gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Value of interlobar artery hemodynamic parameters for early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (2011)

Objective To explore the value of color Doppler ultrasound detection renal interlobar arterial hemodynamic parameters for early diagnosis in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).MethodsSeventy-eight patients with CKD were undergone interlobar arterial hemodynamic parameters detection and 65 normal persons served as the control.The peak systolic velocity (PSV),end-diastolic velocity (EDV),pulsatility index(PI),resistive index (RI) of interlobar arterial and serum cystatin C (SCysC) were measured.The variation of RI and the correlation of renal interlobar arterial RI and pathological findings in early CKD was analyzed.Results In 40 CKD cases with normal SCysC(group A),the PSV,EDV,PI,RI of renal interlobar arterial were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).In 38 CKD cases with increased SCysC(group B),the RI of renal interlobar arterial were higher than those of group A and control group (P＜0.05),and the PSV and EDV were lower than those of group A and control group (P＜0.05).In cases of CKD with normal RI,the disease limited to the glomeruli;while the RI increased,the disease locate in the tubulointerstitial compartment.Conclusions Interlobar arterial RI united SCysC is a sensitive indicator in assessing early injury of chronic kidney disease.

Key words: 
Ultrasonography,Doppler,color; Kidney disease; Interlobar arterial; Hemodynamic phenomena
Testing Monotonicity (2000)

We present a (randomized) test for monotonicity of Boolean functions. Namely, given the ability to query an unknown function f: {0, 1}/sup n/-{0, 1} at arguments of its choice, the test always accepts a monotone f, and rejects f with high probability if it is /spl epsiv/-far from being monotone (i.e., every monotone function differs from f on more than an /spl epsiv/ fraction of the domain). The complexity of the test is poly(n//spl epsiv/). The analysis of our algorithm relates two natural combinatorial quantities that can be measured with respect to a Boolean function; one being global to the function and the other being local to it. We also consider the problem of testing monotonicity based only on random examples labeled by the function. We show an /spl Omega/(/spl radic/2/sup n///spl epsiv/) lower bound on the number of required examples, and provide a matching upper bound (via an algorithm).
Structural definition of acylated phosphatidylinositol mannosides from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: definition of a common anchor for lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan (1995)

Based on chemical analysis, we have previously concluded that the biologically important lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and lipomannan (LM) from Mycobacterium are multiglycosylated forms of the phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), the characteristic cell envelope mannophosphoinositides of mycobacteria. Using definitive analytical techniques, we have now re-examined the reported multiacylated nature of PIMs in order to gain a better insight into their possible roles as biosynthetic precursors of LM and LAM. High-sensitivity fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry analyses of the perdeuteroacetyl and permethyl derivatives of PIMs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae enabled us to define the exact fatty acyl compositions of the multiacylated, heterogeneous PIM families, notably the dimannoside (PIM2) and the hexamannoside (PIM6). Specifically, in conjunction with other chemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, the additional C16 fatty acyl substituent on PIM2 and its lyso form were defined as attached to the C6 position of mannose. We also present evidence for triacylated mannophosphoinositide as a common lipid anchor for both LM and LAM, and further postulate that acylation of PIM2 may constitute a key regulatory step in their biosynthesis.
Biophotonics of skin: method for correction of deep Raman spectra distorted by elastic scattering (2015)

