gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Taxonomy of Cyber Attacks on SCADA Systems (2011)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition(SCADA) systems are deeply ingrained in the fabric of critical infrastructure sectors. These computerized real-time process control systems, over geographically dispersed continuous distribution operations, are increasingly subject to serious damage and disruption by cyber means due to their standardization and connectivity to other networks. However, SCADA systems generally have little protection from the escalating cyber threats. In order to understand the potential danger and to protect SCADA systems, in this paper, we highlight their difference from standard IT systems and present a set of security property goals. Furthermore, we focus on systematically identifying and classifying likely cyber attacks including cyber-induced cyber-physical attack son SCADA systems. Determined by the impact on control performance of SCADA systems, the attack categorization criteria highlights commonalities and important features of such attacks that define unique challenges posed to securing SCADA systems versus traditional Information Technology(IT) systems.
Sudden Deafness Caused by Lifestyle Stress: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Perspectives (2009)

Stress caused by lifestyles in industrialised countries can affect numerous illnesses. Side effects of stress at the level of microcirculation are vasoconstriction, haemoconcentration and vascular occlusion. Reduced or restricted blood flow in the internal auditory artery of the inner ear can lead to sudden deafness. The extent of the damage depends on whether vascular occlusion is momentary or prolonged. The hypothesis put forward is that stressful situations in everyday life can cause differing degrees of sudden deafness. Treatment is based on three main actions, including elimination of the acute stress, re-establishment of blood flow to the inner ear and management of overall patient stress for a complete re- covery. Furthermore, another therapeutic option exists, and this alternative is based on the hypothesis that hair cells in the cochlea can be physical rehabilitated with sounds. The acoustic stimulus places pressure on the tympanic membrane, which increases pressure via the ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes). The stapes in the oval window move the perilymph, producing waves that move the endolymph. The tectorial membrane moves the cilia of the external and internal hair cells. Massaging the cilia causes hair cells in the cochlea to contract each other, thus emitting an electric impulse. This impulse through the cochlear nerves and the auditory system produces sound perception in the auditory cortex. The sound is ap- plied in the ear with sudden deafness, even though cophosis, a complete loss of hearing, has occurred. In conclusion, sud- den deafness may be caused by stress, being the treatment the elimination of stress; re-establish the blood flow to the inner ear and a physical rehabilitation with sounds of cochlear hair cells to reverse sudden deafness.
Ocho Décadas de Inflación en Chile, 1879-1959. Una Interpretación Política (1967)

periodo fue el resultado de prestamos del sistema bancario al gobierno, no con el proposito de hacer frente a un deficit presupuestario -el presupuesto generalmente estaba financiadosino con el proposito de que el gobierno hiciera prestamos por intermedio de instituciones hipotecarias agricolas a los intereses dominantes de la agricultura, que a su vez controlaban el gobierno. Con este mismo fin, incluso el gobierno se endeudo en el extranjero. Fue un periodo asombroso en que el gobierno conservador uso abiertamente del poder politico para sus propios y estrechamente concebidos fines econo-
Clustering analyzer (1991)

A VLSI architecture for implementing the squared-error clustering technique using extensive pipelining and parallel techniques is presented. The proposed architecture performs one pass of the squared-error algorithm, which includes finding the squared distances between every pattern and every cluster center, assigning each pattern to its closest cluster center, and recomputing the cluster centers in O(N+M+K) time units, where M is the dimension of the feature vector, N is the number of sample patterns, and K is the desired number of clusters. It needs O(N*M* K) time units if a uniprocessor is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Volume visualization for exploration of population trends in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein data (2012)

We propose a visualization method for exploring and analyzing data from two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, a frequently used laboratory technique in proteomics for characterizing and studying protein content in biological samples from patients or cell cultures. We show how 2D gel electrophoresis data from a population can be treated as a volume with no preferred slice ordering, and present a visual analysis approach to investigate the relation between an external biological variable such as subject age and the protein patterns based on dynamic slice sorting. We calculate the Spearman rank correlation as a measure of the relation, and use this together with standard deviation as statistical transfer functions to let the explorer filter the data. We also show a method for embedding the selected external variable distribution and the statistical measures in the volume, providing a statistical context for the pattern exploration. Finally we show the applicability of our method in an example of analysis of data from real populations.
Elastomeric biodegradable polyurethane blends for soft tissue applications (2002)

