gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects (2015)

The thermal behavior of lithium ion batteries has a huge impact on their lifetime and the initiation of degradation processes. The development of hot spots or large local overpotentials leading, e.g., to lithium metal deposition depends on material properties as well as on the nano- und microstructure of the electrodes. In recent years a theoretical structure emerges, which opens the possibility to establish a systematic modeling strategy from atomistic to continuum scale to capture and couple the relevant phenomena on each scale. We outline the building blocks for such a systematic approach and discuss in detail a rigorous approach for the continuum scale based on rational thermodynamics and homogenization theories. Our focus is on the development of a systematic thermodynamically consistent theory for thermal phenomena in batteries at the microstructure scale and at the cell scale. We discuss the importance of carefully defining the continuum fields for being able to compare seemingly different phenomenological theories and for obtaining rules to determine unknown parameters of the theory by experiments or lower-scale theories. The resulting continuum models for the microscopic and the cell scale are numerically solved in full 3D resolution. The complex very localized distributions of heat sources in a microstructure of a battery and the problems of mapping these localized sources on an averaged porous electrode model are discussed by comparing the detailed 3D microstructure-resolved simulations of the heat distribution with the result of the upscaled porous electrode model. It is shown, that not all heat sources that exist on the microstructure scale are represented in the averaged theory due to subtle cancellation effects of interface and bulk heat sources. Nevertheless, we find that in special cases the averaged thermal behavior can be captured very well by porous electrode theory.
The Neurobiology of Violence (1999)

Clinical correlates of violent behavior are known, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This article reviews recent progress in the understanding of such mechanisms involving complex interactions between genes, prenatal and perinatal environmental factors, and rearing conditions. Violent behavior is heterogeneous; that is, impulsive and premeditated violent acts differ in their origins, mechanisms, and management. Recent molecular genetic studies of neurotransmitter regulation are providing new insights into pathophysiology of violent behavior. Functional anatomy of neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of violent behavior is being studied with recently developed brain imaging methods. Increasing evidence indicates commonalities between the neurobiology of violent and suicidal behavior. Progress in the prevention and management of violent behavior depends on studies that address biological factors in their social context. This article updates a previous review.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Toluene in Blood by Using Head Space Gas Method (1983)

In order to apply an aqueous toluene solution as standard-sample for the detection of toluene in the blood, the present study was carried out. The volatilities of some solvents in blood-sample were gas chromatographically measured by using head space gas method concerning the next problems : the kind of internal standard substance, warming temperature, the shaking effect for the volatilization of solvent, the kind of packing for enclosing head space gas in a vial and the diluting effect of blood with water. As the result, the following method was established. Ethylbenzene (chloroform or 1, 2-dichloroethane) as internal standard was added to vial having a five-fold diluted blood-sample or aqueous standard-sample. The vial was sealed with Teflon-rubber packing and shaken at 35°C for 20 min in water bath. One ml of the head space gas in a vial was subjected to gas chromatography. The concentration of toluene was calculated by comparing the result of blood-sample with that of standard-sample. This method permitted the use of aqueous standard solution and the measurement of toluene was possible over the range of 0.5 to 500 μg/ml in the blood.
The Scale Insect, A Paragon of Confusion (1982)

Entomosporium leaf spot is caused by the fungus Entomosporium maculatum, which has the perfect stage Fabraea maculata (also known as Diplocarpon maculatum). The disease infects several of the choice ornamentals grown in nurseries. Particularly susceptible are Photinia serrulata, P. glabra, the hybrid P. X fraseri, Indian hawthorn, and loquat. The disease also affects juneberry, flowering quince, fire thorn, and mountain ash. Every effort should be made to avoid introducing diseased plants into nurseries and landscapes, to eliminate diseased leaves and plants once they are discovered, and to follow and promote cultural practices that discourage the intrusion and development of Entomosporium leaf spot.
Real-time PCR analysis of a 3895 bp mitochondrial DNA deletion in nonmelanoma skin cancer and its use as a quantitative marker for sunlight exposure in human skin (2006)

Previous findings from our own laboratory have shown that the frequency of occurrence (i.e. the simple presence or absence) of the 3895 bp mitochondrial DNA deletion is increased with increasing sun exposure. The present study has significantly extended this work by developing, validating and then using a quantitative real-time PCR assay to investigate for the first time the actual level (as opposed to the frequency of occurrence) of the 3895 bp deletion in human skin from different sun-exposed body sites and tumours from nonmelanoma skin cancer patients. We investigated the 3895 bp deletion in 104 age-matched split human skin samples taken from various sun-exposed sites defined as usually exposed (n = 60) and occasionally exposed (n = 44) when outdoors. The results clearly show an increased level of the 3895 bp deletion with increasing sun exposure. Specifically, there was a significantly higher level of the deletion in the usually sun-exposed compared to the occasionally sun-exposed skin (P = 0.0009 for dermis, P = 0.008 for epidermis; two-tailed t-test). Our study has also extended previous findings by showing that the level of the 3895 bp deletion is significantly higher in the dermis compared with the epidermis both in the occasionally sun-exposed samples (P = 0.0143) and in the usually sun-exposed skin. (P = 0.0007).
60 GHz microstrip reflectarray on a benzocyclobutene dielectric substrate (2011)

Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer is proposed in this study as an innovative and versatile substrate material for millimetre-wave reflectarrays. The excellent material features in terms of low loss, low dielectric constant and strong dielectric stability against frequency and temperature are highlighted. The design, realisation and test of a 60 GHz reflectarray with 21×21 variable-sized patches giving a focused boresight beam pattern are fully described. The BCB thickness is chosen on the basis of a parametric analysis performed on the unit cell to optimise the performances in terms of dielectric losses and radiation bandwidth. The in-house fabrication process able to assemble multi-layered BCB substrates is described in detail. Experimental results on the radiation pattern and the boresight gain are used to validate both the synthesis and the manufacturing process.
A murine platelet-activating factor receptor gene: cloning, chromosomal localization and up-regulation of expression by lipopolysaccharide in peritoneal resident macrophages (1996)

A murine gene encoding a platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) was cloned. The gene was mapped to a region of the D2.2 band of chromosome 4 both by fluorescence in situ hybridization and by molecular linkage analysis. Northern blot analysis showed a high expression of the PAFR message in peritoneal macrophages. When C3H/HeN macrophages were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or synthetic lipid A, the PAFR gene expression was induced. Bacterial LPS, but not lipid A, induced the level of PAFR mRNA in LPS unresponsive C3H/HeJ macrophages. These induction patterns were parallel to those of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA. Thus the PAFR in macrophages is important in LPS-induced pathologies.
Constitutive modelling of hyperelastic rubber-like materials (2008)

The simulation of rubber-like material behaviour by means of the finite element method has been described in this study. Proper material models were selected for the numerical description of static hyper-elasticity. The combinations of a continuum damage mechanics concept and a pseudo-elastic concept with Gao's elastic law were used to simulate the ideal Mullins effect. Furthermore, a specific model describing the Mullins effect with permanent deformation was proposed. Another focus of this study was the verification of numerical constitutive models by means of experimental evidence, which is essential for the proper description of the behaviour of rubber-like materials in engineering applications.
[URE3] Prion Propagation in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> : Requirement for Chaperone Hsp104 and Curing by Overexpressed Chaperone Ydj1p (2000)

The [URE3] nonchromosomal genetic element is an infectious form (prion) of the Ure2 protein, apparently a self-propagating amyloidosis. We find that an insertion mutation or deletion of HSP104 results in inability to propagate the [URE3] prion. Our results indicate that Hsp104 is a common factor in the maintenance of two independent yeast prions. However, overproduction of Hsp104 does not affect the stability of [URE3], in contrast to what is found for the [PSI(+)] prion, which is known to be cured by either overproduction or deficiency of Hsp104. Like Hsp104, the Hsp40 class chaperone Ydj1p, with the Hsp70 class Ssa1p, can renature proteins. We find that overproduction of Ydj1p results in a gradual complete loss of [URE3]. The involvement of protein chaperones in the propagation of [URE3] indicates a role for protein conformation in inheritance.
Adapted optimization criterion for FDM-based DMT-ADSL equalization (2002)

The ANSI T1E1.4 Committee finalized the standardization of the asymmetric digital subscriber loop system and the usage of discrete multitone modulation as the ADSL line coding scheme. In order to separate the upstream channel from the downstream channel, the committee accepted two approaches as vendor options: echo cancellation and frequency division multiplexing. We illustrate the impact of the FDM approach on the equalization problem. The unsatisfactory performance of formerly known algorithms is described. A new, simple and near-optimal equalization optimization criterion that is an FDM-based DMT-ADSL is proposed.
Transforming growth factor alpha and its receptor in neural retina. (1989)

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) stimulates mitosis of many ectodermal cells but has not previously been studied for its role in neural tissues such as retina. We examined bovine retina for the presence of TGF-alpha mRNA, TGF-alpha protein and for the presence and location of the TGF-alpha/EGF receptor. Biochemical studies demonstrated a high level (770 fmol/mg protein) of specific, high affinity (Kd = 2 nM) TGF-alpha/EGF receptors in membrane homogenates of neural retina, but undetectable binding to homogenates of retinal pigment epithelium. Light microscopic autoradiograms of sections of neural retinal tissue incubated with 125I-EGF indicated that specific TGF-alpha/EGF receptors were present on one or more cell types of the retina with the exception of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. In addition, retinal cells appear to synthesize TGF-alpha since both mRNA for TGF-alpha and TGF-alpha protein (4.2 ng/mg protein) were detected in retinal extracts using cDNA hybridization and TGF-alpha RIA techniques. The role(s) of TGF-alpha and its receptor in retina is unknown, but it is possible that they interact via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism to influence retinal regeneration, proliferative retinopathies or neural transmission.
Measures of Productivity (2014)

