gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry in Cells Expressing gp41-Derived Peptides (2003)

As the limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy, such as toxicity and resistance, become evident, interest in alternative therapeutic approaches for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is growing. We developed the first gene therapeutic strategy targeting entry of a broad range of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) variants. Infection was inhibited at the level of membrane fusion by retroviral expression of a membrane-anchored peptide derived from the second heptad repeat of the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein. To achieve maximal expression and antiviral activity, the peptide itself, the scaffold for presentation of the peptide on the cell surface, and the retroviral vector backbone were optimized. This optimized construct effectively inhibited virus replication in cell lines and primary blood lymphocytes. The membrane-anchored C-peptide was also shown to bind to free gp41 N peptides, suggesting that membrane-anchored antiviral C peptides have a mode of action similar to that of free gp41 C peptides. Preclinical toxicity and efficacy studies of this antiviral vector have been completed, and clinical trials are in preparation.
Introduction (2011)

Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to intellectual virtues and virtue epistemology as well as an overview of the rest of the book. Several extended examples of intellectual virtue are given. This is followed by a brief history of virtue epistemology and a four‐fold classification of character‐based approaches to virtue epistemology. According to the classification, approaches to virtue epistemology fall into two main categories. Conservative virtue epistemology appeals to the concept of intellectual virtue in order to address or "solve" one or more problems in traditional epistemology. Autonomous approaches focus on intellectual character and virtues considered more or less in their own right. Each type also admits of both a stronger and weaker variety, making for a total of four varieties of character‐based virtue epistemology. Finally, a summary is provided of each of the remaining chapters.
Estimation of aortic pressure waveforms from 4D phase-contrast MRI (2013)

Several approaches for the non-invasive MRI-based measurement of the aortic pressure waveform over the heart cycle have been proposed in the last years. These methods are normally based on time-resolved, two-dimensional phase-contrast sequences with uni-directionally encoded velocities (2D PC-MRI). In contrast, three-dimensional acquisitions with tridirectional velocity encoding (4D PC-MRI) have been shown to be a suitable data source for detailed investigations of blood flow and spatial blood pressure maps. In order to avoid additional MR acquisitions, it would be advantageous if the aortic pressure waveform could also be computed from this particular form of MRI. Therefore, we propose an approach for the computation of the aortic pressure waveform which can be completely performed using 4D PC-MRI. After the application of a segmentation algorithm, the approach automatically computes the aortic pressure waveform without any manual steps. We show that our method agrees well with catheter measurements in an experimental phantom setup and produces physiologically realistic results in three healthy volunteers.
Multithread execution mechanisms on RICA-1 for massively parallel computation (2002)

This paper presents a multithreaded processor architecture for massively parallel computers, and presents RICA-1 multithreaded processor based on it. RICA-1 provides fairly efficient mechanisms of message reception, thread invocation, message generation/transmission and synchronization. It provides simple communication pipelines. Computation pipelines and communication pipelines are highly fused within a processor architecture. Parallel primitives such as remote memory access, remote procedure call and synchronizations are efficiently performed by RICA-1. The first version of RICA-1 is being implemented by a CMOS standard cell chip with 200 K random gates and 13 KB internal RAMs. It is packed into the 527 pin CPGA package and will operate with a 50 MHz clock in August 1996. In RICA-1, communication pipelines and the RISC-type execution pipelines are highly fused by a simple sequencer and three sets of register files substantially reduces the thread switch overhead.
Separation of underivatized gangliosides by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (1986)

A procedure is described which separates neutral glycolipids from gangliosides, and which separates the gangliosides into classes, based on their number of sialic acid residues. In addition to separation into mono-, di- and trisialoganglioside classes, there is purification of individual disialoganglioside species. The procedure uses a commercially available--NH2 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, which normally is used as an adsorption column. In this method the column is modified by protonation, to pH 5.4, so that it exhibits ion exchange as well as adsorption properties. Sensitive, nondestructive detection of eluent peaks is accomplished by monitoring continuously at 210 nm, a wavelength near which underivatized glycosphingolipids have absorbance maxima and which also will clearly detect most possible contaminants. An entire run, including re-equilibration of the column, takes two hours.
AROMAS OF ROSEMARY AND LAVENDER ESSENTIAL OILS DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECT COGNITION AND MOOD IN HEALTHY ADULTS (2003)

