gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion diffusion modified by tortuosity and volume fraction in the extracellular microenvironment of the rat cerebellum. (1981)

1. The validity of the macroscopic laws of ion diffusion was critically examined within the microenvironment of the extracellular space in the rat cerebellum using ion-selective micropipettes and ionophoretic point sources. 2. The concepts of volume averaging, volume fraction (alpha) and tortuosity (lambda) were defined and shown to be theoretically appropriate for quantifying diffusion in a complex medium such as the brain. 3. Diffusion studies were made with the cations tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium and the anions alpha-naphthalene sulphonate and hexafluoro-arsenate, all of which remained essentially extracellular during the measurements. Diffusion parameters were measured for a period of 50s and over distances of the order of 0.1 mm. 4. Measurements of the diffusion coefficients of the ions in agar gel gave values that were very close to those derivable from the literature, thus confirming the validity of the method. 5. Measurements in the cerebellum did not reveal any systematic influences of ionophoretic current strength, electrode separation, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, charge discrimination or uptake, within the limits tested. 6. The pooled data from measurements with all the ions gave alpha = 0.21 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- S.E. of mean) and lambda = 1.55 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- S.E. of mean). 7. These results show that the extracellular space occupies about 20% of the rat cerebellum and that the diffusion coefficient for small monovalent extracellular ions is reduced by a factor of 2.4 (i.e. lambda 2) without regard to charge sign. The over-all effect of this is to increase the apparent strength of any ionic source in the cerebellum by a factor of lambda 2/alpha, about 12-fold in the present case, and to modify the time course of diffusion. 8. These conclusions confirm that the laws of macroscopic diffusion are closely obeyed in the cerebellum for small ions in the extracellular space, provided that volume fraction and tortuosity are explicitly taken into account. It is likely that these conclusions are generally applicable to other brain regions and other diffusing substances.
A flexible authorization mechanism for relational data management systems (1999)

In this article, we present an authorization model that can be used to express a number of discretionary access control policies for relational data management systems. The model permits both positive and negative authorizations and supports exceptions at the same time. The model is flexible in that the users can specify, for each authorization they grant, whether the authorization can allow for exceptions or whether it must be strongly obeyed. It provides authorization management for groups with exceptions at any level of the group hierarchy, and temporary suspension of authorizations. The model supports ownership together with decentralized administration of authorizations. Administrative privileges can also be restricted so that owners retain control over their tables.
Animal Models of Scleroderma (2004)

Although no single animal model of systemic sclerosis (SSc) faithfully reproduces all features of the human disease, certain animal models that display some of the features of SSc are potentially useful as they may be helpful in gaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc as well as developing novel therapeutic interventions. This chapter gives the detailed description of the two most useful animal models of SSc: bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis and the sclerodermatous graft-vs-host disease in mice. It provides the methodology of the induction as well as the repertoire of the different approaches that can be used to investigate the skin fibrosis in these models, including histopathology, immunohistochemistry, dermal thickness, hydroxyproline content of the skin, and analysis of dermal cells by flow cytometry.
Thyristor Operation for High Speed Read / Program Performance in 3D Flash Memory with Highly Stacked WL-Layers (2020)

We have demonstrated the thyristor operation that achieved high speed read / program performance in 3D flash memory with highly stacked WL-layers. To our best knowledge, this is the first time to successfully overcome smaller read current and strong cell-to-cell interference problem in the thyristor operation by setting relevant BL and WL bias condition and optimizing device structure of 3D string. The thyristor operation can provide over 3 times larger read current than the conventional MOS operation even in more than 100 stacked layers. In addition, our novel WL bias scheme could successfully suppress cell-to-cell interference and enables multi-level cell operations. The overall system performance is improved for both read / program latency by 15 % / 10 % in SLC mode and 20 % / 15 % in QLC mode, respectively. Even with large read current, the energy consumption of the thyristor operation is equivalent to that of the conventional MOS operation owning to its high speed performance.
Photo-acoustic spectroscopy for dissolved gas analysis: Benefits and Experience (2012)

