gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy-absorption capability of composite tubes and beams (1989)

In this study the objective was to develop a method of predicting the energy absorption capability of composite subfloor beam structures. Before it is possible to develop such an analysis capability, an in-depth understanding of the crushing process of composite materials must be achieved. Many variables affect the crushing process of composite structures, such as the constituent materials' mechanical properties, specimen geometry, and crushing speed. A comprehensive experimental evaluation of tube specimens was conducted to develop insight into how composite structural elements crush and what are the controlling mechanisms. In this study the four characteristic crushing modes, transverse shearing, brittle fracturing, lamina bending, and local buckling were identified and the mechanisms that control the crushing process defined. An in- depth understanding was developed of how material properties, affect energy- absorption capability.
Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Challenges and Research Trends (2013)

A cognitive radio wireless sensor network is one of the candidate areas where cognitive techniques can be used for opportunistic spectrum access. Research in this area is still in its infancy, but it is progressing rapidly. The aim of this study is to classify the existing literature of this fast emerging application area of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, highlight the key research that has already been undertaken, and indicate open problems. This paper describes the advantages of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, the difference between ad hoc cognitive radio networks, wireless sensor networks, and cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, potential application areas of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, challenges and research trend in cognitive radio wireless sensor networks. The sensing schemes suited for cognitive radio wireless sensor networks scenarios are discussed with an emphasis on cooperation and spectrum access methods that ensure the availability of the required QoS. Finally, this paper lists several open research challenges aimed at drawing the attention of the readers toward the important issues that need to be addressed before the vision of completely autonomous cognitive radio wireless sensor networks can be realized.
A 23-mW 30-Gb/s digitally programmable limiting amplifier for 100GbE optical receivers (2014)

A 30-Gb/s differential limiting amplifier (LA) composed of three cascaded stages is presented. Fabricated in 65-nm CMOS process, the proposed LA yields a typical gain of 31.1 dB and a -3-dB bandwidth of 22.1 GHz while consuming 23 mW from a 1-V supply. The measured gain tuning range is 10 dB with the maximum gain step size less than 1 dB. DC offset cancellation is implemented by a feedback loop consisting of a low-pass filter (LPF) and an amplifier. Optical measurements demonstrate that the degradation in RMS jitter for a 25-Gb/s PRBS due to supply variation from 1 V to 0.9 V can be improved from 37% to 22% using the LA's digital programmability. At 80°C, the RMS jitter can be improved by 16% with the optimal digital control. The core chip area is about 0.12 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Sedimentation of Noncolloidal Particles at Low Reynolds Numbers (1985)

Sedimentation, wherein particles fall under the action of gravity through a fluid in which they are suspended, is commonly used in the chemical and petroleum industries as a way of separating particles from fluid, as well as a way of separating particles with different settling speeds from each other. Examples of such separations include dewatering of coal slurries, clarifi­ cation of waste water, and processing of drilling and mining fluids containing rock and mineral particles of various sizes. The separation of different particles by sedimentation is also the basis of some laboratory techniques for determining the distribution of particle sizes in a particulate dispersion. Owing to the significance of the subject, there have been numerous experimental and theoretical investigations of the sedimentation of par­ ticles in a fluid. One of the earliest of these is Stokes' analysis of the translation of a single rigid sphere through an unbounded quiescent Newtonian fluid at zero Reynolds number, which led to his well-known law (0) _ 2a2(p. p )g u 9J.l ' (1.1)
Enhanced Sensitivity of Pituitary βEndorphin to Ethanol in Subjects at High Risk of Alcoholism (1996)

This study indicates that the pituitary beta-endorphin system, but not the adrenal cortisol system, of the HR subjects shows an enhanced sensitivity to ethanol, which may be an important factor in controlling ethanol consumption.
Autocrine TGFα expression in the regulation of initiation of human colon carcinoma growth (1998)

