gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal post-routing redundant via insertion (2008)

Redundant via insertion is highly recommended for improving chip yield and reliability. In this paper, we study the problem of double-cut via insertion (DVI) in a post-routing stage, where a single via can have at most one redundant via inserted next to it and the goal is to insert as many redundant vias as possible. The DVI problem can be naturally formulated as a zero-one integer linear program (0-1 ILP). Our main contributions are acceleration methods for reducing the problem size and the number of constraints. Moreover, we extend the 0-1 ILP formulation to handle via density constraints. Experimental results show that our 0-1 ILP is very efficient in computing optimal DVI solution, with up to 35.3 times speedup over existing heuristic algorithms
Generation of Laguerre–Gaussian LG<sub>p0</sub> beams using binary phase diffractive optical elements (2014)

In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to laser beams with specific intensity profile, i.e., non-Gaussian. In this work, we present a novel technique to generate high-radial-order Laguerre-Gaussian beams LG(p0) based on the use of a binary phase diffractive optical element (BPDOE). The latter is a phase plate made up of annular zones introducing alternatively a phase shift equal to 0 or π modeled on positions which do not coincide with the position of the zeros of the desired LG(p0) beam. The LG(p0) beams are obtained by transforming a fundamental Gaussian beam through an appropriate BPDOE. The design of the latter is based on the calculation of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, and the diffracted intensity at the focus plane of a lens has been modeled analytically for the first time. The numerical simulations and experiment demonstrate a good beam quality transformation. Obtained LG(p0) are suitable for atom trap and pumping solid state laser applications.
A T-gate overlapped LDD device with high circuit performance and high reliability (2002)

The authors describe a novel T-gate overlapped LDD (lightly doped drain) device having the thick gate-oxide above the LDD region. It is shown that the thick gate-oxide above the LDD region is effective in reducing the vertical electric field in the LDD region and gate-drain overlapped capacitance. The T-gate overlapped LDD structure provides low gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) and high speed/low power dissipation. This device improves by 3.5 V the subbreakdown voltage induced by the GIDL. The 0.6- mu m T-gate overlapped LDD device provides almost the same hot-carrier resistance, and represents a circuit speed of 65 ps/stage at Vdd=3 V and 15% improvement in power dissipation when compared with the 0.6- mu m gate overlapped drain device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A FUZZY RELIABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON THE TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN DISCRETE FUZZY VARIABLES AND DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES (2006)

When fuzzy information is taken into consideration in design, it is difficult to analyze the reliability of machine parts because we usually must deal with random information and fuzzy information simultaneously. Therefore, in order to make it easy to analyze fuzzy reliability, this paper proposes the transformation between discrete fuzzy random variable and discrete random variable based on a fuzzy reliability analysis when one of the stress and strength is a discrete fuzzy variable and the other is a discrete random variable. The transformation idea put forwards in this paper can be extended to continuous case, and can also be used in the fuzzy reliability analysis of repairable system.
Nanosecond electron tunneling between the hemes in cytochrome <i>bo</i> <sub>3</sub> (2007)

Biological electron transfer (eT) between redox-active cofactors is thought to occur by quantum-mechanical tunneling. However, in many cases the observed rate is limited by other reactions coupled to eT, such as proton transfer, conformational changes, or catalytic chemistry at an active site. A prominent example of this phenomenon is the eT between the heme groups of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, which has been reported to take place in several different time domains. The question of whether pure eT tunneling in the nanosecond regime between the heme groups can be observed has been the subject of some experimental controversy. Here, we report direct observations of eT between the heme groups of the quinol oxidase cytochrome bo(3) from Escherichia coli, where the reaction is initiated by photolysis of carbon monoxide from heme o(3). eT from CO-dissociated ferrous heme o(3) to the low-spin ferric heme b takes place at a rate of (1.2 ns)(-1) at 20 degrees C as determined by optical spectroscopy. These results establish heme-heme electron tunneling in the bo(3) enzyme, a bacterial relative to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. The properties of eT between the closely lying heme groups in the heme-copper oxidases are discussed in terms of the reorganization energy for the process, and two methods for assessing the rate of electron tunneling are presented.
Adverse Events Reported Following Live, Cold-Adapted, Intranasal Influenza Vaccine (2005)

