gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolytic activity of alpha-amylase in anaerobic digested sludge (2005)

Hydrolysis is usually considered to be a rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion. For improving anaerobic solid waste treatments, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of hydrolysis. In this study, alpha-amylase, one of the hydrolytic enzymes, was investigated for the elucidation of more precise mechanism of hydrolysis. Alpha-amylase activity of solid starch-degrading bacteria (SDB) was estimated through batch experiments with several different substrates and with distinction between cell-bound and cell-free alpha-amylase. Monitoring of newly isolated strains of SDB was done by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results indicated that cell-bound alpha-amylase is chiefly responsible for the hydrolysis in the digested sludge, providing very useful information that the contact between microbial cells and solids is significantly important. The activity of alpha-amylase of the digested sludge remained quite low when not required, but increased as they recognized appropriate substrates. Several-fold higher activity was obtained for starch or maltose as compared to glucose only.
Epidemic Spreading in Scale-Free Networks (2001)

The Internet has a very complex connectivity recently modeled by the class of scale-free networks. This feature, which appears to be very efficient for a communications network, favors at the same time the spreading of computer viruses. We analyze real data from computer virus infections and find the average lifetime and persistence of viral strains on the Internet. We define a dynamical model for the spreading of infections on scale-free networks, finding the absence of an epidemic threshold and its associated critical behavior. This new epidemiological framework rationalizes data of computer viruses and could help in the understanding of other spreading phenomena on communication and social networks.
Formation of flavors during extrusion cooking (1996)

Abstract Extrusion cooking is a high‐temperature/short‐time process which is ideal for the production of flavor volatiles. However, due to the nature of this process there are many opportunities for these volatiles to be lost. This has led many researchers to study the formation and retention of volatiles during extrusion. This review focuses on the flavor‐related reactions which may occur during extrusion, including their occurrence in various flours and due to the addition of reactive precursors.
CHANNEL-MEANDERING EFFECT ON THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT SECONDARY FLOW (1996)

流れの可視化法を用いて, 低レイノルズ数下で直線から蛇行水路へと変化する流れの組織構造を観察し, そこに形成された大規模な二次流れの構造を考察した. 水路の蛇曲に伴って, 横方向の平均流速分布と組織構造の横方向への傾斜現象が発生する. この現象は, 横方向の大規模なせん断構造を発生させ, それが, 蛇曲に伴う二次流れの形成に重要な役割を果たすことを明らかにした.
Competitive Mirror Image Phage Display Derived Peptide Modulates Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Toxicity (2016)

Alzheimer´s disease is the most prominent type of dementia and currently no causative treatment is available. According to recent studies, oligomeric species of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide appear to be the most toxic Aβ assemblies. Aβ monomers, however, may be not toxic per se and may even have a neuroprotective role. Here we describe a competitive mirror image phage display procedure that allowed us to identify preferentially Aβ1-42 monomer binding and thereby stabilizing peptides, which destabilize and thereby eliminate toxic oligomer species. One of the peptides, called Mosd1 (monomer specific d-peptide 1), was characterized in more detail. Mosd1 abolished oligomers from a mixture of Aβ1-42 species, reduced Aβ1-42 toxicity in cell culture, and restored the physiological phenotype in neuronal cells stably transfected with the gene coding for human amyloid precursor protein.
Critical determinants of a successful gastric bypass: reservoir versus stoma. (1982)

Most investigators have emphasized that both a small reservoir and a narrow stoma are critical to the success of a gastric bypass. This prospective study was performed to test this clinical hypothesis. All patients had a similar 30-45 ml proximal gastric reservoir created; however, stoma size was determined by the lumen of the jejunum, averaging 3.2 cm in cross-sectional diameter. We found that stoma size had little effect on the success of the gastric bypass if a tiny (less than 45 ml) reservoir was consistently created and a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was used for reestablishing intestinal continuity. The avoidance of a small stoma virtually eliminates postbypass emesis as a major complication.
A rho gene product in human blood platelets. II. Effects of the ADP-ribosylation by botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase on platelet aggregation. (1992)

