gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Species correlations between cardiac isomyosins. A comparison of electrophoretic and immunological properties. (1982)

Structural relationships between cardiac isomyosins were analyzed in 10 species using native-gel electrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. In the rat and rabbit, three types of ventricular isomyosin, V1, V2, and V3, were identified by electrophoresis. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the heavy chains of either type V1 or type V3 isomyosin in the rat and rabbit were used for comparison of immunological relationships between atrial and ventricular myosins in other species. Normal guinea pig ventricular myosin reacted with both anti-V2 and anti-V3 antibodies, but only a single myosin band was detected in this species by electrophoresis. When thyrotoxic cardiac hypertrophy was induced in guinea pigs, there was a decrease in myosin reactivity with the anti-V3 antibody and an increase in anti-V1 reactivity. This change in immunological reactivity indicated a change in proportions of two cardiac isomyosins in the guinea pig ventricle even though no myosin heterogeneity was detected by electrophoresis. In six other species including Xenopus, chicken, dog, pig, beef, and human, only a single band of myosin was detected by electrophoresis, and each myosin reacted only with the anti-V3 antibody. In the mouse, three types of ventricular myosin were also detected by electrophoresis. However, unlike V1 isomyosin of the rat and rabbit, mouse V1 isomyosin reacted equally with both anti-V1 and anti-V3 antibodies. In conclusion, we have identified highly conserved epitopes in cardiac myosin, which were found to specifically occur on either the high Ca2+-ATPase type V1 isomyosin or the lower ATPase type V3 ventricular isomyosin in most of the species examined.
A survey on model-based testing approaches (2007)

This paper describes a systematic review performed on model-based testing (MBT) approaches. A selection criterion was used to narrow the initially identified four hundred and six papers to focus on seventy-eight papers. Detailed analysis of these papers shows where MBT approaches have been applied, the characteristics, and the limitations. The comparison criteria includes representation models, support tools, test coverage criteria, the level of automation, intermediate models, and the complexity. This paper defines and explains the review methodology and presents some results.
A procedure to determine the radiation isocenter size in a linear accelerator (2004)

Measurement of radiation isocenter is a fundamental part of commissioning and quality assurance (QA) for a linear accelerator (linac). In this work we present an automated procedure for the analysis of the stars-shots employed in the radiation isocenter determination. Once the star-shot film has been developed and digitized, the resulting image is analyzed by scanning concentric circles centered around the intersection of the lasers that had been previously marked on the film. The center and the radius of the minimum circle intersecting the central rays are determined with an accuracy and precision better than 1% of the pixel size. The procedure is applied to the position and size determination of the radiation isocenter by means of the analysis of star-shots, placed in different planes with respect to the gantry, couch and collimator rotation axes.
The Preparation of Substituted Styrenes by Methods Not Involving Hydrocarbon Cracking. (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleThe Preparation of Substituted Styrenes by Methods Not Involving Hydrocarbon Cracking.William S. EmersonCite this: Chem. Rev. 1949, 45, 2, 347–383Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60141a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60141a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views441Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sensing Using Rare-Earth-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles (2013)

Optical sensing plays an important role in theranostics due to its capability to detect hint biochemical entities or molecular targets as well as to precisely monitor specific fundamental psychological processes. Rare-earth (RE) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising for these endeavors due to their unique frequency converting capability; they emit efficient and sharp visible or ultraviolet (UV) luminescence via use of ladder-like energy levels of RE ions when excited at near infrared (NIR) light that are silent to tissues. These features allow not only a high penetration depth in biological tissues but also a high detection sensitivity. Indeed, the energy transfer between UCNPs and biomolecular or chemical indicators provide opportunities for high-sensitive bio- and chemical-sensing. A temperature-sensitive change of the intensity ratio between two close UC bands promises them for use in temperature mapping of a single living cell. In this work, we review recent investigations on using UCNPs for the detection of biomolecules (avidin, ATP, etc.), ions (cyanide, mecury, etc.), small gas molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc.), as well as for in vitro temperature sensing. We also briefly summarize chemical methods in synthesizing UCNPs of high efficiency that are important for the detection limit.
Computer assisted seed identification (2002)

In this paper the author presents SIS, a computer assisted seed identification system developed by the CSIR. SIS assists seed analysts to identify unknown seeds. SIS uses digital image processing as a front end to an expert system connected to a comprehensive database containing feature vectors describing previously trained seeds to identify unknown seeds.
Design of variable-rate adaptive LDPC codes for DVB-S2 applications (2006)

