gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CTLA-4 Regulates Expansion and Differentiation of Th1 Cells Following Induction of Peripheral T Cell Tolerance (2004)

Intravenous treatment with Ag (peptide)-coupled, ethylene carbodiimide-fixed syngeneic splenocytes (Ag-SP) is a powerful method to induce anergy in vitro and peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo. In this study, we examined the effects of Ag-SP administration on T cell activity ex vivo and in vivo using OVA-specific DO11.10 TCR transgenic T cells. Although treatment with OVA323-339-SP resulted in a strong inhibition of peptide-specific T cell recall responses in vitro, examination of the immediate effects of Ag-SP treatment on T cells in vivo demonstrated that tolerogen injection resulted in rapid T cell activation and proliferation. Although there was an increase in the number of OVA-specific DO11.10 T cells detected in the lymphoid organs, these previously tolerized T cells were strongly inhibited in mounting proliferative or inflammatory responses upon rechallenge in vivo with peptide in CFA. This unresponsiveness was reversible by treatment with anti-CTLA-4 mAb. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Ag-SP injection induces a state of T cell anergy that is maintained by CTLA-4 engagement.
Effects of weekly LDL-apheresis on metabolic parameters of apolipoprotein B in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (1996)

Apheresis is a treatment option for patients with severe hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. It is, however, unknown whether such therapy changes kinetic parameters of lipoprotein metabolism, such as apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion rates, conversion rates, and fractional catabolic rates (FCR). We studied the long-term effect of regular apheresis therapy on metabolic parameters of apoB in five patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) using endogenous labeling with D3-leucine, mass spectrometry, and multicompartmental modeling. Patients were studied prior to (study 1) and after 3-6 months of weekly apheresis therapy (study 2). LDL-apoB concentration was 183 +/- 16 mg d-1 prior to apheresis therapy (study 1), 135 %/- 7 mg. dl-1 at the beginning of study 2, and 163 +/- 10 mg . dl-1 at the end of study 2. VLDL-apoB and IDL-apoB were not different between the two studies and did not change during study 2. Separate modeling of the two studies revealed very similar parameters in each patient. In a second step simultaneous modeling of both studies was performed taking the changing pool size as a non-steady-state condition into account. ApoB tracer data of both kinetic studies and the change in pool size could be described with one set of kinetic parameters (VLDL-apoB FCR 4.32 +/- 1.06 d-1, LDL-apoB FCR 0.17 +/- 0.05 d-1, apoB secretion rate 11.9 +/- 3.7 mg . kg-1 . d-1). These parameters are well within the range of those previously published for FH heterozygotes in steady state. We conclude that regular apheresis therapy did not alter kinetic parameters of apoB metabolism in these patients with heterozygous FH in the long term and that the decreased rate of delivery of neutral lipids or apoB to the liver does not regulate plasma apoB metabolism.
Activation of c- <i>myc</i> Gene Expression by Tumor-Derived p53 Mutants Requires a Discrete C-Terminal Domain (1998)

Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most common genetic alteration in human cancer, and tumors that express mutant p53 may be more aggressive and have a worse prognosis than p53-null cancers. Mutant p53 enhances tumorigenicity in the absence of a transdominant negative mechanism, and this tumor-promoting activity correlates with its ability to transactivate reporter genes in transient transfection assays. However, the mechanism by which mutant p53 functions in transactivation and its endogenous cellular targets that promote tumorigenicity are unknown. Here we report that (i) mutant p53 can regulate the expression of the endogenous c-myc gene and is a potent activator of the c-myc promoter; (ii) the region of mutant p53 responsiveness in the c-myc gene has been mapped to the 3' end of exon 1; (iii) the mutant p53 response region is position and orientation dependent and therefore does not function as an enhancer; and (iv) transactivation by mutant p53 requires the C terminus, which is not essential for wild-type p53 transactivation. These data suggest that it may be possible to selectively inhibit mutant p53 gain of function and consequently reduce the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells. A possible mechanism for transactivation of the c-myc gene by mutant p53 is proposed.
p-Chlorophenyl Methyl Sulfide, p-Chlorophenyl Methyl Sulfoxide, and p-Chlorophenyl Methyl Sulfone. I. Acute Toxicity and Bacterial Mutagenicity Studies (1993)

