gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MO‐A‐T‐6C‐01: Managing Respiratory Motion in Radiation Oncology (2005)

Intrafraction motion is an issue that is becoming increasingly important in the era of image‐guided radiotherapy. Intrafraction motion can be caused by the respiratory, skeletal muscular, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems. Of these three systems, much research and development to date has been directed towards accounting for respiratory motion. Respiratory motion causes deleterious effects during the imaging, planning and delivery of radiation therapy. The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology is the subject of this continuing education class which aims to advise medical physicists involved in the external beam radiation therapy of patients with thoracic and abdominal tumors that move due to respiratory motion. This session will describe the magnitude of respiratory motion, discuss radiotherapy‐specific problems caused by respiratory motion, explain techniques that explicitly manage respiratory motion during radiotherapy and give recommendations in the application of these techniques for patient care, including quality assurance guidelines for these devices. The techniques to be described include respiratory gating, breath‐hold techniques, forced shallow breathing and respiration‐synchronized radiotherapy. This session intends to reflect the current state of the scientific understanding and technical methodology in imaging, treatment planning and radiation delivery for radiation oncology patients with tumors affected by respiratory motion. Issues requiring further study will also be raised. The educational objectives of this course include: 1. Appreciate the effects of respiratory motion during the imaging, planning and delivery of radiotherapy. 2. Learn the various techniques that have been clinically applied to manage respiratory motion. 3. Understand the general and specific quality assurance requirements for different respiratory management techniques. 4. Describe the clinical process for managing patients with tumors affected by respiratory motion.
Focusing Attention on Decoding for Children With Poor Reading Skills: Design and Preliminary Tests of the Word Building Intervention (2003)

Abstract This study examined the reading skills of children who have deficient decoding skills in the years following the first grade and traced their progress across 20 sessions of a decoding skills intervention called Word Building. Initially, the children demonstrated deficits in decoding, reading comprehension, and phonemic awareness skills. Further examination of decoding attempts revealed a pattern of accurate decoding of the first grapheme in a word, followed by relatively worse performance on subsequent vowels and consonants, suggesting that these children were not engaging in full alphabetic decoding. The intervention directed attention to each grapheme position within a word through a procedure of progressive minimal pairing of words that differed by one grapheme. Relative to children randomly assigned to a control group, children assigned to the intervention condition demonstrated significantly greater improvements in decoding attempts at all grapheme positions and also demonstrated significantly greater improvements in standardized measures of decoding, reading comprehension, and phonological awareness. Results are discussed in terms of the consequences of not fully engaging in alphabetic decoding during early reading experience, and the self-teaching role of alphabetic decoding for improving word identification, reading comprehension, and phonological awareness skills.
Susceptibility of bifidobacteria to nisin (1998)

A collection of 17 bifidobacteria was tested for sensitivity or resistance to lantibiotic nisin. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the strain tested was highly variable, ranging from 4.88 to 10,000 IU-1. In general, strains isolated from faecal samples were more resistant than those purchased from culture collections. These results could be useful in the production of foods containing both bifidobacteria and nisin.
Studies on the mechanism of topical anhidrosis due to polyvalent cations (1981)

Synopsis Although eccrine sweat glands are present in the foot pads of many mammals, and are abundant in the general body skin of many of the higher primates, it is only in man that these glands have a thermoregulatory function and are cosmetically significant. The expansion in sales of various antiperspirant products containing complexes of aluminium and zirconium has resulted in many studies, whose aim is to elucidate the mode of action of these substances. Sweat production in the rat foot pad in vivo has been studied, and its modification following topical application of various polyvalent cations. Results of studies of protein precipitation by these cations are also discussed.
A novel method for selective isolation of C‐terminal peptides from tryptic digests of proteins by immobilized anhydrotrypsin: Application to structural analyses of the tail sheath and tube proteins from bacteriophage T4 (1986)

A novel method useful for selective isolation of the C-terminal peptide from a tryptic digestion mixture of a protein has been developed by taking advantage of a unique property of anhydrotrypsin, which has a strong specific affinity for the peptides containing arginine or lysine at their C-termini. Briefly, peptides produced by tryptic digestion of a protein are fractionated by affinity chromatography on a column of immobilized anhydrotrypsin. The C-terminal peptide is recovered in a breakthrough fraction, while the remainders are adsorbed on the column (unless the protein ends in arginine or lysine). The breakthrough fraction is then subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in order to purify the C-terminal peptide. Using this method, we have successfully isolated the C-terminal peptides from tryptic digests of the sheath protein (gp 18) and the tube protein (gp 19) of bacteriophage T4. The analytical results on these peptides, together with the information on the N-terminal structures of the original proteins and on the nucleotide sequences of genes 18 and 19, allowed us to establish the complete primary structures of the two proteins.
Greener synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol using a tunable ionic liquid catalyst (2019)

