gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CONVERSION OF ETHYLMETHYLKETONE AND LEVULINIC ACID INTO PETROCHEMICALS OVER ZSM-5 AS A BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGY (2012)

In order to utilize biomass as new resources of petrochemicals, catalytic conversion of oxygen-containing intermediates which can be derivedfrom biomass was investigated. By using ZSM-5 as the catalyst, ethylmethylketone was converted to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons athigh yields. Selectivity for aromatics was found 70 – 80 %, and the major components were xylene and toluene. Selectivity for aliphatics wasabout 25 %, and the major components were olefins such as propylene, butene and ethylene. The formation of CO2 and CO was only 2 –3 %.When acetone, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, levulinic acid were used as the feed materials, similar results were obtained.Keywords: chemicals from biomass, catalytic conversion, ZSM-5, biorefinery.
Binary Mixtures of Rod-like Molecules with <i>p</i>-Methoxybenzylidene-<i>p</i>′-<i>n</i>-Butylaniline (1971)

Abstract We have studied the effect of various rod-like molecules on the nematic-isotropic transition temperature, T e, of p-methoxybenzylidene-p′-butylaniline (MBBA). Specifically, we have former binary systems of MBBA with the even alkanols, C2-C18, and the polypeptide, poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate (PBLG). The results are briefly: (a) all the alkanols contribute to a lowering of T e. Evidence is presented that the longer rods (if rigid) tend to depress T e less; (b) in the two-phase system of PBLG and MBBA, the large agglomerated regions of PBLG and MBBA appear to have a transition temperature slightly higher than the pure nematic region.
A procedure for the simultaneous oxidation of total soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in extracts of fresh and fumigated soils and litters (1995)

Abstract An autoclave method based on the oxidation of dissolved organic matter with alkaline persulphate for the analysis of total soluble nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in 0.01M calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.5M potassium sulfate (K2SO4), or 0.2M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) extracts of fresh and fumigated soils is described. Autoclaving at 110°C for 30 min oxidized N at 50 mg N/dm3 from urea, glucosamine, and the sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) to nitrate (NO3). Recoveries decreased with increasing concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), hence glucosamine and EDTA required an increased concentration of persulphate. Tests with added glucose showed that recovery of urea N was complete up to a carbon (C) concentration of 100 mg/dm3. For P, it was important that solutions of 0.01M CaCl2 were acidic after oxidation to avoid the precipitation of appatite. Recoveries of P from orthphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate dodeca sodium salt in water or in 0.2M H2SO4 were complete after oxidation. Analysis of TOC in 0.01M CaCl2 and 0.5M K2SO4 extracts of highly organic soils and litter showed that only litter extracts contained more than 100 mg C, 50 mg N and 10 mg P/dm3. Brown precipitates and pink colorations, caused by managanese (Mn) compounds, appeared in oxidized extracts of coniferous litters, humus, and mineral soil. The precipitates were dissolved by the addition of approximately 0.5 mg ascorbic acid which had no significant effect on the colorimetric determination of N as NO3. When this addition had been made, total‐P (PT) values determined by oxidation were significantly correlated (PTOX = 3.3 + 0.94 PTICP) with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP).
Stable powered device (PD) management using RS422 technique in power sourcing equipment (PSE) (2010)

In this study we monitor powered divices by making additional connections using the RS422 communication method between power-sourcing equipment and powered devices using power over Ethernet according to IEEE802.3af in the current Alternative A composition. The aim is to create an efficient and stable powered device environment. That is, an RS485 communication line is connected to pins 4 and 5 or 7 and 8 at Alternative A of a power-sourcing equipment system, thereby leading to communication between the power-sourcing equipment and the powered device. Accordingly, the power-sourcing equipment can monitor the powered device. Power-sourcing equipment is available for monitoring powered devices in real time, and can stably operate powered devices. These can become unstable due to abnormal events. Furthermore, the potential communication between power-sourcing equipment and powered deivces creates the framework for forming an intelligent Power over Ethernet system. PDs that require high stability are being launched. This study presents a method to improve their stability.
Structure-sensitive superpixels via geodesic distance (2011)

