gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Aerodynamic Study of Bicycle Wheel Performance Using CFD (2009)

A methodology is presented to apply CFD to study air flow around a rotating bicycle wheel in contact with the ground. The bicycle wheel studied here is an accurate geometrical representation of a commercial racing wheel (Zipp 404). Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) results are computed at a range of speeds and yaw angles commonly encountered by cyclists. Drag and side (or lift) forces are resolved and compare favorably to experimental results obtained from wind tunnel tests. Vertical forces acting on a rotating bicycle wheel are presented for the first time. A unique transition from downward to upward acting force is observed as the yaw angle is increased. Flow structures are identified and compared for different yaw angles. It is expected that a more complete comprehension of these results will lead to improvements in the performance and handling characteristics of bicycle racing wheels used by professional cyclists and triathletes.
Manipulating angiogenesis in medicine (2004)

Blood vessels nourish organs with vital nutrients and oxygen and, thus, new vessels form when the embryo needs to grow or wounds are to heal. However, forming new blood vessels is a complex and delicate process, which, unfortunately, is often derailed. Thus, when insufficient vessels form, the tissue becomes ischaemic and stops to function adequately. Conversely, when vessels grow excessively, malignant and inflamed tissues grow faster. It is now becoming increasingly evident that abnormal vessel growth contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous malignant, ischaemic, inflammatory, infectious and immune disorders. With an in-depth molecular understanding, we should be better armamented to combat such angiogenic disorders in the future. That such therapeutic strategies might change the face of medicine is witnessed by initial evidence of success in the clinic.
Living carbocationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether and the synthesis of poly[isobutylene‐<i>b</i>‐(isobutyl vinyl ether)] (1993)

Abstract The MeCH(O‐ i ‐Bu)Cl/TiCl 4 /MeCONMe 2 initiating system was found to induce the rapid living carbocationic polymerization (LC ⊕ Pzn) of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBuVE) at −100°C. Degradation by dealcoholation which usually accompanies the polymerization of alkyl vinyl ethers by strong Lewis acids is “frozen out” at this low temperature and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether)s (PIBuVEs) with theoretical molecular weights up to ca. 40,000 g/mol (calculated from the initiator/monomer input) and narrow molecular weight distributions ( M̄ w / M̄ n ≤ 1.2) are readily obtained. According to 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy, PIBuVEs prepared by living polymerization at −100°C are not stereoregular. The MeCH(O‐ i ‐Bu)Cl/TiCl 4 combination induces the rapid LC ⊕ Pzn of IBuVE even in the absence of N,N ‐dimethylacetamide (DMA). The addition of the common ion salt, n ‐Bu 4 NCl to the latter system retards the polymerization and meaningful kinetic information can be obtained. The kinetic findings have been explained in terms of TiCl 4 . IBuVE and TiCl 4 · IBuVE and TiCl 4 · PIBuVE complexes. The HCl (formal initiator)/TiCl 4 /DMA combination is the first initiating system that can be regarded to induce the LC ⊕ Pzn of both isobutylene (IB) and IBuVE. Polyisobutylene (PIB)–PIBuVE diblocks were prepared by sequential monomer addition in “one pot” by the 2‐chloro‐2,4,4‐trimethylpentane (TMP‐Cl)/TiCl 4 /DMA initiating system. Crossover efficiencies are, however, below 35% because the PIB ⊕ + IBuVE → PIB‐ b ‐PIBuVE ⊕ crossover is slow. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Migrating velocity analysis; accounting for the effects of lateral velocity variations (1995)

Abstract The most common migration velocity analysis algorithms, iterative profile migration, focusing analysis, and stack power analysis are based on restrictive subsurface assumptions that may cause the methods to break down in the presence of lateral velocity variations. Typically, the subsurface is assumed to have either a constant velocity, or at most, a depth variable velocity. Recent innovations include the use of traveltime inversion philosophy to invert migration measurements of the curvature as a function of offset exhibited by an event following migration. Traveltime inversion makes few assumptions regarding the subsurface, but is a rather unstable process. Thus, an important question is, 'Under what conditions do the traditional methods break down and make the use of traveltime inversion methods mandatory?'Marrying the common migration analysis with tomography results in a set of equations that, while useful for generating updates from migration measurements, are too complex for answering the above question. However, by restricting the subsurface to low relief structures and assuming small angle wave propagation, these updating equations can be approximated by forms that are identical to the traditional updating equations, except for a factor that is dependent upon the magnitude, position, and spatial wavelength of potential lateral velocity variations. These simpler equations indicate that even relatively long wavelength anomalies can cause updates to point in the wrong direction and iterative procedures to diverge, and under certain conditions, cause the accuracy of these updates to decrease dramatically.
Multiphoton Writing of Three-Dimensional Fluidic Channels within a Porous Matrix (2009)