Reports to VAERS in the first 2 seasons of LAIV-T use did not identify any unexpected serious risks with this vaccine when used according to approved indications. Like many vaccines and other medical products, LAIV-T may rarely cause anaphylaxis. Secondary transmission of the vaccine virus merits further investigation. Reports of asthma exacerbations in vaccinees with prior asthma history highlight the risks of vaccine use inconsistent with approved labeling.
Label-Free Detection of DNA Hybridization Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2010)

The SERS spectrum of DNA is strongly dominated by the strong spectral feature of adenine at 736 cm(-1); the presence of adenine can serve as an endogenous marker for the label-free SERS-based detection of DNA hybridization when the probe DNA sequence is adenine-free. The substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine on the probe DNA sequence enables the detection of a target sequence using SERS, upon hybridization of the target with the 2-AP-substituted probe DNA sequence.
Network on a chip: modeling wireless networks with asynchronous VLSI (2001)

We introduce the notion of a network on a chip: a programmable asynchronous VLSI architecture for fast and efficient simulation of wireless networks. The approach is inspired by the remarkable similarity between networks and asynchronous VLSI. Our approach results in simulators that can evaluate network scenarios much faster than real time, enabling a new class of network protocols that can dynamically change their behavior based on feedback from in situ simulation. We describe our simulation architecture, and present results that validate our approach.
A submilliampere-threshold multiquantum-well AlGaAs laser without facet coating using single-step MOCVD (1992)

An extremely low threshold current, of 0.88 mA under continuous wave (CW) operation was obtained for a three-quantum-well AlGaAs-GaAs laser without facet coating at room temperature. This laser was fabricated using only single-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on a nonplanar GaAs substrate. The energy conversion efficiency from input electric power to light output power was 42% at 1 mW/facet, which is the highest value for all types of lasers. The laser beam shape was nearly round with an aspect ratio of 0.86.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Characterization of human skin using optical coherence tomography</title> (1996)

We report the results of clinical test of a compact, fast- scanning OCT device, elaborated in the Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences. The device is based on a polarization-preserving optical fiber. Michelson interferometer with an integrated unit for fast electro- optic scanning in the depth of the investigated tissue. An essential advantage of the polarization-preserving fiber interferometer scheme consists in employing a flexible fiber cable in the sample arm. This is principal for clinical applications of the OCT, first of all in dermatology and endoscopy studying of internal organs. The compact OCT device includes a 1.5 mW superluminescent source of radiation at the wavelength of 0.83 mcm with the 30 nm spectral width. It enables to produce 200 by 200 images for approximately 1 s acquisition time. Clinical tests of the device have been focused on monitoring of pathological and postoperative states and burns of human skin in vivo and in vitro and determining optical characteristics (refraction index, scattering coefficients) of human tissues. Parallel histological study of postoperative specimens has been carried out. Recently developed OCT device for simultaneous dual-wavelength imaging will allow to distinguish better absorbing and scattering structures and differentiate melanocytic skin lesions including tumors.
[Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplemental vitamin E on attenuation of the development of nitrate tolerance]. (1998)

