gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new air displacement plethysmograph for the determination of Japanese body composition (1999)

A new device based on the plethysmographic measurement of body volume, named the BOD POD Body Composition System, was developed for the purpose of estimating body composition. The performance, reliability, validity, and clinical application of this system were evaluated in Japanese subjects. The coefficient variation (CV:%) in same-day tests was 2.48, in three separate-day tests it was 2.27, and for independent operators it was 4.53, respectively. There was a clear correlation between the results from BOD POD and those from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (r = 0.910, p < 0.01). Finally, the fat body composition of 4489 subjects (1499 men, 2990 women) was clinically measured by BOD POD. The findings indicate that the BOD POD is a highly reliable and valid method for determining body fat percentage. This new method has several advantages, e.g. it is quick, simple to operate and may accommodate wide populations.
Afterpulse-like noise limits dynamic range in time-gated applications of thin-junction silicon single-photon avalanche diode (2012)

We describe a source of noise in thin-junction silicon single-photon avalanche diode arising after strong illumination either during the ON (voltage above breakdown) or the OFF (voltage below breakdown) time. It increases the background noise with respect to primary dark count rate similarly to the afterpulsing process, but it is not related to a previous detector ignition. The amount of noise is linearly dependent on the power of light impinging on the detector and time constants are independent of the electric field. This phenomenon is the main limiting factor for the dynamic-range during time-gated measurements in condition of strong illumination.
Flexible liquid crystal displays driven by organic thin film transistors on polymeric substrates (2002)

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) have become very attractive for a variety of low-cost electronic applications such as smart cards, RF identification tags and flat panel displays. OTFTs have the inherent advantage that they can be processed at much lower temperatures than a-Si:H and poly-Si TFTs, making them compatible with inexpensive, lightweight, and flexible polymeric substrates. The integration of OTFTs with organic light emitting diodes or liquid crystals on polymeric substrates allows flexible active matrix displays. Recently, researchers at Philips Research Laboratories reported the first OTFT-driven liquid crystal display on a glass substrate. The authors report the first active matrix liquid crystal display fabricated using OTFTs on a flexible polymeric substrate.
Case 17-2001 (2001)

Presentation of CaseA 42-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of pulmonary cysts.The patient had a long history of nasal allergy, with occasional wheezing on exposure to cats; hives after ingestion of shellfish; dry eyes and mouth; and occasional swelling and stiffness of the left hand and right wrist. Eleven years before admission, a biopsy of his lower lip showed prominent chronic sialadenitis, a finding consistent with the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome.Nine years before admission, the patient was found to have a high titer of antinuclear antibodies with a speckled pattern, with positive tests for rheumatoid . . .
Growth and emission characteristics of vertically well-aligned carbon nanotubes grown on glass substrate by hot filament plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (2000)

Vertically well-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were grown on nickel-coated glass substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at low temperatures, below 600 °C, with and without hot filament. Acetylene and ammonia gas were used as the carbon source and a catalyst. Effects of growth parameters, such as plasma intensity, filament current, and substrate temperature, on the growth characteristics of MWNTs were investigated. Plasma intensity was found to be the most critical parameter controlling the growth of MWNTs. Field emission from the MWNTs was obtained using a phosphor anode with an onset electric field of 1.5 V/μm.
Population Structure and Evolution of the <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group (2004)

