gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucuronidation of deoxynivalenol (DON) by different animal species: identification of iso-DON glucuronides and iso-deepoxy-DON glucuronides as novel DON metabolites in pigs, rats, mice, and cows (2017)

The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequent contaminant of cereal-based food and feed. Mammals metabolize DON by conjugation to glucuronic acid (GlcAc), the extent and regioselectivity of which is species-dependent. So far, only DON-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcAc) and DON-15-GlcAc have been unequivocally identified as mammalian DON glucuronides, and DON-7-GlcAc has been proposed as further DON metabolite. In the present work, qualitative HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urine samples of animals treated with DON (rats: 2 mg/kg bw, single bolus, gavage; mice: 1 mg/kg bw, single i.p. injection; pigs: 74 µg/kg bw, single bolus, gavage; cows: 5.2 mg DON/kg dry mass, oral for 13 weeks) revealed additional DON and deepoxy-DON (DOM) glucuronides. To elucidate their structures, DON and DOM were incubated with human (HLM) and rat liver microsomes (RLM). Besides the expected DON/DOM-3- and 15-GlcAc, minor amounts of four DON- and four DOM glucuronides were formed. Isolation and enzymatic hydrolysis of four of these compounds yielded iso-DON and iso-DOM, the identities of which were eventually confirmed by NMR. Incubation of iso-DON and iso-DOM with RLM and HLM yielded two main glucuronides for each parent compound, which were isolated and identified as iso-DON/DOM-3-GlcAc and iso-DON/DOM-8-GlcAc by NMR. Iso-DON-3-GlcAc, most likely misidentified as DON-7-GlcAc in the literature, proved to be a major DON metabolite in rats and a minor metabolite in pigs. In addition, iso-DON-8-GlcAc turned out to be one of the major DON metabolites in mice. DOM-3-GlcAc was the dominant DON metabolite in urine of cows and an important DON metabolite in rat urine. Iso-DOM-3-GlcAc was detected in urine of DON-treated rats and cows. Finally, DON-8,15-hemiketal-8-glucuronide, a previously described by-product of DON-3-GlcAc production by RLM, was identified in urine of DON-exposed mice and rats. The discovery of several novel DON-derived glucuronides in animal urine requires adaptation of the currently used methods for DON-biomarker analysis.
Autocrine lysophosphatidic acid signaling activates β-catenin and promotes lung allograft fibrosis (2017)

Tissue fibrosis is the primary cause of long-term graft failure after organ transplantation. In lung allografts, progressive terminal airway fibrosis leads to an irreversible decline in lung function termed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Here, we have identified an autocrine pathway linking nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT1), autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and β-catenin that contributes to progression of fibrosis in lung allografts. Mesenchymal cells (MCs) derived from fibrotic lung allografts (BOS MCs) demonstrated constitutive nuclear β-catenin expression that was dependent on autocrine ATX secretion and LPA signaling. We found that NFAT1 upstream of ATX regulated expression of ATX as well as β-catenin. Silencing NFAT1 in BOS MCs suppressed ATX expression, and sustained overexpression of NFAT1 increased ATX expression and activity in non-fibrotic MCs. LPA signaling induced NFAT1 nuclear translocation, suggesting that autocrine LPA synthesis promotes NFAT1 transcriptional activation and ATX secretion in a positive feedback loop. In an in vivo mouse orthotopic lung transplant model of BOS, antagonism of the LPA receptor (LPA1) or ATX inhibition decreased allograft fibrosis and was associated with lower active β-catenin and dephosphorylated NFAT1 expression. Lung allografts from β-catenin reporter mice demonstrated reduced β-catenin transcriptional activation in the presence of LPA1 antagonist, confirming an in vivo role for LPA signaling in β-catenin activation.
Development of remote laboratories using cloud architecture with web instrumentation (2013)

Remotely Accessed Laboratory (RAL) is an environment which enables students to interact with instruments to perform hardware-based experiments from distant locations. In this paper, we discuss an approach to design remote experiments by representing instruments in the internet as objects or resources. The technology used to implement the architecture on the web is based on SOAP and RESTful web services and cloud computing. An integrated remote microelectronic device characterization and parameter extraction experiment is presented as a case study using Agilent 4156C parameter analyzer along with LabVIEW software. This technology is most useful for developers of remote laboratory and management system for adding new experiments. From a student's perspective the output and the interface remain the same, but the developers have more flexibility in designing experiments.
GIP and GLP‐1, the two incretin hormones: Similarities and differences (2010)

