gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Status, identity, and language: A study of issue discussions in GitHub (2019)

Successful open source software (OSS) projects comprise freely observable, task-oriented social networks with hundreds or thousands of participants and large amounts of (textual and technical) discussion. The sheer volume of interactions and participants makes it challenging for participants to find relevant tasks, discussions and people. Tagging (e.g., @AmySmith) is a socio-technical practice that enables more focused discussion. By tagging important and relevant people, discussions can be advanced more effectively. However, for all but a few insiders, it can be difficult to identify important and/or relevant people. In this paper we study tagging in OSS projects from a socio-linguistics perspective. First we argue that textual content per se reveals a great deal about the status and identity of who is speaking and who is being addressed. Next, we suggest that this phenomenon can be usefully modeled using modern deep-learning methods. Finally, we illustrate the value of these approaches with tools that could assist people to find the important and relevant people for a discussion.
Molecular dynamics investigation of lithium borate glasses: Local structure and ion dynamics (2002)

The effect of alkali content and temperature on the microstructure of lithium borate glasses, $x{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}(1\ensuremath{-}x){\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ has been investigated for glass compositions $x=0.2--0.5$ and temperatures up to 1250 K. The molecular dynamics technique has been applied, with Ewald summation and periodic boundary conditions, to a collection of ca. 256 particles confined in a primitive cubic cell and interacting through a Born-Mayer-Huggins-type potential augmented with three-body angular terms. The short-range order (SRO) structure was found to consist of boron-oxygen tetrahedral, ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\O{}}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $[\mathrm{\O{}}=\mathrm{bridging}$ oxygen atom (BO)], and triangular units with variable number of nonbridging oxygen (NBO) atoms, ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\O{}}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\O{}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}},$ and ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\O{}}\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ $({\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}=\mathrm{NBO}).$ The relative abundance of SRO units was determined and found to depend on both glass composition and temperature. Increasing ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ content at constant temperature or increasing temperature at a fixed composition was shown to cause rearrangements of the SRO structure and to lead towards ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\O{}}\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ units in the range of compositions and temperatures investigated. Such changes were expressed in terms of chemical equilibria involving the SRO units. The local environments hosting the Li ions were investigated and distinguished in two main types: the first type of site is formed by BO's, while the second type involves the participation of NBO's. The vibrational response of Li ions in the two types of site was computed and found to correlate very well with the experimental far-infrared profiles. Calculation of diffusion coefficients of Li ions showed that diffusion is carried out predominantly through NBO sites. In addition, glass regions rich in Li/NBO were found to develop with increasing lithium oxide content and to percolate eventually into microchannels suitable for ion migration.
Static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of freeze-fractured, frozen-hydrated biological membranes (1998)

The study of cell membrane lipid and steroid composition and distribution is important for the understanding of membrane dynamics and function. Here we present efforts to chemically image phospholipid distributions on a submicron scale on freeze-fractured and frozen-hydrated liposomes and red blood cells using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Sample preparation by freeze fracturing of membranes is described. Fragments representative of phospholipid headgroups are found to be localized on both liposomes and red blood cells. In addition, the cholesterol molecular ion [M + H] is localized on liposome surfaces.
Do Twin Boundaries Always Strengthen Metal Nanowires? (2008)

It has been widely reported that twin boundaries strengthen nanowires regardless of their morphology-that is, the strength of nanowires goes up as twin spacing goes down. This article shows that twin boundaries do not always strengthen nanowires. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, the authors show that whether twin boundaries strengthen nanowires depends on the necessary stress for dislocation nucleation, which in turn depends on surface morphologies. When nanowires are circular cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is high and the presence of twin boundaries lowers this stress; twin boundaries soften nanowires. In contrast, when nanowires are square cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is low, and a higher stress is required for dislocations to penetrate twin boundaries; they strengthen nanowires.
Restoration of synapse formation in<i>Musk</i>mutant mice expressing a Musk/Trk chimeric receptor (2002)

