gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design concept for a high-performance positive photoresist (1989)

An attempt was made to design a high-performance positive photoresist from the standpoint of the image formation process. There are a lot of trade-off relationships among performance of a positive photoresist. A study was made to raise performance without the decrease in other performances. It was necessary to design a new type of novolak resin that has a molecular structure different from the existing materials. Many kinds of cresol–formaldehyde type novolak resins were synthesized and evaluated lithographically. Such items as molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, isomeric structure of cresol, the position of methylene bond, and the content of quinonediazide in a positive photoresist were investigated. Three methods were found useful: (i) to apply high-ortho novolak resins that have a high content of ortho–ortho’ methylene bonds (ii) to optimize molecular weight distribution of novolak resins, and (iii) to optimize the content of quinonediazides in a photoresist. These results are explained in terms of a simple model for positive photoresist development, which we call ‘‘stone wall model’’. This model is applicable to design a high-performance positive photoresist.
Polymerase Chain Reaction of<i>secA1</i>on Sputum or Oral Wash Samples for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (2009)

PCR targeting the secA1 gene was highly sensitive and specific for identifying M. tuberculosis in sputum samples, independent of smear or HIV infection status. Oral washes showed promise as an easily obtained respiratory specimen for tuberculosis diagnosis. PCR of sputum for detection of the secA1 gene could be a rapid, effective diagnostic tool for tuberculosis referral centers.
Production of transgenic adult plants from clementine mandarin by enhancing cell competence for transformation and regeneration (2008)

Genetic transformation of mature trees is difficult because adult tissues are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and transformation and because transgenic mature events are less competent for regeneration. We have shown that reinvigoration allows manipulation of the vegetative phase to increase the potential for transformation and regeneration without loss of competence for flowering and fruiting. To produce transgenic plants from clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka), we optimized the conditions of the source material both ex vitro and in vitro. Grafting of mature buds on juvenile rootstocks in the spring and preventing multiple bud sprouting by removing all but one bud permitted selection of vigorous first flushes for in vitro culture. Use of additional virulence genes from A. tumefaciens to increase transformation frequency and optimization of culture media and conditions to enhance explant cell competence for T-DNA integration and organogenesis resulted in efficient and reliable transgenic plant production. Transformed regenerants from explants, cultured in media without antibiotics, were identified by a screenable marker (either beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein (GFP)), creating the possibility of generating transgenic clementine plants without antibiotic resistance marker genes. Stable integration of foreign genes was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis, and expression of these foreign genes was confirmed by detection of GFP fluorescence in leaves, floral organs and fruits of the transgenic plants.
A sulfuric acid management strategy for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels via catalytic conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid (2012)

In this study, we first develop an integrated strategy for the catalytic conversion of lignocellulose into liquid fuels based on the production of levulinic acid (LA) followed by its hydrogenation to γ-valerolactone (GVL). Our integrated strategy involves a novel catalytic conversion process employing alkylphenol-based separation to extract LA from the sulfuric acid containing aqueous solution following the sulfuric acid catalyzed deconstruction of cellulose. To minimize utility consumption, we perform heat integration, while the remaining heating requirement is satisfied by the combustion of residual biomass. Hot combustion gases are also used to generate electricity, which meets the electricity requirement of the process, while the excess electricity is sold to the grid. We perform a technoeconomic analysis for the alkylphenol-based strategy and compare its economics with a previously reported strategy, in which butyl acetate was used as an extractive solvent to separate GVL from sulfuric acid following the LA hydrogenation step. With some improvements in the process configuration, the alkylphenol strategy leads to a minimum selling price (MSP) of $4.40 per gallon of gasoline equivalent (GGE) for compatible biofuel components, whereas the butyl acetate strategy leads to a MSP of $4.68 per GGE. We show that the alkylphenol strategy becomes a significantly better choice when the catalyst lifetime for the hydrogenation of LA becomes less than 6 months.
3D Compressed sensing ultrasound imaging (2010)

This paper proposes a compressed sensing method adapted to 3D ultrasound (US) imaging. Three undersampling patterns suited for 3D US imaging, together with a nonlinear conjugate gradient reconstruction algorithm of the US image k spaces, are investigated in vivo radio-frequency 3D US volumes. Reconstructions from 50% of the samples of the original 3D volume show little information loss in terms of normalized root mean squared errors.
Ceramics and glasses (1991)

