gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identify a role for chlorophyll catabolism and phytoalexin during Medicago nonhost resistance against Asian soybean rust (2015)

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a devastating foliar disease affecting soybean production worldwide. Understanding nonhost resistance against ASR may provide an avenue to engineer soybean to confer durable resistance against ASR. We characterized a Medicago truncatula-ASR pathosystem to study molecular mechanisms of nonhost resistance. Although urediniospores formed appressoria and penetrated into epidermal cells of M. truncatula, P. pachyrhizi failed to sporulate. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the induction of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and isoflavonoid metabolic pathway genes involved in the production of phytoalexin medicarpin in M. truncatula upon infection with P. pachyrhizi. Furthermore, genes involved in chlorophyll catabolism were induced during nonhost resistance. We further characterized one of the chlorophyll catabolism genes, Stay-green (SGR), and demonstrated that the M. truncatula sgr mutant and alfalfa SGR-RNAi lines showed hypersensitive-response-like enhanced cell death upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. Consistent with transcriptomic analysis, metabolomic analysis also revealed the accumulation of medicarpin and its intermediate metabolites. In vitro assay showed that medicarpin inhibited urediniospore germination and differentiation. In addition, several triterpenoid saponin glycosides accumulated in M. truncatula upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. In summary, using multi-omic approaches, we identified a correlation between phytoalexin production and M. truncatula defense responses against ASR.
Feasibility of pulse presence and pulse strength assessment during head-up tilt table testing using an accelerometer located at the carotid artery (2014)

Neurally mediated syncope (NMS) is a disorder of the autonomic regulation of postural tone, which is characterized by hypotension and/or bradycardia, resulting in cerebral hypo-perfusion and finally in a sudden loss of consciousness. Prediction of an impending NMS requires detection of pulse presence to derive heart rate (HR) as well as to assess the pulse strength (PS) related to systolic blood pressure (SBP) preferably from a single body location only. This paper analyses the basic feasibility of using a single accelerometer positioned above the common carotid artery to assess pulse strength and pulse rate towards NMS prediction. A physical model has been investigated to gain insights into expected signal morphologies and potential feature candidates vs. hemodynamic parameters such as SBP, pulse pressure (PP) and PR relevant for NMS detection. Model results are compared with first measurements obtained in a head-up tilt table test (HUTT) from a patient during impending syncope. We show that an accelerometer positioned at the carotid artery is a potential approach offering a valuable tool in syncope management.
Predicting Employee Health Insurance Selections in a Flexible Benefits Environment (1991)

Firms are increasingly introducing flexible benefits programs into their employee compensation packages, yet very little is known about program outcomes. This study investigated the determinants of employees' selections among six different health insurance options. Using employee-specific selection and demographic data provided by a large manufacturing firm, we estimated a logistic regression model to analyze the effects of employee and plan characteristics on choice of health care plan. Results suggest that employees' decisions about health insurance are significantly influenced by their age, gender, salary, and marital status. Employee premiums (cost to the employee) did not have a significant effect on health care decisions in this study.
Adaptive detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-access system in multipath fading channels (2000)

In code-division multiple-access systems transmitting data over time-varying multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) arise. In this paper, we address interference suppression, multipath diversity and processing gain protection for multiuser detection with less noise enhancement by using a parallel cancelling scheme. The proposed detector consists of a RAKE filter, forward filter, and feedback filter with different functions for each filter. The RAKE filter increases the signal-to-noise ratio by taking the advantage of multipath and code diversities. The forward filter is proposed, in combination with the feedback filter, to remove the effects of MAI and ISI by parallel cancellation. In order to avoid performance deterioration due to unreliable initial estimation in the parallel cancellation, a cost function with proper weighting is introduced to improve the performance of the proposed detector. In the proposed design method, a recursive least square algorithm is employed to update the tap-coefficients of all filters for MAI and ISI cancellation. Finally, the performance of the proposed detector is analyzed and compared with other detectors.
Exact String Matching Algorithms: Survey, Issues, and Future Research Directions (2019)

String matching has been an extensively studied research domain in the past two decades due to its various applications in the fields of text, image, signal, and speech processing. As a result, choosing an appropriate string matching algorithm for current applications and addressing challenges is difficult. Understanding different string matching approaches (such as exact string matching and approximate string matching algorithms), integrating several algorithms, and modifying algorithms to address related issues are also difficult. This paper presents a survey on single-pattern exact string matching algorithms. The main purpose of this survey is to propose new classification, identify new directions and highlight the possible challenges, current trends, and future works in the area of string matching algorithms with a core focus on exact string matching algorithms.
Proposal for a multilayer read-only-memory optical disk structure (2006)

