gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of endotoxin on the growth of plasma cell tumor. (1976)

Small amounts (0.1 ng to 5.0 mug) of Escherichia coli endotoxin protect normal female BALB/c mice against challenge with low doses of syngeneic mineral oil-induced 315 plasma cell tumor. Significant protection was most evident when mice were treated with endotoxin 11 days and 5 days before inoculation with 50 to 100 tumor cells i.p., and endotoxin treatment continued twice a week for the entire experiment. Tumors induced by 10,000 cells s.c. were similarly affected by this treatment. The antitumor action of endotoxin was obliterated when higher challenges of tumor cells or solid tumor pieces were used. Omission of endotoxin pretreatment resulted in a loss of the effect against i.p.-induced tumors but not against s.c.-induced tumor.
Organozinc Chemistry Enabled by Micellar Catalysis. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings between Alkyl and Aryl <i>Bromides</i> in Water at Room Temperature (2011)

Negishi-like cross-couplings between (functionalized) alkyl and aryl bromides are described. Despite the fact that organozinc reagents are intolerant of water, their formation as well as their use in an aqueous micellar environment is discussed herein. Each component of this complex series of events leading up to C-C bond formation has an important role which has been determined insofar as the type of zinc, amine ligand, surfactant, and palladium catalyst are concerned. In particular, the nature of the surfactant has been found to be crucial in order to obtain synthetically useful results involving highly reactive, moisture-sensitive organometallics. Neither organic solvent nor heat is required for these cross-couplings to occur; just add water.
The design and development of a new marine vibrator source (1996)

For several decades, airgun sources have been dominating the marine seismic acquisition market. Surprisingly few new source, concepts have been presented to the industry during this period. During the e ighties, however, developments related to marine vibrator sources took place. These sources were tested mainly for deep marine seismic purposes. The application of these sources have since been limited, due to factors like high cost, handling and operational difficulties, etc.
A functional SrF<sub>2</sub> coated separator enabling a robust and dendrite-free solid electrolyte interphase on a lithium metal anode (2019)

An SrF<sub>2</sub> microsphere layer on a separator could be involved in SEI formation and result in a dendrite free SEI on a lithium anode.
Endoscopically placed nasoenteral feeding tubes. Indications and techniques. (1991)

We reviewed indications, techniques, and results for endoscopic placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes by analyzing records of 29 hospitalized patients who had undergone 41 tube placements. Indications included gastric stasis after gastric surgery (11 patients), gastroparesis and reflux or both in critically ill trauma patients (10), stricture secondary to vertical banded gastroplasty (3), and partial gastric outlet obstruction (5). Two endoscopic techniques were used. The guidewire method in which a flexible, Silastic feeding tube is advanced over the guidewire to the desired site had 82 per cent success (22 of 27). Adjunct fluoroscopy achieved a 94 per cent success rate (17 of 18); success without fluoroscopy was 56 per cent (5 of 9). The pull-along method attached a suture to the feeding tube tip which was grasped with forceps and moved to the correct location (93% success; 13 of 14). Fluoroscopy was not used with this method. Feeding tubes were successfully placed in 35 of 41 attempts (85%) in 27 of 29 patients. Failures were caused by an inability to intubate the efferent limb of a gastrojejunostomy (2) and unrecognized guidewire movement (4). Tube use ranged from one day to six months. We conclude that endoscopic placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes is an effective means to establish a route for enteral nutrition in selected patients.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection undetected by dirty-bedding sentinel monitoring and revealed after embryo transfer of an inbred strain derived from wild mice. (2007)

Persistent LCMV infection in wild-derived MAI/Pas mice housed under conventional conditions remained undetected for a decade, despite periodic health monitoring using dirty-bedding sentinels. When MAI/Pas mice were rederived by embryo transfer, recipient mothers produced antiLCMV antibodies, which first revealed the presence of the virus in the colony. Before this information was obtained, MAI/Pas mice had been shipped to another facility, undergone cesarean rederivation there, and been introduced into the recipient barrier. The foster mothers of rederived pups were LCMV-negative according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but sera of both cesarean-rederived MAI/Pas mice and their foster mothers were positive for LCMV infection by immunofluorescent assay (IFA). LCMV was isolated from the MAI/Pas mice, and its genomic RNA was sequenced. Examination of animal technicians in contact with LCMV-infected mice and of other mouse samples by IFA or a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test (or both) revealed that neither the workers nor other animals had been infected with LCMV. Experimental data showed that LCMV transmission from persistently infected mice to naïve ones occurred only after direct contact of animals housed in the same cage. This experience demonstrates the importance of careful viral monitoring in the transfer of laboratory rodents between institutions, the limitation of dirty-bedding sentinels for detection of LCMV infection, and the inadequacy of cesarean rederivation for elimination of enzootic LCMV infection. 111
Acquired scalp alopecia. Part I: A review (1998)