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is recognised as a powerful monitoring technique for the detection of developing faults within transformer main tanks and associated oil filled equipment. Extensive historical data, collected by laboratory analysis over the years, allows for accurate result interpretation. Online DGA has become increasingly relevant for timely fault detection, especially in the context of the ageing worldwide transformer fleet. Aspects of laboratory DGA are presented to illustrate the evolution from laboratory analysis to on-line DGA. The benefits of GC are outlined together with an analysis of the difficulties associated with the use of this technology in field based on-line instruments. An introduction to photoacoustic technology is offered, together with examples of benefits associated with using this robust technology in the challenging substation environment. Examples or successful applications of this technology are presented and discussed.
Cellular Proliferation Induced by Subretinal Injection of Vitreous in the Rabbit (1988)

• A new experimental model of subretinal cellular proliferation, based on injection of autologous vitreous into the subretinal space of rabbits, was studied by light and electron microscopy. As early as five days after injection, proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and retinal glial cells was observed in the subretinal space. These morphologically distinct proliferating cells were sometimes joined by junctional complexes. Morphologically, the proliferating RPE cells resembled either RPE cells or fibroblasts. Some proliferating RPE cells also retained their epithelial characteristics (ie, basement membranes and cell junctions), while others were partially dedifferentiated and showed some embryonic features. New formation of melanin could be identified within the proliferated RPE cells, which could account, in part, for the hyperpigmentation at the site of the bleb caused by the injection of vitreous. The results demonstrated that injection of autologous vitreous into the subretinal space can lead to subretinal proliferation of retinal glial and RPE cells in the rabbit.
Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (2004)

(2004). Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1017-1020.
Does Hematocrit Affect In Vitro Hemolysis Test Results? Preliminary Study with Baylor/NASA Prototype Axial Flow Pump (1994)

The effect of hematocrit (Ht) on in vitro hemolysis test results (i.e., index of hemolysis) was evaluated using a Baylor/NASA prototype axial flow pump. Red blood cell suspensions of six different Ht (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40%; n = 30) were prepared and used for this evaluation. The pump was operated for 60 min under 5 L/min flow conditions, and blood samples were taken every 10 min to measure plasma free hemoglobin levels. The normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) was calculated using the regression line slope between time and plasma free hemoglobin level, and relationships between NIH and Ht or hemoglobin (Hb) were checked. NIH and Ht had a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) correlation with a coefficient of fit of 0.976, and NIH and Hb had a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) correlation with a coefficient of fit of 0.976. To reduce the effect of Ht, NIH/Ht was proposed and compared with a modified index of hemolysis (MIH), which was normalized by the Hb level of blood. NIH/Ht and MIH had a poor correlation with Ht (coefficient of fit, 0.608) and Hb (coefficient of fit, 0.577), respectively. When blood that has a wide range of Ht or Hb values is used for in vitro hemolysis tests, NIH/Ht is suggested for use as an index of hemolysis to evaluate the hemolysis characteristics of rotary blood pumps because MIH has no dimension and it requires Hb values. In contrast, NIH/Ht has a dimension of g/100 L, which is quite understandable, and it does not require measurement of Hb levels of blood; it is therefore cost-effective.
High-<i>Q</i> wet-etched GaAs microdisks containing InAs quantum boxes (1999)

A two-steps wet-etching fabrication process producing high-quality GaAs microdisks is presented. We report an optical characterization of these microdisks, using the photoluminescence of InAs quantum boxes as an internal light source. Thanks to an improved smoothness of the microdisk sidewall, cavity Q’s as high as 12 000 are observed, which opens very challenging novel application prospects for semiconductor microdisks.
Tunable and flexible solvent-free liquid organic distributed feedback lasers (2015)

