gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE TERMINAL COMPLEMENT COMPLEX IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (1989)

Granular deposits of C9 and the terminal complement complex, measuring 0.3-1.2 microns, have been demonstrated immunocytochemically in association with capillary endothelial cells, predominantly within plaques and adjacent white matter, in tissue obtained at autopsy from 5/7 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and one individual with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis but not from 7/7 controls. This finding suggests that the evolution of focal tissue damage in MS may involve complement activation associated with passage of humoral and cellular mediators of the immune system through the blood-brain barrier.
Rate-distortion optimization of parametrized quantization matrix for MPEG-2 encoding (2002)

An optimal frequency domain bit allocation technique is presented. A Lagrange multiplier based approach is used for the rate-distortion optimization of the quantization matrix in MPEG-2 encoding. Since the optimal quantization matrix is heavily dependent on the choice of the quantizer, the quantizer is also jointly optimized in order to alleviate the interaction between the two. The complexity of the algorithm is analyzed, and it is shown to be directly proportional to the number of quantization matrices and quantization scales. Experimental results comparing the new technique with a conventional MPEG-2 encoding are also presented.
Enantioselective Catalysis, Part 48<sup>1</sup>: Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Transfer-Hydrogenation of Itaconic Acid with Formates (1989)

Enantioselective catalytic transfer-hydrogenation of itaconic acid (1) yields optically pure (S)-methylsuccinic acid (2). The hydrogen source is a mixture of formic acid and an amine in the mole ratio of 5:2. The catalyst system constists of a Rh(I), Rh(II), or Rh(III) complex and the chiral phosphane bppm 6. The optical purity exceeds that achieved with Rh(I)/bppm catalysts using gaseous hydrogen.
Double-SOI Wafer-Bonded CMUTs With Improved Electrical Safety and Minimal Roughness of Dielectric and Electrode Surfaces (2012)

Despite myriad potential advantages over piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs) have not yet seen widespread commercial implementation. The possible reasons for this may include key issues of the following: (1) long-term device reliability and (2) electrical safety issues associated with relatively high voltage electrodes on device surfaces which could present an electrical safety hazard to patients. A CMUT design presented here may mitigate some of these problems. Dielectric charging is one phenomenon which can lead to unpredictable performance and device failure. Using a previously published 1-D model of dielectric charging, we link minimal dielectric surface roughness with minimal dielectric charging. Previous studies of Fowler-Nordheim tunneling suggest that minimal-surface-roughness electrodes could lead to minimal transdielectric currents (and, hence, slower dielectric charging rates). These principles guided our device architecture, leading us to engineer near atomically smooth electrodes and dielectric surfaces to minimize dielectric charging. To provide maximum electrical safety to future patients, CMUT devices were engineered with the top membrane serving as a ground electrode. While multiple CMUT elements have not been individually addressable in most such designs to our knowledge, we introduce a fabrication method involving two silicon-on-insulator wafers with a step to define individually addressable electrodes. Our devices are modeled using a finite-element package. Measured deflections show excellent agreement with modeled performance. We test for charge effects by studying deflection hysteresis during snapdown and snapback cycles in the limit of long snapdown durations to simulate maximal-dielectric-charging conditions. Devices were also tested in long-term actuation tests and subjected to more than 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> cycles without failure.
The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring severity of depressive states (2003)

When used in a sample of patients with different states of depression the MDI has an adequate internal and external validity.
Augmentation of host defence against bacterial and fungal infections of mice pretreated with the non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. (1997)

Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601, Mutaflor) was investigated for its ability to enhance the immune response against bacterial or fungal infections in vivo. Mice were infected intravenously with either 6 x 10(3) colony forming units (cfu) of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria or 5 x 10(5) Candida albicans cells. One day prior to infection, mice were treated orally with four different concentrations of E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (10(6), 10(7), 10(8), and 10(9) viable cells). Three days after infection with L. monocytogenes or one day after infection with C. albicans, mice were sacrificed and the parasite burden of the main target organs of the respective infection model were examined. The protective effect of E. coli strain Nissle 1917, compared to placebo-treated controls and to mice treated with a dose of 10(4). Units interferon gamma, is shown as the reduction of viable bacteria in spleen and liver or viable fungi in the kidneys of infected animals, respectively. Orally administered E. coli strain Nissle 1917 reduced Listeria monocyto-genes and Candida albicans in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 10(9) cfu of E. coli bacteria led to a reduction of Listeria counts to 7.4% in spleen and 2.4% in liver. A more than 10-fold decrease of viable Candida albicans (residual parasitaemia 6.8%) in the kidneys of the infected animals was also achieved by this E. coli concentration. These results suggest that E. coli strain Nissle 1917 is a potent immunostimulator of bacterial origin with highly protective efficacy against pathogenic bacterial of fungal infections.
Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain (2008)