Provides exhaustive, yet practical information on processing, properties, testing and characterization, design, and applications of various types of ceramics and glasses. The coverage ranges from bricks to super conductors, windows to data transmission lines. Ceramics and Glasses consists of 170 articles divided into 15 major sections. The first section defines and classifies ceramic materials and provides introductory information on each class. Sections two through five deal with processing of ceramic materials. Powder processing, forming methods, sintering, and final shaping (machining) are described. Each article in these sections explains how to produce a 'flaw-free' product. A companion section on glass processing follows. Reliable methods of joining ceramics, a subject critical to the increasing use of structural ceramics are examined in section seven. What follows are two sections devoted to the characterization tools available for studying ceramics and glasses. Processing-structure-property relationships, which are key to the development of improved materials, are introduced. The knowledge required to design structural elements and concepts of design methodology are addressed in section ten. Design practices used for such applications as gas turbine engines, gasoline engines, and whisker-toughened ceramic components are detailed. An extensive review of property data is contained in section eleven. The emphasis is on the design engineering use of the data. The articles in this section serve to bring the users of property information up-to-date and to direct them to the sources of the most useful property data. The broad range of applications for ceramics and glasses are outlined in the volumeAs final four sections. Emphasis has been placed on the use of advanced materials for structural and electrical/electronic applications.
Relation of Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction to Working Memory and Symptoms in Schizophrenia (2001)

These results are consistent with the hypotheses that working memory dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia is caused by a disturbance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and that this disturbance is selectively associated with cognitive disorganization. Further, the pattern of behavioral performance suggests that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction does not reflect a deficit in the maintenance of stimulus representations per se but points to deficits in more associative components of working memory.
Hypochlorhydria: A Factor in Nutrition (1989)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
<title>Measurement of high-power laser resonator mirror's misalignment using PSD</title> (2000)

PSD is the abbreviation of position sensitive detector, which can transform the light spot position on sensitive surface into photocurrent. Based on the structure, there are on-dimension PSD and two-dimension PSD. Recently PSD is mainly used in the position sensor based on the principle of optical triangulation. We use it as sensor in the control system of high-power laser resonator mirrors' misalignment in order to improve the quality of laser pattern. In this paper, we discuss the system, the theoretical model, the angle magnification technology, the control circuit of sensor signal, and the control executive part in details. At last, we introduce the experimental result.
High-speed tunnel-diode memory (1961)

THE HIGH SWITCHING SPEED OF TUNNEL DIODES has allowed the construction of a non-destructively read random access memory with read and write cycle times of twenty nano-seconds each. The memory consists of twenty words of fifty bits each.
Role of the<i>Haemophilus ducreyi</i>Ton System in Internalization of Heme from Hemoglobin (1998)

By cloning into Escherichia coli and construction of isogenic mutants of Haemophilus ducreyi, we showed that the hemoglobin receptor (HgbA) is TonB dependent. An E. coli hemA tonB mutant expressing H. ducreyi hgbA grew on low levels of hemoglobin as a source of heme only when an intact H. ducreyi Ton system plasmid was present. In contrast, growth on heme by the E. coli hemA tonB mutant expressing hgbA was observed only at high concentrations of heme, was TonB independent, and demonstrated that H. ducreyi HgbA was not sufficient to function as a typical TonB-dependent heme receptor in E. coli. Allelic replacement of the wild-type H. ducreyi exbB, exbD, and tonB loci with the exbB, exbD, and tonB deletion resulted in an H. ducreyi isogenic mutant unable to utilize hemoglobin but able to utilize hemin at the same levels as the parent strain to fulfill its heme requirement. This finding confirms the TonB dependence of HgbA-mediated hemoglobin utilization and suggests that uptake of hemin in H. ducreyi is TonB independent. Additionally, the H. ducreyi Ton system mutant synthesized increased amounts of HgbA and other heme-regulated outer membrane proteins, consistent with derepression of these proteins due to lower intracellular heme and/or iron concentrations in the mutant. Sequencing of the Ton system genes revealed that the arrangement of the genes was exbB exbD tonB. The proximity and structure of these genes suggested that they are transcribed as an operon. This arrangement, as well as the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of these H. ducreyi genes, was most similar to those from other pasteurellae.
Excitons in electrostatic traps (2006)

We consider in-plane electrostatic traps for indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells, where the traps are formed by a laterally modulated gate voltage. An intrinsic obstacle for exciton confinement in electrostatic traps is an in-plane electric field that can lead to exciton dissociation. We propose a design to suppress the in-plane electric field and, at the same time, to effectively confine excitons in the electrostatic traps. We present calculations for various classes of electrostatic traps and experimental proof of principle for trapping of indirect excitons in electrostatic traps.
Limits of Directed Self-Assembly in Block Copolymers (2018)

