gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vivo</i> transcription factor recruitment during thyroid hormone receptor-mediated activation (1999)

Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) can act as both a transcriptional activator and a silencer. Optimal activation by TR requires synergism with activator(s) bound to the promoter (promoter proximal activator). It is thought that liganded TR either helps to recruit preinitiation complexes (PIC) to the promoter or activates the PIC already recruited. However, the studies analyzing the TR action on the PIC formation were done in vitro and, therefore, it is not clear how relevant they are to the in vivo TR action. For example, in vivo, the TR can act from distances equal to or greater than a kilobase from the promoter, but such distant effect is not reproducible in vitro. In this study, we used the PIN*POINT (ProteIN POsition Identification with Nuclease Tail) assay to define the molecular mechanism of TR action on transcription from the thymidine kinase promoter in the cellular context. We demonstrate that the recruitment of promoter-proximal activator Sp1, and the components of the basal transcription factors such as TBP, TFIIB, and Cdk7, is enhanced with thyroid hormone activation. Our results suggest that DNA forms a loop with TR-mediated activation to accommodate interactions between the liganded TR complex and the complex formed on the promoter. We also show that Sp1 bound to the promoter is essential for the DNA looping and recruitment of basal transcription factors such as TFIIB and Cdk7 but not for recruitment of TBP. On the basis of these findings, we present a model that illustrates the molecular mechanism of TR-mediated activation in vivo.
Starting time selection method for minimum cell loss ratio of superposed VBR MPEG video traffic in ATM networks (2002)

The arrangement of I-picture starting times of multiplexed VBR MPEG videos may significantly affect the cell loss characteristics of superposed traffic. This paper presents a starting time selection method of a new request so that the minimum and maximum cell loss ratios (CLRs) of superposed traffic including the new request are expected. For this purpose, both single and superposed VBR MPEG video traffic are modeled as a time-varying periodic picture-type dependent rate envelope sequence. Through experiments and observations, we show that the average power of superposed VBR MPEG video traffic is a good measure for the burstiness of the traffic. The proposed starting time selection method is derived from these properties. The efficiencies of the proposed method are tested by comparison with other scheduling methods for the smoothness of the peak rate and the CLRs of the scheduled-superposed stream, and, we also provide connection admission control (CAC) methods applicable to ATM multiplexers which can manipulate the starting times of sources and video on demand (VOD) servers which can do that.
Plasticization of glassy polymers by CO<sub>2</sub> (1985)

Abstract A technique is described which uses differential scanning calorimetry to estimate the glass transition of polymers containing a dissolved gas. The technique is simple and appears to give reliable results. The effects of CO 2 sorption at pressures up to 25 atm were examined in detail for poly(methyl methacrylate) and its blends with poly(vinylidene fluoride). Less extensive results for polystyrene, polycarbonate, poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) are also given. Reductions in T g of up to 50°C are observed. A theoretical relation by Chow predicts results in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. These findings are relevant to various applications such as membrane separation processes for gases.
Different Requirements for Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1α and Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in the Regulation of Low Molecular Mass Polypeptide 2 and Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing 1 Gene Expression (1998)

The components of the antigen processing machinery, low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2 and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1, are encoded by closely linked genes within the major histocompatibility complex class II subregion. Although the two genes share a bi-directional promoter, LMP2 and TAP1 have differential cellular expression. TAP1 is expressed constitutively. However, LMP2 expression requires induction by interferon-gamma in most cells. The regulatory elements within the LMP2/TAP1 promoter and the transcription factors that bind these elements have been defined. However, how these transactivators regulate differential TAP1 and LMP2 gene transcription is not known. We have addressed this question by analyzing three human melanoma cell lines with distinct phenotypes of LMP2 and TAP1 expression. Whereas binding of either interferon regulatory factor 1 or Stat1 to the overlapping interferon consensus sequence-2/GAS is sufficient for regulating transcription of the TAP1 gene, binding of both factors is required for LMP2 gene transcription. This conclusion is supported by restoration of LMP2 gene transcription following transfection of wild type Stat1alpha or interferon regulatory factor 1 cDNA into cells lacking these transcription factors. The flexibility in the regulation of the TAP1 gene may reflect its role in maintaining immune surveillance. Furthermore, lack of LMP2 gene transcription in quiescent human cells suggests that LMP2 expression reflects a state of cell activation.
Monogynous and Polygynous Red Imported Fire Ants,<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Taiwan (2006)

