gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive bilateral filter for image denoising and its application to in-vitro Time-of-Flight data (2011)

Image-guided therapy systems generally require registration of pre-operative planning data with the patient's anatomy. One common approach to achieve this is to acquire intra-operative surface data and match it to surfaces extracted from the planning image. Although increasingly popular for surface generation in general, the novel Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology has not yet been applied in this context. This may be attributed to the fact that the ToF range images are subject to considerable noise. The contribution of this study is two-fold. Firstly, we present an adaption of the well-known bilateral filter for denoising ToF range images based on the noise characteristics of the camera. Secondly, we assess the quality of organ surfaces generated from ToF range data with and without bilateral smoothing using corresponding high resolution CT data as ground truth. According to an evaluation on five porcine organs, the root mean squared (RMS) distance between the denoised ToF data points and the reference computed tomography (CT) surfaces ranged from 3.0 mm (lung) to 9.0 mm (kidney). This corresponds to an error-reduction of up to 36% compared to the error of the original ToF surfaces.
Epithelial cell antigen presentation (2000)

For decades intestinal epithelial cells were thought of as passive barriers to luminal contents, cells involved in nutrient absorption and electrolyte secretion. Studies during the past 10 to 15 years have changed that concept as our understanding of mucosal immunity has evolved and as we have come to understand that the regulation of this system is unique in terms of cellular interactions and factors produced. The intestinal epithelial cell has moved to the forefront of these studies where it has been shown to be an active participant in mucosal immunoregulation and inflammation. Results of the earliest studies suggested that epithelial cells might be involved in immune regulation because they expressed a series of cell surface molecules that correlate with classical antigen presentation (class I and II MHC molecules). Later on, the expression of nonclassical class I molecules was identified on these cells as well, raising the possibility of novel forms of interactions with unique cell populations. This was followed by the observation that epithelial cells secrete cytokines and chemokines, which not only regulate mucosal immune responses but also regulate inflammatory responses. By such processes, the IEC has been proposed as being a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The recent description of Toll-like receptors on IECs adds further support to this concept. Clearly there is growing appreciation of the multifaceted role that the IEC plays in the gut. The work on IECs in the past year has helped to refine this role.
Using unlabeled data to improve text classification (2001)

One key difficulty with text classification learning algorithms is that they require many hand-labeled examples to learn accurately. This dissertation demonstrates that supervised learning algorithms that use a small number of labeled examples and many inexpensive unlabeled examples can create high-accuracy text classifiers. By assuming that documents are created by a parametric generative model, Expectation-Maximization (EM) finds local maximum a posteriori models and classifiers from all the data -- labeled and unlabeled. These generative models do not capture all the intricacies of text; however on some domains this technique substantially improves classification accuracy, especially when labeled data are sparse. Two problems arise from this basic approach. First, unlabeled data can hurt performance in domains where the generative modeling assumptions are too strongly violated. In this case the assumptions can be made more representative in two ways: by modeling sub-topic class structure, and by modeling super-topic hierarchical class relationships. By doing so, model probability and classification accuracy come into correspondence, allowing unlabeled data to improve classification performance. The second problem is that even with a representative model, the improvements given by unlabeled data do not sufficiently compensate for a paucity of labeled data. Here, limited labeled data provide EM initializations that lead to low-probability models. Performance can be significantly improved by using active learning to select high-quality initializations, and by using alternatives to EM that avoid low-probability local maxima.
Wide Bandgap Extrinsic Photoconductive Switches (2013)

Semi-insulating Gallium Nitride, 4H and 6H Silicon Carbide are attractive materials for compact, high voltage, extrinsic, photoconductive switches due to their wide bandgap, high dark resistance, high critical electric field strength and high electron saturation velocity. These wide bandgap semiconductors are made semi-insulating by the addition of vanadium (4H and 6HSiC) and iron (2H-GaN) impurities that form deep acceptors. These deep acceptors trap electrons donated from shallow donor impurities. The electrons can be optically excited from these deep acceptor levels into the conduction band to transition the wide bandgap semiconductor materials from a semi-insulating to a conducting state. Extrinsic photoconductive switches with opposing electrodes have been constructed using vanadium compensated 6H-SiC and iron compensated 2H-GaN. These extrinsic photoconductive switches were tested at high voltage and high power to determine if they could be successfully used as the closing switch in compact medical accelerators.
Treatment of Hypertrophy of the Inferior Turbinate: Long-Term Results in 382 Patients Randomly Assigned to Therapy (1999)

