gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Half-life of Somatostatin and Peptidase Activities Are Altered in Alzheimer's Disease (1992)

Several reports have described decreased immunoreactive somatostatin levels in specific regions of post-mortem brain tissue from patients diagnosed with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). In an attempt to determine if the metabolism of somatostatin is also altered as a result of SDAT, we examined the regional metabolic half-life of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) and somatostatin-14 (SS-14). The activity of the following peptidases was also determined: neutral endopeptidase E.C. 3.4.24.11; metalloendopeptidase E.C. 3.4.24.15; carboxypeptidase E (E.C. 3.4.17.10); and trypsin-like serine protease. The metabolic half-life of SS-28 was significantly reduced in post-mortem Brodmann Area 22 of SDAT tissue. This decrease in SS-28 metabolic half-life was correlated with a significant increase in trypsin-like serine protease activity in the same SDAT brain region. The formation rate of SS-14 from SS-28 incubated with Brodmann Area 22 homogenates was also increased in SDAT tissues as compared to controls. A regional variation in neutral endopeptidase E.C. 3.4.24.11 was also noted in both controls and SDAT samples. Although postmortem intervals of samples varied significantly, no effect was seen on any biochemical parameter measured. Results from this study provide evidence that a correlation can be made between changes in metabolic half-life somatostatin and alterations in neuropeptidase activities due to SDAT. As these data show alterations in both proteolytic metabolism and peptidase activities, many other biologically active peptide substrates could also be affected in SDAT.
Aortic <i>Msx2-Wnt</i> Calcification Cascade Is Regulated by TNF-α–Dependent Signals in Diabetic <i>Ldlr</i> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2007)

TNF-alpha promote aortic Msx2-Wnt programs that contribute to aortic calcium accumulation in T2DM.
The<scp>K</scp>noevenagel Condensation (2011)

Abstract Knoevenagel's first papers in this field were concerned with the condensation of formaldehyde with diethyl malonate and with ethyl benzoylacetate. The catalyst was ethylamine. A number of other aldehydes were reported to condense similarly with diethyl malonate, ethyl benzoylacetate, ethyl benzoylpyruvate, and acetylacetone under the influence of various primary and secondary amines. In 1896, Knoevenagel reported benzaldehyde with ethyl aceoacetate condensed at room temperature in the presence of piperdine to give a bis compound, but that when the reaction was run in a freezing mixture, the product was acetoacetate. For the purposes of this chapter, the Knoevenagel condensation is defined as the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone or any compound having an active methylene group, brought about by an organic base or ammonia and their salts.
Fast hardware compilation of behaviors into an FPGA-based dynamic reconfigurable computing system (2003)

This paper presents new techniques for architecture and performance driven compilation of SW programs into RW (reconfigurable HW). These new techniques effectively improve on the complex resource sharing approaches typical of high-level synthesis algorithms, which are efficient for layout flexible ASICs but are clearly not adequate for reconfigurable devices with predefined architectures. The compilation flow takes advantage of a specialized library of circuit-generators and only resorts to logic synthesis for the generation of the data-path's control unit. The algorithms under development are being integrated onto an HW compiler that accepts programs previously compiled to Java/sup TM/ Bytecodes. A series of experiments has been performed using a number of practical examples and the results achieved so far are very promising and indicate that the RW compilation techniques proposed can provide significant improvements over currently available methods.
Gas-chromatographic screening of capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis. (1983)

