gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Objective Clear-Air Turbulence Forecasting Technique: Verification and Operational Use (1992)

An objective technique for forecasting clear-air turbulence (CAT) is described. An index is calculated based on the product of horizontal deformation and vertical wind shear derived from numerical model forecast winds aloft. The forecast technique has been evaluated and is now in operational use at two forecast centers with international aviation responsibilities: the National Meteorological Center (NMC) in Washington, D.C., and the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) in Omaha, Nebraska. The index is also an operational forecast tool at the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service (AES), and the National Aviation Weather Advisory Unit (NAWAU) in Kansas City, Missouri, both responsible for domestic aviation forecasts. The AFGWC index also includes horizontal convergence in its calculation. Thresholds were selected empirically by comparing index values with the location and intensity of observed CAT. Verification indicates that the index is quite reliable. The probability of detection (POD) varied from 70%–84%. False-alarm ratios (FAR) ranged from a low of 22% for the NMC aviation model to more than 40% for the AFGWC global model. An average threat score of 0.17 was calculated for the aviation model 24-h forecast. The operational capabilities of the NMC and AFGWC indices are compared in two CAT episodes that differ in synoptic-scale conditions and times of the year.
Influence of Fluorination of Silica Surfaces on Interfacial Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber-Based Composites (2012)

Abstract In this study, the surface of silica was modified by direct fluorination treatment at different temperatures.The effect of fluorinated silica (F/Si) on the interfacial mechanical properties and thermal stability of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) composites was investigated. The surface properties of the silica were determined by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid NMR measurements.The resultant interfacial mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites were characterized by tearing energy (G IIIC) and decomposition activation energy, respectively. It was found that the number of fluorine groups introduced onto the silica surfaces increased with increasing temperature of fluorination,resulting in more uniform dispersion of silica in the NBR matrix. As a result, the G IIIC of the F/Si-NBR composites significantly increased compared to the non-treated silica/NBR composite and the highest value was found to be 65% higher. These results could be attributed to the strong intermolecular interactions between F/Si and NBR matrix in composites.
IVA cloning: A single-tube universal cloning system exploiting bacterial In Vivo Assembly (2016)

In vivo homologous recombination holds the potential for optimal molecular cloning, however, current strategies require specialised bacterial strains or laborious protocols. Here, we exploit a recA-independent recombination pathway, present in widespread laboratory E.coli strains, to develop IVA (In Vivo Assembly) cloning. This system eliminates the need for enzymatic assembly and reduces all molecular cloning procedures to a single-tube, single-step PCR, performed in <2 hours from setup to transformation. Unlike other methods, IVA is a complete system, and offers significant advantages over alternative methods for all cloning procedures (insertions, deletions, site-directed mutagenesis and sub-cloning). Significantly, IVA allows unprecedented simplification of complex cloning procedures: five simultaneous modifications of any kind, multi-fragment assembly and library construction are performed in approximately half the time of current protocols, still in a single-step fashion. This system is efficient, seamless and sequence-independent, and requires no special kits, enzymes or proprietary bacteria, which will allow its immediate adoption by the academic and industrial molecular biology community.
Deflection data correction system of large areas electron beam direct imaging for printed wiring boards (2002)