A number of surgical techniques are commonly performed to control the symptoms of inferior turbinate hypertrophy unresponsive to medical treatment. We report long-term results in 382 patients randomly assigned to receive electrocautery (62), cryotherapy (58), laser cautery (54), submucosal resection without lateral displacement (69), submucosal resection with lateral displacement (94), and turbinectomy (45). Outcomes of objective test results from rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, mucociliary transport time, and secretory immunoglobulin A levels were compared to the symptom scores before and yearly after surgical treatment. These data indicate that submucosal resection with lateral displacement of the inferior turbinate results in the greatest increases in airflow and nasal respiratory function with the lowest risk of long-term complications.
The Research of Optimizing Page Ranking Based on User's Feature (2012)

In order to get a better user experience, to create user features based on user behavior, optimize and improve feature selection process, so as to achieve a selection process with the combination of user preferences, the search results will be better reflect the user's preferences. This paper proposes an algorithm of establish the feature of the document and the user feature at the same time, these features will be add into the sorting process, as to achieve better user experience.
Relaxed Si0.7Ge0.3 buffer layers for high-mobility devices (1995)

The minimum epitaxial layer thickness required to produce relaxed, thermally stable, Si0.7Ge0.3 buffer layer structures for high electron- and hole-mobility devices has been determined, using high resolution x-ray diffraction. A 1.4-μm-thick layer, step graded to x=0.35, is sufficiently thick so that the residual strain in a uniform composition Si0.33Ge0.67 layer grown on top of it is essentially independent of thickness or growth temperature of the layer. Such structures are stable when annealed at 750 °C.
Partial feedback based orthogonal block coding (2004)

Over the last couple of years a number of space-time block codes have been proposed for use in multiple transmit antennas systems. In this article we propose a method to extend any space-time code constructed for m transmit antennas to m p transmit antennas through group-coherent codes (GCC). GCC make use of very limited feedback from the receiver (as low as one bit). In particular the scheme can be used to extend any orthogonal code (e.g. Alamouti code) to more than 2 antennas while preserving low decoding complexity, full diversity benefits and full data rate.
Macrophage Scavenger Receptor Confers an Adherent Phenotype to Cells in Culture (1998)

Several cell lines have become widely used in biotechnology, pharmaceutical and academic laboratories because of their desirable characteristics. Among these, the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 is one of the most versatile and powerful for expression of recombinant proteins, permitting the establishment of stable cell lines in just three weeks. Unfortunately, HEK293 cells adhere weakly to tissue culture grade plastic. Therefore, without cumbersome and sometimes expensive modifications to equipment, these cells are not suitable for use in a number of extremely important applications, including robot-based, high-throughput drug screening formats, growth and expansion in roller bottles and expression cloning experiments. We have cloned and transfected the human Class A macrophage scavenger receptor into 293EBNA cells (293EM) and found that expression of this receptor confers a sufficiently adherent property to the cells as to render them usable with automated equipment. In addition, the 293EM cells are now able to adhere to the surface of roller bottles and to untreated glass substrates, allowing growth of these cells in formats for which they are not normally well suited.
A 25 Gbit/s Transmitter Optical Sub-Assembly Package Employing Cost-Effective TO-CAN Materials and Processes (2012)

A cost-effective 25 Gbit/s directly modulated transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) employing transistor outline (TO)-CAN materials and processes is demonstrated. A high speed distributed feedback laser diode (DFB LD) chip used in the TOSA is characterized by a directly high frequency probing measurement and an equivalent circuit model according to the measurement result. Using a TOSA package with TO-CAN structure and applying the deduced equivalent circuit model of the DFB LD chip in the simulation, a modified TOSA is proposed. The parasitic effect of bonding-wire and the gap induced in die bonding process is studied comprehensively to achieve an optimum configuration. Based on the simulated result, the proposed TOSA is fabricated through a conventional TO-CAN and TOSA fabrication process. The measured results show that the TOSA exhibits a 3-dB bandwidth of 18.7 GHz and a clearly opening eye diagram of 25 Gbit/s. This developed TOSA is potential for use in the next generation fiber network of 25 Gbit/s or 100 Gbit/s due to advantages of cost-effective design and mass production capability.
RNA intrusions change DNA elastic properties and structure (2014)

Ribonucleotides in DNA can alter the elastic and structural properties of DNA.
Activation of adenosine <scp>A<sub>2A</sub></scp> receptor reduces osteoclast formation via <scp>PKA</scp>‐ and <scp>ERK1</scp>/2‐mediated suppression of <scp>NF</scp>κ<scp>B</scp> nuclear translocation (2013)

