gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Assembly of Sindbis Virus Core-Like Particles from Cross-Linked Dimers of Truncated and Mutant Capsid Proteins (2001)

A nucleic acid-bound capsid protein dimer was previously identified using a Sindbis virus in vitro nucleocapsid assembly system and cross-linking reagents. Cross-link mapping, in combination with a model of the nucleocapsid core, suggested that this dimer contained one monomer from each of two adjacent capsomeres. This intercapsomere dimer is believed to be the initial intermediate in the nucleocapsid core assembly mechanism. This paper presents the purification of cross-linked dimers of a truncated capsid protein and the partial purification of cross-linked dimers of a full-length assembly-defective mutant. The assembly of core-like particles from these cross-linked capsid protein dimers is demonstrated. Core-like particles generated from cross-linked full-length mutant CP(19-264)L52D were examined by electron microscopy and appeared to have a morphology similar to that of wild-type in vitro-assembled core-like particles, although a slight size difference was often visible. Truncated cross-linked CP(81-264) dimers generated core-like particles as well. These core-like particles could subsequently be disassembled when reversible cross-linking reagents were used to form the dimers. The ability of the covalent intercapsomere cross-link to rescue capsid proteins with assembly defects or truncations in the amino-terminal region of the capsid protein supports the previous model of assembly and suggests a possible role for the amino-terminal region of the protein.
Prognostic significance of Ep‐CAM AND Her‐2/neu overexpression in invasive breast cancer (2002)

To assess the frequency and prognostic impact of Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu overexpression in patients with breast cancer and to determine its relationship with other prognostic markers, 205 breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 10.8 years were enrolled in this retrospective study. Overexpression of Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu in tumor tissue samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Tumors presenting a Her-2/neu 2+ staining were additionally analyzed by FISH to exclude false positive results. Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu overexpression was found in 35.6% and 19.5% of the tumor samples, respectively. Both Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu overexpression were predictive for poor disease-free (DFS) and disease-related overall survival (DROS). Concurrent Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu overexpression was present in 13.2% of tumor specimens and had an additive negative impact on DFS and DROS. This minority of patients had a median time to relapse of only 34 months, whereas the median time to relapse was not reached in the patient population without Her-2/neu and Ep-CAM overexpression. By multivariate analysis Ep-CAM overexpression proved to be an indicator of poor prognosis, independent of tumor size, histologic grade, hormone receptor expression and Her-2/neu overexpression. In conclusion, overexpression of Ep-CAM and Her-2/neu complement each other as predictors for poor prognosis in patients with invasive breast cancer. Determination of these tumor markers should help in assigning breast cancer patients to 1 of 3 distinct risk categories.
Enantioselective chromatography of the antimalarial agents chloroquine, mefloquine, and enpiroline on a α<sub>1</sub> ‐acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase: Evidence for a multiple‐site chiral recognition mechanism (1992)

Abstract The effect of mobile phase pH and dimethyloctylamine (DMOA) on the retention (k') and stereoselectivity (α) of antimalarial agents mefloquine, enpiroline, and chloroquine on the α 1 ‐acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase (AGP‐CSP) was investigated. An increase of k' with increasing pH was observed while the effect on α was a function of the solute. The magnitude and direction of changes induced by DMOA depended on pH and the structure of the solute. The results of this study are consistent with a change of the conformation of the AGP between pH 5 and 7. At pH 7, the effect of DMOA on mefloquine was relatively well described by a competitive displacement from one enantioselective site. The effect on chloroquine and enpiroline suggests a multiple‐site mechanism in which both competitive and allosteric interactions are involved.
Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Electrospun Polymer Nanofibres (2010)

With the rapid development in nanoscience and nanotechnology, there is an ever increasing demand for polymer fibres of diameters down to a nanometre scale having multiple functionalities. Electrospinning, as a simple and efficient nanofibre-making technology, has been used to produce polymer nanofibres for diverse applications. Electrospun nanofibres based on polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites are very attractive multifunctional nanomaterials because they combine the remarkable mechanical and electronic properties of CNTs and the confinement-enhanced CNTs alignment within the nanofibre structure, which could greatly improve the fibre mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. In this chapter, we summarise recent research progress on electrospun CNTs/polymer nanofibres, with an emphasis on fibre mechanical properties and structure-property attributes. Outlook towards the challenge and future directions in this field is also presented.
Gene Loss and Movement in the Maize Genome (2004)

Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays), one of the most important agricultural crops in the world, originated by hybridization of two closely related progenitors. To investigate the fate of its genes after tetraploidization, we analyzed the sequence of five duplicated regions from different chromosomal locations. We also compared corresponding regions from sorghum and rice, two important crops that have largely collinear maps with maize. The split of sorghum and maize progenitors was recently estimated to be 11.9 Mya, whereas rice diverged from the common ancestor of maize and sorghum approximately 50 Mya. A data set of roughly 4 Mb yielded 206 predicted genes from the three species, excluding any transposon-related genes, but including eight gene remnants. On average, 14% of the genes within the aligned regions are noncollinear between any two species. However, scoring each maize region separately, the set of noncollinear genes between all four regions jumps to 68%. This is largely because at least 50% of the duplicated genes from the two progenitors of maize have been lost over a very short period of time, possibly as short as 5 million years. Using the nearly completed rice sequence, we found noncollinear genes in other chromosomal positions, frequently in more than one. This demonstrates that many genes in these species have moved to new chromosomal locations in the last 50 million years or less, most as single gene events that did not dramatically alter gene structure.
Regiodefined Poly(<i>N</i>-arylaniline)s and Donor−Acceptor Copolymers via Palladium-Mediated Amination Chemistry (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTRegiodefined Poly(N-arylaniline)s and Donor−Acceptor Copolymers via Palladium-Mediated Amination ChemistryFelix E. Goodson and John F. HartwigView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107 Cite this: Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5, 1700–1703Publication Date (Web):February 19, 1998Publication History Received7 January 1998Published online19 February 1998Published inissue 1 March 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma980027rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma980027rrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views673Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Group 15 compounds,Materials,Monomers,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts
The primary afferent nociceptor as pattern generator (1999)

One of the most important advances in our understanding of the pain experience was the introduction of the 'gate control' theory which stimulated analysis of activity pattern in nociceptive pathways and its modulation. Advances in cellular and molecular biology have recently begun to provide detailed information on the mechanisms of stimulus transduction within primary afferent nociceptors as well as mechanisms that modulate the transduction process. From these new insights into the sensory physiology of the nociceptive nerve ending emerges a concept of the primary afferent as the first site of pattern generation in the nociceptive pathway, in which dynamic tuning of gain in the mosaic of inputs to individual primary afferents occurs. The electrical properties of the nociceptor membrane that converts the generator potential to a pattern of action potentials is also actively adjusted. Our present understanding of the intracellular mechanisms that modulate the pattern of activity in nociceptive primary afferents is summarized, and implications for future efforts to unravel the meaning of patterning in nociceptor activity are discussed.
Watermelon Production in California (2009)

Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) are produced in the northern Central Valley (Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Stanislaus Counties); Central Valley (Kern and Tulare Counties); and southern California deserts (Imperial and Riverside Counties). Statewide, watermelons are planted from December to early July for harvest from mid-May to late October. Yields reach 40 tons per acre (90 t/ha) under ideal conditions. Lower yields often reflect depressed watermelon
The hope and the hype of organoid research (2017)

The recent increase in organoid research has been met with great enthusiasm, as well as expectation, from the scientific community and the public alike. There is no doubt that this technology opens up a world of possibilities for scientific discovery in developmental biology as well as in translational research, but whether organoids can truly live up to this challenge is, for some, still an open question. In this Spotlight article, Meritxell Huch and Juergen Knoblich begin by discussing the exciting promise of organoid technology and give concrete examples of how this promise is starting to be realised. In the second part, Matthias Lutolf and Alfonso Martinez-Arias offer a careful and considered view of the state of the organoid field and its current limitations, and lay out the approach they feel is necessary to maximise the potential of organoid technology.
Evaluation for Biological Reduction of Nitrate and Perchlorate in Brine Water Using the Hydrogen-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactor (2007)

Whereas ion exchange is an attractive technology for treating perchlorate and nitrate in drinking water, a major disadvantage is that the resin must be regenerated using a brine, producing wastes with high concentrations of nitrate, perchlorate, and salt. This study investigates the potential for simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reductions in high-salt conditions using the H2 -based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). The autotrophic biological reductions produce harmless N2 and Cl− , making the brine safe for reuse or disposal. A very high-strength brine ( ∼15% salt) from a commercial ion-exchange membrane, Purolite, supported biofilm accumulation and allowed slow reduction rates for nitrate and perchlorate. Reduction rates increased significantly when the Purolite brine was diluted by 50% or more. A synthetic high-strength salt medium containing nitrate, perchlorate, or both supported more rapid reduction rates for as high as 20g∕L (∼2%) NaCl , while 40g∕L NaCl slowed reduction by 40% or more, confirming that the microorganisms in the MBfR were inhibited by high salt content. An increase of H2 pressure gave higher fluxes for 20g∕L NaCl , demonstrating that H2 availability controlled the reduction kinetics when the system was not salt-inhibited.
Design of an Adaptable Run-Time Reconfigurable Software-Defined Radio Processing Architecture (2021)

