gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alloying from Screen-printed Aluminum Pastes for Silicon Solar Cell Applications (2015)

Alloying from screen-printed aluminum pastes on silicon is a simple, reliable and cost-effective metallization technique, which is standardly applied for the rear contact formation of silicon solar cells in today’s production lines. Despite its long history and widespread utilization, however, there have still been open questions on the fundamentals of the alloying process, on the interaction of paste additives with the Al-Si system during alloying, and on the recombination characteristics of Al-alloyed contacts. This work has therefore dealt with investigating and quantifying alloying from screen-printed Al pastes on Si for solar cell applications in detail. The main achievements of this work are summarized in brief in the following: (1) Derivation of a comprehensive analytical model for alloying from screen-printed Al pastes which allows for the accurate calculation of the Al contact structure and the doping profiles of the Al-doped p+ Si (Al-p+) regions for a broad range of printing and firing conditions. (see chapter 2) (2) Detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of the recombination characteristics of Al-p+ regions with and without surface passivation. The influence of the printing and firing conditions on the recombination characteristics of the Al-p+ regions has been clarified and optimal conditions have been determined. Implied open-circuit voltages of up to 651 mV for non-passivated and 699 mV for surface-passivated Al-p+ regions have been realized. (see chapter 3) (3) Deduction of a comprehensive analytical model for alloying from screen-printed Al pastes containing boron additives. This model enables the precise calculation of the acceptor profiles of the Al- and B-co-doped p+ Si (Al-B-p+) regions and the investigation and optimization of their recombination characteristics. Excellent implied open-circuit voltages of 665 mV have been achieved for full-area Al-B-p+ regions without surface passivation for the optimal effective B percentage of 0.03 wt%. (see chapter 4) (4) Investigation of the structural and electrical properties of local contacts formed by full-area screen-printing and firing of Al pastes on locally opened dielectric layers. By intentionally adding Si to the Al paste, the recombination characteristics of the local contacts were improved, so that the effective rear surface recombination velocity was reduced down to less than a third of the value of a conventional Al paste. (see chapter 5) (5) Application of these results to improve the conversion efficiencies of n-type Si solar cells with screen-printed full-area or local Al-p+ rear emitters. Nickel plating has been demonstrated to be a promising technique for the front contact formation of these solar cells. Etching of highly phosphorus-doped n+ Si regions was implemented as an industrially feasible approach for the formation of the n+ front surface fields. Conversion efficiencies in the range of the highest values so far reported have been achieved. (see chapter 6)
Next generation sequencing for DLBCL classification. (2016)

11559 Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be molecularly classified as germinal center (GCB) and activated (ABC) B-cell-like, which traditionally define low- and high-risk patient groups when treated with chemotherapy. The HTG EdgeSeq system combines HTG's proprietary quantitative nuclease protection assay chemistry with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to enable semi-quantitative analysis of hundreds of targeted probes in a single assay. We developed a novel HTG EdgeSeq DLBCL Cell of Origin (COO) Assay that simultaneously measures the transcript levels of 96 genes using small clinical samples with an objective for accurate subtyping of GCB and ABC DLBCL using NGS. Methods: The EdgeSeq DLBCL COO assay was run on 257 de-identified FFPE tissue samples (approximately 5 mm2of tissue) previously characterized for ABC/GCB subtyped by gene expression profiling (GEP) using Affymetrix GeneChip microarray. A model-based classifier was developed using these expression data, 172 samples as part of a training set (86 GCB/86 ABC) and 85 for a test set (49 GCB/36 ABC). The resulting classifier identified three mutually exclusive subtypes, ABC, GCB and “unclassified”. The unclassified designation is used for cases where the expression pattern does not fall within either sub-type with certainty. The resulting classifier and assay was then validated on 90 samples (40 ABC, 40 GCB, and 10 unclassified/borderline samples). Results: Bootstrap resampling of the classifier in the training set showed low over-fitting with less than 1% based on 200 bootstrap resamples of Area Under the Curve. Misclassification rate in the classification test set was 9% (8/85). For the system validation study average overall agreement with GEP was 96% and conditional ABC and GCB agreement was 93% and 95%, respectively. Additionally, we had a low (averaged less than 3%) of samples with lower than expected sequencing quality (based on alignment rate and sample-level quality control metrics). Conclusions: We developed a classifier for DLBCL ABC/GCB sub-typing based on targeted NGS and demonstrated a high degree of agreement with GEP and a low sample failure rate, despite low tissue input requirements.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Defects in Oxygen-Implanted Silicon (1987)

Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements have been carried out on oxygen-implanted silicon at room temperatures. The EPR spectra composed of three isotropic lines are observed for the ion-dose range between 2×10 17 and 1.8×10 18 cm -2 . They are ascribed to the dangling bonds in amorphous Si, to the defects in SiO 2 and to defects at the Si/SiO 2 interface. The EPR spectra ascribed to the defects in the Si/SiO 2 interface are found to differ from those arising from the Pb centre and from the defects at the Si/SiO 2 interface formed by oxygen ion implantation at high temperature.
A Practical Method for Patterning Lumens through ECM Hydrogels via Viscous Finger Patterning (2012)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels with patterned lumens have been used as a framework to generate more physiologically relevant models of tissues, such as vessels and mammary ducts, for biological investigations. However, these models have not found widespread use in research labs or in high-throughput screening applications in large part because the basic methods for generating the lumen structures are generally cumbersome and slow. Here we present viscous finger patterning, a technique to generate lumens through ECM hydrogels in microchannels that can be accomplished using manual or automated pipetting. Passive pumping is used to flow culture media through an unpolymerized hydrogel, creating a lumen through the hydrogel that is subsequently polymerized. Viscous finger patterning takes advantage of viscous fingering, the fluid dynamics phenomenon where a less viscous fluid will flow through and displace a more viscous fluid. We have characterized the technique and used it to create a variety of channel geometries and ECM hydrogel compositions, as well as for the generation of lumens surrounded by multiple hydrogel layers. Because viscous finger patterning can be performed with automated liquid handling systems, high-throughput generation of ECM hydrogels with patterned lumen is enabled. The ability to rapidly and cost-effectively create large numbers of lumens in natural polymers overcomes a critical barrier to the use of more physiologically relevant tissue models in a variety of biological studies and drug screening applications.
Engineering of 2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase To Reduce Acetoin Formation by Glycerol-Overproducing, Low-Alcohol<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2009)

Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing GPD1, which codes for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lacking the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Ald6 display large-scale diversion of the carbon flux from ethanol toward glycerol without accumulating acetate. Although GPD1 ald6 strains have great potential for reducing the ethanol contents in wines, one major side effect is the accumulation of acetoin, having a negative sensory impact on wine. Acetoin is reduced to 2,3-butanediol by the NADH-dependent 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase Bdh1. In order to investigate the influence of potential factors limiting this reaction, we overexpressed BDH1, coding for native NADH-dependent Bdh1, and the engineered gene BDH1(221,222,223), coding for an NADPH-dependent Bdh1 enzyme with the amino acid changes 221 EIA 223 to 221 SRS 223, in a glycerol-overproducing wine yeast. We have shown that both the amount of Bdh1 and the NADH availability limit the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase reaction. During wine fermentation, however, the major limiting factor was the level of synthesis of Bdh1. Consistent with this finding, the overproduction of native or engineered Bdh1 made it possible to redirect 85 to 90% of the accumulated acetoin into 2,3-butanediol, a compound with neutral sensory characteristics. In addition, the production of diacetyl, a compound causing off-flavor in alcoholic beverages, whose production is increased in glycerol-overproducing yeast cells, was decreased by half. The production of higher alcohols and esters, which was slightly decreased or unchanged in GPD1 ald6 cells compared to that in the control cells, was not further modified in BDH1 cells. Overall, rerouting carbons toward glycerol and 2,3-butanediol represents a new milestone in the engineering of a low-alcohol yeast with desirable organoleptic features, permitting the decrease of the ethanol contents in wines by up to 3 degrees.
Comparison of Referring and Final Pathology for Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2008)

In the era of the WHO lymphoma classification system, the majority of common B-cell NHLs diagnosed in the community were unchanged by second opinion review by an expert hematopathologist. However, for one patient in 20, there was a discordance in diagnosis that could have altered therapy.
Feasibility of CT-based 3D anatomic mapping with a scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) system (2015)

This study investigates the feasibility of obtaining CT-derived 3D surfaces from data provided by the scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) system. Simulated SBDX short-scan acquisitions of a Shepp-Logan and a thorax phantom containing a high contrast spherical volume were generated. 3D reconstructions were performed using a penalized weighted least squares method with total variation regularization (PWLS-TV), as well as a more efficient variant employing gridding of projection data to parallel rays (gPWLS-TV). Voxel noise, edge blurring, and surface accuracy were compared to gridded filtered back projection (gFBP). PWLS reconstruction of a noise-free reduced-size Shepp-Logan phantom had 1.4% rRMSE. In noisy gPWLS-TV reconstructions of a reduced-size thorax phantom, 99% of points on the segmented sphere perimeter were within 0.33, 0.47, and 0.70 mm of the ground truth, respectively, for fluences comparable to imaging through 18.0, 27.2, and 34.6 cm acrylic. Surface accuracies of gFBP and gPWLS-TV were similar at high fluences, while gPWLS-TV offered improvement at the lowest fluence. The gPWLS-TV voxel noise was reduced by 60% relative to gFBP, on average. High-contrast linespread functions measured 1.25 mm and 0.96 mm (FWHM) for gPWLS-TV and gFBP. In a simulation of gated and truncated projection data from a full-sized thorax, gPWLS-TV reconstruction yielded segmented surface points which were within 1.41 mm of ground truth. Results support the feasibility of 3D surface segmentation with SBDX. Further investigation of artifacts caused by data truncation and patient motion is warranted.
Active chromatin and transcription play a key role in chromosome partitioning into topologically associating domains (2015)

