gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NOVEL PERMANENT MAGNETIC MATERIALS MADE BY RAPID QUENCHING (1988)

Two types of permanent magnetic materials were obtained by annealing melt spun flakes : (i) materials consisting mainly of Fe3B with Nd2Fe14B as a secondary phase, and (ii) materials based on Nd2Fe14C. The methods of preparation and the resulting magnetic properties are presented.
<title>High-efficiency replicated diffractive optics</title> (1995)

Diffractive optics technology offers optical system designers new degrees of freedom that can be used to optimize the performance of optical systems. The zone spacing of a diffractive lens can be chosen to impart focusing power as well as aspheric correction to the emerging wavefront. The surface (or blaze) profile within a given zone determines the diffraction efficiency of the element, or in other words, determines how the incident energy is distributed among the various diffraction orders. Unless the zone profile is generated with high fidelity, incident energy will be distributed into extraneous diffraction orders, which generally reduces the optical system performance. Several diffractive optical components have been fabricated using replication techniques that provide high-efficiency and accurate wavefront generation. Typical minimum efficiency measurements at the design wavelength for diffractive zone spacings greater than 10 micrometers are 95% or above. For minimum zone features as small as 5 micrometers , the measured efficiency is greater than 85% at the design wavelength. The integrated diffraction efficiency, which is a weighted measure of the efficiency across the clear aperture, is typically 2 - 3% more than the efficiency measurement at the minimum feature.
Characterization of a Heat-Stable Protease of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> P26 (1973)

A heat-stable, extracellular proteolytic enzyme was isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens P26. Brain heart infusion broth (Fisher Scientific Co.), pH 7.5, and incubation at 21 C provided the optimal conditions for bacterial growth for enzyme production. The organism had a D value of 2.6 min at 62.8 C (145 F). The enzyme, however, was quite heat-stable, requiring 15 hr at 62.8 C, 8 hr at 71.4 C, and 9 min at 121 C for complete inactivation. Milk, whey, and casein each had a protective effect on the enzyme against heat inactivation. Purification was accomplished by growth of organisms in broth, centrifugation, sterilization by filtration, ammonium sulfate precipitation (55% saturation), dialysis (against six changes of water), and protein separation by passage through a Sephadex G-100 column. Ultracentrifugation revealed a single band with a sedimentation coefficient of 1.51 which suggested a molecular weight of approximately 23,000. As little as 0.2 unit of the purified enzyme caused detectable flavor defects during 30 days of storage at 4 C, and the Hull test for liberation of tyrosine compared favorably in sensitivity with the sensory method in milk.
Low Cost and High Performance CMP Solution for Si Polishing in Backside Illumination (BSI) Application (2013)

Backside illumination (BSI) is an uprising technology to achieve high performance of CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) imaging. Si CMP (Chemical-Mechanical Polishing) process is required in BSI application to remove grinding masks and dislocations from bonded wafer with typical 1.0~3.0um removal amount. BSI CMP appears easy compared to traditional IC CMP in that there is much less integration requirements from pre/post CMP steps. The challenges lie in CMP profile control to compensate incoming thickness variation from grinding for low TTV (total thickness variation), low surface roughness and supreme surface quality for optical path, and low cost for mass production. There is a need to develop slurries/process to conquer all the challenges. Reported in this paper is our recent effort to address such challenges in Si CMP process for BSI application by combining CMP slurry selection and process optimization together. The performances of these approaches were tested on laboratory-scale instruments and further optimized on 8” and 12” CMP tools. Polishing results from both blanket Si (EPI) wafers and SOI wafers are discussed to set up the final process conditions.
Microfluidic Multicolor Encoding of Microspheres with Nanoscopic Surface Complexity for Multiplex Immunoassays (2010)

Farbenspiele: Ein Mikrofluidik-Bauteil erzeugt und manipuliert einheitlich große Doppelemulsionströpfchen mit unerreichter Präzision (siehe Bild). Die Tröpfchen, die in ihrem Inneren kleinere farbige Tröpfchen enthalten, werden photochemisch unter Bildung transparenter Mikrokugeln polymerisiert. Kolloidale Siliciumdioxidpartikel an der Oberfläche dieser Mikrokugeln dienen als effiziente Bindungsstellen für biologische Analysen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
3-D Pharmacophores in Drug Discovery (2001)

In this chapter we review the use of 3-D pharmacophores in drug discovery. Recent advances are highlighted, including the application of pharmacophore descriptors generated both from ligands and protein binding sites. The application of 3-D pharmacophore fingerprints as molecular descriptors for similarity and diversity applications such as virtual screening, library design and QSAR is discussed. In addition, we highlight the quantification of structure-based diversity using site-derived fingerprints, and review virtual screening methods using both single refined hypotheses and the fingerprints of multiple potential hypotheses. Further, we discuss methods that take protein flexibility and molecular shape-into account. Each of the above techniques are reviewed with particular reference to the recent advances, advantages and challenges of each methodology.
INHIBITION OF 12‐O‐TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL‐13‐ACETATE‐INDUCED TUMOR PROMOTION IN MURINE SKIN BY SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION (1992)

