gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Si−H Bond Insertion and Formation of an Enantioenriched Silicon Center (2010)

Iridium(III)-salen complexes were found to efficiently catalyze enantioselective carbene Si-H bond insertion. Highly enantioselective Si-H insertion with alpha-alkyl-alpha-diazoacetates (>or=97% ee) was achieved for the first time by using the iridium complex 4 {(aR,S), Ar = 4-TBDPSC(6)H(4)} bearing a concave-shaped salen ligand as the catalyst. Formation of a chiral silicon center was also achieved for the first time by the Si-H insertion into prochiral silanes: the reactions between prochiral silanes and tert-butyl alpha-diazopropionate in the presence of complex 5 {(aR,S), Ar = Ph} proceeded with high stereoselectivity (84-99% de, 94-->99% ee). The Si-H insertion into trisubstitued silanes with alpha-aryl-alpha-diazoacetates proceeded with almost complete enantioselectivity (>or=99% ee) by using complex 1 {(aR,R), Ar = Ph} as catalyst.
Photoresponsivity of ultraviolet detectors based on InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary alloys (2000)

We describe the growth, fabrication, and characterization of an ultraviolet (UV) photoconductive detector based on InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary alloy that is lattice matched to GaN. The detector consisted of 0.1 μm InxAlyGa1−x−yN alloy grown on 0.5–1.0 μm GaN epilayer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. With varying indium concentration, the cut-off wavelength of the InxAlyGa1−x−yN detectors could be varied to the deep UV range. The most important and intriguing result is that the responsivity of the InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary alloy exceeded that of AlGaN alloy of a comparable cutoff wavelength by a factor of five. This makes the nitride quaternary alloy very important material for solar blind UV detectors applications particularly in the deep UV range where Al rich AlGaN alloys have problems with low quantum efficiency and cracks due in part to lattice mismatch with GaN. The advantages of InxAlyGa1−x−yN quaternary over AlGaN ternary alloys for UV detector applications are also discussed.
Cochlear Implantation of Patients with Far-Advanced Otosclerosis (2006)

Patients diagnosed with far-advanced otosclerosis have a good prognosis with cochlear implantation comparable to that of other patients in whom postlingual implants are performed.
Additional Genetic High-Risk Features Such As 11q Deletion, 17p Deletion, and <i>V3-21</i> Usage Characterize Discordance of ZAP-70 and <i>VH</i> Mutation Status in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2006)

There were characteristic modes of discordance between ZAP-70 and VH mutation status depending on the presence or absence of additional genetic high-risk features such as 11q and 17p deletion or V3-21 usage. Although the biologic background for these findings is yet to be determined, these data have biologic and clinical implications regarding ZAP-70 as a pathogenic factor and outcome predictor, respectively.
Large-area GaN n-core/p-shell arrays fabricated using top-down etching and selective epitaxial overgrowth (2012)

We present large-area, vertically aligned GaN n-core and p-shell structures on silicon substrates. The GaN pillars were formed by inductively coupled plasma etching of lithographically patterned n-GaN epitaxial layer. Mg-doped p-GaN shells were formed using selective overgrowth by halide vapor phase epitaxy. The diameter of the cores ranged from 250 nm to 10 μm with varying pitch. The p-shells formed truncated hexagonal pyramids with {11¯01} side-facets. Room-temperature photoluminescence and Raman scattering measurements indicate strain-relaxation in the etched pillars and shells. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed dislocation bending by 90° at the core-shell interface and reduction in their density in the shells.
Polyethylene ferulate (PEF) and congeners: polystyrene mimics derived from biorenewable aromatics (2015)

Ferulic acid and coumaric acid are abundantly available bioaromatics from megacrop agricultural waste (such as sugarcane bagasse) and are functional building blocks for polystyrene mimics.
Corrosion of Steel Surfaces on Machining Equipment (1998)

Abstract Corrosion was observed on the ways of various machine tools that were inactive for a short time. The corrosion resistance of various coolants, way oils, and spindle lubricants was determined on bare steel using the 5 percent salt spray test per ASTM-B117. Inhibited versions of the coolants, way oils, and spindle lubricants were evaluated and reported in the paper.
New Model of Progressive Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Mice Induced by Streptozotocin. (1999)