We report on optically pumped blue, green, and red liquid organic distributed feedback (DFB) lasers based on solvent-free fluidic organic semiconductors, and prepared on highly flexible corrugated polymeric patterns. By the appropriate selection of laser dyes doping a liquid 9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole host, the lasing wavelength is effectively tuned across the visible spectrum via a cascade energy transfer scheme. We also demonstrate a mechanical tunability of the flexible liquid DFB laser emission, which is due to the deformation of the high-aspect ratio DFB grating under bending. Overall, this work provides an important step in the development of flexible liquid organic optoelectronic devices.
The Simultaneous Measurement of Changes in the Cytosolic Calcium Level and Contraction in the Dog Basilar Arterial Smooth Muscle (1992)

蛍光Ca^<2+>指示薬fura-2を用いて表題に示したごとく検討を行い,以下の知見を得た.(1)Receptor agonistであるPGF_<2α>(3×10^<-6>M),5-HT(3×10^<-6>M),U-46619(10^<-7>M)およびphorbol esterである12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate(3×10^<-7>M)は,高濃度K^+収縮に比してより少量のCa^<6+>量の増加によって同等の収縮を起こし,これは収縮制御系の「みかけのCa^<2+>感受性の増加」によると考えられた.(2)Glyceryltrinitrateは細胞内Ca^<2+>量の減少を伴わずに収縮を弛緩させた.(3)脳血管撃縮などの病的状態を含めた脳の血管平滑筋の収縮機構の研究においては,張力だけでなく細胞内Ca~<2+>動態の検討も重要であると考えられた.
A new electronic timing relay for reducing outages on power circuits (1946)

This paper describes a new timing relay for controlling relaying time on automatically reclosed circuit breakers on which inverse-time overcurrent relays are supplemented by instantaneous overcurrent relays. This device incorporates the advantages of instantaneous circuit breaker opening on the first, and in some cases the second, tripout to clear transient faults, and inverse-time opening on subsequent tripouts to obtain co-ordination with branch or sectionalizing fuses. It was designed for universal application on feeder circuits of the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company system. Certain features which provide for optimum service reliability were incorporated in the design.
Microwave Photonics Frequency-Converted Link Using Electroabsorption Devices (2004)

We propose a novel scheme to transmit high center frequency RF signals using electroabsorption devices (EADs) as frequency converters at the transmitter and the receiver. In this approach frequency heterodyning is employed for obtaining high center frequency. With the EAD as a detector/mixer at the receiver we demonstrated a smaller conversion loss than that of the conventional modulator/mixer. With EAD as a modulator/mixer at the transmitter and with two heterodyned lasers to generate an optical local oscillator (LO), we demonstrated a large reduction () in conversion loss, and the transmission is not limited by the optical saturation of the EAD. This transmission scheme has optical single-side-band transmission feature which greatly relieves the fiber dispersion effect.
Development of a Mobile Two-Wheel Balancing Platform for Autonomous Applications (2008)

This paper describes the development of a mobile two-wheel balancing platform to facilitate the testing of autonomous mobile applications. Two-wheeled platforms offer the benefits of increased stability for tall robots with a smaller footprint, resulting in greater agility. The integration of software and hardware is an important aspect of the design, as well as the implementation of reference trajectory controllers. Sensors to measure the speed, tilt angle and tilt rate of the platform are incorporated with two embedded PCs. The first PC provides control commands to the system based on MATLAB and Simulink and the second PC is responsible for implementing advanced autonomous applications such as people following and obstacle avoidance using 'Player', a well known robot software interface used for robotics research. The LQR controller is tuned to yield better closed-loop performance and tested with the platform.
Modeling MESFETs for intermodulation analysis of mixers and amplifiers (1990)

The problem of modeling GaAs MESFETs for calculations of intermodulation and spurious responses is examined. It is shown that an adequate model must express not only the absolute I/V characteristics of the device, but also the derivatives of those characteristics. It is demonstrated that these derivatives are dominant in determining intermodulation levels, and that the common approaches to modeling MESFETs do not model those derivatives very well. Finally, a new model for the MESFET gate I/V characteristic (the dominant nonlinearity in most FETs) that is accurate through at least the third derivative is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microscopic and statistical approach to SILC characteristics-exponential relation between distributed Fowler Nordheim coefficients and its physical interpretation (2002)

Microscopic characteristics of stress-induced leakage current (mSILC) are studied by analyzing a large amount of data on the charge retention characteristic of stacked gate arrayed transistors. It is found that the SILC characteristics fluctuate in the microscopic regions, but they all fit the Fowler Nordheim (F-N) formula. Moreover, the coefficients /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ of the F-N equation, which are conventionally constants, are obtained in this study by statistically analyzing mSILC characteristics, and are therefore distributed, with a strong exponential relation to each other. It is found that this correlation can be qualitatively explained by the analytical trap-trap transition model.
Contributions of mutations in acrR and marR genes to organic solvent tolerance in Escherichia coli (2012)

The AcrAB-TolC efflux pump is involved in maintaining intrinsic organic solvent tolerance in Escherichia coli. Mutations in regulatory genes such as marR, soxR, and acrR are known to increase the expression level of the AcrAB-TolC pump. To identify these mutations in organic solvent tolerant E. coli, eight cyclohexane-tolerant E. coli JA300 mutants were isolated and examined by DNA sequencing for mutations in marR, soxR, and acrR. Every mutant carried a mutation in either marR or acrR. Among all mutants, strain CH7 carrying a nonsense mutation in marR (named marR109) and an insertion of IS5 in acrR, exhibited the highest organic solvent-tolerance levels. To clarify the involvement of these mutations in improving organic solvent tolerance, they were introduced into the E. coli JA300 chromosome by site-directed mutagenesis using λ red-mediated homologous recombination. Consequently, JA300 mutants carrying acrR::IS5, marR109, or both were constructed and named JA300 acrRIS, JA300 marR, or JA300 acrRIS marR, respectively. The organic solvent tolerance levels of these mutants were increased in the following order: JA300 < JA300 acrRIS < JA300 marR < JA300 acrRIS marR. JA300 acrRIS marR formed colonies on an agar plate overlaid with cyclohexane and p-xylene (6:4 vol/vol mixture). The organic solvent-tolerance level and AcrAB-TolC efflux pump-expression level in JA300 acrRIS marR were similar to those in CH7. Thus, it was shown that the synergistic effects of mutations in only two regulatory genes, acrR and marR, can significantly increase organic solvent tolerance in E. coli.
Guidelines for the handling of rabbit bucks and semen. (2010)

This paper contains recommendations for procedures to be used in applied reproduction trials performed with rabbit bucks and/or semen. The factors influencing sperm production (environment, age, health status and feeding strategies) are described as well as the effects of semen handling (dilution, storage conditions, etc) on spermatozoa characteristics. Basic tools for analysing spermatozoa characteristics are given. Procedures, material and methods to evaluate sperm metabolism are precisely defined in an appendix. The present guidelines have been discussed and approved by a panel of experts (see footnote) in the course of various meetings in the context of COST action 848 sponsored by EU.
Research Note: Two-Phase Flow through Sharp-Edged Orifices (1977)

Equations are developed for the pressure drop over sharp-edged orifices during the flow of incompressible two-phase mixtures. The velocity ratio is assumed constant during flow through the orifice, and on this basis analysis of the data leads to the following equations for the velocity ratio: for X ≥ 1, K = ( p L /p HOM ) 1/2 for X ≤ 1, K = ( p L / p G ) 1/4 .
A rationally designed composite of alternating strata of Si nanoparticles and graphene: a high-performance lithium-ion battery anode (2013)

We have successfully fabricated a free-standing Si-re-G (reduced graphene) alternating stratum structure composite through a repeated process of filtering liquid exfoliated graphene oxide and uniformly dispersed Si solution, followed by the reduction of graphene oxide. The as-prepared free-standing flexible alternating stratum structure composite was directly evaluated as the anode for rechargeable lithium half-cells without adding any polymer binder, conductive additives or using current collectors. The half cells based on this new alternating structure composite exhibit an unexpected capacity of 1500 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles at 1.35 A g(-1). Our rationally proposed strategy has incorporated the long cycle life of carbon and the high lithium-storage capacity of Si into one entity using the feasible and scalable vacuum filtration technique, rendering this new protocol as a readily applicable means of addressing the practical application challenges associated with the next generation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
The herpes simplex virus type 1 particle: structure and molecular functions (1994)