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the two primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestine on ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. GIP and GLP-1 exert their effects by binding to their specific receptors, the GIP receptor (GIPR) and the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor family. Receptor binding activates and increases the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate in pancreatic β cells, thereby stimulating insulin secretion glucose-dependently. In addition to their insulinotropic effects, GIP and GLP-1 play critical roles in various biological processes in different tissues and organs that express GIPR and GLP-1R, including the pancreas, fat, bone and the brain. Within the pancreas, GIP and GLP-1 together promote β cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, thereby expanding pancreatic β cell mass, while GIP enhances postprandial glucagon response and GLP-1 suppresses it. In adipose tissues, GIP but not GLP-1 facilitates fat deposition. In bone, GIP promotes bone formation while GLP-1 inhibits bone absorption. In the brain, both GIP and GLP-1 are thought to be involved in memory formation as well as the control of appetite. In addition to these differences, secretion of GIP and GLP-1 and their insulinotropic effects on β cells have been shown to differ in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy subjects. We summarize here the similarities and differences of these two incretin hormones in secretion and metabolism, their insulinotropic action on pancreatic β cells, and their non-insulinotropic effects, and discuss their potential in treatment of type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2010.00022.x, 2010).
First Downhole Application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for Hydraulic Fracturing Monitoring and Diagnostics (2011)

Abstract The first E&P downhole field trial of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) fibre optic technology was conducted by Shell Canada during the completion of a tight gas well in February 2009. DAS is a novel technology that allows the detection, discrimination and location of acoustic events on a standard telecom single-mode fibre of several kilometres in length. Using a combination of the measurement of backscattered light and advanced signal processing, the DAS interrogator system segregates the fibre into an array of individual "microphones". To date the technology has been mainly applied in the defense and security industries. One of the most exciting applications for downhole application of DAS is in the area of hydraulic fracturing of tight sand and shale gas reservoirs. Balancing the cost of hydraulic fracture stimulation versus the production benefit is crucial in a tight sand and shale gas developments as, after drilling costs, the completion is the largest single cost component of the well. Recordings were made while tools were run in hole, bridge plugs set, perforations shot and during the fracture stimulation treatment(s). The technology proved sufficiently reliable and sensitive to detect and monitor these in-well activities. The fidelity of the recordings made during hydraulic fracturing and flow back operations, provided a step-change improvement in the ability to perform real-time and post-job diagnostics & analyses of the stimulation. The different case studies presented in this paper will illustrate how, even in its earliest form, DAS has the potential to enhance the capability of monitoring and understanding in-wellbore activities. The technology enables the optimization of hydraulic fracturing design and execution, which could drive down completion costs and lead to increased well productivity and ultimate recovery.
A new physiological role for Pdr12p in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>: export of aromatic and branched-chain organic acids produced in amino acid catabolism (2006)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can use a broad range of compounds as sole nitrogen source. Many amino acids, such as leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and methionine, are utilized through the Ehrlich pathway. The fusel acids and alcohols produced from this pathway, along with their derived esters, are important contributors to beer and wine flavor. It is unknown how these compounds are exported from the cell. Analysis of nitrogen-source-dependent transcript profiles via microarray analysis of glucose-limited, aerobic chemostat cultures revealed a common upregulation of PDR12 in cultures grown with leucine, methionine or phenylalanine as sole nitrogen source. PDR12 encodes an ABC transporter involved in weak-organic-acid resistance, which has hitherto been studied in the context of resistance to exogenous organic acids. The hypothesis that PDR12 is involved in export of natural products of amino acid catabolism was evaluated by analyzing the phenotype of null mutants in PDR12 or in WAR1, its positive transcriptional regulator. The hypersensitivity of the pdr12Delta and war1Delta strains for some of these compounds indicates that Pdr12p is involved in export of the fusel acids, but not the fusel alcohols derived from leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine and tryptophan.
Low surface recombination velocity in solution-grown CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystal (2015)

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are attracting intense research effort due to their impressive performance in solar cells. While the carrier transport parameters such as mobility and bulk carrier lifetime shows sufficient characteristics, the surface recombination, which can have major impact on the solar cell performance, has not been studied. Here we measure surface recombination dynamics in CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystals using broadband transient reflectance spectroscopy. The surface recombination velocity is found to be 3.4±0.1 × 10(3) cm s(-1), ∼2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that in many important unpassivated semiconductors employed in solar cells. Our result suggests that the planar grain size for the perovskite thin films should be larger than ∼30 μm to avoid the influence of surface recombination on the effective carrier lifetime.
Real-Time User Position Estimation in Indoor Environments Using Digital Watermarking for Audio Signals (2010)

