gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of reactively sputtered oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) and their impact on CdTe solar cell performance (2014)

Oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) is commonly used as the n-type window layer in high-performance CdTe heterojunction solar cells. This layer is deposited by reactive sputtering, but the optimal amount of oxygen in the sputtering ambient is highly dependent on the specific system and process employed. In this work, the intrinsic properties of CdS:O were measured as a function of the oxygen content (0%–10%) in the sputtering ambient and correlated to device performance with the goal of better defining optimal CdS:O properties for CdTe solar cells. Optimal performance was found using CdS:O films that contained ∼40 at. % oxygen as measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed these results and showed that oxygen is incorporated primarily as oxygenated sulfur compounds (SOx). Device efficiency improved from 10.5% using CdS to &gt;14% with CdS:O due largely to increases in short-circuit current density as well as a modest improvement in open-circuit voltage. The transparency of the CdS:O films was well correlated with observed improvements in blue quantum efficiency with increasing oxygen content. The optical bandgap of as-deposited CdS:O was identified as a simple metric for process optimization and transfer, with 2.8 eV being ideal for the device architecture employed.
Two new efficient approximation algorithms with O(k log k) for the Steiner tree problem in rectilinear graphs (1991)

The authors propose two new approximation algorithms with a time complexity of O(k log k) (k is the number of the given generating points) for the rectilinear Steiner tree problem. Both algorithms make use of the modified Delaunay net defined by the given generating points and the derived triangular Steiner points. In order to make successively a minimum spanning subtree on the modified Delaunay net, the authors use doubly the neighborhood property of each triangular Steiner point as well as each generating point for the first method, and use Kruskal's algorithm-like procedure for the second method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modification of Polymer Surfaces by Photoinduced Graft Copolymerization (1988)

During the last few years, new developments in polymer photochemistry have made it possible to graft various functional monomers onto surfaces of inert polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate. In the first attempts, initiator and monomer were transferred in vapor phase into a "UV Cure" irradiator containing the polymer sheet to be surface grafted. After a few minutes irradiation with a high pressure mercury lamp at about 50°C, a rather complete cover of grafted acrylic acid, acrylamide and other vinyl monomers could be obtained. In later experiments a continuous grafting method has been developed where a tape or a fiber bundle after suitable pretreatment is grafted by UV irradiation for a few seconds. Homopolymer formed is removed by washing and grafted polymer analyzed by dye absorption, IR reflection and ESCA spectroscopy.
Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition (2000)

This study therefore demonstrates first the potential for important drug interactions to occur by a new mechanism, namely, inhibition of P-glycoprotein, and second that the lack of respiratory depression produced by loperamide, which allows it to be safely used therapeutically, can be reversed by a drug causing P-glycoprotein inhibition, resulting in serious toxic and abuse potential.
Design and Analysis of an Ultrahigh-Speed Glitch-Free Fully Differential Charge Pump With Minimum Output Current Variation and Accurate Matching (2006)

An ultrahigh-speed fully differential charge pump with minimum current mismatch and variation is proposed in this brief. A mismatch suppression circuit is employed to minimize the mismatch between the charging and discharging currents, which minimizes the steady-state phase error in a phase-locked loop (PLL). A variation suppression circuit is proposed to minimize output current variation with the change of output voltage, which reduces the variation of the bandwidth in a PLL. Techniques are proposed to suppress both low-speed glitches and high-speed glitches in the output current to allow glitch-free operation of the charge pump with ultrafast input pulses. The differential charge pump is designed and simulated under the power supply of 3.3 V in TSMC 0.35-mum CMOS technology to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques
An Automated Classification System for the Differentiation of Obstructive Lung Diseases based on the Textural Analysis of HRCT images (2007)

Purpose: To develop an automated classification system for the differentiation of obstructive lung diseases based on the textural analysis of HRCT images, and to evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of the system. Materials and Methods: For textural analysis, histogram features, gradient features, run length encoding, and a co-occurrence matrix were employed. A Bayesian classifier was used for automated classification. The images (image number n=256) were selected from the HRCT images obtained from 17 healthy subjects (n=67), 26 patients with bronchiolitis obliterans (n=70), 28 patients with mild centrilobular emphysema (n=65), and 21 patients with panlobular emphysema or severe centrilobular emphysema (n=63). An five-fold cross-validation method was used to assess the performance of the system. Class-specific sensitivities were analyzed and the overall accuracy of the system was assessed with kappa statistics. Results: The sensitivity of the system for each class was as follows: normal lung 84.9%, bronchiolitis obliterans 83.8%, mild centrilobular emphysema 77.0%, and panlobular emphysema or severe centrilobular emphysema 95.8%. The overall performance for differentiating each disease and the normal lung was satisfactory with a kappa value of 0.779. Conclusion: An automated classification system for the differentiation between obstructive lung diseases based on the textural analysis of HRCT images was developed. The proposed system discriminates well between the various obstructive lung diseases and the normal lung.
Structural and functional differentiation of sinusoidal endothelial cells during liver organogenesis in humans (1996)

