gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertically stacked-NanoWires MOSFETs in a replacement metal gate process with inner spacer and SiGe source/drain (2016)

We report on vertically stacked horizontal Si NanoWires (NW) /»-MOSFETs fabricated with a replacement metal gate (RMG) process. For the first time, stacked-NWs transistors are integrated with inner spacers and SiGe source-drain (S/D) stressors. Recessed and epitaxially re-grown SiGe(B) S/D junctions are shown to be efficient to inject strain into Si/-channels. The Precession Electron Diffraction (PED) technique, with a nm-scale precision, is used to quantify the deformation and provide useful information about strain fields at different stages of the fabrication process. Finally, a significant compressive strain and excellent short-channel characteristics are demonstrated in stacked-NWs /-FETs.
Is inflammation important in early PPMS? a longitudinal MRI study (2005)

Enhancement is present in some cases of early PPMS and is associated with greater disease impact in terms of both clinical and MRI measures.
A dynamic programming algorithm for finding alternative RNA secondary structure (1986)

Dynamic programming algorithms that predict RNA secondary structure by minimizing the free energy have had one important limitation. They were able to predict only one optimal structure. Given the uncertainties of the thermodynamic data and the effects of proteins and other environmental factors on structure, the optimal structure predicted by these methods may not have biological significance. We present a dynamic programming algorithm that can determine optimal and suboptimal secondary structures for an RNA. The power and utility of the method is demonstrated in the folding of the intervening sequence of the rRNA of Tetrahymena. By first identifying the major secondary structures corresponding to the lowest free energy minima, a secondary structure of possible biological significance is derived.
High Selectivity cum Yield Gel Electrophoresis Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using a Chemically Selective Polymer Dispersant (2012)

Pure semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are appealing for many electronic circuits and devices, but the presence of parasitic metallic SWNTs in all as-synthesized nanotube samples makes this application elusive. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) can be used to separate metallic from semiconducting SWNTs when applied in conjunction with the use of an appropriate surfactant or dispersant. To date, only sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been reported to permit considerable separation with AGE. In this study, we report on the considerably better separation achieved using chondroitin sulfate (CS-A) as a dispersant in AGE compared with SDS-assisted AGE. The CS-A assisted AGE technique may be used to produce in a single pass semiconducting SWNTs with purity of 95%, compared with 85% purity achieved with SDS-assisted AGE for the same arc discharge nanotubes. Further, the yield of CS-A assisted AGE is about 25%, which is in the order of 5 to 10 times the yields of other reported highly selective techniques. Semiconducting SWNTs produced via CS-A/AGE were used to fabricate field effect transistors (FET) with mobilities of ∼2 to 8 cm2/(V s) and on/off ratios from 102 to 105, which are significantly higher than the mobility of 0.7 cm2/(V s), and on/off ratio of 104 reported for FETs made with semiconducting SWNTs produced by SDS-assisted AGE. The excellent yield-cum-purity single-pass separation is achievable with this unique chemically selective CS-A dispersant with AGE because of its ability to wrap the nanotubes well, high degree of sulfation making the nanotube/CS-A hybrid highly charged and amine functionality resulting in preselectivity of metallic nanotubes, causing the latter to migrate much more effectively under a uniform electric field.
Magnetic properties of sputtered Co-Pt thin films (1983)

Magnetic properties of sputtered Co-Pt thin films, and the relation between the properties and the film microstructures were studied. Thin films obtained by sputtering a Co-Pt alloy containing 5–35 at. % Pt exhibited high coercivity. A coercivity of 1800 Oe was obtained as the maximum value for a composition of Co-20 at. % Pt, while the remanence of the film was about 9500 G. Thin film coercivity was affected by ultimate vacuum pressure before the introduction of sputtering gas. Film coercivity also increased with an increase in the average grain diameter of the films.
Personality Study of Alcohol, Heroin, and Polydrug Abusers in an Arabian Gulf Population (1994)

Three male groups of heroin, alcohol, and polydrug abusers (n = 120) from an Arabian Gulf population were given Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory; their scores were compared with those of a group of 48 nonabusers. Only the polydrug-abusing group of 43 scored significantly higher than the nonabusers on the Alienation and Discomfort subscales. Perhaps only polydrug abuse can be explained in terms of attempts towards self-medication by distressed and inadequate individuals. A drug-accepting-generational age group in contrast to an alcohol-accepting-generational age group was suggested.
Cognitive functioning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia compared with patients with mild Alzheimer disease and normal controls. (1999)

