gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incremental Layer Assignment Driven by an External Signoff Timing Engine (2016)

Modern technologies provide wide and thick metal layers that must be wisely used to reduce the delay of critical interconnections. After global routing, incremental layer assignment can improve the circuit timing by properly selecting critical interconnect segments to be routed in the faster (but very limited) wires on upper layers. Existing techniques based on net-by-net iterative improvement may get stuck at locally-optimal solutions depending on net ordering. Recent techniques rule out such drawback through the simultaneous iterative improvement of all nets, but they unfortunately rely on objective functions that may guide the optimization off critical paths. As opposed to all reported techniques, which rely on simplified, overly pessimistic timing models, this paper proposes the decoupling of incremental layer assignment from the timing analysis and the exploitation of flow conservation conditions so as to enable the use of an external signoff timing engine. The novel technique was experimentally compared with two state-of-the art works, leading to 50% less timing violations under total negative slack metric and 35% less timing violations under worst negative slack metric with similar overhead in number of vias.
Ruminations on Smell as a Sociocultural Phenomenon (2005)

This article looks at arguments concerning the supposed low status of smell in relation to the other senses to shed light on how smell has been perceived historically, across time. It also locates olfactory enquiries beyond scientific, biological concerns and argues for smell as a social medium present in our everyday life experiences. The article explores smell in the fields of history, anthropology, religion, gender and sociospatial analysis, enabling us to comprehend and critique theoretical/conceptual trajectories employed in social science research on olfaction. By looking at theoretical and methodological approaches towards an understanding of our olfactory capacities, ideas are developed about how one can ‘do’ a sociology of smell, where smell is perceived as a social intermediary that affects our ways of knowing, understanding and (re)creating social realities, premised upon the use of smell as a moral judgement of others. These ideas are exemplified through preliminary findings from an ongoing research project on the social construction(s) of smell in Singapore.
Analysis of Computer Infection Risk Factors Based on Customer Network Usage (2008)

Epidemiology, the science that studies the cause and propagation of diseases, provides us with the concepts and methods to analyze the potential risk factors to which ADSL customers' PCs are exposed, with respect to their usage of network applications. This paper details the analysis of the traffic of a large set of real ADSL customers in the corenet work. We build a profile of network usage for each customer and we detect malicious ones. Based on these data we study the impact of some characteristics in ADSL customer profiles on their likeliness to generate malicious traffic. We find two application types that are risk factors and we also bring evidence that the type of operating system impacts greatly the odds of being infected. Based on these results we build a profile of customers more likely to be infected.
Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) by resiniferatoxin (2005)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca(2+) permeable non-selective cation channel activated by physical and chemical stimuli. Resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultrapotent agonist of TRPV1, is under investigation for treatment of urinary bladder hyper-reflexia and chronic pain conditions. Here, we have determined the characteristics of RTX-induced responses in cells expressing native and cloned rat TRPV1. Whole-cell currents increase with repeated application of submaximal concentrations of RTX until a maximal response is attained and do not deactivate even after prolonged washout. Interestingly, the rate of activation and block by capsazepine of RTX-induced currents are significantly slower than for capsaicin-induced currents. RTX-induced whole-cell currents are outwardly rectifying, but to a lesser extent than capsaicin-induced currents. RTX-induced single channel currents exhibit multiple conductance states and outward rectification. The open probability (P(o)) of RTX-induced currents is higher at all potentials as compared to capsaicin-induced currents, which showed a strong voltage-dependent decrease at negative potentials. Single-channel kinetic analyses reveal that open-time distribution of RTX-induced currents can be fitted with three exponential components at negative and positive potentials. The areas of distribution of the longer open time constants are significantly larger than capsaicin-induced currents. The closed-time distribution of RTX-induced currents can be fitted with three exponential components as compared to capsaicin-induced currents, which require four exponential components. Current-clamp experiments reveal that low concentrations of RTX caused a slow and sustained depolarization beyond threshold while generating few action potentials. Concentrations of capsaicin required for the same extent of depolarization generated a significantly greater number of action potentials. These properties of RTX may play a role in its clinical usefulness.
The Inclusive Education: Policy Issues and Challenges. The Rights in the Amended Special Edu- cation Law in Israel (1988) (2020)

