gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transverse Hall and Magnetoresistance Effects in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:math>-Type Germanium (1954)

Modification of the two-band model to include existence of a small number of high-mobility holes permits calculations of the magnitude, temperature dependence, and magnetic-field dependence of Hall and magnetoresistance effects in high-purity $p$-type germanium, which are in excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data. For a specimen containing 4.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ acceptors/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the data indicate at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the presence of 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ positive carriers/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ with a mobility of 15 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec. At 205\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K these high-mobility holes increase the magnetoresistance at weak fields by a factor of 25 and the Hall coefficient by 1.6. Results indicate that Hall mobilities computed by taking the product $R\ensuremath{\sigma}$ must be interpreted with caution, or unwarranted inferences may be drawn. For the specimens studied, mobilities computed from the Hall data, by using equations based on spherical energy surfaces but taking into account the fast holes and the values of the magnetic fields, agree within experimental error with the values obtained by other methods. Discussion of the fast holes in connection with valence band degeneracy, cyclotron resonance observations, and interband optical transitions is given. The desirability of using data taken at large and at very small magnetic fields in analyzing galvanomagnetic phenomena is emphasized.
Single‐scan volume‐selective spectral editing by homonuclear polarization transfer (1989)

An RF and field gradient pulse sequence is presented permitting the single-scan volume-selective spectral editing of the signals of coupled spins. The attribute "single scan" means that the editing of resonance lines is performed in each accumulation or phase cycling scan rather than by subtraction of independently acquired signals. As an example the methyl line of lactate has been investigated. The method is considered to be a useful tool in biomedical research using lactate as an ischemic parameter. The basic principles applied are the VOSY pulse scheme for volume selection and the INEPT sequence for homonuclear polarization transfer from the CH to the CH3 groups. As an intrinsically single-scan editing method ("homonuclear single-scan VOSING procedure"), the pulse train is expected to provide results that are more reliable than the two-scan subtraction methods previously reported.
Integration of germanium waveguide photodetectors for intrachip optical interconnects (2005)

The main characteristics of germanium photodetectors integrated in silicon-on-insulator optical waveguides for intrachip optical interconnects are presented. The epitaxial Ge layers are grown on Si(001) by reduced-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The optical absorption of Ge layers is recorded from 1.2 to 1.7 µm and linked to the layer strain. The responsivity of an interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal Ge photodetector has been measured. Light coupling from a slightly etched submicron rib silicon-on-insulator waveguide to a Ge photodetector is studied for two configurations: butt coupling and vertical coupling.
Adaptive search window size algorithm for fast motion estimation in H.264/AVC standard (2005)

H.264/AVC is a new recommendation for moving picture coding, in which a lot of new techniques are used for improving encoding efficiency and reducing the bit-rate. However, it involves an exhaustive motion search across multiple block sizes and multiple reference frames leading to a linear increase in processing time. Although, the encoding quality is improved, the complexity of the encoder and computational cost are increased at the same time. We reduce the computational cost by reducing the search space without significant loss in quality. Results show that there is at least 90% reduction in computation with a maximum loss of 1.4dB.
Electrochemical Polishing of Copper for Microelectronic Applications (2003)

Electrochemical polishing (ECP) of copper using hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid (HEDP) has been investigated as an alternative to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for integration of low-k dialectrics in microelectronic devices. An optimal copper ECP process produces smooth polishing and a fast removal rate. For this investigation copper anodic polarisation curves in HEDP-phosphoric acid solutions were measured and copper ECP effects in various HEDP-phosphoric acid solutions were examined. Copper surface smoothing effects in various HEDP-phosphoric acid solutions were evaluated with atomic force microscopy. It was shown that HEDP and HEDP-phosphoric acid solutions have polarisation curves with a limited current plateau characteristic of ECP. Twenty to forty per cent of HEDP solutions had a maximum limiting current density of ∼80 A cm -2 . Adding phosphoric acid to HEDP solutions increased the limiting current to a maximum, beyond which further addition caused a decrease. An optimal ECP effect (removal rate = 1.8 μm min -1 , 80% reduction in mean roughness) was achieved with a solution of 30HEDP + 30H 3 PO 4 + 40H 2 O (vol.-%). A higher removal rate was achieved by decreasing the concentration of phosphoric acid, but this resulted in a reduction of the smoothing effect.
The handbook of credit derivatives (1999)