An acute toxicity battery was performed on a series of three chemicals (p-chlorophenyl methyl sulfide, p-chloro-phenyl methyl sulfoxide, and p-chlorophenyl methyl sulfone) which have been identified as ground water contaminants at the U.S. Army's Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver. The results indicate that these materials exhibit oral LD 50 values in the ranges of 400–620 mg/kg in rats and 330–880 mg/kg in mice. Following dermal exposures, only the sulfide induced death in rabbits. This agent and the sulfoxide induced central nervous system depression for a period of up to 7 days postapplication. Skin irritation potencies in rabbit tests were in the order of sulfoxide > sulfone >> sulfide, whereas ocular test results revealed irritation potencies to be sulfoxide > sulfide > sulfone. Results of guinea pig testing indicated a lack of sensitization potential for all compounds. None of the test materials induced bacterial mutations in Salmonella (five strains) assays that employed Arochlor 1254- and phenobarbital-induced S-9 rat liver activation systems. The most overt short-term effects following exposure to one or more of these agents are the ocular effects and the neurologic/lethal potentials following dermal or oral contact.
Deacylation of benzylpenicillin by immobilized penicillin acylase in a continuous four‐stage stirred‐tank reactor (1979)

Abstract Immobilized penicillin acylase has been used for the deacylation of benzylpenicillin at 37°C in a continuous reactor consisting of four 1 liter stirred tanks connected in series. There was good agreement between the predicted and actual conversions obtained in each tank under steady‐state conditions. The operational stability of the immobilized enzyme in the tanks depended on the pH and the rate of addition and concentration of alkali needed to neutralize the acid produced during the reaction. At pH 7 with the addition of 2 M NaOH, the half‐life for enzyme stability was greater than 400 hr in all tanks. This was over half the value for the immobilized enzyme when stored at 37°C and pH 7.
Optimizing the Convolution Operation to Accelerate Deep Neural Networks on FPGA (2018)

As convolution contributes most operations in convolutional neural network (CNN), the convolution acceleration scheme significantly affects the efficiency and performance of a hardware CNN accelerator. Convolution involves multiply and accumulate operations with four levels of loops, which results in a large design space. Prior works either employ limited loop optimization techniques, e.g., loop unrolling, tiling, and interchange, or only tune some of the design variables after the accelerator architecture and dataflow are already fixed. Without fully studying the convolution loop optimization before the hardware design phase, the resulting accelerator can hardly exploit the data reuse and manage data movement efficiently. This paper overcomes these barriers by quantitatively analyzing and optimizing the design objectives (e.g., memory access) of the CNN accelerator based on multiple design variables. Then, we propose a specific dataflow of hardware CNN acceleration to minimize the data communication while maximizing the resource utilization to achieve high performance. The proposed CNN acceleration scheme and architecture are demonstrated by implementing end-to-end CNNs including NiN, VGG-16, and ResNet-50/ResNet-152 for inference. For VGG-16 CNN, the overall throughputs achieve 348 GOPS and 715 GOPS on Intel Stratix V and Arria 10 FPGAs, respectively.
Monitoring Services for Industrial (2011)

The asynchronous JavaScript and extensible markup language (XML) (AJAX) technologies have revolutionized the world of Web applications in recent years. This work describes some technical issues from the CyberOPC application protocol based on reverse AJAX and JavaScript object notation (JSON) remote procedure call (RPC). Initially created for monitoring computer numerical control (CNC) tools, this application protocol adopts streaming techniques for industrial communication technologies over Internet protocol (IP)-based networks and represents an open and performing alternative for monitoring protocols such as OPC and MTConnect.
Characterization of a TEM cell-based setup for the exposure of biological cell suspensions to high-intensity nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) (2012)

In this paper, we propose and characterize a setup based on a Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) cell to expose a Petri dish filled with a biological suspension to nanosecond high-voltage pulsed electric fields. Monopolar and bipolar pulses of 1.2 ns duration and 1.6 kV amplitude are delivered to the TEM cell. Time domain measurements and numerical results show that the system is well suited to deliver high-intensity pulsed electric fields with 1.2 ns duration and amplitudes of at least 100 kV/m.
Clinical Homeopathic use of RNA: evidence from two provings (2005)

Two homeopathic drug provings (HDPs) of RNA have been published. The methods are reviewed. Our method is double-blind and placebo-controlled, conforms to GCP and includes run-in and follow-up phases. Symptoms are selected from diaries according to predefined criteria. The results of the provings are compared with each other and with the homeopathic clinical use of RNA. At this stage it is difficult to draw conclusions concerning the clinical use of RNA. Further HDPs are required, they should follow GCP and standard, transparent protocols.
Variable optical attenuator for large-scale integration (2002)

A polymer thermooptic variable optical attenuator (VOA) was designed and demonstrated for dense waveguide device integration. The waveguide bend design is compatible with photolithography fabrication techniques and operates by controlling waveguide bend radiation loss. The design optimizes the compromise between integration capability, integration cost, and attenuation efficiency. For a 5 mm bend length, optical attenuation of >40 dB has been achieved with an applied electrical power of 250 mW. The fiber-to-fiber insertion loss was 1.5 dB for a 20-mm total waveguide length. The design's compact size makes it practical for both VOA arrays and dense integrated optical circuits.
An Integrative Analysis of the Effects of Auxin on Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2006)