Both constant and variable forward error correcting (FEC) coding is provided by the DVB-S2 system. Variable FEC can be used to provide different levels of error protection according to applications, & may be combined with the use of return channels, to achieve adaptive coding. The novel idea explained in this paper, introduces an algebraic method for construction of well-structured low density parity check (LPDC) codes, enabling the system to switch between LDPC codes of different rates (9/10, 8/9, 5/6, 4/5, ...) and perform FEC based on the required level of error protection. In this scheme instead of using different parity check matrices for the different code rates, LDPC codes of different rates are derived by structurally modifying a mother parity check matrix. It is different from the rate-compatible code construction in the sense that the H-matrix used for different code-rates is independent of the H-matrices used for all other code-rates in the set. (4 pages)
Inverter air-conditioner power system with low power dissipation type (2003)

When using a conventional power factor correction circuit, a comparatively huge capacitor is used to boost-up output voltage. It has a large amount of harmonic distortion in the input current waveform. To improve the input current waveform of diode rectifiers, we propose a new operating principle for the power factor correction circuit. Due to the fact that the proposed circuit uses smaller ones and a smaller reactor, the output voltage increases and obtains higher input current waveforms. These are suitable for the harmonics guidelines. The proposed circuit is able to obtain higher power factor and efficiency. Also, it has reduced switching loss and held over-shooting by using an inverter of eliminated dead-time HPWM that has non-linear impedance circuits to make up diodes, capacitance and a reactor. We compared the conventional PWM inverter and proposed HPWM inverters and found that a high input power factor of 97[%] and an efficiency of 98[%] were also obtained.
Enhanced Bioactivity of Internally Functionalized Cationic Dendrimers with PEG Cores (2012)

Hybrid dendritic-linear block copolymers based on a 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) core were synthesized using an accelerated AB2/CD2 dendritic growth approach through orthogonal amine/epoxy and thiol-yne chemistries. The biological activity of these 4-arm and the corresponding 2-arm hybrid dendrimers revealed an enhanced, dendritic effect with an exponential increase in cell internalization concomitant with increasing amine end groups and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the ability of these hybrid dendrimers to induce endosomal escape combined with their facile and efficient synthesis makes them attractive platforms for gene transfection. The 4-arm-based dendrimer showed significantly improved DNA binding and gene transfection capabilities in comparison with the 2-arm derivative. These results combined with the MD simulation indicate a significant effect of both the topology of the PEG core and the multivalency of these hybrid macromolecules on their DNA binding and delivery capablities.
Design and analysis of integrated array antennas for millimeter-wave applications (2013)

The increasing demand for high bit rate wireless communication prompted people resort to the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, in which the free licensed 60-GHz band is of great application prospect. A single chip radio becomes possible for the small wavelength of millimeter electromagnetic (EM) waves. The antenna plays an important role because its independent properties can affect the radio as a whole. Nowadays, antenna designs are shifting from the design of a conventional discrete device to antenna-on-chip (AoC) and antenna-in-package (AiP). The AoC usually has low radiation efficiency because of the substrate’s high conductivity, while the AiP features good performance since it is an independently designed device from the integrated circuit (IC) and it also has a wide selection of antenna prototypes and substrate materials. Various antennas can be utilized in mmWave AiPs, among which the grid array antenna (GAA) is a capable candidate because of its high gain, broad impedance bandwidth and simple structure. Materials of capabilities to realize multilayer structures are suitable for AiP applications like the liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC). The latter is used as the antenna substrates and packaging materials in this thesis. The thesis is devoted to provide a physical insight into the characteristics of mmWave GAAs, develop a synthesis method for mmWave GAA design, and provide solutions for mmWave AiP applications using GAA as the antenna prototype. There are four aspects of the work: analysis, synthesis, design and packaging. An introduction is given on the background of 60 GHz radios, the development of research work on GAAs and the LTCC process. A review of fundamentals of planar array antennas follows the introduction. An extensive analysis of microstrip GAAs with different number of radiating elements on a variety of substrates is conducted. A set of closed-form formula is developed for the synthesis of GAA design. A particular design example verifies the effectiveness of the synthesis method. A linearly-polarized (LP) GAA for 60-GHz AiP application is designed and packaged, which can be easily converted into either single balanced or dual balanced antennas. A circularly-polarized (CP) GAA is also designed and packaged, in which sub grid arrays are sequentially rotated and excited with 90o phase increment to radiate CP electromagnetic (EM) waves.
C–H activation route to dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes: annulation of arylacetylenes promoted by PdCl2–AgOTf–o-chloranil (2013)

