gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic vehicle recognition (1989)

Describes a process to classify vehicles into simple groups, in real time, using TV pictures as an input source. The image processing is done using RAPAC, a special purpose image processing machine developed at the University of Sheffield.
Infra-red Reflow for the Solder Attachment of Surface Mounted Devices (1986)

Infra-red ovens and furnaces have been in use in the microelectronics industry for a long time, but recent design advancements and process developments have provided the precise furnace control dictated by surface mount technology. This paper addresses the process implemented by state-of-the-art infra-red equipment and the impact which that technology has on the surface mount industry. The temperature cycles that current infra-red equipment utilises to reflow surface mount devices differ from the competing technologies in several distinct areas. Infra-red equipment provides controlled preheat rates in the critical initial heating stages, followed by temperature equilibration and final reflow. The radiative and other processes involved in the preheat of product are discussed, with particular attention paid to the removal of volatile organics from the solder paste and the stress induced on all elements of the assembly. The control of temperature uniformity is discussed, and the effects of geometry, thermal complexity, and absorptivity are examined with reference to heat transfer theory. The ability of infra-red equipment to provide close control of the ambient atmosphere during reflow cycles is outlined. Control of the atmosphere can benefit process control, reliability, and cosmetics. Inert atmospheres, such as pure nitrogen, can provide faster processing, more rapid and easier cleaning of fluxes, better solderability of secondary joints, and better cosmetics for the assembly. The inclusion of small amounts of hydrogen in the ambient can induce changes in the contact angle of the flux to polymers and ceramics, providing benefits for other process considerations, such as component shifting, solder balling and flux removal.
High-speed lateral polysilicon photodiode in standard CMOS technology (2004)

A high-performance lateral polysilicon photodiode was designed in standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The device has a frequency bandwidth far in the GHz range: the measured bandwidth of the poly photodiode was 6 GHz, which figure was limited by the measurement equipment. The high intrinsic (physical) bandwidth is due to a short excess carrier lifetime. The external (electrical) bandwidth is also high because of a very small parasitic capacitance (< 0.1 pF). This is the best bandwidth performance among all reported diodes designed in a standard CMOS. The quantum efficiency of this poly photodiode is 0.2% due to the very small light sensitive diode volume. The diode active area is limited by a narrow depletion region and its depth by the technology.
Usefulness of the medaka beta-actin promoter investigated using a mutant GFP reporter gene in transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes). (1998)

The activity of the medaka beta-actin promoter as a ubiquitous expression vector in transgenic medaka was examined using complementary DNA of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Plasmid pOBA-GFP contained both the medaka beta-actin promoter and cDNA of the wild-type GFP, while pOBA-hGFP contained the medaka beta-actin promoter and cDNA of the mutant GFP in which serine was substituted for threonine at position 65 and codon usage was humanized to promote translation in vertebrate cells. The ApaI-SmaI fragment of both plasmids was microinjected into the nuclei of oocytes or the cytoplasm of embryos at the one-cell stage. The gene expression was detected, using a fluorescent stereomicroscope, from early stages of development to 1 week after hatching. The expression of the wild-type GFP was detected in early embryos, in the yolk sac and in small portions of the muscle and epidermis. This expression pattern was similar to that of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase reporter gene (lacZ), driven by the medaka beta-actin promoter, which was examined in our previous studies. The mutant GFP was expressed in early embryos and in many tissues such as the epidermis, blood vessels, muscle, notochord, fin ray, gut, eyes, and yolk sac, and the fluorescence was much stronger than that of the wild-type GFP. Thus, the usefulness of the medaka beta-actin promoter as a ubiquitous expression vector was confirmed using the mutant GFP as a reporter gene.
Synthetic Templates and the RNA Polymerase of Influenza a Virus (1987)

Abstract Polyadenylic acid (poly A) and polyguanylic acid (poly G) have been modified to give polymers containing and Gpm5C termini. Polymers containing methylated (Gpmf C) termini are inactive as templates for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Influenza A virus.
Joint resolution enhancement and artifact reduction for MPEG-2 encoded digital video (2003)

