gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intensity, Brightness and ´ Etendue of an Aperture Lamp (2013)

Phosphor molecules are excited by ultraviolet light emitted during the steady electrical discharge of the low-pressure gas inside the lamp, and subsequently de-excite via emission of visible light. Some of this light is absorbed and re-emitted by the phosphor. In this problem, assume that there are no losses in this absorption/re-emission. Compare the intensity, brightness and etendue of the light from an ordinary fluorescent lamp (with no reflector and phosphor over the full azimuth) with that of an aperture lamp, with small angular aperture Δφ, with the same power output in the visible light. You may assume that the phosphor surface emits radiation according to Lambert’s cosine law [2]. Note that the principle of this problem applies equally well to a lamp consisting of an array of light-emitting diodes (which also absorb and re-emit light with little loss). Show that the effect of the phosphor/reflector (optical insulator) is to increase the intensity/brightness/temperature of the light inside the lamp (and the light emitted by it) for a given input power. The phosphors are typically metal oxides with a PO4 radical, often with rare-earth elements. The first variant of an aperture lamp may be from 1936 [1]. See, for example, sec. 4.8 of [3]. The principle also applies to an incandescent lamp in which a reflector (mirrorlike or diffuse) directs some of the light back onto the filament. The small size of tungsten filaments makes this a small effect, which apparently went unnoticed until (2000) [4]). Subsequently it was noted that the principle (there called “light recycling”) applies to extended light sources [5], such as LEDs, and that these sources can also serve as diffuse reflectors as in the fluorescent aperture lamp. The effect of the “light recycling” by the phosphor/reflector is similar to that of insulation of the walls of a house in permitting a higher internal temperature for a given heat input.
Properties of Phosphorus‐Containing Geopolymer Matrix and Fiber‐Reinforced Composite (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results Disscusion Conclusions References
Harmony: static noise analysis of deep submicron digital integrated circuits (1999)

As technology scales into the deep submicron regime, noise immunity is becoming a metric of comparable importance to area, timing, and power for the analysis and design of very large scale integrated (VLSI) systems. A metric for noise immunity is defined, and a static noise analysis methodology based on this noise-stability metric is introduced to demonstrate how noise can be analyzed systematically on a full-chip basis using simulation-based transistor-level analysis. We then describe Harmony, a two-level (macro and global) hierarchical implementation of static noise analysis. At the macro level, simplified interconnect models and timing assumptions guide efficient analysis. The global level involves a careful combination of static noise analysis, static timing analysis, and detailed interconnect macromodels based on reduced-order modeling techniques. We describe how the interconnect macromodels are practically employed to perform coupling analysis and how timing constraints can be used to limit pessimism in the analysis.
Quality control of overexpressed membrane proteins (2008)

Overexpression of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli frequently leads to the formation of aggregates or inclusion bodies, which is undesirable for most studies. Ideally, one would like to optimize the expression conditions by monitoring simultaneously and rapidly both the amounts of properly folded and aggregated membrane protein, a requirement not met by any of the currently available methods. Here, we describe a simple gel-based approach with green fluorescent protein as folding indicator to detect well folded and aggregated proteins simultaneously. The method allows for rapid screening and, importantly, pinpointing the most likely bottlenecks in protein production.
Electrochemical Generation of C<sub>60</sub><sup>2+</sup>and C<sub>60</sub><sup>3+</sup> (2003)

The adoption of suitable experimental conditions, which comprise ultra-dry solvents and electrolytes with very high oxidation resistance and low nucleophilicity, has allowed observation, for the first time, of the cyclic voltammetric reversible generation of C602+ and C603+. The present study adds valuable information on the still relatively unknown properties of these important all-carbon carbocations and, in view of their very high reactivity, offers new possible routes for fullerene functionalization.
Effects of conductor anisotropy on the design of Bi Sr Ca Cu O sections of 25 T solenoids (2003)