Mice lacking Musk, a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by agrin, fail to form neuromuscular synapses and consequently die at birth because of their failure to move or breathe. We produced mice that express a chimeric receptor, containing the juxtamembrane region of Musk and the kinase domain of TrkA, selectively in muscle, and we crossed this transgene into Musk mutant mice. Expression of this chimeric receptor restores presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation, including the formation of nerve terminal arbors, synapse-specific transcription, and clustering of postsynaptic proteins, allowing Musk mutant mice to move, breathe and survive as adults. These results show that the juxtamembrane region of Musk, including a single phosphotyrosine docking site, even in the context of a different kinase domain, is sufficient to activate the multiple pathways leading to presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation in vivo. In addition, we find that Musk protein can be clustered at synaptic sites, even if Musk mRNA is expressed uniformly in muscle. Moreover, acetylcholine receptor clustering and motor terminal branching are restored in parallel, indicating that the extent of presynaptic differentiation is matched to the extent of postsynaptic differentiation.
Influence of design parameters on cogging torque in permanent magnet machines (2000)

The influence of various design parameters on the cogging torque developed by permanent magnet machines is investigated. It is shown that the slot and pole number combination has a significant effect on the cogging torque, and influences the optimal value of both skew angle and magnet arc, as well as determining the optimal number of auxiliary teeth/slots. A simple factor, which is proportional to the slot number and the pole number and inversely proportional to their smallest common multiple, has been introduced to indicate the "goodness"/spl beta/ of the slot and pole number combination. In general, the higher the "goodness" factor the larger the cogging torque.
The GABA Hypothesis in Essential Tremor: Lights and Shadows (2014)

The GABA hypothesis continues to be the most robust pathophysiological hypothesis to explain ET. There is light in all GABA hypothesis steps, but a number of shadows cannot be overlooked. We need more studies to clarify the neurodegenerative nature of the disease, to confirm the decrease of GABA activity in the cerebellum, and to test more therapies that enhance the GABA transmission specifically in the cerebellum area.
Electrochemical deposition of polyaniline–polypyrrole composite coatings on aluminum (2001)

Abstract The electrodeposition of polyaniline–polypyrrole composite coatings on aluminum was successfully performed by using cyclic voltammetry. Oxalic acid was used as the electrolyte. Electrodeposition was carried out at a scan rate of 20 mV/s by varying the number of cycles. An anodic peak current at around −0.1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was observed in the cyclic voltammograms. This peak is due to the oxidation and adsorption of hydrogen. The cyclic voltammograms also show another anodic peak current at around 1.0 V versus SCE, which is the characteristic peak of the polyaniline–polypyrrole composite. The behavior of this peak with respect to the number of cycles is discussed in detail. A corresponding cathodic peak current at around −0.7 V versus SCE was also observed in the cyclic voltammograms. The infrared spectra of the composite coatings revealed the infrared peaks of both polypyrrole and polyaniline. The scanning electron micrographs of the coatings indicate a morphology completely different from its homopolymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1970–1977, 2002
Dehydrodimers of Ferulic Acid in Maize Grain Pericarp and Aleurone: Resistance Factors to <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> (2003)

ABSTRACT The relationship between the primary cell wall phenolic acids, dehydrodimers of ferulic acid, and maize grain resistance to Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of gibberella ear rot, was investigated. Concentrations of dehydrodimers of ferulic acid were determined in the pericarp and aleurone tissues of five inbreds and two hybrids of varying susceptibility and in a segregating population from a cross between a resistant and susceptible inbred. Significant negative correlations were found between disease severity and diferulic acid content. Even stronger correlations were observed between diferulic acid and the fungal steroid ergosterol, which is an indicator of fungal biomass in infected plant tissue. These results were consistent over two consecutive field seasons, which differed significantly for temperature and rainfall during pollination, the most susceptible stage of ear development. No correlation was found between the levels of these phenolics and deoxynivalenol levels. This is the first report of in vivo evidence that the dehydrodimers of ferulic acid content in pericarp and aleurone tissues may play a role in genotypic resistance of maize to gibberella ear rot.
Maximum allowable working voltages in cables (1921)

