gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of intraocular oedematous and neovascular diseases (2005)

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) has increasingly been applied as treatment for various intraocular neovascular and oedematous diseases. Comparing the various diseases with respect to effect and side-effects of the treatment, the best response in terms of gain in visual acuity (VA) has been achieved for intraretinal oedematous diseases such as diffuse diabetic macular oedema, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion and pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema. In eyes with various types of non-infectious uveitis, including acute or chronic sympathetic ophthalmia and Adamantiadis-Behcet's disease, VA increased and the degree of intraocular inflammation decreased. Some studies have suggested that intravitreal triamcinolone may be useful as angiostatic therapy in eyes with iris neovascularization and proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. Intravitreal triamcinolone may possibly be helpful as adjunct therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), particularly in combination with photodynamic therapy. In eyes with chronic, therapy-resistant ocular hypotony, intravitreal triamcinolone can induce an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) and may stabilize the eye. The complications of intravitreal triamcinolone therapy include: secondary ocular hypertension in about 40% of the eyes injected; medically uncontrollable high IOP leading to antiglaucomatous surgery in about 1-2% of the eyes; posterior subcapsular cataract and nuclear cataract leading to cataract surgery in about 15-20% of elderly patients within 1 year of injection; postoperative infectious endophthalmitis occurring at a rate of about one per 1000; non-infectious endophthalmitis, perhaps due to a reaction to the solvent agent, and pseudo-endophthalmitis with triamcinolone acetonide crystals appearing in the anterior chamber. Intravitreal triamcinolone injection can be combined with other intraocular surgeries, including cataract surgery, particularly in eyes with iris neovascularization. Cataract surgery performed some months after the injection does not show a markedly elevated complication rate. The injection may be repeated if the resultant benefits decrease after the initial IVTA injection. In non-vitrectomized eyes, the duration of the effect and side-effects of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone is about 6-9 months for a dosage of about 20 mg, and about 2-4 months for a dosage of 4 mg. So far, it has remained unclear whether the solvent agent should be removed, and if so, how.
Optimisation and Implementation of the Arctan Function for the Power Domain (1999)

Trigonometric functions are used in many applications including real time digital signal processing (DSP), navigation and astronomy. Today&apos;s demand for fast, small and portable equipment in those areas has resulted in the need for optimised structures for real-time processing of complex mathematical functions. Therefore, the multipurpose algorithms used traditionally for such implementations are investigated in this paper and new directions for future implementations are presented.
Fecal sludge management: a comparative analysis of 12 cities (2014)

This paper outlines the findings of a fecal sludge management (FSM) initial scoping study in 12 cities. This short, desk-based study assesses the institutional context and the outcome in terms of the amount of fecal sludge safely managed in each city. A range of cities was included in the review, all in low- and middle-income countries. None of the cities studied managed fecal sludge effectively, although performance varied. Where cities are seeking to address fecal sludge challenges the solutions are, at best, only partial, with a focus on sewerage which serves a small minority in most cases. FSM requires strong city-level oversight and an enabling environment that drives coordinated actions along the sanitation service chain; this was largely absent in the cities studied. Based on the findings of the review a typology of cities was developed to aid the identification of key interventions to improve FSM service delivery. Additional work is recommended to further improve the tools used in this study in order to enable better understanding of the FSM challenges and identify appropriate operational solutions.
Novel thermally reworkable underfill encapsulants for flip-chip applications (1999)

The flip-chip technique of integrated circuit (IC) chip interconnection is the emerging technology for high performance, high input/output (I/O) IC devices. Due to the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between the silicon IC (CTE=2.5 ppm//spl deg/C) and the low cost organic substrate such as FR-4 printed wiring board (CTE=18-22 ppm//spl deg/C), the flip-chip solder joints experience high shear stresses during temperature cycling. Underfill encapsulant is used to couple the bilayer structure and is critical to the reliability of the flip-chip solder interconnects. Current underfill encapsulants are filled epoxy-based materials that are normally not reworkable after curing. This forms an obstacle to flip-chip on board (FCOB) technology development, where unknown bad dies (UBD) are still a concern. Approaches have been taken to develop the thermally reworkable underfill materials in order to address the nonreworkability problem of the commercial underfill encapsulants. These approaches include introduction of thermally cleavable blocks into epoxides and addition of additives to the epoxies. In the first approach, five diepoxides containing thermally cleavable blocks were synthesized and characterized. These diepoxides were mixed with hardener and catalyst. Then the mixture properties of Tg, onset decomposition temperature, storage modulus, CTE, and viscosity were studied and compared with those of the standard formulation based on the commercial epoxy resin ERL-4221E. These mixtures all decomposed at lower temperature than the standard formulation. Moreover, one mixture, Epoxy5, showed acceptable Tg, low viscosity, and fairly good adhesion. In the second approach, two additives were discovered that provide die removal capability to the epoxy formulation without interfering with the epoxy cure or properties of the cured epoxy system. Furthermore, the combination of the two approaches showed positive results.
Introduction (1995)

