gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Twisted nematic display with cholesteric reflector (1975)

A new reflection mode twisted nematic liquid crystal display scheme is described that uses only one-sheet-type polarizing filter. In this scheme the reflector and the second polarizer of the conventional twisted nematic display are replaced by a combination of a quarter-wave plate and a cholesteric liquid crystal layer. This combination is equivalent to a combination consisting of a linear polarizer, a colour filter and a diffuse reflector. The display scheme shows either black characters against an unusually brilliant iridescent background or the converse situation of iridescent characters against a black field. The performance of this new display scheme is compared to the conventional twisted nematic reflective mode display.
Ochratoxin a: Its Cancer Risk and Potential for Exposure (2006)

Ochratoxin A (OA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin known to contaminate a variety of foods and beverages. The cancer risk posed by OA was reviewed as relevant to human exposure, regulatory activities, and risk management efforts occurring worldwide, particularly in Europe. OA moves through the food chain and has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Results from the National Toxicology Program's rodent bioassays show significantly increased incidence of mammary gland tumors in female rats and kidney tumors in male and female rats given OA orally. Liver tumors in female mice fed OA in the diet have also been observed. In humans, OA exposure has been most often associated with the kidney disease Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), symptoms of which include tumors of the kidney and urinary tract. No epidemiological studies have yet adequately evaluated the cancer risk of OA in human populations. Studies have shown OA to be genotoxic as well as immunotoxic, although its mode of action is not fully understood. Organizations and agencies in many countries are currently promulgating standards for OA in foods and beverages. Increased efforts in farm management and food safety are being made to mitigate the risks to public health posed by OA. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently evaluating data on OA levels in domestic and imported commodities but has not established official regulations or guidelines for OA in the U.S. food supply.
One day in the life of a stream—a diurnal inorganic carbon mass balance for a travertine‐depositing stream (waterfall beck, Yorkshire) (1991)

Abstract A carbon mass balance for photosynthesis, carbonate precipitation, out‐gassing, and respiration was calculated for a stream in Yorkshire, UK, from diurnal variations in total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and its isotopic composition. Complementary measurements of the photosynthetically available radiation, water temperature, pH, and dissolved calcium were taken at the springhead (site A) and downstream (site B). The difference in carbon isotope composition between the lower station and the springhead increases from a nighttime minimum of 3.4%oPDB to a daytime maximum of 7.1%o as a result of the biological and chemical processes affecting the dissolved inorganic carbon pool. The diurnal carbon balance input consisted of 194 mol carbon that entered via the spring (accounting for 94.6% of the budget) and 5.4% that was added by aquatic plant respiration. Of the output, 10.0% was fixed by photosynthesis, 12.2% was precipitated as CaCO3, and 9.4% was outgassed over 24 h. At midday 17.8% was fixed by photosynthesis, 15.2% was precipitated as CaCO3, and 8.5% was released by outgassing; 5.4% was still added by respiration. The δ13C value of TDIC showed a pronounced diurnal cycle and differed between sites A and B. The δ13C of cyanobacterial carbonate carbon was significantly higher than that of the travertine precipitated nearby and showed a downstream increase. These features relate the two types of calcareous deposits to the geochemical characteristics of the stream water and also to the biological community and its photosynthetic activity.
A clinical investigation of the mechanism of loxoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, for patients with nocturia. (2008)

We previously reported the effectiveness of loxoprofen sodium (loxoprofen), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) complaining of nocturia. In this study, we explored the mechanism of loxoprofen in the treatment of nocturia. Fifty-six patients complaining of nocturia were enrolled. They took a single 60-mg tablet of loxoprofen at bedtime for 14 days. The effects of this treatment were assessed by bladder diaries. Nocturia improved (nocturia decreased >or=1 void/night) in 40 patients (71.4%). Nocturnal urine volume was reduced in 31 of 40 (77.5%) without nocturnal single-void volume increase. Nocturnal single-void volume increased in 4 of 40 (10.0%) without nocturnal urine volume reduction. Two of 40 (5.0%) demonstrated both nocturnal urine volume reduction and nocturnal single-void volume increase. Three (7.5%) were exceptions to the above. In conclusion, the main mechanism of loxoprofen is the reduction of nocturnal urine volume for the treatment of nocturia and the second mechanism is the increased bladder capacity.
SOFT SOLUTION PROCESSING : LOW-ENERGY DIRECT FABRICATION OF ADVANCED INORGANIC MATERIALS (1999)

