gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Technology Improves Performance of Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluids (2008)

Summary For a number of years, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids have been used for a variety of stimulation treatment applications, including hydraulic fracturing, acid diverting, and gravelpacking. VES fluid systems typically offer higher-retained permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack than polymeric systems. However, preliminary cost, a 200°F temperature limit, excessive leakoff, and no internal breaker mechanism for dry gas applications have limited VES use. New VES fluid technology has been developed that substantially improves product performance and cost effectiveness. The temperature range has been extended to 300°F by using newly developed VES stabilizer technology. The system works with high-density brines up to 14.4 ppg. Internal breakers have been developed that permit a controlled viscosity break from ambient to 300°F. Laboratory tests have determined that an internally broken fluid rapidly achieves &gt;90% returned permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack without the presence or need for contacting hydrocarbons. Fluid loss-control technology has been developed that reduces VES fluid leakoff similar to wall-building fluids, but without filtercake damage. This paper discusses the development of the new VES system chemistry and its properties. The paper also addresses the merits of a viscous fluid that can work in a variety of base fluids for high-pressure applications, such as managing surface-treating pressure or for gas-hydrate inhibition in deep gas or deepwater environments. Breaker technology discussion addresses the ability to ensure and enhance VES fluid-viscosity breaking. Fluid loss-control technology effective to at least 2,000 millidarcies (mD) is presented. This paper also presents rheological, return permeability and conductivity, fluid loss control, treating pressure, and financial results.
Corrosion in Amine Gas Treating Solutions (1958)

Corrosion tests were conducted in the laboratory on . steel, stainless steels, Monel, and nickel in amine solution saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The effects of temperature, pressure, and amine concentration and the presence of sludge were explored. Types 304 and 316 stainless steel gave consistently low corrosion rates under all conditions. Monel was satisfactory when carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide were present singularly in the amine but mixtures of the gases were damaging. Hydrogen sulfide alone in amine solution was not highly corrosive to any of the alloys. Corrosion increased with increase in severity of conditions. Results of a number of field corrosion tests in operating equipment under a variety of conditions of temperature and concentration are given together with an interpretation of the data in the light of practical experience. 8.4.3
Proteomics Reveals that Proteins Expressed During the Early Stage of <i>Bacillus Anthracis</i> Infection are Potential Targets for the Development of Vaccines and Drugs (2004)

Abstract In this review, we advance a new concept in developing vaccines and/or drugs to target specific proteins expressed during the early stage of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) infection and address existing challenges to this concept. Three proteins (immune inhibitor A, GPR-like spore protease, and alanine racemase) initially identified by proteomics in our laboratory were found to have differential expressions during anthrax spore germination and early outgrowth. Other studies of different bacillus strains indicate that these three proteins are involved in either germination or cytotoxicity of spores, suggesting that they may serve as potential targets for the design of anti-anthrax vaccines and drugs.
Key Enablers to Deliver Latency-as-a-Service in 5G Networks (2019)

In the early 4G deployments, mobile communication providers have been focusing on connectivity technologies to meet the coverage and capacity needs of the users. With the advent of 5G, however, new value-added services including Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), Mission Critical (MC) applications need to be supported. Open Radio Access Network (RAN) together with network slicing technology has been envisioned as one of the important solutions to realize Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services in 5G. The paper explores a novel framework and its under-pinning key enablers to deliver the ultra-low latency specifications for various 5G verticals including Smart Cities, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and MC Services.
On Equivalence Between Network Topologies (2010)

One major open problem in network coding is to characterize the capacity region of a general multi-source multi-demand network. There are some existing computational tools for bounding the capacity of general networks, but their computational complexity grows very quickly with the size of the network. This motivates us to propose a new hierarchical approach which finds upper and lower bounding networks of smaller size for a given network. This approach sequentially replaces components of the network with simpler structures, i.e., with fewer links or nodes, so that the resulting network is more amenable to computational analysis and its capacity provides an upper or lower bound on the capacity of the original network. The accuracy of the resulting bounds can be bounded as a function of the link capacities. Surprisingly, we are able to simplify some families of network structures without any loss in accuracy.
A traffic-aware top-N firewall ruleset approximation algorithm (2010)

Packet classification is widely used in various network security and operation applications. Two of the main challenges are the increasing number of classification rules, amount of traffic and network line speed. In this poster, we investigate an approximation algorithm for selecting the top-N most frequently matched subset of rules from the original ruleset. Through simulations, we show that our approaches the optimal while runs in seconds, allowing online adaptation to changing traffic patterns.
A Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer with Three Independent Ion Sources for the Study of Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions (2002)

