gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Aging Characteristics of Selected PMA using HP-GPC (2004)

산화는 아스팔트에서 대형분자(LMS : Large Molecular Size) 양의 증가를 야기하고 바인더의 경화에 주요 원인이 되므로 바인더 산화를 저감시키면 도로 및 공항 포장의 공용수명 연장을 기대할 수 있다. 바인더 산화는 혼합물을 도로에 깔기 전에 가열된 골재와 혼합하는 동안과 아스팔트 포장이 시공된 후 공용기간 동안에 일어난다. 본 연구에서는 바인더를 단기 및 장기노화 처리 후 LMS의 양적 증가를 HP-GPC (High-Pressure Gel-Permeation Chromatography)의 자료에 근거하여 해석하였다 개질 아스팔트는 LMS의 증가율이 아스팔트의 종류에 따라 다를 지라도 단기노화 후 LMS의 20-30%증가. 장기노화 후 2배 이상의 증가를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 개질 아스팔트의 노화특성을 관찰하기 위하여 사용된 개질제는 선행 연구에서 큰 역학적 특성 향상을 보인 LDPE(Low-Density Polyethylene)와 SBS(Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene block copolymers) 를 사용하였다. LDPE로 개질한 바인더는 단 장기노화 후 LMS의 증가 비율이 상당히 낮았다. 이와 같이 낮은 LMS의 증가는 LDPE 개질 아스팔트가 노화 처리되는 동안에 일반 아스팔트보다 덜 노화가 진행된다는 것을 의미한다 이는 아스팔트 시멘트 내에 분산된 LDPE 입자가 산화 노화작용을 방해하기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 【Oxidation causes increment of the quantity of large molecular size or LMS in asphalt and is a major reason for hardening of asphalt binder. An extended service life of pavement on a road is expected by reducing oxidation of binder. Oxidation of binder occurs during hot mixing with aggregates before placement on road and then during in-service after the asphalt pavement is constructed. Quantitative increase of LMS as result of aging after RTFO and PAV was analyzed based on the data from high-pressure gel-permeation chromatography (HP-GPC). Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) after RTFO procedure showed 20-30% increment in LMS and then after PAV procedure more than twice, although the percentage of increment was different according to asphalt brand and grade. The PMAs containing LDPE or SBS, which showed a great mechanical property improvement in previous studies, were selected for characterizing PMA aging In this study. Considerably reduced increment of LMS was observed from the PMA containing LDPE after RTFO and PAV procedures. The GPC result showing the binder with less LMS increment means that the asphalt while being mixed with LDPE was aged less during the aging treatment. The dispersed particle of LDPE in asphalt cement seems to disturb oxidative aging reaction and evaporation.】
Identification of Geranic Acid, a Tyrosinase Inhibitor in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (2007)

Lemongrass is a popular Asian herb having a lemon-like flavor. Very recently, potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity has been found in lemongrass in addition to various biological activities reported in the literature. The aim of the present study is to identify the active compounds in the lemongrass. An assay-guided purification revealed that one of the active substances was geranic acid. Geranic acid has two stereoisomers, which are responsible for the trans and cis geometry on the conjugated double bond. Both isomers are present in the active ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the lemongrass, and their IC50 values were calculated to be 0.14 and 2.3 mM, respectively. The structure requirement of geranic acid for the potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity was investigated using geranic acid-related compounds.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF SOME NICKEL(II)<font>β</font>-KETOAMINES AND THEIR ADDUCTS WITH 2,2′-BIPYRIDINE AND 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE (2002)