Abstract The social forms of the red imported fire ant, initially discovered in Taoyuan County in 2003, were determined based on Gp-9 allele identification. Both polygynous and monogynous colonies were found. It was also found that, in almost all of townships surveyed, there was tendency to have more polygynous nests than monogynous nests. The monogynous nests were indeed authentic monogynous nests without contamination of the cryptic b-prime allele from South America. Sequence comparison revealed that polygynous colonies in Taiwan contained either the Gp-9B1 or Gp-9 B3 variant (Sinv.B1 and Sinv.B3 in GenBank) of the B allele, whereas some of the monogynous colonies contained a Gp-9B2–like variant of the B allele (Sinv.B2 in GenBank). Gp-9 B1 also was found in some monogynous colonies. The scenario of a single introduction by a founding polygynous colony with all of the monogynous nests being descendents of this polygynous nest was also ruled unlikely because of the presence of the monogyne-specific B2 allele. These findings favor multiple origins of the red imported fire ant in Taiwan.
Dielectric Relaxation of Aliphatic Amines in Cyclohexane Solution (1972)

Dielectric constants and losses have been obtained for n-butyl-, n-hexyl-, n-nonyl-, 2-nonyl-, 5-nonyl-, n-decyl-, n-undecyl-, N-methyl-n-octyl-, N, N-dimethyl-n-octyl-, and N, N-diethyl-n-octylamines in cyclohexane solution at 25°C at up to 10 frequencies in the range 1.0–145 GHz. Static dielectric constants have also been measured at 2 MHz. Primary amines are characterized by short relaxation times which are almost independent of the size of the alkyl group and the location of the −NH2 group. Considerably longer values are obtained for the secondary and tertiary amines. The results are discussed in terms of the relative importance of dipole reorientation by intramolecular and whole molecule rotations.
The CRAY-1 computer system (1986)

This paper describes the CRAY-1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture.The CRAY-1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies ERDA's Class VI requirement (a computer capable of processing from 20 to 60 million floating point operations per second) [1].The CRAY-1's Fortran compiler (CFT) is designed to give the scientific user immediate access to the benefits of the CRAY-1's vector processing architecture. An optimizing compiler, CFT, “vectorizes” innermost DO loops. Compatible with the ANSI 1966 Fortran Standard and with many commonly supported Fortran extensions, CFT does not require any source program modifications or the use of additional nonstandard Fortran statements to achieve vectorization. Thus the user's investment of hundreds of man months of effort to develop Fortran programs for other contemporary computers is protected.
Fighting mine fires using gases with particular reference to nitrogen (2000)

The practice of pumping gases which inhibit combustion for purposes of controlling or extinguishing mine fires is now universally accepted. The practice has been used many times in coal mines in India and the experiences are reviewed. The procedures relating to a membrane based nitrogen generator and to a combustion gases generator are descriptionbed. The physical properties, practical requirements and economic implications of using different gases is briefly reviewed. Some aspects of the practice as related to mine fires in certain collieries in other countries are dealt with.
Edge Cloud and Underlay Networks: Empowering 5G Cell-Less Wireless Architecture (2014)

The 5th generation wireless communication networks are expected to face the challenge of providing satisfactory - in terms of user experience - connections to ten or even hundred times more connected devices than today. To meet such challenge, a revolutionary change in the network architecture is required. In this paper, we discuss potential directions for the future wireless network architecture and key techniques. An edge cloud and underlay network architecture is proposed by leveraging techniques such as network virtualization, edge computing, local traffic offloading, cloudbased control and processing for improving the overall network efficiency and user experience. This technology advance forms the foundation of the next generation wireless network architecture. Case studies on key enabling techniques of the proposed edge cloud and underlay network architecture are presented together with preliminary design concepts and numerical results.
The main name system (2005)

