gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured illumination enhances resolution and contrast in thick tissue fluorescence imaging (2010)

We introduce a noncontact imaging method utilizing multifrequency structured illumination for improving lateral and axial resolution and contrast of fluorescent molecular probes in thick, multiple-scattering tissue phantoms. The method can be implemented rapidly using a spatial light modulator and a simple image demodulation scheme similar to structured light microscopy in the diffraction regime. However, imaging is performed in the multiple-scattering regime utilizing spatially modulated scalar photon density waves. We demonstrate that by increasing the structured light spatial frequency, fluorescence from deeper structures is suppressed and signals from more superficial objects enhanced. By measuring the spatial frequency dependence of fluorescence, background can be reduced by localizing the signal to a buried fluorescent object. Overall, signal-to-background ratio (SBR) and resolution improvements are dependent on spatial frequency and object depth/dimension with as much as sevenfold improvement in SBR and 33% improvement in resolution for approximately 1-mm objects buried 3 mm below the surface in tissue-like media with fluorescent background.
New dimensions in microbiology: an introduction (1982)

Microbiology--a century on from Koch's pioneering development of monoculture techniques--is steadily changing from traditional studies of pure cultures and their growth on single substrates to those in which new dimensions are being added. These new dimensions include the analysis of mixed substrates, mixed cultures and multiphase systems in which microorganisms grow on or within solid substrates. While it has long been recognized that metabolism of complex substrate mixtures, such as the contents of the rumen, may require a complex community of microorganisms, a new concept is the metabolism of single substrates, whether complex or simple, by stable communities of different organisms, so stable that some have been handled for years as monocultures and named accordingly. Finally, the widespread occurrence of genetic exchange between microorganisms has introduced an entirely new dimension to the older ideas of stable organisms only altering their metabolic potentialities by rare mutational events.
STReSS: A Practical Tactile Display System with One Millimeter Spatial Resolution and 700 Hz Refresh Rate (2003)

Abstract. A tactile display system is described which can produce `tactile movies&apos;, that is, rapid sequences of tactile images refreshed at a rate of 700 Hz. The display uses an array of one hundred laterally moving skin contactors designed to create a time-varying programmable strain field at the skin surface. The density of the array is of one contactor per millimeter square, resulting in a device with high spatial and temporal resolution. The paper describes the construction method and the drive electronics. It also reports informally on initial test patterns and on the resulting tactile sensations 1
A Digital Phase Delay Compensation Beam-Forming Scheme for Ultrasonic Imaging (1988)

This paper describes an efficient digital implementation scheme of the phase delay compensation beam-former (PBF) for acoustic imaging using arrays, which is based on direct quadrature demodulation through sampling for narrowband signals. The scheme eliminates the need for analog quadrature demodulators employed in conventional digital PBFs and enables the sampling frequency to be reduced lower than the Nyquist rate. The lower bound of sampling frequency, within which images can be reconstructed without unacceptable degradation, has been experimentally studied by Bmode imaging in air using a microphone array.
Vehicle recognition using common appearance captured by 3D LIDAR and monocular camera (2017)

In driving environments, other vehicles are one of the most frequently appearing close range objects from the ego-vehicle. Thus, the development of high accuracy vehicle recognition algorithms is essential for safe and efficient automated driving. However, detecting vehicles with consistently high accuracy is difficult because there are various vehicle types with different appearances, such as sedans, buses, trucks, and SUVs. This intra-class variation must be addressed or, irregular recognition performance can occur, depending on vehicle type. Conventional machine learning-based algorithms are inadequate to address this problem because they are mostly trained on samples of entire appearance. Considering the wide variability in vehicle appearance, collecting samples of every vehicle type may not be ideal. In this study, we propose a vehicle recognition algorithm using common appearance characteristics of every vehicle type. Rectangular shapes are captured by a 3D LIDAR while tires and bumpers are captured by a monocular camera. Angular features extracted from these common appearances are then fused by the Dempster-Shafer theory framework for vehicle recognition. By performing real-world experiments, we demonstrated that common appearances captured by the proposed algorithm provide sufficiently generalized features to recognize diverse vehicle types in urban driving environments.
Variation and Its Significance in Classification of Some English Middle and Upper Jurassic Nodosariid Foraminifera (1966)

