gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle (2014)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Particulate emissions from a production gasoline direct injection spark ignition engine were studied under a typical cold-fast-idle condition (1200 rpm, 2 bar NIMEP). The particle number (PN) density in the 22 to 365 nm range was measured as a function of the injection timing with single pulse injection and with split injection. Very low PN emissions were observed when injection took place in the mid intake stroke because of the fast fuel evaporation and mixing processes which were facilitated by the high turbulent kinetic energy created by the intake charge motion. Under these conditions, substantial liquid fuel film formation on the combustion chamber surfaces was avoided. PN emissions increased when injection took place in the compression stroke, and increased substantially when the fuel spray hit the piston. A conceptual model was established for the particulate matter (PM) formation process in which PM is formed by pyrolysis after the normal premixed flame passage in fuel rich plumes originating from liquid films on the cylinder walls. The pyrolysis process is supported by heat conducted from the hot burned gases outside the plume and by the energy released by the pyrolysis reactions. Thus, the “pool fire” often observed is not a diffusion flame since the small amount of residual oxygen in the burned gases cannot support such a flame. The luminosity is radiation from the hot soot particles which are not oxidized after being formed in the pyrolysis reactions. This model was supported by the PN data obtained from sweeping the charge equivalence ratio from lean to rich.</div></div>
Notes. Arenesulfonic Acids as Catalysts in the Alcholysis of Nitriles to Esters (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes. Arenesulfonic Acids as Catalysts in the Alcholysis of Nitriles to EstersFloyd James and William BryanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 8, 1225–1227Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1958Publication History Published online3 July 2003Published inissue 1 August 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01102a616https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01102a616research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views411Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The phosphodiesterase activity of the HmsP EAL domain is required for negative regulation of biofilm formation in<i>Yersinia pestis</i> (2005)

In Yersinia pestis, biofilm formation is stimulated by HmsT, a GGDEF-domain containing protein that synthesizes cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and inhibited by HmsP, an EAL-domain protein. Only the EAL-domain portion of HmsP is required to inhibit biofilm formation. The EAL domain of HmsP was purified as a 6XHis-tag fusion protein and demonstrated to have phosphodiesterase activity using bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (bis-pNPP) as a substrate. This enzymatic activity was strictly manganese dependent. A critical residue (E506) of HmsP within the EAL domain, that is required for inhibition of biofilm formation, is also essential for this phosphodiesterase activity. While the proposed function of EAL-domain proteins is to linearize c-di-GMP, this is a direct demonstration of the required phosphodiesterase activity of a purified EAL-domain protein.
LETTER FROM THE EDITORS (1955)

WE HOPE that you will like the "new look" of theArchives. The cover has been completely redesigned, and illustrations and space have been rearranged to present a maximum amount of material in the minimum compass compatible with good readability. If you disapprove, the editors accept a full share of responsibility for these changes, because they were consulted freely during the planning. The editors were somewhat disturbed by the fact that this is the second change in the format of theArchivessince its publication began, in 1908. However, they were glad to accede to the new proposals for the cover provided it contained at least a partial list of the table of contents, a suggestion which was readily accepted by the business management. It has been felt, in line with the policy of the Editorial Board to attempt to keep abreast of the major interests of all internists by
Identification of Highly Responsive Kidney Transplant Recipients Using Pretransplant Soluble CD30 (2002)

The identification of high immunologic responders is desirable for the selection of appropriate immunosuppressive regimens. With the collaboration of 29 transplant centers in 15 countries, we investigated whether the pretransplant serum content of soluble CD30 (sCD30), a marker for the activation state of Th2-type cytokine producing T cells, is a useful predictor of kidney graft outcome. Pretransplant sera of 3899 cadaver kidney recipients were tested for serum sCD30 concentration using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Subsequent kidney graft survival was analyzed. The 5-yr graft survival rate in 901 recipients with a high pretransplant serum sCD30 (> or =100 U/ml) was 64 +/- 2%, significantly lower than the 75 +/- 1% rate in 2998 recipients with low sCD30 (<100 U/ml) (P < 0.0001). High sCD30 was associated primarily with graft loss and not with patient death. The sCD30 effect on graft survival was evident in first transplants as well as in retransplants, in presensitized patients with lymphocytotoxic antibodies as well as in nonsensitized patients, and in patients who received HLA well-matched kidneys as well as in patients who received poorly matched grafts. Recipients with a high pretransplant sCD30 needed significantly more rejection treatment after the first posttransplant year and continued to lose grafts at a higher rate during the 5-yr follow-up period, indicating that pretransplant sCD30 predicts not only the risk of acute rejection but also of chronic allograft nephropathy.
Investigation of DFM-lite ORC approach during OPC simulation (2007)

