gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mouse Model of Oral Infection with Virulent Type A <i>Francisella tularensis</i> (2007)

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. Little is known about the immunopathogenesis of oral infection with this pathogen. Here, for the first time, we examined the susceptibility of mice to intragastric inoculation with virulent type A F. tularensis and characterized the course of infection and the associated host responses. Both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice were relatively susceptible to intragastric inoculation of type A F. tularensis with a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 10(6) organisms, which was 100,000-fold higher than the LD(100) for intradermal or respiratory routes of infection. Mice deficient in gamma interferon or tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 were more susceptible than wild-type controls to oral infection with a high dose of the pathogen. After oral inoculation, F. tularensis appeared first in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and then rapidly spread to the livers and spleens, where the organism multiplied to high numbers and induced marked neutrophilic infiltration and severe tissue necrosis. Infected mice showed rapid increases in tissue cytokine mRNA expression, which peaked in the MLN at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and in the liver and spleen at 3 dpi. The levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha, KC, interferon-inducible protein 10, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were elevated from day 2 postinoculation onward. Moreover, mice intradermally immunized with the live vaccine strain of F. tularensis showed little survival advantage over naive mice after oral challenge with type A F. tularensis. These results suggest that type A F. tularensis is an effective oral pathogen that can cause fatal systemic infection and could pose a public health concern, particularly to immunocompromised individuals, if ingested in contaminated water and food.
Stabilized Optoelectronic Oscillator With Enlarged Frequency-Drift Compensation Range (2018)

To improve the frequency-drift compensation range for the stabilized optoelectronic oscillator, a novel stabilization scheme based on the frequency conversion pair has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The cavity length is adjusted by controlling the phase shift of oscillation signal at relatively low frequency via frequency division and frequency multiplication. In the proof-of-concept experiment, a 10-GHz signal has been successfully generated with the phase noise about -123 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset frequency assisted by the external triggering. The optoelectronic resonant cavity is tuned at 5 GHz via a divide-by-2 prescaler and a frequency doubler, and the frequency compensation range can be enlarged more than three times compared with a conventional phase-locked-loop-based stabilization method. Finally, the stability of the locked optoelectronic oscillator is improved from 4.1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> to 1.1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> at 1000-s averaging time.
An unusual novel anti-oxidant dibenzoyl glycoside from <i>Salvinia natans</i> (2009)

An unusual novel and significant anti-oxidant 1,2-dibenzoyl glycoside, natansnin (1), has been isolated from Salvinia natans. The structure of 1 was established by the study of NMR and CD spectral data.
Ti(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub> and [HNMe<sub>2</sub>Ph][B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]:  A Convenient Blend for Effective Catalytic Carboamination of Alkynes (2006)

Ti(NMe2)4, when combined with [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4], catalyzes carboamination of alkynes with aldimines to form highly arylated α,β-unsaturated imines with exclusive (E,E)-configuration at the olefin and imine residues. Complexes [Ti(NHMe2)(NMe2)3][B(C6F5)4] and [TiNAr(NHMe2)3(NMe2)][B(C6F5)4] (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), isolated from stoichiometric reactions involving Ti(NMe2)4/[HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4] and Ti(NMe2)4/[HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4]/ArNH2, respectively, also catalyze carboamination with activity comparable to that of the Ti(NMe2)4/[HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4] system.
Increased Arterial Wall Stiffness Limits Flow Volume in the Lower Extremities in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2001)

Arterial wall stiffness was associated with reduced arterial flow volume in the lower extremities of diabetic patients.
Structural Analysis of UDP-Sugar Binding to UDP-Galactose 4-Epimerase from <i>Escherichia coli</i><sup>,</sup> (1997)

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose through the transient reduction of the tightly bound cofactor NAD+. The enzyme is unique among the NAD+-dependent enzymes in that it promotes stereospecific reduction of the cofactor but nonstereospecific hydride return during normal catalysis. In addition to hydride transfer, the reaction mechanism of epimerase involves two key features: the abstraction of a proton from the 4'-hydroxyl group of glucose or galactose by an active site base and the rotation of a 4-ketopyranose intermediate in the active site pocket. To address the second issue of movement within the active site, the X-ray structures of reduced epimerase complexed with UDP-mannose, UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-alpha-D-galactose, or UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-alpha-D-glucose have been determined and refined to 1.65, 1.8, and 1.65 A resolution, respectively. A comparison of these models to that of the previously determined epimerase/NADH/UDP-glucose abortive complex reveals that the active site accommodates the various sugars by simple rearrangements of water molecules rather than by large changes in side chain conformations. In fact, the polypeptide chains for all of the epimerase/NADH/UDP-sugar complexes studied thus far are remarkably similar and can be superimposed with root-mean-square deviations of not greater than 0.24 A. The only significant differences between the various enzyme/UDP-sugar models occur in two of the dihedral angles defining the conformation of the UDP-sugar ligands.
A Metadata Resource to Promote Data Integration (1999)