Abstract Several types of ionic liquids (ILs) performance towards dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis using cheap reactant (methanol) and waste CO 2 which is abundantly available in the environment are discussed. We synthesized ILs with cheap raw materials such as ethylene glycol. The main aim of this study is to synthesize efficient catalysts for the production of profitable fuel additives. ILs show high thermal stability, less viscosity, and low vapor pressure. In addition, some ILs have high CO 2 absorption capacity due to moderate acid-base properties. These ILs reversibly capture more CO 2 which is more efficient towards mass transport of methanol at optimum reaction conditions which enhance the DMC yield. This catalytic system is easily reusable for several reactions without decreased performance under the same reaction conditions. These reaction conditions had an effect on the synthesis of DMC. Temperature, pressure, IL loading, and IL/DMAP ratio were fine tuned. We propose a mechanism which the reaction may follow. The synthesized ILs required moderate reaction conditions and reduce waste gases (CO 2 ) from the environments as they have high CO 2 absorption capacity compared to the metal oxide catalyst. Therefore, this catalytic system helps and gives new direction to synthesize new catalyst for other application.
A Bayesian Approach to Concept Drift (2010)

To cope with concept drift, we placed a probability distribution over the location of the most-recent drift point. We used Bayesian model comparison to update this distribution from the predictions of models trained on blocks of consecutive observations and pruned potential drift points with low probability. We compare our approach to a non-probabilistic method for drift and a probabilistic method for change-point detection. In our experiments, our approach generally yielded improved accuracy and/or speed over these other methods. 1
A new miniature hand-held solar-blind reagentless standoff chemical, biological, and explosives (CBE) sensor (2008)

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), and suicide bombers are a major threat to many countries and their citizenry. The ability to detect trace levels of these threats with a miniature, hand-held, reagentless, standoff sensor represents a major improvement in the state of the art of CBE surface sensors. Photon Systems, Inc., in collaboration with Jet Propulsion Laboratory, recently demonstrated a new technology hand-held sensor for reagentless, close-range, standoff detection and identification of trace levels CBE materials on surfaces. This targeted ultraviolet CBE (TUCBE) sensor is the result of an Army Phase I STTR program. The resulting 5lb, 5W, flashlight-sized sensor can discriminate CBE from background materials using a combination of deep UV excited resonance Raman (RR) and laser induced native fluorescence (LINF) emissions resulting from excitation by a new technology deep UV laser. Detection and identification is accomplished in less than 1ms. Standoff excitation of suspicious packages, vehicles, persons, and other objects that may contain hazardous materials is accomplished using wavelengths below 250nm where Raman and native fluorescence emissions occupy distinctly different wavelength regions. This enables simultaneous detection of RR and LINF emissions with no interferences. The sensor employs fused RR/LINF chemometric methods to extract the identity of targeted materials from background clutter. Photon Systems has demonstrated detection and identification of 100ng/cm2 of explosives materials at a distance of 1 meter using a sensor with 3.8 cm optical aperture. Expansion of the optical aperture to 38 cm in a lantern-sized sensor will enable similar detection and identification of CBE materials at standoff distances of 10 meters. As a result of excitation and detection in the deep UV and the use of a gated detection system, the sensor is solar blind and can operate in full daylight conditions.
Identification of the complete coding sequence and genomic organization of the Treacher Collins syndrome gene. (1997)

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development, the features of which include conductive hearing loss and cleft palate. Recently, the demonstration of a series of 10 mutations within a partial-length cDNA clone have indicated that the TCS gene (TCOF1) has been positionally cloned. Although it has been shown that the gene is expressed in a wide variety of fetal and adult tissues, database sequence comparisons have failed to provide significant information on the function of the gene. In the current investigation, a combination of cDNA library screening and rapid amplification of cDNA ends has permitted the isolation of the complete coding sequence of TCOF1, which is encoded by 26 exons and predicts a low complexity, serine/alanine-rich protein of approximately 144 kD. The use of a variety of bioinformatics tools has resulted in the identification of repeated units within the gene, each of which maps onto an individual exon. The predicted protein Treacle contains numerous potential phosphorylaiton sites, a number of which map to similar positions within the repeated units, and shows weak but significant homology to the nucleolar phosphoproteins. Although the precise function of Treacle remains unknown, these observations suggest that phosphorylation may be important for its role in early embryonic development and that it may play a role in nucleolar-cytoplasmic shuttling. The information presented in this study will allow continued mutation analysis in families with a history of TCS and should facilitate continued experimentation to shed further light on the function of the gene/protein during development of the craniofacial complex.
Synthesis and Properties of Hetero-Dialkaline Hexafluorosilicate Red Phosphor KNaSiF<sub>6</sub>:Mn<sup>4+</sup> (2011)

