gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonvolatile Random Access Memory and Energy Storage Based on Antiferroelectric Like Hysteresis in ZrO<sub>2</sub> (2016)

To date antiferroelectrics have not been considered as nonvolatile memory elements because a removal of the external field causes a depolarization, resulting in a loss of the stored information. In comparison to ferroelectrics, antiferroelectrics are known for their enhanced fatigue resistance. Therefore, the main scope of this study is the development of a new memory device concept that would enable the usage of antiferroelectrics as a nonvolatile material with improved wake‐up and enhanced endurance properties. Recent studies have shown antiferroelectric behavior in ZrO 2 , a material that is widely used in semiconductor industry, especially in dynamic random access memories. The basis of the new concept is the antiferroelectric hysteresis combined with the use of different workfunction electrodes that induce an internal bias field. Utilizing this approach, the field cycling endurance is drastically improved. Combining a comprehensive material study and electrical trap spectroscopy together with Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire formalism, a proof of concept for a novel antiferroelectric random access memory is presented. For implementing a nonvolatile random access memory, the capacitors have to be realized in a 3D integrated version. These 3D integrated ZrO 2 capacitors can be used as energy storage devices as well, showing record high energy storage density and very high energy efficiency values.
Microbial bioinformatics for food safety and production (2015)

In the production of fermented foods, microbes play an important role. Optimization of fermentation processes or starter culture production traditionally was a trial-and-error approach inspired by expert knowledge of the fermentation process. Current developments in high-throughput 'omics' technologies allow developing more rational approaches to improve fermentation processes both from the food functionality as well as from the food safety perspective. Here, the authors thematically review typical bioinformatics techniques and approaches to improve various aspects of the microbial production of fermented food products and food safety.
Radio frequency magnetron sputtering of multicomponent ferroelectric oxides (1984)

Lead zirconate titanate, a multicomponent ferroelectric oxide has been sputtered using a planar rf magnetron technique. The characteristics of the discharge were monitored through the cathode self-bias voltage and were correlated with rf power, sputtering gas partial and total pressures, and the rate of film deposition. The physical properties of the films were affected by deposition rate, substrate temperature, and sputtering pressure. Good transparent ferroelectric PZT films exhibited a dielectric constant of 950 and conductivity as low as 10−10 Ω−1 cm−1. These films were sputtered in 100% oxygen at 40 mTorr at an optimum deposition rate of 0.6–0.7 μ/h.
Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Copper Metal Thin Films: Self‐Limiting Surface Reaction of Copper Dimethylamino‐2‐propoxide with Diethylzinc (2009)

A uniform, conformal, pure copper metal thin film was grown at very low substrate temperatures (100-120 degrees C) on Si(100) substrates by atomic layer deposition involving the ligand exchange of [Cu(OCHMeCH(2)NMe(2))(2)] with Et(2)Zn (see scheme). Patterned copper thin films of Cu nanotubes (diameter 150 nm, length 12 microm) were fabricated.
Live oral <i>Salmonella</i> vaccines: potential use of attenuated strains as carriers of heterologous antigens to the immune system (1987)

Live attenuated strains of salmonellae are showing promise as live oral vaccines against human typhoid fever and other Salmonella infections of man and animals. Attenuation can be achieved by introducing genetically defined, non-reverting mutations into specific genes on the Salmonella chromosome. Mutations in the gal E or aroA genes of Salmonella inhibit the ability of the bacteria to grow in vivo, and strains carrying such lesions are effective vaccines against salmonellosis. Genetic determinants encoding for the expression of potentially protective antigens from heterologous, non-Salmonella pathogens can be readily introduced into these attenuated Salmonella strains. Expression of the heterologous antigen does not affect the ability of the Salmonella host to be used as a Salmonella vaccine. Mice infected orally with a Salmonella typhimurium aroA vaccine expressing the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit developed both a secretory and serum antibody response to this antigen. These serum antibodies were able to neutralise the activity of E. coli heat-labile toxin in tissue culture assays. A humoral and cell-mediated (DTH) immune response was detected against beta galactosidase, an intracellular antigen, in mice infected with an aroA vaccine expressing this cloned antigen. The prospects for the development of live Salmonella vaccines as a method for delivering heterologous antigens derived from bacteria, viruses and parasites is discussed.
Preparation, optimization, and voltammetric characteristics of poly(o-phenylenediamine) film as a dopamine-selective polymeric membrane (2000)

