gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of novel soluble triphenylamine‐containing aromatic polyamides based on <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (2002)

Abstract A new triphenylamine‐containing aromatic diamine, N , N ′‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐ N , N ′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine, was prepared by the condensation of N , N ′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine with 4‐fluoronitrobenzene, followed by catalytic reduction. A series of novel aromatic polyamides with triphenylamine units were prepared from the diamine and various aromatic dicarboxylic acids or their diacid chlorides via the direct phosphorylation polycondensation or low‐temperature solution polycondensation. All the polyamides were amorphous and readily soluble in many organic solvents such as N , N ‐dimethylacetamide and N ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. These polymers could be solution cast into transparent, tough, and flexible films with good mechanical properties. They had useful levels of thermal stability associated with relatively high glass‐transition temperatures (257–287 °C), 10% weight‐loss temperatures in excess of 550 °C, and char yields at 800 °C in nitrogen higher than 72%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2810–2818, 2002
Stabilization of the electron probe current in the scanning electron microscope with a field emission cathode (1975)

The condition of the surface of a field emission cathode is not constant with time, but varies as a result of contamination by residual gases and of ion bombardment. This causes emission fluctuations, and consequent variation of the current in the electron probe. Stabilization of the probe current can be achieved by using an electrode following the electron gun to collect a probe current monitor signal, which is used to determine the voltage applied to an emission control electrode in the gun. This enables satisfactory micrographs to be produced under cathode conditions that would otherwise cause substantial emission fluctuations and unacceptable intensity variation across the micrograph. For such a system, requirements are determined for the collector electrode size and the stabilizer system bandwidth. Stabilization has some optical consequences which degrade the system performance, and to avoid these it is sometimes preferable to use the monitor signal to control the video channel gain, to compensate for the probe current fluctuations.
Separation of Gases by Plastic Membranes - Permeation Rates and Extent of Separation (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeparation of Gases by Plastic Membranes - Permeation Rates and Extent of SeparationDavid William Brubaker and Karl KammermeyerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1954, 46, 4, 733–739Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50532a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50532a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views287Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Thermally Stable Two‐Dimensional Hexagonal Mesoporous Nanocrystalline Anatase, Meso‐nc‐TiO<sub>2</sub>: Bulk and Crack‐Free Thin Film Morphologies (2004)

Abstract Herein a novel synthetic route is described for the production of thermally stable, structurally well‐defined two‐dimensional (2D) hexagonal mesoporous nanocrystalline anatase (meso‐nc‐TiO 2 ), with a large pore diameter, narrow pore‐size distribution, high surface area, and robust inorganic walls comprised of nanocrystalline anatase. The synthetic approach involves the evaporation‐induced co‐assembly of a non‐ionic amphiphilic triblock‐copolymer template and titanium tetraethoxide, but with a pivotal change in the main solvent of the system, where the commonly used ethanol is replaced with 1‐butanol. This seemingly minor modification in solvent type from ethanol to 1‐butanol turns out to be the key synthetic strategy for achieving a robust, structurally well‐ordered meso‐nc‐TiO 2 material in the form of either thick or thin films. The beneficial “solvent” effect originates from the higher hydrophobicity of 1‐butanol than ethanol, enhancing microphase separation and templating, lower critical micelle concentration of the template in 1‐butanol, and the ability to increase the relative concentration of the inorganic precursor to template in the co‐assembly synthesis. Moreover, thin films with dimensions of several centimeters that are devoid of cracks down to the length scale of the mesostructure itself, having high porosity, well‐defined mesostructural features, and semi‐crystalline pore walls were straightforwardly and reproducibly obtained as a result of the physicochemical property advantages of 1‐butanol over ethanol within our synthesis scheme.
Angiogenesis as a novel therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy through decreased ischemia and increased satellite cells (2014)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary muscular dystrophy caused by mutation in dystrophin, and there is no curative therapy. Dystrophin is a protein which forms the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC) at the sarcolemma linking the muscle cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. When dystrophin is absent, muscle fibers become vulnerable to mechanical stretch. In addition to this, accumulating evidence indicates DMD muscle having vascular abnormalities and that the muscles are under an ischemic condition. More recent studies demonstrate decreased vascular densities and impaired angiogenesis in the muscles of murine model of DMD. Therefore, generation of new vasculature can be considered a potentially effective strategy for DMD therapy. The pro-angiogenic approaches also seem to be pro-myogenic and could induce muscle regeneration capacity through expansion of the satellite cell juxtavascular niche in the mouse model. Here, we will focus on angiogenesis, reviewing the background, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor-pathway, effect, and concerns of this strategy in DMD.
Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis by Intermittent Pneumatic Compression of Calf (1972)