The development of a 25 T superconducting magnet is usually envisioned with the use of an innermost coil wound with high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material. At present, Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (BSCCO) conductors are the only candidate conductors available with sufficient length and current carrying capability. Unlike NbTi and Nb3Sn conductors, the BSCCO crystal structure and thus properties are strongly anisotropic. In conductor form, various degrees of anisotropy occur. It is often assumed that this anisotropy simply implies that radial field components must be minimized. We show that this assumption can be misleading. Using the average grain colony misalignment angle to parameterize the anisotropy, three regimes are distinguished in the relationship between average grain colony misalignment and critical current limiting field components. The implications of these separate regimes on the design process for 25 T superconducting magnet design are discussed.
Exfoliated Titanosilicate Material UZAR‐S1 Obtained from JDF‐L1 (2009)

Abstract A new material, UZAR‐S1, has been obtained by exfoliation of the layered precursor microporous titanosilicate JDF‐L1. The exfoliation consists of a first stage of proton exchange with histidine followed by intercalation with nonylamine and final extraction in HCl/water/ethanol solution. UZAR‐S1 is an exfoliated material composed of sheets of a few nanometers of thickness with a high aspect ratio, a BET specific surface area of 160 m 2 /g (JDF‐L1 scarcely adsorbs N 2 ), and a Si/Ti atomic ratio below 6. The dispersion of this material in commercial polysulfone results in an improved H 2 ‐selective mixed matrix membrane.
Guanylate cyclase from bovine lung. A kinetic analysis of the regulation of the purified soluble enzyme by protoporphyrin IX, heme, and nitrosyl-heme. (1982)

A kinetic characterization of the regulation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase from bovine lung by protoporphyrin M and hematin is reported.Purified guanylate cyclase was isolated with heme and had specific activities @mol of cGMP/min/mg of protein) of 0.1-0.2 and 0.3-0.6 in the presence of excess MgGTP and MnGTP, respectively, in the absence of added activators.Protoporphyrin IX, nitric oxide (NO), and NOheme increased the V,, up to 40-fold and decreased the K,,, for GTP (from 100 to 45-55 p ~) in the presence of excess Mg'.However, in the presence of excess Mn2+ the V,, was increased only slightly and the K , for GTP was unchanged.Protoporphyrin IX resembled NO and NO-heme also in lowering the K , and Ki for uncomplexed metal.This close similarity in the interactions of these activators with guanylate cyclase suggests that a common form of activated enzyme is generated.Hematin, in excess of 1.5 p ~, inhibited guanylate cyclase activity.Smaller concentrations of hematin competitively inhibited protoporphyrin IX (KI = 0.35 p ~) ,
Corporate Investment in 1983-A Forecast (1983)

﻿A Forecast Philip Thomas Ranjana Pendharkar This paper attempts to make a forecast of the growth in private corporate investment in 1983. Corporate investment is taken to cover groan capital expenditures of all companies in the private mid joint sectors. The study also provides a picture of the level and composition of corporate investment in 1982.
Virus with a Multipartite Superhelical DNA Genome from the Ichneumonid Parasitoid <i>Campoletis sonorensis</i> (1982)

Virus was isolated from the lumen of the calyx region of ovaries in the parasitoid wasp Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and the nature of the viral DNA was analyzed. DNA purified from a homogeneous band of virus contained double-stranded superhelical molecules which were polydisperse in molecular weight. At least 25 different covalently closed circles were present, ranging in molecular weight from 4.0 x 10(6) to 13.6 x 10(6). The virus DNA was analyzed with restriction enzymes, and the nature of the genetic complexity was evaluated by Southern blot hybridization of native superhelical and relaxed circular virus DNA and of SalI- and HindIII-digested DNA. The data suggest that most of the variously sized covalently closed DNAs were composed primarily of nonhomologous sequences. The different size classes of covalently closed viral DNAs did not appear to exist in equimolar concentrations. However, there was no evidence from observation of virus particles in the electron microscope or from virus fractionation experiments that a mixture of viruses was present in the calyx fluid. The results from this study suggest' that the virus isolated from C. sonorensis, like those isolated from other endoparasitic hymenoptera, may belong to a new class of DNA viruses in which the genome is multipartite, with each DNA existing as a superhelical molecule.
Cell wall metabolism and hexose allocation contribute to biomass accumulation in high yielding extreme segregants of a Saccharum interspecific F2 population (2017)

