gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation as innovative tools for neuroscientists (2014)

Two neuromodulatory techniques based on applying direct current (DC) non-invasively through the skin, transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcutaneous spinal DCS, can induce prolonged functional changes consistent with a direct influence on the human cerebellum and spinal cord. In this article we review the major experimental works on cerebellar tDCS and on spinal tDCS, and their preliminary clinical applications. Cerebellar tDCS modulates cerebellar motor cortical inhibition, gait adaptation, motor behaviour, and cognition (learning, language, memory, attention). Spinal tDCS influences the ascending and descending spinal pathways, and spinal reflex excitability. In the anaesthetised mouse, DC stimulation applied under the skin along the entire spinal cord may affect GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Preliminary clinical studies in patients with cerebellar disorders, and in animals and patients with spinal cord injuries, have reported beneficial effects. Overall the available data show that cerebellar tDCS and spinal tDCS are two novel approaches for inducing prolonged functional changes and neuroplasticity in the human cerebellum and spinal cord, and both are new tools for experimental and clinical neuroscientists.
Experimental and Computational Studies of Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation via Ketonization and Aldol Condensation over Site-Isolated Zirconium Catalysts (2020)

We report here the preparation and investigation of isolated Zr centers supported on a high surface area silica for the conversion of carboxylic acids to internal ketones by ketonic decarboxylation (ketonization) and the aldol condensation of ketones to dimeric enones. Catalysts were synthesized by the grafting of Cp2ZrCl2 on the surface of amorphous silica. The connectivity of Zr was characterized by XRD, UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy. For the lowest Zr loading, Zr is present predominantly as isolated monomeric species. As the Zr loading is increased, a progressively larger fraction of Zr forms oligomeric species and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Measurements of catalytic activity show that the turnover frequency for carboxylic acid ketonic decarboxylation reaction and aldol condensation of ketones decreases monotonically with increasing Zr loading. An H/D kinetic isotope effect was not observed over isolated Zr catalysts, suggesting that α-H abstraction is not the rate-determining step, rather C–C bond forming may be rate limiting for both reactions. This conclusion is supported by computational modeling of the reaction mechanism. The proposed catalytic cycle for ketonization proceeds via a β-keto acid intermediate on isolated Zr sites that are always coordinatively saturated with C–C bond formation as the rate-limiting step. C–C bond formation is also rate-determining for aldol condensation, with an apparent activation energy that is in good agreement with the experiment if the resting state is a saturated ≡ZrOH site with two adsorbed ketone molecules.
Axin2 regulates chondrocyte maturation and axial skeletal development (2009)

Axis inhibition proteins 1 and 2 (Axin1 and Axin2) are scaffolding proteins that modulate at least two signaling pathways that are crucial in skeletogenesis: the Wnt/beta-catenin and TGF-beta signaling pathways. To determine whether Axin2 is important in skeletogenesis, we examined the skeletal phenotype of Axin2-null mice in a wild-type or Axin1(+/-) background. Animals with disrupted Axin2 expression displayed a runt phenotype when compared to heterozygous littermates. Whole-mount and tissue beta-galactosidase staining of Axin2(LacZ/LacZ) mice revealed that Axin2 is expressed in cartilage tissue, and histological sections from knockout animals showed shorter hypertrophic zones in the growth plate. Primary chondrocytes were isolated from Axin2-null and wild-type mice, cultured, and assayed for type X collagen gene expression. While type II collagen levels were depressed in cells from Axin2-deficient animals, type X collagen gene expression was enhanced. There was no difference in BrdU incorporation between null and heterozygous mice, suggesting that loss of Axin2 does not alter chondrocyte proliferation. Taken together, these findings reveal that disruption of Axin2 expression results in accelerated chondrocyte maturation. In the presence of a heterozygous deficiency of Axin1, Axin2 was also shown to play a critical role in craniofacial and axial skeleton development.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3) in human prostate (2003)

Our data suggest that VEGFR-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and may play an important role in facilitating lymphatic spread of PCa; high-level of VEGFR-3 expression in prostate cancer cells increases the risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy.
Interoperable metadata semantics with meta-metadata (2011)

