gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Achieving Interactive-Time Realistic Illumination in Mixed Reality (2004)

Properly lighting virtual objects and having them cast shadows on each other based on dynamic lighting conditions is a computationally hard challenging Even more complex are the issues raised when this must be done in a Mixed Reality environment where virtual objects and virtual light interact with real objects and real light. This paper presents several interactive-time algorithms to enable interaction between real and virtual objects, including color matching, lighting and shadowing techniques. 1.
<title>Polarization imaging through scattering media</title> (2000)

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in optical imaging through scattering media, including through body tissue, battlefield smoke, fog, rain, and mist, and muddy water. When an image is formed of an object embedded in a scattering medium, the image is comprised of the superposition of a sharp image plus a diffuse background. The light that propagates the shortest distance between the object and image plane forms the sharp image. The diffuse image is the result of the scattered light taking a random path between the object and image. In order to observe the sharp image formed by the weakly scattered light, the diffuse background must be removed from the image. Polarization based discrimination between weakly scattered and scattered light is based on the fact that weakly scattered light retains its incident polarization state whereas diffuse scattered light carries a random polarization state. In this paper, we will describe a polarimetric sensor and laboratory setup for imaging through scattering media. We will report the results from the laboratory measurements demonstrating imaging through several types of scattering media. Finally, we will discuss application of this technique to medical imaging, imaging through battlefield obscurants, and wireless communications.
A Statistical Method for Profiling Network Traffic (1999)

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Packing density of rigid aggregates is independent of scale (2014)

Large planetary seedlings, comets, microscale pharmaceuticals, and nanoscale soot particles are made from rigid, aggregated subunits that are compacted under low compression into larger structures spanning over 10 orders of magnitude in dimensional space. Here, we demonstrate that the packing density (θf) of compacted rigid aggregates is independent of spatial scale for systems under weak compaction. The θf of rigid aggregated structures across six orders of magnitude were measured using nanoscale spherical soot aerosol composed of aggregates with ∼ 17-nm monomeric subunits and aggregates made from uniform monomeric 6-mm spherical subunits at the macroscale. We find θf = 0.36 ± 0.02 at both dimensions. These values are remarkably similar to θf observed for comet nuclei and measured values of other rigid aggregated systems across a wide variety of spatial and formative conditions. We present a packing model that incorporates the aggregate morphology and show that θf is independent of both monomer and aggregate size. These observations suggest that the θf of rigid aggregates subject to weak compaction forces is independent of spatial dimension across varied formative conditions.
Pogo, a Middleware for Mobile Phone Sensing (2012)

The smartphone revolution has brought ubiquitous, powerful, and connected sensing hardware to the masses. This holds great promise for a wide range of research fields. However, deployment of experiments onto a large set of mobile devices places technological, organizational, and sometimes financial burdens on researchers, making real-world experimental research cumbersome and difficult. We argue that a research infrastructure in the form of a large-scale mobile phone testbed is required to unlock the potential of this new technology. We aim to facilitate experimentation with mobile phone sensing by providing a pragmatic middleware framework that is easy to use and features fine-grained user-level control to guard the privacy of the volunteer smart-phone users. In this paper we describe the challenges and requirements for such a middleware, outline an architecture featuring a flexible, scriptable publish/subscribe framework, and report on our experience with an implementation running on top of the Android platform.
<i>In situ</i> heat treatment of ultrathin MgO layer for giant magnetoresistance ratio with low resistance area product in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (2008)

In order to promote the grain growth of ultrathin MgO barrier deposited on a CoFeB layer, in situ infrared (IR) heat treatment just after the deposition of MgO barrier was examined. In case that IR heat treatment was not applied, tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) was significantly decreased with decreasing resistance area (RA) product to less than 10 Ω μm2. On the other hand, TMR ratio of 206% was achieved at the RA product of 2.1 Ω μm2 when the IR heat treatment was applied. According to the cross sectional transmission electron microscope images for the samples with 0.76-nm-thick (∼4 ML) MgO barrier, the (001) oriented well crystallized structure with smooth interface was observed for the IR heated sample. Moreover, it revealed that the lateral grain size of MgO was significantly enlarged compared to that for the sample without IR heating. The improvement of TMR properties at low RA product region by the heat treatment might be due to the decrease in grain boundaries of MgO layer where the coherent tunneling of Δ1 electrons is not restricted.
Charge-ring model for the charge-induced confinement enhancement in stacked quantum-dot transistors (1998)

