gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Corrosion Monitor Based on Impedance Method (1981)

Theoretical and experimental studies were performed on the impedance characteristics of corroding metal with the aid of a new a-c corrosion monitor. According to the theory of impedance of a mixed potential electrode, the subtraction of the impedance at a high frequency from that at a low frequency yields, in most cases, transfer resistance that is readily reduced to the corrosion rate of the electrode (if an appropriate selection of the two frequencies has been made). By using a superimposed signal of two a-c voltages of 10 kHz and 0.01 Hz, the a-c corrosion monitor was designed to yield either transfer resistance or corrosion current on a recorder in logarithmic scale. The monitor permitted the measurement of the corrosion rate in less-conductive environments, such as tap water, distilled water, and soil. Initiation of localized corrosion was also detected in most cases by a sharp increase in corrosion current. The corrosion currents obtained with the a-c corrosion monitor and by the weight-loss measurement gave a good correlation on various metals under various environments, which cover corrosion rates of 15 to 0.0007 mm/year.
Urokinase Receptors Promote β1 Integrin Function through Interactions with Integrin α3β1 (2001)

The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is linked to cellular migration through its capacity to promote pericellular proteolysis, regulate integrin function, and mediate cell signaling in response to urokinase (uPA) binding. The mechanisms for these activities remain incompletely defined, although uPAR was recently identified as a cis-acting ligand for the beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1). Here we show that a major beta1 integrin partner for uPAR/uPA signaling is alpha3. In uPAR-transfected 293 cells uPAR complexed (>90%) with alpha3beta1 and antibodies to alpha3 blocked uPAR-dependent vitronectin (Vn) adhesion. Soluble uPAR bound to recombinant alpha3beta1 in a uPA-dependent manner (K(d) < 20 nM) and binding was blocked by a 17-mer alpha3beta1 integrin peptide (alpha325) homologous to the CD11b uPAR-binding site. uPAR colocalized with alpha3beta1 in MDA-MB-231 cells and uPA (1 nM) enhanced spreading and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation on fibronectin (Fn) or collagen type I (Col) in a pertussis toxin- and alpha325-sensitive manner. A critical role of alpha3beta1 in uPA signaling was verified by studies of epithelial cells from alpha3-deficient mice. Thus, uPAR preferentially complexes with alpha3beta1, promoting direct (Vn) and indirect (Fn, Col) pathways of cell adhesion, the latter a heterotrimeric G protein-dependent mechanism of signaling between alpha3beta1 and other beta1 integrins.
Changes of organ indices of CBA/Ca inbred mice as function of age. (1989)

Weight changes of seven organs: brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, small intestine, and kidneys, were analyzed during aging of male CBA/Ca inbred mice. Data were collected as absolute organ weights, organ weights related to body, as well as brain weights. It was established that most organs increase their weight up to nearly two years of age, after which there is a dramatic decline. Body weight shows a distinct plateau or constancy along the lifespan of the animals; consequently, body weight seems to be generally the most favorable reference point to express some of the physiological changes and parameters of the aging organism. Variation coefficients of the organ weights generally become higher with age.
GreA protein: a transcription elongation factor from Escherichia coli. (1992)

A protein identified as the 158-amino acid product of the greA gene was isolated from Escherichia coli. When added to a halted ternary transcription complex, the GreA protein induced cleavage and removal of the 3' proximal dinucleotide from the nascent RNA. The new 3' terminus generated by the cleavage could be extended into longer transcripts. GreA-mediated cleavage of a transcript appears to permit a ternary complex to resume transcription from a state of indefinite elongation arrest induced by a specific DNA site. The GreA protein tended to interact with RNA polymerase during purification and recycled between RNA polymerase molecules in the course of the in vitro cleavage reaction. Similar biochemical activities have been reported in eukaryotic RNA polymerases, indicating that transcript cleavage and restart of elongation may be a general transcriptional mechanism.
Uniform oscillating gradient produced by spherical birdcage resonator (1993)

The theory and operation of a resonator which produces a uniform oscillating magnetic field gradient is described. When the resonator is operated at audio frequency, it will produce the oscillating magnetic field gradient required for use in spatial encoding in rapid acquisition magnetic resonance imaging.
The Solution Structures of the Human β-Defensins Lead to a Better Understanding of the Potent Bactericidal Activity of HBD3 against Staphylococcus aureus (2002)

