gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disulfide Reduction in the Endocytic Pathway: Immunological Functions of Gamma-Interferon-Inducible Lysosomal Thiol Reductase (2011)

Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is constitutively expressed in most antigen presenting cells and is interferon γ inducible in other cell types via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Normally, N- and C-terminal propeptides are cleaved in the early endosome, and the mature protein resides in late endosomes and lysosomes. Correspondingly, GILT has maximal reductase activity at an acidic pH. Monocyte differentiation via Toll-like receptor 4 triggers secretion of a disulfide-linked dimer of the enzymatically active precursor, which may contribute to inflammation. GILT facilitates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted processing through reduction of protein disulfide bonds in the endocytic pathway and is hypothesized to expose buried epitopes for MHC class II binding. GILT can also facilitate the transfer of disulfide-containing antigens into the cytosol, enhancing their cross-presentation by MHC class I. A variety of antigens are strongly influenced by GILT-mediated reduction, including hen egg lysozyme, melanocyte differentiation antigens, and viral envelope glycoproteins. In addition, GILT is conserved among lower eukaryotes and likely has additional functions. For example, GILT expression increases the stability of superoxide dismutase 2 and decreases reactive oxygen species, which correlates with decreased cellular proliferation. It is also a critical host factor for infection with Listeria monocytogenes.
Photodetectors: Interlayer Coupling Induced Infrared Response in WS<sub>2</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub> Heterostructures Enhanced by Surface Plasmon Resonance (Adv. Funct. Mater. 22/2018) (2018)

In article number 1800339, infrared photodetectors based on WS2/MoS2 heterostructures aere reported by Lin Gan, and Tianyou Zhai for the first time. WS2 and MoS2 show no infrared response (1030 nm) alone, but strong interlayer coupling shrinks the energy interval in the heterojunction area, rendering the heterostructures with longer wavelength detection ability compared to the individual components.
Atomic Insight into the W-Doping Effect on Carrier Dynamics and Photoelectrochemical Properties of BiVO<sub>4</sub> Photoanodes (2016)

BiVO4 has become the top candidate for photoanode materials in the light-driven water-splitting reaction. However, its overall efficiency for water splitting still remains well below its theoretical limit. Further development of these materials has been hampered by the lack of knowledge concerning key factors that guide the carrier transport and separation. In this work, we report the effect of W doping on the electronic structure, carrier dynamics, and photocurrent performance of BiVO4 photoanode. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that the dopants occupy the V sites, which leads to the reduced Bi-ligand distances and less distorted local structure at Bi center. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we found that doping altered the hole traps significantly, which inhibits carrier recombination and increases the electron lifetime in the doped film. Compared to the undoped BiVO4 film, the photocurrent of the doped film shows a significant increase while limited difference of photocurrents under back and front illumination was observed. These results suggest that the reduced dimension and less distorted local structure at Bi center favorably extend the electron lifetime by dramatically altering the nature of the trap states, which plays a major role in improving the photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO4 film.
Cyclol formation from tripeptides containing β-alanine (1982)

Attempts to synthesize stable tetrahedral intermediates (cyclols) from β-alanine containing precursors are described. Cyclization of N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-β-alanyl)-Phe-Pro-ONp gave N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-β-alanyl)cyclo-(Phe-D-Pro). Cyclization of N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Ala)-βAla-Pro-ONp and of N[N-(R)-(α-hydroxyisovaleryl)-βAla]-Pro-ONp afforded the corresponding anhydrocyclols. The first example of an oxa-cyclol related to a ten-membered cyclodepsitripeptide was synthesized by acylating cyclo-(βAla-Pro) with α-benzyloxypropionyl chloride followed by hydrogenolytic removal of the O-benzyl protecting group.
Fast implementation of the continuous wavelet transform with integer scales (1994)

We describe a fast noniterative algorithm for the evaluation of continuous spline wavelet transforms at any integer scale m. In this approach, the input signal and the analyzing wavelet are both represented by polynomial splines. The algorithm uses a combination of moving sum and zero-padded filters, and its complexity per scale is O(N), where N is the signal length. The computation is exact, and the implementation is noniterative across scales. We also present examples of spline wavelets exhibiting properties that are desirable for either singularity detection (first and second derivative operators) or Gabor-like time-frequency signal analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A streaming architecture for next generation Internet (2002)