These findings suggest that many patients with COPD and mild hypoxemia who don't have neuropsychiatric histories may perform normally on cognitive measures. Oxygen therapy may partially account for preservation of cognitive function in these patients. Results also suggest that patients with COPD and normal controls can be readily distinguished from patients with mild AD based on levels and patterns of neuropsychologic test results. Any significant cognitive deficits in patients with mildly hypoxemic COPD may warrant continued neurologic evaluation.
The legend of the leaning tower (2003)

Commander David R Scott (2 August 1971, lunar surface): "Well, in my left hand I have a feather; in my right hand, a hammer. And I guess one of the reasons we got here today was because of a gentleman named Galileo, a long time ago, who made a rather significant discovery about falling objects in gravity fields". And we thought: "Where would be a better place to confirm his findings than on the Moon?".
Fragmentation of Carbohydrate Anomeric Alkoxy Radicals: A New Synthesis of Chiral 1‐Halo‐1‐iodo Alditols. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitric Oxide–Induced Motility in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells (2002)

We have previously reported that SHP-2 upregulation is necessary for NO-stimulated motility in differentiated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. We now test the hypothesis that upregulation of SHP-2 is necessary and sufficient to stimulate cell motility. Overexpression of SHP-2 via recombinant adenoviral vector stimulated motility to the same extent as NO, whereas the expression of C463S-SHP-2, the dominant-negative SHP-2 allele, blocked the motogenic effect of NO. On the basis of previous studies, we next tested the hypothesis that NO decreases RhoA activity and that this event is necessary and sufficient to explain NO-induced motogenesis. We found that NO decreased RhoA activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, a dominant-negative SHP-2 allele, DSH2, blocked the NO-induced inhibition of RhoA activity, indicating that upregulation of SHP-2 is necessary for this event. Expression of G14V-RhoA, the constitutively active RhoA allele, decreased cell motility and blocked the motogenic effect of NO, whereas the expression of T19N-RhoA, the dominant-negative RhoA allele, increased cell motility to an extent similar to that induced by NO. Dominant-negative RhoA reversed the effect of dominant-negative SHP-2, indicating that RhoA functions downstream from SHP-2. To investigate events downstream from RhoA, we treated cells with fasudil, a selective Rho kinase inhibitor, and found that it increased cell motility. These results indicate that upregulation of SHP-2, leading to downregulation of RhoA, which is followed by decreased Rho kinase activity, is a sequence of events necessary and sufficient to explain NO-induced cell motility in differentiated aortic smooth muscle cells. The results may be of relevance to in vivo events such as neointimal formation, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis.
An introduction to three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy (2012)

Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy is a fast and nondestructive structural characterization technique aimed at studies of the individual crystalline elements (grains or subgrains) within millimetre-sized polycrystalline specimens. It is based on two principles: the use of highly penetrating hard X-rays from a synchrotron source and the application of `tomographic' reconstruction algorithms for the analysis of the diffraction data. In favourable cases, the position, morphology, phase and crystallographic orientation can be derived for up to 1000 elements simultaneously. For each grain its average strain tensor may also be derived, from which the type II stresses can be inferred. Furthermore, the dynamics of the individual elements can be monitored during typical processes such as deformation or annealing. A review of the field is provided, with a viewpoint from materials science.
Thrombospondin‐1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor activity at the receptor level (2009)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-established stimulator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, whereas thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a potent angiogenic inhibitor. In this study, we have found that the TSP-1 receptors CD36 and beta1 integrin associate with the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The coclustering of receptors that regulate angiogenesis may provide the endothelial cell with a platform for integration of positive and negative signals in the plane of the membrane. Thus, this complex may represent a molecular switch that regulates angiogenesis and determines endothelial cell behavior. In this context, physiological levels of TSP-1 appear to support VEGFR2 function on both the cellular and tissue level, because phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and vascular permeability in response to VEGF are decreased in TSP-1-null mice and isolated endothelial cells. A therapeutic agent based on the antiangiogenic domain of TSP-1, designated 3TSR (for three TSP-1 type 1 repeats), has significant antiangiogenic and antitumor efficacy. Systemic treatment of wild-type mice with 3TSR significantly decreased VEGF-induced permeability. Consistent with this result, VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was also significantly decreased in lung extracts from 3TSR-treated mice. Moreover, 3TSR significantly decreased VEGF-stimulated VEGFR2 phosphorylation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in culture. Taken together, the results indicate that TSP-1 and 3TSR modulate the function of VEGFR2.
Solvent-induced swelling of thin sections of coal (1982)

