gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cataracts and Macular Degeneration in Older Americans (1982)

Cataracts and macular degeneration compromise visual function in older persons. In the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the incidence of cataracts for persons aged 45 to 64 years was as follows: white men, 5.6%; white women, 2.1%; black men, 8.3%; and black women, 8.5%. For persons aged 65 to 75 years, the rates were as follows: white men, 21.6%; white women, 26.8%; black men, 38.3%; and black women, 39.1%. For macular degeneration the rates in persons aged 45 to 64 years were as follows: white men, 2.3%; white women, 2.3%; black men, 3.8%; and black women, 2.4%. For the older age group, the rates were as follows: white men, 9.6%; white women, 6.9%; black men, 9.3%; and black women, 11.4%. Mean systolic blood pressure tended to be slightly higher in persons with either cataracts or macular degeneration than in persons without these conditions.
The Clinical Use of Antibiotics in Combination (1957)

The recent appearance on the market of preparations containing two antibiotics in the same capsule calls for an appraisal of the rationale of such therapy. Theoretical or practical reasons for administering more than one antibiotic to a patient at one time are as follows: A second antibiotic may delay the emergence of bacteria resistant to the first antibiotic. Two antibiotics may be synergistic with one another. In the initial emergency treatment of seriously ill patients where the establishment of an etiological diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic sensitivity tests may be delayed, two or more drugs may properly be used as "insurance." Mixed infections caused by more than one micro-organism may be better treated by antibiotics found most effective against each one. Reduction of dosage of each of two "additive" drugs may result in lowered incidence of toxic effects to each, as in the case of streptomycin-dihydrostreptomycin. The emergence of streptomycin-resistant tubercle
Fabrication and electrical characteristics of carbon nanotube-based microcathodes for use in a parallel electron-beam lithography system (2003)

This article presents an overview of the “Nanolith” parallel electron-beam (e-beam) lithography approach. The e-beam writing head consists of an array of microguns independently driven by an active matrix complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor circuit. At the heart of each microgun is a field-emission microcathode comprised of an extraction gate and vertical carbon nanotube emitter, whose mutual alignment is critical in order to achieve highly focused electron beams. Thus, in this work, a single-mask, self-aligned technique is developed to pattern the extraction gate, insulator, and nanotubes in the microcathode. The microcathode examined here (150×150 gates, 2 μm gate diameter, with multiple nanotubes per gate) exhibited a peak current of 10.5 μA at 48 V when operated with a duty cycle of 0.5%. The self-aligned process was extended to demonstrate the fabrication of single nanotube-based microcathodes with submicron gates.
Polarography in Acetonitrile of Titanium Tetrachloride and Tetraiodide in Various Supporting Electrolytes (1964)

Current‐potential curves of titanium tetrachloride in acetonitrile (AN) with tetraethylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte have been determined at the dropping mercury electrode. The effect of chloride, bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate ions has been investigated. In general, only two well defined reduction waves were obtained corresponding to the reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III) and Ti(0), respectively. With tetraethylammonium chloride as supporting electrolyte, three reduction waves corresponding to the reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III), Ti(II), and Ti(0), respectively, were observed. The valence states of these reduced titanium species was verified by constant potential electrolysis experiments. Titanium tetrachloride in AN reacts with mercury to produce mercurous chloride and Ti(III). The latter reacts slowly with perchlorate if present. No reaction with mercury occurs in the presence of excess chloride ions, or if the water content is 0.03M or greater. Water at this concentration slowly hydrolyzes titanium tetrachloride in AN. Titanium tetrachloride is strongly solvated in AN and conductance data indicate that the solvate dissociates according to with a dissociation constant of . Titanium tetraiodide in AN with tetraethylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte gives a single reduction wave at the dropping mercury electrode corresponding to the reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(0). In the presence of excess chloride ions replacement of the iodide occurs and three reduction waves are observed, similar to those obtained with titanium tetrachloride. Solutions of titanium tetraiodide in AN are extremely sensitive to traces of oxygen, except in the presence of excess chloride ions.
Learning Multiple Diagnosis Codes for ICU Patients with Local Disease Correlation Mining (2017)

