gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional resist profile simulation (1993)

A new 3-dimensional (3-D) resist profile simulator has been developed. The energy distribution in the photoresist is calculated by Yeung's vector model in order to take into account the effects caused by oblique propagation of the light, which cannot be neglected because of high numerical aperture (NA) of the projection lens. A new algorithm for the development process is proposed to overcome the inconveniences of conventional models. A new differential equation which we call `Profile Equation' is derived and solved numerically to give the final resist profile. This model has been found to give practically the same results as those obtained by using string model in the 2-D case and can easily be applied to the 3-D case.
Treatment with NZ-419 (5-Hydroxy-1-methylimidazoline-2,4-dione), a Novel Intrinsic Antioxidant, against the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease at Stages 3 and 4 in Rats (2010)

For rats, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and its relative GFR (ratio to normal GFR(0)) were estimated in order to classify their chronic kidney disease (CKD) into 5 stages like those in humans. The adenine-loaded rats, which were used to show the intrinsic antioxidant and creatinine (Cr) metabolite, NZ-419 (5-hydroxy-1- methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione), when taken orally, prevented the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF), were used as a model to reach the severest stage 5. In this report, we show that, by using both a tubular lesion and a glomerular lesion models (adenine-loaded and 5/6 nephrectomized rats, respectively), peroral NZ-419 might be a common tool to prevent the progression of CRF at CKD stages 3 and 4 under the condition that most rats in the control group still remained at stage 4 (0.15<GFR/GFR(0)<0.29) at the last. At the minimum effective dose (MED: 100 mg/kg/d) of NZ-419 in adenine-loaded rats, serum Cr and all oxidative stress markers were ameliorated. Two doses (80, 160 mg/kg/d), at around the MED, used for 5/6 nephrectomized rats with a similar CRF severity, gave significant inhibitory effects against the increases in blood urea nitrogen, decreases in renal blood flow and renal plasma flow, and nephrotic syndrome. Oxidative stress markers, the urinary methylguanidine and serum albumin level, were significantly ameliorated.
High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes of phosphorescent PtAg<sub>2</sub>heterotrinuclear acetylide complexes supported by triphosphine (2017)

Platinum(<sc>ii</sc>)–silver(<sc>i</sc>) heterometallic cluster complexes are used as a new type of phosphorescent dopant to achieve high-efficiency OLEDs with 67.4 cd A<sup>−1</sup>peak current efficiency (CE) and 17.4% external quantum efficiency (EQE).
Recombinant immune complexes as versatile and potent vaccines (2016)

Immune complexes (IC) used as vaccines have the potential to enhance both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses over those obtained with antigen alone. However, difficulty of manufacture represents a significant hurdle to the widespread use of IC as vaccines. Recombinant IC (RIC) and their expression in plants enable manufacturing by the coordinate expression of immunoglobulin and antigen as a fusion protein. The use of a modular RIC system facilitates insertion of antigen genes and provides a broadly applicable platform that can be adapted for a wide variety of antigens.
Synthesis of Carbon Nano Materials Originated from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Nebulized Spray Pyrolysis (2017)

Synthesis of nanocarbon on snake fruit-peel's activated carbon from waste cooking oil palm was conducted by a nebulized spray pyrolysis process (NSP) by varying the processing temperature from 650 to 750 °C. Ferrocene was used as a catalyst with constant concentration of 0.015 g/ml of carbon source. The structure of nanocarbon was studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM),x-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer and Raman spectroscopy. SEM results showed that the structures of carbon products was in the the form of carbon nanopsheres (CNS). XRD and Raman analysis confirmed the CNS structure. The carbon producs were then tested as electrode's materials for lithium ion capacitors (LIC) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) instruments. From the CV results the specific capacitance was estimated as 79.57 F / g at a scan rate of 0.1 mV / s and voltage range from 2.5 - 4 V. This study shows that the nano carbons synthesized from the waste cooking oil can be used as prospective electrode materials for LIC.
Preparation, characterization, and behavior of cellulose–titanium(IV) oxide modified with organosilicone (2002)

