gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Bulk Bitwise AND and OR in DRAM (2015)

Bitwise operations are an important component of modern day programming, and are used in a variety of applications such as databases. In this work, we propose a new and simple mechanism to implement <i>bulk</i> bitwise AND and OR operations in DRAM, which is faster and more efficient than existing mechanisms. Our mechanism exploits existing DRAM operation to perform a bitwise AND/OR of two DRAM rows completely within DRAM. The key idea is to simultaneously connect three cells to a bitline before the sense-amplification. By controlling the value of one of the cells, the sense amplifier forces the bitline to the bitwise AND or bitwise OR of the values of the other two cells. Our approach can improve the throughput of bulk bitwise AND/OR operations by <inline-formula><tex-math>$9.7X$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and reduce their energy consumption by <inline-formula><tex-math>$50.5X$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Since our approach exploits existing DRAM operation as much as possible, it requires negligible changes to DRAM logic. We evaluate our approach using a real-world implementation of a bit-vector based index for databases. Our mechanism improves the performance of commonly-used range queries by 30 percent on average.
Privacy and security threat analysis of the federal employee personal identity verification (PIV) program (2006)

This paper is a security and privacy threat analysis of new Federal Information Processing Standard for Personal Identity Verification (FIPS PUB 201). It identifies some problems with the standard, and it proposes solutions to those problems, using standardized cryptographic techniques that are based on the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol [16]. When the standard is viewed in the abstract, it seems to effectively provide security and privacy, because it uses strong cryptographic algorithms. However, when you examine the standard in the context of potential user scenarios regarding its use; security, privacy, and usability problems can be identified. User scenarios are employed to provide the context for the identification of these problems, and the technical solutions are described to address the issues raised.
Chemical reactions of double bonds in activated carbon: microwave and bromination methods (2004)

The reaction of localised C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds on the surface of activated carbons has been shown to be an effective method of chemical modification especially using microwave-assisted reactions.
Trade Execution Costs on NASDAQ and the NYSE: A Post-Reform Comparison (1999)

Trade execution costs remain larger on NASDAQ compared to the NYSE in the wake of new SEC-mandated order-handling rules and reductions in tick sizes, but the differential across markets is smaller than in earlier years. Cross-sectional regression analysis indicates that the differences in average trade execution costs are not explained by variation in observable economic factors. Quotations on both markets continue to cluster disproportionately on round fractions, and more so on NASDAQ than the NYSE, but quotation rounding appears not to be responsible for the greater NASDAQ execution costs. Preferencing agreements are highlighted as a likely reason that NASDAQ trade execution costs remain larger.
Papaverine: Its Value as an Antispasmodic in Urology (1948)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Sep 1948Papaverine: Its Value as an Antispasmodic in Urology1 Joseph Fischmann Joseph FischmannJoseph Fischmann More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)69270-XAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1948 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 60Issue 3September 1948Page: 534-536 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1948 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Joseph Fischmann More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
PEEP and CPAP (1986)

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) maintains airway pressure above atmospheric at the end of expiration, and may be used with mechanical ventilation or spontaneous breathing. CPAP, or continuous positive airway pressure, refers to spontaneous ventilation with a positive airway pressure being maintained throughout the whole respiratory cycle. PEEP/CPAP primarily improves oxygenation by increasing functional residual capacity, and may increase lung compliance and decrease the work of breathing. PEEP/CPAP may be applied using endotracheal tubes, nasal masks or prongs, or face masks or chambers to treat a wide range of adult and paediatric respiratory disorders. Complications associated with their use relate to the pressures applied and include pulmonary barotrauma, decreased cardiac output and raised intracranial pressure.
Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS II) (2017)

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Occultation Sounder (GNOS) instruments were designed for the FengYun-3 (FY-3) series of meteorological satellites for sounding the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere by radio occultation. Meanwhile, another GNSS remote sensing technique named GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been developed rapidly as well. To integrate these two GNSS remote sensing techniques in one payload, to help save the satellite's space, power and mass, a new instrument named GNOS II has been designed for the FY-3E satellite. The FY-3E satellite is anticipated to monitor the ionosphere, neutral atmosphere, sea wave and wind field by using GNSS signals in the future. So far, these two functional modules have been validated by ground-based, airborne or space-based campaigns. The GNOS II configuration and main performances characteristics are presented in this paper. According to its demonstrated performance, one can draw the conclusion that GNOS II will provide more and higher quality radio occultation data and new reflected GNSS signal delay Doppler maps (DDMs) for sea wave and wind field detection.
Elastic and Inelastic Light Scattering from Single Bacterial Spores in an Optical Trap Allows the Monitoring of Spore Germination Dynamics (2009)

