gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Pulmonary Vessel Formation (2000)

Vessel formation in the lung has been described as occurring by two mechanisms: proximal, or branch, pulmonary arteries develop via angiogenesis; and distal, smaller vessels form by vasculogenesis. Connections between the proximal and distal vessels establish the final vascular network. The preponderance of vessel formation has been suspected to occur during the canalicular stage of lung development. To test these hypotheses, reporter gene expression under control of the regulatory domain of fetal liver kinase-1 (flk), an early endothelial cell-specific marker, was used to evaluate mouse lungs from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) through 2 wk postnatal age. Morphologic assessment was performed after histochemical staining, and quantification of vessel development by a chemiluminescent assay was compared with overall embryonic lung growth. LacZ expression under flk promoter control allowed: (1) early identification of differentiating endothelial cells of the branch pulmonary arteries; (2) visualization of distal vessels forming in the lung mesenchyme (primary capillary network) with subsequent remodeling; (3) recognition of early continuity between proximal and distal vessels, occurring by E10.5; and (4) assessment of developing pulmonary veins and venous confluence. Quantitative analysis revealed increased flk regulated beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity of 12 ng beta-gal/lung at E12.5 to 3,215 ng beta-gal/lung at 2 wk, which corresponded to overall lung growth during this period as shown by an increase in total protein content per lung from 35 microg at E12.5 to 6,456 microg at 2 wk after birth. We identified endothelial cell precursors of the developing pulmonary vasculature before vessel lumen formation. Continuity between the proximal pulmonary artery and vessels forming in the distal mesenchyme was present even at the earliest stage evaluated, suggesting endothelial cell differentiation at the site of vessel formation (i.e., vasculogenesis) as occurs with development of the aorta. Finally, we demonstrated that lung vessel development was not accentuated during the canalicular stage, but occurred at all stages and directly corresponded to overall lung growth.
Synthe'Ses and Reactions of β-Chlorovinyl Sulfones (1968)

β-Chlorovinyl ketones are known to be very reactive toward nucleophilic substilutioneIn the present study, β-chlorovinyl sulfones were synthesized and their reactions investigated. Thus, condensation of arylsulfonyl chloride with vinyl chloride followed by dehydrochlorination with the aid of triethylamine gave the following; β-chlorovinyl-p-tolyl sulfone (3a) (mp 4347°C), β-chlorovinyl-2, 4-dimethylphenyl sulfone (3b) (bp 135142°C/0.12 mmHg), β-chlorovinyl-2, 5-dimethylphenyl sulfone (3c) (mp 99.5102.5°C), and 4, 4'-bis- (β-chlorovinylsulfonyl) -phenoxybenzene (3d) (mp 127132°C). All those β-chlorovinyl sulfones were trans-isomers.The reactions of (3a) with Bisphenol-A or cyclohexylamine, (3b) with methanol, and (3d) with diethylamine were studied. (3d) was also condensed with hexamethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and Bisphenol-A to obtain polymers with intrinsic viscosities of 0.20 dl.g-1 (dimethylformamide, 30°C), 0.16 dl.g-1 (dimethylformamide, 30°C), and 0.09 dl.g-1 (dioxan, 30°C), respectively.
Skin translucency: what is it and how is it measured? (2006)