Today's most important new asset class -- credit derivatives -- has grown from $5 billion to $50 billion in just one year! The Handbook of Credit Derivatives describes every aspect of these volatile instruments, from their applications in various industries to pricing, accounting and legal questions and what the future holds. It is a clear and complete overview that will give professionals everywhere, from every industry, a complete and intuitive understanding of the credit derivatives marketplace.
Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach (1982)

A workbook providing additional examples, problems, and solutions for use with Warren's Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach. Exercises correspond to chapters in the main text. Problems of special ease or difficulty are labeled for optional use. Workbook includes a formula index of all target molecules contained in the text and workbook.
L1 Cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) expression at the cancer invasive front is a novel prognostic marker of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2011)

L1CAM could play an important role in the invasive process in vivo, and is thought to be a good indicator of prognosis in PDAC.
<title>Passive target detection using polarized components of infrared signatures</title> (1990)

The potential of infrared polarized signature components for suppressing background clutter and enhancing the detection of dim targets has been investigated. An imaging infrared polarimeter has been built, field experiments have been conducted, and measured results have been compared with theoretical predictions. A description of the measuring instrument, samples of empirical findings, and comparisons with simple theoretical predictions are presented.
Preparation for and Adjustment to Change (1969)

(1969). Preparation for and Adjustment to Change. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 36-37.
Design of a 45-degree Linearly-polarized Hollow-waveguide Slot Two-dimensional Array Antenna with a Full-corporate-feed Circuit in the Lower Layer (2010)

Hollow-waveguide slot array antennas [1] have been widely used in the milli-meter band since they do have neither radiation loss nor dielectric loss. Furthermore, they have been developed especially for military application such as radars. For commercial application such as fixed wires access system, mass production at low cost has been required and single layer hollow-waveguide slot array antennas [2] [3] have been developed to solve the problem. However, the bandwidth of gain is narrow due to the series feed and the long-line effect. To prevent the narrow bandwidth of gain, center-feed structure [4] and partially corporate feed structure [5] have been proposed. The bandwidth of gain was improved but increase of a blocking area leads to low aperture efficiency. The structure of the double-layer corporate-feed waveguide slot array [6] was proposed to achieve the wide bandwidth of gain and the high aperture efficiency. It can be mass-produced at low cost by diffusion bonding of laminated thin metal plates [7]. In this paper, we propose a 45-degree linearlypolarized configuration, placing inclined slots on a double-layer full-corporate-feed hollowwaveguide slot array antenna and design 4-element sub-array.
Superconductivity for Large Scale Wind Turbines (2012)

A conceptual design has been completed for a 10MW superconducting direct drive wind turbine generator employing low temperature superconductors for the field winding. Key technology building blocks from the GE Wind and GE Healthcare businesses have been transferred across to the design of this concept machine. Wherever possible, conventional technology and production techniques have been used in order to support the case for commercialization of such a machine. Appendices A and B provide further details of the layout of the machine and the complete specification table for the concept design. Phase 1 of the program has allowed us to understand the trade-offs between the various sub-systems of such a generator and its integration with a wind turbine. A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) analysis have been completed resulting in the identification of high risk components within the design. The design has been analyzed from a commercial and economic point of view and Cost of Energy (COE) calculations have been carried out with the potential to reduce COE by up to 18% when compared with a permanent magnet direct drive 5MW baseline machine, resulting in a potential COE of 0.075 $/kWh. Finally, a top-level commercialization plan has been proposed to enable this technology to be transitioned to full volume production. The main body of this report will present the design processes employed and the main findings and conclusions.
Stimulation of peptidyltransferase reactions by a soluble protein (1985)

The requirements for peptide-bond synthesis and transesterification reactions of Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes, 50S native or reconstructed 50S subunits were examined using fMet-tRNA as donor substrate and puromycin or alpha-hydroxypuromycin as acceptors. We report that the soluble protein EF-P, purified to apparent homogeneity, stimulates the synthesis of N-formylmethionylpuromycin or N-formylmethionylhydroxypuromycin by 70S ribosomes or reassociated 30S and 50S subunits. In the presence of EF-P, 70S ribosomes are significantly more efficient than 50S particles in catalysing either peptide-bond synthesis or transesterification. The involvement of 50S subunit proteins in EF-P-stimulated peptide-bond formation and transesterification was studied. 50S subunits were dissociated by 2.0 M LiCl into core particles and 'split' proteins, several of which were purified to homogeneity. When added to 30S X A-U-G X f[35S]Met-tRNA, 50S cores or 50S cores reconstituted with L6 or L11 promoted peptide-bond synthesis or transesterification poorly. EF-P stimulated peptide-bond synthesis by both these types of core particles to approximately the same extent. On the other hand, EF-P stimulated a low level of transesterification by cores reconstituted with L6 and L11. In contrast, core particles reconstituted with L16 exhibited both peptide-bond-forming and transesterification activities and EF-P stimulated both reactions twentyfold and fortyfold respectively. Thus different proteins differentially stimulate the intrinsic or EF-P-stimulated peptide-bond and transesterification reactions of the peptidyl transferase. Ethoxyformylation of either 50S subunits or purified L16 used to reconstitute core particles, resulted in loss of peptide-bond formation and transesterification. Similarly ethoxyformylation of EF-P resulted in a 25-50% loss of its ability to stimulate both reactions. 30S subunits were resistant to treatment by this reagent. These results suggest the involvement of histidine residues in peptidyltransferase activities. The role of EF-P in the catalytic mechanism of peptidyltransferase is discussed.
The Energy Cost of Secrets in Ad-hoc Networks (Short Paper) (2002)