A new concept ‘‘soft solution processing’ ’ has been introduced to fabricate advanced solid state materials in an economical, environmentally friendly, and energy and material efficient way. The prepared films show the desired and prospective properties despite of low temperature synthesis and no post-synthesis annealing. Suc-cessful examples demonstrate that soft solution processing is capable of preparing advanced materials with planned properties through the easy control of reaction conditions in a suitable aqueous solution in a single syn-thetic step without huge energy consumption and without any sophisticated equipment.
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Regulates the Expression of Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Genes in Arabidopsis during Excess Light Stress (1997)

Stanislaw Karpinski, Carolina Escobar, Barbara Karpinska, Gary Creissen, Philip M. Mullineaux, Photosynthetic Electron Transport Regulates the Expression of Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Genes in Arabidopsis during Excess Light Stress, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Apr., 1997), pp. 627-640
Experimental Proof of the Relation between Thickness of the Probed Surface Layer and Absorbance in FT-IR/ATR Spectroscopy (1985)

Experimental investigation has been made of the relation of absorbance of a band in FT-IR/ATR spectroscopy to the thickness of the probed surface layer from the measurements of two-layered samples. The two-layered samples are composed of a polystyrene surface layer varying in thickness from 0.01 to 3.64 μm and a polyurethane base layer of 100 *im thickness. The component spectrum of the surface or base layer was separated by spectral subtraction. FT-IR/ATR spectroscopic measurements were mostly measured by nonpolarized incident light. The relation of observed absorbances of several selected bands of both the surface and base layers to the thickness of the surface layer was compared with the theoretical calculations from Harrick's equation. In the comparison, the effect of “nonpolarization” of the incident light was corrected for the observed absorbances. The agreement was excellent between the observation of and the theoretical calculation for both the surface and base layers. A method was proposed to determine the thickness of the spectrally separable surface layer on a film. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by application to the redetermination of the thickness of the surface layer of the present two-layered samples. An expression was proposed to give the contribution of a surface layer of a certain thickness to the total absorbance of a band in ATR spectroscopy.
When Gold Is Not Noble:  Nanoscale Gold Catalysts (1999)

While inert as bulk material, nanoscale gold particles dispersed on oxide supports exhibit a remarkable catalytic activity. Temperature-programmed reaction studies of the catalyzed combustion of CO on size-selected small monodispersed Aun (n ≤ 20) gold clusters supported on magnesia, and first-principle simulations, reveal the microscopic origins of the observed unusual catalytic activity, with Au8 found to be the smallest catalytically active size. Partial electron transfer from the surface to the gold cluster and oxygen-vacancy F-center defects are shown to play an essential role in the activation of nanosize gold clusters as catalysts for the combustion reaction.
Identification of the RNA Polymerase-Binding Site on Genome RNA of Influenza Virus1 (1987)

The binding sites for influenza viral RNA polymerase on genome RNA segments were investigated. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) cores containing the RNA polymerase were isolated from detergent-treated virions by glycerol gradient centrifugation. On ApG-primed in vitro transcription by the isolated RNP cores, different levels of RNA transcripts were synthesized for the eight RNP cores, suggesting an uneven distribution of the RNA polymerase. 3'-Terminal labeling of the RNP cores with the use of [32P]pCp and T4-RNA ligase indicated a reciprocal correlation between the levels of the RNA-3' label and RNA synthesis. Centrifugation of detergent-treated virions in a double gradient of cesium trifluoroacetate (or cesium chloride) and glycerol yielded RNA polymerase-RNA complexes devoid of NP, the major RNA-bound protein, but the pattern of RNA-3' labeling remained virtually unaffected. All these observations together indicated that the RNA polymerase is associated near the 3' termini of some viral RNA segments, thereby preventing the in vitro labeling of the RNA-3' ends. The results of foot-printing experiments using RNase V1 and RNase T2 were in agreement with this model.
CD40 ligand is constitutively expressed in a subset of T cell lymphomas and on the microenvironmental reactive T cells of follicular lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease. (1995)

