gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D FPGA resource management and fragmentation metric for hardware multitasking (2009)

This research work presents a novel proposal to get hardware multitasking in 3D FPGAs. Such architectures are still academic, but recent advances in 3D IC technologies allow foreseeing true 3D FPGAs in the near future. Starting from models for the 3D FPGA and for the tasks, an efficient technique for managing the 3D reconfigurable resources is proposed. This technique is based on a vertex-list structure in order to maintain information about the free space available on the FPGA at a given time moment. Moreover, a novel 3D fragmentation metric, based on cubeness of the free FPGA volume, is explained. And finally, several vertex-selection heuristics, a simpler one based on space adjacency and a more complex one based on space and time adjacency, are explained and their performance compared by some experiments.
Cyber-physical alternate route recommendation system for paramedics in an urban area (2015)

Intelligent transportation systems aim at the betterment of the transportation in cooperation with the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Besides, cyber-physical solutions have enabled interaction between the physical and computational components of systems. This paper studies the route selection of paramedics by the assistance of a cyber-physical system which consists of vehicular communications, alternate route optimization and user interaction components. To this end, an optimal alternate routing-tree recommendation framework is proposed by adopting the minimum Steiner tree approach. Initially the mathematical model is presented and is solved as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation. Then, in order to assure fast and efficient solution, simulated annealing-based alternate routing-tree recommendation is proposed for paramedics. Through simulations, the proposed approach is shown to be capable of guaranteeing alternate route selection for paramedics with low-delay, low-cost and high resilience.
Mechanistic Role of Lewis Bases and Other Additives in Quasiliving Carbocationic Polymerization of Isobutylene (2001)

Isobutylene was initiated using 5-tert-butyl-1,3-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene/TiCl4 in 60/40 hexane/methyl chloride: [IB]0 = 1.0 M, [TiCl4] = 0.12 or 0.24 M, [t-Bu-m-DCC] = 0.0119 M, T = −(40−80) °C. Most polymerizations contained a Lewis base or other additive, i.e., 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, tetra-n-butylammonium chloride, and/or pyridine hydrochloride. Polymerizations containing an additive yielded theoretical molecular weights, narrow polydispersity index, and apparent absence of irreversible chain termination (linear kinetic plots, ATR−FTIR spectroscopic data) and chain transfer, with two exceptions: coupled product was obtained at −40 °C, and protic initiation occurred with n-Bu4NCl alone. Polymerizations without an additive produced bimodal molecular weight distributions; however, essentially all chains were initiated from t-Bu-m-DCC. With an additive, Eact for propagation was −(5.3−5.5) kcal/mol. Removal of additives increased polymerization rate moderately at −80 °C but dramatically at −60 and −40 °C; this yielded higher Eact compared to that of systems containing additives. These results indicated that both paired and unpaired (free) ions are propagating species in absence of additives, with free ions less important at lower temperatures; free ion concentration and lifetime suggested the presence of adventitious common ions and chain transfer between free ions and tert-chloride-terminated PIB chains. The primary role of additives is suppression of free ions through in situ production, via the scavenging of protic impurities, of common ions.
Hermetically sealed microminiature multisocket connector (1983)

A unique hermetic microminiature multisocket connector was designed at Sandia as a means of interfacing with a sealed component package in a weapon system to ensure a controlled environment. Such a capability had not previously been available on any existing connector of comparable size and contact density. The connector is characterized by glass sealing of a high-density contact pattern, a weldable mounting flange, and by microminiature size. This glass-to-metal sealing method, using individual glass beads, requires 51 holes on 50-mil centers in the web portion of the shell. As an alternative to the glass-to-metal method, the connector contacts and shell were redesigned for compatability with ceramic-to-metal sealing techniques. In this potentially lower cost, higher yield method, the metal web of the shell is replaced with a ceramic web containing 51 metallized holes on 50-mil centers. This report presents the design requirements for the hermetic microminiature multisocket connector; describes its physical and electricl characteristics; traces the testing and evaluation program as developed and evaluated by Sandia National Laboratories with the support of ITT Canon Electric Division of Phoenix, AZ; and describes the electrical and environmental test program performed by Bendix Corporation of Kansas City, MO.
Part-level fully convolutional networks for pedestrian detection (2017)

Since pedestrians in videos have a wide range of appearances such as body poses, occlusions, and complex backgrounds, pedestrian detection is a challengeable task. In this paper, we propose part-level fully convolutional networks (FCN) for pedestrian detection. We adopt deep learning to deal with the proposal shifting problem in pedestrian detection. First, we combine convolutional neural networks (CNN) and FCN to align bounding boxes for pedestrians. Then, we perform part-level pedestrian detection based on CNN to recall the lost body parts. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 6.83% performance improvement in log-average miss rate over CifarNet.
Lazy continuations for Java virtual machines (2009)