Objective: Translucency is the most nebulous attribute that describes ideal skin appearance. Physics would define an object as translucent if light can partially pass through it. However, skin translucency is not only about light passing through the skin. P&G research shows that the perception of skin translucency is a holistic term that involves the integration of skin color, glow and texture. I set out to develop new methods to simultaneously measure the integration of these parameters and develop a technical model for translucency. Methods: A panel of 30 judges visually evaluated facial images of 32 female subjects to determine translucent skin and dull skin clinically. The images were captured using dual-polarized imaging system. It captures facial images including and excluding specular components simultaneously at RGB color channels. Specular rate defined from the specular and non-specular images was calculated as a numerical index for skin translucency. Relevancy of specular rate to visual translucency was examined statistically. Tri-ring spectrophotometer which is designed to measure internal skin color at different three depths was used to investigate internal colorimetric structure of translucent skin and dull skin for technical modeling. Results: Specular rate mean and standard deviation distinguished translucent skin from dull skin with statistical significance. Translucent skin has lower mean and standard deviation at blue and green channel while the mean of red channel was greater than dull skin. The upper layers of translucent skin is less-colored than dull skin. The deeper layers of translucent skin are, on the contrary, more-colored than dull skin. Conclusion: The sensorial perception of skin translucency was successfully translated into numerical descriptions using dual-polarized imaging system. Translucent skin is structured in multi-layers having larger color gradation from the surface to the deeper layers. Dull skin has rather mono-layered or uniformly colored structure from the surface to the deeper layers.
Use of a Peptide Rather Than Free Amino Acid Nitrogen Source in Chemically Defined “Elemental” Diets (1980)

Previous studies have shown that amino acid (AA) residues are absorbed more rapidly from di- tripeptides than from free AA. In the present study, an intestinal perfusion technique has been used in normal human subjects to compare absorption of AA residues and total alpha-amino nitrogen (N) from 4 partial enzymic hydrolysates of protein (50--80% of the N contents present as small peptides) and their respective equimolar free AA mixtures. alpha-Amino N absorption was greater from 2 casein hydrolytes and a lactalbumin hydrolysate than from the respective free AA mixtures but similar to that from a fish protein hydrolysate and its AA mixture. The considerable variation in absorption of individual AA residues from the AA mixtures was much reduced when the protein hydrolysates were perfused, as a number of AA which were poorly absorbed from the AA mixtures were absorbed to a greater extent from the protein hydrolysates. The casein and lactalbumin hydrolysates had a stimulatory effect on jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes. In contrast, the fish protein hydrolysate appeared to cause a mean net secretion of fluid and electrolytes. The findings indicate that when absorption is limited by diminished luminal hydrolysis or absorptive capacity, serious consideration might be given to using partial enzymic hydrolysates of whole protein rather than free AA mixtures as the N source in "elemental" diets. Care should be taken, however, in ensuring that the preparation of choice does not promote a net secretion of fluid and electrolytes for such a property could have a deleterious effect in the clinical setting.
Oncolysis by a new strain of Clostridium. (1972)

Summary The oncolytic properties of a new Clostridium strain O1 originating from pig skin extracts have been studied. The specificity toward various animal tumors of a typical pig skin fraction, spore-containing punctates of lysing tumors, and pure spore suspensions proved to be comparable. Several different kinds of transplanted tumors can be destroyed. The activity against spontaneous or induced tumors is very low, however. The intoxication caused by the fast lysis makes the therapeutic result not ideal in most of these animal experiments; additional medication is necessary for a permanent cure. The crude pig skin fractions seem to contain protecting substances, making a permanent cure possible in isolated cases. The tumor growth inhibition caused by a sterile Clostridium culture filtrate constitutes evidence that the oncolysis may be mediated by a metabolic product of the microorganisms.
Adaptive Robot Speed Control Considering Map and Motion Uncertainties in Unknown Environments (2006)

This paper describes an adaptive robot speed control method for safe and efficient navigation in unknown environments. Speed control is important in the following two cases. (1) When a robot moves enters a narrow free space, it needs to control the speed to avoid any collision considering the motion uncertainty. (2) When a robot enters a region whose vacancy (i.e., being free) has not been decided yet, it needs to control the speed so that it can observe the region sufficiently to be confident with the vacancy of the region. This paper proposes a simple but effective strategy for speed control that the robot selects the fastest safe speed. To adopt this strategy, we define criteria for judging a speed is safe for the above two cases. The proposed method successfully made the robot move around in unknown static environments with adaptively controlling the speed.
Theoretical and experimental comparison of different control strategies for modular multilevel converters (2014)

