gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Legal and Mathematical Aspects of Cumulative Voting (1950)

Cumulative voting is a development of corporate voting, and was innovated for the purpose of giving minority stockholders the opportunity to be represented on the board of directors.'Under the common law each stockholder voted per capita and not according to the number of shares he owned. 2But this rule no longer applies in modern corporate voting. 3At present, in the absence of contrary regulations, it is generally held that shares of stock constitute the basis for voting.This rule is obviously much more just than the earlier one, as it permits those who have the largest monetary interest in a corporation, and who stand to lose the most by its improper management, to elect a majority of directors, and thereby to gain a controlling interest.Cumulative voting gives a stockholder one vote for each share of stock which he owns multiplied by the number of directors to be elected, which votes may be cast for one candidate or dispersed among several.Thus, a mass of votes is placed in the hands of a minority interest, which mass may be concentrated on a minority candidate; thereby tending to permit minority representation commensurate with the minority capital interest.It is practicable only where all the directors are to be elected on one ballot, since it is impossible to vote cumulatively on a single proposition.Cumulative voting is a stockholder's right and does not apply to corporations having neither shares of stock nor stockholders. 4In South Carolina it is used only in the election of directors, trustees, or managers, and is never used for voting on propositions of corporate policy, finance, etc.This seems to be the general rule elsewhere.The case of State ex rel.Springs v. Ellison s aptly illustrates the mechanics of cumulative voting.In this instance a majority group of stockholders controlled 57 shares, and a minority group controlled 39 shares, out of a total of 100 shares of capital stock.The remaining four shares were apparently not voted.There were seven directors to be elected 0 Member of South Carolina Bar, Columbia, S. C.
Airworthiness — A Systems Approach (1980)

This article is written by Mr. Major at the invitation of the publishers of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING as an introduction to the series that is being published during 1980, (as was said in the Comment in the January issue), on the important subject of Airworthiness. Mr. Major says “My comments are not intended to be an official expression of views of the Society of which I am President, and they are based on experience in civil air transport covering technical development, aircraft maintenance and ground operations and, in the aircraft manufacturing industry, covering structural and detail design, production and after‐sales liaison with military users. This fairly diverse experience and some of the events which have occurred in the course of acquiring it, have led me to the view that many (perhaps most) of the airworthiness shortcomings that occur are due to the ‘gulfs’ which develop between specializations, or to the lack of communication (in the widest sense — and both ways) between the elements contributing to ‘total’ airworthiness.”
Phase IB Study of Gene-Mediated Cytotoxic Immunotherapy Adjuvant to Up-Front Surgery and Intensive Timing Radiation for Malignant Glioma (2011)

AdV-tk plus valacyclovir can be safely delivered with surgery and accelerated radiation in newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. Temozolomide did not prevent immune responses. Although not powered for efficacy, the survival and MGMT independence trends are encouraging. A phase II trial is ongoing.
Primary structure of chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase deduced from cDNA sequence. (1988)

The complete amino acid sequence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from chicken liver has been deduced by cloning and sequence analysis of DNA complementary to its messenger RNA. The results were confirmed by Edman degradation of peptide fragments obtained by digestion of the enzyme polypeptide with Achromobacter proteinase I or staphylococcal serine proteinase. Chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase is predicted to be composed of 2,324 amino acid residues, having a calculated molecular weight of 262,706. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein domain is located in the middle region of the enzyme polypeptide. The amino-terminal portion of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase has been found to exhibit a homologous primary structure to that of carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Localization of possible functional domains including biotin carboxylase subsite in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide is discussed.
25W 915nm Lasers with Window Structure Fabricated by Impurity Free Vacancy Disordering (IFVD) (2006)

We have demonstrated high performance broad area single emitter lasers with window structure fabricated by newly developed IFVD technique. A very high output power of 25 W was obtained in 100 μm wide lasers without facet degradation
Network Modeling of Adult Neurogenesis: Shifting Rates of Neuronal Turnover Optimally Gears Network Learning according to Novelty Gradient (2007)

