gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Drug Delivery to the CNS (2000)

History and Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Relation to Delivery of Drugs to the Brain Michael W. Bradbury Physicochemical Factors that Influence Brain Uptake Michael H. Abraham and James A. Platts The Development of In Vitro Models for the Blood-Brain and Blood-CSF Barriers Christiane Engelbertz, Dorothea Korte, Thorsten Nitz, Helmut Franke, Matthias Haselbach, Joachim Wegener, and Hans-Joachim Galla In Vitro Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Use in Drug Development R. Cecchelli, B. Dehouck, L. Descamps, L. Fenart, V. Buee-Scherrer, C. Duhem, G. Torpier, and M. P. Dehouck The Application of Microdialysis Techniques to the Study of Drug Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier A. G. de Boer, Elizabeth C. M. de Lange, Inez C. J. van der Sandt, and Douwe D. Breimer The Role of Brain Extracellular Fluid Production and Efflux Mechanisms in Drug Transport to the Brain David J. Begley, Anthony Regina, Francoise Roux, Ehsan Ullah Khan, Christopher Rollinson, and Joan Abbott The Relevance of P-Glycoprotein in Drug Transport to the Brain: The Use of Knockout Mice as a Model System Ulrich Mayer Specific Mechanisms for Transporting Drugs Into Brain Akira Tsuji Drug Metabolism in the Brain: Benefits and Risks Alain Minn, Ramon D. S. El-Bacha, Claire Bayol-Denizot, Philippe Lagrange, Funmilayo G. Suleman, and Daniela Gradinaru Targeting Macromolecules to the Central Nervous System Ulrich Bickel Using Nanoparticles to Target Drugs to the Central Nervous System Jorg Kreuter and Renad N. Alyautdin Basic CNS Drug Transport and Binding Kinetics In Vivo Albert Gjedde, Antony D. Gee, and Donald Frederick Smith
Effects of Exogenous Cholecystokinin Octapeptide on Acquisition of Naloxone Precipitated Withdrawal Induced Conditioned Place Aversion in Rats (2012)

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), a gut-brain peptide, regulates a variety of physiological behavioral processes. Previously, we reported that exogenous CCK-8 attenuated morphine-induced conditioned place preference, but the possible effects of CCK-8 on aversively motivated drug seeking remained unclear. To investigate the effects of endogenous and exogenous CCK on negative components of morphine withdrawal, we evaluated the effects of CCK receptor antagonists and CCK-8 on the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion (CPA). The results showed that CCK2 receptor antagonist (LY-288,513, 10 µg, i.c.v.), but not CCK1 receptor antagonist (L-364,718, 10 µg, i.c.v.), inhibited the acquisition of CPA when given prior to naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) administration in morphine-dependent rats. Similarly, CCK-8 (0.1-1 µg, i.c.v.) significantly attenuated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal-induced CPA, and this inhibitory function was blocked by co-injection with L-364,718. Microinjection of L-364,718, LY-288,513 or CCK-8 to saline pretreated rats produced neither a conditioned preference nor aversion, and the induction of CPA by CCK-8 itself after morphine pretreatments was not significant. Our study identifies a different role of CCK1 and CCK2 receptors in negative affective components of morphine abstinence and an inhibitory effect of exogenous CCK-8 on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal-induced CPA via CCK1 receptor.
CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity toward Schwann Cells Promotes Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (2013)

Our study indicates that CD8(+) T cells mediate cytotoxicity toward Schwann cells and play an important role in the development of DPN.
The worst case cell arrival patterns that conform to the GCRA in ATM networks (2002)

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is well known technology for implementing broadband integrated services digital networks. A major issue in ATM technology is traffic control. We introduce the concepts of conservative cell loss ratio (CLR) estimation and worst case cell arrival patterns, and apply them to cell arrival patterns that conform to the generic cell rate algorithm (GCRA). We define new sets of cell arrival patterns which contain the worst case cell arrival patterns for compliant cell arrival patterns. Based on these sets, we propose a connection admission control method. A numerical example demonstrates its effectiveness.
OTN Interface Standards for Rates Beyond 100 Gb/s (2017)

The optical transport network (OTN) protocol defined by the ITU-T (Recommendation G.709) has become the backbone of service provider long haul and metro networks. Its flexibility has allowed it to support the converged transparent transport for the full variety of both constant bit rate and packet-oriented digital WAN client signals, and its overhead is optimized to reduce the equipment and operational costs for service provider networks. The emerging technologies that enable interface rates beyond 100 Gb/s have created multiple challenges and opportunities for the next generation of OTN. This paper first discusses the challenges and considerations behind the new extension of OTN for rates beyond 100 Gb/s (OTN B100G). This paper then provides a tutorial for the new OTN B100G standard in light of the flexible and modular manner in which it addressed these considerations. This paper also gives a tutorial overview of the new flexible OTN “FlexO” protocol. FlexO was developed as a modular PHY technology for OTN B100G, allowing it to reuse IP and modules from the Ethernet ecosystem. In addition, this paper provides a tutorial overview of the new flexible Ethernet “FlexE” technology from the optical internetworking forum. FlexE provides both an important new client for transport over OTN, and technology that has been incorporated into the OTN B100G standard. The complementary synergies between OTN and 200G/400G Ethernet and FlexE will become apparent.
Parallel implementation of the NIST Statistical Test Suite (2010)

