gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Car Entertainment System (2011)

In recent years, we spent more and more time in our cars. So it became obvious to implement Car Entertainment Systems into the car for comfort and driver information. We can differ between driver information devices and passenger entertainment devices. Car entertainment began with AM-reception. FM-tuners followed soon, with stereo sound, cassette players and CD-players to entertain passengers. Today we know a number of different analog-and digital broadcasting systems, such as DAB, DMB, DRM, DVB and player standards like MP3, MP4, DVD, BlueRay and many more, which are integrated into the car console. With the variety of different entertainment sources in the car, each passenger in the vehicle may wish for their own program. For this, rear-seat entertainment systems are implemented. For driver information, modern navigation systems not only help to find the most efficient route, but also give an overview of traffic situation. New concepts of user interaction shall provide comfort and intuitive usage of the devices. So the man-machineinterface is an important marketing feature, on which car manufacture philosophy is mirrored. Touch-screens provide an intuitive operation as information and buttons merge to one device. This Chapter is structured into different subsections, explaining the tool chain of vehicular entertainment systems from reception of radio waves, demodulation and distribution of signal to the audio and visual end. We begin with a brief historical overview of car entertainment and show modern installations in contrast. In order to understand the evolution better, we give a list of existing broadcasting standards and explain tuner concepts and diversity reception to combat fading effects for analog and digital broadcasting systems. When the signal is demodulated it needs to be distributed to the audio subsystem. The audio system consists of amplifier, equalizer and loudspeakers. We unveil the secrets of high quality sound. As passengers wish to get their own entertainment source, the distribution of these sources in a rear-seat entertainment system is described. For driver information, navigation systems offer intelligent route guidance, road status and helpful information on and along the way. In the recent years the development of navigation systems is advancing. So the pro-and contras for portable navigators in contrast to integrated systems are discussed. www.intechopen.com New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering 452
Extraction of Singular Points from Directional Fields of Fingerprints (2001)

Biometric identification is an emerging subject in applications like high-security wireless access and secure transactions across computer networks. Fingerprints are easy to use and provide relatively good performance. Furthermore, fingerprint sensors are cheap and can be integrated easily in wireless hardware. In this paper, methods are presented for the estimation of a high resolution directional field from fingerprints. It is shown how, from the directional field, very accurate detection of the singular points and the orientations of those points can be obtained. These estimates can for instance be used for accurate registration (alignment) of two fingerprints in a fingerprint verification system. 1.
Die Auslösung und der Verlauf der Polymerisation des Acrylamids unter dem Einfluß von Ultraschallwellen (1954)

Abstract Mehrere Vinylverbindungen lassen sich durch Ultraschallwellen zur Polymerisation anregen. Am Beispiel des Acrylamids wurde die Abhängigkeit der Polymerisation in wäßriger Lösung von verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen untersucht. Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und mittlerer Polymerisationsgrad sind abhängig von der Intensität und Frequenz der Ultraschallwellen, ferner von der Bestrahlungsdauer und der Konzentration des Monomeren. In wasserstoff‐ und argonhaltigen Lösungen verläuft die Reaktion rascher als in kohlensäurehaltigen und entgasten Lösungen. In argonhaltiger Lösung wird gleichzeitig Wasserstoffperoxyd gebildet. Die Polymerisation ist in diesen Lösungen verzögert, was auf die gleichzeitige Bildung von molekularem Sauerstoff durch Zersetzung des Wassers zurückgeführt wird. Um die gleichzeitig vorhandene depolymerisierende Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen zu erfassen, wurde der Abbau von Polyacrylamid untersucht. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß durch Depolymerisation des Polymerisats entstehende langkettige Radikale das Monomere zur Polymerisation anregen können. Diese Polymerisationsversuche werden mit den bekannten Oxydationsreaktionen des Ultraschalls verglichen; ferner werden Vergleiche zwischen den polymerisierenden und oxydierenden Wirkungen der Ultraschallwellen und den ähnlichen Wirkungen von γ‐Strahlen angestellt.
Small molecule compounds that induce cellular senescence (2016)