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy allows in-depth molecular and conformational characterization of biological tissues non-invasively. Unfortunately, spectral distortions occur due to elastic scattering. Our objective is to correct the attenuation of in-depth Raman peaks intensity by considering this phenomenon, enabling thus quantitative diagnosis. In this purpose, we developed PDMS phantoms mimicking skin optical properties used as tools for instrument calibration and data processing method validation. An optical system based on a fibers bundle has been previously developed for in vivo skin characterization with Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). Used on our phantoms, this technique allows checking their optical properties: the targeted ones were retrieved. Raman microspectroscopy was performed using a commercial confocal microscope. Depth profiles were constructed from integrated intensity of some specific PDMS Raman vibrations. Acquired on monolayer phantoms, they display a decline which is increasing with the scattering coefficient. Furthermore, when acquiring Raman spectra on multilayered phantoms, the signal attenuation through each single layer is directly dependent on its own scattering property. Therefore, determining the optical properties of any biological sample, obtained with DRS for example, is crucial to correct properly Raman depth profiles. A model, inspired from S.L. Jacques's expression for Confocal Reflectance Microscopy and modified at some points, is proposed and tested to fit the depth profiles obtained on the phantoms as function of the reduced scattering coefficient. Consequently, once the optical properties of a biological sample are known, the intensity of deep Raman spectra distorted by elastic scattering can be corrected with our reliable model, permitting thus to consider quantitative studies for purposes of characterization or diagnosis.
Zero-Variance Principle for Monte Carlo Algorithms (1999)

We present a general approach to greatly increase at little cost the efficiency of Monte Carlo algorithms. To each observable to be computed we associate a renormalized observable (improved estimator) having the same average but a different variance. By writing down the zero-variance condition a fundamental equation determining the optimal choice for the renormalized observable is derived (zero-variance principle for each observable separately). We show, with several examples including classical and quantum Monte Carlo calculations, that the method can be very powerful.
Spin-torque nano-oscillator based on a synthetic antiferromagnet free layer and perpendicular to plane polarizer (2013)

Coupled free layers systems used as active elements in spin-transfer nano-oscillators (STNOs) can have improved microwave performances in terms of linewidth or tunability. Here, we report a numerical study on the magnetization dynamics of a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) driven by a perpendicularly spin-polarized current and an in-plane applied magnetic field. Compared to the single free layer STNO, the current-field state diagrams, derived for strong and weak RKKY exchange coupling strength inside the SAF, show a more complex structure, with new static or dynamic states (chaotic dynamics), and also a larger zone of out-of-plane precession state (OPP) oscillations. The OPP frequency behaviour is generally similar to that of the single free layer STNO except for the zone near the chaotic dynamics and for fields larger than the spin-flop field of the SAF, where several frequency jumps have been observed.
Sinusoidal spatial audio coding for low-bitrate binaural reproduction (2010)

A binaural audio synthesis system based on sinusoidal modeling is proposed for spatial, low-bitrate audio coding utilized for example in teleconference applications. The system transmits monaural sinusoidal parameters of a downmix signal, from which the left and right binaural signals are synthesized according to the directional metadata at the receiver. Typical sinusoidal synthesis methods, as well as the effectiveness of a monaural frequency masking model, are evaluated in binaural context. Furthermore, a method for binaural noise residual synthesis and efficiency improvements for HRTF parameter acquisition are suggested. Tests utilizing speech signals indicate that sinusoidal modeling is an attractive technique for applications such as the proposed one.
Enhancing fish tank VR (2002)

Fish tank VR systems provide head coupled perspective projected stereo images on a display device of limited dimensions that resides at a fixed location. Therefore, fish tank VR systems provide only a limited virtual workspace. As a result, such systems are less suited for displaying virtual worlds that extend beyond the available workspace and depth perception problems arise when displaying objects (virtually) located on the edge of the workspace in between the viewer and the display screen. In this paper we present two techniques to reduce this disadvantage: cadre viewing and amplified head rotations. The first aims to eliminate the problems in depth perception for objects with negative parallax touching the screen surround. Subjective observations from an informal user study indicate a reduction of confusion in depth perception. The second provides a transparent navigation technique to allow users to view larger portions of the virtual world without the need for an additional input device to navigate. A user study shows it performs equally well when compared to a technique based on the use of an additional spatial input device.
Aspirin resistance: current concepts. (2004)