Four biodegradable polyurethane blends were made from segmented polyurethanes that contain amino acid-based chain extender and diisocyanate groups. The soft segments of these parent polyurethanes were either polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polycaprolactone (PCL) diols. The blends were developed to investigate the effect of varying soft segment compositions on the overall morphological, mechanical, and degradative properties of the materials, with a view to producing a family of materials with a wide range of properties. The highly hydrophilic PEO material was incorporated to increase the blend's susceptibility to degradation, while the PCL polyurethane was selected to provide higher moduli and percent elongations (strains) than the PEO parent materials can achieve. All four blends were determined to be semi-crystalline, elastomeric materials that possess similarly shaped stress-strain curves to that of the PCL-based parent polyurethane. As the percent composition of PEO polyurethane within the blend increased, the material became weaker and less extensible. The blends demonstrated rapid initial degradation in buffer followed by significantly slower, prolonged degradation, likely corresponding to an initial loss of primarily PEO-containing polymer, followed by the slower degradation of the PCL polyurethane. All four blends were successfully formed into three-dimensional porous scaffolds utilizing solvent casting/particulate leaching methods. Since these new blends possess a range of mechanical and degradation properties and can be shaped into three-dimensional objects, these materials may hold potential for use in soft tissue engineering scaffold applications.
Continuous assessment of gastric intramucosal PCO sub 2 and pH in hemorrhagic shock using capnometric recirculating gas tonometry (1997)

Capnometric recirculating gas tonometry allows continuous and automated assessment of gastrointestinal tract perfusion by providing on-line measurements of intramucosal PCO2, which can also be used to derive intramucosal pH. The technique is able to detect changes in intramucosal PCO2 in response to an induced insult over intervals as short as 5 mins.
A Framework for Process Assessment of Software Product Line (2015)

Software product line has emerged as an attractive phenomenon within organizations dealing with software development process. It involves assembly of products from existing core assets, commonly known as components, and continuous growth in the core assets as production proceeds. Organizations trying to incorporate the concept of software product line to reduce development time and cost require certain rules to be followed for successful development and management, they also require a direct procedure to evaluate the current maturity level of the process. In this work certain rules for developing and managing a software product line are put forward. Additionally, a fuzzy logic based software product line process assessment tool (SPLPAT) has been designed and implemented on the basis of developed rules for software product line process assessment. SPLPAT can be used to assess the process maturity level of software product line, and it provides an opportunity to handle imprecision and uncertainty present in software process variables. Four case studies were conducted to validate the framework, and results show that SPLPAT provides a direct mechanism to evaluate current software product line process maturity level within an organization. The results of the developed software product line process assessment approach were compared with the existing CMM-level of the organization in order to evaluate the reliability of the presented approach and to find out how effectively an organization can execute software product line process when it has already achieved a certain CMM level.
Electroslatie Contribution to the Distortion Free Energy Density of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1986)

In a chiral smectic C liquid crystal, a bend type deformation of the C-director induces a polarization charge. We have shown that due to the screening effect by impurity ions the free energy of the electrostatic interaction of the polarization charge is renormalized into the distortion free energy density associated with the bend mode of the C-director. The renormalized elastic constant depends on the electrostatic screening length (i.e., the amount of impurity ions) as well as on the magnitude of the spontaneous polarization.
Multilineage potential of STRO-1+ rat dental pulp cellsin vitro (2007)

The aim of the current study was to determine whether STRO-1 selection is an effective approach for purifying rat dental pulp stem cells, and especially whether such selection is beneficial on the multilineage differentiation capacity, i.e. whether selection will account for a higher rate of differentiation or lesser variability. In this study, two cell populations (STRO-1(+) and non-sorted cells) were cultured under conditions promoting neurogenic, adipogenic, myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Results of light microscopy, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry showed that STRO-1(+) cells were capable of advancing into all four differentiation pathways under the influence of inductive media. Quantitative PCR and statistical analysis on specific differentiation markers confirmed that there were significant upregulations in STRO-1(+) cells compared to the other populations, during induction culture. On the basis of our results, we concluded that: (a) rat STRO-1(+) dental pulp stem cells are capable of differentiating towards multilineage cell types, including neural cells, adipocytes, myocytes and chondrocytes; (b) the STRO-1(+) population has a more defined multilineage potential compared to non-sorted cells, probably because of its more homogeneous nature. .
Synchronization in cellular spin torque oscillator arrays (2012)

