gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive and electro-optic polymer photonics and InP electronics integration (2015)

Hybrid photonic integration allows individual components to be developed at their best-suited material platforms without sacrificing the overall performance. In the past few years a polymer-enabled hybrid integration platform has been established, comprising 1) EO polymers for constructing low-complexity and low-cost Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with extremely high modulation bandwidth; 2) InP components for light sources, detectors, and high-speed electronics including MUX drivers and DEMUX circuits; 3) Ceramic (AIN) RF board that links the electronic signals within the package. On this platform, advanced optoelectronic modules have been demonstrated, including serial 100 Gb/s [1] and 2x100 Gb/s [2] optical transmitters, but also 400 Gb/s optoelectronic interfaces for intra-data center networks [3]. To expand the device functionalities to an unprecedented level and at the same time improve the integration compatibility with diversified active / passive photonic components, we have added a passive polymer-based photonic board (polyboard) as the 4th material system. This passive polyboard allows for low-cost fabrication of single-mode waveguide networks, enables fast and convenient integration of various thin-film elements (TFEs) to control the light polarization, and provides efficient thermo-optic elements (TOEs) for wavelength tuning, light amplitude regulation and light-path switching.
Generation of nitric oxide by the inducible nitric oxide synthase protects gamma delta T cells from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced apoptosis. (1999)

Gamma delta T cells are early recruited into mycobacterial lesions. Upon microbial Ag recognition, gamma delta cells secrete cytokines and chemokines and undergo apoptosis via CD95/CD95 ligand (CD95L) interaction, possibly influencing the outcome of infection and the characteristics of the disease. In this paper we show that activated phagocytes acquire, upon challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the ability to inhibit M. tuberculosis-induced gamma delta cell apoptosis. Apoptosis protection was due to NO because it correlated with NO synthase (NOS)-2 induction and activity in scavenger cells and was abrogated by NOS inhibitors. Furthermore, the NO donor S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine mimicked the effect of enzyme induction. NO left unaffected the expression of CD95 and CD95L, suggesting interference with an event ensuing CD95/CD95L interaction. NO was found to interfere with the intracellular accumulation of ceramide and the activation of caspases, which were involved in gamma delta T cells apoptosis after M. tuberculosis recognition. We propose that NO generated by infected macrophages determines the life span and therefore the function of lymphocytes at the infection site, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity.
A visual odometry framework robust to motion blur (2009)

Motion blur is a severe problem in images grabbed by legged robots and, in particular, by small humanoid robots. Standard feature extraction and tracking approaches typically fail when applied to sequences of images strongly affected by motion blur. In this paper, we propose a new feature detection and tracking scheme that is robust even to non-uniform motion blur. Furthermore, we developed a framework for visual odometry based on features extracted out of and matched in monocular image sequences. To reliably extract and track the features, we estimate the point spread function (PSF) of the motion blur individually for image patches obtained via a clustering technique and only consider highly distinctive features during matching. We present experiments performed on standard datasets corrupted with motion blur and on images taken by a camera mounted on walking small humanoid robots to show the effectiveness of our approach. The experiments demonstrate that our technique is able to reliably extract and match features and that it is furthermore able to generate a correct visual odometry, even in presence of strong motion blur effects and without the aid of any inertial measurement sensor.
Urocanic acid enhances IL-10 production in activated CD4+ T cells. (1998)

The immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation have been well documented. This suppression has been attributed to the action of the cis form of urocanic acid (UCA), a photoproduct of trans-UCA, a natural constituent of the skin. Here, we show that mouse spleen cells preincubated with cis-UCA have a diminished proliferative response to allogeneic cells in MLC and to stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb. Cells preincubated with cis-UCA also had a decreased ability to serve as APC and to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes in MLC. Simultaneously, the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by cells preincubated with cis-UCA was decreased. However, IL-10 gene expression and IL-10 protein secretion by spleen cells stimulated in the presence of cis-UCA were significantly enhanced. The principal cell population displaying the cis-UCA-induced elevated production of IL-10 was CD4+ T cells, which were shown to be a direct target of cis-UCA action. This was also supported by the observation that production of IL-10 by stimulated splenic non-T cells or by macrophages was not altered by cis-UCA. The enhanced production of IL-10 by activated CD4+ T cells may represent a novel pathway of UVB radiation-induced, cis-UCA-mediated immunosuppression. We suggest that the elevated production of IL-10 by activated CD4+ T cells may account for the suppressor T cell phenomena described in UV-irradiated recipients.
Web Service Discovery Mechanisms: Looking for a Needle in a Haystack? (2004)

The introduction of software development via Web Services has been the most significant web engineering paradigm, in the last years. The widely acknowledged importance of the Web Services&apos; concept lies in the fact that they provide a platform independent answer to the software component development question.
Bone metastasis in prostate cancer: Molecular and cellular mechanisms (Review) (2007)

