gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imidazole Catalysis. V. The Intramolecular Participation of the Imidazolyl Group in the Hydrolysis of Some Esters and the Amide of γ-(4-Imidazolyl)-butyric Acid and 4-(2'-Acetoxyethyl)-imidazole<sup>2</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImidazole Catalysis. V. The Intramolecular Participation of the Imidazolyl Group in the Hydrolysis of Some Esters and the Amide of γ-(4-Imidazolyl)-butyric Acid and 4-(2'-Acetoxyethyl)-imidazole2Thomas C. Bruice and Julian M. SturtevantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 11, 2860–2870Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01520a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01520a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views423Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ets‐1 triggers and orchestrates the malignant phenotype of mammary cancer cells within their matrix environment (2008)

Acquisition of invasive characteristics is a hallmark of breast carcinoma progression. During this phenomenon, Ets-1 transcription factor overexpression is induced and associated with breast cancer invasiveness, and poor prognosis. We hypothesized that Ets-1 transcription factor could be the orchestrator of a genetic program inducing the expression of genes necessary for cell motility, as postulated by the tumor microenvironment invasion model. We aimed at elucidating the role of Ets-1 in the molecular control of mammary cancer cell invasion and aggressiveness within their matrix environment. To that purpose, mouse mammary tumor MMT epithelial cells were engineered to stably overexpress Ets-1, or the dominant negative Ets-1 DNA Binding domain. The biological function of Ets-1 was assessed in three-dimensional extracellular matrix systems recreating a microenvironmental architecture resembling in vivo geometric constraints. Ets-1 overexpression provided MMT cells with a motile and invasive phenotype, leading to cell scattering, and impairing multicellular organization in matrix-mimicking gels. We evidenced that Ets-1 promoted HGF/SF activation, and the expression of its receptor, c-Met. Ets-1 also orchestrated switches in integrin expression pattern, towards a pro-migratory and malignant phenotype. Moreover, Ets-1 concomitantly triggered matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression and activation, thus contributing to cell scattering. Functional relevance of these observations was confirmed with blocking antibodies or MMP inhibitors. Our data highlight a critical role for Ets-1 in the orchestration of a network of molecular and phenotypic events, converging to enhance malignant features and invasion by mammary cancer cells of their environment. Ets-1 overexpression hence appears as a probable key step for breast cancer progression.
Entity disambiguation in anonymized graphs using graph kernels (2013)

This paper presents a novel method for entity disambiguation in anonymized graphs using local neighborhood structure. Most existing approaches leverage node information, which might not be available in several contexts due to privacy concerns, or information about the sources of the data. We consider this problem in the supervised setting where we are provided only with a base graph and a set of nodes labelled as ambiguous or unambiguous. We characterize the similarity between two nodes based on their local neighborhood structure using graph kernels; and solve the resulting classification task using SVMs. We give empirical evidence on two real-world datasets, comparing our approach to a state-of-the-art method, highlighting the advantages of our approach. We show that using less information, our method is significantly better in terms of either speed or accuracy or both. We also present extensions of two existing graphs kernels, namely, the direct product kernel and the shortest-path kernel, with significant improvements in accuracy. For the direct product kernel, our extension also provides significant computational benefits. Moreover, we design and implement the algorithms of our method to work in a distributed fashion using the GraphLab framework, ensuring high scalability.
Prioritized access in CSMA networks: a node partitioning approach (2003)

The authors address the problem of incorporating message-based priority classes in random access protocols. The organization of these classes is based on the different packet delay requirements of higher-layer applications. A novel node-partitioning mechanism to restrict contention only to higher priority packets is introduced. The authors describe node-partitioning carrier-sense multiple access (NP-CSMA), a protocol that uses CSMA as its base access mechanism, and incorporates three priority mechanisms that influence different aspects of the channel access. These are node partitioning, priority queueing at station buffers, and prioritized persistence. A detailed simulation model is described. Simulation studies that demonstrate the effect of these mechanisms, separately and in concert, on the throughput and delay of the various priority classes are presented. It is shown how desired performance can be achieved by suitable variation of protocol parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of Tetracycline‐Containing Gel and a Mixture of Tetracycline and Citric Acid‐Containing Gel on Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy (1994)

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological effects of a newly developed root conditioning gel system containing tetracycline or a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid on non-surgical periodontal therapy. Sixty-four (64) single-rooted teeth with a probing depth of 4 to 6 mm were randomly subjected to one of the following four treatments; 1) root planing alone (RP group); 2) tetracycline-containing gel alone (TCG group); 3) root planing plus tetracycline-containing gel (RP + TCG group); or 4) root planing plus a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid-containing gel (RP + TC-CAG group). Probing depth, attachment level, and tooth mobility were measured and the presence of dental plaque and gingival inflammation was recorded at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples from each site were collected at the same visits and examined with phase contrast microscopy for proportions of motile rods and spirochetes. Plaque index, gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth, and attachment level decreased significantly in all groups compared to the baseline values (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in probing pocket depth was noted after 12 weeks in RP + TC-CAG group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Significantly more gain in attachment was detected in the RP + TC-CAG group compared to the TCG group (P < 0.05). Tooth mobility scores also decreased later in the study. A significant decrease in the proportion of motile rods was found primarily in the RP + TC-CAG group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Totally invariant variable structure control systems (2002)

This paper identifies a sliding mode for every linear state feedback control system. Based on this finding, a new control method is proposed. The method combines the convenience of any known linear state feedback design and the robustness of the variable structure control (VSC). The resulting VSC system has only the sliding mode but no reaching mode. Therefore the state dynamics of the new VSC system are totally invariant. A motor position control scheme which uses this new VSC method is included to show the merit of the method.
HI-VISUAL as a user-customizable visual programming environment (2002)

Many visual programming languages and environments designed for non-experts have been proposed in recent years. However, most systems lack the ability for users to integrate applications required in their line of work into the system, and the ability to create meaningful data structures that facilitate the organizing and processing of their tasks. The paper describes extensions to the HI-VISUAL iconic programming system developed at Hiroshima University that addresses these problems. Features that support customization are described, and the merits and hazards of enabling end-user tailorability are discussed.
Modeling and Measuring the Effect of Refraction on the Depth Resolution of Confocal Raman Microscopy (2000)

A simple ray-tracing analysis has been used to predict the effect of refraction at the sample/air interface, on the depth resolution of confocal Raman microscopy. This analysis applies to the “z-scanning”, or “optical sectioning”, approach to obtaining depth profiles, where the laser beam is incident normal to the sample surface, and spectra are recorded sequentially as the focus is moved deeper into the material. It is shown that when a “dry” metallurgical objective (the most common configuration for commercial Raman microscopes) is used, both the position and the depth of focus increase dramatically as the beam is focused deeper into the sample. It quickly becomes impossible to obtain “pure” spectra of thin layers that are buried more than a few micrometers below the air interface. Equations are presented which model the intensity response expected when focusing through a coating into a substrate. The model requires knowledge of the sample refractive index, the numerical aperture, and the laser beam intensity distribution at the limiting aperture, of the objective. Given these values, one can predict the substrate Raman intensity as a function of the nominal focal point within the sample. For a 36 μm coating on a thick substrate, we predict that even for a perfectly sharp interface (<<1 μm), substrate bands rise slowly (over an apparent distance of 10 μm or more), and are strong when the focus is apparently only ∼ 18 μm below the air/coating interface. This prediction was confirmed through experimental observation. The model was also used to analyze literature data that had been interpreted previously as showing interfacial diffusion in polymer laminates. The model correctly reproduced the main features of the observed data without invoking interfacial penetration—the optical aberrations alone accounted for almost all the observed broadening and the fact that the apparent thickness of the buried layer is also distorted. It was concluded that, with the use of this illumination geometry, it is very difficult to detect or quantify interfacial broadening unless it occurs on a very large scale indeed (tens of micrometers). It is concluded that ‘optical sectioning’ cannot be recommended for quantitative depth profiling at significant depths using metallurgical objectives. The optimum practical solution is to cut a cross section and map laterally across the sample, thereby utilizing and maintaining the excellent (lateral) resolution of the Raman microprobe. An alternative solution is to use an immersion objective to minimize refraction at the sample surface.
The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops (2011)

Efforts to increase efficient nutrient use by crops are of growing importance as the global demand for food, fibre and fuel increases and competition for resources intensifies. The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops provides both a timely summary of the latest advances in the field as well as anticipating directions for future research. The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops bridges the gap between agronomic practice and molecular biology by linking underpinning molecular mechanisms to the physiological and agronomic aspects of crop yield. These chapters provide an understanding of molecular and physiological mechanisms that will allow researchers to continue to target and improve complex traits for crop improvement. Written by leading international researchers, The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops will be an essential resource for the crop science community for years to come. Special Features: coalesces current knowledge in the areas of efficient acquisition and utilization of nutrients by crop plants with emphasis on modern developments addresses future directions in crop nutrition in the light of changing climate patterns including temperature and water availability bridges the gap between traditional agronomy and molecular biology with focus on underpinning molecular mechanisms and their effects on crop yield includes contributions from a leading team of global experts in both research and practical settings
Service Oriented Architecture for E-Commerce Negotiations: a Semantic Approach (2006)

Traditional negotiation systems have been implemented using agent architectures, where agents communicate exchanging negotiation primitives generated by each system, based on particular language definitions implicitly encoded, giving different syntax and semantics to their messages. In this paper we address the problem of communicating heterogeneous negotiation agents in a Web-based environment, considering differences in their message implementations. Our research is based in the development of a shared ontology for publishing definitions of negotiation primitives, and a translator module, which is executed only when a misunderstanding occurs. We implemented a service-oriented architecture for executing negotiations and conducted experiments incorporating heterogeneous agents. The results of the tests show that the proposed solution improves communication between negotiation agents.
Ein Verfahren zur Darstellung höherer Silane (1971)

Abstract Die Darstellung größerer Mengen höherer Silane in einer von uns entwickelten Silandarstellungsanlage wird beschrieben. Das verwendete Verfahren ist eine Weiterentwicklung der von Stock eingeführten Säurezersetzung von Magnesiumsilicid. Die Zusammensetzung der erhaltenen 2800 ml Rohsilan wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Dabei konnten Silanisomere bis zum Pentadecasilan nachgewiesen werden.
Fulminant Hepatitis Due to HBV/HDV Coinfection (1987)

The diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis is based on a thorough history (with a detailed review of possible modes of transmission), consistent physical findings (in which stigmata of chronic liver disease are absent), and laboratory tests confirming the presence of acute hepatocyte damage. Specific etiologic entities can be identified by serologic testing. In some cases, infection by more than one hepatitis virus may be revealed. The occurrence of HBV/HDV coinfection may lead to typical, uncomplicated acute hepatitis. In some patients, however, the development of a prolonged prothrombin time and encephalopathy indicates the presence of fulminant disease. The management of patients with such disease usually requires admission to an intensive care unit in order to increase the likelihood that complications will be recognized at an early stage, when intervention might make a difference. Standard interventions include vigorous treatment of hypoglycemia, attention to electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, and antibiotic therapy for bacterial sepsis. Despite aggressive management by experienced teams, fatality rates remain exceedingly high: As many as 75% to 100% of patients with severe encephalopathy die. Liver transplantation has been attempted in a number of cases. Its role remains ambiguous. Survival rates of 50% to 60% have been reported, but selection bias may turn out to have contributed to this apparently favorable outcome. In the patient under discussion, results of a follow-up physical two months after discharge were entirely normal. Liver chemistries were within normal limits, but a test for HBsAg was still positive. During the course of the examination, the patient admitted to having accidentally pricked his skin nearly two months before the onset of his illness while holding a needle that a friend had used for the intravenous injection of heroin. One year later, HBsAg was no longer detectable, but tests for anti-HBc and anti-HBs were both positive. The anti-HBc positivity was attributable to IgG rather than IgG anti-HBc. A test for anti-HDV was negative.
The natural history of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex virus infection. (1992)

Oral-facial herpes simplex virus infection is a common, worldwide affliction on which neither public health procedures, vaccines, nor antiviral chemotherapy have yet to have a significant clinical impact. Careful examination of the pathogenesis and clinical features of this illness could lead to insights and a rationale for new and more effective preventive and therapeutic measures. The resistance of recurrent herpes simplex labialis to antiviral chemotherapy may be caused in part by inoculation of the skin simultaneously at multiple foci, such that only a few cycles of virus replication are needed before there is coalescence of the foci, destruction of the epidermis, and clinical lesion formation. Studies of herpes simplex labialis induced by ultraviolet radiation have suggested that there is a subpopulation of lesions that develop immediately after irradiation and that are refractory to chemotherapy. The difficulty finding a treatment for herpes simplex labialis may in part be methodological. Clinical trial protocols for antiviral drugs should target susceptible lesion subgroups and specific stages of the disease.
Improved Alignment Technique for Dish Concentrators (2003)

