gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ORCHESTRA: a probing and fault injection environment for testing protocol implementations (2002)

Ensuring that a distributed system meets its prescribed specification is a growing challenge that confronts software developers and system engineers. Meeting this challenge is particularly important for applications with strict dependability and/or timeliness constraints. We have developed a software fault injection tool, called ORCHESTRA, for testing dependability and timing properties of distributed protocols. ORCHESTRA is based on a simple yet powerful framework, called script-driven probing and fault injection. The emphasis of this approach is on experimental techniques intended to identify specific "problems" in a protocol or its implementation rather than the evaluation of system dependability through statistical metrics such as fault coverage. Hence, the focus is on developing fault injection techniques that can be employed in studying three aspects of a target protocol: i) detecting design or implementation errors, ii) identifying violations of protocol specifications, and iii) obtaining insights into the design decisions made by the implementers.
Achromatic Varifocal Metalens for the Visible Spectrum (2019)

Metasurface optics provide an ultrathin alternative to conventional refractive lenses. A present challenge is in realizing metasurfaces that exhibit tunable optical properties and achromatic behavior across the visible spectrum. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of metasurface lenses (“metalenses”) that use asymmetric titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures to induce a polarization-dependent optical response. By rotating the polarization of linearly polarized input light, the focal length of a 40 μm diameter metalens is tuned from 220 to 550 μm. We show that imparting a wavelength-dependent polarization rotation on incident light enables achromatic focusing over a wide band of the visible spectrum, 483–620 nm. We use this property to demonstrate varifocal color imaging with white light from a halogen source. We also discuss how tunable achromatic metalenses may be useful for display applications.
Branch Flow Model: Relaxations and Convexification—Part II (2013)

We propose a branch flow model for the analysis and optimization of mesh as well as radial networks. The model leads to a new approach to solving optimal power flow (OPF) that consists of two relaxation steps. The first step eliminates the voltage and current angles and the second step approximates the resulting problem by a conic program that can be solved efficiently. For radial networks, we prove that both relaxation steps are always exact, provided there are no upper bounds on loads. For mesh networks, the conic relaxation is always exact but the angle relaxation may not be exact, and we provide a simple way to determine if a relaxed solution is globally optimal. We propose convexification of mesh networks using phase shifters so that OPF for the convexified network can always be solved efficiently for an optimal solution. We prove that convexification requires phase shifters only outside a spanning tree of the network and their placement depends only on network topology, not on power flows, generation, loads, or operating constraints. Part I introduces our branch flow model, explains the two relaxation steps, and proves the conditions for exact relaxation. Part II describes convexification of mesh networks, and presents simulation results.
Functional Activity of Substantia Nigra Grafts Reinnervating the Striatum: Neurotransmitter Metabolism and [<sup>14</sup>C]2‐Deoxy‐<scp>d</scp>‐glucose Autoradiography (1982)

Dopaminergic innervation of the caudate nucleus in adult rats can be partially restored by the grafting of embryonic substantia nigra into the overlying parietal cortex with concomitant compensation of certain behavioral abnormalities. In this study the function of such grafts was investigated neurochemically by quantification of transmitter metabolism and glucose utilization in the reinnervated target. Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal bundle received a single graft to the dorsal caudate-putamen and were screened for rotational behavior following 5 mg/kg methamphetamine. The grafts restored dopamine concentrations in the caudate-putamen from initially less than 0.5% to an average of 13.6% of normal in rats with behavioral compensation. The ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to dopamine, which is a measure of the rate of transmitter turnover, were equivalent in transplanted and normal control rats. Moreover, measurements of DOPA accumulation for a 30-min period after DOPA decarboxylase inhibition indicated similar fractional dopamine turnover rates in normal and transplant-reinnervated tissues. Correlations between rotational behavior and dopamine concentrations showed that reinnervation to only 3% of normal was sufficient to counterbalance the motor asymmetry. Measurements of glucose utilization by [14C]deoxyglucose autoradiography indicated equivalent metabolic rates for the grafted tissue and the intact substantia nigra. 6-Hydroxydopamine denervation of the caudate-putamen had no significant effect on neuronal metabolism in that region, nor did subsequent reinnervation from a graft. Grafts, however, were associated with a 16% reduction of glucose uptake in the ipsilateral globus pallidus, indicating a significant transsynaptic influence of the nigral transplants on neuronal metabolism in the host brain. Overall the results indicate that behaviorally functional neuronal grafts spontaneously metabolize dopamine and utilize glucose at rates characteristic of the intact nigrostriatal system. This provides further evidence that ectopic intracortical nigral transplants can reinstate dopaminergic neurotransmission in regions of the host brain initially denervated by the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion.
Micromotors Go In Vivo: From Test Tubes to Live Animals (2017)