A novel electron beam system for large-area patterning of printed wiring boards (PWBs) has been developed. The system features a large field deflection, high-scanning speed, and stably focused beam in the large field. In order to deflect electron beams in a large area with high precision, particular attention was paid to the construction of a deflection data correction system. Various errors originating from the optics are measured, and the data to correct for these errors are calculated and stored prior to imaging. These data are output to the optics column at a rate of up to 10 MHz during imaging. In addition, sensors provide the data to correct the position error originating from the height variations and warp of the PWB for each field. It is confirmed that the beam position precision is +or-12 mu m for a field of 52 mm*52 mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmaceutical Uses of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (1995)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used extensively in the food and agricultural industries for the past twenty years. Recent technological advances have made NIRS an attractive analytical method for use in the pharmaceutical industry. NIRS has been shown to be useful as a qualitative and a quantitative method. A review of pharmaceutical applications of NIRS as well as quality control and regulatory issues is presented.
Arresting Initiation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Synthesis Using Heterocyclic Derivatives (2003)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B protein encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the primary catalytic enzyme of the HCV replicase complex. Recently, two benzo-1,2,4-thiadiazine compounds were shown to be potent, highly specific inhibitors of the genotype 1b HCV RdRp containing a carboxyl-terminal 21 residue truncation (delta21 HCV RdRp) (Dhanak, D., Duffy, K., Johnston, V. K., Lin-Goerke, J., Darcy, M., Shaw, A. N. G. B., Silverman, C., Gates, A. T., Earnshaw, D. L., Casper, D. J., Kaura, A., Baker, A., Greenwood, C., Gutshall, L. L., Maley, D., DelVecchio, A., Macarron, R., Hofmann, G. A., Alnoah, Z., Cheng, H.-Y., Chan, G., Khandekar, S., Keenan, R. M., and Sarisky, R. T. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 38322-38327). Compound 4 (C(21)H(21)N(3)O(4)S) reduces viral replication by virtue of its direct interaction with the viral polymerase rather than by nonspecific titration of nucleic acid template. In this study, we present several lines of evidence to demonstrate that this inhibitor interferes with the initiation step of RNA synthesis rather than acting as an elongation inhibitor. Inhibition of initial phosphodiester bond formation occurred regardless of whether replication was initiated by primer-dependent or de novo mechanisms. Filter binding studies using increasing concentrations of compound 4 did not interfere with the ability of delta21 HCV RdRp to interact with nucleic acid. Furthermore, varying the order of reagent addition in the primer extension assay showed no distinct differences in inhibition profile. Finally, surface plasmon resonance analyses provided evidence that a ternary complex is capable of forming between the RNA template, RdRp, and compound 4. Together, these data suggest that this heterocyclic agent interacts with the apoenzyme, as well as with the RNA-bound form of delta21 HCV RdRp, and therefore does not directly interfere with the RdRp-RNA interaction to mediate inhibition.
Sodium channel inactivation is impaired in equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (1995)

1. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (E-HPP) is a dominantly inherited disorder of muscle that causes recurrent episodes of stiffness (myotonia) and weakness in association with elevated serum K+. Affected horses carry a mutant allele of the skeletal muscle isoform of the Na channel alpha-subunit. To understand how this mutation may cause the disease phenotype, the functional defect in Na channel behavior was defined physiologically by recording unitary currents from cell-attached patches on normal and affected equine myotubes. 2. The presence of the mutation was confirmed in our cell line by restriction digest of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA. Myotubes from the affected horse were heterozygous for the point mutation that codes for a Phe to Leu substitution in S3 of domain IV. This assay provides a rapid technique to screen for the mutation in horses at risk. 3. The primary physiological defect in mutant Na channels was an impairment of inactivation. This defect was manifest as bursts of persistent activity during which the channel closed and reopened throughout a maintained depolarization. Disrupted inactivation slowed the decay of the ensemble-averaged current and produced an eightfold increase in the steady-state open probability measured at the end of a 40-ms pulse. This point mutation identifies a new region of the alpha subunit that is important for rapid inactivation of the channel. 4. The persistent Na current was produced by a distinct mode of gating. Failure of a mutant channel to inactivate was infrequent and occurred in groups of consecutive trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Methadone treatment protects against HIV infection: two decades of experience in the Bronx, New York City. (1998)

Properly dosed, long-term methadone treatment was found to be a central protective factor in preventing HIV infection from the earliest days of the epidemic in New York City. It is crucial to have high quality drug treatment programs in place before an epidemic draws our attention to the inadequacies through excess and unnecessary morbidity and mortality.
DESIGN OF A DISTRIBUTED TERAHERTZ PHOTOMIXER (1999)

