gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paraffin-Beeswax-Stearic Acid: An Embedding Mass for thin Sections (1962)

It is possible to cut 1-3 μ sections of rat tissue after passing it through ethanol and chloroform and infiltrating in a wax mixture consisting of 95% Shell Chemical Co. paraffin (MP 125-130° F) and 5% commercial beeswax (clarified by boiling with water and decanting), to which is finally added 10% of technical stearic acid (melted, and clarified by filtration). A potential disadvantage is the slow expansion of the section on the water flotation bath, due to a surface spreading effect of the contained stearic acid. This expansion can be minimised as follows: by adding 0.5% concentration of a secondary alkyl-aryl sulfonate detergent, such as Shell Chemical Co. Teepol, to the notation water; by keeping the temperature of the water at 45° C; by making sure that no section is left on the water for more than 30 sec; and by drying on chemically cleaned slides for 4-18 hr at 45° C., controlled to ±2°. The spreading effect is advantageous in reticulo-endothelial studies, where overlap of cells needs to be reduced to a minimum, and thinly layered cytoplasm expanded.
R&T Effort on Pulsed and Continuous Detonation Wave Engines (2009)

Due to its thermodynamic cycle, the pulsed detonation engine (PDE) has theoretically a higher performance than classical iso-pressure combustion propulsion concepts. Nevertheless, PDE design must avoid this advantage being not fully compensated by the difficulties encountered for practical use of the PDE concept or by the complex technology, which could be needed to implement it in an operational flying system, particularly due to severe generated vibration environment. The Continuous Detonation Wave Engine (CDWE) can also be considered to reduce the environmental conditions generated by PDE while reducing the importance of initiation issue and simplifying some integration aspects. Specific experimental program has been performed by MBDA and Lavrentiev Institute to understand unsteady, three dimensional flow behind the detonation wave and to address some key points for the feasibility of an operational rotating wave engine for space launcher. On the basis of these results, a preliminary design of an operational engine has been performed by taking into account all engine/airframe integration issues in order to optimize the ben efit of detonation wave engine. Beyond these first steps, MBDA designed a large scale ground demonstrator allowing to address all issues for a continuous detonation rocket engine using LH2/LOx mixture. As a first step toward the development of this large scale engine, a small scale demo is to be tested in Fall 2009.
The Cry Wolf Effect and Weather‐Related Decision Making (2015)

Despite improvements in forecasting extreme weather events, noncompliance with weather warnings among the public remains a problem. Although there are likely many reasons for noncompliance with weather warnings, one important factor might be people's past experiences with false alarms. The research presented here explores the role of false alarms in weather-related decision making. Over a series of trials, participants used an overnight low temperature forecast and advice from a decision aid to decide whether to apply salt treatment to a town's roads to prevent icy conditions or take the risk of withholding treatment, which resulted in a large penalty when freezing temperatures occurred. The decision aid gave treatment recommendations, some of which were false alarms, i.e., treatment was recommended but observed temperatures were above freezing. The rate at which the advice resulted in false alarms was manipulated between groups. Results suggest that very high and very low false alarm rates led to inferior decision making, but that lowering the false alarm rate slightly did not significantly affect compliance or decision quality. However, adding a probabilistic uncertainty estimate in the forecasts improved both compliance and decision quality. These findings carry implications about how weather warnings should be communicated to the public.
Treatment of Venous Thrombosis with Intravenous Unfractionated Heparin Administered in the Hospital as Compared with Subcutaneous Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Administered at Home (1996)

In patients with proximal-vein thrombosis, treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin at home is feasible, effective, and safe.
Observation of Solar Flare Type Processes in the Laboratory (1971)

A filamentary magnetic structure is produced on the plasma current sheath of a coaxial accelerator operated with deuterium. Space and time analysis of X-ray, neutron and visible-light emission indicates that the magnetic energy of the filaments is transferred to the plasma during a process of decay of the filaments. X-ray photographs show very localized regions (diameter <0.5 mm) of strong emission. Some of these regions are also located where the plasma is not subject to a maximum of compression. Similar bright spots (Hβ) are observed by 5 ns image converter photographs. The detailed analytical description of the self-consistent fields is deduced. The localized regions of strong emission may well correspond with the explosive onset of an instability at a point on a filament (single filament decay) or at a point where two filaments with opposite fields coalesce with magnetic field annihilation. The similarities with solar flares are considered.
Toward an automatic subjective image quality assessment system (2009)