In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of the hetero-dialkaline hexafluorosilicate red phosphor KNaSiF6:Mn4+ by etching Si wafers in a HF/KMnO4/NaMnO4·H2O mixed solution. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the synthesized phosphor has an orthorhombic structure with the space group . The luminescence properties of the phosphor are studied by photoluminescence (PL) analysis, PL excitation spectroscopy, and luminescence lifetime measurements, and are found to be intermediate of those of homo-dialkaline K2SiF6:Mn4+ and Na2SiF6:Mn4+ red phosphors.
Charging of Quantum Dots by Sulfide Redox Electrolytes Reduces Electron Injection Efficiency in Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (2013)

In quantum dot (QD) sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), redox electrolytes act as hole scavengers to regenerate the QD ground state from its oxidized form, thus enabling a continuous device operation. However, unlike molecular sensitizers, QDs also have redox-active trap states within the band gap, which can be charged in the presence of redox electrolyte. The effects of electrolyte induced charging of QDs on the performance of QDSSCs have not been reported. Here, using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy, we show that CdSe/CdS3MLZnCdS2MLZnS2ML core/multishell QDs are charged in the presence of sulfide electrolytes due to the reduction of surface states. As a result, exciton lifetimes in these QDs are shortened due to an Auger recombination process. Such charging induced fast Auger recombination can compete effectively with electron transfer from QDs to TiO2 and reduce the electron injection efficiency in QDSSCs. We believe that the reported charging effects are present for most colloidal nanocrystals in the presence of redox media and have important implications for designing QD-based photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices.
Synthetic Cells–Self-Assembling Polymer Membranes and Bioadhesive Colloids (2001)

▪ Abstract We summarize developments in the construction of synthetic cells made from polymers, with a particular focus on mimicking the structure and behavior of blood cells. Two basic themes emerge—the use of block copolymers to make polmer vesicles and the functionalization of colloidal or polymeric microspheres with cell-like adhesive properties. Both platforms provide a means for building the complex hierarchy that is characteristic of biological cells, while also incorporating novel and perhaps superior properties of material strength, specific targeting, and controlled release.
A QoS framework for interactive 3D applications (2002)

We present a QoS (Quality of Service) framework for interactive 3D applications, in which the QoS management relies on high-level QoS parameters of quality scalable 3D objects, which are transmitted from the service provider to the user terminals. PSNR is used as one of these high level parameters for representing the perception quality of 3D objects. In real-time, interactive 3D applications, one of the tasks of the QoS management at the end-user’s terminal consists in keeping a constant interactive frame rate, by trading off the 3D scene perception quality for frame rate, under resource constraints. We show that this task involves solving a NP-hard optimization problem and we present an approximation algorithm that solves the problem with an accuracy of more than 95%, compared to the optimal solution, while representing a negligible computation effort for every frame. Experimental results show the soundness of the proposed framework and algorithm.
Mechanical models of pseudopod formation. (1993)

The active locomotion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into a glass pipette has been recently reported using formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) as a chemoattractant. The frontal portion of the leukocyte appears clear and free of granules as observed in pseudopod formation. Three possible mechanisms for pseudopod formation are considered: (1) pressure-flow generated by actin-myosin contraction at the rear of the cell or at the base of the pseudopod; (2) osmotic pressure generated at the cell membrane, interior to the cell; and (3) actin polymerization of the cell membrane at the leading edge of the pseudopod. Experimental data on the movement of F-actin toward the rear of the cell, away from the front, favors polymerization of G-actin to F-actin at the leading edge. The active role of osmotic pressure and contraction at the base of the pseudopod are possible but not yet proven.
Lung Protection by a Thiol-Containing Antioxidant: N-Acetylcysteine (1986)

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a thiol-containing compound which nonenzymatically interacts and detoxifies reactive electrophiles and free radicals. NAC was shown to effectively protect human bronchial fibroblasts against the toxic effects of tobacco smoke condensates and the isolated perfused lung against the glutathione (GSH)-depleting effect of tobacco smoke. NAC was also shown to reduce the reactive oxygen intermediate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and protect against the toxic effects of H2O2. In vivo studies, however, demonstrated that NAC when administered orally has very low bioavailability due to rapid metabolism to GSH among other metabolites. Thus, even though NAC is very effective in protecting cells of different origins from the toxicity of reactive components in tobacco smoke and reactive oxygen species, a direct scavenging effect by NAC in vivo, particularly when administered orally, does not seem likely. The bioavailability of NAC itself is very low when given this route. A more relevant mechanism in vivo for any protective effect NAC may exert against toxic species may be due to NAC acting as a precursor of GSH and facilitating its biosynthesis. GSH will then serve as the protective agent and detoxify reactive species both enzymatically and nonenzymatically.
Neutrophils release extracellular <scp>DNA</scp> traps during storage of red blood cell units (2013)

