gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of interleukin-13 and interleukin-6 on Jak/STAT signaling and cell viability in pancreatic β-cells (2013)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators of β-cell demise in type 1 diabetes, and similar mechanisms are increasingly implicated in type 2 diabetes, where a state of chronic inflammation may persist. It is likely that the actions of anti-inflammatory cytokines are also altered in diabetes. Cytokines are released from immune cells, which may be recruited to the islets in diabetes, but they can also be produced by islet endocrine cells in response to environmental factors, including enteroviral infection. Since enteroviral infection of islet cells may influence the development of diabetes in humans, we examined the actions of two cytokines, IL-13 and IL-6, whose expression are reported to be altered in β-cells during enteroviral infection. Human and rodent islet cells were shown to express receptors for both IL-13 and IL-6, and treatment with either cytokine resulted in the rapid phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6. However, while β-cells were protected against a range of cytotoxic insults during exposure to IL-13, treatment with IL-6 enhanced cytotoxicity and western blotting revealed that IL-13 induced one specific isoform of phospho-STAT6 preferentially. Upon incubation with both cytokines together, the isoform of STAT6 that was upregulated by IL-13 alone was again induced, and the effects of IL-6 on β-cell viability were attenuated. Overall, the results suggest that induction of specific isoforms of STAT family transcription factors may underlie the cytoprotective actions of IL-13, and they imply that selective targeting of specific STAT-mediated signaling components could provide a means to ameliorate the loss of β-cell viability in diabetes.
IPA Cardinal Vowels and the English Pronunciation Teaching in China (2005)

In pronunciation teaching, learners may have difficulty when there is a ”gap” in the phonemic system between L1 (the first or native language) and L2 (the second or foreign language). In such a case, they tend to use their native language sounds in speaking the foreign language. Since some Chinese and English vowel sounds are easy to be confused, applying IPA cardinal vowels in the teaching of English pronunciation will help Chinese learners identify the difference between an English vowel sound and a Chinese vowel sound and thus enables them to make intelligible English speech sounds.
Review of profile and roughening simulation in microelectronics plasma etching (2009)

Plasma etching of thin films is essential for microelectronics manufacturing. With current feature sizes of 35 nm in production and processes for smaller devices being developed, the sidewall roughness is within the order of magnitude of the gate length of the device, and therefore significantly impacts the devices' performance. In this paper we review the modelling of the surface profile evolution in plasma etching. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models have been developed using a number of representations and solution algorithms. String algorithms and the method of characteristics use a segmented string which is incrementally advanced. Level-set representations describe the profile evolution as a moving interface in response to a velocity field. Cellular representations in which the area or volume domain is divided into discrete cells have been used with flux and surface kinetics based on Monte Carlo calculations. We discuss our work in the modelling of profile evolution with surface roughening using a 3D cellular Monte Carlo simulation. The formation of perpendicular and parallel ripple formation on planar surfaces as a function of ion bombardment incidence angle and the transformation from perpendicular to parallel as etching progresses has been modelled. The smoothing and/or roughening of resist masks has been demonstrated along with the pattern transfer of roughness into the underlying layers being etched.
Effects of tebuconazole on morphology, structure, cell wall components and trichothecene production of <i>Fusarium culmorum in vitro</i> (2001)

The effects of tebuconazole, a systemic fungicide, on the morphology, structure, cell wall components and toxin production of Fusarium culmorum were investigated in vitro. Treatment was by application of four filter paper strips (0.75 cm x 5.0 cm) soaked in 20 micrograms ml-1 fungicide placed around a point inoculum in Petri dishes. Mycelial growth was strongly inhibited by fungicide treatment. Scanning electron microscopic observations showed that the fungicide caused irregular swelling and excessive branching of hyphae. The morphological changes induced by the fungicide at the ultrastructural level included considerable thickening of the hyphal cell walls, excessive septation, the formation of the incomplete septa, extensive vacuolisation, accumulation of lipid bodies and progressing necrosis or degeneration of the hyphal cytoplasm. Non-membrane inclusion bodies were often detected in the hyphal cytoplasm. Furthermore, the formation of new hyphae (daughter hyphae) inside collapsed hyphal cells was common following treatment. The daughter hyphae also displayed severe alterations such as irregular thickening of the cell walls and necrosis of the cytoplasm. Using cytochemical techniques, the labelling densities of chitin and beta-1,3-glucan in the cell walls of the fungicide-treated hyphae were more pronounced than in those of the control hyphae. Moreover, immunogold labelling with antiserum against deoxynivalenol (DON) revealed that Fusarium toxin DON was localized in the cell walls, cytoplasm, mitochondria and vacuoles of the hyphae from the control and the fungicide treatment, but the labelling density in the fungicide-treated hyphae decreased dramatically compared with the control hyphae, indicating that tebuconazole reduced Fusarium toxin production of the fungus.
All-trans retinoic acid attacks reverse transcriptase resulting in inhibition of HIV-l replication (2007)

