gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Camptothecin cytotoxicity in mammalian cells is associated with the induction of persistent double strand breaks in replicating DNA (1991)

Camptothecin is a specific topoisomerase I poison and is highly cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. In the present study, we show, using a pulse field gel electrophoresis assay, that camptothecin induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically in newly replicated DNA. Camptothecin induces these replication associated DNA DSBs in a dose-dependent manner. At levels of the drug which are toxic to the cell, these breaks are long-lived, and still measurable 24 hr after treatment. Both camptothecin induced DSBs and cytotoxicity are prevented by co-exposure with aphidicolin--a result which indicates that ongoing DNA synthesis is required for the production of DNA DSBs and cell killing. It has been proposed that camptothecin toxicity involves an interaction between the replication machinery and a drug-mediated topoisomerase I-DNA cleavable complex. The present work indicates, for the first time in mammalian cellular DNA, that one possible outcome of this interaction is a replication-associated DSB, a lesion which is likely to be highly cytotoxic.
Antibodies directed against N-terminal residues on actin do not block acto-myosin binding (1987)

Several studies using a variety of approaches have suggested a possible role for the amino-terminal residues of skeletal muscle actin in acto-myosin interaction. In order to assess the significance of acto-S-1 contacts involving the N-terminal segment of actin, we have prepared polyclonal antisera against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the seven amino-terminal residues of rabbit skeletal muscle actin (alpha-N-terminal peptide). Affinity-purified immunoglobulin (Ig) G (and Fab) prepared from these antisera reacts strongly and specifically with the amino-terminal segment of both G- and F-actin but not with myosin subfragment 1 (S-1). This specificity was determined by Western blot analysis of actin and its proteolytic fragments and the inhibition of the above reactivity by the alpha-N-terminal peptide. The alpha-N-terminal peptide did not interact with S-1 in solution, affect S-1 and actin-activated S-1 MgATPase, or cause dissociation of the acto-S-1 complex. In separate experiments F-actin could be cosedimented with S-1 and affinity-purified IgG or Fab by using an air-driven ultracentrifuge. Densitometric analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels of pellet and supernatant fractions from such experiments demonstrated the binding of both S-1 and IgG or Fab to the same F-actin protomer. Our results suggest that, while the acidic N-terminal amino acids of actin may contact the myosin head, these residues cannot be the main determinants of acto-S-1 interaction.
Estimating Full IM240 Emissions from Partial Test Results: Evidence from Arizona (1998)

The expense and inconvenience of enhanced vehicle emissions testing using the full 240-second dynamometer test has led states to search for ways to shorten the test process. In fact, all states that currently use the IM240 allow some type of fast-pass, usually as early in the test as second 31, and Arizona allows vehicles to fast-fail after second 93. While these shorter tests save states millions of dollars in inspection lanes and driver costs, there is a loss in information since test results are no longer comparable across vehicles. This paper presents a methodology for estimating full 240 second results from partial-test results for three pollutants: HC, CO and NOx. Using random sample of vehicles in Arizona which received full 240 second tests, we use regression analysis to estimate the relationship between emissions at second 240 and emissions at earlier seconds in the test. We examine the influence of other variables such as age, model-year group, and the pollution level itself on this relationship. We then use the estimated coefficients in several applications. First, we attempt to shed light on the frequent assertion that the results of the dynamometer test provide guidance for vehicle repair of failing vehicles. Using a probit analysis, we find that the probability that a failing vehicle will passing the test on the first retest is greater the longer the test has progressed. Second, we test the accuracy of our estimates for forecasting fleet emissions from partial test emissions results in Arizona. We find that forecast fleet average emissions are very close to the actual fleet averages.
Antisera against a guanine nucleotide binding protein from retina cross-react with the beta subunit of the adenylyl cyclase-associated guanine nucleotide binding proteins, Ns and Ni. (1985)

Antisera were produced in rabbits against a guanine nucleotide binding protein (N protein), transducin, purified from bovine retina. Antiserum AS/1, which recognized all three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) of the holoprotein, was tested for cross-reactivity with the subunits of the adenylyl cyclase [adenylate cyclase; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1]-associated stimulatory (Ns) and inhibitory (Ni) N proteins purified from human erythrocytes. As/1 showed strong reactivity against the beta subunits of both Ns and Ni but failed to cross-react with either the alpha or gamma subunits of Ns and Ni. Seven additional antisera against transducin reacted with the beta subunits but not with the alpha or gamma subunits of Ns and Ni. A single antiserum against transducin reacted with the alpha subunit of Ni but not of Ns. Immunostaining of the beta subunits of Ns and Ni was proportional to the amount of beta subunit blotted and to the antiserum concentration. Immunostaining of either human erythrocyte or bovine cerebral cortical plasma membrane proteins with AS/1 showed a single band, comigrating with the beta subunit of transducin; this band was absent in bovine erythrocyte membranes. Estimation of the amount of beta subunit by immunoblotting with AS/1 showed that the beta subunit comprises approximately equal to 2% of bovine cerebral cortical plasma membrane protein, approximately equal to 100-fold more than in human erythrocyte membranes. These findings provide immunochemical evidence for similarities in the beta subunits and differences in the alpha and gamma subunits of this family of N proteins. Antisera against transducin react specifically with the beta subunits of Ns and Ni in crude plasma membranes and, thus, can serve as specific probes for the beta subunit.
Anaerobic treatment applications and fundamentals: substrate specificity during phase separation (1994)

ABSTRACT: The effect of phase separation on anaerobic biodegradation was evaluated in terms of thermodynamic principles. Individual components of common wastewaters were considered, and results indicate that the response of different substrates to phase‐separated anaerobic treatment is diverse. A key element is the response of soluble substrates to acidification when syntrophic relationships are eliminated and biological reactions that require syntrophic relationships are altered. The acidification of carbohydrates and some proteins is thermodynamically favorable. In contrast, the acidification of fatty acids and aromatics is not thermodynamically favorable unless a sink for reducing equivalents is available. Reported data are consistent with this analysis and phase separation has been observed to enhance the treatment of carbohydrate wastewaters. In addition, the potential for detoxification of specific inhibitory compounds under acidifying conditions has been observed. Whether or not treatment of certain substrates will be enhanced by phase separation should be considered in the choice of reactor design, recognizing that various reactor designs exhibit different degrees of phase separation. This paper presents an overview on how phase‐separated treatment affects the biodegradation of specific substrates and relates this to the selection of reactor designs.
Natural surfactants used in cosmetics: glycolipids (2009)

Cosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.
Design and experiment of generalized triple-cross-spring flexure pivots applied to the ultra-precision instruments (2014)

Owing to the excellent performance, the generalized cross-spring flexure pivots (GCSFP), formed by two symmetric crossing leaves at an arbitrary position along the radial direction, had been widely used in precision instruments. However, the accuracy of GCSFPs is lower than the required one for some ultra-precision instruments. Especially for the large angles, the axis drift of GCSFPs cannot be ignored. By adding a spring to a GCSFP, a novel flexure pivot, which called generalized triple-cross-spring flexure pivot (GTCSFP), can be obtained. Finite element analysis shows that GTCSFPs can achieve ultra-high precision. The axis drift is less than 0.3 μm for a ±10° motion range. Several prototypes of GTCSFP were designed and manufactured. Rotational stiffness, radial stiffness, axial stiffness, axis drift, temperature drift, and fatigue life were measured. The result shows that GTCSFPs have many advantages, such as high precision, long service life, large movement range, and high off-axis/axial stiffness ratio. Thus, GTCSFPs have potential applications in the field of precision instruments.
A model for simultaneous measurement of gas and solid holdups in a bubble column using ultrasonic method (1995)

Abstract The ultrasonic method developed to measure the dispersed phase holdups in dispersion systems is based on the fact that the velocity of ultrasound in the dispersion is different from that in the liquid. The relationships between velocity differences in the term of transmission time differences of ultrasound and gas holdup in a gas‐liquid system and solid holdup in a liquid‐solid system were derived. The holdups became linearly dependent on the time differences, which is in agreement with the experimental data. Based on those relations, a model for simultaneous measurement of gas and solid holdups in three‐phase systems is proposed. The model permits measurement of the dispersed phase holdups by measuring the transmission time of ultrasound transmitted through the dispersions in two frequencies. It allows investigation of local holdups distributions in a bubble column and in a suspended bubble column.
Establishment of a chinese hamster ovary cell line that expresses grp78 antisense transcripts and suppresses A23187 induction of both GRP78 and GRP94 (1992)

GRP78, a 78,000 dalton protein residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, is postulated to play important roles in protein folding and cell survival during calcium and other physiological stress. Here we describe the construction of an eukaryotic expression vector for the constitutive expression of grp78 antisense RNA and the creation of a CHO cell line, 78WO, which expresses high levels of the grp78 antisense RNA through amplification of the stably transfected antisense vector. We observed that whereas 78WO maintains a basal level of GRP78 similar to that of control cells, GRP78 is no longer inducible by A23187. The 78WO cells have undergone a compensatory increase in grp78 transcription such that the effects of antisense are cancelled out at the protein level under nonstressed conditions. In these same cells, GRP94, a 94,00 dalton ER protein, is also rendered noninducible by A23187. This provides the first evidence that the regulation of two ER proteins might be coupled such that the failure to induce GRP78 results in the down-regulation of GRP94. The 78WO cell line grows with a doubling time of about 26 hr and exhibits decreased tolerance to A23187, suggesting the GRPs contribute to cell viability under calcium stress. The establishment of this cell line, which can be stably maintained, will provide a useful tool for testing whether the induction of the GRPs is important for protein folding or transport and whether their enhanced synthesis is the cause or consequence of a variety of physiological adaptations.
Low-Temperature Annealing: A Process to Mitigate Irradiation-Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (1995)