An instrument for the study of gas-phase ion/ion reactions in which three independent sources of ions, namely, two electrospray ionization sources and one atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source, are interfaced to a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer is described. This instrument expands the scope of gas-phase ion/ion reaction studies by allowing for manipulation of the charge states of multiply charged reactant and product ions. Examples are provided involving the formation of protein-protein complexes in the gas phase. Complexes with charge states that cannot be formed from reactant ion charge states present in the normal electrospray charge state distributions can be formed in the new apparatus. Strategies that rely on both reactant ion charge state manipulation and product ion charge state manipulation are demonstrated. In addition, simplification of product ion spectra generated from dissociation of complexes formed via ion/ion reactions can be effected by using the discharge source to reduce the charge state of the product ions to primarily 1+.
Solving Real-Life Locomotive-Scheduling Problems (2005)

In the locomotive-scheduling problem (or the locomotive-assignment problem), we must assign a consist (a set of locomotives) to each train in a preplanned train schedule so as to provide each train with sufficient locomotive power to pull the train from its origin to its destination. Locomotive-scheduling problems are among the most important problems in railroad scheduling. In this paper, we report the results of a study on the locomotive-scheduling problem as it is faced by CSX Transportation, a major U.S. railroad company. We consider the planning version of the locomotive-scheduling model (LSM) in which multiple types of locomotives exist, and we need to decide which set of locomotives should be assigned to each train. We present an integrated model that determines: the set of active and deadheaded locomotives for each train; the light-traveling locomotives from power sources to power sinks; and train-to-train connections (for which we specify which inbound trains and outbound trains can directly connect). An important feature of our model is that we explicitly consider consist bustings and consistency. A consist is said to be busted when a set of locomotives coming on an inbound train is broken into subsets to be reassigned to two or more outbound trains. A solution is consistent over a week if a train receives the same locomotive assignment each day that it runs. We will provide a mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation of the locomotive-assignment problem. However, an MIP of this size cannot be solved to optimality or near optimality in acceptable running times using commercially available software. Using problem decomposition, integer programming, and very large-scale neighborhood search, we have developed a solution technique to solve this problem within 30 minutes of computation time on a Pentium III computer. Our solution obtained a potential savings of over 400 locomotives over the solution obtained by the in-house software developed by CSX.
Anticancer efficacy of the metabolic blocker 3-bromopyruvate: specific molecular targeting. (2013)

The anticancer efficacy of the pyruvate analog 3-bromopyruvate has been demonstrated in multiple tumor models. The chief principle underlying the antitumor effects of 3-bromopyruvate is its ability to effectively target the energy metabolism of cancer cells. Biochemically, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been identified as the primary target of 3-bromopyruvate. Its inhibition results in the depletion of intracellular ATP, causing cell death. Several reports have also demonstrated that in addition to GAPDH inhibition, the induction of cellular stress also contributes to 3-bromopyruvate treatment-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that 3-bromopyruvate is taken up selectively by tumor cells via the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) that are frequently overexpressed in cancer cells (for the export of lactate produced during aerobic glycolysis). The preferential uptake of 3-bromopyruvate via MCTs facilitates selective targeting of tumor cells while leaving healthy and non-malignant tissue untouched. Taken together, the specificity of molecular (GAPDH) targeting and selective uptake by tumor cells, underscore the potential of 3-bromopyruvate as a potent and promising anticancer agent. In this review, we highlight the mechanistic characteristics of 3-bromopyruvate and discuss its potential for translation into the clinic.
Study on Stability Exponent Apparatus (2012)

The stability index apparatus is presented, which adopts electrochemical principle and microcontroller technology to determine the solution alkalinity of the circulating water processed by CaCO3. Base on it, this apparatus calculates the stability exponent to evaluate whether the measured water is stable, or existing the tendency of fouling or corrosion. The scaling and the corrosion of pipes and equipments are relieved by controlling the quality of the circulating water. This paper presents the new stability exponent apparatus with which the stability of the water quality can be determined accurately and provides the basis for controlling the water quality. The automatic control of water quality is realized by this apparatus with the cooperation of the dosing system, ensuring the circulating water piping to be safe and stable.
A facile microfluidic strategy for measuring interfacial tension (2013)