The three human beta-defensins, HBD1--3, are 33--47-residue, cationic antimicrobial proteins expressed by epithelial cells. All three proteins have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, with HBD3 consistently being the most potent. Additionally, HBD3 has significant bactericidal activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus at physiological salt concentrations. We have compared the multimeric state of the three beta-defensins using NMR diffusion spectroscopy, dynamic and static light scattering, and analysis of the migration of the three beta-defensins on a native gel. All three techniques are in agreement, suggesting that HBD-3 is a dimer, while HBD-1 and HBD-2 are monomeric. Subsequently, the NMR solution structures of HBD1 and HBD3 were determined using standard homonuclear techniques and compared with the previously determined solution structure of HBD2. Both HBD1 and HBD3 form well defined structures with backbone root mean square deviations of 0.451 and 0.616 A, respectively. The tertiary structures of all three beta-defensins are similar, with a short helical segment preceding a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet. The surface charge density of each of the defensins is markedly different, with the surface of HBD3 significantly more basic. Analysis of the NMR data and structures led us to suggest that HBD3 forms a symmetrical dimer through strand beta2 of the beta-sheet. The increased anti-Staphylococcal activity of HBD3 may be explained by the capacity of the protein to form dimers in solution at low concentrations, an amphipathic dimer structure, and the increased positive surface charge compared with HBD1 and HBD2.
Machine Learning–Based Trigger Detection of Drilling Events Based on Drilling Data (2017)

Abstract A method is developed to detect the precursors of drilling events based on drilling data such as surface data, wellbore geometry data, lithology (formation characteristics), and downhole measurements from various downhole tools. The drilling events refer to interesting behavior of the drilling system detected or recorded, such as severe vibration, stuck pipe, fluid loss, sudden equivalent circulating density (ECD) changes, etc. The method is based on various machine learning techniques to learn the changing trend of drilling parameters when the drilling events happen. Specifically, the drilling events are first extracted from massive drilling data using defined thresholds and/or criteria. Then, the time series of drilling parameters are represented by symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX). The patterns of these SAX strings are clustered by unsupervised learning and then used for pattern recognition with dynamic time warping (DTW). Finally, the searching pattern recognition is proposed to classify the changing trend of drilling parameters. The traditional SAX method is not suitable for drilling data processing because it assumes that the data should be Gaussian distributed. With the modified SAX, two sets of SAX parameters are used to cluster the time series by unsupervised learning with dynamic time warping distance as measure. It is found that one set of SAX parameters (alphabet size of 5 and 15-data-point window) could yield more reasonable patterns, including flat, ramp up, ramp down, step up, step down, pulse up, and pulse down. The changing trends of drilling parameters are classified to the predefined patterns with shortest DTW distance by using searching pattern recognition method. Finally, several experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method. This is an innovative work to apply the data mining and machine learning techniques to drilling interpretation. It provides a useful way for the remote center to monitor the onset of abnormal drilling events and inform the drillers taking actions to optimize the drilling operation. In addition, it helps the drilling community to understand the triggers of challenging drilling events such as stick/slip, whirling, etc.
Increased risk of cancer in patients with gaucher disease (1993)

The authors conclude that patients with Gaucher disease have a significantly increased risk of cancer, occurring in late adulthood. Of all the cancers, hematologic cancers are significantly more prevalent.
Prime and boost vaccination against HER2/neu in breast cancer (2004)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women with approximately 180,000 new cases being diagnosed yearly in the United States (1). HER2/neu gene amplification and subsequent protein overexpression is found in 20–30% of breast cancer patients and can lead to the promotion of various metastasis-related properties (2–4) and/or resistance to cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation (5). The protein product of the HER2/neu gene, p185, is a proven target for immunological therapy. Recently, passive immunotherapy with the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab® has validated an immunological approach to HER2/neu+ breast cancer. Immunity to HER2/ neu, when found in breast cancer patients, is of low magnitude. Vaccination-induced HER2/neu-specific antibodies and HER2/neu-specific cytotoxic T cells could result in long-lived immunity with therapeutic benefit. Many features of DNA vaccines and attenuated viral vectors may contribute to the efficacy of prime-boost vaccination. In particular, vaccines capable of eliciting strong cell-mediated immunity are thought to hold the greatest promise for control of cancer (6–9). To optimize cellular immunization to HER2/neu in my study, the HER2/neu gene was presented to the immune system using a priming vector followed by a second vector used as the boost. In both animals and humans, priming with DNA and boosting with a poxviruses, vaccinia or canarypox appears to be particularly promising for induction of a broad immune responses (10). I tested three gene vaccines encoding the HER2/neu gene: (1) a plasmid, SINCP, that contains part of the genome of Sindbis virus; (2) Viral Replicon Particles (VRP) of Venezuela Equine Encephalitis virus (VEE) and (3) E1/E2a-deleted human Type 5 Adenovirus. In SINCP and the VRP, the caspid and envelope genes of the virus were deleted and replaced with the gene for HER2/neu. SINCP-neu, VRP- neu and Adeno-neu when used alone were effective vaccines protecting healthy mice from challenge with a breast cancer cell line injected in the mammary fat pad or injected i.v. to induce experimental lung metastasis. However, SINCP-neu, VRP-neu or Adeno-neu when used alone were not able to prolong survival of mice in therapeutic models in which vaccination occurred after injection of a breast cancer cell line. When the vaccines were combined in a mixed regimen of a SINCP- neu prime VRP-neu or Adeno-neu boost, there was a significant difference in tumor growth and survival in the therapeutic vaccine models. In vitro assays demonstrated that vaccination with each of the three vaccines induced IgG specific for p185, the gene product of HER2/neu, induced p185-specific T lymphocytes, as measured by tetramer analysis. Vaccination also induced intracellular INF-γ and a positive ELISPOT assay. These findings indicate that SINCP-neu, VRP-neu and Adeno-neu, used alone or in combination, may have clinical potential as adjuvant immunotherapy for the treatment of HER2/neu-expressing tumors.
Scaling behavior and parasitic series resistance in disordered organic field-effect transistors (2003)