Thirteen systemic strains, i e strains isolated from systemic infections, and 77 carrier isolates of Neisseria meningitidis were serogrouped by agglutination and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) of phenol extracts. For systemic strains the sugar patterns were in accordance with their group-specific capsular polysaccharides (CPS). Some carrier isolates revealed unexpected GC profiles. Upon immunological retesting with new sera, GC results were generally confirmed. Occasional isolates initially serogrouped as B or Y completely lacked neuraminic acid. Some non-groupable isolates were shown by ultracentrifugation and GC to have significant amounts of this sugar likely to originate from CPS of known composition or from unknown polysaccharides. One such originally non-groupable isolate showed a weak agglutination reaction specifically with group B antiserum when reexamined. Generally, carrier isolates had lower amounts of CPS than systemic strains of the same group. Five successive isolates from one carrier were first serogrouped as X, Z or non-groupable, but they had high amounts of galactosamine and 2-keto-3-deoxy octonate, sugars characterizing CPS of serogroup 29E. These isolates were confirmed by agglutination with recently available group 29E antiserum to be of this serogroup, which has not been reported before in Norway. Ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of unknown polysaccharides containing glucose, galactose or glucosamine, but further purification of these polymers is required to determine their composition and immunological importance.
Solving Hard Coreference Problems (2015)

Coreference resolution is a key problem in natural language understanding that still escapes reliable solutions. One fundamental difficulty has been that of resolving instances involving pronouns since they often require deep language understanding and use of background knowledge. In this paper we propose an algorithmic solution that involves a new representation for the knowledge required to address hard coreference problems, along with a constrained optimization framework that uses this knowledge in coreference decision making. Our representation, Predicate Schemas, is instantiated with knowledge acquired in an unsupervised way, and is compiled automatically into constraints that impact the coreference decision. We present a general coreference resolution system that significantly improves state-of-the-art performance on hard, Winograd-style, pronoun resolution cases, while still performing at the stateof-the-art level on standard coreference resolution datasets.
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy: A Review of the Effects of Maternal Tobacco Use on Fetal Brain Development (2018)

Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is greatly associated with serious health outcome for offspring. Citing from past studies to present, experiments have been conducted to examine the association between maternal smoking and fetal brain development. A majority of these studies have focused more on indirect association and little or nothing on direct association. This review paper seeks to examine studies conducted on the direct relationship between maternal smoking and fetal brain development. Method: A systematic search of Psyc-INFO, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase was conducted (1977-2017) and 116 studies were identified with nine studies meeting inclusion criteria gathering data from over 4,000,000 participants. All studies measured outcomes using either internalizing (anxiety, depression, cognition) or externalizing (over action, aggressiveness, head circumference) behaviors or both. Results: All the studies showed an indirect association between maternal smoking and fetal brain development and none could show how cigarette smoke affects fetal brain development directly. Five studies used internalizing behavior to show this indirect association and the remaining four used the externalizing behavioral outcome. Some studies predicted the smoke not to be the main cause for the abnormalities during brain development but the confounding factors are responsible for the unhealthy outcomes on brain development. Conclusion: However, heterogeneity in the timing of brain development, assessment measures used for mother smoking habit and inconsistencies in adjustment for confounders, limits the synthesis and interpretation of findings. Moreover, if direct affect is to be attained, different measures and designs of prospect studies be required to investigate this complex association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal brain development.
Microstructural Evolution in the Oxidized Chromium Nitride Coatings Prepared by Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (2003)

Chromium nitride thin films were deposited by unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering on AISI 304 stainless steel. The oxidation behavior of the nitride-coated steel at elevated temperatures ranging from 300 to 800°C in air for 60 min was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that the surface morphology and the color of the specimens oxidized below 500°C remains similar to the as-deposited specimen, and the coating surface was fully covered by a granular oxide layer at 800°C. Unlike the arc ion-plated chromium nitride coatings, the UBM-prepared coatings contain a small amount of in the as-deposited specimen besides the CrN phase. Pronounced phase decomposition from CrN into occurred at temperature above 500°C and the phase transformation was completed at 800°C. Oxidation of the nitrides to form a oxide layer was observed in the specimen oxidized above 500°C, and the grain size of both the nitrides and the oxide increases with the oxidation temperature. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Cloning of a cDNA encoding the rat high molecular weight neurofilament peptide (NF-H): developmental and tissue expression in the rat, and mapping of its human homologue to chromosomes 1 and 22. (1989)