Processing power is a key technical challenge holding back the development of a high-performance software defined radio (SDR). Traditionally, SDR has utilized digital signal processors (DSPs), but increasingly complex algorithms, higher data rates, and multi-tasking needs have exceed the processing capabilities of modern DSPs. Reconfigurable computers, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), are popular alternatives because of their performance gains over software for streaming data applications like SDR. However, FPGAs have not yet realized the ideal SDR because architectures have not fully utilized their partial reconfiguration (PR) capabilities to bring needed flexibility. A reconfigurable processor architecture is proposed that utilizes PR in reconfigurable computers to achieve a more sophisticated SDR. The proposed processor contains run-time swappable blocks whose parameters and interconnects are programmable. The architecture is analyzed for performance and flexibility and compared with available alternate technologies. For a sample QPSK algorithm, hardware performance gains of at least 44x are seen over modern desktop processors and DSPs while most of their flexibility and extensibility is maintained.
Wavelet analysis [for signal processing] (1996)

As every engineering student knows, any signal can be portrayed as an overlay of sinusoidal waveforms of assorted frequencies. But while classical analysis copes superbly with naturally occurring sinusoidal behavior-the kind seen in speech signals-it is ill-suited to representing signals with discontinuities, such as the edges of features in images. Latterly, another powerful concept has swept applied mathematics and engineering research: wavelet analysis. In contrast to a Fourier sinusoid, which oscillates forever, a wavelet is localized in time-it lasts for only a few cycles. Like Fourier analysis, however, wavelet analysis uses an algorithm to decompose a signal into simpler elements. Here, the authors describe how localized waveforms are powerful building blocks for signal analysis and rapid prototyping-and how they are now available in software toolkits.
Morphology and dispersion of polycarbazole wrapped carbon nanotubes (2013)

Using MM3 force-field simulations in combination with optical measurements, we investigate the morphology and dispersion of a variety of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) non-covalently functionalized by carbazole polymers. Our results elucidate that isomer types of poly-carbazoles together with their length govern the morphology of carbazole–SWNT hybrids and, hence, their dispersion and bundling properties. The π–π stacking between the carbazole and the SWNT results in a stable carbazole–SWNT hybrid complex with the SWNT–carbazole interaction increasing with a decrease in the polymer length. All oligocarbazoles preferentially bind to larger diameter SWNTs with the strongest interactions observed for the hybrids with 2,7-isomers. While short oligocarbazoles cover only one side of the tube, long 2,7-isomers tend to gradually coil around the entire tube. In contrast, 3,6- and 2,7–3,6-oligocarbazoles irregularly bunch together on a small area of the tube. The small size of carbazole oligomers and their localization on one side of the nanotube prevents tube unbundling, and leads to photoluminescence quenching in SWNTs functionalized by 2,7–3,6-oligocarbazoles.
Réactivité du trioxyde de chlore avec des chlorures, des nitrates, des carbonates et des perchlorates hydratés. Synthèse et analyse structurale de complexes de Cd(II) et Hg(II): Cd(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Hg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, ClO<sub>2</sub>Cd(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>Cd(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, (NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Hg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub> et HgClClO<sub>4</sub> (1987)

To improve the synthesis of perchlorato complexes of Cd(II) and Hg(II), reactions of Cl 2 O 6 with CdCl 2 , CdCO 3 , Cd(NO 3 ) 2 •nH 2 O, HgCl 2 , Hg(ClO 4 ) 2 •6H 2 O, and Hg(NO 3 ) 2 •H 2 O were tried. The complexes Cd(ClO 4 ) 2 , ClO 2 Cd(ClO 4 ) 3 , NO 2 Cd(ClO 4 ) 3 , HgClClO 4 , Hg(ClO 4 ) 2 , and (NO 2 ) 2 Hg(ClO 4 ) 4 were characterized. Among these complexes only HgClClO 4 is ionic (HgCl + is a polymeric chain); the others are perchlorato complexes. Cd(ClO 4 ) 2 is related to the layered complexes M(ClO 4 ) 2 (M = Co, Ni, Zn) in which ClO 4 is a bridging tridentate. Hg(ClO 4 ) 2 is close to HgCl 2 or Hg(SR) 2 (SR: thiocarbamate); ClO 4 is a monodentate and it interacts with neighbouring molecules. In the salts ClO 2 Cd(ClO 4 ) 3 , NO 2 Cd(ClO 4 ) 3 , and (NO 2 ) 2 Hg(ClO 4 ) 4 the anions have polymeric arrangements; their structures are analogous to those of ACuCl 3 , NO 2 Co(ClO 4 ) 3 , and (NO 2 )2Cu(ClO 4 ) 4 , respectively.
40 Gbit/s signal transmission using optical 3R regenerator based on electroabsorption modulators (2002)