Understanding the conditions under which defects appear in self-assembling soft-matter systems is of great importance, for example, in the development of block-copolymer (BCP) nanolithography. Here, we explore the limits of the directed self-assembly of BCPs by deliberately adding random imperfections to the template. Our results show that defects emerge due to local "shear-like" distortions of the polymer-template system, a new mechanism that is fundamentally different from the canonical mechanisms of 2D melting. Furthermore, our results provide a general criterion for melting, obtaining the highest tolerance to random deviations from the perfect template at about 0.1 L<sub>0</sub>, where L<sub>0</sub> is the natural BCP periodicity. These findings establish the limits of directed self-assembly of BCPs and can be extended to other classes of materials with soft interactions.
Allosteric Mechanisms of Signal Transduction (2005)

Forty years ago, a simple model of allosteric mechanisms (indirect interactions between distinct sites), used initially to explain feedback-inhibited enzymes, was presented by Monod, Wyman, and Changeux. We review the MWC theory and its applications for the understanding of signal transduction in biology, and also identify remaining issues that deserve theoretical and experimental substantiation.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Bi-, Tri-, and Tetrametallic Aluminum Tetraphenolate Complexes (2002)

A series of ligands, each with four phenoxide arms, have been prepared with the intent to place two Lewis acidic metal center in close proximity and thus foster cooperative binding of external Lewis bases. The ligands 1−5 incorporate a pair of 2,2‘-methylenebis(4-tert-butyl-6-alkylphenol) groups linked by three different spacers: anthracene (1H4, 5H4), dibenzofuran (2H4, 4H4), and xanthene (3H4). The reaction of 1H4 and 2H4 with trimethylaluminum led to the formation of the C2-symmetric, tetranuclear aluminum compounds [(1)Al4Me8], 6, and [(2)Al4Me8], 7, respectively. In contrast, when 3H4 was treated with trimethylaluminum, a binuclear aluminum species, [(3)Al2Me2], 8, containing an Al2O2 bridging unit, was isolated. Heating solutions of the tetranuclear complexes 6 and 7 in the presence of excess ligand induced the elimination of 2 equiv of trimethylaluminum and afforded the binuclear aluminum complexes [(1)Al2Me2], 9, and [(2)Al2Me2], 10. Addition of NEt4Cl to solutions of 9 and 10 resulted in the isolation of the anionic, bimetallic aluminum species [NEt4][(1)Al2Me2Cl], 11, and [NEt4][(2)Al2Me2Cl], 12. Both complexes contain a symmetrical chloride bridge between the two metal centers. In contrast, the reaction of NEt4Cl with 8 produced the asymmetric dianionic compound [NEt4]2[(3)Al2Me2Cl2], 13. Compound 9 reacts with sodium phenoxide to afford [(1)Al2Me2(OPh)Na(OEt2)], 14, and this species contains a six-membered NaAl2O3 ring. When ketones or aldehydes are added to 9, the two aluminum centers in the resulting product each bind a carbonyl group in an η1 fashion. For example, the reaction of α,α,α-trimethylacetophenone with 9 produced the C2-symmtetric complex {(1)[AlMe(OC11H14)]2}, 15, while 10, upon addition of cyclopentanone, afforded the asymmetric, monometallic species [(2H)Al(OC5H8)], 16, with one free phenolic arm. The three remaining phenoxide groups in 16 all coordinate to the lone aluminum. To probe the influence of the steric environment of the ligand on the reactivity, methyl groups were incorporated at the ortho-position of the phenoxide, and this ligand, 4H4, reacted with trimethylaluminum to produce the trinuclear species [(4)Al3Me5], 17, with a stabilizing six-membered Al3O3 bridge. The slightly more sterically encumbered isopropyl-substituted ligand, 5H4, formed the binuclear aluminum species [(5)Al2Me2], 18, analogous to 8, 9, and 10. Addition of benzaldehyde to 18 afforded the asymmetric binuclear species {(5)[AlMe][AlMe(OCHPh)]}, 19, and the benzaldehyde substrate coordinates to only one aluminum in this complex.
Temporal progression of angiogenesis and basal lamina deposition after contusive spinal cord injury in the adult rat (2002)

Abstract After spinal cord injury (SCI), the absence of an adequate blood supply to injured tissues has been hypothesized to contribute to the lack of regeneration. In this study, blood vessel changes were examined in 28 adult female Fischer 344 rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 days after a 12.5 g · cm NYU impactor injury at the T9 vertebral level. Laminin, collagen IV, endothelial barrier antigen (SMI71), and rat endothelial cell antigen (RECA‐1) immunoreactivities were used to quantify blood vessel per area densities and diameters in ventral gray matter (VGM), ventral white matter (VWM), and dorsal columns (DC) at levels ranging 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This study demonstrates an angiogenic response, defined as SMI71/RECA‐1–immunopositive endothelial cells that colocalize with a robust deposition of basal lamina and basal lamina streamers, 7 days after injury within epicenter VGM. This angiogenesis diminishes concurrent with cystic cavity formation. GAP43‐ and neurofilament‐ (68 kDa and 210 kDa) immunopositive fiber outgrowth was associated with these new blood vessels by day 14. Between 28 and 60 days after injury, increases in SMI71‐immunopositive blood vessel densities were observed in the remaining VWM and DC with a corresponding increase in vessel diameters up to 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This second angiogenesis within VWM and DC, unlike the acute response observed in VGM, did not correspond to any previously described changes in locomotor behaviors in this model. We propose that therapies targeting angiogenic processes be directed at the interval between 3 and 7 days after SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:308–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive detection of fibrillation potentials in skeletal muscle (2002)