This paper presents an investigation of different level-shifted PWM strategies for modular multilevel converters (MMC). The control strategy of level-shifted PWM with sorting method for MMC is introduced, so the good THD performance of level-shifted PWM and simplicity of sorting method can be reached simultaneously. N+1 Modulation and 2N+1 Modulation caused by arrangement of carriers are also explained. Moreover, the harmonic content of different PWMs is analyzed and compared by analytical double Fourier integral method. The harmonic features of phase voltage, line-to-line voltage, common mode voltage, circulating current and DC link current are investigated. According to the analysis, it is found that MMC with APODPWM has a relatively clean DC link current, while better THD performance can be obtained when PDPWM is used in MMC. Finally, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the analysis.
DSP-based architecture for real-time T1 bandwidth management and control (1990)

A proposal is advanced for a synchronous bitstream processor (SYNBIP) that can address nontraditional applications fostered by the proliferation of T1 multiplexers and other high-performance network equipment. SYNBIP can be viewed as a specialized DSP (digital signal processor) optimized for time-division multiplexed applications. SYNBIP can supplant traditional hardware-based solutions that are limited in scope and flexibility by using a software-based architecture that does not impede the realization of new network capabilities. By acting as a generic communications platform, it can be incorporated into a wide range of network equipment to address emerging market opportunities. The author reviews the basics of DS1 communication, explores the internal VLSI architecture, I/O (input/output) data flow, and software structure, and illustrates how this device can support a popular network application: digital data service (DDS).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biomarkers of drugs targeting <scp>HER</scp>‐family signalling in cancer (2013)

The epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/HER) is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Several aberrations at various levels have been successfully exploited as targets for anti-cancer therapies. However, with very few exceptions, drugs targeting HER signalling have shown only modest activity when used alone in cancers where a HER-related target can be identified. Optimization of the use of these drugs either alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents would require a more precise definition of alterations that could predict for activity or resistance. Clinical validation of the several potential biomarkers emerging from clinical and translational studies is a challenging process. Thanks to combined efforts, collection of tumour tissues and other potentially relevant patients' materials has become more and more frequently mandatory in prospective studies with biologically targeted therapies. As a consequence, information on the value of promising biomarkers of drugs targeting HER-family receptor targeting is becoming available. This review will focus on breast cancer, where the HER2 subset has been the subject of a major research effort in the last two decades, and on gastric cancer, where HER2 targeting has emerged recently as a successful strategy.
Trace Driven Simulation of Dynamic Branch Prediction Schemes (2000)

Simulation studies of two branch prediction schemes in superscalar pipelined computers are presented in this paper. The two studied meth ods are the Per-address Adaptive (PA) scheme and the Global Adaptive (GA) scheme. In addi tion, simulation studies of a modification of the PA scheme, called Switched P/G Adaptive (SPGA), are also presented. Using several benchmarks, it has been illustrated that SPGA scheme has promising results at the possible expense of slight hardware addition.
The Use of Natural Stream Characteristics for Stream Rehabilitation Works Below the Manitoba Escarpment (1988)

Abstract Drainage improvement of watersheds draining from the Manitoba escarpment has been based on channel designs which result in nearly straight canals with uniform gradients and trapezoidal cross-sections. These conditions are often associated with environmental degradation, such as loss of fish spawning and rearing habitat, increased erosion and siltation, and changes in water conveyance patterns that can cause property damage. In mobile bed streams, the geometry of the "natural" stream channel in profile and in cross section is determined by the geology of the basin, the extent of the tributary drainage area, and the position of a stream reach in the hierarchical order of the drainage network. Regional stream channel characteristics can be determined from channel surveys in sample reaches that are selected throughout the basin. Selected aspects of the "natural" stream geometry can then be mimicked in rehabilitation schemes that enhance or create physical stream characteristics in the uniform drainage canals that are significant biologically and hydraulically. Experimental rehabilitation and enhancement works have been constructed in Wilson Creek and Mink River. The works have re-stabilized the channels and created new pool and riffle habitats for fish spawning and rearing. L'amélioration des bassins de drainage de l'escarpement du Manitoba repose sur la conception de canaux presque droits de pente régulière et de coupe trapézoïdale. On considère souvent que ces méthodes provoquent une dégradation de l'environnement : disparition des frayères, agravation de l'érosion et de la sédimentation, détournement des cours d'eau qui peuvent endommager les propriétés. Pour les cours d'eau dont le lit se déplace, la coupe longitudinale et transversale du canal "naturel" est déterminée par la géologie du bassin, le bassin de drainage de l'affluent et la position du bief dans le réseau d'assèchement. On peut déterminer les caractéristiques d'un canal régional à partir de l'étude de certain biefs sélectionnés dans le bassin. Certains aspects de la géométrie du cours d'eau "naturel", qui sont particulièrement importants sur le plan biologique ou hydraulique, peuvent ensuite être reproduits et reconstitués afin d'améliorer ou de créer les caractéristiques physiques du cours d'eau dans les canaux d'assèchement. Des travaux expérimentaux de réhabilitation et de mise en valeur de l'environnement ont été entrepris sur le ruisseau Wilson et la rivière Mink. Ces installations ont permis de stabiliser les canaux et de créer de nouveaux bassins servant de frayères et d'habitat en eau courante.
The link between diffusion MRI and tumor heterogeneity: Mapping cell eccentricity and density by diffusional variance decomposition (DIVIDE) (2016)