The scaling behavior of the transfer characteristics of solution-processed disordered organic thin-film transistors with channel length is investigated. This is done for a variety of organic semiconductors in combination with gold injecting electrodes. From the channel-length dependence of the transistor resistance in the conducting ON-state, we determine the field-effect mobility and the parasitic series resistance. The extracted parasitic resistance, typically in the MΩ range, depends on the applied gate voltage, and we find experimentally that the parasitic resistance decreases with increasing field-effect mobility.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Living Muscle (1965)

Measurements of nuclear magnetic relaxation times for protons of water in living skeletal frog muscle show the transverse relaxation time, T(2), increases when a muscle contracts isometrically. This result and other experimental data suggest that a fraction of the intracellular water molecules have restricted rotational freedom and that this fraction decreases when contraction occurs.
Dynamical effects of time delays and time delay compensation in power controlled DS-CDMA (2001)

Transmission power control is essential in systems of the third-generation (3G) in order to optimize the bandwidth utilization, which is critical when variable data rates are used. One remaining problem is oscillations in the output powers, due to round-trip delays in the power control loops together with the power up-down command device. The oscillations are naturally quantified using discrete time-describing functions, which are introduced and applied. More importantly, time delay compensation (TDC) is proposed to mitigate the oscillations. When employing TDC, the power control algorithm exhibits greater stability, which is important from a network perspective. Simulations illustrate the oscillations and the benefits of TDC. Moreover, the fading tracking capability is improved, and thus, less fading margin is needed. The results apply not only to wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), but to other direct-sequence (DS) CDMA systems power controlled in a similar manner as well.
MDNet: A Semantically and Visually Interpretable Medical Image Diagnosis Network (2017)

The inability to interpret the model prediction in semantically and visually meaningful ways is a well-known shortcoming of most existing computer-aided diagnosis methods. In this paper, we propose MDNet to establish a direct multimodal mapping between medical images and diagnostic reports that can read images, generate diagnostic reports, retrieve images by symptom descriptions, and visualize attention, to provide justifications of the network diagnosis process. MDNet includes an image model and a language model. The image model is proposed to enhance multi-scale feature ensembles and utilization efficiency. The language model, integrated with our improved attention mechanism, aims to read and explore discriminative image feature descriptions from reports to learn a direct mapping from sentence words to image pixels. The overall network is trained end-to-end by using our developed optimization strategy. Based on a pathology bladder cancer images and its diagnostic reports (BCIDR) dataset, we conduct sufficient experiments to demonstrate that MDNet outperforms comparative baselines. The proposed image model obtains state-of-the-art performance on two CIFAR datasets as well.
A 125Mpixels/sec full-HD MPEG-2/H.264/VC-1 video decoder for Blu-ray applications (2008)

A fully-compliant high-definition video decoder LSI for Blu-ray Disc (BD) player is presented. It supports MPEC-2 MP@HL, H.264 HP@L4.1, and VC-1 AP@L3 video decoding in a single chip and features resource sharing and memory management unit to achieve area/throughput efficiency. A test chip is fabricated and integrates 515 K logic gates with 522 Kbits of embedded SRAM in 90nm single-poly seven-metal CMOS process with area of 5.06 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . For Blu-ray player requirements, video decoding of full 1920times1080 high-definition sequences at 60 frames per second requires 125 Mpixels/sec of processing throughput which is two times higher than comparable designs [5][6] and is achieved at 200 MHz clock frequency with power dissipation of 317 mW at 1.0 V supply voltage.
Application of failure detection filters to the diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures in electronically controlled engines (2003)

The authors discuss the application of detection filters to the diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures in automotive control systems. The detection filter is the embodiment of a model-based failure detection and isolation (FDI) methodology, which utilizes analytical redundancy within a dynamical system (e.g. engine/controller) to isolate the cause and location of abnormal behavior (i.e. failures). The authors present the philosophy and essential features of FDI theory and describe the practical application of the method to the diagnosis of faults in some key sensors in an electronically controlled internal combustion engine.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Normal human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts enhance epithelial migration (restitution) via TGF-β3 (1999)