To date, dozens of stress-induced cellular senescence phenotypes have been reported. These cellular senescence states may differ substantially from each other, as well as from replicative senescence through the presence of specific senescence features. Here, we attempted to catalog virtually all of the cellular senescence-like states that can be induced by low molecular weight compounds. We summarized biological markers, molecular pathways involved in senescence establishment, and specific traits of cellular senescence states induced by more than fifty small molecule compounds.
Optimization of culture conditions for D-Ribose production by transketolase-deficient Bacillus subtilis JY1 (2004)

D-Ribose is a five-carbon sugar used for the commercial synthesis of riboflavin, antiviral agents, and flavor enhancers. Batch fermentations with transketolase-deficient B. subtilis JY 1 were carried out to optimize the production of D-ribose from xylose. The best results for the fermentation were obtained with a temperature of 37C and an initial pH of 7.0. Among various sugars and sugar alcohols tested, glucose and sucrose were found to be the most effective for both cell growth and D-ribose production. The addition of 15 g/l xylose and 15 g/l glucose improved the fermentation performance, presumably due to the adequate supply of ATP in the xylose metabolism from D-xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate. A batch culture in a 3.7-1 jar fermentor with 14.9 g/l xylose and 13.1 g/l glucose resulted in 10.1 g/l D-ribose concentration with a yield of 0.62 g D-ribose/g sugar consumed, and 0.25 g/ 1-h of productivity. Furthermore, the sugar utilization profile, indicating the simultaneous consumption of xylose and glucose, and respiratory parameters for the glucose and sucrose media suggested that the transketolase-deficient B. subtilis JY1 lost the glucose-specific enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate transferase system.
n-3 Enrichment of Chicken Meat. 1. Use of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Chicken Diets and Their Influence on Meat Quality: Fish Oil (2001)

We assessed the effect of a diet supplemented with fish oil (FO) on the performance, fatty acid (FA) composition, quality, and sensory traits of broiler meat. Diets enriched with 0, 2, or 4% FO plus tallow (T) up to 8% added fat (T1, T2, and T3, respectively) were given to the birds throughout a 38-d growth period. T3 was replaced by a mixture of FO, linseed oil (LO), and T (1, 3, and 4% respectively) for 1 wk (T4) or 2 wk (T5) before slaughter. Meat quality, taste, and FA profile were determined. Higher final weights were recorded for birds fed T3, although feed efficiency was not affected. Other performance or objective meat quality parameters did not show significant differences among treatments. High FO concentrations decreased the saturated and monoenoic FA contents in the thigh samples. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased when added to the diet (FO diets), mainly as long-chain n-3 FA [eicosapentaenoic fatty acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA)]. On the other hand, levels of total n-6 FA resulted in slight changes, mostly in linoleic acid (LA). By replacing the FO diet with the experimental mixture (T4, T5), the n-3 and n-6 FA contents increased, mainly in the form of linolenic acid and LA, respectively, only 1 wk later. After 1 wk of T4, the DHA levels in chicken decreased. Sensory panelists could not identify the meats from T4 and T5 as being different from the control diet (T1).
Millimeter Wave Imaging (1970)

A millimeter wave imaging system using a semiconductor panel as an image dissector has been evaluated at 80 GHz and 140 GHz using both optomechanical and electron beam scanning methods. Images of groups of simple reflecting targets were found easily resolvable at separations approaching the theoretical minimum.
Drug Repurposing for Candidate SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors by a Novel In Silico Method (2020)

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak caused an unprecedented global public health threat, having a high transmission rate with currently no drugs or vaccines approved. An alternative powerful additional approach to counteract COVID-19 is <i>in silico</i> drug repurposing. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease is essential for viral replication and an attractive drug target. In this study, we used the virtual screening protocol with both long-range and short-range interactions to select candidate SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. First, the Informational spectrum method applied for small molecules was used for searching the Drugbank database and further followed by molecular docking. After <i>in silico</i> screening of drug space, we identified 57 drugs as potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors that we propose for further experimental testing.
Power enhancement in argon II narrow-tube lasers due to zeeman effect by a transverse magnetic field (1987)

