gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution R-banding at the 1250-band level (2008)

High-resolution human chromosomes were obtained from lymphocytes after thymidine synchronization. The block was released either with thymidine to produce GTG (G-bands by trypsin using Giemsa) and RHG (R-bands by heating using Giemsa) banding or with BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) for RBG (R-bands by BrdU using Giemsa) banding. RHG and RBG band patterns are only 75 to 85% congruent. The dissimilarities increase with the band number per genome and vary from one chromosome region to another. After high-resolution RBG banding, the BrdU-substituted bands show an unequal condensation delay, which can be, according to the bands involved, very important, minimal, or even absent. The bands showing the highest degree of condensation delay are the bands replicating the latest. The GTG- and RHG-band patterns show complementary matching for about 90% of the bands. It was found that two third of the chromosome surface appears positively stained after R-banding. This suggests that more DNA is replicated during early S-phase than during late S-phase. To obtain a fully developed RBG-band pattern in 90 to 95% of harvested mitoses, a period of 4.5 hours after the removal of the blocking agent is optimal. Such a brief release period also implies that late S-phase is much shorter than early S-phase.
The site of action of alpha-sarcin on eukaryotic ribosomes. The sequence at the alpha-sarcin cleavage site in 28 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. (1982)

alpha-Sarcin is a cytotoxic protein that inhibits eukaryotic elongation factor 1 catalyzed binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to eukaryotic ribosomes as a result of cleaving a fragment from the large RNA in the 60 S ribosomal subunit. Rat liver polysomes are sensitive to alpha-sarcin in vitro only if the treatment is carried out in the presence of EDTA. The oligonucleotide produced by alpha-sarcin action on rat liver ribosomes is derived from the 3' end of 28 S rRNA and has a molecular weight of approximately 161,000 (about 488 bases). The sequence at the site of cleavage (the 5' end of the oligonucleotide produced by alpha-sarcin action on rat liver ribosomes) was AGGAAC for both rat liver 28 S rRNA and yeast 25 S rRNA. Based on the size of the alpha-fragment derived from Escherichia coli ribosomes (about 243 nucleotides), it is likely that a similar sequence, AGGACC, occurs at the site of cleavage of prokaryotic 23 S rRNA. It is also likely that the sequence on the 5' side of the alpha-sarcin cleavage site is UAGUACGAG. The sequence UAGUACGAGAGGAAC must be important because it is conserved and because hydrolysis of a single phosphodiester bond there inactivates the ribosome. We suggest that this region of the large nucleic acid in the 60 S subparticle is involved in binding aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome, first, because it is the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 catalyzed reaction that is inhibited by alpha-sarcin, and second, because peptidyl-tRNA seems to protect polysomes against the toxin. The function of EDTA appears to be to remove peptidyl-tRNA since puromycin also sensitizes polysomes to alpha-sarcin.
Opsonophagocytic Antibodies to Serotype Ia, Ib, and III Group B<i>Streptococcus</i>among Korean Infants and in Intravenous Immunoglobulin Products (2017)

Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis among infants, and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Protection against GBS typically involves antibody-mediated opsonization by phagocytes and complement components. The present study evaluated serotype-specific functional antibodies to GBS among Korean infants and in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA) was used to calculate the opsonization indices (OIs) of functional antibodies to serotypes Ia, Ib, and III in 19 IVIG products from 5 international manufacturers and among 98 Korean infants (age: 0-11 months). The GBS Ia, Ib, and III serotypes were selected because they are included in a trivalent GBS vaccine formulation that is being developed. The OI values for the IVIG products were 635-5,706 (serotype Ia), 488-1,421 (serotype Ib), and 962-3,315 (serotype III), and none of the IVIG lots exhibited undetectable OI values (< 4). The geometric mean OI values were similar for all 3 serotypes when we compared the Korean manufacturers. The seropositive rate among infants was significantly lower for serotype Ia (18.4%), compared to serotype Ib and serotype III (both, 38.8%). Infant age of ≥ 3 months was positively correlated with the seropositive rates for each serotype. Therefore, only a limited proportion of infants exhibited protective immunity against serotype Ia, Ib, and III GBS infections. IVIG products that exhibit high antibody titers may be a useful therapeutic or preventive measure for infants. Further studies are needed to evaluate additional serotypes and age groups.
Interaction Networks for Learning about Objects, Relations and Physics (2016)