A model is proposed to explain the charge-induced confinement enhancement observed in a stacked quantum-dot transistor that has a floating dot on top of a channel quantum dot. The model assumes that the charge on the floating dot distributes on its rim, forming a ring and creating a confinement potential that squeezes the electrons in the channel dot toward its center. The charge on the floating dot can be calculated from the device geometry and from the measured threshold voltage difference before and after the charging. Given the charge on the floating dot, the spatial confinement and the energy level spacing increase induced by the charging can be obtained. The calculation based on the model agrees with the observed increase of the energy level spacing.
Micro- and Sub-Nanosecond Lifetime Measurements Using a UV Light-Emitting Diode (2000)

The authors describe the use of an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED), Nichia NSHU590E, as a 373 nm excitation light source for fluorescence lifetime measurements. A frequency-domain technique has been chosen to demonstrate that the UV LED can be efficiently intensity modulated by driving the radio-frequency signal over a range of modulation frequencies from 10 kHz up to 330 MHz. Time-resolved measurements have been performed by using a fluorophore with a very long lifetime of 10.2 μs and fluorophore with a very short lifetime of 0.15 ns. Application of LEDs for lifetime-based chemical sensing is discussed.
Primed fibroblasts and exogenous decorin: Potential treatments for subacute vocal fold scar (2006)

HGF and decorin together may decrease collagen production by skin and vocal fold fibroblasts. Fibroblast transplantation into scarred vocal folds has equivocal benefit.
RNA interference-mediated silencing of the starch branching enzyme gene improves amylose content in rice (2013)

Amylose and amylopectin are the 2 major components of plant storage starch. The rice starch branching enzyme (RBE) plays an important role in the starch components of rice. In the present study, we selected a specific 195-bp segment from the RBE3 gene to construct hairpin DNA, which was driven by an endosperm-specific high molecular weight glutenin promoter to regulate the biosynthesis of starch. An RNA interference plasmid for the RBE3 gene was constructed to form double-stranded RNA. Following Agrobacterium-mediated rice transformation (in the cultivar Zhonghua 11), 41 transgenic plants were identified using PCR and Southern blot analysis. Semi-quantitative real-time PCR revealed that RBE3 gene expression was significantly reduced in immature transgenic seeds. Transgenic rice amylose content had an average increase of 140%. The highest rice amylose content was 47.61% and the growth rate increased 238% compared to the non-transgenic controls. Branching enzyme II activity was notably reduced, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, isoamylase, and pullulanase enzyme activity was markedly reduced in T3 seeds. Relative enzyme activity change explained the reduction in thousand-grain weight in transgenic plants. The present study indicated that amylose content was negatively correlated with branching enzyme II activity, spike size, and thousand-grain weight.
An Edge Detection Algorithm of Image Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (2008)

The performance of image segmentation depends on the output quality of the edge detection process. Typical edge detecting method is based on detecting pixels in an image with high gradient values, and then applies a global threshold value to extract the edge points of the image. In this paper, a new edge detection method is presented. The main contribution of our approach is to apply empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to detect the image edge. The EMD algorithm can decompose any nonlinear and non-stationary data. By means of EMD, the data can be decomposed into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF). When the image is decomposed by bidimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD), the first IMF image has a very good characterization of edge. After extracting the edge pixels from the first IMF image by applying a suitable threshold value, the obtained edge image is as clear as the edge image by other methods.
Quantitative bacteriology : its role in the armamentarium of the surgeon (1991)

Introduction: The Equilibrium Between Bacteria and the Host. History. Variations on a Theme. Virulence: Qualitative Bacteriology. Wound Healing. General Surgery. Orthopedic Surgery. Plastic Surgery. Thoracic Surgery. Burns. Bacteremia, and Septicemia. Antimicrobials. Summary
Genome-Wide Demethylation of <i>Arabidopsis</i> Endosperm (2009)

Parent-of-origin-specific (imprinted) gene expression is regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana endosperm by cytosine demethylation of the maternal genome mediated by the DNA glycosylase DEMETER, but the extent of the methylation changes is not known. Here, we show that virtually the entire endosperm genome is demethylated, coupled with extensive local non-CG hypermethylation of small interfering RNA-targeted sequences. Mutation of DEMETER partially restores endosperm CG methylation to levels found in other tissues, indicating that CG demethylation is specific to maternal sequences. Endosperm demethylation is accompanied by CHH hypermethylation of embryo transposable elements. Our findings demonstrate extensive reconfiguration of the endosperm methylation landscape that likely reinforces transposon silencing in the embryo.
Temporal Coding of Visual Information in the Thalamus (2000)

