gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. (2001)

Children prenatally exposed to alcohol can suffer from serious cognitive deficits and behavioral problems as well as from alcohol-related changes in brain structure. Neuropsychological studies have identified deficits in learning and memory as well as in executive functioning both in children with fetal alcohol syndrome and in children with less severe impairments. Both groups of children also exhibit problem behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and poor socialization and communication skills. Brain imaging studies have identified structural changes in various brain regions of these children--including the basal ganglia, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and hippocampus--that may account for the cognitive deficits. Functional brain imaging studies also have detected changes in alcohol-exposed children indicative of deficits in information processing and memory tasks.
Fuzzy layer selection method in hierarchical cellular systems (1999)

Hierarchical cellular systems are proposed to accommodate mobile users of different speeds. While the microlayer serves the slow users, the macrolayer serves the fast users. After a handoff request is initiated, we must make a decision determining whether it should go to the micro or macrocell. In this paper, this problem is tackled by making use of the past cell dwell times and occupancies in the target micro and macrocell. We want those mobile users with high velocity to join the macrolayer. It is also desirable to select the target cell which has lower occupancy in order to prevent call blocking. These heuristics are incorporated in a fuzzy layer selection (FLS) algorithm, which is devised in terms of fuzzy set and fuzzy logic. The performance is compared to the popular threshold method in the literature by simulation.
Degree distribution based HARQ for irregular LDPC (2006)

A new hybrid ARQ (HARQ) scheme is introduced for irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. It is based on degree distributions and so is called degree distribution based HARQ (DDB-HARQ). In DDB-HARQ, the receiver selectively retransmits a certain percentage of the nodes with large degrees each time. According to the simulation results, DDB-HARQ brings a significant gain to the LDPC coded system, since the nodes with large degrees in a frame contribute more to the performance.
Nitrosative Stress–Induced <i>S</i>-Glutathionylation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Leads to Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (2009)

The rapid proliferation of cancer cells mandates a high protein turnover. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is intimately involved in protein processing. An accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER leads to a cascade of transcriptional and translational events collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is one of the most abundant ER proteins and maintains a sentinel function in organizing accurate protein folding. Treatment of cells with O(2)-[2,4-dinitro-5-(N-methyl-N-4-carboxyphenylamino)phenyl]1-(N,N-dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (PABA/NO) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in intracellular nitric oxide that caused S-glutathionylation of various proteins. Within 4 h, PABA/NO activated the UPR and led to translational attenuation as measured by the phosphorylation and activation of the ER transmembrane kinase, pancreatic ER kinase, and its downstream effector eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in human leukemia (HL60) and ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). Cleavage of the transcription factor X-box protein 1 and transcriptional activation of the ER resident proteins BiP, PDI, GRP94, and ERO1 (5- to 10-fold induction) also occurred. Immunoprecipitation of PDI showed that whereas nitrosylation was undetectable, PABA/NO treatment caused S-glutathionylation of PDI. Mass spectroscopy analysis showed that single cysteine residues within each of the catalytic sites of PDI had a mass increase [+305.3 Da] consistent with S-glutathionylation. Circular dichroism confirmed that S-glutathionylation of PDI results in alterations in the alpha-helix content of PDI and is concurrent with inhibition of its isomerase activity. Thus, it appears that S-glutathionylation of PDI is an upstream signaling event in the UPR and may be linked with the cytotoxic potential of PABA/NO.
Reduced redundant arithmetic applied on low power multiply-accumulate units (2012)

We propose a new redundant approach on designing multiply-accumulate units for low power. State of the art implementations make use of redundant registers to obtain low delay times by moving any carry propagate adder out of the operation cycle. Our contribution is optimizing the level of redundancy by adjusting the size of the carry register. This optimization is performed by a VHDL generator, creating a carry save reduction tree meeting given delay constraints. This generator uses a delay-driven, list-based algorithm, optimized by synthesis timing results. With this method, the carry register and final carry propagate adder are shortened. Applying our reduced redundant approach to different sized twos complement multiply accumulate units under low power constraints, we gain delay savings up to 21 percent without increased area or power for 16 bit multiply-accumulate units and up to 6 percent for 32 bit multiply-accumulate units.
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE PROTOPLASM IN SEA URCHIN EGGS* (1979)