In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the user position where a user is holding a microphone in an indoor environment using digital watermarking for audio signals. The proposed method utilizes detection strengths, which are calculated while detecting spread-spectrum-based watermarks. Taking into account delays and attenuation of the watermarked signals emitted from multiple loudspeakers and other factors, we construct a model of detection strengths. The user position is estimated in real-time using the model. The experimental results indicate that the user positions are estimated with 1.3 m of root mean squared error on average for the case where the user is static. We demonstrate that the proposed method successfully estimates the user position even when the user moves.
Delineation of the common critical region in Williams syndrome and clinical correlation of growth, heart defects, ethnicity, and parental origin (1998)

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a variable phenotype. Molecular genetic studies have indicated that hemizygosity at the elastin locus (ELN) may account for the cardiac abnormalities seen in WS, but that mental retardation and hypercalcemia are likely caused by other genes flanking ELN. In this study, we defined the minimal critical deletion region in 63 patients using 10 microsatellite markers and 5 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes on chromosome 7q, flanking ELN. The haplotype analyses showed the deleted cases to have deletions of consistent size, as did the FISH analyses using genomic probes for the known ends of the commonly deleted region defined by the satellite markers. In all informative cases deleted at ELN, the deletion extends from D7S489U to D7S1870. The genetic distance between these two markers is about 2 cM. Of the 51 informative patients with deletions, 29 were maternal and 22 were paternal in origin. There was no evidence for effects on stature by examining gender, ethnicity, cardiac status, or parental origin of the deletion. Heteroduplex analysis for LIMK1, a candidate gene previously implicated in the WS phenotype, did not show any mutations in our WS patients not deleted for ELN. LIMK1 deletions were found in all elastin-deletion cases who had WS. One case, who has isolated, supravalvular aortic stenosis and an elastin deletion, was not deleted for LIMK1. It remains to be determined if haploinsufficiency of LIMK1 is responsible in part for the WS phenotype or is simply deleted due to its close proximity to the elastin locus.
A Low-Profile, Dual-Polarized Base-Station Antenna with FSS Loading (2018)

In this paper, a low profile dual-polarized base station antenna element loaded with frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. Owning to the FSS loading over radiating aperture, it achieves a profile height reduction from quarter wavelength to 0.12λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is the free-space wavelength referring to the antenna center frequency), while maintains the operating bandwidth from 0.69 GHz to 0.96 GHz for VSWR<;1.8 and 9.6±0.8 dBi gain over the entire frequency band. The size of the antenna is 300×300×45 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Full-wave simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Synthesis and heparin-like biological activity of amino acid-based polymers (2000)

Biological macromolecules are important regulators of physiological functions. Most of the biologically active macromolecules are charged linear polymers like some proteins, DNA and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Heparin, the first GAG applied in medicine, is a natural polyanion composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucosamine and uronic acid. The amino and hydroxyl groups of the glucosamine units are partially sulfated. Heparin is a potent anticoagulant, and is also active as an antimethastatic and antiproliferative agent. Sulfatation of other polysaccharides such as laminarin yielded very potent new anticoagulans. It was hypothesized that macromolecules based on N-acryl L-amino acids bearing hydrophobic or charged side groups, such as NH2, COOH, SH, OH and phenols, arranged into a configuration determined by the chirality of the amino acid α-carbon, may express heparin-like biological activities. Homo-poly(N-acryl amino acids) were synthesized from the corresponding monomers. Polymers with different charge densities, nature of the amino acid side group, stereoselectivity and polymeric backbone were tested for their activity as anticoagulants, heparanase inhibition agents, and to basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) release agents bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The type of amino acid, the polymer backbone, the charge density and distribution strongly affect the biological activity exerted by these polyanions. All polymers being active either as heparanase inhibitors and/or as b-FGF release agents have at least a negative charge density of 1 per amino acid residue. Polymers bearing hydrophilic side chains that inhibited heparanase, i.e., hydroxyproline, glycine and serine, did not release b-FGF from ECM. The absence of high acidic sulfate-ester groups existing in heparin (hydrophilic) must be compensated by some kind of lipophilic interactions between the polyanion and b-FGF in order to effectively compete with heparan sulfate proteoglycanes, causing its release from ECM. Heparanase inhibitors may have clinical applications in preventing tumor metastasis and inflammatory/autoimmune processes due to the involvement of this enzyme in the extravasation of blood-borne tumor cells and activated cells of the immune system. Molecules that release ECM-bound b-FGF may be applied to accelerate neovascularization and tissue repair. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutron scattering study of H2 adsorption in single-walled carbon nanotubes (2001)

