gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-PEGylated liposomes for convection-enhanced delivery of topotecan and gadodiamide in malignant glioma: initial experience (2009)

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of highly stable PEGylated liposomes encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs has previously been effective against malignant glioma xenografts. We have developed a novel, convectable non-PEGylated liposomal formulation that can be used to encapsulate both the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (topoCED) and paramagnetic gadodiamide (gadoCED), providing an ideal basis for real-time monitoring of drug distribution. Tissue retention of topoCED following single CED administration was significantly improved relative to free topotecan. At a dose of 10 microg (0.5 mg/ml), topoCED had a half-life in brain of approximately 1 day and increased the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) by 28-fold over free topotecan (153.8 vs. 5.5 microg day/g). The combination of topoCED and gadoCED was found to co-convect well in both naïve rat brain and malignant glioma xenografts (correlation coefficients 0.97-0.99). In a U87MG cell assay, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of topoCED was approximately 0.8 microM at 48 and 72 h; its concentration-time curves were similar to free topotecan and unaffected by gadoCED. In a U87MG intracranial rat xenograft model, a two-dose CED regimen of topoCED co-infused with gadoCED greatly increased median overall survival at dose levels of 0.5 mg/ml (29.5 days) and 1.0 mg/ml (33.0 days) vs. control (20.0 days; P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). TopoCED at higher concentrations (1.6 mg/ml) co-infused with gadoCED showed no evidence of histopathological changes attributable to either agent. The positive results of tissue pharmacokinetics, co-convection, cytotoxicity, efficacy, and lack of toxicity of topoCED in a clinically meaningful dose range, combined with an ideal matched-liposome paramagnetic agent, gadoCED, implicates further clinical applications of this therapy in the treatment of malignant glioma.
Viral hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease (2010)

Viral hepatitis is common worldwide and in the United States. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) with active disease (elevated alanine aminotransferase level and viral replication) should receive HBV treatment. HBV reactivation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients receiving immunosuppression. IBD patients may require long-term immunosuppression, and therefore should be considered candidates for vaccination against new HBV infection as well as prophylaxis against HBV reactivation prior to immunosuppressive therapy. Tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists and immunomodulators appear compatible with use in IBD patients with HCV, although prednisone may increase viral replication. HCV treatment with peg-interferon and ribavirin may exacerbate gastrointestinal symptoms, and therefore the decision to treat HCV needs to be individualized. Management of IBD patients with viral hepatitis is addressed in this review.
An electrochemical model of the induced-polarization phenomenon in disseminated sulfide ores (1979)

Abstract A disseminated sulfide ore is idealized by a system of electronically conducting metallic spheres randomly dispersed in an electrolytically conducting host medium. When an external electric field is applied, the transport of cations and anions in the interphase region near the metal-electrolyte interface will involve both drift and diffusion flux densities. The flow of ions to or from the metal-electrolyte interface causes an excess or deficit of inactive ions to accumulate there, since the metal is neither a source nor sink for these ions. These inactive ions are loosely held to the metallic particles by image forces, and concentration gradients build up which oppose the migration of these ions due to electric fields. In addition to the inactive anions and cations, a minor concentration of active cations is assumed to exist in the electrolytic medium, and the electric fields at the electrolyte-metal interface cause these to engage in electrochemical reactions making possible charge transfer across the interface. Under these conditions, coupled partial differential equations describing the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of active and inactive ions can be derived by considering the net flux of cations and anions into a small test volume of the host medium. The variations are expressed as perturbations on the background concentrations and are found when the partial differential equations are solved using the Laplace transformation and separation of variables in spherical coordinates. The perturbation concentrations are Gouy-Chapman types of diffuse distributions localized near the metal-electrolyte interface with thickness on the order of the Debye screening length. The cloud of loosely held ions surrounding each metallic particle and the diffusion-controlled charge transfer reaction at the interface are responsible for inducing a time- or frequency-dependent electric dipole moment on each particle. With the assumption that no mutual interactions exist between these dipoles, the effective conductivity (in frequency domain) of an assemblage of metallic spheres residing in an electrolytic host medium can be found by using Maxwell's formula. The resulting frequency dispersion in the effective conductivity is the basis of the induced-polarization (IP) effect. Conductivity and resistivity spectra calculated from this electrochemical model are compared to laboratory measurements on synthetic metalliferous ores, and good fits with the experimental data are obtained by using physically reasonable values for the various parameters in the model.
Automatic OS kernel TCB reduction by leveraging compile-time configurability (2012)