Aspirin is an effective antiplatelet agent with proven benefit in the prevention of atherothrombotic complications of cardiovascular disease. The antithrombotic effects of aspirin, however, are variable among individuals and this might explain, in part, why the absolute risk of recurrent vascular events in patients receiving aspirin therapy remains relatively high (8% - 18% after 2 years). Although formal diagnostic criteria are lacking, aspirin resistance generally describes the failure of aspirin to produce an expected biological response or the failure of aspirin to prevent atherothrombotic events. Aspirin resistance has been reported to occur in 5% to 45% of the general population; therefore, its detection is potentially of clinical importance. The biological mechanisms, population prevalence, laboratory methods for detection, and clinical relevance of aspirin resistance are discussed in this review.
The Cell Cycle (1989)

I review recent advances in our knowledge of the eucaryotic cell cycle: the set of processes by which cells grow and divide. Genetic approaches to the cell cycle of somatic cells identified a pathway of events where the initiation of each event was dependent on the successful completion of the preceding event, as well as a single key gene, cdc2, that is required both at the beginning and at the end of the cell cycle. The alternative approach of studying the cell cycle biochemically in early embryos provided evidence for a cytoplasmic oscillator which alternated between mitosis-inducing and interphase-inducing states and identified the mitosis-inducing component as maturation promoting factor (MPF). These two very different views of the cell cycle initially seemed irreconcilable. However, a link between the somatic and embryonic cell cycles was provided by the recent discovery that the cdc2 protein is one of the components of MPF. In the embryonic cell cycle the activation of MPF and induction of mitosis is triggered by the accumulation of a protein named cyclin which becomes a component of MPF. Somehow, MPF induces the proteolytic degradation of cyclin, which inturn allows MPF to be inactivated and allows the cell cycle to pass from mitosis into interphase. The more complex cell cycle of somatic cells is probably derived from the embryonic cyclin-based oscillator by imposing a system of checks and balances on the accumulation and destruction of cyclin. I also present some thoughts on the relationships between science and society, and comment on the way in which scientists describe their work to the lay world.
Correction: RNA-Binding Protein Musashi1 Modulates Glioma Cell Growth through the Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Notch and PI<sub>3</sub>Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathways (2013)

Musashi1 (MSI1) is an RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in nervous-system development and stem-cell selfrenewal.Here, we examined its role in the progression of glioma.Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based MSI1-knock down (KD) in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells resulted in a significantly lower number of self renewing colony on day 30 (a 65% reduction), compared with non-silencing shRNA-treated control cells, indicative of an inhibitory effect of MSI1-KD on tumor cell growth and survival.Immunocytochemical staining of the MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells indicated that they ectopically expressed metaphase markers.In addition, a 2.2-fold increase in the number of MSI1-KD cells in the G2/M phase was observed.Thus, MSI1-KD caused the prolongation of mitosis and reduced the cell survival, although the expression of activated Caspase-3 was unaltered.We further showed that MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells xenografted into the brains of NOD/ SCID mice formed tumors that were 96.6% smaller, as measured by a bioluminescence imaging system (BLI), than non-KD cells, and the host survival was longer (49.366.1 days vs. 33.663.6 days; P,0.01).These findings and other cell biological analyses suggested that the reduction of MSI1 in glioma cells prolonged the cell cycle by inducing the accumulation of Cyclin B1.Furthermore, MSI1-KD reduced the activities of the Notch and PI 3 kinase-Akt signaling pathways, through the upregulation of Numb and PTEN, respectively.Exposure of glioma cells to chemical inhibitors of these pathways reduced the number of spheres and living cells, as did MSI1-KD.These results suggest that MSI1 increases the growth and/or survival of certain types of glioma cells by promoting the activation of both Notch and PI 3 kinase/Akt signaling.
Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Env–Derived Peptide Associates with Nucleolar Targets in Lymphoma, Mammary Carcinoma, and Human Breast Cancer (2005)