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in Western countries, with a high incidence of bone metastasis. The bony metastasis is incurable and contributes significantly to disease-specific morbidity and mortality. The molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to the development of bone metastasis in prostate cancer remain unclear, but are currently under intensive investigation. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. The rapid progress in the genetic predisposition that makes prostate cancer cells more prone to spread to bone, bone-derived factors which are involved in the development of bone metastasis at the level of the local microenvironment, the interactions between metastatic prostate cancer cells and bone marrow endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, are discussed in this article.
Electromigration Characteristics for Al‐Ge‐Cu (1996)

Aluminum‐germanium‐copper (Al‐Ge‐Cu) alloy is investigated as an interconnect material to fill contact holes and vias using low‐temperature reflow sputtering. The Al‐Ge‐Cu has a lower melting point than conventional Al alloys such as Al‐Si‐Cu. The reflow temperature for contact‐ and via‐filling decreases as the Ge concentration increases. The optimum Ge concentration for reflow sputtering at around 400°C is 1 weight percent of Ge. The electromigration characteristics for stacked structures TiN/Al‐Ge‐0.5%Cu/TiN/Ti are investigated and compared with those for TiN/Al‐1%Si‐0.5%Cu/TiN/Ti. The Cu contained in Al‐Ge‐Cu is found to increase the electromigration lifetime because of the Al‐Cu intermetallic compound formed at the grain boundaries during reflowing. It is also found that Al‐1%Ge‐0.5%Cu reacts with TiN during reflowing and Al‐Ti‐Ge intermetallic compounds, but not Ge precipitates, are formed at the grain boundaries, while Si nodules are formed in Al‐1%Si‐0.5%Cu without reflowing. Electromigration lifetime for Al‐1%Ge‐0.5%Cu is comparable to that for Al‐1%Si‐0.5%Cu for wide test patterns and is longer for narrow patterns.
Algorithms and architectures for channel estimation in wireless CDMA communication systems (1998)

Wireless cellular communication is witnessing a rapid growth in markets, technology, and range of services. An attractive approach for economical, spectrally efficient, and high quality digital cellular and personal communication services is the use of code division multiple access (CDMA) technology. The estimation of channel delays along with channel attenuation and phases of different users constitutes the first stage in the detection process at the receiving base station in a CDMA communication system. This stage, called channel parameter estimation, forms the bottleneck for the detection of users' bitstreams; both in terms of accuracy as well as execution time. In this thesis, we develop new algorithms and architectures to solve the CDMA channel estimation problem.\nWe have first developed a framework that facilitates a computationally efficient solution to the combined problem of channel estimation and detection in a scenario involving multiple users, multiple paths, and multiple sensors at the receiver. The channel estimation approaches presented in this thesis, consist of two categories: (1) maximum likelihood based schemes, and (2) signal and noise subspace based schemes.\nThe maximum likelihood approach is used to solve the complex multidimensional problem of channel estimation in the presence of multipath effects and concurrently using an antenna array at the base station receiver. Once the composite channel impulse response of each user is estimated, it is directly used in the detection process instead of first extracting the individual channel parameters, such as path delays and attenuation factors. This technique benefits from better performance as well as lower computational cost. Further, implementation issues of this algorithm, such as complexity reduction and fixed point error behaviour have also been addressed.\nOur contribution to the subspace-based solution includes extension of the basic algorithm to tracking of the channel parameters in a time varying environment. We have also applied algorithmic optimizations to reduce the computation required for the algorithm and developed architectural enhancements to improve the execution time, such as parallel processing and implementation on fixed point hardware.
Challenges and Opportunities in Recruiting Middle School Students into Aviation Courses (2008)

It is no mystery that some people are enthralled with aviation from a very young age. These people are the dreamers. They live in a world with only windows, not walls. Not all people come to aviation through a world of windows. Many young adults live in a world with only walls. It is our job as aviation educators to allow young adults to see past these walls and into a world of possibilities in aviation. Two pertinent questions arise: When is the right time to start mentoring young adults to numerous career opportunities in aviation and how should this be accomplished?
Restless Legs Syndrome: A Clinical Study of 55 Patients (2001)

RLS is a clinically pleomorphic syndrome, reflecting the contribution of multiple genetic and acquired factors in the pathogenesis of RLS.
Extending statecharts with temporal logic (1998)