The distribution of the refractive index (RI) of the protoplasm in sea urchin eggs was determined from the optical path differences at various regions of the cell measured by interference microscopy assuming that the cell structure is symmetrical about the line passing through the center of the cell and that of the nucleus in unfertilized eggs and about the spindle axis in fertilized eggs during mitosis and cleavage. The RI of the cytoplasm in the unfertilized egg was uniform except for the cortical region, which had the RI higher than that of the underlying endoplasm. The RI of the cortex was generally higher than that of the underlying endoplasm, which did not appreciably change during mitosis and cleavage. The RI of the nucleus was lower than that of the cytoplasm. The RI of the mitotic apparatus was lower than that of the surrounding cytoplasm. The fertilization membrane had a thickness of about 0.6 μm in hydrated state and about 25 nm in dried state (mean values). The RI of the perivitelline space was about 0.00015 higher than that of seawater, equivalent to 0.08 g/100 ml of contents.
Morphine-induced skin wheals: A possible model for the study of histamine release (1985)

We evaluated the ability of morphine to release histamine when injected intradermally in man. Mathematic analysis of the dose-response (wheal) relationship suggested that two different effects were involved. The effect of low doses of morphine (0.05 to 1 microgram) was clearly antagonized by naloxone (0.4 or 1.2 mg im 30 minutes before), whereas the effect of higher doses (5 to 50 micrograms) was not modified. The median effective doses of morphine (ED50) for the low dose range effect were 0.07 +/- 0.01 and 0.08 +/- 0.01 microgram before naloxone and 0.14 +/- 0.02 and 0.15 +/- 0.03 microgram after 0.4 and 1.2 mg doses, respectively. Astemizole (45 mg po 30 minutes before) and oxatomide (60 mg po 120 minutes before) produced similar inhibition of histamine-induced wheals, but there were clear differences in their effects on wheals elicited by morphine. Morphine ED50 values for the low dose range effect rose from 0.09 +/- 0.01 to 0.20 +/- 0.01 microgram after astemizole and from 0.08 +/- 0.01 to 0.46 +/- 0.04 microgram after oxatomide. Opiate receptors may be involved in some of the effects produced by morphine injection in the human skin, but morphine-induced wheals seem to offer a suitable model for the evaluation of agents capable of inhibiting histamine release in man.
On the Origin of Increase in Substrate Current and Impact Ionization Efficiency in Strained-Si n- and p-MOSFETs (2005)

Strain dependence of substrate current and impact ionization efficiency in the strained-Si n- and p-MOSFETs has been systematically investigated with the wide range of strain, by utilizing the universal relationship between the impact ionization efficiency and the electrical field in the pinch-off region. It was found that the impact ionization efficiency increased with increasing strain, leading to the drastic increase of substrate current, and that the strain dependence of impact ionization efficiency was well represented by simply using the strain dependence of the bandgap energy regardless of carrier type. This result strongly suggests that the strain-induced enhancement of impact ionization efficiency is not due to the modification of the carrier transport properties but to the narrowing of the bandgap, and presumably, the resulting decrease in threshold energy for impact ionization. It was also found that the impact ionization efficiency increased with the increase of temperature while its dependence did not exhibit distinct strain dependence. These results are attributable mainly to the temperature dependence of energy distribution function.
Large Apparent Electric Size of Solid-State Nanopores Due to Spatially Extended Surface Conduction (2012)

Ion transport through nanopores drilled in thin membranes is central to numerous applications, including biosensing and ion selective membranes. This paper reports experiments, numerical calculations, and theoretical predictions demonstrating an unexpectedly large ionic conduction in solid-state nanopores, taking its origin in anomalous entrance effects. In contrast to naive expectations based on analogies with electric circuits, the surface conductance inside the nanopore is shown to perturb the three-dimensional electric current streamlines far outside the nanopore in order to meet charge conservation at the pore entrance. This unexpected contribution to the ionic conductance can be interpreted in terms of an apparent electric size of the solid-state nanopore, which is much larger than its geometric counterpart whenever the number of charges carried by the nanopore surface exceeds its bulk counterpart. This apparent electric size, which can reach hundreds of nanometers, can have a major impact on the electrical detection of translocation events through nanopores, as well as for ionic transport in biological nanopores.
Discharge Coefficients of Cooling Holes With Radiused and Chamfered Inlets (1991)

The flow of cooling air within the internal passages of gas turbines is controlled and metered using orifices formed of holes in discs and casings. The effects of inlet radiusing and chamfering of these holes on the discharge coefficient forms the subject of this paper. Experimental results for a range of radiusing and chamfering ratios for holes of different length to diameter ratios are presented covering the range of pressure ratios of practical interest. The results indicate that radiusing and chamfering are both beneficial in increasing the discharge coefficient. Increases of 10–30% are possible. Chamfered holes give the more desirable performance characteristics in addition to being easier to produce than radiused holes.
POLYCOMBLIKE: A GENE THAT APPEARS TO BE REQUIRED FOR THE NORMAL EXPRESSION OF THE BITHORAX AND ANTENNAPEDIA GENE COMPLEXES OF <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i> (1982)

