gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High power modulator for plasma ion implantation (1994)

The treatment of metal and polymer materials by plasma ion implantation (PII) requires high-voltage, high average-power modulators to process relatively large-size parts in a reasonable amount of time. CROSSATRON-switch-based modulators provide all of the features desired for large-scale PII. The fast opening and closing capability of the switch eliminates the need for pulse-forming networks and high-voltage thyratrons, and allows arbitrary pulse width adjustment over the range of 2 to 100 μs of interest for PII. The CROSSATRON switch is capable of modulating high peak currents, which permits rapid charging of the relatively high capacitance of the PII load to provide fast switching times. The CROSSATRON switch requires only a low-voltage (≤1 kV) pulsed biasing of the control grid to close and open, and has switching times of 1 μs or less. CROSSATRON switches are cold-cathode, plasma discharge devices that also eliminate the need for large filament-heater power supplies and higher grid-drive power required for hard-vacuum-tube switches. A 100-kV modulator, built at Hughes Research Laboratories for the PII program, has demonstrated reliable operation at up to 100 kW of average power, limited only by the existing power supply. The modulator is based on the 120-kV, 8455H CROSSATRON switch, which provides hard-tube-like modulation at peak currents of up to 1000 A and pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of over 1 kHz.
Undegradable Intake Protein Content of Corn Steep Compared to Soybean Meal (2001)

Thirty calves were used in an 84-day growth trial to evaluate protein efficiency of corn steep compared to soybean meal. Calves were individually fed a base diet supplemented with either 1) urea, 2) soybean meal, or 3) corn steep. Soybean meal and corn steep were fed at graded levels replacing urea. In vitro ammonia release analyses showed the protein in both corn steep and soybean meal to be approximately 30% undegradable in the rumen. Calves fed corn steep had similar protein efficiency to calves fed soybean meal, supporting the in vitro data.
Regulation of T cell cytokine production by dendritic cells (2000)

Previous work has established that the dendritic cells (DC) of mouse spleen regulate the IL-2 production, and hence the extent of proliferation, of the CD8 T cells they activate. It is now reported here that interaction of primary CD8 T cells with splenic CD8alpha- DC induced much higher production of IL-3, IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as well as IL-2, than did interaction with CD8alpha+ splenic DC. Furthermore, the CD8alpha- DC also induced higher levels of IL-2, IL-3 and IL-10 production in primary CD4 T cells, compared with that induced by CD8alpha+ DC. These quantitative differences did not involve qualitative shifts in the type of cytokine produced. Interleukin-4 production remained low in all the primary T cell cultures and restimulation experiments in secondary cultures did not reveal any bias in the cytokine production profile. When exogenous IL-2 was added to the primary cultures to ensure equal proliferation in response to CD8alpha- or CD8alpha+ DC, the higher level of production of IL-3, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF induced by CD8alpha- DC was maintained. Thus, this general control of T cell cytokine production by splenic DC involves factors additional to those that govern activation of T cells into cell cycle.
Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus‐Immunoglobulin Isotype Complexes by a Novel Immuno‐Capture Polymerase Chain Reaction Method (2003)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be present in the circulating blood either as free virus or as a virion-immunoglobulin (Ig) complex. Presently, it remains unclear what specific role each Ig plays in the clearance of HBV. In this study, a novel method that combined immuno-capture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used for detecting and distinguishing different HBV-Ig complexes. Three isotypes of Ig (IgM, IgG and IgA) bound to HBV were detected in the four clinically defined stages of HBV infection in 108 patients. The results showed that all the three isotypes of Ig could bind to HBV, and the patterns of HBV-Ig complexes varied according to disease categories. Interestingly, the frequency of HBV DNA-Ig complexes in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients was significantly lower than that in HBeAg-negative patients. All the data suggest that the three isotypes of HBV DNA-Ig circulating immune complex (CIC) may have different biological meanings. In summary, HBV bound to an antibody is a common feature of hepatitis B, and immuno-capture PCR is a valuable method for the analysis of the composition of the immune complexes. The detection of HBV-Ig complexes may provide new and valuable insights into HBV pathogenesis.
Spectral control of thermal emission by periodic microstructured surfaces in the near-infrared region (2001)

Thermal emissive properties of microstructured surfaces are measured in the near-infrared region. Two-dimensional periodic microstructured surfaces with metal coatings are fabricated with Si anisotropic etching and laser ablation techniques. The structural periods of the samples are 2.0 and 1.5 microm. Clear selective-emission bands are observed experimentally. This selective emission is attributed to the resonance effect between the emissive field and the surface microstructures. In addition, numerical calculation computed with rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) is performed on the microstructured samples. The selective-emission peaks measured through experiments can be reproduced well by RCWA, and this result suggests strongly that the thermal radiation from periodic structures may have spatial coherence. It is confirmed that the surface microstructure can be applied to the control of spectral emission from high-temperature materials.
grlA and gyrA mutations and antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (2008)