During fetal life, human liver sinusoids, which differentiate between 4 and 12 weeks of gestation from capillaries of the septum transversum, must support an important hematopoietic function and acquire the structural and functional characteristics of adult sinusoids. To gain insight into their differentiation process, we studied the expression of (1) markers of continuous endothelia, absent from adult sinusoidal endothelial cells (PECAM-1, CD34, and 1F10); (2) functional markers of adult sinusoidal endothelial calls (CD4, 1CAM-1, CD32, and CD14); and (3) extracellular matrix components (laminin, tenascin, fibronectin, and thrombospondin) in 37 fetuses of different gestational ages. We identified two successive differentiation events. (1) An early structural differentiation, occurring from 5 to 12 weeks of gestation, was characterized by the loss of continuous endothelial cell markers and a reduction in the perisinusoidal amount of laminin and in the deposition of tenascin, fibronectin, and thrombospondin; at the end of this process, fetal liver sinusoids present structural characteristics comparable to those of the sinuses in adult hematopoietic bone marrow. (2) A later functional differentiation was characterized by the acquisition of the markers of adult sinusoidal endothelial cells, initiating at 10 weeks of gestation and completed by 20 weeks of gestation; this process likely contributes to adapt liver sinusoids to the specific functions of the adult hepatic tissue.
A Fluorescent Method for Detection of Telomerase Activity (1997)

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was recently developed to detect telomerase activity in cellular protein extracts. Teleomerase synthesizes a specific repeating nucleotide sequence onto the ends of telomeres, which stabilize eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeric repeats are identified in the TRAP method by polymerase chain reaction amplification and incorporation of radionucleotides detected by autoradiography. Several drawbacks to this method have been recognized, including the time required to complete the assay, the resolution of the results, and the hazards of radioactive material. We have developed a new fluorescent method of detecting telomerase to alleviate these problems. Telomeric repeats are identified in the fluorescent TRAP (F-TRAP) assay by incorporation of fluorescein-labeled primers during amplification and subsequent detection with an automated DNA sequencer. This new method appears to be as sensitive as the standard TRAP assay and offers advantages in speed, resolution, cost, and safety.
Neurotransmitter replacement therapy in Alzheimer's disease. (1994)

The relative success of symptomatic attenuation of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease with dopaminomimetics has spurred interest in neurotransmitter replacement therapy for treating Alzheimer's disease. While cholinergic dysfunction has been linked to various clinical parameters in Alzheimer's disease, cholinergic replacement, including precursor therapy, administration of direct-acting agonists and inhibition of enzymatic degradation has had only very modest success. The inhibition of enzymatic degradation has perhaps shown the most interesting results to date. However, conclusions with respect to efficacy continue to be controversial. Discussion continues about whether or not single transmitter replacement for Alzheimer's disease is a viable treatment approach. Deficiencies in central noradrenergic, serotonergic, GABAergic and perhaps dopaminergic neural transmission may also play a critical role in some of the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, certain neuropeptides, in particular somatostatin, may be important in this context. Several series of clinical trials are currently attempting to address these issues. Given the complexities of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, symptomatic relief may require multiple transmitter replacement and necessitate more definitive intercessions at the molecular biological level.
Synthetic Approaches to the 2008 New Drugs (2009)

New drugs are introduced to the market every year and each individual drug represents a privileged structure for its biological target. These new chemical entities (NCEs) provide insights into molecular recognition and also serve as leads for designing future new drugs. This review covers the syntheses of 18 NCEs marketed in 2008.
Fabrication of large‐sized silica monolith exceeding 1000 mL with high structural homogeneity (2013)

Reproducible fabrication of the hierarchically porous monolithic silica in a large volume exceeding 1000 mL has been established. By the hydrothermal enlargement of the fully accessible small pores to exceed 50 nm in diameter, the capillary force emerged on solvent evaporation was dramatically reduced, which allowed the preparation of crack-free monoliths with evaporative solvent removal under an ambient pressure. The local temperature inhomogeneity within a reaction vessel in a large volume was precisely controlled to cancel the heat evolved by the hydrolysis reaction of tetramethoxysilane and that consumed to melt ice cubes dispersed in the solution, resulting in large monolithic silica pieces with improved structural homogeneity. Homogeneity of the pore structure was confirmed, both on macro- and mesoscales, using SEM, mercury intrusion, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. Furthermore, the deviations in chromatographic performance were examined by evaluating multiple smaller monolithic columns prepared from the monolithic silica pieces cut from different parts of a large monolith. All the daughter columns thus prepared exhibited comparable performances to each other to prove the overall homogeneity of the mother monolith. Preliminary results on high-speed separation of peptides and proteins by the octadecylsilylated silica monolith of the above production have also been demonstrated.
Learning to Decode: Reinforcement Learning for Decoding of Sparse Graph-Based Channel Codes (2020)

We show in this work that reinforcement learning can be successfully applied to decoding short to moderate length sparse graph-based channel codes. Specifically, we focus on low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, which for example have been standardized in the context of 5G cellular communication systems due to their excellent error correcting performance. These codes are typically decoded via belief propagation iterative decoding on the corresponding bipartite (Tanner) graph of the code via flooding, i.e., all check and variable nodes in the Tanner graph are updated at once. In contrast, in this paper we utilize a sequential update policy which selects the optimum check node (CN) scheduling in order to improve decoding performance. In particular, we model the CN update process as a multi-armed bandit process with dependent arms and employ a Q-learning scheme for optimizing the CN scheduling policy. In order to reduce the learning complexity, we propose a novel graph-induced CN clustering approach to partition the state space in such a way that dependencies between clusters are minimized. Our results show that compared to other decoding approaches from the literature, the proposed reinforcement learning scheme not only significantly improves the decoding performance, but also reduces the decoding complexity dramatically once the scheduling policy is learned.
Rapid Prototyping of Masks for Through-Mask Electrodeposition of Thick Metallic Components (2001)

A flexible and inexpensive approach for rapid prototyping of thick masks (∼130 μm in height) for through-mask electrodeposition of metallic microstructures is demonstrated. The electrodeposition masks are fabricated directly from a computer-aided design layout by patterning adhesive-backed polyvinyl chloride tape using a laser. The pliant tape masks can then be transferred directly to planar or nonplanar substrates. We demonstrate the use of the tape mask on a nonplanar substrate by plating a NiFe microcoil on a cylindrical rod. The pattern transfer characteristics of the tape mask are illustrated by plating copper columns on a platinum rotating disk electrode. We also fabricate a two-level NiFe criss-cross structure to show how these tape masks can be used to build structures in three dimensions. Limitations of the existing laser system permit minimum lateral feature dimensions of 130 μm, though the method developed here should readily scale down in feature dimensions using a higher energy pulsed laser. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Advances in gene technology : protein engineering and production : proceedings of the 1988 Miami Bio/Technology Winter Symposium, Miami, Florida, USA, February 8-12, 1988 (1988)

Preface The ICSU Press Acknowledgement Protein modelling, folding and dynamics Processing and sorting Producing proteins in quantity Nucleic acid binding proteins Delivering protein therapeutics Hormones, growth factors and receptors Recovering active and marketable proteins Protein design for catalysis Antibodies and antigens Protein structure and pharmaceutical design I Protein structure and pharmaceutical design II Design and production of proteins for therapeutic and industrial uses Subject index Author index
10-Gb/s optical transmission systems using modulator-integrated DFB lasers with chirp optimizing (1996)

We clarified the optimum chirping and the performance of MI-DFB lasers for 10-Gb/s SMF repeaterless transmission and DSF in-line optical amplifier transmission considering the bias-voltage dependence of /spl alpha/-parameter.
Explicit solutions for root optimization of a polynomial family (2010)

Given a family of real or complex monic polynomials of fixed degree with one fixed affine constraint on their coefficients, consider the problem of minimizing the root radius (largest modulus of the roots) or abscissa (largest real part of the roots). We give constructive methods for finding globally optimal solutions to these problems. In the real case, our methods are based on theorems that extend results in Raymond Chen's 1979 PhD thesis. In the complex case, our methods are based on theorems that are new, easier to state but harder to prove than in the real case. Examples are presented illustrating the results, including several fixed-order controller optimal design problems.
Enhancing Solubility and Bioavailability of Rosuvastatin into Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (2018)

However, these decreases with commercial formulation were only 6% and 2% respectively. According to these findings, development formulation could be potentially used to enhance the oral absorption of RCa.
PhaseFi: Phase Fingerprinting for Indoor Localization with a Deep Learning Approach (2015)

