gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilizing Mask R-CNN for Detection and Segmentation of Oral Diseases (2018)

In this paper, we demonstrate the application of Mask-RCNN, the state-of-the-art convolutional neural network algorithm for object detection and segmentation to the oral pathology domain. Mask-RCNN was originally developed for object detection, and object instance segmentation of natural images. With this experiment, we show that Mask-RCNN can also be used in a very specialized area such as oral pathology. While the number of oral diseases are numerous and varied in the form of Thrush, Leukoplakia, Lichenplanus, etc., we limited our scope to the detection and instance segmentation of two of the most commonly occurring conditions, herpes labialis (commonly referred to as “cold sore“ and aphthous ulcer (commonly referred to as “canker sore“ This paper aims at detecting and segmenting cold sores and canker sores only. As always, no computer based detection system can be 100% reliable. An accurate diagnosis by a trained health care professional is necessary since several conditions of the mouth including oral cancer may mimic canker sores.
Phase separation in rat lenses cultured in low glucose media. (1983)

Experimental evidence that indicates the nuclear opacity that develops in the hypoglycemic cataract in rat lenses is the result of a phase separation of the lens cytoplasm is presented. Phase diagrams of the cytoplasm of organ-cultured lenses were constructed for a series of incubation times in normal and hypoglycemic media. In normal media, the maximum phase separation temperature, Tmax, of the lens cytoplasm decreases with time. In hypoglycemic media, Tmax increases with time and exceeds 37 C after 24 hrs. The increase in Tmax can be stopped and reversed if the lens is returned to normal media within 8 hrs; in good agreement with an earlier biochemical analysis of the kinetics of hypoglycemic cataract formation.
Theoretical studies of the molecular second-order hyperpolarizabilities of polycyclic aromatics (1995)

Semiempirical-FF calculations were performed for the second-order hyperpolarizabilities 〈γ〉 of a series of polycyclic aromatics to examine the structure–optical–propertyrelationship. First, 〈γ〉 of the unsubstituted PAHs were presented. For linear polyacenes, 〈γ〉 and total resonance energy were found to be increased while the HOMO-LUMO gap and resonance energy per electron decreased as the number of six-membered rings increased. For nonlinear PAHs, the chain topology should be taken into consideration. An empirical formula was given to relate the computed 〈γ〉 and linear polarizabilities 〈α〉. 〈γ〉 of mono- and di-substituted PAHs were then presented to examine the substituent effects on 〈γ〉. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Production by the Choroid Plexus and Brain (1971)

The production of cerebrospinal fluid and the transport of (24)Na from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid were studied simultaneously in normal and choroid plexectomized rhesus monkeys. Choroid plexectomy reduced the production of cerebrospinal fluid by an average of 33 to 40 percent and the rate of appearance of (24)Na in the cerebrospinal fluid and its final concentration were proportionately reduced. In both normal and plexectomized animals, (24)Na levels were found to be markedly greater in the gray matter surrounding the ventricles and in the gray matter bordering the subarachnoid space. That sodium exchanges in these two general areas of the brain may be linked to the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid is discussed here.
Structure of pH-Dependent Block Copolymer Micelles:  Charge and Ionic Strength Dependence (2002)

We characterize the structures of various polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles in dilute aqueous solution as a function of pH and ionic strength. The block copolymers carry a common core block, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), and one of three coronal blocks, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and DMAEMA, whose side chain amine groups are selectively quaternized with benzyl chloride (Q-DMAEMA). The PEO−DEAEMA, DMAEMA−DEAEMA, and Q-DMAEMA−DEAEMA copolymers form micelles with electrostatically neutral, weakly charged, and highly charged coronae, respectively. We adjust the fractional charge α on the DEAEMA and DMAEMA blocks by adjusting the solution pH. For DMAEMA−DEAEMA micelles increasing the fractional charge α swells the micelle corona while decreasing the aggregation number due to electrostatic repulsions. The decrease in aggregation number is also observed with increasing α for the PEO−DEAEMA and Q-DMAEMA−DEAEMA micelles, due to electrostatic repulsions between the hydrophobic DEAEMA blocks. Increasing the ionic strength causes the DMAEMA−DEAEMA micelle corona to shrink as the salt screens electrostatic repulsions within the corona. In all three copolymers increases in the ionic strength cause the micelle aggregation number to increase by screening the electrostatic repulsions between chains. Trends in the corona thickness with varying fractional charge and ionic strength are compared with a number of theoretical models providing additional insight into the micelle structure.
Combined multimode and singlemode fiber (2002)