With the influx of multi-media streaming content over the Internet, building a streaming infrastructure that would support flexible next generation Internet application in a scalable may on heterogenous access technology is most desirable. This paper presents a streaming architecture which provides some innovative methods and technique that would help build an IP based radio/TV network. This would provide tools for E-commerce and would benefit the broadcasting stations, local affiliates, ISPs, and the end users. Additionally this paper highlights the mechanism behind some of the components associated with this architecture such as local content, global content, program management with local control, payment model, security, advertisement insertion, seamless mobility within a domain.
Alkyl thiolacrylates: Their preparation and polymerization (1956)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of alkyl thiolacrylates has been described and a number of the intermediates, as well as the esters, have been characterized. These esters have been found to homopolymerize readily under free radical conditions to give clear plastics which have higher softening points than the corresponding acrylate ester polymers. In general the thiolacrylates copolymerize readily with common vinyl monomers. The reactivity ratios for copolymerization with butadiene have been found to be r 1 (butadiene) = 0.35 ± 0.01 and r 2 (methyl thiolacrylate) = 0.20 ± 0.05. The butadienemethyl thiolacrylate copolymer prepared from a 90/10 charge ratio to a 45% conversion contained 18.1% of combined methyl thiolacrylate. Tests on the compounded and cured polymer indicate that it has properties very close to those of standard GR‐S, except for its higher temperature rise.
Analyses for turbojet thrust augmentation with fuel-rich afterburning of hydrogen, diborane, and hydrazine (1957)

From Introduction: "This report presents net thrusts computed for hydrogen, diborance, and hydrazine with fuel-air ratios form stoichiometric values to 0.5. Net thrusts for fuel-rich afterburning are compared with those for stoichiometric combustion of the turbojet fuel and air augmented with a 220-second specific-impulse rocket."
TakeXIR:a Type-Ahead Keyword Search Xml Information Retrieval System (2012)

As XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is becoming a standard widely applied in data representation and data exchange in web service. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to type-ahead keyword search in XML data, call TakeXIR. The IR-style approach basically utilizes the statistics of underlying XML data to address the following challenges in XML IR system: (1) Identify the user search intention, i.e. identify the keywords to express user interests and identify nodes user wants to search for and search via. (2) Resolve keyword ambiguity problems: synonyms and polysemy exist in natural language, and a keyword can appear as the text values or tag value of different XML node and carry different meanings.
Laryngotracheitis (gallid‐1) herpesvirus infection in the chicken 4. latency establishment by wild and vaccine strains of ILT virus (1986)

Tracheal organ culture (TOC) techniques utilising multiple-well plastic trays were used to detect and assay latent infection established by infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) herpesvirus in clinically normal chickens. Between 3 and 16 months after tracheal exposure to wild strain (CSW-1, haemorrhagic tracheitis) ILT virus and 2 to 10 months after exposure to vaccine strain ILT (SA-2), groups of chickens were examined for evidence of infection. Neither the examination of tracheal swabbings in monolayer cell cultures nor the inoculation of tracheal tissue suspensions detected virus, and this result was not influenced by preliminary immunosuppressive treatment of the birds with cyclophosphamide or dexamethasone. Latent infection was detected, however, by TOC in 6 (38%) of 16 chickens 100 days to 15 months after exposure to wild strain ILT virus and in 4 (44%) of 9 chickens 2 to 10 months after exposure to the vaccine strain. These data provide the first proof that both wild and vaccine strains of ILT virus regularly establish long term latent infections. Sites of establishment of latent infection in the trachea were highly focal in distribution. Virus reactivation was demonstrated in only 20 (8.3%) of the TOC preparations established from previously infected chickens and usually from only one or two sites in each trachea. Both strains of ILT virus exhibited characteristics of latency in vitro in that virus was not detectable in supernatant fluids until 5 to 6 days after establishment of TOC. Virus shedding then usually continued for 1 to 2 weeks 10(2) to 10(4) PFU/ml being produced each 2 to 3 days. In some preparations, virus production continued for up to 30 days.
Roles of Alkaline Earth Ions in Garnet‐Type Superionic Conductors (2016)

Abstract The roles of alkaline earth ions in garnet‐type superionic conductors Li 7.1 La 3 Zr 1.95 M 0.05 O 12 (M=Mg, Sr, Ba) are further investigated. In contrast to previous reports, the alkaline earth ions are specifically allocated to the octahedral sites (Zr 4+ sites) instead of dodecahedral sites (La 3+ sites) in the present work. The alkaline‐earth‐ion‐doped Li 7.1 La 3 Zr 1.95 M 0.05 O 12 garnets exhibit enhanced room‐temperature conductivities with the increasing ionic radii of alkaline‐earth ions. Ba‐doped Li 7.1 La 3 Zr 1.95 Ba 0.05 O 12 provides the highest conductivity of 1.13×10 −3 S cm −1 at room temperature, whereas Mg‐ and Sr‐doped garnets show conductivities of 4.32×10 −4 and 8.91×10 −4 S cm −1 at room temperature, respectively. The obtained ionic conductivities are comparable to other promising superionic conductors that are already known. Moreover, the alkaline‐earth‐ion‐doped garnets demonstrate a wide electrochemical stability window of 9 V vs. Li/Li + , and stability against metallic lithium by means of symmetric galvanostatic cycling.
Robust regression imputation for analyzing missing data (2012)

