Application of Investment Criteria (1953)

Introduction, 76. — I. Structural factors, 77. — II. Calculation of the social benefit of individual investments, 79. — III. Investment criteria reexamined, 85. — IV. Summary and conclusions, 94.
Pipelle endometrial sampling in patients with known endometrial carcinoma. (1991)

The purpose of this prospective clinical trial was to determine the reliability of the Pipelle endometrial biopsy instrument in recovering adequate tissue for confirmation of the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in patients with known endometrial carcinoma, and to compare endometrial histology of the sampling specimen with that of the subsequent hysterectomy specimen. Forty patients were enrolled in this study. All biopsies were performed in the office without anesthesia. The patients had a median age of 62 years (range 40-83). Discomfort was reported by the patient as mild, moderate, or severe; only two patients (5.0%) reported severe pain. There were no complications experienced with endometrial sampling. Thirty-nine of 40 specimens (97.5%) confirmed endometrial carcinoma; therefore, this study yielded a 97.5% sensitivity for the Pipelle endometrial sampling device. Comparing Pipelle and hysterectomy histology for individual patients, the histologic grade was the same in 29 (74.4%), while the Pipelle demonstrated a more advanced degree of differentiation in five (12.8%) and a lesser degree in five (12.8%). There was no residual tumor identified in one hysterectomy specimen (2.5%). Among the 12 patients who had a D&C for diagnostic purposes before referral, the Pipelle biopsy correlated with the D&C histology in ten of 12 (83.3%) and revealed a more advanced grade of tumor in one (8.3%) and a more differentiated grade in one (8.3%). In one patient, the D&C histology was adenocarcinoma grade 1, with the Pipelle demonstrating atypical hyperplasia and the hysterectomy specimen interpreted as endometrial adenocarcinoma in situ. This study demonstrates the Pipelle to be an accurate device for endometrial sampling in patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Enhanced Performance of a GaN-Based LED Prepared by an Anodized Aluminum Oxide-Nanoporous Pattern Sapphire Substrate (2013)

A new approach to fabricate a GaN light-emitting diode (LED), grown on an anodized aluminum oxide-nanoporous pattern sapphire substrate (AAO-NPSS), is studied. An AAO film is used as a dry etching mask to transfer nanoporous patterns on the sapphire substrate. Because of the use of AAO-NPSS, threading dislocations could be reduced and air voids would be formed to reflect downward photons toward top direction. As compared with a conventional LED, at 20 mA, the AAO-NPSS-based device exhibits 52.8% enhancements of light output power. The reduced leakage current and lower turn-on voltage are also achieved. Therefore, the use of AAO-NPSS structure could effectively improve the crystalline quality and light extraction efficiency, which certainly leads to the enhanced performance of GaN LEDs.
Progress on Nanoceramics by Sol Gel Process (2008)

Sol-gel technology has been proved as a very valuable tool for producing and processing ceramic materials for advanced applications especially when currently nanotechnology becomes as the dominant topic for most of the scientists and engineers. While many functional ceramic materials are of technological interest, this paper tries to give an over view of recent progress in synthesis of ceramic powders, mainly nano-scaled powders, by sol gel process and their applications.
[Effects of active behavior in the postresuscitation period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the brain]. (1999)

Efficacy of prolonged (days 10-60 after resuscitation) regular activation of behavior by labyrinth training of 4-staged food search conditioned reflex is studied in rats subjected to 15-min circulation arrest. This training affected the function of the central nervous system, which manifested by decreased anxiety and a higher activity in the open field test. This functional exercise prevented fall-out of neurons in the fifth layer of hemispheres, of cerebellar Purkinje's cells, and of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal sector CA1. These results support the hypothesis proposed by A. M. Gurvich on the possibility of regulating the postresuscitation recovery of the central nervous system by neurophysiological treatment of the brain.
Virtual Fragment Screening: Discovery of Histamine H<sub>3</sub> Receptor Ligands Using Ligand-Based and Protein-Based Molecular Fingerprints (2012)

Virtual fragment screening (VFS) is a promising new method that uses computer models to identify small, fragment-like biologically active molecules as useful starting points for fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD). Training sets of true active and inactive fragment-like molecules to construct and validate target customized VFS methods are however lacking. We have for the first time explored the possibilities and challenges of VFS using molecular fingerprints derived from a unique set of fragment affinity data for the histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R), a pharmaceutically relevant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Optimized FLAP (Fingerprints of Ligands and Proteins) models containing essential molecular interaction fields that discriminate known H(3)R binders from inactive molecules were successfully used for the identification of new H(3)R ligands. Prospective virtual screening of 156,090 molecules yielded a high hit rate of 62% (18 of the 29 tested) experimentally confirmed novel fragment-like H(3)R ligands that offer new potential starting points for the design of H(3)R targeting drugs. The first construction and application of customized FLAP models for the discovery of fragment-like biologically active molecules demonstrates that VFS is an efficient way to explore protein-fragment interaction space in silico.