In SPARK, John J. Ratey, MD, embarks upon a fascinating journey through the mind-body connection, illustrating that exercise is truly our best defense against everything from depression to ADHD to addiction to aggression to menopause to Alzheimers. Filled with amazing case studies (such as the revolutionary fitness program in Naperville, Illinois, that has put the local school district of 19,000 kids first in the world in science test scores), SPARK will change forever the way you think about your morning run.
Die-upset hybrid Pr–Fe–B nanocomposite magnets (2004)

Anisotropic nanocomposite R–Fe–B/Fe magnets (R=Pr, Tb) were synthesized by hot pressing and subsequent die upsetting blends of R-rich and R-lean melt-spun ribbons. The magnets have a layered structure, in which alternating layers of the two starting alloys lay perpendicularly to the pressing direction. A crystallographic alignment of the R2Fe14B grains is observed in the R-rich layers, whose microstructure is identical to that of the conventional die-upset magnets. The R-lean layers consisting of exchange-coupled R2Fe14B and α-Fe grains retain the random crystallographic orientation. The obtained bulk R-lean magnets show better properties than magnets of the same overall composition prepared from a single alloy.
A Photonic Crystal Fiber and Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Hybrid Fiber-Optic Sensor System (2011)

A hybrid sensor that operates in the intensity domain by converting the polarization and wavelength information from the photonic crystal fiber sensor and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, respectively, into intensity variation is presented in this paper. The hybrid fiber-optic sensor system involves a combination of a polarimetric sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber and a FBG sensor and is used for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement. The strain sensitivity of the polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber at different lengths and the corresponding slope required for the edge filter which converts the FBG wavelength information into intensity are studied and presented in this paper. The proposed sensor configuration has a wide range of applications in smart fiber-optic sensing.
A Statistical Approach for Automatic Detection of Ocean Disturbance Features From SAR Images (2012)

Extraction of features from images has been a goal of researchers since the early days of remote sensing. This paper presents a statistical approach to detect dark curvilinear features due to ocean disturbances caused by wind, movements of surface or underwater objects, and oil spill from SAR images. The image is first enhanced to emphasize the dark curvilinear features using a statistical approach. Then, the curvilinear features are segmented using an iterative approach. The holes in the segmented image are then filled using a recursive scanning method. The image is thinned and unwanted branches are removed using a graph-theory-based technique. Finally, an efficient linking algorithm based on geometric properties is proposed to detect the disturbance features. Our algorithm is evaluated using on both synthetic images with by various levels of added Gaussian noise and on actual SAR images from ERS-2, SEASAT, ENVISAT, and RADARSAT. The results of our approach is compared with those from existing approaches. Results show that, in comparison with the algorithms in literature, our algorithm is more accurate in extracting the features both in terms of the area and shape. In addition, our algorithm runs significantly faster.
Forensic nursing science (2011)

Forensic nursing is an innovative and evolving nursing specialty that seeks to address healthcare issues that have a medicolegal component. Although forensic nursing has been practiced informally by nurses in various sectors for many years, it has only recently been recognized formally in response to an increasing level of sophistication in identifying its unique body of knowledge. Crime and violence bring together two of the most powerful systems that impact the daily lives of citizens throughout the world: health and justice. Violent crime and its associated trauma are issues that concern physicians, nurses, attorneys, judges, sociologists, psychologists, social workers, forensic and political scientists, advocates, and activists, as well as criminal justice agencies. No one from any of these disciplines can continue to work in isolation. Effective forensic case management has been hampered by lack of sufficient policy and legislation to ensure protection of patients’ legal, civil, and human rights. Reducing and preventing human violence requires a multidisciplinary, multidirectional approach.
Effects of meclofenoxate and citicholine on learning and memory in aged rats. (1987)