Neuropsychiatric adverse effects during interferon-based treatments in patients with chronic hepatitis C were common but mostly mild or moderate. Early detection and accurate multidisciplinary management avoided treatment discontinuation, ensuring adherence and attaining sustained viral response. The identified risk factors could be used to determine patients eligible for interferon-free combinations, thus optimizing health system economics.
Unusual Naphthoquinone Derivatives from the Twigs of <i>Avicennia </i><i>marina</i> (2007)

In a continuing search for novel bioactive compounds from marine mangrove plants, seven new naphthoquinone derivatives were isolated from Avicennia marina, namely, avicennone A (1), avicennone B (2), avicennone C (3), avicennone D (4), avicenone E (5), avicennone F (6), and avicennone G (7), along with the known compounds avicequinone A (8), stenocarpoquinone B (9), avicequinone C (10), avicenol A (11), and avicenol C (12). The chemical structures of 1-7 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 8-10, and a mixture of 4 and 5, which all contain a 4,9-dione group, showed strong antiproliferative and moderate cytotoxic activities, as well as antibacterial effects.
Characterization Of Stepper - Lens Aberrations And Critical Dimension Control (1985)

Demands for higher resolution and larger field size are pushing the limits of optical design and manufacturing technology. A simple method of characterizing lens aberrations is proposed in this paper. The effects of astigmatism, field curvature and other aberrations are analyzed. A method of estimating the variation in focal depth for a given resist process and device technology is also proposed. The combined results can be used to determine the minimum feature size and maximum field size to be used with adequate linewidth control. In addition, the lens characterization method can be used for detecting problems with the lens quality and image orthogonality.
A bayesian model for collaborative filtering. (1999)

Consider the general setup where a set of items have been partially rated by a set of judges, in the sense that not every item has been rated by every judge. For this setup, we propose a Bayesian approach for the problem of predicting the missing ratings from the observed ratings. This approach incorporates similarity by assuming the set of judges can be partitioned into groups which share the same ratings probability distribution. This leads to a predictive distribution of missing ratings based on the posterior distribution of the groupings and associated ratings probabilities. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and a hybrid search algorithm are then used to obtain predictions of the missing ratings.
Angular and speckle multiplexing of photorefractive holograms by use of fiber speckle patterns (1998)

The scheme of using fiber speckle patterns can be applied to the multiplexing of photorefractive holograms. Fiber speckle referencing enhances the angular selectivity of the holograms. Speckle multiplexing is also possible by use of a mode scrambler. Also studied is the feasibility of a hybrid scheme involving simultaneous shift and speckle multiplexing.
Counterstreaming-ion-tokamak fissile breeder (1976)

Tokamak plasmas fueled and heated by energetic neutral-atom beams are characterized by total ion energy greatly exceeding the electron energy. For smaller devices the largest fusion reactivity of energetic-ion plasmas is obtained when oppositely injected D/sup 0/ and T/sup 0/ beams sustain counterstreaming velocity distributions of deuterons and tritons. This scoping study investigates the net fissile and power productions of a tokamak fusion-fission reactor with a counterstreaming-ion fusion driver and a fertile blanket optimized for fissile breeding. The fusion driver has parameters R/sub o/ = 4.7 m, a = 1.0 m, B/sub t/ = 5.6 T, W/sub b/ = 100 keV (D/sup 0/), n tau/sub E/ = 1.4 x 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/s, Q = 1.5, 14-MeV neutron production = 175 MW. The blanket contains a fast-fission zone of natural U plus Mo (7 percent), followed by a Li-bearing zone for T breeding. The reactor produces a net power of 480 MWe and supplies sufficient Pu to support a system of LWR's producing 3800 MWe, with an estimated electrical energy cost for the entire system of 27 mills/kWh.
The importance of the measurement of paper differential CD shrinkage (2012)

During the drying stage of the papermaking process, paper undergoes dimensional changes caused by fiber dehydration, but exhibiting uneven width reduction magnitudes along the cross-machine direction. The degree of cross-direction (CD) shrinkage can be very different at the edges when compared to the center of the web. The highest shrinkage amplitude at the web edges can vary according to the operation conditions and the drying section configuration, as well. The difference in the degree of CD shrinkage gives rise to adverse effects on the finished CD paper sheet properties, particularly strength and hygroelastic properties, which can vary many percents from the edges to the center of the web. Extreme property values lead to different problems, such as sheet differential dimensional instability, which can limit paper quality and converting efficiency, especially in high speed machines (e.g., multi-color offset printing and office copier machines). The issues considered above make clear the advantages of measuring and carefully analyzing the differential CD shrinkage profile of finished paper. This work reviews the CD differential shrinkage profile development in the drying section, its impact on finished paper properties and presents an accurate and low cost measurement method based on image analysis techniques, supported by digital processing through the two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2D-FFT). The experimental results show that image analysis applied to paper samples taken from the jumbo roll represents a reliable method for determining the differential CD shrinkage profile, and a practical tool for monitoring paper quality and evaluating its CD dimensional stability profile.
ProjectionNet: Learning Efficient On-Device Deep Networks Using Neural Projections (2017)