Naming is a critical component of the internet architecture, and one whose complexity is often overlooked. As a global system, the DNS must satisfy millions of requests per second, while allowing distributed, delegated administration and maintenance. In this paper, we consider the design of the DNS and the widely distributed manner in which DNS records are published. We propose that the robustness and performance of the existing DNS could be dramatically improved by moving towards a centralized architecture while maintaining the existing client interface and delegated administration.
Amorphous silicon TFT active-matrix OLED pixel (2002)

We report the fabrication of a video-brightness, active-matrix organic LED (AMOLED), two-transistor-pixel based on amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT technology, with a maximum process temperature of 350 C. The process should be compatible with existing a-Si TFT manufacturing technology for AMLCDs.
Reduktion von Ketonen mit Alkalimetallen in tertiären Alkoholen: Unerwarteter Effekt von Kationen auf die Stereochemie (1985)

von 80: 20 auf 95:5 läßt sich das Verhältnis von 1 zu 2 steigern, wenn das Edukt, ein 7‐Ketosteroid, mit K, Rb oder Cs statt mit Na in tertiären Alkoholen reduziert wird. Ähnlich günstig ist die Reduktion mit Na in Gegenwart von K‐, Rb‐ oder Cs‐Salzen. Der Effekt könnte auf einer C Protonierung des primär gebildeten Ketyls beruhen. magnified image
Dynamic process management in an MPI setting (2002)

We describe an architecture for the runtime environment for parallel applications as prelude to describing how parallel applications might interface to their environment in a portable way. We propose extensions to the Message-Passing Interface (MPI) Standard that provide for dynamic process management, including spawning of new processes by a running application and connection to existing processes to support client/server applications. Such extensions are needed if more of the runtime environment for parallel programs is to be accessible to MPI programs or to be themselves written using MPI. The extensions proposed here are motivated by real applications and fit cleanly with existing concepts of MPI. No changes to the existing MPI Standard are proposed, thus all present MPI programs will run unchanged.
Lupus anticoagulant--antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombophilia. Relation to protein C--protein S--thrombomodulin. (1990)

In order to define the behavior of the lupus anticoagulant and/or antiphospholipid antibodies, we investigated the possible association with protein C, protein S and thrombomodulin. In 19 patients with established diagnosis of an autoimmune disease and coexisting lupus anticoagulant protein C (antigen and activity), protein S (total and free), anticardiolipin and antiphosphatidylserine antibodies were estimated. In one case the IgG globulin fraction containing the inhibitor was separated. The activation rate of pure protein C to its activated form using thrombin/thrombomodulin as activator was then measured in the presence or absence of lupus anticoagulant. No overall decrease of protein C or protein S was detected in patients' plasma. Nevertheless, the lupus anticoagulant had a specific effect on the protein C system, inhibiting the catalytic activity of thrombomodulin without causing a functional protein C deficiency. This specific effect upon thrombomodulin can be a main cause, but not necessarily the only one, for the thrombophilic tendency of patients with the lupus anticoagulant.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: ten rules (2015)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and severe acute respiratory failure, with high morbidity and mortality. How to prevent the onset of ARDS, avoid the worsening of ARDS, and the diagnosis and treatment guided by the pathophysiology are the important issues for ARDS patients. It is helpful to improve the management of ARDS patients by following these ten rules.