This study was designed to clarify the relationship between streptozotocin (STZ) dosage (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) and the resulting diabetogenic response in mice (8-week-old male ICR). In this experiment, we found that a single i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg STZ is able to induce progressive diabetes mellitus, in which non-fasting serum glucose levels begin to rise from 3 weeks and continue to rise throughout the experimental period until 9 weeks. The non-fasting serum insulin levels of 100 mg/kg STZ-treated mice were normal during the experimental period. In addition, the population of insulin-immunoreactive cells (beta cells) in the islets of pancreata was slightly less than in normal mice at 9 weeks. In 200 mg/kg STZ-treated mice, on the other hand, the insulin levels were below measurable values and insulin-immunoreactive cells were not observed. It is concluded from these results that the progressive diabetic mouse model induced by a single i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg STZ, unlike 200 mg/kg STZ-induced diabetes which is insulin-dependent, is non-insulin-dependent.
Effect of Oil, Surfactant and Co-Surfactant Concentrations on the Phase Behavior, Physicochemical Properties and Drug Release from Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (2014)

Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant concentrations on the phase behavior, physico-chemical properties and drug release of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS). Solubility of artemether in Peceol® (oil), Labrasol® (surfactant), Transcutol® (co-surfactant) and their mixtures was studied while pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed using water titration method as surfactant efficiency and water solubilization capacity were examined. Artemether SEDDS were prepared by dissolving artemether in the oil prior to further mixtures with surfactant, cosurfactants and characterized by evaluation of phase stability, self-emulsification, pH, viscosity, drug precipitation, refrigeration thaw cycle, centrifugation, drug release and dispersion. SEDDS prepared with surfactant-co-surfactant mixture (Smix) at 3:1 ratio had the largest zone of microemulsion in the pseudoternary phase diagrams and highest surfactant efficiency. Formulations with higher Labrasol® content showed faster self-emulsification, while artemether release and dispersion from capsule-filled SEDDS was optimum and fastest using Peceol®/ Smix ratio of 1:2 and a Labrasol®/Transcutol® ratio of 3:1. Combinations of oil, surfactant and co-surfactants at varied ratios produced self-emulsifying systems with different emulsification, drug release and dispersion qualities.
Recognition by linear combinations of models (1991)

An approach to visual object recognition in which a 3D object is represented by the linear combination of 2D images of the object is proposed. It is shown that for objects with sharp edges as well as with smooth bounding contours, the set of possible images of a given object is embedded in a linear space spanned by a small number of views. For objects with sharp edges, the linear combination representation is exact. For objects with smooth boundaries, it is an approximation that often holds over a wide range of viewing angles. Rigid transformations (with or without scaling) can be distinguished from more general linear transformations of the object by testing certain constraints placed on the coefficients of the linear combinations. Three alternative methods of determining the transformation that matches a model to a given image are proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mapping the Phospholipid-binding Surface and Translocation Determinants of the C2 Domain from Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (1999)

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) plays a key role in the generation of arachidonic acid, a precursor of potent inflammatory mediators. Intact cPLA2 is known to translocate in a calcium-dependent manner from the cytosol to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. We show here that the C2 domain of cPLA2 alone is sufficient for this calcium-dependent translocation in living cells. We have identified sets of exposed hydrophobic residues in loops known as calcium-binding region (CBR) 1 and CBR3, which surround the C2 domain calcium-binding sites, whose mutation dramatically decreased phospholipid binding in vitro without significantly affecting calcium binding. Mutation of a residue that binds calcium ions (D43N) also eliminated phospholipid binding. The same mutations that prevent phospholipid binding of the isolated C2 domain in vitro abolished the calcium-dependent translocation of cPLA2 to internal membranes in vivo, suggesting that the membrane targeting is driven largely by direct interactions with the phospholipid bilayer. Using fluorescence quenching by spin-labeled phospholipids for a series of mutants containing a single tryptophan residue at various positions in the cPLA2 C2 domain, we show that two of the calcium-binding loops, CBR1 and CBR3, penetrate in a calcium-dependent manner into the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer, establishing an anchor for docking the domain onto the membrane.
Gamma oscillation underlies hyperthermia-induced epileptiform-like spikes in immature rat hippocampal slices (2001)