The task of designing large real-time reactive systems, which interact continuously with their environment and exhibit concurrency properties, is a challenging one. The authors explore the utility of a combination of behavior and function specification languages in specifying such systems and verifying their properties. An existing specification language, statecharts, is used to specify the behavior of real-time reactive systems, while a new logic-based language called FNLOG (based on first-order predicate calculus and temporal logic) is designed to express the system functions over real time. Two types of system properties, intrinsic and structural, are proposed. It is shown that both types of system properties are expressible in FNLOG and may be verified by logical deduction, and also hold for the corresponding behavior specification.
Methylated phenanthrenes are more potent than phenanthrene in a bioassay of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling (2014)

Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are abundant in petroleum, but data regarding their toxicological properties are limited. A survey of all monomethylated phenanthrene structures revealed that they were 2 times to 5 times more potent than phenanthrene for activation of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a yeast bioassay. Phenanthrenes with equatorial methyl groups had the greatest potency. The greater potency of the methylated phenanthrenes highlights the need for more toxicological data on APAHs.
<title>Controller area network for monitor and control in ALMA</title> (2000)

The Controller Area Network (CAN), initially developed for the automotive industry, is becoming increasingly popular in industrial process control applications. The need for distributed low data rate monitor and control networking in industry is similar to the needs of the various instrumentation and support equipment in a modern radio telescope. In particular, immunity to noise and low radio frequency emission characteristics are common to both domains. The Atacama Large Millimeter Array project has adopted CAN technology for use in local monitor and control applications at each of its 64 antennas. A standard interface slave node providing flexible I/O options is under development and a simple application-level protocol making use of CAN to access these nodes in a master/slave fashion has been implemented. This paper will present the work which has been completed to date including experiences in the use of CAN in an astronomical environment. In addition, analysis and simulation of CAN networks is compared with the performance of our implementation in the lab.
Interplay of ionic and structural heterogeneity on functional action potential duration gradients: Implications for arrhythmogenesis (2002)

Action potential duration (APD) dispersion in the heart is governed by the underlying cellular architecture and the spatial distribution of the membrane properties. Understanding the contribution of each factor is important in designing more effective methods for the control of arrhythmias. Recent experimental studies have shown that the insertion of structural barriers in ionically heterogeneous tissue facilitates the formation of unidirectional block and discordant alternans. In this work, computational modeling is used to examine the effect of internal obstacles on the formation of functional APD gradients in ionically heterogeneous tissue. Intrinsic APD differences are introduced by assigning two discrete cell types to each half of a square domain. The combined effect of structural and ionic heterogeneities is shown to produce gradients in APD that are oblique to both the intrinsic gradients in APD and the physical boundary. Simulation results are presented that show that the magnitude and spatial extent of the subsequent APD gradients are modulated by the size and orientation of the obstacle, the degree of anisotropy, and the location of the pacing site. Long, thin internal obstacles are found to produce the greatest dispersion in APD. The combination of internal obstacles and ionic heterogeneities is shown to produce a substrate for re-entrant excitation following a pair of near threshold point stimuli. (c) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
Gene structure-based splice variant deconvolution using a microarry platform (2003)

Inspired by Li and Wong (2001), we developed a gene structure-based algorithm to determine the relative abundance of known splice variants. Probe intensities are modeled across multiple experiments using gene structures as constraints. Model parameters are obtained through a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) process/framework. The algorithm produces the relative concentration of each variant, as well as an affinity term associated with each probe. Validation of the algorithm is performed by a set of controlled spike experiments as well as endogenous tissue samples using a human splice variant array.
Biomechanics: motion, flow, stress, and growth (1990)

Motion.- Segmental Movement and Vibrations.- External Flow: Dynamic Forces Acting on Moving Bodies.- Flying and Swimming.- Blood Flow in Heart, Lung, Arteries, and Veins.- Micro- and Macrocirculation.- Respiratory Gas Flow.- Basic Transport Equations According to Thermodynamics, Molecular Diffusion, Mechanisms in Membranes, and Multiphasic Structure.- Mass Transport in Capillaries, Tissues, Interstitial Space, Lymphatics, Indicator Dilution Method, and Peristalsis.- Description of Internal Deformation and Forces.- Stress, Strain, and Stability of Organs.- Strength, Trauma, and Tolerance.- Biomechanical Aspects of Growth and Tissue Engineering.- Author Index.- Subject Index.
A human thymocyte antigen defined by a hybrid myeloma monoclonal antibody (1979)

Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3-NS 1/1 Ag 4.1. One of the resulting hybrid clones (NA 1/34) secreted an antibody that was highly specific for human thymocytes. Eighty-five % of thymocytes expressed the antigen designated HTA1. There were an estimated 15 x 10(4) molecules of HTA 1 per cell, and it is therefore a major surface molecule. The expression of this antigen on thymocytes appears to be reciprocal to HLA, as recognized by another monoclonal antibody W6/32. Immunoprecipitated material from [125I]-labeled thymocyte membranes was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which disclosed a single component of 45,000 molecular weight.
Heparin‐induced aggregation of lymphoid cells (1986)

