gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of antigen-feeding on intestinal and systemic immune responses. I. priming of precursor cytotoxic T cells by antigen feeding. (1978)

The ability of antigens administered by the intestinal route to alter the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) population in intestinal and extraintestinal sites was examined by feeding mice tumor cells bearing H-2 or non-H-2 gene-coded cell surface alloantigenic differences. Peyer's patches from mice fed tumor cells differing at H-2 demonstrated a 12-fold increase in specific CTL activity over controls after stimulation of culture but the precursor CTL population in Peyer's patches was not expanded by feeding mice cells bearing minor H gene coded alloantigenic differences. In contrast, the precursor CTL pool in spleen was increased both in mice fed cells bearing alloantigenic differences coded for by H-2 and non-H-2 gene loci. The precursor CTL population in mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) was not expanded significantly by tumor cell feeding. Feeding was nearly as effective as i.p. priming at expanding the Peyer's patch precursor CTL population when tumor cells bearing H-2 differences were used, whereas i.p. priming was more effective than feeding in expanding the precursor CTL population in spleen.
Online model-driven IDE to design GUIs for cross-platform mobile applications (2013)

The wide variation in features and capabilities of mobile devices lead to difficulties in the development of the same application on different platforms. Therefore we propose an online model-driven integrated development environment to provide developers with a platform-independent GUI design for mobile applications. Our proposed system transforms an abstract platform-independent GUI into a platform-dependent GUI on a target platform. The generated project is entirely in the form with which an experienced developer on the platform is already familiar. Furthermore, as the generated application is not a web-based one, it can access naturally native features of a platform. The proposed flexible architecture enable the capability to handle and update different abstract UI and non-UI controls needed to design GUIs for mobile applications. Experimental results with volunteers show that our proposed solution can save up to 25--51% time to create GUIs of an application to three different platforms of Android, iOS and Windows Phone.
Small rocket research and technology (1993)

Small chemical rockets are used on nearly all space missions. The small rocket program provides propulsion technology for civil and government space systems. Small rocket concepts are developed for systems which encompass reaction control for launch and orbit transfer systems, as well as on-board propulsion for large space systems and earth orbit and planetary spacecraft. Major roles for on-board propulsion include apogee kick, delta-V, de-orbit, drag makeup, final insertions, north-south stationkeeping, orbit change/trim, perigee kick, and reboost. The program encompasses efforts on earth-storable, space storable, and cryogenic propellants. The earth-storable propellants include nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) as an oxidizer with monomethylhydrazine (MMH) or anhydrous hydrazine (AH) as fuels. The space storable propellants include liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer with hydrazine or hydrocarbons such as liquid methane, ethane, and ethanol as fuels. Cryogenic propellants are LOX or gaseous oxygen (GOX) as oxidizers and liquid or gaseous hydrogen as fuels. Improved performance and lifetime for small chemical rockets are sought through the development of new predictive tools to understand the combustion and flow physics, the introduction of high temperature materials to eliminate fuel film cooling and its associated combustion inefficiency, and improved component designs to optimize performance. Improved predictive technology is sought through the comparison of both local and global predictions with experimental data. Results indicate that modeling of the injector and combustion process in small rockets needs improvement. High temperature materials require the development of fabrication processes, a durability data base in both laboratory and rocket environments, and basic engineering property data such as strength, creep, fatigue, and work hardening properties at both room and elevated temperature. Promising materials under development include iridium-coated rhenium and a ceramic composite of mixed hafnium carbide and tantalum carbide reinforced with graphite fibers.
Physiological Study of <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i> Strains in a Novel Chemically Defined Medium (2000)

We developed a chemically defined medium called milieu proche du lait (MPL), in which 22 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) strains exhibited growth rates ranging from 0.55 to 1 h(-1). MPL can also be used for cultivation of other lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus. The growth characteristics of L. bulgaricus in MPL containing different carbon sources were determined, including an initial characterization of the phosphotransferase system transporters involved. For the 22 tested strains, growth on lactose was faster than on glucose, mannose, and fructose. Lactose concentrations below 0.4% were limiting for growth. We isolated 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutants from strains CNRZ397 and ATCC 11842. CNRZ397-derived mutants were all deficient for glucose, fructose, and mannose utilization, indicating that these three sugars are probably transported via a unique mannose-specific-enzyme-II-like transporter. In contrast, mutants of ATCC 11842 exhibited diverse phenotypes, suggesting that multiple transporters may exist in that strain. We also developed a protein labeling method and verified that exopolysaccharide production and phage infection can occur in MPL. The MPL medium should thus be useful in conducting physiological studies of L. bulgaricus and other lactic acid bacteria under well controlled nutritional conditions.
Upregulation of cAMP Response Element-Mediated Gene Expression during Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Adult Neocortex (2000)