We have previously shown that the leader peptide (p14) of the Env-precursor of mouse mammary tumor virus is translocated into the nucleoli of murine T cell lymphomas that harbor this virus. Using a polyclonal antibody against recombinant p14, we show here that p14 is also localized to the nucleoli of murine mammary carcinomas and some human breast cancer samples. Affinity purification studies define a number of proteins, mostly nucleolar, that bind p14. Taken together, these findings point towards a more general involvement of p14 in lymphomagenesis and mammary carcinogenesis.
Theory of self-frequency detuning of oscillations by wave mixing in photorefractive crystals (1986)

We present a theory of the frequency-detuning properties of various oscillators formed by four-wave mixing in photorefractive crystals. It is shown that the detuning originates from the self-induced grating dynamics in the mixing crystal, governed by phase conditions of the optical paths and several other parameters, such as external and internal electric fields in the mixing crystal.
Carcinoma of the nasopharynx in northern israel: Epidemiology and treatment results (1988)

Between 1968 and 1984, 49 patients with carcinoma of the nasopharynx were treated at the Northern Israel Oncology Center. There were 6 stage I-II patients (12%) and 43 stage III-IV patients (88%). According to ethnic origin, there were 27 (55%) non-Ashkenazi Jews, 9 (18%) Ashkenazi Jews, and 13 (27%) Arabs. This distribution is different from the percentages of these ethnic groups in Northern Israel. All patients received combined cobalt 60 and 8-10 MeV electron beam radiotherapy to the primary tumor and the entire neck. Twelve stage III-IV patients received three courses of chemotherapy using bleomycin, methotrexate, and cisplatin (BMP) prior to definitive radiotherapy. The following 5-yr actuarial survival figures were achieved: all patients, 42%; stage I-II, 63%; stage III-IV, 37%; Arabs, 53%, non-Ashkenazi Jews, 47%; Ashkenazi Jews, 22%; BMP+radiotherapy, 54%; radiotherapy alone, 42%. It is concluded that there is an ethnic-related pattern of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Northern Israel. Prognosis is better in non-Ashkenazi Jews and Arabs with early-stage lymphoepithelioma or anaplastic carcinoma, younger than 45 yr old, and receiving more than 5,500 cGy. Chemotherapy by BMP improves initial control rates with questionable benefit to long-term survival.
Regulation of nucleotide excision repair activity by transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of the XPA protein (2010)

The XPA (Xeroderma pigmentosum A) protein is one of the six core factors of the human nucleotide excision repair system. In this study we show that XPA is a rate-limiting factor in all human cell lines tested, including a normal human fibroblast cell line. The level of XPA is controlled at the transcriptional level by the molecular circadian clock and at the post-translational level by a HECT domain family E3 ubiquitin ligase called HERC2. Stabilization of XPA by downregulation of HERC2 moderately enhances excision repair activity. Conversely, downregulation of XPA by siRNA reduces excision repair activity in proportion to the level of XPA. Ubiquitination and proteolysis of XPA are inhibited by DNA damage that promotes tight association of the protein with chromatin and its dissociation from the HERC2 E3 ligase. Finally, in agreement with a recent report, we find that XPA is post-translationally modified by acetylation. However, contrary to the previous claim, we find that in mouse liver only a small fraction of XPA is acetylated and that downregulation of SIRT1 deacetylase in two human cell lines does not affect the overall repair rate. Collectively, the data reveal that XPA is a limiting factor in excision repair and that its level is coordinately regulated by the circadian clock, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and DNA damage.
Interpretation and Matching Bias in a Reasoning Task (1972)

Subjects were required to construct verifying and falsifying cases of conditional rules in which the presence and absence of negative components was varied. Their responses gave some indication of consistent interpretation of the rules, generally conforming to Wason's (1966) idea of a “defective” truth table. Much of their behaviour, however, seemed to be determined by a task variable in the form of a tendency to construct instances which matched, rather than altered, the values named in the rules.
LiCrO2 Under Pressure: In-Situ Structural and Vibrational Studies (2018)