A newly identified gene is described that is required for the maintenance of normal identities in many of the body segments of the fly. The effects of mutants in this gene, which is called Polycomblike (Pcl), suggest that its wild-type allele functions in the regulation of the bithorax gene complex (BX-C) and the Antennapedia gene complex (ANT-C). Evidence in favor of this idea derives from (1) the close correspondence between segmental transformations caused by Pcl mutants and those caused by dominant gain-of-function mutants in the BX-C and ANT-C, (2) the interactions observed between Pcl mutants and mutants in these complexes, and (3) the dependence upon BX-C and ANT-C dosage of the severity of at least one of the transformations caused by Pcl mutants. Arguments are presented that the control of the BX-C and ANT-C by Pcl+ is negative in nature. The results of clonal analysis experiments indicate that, at least for the BX-C, Pcl+ exerts this control until late in development. Since the wild-type allele of another gene, called Polycomb (Pc), has previously been shown to have many of the same properties as Pcl+, it appears that the BX-C and perhaps also the ANT-C are continuously regulated during development by at least two and probably several other genes.
Sensor for measuring hydrogen partial pressure in parabolic trough power plant expansion tanks (2017)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Acciona Energy North America are working together to design and implement a process system that provides a permanent solution to the issue of hydrogen buildup at parabolic trough power plants. We are pursuing a method that selectively removes hydrogen from the expansion tanks that serve as reservoirs for the heat transfer fluid (HTF) that circulates in the collector field and power block components. Our modeling shows that removing hydrogen from the expansion tanks at a design rate reduces and maintains dissolved hydrogen in the circulating HTF to a selected target level. Our collaborative work consists of several tasks that are needed to advance this process concept to a development stage, where it is ready for implementation at a commercial power plant. Our main effort is to design and evaluate likely process-unit operations that remove hydrogen from the expansion tanks at a specified rate. Additionally, we designed and demonstrated a method and instrumentation to measure hydrogen partial pressure and concentration in the expansion-tank headspace gas. We measured hydrogen partial pressure in the headspace gas mixture using a palladium-alloy membrane, which is permeable exclusively to hydrogen. The membrane establishes a pure hydrogen gas phase that is in equilibrium with the hydrogen in the gas mixture. We designed and fabricated instrumentation, and demonstrated its effectiveness in measuring hydrogen partial pressures over a range of three orders of magnitude. Our goal is to install this instrument at the Nevada Solar One power plant and to demonstrate its effectiveness in measuring hydrogen levels in the expansion tanks under normal plant operating conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Fluorinated Gemini Pyridinium Surfactants (2009)

Abstract A series of fluorinated gemini pyridinium amphiphiles have been prepared, purified and fully characterized. The synthesis was performed using alkyl trifluoromethanesulfonates as the quaternizing agents, provided very good yields and overcame problems arising with other less powerful alkylating agents. The use of different characterization techniques, such as conductivity and surface tension measurements, shed light on the aggregation process. The title products showed interesting, unusual properties, which could be interpreted in view of a peculiar aggregating behaviour. This family of compounds is very interesting for their possible transfection activity and application in gene therapy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Antimycoplasmal activity of ofloxacin (DL-8280) (1983)

Ofloxacin (DL-8280; (+/-)-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1- pipera-zinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid) showed a broader spectrum and a greater potency of antimycoplasmal activity than did pipemidic acid, norfloxacin, tetracyclines, and lincomycin, but was inferior to erythromycin. Its mycoplasmacidal potency against clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was also greater than that of other quinolones and tetracyclines.
Substrate-free crystallization of distorted hexagonal barium titanate thin films (2002)

We show that substrate-free crystallized barium titanate (BaTiO3) films adopt a hexagonal structure, whereas substrate-supported films assume the commonly observed tetragonal phase. However, in contrast to the known hexagonal BaTiO3, the substrate-free crystallized films demonstrate a small but measurable pyroelectric effect, and do not exhibit phase transitions in the 25–423 K temperature range. Thus the substrate-free crystallized BaTiO3 represents a heretofore unreported crystallographic modification of BaTiO3.
Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone use by athletes. (1993)

Determination of the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) in urine is used to detect testosterone administration in athletes, with a ratio > 6 considered as evidence of an offense. We show that administration of ketoconazole, which inhibits testosterone biosynthesis, may be useful for differentiating between an athlete who is using testosterone and one who naturally gives a ratio > 6. In a control subject pretreated with testosterone, ketoconazole caused the ratio to increase; conversely, it caused a decrease in the ratio in an athlete under investigation. Repeated administration of ketoconazole to two normal men caused a decrease in the ratio due to a large decrease in the urinary excretion rate of testosterone relative to epitestosterone. Stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin exacerbated the differences in excretion rates. A single administration of ketoconazole to six normal men caused the T/E ratios to decrease significantly within 8 h, a suitable time scale for use in a dynamic test.
A concatenated coding technique for partial response channels (2001)