Usually in the field of image quality assessment the terms "automatic" and "subjective" are often incompatible. In fact, when it comes to image quality assessment, we have mostly two kinds of evaluation techniques: subjective evaluation and objective evaluation. Only objective evaluation techniques being automatizable, while subjective evaluation techniques are performed by a series of visual assessment done by expert or non-expert observers. In this paper, we will present a first attempt to an automatic subjective quality assessment system. The system computes some perception correlated color metrics from a learning set of images. During the learning stage a subjective assessment by users is required so that the system matches the subjective opinions with computed metrics on a variety of images. Once the learning process is over, the system operates in an automatic mode using only the learned knowledge and the reference free computed metrics from the images to assess. Results and also future prospects of this work are presented.
A protein critical for cell constriction in the Gram‐negative bacterium <i>Caulobacter crescentus</i> localizes at the division site through its peptidoglycan‐binding LysM domains (2010)

During division of Gram-negative bacteria, invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and inward growth of the peptidoglycan (PG) are followed by the cleavage of connective septal PG to allow cell separation. This PG splitting process requires temporal and spatial regulation of cell wall hydrolases. In Escherichia coli, LytM factors play an important role in PG splitting. Here we identify and characterize a member of this family (DipM) in Caulobacter crescentus. Unlike its E. coli counterparts, DipM is essential for viability under fast-growth conditions. Under slow-growth conditions, the DeltadipM mutant displays severe defects in cell division and FtsZ constriction. Consistent with its function in division, DipM colocalizes with the FtsZ ring during the cell cycle. Mutagenesis suggests that the LytM domain of DipM is essential for protein function, despite being non-canonical. DipM also carries two tandems of the PG-binding LysM domain that are sufficient for FtsZ ring localization. Localization and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching microscopy experiments suggest that DipM localization is mediated, at least in part, by the ability of the LysM tandems to distinguish septal, multilayered PG from non-septal, monolayered PG.
Jacket-Side Nusselt Number (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTJacket-Side Nusselt NumberIsaac H. LehrerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1970, 9, 4, 553–558Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260036a010https://doi.org/10.1021/i260036a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views911Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics (1980)

Preliminary Tools and Foundations. The Basic Sample Statistics. Transformations of Given Statistics. Asymptotic Theory in Parametric Inference. U--Statistics. Von Mises Differentiable Statistical Functions. M--Estimates. L--Estimates. R--Estimates. Asymptotic Relative Efficiency. Appendix. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
Motor nerve terminal outgrowth and acetylcholine receptors: inhibition of terminal outgrowth by alpha-bungarotoxin and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (1985)

Motor nerves undergo extensive terminal outgrowth when the muscles they supply are "functionally denervated." In this study, we have investigated the role of the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), newly appearing in such muscles, in promoting nerve terminal outgrowth. The amount of outgrowth was determined by morphometric measurement of nerve terminal branching, endplate length, and ultraterminal sprouts, in cholinesterase-silver-stained neuromuscular junctions. Presynaptic neuromuscular blockade with botulinum toxin induced pronounced nerve terminal outgrowth in both the rat and mouse soleus muscles, although ultraterminal sprouts did not occur in the rat soleus. By contrast, postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) induced little or no terminal outgrowth, although it caused "functional denervation." Moreover, alpha-BuTx and anti-AChR antibody inhibited the terminal outgrowth otherwise induced by botulinum toxin. Other types of motor nerve growth, such as nerve regeneration, were unaffected by these agents. Our results are consistent with the concept that extrajunctional AChRs in skeletal muscle play an important role in the control of motor nerve terminal outgrowth at neuromuscular junctions.
High affinity interaction of the p53 peptide-analogue with human Mdm2 and Mdmx (2009)

The Mdm2 and Mdmx proteins are the principal negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor. Reactivation of p53 activity by disrupting the Mdm2/Mdmx-p53 interactions offers new possibilities for anticancer therapeutics. Here, we present crystal structures of two complexes, a p53-like mutant peptide with the N-terminal domains of Mdm2 and Mdmx, respectively. The structures reveal that the p53 mutant peptide (amino acid sequence: LTFEHYWAQLTS) assumes virtually identical conformations in both complexes despite the different shapes of the p53-binding pockets in these two proteins, has a more extended helical nature compared to the Mdm2-bound wild-type p53 peptide, and does not disturb the native folds of Mdm2 or Mdmx. The extension of the helical structure in the mutant p53 peptide greatly improves its binding to Mdm2 and Mdmx. The fluorescence polarization assay that we have developed using this peptide indicates the affinities towards Mdm2 of 3.6 nM and for Mdmx of 6.1 nM, compared to the low micromolar binding of a similar length wild-type p53 peptide to Mdm2/Mdmx. Our assay does not require expensive non-native amino acids, and allows measurements of the interaction with both Mdm2 and Mdmx in identical conditions-without modification of experimental conditions or setups between the two proteins. The structural information presented here, coupled with the robust fluorescence polarization assay, should enable development of a simple pharmacophore model of cross-selective Mdm2-Mdmx/p53 inhibitors.
Catalytic Oxidative Cracking of Light Alkanes to Alkenes (2018)

