gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>High-speed 3D shape measurement using a nonscanning multiple-beam confocal imaging system</title> (1998)

This paper describes a high-speed 3D shape measurement system for in-line semiconductor package inspections. The system consists of three parts. One is an optics and sensor for confocal imaging, which we call a non-scanning multiple- beam confocal microscope. The microscope can get a confocal image within very short time because XY-scanning, which is required in conventional confocal microscopes, is not needed. Another is the algorithm that performs reconstructing the object surfaces accurately from a few confocal images. The last is a mechanism that performs shifting the focused plane of the microscope very quickly. This experimental system can measure objects having a space of 9.6 X 9.6 X 0.64 mm in less than 0.4 s with an accuracy in the order of 1 micrometers .
The therapy of autoimmune diseases by anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody (2005)

Interleukin (IL)-6 plays essential roles not only in the immune response, but also in haematopoiesis and the central nervous system. Deregulated production of IL-6 has been found in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (soJIA), Crohn's disease (CD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, IL-6 activities can explain many symptoms of these diseases. More importantly, serum levels of IL-6 are correlated with disease activity. Based on these facts, the authors planned to develop a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab (previously known as MRA), as a therapeutic agent for these inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Tocilizumab is a neutralising antibody to suppress IL-6 signalling mediated by both membranous and soluble IL-6R. Clinical efficacy of tocilizumab in RA, soJIA, adult-onset Still's disease or CD patients has been discussed in this review. In all of these diseases, tocilizumab has improved the disease activity, suggesting that IL-6 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
A frequent splicing mutation and novel missense mutations color the updated mutational spectrum of classic galactosemia in Portugal (2013)

Classic galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficient galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) activity. Patients develop symptoms in the neonatal period, which can be ameliorated by dietary restriction of galactose. Many patients develop long-term complications, with a broad range of clinical symptoms whose pathophysiology is poorly understood. The high allelic heterogeneity of GALT gene that characterizes this disorder is thought to play a determinant role in biochemical and clinical phenotypes. We aimed to characterize the mutational spectrum of GALT deficiency in Portugal and to assess potential genotype-phenotype correlations. Direct sequencing of the GALT gene and in silico analyses were employed to evaluate the impact of uncharacterized mutations upon GALT functionality. Molecular characterization of 42 galactosemic Portuguese patients revealed a mutational spectrum comprising 14 nucleotide substitutions: ten missense, two nonsense and two putative splicing mutations. Sixteen different genotypic combinations were detected, half of the patients being p.Q188R homozygotes. Notably, the second most frequent variation is a splicing mutation. In silico predictions complemented by a close-up on the mutations in the protein structure suggest that uncharacterized missense mutations have cumulative point effects on protein stability, oligomeric state, or substrate binding. One splicing mutation is predicted to cause an alternative splicing event. This study reinforces the difficulty in establishing a genotype-phenotype correlation in classic galactosemia, a monogenic disease whose complex pathogenesis and clinical features emphasize the need to expand the knowledge on this "cloudy" disorder.
Volume Expansion of Sodium near the Melting Point for Different Impurity Contents (1970)

The volume expansion of sodium with a potassium impurity content of 100, 200, or 500 ppm (mole) was measured by a capillary method. The temperature region covered extended from 60° up to 100°C. (Melting point of pure sodium 97.83°C.) In the temperature region 60° to about 90°C the results, when combined with x-ray measurements of the lattice constant, agree well with published values and theoretical estimates. The formation energy of a single vacancy was found to be 0.40±0.05 eV, and 0.45±0.05 eV; the formation entropy, in units of Boltzmann's constant, to be 7.2±1.5, and 7.05±1.5 for the 100- and 200-ppm specimens, respectively. Extrapolation of the single-vacancy concentration up to the melting point yields 10.5±1.5×10−4 and 9.3±1.5×10−4, respectively, again for the two impurity contents, 100 and 200 ppm. The data taken between 90° and 97°C show an excess volume expansion over the extrapolated single-vacancy values. Several possible mechanisms responsible for this behavior are discussed. The starting point of melting (Tc) was found by a careful analysis of the volume-expansion curves versus temperature and time. A power law holds for the volume expansion in the region 10−6&lt;(Tc−T)/Tc&lt;10−4. The exponential number is 0.66≈2/3, independent of the potassium content of the sodium sample.
Perceptual Quality-Aware Power Reduction Technique for Organic Light Emitting Diodes (2015)

In this paper, a perceptual quality-aware power reduction algorithm is proposed. Structural similarity (SSIM) is a widely used metric to evaluate perceptual image quality between original and processed images in a display. The proposed algorithm linearly changes the curve for the gray-level mapping between the input and output considering the target SSIM value. It then modifies the SSIM equation based on the modified curve and extracts the solution, which is the slope of the curve, from the equation. Finally, the algorithm optimally controls image quality by changing the slope of the gray-level mapping curve. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm preserves image quality, regardless of image characteristics. In particular, the average SSIM and peak signal-to-noise-ratio values of the proposed algorithm were up to 0.021 and 11.203 dB higher than those of the benchmark algorithm. In addition, the average computation time of the proposed algorithm was up to 0.619 μs per pixel lower than that of the benchmark algorithm.
Sex differences in nutrient‐dependent reproductive ageing (2009)

Evolutionary theories of aging predict that fitness-related traits, including reproductive performance, will senesce because the strength of selection declines with age. Sexual selection theory predicts, however, that male reproductive performance (especially sexual advertisement) will increase with age. In both bodies of theory, diet should mediate age-dependent changes in reproductive performance. In this study, we show that the sexes exhibit dramatic, qualitative differences in age-dependent reproductive performance trajectories and patterns of reproductive ageing in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. In females, fecundity peaked early in adulthood and then declined. In contrast, male sexual advertisement increased across the natural lifespan and only declined well beyond the maximum field lifespan. These sex differences were robust to deviations from sex-specific dietary requirements. Our results demonstrate that sexual selection can be at least as important as sex-dependent mortality in shaping the signal of reproductive ageing.
Biodegradable polymer films for releasing nanovehicles containing sirolimus (2009)

To obtain novel biodegradable sirolimus-releasing polymer films that could release nanovehicles incorporating sirolimus, polyester, a water-soluble amphiphilic phospholipid polymer, and sirolimus were blended. The sirolimus-releasing polymer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Nanovehicles were formed with the phospholipid polymer chains and could be released from the sirolimus-releasing polymer films. The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanovehicles in phosphate-buffered saline was smaller than 20 nm. The nanovehicles substantially enhanced the carrier-mediated delivery of sirolimus and attenuated its degradation product. This study demonstrates that the delivery of sirolimus was enhanced by nanovehicles released from sirolimus-eluting materials.
Augmenting the virtual domain with physical and social elements (2004)

In this paper, means of enriching computer entertainment experiences by emphasizing physical and social game elements are discussed. A conceptual framework in which the relations between the virtual, the physical, and the social domains are modeled is presented. Interfaces that mediate between the domains are discussed along with a complementary software architecture that helps developing hybrid computer games. Finally, sample games that follow the approach of physical and social augmentation are presented.
Optical V(z) for high-resolution 2π surface plasmon microscopy (2000)

Surface plasmons are electromagnetic surface waves whose k vectors are greater than that of free-space radiation. We excite surface plasmons by using an oil-immersion lens, which forms one arm of an interferometer. We demonstrate the way in which the characteristic output variation with defocus is determined by the propagation properties of the surface plasmons, which leads to diffraction-limited surface plasmon microscopy in the far field.
Real-time 3D head pose and facial landmark estimation from depth images using triangular surface patch features (2015)

We present a real-time system for 3D head pose estimation and facial landmark localization using a commodity depth sensor. We introduce a novel triangular surface patch (TSP) descriptor, which encodes the shape of the 3D surface of the face within a triangular area. The proposed descriptor is viewpoint invariant, and it is robust to noise and to variations in the data resolution. Using a fast nearest neighbor lookup, TSP descriptors from an input depth map are matched to the most similar ones that were computed from synthetic head models in a training phase. The matched triangular surface patches in the training set are used to compute estimates of the 3D head pose and facial landmark positions in the input depth map. By sampling many TSP descriptors, many votes for pose and landmark positions are generated which together yield robust final estimates. We evaluate our approach on the publicly available Biwi Kinect Head Pose Database to compare it against state-of-the-art methods. Our results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of both pose and landmark location estimates while maintaining real-time speed.
Exceptional high Seebeck coefficient and gas-flow-induced voltage in multilayer graphene (2012)

Seebeck coefficient of graphene is an important parameter for defining its thermoelectric performance and thus practical applications, such as gas-flow-induced voltage. Here, we find a unique layer-dependence of the graphene Seebeck coefficient that exceptionally increases with increasing thickness to reach a peak value at six layers that is ∼77% higher than monolayer and ∼296% higher than graphite, unlike the monotonic decrease in electric resistance. However, the gas flow-induced voltage is significantly higher in 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 layered graphene samples than in 1, 3, and 8 layered ones, against the prevailing wisdom that it should be proportional to Seebeck coefficient.
Effective use of Boolean satisfiability procedures in the formal verification of superscalar and VLIW microprocessors (2001)

We compare SAT-checkers and decision diagrams on the evaluation of Boolean formulas produced in the formal verification of both correct and buggy versions of superscalar and VLIW microprocessors. We identify one SAT-checker that significantly outperforms the rest. We evaluate ways to enhance its performance by variations in the generation of the Boolean correctness formulas. We reassess optimizations previously used to speed up the formal verification and probe future challenges.
Immunoassay of rheumatoid factor by latex particle counting. (1987)

We assayed rheumatoid factor by instrumental latex particle counting. The calibration curve ranged from 12.5 to 500 int. units/mL. Maximal within- and between-assay CVs were 5 and 11%, respectively. Analytical recoveries ranged from 92.4 to 108%, and the relation between results and dilutions was linear in the range of 15 to 400 int. units/mL. Correlation with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA, Cordia kit) was r = 0.934 (n = 58), with turbidimetry r = 0.825 (n = 100), and with the Waaler-Rose test r = 0.834 (n = 73). Of 260 blood donors, 95% gave a value less than 10 kilo-int. units/L, which was taken as the upper normal limit. In a population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 47), 87.2% had rheumatoid factor greater than 10 kilo-int. units/L.
Verapamil and Its Derivative Trigger Apoptosis through Glutathione Extrusion by Multidrug Resistance Protein MRP1 (2004)

This study demonstrates that verapamil and a newly synthesized verapamil derivative, NMeOHI(2), behave as apoptogens in multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1)-expressing cells. When treated with either verapamil or NMeOHI(2), surprisingly, baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK) cells transfected with human MRP1 were killed. Because parental BHK cells were not, as well as cells expressing an inactive (K1333L) MRP1 mutant, this indicated that cell death involved functional MRP1 transporter. Cell death was identified as apoptosis by using annexin V-fluorescein labeling and was no longer observed in the presence of the caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH(2)F (Z-VAD-FMK). In vitro, both verapamil and its derivative inhibited leukotriene C4 transport by MRP1-enriched membrane vesicles in a competitive manner, with a K(i) of 48.6 microm for verapamil and 5.5 microm for NMeOHI(2,) and stimulated reduced glutathione (GSH) transport 3-fold and 9-fold, respectively. Treatment of MRP1-expressing cells with either verapamil or the derivative quickly depleted intracellular GSH content with a strong decrease occurring in the first hour of treatment, which preceded cell death beginning at 8-16 h. Furthermore, addition of GSH to the media efficiently prevented cell death. Therefore, verapamil and its derivative trigger apoptosis through stimulation of GSH extrusion mediated by MRP1. This new information on the mechanism of induced apoptosis of MDR cells may represent a novel approach in the selective treatment of MRP1-positive tumors.
Investigation of Fracture Toughning Mechanisms of Asphalt Concrete using the Clustered Discrete Element Method (2008)

Investigation of Fracture Toughning Mechanisms of Asphalt Concrete using the Clustered Discrete Element Method
The Role of Microstructure on Microwave Dielectric Properties of (Ba,Sr)TiO <sub>3</sub> Ceramics (2015)

Microstructural effects on the microwave dielectric properties of (Ba 0.4 Sr 0.6 )TiO 3 ( BST ) polycrystalline ceramics were investigated, focusing on the grain size. Sintering temperatures between 1350°C and 1500°C have a strong effect on the permittivity (880 < ε r < 990), quality factor (570 GHz < Q × f < 1150 GHz), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (3920 ppm/°C < τ f < 4560 ppm/°C) at microwave frequency (≈1.4 GHz). The tunable permittivity characteristics (measured at 10 kHz), were also found to be sensitive to the sintering process, demonstrating the possibility of tailoring material property by designed processing. In addition, the effect of the sintering process on grain structure was investigated by XRD calculation and Raman scattering characterization. Less confined phonons were believed to contribute to the enhanced microwave performance as an intrinsic effect (grain size effect), for samples with higher sintering temperature and longer dwell time. On the contrary, the macroscopic properties tend to saturate (or deteriorate), for samples at intensified sintering condition, being thought to be dominated by the extrinsic factors (such as the abundant defects in large grains), as confirmed by the SEM observations.
New Drugs for Asthma (1992)

Asthma is a major and increasing global health problem and, despite major advances in therapy, many patients' symptoms are not adequately controlled. Treatment with combination inhalers, which contain a corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist, is the most effective current therapy. There is therefore a search for new therapies, particularly safe and effective oral treatments and those that are more efficacious in severe asthma. New therapies in development include mediator antagonists and inhibitors of cytokines, although these therapies might be too specific to be very effective. New anti-inflammatory therapies include corticosteroids and inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. The prospects for a curative treatment are on the horizon.
Radioimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer (2005)

Monoclonal antibodies, selected for their ability to recognize and bind tumor-specific antigens, are a promising vehicle for systemic antitumor therapy. Radioimmunotherapy utilizes radioisotopes conjugated to monoclonal antibodies to deliver tumoricidal radiation doses. In the >20 years since
GnRH antagonist in single-dose applications (2000)

Previous studies on ovarian stimulation have confirmed the efficacy of a single dose of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, Cetrorelix, in preventing premature LH surges. The single-dose protocol is easy to use and assures patient compliance. When compared with the long protocol using a depot administration of the GnRH agonist, triptorelin, the IVF results in patients treated with Cetrorelix showed a shorter treatment duration, reduced amount of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) required and a lower occurrence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The pregnancy rates did not differ significantly between the two treatments. The use of Cetrorelix in natural cycles associated with gonadotrophins reduced the rate of premature LH surges and, therefore, the cancellation rate. The stimulation was minimal and the preliminary pregnancy rates were satisfactory. If a larger study confirms the results of the natural cycle with HMG support, the single-dose administration of GnRH antagonist could represent an interesting first-choice IVF treatment in selected indications. The tolerance of Cetrorelix was excellent in all patients, with only mild and transitory reactions at the injection site. New GnRH antagonists are already available for clinical use in some countries, and they will certainly change ovarian stimulation protocols. If the pregnancy rates are confirmed, the main advantages of these new compounds are the reduction in side-effects and complications of the stimulation protocol; a clear benefit to the patients.
Improved β-Elimination-Based Affinity Purification Strategy for Enrichment of Phosphopeptides (2003)

Alkaline-induced beta-elimination of phosphate from phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues followed by addition of an affinity tag has recently been pursued as a strategy for enriching phosphorylated species from complex mixtures. Here we report the use of an introduced thiol tag as the ligand for affinity purification via disulfide exchange with an activated thiol resin and the development of a protocol to improve the sensitivity considerably over previous reports (i.e., to subpicomole levels.) During our experiments, we observed a side reaction in which water was eliminated from unmodified serine residues. This side reaction resulted in the introduction of the affinity tag into unphosphorylated proteins, confounding attempts to specifically purify phosphoproteins from mixtures. Unchecked, this side reaction will also prevent application of the beta-elimination strategy to phosphopeptide samples where the phosphorylated species are minor components (i.e., most current phosphoproteomics applications). Quantitation of the side reaction products using three synthetic unphosphorylated peptides showed varying conversion efficiencies; at maximum, 1.7% of unphosphorylated peptide was converted to the affinity-tagged form. Inclusion of EDTA into the reaction reduced the side reaction but also greatly reduced the conversion efficiency of one of the phosphoserine residues of ovalbumin, suggesting a role for trace metal ions in the beta-elimination chemistry. Despite the presence of the side reaction, the affinity strategy was shown to be effective at enriching phosphopeptides from fairly complex peptide mixtures. The strategy was applied to the analysis of in vitro phosphorylation of bovine synapsin I by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, resulting in the identification of four phosphorylation sites, two of which have not been previously reported.
Data Analysis with Bayesian Networks: A Bootstrap Approach (2013)

In recent years there has been significant progress in algorithms and methods for inducing Bayesian networks from data. However, in complex data analysis problems, we need to go beyond being satisfied with inducing networks with high scores. We need to provide confidence measures on features of these networks: Is the existence of an edge between two nodes warranted? Is the Markov blanket of a given node robust? Can we say something about the ordering of the variables? We should be able to address these questions, even when the amount of data is not enough to induce a high scoring network. In this paper we propose Efron's Bootstrap as a computationally efficient approach for answering these questions. In addition, we propose to use these confidence measures to induce better structures from the data, and to detect the presence of latent variables.
Purification and characterization of a maltase from the extremely thermophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus (1995)

A soluble maltase (alpha-glucosidase) with an apparent subunit mass of 80 kDa was purified to homogeneity from Sulfolobus solfataricus. The enzyme liberates glucose from maltose and malto-oligomers. Maximal activity was observed at 105 degrees C, with half-lives of 11 h (85 degrees C), 3.0 h (95 degrees C), and 2.75 h (100 degrees C). The enzyme was generally resistant to proteolysis and denaturants including aliphatic alcohols. n-Propanol treatment at 85 degrees C increased both Km and Vmax for maltose hydrolysis.