gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Insights into the Mechanism of Inhibition of MmpL3, a Target of Multiple Pharmacophores in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2014)

MmpL3, a resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily transporter, has been implicated in the formation of the outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; specifically, MmpL3 is required for the export of mycolic acids in the form of trehalose monomycolates (TMM) to the periplasmic space or outer membrane of M. tuberculosis. Recently, seven series of inhibitors identified by whole-cell screening against M. tuberculosis, including the antituberculosis drug candidate SQ109, were shown to abolish MmpL3-mediated TMM export. However, this mode of action was brought into question by the broad-spectrum activities of some of these inhibitors against a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens that do not synthesize mycolic acids. This observation, coupled with the ability of three of these classes of inhibitors to kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosis bacilli, led us to investigate alternative mechanisms of action. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effects of adamantyl ureas, indolecarboxamides, tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidines, and the 1,5-diarylpyrrole BM212 on the transport activity of MmpL3 in actively replicating M. tuberculosis bacilli are, like that of SQ109, most likely due to their ability to dissipate the transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient. In addition to providing novel insights into the modes of action of compounds reported to inhibit MmpL3, our results provide the first explanation for the large number of pharmacophores that apparently target this essential inner membrane transporter.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of a Mycobactin S, a Siderophore and Growth Promoter of Mycobacterium Smegmatis, and Determination of Its Growth Inhibitory Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Safety and Toxicity Analysis of Oxaliplatin Combined With Fluorouracil or as a Single Agent in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Colorectal Cancer (2003)

These data in a heavily pretreated patient population confirm that oxaliplatin is safe when used as a single agent or with a variety of FU-based regimens as salvage therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Current-induced flip-flop of magnetization in magnetic tunnel junction with perpendicular magnetic layers and polarization-enhancement layers (2008)

We performed a micromagnetic investigation of current-induced magnetization switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with polarization-enhancement layers. The pinned layer with a polarization-enhancement layer can be excited and eventually reverses at a current density lower than the value theoretically expected from that without a polarization-enhancement layer. The reversal results in continuous flip-flops of magnetizations as long as the current is applied. The flip-flop occurs at only one current polarity, caused by the precession amplification in polarization-enhancement layer. In order to prevent the unwanted flip-flop, the perpendicular anisotropy of the pinned layer must be severalfold larger than that of the free layer.
Rb<sup>+</sup> cations enable the change of luminescence properties in perovskite (Rb<sub>x</sub>Cs<sub>1−x</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub>) quantum dots (2018)

All-inorganic metal halide perovskites of the formulation ABX<sub>3</sub> (where A is Cs<sup>+</sup>, B is commonly Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and X is a halide, X = Cl, Br, I) have been studied intensively for their unique properties. Most of the current studies focus on halogen exchange to modify the luminescence band gap. Herein we demonstrate a new avenue for changing the band gap of halide perovskites by designing mixed-monovalent cation perovskite-based colloidal quantum dot materials. We have synthesized monodisperse colloidal quantum dots of all-inorganic rubidium-cesium lead halide perovskites (APbBr<sub>3</sub>, A = mixed monovalent cation systems Rb/Cs) using inexpensive commercial precursors. Through the compositional modulation, the band gap and emission spectra are readily tunable over the visible spectral range of 474-532 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) of Rb<sub>x</sub>Cs<sub>1-x</sub>PbBr<sub>3</sub> nanocrystals is characterized with excellent (NTCS color standard) wide color gamut coverage, which is similar to the cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX<sub>3</sub>, X = mixed halide systems Cl/Br), and narrow emission line-widths of 27-34 nm. Furthermore, simulated lattice models and band structures are used to explain the band gap variations.
Gaussin (Pierre-Roger) Le Rayonnement de la Chaise-Dieu (1983)

Genet Jean-Philippe. Gaussin (Pierre-Roger) Le Rayonnement de la Chaise-Dieu. In: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, n°55/2, 1983. p. 231.
Photoactivatable Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide for the Site-Selective Immobilization of Antigens and Antibodies (1998)

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and photochemical behavior of a new light-activated material for the photoimmobilization of antigens. The material is a derivative of cross-linked polyacrylamide that incorporates photoactive o-nitrobenzyl carbamates. When irradiated, the polymer undergoes a photochemical rearrangement to produce primary amines that can be used as molecular attachment sites. We monitored the photoconversion of thin (1−2 μm) polymer films that were deposited on silicon wafers or fused silica substrates using FT IR spectroscopy and UV−vis spectroscopy. To produce patterned polymer-modified substrates, we irradiated the material using a photolithographic mask. This process yielded 10-μm lines of photogenerated amines, to which an amine-reactive antigen (2,4,6-trintrobenzenesulfonic acid) was covalently bound. When we used this antigen-patterned substrate in a competitive fluorescence immunoassay containing tetramethylrhodamine-labeled anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies and 2,4-dinitrophenol, concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol as low as 2.3 μg/mL were detectable.
A high performance molecular beam epitaxy system equipped with the automatic substrate transport mechanism (1986)