The effects of different carbohydrates on cell-to-cell adhesion were examined in an aggregation assay, which consisted of swirling a suspension of cells and monitoring the loss of single cells with a Coulter Counter. Of the carbohydrates tested, only heparin and dextran sulfate induced cell aggregation. This effect occurred in freshly isolated mouse splenocytes and in cultured cells of lymphoid origin (P388, YAA-CI) but not in cell lines of fibroblastic origins (3T3, SV-3T3, BHK, and PY-BHK). Using the YAA-CI cell line for further study, we found that aggregation could be induced by relatively small amounts of heparin (less than 10 micrograms/ml). Binding experiments with 3H-heparin showed that under normal physiological conditions each YAA-CI cell bound approximately 2 X 10(6) molecules of heparin at saturation with a Kd of 3.5 X 10(-7) M. This binding was blocked by both unlabelled heparin and dextran sulfate but not by other carbohydrates. When the pH of the medium was decreased, the heparin-induced aggregation was inhibited, and the Kd of the 3H-heparin binding was increased. In a similar fashion, when the ionic strength of the medium was increased, heparin-induced aggregation was inhibited and the Kd of the interaction was increased. These results suggest that the aggregation is inversely related to the Kd of the interaction and that the binding of heparin to the cell surface is primarily of an ionic nature.
Droplet Traffic in Microfluidic Networks: A Simple Model for Understanding and Designing (2008)

We propose a simple model to analyze the traffic of droplets in microfluidic "dual networks." Such functional networks which consist of two types of channels, namely, those accessible or forbidden to droplets, often display a complex behavior characteristic of dynamical systems. By focusing on three recently proposed configurations, we offer an explanation for their remarkable behavior. Additionally, the model allows us to predict the behavior in different parameter regimes. A verification will clarify fundamental issues, such as the network symmetry, the role of the driving conditions, and of the occurrence of reversible behavior. The model lends itself to a fast numerical implementation, thus can help designing devices, identifying parameter windows where the behavior is sufficiently robust for a device to be practically useful, and exploring new functionalities.
Osteoclast precursors, RANKL/RANK, and immunology (2005)

Rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the formation, activation, and survival of osteoclasts, which are derived from precursor cells in the myeloid lineage. In contrast, study of the regulation of osteoclast precursors (OCPs) has been relatively slow, in part because it has been hard to accurately identify them. However, following the discovery of cell-surface markers that facilitated purification of OCPs, recent studies have demonstrated that peripheral blood OCP numbers are increased in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated arthritis, both in animals and humans, and these numbers correlate with serum TNF levels. The increase can be reversed by anti-TNF therapy. Furthermore, the precursor cells that give rise to osteoclasts can also differentiate into other cell types, including dendritic cells. Receptor activator nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) stimulates OCPs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and RANKL blockade prevents joint inflammation in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis. These findings suggest that OCPs may serve as a source for both osteoclasts and other effector cells and participate actively in the pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulation of OCP formation and differentiation and provide a model of a vicious cycle in which pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in inflamed joints feedback on the bone marrow to promote the generation and release of OCPs. The OCPs then home to the inflamed joints to differentiate into mature osteoclasts or to produce more inflammatory factors in the presence of RANKL. Disruption of this cycle could provide a new strategy for the development of drugs to treat inflammatory arthritis and other disorders associated with elevated OCP/myeloid progenitors.
The Effects of High Pressure on Whey Protein Denaturation and Cheese-Making Properties of Raw Milk (1996)

2 4 ) . In addition to microbial inhibition and destruc-The effects of high pressure, from 100 to 400 MPa (14,500 to 58,000 psi) and applied for different periods ( 10 t o 60 min), on the biochemical and microbiological characteristics of milk have been investigated. Particular attention was paid to modifications of the cheese-making properties. High pressure slightly improved the microbiological quality of milk without modifying the activity of native milk enzymes such as lactoperoxidase or plasmin. @-Lactoglobulin was denatured by pressures >lo0 MPa, but a-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin were resistant to pressures 1400 MPa for 60 min. Cheese yield, as estimated by centrifugation of curd, increased with pressurization a t 300 and 400 MPa, reflecting incorporation of additional ,&lactoglobulin and, especially, greater moisture retention. The coagulation time decreased as pressure increased 5200 MPa and then increased again until at 400 MPa, reaching values comparable with those of the raw milk. High pressure treatment of milk can be an effective method for improving the coagulation characteristics of milk and for increasing the moisture retention of fresh cheese with a minimum of modification of other properties important for cheese making.
Farm size relationships, with an emphasis on California: A summary report (1981)

Production cost savings tend to level off at medium-size farms, but many other factors influence expansion beyond that point.