Although CD40 has been extensively studied in B- and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs)/leukemias, and more recently in Hodgkin's disease (HD), little is known about the expression of its ligand (CD40L) in lymphoproliferative disorders other than T-cell NHLs/leukemias. A series of 121 lymphoma/leukemia samples, including 35 cases of HD, 34 T-cell and 39 B-cells NHLs, 2 cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and 11 cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were evaluated for CD40L expression by immunostaining of frozen tissue sections and flow cytometry with the anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody M90. CD40L was constitutively expressed by neoplastic cells in 15 of 36 (42%) T-cell NHLs/adult T-cell leukemia/lymphomas, almost invariably those displaying the CD4+/CD8- phenotype, whereas no CD40L-expressing tumor cells could be found in B-cell NHL and HD. Among T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias, CD40L was detected only on 2 cases displaying a stem-cell-like phenotype. In follicular B-cell lymphomas a large number of CD40L-expressing CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes were found admixed with tumor cells within the neoplastic follicles and in their surrounding areas. In the nonfollicular B-cell lymphomas, CD40L-positive CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes were few or absent. In all HD subtypes other than the nodular lymphocytic predominance, CD40L-expressing CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes were numerous in the HD-involved areas and were mainly located in close proximity to the Reed-Sternberg cells. Our data indicate that in human lymphomas CD40L is preferentially expressed by a restricted subset of T-cell lymphomas, mostly with CD4 immunophenotype. Finally, we have provided morphological evidence that CD40L may play an important role in the cell contact-dependent interaction of tumor B-cells (CD40+) within the neoplastic follicles or Reed-Sternberg cells (CD40+) in HD-involved areas and the microenvironmental CD3+/CD4+/CD40L+ T lymphocytes.
Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Transition Metal Mono‐Substituted Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalates (2011)

Abstract The oxidation of anthracene, naphthalene, 1‐ethylnaphthalene, and 2‐ethylnaphthalene with environmentally benign hydrogen peroxide has been studied in the presence of the tetrabutylammonium salts of iron and manganese mono‐substituted Keggin‐type polyoxometalates [XW 11 M(H 2 O)O 39 ] n − (X=P, Si, or B, M=Mn III or Fe III ). The reactions were performed under homogeneous conditions at 80 °C, using acetonitrile as the solvent. For all the catalysts studied, anthracene was selectively oxidized to 9,10‐anthraquinone at 100 % conversion in the presence of [BW 11 Mn(H 2 O)O 39 ] 6− . The oxidation of 1‐ethylnaphthalene and 2‐ethylnaphthalene occurs mainly at the alkyl substituent, along with the formation of phthalic anhydrides, which resulted from aromatic ring oxidation, with iron substituted anions. Naphthalene could not be oxidized with the conditions used. To understand the reaction pathways, the oxidation of several products was performed in the presence of [PW 11 Fe(H 2 O)O 39 ] 4− . Under the conditions used, the oxidation of vinylnaphthalene derivatives gave rise to mainly carbon–carbon double‐bond cleavage, affording the corresponding naphthaldehydes in high yields (>67 %). Possible reaction pathways are presented and the role of different catalysts is discussed.
New Advances on Heterogeneous Integration of III–V on Silicon (2014)

Recent advances on hybrid III–V/Si lasers and semiconductor optical amplifiers using wafer bonding are reported. Hybrid optical amplifiers exhibit 28 dB internal gain, 9 dBm saturation power in the output silicon waveguide, and 10–11 dB of internal noise factor. Moreover, using optical amplifiers as optical gates, we demonstrate a successful switching operation of optical packet/burst without penalties compared to classical optical amplifiers. The hybrid silicon lasers allow single mode operation and wavelength tunability over 30 nm by exploiting silicon ring resonators thermo-optical effect. Moreover transmission over 60 km single-mode fiber at 10 Gb/s from a directly modulated III–V on Silicon hybrid laser is also demonstrated. Finally, we achieved 21.4 Gb/s modulation over 12 wavelengths using a high-speed directly modulated silicon hybrid laser with improved E/O bandwidth.
Transmembrane Domain Sequence Requirements for Activation of the p185c-neu Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (1997)

The receptor tyrosine kinase p185c-neu can be constitutively activated by the transmembrane domain mutation Val664-->Glu, found in the oncogenic mutant p185neu. This mutation is predicted to allow intermolecular hydrogen bonding and receptor dimerization. Understanding the activation of p185c-neu has assumed greater relevance with the recent observation that achondroplasia, the most common genetic form of human dwarfism, is caused by a similar transmembrane domain mutation that activates fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 3. We have isolated novel transforming derivatives of p185c-neu using a large pool of degenerate oligonucleotides encoding variants of the transmembrane domain. Several of the transforming isolates identified were unusual in that they lacked a Glu at residue 664, and others were unique in that they contained multiple Glu residues within the transmembrane domain. The Glu residues in the transforming isolates often exhibited a spacing of seven residues or occurred in positions likely to represent the helical interface. However, the distinction between the sequences of the transforming clones and the nontransforming clones did not suggest clear rules for predicting which specific sequences would result in receptor activation and transformation. To investigate these requirements further, entirely novel transmembrane sequences were constructed based on tandem repeats of simple heptad sequences. Activation was achieved by transmembrane sequences such as [VVVEVVA]n or [VVVEVVV]n, whereas activation was not achieved by a transmembrane domain consisting only of Val residues. In the context of these transmembrane domains, Glu or Gln were equally activating, while Lys, Ser, and Asp were not. Using transmembrane domains with two Glu residues, the spacing between these was systematically varied from two to eight residues, with only the heptad spacing resulting in receptor activation. These results are discussed in the context of activating mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 that are responsible for the human developmental syndromes achondroplasia and acanthosis nigricans with Crouzon Syndrome.
Cardiac activation mapping using Ultrasound Current Source Density Imaging (2008)

