gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: one pill a day for tomorrow (2011)

Abstract Chronic hepatitis C is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease with approximately 170 million people infected worldwide. Sustained virological response ( SVR ) is equivalent to viral eradication and associated with a reduction in the risk of cirrhosis. Nowadays the treatment for hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) genotype 1 chronic infection is the addition of direct acting antivirals ( DAA ) with a protease inhibitor (telaprevir or boceprevir) to the pegylated interferon ( PEG ‐ IFN ) plus ribavirin ( RBV ) regimen. The future management of patients with these new molecules will require good clinical practice, knowledge of indications, management of side effects and monitoring for antiviral resistance. Certain major medical needs are still unmet and require studies in special populations ( HIV ‐ HCV coinfected patients, transplanted patients, etc.…) and also in HCV non‐1 genotype patients and in non‐responders. Second generation DAA are in development. Combinations of antivirals with additive potency that lack cross resistance and with a good safety profile may provide new regimens in the future to make HCV the first chronic viral infection eradicated worldwide with a finite duration of combination DAA therapy without IFN . The aim of this review is to summarize mechanisms of action and results obtained with DAA s.
<title>Object-based coding of stereo image sequences using joint 3D motion/disparity segmentation</title> (1995)

An object-based coding scheme is proposed for the coding of the right channel of a stereoscopic image sequence, using motion and disparity information. A multiresolution block-based motion estimation approach is used for initialization, while disparity estimation is performed using a pixel-based hierarchical dynamic programming algorithm. A split and merge segmentation procedure based on both 3D motion and disparity is then used to determine regions with similar motion and depth parameters. This is combined with an efficient depth modeling method that offers full depth information at the decoder site. In order to reduce the computational load of the merge phase of the algorithm, a fast algorithm is implemented which speeds up the merge procedure considerably. The segmentation part of the algorithm is interleaved with the estimation part in order to optimize the coding performance of the segmentation procedure. Motion and depth model parameters are then quantized and transmitted to the decoder along with the segmentation information. An object-based motion compensating scheme is then used to reconstruct the original image, based on the objects created by the segmentation approach.
Photoresponse of PbS nanoparticles–quaterthiophene films prepared by gaseous deposition as probed by XPS (2012)

Semiconducting lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles were cluster beam deposited into evaporated quaterthiophene (4T) organic films, which in some cases were additionally modified by simultaneous 50 eV acetylene ion bombardment. Surface chemistry of these nanocomposite films was first examined using standard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS was also used to probe photoinduced shifts in peak binding energies upon illumination with a continuous wave green laser and the magnitudes of these peak shifts were interpreted as changes in relative photoconductivity. The four types of films examined all displayed photoconductivity: 4T only, 4T with acetylene ions, 4T with PbS nanoparticles, and 4T with both PbS nanoparticles and acetylene ions. Furthermore, the ion-modified films displayed higher photoconductivity, which was consistent with enhanced bonding within the 4T organic matrix and between 4T and PbS nanoparticles. PbS nanoparticles displayed higher photoconductivity than the 4T component, regardless of ion modification.
<i>In vivo</i> biological activity of retinoids partially correlates to their affinity to recombinant retinoic‐acid receptor α and recombinant‐cellular retinoic‐acid‐binding protein I (1993)

Several known and some new retinoids were synthesized and their in vivo activity was investigated by an assay, based on induction of alkaline phosphatase in P19 teratocarcinoma cells, human prostate carcinoma cells and primary cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. The assay used in this study was found to be reproducible and useful for rapid screening of retinoids for biological activity. Two newly synthesized compounds exhibit high biological activity. The biological potency of the compounds was compared to their ability to bind to recombinant retinoic-acid receptor alpha and to cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein I determined by Charsorb-binding assay. mRNA of both retinoic-acid-binding proteins could be detected in the three cell lines investigated. As expected from the number of different retinoic-acid receptors, the results suggest that retinoids do not need to bind retinoic-acid receptor alpha nor cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein I in order to exhibit biological activity, but most retinoids investigated show a clear correlation between binding to these proteins and their biological activity.
InAs1−<i>x</i>Sb<i>x</i>/In1−<i>y</i>Ga<i>y</i>As multiple-quantum-well heterostructure design for improved 4–5 μm lasers (1994)