Over-segments (i.e. superpixels) have been commonly used as supporting regions for feature vectors and primitives to reduce computational complexity in various image analysis tasks. In this paper, we describe a structuresensitive over-segmentation technique by exploiting Lloyd's algorithm with a geodesic distance. It generates smaller superpixels to achieve lower under-segmentation in structure-dense regions with high intensity or color variation, and produces larger segments to increase computational efficiency in structure-sparse regions with homogeneous appearance. We adopt geometric flows to compute the geodesic distances amongst pixels, and in the segmentation procedure, the density of over-segments is automatically adjusted according to an energy functional that embeds color homogeneity, structure density and compactness constraints. Comparative experiments with the Berkeley database show that the proposed algorithm outperforms prior arts while offering a comparable computational efficiency with fast methods, such as TurboPixels.
THE PLATFORM MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WISDOM SHIPYARD BASED ON THE CCD SENSOR (2017)

Usually the settlement monitoring system was mainly applied in buildings, roads and so on in the city, which cannot meet the requirements of complex environments. While the train rail vibration monitoring, wind power platform settlement monitoring，etc are facing severe environmental interference. In order to ensure that rail, power tower platform and other field facilities to long-term and stable operation, there is a set of real-time monitoring system to monitor the settlement of the platform is particularly important. This paper proposes a new kind of high precision and micro displacement measurement technology based on laser and CCD devices, with the help of FPGA and MCU, we can complete the function of high-speed data acquisition and real-time monitoring easily. Compared with some traditional methods, this technology of measurement take great advantages in high-speed data acquisition, real-time performance, high-precision measurement and strong adaptability to complex environment, etc.
An Evaluation of the Shoulder Relocation Test (1994)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and accuracy of the shoulder relocation test in 100 patients who underwent shoulder surgery. Based on operative data and examination under anesthesia, the diagnoses were grouped into six categories: anterior instability (without cuff disease), posterior instability, rotator cuff disease (without associated anterior instability), acromioclavicular disorder, osteoarthrosis, and instability of the biceps tendon. The test was performed on the day of surgery by placing the arm in a position of 90 degrees of humerothoracic abduction and 90 degrees of external rotation (90 degrees/90 degrees). Patient responses of pain and apprehension (considered separately) were assessed in this position both with and without application of an anterior force to the proximal humerus. The relocation test assessed diminution of pain and apprehension after application of a posteriorly directed force to the proximal humerus relative to the position of 90 degrees/90 degrees alone and to the position of an anterior force being applied to the proximal humerus. Overall, 63 patients reported pain with 90 degrees/90 degrees; 74 reported pain when an anterior force to the proximal humerus was applied: the anterior instability group alone had 46 and 63 reports of pain, respectively; the rotator cuff group alone had 82 and 88 reports of pain, respectively. The only positive responses for apprehension were in the anterior instability group, of which 63% had apprehension with 90 degrees/90 degrees alone and 74 had apprehension when an anterior humeral force was applied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Direct Sulfonylation of Aromatic Rings with Aryl or Alkyl Sulfonic Acid Using Supported P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2005)

Direct sulfonylation of aromatic rings with aryl or alkyl sulfonic acid supported P2O5/Al2O3 (w/w 50%) under heterogeneous conditions in short reaction time and high yields.
Alternate Multilayer Films of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Exfoliated Graphene Oxide Fabricated via a Facial Layer-by-Layer Assembly (2010)