A 1.75-kb DNA fragment containing the entire Escherichia coli proB+ gene has been sequenced. The proB locus encodes the structural gene for gamma-glutamyl kinase (GK), the enzyme responsible for the first step in proline biosynthesis, and the primary regulatory point of the pathway. We have previously reported the nucleotide (nt) sequence of a mutant proB gene isolated from an E. coli strain resistant to the toxic analog of proline, 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline (DHP). This mutant gene encodes a GK which is refractory to allosteric feedback inhibition by proline (DHPR). Comparison of the proB+ and DHPR proB sequences revealed a single base difference, an A-T to C-G transversion localized at nt position 428 within the amino acid (aa) coding region of proB. This mutation predicts an aa change from glutamic acid in the wild-type (wt) enzyme to alanine in the DHPR enzyme.
Application of a fiber Fourier transform spectrometer to the detection of wavelength-encoded signals from Bragg grating sensors (1995)

We describe an all-fiber Fourier transform spectrometer for decoding the wavelength shifts from a series of Bragg grating sensors. The system described uses an optical fiber Michelson interferometer with one arm wrapped on a piezoelectric driven stretcher capable of inducing a /spl sim/10 cm fiber length change. Passive polarization compensation is utilized which eliminates the possibility of random polarization fading in the interferometer causing apodization of the interferogram. This permits an all-fiber design without the need for speciality optical fiber or external polarization adjustments. A reference Nd:YAG laser is used to stabilize the interferometric scan in a phase-locked loop configuration by way of slow and fast feedback correction elements. A spectral resolution of <0.07 cm/sup -1/ was obtained, which corresponds to a Bragg wavelength shift of /spl sim/0.015 nm in the 1.55 /spl mu/m region. The simultaneous wavelength determination capacity of the device also permits it to be used in a variety of other applications for analysis of optical spectra.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Activation of sickle red blood cell adhesion via integrin-associated protein/CD47–induced signal transduction (2020)

Peripheral human red blood cells (RBCs) are not generally known to become activated and adhesive in response to cell signaling. We show, however, that soluble thrombospondin via integrin-associated protein (IAP; CD47) increases the adhesiveness of sickle RBCs (SS RBCs) by activating signal transduction in the SS RBC. This stimulated adhesion requires occupancy of IAP and shear stress and is mediated by the activation of large G proteins and tyrosine kinases. Reticulocyte-enriched RBCs derived from sickle-cell disease (SCD) patients are most responsive to IAP-induced activation. These studies therefore establish peripheral SS RBCs as signaling cells that respond to a novel synergy between IAP-induced signal transduction and shear stress, suggesting new therapeutic targets in SCD.
A single-directional microcavity laser with microloop mirrors and widened medium realized with quantum-well intermixing (2005)

We describe a linear-geometry microcavity laser with microloops as end reflectors to achieve single-directional output. Finite-difference time-domain simulation is used to optimize the microloop mirror (MLM) performance and simulate the laser operation. We show that a single-directional microlaser with cavity length as small as 25 μm can be realized. A method to obtain higher output power from the microlaser with widened gain medium (WGM) is discussed. An initial fabrication of the MLM-WGM laser with transparent MLM formed by quantum-well intermixing is presented. A low-lasing threshold of /spl sim/0.4 mA is achieved.
A travelling-wave parametric amplifier utilizing Josephson junctions (1985)

Josephson junction parametric amplifiers of travelling-wave design have been designed for use as low-noise millimeter wave amplifiers. These devices have non-reciprocal gain, very wide bandwidths, power dissipations of a few tens of nanowatts, and an input impedance that can be as high as 50 ohms. The design is described and performance estimates, based on a small-signal model, are summarized.
Blood coagulation factors in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus (1988)

Blood coagulation in Oreochromis mossambicus was evaluated by determination of whole blood clotting times for traumatic and atraumatic blood samples and of intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation factors. Results indicate that this process is similar to mammalian coagulation, although clotting times were much reduced. In addition, species specificity to prothrombin activator was also indicated, which was not affected significantly by increased temperatures.
Design and Demonstration of Hybrid Multilayer Structures:  Layer-by-Layer Mixed Covalent and Ionic Interlayer Linking Chemistry (2000)