Abstract Cellulose–titanium(IV) oxide modified with organosilicone (CTSN) was prepared by a reaction of cellulose powder with titanic chloride, followed by a reaction with 4‐aza‐6‐aminohexyl triethoxysilane, and was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. An SEM image of titanium(IV) oxide‐coated cellulose and a Ti mapping image showed that titanium oxide was well dispersed on the cellulose surface. Titanium and silicon mapping images of CTSN, obtained with SEM, indicated that both oxides were uniformly dispersed on the cellulose surface. The atomic ratio of Ti to Si was obtained with X‐ray energy spectral composition analysis. The adsorption behavior of CTSN toward Hg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Fe(III), and Cr(III) ions in aqueous solutions was determined. The adsorption behavior of CTSN toward human serum protein was preliminarily examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 61–66, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10188
Extending Video Content Survival beyond 25 Years—When All Odds Seem Stacked against it (1999)

Television programming worth producing is worth preserving, at least until the production investment has been recovered and fully exploited. Many teenaged tapes are orphaned when playback equipment support is discontinued and chemically challenged media no longer sustain them. It is feared that digital encoding dialects will no longer be understood, and decoding and re-encoding translators will be “out to lunch” when required. As with the human condition, the life of old folks is not extended by fresh air and fluffy pillows, but by a wholesome lifestyle long before they become aged. The stages of creation, use, and preservation of digital production elements are and must remain interdependent. This paper identifies some principles that enable programming content perpetuation.
Desire Process: development and application of novel plasmask resist for excimer laser lithography. (1992)

We have reported that process condition such as presilylation time and silylation temperature could control a pattern profile.l'3
New conjugated polymers for plastic solar cells (2011)

The present review gives an overview of four of the most promising classes of conjugated polymers for plastic solar cells. The latest developments on poly(2,7-carbazole)s, poly(1,4-diketopyrrolopyrrole)s, poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene)s, and poly(thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)s are reported. More precisely, the synthesis and the physical and electronic properties of the polymers are discussed. Devices characteristics such as the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, the short-circuit current density and the power conversion efficiency are also addressed. In summary, this review wants to give the reader a highlight of the very latest improvements in the organic photovoltaic field.
A Study on the Pollution Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Accidents (2009)

*Marine Safety & Pollution Response Research Department, KORDI, Daejon, Korea KEY WORDS: Oil pollution risk 유출유 피해 위험도, Oil spill prediction 유출유 확산 예측, Risk assessment 위험 평가ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to establish an assessment method for the estimation of the pollution risk by oil spill accident s. Various oil spill patterns were calculated based on past accide nts in the study area and these results were analyzed statistic ally. Then the risk probability, the oil arrival time, risk range, and so on were c alculated. These calculations were performed for sub ‐area sectors, fisheries and aquaculture farms, based on information about environmentally s ensitive resources. Finally, the risk to each sub ‐area sector was assessed by comparing the calculated results . These consequences indicated the objective and general risks of oil spill accidents and the result of this method will be made more appropriate by integrating real time risk predicti ons.교신저자 김혜진: 대전광역시 유성구 신성로 104, 042-868-7235, hjk@morei.re.kr본 논문은 2007년 해양환경안전학회 춘계학술대회에 발표된 논문의 주된 내용을 밝췌하였음을 밝힙니다 .
Actin Associates with the Nucleocapsid Domain of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Polyprotein (1999)

Recently, it was shown that actin molecules are present in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. We have examined the basis for incorporation and the location of actin molecules within HIV-1 and murine retrovirus particles. Our results show that the retroviral Gag polyprotein is sufficient for actin uptake. Immunolabeling studies demonstrate that actin molecules localize to a specific radial position within the immature particle, clearly displaced from the matrix domain underneath the viral membrane but in proximity to the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the Gag polyprotein. When virus or subviral Gag particles were disrupted with nonionic detergent, actin molecules remained associated with the disrupted particles. Actin molecules remained in a stable complex with the NC cleavage product (or an NC-RNA complex) after treatment of the disrupted HIV-1 particles with recombinant HIV-1 protease. In contrast, matrix and capsid molecules were released. The same result was obtained when mature HIV-1 particles were disrupted with detergent. Taken together, these results indicate that actin molecules are associated with the NC domain of the viral polyprotein.
One billion transistors, one uniprocessor, one chip (1997)

Billion-transistor processors will be much as they are today, just bigger, faster and wider (issuing more instructions at once). The authors describe the key problems (instruction supply, data memory supply and an implementable execution core) that prevent current superscalar computers from scaling up to 16- or 32-instructions per issue. They propose using out-of-order fetching, multi-hybrid branch predictors and trace caches to improve the instruction supply. They predict that replicated first-level caches, huge on-chip caches and data value speculation will enhance the data supply. To provide a high-speed, implementable execution core that is capable of sustaining the necessary instruction throughput, they advocate a large, out-of-order-issue instruction window (2,000 instructions), clustered (separated) banks of functional units and hierarchical scheduling of ready instructions. They contend that the current uniprocessor model can provide sufficient performance and use a billion transistors effectively without changing the programming model or discarding software compatibility.
Production of hydrogen from renewable resources. Final subcontract report (1983)

This report presents results from an experimental program to investigate the use of a bromination process to produce hydrogen from biomass. Biomass is reacted with bromine and water, forming hydrobromic acid, which is then electrolyzed to form hydrogen and bromine. Bromination reaction tests showed that agitation has essentially no effect on the bromine-wood reaction rate. Also, the reaction rate is independent of the entire range of HBr concentration (34 to 60 wt %) considered as the feed to the electrolysis cell. Some preliminary tests conducted on aerobic sludge indicated that some sludge may contain a fraction very refractory to bromination; however, the major fraction of the sludge reacted rapidly. Studies of the electrolysis of aqueous HBr solutions showed that an IR-free working voltage of about 0.6 V is attainable (less than one-third the voltage required for electrolysis of water). The effect of platinum catalyst loading on the overvoltage of the graphite negative electrode was measured using a 47.5 wt % HBr solution at 25/sup 0/C; the optium Pt loading factor was approximately 0.5 mg/cm/sup 2/. An engineering and economic anlaysis was made of this process for a plant with an output of 10/sup 7/ scf per day of H/sub 2/. more » The unit cost of H/sub 2/ from the process was estimated to be $18.20/10/sup 6/ Btu in 1979 dollars. In addition, an overall energy efficiency for the process was estimated to be 49%. 31 references, 21 figures, 10 tables. « less
The solid state lighting initiative: An industry/DOE collaborative effort (2000)

A new era of technology is emerging in lighting. It is being propelled by the dramatic improvements in performance of solid state light sources. These sources offer an entirely new array of design aspects not achievable with current light sources. At the same time, their performance characteristics continue to improve and are expected to eclipse those of the most common light sources within the near future. High efficiency is one of these performance attributes motivating the Department of Energy (DOE) to work with the manufacturers of this new technology to create a program plan sufficiently comprehensive to support an industry-driven Solid State Lighting Initiative before Congress. The purpose of the initiative is to educate Congress about the potential of this technology to reduce the electric lighting load within the United States and, consequently, to realize the associated environmental benefits. The initiative will solicit congressional support to accelerate the development of solid state technology through investment in the research and development necessary to overcome the technical barriers that currently limit the products to niche markets. While there are multiple technologies being developed as solid state light sources, the two technologies which hold the most promise for application to general illumination are Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). The form of these sources can be quite different from current sources, allowing exciting new design uses for the products. Being diffuse sources, OLEDs are much lower in intensity per unit area than LEDs. The manufacturing process for OLEDs lends itself to shapes that can be formed to different geometries, making possible luminous panels or flexible luminous materials. Conversely, LEDs are very intense point sources which can be integrated into a small space to create an intense source or used separately for less focused applications. Both OLED and LED sources are expected to be thinner than other comparable sources; this thinness offers additional design opportunities.
Antithrombotic Effect of Ticlopidine on He-Ne Laser-Induced Thrombus Formation in Rat Mesenteric Microvessels (1992)

The inhibitory effects of ticlopidine and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on thrombus formation in rat mesenteric microvessels were studied. The results were compared with the effect of the drugs on platelet aggregation in citrated whole blood. He-Ne laser-induced thrombus formation in arterioles and in venules was significantly inhibited by 100 mg/kg ticlopidine. In contrast, a higher dose of ASA (300 mg/kg) was needed to inhibit thrombus formation and the effects of ASA were observed only in arterioles and not in venules. In addition, although the inhibition by ASA in arterioles was not strong it followed a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the differential effect of ASA on platelets and endothelium may not be evident in vivo. Ticlopidine and ASA strongly inhibited ADP-induced whole blood platelet aggregation, but not collagen- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
Studies of Peptide Antibiotics. XXXV. Synthesis of Gramicidin S by a Fragment Solid-Phase Method (1977)

Abstract In order to examine the usefulness of a fragment condensation procedure in solid-phase peptide synthesis, gramicidin S (GS) was synthesized by three different procedures such as stepwise elongation, fragment condensation with dipeptide fragments, and fragment condensation with tripeptide fragments. The two fragment condensation procedures gave intermediate peptide derivatives in high yields and in high purity. Such differences in the purity of the intermediate peptides disappeared in the final product, GS dihydrochloride. The GS synthesized by the three procedures exhibited the same antibacterial activities as those of natural GS.
Detecting Automation of Twitter Accounts: Are You a Human, Bot, or Cyborg? (2012)

Twitter is a new web application playing dual roles of online social networking and microblogging. Users communicate with each other by publishing text-based posts. The popularity and open structure of Twitter have attracted a large number of automated programs, known as bots, which appear to be a double-edged sword to Twitter. Legitimate bots generate a large amount of benign tweets delivering news and updating feeds, while malicious bots spread spam or malicious contents. More interestingly, in the middle between human and bot, there has emerged cyborg referred to either bot-assisted human or human-assisted bot. To assist human users in identifying who they are interacting with, this paper focuses on the classification of human, bot, and cyborg accounts on Twitter. We first conduct a set of large-scale measurements with a collection of over 500,000 accounts. We observe the difference among human, bot, and cyborg in terms of tweeting behavior, tweet content, and account properties. Based on the measurement results, we propose a classification system that includes the following four parts: 1) an entropy-based component, 2) a spam detection component, 3) an account properties component, and 4) a decision maker. It uses the combination of features extracted from an unknown user to determine the likelihood of being a human, bot, or cyborg. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed classification system.
Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry (1997)

The decreased percentage of cells expressing IL-2 and IFN-gamma in conjunction with an increased proportion of IL-4- and IL-10-producing cells among the CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals demonstrate a Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift in the course of HIV infection on a single cell level. There was no evidence of a Th1 to Th0 cytokine shift. In addition to the loss of CD4+ T cells in HIV infection, the qualitative changes of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression may serve as a marker for progressive failure of cell-mediated immunity.
An overview of a Global Positioning System Mission Planner implemented on a personal computer (1990)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) Mission Planner (GMP) program, which has been implemented on an IBM PC, is described in terms of its features and architecture, and sample outputs are presented. The GMP was written to permit operational units to plan missions and to accomplish survivability and navigation assessments based on realistic trajectories, GPS almanac data, broadband jammer specifications, and digital terrain elevation data (DTED). GMP supports trajectory generation for generic air, land, or naval vehicles and has 'sanity' checks for altitude acceleration, terrain slope, and velocity limits. A survivability measure is computed based on exposure time to various threat types. Yuma-type almanac data are used to support the GMP to define GPS satellite orbits. Jammers, threats, and trajectory wavepoints may be defined by either keyboard entry (e.g. longitude, latitude, and altitude) or via mouse and cursor on a displayed pseudo-color DTED map on the PC monitor. Satellite visibility and best dilution-of-precision (DOP) are computed using DTED. jammer visibility and power levels at the vehicle are similarly computed. A realistic body masking and antenna gain model is used to compute carrier-to-noise densities for each visible satellite. A navigation assessment program emulates a multichannel receiver to generate position and velocity measurement uncertainties. An integrated Kalman filter generates position and velocity navigation estimates. Results are graphically displayed to the operator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cloning, chromosomal localization and expression analysis of the mouse Akt2 oncogene. (1995)

We isolated mouse cDNA clones containing the entire coding region of the putative oncogene Akt2. Sequence analysis revealed that, like its human homolog, Akt2 encodes a protein-serine/threonine kinase containing a pleckstrin homology domain at its amino terminus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the mouse cDNA to rodent metaphase spreads demonstrated that the Akt2 gene maps to mouse chromosome band 7B1 and rat chromosome 1q22. Expression levels of mouse Akt2 mRNA and Akt2 protein varied among tissues, with the highest levels in skeletal muscle. Akt2 expression was low in a multipotent fibroblast cell line, but it was upregulated when these cells were transformed with Myod and induced to differentiate into myocytes. These data demonstrate that Akt2 expression is activated during cellular differentiation and suggest that it functions in the signaling pathways of some adult tissues.
Antibody penetration into living cells. IV. Different effects of anti-native DNA and anti-ribonucleoprotein IgG on the cell cycle of activated T gamma cells. (1983)

Normal T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG that were incubated in anti-RNP or anti-DNA at the time of activation with phytohaemagglutinin showed different effects on this activation as determined by flow cytometric analysis of acridine orange stained cells. Incubation in anti-RNP caused an arrest in the progression from the G0 + G1 to the S + G2 phases of the cell cycle. Incubation in anti-native DNA caused activated cells to have an increase in their RNA content without a concomitant increase in their DNA content (DNA block). These effects were not seen in T cells that were depleted of T gamma cells by means of their property of forming rosettes with high affinity for sheep erythrocytes. Use of F(ab')2 fragments of either autoantibody, pre-incubation with aggregated IgG, or incubation with the respective autoantibodies in the cold effectively prevented their effect on the nucleic acid content of T gamma cells. Despite their different effect on the cell cycle both antibodies caused similar increase of 51Cr release of low affinity T cells 6 h after incubation in them. Our findings show that different anti-nuclear antibodies seem to cause different effects upon the cells they penetrate. These differences may have pathogenetic significance in the diseases where these antibodies occur.
<title>Design and optimization of VCSEL-based micro-optical relay systems: bringing optical information to silicon chips</title> (2001)

We analyze the potentialities of microlens-based free-space optical pathway blocks for on-chip interconnects. To assess the promises of these modules, researchers typically make use of simple analytic Gaussian beam propagation (GBP). Although this approach leads to a first order layout of a microlens system it does not include aberrations. Aberrations however and -- spherical aberrations in particular -- become important when lenses with a small focal number are implemented. This is especially true when surface emitting lasers with a relative high beam divergence such as e.g. VCSELs are used. In this paper we evaluate how these aberrations affect the performances of such optical interconnection systems and we verify the validity of the GBP method. We enter various GBP layouts in the photonics design software SOLSTIS, which traces real rays or propagates spatially coherent optical beams through the system. We model and compare the performances of different microlens-relay system configurations and we focus on optical efficiency and scalability issues of these micro-optical interconnection components. To conclude we relate optical pathway lengths to minimum microlens diameters and to maximum achievable channel densities.