The structural heterogeneity of tumor tissue can be probed by diffusion MRI (dMRI) in terms of the variance of apparent diffusivities within a voxel. However, the link between the diffusional variance and the tissue heterogeneity is not well-established. To investigate this link we test the hypothesis that diffusional variance, caused by microscopic anisotropy and isotropic heterogeneity, is associated with variable cell eccentricity and cell density in brain tumors. We performed dMRI using a novel encoding scheme for diffusional variance decomposition (DIVIDE) in 7 meningiomas and 8 gliomas prior to surgery. The diffusional variance was quantified from dMRI in terms of the total mean kurtosis (MK<sub>T</sub>), and DIVIDE was used to decompose MK<sub>T</sub> into components caused by microscopic anisotropy (MK<sub>A</sub>) and isotropic heterogeneity (MK<sub>I</sub>). Diffusion anisotropy was evaluated in terms of the fractional anisotropy (FA) and microscopic fractional anisotropy (μFA). Quantitative microscopy was performed on the excised tumor tissue, where structural anisotropy and cell density were quantified by structure tensor analysis and cell nuclei segmentation, respectively. In order to validate the DIVIDE parameters they were correlated to the corresponding parameters derived from microscopy. We found an excellent agreement between the DIVIDE parameters and corresponding microscopy parameters; MK<sub>A</sub> correlated with cell eccentricity (r=0.95, p<10<sup>-7</sup>) and MK<sub>I</sub> with the cell density variance (r=0.83, p<10<sup>-3</sup>). The diffusion anisotropy correlated with structure tensor anisotropy on the voxel-scale (FA, r=0.80, p<10<sup>-3</sup>) and microscopic scale (μFA, r=0.93, p<10<sup>-6</sup>). A multiple regression analysis showed that the conventional MK<sub>T</sub> parameter reflects both variable cell eccentricity and cell density, and therefore lacks specificity in terms of microstructure characteristics. However, specificity was obtained by decomposing the two contributions; MK<sub>A</sub> was associated only to cell eccentricity, and MK<sub>I</sub> only to cell density variance. The variance in meningiomas was caused primarily by microscopic anisotropy (mean±s.d.) MK<sub>A</sub>=1.11±0.33 vs MK<sub>I</sub>=0.44±0.20 (p<10<sup>-3</sup>), whereas in the gliomas, it was mostly caused by isotropic heterogeneity MK<sub>I</sub>=0.57±0.30 vs MK<sub>A</sub>=0.26±0.11 (p<0.05). In conclusion, DIVIDE allows non-invasive mapping of parameters that reflect variable cell eccentricity and density. These results constitute convincing evidence that a link exists between specific aspects of tissue heterogeneity and parameters from dMRI. Decomposing effects of microscopic anisotropy and isotropic heterogeneity facilitates an improved interpretation of tumor heterogeneity as well as diffusion anisotropy on both the microscopic and macroscopic scale.
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle on Pickling Cucumber, 1978 (1979)

