gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Strengthening mechanisms of TiNi shape memory fiber/Al matrix composite</title> (1993)

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been studied intensively with expectation of applying MMCs to various structural and machine components. A recent summary of the thermomechanical behavior of MMCs has been given elsewhere.1'2 One of the important findings in the recent studies is that strengthening of MMCs is identified by two mechanisms: back stress strengthening and dislocation punching.3'4 In most MMC systems, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTh) of reinforcement is smaller than that of metal matrix, resulting in tensile residual stress in the matrix at room temperature. This tensile residual stress in the matrix reduces the tensile flow stress (particularly yield stress) of a MMC.5 If the residual stress in the matrix in a MMC is controlled to be compressive, the tensile flow stress of the MMC is expected to be increased. A shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber, after its shape is memorized and presirained at martensitic phase, can shrink to its original length upon heating to austenitic finish temperature. If such shrinkable SMA fibers are embedded in a metal matrix to form a MMC, compressive residual stress in the matrix is induced at austenitic stage, resulting in enhanced tensile flow stress of the MMC, see the process of inducing such compressive residual stress in the matrix in Fig. 16. Motivated by the above idea depicted in Fig. 1 ,we are led to process TiNi SMA fiber/i 100 Al matrix (TiNi/Al) composite by pressure casting route, the details of which has been given elsewhere6. As-processed TiNi/Al composite was machined to tensile specimen of flat bar type and given tensile prestrain c at martensitic stage, then heated to 363K just above the austenitic finish temperature (337K), followed by tensile testing at 363K. The results of the stress-strain curves of TiNi/Al composite with and without prestrain, and unreinforced Al are shown in Fig. 2. It is obvious from Fig. 2 that the flow stress of the TiNi/Al composite with prestrain is higher than that of the composite without it, which in turn is higher than the unreinforced metal due to back stress strengthening mechanism. The strengthening due to prestrain is the main subject of this paper. The analytical model similar to the present one has been developed for the analysis of a short fiber SMA fiber MMC.7 Analytical modeling will be stated in section II and numerical results and comparison with the experimental results will be discussed in Section III, followed by the conclusion in Section IV.
ACIDFORM Inactivates Herpes Simplex Virus and Prevents Genital Herpes in a Mouse Model: Optimal Candidate for Microbicide Combinations (2006)

The acidic vaginal milieu is presumed to inactivate pathogens but is neutralized by semen. This notion fostered the development of acid-buffering products, such as ACIDFORM (developed by Program for Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease, Rush University, and licensed by Instead), as microbicides. However, the extent and mechanism of protective activity provided by buffering gels is not known. Exposure of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to pH 4.5 or lower irreversibly inactivated HSV and reduced HSV yields by at least 90%; exposure to pH 5.0 had little or no effect. Pretreatment of HSV-2 with pH 3.5-4.5 triggered proteolysis, disrupting the HSV particle and resulting in a reduction in binding and invasion. ACIDFORM protected 21 (81%) of 26 mice from genital herpes, compared with 3 (12%) of 25 mice who received a placebo gel. ACIDFORM retained significant activity if mice were challenged with HSV delivered in seminal fluid. These findings suggest that ACIDFORM offers considerable protection against HSV and may be an optimal candidate for developing combination microbicides.
Selecting partial scan flip-flops for circuit partitioning (1994)

This paper presents a new method of selecting scan flip-flops (FFs) in partial scan designs of sequential circuits. Scan FFs are chosen so that the whole circuit can be partitioned into many small subcircuits which can be dealt with separately by a test pattern generator. This permits easy automatic test pattern generation for arbitrarily large sequential circuits. Algorithms of selecting scan FFs to allow such partitioning and of scheduling tests for subcircuits are given. Experimental results show that the proposed method makes it possible to generate test patterns for extra large sequential circuits which previous approaches cannot deal with.
Hypermethylation in promoter region of E‐cadherin gene is associated with tumor dedifferention and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma (2003)

This is the first report to analyze methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter of endometrial carcinoma and the evidence suggests that methylation of the E-cadherin gene occurs in association with the acquisition of invasive capacity.
Arginine and the Hofmeister Series: The Role of Ion–Ion Interactions in Protein Aggregation Suppression (2011)

L-Arginine hydrochloride is a very important aggregation suppressor for which there has been much attention given regarding elucidating its mechanism of action. Little consideration, however, has been given toward other salt forms besides chloride, even though the counterion likely imparts a large influence per the Hofmeister Series. Here, we report an in depth analysis of the role the counterion plays in the aggregation suppression behavior of arginine. Consistent with the empirical Hofmeister series, we found that the aggregation suppression ability of other arginine salt forms on a model protein (α-chymotrypsinogen) follows the order: H(2)PO(4)(-) > SO(4)(2-) > citrate(2-) > acetate(-) ≈ F(-) ≈ Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-) ≈ SCN(-). Mechanistically, preferential interaction and osmotic virial coefficient measurements, in addition to molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that attractive ion-ion interactions, particularly attractive interactions between arginine molecules, play a dominate role in the observed behavior. Furthermore, it appears that dihydrogen phosphate, sulfate, and citrate have strong attractive interactions with the guanidinium group of arginine, which seems to contribute to the superior aggregation suppression ability of those salt forms by bridging together multiple arginine molecules into clusters. These results not only further our understanding of how arginine influences protein stability, they also help to elucidate the mechanism behind the Hofmeister Series. This should help to improve biopharmaceutical stabilization through the use of other arginine salts and possibly, the development of novel excipients.
Safety Concerns Surrounding Quinolone Use in Children (2016)

Fluoroquinolones are highly effective antibiotics with many desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties including high bioavailability, large volume of distribution, and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Despite their attractive profile as anti-infective agents, their use in children is limited, primarily due to safety concerns. In this review we highlight the pharmacological properties of fluoroquinolones and describe their current use in pediatrics. In addition, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the safety data associated with fluoroquinolone use in children. Although permanent or destructive arthropathy remains a significant concern, currently available data demonstrate that arthralgia and arthropathy are relatively uncommon in children and resolve following cessation of fluoroquinolone exposure without resulting in long-term sequelae. The concern for safety and risk of adverse events associated with pediatric fluoroquinolone use is likely driving the limited prescribing of this drug class in pediatrics. However, in adults, fluoroquinolones are the most commonly prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics, resulting in the development of drug-resistant bacteria that can be challenging to treat effectively. The consequence of misuse and overuse of fluoroquinolones leading to drug resistance is a greater, but frequently overlooked, safety concern that applies to both children and adults and one that should be considered at the point of prescribing.
The Future of Transportation Planning: Dynamic Travel Behavior Analyses based on Stochastic Decision-Making Styles (2003)

Over the past half-century, the progress of behavior research and demand forecasting has been spear headed and continuously propelled by the micro-economic theories, specifically utility maximization. There is no denying that the demand models today are sophisticated and in most cases capable of forecasting the main stream of behavior in urban areas. However, a quick scan of those models or behavior analyses reveals great discrepancies between what is expected and the actual capabilities of the models. These discrepancies go beyond the statistical errors between actual behavior and demand forecasts, based on theoretical assumptions. The authors of this paper approach the behavior analysis differently. They posed and attempted to answer the following questions: are we applying the appropriate assumptions to the right people for their behavior? Are the assumptions we use to reflect the actual decision-making processes for the travelers correct? The proposed approach suggests that we stand back and look at a few levels up along the decision-making process. The conceptual framework of this approach includes: a travel behavior survey that collects data on decision-making styles; stochastic processes to capture the linkage between decision-making styles and traveler's characteristics; and dynamic assignments of choice models according to identified decision-making styles. It is clear that great challenges lie ahead for the approach proposed here. The lack of development of less researched decision-making styles creates great challenges. However it also provides opportunities for transportation professionals to explore along multiple paths of investigation. The conceptual framework and initial attempts presented here may serve as a stimulus for further explorations. Reasonable representations for different types of decision-making styles will help transportation professionals to understand the fundamentals of behaviors. The better understanding of the behavior and demand will further help in developing more efficient transportation systems.
Irritating channels: the case of TRPA1 (2010)

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been extensively studied over the past years. Yet, in most cases, the gating mechanisms of these polymodal cation channels still remain a puzzle. Using the nociceptive channel TRPA1 as an example, we discuss the role of dynamic regulation of the pore size (pore dilatation) on channel gating. Additionally, we critically revise current knowledge of the role of intracellular domains, such as ankyrin repeats and EF hand motifs, in channel activation and function. Finally, we assess some problems inherent to activation of TRPA1 by the reaction of electrophilic compounds with the nucleophilic thiol sink of N-terminal reactive cysteines.
Biquadratic coupling through nano-oxide layers in pinned layers of IrMn-based spin valves (2003)

We have investigated the coupling between top and bottom pinned layers through various nano-oxide layers (NOLs) in IrMn-based spin valves. The NOLs were formed by using oxygen-plasma oxidation or natural oxidation on 1 nm metallic layers. By inserting naturally oxidized Co-NOLs in the pinned layer, strong ferromagnetic coupling through NOLs and high specularity at the NOL interface were achieved. In contrast, when the plasma-oxidized Co-NOLs were inserted, ferromagnetic coupling through NOLs disappeared, plausibly due to the formation of nonferromagnetic oxides, which led to a low magnetoresistance (MR). Insertion of naturally oxidized Ni80Fe20-NOLs showed the same results as that of naturally oxidized Co-NOLs. On the other hand, biquadratic coupling between top and bottom pinned-Co90Fe10 layers was observed by inserting plasma-oxidized Ni80Fe20-NOLs. The highest MR was obtained when the field was applied along the direction perpendicular to the field-annealing direction. Similar biquadratic coupling was also found with naturally oxidized or plasma-oxidized Fe-NOLs. We suggest that the biquadratic coupling between pinned Co90Fe10 layers through NOLs results from the coupling between Fe (or Co90Fe10) and Fe+3 oxides
Modeling of transfer phenomena on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts: Differences between theory and experiment in olefin polymerization (an introduction) (1995)

Abstract This article begins by briefly reviewing the more important contributions to the area of modeling heat and mass transfer, and particle growth during the polymerization of olefins on Ziegler–Natta catalysts. It is shown that these models are capable of identifying the critical areas involved in heat and mass transfer, and of modeling polymerizations where the observed activity is less than approximately 5,000 g of polymer per gram of catalyst per hour (g/g/h). However, it is not possible to use these models “as‐is” to model more modern catalysts whose activity levels can surpass the 50,000 g/g/h mark because they predict prohibitively large concentration gradients inside the growing particles during slurry polymerizations, and temperature gradients outside the particles during polymerization in the gas phase. An analysis of the mass and heat transfer Peclet numbers (Pe) reveals that certain simplifying assumptions may not always be valid. Pe values in the transition range suggest that convection inside the particles during polymerization in the liquid phase may help to explain why observed mass transfer rates are higher than the predicted rates. In an opposite vein, a Pe analysis shows that conductive heat transfer may play an important role at length scales characteristic of those in the early stages of polymerization. A new mechanism for heat transfer at reduced length scales is proposed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in the Management of Ovarian Cancer: A Drug Class Review (2018)

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death due to a gynecological malignancy in the United States. The authors review the pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and role of poly adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in the treatment and maintenance of relapsed, advanced ovarian cancer.
How to measure a-few-nanometer-small LER occurring in EUV lithography processed feature (2018)

For EUV lithography features we want to decrease the dose and/or energy of CD-SEM’s probe beam because LER decreases with severe resist-material’s shrink. Under such conditions, however, measured LER increases from true LER, due to LER bias that is fake LER caused by random noise in SEM image. A gap error occurs between the right and the left LERs. In this work we propose new procedures to obtain true LER by excluding the LER bias from the measured LER. To verify it we propose a LER’s reference-metrology using TEM.
Routing in frequency-hop packet radio networks with partial-band jamming (2002)

Describes research in adaptive, decentralized routing for frequency-hop packet radio networks with mobile partial-band jamming. A new routing technique, called least-resistance routing (LRR) is developed, and various versions of this routing method are examined. LRR uses a quantitative assessment of the interference environment at a radio to determine a resistance for that radio. This resistance is a measure of the interference the radio is likely to encounter when receiving a transmission. The investigation considers two components for the interference environment: transmissions from other radios and partial-band jamming. The resistances for each radio in a particular path are combined to form a path resistance. Packets are forwarded on the path to the destination with the least resistance. Comparisons are made between different versions of LRR and between LRR and previously developed adaptive routing techniques. It is found that LRR is an effective way for dealing with mobile jamming in a frequency-hop packet radio network. Significant increases in throughput and end-to-end probability of success are obtained by use of LRR.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sensitive double antibody sandwich ELISA for the quantification of phosvitin (2017)

An effective double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) method based on monoclonal (mAb) and chicken egg yolk IgY antibodies was developed to determine phosvitin (PV) content in therapeutic and functional products. Leghorn laying hens were immunized with purified PV to produce anti-PV IgY antibody in the egg yolk. High anti-PV IgY titer obtained from the egg yolks collected during 4–10 weeks of the immunization period contained approximately 6.2% of specific anti-PV IgY in total IgY. The PV detection range of the DAS-ELISA and biotinylated DAS-ELISA was 16.8–90 and 7.5–40 ng/mL, respectively. However, biotinylated DAS-ELISA was the better method for PV quantification in terms of accuracy and sensitivity. This highly efficient PV detection method may recuperate the performance of the existing protein assay methods as well as facilitate future research on PV bioactivities and applications.
The FGF-4 promoter is required for transformation and is active in both embryonal and somatic cells. (1994)

We report the independent isolation of a rearranged FGF-4 gene from a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia. We show that the FGF-4 gene has been truncated 30 nucleotides 3' to the coding sequence and has been fused to the RNA processing signals from a putative unknown gene on chromosome 15. We demonstrate that the promoter region of the FGF-4 gene is active in NIH3T3 cells and is indeed necessary for transformation. Using the luciferase reporter assay we have shown that the FGF-4 5' flanking sequences possess easily detectable promoter activity in both F9 and HeLa cell lines. 5' deletion analysis of the FGF-4 promoter has delineated regions containing cis-acting elements of functional importance. These regulatory regions are common to both embryonal and somatic cell lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, using nuclear extracts from F9 and HeLa cells, has allowed detection of DNA-protein interactions occurring in the functionally significant regions. Subsequent comparison of the human and murine FGF-4 promoters show that the regions of functional significance are highly conserved. We suggest that the FGF-4 gene may be suppressed through a distal suppressor locus and becomes active when separated from this suppressor.
Structural distinctions between hypermedia storage and presentation (1998)

In order to facilitate adaptability of hypermedia documents a distinction is often made between the underlying conceptual structure of a document and the structure of its presentation. This distinction enables greater variety in how a presentation can be adapted to best convey these underlying concepts in a given situation. What is often confusing for those applying this distinction is that although both levels of structure often share similar components: transformation form the storage of a document to its presentation sometimes occurs directly between these similar components and sometimes does not These similarities typically fall in the categories of space, time and relationships between document portions. This paper identifies some primary similarities between the structure of hypermedia storage and presentation. It also explores how the transformation from storage to presentation often does not follow these similarities. This discussion is illustrated with the Fiets hypermedia application, which addresses the issues of storage, presentation and transformation using public domain formats and tools. The intention is to help authors who separate storage from presentation to better understand this distinction.
Compressive sensing based initial beamforming training for massive MIMO millimeter-wave systems (2016)

The abundant spectrum at millimeter-wave (mmWave) has the potential to greatly increase the capacity of 5G cellular systems. However, to overcome the high pathloss in the mmWave frequencies, beamforming with large antenna arrays is required at both the base station and user equipments for sufficient link budget. This feature is a challenge for beamforming training during initial access due to low SNR and poor synchronization. A recently developed compressive sensing (CS) based training algorithm exploits channel sparsity but it is vulnerable to phase error from poor synchronization. We propose a novel CS-based algorithm that tracks and compensates frequency offset and phase noise. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves achievable rate by 10 times compared with existing CS-based method during initial beamforming training.
Hocheffiziente Reagentien für den Brom‐Magnesium‐Austausch (2005)

Die Umwandlung elektronenreicher Arylbromide in die entsprechenden Grignard-Verbindungen ist mit dem neuen Reagens sBu2Mg⋅LiCl bei 25 °C innerhalb von 2 h abgeschlossen (siehe Schema). Quantenchemische Modellrechnungen erklären die hohe Reaktivität der Magnesiate, und einige Anwendungen illustrieren den Wert der Arylmagnesiumverbindungen für organische Synthesen. Hintergrundinformationen zu diesem Beitrag sind im WWW unter http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z502220_s.pdf zu finden oder können beim Autor angefordert werden. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Thermal Stability of Fe-Zr/Fe-Zr-N Soft Magnetic Multilayered Films (1992)

stract-Fe-Zr/Fe-Zr-N multilayered films were prepared by alternation of Fe-Zr sputtering and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma nitridation. Thermal stability of the films' soft magnetic properties was investigated. A saturation flux density of B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> =1.8 T, coercivity H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> =88 A/m and relative permeability μ'≫3000 (at 20 MHz) were obtained for Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">92</sub> Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> /Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">92</sub> Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sub> -N multilayered film after annealing at 773K for 3600 s. Addition of Zr to Fe/Fe-N multilayered films effectively improves the thermal stability of soft magnetic properties.
A novel double RESURF LDMOS with multiple rings in non-uniform drift region (2004)

A novel double RESURF LDMOS with multiple rings in non-uniform drift region is developed and successfully fabricated with a breakdown voltage of 600V. This double RESURF power device is monolithically integrated with low voltage Bi-CMOS control circuit. Double RESURF is a very complicated process of accurate charge control, and requires a well-designed device layout with complete charge balance among all the critical layers. The proposed device maximizes the benefits of the double RESURF technique by optimizing key process and device geometrical parameters in order to achieve the lowest on-resistance possible with the desired breakdown voltage.