gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CONFIGURATION OF GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES IN OLIGOSACCHARIDES: IX. SYNTHESIS OF α- AND β-<scp>D</scp>-MANNOPYRANOSYL DISACCHARIDES (1961)

The Königs–Knorr condensation of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide with 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucose provides a synthetic route to 6-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose. When some other derivatives of α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide—the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-, 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-, or 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-benzyl derivative—are used as the halide component the α-D-linked isomer of this disaccharide is produced. The steric outcome of Königs–Knorr syntheses involving these and other derivatives of α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide is discussed in terms of the influence of neighboring groups, and of conformational and solvent effects.Lead tetraacetate oxidation of 6-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose, followed by reduction, affords 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol, a metabolite produced by Ustilago species (PRL 627).
Polysaccharide structural features that are critical for the binding of sulfated fucans to bindin, the adhesive protein from sea urchin sperm. (1987)

We have investigated the structural features of sulfated fucose-containing polysaccharides which are responsible for their selective binding to Strongylocentrotus purpuratus bindin. The data presented demonstrate that the sulfate esters and a molecular weight in excess of approximately 15,000 are required for high affinity binding of the fucans to bindin. Desulfation destroys the binding activity of the fucans, which can be fully restored by chemical resulfation. Fucan fragments of an average molecular weight of 15,000 were nearly as active as the starting material (Mr 10(6)). The observed IC50 value for fragments of Mr congruent to 10,000 and Mr congruent to 5,000 were 1 and 2 orders of magnitude higher, respectively. The binding of fucoidan to bindin is stable in high salt (50% at 1.2 M NaCl) whereas the binding of fucoidan to DEAE-cellulose or polylysine is inhibited by the concentrations of salt normally found in sea water (50% at 0.2 and 0.5 M NaCl, respectively). This result suggests that the binding mechanism is not a simple ionic interaction and that hydrogen bonding and cooperativity may also be important determinants of the binding mechanism. We also found that polyvinyl sulfate binds to bindin with high affinity and inhibits the bindin-mediated agglutination of sea urchin eggs. The results of these investigations suggest that the spatial orientation of the sulfate esters plays a critical role in determining the selectivity of sulfated polysaccharide binding and that the polysaccharide backbone does not play a direct role in the binding mechanism.
Why Does TNA Cross‐Pair More Strongly with RNA Than with DNA? An Answer From X‐ray Analysis (2003)

The TNA twist: L-α-threofuranosyl (3′→2′) nucleic acid (TNA) residues adopt a C4′-exo pucker when incorporated into an A- (left) or a B-form DNA duplex (right). The resulting intranucleotide P⋅⋅⋅P distance in TNA is very similar to that in RNA (represented by a C3′-endo puckered adenosine residue; green). The structural data explain earlier observations that TNA hydridizes more stably with RNA than with DNA and that RNA constitutes the better template for ligating TNA fragments.
From Melbourne, Australia's Knowledge Capital, to Destination Dublin (2010)

This paper proposes that the overall objective of increasing Dublin’s knowledge-city status and the HEIs’ objective of increased internationalization can be achieved through collaboration involving the region’s diverse stakeholders. Dublin will thus succeed in enhancing its global status as a knowledge city-region and increase its competitive advantage in a globalized world. Such an approach is already in place in the city of Melbourne, Australia. Indeed, in its search for like-minded international partner-cities, Melbourne’s Office of Knowledge Capital has approached Dublin to collaborate on knowledge-related projects. This paper aims to establish whether Melbourne’s approach could be successfully adopted in Dublin.
<title>Ladar fiber optic sensor system for aircraft applications</title> (1993)