The amount of information a sensory neuron carries about a stimulus is directly related to response reliability. We recorded from individual neurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) while presenting randomly modulated visual stimuli. The responses to repeated stimuli were reproducible, whereas the responses evoked by nonrepeated stimuli drawn from the same ensemble were variable. Stimulus-dependent information was quantified directly from the difference in entropy of these neural responses. We show that a single LGN cell can encode much more visual information than had been demonstrated previously, ranging from 15 to 102 bits/sec across our sample of cells. Information rate was correlated with the firing rate of the cell, for a consistent rate of 3.6 +/- 0.6 bits/spike (mean +/- SD). This information can primarily be attributed to the high temporal precision with which firing probability is modulated; many individual spikes were timed with better than 1 msec precision. We introduce a way to estimate the amount of information encoded in temporal patterns of firing, as distinct from the information in the time varying firing rate at any temporal resolution. Using this method, we find that temporal patterns sometimes introduce redundancy but often encode visual information. The contribution of temporal patterns ranged from -3.4 to +25.5 bits/sec or from -9.4 to +24.9% of the total information content of the responses.
Better shrinkage than Shrinky-Dinks (2010)

Polyolefins are finding increased popularity in microfluidic applications due to their attractive mechanical, processing, and optical properties. While intricate features are typically realized in these thermoplastics by hot embossing and injection molding, such fabrication approaches are expensive and slow. Here, we apply our shrink-induced approach-first demonstrated with polystyrene 'Shrinky-Dink' sheets-to create micro- and nanostructures with cross-linked polyolefin thin films. These multi-layered films shrink by 95% and with greater uniformity than the Shrinky-Dinks. With such significant reduction in size, along with attractive material properties, such commodity films could find important applications in low cost microfluidic prototyping as well as in point-of-care diagnostics. In this technical note, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly and easily create unique microstructures, increase microarray feature density, and even induce self-assembled integrated metallic nanostructures with these shrink wrap films.
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> phenotype switching: an effective bacterial strategy to escape host immune response and establish a chronic infection (2011)

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause for serious, chronic and therapy-refractive infections in spite of susceptibility to antibiotics in vitro. In chronic infections, altered bacterial phenotypes, such as small colony variants (SCVs), have been found. Yet, it is largely unclear whether the ability to interconvert from the wild-type to the SCV phenotype is only a rare clinical and/or just laboratory phenomenon or is essential to sustain an infection. Here, we performed different long-term in vitro and in vivo infection models with S. aureus and we show that viable bacteria can persist within host cells and/or tissues for several weeks. Persistence induced bacterial phenotypic diversity, including SCV phenotypes, accompanied by changes in virulence factor expression and auxotrophism. However, the recovered SCV phenotypes were highly dynamic and rapidly reverted to the fully virulent wild-type form when leaving the intracellular location and infecting new cells. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial phenotype switching is an integral part of the infection process that enables the bacteria to hide inside host cells, which can be a reservoir for chronic and therapy-refractive infections.
Design and fabrication of photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers for optofluidics (2007)

We present novel designs and demonstrate a fabrication platform for electrically driven lasers based on high quality-factor photonic crystal cavities realized in mid-infrared quantum cascade laser material. The structures are based on deep-etched ridges with their sides perforated with photonic crystal lattice, using focused ion beam milling. In this way, a photonic gap is opened for the emitted TM polarized light. Detailed modeling and optimization of the optical properties of the lasers are presented, and their application in optofluidics is investigated. Porous photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers have potential for on-chip, intracavity chemical and biological sensing in fluids using mid infrared spectroscopy. These lasers can also be frequency tuned over a large spectral range by introducing transparent liquid in the photonic crystal holes.
Disease activity or remission of rheumatoid arthritis before, during and following pregnancy (2014)

Low disease activity of RA before, during and after pregnancy may be best for both mother and child. Counselling of patients on reproductive health and preconception treat-to-target management may help to achieve lower disease activity. This may result in better pregnancy outcomes.
A FURTHER WEAKNESS IN THE COMMON MODULUS PROTOCOL FOR THE RSA CRYPTOALGORITHM (1984)

(1984). A FURTHER WEAKNESS IN THE COMMON MODULUS PROTOCOL FOR THE RSA CRYPTOALGORITHM. Cryptologia: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 253-259.
Formation of amorphous carbon nitride films by reactive Ar/N<sub>2</sub> high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (2014)

Abstract Amorphous carbon nitride films are deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) of a reactive Ar/N 2 mixture, maintaining an average dissipated power of 60 W and an impulse repetition frequency of approximately 55 Hz. The discharge current corresponds to about 35 A during the pulse-on time and the peak instantaneous power is in the range of 20–22 kW. The deposition rate gradually increases from 3.8 to 7.0 nm/min with increasing nitrogen fraction. On the other hand, the film hardness is higher than 22 GPa when the nitrogen fraction is approximately 2.5%, but the hardness gradually decreases at nitrogen fractions up to 10% and then remains roughly constant as the nitrogen fraction exceeds 10%. In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, C 1s peak broadening is observed owing to the presence of sp 2 hybridization bonding, and the C 1s peak spectrum can be divided into four bands, whereas in the N 1s peak spectrum, two dominant components at binding energies of about 398.5 and 400.5 eV are observed. For all of the deposited films, two very broad overlapping bands (G and D bands) are clearly observed in the Raman spectra. The G peak position decreases at nitrogen fractions lower than 2.5%, beyond which the G peak position increases with increasing nitrogen fraction, showing a correlation of the G peak position with hardness.
Explosion Welding (1993)