A future proof combined MM- and SM-fiber is presented, which combines the advantages of both fiber types and makes upgrading and downgrading cheap and simple.
A Longitudinal, Behavioral Study of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (1986)

Subjects with mild cases of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT n = 18) were followed up over four years with 16 behavioral tests given during four test periods. This group was compared with a normal group (n = 30) matched on age (64 to 81 years), sex, and socioeconomic status. Each of the 16 tests reflected significant group differences, with the normal subjects showing little or no decline and the subjects with SDAT showing progressive decline. The test showing the greatest decline over the four years was the logical memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the test showing the least decline was the Wechsler Memory Scale digit span forward subtest. Even the latter test, however, reflected much decline. There were five subjects with SDAT whose dementia remained mild throughout the four-year study. The others progressed to more severe levels. The five subjects performed more ably on each of the 16 tests than those who progressed to more severe levels. In fact, after an initial level of decline, several of the tests showed little or no decline among the five subjects. Four hypotheses are offered in examining the differences between those subjects whose dementia remained mild and those whose dementia did not.
<title>Ultrasonic sensor for fingerprints recognition</title> (1995)

The paper presents prototypes of ultrasonic sensors for fingerprint pattern recognition. Their principle of operation is based on the amplitude measurements taken in selected points of acoustic field of ultrasonic wave diffracted from subsurface finger structure. Examples of sensor construction and measured data are presented. Fingerprint structure recognition from pulse echo shows the possible use of the sensor as a synthetic aperture microscope.
Fission yeast<i>cdc21<sup>+</sup></i>belongs to a family of proteins involved in an early step of chromosome replication (1992)

The cdc21+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was originally identified in a screen for cdc mutants affecting S phase and nuclear division. Here we show that the cdc21+ gene product belongs to a family of proteins implicated in DNA replication. These include the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MCM2 and MCM3 proteins, which are needed for the efficient function of certain replication origins, and S.cerevisiae CDC46, which is required for the initiation of chromosome replication. The cdc21 mutant is defective in the mitotic maintenance of some plasmids, like mcm2 and mcm3. The mutant arrests with a single nucleus containing two genome equivalents of DNA, and maintains a cytoplasmic microtubular configuration. Activation of most, but not all, replication origins in the mutant may result in failure to replicate a small proportion of the genome, and this could explain the arrest phenotypes. Using the polymerase chain reaction technique, we have identified new cdc21(+)-related genes in S.cerevisiae, S.pombe and Xenopus laevis. Our results suggest that individual members of the cdc21(+)-related family are highly conserved in evolution.
In vitro modeling of the microvascular occlusion and thrombosis that occur in hematologic diseases using microfluidic technology (2011)

In hematologic diseases, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), pathological biophysical interactions among blood cells, endothelial cells, and soluble factors lead to microvascular occlusion and thrombosis. Here, we report an in vitro "endothelialized" microfluidic microvasculature model that recapitulates and integrates this ensemble of pathophysiological processes. Under controlled flow conditions, the model enabled quantitative investigation of how biophysical alterations in hematologic disease collectively lead to microvascular occlusion and thrombosis. Using blood samples from patients with SCD, we investigated how the drug hydroxyurea quantitatively affects microvascular obstruction in SCD, an unresolved issue pivotal to understanding its clinical efficacy in such patients. In addition, we demonstrated that our microsystem can function as an in vitro model of HUS and showed that shear stress influences microvascular thrombosis/obstruction and the efficacy of the drug eptifibatide, which decreases platelet aggregation, in the context of HUS. These experiments establish the versatility and clinical relevance of our microvasculature-on-a-chip model as a biophysical assay of hematologic pathophysiology as well as a drug discovery platform.
Light-Induced Spontaneous Magnetization in Doped Colloidal Quantum Dots (2009)