Solvent-swelling of uncontaminated thin section samples of coal has been studied. The solvent-swelling technique had been previously used to investigate the physiochemical structure of coals using ground coal samples. Dimensional swelling of thin sections of relatively homogeneous vitrinite from Illinois No. 6 coal was studied using four different liquids, pyridine, ethylenediamine, n-propylamine, and water. For some of these liquids, the degree of shrinkage which occurred when the liquid was allowed to evaporate was studied. The samples were found to swell with good shape retention and without substantial fracturing. The swollen samples were substantially more flexible than either the original samples or the samples dried after swelling suggesting that the elasticity of the highly swollen coal may be substantially entropic even if the elasticity of the dry coal is not. The findings indicated a strong interaction of part of the solvent with some of the functionalities of the coal. (BLM)
Exploiting Time-Malleability in Cloud-based Batch Processing Systems (2013)

Existing cloud provisioning schemes allocate resources to batch processing systems at deployment time and only change this allocation at run-time due to unexpected events such as server failures. We observe that MapReduce-like jobs are timemalleable, i.e., at runtime it is possible to dynamically vary the number of resources allocated to a job and, hence, its completion time. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on time-malleability to opportunistically update job resources in order to increase overall utilization and revenue. To set the right incentives for both providers and tenants, we introduce a novel pricing model that charges tenants according to job completion times. Using this model, we formulate an optimization problem for revenue maximization. Preliminary results show that compared to today’s practices our solution can increase revenue by up to 69.7% and can accept up to 57% more jobs.
A smart BiCMOS driver for 400 DPI thermal printing heads (2003)

A smart BiCMOS (bipolar complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) driver for 400 DPI (dot/inch) thermal printing heads has been developed using a dot-history-control circuit, a high-voltage BiCMOS process, and solder-bump electrode bonding. Thermal printing heads with a printing speed of 1000 line/s, resolution of 400 DPI, and a substrate only 12.7 mm wide have been realized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Building a Laboratory Information System Around a C++-Based Object-Oriented DBMS (1994)

MapBase is a laboratory information system that has been supporting a high-throughput genome-mapping operation for the last three years. We chose to build MapBase around a C++-based OODBMS because, like CAD, CASE, and GIS applications, MapBase must be able to represent complex data and operations while providing fast response. However, MapBase also turned out to share many characteristics of classical information systems: it provides a central repository of carefully administered, mission-critical data used by clients written in many languages and running on a variety of hardware. In addition, our laboratory emphasizes continuous process re-engineering, with the result that MapBase&apos;s schema must evolve rapidly in order to reflect the current experimental workflow. We discuss how the technical characteristics This work was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Human Genome Research, grant number P50 HG00098. PostScript version of this paper av...
Assessment of neuromuscular transmission by the evoked acceleration response (1988)

This paper presents preliminary observations on an acceleration-responsive transducer designed to monitor neuromuscular transmission. Simultaneously evoked acceleration and tension responses of the adductor pollicis muscles were studied. Registrations were obtained during recovery from atracurium-induced block in 29 individuals in neurolept II anaesthesia (Group I) and in 4 ICU patients (Group II) sedated with pentobarbital or midazolam. Regression analysis of 1567 train-of-four (TOF) registrations, in regard to TOF-ratio (T4/T1) and first twitch ratio (T1/T0), demonstrated regression coefficients (b) and correlation coefficients (r) in the range 0.91-1.06 and 0.89-0.98, respectively. During 1 Hz single twitch stimulation and post-tetanic count stimulation, b and r were in the range 0.85-1.03 and 0.77-0.90, respectively. Following administration of edrophonium (n = 6, Group I) a deviation of T1/T0 regression values was observed in four individuals, i.e. 0.48 (b) and 0.56 (r). This investigation proved a good level of accuracy of the acceleration transducer compared to the force displacement transducer during spontaneous and neostigmine-induced recovery from atracurium block. The acceleration transducer-based system does not require a rigid suspension and seems to have a good monitoring potential in clinical assessment of neuromuscular transmission.
Magic but treatable? Tumours due to loss of Merlin (2007)

Alterations in the NF2 gene coding for merlin cause all tumours that occur in patients suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2, all spontaneous schwannomas and the majority of meningiomas. Thus merlin's tumours are quite frequent and also numerous when inherited as part of meurofibromatosis type 2. Tumours caused by mutations in the NF2 gene are benign and thus do not respond to classical chemotherapy. Surgery and radiosurgery are only local therapies and the patients frequently require multiple treatments. This highlights the medical need to understand how merlin loss results in tumourigenesis and the need to find new systemic therapies. The benign, and therefore genetically stable and homogenous character of the tumours allows establishment of meaningful tumour models. This brings about the rather unique opportunity to both analyse the consequences of the gene defect and identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, I will first describe the phenotypes associated with 'merlin' mutations and consider differential diagnosis, in particular Schwannomatosis, for which a gene defect has been described recently. Existing therapeutic options, surgery and radiosurgery, including new data on the latter will be reviewed. Finally, I will discuss how loss of merlin leads to tumourigenesis in order to understand the rationale for emerging new therapeutic targets.
On the performance of TCP splicing for URL-aware redirection (1999)