In the Oxfordian-age Corallian beds of southern England, many of the nodosariid species are highly variable in shape. In some instances, the variation of a single species is wide enough to include individuals within the morphological continuum that exhibit the characteristic morphology of two or even three different commonly accepted genera. For example, a population of specimens referable to Lenticulina muensteri (Roemer) from a single rock sample includes individuals showing the characteristics of Lenticulina Lamarck, Marginulinopsis Silvestri, and Planularia Defrance. Studies of populations of Lenticulina tricarinella (Reuss) from the middle and upper Jurassic reveal similar transgression of the variation field of a species across the boundaries of accepted genera. Such anomalies arise from the development of the classification of the Nodosariidae largely on the basis of Cenozoic and Recent material, whereas the family was at its peak of numbers and diversity in the Jurassic and early Cretaceous. Necessary modification of the classification of the family will best be brought about by grouping together species of proven relationship into larger units rather than by defining new genera on the basis of a few key characters.
Effect of pore size on <i>in vitro</i> cartilage formation using chitosan‐based hyaluronic acid hybrid polymer fibers (2006)

In this study, we successfully developed three-dimensional scaffolds fabricated from the chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid polymer fibers, which can control the porous structure. To determine the adequate pore size for enhancing the chondrogenesis of cultured cells, we compared the behaviors of rabbit chondrocytes in scaffolds comprising different pore sizes (100, 200, and 400 microm pore size). Regarding the cell proliferation, there was no significant difference among the three groups. On the other hand, glycosaminoglycan contents in the 400 microm group significantly increased during the culture period, compared with those in the other groups. The ratio of type II to type I collagen mRNA level was also significantly higher in the 400 microm group than in the other groups. These results indicate that our scaffold with 400 microm pore size significantly enhances the extracellular matrix synthesis by chondrocytes. Additionally, the current scaffolds showed high mechanical properties, compared with liquid and gel materials. The data derived from this study suggest great promise for the future of a novel fabricated material with relatively large pore size as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration. The biological and mechanical advantages presented here will make it possible to apply our scaffold to relatively wide cartilaginous lesions.
Time-Course Change in Eye Shape and Development of Staphyloma in Highly Myopic Eyes (2018)

Quantitative evaluation of posterior pole eye shape clearly demonstrated significant time-dependent protruding and undulating changes in highly myopic eyes. Sex, axial length, and baseline posterior pole eye shape significantly affected speed of the posterior pole shape change. Our findings will facilitate risk assessment of staphyloma-associated complications in highly myopic eyes through measurement of speed of the posterior pole shape change.
Expression and regulation of the crucial plant‐like ferredoxin of cyanobacteria (2003)

The Synechocystis fedI gene (petF, ssl0020) was found to be strongly expressed under the negative control of H2O2 or heavy metals, and the positive control of light fluence (regulation dependent on active photosynthesis) or carbon availability [under the control of NdhR, the regulator of the ndh3 operon encoding NAD(P)H dehydrogenase subunits]. The basic and constitutive promoter (BP) of fedI extending from -62 to +25 (relative to the transcription start point) is weakly active, presumably because it harbours a long (30 bp) spacer between the two crucial motifs: the -10 box (5'-TAgtAT-3', -13 to -8) and the '-35' box (5'-TTGctA-3', -49 to -44). BP strength is strongly enhanced by the two upstream regions, -113 to -82 and -151 to -114, mediating the 30-fold constitutive stimulation and the fourfold light activation respectively. Three well-conserved transcriptional elements were characterized for the first time, namely the -19 box (5'-TTTT-3') that is essential to transcription, and the two twice repeated elements that are both critical to light induction: the TTGyCA-3' box (-35 to -30, and -125 to -120) and the 5'-ATTTyA-3' box (-55 to -50, and -134 to -129). That two of these light induction motifs (5'-TTGtCA-3', -35 to -30; 5'-ATTTcA-3', -55 to -50) occur in the constitutive BP promoter indicate that in the fedI gene light activation and transcription per se are closely interacting. Interestingly, the fedI gene from marine strains was found to lack the three transcriptional elements presently described, as well as the 5'-AGGA-3' Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which are all conserved among the fedI from non-marine strains.
Charge Accumulation Type Hydrogen Ion Image Sensor with High pH Resolution (2011)

