gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clonality Analysis of Hematopoiesis in Essential Thrombocythemia: Advantages of Studying T Lymphocytes and Platelets (1997)

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a sustained elevation of the platelet count in the absence of other causes of thrombocytosis. ET is difficult to diagnose, and the demonstration of clonal hematopoiesis may be of value. However, clonality analysis of hematopoietic cells based on the study of the X-chromosome inactivation pattern is complicated by the observation that some normal females present skewed lyonization. Moreover, DNA methylation of X-linked genes in hematopoietic cells may differ from that in other tissues. Appropriate controls for skewed lyonization are therefore critical for the study of clonality. We developed two techniques based on X-chromosome inactivation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of polymorphisms, to study clonality in ET patients. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of IDS, P55, and G6PD mRNAs was used to examine the different hematopoietic cell lineages including platelets in patients heterozygous for these polymorphisms and analysis of the HUMARA gene methylation pattern permitted us to study clonality in all nucleated cell fractions of the other patients. Using both types of assay and T lymphocytes as a control tissue for lyonization, clonal hematopoiesis was demonstrated in 28 patients. In 14 patients, the granulocytes were polyclonal; among these patients, platelets were monoclonal in 3 cases, polyclonal in 7 cases, and in the remaining 4 cases this fraction could not be studied because the patients were homozygotes for all RNA markers. No conclusion about clonality could be drawn in 6 cases. Polyclonal hematopoiesis was found in all the cases of reactive thrombocytosis. These findings confirm the high frequency of monoclonal hematopoiesis in ET, the utility of studying platelets, and the possibility of using T lymphocytes as a control tissue for X-chromosome inactivation patterns.
Unconventional Myosins in Cell Movement, Membrane Traffic, and Signal Transduction (1998)

In the past few years genetic, biochemical, and cytolocalization data have implicated members of the myosin superfamily of actin-based molecular motors in a variety of cellular functions including membrane trafficking, cell movements, and signal transduction. The importance of myosins is illustrated by the identification of myosin genes as targets for disease-causing mutations. The task at hand is to decipher how the multitude of myosins function at both the molecular and cellular level-a task facilitated by our understanding of myosin structure and function in muscle.
Über die polymerisation von acrylsäurechlorid (1960)

Abstract Monomeres Acrylsäurechlorid wird mittels Azodiisobuttersäurenitril in Dioxan bei 50°C polymerisiert. Bei Ausschluß von Feuchtigkeit und Sauerstoff entstehen bis zu 90% Umsatz unvernetzte Polymere. Durch Reaktion mit flüssigem Ammoniak wurden Polyacrylamide erhalten, die zur viskosimetrischen Molgewichtsbestimmung dienten.
Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies Evaluated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (2001)

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to study the diversity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies. Optimized DGGE running conditions were applied to screen for variations in sequences cloned from amplicons originating from the nonstructural 5b (NS5b) gene of HCV in blood of hemophilia patients, intravenous drug users, and blood donors (five specimens from each study group, ca. 40 clones studied per specimen). Clones identified by DGGE as unique were sequenced. NS5b sequence entropy and mean genetic distance in hemophiliacs did not differ significantly from those in the other groups, pointing to a lack of correlation between HCV diversity and the multiplicity of past HCV exposures. DGGE was also applied to investigate variation in the HCV envelope 2/hypervariable region 1 (E2/HVR-1) in serum samples serially taken from two patients during the seroconversion phase of HCV infection. E2/HVR-1 sequence entropy changes were small and not correlated with rising anti-HCV antibody levels, reflecting mutational changes not mediated by antibody selection.
Coming up short on nonfinancial performance measurement. (2003)

Companies in increasing numbers are measuring customer loyalty, employee satisfaction, and other nonfinancial areas of performance that they believe affect profitability. But they've failed to relate these measures to their strategic goals or establish a connection between activities undertaken and financial outcomes achieved. Failure to make such connections has led many companies to misdirect their investments and reward ineffective managers. Extensive field research now shows that businesses make some common mistakes when choosing, analyzing, and acting on their nonfinancial measures. Among these mistakes: They set the wrong performance targets because they focus too much on short-term financial results, and they use metrics that lack strong statistical validity and reliability. As a result, the companies can't demonstrate that improvements in nonfinancial measures actually affect their financial results. The authors lay out a series of steps that will allow companies to realize the genuine promise of nonfinancial performance measures. First, develop a model that proposes a causal relationship between the chosen nonfinancial drivers of strategic success and specific outcomes. Next, take careful inventory of all the data within your company. Then use established statistical methods for validating the assumed relationships and continue to test the model as market conditions evolve. Finally, base action plans on analysis of your findings, and determine whether those plans and their investments actually produce the desired results. Nonfinancial measures will offer little guidance unless you use a process for choosing and analyzing them that relies on sophisticated quantitative and qualitative inquiries into the factors actually contributing to economic results.
Graphene and carbon nanofiber nanopaper for multifunction composite materials (2011)