We demonstrate a facile method for fabricating novel 3D microfluidic channels by using two-photon-activated chemistry to locally switch the interior surface of a porous host from a hydrophobic state to a hydrophilic state. The 3D structures can be infilled selectively with water and/or hydrophobic oil with a minimum feature size of only a few micrometers. We envision that this approach may enable the fabrication of complex microfluidic structures that cannot be easily formed via current technologies.
Discrete-time implementation of high-gain observers for numerical differentiation (1999)

High-gain observers have been used in non-linear control to estimate derivatives of the output. In this paper, we study discrete-time implementation of high-gain observers and their use as numerical differentiators, in noise-free as well as noisy measurements. We show that discretization using the bilinear transformation method gives better results than other discretization methods. We also show that many of the available numerical differentiators are special cases of the bilinear discrete-time equivalents of full-order or reduced-order high-gain observers.
Skin biopsy findings in CADASIL (2002)

A 48-year-old woman was seen on neurology consultation at Baystate Medical Center for gait instability and abnormal CT scan of the brain. She had a medical history of stroke 5 years prior consisting of left-sided weakness with …
Mucosal and systemic antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in experimentally challenge-exposed calves fed low or high amounts of colostral antibodies (1991)

Ten colostrum-deprived calves were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (5 calves/group), and fed colostrum that had either low (naturally infected cows) or high (immunized cows) antibody titers to bovine coronavirus (BCV). All calves were inoculated orally and intranasally with virulent BCV when they were 24 to 48 hours old and challenge exposed 21 days later. Blood, feces, nasal secretions, tears, saliva, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected weekly from each calf for 5 weeks after inoculation. The titers to whole BCV or the relative amounts of isotype-specific antibodies to BCV structural proteins were evaluated in these samples by ELISA or immunoblotting, respectively. Both pools of colostrum contained primarily IgG1, IgG2, and IgA antibodies to the E2 and E3 BCV proteins. Calves fed the high-titer colostrum had correspondingly higher amounts of passive IgG1 and IgA antibodies to whole BCV and to the E2 and E3 BCV proteins in serum, feces, and BAL fluid at postinoculation week 1 than those calves fed low-titer colostrum. Active IgG1, IgA, and IgM antibody responses in serum and active IgA and IgM antibody responses in most mucosal secretions to whole BCV and to the E2 and E3 proteins were lower or delayed in calves fed high-titer colostrum, compared with responses in calves fed low-titer colostrum. In contrast, increased responses to the BCV N protein were observed in all samples (except in serum and BAL fluid) in the calves fed high-titer colostrum, compared with calves fed low-titer colostrum. Upon challenge exposure, responses to E2 and E3 BCV proteins in serum and BAL fluid were lower in the group fed high-titer colostrum, compared with those in the group fed low-titer colostrum. Our findings indicate that the level of passive immunity in calves at the time of BCV inoculation can influence the development of active antibody responses in serum, feces, and mucosal secretions to whole BCV and to some BCV proteins individually.
Surface‐plasmon‐based optical manipulation (2008)

Abstract We review recent advances achieved in the field of integrated optical manipulations based on the control of surface plasmons. In particular, we describe how intense and confined optical force fields can be precisely engineered in the vicinity of transparent surfaces patterned with plasmonic metal structures. Recent progresses in the design of such devices is presented together with the latest experiments that have demonstrated efficient trapping of micro‐objects under reduced laser intensity compared with conventional optical tweezers. Finally, we review other proposals where the use of localized surface plasmons in coupled metal nanostructures opens new perspectives in scaling down the trapping volumes well below the diffraction limit for the manipulation of single nano‐objects.
Artificial Metalloenzymes: Reaction Scope and Optimization Strategies (2017)

The incorporation of a synthetic, catalytically competent metallocofactor into a protein scaffold to generate an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) has been explored since the late 1970's. Progress in the ensuing years was limited by the tools available for both organometallic synthesis and protein engineering. Advances in both of these areas, combined with increased appreciation of the potential benefits of combining attractive features of both homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, led to a resurgence of interest in ArMs starting in the early 2000's. Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties is their ability to endow homogeneous catalysts with a genetic memory. Indeed, incorporating a homogeneous catalyst into a genetically encoded scaffold offers the opportunity to improve ArM performance by directed evolution. This capability could, in turn, lead to improvements in ArM efficiency similar to those obtained for natural enzymes, providing systems suitable for practical applications and greater insight into the role of second coordination sphere interactions in organometallic catalysis. Since its renaissance in the early 2000's, different aspects of artificial metalloenzymes have been extensively reviewed and highlighted. Our intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of all work in the field up to December 2016, organized according to reaction class. Because of the wide range of non-natural reactions catalyzed by ArMs, this was done using a functional-group transformation classification. The review begins with a summary of the proteins and the anchoring strategies used to date for the creation of ArMs, followed by a historical perspective. Then follows a summary of the reactions catalyzed by ArMs and a concluding critical outlook. This analysis allows for comparison of similar reactions catalyzed by ArMs constructed using different metallocofactor anchoring strategies, cofactors, protein scaffolds, and mutagenesis strategies. These data will be used to construct a searchable Web site on ArMs that will be updated regularly by the authors.
An interactive ontology learning workbench for non-experts (2008)