Gene transcription is thought to be essential for memory consolidation and long-lasting changes in synaptic function. In particular, the signal transduction pathways that activate the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) have been implicated in the process of synaptic potentiation. To study the involvement of this pathway in neocortical plasticity within the barrel cortex, we have used a strain of mice carrying a LacZ reporter gene with six cAMP response elements (CREs) upstream of a minimal promoter. Removal of all but one facial whisker results in the expansion of the spared whisker's functional representation within somatosensory cortex. Under the same conditions of whisker deprivation, we observed a strong (eightfold compared with baseline) and highly place-specific upregulation of CRE-mediated gene transcription in layer IV of the spared whisker barrel. Reporter gene upregulation occurred rapidly after deprivation (16 hr) and was only observed under experimental conditions capable of inducing whisker response potentiation. LacZ expression in layer IV was accompanied by an increase in responsiveness of a subpopulation of layers II/III cells to spared whisker stimulation as determined by in vivo single-unit recording. Given that CREB is involved in the expression of plasticity in superficial layers (Glazewski et al., 1999), and yet CRE-mediated gene expression occurs in layer IV, it is likely that the molecular events initiating plasticity occur presynaptically to the cells that exhibit changes in their receptive field properties.
Digital tomosynthesis of hand joints for arthritis assessment (2003)

The two principal forms of hand arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) have large clinical and economic costs. Radiography has been shown to be a useful tool to assess the condition of the disease. A hand radiograph, however, is a two‐dimensional projection of a three‐dimensional object. In this report we present the results of a study that applied digital tomosynthesis to hand radiography in order to extract three‐dimensional outcome measures that should be more sensitive to arthritis progression. The study was performed using simulated projection radiographs created using micro computed tomography (μCT) and a set of five dry‐bone hand skeletons. These simulated projection images were then reconstructed into tomographic slices using the matrix inversion tomosynthesis (MITS) algorithm. The accuracy of the tomosynthesis reconstruction was evaluated by comparing the reconstructed images to a gold standard created using the μCT data. A parameter from image registration science, normalized mutual information, provided a quantifiable figure of merit. This study examined the effects of source displacement, number of reconstructed planes, number of acquisitions, noise added to the gray scale images, and errors in the location of a fiducial marker. We also optimized the reconstruction as a function of two variables k and α, that controlled the mixing of MITS with conventional shift‐and‐add tomosynthesis. A study using hand delineated joint margins demonstrated that MITS images provided a better measurement of average joint space width. We found good agreement between the MITS slices and the true planes. Both joint margins and trabecular structure were visible and the reconstructed slices showed additional structures not visible with the standard projection image. Using hand‐delineated joint margins we compared the average joint space width of the gold standard slices to the MITS and projection images. A root‐mean square deviation (RMSD), calculated for this comparison, gave and for the projection and MITS images, respectively. We have demonstrated the potential of digital tomosynthesis for imaging of the hand to assess arthritic changes. We have also developed a methodology that can be used to optimize the technique and have studied the issues that will control the feasibility of clinical implementation.
Potentiation of cytotoxicity by combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in glioma (2008)

Rat C6 glioma is a chemo-resistant experimental brain tumor that is difficult to treat with various drug combinations. Previous studies suggested that imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective in pre-clinical trials for glioblastoma. Also, chlorimipramine (Anafranil) is an anti-depressant drug in use in the clinic and shown to have anti-neoplastic activity. We hypothesized that treatment of resistant C6 glioma with combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine may potentiate cytotoxicity and reverse resistance. C6 glioma was examined both as monolayer and as spheroid cultures. Several experimental designs were examined all of which showed synergistic activity albeit at different time kinetics. Combination treatment resulted in inhibition of cell growth and enhanced cell death as determined by dye exclusion. Further, the combination treatment resulted in significant induction of apoptosis as determined by Annexin V-FITC and PI. Also, there was inhibition of DNA synthesis and cAMP. Altogether, these findings supported the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the combination treatment. Morphological studies were also performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Significant synergistic apoptosis was detected by the combination treatment in both the monolayers and spheroid cultures. There was also a synergistic effect in autophagy by the combination. Several altered morphological features were noted by both the individual compound and enhanced by the combination treatment. The present findings support our hypothesis and demonstrate the potentiation of cytotoxicity by the combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in C6 glioma. Further, the findings suggest the potential clinical application of the combination in the treatment of drug-resistant glioma.
CoFactor (Biokeys Pharmaceuticals). (2001)

