gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal stability of transition metal nitrides as NMOS gate electrodes (2002)

Refractory metals and their nitrides are being considered as gate electrodes for scaled CMOS devices. The advantages of metal gates over doped polysilicon include the reduction of parasitic gate depletion, the elimination of the need for doping of the electrode, the potential compatibility with high-k dielectrics and reduced resistivity of the electrode. Simulations of scaled devices indicate a dual metal approach is necessary to achieve low and symmetric threshold voltages while maintaining gate control over the channel. The development of an NMOS compatible metal gate is especially challenging since the metals with appropriate work functions(&#732;4eV) tend to be thermodynamically unstable on SiO2 and promising high-K dielectrics.\n\nThis work focused on the impact of nitrogen on the Ta1-xNx/SiO2 system following rapid thermal anneals up to 1000&deg;C. It was determined that the reaction in the Ta1-xNx/SiO2 system is fundamentally different than in the Ta/SiO2 system. Increasing the nitrogen content of the gate electrode improved the thermal stability of the metal/dielectric interface but did not change the work function of the electrode. The nitrogen content of the electrode was varied by controlling the partial pressure of nitrogen during the reactive sputtering of the films. The incorporation of nitrogen into the dielectric during gate electrode deposition and the redistribution of nitrogen during subsequent thermal treatments is expected to limit the use of metal nitrides as gate electrodes. Reactions in the Ta1-xNx/SiO1-yNy materials system were investigated through electrical and analytical characterization of MOS devices subjected to rapid thermal anneals.
Preparation of Sub‐micrometer Copper Fibers via Electrospinning (2006)

Sub-micrometer length copper fibers are obtained via polymer supported electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment. The copper nature of the fibers is confirmed by using energy- dispersive X-ray analysis and wide- angle X-ray analysis (see figure). The copper fibers show metallic conductivity as confirmed by conductance measurements in a low-energy electron point source microscope.
KUBELKA-MUNK THEORY IN DESCRIBING OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER (II) (2012)

One of the greatest simplifications of the transfer equation is where all incident and scattered light is assumed to be perfectly diffuse, only two opposite directions of light transport are considered, and the light intensity is assumed to vary along one axis only. Such two-flux approximations have been presented by many authors, starting with a paper by Schuster [1]. One of the most famous two-flux approximations is the approximation presented by Kubelka and Munk[2] in 1931 and further developed by Kubelka[3, 4]. Kubelka and Munk gave a comprehensive formulation and a treatment with a clear aim towards practical methods of measurement. It was quickly adapted for use by the papermaking industry[5-8] and has now been in widespread use for decades in the measurement and prediction of colour, brightness and opacity of paper sheets. Most of the information reported here is taken from the references cited at the end of the article which should be consulted for a more in-depth study.
Photo-EPR study of compensated defects in Be-doped GaN substrates (2019)

Time-dependent photo-induced electron paramagnetic resonance measurements were performed on GaN crystals grown by the high nitrogen pressure solution method. A resonance was induced in Be-doped samples by illuminating with photon energies greater than 2.7 eV. The EPR was thermally stable at T=4K and was quenched with photon energies between 0.5 and 2.7 eV. Optical cross sections for EPR excitation and quenching processes were extracted from time-dependent measurements using a model for defect charge state populations. A fit to the cross sections was performed using a lineshape for photon absorption by deep centers in GaN. The threshold for photo-excitation of a compensated acceptor (A−+hν→A0+eCB−) was 2.5 eV followed by a lattice relaxation of 0.3 eV. The threshold for the complimentary process (A0+hν→A−+hVB+) was 0.75 eV with a relaxation energy of 0.3 eV. These values are consistent with CN being the EPR-active acceptor. Thermal quenching is attributed to delocalization of carriers from a beryllium-related electron trap, which are then captured by neutral CN.
Except for exception handling … (2001)

Exception handling in Ada has a number of well-known problems. It allows for the propagation of unhandled and anonymous exceptions, it is error-prone and it is inappropriate for some language features such as tasking and tagged types. Ada programs with exceptions can be difficult to understand, develop, modify and analyse, and the exception handling features can be misused in a number of ways.In this paper we introduce the requirements for good exception handling features. We classify the problems with Ada exception handling into two subsets: serious conceptual problems that require an improvement of the language features, and problems attributable to the misuse of the existing features. Problems in the second category can be solved by improving programmers' understanding of the features and ways of using them.
Expression, limited proteolysis and preliminary crystallographic analysis of IpaD, a component of the<i>Shigella flexneri</i>type III secretion system (2006)