SUMMARY In this two‐part series we review the acquired scalp alopecias. A broad spectrum of diseases result in alopecia. In this first part we provide a framework for the assessment and diagnosis of scalp hair loss, and begin covering the individual conditions. The non‐scarring alopecias covered include effluvium, andro‐genetic alopecia, alopecia areata, trichotillomania, and loose anagen syndrome. The scarring alopecias cause permanent pilosebaceous follicle loss; the lymphocyte‐associated scarring alopecia described encompasses lichen planopilaris, discoid lupus erythematosus, pseudopelade, and follicular mucinosis. Part II will cover the neutrophil‐associaled and infiltrative processes causing scarring alopecia followed by the medical management of alopecia. There is particular reference to newly described conditions and progress in the understanding of older conditions. More recently characterized conditions include the loose anagen syndrome, chronic telogen effluvium, and the frontal fibrosing variant of lichen planopilaris.
OFDM Receiver Design for Active Constellation Extension (2006)

The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission is an important concern. The active constellation extension (ACE) method has been presented as an effective and practical means to reduce PAR at the OFDM transmitter. Previous research on ACE has not fully addressed the effects of ACE on the OFDM receiver, focusing only on the symbol demapping function. Other receiver functions, including synchronization, channel estimation, and forward-error correction (FEC) decoding, are explored in the presence of ACE. Methods are presented to eliminate negative effects introduced by ACE, with demonstrative results.
A new design procedure for single-layer and two-layer three-line baluns (1998)

This paper describes a design procedure for a class of three-line baluns. It is shown that the three-line balun can be considered as a combination of two identical couplers. Thus, the method developed here uses the design of couplers with an appropriate coupling factor for designing this class of baluns. The derivation leads to the normal mode parameters for the three coupled lines. Physical dimensions are obtained from these parameters. This procedure has been implemented for two-layer configurations and verified by comparison with results from a full-wave electromagnetic simulation and experimental measurement.
Immunolocalization of androgen receptor and estrogen receptor in the developing testis and excurrent ducts of goats (1997)

Nuclear AR staining, found in all testicular cells (except germ cells) and excurrent duct cells examined, was observed to change in an age-related manner only in Sertoli cells, where staining intensity increased between week 1 and week 19. Staining for ER, confined to nonciliated epithelial cells of the efferent ductules, was not affected by postnatal age.
Automated star/galaxy discrimination with neural networks (1992)

We discuss progress in the development of automatic star/galaxy discriminators for processing images generated by the University of Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner (APS) for cataloging the first epoch Palomar Sky Survey. Classifications are based on 14 image parameters computed for each object detected by the APS operating in a threshold densitometry mode. It is shown that a number of parameter spaces formed with these vector elements are effective in separating a sample into the two basic populations of stellar and nonstellar objects. An artificial intelligence technique known as a neural network is employed to perform the image classification. We have experimented with a simple linear classifier known as a perceptron, as well as with a more sophisticated backpropagation neural network with the result that we are able to attain classification success rates of 99% for galaxy images with B<=18.5 and above 95% for the magnitude range 18.5<=B<=19.5. The analysis presented here uses a training dataset consisting of 2665 galaxies and 2082 stars, along with a test sample of 936 galaxies and 2378 stars. We have determined the success rate of these classifiers as a function of image diameter and integrated magnitude. Simple numerical experiments have been conducted in an effort to illustrate the robust nature of this method as well as to isolate the most significant image parameters used by the networks in distinguishing image class.
Effect of exercise on glucose disposal: response to a maximal insulin stimulus (1990)

We used the euglycemic clamp to assess the effects of exercise on maximally insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. In 11 young men, a 60-min bout of exercise had no significant effect on the rate of glucose disposal during a euglycemic clamp performed approximately 30 min postexercise in which plasma insulin was raised to approximately 2,500 microU/ml (a maximal insulin stimulus). The maximal rate of glucose disposal attained during the clamp averaged 15.7 +/- 1.0 mg.kg lean body mass-1.min-1 after exercise vs. a control value of 15.4 mg.kg lean body mass-1.min-1. In a second experiment, eight men performed supine cycle exercise during the 3rd h of a 4-h euglycemic clamp with a plasma insulin concentration of approximately 2,500 microU/ml. Exercise during the hyperinsulinemic clamp resulted in a 70% increase in glucose disposal rate. There was no measurable increase in glucose 6-phosphate in the quadriceps muscle during the insulin infusion at rest. We conclude that prior exercise does not enhance maximally insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in young healthy men. Our results are compatible with the interpretations that glucose availability rather than glucose metabolism limits the rate of glucose disposal in response to a maximal insulin stimulus in resting subjects and that the increase in glucose uptake in response to superimposed exercise is primarily due to an increase in glucose availability.
Sequencing, processing, and localization of the petunia CMS‐associated mitochondrial protein (1994)