This review is a summary of our present knowledge with respect to the structure of the virion of herpes simplex virus type 1. The virion consists of a capsid into which the DNA is packaged, a tegument and an external envelope. The protein compositions of the structures outside the genome are described as well as the functions of individual proteins. Seven capsid proteins are identified, and two of them are mainly present in precursors of mature DNA-containing capsids. The protein components of the 150 hexamers and 12 pentamers in the icosahedral capsid are known. These capsomers all have a central channel and are connected by Y-shaped triplexes. In contrast to the capsid, the tegument has a less defined structure in which 11 proteins have been identified so far. Most of them are phosphorylated. Eleven virus-encoded glycoproteins are present in the envelope, and there may be a few more membrane proteins not yet identified. Functions of these glycoproteins include attachment to and penetration of the cellular membrane. The structural proteins, their functions, coding genes and localizations are listed in table form.
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes apoptosis in experimentally inoculated BALB/c mice (2005)

The data presented here support the hypothesis that PCV2 induces apoptosis mediated through the activation of caspases 8 and 3 in the spleens of infected mice.
Analysis of the Epitopes on Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Responsible for Emetic Activity. (2001)

To identify which region of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is responsible for the emetic activity, twelve synthetic peptides corresponding to the entire SEA amino acid sequence and their respective anti-peptide antibodies were prepared and tested. The anti-peptide antibodies were tested for neutralization of SEA-induced emesis in Suncus murinus (Shrew mouse). The results indicate that SEA-induced emesis was neutralized by the mixture of three anti-peptide antibodies to A-7 (corresponding to amino acid residues 121-140), A-8 (141-160) and A-9 (160-180). These findings suggest that the regions corresponding to residues 121-180 may be the epitopes responsible for the emetic activity of SEA.
EUV collectors: design, development, fabrication, and testing (2004)

EUV sources are designed to emit radiation around 13.5 nm wavelength into a solid angle of up to 2π sr. With a suitable Wolter type 1 grazing incidence optic such EUV photons can be collected with high efficiency and focussed onto a preferred target. Such Wolter type 1 collectors are characterized by densely nested concentric and confocal mirror shells with fixed distance from the source and the intermediate image. In this paper we will report on optical and mechanical design, development, fabrication and testing of nested Wolter type 1 collectors, capable of collecting and imaging EUV photons at 13.5 nm wavelength with high efficiency.
The Crystal Structures of <i>Zea mays</i> and Arabidopsis 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (2004)

The transformation of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate, catalyzed by 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), plays an important role in degrading aromatic amino acids. As the reaction product homogentisate serves as aromatic precursor for prenylquinone synthesis in plants, the enzyme is an interesting target for herbicides. In this study we report the first x-ray structures of the plant HPPDs of Zea mays and Arabidopsis in their substrate-free form at 2.0 A and 3.0 A resolution, respectively. Previous biochemical characterizations have demonstrated that eukaryotic enzymes behave as homodimers in contrast to prokaryotic HPPDs, which are homotetramers. Plant and bacterial enzymes share the overall fold but use orthogonal surfaces for oligomerization. In addition, comparison of both structures provides direct evidence that the C-terminal helix gates substrate access to the active site around a nonheme ferrous iron center. In the Z. mays HPPD structure this helix packs into the active site, sequestering it completely from the solvent. In contrast, in the Arabidopsis structure this helix tilted by about 60 degrees into the solvent and leaves the active site fully accessible. By elucidating the structure of plant HPPD enzymes we aim to provide a structural basis for the development of new herbicides.
Forestry—Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1922)

A request to write a review of forestry of today for the Ames Forester, brings vividly to mind the conditions of twenty years ago, when the writer was just beginning forestry work as a student assistant in the government service Since that time the changes have been many. Forestry is now one of the great recognized professions, and is being applied commercially in great industries.