ABSTRACT A series of nickel(II) β-ketoimine complexes, {Ni[CH3-C(O)CHC(CH3)NR]2, R=CH3, C4H9}, and ketoiminates, {Ni[CH3C(O)CH(CH3)C(-N(CH2)nN-)C(CH3)CHC(O)CH3], n=2, 6, 8, 9}, and their adducts with 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ketoimine ligands coordinate to the nickel atom in a bidentate fashion using the N2O2 chromophore. A range of stereochemistries was observed for the nickel(II) ketoiminates from four-coordinate tetrahedral and square-planar geometry to six-coordinate octahedral geometry. Conductivity measurements indicate that the compounds are non-electrolytes. The influence of bridging chain lengthening on the adopted geometry is discussed and possible structures for the compounds are suggested.
Pretreatment of murine donor grafts with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester: elimination of graft-versus-host disease without detrimental effects on engraftment (1990)

Incubation of murine bone marrow and splenocytes with the dipeptide methyl ester, L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (Leu-Leu-OMe), which results in the selective depletion of cytotoxic T cells and their precursors, natural killer cells, and monocytes, completely protected 30 recipients of fully allogeneic donor grafts from lethal graft-versus- host disease (GVHD). These results were comparable with those obtained in 30 recipients of anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement (C')-treated donor marrow. However, in contrast to antibody- and C'-dependent T-cell depletion, which reduces the level of donor cell engraftment in our model system, we did not observe such effects using Leu-Leu-OMe marrow pretreatment. As compared with the 24 H-2 typed recipients of anti-Thy 1.2 + C'-treated donor grafts, the 29 H-2 typed recipients of Leu-Leu- OMe-treated donor grafts had significantly (P less than .001) higher percentages of donor cells (mean = 93% v 74%) and significantly (P less than .001) lower percentages of host cells (mean = 6% v 15%) posttransplantation. In vitro limiting dilution assay (LDA) was performed to assess the comparative efficacy of cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) precursor depletion by Leu-Leu-OMe or anti-Thy 1.2 + C' pretreatment. We observed greater levels of CTL precursor depletion in Leu-Leu-OMe treated as compared with anti-Thy 1.2 + C'-treated bone marrow plus spleen cells (BMS) obtained from nontransplanted mice. This suggests that the in vivo results cannot simply be attributed to a less efficacious functional inactivation of cytolytic T-cell precursors by Leu-Leu-OMe treatment as compared with anti-Thy 1.2 + C' treatment. Immunoreconstitution was similar in recipients of Leu-Leu-OMe-treated grafts and anti-Thy 1.2 + C'-treated grafts 100 days posttransplant. In our opinion, Leu-Leu-OMe marrow pretreatment deserves further investigation as a methodology to achieve GVHD prevention without significantly reducing the propensity toward host cell repopulation.
Risk management for a global supply chain planning under uncertainty: Models and algorithms (2009)

Abstract In this article, we consider the risk management for mid‐term planning of a global multi‐product chemical supply chain under demand and freight rate uncertainty. A two‐stage stochastic linear programming approach is proposed within a multi‐period planning model that takes into account the production and inventory levels, transportation modes, times of shipments, and customer service levels. To investigate the potential improvement by using stochastic programming, we describe a simulation framework that relies on a rolling horizon approach. The studies suggest that at least 5% savings in the total real cost can be achieved compared with the deterministic case. In addition, an algorithm based on the multi‐cut L‐shaped method is proposed to effectively solve the resulting large scale industrial size problems. We also introduce risk management models by incorporating risk measures into the stochastic programming model, and multi‐objective optimization schemes are implemented to establish the tradeoffs between cost and risk. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed stochastic models and decomposition algorithms, a case study of a realistic global chemical supply chain problem is presented. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Variation of natural<sup>15</sup>N abundance of crops and soils in Japan with special reference to the effect of soil conditions and Fertilizer application (1990)