Despite great recent progress with graphene-based materials, the development of strong and cost-efficient multifunctional graphene-filled polymer composites has not yet to be achieved. A key challenge in the fabrication of nanoplatelet-filled polymer composites is the ability to realize the nanometer-level dispersion and the planar orientation of nanosheets in polymer matrices. In this report, ultrathin multilayer (PVA/GO)n films were successfully fabricated by bottom-up layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and exfoliated graphene oxide (GO), in which exfoliated GO nanosheets were used as the building blocks. Typical tapping-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images demonstrate an ordered arrangement of organic and inorganic layers. A significant enhancement of mechanical properties has been achieved, that is, a 98.7% improvement of elastic modulus (Er) and a 240.4% increase of hardness. This may be attributed to the well-defined layered architecture with high degree of planar orientation and nanolevel assemblies of GO nanosheets in the polymer matrices.
Regulation and in vitro translation of messenger ribonucleic acid for cellulase from auxin-treated pea epicotyls. (1975)

Polysomal RNA was isolated from pea epicotyls treated with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, and fractionated on oligo(dT)-CELLULOSE TO YIELD POLY(A)-containing RNA. This RNA fraction was translated in a wheat embryo cell-free system and found to have more than 90% of the messenger activity in total polysomal RNA. Immunoprecipitation of the translation product by monospecific antibodies to pea cellulases (beta-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) indicated that cellulase was synthesized in this system. The immunoprecipitate co-migrated with the buffer-soluble cellulase component in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Buffer-insoluble cellulase was not detected in the in vitro translation products. Fractionation of mRNA from membrane-bound and free polysomes and their subsequent translation indicated preferential synthesis of buffer-soluble cellulase on membrane-bound polysomes. With the above techniques for assaying buffer-soluble cellulase mRNA, a 10-fold increase in the level of this messenger per tissue segment was observed within 48 hours following (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid treatment. There was no evidence for pre-existing untranslated message for cellulase in control tissues. Since there was no delay in the appearance of mRNA for cellulase, compared to a 24-hour lag in the increase of cellulase activity, it is suggested that translational as well as transcriptional controls are exerted on the biosynthesis of cellulase in vivo. Analysis of the rates of peptide chain initiation and elongation, both in vivo and in vitro, indicated that peptide chain elongation may be rate-limiting during the lag phase of cellulase development.
Fiber‐Assisted Molding (FAM) of Surfaces with Tunable Curvature to Guide Cell Alignment and Complex Tissue Architecture (2014)

A simple and robust method termed "fiber-assisted molding (FAM)" is presented to create biomimetic three-dimensional surfaces with controllable curvature and helical twist. The alignment of muscle fibrils and the assembly of helically patterned extracellular matrix by cells demonstrate the potential of this method for tissue engineering and other materials science applications.
Probing Interfacial Acid-Base Interactions in Ink-Substrate Adhesion (2010)

Ink-substrate adhesion critically impacts the print and page attributes of advanced printing technologies. Here the authors show that interfacial acid-base interaction (A-BI) plays an important role in the enhancement of ink-substrate adhesion. Successful probing of the ink-substrate interface via surface-sensitive attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals intricate transient A-BI behavior, which appears to dominate the initial phase of adhesion in a printed substrate. The authors also demonstrate that macroscopic adhesion strength between an ink layer and a substrate can be correlated directly to the extent of A-BI. Their observation could potentially pave new directions for future advancement of high speed digital printing technology and could have important implications in other marking material systems.
Post-translational Modification of Therapeutic Peptides By NisB, the Dehydratase of the Lantibiotic Nisin (2005)