We previously reported that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibited growth in HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines and fresh cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Interestingly, ATRA significantly inhibited reverse transcriptase (RT) activity similar to azidothimidine (AZT) in HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines. To clarify whether ATRA has an inhibitory effect on the replication of HIV, we examined HIV proviral DNA in a HIV-1-positive cell line (8E5) using real time PCR. ATRA as well as AZT reduced the proviral DNA load of 8E5 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that there is a common element of ATRA signaling in both HTLV-1 and HIV. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ATRA on viral replication in primary lymphocytes of three individuals infected with HIV. ATRA reduced viral replication significantly similar to AZT. These findings suggested that ATRA acts as a RT inhibitor, reducing the HIV-1 proviral DNA load. Finally, we conclude that ATRA may be a potential therapeutic agent for HIV infection.
Novel Mutation in Desmoplakin Causes Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (2005)

We have described a new dominant mutation in desmoplakin that causes left-sided ARVC, with arrhythmias of LV origin, lateral T-wave inversion, and late gadolinium enhancement in the LV on magnetic resonance images. Truncation of the carboxy terminus of desmoplakin and consequent disruption of intermediate filament binding may account for the predominant LV phenotype.
Synthetic Strategies of Fostriecin (2005)

Fostriecin is a naturally occurring triene-containing phosphate ester, which exhibits a potent and selective PP2A inhibitory activity.Due to its interesting chemical structure and biological activity, strategically unique total syntheses of fostriecin were reported from several groups.An overview of the synthesis and chemistry-based structure-activity relationships of fostriecin is described in this review. INTRODUCTIONFostriecin (1, CI-920) is a structurally unique antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces pulveraceus by a research group at Warner Lambert-Parke Davis in 1983. 1 It displays cytotoxic activity against a broad range of cancerous cell lines such as leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer in vitro, and also antitumor activity against leukemia in vivo. 2 It is proposed that the anticancer activity is derived from perturbation of the mitotic entry checkpoint through potent inhibition of protein phosphatases (PP).Specifically, fostriecin produces the most selective serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition known to date: its IC 50 values against PP1 and PP2A are 45 mM and 1.5 nM, respectively (10 4 times greater selectivity for PP2A versus PP1). 3 Due to this unique property, fostriecin is expected to be a novel and potent lead compound for antitumor drugs. 4Unfortunately, the clinical trial of fostriecin at the National Institute of Cancer was halted in phase I due to its instability and unpredictable purity. 4erefore, more stable analogues of fostriecin that retain high PP subtype selectivity are in high demand.Considering the importance of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions in living organisms, however, fostriecin itself is still a valuable biological tool.The structural characteristics of fostricin are as follows: (1) four stereogenic centers including the allylic tertiary hydroxy group at C-8, (2) an α,β-unsaturated lactone at one end, (3) a phosphate ester at C-9, and Dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Kenji Koga.
Evolution of resistance to phytoene desaturase and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors – state of knowledge (2014)

Two major classes of herbicides include inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and phytoene desaturase (PDS). Plants can evolve resistance to PPO and PDS inhibitors via several mechanisms that include physical changes, resulting in reduced uptake, physiological changes, resulting in compartmentalization or altered translocation, and biochemical changes, resulting in enhanced metabolic degradation or alterations of protein structures, leading to loss of sensitivity to the herbicides. This review discusses the involvement of some of these mechanisms in the various cases of resistance to PDS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides, and highlights unique aspects of target-site resistance to these herbicides.
Silica gel-bound aza-crowns for the selective removal and concentration of metal ions (1989)

Abstract
Phosphazenes with olefinic side groups: proton abstraction reactions of fluoroalkoxy derivatives (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphazenes with olefinic side groups: proton abstraction reactions of fluoroalkoxy derivativesHarry R. Allcock, Paul R. Suszko, and Thomas L. EvansCite this: Organometallics 1982, 1, 11, 1443–1449Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00071a006https://doi.org/10.1021/om00071a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Study of Compost Added to a Casing Technique in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation from Phase III Bulk Compost (2010)