Apoptotic and neurogenic events in the adult hippocampus are hypothesized to play a role in cognitive responses to new contexts. Corticosteroid-mediated stress responses and other neural processes invoked by substantially novel contextual changes may regulate these processes. Using elementary three-layer neural networks that learn by incremental synaptic plasticity, we explored whether the cognitive effects of differential regimens of neuronal turnover depend on the environmental context in terms of the degree of novelty in the new information to be learned. In "adult" networks that had achieved mature synaptic connectivity upon prior learning of the Roman alphabet, imposition of apoptosis/neurogenesis before learning increasingly novel information (alternate Roman < Russian < Hebrew) reveals optimality of informatic cost benefits when rates of turnover are geared in proportion to the degree of novelty. These findings predict that flexible control of rates of apoptosis-neurogenesis within plastic, mature neural systems optimizes learning attributes under varying degrees of contextual change, and that failures in this regulation may define a role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in novelty- and stress-responsive psychiatric disorders.
Random Sequencing of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cDNA Library Derived from Young Seeds (1996)

Sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones was carried out to survey the repertoire of genes expressed in immature seeds of 'Valencia' orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and to produce restriciton fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on the genome mapping program in Citrus. A cDNA library was made by using mRNA prepared from immature seeds of 'Valencia' orange whose developing embryos were at an early globular stage. A total of 192 individual cDNA clones were partially sequenced and compared with the GenBank database. The cDNA clones, which presented significant homology to previously characterized plant, eukaryote, and all other organism genes (optimized (OPT) score >200) in data source formed 24.5% (47 clones), 12.0% (23 clones) and 8.8% (17 clones) of total cDNA clones analyzed in this experiment. The seed cDNA library showed low level of redundancy of cDNA clones. Some clones such as metallothionein, however, were revealed several times, suggesting possible isoforms. Although putative genes, which are thought to play a role on embryogenesis, were not screened in this experiment, a wide range of genes involved in functions such as metabolism, translation, signal transduction, and stress responses were obtained. The randomly sequenced cDNA clones described in this study provide, for the first time, an indication of the types of genes expressed at an early stage of seed development in Citrus. Furthermore, this method made possible the selection of many gene species which could be used as RFLP probes.
Interferons and interleukin 6 suppress phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in growth-sensitive hematopoietic cells. (1992)

One approach to identify postreceptor molecular events that transduce the negative-growth signals of inhibitory cytokines is to analyze the cytokine-induced modifications in the expression of cell-cycle-controlling genes. Here we report that suppression of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) is a receptor-generated event triggered by interferons and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in hematopoietic cell lines. The conversion of pRb to the underphosphorylated forms occurs concomitantly with the decline in c-myc protein expression and both events precede the G0/G1-phase arrest induced by the cytokines. Loss of IL-6-induced c-myc responses in cells that have been stably transfected with constitutive versions of the c-myc gene abrogates the typical G0/G1-phase arrest but does not prevent the specific dephosphorylation of pRb. Conversely, depletion of protein kinase C from cells interferes with part of the interferon-induced suppression of pRb phosphorylation and relieves the G0/G1-phase cell-cycle block without affecting the extent of c-myc inhibition. None of the cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta, reduce the phosphorylation of pRb in S-phase-blocked cells. In contrast, the other IL-6-induced molecular responses, including the decline in c-myc mRNA levels, are not phase-specific and develop normally in S-phase-blocked cells that are depleted of the underphosphorylated functional forms of pRb. These and the suppression of pRb phosphorylation, which occur independently of each other, and suggest that the development of the interferon- or IL-6-induced G0/G1-specific arrest requires at least these two receptor-generated events.
Picoliter Cell Volume Potentiometric Detector for Open-Tubular Column LC (1983)

