gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines. V. 8-Hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine and 8-Chloromethylpyrrolizidine (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines. V. 8-Hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine and 8-ChloromethylpyrrolizidineNelson J. Leonard and Gradus L. ShoemakerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 5, 1762–1764Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01173a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01173a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Differential Bidirectional Transceiver for On-chip Long Wires (2006)

This work presents a differential bidirectional transceiver (DBT) for on-chip long wires. To enhance operating speed and reduce power consumption, the voltage swing on the wire is reduced using current-mode scheme. Consequently, our design performs higher data rate when wire length is extended. Moreover, adoption of differential scheme with a moderate tradeoff of area effectively lowers power supply noise and common mode noise. The receiver adopts four input differential pairs along with current summation circuit to evaluate small signal differences of every that state resulted from transmitting different data. Simulations using 0.18-@mm device model indicates that the total input to output delay over a 5mm long wire is 0.96ns, with a power consumption of 8.724mW at a speed of 1.2Gbps and a maximum achievable data rate of 1.5Gbps. A test chip is realized and successfully verifies the performance of the transceiver.
Metal piezoelectric semiconductor field effect transistors for piezoelectric strain sensors (2004)

In this letter, we examine the potential of a functional device that can have good transistor and stress sensor properties. The device examined is based on the use of a thin oxide with high piezoelectric coefficients under the gate region. Channel charge and current are controlled by gate voltage or by stress. We examine the performance of two classes of heterostructures that are important semiconductor technologies: (i) Si∕SiO2∕BaTiO3 heterostructure junctions that would be an important breakthrough for silicon sensor technology and (ii) GaN∕AlN∕BaTiO3 heterostructure field effect transistors. The calculations show that with a very thin piezoelectric layer we can have a highly sensitive stress sensor and transistor. For optimum performance, the piezoelectric layer thickness should be ∼30–60Å.
Uncoupling lifespan and healthspan in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> longevity mutants (2015)

Significance Genetic and environmental manipulations have been identified that result in lifespan extension. The underlying assumption that lifespan extension would also result in an increase in healthspan is seemingly valid but infrequently examined. Here, we examined multiple pathways that modulate lifespan to investigate the relationship between lifespan extension and health. We analyzed wild-type and four long-lived mutants in an unbiased cross-sectional study with multiple assays until animals reached 80% maximum lifespan. We show lifespan and healthspan can be separated and all of the long-lived mutants extend the period of frailty as a consequence. If applied to humans, this would likely lead to unsustainable healthcare costs and demonstrates the importance of examining healthspan as opposed to lifespan for future research.
Cellular Reservoirs of HIV-1 and their Role in Viral Persistence (2008)

A major obstacle in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) eradication is the ability of the virus to remain latent in a subpopulation of the cells it infects. Latently infected cells can escape the viral immune response and persist for long periods of time, despite the presence of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Given the appropriate stimulus, latently infected cells can reactivate and start producing infectious virions. The susceptibility of these cell populations to HIV-1, their life span, their proliferative capacity, and their ability to periodically produce infectious virus subsequent to alterations in cellular physiology and/or immunologic controls are critical issues which determine the contribution of these cells to viral persistence. Memory CD4+ T cells due to the long life span, which may be several years, and their ability to reactivate upon encounter with their cognate antigen or other stimulation, are considered a critical reservoir for maintenance of latent HIV-1 proviral DNA. Cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, which originate in the bone marrow (BM), are of particular importance in HIV-1 persistence due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and spread HIV-1 infection in the immunoprivileged central nervous system (CNS). Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are also a potential HIV-1 reservoir, as several studies have shown that CD34+ HPCs carrying proviral DNA can be found in vivo in a subpopulation of HIV-1-infected patients. The ability of HPCs to proliferate and potentially generate clonal populations of infected cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage may be crucial in HIV-1 dissemination. The contribution of these and other cell populations in HIV-1 persistence, as well as the possible strategies to eliminate latently infected cells are critically examined in this review.
John C. Calhoun (1991)

No point of John C.Calhoun's political thought has been more disputed than exactly where it is situated in the theoretical landscape. Calhoun has been treated as the �Marx of the master class� by Richard Hofstadter; a �reactionary conservative� arguing eclectically from liberal premises by Louis Hartz; an authentic conservative by Russell Kirk, Clinton Rossiter and August Spain; and a precursor to the pluralist vision of politics by Peter Drucker. Two of the most engaging treatments of Calhoun's thought are Darryl Baskin's and Peter Steinberger's, both of relatively recent vintage. Baskin argues that despite Calhoun's use of vocabulary borrowed from organic conservatism he is essentially a classical liberal and, as such, is engaged in the typically liberal �flight from community�. He has no true notion of civic virtue and his concept of the public interest is only a mechanistic sum of private interests. Steinberger agrees that Calhoun is a liberal, but argues that his contribution to American liberalism is precisely to sublate selfishness to an authentic civic virtue.

