gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of bacterial contamination in non-sterile pharmaceutical materials and assessment of its risk to the health of the final consumers quantitatively (2016)

Bacterial contamination control in pharmaceutical products is a critical aspect in the field of drug manufacturing industry due to the encountered risk to the patients' health and possibly their life. The application of commercial bacterial identification system is crucial to identify the type of contamination and its source to anticipate the impact of bioburden on the products and setting corrective and preventive actions. During the period of one year, random samples from raw materials and final products were tested according to United States Pharmacopeia, and those that showed suspect results for specified microorganisms and/or out-of-specification limits or showed out-of-trend results were subjected to further identification by using miniaturized biochemical identification system after performing Gram stain. From the total bacterial isolates of the investigated products, more than 60% were primarily belonging to Micrococcaceae 16.98% (empty hard gelatin capsules), Enterobacteriaceae 18.86% (vaginal cream applicator, plastic caps for bottles, Sorbitol solution, finished hard gelatin capsule product, topical cream and oral suspension) and Bacillaceae 24.53% (Talc powder, liquid oral preparation and finished hard gelatin capsule product). Gram Positive and Negative samples were 56.60% and 41.51% respectively from the total investigated sample products and materials. Finished pharmaceutical products constituted 53.33% and 68.18% from Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms respectively. An approach to quantitative risk assessment for pharmaceutical products was conducted on selected medicinal items and showed that Enterobacteriaceae followed by Burkholderiaceae contributed by more than 80% to the major hazard that could be delivered to patients through drugs. The applied risk can be used as a milestone for setting goals by pharmaceutical companies to improve the safety of medicinal products microbiologically and to identify the major sources of the risk to work on it in order to deliver safe drugs to the customers.
Parallel Processing from Applications to Systems (1993)

This text provides one of the broadest presentations of parallelprocessing available, including the structure of parallelprocessors and parallel algorithms. The emphasis is on mappingalgorithms to highly parallel computers, with extensive coverage ofarray and multiprocessor architectures. Early chapters provideinsightful coverage on the analysis of parallel algorithms andprogram transformations, effectively integrating a variety ofmaterial previously scattered throughout the literature. Theory andpractice are well balanced across diverse topics in this concisepresentation. For exceptional cla
GaAs MESFET differential pass-transistor logic (1991)

Two GaAs MESFET implementations of differential pass-transistor logic (DPTL) are presented. The DPTL logic technique combines the area efficiencies and high operation speeds of ratioless pass-transistor circuits with the additional features of noise immunity and low power dissipation. Circuit structures are presented for both depletion (D)-mode and enhancement/depletion (E/D)-mode MESFET technologies, and are compared with buffered FET logic (BFL) and direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL), respectively. Experimental results are provided to verify the functionality and the performance features of both DPTL forms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TrueType font and its application to software of image processing (2004)

This paper introduces the glyph outline and file structure of TrueType font, application interface function and data type related to TrueType font ,and describes the process of how to extract the points that make up the outline of TrueType font by using Windows functions. Then,the method of converting the outline to produce a vector diagram or a bitmap which can be rendered on the target device is given,which has been used in a processing software of image or picture.
Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Nanocrystalline ZnO Due to Increased ROS‐Mediated Cell Injury (2009)

Abstract An innovative study aimed at understanding the influence of the particle size of ZnO (from the microscale down to the nanoscale) on its antibacterial effect is reported herein. The antibacterial activity of ZnO has been found to be due to a reaction of the ZnO surface with water. Electron‐spin resonance measurements reveal that aqueous suspensions of small nanoparticles of ZnO produce increased levels of reactive oxygen species, namely hydroxyl radicals. Interestingly, a remarkable enhancement of the oxidative stress, beyond the level yielded by the ZnO itself, is detected following the antibacterial treatment. Likewise, an exposure of bacteria to the small ZnO nanoparticles results in an increased cellular internalization of the nanoparticles and bacterial cell damage. An examination of the antibacterial effect is performed on two bacterial species: Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive). The nanocrystalline particles of ZnO are synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation, and the particle sizes are controlled using different solvents during the sonication process. Taken as a whole, it is apparent that the unique properties (i.e., small size and corresponding large specific surface area) of small nanometer‐scale ZnO particles impose several effects that govern its antibacterial action. These effects are size dependent and do not exist in the range of microscale particles.
Phase I trial of extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate in patients with advanced cancer (1996)

