gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optomechanical imaging system for breast cancer detection (2011)

Imaging studies of the breast comprise three principal sensing domains: structural, mechanical, and functional. Combinations of these domains can yield either additive or wholly new information, depending on whether one domain interacts with the other. In this report, we describe a new approach to breast imaging based on the interaction between controlled applied mechanical force and tissue hemodynamics. Presented is a description of the system design, performance characteristics, and representative clinical findings for a second-generation dynamic near-infrared optical tomographic breast imager that examines both breasts simultaneously, under conditions of rest and controlled mechanical provocation. The expected capabilities and limitations of the developed system are described in relation to the various sensing domains for breast imaging.
Regulatable Expression of p21-activated Kinase-1 Promotes Anchorage-independent Growth and Abnormal Organization of Mitotic Spindles in Human Epithelial Breast Cancer Cells (2000)

Stimulation of growth factor signaling has been implicated in the development of invasive phenotypes and the activation of p21-activated kinase (Pak1) in human breast cancer cells (Adam, L., Vadlamudi, R., Kondapaka, S. B., Chernoff, J., Mendelsohn, J., and Kumar, R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28238-28246; Adam, L., Vadlamudi, R., Mandal, M., Chernoff, J., and Kumar, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12041-12050). To study the role of Pak1 in the regulation of motility and growth of breast epithelial cells, we developed human epithelial MCF-7 clones that overexpressed the kinase-active T423E Pak1 mutant under an inducible tetracycline promoter or that stably expressed the kinase-active H83L,H86L Pak1 mutant, which is deficient in small GTPase binding sites. The expression of both T423E and H83L,H86L Pak1 mutants in breast epithelial cells was accompanied by increased cell motility without any apparent effect on the growth rate of cells. The T423E Pak1 mutant was primarily localized to filopodia, and the H83L,H86L Pak1 mutant was primarily localized to ruffles. Cells expressing T423E Pak1 exhibited a regulatable stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase activities. The expression of kinase-active Pak1 mutants significantly stimulated anchorage-independent growth of cells in soft agar in a preferential mitogen-activated protein kinase-sensitive manner. In addition, regulatable expression of kinase-active Pak1 resulted in an abnormal organization of mitotic spindles characterized by appearance of multiple spindle orientations. We also provide evidence to suggest a close correlation between the status of Pak1 kinase activity and base-line invasiveness of human breast cancer cells and breast tumor grades. This study is the first demonstration of Pak1 regulation of anchorage-independent growth, potential Pak1 regulation of invasiveness, and abnormal organization of mitotic spindles of human epithelial breast cancer cells.
The Divergence of Standards of Conduct and Standards of Review in Corporate Law (1993)

In this Article, Professor Eisenberg examines how and why standards of conduct and standards of review diverge in corporate law. Professor Eisenberg analyzes the relevant standards of conduct and review that apply in a number of corporate law contexts. He discusses the reasoning and policies underlying these diverging standards. Professor Eisenberg explains the basis of most existing standards of conduct and review and suggests modifications of several others.
Effects of MK-801 upon Local Cerebral Glucose Utilisation in Conscious Rats and in Rats Anaesthetised with Halothane (1989)

The effects of MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, upon local cerebral glucose utilisation were examined in conscious, lightly restrained rats and in rats anaesthetised with halothane in nitrous oxide by means of the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]-2-deoxyglucose technique. In the conscious rats, MK-801 produced a heterogenous pattern of altered cerebral glucose utilisation with significant increases being observed in 12 of the 28 regions of gray matter examined and significant decreases in 6 of the 28 regions. Pronounced increases in glucose use were observed after MK-801 in the olfactory areas and in a number of brain areas in the limbic system (e.g., hippocampus molecular layer, dentate gyrus, subicular complex, posterior cingulate cortex, and mammillary body). In the cerebral cortices, large reductions in glucose use were observed after administration of MK-801, whereas in the extrapyramidal and sensory-motor areas, glucose use remained unchanged after MK-801 administration in conscious rats. In the halothane-anaesthetised rats, the pattern of altered glucose use after MK-801 differed qualitatively and quantitatively from that observed in conscious rats. In anaesthetised rats, significant reductions in glucose use were noted after MK-801 in 10 of the 28 regions examined, with no area displaying significantly increased glucose use after administration of the drug. In halothane-anaesthetised rats, MK-801 failed to change the rates of glucose use in the olfactory areas, the hippocampus molecular layer, and the dentate gyrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Centre‐specific ultrasound nuchal translucency medians needed for Down syndrome screening (2003)

