gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated by atmospheric glycerol autocatalysis (2007)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Because ethanol organosolv pulping requires high pressure and is highly volatile, an atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment process has been investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw pretreated using this method was evaluated to explore a novel, economically competitive and environmentally friendly pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The method also provides economical utilization of industrial glycerol, helping to cope with the challenge of the excess production of glycerol and to further defray the cost of biodiesel production. RESULTS: With preliminary optimization of the parameters in the pretreatment process, pretreatment performed at 240 °C for 4 h with the glycerol addition of 15 g g −1 dry feedstock and wash at 80 °C led to high recovery of cellulose (95%) and good removal of lignin (>70%), which formed, respectively, 80% and 10% of the pulp. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wheat straw yielded 90% of theoretically achievable sugar after 24 h and 92% after 48 h. CONCLUSION: Atmospheric autocatalytic glycerol organosolv pretreatment removed significant amounts of hemicellulose and lignin without affecting good cellulose recovery. The proposed novel strategy increased the susceptible of wheat straw to enzyme attack and led to enzymatic hydrolysis that was comparable with that achieved using ethanol organosolv pretreatment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
FSK/IM scheme for unrepeatered optical systems (1992)

A frequency shift keyed/intensity modulated (FSK/IM) optical transmitter is described which uses direct frequency shift keying of a laser and a Mach-Zehnder optical discriminator to produce a very low chirp intensity modulated source for high bit rate, high dispersion systems. The FSK/IM transmitter was demonstrated over a 200 km span of conventional nondispersion shifted fibre at 2.488 Gbit/s, with very low dispersion penalty, an error floor of better than 10/sup -15/ BER, and a long term stability of better than 0.3 dB over 100 hours of operation. The performance and stability obtained make possible the introduction of repeaterless transmission over installed nondispersion shifted fibre links: system loss and dispersion requirements for spans of 200 km can be readily satisfied with sufficient margin for long term system viability.
DESTINY: A Comprehensive Tool with 3D and Multi-Level Cell Memory Modeling Capability (2017)

To enable the design of large capacity memory structures, novel memory technologies such as non-volatile memory (NVM) and novel fabrication approaches, e.g., 3D stacking and multi-level cell (MLC) design have been explored. The existing modeling tools, however, cover only a few memory technologies, technology nodes and fabrication approaches. We present DESTINY, a tool for modeling 2D/3D memories designed using SRAM, resistive RAM (ReRAM), spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), phase change RAM (PCM) and embedded DRAM (eDRAM) and 2D memories designed using spin orbit torque RAM (SOT-RAM), domain wall memory (DWM) and Flash memory. In addition to single-level cell (SLC) designs for all of these memories, DESTINY also supports modeling MLC designs for NVMs. We have extensively validated DESTINY against commercial and research prototypes of these memories. DESTINY is very useful for performing design-space exploration across several dimensions, such as optimizing for a target (e.g., latency, area or energy-delay product) for a given memory technology, choosing the suitable memory technology or fabrication method (i.e., 2D v/s 3D) for a given optimization target, etc. We believe that DESTINY will boost studies of next-generation memory architectures used in systems ranging from mobile devices to extreme-scale supercomputers. The latest source-code of DESTINY is available from the following git repository: https://bitbucket.org/sparshmittal/destinyv2.
Expression of Bcl-2 family during liver regeneration and identification of Bcl-x as a delayed early response gene. (1997)

Induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x has been demonstrated in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro, suggesting that these two apoptosis modulators may also play a role during proliferation. To explore this possibility in a physiological setting, mRNA expression of various Bcl-2 family members was examined during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy, a well characterized in vivo model of cell cycle progression. After a 60% partial hepatectomy in C3H/HeN mice, the steady-state levels of Bcl-x mRNA exhibited a cyclical pattern, with peaks at 4 hours (early G1) and 48 to 72 hours (G1 phase of the second hepatocyte cell cycle). A1 and Bcl-2 mRNA were not detected, and the levels of two Mcl-1 mRNA species remained low without significant changes. The three pro-apoptotic members of the family, Bak, Bad, and Bax, all showed an early decline in mRNA levels when Bcl-x transcripts increased, followed by later peaks at 12, 24, and 48 to 72 hours, respectively. Experiments were subsequently conducted in C3H/HeJ mice, an endotoxin-resistant strain with slower liver regeneration marked by a protracted G1 phase. Even though immediate-early gene responses measured by c-myc induction remained intact, the timing of Bcl-x mRNA expression was delayed in C3H/HeJ mice. When C3H/HeN mice were pretreated with cycloheximide before hepatectomy, the early peak of Bcl-x mRNA at 4 hours was essentially abrogated whereas the immediate-early gene c-myc was hyperinduced, thus implicating Bcl-x as a delayed early response gene during liver regeneration. Bcl-x was localized in hepatocytes and by both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, Bcl-xL protein reached highest levels at 12 hours (mid-G1), consistent with the expression of a delayed early gene. In summary, the expression profiles of Bcl-2 family members during liver regeneration suggest a cell-cycle-dependent regulation as well as a physiological role for these apoptosis-modulating genes during growth and proliferation.
A new micromachined overlap CPW structure with low attenuation over wide impedance ranges (2002)

A new micromachined overlay CPW with the edges of the center conductor partially elevated and overlapped with the ground, is developed to achieve low loss over wide impedance ranges. Overlay CPW helped to reduce conductor loss by reducing field concentration and current crowding at the edges of the signal lines. It also offered a screening effect from the substrate losses by concentrating the electric field between the conductor plates. For comparison, three different CPW structures were simulated and fabricated on glass substrates. The overlay CPW showed the largest impedance range and the lowest loss. The overlay CPW using MEMS technology is a good candidate for a uniplanar transmission line medium at mm-wave frequencies.
Expert one-on-one Oracle (2001)

From the Publisher:
This book offers the knowledge required for both those who build Oracle database applications, and those who administer the database.
It is critical that the DBA knows what the developers are trying to accomplish and the best developers know how to exploit the DBA's data management strategies. Armed with the fundamental knowledge of the Oracle environment that Tom describes, you will be able to build bigger, faster, and more scalable applications. 
Knowledge of SQL and PL/SQL is assumed and familiarity with any 3GL language (such as C, Java, or Visual Basic) would be useful.
Bioactive marine natural products : isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of pharmacophore analogues (2010)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the marine sponge Spongia irregularis led to the isolation of a new sulfated sesterterpenoid, irregularasulfate (2.16), along with two known sulfated sesterterpenoids, halisulfate 7 (2.14) and hipposulfate C (2.15). All three compounds (2.14-2.16) inhibit the related phosphatases calcineurin, PP1 and PP2A. The analogue 2.23 was synthesized and showed similar phosphatase inhibitory activity to the natural products. One new bafilomycin analogue, bafilomycin F (3.2), along with three known bafilomycin analogues, bafilomycin A1 (3.1), bafilomycin B1 (3.3) and bafilomycin D (3.4), were isolated from a marine-derived bacterium identified as Streptomyces sp. All four compounds (3.1-3.4) are extremely potent inhibitors of autophagy. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a relatively new and promising cancer drug target. Synthetic analogues of exiguamine A, the most potent IDO inhibitor reported to date, were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit IDO in vitro and in vivo. The most potent of these analogues (4.32, 4.38, 4.39, 4.43 and 4.52) inhibit IDO in vitro with potency comparable to exiguamine A. A new exiguamine analogue, exiguamine C (5.2), was isolated from the crude extract of Neopetrosia exigua. Exiguamine B (5.1) was also isolated from this crude extract in order to confirm the structure, and the relative configuration was determined with the aid of synthetic exiguamine B. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the marine fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina led to the isolation of three new alkaloids, plectosphaeroic acids A-C (6.1-6.3). All three compounds inhibit IDO with approximately the same potency, while the related compound T988 A was completely inactive. Cinnabarinic acid was synthesized in order to aid with the structure elucidation of plectosphaeroic acids A-C. Cinnabarinic acid and analogues were also active against IDO and represent a new pharmacophore for IDO inhibition. The depsipeptides turnagainolide A (7.3) and turnagainolide B (7.4) were isolated from Bacillus sp. Both of these compounds activate the enzyme SHIP1 in vitro. Total syntheses of turnagainolides A and B were accomplished using solid-phase peptide synthesis, and comparison of the synthetic material with the natural products confirmed their structures. Two novel compounds, the peptide 8.1 and the carotenoid 8.7, were isolated from two unidentified marine sponges. The structure of 8.1 was confirmed by a total synthesis using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Analogues of 8.1 were also prepared and showed moderate cytotoxicty against T98G cancer cells.
Non-Destructive Evaluation Method for Determination of Internal Grout Conditions Inside Bridge Post-Tensioning Ducts Using Rolling Stress Waves for Continuous Scanning (2006)

This Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis project developed a nondestructive method based on impact-echo and ultrasonic reflection techniques with continuous scanning features for determining the grout condition inside post-tensioned bridge ducts. Initial efforts were focused on evaluating and establishing the accuracy/reliability of the impact echo scanning test. The impact echo scanner hardware was modified by incorporating a rolling transducer into the prototype to overcome the problem of variable thickness. The scanner software was also improved to provide three-dimensional display of impact echo results. Data on a mock-up slab fabricated with defects of different types and sizes and collected using the modified instrument were analyzed. Visualization from three-dimensional surface plots helped interpret the data. The presence of a tendon duct and grouting discontinuities appeared to cause an increase in the apparent slab thickness. Two U-shaped precast bridge girders with four ducts on each wall were procured from the Colorado Department of Transportation for full-scale tests. Impact echo tests using a rolling scanner at different times after the grouting process were performed on the walls of the girders. The results showed good agreement with the actual defect design. The clearest indication of the presence of grouting defect was given by the apparent increase in slab thickness due to a reduction in the impact echo resonant frequency (caused by a decrease in stiffness associated with a detect). The equipment is now ready for field implementation and is commercially available.
Plasma-liquid electrochemistry: Rapid synthesis of colloidal metal nanoparticles by microplasma reduction of aqueous cations (2008)

We demonstrate operation of an aqueous electrochemical cell with an atmospheric-pressure microplasma cathode and a solid metal anode for the rapid production of colloidal metal nanoparticles. Microplasmas are miniaturized versions of low-pressure glow discharges that operate nonthermally at high pressures (∼1atm) and contain energetic electrons. Aqueous metal cations are directly reduced by electrons in the microplasma without the presence of a solid cathode or chemical reducing agents. Kinetic studies performed by UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy suggest that particle nucleation and growth are coupled to redox reactions initiated in the electrochemical cell through plasma-liquid interactions.
Improvement of <i>para</i>-Xylene SMB Process Performance on an Industrial Scale (2010)

Dead volume classified as bed head, bed tail, and bed line affects the purity and recovery in industrial-scale simulated-moving-bed (SMB) processes. Considering the three types of dead volume, the operation strategies for four, seven, and eight zones are presented for an industrial-scale para-xylene (PX) SMB process, and their performances are compared in terms of purity, recovery, and dilution. The dead volume is treated by a Courant−Friedrichs−Lewy- (CFL-) number-insensitive method of characteristics (MOC). An extended node model integrating the dead volumes has been developed and solved by using the MOC. Seven-zone operation including line and secondary flushes enhances the purity, while keeping almost the same recovery as achieved with four-zone operation. The secondary flush introducing pure PX reduces the dilution of the extract. Eight-zone operation with both a secondary flush introducing pure PX and a tertiary flush-out shows high productivity with low dilution and over 99.7% purity.
Mobilization of Full-Length Semliki Forest Virus Replicon by Retrovirus Particles (2006)

Conciliating biosafety with efficient gene transfer remains a constant concern in the development of retroviral vectors. Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicons allow important retroviral vector production with interesting features. It is noteworthy that retroviruses have the ability to package Psi+ and, to some extent, Psi- cellular RNAs. Therefore, it was important to study the retroviral transfer of highly abundant SFV genomes expressing retroviral proteins. Here, we show that full-length SFV-vector replicons, with or without Psi, are efficiently packaged into retrovirus particles. Mechanistically, our data suggest that SFV packaging is the sum of its retroviral nucleocapsid-dependent recruitment together with a passive hijacking of membrane-anchored SFV replicon. A direct consequence of this phenomenon is the formation of particles harboring autonomous replicative abilities and contaminating vector preparations. Importantly, we confirm that retroviral SFV mobilization is not an exclusive feature of murine gamma retroviruses, since it is also observed using lentivectors.
Effect of Feeding Viable Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 to Lactating Cows on Ruminal Lactobacilli and Coliforms (1990)

6頭の乳牛を3頭ずつ,2つのグループ(A,B)に分け,グループーAの乳牛に対しては1日1頭当たり豆腐粕15kg,グルテン5kg,市販濃厚飼料1kg,麸1kg,砕麦1kgを80日間給与した.一方,グループーBの乳牛に対しては上記飼料にClostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588の乾燥菌体粉朱(4.7×109/g)1.5g,炭酸カルシュウム25gを混ぜて給与した.給餌前の第1胃ジュースを採取し,ジュースの中の乳酸桿菌と大腸菌群の菌数を定期的に調べた.その結果,グループ-Bの乳牛において乳酸桿菌は試験開始後有意に増加し,大腸菌群数は減少する傾向が認められた、なお,第1胃内でのCl.butyricum MIYAIRI 588の菌数も試験開始後増加の傾向を示したが,下痢等の病状は全く認められず,第1胃内での揮発姓脂肪酸と乳酸の含量が一定になる傾向を示した.さらに,グループ-Bの乳牛から得られた牛乳中にはCl. butyricum MIYAIRI 588は全く検出されず,またその牛乳を用いてゴーダタイプのチーズを製造した場合,熟成率や熟成中のスターター乳酸菌の変動は対照チーズの場合と変わらなかった.以上より,Cl. butyricum MIYAIRI 588の乳牛に対する給与は第1胃内での菌叢の改善に効果のあることが明らかとなった.
Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation: A Biomechanical Comparison of Unicortical vs Bicortical Distal Screw Fixation (1988)

The use of unicortical screws instead of bicortical screws in the extreme outer holes of dynamic compression plates (DCPs) has been recommended to minimize the stress riser effect at the end of the plates. The authors examined in vitro two groups of paired canine femurs after compression plates had been applied to the anterolateral diaphyseal surface bilaterally. Group I: intact paired femurs with bicortical peripheral screws in one DCP and unicortical peripheral screws in the other; Group II: osteotomized paired femurs again comparing unicortical and bicortical peripheral DCP screws. All specimens were torsion tested to failure and the torque, stiffness, energy, rotation, and failure fracture length were calculated. Unicortical screws did not enhance the torsional strength in either group, and significantly compromised stiffness, energy, and rotation in the osteotomized group. The only apparent benefit of unicortical peripheral screws in a DCP was a shorter, less comminuted fracture upon failure.
Transistor-level optimization of digital designs with flex cells (2005)

The flex-cell approach, either alone or in combination with standard cells, provides an optimally tuned set of building blocks for integrated circuit design when optimality is measured using accepted and quantifiably definable metrics such as clock speed, die size, and power consumption.
Exceptional Anti-Icing Performance of Self-Impregnating Slippery Surfaces (2017)

A heat exchange interface at subzero temperature in a water vapor environment exhibits high probability of frost formation due to freezing condensation, a factor that markedly decreases the heat transfer efficacy due to the considerable thermal resistance of ice. Here we report a novel strategy to delay ice nucleation on these types of solid-water vapor interfaces. With a process-driven mechanism, a self-generated liquid intervening layer immiscible to water is deposited on a textured superhydrophobic surface and acts as a barrier between the water vapor and the solid substrate. This liquid layer imparts remarkable slippery conditions resulting in high mobility of condensing water droplets. A large increase of the ensuing ice coverage time is shown compared to the cases of standard smooth hydrophilic or textured superhydrophobic surfaces. During deicing of these self-impregnating surfaces we show an impressive tendency of ice fragments to skate expediting defrosting. Robustness of such surfaces is also demonstrated by operating them under subcooling for at least 490 h without a marked degradation. This is attributed to the presence of the liquid intervening layer, which protects the substrate from hydrolyzation, enhancing longevity and sustaining heat transfer efficiency.
Mammalian Numb Proteins Promote Notch1 Receptor Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Notch1 Intracellular Domain (2003)

The cell fate determinant Numb influences developmental decisions by antagonizing the Notch signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. Here we report that the mammalian Numb protein promotes the ubiquitination of membrane-bound Notch1 receptor. Furthermore, Numb expression resulted in the degradation of the Notch intracellular domain following activation, which correlated with a loss of Notch-dependent transcriptional activation of the Hes1 promoter as measured by a Hes1 luciferase reporter assay. The phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of Numb was required for both Notch1 ubiquitination and down-regulation of Notch1 nuclear activity. Numb-mediated ubiquitination of Notch1 was not dependent on the PEST region, which was previously shown to mediate Sel10-dependent ubiquitination of Notch in the nucleus, suggesting a distinct E3 ubiquitin ligase is involved. In agreement we demonstrate that Numb interacts with the cytosolic HECT domain-containing E3 ligase Itch and that Numb and Itch act cooperatively to promote ubiquitination of membrane-tethered Notch1. These results suggest that Numb recruits components of the ubiquitination machinery to the Notch receptor thereby facilitating Notch1 ubiquitination at the membrane, which in turn promotes degradation of the intracellular domain circumventing its nuclear translocation and downstream activation of Notch1 target genes.
Spatial cloud computing: how can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing? (2011)

Abstract The geospatial sciences face grand information technology (IT) challenges in the twenty-first century: data intensity, computing intensity, concurrent access intensity and spatiotemporal intensity. These challenges require the readiness of a computing infrastructure that can: (1) better support discovery, access and utilization of data and data processing so as to relieve scientists and engineers of IT tasks and focus on scientific discoveries; (2) provide real-time IT resources to enable real-time applications, such as emergency response; (3) deal with access spikes; and (4) provide more reliable and scalable service for massive numbers of concurrent users to advance public knowledge. The emergence of cloud computing provides a potential solution with an elastic, on-demand computing platform to integrate – observation systems, parameter extracting algorithms, phenomena simulations, analytical visualization and decision support, and to provide social impact and user feedback – the essential elements of the geospatial sciences. We discuss the utilization of cloud computing to support the intensities of geospatial sciences by reporting from our investigations on how cloud computing could enable the geospatial sciences and how spatiotemporal principles, the kernel of the geospatial sciences, could be utilized to ensure the benefits of cloud computing. Four research examples are presented to analyze how to: (1) search, access and utilize geospatial data; (2) configure computing infrastructure to enable the computability of intensive simulation models; (3) disseminate and utilize research results for massive numbers of concurrent users; and (4) adopt spatiotemporal principles to support spatiotemporal intensive applications. The paper concludes with a discussion of opportunities and challenges for spatial cloud computing (SCC).
Selenium Compounds in Soils (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelenium Compounds in SoilsK. T. Williams and H. G. ByersCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936, 28, 8, 912–914Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50320a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts