gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second-Line Salvage Treatment of AIDS-Associated Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia (2008)

Clindamycin-primaquine is an alternative to intravenous pentamidine as second-line treatment for PCP in patients who fail treatment with TMP-SMX. TMP-SMX should be used as a second-line treatment for those failing first-line treatments with regimens other than TMP-SMX.
Sub-10 nm Feature Size PS-<i>b</i>-PDMS Block Copolymer Structures Fabricated by a Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Process (2013)

Block copolymer (BCP) microphase separation at surfaces might enable the generation of substrate features in a scalable, manufacturable, bottom-up fashion provided that pattern structure, orientation, alignment can be strictly controlled. A further requirement is that self-assembly takes place within periods of the order of minutes so that continuous manufacturingprocesses do not require lengthy pretreatments and sample storageleading to contamination and large facility costs. We report here microwave-assisted solvothermal (in toluene environments) self-assembly and directed self-assembly of a very low molecular weight cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS) BCP on planar and patterned silicon nitride (Si3N4) substrates. Good pattern ordering was achieved in the order of minutes. Factors affecting BCP self-assembly, notably anneal time and temperature were studied and seen to have significant effects. Graphoepitaxy to direct self-assembly in the BCP yielded promising results producing BCP patterns with long-range translational alignment commensurate with the pitch period of the topographic patterns. This rapid BCP ordering method is consistent with the standard thermal/solvent anneal processes.
Smad7 promotes self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (2006)

The Smad-signaling pathway downstream of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of ligands is an evolutionarily conserved signaling circuitry with critical functions in a wide variety of biologic processes. To investigate the role of this pathway in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we have blocked Smad signaling by retroviral gene transfer of the inhibitory Smad7 to murine HSCs. We report here that the self-renewal capacity of HSCs is promoted in vivo upon blocking of the entire Smad pathway, as shown by both primary and secondary bone marrow (BM) transplantations. Importantly, HSCs overexpressing Smad7 have an unperturbed differentiation capacity as evidenced by normal contribution to both lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, suggesting that the Smad pathway regulates self-renewal independently of differentiation. Moreover, phosphorylation of Smads was inhibited in response to ligand stimulation in BM cells, thus verifying impairment of the Smad-signaling cascade in Smad7-overexpressing cells. Taken together, these data reveal an important and previously unappreciated role for the Smad-signaling pathway in the regulation of self-renewal of HSCs in vivo.
Effectiveness of Association Rules Mining for Invariants Generation in Cyber-Physical Systems (2017)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), which integrate controls, computing and physical processes are critical infrastructures of any country. They are becoming more vulnerable to cyber attacks due to an increase in computing and network facilities. The increase of monitoring network protocols increases the chances of being attacked. Once an attacker is able to cross the network intrusion detection mechanisms, he can affect the physical operations of the system which may lead to physical damages of components and/or a disaster. Some researchers used constraints of physical processes known as invariants to monitor the system in order to detect cyber attacks or failures. However, invariants generation is lacking in automation. This paper presents a novel method to identify invariants automatically using association rules mining. Through this technique, we show that it is possible to generate a number of invariants that are sometimes hidden from the design layout. Our preliminary study on a secure water treatment plant suggests that this approach is promising.
Robust and accurate fundamental frequency estimation based on dominant harmonic components (2004)

This paper presents a new method for robust and accurate fundamental frequency (F0) estimation in the presence of background noise and spectral distortion. Degree of dominance and dominance spectrum are defined based on instantaneous frequencies. The degree of dominance allows one to evaluate the magnitude of individual harmonic components of the speech signals relative to background noise while reducing the influence of spectral distortion. The fundamental frequency is more accurately estimated from reliable harmonic components which are easy to select given the dominance spectra. Experiments are performed using white and babble background noise with and without spectral distortion as produced by a SRAEN filter. The results show that the present method is better than previously reported methods in terms of both gross and fine F0 errors.
<i>ipso</i> Nitration in <i>p</i>-halophenyl ethers (1989)

Addition of nitronium ion ipso to halogen occurs on nitration of the p-haloanisoles in acetic anhydride at −60 °C. In the cases of p-fluoro- and p-chloro-anisole, addition of the nitronium ion is reversible and only small amounts of ipso products are obtained. With p-bromoanisole nitrodebromination occurs. When p-halophenyl ethers containing a trapping substituent, e.g., 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid, are used as substrates, substantial amounts of the spiro diene with nitro ipso to halogen, e.g., 3,3-dimethyl-8-chloro-8-nitro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-2-one, can be isolated. The results demonstrate that extensive ipso attack at the halogen-substituted position is general in the nitration of p-halophenyl ethers. Keywords: ipso nitration, ether, diene, p-haloanisole.
Water Treatment Principles and Design (1985)

Physical and Chemical Quality. Microbiological Quality. Water Quality Criteria and Standards. Principles of Process Engineering. Precipitation, Coagulation, Flocculation. Gravity Separation. Filtration. Adsorption. Ion Exchange and Demineralization. Gas Transfer. Disinfection. Residuals Management. Water Reuse. Inorganics. Organics. Taste and Odor. Corrosion. Predesign. Plant Siting. Facilities Design. Special Plant Hydraulic Topics. Process Control. Operation and Maintenance. Construction and Operating Cost Estimating. Index.
An improved method for O-demethylation of codeine (1977)

The O-demethylation of codeine was effected by sodium propylmercaptide in dimethylformamide at 125 degrees C to afford morphine in 80% yield. Similar treatment of thebaine was unrewarding.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Preparation of 5‐(β‐Aminoethylthio)isoxazoles. (1989)

Abstract The thiazolidines (I) are metalated with butyllithium and subsequently coupled with the ester (II) to produce the enaminones (III).
Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa L. II. Structure and stereochemistry of a new rotenoid, boeravinone C. (1990)

A new 12a-hydroxyrotenoid, boeravinone C, has been isolated from the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) and its structure including the absolute configuration was determined based on chemical and spectral evidence. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance of boeravinone C showed unusual splitting patterns due to ABC spin systems. These splitting patterns were analyzed by a simulation method.
Finite Element Analysis of Herringbone Groove Journal Bearings: A Parametric Study (1998)

Currently, the herringbone groove journal bearing (HGJB) has important applications in miniature rotating machines such as those found in the computer information storage industry. Grooves scribed on either the rotating or stationary member of the bearing pump the lubricating fluid inward thus generating support stiffness and improving its dynamic stability when operating concentrically. The narrow groove theory (NGT), traditionally adopted to model the concentric operation of these bearings, is limited to bearings with a large number of grooves. A finite element analysis is introduced for prediction of the static and rotordynamic forced response in HGJBs with finite numbers of grooves. Results from this analysis are then compared to available experimental data as well as to estimates from the NGT. A bearing geometry parametric study is then conducted to determine optimum rotordynamic force coefficients. A discussion on the temporal variation of the bearing reaction forces and force coefficients for a rotating journal with a small number of grooves is also presented. These changes can be significant at high operating eccentricities, possibly inducing a parametric excitation in rotating systems employing this type of bearing.
Acne image analysis: lesion localization and classification (2016)

Acne is a common skin condition present predominantly in the adolescent population, but may continue into adulthood. Scarring occurs commonly as a sequel to severe inflammatory acne. The presence of acne and resultant scars are more than cosmetic, with a significant potential to alter quality of life and even job prospects. The psychosocial effects of acne and scars can be disturbing and may be a risk factor for serious psychological concerns. Treatment efficacy is generally determined based on an invalidated gestalt by the physician and patient. However, the validated assessment of acne can be challenging and time consuming. Acne can be classified into several morphologies including closed comedones (whiteheads), open comedones (blackheads), papules, pustules, cysts (nodules) and scars. For a validated assessment, the different morphologies need to be counted independently, a method that is far too time consuming considering the limited time available for a consultation. However, it is practical to record and analyze images since dermatologists can validate the severity of acne within seconds after uploading an image. This paper covers the processes of region-ofinterest determination using entropy-based filtering and thresholding as well acne lesion feature extraction. Feature extraction methods using discrete wavelet frames and gray-level co-occurence matrix were presented and their effectiveness in separating the six major acne lesion classes were discussed. Several classifiers were used to test the extracted features. Correct classification accuracy as high as 85.5% was achieved using the binary classification tree with fourteen principle components used as descriptors. Further studies are underway to further improve the algorithm performance and validate it on a larger database.
Acetazolamide Mitigates Astrocyte Cellular Edema Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (2016)

Non-penetrating or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is commonly experienced in accidents, the battlefield and in full-contact sports. Astrocyte cellular edema is one of the major factors that leads to high morbidity post-mTBI. Various studies have reported an upregulation of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel protein, following brain injury. AZA is an antiepileptic drug that has been shown to inhibit AQP4 expression and in this study we investigate the drug as a therapeutic to mitigate the extent of mTBI induced cellular edema. We hypothesized that mTBI-mediated astrocyte dysfunction, initiated by increased intracellular volume, could be reduced when treated with AZA. We tested our hypothesis in a three-dimensional in vitro astrocyte model of mTBI. Samples were subject to no stretch (control) or one high-speed stretch (mTBI) injury. AQP4 expression was significantly increased 24 hours after mTBI. mTBI resulted in a significant increase in the cell swelling within 30 min of mTBI, which was significantly reduced in the presence of AZA. Cell death and expression of S100B was significantly reduced when AZA was added shortly before mTBI stretch. Overall, our data point to occurrence of astrocyte swelling immediately following mTBI, and AZA as a promising treatment to mitigate downstream cellular mortality.
Vascular Defects on Human Endometrium Caused by T-Shaped Copper Intrauterine Devices (1977)

