gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recombineering‐Based Procedure for Creating Cre/<i>lox</i>P Conditional Knockouts in the Mouse (2009)

Gene targeting in the mouse is an essential tool for studying gene function and creating models of human disease. The method described in this unit takes advantage of bacterial artificial chromosomes, Cre/loxP and FLPe/FRT systems, and recently evolved recombineering approaches to simplify the preparation of targeting constructs for generation of conditional knockout (CKO) animals. This method has been used to generate >30 CKO constructs, most of them successfully used to target mouse ES cells and establish mutant mice. Design and preparation of the CKO construct, as well as step-wise troubleshooting guidelines, are described in detail.
Gleason scores of prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens over the past 10 years (2002)

The authors' data suggest that rates of upgrading and downgrading of biopsy specimens differ between the 1989-1991 cases and the 1998-2000 cases, with the 1989-1991 samples exhibiting a significant change toward higher grades. Although not excluding the possibility of a change in the biology of prostate carcinoma over time, these findings suggest that the apparent trend toward higher biopsy grades in part may be because of how pathologists interpret these specimens today as compared with 10 years ago. Therefore, outcome studies including a biopsy Gleason score from older specimens as a risk variable have a significant chance of being vulnerable to this phenomenon. Based on the authors' data, all such specimens should undergo rereview.
Severity factor coefficients for subcritical liquid hot water pretreatment of hardwood chips (2013)

Single stage and multi-stage liquid hot water pretreatments of mixed hardwood pinchips were investigated at various severities (log R0 = 3.65-4.81) to assess the efficiencies of the pretreatments with respect to achieving high pentose sugar yields and improved enzymatic digestibility of pretreated cellulose. We investigate the effect of pretreatment parameters that is, temperature, and time, as expressed in the severity factor, on the recovery of sugars and hydrolyzability of pretreated cellulose. We find the severity factor, in its widely used form, is an incomplete measure for evaluating the pretreatment efficiencies and predicting overall sugar yields when pretreatment temperatures above 200°C are used. Corrections to the severity factor and its correlation to the measured pretreatment responses (% xylan solubilization, xylan recovery as fermentable sugars, cellulose enzymatic digestibility) indicate a greater influence of temperature on the pretreatment efficiencies than predicted by the commonly used severity factor. A low temperature, long residence time is preferred for hemicellulose dissolution during the pretreatment since the condition favors oligosaccharide and monomeric sugar formation over sugar degradation. On the contrary, high cellulose hydrolyzability is achieved with a high temperature (>200°C), high severity pretreatment when pretreatment is followed by enzyme hydrolysis. In multi-stage pretreatment, the first low-severity pretreatment is optimized for solubilizing fast-hydrolyzing hemicellulose while minimizing formation of furans. The subsequent pretreatment is carried out at over 200°C to recover the difficult-to-hydrolyze hemicellulose fraction as well as to increase susceptibility of pretreated cellulose to enzymes. High recovery (>92%) of hemicellulose-derived pentose sugars and enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose (where >80% glucose yield results with 20 FPU = 32 mg protein/g glucan or 10-13 mg/g initial hardwood) are achieved by applying a multi-stage pretreatment. This work shows how the severity equation may be used to obtain a single characteristic curve that correlate xylan solubilization and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis as a function of severity at pretreatment temperatures up to 230°C.
Adaptation of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Chicken Embryonic Fibroblasts by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Residues 279 and 284 of Viral Coat Protein VP2 (1999)

The full-length RNA genomes of a chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF)-nonpermissive, very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (strain HK46) were amplified into cDNAs by reverse transcription-PCR. The full-length cDNAs were sequenced and subcloned into a eukaryotic expression vector, from which point mutations were introduced into the VP2 region by site-directed mutagenesis. The wild-type and mutated plasmids were transfected directly into CEFs to examine their ability to generate CEF-permissive recombinant viruses. Substitution of amino acid residues 279 (Asp-->Asn) and 284 (Ala-->Thr) of the VP2 protein yielded a recombinant virus which was able to be passaged in CEFs, whereas the wild-type cDNAs and an amino acid substitution at residue 330 (Ser-->Arg) of the VP2 protein alone did not yield viable virus. The results indicated that mutation of other viral proteins, including VP1, VP3, VP4, and VP5, was not required for CEF adaptation of the virus. The same approach may be used to produce CEF-adapted strains from newly evolved IBDVs or to manipulate the antigenicity of the virus.
Self-Drilling and Self-Tapping Screws (2010)

