gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theories of regulation (2007)

A theory of regulation is a set of propositions or hypotheses about why regulation emerges, which actors contribute to that emergence and typical patterns of interaction between regulatory actors. In answering the 'why' question, we range beyond law to other disciplines, and much of the material in this chapter draws upon the disciplines of politics, economics and sociology. In order to understand the academic literature on this topic, it is helpful to bear in mind two core ideas, which help to differentiate the focus of theories of regulation. Firstly, some theories assume a relatively clear dividing line between public and private actors and institutions while others view the line as blurred both in theory and practice. Secondly, some theories focus mainly on economically defined goals, factors and influences, while others supplement this focus with attention to more broadly defined political goals, factors and influences. Somewhat less attention has been paid to the kinds of values and concerns which lawyers tend to emphasise in exploring the patterned emergence of regulation. The aims of this chapter are therefore twofold. Firstly, to guide the reader through the different theories of regulation, drawing out the contrasts between the roles they give to public and private actors and institutions, and the degree to which they incorporate efficiency-enhancing, redistributive and other broader social objectives. Secondly, to consider the facilitative role of law in theories of regulation and to introduce (within that role) the image of law as umpire.
Activity-Based Computing (2008)

This month's Works in Progress department features six projects related to activity-based computing—a hovering information service for mobile devices, a method for analyzing spatio-temporal data to learn activity patterns, a conflict-resolution method for context-aware applications, pervasive middleware for a mobile environment, a novel sensor network for controlling power consumption, and a system to help end users visually design context-aware activity-based ubiquitous applications. This is part of a special issue on activity-based computing.
Rapid, Structure-Based Exploration of Pipecolic Acid Amides as Novel Selective Antagonists of the FK506-Binding Protein 51 (2016)

The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a key regulator of stress hormone receptors and an established risk factor for stress-related disorders. Drug development for FKBP51 has been impaired by the structurally similar but functionally opposing homologue FKBP52. High selectivity between FKBP51 and FKBP52 can be achieved by ligands that stabilize a recently discovered FKBP51-favoring conformation. However, drug-like parameters for these ligands remained unfavorable. In the present study, we replaced the potentially labile pipecolic ester group of previous FKBP51 ligands by various low molecular weight amides. This resulted in the first series of pipecolic acid amides, which had much lower molecular weights without affecting FKBP51 selectivity. We discovered a geminally substituted cyclopentyl amide as a preferred FKBP51-binding motif and elucidated its binding mode to provide a new lead structure for future drug optimization.
Voltage-drop aware analytical placement by global power spreading for mixed-size circuit designs (2009)

Excessive supply voltage drops in a circuit may lead to significant circuit performance degradation and even malfunction. To handle this problem, existing power delivery aware placement algorithms model voltage drops as an optimization objective. We observe that directly minimizing voltage drops in an objective function might not resolve voltage-drop violations and might even cause problems in power-integrity convergence. To remedy this deficiency, in this paper, we propose new techniques to incorporate device power spreading forces into a mixed-size analytical placement framework. Unlike the state-of-the-art previous work that handles the worst voltage-drop spots one by one, our approach simultaneously and globally spreads all the blocks with voltage-drop violations to desired locations directly to minimize the violations. To apply the power force, we model macro current density and power rails for our placement framework to derive desired macro/cell locations. To further improve the solution quality, we propose an efficient mathematical transformation to adjust the power force direction and magnitude. Experimental results show that our approach can substantially improve the voltage drops, wirelength, and runtime over the previous work.
1.34 Tflops Molecular Dynamics Simulation for NaCl with a Special-Purpose Computer: MDM (2000)

