gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CFD and Experimental Characterization of a Bioreactor: Analysis via Power Curve, Flow Patterns and k L a (2020)

Mixing operations in biological processes is of utmost importance due to its effect on scaling-up and heat and mass transfer. This paper presents the characterization of a bench-top bioreactor with different impeller configurations, agitation and oxygen transfer rates, using CFD simulations and experimental procedures. Here, it is demonstrated that factors such as the type of impeller and the flow regime can drastically vary the operation as in the preparation of cultures. It was observed that the bioreactor equipped with a Rushton generates a k L a of 0.0056 s−1 for an agitation velocity and airflow rate of 250 RPM and 5 L/min, respectively. It is suitable result for the dissolved oxygen (DO) but requires a considerable amount of power consumption. It is here where the importance of the agitator’s diameter can be observed, since, in the case of the two propeller types studied, lower energy consumption can be achieved with a smaller diameter, as well as a much smaller shear cup 2.376 against 0.723 s−1 by decreasing by 4 cm the standard diameter of an agitated tank (10 cm). Finally, the k L a values obtained for the different configurations are compared with the maximum shear rate values of different cell cultures to highlight the impact of this study and its applicability to different industries that use agitation processes for cell growth.
Protein Kinase Functions (2000)

Abstract Since the publication of Protein Kinases in 1994 many novel protein kinases have been discovered, but perhaps more importantly there have been dramatic advances in our understanding of the cellular functions of this remarkably diverse class of proteins. Protein Kinase Functions is not just an update of the previous edition but provides a new focus on the context and function of protein kinases, thus reflecting the recent advances in kinase biology. Chapters on genetic approaches to protein kinase functions, the MAP kinase pathway, and cyclin-dependent kinases have been completely updated and new topics covered in depth are: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling, JAK-STAT signalling, suppression of tyrosine kinases by the SOCS family proteins, the TGFß superfamily, and the involvement of protein kinases in response to DNA damage. Throughout, emphasis is placed not on individual kinases, but on the functional aspects of the whole system and the relationship between processes and molecules. It is the aim of Protein Kinase Functions to enable the reader to assimilate, compare, and integrate the molecular machinery used by cells to co-ordinate and respond to their environments.
Prophylactic Treatment with Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-3 Ligand after Burn Injury Enhances Global Immune Responses to Infection (2008)

Severely burned patients are susceptible to infections with opportunistic organisms due to altered immune responses and frequent wound contamination. Immunomodulation to enhance systemic and local responses to wound infections may be protective after burn injury. We previously demonstrated that pretreatments with fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (Flt3) ligand (Flt3L), a dendritic cell growth factor, increase the resistance of mice to a subsequent burn injury and wound infection by a dendritic cell-dependent mechanism. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Flt3L administration after burn injury decreases susceptibility to wound infections by enhancing global immune cell activation. Mice were treated with Flt3L after burn injury and examined for survival, wound and systemic bacterial clearance, and immune cell activation after wound inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To gain insight into the local effects of Flt3L at the burn wound, localization of Langerhans cells was examined. Mice treated with Flt3L had significantly greater numbers of CD25-expressing T cells and CD69-expressing T and B cells, neutrophils, and macrophages after, but not before, infection. Overall leukocyte apoptosis in response to infection was decreased with Flt3L treatment. Survival and local and systemic bacterial clearance were enhanced by Flt3L. Langerhans cells appeared in the dermis of skin bordering the burn wound, and further increased in response to wound infection. Flt3L augmented the appearance of Langerhans cells in response to both injury and infection. These data suggest that dendritic cell enhancement by Flt3L treatments after burn injury protects against opportunistic infections through promotion of local and systemic immune responses to infection.
Impaired Mechanical Strength of Bone in Experimental Copper Deficiency (1993)