These results suggest that the GABA(A) receptor-governed gamma oscillations underlie the hyperthermic population spike activity in immature hippocampal slices.
Development of a Fuel-Based Mass Emission Measurement Procedure (1971)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A calculational procedure is derived which expresses exhaust emissions on a fuel basis. Existing vehicle exhaust sampling procedures are utilized, together with fuel consumption data which are simultaneously obtained. Since no measurements of exhaust or air flow are required, the procedure is not limited by powerplant size.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Emission values are computed in terms of grams per mode and grams per mile, as well as on “corrected” molar concentration (fuel) bases. Additional calculated vehicle developmental parameters include air-fuel ratio (carbon balance and oxygen balance), air consumption, dry exhaust volume, fuel economy, and combustion efficiency. Conversion of wet exhaust analyses to dry bases is considered.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Actual mass emissions are determined for both the current federal seven-mode cycle and the 1972 federal test cycle. The observed, uncorrected vehicle concentration data, together with fuel flow data obtained by means of a digital fuel meter, are reduced by means of an on-line computer installation. In addition to tests of lean, catalytic, and rich reactor vehicles, this procedure has been employed for vehicles powered by gas turbine, steam, diesel, and hybrid ICE-electric powerplants, including some vehicles in the 1970 “Clean Air Car Race.”</div>
Dual-spiral slot antennas (1991)

Two types of dual-spiral slot antennas characterised by their simple feed are studied; one is a bidirectional radiation type (Bi-DSS) and the other is a unidirectional type (Uni-DSS). The radiation characteristics of the Bi-DSS are evaluated using the numerically determined magnetic current distribution. It is found that a travelling wave magnetic current distribution becomes dominant for a particular range of slot-arm lengths, contributing to the radiation of a circularly polarised wave. On the basis of the investigation of the Bi-DSS radiation mechanism, the Uni-DSS antenna with a triplate configuration is designed. Formation of a circularly polarised, unidirectional beam is experimentally realised. A 4 × 8 Uni-DSS array antenna with a simple feeding system is constructed, achieving an aperture efficiency of 60% over a frequency range of 11.6 GHz to 12.0 GHz.
Application of nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge for biomedical treatment of topographically non-uniform surfaces (2009)

Antimicrobial effectiveness of a nanosecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was investigated and compared with that of a microsecond-pulsed DBD. Experiments were conducted on the Escherichia coli bacteria covering a topographically non-uniform agar surface acting as one of the DBD electrodes. They reveal that the nanosecond-pulsed DBD can inactivate bacteria in recessed areas whereas the microsecond-pulsed and conventional DBDs fail to do so. Charged species (electrons and ions) appear to play the major role in the bacteria inactivation with the nanosecond-pulsed DBD. Moreover, the nanosecond-pulsed DBD kills bacteria significantly faster than its microsecond-pulsed counterpart. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Current and future approaches for diagnosis of periodontal diseases. (1999)

Our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases has grown in the recent past, and new findings have led to advances in patient management. This article summarizes important new knowledge and offers a description of traditional and novel diagnostic approaches. These include clinical and radiographic assessments of the periodontal tissues, evaluation of the microbial challenge and the host response, and certain elements of the host genotype that may confer susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases.
Octahydrobenzo[g]quinolines: potent dopamine agonists which show the relationship between ergolines and apomorphine (1985)

A synthesis of all four diastereoisomeric 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1,6-dimethoxyoctahydrobenzo[g]quinolines 13a-d is presented. The two trans isomers 13b and 13c have been converted to tricyclic analogues 20 (CV 205-502) and 26 (205-503) of the potent dopaminomimetic ergolines CQ 32-084 and pergolide, respectively. These two compounds combine the essential moiety of apomorphine with the important 8-substituents of ergolines. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 20 and 26 suggests that these novel dopamine agonists combine the specificity of apomorphine with the potency, long duration of action, and good oral activity of the ergolines.
Biological Behavior of Hat-Stacked Carbon Nanofibers in the Subcutaneous Tissue in Rats (2004)