Nuchal translucency (NT) measurements were compared between 13 centres participating in a multi-marker Down syndrome screening program. Results from 4765 women were analysed, and there were highly statistically significant between-centre differences after allowing for gestation (P < 0.0001). Examination of maternal serum marker levels, expressed in multiples of the median (MoM) for gestation, showed that this was not due to gestational errors. Regression analysis was carried out to derive an equation with a centre-specific component that could be used to express NT in MoMs. Use of this equation reduced the variance of logNT by 15% compared to a published equation. The equation can be readily modified for use in other centres.
MOS-bounded diodes for on-chip ESD protection in a 0.15-μm shallow-trench-isolation salicided CMOS process (2004)

Novel diode structures without the shallow trench isolation (STI) across the p/n junction for ESD protection in a 0.15-/spl mu/m CMOS process are proposed. A NMOS (PMOS) is especially inserted into the diode structure to form the NMOS-bounded (PMOS-bounded) diode, which is used to block the STI isolation across the p/n junction in the diode structure. Without the STI boundary across the p/n junction of diode structure, the proposed PMOS-bounded and NMOS-bounded diodes can provide more effective protection to the internal circuits, as compared to the other diode structures under reverse-biased condition. Such PMOS-bounded and NMOS-bounded diodes are fully process-compatible to general CMOS processes without additional process modification or mask layers.
Let the kernel figure it out; Principled learning of pre-processing for kernel classifiers (2009)

Most modern computer vision systems for high-level tasks, such as image classification, object recognition and segmentation, are based on learning algorithms that are able to separate discriminative information from noise. In practice, however, the typical system consists of a long pipeline of pre-processing steps, such as extraction of different kinds of features, various kinds of normalizations, feature selection, and quantization into aggregated representations such as histograms. Along this pipeline, there are many parameters to set and choices to make, and their effect on the overall system performance is a-priori unclear. In this work, we shorten the pipeline in a principled way. We move pre-processing steps into the learning system by means of kernel parameters, letting the learning algorithm decide upon suitable parameter values. Learning to optimize the pre-processing choices becomes learning the kernel parameters. We realize this paradigm by extending the recent Multiple Kernel Learning formulation from the finite case of having a fixed number of kernels which can be combined to the general infinite case where each possible parameter setting induces an associated kernel. We evaluate the new paradigm extensively on image classification and object classification tasks. We show that it is possible to learn optimal discriminative codebooks and optimal spatial pyramid schemes, consistently outperforming all previous state-of-the-art approaches.
The Role of Clostridium difficile in Childhood Nosocomial Diarrhea (2001)

The role of Clostridium difficile was investigated in 100 children with nosocomial diarrhea. An etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. C. difficile-associated diarrhea (Cdad) was defined in 16 children (16%). The mean age of the patients with Cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. All cases with Cdad were on antibiotic therapy. Cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given single antibiotic treatment (p < 0.05). One case with neutropenic sepsis died. C. difficile was also investigated in the stool samples of 50 hospitalized children treated with antibiotics who did not develop diarrhea. C. difficile toxins A and B were found in 5 children aged < 2 y in the control group. This study shows that C. difficile is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea in our hospital population.
A conserved idiotype and antibodies to retroviral proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. (1990)

22 of 61 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients produced antibodies to the p24 gag protein of HIV-1 demonstrated by Western blotting. 20 of these 22 patients (91%) also express the 4B4 idiotype (Id 4B4) previously identified on a human anti-Sm monoclonal antibody called 4B4. This represents an enrichment for this Id (seen in only 52% of SLE patients generally). Eight of these 22 SLE patients also have anti-Sm antibody activity. Sm partially inhibits the antibody binding of p24 gag suggesting immunologic cross-reactivity between the retroviral antigen p24 gag and the autoantigen Sm. Anti-Id 4B4 also inhibits p24 gag antibody binding by as much as 40%. Finally the monoclonal antibody 4B4 showed cross-reactivity to Sm and p24 gag. The following points emerge from our studies: (a) SLE patients make antibodies to p24 gag of HIV-1, (b) there is a relationship between immunity to p24 gag and a conserved idiotype, and (c) anti-Sm antibodies can cross-react with p24 gag.
Bioavailability of orally administered mesna. (1984)

The bioavailability of orally administered sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna, Uromitexan drink ampoules) was tested in 18 healthy probands and in 5 tumor patients. Following single oral administration of 20 or 40 mg/kg mesna, 52.4% and 52.6%, respectively, of the dose were excreted in the urine as reactive thiol groups, the remainder as mesna disulfide (dimesna), the only metabolite of mesna; after i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg mesna, 48.7% of the dose administered appeared as thiol groups in the urine. Not until after 13.1 h (20 mg/kg p.o.) and 18.5 h (40 mg/kg p.o.), respectively, concentration drops below the minimum concentration of 100 micrograms/ml presumed to be still reliably protective. However, the elimination pattern and the time when the threshold concentration is reached are subject to marked individual variation. After i.v. administration of 20 mg/kg mesna and 9 times oral administration of 20 mg/kg mesna (the first dose concurrently with the i.v. injection, thereafter every 4 h), or 7 times oral administration of 20 mg/kg mesna (the first dose again concurrently with the i.v. injection, thereafter every 5 h), the percentage of the total dose administered appearing as thiol groups in the urine averaged 41.9% and 37.6%, respectively, up to 17 or 18 h after the last dose. Comparison of periods covering the same time of the day showed the total amount excreted to be higher on day 2 than on day 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Phase II trial of thymosin fraction 5 in advanced renal cancer. (1984)

