gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The resistance of collateral channels in excised human lungs (1969)

We measured the resistance of collateral channels, R(col), in incomplete interlobar fissures in eight normal and eight emphysematous excised human lungs. Similar measurements were also made from the basal segments to the superior segment of the lower lobe in three normal and five emphysematous lungs. The lobe or segments were inflated through a bronchial cannula; air leaked through collateral channels and out of the other lobe or segment through a pneumotachograph which measured flow. Catheters inserted directly into the lung through the pleural surface on either side of the collateral channels measured the alveolar pressure difference producing collateral flow. R(col) is the ratio of this pressure difference to flow. By also measuring the inflating pressure and the airway pressure at the pneumotachograph, we calculated the lobar or segmental airway resistance, R(aw). In the normal lungs R(col) varied inversely with lung volume and was higher on inflation than on deflation. R(aw) was very small compared to R(col) which ranged from 260 to 3300 cm H(2)O/liter per sec when the distending pressure was 20 cm H(2)O. In the emphysematous lungs on the other hand, R(col) was markedly decreased and ranged from 5 to 20 cm H(2)O/liters per sec at the same distending pressure and was less than R(aw). We conclude that collateral channels are important ventilatory pathways in emphysema. When many units within a lung are ventilated by these pathways there may be disturbances of gas exchange and phase differences between normally and abnormally ventilated areas.
Synthesis and Tumor Cytotoxicity of Novel Amide Derivatives of β-Hederin (2010)

Thirteen novel triterpenoid saponins, designed as amide derivatives of the natural cytotoxic saponin β-hederin, were synthesized by a stepwise glycosylation strategy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated against five different tumor cell lines. Most of the evaluated compounds showed effective inhibitory activity against at least one tumor cell line at micromolar concentrations. The preliminary structure-activity relationships (SAR) indicate that mide derivatization at C-28 resulted in highly cytotoxic derivatives on specific tumor cell lines, and also resulted in an increase in the antitumor selectivity of β-hederin.
Optimal contrast enhancement of the liver using helical (spiral) CT: value of SmartPrep. (1995)

Optimal contrast enhancement of the liver using helical (spiral) CT: value of SmartPrep.P M Silverman, B Brown, H Wray, S H Fox, C Cooper, S Roberts and R K ZemanAudio Available | Share
Optical Fiber Amplifiers and Their Applications. 1.6.MU.m-Band Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifier. (1997)

1.6μm band fiber amplifiers must be developed for future optical transmission line monitoring systems and ultra-wide band wavelength division multiplexing systems. The 1.6μm band Er3+-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and the Tm3+-doped fluoride fiber amplifier have been proposed as candidates. The former can be realized by shifting the amplification band of a 1.55μm band EDFA, by using a long Er3+-doped fiber. The latter employs the tail of the 1.8μm amplification band of Tm3+-doped fluoride fiber by the doping of terbium ions in the cladding. This paper reviews the amplification mechanisms and basic characteristics of 1.6μm band EDFAs and TDFAs.
Marine Carotenoids and Cardiovascular Risk Markers (2011)

Marine carotenoids are important bioactive compounds with physiological activities related to prevention of degenerative diseases found principally in plants, with potential antioxidant biological properties deriving from their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. They are substances with very special and remarkable properties that no other groups of substances possess and that form the basis of their many, varied functions and actions in all kinds of living organisms. The potential beneficial effects of marine carotenoids have been studied particularly in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin as they are the major marine carotenoids. Both these two carotenoids show strong antioxidant activity attributed to quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals. The potential role of these carotenoids as dietary anti-oxidants has been suggested to be one of the main mechanisms for their preventive effects against cancer and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this short review is to examine the published studies concerning the use of the two marine carotenoids, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Architecture and bus-arbitration schemes for MPEG-2 video decoder (1999)

An efficient MPEG-2 video decoder architecture together with several effective bus-arbitration schemes designed to meet the main profile at main level (MP@ML) real-time decoding requirement is presented. The overall architecture, as well as the design of major function-specific processing blocks (variable-length decoder, inverse two-dimensional discrete cosine transform unit, and motion-compensation unit), is discussed. A hierarchical and distributed controller approach is used, a bus-monitoring model for different bus-arbitration schemes to control external DRAM accesses is developed, and the system is simulated. Practical issues and buffer sizes are addressed and evaluated. With a 27 MHz clock, our architecture uses many fewer than the 667 cycles, the upper bound for the MP@ML decoding requirement, to decode each macroblock with a single external bus and DRAM.
Modeling and Analysis of Low Pressure CVD Reactors (1983)