The presence of spontaneous muscle activity was determined by analysis of the power spectra of computer-model-generated sequences of spontaneous activity and additive noise. The modeling results identified the frequency band of 100-300 Hz as the band of peak signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of fibrillation potentials. Animal experiments were conducted in which the left sciatic nerves of three rats were transected. Measurements were taken 14 days following surgery with Ag/AgCl gel electrodes on the skin surface. Data was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle on both the normal and denervated side for all three rats. The normal data and the denervated data yielded no discernible difference in the time-domain. Spectral analysis, however, demonstrated a clear and quantifiable difference between denervated and normal muscle signals. The average difference between the denervated and normal power spectral densities for the frequency band from 100 Hz to 300 Hz was 3.43, 1.90, and 3.02 dB for the three rats. The additional energy observed in the signals recorded from denervated muscles suggests that the single fiber spontaneous muscle activity that occurs in denervated muscle can be noninvasively detected. The potential diagnostic utility of noninvasive fibrillation potential detection is discussed and suggestions for future experiments are made.
The function of the midtarsal joint: a review of the literature. (2008)

The midtarsal joint (MTJt) consists of the combined articulations of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints and represents the functional articulation between the rearfoot (talus and calcaneus) and the midfoot (navicular and cuboid). The movement of the transverse tarsal region has been described as a segment rotating around two distinct axes of the MTJt; the longitudinal and the oblique. Recent research has suggested that the two axes model of the MTJt is a theory of convenience to explain clinical observation, and that the MTJt moves in a more complex manner. It has been hypothesised that the MTJt has one triplanar axis of motion, so there remains the need to investigate the practical application of this understanding in terms of how this motion affects the MTJt in gait and the implications this may have on podiatric treatment.
A New Deterministic Linear Network Coding and Its Application on Multicast Network (2009)

Network coding is a promising technique to improve the resource efficiency and reliability for multicast networks. With network coding, each node of the multicast network is able to generate and transmit encoded data of information. This paper proposes a deterministic linear network coding scheme. This scheme exploits a special type of network topology called uniform network. This network structure is proved that it can achieve higher network coding gain with network coding. The scheme can accommodate dynamic membership and construct a much simple overlay network topology. The system performance is further improved, whether in throughput or in reliability. Our simulation results show that the new scheme can improve throughput, compared to the traditional multicast system, by at most 10% to 15%. Moreover, it achieves good reliability and robustness to dynamic peer arrival or leave.
In situ upgrade of quantum simulators to universal computers (2018)

Quantum simulators, machines that can replicate the dynamics of quantum systems, are being built as useful devices and are seen as a stepping stone to universal quantum computers. A key difference between the two is that computers have the ability to perform the logic gates that make up algorithms. We propose a method for learning how to construct these gates efficiently by using the simulator to perform optimal control on itself. This bypasses two major problems of purely classical approaches to the control problem: the need to have an accurate model of the system, and a classical computer more powerful than the quantum one to carry out the required simulations. Strong evidence that the scheme scales polynomially in the number of qubits, for systems of up to 9 qubits with Ising interactions, is presented from numerical simulations carried out in different topologies. This suggests that this in situ approach is a practical way of upgrading quantum simulators to computers.
The effect of tropolone on the formation of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenylacetic acid in the brain of the mouse (1969)

1. The development of a very sensitive and specific fluorimetric assay for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has made it possible to measure how inhibitors of the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase affect the relative concentrations of this acid and its O-methylated derivative 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid) in the brains of mice treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or probenecid.2. It was found that tropolone and tropolone-4-acetamide reduce the concentration of homovanillic acid in the brains of the treated mice to an extent dependent on the dose.3. The concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the brain was increased by the administration of tropolone or tropolone-4-acetamide but the dose and response were not simply related to one another.4. The results suggest that, in vivo, the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is not always a simple alternative to the formation of homovanillic acid when the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase is inhibited.
Risk Factors for Progression of Aortic Atheroma in Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Patients (2002)

Among vascular risk factors, elevated homocysteine levels are associated with aortic atheroma progression. Stroke and transient ischemic attack patients with aortic atheroma should undergo assessment of homocysteine levels, which, if elevated, may be treated with vitamins in an effort to arrest aortic atheroma progression.