Photomixers generate coherent radiation at the difference frequency of two lasers by performing optical heterodyne conversion in low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs. Antenna coupled photomixers have been demonstrated as local oscillators (LO) up to 630 GHz [1] and have produced power up to 5 THz [2]. Using a distributed photomixer structure may increase output power at high frequencies. The distributed photomixer consists of coplanar strips (CPS) fabricated on top of a dielectric ridge waveguide that guides the combined output of two diode lasers. The conductance of a thin layer of LTG-GaAs between the CPS and optical guide is modulated by the evanescently coupled optical beat signal. To collect the photocurrent and to velocity match the THz and optical waves, the CPS are periodically loaded with thin electrodes. The CPS are terminated in a planar antenna that efficiently radiates the THz wave guided by the CPS.
<i>Scyllo</i>‐inositol in normal aging human brain: <sup>1</sup>H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4 Tesla (2004)

The scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol concentrations of 24 normal human subjects were measured in vivo using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4 T. Single-voxel short-echo (TE = 15 ms) metabolite spectra were collected from the white matter region of the corona radiata. Test-retest studies performed on 10 normal subjects demonstrated coefficient of variation for scyllo-inositol measurement of 37%, compared with 6% for N-acetyl aspartate. Comparisons between old and young subjects showed higher concentration of scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol in older subjects and a trend for a correlation between scyllo-inositol and myo-inositol levels across subjects.
Robust planning for coupled cooperative UAV missions (2004)

This paper presents a new formulation for the UAV task assignment problem with uncertainty in the environment. The problem is posed as a task assignment with uncertainty in the cost information, and we apply a modified robust technique that allows the operator to tune the level of robustness in the optimization. This formulation is then used to solve the assignment problem for a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles operating in an uncertain environment. The key aspect of this formulation is that it directly addresses the inherent coupling in deciding how to assign vehicles to perform reconnaissance tasks that provide the most benefit to the strike part of the missions. We demonstrate that the robust solution to this coupled problem can be solved as single mixed-integer linear problem. The paper presents and discusses simulations for the proposed formulation, demonstrating significant improvements over previous ones.
Experience With Anthracite‐Sand Filters (1961)

General Electric Company operates eight large filter plants for the Atomic Energy Commission at the Hanford, Washington, facility. This article discusses improved water treatment methods that have resulted in capital and operating savings and in the production of better water quality. Results of laboratory, pilot plant, and full‐scale plant tests with a variety of filter types over a period of 16 years show that filters made of anthracite and sand together are superior to filters made of either material alone. The effect of chemical treatment on water quality and head loss is greater than that of filter media composition or any other plant variable. A discussion follows the article by Thomas R. Camp, of Camp, Dresser, & McKee, who thoroughly endorses the conclusions of the study that the use of anthracite and sand together permits much higher filter rates than with either material alone. He provides a comparison of the use of anthracite and sand at the Billerica, Massachusetts, filter plant, and the use of sand with a Wheeler gravel bottom at the Cambridge, Massachusetts filter plant.
Epstein-Barr Virus Provides a New Paradigm: A Requirement for the Immediate Inhibition of Apoptosis (2005)

DNA viruses such as herpesviruses are known to encode homologs of cellular antiapoptotic viral Bcl-2 proteins (vBcl-2s), which protect the virus from apoptosis in its host cell during virus synthesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human tumor virus and a prominent member of gamma-herpesviruses, infects primary resting B lymphocytes to establish a latent infection and yield proliferating, growth-transformed B cells in vitro. In these cells, 11 viral genes that contribute to cellular transformation are consistently expressed. EBV also encodes two vBcl-2 genes whose roles are unclear. Here we show that the genetic inactivation of both vBcl-2 genes disabled EBV's ability to transform primary resting B lymphocytes. Primary B cells infected with a vBcl-2-negative virus did not enter the cell cycle and died of immediate apoptosis. Apoptosis was abrogated in infected cells in which vBcl-2 genes were maximally expressed within the first 24 h postinfection. During latent infection, however, the expression of vBcl-2 genes became undetectable. Thus, both vBcl-2 homologs are essential for initial cellular transformation but become dispensable once a latent infection is established. Because long-lived, latently infected memory B cells and EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas are derived from EBV-infected proapoptotic germinal center B cells, we conclude that vBcl-2 genes are essential for the initial evasion of apoptosis in cells in vivo in which the virus establishes a latent infection or causes cellular transformation or both.
Colloid science : principles, methods and applications (2005)