Intracardiac ablation procedures to correct drug-resistant arrhythmias require accurate maps of cardiac activation. Conventional methods are time-consuming and have poor spatial resolution (5- 10 mm). The goal of this dissertation was to develop a new method, Ultrasound Current Source Density Imaging (UCSDI), to map biological currents. UCSDI is based on the acousto-electric (AE) effect, a modulation of the electric resistivity by acoustic pressure. If a current passes through the focal region of an ultrasound transducer, a voltage modulated at the ultrasonic frequency can be measured with a pair of electrodes located distal to the focal zone. By sweeping the focal zone, UCSDI can map a distributed current field. UCSDI has several potential advantages as a technique for mapping cardiac activation currents: high spatial resolution determined by the typically sub-mm focal characteristics of the ultrasound beam, short mapping time using electronically steered ultrasonic beams, and automatic registration with B-mode ultrasound images without sophisticated mathematical algorithms. UCSDI was first validated by mapping an artificially generated 2D current distribution. It was compared to sequential electrode mapping, computer simulation as well as to an inverse algorithm. In this study it was possible to use UCSDI to locate monopolar current sources to within 1-mm of their true locations without making any prior assumptions about the source geometry. UCSDI was then used to detect and map biological currents in an isolated rabbit heart. Both UCSDI and normal low frequency electrocardiograms (ECG) were measured simultaneously by tungsten electrodes embedded in the left ventricle. The motion of the heart was significantly reduced by perfusing it with an excitation contraction de-coupler. Measured UCSDI maps showed temporal and spatial patterns consistent with a spreading activation wave and timing consistent with normal ECG signals. UCSDI was then combined with ultrasonic strain imaging in a new method for electromechanical imaging. This combined method was used to make localized measurements of electromechanical delay. This method could be useful in cardiac resynchronization therapy for placing pacemaker leads.
A Liquid Viscosity-Temperature-Chemical Constitution Relation for Organic Compounds (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Liquid Viscosity-Temperature-Chemical Constitution Relation for Organic CompoundsD. van Velzen, R. Lopes Cardozo, and H. LangenkampCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen. 1972, 11, 1, 20–25Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i160041a004https://doi.org/10.1021/i160041a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2061Altmetric-Citations117LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Advances in multi-mission autonomous rendezvous and docking and relative navigation capabilities (2012)

Relative Navigation (RelNav) applications, have been identified as an enabling function of many of NASA's future mission architectures, including Rendezvous, Proximity Operations and Docking (RPOD), as well as planetary surface rendezvous and landing, surface mobility and in space servicing. Functional capabilities have been maintained and exercised for decades, but recent design and test efforts have validated revolutionary improvements in functionality and performance levels of active and passive relative navigation sensors and processing, providing a pathway for advanced autonomous operations The advances are multidisciplinary and include compact, multimission algorithm design, high performance camera technology, flash LIDAR advances, spatial light modulation and systems engineering. Many of the key technologies have been demonstrated in airborne test programs, and some of the key flash LIDAR advances were flight qualified on the Sensor Test for Orion RelNav Risk Mitigation (STORRM) relative navigation sensor suite, flown in 2011 on STS-134. The STORRM sensor suite has been developed to provide a highly reliable, compact, lightweight solution for human and robotic missions. This paper provides progress and performance results associated with relative navigation via STORRM, as well as other RelNav technology advancement and relevance to future mission applications. Cooperative and noncooperative mission application environments with natural and manmade targets and feature sets and varying degrees of autonomy are addressed.
Comparison of two bridge routing approaches (1988)

Two routing algorithms proposed for a bridged LAN environment are examined. One is based on creating a spanning tree topology; the other takes a source routing approach. The features of the running environment and the functional requirements of bridge routing are identified, and the two approaches are compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Corneal Contact Times of Ophthalmic Vehicles (1975)

Lacrimal microscintigraphy, in conjunction with a recently developed computer system, was used to evaluate the corneal contact time of three ophthalmic vehicles in 18 humans. The percentage of a radioactively labeled vehicle remaining over the cornea after 90 seconds was 2.9% plus and minus 2.2% for saline, 4.3% plus and minus 2.4% for polyvinyl alcohol, and 8.8% plus and minus 4.1% for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.