This study was designed to assess the olfactory impact of the essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarlnus officinalis) on cognitive performance and mood in healthy volunteers. One hundred and forty-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three independent groups, and subsequently performed the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerized cognitive assessment battery in a cubicle containing either one of the two odors or no odor (control). Visual analogue mood questionnaires were completed prior to exposure to the odor, and subsequently after completion of the test battery. The participants were deceived as to the genuine aim of the study until the completion of testing to prevent expectancy effects from possibly influencing the data. The outcome variables from the nine tasks that constitute the CDR core battery feed into six factors that represent different aspects of cognitive functioning. Analysis of performance revealed that lavender produced a significant decrement in performance of working memory, and impaired reaction times for both memory and attention based tasks compared to controls. In contrast, rosemary produced a significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an impairment of speed of memory compared to controls. With regard to mood, comparisons of the change in ratings from baseline to post-test revealed that following the completion of the cognitive assessment battery, both the control and lavender groups were significantly less alert than the rosemary condition; however, the control group was significantly less content than both rosemary and lavender conditions. These findings indicate that the olfactory properties of these essential oils can produce objective effects on cognitive performance, as well as subjective effects on mood.
Fast-ferrite tuner operation on a 352-MHz single-cell RF cavity at the Advanced Photon Source (2004)

A 352-MHz fast-ferrite tuner, manufactured by Advanced Ferrite Technology, was tested on a single-cell rf cavity at the Advanced Photon Source. Low-power rf testing was performed on the tuner-cavity combination to evaluate tuning range, bandwidth, stability, and compatibility with existing Advanced Photon Source low-level rf hardware. The test system comprises a single-cell copper rf cavity, a bipolar DC bias supply for the ferrite tuner, a water flow and temperature metering and interlock system, and a low-level rf cavity tuning loop consisting of an rf phase detector and a PID amplifier. Test data will be presented.
Tip–sample distance control for near-field scanning microwave microscopes (2003)

We demonstrate a near-field scanning microwave microscope (NSMM) which uses a tuning fork shear-force feedback method to control the distance between tip and sample. This distance control method is independent of local microwave characteristics. The probe tip for the NSMM is attached to one prong of a quartz tuning fork and directly coupled to a high-quality microstrip resonator with a dielectric resonator at an operating frequency of f=4.5–5.5 GHz. The amplitude of the tuning fork was used as a distance control parameter in the feedback system. To demonstrate the ability of the distance regulation system, we present topographic images of an uneven conducting metal sample and compare the height response and the NSMM image.
Phenotypic and Functional Distinctions between the TH2+ and JRA+ T Cell Subsets in Man (1979)

Prior work has demonstrated the existence of distinct human peripheral blood T cell subsets by utilizing heterologous as well as autoimmune antisera. In the present study, the relationship between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets was examined. T cells were purified with Sephadex G-200 anti-F(ab)2' affinity chromatography and E-rosetting technique, and subsequently fractionated into TH2+ and TH2- subsets by utilizing indirect immunofluorescence on FACS. Approximately 40 to 45% of the TH2- subset was shown to be JRA+, whereas less than 5% of the TH2+ subset was JRA+. In reciprocal studies, T cells were fractionated into JRA+ and JRA- subsets and reacted with heterologous antisera with anti-TH2+ specificity and indirect immunofluorescence. FACS analysis demonstrated that the JRA+ population contained no TH2+ T cells. In contrast, the JRA- population contained TH2+ T cells and accounted for the entire TH2+ subset found in the unfractionated T cell population. Functional studies showed that the TH2+ subset, and not the JRA+ subset, contain the effector population for cell-mediated lympholysis. It is concluded that the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets define distinct and different T cell populations in man.
Additive bit-serial algorithm for discrete logarithm modulo 2 <sup> <i>k</i> </sup> (2005)

A novel algorithm for computing the discrete logarithm modulo 2k that is suitable for fast software or hardware implementation is described. The chosen preferred implementation is based on a linear-time multiplier-less method and has a critical path of less than k modulo 2k shift-and-add operations.
Based on Applied Research of GIS Digital Urban Planning (2007)

Introduced GIS in the digital urban planning application pattern,has established the GIS data model in view of the digital city,digital planning model,digital urban basic model,the coordinated mechanism theoretical model of the public participates in the conflict.Based on the concept of GIS,has produced the digital city frame and the essential technology,and analyzed the superiority in the course of solving the urban planning.This means indicated that the GIS technology can play the vital role in the urban planning.2figs.,6refs.
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications (2008)

In recent past magnetic nanoparticles have been explored for a number of biomedical applications due to their superparamagnetic moment with high magnetic saturation value. For these biomedical applications, magnetic nanoparticles require being monodispersed so that the individual nanoparticle has almost identical physico-chemical properties for biodistribution, bioelimination and contrast imaging potential. Further, the surface functionalization/modification of magnetic nanoparticles ultimately facilitate the protein or DNA separation, detection and magnetic resonance imaging contrast, drug delivery and hyperthermia applications. The essential goal of this review is to evaluate the recent advances of magnetic nanoparticles for tumor, brain targeting and hyperthermia applications.
Apoptosis in hypoxic human pancreatic islets correlates with HIF‐1α expression (2002)