Coherent interlayer cross talk and stray-light intensity of multilayer read-only-memory (ROM) optical disks are investigated. From results of scalar diffraction analyses, we conclude that layer separations above 10 microm are preferred in a system using a 0.85 numerical aperture objective lens in terms of signal quality and stability in focusing control. Disk structures are optimized to prevent signal deterioration resulting from multiple reflections, and appropriate detectors are determined to maintain acceptable stray-light intensity. In the experiment, quadrilayer and octalayer high-density ROM disks are prepared by stacking UV-curable films onto polycarbonate substrates. Data-to-clock jitters of < or = 7% demonstrate the feasibility of multilayer disk storage up to 200 Gbytes.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection of the <i>Rcs3</i> Gene for Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot in Soybean (2007)

Frogeye leaf spot (FLS), caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, has become a more frequent disease in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., across the USA. The Rcs3 gene provides resistance to all known races of C. sojina To provide resources for efficient marker‐assisted selection (MAS) of Rcs3 , we developed and evaluated several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and insertions or deletions (InDels) markers linked to Rcs3 We surveyed 13 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences that were anchored with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Satt244 and Satt547 along with the two SSRs containing clones in six soybean cultivars (Davis, Cook, and Young that have the Rcs3 allele and Blackhawk, Bragg, and Lee that have the rcs3 allele) for SNPs. A total of 19 SNPs/InDels were identified and validated, but only 11 mapped near Rcs3 in a F 2 population of Davis × Blackhawk. The Rcs3 gene was positioned near Satt244 and 0.50 cM from SNPs AZ573TA150 and AZ573CA393. None of the SNPs or InDels identified appeared to contribute directly to the Rcs3 phenotype, but 11 mapped within a 3‐cM interval surrounding Rcs3 These 11 markers were further validated for association with Rcs3 and for their potential in MAS in 64 lines and cultivars. Our results suggest that the two markers AZ573TA150 and AZ573CA393 could be used in MAS for Rcs3 . Allele specific oligonucleotide probes specific for MAS were developed for a direct hybridization assay on a Luminex 100 flow cytometry platform.
Error concealment based on overlapping (2002)

In this paper we proposed a temporal error concealment scheme utilizing the overlapping approach for the block-based video coder. In the proposed algorithm, each pixel of the lost block is recovered by overlapping from four nearest available neighboring blocks. The weighting coefficients used for overlapping have been carefully designed to address the suitable weights on different pixel locations inside the lost block. The weighted extended boundary match is proposed to replace the popularly used boundary match for recovering the lost motion vectors, such that the recovered motion vector can provide the best lost pixel prediction for the overlapping error concealment process. The experimental results were shown by integrating our algorithm into the H.263+ coder.
Uniformly Sized Poly(Vinylphenol) Porous Beads: A Versatile HPLC Separation Medium Allowing Fast Switching Between Size-Exclusion, Normal Phase, and Reversed Phase Chromatography (1994)

Abstract Uniformly sized, 10 μm porous poly(4-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads with controlled porosity were prepared by polymerization of uniform size droplets consisting of small polymeric particles that were used as shape templates and enlarged with monomers and porogens. The tert-butoxycarbonyl groups were removed by a thermal treatment that affords the desired poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-divinylbenzene) separation medium. The pore size of the beads does not change when immersed in THF as the beads are additionally crosslinked upon heating in the deprotection step. The beads were tested in size-exclusion, normal phase, and reversed phase chroma-iography. The size-exclusion calibration curve is almost linear in the range of molecular weights from 100 to about 480 000. Columns packed with the polymeric phenol beads can be switched between normal and reversed-phase chromatography simply by changing the solvent without removing from the chromatograph and their chromatographic properties do not change even after several hundred injections in different chromatographic modes including also multiple washing with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The retentions in separations of series of homologous alkylbenzenes, N-substituted, and ring substituted anilines were found to be linear functions of the number of carbon atoms, while interactions with the phenolic hydroxyls increased the retention times of N-alkylanilines. Separation of a protein mixture using a column packed with the beads has also been demonstrated and very high protein recoveries have been obtained.
Detection of Australia Antigen by Radioimmunoassay (1971)

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection of Australia antigen and antibodies to Australia antigen in human sera. The assay is simple to perform, and can be completed in 18 hr. Based on parallel studies of human sera, it is approximately 2000 times more sensitive than agar gel diffusion and 200 times more sensitive than quantitative complement fixation. Australia antigen or antibody to Australia antigen was demonstrated in 22 of 23 single serum samples obtained from patients acutely ill with the long-incubation form of hepatitis; eight of the sera were negative when evaluated by less sensitive techniques.
Regulation of Insulin Secretion in Human Pancreatic Islets (2012)