IpaD, the putative needle-tip protein of the Shigella flexneri type III secretion system, has been overexpressed and purified. Crystals were grown of the native protein in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 55.9, b = 100.7, c = 112.0 A, and data were collected to 2.9 A resolution. Analysis of the native Patterson map revealed a peak at 50% of the origin on the Harker section v = 0.5, suggesting twofold non-crystallographic symmetry parallel to the b crystallographic axis. As attempts to derivatize or grow selenomethionine-labelled protein crystals failed, in-drop proteolysis was used to produce new crystal forms. A trace amount of subtilisin Carlsberg was added to IpaD before sparse-matrix screening, resulting in the production of several new crystal forms. This approach produced SeMet-labelled crystals and diffraction data were collected to 3.2 A resolution. The SeMet crystals belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 139.4, b = 45.0, c = 99.5 A, beta = 107.9 degrees . An anomalous difference Patterson map revealed peaks on the Harker section v = 0, while the self-rotation function indicates the presence of a twofold noncrystallographic symmetry axis, which is consistent with two molecules per asymmetric unit.
A randomized, phase II, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating onartuzumab (MetMAb) in combination with mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. (2012)

TPS3640 Background: Dysregulation of the HGF/Met (Met) pathway has been linked with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Crosstalk between the Met and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways may be important during tumorigenesis. Aberrant activation of the HGF/Met pathway may promote angiogenesis via tumor cell secretion of angiogenic factors or directly activating endothelial cells. Onartuzumab (MetMAb) is a monovalent, monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the Met receptor. The combination of onartuzumab and VEGF inhibition in preclinical models resulted in enhanced antitumor activity over either treatment alone. Preclinical efficacy data support the combination of onartuzumab with platinum agents. In phase I studies, onartuzumab has been generally well tolerated alone and in combination with bevacizumab. Adverse events most commonly associated with onartuzumab are peripheral edema and fatigue. Methods: This is a randomized, two-arm, phase II study in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients (n=188) will be randomized (1:1) to either mFOLFOX6/bevacizumab/placebo or mFOLFOX6/bevacizumab/onartuzumab. Oxaliplatin will be discontinued after 8 cycles with remaining drugs continued until progression. The primary endpoint of this study is PFS in all patients. PFS by Met IHC diagnostic status (Met positive vs Met negative) will also be analyzed. Secondary endpoints include OS, ORR, safety, and biomarker analyses. Primary and secondary analyses will include all randomized patients and will be conducted according to assigned treatment arm. Kaplan–Meier methodology will be used to estimate median PFS for each treatment arm. An estimate of HR with 95% CI will be determined using a Cox regression model. Safety will be assessed in all patients receiving at least one dose of any treatment. This study is open for accrual; further details can be found on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01418222).
Dystrophic neuropeptidergic neurites in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease precede formation of paired helical filaments. (1990)

The relationship between peptidergic neurites and paired helical filaments (PHF)-positive neurites in Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques (SP) was studied using combined fluorescence and bright field optics. Cryostat sections of AD hippocampi were first stained by thioflavine-S and immunolabeled with antisera raised against different neuropeptides: somatostatin 28(1-12) (som 28(1-12)), somatostatin 14 (som 14), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK) and substance P (sP). Secondly, using the elution-restaining procedure, sections were immunolabeled with anti-tau/PHF. In immature SP, clusters of abnormal, swollen neurites were found. The dystrophic, strongly peptidic-positive neurites contained less PHF than the poorly positive ones. Cell bodies, exhibiting a peptidic content, could be found within SP without any alteration. These results suggest the following sequence of events: an extracellular poisoning mechanism, perhaps the amyloid substance, first changes the structure of presynaptic endings and causes the formation of ballooning dystrophic neurites filled with their normal peptidic content. Subsequently, intracellular degradation occurs with formation of the PHF. Then the other structures such as dendrites and perikarya are damaged by the same mechanism. Therefore this phenomenon seems to precede any formation of PHF in SP.
Using march tests to test SRAMs (1993)

A unified notation is presented for static random access memory (SRAM) fault models and fault tests for these models. The likelihood that the different types of faults will occur is demonstrated using inductive fault analysis and physical defect analysis. A set of march tests is discussed, together with methods to make composite tests for collections of fault tapes. Empirical results showing the fault coverage of the different test enable SRAM users to choose the fault models of interest as well as the test.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intralipid Prolongs Survival in a Rat Model of Verapamil Toxicity (2006)

Intralipid treatment prolongs survival and doubles median lethal dose in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. The mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
Study on the Effect of Carboxyl Terminated Butadiene Acrylonitrile (CTBN) Copolymer Concentration on the Decomposition Kinetics Parameters of Blends of Glycidyl Epoxy and Non-Glycidyl Epoxy Resin (2011)

The degradation of the epoxy system was studied for the prepared six blend samples with the incorporation of 0 wt% - 25 wt% carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer, on a dynamic basis using Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique under a nitrogen atmosphere. The blends were prepared by physical mixing and were cured with diamine. The degradation of each sample followed second-order degradation kinetics, which was calculated by Coats-Redfern equation using best-fit analysis. This was further confirmed by linear regression analysis. The validity of data was checked by t-test statistical analysis. From this value of reaction order, activation energy (E), and pre-exponential factor (Z) were calculated. It was found that the activation energy increased with the addition of liquid elastomer.
AN ISLET SPARING TRANSPLANT TECHNIQUE UTILIZING A SUBCUTANEOUS CELL POUCHTM AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE INTRAPORTAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION (2010)

Pepper, A. R.1; Mazzuca, D.2; MacGillivary, A.3; Bruni, A.3; Toleikis, P.3; White, D.4 Author Information
Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation (2014)

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson's disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power. Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson's Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.
Quantitative in situ hybridization for the evaluation of gene expression in asynchronous and synchronized cell cultures and in tissue sections. (1999)

We describe an image analysis (IA) system that has been applied for the quantitative evaluation of mRNAs evidenced by in situ hybridization (ISH) with radiolabelled probes in cultured cells and in tissue sections. The ISH-IA method was used for the evaluation of cultured cell morphological parameters such as cell and nucleous area (CA and NA, respectively) in parallel with the levels of mRNAs detected as hybridization grains areas (GA). The evaluation of these parameters, together with the analysis of the levels of mRNAs (c-jun, cyclin A) specific for given cell cycle phases (i.e. G1 and S/G2), allowed the identification, in asynchronous cultures of human skin fibroblasts, of cells in G1 and S/G2 phases. The mRNA levels measured by ISH-AI were comparable with those detected by RT-PCR. This method was also applied for the analysis of fibronectin (FN) gene expression in control skin fibroblasts in relationship with the different phases of the cell cycle and in comparison with a tumor cell line (Sk-Hep1), heterogeneous either for morphometric parameters or for the levels of this transcript. Finally, the ISH-AI was applied for the semiquantitative evaluation of the expression, localization and alternative splicing pattern of FN mRNA in normal liver and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue sections.
β-Catenin stabilization stalls the transition from double-positive to single-positive stage and predisposes thymocytes to malignant transformation (2007)

Activation of beta-catenin has been causatively linked to the etiology of colon cancer. Conditional stabilization of this molecule in pro-T cells promotes thymocyte development without the requirement for pre-TCR signaling. We show here that activated beta-catenin stalls the developmental transition from the double-positive (DP) to the single-positive (SP) thymocyte stage and predisposes DP thymocytes to transformation. beta-Catenin-induced thymic lymphomas have a leukemic arrest at the early DP stage. Lymphomagenesis requires Rag activity, which peaks at this developmental stage, as well as additional secondary genetic events. A consistent secondary event is the transcriptional up-regulation of c-Myc, whose activity is required for transformation because its conditional ablation abrogates lymphomagenesis. In contrast, the expression of Notch receptors as well as targets is reduced in DP thymocytes with stabilized beta-catenin and remains low in the lymphomas, indicating that Notch activation is not required or selected for in beta-catenin-induced lymphomas. Thus, beta-catenin activation may provide a mechanism for the induction of T-cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) that does not depend on Notch activation.
Single-molecule mRNA detection and counting in mammalian tissue v1 (2017)

We present a protocol for visualizing and quantifying single mRNA molecules in mammalian (mouse and human) tissues. In the approach described here, sets of about 50 short oligonucleotides, each labeled with a single fluorophore, are hybridized to target mRNAs in tissue sections. Each set binds to a single mRNA molecule and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy as a diffraction-limited spot. Tissue architecture is then assessed by counterstaining the sections with DNAdye (DAPI), and cell borders can be visualized with a dye-coupled antibody. Spots are detected automatically with custom-made software, which we make freely available. The mRNA molecules thus detected are assigned to single cells within a tissue semiautomatically by using a graphical user interface developed in our laboratory. In this protocol, we describe an example of quantitative analysis of mRNA levels and localization in mouse small intestine. The procedure (from tissue dissection to obtaining data sets) takes 3 d. Data analysis will require an additional 3–7 d, depending on the type of analysis.
Requirement of Heterochromatin for Cohesion at Centromeres (2001)

Centromeres are heterochromatic in many organisms, but the mitotic function of this silent chromatin remains unknown. During cell division, newly replicated sister chromatids must cohere until anaphase when Scc1/Rad21-mediated cohesion is destroyed. In metazoans, chromosome arm cohesins dissociate during prophase, leaving centromeres as the only linkage before anaphase. It is not known what distinguishes centromere cohesion from arm cohesion. Fission yeast Swi6 (a Heterochromatin protein 1 counterpart) is a component of silent heterochromatin. Here we show that this heterochromatin is specifically required for cohesion between sister centromeres. Swi6 is required for association of Rad21-cohesin with centromeres but not along chromosome arms and, thus, acts to distinguish centromere from arm cohesion. Therefore, one function of centromeric heterochromatin is to attract cohesin, thereby ensuring sister centromere cohesion and proper chromosome segregation.
Objective Quality Assessment of Image Retargeting by Incorporating Fidelity Measures and Inconsistency Detection (2017)

The tremendous growth in mobile devices has resulted in huge generation and usage of digital images. Image quality assessment is thus an important issue for mobile media applications. In this paper, we focus on the quality evaluation of images generated by content-aware image retargeting, in which the reference and the distorted images are of different sizes. Through retargeting, many types of deformation inconsistency lead to shape distortion, deformation artifacts, and content information loss, worsening its perceptual quality. The deformation inconsistency occurs on different levels of the retargeted images. Limited by the accuracy of the alignment between the original and retargeted images, previous methods only focus on pixel-level and patch-level fidelity analyses and fail to detect deformation inconsistency. In this paper, we improve the alignment algorithm and propose a three-level representation of the retargeting process. Based on the analysis of this three-level representation, both fidelity measures and inconsistency detection are combined to determine the final retargeting quality. The proposed algorithm is validated on the public data sets RetargetMe and CUHK. Experimental results demonstrate that inconsistency detection contributes to accurately assessing the image retargeting perceptual quality. This inspires us to investigate more about deformation inconsistency to formulate the objective quality of image retargeting.
Hepatocyte initiation during continuous administration of diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-sym-dimethylhydrazine. (1988)

Hepatocyte initiation, as indexed by growth-selected gamma-glutamyl transferase-positive foci, was measured during continuous exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at concentrations used in previous DEN bioassay, DNA adduct, and cell replication studies. Hepatocyte initiation increased in a dose- and lobe-specific manner. The efficiency of DEN as an initiating agent was not affected by DEN dose rate over concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 ppm. In a similar experiment the initiating abilities of 1,2-sym-dimethylhydrazine and DEN were compared under continuous exposure regimens. Foci induction increased in a lobe- and time-dependent manner. When left and median lobes were compared, the initiating ability of the two compounds correlated with their carcinogenicity. However, when corresponding anterior lobes were compared, no such correlation was observed.
Towards formal system-level verification of security requirements during hardware/software codesign (2010)

Today's embedded systems have to fulfill sophisticated security requirements. They have a deep impact into the system's design. Security can only be achieved if security requirements are considered during the system-wide design and development process. In this concept work we propose a hardware/software codesign approach that addresses functional security requirements during all design and development phases of a system.
Zopolrestat Prevention of Proteinuria, Albuminuria and Cataractogenesis in Diabetes mellitus (1996)

The aldose reductase inhibitor, Zopolrestat, reduced proteinuria and albuminuria in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats compared with both untreated diabetic and age-matched controls. Daily administration of Zopolrestat (100 mg/kg) for 4 months decreased 24 h total protein excretion to 15.07 +/- 2.17 mg from 49.97 +/- 7.94 mg/day in untreated diabetic rats. Zopolrestat protected against excretion of any array of urinary proteins with molecular weights between 30 and 100 kD. These effects were sustained throughout the 5th and 6th months of treatment. At the end of 6 months, Zopolrestat-treated diabetic rats excreted 22.77 +/- 4.39 mg/day compared to untreated diabetic rats (67.05 +/- 14.03 mg/day), a 6-fold increase in urinary protein excretion compared to age-matched nondiabetic controls (11.65 +/- 1.71 mg/day). Zopolrestat treatment for 6 months produced therapeutic effects in the lens: transparency and myo-inositol content were maintained and lens sorbitol diminished, despite elevated lens glucose. In contrast, untreated diabetic rats had opaque lenses which exhibited a 40-fold increase in sorbitol and myo-inositol depletion. In opaque lenses, ouabain-sensitive Rb influx, an index of Na-K-ATPase activity, decreased to only 53.8% of mean values in age-matched controls; the ouabain-insensitive component increased by 63.6%. Zopolrestat treatment prevented these diabetic-induced changes and maintained ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive Rb influx. Collectively, these results suggest that Zopolrestat exerts a protective effect on the slowly developing diabetic cataract, as well as reducing albuminuria and proteinuria.