Excessive uterine bleeding occurs in many women using intrauterine devices (IUDs), a primary problem preventing worldwide acceptance of this form of contraception. Previously we have studied hysterectomized uteri containing inert, plastic IUDs (primarily Lippes loops and some Saf-T-coils and Dalcon shields) with the electron microscope and found a small percentage of vascular defects accompanied by degenerate endothelial cells located in superficial endometrium (1). In that study, it was determined that surface erosion and chemically mediated permeability were unlikely, therefore we postulated that mechanical effects (pressure, shear) between IUDs and endometrium could directly injure superficial vessels. Such injury could lead to the observed vessel degeneration and gap formation, and provide a feasible routine for uteri bleeding. If this mechanism is valid, smaller IUDs should reduce the magnitude of mechanical stress, reduce the number of vascular gaps, and therefore reduce IUD-induced uterine bleeding.
Viable circulating tumour cell detection using multiplex RNA in situ hybridisation predicts progression-free survival in metastatic breast cancer patients (2012)

CTCscope offers unique advantages over existing CTC detection approaches. By enumerating and characterising only viable CTCs, CTCscope provides additional prognostic and predictive information in therapy monitoring.
Application of Mixture Theory in the Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete (2004)

Asphalt concrete is a heterogeneous mixture of three constituents of asphalt binder, aggregate, and air void. The local volume fractions of these constituents vary spatially and therefore result in the spatial gradients of the local volume fractions. The local volume fractions and their spatial gradients are important field variables in mixture theory that predicts the mixture behavior out of the structure of the mixture and the properties of the constituents. In this paper, the fundamentals of mixture theory and a general method for solving boundary value problems using mixture theories were presented. A simplified mixture theory for two-constituent mixtures of solids and air voids was proposed to model the initial stress distribution of asphalt concrete under static loading. The analytical solutions of simple two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) cases using the simplified theory were obtained to illustrate how this theory predicts the effective stress distribution of a heterogeneous mixture. Methods to quantify the two field variables of the mixture theory, namely the local void volume fraction and its gradient, are developed using x-ray tomography imaging. The quantified void local volume fraction and its gradient for the specimens of mixes with known performance indicated a promising perspective for using mixture theory to evaluate the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete.
D-allose, an all-cis aldo-hexose, suppresses development of salt-induced hypertension in Dahl rats (2005)

These results underscore the role of enhanced oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of high blood pressure development in DS rats, and suggest the possibility of D-allose supplementation for prevention of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Hybrid 2-D Arrays: Experimental Confirmation (1997)

2-D array transducers have shown significant promise for medical ultrasound over conventional linear arrays, at the cost of increasing the number of channels, difficulty of fabrication and array element impedance. The increase in element impedance reduces the power coupled to a 2-D array element from a conventional 50 omega source in transmit mode. If the array is sparse, which is typical of 2-D arrays, then the net power coupled into the front acoustic load is reduced when compared to a fully sampled aperture. Furthermore, the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), when measured through a nonideal amplifier, is degraded because the high impedance 2-D array transducer element cannot efficiently drive the coaxial cable. The reduction in transmit sensitivity and received SNR can be circumvented with the application of multilayer piezoelectric elements. The improvement in transmit occurs because the transducer impedance is better matched to the impedance of the source. In receive, multilayer elements allow more of the open circuit received voltage to fall across the input of the high impedance preamplifier. In this case, the same number of layers are used in transmit and receive. Recently, it has been suggested that separate optimization of the transmit channel and receive channel (a hybrid array) would further improve the pulse-echo SNR. In this paper, we fabricated and tested a hybrid array operating at 1 MHz using a multilayer transmit element and single layer receive element. A 7 omega transmitter and high impedance preamplifier were placed adjacent to the transmit and receive elements within the transducer assembly. The hybrid pulse-echo SNR improved by 26.4 dB over the conventional array. The experimental result showed good agreement with the KLM model. Furthermore, KLM simulations showed that as the operating frequency of the array increases, the overall improvement over the conventional array increases. For example, a 1.5-D array operating at 2 M Hz had an improvement of 30 dB whereas a 7.5 M Hz 1.5-D array showed an increase of approximately 38 dB. The separate optimization of the transmit and receive channel for 2-D arrays showed even greater improvement than for 1.5-D arrays. For example, a 2 MHz 2-D array had an improvement of over 44 dB.
Imprinting of glass (2015)