Poly(o-phenylenediamine) films were electrochemically prepared on gold electrodes from the corresponding monomer in an aqueous solution at a constant potential. The polymeric films prepared in this one-step procedure were found to be thin and insoluble in the aqueous solution. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric techniques were used to examine the permeation properties of ascorbic acid and dopamine at the resultant polymeric film electrode. Then, the effects of the chemical and electrochemical variables (e.g., film thickness, polymerization potential, concentrations of monomer and electrolyte) on the permselectivity characteristics of the polymeric film were systematically investigated and the optimal values for each parameter were determined. Furthermore, it was found that the optimized polymer electrode was found to be stable for the successive runs. As a result, it is claimed that poly(o-phenylenediamine) film can be used as a dopamine-selective polymeric membrane. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 327–332, 2001
Technologic Advances in Multidetector CT with a Focus on Cardiac Imaging (2007)

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is emerging as an important tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of heart disease. The prevalence of heart disease in the United States is already quite high and is expected to increase as the "baby boomer" segment of the population ages. To use complex multiple-row detector CT scanners most efficiently for cardiac examinations, it is important to understand many of the technical components. New developments in CT technology provide the ability to examine the structure of the heart with a level of detail that was not previously possible. In general, detector configurations have improved, the number of channels has increased, and rotation speed has increased, resulting in better quality of cardiac images. However, radiation dose for cardiac CT is fairly high and demands constant vigilance. Several steps can be taken to reduce the dose, including lowering the tube current as the x-ray beam crosses over certain areas of the body, decreasing the tube current during certain phases of the cardiac cycle, and using a higher pitch. Cardiac CT examination dose (for a coronary artery study) is approximately equivalent to that of an abdominal-pelvic CT examination or a dual-phase chest CT examination.
[Valve of symptomatic therapy with memantine in cerebral coma. I. Correlation with coma stages and EEG spectral patterns]. (1982)

1.3-Dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (DMAA, D-145, memantine, Memantine) was used in a group of 45 patients of both sexes in our intensive care ward for the purpose of symptomatic therapy. The patients included in the study had been suffering from obtuse craniocerebral trauma and post-traumatic cerebrovascular complications. We evaluated only those cases in which the initial duration of the coma had been not less than 3 days. The mean treatment period was 9.5 days and the observation was continued over an average of 25 days. The clinical course was recorded on the basis of Frowein's coma classification introduced by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. In addition, we observed the development of any cerebroorganic psychosyndrome or the emergence of an apallic syndrome. As expected, apart from individual exceptions, a regression of the coma stages 1 to 3 was observed in the course of the observation period. The significant improvement of coma stages 2 and 3 already during the treatment with memantine should be emphasized. There was a transient increase in the category-1 coma group and in the patients with cerebro-organic psychosyndromes. In correlation with the development of the clinical course, an increase significant at the 5% confidence level was found in the documentation of the EEG spectral patterns in the "normal findings/slight over-all change" evaluation, as opposed to a significant reduction of the "moderate/pronounced over-all change" EEG finding (same confidence limit). The tolerance of memantine was generally graded as very good to good. No side effects that would have led to discontinuation of the treatment were observed, and in particular there was no impairment of the blood coagulation or of the metabolic activity of the liver cells. In long-term cerebro-electric check-ups it was found that no spasm potentials are produced at the doses used here, nor was there any promotion of the propagation of epileptic attack patterns when these had been present.
Insecticidal Aerosols1 (1944)

Journal Article Insecticidal Aerosols Get access Lyle D. Goodhue Lyle D. Goodhue U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 37, Issue 3, 1 June 1944, Pages 338–341, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/37.3.338 Published: 01 June 1944
Modified Superparamagnetic Nanocomposite Microparticles for Highly Selective Hg<sup>II</sup> or Cu<sup>II</sup> Separation and Recovery from Aqueous Solutions (2012)

The synthesis of a reusable, magnetically switchable nanocomposite microparticle, which can be modified to selectively extract and recover Hg(II) or Cu(II) from water, is reported. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles act as the magnetic component in this system, and these nanoparticles were synthesized in a continuous way, allowing their large-scale production. A new process was used to create a silica matrix, confining the magnetite nanoparticles using a cheap silica source [sodium silicate (water glass)]. This results in a well-defined, filigree micrometer-sized nanocomposite via a fast, simple, inexpensive, and upscalable process. Hence, because of the ideal size of the resulting microparticles and their comparably large magnetization, particle extraction from fluids by low-cost magnets is achieved.
Mediengattungen, Berichterstattungsmuster, Darstellungsformen (1994)