IN recent years there has been a marked tendency, temporarily interrupted by the war, to operate electric power cable at increasingly higher voltages. For these higher voltage cables, the electric stress, or voltage per unit thickness of insulation is much higher than for the lower voltage cables, because the limiting overall dimensions have necessitated a reduction in the factor of safety, partly compensated for by improvement in the qualities of the insulating materials. When cables of still higher voltages are manufactured, the voltage stresses in the insulation will undoubtedly be proportionally higher again.
Phosphorylation of SUMO-1 Occurs <i>in Vivo</i> and Is Conserved through Evolution (2008)

Protein dynamics is regulated by an elaborate interplay between different post-translational modifications. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are small proteins that are covalently conjugated to target proteins with important functional consequences. One such modifier is SUMO, which mainly modifies nuclear proteins. SUMO contains a unique N-terminal arm not present in ubiquitin and other Ubls, which functions in the formation of SUMO polymers. Here, we unambiguously show that serine 2 of the endogenous SUMO-1 N-terminal protrusion is phosphorylated in vivo using very high mass accuracy mass spectrometry at both the MS and the MS/MS level and complementary fragmentation techniques. Strikingly, we detected the same phosphorylation in yeast, Drosophila and human cells, suggesting an evolutionary conserved function for this modification. The nearly identical human SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 isoforms differ in serine 2; thus, only SUMO-3 could be phosphorylated at this position. Our finding that SUMO can be modified may point to an additional level of complexity through modifying a protein-modifier.
Mitochondria‐targeted GFP highlights the heterogeneity of mitochondrial shape, size and movement within living plant cells (2000)

known to vary considerably depending on the cell type and organism studied.Shapes range from the classic Little is known concerning the heterogeneity of mitotextbook oval, to spherical, to elongated worm-like or chondrial shape, size, number, cytoplasmic distribueven branched structures.Lewis and Lewis, using simple tion, and motility in planta.Ultrastructural studies bright field microscopy, were among the first to describe using the electron microscope have shown a variety mitochondrial shape changes and movement (Lewis and of mitochondrial shapes and sizes within fixed cells, Lewis, 1914).Since that time there have been numerous however, it is not possible to dismiss the possibility studies, particularly on animal cells, investigating mitothat any heterogeneity observed resulted from prechondrial polymorphism and behaviour (for a review paration or fixation artefacts.Unambiguous demonsee Tyler, 1992).However, even in these systems many stration of the extent and nature of mitochondrial questions, for example, the mechanisms underlying mitoheterogeneity in vivo necessitates the use of a truly in chondrial movements and whether morphological heterovivo mitochondrial detection system.Green fluogeneity is concomitant with functional heterogeneity, rescent protein is an excellent in vivo marker for gene remain unresolved (Bereiter-Hahn and Voth, 1994).Few expression and protein localization studies.It is parstudies have been conducted on higher plants and thereticularly useful for real-time spatiotemporal analysis fore little is known about morphological polymorphism of intracellular protein targeting and dynamics and as and the dynamics of plant mitochondria.such is an ideal marker for analysing mitochondria in Green fluorescent protein from the jellyfish Aquorea planta.Stably transformed Arabidopsis lines have been victoria has become a very popular reporter protein for generated with GFP targeted to the mitochondria using studies of plant gene expression.Its unique property either of two plant mitochondrial signal sequences in forming a chromophore of three amino acids within from the b-ATPase subunit or the mitochondrial chapits primary structure requiring no co-factors or substrates eronin CPN-60.Mitochondrially targeted GFP, which other than molecular oxygen makes it a perfect marker is easily detectable using an epifluorescent or confocal for in vivo studies senso stricto.In particular, GFP microscope, highlights heterogeneity of mitochondrial is an ideal reporter for monitoring dynamic processes shape, size, position, and dynamic within living plant within a cell or organism.In the past four years GFP has cells.been used very successfully as a reporter for gene expression and protein trafficking in living cells (Chalfie and Key words: Mitochondria-targeted GFP, subcellular Kain, 1998).During this time improvements over wilddynamics, mitochondrial heterogeneity.type GFP have been engineered, differing in their excitation and emission wavelengths, stability and quantum
Optimization of Ammonium Sulfate Concentration for Purification of Colorectal Cancer Vaccine Candidate Recombinant Protein GA733-FcK Isolated from Plants (2015)