A new strained-layer multiple-quantum-well (MQW) heterostructure comprising InAs1−xSbx wells and In1−yGayAs barrier layers is proposed for improved 4–5 μm lasers. Both well and barrier compositions are close to InAs and are potentially well suited for high-quality crystal growth of MQWs on either InAs or GaSb substrates. Simple modeling shows favorable valence-band alignment suitable for carrier confinement, free of the staggered band alignment problem generally found in the conventional designs. Perturbation calculation of the effect of the compressive strain in the wells also shows sufficient valence subband separation. This and the reduced hole mass are expected to considerably lower the threshold carrier density and Auger recombination.
Improve client-contractor working relationships under PSM (1996)

Many operating companies rely on engineering/procurement/construction (EPC) contractors to provide needed services during expansions and other capital project ventures. These service providers are obligated to work under the same process safety management (PSM) guidelines as the operating company. So what are the responsibilities for the operating company (client), contractor and others under PSM? Following the checklist, EPC contractors and operating companies can develop and assign process safety responsibilities early in project planning. Under these conditions, all involved project parties are fully aware of their individual obligations as mandated by 29 CFR 1910.119 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals (OSHA PSM). Fully disclosing individual party responsibilities ensures dialogue between the client and the EPC contractor and other involved service providers. Clearly defining and communicating project responsibilities may influence project execution and associated costs considerably. The paper describes the project planning under PSM, PSM elements, process safety information, process hazard analysis, operating procedures, training, contractor programs, pre-startup safety review, mechanical integrity, incident investigations, emergency planning and response, and compliance audits.
Artificial Ageing of Wood Monitored by DRIFT Spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* Color Measurements. 1. Effect of UV Light (1995)

Article Artificial Ageing of Wood Monitored by DRIFT Spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* Color Measurements. 1. Effect of UV Light was published on January 1, 1995 in the journal Holzforschung (volume 49, issue 5).
An optical phased array for lasers (2002)

High-performance, optical phased arrays for electronic control of laser beams have recently been demonstrated. The optical aperture is lithographically fabricated to form a unity-fill-factor array of liquid-crystal-based optical phase shifters. The liquid-crystal phase shifters can be fabricated smaller than a wavelength of light, with spacings equally small, although this is not required in these devices for small angle steering applications. Computer control of the individual phase shifters establishes a phase profile across the optical aperture that steers or otherwise controls an incident optical beam. Prototypes of such optical phased arrays have been used to demonstrate electronically programmable optical beam steering, lensing, fanout, and conditioning. The devices offer high pointing accuracy and resolution in a small size, owing to the much shorter wavelength of light as compared to microwaves. This inertialess technology makes available to optical systems many of the performance capabilities and the functional versatility long afforded microwave systems by microwave phased array antennas. Operation of such optical phased arrays has been successfully demonstrated from the green (doubled Nd:YAG lasers) to the long-wave infrared (carbon dioxide lasers). The capability represents a major technological advance and is expected to enable numerous new optical systems. This paper focuses on a comparison of the new optical phased array technology with that of conventional microwave phased arrays. Operating principles are briefly reviewed from dual perspectives: namely, those of the microwave and optical regimes. A brief discussion of system applications is included.
Phases, morphology, and diffusion in CuInxGa1−xSe2 thin films (1997)

CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2 thin films, with various Ga/(Ga+In) ratios, suitable for solar cells were processed by selenizing stacked Cu, Ga, and In precursor layers in a H2Se reactor in the temperature range of 400–500 °C. Cu/Ga/In and Cu/In/Ga precursors were obtained by sequential sputtering of the elemental layers. The Cu/Ga/In and Cu/In/Ga precursors, and the selenized films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The precursors contained only binary and elemental phases in the as-deposited condition and after annealing. The selenized films had a nonuniform distribution of Ga and In. The surface of the selenized films were In rich, while the Mo/film interface in these films was Ga rich. The selenized films with Ga/(Ga+In) ratios greater than 0.25 contain graded Ga and In compositions, and the selenized films with Ga/(Ga+In) ratios less than 0.6 contain a phase-separated mixture of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 with the CuInSe2 near the surface and the CuGaSe2 near the Mo/film interface. Single phase, homogeneous CuInxGa1−xSe2 films were obtained by annealing the as-selenized films in argon in the temperature range of 500–600 °C for 60 min. Interdiffusion of In and Ga between the CuGaSe2 and the CuInSe2 phases was found to be responsible for the homogenization process. This homogenization process does not occur in the presence of a selenium atmosphere. Diffusion measurements yielded similar interdiffusion coefficients for Ga and In. The annealing temperature and time to effect homogenization depends on the Ga/(Ga+In) ratio of the absorber films. Films with lower Ga/(Ga+In) ratios require a homogenization temperature of 600 °C or more and films with higher Ga/(Ga+In) ratios homogenize at a lower temperature of 400–500 °C, for an annealing time of 60 min.
Forests as a natural seismic metamaterial: Rayleigh wave bandgaps induced by local resonances (2016)

