gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Channel assignment and layer selection in hierarchical cellular system with fuzzy control (2001)

We consider a hierarchical cellular system, which consists of a macrolayer and a microlayer. The macrocells accommodate fast mobile users. However, if we direct too many mobile users to the macrocells, the system capacity is low. On the other hand, the microcells are designed to increase capacity, but they cause a large number of handoffs. The aim is to maximize the system capacity while keeping the amount of handoff small. We minimize the handoff rate by a fuzzy layer selection algorithm, which makes use of the past cell dwell times of a user and the channel occupancy of the target cell. To maximize the capacity, we propose a distributed channel assignment algorithm to dynamically allocate the channels among the two layers. Exchange of information is allowed between neighboring macrocells. The state of channel assignment in a macrocell and its interfering cells are tabulated in a channel allocation table, which provides all information required in the integrated resource allocation scheme. The performance is evaluated by simulation and compared with the popular layer selection scheme known as the threshold method.
Logical and semantic database integration (2002)

Two fundamental approaches for database integration exist: the data warehouse approach attempts to physically merge data sets from several source databases, whereas database federations simultaneously query source databases online. In this paper, a database federation approach based on two components is introduced. MARGBench is a system which, among other features, enables the querying of several databases in SQL by translating SQL queries into a source database-specific interface. In this system, SQL queries use the database field labels of the original database, i.e. fields that contain the same kind of information are labelled differently in different databases. In order to solve this problem, a second system, based on ontologies, is currently being developed. This ontology system not only includes information about the semantics of database fields but also contains information about the databases themselves. Thus, it facilitates both database binding and intelligent database querying. The main concepts and ideas of these two systems are explained. By using an imaginary database query, it is demonstrated how the two systems (the ontology system and MARGBench) work together in order to enable the querying of several databases simultaneously.
Haloalkyl Phosphate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies in the Phosphate Region (1994)

Novel haloalkyl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT were prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action, which varied greatly with the structure of the phosphate moiety. By comparison to simple dialkyl phosphates, which are inactive against HIV-1, the introduction of halogen atoms into the alkyl (phosphate) chains led to anti-HIV activity. Although halogen substitution in just one alkyl chain was sufficient for biological activity, substitution in the second alkyl chain further enhanced activity. Conversely, stabilization of the second chain, by conversion to a phosphonate, led to a reduction in activity. In one case, the diastereo-isomers resulting from mixed stereochemistry at the phosphate centre were separated, and found to differ in activity by one order of magnitude. Lastly, the bis(mono- and di-chloroethyl) phosphates were prepared and found to display moderate anti-HIV activity.
AKT induces erythroid-cell maturation of JAK2-deficient fetal liver progenitor cells and is required for Epo regulation of erythroid-cell differentiation (2005)

AKT serine threonine kinase of the protein kinase B (PKB) family plays essential roles in cell survival, growth, metabolism, and differentiation. In the erythroid system, AKT is known to be rapidly phosphorylated and activated in response to erythropoietin (Epo) engagement of Epo receptor (EpoR) and to sustain survival signals in cultured erythroid cells. Here we demonstrate that activated AKT complements EpoR signaling and supports erythroid-cell differentiation in wild-type and JAK2-deficient fetal liver cells. We show that erythroid maturation of AKT-transduced cells is not solely dependent on AKT-induced cell survival or proliferation signals, suggesting that AKT transduces also a differentiation-specific signal downstream of EpoR in erythroid cells. Down-regulation of expression of AKT kinase by RNA interference, or AKT activity by expression of dominant negative forms, inhibits significantly fetal liver-derived erythroid-cell colony formation and gene expression, demonstrating that AKT is required for Epo regulation of erythroid-cell maturation.
Practice of evidence-based medicine in clinical teaching of gastroenterology (2008)

This study was aimed to practice the principle of evidence-based medicine in the clinical teaching. Seminar and case analysis of interact searching were introduced to the gastroenterological training program of interns. A special elinieal teaching program based on evidence-based medicine was developed. Practice the evidence-based medicine principle in clinical teaching may benefit on the clinical ability of students.