Abstract While synthetic micromotors have been evaluated extensively under in vitro conditions for over a decade, their in vivo function has rarely been explored. Recent research effort has resulted in micromotors that display fast movement in complex biological media, and possess efficient cargo loading, transport, and release, along with good biocompatibility. These new capabilities have made synthetic micromotors promising active delivery tools for in vivo applications including treatment of enteral diseases. This review highlights several examples of recent in vivo applications using different types of biocompatible and biodegradable chemically powered body‐fuel‐propelled micromotors, including precise micromotor tissue localization and retention, autonomous gastric fluid neutralization and cargo release, and enhanced drug delivery toward enhanced treatment of stomach bacterial infection. Zn and Mg‐based micromotors, powered by body fluids, have shown unique advantages to operate at different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. This review also covers some early in vitro studies that paved the way for the current in vivo applications, along with future prospects and challenges.
Laser spark emission spectroscopy for in-situ, real-time monitoring of pulverized coal particle composition (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLaser spark emission spectroscopy for in-situ, real-time monitoring of pulverized coal particle compositionDavid K. Ottesen, L. L. Baxter, L. J. Radziemski, and J. F. BurrowsCite this: Energy Fuels 1991, 5, 2, 304–312Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00026a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00026a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views265Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Survey of robot lawn mowers</title> (2000)

Lawn mowing is considered by many to be one of the most boring and tiring routine household tasks. It is also one of the most promising personal robot applications. Several devices have not been invented and some manufactured products are available for lawn mowing. The purpose of this paper is to survey the state of the art in robotic lawn mowers to highlight the requirements and capabilities of current devices. A brief survey of available robot products, typical patents and some test bed prototypes are presented. Some enabling technologies which could make the devices more capable are also suggested. Some predictions indicate that the robot lawn mower will be the breakthrough device in robotics. The significance of this research lies in the presentation of an overview of a potential major market for personal robots.
Estimation of extremes in corrosion engineering (1996)

Summary This paper reviews a number of extreme value models which have been applied to corrosion problems. The techniques considered are used to model and predict the statistical behaviour of corrosion extremes, such as the largest pit, thinnest wall, maximum penetration or similar assessment of corrosion phenomenon. These techniques can be applied to measurements over a regular grid or to measurements of selected extremes, and can be adapted to accommodate all values over a selected threshold, or a selected number of the largest values-or only the single largest value. Data can come from one coupon or several coupons, and can be modelled to allow for dependence on environmental conditions, surface area examined, and duration of exposure or of experimentation. The techniquesare demonstrated on data from laboratory experiments and also on data collected in an industrial context.
Coastal Wind Analysis Based on Active Radar in Qingdao for Olympic Sailing Event (2008)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the Qingdao coastal wind field properties as a preparation for the 2008 Olympic sailing event based on space-borne Scatterometer and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Scatterometer data from SeaWinds instrument onboard QuikSCAT from 1999 to 2007 are collected as the main data source for a spatial and temporal wind field analysis near the Qingdao coast. Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images are used, too for this case study for the Qingdao 2007 International Regatta Sailing Competition. Wind speed retrieved from the ASAR image is compared to QuikSCAT data and in-situ buoy measurements.
PDM<inf>DC</inf>: A power distribution manager for cloud environment data centers (2016)

As the problem of power overloading in data centers attracts increasing concern, we need to control the operations of each server. This is vital for avoiding electrical surges and breakdown, which would cause the electrical breaker to trip and shut off the electricity in a data center. To achieve a practical solution, we must first control the power consumption of each individual server and then manage the power consumption of the data center as a whole. In this paper, we propose a power distribution manager for data centers (PDMDC), which allocates the power set points for each individual server in a data center. We tested of our PDM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dc</sub> with rack-mounted IBM servers that demonstrate its applicability for power capping over multiple servers.
The spatial mapping of translational diffusion coefficients by the NMR imaging technique (1985)

