gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Debugging quantum processes using monitoring measurements (2014)

Since observation on a quantum system may cause the system state collapse, it is usually hard to find a way to monitor a quantum process, which is a quantum system that continuously evolves. We propose a protocol that can debug a quantum process by monitoring, but not disturb the evolution of the system. This protocol consists of an error detector and a debugging strategy. The detector is a projection operator that is orthogonal to the anticipated system state at a sequence of time points, and the strategy is used to specify these time points. As an example, we show how to debug the computational process of quantum search using this protocol. By applying the Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem in algebraic number theory, we find an algorithm to construct all of the debugging protocols for quantum processes of time-independent Hamiltonians.
The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in higher plants. N-Hydroxytyrosine as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of dhurrin by Sorghum bicolor (Linn) Moench. (1979)

The following compounds were tested as early intermediates in the conversion of tyrosine to p-hydroxymandelonitrile by a microsomal preparation from dark grown sorghum seedlings: p-hydroxyphenylacetamide, 1-nitro-2-p-hydroxyphenylethane, p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvic acid oxime, tyramine, N-hydroxytyramine, and N-hydroxytyrosine. Of these, only N-hydroxytyrosine was metabolized to p-hydroxymandelonitrile. N-Hydroxytyrosine was produced from L-[U-14C]tyrosine in tracer experiments when unlabeled N-hydroxytyrosine was added as a trap. These data indicate N-hydroxytyrosine as the first intermediate in the biosynthesis of dhurrin, the cyanogenic glucoside of sorghum, and represent the first demonstration of the formation of an alpha-N-hydroxy-amino acid in a biological system. The enzyme system involved in this reaction was partially characterized with respect to substrate specificity and the effect of various inhibitors. The enzyme was shown to have properties different than those reported for the mammalian enzyme system(s) involved in the N-hydroxylation of amine drugs. The possible involvement of N-hydroxyamino acids in the biosynthesis of other secondary plant products is discussed.
The Development of a Low Cost Autonomous Surveillance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System (2003)

With the aims for extensive usage of unmanned aerial systems, one of the major enabling-technologies to be developed is the autonomy and automation of the system. This paper describes in details the recent development of an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for surveillance mission at a low cost expenditure. The developed system integrates such essential hardware as PC-104 single board computer, peripheral sensors, Global Position System (GPS), homemade flight Dynamic Measuring Unit (DMU) and automatic gimbals CCD payload into a radio-control (R/C) model airplane. The distributed structure of the software is utilized to make the entire onboard system highly modular and flexible that can easily be reconfigured in undertaking different tasks. In addition, a laptop-based Personal Computer (PC) used as a ground control station is developed for the ground operators to monitor/command the UAV in real time features.
Integrated optimal control of speed, excitation and load sharing of parallel operating diesel generator sets (1993)

This paper presents an integrated control strategy of speed, excitation and load sharing for parallel operating diesel generator sets. The objective is to overcome the difficulties in the coordination of static performance and dynamic performance and in the coordination of parallel operation stability and load sharing. On the basis of the multi-variable linear equivalent machine system model, the synthesis of the integrated optimal controller is achieved by minimizing a quadratic performance index. System behaviour under transient conditions is obtained from the digital simulation and field test. Results reveal that this integrated control arrangement can provide satisfactory static and dynamic performance and load sharing performance. >
Chirp- and random-based coded ultrasonic excitation for localized blood-brain barrier opening (2015)