A new concatenated coding technique has been developed for high-order PRML channels. Its first key feature is a pre-error-correction-coding (pre-ECC) scheme comprising cyclic-redundancy-check ECC (CRCC) coding and simplified soft-output decoding. The CRCC coding, a very-low-redundancy inner-block ECC concatenated to the PRML channel, specifically corrects dominant short error-events in the ML-detector. The soft-output decoding enhances the CRCC coding capability through the list and soft-symbol output Viterbi-algorithm (list-SOVA). A second key feature is an iterative decoding scheme to ensure efficient cooperation between an outer Reed-Solomon (RS) ECC and the ML-detector. By using error-free decoded bit-information feedback from the outer RS-ECC decoder, the iterative scheme employs "state pinning" in the ML trellis-detector. This enables long error-events remaining after the CRCC decoding to be corrected efficiently without increasing the coding redundancy and the decoding complexity. Complementary use of the iterative scheme for long error-events and the CRCC decoding for dominant short error-events improves the total system error-rate performance. Simulation showed that the concatenated coding scheme could significantly improve the RS-ECC error-rate performance of a 16/17-rate quasi-MTR-coded ME/sup 2/PRML channel when used in conjunction with CRCC coding.
Uninfected Mosquito Bites Confer Protection against Infection with Malaria Parasites (2007)

Despite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. New insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (A. Bjorkman and A. Bhattarai, Acta Trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites' biology (M. F. Good et al., Immunol. Rev. 201:254-267, 2004). Using a murine model of malaria infection, we show here that exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes prior to Plasmodium yoelii infection influences the local and systemic immune responses and limits parasite development within the host. In hosts preexposed to bites from uninfected mosquitoes, reduced parasite burdens in the livers were detected early, and during the blood-stage of the life cycle, these burdens remained lower than those in hosts that received mosquito bites only at the time of infection. Repeated exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes skewed the immune response towards a T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype as indicated by increased levels of interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These data suggest that the addition of mosquito salivary components to antimalaria vaccines may be a viable strategy for creating a Th1-biased environment known to be effective against malaria infection. Furthermore, this strategy may be important for the development of vaccines to combat other mosquito-transmitted pathogens.
Exploiting signal flow and logic dependency in standard cell placement (1995)

No abstract available.
Altering Substrate Chain Length Specificity of an Acylhomoserine Lactone Synthase in Bacterial Communication (2005)

Quorum sensing mediated by specific signal compounds (autoinducers) allows bacteria to monitor their cell density and enables a synchronized regulation of target gene sets. The best studied group of autoinducers are the acylhomoserine lactones (AHSLs), which are central to the regulation of virulence in many plant and animal pathogens. Variation of the acyl side chain of the AHSLs underlies the observed species specificity of this communication system. Here we show that even different strains of the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora employ different dialects of this language and demonstrate the molecular basis for the acyl chain length specificity of distinct AHSL synthases. Under physiological concentrations, only the cognate AHSL with the "right" acyl chain is recognized as a signal that will switch on virulence genes. Mutagenesis of the AHSL synthase gene expI(SCC1) identified the changes M127T and F69L as sufficient to effectively alter ExpI(SCC1) (an N-3-oxohexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone producer) substrate specificity to that of an N-3-oxooctanoyl-l-homoserine lactone producer. Our data identify critical residues that define the size of the substrate-binding pocket of the AHSL synthase and will help in understanding and manipulating this bacterial language.
Low emissivity Ag/Ta/glass multilayer thin films deposited by sputtering (2011)

Ta is deposited on a glass substrate as an interlayer for the two-dimensional growth of Ag thin films because Ta has good thermal stability and can induce a negative surface-energy change in Ag/glass. From the transmission electron microscopy results, we concluded that the Ag crystals in the bottom layer (seemingly on Ag/Ta) were flattened; this was rarely observed in the three-dimensional growth mode. Comparing Ag/Ta/glass with Ag/glass, we found that the Ta interlayer was effective in reducing both the resistance and the emissivity, accompanied by the relatively high transmittance in the visible region. In particular, Ag(9 nm)/Ta(1 nm)/glass film showed 0.08 of the emissivity, including ∼61% of the transmittance in the visible region (wavelength: 550 nm).