With the increasing demand of location-based services, indoor localization based on fingerprinting has become an increasingly important technique due to its high accuracy and low hardware requirement. In this paper, we propose PhaseFi, a fingerprinting system for indoor localization with calibrated channel state information (CSI) phase information. In PhaseFi, the raw phase information is first extracted from the multiple antennas and multiple subcarriers of the IEEE 802.11n network interface card (NIC) by accessing the modified driver. Then a linear transform is used to extract the calibrated phase information, which is proven to have a bounded variance. For the offline stage, we design a deep network with three hidden layers to train the calibrated phase data, and employ weights to represent fingerprints. A greedy learning algorithm is incorporated to train the weights layer-by-layer to reduce computational complexity, where a sub-network between two continuous layers forms a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM). In the online stage, we use a probabilistic method based on the radial basis function (RBF) for online location estimation. The proposed PhaseFi scheme is implemented and validated with intensive experiments in two representation indoor environments. It outperforms other three benchmark schemes based on CSI or RSS in both scenarios.
Postnatal development of interstitial (subplate) cells in the white matter of the temporal cortex of kittens: A correlated Golgi and electron microscopic study (1988)

The early postnatal development of interstitial cells (IC) in the white matter of the temporal cortex in kittens was studied. Counts in Nissl-stained preparations show that the number of IC diminishes by about 60% during the second postnatal week. In Golgi preparations, IC are bipolar or bitufted with long, beaded dendrites coursing in the white matter toward the ventricular surface. Ascending, shorter dendrites are thinner, often branch in a short bush, and possess long spines resembling filopodia. The majority of their axons descend in the white matter, emitting numerous recurrent collaterals that become ascending fibers reaching various cortical layers. Most IC resemble inverted pyramidal cells. They appear well developed at the time of birth and continue to develop elaborate axonal complexes in the white matter of older animals. Electron microscopic observations of degenerating IC were detected in all cases studied and their presence was related to the existence of cell death responsible for elimination of a fraction of IC. They were recognized by their dark aspect and by dilations of the endoplasmic reticulum. Synapses contacting degenerating profiles were also observed. It is concluded that IC belong to the population of early generated subplate cells which may have a transient function involved in certain morphogenetic events during the development of the cortical plate. Some persist in the adult where they can be recognized as IC of the white matter.
Effect of the diisocyanate on the structure and properties of polyurethane acrylate prepolymers (2000)

In this study, we investigated the role of diisocyanate on the properties of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) prepolymers based on polypropylene oxide (M̄n = 2000 g · mol−1). The diisocyanates studied were isophorone diisocyanate, 4-4′dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and toluene diisocyanate (pure 2,4-TDI, pure 2,6-TDI, and a TDI mixture, TDItech). The molecular structure of the diisocyanate had a major role on the course of the polycondensation and, more precisely, on the sequence length distribution of the final prepolymer. Moreover, the structural organization of the prepolymer also strongly depended on the nature of the diisocyanate. Two types of behaviors were particularly emphasized. On the one hand, the PUA synthesized from 2,4-TDI displayed an enhanced intermixing between soft polyether segments and hard urethane groups, as revealed by the analysis of hydrogen bonding in Fourier transform infrared. Consecutively, the glass transition shifted to higher temperatures for these polymers. On the other hand, strong hard–hard inter-urethane associations were observed in 2,6-TDI-based prepolymers; these led to microphase segregation between polyether chains and urethane groups, as revealed by optical microscopy. This inhomogeneous structure was thought to be responsible for the unusual rheological behavior of these PUA prepolymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2750–2768, 2000
Error concealment in digital simulcast AD-HDTV decoder (1992)

The authors describe strategies developed for concealment of channel errors in the advanced digital high-definition television (AD-HDTV) system. Error concealment performed at the receiver was supported by a custom transport structure which reliably detects errors and helps identify the picture area in which compressed information is lost. The error concealment processor then attempts to repair the damaged portions of the pictures by exploiting spatial and temporal redundancies in the received and reconstructed video signals. These concealment procedures, combined with prioritized data encoding, enabled the AD-HDTV system to deliver acceptable image quality under severely impaired reception conditions, while delivering superb quality under typical transmission impairments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Atomic-scale friction image of graphite in atomic-force microscopy (1996)

We theoretically investigated the image of atomic-scale friction of graphite in atomic-force microscopy (AFM), based on numerical simulation for a static model. We performed systematic calculations of lateral force images of AFM aiming to clarify the effects of cantilever stiffness, scan direction, anisotropy of the cantilever, and surface deformation. The simulation is performed for a simple atomistic model with a single-atom tip connected with the cantilever spring scanned on a monolayer graphite surface. The process in which the conservative lateral force becomes a nonconservative frictional force is clarified. ``Stick regions'' of the tip atom are also discussed in relation to the cantilever stiffness. Calculated frictional-force image patterns are in good agreement with experimental ones. We also find the supercell frictional-force images and discuss their mechanisms. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.