In the era of big data, a mechanism that can automatically annotate disease codes to patients’ records in the medical information system is in demand. The purpose of this work is to propose a framework that automatically annotates the disease labels of multi-source patient data in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). We extract features from two main sources, medical charts and notes. The Bag-of-Words model is used to encode the features. Unlike most of the existing multi-label learning algorithms that globally consider correlations between diseases, our model learns disease correlation locally in the patient data. To achieve this, we derive a local disease correlation representation to enrich the discriminant power of each patient data. This representation is embedded into a unified multi-label learning framework. We develop an alternating algorithm to iteratively optimize the objective function. Extensive experiments have been conducted on a real-world ICU database. We have compared our algorithm with representative multi-label learning algorithms. Evaluation results have shown that our proposed method has state-of-the-art performance in the annotation of multiple diagnostic codes for ICU patients. This study suggests that problems in the automated diagnosis code annotation can be reliably addressed by using a multi-label learning model that exploits disease correlation. The findings of this study will greatly benefit health care and management in ICU considering that the automated diagnosis code annotation can significantly improve the quality and management of health care for both patients and caregivers.
The effect of piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid‐resistance‐associated esterases in <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (2004)

Pyrethroid resistance in field populations of Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is primarily a consequence of the overproduction of esterase isoenzymes which metabolise and sequester pyrethroid insecticides. Biochemical studies have shown that pyrethroid-resistance-associated esterases in H armigera are inhibited by the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Esterase inhibition by PBO did not occur immediately after dosing, but exhibited maximum inhibition 3-4 h after dosage. Esterase activity subsequently recovered until full activity was restored by 24 h. Topical bioassays using a pre-treatment of PBO showed that maximum H armigera mortality was achieved with pre-treatment times corresponding to maximum esterase inhibition. These results demonstrated that, with correct temporal application, PBO can restore pyrethroid efficacy against H armigera. It would also be expected that restoration of efficacy with other conventional insecticides, currently compromised by esterase-based resistance mechanisms, would occur.
Automatic geotagging of Russian web sites (2006)

The poster describes a fast, simple, yet accurate method to associate large amounts of web resources stored in a search engine database with geographic locations. The method uses location-by-IP data, domain names, and content-related features: ZIP and area codes. The novelty of the approach lies in building location-by-IP database by using continuous IP blocks method. Another contribution is domain name analysis. The method uses search engine infrastructure and makes it possible to effectively associate large amounts of search engine data with geography on a regular basis. Experiments ran on Yandex search engine index; evaluation has proved the efficacy of the approach.
Where do you want to fly today? A user interface travel genre based on flight simulators (2002)

Document genres help readers orient themselves when they approach a new document. Once they know a document's genre, they understand what the document is likely to contain and how they can probably navigate the document. User interfaces also fall into genres that allow users to orient themselves. For instance, Xerox introduced the powerful desktop genre, which facilitated user insight when they worked at isolated PCs. This powerful genre helps users move between Macintosh, Windows and other systems whose interfaces conform to the basic rules of the genre. Today, however, users often travel away from their desktops, to distant corporate and Internet computers. Under these conditions, we need new user interface "travel genres" based on movement metaphors. This paper suggests one such genre, based on a the metaphor of flight simulator games.
<i>rax</i> , a novel paired-type homeobox gene, shows expression in the anterior neural fold and developing retina (1997)

Development of the vertebrate eye has been found to require the activity of several genes encoding homeodomain proteins (Freund, C., Horsford, D. J. & McInnes, R. R. (1996) Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 1471-1488). Some of these genes, or portions thereof, are highly conserved across phyla. In this paper, we report the identification of a novel homeobox gene, rax (retina and anterior neural fold homeobox), whose expression pattern suggests an important role in eye development. The predicted amino acid sequence of Rax comprises a protein with a paired-type homeobox, as well as the octapeptide that is found in many paired-type homeobox genes. In addition, in the C terminus of Rax, we found a 15-aa domain that we have named the OAR domain. This domain is also found in several other homeobox genes. In the early mouse embryo, rax is expressed in the anterior neural fold, including areas that will give rise to the ventral forebrain and optic vesicles. Once the optic vesicles form, rax expression is restricted to the ventral diencephalon and the optic vesicles. At later stages, rax expression is found only in the developing retina. After birth, the expression of rax is restricted to the zone of proliferating cells within the retina, and expression gradually decreases as proliferation declines. These findings suggest that rax is one of the molecules that define the eye field during early development and that it has a role in the proliferation and/or differentiation of retinal cells.
A novel hinge system and incubation chamber for emulsion-coated coverslip autoradiography. (1993)

