gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A silicon bipolar transistor with a hydrogenated amorphous emitter (1984)

THE FIRST operating heterojunction bipolar transistor using a wide band gap phosphorus doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon emitter has been realized. The maximum common emitter current gain has a value of 14 while the base Gummel number amounts to 1.35 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> s/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> .
Interconversion of planar and nonplanar N-amido ligands. Thermodynamically stable nonplanar N-amido ligands (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterconversion of planar and nonplanar N-amido ligands. Thermodynamically stable nonplanar N-amido ligandsFred C. Anson, Terrence J. Collins, Stephen L. Gipson, John T. Keech, Terry E. Krafft, and Geoffrey T. PeakeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 21, 6593–6605Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00281a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00281a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views528Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced Production of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist by Alveolar Macrophages from Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (1993)

Alveolar macrophages (AM) produce various inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the production of IL-1ra, a specific receptor antagonist of IL-1, by AM from nonsmoking control subjects (n = 9), smoking control subjects (n = 6), and patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (n = 9). IL-1ra protein levels in cultured AM lysates and supernatants were determined by a specific ELISA; relative steady-state IL-1ra mRNA levels were measured using a specific cDNA probe. Before culture the isolated AM from all subject groups contained undetectable IL-1ra mRNA and no IL-1ra protein in the cell lysates as determined by ELISA. AM from nonsmoking control subjects spontaneously produced IL-1ra protein after a 20 h culture in medium, approximately 12 ng/ml with around half in cell lysates. AM from smoking control subjects produced levels of IL-1ra that were similar to the levels in AM from nonsmokers. In contrast, AM from nonsmoking ILD patients (n = 6) produced high levels of IL-1ra spontaneously (approximately 28 ng/ml), with no enhancement observed when cultured on adherent IgG. Interestingly, AM from smoking ILD patients (n = 3) produced lower levels of IL-1ra protein (approximately 11 ng/ml) that were comparable to levels noted in smoking control subjects. AM from all three types of subjects produced decreased amounts of IL-1ra in response to LPS and enhanced amounts in response to GM-CSF. In general, IL-1ra steady-state mRNA levels correlated with protein production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A composite Ekman boundary layer problem (1968)

The steady, axially symmetric, viscous, incompressible flow induced by an infinite rotating disk in the presence of a stationary coaxial disk is studied numerically for the complete laminar range of a Taylor number, R . Emphasis is placed on qualitative interpretation of the numerical solutions. The asymptotic state for large R is shown to consist of two well-known special Ekman boundary layers on the disks which are linked by a Taylor column, with Ekman layer suction into one layer just balanced by axial outflow from the other layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00409.x
Treatment of aneurysms with wires and electricity. A historical overview (2003)

Endovascular treatment of aneurysms has only recently become an accepted therapeutic modality. Nonetheless, treatment of aneurysms with the aid of various foreign bodies such as needle and wire insertion with or without electrical current has been reported since the first half of the 19th century. In 1832 Phillips induced clot formation in the femoral and carotid arteries of dogs by leaving needles in the arteries for variable lengths of time. Simultaneously, in France, Velpeau had proposed using "l'acupuncture des arteres dans le traitement des anevrismes." Later, Phillips and Pelrequin connected the offending needles to a source of electrical current in an attempt to increase thrombus formation and aneurysm occlusion. Subsequently, Moore introduced the concept of packing the aneurysm with wire inserted through a needle transfixed to the vessel wall. To this method, Corradi added electrical current. Widely known as the Moore-Corradi technique, it was used in ensuing years with variable success. The early phase of endovascular aneurysm treatment culminated when Blakemore and Moore treated a case of symptomatic cavernous sinus aneurysm by passing wire through the patient's orbit. These pioneering cases combined with technological advances in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms paved the way for further refinements in coil embolization of aneurysms.
Ensemble and Single-Molecule Spectroscopic Study on Excitation Energy Transfer Processes in 1,3-Phenylene-Linked Perylenebisimide Oligomers (2011)

