gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polyelectrolytes into Ionic Current Rectifying Solid-State Nanopores: Insights from Theory and Experiment (2010)

Molecular design of ionic current rectifiers created on the basis of single conical nanopores is receiving increasing attention by the scientific community. Part of the appeal of this topic relies on the interest in sensors and fluidic nanoactuators based on the transport of ions and molecules through nanopore architectures that can readily be integrated into functional systems. The chemical modification of the pore walls controls not only the diameter of these nanoarchitectures but also their selectivity and transport properties. In order to confer selectivity to solid-state nanopores, it is necessary to develop and explore new methods for functionalizing the pore walls. Hence, the creation of functional nanopores capable of acting as selective ion channels or smart nanofluidic sensors depends critically on our ability to assemble and build up molecular architectures in a predictable manner within confined geometries with dimensions comparable to the size of the building blocks themselves. In this context, layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes offers a straightforward process for creating nanoscopic supramolecular assemblies displaying a wide variety of functional features. In this work, we describe for the first time the integration of layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte assemblies into single conical nanopores in order to study and explore the functional features arising from the creation of charged supramolecular assemblies within the constrained geometry of the nanofluidic device. To address this challenging topic, we used a combined experimental and theoretical approach to elucidate and quantify the electrostatic changes taking place inside the nanopore during the supramolecular assembly process. The multilayered films were built up through consecutive layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) on the pore surface. Our results show that the charge transport properties of single conical nanopores functionalized with PAH/PSS assemblies are highly dependent on the number of layers assembled on the pore wall. In contrast to what happens with PAH/PSS films deposited on planar surfaces (quantitative charge reversal), the surface charge of the pore walls decreases dramatically with the number of PAH/PSS layers assembled into the nanopore. This behavior was attributed to the nanoconfinement-induced structural reorganization of the polyelectrolyte layers, leading to the efficient formation of ion pairs and promoting a marked decrease in the net fixed charges on the nanopore walls. We consider that these results are of paramount relevance for the modification of nanopores, nanopipets, and nanoelectrodes using charged supramolecular assemblies, as well as of importance in "soft nanotechnology" provided that structural complexity, induced by nanoconfinement, can define the functional properties of self-assembled polymeric nanostructures.
Fundamentals of a new family of auxiliary resonant snubber inverters (2002)

Several auxiliary commutated soft-switching inverters proposed in the past can be grouped into a new family of auxiliary commutated RSIs (resonant snubber inverters). The purpose of this paper is to explore the fundamentals for the whole family of the auxiliary commutated RSIs. With topological study and experimental data, the paper describes (1) basic principle of auxiliary resonant circuit operation that affects the device switching and (2) features of different auxiliary resonant commutation techniques. The paper also proposes (1) resonant circuit design criteria based on dv/dt and di/dt limits and (2) variable timing control adaptive to load current to improve the inverter efficiency. Experimental results are provided to verify the concept of zero crossing control, dv/dt and turn-off energy reduction, and efficiency improvement with the variable timing control technique.
Delay jitter bounds and packet scale rate guarantee for expedited forwarding (2002)

We consider the definition of the expedited forwarding per-hop behavior (EF PHB) as given in RFC 2598 and its impact on worst case end-to-end delay jitter. On the one hand, the definition in RFC 2598 can be used to predict extremely low end-to-end delay jitter, independent of the network scale. On the other hand, the worst case delay jitter can be made arbitrarily large, while each flow traverses at most a specified number of hops, if we allow networks to become arbitrarily large; this is in contradiction with the previous statement. We analyze where the contradiction originates and find the explanation. It resides in the fact that the definition in RFC 2598 is not easily implementable in known schedulers, mainly because it is not formal enough and also because it does not contain an error term. We propose a new definition for the EF PHB, called "packet scale rate guarantee" (PSRG) that preserves the spirit of RFC 2598 while allowing a number of reasonable implementations and has very useful properties for per-node and end-to-end network engineering. We show that this definition implies a rate-latency service curve property. We also show that it is equivalent, in some sense, to the stronger concept of "adaptive service guarantee". Then we propose some proven bounds on delay jitter for networks implementing this new definition in cases without loss and with loss.
Name-Signature Lookup System: A Security Enhancement to Named Data Networking (2020)