We report a facile method for measuring interfacial tension (IFT, γ) of immiscible fluids using a microfluidic device. The IFT is determined by monitoring the pressure drop across a microchannel, where a pair of modified Laplace sensors (formed by tapered channels) are connected, and the curvatures of the interfaces in the tapered channels. The method was tested with the model oil/water systems, and the results agreed well with a commercial tensiometry. We expect this method to be easily implemented in common microfluidic laboratories and supply a low-cost and fast way for interfacial tension measurement.
[Subclassification, molecular structure, function and ligand in integrin superfamily]. (1995)

Integrins are the major family of cell surface receptors that mediate adhesion to the extracellular matrix and sometimes cell-cell adhesive interactions. These integrin-mediated adhesive interactions are involved in the regulation of many cellular functions, including embryonic development, tumor cell growth and metastasis, programmed cell death, hemostasis, inflammation, immune reaction, bone reabsorption, etc. Integrins are composed of alpha and beta transmembrane subunits selected from among 16 alpha and 8 beta subunits that heterodimerize to produce more than 20 different receptors which bind specific ligands. Ligand binding sites have been clarified by chimera integrin protein in some integrins. Integrins link to intracellular cytoskeletal complexes and bundles of actin filaments. There have been many reports about intracellular signaling pathways activated by integrin-ligand interactions.
Software fault tolerance in architectures with hierarchical protection levels (1988)

The effect on software fault tolerance of hardware features such as hierarchical privilege levels (rings), the use of descriptors for memory protection, separated virtual address spaces, and ring crossings that enforce specific energy points is considered. A strategy that uses a separate programming layer, the recovery layer, to handle fault-tolerant aspects of process interactions is discussed. The recovery metaprogram (RPM) which monitors the run-time behavior of the application program and coordinates error detection, recovery, and reconfiguration, is examined, focusing on privilege levels, which provide protection against error propagation, RMP implementation, and conversations. The intel 80286 has been used as a sample implementation vehicle, but most of the discussion applies to any machine with a similar range of features. Extension to multiprocessor systems is indicated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Primary structure of two P-type ATPases involved in copper homeostasis in Enterococcus hirae (1993)

We cloned an operon, copAB, from Enterococcus hirae encoding two P-type ATPases of 727 and 745 amino acids, respectively. Both enzymes display heavy metal ion binding motifs in their polar N-terminal region. With an antibody against CopB, we showed on Western blots that expression of the operon is induced by either low or high ambient copper concentrations. Disruption of the copA gene renders the cells dependent, whereas copper disruption of copB results in a copper-sensitive phenotype. CopA exhibits 35% sequence similarity to CopB and 43% similarity to the ATPase encoded by the recently cloned human Mc1 gene, a gene responsible for the Menkes inborn error of copper metabolism. Our results imply that CopA and CopB are heavy metal ion ATPases that regulate the cytoplasmic copper activity, with CopA serving in the uptake and CopB in the extrusion of copper.
Annulation of <i>o</i>-Quinodimethanes through N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of 1-Isochromanones (2016)

The activation of 2-(bromomethyl)benzaldehydes using N-heterocyclic carbenes represents a novel approach to the generation of o-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediates. Coupling with ketones such as phenylglyoxylates, isatins, or trifluoromethyl ketones via [4 + 2] annulation gives access to functionalized 1-isochromanones.
Selective excitotoxic degeneration of adult pig retinal ganglion cells in vitro. (2001)

The molecular pathways underlying excitotoxic RGC death in vitro (non-NMDA or NMDA-preferring Glu receptors) vary among species and developmental stages. The selective elimination of adult pig large RGCs by NMDA receptor-mediated pathways more closely resembles human and animal glaucoma in vivo than other published culture models, providing a simplified experimental system for investigating the pharmacologic and toxicologic bases of glaucoma-like neuronal death.
What Is in a Biocatalyst? (2006)

An area often neglected by synthetic organic chemists beginning studies in biotransformations is the biocatalyst itself. As with homogeneous and heterogeneous metal-catalysed reactions, there is a vast opportunity for elegant process understanding and scale-up with biocatalysis. An understanding of the exact nature of the catalyst and the optimum way in which the catalyst should be presented to the reaction medium are crucial to the successful identification and scale-up of organic reactions catalysed by enzymes in aqueous and, especially, organic solvents.
Molecular beam epitaxy of gallium arsenide using direct radiative substrate heating (1986)