Missing data arises in many statistical analyses which lead to biased estimates. In order to rectify this problem, single imputation and multiple imputation methods are put forward. However, it is found that both single and multiple imputation methods are easily affected by outliers and give poor estimates. This article proposes simple but very interesting robust single imputation technique which gives more accurate estimates over the classical single imputation technique in the presence of outliers. The proposed method is basically the robust version of the classical random regression imputation (RRI) which we call robust random regression imputation (RRRI). By examining the real life data, results show that the RRRI method is more resistance in the presence of outliers.
Comparison of the benefits, from S<inf>i</inf>O<inf>2</inf> to ultralow-K dielectric and air spacing introduction, in term of interconnects performances, for the future high speed Ic&#x2019;s in a multicoupled lines system (2007)

Introduction of different low-K to ultra low-K dielectric material in the spacing between neighbour copper interconnects localised on the same level of metallization is analyzed. It is done to evaluate signal integrity such as crosstalk, propagation delay and rise time on a set of several unintentionally coupled Cu lines of micron and nanometer sizes. A full wave analysis based on tangential vector finite element method is implemented in MATLAB environment in order to extract, via a transmission multicoupled line model, the electrically R, L, C, G, L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> , C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> coupled elementary cell. This model with all the mutual impedance and admittance is necessary and more convenient for transient analysis by using commercial software such as Spice or other transient tool. We show that the improvement due to the introduction of low dielectric material can reach more than 200% for the crosstalk and 25% on propagation delay for 1 mm interconnect lenght. This work also highlights that it is not always realistic to study only a set of two or three lines because some signals appears at the far end of the second or the third interconnect located at the both sides of an attacker.
Risk of posttransfusion hepatitis in the United States. A prospective cooperative study (1972)

Transfusion of 4,984 cardiovascular surgery patients with an average of 7.7 units of blood at 14 university medical centers resulted in symptomatic hepatitis in 2.8% and death in 0.1%. Among additional patients receiving fibrinogen and blood, the hepatitis incidence and mortality were 19% and 4%, respectively. These figures do not include 0.1% incidence of hepatitis within 15 days of receiving halogenated anesthetics, and 0.1% incidence of "postperfusion" syndrome. The risk of typical symptomatic posttransfusion hepatitis among the 14 centers varied, in order of correlation, with (1) the incidence of hepatitis type B antigen in donor blood, (2) the proportion of commercial donors, and (3) transfusion volume, and ranged from 0 to 8.6 per 100 patients, or 0 to 1.56/100 units of blood. Hepatitis was not prevented by intramuscular injections of immune serum globulin (γ-globulin) containing conventionally low amounts of hepatitis-B antibody.
Measurement of salivary cortisol with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in patients undergoing dynamic endocrine testing (2009)

We have shown an excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LC-MS/MS SalC in the assessment of the HPA axis and superiority over SerC when CBG levels are altered. The exponential relationship between SerC and SalC supports the concept of CBG binding capacity saturation.
Distributed Transfer Function Analysis of Complex Distributed Parameter Systems (1994)

This paper presents a new analytical and numerical method for modeling and synthesis of complex distributed parameter systems that are multiple continua combined with lumped parameter systems. In the analysis, the complex distributed parameter system is first divided into a number of subsystems; the distributed transfer functions of each subsystem are determined in exact and closed form by a state space technique. The complex distributed parameter system is then assembled by imposing displacement compatibility and force balance at the nodes where the subsystems are interconnected. With the distributed transfer functions and the transfer functions of the constraints and lumped parameter systems, exact, closed-form formulation is obtained for various dynamics and vibration problems. The method does not require a knowledge of system eigensolutions, and is valid for non-self-adjoint systems with inhomogeneous boundary conditions. In addition, the proposed method is convenient in computer coding and suitable for computerized symbolic manipulation.
Deformable rigid body hausdorff registration for multi-modal medical images (2009)

Image guided interventions (IGI) has the potential to replace conventional open and invasive procedures. These interventions also minimize damage to healthy tissue. Real-time 3D visualization of the problem area is now becoming a necessity for successful IGI. Real-time intra-operative imaging devices like multi-slice CT or 3D ultrasound are noisy and have low resolution hence they need to be compared with pre-operative high resolution images like MRI. Registering and comparing multi-modal images is inherently difficult due to the differences in visualization and the large number of missing features. A new deformable rigid body technique is presented which uses differential geometry based features and the hausdorff similarity measure for rigid body sub-division registration. The differential geometry based features and the hausdorff similarity measure are chosen because of their robustness to missing features and intensity variations. A translation deformation field is obtained which maps each pixel to a new location followed by a cubic interpolator to get the registered image. Experimental results show that the new registration technique offers better accuracy and quality, and is computationally less intensive compared to previous methods.
Radiation Segmentectomy: Potential Curative Therapy for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2018)

