gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:math>-Electron Effects on Bond Susceptibilities and Ionicities (1973)

We have been able to extend the dielectric theory of ionicity to include such $d$-electron systems as the noble-metal halides (e.g., CuCl, AgBr, etc.), $AB$ transition-metal compounds (e.g., ScN, MnS, FeO, NiO, etc.), ${A}_{m}{B}_{n}$ crystals (e.g., Zr${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$), and multibond compounds (e.g., LiNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, LiTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, CuGa${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, CuIn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, AgGa${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, AgIn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$). This characterization of the ionicity and other bond parameters should be useful in some of the wide variety of problems to which the non-$d$-electron theory has already been successfully applied, e.g., the calculation of nonlinear optical susceptibilities.
Synthesis of Aryl Sulfones via <scp>l</scp>-Proline-Promoted CuI-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Aryl Halides with Sulfinic Acid Salts (2005)

[reaction: see text] The CuI/L-proline sodium salt catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides with sulfinic acid salts readily occurs at 80-95 degrees C in DMSO to give the corresponding aryl sulfones in good to excellent yields. This process is well-tolerated by a wide range of functional groups including hydroxyl, amino, acetanilide, ketone, ester, and nitrile. Using this method, 4-phenylsulfonyl- and 4-methanesulfonyl-substituted L-phenylalanine derivatives are prepared.
Interaction of soluble glucosyl- and mannosyl-transferase enzyme activities in the synthesis of a glucomannan (1972)

A neutral-detergent-solubilized-enzyme preparation derived from Phaseolus aureus hypocotyls contains two types of glycosyltransferase activity. One, mannosyltransferase enzyme activity, utilizes GDP-alpha-d-mannose as the sugar nucleotide substrate. The other, glucosyltransferase enzyme activity, utilizes GDP-alpha-d-glucose as the sugar nucleotide substrate. The soluble enzyme preparation catalyses the formation of what appears to be a homopolysaccharide when either sugar nucleotide is the only substrate present. A beta-(1-->4)-linked mannan is the only polymeric product when only GDP-alpha-d-mannose is added. A beta-(1-->4)-linked glucan is the only polymeric product when only GDP-alpha-d-glucose is added. In the presence of both sugar nucleotides, however, a beta-(1-->4)-linked glucomannan is formed. There are indications that endogenous sugar donors may be present in the enzyme preparation. There appear to be only two glycosyltransferases in the enzyme preparation, each catalysing the transfer of a different sugar to the same type of acceptor molecule. The glucosyltransferase requires the continual production of mannose-containing acceptor molecules for maintenance of enzyme activity, and is thereby dependent upon the activity of the mannosyltransferase. The mannosyltransferase, on the other hand, does not require the continual production of glucose-containing acceptors for maintenance of enzyme activity, but is severely inhibited by GDP-alpha-P-glucose. These properties promote the synthesis of beta-(1-->4)-linked glucomannan rather than beta-(1-->4)-linked glucan plus beta-(1-->4)-linked mannan when both sugar nucleotide substrates are present.
Vasoactive properties of lignocaine administered by iontophoresis in human skin (2003)

The vasoactivity of lignocaine has an important influence on its clinical efficacy and systemic vascular absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate its vasoactive properties when administered by the non-invasive technique of iontophoresis. We used laser Doppler imaging to measure the forearm skin blood flow responses of seven healthy young males to iontophoretic delivery of two preparations of 20g/l of lignocaine hydrochloride, one containing the preservatives methylparaben and propylparaben and one without. The subjects were blind to the order of drug administration, and we assessed analgesia at the sites using a pinprick test. Delivery of both preparations of (positively charged) lignocaine under the anode caused demonstrable analgesia, but no change in skin blood flow. An increase in perfusion was measured, however, when the preservative-containing preparation was administered under the cathode. There was little or no response to the solution without preservatives, although the difference in response between the two preparations was not statistically significant (P = 0.063). Although there were no vasoactive effects of lignocaine at the relatively low dose used in the present study, our results suggest that the preservatives methylparaben and propylparaben are the most likely cause of the vasodilatation that we observed under the cathode, and may therefore have a significant influence on the vasoactivity of this preparation when administered by injection. Both are negatively charged in solution and have been reported to possess vasodilator properties. It might be worth considering the use of alternative, non-vasoactive preservatives in local anaesthetic preparations, or avoiding the use of additives altogether, when this is feasible.
[An analysis of the results of clinical trials of praziquantel analogs in intestinal cestode and trematode infections. 1. The treatment of intestinal cestode infections (diphyllobothriasis, taeniasis, hymenolepiasis)]. (1994)