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a content-centric networking, where the publisher of the packet signs and encapsulates the data packet with a name-content-signature encryption to verify the authenticity and integrity of itself. This scheme can solve many of the security issues inherently compared to IP networking. NDN also support mobility since it hides the point-to-point connection details. However, an extreme attack takes place when an NDN consumer newly connects to a network. A Man-in-the-middle (MITM) malicious node can block the consumer and keep intercepting the interest packets sent out so as to fake the corresponding data packets signed with its own private key. Without knowledge and trust to the network, the NDN consumer can by no means perceive the attack and thus exposed to severe security and privacy hazard. In this paper, the N ame-Signature Lookup System (NSLS) and corresponding Name-Signature Lookup Protocol (NSLP) is introduced to verify packets with their registered genuine publisher even in an untrusted network with the help of embedded keys inside Network Interface Controller (NIC), by which attacks like MITM is eliminated. A theoretical analysis of comparing NSLS with existing security model is provided. Digest algorithm SHA-256 and signature algorithm RSA are used in the NSLP model without specific preference.
Temperature dependence of the anomalous leakage current in polysilicon-on-insulator MOSFET's (1994)

A new analytical model is presented for the temperature and bias dependence of the anomalous leakage current based on thermionic field emission via grain boundary traps in the gate-drain overlap region in polysilicon-on-insulator MOSFET's. The existing model based on pure field emission (tunneling) via grain boundary traps does not include a temperature dependence and therefore cannot explain the observed strong temperature dependence of leakage at low gate voltages, as well as the weaker temperature dependence at high gate voltages, which the new analytical model presented in this paper can. Below 150 K, we believe that impact ionization due to the increasing carrier mean free path leads to the observed increase in the leakage current with decreasing temperature. Since the analytical model does not include impact ionization, it cannot model the leakage current at low temperatures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Policy gradient reinforcement learning method for discrete-time linear quadratic regulation problem using estimated state value function (2017)

In this paper, we propose a policy gradient reinforcement learning method which directly estimates the gradient of the state value function (V-function) with respect to a feedback coefficient matrix using measurable data and uses it for policy improvement. The proposed method can be applicable to the case where the state-action value function (Q-function) is difficult to estimate, and can update the policy in an effective direction for reducing the accumulated cost.
Terverticillate Penicillia: Chemotaxonomy and Mycotoxin Production (1989)

A total of 4346 isolates of terverticillate Penicillium species was examined for production of mycotoxins and other important secondary metabolites. Nearly all taxa and chemotypes (38 in all) produced one or more known mycotoxins consistently. Profiles of secondary metabolites were specific for each taxon, but several mycotoxins were produced by more than one species, suggesting a high degree of relatedness in the terverticillate penicillia. A high number of misidentified Penicillium isolates were reidentified, clarifying connections between taxa and profiles of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. Confirmed production of several mycotoxins in different taxa is reported for the first time. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. atramentosum, P. coprophilum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. glandicola var. glandicola and var. glaucovenetum, P. griseofulvum, P. hirsutum var. hirsutum, var. albocoremium, var. allii and var. hordei, and P. vulpinum are reported for the first time to be consistent producers of roquefortine C. Griseofulvin is reported from P. coprophilum. Tremorgen penitrem A was consistently produced by P. crustosum, P. glandicola var. glandicola and P. clavigerum. Terrestric acid is reported from P. hirsutum and its varieties, and P. crustosum. P. hirsutum var. hirsutum and P. solitum produce compactin. Penicillium mononematosum produces cyclopaldic acid and isochromantoxin. P. expansum was found to produce the mycotoxin chaetoglobosin C and P. atramentosum produces rugulovasine A. Several new varieties, chemotypes and combinations are proposed, based on profiles of secondary metabolites, morphology and physiological characters. Living ex type and authentic cultures of taxa believed to be synonyms of important species were examined and revised lists of synonyms are presented.
Effect of Monovalent Cations on the Activity of the DNA Polymerase of <i>Escherichia coli</i> B (1969)