A(2A)R activation inhibits OC differentiation and regulates bone turnover via PKA-dependent inhibition of NFκB nuclear translocation, suggesting a mechanism by which adenosine could target bone destruction in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Stability and Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV Under Clinical and Laboratory Environments (1986)

The stability of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) under environmental conditions encountered in a clinical or laboratory setting and its inactivation by commonly used chemical disinfectants were investigated. Under our experimental conditions utilizing a highly concentrated viral preparation, virus with an initial infectious titer of approximately 7 log10 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) per milliliter can be recovered for more than a week from an aqueous environment held at room temperature (23 to 27 degrees C) or at 36 to 37 degrees C. Virus recovery is reduced at a rate of approximately 1 log10TCID50 per 20 minutes when held at 54 to 56 degrees C. Dried and held at room temperature, HTLV-III/LAV retains infectivity for more than three days with a reduction of approximately 1 log10TCID50 per nine hours. Viral infectivity is undetectable and reduced more than 7 log10TCID50 within one minute with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol, or 0.5% nonidet-P40, and within ten minutes with 0.08% quaternary ammonium chloride or with a 1:1 mixture of acetone-alcohol. These results help provide a rational basis to prevent the accidental spread of HTLV-III/LAV in the laboratory or clinical setting.
Osteopontin and its Integrin Receptor α <sub>v</sub> β <sub>3</sub> Are Upregulated During Formation of the Glial Scar After Focal Stroke (1998)

Early microglial/macrophage expression of osteopontin mRNA defines the borders and final infarct area at 24 hours. At 5 days osteopontin ligand is at a distance from the peri-infarct astrocytes expressing integrin receptor alpha(v)beta3. By 15 days astrocytes expressing integrin receptor alpha(v)beta3 are localized in an osteopontin-rich region concomitant with formation of the new glial-limiting membrane. The de novo expression and interaction of osteopontin ligand with its receptor integrin alpha(v)beta3 suggest a role in wound healing after focal stroke.
A Method for Computing Fast and Accurate Analytical Gradient: the Key for Routinely Performing Efficient 2D and 3D Resistivity Inversions (2002)

Abstract This paper consider several issues related to the inversion of resistivity log curves. After choosing an initial guess, the inversion process needs to know exactly how to modify the earth resistivity map in order to obtain better computed curves. If we define the cost function as the square of the norm of the difference between the computed and the measured curves, the gradient map provides this piece of information. Only an analytical determination of this gradient map is efficient enough for an accurate solution. However, the additional computing time has to be reasonable. This paper includes an original method to determine an accurate first guess and a new method to compute efficiently the gradient of the cost function. Some numerical figures in CPU time are given for the computation of the gradient and for sensitivity analysis as well..
Asymptotically efficient adaptive allocation schemes for controlled Markov chains: finite parameter space (2003)

The authors consider a controlled Markov chain whose transition probabilities and initial distribution are parameterized by an unknown parameter theta to some known parameter space Theta . There is a one-step reward associated with each pair of control and following state of the process. The objective is to maximize the expected value of the sum of one-step rewards over an infinite horizon. By introducing the loss associated with a control scheme, the authors show that the problem is equivalent to minimizing the loss. They define uniformly good adaptive control schemes and restrict attention to these schemes. They develop a lower bound on the loss associated with any uniformly good control scheme. Finally, they construct an adaptive control scheme whose loss equals the lower bound and is therefore optimal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
p<i>H</i> Effects in trypsin catalysis (1969)

A kinetic study has been made of the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-alanine methyl ester, at pH values ranging from 6 to 10. The substrate concentrations varied from 1.7 × 10 −3 to 4.3 × 10 −2 M. From the rates were calculated, at each pH, values of [Formula: see text] (corresponding to [Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text] (corresponding to [Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] The specific levorotation of trypsin was measured and found to vary with pH in the pH region 5–11, the change in specific rotation following the ionization of a single group with pK(app) of 9.4. At pH 11 the specific rotation of trypsin, its zymogen, and its phosphorylated derivative were approximately the same, suggesting similar conformations for all three forms of the protein.The kinetic results on the acid side were very similar to those obtained by other investigators for chymotrypsin; they imply that there is a group of [Formula: see text] in the free enzyme, presumably the imidazole function of a histidine residue, and that this group is involved in acylation and deacylation, which can only occur if it is unprotonated. The behavior on the basic side was found to be different from that with chymotrypsin revealing a decrease in [Formula: see text] at high pH corresponding to a value of [Formula: see text] whereas [Formula: see text] showed sigmoid pH-dependence. An interpretation of these results that is consistent with all available information is that a group of [Formula: see text] (presumably the —NH 3 + function of the terminal isoleucine) controls the conformation and thereby the activity of the enzyme at different stages of complex formation. In contrast to chymotrypsin, the pK of this ionizing group appears to be generally lowered by covalent complex formation between trypsin and its substrates.
A Gene Encoding a DUF247 Domain Protein Cosegregates with the <i>S</i> Self-Incompatibility Locus in Perennial Ryegrass (2015)