A novel catalytic C–H activation route to privileged dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP) structures has been established. In the presence of PdCl2, AgOTf, and o-chloranil, a C–H/C–H annulation of arylacetylenes takes place to furnish the corresponding DBPs. A number of mechanistic experiments indicate that this new annulation occurs through alkyne-directed, ortho-selective, electrophilic aromatic C–H palladation. Not only symmetric diarylacetylenes but also unsymmetric arylacetylenes are applicable to this reaction. UV-vis absorption spectra and DFT studies on the resulting DBPs indicate a strong substituent effect on the energy levels of the HOMO and HOMO−1 of DBPs.
DIETARY FRUCTANS (1998)

Fructan is a general term used for any carbohydrate in which one or more fructosyl-fructose link constitutes the majority of osidic bonds. This review focuses on the fate of inulin-type fructans (namely native chicory inulin, oligofructose produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin, and synthetic fructans produced by enzymatic synthesis from sucrose) in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on their systemic physiological effects on mineral absorption, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, hormone balance, and nitrogen homeostasis. The scientific evidence for the functional claims of inulin-type fructans is discussed, as well as their potential application in risk reduction of disease, namely constipation, infectious diarrhea, cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Star-EDT: Deterministic On-Chip Scheme Using Compressed Test Patterns (2016)

This paper presents Star-EDT-a novel deterministic test compression scheme. The proposed solution seamlessly integrates with EDT-based compression and takes advantage of two key observations: 1) there exist clusters of test vectors that can detect many random-resistant faults with a cluster comprising a parent pattern and its derivatives obtained through simple transformations and 2) a significant majority of specified positions of ATPG-produced test cubes are typically clustered within a single or, at most, a few scan chains. The Star-EDT approach elevates compression ratios to values typically unachievable through conventional reseeding-based solutions. Experimental results obtained for large industrial designs, including those with a new class of test points aware of ATPG-induced conflicts, illustrate feasibility of the proposed deterministic test scheme and are reported herein. In particular, they confirm that the Star-EDT can act as a valuable form of deterministic BIST.
Novel Pseudorotaxane-Terminated Dendrimers: Supramolecular Modification of Dendrimer Periphery (2001)

Thirty-two molecular beads are threaded onto the terminal groups of a fourth-generation dendrimer (see picture). These pseudorotaxane-terminated dendrimers not only constitute a new class of topologically intriguing molecules but also provide a novel way of modifying dendrimer exteriors by noncovalent interactions.
Physiological information acquisition through wireless biomedical sensor networks (2006)

The monitoring and acquisition of patients' physiological information are quite crucial for the further treatment. Wireless network of biomedical sensors shows great potential to significantly enhance the biometrics performance. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to medicos and engineers for its particular medical application compare to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). This paper first investigates the exciting conceivable application of WSN in medical area. Then the unique challenges and requirements are analyzed in detail. Along with the further study of the logical architecture and network protocols, preliminary solutions are proposed for the WBSN in a hospital environment.
Controlling als Rationalitätssicherung der Führung — Zum Stand unserer Forschung (2001)

Im Folgenden wollen wir kurz einführend die zentralen Gedanken der vorliegenden Beiträge skizzieren und in den Zusammenhang einordnen.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW ACYL PYRAZOLONE TYPE CHELATING AGENTS (1983)

Eight new 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-acyl-pyrazolones (1a～f , 2a, b) have been synthesized in good yield by reacting the corresponding acid halide with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazolone in dioxane in the presence of suspended Ca (OH)_2 or Ba (OH)_2, the products were identified by elemental analyses, IR, UV and ~1H NMR spectra Preliminary experiments indicate that all of their extraction efficiency for UO_2~(2+) in chloroform-water are better than that of PMBP. The relative efficiency is found to be of the following order: 1b, 1d, 1f1a, 1e1c, 2a2bPMBP.
ATOM: Super Compact and Flexible Format to Store and Transmit GNSS Data (2008)

GNSS data (observables, corrections, positioning results
etc) are usually stored in some memory for post
processing and/or sent through some data link for various
real time applications. The problem of compact
presentation of GNSS data can be very important in some
cases. For example, some low band data links do not
allow sending RTK observables/corrections at 1 Hz using
standardized protocols like CMR and RTCM-3. This
problem is even more important when data from more
than one GNSS are to be transmitted (e.g.
GPS+GLONASS). Another example is GPRS/NTRIP
when data link has usually sufficient bandwidth, but user
pay for the actual traffic. The more compact protocol is
used, the lower expenses user has. So developing compact
data formats which maximally effectively utilize data link
bandwidth is very important task.
The other issue related with data storage/transmission is
growing GNSS. More and more GNSS appear and will
appear in future. Each of them provides variety of signals
and corresponding observables. So it is desirable to have
some universal presentation format which can effectively
serve any combination of GNSS and their particular
observables.
Given paper describes new ATOM™ format from
Magellan for data storage/transmission. ATOM is
organized as universal format capable of generating the
following group of data: GNSS corrections, GNSS raw
observables, receiver positioning results and attributes,
Satellite navigation information. The most important
groups are GNSS observables and corrections. ATOM
allows different presentation options for these data, from
most compact to most full.
The paper gives the overview of ATOM format and
provides throughput figures in comparison to existing
formats.
Autonomous subdomains in protein folding (1994)