A detailed mathematical model for the hot wall multiple‐disk‐in‐tube LPCVD reactor is developed by using reaction engineering concepts. This model includes the convective and diffusive mass transport in the annular flow region formed by the reactor wall and the edges of the wafers as well as the surface reactions on the reactor wall. In addition, the model describes the coupling of diffusion between and reaction on the wafers. Variations in gas velocities and diffusion fluxes due to net changes in the number of mols in the deposition are also taken into account as are nonisothermal operating conditions. The combined reactor equations are solved by orthogonal collocation. The deposition of polycrystalline Si from is considered as a specific example, and the model is employed in estimation of kinetic rate constants from published reactor measurements. The effects on the growth rates and film thickness uniformity (within each wafer and from wafer to wafer) of variations in flow rates, reactor temperature profiles, and concentration in the feed stream are analyzed. The model predictions show good quantitative agreement with published experimental data from different sources. Finally, recycle of reactor effluent is considered a typical commercial operating conditions, and it is demonstrated that this modification produces higher growth rates and better film uniformity than can be achieved in conventional LPCVD processing.
Design and Development of a Test Setup for Online Wear Monitoring of Mechanical Face Seals Using a Torque Sensor (2008)

Online condition monitoring technique helps to detect the root cause of failure of any machine. The present article describes a design of the online failure monitoring facility for mechanical face seals. The experimental test facility is to operate the seal (i.e., carbon-graphite) in real conditions of fluid pressure, temperature, and misalignment, which occur in an industrial environment. The developed test setup consists of two proximity displacement sensors (accuracy 2 μm), one fiber-optic sensor (accuracy 10 μm), one accelerometer (3.97 mV/ms-2), and one non-contact torque sensor (accuracy 0.05 N.m). To validate the test facility, a typical conical carbon graphite (C = 59.195%, O = 4.625%, and Sb = 36.18%.) mechanical face seal (outer dia = 82 mm and inner dia = 63 mm) for a rotary joint used in steam/hot water was selected. The root cause of failure of such seals has been identified. Finally, recommendations have been made that provide some assistance to design the mechanical face seal.
A Kinetic Model of Benzoylecgonine Disposition after Cocaine Administration in Humans* (1991)

Cocaine (C) and benzoylecgonine (BZ) plasma levels and urinary excretion rate data from a series of intravenous cocaine studies were used to develop a kinetic model for C and BZ, with the main objective of characterizing BZ disposition. Kinetic analyses were made with the CONSAM 30 computer program. Under assumptions of the model, calculated parameters indicated a BZ distribution volume of 50 L, a half-time for BZ formation of 1.9 h and a BZ excretion half-time of 4.7 h. The model may eventually provide a basis for interpretation of analytical data on isolated samples of plasma or urine.
In touch with psoriasis: topical treatments and current guidelines (2011)

This article describes topical therapies and treatment guidelines for psoriasis and is based on a presentation given by the authors at a satellite symposium held during the 19th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 6-10 October, 2010, in Gothenburg, Sweden. The highly variable nature of psoriasis and its individual presentation in patients can make it difficult to choose the most appropriate treatment. There are many treatment options, from topical treatment with emollients for very mild psoriasis, to systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters, methotrexate or biologics for severe disease. For the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis, topical therapy is generally the most appropriate and a variety of options, both historical and recent, are available. Newer therapies offer greater convenience and fewer side-effects. Of the more recently available therapies, vitamin D analogues and topical corticosteroids are the two with the greatest proven efficacy in randomized clinical trials. A recent Cochrane review showed the highest efficacy overall with the fixed combination vitamin D analogue (calcipotriol) and corticosteroid (betamethasone dipropionate). Indeed, clinical trials have shown that two-compound calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment has higher efficacy than calcipotriol or betamethasone dipropionate alone. With regard to safety, two-compound calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate was shown to be suitable for intermittent long-term treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis. The findings of the Cochrane review are reflected in the current treatment guidelines from the USA and Germany regarding the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis. In both these guidelines, which will be discussed in this article, the recommended treatments for this patient group are vitamin D analogues and corticosteroids, particularly when used in combination.
A scene boundary detection method (2002)

A visual rhythm is a special 2D image reduced from a 3D video data in a way that the pixels along a vertical line of the visual rhythm are the pixels uniformly sampled along the diagonal line of a video frame. Using the distinct visual patterns to appear on the visual rhythm, we propose a video segmentation method to effectively detect both abrupt and gradual shot transitions. Specifically, the algorithms to detect cut, wipe and dissolve transitions are outlined. It is noted that the proposed method operates on a small fraction of the original video data, and thus offers remarkable computational savings.
Active element utilizing copper vapor for high-power master-oscillator-amplifier laser systems (1990)