Pancreatic β cells secrete insulin, the body's only hormone capable of lowering plasma glucose levels. Impaired or insufficient insulin secretion results in diabetes mellitus. The β cell is electrically excitable; in response to an elevation of glucose, it depolarizes and starts generating action potentials. The electrophysiology of mouse β cells and the cell's role in insulin secretion have been extensively investigated. More recently, similar studies have been performed on human β cells. These studies have revealed numerous and important differences between human and rodent β cells. Here we discuss the properties of human pancreatic β cells: their glucose sensing, the ion channel complement underlying glucose-induced electrical activity that culminates in exocytotic release of insulin, the cellular control of exocytosis, and the modulation of insulin secretion by circulating hormones and locally released neurotransmitters. Finally, we consider the pathophysiology of insulin secretion and the interactions between genetics and environmental factors that may explain the current diabetes epidemic.
The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing (2012)

The role of endocannabinoids as inhibitory retrograde transmitters is now widely known and intensively studied. However, endocannabinoids also influence neuronal activity by exerting neuroprotective effects and regulating glial responses. This review centres around this less-studied area, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the cannabinoid system in brain ageing. The progression of ageing is largely determined by the balance between detrimental, pro-ageing, largely stochastic processes, and the activity of the homeostatic defence system. Experimental evidence suggests that the cannabinoid system is part of the latter system. Cannabinoids as regulators of mitochondrial activity, as anti-oxidants and as modulators of clearance processes protect neurons on the molecular level. On the cellular level, the cannabinoid system regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis. Neuroinflammatory processes contributing to the progression of normal brain ageing and to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases are suppressed by cannabinoids, suggesting that they may also influence the ageing process on the system level. In good agreement with the hypothesized beneficial role of cannabinoid system activity against brain ageing, it was shown that animals lacking CB1 receptors show early onset of learning deficits associated with age-related histological and molecular changes. In preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders, cannabinoids show beneficial effects, but the clinical evidence regarding their efficacy as therapeutic tools is either inconclusive or still missing.
Optimal dispatching control for elevator systems during uppeak traffic (1997)

In this paper we develop optimal dispatching controllers for elevator systems during uppeak traffic. An uppeak traffic period arises when the bulk of the passenger traffic is moving from the first door up into the building (e.g., the start of a business day in an office building). The cars deliver the passengers and then return empty to the first floor to pick up more passengers. We show that the structure of the optimal dispatching policy minimizing the discounted or average passenger waiting time is a threshold-based policy. That is, the optimal policy is to dispatch an available car from the first floor when the number of passengers inside the car reaches or exceeds a threshold that depends on several factors including the passenger arrival rate, elevator performance capabilities, and the number of elevators available at the first floor. Since most elevator systems have sensors to determine the car locations and the number of passengers in each car, such a threshold policy is easily implemented. Our analysis is based on a Markov decision problem formulation with a batch service queueing model consisting of a single queue served by multiple finite-capacity bulk servers. We use dynamic programming techniques to obtain the structure of the optimal control policy and to derive some of its important properties. Several numerical examples are included to illustrate our results and to compare the optimal threshold policy to some known ad hoc approaches. Finally, since many transportation systems can be modeled as multiserver batch service queueing systems, we expect our results to be useful in controlling those systems as well.
Questions from somewhere — who's who in attitude research about ‘immigrants’ (1995)

Abstract The article looks into how the binary opposition ‘we ‘ and ‘them ‘ is reproduced and legitimized in attitudinal surveys, specifically the Eurobarometer series. The Eurobarometer 30 and 39 are among the most widely cited and, therefore, most influential sources among academics and politicians interested in knowing about how Europeans think of those defined as ‘non‐Europeans ‘. The author contends that attitudinal research of the kind exemplified by the Eurobarometerproblematües the ‘other’ instead of recognizing that it is our ability to speak about an ‘other’ as ‘out‐group’ in the first place which constitutes the problem; in that it establishes yet another space in which a stereotypical and debasing language of ‘we and them’ becomes the norm.
Identification of a novel family of human endogenous retroviruses and characterization of one family member, HERV-K(C4), located in the complement C4 gene cluster (1994)