A joint approach of resolution enhancement and artifact reduction for MPEG-2 encoded video is proposed in this paper. This new method uses a unified metric for digital video processing (UMDVP). The UMDVP is defined based on the coding information of MPEG-2 encoded video. It also takes the local scene content into account. Experimental results have demonstrated that the joint approach using the UMDVP outperforms the system of resolution enhancement and artifact reduction without the help of UMDVP. The proposed method can improve the performance of various emerging video systems using MPEG-2 compression.
ITSIITE, Ba<sub>2</sub>Ca(BSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM YUKON, CANADA: DESCRIPTION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (2014)

Itsiite, ideally Ba 2 Ca(BSi 2 O 7 ) 2 , is a new mineral from the Gun claim, just south of the Itsi Range, Yukon Territory, Canada. The new mineral occurs in low temperature, late-stage veins in direct association with cerchiaraite-(Fe), diopside, pyrite, quartz, sphalerite, and witherite. Itsiite occurs as colorless and light blue to medium greenish-blue tetragonal plates up to 1 mm across. The plates are flattened on {001} and exhibit the forms {001}, {101}, and {112}. The mineral is transparent, has a vitreous luster, and is non-fluorescent. It has a white streak and Mohs hardness of approximately 5½. It is brittle, with splintery fracture, and one perfect cleavage on {001}. The calculated density based upon the empirical formula and single-crystal unit cell is 3.644 g/cm 3 . The mineral is optically uniaxial (−), with ω = 1.623(1) and e = 1.619(1) (white light). The mineral is nonpleochroic. Electron-microprobe compositions (average of 3) provided: Na 2 O 0.06, BaO 46.35, CaO 7.35, FeO 0.15, Al 2 O 3 0.17, TiO 2 0.06, SiO 2 34.91, B 2 O 3 10.41 (from structure), total 99.46 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 14 O apfu ) is Ba 2.06 (Ca 0.89 Al 0.02 Na 0.01 Fe 0.01 Ti 0.01 ) ∑0.94 (Si 3.96 B 2.04 ) ∑6.00 O 14 . Itsiite is tetragonal, I 4 ¯ 2 m , a 10.9515(5), c 10.3038(7) A, V 1235.79(11) A 3 , and Z = 4. The nine most intense lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [ d obs in A( I )( hkl )]: 5.50(42)(200); 3.746(100)(202); 3.446(60)(301); 3.100(51)(222); 2.899(96)(321,312); 2.279(44)(323); 2.145(69)(224,501); 1.8257(41)(503,334,305); 1.7584(43)(532,523). The crystal structure ( R 1 = 1.8% for 992 F o > 4σ F ) is based upon a zeolite-like tetrahedral framework of corner-sharing tetrahedra consisting of four-membered silicate rings alternating with four-membered borate rings. The framework contains channels along each axis that host Ba 2+ in ninefold coordination and Ca 2+ in sixfold coordination. The structure is very similar to those of hyalotekite and kapitsaite-(Y).
Collisionally activated dissociation of 1-benzyloxypyridinium cations (1990)

Eighteen pyridine-ring substituted N-benzyloxypyridinium cations all dissociate by two alternative pathways to give (A) a cation C7H7+ and the substituted pyridine 1-oxide, and (B) a cation C7H7O+ and the substituted pyridine. Appearance potentials (Eapp) have been measured for both pathways; they are higher by 3–17 kcal mol–1 for the dominant pathway (A) than for (B).The Eapp values are compared with the ΔHf values calculated by the AM1 method for reactants and products demonstrating extensive rearrangement in a product-like transition state (TS) for pathway (A) but not for (B). Both sets of Eapp correlate roughly with Σσ for the pyridine ring substituents.For the 4-dimethylamino derivatives, two additional homolytic pathways are found to give (C) a, cation Me2NC5H4NO+˙ and (D) the 4-dimethylaminopyridine radical cation.
Generators operating with variable frequency drives in an offshore facility (2010)