We describe an emulsion-coated coverslip autoradiographic technique for large (50 x 50 mm) sections of monkey or human brain. The technique uses adhesive-backed, teflon-reinforced aluminum foil as a flexible hinge that allows the coverslip to swing away from the slide so that the emulsion and tissue can be processed independently. We also describe a plexiglas incubation chamber that allows two slides with coverslips folded away to be processed back-to-back in 5 ml of reagent solution. In general use, the chamber minimizes the volume of solution needed to cover large slide-mounted sections and is ideal for radioligand or immunohistochemical reactions that use expensive reagents. For autoradiography, the chamber greatly facilitates independent processing of the emulsion and tissue section. Together, the foil-hinge method and incubation chamber virtually eliminate the major technical pitfalls of previous emulsion-coated coverslip methods. Moreover, they facilitate combination of histochemical or immunocytochemical staining with autoradiographic localization of neurotransmitter receptors in the same tissue section. This is demonstrated by thioflavin S staining of neuritic plaques and tangles and autoradiographic localization of serotonin 1A receptors in sections of Alzheimer disease brain.
Teleprogramming for subsea teleoperation using acoustic communication (1998)

This paper considers the performance of subsea intervention tasks from an unmanned untethered submersible while using acoustic communications. It is argued that the low bandwidth and high delay imposed by acoustic modems makes it unwise to adopt conventional teleoperation techniques and a system is presented which permits subsea teleoperative tasks to be carried out using such limited communication resources. The described implementation employs active techniques to assist the operator both in performing actions and in recovering from those problems which will inevitably occur during real-world interaction. It provides the operator with both simulated and real visual imagery and is designed to adapt dynamically to changing bandwidth and computational resources. Experiments are described in which an operator in Philadelphia, PA, controlled a robot manipulator mounted on the JASON underwater vehicle submerged off the Massachusetts coast. All communication over this 500-km distance was via a combination of Internet and a simulated acoustic link. Analysis of the bandwidth requirements showed them to be consistent with those from acoustic subsea networks.
<title>Novel second-order nonlinear optical polyimides</title> (1995)

A general approach to the synthesis of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymides exhibiting high thermal stability has been developed. Several selected NLO chromophores have been incorporated into the polyimide backbone. Detailed physical studies showed that these polymers are very promising for practical applications. Three of these polyimides are soluble in common orgainc solvents, offering the ease of processing. High glass temperatures, around 230 degrees C, ensured a long term NLO stability at elevated temperatures, such as 150 degrees C. Low optical loss was observed for those soluble polymers. The synthetic approach is also versatile and will allow the syntheses of many other functional polymers.
Online evaluation in WWW-based courseware (1997)

The QUIZIT system has been developed to support adaptive as well as standard testing, along with automatic grading and record keeping, using the WWW as a delivery vehicle. In connection with our Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in Computer Science project, we have applied QUIZIT to help with a master's level course as well as a large freshman level service course. Preliminary testing has led to various improvements, and it appears that QUIZIT will be well received by both instructors and students. It should port easily to a variety of environments and so could be widely used at other institutions as well.
Rapid Method to Characterize Mutations in Transthyretin in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy Patients by Use of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (2000)

It is possible to diagnose FAP by a rapid MALDI-TOF MS analysis using only 100 microL of CSF, with only 250 nL actually consumed on target. The approach may also be useful to monitor production of mutated transthyretin by choroid plexus, especially after liver transplantation.
Mechanism of the reaction of nitric oxide, ammonia, and oxygen over vanadia catalysts. 2. Isotopic transient studies with oxygen-18 and nitrogen-15 (1987)

The mechanism of nitric oxide reduction with ammonia to form N<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and N<sub>2</sub>O both in the presence and in the absence of O<sub>2</sub> over the following series of catalysts, unsupported V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on TiO<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on SiO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, has been investigated with the aid of labeled O<sub>2</sub> and labeled NH<sub>3</sub> at 400°C. The behavior of ammonia was studied both in the presence and in the absence of O<sub>2</sub>. The presence of labeled O<sub>2</sub> gives extra information about the product distribution and the reaction mechanism. Evidence is given that ammonia does not react with O<sub>2</sub> or O from any source during the reaction, but that nitrogen and nitrous oxide were produced by a reaction involving all three species, NO, NH<sub>3</sub>, and/or O<sub>2</sub>. Nitrous oxide and water are both formed at two different sites of the catalyst. A series of transient tracing studies were performed in a plug-flow reactor using <sup>15</sup>NH<sub>3</sub> and <sup>18</sup>O<sub>2</sub>. Both <sup>15</sup>NN and <sup>15</sup>NNO were produced on the unsupported V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on TiO<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on SiO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with very high selectivities. The mechanism of the reaction of NO, NH<sub>3</sub>, and O<sub>2</sub>, proposed in a previous paper (ref 2), is further evaluated on the basis of this new experimental evidence.
Selection of yeast cells with a higher plasmid copy number in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoselection system (1996)