The petunia mitochondrial fused gene (pcf), which is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), is composed of sequences derived from atp9, coxII, and an unidentified reading frame termed urfS. Pcf transcripts are modified by editing at 11 sites. Codon usage and nearest neighbor analysis suggest that the urfS region is not derived originally from a plant mitochondrial coding region. Although the gene contains an open reading frame coding for a 43 kDa protein, a 25 kDa gene product has previously been identified (Nivison and Hanson, 1989). N-terminal sequencing revealed that the 25 kDa protein is encoded within the urfS portion of pcf and that its actual molecular mass is 19.5 kDa. Through pulse-chase labeling of protein in isolated mitochondria, the 25 kDa protein was found to be processed from a 43 kDa precursor protein representing the entire pcf gene sequence. Antibodies to synthetic peptides encoded by the atp9 and coxII portions of pcf recognized petunia ATP9 or COXII but no other mitochondrial proteins on immunoblots. Controlled proteolysis experiments showed that both the 43 kDa precursor and the 25 kDa protein are soluble or loosely associated with membranes. Thus, the 25 kDa protein appears to be the only pcf-encoded protein that accumulates in mitochondria.
Digestibility of<i>Calanus finmarchicus</i>wax esters in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) freshwater presmolts and seawater postsmolts maintained at constant water temperature (2008)

Calanoid copepods are a rich source of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) for potential use in aquafeeds. However, as copepod oil is primarily composed of wax esters (WE), there are concerns over the efficiency of wax ester, versus triacylglycerol (TAG), digestion and utilisation in fish. As smoltification represents a period of major physiological adaptation, the present study examined the digestibility of a high wax ester diet (Calanus oil; 230 g kg-1 diet; 48% WE, 26% TAG), compared to a triacylglycerol diet (fish oil; 230 g kg-1 diet; 58% TAG), in Atlantic salmon freshwater pre-smolts and seawater post-smolts, of similar age (9 months) and weight (112 g and 141 g initial respectively), over a 98 day period at constant temperature and lighting regimes. Fish grew significantly better, and possessed lower feed conversion ratios (FCR), in seawater than freshwater. However, total lipid apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values were significantly lower in seawater fish, as were total fasted bile volumes. Dietary Calanus oil also had a significant effect, reducing growth and lipid ADC values in both freshwater and seawater groups. Post-smolts fed dietary Calanus oil had the poorest lipid ADC values and analysis of faecal lipid class composition revealed that 33% of remaining lipid was wax ester and 32% fatty alcohols. Dietary prevalent 22:1n-11 and 20:1n-9 fatty alcohols were particularly poorly utilised. A decrease in major bile acid, taurocholate, concentration was observed in the bile of dietary Calanus oil groups which could be related to the lower cholesterol content of the diet. It is suggested that, following smoltification and rapid growth in seawater, there is a lag phase in digestive function where bile production is not sufficient to emulsify and render wax esters available for hydrolytic action by luminal lipases. These effects appear to be related to the life stage of the fish and could also represent an upper limit of wax ester inclusion in diets.
Improved Functional Survival of Human Islets of Langerhans in Three-Dimensional Matrix Culture (1994)

The current study evaluates functional survival of human islets maintained in tissue culture for up to 4 wk in suspension media (CMRL-1066 with supplements) and contrasts these results with immobilizing three-dimensional matrices (agarose or alginate). The absolute number and volume of islets retrieved from agarose is significantly higher after two and four wk of culture compared to conventional free-floating media. In vitro function of islets, assessed by insulin/DNA content, insulin secretion into the culture media over 24 h and glucose-theophylline stimulated insulin release in a dynamic perifusion system, was not significantly different between free-floating and matrix preserved islets. In vivo islet function was evaluated by the effectiveness for reversal of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by transplantation of the islets under the kidney capsule of nude mice. Although adequate insulin responses to glucose were seen after culture in conventional or matrix media, only agarose embedded islets were consistently able to induce normoglycemia in diabetic recipients after 14 days of culture. Additional transplantation experiments defined the threshold level required to reverse diabetes to be between 1,000 and 1,500 agarose preserved islets. Our data suggest improved engraftment of human islets after agarose culture. This culture method may be of benefit for the accumulation of functionally competent human islets, thus facilitating the implementation of clinical protocols that utilize freshly isolated islets from multiple donors without the need for cryopreservation.
Serum-free cell culture: the serum-free media interactive online database (2010)