Due to wide application of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), it becomes common that a dedicated generator supplies power to a VFD in the offshore oil field. In this paper, a case study was conducted and analyzed for a generator instability issue when operating with a VFD. Serious current oscillation happens between the generator output and the drive input at two electrical submersible pump (ESP) systems consisting of a dedicated generator and a VFD in each well. Minor changes of certain parameters and settings of the two ESP systems could trigger current oscillation at the input of the drives, also a current fluctuation at the ESP motors connected to the output of the drive and thus serious vibration of the ESP pumps. The analysis indicates that the low DC link voltage at the drives and the low displacement power factor at the drive input are the root causes of the problem. Effective solutions for this type of instability problem are proposed in this paper.
Glyantrypine, a novel anthranilic acid-containing metabolite of Aspergillus clavatus (1992)

The structure of a novel indole alkaloid, glyantrypine 2, a main secondary metabolite of Aspergillus clavatus has been elucidated by biosynthetic evidence, mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The compound extends the variety of metabolites biosynthesised from anthranilic acid and tryptophan without forming a benzodiazepine.
Features and functions of nonlinear spatial integration by retinal ganglion cells (2012)

Ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina integrate visual information over their receptive fields. They do so by pooling presynaptic excitatory inputs from typically many bipolar cells, which themselves collect inputs from several photoreceptors. In addition, inhibitory interactions mediated by horizontal cells and amacrine cells modulate the structure of the receptive field. In many models, this spatial integration is assumed to occur in a linear fashion. Yet, it has long been known that spatial integration by retinal ganglion cells also incurs nonlinear phenomena. Moreover, several recent examples have shown that nonlinear spatial integration is tightly connected to specific visual functions performed by different types of retinal ganglion cells. This work discusses these advances in understanding the role of nonlinear spatial integration and reviews recent efforts to quantitatively study the nature and mechanisms underlying spatial nonlinearities. These new insights point towards a critical role of nonlinearities within ganglion cell receptive fields for capturing responses of the cells to natural and behaviorally relevant visual stimuli. In the long run, nonlinear phenomena of spatial integration may also prove important for implementing the actual neural code of retinal neurons when designing visual prostheses for the eye.
An Improved Preparation of Arylboronates:  Application in One-Pot Suzuki Biaryl Synthesis<sup>†</sup> (2003)

We have developed a modification of the Miyaura arylboronate synthesis(1a) by substituting a ligandless palladium catalyst for PdCl(2)(dppf). Palladium acetate, free of ligand, was found highly effective for such coupling reactions. This modified procedure is advantageous over the original Miyaura synthesis in ease of workup, catalyst removal, and low catalyst cost. Furthermore, the boronates formed in this manner can be used directly for Suzuki coupling reactions in a one-pot fashion. The biaryl products have improved impurity profiles and reduced heavy metal contamination.
Electrical properties of singlewalled carbon nanotubes-PMMA composites (2000)

In this work, we report the results obtained from electrical measurements of poly(methyl methacrylate)-singlewalled carbon nanotubes composites thin films. These films were prepared by mixing the polymer with different nanotube concentrations. Electrical characteristics of the ITO-composite-metal structures were investigated by measuring the current versus the applied voltage at room temperature. Their evolution versus the nanotube concentration was studied in the order to determine the transport process in these materials. Such composites are promising for use as transport layers in multilayer diodes.
An Exploratory Study of a Magnetic Bearing Using Superconductive Magnets (1972)

A superconductive magnet is generally thought unsuitable for a magnetic bearing because this magnet must be placed in liquid helium. The authors propose a new rotor-supporting system suing the strong magnetic field of a superconductive magnet. The experimental prototype was manufactured and its performances were evaluated experimentally and theoretically. The prototype consists of a cryostat, superconductive magnets, a rotor, mechanical auxiliary bearing, and so on. This newly devised cryostat can transmit an attractive force to a rotor which is placed in a normal temperature atmosphere. The bearing can suspend a rotor with hundreds of kilograms in the thrust direction using a mechanical auxiliary bearing in the radial direction. Besides, complete levitation is made possible when the currents of magnets are controlled automatically.
Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Titanium Alloy with Submicrocrystalline Structure Produced by Multiaxial Forging (2008)