Previously, we reported that unaggressive, growth factor-dependent FET human colon carcinoma cells downregulated their transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) expression in a quiescent state (G0/G1) induced by growth factor and nutrient deprivation (Mulder, 1991, Cancer Res., 51:2256–2262). In contrast, highly aggressive, growth factor-independent HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells aberrantly upregulated this autocrine activity in the quiescent state (Mulder, 1991, Cancer Res., 51:2256–2262; Howell et al., 1998, Mol. Cell. Biol., 18:303–313). In this report, the role of autocrine TGFα and the mechanism of its regulation of expression during reentry into the cell cycle from a noncycling growth state were determined in FET cells. Optimal induction of DNA synthesis from a quiescent state in FET cells is dependent upon autocrine TGFα as well as exogenous transferrin and insulin. Reentry into the cell cycle resulting from treatment with exogenous transferrin and insulin resulted in ∼3-fold induction of TGFα expression within 1 hr. TGFα induction was controlled at the transcription level, and the cis-controlling element was localized to the region between bp −370–−201 relative to the translation start codon within the TGFα promoter. Thus neutralization of autocrine TGFα protein revealed that the induced TGFα autocrine activity was necessary for DNA synthesis and acted only in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Blockade of autocrine TGFα expression early in the cell cycle resulted in the reduction of DNA synthesis, whereas treatment with neutralization antibody at later times had no effect. This suggested that autocrine TGFα functions to initiate cell growth from noncycling states. This was further confirmed by the dependence of FET cells upon autocrine TGFα for colony formation in experiments where the plating density was sufficiently low to generate a lag phase in tissue culture. In contrast, TGFα autocrine activity was not required for exponential phase cells, as evidenced by the failure of TGFα neutralizing antibody to inhibit proliferation in this growth state. Taken together, these results suggest that autocrine TGFα acts primarily in the process of growth initiation by moving cells from a noncycling state back into the cell cycle, rather than supporting cell growth already initiated. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:387–395, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Naphth[3,2,1-cd]indole by Heck Cyclization of 2-Methoxycarbonyl- 3-benzoylindoles (2003)

Reaction of 1-benzylindole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride with 1,3dimethoxybenzene in the presence of titanium(IV) chloride gave the corresponding 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)indole-2-carboxylic acid as the sole product.This carboxylic acid could be converted to naphth[3,2,1-cd]indole.We have s hown that reaction of 1-benzylindole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (1) 1 with anis oles in the presence of titanium(IV) chloride gave 3-benzoyl-1-benzylindole-2-carboxylic acids, which were converted to the corresponding 3-benzoylindoles 2 and quinones .3 Jones reported that pyrrolo[9,10-b]phenanthrene was a potential antitumor agent.4 Naphth[3,2,1-cd]indole, the isomer of pyrrolo[9,10-b]phenanthrene, was synthesized by Kornet from a Friedel-Crafts cyclization of 4-phenylindole-3-carboxamide as a potent pharmacological active indole derivative, but the synthetic method incurs some limitations. 5Herein, weshow the synthesis of a naphth[3,2,1-cd]indole derivative by a Friedel-Crafts reaction of 1 with 3bromoanisole and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, followed by Heck cyclization.NH N H Naphth[3,2,1-cd]indole Pyrrolo[9,10-b]phenanthreneReaction of 1-benzylindole-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (1)1 with 3-bromoanisole in the pres ence of 2 equivalents of titanium(IV) chloride, followed by treatment with methanol and a small amount of sulfuric acid gave a mixture of methyl 1-benzyl-3-(2-bromo-4-methoxybenzoyl)-( 2) and methyl 1-benzyl-3-(4bromo-2-methoxybenzoyl)indole-2-carboxylate (3) in 45% and 38% yields , res pectively.2 was converted to methyl 1-benzyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole-2-carboxylate (4) by catalytic hydrogenation
Gene expression profiling in Werner syndrome closely resembles that of normal aging (2003)

Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder, displaying defects in DNA replication, recombination, repair, and transcription. It has been hypothesized that several WS phenotypes are secondary consequences of aberrant gene expression and that a transcription defect may be crucial to the development of the syndrome. We used cDNA microarrays to characterize the expression of 6,912 genes and ESTs across a panel of 15 primary human fibroblast cell lines derived from young donors, old donors, and WS patients. Of the analyzed genes, 6.3% displayed significant differences in expression when either WS or old donor cells were compared with young donor cells. This result demonstrates that the WS transcription defect is specific to certain genes. Transcription alterations in WS were strikingly similar to those in normal aging: 91% of annotated genes displayed similar expression changes in WS and in normal aging, 3% were unique to WS, and 6% were unique to normal aging. We propose that a defect in the transcription of the genes as identified in this study could produce many of the complex clinical features of WS. The remarkable similarity between WS and normal aging suggests that WS causes the acceleration of a normal aging mechanism. This finding supports the use of WS as an aging model and implies that the transcription alterations common to WS and normal aging represent general events in the aging process.
AN ASSESSMENT OF WORLD HYDROCARBON RESOURCES (1997)

▪ Abstract Assessments of global coal, oil, and natural gas occurrences usually focus on conventional hydrocarbon reserves, i.e. those occurrences that can be exploited with current technology and present market conditions. The focus on reserves seriously underestimates long-term global hydrocarbon availability. Greenhouse gas emissions based on these estimates may convey the message that the world is running out of fossil fuels, and as a result, emissions would be reduced automatically. If the vast unconventional hydrocarbon occurrences are included in the resource estimates and historically observed rates of technology change are applied to their mobilization, the potential accessibility of fossil sources increases dramatically with long-term production costs that are not significantly higher than present market prices. Although the geographical hydrocarbon resource distribution varies significantly, a regional breakdown for 11 world regions indicates that neither hydrocarbon resource availability nor costs are likely to become forces that automatically would help wean the global energy system from the use of fossil fuel during the next century.
Clay Nanopaper with Tough Cellulose Nanofiber Matrix for Fire Retardancy and Gas Barrier Functions (2011)

Nacre-mimicking hybrids of high inorganic content (>50 wt %) tend to show low strain-to-failure. Therefore, we prepared clay nanopaper hybrid composite montmorillonite platelets in a continuous matrix of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with the aim of harnessing the intrinsic toughness of fibrillar networks. Hydrocolloid mixtures were used in a filtration approach akin to paper processing. The resulting multilayered structure of the nanopaper was studied by FE-SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Uniaxial stress-strain curves measured in tension and thermal analysis were carried out by DMTA and TGA. In addition, fire retardance and oxygen permeability characteristics were measured. The continuous NFC matrix is a new concept and provides unusual ductility to the nanocomposite, allowing inorganic contents as high as 90% by weight. Clay nanopaper extends the property range of cellulose nanopaper and is of interest in self-extinguishing composites and in oxygen barrier layers.
Heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms with realistic dielectric properties for microwave breast imaging experiments (2011)

We present a technique for fabricating realistic breast phantoms for microwave imaging experiments. Using oil-in-gelatin dispersions that mimic breast tissue dielectric properties at microwave frequencies, we constructed four heterogeneous phantoms spanning the full range of volumetric breast densities. We performed CT scans and dielectric properties measurements to characterize each phantom.
Midazolam kinetics (1981)

The effect-kinetics of the new benzodiazepine midazolam was evaluated in six subjects after single oral (7.5 and 15 mg) and intravenous (0.075 mg/kg) doses and infusion programs. The drug is bound to plasma proteins by 94%, and less than 0.5% is excreted unchanged in urine. Hepatic elimination is rapid: t1/2 beta is 2.4 +/- 0.8 hr (mean +/- S.D) and total body clearance is 283 +/- 43 ml/min (plasma) or 502 +/- 105 ml/min (blood). This substantial first-pass effect leads to bioavailability of only 44%, despite very rapid absorption (t1/2abs = 0.23 +/- 0.37 hr) after oral dosing. There is good intraindividual linear correlations (r between 0.68 and 0.97) between plasma levels and dynamic effects, as assessed by the d2 letter cancellation test and a sedation index formed from visual analogue scales.
UniNet: a hybrid approach for universal broadband access using small radio cells interconnected by free-space optical links (1998)

A new type of broadband access system is proposed for providing high-quality, bandwidth-upon-demand telecommunication services to the home and office. Communication terminals attach to the network via short radio links, and users can roam freely within a house or building unencumbered by the availability of wired "telecommunications outlets". Basic service is extended through small, high-capacity radio cells; the base stations are interconnected via short, highly focused free-space optical links in a multihop mesh arrangement; and the need for new broadband access cabling is totally surmounted. A tiered arrangement of radio cells further extends service to both out-of-building pedestrian and vehicular users, and service is universally available. Benefits of the approach are described, and issues involving reliability, availability, capacity, and hand off are identified and addressed. Opportunities to refine the basic approach are suggested for further study.
Inter-Channel Crosstalk Cancellation for Nyquist-WDM Superchannel Applications (2012)

Superchannel WDM systems employ narrow channel spacing to achieve high spectral efficiency and increase channel capacity. Additionally, these systems attempt to avoid inter-channel interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI), by creating and maintaining both spectral and temporal orthogonality. This in turn imposes a strong requirement on the spectral amplitude and phase of the received signals. For Nyquist-WDM systems, the temporal shapes are Nyquist pulses, requiring uniform spectral density with flat phase. In practice, these requirements are only partially achieved, resulting in non-ideal Nyquist systems with inter-channel interference (ICI). We propose and demonstrate two joint ICI cancellation methods based on our new “super receiver” architecture, which jointly detects and demodulates multiple subchannels simultaneously. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm is most readily implemented for systems with channel spacing equal to the baud rate, and the adaptive linear equalizer is effective for all channel spacings. Simulation results show that both joint ICI cancellation schemes outperform conventional linear equalization, approaching the performance of an isolated single channel.
Processing of polymers by UV picosecond lasers (2005)

Laser micromachining has been proven an excellent technique for patterning many engineering materials. The emitted photon energy from a UV laser is high enough to break the chemical bonds of the target reducing the heat effects on surrounding material. We present the results obtained by investigation of the laser ablation processes with picosecond pulses in about 20 different organic materials. Micro-drilling and cutting of polymers were performed by the 266-nm radiation. The effect of laser fluence on the ablation rate and drilling depth was investigated. Most of the materials showed two ablation thresholds. One of them was below 1 J/cm2 with a low material removal rate. Another threshold was spread in the range of 3 – 30 J/cm2 and the rapid increase in the ablation rate was found above it. The results are discussed in connection with optical ant thermal properties of the materials. The thermal activation of the ablation plays an important role at low fluences. The processing regimes of polymers were proved at formation of microstructures. UV laser radiation with the picosecond pulse duration can be useful in manufacturing micro-systems for diverse technical applications.
Atovaquone Nanosuspensions Show Excellent Therapeutic Effect in a New Murine Model of Reactivated Toxoplasmosis (2001)

Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). Standard therapy regimens (including sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine) are hampered by severe side effects. While atovaquone has potent in vitro activity against Toxoplasma gondii, it is poorly absorbed after oral administration and shows poor therapeutic efficacy against TE. To overcome the low absorption of atovaquone, we prepared atovaquone nanosuspensions (ANSs) for intravenous (i.v.) administration. At concentrations higher than 1.0 microg/ml, ANS did not exert cytotoxicity and was as effective as free atovaquone (i.e., atovaquone suspended in medium) against T. gondii in freshly isolated peritoneal macrophages. In a new murine model of TE that closely mimics reactivated toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised hosts, using mice with a targeted mutation in the gene encoding the interferon consensus sequence binding protein, i.v.-administered ANS doses of 10.0 mg/kg of body weight protected the animals against development of TE and death. Atovaquone was detectable in the sera, brains, livers, and lungs of mice by high-performance liquid chromatography. Development of TE and mortality in mice treated with 1.0- or 0.1-mg/kg i.v. doses of ANS did not differ from that in mice treated orally with 100 mg of atovaquone/kg. In conclusion, i.v. ANSs may prove to be an effective treatment alternative for patients with TE.
Origins of Fluorescence in Evolved Bacteriophytochromes (2014)