A use case involving integrating results from search engines illustrates how the meta-metadata language facilitates interoperable metadata semantics. Formal semantics can be hard to obtain directly. For example, search engines may only present results through web pages; even if they do provide web services, they don't provide them according to a mutually interoperable standard.
Behind the inheritance relations in a semantic network (2002)

There are many confused meanings on the use of ISA (is-a), AKO (a-kind-of), and ISPART (is-part-of) relations. This problem can be solved only by defining the precise meaning of the ISA, AKO and ISPART relations, and by recognizing either a class node or an object node for a given node in a semantic network. The author makes clear, precise and consistent definitions for these inheritance relations based on the two fundamental types of information that these relations are intended to represent: classes and objects. The features explored from these relations explain the use of these three relations and what properties each has. By dividing the properties related by ISA, AKO and ISPART relations into property values and property attributes, it is found that a property value relates to a specific class or object only and is not an inheritable property, while a property attribute corresponds to the universal quantification in predicate logic and is inheritable by the descendants of a class or object.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanism of inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximine (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximineRobert A. Ronzio, W. Bruce Rowe, and Alton MeisterCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 3, 1066–1075Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00831a038https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00831a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1405Altmetric-Citations271LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Continuous Microwave Oscillations of Current in GaAs (1964)

Previous work <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> has shown that microwave oscillations can be generated by applying a strong electric field to a semiconductor such as n-type GaAs or InP. The results obtained by using extremely short pulses with low duty cycle were sufficiently promising to make it worthwhile, by appropriate thermal design of the specimen, to explore the possibility of obtaining greater average power or longer pulse lengths. This work has now progressed to the point where continuous operation has been obtained at room temperature.
Prospects for Elite-Driven Democracy in South Africa (1997)

Journal Article Prospects for Elite-Driven Democracy in South Africa Get access Jeffrey Herbst Jeffrey Herbst JEFFREY HERBST is associate professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School. He has also been a Fulbright Visiting Professor at the University of Cape Town and at the University of the Western Cape and is the author of State Politics in Zimbabwe and The Politics of Reform in Ghana. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 112, Issue 4, Winter 1997, Pages 595–615, https://doi.org/10.2307/2657693 Published: 15 December 1997
Adaptive Submodularity: Theory and Applications in Active Learning and Stochastic Optimization (2011)

Many problems in artificial intelligence require adaptively making a sequence of decisions with uncertain outcomes under partial observability. Solving such stochastic optimization problems is a fundamental but notoriously difficult challenge. In this paper, we introduce the concept of adaptive submodularity, generalizing submodular set functions to adaptive policies. We prove that if a problem satisfies this property, a simple adaptive greedy algorithm is guaranteed to be competitive with the optimal policy. In addition to providing performance guarantees for both stochastic maximization and coverage, adaptive submodularity can be exploited to drastically speed up the greedy algorithm by using lazy evaluations. We illustrate the usefulness of the concept by giving several examples of adaptive submodular objectives arising in diverse AI applications including management of sensing resources, viral marketing and active learning. Proving adaptive submodularity for these problems allows us to recover existing results in these applications as special cases, improve approximation guarantees and handle natural generalizations.
Modeling crustal structure through the use of converted phases in teleseismic body-wave forms (1977)

abstract By comparing records of the radial component of motion of teleseismic P waves to records of the vertical component, it is possible to identify S phases within the P wave form. These phases are generated by the mechanism of P to S conversion at discontinuities in velocity under the receiving station. Similar phases of the S to P converted type appear as precursors to the direct SV arrival. Models for the crustal structure can be tested by generating synthetic seismograms for both components of motion of both the P and SV waves and comparing with the data. The technique has been used to model the crustal structure at WWSSN stations CAR and COR. It has also been used to check a recently proposed model for the crustal structure in eastern Canada which contains a large low-shear-velocity zone at the base of the crust. This study indicates that the crustal structure in eastern Canada is highly non-uniform with perhaps few features common to the whole region. Finally, the technique is used to identify several stations in the WWSSN which appear to be located on highly anomalous structure.
Transgenic Production of an Anti HIV Antibody in the Barley Endosperm (2015)