A detector for open-tubular column liquid chromatography based on an ion-selective microelectrode cell assembly is described. The microelectrode with tip diameter of approximately 1 Mm is directly inserted into the downstream column end. Estimated detector cell volumes are about 10~1 4 I (25-^m i.d. column). Experimental evidence is presented that proves the cell volume to be smaller than 5 x 10~1 0 1. The detection system should be adequate for open-tubular columns with an inner diameter > 5 ^m. Some interesting approaches to low dead-volume detectors have been reported. These include UV detectors Cell volumes as small as 0.06 nl have been obtained (2). Although ion-selective electrodes (ISE) have been used for the detection in LC (25-27), the dead-volumes are too large for use with small bore open-tubular columns.
Keap1 degradation by autophagy for the maintenance of redox homeostasis (2012)

The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system is essential for cytoprotection against oxidative and electrophilic insults. Under unstressed conditions, Keap1 serves as an adaptor for ubiquitin E3 ligase and promotes proteasomal degradation of Nrf2, but Nrf2 is stabilized when Keap1 is inactivated under oxidative/electrophilic stress conditions. Autophagy-deficient mice show aberrant accumulation of p62, a multifunctional scaffold protein, and develop severe liver damage. The p62 accumulation disrupts the Keap1-Nrf2 association and provokes Nrf2 stabilization and accumulation. However, individual contributions of p62 and Nrf2 to the autophagy-deficiency-driven liver pathogenesis have not been clarified. To examine whether Nrf2 caused the liver injury independent of p62, we crossed liver-specific Atg7::Keap1-Alb double-mutant mice into p62- and Nrf2-null backgrounds. Although Atg7::Keap1-Alb::p62(-/-) triple-mutant mice displayed defective autophagy accompanied by the robust accumulation of Nrf2 and severe liver injury, Atg7::Keap1-Alb::Nrf2(-/-) triple-mutant mice did not show any signs of such hepatocellular damage. Importantly, in this study we noticed that Keap1 accumulated in the Atg7- or p62-deficient mouse livers and the Keap1 level did not change by a proteasome inhibitor, indicating that the Keap1 protein is constitutively degraded through the autophagy pathway. This finding is in clear contrast to the Nrf2 degradation through the proteasome pathway. We also found that treatment of cells with tert-butylhydroquinone accelerated the Keap1 degradation. These results thus indicate that Nrf2 accumulation is the dominant cause to provoke the liver damage in the autophagy-deficient mice. The autophagy pathway maintains the integrity of the Keap1-Nrf2 system for the normal liver function by governing the Keap1 turnover.
Los rubios : Notas para una ficción sobre la ausencia (2006)