An attractive approach to controlling spin effects in semiconductor nanostructures for applications in electronics is the use of light to generate, manipulate, or read out spins. Here, we demonstrate spontaneous photoinduced polarization of manganese(II) spins in doped colloidal cadmium selenide quantum dots. Photoexcitation generates large dopant-carrier exchange fields, enhanced by strong spatial confinement, that lead to giant Zeeman splittings of the semiconductor band structure in the absence of applied magnetic fields. These internal exchange fields allow spontaneous magnetic saturation of the manganese(II) spins to be achieved at zero external magnetic field up to approximately 50 kelvin. Photomagnetic effects are observed all the way up to room temperature.
Range Image Segmentation for Modeling and Object Detection in Urban Scenes (2007)

We present fast and accurate segmentation algorithms of range images of urban scenes. The utilization of these algorithms is essential as a pre-processing step for a variety of tasks, that include 3D modeling, registration, or object recognition. The accuracy of the segmentation module is critical for the performance of these higher-level tasks. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for extracting planar, smooth non-planar, and non-smooth connected segments. In addition to segmenting each individual range image, our methods also merge registered segmented images. That results in coherent segments that correspond to urban objects (such as facades, windows, ceilings, etc.) of a complete large scale urban scene. We present results from experiments of one exterior scene (Cooper Union building, NYC) and one interior scene (Grand Central Station, NYC).
Assessing the regional digital divide across the European Union-27 (2009)

Despite the efforts devoted to the analysis of the digital divide over the last years, the regional evidence on this issue is still scarce. Within this context, the goals of this paper are twofold: (1) measuring the digital divide across the regions of the 27 Member States and within each country and (2) explaining the observed regional disparities. The analysis leads to identify Dutch regions as the Top-10 in ICT, while Greece and Bulgaria occupy the Bottom-10. Therefore, results show that the regional digital divide reflects to some extent the income gap. However, regional policy seems to be having some positive implications for technology adoption. In particular, the rural-versus-urban dimension of the digital gap appears to be less important than it is usually claimed to. Likewise, some evidence is found of the role of cultural and institutional factors in ICT adoption, an issue that has not been previously analyzed at the regional level.
Philosophische Untersuchungen = Philosophical investigations (1953)

Incorporating significant editorial changes from earlier editions, the fourth edition of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is the definitive en face German-English version of the most important work of 20th-century philosophy The extensively revised English translation incorporates many hundreds of changes to Anscombe's original translation Footnoted remarks in the earlier editions have now been relocated in the text What was previously referred to as 'Part 2' is now republished as Philosophy of Psychology - A Fragment , and all the remarks in it are numbered for ease of reference New detailed editorial endnotes explain decisions of translators and identify references and allusions in Wittgenstein's original text Now features new essays on the history of the Philosophical Investigations , and the problems of translating Wittgenstein's text
Effect of rapid spin exchange on the magnetic-resonance spectrum of alkali vapors (1977)

It was recently discovered that when there are sufficiently rapid spin-exchange collisions in an alkali-metal vapor, the rf magnetic-resonance frequency of the ground-state atoms becomes a constant fractional value (e.g., $\frac{4}{11}$ for Cs) of the Larmor frequency, and the linewidth becomes inversely proportional to the spin-exchange rate. These properties are in complete contrast to those in the slow spin-exchange limit. We present a theoretical analysis of these properties, and we predict some additional new effects for rapid spin exchange. Four theories are presented; an intuitive-vector model, a perturbation treatment, numerical solutions of complex non-Hermitian matrices, and a statistical analysis of the effect of rapid transfers between two Zeeman multiplets. These theories all provide, to varying degrees, consistent quantitative answers to the problem of how spin exchange affects magnetic resonance in an alkali vapor.
Dual mode of energy coupling by the oxyanion-translocating ArsB protein (1995)