Post-translationally introduced dehydroamino acids often play an important role in the activity and receptor specificity of biologically active peptides. In addition, a dehydroamino acid can be coupled to a cysteine to yield a cyclized peptide with increased biostability and resistance against proteolytic degradation and/or modified specificity. The lantibiotic nisin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis. Its post-translational enzymatic modification involves NisB-mediated dehydration of serines and threonines and NisC-catalyzed coupling of cysteines to dehydroresidues, followed by NisT-mediated secretion. Here, we demonstrate that a L. lactis strain containing the nisBTC genes effectively dehydrates and secretes a wide range of medically relevant nonlantibiotic peptides among which variants of adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, an inhibitor of tripeptidyl peptidase II, enkephalin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, angiotensin, and erythropoietin. For most of these peptides, ring formation was demonstrated. These data show that lantibiotic enzymes can be applied for the modification of peptides, thereby enabling the biotechnological production of dehydroresidue-containing and/or thioether-bridged therapeutic peptides with enhanced stability and/or modulated activities.
Diffusion of Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium in Bozeman Silt Loam as Influenced by Temperature and Moisture (1982)

Abstract A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the influence of temperature and moisture on the diffusion of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) to an H‐saturated resin sink in Bozeman silt loam with bulk density of 1.45 g/cm 3 . Diffusion of K and Ca to the resin sink was significantly ( P < 0.005) influenced by temperature (5, 15, and 30°C), but that of Mg was not. Soil moisture (10, 17, and 28%) significantly ( P < 0.005) influenced the diffusion of all three cations. The temperature by soil moisture interaction was significant for all three cations. The concentrations of extractable K, Ca, and Mg in four concentric soil layers, each about 1 mm in thickness, around the resin sink also were measured during the 96‐hour diffusion period. The concentration of each cation in each layer was significantly influenced by temperature and moisture.
Diffusion equation representation of photon migration in tissue (2002)

A time-dependent diffusion model of photon migration in tissue is used to develop analytic expressions for the diffusely reflected pulse detected some distance from a delta function input. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the boundary between the tissue and the surrounding nonscattering medium, and it is shown that the pulse shape is relatively insensitive to the nature of this boundary. Monte Carlo simulation and experimental results are presented which confirm the accuracy of the diffusion model. Finally, the authors show representative experimental data illustrating the solution of this inverse problem and discuss some problems in clinical implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Power-Electronics-Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems (2009)

Batteries, ultracapacitors (UCs), and fuel cells are widely being proposed for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In general, the design of an intelligent control strategy for coordinated power distribution is a critical issue for UC-supported PHEV power systems. Implementation of several control methods has been presented in the past, with the goal of improving battery life and overall vehicle efficiency. It is clear that the control objectives vary with respect to vehicle velocity, power demand, and state of charge of both the batteries and UCs. Hence, an optimal control strategy design is the most critical aspect of an all-electric/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle operational characteristic. Although much effort has been made to improve the life of PHEV energy storage systems (ESSs), including research on energy storage device chemistries, this paper, on the contrary, highlights the fact that the fundamental problem lies within the design of power-electronics-based energy-management converters and the development of smarter control algorithms. This paper initially discusses battery and UC characteristics and then goes on to provide a detailed comparison of various proposed control strategies and proposes the use of precise power electronic converter topologies. Finally, this paper summarizes the benefits of the various techniques and suggests the most viable solutions for on-board power management, more specific to PHEVs with multiple/hybrid ESSs.
Optically Transparent Sulfur-Containing Polyimide−TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocomposite Films with High Refractive Index and Negative Pattern Formation from Poly(amic acid)−TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocomposite Film (2007)

A series of semialicyclic polyimides (PIs) have been successfully prepared by the polycondensation of two alicyclic dianhydrides, 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) and 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CHDA) with two sulfur-containing aromatic diamines, 4,4′-thiobis[(p-phenylenesulfanyl)aniline] (3SDA) and 2,7-bis(4-aminophenylenesulfanyl)thianthrene (APTT), respectively, by a two-step polymerization procedure via the soluble poly(amic acid) (PAA) precursors. Flexible and tough PI films were obtained with a tensile strength greater than 82 MPa and elongation at breaks higher than 12%. The films showed good thermal and thermal-oxidative stability without significant weight loss up to 400 °C, both in air and nitrogen. The glass-transition temperatures of the PIs ranged from 236.5 to 274.1 °C. Good optical transparency, including the cutoff wavelengths lower than 350 nm and transmittances higher than 80% at 400 nm, was achieved for all the PI films. The refractive indices of the PI films were in the range of 1.6799–1.7130 measured at 632.8 nm, which agreed well with the values calculated by the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). In addition, PAA-IIa (CHDA-3SDA) showed a good affinity with silica-modified TiO2 nanoparticles. The hybrid system with 45 wt % load of TiO2 nanoparticles, combined with the photobase generator N-{[(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}2,6-dimethylpiperidine (DNCDP) exhibited good photolithographic characteristics. A fine negative pattern with a resolution of approximately 4 µm was successfully printed on the hybrid film. The cured PI-IIa−TiO2 hybrid film exhibited a refractive index of 1.8100 at 632.8 nm.
Electrical spiking in bacterial biofilms (2014)

In nature, biofilms are the most common form of bacterial growth. In biofilms, bacteria display coordinated behaviour to perform specific functions. Here, we investigated electrical signalling as a possible driver in biofilm sociobiology. Using a multi-electrode array system that enables high spatio-temporal resolution, we studied the electrical activity in two biofilm-forming strains and one non-biofilm-forming strain. The action potential rates monitored during biofilm-forming bacterial growth exhibited a one-peak maximum with a long tail, corresponding to the highest biofilm development. This peak was not observed for the non-biofilm-forming strain, demonstrating that the intensity of the electrical activity was not linearly related to the bacterial density, but was instead correlated with biofilm formation. Results obtained indicate that the analysis of the spatio-temporal electrical activity of bacteria during biofilm formation can open a new frontier in the study of the emergence of collective microbial behaviour.
Mechanism of drop constriction in a drop-on-demand inkjet system (1997)

In this paper, results of an investigation on the process of drop formation in piezo‐electrically driven drop‐on‐demand inkjet systems are presented. The focus is on theoretical hydrodynamical aspects of the process with special attention to drop constriction. It is shown that the inception of drop constriction has its origin in acceleration forces in contrast to the well‐known phenomena in the field of interfacial instability such as pendant drop, end pinching and capillary wave break‐up. Some results from computer simulations and from experimental investigations are also added to illustrate relevant processes preceding and following drop constriction.
Effect of gamma‐sterilization and autoclaving on soil organic matter structure as studied by solid state NMR, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy (2008)

Summary Sterilized soil is often used, for example in degradation studies, sorption experiments, microbiological tests and plant test systems, to distinguish between microbial processes and abiotic reactions. The most commonly used technique for sterilization is autoclaving of the soil. Another technique is irradiation with high‐level gamma radiation (γ‐radiation). One major drawback of sterilization procedures is the possible alteration of the structure of soil components, for example the organic matter. A change in the chemical structure of the soil organic matter can cause different reactions in the above‐mentioned experiments and hence interfere with the aim of clearly distinguishing between biotic and abiotic processes. Two soils (Gleyic Cambisol and Orthic Luvisol) were sterilized by two γ‐irradiation procedures (4 kGy hour −1 for 9 hours and 1.3 kGy hour −1 for 27 hours) and repeated autoclaving at 121°C. Gentle physical aggregate fractionation of the sterilized soils revealed a decrease in the aggregation of the soil, which was reflected in an increase of the clay fraction. Subsequent analysis of the aqueous phase revealed much more dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the γ‐sterilized and autoclaved soils than in the untreated soils. Ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence spectra of the DOM showed a decrease in the aromaticity and polycondensation of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 13 C cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C‐CP/MAS NMR) spectra of the unfractionated soils and their respective soil fractions before and after sterilization showed that the most important change occurred in the carbohydrate and N‐alkyl region, the main components of microorganisms. In general, the impact of the sterilization method was stronger for autoclaving. The γ‐sterilized soils and fractions displayed both fewer and smaller changes in the soil organic matter.