This study provided information on grlA and gyrA mutations and current antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical MRSA isolates. The results indicated that gatifloxacin is still effective against MRSA isolates and might be useful for treatment of less serious MRSA infections but careful monitoring of susceptibility is required.
<i>With My Own Eyes: A Lakota Woman Tells Her People's History</i>, by Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun and Josephine Waggoner (1999)

"With My Own Eyes: A Lakota Woman Tells Her People's History, by Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun and Josephine Waggoner." Canadian Journal of History, 34(1), pp. 135–136
Genetic characterization of a highly efficient alternate pathway of serine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli (1987)

There exists in Escherichia coli a known set of enzymes that were shown to function in an efficient and concerted way to convert threonine to serine. The sequence of reactions catalyzed by these enzymes is designated the Tut cycle (threonine utilization). To demonstrate that the relevant genes and their protein products play essential roles in serine biosynthesis, a number of mutants were analyzed. Strains of E. coli with lesions in serA, serB, serC, or glyA grew readily on minimal medium supplemented with elevated levels of leucine, arginine, lysine, threonine, and methionine. No growth on this medium was observed upon testing double mutants with lesions in one of the known ser genes plus a second lesion in glyA (serine hydroxymethyltransferase), gcv (the glycine cleavage system), or tdh (threonine dehydrogenase). Pseudorevertants of ser mutants capable of growth on either unsupplemented minimal medium or medium supplemented with low levels of leucine, arginine, lysine, threonine, and methionine were isolated. At least two unlinked mutations were associated with such phenotypes.
Self-calibration in robot manipulators (2005)

The development of fast recursive methods for computing manipulator inverse dynamics has made possible open loop control strategies. However, for these strategies to work, an accurate plant model is required. Two key components of the plant are frictional terms and link/load inertias. This paper shows how these components may be computed using force and moment sensing.
A support vector machines-based rejection technique for speech recognition (2002)

Support vector machines represent a new approach to pattern classification developed from the theory of structural risk minimization. In this paper, we present an investigation into the application of support vector machines to the confidence measurement problem in speech recognition. Specifically, based on the results from an initial decoding of an utterance during speech recognition, we derive a feature vector consisting of parameters such as word score density, N-best word score density differences, relative word score and relative word duration as input to the confidence measurement process in which hypothetically correct utterances are accepted and utterances determined to be incorrect are rejected. We propose a new approach to training support vector machines. In this paper, we train and test a support vector machines classifier and compare the results with other statistical classification methods.
NASA Advanced Propeller Research (1988)

Acoustic and aerodynamic research at NASA Lewis Research Center on advanced propellers is reviewed including analytical and experimental results on both single and counterrotation. Computational tools used to calculate the detailed flow and acoustic fields are described along with wind tunnel tests to obtain data for code verification. Results from two kinds of experiments are reviewed: (1) performance and near field noise at cruise conditions as measured in the NASA Lewis 8- by 6-foot Wind Tunnel; and (2) far field noise and performance for takeoff/approach conditions as measured in the NASA Lewis 9- by 15-foot Anechoic Wind Tunnel. Detailed measurements of steady blade surface pressures are described along with vortex flow phenomena at off-design conditions. Near field noise at cruise is shown to level out or decrease as tip relative Mach number is increased beyond 1.15. Counterrotation interaction noise is shown to be a dominant source at takeoff but a secondary source at cruise. Effects of unequal rotor diameters and rotor-to-rotor spacing on interaction noise are also illustrated. Comparisons of wind tunnel acoustic measurements to flight results are made. Finally, some future directions in advanced propeller research such as swirl recovery vanes, higher sweep, forward sweep, and ducted propellers are discussed.
Coexistence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and systemic lupus erythematosus. (1995)

A variety of rheumatic disorders has been reported during the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; however, its association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is extremely rare. The effect of HIV infection on CD4 lymphocytes may ameliorate SLE activity and spur remission. We observed 2 patients with SLE who later developed HIV infection. Both patients' lupus went into remission, and their course was complicated by aseptic necrosis of the bone. These findings suggest that HIV infection may have an important effect on the natural course of SLE and may also have a pathogenic role in avascular necrosis.
Programmable design environments (1994)

Programmable design environments (PDEs) are computational environments that integrate the conceptual frameworks and components of (a) design environments and (b) programmable applications.
Theoretical investigation of silicon MOS-type plasmonic slot waveguide based MZI modulators (2010)