The arsA and arsB genes of the ars operon of R-factor R773 confer arsenite resistance in Escherichia coli by coding for an anion-translocating ATPase. Arsenite resistance and the in vivo energetics of arsenite transport were compared in cells expressing the arsA and arsB genes and those expressing just the arsB gene. Cells expressing the arsB gene exhibited intermediate arsenite resistance compared with cells expressing both the arsA and arsB genes. Both types of cells exhibited energy-dependent arsenite exclusion. Exclusion of 73AsO2- from cells expressing only the arsB gene was coupled to electrochemical energy, while in cells expressing both genes, transport was coupled to chemical energy, most likely ATP. These results suggest that the Ars anion transport system can be either an obligatory ATP-coupled primary pump or a secondary carrier coupled to the proton motive force, depending on the subunit composition of the transport complex.
Regulation of cell attachment and cell number by fibronectin and laminin (1986)

We have examined the effect of laminin and fibronectin on the attachment and growth on type IV collagen of a line of mouse epithelial cells and a strain of adult human fibroblasts. Laminin stimulated attachment of the epidermal cells and fibronectin stimulated fibroblast attachment. At high concentrations (100 micrograms/ml), the attachment proteins altered the growth of cells in culture. The epidermal cells grew better in media containing fibronectin-free serum supplemented with laminin. Fibroblasts, on the other hand, grew best in media containing serum supplemented with fibronectin. These data suggest that laminin promotes epithelial cell growth whereas fibronectin promotes fibroblast growth. This observation was confirmed when these cells were cocultured in the presence of the attachment proteins or of their respective antibodies. The mouse epidermal cells grew best when laminin was added to cocultures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Fibroblasts grew best in the presence of antibody to laminin and poorly in the presence of antibody to fibronectin. Thus, fibronectin and laminin may participate in the regulation of cell populations in vivo and may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Editor's Introduction (1975)

Of all the mass movements promoted by the Chinese Communist Party since 1949, the current Campaign to Criticize Confucius will probably have the most far-reaching effect in the future. The campaign has a long historical background. Ever since the May Fourth Movement in 1919, even before the Chinese Communist Party was founded, replacing Confucianism with radical ideologies has been the main task of leftist theoreticians and philosophers. The slogan "Down with the K'ung family shop" is much older than that of "Long live Chairman Mao." Critical discussion of Confucianism, which started much earlier, may last much longer than that of Mao's thought.
Deterministic Authenticated-Encryption A Provable-Security Treatment of the Key-Wrap Problem (2007)

Standards bodies have been addressing the key-wrap problem, a cryptographic goal that has never received a provable-security treatment. In response, we provide one, giving definitions, constructions, and proofs. We suggest that key-wrap’s goal is security in the sense of deterministic authenticated-encryption (DAE), a notion that we put forward. We also provide an alternative notion, a pseudorandom injection (PRI), which we prove to be equivalent. We provide a DAE construction, SIV, analyze its concrete security, develop a blockcipher-based instantiation of it, and suggest that the method makes a desirable alternative to the schemes of the X9.102 draft standard. The construction incorporates a method to turn a PRF that operates on a string into an equally efficient PRF that operates on a vector of strings, a problem of independent interest. Finally, we consider IV-based authenticated-encryption (AE) schemes that are maximally forgiving of repeated IVs, a goal we formalize as misuse-resistant AE. We show that a DAE scheme with a vector-valued
Evolution of optical transport technologies: from SONET/SDH to WDM (2000)

