gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Adsorption-induced Unfolding of Bovine α-Lactalbumin (2002)

Conformational changes of bovine alpha-lactalbumin induced by adsorption on a hydrophobic interface are studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Adsorption of bovine alpha-lactalbumin on hydrophobic polystyrene nanospheres induces a non-native state of the protein, which is characterized by preserved secondary structure, lost tertiary structure, and release of calcium. This partially denatured state therefore resembles a molten globule state, which is an intermediate in the folding of bovine alpha-lactalbumin. Stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy reveals two kinetic phases during adsorption with rate constants k(1) approximately 50 s(-1) and k(2) approximately 8 s(-1). The rate of partial unfolding is remarkably fast and even faster than unfolding induced by the addition of 5.4 m guanidinium hydrochloride to native alpha-lactalbumin. The large unfolding rates exclude the possibility that unfolding of bovine alpha-lactalbumin to the intermediate state occurs before adsorption takes place. Stopped-flow fluorescence anisotropy experiments show that adsorption of bovine alpha-lactalbumin on polystyrene nanospheres occurs within the dead time (15 ms) of the experiment. This shows that the kinetic processes as determined by stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy are not affected by diffusion or association processes but are solely caused by unfolding of bovine alpha-lactalbumin induced by adsorption on the polystyrene surface. A scheme is presented that incorporates the results obtained and describes the adsorption of bovine alpha-lactalbumin.
Synthesis of x-ray intensity profiles for x-ray optical systems with curved diffractors (1993)

A procedure for synthesizing the x-ray intensity profile for x-ray optical systems employing curved diffractors is presented. The synthesis takes account of the effects of misalignment, the solid angle, and the convergence or divergence of the diffracted x rays. Broadening effects due to finite source size, wavelength spread, and presence of polychromatic radiation have also been included. The broadening effects on the intensity profile are demonstrated analytically. By comparing experimental results with results from the synthesis method, curved diffractor’s parameters (rocking curve width and peak reflectivity) were quantitatively evaluated for mica, silicon, graphite, and LiF crystals at three x-ray wavelengths.
Mutastein, a new inhibitor of adhesive-insoluble glucan synthesis by glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans. (1983)

Mutastein, a new inhibitor of glucosyltransferases (GTase) of Streptococcus mutans, was isolated from cultural broth of Aspergillus terreus M3328. Mutastein was a heat-stable protein and was sensitive to pronase digestion. In the formation of glucans, that of adhesive water-insoluble glucans of S. mutans was specifically inhibited by mutastein.
Associative Hierarchical Random Fields (2013)

This paper makes two contributions: the first is the proposal of a new model-The associative hierarchical random field (AHRF), and a novel algorithm for its optimization; the second is the application of this model to the problem of semantic segmentation. Most methods for semantic segmentation are formulated as a labeling problem for variables that might correspond to either pixels or segments such as super-pixels. It is well known that the generation of super pixel segmentations is not unique. This has motivated many researchers to use multiple super pixel segmentations for problems such as semantic segmentation or single view reconstruction. These super-pixels have not yet been combined in a principled manner, this is a difficult problem, as they may overlap, or be nested in such a way that the segmentations form a segmentation tree. Our new hierarchical random field model allows information from all of the multiple segmentations to contribute to a global energy. MAP inference in this model can be performed efficiently using powerful graph cut based move making algorithms. Our framework generalizes much of the previous work based on pixels or segments, and the resulting labelings can be viewed both as a detailed segmentation at the pixel level, or at the other extreme, as a segment selector that pieces together a solution like a jigsaw, selecting the best segments from different segmentations as pieces. We evaluate its performance on some of the most challenging data sets for object class segmentation, and show that this ability to perform inference using multiple overlapping segmentations leads to state-of-the-art results.
A study of atmosphere perception of dynamic coloured light (2013)

A psychophysical experiment has been carried out to investigate the impact of dynamic lighting parameters on atmosphere perception. The experiment was conducted in a purpose-built LED lighting lab, where the lighting could be spatially and dynamically changed and colorimetric specifications controlled. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of speed, saturation and brightness of dynamic lighting on the perceived atmosphere, preference and suitability for certain spaces. Twenty native Chinese observers participated in the experiment, each assessing the environment under dynamic lighting conditions using 21 atmosphere terms. The results show significant gender differences on some scales such as safe, spatial, chilly, formal, preference and office-like. Factor analysis showed that the 21 scales can be grouped into three categories: tenseness, coziness and liveliness, and that a living room-like atmosphere evaluation is consistent with coziness. Dynamic lighting does have a significant influence on atmosphere perception. A more saturated LED light would lead to less tense, more cosy, more safe and more lively atmosphere perceptions. By increasing the speed, a more tense and less cosy atmosphere can be generated. Medium speed offers the most lively and preferred atmosphere. Brighter lighting will generate a less tense environment. More saturated colour and a slower speed will produce a more living room-like environment, but it seems that such dynamic lighting is not suitable for an office-like environment.
Carcinoma in situ of the breast (1977)