Key words: 
Evidence-based medicine; Gastroenterology; Clinical teaching
JPEG 2000 next generation image compression system features and syntax (2000)

As the resolution and pixel fidelity of digital imagery grows, there is a greater need for more efficient compression and extraction of images and sub-images. The ability to handle many types of image data, extract images at different resolutions and quality, lossless and lossy, zoom and pan, and extract regions-of-interest is the new measures of image compression system performance. JPEG 2000 is designed to address the needs of high quality imagery. This paper describes how the JPEG 2000 syntax and file format support these features. The decomposition of the image into the codestream is described along with associated syntax markers. Examples of how the syntax enables some of the features of JPEG 2000 are offered.
Maintenance treatment of duodenal ulceration: ranitidine 300 mg at night is better than 150 mg in cigarette smokers. (1991)

Two hundred patients received either ranitidine 150 mg or 300 mg at night for 18 months to prevent duodenal ulcer relapse. Recurrence rates were lower in patients receiving the higher dose of ranitidine (3.1% v 9.7%, p = 0.78; 6.5% v 16.7%, p = 0.037; and 8.9% v 17.0%, p = 0.121 at six, 12, and 18 months respectively). In patients receiving ranitidine 150 mg, recurrences were significantly more common in smokers than non-smokers after 12 and 18 months, while in patients receiving ranitidine 300 mg recurrence rates were similar in smokers and non-smokers. Ranitidine 300 mg at night abolishes the adverse effect of smoking observed during maintenance treatment with ranitidine 150 mg at night and may therefore be an appropriate maintenance dose for smokers who relapse during standard dose maintenance treatment.
Long-Term Follow up of Cancer Patients. (1990)

The long-term follow up of cancer patients should be based on the natural history of the disease and its known recurrence rates, patterns, and timing. Information from follow-up trials should be used in the context of diagnostic capabilities and practice setting. The increased involvement of family practitioners in the follow up of cancer patients is desirable, and some recommendations for follow-up procedures are presented.
Dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli: the kinetic mechanism with NADPH and reduced acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate as substrates (1988)

Kinetic studies on the reaction catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli have been undertaken with the aim of characterizing further the kinetic mechanism of the reaction. For this purpose, the kinetic properties of substrates were determined by measurement of (a) initial velocities over a wide range of substrate concentrations and (b) the stickiness of substrates in ternary enzyme complexes. Stickiness is defined as the rate at which a substrate reacts to give products relative to the rate at which that substrate dissociates. Stickiness was determined by varying the viscosity of reaction mixtures and the concentration of one substrate in the presence of a saturating concentration of the other substrate. The results indicate that NADPH is sticky in the enzyme-NADPH-dihydrofolate complex, while dihydrofolate is much less sticky in this complex. At higher concentrations, NADPH functions as an activator through the formation of an enzyme-NADPH-tetrahydrofolate from which tetrahydrofolate is released more rapidly than from an enzyme-tetrahydrofolate complex. Higher concentrations of dihydrofolate also cause enzyme activation, and it appears that this effect is due to the ability of dihydrofolate to displace tetrahydrofolate from a binary enzyme complex through the formation of a transitory enzyme-tetrahydrofolate-dihydrofolate complex. As NADPH and dihydrofolate function as activators and as NADPH behaves as a sticky substrate, the kinetic mechanism of the dihydrofolate reductase reaction with the natural substrates is steady-state random. By contrast with NADPH, reduced 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate exhibits only slight stickiness and does not function as an activator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tunable microfluidic optical-fiber devices based on electrowetting pumps and plastic microchannels (2003)

This letter introduces a class of tunable microfluidic fiber device that uses molded plastic microchannels and electrowetting pumps. It demonstrates the application of this type of system to dynamically adjustable narrow-band and wide-band all-fiber filters. Compact size, low-cost fabrication procedures, low-power (<1 mW) consumption, nonmechanical operation, and good optical characteristics are among the attractive features of these devices. They have many attributes that could make them useful for certain applications in photonics.
Glycolate and glyoxylate stimulation of growth in Lemna gibba (1980)

Abstract A 10 to 20% stimulation of growth in Lemna gibba L. G3 occurred following the addition of 0.5 to 3 m M glycolate or glyoxylate, although concentrations of 5 m M or higher were inhibitory. Glyoxylate gave a higher stimulation than glycolate. The stimulating effect on growth was obtained in media with or without 2% added sucrose. A higher stimulation was obtained when the plants were cultivated in open flasks in comparison to cultivation in flasks plugged with cellulose stoppers, which presumably retarded gas exchange.
MixMash: A Visualisation System for Musical Mashup Creation (2018)

We present MixMash, an interactive tool to assist users in the creation of music mashups based on cross-modal associations between musical content analysis and information visualisation. Our point of departure is a harmonic mixing method for musical mashups by Bernardes et al. [1]. To surpass design limitations identified in the previous method, we propose a new interactive visualisation of multidimensional musical attributes-hierarchical harmonic compatibility, onset density, spectral region, and timbral similarity-extracted from a large collection of audio tracks. All tracks are represented as nodes whose distances and edge connections indicate their harmonic compatibility as a result of a force-directed graph. In addition, we provide a visual language that aims to enhance the tool usability and foster creative endeavour in the search for meaningful music mixes.
Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction (2008)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Subclass restriction of murine antibodies. III. Antigens that stimulate IgG3 in mice stimulate IgG2c in rats. (1980)