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has antineoplastic activity in vitro and in murine tumor systems, but there are no data in humans defining its potential use as an antineoplastic agent. We conducted a phase I study to determine the spectrum of toxicity, maximum safely tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ATP. Fourteen men with advanced cancer received 96-hour infusions of ATP once monthly in doses ranging from 50 to 100 micrograms/kg/minute. Toxicity was assessed by standard National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria, cardiac function was monitored serially by two-dimensional echocardiography, and whole blood ATP was measured serially in a subset of patients. ATP was generally well tolerated and no significant hematologic toxicity was noted. The dose-limiting toxicity was a cardiopulmonary reaction characterized by chest tightness and dyspnea that resolved within seconds of discontinuing ATP. Dose-limiting cardiopulmonary toxicity occurred in 3 of 3 patients at 100 micrograms/kg/minute, in 3 of 6 patients at 75 micrograms/kg/minute, and 4 of 11 patients at 50 micrograms/kg/minute. Whole blood ATP levels significantly increased with treatment, reaching a steady state by 24 hours and returning to or near baseline by 1 week after treatment. Plateau levels were 63%, 67%, and 116% above base-line at 50, 75, and 100 micrograms/kg/min, respectively. We conclude that prolonged infusions of ATP are feasible with acceptable toxicity and that 50 micrograms/kg/minute is both the MTD and the most appropriate dose rate for subsequent Phase II testing of 96-hour infusions of ATP in patients with advanced cancer.
The role of modification of lipoproteins and of the immune system in early atherogenesis. (1993)

Not only the plasma cholesterol level, but also postsecretory modifications of lipoproteins appear to be of influence in atherogenesis. Evidence that several forms of modification, especially oxidation, occur in vivo is rapidly accumulating, although their clinical relevance remains uncertain. Modification of lipoproteins has been demonstrated in persons with such well-known risk factors of premature atherosclerosis as smoking, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. Because there is a relation between the amount of natural antioxidants in the plasma and the risk of atherosclerosis, and because exogenous antioxidants appear to retard atherosclerosis without influencing the plasma cholesterol level, antioxidants may prove to be of use in the prevention of atherosclerosis. There are strong indications for a role of the immune system in atherogenesis. Modified lipoproteins are highly immunogenic and stimulate immunocompetent cells to secrete vasoactive factors and cytokines. From animal studies it appears that pro- and antioxidative conditions can modulate these processes. It is concluded that additional research on the relation between lipoprotein modification and the immune system, and on the possible beneficial effects of antioxidants in atherogenesis is warranted, not only to elucidate further the mechanism of atherosclerosis, but also to develop new approaches to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Effective and Intrinsic Kinetics of Liquid-Phase Isobutane/2-Butene Alkylation Catalyzed by Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids (2013)

The kinetics of the IL-catalyzed reaction of isobutane with 2-butene and the size distribution of the dispersed IL droplets were investigated in a stirred tank reactor. The results were used to calculate the intrinsic reaction rate constant with a model accounting for the interplay of external and internal mass transport and chemical reaction. The intrinsic reaction rate was found to be very high, leading to a low effectiveness factor of the IL catalyst. The used fraction of the IL droplets with a diameter of about 400 μm was very small, and the actual reaction took place only in a thin spherical shell with a thickness of about 5 μm.
Design review of complex mechanical systems using advanced virtual reality tools (2002)

Engineering companies involved in the design of complex mechanical systems have done significant effort to reduce time-to-market and development costs for new products and to reach total quality, in order to realize products that are closer to the customer's needs and, therefore, to gain more competitiveness. The emerging software technology, well known as virtual reality, gives the designers very sophisticated tools to handle the new concept of Universal Virtual Product. The goal of such tools is to provide designers, as well as decision makers, to review a new design evaluating functional performances. Exploiting existing 3D MCAD and Plant Design databases, virtual reality tools, can easily bring designs to life for faster and better understanding. This paper describes issues about design review using virtual reality tools as well as a few custom functionalities under development by our company.
Temperature and Composition Dependence of the Density and Viscosity of Binary Mixtures of {1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Thiocyanate + 1-Alcohols} (2009)

Density and viscosity were determined for binary mixtures containing ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIM][SCN]) and 1-alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol) in a temperature range (298.15 to 348.15) K and ambient pressure. The temperature dependence of density and viscosity for these systems can be described by an empirical second-order polynomial and by the Vogel−Fucher−Tammann equation, respectively. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were calculated and correlated by the Redlich−Kister polynomial expansions. Volume expansivity and excess volume expansivity were described in function of temperature and composition. The polynomial correlations describe the variation of density and viscosity with composition. Comparison of the results for three binary systems elucidates the influence of 1-alcohol carbon chain length on their physical properties.
The effect of reconstruction and acquisition parameters for GRAPPA‐based parallel imaging on the image quality (2011)