Representative strains of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis (11 isolates), B. cereus (38 isolates), Bacillus mycoides (1 isolate), Bacillus thuringiensis (53 isolates from 17 serovars), and Bacillus weihenstephanensis (2 isolates) were assigned to 59 sequence types (STs) derived from the nucleotide sequences of seven alleles, glpF, gmk, ilvD, pta, pur, pycA, and tpi. Comparisons of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the concatenated sequences with individual gene trees showed more congruence than expected by chance, indicating a generally clonal structure to the population. The STs followed two major lines of descent. Clade 1 comprised B. anthracis strains, numerous B. cereus strains, and rare B. thuringiensis strains, while clade 2 included the majority of the B. thuringiensis strains together with some B. cereus strains. Other species were allocated to a third, heterogeneous clade. The ML trees and split decomposition analysis were used to assign STs to eight lineages within clades 1 and 2. These lineages were defined by bootstrap analysis and by a preponderance of fixed differences over shared polymorphisms among the STs. Lineages were named with reference to existing designations: Anthracis, Cereus I, Cereus II, Cereus III, Kurstaki, Sotto, Thuringiensis, and Tolworthi. Strains from some B. thuringiensis serovars were wholly or largely assigned to a single ST, for example, serovar aizawai isolates were assigned to ST-15, serovar kenyae isolates were assigned to ST-13, and serovar tolworthi isolates were assigned to ST-23, while other serovars, such as serovar canadensis, were genetically heterogeneous. We suggest a revision of the nomenclature in which the lineage and clone are recognized through name and ST designations in accordance with the clonal structure of the population.
Neurotrophin activation of NFAT‐dependent transcription contributes to the regulation of pro‐nociceptive genes (2007)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play key roles in the development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia by triggering the expression of pro-nociceptive genes within primary afferent and spinal neurons. However, the mechanisms by which neurotrophins elicit gene expression remain largely unknown. Recently, neurotrophins have been shown to activate members of the calcineurin (CaN)-regulated, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc) family of transcription factors within brain. Thus, we hypothesized that NFATc transcription factors couple neurotrophin signaling to gene expression within primary afferent and spinal neurons. In situ hybridization revealed NFATc4 mRNA within the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. In cultured dorsal root ganglion cells, NGF triggered NFAT-dependent transcription in a CaN-sensitive manner. Further, increased BDNF expression following NGF treatment relied on CaN, thereby suggesting that NGF regulates BDNF transcription via activation of NFATc4. Within cultured spinal cells, BDNF also activated CaN-dependent, NFAT-regulated gene expression. Interestingly, BDNF stimulation increased the expression of the pro-nociceptive genes cyclooxygenase-2, neurokinin-1 receptor, inositol trisphosphates receptor type 1, and BDNF itself, through both NFAT-dependent and NFAT-independent transcriptional mechanisms. Our results suggest that regulation of pro-nociceptive genes through activation of NFAT-dependent transcription is one mechanism by which NGF and BDNF signaling contributes to the development of persistent pain states.
A receiver - TDC chip set for accurate pulsed time-of-flight laser ranging (2012)

The pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) laser distance measurement method is based on measurement of the transit time of a short laser pulse (typically 3-4 ns) to an optically visible target and back to the receiver. This method is considered to be a potential solution for applications such as the measurement of levels and geometrical shapes in silos and containers, the positioning of tools and vehicles, velocity measurement, anticollision radars, proximity sensors and perception systems in traffic and in robot vision, for example. In this work we have developed an integrated chip set that realizes the receiver channel and time interval measurement functionalities of a pulsed time-offlight laser radar. The input to the receiver channel chip (0.35m BiCMOS) is the current signal from the APD (avalanche photo detector) and the output an accurate logic-level timing signal for the time-to-digital converter circuit (TDC). The main systematic error in the pulsed time-of-flight sensor is the dependence of the timing point on the amplitude of the laser echo (timing walk). This error is compensated for here by measuring not only the position of the received pulse with respect to the transmitted pulse but also its width with a multi-channel TDC IC and then by using the known relation (calibration) between the walk error and the timing pulse width. The receiver achieves an input noise current of about 100nArms with a bandwidth of 300MHz and a timing error of less than 50ps in a range of more than 1:10000. The multi-channel timeto-digital converter chip (0.35µm CMOS technology) uses a low-frequency crystal as a reference and measures the time intervals with counter and delay line interpolation techniques. The TDC circuit is used to determine the time intervals between the transmitted laser pulse and the resulting optical echo pulses (up to three) and also the widths or rise times of the echoes. The circuit offers a measurement precision of about 10ps and a measurement range of up to 74µs. In terms of laser distance measurement its performance is equivalent to millimetre-level precision within an 11 km range. These circuit techniques are being used in several R&D projects aiming at the development of new accurate and highly integrated generations of laser scanners and radars.
Site-specific crosslinks of yeast U6 snRNA to the pre-mRNA near the 5' splice site. (1996)

We have introduced a single photochemical crosslinking reagent into specific sites in the central domain of U6 to identify the sites that are in close proximity to the pre-mRNA substrate. Four distinct U6 snRNAs were synthesized with a single 4-thiouridine (4-thioU) at positions 46, 51, 54, and 57, respectively. Synthetic U6 RNA containing the 4-thioU modifications can functionally reconstitute splicing activity in cell-free yeast splicing extracts depleted of endogenous U6 snRNA. Upon photoactivation with UV (>300 nm), 4-thioU at position 46 forms crosslinks to pre-mRNA near the 5' splice site at nt +4, +5, +6, and +7 in the intron, whereas 4-thioU at position 51 crosslinks to the pre-mRNA at positions -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, and at the invariant G in the lariat intermediate. All crosslinks are dependent on the presence of ATP and the splicing substrate. The two crosslinks to the pre-mRNA from position 46 and 51 of U6 can also occur in prp2 heat-inactivated yeast splicing extracts blocked immediately prior to the first chemical step. Significantly, the crosslink from position 51 can undergo subsequent splicing when the mutant extract is complemented with functional Prp2 protein in a chase experiment, indicating that the crosslink reflects a functional interaction that is maintained during the first step. The crosslink to lariat intermediate appears when the mutant spliceosomes are complemented with functional Prp2 protein added exogenously. This experiment is a paradigm for future studies in which different mutant extracts are used to establish the stage in assembly at which particular RNA-RNA interactions defined by unique crosslinks occur.
Optimal timing of injection of once‐daily insulin glargine in people with Type 1 diabetes using insulin lispro at meal‐times (2005)