The studies have demonstrated a high efficacy of prasiquantel in therapy of enteric cestodiases. No differences in the efficacy and tolerance of prasiquantel analogs manufactured by various pharmaceutic firms (azinox, CIS; pikiton, China; biltricide, Bayer, India; cesol, Merk, India; cisticide, Merk India) were detected. Prasiquantel single dose (15 mg/kg) efficacies in diphyllobothriasis, taeniarhynchiasis, and taeniasis made up 91.4, 98.5, and 100%, respectively. In hymenolepiasis the efficacy of a total dose (40 and 50 mg/kg given twice with a 10-day interval) was 88.9%.
New biodiesel additives from glycerol and isoamylenes (2014)

Abstract The etherification of glycerol and isoamylenes was performed using several macromolecularion‐exchange resins in order to find the best catalyst which would provide the maximum conversion of glycerol and higher selectivities to ethers. Some different organic solvents ( tert ‐amyl alcohol, 1,4‐dioxane, acetonitrile, n ‐hexane, dichloromethane, diisopropylamine and dimethylformamide) were used in the etherification of glycerol. Reactions were carried out in a batch autoclave reactor at 1.5 MPa in the temperature range from 25 to 100 °C for 24 h of contact time. It was found that resins with a greater pore volume and greater pore diameter showed a better performance in solventless reactions, but when employing solvents their polarity was responsible for the distinct results obtained in the conversion of glycerol: relative abundance and composition of the polar and non‐polar phases in the final reaction mixture. The solubilization of glycerol and isoamylenes in the reaction mixture seems to be the main factor in the progress of the reaction, which is reflected in the different amount of ethers primarily obtained in the non‐polar phase. tert ‐Amyl alcohol showed the best results in terms of conversion of glycerol due to the total miscibility of both reactants but it must be employed at temperatures below 50 °C in order to avoid its dehydration reaction that reduces the catalyst activity.
Shock Tubes in Rarefied Gas Flow Research (1969)

The flow within a shock wave is governed by the relaxation times of the molecular degrees of freedom.\nAdvances in shock-tube design and instrumentation in recent years have made it possible to resolve all the\nrelaxation times including the shortest, corresponding to the translational degrees of freedom. The shock\ntube thus becomes an important tool for critical experiments in the study of the range of applicability of\nthe Navier-Stokes equations and similar approximations and of the character of solutions of the Boltzmann\nequation. Significant progress has recently been made in the understanding of the most obvious such problem,\nthe flow within a shock in a monatomic gas. Theory and experiment are now in substantial agreement and\nthe over-all process of energy exchange is understood. Progress has been made in problems connected with\nshock wave reflection from real walls, but a host of others remain to be studied including surface interaction\neffects. The extension of this type of shock-tube research to more complicated systems, reacting gases, gas\nmixtures, and the like has begun and some progress can be reported. Recent experimental progress is illustrated\nby a number of measurements made in the 6- and 17-in. shock tubes at the California Institute of\nTechnology.\n
Designed coiled-coil proteins: synthesis and spectroscopy of two 78-residue .alpha.-helical dimers (1991)

Receptor-adhesive modular proteins are nongenetic proteins designed to contain ligand, spacer, coil, and linker modules and to interact strongly with integrins or other types of cell-surface receptors. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and characterized a 39-residue peptide chain having a 6-residue ligand module (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-) for adherence to Arg-Gly-Asp-binding integrin receptors, a 3-residue spacer module (-Gly-Tyr-Gly-) for flexibility, and a 30-residue coil module [-(Arg-Ile-Glu-Ala-Ile-Glu-Ala) 4-Arg-Cys-NH2] containing four 7-residue repeats for dimerization. This chain was designed to form a 78-residue noncovalent dimer (P39) by folding the coils of two chains into an alpha-helical coiled coil through hydrophobic interaction of eight pairs of Ile residues. Air oxidation of P39 gave P78, a 78-residue covalent dimer having a disulfide bridge linking its C termini. Raman spectroscopy indicated that both synthetic proteins have high alpha-helical content. Ultraviolet circular dichroic spectroscopy indicated that both dimers contain stable alpha-helical coiled coils. Its C-terminal disulfide bridge renders P78 significantly more stable than P39 to thermal denaturation or denaturation by urea. The coiled coil of P39 was 30% unfolded near 55 degrees C and half-unfolded in 8 M urea, while that of P78 was 30% unfolded only near 85 degrees C. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using these ligand, spacer, and coil modules to construct the designed coiled-coil proteins P39 and P78, a stage in the nanometric engineering of receptor-adhesive modular proteins.
Variable Gain Amplifier architecture with constant matching and insertion phase (2013)

