gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutritional assessment with bioelectrical impedance analysis in maintenance hemodialysis patients. (1995)

Protein energy malnutrition is common among persons with ESRD and contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality. The usual methods of nutritional assessment, such as anthropometry, can be misleading because of altered tissue hydration. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been recommended by some as a practical nutritional assessment tool but has not been validated in patients with ESRD. Thirty-three stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis were evaluated in an ambulatory clinical research center with simultaneous BIA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and deuterium oxide (D2O) and sodium bromide (NaBr) isotope dilution studies. Standard determinations of total body water (TBW) and body cell mass (BCM) were obtained and compared with values estimated by BIA. Two separate outpatient BIA measurements were also obtained approximately 2 wk before and after the clinical research center evaluation. BCM estimated by BIA was directly correlated (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001) with BCM determined by DEXA and NaBr. TBW estimated by BIA was directly correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001) with TBW determined by deuterium oxide dilution. The reactance to resistance ratio (Xc/R) derived from BIA was inversely correlated (r = -0.73, P < 0.0001) with the extracellular water/TBW ratio determined by NaBr/D2O. Bland-Altman analyses showed that for TBW, BIA was in excellent agreement with D2O dilution. BCM was modestly underestimated by BIA compared with the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry/NaBr standard and was adjusted by linear regression. The coefficients of variation on repeated BIA measurements were below 4%, demonstrating test-retest reliability. BIA is a valid and reliable method of nutritional assessment in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Improved alpha-amylase and Helicobacter pylori inhibition by fenugreek extracts derived via solid-state bioconversion using Rhizopus oligosporus. (2007)

The present research investigated the enrichment of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum) seed substrate with phenolic antioxidants and L-DOPA via fungal-based solid-state bioconversion (SSB) system. This approach using food grade fungus Rhizopus oligosporus, was chosen because it has been demonstrated to be effective in other seed and food substrates for improving health-relevant functionality and has long history of use for food processing in Asia. The protein content and beta-glucosidase activity of the substrate which reflects fungal growth, increased with incubation time in conjunction with enhanced phenolic content and also suggested its possible involvement in phenolic mobilization. The antioxidant activity assayed by beta-carotene bleaching and DPPH free radical scavenging methods both indicated high activity during early growth stage (days 4-6) followed by reduced activity during later growth stage (days 8-20). A direct association between higher phenolic contents during early growth stage (days 4-6) and antioxidant activity suggested a link to mobilization of polymeric and hydrophobic phenolic forms. The L-DOPA content of the fenugreek extract fluctuated during the course of bioconversion with higher levels during days 6-10 (1.5-1.7 mg/g DW). The SSB process substantially improved the in vitro porcine alpha-amylase inhibition activity by 75 % on day 4 which correlated to higher levels of total phenolics and related antioxidant activity of the extracts. The high alpha-amylase inhibitory activity also coincided with high L-DOPA content on day 6. These results have implications for diet-based diabetes management. The same bioconversion stage had Helicobacter pylori inhibitory activity, which has implications for ulcer management.
Predicting the order of fault-prone modules in legacy software (2002)

A goal of software quality modeling is to recommend modules for reliability enhancement early enough to prevent poor quality. Reliability improvement techniques include more rigorous design and code reviews and more extensive testing. This paper introduces the concept of module-order models for guiding software reliability enhancement and provides an empirical case study that shows how such models can be used. A module-order model predicts the rank-order of modules according to a quantitative quality factor. The case study examined a large legacy telecommunications system. We found that the amount of new and changed code due to the development of a release can be a better predictor of code churn due to subsequent bug fixes, compared to software product metrics alone. In such projects, process-related measures derived from configuration management data may be adequate for software quality modeling, without resorting to software product measurement tools and expertise.
Oxygen-17 Contrast Agents Fast Imaging Techniques (1988)