1. Introduction to Colloidal Dispersions. 2. Charge in Colloidal Systems. 3. Colloid Stability. 4. Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption at Interfaces. 5. Microemulsions. 6. Polymers and Polymer solutions. 7. Polymers at Interfaces 8. Effect of polymers on Colloid Stability. 9. The Wetting of Surfaces. 10. Aerosols. 11. Practical Rheology. 12. Scattering and Reflection Techniques. 13. Optical Manipulation. 14. Electron Microscopy
A thickness measuring device using pneumatic gauging to detect the sample (1995)

A novel measuring system has been developed to measure the thickness of biological matter such as leaves, as well as rigid materials. The device, which incorporates a conventional micrometer to measure a dimension, utilizes the change in the pressure of an airflow to detect very near contact with the object being measured. The presence of minor obstructions such as leaf hairs is ignored by the device since the air may flow around them. The pressure change is indicated by the formation of a stream of bubbles in a liquid. The dimension is measured over an area about 1.2 mm in diameter to an accuracy of about +or-5 mu m.
Distributed birefringence measurement in optical fibres (2002)

We describe a technique for the measurement of the birefringence spatial distribution in a single-mode optical fibre with a resolution of 1 meter. This technique is based on a polarization-OTDR set-up using a rotary linear polariser. We report results performed on different types of fibres: step-index, dispersion shifted and dispersion compensating fibres.
Quantitative analysis of growth stimulation by glycine betaine in Salmonella typhimurium (1994)

The accumulation of compatible solutes, such as glycine betaine, is known to stimulate growth under conditions of osmotic stress. In Salmonella typhimurium the accumulation of glycine betaine is mediated by two osmotically activated transport systems, ProP and ProU. This study was undertaken to determine the quantitative relationship between glycine betaine accumulation from the environment and growth stimulation, and also the relative roles of the high affinity (ProU) and low affinity (ProP) transport systems. Our data show that relatively low concentrations of glycine betaine (> 10 microM) are sufficient to stimulate growth and that under these conditions ProP and ProU transport systems are equivalent. At external concentrations of glycine betaine below 1 microM, cells able to express the ProU transport system possess a significant advantage over cells that only possess ProP. At high osmolarity the correlation between growth stimulation and cytoplasmic glycine betaine concentration is limited. At low glycine betaine concentrations further accumulation of the compatible solute stimulated growth. However, once the cells had accumulated 100 nmol glycine betaine per OD650 unit biomass no greater growth stimulation was observed in cells with higher levels of the compatible solute. The implications of these data for growth and pathogenicity of bacteria in natural ecosystems, such as foods, are discussed.
A 6b 1.2 GS/s 47.8 mW 0.17 mm<sup>2</sup>65 nm CMOS ADC for High-Rate WPAN Systems (2011)