After reading this chapter, you will be able to discuss the following:Productivity as a measure of performance.The relationship between turnover and stock-to-sales ratios.Sales per square foot as a measure of productivity.Maximizing return on an organization’s assets is a universal business objectiv
Characterization of human deoxycytidine kinase correlation with cDNA sequences (1991)

Existing data on the structure of human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) diverge. A monomeric 60 kDa form has been isolated and the cloning of a cDNA coding for 626 amino acids corresponding to a 71 kDa protein has been reported. However, pure dCK isolated from leukemic spleen is a dimer of 30 kDa subunits. Amino acid sequences of peptides from digests of this protein are now presented. None of the peptide structures obtained correspond to the cDNA for the 71 kDa protein, but to a cDNA for a 30.5 kDa dCK recently cloned. Furthermore, homology of the peptide sequences od dCK to parts of thymidine kinases and protein-tyrosine kinases are detected.
Wear Patterns on Retrieved Polyethylene Tibial Inserts and Their Relationship to Technical Considerations During Total Knee Arthroplasty (1994)

Fifty-five unconstrained polyethylene tibial inserts were retrieved at revision total knee arthroplasty and examined for evidence of wear after a mean implantation time of 34.2 months (2.5-80 months). Twenty inserts were ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and 35 were carbon-reinforced polyethylene. Topographic maps of the articular and metal-backed surfaces of each component were constructed to characterize the extent and location of polyethylene degradation, identified visually by mode. In 32 of the retrieved inserts, pre- and postarthroplasty or prerevision radiographs were analyzed for component positioning, sizing, and extremity alignment. These factors then were compared with the patterns and severity of polyethylene wear on the inserts to establish correlations. Severe generalized articular wear was seen in inserts with third body wear from patellar metal-backed failure and cement debris. Severe localized delamination wear was seen in inserts with rotational-subluxation patterns of wear (p = 0.05). The external rotation subluxation wear pattern was strongly associated with knees that had lateral subluxation of the patella (p = 0.0002). Articular wear and cold flow into screw holes tended to be greater in the tightest prearthroplasty compartment (medial in the varus knee [p = 0.0157]; lateral in the valgus knees [p = 0.0226]). Fourteen of 16 knees with a preoperative varus deformities--even when corrected to a normal postarthroplasty anatomic axis--still had greater medial compartment articular wear (p = 0.001). Twelve of these knees did not have a medial release at the time of initial arthroplasty. Preoperative varus also was found to be related to the occurrence of posteromedial cold flow of polyethylene into tibial tray screw holes (p = 0.007). Increasing tibial insert posterior slope was associated with increasingly posterior articular wear track location (p = 0.03). This study indicates that unconstrained tibial component wear patterns and severity may be associated with clinical and mechanical factors under the surgeon's control, including component size and position, and knee alignment and ligament balance.
Stem cell factor protects against neuronal apoptosis by activating AKT/ERK in diabetic mice (2009)

Neuronal apoptosis occurs in the diabetic brain due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, both of which reduce the expression of stem cell factor (SCF). We investigated the possible involvement of the activation of the MAPK/ERK and/or AKT pathways in neuroprotection by SCF in diabetes. Male C57/B6 mice (20-25 g) were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each. The morphology of the diabetic brain in mice treated or not with insulin or SCF was evaluated by H&E staining and TUNEL. SCF, ERK1/2 and AKT were measured by Western blotting. In diabetic mice treated with insulin or SCF, there was fewer structural change and apoptosis in the cortex compared to untreated mice. The apoptosis rate of the normal group, the diabetic group receiving vehicle, the diabetic group treated with insulin, and the diabetic group treated with SCF was 0.54 +/- 0.077%, 2.83 +/- 0.156%, 1.86 +/- 0.094%, and 1.78 +/- 0.095% (mean +/- SEM), respectively. SCF expression was lower in the diabetic cortex than in the normal cortex; however, insulin increased the expression of SCF in the diabetic cortex. Furthermore, expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT was decreased in the diabetic cortex compared to the normal cortex. However, insulin or SCF could activate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT in the diabetic cortex. The results suggest that SCF may protect the brain from apoptosis in diabetes and that the mechanism of this protection may, at least in part, involve activation of the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. These results provide insight into the mechanisms by which SCF and insulin exert their neuroprotective effects in the diabetic brain.
Maskless etching of a nanometer structure by focused ion beams (1983)

