gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-7R alpha mRNA expression increases as stem cells differentiate into T and B lymphocyte progenitors. (1997)

The gamma common (gamma c) chain is a partner in several interleukin receptor complexes, including the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-4R, and IL-7R. Mutations in the gamma c gene are associated with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, we examined the level of mRNA-encoding gamma c and its partners in mouse pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs), which repopulate both bone marrow and thymus. We also assayed developing lymphocytes to define which, if any, IL-R complexes are expressed at the earliest stage of T and B lymphocyte maturation. RNA extracted from bone marrow-derived PHSCs did not contain detectable levels of mRNA-encoding IL-7R alpha. However, the most primitive (CD4- CD8-) T cells from the thymus and the most primitive (c-kit+ B220+) B cells from bone marrow contained high levels of IL-7R alpha mRNA. There were no detectable differences between PHSCs and primitive or more mature T and B cells for expression of gamma c mRNA. We conclude that the onset of IL-7R formation occurs at the earliest stage of differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the absence of an intact IL-7R (IL-7R alpha and gamma c) may be a critical loss that interrupts lymphopoiesis.
On the Mechanism of the Vinyl Transetherification Reaction Catalyzed by Mercuric Acetate (1970)

Abstract The vinyl interchange reaction of methyl vinyl ether and methanol, methanol-d4, or ethanol catalyzed by mercuric acetate has been studied. Some organomercuric compounds have been isolated from the reaction mixture, and their catalytic activity for the interchange reaction has been examined. From these results, the mechanism proposed by Watanabe and Conlon (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 79, 2828 (1957)) has been confirmed and further details of the reaction mechanism are discussed.
Alfalfa Pollination in Arizona (1956)

Prior to 1945, Arizona led the nation in per-acre alfalfa seed yields. This supremacy has been lost to California and Washington. While both acreage and yield per acre have declined in Arizona, the reverse has been the case in California (Table 1).
A 3-D data model for representing topological relationships between spatial entities in built-environments / (2001)

This research has developed a topological data mode, the Node-Relation Structure (NRS), for representing spatial relationships between 3D spatial entities in builtenvironments by resolving complex geometric computational problems differently from current topological models representing local neighborhood relations.The NRS
Extraction and purification of microbial DNA from petroleum‐contaminated soils and detection of low numbers of toluene, octane and pesticide degraders by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and Southern analysis (1995)

We investigated the use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques coupled with Southern analysis to detect xenobiotic-degrading organisms that had been added to three soils. Two soils highly contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and a less contaminated control soil were amended with tenfold dilutions of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (pWW0), P. oleovorans (OCT), and Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 (pJP4), or, for controls, phosphate buffer alone. Total DNA was then isolated from the soils and purified using a sequential precipitation and dissolution purification procedure. This DNA was subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers that amplify regions of xylM (PCR product = 631 bp), alkB (546 bp) and tfdA (710 bp), which are found on pWW0, OCT and pJP4, respectively. The sizes of the amplified DNA fragments were designed to permit simultaneous amplification and detection of the target genes. Ethidium bromide-stained gels of the initial PCR reaction indicated detectable amplification of between 10(0) to 10(6) cells per gram soil, depending on the soil and the target gene. Southern analysis of the PCR amplified DNA improved detection limits to between 1 and 10 cells of each target species per gram of soil, and confirmed the identity of the PCR products. For some samples that were initially resistant to PCR, dilution of the environmental DNA resulted in positive PCR results. This treatment presumably overcame the inhibition of the PCR by diluting coextracted contaminants in the environmental DNA. A second PCR on an aliquot (1 microL) of the first reaction increased the ethidium bromide-based detection limits for one of the soils to six cells per gram of soil; it did not increase the detection limits for the other soils. Therefore, the DNA extraction procedure and multiplex PCR permitted the simultaneous detection of three types of biodegradative cells, at a lower detection limit of approximately 10 cells per gram of highly contaminated, organic soil. However, due to kinetic limitations of multiplex PCR, the amplified signals did not follow a close dose response to the numbers of added target cells.
[A design of refractometer based on blur circle]. (2011)

The blur circle refractor, with the features of convenience and fine accuracy, is promised to be a new style of refractometer in the future.
Studies of the interaction of palladium(3+) and palladium(1+) with organic adsorbates, water, and molecular oxygen in palladium-Ca-X zeolite by electron spin resonance and electron spin-echo modulation spectroscopy (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies of the interaction of palladium(3+) and palladium(1+) with organic adsorbates, water, and molecular oxygen in palladium-Ca-X zeolite by electron spin resonance and electron spin-echo modulation spectroscopyJ. Michalik, M. Narayna, and Larry KevanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 21, 4553–4560Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100267a028https://doi.org/10.1021/j100267a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views128Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Nucleosides. Part LVI. Aminolysis of carbamates of adenosine and cytidine (1994)