1,3-Phenylene-bridged perylenebisimide dimer (PBI2) and trimer (PBI3) were prepared along with monomer reference (PBI1) using perylene imide-anhydride 5 as a key precursor. 3,3-Dimethylbut-1-yl substituents were introduced at the 2,5-positions of perylenebisimide (PBI) to improve the solubilities of PBI oligomers. Actually, no serious aggregation of PBI2 and PBI3 was detected in their dilute CH(2)Cl(2) solutions. Under these conditions, intramolecular electronic interactions among PBI chromophores have been revealed by measuring the photophysical properties at their ensemble and single-molecule levels. The excitation energy transfer times of PBI2 (0.16 ps) and PBI3 (0.60 ps) were determined from the two different observables, anisotropy depolarization, and singlet-singlet annihilation, respectively, which are considered as the incoherent Förster-type energy hopping (EEH) times as compared with the EEH time constant (1.97 ps) calculated on the basis of the Förster mechanism. The relatively short EEH times compared to similar PBI oligomers can be attributed to 1,3-phenylene linker, which assures a short distance between the chromophores and, as a consequence, makes it hard to treat the PBI unit as a point dipole. The limitation of point-dipole approximation to describe the PBI oligomers and additional through-bond type interactions can be attributed as the causes of the discrepancies in excitation energy transfer times. Considering these photophysical properties, we can suggest that 1,3-phenylene-linked PBI oligomers have potentials as molecular photonic devices including the artificial light-harvesting system.
A Model of Temporal Response Properties in Primary Auditory Cortex (2000)

The temporal response properties of cells in primary auditory cortex differ markedly from those observed sub-cortically, in particular the ability to synchronise firing to amplitude modulations is restricted to modulations below 10-20 Hz (Schreiner et al 1997). In the thalamocortical transformation of incoming signals a great deal of the temporal fine structure is lost (Creutzfeldt et al 1980), and the effects of a masker on a probe tone can be detected up to 400 ms after masker offset (Brosch and Schreiner 1997). What gives rise to these phenomena and can they be explained by some common mechanism? Explanations in terms of intracortical inhibitory circuits have been proposed but inhibition does not provide an adequate account, at least in the case of forward masking which is unaffected by the application of a GABA antagonist. On the other hand, simple threshold neural models cannot replicate such behaviour without some form of inhibition. The purpose of this investigation wa...
Sharding by Hash Partitioning - A Database Scalability Pattern to Achieve Evenly Sharded Database Clusters (2015)

With the beginning of the 21st century, web applications requirements dramatically increased in scale. Applications like social networks, ecommerce, and media sharing, started to generate lots of data traffic, and companies started to track this valuable data. The database systems responsible for storing all this information had to scale in order to handle the huge load. With the emergence of cloud computing, scaling out a database system has became an affordable solution, making data sharding a viable scalability option. But to benefit from data sharding, database designers have to identify the best manner to distribute data among the nodes of shared cluster. This paper discusses database sharding distribution models, specifically a technique known as hash partitioning. Our objective is to catalog in the format of a Database Scalability Pattern the best practice that consists in sharding the data among the nodes of a database cluster using the hash partitioning technique to nicely balance the load between the database servers. This way, we intend to make the mapping between the scenario and its solution publicly available, helping developers to identify when to adopt the pattern instead of other sharding techniques.
<i>All-trans</i> retinoic acid/As <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (2004)

Both all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) have proven to be very effective in obtaining high clinical complete remission (CR) rates in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but they had not been used jointly in an integrated treatment protocol for remission induction or maintenance among newly diagnosed APL patients. In this study, 61 newly diagnosed APL subjects were randomized into three treatment groups, namely by ATRA, As(2)O(3), and the combination of the two drugs. CR was determined by hematological analysis, tumor burden was examined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR of the PML-RAR alpha (promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha) fusion transcripts, and side effects were evaluated by means of clinical examinations. Mechanisms possibly involved were also investigated with cellular and molecular biology methods. Although CR rates in three groups were all high (> or =90%), the time to achieve CR differed significantly, with that of the combination group being the shortest one. Earlier recovery of platelet count was also found in this group. The disease burden as reflected by fold change of PML-RAR alpha transcripts at CR decreased more significantly in combined therapy as compared with ATRA or As(2)O(3) mono-therapy (P < 0.01). This difference persisted after consolidation (P < 0.05). Importantly, all 20 cases in the combination group remained in CR whereas 7 of 37 cases treated with mono-therapy relapsed (P < 0.05) after a follow-up of 8-30 months (median: 18 months). Synergism of ATRA and As(2)O(3) on apoptosis and degradation of PML-RAR alpha oncoprotein might provide a plausible explanation for superior efficacy of combination therapy in clinic. In conclusion, the ATRA/As(2)O(3) combination for remission/maintenance therapy of APL brings much better results than either of the two drugs used alone in terms of the quality of CR and the status of the disease-free survival.
An evaluation of methods for measuring stress in broiler chickens (2018)