Spin torque nanodevices could provide a platform for computation beyond Moore's law. The network of spin oscillators can have only local, cellular interconnections because of the underlying physics: the interaction between the oscillators happens through the magnetic field. In this paper we describe the dynamics of weakly coupled spin-torque oscillator networks and how the dynamics of these cellular arrays can be used for problem solving. We will describe how the phase shift in a synchronized array can be calculated between the elements and we will also show a simple example how the dynamics of a cellular array can be used to solve simple tasks.
Hormonal effects on glioblastoma multiforme in the nude rat model (1999)

The authors demonstrate that female nude rats implanted with human GBM cells have a survival advantage over male rats and that estrogen provides the advantage.
Surface modification of 5083 aluminum alloys using friction surfacing. (1999)

Although the friction surfacing had been proposed and applied successfully in surface modification for various metals, the conventional friction surfacing process has some difficulties for applying aluminum alloy due to its specific physical characteristics, such as high thermal conductivity and relatively low strength comparing to steel materials. A novel process underwater friction surfacing has been proposed in this report to achieve stabilized friction surfacing process. Furthermore, an attempt had been made to deposit an aluminum alloy metal matrix composite (M.M.C.) coatings reinforced with alumina particles, onto a 5083 aluminum alloy plate by new process, in which a hollow rod of 5052 aluminum alloy was used with the hollow section filled with 5 μm diameter of alumina powders. The M.M.C. coatings had been achieved with uniformly distributed reinforcement particles up to 12% volume fraction.
Regulatory autonomy and molecular characterization of the Drosophila out at first gene. (1995)

Our previous work has shown that the expression of the Drosophila decapentaplegic (dpp) gene in imaginal disks is controlled by a 30 kb array of enhancers located 3' of the dpp coding region. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of out at first (oaf), a gene located near this enhancer region. Transcription of oaf results in three classes of alternatively polyadenylated RNAs whose expression is developmentally regulated. All oaf transcripts contain two adjacent open reading frames separated by a single UGA stop codon. Suppression of the UGA codon during translation, as seen previously in Drosophila, could lead to the production of different proteins from the same RNA. During oogenesis, oaf RNA is expressed in nurse cells of all ages and maternally contributed to the egg. During embryonic development, zygotic transcription of the gene occurs in small clusters of cells in most or all segments at the time of germband extension and subsequently in a segmentally repeated pattern in the developing central nervous system. The gene is also expressed in the embryonic, larval and adult gonads of both sexes. We also characterize an enhancer trap line with its transposon inserted within the oaf gene and use it to generate six recessive oaf mutations. All six cause death near the beginning of the first larval instar, with two characterized lines showing nervous system defects. Last, we discuss our data in light of the observation that the enhancers controlling dpp expression in the imaginal disks have no effect on the relatively nearby oaf gene.
Absorbed-Current Polarization Detector with Fe(110) Target (1993)

A new polarization detector for low-energy electrons is developed. It uses the spin dependence of the current absorbed by the target. Fe(110) is used as the target in order to provide high detection efficiency. A lock-in technique is used for high S/N detection of the spin dependence of the absorbed current. Basic performance is determined by applying the detector to a spin-polarized scanning electron microscope for magnetic domain observation. Results demonstrate that magnetic domain images can be obtained using the new detector.
Regulation of Body Fluid Volume: The Atrial Natriuretic Factor (1986)

The discovery of the atrial natriuretic factor is a major breakthrough for our understanding of the regulation of body fluid volume. It plays a major role in vasorelaxation and in hypertensive and edematous states. The progress made in the last two years is a testimony to the powers of the new analytical techniques for isolation and characterization of peptides.
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of the <i>PLUNC</i> gene family (2004)

The PLUNC family of human proteins are candidate host defense proteins expressed in the upper airways. The family subdivides into short (SPLUNC) and long (LPLUNC) proteins, which contain domains predicted to be structurally similar to one or both of the domains of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), respectively. In this article we use analysis of the human, mouse, and rat genomes and other sequence data to examine the relationships between the PLUNC family proteins from humans and other species, and between these proteins and members of the BPI family. We show that PLUNC family clusters exist in the mouse and rat, with the most significant diversification in the locus occurring for the short PLUNC family proteins. Clear orthologous relationships are established for the majority of the proteins, and ambiguities are identified. Completion of the prediction of the LPLUNC4 proteins reveals that these proteins contain approximately a 150-residue insertion encoded by an additional exon. This insertion, which is predicted to be largely unstructured, replaces the structure homologous to the 40s hairpin of BPI. We show that the exon encoding this region is anomalously variable in size across the LPLUNC proteins, suggesting that this region is key to functional specificity. We further show that the mouse and human PLUNC family orthologs are evolving rapidly, which supports the hypothesis that these proteins are involved in host defense. Intriguingly, this rapid evolution between the human and mouse sequences is replaced by intense purifying selection in a large portion of the N-terminal domain of LPLUNC4. Our data provide a basis for future functional studies of this novel protein family.
Effects of Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Chain Length of PEG-Lipid on the Permeability of Liposomal Bilayer Membranes (2003)