A series of 87 cases of carcinoma in situ of the breast was reviewed. IN 49 CASes in which lobular carcinoma in situ was shown on biopsy, three patients were found to have invasive carcinoma in the subsequently done mastectomy. All three of these cases were in a group of 14 patients shown in have bilateral lobular carcinoma in situ on biopsy. In a group of 38 patients with intraductal carcinoma on biopsy, seven were found to have invasive carcinoma in the mastectomy that was subsequently done. Lymph node metastases were found in one patient in the lobular group and four patients in the intraductal group. Three patients in the intraductal group died of cancer. None in the lobular group has died of cancer.
Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. (1999)

The most abundant amino acid in the bloodstream, L-glutamine fulfills a number of biochemical needs. It operates as a nitrogen shuttle, taking up excess ammonia and forming urea. It can contribute to the production of other amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, protein, and glutathione. Glutamine is primarily formed and stored in skeletal muscle and lungs, and is the principal metabolic fuel for small intestine enterocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Supplemental use of glutamine, either in oral, enteral, or parenteral form, increases intestinal villous height, stimulates gut mucosal cellular proliferation, and maintains mucosal integrity. It also prevents intestinal hyperpermeability and bacterial translocation, which may be involved in sepsis and the development of multiple organ failure. L-glutamine use has been found to be of great importance in the treatment of trauma and surgery patients, and has been shown to decrease the incidence of infection in these patients. Cancer patients often develop muscle glutamine depletion, due to uptake by tumors and chronic protein catabolism. Glutamine may be helpful in offsetting this depletion; however, it may also stimulate the growth of some tumors. The use of glutamine with cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy seems to prevent gut and oral toxic side-effects, and may even increase the effectiveness of some chemotherapy drugs.
The Relationship Between Occupational Sun Exposure and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (2012)

The association of occupational exposure to solar UV radiation with squamous cell carcinoma, including actinic keratosis, has been conclusively demonstrated. It follows that, in Germany, suspected non-melanoma skin cancer in persons with high occupational exposure to UV radiation should be reported as an occupational disease under § 9, paragraph 2 of the Seventh Book of the German Social Code (Sozialgesetzbuch, SGB VII). Preventive measures are urgently needed for persons with high occupational exposure to UV radiation.
[Seroprevalence of B19 parvovirus infection in patients with acute polyarthritis]. (1996)

Over a period of 29 months, from January 1991 to December 1994, all cases of acute polyarthritis seen at the Rheumatology Service in our Institution were studied to determine the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 (B19) infection. The variables studied included: age and sex of patients, presence of fever and rash, Anti-B19 IgM and IgE serological determinations (ELISA, Mardix Lab.), follow-up time and final diagnosis. The study included 36 patients (22 women and 14 men, mean age 34 +/- 19 years). Thirteen and seven patients had fever and cutaneous rash, respectively. Anti-B19 IgM serology was positive in 4 patients; in 2 of them IgG seroconversion was confirmed. The mean follow-up time was 14 +/- 9 months. Final diagnoses included undifferentiated polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, B19 polyarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and miscellaneous in 19, 7, 4, 2, and 4 patients, respectively. Seroprevalence of B19 infection in acute polyarthritis in our area was 11%, approximately.
Chlorination<sup>1</sup> of 2,4-Diketotetrahydropyrimidines by Action of a Mixture of Superoxol<sup>2</sup> and Hydrochloric Acid (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChlorination1 of 2,4-Diketotetrahydropyrimidines by Action of a Mixture of Superoxol2 and Hydrochloric AcidTreat B. JohnsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 6, 1218–1219Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01246a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01246a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views42Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Can the Purse Improve Radiology Results? (2009)

