gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Closing the Circle (1995)

Rulers of any state usually try to regulate how much is known about them by their society. Their general custom before the twentieth century was to emphasise their majesty and difference from those whom they governed; but few of them failed to identify themselves somehow with their subjects. Some presented themselves as the embodiment of the virtues of their class, nation or empire. They explained their purposes as involving a public good which goes beyond mere personal self-aggrandisement. Practically every monarch of France, England or Spain in history engaged in all these enterprises.
Synaptic Basis for Whisker Deprivation-Induced Synaptic Depression in Rat Somatosensory Cortex (2006)

Whisker deprivation weakens excitatory layer 4 (L4) inputs to L2/3 pyramidal cells in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex, which is likely to contribute to whisker map plasticity. This weakening has been proposed to represent long-term depression (LTD) induced by sensory deprivation in vivo. Here, we studied the synaptic expression mechanisms for deprivation-induced weakening of L4-L2/3 inputs and assessed its similarity to LTD, which is known to be expressed presynaptically at L4-L2/3 synapses. Whisker deprivation increased the paired pulse ratio at L4-L2/3 synapses and slowed the use-dependent block of NMDA receptor currents by MK-801 [(5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], indicating that deprivation reduced transmitter release probability at these synapses. In contrast, deprivation did not alter either miniature EPSC amplitude in L2/3 neurons or the amplitude of quantal L4-L2/3 synaptic responses measured in strontium, indicating that postsynaptic responsiveness was unchanged. In young postnatal day 12 (P12) rats, at least 4 d of deprivation were required to significantly weaken L4-L2/3 synapses. Similar weakening occurred when deprivation began at older ages (P20), when synapses are mostly mature, indicating that weakening is unlikely to represent a failure of synaptic maturation but instead represents a reduction in the strength of existing synapses. Thus, whisker deprivation weakens L4-L2/3 synapses by decreasing presynaptic function, similar to known LTD mechanisms at this synapse.
Study on corrupted risk key influencing factors ripple-effects (2013)

The corrupted risk influencing factors comes from the regime, system, artificial and other aspects. They are not independent, but influence each other. With the external conditions and internal environment changes, the corrupted risk influencing factors is changing constantly. For the corrupted risk control, it is the goal for all levels discipline inspection and supervision departments to control the change of risk influencing factors. The paper proposed the corrupted risk influencing factors set. In this paper, constructing the reachability matrix by using discrete mathematics and questionnaire method, then using ISM(Interpretative Structural Modeling) method, construct the Interpretative Structural Modeling, It analyses and evaluates the key factors that affecting the effect of corrupted risk prevention, to help the formulate corresponding management measures, and improve the efficiency of prevention corrupted risk.
Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka: scaling up health interventions (2004)

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Sri Lanka experiences in some ways provide useful comparisons and hold valuable lessons for developing countries attempting to scale up health sector interventions to achieve their millennium development goals (MDGs). Although there are obvious differences between the two countries, there are common features in the health systems of both. The differences include the nature of the countries, for example: PNG is sparsely populated and the terrain makes communication difficult; Sri Lanka is more densely populated and has better communications infrastructure. Human resources development indicators were higher in Sri Lanka. However, both countries had decentralized health care delivery systems, although PNG started much later and was still in the throes of institutionalizing decentralization in the 1990s. In both cases, initial efforts were to develop the primary health care infrastructure to extend health care coverage to the countryside and rural population; while later the emphasis turned to improving the quality of health care services. Both countries were faced with low financial allocations to the health sector. Although PNG was able to step up allocations significantly in the 1990s, health allocations remained low as a share of GDP and on a per capita basis.
Synchronizing the presentation of multimedia objects-ODA extensions- (1991)

The presentation of Multimedia Objects requires simultaneous and/or sequential presentation of several representation types (text, graphics, images, audio and video sequences). Therefore the presentation has to he structured and the temporal relations of different actions have to be described. The temporal relations are realized by applying synchronization mechanisms. In this paper a general synchronization model for the description of presentation sequences of Multimedia Objects is introduced. This model is applied to the Open Document Architecture (ODA) Standard and ODA Extensions are defined to integrate temporal relationships into ODA.
Response of Single‐Particle Optical Counters to Particles of irregular shape (1991)