We thus postulated that the high biomass sugarcane plants rapidly convert sucrose to UDP-glucose, which is the building block of cell wall polymers and callose, in order to maintain the rapid plant growth. The gene interaction of cell wall metabolism, hexose allocation and cell division contributes to biomass yield.
Optimization of Spray-Drying Process Conditions for the Production of Maximally Viable Microencapsulated<i>L. acidophilus</i>NCIMB 701748 (2013)

Inrecent years, the use of spray drying for the production of anhydrobiotics has gained the interest of functional food manufacturers, mainly due to cost efficiencies and enhanced product and process flexibility (e.g., enhanced shelf life). In the present work, spray-drying conditions (air inlet temperature and feed flow rate) were optimized for the microencapsulation of the thermo sensitive probiotic lactobacilli strains Lactobacillus acidophilus stabilized in a 60:20:20 (w/w) maltodextrin: whey protein concentrate: D-glucose carrier. A 23 full-factorial experimental design was constructed with air inlet temperature (120, 140, and 160°C) and feed flow rate (6, 7.5, and 9.0 mL/min) as the independent variables and total viable counts (TVC), water activity (a w ), and cyclone recovery (CR) defined as the dependent variables. The increase in air inlet temperature from 120 to 160°C induced a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the TVC from 9.02 to 7.20 log cfu/g, which corresponds to a97.5% loss of the L. acidophilus viable counts. On the other hand, the increase in the feed flow rate from 6 to 7.5 mL/min significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the heat-induced viability loss. A further increase in the feeding rate did not further modify the achieved thermo protection, and a detrimental impact of cyclone recovery (reduction) and water activity (increase) of the powder was observed. Using pruned quadratic mathematical models, the optimum spray-drying conditions for the production of maximally viable microencapsulated L. acidophilus were 133.34°C and 7.14 mL/min. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the powders produced were acceptable for application with regards to residual water content, particles mean size, and thermo physical properties to ensure appropriate storage stability under room temperature conditions, with a low inactivation rate of L. acidophilus. Microcapsules appeared partially collapsed by scanning electron microscope with a spherical shape with surface concavities.
Composition and nutritive value of whole maize plants fed fresh to sheep. II. Prediction of the in vivo organic matter digestibility (1993)

— In vivo trials on sheep carried out in France in 1987 and 1988 run by INRA, AGPM, ITCF and breeders led to prediction models for in vivo organic matter digestibility coefficient of whole plant maize used for silage. The new equations account for 60 to 70% of the variability observed in the in vivo digestibility values. It is difficult to improve these results when we add variation sources: those from the location and plant diversity, and those from experiments on animals and laboratory methods. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can replace laboratory measures to estimate each of the chemical constituents and in vivo digestibility. These results are used to research the best labor- atory prediction reference methods. Direct determination by NIRS of in vivo organic matter digestibility is feasible but at present the data basis does not involve all variation sources and might lead to prediction errors. To improve NIRS performance, we have to standardize the reference method at an international level and set up a wider data base. feeding value I maize I digestibility I in vivo I Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Rsum — Composition et valeur alimentaire de la plante entire verte de mas pour les ovins. Il. Prdiction de coefficient de digestibilit in vivo de la matire organique. Des essais de mesures de bilan sur moutons raliss en France en 1987 et 1988, conduits par l'INRA, l'AGPM, l'ITCF et des slectionneurs, ont permis d'tablir des modles de prvision du coefficient de digestibilit in vivo de la matire organique du mas plante entire destin l'ensilage. Les 234 bilans sur animaux proviennent de 16 varits cultives sur 7 centres de recherche capables de raliser les mesures in vivo. Les paramtres disponibles sont l'ge de la plante la rcolte, la somme de tem- prature, le pourcentage de grains et d'pis, la matire sche, la composition chimique (cendres, protines, cellulose, NDF, ADF, ADL, amidon et glucides solubles) et 3 digestibilits enzymatiques
Access Regulation to Hot-Modules in Wormhole NoCs (2007)