In the accompanying paper (Nemoto, Y., Namba, T., Teru-uchi, T., Ushikubi, F., Morii, N., and Narumiya, S. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20916-20920), we have identified rhoA protein as the sole substrate protein for botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase (C3 exoenzyme) in human blood platelets. Here we examined the role of rhoA protein in platelet functions. C3 exoenzyme added to washed platelets dose- and time-dependently ADP-ribosylated rhoA protein in situ in the cells. Concomitant with this modification, inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was observed. This inhibition was not reversed by washing the treated platelets, but was not found when C3 exoenzyme was pretreated with mouse monoclonal anti-C3 exoenzyme antibody. C3 exoenzyme treatment did not affect thrombin-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. Secretion of preloaded [14C]serotonin was delayed by the enzyme treatment, but the extent of the secretion was not influenced. In addition, the enzyme treatment did not change the expression of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex on the platelet surface. The enzyme treatment also suppressed platelet aggregation induced by phorbol myristate acetate. These results suggest that rhoA protein plays a role mainly in the aggregation process downstream from receptor-phospholipase C coupling. This, together with the previous finding that rhoA protein modulates stress fiber formation in cultured fibroblasts (Paterson, H. F., Self, A. J., Garrett, M. D., Just, I., Aktories, K., and Hall, A. (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 1001-1007), suggests that rhoA protein regulates the assembly of actin filaments and the avidity of the platelet integrin (glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) in the aggregation process.
A history-based scheme for accelerating Prolog interpretation (2003)

An algorithm for improving the performance of a Prolog interpreter is introduced. The algorithm, unlike the intelligent backtracking schemes which improve the performance by avoiding redundant redos, avoids redundant calls. The algorithm identifies the redundant calls by maintaining a history of the program execution. The algorithm can be used in conjunction with an intelligent backtracking scheme for a further speed-up of the programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of a novel gallosilicate with the ferrierite structure (1989)

Aluminium-free (Si, Ga)-ferrierite with Si/Ga = 6.6 has been prepared by direct synthesis and its orthorhombic unit cell parameters are a= 19.01(1), b= 14.15(1), and c= 7.481(3)Å, the unit cell volume being 0.55% larger than for (Si, Al)-ferrierite; solid-sate n.m.r. spectroscopy shows that pyrrolidine, the template molecule, is essentially intact in the channels of the new material.
Frequent somatic mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in left-sided colon cancer. (1998)

We analyzed somatic mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11)/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in 49 colorectal tumors in three different stages of a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. We detected LOH in 10 of 19 (52.6%) informative colorectal cancers at loci D19S886 and/or D19S883, but no LOH was observed in 25 informative adenomas. We detected a total of 9 somatic mutations [7 of 13 (53.8%) left-sided colon cancers and 2 of 7 (28.6%) left-sided adenomas with high-grade dysplasia], but no mutations were detected in right-sided colon tumors. Of the nine mutations, one was a frameshift mutation (the same mutation detected in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome family previously), and the other eight were missense mutations. This results indicate that STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene and that genetic changes of STK11 play an important role in left-sided colon cancer carcinogenesis.
Authentication Mechanism for Private Cloud of Enterprise (2013)

Enterprises need accurate and efficient reaction speed in their business processes. There are diversity information needs in different departments, locations, or offices around the world. When enterprises adopt private cloud and consider the cost condition, SSL VPN (Secure Sockets Layer Virtual Private Network) gateway is a possible solution. Integrating internal enterprise resource planning application to build a private cloud, the external users of company may use mobile device to access control resources at any time and any place, as long as the network. The main purpose of this research is to achieve the authentication for private cloud of enterprise. The proposed approach adopts three-layers authentication, namely (1) using AD/LDAP to authenticate the user id and password (2) using dynamic password generated from MOTP Token to improve authentication (3) using device fingerprint verification to confirm that the mobile device was pre-authenticated. Based on the proposed three-layer authentication, the information security of company could be achieved and further increasing the feasibility of enterprises to adopt enterprise private cloud.
Systems study for the removal, recovery, and disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants in the US (1985)

