gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Reduction of Elemental Sulfur in Acetonitrile (1980)

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of elemental sulfur (S8) has been carried out in acetonitrile using a platinum electrode. The products were identified by means of spectrophotometry and ESR. Sulfur is reduced voltammetrically in two steps: S_8+2e→S_8^2-, S_8^2-+2e→2S_4^2- These products turns into more stable species by the succeeding chemical reactions in a bulk solution as follows: 2&S_8^2\oversetK\ightleftarrowsS_6^2-+1/4S_8& &(K=1.6×10^-2) &S_6^2-\oversetK_d\ightleftarrows2S_3^\ewdot& &(K_d=1.2×10^-3) The S42− species was enough active to react with S8 into S82−, which was regarded as the cause of a current maximum on the current-time curve in a controlled potential coulometry of S8 at a potential of the second reduction step.
Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Exists Inside of Rat Liver Peroxisomes and Degrades Oxidized Proteins. (2000)

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) was detected by immunoblot analysis in highly purified rat liver peroxisomes. IDE in the peroxisomal fraction was resistant to proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin under conditions where the peroxisomal membranes remained intact. After sonication of the peroxisomal fraction, IDE was recovered in the supernatant fraction. Further, the localization of IDE in the peroxisomes was shown by immunoelectron microscopy. In addition, IDE isolated from peroxisomes degraded insulin as well as oxidized lysozyme as a model substrate for oxidized proteins. These results suggest that IDE exists in an active form in the matrix of rat liver peroxisomes and is involved in elimination of oxidized proteins in peroxisomes.
Abstract 15267: A Novel Surface ECG Based Marker of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients with Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy (2012)

Introduction Better sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk markers are needed. Retrospective studies have shown that the Regional Restitution Instability Index (R212) is predictive of ventricular arrhythm...
α-Thrombin stimulates contraction of human bronchial rings by activation of protease-activated receptors (1999)

In a variety of diseases, inflammation causes microvascular leakage and activates thrombin. Evidence suggests that thrombin increases cytosolic calcium and stimulates human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation. The receptor subtypes, however, that mediate the effects of thrombin on ASM cell growth or calcium mobilization remain unknown. In this study, we postulate that thrombin, which activates specific protease-activated receptors (PARs), also stimulates contraction of isolated human bronchial rings. With the use of intact human bronchial rings, alpha-thrombin (1-20 U/ml) increased bronchial tone to 19 +/- 3% of basal tone (P = 0.008; n = 5 experiments) and represents 20 +/- 8% of the maximum carbachol response. The EC(50) for thrombin-induced force generation was 12.2 U/ml (95% confidence interval 9.9-15.3 U/ml) and was not altered in bronchial rings that had the epithelium removed. In parallel experiments, a specific thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP-14; 0.1-100 micromol/l) increased isometric tension to levels (14 +/- 2%; P = 0.0005; n = 5 experiments) comparable to those rings stimulated with thrombin. To characterize the receptors that mediate thrombin effects on human ASM, the expression of PARs in cultured human ASM cells was analyzed by RT-PCR analysis with specific primers for PARs. In these cells, PAR1 (thrombin receptor), PAR2, and PAR3 were expressed at comparable levels. In other experiments using immunocytochemical staining with specific antibodies to PAR1 and PAR2, we showed that ASM in bronchial rings and cultured ASM cells express PAR1 and PAR2 proteins. Taken together, these studies suggest that alpha-thrombin, in a receptor-specific and dose-dependent manner, induces contraction of bronchial rings in vitro. In addition, cultured human ASM cells express mRNA of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3 and express PAR1 and PAR2 protein. Further studies are needed to determine whether alpha-thrombin plays a role in stimulating bronchoconstriction in inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and bronchiolitis obliterans.
Germ plasm-like Dot cells maintain the wound regenerative function after in vitro expansion (2009)