"The Sixth Floor," the article that occupies the current issue of our journal, presents reminiscences by Lazar' Il'ich Lazarev about his sojourn at the newspaper Literaturnaia gazeta from 1955 to 1961, first as a special correspondent and then as assistant editor for Russian literature. The article was awarded a prize by Znamia as the best work of autobiographical prose to appear in the journal in 1993.
Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS (2004)

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Communications networks today 1.2 Network reliability 1.3 Different phases in a recovery process 1.4 Performance of recovery mechanisms: criteria 1.5 Classification of single-layer recovery mechanisms 1.6 Multi-layer recovery 1.7 Conclusion Chapter 2: SONET-SDH 2.1 Introduction: transmission networks 2.2 SDH and SONET Networks 2.3 Operational aspects 2.4 Ring protection 2.5 Linear Protection 2.6 Restoration 2.7 Case study 2.8 Summary 2.9 Recommended reference work and research-related topics Chapter 3: Optical Networks 3.1 Evolution of the optical network layer 3.2. The Optical Transport Network 3.3 Fault detection and propagation 3.4 Recovery in optical networks 3.5 Recovery mechanisms in ring-based optical networks 3.6 Recovery mechanisms in mesh-based optical networks 3.7 Ring-based versus mesh-based recovery schemes 3.8 Availability 3.9 Som recent trends in research 3.10 Summary Chapter 4: IP Routing 4.1 IP routing protocols 4.2 Analysis of the IP recovery cycle 4.3 Failure profile and fault detection 4.4 Dampening algorithms 4.5 FIS propagation (LSA origination and flooding) 4.6 Route computation 4.7 Temporary loops during network states changes 4.8 Load balancing 4.9 QOS guarantees during failure 4.10 Non Stop Forwarding: an example with OSPF 4.11 A case study with IS-IS 4.12 Summary 4.13 Algorithm complexity 4.14 Incremental SPF 4.15 Interaction between fast IGP convergence and NSF 4.16 Research related topics Chapter 5: MPLS Traffic Engineering 5.1 MPLS Traffic Engineering refresher 5.2. Analysis of the recovery cycle 5.3. MPLS Traffic Engineering global default restoration 5.4 MPLS Traffic engineering global path protection 5.5 MPLS Traffic Engineering local protection 5.6. Another MPLS Traffic Engineering recovery alternative 5.7. Load balancing 5.8 Comparison of global protection and local protection 5.9 Revertive versus non revertive modes 5.10 Failure profiles and fault detection 5.11 Case Studies 5.12 Standardization 5.13 Summary 5.14 RSVP signaling extensions for MPLS TE local protection 5.15 Backup path computation 5.16 Research related topics Chapter 6 Multi-Layer Networks 6.1 ASON / GMPLS networks 6.2 Generic multi-layer recovery approaches 6.3 Case studies 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 References
<title>Millimeter Wave Dielectric Properties of Materials</title> (1983)

Highly accurate continuous spectra of the absorption coefficient and refractive index of some potentially useful materials have been made over the 60-420 GHz range. Measurements have been made on some common ceramic, semiconductor, crystalline and glass materials. The absorption coefficient of low loss materials increases with frequency which implies that microwave data cannot be used for the design of millimeter wave dielectric waveguides, devices, windows and quasi-optical elements. The data in this paper show the millimeter wave frequency dependence of tan δ, the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity and the optical constants, namely, the refractive index and absorption coefficient. The measurements have been made in a plane-wave Michelson interferometer operating as a polarizing, dispersive Fourier transform spectrometer. The accuracy and reproducability of the refractive index is six significant figures.
Detecting and Localizing Internationalization Presentation Failures in Web Applications (2016)