Chirp- and random-based coded excitation methods have been proposed to reduce standing wave formation and improve focusing of transcranial ultrasound. However, no clear evidence has been shown to support the benefits of these ultrasonic excitation sequences in vivo. This study evaluates the chirp and periodic selection of random frequency (PSRF) coded-excitation methods for opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice. Three groups of mice (n = 15) were injected with polydisperse microbubbles and sonicated in the caudate putamen using the chirp/PSRF coded (bandwidth: 1.5–1.9 MHz, peak negative pressure: 0.52 MPa, duration: 30 s) or standard ultrasound (frequency: 1.5 MHz, pressure: 0.52 MPa, burst duration: 20 ms, duration: 5 min) sequences. T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI scans were performed to quantitatively analyze focused ultrasound induced BBB opening. The mean opening volumes evaluated from the MRI were mm3, mm3and mm3 for the chirp, random and regular sonications, respectively. The mean cavitation levels were V.s, V.s and V.s for the chirp, random and regular sonications, respectively. The chirp and PSRF coded pulsing sequences improved the BBB opening localization by inducing lower cavitation levels and smaller opening volumes compared to results of the regular sonication technique. Larger bandwidths were associated with more focused targeting but were limited by the frequency response of the transducer, the skull attenuation and the microbubbles optimal frequency range. The coded methods could therefore facilitate highly localized drug delivery as well as benefit other transcranial ultrasound techniques that use higher pressure levels and higher precision to induce the necessary bioeffects in a brain region while avoiding damage to the surrounding healthy tissue.
Control and Plasticity of Intercellular Calcium Waves in Astrocytes: A Modeling Approach (2002)

Intercellular Ca2+ waves in astrocytes are thought to serve as a pathway of long-range signaling. The waves can propagate by the diffusion of molecules through gap junctions and across the extracellular space. In rat striatal astrocytes, the gap-junctional route was shown to be dominant. To analyze the interplay of the processes involved in wave propagation, a mathematical model of this system has been developed. The kinetic description of Ca2+ signaling within a single cell accounts for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) generation, including its activation by cytoplasmic Ca2+, IP3-induced Ca2+ liberation from intracellular stores and various other Ca2+ transports, and cytoplasmic diffusion of IP3 and Ca2+. When cells are coupled by gap junction channels in a two-dimensional array, IP3 generation in one cell triggers Ca2+ waves propagating across some tens of cells. The spatial range of wave propagation is limited, yet depends sensitively on the Ca2+-mediated regeneration of the IP3 signal. Accordingly, the term "limited regenerative signaling" is proposed. The gap-junctional permeability for IP3 is the crucial permissive factor for wave propagation, and heterogeneity of gap-junctional coupling yields preferential pathways of wave propagation. Processes involved in both signal initiation (activation of IP3 production caused by receptor agonist) and regeneration (activation of IP3 production by Ca2+, loading of the Ca2+ stores) are found to exert the main control on the wave range. The refractory period of signaling strongly depends on the refilling kinetics of the Ca2+ stores. Thus the model identifies multiple steps that may be involved in the regulation of this intercellular signaling pathway.
Developing a Fully Glycosylated Full-Length SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Model in a Viral Membrane (2020)

This technical study describes all-atom modeling and simulation of a fully glycosylated full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in a viral membrane. First, starting from PDB: 6VSB and 6VXX, full-length S protein structures were modeled using template-based modeling, de-novo protein structure prediction, and loop modeling techniques in GALAXY modeling suite. Then, using the recently determined most occupied glycoforms, 22 N-glycans and 1 O-glycan of each monomer were modeled using Glycan Reader & Modeler in CHARMM-GUI. These fully glycosylated full-length S protein model structures were assessed and further refined against the low-resolution data in their respective experimental maps using ISOLDE. We then used CHARMM-GUI Membrane Builder to place the S proteins in a viral membrane and performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. All structures are available in CHARMM-GUI COVID-19 Archive (http://www.charmm-gui.org/docs/archive/covid19) so that researchers can use these models to carry out innovative and novel modeling and simulation research for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
In Search of God’s Path (2016)

Brake weaves personal response and critical analysis into a discussion of Sikhism from the perspective of a western observer.
An optical 6-axis force sensor for brain function analysis using fMRI (2004)

This paper presents an 6-axis optical force sensor which can be used in fMRI. Recently, fMRIs are widely used for studying human brain function. Simultaneous measurement of brain activity and peripheral information, such as grip force, enables more precise investigations in studies of motor function. However, conventional force sensors cannot be used in fMRI environment, since metal elements generate noise which severely contaminate the signals of fMRI. An optical 2-axis force sensor has been developed using photo sensors and optical fibers by Tada et. al.(2002), that resolved these problems. The developed force sensor removed all magnetic components from the sensing part. It detected minute displacements by measure amount of light and light traveled through the optical fibers. However, there still remain several problems on this optical force sensor. Firstly, the accuracy is not high compared to the conventional force sensors. Secondly, the robustness is not enough against the contact force to the optical fibers. In this paper, the problems concerning to the accuracy and the sensor output stability has been improved by novel methods of fixing fibers and arithmetic circuit. Furthermore, an optical 6-axis force sensor is developed based on these improvements, and usefulness of our sensor for brain function analysis is confirmed in fMRI experimentations.
Lynamicins A−E, Chlorinated Bisindole Pyrrole Antibiotics from a Novel Marine Actinomycete (2008)