H 2 adsorption in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been studied with quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering. At 80 K, under a H2 pressure of 110 atm, H2 molecules gradually condense in the SWCNT sample. After pumping out at 25 K and 20 mTorr, the remaining H2 molecules show a quantum rotational transition at 14.5±0.1 meV, with a peak width that increases linearly with increasing temperature from 4.2 to 35 K. The H2 molecules remain in the sample up to 65 K and then start to desorb with increasing temperature. A broad inelastic scattering spectrum from the adsorbed hydrogen is also observed. The time scale of the dynamics is longer than 15 ps even at 200 K. Our results imply that hydrogen molecules are physisorbed in the interstitial tunnels of the SWCNT bundles.
An Analytical Examination of Methods for Improving the Performance of Desiccant Cooling Systems (1991)

The conventional Pennington Cycle desiccant cooling system offers a clear opportunity for heat-actuated air conditioning. However, efforts to translate this opportunity into commercially viable hardware have not been successful. The performance of the hardware has been inadequate, resulting in excessive solar collector requirements or, in the case of gas-fired equipment, uneconomical use of natural gas. Two methods for improving the coefficient of performance (COP) of these systems are: (1) the addition of inert heat capacity to the desiccant matrix, and (2) “staging” the regeneration air stream. An analysis is presented in this paper which explains the benefits and drawbacks of these methods based upon the wave nature of the heat and mass transfer processes occurring within the desiccant bed. The results indicate that the best overall system performance is obtained by staging the regeneration process while minimizing the amount of inert heat capacity.
Study and characterization of tobacco mosaic virus head-to-tail assembly assisted by aniline polymerization (2006)

One-dimensional composite nanofibres with narrow dispersity, high aspect ratio and high processibility have been fabricated by head-to-tail self-assembly of rod-like tobacco mosaic virus assisted by aniline polymerization, which can promote many potential applications including electronics, optics, sensing and biomedical engineering.
Handbook of metal forming (1985)

Focuses on practical solutions covering production methods, tools, machine tools and other equipment, as well as precision tool-manufacturing methods and production systems. This comprehensive reference also includes all the relevant aspects of the following: metallurgy, tribology, theory of plasticity, material properties and process data determination.
Carbon Monoxide Adsorption and Oxidation on Monolayer Films of Cubic Platinum Nanoparticles Investigated by Infrared−Visible Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (2006)

The adsorption and oxidation of CO on monolayer films of cubic Pt nanoparticles synthesized by a modified solution-phase polyol process were examined by sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy in total internal reflection (TIR) geometry. Extremely low incident laser power (approximately 5 microJ/pulse of infrared) yields sufficient SFG intensity in TIR geometry and reduces destructive interference. Because TIR-SFG spectroscopy does not require correction for bulk gas absorption, CO spectra can be collected over a wide pressure range (<1 mTorr up to 700 Torr). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-capped Pt nanoparticles deposited on single-crystal sapphire were monitored under high-pressure reaction conditions in a combined spectroscopy-catalytic reactor cell. The effect of the capping polymer on the position and intensity of the CO peak was studied before and after low-temperature calcination. The polymer decreased the amount of CO adsorption and caused a slight red-shift of the atop CO band relative to a surface treated in oxygen at 373 K. Oxidation rates were determined by measuring the intensity of the atop CO peak as a function of time in the presence of flowing oxygen. The activation energy (approximately 19.8 kcal/mol) determined from the SFG data is close to that obtained from gas chromatography (GC) measurements of CO oxidation rates at different temperatures. The SFG and GC results are in good agreement with published data for Pt(100) surfaces.
Indication of velocity overshoot in strained Si<sub>0.8</sub>Ge<sub>0.2</sub>p-channel MOSFETs (2000)

A velocity-field study of several Si0.8Ge0.2/Si p-channel MOSFETs with self-aligned poly-Si gates, thick gate oxides and effective channel lengths ranging from 1.5 to 8.5 µm, was carried out at room temperature. Comprehensive two-dimensional simulations of devices using drift-diffusion (DD), and bulk Monte Carlo calibrated hydrodynamic (HD) and energy transport (ET) models have revealed enhanced high-field hole transport in strained-channel MOSFETs. A close agreement is obtained between higher-level (HD/ET) models and DD model with calibrated high-field mobility parameters. It is found that the relatively low value of extracted saturation velocity in long-channel Si0.8Ge0.2 p-MOSFETs increases considerably as the gate length is decreased. The increase in short-channel samples is attributed to non-equilibrium transport effects in the region near the source, resulting from higher mobility and longer relaxation times of holes in the strained SiGe layer. Our results not only confirm the expected advantage of strained SiGe p-MOSFETs in low-field transport, but also indicate that this is accompanied by an early onset of velocity overshoot, which may be beneficial in aggressively scaled devices.