To become insulin independent, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus require transplantation of at least two donor pancreata because of massive beta-cell loss in the early post-transplantation period. Many studies describing the introduction of new immunosuppressive protocols have shown that this loss is due to not only immunological events but also nonimmunological factors. To test to what extent hypoxia may contribute to early graft loss, we analyzed the occurrence of apoptotic events and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of an oxygen-dependent alpha subunit and a constitutive beta subunit. Histological analysis of human and rat islets revealed nuclear pyknosis as early as 6 h after hypoxic exposure (1% O2). Moreover, immunoreactivity to activated caspase-3 was observed in the core region of isolated human islets. Of note, both of these markers of apoptosis topographically overlap with HIF-1alpha immunoreactivity. HIF-1alpha mRNA was detected in islets from human and rat as well as in several murine beta-cell lines. When exposed to hypoxia, mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6) had an increased HIF-1alpha protein level, whereas its mRNA level did not alter. In conclusion, our data provide convincing evidence that reduced oxygenation is an important cause of beta-cell loss and suggest that HIF-1alpha protein level is an indicator for hypoxic regions undergoing apoptotic cell death. These observations suggest that gene expression under the control of HIF-1 represents a potential therapeutic tool for improving engraftment of transplanted islets.
The PCL2 (ORFD)-PHO85 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Complex: a Cell Cycle Regulator in Yeast (1994)

Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes are essential activators of cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes. In contrast to mammalian cells, in which multiple cdk's contribute to cell cycle regulation, the yeast cell cycle is largely controlled by the activity of a single cdk, CDC28. Analysis of the putative G1 cyclin PCL2 (ORFD) identified a second cyclin-cdk complex that contributes to cell cycle progression in yeast. PCL2 interacted with the cdk PHO85 in vivo and in vitro and formed a kinase complex that had G1-periodic activity. Under genetic conditions in which the Start transition was compromised, PHO85 and its associated cyclin subunits were essential for cell cycle commitment. Because PHO85 and another cyclin-like molecule, PHO80, also take part in inorganic phosphate metabolism, this cdk enzyme may integrate responses to nutritional conditions with the cell cycle.
VIAF: Verification-Based Integrity Assurance Framework for MapReduce (2011)

MapReduce, a cloud computing paradigm, is gaining popularity. However, like all open distributed computing frameworks, MapReduce suffers from the integrity assurance vulnerability: it takes merely one malicious worker to render the overall computation result useless. Existing solutions are effective in defeating the malicious behavior of non-collusive workers, but are futile in detecting collusive workers. In this paper, we focus on the mappers, which typically constitute the majority of workers, and propose the Verification-based Integrity Assurance Framework (VIAF) to detect both non-collusive and collusive mappers. The basic idea of VIAF is to combine task replication with non-deterministic verification, in which consistent but malicious results from collusive mappers can be detected by a trusted verifier. We have implemented VIAF in Hadoop, an open source MapReduce implementation. Our theoretical analysis and experimental result show that VIAF can achieve high task accuracy while imposing acceptable overhead.
A Basic Overview of Aquaculture (1992)

Are you considering aquaculture as a new business or as a way of diversifying your existing business? If the answer to this question is yes, then you should ask yourself, "How much do I really know about aquaculture?"\nThere are many levels of knowledge of aquaculture - from the person who has many years experience in running a successful aquaculture operation, to the beginner who has an interest in, but really no knowledge of, what aquaculture is or involves. This publication, A Basic Overview of Aquaculture, is directed to those who have an interest in aquaculture, but who lack knowledge about it or experience in the business. The reader should note that this publication is not intended to be a complete introduction to aquaculture. It does not cover many important topics such as stocking, feeding, harvesting, transport, marketing, and others. In addition, the topics that are covered are not complete. Instead, the intention here is only to introduce some aspects of aquaculture.
Graphene-based fast electronics and optoelectronics (2010)

Graphene is a covalent 2D electron system comprised of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. It has a unique electronic structure with linear dispersion, vanishing effective mass, extremely high carrier velocities, strong optical absorption over a wide wavelength range, and excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Because of these characteristics there has been a strong interest in using it in electronics and optoelectronics. Because graphene does not have a bandgap, applications in digital devices are currently not possible. However, the limited gate-field induced tunabilty of the current through it and the excellent transport properties recommend it for fast analog applications. Here we will demonstrate and discuss applications in radio-frequency (RF) transistors and fast photodetectors.
Transcriptome analysis of senescence in the flag leaf of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) (2006)