A review on the catalytic oxidative cracking of light alkanes to alkenes is presented as an alternative route to steam cracking for production of alkenes. Catalytic oxidative cracking is a combination of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions; the reaction is initiated on the catalyst surface followed by thermal gas phase cracking. The review focuses on the catalytic generation of alkyl radicals at moderate temperatures (550–650 °C) using the Li/MgO system. Comparison with other catalyst systems such as Li/Y 2 O 3 , Au/La 2 O 3 , Au‐SCZ, BiOCl, B 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 , Co‐N/Al 2 O 3 and Pt/Al 2 O 3 monoliths is included. Gold supported on sulfated ceria‐zirconia catalyst (Au‐SCZ) is concluded to be a promising catalyst for further study. In addition to catalytic initiation of radicals, the review discusses alkyl generation using non‐equilibrium plasma. Plasma‐catalysis in oxidative cracking induces synergy effects and introduces significant improvement in yields of alkenes; however, further understanding of plasma chemistry needs to be elaborated. Minimizing CO 2 production and maximizing yields of valuable C 2 –C 4 alkenes remains the bottleneck for the commercialization of oxidative cracking process. Future research should focus on reactor design and on developing optimized reactor‐catalyst systems.
Propofol Modulates Na+–Ca2+Exchange Activity via  Activation of Protein Kinase C in Diabetic Cardiomyocytes (2007)

These data suggest that propofol enhances PRP via activation of reverse mode NCX, but attenuates Ca2+ removal from the cytosol via inhibition of forward mode NCX in diabetic cardiomyocytes. The actions of propofol are mediated via a protein kinase C-dependent pathway.
Organizational Transformation through Business Models: A Framework for Business Model Design (2006)

Organizations are increasingly inter-connected as they source talent, goods and services from other organizations located in disparate parts of the world. They seek new ways of creating value for themselves, customers and partners. They operate outside and across traditional industry boundaries and definitions. These innovations have lead to a focus on business models as a fundamental statement of direction and identity. This paper highlights what is known about the business model concept and where and why it differs from more established concepts of business strategy. It illustrates how the application of business models has transformed organizations. The contribution of this paper is the guidance that it provides for business model design and the insight it provides into business models and their effects on organizations. Following an analysis of how business models can transform organizations, this paper concludes with practical recommendations for business model design.
Low-cost direct chip attach: comparison of SMD compatible FC soldering with anisotropically conductive adhesive FC bonding (2002)

Small modules based on laminate substrates are often used as a functional subunit in electronic applications. Currently, most are made by the chip and wire technique to fulfil size reduction requirements. Low cost flip-chip technology is one of the most promising approaches for further cost and size reduction. In this paper, a special car radio submodule is chosen as an example. We compare an SMD compatible FC soldering process using eutectic solder bumps and underfilling with an anisotropically conductive adhesive (ACA) FC bonding process using tape or paste materials. For FC soldering, an electroless, maskless Ni/Au plating for under bump metallization (UBM) was chosen. The solder deposition is by stencil printing, while other cost efficient deposition techniques have been observed. The FC assembly is integrated into a standard SMD line. Different underfill methods for quick underfilling are shown, and failure mechanisms and lifetime predictions of assembled flip chips are demonstrated. For ACA-FC bonding, electroless Ni/Au bumping is also used. An assembly process for ACAs using a semi-automatic FC bonder is developed. In order to reduce mounting time, the ACA has been precured. Aspects of different process flows, including ACA deposition techniques, tape and paste adhesives and filler materials, are discussed. The influence of high current, climate, and thermal cycling on the contact resistance and low frequency noise spectrum is shown. In summary, we describe the benefits and disadvantages of both techniques and discuss the potential for further developments and applications.
Adhesion of Mussel Foot Protein-3 to TiO<sub>2</sub> Surfaces: the Effect of pH (2013)