We report on the growth of layered molecular assemblies where the interlayer attachment chemistry is controlled layer-by-layer. We demonstrate the compatibility of chemistry where the layers are connected by ionic coordination chemistry [ROPO32-−Zr4+−-O2CR]+OH- and by the formation of covalent urea moieties. A maleimide−vinyl ether (MVE) copolymer containing pendant benzoic acid and butyl alcohol functionalities is used for ionic layer growth. Coupling of covalently bonded adlayers to the MVE polymer is achieved by the attachment of poly(ethylene imine), PEI, to the MVE surface. Subsequent reaction of the PEI surface with diisocyanates and diamines produces urea-linked covalent multilayers. The covalent multilayers can be converted to ionic growth chemistry by treatment of the aminated terminal surface with POCl3 and water followed by further reaction with MVE polymer and Zr4+ ions. We report the reaction schemes for these hybrid layer structures and the characterization of these novel materials by optical ellipsometry, FTIR and UV−vis spectroscopy, XPS, and X-ray diffraction. The data show the formation of robust multilayer assemblies characterized by limited order within each layer.
Chora in Hell: The Sewer Venus, Sexual Politics, and Williams's Improvisation "Rome" (1924) (2006)

I propose to discuss Williams's text by exploring four interrelated topics: 1) Williams's ideas about the complicated links between gender and genius, with help from the theorist Julia Kristeva; 2) the role Williams's study of Greek vs. Roman cultural traditions played in his developing theories of the purpose of his writing, especially the Improvisations; 3) the reason why Williams was so inter- ested in the role Venus played in Roman mythology; and 4) the ways in which Williams used his text Rome to explore an understanding of the importance of New World history that may supplement the insights of In the American Grain. The most difficult task of the essay will be to show the connections between gen- der and geography—between Williams's meditations on genius and his investiga- tion of the tension linking centers and provinces in culture in the Old World and the New.
Extraction of user's navigation commands from upper body force interaction in walker assisted gait (2010)

The presented methodology offers an effective cancelation of the undesired components from force data, allowing the system to extract in real-time voluntary user's navigation commands. Based on this real-time identification of voluntary user's commands, a classical approach to the control architecture of the robotic walker is being developed, in order to obtain stable and safe user assisted locomotion.
Randomised controlled trial of structured personal care of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2001)

In primary care, individualised goals with educational and surveillance support may for at least six years bring risk factors of patients with type 2 diabetes to a level that has been shown to reduce diabetic complications but without weight gain.
Catalytic Synthesis of Ammonia—A “Never‐Ending Story”? (2003)

Nitrogen atoms are essential for the function of biological molecules and thus are and important component of fertilizers and medicaments. Bonds to nitrogen also find nonbiological uses in dyes, explosives, and resins. The synthesis of all these materials requires ammonia as an activated nitrogen building block. This situation is true for natural processes and the chemical industry. Knowledge of the various techniques for the preparation of ammonia is thus of fundamental importance for chemistry. The Haber-Bosch synthesis was the first heterogeneous catalytic system employed in the chemical industry and is still in use today. Understanding the mechanism and the translation of the knowledge into technical perfection has become a fundamental criterion for scientific development in catalysis research.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles Bearing Amino Substituents from Heteroaryl Triflates. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Plesiohedral Cellular Network of Graphene Bubbles for Ultralight, Strong, and Superelastic Materials (2018)

Advanced materials with low density and high strength impose transformative impacts in the construction, aerospace, and automobile industries. These materials can be realized by assembling well-designed modular building units (BUs) into interconnected structures. This study uses a hierarchical design strategy to demonstrate a new class of carbon-based, ultralight, strong, and even superelastic closed-cellular network structures. Here, the BUs are prepared by a multiscale design approach starting from the controlled synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets at the molecular- and nanoscale, leading to the microfluidic fabrication of spherical solid-shelled bubbles at the microscale. Then, bubbles are strategically assembled into centimeter-scale 3D structures. Subsequently, these structures are transformed into self-interconnected and structurally reinforced closed-cellular network structures with plesiohedral cellular units through post-treatment, resulting in the generation of 3D graphene lattices with rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb structure at the centimeter-scale. The 3D graphene suprastructure concurrently exhibits the Young's modulus above 300 kPa while retaining a light density of 7.7 mg cm<sup>-3</sup> and sustaining the elasticity against up to 87% of the compressive strain benefiting from efficient stress dissipation through the complete space-filling closed-cellular network. The method of fabricating the 3D graphene closed-cellular structure opens a new pathway for designing lightweight, strong, and superelastic materials.
The CMOS/nano interface from a circuits perspective (2003)

We consider a circuit paradigm that combines conventional silicon microelectronics with emerging self-assembled nanoelectronics. Peripheral CMOS circuitry is used to drive the input signals and restore the output signals of nanoscale crossbar structures. We address a number of issues dealing with interfacing CMOS and nanoelectronics. Furthermore, we consider important metrics, such as, delay, area, and energy for a full-adder implemented in the mixed circuit paradigm.
Stimulation of osteogenic activity in mesenchymal stem cells by FK506 (2007)

The aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic induction by tacrolimus hydrate (FK506) of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were cultured in alpha-MEM containing either (1) L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AsAP) and beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP) as a control; (2) AsAP and beta-GP plus FK506; (3) AsAP and beta-GP plus Dex; or (4) AsAP and beta-GP plus FK506 and Dex. The concentration of FK506 was varied from 5 to 5000 nM to investigate the dose-effect relationship. Sixteen days later, cells were harvested for analysis. Examination of morphology, alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity, calcium deposition, bone nodule formation, osteocalcin mRNA expression, and mineralized extracellular matrix formation showed that the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was greatly promoted, bone nodule formation was enhanced, APase activity and the expression of osteocalcin mRNA were increased. FK506 was much more effective when combined with Dex. The best results were achieved with alpha-MEM containing 0.25 mM AsAP, 10 mM beta-GP, 10 nM Dex, and 50 nM FK506. Formation of bone in vivo was also studied by transplanting MSCs-loaded ceramic cubes subcutaneously into the back of rats. Satisfactory results were achieved at 4 and 8 weeks. FK506 should be considered for use as an osteogenic agent.
Mutations of the <b> <i>Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor</i> </b> Gene in Lung Cancer (2004)

Recently it has been reported that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) gene occur in a subset of patients with lung cancer showing a dramatic response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. To gain further insights in the role of EGFR in lung carcinogenesis, we sequenced exons 18-21 of the tyrosine kinase domain using total RNA extracted from unselected 277 patients with lung cancer who underwent surgical resection and correlated the results with clinical and pathologic features. EGFR mutations were present in 111 patients (40%). Fifty-two were in-frame deletions around codons 746-750 in exon 19, 54 were point mutations including 49 at codon 858 in exon 21 and 4 at codon 719 in exon 18, and 5 were duplications/insertions mainly in exon 20. They were significantly more frequent in female (P < 0.001), adenocarcinomas (P = 0.0013), and in never-smokers (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested EGFR mutations were independently associated with adenocarcinoma histology (P = 0.0012) and smoking status (P < 0.001), but not with female gender (P = 0.9917). In adenocarcinomas, EGFR mutations were more frequent in well to moderately differentiated tumors (P < 0.001) but were independent of patient age, disease stages, or patient survival. KRAS and TP53 mutations were present in 13 and 41%, respectively. EGFR mutations never occurred in tumors with KRAS mutations, whereas EGFR mutations were independent of TP53 mutations. EGFR mutations define a distinct subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma without KRAS mutations, which is not caused by tobacco carcinogens.
Minimum energy requirements of thermally coupled distillation systems (1987)

Abstract Energy requirements of four different thermally coupled distillation systems were minimized for an assumed ideal ternary solution being separated. Minimum vapor flows and values of decision variables have been found in the form of analytical expressions. This enables making a quick and simple comparison of these systems. The solution method can be used for synthesis of separation systems or for screening calculations.
Compliant Rolling-Contact Element Mechanisms (2005)

This paper presents three planar mechanisms capable of performing the functions of a bearing and a spring: the compliant rolling-contact element (CORE), the CORE bearing, and the elliptical CORE bearing. The designs use compliant rolling-contact joints to achieve low friction rotation and to bear high in-plane lateral loads. A model for predicting the behavior of the designs is presented, and manufacturing considerations are discussed for the macro, meso, and micro scales. A case study is presented, and the designs are shown to be capable of meeting the demanding design constraints of the study.
ASCRS white paper (2007)

Wilson, Edward M. Jr. MD; Trivedi, Rupal H. MD, MSCR; Buckley, Edward G. MD; Granet, David B. MD; Lambert, Scott R. MD; Plager, David A. MD; Sinskey, Robert M. MD; Vasavada, Abhay R. MS, FRCS Author Information
Evidence for triplet superconductivity in Josephson junctions with barriers of the ferromagnetic Heusler alloy<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Cu</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>MnAl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2010)

We have studied Josephson junctions with barriers prepared from the Heusler compound ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{MnAl}$. In the as-prepared state the ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{MnAl}$ layers are nonferromagnetic and the critical Josephson current density ${j}_{c}$ decreases exponentially with the thickness of the Heusler layers ${d}_{F}$. On annealing the junctions at $240\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$ the Heusler layers develop ferromagnetic order and we observe a dependence ${j}_{c}({d}_{F})$ with ${j}_{c}$ strongly enhanced and weakly thickness dependent in the thickness range $7.0<{d}_{F}<10.6\text{ }\text{nm}$. We interpret this feature as an indication of a triplet component in the superconducting pairing function generated by the specific magnetization profile inside thin ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{MnAl}$ layers.