Network on chip (NoC) may be the primary interconnect mechanism for future systems-on-chip (SoC). Real-life SoCs typically include hot-modules such as DRAM controller or floating point unit, which are bandwidth limited and in high demand by other units. In this paper we demonstrate that the mere existence of one or more hot-modules in a wormhole-based NoC dramatically reduces network efficiency and causes an unfair allocation of system resources. We demonstrate that a single hot-module destroys the performance of the entire SoC, even if network resources are over-provisioned. In order to resolve the hot-module effect, we introduce a novel low-cost credit based distributed access regulation technique that fairly allocates access rights to the hot-module. Unlike other methods, this technique directly addresses the root cause of network buffer congestion phenomena. Using simulation, we show the effectiveness of the suggested mechanism in various NoC scenarios
Iron- and molybdenum-repressible outer membrane proteins in competent Azotobacter vinelandii (1982)

Azotobacter vinelandii produced three major proteins of 93,000, 85,000, and 81,000 daltons and a minor 77,000-dalton protein in the outer membrane of Fe-limited cells, and these cells were competent for transformation by DNA. The synthesis of these proteins was repressed in Fe-sufficient medium. Mo limitation of nitrogen-fixing cells resulted in the hyperproduction of a 44,000-dalton protein and the production of a minor 77,000-dalton protein in the outer membrane. Mo limitation enhanced competence in Fe-limited medium and induced competence in Fe-sufficient medium. The 44,000-dalton protein was replaced by a 45,000-dalton protein when Fe-sufficient medium also contained NH4+, but the cells were noncompetent. The synthesis of these proteins was repressed in Mo-sufficient medium and by NH4+ in Fe-limited medium. All of the culture supernatants contained a blue-white fluorescent material (absorbance maximum, 214 nm) which appeared to coordinate Fe3+, Fe2+, MoO4(2-), WO3(2-), and VO3(-).
The interaction technique notebook: Adding shadows to a 3D cursor (1992)

This note describes a technique for adding cast shadows to a solid 3D cursor rendered in a depth-buffer. Such a cursor can be used in a range of 3Dpositioning tasks where lack of depth perception cues is a recurring problem The simplest of these tasks is the basic placement of an object at a position in 3-space. However, the technique described here can be used with essentially any 3D-positioning task that uses a cursor for feedback. In addition, this technique can be combined with other interaction techniques such as 3D snap-dragging [21.
Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of the Photographic Process (1942)

While many materials are sensitive to light and can be used for making photographs, the present art of photography is based upon one specific process: The light-sensitive material is silver bromide in the form of extremely small crystals held in a layer of gelatin. These crystals are very sensitive to light when the reaction to light is made manifest by the process of development, that is, by the treatment of the exposed material with a solution of a suitable reducing agent. After exposure to light, the crystals are very much more easily reduced to metallic silver than when they have not been exposed, and as a result of this difference, the effect of exposure becomes visible as an image composed of metallic silver. Significant advances have been made in recent years in the study of the structure of the light-sensitive materials and of the factors which produce in the silver bromide crystals sensitivity so great that very small amounts of light are sufficient to make them developable ; in the study of the action of light itself and of the change which occurs in the exposed crystals ; and in the study of the development reaction by which the exposed crystals are reduced to metallic silver.
An Enhanced SBR Tool for Low-Delay Applications (2009)

An established technique to reduce the data rate of an audio coder is Spectral Band Replication (SBR). The standard SBR tool is made for applications where encoding/decoding delay is of no concern. Our goal is to obtain an SBR system with little algorithmic delay for use in realtime applications, such as wireless microphones or video conferencing. We already developed a low delay SBR tool (LD-SBR) but it produces a relatively high amount of side information. This paper presents an enhanced SBR tool for low delay applications which uses techniques from LD-SBR in combination with Codebook Mapping (CBM). This leads to an enhanced low delay SBR tool with a reduced amount of side information but without degrading audio quality.
Manufacturing High Purity Maltose and Maltotetraose from Starch by a Novel and Efficient Procedure Named “Reducing End Modification Method” (1997)