A protein purification procedure is required to obtain high-value recombinant injectable vaccine proteins produced in plants as a bioreactor. However, existing purification procedures for plant-derived recombinant proteins are often not optimized and are inefficient, with low recovery rates. In our previous study, we used 25-30% ammonium sulfate to precipitate total soluble proteins (TSPs) in purification process for recombinant proteins from plant leaf biomass which has not been optimized. Thus, the objective in this study is to optimize the conditions for plant-derived protein purification procedures. Various ammonium sulfate concentrations (15-80%) were compared to determine their effects on TSPs yield. With 50% ammonium sulfate, the yield of precipitated TSP was the highest, and that of the plant-derived colorectal cancer-specific surface glycoprotein GA733 fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG tagged with endoplasmic reticulum retention signal KDEL (GA733(P)-FcK) protein significantly increased 1.8-fold. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purity of GA733(P)-FcK protein band appeared to be similar to that of an equal dose of mammalian-derived GA733-Fc (GA733(M)-Fc). The binding activity of purified GA733(P)-FcK to anti-GA733 mAb was as efficient as the native GA733(M)-Fc. Thus, the purification process was effectively optimized for obtaining a high yield of plant-derived antigenic protein with good quality. In conclusion, the purification recovery rate of large quantities of recombinant protein from plant expression systems can be enhanced via optimization of ammonium sulfate concentration during downstream processes, thereby offering a promising solution for production of recombinant GA733-Fc protein in plants.
Effect of electrical stimulation of arcuate nucleus on gastric electrical activity in the rats (1996)

Effect of electrical stimulation of arcuate nucleus on gastric electrical activity in the rats
The Role of Folate Transport in Antifolate Drug Action in Trypanosoma brucei (2016)

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize mechanisms of resistance to antifolate drugs in African trypanosomes. Genome-wide RNAi library screens were undertaken in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei exposed to the antifolates methotrexate and raltitrexed. In conjunction with drug susceptibility and folate transport studies, RNAi knockdown was used to validate the functions of the putative folate transporters. The transport kinetics of folate and methotrexate were further characterized in whole cells. RNA interference target sequencing experiments identified a tandem array of genes encoding a folate transporter family, TbFT1-3, as major contributors to antifolate drug uptake. RNAi knockdown of TbFT1-3 substantially reduced folate transport into trypanosomes and reduced the parasite's susceptibly to the classical antifolates methotrexate and raltitrexed. In contrast, knockdown of TbFT1-3 increased susceptibly to the non-classical antifolates pyrimethamine and nolatrexed. Both folate and methotrexate transport were inhibited by classical antifolates but not by non-classical antifolates or biopterin. Thus, TbFT1-3 mediates the uptake of folate and classical antifolates in trypanosomes, and TbFT1-3 loss-of-function is a mechanism of antifolate drug resistance.
Intelligent Prediction of Soccer Technical Skill on Youth Soccer Player’s Relative Performance Using Multivariate Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Techniques (2016)