A comparative investigation of mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with coarse-grained (400 m), microcrystalline (10 µm) and submicrocrystalline (0.4 µm) structures in the temperature range 20–500°C has been carried out. The submicrocrystalline structure was obtained by multiaxial isothermal forging. The alloys with the coarse-grained and microcrystalline structures were used in a heat-strengthened condition. The microstructure refinement increases both the strength and fatigue limit of the alloy at room temperature by about 20%. The strength of the submicrocrystalline alloy is higher than that of the microcrystalline alloy in the range 20 - 400°C. Long-term strength of the submicrocrystalline specimens below 300°C is also considerably higher than that of the other conditions. However, the creep strength of the submicrocrystalline alloy is slightly lower than that of the heat-strengthened microcrystalline alloy already at 250°C. The impact toughness in submicrocrystalline state is lower especially in the samples with introduced cracks. Additional surface modification of submicrocrystalline alloy by ion implantation gives a considerable increase in the fatigue limit. Advantages of practical application of submicrocrystalline titanium alloys produced by multiaxial isothermal forging have been evaluated.
DNA Ploidy Status and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Published Data (2007)

Patients who undergo an aneuploid colorectal cancer surgical resection have a higher risk of death after five years. This finding may ultimately impact survival of patients with node-negative colon cancer through adjuvant therapy.
Secretion of cytokines by natural killer cells primed with interleukin‐2 and stimulated with different lipoproteins (1997)

Natural killer (NK) cells were shown to secrete differentially interleukins (IL), IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) upon stimulation with optimal concentrations of chylomicrons (CM), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or acetyl-modified low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL). CM, VLDL, LDL and AcLDL induced LIF secretion which was absent in nonstimulated cells. CM, VLDL, and LDL did not affect IL-1 alpha secretion. CM stimulated IL-8 > TNF-alpha > IL-1 alpha > IL-2 = IFN-gamma, and decreased seventeen-fold GM-CSF secretion. VLDL stimulated IL-8 secretion > IL-1 alpha = IL-2 > IFN-gamma > TNF-alpha and decreased fivefold GM-CSF secretion. LDL stimulated IL-8 secretion > IL-1 alpha > IL-2 = IFN-gamma, it did not modify TNF-alpha and inhibited five hundred-fold GM-CSF secretion. HDL stimulated IL-2 secretion = IFN-gamma > IL-8, it decreased GM-CSF secretion > IL-1 alpha > IL-1 beta > TNF-alpha without affecting LIF. AcLDL stimulated IL-8 secretion > TNF-alpha > IL-1 alpha > IL-2 = IFN-gamma = IL-1 beta, and decreased GM-CSF secretion eightfold. When NK cells were primed with 10, 100 or 500 IU/ml of IL-2 before the addition of lipoproteins, a decrease in the secretion of cytokines was observed as compared with cells primed with IL-2 only. Differences in cytokine secretion were observed among the diverse type of lipoproteins used for cell stimulus. Thus, lipoproteins may condition NK cytokine secretion and cell activation.
Dermal fillers for the treatment of tear trough deformity: A review of anatomy, treatment techniques, and their outcomes (2012)

Tear trough deformity is a major concern in a lot of individuals seeking periorbital rejuvenation. A prominent tear trough deformity is characterised by a sunken appearance of the eye that results in the casting of a dark shadow over the lower eyelid, giving the patient a fatigued appearance despite adequate rest, and is refractory to attempts at cosmetic concealment. The tear trough deformity is a natural consequence of the anatomic attachments of the periorbital tissues. A variety of techniques have evolved to address this cosmetic issue. Traditional techniques relied on surgical excision of skin, muscle, and fat as well as chemical peels. Treatment is now tailored towards specific anatomic abnormalities and often employs multiple modalities including surgery, botulinum toxin, and replacement of volume. Various original research articles, text book publications and review articles were studied. Data specific to the historical aspect and anatomy of tear trough have been enumerated. Techniques of different authors were analysed and their results and complications have been summarised. The technique of the author has also been described here.
Could Organic Solvents Be Used for the Alteration of Flux of Hydrophobic Intermediates through a Metabolic Pathway in Microorganisms\ulcorner (1998)