Continuations, or 'the rest of the computation', are a concept that is most often used in the context of functional and dynamic programming languages. Implementations of such languages that work on top of the Java virtual machine (JVM) have traditionally been complicated by the lack of continuations because they must be simulated.
Nucleation (2010)

Crystallization starts with nucleation and control of nucleation is crucial for the control of the number, size, perfection, polymorphism and other characteristics of crystalline materials. This is particularly true for crystallization in solution, which is an essential part of processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and a major step in physiological and pathological phenomena. There have been significant recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism of nucleation of crystals in solution. The foremost of these are the two-step mechanism of nucleation and the notion of the solution-crystal spinodal. According to the two-step mechanism, the crystalline nucleus appears inside pre-existing metastable clusters of size several hundred nanometers, which consist of dense liquid and are suspended in the solution. While initially proposed for protein crystals, the applicability of this mechanism has been demonstrated for small molecule organic materials, colloids, polymers, and biominerals. This mechanism helps to explain several long-standing puzzles of crystal nucleation in solution: nucleation rates which are many orders of magnitude lower than theoretical predictions, the significance of the dense protein liquid, and others. At high supersaturations typical of most crystallizing systems, the generation of crystal embryos occurs in the spinodal regime, where the nucleation barrier is negligible. The solution-crystal spinodal helps to understand the role of heterogeneous substrates in nucleation and the selection of crystalline polymorphs. Importantly, these ideas provide powerful tools for control of the nucleation process by varying the solution thermodynamic parameters.
SMAC: a simplified method for the atmospheric correction of satellite measurements in the solar spectrum (1994)

Abstract This paper describes a computationally fast and accurate technique for the atmospheric correction of satellite measurements in the solar spectrum. The main advantage of the method is that it is several hundred times faster than more detailed radiative transfer models like 5S and that it does not require precalculated look-up tables. The method is especially useful for correcting the huge amounts of data acquired by large-field-of-view high-repetitivity sensors, like the ones on board polar orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites. The technique is based on a set of equations with coefficients which depend on the spectral band of the sensor. Semi-empirical formulations are used to describe the different interactions (absorption, scattering, etc.) of solar radiation with atmospheric constituents during its traverse through the atmosphere. Sensor specific coefficients of each equation are determined using a best fit technique against the computations of the 5S code (Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, Tanré et al. 1990). Other radiative transfer models could be used. Once coefficients for a specific spectral band are determined, the inputs of the model are vertically integrated gaseous contents, aerosol optical depth at 550 nm, geometric conditions and reflectance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). TOA reflectances were calculated using our method and then compared to the TOA reflectances calculated by 5S for a wide range of gaseous and aerosol contents, illumination and observation conditions for various sensor spectral bands. In the case of NOAA-9 AVHRR visible data the maximum relative error is 2·35 per cent (i.e. 0·01 for a reflectance value of 0·4) and the corresponding rmse is 0·0018. For NOAA-9 AVHRR near-infrared, Meteosat-1 visible, Landsat-5 TM band 1 and Landsat-5 TM band 4 the maximum relative errors are 3·11, 4·0, 1·65 and 2·37per cent respectively. The corresponding values of the rmse are 0·0022, 0·0015, 0·0017 and 0·0012. The method can be used both in the direct and in the inverse mode, i.e., to compute TOA reflectance knowing the surface reflectance (e.g., for fast sensitivity studies), or conversely to retrieve surface reflectance from the TOA reflectance. It can easily be implemented in operational data preprocessing computer code, since only band specific coefficients need to be updated when new sensors are flown, while the routines remain the same.
Photo‐realistic Rendering of Metallic Car Paint from Image‐Based Measurements (2008)

Abstract State‐of‐the‐art car paint shows not only interesting and subtle angular dependency but also significant spatial variation. Especially in sunlight these variations remain visible even for distances up to a few meters and give the coating a strong impression of depth which cannot be reproduced by a single BRDF model and the kind of procedural noise textures typically used. Instead of explicitly modeling the responsible effect particles we propose to use image‐based reflectance measurements of real paint samples and represent their spatial varying part by Bidirectional Texture Functions (BTF). We use classical BRDF models like Cook‐Torrance to represent the reflection behavior of the base paint and the highly specular finish and demonstrate how the parameters of these models can be derived from the BTF measurements. For rendering, the image‐based spatially varying part is compressed and efficiently synthesized. This paper introduces the first hybrid analytical and image‐based representation for car paint and enables the photo‐realistic rendering of all significant effects of highly complex coatings.
Cold-Mold Arc Melting and Casting (1968)