Energy consumption of cryptographic algorithms and security protocols is a crucial factor in wireless ad-hoc networks. This work explores the energy cost of a key agreement process between two parties of an ad-hoc network using public-key encryption techniques and compares the results with regular networks which use secret-key based key-exchange protocols. Elliptic Curve public-key and Rijndael AES secret-key algorithms are chosen to explore the energy cost of Diffie-Hellman and Kerberos key agreement protocols on a WINS sensor network. The results show that the total energy cost of the Diffie-Hellman key agreement process using Elliptic Curve point-multiplication in an ad-hoc network is between one to two orders of magnitude larger than the key exchange process based on the AES secret-key algorithm in a regular non ad-hoc network. 1.
Genetic Analysis On Drooping Leaf of Rice (2002)

The drooping leaf is an important marking character in rice. The test was conducted for crossing and back crossing between the drooping leaf and normal straight leaf varieties of rice.The result indicated : drooping leaf was a recessive character and controlled by a pair of gene.
Improvement of Exhaust Emissions from a Two-Stroke Engine by Direct Injection System (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The in-cylinder direct-injection systems have been developed and incorporated in the small two-stroke motorcycle engines for the purpose of reducing the HC emissions. The fuel systems under assessment include the solid-fuel cylinder-wall, air-assisted cylinder-wall and air-assisted cylinder-head injection systems. Through the chassis dynamometer tests carried out, these injection systems were investigated and compared. The results show that adopting the injection approach could achieve significantly lower HC emissions than the carburetor version of the same engine. The maximum reduction in HC emissions was accomplished by air-assisted cylinder-head injection, and the reduction percentage was around 46%. However, it was also found that, due to the occurring of the irregular combustion at light load, very high engine-out HC emissions still existed in spite of the adopted injection type. To improve that, a skip-injection control strategy at idling was then developed. The test results show that the engine-out HC emissions could be further reduced to 1.6 g/km if the cylinder-head injection with skip-injection control is used.</div>
Retinal S-antigen and retinoblastoma: a monoclonal antibody and flow cytometric study. (1985)

Retinal S-antigen was demonstrated in the WERI-Rb1 and to a lesser extent the Y-79 tissue cultured retinoblastoma cell lines as well as an ethanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded retinoblastoma by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibody MAbA9-C6, and by flow cytometric analysis (FCM) using MAbA9-C6 and MAbA1-G5. In fixed tissue sections, S-antigen immunoreactivity was restricted and localized to small numbers of retinoblastoma cells, including Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. By FCM, MAbA9-C6 bound to 15.4% of WERI-Rb1 cells and to 10.99.7% of Y-79 cells whereas MAbA1-G5 bound to 14.66% of WERI-Rb1 and to 4.23% of Y-79 cells respectively. Cell cycle analysis showed that S-antigen was predominately expressed in the resting (G0/G1) phase. The usefulness of MAbA9-C6 in studying the embryological development of the retina and as a marker protein for studying antigenic expression and modulation in retinoblastomas is discussed.
A DNA–Protein Nanoengine for “On‐Demand” Release and Precise Delivery of Molecules (2005)

A DNA aptamer (green in the scheme), an antisense DNA strand (purple), and an enzyme (blue) form a nanoengine that responds to a small-molecule input (red) and dispatches a DNA output. The addition of the input promotes the first stroke of the nanoengine, the action of the enzyme the second stroke. Joint exploration of all components could lead to bionanodevices that can detect a biological malfunction and initiate a repair. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z501214_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer (1965)

Journal Article Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer Get access Menahem E. Yaari Menahem E. Yaari Yale University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 32, Issue 2, April 1965, Pages 137–150, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296058 Published: 01 April 1965
Isolation of Viral Double-Stranded RNAs Using a LiCl Fractionation Procedure (1978)