Abstract The response of optical particle counters to nonspherical particles is analyzed theoretically and on the basis of experimental results. Theoretical approximations valid for particle diameters d ≪ λ and d ≫ λ (where λ is the wavelength of light) are used to derive some general predictions about the influence of the particle shape on light scattering. These predictions are compared with experiments on six optical particle counters using nonspherical particles. The instruments differ in the kind of illumination (laser or incandescent light), the mean scattering angle and the receiver aperture. When the particle size is smaller than the wavelength the light‐scattering diameter of a nonspherical particle comes very close to its volume‐equivalent diameter. For irregularly shaped particles larger than the wavelength better conditions than giving a “projected area” response cannot be achieved with an optical arrangement for single‐particle detection.
Economic Research on Ecological Environment of Frigid Region with Black Earth (2013)

Suihua City in Heilongjiang Province is located in the heart of the frigid region with black earth and it has created abundant green property resources. However, the environmental issue of this place has caused wide attention, so the government should make full use of various means to solve the environment problem and protect the ecology in this region. Among the measures taken by the government, the tax means is the most effective economic device to solve the environmental problem. Economic means supplemented by lawful and administrative measures should be adopted to solve the ecological environmental problems in the frigid region with black earth.
RPID: Rich Presence Extensions to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF) (2006)

The Presence Information Data Format (PIDF) defines a basic format for representing presence information for a presentity. This format defines a textual note, an indication of availability (open or closed) and a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for communication. The Rich Presence Information Data format (RPID) described here is an extension that adds optional elements to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF). These extensions provide additional information about the presentity and its contacts. The information is designed so that much of it can be derived automatically, e.g., from calendar files or user activity. This extension includes information about what the person is doing, a grouping identifier for a tuple, when a service or device was last used, the type of place a person is in, what media communications might remain private, the relationship of a service tuple to another presentity, the person's mood, the time zone it is located in, the type of service it offers, an icon reflecting the presentity's status, and the overall role of the presentity. These extensions include presence information for persons, services (tuples), and devices. Schulzrinne, et al.
The mutating metric for benchmarking test (2000)

The monitoring of three ATPG tool parameters-fault coverage, test generation time, and test vector count-has improved test benchmarking over the years. Changing test dynamics, however, requires a different test metric. Over the past two decades, test automation has evolved from manually created patterns for designs with fewer than 100 gates to automated test pattern generation for designs with 10 million gates. At every stage, a benchmark has provided a comparison point for the technology. Benchmarks have played a significant role in improving test automation, and a metric appropriate to the state of the art at any given moment quantifies the technology on benchmarks. Metrics change as technology changes, and test has seen its own share of changes to the metrics. In this article, we examine the evolution of metrics and propose a metric for future evaluations of test technology.
ChemInform Abstract: trans‐[RuCl<sub>2</sub>(Phosphane)<sub>2</sub>(1,2‐diamine)] and Chiral trans‐[RuCl<sub>2</sub>(Diphosphane)(1,2‐diamine)]: Shelf‐Stable Precatalysts for the Rapid, Productive, and Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Ketones. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expert system-intelligent management for ATM network (2003)

With the technology of communication networks developing and the size of communication networks enlarging constantly, network management is required more and more. In order to adapt to network management, especially to meet the requirements of ATM networks, this paper discusses the model of an intelligent network management that applies expert systems. What is more, it analyzes the characteristics of expert system-intelligent management, and introduces the system structure and the work characteristics of the performance and fault management of the network. The fact proves that the system is fairly effective.
Adenosine and Cardiovascular Function (1990)

The effects of adenosine and its related nucleotides on cardiovascular function were initially reported by Drury and Szent-Györgyi (1929), who noted in studies performed in a variety of mammalian species, that these compounds were potent bradycardic and blood pressure lowering agents with marked vasoconstrictor effects in the kidney.
Development of a dynamic quality assurance testing protocol for multisite clinical trial DCE-CT accreditation (2013)

A DCE QA protocol was developed that, in combination with a dynamic multimodality flow phantom, allows the intrascanner variability to be separated from other sources of variability such as the impact of injection protocol and ROI selection. This provides a valuable resource that can be utilized at various clinical trial institutions to test conformance with imaging protocols and accuracy requirements as well as ensure that the scanners are performing as expected for dynamic scans.
Electromyographic analysis of a human powered stepper bike (2003)

An electromyographic (EMG) analysis of eight leg muscles when riding a stepper bike at various workloads in both the seated and standing positions is presented.
Degradation and Fate of Mustard in Soil As Determined by <sup>13</sup>C MAS NMR (1998)