Report issued by the Bureau of Mines discussing the cold-mold arc-melting technology and techniques. As stated in the introduction, "the objectives of this book are twofold: To accumulate and update Bureau of Mines contributions to cold-mold arc melting and casting, and, by addition of pertinent chapters, to provide production melters and researchers with the best possible view of the overall technique" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Modelling the dynamics of animal groups in motion (2008)

Animal groups in motion, examples being fish schools, bird flocks, insect swarms and mammal herds, can exhibit spectacular collective behaviour. Attempts at formalizing the basic individual behaviour that accounts for the complex dynamics of an animal group began over 50 years ago. Numerous models of these dynamics have since been published. We review this information, starting with an overview of various approaches that have arisen from mathematical, physical, and computer-modelling methods. Our focus is on individual-based models of animal groups. Individuals are assumed to exert three types of local interactions with their neighbours in these models, namely attraction, alignment, and repulsion. We review these models according to their main objectives: to compare modelled results with observational data; to analyse the influence of model parameters on simulated group properties; and to investigate group response to any change in environment, or to divergent behaviour of some of the group members.
THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF HYDROXYUREA ON CELL POPULATION KINETICS IN THE SMALL BOWEL MUCOSA OF THE RAT (1977)

ABSTRACT The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) on cell population kinetics in the jejunal crypt of the rat was studied using autoradiography with tritiated thymidine and metaphase arrest with vincristine. HU appeared to act selectively on cells in the S phase producing inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. The deficit in proliferating cells was made good by a decrease in cell cycle time and an increase in growth fraction. Particular attention was paid to the basal, slowly cycling (and possibly clonogenic) crypt cells; early in the recovery sequence an increase in cell production rate was found in the base of the crypt. It is proposed that basal crypt cells, having survived cycle‐specific insult because of long cell cycle times, proceed to repopulate the depleted proliferative compartment.
A functional BCR in human IgA and IgM plasma cells (2013)

Plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated cells of the B-cell lineage that secrete antibodies at a high rate and are thought to lack the expression of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Here, we report that human IgA and IgM, unlike IgG, PCs express a membrane functional BCR associated with the Igα/Igβ heterodimer. BCR cross-linking on IgA and IgM PCs led to Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT phosphorylation and impacted survival of IgA PCs. These findings demonstrate a significant difference between human IgG, IgM, and IgA PCs and suggest that the IgA PC repertoire may be modulated by specific antigens with implications for the regulation of the mucosal immune system.
On the stereochemistry of the decarboxylation of (2S)-histidine catalysed by histidine decarboxylase from Clostridium welchii(E.C.4.1.1.22) (1981)

By decarboxylation of (2S)-histidine (1) in 2H2O in the presence of histidine decarboxylase from Clostridium welchii, monodeuteriated histamine (2a) was obtained. Ruthenium tetraoxide oxidation of (2a) furnished deuteriated β-alanine (3a), which was converted into the methyl ester of its phthaloyl derivative (6c). This compound showed a negative optical rotation, as did (6a) prepared from (3R)–(3c). From these results an (R)-configuration can be attributed to (2a) and consequently decarboxylation of (1) proceeds with retention of configuration.
Milk-protein mRNAs and poly(A) in the involuting rat mammary gland return to the levels found during late pregnancy (1984)

Analyses of the rat mammary gland show that the increase in the milk-protein mRNAs during the development of lactation and the rapid disappearance of these sequences during involution are not accompanied by similar changes in the poly(A) content. During the development of lactation the casein mRNA is initially in great excess to the whey-protein mRNA and this differential expression of the genes for the two types of milk proteins is again observed during early involution. Since the amounts of poly(A) and of both milk-protein mRNAs are also similar to the amounts found in the gland during late pregnancy, these results indicate that during early involution the mammary gland has reverted to the pattern of mRNA metabolism that occurs during late pregnancy.
Direct Digital Laserlogging (1975)

Abstract This paper describes a newly developed, direct-digital system for monitored data acquisition, automatic computation and calibration of well log data with presentation on an entirely new Laser Beam graphic recorder. The new direct-digital system avoids the errors that are sometimes made by field engineers when faced with the multitide of switches, connectors, adjusting knobs and meter dials of conventional analog panels, as well as errors due to analog drift and nonlinearity. Many older systems have utilized a computer to "process" the data provided by the conventional analog panels, but processing by these hybrid systems does not avoid the errors that are inherent in the analog panels and in the adjustment of the analog knobs and dials during calibration and operation. The new system described in this paper, is digital from the start, avoids the knobs and dials and provides automatic calibration and quality control, resulting in precisely repeatable records. The Laser Beam photographic record is completely ready for use within a few seconds after the recorder receives the input data. The steps involved in reaching this degree of refinement are generally analogous to those experienced in seismic exploration operations during conversion to digital methods; digital processing of data from standard analog truck equipment only prefaced the present direct-digital field equipment, which has made vastly improved data processing possible.
Nuclear DNA Content as an Index Character Discriminating Taxa in the Genus Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) (2000)