Key words: 
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Pathophysiology; Mechanical ventilation; Treatment
Influence of core gap in design of current-limiting transformers (1973)

Core gaps are used in the magnetic shunt paths of current-limiting transformers to limit secondary current under short-circuit conditions. It is shown here that for short-circuit current limited to twice normal a current limiting transformer has only 55% of the rating of a noncurrent-limiting transformer of the same physical size. Part of the reduction in rating stems from the space required for magnetic shunts, part from the greater space needed for winding insulation, and part from the increased loss due to the gaps. Reliability of a previously tested gap-loss equation is established, and design examples are given for both stamped laminations and strip-wound cores.
Refined video error concealment over wireless IP network (2004)

Transmission errors in 3GPP/3GPP2 wireless IP networks call for more error resilience in video compression streams. With the features of highly improved coding efficiency and the seamless and flexible integration into various network architectures, H.264/AVC has been a challenging the source coder for 3GPP wireless IP applications. But still, H.264 video streams are still vulnerable to transmission disturbances. In this paper, a set of error concealment techniques are proposed to provide error resilience, including an algorithm of refined directional weighted spatial interpolation, a method of subblock-based refined motion compensated temporal concealment with weighting boundary match constraint, and an adaptive INTRA/INTER case estimation method to combine the above algorithms. The refined concealment schemes show advantages in error robustness over wireless IP network compared to those suggested in H.264 without any encoder-side modifications.
Introduction and Overview (2006)

The norm against the deliberate use of poison and disease in warfare can be traced back several hundred if not thousand years. This ‘taboo’ became embodied in the 20th century in three international treaties which form the basis of the two chemical and biological weapons prohibition regimes that are still today the major instruments in the fight against the spread of biological and chemical weapons proliferation and use. The three legal instruments are the 1925 Geneva Protocol, the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of Pt/BiOCl Nanostructures (2013)

Pt/BiOCl nanostructures were prepared by a facile low-temperature solvothermal-impregnation method and were characterized by XRD, EDS, SEM,(HR)TEM, N2 Adsorption-desorption, UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy and fluorescent probe method. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by photodegrading gas-phase toluene under Xe light irradiation. The results show that Pt/BiOCl nanostructures have good crystallinity and exhibit a BET specific surface area of 28.48 m2/g. The samples display excellent optical absorption properties in the range of both UV light and visible light. The ability of forming hydroxyl radicals on the surface of photocatalysts was also enhanced a lot. The photocatalytic performance was improved obviously. Under Xe light irradiation, the photocatalytic efficiency increased by 70% compared with the sample of BiOCl nanostructures without being modified with Pt nanoparticles. And that value increased by 6.6 times when being compared with that of BiOCl nanosheets. Additionally, the modification of Pt nanoparticles on the surface of BiOCl nanostructures also played a part in inhibiting the formation of formaldehyde and thus preventing more hazardous secondary pollution during the photocatalysis of toluene. The improved photocatalytic activity of Pt/BiOCl nanostructures associates with their efficient separation of photogenerated carriers.
Error Probabilities for Optical Receivers That Employ Dynamically Biased Avalanche Photodiodes (2015)

A novel theory was recently reported for the avalanche multiplication process in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) under dynamic reverse-biasing conditions. It has been shown theoretically that the bit-synchronized, periodic modulation of the electric field in the multiplication region can offer improvements in the gain-bandwidth product by reducing intersymbol interference in optical receivers. This paper reports a rigorous formulation of the sensitivity of optical receivers that employ dynamically biased APDs. To enable the sensitivity analysis, a recurrence theory is developed to calculate the joint probability distribution function (PDF) of the stochastic gain and avalanche buildup time in APDs that are operated under dynamic biasing. It is shown that in an ideal buildup-time limited scenario, a minimum receiver sensitivity of -20 dBm is predicted at an optimal gain of approximately 47 for a 60 Gb/s communication system, compared to a minimum of 0 dBm in the static-bias case. The receiver sensitivity analysis also reveals that, as the peak-to-peak voltage of the dynamic reverse bias increases, the device optimal gain increases while maintaining a short avalanche buildup time and reduced ISI. Of course, a point of diminishing return exists in practice when the tunneling current in the multiplication region becomes dominant.
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis: Infrequent Human Pathogen or Public Health Threat? (2008)