This paper discusses the effects of Special Education law (1918) in Israel and amendments followed in 2002; 2018 on school placement policy and attitudes toward inclusion. The critics on differential budget to different setting that the budget doesn’t support the least restrictive environment concept and inequality in the allocation of resources among students in special education and students integrated in the regular education lead to the amendment nr.11 of Special Education law. Present paper argues that while state policy makes an ongoing effort to increase access to general edu- cation by innovative legislation, increasing the state funding in order to accommodate and meet the needs of students with disabilities in inclusive education the practices of educational institutions perpetuated exclusion from general education. For regular teachers to feel confident in their ability to teach all students, a change in teacher preparation programs should be implemented. A change in teacher preparation programs still needs a profound reform.
Toward a minimally invasive bladder pressure monitoring system: Model bladder for in vitro testing (2010)

Urinary Incontinence significantly affects the quality of life of 13 Million adults in America. The current diagnosis methods are often uncomfortable and inconclusive, providing motivation for researchers to create a better diagnostic system. This work focuses on developing an alternative method for Cystometry, a Urodynamic test which collects pressure data. The design proposed in this paper is for a microrobotic pressure sensing system that is attached to the inside of the bladder wall to collect and wirelessly transmit pressure data over the period of 12-24 hours. In order to be able to test the miniature sensing device, a model urinary system was designed. A model bladder is incorporated into the model urinary system, and the whole system has been submitted to pressure tests to characterize filling and voiding behavior. A tethered pressure sensor was used to collect data. The trends and pressure profiles seen in traditional Cystometry results are closely mimicked by the model urinary system, which leads to the conclusion that the bladder model is a reliable way to collect pressure data and mimic a human bladder on a scaled level. The proposed microrobotic pressure sensing system has been designed and is to be fabricated using low power and low current components. The 11:5 mm × 17 mm × 8 mm (length×width×thickness) device is designed to be attached to the bladder wall versus a free floating designs, leading to a more accurate pressure data collection. The sensing system will allow all ranges of pressure data from inside the bladder to be captured wirelessly during a patient's normal daily routine. The collected pressure data is expected to depict typical bladder trends more efficiently than traditional methods and lead to more accurate diagnosis of incontinence.
Paracatadioptric camera calibration (2002)

Catadioptric sensors refer to the combination of lens-based devices and reflective surfaces. These systems are useful because they may have a field of view which is greater than hemispherical, providing the ability to simultaneously view in any direction. Configurations which have a unique effective viewpoint are of primary interest, among these is the case where the reflective surface is a parabolic mirror and the camera is such that it induces an orthographic projection and which we call paracatadioptric. We present an algorithm for the calibration of such a device using only the images of lines in space. In fact, we show that we may obtain all of the intrinsic parameters from the images of only three lines and that this is possible without any metric information. We propose a closed-form solution for focal length, image center, and aspect ratio for skewless cameras and a polynomial root solution in the presence of skew. We also give a method for determining the orientation of a plane containing two sets of parallel lines from one uncalibrated view. Such an orientation recovery enables a rectification which is impossible to achieve in the case of a single uncalibrated view taken by a conventional camera. We study the performance of the algorithm in simulated setups and compare results on real images with an approach based on the image of the mirror's bounding circle.
Use of an Augmented-Vision Device for Visual Search by Patients with Tunnel Vision (2006)

Although performance improvement with the device for the larger search area was obvious, whether it was helpful for the smaller search area depended on VF and gaze speed. Because improvement in directness was demonstrated, increased gaze speed, which could result from further training and adaptation to the device, might enable patients with small VFs to benefit from the device for visual search tasks.
Long-term result of direct frontalis sling with fascia lata in congenital ptosis (2019)

Background: Congenital ptosis with poor levator function are very difficult to make good results of functional and cosmetic side. Surgical methods for the correction of congenital ptosis with poor levator function, including frontalis suspension or maximal levator resection, remain controversial. We evaluated the postoperative surgical and cosmetic long-term outcomes after frontalis sling operation with preserved fascia lata for congenital ptosis with poor levator function.
Phospholipids Prevent Enteric Bacterial Translocation in the Early Stage of Experimental Acute Liver Failure in the Rat (1994)