Deep neural networks have become ubiquitous for applications related to visual recognition and language understanding tasks. However, it is often prohibitive to use typical neural networks on devices like mobile phones or smart watches since the model sizes are huge and cannot fit in the limited memory available on such devices. While these devices could make use of machine learning models running on high-performance data centers with CPUs or GPUs, this is not feasible for many applications because data can be privacy sensitive and inference needs to be performed directly "on" device. We introduce a new architecture for training compact neural networks using a joint optimization framework. At its core lies a novel objective that jointly trains using two different types of networks--a full trainer neural network (using existing architectures like Feed-forward NNs or LSTM RNNs) combined with a simpler "projection" network that leverages random projections to transform inputs or intermediate representations into bits. The simpler network encodes lightweight and efficient-to-compute operations in bit space with a low memory footprint. The two networks are trained jointly using backpropagation, where the projection network learns from the full network similar to apprenticeship learning. Once trained, the smaller network can be used directly for inference at low memory and computation cost. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new approach at significantly shrinking the memory requirements of different types of neural networks while preserving good accuracy on visual recognition and text classification tasks. We also study the question "how many neural bits are required to solve a given task?" using the new framework and show empirical results contrasting model predictive capacity (in bits) versus accuracy on several datasets.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new carbazoles, indazoles, quinolines, quinazolines and naphthalenes from 3-methyl-5-phenyl-6-benzylidene-2-cyclohexene-1-one. (1995)

Reaction of the title compound (1) with phenylhydrazine using the Fisher indole synthesis, resulted in the formation of the carbazole derivative (2). Condensation of (1) benzaldehyde afforded the 6-benzylidene derivative (3). Treatment of compound (3) with some hydrazines and hydrazides resulted in the formation of the indazoles (4). Michael addition of some active methylene components with (3) gave quinolines (5) and naphthalenes (7). The reaction of (3) with urea and thiourea gave the uraciles (6). The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial activity.
Methyl Anduanilate Formulations to Repel Birds from Water at Airports and Food at Landfills (1993)

The dynamic response of organisms exposed to environmental pathogens determines their survival or demise, and the outcome of this interaction depends on the host's susceptibility and pathogen-dependent virulence factors. The transmission of acquired information about the nature of a pathogen to progeny may ensure effective defensive strategies for the progeny's survival in adverse environments. Environmental RNA interference (RNAi) is a systemic and heritable mechanism and has recently been linked to antibacterial and antifungal defenses in both plants and animals. Here, we report that the second generation of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> living on pathogenic bacteria can avoid bacterial infection by entering diapause in an RNAi pathway-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the information encoding this survival strategy is transgenerationally transmitted to the progeny via the maternal germ line.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Bacteria vastly influence physiology and behavior, and yet, the specific mechanisms by which they cause behavioral changes in hosts are not known. We use <i>C. elegans</i> as a host and the bacteria they eat to understand how microbes trigger a behavioral change that helps animals to survive. We found that animals faced with an infection for two generations could enter a hibernationlike state, arresting development by forming dauer larvae. Dauers have closed mouths and effectively avoid infection. Animals accumulate information that is transgenerationally transmitted to the next generations to form dauers. This work gives insight on how bacteria communicate in noncanonical ways with their hosts, resulting in long-lasting effects providing survival strategies to the community.
Frameshifting in gene 10 of bacteriophage T7 (1991)

Gene 10 of bacteriophage T7, which encodes the most abundant capsid protein, has two products: a major product, 10A (36 kDa), and a minor product, 10B (41 kDa). 10B is produced by frameshifting into the -1 frame near the end of the 10A coding frame and is incorporated into the capsid. The frameshift occurs at a frequency of about 10% and is conserved in bacteriophage T3. This study shows that sequences important to frameshifting include the originally proposed frameshift site, consisting of overlapping phenylalanine codons and the 3' noncoding region that includes the transcriptional terminator over 200 bases downstream of the frameshift site. The frameshift occurs at the overlapping phenylalanine codons as determined from peptide sequencing data. Complementation studies show that there is only a very weak phenotype associated with phage infections in which there is no 10A frameshifting. Capsids from such infections are devoid of 10B and are as stable as wild-type capsids.
Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Increases the Frequency of Spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs in Rat Basolateral Amygdala Neurons (2005)