Microfocused heavy ion beams obtained from liquid metal ion sources of gallium, indium, and tin are bombarded onto silicon and gallium arsenide substrates, and the amorphous regions created are selectively dissolved in suitable etchants (ion bombardment enhanced etching). The area exposure doses required to etch to the depth of the calculated projected range of the incident ions are in the region of 5×10−6∼1×10−5 C/cm2 at accelerating voltages of 30∼50 kV,and the dose dependencies of the etched depths show rapid increases in specified dose regions. Widths of etched depths obtained in line delineations depend on a line exposure dose, and the minimum linewidth clearly obtained is 20∼40 nm for all the ion beams. From measurements of the dose dependencies of linewidth, the beam diameters are evaluated for various conditions of the source operation and of a lens acceptance half-angle. The virtual crossover diameters that are independent of the half-angle, are found to be 40∼50 nm for the gallium source and 67 nm for the indium source at the emission current of 4∼12 μA. In the case of the tin ion beam, each line is split into two distinct lines about 100 nm apart at 50 kV. This effect is caused by the separation of singly and doubly charged atomic ions in some stray magnetic field of the order of 50 mG. From variations of the width of grooves produced by the bombardment with the doubly charged ion beam, the crossover diameter for the tin source is estimated to be 56∼67 nm.
Treatment of C3 Glomerulopathy with Complement Blockers (2014)

C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a newly defined clinical entity comprising glomerular lesions with predominant C3 staining. Under this definition are now included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease) and C3 glomerulonephritis. This group of glomerular diseases with a heterogeneous histological aspect shares a common pathogenesis, that is, a dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement in the fluid phase leading to C3 deposition in the kidney. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, leading to the hypothesis that blocking the alternative complement pathway may be an effective treatment for C3Gs, as has been shown in other renal diseases driven by alternative pathway dysregulation, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Results of 11 published cases of patients with different forms of C3G treated with eculizumab, an anti-C5 humanized monoclonal antibody, are encouraging. Given the complexity of disease pathogenesis in C3G, a patient-tailored approach including a comprehensive workup of complement abnormalities is necessary to evaluate the best treatment options. Clinical trials assessing effectiveness of different complement blockers on the background of the individual complement profile are needed.
Blood Coagulation Factor Activity in Experimental Endotoxemia (1966)

Lee West, Captain R. MC, USAR; J. Elovitz, Captain Maurice MC, USAR; M. Hardaway, Colonel Robert MC, USA Author Information
Epsin 1 is Involved in Recruitment of Ubiquitinated EGF Receptors into Clathrin‐Coated Pits (2008)

Epsin consists of an epsin NH(2)-terminal homology domain that promotes interaction with phospholipids, several AP-2-binding sites, two clathrin-binding sequences and several Eps15 homology domain-binding motifs. Epsin additionally possesses ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) and has been demonstrated to bind ubiquitinated cargo. We therefore investigated whether epsin promoted clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the ubiquitinated EGF receptor (EGFR). By immunoprecipitation, we found that epsin 1 interacted with ubiquitinated EGFR and that functional UIMs were essential for complex formation. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of epsin 1 was found to inhibit internalization of the EGFR, while having no effect on endocytosis of the transferrin receptor. Additionally, upon knockdown of epsin 1, translocation of the EGFR to central parts of clathrin-coated pits was inhibited. This supports the contention that epsin 1 promotes endocytosis of the ubiquitinated EGFR.
Determination of simple thresholds for accelerometry-based parameters for fall detection (2007)

The increasing population of elderly people is mainly living in a home-dwelling environment and needs applications to support their independency and safety. Falls are one of the major health risks that affect the quality of life among older adults. Body attached accelerometers have been used to detect falls. The placement of the accelerometric sensor as well as the fall detection algorithms are still under investigation. The aim of the present pilot study was to determine acceleration thresholds for fall detection, using triaxial accelerometric measurements at the waist, wrist, and head. Intentional falls (forward, backward, and lateral) and activities of daily living (ADL) were performed by two voluntary subjects. The results showed that measurements from the waist and head have potential to distinguish between falls and ADL. Especially, when the simple threshold-based detection was combined with posture detection after the fall, the sensitivity and specificity of fall detection were up to 100 %. On the contrary, the wrist did not appear to be an optimal site for fall detection.
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in 2 Canadian beef cows. (2004)

Two beef cows were presented with a history of anorexia and abdominal pain. Both cows were euthanized. Necropsy revealed the presence of a segmental area of ulceration, necrosis, and intraluminal blood clots in the jejunum. Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome is an emerging disease and has not been reported previously in beef cattle.