gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct laser deposition of Ti-6Al-4V from elemental powder blends (2016)

Purpose This paper aims to achieve Ti-6Al-4V from Ti, Al and V elemental powder blends using direct laser deposition (DLD) and to understand the effects of laser transverse speed and laser power on the initial fabrication of deposit’s microstructure and Vickers hardness. Design/methodology/approach Two sets of powder blends with different weight percentage ratio for three elemental powder were used during DLD process. Five experiments with different processing parameters were performed to evaluate how microstructure and Vickers hardness change with laser power and laser transverse speed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy and Vickers hardness test were used to analyze deposits’ properties. Findings This paper reveals that significant variance of elemental powder’s size and density would cause lack of weight percentage of certain elements in final part and using multiple coaxial powder nozzles design would be a solution. Also, higher laser power or slower laser transverse speed tend to benefit the formation of finer microstructures and increase Vickers hardness. Originality/value This paper demonstrates a new method to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V and gives out a possible weight percentage ratio 87:7:6 for Ti:Al:V at powder blends during DLD process. The relationship between microstructure and Vickers hardness with laser power and laser transverse speed would provide valuable reference for people working on tailoring material properties using elemental powder method.
Characteristics of TBS-Extractable Hyperphosphorylated Tau Species: Aggregation Intermediates in rTg4510 Mouse Brain (2012)

Conditional overexpression of four-repeat human tau containing the P301L missense mutation in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy leads to progressive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and hyperphosphorylated, sarkosyl-insoluble tau species, w
Preparation of nucleate and anucleate fragments of hamster and mouse eggs by centrifugation (1990)

Nucleate and anucleate fragments of hamster and mouse eggs can be prepared by centrifuging zona-free eggs in a Percoll gradient. These fragments are fertilizable and can be used for various studies of nucleus-ooplasm interactions.
Partial evaluation and separate compilation (1997)

Hitherto all partial evaluators have processed a complete program to produce a complete residual program. We are interested in treating programs as collections of modules which can be processed independently: 'separate partial evaluation', so to speak. In this paper we still assume that the original program is processed in its entirety, but we show how to specialise it to the static data bit-by-bit, generating a different module for each bit. When the program to be specialised is an interpreter, this corresponds to specialising it to one module of its object language at a time: each module of the object language gives rise to one module of the residual program.
Microfluidic gating of an organic electrochemical transistor (2005)

A microfluidic-based organic electrochemical transistor is reported. The integrated microfluidic channel not only confines and directs the flow of liquid electrolyte over the active layer of the transistor but also provides the gate electrode for the transistor. The active layer employed in this work is poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which results in a transistor that is inherently “on” but that can be turned “off” through application of a positive gate voltage. The transistor behavior is understood in terms of an electrochemical mechanism and is shown to depend on the ionic strength of the electrolyte. The applicability of the device to microfluidic-based chemical and biological sensing is discussed.
Transitions in China’s Economic Growth: Realities and Challenges (2007)

It is an irrefutable fact that the Chinese economy has grown rapidly for nearly 30 years, in particular in the 10th Five- Year Plan terms (2001-2005). At the same time, China’s economic development is challenged severely by declining efficiency, imbalance between investment and consumption, resource and environmental constraints, and increasing differentiation in incomes. The need for a consistent transformation of the economic growth pattern was realized in the 1990s. In the 9th Five-Year Plan (1996-2000), the goal of transition of the economic growth mode from extensive to intensive was initially shaped. Furthermore, economic structure adjustment and upgrading had been regarded as the theme of development during the 10th Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005).  In 2002, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s 16 th National Congress advocated that: “China would pursue a new path to industrialization featuring high technology, good economic returns, low resource-consumption, low environment pollution and the full display of advantage in human resources.” In reality, however, it seems that so far these goals have been fulfilled only in part.
Portrait of Professional Boxers in France (1905-1914) (2016)