A series of chlorinated bisindole pyrroles, lynamicins A-E (1-5), was discovered from a novel marine actinomycete, NPS12745, which was isolated from a marine sediment collected off the coast of San Diego, California. Close to full length 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that NPS12745 is a novel strain of a recently described marine actinomycete with the proposed genus name Marinispora. The antimicrobial spectrum of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of 11 pathogens, which demonstrated that these substances possess broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Significantly, compounds 1-5 were active against drug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Genomic Variability within an Organism Exposes Its Cell Lineage Tree (2005)

What is the lineage relation among the cells of an organism? The answer is sought by developmental biology, immunology, stem cell research, brain research, and cancer research, yet complete cell lineage trees have been reconstructed only for simple organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that somatic mutations accumulated during normal development of a higher organism implicitly encode its entire cell lineage tree with very high precision. Our mathematical analysis of known mutation rates in microsatellites (MSs) shows that the entire cell lineage tree of a human embryo, or a mouse, in which no cell is a descendent of more than 40 divisions, can be reconstructed from information on somatic MS mutations alone with no errors, with probability greater than 99.95%. Analyzing all approximately 1.5 million MSs of each cell of an organism may not be practical at present, but we also show that in a genetically unstable organism, analyzing only a few hundred MSs may suffice to reconstruct portions of its cell lineage tree. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by reconstructing cell lineage trees from DNA samples of a human cell line displaying MS instability. Our discovery and its associated procedure, which we have automated, may point the way to a future "Human Cell Lineage Project" that would aim to resolve fundamental open questions in biology and medicine by reconstructing ever larger portions of the human cell lineage tree.
Computational Analysis of the Ultra Compact Combustor (2005)

In an effort to increase thrust per weight ratio and decrease pollutant emissions of jet engines, a circumferentially burning Ultra Compact Combustor(UCC) with a Cavity-in-aCavity design has been developed. A numerical analysis of this design has been conducted and compared with experimental results to verify the numerical model which was then used to optimize the design of the UCC cycle/components. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package was used throughout the process to model the flow and combustion process through the combustor. The CFD results compared favorably with the experimental results over a wide range of inlet pressures and temperatures, as well as pressure drops and equivalence ratios, to serve as a validation of the CFD model. The CFD model has been verified through a wide range of conditions and two alternative physical configurations of the UCC have been modeled. The first configuration consisted of an increased outflow area while the second tested the impact of maintaining mass flow rate into the cavity while decreasing the velocity. These various configurations were compared as an initial step leading to an optimization the design, using emissions indices and pressure drop values as comparison parameters. Results of this analysis are the first step in producing an optimized UCC design. They indicate that increasing the outflow area will not have a substantial effect on the pressure drop and may actually decrease the combustor efficiency. It was also determined that a significant decrease in the cavity circumferential velocity effectively reduces the pressure drop over the combustor but has the negative impact of increasing the pollutant emissions substantially.
Broadband supercontinum based measurements of high-index contrast photonic bandgap devices from 1 to 2 μm (2004)