Im alltäglichen Umgang mit Medienangeboten aller Art stoßen wir auf ein vertrautes Phänomen: Programmzeitschriften für Funk und Fernsehen offerieren Krimis, Westernlegenden, Nachrichten und Kommentare; Buchläden ordnen ihr Sortiment unter Standorten für Romane, Kochbücher, Hobby, Jagd und Wild; der Hörfunk bietet Mittagsmagazin, Hörspiel, Funkkolleg und Unterhaltung à la carte. Die Präsentation von Medienangeboten wie die Kommunikation über Medienangebote kommt also offensichtlich nicht ohne Gattungsbezeichnungen aus; und die Kommunikationsteilnehmer wissen mit solchen Gattungsbeziehungen durchaus etwas anzufangen.
Positioning of extended individual DNA molecules on electrodes by non-uniform AC electric fields (2005)

Recent developments in the analysis and the application of DNA often require the stretching of individual DNA molecules to specific surfaces. We propose and demonstrate a method for the positioning of unmodified extended DNA molecules. A local microscopic circular flow is created by a non-uniform AC field and utilized to stretch the λ-DNA on a gold surface or between gold electrodes. The electrical-field amplitude and frequency responses of DNA motion are studied. The method can be applied to position the DNA with accuracy on a microscopic scale while requiring no modification of the DNA for terminal binding. With a diluted DNA solution, the number of DNA molecules across the electrodes is controllable and the positioning of a single extended DNA across electrodes is achievable.
Implementation of single-phase synchronous d-q reference frame controller for shunt active filter under distorted voltage condition (2010)

This paper presents an indirect current control scheme, developed using the single-phase synchronous d-q reference frame method, for single-phase shunt active power filter (APF). To formulate d-q transformation for single-phase system an imaginary vector is considered and achieved by providing a π/2 delay to the original signal. The real-time implementation of single-phase d-q frame based shunt APF system is discussed in detail. The performance of shunt APF to compensate load current harmonics under sinusoidal and distorted supply voltage conditions is evaluated. Both simulation and digital signal processor (DSP) based experimental results are discussed.
Binding energies in atomic negative ions (1975)

A survey of the electron affinity determinations for the elements up to Z=85 is presented, and based upon these data, a set of recommended electron affinities is established. Recent calculations of atomic electron affinities and the major semiempirical methods are discussed and compared with experiment. The experimental methods which yield quantitative electron binding energy data are described and intercompared Based primarily upon extrapolation techniques, fine structure splittings for these ions and excited state term energies are given.
A hybrid mask–mould lithography scheme and its application in nanoscale organic thin film transistors (2006)

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has stimulated great interest in both academic research and industrial development due to its high resolution, high throughput and low cost advantages. Though NIL has been demonstrated to be very successful in replicating nanoscale features, it also has its limitations as a general lithography technique. Its fundamental moulding characteristics (i.e. physically displacing polymer materials) frequently lead to pattern defects when replicating arbitrary patterns, especially patterns with broad size distribution. To solve this problem, we have developed a combined nanoimprint and photolithography technique that uses a hybrid mould to achieve good pattern definitions. In this work, we applied this technique to fabricate finger-shaped nanoelectrodes, and demonstrated nanoscale pentacene organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Methods of the hybrid mask-mould (HMM) fabrication and results on the device electrical characteristics are provided. With combined advantages of both photolithography and NIL, and the applicability to general nanoscale device and system fabrication, this method can become a valuable choice for low cost mass production of micro- and nanoscale structures, devices and systems.
Detection of lower limb deep venous thrombosis in asymptomatic high risk patients using a new radiolabelled thrombus specific agent (1995)

Deep venous thrombosis is a serious consequence of major orthopaedic surgery and non invasive screening with either venous ultrasound or impedance plethysmography is unreliable for detecting or excluding DVT in this group. A new method of thrombus detection has been devised using Tc-99m labelled inhibited recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The accuracy of scanning with this new radiopharmaceutical in asymptomatic high risk patients was evaluated using venography as the gold standard. 36 consecutive asymptomatic high risk patients (17 total hip, 19 total knee replacements) underwent both a contrast venogram on the operated leg and scintigraphic scan 7 days following operation. Scintigraphic imaging was performed at 4 hours post injection. For the purpose of this analysis, each venogram was divided into a proximal and a distal segment. Venograms were interpreted as being positive, negative or uninterpretable in each segment. Similar analysis of the scintigraphic scans was performed except that all segments were considered to be of diagnostic quality. 57 segments were able to be analysed. Of the 13 thrombosed segments (1 proximal, 12 calf), 12 had positive scans; in the 44 non thrombosed segments, 40 had negative scans. Thus in detecting lower limb thrombosis, scanning had a sensitivity of 92% and amore » specificity of 91%. Scintigraphic scanning with this new radiopharmaceutical permits accurate detection of thrombus in high risk patients.« less
The synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (CDDO-dhTFEA) restores Nrf2 activity and attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease (2013)