The addition of decane to biotransfonnation media containing Yarrowia lipolytica led to the accumulation of intennediate L-phenylacetaldehyde and L-phenethyl acetate during bioconversion of L-phenylalanine, whilst none of these products were obtained in conventional aqueous fennentations. The results obtained support an earlier hypothesis (Spinnler et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. A cad. Sci. USA 93: 3373-3376) that organic solvents, acting as thermodynamic traps for hydrophobic intermediates, can substantially alter metabolic fluxes.
Weapon simulators 30th annual AUTOTESTCON conference (2002)

Launch platform development and integration commonly relies on the use of actual munitions hardware. Simulators provide a more effective development and test solution. Although launch platforms must ultimately be tested with actual munitions, simulation based test equipment that communicates with the launch platform's interface like the actual mission store offers significant capability and cost advantages. Operational testing of launch platform weapon stations are typically performed via static checks of signal presence. This test approach is inadequate for MIL-STD-1760 weapons that require dynamic simulation of the mission store in order to ensure mission readiness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Primary structure elements responsible for the conformational switch in the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1: LPCR is a motif governing folding. (1993)

The ability to undergo a particular conformational switch on moving from a polar to a less polar environment has been shown to be conserved at the CD4-binding domain of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 despite considerable variability in primary structure and is essential for the process of binding to the T-cell receptor CD4. The elements necessary to the expression of this behavior have been examined in synthetic peptides using circular dichroism and have been found to include a tetrad, LPCR, plus a tryptophan at a position 8 residues C-terminal to it. In the absence of the tryptophan the conformational change from beta-sheet to alpha-helix as medium polarity decreases does not occur abruptly but, rather, in a linear fashion. In the absence of the LPCR tetrad, no transition to alpha-helix occurs even at 100% trifluoroethanol. These two domains interact to control not only the beta-->alpha transition but also both its cooperativity and the critical point on the polar-->apolar gradient at which it occurs. Sequence similarity searches of the protein data banks suggest that an LPCR tetrad, governing the folding behavior of subsequent residues, may occur as a conserved motif in proteins in general. Synthetic peptides with the sequence of non-gp120 proteins that contain the tetrad do in fact display a similar pattern of folding response to decreasing polarity, with a sharp, cooperative transition from beta-sheet to alpha-helix. The LPCR tetrad appears to be a motif that controls secondary structure in a manner supplementary to that predicted by folding algorithms.
Iterative parallel-trellis MAP equalizers with nonuniformly-spaced prefilters for sparse multipath channels (2003)

A maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer is derived in this paper by formulating the forward/backward recursion MAP algorithm (i.e. the BCJR algorithm) on a parallel-trellis representation that was previously proposed for equalizing sparse multipath channels. Several enhancements are suggested to further improve the performance and/or reduce the complexity of the resultant MAP equalizer. Results show that the parallel-trellis MAP equalizers utilizing 2-state trellises are the predominant structures applicable to minimum-phase sparse multipath channels when binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation is assumed. However, for nonminimum-phase sparse multipath channels, prefiltering is generally indispensable and is accomplished using the feedforward filter (FFF) of a nonuniformly-spaced decision feedback equalizer (NU-DFE) optimized under the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion, which also preserves the sparseness of the resultant minimum-phase impulse response. The simplicity of the 2-state, parallel-trellis structure leads to a low computational load that is comparable to those of uniformly-spaced and nonuniformly-spaced tapped-delay-line (TDL) equalizers, but attains much superior performance over the latter types of equalizers. Moreover, iterations can be added to improve the accuracy of the inter-trellis intersymbol interference (ISI) estimates and the residual ISI estimates due to channel truncation, and are especially effective in mitigating the precursor ISI terms due to non-ideal prefiltering.