A novel molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is designed not only for laboratory use but also for the study of its anticipated performance in commercial production of compound semiconductor devices. The system is composed of five chambers, where the operations of deposition, preparation/analysis, transfer, loading, and unloading are carried out. The deposition and the preparation chambers can be evacuated to the level of &lt;6.7×10−9 Pa, and transfer chamber less than 6.7×10−8 Pa. These high levels of vacuum could be reached by the development of a high performance turbomolecular pump (TMP), the use of high quality stainless steel as the structural material of the chambers, and the preparatory practice which reduced the outgassing rate to less than 1.3×10−10 Pa m3 s−1 m−2. The system can handle a substrate of up to 3 in. in diameter. The whole operation of the substrate transfer is controlled by a personal computer. The heating temperature of the substrate can be raised to 800 °C, and the maximum rotational speed of the substrate holder is 120 rpm. Many high quality thin films can be grown in this system. For example, on a GaAs and an AlGaAs epitaxial growth, the following figures were obtained; the Hall mobility 8150 cm2 V−1 s−1, the carrier concentration 1×1014–2×1018 cm−3, the film thickness and mole fraction uniformity for 3 in. substrate ±5%. These figures demonstrate the capability of the present system in fabrication of most GaAs devices.
One-phase commit: does it make sense? (2002)

Although widely used in distributed transactional systems, the so-called Two-Phase Commit (2PC) protocol introduces a substantial delay in transaction processing, even in the absence of failures. This has led several researchers to look for alternative commit protocols that minimize the time cost associated with coordination messages and forced log writes in 2PC. In particular, variations of a One-Phase Commit (1PC) protocol have recently been proposed. Although efficient, 1PC is however rarely considered in practice because of the strong assumptions it requires from the distributed transactional system. The aim of the paper is to better identify and understand those assumptions. Through a careful look into the intrinsic characteristics of 1PC, we dissect the assumptions underlying it and we present simple techniques that minimize them. We believe that these techniques constitute a first step towards a serious reconsideration of 1PC in the transactional world.
Patent protection strategies (2010)

It is widely recognized that the pharmaceutical industry faces serious financial challenges. Large numbers of blockbuster drugs are losing patent protection and going generic. The pipeline of new drugs is too sparse to fill the gap and generate a platform for future growth. Moreover, many of the new products are biologics with much narrower target patient populations and comparatively higher prices relative to traditional pharmaceuticals. So now the time has come for pharmaceutical scientists to have a better understanding of patent fundamentals. This need is illustrated by analyses of key scientific and legal issues that arose during recent patent infringement cases involving Prozac, Prilosec, and Buspar. Facing this scenario, the pharmaceutical industry has moved to accelerate drug development process and to adopt at the same time different strategies to extend the life time of the patent monopoly to provide the economic incentives and utilizing it for drug discovery and development. This review covers the need of patent protection and various strategies to extend the patent.
Strength and fatigue of silica optical fibers (1989)

After a brief review of early lightguide work, the authors assess advances since the mid-1970s. They note important work on strength distributions and procedures for improving strength. This is followed by a discussion of long-length strength, prooftesting and splicing. Flaw character is studied along with strength degradation, fatigue limits, aging and fatigue, and hermetic coatings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A High‐Performing Direct Carbon Fuel Cell with a 3D Architectured Anode Operated Below 600 °C (2017)

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are highly efficient power generators fueled by abundant and cheap solid carbons. However, the limited triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) in the fuel electrode, due to the lack of direct contact among carbon, electrode, and electrolyte, inhibit the performance and result in poor fuel utilization. To address the challenges of low carbon oxidation activity and low carbon utilization, a highly efficient, 3D solid-state architected anode is developed to enhance the performance of DCFCs below 600 °C. The cell with the 3D textile anode framework, Gd:CeO<sub>2</sub> -Li/Na<sub>2</sub> CO<sub>3</sub> composite electrolyte, and Sm<sub>0.5</sub> Sr<sub>0.5</sub> CoO<sub>3</sub> cathode demonstrates excellent performance with maximum power densities of 143, 196, and 325 mW cm<sup>-2</sup> at 500, 550, and 600 °C, respectively. At 500 °C, the cells can be operated steadily with a rated power density of ≈0.13 W cm<sup>-2</sup> at a constant current density of 0.15 A cm<sup>-2</sup> with a carbon utilization over 85.5%. These results, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of directly electrochemical oxidation of solid carbon at 500-600 °C, representing a promising strategy in developing high-performing fuel cells and other electrochemical systems via the integration of 3D architected electrodes.
Strategies for Handling Missing Data in Electronic Health Record Derived Data (2013)