An investigation was made of the main characteristics of the active element of a prototype laser utilizing copper vapor and having an active medium of 350 cm3 volume and constructed using components from a commercial GL-201 (250 cm3) laser. The total average radiation powers from lasers operating in the master-oscillator regime, with a plane–plane or a plane–spherical resonator, were 30 and 35 W, respectively, at efficiencies of 0.8–0.9%. In the amplifier regime (in a laser system consisting of a master oscillator, a spatial filter, a collimator, and a power amplifier) the use of a GL-201 laser as the master oscillator ensured an output power of 54 W at an efficiency of 1.3%. The total output power of the system was 60 W at an efficiency of 0.8% and the beam divergence was close to the diffraction limit.
Suramin suppresses hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice bearing a human squamous cancer. (1995)

Suramin is a polyanionic agent which has been found to be an effective antineoplastic agent against various human tumors including adrenal, renal and prostatic cancer, and osteosarcoma. Recently, suramin has been shown to inhibit bone resorption in organ cultures of mouse calvarial bones. In the present study, we examined the effects of suramin on increased osteoclastic bone resorption and hypercalcemia in nude mice bearing a human oral squamous carcinoma. Suramin (1 mg/mouse/injection) was administered i.p. three times a week for the first 2 weeks and then once weekly for the next 6 weeks. Blood ionized calcium levels in the suramin-treated cancer-bearing group were significantly lower than those in the untreated cancer-bearing group. Histological and histomorphometrical examination of bones of these animals showed a significant decrease in osteoclast numbers in the suramin-treated cancer-bearing animals. Suramin at a dose of 0.1 mg/mouse/injection was ineffective and 2 mg/mouse/injection was toxic, confirming its narrow effective dose. Suramin showed no effects on the growth of this squamous cancer. However, suramin markedly inhibited in vivo growth of a rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. In mouse marrow cultures, suramin decreased osteoclast-like cell formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, suramin also inhibited bone resorption in organ cultures of fetal rat long bones and resorption pit formation by isolated mature rat osteoclasts. These results show that suramin is an effective inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro and in vivo and suggest that suramin may be a useful agent in prevention and treatment of cancer-induced hypercalcemia. However, our results also suggest that for this indication suramin has a confined range of effective dose.
Electronic Conduction Characteristics of Sel-Gel Ferroelectric Pb(Zr<sub>0.4</sub>Ti<sub>0.6</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> Thin-Film Capacitors: Part II (1995)

We studied the electronic conduction characteristics of sol-gel ferroelectric Pb(Zr 0.4 Ti 0.6 )O 3 thin-film capacitors by evaluation of time-dependent leakage current ( I-t ) and current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics along with other dielectric properties. We derived an experimental formula to explain the leakage current at low field as a function of electric field, time and temperature. The ohmic-like current at low field depended on both the amount of excess Pb and thickness, which might be explained by the leakage current being governed by the amount of ionized point defects with an activation energy of about 0.5 eV. The ohmic-like current which was decreased after DC stressing reverted back to its original value during the recovery time at high temperature. The 50% recovery time had an activation energy of 0.53 eV. We proposed a plausible conduction model governed by trapping into ionized point defects.
Side Entry Specimen Stages (1979)

Abstract The basic concepts involved in the design of side entry specimen devices for performing in‐situ experiments are discussed. Examples of several working specimen stage designs are shown in which common experimental variables such as tilting, heating, cooling, straining and atmosphere control are used in various combinations.
<i>In vivo</i> functional genomics of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> for high‐throughput screening of new virulence factors and antibacterial targets (2003)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a model for studying opportunistic pathogens that are highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and cause chronic pulmonary infections. We have developed and adapted a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) for high-throughput screening of a collection of 7968 P. aeruginosa mutants in a rat model of chronic respiratory infection. After three rounds of screening, a total of 214 mutants, representing transposition events into 148 open reading frames, were shown to be attenuated in lung infection and were retained for further analysis. As proof of concept supporting this technology, we identified 11 insertions in typical virulence genes such as those coding for pili implicated in motility, attachment and swarming, alginate synthesis and its expression, a mucus transcription regulator, extracellular enzymes such as alkaline protease, esterase and amino peptidase, a rhamnosyl surfactant transferase and a lipopolysaccharide glycosyl transferase. Detailed analysis of the 148 STM mutants, including seven auxotrophs, revealed insertions in 21 of the 26 known gene classes used to characterize sequenced bacterial genomes. We noted that at least 46% of STM mutants identified had insertions in hypothetical proteins or proteins of unknown function and that approximately 40% of all STM mutants had insertions in surface proteins including the outer membrane, the periplasm and the inner membrane. Interestingly, 11 STM mutants attenuated for lung infection were also identified in microarray and transcriptome for quorum sensing and mucoidy production. The remaining 130 mutants were systematically analysed for their capability to express fully known virulence factors. In addition, testing the ability of these mutants to infect alternative model host Drosophila melanogaster revealed 36 STM mutants defective in protease, twitching motility, swimming and swarming. Finally, we identified many genes, the activity of which in respiratory infection was not fully appreciated.
Cytokine Dysregulation, Inflammation and Well-Being (2005)