This report examines the feasibility of preventing man-made CO/sub 2/ from entering the atmosphere. Utilities produce about 30% of the emissions of CO/sub 2/, therefore, the system is first applied in this study to the power plant effluents. An absorption/stripping stack gas scrubbing and regeneration process was chosen for the present system study. An improved solvent process is used and the process is integrated with the power plant operations to improve the efficiency of the combined plant. Three methods of disposal are selected and appropriately applied, depending on geographical proximity to the source power plants. The US Department of Energy Federal Region Divisions for utility power plants was utilized to aggregate and design the disposal system. The energy requirement to drive the various parts of the system is estimated. This is a first order design and cost estimation system study, made primarily for the purpose of determining the order of magnitude feasibility and economic costs for the removal, recovery, and disposal of CO/sub 2/ from power plant stacks in the US. The base year chosen for the systems analysis was 1980 and all capacity and costs are indexed to that year.
Inflammatory Triggers of Lymphangiogenesis (2003)

Inflammation is the common denominator to the postnatal events that overlap with lymphatic vessel growth, or lymphangiogenesis. Undoubtedly, inflammation and accompanying fluid overload are cardinal factors in wound healing, lymphedema, the pathogenesis of some forms of lymphangiomatosis, and solid tumor lymphangiogenesis. The assertion that inflammation actually triggers lymphangiogenesis lies in the evidence set forth below that inflammation is the usual precursor to tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, the panel of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules that orchestrates the inflammatory response abounds with cytokines and chemokines that foster survival, migration, and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, both interstitial fluid overload and increased demand for removal of leukocytes can benefit from lymphangiogenesis, although the mechanisms controlling the exit of leukocytes from tissues via the lymphatics are practically unknown. The pertinent question actually is how and why inflammation presents with formation of new lymph vessels in liver fibrosis but not in rheumatoid arthritis. One possible explanation is that organspecific histological and functional properties of the lymphatic endothelium gauge their response to death, survival, and proliferative factors. Alternatively, the decision to remain quiescent, proliferate or regress resides within the stroma microenvironment.
Ge growth on Si using atomic hydrogen as a surfactant (1994)

We have examined the effect of adsorbed atomic hydrogen (H) on the evolution of Ge films on Si(001) and (111) substrates in solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy. The H flux was supplied separately from the Ge flux. By cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy it was observed that H acted as a surfactant during growth, suppressing island formation of Ge on both substrates. The effect of the H surfactant on variation of the growth mode is also discussed.
Effects of photoresist foreshortening on an advanced Ti/AlCu/Ti metallurgy and W interconnect technology (1998)

Competitive technology ground rules for BEOL (Back end of Line) interconnects have been shrinking aggressively. Extending the life of existing tool sets and manufacturing processes for these new aggressive technologies is required to make these newer technologes cost competitive. This paper describes the early process transfer phase of a technology installation into a manufacturing. The effects of photolithography induced metal line end shortening foreshortening) can have a significant impact on the etched Ti/AlCu/Ti/TiN metal lines (Figure 1). This defect observed after metal etch is directly attributed to foreshortening of the photoresist lines. When a tungsten contact (interconnect) is not fully covered by a resist line during the metal etch and subsequent chromic phosphoric clean operation, attack of the Ti/AlCu/Ti metallurgy occurred. The metal defect resulted in test yield loss due to open metal line and high via resistance which impacted wafer final test yield. This defect was found to impact single metal to via interfaces within small via chain defect monitors which lead to serious reliability concerns due to the low level of detectability for this problem on products.
Levobupivacaine. (2001)