Purpose To report long-term outcomes of radiation segmentectomy (RS) for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The authors hypothesized that outcomes are comparable to curative treatments for patients with solitary HCC less than or equal to 5 cm and preserved liver function. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 70 patients (median age, 71 years; range, 22-96 years) with solitary HCC less than or equal to 5 cm not amenable to percutaneous ablation who underwent RS (dose of >190 Gy) between 2003 and 2016. Patients who underwent subsequent curative liver transplantation were excluded to eliminate this confounding variable affecting survival. Radiologic response of time to progression and median overall survival were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method per the guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Results Seventy patients were treated with RS over 14 years. Sixty-three patients (90%) showed response by using EASL criteria, of which 41 (59%) showed complete response. Fifty patients (71%) achieved response by using WHO criteria, of which 11 (16%) achieved complete response. Response rates at 6 months were 86% and 49% by using EASL and WHO criteria, respectively. Median time to progression was 2.4 years (95% confidence interval: 2.1, 5.7), with 72% of patients having no target lesion progression at 5 years. Median overall survival was 6.7 years (95% confidence interval: 3.1, 6.7); survival probability at 1, 3, and 5 years was 98%, 66%, and 57%, respectively. Overall survival probability at 1, 3, and 5 years was 100%, 82%, and 75%, respectively, in patients with baseline tumor size less than or equal to 3 cm (n = 45) and was significantly longer than in patients with tumors greater than 3 cm (P = .026). Conclusion RS provides response rates, tumor control, and survival outcomes comparable to curative-intent treatments for selected patients with early-stage HCC who have preserved liver function. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Observation of polarized neutron interference in spin space (2000)

The coherent superposition of particle quantum states resulting from different spatial paths shows well-known interference effects. Another type of interference is Larmor precession, which can be described as neutron wave interference in spin space, i.e. interference on the same spatial path. Here we show several new manifestations of interference phenomena of the latter type. The interference is produced by coherent population of different Iz = ±½ spin states in a polarized neutron beam between two resonant radio-frequency (RF) spin flippers. Their spin flip probability, and thus the occupation numbers of the spin states, can be tuned between 0 and 1 by changing the RF amplitude. This leads to interference effects in the polarization since the energy exchanged between the RF field and spin yields different phase evolution in the spatial parts of the neutron states. Depending on the preparation of the initial neutron states, five values for the time-independent phase difference between the final neutron states can be observed.
Quantum computation with quantum dot excitons (2004)

Potential application of elementary excitation in semiconductor quantum dot to quantum computation is discussed. We propose a scalable hardware and all optical implementation of a logic gate that exploits the discrete nature of electron–hole states and their well-concentrated oscillator strength for ultrafast gate operation. A multiple-bit gate function is based on the nearest neighbour dipole–dipole coupling. Rabi population oscillation and long-lived coherence of an excitonic two-level system in an isolated InxGa1−xAs quantum dot guarantees quantum gate functions. Technologies that will realize and facilitate the exciton quantum computing are discussed.
An Introduction to Deep Learning for the Physical Layer (2017)

We present and discuss several novel applications of deep learning for the physical layer. By interpreting a communications system as an autoencoder, we develop a fundamental new way to think about communications system design as an end-to-end reconstruction task that seeks to jointly optimize transmitter and receiver components in a single process. We show how this idea can be extended to networks of multiple transmitters and receivers and present the concept of radio transformer networks as a means to incorporate expert domain knowledge in the machine learning model. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of convolutional neural networks on raw IQ samples for modulation classification which achieves competitive accuracy with respect to traditional schemes relying on expert features. This paper is concluded with a discussion of open challenges and areas for future investigation.
The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulation Test (1984)

We investigated the effect of exogenous corticotropin-releasing factor on plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol in 13 patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas (Cushing's disease) and in 9 patients with other forms of Cushing's syndrome. In all patients with Cushing's disease, ovine corticotropin-releasing factor, given intravenously as a bolus injection (1 microgram per kilogram of body weight), caused a further increase in the already elevated levels of ACTH and cortisol. Successful transphenoidal adenomectomy was followed as early as one week after surgery by normalization or near-normalization of the ACTH and cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing factor. On the other hand, patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome, who also had high basal plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol, had no ACTH or cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing factor. This difference in responsiveness between these two patient groups cannot be explained on the basis of different metabolic clearance rates of exogenous corticotropin-releasing factor, as shown by similar disappearance curves of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from plasma. Patients with Cushing's syndrome of adrenal origin who were hypercortisolemic during testing had undetectable plasma levels of ACTH and no ACTH or cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing factor. We conclude that stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis with corticotropin-releasing factor may be useful in differentiating pituitary from ectopic causes of Cushing's syndrome.