There are potential advantages for using noninvasive methods instead of conventional approaches for measuring corticosterone (CORT) as a metric of stress. Two studies compared blood heterophil: lymphocyte (H:L) ratios, serum CORT, cecal content CORT (Study 1), colon content CORT (Study 2), and feather CORT concentrations for broiler chicks receiving drinking water with or without added CORT. On day 28, male broilers (N = 140) were provided tap water (Control group) or water containing 20 mg/L of CORT (CORT group) for up to 72 h. Body weight (BW), blood, feather, cecal, and colon content samples were collected from 10 birds from each treatment group at 0, 6, 12, 24, 30, 48, and 72 h. Data were analyzed with a JMP Pro ANOVA. Mean comparisons were analyzed on significant treatment effects using post hoc t-tests to compare control and CORT measures within each sampling time point. Pearson's pairwise correlations for all data were performed. A treatment by time interaction affected all measures in both studies. In both studies, CORT treatment reduced body weight and increased H:L ratios at later time points. In study 1 cecal content CORT concentrations were elevated with CORT treatment after 24 h, whereas in study 2 colon content CORT concentrations were elevated after 6 h. CORT treatment increased body and primary feather CORT and primary feather CORT increased with time in control groups in both studies. Serum CORT exhibited the lowest variability compared with all other sample sources used for determining CORT. Estimates of CORT by different methods were positively correlated. These results indicate that serum CORT concentrations most reliably reflect the CORT status of broilers, and that feather CORT concentrations demonstrated potential for estimating stress in broilers.
Sensor fault detection and identification in dead-reckoning system of mobile robot: interacting multiple model approach (2002)

An interacting multiple-model (IMM) approach to sensor fault detection and identification (FDI) in the dead reckoning of mobile robots is proposed Changes of sensor normal/failure modes are explicitly modeled as switching from one mode to another in a probabilistic manner; mode probabilities and robot states are estimated via a bank of Kalman filters with mutual interaction. To provide better fault decision, mode probability averaging and heuristic decision-making rule are incorporated into the IMM based algorithm. The proposed FDI algorithm is implemented on our mobile robot. 16 system modes (one normal mode and 15 'hard' sensor-failure modes) of four internal sensors (two wheel-encoders, one steering potentiometer and one yaw-rate gyro) are handled. Experimental results validate that the proposed FDI algorithm allows robust navigation of the robot subject to sensor failures.
Field and time thresholds for the electrical fixation of holograms recorded in (Sr0.75Ba0.25)Nb2O6 crystals (1973)

We demonstrate that the electrical fixation of holograms recorded in (Sr0.75Ba0.25)Nb2O6 involves local polarization switching; the fixing threshold is found to be nearly the average coercive field Ec = 970 V/cm, and the minimum fixing time is the polarization switching time. The diffraction efficiency enhancement of fixed holograms is attributed to the photoinduced space charge field's overcancellation by ionic displacements associated with the polarization switching.
Graded index fiber waveguides with borosilicate composition: fabrication techniques (1976)

Fabrication techniques for graded refractive index fibers with SiO(2)-B(2)O(3) composition are shown to be well controlled. The resulting fibers demonstrate both low loss (less than 3 dB/km) at 900 nm and 1060 nm and low dispersion (260 psec/km including 200-psec/km material dispersion) at 900 nm.
Implementation of an Illuminant Detection Algorithm (2003)

This paper discusses the implementation of the light source detection technique proposed by Zhang and Yang. The approach attempts to recover multiple light sources from an image of a sphere by locating cutoff curves. Three other approaches have extended this technique and generalize it to allow the analysis of arbitrary known geometries. The implementation is performed in MATLAB and is tested using synthetic image generation code which allows arbitrary placement of light sources. This allows the analysis of the performance under a variety of conditions. Experiments are performed on two synthetic images. Three light sources are present in the first experiment. The recovered directions are accurate within 0.3 degrees, and the intensities are accurate within 1%. The second experiment considers 12 light sources, 8 of which are recovered successfully. The reasons for not detecting the four other sources are determined to be an inadequate method of searching the sphere for cutoff curves, and difficulties in locating of peaks corresponding to light sources in the Hough transform space. It is concluded that other methods of cutoff curve detection should be considered to improve robustness. Also, a more robust method of locating peaks in the Hough transform space is recommended. 1
A method for fabricating dislocation-free tensile-strained SiGe films via the oxidation of porous Si substrates (2007)