We propose a charge transfer type ion image sensor operated using a charge accumulation technique that accumulates the output signal and integrates it temporally. This technique is expected to image hydrogen ion distributions with a high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The sensor was fabricated using large-scale integration technology, so that its size was very compact, and its specialized charge transfer characteristics allowed it to amplify the signal without any external amplification. The sensor noise was independent of the sensing area size, and the noise power was determined by the noise of the source follower circuit. In 5 accumulation cycles, the S/N ratio increased by √5 times and the pH-referred noise, which indicates the pH sensor resolution, was reduced from 0.09 to 0.06 pH. The sensor effectively obtained a real-time image of the hydrogen ion distribution in a solution with a resolution of pH 0.1, which would not be possible without charge accumulation.
Ler, ouvir e ver. A revolução documental na pesquisa histórica: uma abordagem das formas da construção da história (2002)

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir o ensino de historia a partir da insercao da categoria genero, apresentando alguns pressupostos teoricos e relatando uma experiencia didatico-pedagogica.
WindView (1995)

article Free Access Share on WindView: a tool for understanding real-time embedded software through system vizualization Author: David Wilner Wind River Systems Wind River SystemsView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGPLAN NoticesVolume 30Issue 11Nov. 1995 pp 117–123https://doi.org/10.1145/216633.216674Online:01 November 1995Publication History 4citation499DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations4Total Downloads499Last 12 Months19Last 6 weeks10 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Randoms variance reduction in 3D PET (1999)

In positron emission tomography (PET), random coincidence events must be removed from the measured signal in order to obtain quantitatively accurate data. The most widely implemented technique for estimating the number of random coincidences on a particular line of response is the delayed coincidence channel method. Estimates obtained in this way are subject to Poisson noise, which then propagates into the final image when the estimates are subtracted from the prompt signal. However, this noise may be reduced if variance reduction techniques similar to those used in normalization of PET detectors are applied to the randoms estimates prior to use. We have investigated the effects of randoms variance reduction on noise-equivalent count (NEC) rates on a whole-body PET camera operating in 3D mode. NEC rates were calculated using a range of phantoms representative of situations that might be encountered clinically. We have also investigated the properties of three randoms variance reduction methods (based on algorithms previously used for normalization) in terms of their systematic accuracy and their variance reduction efficacy, both in phantom studies and in vivo. Those algorithms investigated that do not make assumptions about the spatial distribution of random coincidences give the best estimates of the randoms distribution. With the camera used, which has a limited axial extent (10.8 cm) and a large ring diameter (102 cm), the gains in image signal-to-noise ratio obtained with this technique ranged from approximately 5% to approximately 15%, depending on object size, activity distribution and the amount of activity in the field of view. Larger gains would be expected if this technique were to be employed on cameras of greater axial extent and smaller ring diameter.
Stereoselective Preparation of a Cyclopentane-Based NK1 Receptor Antagonist Bearing an Unsymmetrically Substituted Sec−Sec Ether (2006)