Abstract The 2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl(npeoc) group, introduced 1984 as protecting group for exocyclic amino functions of nucleic‐acid bases, reacts with amines under mild conditions to urea derivatives. Treatment of 2′,5′‐di‐ O ‐acetyl‐ N 6 ‐[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl) ethoxycarbonyl]cordycepin ( 3 ) with NH 3 /MeOH overnight at room temperature affords cordycepin ( 4 ) and N 6 ‐carbamoylcordycepin ( 5 ). Preliminary investigations towards the elucidation of the reaction mechanism indicate that the aminolysis proceeds via an addition‐elimination or an isocyanate mechanism, depending on the reaction conditions. The phenoxycarbonyl (phoc) group at N 6 or N 4 was chosen to study the mild conversion of carbamates with aromatic amines into ureas of adenosine and cytidine, respectively.
Therapeutic Potential of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review (2020)

<i>Centella asiatica</i> (also known as <i>Centella asiatica</i> (L.) Urb. or Gotu kola) is a traditional Chinese medicine with extensive medicinal value, which is commonly used in Southeast Asian countries. This study aimed to summarize the effects of <i>C. asiatica</i> and its main components on neurological diseases, endocrine diseases, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, immune diseases, and gynecological diseases, as well as potential molecular mechanisms, to study the pathological mechanism of these diseases based on the changes at the molecular level. The results showed that <i>C. asiatica</i> and its triterpenoids had extensive beneficial effects on neurological and skin diseases, which were confirmed through clinical studies. They exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic effects, and improvement in mitochondrial function. However, further clinical studies are urgently required due to the low level of evidence and lack of patients.
Pairwise attention-enhanced adversarial model for automatic bone segmentation in CT images (2023)

<i>Objective</i>. Bone segmentation is a critical step in screw placement navigation. Although the deep learning methods have promoted the rapid development for bone segmentation, the local bone separation is still challenging due to irregular shapes and similar representational features.<i>Approach</i>. In this paper, we proposed the pairwise attention-enhanced adversarial model (Pair-SegAM) for automatic bone segmentation in computed tomography images, which includes the two parts of the segmentation model and discriminator. Considering that the distributions of the predictions from the segmentation model contains complicated semantics, we improve the discriminator to strengthen the awareness ability of the target region, improving the parsing of semantic information features. The Pair-SegAM has a pairwise structure, which uses two calculation mechanics to set up pairwise attention maps, then we utilize the semantic fusion to filter unstable regions. Therefore, the improved discriminator provides more refinement information to capture the bone outline, thus effectively enhancing the segmentation models for bone segmentation.<i>Main results</i>. To test the Pair-SegAM, we selected the two bone datasets for assessment. We evaluated our method against several bone segmentation models and latest adversarial models on the both datasets. The experimental results prove that our method not only exhibits superior bone segmentation performance, but also states effective generalization.<i>Significance</i>. Our method provides a more efficient segmentation of specific bones and has the potential to be extended to other semantic segmentation domains.
의학도서관 정보이용교육 프로그램 연구: C대학교 의학도서관을 중심으로 (2008)

이 연구는 국내 의학도서관 정보이용교육의 활성화를 도모하고, 아울러 정보환경의 변화에 부응하고 이용자 지향적인 정보이용교육 프로그램을 제시하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위해 국내외 선진 사례들을 벤치마킹한 뒤, 국내 평균에 가까운 한 대학도서관을 주요 사례로 하여 정보이용교육의 실태와 이용자들의 정보요구를 조사하였다. 이를 바탕으로 국내 의학도서관 정보이용교육의 프로그램 구성을 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 특히 프로그램을 구성할 때의 고려사항, 내용, 흐름을 제시하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 국내 의학도서관들이 정보이용교육 프로그램을 시작하거나 보완하고자 할 때 유용한 참조원이 될 것이다. 각 의학도서관은 자관의 상황에 따라 이 연구의 결과를 적절히 가감하여 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 【This study aims to develop more user-oriented information literacy education for medical libraries in Korea. For this purpose, we benchmarked some advanced models in and out of Korea, and examined a case of C medical library which is medium size in Korea. Especially, we looked into the actual condition of information literacy education of C medical library and the information need of its users. We suggested some ideas to construct the programs for information literacy education of medical libraries in Korea. Especially, we proposed some considerations, contents and flow for the programs. The results of this study can be useful references whenever each medical library in Korea will start or make up for its information literacy program.】
Realization of sub-80-nm small-space patterning in ArF photolithography (2004)