The maze method for active avoidance with punishment reinforcement and the step-through method for passive avoidance with negative reinforcement were used to study the processes of learning and memory in 22-month-old rats, as well as the effects of meclofenoxate (Mf) and citicholine (CCh) on these processes. Meclofenoxate, administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days using the maze-training method, increased the number of responses to the conditioned stimulus, when retention tests were made 24 hours and 7 days after training, whereas citicholine, applied in the same way in a dose of 10 mg/kg, shortened the latency of the responses with reinforcement during the training and increased the number of correct responses to the conditioned stimulus in retention tests 7 days after the training. With the same pattern of administration, both Mf and CCh strongly prolonged the time spent by the animals in the light chamber (i.e., improved retention) in tests using the step-through method 24 hours and 7 days after the training. Both drugs prevented the occurrence of scopolamine-induced (2 mg/kg i.p.) amnesia. A comparison of the results obtained for 22-month-old rats with the results obtained in earlier experiments on 5-month-old rats under fully identical experimental conditions showed that the age-dependent differences in the memory process and in the effects on it of the psychotropic agents meclofenoxate and citicholine were not unidirectional in character.
Emulsified Microemulsions and Oil-Containing Liquid Crystalline Phases (2004)

Self-assembled nanostructures, such as inverted type mesophases of the cubic or hexagonal geometry or reverse microemulsion phases, can be dispersed using a polymeric stabilizer, such as the PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer Pluronic F127. The particles, which are described in the present study, are based on monolinolein (MLO)-water mixtures. When adding tetradecane (TC) to the MLO-water-F127 system at constant temperature, the internal nanostructure of the kinetically stabilized particles transforms from a Pn3m (cubosomes) to a H2 (hexosomes) and to a water-in-oil (W/O, L2) microemulsion phase (emulsified microemulsion (EME)). To our knowledge, this is the first time that the formation of stable emulsified microemulsion (EME) systems has been described and proven to exist even at room temperature. The same structural transitions can also be induced by increasing temperature at constant tetradecane content. The internal nanostructure of the emulsified particles is probed using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). At each investigated composition and temperature, the internal structure of the dispersions is observed to be identical to the corresponding structure of the nondispersed, fully hydrated bulk phase. This is clear evidence for the fact that the self-assembled inner particle nanostructure is preserved during the dispersion procedure. In addition, the internal structure of the particles is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding water phase. The internal structure of the dispersed, kinetically stabilized particles is a "real" and stable self-assembled nanostructure. To emphasize this fact, we denoted this new family of colloidal particles (cubosomes, hexosomes, and EMEs) as "ISASOMES" (internally self-assembled particles or "somes").
Measurement and reduction of critical area using Voronoi diagrams (2005)

The semiconductor industry recognizes critical area as the scientific cornerstone metric of a design's fault sensitivity. The ability to accurately and quickly extract critical areas is mandatory when considering design for manufacturability (DFM) motivated changes to a portfolio of chip designs which potentially may translate to random defect yield improvements. IBM has invested in a new technique for computing critical areas based upon Voronoi diagrams. A Voronoi diagram uses the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> metric to develop artwork that incorporates nearest neighbor information for every point in a plane; we are able to compute the critical area for electrical shorts, opens, and blockage failure mechanisms. Difficult issues, such as accurately accounting for redundant contacts and vias for a given electrical connection, are also considered. The technique provides a number of advantages over previous techniques, and we compare and contrast the technique with other common industry approaches, such as the Monte Carlo and the shapes expansion techniques. Most noteworthy, the Voronoi-diagram-based approach gives an exact answer, eliminating the integration error found in the other techniques. The technique is also extremely fast; we have seen throughput improvements of more than 60 times compared with our Monte Carlo technique for full chip extraction. The Voronoi-diagram critical area extraction can be extended into a visual form. Previous interactive critical area tools have proven to be difficult to use; because the problem of balancing available spacing - and accounting for common-run and corner interactions - is very difficult, even for an experienced designer. Using Voronoi diagrams, the contribution to critical area can be precisely identified and expressed in the form of error shapes or vectors similar to the output from design rule checkers (DRC). Finally we conclude the paper by briefly discussing some of the other potential applications of Voronoi diagrams relating to DFM
Thermal performance of recycled aggregate mortar (2014)

When investigating the applicability of different materials for construction it is prudent to ensure that the materials used in replacement exhibit comparable performance to the natural material being replaced. This study uses a thermal conductivity analyser to determine the thermal conductivity and effusivity of standard normal weight masonry sand mortar specimens and several recycled and lightweight aggregates mortar specimens. R-values for each of the test mortars and the control mortar made with masonry sand was calculated with the control having the lowest R-value of the mortars tested. The results showed that replacing masonry sand mortar with any of the other mortars tested reduced the effect of thermal bridging through the mortar joint.
Efficiently Securing Systems from Code Reuse Attacks (2012)

