gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Revascularization interventions for ischemic heart disease (2000)

Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are now well established methods of myocardial revascularization. The choice of a method of revascularization depends on several clinical and angiographic parameters. Patients who derive the greatest benefit from coronary artery bypass grafting are those with left main coronary artery disease or those with three-vessel disease with left ventricular impairment. Patients with single-vessel disease achieve more symptomatic relief with coronary angioplasty than with medical therapy alone, but with no improvement in long-term mortality. In nondiabetic patients with multiple-vessel disease, angioplasty and bypass grafting likely yield similar results, and the choice of revascularization technique rests on weighing the more invasive nature of bypass grafting against the need for additional future revascularizations with angioplasty. Diabetic patients with multiple-vessel disease seem to achieve better outcomes with bypass grafting. Minimally invasive bypass surgery is an evolving technique. It is less invasive in nature but its applications are limited, and its advantages over traditional bypass grafting have not yet been shown. Stenting now plays a major role in percutaneous revascularization and is performed in more than two thirds of all interventional procedures. It improves both the short-term and the long-term outcomes of coronary angioplasty. Other novel percutaneous techniques such as directional or rotational atherectomy, laser angioplasty, or thrombectomy devices have not shown convincing superiority over coronary angioplasty alone. Transmyocardial laser revascularization can be performed surgically or percutaneously and may be beneficial in patients with angina refractory to traditional revascularization procedures.
Study of regeneration in the garfish olfactory nerve. (1980)

Previous studies of the olfactory nerve, mainly in higher vertebrates, have indicated that axonal injury causes total degeneration of the mature neurons, followed by replacement of new neuronal cells arising from undifferentiated mucosal cells. A similar regeneration process was confirmed in the garfish olfactory system. Regeneration of the nerve, crushed 1.5 cm from the cell bodies, is found to produce three distinct populations of regenerating fibers. The first traverses the crush site 1 wk postoperative and progresses along the nerve at a rate of 5.8 +/- 0.3 mm/d for the leading fibers of the group. The second group of fibers traverses the crush site after 2 wk postcrush and advances at a rate of 2.1 +/- 0.1 mm/d for the leading fibers. The rate of growth of this group of fibers remains constant for 60 d but subsequently falls to 1.6 +/- 0.2 for the leading population of fibers. The leading fibers in the third group of regenerating axons traverse the crush site after 4 wk and advance at a constant rate of 0.8 +/- 0.2 mm/d. The multiple populations of regenerating fibers with differing rates of growth are discussed in the context of precursor cell maturity at the time of nerve injury and possible conditioning effects of the lesion upon these cells. Electron microscopy indicates that the number of axons decreases extensively after crush. The first two phases of regenerating axons represent a total of between 6 and 10% of the original axonal population and are typically characterized by small fascicles of axons surrounded by Schwann cells and large amounts of collagenous material. The third phase of fibers represents between 50 and 70% of the original axonal population.
Megapode phylogeny and the interpretation of incubation strategies (1992)

Among megapodes, several incubation stategies can be recognized. Eggs are incubated by heat generated from microbial decomposition, volcanism, or the sun. For a long time, controversy has existed whether these strategies represent primitive traits, inherited from reptilian ancestors, or have evolved from the 'regular' way of incubation in birds. In this paper these strategies are interpreted by superimposing them on the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the inter- and intrafamilial relationships of megapodes. We conclude that similarities shared with reptiles and kiwis are due to convergence. Arguments are put forward that mound-building represents the plesiomorphic condition in megapodes and that burrow-nesting has been derived from it. Furthermore, we infer that burrow-nesting at sun-exposed beaches has evolved from burrow-nesting in volcanically heated soils.\nRenÃ© W.R.J. Dekker, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Party: The ‘Non-Displacement’ of Conflict (1979)

One of the themes of this book is that the cleavages in a western polity exist on two levels; levels which are related to one another but not directly, as populist democratic theory assumes. At one level, there are divisions between political leaders organised, tightly as in Britain or loosely as in the United States, into political parties. It is these leaders seeking public office who are in a position to make sense for the citizens of the divisions at the other level, that of the mass public. They will not always provide this service, and when they do not, the citizens will have no major source from which they can acquire the concepts and consistency of viewpoint with which to comprehend the social and economic divisions of which they are directly aware. The citizens directly understand local manifestations of these cleavages, but it is only by relating them to the divisions to which the elected leaders refer that they can see them as aspects of more general cleavages. Those seeking election as party candidates for public office are not, of course, the only source of political information but they are the only source which, under certain circumstances, has an incentive to supply the electorate with a comprehensive, coherent and simplified model of the political world. Because they are organised into parties, the candidates need not overload the citizens’ capacity for understanding by exposing them to too many alternative perspectives.
Renewable terephthalate polyesters from carbohydrate-based bicyclic monomers (2014)