These disputes are interesting, but I suggest that in the efforts to contain Calhoun within the conservative/liberal scheme of categorization some of the subtlety of his thought is lost. Too often an appreciation of his thought is sacrificed to an underlying agenda of attacking or defending one ideology or another. In the present critique I attempt to recover some insights that have been submerged in other treatments. Calhoun's constitutional theory of concurrent majoritarianism, rather than his liberal or conservative bent, is the focal point of sections III and IV. I argue that Calhoun's theory exposes -- sometimes unwittingly -- the stern limits of what constitutions can accomplish. In section V I suggest that insofar as Calhoun is generally a liberal (as Hartz, Baskin and Steinberger contend) an internal contradiction within his theory points to a paradox at the very heart of liberalism.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Sulfide Ion Based on Its Catalytic Reduction Reaction with Methylene Blue in the Presence of Te(IV) (1997)

Abstract A simple, rapid and sensitive catalytic kinetic method was used for the determination of trace amounts of sulfide based on its catalytic reduction of Methylene Blue(MB) in the presence of Te(IV). The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in absorbance of the reaction mixture at 663 nm. The fixed time method was used for the first 1.5 minute from initiation of reaction. Under the optimum conditions, in the concentration range of 0.05–2 μg/ml of sulfide ion, a linear curve (r = 0.998) was obtained. The detection limit is 0.025 μg/ml. The relative standard deviation of ten replicate measurements is 2.1% for a 1 μg/ml solution of sulfide. The proposed method was applied for the determination of sulfide in spring and waste water.
Approaches to realize high precision analog-to-digital converter based on wavelet neural network (2007)

A new method is proposed in this paper to implement the high precision Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with low precision ADC based on two-stage conversion. Because the main error of ADC is non-linear, an algorithm using wavelet neural network for compensating error and non-linearity of ADC is proposed, which has faster speed quality convergence and higher precision than BP neural network. By studying the theories and scope of ADC errors, the wavelet neural network is used to deal with the non-linearity part of ADC error, which simplifies the network structure and requires shorter training and less iterations of learning. The experimental results show that with the wavelet approximation, the non-linearity of ADC can be reduced markedly, and the conversion speed of ADC can maintain maximum.
The role of shear in crystallization kinetics: From suppression to enhancement (2015)

In many technical applications crystallization proceeds in the presence of stresses and flows, hence the importance to understand the crystallization mechanism in simple situations. We employ molecular dynamics simulations to study the crystallization kinetics of a nearly hard sphere liquid that is weakly sheared. We demonstrate that shear flow both enhances and suppresses the crystallization kinetics of hard spheres. The effect of shear depends on the quiescent mechanism: suppression in the activated regime and enhancement in the diffusion-limited regime for small strain rates. At higher strain rates crystallization again becomes an activated process even at densities close to the glass transition.
Rapid Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Using a CRISPR-based DETECTR Lateral Flow Assay (2020)

An outbreak of novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (formerly named 2019-nCoV), began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and the COVID-19 disease associated with infection has since spread rapidly to multiple countries. Here we report the development of SARS-CoV-2 DETECTR, a rapid (~30 min), low-cost, and accurate CRISPR-Cas12 based lateral flow assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory swab RNA extracts. We validated this method using contrived reference samples and clinical samples from infected US patients and demonstrated comparable performance to the US CDC SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR assay.
Neuroregulation of mucus secretion by opioid receptors and K<sub>ATP</sub> and BK<sub>Ca</sub> channels in ferret trachea <i>in vitro</i> (1998)