Abstract The natural 15N abundance (δ15N) of the crops subjected to long-term fertilizer treatments under paddy and upland conditions in the different experimental stations throughout Japan were analyzed. The δ15N values of the grains of paddy rice which were +6.3‰ on the average in the fields without application of chemical fertilizers decreased by the treatment with chemical fertilizers. The average δ15N values of the upland crops were lower than those of paddy rice without application of N fertilizers. The δ15N values of upland crops decreased with the dose of chemical fertilizer N, but increased with the application of composts containing animal feces. The pot experiments using three soils showed that the δ15N values of paddy rice were higher than those of upland rice and sorghum and that these values were comparable to the δ15N values of ammonium and nitrate produced in the incubated soils, respectively. The δ15N values of fertilizer N absorbed by paddy rice were higher than those of fertilizer N, whereas the δ15N values of the fertilizer N in upland rice and sorghum were increased in the alluvial soils but decreased in Andosols as compared to those of fertilizer N applied. The δ15N values of the Andosols in Japan showed small variations, with an average value of +6.5‰, whereas those of alluvial soils in Japan showed large variations with an average value lower than that of Andosols.
Probiotic encapsulation (2013)

Encapsulation technologies are used to keep probiotic cell viable throughout storage, commercialization and use in food products, so that these cells are active during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the most common encapsulation technologies and encapsulation materials used for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria under adverse external conditions. Illustrations are presented to facilitate the understanding of the various encapsulation methodologies. Supercritical fluid technologies for encapsulation as well as new wall materials are discussed. It is concluded that several variables affect the viability of encapsulated probiotic cells and therefore optimization tools including response, genetic algorithms, quadratic sequential programming are needed for appropriate material selection.   Key words: Lactic acid bacteria, lyophilization, spray drying, extrusion, cellular viability.
Stimulated emission in a nanostructured silicon pn junction diode using current injection (2004)

Stimulated emission at bandgap energy of 1.1 eV was observed in a silicon nanostructured pn junction diode using current injection at room temperature. Nonuniform diffusion using spin-on boron dopant mixed with silicon dioxide nanoparticles was used to fabricate the device. The spatial confinement of carriers through such localization structures contributes to the enhancement of the stimulated emission. The experimental results show a drastic increase in the optical power and multiple spectral peaks at wavelengths longer than the main peak of spontaneous emission through various phonon-assisted radiative recombination processes. When the injection current significantly exceeds a threshold, a single peak dominates, exhibiting stimulated emission.
Integration of computational stratigraphy models and seismic data for subsurface characterization (2017)

Abstract Computational stratigraphy provides a method to model depositional and stratigraphic processes on a grain size scale while honoring physics-based flow dynamics. Using rock-physics equations and assumptions, these computational stratigraphy models can be converted to rock properties such as velocity and density. The rock-physics properties are in turn used to generate synthetic seismic data, which allow studying the seismic expression of stratigraphic features on different scales. These models and their application to existing hydrocarbon reservoirs can provide new insight into connectivity and other characteristics of subsurface reservoirs that are not provided by traditional reservoir-modeling approaches.
Generative Design of Electromagnetic Structures Through Bayesian Learning (2017)

We propose a novel Bayesian learning algorithm, Bayesian clique learning (BCL), for searching the optimal electromagnetic (EM) design parameter by using the structural property of EM simulation data set. Our method constructs a new topological structure called statistical clique that encodes EM information, which reduces our search space by cutting down unnecessary data. Our BCL then search optimum design parameters by exploiting embedded cliques in the data. Our BCL allows us to reuse learning parameters from the trained EM data set to the new EM data set with little modifications. We classify our data in three ranges and run our learning to find range specific parameters. Our learning algorithm is scalable, and works on any general EM structure for automated design. We have given a bound for the computational complexity of our method and discuss the tradeoff of the complexity with the uncertainty. We compare the computational complexity of two different EM structures that has weakly linear negative correlated data sets.
Linking etiologies in humans and animal models: Studies of autism (1997)

Thalidomide has been shown to lead to a high rate of autism when exposure occurs during the 20th to 24th d of gestation. Both the critical period and the neurological deficits of the autistic cases indicate that they have sustained injuries to the cranial nerve motor nuclei. To determine whether such lesions characterize other cases of autism, the brain stem of an autistic case was compared to that of a control. The autopsy case showed abnormalities predicted by the thalidomide cases and evidence of shortening of the brain stem, a defect that could have occurred only during neural tube closure. To test whether animals can be similarly injured but remain viable, rats were treated with 350 mg/kg of valproic acid on day 11.5, 12, or 12.5 of gestation. Neuron counts showed reductions of cell numbers in the cranial nerve motor nuclei. Rats with motor neuron deficits also had cerebellar anomalies like those reported in studies of autistic cases, supporting the idea that these animals may be a useful model of the developmental injury that initiates autism.
Low frequency oscillations damping by STATCOM with a fuzzy supplementary controller (2003)