The underwater adhesion of marine mussels relies on mussel foot proteins (mfps) rich in the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa). As a side chain, Dopa is capable of strong bidentate interactions with a variety of surfaces, including many minerals and metal oxides. Titanium is among the most widely used medical implant material and quickly forms a TiO2 passivation layer under physiological conditions. Understanding the binding mechanism of Dopa to TiO2 surfaces is therefore of considerable theoretical and practical interest. Using a surface forces apparatus, we explored the force-distance profiles and adhesion energies of mussel foot protein 3 (mfp-3) to TiO2 surfaces at three different pHs (pH 3, 5.5 and 7.5). At pH 3, mfp-3 showed the strongest adhesion force on TiO2, with an adhesion energy of ∼-7.0 mJ/m(2). Increasing the pH gives rise to two opposing effects: (1) increased oxidation of Dopa, thus, decreasing availability for the Dopa-mediated adhesion, and (2) increased bidentate Dopa-Ti coordination, leading to the further stabilization of the Dopa group and, thus, an increase in adhesion force. Both effects were reflected in the resonance-enhanced Raman spectra obtained at the three deposition pHs. The two competing effects give rise to a higher adhesion force of mfp-3 on the TiO2 surface at pH 7.5 than at pH 5.5. Our results suggest that Dopa-containing proteins and synthetic polymers have great potential as coating materials for medical implant materials, particularly if redox activity can be controlled.
Digoxigenin-labeled probes for the detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum (1991)

A nonradioactive hybridization assay for the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum with a digoxigenin-labeled probe is described. The probe was sensitive, being able to detect 0.25 pg of homologous HBV DNA, equivalent to 7 x 10(4) genome copies. After extraction of DNA from clinical samples, the probe detected HBV DNA in 11 of 12 hepatitis B e antigen-positive sera and did not react with 6 hepatitis B surface antigen-negative sera. This result was comparable to that obtained with a radiolabeled probe. When serum samples were treated by the alkaline denaturation method, some false-positive reactions were apparent with the digoxigenin-labeled probe, although their frequency could be reduced to around 8% by modifying the sample treatment with a centrifugation step. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the digoxigenin-labeled probe indicate that it is a viable alternative to the radiolabeled probe for the detection of HBV DNA in serum. The lack of radioactive reagents in the digoxigenin labeling and detection system and its long shelf-life make this system suitable for routine use in laboratories.
Isoprene synthesis protects transgenic tobacco plants from oxidative stress (2009)

Isoprene emission represents a significant loss of carbon to those plant species that synthesize this highly volatile and reactive compound. As a tool for studying the role of isoprene in plant physiology and biochemistry, we developed transgenic tobacco plants capable of emitting isoprene in a similar manner to and at rates comparable to a naturally emitting species. Thermotolerance of photosynthesis against transient high-temperature episodes could only be observed in lines emitting high levels of isoprene; the effect was very mild and could only be identified over repetitive stress events. However, isoprene-emitting plants were highly resistant to ozone-induced oxidative damage compared with their non-emitting azygous controls. In ozone-treated plants, accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) was inhibited, and antioxidant levels were higher. Isoprene-emitting plants showed remarkably decreased foliar damage and higher rates of photosynthesis compared to non-emitting plants immediately following oxidative stress events. An inhibition of hydrogen peroxide accumulation in isoprene-emitting plants may stall the programmed cell death response which would otherwise lead to foliar necrosis. These results demonstrate that endogenously produced isoprene provides protection from oxidative damage.
Application of Interval, Statistical, and Fuzzy Methods to the Evaluation of Measurements (1988)

In mathematics the uncertainties of numerical results can be represented by intervals, by dispersion characterisitcs, or by fuzzy numbers. By considering the measurement result not as a point but as a set, interval calculus may be introduced into the evaluation of measurements. With interval representation an analogy to the correlation of statistical data is to be considered. The use of statistical methods for the evaluation of measurements is justified if the state of statistical control is checked, usually by means of control charts. A pulse-density distribution within the interval is used for the combination of interval and statistical methods. Intervals can be transformed to fuzzy numbers which allow the "uncertainty of uncertainty" to be considered.
Effect of B-cell depletion using anti-CD20 therapy on inhibitory antibody formation to human FVIII in hemophilia A mice (2010)

We herein tested the effect of B-cell depletion on tolerance induction to factor VIII (FVIII) in a mouse model of hemophilia A. Two subclasses of anti-mouse CD20 monoclonal antibodies with differential depletion effects were used. Thus, IgG1 anti-CD20 selectively depleted follicular B cells and spared marginal zone B cells, whereas IgG2a anti-CD20 efficiently depleted both. In FVIII primed mice, a single dose of either IgG1 or IgG2a anti-CD20 pretreatment prevented the increase in inhibitor formation in the majority of treated mice by subsequent daily, high-dose FVIII intravenous injection as a model for immune tolerance induction. However, the IgG1, but not the IgG2a, anti-CD20 pretreatment led to a significant increase of regulatory T cells in the spleen. Importantly, 3 months after the partial B-cell depletion with IgG1 anti-CD20, the FVIII-specific hyporesponsive state remained. We suggest a tolerogenic role of the remaining marginal zone B cells as a potential mechanism for anti-CD20 therapy.