Enteral administration of phospholipids thus seems to protect against translocation of enteric bacteria and prevent against a decrease in intestinal mucosal mass and enterocyte protein content after subtotal hepatectomy in the rat.
Mouse M290 is the functional homologue of the human mucosal lymphocyte integrin HML‐1: Antagonism between the integrin ligands E‐cadherin and RGD tripeptide (1999)

Human mucosal lymphocyte antigen-1 (HML-1, alphaEbeta7) and E-cadherin, two members of unrelated cell adhesion superfamilies, have evolved to play cooperative roles in gut mucosal immunity. Human E-cadherin is self-ligand mediating intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells, as well as adhesion of intra-epithelial lymphocytes to intestinal enterocytes via an interaction with HML-1. Herein we report that both dimeric and monomeric forms of recombinant mouse E-cadherin-human immunoglobulin Fc chimera self-associate and support attachment of E-cadherin+ mouse colon epithelial cells. Both forms also support the adhesion of mouse MTC-1 T cells via M290, thereby establishing M290 as the functional mouse homologue of HML-1 and revealing that E-cadherin homophilic and heterophilic binding sites are distinct. Adhesion of MTC-1 cells to E-cadherin-Fc was inhibited by arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides and vice versa cells bound to immobilized RGD polymer in an M290-dependent fashion, where adhesion was inhibitable with soluble E-cadherin-Fc. Hence, E-cadherin and RGD integrin ligands antagonize cell binding by one another, either by inducing integrin cross-talk or by binding to shared or overlapping sites within M290. Binding of E-cadherin-Fc by HML-1 costimulated the CD3-induced proliferation of purified CD4+ T cells, suggesting that E-cadherin expressed on dendritic cells may play a T cell costimulatory role in addition to facilitating dendritic cell-keratinocyte adhesion.
Understanding gravity gradients—a tutorial (2006)

The use of gravity gradient (GG) data in exploration is becoming more common. However, interpretation of gravity gradient data is not as easy as the familiar vertical gravity data. For a given source, regardless of its simplicity, gravity gradients often produce a complex pattern of anomalies (single, doublet, triplet, or quadruplet) as compared to the simple single (monopolar) gravity anomalies. This paper is a minitutorial on gravity gradients and is designed to provide a simple explanation of the complex pattern of GG anomalies and suggest some guidelines for the interpretation of measured surface GG data.
Investigation of the Ag–In–Ge system used for alloyed contacts to GaAs (1979)

One of the useful metallization schemes for alloyed contacts to n-type GaAs consists of Ag–In–Ge. The interaction of Ag, In, and Ge within the alloy and with the GaAs substrate has been studied by Auger and photoelectron spectroscopy. In-depth profiling of the metallization scheme indicates segregation of In to the alloy GaAs interface and segregation of Ge to the surface of the alloy. Upon annealing Ge diffuses to and accumulates at the alloy GaAs interface to produce a heavily doped n+ layer which results in ohmic electrical behavior. This is accompanied by the out diffusion of Ga to the alloy surface. Since Ge acts as a donor in GaAs when excess As exists, it compensates for the loss of Ga.
Mono(aryloxido)Titanium(IV) Complexes and Their Application in the Selective Dimerization of Ethylene (2009)