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a ubiquitously used essential supplement in cell culture media. However, there are serious scientific and ethical concerns about the use of FBS regarding its harvest and production. During the last three decades, FBS could be substituted by other supplements or by the use of defined chemical components in serum-free cell culture. A number of serum-free medium formulations have been described for mammalian and insect cell lines as well as for primary cultures. However, the switch to serum-free media still demands a time-consuming literature survey and a manufacturer search for appropriate medium formulations, respectively. Here we present the second collection of commercially available serum-free media in an updated, freely accessible interactive online database. Searches for serum-free media and continuous cell lines already adapted to serum-free culture can be performed according to various criteria. These include the degree of chemical definition, e.g. serum-free (SF), animal-derived component free (ADCF) or chemically defined (CD), and the type of medium, e.g. basal media, medium supplements, or full replacement media. In order to specify the cell lines that are adapted to serum-free media, search terms like species, organ, tissue, cell type and disease can be used. All commercially available serum-free media and adapted cell lines currently available from major distributors (e.g. ATCC, ECACC and DMSZ) are included in the database. Despite an extensive search for serum-free media and adapted cell lines, detailed information from certain companies and suppliers is still lacking and is specifically highlighted. It is intended to create a platform for the interactive exchange of information and experience by experts in the field in order to continuously improve and extend the serum-free online database. The database is accessible at http://www.goodcellculture.com/
A histological morphometric study of nuclear size in benign and malignant neoplasms of the human cheek (1993)

This report describes the application of simple morphometric methods to generate quantitative data on nuclear size from tissue sections of normal, benign and malignant oral epithelium of the cheek. Measurements of nuclear areas of basal and spinous cells from cheek mucosa were made on haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections using a Zeiss VIDAS image analyser. The lesions examined comprised benign squamous cell papillomas and islands of cells from invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Normal control epithelium was obtained from the biopsy margins of non-neoplastic lesions. The nuclear areas (AN) were obtained by direct measurement whereas the nuclear diameters (DN) were determined automatically. In both basal and spinous strata, values for both these nuclear parameters were lowest in normal tissue and increased progressively through benign papillomas, with the highest values being found invariably in carcinomas. Statistically significant differences were detected between both normal and carcinoma and between papilloma and carcinoma. The morphometric parameters AN and DN are of value in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions of the human cheek.
Virtual insect flight simulator (VIFS): a software testbed for insect flight (2002)

Presents the design of the software simulator, VIFS, for insect flight. In particular, it is intended to estimate flight control algorithms and performance for a micromechanical flying insect (MFI), a 10-25 mm (wingtip-to-wingtip) device eventually capable of sustained autonomous flight. The VIFS is an end-to-end tool composed of several modular blocks which model actuator dynamics, wing aerodynamics, body motion, visual and inertial sensors, environment perception, and control algorithms. A 3D virtual environment simulation is also developed as a visualization tool. We present the current state of art of its implementation and preliminary results.
Resolving the paradox of the active user: stable suboptimal performance in interactive tasks (2004)

Abstract This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the “paradox of the active user” [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human–Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA]—the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in these inefficient procedures. We examine three very different data sets. For each data set, we first satisfy ourselves that the preferred procedures used by some subjects are indeed less efficient than the recommended procedures. We then amass evidence, for each set, and conclude that when a preferred procedure is used instead of a more efficient, recommended procedure, the preferred procedure tends to have two major characteristics: (1) the preferred procedure is a well‐practiced, generic procedure that is applicable either within the same task environment in different contexts or across different task environments, and (2) the preferred procedure is composed of interactive components that bring fast, incremental feedback on the external problem states. The support amassed for these characteristics leads to a new understanding of the paradox. In interactive tasks, people are biased towards the use of general procedures that start with interactive actions. These actions require much less cognitive effort as each action results in an immediate change to the external display that, in turn, cues the next action. Unfortunately for the users, the bias to use interactive unit tasks leads to a path that requires more effort in the long run. Our data suggest that interactive behavior is composed of a series of distributed choices; that is, people seldom make a once‐and‐for‐all decision on procedures. This series of biased selection of interactive unit tasks often leads to a stable suboptimal level of performance.