Neurofilaments (NFs) are the intermediate filaments specific to nervous tissue. They are probably essential to the tensile strength of the neuron, as well as to transport of molecules and organelles within the axon. Three peptides with apparent molecular masses of approximately 68 (NF-L), 145 (NF-M), and 200 (NF-H) kDa appear to be the major components of NF. The expression of these peptides is specific to nervous tissue and is developmentally regulated. Recently, complete cDNAs encoding NF-L and NF-M, and partial cDNAs encoding NF-H, have been described. To better understand the normal and pathophysiology of NFs we chose to clone the cDNA encoding the rat NF-H peptide. Using monoclonal antibodies that recognized NF-H, we screened a rat brain lambda gt11 library and identified a clone that contained a 2100-nucleotide cDNA insert representing the carboxyl-terminal portion of the NF-H protein. Anti-fusion protein antibodies recognized the NF-H peptide on immunoblots and stained fibrillar structures only in neurons. The cDNA recognized a 4500-nucleotide polyadenylated mRNA that was present only in nervous tissue and a 3500-nucleotide mRNA in adrenal. Brain NF-H mRNA levels were tightly developmentally regulated and paralleled the levels of NF-H peptide on immunoblots. Nuclear runoff studies showed that the 20-fold developmental increase in the NF-H message was due only in part to a 4-fold increase in its transcription rate. Levels of NF-H mRNA varied 20-fold among brain regions, with highest levels in pons/medulla, spinal cord, and cerebellum, and lowest levels in olfactory bulb and hypothalamus. Transcription studies revealed only a 2-fold difference in the transcription rates among these brain regions. Based on these results, we infer that half of the developmental increase and most of the interregional variation in the levels of the NF-H mRNA are mediated through message stabilization. Sequence information revealed that the carboxyl-terminal region of the NF-H peptide contained a unique serine-, proline-, alanine-, glutamic acid-, and lysine-rich repeat. The serine residues are likely sites of phosphorylation in the mature peptide. Genomic blots revealed a single copy of the gene in the rat genome and two copies in the human genome. In situ hybridizations performed on human chromosomes mapped the NF-H gene to chromosomes 1 and 22. Whether one copy is a pseudogene remains to be determined.
Breaking POps/J Barrier with Analog Multiplier Circuits Based on Nonvolatile Memories (2018)

Low-to-medium resolution analog vector-by-matrix multipliers (VMMs) offer a remarkable energy/area efficiency as compared to their digital counterparts. Still, the maximum attainable performance in analog VMMs is often bounded by the overhead of the peripheral circuits. The main contribution of this paper is the design of novel sensing circuitry which improves energy-efficiency and density of analog multipliers. The proposed circuit is based on translinear Gilbert cell, which is topologically combined with a floating nonlinear resistor and a low-gain amplifier. Several compensation techniques are employed to ensure reliability with respect to process, temperature, and supply voltage variations. As a case study, we consider implementation of couple-gate current-mode VMM with embedded split-gate NOR flash memory. Our simulation results show that a 4-bit 100x100 VMM circuit designed in 55 nm CMOS technology achieves the record-breaking performance of 3.63 POps/J.
Effects of geometries on permeability spectra of CoTaZr magnetic cores for high frequency applications (2008)

The permeability of the magnetic core is closely related to the inductance improvement for integrated inductors. Simulation data indicate that the effective permeability of the finite-sized magnetic core can be significantly reduced from the relative permeability of the magnetic material due to the demagnetization effect. The observed trend in the permeability of the patterned CoTaZr magnetic cores, however, shows that the demagnetization effect alone is not sufficient to predict the effective permeability and that the magnetic domain patterns need to be considered as well. The measured permeability was found to decrease as the patterned magnetic core was narrowed or shortened.
Maturation arrest of human oocytes as a cause of infertility: Case report (2002)