Carbohydrate-based bicyclic compounds, isohexides and diacetalized alditols and aldarates, are suitable polycondensation monomers to prepare partially renewable aromatic copolyesters displaying a satisfactory pattern of basic properties and enhanced<italic>T</italic><sub>g</sub>and hydrodegradability.
In Vivo Imaging of Endogenous Pancreatic β-Cell Mass in Healthy and Type 1 Diabetic Subjects Using <sup>18</sup>F-Fluoropropyl-Dihydrotetrabenazine and PET (2012)

These findings demonstrate that quantitative evaluation of islet β-cell density and aggregate BCM can be performed clinically with (18)F-FP-(+)-DTBZ PET.
Bootstrapping incremental dialogue systems: using linguistic knowledge to learn from minimal data (2016)

We present a method for inducing new dialogue systems from very small amounts of unannotated dialogue data, showing how word-level exploration using Reinforcement Learning (RL), combined with an incremental and semantic grammar - Dynamic Syntax (DS) - allows systems to discover, generate, and understand many new dialogue variants. The method avoids the use of expensive and time-consuming dialogue act annotations, and supports more natural (incremental) dialogues than turn-based systems. Here, language generation and dialogue management are treated as a joint decision/optimisation problem, and the MDP model for RL is constructed automatically. With an implemented system, we show that this method enables a wide range of dialogue variations to be automatically captured, even when the system is trained from only a single dialogue. The variants include question-answer pairs, over- and under-answering, self- and other-corrections, clarification interaction, split-utterances, and ellipsis. This generalisation property results from the structural knowledge and constraints present within the DS grammar, and highlights some limitations of recent systems built using machine learning techniques only.
Efficient estimation of carrier and sampling frequency offsets in OFDM systems (2014)

This work studies the problem of jointly estimating the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset (SFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Two scenarios are considered: known channel impulse response (CIR) and unknown CIR. It was shown in previous works that the exact joint maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) of the CFO and the SFO requires a two-dimensional search. In this work, we present a new estimation method which uses the Taylor expansion of the MLE cost function, combined with the best linear unbiased estimator, to obtain an estimator which does not require such a search. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the new method approaches the corresponding Cramér-Rao bound for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios, and have superior performance compared to all other existing methods for approximating the joint MLE solution, while maintaining a low computational complexity.
Intelligent information retrieval: An introduction (1992)

Researchers are exploring the application of artificial intelligence techniques to information retrieval with the goal of providing intelligent access to online information. This article surveys several such systems to show what is possible in the lab today, and what may be possible in the library or office of tomorrow. Systems incorporating user modeling, natural language understanding, and expert systems technology are presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minimizing Staircase Errors in the Orthogonal Layered Manufacturing System (2005)

The factors that generally affect the slicing error in layered manufacturing (LM) processes are first analyzed, and issues pertaining to the current methods to deal with the slicing error are discussed in this paper. A method based on a recently developed and implemented orthogonal LM system to reduce the overall slicing error is presented. In this method, the flat region is separated from the stereolithography (STL) model and different processing methods are applied to the different areas in the part geometry. In addition, the mathematical model for calculating the slicing error is derived and an approach based on a genetic algorithm has been developed to optimize the build orientation in terms of minimizing the slicing error. Case studies are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the method. Note to Practitioner-The staircase effect has been the major concern for industry to widely adopt rapid prototyping technologies. It will not only worsen the surface quality but also create errors on the parts built. This paper introduces a novel approach to minimizing staircase errors based on a multidirectional deposition approach. A mathematical method combined with a generic algorithm is used to minimize the slicing errors. From the case study given, the approach has been proven to be effective in minimizing staircase errors and thus improving the rapid prototyping (RP) built part quality.
An Improved Method of Slickline Perforating (2003)

Abstract The BP North Sea Southern Business Unit has successfully incorporated the Schlumberger eFire* electronic firing head system with conventional slickline equipment and perforating guns during a recent trial. Significant benefits were achieved with this system by completing runs quickly and eliminating time-consuming and costly ‘parameter' runs by using conventional memory tools for correlation. The conventional tools were run within an empty perforating gun housing. During this run the wire was ‘flagged’ at the desired depth and a pass was logged. When logging tools were retrieved and their measurements downloaded, a ‘Tie in Log’ was produced. This was used to correlate the flag on the wire to the ‘Reference Log’. Then 2 7/8-in. HSD* High Shot Density PowerJet* perforating guns were run in hole to the predetermined ‘flag’ depth, and a firing command was sent to the eFire device. The eFire-Slickline system is an electronic firing head developed for slickline deployment. It is operated by a coded sequence of tension pulses on the slickline wire, which is converted to pressure pulses by a strain sensor in the tool. Following perforating, a ‘disarm’ command is sent and the perforating guns are then pulled out of hole. Correlation had to be proven for this newly developed system, and this was achieved with the use of a 40-arm caliper over the newly reperforated interval. Results showed that the guns had been fired exactly on depth. With three 40 ft [12 m] perforating runs capable of being shot in depths greater than 10,000 ft [3048 m] in less than 12 hours, the system proved to be extremely efficient.
Dissemination of Clonally Related<i>Escherichia coli</i>Strains Expressing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase CTX-M-15 (2008)

We analyzed 43 CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli isolates and 6 plasmids encoding the blaCTX-M-15 gene from Canada, India, Kuwait, France, Switzerland, Portugal, and Spain. Most isolates belonged to phylogroups B2 (50%) and D (25%). An EC-B2 strain of clonal complex sequence type (ST) 131 was detected in all countries; other B2 isolates corresponded to ST28, ST405, ST354, and ST695 from specific areas. EC-D strains were clonally unrelated but isolates from 3 countries belonged to ST405. All CTX-M-15 plasmids corresponded to IncFII group with overrepresentation of 3 HpaI-digested plasmid DNA profiles (A, B and C; 85-120kb, similarity > or =70%). Plasmid A was detected in EC-B2 strains (ST131, ST354, or ST405), plasmid C was detected in B2 and D strains, and plasmid B was confined to worldwide-disseminated ST131. Most plasmids contained blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and blaTEM-1. Worldwide dissemination of CTX-M-15 seems to be determined by clonal complexes ST131 and ST405 and multidrug-resistant IncFII plasmids.
Wind turbine emulation for intelligent microgrid development (2012)

Wind is being aggressively pursued as a potential source of renewable electric power. However, the principal difficulty when integrating wind power into the utility is one of controls. Regulating a power system to provide balance between source and load is challenging when a significant amount of generation is produced by variable sources. This has sparked a wave of research into the development of controls for microgrids with high renewable penetration levels. However, generating repeatable experiments for a system that includes wind power is not straightforward. In this paper, a simple methodology for implementing an 11-kW wind turbine emulator without a torque sensor is presented for supporting microgrid research. In particular, the direct-torque-control feature of a commercial induction motor drive with brake resistor is used, and the torque reference is generated using an industrial computer. Simulation results are presented.
N,N'-Di(alkyloxy)imidazolium Salts: New Patent-free Ionic Liquids and NHC Precatalysts (2007)

1-Hydroxyimidazole-3-oxides (2-H, 2-Me) were alkylated with (RO) 2 SO 2 (R =Me, Et) to give the new 1,3-di(alkyloxy)imidazolium cations which were isolated as hexafluorophosphates. Ion metathesis yielded new hydrophobic ionic liquids (bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imides, tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphates). Bromination afforded 2-bromo derivatives which were converted to Ni and Pd N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by oxidative insertion. Fifteen crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The N-alkyloxy groups are twisted out of the imidazole ring plane and adopt either syn or anti conformations in the solid state.
Characterization of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) efficiency in POWER5 (2005)

Coarse-grained multithreading, the switching of threads to avoid idle processor time during long-latency events, has been available on IBM systems since 1998. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT), first available on the POWER5™ processor, moves beyond simple thread switching to the maintenance of two thread streams that are issued as continuously as possible to ensure the maximum use of processor resources. Because SMT has the potential of increasing processor efficiency and correspondingly increasing the amount of work done for a given time span, the reader might suppose that SMT would exhibit a performance gain for all workloads. This is true for most workloads, but is not true in some exceptional cases. In SMT mode, the processor resources—register sets, caches, queues, translation buffers, and the system memory nest—must be shared by both threads, and conditions can occur that degrade or even obviate SMT performance improvement. The POWER4™ and POWER5 processors have very powerful performance monitor (PM) toolsets that can help the user to determine what is occurring in workloads that may not be providing expected SMT gains. In this paper, the results of measured differences among workloads having large, medium, small, and even negative SMT performance gains are presented along with an approach to investigating workloads to determine the source of SMT performance gain limits.
Gust alleviation of highly flexible UAVs with artificial hair sensors (2015)