A general procedure for the isolation of virus-specific double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) is discribed. The procedure is based on the differential solubility of different types of nucleic acids in LiCl. Principal advantages over conventional methods are simplicity, avoidance of enzymatic treatment, and relatively good yields of undegraded ds-RNA while permitting separation of several main groups of cellular and viral nucleic acids from the same batch of tissue. The method has been successfully applied in tissues infected by several representative plant RNA viruses. The virus-specific ds-RNAs obtained have been identified by their resistance to ribonuclease and comparison of their electrophoretic mobilities with those of the corresponding single-stranded RNA (ss-RNA) in polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weights of the ds-RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and peanut stunt virus fit the curved log molecular weight-migration relationship constructed from a set of known marker ds-RNAs.
Impact of Analysis Methods on the Reproducibility and Reliability of Resting-State Networks (2013)

Though previous examinations of intrinsic resting-state networks (RSNs) in healthy populations have consistently identified several RSNs that represent connectivity patterns evoked by cognitive and sensory tasks, the effects of different analytic approaches on the reliability and reproducibility of these RSNs have yet to be fully explored. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of method (independent component analyses [ICA] vs. seed-based analyses) on RSN reproducibility (independent datasets) for ICA and reliability (independent time points) in both methods using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Good to excellent reproducibility was observed in 9 out of 10 commonly identified RSNs, indicating the robustness of these intrinsic fluctuations at the group level. Reliability analyses showed that results were dependent on three main methodological factors: (1) group versus subject-level analyses (group>subject); (2) whether data from different visits were analyzed separately or jointly with ICA (combined>separate ICA); and (3) whether ICA output was used to directly assess reliability or to inform seed-based analyses (seed-based>ICA). These results suggest that variations in the analytic technique have a significant impact on individual reliability measurements, but do not significantly affect the reproducibility or reliability of RSNs at the group level. Further investigation into the effect of the analytic technique on RSN quantification is warranted to increase the utility of RSN analyses in clinical studies.
Molecular targeted therapy against the blood–brain barrier in multiple sclerosis (2014)

Abstract Previous therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis ( MS ) include the non‐selective suppression of systemic immunity (immunosuppressive agents, such as glucocorticoids, mitoxantrone and azathioprine) and immunomodulation (type I interferons or intravenous immunoglobulin). The recent development of two pivotal drugs, fingolimod and natalizumab, has resulted in a third category of MS treatment, namely the sequestration of pathogenic T cells. Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the α4‐integrin molecule on the surface of circulating lymphocytes and thus blocks very late antigen‐4/vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 interactions at the blood–brain barrier ( BBB ), is now widely accepted as a potent tool for treating relapsing–remitting MS . This drug is epoch‐making, as it is the first agent to confirm the efficacy of merely inhibiting the transfer of T cells across the BBB in the treatment of MS ; however, the risk of a potentially fatal central nervous system opportunistic infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, should always be kept in mind. Because the onset of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy might be partly due to the almost total blockage of T cells, including those participating in immune surveillance, the development of novel therapies that selectively inhibit only the entrance of pathogenic T cells is now eagerly awaited. In addition to the blockade of mononuclear cell intrusion, restoring the integrity of the BBB might quickly terminate the process of local inflammation. In addition, manipulating the BBB to enhance the transfer of useful molecules, including a variety of growth factors, could facilitate axonal regeneration. Therefore, the BBB is a promising target of future therapeutic strategies in MS .
High efficiency and fast modulation of Er-doped light emitting Si diodes (1996)

We demonstrate that the electrical excitation of Er ions incorporated within the depletion layer of a p+−n+ Si diode allows one to simultaneously obtain efficient pumping of rare earth ions and a fast turnoff time of the electroluminescence signal. In fact it is found that during pumping, under reverse bias at the breakdown, a high internal quantum efficiency (10−4) can be achieved since the Er ions are excited with a cross section of 6×10−17 cm2 and exhibit a decay lifetime of 100 μs at room temperature. On the other hand, when the diode is turned off, the electroluminescence signal dies off in less than 10 μs (a limit set by the time response of the adopted detector). These results are explained by observing that fast nonradiative decay of the excited Er ions can occur by Auger transfer of the energy to a free electron or to an electron bound to an Er-related level in the bandgap. These processes are inhibited within the depletion layer and only set in when, at the turnoff, the excited Er ions are suddenly embedded within the heavily doped (∼1019/cm3) neutral region of the diode.