Code reuse attacks (CRAs) are recent security exploits that allow attackers to execute arbitrary code on a compromised machine. CRAs, exemplified by return-oriented and jump-oriented programming approaches, reuse fragments of the library code, thus avoiding the need for explicit injection of attack code on the stack. Since the executed code is reused existing code, CRAs bypass current hardware and software security measures that prevent execution from data or stack regions of memory. While software-based full control flow integrity (CFI) checking can protect against CRAs, it includes significant overhead, involves non-trivial effort of constructing a control flow graph, relies on proprietary tools and has potential vulnerabilities due to the presence of unintended branch instructions in architectures such as x86-those branches are not checked by the software CFI. We propose branch regulation (BR), a lightweight hardware-supported protection mechanism against the CRAs that addresses all limitations of software CFI. BR enforces simple control flow rules in hardware at the function granularity to disallow arbitrary control flow transfers from one function into the middle of another function. This prevents common classes of CRAs without the complexity and run-time overhead of full CFI enforcement. BR incurs a slowdown of about 2% and increases the code footprint by less than 1% on the average for the SPEC 2006 benchmarks.
Cars as roadside units: a self-organizing network solution (2013)

Deploying roadside units, RSUs, for increasing the connectivity of vehicular ad hoc networks is deemed necessary for coping with the partial penetration of DSRC radios into the market in the initial stages of DSRC deployment. Several factors, including cost, complexity, existing systems, and lack of cooperation between government and private sectors, have impeded the deployment of RSUs. In this article, we propose to solve this formidable problem by using a biologically inspired self-organizing network approach whereby certain vehicles serve as RSUs. The proposed solution is based on designing local rules and the corresponding algorithms that implement them. Results show that the proposed approach can increase the message reachability and connectivity substantially.
Pathology of Acromegaly (2006)

This review summarizes current knowledge on pituitary changes in patients with acromegaly. The histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study provided conclusive evidence that a marked diversity exists between the tumors which secrete growth hormone (GH) in excess, such as densely and sparsely granulated GH cell adenoma, the mixed GH prolactin cell adenoma and the mammosomatotrope adenoma. The latter two tumors produce GH and prolactin simultaneously. Densely granulated GH cell tumors may produce thyrotropin and α subunit as well. Somatotrope carcinomas are extremely rare. GH cell hyperplasia can also be associated with acromegaly in patients with extrapituitary GH-releasing hormone secreting tumors. The medical therapy of acromegaly is reviewed briefly, including long-acting somatostatin analogs and pegvisomant, a GH receptor blocker.
Analysis of a magnetic resonance imaging antenna inside an RF shield (1994)

Abstract Optimization of an antenna for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires an accurate analysis of antennas located inside a conducting cylindrical RF shield. A Galerkin‐moment method analysis which can be used for an arbitrary‐shaped shield is used. The surface current on a conducting plane is expanded by means of surface patch segments based on Richmond's method. Numerical results are compared with measured input impedance, which confirms the validity of the proposed method. Furthermore, a relation between the dimension of shield and the sensitivity of the antenna is discussed theoretically.
Continuous scanning with mobile reader in RFID systems (2013)

In this paper, we show the first comprehensive experimental study on mobile RFID reading performance based on a relatively large number of tags. By making a number of observations regarding the tag reading performance, we build a model to depict how various parameters affect the reading performance. Through our model, we have designed very efficient algorithms to maximize the time-efficiency and energy-efficiency by adjusting the reader's power and moving speed. Our experiments show that our algorithms can reduce the total scanning time by 50\% and the total energy consumption by 83\% compared to the prior solutions.
An objective method of assessing laceration damage to simulated facial tissues: The Triplex Laceration Index (1973)

Existing laceration scales rely on subjective assessment. A new method has been devised for the quantitative assessment of the severity of lacerations in the two layers of chamois leather and the subcutaneous tissue simulation used in laceration investigations. The method uses a simple mathematical formula to relate the severity of laceration to the number, length and depth of cuts in the tissue simulations. The formula gives an excellent correlation with the existing scale used by Corning and was devised using the data on various levels of laceration obtained on an impact rig resembling the Corning Skull Impactor. Further studies were made to ensure that the correlation between the new scale and the Corning Scale was retained when the characteristics of the laceration differed from those with which the scale was developed. The new scale provides a means of ranking severity of laceration and possesses the following advantages: 1. It is substantially non-subjective, so that any two users can produce similar results; this has been a real problem up to now for workers in the field. 2. It is in very good agreement with the Corning Scale, so that results expressed in terms of the new index can be interpreted internationally with ease. This should help progress in the field of injury assessment. 3. In contrast with other scales in common use, it is continuous and is not limited at the severe end of the Scale. The new index has been called the Triplex Laceration Index.