This paper presents a study of the application of a STATCOM to enhance the damping of an inter-area oscillation exhibited by a two-area four-machine interconnected power system. The adaptive fuzzy controller, of which the parameters art tuned by orthogonal least squares (OLS) training algorithm, is incorporated into the supplementary control of STATCOM. Comparing to gradient descent algorithm, which may get trapped at a local minimum of the chosen optimization criterion during the learning procedure, the use of OLS algorithm give a faster and more robust parameter estimation. The inter-area oscillation damping is improved more by the STATCOM. The simulation results show that the designed fuzzy controller is efficient in damping power oscillations, and has better performance than the linear counterpart when operating condition changes.
Vasorelaxant Properties of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in the Mouse: Evidence for Endothelium Involvement Independent of Nitric Oxide Formation (1999)

PTH-related peptide is produced in vascular smooth muscle and is believed to participate in the local control of vascular tone. The recent identification of mid-region PTHrP peptides, as well as the discovery of multiple receptors in blood vessels, raises new questions concerning the mechanisms by which PTHrP relaxes the vasculature. In this study, we examined these mechanisms in two vascular beds of the mouse. PTHrP-(1–34) and PTH-(1–34), but not PTHrP-(38–64) or PTHrP-(38–94), caused concentration-dependent relaxation of precontracted aortas and reduced the spontaneous phasic activity of the portal vein. PTHrP and PTH-induced aortic relaxations were largely endothelium dependent, whereas an intact endothelium was not necessary for maximal portal vein relaxation. The endothelium-dependent component of PTHrP and PTH-induced aortic relaxations were unaffected by pretreatment with either L-NNA or indomethacin but were abolished by pretreatment with tetrabutyl ammonium. These results demonstrate that the N-terminal portions of PTHrP and PTH are required for their vasorelaxant activity in the mouse. In addition, maximal relaxant activity of PTHrP and PTH in murine aorta is dependent on the endothelium, which appears to involve the generation of an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.
Characterization of Terfenol-D for magnetostrictive transducers (1990)

Measurements were made of the piezomagnetic d33 coefficient, the free permeability, ̈33T, and the open-circuit elastic compliance coefficient, s3311, of grain-oriented Terfenol-D, Tb0.3 Dy0.7 Fe1.93, produced by a modified Bridgman technique. Prestress levels to 9500 psi (64 MPa) and magnetic bias fields up to 2200 Oe (175 kA/m) were applied with a laboratory electromagnet modified so that one pole piece served as a hydraulically actuated piston. The results indicate that d33, ̈33T, and s3311 are dependent on stress and magnetic field, so that proper mechanical prestress and magnetic bias conditions are critical to the successful use of Terfenol-D in transducers and actuators. Radiated-power limits for underwater acoustic projectors are estimated and compared with those for projectors having lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) piezoelectric drivers. Terfenol-D based transducers can be as much as 8 dB superior to PZT-4 under low-Q, field-limited conditions (Q = mechanical quality factor). Terfenol-D is not superior to PZT under high-Q, stress-limited conditions.
X-ray powder diffraction patterns of two Y-type hexagonal ferrites (1993)

Improvements of standard X-ray powder diffractograms of two Y-type hexagonal ferrites (Ba 2 Co 2 Fe 12 O 22 , Ba 2 Zn 2 Fe 12 O 22 ) are reported.
Sharing Mobile Code Securely with Information Flow Control (2012)