It took roughly 10 years for the transport network industry to migrate from PDH to SONET. As this technology swap comes to an end, WDM technology is dawning, promising to revolutionize the network industry, with the possibility of transport bit rates above 10 Gb/s as well as transparency to signal encodings. However, a new wave of equipment upgrade is unlikely to happen as current SONET equipment is just beginning to pay off for its large investment. Thus, in years to come, SONET technology, the current standard for optical fiber access, will have to make room for WDM technology in a gradual way. On its part, WDM equipment must be developed to be backward compatible with SONET technology. This article discusses the requirements and issues involved in making WDM technology interoperable with SONET legacy equipment, as well as the evolution path toward a transparent optical transport network.
Cooperative Source and Channel Coding for Wireless Video Transmission (2006)

Past work on cooperative communications has indicated substantial improvement in channel reliability through cooperative transmission strategies. To exploit this benefit for video transmission, we propose to jointly allocate bits among video coding, channel coding and cooperation to optimize the decoded video quality. Recognizing that not all source bits are equal, we further propose to protect the more important bits through user cooperation. We simulate and compare four modes of video transmission that differ in their error protection strategy (equal vs. layered, with vs. without cooperation). Our simulation uses the H.263+ video codec and the RCPC channel code over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. We show that cooperation can provide significant improvement over no-cooperation when the average channel SNR is in the low to medium range, and that layered cooperation can extend this benefit to the entire range of channel quality.
Mechanical Stress Induced Cellular Orientation and Phenotypic Modulation of 3-D Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells (1993)

The effect of periodic stretch on cellular orientation and intracellular ultrastructure of three-dimensionally (3-D) cultured arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was investigated. Ring shaped hybrid tissues were prepared by thermal gelation of a mixed solution of Type I collagen and SMCs derived from bovine aorta. The gels were subjected to three modes of stress loading: floated (control), stretched isometrically (static stress), and periodically stretched and recoiled with 10% amplitude at 60 rpm frequency (dynamic stress). After 4 weeks of stress loading, the gels were morphologically investigated with a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Irrespective of static or dynamic stress loading, SMCs in stress loaded gels exhibited an elongated bipolar spindle shape and were oriented parallel to the direction of stretch, whereas those in control gels were polygonal shaped and randomly oriented. TEM observation showed that SMCs in control and static stress loaded gels were intracellularly filled with organelles, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and mitochondria, indicating that the cells were of the synthetic phenotype. On the other hand, SMCs in dynamic stress loaded gels tended to have increased contractile apparatus, such as myofilaments, dense bodies, and basement membranes, suggesting that periodic stretch plays an important role in phenotypic modulation of SMCs from the synthetic to the contractile state, as well as cellular orientation.
To Evaluate the Impact of a Nursing Information System on Nurses in Hong Kong (1997)

Information technology offers many perceived benefits in health care services, but its real impact on nurses in clinical practice has not been fully investigated. The aims of this study were to design and to implement a prototype nursing information system (NIS) in Hong Kong, and to evaluate its effect on nurses' attitudes and activities, and quality of nursing care. A working group was formed in 1995 with hospital nurses to discuss the design of a computerized nursing system to replace the existing paper record. The evaluation was conducted in a controlled before and after fashion including all nurses from both experimental and control wards. The NIS was implemented in May 1996 and the post-evaluation was conducted six months later. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed, including in-depth interviews, questionnaires, random work-sampling observation, and retrospective review of nursing records. Preliminary findings showed that the majority of nurses from both experimental and control wards had little computer experience, but they were in favour of the proposed NIS and thought that the NIS would bring a good impact on their practice and the quality of patient care. However, after the NIS was introduced, they perceived the NIS to have brought negative impact which is contradictory to the findings. The NIS records were more complete than manual (93% vs. 12% for allergy history; 99% vs. 84% for daily progress report), and the time nurses spent on patient care activities was slightly increased (28% vs. 27%). Such a simple, stand-alone system is not perfect, but it does improve the quality of nursing documentation which may lead to improved patient care. However, effecting change in routine practice is not easy.