Systemic effects of UVB irradiation (280-320 nm) have been shown to prevent subsequent chemical tumorigenesis induced by an initiation-promotion protocol. The present investigation was designed to determine whether initiation or promotion is prevented by UV irradiation. Groups of 25 B6D2F1/J mice received 12 weeks of intermittent dorsal UVB radiation treatments administered before, or 3 weeks after, initiation with a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on the ventral skin. All mice were promoted ventrally with 5 micrograms 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) applied three times weekly throughout the experiment. UV irradiation consisted of five 30-min exposures per week to a bank of 6 Westinghouse FS40 sunlamps. UV irradiation applied before or after initiation resulted in a decrease of 18-16 tumors per group of 25 mice, for a reduction of 61 and 50%, respectively, at 24 weeks after the first TPA treatment. Thus, prevention of tumor development was similar whether the UV influence was present or not during initiation. This finding suggests that the UV prevention of promotion could account for UV inhibition of skin tumors induced by an initiation-promotion regimen. Consistent with this concept, pretreatment of mice with dorsal UVB radiation was found to reduce DNA synthesis after exposure to TPA by 46%, although it did not decrease tritiated benzo[a]pyrene binding to DNA, in ventral epidermis. Thus, UVB irradiation systemically reduced TPA-induced tumor promotion in murine skin.
The Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels: the impact of receptor structure on function (2004)

The Cys-loop receptors constitute an important superfamily of LGICs (ligand-gated ion channels) comprising receptors for acetylcholine, 5-HT3 (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT3 receptors), glycine and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid; GABAA receptors). A vast knowledge of the structure of the Cys-loop superfamily and its impact on channel function have been accrued over the last few years, leading to exciting new proposals on how ion channels open and close in response to agonist binding. Channel opening is initiated by the extracellular association of agonists to discrete binding pockets, leading to dramatic conformational changes, culminating in the opening of a central ion pore. The importance of channel structure is exemplified in the allosteric modulation of channel function by the binding of other molecules to distinct sites on the channel, which exerts an additional level of control on their function. The subsequent conformational changes (gating) lead to channel opening and ion transport. Following channel pore opening, ion selectivity is determined by receptor structure in, and around, the ion pore. As a final level of control, cytoplasmic determinants control the magnitude (conductance) of ion flow into the cell. Thus the Cys-loop receptors are complex molecular motors, with moving parts, which can transduce extracellular signals across the plasma membrane. Once the full mechanical motions involved are understood, it may be possible to design sophisticated therapeutic agents to modulate their activity, or at least be able to throw a molecular spanner into the works!
Metal Clusters in Chemistry (1999)

Solid state chemistry molecular clusters (including synthesis, reacitvity, and properties) metal clusters in catalysis nanomaterials theoretical aspects.
Neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists in obesity (1997)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid amidated peptide with high sequence homology to the endocrine peptides, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). They appear to interact with a family of receptors that possess high affinity for one or more of these peptides. Five members of the receptor family have been cloned, with several additional members postulated through pharmacological evidence. All are members of the seven transmembrane domain-G-protein coupled receptor family. The Y1 receptor is the best characterised, with several nonpeptide antagonists available. This receptor appears to mediate a constriction of the peripheral vasculature and the 'anxiolytic' effects of centrally administered NPY. Less is known about the other receptors in the family. The Y2 receptor is believed to be presynaptic and mediates a reduction in neurotransmitter release. The Y4 receptor appears to be the receptor for pancreatic polypeptide, with high amounts of mRNA for this receptor found in the periphery, but lower levels in the brain. The Y5 receptor is expressed in the hypothalamus and has been postulated to be the receptor which mediates the increased food consumption seen following centrally administered NPY. Finally, the Y6 receptor has been cloned in the mouse and other species, but does not appear to encode a functional gene product in humans. Several types of nonpeptide Y1 and a series of Y5 antagonists have been described in the patent literature, though these compounds have limitations that will confine their use to preclinical studies. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of NPY and its receptors in experimental obesity. The next step will be the discovery of potent and selective nonpeptide antagonists, to add further credence to the therapeutic potential.
Quantitative mass spectrometry (1996)

Frequently, analytical problems are not considered to be solved until both the identity and the quantity of a substance have been determined. In the areas of drugs and environmental science, quantitative analysis is particularly important. For example, the threat posed by a particular pollutant depends on the amount of it that is in the environment, and the quantity of a drug reaching the active site will determine the extent of the biological effect. Given that some substances exert an effect on their surroundings at very low concentrations, methods are often required to be highly sensitive as well as quantitative. The technique of mass spectrometry, known for its great analytical sensitivity, is clearly a candidate for quantitative analysis.
The Search for Folding Intermediates and the Mechanism of Protein Folding (2007)