This study aims to predict the potential pattern of soccer technical skill on Malaysia youth soccer players relative performance using multivariate analysis and artificial neural network techniques. 184 male youth soccer players were recruited in Malaysia soccer academy (average age = 15.2±2.0) underwent to, physical fitness test, anthropometric, maturity, motivation and the level of skill related soccer. Unsupervised pattern recognition of principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most significant parameters in soccer for the current study and intelligent prediction of artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to determine its predictive ability for the soccer relative performance index (SRPI). The PCA has indicated sit up, agility, 5m speed, 10m speed, 20m speed, weight, height, sitting height, bicep, tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, calf circumference, maturity, task, ego, short pass, shooting right top corner and shooting left top corner are the most significant parameters in soccer. Meanwhile, the PCA-ANN showed better predictive ability in the determination of SRPI with fewer parameters such as R<sup>2</sup> and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.922 and 0.190, respectively. The current study indicated that only a few parameters are needed to improve and enhanced the performance of novice group. Nevertheless, the prediction method techniques for the present study show very high and strong ability in prediction of the player’s performance. It has highlighted the possibility of defining the optimum number of parameters for the player's relative performance evaluation, which in turn will reduce the costs, energy and time of the measurement.
Effect of Divalent Cations on the Reduction and Re-formation of the Disulfide Bonds of Deoxyribonuclease (1969)

Abstract The availability of stable, purified preparations of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (mol wt 31,000) has prompted study of the reduction and re-formation of the two disulfide bonds cross-linking its single polypeptide chain. The two disulfide bonds of DNase are quantitatively reduced by mercaptoethanol and similar reagents in minutes at pH 7.2 and room temperature, without need for 8 m urea or any other denaturing agent. The reduced protein is inactive. The unusual ease of reduction of the disulfide bonds is accompanied by remarkable stability of the reduced form of the protein in the absence of divalent cations. After 24 hours of exposure to air oxidation at pH 7.5 in 1 mm EDTA, 95% of the half-cystine residues remain as cysteine. The situation changes if 4 mm Ca++ is added; re-formation of disulfide bonds and full regain of activity occurs in minutes. If Ca++ is present during the reduction, the product contains one disulfide bond and two —SH groups. The molecule is fully active and remains so even after the two —SH groups are carboxymethylated. The same half-reduced, half-oxidized molecule can be obtained by adding Ca++ to the fully reduced protein providing the reducing agent is still present. These experiments, and the requirement for a divalent cation-DNA complex as the substrate for DNase, demonstrate an ion-protein interaction. However, simple gel filtration at neutral pH removes 45Ca++ completely from both the native enzyme and the active form containing only one disulfide bond; thus, the divalent metal is not bound strongly in either case. The primary sequence of DNase is not sufficient to direct a rapid refolding of the reduced protein under conditions which are similar to those that are effective with RNase and a number of other proteins; in order for the information resident in the amino acid sequence of DNase to be fully expressed, and the native three-dimensional structure to be formed, divalent cations are required.
Purinergic signaling inhibits human acute myeloblastic leukemia cell proliferation, migration, and engraftment in immunodeficient mice (2011)

Extracellular ATP and UTP nucleotides increase the proliferation and engraftment potential of normal human hematopoietic stem cells via the engagement of purinergic receptors (P2Rs). In the present study, we show that ATP and UTP have strikingly opposite effects on human acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cells. Leukemic cells express P2Rs. ATP-stimulated leukemic cells, but not normal CD34+ cells, undergo down-regulation of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration, whereas cell-cycle inhibitors are up-regulated. Functionally, ATP induced the inhibition of proliferation and accumulation of AML cells, but not of normal cells, in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Exposure to ATP or UTP inhibited AML-cell migration in vitro. In vivo, xenotransplantation experiments demonstrated that the homing and engraftment capacity of AML blasts and CD34+CD38- cells to immunodeficient mice BM was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with nucleotides. P2R-expression analysis and pharmacologic profiling suggested that the inhibition of proliferation by ATP was mediated by the down-regulation of the P2X7R, which is up-regulated on untreated blasts, whereas the inhibition of chemotaxis was mainly mediated via P2Y2R and P2Y4R subtypes. We conclude that, unlike normal cells, P2R signaling inhibits leukemic cells and therefore its pharmacologic modulation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.