Parallel imaging based on generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions is widely used in the clinical routine. To date, no detailed analysis has been presented describing the dependence of the image quality on the reconstruction and acquisition parameters such as the number of autocalibration signal (ACS) lines NACS, the reconstruction kernel size (bx×by), and the undersampling factor R. To evaluate their influence on the performance of generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions, two phantom data sets acquired with 12-channel and 32-channel receive coils and three in vivo measurements were analyzed. Reconstruction parameters were systematically varied between R=2-4, NACS=4-64, bx=1-9, and by=2-10 to characterize their influence on image quality and noise. A main aspect of the analysis was to optimize the parameter set with respect to the effectively achieved net image acceleration. Selecting the undersampling factor R as small as possible for a given net acceleration yielded the best result in a clear majority of cases. For all data sets and coil geometries, the optimal kernel sizes and number of ACS lines were similar for a chosen undersampling factor R. In summary, the number of ACS lines should not be chosen below NACS=10-16. A robust choice for the kernel size was bx=9 and by=2-4.
Joins that generalize: text classification using WHIRL (1998)

WHIRL is an extension of relational databases that can perform &quot;soft joins&quot; based on the similarity of textual identifiers; these soft joins extend the traditional operation of joining tables based on the equivalence of atomic values. This paper evaluates WHIRL on a number of inductive classification tasks using data from the World Wide Web. We show that although WHIRL is designed for more general similaritybased reasoning tasks, it is competitive with mature inductive classification systems on these classification tasks. In particular, WHIRL generally achieves lower generalization error than C4.5, RIPPER, and several nearest-neighbor methods. WHIRL is also fast---up to 500 times faster than C4.5 on some benchmark problems. We also show that WHIRL can be efficiently used to select from a large pool of unlabeled items those that can be classified correctly with high confidence. Introduction Consider the problem of exploratory analysis of data obtained from the Internet. Assuming that o...
Radical‐induced oxidation of RAFT agents—A kinetic study (2011)

Abstract Radical‐induced oxidation of reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents is investigated with respect to the effect of molecular structure on oxidation rate. The radicals are generated by homolysis of either azobisisobutyronitrile or alkoxyamine and transformed in situ immediately into peroxy radicals through transfer to molecular oxygen. It is found that the oxidation rate depends on the structure of Z‐ and R‐group of thiocarbonylthio compounds. For dithioesters with identical Z‐phenyl substituent, the oxidation rate decreases in the order of cyanoisopropyl (C(Me) 2 CN) > cumyl (C(Me) 2 Ph) > phenylethyl (CH(Me)Ph) > 2‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐oxoethyl (CH(Me) C(O)OCH 3 ) > benzyl (CH 2 Ph). For dithioesters with identical R‐group, the oxidation rate decreases in the order of Z = phenyl− ∼ benzyl− > RS− (trithiocarbonates) > RO− (xanthates). The stability of the RAFT agents toward oxidation correlates well with the chain transfer abilities as those previously reported by Rizzardo and coworkers. The priority of the oxidation reaction over the RAFT process, and the subsequent influence on RAFT polymerization are also investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
From clusters to phase diagrams: composition rules of quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses (2007)

Metallic elements having negative enthalpies of mixing tend to form characteristic local atomic clusters. In this review, we use the structural information in the first nearest neighbour shell level, or first-shell atomic cluster, to derive the composition rules of two types of complex alloy phases, quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses, both being composed of elements with negative enthalpies of mixing. We first show the composition phenomena in quasicrystal-forming systems, where major composition rules such as cluster line, electron concentration and atomic size criteria are derived. Then we analyse the composition rules of bulk metallic glasses using the very same approaches. Finally, we summarize their common composition rules into more general rules and basic theories.
Synthesizing Free-Viewpoing Images from Multiple View Videos in Soccer StadiumADIUM (2006)

We propose a new method for synthesizing freeviewpoint images from multiple view videos in soccer stadium. The previous method[1] can synthesize virtual viewpoint images at only intermediate viewpoint between real cameras. The previous method estimates only pixel-wise correspondences between input images for synthesizing virtual viewpoint images without a 3D reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a new method that can synthesize virtual viewpoint images at free-viewpoints which are not limited at intermediate viewpoint by reconstructing simple 3D models. To reconstruct the object soccer scene, we perform camera calibration without marker objects because we can save labor to put such objects on the soccer ground. For reconstructing of dynamic regions, we employ a billboard representation of dynamic regions. The position of the billboard is determined by tracking the players. The billboard representation can realize a simple 3D reconstruction and transform textures into the appropriate appearance of the aspect of dynamic regions at virtual viewpoint. We also introduce the choice of optimal cameras for rendering on the billboard. We choose the optimal camera that has the most similar texture at virtual viewpoint. By applying our method to a soccer scene, we can synthesize free-viewpoint images by employing only pixel values of real images.
Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers: Interconnecting Solid State Electronics with Biosystems (2009)

Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are grown directly on prefabricated electronic circuits with nanoscale precision. Utilizing the free-standing nanofiber array geometry, we have demonstrated the detection of nucleic acids to construct an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor. Extending this technology towards in vivo applications, we have modified the free-standing VACNF arrays in order to achieve a multifunctional three dimensional (3-D) matrix that interpenetrates the neuronal network of PC12 cells. We found that PC12 cells cultured on the nanofiber arrays can form an extended neural network upon proper chemical and biochemical modification. The soft 3-D nanofiber array architecture provides a novel platform to fine-tune the topographical, mechanical, chemical, and electrical cues at sub-cellular scales. This biomaterial platform can be used for both fundamental studies of nanomaterial-cell interactions and the development of multifunctional, chronically stable implantable devices. The application of these devices and potential utility as a multifunctional platform for neurophysiology and biochemical studies will be discussed.
Analysis and performance evaluation of RPL under mobility (2014)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have become popular in the last years. Paths between sensors are computed by routing protocols, which are specifically designed to cope with the characteristics of WSN. Lately, the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) has been accepted as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard for routing packets in WSN. However, this protocol does not pay particular attention to mobile nodes. Furthermore, mobility has been contemplated as a way to improve sensing coverage and connectivity in unattended WSN. In addition, WSN will account for an increasingly huge number of connections, from 1.9 billion devices today to 9 billion by 2018 among which most of them would be mobile (e.g. wearable devices). Using RPL to support the mobility of nodes is the main problem investigated in this article. We propose a new version of the trickle algorithm which allows mobile nodes to move seamlessly into a routing topology build by RPL together with limiting the signalling overhead. Our proposal is compared to two other schemes available in the literature. Results highlight that our proposal significantly reduces disconnection times and increases the packet delivery ratio while mitigating the extra control traffic.
Extreme isomeric complexity of dissolved organic matter found across aquatic environments (2018)

Abstract The natural aquatic environment contains an enormous pool of dissolved reduced carbon, present as ultra‐complex mixtures that are constituted by an unknown number of compounds at vanishingly small concentrations. We attempted to separate individual structural isomers from several samples using online reversed‐phase chromatography with selected ion monitoring/tandem mass spectrometry, but found that isomeric complexity still presented a boundary to investigation even after chromatographic simplification of the samples. However, it was possible to determine that the structural complexity differed among samples. Our results also suggest that extreme structural complexity was a ubiquitous feature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in all aquatic systems, meaning that this diversity may play similar roles for recalcitrance and degradation of DOM in all tested environments.
Virtual Dementia Tour© helps senditiz health care providers (2002)

A review of the literature on sensitivity training among caregivers for the elderly revealed that no programs focused specifically on the cognitive changes that occur due to aging. Second Wind Dreams, a national nonprofit organization committed to improving society's perception of aging, conducted a study in which degenerative physical symptoms common for this population, such as impaired vision and motor skills, were simulated in a group of 146 subjects who worked in the field of elder care to give them a broader sense of the patient's perspective. Overwhelmingly, participants in the study came away with heightened awareness of the plight of confused elders and a strong sense that the high behavioral expectations caregivers have for dementia patients are unrealistic and need to change.
Isolation of Primary Mouse Trophoblast Cells and Trophoblast Invasion Assay (2012)

The placenta is responsible for the transport of nutrients, gasses and growth factors to the fetus, as well as the elimination of wastes. Thus, defects in placental development have important consequences for the fetus and mother, and are a major cause of embryonic lethality. The major cell type of the fetal portion of the placenta is the trophoblast. Primary mouse placental trophoblast cells are a useful tool for studying normal and abnormal placental development, and unlike cell lines, may be isolated and used to study trophoblast at specific stages of pregnancy. In addition, primary cultures of trophoblast from transgenic mice may be used to study the role of particular genes in placental cells. The protocol presented here is based on the description by Thordarson et al., in which a percoll gradient is used to obtain a relatively pure trophoblast cell population from isolated mouse placentas. It is similar to the more widely used methods for human trophoblast cell isolation. Purity may be assessed by immunocytochemical staining of the isolated cells for cytokeratin 7. Here, the isolated cells are then analyzed using a matrigel invasion assay to assess trophoblast invasiveness in vitro. The invaded cells are analyzed by immunocytochemistry and stained for counting.