We have identified a novel family of about 10-50 human endogenous retrovirus elements (HERVs) and have characterized one family member (HERV-KC4). This retrovirus element is integrated within intron 9 of and complement C4A genes and also in some C4B genes, and is a principal contribution to interlocus and interallelic length heterogeneity of C4 genes. The HERV-K(C4) sequence has a typical retrovirus structure with elements of gag, pol and env domains, flanked by two long terminal repeats (LTRs) and is similar to type A, B and D retroviruses. Multiple termination codons preclude the existence of long open reading frames, suggesting that the HERV-K(C4) sequence is no longer functional. Zoo blot hybridization reveals that New World monkeys appear to lack sequences similar to HERV-K(C4), suggesting that integration has occurred after the divergence of Old and New World monkeys. Retrotransposition of prototype viruses is presumed to have led to the amplification and integration of the members of the family in different loci, which in humans, appear to be dispersed over several chromosomes. The absence of the HERV-K(C4) element in some C4B genes in both humans and orangutangs indicate that the retrovirus inserted into the C4A gene after the duplication of the cluster. Subsequent spread of the HERV-K(C4) sequence to C4B genes presumably occurred by interlocus sequence exchange mechanisms, such as unequal crossover and gene conversion-like mechanisms.
In vivo metabolic changes as studied longitudinally after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (1986)

Ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH)-lesioned rats were tested 1 and 6 wk after the lesions to determine, by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps, their tissue response to insulin. One week after the lesions, total glucose metabolism was more sensitive and responsive to insulin than in age-matched controls. In the two groups, hepatic glucose production was suppressed at almost identical insulin concentrations (approximately 550 microU/ml). Six weeks after the VMH lesions, the increased insulin responsiveness of total glucose metabolism disappeared and glucose metabolism became less insulin sensitive (right, shifted dose-response curve) than that of control animals. Furthermore, hepatic glucose production of VMH-lesioned rats was now inhibited by 45% at most and at the supraphysiological insulin concentration of 16,000 microU/ml, while it was totally suppressed by 550 microU/ml of the hormone in age-matched controls. This defect was accompanied by a lack of decrease in plasma glucagon levels during the clamps carried out at maximal insulin concentration. In summary, in a first phase after VMH lesion, rats are hypersensitive and hyperresponsive to insulin; and in a later phase, when obesity is well established, VMH-lesioned rats become insulin resistant and are characterized by a decreased in vivo sensitivity and responsiveness of liver and muscles to the hormone.
Unsupervised speaker adaptation for DNN-based TTS synthesis (2016)

Multi-speaker TTS trained with a general DNN has outperformed individually modelled baseline [1]. Multi-speaker DNN takes advantages of larger amount of training data from multiple speakers to find robust transformations in the hidden layers and covers more speaker variability in the output regression layer. In this paper, we propose a new approach to unsupervised speaker adaptation with multi-speaker DNN. It takes advantage of shared hidden transformation to search for the labels of unlabelled acoustic frames and the found labels are used for speaker adaption. Experimental results show that the new approach of unsupervised adaptation can achieve comparable performance with supervised adaptation both objectively and subjectively. We further extend it to cross-lingual adaptation. It can remove non-native accent and improve the naturalness while keep the same speaker's characteristics.
Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase‐7 is an independent prognostic biomarker in advanced bladder cancer (2014)

Our results show that the MMP-7 serum concentration is an independent prognostic factor in patients with locally advanced and or metastatic bladder cancer.
The usefulness of the story recall test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (2011)

The SRT is a sensitive measurement of verbal memory function that can be used in clinical settings to discriminate between normal memory functioning and the very early and moderate stages of AD in a Korean population. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the SRT is more appropriate for subjects with a high level of education rather than a low level of education to differentiate normal cognitive aging from MCI or AD.
The Metabolic Syndrome During Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Treatment: Mechanisms and Management (2004)

The frequency of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other components of metabolic syndrome appear to be significantly elevated in some psychiatric patients. This is a notable example of genetic/environment interaction. Considering the genetic contribution, evidence of insulin resistance in persons with schizophrenia was reported in the pre-pharmacological era. High insulin, glucose, and cortisol levels are observed in first episode psychosis. The frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus is significantly increased in persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and in their first-degree relatives. Finally, a link exists between schizophrenia and enzymes involved in glycolysis and between antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain and serotonin receptor polymorphism. Important environmental factors are poor dietary habits, smoking, lack of physical exercise, and drug treatment, mostly with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and perhaps with mood stabilizers. The APDs probably induce metabolic dysfunction by producing sudden appetite increase and weight gain in predisposed subjects. However, direct drug effects on glucose and lipid metabolism independent from body weight change have been proposed. Excessive weight gain is mainly observed with clozapine, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine and is less consistently noted with risperidone or quetiapine. Two recently introduced APDs, ziprasidone and aripiprazole, display a neutral effect on weight and metabolism. Subjects at high risk must be identified early during APD treatment so that provide lifestyle counseling and pharmacological assistance can be provided. The immediate research agenda for the APDs is to improve the animal models of drug-induced metabolic dysfunction; to clarify mechanisms other than weight gain and appetite stimulation; and to test pharmacological agents in randomized, double-blind studies to prevent or reverse metabolic syndrome in selected patients.