A novel and efficient procedure named "reducing end modification method" was developed for manufacturing high purity maltooligosaccharides. By the method, high purity maltose and maltotetraose were prepared from starch. Starch was liquefied, debranched, and oxidized with sodium hypochlorite at the reducing end. The reaction mixture was treated with β-amylase or maltotetraose-forming amylase from Pseudomonas stutzeri IFO-3773, resulting in the production of high purity maltose or maltotetraose, oxidized maltooligosaccharides, and oxidized undigested dextrin. High purity maltose (maltose content, 99.9%) or maltotetraose (maltotetraose content, 95%) was obtained very effectively from the reaction mixture by chromatography on a strong acid cation exchange resin (Na (+)).
<title>Electromigration and current-carrying implications for aluminum-based metallurgy with tungsten stud via interconnections</title> (1993)

The electromigration behavior of Ti-AlCu-Ti metallurgy is presented in this work. For single- level structures in the absence of tungsten (W) stud interconnections, a greater-than-100X lifetime improvement over AlCu is measured. The metal linewidth strongly affects the median time to failure, T<SUB>50</SUB>, and standard deviation, sigma ((sigma) ), of the lognormal distribution. For two-level W stud chains, a 50X degradation in lifetime as compared to single-level structures is measured. The lifetime of these W stud chains depends on the Ti- AlCu-Ti current density rather than the stud current density. The 'reservoir effect', in which the electromigration lifetime of Ti-AlCu-Ti stripes depends strongly on W studs near the electron source end of the stripes, is a direct result of W acting as a diffusion barrier. The lifetime of W stud chains with Ti-AlCu-Ti metallurgy is longer for 2.0% copper than for 0.5% copper.
Prevalence of white spot syndrome virus in wild crustaceans along the coast of India. (2002)

Crustacean samples comprising of shrimps, crabs and squilla were collected from various landing centres and local fish markets of Kolkata, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Mangalore and Mumbai along the east coast and west coast of India, Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for screening the samples for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). A total of 89 crustacean samples were examined, which comprised of 40 shrimps, 36 crabs and 13 squilla samples. The results indicate that the wild-caught marine shrimps such as Penaeus monodon, Heterocarpus sp., Aristeus sp., Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. elegans and Squilla sp. carry WSSV. This virus could be detected in apparently healthy crabs such as Scylla serrata, Portunus sanguinolentus, P. pelagicus, Calappa lophos, Charybdis hoplites, C. lucifera, C. cruciate and Pseudograpsus intermedius. The virus was also found to be present in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, collected from the fish market. Sensitivity of detection of WSSV by PCR improved greatly, with PCR primers yielding amplicons of smaller size. Marine shrimps such as Heterocarpus sp., Aristeus sp., Metapenaeus elegans and crabs such as C. hoplites are being reported as carriers of WSSV.
A low delay 16 kbits/sec speech coder (2003)

The authors study a speech coder using a tree code generated by a stochastic innovations tree and backward adaptive synthesis filters. The synthesis configuration uses a cascade of two all-pole filters-a pitch (long time delay) filter followed by a formant (short time delay) filter. Both filters are updated using backward adaptation. The formant predictor is updated using an adaptive lattice algorithm. The multipath (M,L) search algorithm is used to encode the speech. A frequency weighted error measure is used to reduce the perceptual loudness of the quantization noise. The speech coder has low delay (1 ms) and has been evaluated through formal subjective testing to have speech quality that is equivalent to that for 7-bit log-PCM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of a cloned DNA fragment to analyze the fate of donor DNA in transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1984)

The integration of donor label into the recipient fragment is followed during transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The method used involves gel analysis of restriction endonuclease-treated recipient DNA after recombination with a radioactively labeled homologous cloned fragment.
On the orientation of cloud bands (1968)

The growth rate of line perturbations in a horizontally stratified saturated fluid is examined for the case of a vertical shear in the mean wind. Certain of these perturbations are unstable for Richardson numbers less than minus two, while perturbations along the direction of the wind shear vector are unstable so long as the static stability is less than zero. It is concluded that cloud bands will tend to be oriented in the wind shear direction.