Web applications can be easily made available to an international audience by leveraging frameworks and tools for automatic translation and localization. However, these automated changes can distort the appearance of web applications since it is challenging for developers to design their websites to accommodate the expansion and contraction of text after it is translated to another language. Existing web testing techniques do not support developers in checking for these types of problems and manually checking every page in every language can be a labor intensive and error prone task. To address this problem, we introduce an automated technique for detecting when a web page's appearance has been distorted due to internationalization efforts and identifying the HTML elements or text responsible for the observed problem. In evaluation, our approach was able to detect internationalization problems in a set of 54 web applications with high precision and recall and was able to accurately identify the underlying elements in the web pages that led to the observed problem.
Analysis of Flow and Cavitation Phenomena in Diesel Injection Nozzles and Its Effects on Spray and Mixture Formation (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In modern DI Diesel engines the raw emissions of NOx and soot are affected, apart from the fuel injection rate, by atomization of the liquid jet and mixing of the fuel with the combustion air. Thereby details of the fuel flow inside the injection nozzle play an essential role. In order to determine the general mechanisms and the effect of individual nozzle configuration parameters on the fuel atomization and the fuel spray propagation, methods for optical diagnostics and CFD have been developed at the DaimlerChrysler Research.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These methods are combined with an analysis of the injection system hydraulics and linked to a detailed analysis of mixture formation and combustion inside an optically accessible engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first part of the paper methods for the experimental investigation with transparent 1- and 6- hole nozzles in real size geometries under high pressure conditions are described. Special emphasis is put on CFD methods for modeling the cavitating two phase nozzle flow. In the second part the processes occurring in a sac hole nozzle of a common rail injector during the complete injection event are discussed. The influences of the spray hole position, inlet rounding and conical shape of the spray hole are presented. Finally a comparison between a needle lift controlled (CR = common rail) and a pressure controlled (PLN = pump line nozzle) injection system is made.</div>
Dual Role of a Fluorescent Peptidyl Probe Based on Self-Assembly for the Detection of Heparin and for the Inhibition of the Heparin-Digestive Enzyme Reaction (2017)

The detection of fluorescent probes for biomolecules and control of the function of a complex through a recognition process have not been investigated intensively. A fluorescent peptidyl probe (1) based on the self-assembly stimulated by heparin was synthesized. The fluorescent probe with an aggregation-induced emission fluorophore formed a self-assembling complex with heparin, resulting in a sensitive and selective turn-on response to heparin compared to its biological competitors. The detection limits for heparin were measured to be 138.0 pM (R2 = 0.976) in aqueous solution and 2.6 nM (R2 = 0.996) in aqueous solution containing human serum. Nanosized aggregates formed through the self-assembly of the complex showed potent resistance against the heparin-digestive enzyme. The dual role of the probe for the detection of heparin and the inhibition of heparinase-mediated digestion through the recognition process was used for the real-time monitoring of the enzyme activity of heparinase for the digestion of heparin. Furthermore, the dual role of the probe was applied for the detection of the oversulfated chondroitin sulfate contaminant in heparin.
Cold‐regulated genes under control of the cold sensor Hik33 in <i>Synechocystis</i> (2001)

A histidine kinase, Hik33, appears to sense decreases in temperature and to regulate the expression of certain cold-inducible genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. To examine the role of Hik33 in the regulation of gene expression, we analysed a DeltaHik33 mutant using the DNA microarray technique. In wild-type cells, genes that were strongly induced at low temperature encoded proteins that were predominantly subunits of the transcriptional and translational machinery. Most cold-repressible genes encoded components of the photosynthetic machinery. Mutation of the hik33 gene suppressed the expression of some of these cold-regulated genes, which could be divided into three groups according to the effect of the mutation of hik33. In the first group, regulation of gene expression by low temperature was totally abolished; in the second group, the extent of such regulation was reduced by half; and, in the third group, such regulation was totally unaffected. These results suggest that expression of the genes in the first group is regulated solely by Hik33, expression of genes in the third group is regulated by an as yet unidentified cold sensor, and expression of genes in the second group is regulated by both these cold sensors.
A pilot study of chromosomal aberrations and epigenetic changes in peripheral blood samples to identify patients with melanoma (2015)

Prognosis is markedly improved when melanoma is diagnosed early. Improved methods are needed for earlier detection and screening. We hypothesized that epigenetic analysis of blood samples could discriminate patients with melanoma from patients with other cutaneous lesions and from healthy volunteers. After institutional review board approval and consent, whole blood was obtained from 59 patients with melanoma, 20 patients with other skin cancers, 20 patients with benign skin conditions, and 20 healthy volunteers. Fifteen conformation biomarkers from five gene loci were analyzed on chromatin with the EpiSwitch technology using a modified chromatin conformation capture assay. Differentiation between patients with melanoma and those with nonmelanoma skin cancers was correct 85% of the time, resulting in a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 82%. Differentiation of patients with melanoma from healthy controls was correct 80% of the time, resulting in a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75%. The noninvasive test was more accurate in early-stage melanoma (1/10 and 1/16 stage I and stage II patients were misclassified, respectively) and became less accurate with more advanced disease (3/14 and 4/19 stage III and IV patients were misclassified, respectively). We report the results of a noninvasive test using chromosomal aberrations and epigenetic changes identified in peripheral blood that, in this pilot study, distinguished patients with early-stage melanoma from other cohorts.
A comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of conventional and modern oximes against supralethal doses of highly toxic organophosphates in mice. (1998)