Our studies indicate that NETs are liberated during storage of nonleukoreduced RBC units. Future studies should address whether NETs in RBC units could potentially contribute to transfusion-associated complications.
Temperature distributions of radio-frequency plasma in water by spectroscopic analysis (2009)

Distributions of emission intensity from radicals, electron temperature, and rotational temperature at a radio frequency of 27.12 MHz plasma in water are clarified by detailed spectroscopy measurement. Through this investigation, the following were observed. The points of maximum emission intensity of Hα, Hβ, O (777 nm), and O (845 nm) are almost the same, while that of OH shifts upward. The electron temperature decreases, while the rotational temperature increases with pressure. The distribution of the electron temperature changes at a threshold pressure, which is concerned with a change in the electron discharge mechanism. The self-bias of the electrode changes from a negative to positive at a threshold pressure. The point of the maximum rotational temperature of OH radicals shifts to approximately 1 mm above that for the maximum intensity of OH emission.
Liposomes with Differential Lipid Components Exert Differential Adjuvanticity in Antigen−Liposome Conjugates via Differential Recognition by Macrophages (2003)

We previously reported that liposomes having differential lipid components displayed differential adjuvant effects when antigen was coupled with liposomes via glutaraldehyde. In the present study, antigen-liposome conjugates prepared using liposomes having differential lipid components were added to the macrophage culture, and phagocytosis and the antigen digest of liposome-coupled antigen by macrophages were then investigated. Antigen presentation by macrophages to an antigen-specific T-cell clone was further investigated using the same conjugates. Antigen-liposome conjugates which induced higher levels of antibody production in vivo were recognized more often, and the liposome-coupled antigen was digested to a greater degree by macrophages than antigen-liposome conjugates which induced lower levels of antibody production. These results correlated closely with those regarding antigen presentation by macrophages; when antigen was coupled to liposomes showing higher adjuvant effect, macrophages cocultured with antigen-liposome conjugates activated antigen-specific T-cells at a higher degree. The concentration of OVA in the macrophage culture added as antigen-liposome conjugates was approximately 32 microg/mL. However, the extent of T-cell activation was almost equal to that when 800 microg/mL of soluble OVA was added to the culture. The results of the present study demonstrated that the adjuvant activity of liposomes observed primary in vivo correlated closely with the recognition of antigen-liposome conjugates and antigen presentation of liposome-coupled antigen by macrophages, suggesting that the adjuvant effects of liposomes are exerted at the beginning of the immune response, i.e., recognition of antigen by antigen-presenting cells.
New Tools for Engineering the Arabidopsis Plastid Genome (2019)

New transformation-competent Arabidopsis lines, with new plastid transformation vectors and a protocol for measuring plastid transformation efficiency, will advance the engineering of the plastid genome in Arabidopsis.
Two-hand Pose Estimation from the non-cropped RGB Image with Self-Attention Based Network (2021)

Estimating the pose of two hands is a crucial problem for many human-computer interaction applications. Since most of the existing works utilize cropped images to predict the hand pose, they require a hand detection stage before pose estimation or input cropped images directly. In this paper, we propose the first real-time one-stage method for pose estimation from a single RGB image without hand tracking. Combining the self-attention mechanism with convolutional layers, the network we proposed is able to predict the 2.5D hand joints coordinate while locating the two hands regions. And to reduce the extra memory and computational consumption caused by self-attention, we proposed a linear attention structure with a spatial reduction attention block called SRAN block. We demonstrate the effectiveness of each component in our network through the ablation study. And experiments on public datasets showed the competitive result with the state-of-the-art method.
Introduction (2012)

During the first century of its development, modern theatre studies concerned itself almost exclusively with the theatre traditions of Europe and the United States, with only a nod to a few classic theatres of Eastern Asia. Toward the end of the twentieth century, however, a growing awareness of an interest in global concerns encouraged research into other, hitherto neglected theatre and performance traditions elsewhere in the world — in Latin America, in Africa, and in Asia beyond the traditional areas of classic India, China, and Japan. The last major area of global theatre to gain the attention of scholars was the Arab world, long ignored by Western theatre scholars working under the mistaken assumption that there existed a monolithic Islamic opposition to representations of the human body and so anything resembling theatre was systematically rejected within the Arab world.
Triangular Current Mode Operation of a Three Phase Interleaved T-Type Inverter for Photovoltaic Systems (2012)

The T-type topology is widely used in photovoltaic systems as three phase grid interface. In this paper a triangular current mode operation (TCM) for interleaved T-type inverters is presented, which enables zero voltage switching of all switches. Besides the basic operation scheme, also models for optimising the system for efficiency are explained and optimization results for a 22kW system based on SiC MOSFET’s are discussed. Due to the ZVS operation, the optimized TCM T-type system achieves an outstanding efficiency of 99.2%.