Recent advances enabled by the Hi-C technique have unraveled many principles of chromosomal folding that were subsequently linked to disease and gene regulation. In particular, Hi-C revealed that chromosomes of animals are organized into topologically associating domains (TADs), evolutionary conserved compact chromatin domains that influence gene expression. Mechanisms that underlie partitioning of the genome into TADs remain poorly understood. To explore principles of TAD folding in Drosophila melanogaster, we performed Hi-C and poly(A)(+) RNA-seq in four cell lines of various origins (S2, Kc167, DmBG3-c2, and OSC). Contrary to previous studies, we find that regions between TADs (i.e., the inter-TADs and TAD boundaries) in Drosophila are only weakly enriched with the insulator protein dCTCF, while another insulator protein Su(Hw) is preferentially present within TADs. However, Drosophila inter-TADs harbor active chromatin and constitutively transcribed (housekeeping) genes. Accordingly, we find that binding of insulator proteins dCTCF and Su(Hw) predicts TAD boundaries much worse than active chromatin marks do. Interestingly, inter-TADs correspond to decompacted inter-bands of polytene chromosomes, whereas TADs mostly correspond to densely packed bands. Collectively, our results suggest that TADs are condensed chromatin domains depleted in active chromatin marks, separated by regions of active chromatin. We propose the mechanism of TAD self-assembly based on the ability of nucleosomes from inactive chromatin to aggregate, and lack of this ability in acetylated nucleosomal arrays. Finally, we test this hypothesis by polymer simulations and find that TAD partitioning may be explained by different modes of inter-nucleosomal interactions for active and inactive chromatin.
Multi-sentence Question Segmentation and Compression for Question Answering (2015)

We present a multi-sentence question segmentation strategy for community question answering services to alleviate the complexity of long sentences. We develop a complete scheme and make a solution to complex-question segmentation, including a question detector to extract question sentences, a question compression process to remove duplicate information, and a graph model to segment multi-sentence questions. In the graph model, we train a SVM classifier to compute the initial weight and we calculate the authority of a vertex to guide the propagating. The experimental results show that our method gets a good balance between completeness and redundancy of information, and significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Assessment of drug induced developmental toxicity using human embryonic stem cells (2008)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are unique as they have the potential to be generated in large numbers and the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers via embryoid body (EB) formation. This property could be utilized as an index to study initial mammalian development. We have investigated the utility of a comprehensively characterized human ES (hES) cell line (ReliCellhES1) for testing the embryotoxic effects of compounds using cytotoxicity assays. Further, we performed real time gene expression analysis to check the alterations in germ layer markers expression upon drug treatment. The results show that assays using hES cells could serve as a reliable, sensitive and robust method to assess embryotoxic potential of compounds. They also provide a proof of concept that hES cells can be used as an in vitro model to demonstrate developmental toxicity, and to examine the germ layer-specific effects on differentiating EBs.
First demonstration of optical-mobile cooperation interface for mobile fronthaul with TDM-PON (2017)

To achieve cost-effective mobile fronthaul (MFH) with a time-division-multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON), we present a prototype optical-mobile cooperation interface, which converts mobile upstream scheduling information to transmission request information for the mobile upstream data that will arrive at each optical network unit (ONU). By basing bandwidth allocation on the request information converted by the interface, low-latency upstream transmission can be achieved on the MFH with the TDM-PON. We demonstrate the time spent for the conversion process in the prototype interface under various and practical conditions for the first time.
Examining the link between chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in human cells (2008)

Solid tumors can be highly aneuploid and many display high rates of chromosome missegregation in a phenomenon called chromosomal instability (CIN). In principle, aneuploidy is the consequence of CIN, but the relationship between CIN and aneuploidy has not been clearly defined. In this study, we use live cell imaging and clonal cell analyses to evaluate the fidelity of chromosome segregation in chromosomally stable and unstable human cells. We show that improper microtubule-chromosome attachment (merotely) is a cause of chromosome missegregation in unstable cells and that increasing chromosome missegregation rates by elevating merotely during consecutive mitoses generates CIN in otherwise stable, near-diploid cells. However, chromosome missegregation compromises the proliferation of diploid cells, indicating that phenotypic changes that permit the propagation of nondiploid cells must combine with elevated chromosome missegregation rates to generate aneuploid cells with CIN.
Recent advances in resists for 157 nm microlithography (2002)