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a critical component of the amygdaloid circuit, which is thought to be involved in fear conditioned responses. Using whole cell patch-clamp recording, we found that activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) leads to an action potential-dependent increase in the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic currents in principal neurons in the BLA. These spontaneous GABAergic currents were abolished by a low-Ca2+/high-Mg2+ bathing solution, suggesting that they are spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors did not prevent this increased frequency of sIPSCs nor did blockade of alpha7 nAChRs. Among the nAChR agonists tested, cystisine was more effective at increasing the frequency of the sIPSCs than nicotine or 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl piperazinium iodide, consistent with a major contribution of beta4 nAChR subunits. The nicotinic antagonist, dihydro-beta-erythroidine, was less effective than d-tubocurarine in blocking the increased sIPSC frequency induced by ACh, suggesting that alpha4-containing nAChR subunits do not play a major role in the ACh-induced increased sIPSC frequency. Although alpha2/3/4/7 and beta2/4 nAChR subunits were found in the BLA by RT-PCR, the agonist and antagonist profiles suggest that the ACh-induced increase in sIPSC frequency involves predominantly alpha3beta4-containing nAChR subunits. Consistent with this, alpha-conotoxin-AuIB, a nAChR antagonist selective for the alpha3beta4 subunit combination, inhibited the ACh-induced increase in the frequency of sIPSCs. The observations suggest that nicotinic activation increases the frequency of sIPSCs in the BLA by acting mainly on alpha3beta4-containing nicotinic receptors on GABAergic neurons and may play an important role in the modulation of synaptic transmission in the amygdala.
Matching Performance of FinFET Devices With Fin Widths Down to 10 nm (2009)

In this letter, the matching performances of FinFET devices with high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> dielectric, metal gates, and fin widths down to 10 nm are experimentally analyzed. The stochastic variation of threshold voltage and current factor is examined for both p- and n-type FinFETs. An improvement of the matching performance is expected compared to conventional planar bulk devices since the fins are undoped. The impact of line edge roughness and charge density in the high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> dielectric is evaluated in order to understand which physical parameter fluctuation is dominant on the measured matching parameters.
Neural networks in organizational research: Applying pattern recognition to the analysis of organizational behavior. (2006)

While the term neural networks may be unfamiliar to many organizational psychologists, exciting new applications of artificial intelligence are attracting notice among organizational behavior researchers. In Networks in Organizational Research: Applying Pattern Recognition to the Analysis of Organizational Behavior, authors David Scarborough and Mark Somers bring researchers, academics, and practitioners up to speed on this emerging field, in which powerful computing capabilities offer new insights into longstanding, complex I/O questions such as employee selection and behavioral prediction. Neural networks mimic the way the human brain works, using interconnected nodes and feedback loops to learn to recognize even subtle patterns in vast amounts of data. They can process data far more quickly and efficiently than conventional techniques can, and produce better empirical results. They are especially useful for modeling nonlinear processes. The book traces the development of this methodology and demonstrates how it opens up new ways of thinking about traditional problems. Academic researchers will gain a design template for studying both the linear and non-linear elements of a given problem, and thus enhance their own research.
Characterization of the Proteolytic Fragments of Bovine Colostral IgG1 (1978)

Bovine colostral IgG1 was subjected to both papain and pepsin hydrolysis. Papain digestion appeared to be optimal at pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.01 M cysteine. The molecule was split at the COOH-terminal side of the interchain disulfide bond(s), and in addition to Fab fragments, two Fc fragments, designated Fc(I) and Fc(II), were obtained. Both Fc fragments had an identical NH2-terminal sequence, but differed in m.w. by about 10,000, with Fc(II) being the smaller one. Differences were also observed in their circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in their susceptibility to carboxypeptidase hydrolysis. These results suggested that the distinguishing characteristics of the two Fc fragments resided in the COOH-terminal parts of the molecules. Pepsin hydrolysis yielded the expected F(ab')2 and pFc' fragments. This hydrolysis was found to be dependent upon substrate concentration leading to aggregate formation at IgG1 concentrations below 3%.
Inert Gas Secondary Enclosure Clean-Up System (1992)

St 198 alloy is attractive for glovebox clean-up systems operating with nitrogen cover gases, offering good tolerance to impurities which may permeate into the box from the environment and stable sorption speeds for alloy loadings as high as 360 mCi/g. At this loading the tritium concentration in the stream leaving the scavenger bed will be of the order of 400 µCi/m3. The alloy operating conditions can be adjusted to increase the quantity of tritium stored in the alloy or to reduce the tritium concentration in the effluent. Methane can not be removed from a nitrogen stream with St 198. A glovebox clean-up system based on the use of this alloy is under evaluation.