Partially purified thymosin fraction 5 ( TF5 ) was administered to 21 patients with advanced renal cancer. Two different loading dose schedules and doses (60 and 120 mg/m2) of SQ TF5 were employed in 10 patients each. Of 20 evaluable patients, three exhibited partial responses and two exhibited stable disease. All five of these patients had had prior nephrectomies and lung metastases as the dominant site of disease. Toxicity was minimal but included one probable systemic allergic reaction. We could not identify any specific relationship between TF5 dose/schedule or pretreatment immune abnormalities and tumor responsiveness. Our results indicate that the administration of TF5 alone can induce regressions of renal cancer. Additional trials with larger numbers of patients appear to be justified.
Identification of New Batrachotoxin-sensing Residues in Segment IIIS6 of the Sodium Channel (2011)

Ion permeation through voltage-gated sodium channels is modulated by various drugs and toxins. The atomistic mechanisms of action of many toxins are poorly understood. A steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxin (BTX) causes persistent channel activation by inhibiting inactivation and shifting the voltage dependence of activation to more negative potentials. Traditionally, BTX is considered to bind at the channel-lipid interface and allosterically modulate the ion permeation. However, amino acid residues critical for BTX action are found in the inner helices of all four repeats, suggesting that BTX binds in the pore. In the octapeptide segment IFGSFFTL in IIIS6 of a cockroach sodium channel BgNa(V), besides Ser_3i15 and Leu_3i19, which correspond to known BTX-sensing residues of mammalian sodium channels, we found that Gly_3i14 and Phe_3i16 are critical for BTX action. Using these data along with published data as distance constraints, we docked BTX in the Kv1.2-based homology model of the open BgNa(V) channel. We arrived at a model in which BTX adopts a horseshoe conformation with the horseshoe plane normal to the pore axis. The BTX ammonium group is engaged in cation-π interactions with Phe_3i16 and BTX moieties interact with known BTX-sensing residues in all four repeats. Oxygen atoms at the horseshoe inner surface constitute a transient binding site for permeating cations, whereas the bulky BTX molecule would resist the pore closure, thus causing persistent channel activation. Our study reinforces the concept that steroidal sodium channel agonists bind in the inner pore of sodium channels and elaborates the atomistic mechanism of BTX action.
Testing and evaluation of modifying reagents in potash flotation (2009)

Potash is the main source of Potassium which is one of the three basic plant nutrients along with nitrogen and phosphorus. Between 60 to 80% of the potash ore is processed by flotation, the other two important unit operations are hot or cold crystallization and electrostatic separation. Almost all the published literature on potash flotation refers to the insoluble minerals as "collector robbers" and increased collector usage is mentioned as the consequence of the presence of slimes in potash flotation circuits. The real effect of the presence of slimes in potash flotation is far more complex. The test program developed in the following chapters aimed to determine the most suitable modifying reagent(s) and the optimum dosage to optimize grade and recovery of KCI, and to evaluate various flocculants used in flotation desliming in order to determine the factors that affect flotation desliming efficiency. Based on the results, it can be stated that guar gum is probably the most effective insoluble slimes depressant for the ores under the conditions tested. The depressing action of the guar gum is strong even at low dosages (50 g/t). Carboxymethyl cellulose shows poor depressing ability at low dosages, with increasing depression performance at high dosages (200 g/t). Synthetic polyacrylamides can hardly be considered insoluble slimes "depressants" as a considerable amount of the insoluble slimes present in the feed report to the concentrate. Anionic flocculants increase insoluble slimes recovery when used instead of non-ionic flocculant at the same dosage. The recovery of KCI to the insolubles concentrate increases with the use of anionic flocculants as well but in a much smaller proportion. The flocculation-flotation of insoluble minerals is a flocculant dependent process, and the addition of a "insolubles collector" or a frother, or nothing at all merely affects the kinetics of the process.
Cloning, sequencing, and transcriptional analysis of the gene coding for the vegetative sigma factor of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1993)

The sigA gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was cloned and sequenced. Comparison with previously analyzed sigA genes revealed a high degree of similarity in nucleotide and amino acid sequences of regions two, three, and four of vegetative sigma factors. However, the upstream regulatory region shows no sequence homology with the Escherichia coli heat shock (sigma 32) promoters. It also does not contain the hairpin-loop structure (inverted repeat sequence) that was found in the upstream region of the groE operon in A. tumefaciens. The transcription initiation site of the gene was determined and found to be at the same position during normal growth and under heat shock conditions. Furthermore, no heat shock activation was observed at the transcriptional level.
Get around 360° hypervideo (2010)