A method for fabricating tensile-strained SiGe films via the oxidation of porous Si substrates with thin SiGe overlayers is reported. A 100nm thick Si0.77Ge0.23 film on a porous Si substrate is fabricated through self-limiting anodization of a heavily doped p-type Si substrate with an epitaxially grown intrinsic Si0.77Ge0.23 overlayer. The pseudomorphic Si0.77Ge0.23 film originally under 0.94% compressive strain on the porous Si substrate becomes completely relaxed by low temperature (500°C) oxidation of the porous Si substrate. Continued oxidation introduces an additional 0.71% tensile strain in the Si0.77Ge0.23 layer without the introduction of dislocations or cracks.
Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum (2011)

The ability to predict and evaluate reward value, and use that information to develop and execute an action plan efficiently, requires: first, integration of incoming sensory information with reward value, expectation, and memory; second, the incorporation of that information with cognition to develop the plan; and finally, the motor control to execute it. However, the BG are traditionally considered to process information in parallel and segregated functional streams consisting of reward (limbic), associative (cognitive), and motor control circuits (Alexander and Crutcher 1990). Moreover, microcircuits within each region are thought to mediate different aspects of each function (Middleton and Strick 2002). Nonetheless, expressed behaviors are the result of a combination of complex information processing that involves all of frontal cortex. Indeed, appropriate responses to environmental stimuli require continual updating and learning to adjust behaviors according to new data. This requires coordination between sensory, limbic, cognitive, and motor systems. While the anatomical pathways are generally topographic from cortex through BG circuits, a large body of growing evidence supports a dual processing system. Thus, information is not only processed in parallel streams, but also through integrative mechanisms through which information can be transferred between functional circuits (Bar-Gad et al. 2000; Belin and Everitt 2008; Bevan, Clarke, and Bolam 1997; Draganski et al. 2008; Haber et al. 2006; Haber, Fudge, and McFarland 2000; Kolomiets et al. 2001; McFarland and Haber 2002b; Mena-Segovia et al. 2005; Percheron and Filion 1991). This chapter will first discuss the place of the reward circuit in the BG; second, how the sensory systems interface within this circuit; and third, the anatomical basis for integrating the reward circuit with cognition and motor control systems.
Direct isolation of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts from bleomycin-injured lungs reveals their functional similarities and differences (2013)

This is the first study showing a direct isolation method of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts from injured lungs. We demonstrated functional similarities and differences between myofibroblasts and fibroblasts in terms of both their proliferative capacity and the expression levels of genes for collagen, collagen synthesis enzymes, and chemokines. Thus, this direct isolation method has great potential for obtaining useful information from myofibroblasts and fibroblasts.
Object Identification And Measurement From Images With Access To The Database To Select Specific Subpopulations Of Special Interest (1987)

An automated vision image analysis system to analyze images resulting from nucleic acid hybridizations is presented. Real-time image acquisition from autoradiographs is accomplished with a sensitivity to optical density to the degree that any spot visible by eye can be quantified by digital methods and enhanced by image processing techniques for observation. The system provides a tool for quantification of differences in gene expression, rapid processing of thousands of pairs of genes, storage in a database, search for small differences, large differences, and infrequently occuring genes. Background correction, normalization and pseudocolor "mapping" facilitate comparison and quantification directly from the CRT display. The image pairs, a percent change image and a difference image are presented in a quad display with coordinated spot density and change measurement simultaneously for each of the four images. The system provides a tool for analysis of altered gene expression in response to environmental stress, such as heat-shock and salt water in plant growth; hormone regulation, such as before and after hormone administration in animals; development; and carcinogenesis. The use of this system to study nucleic acid hybridization is contrasted with the study of 2-D protein electrophoresis gels for the determination of changes in gene expression and identification of corresponding proteins of significance.
Specific Decrease in Solution Viscosity of Antibodies by Arginine for Therapeutic Formulations (2014)

Unacceptably high viscosity is observed in high protein concentration formulations due to extremely large therapeutic dose of antibodies and volume restriction of subcutaneous route of administration. Here, we show that a protein aggregation suppressor, arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl), specifically decreases viscosity of antibody formulations. The viscosities of bovine gamma globulin (BGG) solution at 250 mg/mL and human gamma globulin (HGG) solution at 292 mg/mL at a physiological pH were too high for subcutaneous injections, but decreased to an acceptable level (below 50 cP) in the presence of 1,000 mM ArgHCl. ArgHCl also decreased the viscosity of BGG solution at acidic and alkaline pHs. Interestingly, ArgHCl decreased the viscosity of antibody solutions (BGG, HGG, and human immunoglobulin G) but not globular protein solutions (α-amylase and α-chymotrypsin). These results indicate not only high potency of ArgHCl as an excipient to decrease the solution viscosity of high concentration antibodies formulations but also specific interactions between ArgHCl and antibodies.