Barley is an attractive vehicle for producing recombinant protein, since it is a readily transformable diploid crop species in which doubled haploids can be routinely generated. High amounts of protein are naturally accumulated in the grain, but optimal endosperm-specific promoters have yet to be perfected. Here, the oat GLOBULIN1 promoter was combined with the legumin B4 (LeB4) signal peptide and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (SE)KDEL. Transgenic barley grain accumulated up to 1.2 g/kg dry weight of recombinant protein (GFP), deposited in small roundish compartments assumed to be ER-derived protein bodies. The molecular farming potential of the system was tested by generating doubled haploid transgenic lines engineered to synthesize the anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibody 2G12 with up to 160 μg recombinant protein per g grain. The recombinant protein was deposited at the periphery of protein bodies in the form of a mixture of various N-glycans (notably those lacking terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues), consistent with their vacuolar localization. Inspection of protein-A purified antibodies using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed that their equilibrium and kinetic rate constants were comparable to those associated with recombinant 2G12 synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Chromium—rare-earth energy transfer in YAlO3 (1973)

Energy transfer between chromium and rare-earth ions in YAlO3 was investigated from fluorescence excitation spectra and fluorescence decay studies. Rare earths examined include Nd3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+. Chromium—to—rare-earth transfer was observed in all cases; evidence of rare-earth—to—chromium transfer was also observed for Ho3+. Phonon-assisted transfer rates are dependent on the energy mismatch of the transitions for the two ions involved. The efficiency of the Cr3+ → Nd3+ energy transfer in YAlO3 was measured at 300°K and found to be greater than in Y3Al5O12 for comparable dopant concentrations. Use of chromium as a sensitizer for rare-earth fluorescence and laser action is discussed.
Low-crosstalk hybrid-integrated optical transceiver module using a polymer PLC chip and a MMF stub (2001)

We report a hybrid-integrated optical transceiver module using a discrete polymer planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chip and a multimode fiber (MMF) stub, A low-crosstalk performance is indispensable for this transceiver module to achieve a good receiver (Rx) performance under the full duplex operation. The discrete polymer PLC chip and the MMF stub well isolate a Rx from a transmitter both optically and electrically, and excellent receiver performance of 0.1-dB power penalty caused by the crosstalk is obtained.
SEC–viscometer detector systems. I. Calibration and determination of mark–houwink constants (1993)

Abstract Five different types of calibration curve currently used in size exclusion chromatography‐differential viscometer (SEC–DV) systems were identified and their use summarized. A simple method of deriving weighting factors for fitting local intrinsic viscosity calibration curves was shown to greatly improve the precision of calculated molecular weight distributions. The problem of reliably extrapolating the fitted curves to allow for differences in sensitivity among detectors has yet to be examined. With regard to Mark—Houwink constants, a method of fitting data from the SEC–DV system to obtain more statistically sound values was derived. For the data used here, the new method involves fitting a plot of logarithm of the local intrinsic viscosity of the sample vs. logarithm of the universal calibration curve parameter, J i . Results for the data obtained appeared only slightly more precise than those for the traditional method. However, the new method promises improved reliability. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Towards an Underground Utilities 3D Data Model for Land Administration (2019)

With the pressure of the increasing density of urban areas, some public infrastructures are moving to the underground to free up space above, such as utility lines, rail lines and roads. In the big data era, the three-dimensional (3D) data can be beneficial to understand the complex urban area. Comparing to spatial data and information of the above ground, we lack the precise and detailed information about underground infrastructures, such as the spatial information of underground infrastructure, the ownership of underground objects and the interdependence of infrastructures in the above and below ground. How can we map reliable 3D underground utility networks and use them in the land administration? First, to explain the importance of this work and find a possible solution, this paper observes the current issues of the existing underground utility database in Singapore. A framework for utility data governance is proposed to manage the work process from the underground utility data capture to data usage. This is the backbone to support the coordination of different roles in the utility data governance and usage. Then, an initial design of the 3D underground utility data model is introduced to describe the 3D geometric and spatial information about underground utility data and connect it to the cadastral parcel for land administration. In the case study, the newly collected data from mobile Ground Penetrating Radar is integrated with the existing utility data for 3D modelling. It is expected to explore the integration of new collected 3D data, the existing 2D data and cadastral information for land administration of underground utilities.
A PVT-insensitive CMOS output driver with constant slew rate (2004)