1. Opioid agonists inhibit neurogenic mucus secretion in the airways. The mechanism of the inhibition is unknown but may be via opening of potassium (K+) channels. We studied the effect on neurogenic secretion in ferret trachea in vitro of the OP1 receptor (formerly known as delta opioid receptor) agonist [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE), the OP2 receptor (formely kappa) agonist U-50,488H, the OP3 receptor (formerly micro) agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe, Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAMGO), the ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channel inhibitor glibenclamide, the large conductance calcium activated K+ (BK(Ca)) channel blocker iberiotoxin, the small conductance K(Ca) (SK(Ca)) channel blocker apamin, the K(ATP) channel opener levcromakalim, a putative K(ATP) channel opener RS 91309, and the BK(Ca) channel opener NS 1619. Secretion was quantified by use of 35SO4 as a mucus marker. 2. Electrical stimulation increased tracheal secretion by up to 40 fold above sham-stimulated levels. DAMGO or DPDPE (10 microm each) significantly inhibited neurogenic secretion by 85% and 77%, respectively, effects which were reversed by naloxone. U-50,488H had no significant inhibitory effect on neurogenic secretion, and none of the opioids had any effect on ACh-induced or [Sar9]substance P-induced secretion. 3. Inhibition of neurogenic secretion by DAMGO or DPDPE was reversed by iberiotoxin (3 microM) but not by either glibenclamide or apamin (0.1 microM each). Iberiotoxin alone did not affect the neurogenic secretory response. 4. Levcromakalim, RS 91309 or NS 1619 (3 nM-3 microM) inhibited neurogenic secretion with maximal inhibitions at 3 microM of 68%, 72% and 96%, respectively. Neither levcromakalim nor RS 91309 at any concentration tested significantly inhibited acetylcholine (ACh)-induced secretion, whereas inhibition (60%) was achieved at the highest concentration of NS 1619, a response which was blocked by iberiotoxin. 5. Inhibition of neurogenic secretion by levcromakalim (3 microM) or RS 91309 (30 nM) was inhibited by glibenclamide but not by iberiotoxin. In contrast, inhibition by NS 1619 (30 nM and 3 microM) was blocked by iberiotoxin but not by glibenclamide. 6. We conclude that, in ferret trachea in vitro, OP1 or OP3 opioid receptors inhibit neurogenic mucus secretion at a prejunctional site and that the mechanism of the inhibition is via opening of BK(Ca) channels. Direct opening of BK(Ca) channels or K(ATP) channels also inhibits neurogenic mucus secretion. In addition, opening of BK(Ca) channels inhibits ACh-evoked secretion of mucus. Drugs which open BK(Ca) channels may have therapeutic anti-secretory activity in bronchial diseases in which neurogenic mechanisms and mucus hypersecretion are implicated in pathophysiology, for example asthma and chronic bronchitis.
The Anti-apoptotic and Anti-oxidant Effect of Eriodictyol on UV-Induced Apoptosis in Keratinocytes (2007)

Recently, considerable scientific and therapeutic interest has focused on the structure and functions of the flavonoids. In a previous study, we suggested that hydroxyl (OH) substitutions on specific carbons in the skeleton of the flavonoids might significantly affect their apoptosis-modulating properties. Here, to investigate the effect of various OH substitutions on their diphenylpropane (C6C3C6) skeleton carbons, we selected 10 different flavonoids and assessed their role on UV-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes, the principal cell type of epidermis. The results showed that 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxylflavanone (eriodictyol) and 3,4'-dihydroxy flavone (3,4'-DHF) had a positive effect on cell proliferation of human HaCaT keratinocytes. Treatment with eriodictyol in particular resulted in significant suppression of cell death induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, a major skin-damaging agent. We found that eriodictyol treatment apparently reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, concomitant with the repression of caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of eriodictyol were also confirmed in UV-induced cell death of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that eriodictyol can be used to protect keratinocytes from UV-induced damage, implying the presence of a complex structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the differential apoptosis-modulating activities of various flavonoids.
Anodic Oxidation of Tungsten in Non‐Aqueous Electrolyte: I . Optical Anisotropy of the Oxide Film (1992)

Ellipsometry is used to study the optical properties of the oxide film grown on tungsten by anodization in acetic acid electrolyte. The tungsten substrate was found to have refractive index and extinction coefficient at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. At an anodizing current density of 172 μA/cm2 the field in the oxide is 5.38 MV/cm. With the anodizing field applied, the index of refraction of the film in the field direction is and transverse to the field is. When the field is removed, the oxide film retains a high degree of anisotropy, with and . The fractional decrease in thickness is 1.1% when the field is removed. The analysis of data makes extensive use of correlation between optical and electrochemical measurements. The results are compared with the predictions of the theory of electrostriction, and with the results of studies of other oxides.
Giant tunable optical dispersion using chromo-modal excitation of a multimode waveguide (2011)

The ability to control chromatic dispersion is paramount in applications where the optical pulsewidth is critical, such as chirped pulse amplification and fiber optic communications. Typically, devices used to generate large amounts (>100 ps/nm) of chromatic dispersion are based on diffraction gratings, chirped fiber Bragg gratings, or dispersion compensating fiber. Unfortunately, these dispersive elements suffer from one or more of the following restrictions: (i) limited operational bandwidth, (ii) limited total dispersion, (iii) low peak power handling, or (iv) large spatial footprint. Here, we introduce a new type of tunable dispersive device, which overcomes these limitations by leveraging the large modal dispersion of a multimode waveguide in combination with the angular dispersion of diffraction gratings to create chromatic dispersion. We characterize the device's dispersion, and demonstrate its ability to stretch a sub-picosecond optical pulse to nearly 2 nanoseconds in 20 meters of multimode optical fiber. Using this device, we also demonstrate single-shot, time-wavelength atomic absorption spectroscopy at a repetition rate of 90.8 MHz.
¿Pacta sunt servanda? Quizás, quizás, quizás. El Tribunal Supremo de Estados Unidos no aplica el caso Avena en su sentencia del caso Medellín (2008)

En el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Estados Unidos ha sido demandado 3
veces por incumplir el Convenio de Viena de Relaciones Consulares de 1963.
Extranjeros condenados a muerte sin comunicacion previa a su Consulado. En las 2
primeras no se detuvo la ejecucion. Tras la tercera, Estados Unidos debia tomar medidas
de revision de las sentencias. Medellin era el primer reo a ejecutar. Con reparto de
competencias y dualismo, su Tribunal Supremo mantiene la sentencia.
MeshLab: an Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool (2008)

The paper presents MeshLab, an open source, extensible, mesh processing system that has been developed at the Visual Computing Lab of the ISTI-CNR with the helps of tens of students. We will describe the MeshLab architecture, its main features and design objectives discussing what strategies have been used to support its development. Various examples of the practical uses of MeshLab in research and professional frameworks are reported to show the various capabilities of the presented system.
Railway Track Finding System with RFID Application (2013)

The Indian Railways is world's fourth largest railway network in the world after USA, Russia and China. There is a severe problem of collisions of trains. So Indian railway is working in this aspect to promote the motto of "SAFE JOURNEY". A RFID based railway track finding system for railway has been proposed in this paper. In this system the RFID tags and reader are used which are attached in the tracks and engine consecutively. So Train engine automatically get the data of path by receiving it from RFID tag and detect it. If path is correct then train continue to run on track and if it is wrong then a signal is generated and sent to the control station and after this engine automatically stop in a minimum time and the display of LCD show the "WRONG PATH". So the collision and accident of train can be avoided. With the help of this system the train engine would be programmed to move according to the requirement. The another feature of this system is automatic track changer by which the track jointer would move automatically according to availability of trains.
The design and analysis of the clock distribution network for a 1.2 GHz Alpha microprocessor (2002)

Single-wire, synchronous clocking systems for increasingly large and complex microprocessors present major technical challenges: Die size increases whereas target clock skew and jitter typically remain a constant percentage of a decreasing cycle time. The clocking methodology of the present Alpha microprocessor handles such challenges by radically departing from a single chip-wide clock distribution, to better control clock skew, jitter and power dissipation. Four major clocks (one reference and three derived) are used to clock separate chip sections.
Synthesis and base-pairing properties of the nuclease-resistant α-anomeric dodecaribonucleotide α-[r(UCUUAACCCACA)] (1992)

The non natural oligoribonucleotide alpha-[r(UCUUAACCCACA)] consisting exclusively of alpha-anomeric ribonucleoside units was synthesized according to the phosphoramidite methodology and the solid support technology. For this purpose, the base-protected alpha-ribonucleosides were synthesized and converted into their O-methylphosphoramidites. Assembling was carried out on a DNA synthesizer with an average efficiency of 97% per step. Base composition of this nuclease-resistant alpha-RNA strand was ascertained after chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis and HPLC analysis of the hydrolysate. Whereas no spectroscopic evidence of base pairing was found above 0 degrees C between alpha-[r(UCUUAACCCACA)] and beta-[d(TGTGGGTTAAGA)], a clear UV absorbance transition (Tm 25.5 degrees C) was observed during the hybridization of the same alpha-RNA strand with beta-[d(AGAATTGGGTGT)]. In this latter case, the mixing curve titration suggests formation at low temperature of a triplex involving two alpha-RNA and one beta-DNA strands. Moreover, this alpha-decaribonucleotide complementary in parallel orientation of the splice receptor of HIV-1 tat mRNA was found to inhibit (10 microM less than ED50 less than 20 microM), with apparent lack of sequence specificity, the de novo HIV-1 infection in cultured cells.
Debunking some myths about structured and unstructured overlays (2005)

We present a comparison of structured and unstructured overlays that decouples overlay topology maintenance from query mechanism. Structured overlays provide efficient support for simple exact-match queries but they constrain overlay topology to achieve this. Unstructured overlays do not constrain overlay topology or query complexity because they use flooding or random walks to discover data. It is commonly believed that structured overlays are more expensive to maintain, that their topology constraints make it harder to exploit heterogeneity, and that they cannot support complex queries efficiently. We performed a detailed comparison study using simulations driven by real-world traces that debunks these widespread myths. We describe techniques that exploit structural constraints to achieve low maintenance overhead and we present a modified neighbour selection algorithm that can exploit heterogeneity effectively. We also describe techniques to perform floods and random walks on structured topologies. These techniques exploit structural constraints to support complex queries with better performance than unstructured overlays.