In this contribution, a Variable Gain Amplifier architecture with a reduced phase deviation is presented. The proposed architecture ideally allows constant insertion phase and input/output return losses over any gain settings. Moreover, it allows gain control both in analog and digital operating modes, depending on the application. To demonstrate its effectiveness, a full X-Band MMIC VGA has been designed in the 0.13 μm pHEMT OMMIC process. The presented MMIC VGA achieves an average 13.7 dB insertion gain with 18 dB attenuation range and 1 dB amplitude resolution; input and output return losses are better than 12.8 dB and 14.1 dB, respectively. In the 9.0-10.2 GHz range, an average 15.3 dB insertion gain is achieved, with input and output return losses better than 17.4 dB and 18.1 dB respectively, while RMS amplitude and phase errors are below 0.27 dB and 1.7° respectively.
The kinetics, substrate and inhibitor specificity of the lactate transporter of Ehrlich-Lettre tumour cells studied with the intracellular pH indicator BCECF (1994)

1. Suspensions of cultured Ehrlich-Lettre tumour cells were loaded with the pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), and changes in intracellular pH upon addition of L-lactate and other monocarboxylates were continuously monitored by fluorimetry using dual-wavelength excitation (450/500 nm) and single-wavelength emission (> 520 nm). 2. The rapid fluorescence changes were analysed by first-order regression analysis, and with suitable calibration procedures this enabled calculation of initial rates of proton uptake associated with monocarboxylate transport. 3. The stoichiometry was shown to be one proton per lactate molecule transported. 4. The kinetics of carrier-mediated transport of a wide range of monocarboxylates were determined at 25 degrees C. The Km values for L-lactate, pyruvate and D-lactate were found to be 4.54, 0.72 and 27.5 mM respectively, similar to values found previously for rat erythrocytes. This similarity was shared with a wide range of variously substituted C2, C3 and C4 monocarboxylates, all of which were transported with similar Vmax. No stereoselectivity was found in the Km values for D- and L-2-chloropropionate (0.75 mM) or D- and L-3-hydroxybutyrate (11 mM), but in the latter case the Vmax. of the D-isomer was twice that of the L-isomer. 5. The temperature-dependence of L-lactate transport demonstrated a transition point, with activation energies of 60 and 109 kJ.mol-1 above and below 19 degrees C respectively The Km for L-lactate below the transition temperature was about half that above it. 6. Inhibition of lactate transport into tumour cells by a wide range of compounds known to inhibit the erythrocyte monocarboxylate carrier was analysed. Patterns of inhibition were similar to those seen in the erythrocyte, but the Ki values were 2-4-fold higher in the tumour cells. 7. It is concluded that tumour cells contain an isoform of the monocarboxylate carrier with functional properties almost identical with that found in erythrocytes. This is probably identical with MCT1, which was recently cloned and sequenced from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells [Kim Garcia, Goldstein, Pathak, Anderson and Brown (1994) Cell 76, 865-873].
Characterization of Ex Vivo Expanded Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes from Patients with Malignant Melanoma for Clinical Application (2011)

Clinical trials of adoptive transfer of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to patients with advanced malignant melanoma have shown remarkable results with objective clinical responses in 50% of the treated patients. In order to initiate a clinical trial in melanoma, we have established a method for expanding TILs to clinical relevant quantities in two steps with in 8 weeks. Further characterization of expanded TILs revealed an oligoclonal composition of T-cells with an effector memory like phenotype. When autologous tumor was available, TILs showed specific activity in all patients tested. TIL cultures contained specificity towards tumor cells as well as peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) during expansion procedures.
The Oncogenic Role of miR‐BART19‐3p in Epstein‐Barr Virus‐Associated Diseases (2020)

Accumulating evidence so far has shown that EBV's miRNAs have been found to be involved in cancer progression. However, the comprehensive EBV miRNA expression profiles and their biological significance in EBV-associated diseases are not well documented. A comprehensive profiling of EBV-encoded miRNAs expressed in CAEBV, EBV-HLH, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients was constructed, and the results showed that miR-BART19-3p was upregulated in all these diseases. Ectopic expression of miR-BART19-3p induced EBV-negative cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis. Molecularly, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) was identified to be a direct target of miR-BART19-3p, and APC mRNA expression was inversely correlated with miR-BART19-3p in CAEBV samples. Our results demonstrated that miR-BART19-3p contributes to the tumorigenesis of EBV-associated diseases and may be a potential therapeutic target.
The Preparation of Unsaturated Sulfones by Condensation Reactions<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Unsaturated Sulfones by Condensation Reactions1Saul Chodroff and Willett F. WhitmoreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3, 1073–1076Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01159a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01159a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views821Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ionization energy of donor and acceptor impurities in semiconductor nanowires: Importance of dielectric confinement (2007)