In France, due to the small quantity of social history research about professional athletes, the social properties and working conditions of professional athletes are not well known. By focusing on French professional boxers before 1914, this article describes their social profile as well as their working conditions. Thus, it establishes the fact that most French professional boxers had working class origins, but they belonged to the category of skilled workers/craftsmen, i.e. the most stable segments of the working class. This research also shows the importance of foreign boxers in France and especially in Paris, in both numerical and symbolic terms. This situation led to native French boxers being sidelined. Lastly, an analysis of the boxing profession reveals its low level of professionalisation, as reflected in the fact that a large majority of boxers also held another occupation at the same time. The study of the social and athletic properties of French boxers thus reveals that they were under two kinds of domination : social and athletic.
Specific Sequence Motifs Direct the Oxygenation and Chlorination of Tryptophan by Myeloperoxidase (2006)

Most studies of protein oxidation have typically focused on the reactivity of single amino acid side chains while ignoring the potential importance of adjacent sequences in directing the reaction pathway. We previously showed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a specific product of myeloperoxidase, inactivates matrilysin by modifying adjacent tryptophan and glycine (WG) residues in the catalytic domain. Here, we use model peptides that mimic the region of matrilysin involved in this reaction, VVWGTA, VVWATA, and the library VVWXTA, to determine whether specific sequence motifs are targeted for chlorination or oxygenation by myeloperoxidase. Our results demonstrate that HOCl generated by myeloperoxidase or activated neutrophils converts the peptide VVWGTA to a chlorinated product, WG+32(Cl). Tandem mass spectrometry in concert with high resolution 1H and two-dimensional NMR analysis revealed that the modification required cross-linking of the tryptophan to the amide of glycine followed by chlorination of the indole ring of tryptophan. In contrast, when glycine in the peptide was replaced with alanine, the major products were mono- and dioxygenated tryptophan residues. When the peptide library VVWXTA (where X represents all 20 common amino acids) was exposed to HOCl, only WG produced a high yield of the chloroindolenine derivative. However, when glycine was replaced by other amino acids, oxygenated tryptophan derivatives were the major products. Our observations indicate that WG may represent a specific sequence motif in proteins that is targeted for chlorination by myeloperoxidase.
Substrate-based inhibitors exhibiting excellent protective and therapeutic effects against Botulinum Neurotoxin A intoxication (2015)

Potent inhibitors to reverse Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) activity in neuronal cells are currently not available. A better understanding of the substrate recognition mechanism of BoNTs enabled us to design a novel class of peptide inhibitors which were derivatives of the BoNT/A substrate, SNAP25. Through a combination of in vitro, cellular based, and in vivo mouse assays, several potent inhibitors of approximately one nanomolar inhibitory strength both in vitro and in vivo have been identified. These compounds represent the first set of inhibitors that exhibited full protection against BoNT/A intoxication in mice model with undetectable toxicity. Our findings validated the hypothesis that a peptide inhibitor targeting the two BoNT structural regions which were responsible for substrate recognition and cleavage respectively could exhibit excellent inhibitory effect, thereby providing insight on future development of more potent inhibitors against BoNTs.
Virtual Resource Management Based on Software Transactional Memory (2011)

One of the main challenges to exploit the potential of Cloud computing is the efficient management of virtual resources supplied by cloud providers. In this paper, we deal with a business model of cloud computing, where third-part entities, the cloud brokers, work as intermediary between cloud providers and clients. Brokers are assumed to provide the intermediation service by addressing multiple cloud providers and this make the cloud environment very complex and dynamic. So, we present a new resource management architecture, able to support concurrent activities over the virtual resources. It abstracts all the resources given by different providers in a single framework, in order to allow brokers to perform seamless management services. To synchronize all the activities on the virtual resources, we propose the adoption of Transactional Memory (TM), a mechanism for controlling accesses to shared memory in concurrent computing. We present details on the implementation of a prototype of our resource management system and some preliminary results obtained through simulation analysis.
Implications of abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease (2008)