A highly efficient synthesis of the potent and selective NK-1 receptor antagonist 1 is described. The key transformation involved the etherification reaction between cyclopentanol 12 and chiral imidate 30 which was catalyzed by HBF4 to initially give ether 14 as a 17:1 mixture of diastereomers and in 75% combined yield. The diastereoselectivity was upgraded to 109:1 by crystallization of the triethylamine solvate 44 which was isolated in 54% yield from 12. Mechanistic studies confirmed that the etherification reaction proceeds through an unprecedented S(N)2 reaction pathway under typical S(N)1 reaction conditions.
The Oxidation of Aliphatic Esters with Lead Tetraacetate<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Oxidation of Aliphatic Esters with Lead Tetraacetate1William A. Mosher and Clifton L. KehrCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 20, 5342–5345Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01505a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01505a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Piston Cooling Nozzle Oil Jet Evaluation Using CFD and a High Speed Camera (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Piston cooling nozzles/jets play several crucial roles in the power cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Primarily, they help with the thermal management of the piston and provide lubrication to the cylinder liner and the piston’s wrist pin. In order to evaluate the oil jet characteristics from various piston cooling nozzle (PCN) designs, a quantitative and objective process was developed. The PCN characterization began with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) turbulent model to analyze the mean oil velocity and flow distribution at the nozzle exit/tip. Subsequently, the PCN was tested on a rig for a given oil temperature and pressure. A high-speed camera captured images at 2500 frames per second to observe the evolution of the oil stream as a function of distance from the nozzle exit. An algorithm comprised of standard digital image processing techniques was created to calculate the oil jet width and density. Finally, the results of the CFD model were compared to the key metrics identified by the high-speed imaging and were found to be in good agreement. It was discovered that the percentage deviation between the CFD model’s velocity profile along a line at the PCN exit and a perfectly uniform, symmetric profile was a good indicator of the oil jet quality. Therefore, the CFD method has been validated using experimental observations, so it can be implemented to optimize novel PCN concepts early in the development process long before the stages when hardware is procured.</div></div>
NV Diamond Micro-Magnetometer Baseline Studies (2009)

Abstract : The goal of this program was to identify applications for which the unique properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamond magnetometer gives a significant advantage. Most of the effort concentrated on improving the sensitivity of a single NV to the level where it could be used to detect a single nuclear spin at a distance of 10 nm. Scanning NV nanoprobe development was also explored and significant progress was made.
Synthesis of 9-epi-leucomycin A3. Revised configurational assignment of C-9 in natural leucomycin A3 (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 9-epi-leucomycin A3. Revised configurational assignment of C-9 in natural leucomycin A3Leslie A. Freiberg, Richard S. Egan, and William H. WashburnCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 16, 2474–2475Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00930a055https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00930a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views97Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Formalin inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus impairs T-cell- but not T-help-independent B-cell responses (1993)

The effects of formalin on the infectivity and immunogenicity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype Indiana were investigated. We found that formalin inactivation of VSV prevents infection of Vero cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as shown by fluorometric cell analysis and inhibition of plaque formation. Inactivated VSV failed to induce significant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in vivo or after restimulation in vitro. In contrast, the early immunoglobulin M (IgM) response, which is T help independent in the VSV system, was unaltered, suggesting normal antigenicity for and induction of B cells. However, no switch to IgG occurred, demonstrating failure of induction of T help. If cross-reactive T help was provided by previous infection with a second serotype of VSV (New Jersey), the IgG response was almost completely restored, confirming that the absence of IgG was due to lack of T help. A formalin-treated preparation of glycoprotein of VSV led to a delayed but otherwise normal IgG response, whereas treatment of VSV with UV light or beta-propiolactone reduced IgG titers to the same extent as did formalin. These results suggest that loss of infectivity and the ensuing lack of amplification of viral antigens of formaldehyde-inactivated VSV is the major factor impairing induction of specific T-helper cell responses.
Identification of the epidural space: Is loss of resistance to air a safe technique?†A review of the complications related to the use of air (1997)

The potential complications associated with the use of air for identifying the epidural space with the loss of resistance technique may outweigh the benefits. The use of saline to identify the epidural space may help to reduce the incidence of these complications.
Optimization of shallow and deep trench isolation structures for ultra-high-speed bipolar LSIs (2003)

The authors report on an investigation into the optimization of shallow and deep trench isolation structures for ultra-high-speed bipolar LSIs. Several processes and filling materials were compared in terms of process cost, filling completeness, flatness of the field surface, residual mechanical stress, trench capacitance, etc. Among several candidate fabrication methods, shallow and deep trench isolation structures filled using low-temperature SiO/sub 2/ deposition were the most suitable candidate for ultra-high-speed bipolar LSIs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>