The effect of a number of inorganic salts containing monovalent cations on the activity of the DNA polymerase from E. coli B has been investigated under a variety of conditions. The following results were obtained. In the presence of buffers prepared from organic amines and HCl the enzyme activity is stimulated 3‐ to 15‐fold by chlorides containing K + , Rb + , Cs + or NH + 4 . The buffer concentration influenced the degree of stimulation and the shape of the activation curves. The activation constant for KCl decreased with increasing buffer concentration and with increasing pH. NaCl and LiCl had little or no stimulating effect. The latter two salts counteracted the stimulating effect of the four former salts. In the absence of amine‐HCl buffers it was found that below certain concentrations sodium, potassium and lithium glycinate buffers and potassium and sodium phosphate buffers stimulated the enzyme activity. Data were obtained in favour of the possibility that the monovalent cations under these conditions are indispensible activators for the DNA polymerase reaction. The pattern of stimulation of the enzyme activity by KCl at various amine‐HCl buffer concentrations was similar at different pH values in the pH range from 6.5 to 9.3. At pH 10.5, however, KCl stimulated at low buffer concentrations while all concentrations of this salt inhibited at higher buffer concentrations. In the presence of optimal concentrations of KCl and amine‐HCl buffers the pH optimum curve had a plateau reaching from pH 7.7 to about pH 10.5. The stimulating effect on the enzyme activity observed for potassium salts seems not to be due to an effect on the binding of the substrates to the enzyme but rather to an effect on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The DNA degrading activity of the enzyme preparation was stimulated by KCl and inhibited by LiCl.
Grain growth processes in ZnO varistors with various valence states of manganese and cobalt (1991)

Grain growth in ZnO ceramics with various valence states of added manganese and cobalt was studied. The results were discussed by means of defects produced by the additions. The grain growth was analyzed from the kinetic grain growth equation: R̄n/t = Γo expR̄n/t=Γo exp( − E/RT). In this work, the grain growth kinetic exponent n was 6 and the activation energy was 301±35 kJ/mol. The grain size increased with the valence states of manganese and cobalt. The addition of CoOx affected not only the mean grain size, grain growth kinetic exponent, and activation energy, but also inhibited the effects of Bi2O3-liquid phase sintering.
The use of monoclonal antibody B72.3 in the management of gynecologic malignancies. (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies are currently used in the diagnosis of gynecologic malignancies by way of immunohistochemical assays, serum assays, and in situ radiolocalization of carcinoma lesions. Among them is MAb B72.3, generated against a human tumor-associated antigen (TAG-72). Using immunohistochemical techniques, MAb B72.3 has shown reactivity with 100 percent of common epithelial ovarian carcinomas and endometrial carcinomas and non-reactivity with normal adult tissues, with the exception of normal secretory endometrium. B72.3 appears to be a valuable immunocytologic adjunct, with greater than 90 percent of effusions and fine-needle aspiration biopsies from gynecologic carcinomas showing reactivity. Using a serum assay developed to detect the presence of the TAG-72 antigen, 48 percent of patients with ovarian carcinoma demonstrated TAG-72-positive sera versus 1 percent of control sera. 131I-labeled MAb B72.3 IgG and gamma scanning have been used for the in situ detection of metastatic carcinoma. Twelve of 15 patients with ovarian carcinoma showed positive gamma scans, and approximately 80 percent of the lesions demonstrated specific localization of the antibody. These studies indicate the potential utility of MAb B72.3 in the diagnosis of gynecologic carcinoma.
Growth factor gene expression in kidney of murine polycystic kidney disease. (1993)

The DBA/2FG-pcy mouse has a form of slowly progressive kidney disease that appears similar in many respects to that seen in the autosomal dominant form of human polycystic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to examine the mRNA expression of growth-related proteins in kidney obtained from DBA/2FG-pcy mice and control DBA/2 mice at 8, 16, and 30 wk of age. The mRNA levels encoding for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and PDGF-B chains, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were increased with the progression of cystic lesions in the kidneys of DBA/2FG-pcy mice. At 30 wk of age, mRNA levels of PCNA, TGF-beta, PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains, IGF-I, and bFGF were increased 5.4-fold, 4.8-fold, 4.4-fold, 3.8-fold, 3.7-fold, and 4.6-fold, respectively, compared with those of control DBA/2 mice. In contrast, mRNA levels for epidermal growth factor in kidney of DBA/2FG-pcy mice decreased with age as compared with those of DBA/2 mice. These results suggest that decreased epidermal growth factor mRNA expression and increased expression of PCNA, TGF-beta, PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains, IGF-I, and bFGF mRNA may contribute to the progression of cystic lesions in DBA/2FG-pcy mice.
Fabrication and Characterization of Self-scrolling Si/Cr Micro- and Nanostructures (2006)

Based on self-scrolling of Si/Cr bilayer films on Si(001) wafers, various micro-and nanostructures including micro-claws, microtubes, helical nanobelts, nanorings and nanospirals are fabricated in a controllable way. The scrolling principles of the structures from Si/Cr bilayer films are discussed. The flexibility of individual Si/Cr nanospirals and nanorings has been investigated using a nanorobotic manipulator. It has been found that multiple-turn Si/Cr nanorings exhibit a "sticky force" between neighboring bilayers which is mainly attributed to the van der Waals force. Thus, multiple-turn Si/Cr or SiGe/Si/Cr tubes are self-closing and may be used as pipes for micro-fluidics. Moreover, the excellent elasticity and shape-memory effect of these structures may also be utilized for building MEMS/NEMS devices.
Zero-Length Slotted-Lip Inlet for Subsonic Military Aircraft (1982)

Zero-length, slotted-lip inlet performance and associated fan blade stresses were determined during model tests using a 20-inch diameter fan simulator in the NASA-LeRC 9- by 15-foot low-speed wind tunnel. The model configuration variables consisted of inlet contraction ratio, slot width, circumferential extent of slot fillers, and length of a constant area section between the inlet throat and fan face. Inlet configurations having contraction ratios of 1.2 and 1.3 satisfied all critical low-speed inlet operating requirements for a fixed horizontal nacelle and tilt-nacelle-type subsonic V/STOL aircraft, respectively. Relative to a conventional axisymmetric tilt-nacelle inlet, the zero-length, slotted-lip inlet has a 27-percent smaller inlet lip contraction ratio, an 83-percent shorter total length, and a 5-percent smaller maximum cowl diameter.
Deglycerolization of Biodiesel Streams by Adsorption Over Silica Beds (2006)

A simple method for the almost complete removal of glycerol from methanol-free biodiesel streams coming out from industrial transesterification reactors is presented. The method is posed as a “dry” alternative to the conventional “wet” methods involving water washing. It is based on the use of silica beds and relies on the adsorption at room temperature to retain the small amounts of glycerol dissolved in the solutions of fatty acid methyl esters and adjust their content to the quality standards for biodiesel fuel. Fresh silica has a great processing capacity and the breakthrough of the bed depends mainly on the feed rate, the concentration of glycerol, and the mass of adsorbent. In the case of the silica gel used, the saturation capacity was found to be 0.13 g of glycerol per gram of silica. If the particle diameter is 1−1.5 mm, the breakthrough and saturation point almost coincide and the full capacity of the bed is used. However, industrial adsorption units with 1/8 in. silica beads suffer from mass-transfer limitations inside the pellet pores, and for this particle size, the breakthrough point (C/C0 = 0.01) is located at about one-half of the time of full saturation. For a glycerol concentration of 0.11−0.25% typical of biodiesel streams issuing from gravity settling tanks and an entrance velocity of 11 cm min-1, a 2 m high silica bed with 1/8 in. beads has a breakthrough point of 8 h and a net processing capacity of 0.01−0.02 m3biodiesel kgsilica-1. The breakthrough curves were studied using approximate solutions to the set of differential equations. Assuming a linear isotherm gives erroneous results; fitting the experimental breakthrough curves produces underestimated values of the Henry's adsorption constant and of the mass-transfer resistances. Modeling the high dilution regime with the UNIFAC method gives more realistic values of the Henry's constant (1.1 m3 kg-1). The experimentally measured saturation capacity is close to the monolayer capacity (13−15% w/w). These values give a Langmuir isotherm which can be fairly well approximated by a square irreversible isotherm. Accordingly, breakthrough curves were fairly well predicted using an irreversible isotherm, a shrinking-core adsorption model, and common correlations for the mass-transfer coefficients. The silica bed was succesfully regenerated eluting 4 bed volumes of methanol and drying in a nitrogen stream for 1 h. Temperature programmed oxidation tests of fresh, regenerated, and glycerol impregnated silica pellets indicated that desorption of glycerol was practically complete. In the industrial practice, the eluted volume can be recycled to the transesterification reactors with no waste of products or reactants. Evaporation of the adsorbed methanol during drying of the bed produced a decrease of the bed temperature and about 200 kJ kgsilica-1 should be provided in order to maintain the temperature.
Physiological function of stentless aortic valves is altered by trimming and removal of aortic wall components (2006)

Various techniques of stentless aortic valve implantation with or without wall components exist. We investigated the in-vitro performance of stentless valves without or with aortic wall removal mimicking root versus subcoronary implantation. Glutaraldehyde-preserved stentless aortic valves (gpSVG), cryo-preserved human homografts (cpHG), cryo-preserved xenografts (cpXG), and fresh xenografts (fXG) were used. Valves were mounted as full roots or trimmed in a mock circuit. Mean transvalvular gradient (MTVG, mmHg) was measured. Distensibility was quantified using post-systolic backflow volume (BV, ml) - after valve closure. Function was visualized by means of a high-speed camera. Glutaraldehyde-preserved valves exhibited higher MTVG than cryo-preserved or fresh substitutes. After trimming, cpHG, cpXG, and fXG demonstrated marked reduction of MTVG (cpHG: 7.6-5.2 mmHg; cpXG: 6.7-4.9 mmHg; fXG: 8.4-5.2 mmHg). In contrast, after trimming gpSVG exhibited a significant increase of MTVG (7.1-9.2 mmHg). BV remained constant. Visualization indicated maintained distension of all valves and types of all sizes after trimming. In fresh and cryo-preserved grafts, aortic wall trimming resulted in significantly improved systolic performance while glutaraldehyde-preserved stentless valves demonstrated systolic impairment after wall resection. Subcoronary implantation of fresh or cryo-preserved aortic valves may therefore be preferred. In contrast, glutaraldehyde-preserved valves are dependent on wall suspension and may therefore be implanted as a root.
Deposition of LaNiO3 thin films in an atomic layer epitaxy reactor (1997)

LaNiO 3 thin films have been deposited in an atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) reactor, using La(thd) 3 , Ni(thd) 2 and ozone as reactants, thereby proving the feasibility of the ALE technique to produce films of ternary oxides. Depositions were made on Corning glass in the temperature range 150–450 °C. The growth conditions were studied and the growth rate showed a linear dependence on the number of cycles. At 400 °C the growth rate was 0.24–0.26 Å per cycle. The growth rate of the LaNiO 3 thin films was greatly influenced by the deposition temperature but in the temperature range 215–250 °C the growth saturated at 0.08 Å cycle -1 independent of the deposition temperature, thus indicating an ALE window. As-deposited thin films were amorphous but crystallized when heated at 600 °C. Simultaneously the colour of the films changed from yellow–brown to black. Possible reasons for the colour changes are discussed. Resistivity measurements showed that the crystalline thin films were metallic, ρ=(5–20)×10 -6 Ω m. The amorphous thin films had resistivity values five orders of magnitude larger, ρ>3 Ω m. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the films were homogeneous and dense. The surface roughness increased on crystallisation. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and magnetic susceptibility measurements were employed in order to further characterize the amorphous and crystalline thin films.