Ontologies are an integral part of Knowledge and Information Management systems and there is increased interest in using ontologies for organizational memory. Ontology learning workbenches are used for semi-automatic learning of ontologies from representative text collections. This paper presents a new interactive workbench that gives the users more freedom in their ontology engineering process and frees them from knowing any ontology language syntax. The workbench is implemented as part of a search project, in which ontologies are used to search for movie information on the web. New techniques are steadily being added to the workbench, though early testing has already confirmed the validity of the ontology learning approach.
2016 Evaluation of Creep Characteristics for Polypropylene By Indentation Method (2007)

Polypropylene (PP) has been widely used in various industrial fields as substitute materials of metals. Evaluation of the creep life is one of the most important problems. However. the conventional test methods. such as tensile test are time and cost consuming. Then. indentation method is applied to evaluate the creep characteristic of PP under various conditions of temperatures and loading rates. The results confirmed that the indenting displacement depends on the test temperatures and loading rates. This fact indicates that the PP has typical viscoelastic properties. The creep behavior was evaluated by Norton's law, which indicated that the stress exponent is independent for test temperature.
Combined X–Y scanning magnet for conformal proton radiation therapy (2005)

Light-ion beams have several features that make them very effective in radiation therapy applications. These include favorable depth dose distribution, finite penetration range, and high radiobiological efficiency. Moreover, magnetic scanning methods allow one to spread an ion beam to an exact image of a complex tumor shape. The ion scanning system usually consists of two magnets, each scanning horizontal and vertical directions independently. This paper discusses the design for a novel combined X-Y beam scanning magnet which is under development for the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute.
Mitochondrial defects and heterogeneous cytochrome<i>c</i>release after cardiac cold ischemia and reperfusion (2004)

Mitochondria play a critical role in myocardial cold ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) and induction of apoptosis. The nature and extent of mitochondrial defects and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release were determined by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized myocardial fibers. CIR in a rat heart transplant model resulted in variable contractile performance, correlating with the decline of ADP-stimulated respiration. Respiration with succinate or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (substrates for complexes II and IV) was partially restored by added Cyt c, indicating Cyt c release. In contrast, NADH-linked respiration (glutamate+malate) was not stimulated by Cyt c, owing to a specific defect of complex I. CIR but not cold ischemia alone resulted in the loss of NADH-linked respiratory capacity, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and Cyt c release. Mitochondria depleted of Cyt c by controlled hypoosmotic shock provided a kinetic model of homogeneous Cyt c depletion. Comparison to Cyt c control of respiration in CIR-injured myocardial fibers indicated heterogeneity of Cyt c release. The complex I defect and uncoupling correlated with heterogeneous Cyt c release, the extent of which increased with loss of cardiac performance. These results demonstrate a complex pattern of multiple mitochondrial damage as determinants of CIR injury of the heart.
A 2-D fading forecast of time-variant channels based on parametric modeling techniques (2003)

A new approach for predicting the future channel situation on the basis of actual and past channel characteristics is suggested. Applying high resolution estimation techniques to the time-variant transfer function of the radio channel, a 2-D fading forecast based on parametric modeling is introduced. In contrast to existing methods this allows a small-scale fading forecast not only in the time domain, but also in the frequency domain. Moreover, considering the evolutional nature of the channel and its parameters, an increased prediction range is expected, as compared with previously proposed approaches. Explaining the extended approach and corresponding modeling of the parameter variations, an appropriate prediction scheme is introduced considering a mobile moving with constant speed on a straight line. Applied on simulation data of a ray-tracing modeled indoor scenario of moderate complexity, the performance as well as the boundary conditions of the proposed procedure are illustrated.
AN IMPROVED RADIORECEPTOR ASSAY FOR TSH RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES (1982)

An improved receptor assay for TSH receptor antibodies is described in which detergent-solubilized TSH receptors and 125I-labelled TSH are used. Normal human serum and immunoglobulin concentrates from normal serum showed little effect on the interaction between labelled TSH and detergent-solubilized receptors whereas immunoglobulin concentrates from some Graves sera caused marked inhibition of TSH binding. Precipitation with polyethylene glycol was the most convenient way of preparing immunoglobulin concentrates and using this technique the assay could be completed in a few hours. The coefficient of inter assay variation at 51% inhibition of labelled TSH binding was 3.7% and analysis of serum samples from patients with Graves' disease (n = 42), Hashimoto's disease (n = 26), multinodular goitre (n = 9), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 10) and normal donors (n = 35) suggested that the assay could detect TSH receptor antibodies in about 80% of patients (treated and untreated) with Graves' disease.
Effect of allogeneic, freeze-dried, demineralized bone matrix on guided bone regeneration in supra-alveolar peri-implant defects in dogs. (1997)