My research began with theory and methods for ultracentrifugal studies of proteins, first at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, with Bob Alberty and Jack Williams, then at Oxford University with A.G. ("Sandy") Ogston, and finally back at Wisconsin with Williams and Lou Gosting. In 1959 I joined Arthur Kornberg's Biochemistry Department at Stanford University. Our first work was physical studies of DNA replication and then DNA physical chemistry, and DNA studies ended with the energetics of DNA twisting. In 1971 we began to search for protein folding intermediates by fast-reaction methods. We found the slow-folding and fast-folding forms of unfolded ribonuclease A, which led to the understanding that proline isomerization is sometimes part of the folding process. Using hydrogen exchange as a probe, we found the rapid formation of secondary structure during folding and used this to provide an NMR pulse labeling method for determining structures of folding intermediates. Our studies of peptide helices provided basic helix-coil parameters, also evidence for hierarchic folding, and further indicated that peptide hydrogen bonds are important in the energetics of folding.
Refractive Fabry-Perot bistability with linear absorption: Theory of operation and cavity optimization (1981)

We present a theory of optical bistability for a Fabry-Perot cavity containing a medium with nonlinear refraction but linear absorption with only plane-wave and slowly varying envelope approximations. An analytic expression for the critical intensity I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> for the onset of bistability is derived and used to compare cavity designs. It is shown that 1) the important material parameter for minimum I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> is the ratio <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n_{2}/\alpha 2</tex> ) the limit to I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> is set by limitations on finesse due to inhomogeneities rather than the absorption itself, and 3) the cavity design which gives lowest I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> for a given finesse is that for which the mirror transmissivity equals the absorption per pass; at high finesse this design leads to a total peak cavity transmission of 1/4 when mirror reflectivities are equal.
[Familial nephropathy in cocker spaniels]. (1989)

In 21 normal dogs of different breeds and ages the number of nephrons was calculated from paraffin sections in comparison with a maceration method. With these methods the number of glomeruli x 1000 per kidney appeared to be 502 +/- 213 and 515 +/- 230 respectively. The histological method appeared to be acceptable for the determination of the number of glomeruli in incomplete kidneys. The examined Cocker Spaniels consisted of 5 animals without renal problems for control and 21 animals with nephropathy: 12 of 1-2 years, 6 of 4-6 years and 3 of 9-10 years old dogs. As indication for the present number of nephrons the glomeruli were counted in bands of whole cortex with a width of 1 mm. The number of glomeruli per band of cortex in the nephropathic Cocker Spaniels (15.0 +/- 3.0) was not drastic lower than those of the normal Cockers (20.8 +/- 2.5) and of 7 normal adult dogs of different breeds (17.2 +/- 2.2). On pathological examination the nephropathic kidneys showed a membranoproliferative-sclerosing glomerulonephritis with extra-capillary reaction leading to glomerular obsolescence. The animals showed evident proteinuria and final renal insufficiency. It was concluded that the pathogenesis of the familial nephropathy in this breed will not be caused by cortical hypoplasia, but by a primary glomerulopathy.
Building a topic hierarchy from a data stream for conceptualizing user interest profiles (2012)

Recent information technologies have produced a lot of user- participating community services, or Social Network Services (SNSs), and have received much attention as a pipeline of user behavioral information. This paper explains the conceptualization of a user interest profile (UIP) through a topic hierarchy, which learns topics and keywords from a domain data stream. The conceptualization enriches a UIP, consisting of user interests modeled as terms and term-weight, by providing contextual information of the UIP. For this, the topic hierarchy extracts topic-deterministic keywords and their semantic associations with domain topics, and thus the user keywords are converted into domain topics representing the context of user behaviors. This paper describes an empirical method to build a news topic hierarchy and its use for conceptualizing a series of keywords appearing in user SNS messages.
No Accident: Traffic and Pedestrians in the Modern City (2009)

Abstract This paper considers the rise of traffic accidents in the creation of the modern city. The notion of accidents is deconstructed. There is a brief review of current literature on mobilities and then evidence is presented of the shifting configuration of vehicle–pedestrian accidents. The epidemic of traffic accidents of cities in developing world is noted and explained. The incidence of pedestrian traffic accidents is shown to reflect socio‐economic characteristics such as age, class and status. A review of the literature provides evidence of the ways to ameliorate pedestrian injuries. Walksheds are suggested as a focus of concern. The creation of a more pedestrian‐friendly city is proposed.
Asthma Control in Canada Remains Suboptimal: The Reality of Asthma Control (TRAC) Study (2006)