BioKeys is developing CoFactor (methylenetetrahydrofolate), a thymidylate synthase inhibitor and modulator of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), for the potential enhancement of cancer treatments using 5-FU [357795]. By March 2000, phase I/II trials had been completed and phase III trials were in preparation for the US and Scandinavia [357806,357795]. In November 2000, the company initiated a pharmacogenomic study of CoFactor [389157]. The company believes that genomic screening will be very useful for determining the most likely candidates for successful 5-FU/CoFactor therapy, therefore, Biokeys is undertaking a study on tissue samples from 62 patients who were previously treated in phase I/II trials. Analyses will be based upon a RT-PCR from paraffin-embedded tissues. This improved technology, which permits retrospective analyses from paraffin-fixed tissues, will enable BioKeys' scientists to better understand previous responses by the patients treated in the phase I/II trials [389157]. In phase I/II trials, CoFactor was administered to 62 cancer patients receiving 5-FU therapy and resulted in partial responses of 21 to 55% in colorectal, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder and breast cancer patients. Toxicity was milder than expected for 5-FU or 5-FU/leucovorin [357806,357795]. CoFactor has been shown to be 100-fold stronger than leucovorin in the promotion of thymidylate synthase inhibition [357795].
Animal models for evaluating antiepileptogenesis (2010)

Summary The development of any new therapy for the treatment of a human disorder or disease depends heavily on the demonstration of efficacy in a validated animal model. The need for finding a therapy that would prevent or delay the development of epilepsy in the susceptible individual is evident, and many of the required tools have been developed in recent years. However, there are many practical challenges and hurdles that must be overcome before a “cure” can be realized. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books ).
UVOC-MAC: A MAC protocol for outdoor ultraviolet networks (2010)

As an alternative to radio-frequency (RF) communications, optical wireless communications (OWC) can support high data rates and low power operations while providing good jamming resistance. Our focus in this paper is on deep ultraviolet (UV) outdoor communications (UVOC) where solar blind and non-line-of-sight operations are attractive. Light beams from UV LED arrays serve as information carriers. In an abstract sense, this is similar to directional transmissions in RF; however, the PHY layer characteristics significantly differ due to atmospheric scattering. First, we perform extensive experiments on a UV testbed towards understanding signal propagation and the impact of the PHY on medium access. We find that UV propagation supports (a) fully duplex communications and (b) multiple data rate transmissions. Next, we propose a novel contention-based media access control (UVOC-MAC) protocol that inherently accounts for the UV PHY layer and fully exploits multi-fold spatial reuse opportunities. Evaluations via both simulations and analysis show that UVOC-MAC effectively mitigates collisions and achieves high throughput. In particular, up to a 4-fold increase in throughput and 50% reduction in collision are possible compared to a MAC protocol agnostic to the UV PHY properties.
Information Assurance: Trends in Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Technologies (2004)

One of the missions of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at National Defense University is to study the transformation of America's military and to explore the consequences of the information revolution. To further this mission, National Defense University, in collaboration with The Center for Public Policy and Private Enterprise of the University of Maryland's School of Public Affairs, brought together leaders in the fields of military and commercial technology. The purpose of the meeting was to gain insight into the risks and vulnerabilities inherent in the use of information technology on the battlefield and in military systems. This volume presents the results of that workshop. This volume examines threats and vulnerabilities in the following four areas: (1) physical attacks on critical information nodes; (2) electromagnetic attacks against ground, airborne, or space-based information assets; (3) cyber attacks against information systems; and (4) attacks and system failures made possible by the increased level of complexity inherent in the multiplicity of advanced systems. Chapters are as follows: "Trends in Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Technologies," by Jacques S. Gansler and William Lucyshyn; "Physical Vulnerabilities of Critical Information Systems," by Robert H. Anderson; "Physical Vulnerabilities Exposed at the National Training Center," by Colonel John D. Rosenberger; "Dealing with Physical Vulnerabilities," by Bruce W. MacDonald; "Vulnerabilities to Electromagnetic Attack of Defense Information Systems," by John M. Borky; "Vulnerabilities to Electromagnetic Attack of the Civil Infrastructure," by Donald C. Latham; "Trends in Cyber Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures," by Michael A. Vatis; "Enhancing Cyber Security for the Warfighter," by Sean R. Finnegan; "Complexity of Network Centric Warfare," by Stanley B. Alterman; and "Difficulties with Network Centric Warfare," by Charles Perrow.
Using antimicrobial Surgihoney to prevent caesarean wound infection (2014)