The effects of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain length of PEG-lipid on the membrane characteristics of liposomes were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM), fluorescence polarization measurement and permeability measurement using carboxyfluorescein (CF). PEG-liposomes were prepared from mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamines with covalently attached PEG molecular weights of 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 (DSPE-PEG). DSC and FFEM results showed that the addition of DSPE-PEG to DPPC in the preparation of liposomes caused the lateral phase separation both in the gel and liquid-crystalline states. The fluidity in the hydrocarbon region of liposomal bilayer membranes was not significantly changed by the addition of DSPE-PEG, while that in the interfacial region was markedly increased. From these results, it was anticipated that the CF leakage from PEG-liposomes is accelerated compared with DPPC liposomes. However, CF leakage from liposomes containing DSPE-PEG with a 0.060 mol fraction was depressed compared with regular liposomes, and the leakage decreased with increasing PEG chain length. Furthermore, the CF leakage from liposomes containing DSPE-PEG with a 0.145 mol fraction was slightly increased compared with that of liposomes containing DSPE-PEG with a 0.060 mol fraction. It is suggested that the solute permeability from the PEG-liposomes was affected by not only properties of the liposomal bilayer membranes such as phase transition temperature, phase separation and membrane fluidity, but also the PEG chain of the liposomal surface.
Robust video transmission over wideband wireless channel using space-time coded OFDM systems (2002)

A space-time coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (STC-OFDM) system is proposed to transmit layered video signals over wireless channels. The space-time coding can provide a diversity gain for the multiple-antenna system while OFDM can alleviate the frequency-selective fading effect. An input video sequence is compressed and partitioned into layers with different priorities. Then, an unequal error protection scheme based on the product Reed-Solomon (RS) codes is employed to provide different levels of protection to different layers. At the receiver, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector with interference cancellation (IC) is integrated with the space-time decoder to reconstruct the desired signal effectively. We derive an analytic bound for the error probability, and conduct experiments for the transmission of the H.263 video bitstream. It is shown that the proposed scheme enhances the PSNR performance significantly in the environment with a moderate signal-to-noise ratio.
Occupancy based demand response HVAC control strategy (2010)

Heating, cooling and ventilation accounts for 30% energy usage and for 50% of the electricity usage in the United States. Currently, most modern buildings still condition rooms assuming maximum occupancy rather than actual usage. As a result, rooms are often over-conditioned needlessly. This paper proposes an HVAC control strategy based on occupancy prediction and real time occupancy monitoring via a sensor network of cameras. This strategy shows 20.0% potential energy savings while still maintaining ASHRAE building standards.
Generation of static and dynamic patterned co-cultures using microfabricated parylene-C stencils (2007)

Many biological processes, such as stem cell differentiation, wound healing and development, involve dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. The ability to control these dynamic processes in vitro would be potentially useful to fabricate tissue engineering constructs, study biological processes, and direct stem cell differentiation. In this paper, we used a parylene-C microstencil to develop two methods of creating patterned co-cultures using either static or dynamic conditions. In the static case, embryonic stem (ES) cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts or hepatocytes by using the reversible sealing of the stencil on the substrate. In the dynamic case, ES cells were co-cultured with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and AML12 hepatocytes sequentially by engineering the surface properties of the stencil. In this approach, the top surface of the parylene-C stencil was initially treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) to reduce non-specific cell adhesion. The stencil was then sealed on a substrate and seeded with ES cells which adhered to the underlying substrate through the holes in the membrane. To switch the surface properties of the parylene-C stencils to cell adhesive, collagen was deposited on the parylene-C surfaces. Subsequently, a second cell type was seeded on the parylene-C stencils to form a patterned co-culture. This group of cells was removed by peeling off the parylene-C stencils, which enabled the patterning of a third cell type. Although the static patterned co-culture approach has been demonstrated previously with a variety of methods, layer-by-layer modification of microfabricated parylene-C stencils enables dynamic patterning of multiple cell types in sequence. Thus, this method is a promising approach to engineering the complexity of cell-cell interactions in tissue culture in a spatially and temporally regulated manner.