We demonstrate ultra-broadband supercontinuum as a white-light source for characterizing high-index-contrast photonic circuits at telecommunications wavelengths. Supercontinuum-based measurements are used to map the band structure of one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities over the wavelength range 1.2-2.0 /spl mu/m.
Carbon Trifluoromethylation Reactions of Hydrocarbon Derivatives and Heteroarenes (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCarbon Trifluoromethylation Reactions of Hydrocarbon Derivatives and HeteroarenesConcepción Alonso, Eduardo Martínez de Marigorta, Gloria Rubiales, and Francisco Palacios*View Author Information Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4, 1847–1935Publication Date (Web):January 30, 2015Publication History Received27 June 2013Published online30 January 2015Published inissue 25 February 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr500368hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr500368hreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views20124Altmetric-Citations899LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Hydrocarbons,Reaction products,Reagents,Trifluoromethyl,Trifluoromethylation Get e-Alerts
Molecules of the Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNA) Receptor and Ligand Superfamilies: Endless Stories (1999)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor members have unique structures composed of 2-4 cysteine - rich pseudorepeats in the extracellular domain. On ligation by trimeric ligand molecules, oligomerization of three receptor molecules occurs, which in turn activates the receptor and recruits intracellular signaling molecules to the cytoplasmic tail to initiate biological events. Recently, the numbers of tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand family members have been rapidly expanding. Functional characterization of the new members has indicated redundant roles with other known members as well as provided insights into novel functions. In particular, identification of soluble decoy receptors which have the ability to bind multiple ligands highlights a complex control mechanism of immune responses by these molecules. Studies of the new members have also revealed that the TNF receptor and ligand family members play an important role in other than the immune system.
REPRODUCIBILITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF THUMB ABDUCTION (2010)

The reproducibilities of various measurements of thumb abduction were compared. Two independent observers measured the thumb abduction in 30 volunteers by the following four methods: distance between the thumb tip and the flexion crease of the index finger proximal interphalangeal joint; distance between the flexion crease of the thumb interphalangeal joint and the proximal palmar crease; angle between the thumb and index metacarpals; and angle between the thumb and index proximal phalanx. Measurements were repeated in three weeks and their reproducibility was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Intra-observer reproducibilities by distances were high with ICCs between 0.74 and 0.89, compared with those by angles with ICCs between 0.28 and 0.71. Inter-observer reproducibilities by distances were also high (ICCs = 0.79 and 0.81) compared with those by angles (ICCs = 0.28 and 0.42). Assessment of thumb abduction based on distance in the first web is recommended in terms of reproducibility.
Data processing techniques to extract pure-component spectra from mixture spectra and their application to polymeric systems (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTData processing techniques to extract pure-component spectra from mixture spectra and their application to polymeric systemsJuwhan. Liu and Jack L. KoenigCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 21, 2609–2615Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00148a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00148a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views98Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DEPTOR Cell-Autonomously Promotes Adipogenesis, and Its Expression Is Associated with Obesity (2012)

DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), but its in vivo functions are unknown. Previous work indicates that Deptor is part of the Fob3a quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked to obesity/leanness in mice, with Deptor expression being elevated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese animals. This relation is unexpected, considering the positive role of mTOR in adipogenesis. Here, we dissected the Fob3a QTL and show that Deptor is the highest-priority candidate promoting WAT expansion in this model. Consistently, transgenic mice overexpressing DEPTOR accumulate more WAT. Furthermore, in humans, DEPTOR expression in WAT correlates with the degree of obesity. We show that DEPTOR is induced by glucocorticoids during adipogenesis and that its overexpression promotes, while its suppression blocks, adipogenesis. DEPTOR activates the proadipogenic Akt/PKB-PPAR-γ axis by dampening mTORC1-mediated feedback inhibition of insulin signaling. These results establish DEPTOR as a new regulator of adipogenesis.
Symbol timing recovery using digital spectral line method for 16-CAP VDSL system (2002)

This paper presents a new digital spectral line symbol timing recovery method for 16-CAP VDSL system. The proposed method resolves the digital implementation issues of the analog counterpart in two ways: (i) it avoids the costly linear phase bandpass filter that would otherwise be necessary, and (ii) it resolves the bandwidth expansion problem by using a single-sided pre-filter pair. With the architectural simplicity, its lower-frequency sampling clock offers an inexpensive implementation for the high speed timing recovery. Simulation shows that the jitter performance of the proposed method approaches to the theoretical limit especially for the transmission distance of less than 200 meters.
Loper: A quadruped-hybrid stair climbing robot (2008)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Loper, a multi-purpose robotic platform under development at the University of Minnesota's Center for Distributed Robotics. Leper's unique Tri-lobe wheel design and highly compliant chassis make the platform especially suited for overcoming many of the challenges associated with search operations in urban settings. The mechanically simple design and use of commercially available components make Loper easily maintainable. The platform also features long operational time, onboard sensor processing, dedicated motion control, and four reconfigurable sensor bays.