The synthesis and characterization of several new fluoropolymers designed for use in the formulation of photoresists for exposure at 157 nm will be described. The design of these platforms has in some cases been inspired by ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of excited state transition energies and by interpretation of gas phase VUV spectrophotometric data. We have explored anionic polymerizations, free radical polymerizations, metal-catalyzed addition polymerizations and metal-catalyzed copolymerizations with carbon monoxide in these studies. The polymers and resist formulations were characterized by VUV spectrometry and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE). Resist formulations based on these polymers were exposed at the 157 nm wavelength to produce high-resolution images that will be presented.
A detached pole tip design of perpendicular write heads for high data-rate recording (2002)

Single pole perpendicular recording heads with track width below 100 nm have been examined using three-dimensional dynamic micromagnetic modeling, with focus on the dynamic field reversal and the head relaxation process. A head laminated through the thickness with the pole tip detached from the yoke shows very fast field response to the driving current, well repeatable domain configurations, instantaneous field relaxation after writing as well as robust near-zero remanent field.
VLSI architectures for associative networks (2003)

The authors describe the basic design principles behind a Si integrated circuit implementation of associative networks (ANs). These principles are illustrated by a special VLSI design combining analog and digital CMOS technology. The importance of close interaction of system design and technology, resulting in a VLSI concept functionally optimized in many respects, is pointed out. In this context, on-chip analog circuit techniques are presented to implement necessary correlation and threshold operations of the AN processing units. They also discuss the memory cells, and, in particular a nonvolatile adaptive memory cell. The proposed cell takes advantage of the floating-gate transistor principle in which a threshold voltage can be set continuously over a range of value representing the analog coupling strength of connected processing units.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nano-assembly of glucose oxidase on the<i>in situ</i>self-assembled films of polypyrrole and its optical, surface and electrochemical characterizations (2000)

An in situ self-assembly technique with nanometre control over thicknesses and multilayered structures was used to manufacture the ultrathin films of polypyrrole (PPY). The PPY film was deposited on a polyanion, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) modified surface as a function of time, previously PSS had been deposited on various substrates (glass, mica, indium-tin-oxide coated glass plates). Later, alternate PPY and PSS films were fabricated on such substrates using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. The glucose oxidase (GOD) molecules were also deposited on such self-assembled PPY films by the LBL technique. The PSS/PPY/GOD, PPY/PPY/GOD/poly(ethylene imine) (PEI)/GOD etc, film configurations were fabricated, and functionally as well as structurally characterized by UV-visible, electrochemical and scanning probe microscopy techniques, respectively. The results of a scanning probe microscopic study on the films were analysed to understand the molecular orientation of GOD on the PPY surface, and the dependence of the enzyme concentration for the depositing solutions. Moreover, the electrochemical studies performed provided information with respect to the electron transfer processes on the spatial arrangement of GOD molecules on the PPY surfaces. The immobilization of GOD on a conductive PPY represented a crucial and important step, and allowed us to construct the glucose-responsive biosensors.
Tau 2: A Probe for a Ser Conformation in the Amino Terminus of τ (1992)

We have determined the epitope for Tau 2, a monoclonal antibody that intensely stained tangles, plaque neurites, and curly fibers in the tissue section, and strongly labeled bovine tau, but only very weakly labeled human tau on the blot. The epitope has been localized to Ala95 through Ala108 of bovine tau. Ser101 is critical for Tau 2 reactivities; the replacement of Ser by Pro, which is found in rat, mouse, and human tau, brings about very weak Tau 2 reactivities. The strong Tau 2 staining of tangles and its effective absorption with a synthetic Ser peptide (Ala95 through Ala108) suggest that the tau in paired helical filaments takes a Ser conformation, rather than a Pro conformation, in its amino-terminal portion.
Stability margin monitoring for DC distributed power systems via perturbation approaches (2003)

In multi-module power electronics systems, especially DC distributed power systems, the small-signal stability issues are often dealt with by employing Middlebrook's impedance criterion. However, for on-line system stability margin monitoring, directly measuring impedance of the source and load subsystems then making quantitative comparisons is too complicated and difficult. This paper proposes practical and simple methods, which involve applying current or voltage perturbation to the dc side of distributed power systems then only measuring the amplitude of two currents or voltages in order to monitor the stability margin. For both methods (current perturbation and voltage perturbation), an implementation approach that does not employ external voltage or current perturbation source is also presented. All these methods and approaches are equivalent to the impedance measuring and comparing method based on the impedance criterion with different forbidden regions. A comparative evaluation of each method and its corresponding implementation approach is provided.