After injury and loss of epithelial cells, intestinal barrier function is reestablished by migration of viable epithelial cells from the wound edge (restitution). Myofibroblasts are located close to the basal surface of epithelial cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts in epithelial restitution. Primary cultures of subepithelial myofibroblasts were established. Monolayers of the epithelial cell lines IEC-6 and T84 were "wounded" in a standard manner to create an in vitro model of restitution. Migration of epithelial cells across the wound edge was assessed following culture in myofibroblast-conditioned medium. Myofibroblast expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms was examined using RT-PCR, and TGF-beta isoform bioactivity was assessed using Mv 1 Lu bioassay. Myofibroblast-conditioned medium, via a TGF-beta-dependent pathway, significantly enhanced migration of epithelial cells across the wound edge and significantly inhibited cell proliferation in wounded monolayers. Messenger RNA for TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 was detected in the myofibroblasts, and Mv 1 Lu bioassay showed the presence of predominantly bioactive TGF-beta3. This study shows that human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts secrete predominantly bioactive TGF-beta3 and enhance restitution in wounded epithelial monolayers via a TGF-beta-dependent pathway.
Lymphocyte p56<sup>L32</sup> is A RNA/DNA‐Binding Protein which Interacts with Conserved Elements of the Murine L32 Ribosomal Protein mRNA (1995)

In previous studies of the ribosomal protein L32 mRNA, we demonstrated that a conserved polypyrimidine tract found in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) was required for translational regulation in vivo and that a 56-kDa protein (p56L32) from T-lymphocytes specifically interacts with this sequence [Kaspar, R. L., Kakegawa, T., Cranston, H., Morris, D. R. & White, M. W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 508-514]. Here we show that p56L32 binding to the L32 5'-UTR is complex and requires other 5'-UTR RNA sequences in conjunction with the polypyrimidine tract. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that binding of p56L32 to the L32 5'-UTR requires a second RNA element, GGUGGCUGCC, 15 nucleotides downstream from the polypyrimidine tract. In contrast, L32 RNA transcripts altered in this downstream element were good substrates for binding of the polypyrimidine binding proteins from HeLa nuclear extracts, indicating that these proteins have RNA-binding specificities distinct from p56L32. Competition analysis demonstrated that p56L32 will bind to DNA as well as RNA with identical sequence specificity and similar affinity. Single or double-stranded DNAs composed of the L32 5'-UTR sequences were found to specifically compete with L32 RNA transcripts for p56L32 binding. The L32 5'-UTR downstream element, GGUGGCUGCC, which is required for p56L32 binding, has previously been implicated as a transcriptional element of the L32 gene. The ability of p56L32 to bind this sequence as DNA or RNA suggests p56L32 may have a dual role in the regulation of ribosomal protein mRNA accumulation and translation.
Hemoglobin interaction with GP1b  induces platelet activation and apoptosis: a novel mechanism associated with intravascular hemolysis (2015)

Intravascular hemolysis increases the risk of hypercoagulation and thrombosis in hemolytic disorders. Our study shows a novel mechanism by which extracellular hemoglobin directly affects platelet activation. The binding of Hb to glycoprotein1bα activates platelets. Lower concentrations of Hb (0.37-3 μM) significantly increase the phosphorylation of signaling adapter proteins, such as Lyn, PI3K, AKT, and ERK, and promote platelet aggregation in vitro. Higher concentrations of Hb (3-6 μM) activate the pro-apoptotic proteins Bak, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3, and increase platelet clot formation. Increased plasma Hb activates platelets and promotes their apoptosis, and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of aggregation and development of the procoagulant state in hemolytic disorders. Furthermore, we show that in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a chronic hemolytic disease characterized by recurrent events of intravascular thrombosis and thromboembolism, it is the elevated plasma Hb or platelet surface bound Hb that positively correlates with platelet activation.
The β‐Phase of Poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) as a Potential System for Electrically Pumped Organic Lasing (2006)

The β-phase of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) shows a very low amplified spontaneous emission threshold because of its well-resolved emission spectrum. Within the amorphous PFO, the β-phase sites act similar to a dopant as they trap excitons and charges. The figure shows the blue-light-emitting β-phase in a PFO solution.
Research on Effective Thermal Conductance of the Microbolometer (2015)

A three-level model of microbolometer was established by the software of intellisuit. Device thermal conductance Gdev, effective thermal conductance Geff and the theoretical value of device thermal conductance Gthe can be obtained by means of dynamic thermal finite element simulation, dynamic thermoelectric coupling finite element simulation and theoretical calculations respectively. And then the three parameters mentioned above were analyzed and conclusion can be drawn that effective thermal conductance Geff extracted not only can provide some important references for design of microbolometer, but also be more accurate in performance estimating of the device.