Copper, through its role as cofactor for lysyl oxidase, is essential for intra- and inter-molecular cross-links in collagen. Copper deficiency, in man and in animals, is associated with bone fragility ascribed to defective cross-links. To assess bone strength in copper-deficient animals, we designed a sensitive torsion-testing apparatus according to biomechanical considerations. Femora from 7 copper-deficient rats and from their pair-fed controls were tested in torsional loading until fracture. Significant decreases in the maximal sustained torque (t = 2.93, p < 0.05), in the ultimate angular deformation (t = 2.52, p < 0.05) and in the toughness (t = 2.88, p < 0.05) were demonstrated. In a complementary study, it was shown that the ash weight and the calcium content of the femora from the copper-deficient animals did not differ from those of the controls. It was likely, therefore, that the impaired mechanical strength was related to defects in the collagen component of bone.
Telenzepine is at least 25 times more potent than pirenzepine--a dose response and comparative secretory study in man. (1987)

Telenzepine is an analogue of pirenzepine with a higher potency and similar selectivity for M1-receptors in animals. In this placebo controlled, double blind, randomised study mean peptone stimulated gastric acid secretion (mean +/- SEM) of 10 male healthy subjects (58 +/- 6 mmol H+/3 h for placebo) was significantly and dose dependently inhibited by oral telenzepine (2 mg: 31 +/- 5, 3 mg: 23 +/- 5, 5 mg: 21 +/- 4 mmol H+/3 h). Telenzepine 3 and 5 mg were significantly stronger than pirenzepine 50 mg orally (37 +/- 8 mmol H+/3 h). Mean percentage acid inhibition was 37% for pirenzepine, and 48, 61, and 64% for 2, 3, and 5 mg telenzepine, respectively. Basal and peptone stimulated gastrin release was unaffected. Mean salivary output per three hours declined moderately from 156 +/- 45 g (placebo) to 136 +/- 45 g with pirenzepine and significantly to 88 +/- 28 g, 95 +/- 39 g and 39 +/- 13 g with telenzepine 2, 3, and 5 mg, respectively. There was a parallel effect on Na+, K+, Ca++ and amylase output in saliva. Near point vision was not altered by either drug. Pulse rates were lowered by both substances. Complaints of dry mouth were more frequent with telenzepine 5 mg. On a molar basis telenzepine proved to be a 25 and 50 times more potent inhibitor of gastric and salivary secretion, respectively.
Use-dependent growth of pyramidal neurons after neocortical damage (1994)

Unilateral damage to the forelimb representation area of the sensorimotor cortex in adult rats increases dendritic arborization of layer V pyramidal neurons of the contralateral homotopic cortex. Arbor size was maximum at approximately 18 d postlesion, following which there was a partial elimination, or pruning, of dendritic processes. These neural changes were closely associated with behavioral events. The overgrowth of dendrites was related in time to disuse of the contralateral (to the lesion) forelimb and over-reliance on the ipsilateral forelimb for postural and exploratory movements. The pruning of dendrites was related to a return to more symmetrical use of the forelimbs. To investigate the possibility that lesion-induced asymmetries in motor behavior contributed to dendritic arborization changes, movements of the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion were restricted during the period of dendritic overgrowth through the use of one-holed vests. This interfered with the increase in dendritic arborization. In contrast, animals that were allowed to use both forelimbs, or only the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion, showed the expected increases. When sham-operated rats were forced to use only one forelimb, no significant increases in arborization were found. Therefore, neither a lesion nor asymmetrical limb use alone could account for the dendritic overgrowth--it depended on a lesion-behavior interaction. Furthermore, greater sensorimotor impairments were found when the dendritic growth was blocked, suggesting that the neural growth and/or associated limb-use behavior were related to functional recovery from the cortical damage. Finally, in a second experiment, immobilization of the impaired limb during the pruning period did not prevent the elimination of processes. Thus, the pruning of neural processes was not related simply to the recovery of more symmetrical forelimb use. There may be a period early after brain damage during which marked neural structural changes can occur in the presence of adequate behavioral demand.
Background Optical Noises Circumvention in LED Optical Wireless Systems Using OFDM (2013)