The tissue response to hat-stacked carbon nanofibers (H-CNFs) was evaluated. H-CNFs were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Histological and ultrastructural investigations were carried out by transmission electron microscopy. Although many macrophages and foreign body giant cells were seen around H-CNFs, no severe inflammatory response such as necrosis was observed. Some H-CNFs were observed in lysosomal vacuoles of phagocytes. These results showed that H-CNFs were not strong prophlogistic substances and were englobed in vivo.
Carbide makers rise to the challenge (1999)

Producers of hardmetal tooling face a number of challenges from the increasing use of high-performance materials in many engineering applications and the introduction of new forming and cutting processes. This has seen intensive efforts in the development of hardmetal cutting materials and tools in the last few years. Klaus Dreyer and Hen van den Berg of Widia GmbH in Essen, Germany, outline recent trends in the manufacture of hardmetal tooling and wear parts.
Determination of High-affinity Antibody-antigen Binding Kinetics Using Four Biosensor Platforms (2017)

Label-free optical biosensors are powerful tools in drug discovery for the characterization of biomolecular interactions. In this study, we describe the use of four routinely used biosensor platforms in our laboratory to evaluate the binding affinity and kinetics of ten high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9). While both Biacore T100 and ProteOn XPR36 are derived from the well-established Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology, the former has four flow cells connected by serial flow configuration, whereas the latter presents 36 reaction spots in parallel through an improvised 6 x 6 crisscross microfluidic channel configuration. The IBIS MX96 also operates based on the SPR sensor technology, with an additional imaging feature that provides detection in spatial orientation. This detection technique coupled with the Continuous Flow Microspotter (CFM) expands the throughput significantly by enabling multiplex array printing and detection of 96 reaction sports simultaneously. In contrast, the Octet RED384 is based on the BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) optical principle, with fiber-optic probes acting as the biosensor to detect interference pattern changes upon binding interactions at the tip surface. Unlike the SPR-based platforms, the BLI system does not rely on continuous flow fluidics; instead, the sensor tips collect readings while they are immersed in analyte solutions of a 384-well microplate during orbital agitation. Each of these biosensor platforms has its own advantages and disadvantages. To provide a direct comparison of these instruments' ability to provide quality kinetic data, the described protocols illustrate experiments that use the same assay format and the same high-quality reagents to characterize antibody-antigen kinetics that fit the simple 1:1 molecular interaction model.
Synergistic inhibition of growth of breast and colon human cancer cell lines by site-selective cyclic AMP analogues. (1988)

Our past studies on the mechanism of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated control of tumor growth, using the experimental rat mammary tumor models as well as human breast cancer cell lines, indicated that the action of cAMP is mediated by the RII cAMP receptor protein, the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II (Y. S. Cho-Chung, J. Cyclic Nucleotide Res., 6: 163, 1980). We now shown that the site-selective cAMP analogues, which are manyfold more active in binding to the cAMP receptor protein than previously studied analogues, demonstrate a potent growth inhibition of seven breast and three colon human cancer cell lines. The cAMP receptor protein has two different cAMP binding sites, and cAMP analogues that selectively bind to either one of the two binding sites are known as either site 1 selective (C-8 analogues) or site 2 selective (C-6 analogues). Nineteen site-selective analogues, C-6 and C-8 monosubstituted and C-6,-8 disubstituted, were tested for their growth regulatory effect. The majority of these analogues demonstrated an appreciable growth inhibition, with no sign of toxicity in all 10 cancer lines at micromolar concentrations. The three most potent inhibitors were 8-Cl-, N6-benzyl-, and N6-phenyl-8-thio-p-chlorophenyl-cAMP, demonstrating 50% growth inhibition at 5-25 microM concentrations (IC50). Furthermore, N6-analogues, in combination with halogen or thio derivatives of C-8 analogues, demonstrated synergistic enhancement of growth inhibition. The growth inhibition paralleled a change in cell morphology, an augmentation of the RII cAMP receptor protein, and a reduction in p21 ras protein. The growth inhibition by 8-Cl-cAMP was not due to its metabolite, 8-Cl-adenosine, since: (a) the growth inhibition by 8-Cl-cAMP was released upon cessation of treatment, whereas that by 8-Cl-adenosine was not released; (b) 8-Cl-cAMP treatment did not affect cell cycle progression, whereas 8-Cl-adenosine brought about G1 synchronization; (c) 8-Cl-cAMP treatment caused reduction of p21 ras protein, whereas 8-Cl-adenosine did not affect p21 levels; and (d) 8-Cl-adenosine was not detected in either cell extracts or medium from the cells treated with 8-Cl-cAMP for 48-72 h. Site-selective cAMP analogues thus provide a new physiological means to control the growth of breast and colon human cancer cells.
End-Host Multicast Communication Using Switch-Trees Protocols (2003)