Under physiologic conditions the stable isotope oxygen-17, in the form of O-17 water, lowers the proton T2 of blood, CSF, tissues, and whole organisms. With MRI the resulting changes in intensity can be detected using spin-echo pulse sequences, but much greater sensitivity is achieved in a fraction of the time with a steady-state free precession sequence such as FISP. With this sequence it is possible to detect levels as low as 0.4% Oxygen-17 water in 53 seconds or less.
A systems approach to portable testers total test system integration (T/sup 2/SI) (2003)

A type of systems architecture that will produce the portable automatic test equipment (ATE) to meet the growing demand for true portability and versatility is discussed. An approach to resolving the standardization issued by providing a portable test system that is generic, reprogrammable, and reconfigurable in architecture, which will allow new technology insertion regardless of the test system application, is presented. The system architecture discussed is a total test system integration or T/sup 2/SI. The benefits of using a systems approach solution for portable ATE include lower life-cycle costs and shorter systems development for test applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Control and Communication Challenges in Networked Real-Time Systems (2007)

A current survey of the emerging field of networked control systems is provided. The aim is to introduce the fundamental issues involved in designing successful networked control systems, to provide a snapshot assessment of the current state of research in the field, to suggest useful future research directions, and to provide a broad perspective on recent fundamental results. Reflecting the goals of the Special Issue itself, this paper surveys relevant work from the areas of systems and control, signal processing, detection and estimation, data fusion, and distributed systems. We discuss appropriate network architectures, topics such as coding for robustly stable control in the presence of time-varying channel capacity, channels with fixed versus adaptively variable data width, issues in data rate problems in nonlinear feedback problems, and problems in routing for stability and performance. In surveying current research on networked control systems, we find that recent theoretical advances and target applications are intimately intertwined. The common goal of papers in the Special Issue which follows is to describe key aspects of this relationship. We also aim to provide a bridge between networked control systems and closely related contemporary work dealing with sensor networks and wireless communication protocols
Data Streams (2011)

Nowadays, data bases are required to store massive amounts of data that are continuously inserted, and queried. Organizations use decision support systems to identify potential useful patterns in data. Data analysis is complex, interactive, and exploratory over very large volumes of historic data, eventually stored in distributed environments. What distinguishes current data sources from earlier ones are the continuous flow of data and the automatic data feeds. We do not just have people who are entering information into a computer. Instead, we have computers entering data into each other (Muthukrishnan, 2005). Some illustrative examples of the magnitude of today data include: 3 billion telephone calls per day, 4 Giga Bytes of data from radio telescopes every night, 30 billion emails per day, 1 billion SMS, 5 Giga Bytes of Satellite Data per day, 70 billion IP Network Traffic per day. In these applications, data is modelled best not as persistent tables but rather as transient data streams. In some applications it is not feasible to load the arriving data into a traditional Data Base Management Systems (DBMS), and traditional DBMS are not designed to directly support the continuous queries required in these applications (Alon et al., 1996; Babcock et al. 2002; Cormode & Muthukrishnan, 2003). These sources of data are called Data Streams. Computers play a much more active role in the current trends in decision support and data analysis. Data mining algorithms search for hypothesis, evaluate and suggest patterns. The pattern discovery process requires online ad-hoc queries, not previously defined, that are successively refined. Due to the exploratory nature of these queries, an exact answer may be not required: a user may prefer a fast but approximate answer to a exact but slow answer. Processing queries in streams require radically different type of algorithms. Range queries and selectivity estimation (the proportion of tuples that satisfy a query) are two illustrative examples where fast but approximate answers are more useful than slow and exact ones. Approximate answers are obtained from small data structures (synopsis) attached to data base that summarize information and can be updated incrementallyRequest access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources (1956)