Abnormal glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are becoming increasingly common. It has been recently confirmed that the period of time prior to the development of diabetes, when patients have impaired glucose tolerance, may also predispose them to increased cardiovascular risk. Therefore prevention and management of T2DM and its antecedents must have high priority when allocating healthcare resources. The present review summarises some information on detection, management and treatment of abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with established coronary artery disease, highlighting the importance of early detection of abnormal glucose metabolism in order to prevent the progression of prediabetes to T2DM and to delay the occurrence of those macrovascular and microvascular complications that impair quality of life and diminish survival.
Quantum Nondemolition Detection of Optical Quadrature Amplitudes (1986)

In an optical fiber, nonlinear optical interactions couple the sideband modes of two strong pump waves at different frequencies just as required for a quantum nondemolition measurement. Experimental measurements demonstrate that 37% of the rms phase fluctuations of one wave are caused by the quantum amplitude fluctuations of the other.
Construction of a Genetic Map of the Baculovirus <i>Autographa californica</i> Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus by Marker Rescue of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants (1981)

Mutations of seven temperature-sensitive mutants of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were mapped with respect to the physical restriction map of the A. californica NPV DNA by marker rescue. DNAs from two distantly related NPVs of the multiply embedded type and two NPVs of the singly embedded type were unable to rescue two A. californica NPV mutants.
The frequency of fertilization in wheat × pearl millet crosses (1989)

Wheat × pearl millet crosses were studied to determine whether fertilization occurred and whether any resulting hybrids were karyotypically stable. Crosses between the hexaploid wheat genotype 'Chinese Spring' (kr1, kr2) and the pearl millet genotype 'Tift 23BE' gave fertilization in 28.6% of the 220 florets pollinated. Chromosome counts from zygotes at metaphase confirmed the hybrid origin of the embryos. Three had the expected F 1 combination of 21 wheat and 7 pearl millet chromosomes and a fourth had 21 wheat and 14 pearl millet chromosomes. The expected F 1 chromosome complement was also found in a primary endosperm mitosis. The hybrid embryos were karyotypically unstable and probably lost all the pearl millet chromosomes in the first four cell division cycles. Similar results were obtained using two other wheat genotypes. Crosses between the hexaploid wheat genotype 'Highbury', which differs from 'Chinese Spring' in having alleles for reduced crossability with rye and Hordeum bulbosum at the Kr1 and Kr2 loci, and 'Tift 23BE' gave fertilization in 32% of analyzed florets. This was not significantly different from the frequency found in 'Chinese Spring', indicating that 'Tift 23BE' was insensitive to the action of the Kr genes. Crosses between the tetraploid wheat genotype 'Kubanka' and 'Tift 23BE' gave fertilization in 48% of florets. The potential of pearl millet for wheat haploid production is discussed.Key words: wheat, pearl millet, wide hybridization, chromosome elimination.
Inherited arrhythmias in the dog potential experimental models of cardiac disease (1999)

Centuries of inbreeding the domestic dog has resulted in numerous spontaneous breed-specific and familial diseases of all body systems [1]. Although few animal models of spontaneous arrhythmic death exists [2] veterinary cardiologists have recognized potentially inherited arrhythmias in the dog for years. The purpose of this paper is to describe the proven inherited, and the likely inherited, arrhythmias diagnosed commonly in the dog with the intent to provide information of potential models for investigation of primary arrhythmias. Additionally, examples of common arrhythmias that are secondary to inherited cardiac disease in the dog will be provided.
Cdc42 Effector Protein 2 (XCEP2) is required for normal gastrulation and contributes to cellular adhesion in Xenopus laevis (2004)

XCEP2 appears to be an essential component in the early developmental program in Xenopus laevis. XCEP2 is involved in maintenance of cell-cell adhesion, and as such may constitute a regulatory component that could help to balance the need for tissue integrity and plasticity during the dynamic cellular rearrangements of gastrulation.
하우징 기하공차를 고려한 감속 기어박스의 베어링 반력 해석 (2018)

베어링은 기계시스템에서 회전하고 있는 축의 위치를 고정시키고, 축 자체의 자중과 축에 작용하는 하중을 지지하면서 축을 회전시킨다. 즉, 베어링은 기계요소의 마찰을 감소시키고 하중을 지지하기 때문에 기계시스템에서 필수적인 부품이다. 베어링 설계 시에는 축의 회전 속도, 베어링 반력, 접촉각, 내부 틈새 등이 고려된다.
본 연구의 목적은 감속 기어박스의 하우징 기하공차를 고려하여 베어링 반력을 해석하는 것이다. 분석대상인 기어박스는 3개의 평행축 기어 세트로 이루어져 있으며, 기어박스 내의 보조 장치들을 구동하기 위한 감속 기어박스로 사용된다. 실제 제작과 동일한 조건으로 베어링 외륜과 하우징의 억지끼움 정도를 반영하였고 하우징 기하공차를 고려하기 위해 하우징에 대한 베어링 자리 가공에 따른 동심도 오차를 반영하였다. 기어박스는 상용소프트웨어인 RomaxDESIGNER를 이용하여 모델링하였다. 베어링 반력이 최대로 나오는 조건을 확인하기 위해 실험 계획법을 사용하여 13개의 해석 모델을 만들었다. 실험 인자는 베어링의 동심도 오차이고 반응변수는 베어링 반력이다.
13개 모델의 비교분석 결과, 하우징 기하공차를 고려하면 베어링 반력이 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 특히, 중간축과 출력축에 장착된 베어링들의 반력 증가율에 비해 입력축과 발전기축에 장착된 베어링들의 반력 증가율이 월등히 컸다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 통해 베어링 설계 시에는 하우징 기하공차를 고려한 베어링 반력을 반영해야 한다는 것을 확인하였다.
Reduction of Cognitive and Motor Deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Deficient in Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (1999)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), or poly-(ADP-ribose) synthetase, is a nuclear enzyme that consumes NAD when activated by DNA damage. The role of PARP in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. Using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI and mice deficient in PARP, the authors studied the effect of PARP on functional and histologic outcome after CCI using two protocols. In protocol 1, naive mice (n = 7 +/+, n = 6 -/-) were evaluated for motor and memory acquisition before CCI. Mice were then subjected to severe CCI and killed at 24 hours for immunohistochemical detection of nitrated tyrosine, an indicator of peroxynitrite formation. Motor and memory performance did not differ between naive PARP +/+ and -/- mice. Both groups showed nitrotyrosine staining in the contusion, suggest ing that peroxynitrite is produced in contused brain. In protoco 2, mice (PARP +/+, n = 8; PARP -/-, n = 10) subjected to CCI were tested for motor and memory function, and contusion volume was determined by image analysis. PARP -/- mice demonstrated improved motor and memory function after CC versus PARP +/+ mice (P < 0.05). However, contusion volume was not different between groups. The results suggest a detri mental effect of PARP on functional outcome after TBI.
Tubulin structure probed with antibodies to synthetic peptides. Mapping of three major types of limited proteolysis fragments (1988)

We synthesized five peptides homologous to the potentially antigenic positions alpha(214-226), alpha(430-443), alpha(415-443), beta(241-256), and beta(412-431) of the porcine brain tubulin sequences. These peptides were successfully employed to raise tubulin-cross-reactive antibodies. The antibodies are specific of the regions of tubulin spanned by the peptides. They react specifically with the tubulin bands in immunoblots and with microtubules in immunofluorescence assays of cytoskeletons. The peptides of the C-terminal regions have also been employed to localize determinants recognized by two available monoclonal antibodies to tubulin in the positions alpha(415-430) and beta(412-431), respectively. In a first application of the anti-peptide antibodies, we have mapped the fragments of limited proteolysis of purified calf brain tubulin by trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, thermolysin, subtilisin, and protease V8 from Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-seven peptides have been identified, of which 32 have been unequivocally aligned into the tubulin sequences on the basis of their antigenic reactivity. There are three major, well-defined zones of preferential cleavage by the proteases: the C-termini and two internal zones in each chain. C-Terminal cleavages of both chains by subtilisin do not remove the antigenic reactivity of the zones alpha(415-430) and beta(412-431). C-Terminal cleavages by protease V8 are preferential of beta-tubulin. All six proteases tested cleave alpha- and/or beta-tubulin at one or both of the internal zones. These zones are located roughly at one-third and two-thirds of the chain length in both subunits. Therefore, a model of the tubulin monomers is proposed which consists of three major, proteolytically defined, compact regions (N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal thirds) and the cleavable zones. This model is discussed with the tubulin structural information presently available.
Electrical stimulation cramp threshold frequency correlates well with the occurrence of skeletal muscle cramps (2009)

The minimum electrical stimulation frequency (HZ) at which a muscle cramps is termed threshold frequency (TF). TF is theorized to represent one's predisposition to cramping; however, TF and cramp occurrence have never been correlated. We hypothesized that TF would be lower in individuals with a cramp history and lower on the second of two days of testing; genetics may partially explain this lower TF. Cramp TF was measured in 19 subjects with (Group 1), and 12 subjects without (Group 2), a cramp history. Group 1 had a lower TF (14.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 25.5 +/- 1.6 HZ; P < 0.001) and a higher family history of cramping than Group 2 (89% vs. 27%; P < 0.001). TF was lower on day 2 (18.3 +/- 0.26 HZ) than day 1 (19.7 +/- 0.25 HZ; P = 0.03). Lower TFs are correlated with cramp history, supporting the inference that lower TFs may represent increased predisposition toward cramping. TF may be used to identify individuals at risk of cramping.
The Expression of an Extensin-Like Protein Correlates with Cellular Tip Growth in Tomato (2002)

Extensins are abundant proteins presumed to determine physical characteristics of the plant cell wall. We have cloned a cDNA encoding LeExt1 from a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) root hair cDNA library. The deduced sequence of the LeExt1 polypeptide defined a novel type of extensin-like proteins in tomato. Patterns of mRNA distribution indicated that expression of the LeExt1 gene was initiated in the root hair differentiation zone of the tomato rhizodermis. Cloning of the corresponding promoter and fusion to the -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene allowed detailed examination of LeExt1 expression in transgenic tomato plants. Evidence is presented for a direct correlation between LeExt1 expression and cellular tip growth. LeExt1/GUS expression was detectable in trichoblasts (=root hair-bearing cells), but not in atrichoblasts of the tomato rhizodermis. Both hair formation and LeExt1 expression was inducible by the plant hormone ethylene. Comparative analysis of the LeExt1/GUS expression was performed in transgenic tomato, potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Arabidopsis plants. In the apical/basal dimension, GUS staining was absent from the root cap and undifferentiated cells at the root tip in all species investigated. It was induced at the distal end of the differentiation zone and remained high proximally to the root/hypocotyl boundary. In the radial dimension, GUS expression was root hair specific in the solanaceous species. Whereas LeExt1 mRNA was exclusively detectable in the rhizodermis, root hair-specific expression correlated with GUS expression in germinating pollen tubes. This is correlative evidence for a role of LeExt1 in root hair tip growth [corrected].
Pancreatic cancer cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor is biologically activein vitro and enhances tumorigenicityin vivo (2001)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic stimulator that acts by binding to high-affinity transmembrane receptors. Although both VEGF and its receptors are overexpressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), this malignancy is not generally considered to be highly vascular. It is not known, therefore, whether the abundance of VEGF in PDAC is biologically relevant. To address this issue, we measured the angiogenic effects of pancreatic cancer cell-derived VEGF in an in vitro endothelial cell proliferation assay and characterized the consequences of suppressing VEGF expression on pancreatic tumor growth in an athymic nude mouse model. We found that human pancreatic cancer cell lines secrete large quantities of biologically active VEGF into conditioned medium (CM). Stable transfection of an anti-sense VEGF(189) (AS-VEGF(189)) expression construct into PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased VEGF expression and secretion, a decreased capacity of the resultant CM to enhance endothelial cell proliferation and a significant attenuation of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, when injected into athymic nude mice, AS-VEGF(189)-expressing cells exhibited an 80% decrease in tumor growth compared with control cells. These results support the hypothesis that VEGF promotes pancreatic cancer growth in vivo and suggest that anti-VEGF therapy may be useful in the treatment of this disease.
A note on causality and invertibility of a general bilinear time series model (1990)

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