Switch-trees are peer-to-peer algorithms for building and improving end-host multicast trees. Nodes switch parents to reduce tree cost or lower source-member latency. A node switches parents by disconnecting from its parent and reconnecting to a new parent. If the new parent is well chosen, the performance of the tree is improved overall. We look at the performance of switch-trees using the following metrics: cost, latency, link stress and number of switches. Simulations show switch-tree algorithms can build trees of hundreds of nodes at less than twice the optimal cost. In addition, we describe our implementation of a switch-tree protocol. Experiments show that our protocol builds low-cost trees in practice.
Energy requirement for degradation of tumor-associated protein p53. (1984)

A 53,000-dalton protein (p53) present in large amounts in several types of tumorigenic cells was rapidly degraded in nontumorigenic BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts (t 1/2, approximately 0.5 h) but not in tumorigenic methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcoma cells (t 1/2, greater than 2 h). In 3T3 cells, dinitrophenol and 2-deoxyglucose, agents which reduce ATP production, inhibited the rapid degradation of p53 and the slower breakdown of total cell protein. After removal of these agents, the degradation of both p53 and total cell proteins resumed at their normal rates. Inhibitors of intralysosomal proteolysis (Ep475 and chloroquine) did not reduce the rate of degradation of p53. Thus, in 3T3 cells, p53 appears to be degraded by a nonlysosomal, ATP-dependent proteolytic system similar to that previously shown to degrade short- and long-lived proteins in growing fibroblasts. The immunoreactive p53 which remained in ATP-depleted cells had the same molecular weight as the p53 in the control cells. No intermediate products of p53 degradation were detected by immunoprecipitation in either ATP-depleted or control cells. Hence, ATP seems to be required for an initial step in the degradation of p53. Although the amount of labeled p53 was increased in simian virus 40-transformed and methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcoma cells, the amount of p53 labeled during a 3-h pulse in Moloney virus- and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells and untransformed 3T3 cells was similar. Thus, an increased net rate of p53 accumulation is not a common feature of transformed tumorigenic cells.
Application and field test of a mobile thermal desorption - single photon ionization - ion trap mass spectrometer (TD-SPI-ITMS) for trace detection of security relevant substances (2009)

The objective of this accomplished project funded by the German BMBF was to develop a single photon ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (SPI-ITMS) for detection of security relevant substances in complex matrices at low concentrations. The advantage of such a soft ionization technique is a reduction of target ion fragmentation allowing identification of signals from complex matrices and enabling MS/MS capability. To obtain low detection limits, the applied photon energy has to be below the ionization potential (IP) of the bulk matrix components. Therefore, photon energies between 8 eV (155 nm) and 12 eV (103 nm) are necessary which was achieved with newly developed electron beam excimer lamps (EBEL). They generate light at different wavelengths depending on the selected rare gas emitting wavelengths adapted to the analyzed substances. So, e.g. with a krypton-EBEL with 8.4 eV photon energy most narcotics can be ionized without notable fragmentation. Due to their higher IPs, EBEL with higher photon energy have to be used for most explosives. Very low false-positive and false-negative rates have been achieved using MS/MS studies. First field tests of a demonstrator provided the proof of principle.