A consecutive, randomly allocated, controlled clinical trial of the prophylactic effect of intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf on the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis showed that in patients without malignant disease there was a highly significant reduction in the incidence of thrombosis. In patients with malignant disease the incidence of thrombosis was higher than in those without, and there was no reduction in incidence by the application of intermittent compression. In the absence of malignant disease, severity of operation and the age of the patient were the most significant aetiological factors. We found no relation between the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and obesity, length of preoperative stay, location of hospital, or duration of anaesthesia. We suggest that intermittent pneumatic compression as used in this trial is a safe, effective, and extremely practical method of preventing postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients not suffering from malignant disease.
THE CORPORATIVE GOVERNANCE PRACTICE BY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS AVAILABLE TO THE INVESTORS OF THE BANK LISTED AT BOVESPA STOCK EXCHANGE (2010)

The relationship between companies and investors is important for the reinforcement of the corporative governance practiced by the companies. This descriptive-qualitative study analyzed the performance of the information technology tools applied to the virtual investor care, practiced by listed banks at BOVESPA Stock Exchange (banks listed in differentiated levels of corporative governance as well as banks listed in the traditional market). The main results indicate that the most frequently tools are: site, email, electronic form for submission, FAQ, map of the site and video-conference. It could also be observed that the banks listed in differentiated levels of corporative governance had better performance comparing to the banks listed in the traditional market. From ten analyzed banks listed in the traditional market, nine took the last places in the rank among the 25 analyzed banks in the field research. Keywords: Corporative governance. Information Technology. IT tools. Banks. Bovespa stock exchange.
Certifying the correctness of software (1992)

Software is either correct or incorrect in design to a specification in contrast to hardware which is reliable to a certain level to a correct design. Software of any size or complexity can only be tested partially, and typically a very small fraction of possible inputs are actually tested. Certifying the correctness of such software requires two conditions, namely (1) statistical testing with inputs characteristic of actual usage, and (2) no failures in the testing. If any failures arise in testing or subsequent usage, the software is incorrect, and the certification invalid. If such failures are corrected, the certification process can be restarted, with no use of previous testing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acute Effects of Acamprosate and MPEP on Ethanol Drinking‐in‐the‐Dark in Male C57BL/6J Mice (2008)

These results support the hypothesis that mGluR5 signaling plays a role in excessive ethanol intake in DID and suggest DID may have value for screening novel compounds that reduce overactive glutamate signaling for potential pharmaceutical treatment of excessive ethanol drinking behavior.
Vinblastine Versus Vinblastine Plus Oral Estramustine Phosphate for Patients With Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer: A Hoosier Oncology Group and Fox Chase Network Phase III Trial (1999)

Although overall survival was not significantly greater for the combination, EM-V was superior to V for time to progression and PSA improvement. These results encourage further study of estramustine-based antimicrotubule drug combinations in HRPC.
Über die fungistatische und kontaktinsektizide Wirkung von Phenyl‐trichlormethylsulfiden (1953)

Abstract Halogenierte 2,2′‐Dioxy‐diphenylsulfide haben sich als wirksame, innertherapeutisch verwendbare Fungistatica erwiesen. Bei der systematischen Untersuchung von Abwandlungsprodukten zeigte es sich, daß die Gruppierung C 6 H 5 ·S·CCl 3 neben fungistatischen Eigenschaften kontaktinsektizide Wirkung hat.
Salicylic Acid Induces Rapid Inhibition of Mitochondrial Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Tobacco Cells1 (1999)

Salicylic acid (SA) is known to induce alternative pathway respiration by activating expression of the alternative oxidase gene. In the present study we report a rapid mode of action by SA on plant mitochondrial functions. SA at concentrations as low as 20 &mgr;M induced inhibition of both ATP synthesis and respiratory O2 uptake within minutes of incubation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell cultures. Biologically active SA analogs capable of inducing pathogenesis-related genes and enhanced resistance also caused rapid inhibition of ATP synthesis and respiratory O2 uptake, whereas biologically inactive analogs did not. Inhibition of ATP synthesis and respiratory O2 uptake by SA was insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but was substantially reduced by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting a possible role for reactive oxygen species in the inhibition of mitochondrial functions. With exogenous NADH as the respiratory substrate, mitochondria isolated from SA-treated tobacco cell cultures were found to have normal capacities for both ATP synthesis and respiratory O2 uptake; direct incubation of isolated mitochondria with SA had no significant effect on these mitochondrial functions. These results indicate that (a) the respiration capacities of isolated mitochondria do not correspond to the in vivo respiration activities in SA-treated cell cultures and (b) the SA-induced inhibition of respiration in tobacco cell cultures may involve other components that are not present in isolated mitochondria. Given the recently demonstrated roles of mitochondria in plant disease resistance and animal apoptosis, this rapid inhibition by SA of mitochondrial functions may play a role in SA-mediated biological processes, including plant defense responses.
Silaheterocyklen. I Reaktionen von H<sub>2</sub>CCHSiCl<sub>3</sub> mit LiBu<sup>t</sup> (1988)