Background optical noises generated by the conventional fluorescent light sources or AC-power light-emitting diode (LED) can significantly affect the performance of the LED optical wireless communication and produce challenges to implementation. We demonstrate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to effectively circumvent the optical background noises. Besides, by using simple equalization at the receiver side, the transmission capacity can be extended from 1 Mb/s to 12 Mb/s. The theory and analysis of the equalization are presented. Experiments at different data rates and different OFDM subcarriers are preformed, and results show that, by adjusting the number of OFDM subcarriers, the influence of the background optical noises can be significantly circumvented.
Risk Factors for Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infections in an Outbreak of Disease among Military Trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002 (2004)

An outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin infections was observed in a population of U.S. military trainees in the summer of 2002. A questionnaire was developed and administered to 206 trainees, 22 of whom had MRSA infections. Factors associated with infection were described by multivariable logistic regression modeling and included having a roommate in training with a prior skin infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.44) or having a family member or friend who worked in a health care setting (OR = 2.79). Previous antibiotic use, hospitalization, or health problems were not associated with MRSA infection. This outbreak of MRSA skin infections in an otherwise-healthy, well-defined, military population provided an opportunity to describe risk factors for CA-MRSA which may help focus prevention efforts in this and other communities.
Syntaxin 5 regulates the endoplasmic reticulum channel-release properties of polycystin-2 (2008)

Polycystin-2 (PC2), the gene product of one of two genes mutated in dominant polycystic kidney disease, is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channel family and can function as intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) release channel. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen by using the NH(2) terminus of PC2 and identified syntaxin-5 (Stx5) as a putative interacting partner. Coimmunoprecipitation studies in cell lines and kidney tissues confirmed interaction of PC2 with Stx5 in vivo. In vitro binding assays showed that the interaction between Stx5 and PC2 is direct and defined the respective interaction domains as the t-SNARE region of Stx5 and amino acids 5 to 72 of PC2. Single channel studies showed that interaction with Stx5 specifically reduces PC2 channel activity. Epithelial cells overexpressing mutant PC2 that does not bind Stx5 had increased baseline cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores, and reduced Ca(2+) release from ER stores in response to vasopressin stimulation. Cells lacking PC2 altogether had reduced cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Our data suggest that PC2 in the ER plays a role in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and that Stx5 functions to inactivate PC2 and prevent leaking of Ca(2+) from ER stores. Modulation of the PC2/Stx5 interaction may be a useful target for impacting dysregulated intracellular Ca(2+) signaling associated with polycystic kidney disease.
Mutant Forms of the <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i> Transcriptional Activator NifA Resistant to Inhibition by the NifL Regulatory Protein (2002)

The Azotobacter vinelandii sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator protein NifA is regulated by the NifL protein in response to redox, carbon, and nitrogen status. Under conditions inappropriate for nitrogen fixation, NifL inhibits transcription activation by NifA through the formation of the NifL-NifA protein complex. NifL inhibits the ATPase activity of the central AAA+ domain of NifA required to drive open complex formation by sigma(54)-RNA polymerase and may also inhibit the activator-polymerase interaction. To analyze the mechanism of inhibition in greater detail, we isolated NifA mutants which are resistant to the inhibitory action of NifL. Mutations in both the amino-terminal GAF domain and the catalytic AAA+ domain of NifA were isolated. Several mutants blocked inhibition by NifL in response to both nitrogen and redox status, whereas some of the mutant NifA proteins were apparently able to discriminate between the forms of NifL present under different environmental conditions. One mutant protein, NifA-Y254N, was resistant to NifL under conditions of anaerobic nitrogen excess but was relatively sensitive to NifL under aerobic growth conditions. The properties of the purified mutant protein in vitro were consistent with the in vivo phenotype and indicate that NifA-Y254N is not responsive to the nitrogen signal conveyed by the interaction of NifL with A. vinelandii GlnK but is responsive to the oxidized form of NifL when ADP is present. Our observations suggest that different conformers of NifL may be generated in response to discrete signal transduction events and that both the GAF and AAA+ domains of NifA are involved in the response to NifL.
Comparison of Faxén’s correction for a microsphere translating or rotating near a surface (2009)