Abstract ‘Greenpak’ cucumbers were seeded in rows on 10-ft centers on May 10 with a Planet Jr. Weed Control (marginal) was obtained by applying Prefar 6 qt/A-Alanap 8 qt/A immediately after seeding. Treatments were foliar with the exception of Furadan and UC 21865. Furadan was applied pre-plant in a 12 in. band using a Gandy Ro-Bander applicator and lightly incorporated. UC 21865 was applied in 50 gallon per acre water before planting in an 8-)0 in. band and lightly incorporated. Foliar materials were applied on 18 May, 25 May, 31 May, 8 Jun, and 15 Jun using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 3, D4-45 nozzles per row delivering 75 gallons per acre in a 36 in. band at 72 psi. insect control was evaluated by counting the number of dead beetles per 5 ft row. Crop was harvested 3 times and total yield is presented.
Evolution of a Magnetic Flux Tube in a Sunspot Penumbra (1996)

The motion of an individual magnetic flux tube inside the penumbra of a sunspot is studied numerically. Here, we present preliminary results. The thin flux tube approximation together with a simplified radiative heat exchange with the surroundings is used to study the evolution of a flux tube embedded into a background given by a global magneto-static sunspot model. The investigation is undertaken in order to verify the conjecture that convection in sunspot penumbrae occurs by an interchange of magnetic flux tubes. The code being developed can be used to study dynamic aspects of filamentary structure in the penumbra: the temporal and spatial fluctuations of the temperature and the magnetic field, the motion of bright penumbral grains, or the Evershed effect. Here we present the evolution of a wave formed by the tube whose fragment emerges in the penumbral photosphere and migrates towards the umbra. The properties of this wave show qualitative features of the observed bright penumbral grains with corresponding upward velocity and its correlation with brightness and the inclination of the magnetic field, and also of the Evershed effect.
Vinblastine-C4 alkyl maleoyl and amino acid maleoyl derivatives: III. Experimental antitumor activities of lactosaminated serum albumin conjugates. (1989)

Vinblastine-C4 acyl derivatives were synthesized by linking alkyl maleoyl or amino acid maleoyl compounds through an ester linkage at C4 position of the Vindoline moiety of Vinblastine. To target these derivatives selectively to hepatoma, conjugates were prepared with a neoglycoprotein i.e. lactosaminated human albumin, as a specific carrier. The method of preparation of lactosaminated albumin and of coupling to Vinca alkaloid derivatives is described and the mechanism of addition of the protein to the derivative is discussed. The experimental antitumor activity of these conjugates has been screened against the experimental P-388 Leukemia. The activity of the best conjugate has been evaluated in several human tumor xenografts. Further, the therapeutic potential of this type of conjugate has been demonstrated in a model of hepatoma xenograft developed in our laboratory, the HepG2 carcinoma.
The Impact of Plain Waterjet Machining on the Surface Integrity of Aluminium 7475 (2014)

Embedding of grit during abrasive waterjet (AWJ) is known to have an adverse effect on component fatigue life. To address this issue Plain Waterjet (PWJ) Machining, which does not make use of any abrasive material may be used as an alternative process. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of PWJ Machining on the surface integrity of Aluminium 7475 parts. Plates of Aluminium 7475 are subjected to PWJ surface machining. A range of machining parameters is considered, including traverse speed, stand-off distance, jet pressure, and number of passes. These plates are then subject to surface analysis to measure surface texture and residual stress, prior to fatigue life testing. This analysis allows conclusions to be drawn with regard to optimal machining conditions for fatigue life improvement. It is shown that waterjet induces compressive residual stress that benefits fatigue life.
Sequences for DFT interpolation (2002)

The interpolation sequences needed for cascade structures are considered. First, the optimal sequences based on half-band filters are examined. The sequences with integer coefficients are then studied. The interpolation algorithm is reviewed, and the required number of multiplications is determined for half-band filters and compared with pruning and perfect interpolation techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>