Blood glucose levels rise around the time of injection of insulin glargine whether given at lunch-time, dinner-time or bed-time. Bed-time injection leads to hyperglycaemia in the early part of the night which is improved by giving insulin glargine at lunch-time or dinner-time.
Novel isotopic <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyl Leucine (iDiLeu) Reagents Enable Absolute Quantification of Peptides and Proteins Using a Standard Curve Approach (2014)

Absolute quantification of protein targets using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a key component of candidate biomarker validation. One popular method combines multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using a triple quadrupole instrument with stable isotope-labeled standards (SIS) for absolute quantification (AQUA). LC-MRM AQUA assays are sensitive and specific, but they are also expensive because of the cost of synthesizing stable isotope peptide standards. While the chemical modification approach using mass differential tags for relative and absolute quantification (mTRAQ) represents a more economical approach when quantifying large numbers of peptides, these reagents are costly and still suffer from lower throughput because only two concentration values per peptide can be obtained in a single LC-MS run. Here, we have developed and applied a set of five novel mass difference reagents, isotopic N,N-dimethyl leucine (iDiLeu). These labels contain an amine reactive group, triazine ester, are cost effective because of their synthetic simplicity, and have increased throughput compared with previous LC-MS quantification methods by allowing construction of a four-point standard curve in one run. iDiLeu-labeled peptides show remarkably similar retention time shifts, slightly lower energy thresholds for higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation, and high quantification accuracy for trypsin-digested protein samples (median errors <15%). By spiking in an iDiLeu-labeled neuropeptide, allatostatin, into mouse urine matrix, two quantification methods are validated. The first uses one labeled peptide as an internal standard to normalize labeled peptide peak areas across runs (<19% error), whereas the second enables standard curve creation and analyte quantification in one run (<8% error).
Ion energy control at substrates during plasma etching of patterned structures (2007)

In fluorocarbon-based plasma etching of dielectrics, deposition of fluorocarbon on the substrate contributes to a complex surface chemical structure that strongly affects etch rate and etch selectivity. Results reported herein demonstrate that the energy distribution of bombarding ions (IED) has a significant effect on this polymer layer, subsequently affecting etch rate and selectivity in submicron patterned structures. Specifically, we have narrowed the IED while keeping other process conditions unchanged by tailoring the shape of the rf voltage wave form used for substrate bias. Significant improvements in etch selectivity for organosilicate glass (OSG) over silicon carbide in a C4F8∕N2∕Ar plasma have been obtained by using a narrow IED compared to the broad IED resulting from the typical sinusoidal bias wave form. Trenches etched in OSG with the tailored bias voltage wave form show good feature profiles and high selectivity at feature bottoms. Slight differences in feature profiles between tailored and sinusoidal wave forms, as well as variations in etch selectivity with feature depth, are consistent with an enhancement in polymerization at the substrate in the case of the tailored bias voltage wave form.
Clinical and Laboratory Features of Human <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> Infection (2009)

Knowlesi malaria causes a wide spectrum of disease. Most cases are uncomplicated and respond promptly to treatment, but approximately 1 in 10 patients develop potentially fatal complications.
INSTITUTE OF BREWING 1994 CHECK MALT (1997)

A large batch of malt was obtained for use as a check malt. The malt batch was tested for homogeneity and the results were Judged to be acceptable to permit the use of the malt as a check malt. The malt was collaboratively tested using a wide range of analyses by a total of 39 laboratories representing the malting, brewing and distilling industries of Great Britain and Ireland. In order to test the stability of canned malt samples the last remaining cans of the 1984 check malt were collaboratively analysed by 12 laboratories. Comparison of these results with the original data revealed that most parameters were stable over the ten year lifespan of the malt.
Importance of electrode position for the distribution of tumor treating fields (TTFields) in a human brain. Identification of effective layouts through systematic analysis of array positions for multiple tumor locations (2018)

Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a new modality used for the treatment of glioblastoma. It is based on antineoplastic low-intensity electric fields induced by two pairs of electrode arrays placed on the patient's scalp. The layout of the arrays greatly impacts the intensity (dose) of TTFields in the pathology. The present study systematically characterizes the impact of array position on the TTFields distribution calculated in a realistic human head model using finite element methods. We investigate systematic rotations of arrays around a central craniocaudal axis of the head and identify optimal layouts for a large range of (nineteen) different frontoparietal tumor positions. In addition, we present comprehensive graphical representations and animations to support the users' understanding of TTFields. For most tumors, we identified two optimal array positions. These positions varied with the translation of the tumor in the anterior-posterior direction but not in the left-right direction. The two optimal directions were oriented approximately orthogonally and when combining two pairs of orthogonal arrays, equivalent to clinical TTFields therapy, we correspondingly found a single optimum position. In most cases, an oblique layout with the fields oriented at forty-five degrees to the sagittal plane was superior to the commonly used anterior-posterior and left-right combinations of arrays. The oblique configuration may be used as an effective and viable configuration for most frontoparietal tumors. Our results may be applied to assist clinical decision-making in various challenging situations associated with TTFields. This includes situations in which circumstances, such as therapy-induced skin rash, scar tissue or shunt therapy, etc., require layouts alternative to the prescribed. More accurate distributions should, however, be based on patient-specific models. Future work is needed to assess the robustness of the presented results towards variations in conductivity.
A 1.5GHz 890&#x03BC;W digital MDLL with 400fs<inf>rms</inf> integrated jitter, &#x2212;55.6dBc reference spur and 20fs/mV supply-noise sensitivity using 1b TDC (2012)

Highly digital clock generator architectures, most commonly implemented using digital phase-locked loops (DPLLs), are evolving as the preferred means for synthesizing on-chip clocks. Their main benefits include small area, reduced sensitivity to analog circuit imperfections, and easier scalability to newer processes. However, conflicting bandwidth requirements to simultaneously suppress TDC quantization error and oscillator phase noise poses several design challenges.
Detection of thyroid stimulating (TSAB)‐ and thyrotropin stimulation blocking (TSBAB) antibodies with CHO cell lines expressing different TSH‐receptor numbers (1999)

Improvement of CHO bioassay conditions for the determination of TSH receptor antibodies leads to increased bioassay sensitivity which is most pronounced for the detection of TSBAB. Whether this increased sensitivity for the determination of TSBAB is of prognostic significance for detecting possible sequential changes in the individual TSHR AB profile of patients with Graves' disease, remains to be determined by further follow up studies.
Quantitative Analysis of Repeat Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer Into Injured Canine Femoral Arteries (1995)

Abstract We quantitatively evaluated the effectiveness of a repeat administration of a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing bacterial Escherichia coli lacZ into the same arterial site of a relatively large animal, the dog. The replication-defective adenoviral vector was introduced percutaneously into balloon-injured femoral arteries through a double-balloon catheter. After a single dose of adenoviral vector, up to 90% of surface (73±16%, n=7) and smooth muscle cells in multiple layers of the media showed transgene expression as evaluated by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl β- d -galactopyranoside histostaining without extralocal expression, as assessed by polymerase chain reaction. High-level expression (measured as β-galactosidase activity) peaked 7 days after transfer and was transient, although it was retained for a month. Second doses of the same adenovirus to the same arterial site were given 1, 2, 5, or 8 weeks after the first administration. At 1 week the second dose significantly enhanced lacZ expression. At 2, 5, or 8 weeks the second dose reinduced lacZ expression at 25% to 30% of the full expression. lacZ expression was also detected in preimmuned dogs, although the expression levels correlated inversely to the titer of neutralizing antibodies in their serum. These results demonstrate that arterial gene expression can be enhanced by a second administration of the same adenovirus after a short interval and that a repeat dose after a long interval partially but significantly reinduces gene expression despite the presence of an immune response. These data may provide an additional scientific foundation for the use of adenovirus-mediated arterial gene transfer in future clinical practice.
Benefits From Antidepressants (2012)

To our knowledge, this is the first research synthesis in this area to use complete longitudinal person-level data from a large set of published and unpublished studies. The results do not support previous findings that antidepressants show little benefit except for severe depression. The antidepressants fluoxetine and venlafaxine are efficacious for major depressive disorder in all age groups, although more so in youths and adults compared with geriatric patients. Baseline severity was not significantly related to degree of treatment advantage over placebo.
<i>NFKBIA</i> Deletion in Glioblastomas (2010)

Deletion of NFKBIA has an effect that is similar to the effect of EGFR amplification in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and is associated with comparatively short survival.
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We have studied a promising lithium-ion conductor, garnet-type cubic Li oxides, at various Li concentrations. The ab initio calculations performed on these materials revealed two distinct mechanisms of Li-ion transport, with very different energy barriers and a strong dependence on Li distribution. Our findings explain the origin of the vastly varying ionic conductivities at different Li concentrations and suggest possible principles to improve such materials for solid-state electrolyte applications.