Randomness test suites constitute an essential component within the process of assessing random number generators in view of determining their suitability for a specific application. Evaluating the randomness quality of random numbers sequences produced by a given generator is not an easy task considering that no finite set of statistical tests can assure perfect randomness, instead each test attempts to rule out sequences that show deviation from perfect randomness by means of certain statistical properties. This is the reason why several batteries of statistical tests are applied to increase the confidence in the selected generator. Therefore, in the present context of constantly increasing volumes of random data that need to be tested, special importance has to be given to the performance of the statistical test suites. Our work enrolls in this direction and this paper presents the results on improving the well known NIST Statistical Test Suite (STS) by introducing parallelism and a paradigm shift towards byte processing delivering a design that is more suitable for today's multicore architectures. Experimental results show a very significant speedup of up to 103 times compared to the original version.
Best Practices in Testing and Analyzing Multilayer Reservoirs (2010)

Abstract Layered formations are the norm rather than exception among oil and gas reservoirs. Knowing the individual layer properties is important for making development strategies. It plays a significant role in secondary recovery. This paper presents best practices in the design, execution, and analysis of multilayer pressure transient tests in Tengiz oil field in western Kazakhstan. Our experience proves that the use of multilayer testing and analysis techniques results in a lower level of uncertainty in layered reservoir characterization than can be obtained by the simpler commingled pressure transient test alone. The formations in the platform area of Tengiz consist of multiple zones with different reservoir pressures; therefore cross-flow often occurs during shut-in periods. In some cases, the impact from different layer pressure and skin distribution could result in 100% difference in individual layer permeability estimations. To reduce the uncertainty, the Selective Inflow Performance (SIP) production logging technique (Stewart et al. 1981) is used to measure the bottom-hole pressures and flow contributions of individual layers during a commingled pressure transient test. Pulsed Neutron Capture logs are also used to provide information about stimulation effectiveness (skin) in each zone. Then a robust step by step analysis method developed to use all data and information is applied to obtain individual layer properties. The best practices of using this methodology and the associated uncertainty are discussed in this paper. The challenge in characterization of layered reservoirs lies in the large number of unknown parameters. The approach described in this paper resolves enough of these unknowns in a systematic fashion that a more direct solution is obtained with resultant lower uncertainty.
Face detection and its applications (2013)

In the past two decades, face detection has been proven as the most interesting research field from the domain of image processing. In this paper, we are going to describe some important aspects of face detection, which are very much useful in many applications like face recognition, facial expression recognition, face tracking, facial feature extraction, gender classification, identification system, document control and access control, clustering, biometric science, human computer interaction (HCI) system, digital cosmetics and many more [1]. Before that, I would like to focus on some well-known face detection techniques [2] and then some feature detection methods because until and unless we extract the important features (eyes, nose, mouth) from a face we won‟t be able to uniquely identify the person properly.
Construction of 3D tissue with perfused vessels and capillaries through 3D bio-printing (2014)

Due to diffusion limitation, tissues thicker than several hundred micrometers have difficulties in survival and proliferation. 3D bio-printing technology enables to create fluidic channels within tissue structures for appropriate media perfusion. This solution supports viability for the simple tissue model with limited number of cells and scaffold types; however, an additional capillary network is essential for more complex and denser tissues. In this study, we developed a 3D printing method to construct larger fluidic vascular channels in mm-scale and to create adjacent capillary network through a natural maturation process, thus providing a method to connect the capillary network to the large perfused vascular channels. Our bio-printing technology has a great potential in engineering vascularized thick tissues and vascular niches, as the vascular channels are simultaneously created while cells and matrices are printed around the channels in desired 3D patterns.
A sub-threshold voltage ladder rectifier for orthogonal current-reuse neural amplifier (2013)

We demonstrate an inductively powered, orthogonal current-reuse multi-channel amplifier for power-efficient neural recording. The power rectifier uses the input swing as a self-synchronous charge pump, making it a fully passive, full-wave ladder rectifier. The rectifier supplies 10.37μW at 1.224V to the multi-channel amplifier, which includes bias generation. The prototype device is fabricated in a TSMC 65nm CMOS process, with an active area of 0.107mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The maximum measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 16.58% with a 184mV input amplitude.
Electron neutral collision frequency measurement with the hairpin resonator probe (2017)