Reasoning about objects, relations, and physics is central to human intelligence, and a key goal of artificial intelligence. Here we introduce the interaction network, a model which can reason about how objects in complex systems interact, supporting dynamical predictions, as well as inferences about the abstract properties of the system. Our model takes graphs as input, performs object- and relation-centric reasoning in a way that is analogous to a simulation, and is implemented using deep neural networks. We evaluate its ability to reason about several challenging physical domains: n-body problems, rigid-body collision, and non-rigid dynamics. Our results show it can be trained to accurately simulate the physical trajectories of dozens of objects over thousands of time steps, estimate abstract quantities such as energy, and generalize automatically to systems with different numbers and configurations of objects and relations. Our interaction network implementation is the first general-purpose, learnable physics engine, and a powerful general framework for reasoning about object and relations in a wide variety of complex real-world domains.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN<i>DROSOPHILA AFFINIS</i>AND<i>DROSOPHILA ALGONQUIN</i> (1950)

Journal Article MATING BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA AFFINIS AND DROSOPHILA ALGONQUIN Get access Dwight D. Miller Dwight D. Miller University of Nebraska Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 4, Issue 2, 1 June 1950, Pages 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1950.tb00047.x Published: 01 June 1950 Article history Received: 28 November 1949 Published: 01 June 1950
The flow of thin liquid films over spinning disks:  Hydrodynamics and mass transfer (2005)

We study the hydrodynamics and mass transfer associated with gas absorption into a thin liquid film flowing over a spinning disk. We use the thin-layer approximation in conjunction with the Karman–Polhausen method to derive evolution equations for the film thickness and the volumetric flow rates in the radial and azimuthal directions. We also use the integral balance method to derive evolution equations for the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer as well as the concentration of solute at the disk surface. Numerical solutions of these partial differential equations, which govern the hydrodynamics and the associated mass transfer, reveal the formation of large finite-amplitude waves and elucidate their significant effect on the mass-transfer characteristics. We illustrate this dependence quantitatively by examining the effect of system parameters on the time-averaged and spatially averaged Sherwood numbers. The results are assessed by comparison with computations of the parabolized convective diffusion equation and experimental data.
Long Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Source for Reactive Sputtering (1996)

A long electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source using slot antennas and permanent magnets was developed for large-area plasma processing. Microwaves were radiated from the slot antennas on a 30-cm-long rectangular waveguide and efficiently absorbed to plasma by ECR magnetic fields of permanent magnets. The plasma source operated above 0.014 Pa for Ar at 437 W. The maximum plasma density was 1.77 ×1017 m-3 at 437 W for 0.078 Pa. The spatial plasma uniformity was ±8.2% within 200 mm length at 437 W for 0.078 Pa. The plasma source was experimentally applied to reactive sputter deposition of TiN film using a mixture of Ar and N2. Titanium nitride film was successfully deposited with ±14.1% spatial uniformity within 160 mm length. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, Ti–N bonds were newly created and the atomic composition ratio was nearly equal to the stoichiometric value of TiN at a N2/Ar mass flow rate of 1.5.
A micropower-compatible time-multiplexed SC speech spectrum analyzer design (1993)

A micropower-compatible time-multiplexed switched-capacitor (SC) speech spectrum analyzer embodying several new design methodologies is described. In the bandpass filter (BPF) section, the DC offset differences between channels are reduced by a careful biquadratic filter design, and a capacitor sharing technique is employed to reduce chip area. A new time-multiplexed full-wave rectifier (FWR) is also proposed. Expressions for the errors that limit the accuracy of the running spectrum due to nonidealities are formulated. An experimental four-channel spectrum analyzer was fabricated and measurements from prototypes showed that the proposed design methodologies are satisfactory in achieving the design specifications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Isolation and Properties of Complexes of the Bowman-Birk Soybean Inhibitor with Trypsin and Chymotrypsin (1972)

Abstract Complexes of the Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor with either trypsin or chymotrypsin and with both of these enzymes were isolated by gel filtration. Amino acid analyses and molecular weight estimates by gel filtration were consistent with the formation of a 1:1 molar complex between inhibitor and trypsin or chymotrypsin and a 1:1:1 molar complex composed of inhibitor, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. The binary complexes were also isolated by affinity chromatography employing insoluble derivatives of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Determination of the residual enzymic activity in solutions of the isolated complexes permitted an evaluation of their dissociation constants.
Progression toward tumor cell phenotype is enhanced by overexpression of a mutant p53 tumor-suppressor gene isolated from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (1993)