In this paper, a Mach-Zehnder silicon nanoplasmonic electro-optic modulator is proposed and theoretically analyzed. It is composed of horizontal metal-SiO2-Si-metal plasmonic slot waveguides for phase shifting and ultracompact V-shape splitter/combiner to link the plasmonic slot waveguides and the conventional Si dielectric waveguides. The proposed modulator can be directly integrated into existing Si electronic photonic integrated circuits (EPICs) and be fabricated using standard Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The modulator's parameters are optimized through systematic 2-dimensional numerical simulations. For a modulator with 3-µm-long Ag-SiO2(2 nm)-Si(50 nm)-Ag phase shifter and 0.35-µm-long splitter/combiner operating at 1.55-µm wavelength, simulation shows an insertion loss of ~-8 dB, an extinction ratio of ~7.3 dB - with a switching voltage of ~5.6 V, and a bandwidth of ~500 GHz. A possible approach to reduce the switching voltage is addressed.
Benchmarking Uncertainty Estimation Methods for Deep Learning with Safety-Related Metrics (2022)

Deep neural networks generally perform very well on giving accurate predictions, but they often lack in recognizing when these predictions may be wrong. This absence of awareness regarding the reliability of given outputs is a big obstacle in deploying such models in safety-critical applications. There are certain approaches that try to address this problem by designing the models to give more reliable values for their uncertainty. However, even though the performance of these models are compared to each other in various ways, there is no thorough evaluation comparing them in a safety-critical context using metrics that are designed to describe trade-offs between performance and safe system behavior. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by evaluating and comparing several state-of-the-art methods for estimating uncertainty for image classifcation with respect to safety-related requirements and metrics that are suitable to describe the models performance in safety-critical domains. We show the relationship of remaining error for predictions with high confidence and its impact on the performance for three common datasets. In particular, Deep Ensembles and Learned Confidence show high potential to significantly reduce the remaining error with only moderate performance penalties.
Applying Parks transformation to a single to three phase convertor (2002)

Single to three phase converters are readily available, however, the proposed converter allows for output voltage regulation. The convertor utilises a three phase transformer in conjunction with a reduced size inverter. The converter is particularly suitable for rural electrification, with the transformer performing the dual role of stepping down the voltage as well as being an integral part in the single to three phase conversion. It is shown how balanced regulated three phase can be achieved and therefore improve quality of supply.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chromosomal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Escherichia coli Strains Causing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Young Women (1995)

To determine whether recurrent, symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a given individual are due to the same or different strains, 71 Escherichia coli strains that caused recurrent UTIs were prospectively collected from 23 infection-prone young women and studied by chromosomal restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Thirty-five strains from women with first-episode UTIs were also studied. Overall, 30 (68%) of 44 recurrent UTIs were caused by a strain previously identified in that person. In contrast, 32 of 35 strains from first-episode UTIs had unique RFLP profiles. Analysis of a subset of subjects established that the majority of recurrent UTIs were due to reinfection, not persistence of the pathogen within the urinary tract, and suggested that the colonic flora was the reservoir for these reinfecting strains.
Speech Enhancement Under Low SNR Conditions Via Noise Estimation Using Sparse and Low-Rank NMF with Kullback–Leibler Divergence (2015)

A key stage in speech enhancement is noise estimation which usually requires prior models for speech or noise or both. However, prior models can sometimes be difficult to obtain. In this paper, without any prior knowledge of speech and noise, sparse and low-rank nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with Kullback-Leibler divergence is proposed to noise and speech estimation by decomposing the input noisy magnitude spectrogram into a low-rank noise part and a sparse speech-like part. This initial unsupervised speech-noise estimation allows us to set a subsequent regularized version of NMF or convolutional NMF to reconstruct the noise and speech spectrogram, either by estimating a speech dictionary on the fly (categorized as unsupervised approaches) or by using a pre-trained speech dictionary on utterances with disjoint speakers (categorized as semi-supervised approaches). Information fusion was investigated by taking the geometric mean of the outputs from multiple enhancement algorithms. The performance of the algorithms were evaluated on five metrics (PESQ, SDR, SNR, STOI, and OVERALL) by making experiments on TIMIT with 15 noise types. The geometric means of the proposed unsupervised approaches outperformed spectral subtraction (SS), minimum mean square estimation (MMSE) under low input SNR conditions. All the proposed semi-supervised approaches showed superiority over SS and MMSE and also obtained better performance than the state-of-the-art algorithms which utilized a prior noise or speech dictionary under low SNR conditions.
An exploration of user recognition on domestic networks using NetFlow records (2014)