1. Wounds in fetal skin heal without scarring; however, the mechanism for this is unknown. We have identified a novel group of protein and nucleotides-positive particles in fetal and adult mouse blood and in human blood, and termed them ‘Dot cells’. Freshly isolated Dot cells regenerate wounds with less scarring and can be cultured without feeder layers. 2. Because the morphology of Dot cells has never been described, in the present study we describe the specific characterizations of Dot cells, including their growth pattern in vitro, and their expressions of stem cell markers using fluorescent cell sorting analyses and immunofluorescent histology. Our data indicates that cultured Dot cells express stem cell surface markers and embryonic stem cell transcription markers, such as Oct4, Nanog and Sox-2. In addition, Dot cells express VASA, the germ plasm specific marker. 3. To confirm whether Dot cells maintain their wound regenerative activity after in vitro expansion, in vitro cultured Dot cells were transplanted to wounded mice. Dot cells from albino mice maintain their wound regenerative activities after intravenous transplantation to black-background diabetic mice. In addition, Dot cells regenerate both the epithelial and dermal cells in the wounds of wild-type mice. The regenerated hair follicles, smooth muscle and dermal tissues express transiently to VASA. 4. Our data demonstrate that Dot cells are newly identified organisms located in the blood and bone marrow of mammals. They express germ cell, embryonic stem cell and adult stem cell markers. Dot cells maintain their regenerative function after in vitro expansion.
Behavioral-Independent Features of Complex Heartbeat Dynamics (2001)

We test whether the complexity of the cardiac interbeat interval time series is simply a consequence of the wide range of scales characterizing human behavior, especially physical activity, by analyzing data taken from healthy adult subjects under three conditions with controls: (i) a "constant routine" protocol where physical activity and postural changes are kept to a minimum, (ii) sympathetic blockade, and (iii) parasympathetic blockade. We find that when fluctuations in physical activity and other behavioral modifiers are minimized, a remarkable level of complexity of heartbeat dynamics remains, while for neuroautonomic blockade the multifractal complexity decreases.
Blue electroluminescence of novel pyrazoloquinoline and bispyrazolopyridine derivatives in doped polymer matrices (1997)

Blue electroluminescence has been demonstrated using novel materials 1,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline (PAQ4) and 4-phenyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,7-dihydrodipyrazolo[3,4-b;4′,3′-e]pyridine (PAP1) for the first time. The peak maxima of their electroluminescent spectra were at 442 nm (ca. 20 nm shift from its photoluminescent maximum) for PAQ4 and 425 nm (within the same spectral range as the photoluminescence) for PAP1.
Characterization of Vibrating Mesh Aerosol Generators (2019)

The fate of inhaled aerosol particles within the respiratory tract is determined by factors such as the particle size distribution, breathing pattern, and airway geometry. Thus, matching the aerosol therapy device to the patient is crucial to achieving a high target site dose and minimizing side effects. High output efficiency and minimal residual volume have been reported for vibrating mesh nebulizers, which generate a high percentage of particles in the respirable fraction. Using custom-made plates, this work aimed to investigate and identify the major operating parameters of these devices and their effects on the characteristics of the aerosol output. Each plate contained between 279 and 4606 tapered apertures that ranged from 3 to 12 µm in diameter and were uniformly sized per plate. To investigate the effect of coagulation during droplet generation, the distance between the apertures was varied from 75 to 450 µm. The resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element was scanned, and the aperture plates were then vibrated at a fixed frequency (100–300 kHz), causing the ejection of liquid droplets. The nebulizers were mainly evaluated using a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. A syringe pump injected the solution into the vibrating mesh plates. The aerosol output was carried, dried, and introduced into the mixing chamber by a dilution air flow of 160 L min–1. An aerosol size spectrometer was employed to measure both the number concentration and the size distribution of the output. The droplet size increased with the aperture diameter. The distance between apertures did not affect the number concentration or the size distribution of the generated droplets. The droplet size decreased as the resonance frequency increased, but the extent was less than we expected. Each mesh possessed an optimal vibration frequency, which varied according to the size and the number of the apertures, for consistently maximizing the aerosol output. The optimal feeding rate increased with the number of apertures and the applied electric current, but the aerosol size distribution remained the same. Additionally, our results using a cotton wick to deliver the solution from the reservoir to the vibrating mesh indicate that fibrous sorbent materials can potentially replace the syringe pump.
High-Resolution Diffusion and Relaxation Edited One- and Two-Dimensional <sup>1</sup>H NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Fluids (1996)