The senescence process in wheat flag leaves was investigated over a time course from ear emergence until 50% yellowing of harvested leaf samples using an in-house fabricated cDNA microarray based on a 9K wheat unigene set. The top 1000 ranked differentially expressed probes were subjected to a cluster analysis and, from these, we selected 140 up-regulated genes with informative annotations. There was a considerable overlap between this list of genes and genes previously observed to be associated with senescence in other species, covering several functional categories involved in the degradation of macromolecules and nutrient remobilization, notably of nitrogen via the metabolism of carboxylic and amino acids. The up-regulation of a number of genes in this metabolism was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments. The data suggest a role for cytosolic/peroxisomal routes in the integration of the degradation of carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins, leading to the remobilization of nitrogen. Illustrative examples of up-regulated genes comprise cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase and peroxisomal citrate synthase. The data support a protective role of the mitochondria towards oxidative cell damage via the up-regulation of the alternative oxidase, and possibly also involving the up-regulated succinate dehydrogenase. A number of up-regulated regulatory genes were also identified, notably NAC-domain and WRKY transcription factors. These factors have previously been identified as being associated with senescence in other species. The data support the notion that a generic senescence programme exists across monocot and dicot plant species. However, notable differences can also be recognized. We thus found transcriptional up-regulation of the biosynthetic pathway for benzoxazinoids, a group of graminaceous-specific secondary metabolites.
Detecting independent motion: the statistics of temporal continuity (2000)

We consider a problem central in aerial visual surveillance applications; detection and tracking of small, independently moving objects in long and noisy video sequences. We directly use spatiotemporal image intensity gradient measurements to compute an exact model of background motion. This allows the creation of accurate mosaics over many frames, and the definition of a constraint violation function which acts as an indicator of independent motion. A novel temporal integration method maintains confidence measures over long subsequences without computing the optic flow, requiring object models, or using a Kalman filter. The mosaic acts as a stable feature frame, allowing precise localization of the independently moving objects. We present a statistical analysis of the effects of image noise on the constraint violation measure and find a good match between the predicted probability distribution function and the measured sample frequencies in a test sequence.
Illumination and Phototoxicity Issues in Vitreoretinal Surgery (2008)

Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Memphis, Hamilton Eye Institute, Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons Reprint requests: Steve Charles, MD, Charles Retina Institute, 6401 Poplar Avenue, Ste 190, Memphis, TN 38119; e–mail: [email protected]
Monodisperse polymeric spheres in the micron size range by a single step process (1982)

Abstract A method for the formation of monodisperse polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spheres, in the micron diameter range, was developed. The polymerisation reaction was carried out in a series of alcohols, using homo‐ and co‐polymers as steric stabilisers in combination with a quaternary ammonium salt which probably acts as an electrostatic co‐stabiliser. Monodisperse PS spheres were formed in the particle size range of 1–6 μm, by a single step process. The size range could be extended by further addition of monomer to the reaction mixture during the polymerisation. The solubility parameter of the alcohol used and the nature of the surfactant determine the diameter of the resulting spheres. However, the concentration of surfactant did not seem to affect strongly the size of the spheres but only the dispersity.
[Influenza pandemics: past and future]. (1999)

The circulation of numerous influenza virus subtypes in water birds constitutes a continuous threat with respect to emergence of a future influenza pandemic. The interspecies barrier is high but has already been breached 3 times this century, notably in 1918, 1957 and 1968. Still, it is impossible to predict when another pandemic will occur. Continuous and intensive surveillance of influenza viruses in man, pigs, and birds, especially in China, may provide the opportunity to prepare a vaccine timely in sufficient amounts, at least for the industrialised countries.
Control of Bubble Defects in UV Nanoimprint (2007)

We studied UV nanoimprint in air and the elimination of bubble defects using pentafluoropropane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.15 MPa at 25 °C. Bubble defects are unavoidable when UV nanoimprint is carried out in air. Pillars fabricated in thin resin film by UV nanoimprint in air contain bubble defects since bubbles are not eliminated by resin squeezing and only a small amount of air is dissolved in the resin. By introducing pentafluoropropane under such experimental condition, bubble elimination by gas condensation was separately investigated. The bubble elimination phenomenon is completed within a few seconds under an imprint pressure of 0.5 MPa in a sufficiently high concentration of pentafluoropropane. No bubble defects are generated in the entire imprint area of 10×10 mm2 with an imprint pressure of 0.5 MPa at a hold time longer then 20 s and a pentafluoropropane flow higher than 150 sccm.