Because the insertion of self-drilling screws is performed with manual pressure, irrigation is not essential. Unlike the drilling that occurs with self-tapping screw, the bone debris formed with self-drilling screws is not the result of the heat generated, but rather the result of biologically active bone tissue capable of reacting with the screw and improving its performance. The animal model used proved highly appropriate for comparisons with human beings because the bone structures of the head have the same density and thickness.
A Kinetic Simulation Model That Describes Catalysis and Regulation in Nitric-oxide Synthase (2001)

After initiating NO synthesis a majority of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) quickly partitions into a ferrous heme-NO complex. This down-regulates activity and increases enzyme K(m,O(2)). To understand this process, we developed a 10-step kinetic model in which the ferric heme-NO enzyme forms as the immediate product of catalysis, and then partitions between NO dissociation versus reduction to a ferrous heme-NO complex. Rate constants used for the model were derived from recent literature or were determined here. Computer simulations of the model precisely described both pre-steady and steady-state features of nNOS catalysis, including NADPH consumption and NO production, buildup of a heme-NO complex, changes between pre-steady and steady-state rates, and the change in enzyme K(m,O(2)) in the presence or absence of NO synthesis. The model also correctly simulated the catalytic features of nNOS mutants W409F and W409Y, which are hyperactive and display less heme-NO complex formation in the steady state. Model simulations showed how the rate of heme reduction influences several features of nNOS catalysis, including populations of NO-bound versus NO-free enzyme in the steady state and the rate of NO synthesis. The simulation predicts that there is an optimum rate of heme reduction that is close to the measured rate in nNOS. Ratio between NADPH consumption and NO synthesis is also predicted to increase with faster heme reduction. Our kinetic model is an accurate and versatile tool for understanding catalytic behavior and will provide new perspectives on NOS regulation.
A new way of generating grid-scroll chaos and its application to biometric authentication (2005)

A new circuit design is proposed for generating grid-scroll chaos in the phase plane by using a second-order linear system with a control of double-hysteresis series. The double-hysteresis series is constructed in a systematic way by using the basic double-hysteresis building blocks. With the proposed scheme, the number of scrolls can be arbitrarily assigned, and the multi-scroll chaotic attractors can be placed anywhere and can cover any chosen area in the phase plane. The grid-scroll chaotic attractor is applied to biometric (fingerprint image) authentication. In this application, a two-dimensional (2D) discrete chaotic image is created from these grid-scroll chaotic attractors. Some of the parameters of the 2D chaotic image are extracted from the stable global structure of fingerprint image, and used to derive the encryption key at a terminal. Decryption, minutiae extraction and matching are fulfilled at the central server.
Investigation of the holographic storage capacity of paraelectric K_1?xLixTa_1?yNbyO_3:Cu,V (1998)

High holographic storage capacity of paraelectric K(1-x)Lix Ta(1-y) Nby O(3):Cu , V using the voltage-controlled photorefractive effect is experimentally demonstrated. Measurements of the M/# for various writing angles and reading fields are presented. In particular, it is shown that 128 angularly multiplexed holograms, written by two plane-wave beams separated by an angle of 8 degrees , yield an M/# of 20.
Evaluation of TCP Vegas (1995)

This paper explores the claims that TCP Vegas [2] both uses network bandwidth more efficiently and achieves higher network throughput than TCP Reno [6]. It explores how link bandwidth, network buffer capacity, TCP receiver acknowledgment algorithm, and degree of network congestion affect the relative performance of Vegas and Reno.
A single chip X-band phase shifter with 6 bit uncorrected phase resolution and more than 8 bit corrected phase resolution (2003)

The design, fabrication, performance, and production results of a GaAs monolithic phase shifter, based on a vector modulator principle, are described. The device exhibits a typical RMS (root-mean-square) phase error of about 3 degrees and an RMS amplitude error of less than 0.30 dB across the frequency band from 7.0-10.5 GHz and over a linear controllable gain range of 15 dB. Typical insertion gain is 0 dB, input return losses are better than 15 dB, and output return losses are better than 10 dB. The device is intended for application in a wideband active phased-array antenna. The analog control of the device enables the correction of the systematic phase errors and amplitude errors. Tests have demonstrated that through phase correction the RMS phase error is reduced to less than 0.7 degrees while the RMS amplitude error is still less than 0.30 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-transverse-mode 3.4-mW emission of oxide-confined 780-nm VCSELs (1999)

The authors have fabricated oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with metal apertures exhibiting a spatial mode filtering effect. Single-mode continuous-wave output is enhanced up to 3.4 mW by this effect for AlGaAs-based 780-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with a 3.5-μm-diameter oxide aperture. From numerical calculations, the round-trip loss difference between zeroth- and first-order optical modes as a function of metal aperture size indicates that there is an optimum point; a 4-μm metal aperture size is suitable for higher order mode suppression of a 3.5-μm oxide aperture device.
A statistical mechanical model for the calculation of the permittivity of water in hydrated polymer electrolyte membrane pores (2001)

An equilibrium statistical mechanical model is derived to compute the spatial variation in the permittivity of water within the hydrated pores of ion-containing polymeric membranes. The fixed anionic groups within the pore are modeled as periodic arrays of point charges. The Helmholtz free energy is calculated from a total Hamiltonian of the pore that includes energy from (1) interactions between the fields generated by the fixed charge groups and the dipoles of the water molecules, (2) “hard core” interactions between the water molecules, and (3) dipole–dipole interactions between the water molecules. The free energy is divided into two parts: (a) a reference free energy associated with five water molecules in a cluster interacting with each other through the hard core potentials and with the fixed charge groups and (b) an excess free energy due to the dipolar interactions between the water molecules in two cluster units. In the present work we calculate the polarization and corresponding permittivity from this reference free energy. We first show that our calculations, even at this level of sophistication, go beyond all the traditional approaches. Furthermore, with our model we compute radial profiles of the permittivity in the pores of the sulfonic acid–based Nafion® and 65% sulfonated poly ether ether ketone ketone polymer electrolyte membranes at several different hydration levels. These numerical results and predictions are in agreement with known experimental measurements.
Enteric Immunization with Live Adenovirus Type 21 Vaccine I. Tests for Safety, Infectivity, Immunogenicity, and Potency in Volunteers (1972)

Studies were undertaken in volunteers to determine whether living adenovirus type 21 (ADV-21) vaccine could be safely administered orally to susceptible young adults. In the first study, ten volunteers were fed 10(6.4) tissue culture infectious dose(50) (TCID(50)) of ADV-21 vaccine virus, and five received placebo tablets. Nine of ten infected volunteers shed ADV-21 in stools (mean duration, 10.1 days; range, 4 to 17 days). No pharyngeal excretion of ADV-21 was observed in any of these volunteers. Each of the nine developed type-specific neutralizing (N) antibodies to ADV-21. No evidence for person-to-person transmission of vaccine was observed. In a second study, volunteers were immunized with ADV-21 vaccines containing 10(6.8), 10(4.6), and 10(2.4) TCID(50). ADV-21 N antibody responses were detected in nine of eleven who received the highest dose, six of twelve who received the middle dose, and two of twelve who were fed the lowest dose. None of twelve susceptible volunteers receiving the placebo capsule developed ADV-21 N antibodies postimmunization. This study established that the human infectious dose(50) for these lots of ADV-21 vaccine was approximately 10(4.6) TCID(50) and that the dose response to ADV-21 vaccine was lower than those previously reported for live ADV-4 and ADV-7 enteric vaccines.
Four-stage 1.5V class AB power amplifier (2004)

In this article a four-stage power amplifier is presented, which uses modified nested Miller compensation to stabilize the amplifier. Simulated results in a 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS process are presented. Amplifier has a maximum DC output current of 42mA, and small signal bandwidth of 9.5MHz with a load 1000 Ohm|1nF, while consuming 4.6mA at quiescent operation point.
COVID-19: Clinical aspects and therapeutics responses (2020)

COVID-19 has created havoc in the world by causing thousands of demises in a short period of time. Up till now, several attempts have been made for potential therapeutics against SARS-COV2. In this retrospective, single-center study, we extracted data from 122 COVID-19, RT-PCR confirmed patients. who were treated with a new treatment strategy of lianhuaqingwen with Arbidol Hydrochloride. The patients were either asymptomatic or had mild symptoms for COVID-19 disease. Of 122 patients 21 (17.21%) patients developed severe conditions of COVID-19, while total 111 (90.9%) experienced mild symptoms such as fever in 93 (76.22%) patients, cough in 23 (20.17%) and muscle pain were observed in total 8 (7%) patients. Furthermore our newly applied drugs combination (Lianhuaqingwen and Arbidol Hydrochloride) showed therapeutic effects in 5-7 days in patients with mild symptoms with 98% recovery rate. These results indicate that COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms can be treated with Lianhuaqingwen and Arbidol Hydrochloride. However, extensive clinical investigations are required to confirm the effectiveness of these drugs.
연질캅셀제중 수용성 비타민의 젤라틴층 이행에 관한 연구 (1994)

The previous vitamin assays in soft capsules have been performed only with capsule contents. Since some vitamins, however, could migrate into gelatin layer of the soft capsules, each vitamin of multivitamin soft capsules in the market was analyzed simultaneously in both capsule content and gelatin layer. The results showed that migrations of nicotinamide and pyridoxine hydrochloride into gelatin layer were pronounced, while those of other vitamins were negligible.
Digital music faces incompatible formats (2006)

Digital online music has become a big industry. The portable digital-music-player market is also booming. While these portend a bright future, the digital-music industry faces a major potential problem: content purchased in one format will not necessarily run on players based on a different format. These incompatibility problems confuse customers, which could cause many potential purchasers to avoid legitimate online music suppliers and either buy from other suppliers or continue using CDs. This, in turn, would limit the digital music industry's growth. The music industry, including the major record labels, would thus like to see the problem go away through interoperability and, for some proponents, open digital-music standards.
Synthesis of Nanograined ZnO Nanowires and Their Enhanced Gas Sensing Properties (2012)

Polycrystalline ZnO nanowires with grain sizes ranging from 20 to 100 nm were synthesized using a newly designed two-step process: (first step) synthesis of ZnSe nanowires by vapor transportation of a mixture of ZnSe powders; and (second step) thermal oxidation of the ZnSe nanowires at 650 °C. Compared to the single-crystal ZnO nanowire gas sensors and other nanomaterial gas sensors reported previously, the multiple networked nanowire gas sensors fabricated from the nanograined ZnO nanowires showed substantially enhanced electrical responses to NO2 gas at 300 °C. The NO2 gas sensing properties of the nanograined ZnO nanowires increased dramatically with increasing NO2 concentration. The multiple-networked nanograined ZnO nanowire sensor showed a response value of 237,263% at 10 ppm NO2 and 300 °C, whereas the single-crystal ZnO nanowire sensors showed a response of only 6.5% under the same conditions. The recovery time of the nanograined ZnO nanowire sensor was much shorter than that of the normal ZnO nanowire sensor over the NO2 concentration range of 1-10 ppm, even though the response time of the former was somewhat longer than that of the latter. The origin of the enhanced NO2 gas sensing properties of the nanograined ZnO nanowire sensor is discussed.
The human element (2019)