A new approach to the characterization of biomolecules in whole biological fluids is presented based on simplification of 1H NMR spectra by utilizing differences in molecular diffusion coefficients alone and combinations of relaxation and diffusion parameters. New NMR pulse sequences incorporating both spectral editing features together with solvent water resonance elimination are presented. The methods are exemplified using whole human blood plasma, and it is shown that it is possible to obtain NMR spectra of the slowly diffusing species (generally large molecules) by diffusion editing, the slowly relaxing species (generally small molecules) by spin relaxation editing, or spectra showing any range of molecular mobility using a combination of the two methods. The diffusion-based editing methods are also applicable to the selection of resonances in two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of biofluids, and we show this for the first time by the production of 1H-1H diffusion-edited TOCSY spectra of human blood plasma where the resonance intensities are weighted according to the molecular diffusion coefficient. In this case, by measuring a diffusion-edited 1H-1H TOCSY NMR spectrum of plasma, it is possible to obtain signals from only the macromolecular components, and this may be of benefit in the analysis of blood lipoproteins. In complex biofluids, the combination of diffusion and relaxation editing brings about considerable spectral simplification leading to an easier resonance assignment process. We also demonstrate the production of 1H NMR spectra with intensities corresponding to diffusion coefficient rather than number of protons, and this opens up new possibilities for pattern recognition classification of samples based on altered molecular mobility features of biofluid components.
Kommunale Psychiatrie und die Zukunft der Heime (2005)

Eine im Grunde seit 200 Jahren ungelöste Kernfrage der psychiatrischen Versorgung, für die auch die Psychiatrie-Reform keine befriedigende Antwort gefunden hat, ist die Bereitstellung von Hilfen für chronisch psychisch Kranke. Früher waren Menschen mit schweren anhaltenden seelischen Behinderungen häufig dauerhaft untergebracht in Langzeitstationen psychiatrischer Krankenhäuser. Heute haben vielfach Heime diese Aufgabe übernommen. Beispielsweise wurden für Sachsen-Anhalt pro 100 000 Einwohner rund 60 Betten in Kliniken, aber mehr als 260 Plätze in Heimen ermittelt, davon 90 % ohne Befristung der Aufenthaltsdauer. In Zukunft sollen personenbezogene Hilfen mit der eigenen Wohnung als Lebensmittelpunkt den Daueraufenthalt im Heim ersetzen, um die mit einer institutionellen Betreuung untrennbar verbundene sekundäre Behinderung (Hospitalismus) zu vermeiden und auch für Menschen mit einem hohen Hilfebedarf die Teilhabechancen zu verbessern. Zwangsläufig wird die Psychiatrieplanung sich mit der Zukunft der Heime zu befassen haben. Dabei darf das starke Interesse von Trägern, Mitarbeitern und Kommunalpolitikern an einer Erhaltung der Einkommensquelle, des Arbeitsplatzes und des Wirtschaftsfaktors „Heim” nicht verkannt werden. Kleineren Heimen mit einem starken Regionsbezug wird die „Enthospitalisierung der Profis” und der Umbau zum ambulanten sozialpsychiatrischen Kompetenzzentrum vermutlich eher gelingen als wohnortfernen Großeinrichtungen.
Incremental Pruning: A Simple, Fast, Exact Method for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (2013)

Most exact algorithms for general partially observable Markov decision processes (pomdps) use a form of dynamic programming in which a piecewise-linear and convex representation of one value function is transformed into another. We examine variations of the &quot;incremental pruning&quot; method for solving this problem and compare them to earlier algorithms from theoretical and empirical perspectives. We find that incremental pruning is presently the most efficient exact method for solving pomdps. 1 INTRODUCTION Partially observable Markov decision processes (pomdps) model decision theoretic planning problems in which an agent must make a sequence of decisions to maximize its utility given uncertainty in the effects of its actions and its current state (Cassandra, Kaelbling, &amp; Littman 1994; White 1991). At any moment in time, the agent is in one of a finite set of possible states S and must choose one of a finite set of possible actions A. After taking action a 2 A from state s 2 S, the agent...
Capillary Isotachophoresis (1987)