Since the last major national survey, guideline implementation has not resulted in significant changes in asthma-related morbidity. Effective means of knowledge transfer should be developed and implemented to improve the translation of guideline recommendations into care.
High‐temperature silylation in the production of inert glass capillary columns. From the first experiments to the chemical mechanism (1988)

Abstract This retrospective article describes the beginnings and the development of silylation methods with diverse silazanes and siloxanes at high temperatures, and stresses their role in producing modern capillary columns characterized by a high degree of thermostability and adsorptive and catalytic inertness. Particular emphasis is placed on the outstanding contributions to this field of Kurt Grob , whose persilylation techniques provided the basis for the expansion of high resolution capillary gas chromatography.
Serum IL-23 in asthmatic children. (2013)

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation that is controlled by a complex cytokine network. The Th1/Th2 imbalance has been well documented in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Recently, Th17 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. This study aimed at verifying whether anti-inflammatory treatment could change serum IL-4, IL-10 and IL-23 in asthmatic children. Globally, 78 children (40 males and 38 females, median age 9.3 +- 3.7 years), with asthma and monosensitized to house dust mites, were evaluated. Lung function (such as FEV1) and serum IL-4, IL-10 and IL-23 levels were measured at baseline (T0), after 4 weeks (T1) and after 12 weeks (T2) of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment. The control group consisted of 40 healthy children (22 males and 18 females) age matched. At baseline, IL-4 and IL-23 levels were higher in severe asthmatics than in control group (p less than 0.001), while serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower in group of asthmatic children as compared to healthy control group (p less than 0.001). At T2, IL-4 and IL-23 significantly diminished (p less than 0.001), while IL-10 significantly increased. There was significant relationship between FEV1 and IL-4, IL-10 and IL-23 at T0 (r=-0.784; r=-0.735 and r=-0.787, respectively). Moreover, there were correlations between FEV1 and IL-4, IL-10 and IL-23 in patients at T1 (r=-0.563; r=-0.539 and r=-0.583, respectively) and at T2 (r=-0.549; r=-0.428 and r=-0.393, respectively). The present study provided evidence that: i) serum IL-23 was up-regulated also in asthmatic children, ii) ICS treatment was able of reducing IL-23, and iii) IL-23 change well related with lung function improvement. Thus, it is presumable that IL-23 could be a suitable marker of allergic inflammation in asthma.
Logistics Engineering Handbook (2007)

Achieving state-of-the-art excellence and attaining the cost reductions associated with outstanding logistics efforts is an obvious gain in terms of competitive edge and profitability. As logistics tools evolve in comprehensiveness and complexity, and the use of these new tools becomes more pervasive, maintaining a position of leadership in logisti
Powder-free plasma chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon with high rf power density using modulated rf discharge (1990)

Deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films from SiH4/He gas mixtures was performed by using a square wave amplitude modulated rf discharge. The modulation was used for controlling radical densities in plasmas which led to a high rate deposition of good quality films. The fairly high deposition rate of 6 Å/s was obtained for a low concentration of 5% SiH4 and a high rf peak power 200 W (0.8 W/cm3) without any appreciable amount of powder particles in the reaction chamber. The optical gap of the films was 1.8–1.95 eV. Emission intensities of HeI 388.9 nm and SiH 413.5 nm linearly increased with rf peak power and were well correlated with the deposition rate.
Predicting the Structural Performance of Transmission Lines Uprated by Reconductoring (1981)

Uprating of transmission lines by reconductoring can be facilitated with the use of a relatively simple technique for comparing design alternatives, including existing ones, on the basis of weather records for the area of consideration. The method is illustrated for a typical 230-kV transmission line in Southern Ontario and a convenient computer program (SPUR) is described. In addition to design optimization, the new method can serve as an aid to economic decision making (cost/risk optimization) by analyzing structural performance on a statistical basis.
Halogeno-1,2,5-thiadiazolopyridines and 1,2,5-Selenadiazolopyridines (1983)

Chloro-and bmmo-1,2,5-thiadiazolopyridines and 1,2,5selenadiazolopyridines have been synthesized by condensation of appropriate diamines with thionyl cKLoride o r selenious acid.The preparation of 1,2,5-thiadiazoles and 1,2,5-selenadiazoles has been t h e subject of considerable i n t e r e s t from chemical and biological points of view, many d e r i v a t i v e s 6f them being used a s o r radioprot e c t a n t J 1 8 .
Beneficiary centered care in services to persons with developmental disabilities. (1997)

This article provides an overview of the findings from the Evaluation of Medicaid's Community Supported Living Arrangements (CSLA) Program. Results suggest that CSLA provided a useful model of beneficiary centered care for persons with developmental disabilities. The implications of the findings of this evaluation for current management of Medicaid programs are discussed.