With the recent development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging it is important to characterise and understand the NMR response of tissues. There are several reasons why such characterisation of tissues using NMR parameters would be useful. It may provide a helpful diagnostic guide and could lead to a deeper understanding of the underlying processes responsible for many pathological and physiological states of tissues. For several years, hydrogen density, spin-lattice relaxation and spin-spin relaxation maps of objects have been obtained using the NMR imaging technique. The authors have developed a method for the spatial mapping of an additional NMR parameter, the molecular translational diffusion coefficient D. In addition the technique will permit the measurement of perfusion and blood flow rates.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 4 (SOCS4) Protects against Severe Cytokine Storm and Enhances Viral Clearance during Influenza Infection (2014)

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. There is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite broad expression in the hematopoietic system. We demonstrate that mice lacking functional SOCS4 protein rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus (PR8) and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent H3N2 (X31) strain. In SOCS4-deficient animals, this led to substantially greater weight loss, dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs and delayed viral clearance. This was associated with impaired trafficking of influenza-specific CD8 T cells to the site of infection and linked to defects in T cell receptor activation. These results demonstrate that SOCS4 is a critical regulator of anti-viral immunity.
Bright two-photon emission and ultra-fast relaxation dynamics in a DNA-templated nanocluster investigated by ultra-fast spectroscopy (2012)

Metal nanoclusters have interesting steady state fluorescence emission, two-photon excited emission and ultrafast dynamics. A new subclass of fluorescent silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) are NanoCluster Beacons. NanoCluster Beacons consist of a weakly emissive Ag NC templated on a single stranded DNA ("Ag NC on ssDNA") that becomes highly fluorescent when a DNA enhancer sequence is brought in proximity to the Ag NC by DNA base pairing ("Ag NC on dsDNA"). Steady state fluorescence was observed at 540 nm for both Ag NC on ssDNA and dsDNA; emission at 650 nm is observed for Ag NC on dsDNA. The emission at 550 nm is eight times weaker than that at 650 nm. Fluorescence up-conversion was used to study the dynamics of the emission. Bi-exponential fluorescence decay was recorded at 550 nm with lifetimes of 1 ps and 17 ps. The emission at 650 nm was not observed at the time scale investigated but has been reported to have a lifetime of 3.48 ns. Two-photon excited fluorescence was detected for Ag NC on dsDNA at 630 nm when excited at 800 nm. The two-photon absorption cross-section was calculated to be ∼3000 GM. Femtosecond transient absorption experiments were performed to investigate the excited state dynamics of DNA-Ag NC. An excited state unique to Ag NC on dsDNA was identified at ∼580 nm as an excited state bleach that related directly to the emission at 650 nm based on the excitation spectrum. Based on the optical results, a simple four level system is used to describe the emission mechanism for Ag NC on dsDNA.
Notch signalling in T‐cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma and other haematological malignancies (2010)

Notch receptors participate in a highly conserved signalling pathway that regulates normal development and tissue homeostasis in a context- and dose-dependent manner. Deregulated Notch signalling has been implicated in many diseases, but the clearest example of a pathogenic role is found in T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma (T-LL), in which the majority of human and murine tumours have acquired mutations that lead to aberrant increases in Notch1 signalling. Remarkably, it appears that the selective pressure for Notch mutations is virtually unique among cancers to T-LL, presumably reflecting a special context-dependent role for Notch in normal T-cell progenitors. Nevertheless, there are some recent reports suggesting that Notch signalling has subtle, yet important roles in other forms of haematological malignancy as well. Here, we review the role of Notch signalling in various blood cancers, focusing on T-LL with an eye towards targeted therapeutics.
What You Should Know About Brucellosis (1952)

Brucellosis isn't a problem confined to livestock alone. It infects humans as "undulant fever." Its cost is both in money and human suffering. Let's take a closer look at the situation.
Percutaneous Absorption of Drugs (1989)

Some practical applications of basic information in percutaneous absorption have been reviewed. Drug release from vehicles is discussed in relation to glucocorticosteroids. Penetration enhancers are reviewed with emphasis on the need for further investigations and applications of enhancers for clinical use. The role of the stratum corneum as a barrier to and a reservoir for drugs is discussed. Special problems in penetration as presented by regional anatomic variations, nails, and follicles are mentioned. Overall, we review some practical problems existing in the penetration of drugs through human skin.
Phosphonate and sulfonate metal organic frameworks (2009)