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of 9 million pairs of NaCl ions with the Ewald summation and obtained a calculation speed of 1.34 Tflops. In this calculation we used a special-purpose computer, MDM, which we are developing for the calculations of the Coulomb and van der Waals forces. The MDM enabled us to perform large scale MD simulations without truncating the Coulomb force. It is composed of WINE-2, MDGRAPE-2 and a host computer. WINE-2 accelerates the calculation for wavenumber-space part of the Coulomb force, while MDGRAPE-2 accelerates the calculation for real-space part of the Coulomb and van der Waals forces. The host computer performs other calculations. We performed MD simulation with the early version of the MDM system: 45 Tflops of WINE-2 and 1 Tflops of MDGRAPE-2. The peak performance of the final MDM system will reach 75 Tflops in total by the end of the year 2000.
Tomato Male sterile 1035 is essential for pollen development and meiosis in anthers (2014)

Male fertility in flowering plants depends on proper cellular differentiation in anthers. Meiosis and tapetum development are particularly important processes in pollen production. In this study, we showed that the tomato male sterile (ms10(35)) mutant of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) exhibited dysfunctional meiosis and an abnormal tapetum during anther development, resulting in no pollen production. We demonstrated that Ms10(35) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is specifically expressed in meiocyte and tapetal tissue from pre-meiotic to tetrad stages. Transgenic expression of the Ms10(35) gene from its native promoter complemented the male sterility of the ms10(35) mutant. In addition, RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis revealed that Ms10(35) regulates 246 genes involved in anther development processes such as meiosis, tapetum development, cell-wall degradation, pollen wall formation, transport, and lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that Ms10(35) plays key roles in regulating both meiosis and programmed cell death of the tapetum during microsporogenesis.
Radiation Dose Modulation Techniques in the Multidetector CT Era: From Basics to Practice (2008)

Radiation exposure to the patient has become a concern for the radiologist in the multidetector computed tomography (CT) era. With the introduction of faster multidetector CT scanners, various techniques have been developed to reduce the radiation dose to the patient; one method is automatic exposure control (AEC). AEC systems make use of different types of control, including patient-size AEC, z-axis AEC, rotational or angular AEC, or a combination of two or more of these types. AEC systems operate on the basis of several methods: standard deviation, noise index, reference milliamperage, and reference image. A clear understanding of how to use different AEC systems on different multidetector CT scanners will allow users to modulate radiation dose, reduce photon starvation artifacts, and maintain image quality throughout the body. Further development of AEC systems and their successful introduction into clinical practice will require user education and good communication between users and manufacturers.
Electrically controllable energy gaps in graphene quantum dots (2012)

We theoretically demonstrate that the energy gaps of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can be easily tuned by applying opposite electrostatic potentials to the two equally divided parts of them. This control of energy gaps by such an external electrostatic potential can be realized in various sizes or shapes of GQDs. We propose that the physical origin of the gap tunability is the delicate coupling between the two parts of GQDs with opposite electrostatic gate potentials. Our findings are quite useful for the application of GQDs to the electronic devices and photovoltaic devices.
Distribution of tocopherols within the corn kernel (1970)

Abstract The concentration of tocols and tocotrienols in the germ, endosperm and pericarp of the corn kernel was determined after hand dissection of four dent corn hybrids—normal, early maturing, high oil and high lysine (opaque‐2). Among these hybrids the germ fraction contained 70–86% and the endosperm fraction contained 27–115 of the tocopherols extracted from the whole grain. The endosperm fractions contain all of the measurable tocotrienols occurring in whole corn. In the four hybrids analyzed, the germ fraction contained 94–96% of the a ‐tocopherol extracted from the whole grain. Concentration of a ‐tocopherol was the highest in the germ fraction of the opaque‐2 hybrid.
Modelling of electrical characteristics of ultrashallow pure amorphous boron p + n junctions (2012)

Diodes fabricated by a pure amorphous boron (PureB) deposition technology show outstanding performance. Depositing a PureB-layer on Si at temperatures from 500 – 700°C creates an effective p+-layer at the interface and ultrashallow p+n-junctions less than 10 nm deep can be made. The PureB layer can also be used as an emitter region in pnp bipolar transistors having a high effective emitter Gummel number (G E ) that appears to be related to the properties of the amorphous boron layer. In this paper, we suggest a wide-bandgap model of the amorphous boron layer to explain how its properties can lead to a suppression of the electron injection from the base into the emitter region thus giving the high G E . The presence of trap states in the bandgap of amorphous boron layer is also considered. They could reduce the majority carrier concentration and change the mobility in the layer contributing to a decrease of G E . It is concluded that the wider bandgap together with the trap states in the bandgap of amorphous boron layer could account for the high emitter Gummel number.
Electro-actuated hydrogel walkers with dual responsive legs (2013)

Stimuli responsive polyelectrolyte hydrogels may be useful for soft robotics because of their ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical motion without the use of external mechanical input. Composed of soft and biocompatible materials, gel robots can easily bend and fold, interface and manipulate biological components and transport cargo in aqueous solutions. Electrical fields in aqueous solutions offer repeatable and controllable stimuli, which induce actuation by the re-distribution of ions in the system. Electrical fields applied to polyelectrolyte-doped gels submerged in ionic solution distribute the mobile ions asymmetrically to create osmotic pressure differences that swell and deform the gels. The sign of the fixed charges on the polyelectrolyte network determines the direction of bending, which we harness to control the motion of the gel legs in opposing directions as a response to electrical fields. We present and analyze a walking gel actuator comprised of cationic and anionic gel legs made of copolymer networks of acrylamide (AAm)/sodium acrylate (NaAc) and acrylamide/quaternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA Q), respectively. The anionic and cationic legs were attached by electric field-promoted polyion complexation. We characterize the electro-actuated response of the sodium acrylate hydrogel as a function of charge density and external salt concentration. We demonstrate that "osmotically passive" fixed charges play an important role in controlling the bending magnitude of the gel networks. The gel walkers achieve unidirectional motion on flat elastomer substrates and exemplify a simple way to move and manipulate soft matter devices and robots in aqueous solutions.
Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection for Android Application Using Deep Neural Networks Techniques (2018)

Road crashes and related forms of accidents are a common cause of injury and death among the human population. According to 2015 data from the World Health Organization, road traffic injuries resulted in approximately 1.25 million deaths worldwide, i.e. approximately every 25 seconds an individual will experience a fatal crash. While the cost of traffic accidents in Europe is estimated at around 160 billion Euros, driver drowsiness accounts for approximately 100,000 accidents per year in the United States alone as reported by The American National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In this paper, a novel approach towards real-time drowsiness detection is proposed. This approach is based on a deep learning method that can be implemented on Android applications with high accuracy. The main contribution of this work is the compression of heavy baseline model to a lightweight model. Moreover, minimal network structure is designed based on facial landmark key point detection to recognize whether the driver is drowsy. The proposed model is able to achieve an accuracy of more than 80%.
Cardiac repolarization analysis using the surface electrocardiogram (2008)

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a challenging health problem in the western world. Analysis of cardiac repolarization from the electrocardiogram (ECG) provides valuable information for stratifying patients according to their risk of suffering from arrhythmic events that could end in SCD, as well as for assessing efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapies. In this paper, we start by exploring the cellular basis of ECG repolarization waveforms under both normal and pathological conditions. We then describe basic preprocessing steps that need to be accomplished on the ECG signal before extracting repolarization indices. A comprehensive review of techniques aimed to characterize spatial or temporal repolarization dispersion is provided, together with a summary of their usefulness for clinical risk stratification. Techniques that describe spatial dispersion of repolarization are based on either differences in repolarization duration or T-wave loop morphology. Techniques that evaluate temporal dispersion of repolarization include the analysis of QT interval adaptation to heart rate changes, QT interval and T-wave variability, and T-wave alternans.
CENP-B Binds a Novel Centromeric Sequence in the Asian Mouse <i>Mus caroli</i> (1995)

Minor satellite DNA, found at Mus musculus centromeres, is not present in the genome of the Asian mouse Mus caroli. This repetitive sequence family is speculated to have a role in centromere function by providing an array of binding sites for the centromere-associated protein CENP-B. The apparent absence of CENP-B binding sites in the M. caroli genome poses a major challenge to this hypothesis. Here we describe two abundant satellite DNA sequences present at M. caroli centromeres. These satellites are organized as tandem repeat arrays, over 1 Mb in size, of either 60- or 79-bp monomers. All autosomes carry both satellites and small amounts of a sequence related to the M. musculus major satellite. The Y chromosome contains small amounts of both major satellite and the 60-bp satellite, whereas the X chromosome carries only major satellite sequences. M. caroli chromosomes segregate in M. caroli x M. musculus interspecific hybrid cell lines, indicating that the two sets of chromosomes can interact with the same mitotic spindle. Using a polyclonal CENP-B antiserum, we demonstrate that M. caroli centromeres can bind murine CENP-B in such an interspecific cell line, despite the absence of canonical 17-bp CENP-B binding sites in the M. caroli genome. Sequence analysis of the 79-bp M. caroli satellite reveals a 17-bp motif that contains all nine bases previously shown to be necessary for in vitro binding of CENP-B. This M. caroli motif binds CENP-B from HeLa cell nuclear extract in vitro, as indicated by gel mobility shift analysis. We therefore suggest that this motif also causes CENP-B to associate with M. caroli centromeres in vivo. Despite the sequence differences, M. caroli presents a third, novel mammalian centromeric sequence producing an array of binding sites for CENP-B.
Social Interaction through Map-based Wikis (2008)

This paper introduces the notion of map-based wiki, a wiki that allows users to interact with each other and with information through a digital map. The map, either geographic or conceptual, becomes a medium for creating knowledge through digital annotations. Annotations may be multimodal. Audio or icon notes set the mood for perceiving map space, while text or graphic notes create information space. We analyze examples to gauge mapbased wikis ’ potential, then focus on Banco Territorio, a map-based wiki designed for information and emotional spaces, which localizes both spaces to overcome cultural misunderstanding in social interaction through digital maps.
Natural Products – New Antimicrobial Constituents Derived from Cerium arv ense (2014)

Abtract A new spectrum of human bacterial and fungal infections is increasing due to the increase of different ailment; AIDS, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer,s patients. The increase use of antibacterial and antifungal agents also resulted in the development of resistance to the present drugs. It make necessary to discover new classes of antibacterial and antifungal compounds to cure the fungal infection. Therefore, research on natural products and isolated a series of two new bioactive compounds Arvense A (1) and Arvense B (2) were isolated from n-butanol soluble fraction of Cirsium arvense along with two know compounds 5,4'-Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (3), Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethyoxyflavone 4'-glucoside (4). Their structures have been identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), high resolution resonance ionization mass spectrometry (HR-EIMS), 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds were tested; this compound shows profound antimicrobial activities.
Urodynamic Risk Factors for Renal Dysfunction in Men With Obstructive and Nonobstructive Voiding Dysfunction (1997)

In men with voiding dysfunction of a nonneurogenic etiology outlet obstruction with or without detrusor instability does not appear to be a risk factor for elevated BUN and creatinine. However, when decreased bladder compliance is associated with a combination of outlet obstruction and detrusor instability, this risk is substantially increased.
Monitoring mis-acylated tRNA suppression efficiency in mammalian cells via EGFP fluorescence recovery (2002)

A reporter assay was developed to detect and quantify nonsense codon suppression by chemically aminoacylated tRNAs in mammalian cells. It is based on the cellular expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter for the site-specific amino acid incorporation in its sequence using an orthogonal suppressor tRNA derived from Escherichia coli. Suppression of an engineered amber codon at position 64 in the EGFP run-off transcript could be achieved by the incorporation of a leucine via an in vitro aminoacylated suppressor tRNA. Microinjection of defined amounts of mutagenized EGFP mRNA and suppressor tRNA into individual cells allowed us to accurately determine suppression efficiencies by measuring the EGFP fluorescence intensity in individual cells using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Control experiments showed the absence of natural suppression or aminoacylation of the synthetic tRNA by endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This reporter assay opens the way for the optimization of essential experimental parameters for expanding the scope of the suppressor tRNA technology to different cell types.
Silicon‐Free Oxynitride Glasses Via Nitridation of Aluminate Glassmelts (1983)

Aluminate‐oxynitride glasses were synthesized by melting calcium‐aluminate‐based compositions with various amounts of AlN in a nitrogen atmosphere. X‐ray amorphous Ca‐Al‐Mg‐Ba‐O‐N oxynitride glasses free of metallic inclusions containing up to ∼1 at. % N were obtained. Nitride additions increased the glass transition temperatures while decreasing thermal expansion, as in other Sicontaining oxynitride systems.
The Complete Genome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. <i>plantarum</i> CAU B946 Contains a Gene Cluster for Nonribosomal Synthesis of Iturin A (2012)

The genome of the rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CAU B946 was 4.02 Mb in size and harbored 3,823 genes (coding sequences [CDS]). Nine giant gene clusters were dedicated to nonribosomal synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. Remarkably, strain CAU B946 possessed a gene cluster involved in synthesis of iturin A.
Reduced Allergen-Induced Nasal Congestion and Leukotriene Synthesis with an Orally Active 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1990)

These results provide direct evidence of an important role for the 5-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid in allergic rhinitis and support the notion that further experiments in this area may lead to new therapeutic approaches to allergic disorders.
$N \times N$ Cyclic-Frequency Router With Improved Performance Based on Arrayed-Waveguide Grating (2009)

We have developed an NxN cyclic-frequency router with improved performance by employing two types of modified configuration; a uniform-loss and cyclic-frequency (ULCF) arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and an interconnected multiple AWG. We have demonstrated a compact 50-GHz-spacing 64x64 ULCF-AWG router with low and uniform insertion losses of 5.4-6.8 dB and frequency deviations from the grid of less than plusmn8 GHz. We have also demonstrated a 100-GHz-spacing 8x8 interconnected multiple-AWG router with a practical configuration, very low and uniform insertion losses of 2.3-3.4 dB, and frequency deviations from the grid of less than plusmn6 GHz. We discuss the suitable or realizable scale N of the two types of routers by comparison with a conventional AWG router in terms of optical and dimensional performance and productivity.
Molecular analysis of a cellular decision during embryonic development of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>: epidermogenesis or neurogenesis (1990)

In Drosophila melanogaster, the neuroblasts (neural progenitor cells) develop from a special region of the ectoderm, called the neuroectoderm. During early embryonic development, the neuroblasts separate from the remaining cells of the neuroectoderm, which develop as epidermoblasts (epidermal progenitor cells). The separation of these two cell types is the result of cellular interactions. The available data indicate that a signal chain formed by the products of several identified genes regulates the cell's decision to enter either neurogenesis or epidermogenesis. Various kinds of data, in particular from cell transplantation studies and from genetic and molecular analyses, suggest that the proteins encoded by the genes Notch and Delta interact at the membrane of the neuroectodermal cells to provide a regulatory signal. This signal is thought to lead, on the one hand, to epidermal development through the action of the genes of the Enhancer of split complex, a gene complex that encodes several functions related to the transduction and further processing of the signal, including the genetic regulation in the receiving cell; on the other hand, the signal is thought to lead to neural development through the participation of the genes of the achaete-scute complex and daughterless, which are members of a family of DNA-binding regulatory proteins and of the gene vnd whose molecular nature is still unknown.