Boundary walls in microfluidic devices have a strong influence on the fluid flow and drag forces on moving objects. The Stokes drag force acting on a sphere translating in the fluid is increased by the presence of a neighboring wall by a factor given by Faxén's correction. A similar increase in the rotational drag is expected when spinning close to a wall. We use optical tweezers to confirm the translational drag correction and report the hitherto unmeasured rotational equivalent. We find that the corrections for the rotational motion is only required for particle-wall separations an order of magnitude shorter than that for the translational cases. These results are particularly significant in the use of optical tweezers for measuring viscosity on a picolitre scale.
Depth-resolved imaging of colon tumor using optical coherence tomography and fluorescence laminar optical tomography (2016)

Early detection of neoplastic changes remains a critical challenge in clinical cancer diagnosis and treatment. Many cancers arise from epithelial layers such as those of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Current standard endoscopic technology is difficult to detect the subsurface lesions. In this research, we investigated the feasibility of a novel multi-modal optical imaging approach including high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-sensitivity fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT) for structural and molecular imaging. The C57BL/6J-Apc<sup>Min</sup>/J mice were imaged using OCT and FLOT, and the correlated histopathological diagnosis was obtained. Quantitative structural (scattering coefficient) and molecular (relative enzyme activity) parameters were obtained from OCT and FLOT images for multi-parametric analysis. This multi-modal imaging method has demonstrated the feasibility for more accurate diagnosis with 88.23% (82.35%) for sensitivity (specificity) compared to either modality alone. This study suggested that combining OCT and FLOT is promising for subsurface cancer detection, diagnosis, and characterization.
Sector and polarisation dependent wideband indoor propagation channel measurement at 5.1 GHz for HIPERLAN (2002)

Three measurement campaigns carried out within the European project ADAMO are summarised. Complex impulse responses at 5.1 GHz have been measured in various environments, mainly indoor, in order to test and optimise angular and polarization diversity solutions, intended to mitigate multipath propagation. Both 6 sectors antennas and 3 sectors antennas with dual polarization have been considered. The results show a very significant improvement with respect to omnidirectional antennas in most cases.
Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue: State of the Art (2016)

The rates of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disease have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In recent years there has been renewed interest in combating these diseases not only by modifying energy intake and lifestyle factors, but also by inducing endogenous energy expenditure. This approach has largely been stimulated by the recent recognition that brown adipose tissue (BAT)—long known to promote heat production and energy expenditure in infants and hibernating mammals—also exists in adult humans. This landmark finding relied on the use of clinical fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and imaging techniques continue to play a crucial and increasingly central role in understanding BAT physiology and function. Herein, the authors review the origins of BAT imaging, discuss current preclinical and clinical strategies for imaging BAT, and discuss imaging methods that will provide crucial insight into metabolic disease and how it may be treated by modulating BAT activity. (©) RSNA, 2016
Synthesis of saturation arithmetic architectures (2003)

This paper describes a synthesis technique for automating the design of linear Digital Signal Processing (DSP) systems such as digital filters. The proposed methodology makes optimized use of saturation arithmetic to produce a small design implemented directly in hardware. An analytical technique is proposed to estimate the saturation error resulting from a particular implementation, and an optimization procedure is introduced to aim for the smallest implementation satisfying user-specified bounds on saturation and roundoff error. Results are presented illustrating significant speedup and area reduction compared with standard DSP design techniques: up to 22% improvement in area and 28% improvement in speed have been obtained on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementations.
Cellular protein kinase C isozyme regulation by exogenously delivered physiological disulfides--implications of oxidative protein kinase C regulation to cancer prevention (2003)