Bupivacaine has been the most widely used local anaesthetic for years. Recent studies point out levobupivacaine, an S(-) isomer of the racemic bupivacaine. This review shows the properties of levobupivacaine describing the animal and human volunteers studies on toxicity and the first clinical studies in obstetrics, general surgery and paediatrics. In vitro animal studies show that, injected intravenously, levobupivacaine has less cardiotoxic effects and less toxic effects on the CNS in comparison with both R(+) bupivacaine and bupivacaine itself, caused by a minor affinity for brain tissue resulting in less CNS depressant effects as well as for myocardial tissue, which leads to a higher dose necessary before being lethal in comparison to bupivacaine. Studies in human volunteers confirm these results, adding a minor arrhythmogenic, and less negative inotropic effect. Clinical studies show no significant differences in onset, duration and sensory block, but complete regression of sensory block takes longer. Potency is equal for levo- and bupivacaine according to MLAC in labour analgesia. Studies in paediatrics confirm effective analgesia but show less intensity of motor block. The reduced toxicity of levobupivacaine gives wider safety margin in the daily clinical practice both for single shot and for continuous infusion, intraoperatively during various surgical procedures and for the postoperative pain control and analgesia in labour.
Nanoscale studies of ferroelectric domain walls as pinned elastic interfaces (2013)

The competition between elasticity and pinning of an interface in a fluctuating potential energy landscape gives rise to characteristic self-affine roughening and a complex dynamic response to applied forces. This statistical physics approach provides a general framework in which the behaviour of systems as diverse as propagating fractures, wetting lines, burning fronts or surface growth can be described. Domain walls separating regions with different polarisation orientation in ferroelectric materials are another example of pinned elastic interfaces, and can serve as a particularly useful model system. Reciprocally, a better understanding of this fundamental physics allows key parameters controlling domain switching, growth, and stability to be determined, and used to improve the performance of ferroelectric materials in applications such as memories, sensors, and actuators. In this review, we focus on piezoresponse force microscopy measurements of individual ferroelectric domain walls, allowing their static configuration and dynamic response to be accessed with nanoscale resolution over multiple orders of length scale and velocity. Combined with precise control over the applied electric field, temperature, and strain, and the ability to influence the type and density of defects present in the sample, this experimental system has allowed not only a direct demonstration of creep motion and roughening, but provides an opportunity to test less-well-understood aspects of out-of-equilibrium behaviour, and the effects of greater complexity in the structure of both the interface and the disorder landscape pinning it.
Synthesis and carbon‐13 NMR study of 2‐benzyl, 2‐methyl, 2‐aryloctahydropyrrolo [3,4‐<i>c</i>] pyrroles and the 1,2,3,5‐tetrahydropyrrolo [3,4‐<i>c</i>] pyrrole ring system (1983)

Abstract 2‐Benzyl, 2‐phenyl, 2‐ (3‐methoxyphenyl) and 2‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl) octahydropyrrolo[3,4‐ c ]pyrrole ( 9a, 9b, 9c , and 9d , respectively) were prepared in five steps from 1‐benzylpyrrole‐3,4‐dicarboxylic acid ( 2 ). 2‐Methyloctahydropyrrolo [3,4‐ c ]pyrrole ( 9′a ) was prepared analogously in six steps from 1‐methylpyrrole‐3,4‐dicarboxylic acid ( 3 ). Diborane reduction of 1‐benzyl‐ N ‐methyl‐1 H ‐pyrrole‐3,4‐dicarboximide ( 7′a ) and 1, N ‐dibenzyl‐1 H ‐pyrrole‐3,4‐dicarboximide ( 7a ) gave 5‐benzyl‐2‐methyl and 2, 5‐dibenzyl‐1,2,3,5‐tetrahydropyrrolo [3,4‐ c ]pyrrole ( 19 ′ and 19 , respectively); the first reported members of the 1,2,3,5‐tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4‐ c ]pyrrole ring system. A detailed study of the carbon‐13 nmr shifts permitted a complete assignment for all compounds. Mono and disubstituted products produce a systematic effect on the shifts for the bicyclic ring systems which can be readily interpreted in terms of substituent chemical shifts. The effect of protonation at nitrogen is also shown to produce a series of well defined chemical shifts for the octahydropyrrolo [3,4‐ c ] pyrrole ring system.
Power saving algorithms for wireless sensor networks on IEEE 802.15.4 (2008)

IEEE 802.15.4 is the global standard protocol designed for low-power and low-rate wireless personal area networks. When applied to sensor networks, extra care should be taken due to their requirements for multihop communication with minimum energy consumption. In this article we first discuss potential problems with the energy consumption in sensor networks using IEEE 802.15.4. Then six representative categories of algorithms are presented. The algorithms reside in between the MAC and a network layer. All operations of the MAC are performed through the standard interfaces of IEEE 802.15.4 without altering the standard protocol. The energy consumption and latency of the algorithms are evaluated by analysis and experiments, and the feasibility of real implementations is also discussed.
Determinants of the center of mass trajectory in human walking and running (1998)

Walking is often modeled as an inverted pendulum system in which the center of mass vaults over the rigid stance limb. Running is modeled as a simple spring-mass system in which the center of mass bounces along on the compliant stance limb. In these models, differences in stance-limb behavior lead to nearly opposite patterns of vertical movements of the center of mass in the two gaits. Our goal was to quantify the importance of stance-limb behavior and other factors in determining the trajectory of the center of mass during walking and running. We collected kinematic and force platform data during human walking and running. Virtual stance-limb compression (i.e. reduction in the distance between the point of foot-ground contact and the center of mass during the first half of the stance phase) was only 26% lower for walking (0.091 m) than for running (0.123 m) at speeds near the gait transition speed. In spite of this relatively small difference, the center of mass moved upwards by 0.031 m during the first half of the stance phase during walking and moved downwards by 0.073 m during the first half of the stance phase during running. The most important reason for this difference was that the stance limb swept through a larger angle during walking (30.4 degrees) than during running (19.2 degrees). We conclude that stance-limb touchdown angle and virtual stance-limb compression both play important roles in determining the trajectory of the center of mass and whether a gait is a walk or a run.
1241. Pyrazines. Part II. The preparation and reactions of 2,3-, 2,5-, and 2,6-disubstituted pyrazines (1965)

G. W. H. Cheeseman and E. S. G. Törzs, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 6681 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650006681
Calcium Signaling via Orai1 Is Essential for Induction of the Nuclear Orphan Receptor Pathway To Drive Th17 Differentiation (2013)

Orai1 is the pore subunit of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels that stimulate downstream signaling pathways crucial for T cell activation. CRAC channels are an attractive therapeutic target for alleviation of autoimmune diseases. Using high-throughput chemical library screening targeting Orai1, we identified a novel class of small molecules that inhibit CRAC channel activity. One of these molecules, compound 5D, inhibited CRAC channel activity by blocking ion permeation. When included during differentiation, Th17 cells showed higher sensitivity to compound 5D than Th1 and Th2 cells. The selectivity was attributable to high dependence of promoters of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors on the Ca(2+)-NFAT pathway. Blocking of CRAC channels drastically decreased recruitment of NFAT and histone modifications within key gene loci involved in Th17 differentiation. The impairment in Th17 differentiation by treatment with CRAC channel blocker was recapitulated in Orai1-deficient T cells, which could be rescued by exogenous expression of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors or a constitutive active mutant of NFAT. In vivo administration of CRAC channel blockers effectively reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of differentiation of inflammatory T cells. These results suggest that CRAC channel blockers can be considered as chemical templates for the development of therapeutic agents to suppress inflammatory responses.