The IgG subclass distribution of rat antibodies to 13 different antigens was measured. Antibodies to protein and hapten-protein conjugates were predominantly IgG2a. Antigens labeled thymus-independent type 1, based upon responses in mice, stimulated both IgG2b and IgG2c antibodies, but little IgG2a. Polysaccharide and hapten-polysaccharide antigens (thymus-independent type 2) as well as phosphocholine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, stimulated predominantly IgG2c antibodies. A division of antigens into essentially the same categories has been made on the basis of subclass restriction in mice. Antigens that stimulate IgG2c in rats stimulate IgG3 in mice. Thus, by comparing subclass preference with a variety of antigens, functional analogues among subclasses in different species can be identified.
Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review (2012)

The health benefits of vegetarian diets are not unique. Prudent plant-based dietary patterns which also allow small intakes of red meat, fish and dairy products have demonstrated significant improvements in health status as well. At this time an optimal dietary intake for health status is unknown. Plant-based diets contain a host of food and nutrients known to have independent health benefits. While vegetarian diets have not shown any adverse effects on health, restrictive and monotonous vegetarian diets may result in nutrient deficiencies with deleterious effects on health. For this reason, appropriate advice is important to ensure a vegetarian diet is nutritionally adequate especially for vulnerable groups.
Computation of Power Supply Nets in VLSI Layout (1981)

For a given placement of macrocells with given power consumption a full automatic layout of power supply and ground nets has been developped. The varying width in different segments of these nets is calculated from local current values resulting in rectangles presenting the net segments. These rectangles are embedded in the routing plane with regard to given design rules.
The Effects of Clozapine on Tardive Dyskinesia (1991)

This article reviews eight published studies that describe clozapine's effects on TD and examines the outcome of 30 patients with TD treated with clozapine for up to 36 months. These data indicate that TD response to clozapine is variable but that approximately 43% of cases, particularly those with dystonic features, improved after clozapine treatment. Methodological limitations of the studies described, however, preclude definitive conclusions, which must await appropriately controlled trials.
Applications Of Artificial Intelligence In Automated Route Planning (1984)

This paper addresses the problem of route planning for ground vehicles. The problem is decomposed into two principal sub-problems: manipulation of a multi-dimensional knowledge base to result in a "composite map" consistent with the current mission goals, and a subsequent search procedure applied to this composite map to result in high performance routes. The relevance of expert systems and other techniques for route planning is discussed. A particularly efficient search procedure is applied to several example composite maps to demonstrate the power of the approach.
The variation of the galaxy luminosity function with group properties (2010)

We explore the shape of the galaxy luminosity function (LF) in groups of different mass by creating composite LFs over large numbers of groups. Following previous work using total group luminosity as the mass indicator, here we split our groups by multiplicity and by estimated virial (group halo) mass, and consider red (passive) and blue (star-forming) galaxies separately. In addition, we utilize two different group catalogues (2PIGG and Yang et al.) in order to ascertain the impact of the specific grouping algorithm and further investigate the environmental effects via variations in the LF with position in groups. Our main results are that LFs show a steepening faint end for early-type galaxies as a function of group mass/multiplicity, with a much suppressed trend (evident only in high mass groups) for latetype galaxies. Variations between LFs as a function of group mass are robust irrespective of which grouping catalogue is used, and broadly speaking what method for determining group 'mass' is used. We find in particular that there is a significant deficit of low-mass passive galaxies in low-multiplicity groups, as seen in high-redshift clusters. Further to this, the variation in the LF appears to only occur in the central regions of systems, and in fact seems to be most strongly dependent on the position in the group relative to the virial radius. Finally, distance-rank magnitude relations were considered. Only the Yang groups demonstrated any evidence of a correlation between a galaxy's position relative to the brightest group member and its luminosity. 2PIGG possessed no such gradient, the conclusion being the friend-of-friend algorithm suppresses the signal for weak luminosity-position trends and the Yang grouping algorithm naturally enhances it.
Delivery of Oral Doses of Vitamin A to Prevent Vitamin-A Deficiency and Nutritional Blindness (1987)