Raman scattering spectroscopy and elastic light scattering intensity (ESLI) were used to simultaneously measure levels of Ca-dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) and changes in spore morphology and refractive index during germination of individual Bacillus subtilis spores with and without the two redundant enzymes (CLEs), CwlJ and SleB, that degrade spores' peptidoglycan cortexes. Conclusions from these measurements include (1) CaDPA release from individual wild-type germinating spores was biphasic; in a first heterogeneous slow phase, T(lag), CaDPA levels decreased approximately 15%, and in the second phase ending at T(release), remaining CaDPA was released rapidly; (2) in L-alanine germination of wild-type spores and spores lacking SleB (a) the ESLI rose approximately 2-fold shortly before T(lag) at T(1), (b) following T(lag), the ESLI again rose approximately 2-fold at T(2) when CaDPA levels had decreased approximately 50%, and (c) the ESLI reached its maximum value at approximately T(release) and then decreased; (3) in CaDPA germination of wild-type spores, (a) T(lag) increased and the first increase in ESLI occurred well before T(lag), consistent with different pathways for CaDPA and L-alanine germination, (b) at T(release), the ESLI again reached its maximum value; (4) in L-alanine germination of spores lacking both CLEs and unable to degrade their cortex, the time DeltaT(release) (T(release) - T(lag)) for excretion of > or = 75% of CaDPA was approximately 15-fold higher than that for wild-type or sleB spores; and (5) spores lacking only CwlJ exhibited a similar but not identical ESLI pattern during L-alanine germination to that seen with cwlJ sleB spores and the high value for DeltaT(release).
HCCI with Wet Ethanol: Investigating the Charge Cooling Effect of a High Latent Heat of Vaporization Fuel in LTC (2019)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The combustion phasing of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition combustion is incredibly sensitive to intake temperature. Controlling the intake temperature on a cycle-to-cycle basis is one-way to control combustion phasing, however accomplishing this with an intake air heater/intercooler is unfeasible. One possible way to control the intake temperature is through the direct injection of fuel. The direct injection of fuel during the intake stroke cools the charge via evaporative cooling. Some heat is absorbed from the incoming air, lowering the in-cylinder temperature, while some heat is absorbed from the piston/cylinder walls if the spray reaches the walls. The amount of heat that is absorbed from the air vs. the walls depends on the spray penetration length. The available spray penetration length can be controlled by the injection timing during the intake stroke. Therefore, if a high latent heat of vaporization fuel is used, the intake valve closing temperature will become very sensitive to injection timing, allowing for cycle-to-cycle control of combustion phasing.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ethanol is a fuel with a high latent heat of vaporization and therefore possesses a large charge cooling potential. Wet ethanol, a mixture of ethanol and water, offers an even higher charge cooling potential. The use of wet ethanol also provides the opportunity to save energy during the production of a biofuel. Using a blend of 80% ethanol and 20% water by mass, cycle-to-cycle control of the intake temperature over a range of greater than 50K is established. The effect of injector spray angle and wall temperature on the intake temperature range is also examined. Finally, a MATLAB thermodynamic engine cycle simulation is used to predict the exact fraction of fuel that evaporates in the air as a function of injection timing, showing that wet ethanol 80 is an ideal fuel candidate for this intake temperature control strategy.</div></div>
DNA and RNA obtained from Bouin’s fixed tissues (2005)

It is possible to recover and analyse DNA and RNA from Bouin's fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissues.
Investigation of the mechanical properties and porosity relationships in fused deposition modelling‐fabricated porous structures (2006)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties and porosity relationships in fused deposition modelling (FDM) fabricated porous structures. Design/methodology/approach Porous structures of numerous build architectures aimed at tissue engineering (TE) application were fabricated using the FDM. The employment of FDM to fabricate these non‐random constructs offers many advantages over conventional scaffold fabrication techniques as patient specific scaffolds with well‐defined architectures and controllable pore sizes can be fabricated accurately and rapidly. There exist several FDM parameters that one needs to specify during the scaffold fabrication process. These parameters, which can be interdependent and exhibit varying effects on scaffold properties, were identified and examined using the design of experiment (DOE) approach. Essentially, the effects of five FDM process parameters, namely air gap, raster width, build orientation, build layer and build profile, on the porosity and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadienene‐styrene (ABS) scaffold structures with three‐dimensional interconnectivity were investigated in two designed experiments. Statistical analyses of the data were performed and the respective factors that have significant influence on the porosity and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were identified. The relationship between scaffold's mechanical properties and porosity was thereafter established empirically. Findings Models of TE scaffolds of numerous build architectures were successfully fabricated using different parameter settings on the FDM. The DOE approach determined air gap and raster width as the most significant parameters in affecting the porosity and mechanical properties of the ABS scaffold structures. The relationship between scaffolds' mechanical properties and porosity was determined to be logarithmic, with the best mechanical properties observed in scaffolds of low porosity. Originality/value The paper highlights how the application FDM to tissue scaffold application can overcome most of the limitations encountered in the conventional techniques.
The U.S. commercial space launch program and the Department of Defense dilemma (1995)

The U.S. space launch program no longer dominates the world and is now playing 'catch-up' with the world's first commercial launch company, Arianespace. A healthy U.S. commercial launch program is essential and will assure continued low-cost military access to space. The effort to regain the lead in commercial space launch market has been hindered by declining Department of Defense budgets. President Clinton's space policy prohibits expensive new launch vehicles and limits the Department of Defense to low cost upgrades of existing launch vehicles. The U.S. government created the space sector and must ensure a smooth and effective split from the emerging commercial space program in order to regain world dominance. Until U.S. government and commercial ties are severed, the Department of Defense must consider commercial space launch interests when making military decisions. Ariane provides an excellent 'bench mark' for the U.S. to base future launch vehicle upgrades. Ariane advantages were identified and low-cost recommendations have been made. If the U.S. sets the target of first equaling and then surpassing Ariane by incorporating these recommendations, then the U.S. could once again dominate the world commercial launch market and ensure low cost military access to space.
Models and Selection Criteria for Regression and Classification (2013)

When performing regression or classification, we are interested in the conditional probability distribution for an outcome or class variable Y given a set of explanatoryor input variables X. We consider Bayesian models for this task. In particular, we examine a special class of models, which we call Bayesian regression/classification (BRC) models, that can be factored into independent conditional (y|x) and input (x) models. These models are convenient, because the conditional model (the portion of the full model that we care about) can be analyzed by itself. We examine the practice of transforming arbitrary Bayesian models to BRC models, and argue that this practice is often inappropriate because it ignores prior knowledge that may be important for learning. In addition, we examine Bayesian methods for learning models from data. We discuss two criteria for Bayesian model selection that are appropriate for repression/classification: one described by Spiegelhalter et al. (1993), and another by Buntine (1993). We contrast these two criteria using the prequential framework of Dawid (1984), and give sufficient conditions under which the criteria agree.
Efficacy and safety of a triple active sore throat lozenge in the treatment of patients with acute pharyngitis: Results of a multi-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial (DoriPha) (2018)

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03323528.
Robust loop closing over time for pose graph SLAM (2013)

Long-term autonomous mobile robot operation requires considering place recognition decisions with great caution. A single incorrect decision that is not detected and reconsidered can corrupt the environment model that the robot is trying to build and maintain. This work describes a consensus-based approach to robust place recognition over time, that takes into account all the available information to detect and remove past incorrect loop closures. The main novelties of our work are: (1) the ability of realizing that, in light of new evidence, an incorrect past loop closing decision has been made; the incorrect information can be removed thus recovering the correct estimation with a novel algorithm; (2) extending our proposal to incremental operation; and (3) handling multi-session, spatially related or unrelated scenarios in a unified manner. We demonstrate our proposal, the RRR algorithm, on different odometry systems, e.g. visual or laser, using different front-end loop-closing techniques. For our experiments we use the efficient graph optimization framework g2o as back-end. We back our claims up with several experiments carried out on real data, in single and multi-session experiments showing better results than those obtained by state-of-the-art methods, comparisons against whom are also presented.
Metabolic acidosis in patients with sepsis: epiphenomenon or part of the pathophysiology? (2004)

Understanding the effects of acid-base on the inflammatory response is relevant as all forms of metabolic acidosis appear to be associated with prolonged hospital and ICU length of stay. Since metabolic acidosis is both commonly caused and treated by clinicians, understanding of the physiologic consequences of altered blood pH is imperative.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman studies of the aluminium complexes formed in aqueous solutions of aluminium salts containing phosphoric acid and fluoride ions (1971)

27 Al and 31P n.m.r. have been used to measure quantitatively the formation of complexes between aluminium ions and the ionic and molecular species present in phosphoric acid. The results are consistent with the presence of both monomeric and polymeric species in aqueous phosphoric acid. Five 31P lines were observed at low temperatures in solutions of an aluminium salt in aqueous phosphoric acid and these are interpreted as arising, respectively, from the complex Al,H3PO43+, from exchanging Al,H2PO42+ and Al(H2PO4)2+, from two binuclear aluminium species, and from a series of polymeric phosphoric acid ligands Al(H3PO4)n, n 2, although in this latter case the state of protonation of the ligand is not known. The protons in the system undergo fast exchange at all temperatures where the samples are liquid. Addition of fluoride ion to these solutions results in the formation of eight new fluoro-phosphato-aluminium complexes containing direct Al–F bonds, in addition to the known binary complexes AlFn(3–n)+. These complexes were revealed by 19F n.m.r. spectroscopy.
The Hyperlipidemia of the Nephrotic Syndrome (1985)

Although hyperlipidemia is a common feature of the nephrotic syndrome, the distribution of cholesterol among the plasma lipoproteins and the mechanism of the enhanced hepatic synthesis of lipoprotein lipids are not well understood. We studied the distribution of cholesterol among the plasma lipoproteins, as well as the relation between total cholesterol and plasma albumin concentration, oncotic pressure, and viscosity in 20 consecutive adult patients with uncomplicated nephrotic syndrome. The total plasma cholesterol (mean +/- S.D., 302 +/- 100 mg per deciliter [7.8 +/- 2.6 mmol per liter]) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (215 +/- 89 mg per deciliter [5.6 +/- 2.3 mmol per liter]) were elevated in most patients, but the high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level was normal or low (46 +/- 18 mg per deciliter [1.2 +/- 0.5 mmol per liter]) in 95 per cent of the patients. Thus, many hypercholesterolemic patients with unremitting nephrotic syndrome may be at increased risk for atherosclerotic heart disease. A significant inverse correlation was found between the total plasma cholesterol concentration and both the plasma albumin concentration (r = -0.528) and the plasma oncotic pressure (r = -0.674), but not the plasma viscosity (r = +0.319). Enhanced hepatic synthesis of lipoprotein lipids may be stimulated by a decreased plasma albumin concentration or oncotic pressure but does not appear to be due to changes in plasma viscosity.
ICRF-187 in clinical oncology. (1981)

Although the mechanism of action of ICRF-159 and 187 has not been clearly defined, it is evident from both preclinical and early clinical studies that these compounds are of interest. There are three distinct characteristics of these ICRF compounds that deserve careful clinical evaluation. First, these drugs are apparently alkylating agents with modest, predictable and noncumulative bone marrow toxicity that makes them good potential candidates for combination chemotherapy regimens. The second characteristic that should be investigated is the suggestion that combination of ICRF-187 with an anthracycline may ameliorate the cardiac toxicity of the latter. The third factor in the preclinical evaluation of the bis-diketopiperazines that may have clinical application is the evidence that suggests that these drugs have an antimetastatic effect.
The subvastus approach for total knee arthroplasty (1991)

The purpose of this article is to increase awareness throughout the orthopaedic community of a refined method of an old technique in the surgical approach to the knee. The technique, based on Erkes' oblique parapatellar incision first described in 1929, was modified and refined in 1982 to allow for its use in total knee arthroplasty, especially unicomparrmental replacement. The refinements allowed exposure of the entire knee joint and the medial aspect of the distal femur. The modifications developed were (1) a more proximal reflection of the vastus medialis muscle group off the medial intramuscular septum and (2) utilization of a straight vertical medial capsular incision, as opposed to the previously described medial capsular flap. It was found that postoperatively this approach avoided the painful reflex inhibitory are noted after the standard medial parapatellar approach through the quadriceps mechanism. This led to rapid rehabilitation, which was evidenced clinically by excellent quadriceps tone and the ability to straight-leg raise by the second postoperative day in the majority of cases. Analgesic requirements and length of hospital stay were significantly lessened. No late complications or deleterious effects were noted.
Correlated and entangled pairs of single photons from semiconductor quantum dots (2007)

Entangled photon pairs are emitted from a biexciton decay cascade of single quantum dots when spectral filtering is applied. We show this by experimentally measuring the density matrix of the polarization state of the photon pair emitted from a continuously pumped quantum dot. The matrix clearly satisfies the Peres criterion for entanglement. By applying in addition a temporal window, the quantum dot becomes an entangled light source.
Handbook of Image Quality (2002)

With 300 figures, tables, and equations, this book presents a unified approach to image quality research and modeling. The author discusses the results of different, calibrated psychometric experiments can be rigorously integrated to construct predictive software using Monte Carlo simulations and provides numerous examples of viable field applications for product design and verification of modeling predictions. He covers perceptual measurements for the assessment of individual quality attributes and overall quality, explores variation in scene susceptibility, observer sensitivity, and preference, and includes methods of analysis for testing and refining metrics based on psychometric data.