We reported previously that cystine produces regulatory responses in purified, recombinant human protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta) and PKCepsilon via S-thiolation-triggered mechanisms that are consistent with a cancer preventive effect, i.e. stimulation of the pro-apoptotic, tumor-suppressive isozyme PKCdelta and inactivation of the growth-stimulatory, oncogenic isozyme PKCepsilon, at S-cysteinylation stoichiometries that correspond to modification of a single redox-regulatory cysteine (Cys) switch in each isozyme. In this report, we show that the oxidative regulatory responses of purified PKCdelta and PKCepsilon to cystine are recapitulated in disulfide-treated cells. We report that treatment of COS7-PKCepsilon transfectants with the cystine precursor cystine dimethyl ester (CDME) produced concentration- and time-dependent PKCepsilon inactivation that was associated with oxidative PKCepsilon modification manifested as attenuated band intensity in PKCepsilon immunoblot analyses, and that both PKCepsilon inactivation and modification were reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT) as well as by thioredoxin. We also show that CDME induced biphasic PKCdelta regulation in COS7-PKCdelta transfectants, with DTT-irreversible PKCdelta stimulation at low and DTT-reversible PKCdelta inactivation at high CDME concentrations. The degrees of PKCdelta versus PKCepsilon inactivation by CDME treatment of COS7-PKC transfectants indicate substantial resistance of PKCdelta to inactivation. The PKCdelta stimulatory response in COS7-PKCdelta cells was triggered only by the disulfide agent and not by its reduced thiol counterpart, providing evidence for an oxidative mechanism. Also paralleling the oxidative stimulation of purified PKCdelta by cystine, the stimulation of PKCdelta elicited by CDME treatment of cells involved a stable structural change, which was evident from the stability of the stimulated form of PKCdelta to immunoprecipitation. Demonstration of oxidative regulation of cellular PKCdelta and PKCepsilon by disulfides in this report provides evidence that redox-regulatory sites in PKCdelta and PKCepsilon may offer novel targets for development of cancer preventive or therapeutic agents that selectively inactivate PKCepsilon or stimulate PKCdelta.
Internet multicast over asynchronous transfer mode (2002)

This paper discusses the issues surrounding deployment of Internet protocol (IF) multicasting (IPmc) capabilities in an asynchronous Transfer mode (ATM) environment. It describes the approach for supporting IPmc over ATM defined in a working draft specification under development in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), explains the MITRE Corporation's contribution to this approach, and suggests potential extensions to this working draft specification that may be useful for supporting military applications.
Crucial Parameters Responsible for Carbon Nanotubes Toxicity (2010)

The development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for biomedical and biotechnological applications has gained great promise recently, especially for their interesting use in the delivery of therapeutically active molecules to targeted cells. The interaction between cells and this nanomaterial is a critical feature that is responsible for the pharmacological effect as well as for any eventual toxicity. With respect to the latter aspect, in this manuscript we have evaluated a few parameters that seem to be involved in the cytotoxic profile of CNTs (both Single-walled (SWCNTs) and Multi-walled (MWCNTs) nanotubes), such as their sidewall functionalization, tubes length, solubility, concentration and purity. Among them, we identified the last as the most crucial factor: we have shown that our ultrapure, totally dispersible, carbon nanotubes not only display lack of toxicity in the range of concentrations normally used (10-150 μg/ml), but they also pave the way for an extensive use of this material for several biomedical purposes.
Konflikt in Organisationen (1976)

ZusammenfassungKonflikt ist ein vielfach verwendeter Terminus. Meistens wird er auf den Zusammenbruch der Standardmechanismen bei der Entscheidungsfindung angewandt, wenn ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe auf Schwierigkeiten bei der Auswahl einer Aktionsalternative stößt. An diese allgemeine Definition wollen wir uns hier halten. Konflikt entsteht also, wenn ein Individuum oder eine Gruppe auf ein Entscheidungsproblem stößt. Wir werden nachfolgend spezifische Konfliktarten anführen, die durch das Entscheidungsmodell definiert sind, das wir bereits oben behandelt haben.