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of different rates of colonized compost and formaldehyde treatment on production parameters (yield, biological efficiency, mushroom number, mushroom weight, and earliness) in a Dutch commercial casing using Phase III bulk compost as a base substrate for growing Agaricus bisporus . Four rates of spawn-run compost (0 g·m −2 , 200 g·m −2 , 400 g·m −2 , and 600 g·m −2 ) and formaldehyde treatment (with or without) were used. The experiment was designed as a double factorial in a randomized complete block design. Each block contained six replicates per treatment (a compost bag with 20 kg). The compost added to casing (CACing) technique when applied properly and combined with the use of Phase III compost had significant benefits, including increased mushroom yield, weight, and reduced the growing cycle, especially with the rate of 600 g of spawn-run compost/m 2 of casing. On the other hand, the application of formalin reduced yield with or without the CACing technique, which implies the need for an alternative treatment for disinfection. An alternative method may either be thermal or chemical treatments to the casing such as using formaldehyde before mixing the casing with spawn-run compost and before the addition of casing above the colonized compost.
Experimental therapies for psoriasis. (2002)

There is a high medical need for better therapies for psoriasis. Based on new insight into the pathophysiology of this frequent immune disease, a number of novel systemic immunomodulatory therapies are currently in clinical development. These include approaches targeting antigen presentation and costimulation, T cell activation and leukocyte adhesion, action of proinflammatory mediators, and modulating the cytokine balance. Although mainly only preliminary data are available so far, these trials contribute to a further understanding of the disease and will eventually lead to new therapeutic options for psoriasis. Moreover, since psoriasis can be considered as a visible model disease for T cell-mediated disorders characterized by a type 1 cytokine pattern in general, such approaches may have impact for other immune disorders as well. Here we review the rationale and the initial clinical data of these important recent experimental therapies.
Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and use of low‐dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening among family physicians (2016)

Most family physicians report discussing LDCT with patients at high risk for lung cancer; however, referrals remain low. There are gaps in physician knowledge about screening guidelines and reimbursement, and this indicates a need for further educational outreach. The development of decision aids may facilitate shared decision-making discussions about screening, and targeted interventions may improve knowledge gaps. Cancer 2016;122:2324-2331. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
[Cervical pregnancy: case report and review of the literature]. (1997)

We report on a 22 years old patient with an intact cervical pregnancy located around the cervical isthmus in the 9th week of gestation. Because of the patients strong desire to maintain the reproductive capability, we performed a transvaginal amniotic sac puncture with local application of methotrexate. Later on we applied a systemic methotrexate therapy because of persistent high serum beta-hCG values. Five weeks later the patients developed heavy vaginal bleeding despite low beta-hCG levels so we are obliged to perform vaginal hysterectomy. Actual aspects about the etiology and diagnosis of this rare disease as well as about different opinions regarding conservative, fertility maintaining therapies are discussed.
Detection of first and second cardiac sounds based on time frequency analysis (2005)

Determining the exact timing o cardiac events, represented by the first (S1) and second (S2) sounds, from the PCG signals (phonocardiogram), represents a great challenge, specially in pathological cases. A system that allows this kind of detection could be used to synchronize several important biomedical devices and diagnosis techniques, such as intraaortic balloons and synchronous images of ultrasound, magnetic resonance and computerized tomography. This work presents a wavelet-based technique for S1 and S2 detection in PCG signals, that is able to perform a good detection in both normal and abnormal cases. It will be shown the criterion of choosing the most suitable wavelet from a set of classical ones, as well as the principles of the final detection method. The results in the analysis of 756 cardiac cycles, from 19 subjects, including normal and abnormal ones present an error ratio of 0.8%, point out to the efficiency of the proposed method.
H. Blatt 1982. Sedimentary Petrology. xii + 564 pp., numerous figs and tables. San Francisco: Freeman. Price £21.95. ISBN 0 7167 1354 3. (1983)

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Receiver Cancellation Technique for Nonlinear Power Amplifier Distortion in SDMA–OFDM Systems (2007)