In the recent year tools for DFM (Design for Manufacturing) addressing the lithographic pattern transfer like LfD have evolved besides OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) to reduce the time required from design to manufacturing along the design to mask data preparation flow. The insertion of ORC (Optical Rule Check) after OPC in a separate mask data preparation step has been commonly adopted in order to successfully meet the ever increasing need of an advanced technology node like 130nm, 90nm, 65nm and below. Separate simulation runs are normally done for both OPC and ORC and it is not unusual that different platforms (software, hardware or algorithm) are used for OPC and ORC, especially for better ORC processing throughput. An investigation has been made to look into the possibility of a DFMlite approach by inserting ORC into the OPC run on the same Calibre platform. This is accomplished by adding additional intelligence necessary to provide a 'polishing' step for a hotspot identified, without increasing the combined cycle time but having the benefit of both full OPC and partial ORC in a single simulation run.
3-D motion estimation and wireframe adaptation including photometric effects for model-based coding of facial image sequences (1994)

Proposes a novel formulation where 3D global and local motion estimation and the adaptation of a generic wireframe model to a particular speaker are considered simultaneously within an optical flow based framework including the photometric effects of the motion. We use a flexible wireframe model whose local structure is characterized by the normal vectors of the patches which are related to the coordinates of the nodes. Geometrical constraints that describe the propagation of the movement of the nodes are introduced, which are then efficiently utilized to reduce the number of independent structure parameters. A stochastic relaxation algorithm has been used to determine optimum global motion estimates and the parameters describing the structure of the wireframe model. Results with both simulated and real facial image sequences are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Targeting the bone marrow: applications in stem cell transplantation. (2004)

Therapeutic doses of radiation can be selectively directed to the bone marrow either directly using vectors that bind to myeloid and/or lymphoid specific antigens or indirectly by targeting bone matrix. The combination of an accessible target tissue and relatively radiation sensitive malignant cells favours the use of targeted radiotherapy in the treatment of haematopoietic malignancies. Dose escalation of targeted radiation can increase tumour cell destruction and has led to the use of myelosuppressive and possibly myeloablative doses of targeted radiation. A natural development has been the use of targeted radiation in conditioning prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Several groups are actively exploring the use of targeted radiotherapy in the context of HSCT as treatment for haematological malignancies. Although no randomised trials using targeted radiotherapy in HSCT have been published, phase I and II trials have shown very encouraging results stimulating further clinical research in this field. After more than a decade of translational research the optimal combination of therapeutic radioisotope and vector has not been determined. This review summarises the clinical experience of targeted radiotherapy in HSCT and discusses the problems that still need to be solved to maximise the potential of this new treatment modality in HSCT.
Sitagliptin Manufacture: A Compelling Tale of Green Chemistry, Process Intensification, and Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis (2011)

Generation gap: Three generations of process research and development towards the industrial manufacture of sitagliptin phosphate (1), a leading drug for type 2 diabetes, are highlighted.
Application of neural networks and simulation modeling in manufacturing system design (2002)

We demonstrate how neural networks can be used in conjunction with simulation modeling for system design. This approach is used to achieve the opposite of what a simulation model can achieve: given a set of desired performance measures, the neural network outputs a suitable design to meet management goals. The methodology is presented using a real world application involving the test operation of a major semiconductor manufacturing facility.
The role of fibrosisin Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2012)

Muscular dystrophies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are usually approached as dysfunctions of the affected skeletal myofibres and their force transmission. Comparatively little attention has been given to the increase in connective tissue (fibrosis) which accompanies these muscular changes. Interestingly, an increase in endomysial tissue is apparent long before any muscular degeneration can be observed. Fibrosis is the result of a reactive or reparative process involving mechanical, humoral and cellular factors. Originating from vulnerable myofibres, muscle cell necrosis and inflammatory processes are present in DMD. Muscular recovery is limited due to the limited number and capacity of satellite cells. Hence, a proactive and multimodal approach is necessary in order to activate protective mechanisms and to hinder catabolic and tissue degrading pathways.

Several avenues are discussed in terms of potential antifibrotic therapy approaches. These include pharmaceutical, nutritional, exercise-based and other mechanostimulatory modalities (such as massage or yoga-like stretching) with the intention of exerting an anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effect on the affected muscular tissues. A preventive intervention at an early age is crucial, based on the early and seemingly non-reversible nature of the fibrotic tissue changes. Since consistent assessment is essential, different measurement technologies are discussed.
Computer Assisted Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring (1981)

A computerized system for acquisition of data from a transcutaneous PO2 (PtcO2) monitor is presented. A North Star Computer, Inc., "Horizon" microcomputer was used in this system. The PtcO2 monitor was a Radiometer TCM-1 equipped with an external printer interface. The system had a custom interface module to accept binary-coded decimal data from the PtcO2 monitor. In addition, a 16-channel, 12-bit A/D module, a real-time clock module with interrupt capability, and a high-resolution graphics module were incorporated.
Selective Removal of the 2‘- and 3‘-<i>O</i>-Acyl Groups from 2‘,3‘,5‘-Tri-<i>O</i>-acylribonucleoside Derivatives with Lithium Trifluoroethoxide<sup>1</sup> (2006)

Selective cleavage of O2' and O3' ester groups from ribonucleoside derivatives has been accomplished with Dowex 1 x 2 (CF3CH2O-) in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) or lithium trifluoroethoxide/TFE. Deacylations with Li+ -OCH2CF3/TFE proceed at ambient temperature (or with mild heating) to give the 5'-O-acyl derivatives in superior yields and higher purity than prior approaches for selective O2' and O3' ester deprotection.
Click catalyzed nucleic acid labeling as a novel replacement for the BrdU antibody based cell proliferation assay (2007)

A novel method of measuring cell proliferation by incorporation of the nucleic acid analog 5‐ethynyl 2′deoxyuridine (EdU) into proliferating cells is demonstrated. The copper (I) catalyzed azide‐alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition reaction (“click” reaction), is shown to give rapid S‐phase signal by flow cytometry and clear differentiation of newly dividing cells by microscopic imaging. Click‐based EdU detection of newly synthesized DNA has clear advantages over traditional antibody based 5‐bromo 2′deoxyuridine (BrdU) detection. The assay time is reduced to two hours, has equivalent sensitivity, and does not require the harsh and cumbersome fixation and labeling protocols used for BrdU assay. In addition, the EdU based assay can be multiplexed with antibody‐ based detection and shows co‐localization of signal with cell proliferation marker Ki67. Cells grown in the presence of EdU do not require DNAse treatment, heat treatment, or HCl denaturation in order to efficiently react with an azide modified Alexa Fluor® 488 dye conjugate. Bivariant graphs generated by flow cytometry between EdU labeled DNA and Vibrant® Dye Cycle violet show the traditional curve shape generated from BrdU antibody based detection using HCl treatment.
CLINICAL GUIDELINE: PART II: Screening for Colorectal Cancer with the Fecal Occult Blood Test: A Background Paper (1997)

These results suggest that, in general, persons who have positive results on a fecal occult blood test should have a full colonic examination. More research is needed to understand and improve the sensitivity and specificity of the fecal occult blood test.
Self-directioning with the revolving retroreflection technique (1992)

We have developed a method for giving direction and/or position information in an optical guidance system based on the pulse position modulation property of a reflected light pulse train from a revolving retroreflector. The principle and theoretical analysis are described. Experimental verification of the one-axis, closed-loop tracking system is presented, which resulted in a static angular resolution as low as 22 μrad. This method suggests some potential applications to coordinate determinations or line-of-sight guidance systems.
Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol single inhaler therapy versus a higher dose of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma (2004)

Budesonide/formoterol single inhaler therapy has the potential to provide a complete asthma management approach with one inhaler, demonstrating a high level of efficacy in patients with moderate to severe asthma.
A Comparative Study on 2D Curvature Estimators (2007)

Curvature is a frequently used property in two-dimensional (2D) shape analysis, directly or for derived features such as corners or convex and concave arcs. This paper presents curvature estimators which follow approaches in differential geometry. Digital-straight segment approximation (as known from digital geometry) is used in those estimators. Results of multigrid experiments are evaluated leading to a comparative performance analysis of several curvature estimators
Multiple sidetone structure in pulse width modulation (1988)

Previously unreported sub-sidetones, not directly predictable from the currently accepted modulation formula, have been observed in the spectrum of a PWM signal excited by two sinusoidal tones of comparable amplitude.
Tailored Pig Models for Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Testing of Targeted Therapies (2015)

Despite enormous advances in translational biomedical research, there remains a growing demand for improved animal models of human disease. This is particularly true for diseases where rodent models do not reflect the human disease phenotype. Compared to rodents, pig anatomy and physiology are more similar to humans in cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, skeletal muscle, and metabolic systems. Importantly, efficient and precise techniques for genetic engineering of pigs are now available, facilitating the creation of tailored large animal models that mimic human disease mechanisms at the molecular level. In this article, the benefits of genetically engineered pigs for basic and translational research are exemplified by a novel pig model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and by porcine models of cystic fibrosis. Particular emphasis is given to potential advantages of using these models for efficacy and safety testing of targeted therapies, such as exon skipping and gene editing, for example, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system. In general, genetically tailored pig models have the potential to bridge the gap between proof-of-concept studies in rodents and clinical trials in patients, thus supporting translational medicine.
The Effect of Various Zinc Binding Groups on Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases 1–11 (2013)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have the ability to cleave the acetyl groups of ε-N-acetylated lysine residues in a variety of proteins. Given that human cells contain thousands of different acetylated lysine residues, HDACS may regulate a wide variety of processes including some implicated in conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Herein we report the synthesis and in vitro biochemical profiling of a series of compounds, including known inhibitors as well as novel chemotypes, that incorporate putative new zinc binding domains. By evaluating the compound collection against all 11 recombinant human HDACs, we found that the trifluoromethyl ketone functionality provides potent inhibition of all four subclasses of the Zn(2+) -dependent HDACs. Potent inhibition was observed with two different scaffolds, demonstrating the efficiency of the trifluoromethyl ketone moiety as a zinc binding motif. Interestingly, we also identified silanediol as a zinc binding group with potential for future development of non-hydroxamate class I and class IIb HDAC inhibitors.
Glatiramer acetate inhibition of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced RANTES expression and release from U‐251 MG human astrocytic cells (2001)

Glatiramer acetate is an approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). RANTES is a beta-family chemokine that manifests chemoattractant activity for T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages implicated in the pathogenesis of MS lesions. However, the effect of glatiramer acetate on the regulation of RANTES secretion in glial cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that treatment of human U-251 MG astrocytic cells with glatiramer acetate blocks tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced RANTES mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect is attributed to inhibition of transcription and a 40% decrease in transcript stability. Furthermore, our electrophoretic mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts from TNF-alpha-treated cells reveal an increase in DNA-binding activity specific for the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding site, in the 5'-flanking promoter region of the human RANTES gene, and that this increase in NF-kappaB binding activity is prevented by pretreatment with glatiramer acetate or the NF-kappaB inhibitors. These findings suggest that glatiramer acetate may exert its therapeutic effect in MS partially through inhibiting NF-kappaB activation and chemokine production.
Translational initiation regulated by ATM in dendritic cells development (2014)

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein has been implicated in multiple pathways such as DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint, cell growth, development, and stem cell renewal. In this study, we demonstrate evidence that ATM is involved in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced dendritic cell (DC) development from bone marrow (BM) cells. Inactivation of ATM protein results in decreased BM proliferation, leading to reduced DC development and their activity for T cell activation. Expression of Jak2, STAT5, and mTOR is suppressed in both wild-type and ATM-null BM prior to GM-CSF stimulation. Activation of those proteins is delayed and prolonged hypophosphorylation of 4EBP1 is observed in ATM-null BM when treated with GM-CSF, although Erk and p38 are similarly expressed and activated in both wild-type and ATM-null BM cell types. Akt is also suppressed in wild-type BM, and transduction of constitutively active Akt or STAT5 in ATM-null BM restores DC development. Together, these results illustrate that ATM deficiency causes impaired initiation of protein translation in BM, leading to immature development of DC.
Optical transmission through circular hole arrays in optically thick metal films (2004)

In this paper we extend our theoretical treatment of the extraordinary optical transmission through hole arrays to the case of circular holes and beyond the subwavelength limit. Universal curves for the optical transmission in different regimes of the geometrical parameters defining the array are presented. Finally, we further develop the statement by showing that extraordinary transmission phenomena should be expected for any system where transmission is through two localized modes, weakly coupled between them and coupled to a continuum.
Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin on adherence of staphylococci to tissue culture plates (1993)

Bacterial adhesion is the first step in infection of medical devices. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the pathogens recovered most often. The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin on the adherence of eight clinical strains of S. aureus and eight strains of S. epidermidis to tissue culture plates in vitro were tested. The mean relative inhibitions of adherence at one-fourth and one-eighth the MIC were statistically different for teicoplanin and vancomycin. Slime production seemed not to be involved in adherence.