The high-pressure behaviour of LiCrO2, a compound isostructural to the battery compound LiCoO2, has been investigated by synchrotron-based angle-dispersive X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and resistance measurements up to 41, 30, and 10 Gpa, respectively. The stability of the layered structured compound on a triangular lattice with R-3m space group is confirmed in all three measurements up to the highest pressure reached. The dependence of lattice parameters and unit-cell volume with pressure has been determined from the structural refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns that are used to extract the axial compressibilities and bulk modulus by means of Birch–Murnaghan equation-of-state fits. The pressure coefficients for the two Raman-active modes, A1g and Eg, and their mode-Grüneisen parameters are reported. The electrical resistance measurements indicate that pressure has little influence in the resistivity up to 10 GPa. The obtained results for the vibrational and structural properties of LiCrO2 under pressure are in line with the published results of the similar studies on the related compounds. Research work reported in this article contributes significantly to enhance the understanding on the structural and mechanical properties of LiCrO2 and related lithium compounds.
Physical and Flow Properties of Fractionated Loblolly Pine Grinds (2016)

<abstract> <b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> Biomass feedstocks have to be ground before they are fed into biorefinery plants. However, the grinds from the grinding process have non-uniform particle size. Biomass also exchanges moisture with the environment. The overall goal of this study was to understand the contributions of moisture content and particle size to the physical properties (particle density, tap density, and bulk density) and flow properties (flowability, cohesion, internal friction, and wall friction) of loblolly pine grinds. The samples were fractionated into sizes using the following screen apertures: 1.40 mm, 1.00 mm, 0.71Â mm, 0.50 mm, 0.25 mm, and pan. Each fraction was adjusted to the following moisture levels: 4.78%, 8.68%, 16.53%, 22.21%, and 25.53% (wet basis). The heating values (18 to 19 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>) and volatile matter (84.9% to 87.5% dry basis) were not significantly affected by fraction size, while ash content (0.22% to 2.64% dry basis) increased with decrease in fraction size. The densities increased with decrease in moisture content and fraction size. Flow index values (i.e., flowability) decreased with increase in moisture content and decrease in fraction size. Except for the fraction retained on the 1.40 mm screen and at 4.78% to 16.53% moisture levels, all of the remaining fractions were cohesive. TIVAR 88 wall surface had the lowest angles of wall friction (10.88° to 15.54°) compared to stainless steel and mild steel. The results obtained from this study will be useful in the design and sizing of equipment and facilities for handling, storing, and transporting loblolly pine grinds.
The etiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for treatment. (2001)

This article begins by reviewing the history of etiologic thinking in the field of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). I conclude from this review that not only are the old mechanistic etiologic concepts incorrect, but also that 2 of the most popular current concepts (biopsychosocial and multifactorial) are seriously flawed. Therefore, what we really have at the individual TMD patient level is nearly always an idiopathic situation--we simply do not know enough, or cannot measure enough, or cannot precisely determine why each patient has a TMD. In addition, we do not understand the host resistance factors that ultimately determine why one person gets sick while another does not. The issue of "why" (etiology) must be differentiated from the issue of "how" (pathophysiology), both semantically and intellectually, to discuss all of this properly. However, our current inability to precisely identify etiologies in TMD patients does not prevent us from providing sensible (and often successful) treatment for most of these patients. Many health conditions currently are treated by physicians and dentists with either incomplete or flawed understanding of their etiology, but the availability of empirical data about treatment outcomes permits some level of appropriate care to be given. Fortunately, a large number of comparative studies have been done in the field of TMD therapy, providing us with a basis for selecting initial therapies as well as for dealing with treatment failures. Even in the absence of a perfect understanding of etiology, we still can provide good conservative care, and we should avoid aggressive and irreversible treatments, especially when they are based on flawed concepts of etiology. The article concludes by discussing current basic science research activities in the field of TMD and orofacial pain. I propose that these ongoing studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint disease, muscle pain, and chronic pain are the most likely avenues to future progress in this field, as specific countermeasures are developed to become the basis for more precisely targeted therapies.