This paper describes the design, implementation and performance of a layer-7 switch which supports URL-aware redirection of HTTP traffic. Currently, there are several vendors who are beginning to announce the availability of such switches in the market, but little or no implementation and performance information is available. We discuss design issues pertaining to such switches through a prototype implementation of a URL-aware switch in the Linux kernel, and analyze the performance of our implementation. We investigate the use of TCP splicing as a mechanism for improving the performance of the switch; we explore whether TCP splicing will benefit URL-aware redirection even though HTTP connections, on average, are short-lived and transfer small amounts of data. Results from our implementation show that TCP splicing does improve the performance of URL-aware switches that handle short-lived HTTP connections. Our results also re-affirm earlier findings that TCP splicing substantially improves the performance of any application-layer proxy when large amounts of data are transferred through the splice.
Alternate Measures of Replacement Rates for Social Security Benefits and Retirement Income (2008)

Discussions of retirement planning and Social Security policy often focus on replacement rates, which represent retirement income or Social Security benefits relative to pre-retirement earnings. Replacement rates are a rule of thumb designed to simplify the process of smoothing consumption over individuals' lifetimes. Despite their widespread use, however, there is no common means of measuring replacement rates. Various measures of pre-retirement earnings mean that the denominators used in replacement rate calculations are often inconsistent and can lead to confusion.Whether a given replacement rate represents an adequate retirement income depends on whether the denominator in the replacement rate calculation is an appropriate measure of pre-retirement earnings. This article illustrates replacement rates using four measures of pre-retirement earnings: final earnings; the constant income payable from the present value (PV) of lifetime earnings (PV payment); the wage-indexed average of all earnings prior to claiming Social Security benefits; and the inflation-adjusted average of all earnings prior to claiming Social Security benefits (consumer price index (CPI) average).The article then measures replacement rates against a sample of the Social Security beneficiary population using the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT) microsimulation model. Replacement rates are shown based on Social Security benefits alone, to indicate the adequacy of the current benefit structure, as well as on total retirement income including defined benefit pensions and financial assets, to indicate total preparedness for retirement.The results show that replacement rates can vary considerably based on the definition of pre-retirement earnings used and whether replacement rates are measured on an individual or a shared basis. For current new retirees, replacement rates based on all sources of retirement income seem strong by most measures and are projected to remain so as these individuals age. For new retirees in 2040, replacement rates are projected to be lower, though still adequate on average based on most common benchmarks.
Gang scheduling with lightweight user-level communication (2002)

In this paper, we explore the performance of gang scheduling on a cluster using the Quadrics interconnection network. In such a cluster, the scheduler can take advantage of this network's unique capabilities, including a network interface card-based processor and memory and efficient user-level communication libraries. We developed a micro-benchmark to test the scheduler's performance under various aspects of parallel job workloads: memory usage, bandwidth and latency-bound communication, number of processes, timeslice quantum, and multiprogramming levels. Our experiments show that the gang scheduler performs relatively well under most workload conditions, is largely insensitive to the number of concurrent jobs in the system and scales almost linearly with number of nodes. On the other hand, the scheduler is very sensitive to the timeslice quantum, and values under 30 seconds can incur large overheads and fairness problems.
Powder coated conductor for transformer windings (1979)

The Westinghouse Transformer Divisions have developed a new wire insulation employing an epoxy powder. The development program was initiated to produce a superior, thin, tough and flexible conductor insulation. Coating trials were first made on a pilot coating facility located in the Materials and Manufacturing Technology Department Laboratories in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Based upon the successful coating of rectangular and round copper and aluminum wires, additional tests were performed to establish the suitability of the powder insulated conductors in oil filled power and distribution transformers.
HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India : Modeling the Cost and Consequences (2004)

The three policies analyzed in this\n document include a minimalist policy in which the government\n strengthens private sector delivery, an intermediate policy\n of providing treatment for mothers who have AIDS and their\n spouses, and a generous policy of providing treatment to the\n poorest 40 percent of all AIDS patients. In January 2004 the\n Indian government adopted an AIDS financing policy which\n contains elements of all three of the hypothetical policies\n analyzed in this book. This study's projections of the\n total financial cost of the program and of the\n cost-effectiveness of the three options can help the\n government and its partners to plan the scale-up of the\n existing treatment program, to optimize the mix of\n components in order to improve its cost-effectiveness and to\n design monitoring and evaluation measures which provide\n feedback on program performance.