In this paper, we propose an output driver which has constant slew rate over PVT variation. To make output driver's slew rate to be constant, rising and failing time of pre-driving node of output driver is kept constant by predriver, which has constant pull-up and pull-down path resistance. To make output voltage swing level to be constant, another replica bias circuit was used with CMOS push-pull output driver. HSPICE simulations show that the slew rate is 3.21 V/nS on fast condition and 3.12V/nS on slow condition with 1.4K pre-driver's path resistance. This circuit was implemented with 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Local T cell responses induce widespread MHC expression. Evidence that IFN-gamma induces its own expression in remote sites (1992)

Local inflammation induces increased expression of MHC and other genes in the affected tissue because of the paracrine effects of cytokines such as IFN-gamma. We previously reported that one such process--local allograft rejection--was accompanied by increased expression of MHC in a remote tissue, namely kidney. To explore how local inflammation affects gene expression in remote tissues, we studied MHC, beta 2-microglobulin, and IFN-gamma expression in mice undergoing either of two T cell-dependent localized inflammatory processes: rejection of an ascites tumor allograft, and skin sensitization by oxazalone. As assessed by binding of radiolabeled mAb and by immunohistology, each stimulus increased MHC expression in many remote tissues, including liver, heart, pancreas, and kidney. This was associated with increases in steady state mRNA for class I, class II, and beta 2-microglobulin. MHC induction was inhibited by the in vivo administration of cyclosporine or anti-IFN-gamma mAb and did not occur in nude mice, confirming the key role of IFN-gamma released from T cells. When we examined tissues of mice with these localized inflammatory lesions for IFN-gamma mRNA levels by polymerase chain reaction, we found that IFN-gamma steady state mRNA levels were increased in the spleen and, more surprisingly, in the kidney, and in uninvolved skin. Moreover, anti-IFN-gamma inhibited the induction of IFN-gamma mRNA in the kidney, suggesting that IFN-gamma expression was induced by IFN-gamma in an autoregulatory fashion. Thus the systemic MHC induction accompanying local T cell-mediated inflammation reflects the release of IFN-gamma from the site of inflammation, but may be amplified by the ability of IFN-gamma to induce its own expression in remote tissues. This self-amplification of IFN-gamma may contribute to the ability of local inflammation to induce extensive systemic effects.
Fischer–Tropsch Reaction on a Thermally Conductive and Reusable Silicon Carbide Support (2014)

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, in which synthesis gas (syngas) derived from coal, natural gas, and biomass is converted into synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals, is a strongly exothermic reaction, and thus, a large amount of heat is generated during the reaction that could severely modify the overall selectivity of the process. In this Review, we report the advantages that can be offered by different thermally conductive supports, that is, carbon nanomaterials and silicon carbide, pure or doped with different promoters, for the development of more active and selective FT catalysts. This Review follows a discussion regarding the clear trend in the advantages and drawbacks of these systems in terms of energy efficiency and catalytic performance for this most-demanded catalytic process. It is demonstrated that the use of a support with an appropriate pore size and thermal conductivity is an effective strategy to tune and improve the activity of the catalyst and to improve product selectivity in the FT process. The active phase and the recovery of the support, which also represents a main concern in terms of the large amount of FT catalyst used and the cost of the active cobalt phase, is also discussed within the framework of this Review. It is expected that a thermally conductive support such as β-SiC will not only improve the development of the FT process, but that it will also be part of a new support for different catalytic processes for which high catalytic performance and selectivity are strongly needed.
Nonlinear absorption and dispersion in fiber coupled silicon photonic crystal microresonators (2005)

Two-photon absorption, free-carrier absorption and dispersion, and thermo-optic dispersion in high-Q, ultra-small mode volume, photonic crystal cavities are studied experimentally. Sub-nanosecond free-carrier lifetimes, and optical bistability at /spl sim/ 100/spl mu/W cavity input power are observed.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in HIV: Possible Roles During HAND and Inflammation (2018)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a threat to global health. Since its discovery, many efforts have been directed at understanding the mechanisms and consequences of infection. Although there have been substantial advances since the advent of antiretroviral therapy, there are still complications that significantly compromise the health of infected patients, particularly, chronic inflammation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In this review, a new perspective is addressed in the field of HIV, where the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) is the protagonist. We comprehensively discuss the available evidence implicating α7-nAChRs in the context of HIV and provide possible explanations about its role in HAND and inflammation in both the central nervous system and the periphery.