I always wanted to be a scientist, even before I understood much about science. A childhood interest in herbal folk remedies drew me into anthropology and ethnobotany, then into analytical chemistry, and eventually into my current role overseeing regulatory, quality, and safety matters at a small pharmaceutical company. Along the way, I encountered issues and pressures that many of you have faced in your own personal and professional journeys. Those experiences and my experience in the American Chemical Society helped shape the initiatives I have chosen for my term as president of ACS. My experience as the first woman in my graduate school laboratory and the first woman in my section at my first post–graduate school job also influenced my desire to ensure that ACS is a welcoming, respectful, and supportive environment for all our members. My overarching theme for 2019 is collaboration, including collaborations within ACS, between academia and
Solvation in aqueous N-methylacetamide solutions of aluminium chloride: an n.m.r. study (1967)

J. F. Hinton and E. S. Amis, Chem. Commun. (London), 1967, 100 DOI: 10.1039/C19670000100
Documenting Soil‐Plant Relationships of Selected Sagebrush Species Using the Soil Resource Information System (1984)

A tremendous amount of soils and vegetation data have been collected through the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). Soil Interpretation Records (SCS‐SOI‐5 data) and Map Unit Use File (MUUF) information have been stored on the Iowa State University Computation Center computer for correlated soil surveys. The Soil Resource Information System (SRIS) program developed through cooperation of the Colorado State Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Laboratory for Information Science in Agriculture (LISA), and the Agriculture Research Service (ARS) on the Fort Collins Computer Center System 2000 provides a data management system where any data element and nearly any combination of data elements can be queried. All soil property, vegetation, and map unit information for six Major Land Resource Areas, primarily in the Great Basin Region, were entered on the SRIS program to test its application for documenting soil‐plant relationships and improving site correlation. The program was initially queried for soil depth, pH, clay content, rock fragment, and classification relationships to establish some soil‐plant relationships for four major sagebrush species ( Artemisia spp.) as recorded on SCS‐SOI‐5 data. Information from 1092 data sets containing greater than or equal to 10 % composition by weight of one or more of the sagebrush species supported some previous studies and concepts while apparently contradicting others. The same process used would be applicable for evaluating soil‐plant relationships for any other species or group of species in the data set.
Non-Intrusive In-Service PMD Measurements: A Novel Approach Based on Coherent Detection (2011)

We describe a novel method for in-service Polarization Mode Dispersion measurements and compare its accuracy with the Jones matrix eigen-analysis method. A relative accuracy of 4% is reported over a 1-50ps mean DGD range.
Tool steels. 5. edition (1998)

The revision of this authoritative work contains a significant amount of new information from the past nearly two decades presented in an entirely new outline, making this a must have reference for engineers involved in tool-steel production, as well as in the selection and use of tool steels in metalworking and other materials manufacturing industries. The chapter on tool-steel manufacturing includes new production processes, such as electroslag refining, vacuum arc remelting, spray deposition processes (Osprey and centrifugal spray), and powder metal processing. The seven chapters covering tool-steel types in the 4th Edition have been expanded to 11 chapters covering nine main groups of tool steels as well as other types of ultrahigh strength steels sometimes used for tooling. Each chapter discusses in detail processing, composition, and applications specific to the particular group. In addition, two chapters have been added covering surface modification and trouble shooting production and performance problems.
A review of the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of irritant diaper dermatitis (2004)

Irritant diaper dermatitis (IDD) is a form of contact dermatitis occurring in the diaper area as a consequence of disruption of the barrier function of the skin through prolonged contact with faeces and urine. Despite advances in diaper technology, it is a condition that still occurs regularly in young children. To combat this, barrier preparations can be used to protect the skin by coating the surface of the skin and/or by supplying lipids that can penetrate the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum. In this review, the pathophysiology of IDD is outlined and its prevention and treatment are discussed, with particular reference to the role of emollients.
Synthesis of Nitrogen-, Oxygen- and Sulphur-containing Tripodal Ligands with a Trimethylbenzene Core (2011)

Synthetic procedures for the preparation of various nitro- gen-, oxygen- and sulphur-containing tripodal ligands having a 1,3,5- trimethylbenzene core are reported.