Editor: I have come to realize that many emergency physicians, myself included, would rather order dry (noncontrast) abdominal CTs at night when the gifted physicians from NightHawk in some far-off land can see the appendix, aorta, inflammatory changes, and all sorts of other wonders. Many U.S. hospital-based radiologists need our patients taking up ED beds for hours drinking contrast, assaulting their kidneys with dye to see almost the same things. I propose that we all contact our insurance carriers and Medicare payers and ask them, just like we do for our own reimbursement, if a CT scan will be paid on a 1–5 scale: level 1 for a report on the ureter (maybe $5 to $6), level 2 when another system is added, level 3 for a report on the presence or absence of the appendix and other organs, level 4 for presence or absence of inflammatory changes and location, and level 5 for an impression including all the above or some other appropriate scheme. I bet the reports would change overnight! How much time will this extra effort take? The radiologist's reimbursement is probably higher than we get for an entire patient assessment, which takes far greater time and produces far greater angst. Quality assurance would identify those radiologists who needed extra training in what should be among the most basic of emergency radiology skills. With modern digital formats, immediate consultation with a radiologist skilled in this level of interpretation should be a requirement of any service offering CT scans for abdominal pain on an emergency basis. I am able to use reported pertinent positives and negatives in formulating a risk scenario, and I understand when contrast adds some benefit (e.g., dissection). There are times to use contrast, and we should be aware of those, but we order the vast majority of abdominal CTs in any hospital. It is a large moneymaker for radiology departments, and as their largest customer, it is time we obtained the service we deserve and expect for our patients. Steven H. Stein, MD Rutland, VT
Overexpression of the Receptor for Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility (RHAMM) Characterizes the Malignant Clone in Multiple Myeloma: Identification of Three Distinct RHAMM Variants (1999)

The receptor for hyaluronan (HA)-mediated motility (RHAMM) controls motility by malignant cells in myeloma and is abnormally expressed on the surface of most malignant B and plasma cells in blood or bone marrow (BM) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). RHAMM cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the malignant B and plasma cells comprising the myeloma B lineage hierarchy. Three distinct RHAMM gene products, RHAMMFL, RHAMM-48, and RHAMM-147, were cloned from MM B and plasma cells. RHAMMFL was 99% homologous to the published sequence of RHAMM. RHAMM-48 and RHAMM-147 variants align with RHAMMFL, but are characterized by sequence deletions of 48 bp (16 amino acids [aa]) and 147 bp (49 aa), respectively. The relative frequency of these RHAMM transcripts in MM plasma cells was determined by cloning of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products amplified from MM plasma cells. Of 115 randomly picked clones, 49% were RHAMMFL, 47% were RHAMM-48, and 4% were RHAMM-147. All of the detected RHAMM variants contain exon 4, which is alternatively spliced in murine RHAMM, and had only a single copy of the exon 8 repeat sequence detected in murine RHAMM. RT-PCR analysis of sorted blood or BM cells from 22 MM patients showed that overexpression of RHAMM variants is characteristic of MM B cells and BM plasma cells in all patients tested. RHAMM also appeared to be overexpressed in B lymphoma and B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. In B cells from normal donors, RHAMMFL was only weakly detectable in resting B cells from five of eight normal donors or in chronically activated B cells from three patients with Crohn's disease. RHAMM-48 was detectable in B cells from one of eight normal donors, but was undetectable in B cells of three donors with Crohn's disease. RHAMM-147 was undetectable in normal and Crohn's disease B cells. In situ RT-PCR was used to determine the number of individual cells with aggregate RHAMM transcripts. For six patients, 29% of BM plasma cells and 12% of MM B cells had detectable RHAMM transcripts, while for five normal donors, only 1. 2% of B cells expressed RHAMM transcripts. This work suggests that RHAMMFL, RHAMM-48, and RHAMM-147 splice variants are overexpressed in MM and other B lymphocyte malignancies relative to resting or in vivo-activated B cells, raising the possibility that RHAMM and its variants may contribute to the malignant process in B-cell malignancies such as lymphoma, CLL, and MM.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying potyvirus infection (2014)

Potyviruses represent one of the most economically important and widely distributed groups of plant viruses. Despite considerable progress towards understanding the cellular and molecular basis of their pathogenicity, many questions remain about the mechanisms by which potyviruses suppress host defences and create an optimal intracellular environment for viral translation, replication, assembly and spread. The review focuses on the multifunctional roles of potyviral proteins and their interplay with various host factors in different compartments of the infected cell. We place special emphasis on the recently discovered and currently putative mechanisms by which potyviruses subvert the normal functions of different cellular organelles in order to establish an efficient and productive infection.
An Application of the Global Positioning System to Search and Rescue and Remote Tracking (1977)