Caesarean section (CS) wound infection rates are unacceptably high; around 10% according to figures from the Health Protection Agency (2012) . This service evaluation assessed the effects of Surgihoney on surgical site infection rates in women undergoing caesarean section. All women presenting for CS were offered Surgihoney as a single application wound dressing at the end of the procedure. All women were followed up and examined for surgical site infection for 30 days after CS. A single application of Surgihoney dressing reduced surgical site infection (SSI) by 60.33% from a rate of 5.42% (n=590) to 2.15% (n=186) (p-value=0.042). The potential saving to the NHS of using Surgihoney as a single application achieving this level of wound infection reduction is considerable. Surgihoney offers a simple, cost-effective intervention to reduce SSI in women undergoing CS. It is applicable to practice in all health economies and could potentially save considerable surgical infective morbidity in patients undergoing surgical delivery.
Light-Effect Transistor (LET) with Multiple Independent Gating Controls for Optical Logic Gates and Optical Amplification (2016)

Modern electronics are developing electronic-optical integrated circuits, while their electronic backbone, e.g. field-effect transistors (FETs), remains the same. However, further FET down scaling is facing physical and technical challenges. A light-effect transistor (LET) offers electronic-optical hybridization at the component level, which can continue Moore’s law to quantum region without requiring a FET’s fabrication complexity, e.g. physical gate and doping, by employing optical gating and photoconductivity. Multiple independent gates are therefore readily realized to achieve unique functionalities without increasing chip space. Here we report LET device characteristics and novel digital and analog applications, such as optical logic gates and optical amplification. Prototype CdSe-nanowire-based LETs show output and transfer characteristics resembling advanced FETs, e.g. on/off ratios up to ~1.0x106 with a source-drain voltage of ~1.43 V, gate-power of ~260 nW, and subthreshold swing of ~0.3 nW/decade (excluding losses). Our work offers new electronic-optical integration strategies and electronic and optical computing approaches.
Linear Asymmetric Classifier for cascade detectors (2005)

The detection of faces in images is fundamentally a rare event detection problem. Cascade classifiers provide an efficient computational solution, by leveraging the asymmetry in the distribution of faces vs. non-faces. Training a cascade classifier in turn requires a solution for the following subproblems: Design a classifier for each node in the cascade with very high detection rate but only moderate false positive rate. While there are a few strategies in the literature for indirectly addressing this asymmetric node learning goal, none of them are based on a satisfactory theoretical framework. We present a mathematical characterization of the node-learning problem and describe an effective closed form approximation to the optimal solution, which we call the Linear Asymmetric Classifier (LAC). We first use AdaBoost or AsymBoost to select features, and use LAC to learn a linear discriminant function to achieve the node learning goal. Experimental results on face detection show that LAC can improve the detection performance in comparison to standard methods. We also show that Fisher Discriminant Analysis on the features selected by AdaBoost yields better performance than AdaBoost itself.
RADARSAT (SAR imaging) (1991)

RADARSAT, the first Canadian remote-sensing spacecraft, is designed to provide Earth observation information for five years. The satellite is scheduled for launch in 1994. The only payload instrument is a 5.6-cm-wavelength (C-band) synthetic aperture imaging radar (SAR). RADARSAT will gather data on command for up to 28 min during each cycle of its 800-km (nominal) near-polar orbit. Image resolutions from 10 to 100 m at swath widths of 45 to 500 km will be available. The RADARSAT mission is reviewed, and the design, characteristics, and implementation of the radar are introduced. Technical problems addressed include calibration, rapid data processing, the phased array antenna that provides controlled beam steering, and the first satellite implementation of a special radar technique known as ScanSAR.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding the Formation of Pentagonal Cyclic Twinned Crystal from the Solvent Dependent Assembly of Au Nanocrystals into Their Colloidal Crystals (2013)

Due to the presence of high-density twinned-defects and diffuse elastic strain, pentagonal cyclic twinning (PCT) structures may have more fascinating properties than the corresponding single crystalline structure. Although there are a lot of reports concerning the PCT nanocrystals of many monometals and bimetal alloys, the established growth mechanisms of PCT structures are still not straightforward and usually inconsistent with each other. In this Letter, using dodecanethiol-capped Au nanocrystals (NCs) as building blocks, taking self-assembly of Au NCs into their colloidal crystals as the crystallization model, we found the competition of crystal cohesive energy and surface free energy plays an important role in the formation of PCT colloidal crystal. By rationally selecting the solvent to tailor the crystal cohesive energy, the structure of the colloidal crystals can be tuned. PCT structures are more likely to form when the interaction between building blocks is weak, while the single crystal structure is formed when the interaction is strong. The results demonstrate that the thermodynamic factors are the origin of pentagonal cyclic twinning.