The role of the Zeeman effect for the power enhancement of a small-bore argon ion laser (488.0 nm) by applying the transverse magnetic field has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The σ-polarized laser has a larger output power than the π-polarized laser in the wide range of magnetic field strength. Specifically, at weak magnetic fields, enhancement occurred only for the σ-polarized laser. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the semiclassical theory of the Zeeman laser. A narrow spectrum envelope is observed in the σ-polarized laser. In the case of internal mirrors without Brewster window, it is demonstrated experimentally that π and σ polarization coexist and compete with each other.
Typed common intermediate format (1997)

Application languages are very effective in solving specific software problems. Unfortunately, they pose great challenges to reliable and efficient implementations. In fact, most existing application languages are slow, interpreted, and have poor interoperability with general-purpose languages. This paper presents a framework on building highquality systems environment for multiple advanced languages. Our key innovation is the use of a common typed intermediate language, named FLINT, to model the semantics and interactions of various language-specific features. FLINT is based on a predicative variant of the Girard-Reynolds polymorphic calculus F! , extended with a very rich set of primitive types and functions. FLINT provides a common compiler infrastructure that can be quickly adapted to generate compilers for new general-purpose and domain-specific languages. With its single unified type system, FLINT serves as a great platform for reasoning about crosslanguage interoperations. FLINT...
Is Closed-Loop SCR Control Required to Meet Future Emission Targets? (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">To meet 2010 emission targets, optimal SCR system performance is required. In addition, attention has to be paid to in-use compliance requirements. Closed-loop control seems an attractive option to meet the formulated goals. This study deals with the potential and limitations of closed-loop SCR control.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">High NO<sub>x</sub> conversion in combination with acceptable NH<sub>3</sub> slip can be realized with an open-loop control strategy. However, closed-loop control is needed to make the SCR system robust for urea dosage inaccuracy, catalyst ageing and NO<sub>x</sub> engine-out variations. Then, the system meets conformity of production and in-use compliance norms.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To demonstrate the potential of closed-loop SCR control, a NO<sub>x</sub> sensor based control strategy with cross-sensitivity compensation is compared with an adaptive surface coverage/NH<sub>3</sub> slip control strategy and an open-loop strategy. The adaptive surface coverage/NH<sub>3</sub> slip control strategy shows best performance over simulated ESC and ETC cycles.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SCR catalyst dynamics, time delay in the urea injection and maximum NH<sub>3</sub> slip targets limit the performance of closed-loop SCR control. If new reagent dosage systems and future catalyst technology are able to relieve these limitations, closed-loop control has the potential to reduce the calibration effort and to improve the transient control performance.</div>
Simple Modification for an Apriori Algorithm with Combination Reduction and Iteration Limitation Technique (2020)

Apriori algorithm is one of the methods with regard to association rules in data mining. This algorithm uses knowledge from an itemset previously formed with frequent occurrence frequencies to form the next itemset. An a priori algorithm generates a combination by iteration methods that are using repeated database scanning process, pairing one product with another product and then recording the number of occurrences of the combination with the minimum limit of support and confidence values. The a priori algorithm will slow down to an expanding database in the process of finding frequent itemset to form association rules. Modification techniques are needed to optimize the performance of a priori algorithms so as to get frequent itemset and to form association rules in a short time. Modifications in this study are obtained by using techniques combination reduction and iteration limitation. Testing is done by comparing the time and quality of the rules formed from the database scanning using a priori algorithms with and without modification. The results of the test show that the modified a priori algorithm tested with data samples of up to 500 transactions is proven to form rules faster with quality rules that are maintained. Keywords: Data Mining; Association Rules; Apriori Algorithms; Frequent Itemset; Apriori Modified;
Tb oxidation state and hybridization in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.9</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Tb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ba</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>(δ=0.02, 0.84): A magnetic-susceptibility and x-ray-absorption study (1994)

A variety of experimental techniques are employed to probe the electronic state of Tb in the supeconductor ${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Tb}}_{0.1}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. An analysis of neutron-diffraction data reveals that Tb is incorporated into the sample, replacing Y. There are no anomalies observed in the lattice constants or the planar oxygen thermal parameters determined from the neutron data, but the low concentration of Tb prohibits the determination of Tb oxidation state from these data alone. A comparison of experimentally determined magnetic susceptibilities with those calculated from single-ion, crystal-field models assuming either ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ or ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{4+}$ shows a close agreement between the ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ model and experiment. The presence of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ is confirmed by x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$-edge data are used to argue that the Tb ions are not significantly hybridized in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Tb}}_{0.1}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$.
Quantitative <sup>1</sup>H NMR Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma Metabolites (2003)