Use of fluorescent proteins to study in vivo processes in mammals requires near-infrared (NIR) biomarkers that exploit the ability of light in this range to penetrate tissue. Bacteriophytochromes (BphPs) are photoreceptors that couple absorbance of NIR light to photoisomerization, protein conformational changes, and signal transduction. BphPs have been engineered to form NIR fluorophores, including IFP1.4, Wi-Phy, and the iRFP series, initially by replacement of Asp-207 by His. This position was suggestive because its main chain carbonyl is within hydrogen-bonding distance to pyrrole ring nitrogens of the biliverdin chromophore, thus potentially functioning as a crucial transient proton sink during photoconversion. To explain the origin of fluorescence in these phytofluors, we solved the crystal structures of IFP1.4 and a comparison non-fluorescent monomeric phytochrome DrCBDmon. Met-186 and Val-288 in IFP1.4 are responsible for the formation of a tightly packed hydrophobic hub around the biliverdin D ring. Met-186 is also largely responsible for the blue-shifted IFP1.4 excitation maximum relative to the parent BphP. The structure of IFP1.4 revealed decreased structural heterogeneity and a contraction of two surface regions as direct consequences of side chain substitutions. Unexpectedly, IFP1.4 with Asp-207 reinstalled (IFPrev) has a higher fluorescence quantum yield (∼9%) than most NIR phytofluors published to date. In agreement, fluorescence lifetime measurements confirm the exceptionally long excited state lifetimes, up to 815 ps, in IFP1.4 and IFPrev. Our research helps delineate the origin of fluorescence in engineered BphPs and will facilitate the wide-spread adoption of phytofluors as biomarkers.
Multilingual and crosslingual acoustic modelling for automatic speech recognition (2007)

As with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, genetic disruption of COX-1 gene or pharmacologic inhibition of its activity has been shown to decrease the number of intestinal polyps in Apc gene-deficient mice. The present study was designed to investigate the combined effects of COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors on spontaneous polyp formation in APC1309 female mice. The animals were treated with 300 or 600 ppm mofezolac (a COX-1 selective inhibitor) alone, 200 or 400 ppm nimesulide (a COX-2 selective inhibitor) alone, 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide, 600 ppm mofezolac plus 400 ppm nimesulide, or 10 ppm indomethacin (a dual-COX inhibitor) in the diet from 7 weeks of age for 4 weeks. Percentage inhibition of polyp area in the intestine was 17% with 600 ppm mofezolac alone and 25% with 400 ppm nimesulide alone, their sum of 42% being almost equal to the 37% observed for the combination treatment. Administration of 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide also significantly decreased polyp area in the intestine by 30%. Moreover, the numbers of polyps more than 2.5 mm in diameter were markedly decreased by combined treatment of both COX inhibitors. With 10 ppm indomethacin, the dual inhibitor, polyp area was also clearly reduced by 46%. Our results indicate that COX-1 and COX-2 may to some extent contribute to polyp formation independently and inhibitor combination treatment thus has particular potential for chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis.
An Empirical Study of Quad-Level Cell (QLC) NAND Flash SSDs for Big Data Applications (2019)

As the SSD technology develops, quad-level cell (QLC) NAND based SSD is gradually being introduced to the market. And as such, we evaluate the QLC technologys impact on the landscape of modern datacenters. Since a large number of applications and workloads in the modern datacenters have far more read requests than they write requests, QLC SSD provides a promising solution. For example, real-time analytics and big data, machine and deep learning, and read-intensive AI applications are all read hungry perfectly suited for the QLC. Its favorable performance (especially in reads), high capacity and density greatly help modern datacenters to provide more efficient services to their customers. At the same time, the low cost of QLC SSD also helps to lower the cost of operation for datacenters. Additionally, we explore the state-of-art QLC SSD from the system architecture point of view to shows its key advancements from previous technologies. By conducting a comprehensive performance evaluation of QLC SSD, we are able to compare it with other types of SSD and analyze factors that impact its performance.