This randomized, split-mouth design study evaluated the adjunctive effect of allogeneic, freeze-dried, demineralized bone matrix on guided bone regeneration in a critical-size, supra-alveolar, peri-implant defect model. Contralateral supra-alveolar peri-implant defects, 5 mm in height, each including two titanium implants, were surgically created in five beagle dogs. Demineralized bone matrix in autologous blood was placed over the implants in one randomly selected mandibular jaw quadrant. A space-making expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was used to provide guided bone regeneration bilaterally. Following a 16-week healing interval, tissue blocks were harvested and prepared for histometric analysis. Differences between experimental conditions (guided bone regeneration sites with and without demineralized bone) were evaluated using paired t tests (n = 4). Demineralized bone particles were discernible, with limited signs of resorption. The bone matrix particles appeared to be solidified within a dense connective tissue matrix and in close contact with the implants. Limited matrix remineralization was apparent adjacent to the alveolar crest. No statistically significant differences were found between experimental conditions for any parameter examined. Peri-implant defect height averaged 5.0 +/- 0.2 mm and 4.9 +/- 0.4 mm, vertical bone regeneration 1.5 +/- 0.9 mm and 1.1 +/- 0.4 mm, osseointegration within the extent of the defect 10.0 +/- 3.9% and 15.3 +/- 5.3%, osseointegration within the extent of regenerated bone 30.4 +/- 13.7% and 52.1 +/- 17.9%, and osseointegration within the alveolar base 68.8 +/- 13.1% and 74.4 +/- 7.1% for guided bone sites with and without demineralized bone, respectively (P > .05). The results suggest that freeze-dried demineralized bone has no adjunctive effect on guided bone regeneration in supra-alveolar peri-implant defects, that guided bone regeneration has a limited potential to enhance alveolar regeneration in this defect model, and that a 16-week healing interval appears insufficient for turnover and maturation of demineralized bone under provisions for guided bone regeneration.
Observation of Pulse Splitting in Nonlinear Dispersive Media (1996)

We investigate experimentally the nonlinear dynamics of a femtosecond pulse undergoing self-focusing in a normally dispersive medium. Above a certain threshold power, we observe that the pulse splits into two pulses, and measurements of the pulse spectra provide evidence that supercontinuum generation is closely connected with the temporal splitting. We also observe that the split pulses can undergo additional splittings. Our observations are in good agreement with the predictions of the theoretical model based on the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation describing self-focusing in dispersive media.
Synthesis of Crownophane Possessing Pyridine Moieties on the Aromatic Nuclei (Pyridine-Lariat Crownophane): A Crownophane Exhibiting Perfect Selectivity toward Ag+ (2001)

A novel crown compound with two hydroxy groups on the aromatic nuclei was conveniently prepared by means of intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of styrene derivertives.It was readily converted to the title compound (1).In the liquid-liquid extraction of heavy metal cations, 1 showed perfect selectively and high efficiency toward Ag + .From ESI-MS analysis, the compound was found to form a 1:1 with Ag + ion in MeCN-H 2 O homogeneous system.
Alkali Metal Ions Insertion/Extraction Reactions with Hollandite-Type Manganese Oxide in the Aqueous Phase (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkali Metal Ions Insertion/Extraction Reactions with Hollandite-Type Manganese Oxide in the Aqueous PhaseQi Feng, Hirofumi Kanoh, Yoshitaka Miyai, and Kenta OoiCite this: Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 1, 148–153Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00049a023https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00049a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1054Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preparation of 3,4‐Dihydroxy‐1‐benzeneethanol: A Reinvestigation (1983)

Abstract A reinvestigation of the two known methods of preparation of the title compound 1 revealed that one of these leads to a mixture of 1 and 4‐[2‐(acetoxy)ethyl]‐1,2‐benzenediol ( 5 ). The other method yields only 2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐phenylethyl)phenol ( 6 ). An unambiguous straightforward preparation of 1 by LiAlH 4 reduction of 3,4‐dihydroxy‐1‐benzeneacetic acid ( 8 ) is described.
The Elliptic Monge-Ampère Equation-Exact Solution (2010)

Using fundamental solutions, exact solutions are constructed for the real Monge-Ampere equation. Continuous, L p , Soblev, and Holder estimates are also obtained for the solutions. Finally, for the Dirichlet problem for the equation, a solution is obtained.