Abstract We report on the synthesis of mono(aryloxido)titanium(IV) complexes of general formula {Ti[O( o ‐R)Ar]X 3 }, with X = O i Pr, ArO = 2‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐methylphenoxy and R = CMe 3 ( 2a ), CMe 2 Ph ( 2b ) and CH 2 NMe 2 ( 2c ). Attempts to reach pure mono(aryloxido) complexes when R = CH 2 NMe(CH 2 Ph) ( 2d ) or CH 2 N(CH 2 Ph) 2 ( 2e ) were unsuccessful. When R = CH 2 OMe, the analogous mononuclear complex was not obtained, and instead, a dinuclear complex [(2‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐methoxymethylphenoxy) TiCl(O i Pr)(μ 2 ‐O i Pr) 2 TiCl(O i Pr) 2 ] ( 3 ) was formed. Complexes 2b and 3 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The former contains a tetrahedrally coordinated Ti IV centre, whereas in the latter the aryloxido ligand behaves as a chelating–bridging ligand between the two, chemically very different metal centres that form two face‐sharing octahedra. Different synthetic approaches starting from [Ti(O i Pr) 4 ] or [TiCl(O i Pr) 3 ] were evaluated and are discussed. The hemilabile behaviour of the aryloxido ligand resulting from reversible coordination of its side arm was studied by variable‐temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy for 2c (R = CH 2 NMe 2 ). Complexes 2a – d were contacted with ethylene and AlEt 3 as cocatalyst. When activated with AlEt 3 (3 equiv.) at 20 bar and 60 °C, complex 2c exhibits interesting activity (2100 g/gTi/h) for the selective dimerization of ethylene to 1‐butene (92 % C 4 = ; 99 + % C 4 =1 ). Noticeable differences in catalyst activity were observed when the R group was modified. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Very High Speed Ordered Mesh Network of Seismic Sensors for Oil and Gas Exploration (2007)

Oil and gas exploration requires channeling the input from thousands of portable sensors located over a large geographical area to a central processing station. High data rates and the requirement to support near-real time processing make this a challenging application for a distributed sensor network. This presentation will describe how specific characteristics of the application can be used to advantage in obtaining a high data rate in a distributed wireless environment.
Design and analysis of an <i>X–Y</i> parallel nanopositioner supporting large-stroke servomechanism (2014)

In this paper, we consider the design and analysis of an X–Y parallel piezoelectric-actuator-driven nanopositioner with a novel two-stage amplifying mechanism, where the mechanical design is optimized to achieve a large stroke and high-natural frequency for the purpose of high-performance servomechanism. The parallel kinematic X–Y flexure mechanism provides good geometric decoupling. The kinematic and dynamic analysis shows that the proposed design has a large work space and high bandwidth, which is further verified by finite-element analysis. The analysis results demonstrate that the designed nanopositioner has a large workspace more than 200 µm and a high-natural frequency at about 760 Hz. Furthermore, the dynamical model of the nanopositioner, including the dynamics of the PZT actuators, is also generated from the perspective of input/output transfer functions, and the parameters are identified by frequency-response experiments, which can be used for nano precision servomechanism.
On the mobility-lifetime products in photorefractive GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells structures determined by moving grating technique measurements (2014)

The method to determine mobility-lifetime products of photoexcited electrons and holes in semi-insulating GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells structures is proposed. The method is based on measurements of a photoconductivity and optical investigations of a photorefractive material response in wave-mixing setup using the running grating technique. Full Text: PDF References L. Solymar, D.J. Webb, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, The physics and applications of photorefractive materials (Clarendon Press: Oxford 1996). D.D. Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Photorefractive effects and Materials, ed. by D.D.Nolte (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995). S. Balasubramanian, I. Lahiri, Y. Ding, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, "Two-wave-mixing dynamics and nonlinear hot-electron transport in transverse-geometry photorefractive quantum wells studied by moving gratings", Appl. Phys. B 68, 863 (1999). CrossRef M Wichtowski, "Wave mixing analysis in photorefractive quantum wells in the Franz–Keldysh geometry under a moving grating", Appl. Phys. B 115, 505 (2014). CrossRef Q. Wang, R.M. Brubaker, D.D. Nolte, "Photorefractive phase shift induced by hot-electron transport: multiple-quantum-well structures", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1773 (1994). CrossRef M. Shur GaAs devices and circuits (Springer, New York, 1989). D.D. Nolte, "Semi-insulating semiconductor heterostructures: Optoelectronic properties and applications", J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6259 (1999). CrossRef G.C. Valley, H. Rajbenbach, H.J. von Bardeleben, "Mobility?lifetime product of photoexcited electrons in GaAs", Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 364 (1989). CrossRef A. Ziółkowski, "Temporal analysis of solitons in photorefractive semiconductors", J. Opt. 14, 035202 (2012). CrossRef
A tunable CW UV laser with <35kHz absolute frequency instability for precision spectroscopy of Sr Rydberg states: supporting data (2015)