Calculations of the electronic states of donor and acceptor impurities in nanowires show that the ionization energy of the impurities is strongly enhanced with respect to the bulk, above all when the wires are embedded in a material with a low dielectric constant. In free-standing nanowires with diameter below $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, the ionization of the impurities at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is strongly reduced and heavy doping is necessary to obtain conductive systems. These results imply that the critical density for metal-nonmetal transitions is not the same as in the bulk. Experiments are proposed to test the predictions.
The 'blue eye' phenomenon (1983)

Diffuse clouding of the cornea ('corneal oedema', 'blue eye') of sudden onset and usually transient duration and with accompanying anterior uveitis, may be attributable to natural infection with canine adenovirus type 1 (CA-1) or to vaccination with live modified virus. It is now recognised that kerato-uveitis is a manifestation of type III hypersensitivity in which immune complex formation resulting from the release of virus, especially from infected corneal endothelial cells, brings about corneal endothelial damage and hence corneal oedema. A proportion of cases fail to resolve. At least one breed, the Afghan hound, appears to be particularly susceptible. The incidence of ocular lesions resulting from vaccination has stimulated the development of new vaccines incorporating canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), a serotype which has been shown not be cause endogenous ocular disease.
High-precision tracking control system for digital video disk players (1995)

The advent of digital video disks (DVD) has lead to narrower tracks along with a demand for higher density in the field of optical disks. This general and recent trend requires the improvement of follow-up capability within limits which are not detrimental to stability and speed of response. We have developed a new adaptive repetition control system that can improve follow-up capability by applying repetition control theory to tracking control, and which can change the learning capacity according to such nonperiodic components as insufficient stability margin (one of the problems in repetition control), disk drive vibration and disk defects, in response to the degree of track correlation. Furthermore, the division of the learning portion into two stages, namely long-term and short-term storage memories, compensates for the short-term memory being degraded by insufficient correlation and enhance the learning capability when disturbance occurs. As a result we were able to reduce the track error by disk eccentricity down to 0.02 /spl mu/m or less in a DVD disk with an eccentricity similar to compact disks (CD), and can confirm that the disk functions in a stable fashion even with interference from irregular disturbances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hierarchical decomposition of vessel skeletons for graph creation and feature extraction (2010)

Graphs are useful representations of the liver vasculature. They support tree matching algorithms in landmark-based registration algorithms, they are useful to separate connected vessels from two different vessel systems and are the basis of vessel annotation tools. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical decomposition of vessel skeletons into sub-branches. This simplifies the process of creating labeled graphs and extracting features. Furthermore, we propose a measure to classify voxels as branch voxels. We applied our method to several datasets with satisfying results and found that the number of sub-branches is normal distributed under rotation.
Transition problems in economic reform : agriculture in the Mexico - U.S. free trade agreement (1992)

At what speed should Mexican agriculture be incorporated into the North American Free Trade Agreement (FTA)? What policies should characterize the transition? We use Mexican agriculture as a case study to analyse the transition problems that arise in most major economic reforms. In particular, European Community (EC) farmers can expect similar problems if the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is dismantled and/or Eastern Europe gains unrestricted access to the EC's farm product markets. We focus on the implications for policy design of the absence of efficient capital markets, on the welfare costs of reforming only gradually, on incentive problems created by trade adjustment policies and on the redistributive aspects of policy reform in the presence of realistic limits on available intervention instruments. Our key point is that adjustment should focus on increasing the value of the assets owned by the groups affected, and not on direct income transfers or programmes targeting output or other characteristics controlled by the beneficiaries. We target adjustment on what people have, as opposed to what people do.
Thermal Interface Resistance Measurements for GaN-on-Diamond Composite Substrates (2014)

The performance of high-power gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is limited by self-heating effects. High thermal resistances within micrometers of the active device junction often dominate the junction temperature rise and fundamentally limit the device power handling capability. The use of high-thermal-conductivity diamond in close proximity to the transistor junction can mitigate this thermal constraint, but careful attention is required to the quality of the thermal interface between the GaN and diamond. Here we apply time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) to two GaN-on-diamond composite substrates with varying GaN thicknesses to measure the thermal interface resistance between the GaN and diamond (29 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> K GW <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) as well as the thermal conductivity of the GaN buffer layer (112 W m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) at room temperature. Informed by these data, we perform finite-element analysis to quantify the relative impact of the GaN-diamond thermal interface resistance, diamond substrate thermal conductivity, and a convective cooling solution on the device channel temperature rise.