We explore the thesis that resonances in trees result in forests acting as locally resonant metamaterials for Rayleigh surface waves in the geophysics context. A geophysical experiment demonstrates that a Rayleigh wave, propagating in soft sedimentary soil at frequencies lower than 150 Hz, experiences strong attenuation, when interacting with a forest, over two separate large frequency bands. This experiment is interpreted using finite element simulations that demonstrate the observed attenuation is due to bandgaps when the trees are arranged at the sub-wavelength scale with respect to the incident Rayleigh wave. The repetitive bandgaps are generated by the coupling of the successive longitudinal resonances of trees with the vertical component of the Rayleigh wave. For wavelengths down to 5 meters, the resulting bandgaps are remarkably large and strongly attenuating when the acoustic impedance of the trees matches the impedance of the soil. Since longitudinal resonances of a vertical resonator are inversely proportional to its length, a man-made engineered array of resonators that attenuates Rayleigh waves at frequency ≤10 Hz could be designed starting from vertical pillars coupled to the ground with longitudinal resonance ≤10 Hz.
Studies on Stable Free Radicals. XII. ESR Spectra of 2-<i>t</i>-Butylaminotropone <i>N</i>-Oxyl Radicals (1972)

Abstract We observed a well resolved ESR spectrum of 2-t-butylaminotropone N-oxyl radical generated by the oxidation of the corresponding amine with perbenzoic acid, and assigned the values of hyperfine coupling constants of protons in the tropone ring by a comparison with the ESR spectra of deuterium substituted 2-t-butylaminotropone N-oxyl radicals: aN=12.7 gauss, aH3=aH5=aH7=1.86 gauss and aH4=aH6=0.93 gauss for protons on tropone ring.
Study on the Distributed Optical Fiber Pre-warning System for the Safety of Oil and Gas Pipeline (2006)

A new distributed optical fiber pre-warning system for the safety of oil and gas pipeline based on the principle of Mach-Zehnder optical fiber interferometer and its signal analysis method are studied.In this pre-warning system an optical cable is laid along the pipeline in the same ditch and three single mode optical fibers in the optical cable build up the distributed micro-vibrant measuring sensor.Leakage and other abnormal events along the pipeline can be detected by the sensor in real-time and distinguished by using kurtosis-status method based on the wavelet package analysis.At the end of this paper,experimental data obtained at oil field and the result of the signal processing are studied,which shows that the leakage and abnormal events can be efficiently detected and distinguished.
DNA sequence analysis suggests that expression of flagellar and chemotaxis genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is controlled by an alternative sigma factor. (1987)

Biosynthesis of bacterial flagella involves the coordinated expression of 30 or more genes in several separate operons. We have recently shown that in Bacillus subtilis, the sigma 28 factor is essential for flagellar synthesis, suggesting that transcription of these genes is directly under the control of this alternative sigma factor. In enteric bacteria structural genes for flagellar, chemotaxis, and motility operons appear to be under coordinate control, however, the nature of the regulatory factors has not been determined. Sequence analysis of many such genes has failed to reveal plausible promoter sequences for the predominant bacterial RNA polymerase, and several such genes are not transcribed effectively in vitro by the Escherichia coli sigma 70 RNA polymerase. However, all of the sequenced flagellar, chemotaxis, and motility operons from the enteric bacteria are preceded by DNA sequences highly homologous to B. subtilis sigma 28 promoters. We propose that an alternative sigma factor controls expression of the flagellar regulon in both B. subtilis and in the enteric bacteria.
Stacking the Nanochemistry Deck: Structural and Compositional Diversity in One‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals (2009)

Abstract One‐dimensional photonic structures, known as Bragg stacks or Bragg reflectors or Bragg mirrors, represent a well‐developed subject in the field of optical science. However, because of a lack of dynamic tunability and their dependence on complex top‐down techniques for their fabrication, they have received little attention from the materials science community. Herein, we present recent and ongoing developments on the way to functional one‐dimensional photonic structures obtained from simple bottom‐up techniques. We focus on the versatility of this new approach, which allows the incorporation of a wide range of materials into photonic structures.
A novel timing recovery scheme for FDTS/DF detector (2002)