Abstract Approximately 8 to 10 million new cases of xerophthalmia due to vitamin A deficiency occur each year, with as many as ½ to 1 million children developing potentially blinding corneal disease. While vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness among children in developing countries, even milder states of deficiency carry an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, making its prevention a major public health priority. Three basic preventive strategies exist: (1) dietary modification through a variety of horticultural and nutrition education techniques to increase the routine availability and consumption of food sources of vitamin A, (2) fortification of a centrally processed, locally available and consumed food “vehicle” with vitamin A, and (3) periodic administration of a large dose of vitamin A to specific target groups in the community. This paper provides a critical review of the effectiveness of and challenges to management in implementing periodic, large‐dose vitamin A delivery. Cu...
Improved performance and safety of lithium ion cells with the use of fluorinated carbonate-based electrolytes (2002)

There has been increasing interest in developing lithium-ion electrolytes that possess enhanced safety characteristics, while still able to provide the desired stability and performance. Toward this end, our efforts have been focused on the development of lithium-ion electrolytes which contain partially and fully fluorinated carbonate solvents. The advantage of using such solvents is that they possess the requisite stability demonstrated by the hydrocarbon-based carbonates, while also possessing more desirable physical properties imparted by the presence of the fluorine substituents, such as lower melting points, increased stability toward oxidation, and favorable SEI film forming Characteristics on carbon. Specifically, we have demonstrated the beneficial effect of electrolytes which contain the following fluorinated carbonate-based solvents: methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (MTFEC), ethyl-2,2,2 trifluoroethyl carbonate (ETFEC), propyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (PTFEC), methyl-2,2,2,2',2',2' -hexafluoro-i-propyl carbonate (MHFPC), ethyl- 2,2,2,2',2',2' -hexafluoro-i-propyl carbonate (EHFPC), and di-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (DTFEC). These solvents have been incorporated into multi-component ternary and quaternary carbonate-based electrolytes and evaluated in lithium-carbon and carbon-LiNio.8Coo.202 cells (equipped with lithium reference electrodes). In addition to determining the charge/discharge behavior of these cells, a number of electrochemical techniques were employed (i.e., Tafel polarization measurements, linear polarization measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) to further characterize the performance of these electrolytes, including the SEI formation characteristics and lithium intercalatiodde-intercalation kinetics. In addition to their evaluation in experimental cells, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and conductivity measurements were performed on select electrolyte formulations to further our understanding of the trends in stability and ionic mobility imparted by different alkyl substituents in linear carbonates.
LC/MS analysis of stratum corneum lipids: ceramide profiling and discovery (2011)

Ceramides (CERs) in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), play a key role in the skin barrier function. In human SC, the literature currently reports 11 CER subclasses that have been identified. In this paper, a novel quick and robust LC/MS method is presented that allows the separation and analysis of all known human SC CER subclasses using only limited sample preparation. Besides all 11 known and identified subclasses, a 3D multi-mass chromatogram shows the presence of other lipid subclasses. Using LC/MS/MS with an ion trap (IT) system, a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance system, and a triple quadrupole system, we were able to identify one of these lipid subclasses as a new CER subclass: the ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acid with a dihydrosphingosine base (CER [EOdS]). Besides the identification of a new CER subclass, this paper also describes the applicability and robustness of the developed LC/MS method by analyzing three (biological) SC samples: SC from human dermatomed skin, human SC obtained by tape stripping, and SC from full-thickness skin explants. All three biological samples showed all known CER subclasses and slight differences were observed in CER profile.
Characterization and distribution of an oncofetal antigen (M2A antigen) expressed on testicular germ cell tumours (1999)

M2A antigen is an oncofetal antigen associated with germ cell neoplasia, present in testis on fetal gonocytes and re-expressed on carcinoma in situ (CIS) and germ cell tumours. We developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), M2A (IgG2a), D1-26 (IgG2b) and D2-40 (IgG1), to this antigen in order to characterize its structure and study its distribution among germ cell tumours. M2A antigen was purified by sequential lectin and antibody affinity chromatography and characterized as a monomeric M, 40 000 surface sialoglycoprotein, extensively glycosylated with O-linked carbohydrate structures, but devoid of N-linked sugars. Terminal sialic acid residues were required for reactivity with mAb M2A and D1-26, but not D2-40. Sections of 69 testicular germ cell tumours, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, were stained with mAb D2-40 to examine the distribution of M2A antigen. Uniform membrane staining was observed in seminomas, and focal staining in 69% of embryonal carcinomas, 29% of teratomas and 25% of yolk sac tumours. CIS in the vicinity of all germ cell tumours also displayed uniform membrane staining. The characterization of M2A antigen, and the development of mAb which react with it in conventionally preserved archival specimens, provide important initiatives to study the origin and progression of germ cell neoplasia.