The new structures and multifunctional materials is that it can achieve some other special functions while it has ability to carry, such as wave-transparent, absorbing, anti-lightning, anti-heat, anti-nuclear etc. It represents the direction of future development of structural materials. And graphene is the one of two-dimensional atomic crystal free substance only found in the existence and shows great importance for fundamental studies and technological applications due to its unique structure and a wide range of unusual properties. It exhibits great promise for potential applications in chemistry, materials, and many other technological fields. In this paper, we prepare nanopaper through physical vapor deposition (PVD) with a variety in the weight ratio between graphene and nanofiber. Then prepare composite materials with nanopaper and T300/AG80 prepreg by the meaning of autoclave molding. The morphology of nanopaper was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). And the electrical properties and the EMI shielding performances of these nanocomposites have been investigated experimentally by and four-point probe measurement and vector network analyzer. The experimental results indicate that the composites made from graphene and nanofiber nanopaper have highly electric capability, and the EMI shielding value of composites were all up to -15dB. In the same time the conductivity and the EMI shielding performances were improved with increasing the ratio of graphene in nanopaper. We tested the mechanical properties of composite materials at the same time. The average strength of composite materials is about 2000MPa, the elastic modulus is 130GPa above. We are sure that it can be used as the load-bearing structural material which has a multi-functional performance in the aviation field.
Development of ESD robustness enhancement of a novel 800V LDMOS multiple RESURF with linear P-top rings (2011)

In this work, a novel 800V multiple RESURF LDMOS structures with or without P+ insertion region next to drain were developed to study the enhancement of ESD robustness. Compare to conventional RESURF LDMOS structures, the proposed multiple RESURF LDMOS without P+ insertion is able to achieve a specific on-resistance of lower than 130 mΩcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> while maintaining a breakdown voltage of over 800 volts. Furthermore, by using an additional P+ insertion next to drain, multiple RESURF LDMOS not only can improve the ESD robustness, which is demonstrated by the conventional 4 kV HBM testing but also increase the breakdown voltage higher than 900 volts. The thermal distribution of proposed structure was also studied under the ESD robustness testing using the thermodynamic mode simulation.
Graphene-Quantum-Dot Assembled Nanotubes: A New Platform for Efficient Raman Enhancement (2012)

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), single or few-layer graphenes with a size of only several nanometers, are a new type of quantum dots (QDs) with unique properties. The assembly of QDs in a geometrically well-defined fashion opens up opportunities to obtain access to the full potential of assembled QDs by virtue of the collective properties of the ensembles. In the current study, we present the well-organized assembly of zero-dimensional (0D) functional GQDs into 1D nanotube (NT) arrays and demonstrate their remarkable potential as a new metal-free platform for efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. The hierarchically porous 1D nanotube structure of 0D GQDs has been prepared by electrophoresis deposition within a nanoporous AAO template. On the basis of the unique porous nanotube architecture of GQDs, the GQD-NTs could ensure a more efficient charge transfer between the target molecules and the GQDs and thus produce much stronger SERS effect, exceeding that on flat graphene sheets. The unique architecture of 1D nanotubes of 0D GQDs provides a new point of view for designing and fabricating SERS substrates.
Reboxetine: A Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor for the Treatment of Depression (2000)

Reboxetine has received two letters of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depression in adults. Upon completion of an additional US clinical study, reboxetine is likely to become a first-line agent in the management of depressive illness and a promising alternative for patients who have failed treatment with or do not tolerate serotonergic antidepressants.
Effect of Substituent Orientation on Selectivity between Polymerization and Cyclization: Polycondensation of (Alkylamino)benzoic Acid Dimer Phenyl Esters (2005)

Abstract Summary: The polymerization characteristics of (octylamino)benzoic acid dimer phenyl esters with para ‐ meta ( 2 ), meta ‐ para ( 3 ), and meta ‐ meta ( 4 ) orientation of the amino and carbonyl groups were investigated. While treatment of 2 or 3 with a base gave the cyclic dimer 6 as the main product, condensation of 4 with an initiator in the presence of a base afforded polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The condensation of 4 with an initiator in the presence of a base afforded polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution. image The condensation of 4 with an initiator in the presence of a base afforded polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution.
Fully Automated Intima Media Thickness Measurement of Posterior Wall in Longitudinal Ultrasound B-mode Scans (2014)