Conventional mounting techniques in molecular beam epitaxy using indium to solder GaAs substrates to molybdenum blocks result in a rough back side which is incompatible with integrated circuit processing. We present the design of a new substrate holder which allows direct radiative heating of substrates without use of indium bonding. Temperature measurement and control are done by radiative coupling to a shielded thermocouple which sits just behind the GaAs wafer. Excellent temperature uniformity is achieved over a 3 in. wafer by a molybdenum holder ring design which minimizes contact with the substrate and holds the wafer against the back of the ring to eliminate shadowing of the substrate from the heater. No coating of the wafers is necessary for temperature control. Stress related defects and growth induced wafer warpage are not observed. Deep level transient spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and mobility measurements show the clear superiority of GaAs layers grown using direct radiative substrate heating compared to conventional indium bonding.
Establishment of a monoclonal anti‐pan HLA class I antibody suitable for immunostaining of formalin‐fixed tissue: Unusually high frequency of down‐regulation in breast cancer tissues (2012)

A novel monoclonal anti-pan human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I heavy chain antibody, EMR8-5, was established. It could detect HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. By immunohistochemical staining using the EMR8-5 antibody, various cancer tissues from 246 cases were examined for HLA class I expression. It was found that HLA class I expression was decreased in 20% to 42% of the cases of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma. In contrast, 85% of breast cancer cases had loss of or decreased HLA class I expression. Of the 35 breast cancer cases that had decreased HLA class I heavy chain expression, 33 (94%) also had decreased beta2-microglobulin expression detected by immunohistochemical staining. It was suggested that HLA class I down-regulation might be a common characteristic of breast cancer mostly caused by the down-regulation of beta2-microglobulin expression.
Altered protein folding may be the molecular basis of most cases of cystic fibrosis (1992)

Experiments have demonstrated that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), containing the most common cystic fibrosis (CF)-causing mutation (delta F508), reaches the plasma membrane in reduced amounts. Studies of a peptide model of CFTR indicate that the delta F508 mutated region is more sensitive to denaturating conditions. This paper proposes that altered protein folding accounts for these findings, and, thus, most cases of CF. Significantly, the hypothesis makes specific predictions about the effect of stabilizing conditions on mutant CFTR, and, further, suggests a new class of pharmaceuticals that may prove effective in the treatment of this important genetic disease.
Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by tanshinone I in human colon cancer Colo 205 cells (1998)

Tanshinone I (Tan-I) and tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) were isolated from Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix), a widely prescribed traditional herbal medicine that is used to treat cardiovascular and dysmenorrhea diseases. In our previous study, Tan-IIA was demonstrated to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer Colo 205 cells. However, the effect of Tan-I on human colon cancer cells is not clearly understood yet. In this study, the anti-growth and apoptosis-eliciting effects of Tan-I, as well as its cellular mechanisms of actions, were investigated in Colo 205 human colon cancer cells. Tan-I reduced cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, inducing apoptosis accompanied by an increase in TUNEL staining and in cells in the sub-G1 fraction. The expression of p53, p21, bax and caspase-3 increased in Tan-I-treated cells. In addition, the cell cycle analysis showed G0/G1 arrest. These findings suggest that Tan-I induces apoptosis in Colo 205 cells through both mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic cell-death pathways and p21-mediated G0/G1cell cycle arrest. Accordingly, the therapeutic potential of Tan-I for colon cancer deserves further study.
The role of histamine H<sub>4</sub>receptor in immune and inflammatory disorders (2009)

Since its discovery at the beginning of the 20th century, histamine has been established to play a pathophysiological regulatory role in cellular events through binding to four types of G-protein-coupled histamine receptors that are differentially expressed in various cell types. The discovery, at the turn of the millennium, that the histamine H4 receptor is largely expressed in haemopoietic cells as well as its chemotactic properties designate its regulatory role in the immune system. H4 receptors modulate eosinophil migration and selective recruitment of mast cells leading to amplification of histamine-mediated immune responses and eventually to chronic inflammation. H4 receptor involvement in dendritic cell activation and T cell differentiation documents its immunomodulatory function. The characterization of the H4 as the immune system histamine receptor directed growing attention towards its therapeutic exploitation in inflammatory disorders, such as allergy, asthma, chronic pruritus and autoimmune diseases. The efficacy of a number of H4 receptor ligands has been evaluated in in vivo and in vitro animal models of disease and in human biological samples. However, before reaching decisive conclusions on H4 receptor pathophysiological functions and therapeutic exploitation, identification of genetic polymorphisms and interspecies differences in its relative actions and pharmacological profile need to be addressed and taken into consideration. Despite certain variations in the reported findings, the available data strongly point to the H4 receptor as a novel target for the pharmacological modulation of histamine-transferred immune signals and offer an optimistic perspective for the therapeutic exploitation of this promising new drug target in inflammatory disorders.