The attenuation of intracellular production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been known as a mechanism of nitrate tolerance. A recent in vitro study have shown an increase in superoxide levels and a reduced activation of guanylate cyclase in tolerant vessels. We investigated the preventive effect of an antioxidant, vitamin E, on the development of nitrate tolerance. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 24 normal volunteers and 24 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD patients) were randomized to receive either vitamin E (200 mg t. i. d.; vitamin E group) or placebo (placebo group). Vasodilator response to nitroglycerin was assessed with forearm plethysmography by measuring the change in the forearm blood flow before and 5 min after sublingual administration of 0.3 mg nitroglycerin, and at the same time, blood samples were taken from veins to measure the platelet cGMP level. Measurements of the forearm blood flow and blood sampling were obtained serially at baseline (day 0), 3 days after taking vitamin E or placebo alone (day 3), and 3 days after application of a 10 mg/24 hr nitroglycerin tape concomitantly with oral vitamin E or placebo (day 6). The response of forearm blood flow (%FBF) and cGMP (%cGMP) after sublingual nitroglycerin on day 0(%FBF: normal volunteers 32 +/- 12% vs 31 +/- 11%, IHD patients 35 +/- 15% vs 34 +/- 15%; %cGMP: normal volunteers 38 +/- 10% vs 35 +/- 11%, IHD patients 37 +/- 11% vs 38 +/- 12%; vitamin E group as placebo group) and day 3(%FBF: normal volunteers 33 +/- 9% vs 32 +/- 12%, IHD patients 35 +/- 12% vs 33 +/- 13%, %cGMP: normal volunteers 38 +/- 10% vs 37 +/- 11%, IHD patients 36 +/- 14% vs 37 +/- 10%, vitamin E group vs placebo group) were not different between the two groups. On day 6 %FBF and %cGMP in the placebo group were significantly lower compared with day 0, and there were significant differences in them between the two groups (%FBF: normal volunteers 30 +/- 12% vs 17 +/- 9%, p < 0.01; IHD patients 28 +/- 14% vs 17 +/- 8%, p < 0.01; %cGMP: normal volunteers 35 +/- 11% vs 8 +/- 5%, p < 0.01; IHD patients 38 +/- 10% vs 12 +/- 4%, p < 0.01, vitamin E group vs placebo group). In conclusion, the combination therapy with vitamin E is potentially a useful method to prevent the development of nitrate tolerance.
Radial artery access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (2004)

This case was described on 31 July and 7 August (BMJ 2004;329, 273 and 342). Debate on the management of the patient continues on bmj.com/cgi/content/full/329/7460/273#responses). On 28 August we will publish the outcome of the case together with commentaries on the issues raised by the management and online discussion from the patient and relevant experts.
Strain distribution and electronic spectra of InAs/GaAs self-assembled dots: An eight-band study (1997)

Strained epitaxy has been shown to produce pyramidal-shaped quantum dot structures by single-step epitaxy. In this paper we examine the strain tensor in these quantum dots using a valence force field model. We use an eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ formalism to find the electronic spectra in the highly strained dots. Results obtained for the conduction-band spectra using the effective-mass approach are shown to have serious errors. This is particularly true for excited states in the conduction band. The dependence of the electronic spectra on the quantum dot size and shape is also reported along with comparisons with published experimental results.
Disorder strongly enhances Auger recombination in conductive quantum-dot solids (2013)

Auger recombination (AR) can be an important loss mechanism for optoelectronic devices, but it is typically not very efficient at low excitation densities. Here we show that in conductive quantum-dot solids, AR is the dominant charge carrier decay path even at excitation densities as low as 10⁻³ per quantum dot, and that AR becomes faster as the charge carrier mobility increases. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that this efficient AR results from charge carrier congregation in 'Auger hot spots': lower-energy sites that are present because of energy disorder. Disorder-enhanced AR is a general effect that is expected to be active in all disordered materials. The observed efficient AR is an issue of concern for devices that work at charge carrier densities in excess of ~10⁻³ charge carriers per quantum dot. At the same time, efficient carrier congregation could be exploited for fast optical switching or to achieve optical gain in the near infrared.
Improved Specificity of Newborn Screening for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia by Second-Tier Steroid Profiling Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Steroid profiling in blood spots can identify false-positive results obtained by conventional newborn screening for CAH.
Advanced Rapid Mirror Assembly Processing (2005)