We present a solid-state laser system that generates over 200 mW of continuous-wave, narrowband light, tunable from 316.3 nm - 317.7 nm and 318.0 nm - 319.3 nm. The laser is based on commercially available fiber amplifiers and optical frequency doubling technology, along with sum frequency generation in a periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystal. The laser frequency is stabilized to an atomic-referenced high finesse optical transfer cavity. Using a GPS-referenced optical frequency comb we measure a long term frequency instability of less than 35 kHz for timescales between 10^{-3} s and 10^{3} s. As an application we perform spectroscopy of Sr Rydberg states from n = 37 - 81, demonstrating mode-hop-free scans of 24 GHz. In a cold atomic sample we measure Doppler-limited linewidths of 350 kHz.
SYNTHESIS OF PHENOTHIAZINES VIA SMILES REARRANGEMENT (2002)

Synthesis of 3-bromo/l,2-dimethylphenothiazines is reported by Smiles rearrangement of 5-bromo/3,4dimethyl-2-formamido-2 '-nitrodiphenylsulfides. The later were obtained by the formylation of 2-amino-5-bromo/ 3,4-dimethyl-2'-nitrodiphenylsulfides which were prepared by the condensation of 2-amino-5-bromo/3,4dimethylbenzenethiols with o-halonitrobenzenes.
High-power and high-efficiency diode-pumped Er:Yb:glass laser (1992)

A continuous-wave Er:Yb:phosphate glass laser pumped at 980 nm by a high-power broad-area InGaAs diode laser has been developed. The laser emits 74 mW output power at 1532 nm in multimode operation and over 30 mW in a single transverse mode.
The Age of The Mount Kindle Formation of The Franklin Mountains (1963)

ABSTRACT Borden and Bell have recently dated the Mount Kindle Formation of the Franklin Mountains as Ordovician. The writer has re-examined fossils collected from this formation in 1921 and 1922, and has confirmed its middle Silurian age at its type locality, and at Mount Charles on Great Bear River.
Energy Savings for Occupancy-Based Control (OBC) of Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems (2013)

Terminal boxes usually serve a single building zone, controlling the air-flow rate to the zone and reheating the air when it is too cool. Each terminal box has a minimum air-flow rate that ensures the ventilation requirements of the occupants of the zone served are met. This minimum air-flow rate is maintained at a constant value based on the design occupancy of the zone, which often corresponds to the maximum occupancy, because measurements of actual occupancy are not currently used to adjust the flow rate. Therefore, the minimum flow rate must meet the ventilation needs of the fully occupied zone. The total flow rate may be higher than the minimum to provide adequate cooling or heating, but the minimum for ventilation should always be met. In practice, control system integrators and installers often set the cooling minimum air-flow rate for ventilation to between 30% and 50% of the maximum air-flow rate of the terminal box. Building occupancy, however, varies dynamically. Conference rooms, cafeterias, auditoriums, and other assembly spaces are often unoccupied for significant periods of time. Office occupancy varies during the course of a work day, from day to day, and over the longer term because of attendance of meetings elsewhere, business travel, changing room functions, and variations in staffing. The resulting over-ventilation, during times when the space has less than maximum occupancy or is unoccupied, wastes significant fan energy and causes discomfort for occupants in some spaces (e.g., conference rooms) from overcooling or overheating, especially in interior zones that do not have reheat in the terminal boxes. Common occupancy sensors, which measure whether occupants are present or not, are commonly used for lighting control in conference rooms and other spaces with variable occupancy. They could be used to enable a terminal box to be switched to an occupied standby mode in which the air-flow rate is set to zero when no occupants are in the zone the box serves. If advanced occupancy sensors, which count the actual number of occupants in a room, were used to control terminal boxes, the minimum air-flow rate set point for the terminal box could be reset dynamically based on the actual occupancy sensed. This study evaluates the savings potential from use of occupancy-based control (OBC) of terminal boxes for large office buildings with variable-air-volume (VAV) heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems using both common occupancy sensors and advanced occupancy sensors.