Maturation arrest of human oocytes may occur at various stages of the cell cycle. A total failure of human oocytes to complete meiosis is rarely observed during assisted conception cycles. We describe here a case series of infertile couples for whom all oocytes repeatedly failed to mature during IVF/ICSI. Eight couples, all presenting with unexplained infertility, underwent controlled ovarian stimulation followed by oocyte retrieval and IVF/ICSI. The oocytes were stripped of cumulus cells prior to the ICSI procedure and their maturity status was defined. In each couple, oocyte maturation was repeatedly arrested at the germinal vesicle (GV) (n = 1), metaphase I (MI) (n = 4) and metaphase II (MII) (n = 3) stage. Oocyte maturation arrest may be the cause of infertility in some couples previously classified as having unexplained infertility. The recognition of oocyte maturation arrest as a specific medical condition may contribute to the characterization of the yet poorly defined entity currently known as 'oocyte factor'. The cellular and genetic mechanisms causing oocyte maturation arrest should be the subject of further investigation.
Further Field-test Result on Use of Corrosion Inhibitors and Bactericides for Secondary Flood Waters (1949)

Majority of deaths due to communicable and non-communicable diseases occur in the low and middle-income nations (LMNs), mainly due to the lack of early diagnoses and timely treatments. In such a scenario, biomarkers serve as an indispensible resource that can be used as indicators of biological processes, specific disease conditions or response to therapeutic interventions. Evaluation, diagnosis and management of diseases in developing world by following/extrapolating the findings obtained on the basis of the research work involving only the populations from the developed countries, could often be highly misleading due to existence of diverse patterns of diseases in developing countries compared to the developed world. Biomarker candidates identified from high-throughput integrated omics technologies have promising potential; however, their actual clinical applications are found to be limited, primarily due to the challenges of disease heterogeneity and pre-analytical variability associated with the biomarker discovery pipeline. Additionally, in the developing world, economic crunches, lack of awareness and education, paucity of biorepositories, enormous diversities in socio-epidemiological background, ethnicity, lifestyle, diet, exposure to various environmental risk factors and infectious agents, and ethical and social issues also cumulatively hinder biomarker discovery ventures. Establishment of standard operating procedures, comprehensive data repositories and exchange of scientific findings are crucial for reducing the variability and fragmentation of data. This review highlights the challenges associated with the discovery, validation and translational phases of biomarker research in LMNs with some of their amenable solutions and future prospects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biomarkers: A Proteomic Challenge.
Polysilicon Planarization Using Spin‐On Glass (1992)

A process to planarize thick (>4000 Å) polysilicon deposited into high aspect ratio openings using spin‐on glass (SOG) as the planarizing material is described. The process uses in a commercially available batch reactive ion etching system, and has been optimized to etch polysilicon and SOG at the same rate. The mechanism of the etch is explored through the use of a physical model.
High‐precision GPS navigation with emphasis on carrier‐phase ambiguity resolution (1992)

Abstract GPS observables available for navigation—namely, L1 C/A and L1/L2 P code—and carrier phase are reviewed. The use of single‐ and double‐differenced observables to eliminate or reduce various errors is discussed. Two types of carrier‐phase ambiguity‐resolution methods without static initialization are described: carrier‐phase smoothing of the code, which yields an accuracy of up to a few cycles; and integer ambiguity resolution, which yields the correct integer values of the ambiguities. The former is now capable of rms positioning accuracies at the 50‐cm level using emerging high‐performance C/A code receivers, while the latter is capable of centimeter‐level accuracies for short separations between the monitor and remote stations. The latter includes the ambiguity function method (AFM) and various least‐squares search techniques. The results of a controlled trial to assess the capability of a least‐squares search technique to determine the integer ambiguities without static initialization, which is the standard shipborne case, are presented using various CIA and P code solutions. These results show a convergence time of less than 60 s for some of the P code‐based solutions.
Practical Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (1997)