People with Crohn’s disease (CD) are seven-fold more likely to have in their gut tissues the bacterium that causes a digestive-tract disease in cattle called Johne’s disease. The role this bacterium may or may not play in causing CD is a top research priority. This report points out that the cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, and the possible role of this bacterium, which could conceivably be passed up the food chain to people, has received too little attention from the research community.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF 4′-CARBON-SUBSTITUTED NUCLEOSIDES: DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTI-HIV AGENT 2′, 3′-DIDEHYDRO-3′-DEOXY-4′-ETHYNYLTHYMIDINE (2005)

Oxidation of 3'-O-TBDMS-4',5-unsaturated thymidine 3 with dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) allowed the isolation of the epoxide 4. Upon reacting with organosilicon reagents in the presence of SnCl4, 4 underwent stereoselective ring opening to give 4'-alpha-allyl (6), 4'-alpha-(2-bromoallyl) (7), 4'-alpha-(cyclopenten-3-yl) (8), and 4'-alpha-cyano (9) derivatives of thymidine. Reactions of the 3'-epimer 12 with organoaluminum reagents gave 4'-alpha-methyl (13), 4'-alpha-vinyl (14), and 4'-alpha-ethynyl (15) analogues. Compounds 13-15 were transformed into corresponding 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy derivatives. Evaluation of their ability to inhibit the replication of HIV in cell culture showed that 4'-ethynyl-d4T (19) is more potent and less toxic than the parent compound d4T.
Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins In Vitro and In Vivo (2003)

Diets rich in antioxidants may decrease the risk of developing major diseases. Intakes of anthocyanins, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites responsible for the red and purple colors of soft fruits and certain vegetables, may exceed 200mg/day but little is known about their ability to act as antioxidants. Application of electron spin resonance spectroscopy to 13 anthocyanins illustrated the importance of the degree of hydroxylation, glycosylation and pH in determining antioxidant capacity. Although consumption of anthocyanin-rich extracts decrease DNA damage and indices of lipid peroxidation in rats with a compromised antioxidant status, it is not yet clear whether anthocyanins function as antioxidants at nutritionally-relevant dietary intakes.
Demonstration of a nonreciprocal multiple-quantum-well structure leading to unidirectional operation of a ring laser (1998)

Summary form only given. We designed a GaAs-AlGaAs MQW ring laser structure that had a zero reflectivity for a beam incident from one side and a nonzero reflectivity (5%) from the other side at a particular value of gain in the quantum wells. Such a structure was grown on a GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
The first heart sound in normal and pathological conditions. (1987)

Considerations of the physical basis of cardiac contraction and sound generation explain the mechanism of the first sound. Older theories examining this sound as the result of valve closure or stiffening are refuted. It has been demonstrated that the normal first sound originates in the left ventricle alone and that accelerations and decelerations, "timed" by mitral and aortic valves events, are its cause. Three components have been recognized in the first sound: a occurs when the left ventricular wall and septum have reached a certain tension; b when the aortic valve opens; c when the peak of the aortic pulse has been reached. The ventricular septum is an integral and essential part of the left ventricle. In left bundle branch block, abnormal activation of the septum transforms this into a passive structure resulting in a slower rise of left ventricular pressure and a longer isovolumic period. This causes a small and delayed first sound, whose components, however, are still separated by normal intervals. In right bundle branch block, the first sound has a normal amplitude and its components are separated by normal intervals. If there is a larger late component, it is a c component, similar to that of normal elderly subjects. A larger c component may also be found in atrial septal defect. The cannon sound of AV block is caused by more rapid deceleration due to higher atrial pressure at the onset of ventricular contraction resulting in intense vibrations. The first sound of arrhythmias varies in the different conditions and even in different subjects, due to the effect of several variable factors. Elevated left atrial pressure, stiffening of the mitral valve in mitral stenosis, causes a slow onset and a more rapid rise of LV pressure. This results in a delayed, but larger, first sound. The action of catecholamines on the myocardium dramatically increases the first sound. The latter can be considered as an index of contractility and may be of great interest during stress tests.