The environmental fate of chemical warfare agents is a current concern, and the notorious persistency of mustard in soil is well-known. The current study utilizes 13C MAS NMR as an in situ method to study the behavior of mustard, and the common simulants 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide (CEMS) and 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), in a sandy loam soil. Spreading of these water-insoluble liquids and surface sorption on the dry soil particles is observable, as is the recoalescence of liquid droplets and/or hydrolysis in the presence of added water. The relative hydrolysis rates are in agreement with those observed in solution. CEMS, possessing the shortest aqueous half-life, hydrolyzes without droplet reformation. But mustard and CEPS, possessing much longer aqueous half-lives, do not substantially hydrolyze prior to droplet reformation. For mustard, this behavior is crucial to its longevity in soil. Hydrolysis of CEMS and CEPS in the sandy loam soil yields predominately their corresponding alcohols, with some ether formation for the latter. Mustard hydrolysis in the sandy loam soil results in the nearly exclusive formation of the branched sulfonium ion HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+(CH2CH2OH)2 (CH-TG). A simple model based on droplet size is presented to explain the persistency of mustard in soil.
In Vitro Activities of Garenoxacin and Levofloxacin against <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Are Not Affected by Presence of <i>Mycoplasma</i> DNA (2004)

We studied 20 Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates obtained from respiratory sites and atheroma tissue of patients from various geographic areas to determine the susceptibilities of these isolates to a new des-fluoroquinolone, garenoxacin, and to levofloxacin. In addition, we assessed the cultures with these isolates by PCR for the presence or absence of Mycoplasma sp. DNA. Both the MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90)) and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of isolates are killed (MBC(90)) for garenoxacin were 0.06 microg/ml, and both the MIC(90) and the MBC(90) for levofloxacin were 2.0 microg/ml. The activity of garenoxacin against C. pneumoniae was 32-fold greater than that of levofloxacin. Mycoplasma sp. DNA was detected by PCR in 17 of 20 cultures. Mycoplasma amplicons from five Mycoplasma DNA-positive C. pneumoniae cultures were sequenced and found to represent four Mycoplasma species. Our data demonstrate that C. pneumoniae cultures frequently contain Mycoplasma DNA and that its presence in C. pneumoniae cultures does not appear to affect the susceptibility results for the two fluoroquinolones that we tested.
Cation‐Vacancy Model for MnO2 (1984)

A cation‐vacancy model for electrochemically active manganese dioxides ( and ) is presented. According to this model, the crystal structure, composed of closely packed O2− ions which are octahedrically coordinated to Mn4+ ions, the octahedra sharing edges and corners, contains Mn vacancies. Each vacancy is coordinated to, and electrostatically compensated by, four protons. The protons are present in the form of OH− ions, these latter replacing O2− in the lattice, without noticeable change in lattice parameters. Many hitherto unexplained phenomenological and experimental facts, relating to chemical composition (water content), density, electrochemical capacity, proton‐transfer rate, electronic conductivity, and electrode potential of , can be reconciled, and quantitatively predicted, on the basis of the present theory. In particular, electrochemical reactivity of in battery electrodes is shown to be due to the presence of cation vacancies in the lattice.
Toxicologic Pathology of the Kidney and Urinary Bladder (2002)

Diet-associated kidney diseases of rats includes nephropathy in both sexes and nephrocalcinosis in females. High protein content of diets appears to be the major cause for severe nephropathy and changing the source of protein to one such as soy protein, restricting caloric intake, or modifying the diet to decrease protein consumption could decrease the severity of nephropathy. The NTP-2000 diet with lower protein content than most diets decreases the severity of nephropathy and increases the survival of Fischer 344 rats without substantial changes in growth patterns and body weights. Nephrocalcinosis, characterized by mineralization of renal tubules at the corticomedullary junction, has been reported in young and adult female rats of most strains and stocks suggesting a major contribution of female sex hormones to the development of this lesion. Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl) imbalances, especially a Ca:P ratio of less than 1.0 in diet, are considered to be associated with this lesion. Most commercial diets commonly used for toxicology studies have a Ca:P molar ratio of less than 1.0. Increasing the Ca:P molar ratio to more than 1.0 and closer to 1.3 in the AIN-93 purie ed diet and NTP-2000 nonpurie ed diet prevents the development of this lesion. Genetics will predispose rats to some diseases and environmental factors will ine uence the severity of these diseases. Diet is one of the most important environmental factors. Diets balanced for nutrients without excesses could markedly improve the health of rats used in chronic studies leading to substantial increases in survival and thereby accomplish the objective of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Spatial Layout Information in Brain Tumor T1-Weighted Contrast-Enhanced MR Images (2014)