Retransmission of radionavigation signals enables the location of remote objects in such applications as remote tracking and search and rescue. Previous retransmission systems have used low– and very–low–frequency navaids, all of which have some limitations in coverage, accuracy or ambiguities. The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, currently under development, will provide highly accurate and unambiguous positioning which will be available continuously anywhere in the world, thereby overcoming the limitations of the low–frequency navaids. The GPS will use L–band carriers which are modulated by pseudorandom noise ranging signals, thereby providing immunity to jamming and multipath interference. These signals are produced by linear feedback shift register generators and are detected by correlation with locally generated codes. Retransmission can be accomplished by translation, remodulation, spread spectrum multiplexing, bandwidth reduction, or preprocessing. The use of preprocessing requires an algorithm for rapid acquisition of the spread spectrum signals; this is accomplished by searching first for setting satellites.
Performance evaluation of TCP algorithms in multi‐hop wireless packet networks (2001)

Abstract Wireless packet ad hoc networks are characterized by multi‐hop wireless connectivity and limited bandwidth competed among neighboring nodes. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate the performance of several prevalent TCP algorithms in this kind of network over the wireless LAN standard IEEE 802.11 MAC layer. After extensively comparing the existing TCP versions (including Tahoe, Reno, New Reno, Sack and Vegas) in simulations, we show that, in most cases, the Vegas version works best. We reveal the reason why other TCP versions perform worse than Vegas and show a method to avoid this by tuning a TCP parameter— maximum window size. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of these TCP algorithms when they run with the delayed acknowledgment (DA) option defined in IETF RFC 1122, which allows the TCP receiver to transmit an ACK for every two incoming packets. We show that the TCP connection can gain 15 to 32 per cent good‐put improvement by using the DA option. For all the TCP versions investigated in this work, the simulation results show that with the maximum window size set at approximately 4, TCP connections perform best and then all these TCP variants differ little in performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at atomic resolution (2010)

The Structural Genomics Consortium is a public-private partnership which produces structures of human proteins with immediate release of the structure and experimental details as soon as the structure is complete. Mammalian membrane proteins remain one of the most difficult areas for structural biology due to the hydrophobicity and instability of these proteins. Since more than 50% of all drugs bind to IMPs, it is imperative that we develop systems for producing and solving the structures of these proteins. The integral membrane protein (IMP) group at the SGC has developed a pipeline for the production of human membrane proteins in the baculovirus/insect cell system, using a multiple construct approach. Our targets include G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), channels, GAP junctions, solute carriers, ABC transporters and enzymes. We have screened 150 IMP targets in 10 months, identified proteins that show significant solubility on detergent extraction and screened these with a variety of detergents to find the conditions which give monodisperse protein in one or more detergents. Crystallisation of these proteins is underway and we have initial crystallization hits for proteins in 3 families. This pipeline has therefore delivered the throughput and quality control needed for production of protein for functional, biophysical and structural studies. In addition to the pipeline for the production of integral membrane proteins, we are also working with the extracellular domains (ECDs) of GPCRs. We have solved the structures of two Class B GPCR ECDs to date, the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor, revealing the conformation of the binding site for the peptide to the ECD prior to peptide binding.
Some Problems on the Flotation of the Complex Sulphide Ores (1966)

Generally, the complex sulphide ores contain many kinds of useful minerals and their flotation characteristics are different even between the minerals of same metal. It is important to know the flotation characteristics of each minerals.The complex sulphide ores tend to be oxidized easily. The oxidized minerals remarkably change their flotation characteristics, comparing with unoxidized ores. Plante and Sutherland propose the Na2S treatment. for the surface oxidized mineral.The effect of soluble ions, especially Cu ion, is one of the important factors that make complex sulphide ores flotation difficult. As is generally known, the activation of sulphide minerals, especially sphalerite, by Cu ion makes separation into component minerals from complex sulphide ores difficult. Moreover, Cu ion reacts to almost chemical collectors, depressants, and consumes them. So, the removal of soluble ions in the pulp, the prevention of activation and the deactivation are the important subjects for flotation of the complex sulphide ore. Author, also proposes the Na2S treatment to overcome this difficulty. In the case of addition of equivalent of sodium sulphide, it was confirmed that the adsorption of copper ion on the sulphide minerals is prevented completely.Glembotsky's thermal treatment is one of the separation methods for mixed concentrate in the flotation process of complex sulphide ores which is difficult to separate.
Estimating age from the hand and wrist : what these bones tell us (2012)

Do you ever wonder what your skeleton could say about you 100 years from now? That is the job of the forensic anthropologist. Through careful observation and measurement it is possible to reconstruct your life story, whether it is from a whole skeleton or from a simple X-ray. From bones, we can tell sex, age, healed and recent fractures and sometimes also areas of infection on the bone. Even habits such as smoking or activities like weight-lifting leave evidence on the skeleton. Despite all these fascinating research areas, our specific research focus has been on using the skeleton for age estimation of South Africans.