The absolute quantification of blood plasma metabolites by proton NMR spectroscopy is complicated by the presence of a baseline and broad resonances originating from serum macromolecules and lipoproteins. A method for spectral simplification of proton NMR spectra of blood plasma is presented. Serum macromolecules and metabolites are completely separated by utilizing the large difference in translational diffusion coefficients in combination with diffusion-sensitized proton NMR spectroscopy. The concentration of blood plasma metabolites can be quantified by using formate as an internal concentration reference. The results are compared with those obtained with ultrafiltration, a traditional method for separating macromolecules and metabolites, and demonstrate an excellent correlation between the two methods. The general nature of diffusion-sensitized NMR spectroscopy allows application on a wide range of biological fluids.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the <i>IL-12</i> gene lead to a higher cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 22,670 subjects (2017)

The associations between interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene polymorphisms and cancer risk have been discussed extensively, with controversial results. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis to better assess the potential roles of IL-12 gene variation in cancer occurrence. Eligible articles were found via PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Google Scholar and CNKI. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the associations between IL-12 gene polymorphisms and cancer risk. Thirty-one studies with 10,749 cancer patients and 11,921 healthy subjects were included in the analyses. The overall results showed that cancer risk was increased by IL-12A rs568408 (GG versus GA + AA: P = 0.004; G versus A: P = 0.005) and IL-12B rs3212227 (AA versus AC + CC: P = 0.004; CC versus AA + AC: P = 0.03; A versus C: P = 0.007) polymorphisms. Further subgroup analyses for IL-12A rs568408 and IL-12B rs3212227 revealed that the positive results could be impacted by the ethnicity of the population, cancer type and/or genotyping methods. However, we failed to detect any significant associations between the IL-12A rs2243115 polymorphism and cancer risk in either the overall or the subgroup analyses. The current study suggests that certain IL-12 gene polymorphisms serve as biological markers of cancer susceptibility.
Expression cloning of a human α1,4-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that forms GlcNAcα1→4Galβ→R, a glycan specifically expressed in the gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin (1999)

Among mucus-secreting cells, the gastric gland mucous cells, Brunner's glands, accessory glands of pancreaticobiliary tract, and pancreatic ducts exhibiting gastric metaplasia are unique in that they express class III mucin identified by paradoxical Con A staining composed of periodate oxidation, sodium borohydride reduction, Con A, and horseradish peroxidase reaction. Recently it was shown that these mucous cells secrete glycoproteins having GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta-->R at nonreducing terminals of the carbohydrate moieties. Herein we describe the expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a human alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (alpha4GnT), a key enzyme for the formation of GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->R. COS-1 cells were thus cotransfected with a stomach cDNA library and a leukosialin cDNA. Transfected COS-1 cells were screened by using monoclonal antibodies specific for GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta-->R and enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Sibling selection of recovered plasmids resulted in a cDNA clone that directs the expression of GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta-->R. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a type II membrane protein with 340 amino acids, showing no significant similarity with any other proteins. The alpha4GnT gene is located at chromosome 3p14.3, and its transcripts are expressed in the stomach and pancreas. An in vitro GlcNAc transferase assay by using a soluble alpha4GnT revealed that alpha1,4-linked GlcNAc residues are transferred most efficiently to core 2 branched O-glycans (Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6(Galbeta1-->3)GalNAc), forming GlcNAcalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6(GlcNAca lpha1-->4Galbeta1- ->3)GalNAc. Transfection of alpha4GnT cDNA into gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells produced class III mucin, indicating that alpha4GnT is responsible for the formation of class III Con A reactivity. These results indicate that the alpha4GnT is a glycosyltransferase that forms alpha1,4-linked GlcNAc residues, preferentially in O-glycans.
Proximity Effect between Two Superconductors Spatially Resolved by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (2014)

How does a superconductor in contact with another through an atomic-scale junction influence the electronic properties in the latter? Investigating a submicron superconducting island of single-crystal Pb embedded in a pre-superconducting Pb crystalline monolayer, scientists reveal a giant region of induced superconductivity in the monolayer and also offer a theory for describing such proximity effects.