In this paper, we describe HomeNetViewer, a system for collecting, visualising and annotating domestic network NetFlow records from a domestic network gateway. HomeNetViewer is designed to collect ground truth data which, enables the linking of users to low level network traffic. We present our first annotated dataset from a real household in the UK and the results of our preliminary work to build a user identification system. Our initial classifier achieves a true-positive rate of 64% with false-positive rate of 28% when compared to the ground truth annotations. This work attempts to address the lack of transparency and accountability within the domestic network infrastructure by identifying the user behind the device.
Prolonged Periodic Breathing: Significance in Sleep Studies (1992)

Periodic breathing (PB) is a pattern of breathing that is frequently recognized in infants being studied for possible sleep apnea. Infants presenting to a sleep laboratory over a 3 1/2-year period who had evidence on their initial study of prolonged (greater than 15% of total sleep time) PB were prospectively studied in an effort to determine the significance of this pattern of breathing. Of the 331 infants studied, 40 demonstrated prolonged PB. Sixteen of these infants, who were of 37 weeks' gestation or greater at birth and did not receive pharmacologic therapy, were studied on at least two occasions (group 1). Of the remaining 24 infants, 11 were treated with methylxanthines by their attending physician (group 2), and 13 did not return for sequential studies (group 3). All infants who were of less than 37 weeks' gestation at birth were separately evaluated (group 4). For group 1, who were studied at a mean age of 15 postnatal weeks, there was a mean of 36.4% periodicity which decreased on the second study to 18.0%. By the fourth study, this had decreased to 9.2%. In group 2, there was a mean of 41.3% periodicity during the first study which decreased to 6.4% on the second study. Infants of group 3 had a mean of 31.4% PB on their initial study and the premature infants, group 4, had 30.1% PB. All infants showed a decrease in PB with sequential studies and no infant was known to have died of sudden infant death syndrome or any other disorder in the first year of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multithreaded Optimizing Technique for Dynamic Binary Translator CrossBit (2008)

Dynamic binary translator (DBT) systems enable the architectural incompatible platforms to execute binaries of other architectures transparently. And binary translation and optimization are always deemed as the key techniques to constructing high performance DBT systems. Many previous optimization including fragment chaining, trace/superblock formation, translated code optimization, has been applied to improve performance. However, seldom any effort is made to optimize under multi-core processor environment. Therefore, this paper describes the new multiple threads execution engine (MTEE) of the dynamic binary translator CrossBit, which is a both resourceable and retargetable infrastructure for cross binary translation. The multithreaded technique decomposes the common binary translation working routine into dynamic translation and translated code execution phases, and then multi-threads enable parallelized translation of host binaries. As a result, the multithreaded optimizing technique accelerates the translation of binaries.We evaluated our binary translation system across the SPEC CPU2000 and found that the system under MTEE has reached a performance level equal to that of the conventional CrossBit engine which was executed on the IA32 multi-cores processor environment. And several SPEC benchmark programs even show that the MTEE have speed up the execution of CrossBit about 30% at best. And we are still looking forward to a higher performance improvement through this new software pipelined method.
Central action of FGF19 reduces hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neuron activity and improves glucose metabolism (2013)

Tight control of glucose excursions has been a long-standing goal of treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to ameliorate the morbidity and mortality associated with hyperglycemia. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is a hormone-like enterokine released postprandially that emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. Remarkably, FGF19 treatment has hypoglycemic actions that remain potent in models of genetic and acquired insulin resistance. Here, we provided evidence that the central nervous system responds to FGF19 administered in the periphery. Then, in two mouse models of insulin resistance, leptin-deficiency and high-fat diet feeding, third intra-cerebro-ventricular infusions of FGF19 improved glycemic status, reduced insulin resistance and potentiated insulin signaling in the periphery. In addition, our study highlights a new mechanism of central FGF19 action, involving the suppression of AGRP/NPY neuronal activity. Overall, our work unveils novel regulatory pathways induced by FGF19 that will be useful in the design of novel strategies to control diabetes in obesity.
Process induced oxide damage and its implications to device reliability of submicron transistors (1993)

Adverse effects of plasma based process steps on the gate oxide and device reliability are discussed. Two aspects of this process induced damage are: (a) antenna effects due to the large areas of conductors connected to the gate in a dense circuit, and (b) progressive deterioration of the gate oxide during processing. It is shown that large areas of conductors can act as antennas and degrade the hot carrier reliability of the transistors due to the process induced damage to the gate oxide. Constant gate current stress experiments show that this degradation is cumulative as the wafers are being processed through the backend of the process flow.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutilating lawn mower injuries in children (1976)

Serious injuries from riding power mowers were sustained by 18 children. Eleven children were passengers on the mower and fell into its path. The injuries required an extensive number of hospitalizations and reconstructive procedures. Fifteen patients suffered considerable residual deformities. Operating riding power mowers in the vicinity of children must be actively discouraged. (<i>JAMA</i>236:480-481, 1976)