La última dictadura militar argentina, como pocos procesos en nuestro país, fue abordada por una enorme cantidad de producciones artístico-culturales. El medio audiovisual, y más específicamente el cine, no fueron la excepción. El cúmulo de films engendrados, revisitando, indagando lo sucedido en aquellos años, es tan prolífico como heterogéneo, tan significativo como dispar. Dentro de este desigual conglomerado, la película Los Rubios (2003) de Albertina Carri, logró destacarse, convirtiéndose en referencia forzosa para cualquier análisis de trabajos fílmicos sobre aquellos años, y su inevitable (necesaria) irradiación sobre éstos. Narrando las peripecias indagatorias de la directora tras las huellas de sus padres (desaparecidos durante el último proceso dictatorial), la película se centra en la problemática de la constitución de la identidad (tanto en su aspecto individual, como colectivo), la cual, desde el particular tratamiento estético/formal que Carri propone, se ve complejizada: ahondada, descosificada.\nIntentando apartarse de solemnidades y convencionalismos, Los Rubios atraviesa discusiones tanto políticas como cinematográficas, aunándolas en la problemática de la representación, proponiendo una obra múltiple, generadora de posibles dislocaciones (erosiones) en articulaciones simbólicas (societarias).\nPartiendo desde el planteo de Andreas Huyssen, en relación con la proclividad actual a una búsqueda en el pasado tras un relato que estructure vidas arrojadas a una extrema fluidez, y del de Paul Ricoeur en el sentido de que son los mismos relatos precisamente los que posibilitan esa estructuración/estabilización del sujeto, se intentará desplegar algunas de las razones que hicieron de la película de Carri un referente ineludible, a la hora de (re)pensar términos como “dictadura militar”, “desaparecidos”, y la construcción/búsqueda de la memoria, y la identidad.\nSegún Mijail Bajtin, el lenguaje no refleja la cultura, la ideología, sino que la conforma, la constituye. Emparentando, con Bajtin, los conceptos de lenguaje, cultura e ideología, podemos pensar a Los Rubios, enmarcada en la búsqueda identitaria de la autora, desde sus intentonas rupturistas, transformándose en una obra que confronta y vitaliza discusiones, constituyéndose en un hecho performativo de una posible resignificación de conceptos anquilosados, musealizados. Instituyéndose en síntoma, en indicio fáctico, cultural, ideológico, de una forma posible de relación con la realidad. Una búsqueda estatuida en su intrínseco fluir, conformando identidades, que entendidas como inacabadas, contingentes, dinámicas, abrirían (en palabras de Leonor Arfuch) una “nueva dimensión política, una nueva capacidad de agenciamiento, en la rearticulación entre el sujeto (agrego, la comunidad) y la práctica discursiva”.
Reel-to-reel<i>ex situ</i>conversion of high critical current density electron-beam co-evaporated BaF<sub>2</sub>precursor on RABiTS (2004)

A reel-to-reel furnace equipped with seven transverse flow modules has been developed to continuously process ex situ BaF2 precursor coated conductors. Experimental results have revealed that as the precursor thickness increases, the processing parameters need to be adjusted in order to obtain high quality YBCO films with Jc' s greater than 1 MA cm−2 at 77 K and self-field. For thin precursors, a relatively aggressive conversion environment of high P(H2O) can be used to obtain epitaxial YBCO with an extremely small amount of undesirable random or a-axis grains. Thin 0.3 µm YBCO was converted on a 2.3 m long by 1 cm wide Ni RABiTS substrate, yielding an end-to-end Ic of 18.9 A (Jc = 0.63 MA cm−2). 16 cm sectional measurements showed that the tape performance is uniform, with a mean Ic of 19.1 A (0.64 MA cm−2) and a 5.4% SD. In thick precursors, however, a less aggressive environment in the form of low P(H2O) is better suited for epitaxial YBCO nucleation during the incubation period. By using a low initial P(H2O) with progressively higher values during later stages of conversion, an end-to-end Ic of 92 A (1.02 MA cm−2) was obtained in 1.1 m long by 1 cm wide 0.9 µm YBCO on better-textured Ni–W RABiTS. This conductor possesses uniform Ic according to 1 cm sectional measurements with a mean Ic of 94.4 A (1.05 MA cm−2) and only 4.3% SD. Further adjustment in the P(H2O) schedule resulted in a 45 cm long sample with end-to-end Ic of 111.8 A (1.24 MA cm−2), a mean Ic of 114.8 A (1.28 MA cm−2) and 4.8% SD. The highest Ic of 138 A (1.53 MA cm−2) was obtained in a short 0.9 µm YBCO sample on a pre-treated Ni–W RABiTS substrate.
BAR502, a dual FXR and GPBAR1 agonist, promotes browning of white adipose tissue and reverses liver steatosis and fibrosis (2017)