Electron neutral collision frequency is measured using both grounded and floating hairpin resonator probes in a 27 MHz parallel plate capacitively coupled plasma (CCP). Operating conditions are 0.1-2 Torr (13.3-267 Pa) in Ar, He, and Ar-He gas mixtures. The method treats the hairpin probe as a two wire transmission line immersed in a dielectric medium. A minimization method is applied during the pressure and sheath correction process by sweeping over assumed collision frequencies in order to obtain the measured collision frequency. Results are compared to hybrid plasma equipment module (HPEM) simulations and show good agreement.
Patient reliability in the administration of topical ocular medication. (2001)

The amount of medication that patients actually administered in this trial varied widely according to the individual, and patient age may be a factor affecting compliance in using eyedrops.
Development of radiation resistant materials for advanced nuclear power plant (2006)

A unique feature of the environment of nuclear power reactors is the presence of high energy neutron radiation, which can lead to degradation processes in the materials of critical components. An understanding of the operative elevated temperature radiation damage mechanisms enables these effects to be minimised by appropriate alloy selection together with compositional optimisation. An overview of these aspects relevant to advanced fission and fusion reactor systems is presented. Several key examples are highlighted and include radiation embrittlement of low alloy pressure vessel steels for pressurised water reactors, coating designs for fuel in high temperature pebble bed reactors, and selection and design of low activation materials for proposed tokomak fusion reactor devices. In addition, void swelling, non-equilibrium solute segregation and radiation induced precipitation processes in alloys at high displacement doses and relevant to several reactor systems are covered. Likely trends in future nuclear power plant design and associated materials requirements are discussed.
Bayesian Model Averaging Continual Reassessment Method in Phase I Clinical Trials (2009)

The continual reassessment method (CRM) is a popular dose-finding design for phase I clinical trials. This method requires that practitioners prespecify the toxicity probability at each dose. Such prespecification can be arbitrary, and different specifications of toxicity probabilities may lead to very different design properties. To overcome the arbitrariness and further enhance the robustness of the design, we propose using multiple parallel CRM models, each with a different set of prespecified toxicity probabilities. In the Bayesian paradigm, we assign a discrete probability mass to each CRM model as the prior model probability. The posterior probabilities of toxicity can be estimated by the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach. Dose escalation or deescalation is determined by comparing the target toxicity rate and the BMA estimates of the dose toxicity probabilities. We examine the properties of the BMA-CRM approach through extensive simulation studies, and also compare this new method and its variants with the original CRM. The results demonstrate that our BMA-CRM is competitive and robust, and eliminates the arbitrariness of the prespecification of toxicity probabilities.
Delivery of Catalytic Metal Species onto Surfaces with Dendrimer Carriers for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes with Narrow Diameter Distribution (2002)

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are used as carriers to deliver complexed Fe(Ill) ions uniformly onto silicon oxide substrates for the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with,a narrow diameter in the range of 1-2 nm. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis with these nanoparticles affords single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a diameter distribution in the range of 1-2 run, much narrower than that for SWNTs grown from commonly used powder-supported catalyst (1-5 nm) and from artificial ferritin derived nanoparticles (1-3 nm). Thus, the current work represents a step further toward the synthesis of monodispersed SWNTs via the approach of chemically controlling the formation of discrete catalyst. nanoparticles.
Obtaining a SRLG-disjoint path pair of min-sum cost (2010)

Network survivability is very important due to the growth of Internet traffic and the number of services/business depending on telecommunication networks. A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is the set of links in the network that share a common physical resource subject to fault(s). The fault of a given network resource implies a fault in all links in the corresponding SRLG. The concept of SRLG allows an upper layer to be able to implement SRLG diverse routing, that is to calculate, for a given Active Path (AP), a Backup Path (BP), which avoids every SRLG that may involve the selected AP. Firstly we will present a short revision of the Conflicting SRLG Exclusion (CoSE) and of the Iterative Modified Suurballe's Heuristic (IMSH). The CoSE algorithm solves the minmin problem extending the Conflicting Link Exclusion (COLE) algorithm by replacing the calculation of the conflicting link set by the calculation of the conflicting SRLG set. Secondly we will propose a new version of CoSE, which we designate as CoSE-MS, for solving the min-sum problem. This is achieved by introducing a modified Bhandari's edge-disjoint shortest path pair heuristic (MBH) and using the Modified Suurballe's Heuristic (MSH) in the original version of CoSE. Thirdly we will compare CoSE-MS performance with IMSH.
Rat renal capsule: Presence of layers of unique squamous cells (1973)

Abstract Unique squamous cells forming one or more layers are invariably present at the inner border of the rat kidney capsule. The cells frequently surround a space or lumen of irregular contour. The cells appear to be supported by collagenous bundles which run between adjacent cells within groove‐like indentations in a single cell, but the connective tissue components are separated from the squamous cells by a thick basal lamina. The fibrous capsule is bound to the renal parenchyma by loose connective tissue containing fibrocytes, small collagen bundles, and abundant mononuclear cells which are partially surrounded by processes of the fibrocytes.
Cyclic Peptoids (2007)

Foldamers are an intriguing family of biomimetic oligomers that exhibit a propensity to adopt stable secondary structures. N-Substituted glycine oligomers, or "peptoids", are a prototypical example of these foldamer systems and are known to form a helix resembling that of polyproline type I. Ongoing studies seek to improve the stability of peptoid folding and to discover new secondary structure motifs. Here, we report that peptoids undergo highly efficient head-to-tail macrocyclization reactions. A diverse array of peptoid sequences from pentamers to 20mers were converted to macrocyclic products within 5 min at room temperature. The introduction of the covalent constraint enhances conformational ordering, allowing for the crystallization of a cyclic peptoid hexamer and octamer. We present the first X-ray crystallographic structures of peptoid hetero-oligomers, revealing that peptoid macrocycles can form a reverse-turn conformation.
Local recruitment of remyelinating cells in the repair of demyelination in the central nervous system (1997)

The distance over which remyelinating cells within surrounding intact tissue are stimulated to respond to a demyelinating lesion and migrate toward it is unknown. To address this issue we have conducted a series of experiments in which the generation of remyelinating cells in tissue surrounding a spontaneously repairing area of demyelination induced in the adult rat spinal cord is suppressed by exposure to X-irradiation. By regulating the area of X-irradiation relative to the length of the demyelinating lesion within dorsal white matter we have shown that remyelinating cells are not recruited over distances greater than 2 mm into areas of demyelination, implying that most of the remyelinating cells are locally generated. This result indicates that there is only a narrow rim of normal tissue surrounding an area of demyelination from which remyelinating cells can be recruited. The depletion of cells within this rim may account for the poor remyelination associated with large areas of demyelination and following repeated episodes of demyelination. We have also shown that, in contrast to Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte lineage cells recruited into lesions have a limited ability to rapidly repopulate large areas of demyelination. Attempts to enhance remyelination in situations where it fails should therefore focus on increasing the size of the surrounding area from which remyelinating cells can be recruited by augmenting the level of recruitment signal, and preventing premature differentiation of oligodendrocytes so as to maximize their migratory and proliferative potential.
Camel and bovine chymosin: the relationship between their structures and cheese-making properties (2013)

Bovine and camel chymosin are aspartic peptidases that are used industrially in cheese production. They cleave the Phe105-Met106 bond of the milk protein κ-casein, releasing its predominantly negatively charged C-terminus, which leads to the separation of the milk into curds and whey. Despite having 85% sequence identity, camel chymosin shows a 70% higher milk-clotting activity than bovine chymosin towards bovine milk. The activities, structures, thermal stabilities and glycosylation patterns of bovine and camel chymosin obtained by fermentation in Aspergillus niger have been examined. Different variants of the enzymes were isolated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and showed variations in their glycosylation, N-terminal sequences and activities. Glycosylation at Asn291 and the loss of the first three residues of camel chymosin significantly decreased its activity. Thermal differential scanning calorimetry revealed a slightly higher thermal stability of camel chymosin compared with bovine chymosin. The crystal structure of a doubly glycosylated variant of camel chymosin was determined at a resolution of 1.6 Å and the crystal structure of unglycosylated bovine chymosin was redetermined at a slightly higher resolution (1.8 Å) than previously determined structures. Camel and bovine chymosin share the same overall fold, except for the antiparallel central β-sheet that connects the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. In bovine chymosin the N-terminus forms one of the strands which is lacking in camel chymosin. This difference leads to an increase in the flexibility of the relative orientation of the two domains in the camel enzyme. Variations in the amino acids delineating the substrate-binding cleft suggest a greater flexibility in the ability to accommodate the substrate in camel chymosin. Both enzymes possess local positively charged patches on their surface that can play a role in interactions with the overall negatively charged C-terminus of κ-casein. Camel chymosin contains two additional positive patches that favour interaction with the substrate. The improved electrostatic interactions arising from variation in the surface charges and the greater malleability both in domain movements and substrate binding contribute to the better milk-clotting activity of camel chymosin towards bovine milk.
Absence of clinical correlates of diabetic retinopathy in the <scp><i>Ins2<sup>Akita</sup></i></scp> retina (2013)

Our results indicate that the classical clinical correlates of human diabetic retinopathy are absent in Ins2(Akita) mice up to 6 months of age suggesting that either the histopathological processes underlying the development of diabetic retinopathy in this model require longer than 5 months of hyperglycaemia to result in disruption of retinal architecture or that advanced diabetic retinopathy is not a feature of the Ins2(Akita) diabetic mouse.