The optical 3R regeneration based on electroabsorption modulators was successfully demonstrated at 40 Gbit/s. The 40 Gbit/s 3R optical transmission over 1000 km was carried out, for the first time, with excellent performance improvement.
Mechanical and Electrophysiological Properties of the Sarcolemma of Muscle Fibers in Two Murine Models of Muscle Dystrophy: Col6a1<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>and Mdx (2010)

This study aimed to analyse the sarcolemma of Col6a1-/- fibers in comparison with wild type and mdx fibers, taken as positive control in view of the known structural and functional alterations of their membranes. Structural and mechanical properties were studied in single muscle fibers prepared from FDB muscle using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and conventional electrophysiological techniques to measure ionic conductance and capacitance. While the sarcolemma topography was preserved in both types of dystrophic fibers, membrane elasticity was significantly reduced in Col6a1-/- and increased in mdx fibers. In the membrane of Col6a1-/- fibers ionic conductance was increased likely due to an increased leakage, whereas capacitance was reduced, and the action potential (ap) depolarization rate was reduced. The picture emerging from experiments on fibers in culture was consistent with that obtained on intact freshly dissected muscle. Mdx fibers in culture showed a reduction of both membrane conductance and capacitance. In contrast, in mdx intact FDB muscle resting conductance was increased while resting potential and ap depolarization rate were reduced, likely indicating the presence of a consistent population of severely altered fibers which disappear during the culture preparation.
Farnesol, an isoprenoid, improves metabolic abnormalities in mice via both PPARα-dependent and -independent pathways (2011)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control energy homeostasis. In this study, we showed that farnesol, a naturally occurring ligand of PPARs, could ameliorate metabolic diseases. Obese KK-Ay mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0.5% farnesol showed significantly decreased serum glucose level, glucosuria incidence, and hepatic triglyceride contents. Farnesol-containing HFD upregulated the mRNA expressions of PPARα target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the liver. On the other hand, farnesol was not effective in upregulating the mRNA expressions of PPARγ target genes in white adipose tissues. Experiments using PPARα-deficient [(-/-)] mice revealed that the upregulation of fatty acid oxidation-related genes required PPARα function, but the suppression of hepatic triglyceride accumulation was partially PPARα-dependent. In hepatocytes isolated from the wild-type and PPARα (-/-) mice, farnesol suppressed triglyceride synthesis. In luciferase assay, farnesol activated both PPARα and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) at similar concentrations. Moreover, farnesol increased the mRNA expression level of a small heterodimer partner known as one of the FXR target genes and decreased those of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase in both the wild-type and PPARα (-/-) hepatocytes. These findings suggest that farnesol could improve metabolic abnormalities in mice via both PPARα-dependent and -independent pathways and that the activation of FXR by farnesol might contribute partially to the PPARα-independent hepatic triglyceride content-lowering effect. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the effect of the dual activators of PPARα and FXR on obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
Designs of Slope Magnetic Flux Guides for 3-Axis Magnetic Sensor (2013)

Generally, giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors are only sensitive to the magnetic field in the plane of the substrate due to fabrication restraints. This paper designs and models slope magnetic flux guides that are deposited on the slope surface of a silicon substrate. Finite element method (FEM) simulations are used to optimize the flux guide designs. The flux guides can be deposited with good symmetry and are able to convert the out-of-plane magnetic flux to the GMR sensor plane. Meanwhile, a Wheatstone bridge is configured to deduce a differential voltage only relative to the z-component of the magnetic field. Additionally, the magnetic field in the active region of the GMR sensor would be intensified. With these flux guides, the magnetic field perpendicular to the chip surface can be detected with the GMR sensors in-plane. Also, the sensitivity of the sensor can be improved due to the amplification ability of the flux guides. An integrated 3-axis magnetic sensor with better angular position can be realized with the slope flux guides.
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1): structure, distribution and roles in brain function and dysfunction (2016)

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is an extremely abundant protein in the brain where, remarkably, it is estimated to make up 1-5% of total neuronal protein. Although it comprises only 223 amino acids it has one of the most complicated 3D knotted structures yet discovered. Beyond its expression in neurons UCH-L1 has only very limited expression in other healthy tissues but it is highly expressed in several forms of cancer. Although UCH-L1 is classed as a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) the direct functions of UCH-L1 remain enigmatic and a wide array of alternative functions has been proposed. UCH-L1 is not essential for neuronal development but it is absolutely required for the maintenance of axonal integrity and UCH-L1 dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the properties of UCH-L1, and how understanding its complex structure can provide new insights into its roles in neuronal function and pathology.