A ladar fiber optic sensor (LFOS) for aircraft applications is described. Chirped intensity- modulated ranging is used to estimate linear position. LFOS technology offers several advantages over other fiber optic sensor techniques proposed for aircraft position sensing applications, including small and robust transducer heads, inherent multiplexing capability, and inherent fault isolation capability. LFOS sensors have been integrated inside a flight control surface hydraulic actuator and inside a pilot's sidestick controller. Closed loop operation of the actuator using the LFOS sensor for position feedback was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory. The LFOS sensors in the sidestick controller were used as inputs to fly a flight simulator. The current LFOS interface electronics is contained on two VME circuit cards, with the capability to service four multiplexed sensors. Excellent performance has been achieved. Deviation from linearity over a 7-in. stroke is better than 0.05% of full scale. The RMS measurement noise is less than 15 microns for a 1 millisecond measurement interval.
System performance of PMI-based MU-MIMO (2012)

Single-user multi-antenna technologies are well supported in current standard specifications like LTE Release 8. To meet the IMT-Advanced performance requirements, multi-user MIMO is an attractive technology which could improve cell average spectral efficiency in some scenarios by serving multiuser simultaneously on the same frequency resource. In this paper, we focus on zero-forcing (ZF) and signal-leakage-to-noise ratio (SLNR) MU-MIMO precoding with implicit feedback mechanism supported in LTE Release 8. Some system level simulations reveal significant potential gains of MU-MIMO as compared with LTE Release 8 SU-MIMO in terms of cell average when the spatial correlations at evolved NodeB (eNB) are relatively high.
Glycocalyx Restricts Adenoviral Vector Access to Apical Receptors Expressed on Respiratory Epithelium In Vitro and In Vivo: Role for Tethered Mucins as Barriers to Lumenal Infection (2004)

Inefficient adenoviral vector (AdV)-mediated gene transfer to the ciliated respiratory epithelium has hindered gene transfer strategies for the treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease. In part, the inefficiency is due to an absence of the coxsackie B and adenovirus type 2 and 5 receptor (CAR) from the apical membranes of polarized epithelia. In this study, using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium, we show that providing a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked AdV receptor (GPI-CAR) at the apical surface did not significantly improve AdV gene transfer efficiency because the lumenal surface glycocalyx limited the access of AdV to apical GPI-CAR. The highly glycosylated tethered mucins were considered to be significant glycocalyx components that restricted AdV access because proteolytic digestion and inhibitors of O-linked glycosylation enhanced AdV gene transfer. To determine whether these in vitro observations are relevant to the in vivo situation, we generated transgenic mice expressing GPI-CAR at the surface of the airway epithelium, crossbred these mice with mice that were genetically devoid of tethered mucin type 1 (Muc1), and tested the efficiency of gene transfer to murine airways expressing apical GPI-human CAR (GPI-hCAR) in the presence and absence of Muc1. We determined that AdV gene transfer to the murine airway epithelium was inefficient even in GPI-hCAR transgenic mice but that the gene transfer efficiency improved in the absence of Muc1. However, the inability to achieve a high gene transfer efficiency, even in mice with a deletion of Muc1, suggested that other glycocalyx components, possibly other tethered mucin types, also provide a significant barrier to AdV interacting with the airway lumenal surface.
Immunobiological Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells Isolated from Glioblastoma Patients (2010)

These results indicate lower immunogenicity and higher suppressive activity of GBM CSC compared with FBS lines. The immunogenicity, however, could be rescued by immune modulation leading to anti-GBM T cell-mediated immune response.
The multifaceted role of astrocytes in regulating myelination (2016)

Astrocytes are the major glial cell of the central nervous system (CNS), providing both metabolic and physical support to other neural cells. After injury, astrocytes become reactive and express a continuum of phenotypes which may be supportive or inhibitory to CNS repair. This review will focus on the ability of astrocytes to influence myelination in the context of specific secreted factors, cytokines and other neural cell targets within the CNS. In particular, we focus on how astrocytes provide energy and cholesterol to neurons, influence synaptogenesis, affect oligodendrocyte biology and instigate cross-talk between the many cellular components of the CNS.
Immunoglobulin Light (Heavy)-Chain Deposition Disease (2006)

Light-, light- and heavy-, and heavy-chain deposition diseases belong to a family of diseases that include light-chain (AL)-amyloid, nonamyloid fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulonephritis, and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, in which monoclonal Ig or their subunits become deposited in kidney. In clinical and pathologic terms, light-, light- and heavy-, and heavy-chain deposition diseases essentially are similar and are characterized by prominent renal involvement with severe renal failure; extrarenal manifestations; diabetes-like nodular glomerulosclerosis; marked thickening of tubular basement membranes; and monotypic deposits of light chain, mostly kappa, and/or heavy chain that feature a nonorganized granular, electron-dense appearance by electron microscopy. The most common cause is myeloma. Recent progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular pathomechanisms of Ig-chain deposition and extracellular matrix accumulation, which opens up new therapeutic avenues in addition to eradication of the Ig-secreting plasma cell clone. Because these diseases represent a model of glomerular and interstitial fibrosis that is induced by a single molecule species, a better understanding of their pathomechanisms may help to unravel the pathophysiology of kidney fibrosis and renal disease progression.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase-C from mouse (1987)

Mouse sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase-C (LDH-C) cDNA was cloned and sequenced from lambda gt11 expression library. The LDH-C cDNA insert of 1236 bp consists of the protein-coding sequence (999 bp), the 5' (54 bp) and 3' (113 bp) non-coding regions, and the poly(A) tail (70 bp). The Northern blot analysis of poly(A)-containing RNAs from mouse testes and liver indicates that the LDH-C gene is expressed in testes but not in liver, and that its mRNA is approx. 1400 nucleotides in length. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the mouse LDH-C cDNA show 73% and 72% homologies, respectively, with those of the mouse LDH-A. The Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs from mouse liver and human placenta indicates the presence of multiple LDH-C gene-related sequences.
Atomic migration and related changes in defect concentration and structure due to electronic subsystem excitations in semiconductors (1997)

Exciting the electronic subsystem of a semiconductor via photoionization or ionization by charged particles, or, alternatively, injecting nonequilibrium charge carriers into a semiconductor stimulates atomic migration, generates new structural defects, and modifies the nature of those present. These effects change the major electrical and physical parameters of semiconductors, in particular of those crucial for modern solid-state electronics. Current data on the subject are presented and discussed.
Secure the Cloud (2015)

In response to the revival of virtualized technology by Rosenblum and Garfinkel [2005], NIST defined cloud computing, a new paradigm in service computing infrastructures. In cloud environments, the basic security mechanism is ingrained in virtualization—that is, the execution of instructions at different privilege levels. Despite its obvious benefits, the caveat is that a crashed virtual machine (VM) is much harder to recover than a crashed workstation. When crashed, a VM is nothing but a giant corrupt binary file and quite unrecoverable by standard disk-based forensics. Therefore, VM crashes should be avoided at all costs. Security is one of the major contributors to such VM crashes. This includes compromising the hypervisor, cloud storage, images of VMs used infrequently, and remote cloud client used by the customer as well as threat from malicious insiders. Although using secure infrastructures such as private clouds alleviate several of these security problems, most cloud users end up using cheaper options such as third-party infrastructures (i.e., private clouds), thus a thorough discussion of all known security issues is pertinent. Hence, in this article, we discuss ongoing research in cloud security in order of the attack scenarios exploited most often in the cloud environment. We explore attack scenarios that call for securing the hypervisor, exploiting co-residency of VMs, VM image management, mitigating insider threats, securing storage in clouds, abusing lightweight software-as-a-service clients, and protecting data propagation in clouds. Wearing a practitioner's glasses, we explore the relevance of each attack scenario to a service company like Infosys. At the same time, we draw parallels between cloud security research and implementation of security solutions in the form of enterprise security suites for the cloud. We discuss the state of practice in the form of enterprise security suites that include cryptographic solutions, access control policies in the cloud, new techniques for attack detection, and security quality assurance in clouds.
Test Characteristics and Interpretation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Gram Stain in Children (2008)

CSF Gram stain is appropriately used by physicians in risk stratification for the diagnosis and empiric treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Although a positive Gram stain result greatly increases the likelihood of bacterial meningitis; the result may be because of contamination or misinterpretation in 40% of cases and should not, by itself, result in a full treatment course for bacterial meningitis.
Transcatheter Embolization With Microfibrillar Collagen in Swine (1978)

Transcatheter embolization of the gastrosplenic and renal arteries was performed in 7 domestic swine with suspensions of microfibrillar collagen (MFC), a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. Embolized vessels remained occluded 2 days following embolization. Recanalization occurred by 14 days, although some occlusion in distal vessel persisted at 3 months. Pathologically a marked granulomatous arteritis was noted at 14 days which resolved by 3 months. Gastric ulcers or infarcts were present in two animals. The severe vasculitis and gastric pathology observed with MFC in this study would seem to preclude its use as a general embolic agent. It may be useful, however, in the preoperative embolization of neoplasms, especially in pediatric patients since its physical characteristics allow it to be easily injected through small diameter catheters.
Interlaced-to-progressive conversion using adaptive projection-based global and representative local motion estimation (2008)

We propose a motion-compensation-based deinterlacing algorithm using global and representative local motion estimation. The proposed algorithm first divides an entire image into five regions of interest (ROIs) according to the temporally predicted motion type (i.e., global or local) and the spatial position. One of them is for global motion estimation and the others are for local motion estimation. Then, dominant motions of respective ROIs are found by adaptive projection approach. The adaptive projection method not only estimates dominant local motions with low computational cost, but also ensures consistent global motion estimation. Using the estimated motion vectors, adaptive two-field bidirectional motion compensation is performed. The arbitration rules, measuring the reliability of motion compensation accurately, produce high-quality deinterlaced frames by effectively combining the results of motion compensation and the stable intrafield deinterlacing. Experimental results show that the proposed deinterlacing algorithm provides better image quality than the existing algorithms in both subjective and objective measures.
Enhancement of the hole transport in poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-based light-emitting diodes (2004)

The hole transport in various poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives has been investigated in hole-only diodes as function of temperature T and applied electric field E. A difference of three decades has been found in the hole mobility between a random copolymer with asymmetric sidechains and a PPV-derivative with symmetric sidechains. The temperature dependence of the hole mobility has been analysed within the correlated Gaussian disorder model. The large differences in the mobility values of these PPV derivatives are governed by a strong decrease of the energetic disorder. The high mobility PPV-based polymers are interesting candidates for being used as hole transport layers in heterojunction light-emitting diodes.
Receptor binding and internalization of mouse interleukin-2 derivatives that are partial agonists. (1992)

Mouse interleukin-2 (mIL-2) mutant proteins with subunit-specific receptor binding defects have been previously described. Some of these mutant proteins are unable to trigger a maximum proliferative response of T cells. In this study, mIL-2 and mIL-2 mutant proteins were labeled with 32P, and their association and dissociation kinetics with the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were investigated. A mIL-2 mutant protein with a partial defect in binding to the low affinity component of IL-2R had a slower on-rate than mIL-2. On the other hand, a mIL-2 antagonist with a binding defect to the intermediate affinity component of IL-2R had a normal on-rate, whereas its off-rate at 37 degrees C was faster than mIL-2. This fast off-rate at physiological temperature interfered with mIL-2 internalization. When three mIL-2 partial agonists, each inducing a different maximal response, were examined, no difference was found between their dissociation rates or their internalization properties. The significance of these findings for the function of each receptor subunit in the IL-2R complex, as well as for the mechanism of activation of the receptor, is discussed.
Vibrationally Controlled Chemistry:  Mode- and Bond-Selected Reaction of CH<sub>3</sub>D with Cl (2005)

Selective vibrational excitation controls the competition between C-H and C-D bond cleavage in the reaction of CH(3)D with Cl, which forms either HCl + CH(2)D or DCl + CH(3). The reaction of CH(3)D molecules with the first overtone of the C-D stretch (2nu(2)) excited selectively breaks the C-D bond, producing CH(3) exclusively. In contrast, excitation of either the symmetric C-H stretch (nu(1)), the antisymmetric C-H stretch (nu(4)), or a combination of antisymmetric stretch and CH(3) umbrella bend (nu(4) + nu(3)) causes the reaction to cleave only a C-H bond to produce solely CH(2)D. Initial preparation of C-H stretching vibrations with different couplings to the reaction coordinate changes the rate of the H-atom abstraction reaction. Excitation of the symmetric C-H stretch (nu(1)) of CH(3)D accelerates the H-atom abstraction reaction 7 times more than excitation of the antisymmetric C-H stretch (nu(4)) even though the two lie within 80 cm(-1) of the same energy. Ab initio calculations and a simple theoretical model help identify the dynamics behind the observed mode selectivity.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry and polarimetry for materials and systems analysis at the nanometer scale: state-of-the-art, potential, and perspectives (2009)

This paper discusses the fundamentals, applications, potential, limitations, and future perspectives of polarized light reflection techniques for the characterization of materials and related systems and devices at the nanoscale. These techniques include spectroscopic ellipsometry, polarimetry, and reflectance anisotropy. We give an overview of the various ellipsometry strategies for the measurement and analysis of nanometric films, metal nanoparticles and nanowires, semiconductor nanocrystals, and submicron periodic structures. We show that ellipsometry is capable of more than the determination of thickness and optical properties, and it can be exploited to gain information about process control, geometry factors, anisotropy, defects, and quantum confinement effects of nanostructures.
Increased Prevalence of Diverse N -Methyl-D-Aspartate Glutamate Receptor Antibodies in Patients With an Initial Diagnosis of Schizophrenia (2013)

Acutely ill patients with an initial schizophrenia diagnosis show an increased prevalence of NMDA-R antibodies. The repertoire of antibody subtypes in schizophrenia and MD is different from that with NMDA-R encephalitis. The latter disorder should be considered as a differential diagnosis, particularly in young females with acute disorganized behavior or catatonia.
Radiationless Transitions in Polyatomic Molecules. I. Calculation of Franck—Condon Factors (1967)

Radiationless transitions between two electronic states are studied for a system consisting of a polyatomic molecule in a medium where vibrational relaxation is rapid. The transition rate is then governed by a vibronic matrix element and a vibrational overlap factor. Only the latter, known as the Franck—Condon factor and denoted by F, is investigated in detail. For harmonic oscillators F derives from shifts in equilibrium distance (displacements) and shifts in frequency (distortions). It is shown that for radiationless transitions involving large energy gaps (E), F is dominated by distortions, whereas for optical transitions it is dominated by displacements of the oscillators. These distortions lead to an approximately exponential decrease of F with increasing E. An isotope rule for F is derived which is valid for both displaced and distorted oscillators provided E is not too small. Since all formulas are of the form F (E), where E is the principal variable, comparison with experiment is only possible for a class of related molecules. Within this class E should vary a great deal but all other parameters should either be constant or vary in a simple, systematic manner. The dependence of some of these parameters on the number of oscillators involved in the transition is examined. Finally the theory is extended to molecular crystals and the corresponding liquids. It is concluded that in these systems the rate constant of an intramolecular radiationless transition must be equal to or smaller than that in dilute solutions, except when excited dimers are present in the initial state.
A Practical NMR-Based High-Throughput Assay for Screening Enantioselective Catalysts and Biocatalysts (2002)

Two NMR-based approaches for high-throughput screening of enantioselective catalysts and biocatalysts are described. One version makes use of pseudo-enantiomers or pseudo-meso-compounds based on 13C-labeling. A throughput of at least 1400 ee determinations per day is possible by using an appropriate flow-through cell and an autosampler. The other approach is based on traditional diastereomer formation using a chiral reagent or complexing agent. The ee values are accurate to within ±2% and ±5% of the true values.