1. The therapeutic efficacy of various oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime, methoxime, HI-6, HLö-7, BI-6) against supralethal nerve agent poisoning (soman, sarin, cyclosin) in mice was tested. 2. New oxime BI-6, synthesized in our laboratory, is significantly more efficacious than conventional oximes but a little less efficacious than other H-oximes (HI-6, HLö-7). 3. H-oximes (HI-6, HLö-7) seem to be the most efficacious reactivators of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase for antidotal treatment of supralethal nerve agent poisoning in mice.
Functioning and Sustainability of Women Self Help Groups of Assam: An Analysis Based On Credit System and Income Generation (2012)

The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) has emerged in as a model to alleviate poverty and improve overall conditions of the rural poor, especially rural women. In India, the increasing number of SHGs every year shows its potential; however, sustainability of it has always been questioned. Therefore, a study was conducted with women SHGs of Sivasagar district of Assam to understand the functioning pattern and sustainability of the groups. A total of 15 different parameters related to functioning of the 25 women SHGs were taken for evaluation of credit translation into income generating activities. The study revealed that initially all the groups were being supported externally besides their own corpus fund for financial stability. SHGs mobilized their resources through various income generating and entrepreneurial activities. The groups involved in diversified activities like weaving and embroidery, tailoring, preparation of sweets and snacks, pickles and juice, handicraft, poultry and piggery. However, all the SHGs more or less adopted the same activities, indicating competitive market and that resulted in marginal profit within a geographically confined locality. Regarding microfinance, groups financed the members as well as nonmembers at varied interest rates- usually a higher rate ( 10% per month) for non-members with a repayment period of 3-6 months.Thehighestincomegeneratingactivitywaspiggerywithanaverageannualprofitover investmentof42.7percentfollowedbyPoultry(14.2%)andHandicraft(13.4%).Thelowestwasintailoringand embroidery.Theprofitutilisationpatternsofgroupsweremostlyforproductivepurposesindicatinggroupsustainability . Allthemembersopinedthattherewasincreaseinhouseholdincomeandtheycouldrealizethedreamofcreditfor incomegeneratingactivities.Theycouldalsoinculcatethesavingshabit,meetcreditneeds,gainconfidenceetc.in morethan90.00percentcases.Theeffectsinpoliticalprocessatgrassrootlevelandbankingpracticeswereless visible(43.00and38.00%respectively).
MRI-visible polymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate) for imaging applications (2016)

Macromolecular contrast agents are very attractive to afford efficient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization of implantable medical devices.
Combining multiple neural networks for classification based on rough set reduction (2003)

Generalization ability is a measure of performance of neural networks. Multiple neural networks combination based on the combination of a set of networks is used to achieve high pattern recognition performance. In our work rough set theory is introduced to reduce high dimensional data and get multiple concise representations (reducts) of a single sample set. Multiple neural networks classifiers are built based on different reducts. Average strategy and majority voting strategy are introduced to combine the outputs from different classifiers. The experimental results show the combined system outperforms a single classifier.
Metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) processing of ferroelectric and electro-optic films: A review (1990)

Abstract The chemistry and physics pertinent to the various steps of MOD processing are discussed, and areas where more basic research is needed are pointed out. The preparation and properties of MOD films of PbTiO3, BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, (Pb,Sr)TiO3 and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 are discussed.
A novel α,ω silyl dianionic salt. The synthesis and characterization of remotely connected benzannulated silole monoanions (2000)

The novel dilithium salt of 1,2-bis((BPSI)2)ethane (BPSI = 3-butyl-2-phenyl-1-silaindenyl) 4 was prepared from the reaction of 2 with 1,2-bis(chloro-BPSI)ethane 3 and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. It is demonstrated that dianions of silicon not only can perform stepwise reactions but also that, when a quenching reagent possesses two remote electrophilic centers, they can be attacked separately and maintain single charges on the silicon centers. The two lithium ions in 4 are η1 -coordinated to two remote silyl anions. NMR and X-ray data are consistent with a low degree of π-electron delocalization in the C4Si ring.