Artificial hair sensors (AHS) have been recently developed in Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) using carbon nanotube (CNT). The deformation of CNT in air flow causes voltage and current changes in the circuit, which can be used to quantify the dynamic pressure and aerodynamic load along the wing surface. AFRL has done a lot of essential work in design, manufacturing, and measurement of AHSs. The work in this paper is to bridge the current AFRL’s work on AHSs and their feasible applications in flight dynamics and control (e.g., the gust alleviation) of highly flexible aircraft. A highly flexible vehicle is modeled using a strain-based geometrically nonlinear beam formulation, coupled with finite-state inflow aerodynamics. A feedback control algorithm for the rejection of gust perturbations will be developed. A simplified Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller will be implemented based on the state-space representation of the linearized system. All AHS measurements will be used as the control input, i.e., wing sectional aerodynamic loads will be defined as the control output for designing the feedback gain. Once the controller is designed, closed-loop aeroelastic simulations will be performed to evaluate the performance of different controllers with the force feedback and be compared to traditional controller designs with the state feedback. From the study, the feasibility of AHSs in flight control will be assessed. The whole study will facilitate in building a fly-by-feel simulation environment for autonomous vehicles.
Characterization of collagen-like peptides containing interruptions in the repeating Gly-X-Y sequence (1993)

Glycine is found as every third residue along the entire length of triple helices in fibrillar collagens, but the triple-helix regions of nonfibrillar collagens and other proteins usually contain one or more interruptions in this repeating pattern. A set of four peptides was designed to model the effect of interruptions in the (Gly-X-Y)n repeating pattern on triple-helix formation, stability, and folding. Into the middle of the stable triple-helical peptide (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10, an interruption was introduced representing one of the four possible categories: a glycine deletion, a deletion of a hydroxyproline (Y position), an alanine insertion, or a glycine to alanine substitution. As shown by sedimentation equilibrium, NMR, and CD studies, the introduction of an interruption still allowed formation of trimers in solution, but with marked decrease in stability. The degree of destabilization and the thermodynamic basis for the loss of stability depended on the type of interruption. The glycine substitution and alanine insertion were the least disruptive, followed by the hydroxyproline deletion, with the glycine deletion being the most destabilizing. Our results suggest that the breaks in these peptides affect both the triple-helical conformation and the monomer conformation. These studies provide a basis for considering the structural and functional consequences of different kinds of interruptions in collagen.
Stateful Anycast for DDoS Mitigation (2007)

MEng thesis
Discrimination of p53 immunohistochemistry‐positive tumors by its staining pattern in gastric cancer (2014)

Immunohistochemistry staining of p53 is a cheap and simple method to detect aberrant function of p53. However, there are some discrepancies between the result of immunohistochemistry staining and mutation analysis. This study attempted to find a new definition of p53 staining by its staining pattern. Immunohistochemistry staining of p53 and TP53 gene mutation analysis were performed in 148 gastric cancer patients. Also SNP-CGH array analysis was conducted to four cases. Positive staining of p53 was observed in 88 (59.5%) tumors. Tumors with positive p53 staining showed malignant features compared to negative tumors. Mutation of TP53 gene was observed in 29 (19.6%) tumors with higher age and differentiated type. In positive p53 tumors, two types could be distinguished; aberrant type and scattered type. With comparison to TP53 gene mutation analysis, all the scattered type had wild-type TP53 gene (P = 0.0003). SNP-CGH array showed that scattered-type tumors had no change in the structure of chromosome 17. P53-scattered-type staining tumors may reflect a functionally active nonmutated TP53 gene. In interpretation of p53 immunohistochemistry staining, distinguishing p53-positive tumors by their staining pattern may be important in gastric cancer.
Immunoblot analysis of immunoglobulin G response to the Lyme disease agent (Borrelia burgdorferi) in experimentally and naturally exposed dogs (1988)

Immunoblots were used to study the immunoglobulin G response to Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally and naturally exposed dogs. Adsorption studies confirmed that the antibodies were specific for B. burgdorferi. Experimentally exposed dogs were asymptomatic. Naturally exposed dogs included both asymptomatic animals and animals showing signs compatible with Lyme disease. Naturally exposed dogs were from four geographic regions of the country. No differences were detected between immunoblot patterns of naturally exposed symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs from different areas of the country. The immunoblot patterns obtained with sera from experimentally exposed dogs were different from those obtained with sera from naturally exposed dogs and were characterized by reactivity to fewer and different protein bands. Immunoblot analysis using an OspA-protein-producing Escherichia coli recombinant showed that experimentally exposed dogs produced antibodies to OspA, whereas naturally exposed dogs did not. Modifications of the immune response over time, different routes of antigen presentation, and strain variation are factors postulated to account for the observed differences.
[Application of FRET in fluorescence detection of FQ-PCR]. (2007)

The theory of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and methods of fluorescence detection in fluorescent-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) are introduced in this article. Applications of FRET in fluorescence detection of PCR are emphatically discussed, and FRET research progress and future trends are pointed out too.