We recently reported the detection of a heterozygous G-->C point mutation at codon 280 of p53 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which causes an Arg-->Thr substitution. To test whether this mutant p53 has gained function as an oncogene, we overexpressed the mutant p53 in nontumorigenic cells of two model systems: (i) human Saos-2 cells lacking endogenous p53 and (ii) mouse JB6 variants that bear endogenous wild-type p53. Although they have no growth advantage over the neomycin controls in monolayer culture, human Saos-2 transfectants overexpressing mutant p53 do show enhanced progression to tumor cell phenotype, as assayed by anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumorigenicity. The enhancement is seen only in transfectants expressing higher levels of p53 protein. In the mouse JB6 system, the mutant p53 functions dominantly in the presence of endogenous wild-type p53 to enhance progression of preneoplastic promotion-sensitive cells toward anchorage-independent phenotype. Mouse JB6 transfectants of mutant p53 are, however, not tumorigenic in nude mice. We conclude from these studies that the G-->C point mutation of p53 at codon 280 is a gain-of-function mutation that appears to operate dominantly and that the mutant p53-thr280 has only moderate oncogenic activity. This mutation may cooperate with other yet-to-be isolated genes in the genesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
A methodology for controlling the size of a test suite (1993)

This paper presents a technique to select a representative set of test cases from a test suite that provides the same coverage as the entire test suite. This selection is performed by identifying, and then eliminating, the redundant and obsolete test cases in the test suite. The representative set replaces the original test suite and thus, potentially produces a smaller test suite. The representative set can also be used to identify those test cases that should be rerun to test the program after it has been changed. Our technique is independent of the testing methodology and only requires an association between a testing requirement and the test cases that satisfy the requirement. We illustrate the technique using the data flow testing methodology. The reduction that is possible with our technique is illustrated by experimental results.
Bacterial Expression and HTS Assessment of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Phosphatase (2016)

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme that possesses an epoxide hydrolase and lipid phosphatase activity (sEH-P) at two distinct catalytic domains. While the physiological role of the epoxide hydrolase domain is well understood, the consequences of the phosphatase activity remain unclear. Herein we describe the bacterial expression of the recombinant N-terminal domain of sEH-P and the development of a high-throughput screening protocol using a sensitive and commercially available substrate fluorescein diphosphate. The usability of the assay system was demonstrated and novel inhibitors of sEH-P were identified.
Double burst stimulation for monitoring profound neuromuscular blockade: a comparison with posttetanic count and train of four. (1992)

Double burst stimulation (DBS) is a new nerve stimulation pattern introduced to facilitate tactile evaluation of recovery from neuromuscular blockade. DBS consists of two bursts of high frequency stimulations separated by a short time interval. The relationships between DBS, post-tetanic count (PTC) and train-of-four (TOF) on the evoked twitch response was investigated in 16 surgical patients and 7 intensive care patients given atracurium for muscle relaxation. A significant correlation between the twitch height of the first response to DBS and the number of post-tetanic responses was demonstrated when PTC was more than five (r = 0.47, p < 0.0003). When the first twitch of TOF was still not measurable, the first twitch of DBS ranged from 0 to 20% of the TOF-control twitch height. Furthermore the DBS ratio was significantly correlated to the TOF ratio (r = 0.92-0.96, p < 0.0002). It is concluded that DBS not only can be used for monitoring of recovery from neuromuscular blockade, but also for monitoring of intense degrees of neuromuscular blockade.
Why Hofmeister effects of many salts favor protein folding but not DNA helix formation (2010)

The majority ( approximately 70%) of surface buried in protein folding is hydrocarbon, whereas in DNA helix formation, the majority ( approximately 65%) of surface buried is relatively polar nitrogen and oxygen. Our previous quantification of salt exclusion from hydrocarbon (C) accessible surface area (ASA) and accumulation at amide nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) ASA leads to a prediction of very different Hofmeister effects on processes that bury mostly polar (N, O) surface compared to the range of effects commonly observed for processes that bury mainly nonpolar (C) surface, e.g., micelle formation and protein folding. Here we quantify the effects of salts on folding of the monomeric DNA binding domain (DBD) of lac repressor (lac DBD) and on formation of an oligomeric DNA duplex. In accord with this prediction, no salt investigated has a stabilizing Hofmeister effect on DNA helix formation. Our ASA-based analyses of model compound data and estimates of the surface area buried in protein folding and DNA helix formation allow us to predict Hofmeister effects on these processes. We observe semiquantitative to quantitative agreement between these predictions and the experimental values, obtained from a novel separation of coulombic and Hofmeister effects. Possible explanations of deviations, including salt-dependent unfolded ensembles and interactions with other types of surface, are discussed.
Linearization and minimization of cyclic error with heterodyne laser interferometry (2012)

We present a method for the linearization and minimization of interferometer cyclic error. We utilize a polynomial curve fitting and resampling algorithm to correct for nonlinear mirror displacement. In the frequency domain, this algorithm compresses cyclic error into a single-frequency component and enables the precise measurement of cyclic error in a noise-dominated environment. We have applied the technique to determine the cyclic error for a range of interferometer components. In addition, we have used these measurements to optimize interferometer configuration and performance such that we routinely achieve a cyclic error of ∼50 pm for our custom Glan-Laser interferometer and ∼100 pm for a commercial interferometer.
Active stabilization of a Michelson interferometer at an arbitrary phase with subnanometer resolution (2014)

