gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): A clinical and molecular review (2009)

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a tumour-prone disorder characterised by the development of multiple schwannomas and meningiomas. Prevalence (initially estimated at 1: 200,000) is around 1 in 60,000. Affected individuals inevitably develop schwannomas, typically affecting both vestibular nerves and leading to hearing loss and deafness. The majority of patients present with hearing loss, which is usually unilateral at onset and may be accompanied or preceded by tinnitus. Vestibular schwannomas may also cause dizziness or imbalance as a first symptom. Nausea, vomiting or true vertigo are rare symptoms, except in late-stage disease. The other main tumours are schwannomas of the other cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves; meningiomas both intracranial (including optic nerve meningiomas) and intraspinal, and some low-grade central nervous system malignancies (ependymomas). Ophthalmic features are also prominent and include reduced visual acuity and cataract. About 70% of NF2 patients have skin tumours (intracutaneous plaque-like lesions or more deep-seated subcutaneous nodular tumours). Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22. More than 50% of patients represent new mutations and as many as one-third are mosaic for the underlying disease-causing mutation. Although truncating mutations (nonsense and frameshifts) are the most frequent germline event and cause the most severe disease, single and multiple exon deletions are common. A strategy for detection of the latter is vital for a sensitive analysis. Diagnosis is based on clinical and neuroimaging studies. Presymptomatic genetic testing is an integral part of the management of NF2 families. Prenatal diagnosis and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is possible. The main differential diagnosis of NF2 is schwannomatosis. NF2 represents a difficult management problem with most patients facing substantial morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Surgery remains the focus of current management although watchful waiting with careful surveillance and occasionally radiation treatment have a role. Prognosis is adversely affected by early age at onset, a higher number of meningiomas and having a truncating mutation. In the future, the development of tailored drug therapies aimed at the genetic level are likely to provide huge improvements for this devastating condition.
Studies on Bound Water of Cellulose by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (1981)

The crystallization and melting of adsorbed water on cellulose samples such as cotton, kapok, linen, jute, various rayons, and wood cellulose have been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Two exothermic peaks of crystallization of adsorbed water on the cellulose samples are observed. One is a sharp peak (Peak I) observed at about 255 K in a DSC curve; the other is a broad peak (Peak II) observed at about 230-250 K. Judging from the amounts of water calculated from the results obtained by the DSC study, there seems to be some nonfreezing water which does not crystallize. Therefore, we have categorized water adsorbed on cellulose samples as one of three different kinds: free water (Peak I), freezing bound water (Peak II), and nonfreezing bound water. The bound water content is dependent on the degree of crystallinity of cellulose samples. The amounts of bound water estimated are from 1.0 to 2.2 moles per one glucose unit of cellulose. However, the amount of water bound to each glucose unit was 3.4 moles, if we took into consideration that water diffuses only into the amorphous region of each cellulose sample.
Epi-Shugarcaine with plain balanced salt solution for prophylaxis of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (2010)

In 2005, Chang andCampbell published their finding of the association between intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) and tamsulosin (Flomax), a systemic a1-adrenergic antagonist typically prescribed for symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome is characterized by loss of the normal muscle tone of the iris, resulting in persistent iris prolapse to the wound and intraoperative miosis. Since the first report, several preoperative and intraoperative strategies to combat this vexing problem have been designed. These strategies range from the use of preoperative cycloplegia with atropine, iris retractors, the Malyugin ring, altered fluidic parameters for phacoemulsification, and more retentive ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) such as sodium hyaluronate 2.3% (Healon5). In 2006, the late Joel Shugar hypothesized that high doses of intraoperative epinephrine (epi-Shugarcaine) could overcome the adrenergic blockade caused by tamsulosin to combat IFIS. The recipe for epi-Shugarcaine has been reported. It should be noted that epi-Shugarcaine can be safely formulated from fortified balanced salt solution (BSS Plus) or standard balanced salt solution (BSS). The purpose of this article is to review my experience with intraoperative epi-Shugarcaine in over 100 consecutive tamsulosin eyes. Beginning in 2006, our center began using epi-Shugarcaine formulated with standard balanced salt solution for known tamsulosin patients only. All surgery was performed using a standard technique consisting of topical anesthesia with lidocaine gel 2%, a 2.8 mm single-plane clear corneal
Test cost reduction for SoC using a combined approach to test data compression and test scheduling (2007)

A combined approach for implementing system level test compression and core test scheduling to reduce SoC test costs is proposed in this paper. A broadcast scan based test compression algorithm for parallel testing of cores with multiple scan chains is used to reduce the test data of the SoC. Unlike other test compression schemes, the proposed algorithm doesn't require specialized test generation or fault simulation and is applicable with intellectual property (IP) cores. The core testing schedule with compression enabled is decided using a generalized strip packing algorithm. The hardware architecture to implement the proposed scheme is very simple. By using the combined approach, the total test data volume and test application time of the SoC is reduced to a level comparable with the test data volume and test application time of the largest core in the SoC.
EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF BASE STATION POWER AMPLIFIERS USING DOHERTY TECHNIQUE (2004)

The power amplifiers are typically the most power-consuming block in wireless communication systems. Spectrum is expensive, and newer technologies demand transmission of maximum amount of data with minimum spectrum usage. This requires sophisticated modulation techniques, leading to wide, dynamic signals that require linear amplification. Although linear amplification is achievable, it always comes at the expense of efficiency. Most of the modern wireless applications such as WCDMA use non-constant envelope modulation techniques with a high peak to average ratio. Linearity being a critical issue, power amplifiers implemented in such applications are forced to operate at a backed off region from saturation. Therefore, in order to overcome the battery lifetime limitation, a design of a high efficiency power amplifier that can maintain the efficiency for a wider range of radio frequency input signal is the obvious solution. \nA new technique that improves the drain efficiency of a linear power amplifier such as Class A or AB, for a wider range of output power, has been investigated in this research. The Doherty technique consists of two amplifiers in parallel; in such a way that the combination enhances the power added efficiency of the main amplifier at 6dB back off from the maximum output power. \nThe classes of operation of power amplifier (A, AB, B, C etc), and the design techniques are presented. Design of a 2.14 GHz Doherty power amplifier has been provided in chapter 4. This technique shows a 15% increase in power added efficiency at 6 dB back off from the compression point. This PA can be implemented in WCDMA base station transmitter.
NPAS2 Compensates for Loss of CLOCK in Peripheral Circadian Oscillators (2016)

Heterodimers of CLOCK and BMAL1 are the major transcriptional activators of the mammalian circadian clock. Because the paralog NPAS2 can substitute for CLOCK in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker, CLOCK-deficient mice maintain circadian rhythms in behavior and in tissues in vivo. However, when isolated from the SCN, CLOCK-deficient peripheral tissues are reportedly arrhythmic, suggesting a fundamental difference in circadian clock function between SCN and peripheral tissues. Surprisingly, however, using luminometry and single-cell bioluminescence imaging of PER2 expression, we now find that CLOCK-deficient dispersed SCN neurons and peripheral cells exhibit similarly stable, autonomous circadian rhythms in vitro. In CLOCK-deficient fibroblasts, knockdown of Npas2 leads to arrhythmicity, suggesting that NPAS2 can compensate for loss of CLOCK in peripheral cells as well as in SCN. Our data overturn the notion of an SCN-specific role for NPAS2 in the molecular circadian clock, and instead indicate that, at the cellular level, the core loops of SCN neuron and peripheral cell circadian clocks are fundamentally similar.
A low-jitter frequency synthesizer with dynamic phase interpolation for high-speed Ethernet (2006)

A frequency synthesizer applied to 1000Base-T Ethernet transceiver as well as 10/100Base-T mode is described. A dynamic voltage-mode phase interpolator is used and a more precise analysis and calculation on degressive interpolating resistors are given. The design not only meets the transmitter's requirement of very accurate rising (falling) edge control but also offers much finer time-interval clocks compared to VCO natural multi-phase outputs. The chip was implemented in SMIC 0.18-/spl mu/m standard CMOS technology and achieves an RMS jitter of 11ps with the crystal oscillator reference RMS jitter of 16ps. The power is smaller than 4mW from a 1.8V power supply in all modes.
Long-term in vivo glucose monitoring using fluorescent hydrogel fibers (2011)

The use of fluorescence-based sensors holds great promise for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in vivo, allowing wireless transdermal transmission and long-lasting functionality in vivo. The ability to monitor glucose concentrations in vivo over the long term enables the sensors to be implanted and replaced less often, thereby bringing CGM closer to practical implementation. However, the full potential of long-term in vivo glucose monitoring has yet to be realized because current fluorescence-based sensors cannot remain at an implantation site and respond to blood glucose concentrations over an extended period. Here, we present a long-term in vivo glucose monitoring method using glucose-responsive fluorescent hydrogel fibers. We fabricated glucose-responsive fluorescent hydrogels in a fibrous structure because this structure enables the sensors to remain at the implantation site for a long period. Moreover, these fibers allow easy control of the amount of fluorescent sensors implanted, simply by cutting the fibers to the desired length, and facilitate sensor removal from the implantation site after use. We found that the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bonded polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel fibers reduced inflammation compared with PAM hydrogel fibers, transdermally glowed, and continuously responded to blood glucose concentration changes for up to 140 days, showing their potential application for long-term in vivo continuous glucose monitoring.
Investigation of the transformations of a novel anti-cancer agent combining HPLC, HPLC–MS and direct ESI–HRMS analyses (2009)

One of the main problems of anti-cancer therapy is an insufficient differentiation between normal and malignant cells by the known anti-proliferant agents. The antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a promising approach for a selective treatment of cancer, in which a non-toxic prodrug is enzymatically converted into a highly cytotoxic drug at the surface of malignant cells by a targeted antibody-enzyme conjugate. The transformations and the stability of a very promising novel prodrug and its corresponding cytotoxic derivative were now investigated in detail by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS). In order to determine the time-dependent DNA alkylation efficiency and the sequence selectivity of the novel compounds, DNA binding studies using direct electrospray-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-MS (ESI-FTICR-MS) have been performed. These measurements were accompanied by HPLC analyses followed by MS of the separated species to confirm the results of the direct ESI-FTICR-MS measurements. The sites of DNA alkylation could be identified unambiguously by the mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern of the alkylated oligodeoxynucleotides as well as by the results of HPLC followed by MS. A combination of all techniques applied led to a better understanding of the mode of action of the new therapeutics and might be used for an estimation of the cytotoxicity of different prodrugs and drugs since the alkylation efficiency correlates with the bioactivity of the compounds in cell culture investigations.
An Assessment of WorldView-1 Positional Accuracy based on Fifty Contiguous Stereo Pairs of Imagery (2010)

This paper presents an assessment of WorldView-1 3D positional extraction accuracy based on 50 overlapping and contiguous stereo pairs of WorldView-1 imagery covering approximately 50,000 square kilometers of the earth's surface. Absolute accuracy is both predicted using error propagation and measured using reference points. Shear, a form of relative accuracy, is also assessed between each overlapping stereo pair of images. Accuracy is assessed for two different processing approaches: extraction from individual stereo pairs, and extraction from stereo pairs following the fusion of information across all overlapping stereo pairs. The latter approach was implemented with Metric Information Network (MIN) processing, an efficient process with results equivalent to a simultaneous block adjustment. Both approaches used no ground control, although in a separate sub-experiment, MIN processing was supplemented with a sparse set of ground control (GPS surveyed) points.
Robustness of genome-wide scanning using archived dried blood spot samples as a DNA source (2011)

Our study indicates that archived DBS samples from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank represent a reliable resource of DNA for whole-genome amplification and subsequent genome-wide association studies. With call-rates equivalent to high quality DNA samples, our results point to new opportunities for using the neonatal biobanks available worldwide in the hunt for genetic components of disease.
Recursive solution to the multichannel filtering problem (1965)

Systems made up of arrays of sensors (seismographs, hydrophones, antennas, meteorological stations) receive geophysical data on a number of channels. Such multichannel data can be processed by means of a multichannel least-squares (Wiener) digital filter; the filter is determined by requiring that the sum of the mean-square errors between the desired outputs and the actual outputs for each channel be minimized. This requirement leads to a set of simultaneous linear equations, called the normal equations, where each element is itself a square matrix. The coefficients of the digital filter are given by the solution of these normal equations. An exact recursive procedure is derived for the numerical solution of the normal equations. In this recursive procedure advantage is taken of the fact that the matrix of the normal equations is an autocorrelation matrix, and hence is in the form of a Toeplitz matrix, namely one with equal elements along any diagonal. A set of auxiliary coefficients that are generated in the recursive procedure are the coefficients of matrix-valued polynomials which are the counterparts of the classical (scalar-valued) polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle. This set of auxiliary coefficients may also be used for a sideward recursion that corresponds to shifting the time index of the right-hand side of the normal equations. This sideward recursion is valuable in applications because it represents a relatively inexpensive way of determining the filter that incorporates the optimum time delay between the multichannel input signal and the multichannel output signal. The machine time required to solve the normal equations for a filter with m (matrix-valued) coefficients is proportional to m2 for the proposed recursive procedure, as compared with m3 for conventional techniques for the solution of simultaneous equations. Another advantage of using the recursive procedure is that it only requires computer storage space proportional to m, rather than to m2 as in the case of the conventional techniques.
Cantilever sensor with stress-concentrating piezoresistor design (2005)

A novel approach for enhancing the sensitivity of piezoresistive cantilever sensors is presented. Thin piezoresistive clamped-clamped silicon beams are released on the surface of the cantilever by a micromachining process sequence combining deep-reactive ion etching and anisotropic wet etching of silicon. A deflection of the cantilever sensor yields a stress concentration in these micromachined piezoresistive structures. Finite element simulations indicate an increase in both force and displacement sensitivity compared to a conventional cantilever beam with the same thickness. Devices have been fabricated and initial characterization has been performed. Under constant tip deflection of the cantilever, the new piezoresistor design shows an increase in the relative resistance change by a factor of 5.2 compared to a cantilever with the same thickness and conventional piezoresistor design
Paired Associative Stimulation of Left and Right Human Motor Cortex Shapes Interhemispheric Motor Inhibition based on a Hebbian Mechanism (2008)

This study was designed to examine whether corticocortical paired associative stimulation (cc-PAS) can modulate interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) in the human brain. Twelve healthy right-handed volunteers received 90 paired transcranial stimuli to the right and left primary motor hand area (M1(HAND)) at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 8 ms. Left-to-right cc-PAS (first pulse given to left M1(HAND)) attenuated left-to-right IHI for one hour after cc-PAS. Left-to-right cc-PAS also increased corticospinal excitability in the conditioned right M1(HAND). These effects were not seen in an asymptomatic individual with callosal agenesis. Additional experiments showed no changes in left-to-right IHI or corticospinal excitability when left-to-right cc-PAS was given at an ISI of 1 ms or at multiple ISIs in random order. At the behavioral level, left-to-right cc-PAS speeded responses with the left but not right index finger during a simple reaction time task. Right-to-left cc-PAS (first pulse given to right M1(HAND)) reduced right-to-left IHI without increasing corticospinal excitability in left M1(HAND). These results provide a proof of principle that cc-PAS can induce associative plasticity in connections between the targeted cortical areas. The efficacy of cc-PAS to induce lasting changes in excitability depends on the exact timing of the stimulus pairs suggesting an underlying Hebbian mechanism.
The Seasonal Impact of Blending Oxygenated Organics with Gasoline on Motor Vehicle Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions - Part II (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Evaporative and tailpipe emissions from a 1987 GM Corsica with adaptive learning closed loop control were measured with six fuels and four temperatures. Measured emissions were total (THC) and speciated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ethanol, MTBE, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, CO, and NOx.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Tests were also performed to determine the effect of air conditioning (AC) and oxygen sensor failure. In general, AC reduced Highway Fuel Economy emissions, increased FTP emissions, and reduced fuel economy for both test cycles. Oxygen sensor malfunction increased tailpipe emissions and fuel economy.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Higher levels of regulated tailpipe emissions were generally produced at the low test temperature. None of the fuels tested appeared to offer a consistent reduction in tailpipe THC and CO emissions under the conditions tested.</div>
Lawsonia intracellularis-like organism infection in a miniature foal. (1999)

A 7-month-old foal was admitted to the hospital with a history of lethargy, weight loss, mild diarrhea, and anorexia. A diagnosis of proliferative enteritis caused by Lawsonia intracellularis-like organisms was made after necropsy and histologic examination of the small intestine. Although infection with L intracellularis-like organisms is a rare cause of enteritis in foals, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially if the foal was housed in the proximity of pigs or pig feces. Antemortem diagnosis remains challenging because isolation of the organism in fecal material requires cell culture, and histologic evaluation of intestinal biopsy specimens may be unrewarding because of the lack of information regarding the frequency and distribution of lesions in horses. Alternatively, use of immunochemical stain, dot-blot technique, and polymerase chain reaction provide specific diagnostic tests that can be performed on fecal material. Postmortem diagnosis relies on histologic examination of infected tissues and use of immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction.
Technical note: A physical phantom for assessment of accuracy of deformable alignment algorithms (2007)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a simple deformable phantom as a QA tool for testing and validation of deformable image registration algorithms. A diagnostic thoracic imaging phantom with a deformable foam insert was used in this study. Small plastic markers were distributed through the foam to create a lattice with a measurable deformation as the ground truth data for all comparisons. The foam was compressed in the superior-inferior direction using a one-dimensional drive stage pushing a flat "diaphragm" to create deformations similar to those from inhale and exhale states. Images were acquired at different compressions of the foam and the location of every marker was manually identified on each image volume to establish a known deformation field with a known accuracy. The markers were removed digitally from corresponding images prior to registration. Different image registration algorithms were tested using this method. Repeat measurement of marker positions showed an accuracy of better than 1 mm in identification of the reference marks. Testing the method on several image registration algorithms showed that the system is capable of evaluating errors quantitatively. This phantom is able to quantitatively assess the accuracy of deformable image registration, using a measure of accuracy that is independent of the signals that drive the deformation parameters.
Design Optimization of a Compressor Loop Pipe using Response Surface Method (2004)

A compressor loop pipe is the most important part in a refrigerator from the view of structural vibration and noise. Vibration energy generated from a compressor’s inner body is transmitted to the shell and outside through the loop pipe. So it is very important to design a compressor loop pipe. But, for geometrical complexity and dynamic nonlinearity of the loop pipe, analysis and design of the loop pipe is very difficult. And the statistical and experimental methods have to be used for design of this system. Response surface method (RSM) becomes a popular meta-modeling technique for the complex system as this loop pipe. As starting point of loop pipe’s optimization, finite element model and simple experimental model are used instead of the real loop pipe model. After RS model was constructed, using sensitivity-based optimizer performed optimization. And moving least square method (MLSM) is employed to reduce approximation errors.