Abstract Theories of convection from maintained and instantaneous sources of buoyancy are developed, using methods which are applicable to stratified body fluids with any variation of density with height; detailed solutions have been presented for the case of a stably stratified fluid with a linear density gradient. The three main assumptions involved are (i) that the profiles of vertical velocity and buoyancy are similar at all heights, (ii) that the rate of entrainment of fluid at any height is proportional to a characteristic velocity at that height, and (iii) that the fluids are incompressible and do not change volume on mixing, and that local variations in density throughout the motion are small compared to some reference density. The governing equations are derived in non-dimensional form from the conditions of conservation of volume, momentum and buoyancy, and a numerical solution is obtained for the case of the maintained source, This leads to a prediction of the final height to which a plume of light fluid will rise in a stably stratified fluid. Estimates of the constant governing the rate of entrainment are made by comparing the theory with some previous results in uniform fluids, and with the results of new experiments carried out in a stratified salt solution. For the case of an instantaneous source of buoyancy there is an exact solution; the entrainment constant is again estimated from laboratory results for a stratified fluid Finally, the analysis is applied to the (compressible) atmosphere, by making the customary substitution of potential temperature for temperature. Predictions are made of the height to which smoke plumes from typical sources of heat should rise in a still, stably stratified atmosphere under various conditions.
Integration of crossed anisotropy magnetic core into toroidal thin-film inductors (2005)

A new approach to RF thin-film inductors with an integrated magnetic core has been investigated. A toroidal inductor design was realized in thin-film technology aiming at small-signal applications in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 1 GHz. The magnetic core consists of a multilayer of sputter deposited soft magnetic FeCoBSi. The individual magnetic films were deposited in a way to realize a crossed magnetic anisotropy in the core. High-frequency measurements of the multilayers already illustrated the advantages of the unique magnetic geometry. The influence and benefit of such a magnetic core on the toroid microinductor is discussed. The results show that such crossed anisotropy microinductors are a very promising alternative to common planar spiral inductors in the RF range.
Electrical contacts to nanocrystalline diamond films studied at high temperatures (2016)

Electrical contacts of Ni, NiSi, Cu, Au, Al, and Ti electrodes to an n-type nanocrystalline diamond film are studied at temperatures between room temperature and 500 °C in a vacuum by the transmission line measurement. Direct current-voltage characteristics measured between pairs of electrodes on the film show almost straight lines, typical of ohmic contacts, for all kinds of electrode materials. The measured series resistance is divided into resistance of the film, resistance of the electrode, and the contact resistance between the electrode and film. The Ni electrode has the lowest contact resistance, which decreases from about 380 to 200 mΩ cm2 with temperature. The contact resistance accounts for a large portion of the total resistance at low temperatures. The results confirm that the contact resistance has a close relation with the work function of electrodes such that the larger the work function, the lower the contact resistance.
HIERARCHICAL ARC CONSISTENCY FOR DISJOINT REAL INTERVALS IN CONSTRAINT LOGIC PROGRAMMING (1992)

There have been many proposals for adding sound implementations of numeric processing to Prolog. This paper describes an approach to numeric constraint processing which has been implemented in Echidna, a new constraint logic programming (CLP) language. Echidna uses consistency algorithms which can actively process a wider variety of numeric constraints than most other CLP systems, including constraints containing some common nonlinear functions. A unique feature of Echidna is that it implements domains for real‐valued variables with hierarchical data structures and exploits this structure using a hierarchical arc consistency algorithm specialized for numeric constraints. This gives Echidna two advantages over other systems. First, the union of disjoint intervals can be represented directly. Other approaches require trying each disjoint interval in turn during backtrack search. Second, the hierarchical structure facilitates varying the precision of constraint processing. Consequently, it is possible to implement more effective constraint processing control algorithms which avoid unnecessary detailed domain analysis. These advantages distinguish Echidna from other CLP systems for numeric constraint processing.
Carboxyethylpyrrole oxidative protein modifications stimulate neovascularization: Implications for age-related macular degeneration (2006)