The grass family (Poaceae), the fourth largest family of flowering plants, encompasses the most economically important cereal, forage, and energy crops, and exhibits a unique gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) mechanism that is controlled by at least two multiallelic and independent loci, S and Z. Despite intense research efforts over the last six decades, the genes underlying S and Z remain uncharacterized. Here, we report a fine-mapping approach to identify the male component of the S-locus in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and provide multiple evidence that a domain of unknown function 247 (DUF247) gene is involved in its determination. Using a total of 10,177 individuals from seven different mapping populations segregating for S, we narrowed the S-locus to a genomic region containing eight genes, the closest recombinant marker mapping at a distance of 0.016 cM. Of the eight genes cosegregating with the S-locus, a highly polymorphic gene encoding for a protein containing a DUF247 was fully predictive of known S-locus genotypes at the amino acid level in the seven mapping populations. Strikingly, this gene showed a frameshift mutation in self-compatible darnel (Lolium temulentum L.), whereas all of the self-incompatible species of the Festuca-Lolium complex were predicted to encode functional proteins. Our results represent a major step forward toward understanding the gametophytic SI system in one of the most important plant families and will enable the identification of additional components interacting with the S-locus.
First-principles and experimental investigation of the morphology of layer-structured LiNiO2 and LiCoO2 (2012)

LiNiO2 (LNO)-based layered materials for use as cathodes in lithium ion batteries generally take the form of agglomerates composed of small particles. Such morphologies produce low electrode densities compared with LiCoO2 (LCO). In this study, the surface energies of various LNO and LCO crystal facets were calculated, and the morphological characteristics of the materials were interpreted based on these results. Crystal models were constructed and the energy of each facet was calculated using density functional theory methods. The chemical mechanisms underlying the atomic structure at each type of facet surface were analyzed using molecular orbital methods. All facet planes yielded surface energies for LNO that were lower than those for LCO. Atoms in the LNO crystal were found to be less ionized than in LCO, which provided weaker ionic bonding and a lower surface energy. The surface energy was proposed to be the main driving force underlying the morphological differences between LNO and LCO. LNO was expected to favor a high fraction of Li atoms at the facet planes. The interpretations based on the theoretical calculations were supported by the experimental results and showed excellent agreement.
Use of the Wavelet Transform for Interference Detection and Mitigation in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (2014)

Radio frequency interference detection and mitigation are becoming of paramount importance due to the increasing number of services and applications based on the position obtained by means of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. A way to cope with such threats is the implementation in the receiver of advanced signal processing algorithm able to raise proper warning or improve the receiver performance. In this paper, we propose a method based on the Wavelet Transform able to split the useful signal from the interfering component in a transformed domain. The wavelet packet decomposition and proper statistical thresholds allow the algorithm to show very good performance in case of multiple pulse interference as well as in the case of narrowband interference, two scenarios in which traditional countermeasures might not be effective.
Investigations with the novel non-opioid analgesic flupirtine in regard to possible benzodiazepine-like abuse inducing potential. (1990)

Flupirtine (D-9998, Katadolon, CAS 56995-20-1); CAS 56995-20-1), a novel non-opioid analgesic was investigated for possible benzodiazepine-like activities. In receptor binding studies flupirtine and its metabolite were found to reveal no affinity for specific 3H-flunitrazepam binding up to a concentration of 10 mumol/l. In drug discrimination studies, rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10 mg/kg i.p.) from no drug (NaCl 0.9%) under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.9 mg/kg i.p. In generalization tests with a benzodiazepine-type compound lorazepam (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) did not generalize to the flupirtine training dose. In physical dependence studies using rats, during and after chronic oral administration of flupirtine (2 x 80 mg/kg p.o.) over 45 days no signs of benzodiazepine- and opiate-like physical dependence were observed in rats after withdrawal of the drug. In contrast diazepam (2 x 5 bzw. 2 x 10 mg/kg p.o.) induced typical symptoms of physical dependence. A significant weight loss of the codeine treated animals (2 x 60 mg/kg p.o.) and other typical side effects were also observed after withdrawal of codeine. These results clearly demonstrate that flupirtine has no affinity for benzodiazepine receptors and is free of benzodiazepine or opiate/opioid-like abuse potential.