Abstract Auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) are two plant phytohormones that both participate in the regulation of many developmental processes. Jasmonic acid also plays important roles in plant stress response reactions. Although extensive investigations have been undertaken to study the biological functions of auxin and JA, little attention has been paid to the cross‐talk between their regulated pathways. In the few available reports examining the effects of auxin on the expression of JA or JA‐responsive genes, both synergetic and antagonistic results have been found. To further investigate the relationship between auxin and JA, we adopted an integrative method that combines microarray expression data with pathway information to study the behavior of the JA biosynthesis pathway under auxin treatment. Our results showed an overall down regulation of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, providing the first report of a relationship between auxin and the JA synthesis pathway in Arabidopsis seedlings. (Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)
Protective effect of HSV‐mediated gene transfer of nerve growth factor in pyridoxine neuropathy demonstrates functional activity of trkA receptors in large sensory neurons of adult animals (2003)

The distinct distribution of trkA receptors on small neurons and trkC receptors on large neurons in the dorsal root ganglion correlates with the dependence of these two classes of neurons on nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3, respectively, for survival during development. In adult animals, the distribution of high affinity neurotrophin (trk) is complex and overlapping; neurotrophins are not required for cell survival, but may influence cell phenotype and the response to injury. In order to test the functional activity of trkA receptors in the sensory ganglia of adult animals in vivo, we examined the ability of a nerve growth factor-expressing recombinant replication-defective herpes simplex virus-based vector to prevent the selective degeneration of large sensory fibres caused by intoxication with pyridoxine. Transduction of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo by subcutaneous inoculation of the nerve growth factor-expressing vector prevented the development of pyridoxine-induced neuropathy measured by electrophysiological, morphological and behavioural measures. These results demonstrate a functional activity of trkA receptors expressed on large neurons in the dorsal root ganglion in mature animals; this observation has important implications for the choice of neurotrophic factors for treatment of peripheral nerve disease.
Transsynaptic Regulation of Olfactory Bulb Catecholamines in Mice and Rats (1982)

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in extracts of olfactory bulbs at various intervals after chemical or surgical deafferentation. Chemical deafferentation of mice by intranasal irrigation with Triton X-100 or of rats by olfactory axotomy resulted in a rapid progressive decline of DA and DOPAC and an associated rise in NE in the olfactory bulb. However, after several weeks, these values returned to prelesion levels concomitant with reinnervation of the bulb by the afferent neurons. In contrast, deafferentation by procedures known to prevent reinnervation of the bulb by the afferent chemoreceptor neurons (i.e., a ZnSo4 solution in mice or a surgical procedure in rats) completely blocked the return to pre-lesion values of DA, DOPAC, and NE. The specificity of these effects was demonstrated by the inability of intranasal administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine to alter DA levels, resulting instead in a significant decline in olfactory bulb NE content. These data demonstrate that the DA content of the olfactory bulb can be influenced by either chemical or surgical modulation of the afferent pathway in two different species. This offers additional support for our hypothesis of transsynaptic regulation of intrinsic DA neurons of the bulb by the afferent olfactory chemoreceptor neurons.
Mixed reality: future dreams seen at the border between real and virtual worlds (2001)

Mixed reality (MR) is a kind of virtual reality (VR) but a broader concept than augmented reality (AR), which augments the real world with synthetic electronic data. On the opposite side, there is a term, augmented virtuality (AV), which enhances or augments the virtual environment (VE) with data from the real world. Mixed reality covers a continuum from AR to AV. This concept embraces the definition of MR stated by Milgram and Kishino (1994). We describe some technical achievements we made in the Mixed Reality Project in Japan.
Determination of triclosan in foodstuffs (2004)

A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method coupled with an ultraviolet detector was developed to determine triclosan which had migrated into foodstuffs from packaging materials. The method includes extraction with hexane, followed by evaporation to dryness and residue re-dissolution in ACN 90%. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Kromasil 100 C18 column (15 cm x 0.4 cm ID, 5 microm particle size) at 30 degrees C and using ACN and water as mobile phases. Regarding recoveries, good results (higher than 83% and lower than 112%) were obtained for the three representative food matrixes selected (orange juice, chicken breast meat, and Gouda cheese).
Various phase transitions and changes in surface morphology of crystalline silicon induced by 4–260-ps pulses of 1-μm radiation (1984)