Cytokines mediate and control immune and inflammatory responses. Complex interactions exist between cytokines, inflammation and the adaptive responses in maintaining homeostasis, health, and well-being. Like the stress response, the inflammatory reaction is crucial for survival and is meant to be tailored to the stimulus and time. A full-fledged systemic inflammatory reaction results in stimulation of four major programs: the acute-phase reaction, the sickness syndrome, the pain program, and the stress response, mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Common human diseases such as atopy/allergy, autoimmunity, chronic infections and sepsis are characterized by a dysregulation of the pro- versus anti-inflammatory and T helper (Th)1 versus Th2 cytokine balance. Recent evidence also indicates the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and major depression, and conditions such as visceral-type obesity, metabolic syndrome and sleep disturbances. During inflammation, the activation of the stress system, through induction of a Th2 shift, protects the organism from systemic 'overshooting' with Th1/pro-inflammatory cytokines. Under certain conditions, however, stress hormones may actually facilitate inflammation through induction of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein production and through activation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/substance P-histamine axis. Thus, a dysfunctional neuroendocrine-immune interface associated with abnormalities of the 'systemic anti-inflammatory feedback' and/or 'hyperactivity' of the local pro-inflammatory factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic/allergic and autoimmune diseases, obesity, depression, and atherosclerosis. These abnormalities and the failure of the adaptive systems to resolve inflammation affect the well-being of the individual, including behavioral parameters, quality of life and sleep, as well as indices of metabolic and cardiovascular health. These hypotheses require further investigation, but the answers should provide critical insights into mechanisms underlying a variety of common human immune-related diseases.
Lentiviral Transduction of Human Dendritic Cells (2004)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a pivotal role in stimulating antigen-specific T cells in vivo (1,2). The cardinal properties of DCs are: (1) the ability to take up, process, and present antigens; (2) the ability to migrate through different tissues into lymphoid organs; and (3) the ability to interact with and stimulate T cells (3). Because of their unique capability of generating primary CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, DCs are of particular interest for immunotherapeutic approaches to infectious disease and cancer.
Chiral Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine and Pyrimido[4,5-<i>b</i>]indole Derivatives:  Structure−Activity Relationships of Potent, Highly Stereoselective A<sub>1</sub>-Adenosine Receptor Antagonists<sup>,</sup> (1996)

A series of 33 novel, mostly chiral pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrimido[4,5-b]indole derivatives has been synthesized and investigated in radioligand binding assays at the high-affinity adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes A1 and A2a. The compounds can be envisaged as adenine and hypoxanthine analogs lacking the nitrogen in the 7-position (7-deazaadenines and 7-deazahypoxanthines). 7-Deazaadenines were much more potent than 7-deazahypoxanthines at AR with A1AR affinities in the low-nanomolar range, extraordinarily high selectivity for the rat brain A1AR versus the A2aAR (several thousandfold), and high stereoselectivity (up to 96-fold). Pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles were more potent A1AR antagonists compared to pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Compound 34a (APEPI) is one of the most potent and most selective nonxanthine A1AR antagonists known to date (Ki = 2.8 nM, > 2000-fold A1-selective). A new class of very potent A1AR antagonists has been identified, namely, 2-phenyl-7-deazaadenines bearing a substituent at the exocyclic amino group (N4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines). (R)-N- (1-Phenylethyl)-4-amino-5,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin e (DPEAP, 17a) showed a Ki value of 6.7 nM at A1AR and > 4000-fold A1 selectivity. Different binding modes are postulated for the N4-substituted 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (e.g., 17a) and the 7-substituted derivatives (e.g., 1a), based on a comparison of steric, electronic, and hydrophobic properties of the two classes of compounds. Water solubility and lipophilicity have been determined for selected compounds. 4-Amino-5,6-dimethyl-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4a) showed the highest water solubility/A1AR affinity ratio of 368 in the present series, over 2000-fold A1 selectivity, and 64-fold stereoselectivity (R > S). Therefore, 4a should be an interesting compound for in vivo evaluation.
Fast registration of multispectral images using orthogonal transform features (2003)

A method of accomplishing multiple image registration using rationalized Haar transform coefficient features is presented. The transform technique described possesses a fast computational algorithm which requires only additions and subtractions, making it attractive for real-time implementation. The registration accuracy, computational complexity and feasibility of real-time implementation of the transform method are compared to that of the commonly used correlation method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>