Electronic health records (EHRs) present a wealth of data that are vital for improving patient-centered outcomes, although the data can present significant statistical challenges. In particular, EHR data contains substantial missing information that if left unaddressed could reduce the validity of conclusions drawn. Properly addressing the missing data issue in EHR data is complicated by the fact that it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between missing data and a negative value. For example, a patient without a documented history of heart failure may truly not have disease or the clinician may have simply not documented the condition. Approaches for reducing missing data in EHR systems come from multiple angles, including: increasing structured data documentation, reducing data input errors, and utilization of text parsing / natural language processing. This paper focuses on the analytical approaches for handling missing data, primarily multiple imputation. The broad range of variables available in typical EHR systems provide a wealth of information for mitigating potential biases caused by missing data. The probability of missing data may be linked to disease severity and healthcare utilization since unhealthier patients are more likely to have comorbidities and each interaction with the health care system provides an opportunity for documentation. Therefore, any imputation routine should include predictor variables that assess overall health status (e.g. Charlson Comorbidity Index) and healthcare utilization (e.g. number of encounters) even when these comorbidities and patient encounters are unrelated to the disease of interest. Linking the EHR data with other sources of information (e.g. National Death Index and census data) can also provide less biased variables for imputation. Additional methodological research with EHR data and improved epidemiological training of clinical investigators is warranted.
Antigen presentation by Ia+ B cell hybridomas to H-2-restricted T cell hybridomas. (1982)

The Ia+, H-2d BALB/c lymphoma cell line L10.A 2J was fused to T cell-depleted spleen cells from mouse strains bearing other H-2 haplotypes. A portion of the selected hybrids expressed Ia antigens of the normal spleen cell partner in the fusion as evidenced by their presentation of various antigens to a set of antigen-specific I-region-restricted T cell hybridomas. Three cloned hybrids were studied in detail. Antigen presentation was shown to be inhibited specifically by monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies. Both I-A and I-E molecules were expressed, including in the one case examined hybrid I-A and I-E molecules between the H-2d and H-2b haplotypes. These Ia+ B cell hybridomas provide a useful set of tools for studying the role of I-region-encoded molecules in antigen presentation to T cells.
Measuring clone based reengineering opportunities (2003)

Code duplication, plausibly caused by copying source code and slightly modifying it, is often observed in large systems. Clone detection and documentation have been investigated by several researchers in the past years. Recently, research focus has shifted towards the investigation of software and process restructuring actions based on clone detection. This paper presents an original definition of a clone classification scheme useful to assess and measure different system reengineering opportunities. The proposed classification considers each group of cloned methods in terms of the meaning of the differences existing between them. The algorithm used for automatic classification of clones is presented together with results obtained by classifying cloned methods and measuring reengineering opportunities in six freely available systems whose total size is about 500 KLOC of Java code.
Non‐High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Why Lower Is Better (2005)

Recent comparative trials of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) suggest that lower is better and that reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels to below 100 mg/dL can provide additional clinical benefit. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) contains more atherogenic cholesterol than LDL-C and is considered a more accurate measurement of the total amount of atherogenic particles in the circulation. Therefore, the principle that "lower is better" may also apply to lowering levels of non-HDL-C. In persons with high triglycerides (200-499 mg/dL), LDL-C remains the primary target of therapy, but non-HDL-C is an important secondary therapeutic target. Non-HDL-C is strongly correlated with small dense LDL as well as apolipoprotein B, an established predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Current evidence indicates that statins not only rapidly and dramatically reduce LDL-C, but also have a similar effect on non-HDL-C, and that the greater the reduction in LDL-C, the greater will be the reduction in non-HDL-C.
THE EFFECT OF BACLOFEN ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE RAT (1980)

1 The cardiovascular responses to baclofen were investigated in anaesthetized rats. 2 Low doses of baclofen (less than 5 X 10(-8) mol), given intravenously, produced a transient fall in blood pressure and heart rate. Higher doses (greater than 5 X 10(-7) mol) produced a marked and prolonged increase in blood pressure accompanied by a rise in heart rate and cutaneous arterial dilatation. 3 The pressor and heart rate responses exhibited tachyphylaxis, and were abolished by hexamethonium, cervical cord section, reserpine-treatment and by a combination of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. 4 It is concluded that the increases in blood pressure and heart rate produced by high doses of baclofen are of central sympathetic origin.
IgA Nephritis: On the Importance of Morphological and Clinical Parameters in the Long-Term Prognosis of 239 Patients (1990)