Proteolytic dissection of native trp repressor and horse heart cytochrome c has been used to infer some of the steps in the folding pathways of the intact proteins. For both proteins, small fragments are capable of undergoing spontaneous noncovalent association to form subdomains with native-like secondary and/or tertiary structural features, suggesting that dissection/reassembly may be a general method to gain insight into the structures of folding intermediates. The importance of this approach is its simplicity and potential applicability to studying the folding pathways of a wide range of proteins. The proteases report on the structure and dynamics of the native state, circumventing the need for prior knowledge of the structures of folding intermediates. The observation that small fragments of proteins can associated noncovalently suggests that protein folding can be viewed as an intramolecular "recognition" process. The results imply that substantial information about protein structure and folding is encoded at the level of subdomains, and that chain connectivity has only a minor role in determining the fold.
Total Synthesis of Seco (+)- and<i>ent</i>-(−)-Oxaduocarmycin SA:  Construction of the (Chloromethyl)indoline Alkylating Subunit by a Novel Intramolecular Aryl Radical Cyclization onto a Vinyl Chloride (1997)

A practical, total synthesis of seco-(+)-oxaduocarmycin 3a, an analogue of the highly cytotoxic natural product, duocarmycin SA (1), is described. The 13-step synthesis features a novel and efficient intramolecular aryl radical cyclization onto a vinyl chloride as a direct entry to the (chloromethyl)indoline alkylating subunit 14. Subsequent resolution, utilizing a preparative Chiralpak AD column, provided enantiomerically pure alkylating subunits 14a and 14b which were elaborated to seco-(+) and ent-(−)-oxaduocarmycins, 3a and 3b, respectively. The natural enantiomer 3a was active at pM concentrations and exhibited 7−50-fold higher potentcy than its enantiomer 3b in in vitro cytotoxicity assays.
Modularity of Plant Metabolic Gene Clusters: A Trio of Linked Genes That Are Collectively Required for Acylation of Triterpenes in Oat   (2013)

Operon-like gene clusters are an emerging phenomenon in the field of plant natural products. The genes encoding some of the best-characterized plant secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are scattered across plant genomes. However, an increasing number of gene clusters encoding the synthesis of diverse natural products have recently been reported in plant genomes. These clusters have arisen through the neo-functionalization and relocation of existing genes within the genome, and not by horizontal gene transfer from microbes. The reasons for clustering are not yet clear, although this form of gene organization is likely to facilitate co-inheritance and co-regulation. Oats (Avena spp) synthesize antimicrobial triterpenoids (avenacins) that provide protection against disease. The synthesis of these compounds is encoded by a gene cluster. Here we show that a module of three adjacent genes within the wider biosynthetic gene cluster is required for avenacin acylation. Through the characterization of these genes and their encoded proteins we present a model of the subcellular organization of triterpenoid biosynthesis.
Interpretation of Reflection and Transmission Spectra for Thin Films: Reflection (1994)

The optical behavior of a thin film (i.e., peak positions and intensities of infrared spectra) has been discussed for reflection under a thin-film approximation. The reflection spectra of anisotropic and isotropic thin films on various substrates (transparent, dielectric and absorbing, and semi-metal) have been simulated at various angles of incidence in the infrared region for external and internal reflection. For spectral simulation, the matrix method has been used in conjunction with noise-free complex refractive indices based on dispersion theory. The peak positions in the simulated spectra have been compared with transverse optic and longitudinal optic frequencies based on macroscopic theory. The simulated peak intensities for the films have been compared with the prediction based on the thin-film approximation. The optical behavior of reflection spectra has also been examined in detail for a thin film on water or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.
Surfactants in coal technology (1983)

Abstract The principal uses of surfactants and related compounds in coal technology are the control of coal dust, the purification of coal from admixtures by flotation, the dispersion of coal in water for transportation through pipelines and as a fuel system, the dispersion of coal in fuel with subsequent burning of the coal/oil mixture, demineralization of coal, freeze‐conditioning agents and side‐car release agents for railroad transport of coal. These applications have been reviewed in this order. This overview demonstrates that the use of surfactants in coal technology is rapidly growing with the increasing interest in utilizing coal as a source of energy and that basic studies are in progress to explain the underlying surface chemical phenomenon.