Space-division multiple access (SDMA) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) can be combined to design a robust communications system with increased spectral efficiency and system capacity. This combination is one of the most promising candidates for future wireless local area network implementations. However, one drawback of OFDM systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio, which imposes strong requirements on the linearity of power amplifiers (PAs). Such linearity requirements translate into high back-off that results in low power efficiency. In order to improve power efficiency, a PA nonlinearity cancellation (PANC) technique is introduced in this paper. This technique reduces the nonlinear distortion effects on the received signal. The performance of the new technique is evaluated with simulations, which show significant power efficiency improvements. To obtain meaningful results for comparison purposes, we derive a theoretical upper bound on the bit error rate performance of an SDMA-OFDM system subject to PA nonlinearities. In addition, a novel channel estimation technique that combines frequency- and time-domain channel estimation with PANC is also presented. Simulation results show the robustness of the cancellation method also when channel estimation is included.
The economic impact of choosing off-line, inline or in situ metrology deployment in semiconductor manufacturing (2002)

Metrology tools and practices are expected to migrate from off-line to inline and ultimately to in situ. Economic models are needed to study the costs and benefits of introducing new metrology technologies and to compare alternative metrology practices. Several qualitative and quantitative models are presented in this paper to study the elements of revenue and cost associated with different metrology tools and practices. Comparisons between in situ, inline and off-line metrology systems are made. Monte Carlo simulation models are used to study each system under different scenarios.
Photocatalytic reactors (2003)

Fundamental concepts for the design of photocatalytic reactors are recalled: specific rate, modeling of the distribution of the irradiation, description and modeling of transport phenomena on the macroscopic and macroscopic scales. These are required for establishing the reactor mass balance. A brief survey of various reactors is given for solar or artificial light, gas‐ or liquid‐phase, slurry or fixed‐bed.
Effect of Overlapping Projections on Reconstruction Image Quality in Multipinhole SPECT (2008)

Multipinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has several advantages over single pinhole SPECT imaging, including an increased sensitivity and an improved sampling. However, the quest for a good design is challenging, due to the large number of design parameters. The effect of one of these, the amount of overlap in the projection images, on the reconstruction image quality, is examined in this paper. The evaluation of the quality is based on efficient approximations for the linearized local impulse response and the covariance in a voxel, and on the bias of the reconstruction of the noiseless projection data. Two methods are proposed that remove the overlap in the projection image by blocking certain projection rays with the use of extra shielding between the pinhole plate and the detector. Also two measures to quantify the amount of overlap are suggested. First, the approximate method, predicting the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), is validated using postsmoothed maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstructions with an imposed target resolution. Second, designs with different amounts of overlap are evaluated to study the effect of multiplexing. In addition, the CNR of each pinhole design is also compared with that of the same design where overlap is removed. Third, the results are interpreted with the overlap quantification measures. Fourth, the two proposed overlap removal methods are compared. From the results we can conclude that, once the complete detector area has been used, the extra sensitivity due to multiplexing is only able to compensate for the loss of information, not to improve the CNR. Removing the overlap, however, improves the CNR. The gain is most prominent in the central field of view, though often at the cost of the CNR of some voxels at the edges, since after overlap removal very little information is left for their reconstruction. The reconstruction images provide insight in the multiplexing and truncation artifacts.
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitutions of Esters with Protic Nucleophiles Mediated by Amphoteric, Oxotitanium, and Vanadyl Species (2005)

[reaction: see text] A diverse array of oxometallic species were examined as catalysts in nucleophilic acyl substitution (NAS) reactions of methyl (or ethyl) esters with protic nucleophiles. Among them, oxotitanium acetylacetonate (TiO(acac)(2)) and vanadyl chloride (VOCl(2)-(THF)(x)()) served as the most efficient and water-tolerant catalysts. Transesterifications of methyl and/or ethyl esters with functionalized (including acid- or base-sensitive) 1 degrees and 2 degrees alcohols can be carried out chemoselectively in refluxed toluene or xylene in a 1:1 substrate stoichiometry using 1 mol % catalyst loading. The resultant products were furnished in 85-100% yields by simple aqueous workup to remove water-soluble catalysts. The new NAS protocol is also amenable to amines and thiols in 74-91% yields, albeit with higher loading (2.5 equiv) of protic nucleophiles. Representative examples of commercial interests such as Padimate O and antioxidant additives for plastics were also examined to demonstrate their practical applications. A 1:1 adduct between TiO(acac)(2) and a given 1-octadecanol was identified as (C(18)H(37)O)(2)Ti(acac)(2) and was responsible for its subsequent NAS of methyl esters.