This study is concerned with the correlation between tubulointerstitial changes (interstitial fibrosis, acute renal failure, and interstitial fibrosis with acute renal failure), glomerular changes (focal and segmental lesions, hyperperfusion lesions), vascular changes, clinical data at the time of biopsy (serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance, hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension) and first symptoms (hematuria, proteinuria and hypertension) and the kidney survival rate in 239 patients with IgA nephritis without nephrotic syndrome. The morphological and clinical parameters were subjected to multivariate analysis in order to examine their significance with regard to the prognosis. The interstitial fibrosis was proven to be the most important morphological parameter, and the most important clinical parameters were the serum creatinine concentration and the creatinine clearance.
Pseudo Random Bit Generator using Logistic and Bernoulli Maps (2016)

We propose pseudo random bit generator(PRBG) by constructing an ergodic orbit of logistic map generated using intermittent perturbation and sampling the orbit using Bernoulli shift map. The pseudo randomness of the key streams is tested with the standard NIST statistical test suite. The key streams generated by the proposed PRBG pass all the tests of the test suite. As an application of PRBG we propose chaotic stream ciphers. Goodness-of-Fit tests are conducted for these ciphers. Stream ciphers generated using PRBG are shown to generate ciphers in which the distribution of the characters show significant correlation to the uniform distribution. It is also shown that the ciphers exhibit good avalanche effect when the initial seed is varied infinitesimally and we can also clearly observe the avalanche effect at different points within the ciphertext as the ciphertext is being generated. Also we show that the proposed PRBG is on par with conventional PRBG RC4. This indeed vindicates our hypothesis that stream of bits obtained from orbits of logistic map using perturbation and Bernoulli shift map exhibits randomness.
Flower color modification of Petunia hybrida commercial varieties by metabolic engineering (2004)

Petunia flower colors are mainly due to flavonoids. The flower color of commercial varieties of Petunia hybrida was successfully modified by the suppression of endogenous flavonoid biosynthetic genes, the expression of a hetelorogous flavonoid biosynthetic gene, and the combination of both. Flower color changed from purple to almost white or from purple to red by the suppression of the endogenous gene expression, from red to orange by the down-regulation of the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase gene and the expression of the rose dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene, and from violet to pale violet by the expression of the flavonol synthase or flavone synthase gene. These results clearly indicate the usefulness of metabolic engineering of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to modify flower color. Only a few of the transgenic petunia exhibited phenotypic stability. For commercialisation, it is necessary to generate many independent transgenic lines, select elite lines with stable phenotypes and maintain them in tissue culture.
Robust model selection decision-making using a fuzzy supervisory Approach (2009)

Industrial machinery/assets are usually operated under different operating conditions or modes. Local empirical models can be built within specified operating condition boundaries to represent system dynamics more accurately than a global model, which is generally applicable over the entire operating regime. However, when the change of system operating regime occurs, none of local models can capture the characteristics of the system outside of the operating condition boundaries they were built upon. This paper presents a novel approach to model selection decision-making based on a fuzzy supervisory approach. The supervisory method selects local models and fuses these models to represent system dynamics as system transits from one operating regime to another. Through this fuzzy supervisory approach, the modeling errors caused by an operating regime switch can be significantly reduced. We present experimental results from the application of this approach to high bypass commercial aircraft engine.
Internal Standards for Molecular Weight Determinations of Proteins by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (1971)

A new technique was devised to be used with molecular weight determinations of proteins on polyacrylamide gels.Internal standards consisting of proteins covalently linked to l-dimethylaminonaphthalene-S-sulfonyl-(DANS-) groups were prepared.DANS-derivatives of insulin and monomer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer of egg white lysozyme and serum albumin covered molecular weights from 6,600 to 360,000.They were concurrently applied in small amounts on a single gel together with the unknown sample.Proteins were separated by electrophoresis in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate.Positions of the DANS-proteins were detected under an ultraviolet lamp as yellowish fluorescent bands.These bands are reproducible and related to the positions obtained by standard gel staining techniques.Even 0.2 pg of a DANS-protein was detectable.Molecular weights of unknowns were determined by interpolation from their positions.This method was applied to envelope proteins of Escherichia coli.The molecular weights of major proteins were determined.The molecular weights of Proteins X and Y, which have been shown in a previous paper to be related to cell division and DNA synthesis, respectively, were reexamined and found to be 50,000 and 44,000, respectively.One of the major envelope proteins was found at the molecular weight of 7500.This protein showed a very high arginine to histidine ratio (about 11 times as high as the others) distinctly difIerent from all other proteins of higher molecular weights.Thus, this protein is not a subunit of proteins of higher molecular weights.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate is one of.the most convenient methods for molecular weight determinations of proteins (l-3).In this method, molecular weights of unknown samples are determined by comparison with the relative mobilities of standard proteins of known molecular weights.