This study aims to develop content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system for the retrieval of T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR (CE-MR) images of brain tumors. When a tumor region is fed to the CBIR system as a query, the system attempts to retrieve tumors of the same pathological category. The bag-of-visual-words (BoVW) model with partition learning is incorporated into the system to extract informative features for representing the image contents. Furthermore, a distance metric learning algorithm called the Rank Error-based Metric Learning (REML) is proposed to reduce the semantic gap between low-level visual features and high-level semantic concepts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated on a brain T1-weighted CE-MR dataset with three types of brain tumors (i.e., meningioma, glioma, and pituitary tumor). Using the BoVW model with partition learning, the mean average precision (mAP) of retrieval increases beyond 4.6% with the learned distance metrics compared with the spatial pyramid BoVW method. The distance metric learned by REML significantly outperforms three other existing distance metric learning methods in terms of mAP. The mAP of the CBIR system is as high as 91.8% using the proposed method, and the precision can reach 93.1% when the top 10 images are returned by the system. These preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and feasible for the retrieval of brain tumors in T1-weighted CE-MR Images.
Improving accuracy in estimation of artery-wall displacement by referring to center frequency of RF echo (2006)

Noninvasive measurement of mechanical properties, such as elasticity, of the arterial wall, is useful for diagnosis of atherosclerosis. The elasticity of the arterial wall can be estimated by combining measurement of displacement of the arterial wall with that of blood pressure. In general, the displacement of the arterial wall is estimated from the phase shift of radio frequency (RF) echoes between two consecutive frames using a correlation estimator with quadrature demodulated complex signals. Recently, digitized data of broadband RF echoes are available in modern diagnostic equipment. The Fourier transform can be used to estimate the phase of the RF echo at each frequency within the RF frequency bandwidth. Therefore, the phase shifts between RF echoes of two consecutive frames can be estimated at multiple frequencies. In this estimation, due to object displacement, the RF echo is time shifted in comparison with that of the previous frame. However, the position of the time window for the Fourier transform is not changed between two consecutive frames. This change in relative position between the RF echo and the time window has a strong influence on the estimation of the artery-wall displacement, resulting in error. To suppress this error, the phase shift should be estimated at the actual RF center frequency. In this paper, this error suppression was investigated through simulation experiments and in vivo experiments on the human carotid artery.
P22 morphogenesis I: Catalytic scaffolding protein in capsid assembly (1974)

Abstract About 250 molecules of the 42,000 molecular weight gene 8 product catalyze the polymerization of the major phage coat protein into a precursor shell temporarily containing both proteins. The resulting prohead appears to be a shell structure with the P8, or scaffolding protein, on the inside, and the coat protein on the outside. In concert with DNA condensation inside the shell, all 250 scaffolding molecules exit from the prohead, without proteolytic cleavage. These molecules then recycle and catalyze the formation of more proheads from newly synthesized coat protein. Such proteins, which catalyze assembly by temporarily associating with an intermediate stage, may represent a general mechanism of macromolecular assembly.
Practical quantum coin flipping (2011)

We show that in the unconditional security model, a single quantum strong coin flip with security guarantees that are strictly better than in any classical protocol is possible to implement with current technology. Our protocol takes into account all aspects of an experimental implementation, including losses, multiphoton pulses emitted by practical photon sources, channel noise, detector dark counts, and finite quantum efficiency. We calculate the abort probability when both players are honest, as well as the probability of one player forcing his desired outcome. For a channel length up to 21 km and commonly used parameter values, we can achieve honest abort and cheating probabilities that are better than in any classical protocol. Our protocol is, in principle, implementable using attenuated laser pulses, with no need for entangled photons or any other specific resources.
Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health (2017)

Turmeric, a spice that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, has received interest from both the medical/scientific world and from culinary enthusiasts, as it is the major source of the polyphenol curcumin. It aids in the management of oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia. It may also help in the management of exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness, thus enhancing recovery and performance in active people. In addition, a relatively low dose of the complex can provide health benefits for people that do not have diagnosed health conditions. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ingesting curcumin by itself does not lead to the associated health benefits due to its poor bioavailability, which appears to be primarily due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid elimination. There are several components that can increase bioavailability. For example, piperine is the major active component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%. Curcumin combined with enhancing agents provides multiple health benefits. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the plethora of research regarding the health benefits of curcumin.
Iatrogenic and Nurisgenic Effects of Prolonged Immobilization of the Ill Aged† (1975)

The kinesio, phychopathologic and psychosocial effects of prolonged immobilization of the ill aged are outlined. The iatrogenic (physician-induced) and nurisgenic (nurse-induced) factors related to such functional disabilities are described. Illustrative case histories are given. The syndrome is reversible. Thus physicians and nurses have a continued responsibility to support a sustained rehabilitation program for these patients. The biochemical effects of prolonged inactivity indicate that immobilization of the elderly patient results in adverse physical and psychologic phenomena.