Low-temperature (400°C to 500°C) annealing (LTA) treatments were conducted on type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel (SS) that had been irradiated to fast neutron fluences from 1.74 x 1021 n/cm2 to 2.95 x 1021 n/cm2 (E [energy] &gt; 1 MeV). The purpose of these treatments was to restore the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of the unirradiated material. Certain treatments that were conducted at sufficiently high temperatures and for sufficient times were successful in restoring part or all of the preirradiation SCC and hardness properties. Complete restoration of the SCC properties was observed before restoration of the preirradiation hardness. SCC resistance was measured in constant extension rate tensile (CERT) and constant-deflection tests. The effectiveness of a given LTA treatment was found to depend upon the type of SCC test.
The Buffer Gas Beam: An Intense, Cold, and Slow Source for Atoms and Molecules (2012)

Beams of atoms and molecules are stalwart tools for\nspectroscopy and studies of collisional processes. The\nsupersonic expansion technique can create cold beams of\nmany species of atoms and molecules. However, the resulting beam is typically moving at a speed of 300−600 m s^(−1) in the laboratory frame and, for a large class of species, has insufficient flux (i.e., brightness) for important applications. In contrast, buffer gas beams can be a superior method in many cases, producing cold and relatively slow atoms and molecules (see Figure 1) in the laboratory frame with high brightness and great versatility. There are basic differences between supersonic and buffer gas cooled beams regarding particular technological advantages and constraints. At present, it is clear that not all of the possible variations on the buffer gas method have been studied. In this review, we will present a survey of the current\nstate of the art in buffer gas beams, and explore some of the possible future directions that these new methods might take.
Multiple-Energy X-ray Holography with Atomic Resolution (1999)

Multiple-energy x-ray holography (MEXH) is a particular implementation of an x-ray holographic method capable of directly imaging atomic structures in the bulk, at surfaces and interfaces of solids. It utilizes an interference field generated by incident and scattered x-rays within the sample, then determines its strength at specific atomic sites from integral fluorescence yields. Scanning large portions of reciprocal space, a hologram is recorded, which can be converted to a real space image by Fourier transformation. Image aberrations that adversely affect results in single-energy techniques are successfully avoided in this novel multi-energy version.
In vitro activity of E-1040, a novel cephalosporin with potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1988)

The in vitro activity of E-1040 [(6R,7R)-3-[(4-carbamoyl-1-quinuclidinio)methyl]-7-[2-(5-amino-1,2 ,4- thiadiazol-3-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetoamido]-8-oxo-5-thia- 1- azabicyclo(4,2,0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate], a novel cephalosporin, was compared with that of ceftazidime, cefpirome, cefepime, imipenem, and gentamicin. E-1040 inhibited 50% of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus and Neisseria species at less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml, and the MIC for 90% of strains tested ranged from 0.06 to 2 micrograms/ml. It was two- to fourfold more active than ceftazidime and similar in activity to cefepime and cefpirome. It inhibited Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Morganella species that were resistant to ceftazidime. E-1040 inhibited imipenem-, piperacillin-, aztreonam-, and tobramycin-resistant P. aeruginosa. It was less active against Xanthomonas maltophilia and P. cepacia but inhibited other Pseudomonas species. The activity of E-1040 against staphylococci and hemolytic streptococci was similar to that of ceftazidime, but E-1040 was less active than cefepime and cefpirome. It did not inhibit Bacteroides spp. There was no inoculum effect or medium effect, and MBCs were within a dilution of MICs. Plasmid beta-lactamases TEM-1, TEM-2, TEM-3 (CTX-1), SHV-1, Staphylococcus aureus, PSE, and CARB did not hydrolyze E-1040. Chromosomal beta-lactamases P99 and K-1 did not hydrolyze E-1040; E-1040 had poor affinity for these enzymes, with a Ki of greater than 100 microM.
Perception of Species Cuteness and Similarity to Self: The Willingness to Assist Endangered Species (2000)

In this study, the way people perceive animals and how this perception affects human empathy toward animals were examined. Participants were 92 college students, with a mean age of 23.3 years. Stimuli consisted of a scenario concerning the status of a hypothetically endangered species as well as a pictorial rating of cute and non-cute primates and non-primate mammals. Results showed that participants felt more empathy toward animals that were both cute and primates. Primates possessing less than three cuteness features were rated as more similar to humans than primates possessing more than three cuteness features. However, both of these stimuli groups were rated as more similar to humans than the non-primate mammals. Empathy scores may have been high due to the considerable amount of animal-related experience that the participants reported. Human perception of animals may be important to the efforts to save endangered species.
In-orbit servicing (1975)

A concept called the low-cost modular spacecraft, in which the subsystems would be contained in replaceable modules and which would be capable of various applications, is under engineering development. Studies have shown that servicing of such a spacecraft on orbit by the Space Shuttle over an extended lifetime is more economical than three other alternatives: launching replacement satellites on conventional boosters as existing satellites fail, launching replacements by Shuttle, or launching replacement satellites and retrieving malfunctioning satellites by Shuttle. For on-orbit servicing, the Shuttle would use its Remote Manipulator system (RMS) to bring the malfunctioning satellite into its cargo bay. The Flight Support System (FSS) on the Orbiter used for servicing the satellite would include an appendage storage frame, a retention cradle, a positioning platform, a Module Exchange Mechanism (MEM), and a storage magazine. Ground simulations are under way with the Orbiter mockup.
Performance comparison of layered space time codes (2003)

Multiple antenna systems have the potential to provide a high capacity wireless communication system. The spectral efficiency of space time trellis coding (STTC) is limited by the encoder structure. The layered space time (LST) architecture can overcome this problem. Three different LST schemes are presented. An improved iterative parallel interference canceller (PIC) method is applied at the receiver. A significant performance improvement is achieved compared to the standard PIC. Simulation results of three various layer structures are compared with low density parity check (LDPC) and convolutional codes as component codes.
Tumour necrosis factor α decreases glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression by activation of nuclear factor κB (2004)

The key insulin-regulated gluconeogenic enzyme G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase) has an important function in the control of hepatic glucose production. Here we examined the inhibition of G6Pase gene transcription by TNF (tumour necrosis factor) in H4IIE hepatoma cells. TNF decreased dexamethasone/dibtuyryl cAMP-induced G6Pase mRNA levels. TNFalpha, but not insulin, led to rapid activation of NFkappaB (nuclear factor kappaB). The adenoviral overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of IkappaBalpha (inhibitor of NFkappaB alpha) prevented the suppression of G6Pase expression by TNFalpha, but did not affect that by insulin. The regulation of G6Pase by TNF was not mediated by activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Reporter gene assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent down-regulation of G6Pase promoter activity by the transient overexpression of NFkappaB. Although two binding sites for NFkappaB were identified within the G6Pase promoter, neither of these sites, nor the insulin response unit or binding sites for Sp proteins, was necessary for the regulation of G6Pase promoter activity by TNFalpha. In conclusion, the data indicate that the activation of NFkappaB is sufficient to suppress G6Pase gene expression, and is required for the regulation by TNFalpha, but not by insulin. We propose that NFkappaB does not act by binding directly to the G6Pase promoter.
Comparative Investigations of the Packing and Ambient Stability of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols on Gold and Silver by Friction Force Microscopy (2004)

The frictional behavior of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by the adsorption of alkanethiols onto silver surfaces has been investigated by friction force microscopy (FFM) and compared with the behavior observed for SAMs on gold. Monolayers have been formed from adsorbates with different terminal group functionalities and alkyl chain lengths. Significant differences in frictional behavior are observed for monolayers on the two different substrates, and these may be interpreted in terms of variations in the packing density of the adsorbate molecules. The collapse of monolayer order following ambient oxidation may conveniently be studied using FFM, revealing that methyl terminated SAMs on silver exhibit substantially enhanced stability as a consequence of their increased packing density. Behavior is different for carboxylic acid terminated SAMs, indicating that the constraints on the packing of the two types of adsorbate are different.
High-efficiency large-angle Pancharatnam phase deflector based on dual-twist design (2017)

We have previously shown through simulation that an optical beam deflector based on the Pancharatnam (geometric) phase can provide high efficiency with up to 80° deflection using a dual-twist structure for polarization-state control [Appl. Opt.54, 10035 (2015)]. In this report, we demonstrate that its optical performance is as predicted and far beyond what could be expected for a conventional diffractive optical device. We provide details about construction and characterization of a ± 40° beam-steering device with 90% diffraction efficiency based on our dual-twist design at a 633nm wavelength.