Parabolic dish concentrators have shown significant promise of generating competitive electric energy for grid and off-grid applications. The efficiency of a dish-electric system is strongly affected by the quality of the concentrator optics. Most parabolic systems consist of a number of facets mounted to a support structure in an approximate parabolic arrangement, where the individual facets have spherical or parabolic optical shapes. The individual facets must be accurately aligned because improper alignment can compromise performance or create hot spots that can reduce receiver life. A number of techniques have been used over the years to align concentrator facets. In the Advanced Dish Development System (ADDS) project, a color look-back alignment approach that accurately aligns facets (mirror panels) and in addition indicates quantitative information about the focal length was developed. Key factors influencing the alignment, some of which had very large effects on the quality of the alignment, were also identified. The influence of some of the key factors was characterized with a flux mapping system on the second-generation ADDS concentrator. Some of these factors also affect other alignment approaches. The approach was also successfully applied to two other concentrators with differing facet arrangements. Finally, we have extended the method to a 2-f approach that eliminates the need for a distant line-of-sight to the dish and permits alignment at near vertical dish attitudes. In this paper, we outline the color look-back alignment approach, discuss the key alignment factors and their effect on flux distribution, and discuss extensions to non-gore dishes. A companion paper discusses the 2-f color alignment approach in detail.
Structural analysis of repetitive DNA sequences in the bovine corticotropin-<i>β</i>-tipotropin precursor gene region (1982)

Repetitive DNA sequences in the bovine corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor gene region have been mapped and subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. Two of the four repetitive DNA segments found are located in the 5'-flanking region, and one each within the intervening sequences. Each repetitive DNA segment contains one to three highly homologous unit sequences with an approximate length of 120 base pairs. All the unit sequences are flanked on the 3' side by tandem repeats. There are about 10(5) copies of the repetitive DNA in the bovine genome. Comparison of the bovine repetitive sequences with those of other mammalian species reveals the presence of a homologous segment of approximately 40 base pairs. This segment and the region preceding it in the bovine repetitive DNA exhibit sequence homology with the region encompassing the origin of DNA replication in papovaviruses.
Jury Deliberation in a Complex Case:<i>Havner v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals</i> (1993)

For more than a decade, there has been debate about the ability ofjurors to decide complex civil cases fairly. The debate has been hampered by the relatively small number of useful reports about actual jury deliberations in such cases. I review these reports and s~mmarizeth eir key findings. I then discuss the jury deliberation in a recent case that included a substantial body of scientific evidence as to whether a drug given to pregnant women caused birth defects. I conclude that in this case, as in other complex cases, jury instructions, defense lawyer decisions, and the adversary presentation of scientific data combined to make it difficultfor the jury to understand and assess the scientific evidence. As a result, the jury reached a verdict that was mistaken in important respects. It is important, however, to distinguish mistaken verdicts from irrational ones. The jury did its best under drfficult circumstances. In the conclusion, I discuss ways we might alter trials to increase the probability that juries will reach correct verdicts in complex cases.
Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>-PEG 400 Catalyzed Protocol for the Atom-Efficient Stille Cross-Coupling Reaction of Organotin with Aryl Bromides (2009)

Aryl bromides (4 equiv) were coupled efficiently with organotin (1 equiv) in an atom-efficient way using the tetra(triphenylphosphine)palladium/polyethylene glycol 400 (Pd(PPh3)4/PEG 400) catalytic system in the presence of sodium acetate (NaOAc) as base at 100 degrees C, providing excellent yields of the corresponding functionalized biaryls in short reaction times.
Risk of contamination from laparoscopic carbon dioxide insufflators. (1997)

Ten high flow laparoscopic carbon dioxides insufflators were examined to determine whether there was significant particulate or bacterial contamination of the gas delivered to patients. The gas delivery tubing and connections in the insufflators were also examined for the presence of bacterial colonization and for evidence of retrograde passage of body fluids to the insufflator. Metallic particulate debris was recovered from gas from all 10 insufflators. Staphylococci were recovered from the insufflated gas from one insufflator and from the internal tubing of three insufflators. Swabs from the internal tubing of two insufflators showed evidence of contamination by blood. The metallic particulate contamination of the insufflated gas may not be of clinical significance but the presence of bacteria and blood is a concern. Simple measures to minimize the risk of retrograde flow of gas and fluid to the insufflator should be followed and the provision of a filter between the patient and the insufflator is recommended.