Mobile code is now a nearly inescapable component of modern computing, thanks to client-side code that runs within web browsers. The usual tension between security and functionality is particularly acute in a mobile-code setting, and current platforms disappoint on both dimensions. We introduce a new architecture for secure mobile code, with which developers can use, publish, and share mobile code securely across trust domains. This architecture enables new kinds of distributed applications, and makes it easier to reuse and evolve code from untrusted providers. The architecture gives mobile code considerable expressive power: it can securely access distributed, persistent, shared information from multiple trust domains, unlike web applications bound by the same-origin policy. The core of our approach is analyzing how flows of information within mobile code affect confidentiality and integrity. Because mobile code is untrusted, this analysis requires novel constraints on information flow and authority. We show that these constraints offer principled enforcement of strong security while avoiding the limitations of current mobile-code security mechanisms. We evaluate our approach by demonstrating a variety of mobile-code applications, showing that new functionality can be offered along with strong security.
Oxidative stress response in two representative bacteria exposed to atrazine (2012)

Bacteria are present extensively in the environment. Investigation of their antioxidant properties will be useful for further study on atrazine stress tolerance of bacteria and the defense mechanism of antioxidant enzymes against atrazine or other triazine herbicides. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) from one Gram-negative representative strain Escherichia coli K12 and one Gram-positive representative strain Bacillus subtilis B19, respectively, were tested for response to atrazine stress. The results indicated that SOD, CAT, GST and T-AOC were induced upon exposure to atrazine. The growth of two bacteria was better in the absence than in the presence of atrazine, indicating that atrazine can decrease bacterial growth. The changes of enzyme activities indicate the presence of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induced by atrazine may be due to imbalance of redox potential in bacterial cells, which leads to bacterial metabolic disorder.
Correlation Between Cannabidiol-Induced Reduction of Infarct Volume and Inflammatory Factors Expression in Ischemic Stroke Model (2017)

The results of this study indicate that cannabidiol reduced cerebral infarction possibly through diminishing TNFR1/NF-κB-induced neurotoxicity in transient focal cerebral ischemia.
New analytic expressions for mutual inductance and resistance of coupled interconnects on lossy silicon substrate (2002)

A new analytic model for series mutual impedance of coupled interconnects on lossy silicon substrate is presented. The model includes the frequency-dependent distribution of the current on the silicon substrate (the substrate skin effect). From this model, simple formulas for accurate calculation of the frequency dependent distributed mutual inductance and the associated series mutual resistance of coupled interconnects on a silicon substrate are derived. The validity of the proposed formulas has been checked by comparison with equivalent circuit model data and corresponding full wave solutions. Through this work, it is found that the effect of the semiconducting substrate return path on the transmission behaviour of the interconnects must be well modeled for accurate prediction of the resistance and inductance over the whole frequency range.
Efficient error correction for next-generation sequencing of viral amplicons (2012)

Both algorithms, KEC and ET, are highly suitable for rapid recovery of error-free haplotypes obtained by 454-sequencing of amplicons from heterogeneous viruses.The implementations of the algorithms and data sets used for their testing are available at: http://alan.cs.gsu.edu/NGS/?q=content/pyrosequencing-error-correction-algorithm.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Osteoarthritis Progression (2012)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rupture is a common sporting injury that frequently affects young, athletic patients. Apart from the functional problems of instability, patients with ACL deficient knees also develop osteoarthritis. Although this is frequently cited as an indication for ACL reconstruction, the relationship between ACL rupture, reconstruction and the instigation and progression of articular cartilage degenerative change is controversial.The purpose of this paper is to review the published literature with regards ACL rupture and the multifactorial causes for osteoarthritis progression, and whether or not this is slowed or stopped by ACL reconstruction.There is no evidence in the published literature to support the view that ACL reconstruction prevents osteoarthritis, although it may prevent further meniscal damage. It must be recognised that this conclusion is based on the current literature which has substantial methodological limitations.
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES OF MOUSE COMPLEMENT C3 DERIVED FROM NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF CLONED cDNA<sup>a</sup> (1983)

Peer Reviewed