In traditional video, the user is locked to the angle where the camera was pointing to during the capture of the video. With 360° video recording, there are no longer these boundaries, and 360° video capturing devices are becoming more common and affordable to the general public. Hypervideo stretches boundaries even further, allowing to explore the video and to navigate to related information. In this paper, we describe an approach to the design and development of an immersive and interactive interface for the visualization and navigation of 360° hypervideos over the internet. Such videos allow users to pan around to view the contents in different angles and effectively access related information through the hyperlinks. Challenges for presenting this type of hypervideo include: providing users with an appropriate interface capable to explore 360° contents, where the video should change perspective so that the users actually get the feeling of looking around; and providing the appropriate affordances to understand the hypervideo structure and to navigate it effectively in a 360° hypervideo space, even when link opportunities arise in places outside the current viewport.
Flexible Ru/Graphene Aerogel with Switchable Surface Chemistry: Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room‐Temperature CO Oxidation (2016)

Self‐assembly and functionalization of macroscopic graphene architectures are generally required to offset the drawbacks of pure graphene sheets for practical applications. Herein, a macroscopic 3D flexible well‐faceted Ru nanocrystalline‐decorated graphene aerogel is prepared by a unique polyol‐mediated solvothermal method. The key to the synthesis is relied on ethylene glycol as the solvent and reducing agent, which can simultaneously reduce graphene oxide (GO) and Ru 3+ ions and further self‐assemble into the 3D aerogel network. The resultant Ru/graphene aerogels possess a low density of 17.3 mg cm −3 , highly porous structures, good flexible ability, and excellent electrical conductivity (333 S m −1 ). The catalytic properties of these Ru/graphene aerogels for CO oxidation, especially addressing the pretreatment effects on the catalytic activity and the role of surface oxygen species, are investigated. It has been shown that mild air pretreatment can switch the surface chemistry of nanocrystalline Ru, inducing the formation of highly active oxygen‐vacancy RuO x . These pretreated aerogels thus can deliver 100% CO conversion with long durability at room temperature, and can work effectively at ultrahigh space velocity. These unique characteristics of Ru/graphene aerogels point to their promising application in in‐door air quality control.
CG dinucleotide clustering is a species-specific property of the genome (2007)

Cytosines at cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotides are the near-exclusive target of DNA methyltransferases in mammalian genomes. Spontaneous deamination of methylcytosine to thymine makes methylated cytosines unusually susceptible to mutation and consequent depletion. The loci where CG dinucleotides remain relatively enriched, presumably due to their unmethylated status during the germ cell cycle, have been referred to as CpG islands. Currently, CpG islands are solely defined by base compositional criteria, allowing annotation of any sequenced genome. Using a novel bioinformatic approach, we show that CG clusters can be identified as an inherent property of genomic sequence without imposing a base compositional a priori assumption. We also show that the CG clusters co-localize in the human genome with hypomethylated loci and annotated transcription start sites to a greater extent than annotations produced by prior CpG island definitions. Moreover, this new approach allows CG clusters to be identified in a species-specific manner, revealing a degree of orthologous conservation that is not revealed by current base compositional approaches. Finally, our approach is able to identify methylating genomes (such as Takifugu rubripes) that lack CG clustering entirely, in which it is inappropriate to annotate CpG islands or CG clusters.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Latex Agglutination-Inhibition Tube Test for Morphine (1975)

Abstract We evaluated a new 2-hour latex agglutination-inhibition tube test, designed to detect a minimum of 200 ng of morphine (or structurally related compounds) per milliliter of either serum or urine. It was compared with a more sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure, by use of 159 addict urines (radioimmunoassay-positive) and 506 selected (radioimmunoassay-negative) urines. Our results were negative for 99.6% of the radioimmunoassay-negative specimens, including many from addicts taking several drugs other than opiates, and for 94.3% (33 of 35) of radioimmunoassay-positive specimens from addicts, containing only 40-99 ng (morphine equivalents) per milliliter. Positive test results were recorded for 108 of 110 specimens containing 200 or more nanograms (morphine equivalents) per milliliter. The test is technically and instrumentally simple and has a clearcut negative endpoint. Because glucuronide-conjugated morphine is readily detected, this test can be used before chromatography to eliminate those specimens that have no significant concentrations of narcotics (i.e., give a negative latex tube test) and thus obviate timeconsuming hydrolysis before chromatography.
Advanced least-squares methods (1972)

Prepared for Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, Bedford, Massachusetts: Contract No. F19628-72-C-0120, Project No. 8607, Task No. 860701