Autoselection systems allow the selection of a genetically engineered population independently of the growth medium composition. The structure of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae population transformed with an autoselection plasmid, in which a carbon-source-dependent modulation of the plasmid copy number occurs, was analysed. By means of flow cytometric procedures we tested the cell viability, dynamics of growth and heterologous protein production at single cell level. Such analyses allow the identification and the tracking of a specific cellular sub-population with a higher plasmid copy number which arises after the carbon source shift. The effects of the cellular plasmid distribution on the dynamics of growth are also discussed.
TASK-3, a New Member of the Tandem Pore K+ Channel Family (2000)

We have isolated from the rat cerebellum cDNA library a complementary DNA encoding a new member of the tandem pore K(+) channel family. Its amino acid sequence shares 54% identity with that of TASK-1, but less than 30% with those of TASK-2 and other tandem pore K(+) channels (TWIK, TREK, TRAAK). Therefore, the new clone was named TASK-3. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that TASK-3 mRNA is expressed in many rat tissues including brain, kidney, liver, lung, colon, stomach, spleen, testis, and skeletal muscle, and at very low levels in the heart and small intestine. When expressed in COS-7 cells, TASK-3 exhibited a time-independent, noninactivating K(+)-selective current. Single-channel conductance was 27 pS at -60 mV and 17 pS at 60 mV in symmetrical 140 mM KCl. TASK-3 current was highly sensitive to changes in extracellular pH (pH(o)), a hallmark of the TASK family of K(+) channels. Thus, a change in pH(o) from 7.2 to 6.4 and 6.0 decreased TASK-3 current by 74 and 96%, respectively. Mutation of histidine at position 98 to aspartate abolished pH(o) sensitivity. TASK-3 was blocked by barium (57%, 3 mM), quinidine (37%, 100 microM), and lidocaine (62%, 1 mM). Thus, TASK-3 is a new member of the acid-sensing K(+) channel subfamily (TASK).
Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Population Dynamics in Narrow Row Transgenic Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Soybean (Glycine max) Rotation<sup>1</sup> (2003)

A 4-yr field study was conducted during 1998 through 2001 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the effects of narrow-row transgenic cotton and soybean rotation on purple nutsedge populations and crop yield. Crop rotations over 4 yr included cotton and soybean sown in the following patterns: CCSS, CSCS, SCSC, SSCC, and continuous cotton (CCCC) and soybean (SSSS), where cotton is denoted as (C) and soybean as (S), all with herbicide programs that were glyphosate based, non–glyphosate based, or no purple-nutsedge control (NPNC). Purple nutsedge populations and shoot dry biomass were reduced in cotton and soybean rotation and continuous soybean by 72 and 92%, respectively, whereas in continuous cotton, purple nutsedge populations increased by 67% and shoot dry biomass was reduced by 32% after 4 yr. Reductions in purple nutsedge populations also occurred in soybean when cotton was rotated with soybean (CSCS and SCSC), compared with continuous cotton. Among herbicide programs, the glyphosate-based program was more effective in reducing purple nutsedge populations, compared with the non–glyphosate-based program. Seed cotton yield was greater with cotton following soybean (SCSC) than with cotton following cotton (CCCC, CCSS) in 1999. However, seed cotton yields were similar regardless of crop rotation systems in 2000 and 2001. Seed cotton yields were equivalent in the glyphosate-based and non–glyphosate-based programs in 1999 and 2001. During 1999 to 2001, seed cotton yields were reduced by 62 to 85% in NPNC compared with yields in glyphosate- and non–glyphosate-based programs. Soybean yields were unaffected by crop rotation systems in all the 4 yr. Among herbicide programs, non–glyphosate-based program in all 4 yr and glyphosate-based program in 1999 and 2000 gave higher soybean yield compared with NPNC. After 4 yr of rotation, purple nutsedge tubers and plant density were highest in continuous cotton and lowest in continuous soybean. Both herbicide programs reduced tubers per core and plant density compared with NPNC, and the glyphosate-based program was more effective than the non–glyphosate-based program. These results show that in cotton production, severe infestations of purple nutsedge can be managed by rotating cotton with soybean or by using glyphosate-based herbicide program in glyphosate-resistant cotton.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘DP 436RR’; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘DP 5806RR’.Additional index words: Purple nutsedge tuber, transgenic crop.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; NPNC, herbicide program with no purple-nutsedge control; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence.