gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cDNA Sequence of Bovine Thioredoxin (1999)

In this paper, we report the cDNA sequence of bovine thioredoxin. We determined the full-length cDNA sequence of bovine thioredoxin by RT-PCR, 5'-RACE and 3'-RACE methods. Currently, the thioredoxin cDNA sequences of only five mammalian species (human, macaca, mouse, ovine and rat) are registered in the GenBank database. We performed sequence comparisons on the total cDNA sequence and the coding region, and produced a multialignment between the amino acid sequences of bovine and other mammalian thioredoxins. The amino acid sequences of thioredoxins are highly conserved among mammalian species, for example, only one difference exists between the amino acid sequences of bovine and ovine thioredoxin.
Strain differences in the susceptibility to azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice (2005)

We have recently developed a mouse model for colitis-related colon carcinogenesis by a combined treatment with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in male ICR mice. However, strain differences in the sensitivity to AOM/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of any genetically determined differences in sensitivity to our model of colon carcinogenesis in four inbred strains of mice. Male Balb/c, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of AOM (10 mg/kg body wt), followed by 1% DSS (w/v) in drinking water for 4 days, and thereafter they received no further treatment for up to 16 weeks. At the end of the study (Week 18), all mice were killed and a histopathological analysis of their colon was performed. The incidence of colonic adenocarcinoma was 100% with a multiplicity (no. of tumors/mouse) of 7.7+/-4.3 in the Balb/c mice and 50% with a multiplicity of 1.0+/-1.2 in the C57BL/6N mice. On the other hand, only a few colonic adenomas, but no adenocarcinomas, developed in the C3H/HeN mice (29% incidence with a multiplicity of 0.7+/-1.5) and the DBA/2N mice (20% incidence with a multiplicity of 0.2+/-0.4). The inflammation and immunohistochemical nitrotyrosine-positivity scores of the mice treated with AOM and DSS in the decreasing order were as follows: C3H/HeN>Balb/c>DBA/2N>C57BL/6N and Balb/c>C57BL/6N>C3H/HeN>DBA/2N, respectively. Our results thus indicated the presence of strain differences in the susceptibility to AOM/DSS-induced colonic tumorigenesis. These differences may have been directly influenced by the response to nitrosation stress due to the inflammation caused by DSS.
Uncooled Metallic Thin-film Thermopile Infrared Detector (2000)

열전퇴의 고온 접합부가 Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 멤브레인에 의해 실리콘 기판으로부터 열차단되고, 열전퇴의 저온 접합부는 방열판 역할을 하는 실리콘 림(rim)에 의해 지지되는 멤브레인위에 놓여지며, Au-black이 적외선 흡수체로 사용되는 비냉각 금속 박막형 열전퇴 적외선 검지기를 제작하고, 적외선 검지기의 성능지수에 대해 논의하였다. 3∼14㎛의 파장범위에서 Au-black의 적외선 흡수도는 대개 90%정도였고, Au 증발시의 챔버압력 및 증착된 Au-black의 단위면적당 질량에 크게 의존하였다. 쵸핑 주파수가 5 Hz일 때 Bi-Sb 열전퇴 적외선 검지기의 전압 감응도, 잡음등가전력 및 비검지도는 실온의 공기중에서 각각 약 10.5V/W, 2.3 ㎻/㎐½, 및 1.9×10 7 ㎝·㎐½/w였다. 【Uncooled metallic thin-film thermopile infrared detectors have been fabricated, and the figures of merit for the detectors were examined. The hot junctions of a thermopile were prepared on a $Si_{3}N_{4}/SiO_{2}/Si_{3}N_{4}$ -membrane which acts as a thermal isolation layer, the cold junctions on the membrane supported with the silicon rim which functions as a heat sink, and Au-black was used as an infrared absorber. Infrared absorbance of Au-black, which strongly depends on the chamber pressure during Au-evaporation and its mass per area, was found to be about 90 ％ in the wavelength range from 3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 14 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ . Voltage responsivity, noise equivalent power, and specific detectivity of Bi-Sb thermopile infrared detector at 5 Hz-chopping frequency were about 10.5V/W, 2.3 nW/Hz $^{1/2}$ , 및 $1.9\times10^{7}$ cm.Hz $^{1/2}$ /w at room temperature in air, respectively.】
Abnormal Lung Aging in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2012)

Aging is a natural process characterized by progressive functional impairment and reduced capacity to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli and injury. The incidence of two common chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]) increases with advanced age. It is plausible, therefore, that abnormal regulation of the mechanisms of normal aging may contribute to the pathobiology of both COPD and IPF. This review discusses the available evidence supporting a number of aging mechanisms, including oxidative stress, telomere length regulation, cellular and immunosenescence, as well as changes in a number of antiaging molecules and the extracellular matrix, which are abnormal in COPD and/or IPF. A better understanding of these abnormalities may help in the design of novel and better therapeutic interventions for these patients.
Amphiphilic maleic acid‐containing alternating copolymers—1. Dissociation behavior and compositions (2004)

Abstract The dissociation of the two adjacent carboxylic acids in maleic acid‐containing copolymers is expected to differ from those of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) where the acids are separated by two carbons on the backbone. In this work, we have employed potentiometric titration and NMR spectroscopy to characterize the dissociation behavior and chemical compositions of several water‐soluble maleic acid‐containing copolymers. A distinct two‐step process corresponding to the dissociation of the two adjacent carboxylic acids is observed in aqueous CaCl 2 (0.02 N) solution for copolymers of maleic acid and isobutylene, diisobutylene, and styrene. Such a two‐step ionization process is less recognizable, however, for the copolymers of maleic acid and linear alkenes ranging from n ‐hexene to n ‐octadecene. Nevertheless, the compositions of all copolymers, including the extent of neutralization and the ratio of the comonomer moieties, are estimated from the titration curves. The chemical composition derived from potentiometry and NMR spectroscopy for all copolymers are approximately 1 : 1 (maleic acid : comonomer). With the exception of the hydrophobically modified copolymer of isobutylene‐maleic acid, no obvious conformational transition was observed over the whole range of ionization for these hydrophobic maleic acid‐containing copolymers. This is related to the aggregated state of these copolymers in aqueous media. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3571–3583, 2004
Mechanisms of dislocation reduction in an Al0.98Ga0.02N layer grown using a porous AlN buffer (2006)

Greatly improved optical properties of Al0.55Ga0.45N∕Al0.65Ga0.35N multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on the low dislocation density Al0.98Ga0.02N layer grown using a porous AlN buffer have been observed by photoluminescence measurement, in comparison with a MQW grown on a normal AlN layer. The mechanism for the dislocation reduction has been explored by transmission electron microscopy. Due to an attraction towards lateral growth fronts, the threading dislocations in the AlN layer bend during the overgrowth, but mainly by small angles, which is different from the 90° bending generally observed in classic epitaxial lateral overgrowth method. The dislocation reduction is realized through two main pathways: enhanced dislocation annihilation due to the small-angle line bending and the termination of dislocations at local free surfaces introduced by the nanoscale voids, produced around the interface between the Al0.98Ga0.02N and AlN layers.
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis (2006)

Recent studies have linked infectious agents to schizophrenia. The largest number of studies has involved the analysis of Toxoplasma gondii; these studies were subjected to a meta-analysis. Published articles and abstracts were identified by searches of MEDLINE, Ovid, and Google Scholar; by a search of Chinese publications; through letters to researchers; and by visiting China. Published and unpublished controlled studies that used serological methods for measuring T. gondii antibodies to assess inpatients and/or outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were selected for analysis, and source documents were translated as needed. Forty-two studies carried out in 17 countries over 5 decades were identified; 23 of these (6 unpublished) met selection criteria. The combined odds ratio (OR) was 2.73 (95% confidence interval, 2.10 to 3.60; chi-square with 1 df 263; P < .000001). Seven studies that included only patients with first-episode schizophrenia (OR 2.54) did not differ significantly from 16 studies that included patients in all clinical phases (OR 2.79). The results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia have an increased prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii. This association is consistent with other epidemiological studies as well as with animal studies. Although the OR of 2.73 is modest, it exceeds that for genetic or other environmental factors identified to date and suggests that Toxoplasma is in some way associated with a large number of cases of schizophrenia. If an etiological association can be proven, it would have implications for the design of measures for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
An Overview Of Handoff Techniques In Cellular Networks (2007)

Continuation of an active call is one of the most important quality measurements in the cellular systems. Handoff process enables a cellular system to provide such a facility by transferring an active call from one cell to another. Different approaches are proposed and applied in order to achieve better handoff service. The principal parameters used to evaluate handoff techniques are: forced termination probability and call blocking probability. The mechanisms such as guard channels and queuing handoff calls decrease the forced termination probability while increasing the call blocking probability. In this paper we present an overview about the issues related to handoff initiation and decision and discuss about different types of handoff techniques available in the literature.
Automated Intersection Control (2011)

Congestion is one of the biggest challenges faced by the transportation community; congestion accounted for an estimated $87.2 billion in losses in 2007 alone. Transportation professionals need to go beyond capacity expansion projects and explore novel strategies to mitigate traffic congestion. Automated intersection management is a novel strategy that has the potential to greatly reduce intersection delay and improve safety. Although the implementation of such a system is contingent on the development of automated vehicles, competitions such as the Grand Challenge and Urban Challenge of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency have shown that this technology is feasible and will be available. Therefore, the development of the infrastructure and associated control methods required to exploit fully the benefits of such technology at the system level is critical. This research explores one such innovative strategy, an automated intersection control protocol based on a first-come, first-served (FCFS) reservation system. The FCFS reservation system was shown to reduce intersection delay significantly by exploiting the features of autonomous vehicles. Microscopic simulation experimental results showed that the FCFS reservation system significantly outperformed a traditional traffic signal in reducing delay.
Modification of Proteins with Cyclodextrins Prevents Aggregation and Surface Adsorption and Increases Thermal Stability (2011)

This work describes a general approach for preventing protein aggregation and surface adsorption by modifying proteins with β-cyclodextrins (βCD) via an efficient water-driven ligation. As compared to native unmodified proteins, the cyclodextrin-modified proteins (lysozyme and RNase A) exhibit significant reduction in aggregation, surface adsorption and increase in thermal stability. These results reveal a new chemistry for preventing protein aggregation and surface adsorption that is likely of different mechanisms than that by modifying proteins with poly(ethylene glycol).
Mutations of cellulose synthase (CESA1) phosphorylation sites modulate anisotropic cell expansion and bidirectional mobility of cellulose synthase (2010)

The CESA1 component of cellulose synthase is phosphorylated at sites clustered in two hypervariable regions of the protein. Mutations of the phosphorylated residues to Ala (A) or Glu (E) alter anisotropic cell expansion and cellulose synthesis in rapidly expanding roots and hypocotyls. Expression of T166E, S686E, or S688E mutants of CESA1 fully rescued the temperature sensitive cesA1-1 allele (rsw1) at a restrictive temperature whereas mutations to A at these positions caused defects in anisotropic cell expansion. However, mutations to E at residues surrounding T166 (i.e., S162, T165, and S167) caused opposite effects. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently labeled CESA showed close correlations between tissue or cell morphology and patterns of bidirectional motility of CESA complexes in the plasma membrane. In the WT, CESA complexes moved at similar velocities in both directions along microtubule tracks. By contrast, the rate of movement of CESA particles was directionally asymmetric in mutant lines that exhibited abnormal tissue or cell expansion, and the asymmetry was removed upon depolymerizing microtubules with oryzalin. This suggests that phosphorylation of CESA differentially affects a polar interaction with microtubules that may regulate the length or quantity of a subset of cellulose microfibrils and that this, in turn, alters microfibril structure in the primary cell wall resulting in or contributing to the observed defect in anisotropic cell expansion.
Ultrasonographic Screening before Hospital Discharge for Deep Venous Thrombosis after Arthroplasty: The Post-Arthroplasty Screening Study: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (1997)

In patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty, the use of warfarin prophylaxis during hospitalization results in a very low rate of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge. The use of screening compression ultrasonography at hospital discharge does not seem to be justified in this setting.
Quantitation of Mouse Immunoglobulin Allotypes by a Modified Solid-Phase Radioimmune Assay (1975)

Allotype-reactive polystyrene tubes were made by first coating their inner surface with immunglobulin (Ig) solutions containing the allotype of interest; this was followed by the application of anti-allotype antibody. The latter was covalently cross-linked to the adsorbed allotype antigen by means of glutaraldehyde to prevent the dissociation of antibody from the surface of the tube in subsequent steps (glutaraldehyde treatment did not affect the specificity of these tubes). Under conditions of antibody excess, allotype-reactive tubes were treated next with 125I-labeled 7S Ig from standard solutions in order to estimate the concentration of Ig allotypes in these solutions. Then, to determine serum allotype concentrations, we used the standard solutions and the serum unknown to carry out competition experiments between labeled and unlabeled allotype antigen. Quantitation of serum Ig allotypes in this way featured a high signal to noise ratio (30 to 100), an error estimate of 3 to 7%, and sensitivity in the nanogram range.
Beamforming towards regions of interest for multi-site mobile networks (2016)

We show how a beamforming technique for analytical spatial filtering, called Flexibeam, can be applied to mobile phone mast broadcasting so as to result in concentrations of power where most devices are. To that end, Flexibeam is interpreted as transmission beamforming. An analytically described radiation pattern is extended from a sphere to Euclidean space. A continuous beamforming function is then obtained by the Fourier transform of the extended radiation pattern. We then show how a Gaussian filter can be approximately achieved using beamforming. The method is then expanded by means of an example of a collection of mobile phone masts covering an area of Zurich city so as to concentrate energy where devices are concentrated.
EFFECT OF NATIVE AND LYOPHILIZED KEFIR GRAINS ON SENSORY AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF WHEAT BREAD (2007)

Native and lyophilized kefir grains were added directly to bread dough or as a starter in sourdough. Because of inadequate leavening activity of kefir, yeast-leavened breads were prepared. Kefir addition influenced the quality attributes and the shelf life of wheat bread. The pH of bread containing kefir decreased as compared to that in the control bread. The acidity of bread with kefir increased as compared to that in the control bread. An addition of kefir grains, regardless of the form, lowered the bread volume and increased the mold-free shelf life from 4 (control) to 5–7 days. The addition of kefir grains in bread dough contributed to a milder taste, a more delicate yogurt-like or dairy aroma. The breads made with sourdoughs containing native or lyophilized kefir grains scored higher for crumb quality number than breads made by directly adding kefir grains.
In-Vivo and In-Vitro Conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II in Dog Blood (1970)

The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II was studied in vivo in the intact anesthetized dog and in vitro in whole blood and plasma treated with various anticoagulants by fractionation of radioactively labeled peptides and by radioimmunoassay. After injection of angiotensin I into the pulmonary artery at 10,000 times the physiologic level, approximately 50% of the injected material was recovered in the aorta. Fifty three percent of the material recovered had been converted to angiotensin II, as measured both by peptide release and by radioimmunoassay. Following injection of 1000 to 10,000 times physiologic levels of angiotensin I into the renal artery, 7 to 10% of the immunoreactive material in the venous effluent after a single circulation time was angiotensin II. There was no evidence of conversion in the liver or hindlimb. Conversion in vitro was far slower than in vivo, the half-life in fresh blood being 3 minutes, with longer times observed in anticoagulated plasmas. The major metabolite of in-vivo conversion was leucine, of in-vitro conversion, histidyl leucine. These observations indicate that the major site of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is in the pulmonary capillary bed. The kidnev may participate as a secondary site. Conversion in plasma probably plays no important physiologic role. The mechanism of organ and plasma conversion may differ, as indicated by the different metabolites.
Resolution of Structural Changes Associated with Calcium Activation of Calmodulin Using Frequency Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy (1994)