Nuclear DNA contents over the total range of the genus Petunia sensu Jussieu comprising 20 taxa of Petunia sensu Wijsman (2n 2x 14) and 32 taxa of Calibrachoa (2n 2x 18) were estimated by ow cytometry after staining the nuclei with propidium iodide (PI) or 4 H ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). With respect to nuclear DNA content, taxa of Petunia sensu Wijsman seemed to be homogeneous (2C 2 . 60 to 3 . 41 pg), but Calibrachoa taxa were clearly separated into two groups: (1) C. parviora and C. pygmaea (1 . 56 to 1 . 91 pg); and (2) remaining members of Calibrachoa (2 . 84 to 3 . 26 pg). Taxa of Petunia sensu Wijsman exhibited larger PI/DAPI ratios (relative uorescence intensity with PI staining to that with DAPI staining) than Calibrachoa species except C. parviora and C. pygmaea. This suggests that Petunia sensu Wijsman has nuclear DNA with more adenine-thymine rich regions than Calibrachoa.
Generating 56-bit passwords using Markov Models (and Charles Dickens) (2015)

We describe a password generation scheme based on Markov models built from English text (specifically, Charles Dickens' *A Tale Of Two Cities*). We show a (linear-running-time) bijection between random bitstrings of any desired length and generated text, ensuring that all passwords are generated with equal probability. We observe that the generated passwords appear to strike a reasonable balance between memorability and security. Using the system, we get 56-bit passwords like 'The cusay is wither?" t', rather than passwords like 'tQ$%Xc4Ef'.
Pericytes of term human foeto-placental microvessels: ultrastructure and visualization. (1999)

Placental microvessels examined by transmission electron microscopy showed many pericytes and pericyte foot processes included in the basement membrane. The foot processes were distinct from the endothelial cell extensions because of their lighter staining, their content of reticulum endoplasmic, their scarcity of microfilaments and their separation from endothelial cells by basement membrane material. Some of these features were held in common with early villous perivascular cells and pericytes from other microvascular beds. Denudation of the villi by dissection allowed the microvascular basement membrane to be reached and pericytes to be identified by scanning electron microscopy as large cells with extensions apposed to microvessels. Similarly, a two-step collagenase-dispase digestion with an intermediate Percoll gradient separation progressively removed the trophoblast and the stroma down to the microvessels. Pericyte-like cells were observed lying over the microvessels that exhibited some terminal dilatations where endothelial cells were still surrounded by the basement membrane. The origin and the potential functions of the pericytes (contractility, basement membrane secretion, angiogenesis and phagocytosis) in the placental vascular bed are discussed.
Identification of Coxiella burnetii Type IV Secretion Substrates Required for Intracellular Replication and Coxiella-Containing Vacuole Formation (2013)

Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of acute and chronic Q fever in humans, is a naturally intracellular pathogen that directs the formation of an acidic Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV) derived from the host lysosomal network. Central to its pathogenesis is a specialized type IVB secretion system (T4SS) that delivers effectors essential for intracellular replication and CCV formation. Using a bioinformatics-guided approach, 234 T4SS candidate substrates were identified. Expression of each candidate as a TEM-1 β-lactamase fusion protein led to the identification of 53 substrates that were translocated in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner. Ectopic expression in HeLa cells revealed that these substrates trafficked to distinct subcellular sites, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, and nucleus. Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified several substrates that were capable of interfering with yeast growth, suggesting that these substrates target crucial host processes. To determine if any of these T4SS substrates are necessary for intracellular replication, we isolated 20 clonal T4SS substrate mutants using the Himar1 transposon and transposase. Among these, 10 mutants exhibited defects in intracellular growth and CCV formation in HeLa and J774A.1 cells but displayed normal growth in bacteriological medium. Collectively, these results indicate that C. burnetii encodes a large repertoire of T4SS substrates that play integral roles in host cell subversion and CCV formation and suggest less redundancy in effector function than has been found in the comparative Legionella Dot/Icm model.
FFTF metal fuel pin fabrication (1989)

A major new initiative to develop, irradiate, and qualify a binary uranium/zirconium metal-fuel system in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) has been implemented by the Westinghouse Hanford Company for the US Department of Energy. Metal-fuel test assemblies have been designed and fabricated, and are now being irradiated in FFTF to provide the data needed to support the potential use of binary metal fuels in FFTF and other liquid-metal reactors. These development efforts support licensing activities for metal-fuel use in near-term advanced liquid-metal reactors.