The robust measurement of the intima media thickness (IMT) of longitudinal common carotid artery (CCA) has an important clinical value because clinicians often use it as an important predictor to assess the possibility of potential cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to develop a fully automated algorithm to measure the IMT in the longitudinal ultrasound B-mode images. A completely automated algorithm for identification and calculation of IMT is proposed in this paper. Based on signal analysis, the algorithm can be divided into four steps. The first step is to automatically identify the lumen-intima (LI) interface points of posterior wall. Starting from the detected LI interface points, the second step uses the gradient-based method to locate the candidate media-adventitia (MA) interface points. The third step applies the canny edge detector to remove the outliers from the candidate points. The last step is to calculate the IMT from the final available points. On 35 ultrasound video sequences of the common carotid artery (CCA) taken from 13 healthy subjects, the results generated by the proposed method were compared to the manual annotated data. The proposed method yielded an IMT of 0.61 mm 0.085 (mean standard deviation) whereas the corresponding result yielded by the manual annotated ground truth data is 0.60 mm 0.1. The proposed method eliminates the need of manual initialization, and measures the IMT of the longitudinal CCA with high precision similar to the ones observed in the manual segmentations. It has the potential to be a suitable replacement for manual segmentation and measurement of the IMT.
Monitoring of cAMP Synthesis and Degradation in Living Cells (2006)

cAMP is an important second messenger with a plethora of cellular effects and biological roles. To monitor and visualize cAMP in intact living cells, electrophysiological and fluorescent methods have been developed based on activation of all three types of cAMP effectors: protein kinase A, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. In this review, we describe and compare these techniques in terms of their robustness, sensitivity and spatio-temporal resolution.
An Enzyme-Labile Linker Group for Organic Syntheses on Solid Supports (1998)

Lipases and esterases can be used to fragment the 4-acetyloxybenzyloxy group used as a linker for organic synthesis on solid supports. (A support-bound compound is shown on the right; the enzyme-labile bond is marked with an arrow.) This enzyme-initiated fragmentation proceeds under very mild conditions (pH 6-7, room temperature), and the compounds of interest (amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids; X=NH, O, CR<sub>2</sub> ) constructed by combinatorial chemistry can be released with complete selectivity.
Intermarket Analysis: Profiting from Global Market Relationships (2004)

Acknowledgments. Introduction to Intermarket Analysis. 1. A Review of the 1980s. 2. 1990 and the First Persian Gulf War. 3. The Stealth Bear Market of 1994. 4. The 1997 Asian Currency Crisis and Deflation. 5. 1999 Intermarket Trends Leading to Market Top. 6. Review of Intermarket Principles. 7. The NASDAQ Bubble Bursts in 2000. 8. Intermarket Picture in Spring 2003. 9. Falling Dollar During 2002 Boosts Commodities. 10. Shifting from Paper to Hard Assets. 11. Futures Markets and Asset Allocation. 12. Intermarket Analysis and the Business Cycle. 13. The Impact of the Business Cycle on Market Sectors. 14. Diversifying with Real Estate. 15. Thinking Globally. Appendix. Index.
Deep Neural Networks for Multiple Speaker Detection and Localization (2018)

We propose to use neural networks for simultaneous detection and localization of multiple sound sources in human-robot interaction. In contrast to conventional signal processing techniques, neural network-based sound source localization methods require fewer strong assumptions about the environment. Previous neural network-based methods have been focusing on localizing a single sound source, which do not extend to multiple sources in terms of detection and localization. In this paper, we thus propose a likelihood-based encoding of the network output, which naturally allows the detection of an arbitrary number of sources. In addition, we investigate the use of sub-band cross-correlation information as features for better localization in sound mixtures, as well as three different network architectures based on different motivations. Experiments on real data recorded from a robot show that our proposed methods significantly outperform the popular spatial spectrum-based approaches.
Constructions of rank modulation codes (2011)

Rank modulation is a way of encoding information to correct errors in flash memory devices as well as impulse noise in transmission lines. Modeling rank modulation involves construction of packings of the space of permutations equipped with the Kendall tau distance. We present several general constructions of codes in permutations that cover a broad range of code parameters. In particular, we show that a code that corrects Hamming errors can be used to construct a code for correcting Kendall errors. For instance, from BCH codes we obtain codes correcting t Kendall errors in n memory cells that support the order of n!/ log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sup> n! messages, for any t = 1, 2, .... We also construct families of codes that correct a number of errors that grows with n at varying rates, from Θ(n) to Θ(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ).
Site‐Selective Traceless Staudinger Ligation for Glycoprotein Synthesis Reveals Scope and Limitations (2011)

Making it traceless: A traceless Staudinger reaction between a specifically functionalized sugar phosphine and an azide-tagged protein allows the construction of well-defined reverse N-linked glycoproteins (see scheme). This reaction was applied to different azidoprotein substrates and its potentials and limitations are outlined. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Learning a Deep ConvNet for Multi-label Classification with Partial Labels (2019)

Deep ConvNets have shown great performance for single-label image classification (e.g. ImageNet), but it is necessary to move beyond the single-label classification task because pictures of everyday life are inherently multi-label. Multi-label classification is a more difficult task than single-label classification because both the input images and output label spaces are more complex. Furthermore, collecting clean multi-label annotations is more difficult to scale-up than single-label annotations. To reduce the annotation cost, we propose to train a model with partial labels i.e. only some labels are known per image. We first empirically compare different labeling strategies to show the potential for using partial labels on multi-label datasets. Then to learn with partial labels, we introduce a new classification loss that exploits the proportion of known labels per example. Our approach allows the use of the same training settings as when learning with all the annotations. We further explore several curriculum learning based strategies to predict missing labels. Experiments are performed on three large-scale multi-label datasets: MS COCO, NUS-WIDE and Open Images.
CNS Wound Healing Is Severely Depressed in Metallothionein I- and II-Deficient Mice (1999)

To characterize the physiological role of metallothioneins I and II (MT-I+II) in the brain, we have examined the chronological effects of a freeze injury to the cortex in normal and MT-I+II null mice. In normal mice, microglia/macrophage activation and astrocytosis were observed in the areas surrounding the lesion site, peaking at approximately 1 and 3 d postlesion (dpl), respectively. At 20 dpl, the parenchyma had regenerated. Both brain macrophages and astrocytes surrounding the lesion increased the MT-I+II immunoreactivity, peaking at approximately 3 dpl, and at 20 dpl it was similar to that of unlesioned mice. In situ hybridization analysis indicates that MT-I+II immunoreactivity reflects changes in the messenger levels. In MT-I+II null mice, microglia/macrophages infiltrated the lesion heavily, and at 20 dpl they were still present. Reactive astrocytosis was delayed and persisted at 20 dpl. In contrast to normal mice, at 20 dpl no wound healing had occurred. The rate of apoptosis, as determined by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, was drastically increased in neurons of ipsilateral cortex of the MT-I+II null mice. Our results demonstrate that MT-I+II are essential for a normal wound repair in the CNS, and that their deficiency impairs neuronal survival.
Applications of Microspectroscopy in the Near-Infrared Region (1989)

In this report, several applications of near-infrared microspectroscopy are illustrated using unmodified commercial instrumentation. The principal advantage of near-infrared microspectroscopy is the ability to analyze small samples which are totally absorbing in the mid-infrared region. Near-infrared analysis is shown to yield useful structural information about several different types of samples. Examples from the fields of materials science, single crystals, forensics and biological science are illustrated, and some tentative band assignments are made.
Advantages of paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) complexes having slow to intermediate water exchange properties as responsive MRI agents (2012)

Paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) complexes are exogenous contrast agents that have great potential to further extend the functional and molecular imaging capabilities of magnetic resonance. As a result of the presence of a central paramagnetic lanthanide ion (Ln(3+) ≠ La(3+) , Gd(3+) , Lu(3+) ) within the chelate, the resonance frequencies of exchangeable protons bound to the PARACEST agent are shifted far away from the bulk water frequency. This large chemical shift, combined with an extreme sensitivity to the chemical exchange rate, make PARACEST agents ideally suited for the reporting of significant biological metrics, such as temperature, pH and the presence of metabolites. In addition, the ability to turn PARACEST agents 'off' and 'on' using a frequency-selective saturation pulse gives them a distinct advantage over Gd(3+) -based contrast agents. A current challenge for PARACEST research is the translation of the promising in vitro results into in vivo systems. This short review article first describes the basic theory behind PARACEST contrast agents, their benefits over other contrast agents and their applications to MRI. It then describes some of the recent PARACEST research results: specifically, pH measurements using water molecule exchange rate modulation, T2 exchange contrast caused by water molecule exchange, the use of ultrashort TEs (TE < 10 µs) to overcome T2 exchange line broadening and the potential application of T2 exchange as a new contrast mechanism for MRI.
Comparison of direct wet mount and trichrome staining techniques for detecting Entamoeba species trophozoites in stools (1980)

Simulated freshly passed stools containing motile Entamoeba moshkovskii trophozoites were examined by direct wet mount and permanent (Trichrome) staining techniques. The percentage of detection by direct mount was 4.8%. The percentage of detection of the trophozoites by direct mount plus permanent stain was 58.5%. Laboratorians should be cautioned not to rely solely on the direct wet mount for detection or identification of protozoan trophozoites.