Abstract Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid-state metal-joining process that uses explosive force to create an electron-sharing metallurgical bond between two metal components. This article discusses the process attributes of EXW, including metallurgical attributes, metal combinations, size limitations, configuration limitations, and bond zone morphology. It provides an overview of the common industrial applications and shop welding applications of EXW products. The article reviews different safety standards and regulations, such as noise and vibration abatement and process geometry. It concludes with a section on the EXW process sequence for welding a two-component flat plate product.
Intravenous AAV9 efficiently transduces myenteric neurons in neonate and juvenile mice (2014)

Gene therapies for neurological diseases with autonomic or gastrointestinal involvement may require global gene expression. Gastrointestinal complications are often associated with Parkinson's disease and autism. Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's brains, are routinely identified in the neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) following colon biopsies from patients. The ENS is the intrinsic nervous system of the gut, and is responsible for coordinating the secretory and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract. ENS dysfunction can cause severe patient discomfort, malnourishment, or even death as in intestinal pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome). Importantly, ENS transduction following systemic vector administration has not been thoroughly evaluated. Here we show that systemic injection of AAV9 into neonate or juvenile mice results in transduction of 25-57% of ENS myenteric neurons. Transgene expression was prominent in choline acetyltransferase positive cells, but not within vasoactive intestinal peptide or neuronal nitric oxide synthase cells, suggesting a bias for cells involved in excitatory signaling. AAV9 transduction in enteric glia is very low compared to CNS astrocytes. Enteric glial transduction was enhanced by using a glial specific promoter. Furthermore, we show that AAV8 results in comparable transduction in neonatal mice to AAV9 though AAV1, 5, and 6 are less efficient. These data demonstrate that systemic AAV9 has high affinity for peripheral neural tissue and is useful for future therapeutic development and basic studies of the ENS.
Analysis of one-step and two-step real-time RT-PCR using SuperScript III. (2005)

Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a commonly used technique to analyze gene expression. There has been little research conducted to test if SuperScript III quantitative one-step (reverse transcription carried out in the same tube as PCR) and two-step (reverse transcription carried out in a separate reaction) RT-PCR systems provide similar real-time results. In this study, real-time reactions were set up using the housekeeping genes glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta2-microglobulin (B2M), and RNA polymerase 2 subunit A (PolR2A). Reaction efficiencies were determined by generating standard curves using total RNA isolated from human skeletal muscle and brain. Reaction efficiencies ranged from 97.7+/-0.9% to 99.4+/-1.8% for one-step and 98.0+/-0.2% to 102.6+/-1.3% for two-step RT-PCR (R2 values for all reactions>or=0.995). The sensitivities of one-step and two-step methods, as measured by cycle threshold values, were similar for GAPDH and B2M. However, for the lesser expressed PolR2A mRNA there was a 5 cycle lower threshold for one-step. In summary, both SuperScript III one-step and two-step methods yield reaction efficiencies close to 100% and produce similar, accurate, linear standard curves. However, using the one-step method with gene-specific priming may be more sensitive for quantification of certain genes such as PolR2A.
Transfer learning across heterogeneous robots with action sequence mapping (2010)

Transfer learning refers to reusing the knowledge gained while solving a task, to solve a related task more efficiently. Much of the prior work on transfer learning, assumes that identical robots were involved in both the tasks. In this work we focus on transfer learning across heterogeneous robots while solving the same task. The action capabilities of the robots are different and are unknown to each other. The actions of one robot cannot be mimicked by another even if known. Such situations arise in multi-robot systems. The objective then is to speed-up the learning of one robot, i.e., reduce its initial exploration, using very minimal knowledge from a different robot. We propose a framework in which the knowledge transfer is effected through a pseudo reward function generated from the trajectories followed by a different robot while solving the same task. The framework can effectively be used even with a single trajectory.We extend the framework to enable the robot to learn an equivalence between certain sequences of its actions and certain sequences of actions of the other robot. These are then used to learn faster on subsequent tasks. We empirically validate the framework in a rooms world domain.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Keto Esters at Atmospheric Pressure Using Chiral Ru(II) Catalysts. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.