Recent progress in phosphonate and sulfonate MOFs is reviewed with an emphasis on open frameworks. These two ligating functionalities are paired due to their structural analogy but the review will show that their differences likely outweigh their similarities when it comes to their framework structures and properties. Examples that are highlighted focus on new routes to open structures, demonstrations of porosity and functionality, and examples with dynamic structures. This critical review is geared to researchers interested in designing open framework solids (134 references).
Absolute Surface Density of the Amine Group of the Aminosilylated Thin Layers:  Ultraviolet−Visible Spectroscopy, Second Harmonic Generation, and Synchrotron-Radiation Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study (1997)

The surface of a fused silica and oxidized silicon wafer (SiO2/Si(100)) was treated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (1), (3-aminopropyl)diethoxymethylsilane (2), and (3-aminopropyl)ethoxydimethylsilane (3) for 72 h in solution. Thickness of the aminosilylated film out of 1 increases rapidly, and it turns out to be around 100 Å in 72 h. Rather slow increase of the thickness is observed for 2, which produces the layers of 8 and 14 Å in 10 and 72 h, respectively. The reagent 3 produces the monolayers of constant thickness 7−8 Å during the whole span of the reaction. The aminosilane layer was allowed to react with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde to form an imine, and absorbance (Asurf) of the imine was recorded by UV−vis spectroscopy. The imine was hydrolyzed in a known volume of water to produce 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, and subsequently its absorbance was measured. Thus observed number of the aldehyde molecules is equivalent to the number of the imine molecules on the surface. With the known surface area of the substrates, the absolute surface density of the imine, that is, the reactive amine group on the surface, was calculated. At an early stage of the aminosilylation with 2, a surface density of 3.9 amine groups per 100 Å2 was measured. A relatively low value was observed for 3. It is also observed that 1 produces a multilayer with rough surface morphology, of which surface density increases sharply by the reaction time. Tilt angle of the imine was estimated from the Asurf and the absolute surface density. The angles vary among 23−47° depending on the reaction condition. Second harmonic generation of a laser light of 1064 nm was observed for the imine-formed substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy utilizing a synchrotron radiation source, in particular for the N(1s) binding energy region, confirmed the chemical transformation. Also, it is observed that the nitro group of the imine is cleaved by X-rays.
Simulation of non-Newtonian blood flow in an end-to-side anastomosis (1994)

In order to quantify the importance of non-Newtonian blood rheology on anastomotic flow patterns, the characteristics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flows were compared in a 2-D, 45 degree end-to-side anastomosis model under both steady and unsteady flow conditions. All flows were assumed to be two-dimensional, and were simulated numerically using parameters consistent with blood flow in the femoral artery. A novel, purely viscous constitutive relation, based on a generalized form of the power law relation, was developed to model the non-Newtonian rheology of blood. The resulting wall shear stress patterns indicate that for the parameter values under consideration, non-Newtonian blood rheology has a significant effect on steady flow wall shear stresses, but no significant effect on unsteady flow wall shear stresses. Based on these and other simulations, a parameter is formulated that gives an indication of the importance of non-Newtonian blood rheology under a given set of flow conditions. In addition, an argument is presented for allowing the conclusions from this two-dimensional study to be extended to three-dimensional blood flow.
Active position control of a shape memory alloy wire actuated composite beam (2000)

This paper presents the design and the experimental result of the active position control of a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuated composite beam. The composite beam has a honeycomb structure with SMA wires embedded in one of its face sheets for the active actuation. The potential applications of this experiment include thermo-distortion compensation for precision space structure, stern shape control for submarines, and flap shape control for aeronautical applications. SMA wires are chosen as the actuating elements due to their high recovery stress ({>}500 MPa) and tolerance to high strain (up to 6%). However, SMA wires are inherently nonlinear and pose a challenge for control design. A robust controller is designed and implemented to actively control the tip position of the composite beam. The experiment set-up consists of the composite beam with embedded SMA wires, a programmable current/voltage amplifier to actuate the SMA wires, an infrared laser range sensor to detect the beam tip displacement, and a real-time data acquisition and control system. The experimental result demonstrates the effectiveness of the robust control.
Application of Post-Tension Technology on Tall Buildings (2017)

It's been a decade since post-tension system began to be applied in earnest to buildings in Korea. In the meantime, post-tension system has been used in various buildings as main structural system including tall buildings. And post-tension system plays a role to overcome architectural limit of regular RC tall buildings particularly in the realization of long span with shallower depth than other structural system. The post-tensioned building market of Korea has been steadily grown in recent years with such advantage. Recently, post-tension technology is adapted for special structural members like belt walls. In this paper, the authors would like to explain design and construction of tall buildings in Korea using post-tension technology.