Recent Successes and Continuing Limitations in Computer-Aided Drug Design, Paul S. Charifson and Irwin D. KuntzRecent Techniques and Applications in Pharmacophore Mapping, Mark G. BuresGeneration and Use of Three-Dimensional Databases for Drug Discovery, Ren?e L. DesJarlaisThree-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-ActivityRelation Analysis, A. J. Hopfinger and John S. TokarskiComputational Approaches to Chemical Libraries, David C. Spellmeyer, Jeffrey M. Blaney, and Eric MartinReceptor Preorganization for Activity and Its Role in Identifying Ligand-Binding Sites on Proteins, Brian K. ShoichetComparative Protein Modeling, Manuel C. PeitschDocking Conformationally Flexible Molecules into Protein Binding Sites, Millard H. LambertAn Introduction to De Novo Ligand Design, Mark A. MurckoRecent Advances in the Prediction of Binding Free Energy, Ajay, Mark A. Murcko, and Pieter F. W. StoutenLong-Range Electrostatic Effects, Ulrich Essmann and Thomas A. DardenMetals in Molecular Mechanics Force Fields and Simulations, Libero J. Bartolotti and Lee G. PedersenNew Vistas in Molecular Mechanics, J. Phillip Bowen and Guyan Liang
Mapping genetic modulators of amyloid plaque deposition in TgCRND8 transgenic mice (2006)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder for which various in vivo models exist. The TgCRND8 mouse, transgenic for the human amyloid precursor protein, is an aggressive early onset model of brain amyloid deposition. Preliminary studies revealed that when the transgene is expressed on an A/J genetic background, these mice not only survive longer but also deposit less parenchymal amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides as compared to those on a C57BL/6 background. We performed a genome-wide study of an F2 intercross between TgCRND8 on an A/J background and C57BL/6 mice, to identify genetic modulators of amyloid accumulation and deposition. We identified four highly significant QTLs that together account for 55% of the phenotypic variance in the number of plaques (Thioflavin S). QTLs were found on the distal part of chromosome 4 with an LOD score of 8.1 at D4Mit251, on chromosome 11 with an LOD score of 5.5 at D11Mit242, on chromosome 9 with an LOD score of 5.0 at D9Mit336 and on the proximal part of chromosome 8 with an LOD score of 4.5 at D8Mit223. A/J alleles at these loci are protective and all decreased the amount of Abeta deposition. Interestingly, the QTL on chromosome 11 is also significantly linked to the levels of brain Abeta(42) and Abeta(40). Although these QTLs do not control the levels of plasmatic Abeta, other regions on chromosomes 1 and 6 show significant linkage. Further characterization of these QTL regions may lead to the identification of genes involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
Fundamentals of telecommunication networks (1995)

Introduction to Networks Queuing Systems The Data Link Layer and X.25 Flow and Congestion Control Multiple Access Communication Protocols Local Area Network Protocols and Standards Transport Layer Protocols Switching Techniques and Fast-Packet Switching.
Insig-dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Stimulated by δ- and γ-Tocotrienols (2006)

Sterol-regulated ubiquitination marks 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a rate-determining enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation by 26 S proteasomes. This degradation, which results from sterol-induced binding of reductase to ER membrane proteins called Insigs, contributes to the complex, multivalent feedback regulation of the enzyme. Degradation of HMG-CoA reductase is also stimulated by various forms of vitamin E, a generic term for alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are primarily recognized for their potent antioxidant activity. Here, we show that delta-tocotrienol stimulates ubiquitination and degradation of reductase and blocks processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), another sterol-mediated action of Insigs. The gamma-tocotrienol analog is more selective in enhancing reductase ubiquitination and degradation than blocking SREBP processing. Other forms of vitamin E neither accelerate reductase degradation nor block SREBP processing. In vitro assays indicate that gamma- and delta-tocotrienol trigger reductase ubiquitination directly and do not require further metabolism for activity. Taken together, these results provide a biochemical mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic effects of vitamin E that have been observed in animals and humans.