A diffractive optical element is fabricated in soda-lime float glass using a simple and inexpensive process. The glass is sandwiched between a mesh anode (lattice constant 2 μm) and a flat metal cathode. Applying a direct current while at a moderately elevated temperature of 553 K induces thermal poling of the glass. The result is that the structured pattern of the electrode is imprinted on the glass as the electric field causes ion depleted regions where there is contact between the glass and electrode. The current-time dynamics of the structuring process along with X-ray element analysis and conductivity measurements are presented. Optical analyses of the resultant diffraction patterns of samples suggest that large- scale and complex patterns can be fabricated.
Camera calibration based on the back projection process (2015)

Camera calibration plays a crucial role in 3D measurement tasks of machine vision. In typical calibration processes, camera parameters are iteratively optimized in the forward imaging process (FIP). However, the results can only guarantee the minimum of 2D projection errors on the image plane, but not the minimum of 3D reconstruction errors. In this paper, we propose a universal method for camera calibration, which uses the back projection process (BPP). In our method, a forward projection model is used to obtain initial intrinsic and extrinsic parameters with a popular planar checkerboard pattern. Then, the extracted image points are projected back into 3D space and compared with the ideal point coordinates. Finally, the estimation of the camera parameters is refined by a non-linear function minimization process. The proposed method can obtain a more accurate calibration result, which is more physically useful. Simulation and practical data are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.
Alignment of Sound Track with Text in a TV Drama (2000)

We propose a system to align a sound track and a part of TV drama video contents with a script. We first use the number of moras in each sentence of speech line, the sounding time in a sound track and the shot change time in the motion image to align them approximately. Then we perform DP matching to align a sequence of words obtained from a speech recognition system applied to a sound track with each sentence of speech lines in a script. Confident correspondences obtained from the DP matching of the words act as the pivots to improve alignment accuracy iteratively. The results show that around a half of the sentences in a script were aligned within the differences of up to two seconds.
Fluorochrome Uvitex 2B Stain for Detection of the Microsporidian Causing Beko Disease of Yellowtail and Goldstriped Amberjack Juveniles. (1996)

The fluorochrome Uvitex 2B [4, 4-BIS (2-di (2-hyroxyethyl) -amino-4- (3-sulfophenylamino) -1, 3, 5-triazine-6-ylamino) -stilbene-2, 2-disulfonic acid, sodium salt] stain was used for detection of Microsporidium seriolae (Protozoa : Microspora), the causative agent of beko disease of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata and goldstriped amberjack S. lalandi juveniles. For detection of the parasite, microscopical fluorescence examination for spores in the Uvitex 2B-stained smears of trunk muscle homogenates was much more sensitive than the conventional visual inspection for “cysts” in the trunk muscle. The Uvitex 2B-H & E stain of deparaffinized sections was applicable to the examination for the sporulation sequence in “cysts” and spore dispersal into adjacent tissues or other organs. Thus, Uvitex 2B stain was found to be useful not only for a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of beko disease but also for histopathological studies of microsporidian infections.
The welfare of urban youth in China 1949–79 (1981)

The problems of urban youth in China, especially juvenile delinquency, have been a continuing policy concern for the Chinese Communist Party. Undoubtedly the factors that have most influenced the welfare of urban youth have been the inevitable delays in assigning them jobs and their compulsory and permanent transfer to the countryside. Exacerbating the situation has been the evident weakening of family discipline and the continuing confusion as to youth's proper role in Chinese society. The Chinese Communist Party's response has been to urge local neighbourhoods, rural production teams and local enterprises to provide a range of services and facilities for urban young people so as to inhibit juvenile misbehaviour and to ensure that they become policically and socially conforming adults.
Comprehensive motor testing in Fmr1-KO mice exposes temporal defects in oromotor coordination. (2011)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS; MIM #300624), a well-recognized form of inherited human mental retardation is caused, in most cases, by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5'-untranslated region of FMR1, resulting in reduced expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Clinical features include macroorchidism, anxiety, mental retardation, motor coordination, and speech articulation deficits. The Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1-KO) mouse, a mouse model for FXS, has been shown to replicate the macroorchidism, cognitive deficits, and neuroanatomical abnormalities found in human FXS. Here we asked whether Fmr1-KO mice also display appendicular and oromotor deficits comparable to the ataxia and dysarthric speech seen in FXS patients. We employed standard motor tests for balance and appendicular motor coordination, and used a novel long-term fluid-licking assay to investigate oromotor function in Fmr1-KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Fmr1-KO mice performed equally well as their WT littermates on standard motor tests, with the exception of a raised-beam task. However, Fmr1-KO mice had a significantly slower licking rhythm than their WT littermates. Deficits in rhythmic fluid-licking in Fmr1-KO mice have been linked to cerebellar pathologies. It is believed that balance and motor coordination deficits in FXS patients are caused by cerebellar neurophathologies. The neuronal bases of speech articulation deficits in FXS patients are currently unknown. It is yet to be established whether similar neuronal circuits control rhythmic fluid-licking pattern in mice and speech articulation movement in humans.