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), the advanced stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), accounts for >80% of vision loss in AMD. Carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) protein modifications, uniquely generated from oxidation of docosahexaenoate-containing lipids, are more abundant in Bruch's membrane from AMD eyes. We tested the hypothesis that CEP protein adducts stimulate angiogenesis and possibly contribute to CNV in AMD. Human serum albumin (HSA) or acetyl-Gly-Lys-O-methyl ester (dipeptide) were chemically modified to yield CEP-modified HSA (CEP-HSA) or CEP-dipeptide. The in vivo angiogenic properties of CEP-HSA and CEP-dipeptide were demonstrated by using the chick chorioallantoic membrane and rat corneal micropocket assays. Low picomole amounts of CEP-HSA and CEP-dipeptide stimulated neovascularization. Monoclonal anti-CEP antibody neutralized limbal vessel growth stimulated by CEP-HSA, whereas anti-VEGF antibody was found to only partially neutralize vessel growth. Subretinal injections of CEP-modified mouse serum albumin exacerbated laser-induced CNV in mice. In vitro treatments of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with CEP-dipeptide or CEP-HSA did not induce increased VEGF secretion. Overall, these results suggest that CEP-induced angiogenesis utilizes VEGF-independent pathways and that anti-CEP therapeutic modalities might be of value in limiting CNV in AMD.
Characteristics of a honeycomb monolith three-phase bioreactor - Oxidation of glucose by immobilized glucose oxidase. (1987)

ハニカムモノリス反応器における気液間および固液間物質移動速度を測定するとともに, 本反応器の性能を固定化グルコースオキシダーゼによるグルコースの酸化において検討した.実験を行った液の低流量範囲においては, モノリス流路内の二相流は, 上向並流ではスラグ流となり, 下向並流のときは液環状流となる.このため, 上向並流操作は, 気液間ならびに固液間ともに, 下向並流操作のときより3～5倍高い物質移動速度を与えた.また, 固定化グルコースオキシダーゼによるグルコースの転化率も, 上向並流の方が下向並流のときより2～3倍高い値を示した.モデル計算の結果, これは, 下向並流操作では酸素の固液間物質移動支配となるが, 上向並流ではこの抵抗が低減されるためであることが確かめられた.
Inhibition of cytokine production by cyclosporin A and transforming growth factor beta. (1987)

We investigated the ability of cyclosporin A (CsA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) to modulate the production of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta and IFN-gamma by unseparated, nonadherent, and adherent PBMC. Treatment of unseparated PBMC with CsA resulted in a significant dose-dependent inhibition of all three cytokines ranging from greater than 90% inhibition for IFN-gamma and TNF-beta, to approximately 70% for TNF-alpha. Pretreatment of unseparated or nonadherent PBMC with TGF-beta inhibited the production of IFN-gamma by 60-70%. However, the inhibition of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta production by these cells was only minimally affected, and at 0.1-1 ng/ml TGF-beta could enhance TNF-alpha production by unseparated PBMC. In contrast, pretreatment of adherent PBMC with TGF-beta inhibited the production of TNF-alpha by approximately 60%. TGF-beta also inhibited both TNF-alpha production and tumor cell cytotoxicity mediated by murine peritoneal-derived macrophages. These observations indicate that the biological effects of CsA and TGF-beta on immune functions are of a wider range than previously reported.
Fabrication and Microstructure of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Matrix Composites by In-situ Reaction in the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> System (1998)