This paper proposes a 6b 1.2 GS/s 47.8 ㎽ 0.17 ㎟ 65 ㎚ CMOS ADC for high-rate wireless personal area network systems. The proposed ADC employs a source follower-free flash architecture with a wide input range of 1.0 V p-p at a 1.2 V supply voltage to minimize power consumption and high comparator offset effects in a nanometer CMOS technology. The track-and-hold circuits without source followers, the differential difference amplifiers with active loads in pre-amps, and the output averaging layout scheme properly handle a wide-range input signal with low distortion. The interpolation scheme halves the required number of pre-amps while three-stage cascaded latches implement a skew-free GS/s operation. The two-step bubble correction logic removes a maximum of three consecutive bubble code errors. The prototype ADC in a 65 ㎚ CMOS demonstrates a measured DNL and INL within 0.77 LSB and 0.98 LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 33.2 ㏈ and a maximum SFDR of 44.7 ㏈ at 1.2 GS/s. The ADC with an active die area of 0.17 ㎟ consumes 47.8 ㎽ at 1.2 V and 1.2 GS/s.
Housing Finance in a Stochastic Economy: Contract Pricing and Choice (2000)

An empirical analysis of macroeconomic time series from the mortgage, housing, capital and labor markets is based on life‐cycle consumption and mortgage option pricing considerations. Vector autoregression techniques characterize the long‐run equilibrium and short‐run dynamics of the mortgage market as it relates to the other sectoral markets. A simultaneous‐equations model characterizes the partial equilibrium in the differentiated products market for fixed‐ and adjustablerate mortgage contracts. The empirical results reveal the impacts that market conditions have on mortgage volumes and prices, and they generally support the implications of the consumption and pricing theories.
Assessing the Risk of pH-Dependent Absorption for New Molecular Entities: A Novel <i>in Vitro</i> Dissolution Test, Physicochemical Analysis, and Risk Assessment Strategy (2013)

Weak base therapeutic agents can show reduced absorption or large pharmacokinetic variability when coadministered with pH-modifying agents, or in achlorhydria disease states, due to reduced dissolution rate and/or solubility at high gastric pH. This is often referred to as pH-effect. The goal of this study was to understand why some drugs exhibit a stronger pH-effect than others. To study this, an API-sparing, two-stage, in vitro microdissolution test was developed to generate drug dissolution, supersaturation, and precipitation kinetic data under conditions that mimic the dynamic pH changes in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro dissolution was assessed for a chemically diverse set of compounds under high pH and low pH, analogous to elevated and normal gastric pH conditions observed in pH-modifier cotreated and untreated subjects, respectively. Represented as a ratio between the conditions, the in vitro pH-effect correlated linearly with clinical pH-effect based on the Cmax ratio and in a non-linear relationship based on AUC ratio. Additionally, several in silico approaches that use the in vitro dissolution data were found to be reasonably predictive of the clinical pH-effect. To explore the hypothesis that physicochemical properties are predictors of clinical pH-effect, statistical correlation analyses were conducted using linear sequential feature selection and partial least-squares regression. Physicochemical parameters did not show statistically significant linear correlations to clinical pH-effect for this data set, which highlights the complexity and poorly understood nature of the interplay between parameters. Finally, a strategy is proposed for implementation early in clinical development, to systematically assess the risk of clinical pH-effect for new molecular entities that integrates physicochemical analysis and in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods.
Wireless Indoor Localization Systems and Techniques: Survey and Comparative Study (2016)

<p>The popularity, great influence and huge importance made wireless indoor localization has a unique touch, as well its wide successful on positioning and tracking systems for both human and assists also contributing to take the lead from outdoor systems in the scope of the recent research works. In this work, we will attempt to provide a survey of the existing indoor positioning solutions and attempt to classify different its techniques and systems. Five typical location predication approaches (triangulation, fingerprinting, proximity, vision analysis and trilateration) are considered here in order to analysis and provide the reader a review of the recent advances in wireless indoor localization techniques and systems to have a good understanding of state of the art technologies and motivate new research efforts in this promising direction. For these reasons, existing wireless localization position systems and location estimation schemes are reviewed. We also made a comparison among the related techniques and systems along with conclusions and future trends to identify some possible areas of enhancements. </p>
Adaptive deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease using motor cortex sensing (2018)

This is the first demonstration of adaptive DBS in Parkinson's disease using a fully implanted device and neural sensing. Our approach is distinct from other strategies utilizing basal ganglia signals for feedback control.