Abstract H 2 CCHSiCl 3 ( 3 ) wird unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (Stöchiometrie, Konzentration, Temperatur) mit LiBu t in Pentan umgesetzt. Es resultieren komplizierte Produktgemische, die GC/MS‐ und GC/IR‐analytisch untersucht werden. Das Reaktionsverhalten wird durch mehrere Faktoren bestimmt: (a) durch die Anzahl der Cl‐Atome und die Polarität der SiCl‐Bindung; (b) durch die Nukleophilie von und (c) durch die Beteiligung der ylidischen Grenzform am Grundzustand von 3 . Unter milden Bedingungen führt die Addition von LiBu t an die Vinylgruppe bevorzugt zum α‐Lithioaddukt Cl 3 SiCH(Li)CH 2 Bu t , das in Konkurrenz zur Substitution verschiedenen Folgereaktionen unterliegt: (a) Der 1,2‐LiCl‐Eliminierung zu Silaethenen, (b) der 2,3‐LiH‐Abspaltung zu trans‐silyl/butylethenen und (c) der intermolekularen Si‐C‐Kopplung zu kettenförmigen, hochmolekularen Reaktionsprodukten. Das Primärprodukt Cl 2 SiCHCH 2 Bu t reagiert mit sich selbst oder t butylierten SiC‐Spezies zu 1,3‐Disilacyclobutanen oder durch Addition von LiBu t an die SiC‐Bindung und nachfolgende LiH‐Abspaltung zu Ethenderivaten R 1 R 2 R 3 SiCHCHBu t . Die Produkte legen eine Beteiligung der Silaethene Bu Cl (2‐n) SiCHCH 2 Bu t (n = 0–2) am Reaktionsgeschehen nahe.
Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice (1998)

Cathepsin K is a recently identified lysosomal cysteine proteinase. It is abundant in osteoclasts, where it is believed to play a vital role in the resorption and remodeling of bone. Pycnodysostosis is a rare inherited osteochondrodysplasia that is caused by mutations of the cathepsin-K gene, characterized by osteosclerosis, short stature, and acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges. With a view to delineating the role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of this proteinase. Cathepsin-K-deficient mice survive and are fertile, but display an osteopetrotic phenotype with excessive trabeculation of the bone-marrow space. Cathepsin-K-deficient osteoclasts manifested a modified ultrastructural appearance: their resorptive surface was poorly defined with a broad demineralized matrix fringe containing undigested fine collagen fibrils; their ruffled borders lacked crystal-like inclusions, and they were devoid of collagen-fibril-containing cytoplasmic vacuoles. Assaying the resorptive activity of cathepsin-K-deficient osteoclasts in vitro revealed this function to be severely impaired, which supports the contention that cathepsin K is of major importance in bone remodeling.
Optimization of the work function response of CO<inf>2</inf>-sensing Polysiloxane layers by modification of the polymerization (2009)

Gas sensors based on the work function read out of (hetero-) polysiloxane sensing layers can be used for the detection of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . To investigate the reaction with CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , different polymers based on modified polysiloxanes are examined. It is shown that the sensitive layers can be systematically modified to evoke a preferred and specified chemical reaction with CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . This may open up the possibility for new ambient-temperature-CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -sensors, for which a fast response time, a high long-term stability as well as a high sensitivity between 400 ppm CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (background in atmosphere) and 4000 ppm CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (bad air) are characteristic.
The Missing Link – Light-Induced (280–1,600 nm) Free Radical Formation in Human Skin (2008)

The recent European recommendation on the efficacy of sunscreen products requests now a minimum ratio of UVA/UVB protection. However, the visible and the infrared (IR) parts of the sun spectrum have received little attention concerning their possible contribution to skin damage. A common biophysical answer for the different wavelengths of the sun spectrum can be found in the creation of excess free radicals - mainly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thanks to electron spin resonance spectroscopy applied to skin biopsies, we determined for the first time the free radical action spectrum covering UV and visible light (280-700 nm). Convolution of the action spectrum with sunlight spectral irradiance showed that 50% of the total skin oxidative burden was generated by visible light. Creation of ROS by visible light was experimentally confirmed by varying the illuminance of a spotlight. We also evidenced the creation of excess free radicals by near-IR radiation. In that case, free radical generation does not depend exclusively on the dose, but also on the skin temperature increase initiated by near-IR light. Some phenomena which are still unclear, such as the question about the deleterious or beneficial role of sunlight, are reviewed, implying the research on new protection strategies for the prevention of skin cancer.
Evaluation of the detection characteristics of road sensors under poor-visibility conditions (2004)