We report the first pulse width study of the various morphological changes and bulk phase transitions of single crystal silicon irradiated by 1-μm pulses of 4–260-ps duration. In particular, we find that amorphous silicon is formed from the melt contrary to published expectations, but only for pulse widths less than 10 ps. We also find that the single shot melting threshold is pulse width dependent. Additionally, we observe the growth of multishot damage and of periodic ripple patterns with pulses as short as 4 ps.
Understanding the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes (2012)

Because of their unique physical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of research interest and have many potential applications. As large-scale production and application of CNTs increases, the general population is more likely to be exposed to CNTs either directly or indirectly, which has prompted considerable attention about human health and safety issues related to CNTs. Although considerable experimental data related to CNT toxicity at the molecular, cellular, and whole animal levels have been published, the results are often conflicting. Therefore, a systematic understanding of CNT toxicity is needed but has not yet been developed. In this Account, we highlight recent investigations into the basis of CNT toxicity carried out by our team and by other laboratories. We focus on several important factors that explain the disparities in the experimental results of nanotoxicity, such as impurities, amorphous carbon, surface charge, shape, length, agglomeration, and layer numbers. The exposure routes, including inhalation, intravenous injection, or dermal or oral exposure, can also influence the in vivo behavior and fate of CNTs. The underlying mechanisms of CNT toxicity include oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, malignant transformation, DNA damage and mutation (errors in chromosome number as well as disruption of the mitotic spindle), the formation of granulomas, and interstitial fibrosis. These findings provide useful insights for de novo design and safe application of carbon nanotubes and their risk assessment to human health. To obtain reproducible and accurate results, researchers must establish standards and reliable detection methods, use standard CNT samples as a reference control, and study the impact of various factors systematically. In addition, researchers need to examine multiple types of CNTs, different cell lines and animal species, multidimensional evaluation methods, and exposure conditions. To make results comparable among different institutions and countries, researchers need to standardize choices in toxicity testing such as that of cell line, animal species, and exposure conditions. The knowledge presented here should lead to a better understanding of the key factors that can influence CNT toxicity so that their unwanted toxicity might be avoided.
Compilation approach for coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (2003)

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures can enhance the performance of critical loops and computation-intensive functions. Such architectures need efficient compilation techniques to map algorithms onto customized architectural configurations. A new compilation approach uses a generic reconfigurable architecture to tackle the memory bottleneck that typically limits the performance of many applications.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of arecoline in subjects with Alzheimer's disease* (1996)

Because optimal dose variation is due to differing plasma kinetics, the plasma arecoline level measured at a single infusion rate can be used to choose the optimal dose for memory enhancement in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Two classes of convolutional codes over GF(q) for q-ary orthogonal signaling (1991)

Two classes of nonbinary convolutional codes for error control in communication systems employing q-ary orthogonal signaling are discussed. These classes include as special cases, the dual-k codes and the codes treated by B.D. Trumpis (1975). The types of code, extensions of previous bounds on free distance, the noncatastrophic condition for these codes, and conditions for catastrophic error propagation are described. Codes obtained by a computer search, optimal in that the truncated transfer function bound on the probability of symbol error is minimized, are presented. It is shown how good convolutional codes can be constructed from cyclic block codes. The performance of some of these codes over additive white Gaussian noise channels, Rayleigh channels, and partial-band interference channels is also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging: A Review (2011)

Acoustic radiation force based elasticity imaging methods are under investigation by many groups. These methods differ from traditional ultrasonic elasticity imaging methods in that they do not require compression of the transducer, and are thus expected to be less operator dependent. Methods have been developed that utilize impulsive (i.e. < 1 ms), harmonic (pulsed), and steady state radiation force excitations. The work discussed herein utilizes impulsive methods, for which two imaging approaches have been pursued: 1) monitoring the tissue response within the radiation force region of excitation (ROE) and generating images of relative differences in tissue stiffness (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging); and 2) monitoring the speed of shear wave propagation away from the ROE to quantify tissue stiffness (Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI)). For these methods, a single ultrasound transducer on a commercial ultrasound system can be used to both generate acoustic radiation force in tissue, and to monitor the tissue displacement response. The response of tissue to this transient excitation is complicated and depends upon tissue geometry, radiation force field geometry, and tissue mechanical and acoustic properties. Higher shear wave speeds and smaller displacements are associated with stiffer tissues, and slower shear wave speeds and larger displacements occur with more compliant tissues. ARFI images have spatial resolution comparable to that of B-mode, often with greater contrast, providing matched, adjunctive information. SWEI images provide quantitative information about the tissue stiffness, typically with lower spatial resolution. A review these methods and examples of clinical applications are presented herein.