Isotachophoresis (displacement electrophoresis) belongs to one of the four basic electrophoretic separation techniques: Moving boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. In the article presented capillary isotachophoresis is described. Basic principles are outlined and attention is given to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of isotachophoretic analysis in which conductimetric, potential gradient, photometric (UV-absorption and fluorimetric) detectors are used. Separation of anions and cations is shown and a way for automatic signal processing is given.
Ultrasound Responsive Noble Gas Microbubbles for Applications in Image‐Guided Gas Delivery (2020)

Noble gases, especially xenon (Xe), have been shown to have antiapoptotic effects in treating hypoxia ischemia related injuries. Currently, in vivo gas delivery is systemic and performed through inhalation, leading to reduced efficacy at the injury site. This report provides a first demonstration of the encapsulation of pure Xe, Ar, or He in phospholipid-coated sub-10 µm microbubbles, without the necessity of stabilizing perfluorocarbon additives. Optimization of shell compositions and preparation techniques show that distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) with DSPE-PEG5000 can produce stable microbubbles upon shaking, while dibehenoylphosphatidylcholine (DBPC) blended with either DSPE-PEG2000 or DSPE-PEG5000 produces a high yield of microbubbles via a sonication/centrifugation method. Xe and Ar concentrations released into the microbubble suspension headspace are measured using GC-MS, while Xe released directly in solution is detected by the fluorescence quenching of a Xe-sensitive cryptophane molecule. Bubble production is found to be amenable to scale-up while maintaining their size distribution and stability. Excellent ultrasound contrast is observed in a phantom for several minutes under physiological conditions, while an intravenous administration of a bolus of pure Xe microbubbles provides significant contrast in a mouse in pre- and post-lung settings (heart and kidney, respectively), paving the way for image-guided, localized gas delivery for theranostic applications.
Role of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins in insulin stimulation of glucose transport in rat adipocytes. Influence of bacterial toxins (1989)

The potential role of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G-proteins) in acute insulin regulation of glucose transport was investigated by using bacterial toxins which are known to modify these proteins. Cholera-toxin treatment of isolated rat adipocytes had no effect on either 2-deoxyglucose transport or insulin binding. Pertussis-toxin treatment resulted in an inhibition of both insulin binding and glucose transport. Insulin binding was decreased in pertussis-toxin-treated cells by up to 40%, owing to a lowering of the affinity of the receptor for hormone, with no change in hormone internalization. The dose-response curve for insulin stimulation of glucose transport was strongly shifted to the right by pertussis-toxin treatment [EC50 (half-maximally effective insulin concn.) = 0.31 +/- 0.04 ng/ml in control cells; 2.29 +/- 1.0 in treated cells), whereas cholera toxin had only a small effect (EC50 = 0.47 +/- 0.02 ng/ml). Correcting for the change in hormone binding, pertussis toxin was found to decrease the coupling efficiency of occupied receptors (50% of maximal insulin effect with 928 molecules bound/cell in control and 3418 in treated cells). Pertussis-toxin inhibition of insulin sensitivity was slow in onset, requiring 2-3 h for completion. Under conditions where pertussis-toxin inhibition of insulin sensitivity was maximal, a 41,000 Da protein similar to the alpha subunit of Gi (the inhibitory G-protein) was found to be fully ribosylated. These results are consistent with the concept that pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein(s) can modify the insulin-receptor/glucose-transport coupling system.
Knowledge Transfer Procedures from Consultants to Users in ERP Implementations (2011)