Al2O3/aluminate composites were fabricated by a solid reaction in the La2O3-Al2O3 system. The formed phase showed elongated morphology that could be controlled by varying the hot-pressing temperature and time. Dense Al2O3/LaAl11O18 composites were fabricated by hot-pressing above 1500°C. When the hot-pressing temperature was 1400°C, Al2O3/LaAlO3 composites were formed from starting composition. The grain size of monolithic alumina ceramics increased with increasing hot-pressing temperature, and marked grain growth occurred above 1600°C. However, the elongated LaAl11O18 phase suppressed the growth of alumina grains in the Al2O3/LaAl11O18 composites. Small LaAl11O18 grains existed in the alumina grains as an intragranular phase, while needlelike grains with a large aspect ratio existed at Al2O3 grain boundaries. The amount of in-situ formed LaAl11O18 phase increased with increasing amount of La2O3, and the aspect ratio of LaAl11O18 grains increased with increasing hot-pressing time.
Going underground (2017)

Give children spades and trowels and take them outdoors to begin digging and discovering what lies beneath the ground. Challenge them to organise their finds into animal, vegetable and mineral.
On the Deployment Opportunities for Increasing Energy Efficiency in LTE-Advanced with Relay Nodes (2012)

The escalated growth of rapid and high volume communication of information is accompanied with various granular and distributed network architecture based on relaying techniques. The deployment issues of relay nodes in future cellular networks, e.g. LTE-A, are raised and investigated in this paper from energy efficiency perspective in two different levels: link level and system level. The link level study, coupled with a simple power model, gives preliminary insight of how the relay nodes’ position influence the overall energy efficiency. Then, a realistic relay power model based suitable for LTE-A systems is introduced. Finally, based on the realistic relay power model, different deployment options are exploited in various traffic scenarios for LTE-A system and energy efficient deployment suggestions are given.
Clinical complaints of daytime sleepiness and fatigue: how to distinguish and treat them, especially when they become 'excessive' or 'chronic'? (2010)

Chronic daytime fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are potentially invalidating and also common complaints in primary care and general neurological practice. The lack of distinction in the clinical use of terms like fatigue and sleepiness is an important issue. Although these semiological concepts present fundamental differences from physiological and pathological points of view, general medical literature still often confuses both symptoms. The objective of the present review is to contribute to the clinical distinction between fatigue and sleepiness and describe available measurement tools and respective treatment options. We found that sleepiness and fatigue both present with semiological multidimensionality and clinical complexity. Although relating to different underlying concepts, they can show overlapping features and several clinical conditions can present with both complaints simultaneously. Existing specific assessment tools are sometimes underutilised, causing EDS and fatigue to continue to be confounded. The blurring contributions of several studies are mainly due to the fact that typically only one of these two clinical dimensions is investigated. Despite consensus on objective sleepiness measures, simple and validated objective fatigue assessments are generally lacking and seem elusive. Causal and symptomatic treatment options exist predominantly for sleepiness-associated conditions. Although comprehension of sleepiness and its underlying physiology has seemed to improve over time, descriptions of common pathways of fatigue remain relatively incomplete. Clinical research and practice should systematically investigate both conditions with adequate measurement tools. Behavioural medicine is certainly underestimated, especially in the management of chronic daytime fatigue.
Nick Sealing by T4 DNA Ligase on a Modified DNA Template: Tethering a Functional Molecule on <scp>D</scp>‐Threoninol (2011)

Efficient DNA nick sealing catalyzed by T4 DNA ligase was carried out on a modified DNA template in which an intercalator such as azobenzene had been introduced. The intercalator was attached to a D-threoninol linker inserted into the DNA backbone. Although the structure of the template at the point of ligation was completely different from that of native DNA, two ODNs could be connected with yields higher than 90% in most cases. A systematic study of sequence dependence demonstrated that the ligation efficiency varied greatly with the base pairs adjacent to the azobenzene moiety. Interestingly, when the introduced azobenzene was photoisomerized to the cis form on subjection to UV light (320-380 nm), the rates of ligation were greatly accelerated for all sequences investigated. These unexpected ligations might provide a new approach for the introduction of functional molecules into long DNA strands in cases in which direct PCR cannot be used because of blockage of DNA synthesis by the introduced functional molecule. The biological significance of this unexpected enzymatic action is also discussed on the basis of kinetic analysis.