We report on the active stabilization of a Michelson interferometer at an arbitrary phase angle with a precision better than 1° at λ=632.8 nm, which corresponds to a precision in the optical path difference between the two arms of less than 1 nm. The stabilization method is ditherless, and the error signal is computed from the spatial shift of the interference pattern of a reference laser, measured in real-time with a CCD array detector. We discuss the usefulness of this method for nanopositioning, optical interferometry, and quantum optical experiments.
Min/Max circuit for analog convolutional decoders (2001)

A novel minimum or maximum compare and select circuit is presented in this brief for use in analog convolutional decoders. Based on voltage difference circuits coupled to a decision circuit the proposed circuit can differentiate voltages of 10-mV differences in the simple configuration or 5 mV in an improved configuration. Simulation results indicate an operational speed of 100 Mbits/s of a 3.3-V supply, which is comparable to similar current based, compare and select circuits. In addition, the proposed circuit has only two devices stacked between its rails in contrast to most voltage/current based compare and select circuits with three or more devices. The circuit is, therefore, capable of operation at low supply voltages making it attractive for low power applications.
Model for the metastable system of type (GaAs<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1985)

A model is presented to explain the observed properties of the metastable alloy system of type (GaAs${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$(${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$. It assumes only the observed short-range order and exhibits the critical composition ${x}_{c}$ below which long-range order exists. The value of ${x}_{c}$ in the model depends on the morphology of the kinetic growth. An analytic approximation is used to show the existence of ${x}_{c}$, the critical behavior of the correlation length, and the variation of the long-range order parameter S as a function of x.
Preparation, structure, and reactions of some new complexes containing copper or silver bonded to various transition metals (1975)

The complexes [Me4N][Ag{M(CO)3(cp)}2], [Me4N][Cu{M(CO)3(cp)}2],[{(cp)M(CO)3Ag}n],[{(cp)M(CO)3Cu(L)x}n][M = Cr, Mo, or W; (L)x= OH2 or ½OH2·½NH3; cp =η-cyclopentadienyl][{Co(CO)4Ag}n][{Co(CO)4Cu(L)y}n][{(Bu3P)Co(CO)3Ag}n][{(Bu3P)Co(CO)3Cu}n], [{[(PhO)3P]Fe(CO)2(NO)Ag}n], [{HFe(CO)4Ag}2]·-AgNO3, and [V(CO)6Cu(L–L)2](L–L = 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridyl) are described, many for the first time, and their i.r. spectra reported. It is suggested that the neutral complexes are covalent oligomers with n=ca. 3 or 4 which tend to ionize in donor solvents. All the complexes form 1 : 1 adducts with L–L; many of these are ionic. Scission reactions with Ph3SnCl, Ph3PbCl, l2, Mel, or mercury are described for the derivatives of Cr, Mo, or W. The salt Na(C5H5) converts [{(cp)Mo(CO)3Ag}n] to [Ag{Mo(CO)3(cp)}2]+; Et2O·BF3 reverses the reaction.
Factors Influencing the Lifetime of Telecommunication and Information Technology Standards (2007)

This article presents the results of an explorative study for the lifetimes and survival rates of formal standards in telecommunication and information technology. The analysis reveals that the survival rate depends on the dynamic development of technologies and on country-specific characteristics. In a second step, we tried to identify factors influencing the lifetimes of standards. In general, standards replacing an already existing document have an expected survival time compared to documents without a predecessor. Standards with a successor document have, as anticipated, a shorter expected lifetime. Finally, the increased speed of technological change reduces the lifetimes of standards. Based on these first insights, we derive the following recommendations. First, standardisation bodies should adapt their standard maintenance according to the specific requirements of technologies and the related markets, but should also harmonise their processes at the international level in order to avoid frictions for the development of technologies and markets.
A Study on Invariance of $f$-Divergence and Its Application to Speech Recognition (2010)

Identifying features invariant to certain transformations is a fundamental problem in the fields of signal processing and pattern recognition. This correspondence explores a family of measures called <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> -divergences that are invariant to invertible transformations, and studies their application to speech recognition. We provide novel proofs for the sufficiency and necessity of the invariance of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> -divergence. Several techniques to calculate or approximate <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> -divergences in general cases and for special distributions such as Gaussian and Gaussian mixture are reviewed. We show how to construct an invariant structural representation from sequence data through maximum likelihood decomposition, and prove the invariance of this decomposition. We demonstrate an application of this invariant representation to recognizing connected Japanese vowel utterances. In addition, we propose several techniques to improve the recognition performance. The experimental results show that the invariant structure achieves better performance than hidden Markov models, a widely used technique for acoustic modeling of speech sounds.