1. Chronic oxidative stress and inflammation are major mediators of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and result in impaired activation of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2. Given the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in CKD pathogenesis, strategies aimed at restoring Nrf2 activity may attenuate CKD progression. 2. The present study investigated whether the synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-9,11-dihydro-trifluoroethyl amide or CDDO-dhTFEA) would afford renal protection in a 5/6 nephrectomized rat model of CKD. RTA dh404 (2 mg/kg/day) was orally administered once daily for 12 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy surgery. 3. The remnant kidneys from the vehicle-treated CKD rats showed activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), upregulation of NAD(P)H oxidase, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, as well as marked reductions in Nrf2 and its target gene products (i.e. catalase, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin 1, thioredoxin reductase 1 and peroxiredoxin 1). The functional and structural deficits in the kidney were associated with increased (∼30%) mean arterial pressure (MAP). Treatment with RTA dh404 restored MAP, increased Nrf2 and expression of its target genes, attenuated activation of NF-κB and transforming growth factor-β pathways, and reduced glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in the CKD rats. 4. Thus, chronic treatment with RTA dh404 was effective in restoring Nrf2 activity and slowing CKD progression in rats following 5/6 nephrectomy.
GaN-based bidirectional Super HFETs Using polarization junction concept on insulator substrate (2012)

GaN based bidirectional Super Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors (BiSHFETs) using the polarization junction (PJ) concept are demonstrated for the first time. The fabricated BiSHFETs are arrayed on an insulator substrate of Sapphire and measured isolation voltage between the devices is more than 2 kV. Measured on-resistances of the fabricated BiSHFETs with MES and PN gate structures are 24 Ωmm and 22 Ωmm in the both directions respectively.
The Arabidopsis pxa1 Mutant Is Defective in an ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter-Like Protein Required for Peroxisomal Fatty Acid beta -Oxidation (2001)

Peroxisomes are important organelles in plant metabolism, containing all the enzymes required for fatty acid β-oxidation. More than 20 proteins are required for peroxisomal biogenesis and maintenance. The Arabidopsis pxa1 mutant, originally isolated because it is resistant to the auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), developmentally arrests when germinated without supplemental sucrose, suggesting defects in fatty acid β-oxidation. Because IBA is converted to the more abundant auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), in a mechanism that parallels β-oxidation, the mutant is likely to be IBA resistant because it cannot convert IBA to IAA. Adultpxa1 plants grow slowly compared with wild type, with smaller rosettes, fewer leaves, and shorter inflorescence stems, indicating that PXA1 is important throughout development. We identified the molecular defect in pxa1 using a map-based positional approach. PXA1 encodes a predicted peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter that is 42% identical to the human adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) protein, which is defective in patients with the demyelinating disorder X-linked ALD. Homology to ALD protein and other human and yeast peroxisomal transporters suggests that PXA1 imports coenzyme A esters of fatty acids and IBA into the peroxisome for β-oxidation. The pxa1 mutant makes fewer lateral roots than wild type, both in response to IBA and without exogenous hormones, suggesting that the IAA derived from IBA during seedling development promotes lateral root formation.
Site-specific force-distance characteristics on NaCl(001): Measurements versus atomistic simulations (2006)

A scanning force microscope was used to measure the frequency shift above various atomic sites on a NaCl(001) surface at $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The data was converted to force and compared to the results of atomistic simulations using model NaCl and MgO tips. We find that the NaCl tip demonstrates better agreement in the magnitude of the forces in experiments, supporting the observation that the tip first came into contact with the sample. Using the MgO tip as a model of the originally oxidized silicon tip, we further demonstrate a possible mechanism for tip contamination at low temperatures.
Fast-updating and nonrepeating Lissajous image reconstruction method for capturing increased dynamic information (2011)

We present a fast-updating Lissajous image reconstruction methodology that uses an increased image frame rate beyond the pattern repeat rate generally used in conventional Lissajous image reconstruction methods. The fast display rate provides increased dynamic information and reduced motion blur, as compared to conventional Lissajous reconstruction, at the cost of single-frame pixel density. Importantly, this method does not discard any information from the conventional Lissajous image reconstruction, and frames from the complete Lissajous pattern can be displayed simultaneously. We present the theoretical background for this image reconstruction methodology along with images and video taken using the algorithm in a custom-built miniaturized multiphoton microscopy system.