Timing-recovery and gain-control play important role in communication systems. In this paper, we propose reliable acquisition, tracking and gain control algorithms for fixed delay tree search with decision feedback (FDTS/DF) detector on magnetic recording channel. First, we propose a modified Mueller and Muller algorithm for timing recovery during tracking period, which is based on selective transitions in the samples at the detector input. Next, we give the modified threshold detection scheme that quickly converges to the correct sampling phase without hang-up problems during acquisition period. Bit-by-bit simulations are included first to show the reliability in tracking performance of the timing-recovery and gain-control loops, and then to show the robustness and accuracy of the fast acquisition algorithm.
α2–6-Neosialidase: A Sialyltransferase Mutant as a Sialyl Linkage-Specific Sialidase (2018)

The lack of α2-6-linkage specific sialidases limits the structural and functional studies of sialic-acid-containing molecules. Photobacterium damselae α2-6-sialyltransferase (Pd2,6ST) was shown previously to have α2-6-specific, but weak, sialidase activity. Here, we develop a high-throughput blue-white colony screening method to identify Pd2,6ST mutants with improved α2-6-sialidase activity from mutant libraries generated by sequential saturation mutagenesis. A triple mutant (Pd2,6ST S232L/T356S/W361F) has been identified with 100-fold improved activity, high α2-6-sialyl linkage selectivity, and ability to cleave two common sialic acid forms, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). It is a valuable tool for sialoglycan structural analysis and functional characterization. The sequential saturation mutagenesis and screening strategy developed here can be explored to evolve other linkage-specific neoglycosidases from the corresponding glycosyltransferases.
Application of Polymers to Photoresist Materials (2012)

Demands for high performance chips have been drastically increased along with the development of smart phones, tablet-PCs and so on. Scaling is an ongoing challenge to fabricate a chip with multi-functions in a limited space for semiconductor manufacturers. In accordance with the design rules, critical dimensions (CD) have shrunk in half every two years. Scaling has been realized by making a photolithography pattern finer and finer by implementing a light source that has a shorter wavelength for lithography. In the development of photoresists for each wavelength, such as g-line, i-line, KrF and ArF, it is necessary to select suitable polymer platforms in order to obtain transmittance of the wavelength being used. This report introduces the history of the development of photoresist material and describes future lithography materials such as nano-imprint lithography (NIL) and direct self-assembly (DSA) technology.
DisMeta: A Meta Server for Construct Design and Optimization (2013)

Intrinsically disordered or unstructured regions in proteins are both common and biologically important, particularly in regulation, signaling, and modulating intermolecular recognition processes. From a practical point of view, however, such disordered regions often can pose significant challenges for crystallization. Disordered regions are also detrimental to NMR spectral quality, complicating the analysis of resonance assignments and three-dimensional protein structures by NMR methods. The DisMeta Server has been used by Northeastern Structural Genomics (NESG) consortium as a primary tool for construct design and optimization in preparing samples for both NMR and crystallization studies. It is a meta-server that generates a consensus analysis of eight different sequence-based disorder predictors to identify regions that are likely to be disordered. DisMeta also identifies predicted secretion signal peptides, transmembrane segments, and low-complexity regions. Identification of disordered regions, by either experimental or computational methods, is an important step in the NESG structure production pipeline, allowing the rational design of protein constructs that have improved expression and solubility, improved crystallization, and better quality NMR spectra.
The status of manip - a multicomputer architecture for solving, combinatorial extremum-search problems (1984)

In this paper, we report the status of study on MANIP, a parallel computer for solving combinatorial extremum-search problems. The most general technique that can be used to solve a wide variety of these problems on a uniprocessor system, optimally or sub-optimally, is the branch-and-bound algorithm. We have adapted and extended branch-and-bound algorithms with lower-bound tests for parallel processing. Three major problems are identified in the design: interconnection networks for supporting the selection of subproblems, anomalies in parallelism and virtual-memory support. A unidirectional ring network has been shown to be the most cost-effective selection network. We provide sufficient conditions so that anomalies can be eliminated under certain conditions and show that anomalies are unavoidable otherwise. Lastly, we develop a modified branch-and-bound algorithm so that the amount of memory space required under a best-first search is significantly reduced.
Community Collaboration (2006)

Community organizations are changing. Increasingly, they are looking to work more comprehensively on community and city issues. Museums, as keepers of community history, values, innovation, and provocative ideas, are extremely important institutions in many cities. Often overlooked by community groups as dusty, unapproachable tourist destinations, museums can become important partners in campaigns for social change. They bring important ideas, assets, and resources to the table and can act as catalysts for community conversation. When a museum accepts an offer of partnership or reaches out to the community to develop a relationship, it does so to achieve mutually beneficial goals. While the issues that prompt these new relationships to evolve can vary, the results do not. They help to form a better community, create more social capital, and offer more effective and sustainable solutions to community problems.