Structural changes associated with the calcium-dependent activation of wheat germ calmodulin (CaM) were assessed through measurements of steady-state and time-resolved changes in the fluorescence associated with (1) the unique tyrosine (Tyr139) located in calcium binding loop IV or (2) N-(1-pyrenyl)-maleimide (PM) or 4-(iodoacetamido)salicylic acid (IASA) covalently attached to Cys27 present in calcium binding loop I. These fluorophores permit the measurement of calcium-dependent changes in (i) the solvent accessibility and rotational dynamics associated with calcium binding loops I and IV and (ii) the hydrodynamic properties of the entire protein. Specific nitration of the unique tyrosine (Tyr139) in calcium binding loop IV permits the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer to measure both the average spatial separation and distance heterogeneity between Cys27 and Tyr139, providing a direct measurement of the conformational flexibility of the central helix. Upon calcium binding, (i) the solvent accessibility and rotational dynamics of both PM and IASA (covalently bound to Cys27) and Tyr139 increase, (ii) overall protein rotational motion decreases, (iii) the average separation between the chromophores at Cys27 and nitrotyrosine 139 decreases, and (iv) the conformational flexibility associated with the central helix decreases. Therefore, upon calcium binding, the central helix becomes more extended and rigid, while the globular domains adopt a more open tertiary conformation that brings Cys27 and Tyr139 into closer proximity. This calcium-dependent structural change functions to expose the hydrophobic binding sites located within the globular domains, and to enhance the probability of binding target sequences through a reduction in conformational heterogeneity.
SQL multimedia and application packages (SQL/MM) (2001)

Regular readers of this column will have become familiar with database language SQL -- indeed, most readers are already familiar with it. We have also discussed the fact that the SQL standard is being published in multiple parts and have even discussed one of those parts in some detail[l].Another standard, based on SQL and its structured user-defined types[2], has been developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard, like SQL, is divided into multiple parts (more independent than the parts of SQL, in fact). Some parts of this other standard, known as SQL/MM, have already been published and are currently in revision, while others are still in preparation for initial publication.In this issue, we introduce SQL/MM and review each of its parts, necessarily at a high level.
Fishing for a Mechanism: Using Zebrafish to Understand Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2007)

Motoneuron diseases cause paralysis and death due to loss of motoneurons that innervate skeletal muscle. Spinal muscular atrophy is a human motoneuron disease that is genetically linked to the survival motor neuron gene (SMN). Although SMN was identified more than a decade ago, it remains unclear how decreased levels of the SMN protein cause spinal muscular atrophy. The use of animal models, however, offers a crucial tool in determining the function of SMN in this disease. In this review, we discuss our efforts to develop a zebrafish model of spinal muscular atrophy.
A 60-GHz 0.13-$\mu{\hbox{m}}$ CMOS Divide-by-Three Frequency Divider (2008)

This paper presents the design and analysis of a 60-GHz 0.13-mum CMOS divide-by-three frequency divider (FD). The regenerative injection-locked technique is proposed to achieve divide-by-three function at millimeter-wave frequency. The novel level shifter is used to increase the overdrive voltage of the input switch of the loop divider such that the divider locking range and input sensitivity can be enhanced. The CMOS divide-by-three FD including the testing pads occupies the silicon area of 0.99 mm × 0.69 mm. Operated at 1.3 V, the CMOS divider consumes 13 mW of power. The measured locking range is 1.8 GHz around the input frequency of 59 GHz, and the phase noise of the output signal at 1-MHz offset is -131.36 dBc/Hz.