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease. Here, we have investigated whether BAR502, a non-bile acid, steroidal dual ligand for FXR and GPBAR1, reverses steato-hepatitis in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) and fructose. After 9 week, mice on HFD gained ≈30% of b.w (P < 0.01 versus naïve) and were insulin resistant. These overweighting and insulin resistant mice were randomized to receive HFD or HFD in combination with BAR502. After 18 weeks, HFD mice developed NASH like features with severe steato-hepatitis and fibrosis, increased hepatic content of triacylglycerol and cholesterol and expression of SREPB1c, FAS, ApoC2, PPARα and γ, α-SMA, α1 collagen and MCP1 mRNAs. Treatment with BAR502 caused a ≈10% reduction of b.w., increased insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of HDL, while reduced steatosis, inflammatory and fibrosis scores and liver expression of SREPB1c, FAS, PPARγ, CD36 and CYP7A1 mRNA. BAR502 increased the expression of SHP and ABCG5 in the liver and SHP, FGF15 and GLP1 in intestine. BAR502 promoted the browning of epWAT and reduced liver fibrosis induced by CCl<sub>4</sub>. In summary, BAR502, a dual FXR and GPBAR1 agonist, protects against liver damage caused by HFD by promoting the browning of adipose tissue.
Kinetics of the oxidation of hexaaquoiron(2+) by polypyridine complexes of ruthenium(III). Negative enthalpies of activation (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of the oxidation of hexaaquoiron(2+) by polypyridine complexes of ruthenium(III). Negative enthalpies of activationJames N. Braddock and Thomas J. MeyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 10, 3158–3162Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00791a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00791a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1108Altmetric-Citations142LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Serologic Cross-Reactivity Between Common Human Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Using Coronavirus Antigen Microarray (2020)

The current practice for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on PCR testing of nasopharyngeal or respiratory specimens in a symptomatic patient at high epidemiologic risk. This testing strategy likely underestimates the true prevalence of infection, creating the need for serologic methods to detect infections missed by the limited testing to date. Here, we describe the development of a coronavirus antigen microarray containing immunologically significant antigens from SARS-CoV-2, in addition to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, common human coronavirus strains, and other common respiratory viruses. A preliminary study of human sera collected prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demonstrates overall high IgG reactivity to common human coronaviruses and low IgG reactivity to epidemic coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, with some cross-reactivity of conserved antigenic domains including S2 domain of spike protein and nucleocapsid protein. This array can be used to answer outstanding questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, including whether baseline serology for other coronaviruses impacts disease course, how the antibody response to infection develops over time, and what antigens would be optimal for vaccine development.
Characterization of a transgenic mouse line over-expressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene (1991)

We have produced several transgenic mouse lines over-expressing the human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene. We have now characterized one of the transgenic lines as regards the tissue accumulation of the polyamines and the activities of their metabolizing enzymes. Among the tissues analysed, the polyamine pattern was most strikingly changed in testis and brain of the transgenic animals. ODC activity was greatly enhanced in all tissues, except kidney, of the transgenic animals. The most dramatic increase, 80-fold, was found in brain of the transgenic mice. The activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine and spermine syntheses were likewise significantly increased in testis of the transgenic animals. The activities of the enzymes involved in the back-conversion of the polyamines, namely spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase and polyamine oxidase, were similar in the transgenic and non-transgenic animals. As analysed by reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, all the six tissues of the transgenic animals expressed human-specific ODC mRNA. Determination of the half-life of testicular ODC revealed a stabilization of the enzyme in the transgenic males.
Experimental Verification of the Mott Relation in the Thermoelectric Effect of the Quantum Hall Systems (2011)

We have measured the diffusion thermoelectric power in a two‐dimensional electron gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure by employing the current heating technique at a low temperature (T = 40 mK) in the magnetic field range 0<B<0.8 T. We have also measured the longitudinal and the transverse resistivities and their derivatives with respect to the energy in the same sample by using a Hall bar device equipped with a metallic front gate to control the Fermi energy. We experimentally verify the Mott relation by comparing the measured diffusion thermoelectric power with those calculated by the Mott formula from the resistivities and their derivatives.