In optical lithography, small space patterning is the most difficult task. The direct small-space patterning is not good enough with resolution enhancement technique (RET) in sub-80 nm level. Two sequential processes normally achieve the small space. Once the pattern is forming a larger pattern normally, and then makes them shrink to fit to the designed size by additional process. Usually resist thermal flow process has been used to obtain small space as additional process, which has several process issues such as flow amount control of isolated and dense small contacts, uniformity degradation and bowing profile. In order to solve these issues, we introduced the resolution enhancement lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS) and shrink assist film for enhancement resolution (SAFIER) process in ArF lithography. In this paper, the RELACS and SAFIER process are compared with the resist thermal flow process for sub-80 nm space using ArF exposure tool. With the application of this process, we confirmed the improvement of in-wafer uniformity and the successful implementation of sub-80nm small space patterning regardless of pitch size and pattern arrangement.
High-speed spectral imager for imaging transient fluorescence phenomena (1998)

We describe fluorescence spectral imaging results with the microscope computed-tomography imaging spectrometer (muCTIS). This imaging spectrometer is capable of recording spatial and spectral data simultaneously. Consequently, muCTIS can be used to image dynamic phenomena. The results presented consist of proof-of-concept imaging results with static targets composed of 6-mum fluorescing microspheres. Image data were collected with integration times of 16 ms, comparable with video-frame-rate integration times. Conversion of raw data acquired by the muCTIS to spatial and spectral data requires postprocessing. The emission spectra were sampled at 10-nm intervals between 420 and 710 nm. The smallest spatial sampling interval presented is 1.7 mum.
Is the prolonged use of low-dose steroids safe for Crohn's disease? (1997)

Is the Prolonged Use of Low-Dose Steroids Safe forCrohn'sThe editors felt that the topic "Is the Prolonged Use of Low-Dose Steroids Safe for Crohn's Disease?" was a very important subject for Controversies in IBD.First, metabolic bone disease is a serious and frequently underappreciated complication of stcroid use in a variety of diseases.Second, gastroenterologists often use steroids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and on occasion for prolonged intervals of time.Third, as summarized by Dr. LeBoff in her excellent manuscript, there is ample evidence that the use of corticosteroids in patients with IBD decreases bone density, but it is unclear whether the prolonged use of low-dose stcroids results in clinical metabolic bone disease.We chose as authors a distinguished gastroenterologist with extensive experience in the use of steroids in IBD and an equally distinguished endocrinologist who is a specialist in metabolic bone disease.What exactly is meant by "low-dose steroids"?Neither Dr. Bayless nor Dr. LeBoff providcd a precise definition of "low-dose steroids."Most gastroenterologists would probably think in terms of a daily dosage of approximately 5-15 mg of prednisone as low dose.Others might think in terms of an everyother-day usage of corticosteroids.In his editorial, Dr. Bayless summarized his extensive experience with the use of alternate day corticosteroids in dosages of 20-25 mg of prednisone.He found that growth velocity proceeded normally on an every-other-day schedule in the pediatric population with Crohn's disease.He also noted very few clinical side effects when steroids were used in this fashion.He advocated the use of combination therapy for inflammatory bowel disease to minimize the dosage of prednisone and in particular advocated the u5e of immunosuppressive medication for this purpose, and we agree with this approach.We do not agree with the maintenance of remission data provided by Dr. Bayless in that the preponderance of controlled studies show that steroids do not maintain remission in either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.While this information from an experienced and knowledgeable gastroenterologist is reassuring, Dr. Bayless did not
Optimal assignment of cells in C-RAN deployments with multiple BBU pools (2015)

Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is receiving increasing attention not only within the research community but also from operators and standardization bodies. However, even a good technology will be deployed only if it is economically viable. In our previous work, for larger scale deployment we recommend to divide the area into multiple BBU Pools. In this paper we show how to optimally assign cells to different BBU Pools in such a scenario. By using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method we derive engineering guidelines for minimizing the CAPital EXpenditure (CAPEX) of C-RAN deployment.
Pharmacologic Characterization of FR172516: A New Combined Calcium Channel-Blocking and β-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agent (1999)

The pharmacologic characterization of FR172516, a new combined calcium channel-blocking and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent, was studied and compared with amlodipine in receptor-binding assay and in vivo studies. In the binding assay, Ki values of FR172516 for calcium channel and beta-receptor were 29.3 nM and 44.1 nM, respectively. In the in vivo studies with pithed rats, FR172516 shifted the dose-response curves of isoproterenol in heart rate to the right, suggesting that this compound has a antiadrenoceptor effect in vivo. The hypotensive effect of FR172516, which could be mainly attributed to its calcium channel-blocking action, was compared with that of amlodipine in normotensive Wistar rats (NTRs), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and renal hypertensive dogs (RHDs). FR172516 showed more potent hypotensive action than amlodipine when administered intravenously to NTRs, and apparent bradycardia was seen only with FR172516. In SHRs, FR172516 showed a long-lasting hypotensive action and dose-dependently decreased heart rate, whereas amlodipine scarcely affected heart rate. In RHDs, oral administration of FR172516 once daily for 5 days decreased blood pressure without reflex tachycardia or an increase of plasma renin activity. On the other hand, amlodipine, in the dose at which hypotensive effects equipotent to those of FR172516 were observed, produced apparent reflex tachycardia and concomitant increase of plasma renin. These results indicate that FR172516 has a potent long-lasting antihypertensive effect without activating sympathetic tone by calcium channel-blocking and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking actions.
Compact and Stable Quantum Dots with Positive, Negative, or Zwitterionic Surface: Specific Cell Interactions and Non‐Specific Adsorptions by the Surface Charges (2011)

Abstract A new type of quantum dot (QD) ligand chemistry is introduced that can provide positive, negative, or zwitterionic surface QDs. CdSe/CdZnS core‐shell QDs are decorated with ligands, and the non‐specific and specific interactions of the QDs through their surface charge are investigated with the focus on cellular adsorptions and endocytosis. Zwitterionic QDs are compact with a ligand hydrodynamic thickness of less than 2 nm, they are colloidally very stable over a broad pH range and even in saturated NaCl solution, and they show minimal non‐specific adsorptions. Positive and negative QDs show a very different behavior for cellular adsorption and subsequent incorporation, suggesting mostly energy‐independent pathways for positive QDs and exclusively adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent pathways for negative QDs. The zwitterionic QD surface ligands can also be used in conjunction with other functional groups, which allows simple conjugations for highly specific targeting whereas retaining the advantages of a zwitterionic QD surface. This QD surface chemistry can provide highly specific and very sensitive imaging with very low background level. Using the mixed QD surface ligand system, we demonstrated streptavidin and antibody QD conjugates that show a signal‐to‐noise ratio that is over 4000 times higher than the unconjugated mixture, which was used as a control case. The QD chemistry reported herein can be easily extended to other functional groups, such as alkynes, azides, or other amines, and can be further used in many future applications, including single‐QD level experiments, sensitive assays, or in vivo applications using anti‐fouling QD probes.
A fast feedforward training algorithm using a modified form of the standard backpropagation algorithm (2001)

In this letter, a new approach for the learning process of multilayer feedforward neural network is introduced. This approach minimizes a modified form of the criterion used in the standard backpropagation algorithm. This criterion is based on the sum of the linear and the nonlinear quadratic errors of the output neuron. The quadratic linear error signal is appropriately weighted. The choice of the weighted design parameter is evaluated via rank convergence series analysis and asymptotic constant error values. The new proposed modified standard backpropagation algorithm (MBP) is first derived on a single neuron-based net and then extended to a general feedforward neural network. Simulation results of the 4-b parity checker and the circle in the square problem confirm that the performance of the MBP algorithm exceed the standard backpropagation (SBP) in the reduction of the total number of iterations and in the learning time.
The Constitutionality of Independent Regulatory Agencies Under the Necessary and Proper Clause: The Case of the Federal Election Commission (1987)

Congress's power to establish independent regulatory commissions has seemed clear at least since the Supreme Court decided Humphrey's Executor v. United States in 1935. Recently, however, both the necessity and constitutional legitimacy of commissions that are independent of presidential direction have been subjected to renewed discussion. Congress's attempt to check abuses of executive power by creating "executive" agencies outside of presidential control has been challenged by some commentators as a violation of the separation of powers.
Carotenoid Photostability in Raw Spinach and Carrots During Cold Storage (1995)

ABSTRACT A reverse‐phase gradient HPLC method was developed for separating xanthophylls, chlorophylls, carotenes and cis β‐carotene isomers from raw spinach and carrots. The effect of dark and lighted cold storage on pigment stability was studied. Light promoted pigment losses in raw spinach. Degradative losses at 8 days ranged from 60% for violaxanthin to 22% for lutein. Dark, cold storage did not affect carotenoid levels except for all‐trans β‐carotene which showed an 18% loss at 8 days. In raw carrots, neither lighted nor dark cold storage affected major carotenoids. In spinach, the isomeric distribution of β‐carotene showed strong linear correlations between trans and cis forms.