Implementation of the Advanced Cruise-assist Highway System requires rigorous testing of the road sensors, which play a central role in the system, on actual roads to ascertain their vehicle detection characteristics. We evaluated these detection characteristics on actual roads under conditions of poor visibility caused by fog. This report presents an overview of the test results and issues raised for operational deployment of the system.
Strategic Approach to 8-Azacoumarins (2017)

8-Azacoumarins have emerged as a promising class of compounds but are rarely explored due to challenging access. A novel, general, and practical method is provided for this class of compounds. The key lactonization step employs trans-acrylic acid attached pyridine N-oxides as the starting material, with acetic anhydride as both the activation agent and the solvent. Multiple transformations were involved in this reaction, including conjugate addition, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and elimination. These studies provide the basis for access to 8-azacoumarins, enabling future work including the discovery and development of novel coumarin-type drugs, fluorescent probes, photolabile protecting groups, and other active molecules.
Recent Trends in The Determination of Vitamin D (2013)

The occurrence of vitamin D deficiency has become an issue of serious concern in the worldwide population. As a result numerous analytical methods have been developed, for a variety of matrices, during the last few years to measure vitamin D analogs and metabolites. This review employs a comprehensive search of all vitamin D methods developed during the last 5 years for all applications, using ISI Web of Science(®), Scifinder(®), Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed. Particular emphasis is given to sample-preparation methods and the different forms of vitamin D measured across different fields of applications such as biological fluids, food and pharmaceutical preparations. This review compares and critically evaluates a wide range of approaches and methods, and hence it will enable readers to access developments across a number of applications and to select or develop the optimal analytical method for vitamin D for their particular application.
Transthyretin, a New Cryptic Protease (2004)

Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma homotetrameric protein that acts physiologically as a transporter of thyroxine (T(4)) and retinol, in the latter case through binding to retinol-binding protein (RBP). A fraction of plasma TTR is carried in high density lipoproteins by binding to apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I). We further investigated the nature of the TTR-apoA-I interaction and found that TTR from different sources (recombinant and plasmatic) is able to process proteolytically apoA-I, cleaving its C terminus after Phe-225. TTR-mediated proteolysis was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, Pefabloc, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, chymostatin, and N(alpha)-p-tosyl-l-phenylala-nine-chloromethyl ketone), suggesting a chymotrypsin-like activity. A fluorogenic substrate corresponding to an apoA-I fragment encompassing amino acid residues 223-228 (Abz-ESFKVS-EDDnp) was used to characterize the catalytic activity of TTR, including optimum reaction conditions (37 degrees C and pH 6.8) and catalytic constant (K(m) = 29 microm); when complexed with RBP, TTR activity was lost, whereas when complexed with T(4), only a slight decrease was observed. Cell lines expressing TTR were able to degrade Abz-ESFKVS-EDDnp 2-fold more efficiently than control cells lacking TTR expression; this effect was reversed by the presence of RBP in cell culture media, therefore proving a TTR-specific proteolytic activity. TTR can act as a novel plasma cryptic protease and might have a new, potentially important role under physiological and/or pathological conditions.
DNA Microarray-Mediated Transcriptional Profiling of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Response to Hydrogen Peroxide (2001)

The genome-wide transcription profile of Escherichia coli cells treated with hydrogen peroxide was examined with a DNA microarray composed of 4,169 E. coli open reading frames. By measuring gene expression in isogenic wild-type and oxyR deletion strains, we confirmed that the peroxide response regulator OxyR activates most of the highly hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes. The DNA microarray measurements allowed the identification of several new OxyR-activated genes, including the hemH heme biosynthetic gene; the six-gene suf operon, which may participate in Fe-S cluster assembly or repair; and four genes of unknown function. We also identified several genes, including uxuA, encoding mannonate hydrolase, whose expression might be repressed by OxyR, since their expression was elevated in the DeltaoxyR mutant strain. In addition, the induction of some genes was found to be OxyR independent, indicating the existence of other peroxide sensors and regulators in E. coli. For example, the isc operon, which specifies Fe-S cluster formation and repair activities, was induced by hydrogen peroxide in strains lacking either OxyR or the superoxide response regulators SoxRS. These results expand our understanding of the oxidative stress response and raise interesting questions regarding the nature of other regulators that modulate gene expression in response to hydrogen peroxide.