This paper focuses on the issue of knowledge transfer from consultants to the final users of the ERP system during its implementation. For a long time, the knowledge transfer has been recognized as one of the key success factors of the implementation projects of any type. Basing on the literature, two alternative approaches to the knowledge transfer were identified: an exploration oriented one, assuming users’ active participation in the implementation process and another one, i.e. instruction oriented knowledge transfer, depending on the users’ training provided by the consultants after the implementation has been completed. A study of 10 ERP implementation projects is presented to determine how enterprises solve the knowledge transfer issue in real-life environment. At the end the paper presents the evaluation of the amount of external workload from the consultants needed to accomplish the knowledge transfer process with the use of the two alternative approaches. It is based on the field study in two comparable enterprises. The main value of the research is that it presents the generalization of the knowledge transfer procedures used in real-life ERP projects and then evaluates the difference in external workload from the consultants in a very unique situation of two very similar enterprises, with comparable business processes and information requirements, and which implemented the same ERP system with help of the same external consultants but using different knowledge transfer approach.
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Tension‐Type Headache: An Overview of Systematic Reviews (2020)

Acupuncture appears to be an effective treatment modality for TTH, but the credibility of the results is limited owing to the generally low methodological quality and evidence quality in the included SRs/MAs.
Quantum-chemical studies of alkene chemisorption in chabazite: A comparison of cluster and embedded-cluster models (1998)

Quantum-chemical studies of ethene, propene and isobutene chemisorption at an aluminosilicate Brønsted-acid site in the zeolite chabazite are reported. Comparison of the results using different cluster models and a qm/mm (quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical) embedded cluster approach are compared and contrasted. As in previous studies, the activation barriers for the chemisorption process leading to a surface alkoxide are found to follow a carbenium ion trend, i.e. ethene>propene>isobutene. In contrast to previous studies, however, results indicate that the stability of the alkoxide is also very sensitive to a number of factors, the dominant one being steric interactions with the acid site, i.e. the stability order is ethene>propene>isobutene. This steric effect and other, less dominant, contributions are only observed when host environment effects are included in the model, in the present case via constraints on the cluster boundaries and via the qm/mm embedded-cluster approach. The possible formation of stable carbenium ions in the pores of acidic zeolites is discussed.
The mechanism of formation of gels from myosin molecules (1992)

Abstract Heat‐set myosin gels form the basis of the adhesive that binds particles of meat together in meat products. The manner in which a gel network is formed from myosin has been investigated by studying the aggregates produced when dilute solutions of rabbit skeletal myosin molecules in 0.6 M KCI, 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.5, were heated at a single temperature between 30 and 60°C. The aggregates have been examined by transmission electron microscopy after either negative staining or rotary shadowing. After heating at 30°C for 30 min. no change in structure is detected. After heating at 35°C for 30 min, the two heads of some myosin molecules coalesce and some dimers are formed by aggregation through the heads. After heating at 40°C for 30 min. up to about 13 myosin molecules aggregate through their heads to form a globular mass up to 60 nm across with the tails radiating outwards. At higher temperatures such head‐linked oligomers aggregate further. At 48°C oligomers coexist with aggregates formed by the coalescence of two or more oligomers. In such aggregates the globular masses are in close proximity and tails radiate from them. After heating myosin at 50°C, aggregates are formed by the coalescence of more oligomers and the tails are seen only indistinctly. At 60°C the particles formed contain a large number of globular masses and are typically 100 to 200 nm across, occasionally up to 1 μm. It is possible that the globules making up the strands of the gel networks in scanning electron micrographs are composed of similar particles. It is suggested that these globules are formed by head‐head interactions but that tail‐tail interactions may be important in forming the strands and cross‐links of the gel network. When a heat‐set myosin gel is compacted by centrifugation, the supernate contains essentially all the LC1 and LC3 light chains of the parent molecule but only a small fraction of the LC2 light chains. We suppose that dissociation of the LC1 and LC3 chains from the heads creates hydrophobic patches which cause intramolecular and intermolecular head association.
B2B Electronic Payment Solution of Fast Moving Consumer Goods Industry (2007)

The Problem of Electronic Payment has become a major bottleneck of the development of B2B e-business in China; the Third-party Electronic Payment Platform meets great obstacles when applied in the field of B2B currently. Concerning the characteristics of B2B e-business and its development environment in China, this paper analyzes the reasons for the phenomenon, and discusses about the requirements a Third party Payment Platform needs to meet in order to be successfully applied to B2B, and attempts to put forward a new B2B electronic payment solution from the start of a specific industry- Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Industry, according to those requirements analyzed.