Numerous government agencies (e.g., DoD and NASA) have identified/defined needs (Airborne and Space Based Laser and JWST) for large, lightweight, and large-scale deployable optics systems. For DoD applications, such as surveillance/reconnaissance and communication systems, there is an added need for new and highly innovative concepts for not only improved performance but also for reducing costs and shortening production schedules. There is a huge incentive to produce large size mirrors, since the performance of the mirror increases with the mirror size (aperture). However, the weight of the mirror also increases drastically with the size, and therefore to meet launch payload requirements light-weighting is a necessity. Another important requirement is that the surface of the mirror should have a precise geometrical shape, typically within λ/10 to λ/20 RMS, where λ = wavelength. Due to the need for minimum light scattering, the surface finish should be controlled to λ/200 to λ/500, which leads to a surface roughness tolerance of less than 2 nm. Traditional procedures for fabricating monolithic glass mirrors involve slow cooling, annealing, and sometimes bonding to produce the glass blank, along with a series of elaborate grinding and polishing steps to achieve reasonable surface figure and finish values. Producing large-size mirrors (above 3 to 4 meters in diameter) with monolithic glass is unlikely from a structural/weight point of view as well as a cost and schedule point of view. The production of lightweight mirrors has been partly successful through the use of a glassspinning technique. Another technique for light-weighting mirrors is the utilization of an active membrane mirror, which involves machining the substrate down to a very thin meniscus. These two glass-based lightweight mirrors, however, require labor intensive grinding and polishing operations. Other types of mirror materials, such as advanced metallic or ceramics, require even more time-consuming operations due to the difficulty of polishing to the required figure and finish. Recently, it has been proposed to fabricate ultra-lightweight precision mirrors via replication technology where the grinding and polishing steps of each mirror are eliminated. 11) Here a mandrel is polished to an inverse figure shape, coated with the appropriate reflective layer and optical membrane and then reinforced with a structural substrate. For example, Lawrence Livermore National Labs has developed a magnetron sputtering approach for building replicated optical membranes from Au-coated Cu/Cu-Zr nano-laminates. Several researchers are attempting to attach these nano-laminates to structural substrates including graphite fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced Mg, and SiC without producing figure and finish distortion. The distortions arise for several reasons including CTE 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference 18 21 April 2005, Austin, Texas AIAA 2005-2361
Improvement of Etalon-fringe Immunity in Diode-laser Derivative Spectroscopy (1982)

In a sensitive spectrometry with lead-salt diode lasers, etalon-fringe phenomena often intervene in the measured absorption spectrum. Derivative methods are employed for the purpose of high resolution where the pertaining wavelength is modulated. This paper presents results of mathematical examination on a possible improvement of immunity from the etalon-fringes by choosing the profile of the wavelength modulation.
Mixed populations of marine microalgae in continuous culture: Factors affecting species dominance and biomass productivity (1984)

Marine microalgae were grown in multispecies continuous cultures. Under carbon dioxide limitation, blue-green algae dominated. Under nitrate and light limitation, species dominance depended on the initial conditions. When the inoculum consisted primarily of blue-green algae with smaller amounts of other species, blue-green algae and pennate diatoms dominated. When the inoculum consisted of equal amounts of all species, green flagellates and pennate diatoms dominated. Green flagellates and blue-green algae were incompatible and never shared dominance. When nutrient limitations were overcome, the productivity of seawater was increased 100-fold before light limitation occurred. The productivity could be further increased by reducing photorespiration in the culture. The dilution rates studied (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 day(-1)) had no effect on species dominance, nor did the higher dilution rates select for smaller cells. The maximum productivity occurred at a dilution rate of 0.2 day(-1). Temperature had the greatest effect on species dominance, with green flagellates, pennate diatoms, and blue-green algae dominating at 20 degrees C and only blue-green algae dominating at 35 degrees C. The productivity at 35 degrees C was lower than that at 20 degrees C because of the lower solubility of carbon dioxide at higher temperatures. At 10% salinity, green flagellates and pennate diatoms dominated. The productivity at this salinity was 50% that obtained at the salinity of seawater (3.5%). At 25% salinity, only the green flagellate, Dunaliella salina, survived at a productivity of 1% that obtained at the salinity of seawater.
Modeling pneumatic bubble displacements with membrane theory (2010)

We have fabricated a small array of pneumatically actuated bubbles intended as a tactile stimulator that can be worn on the fingertip. While device operation is quite promising, we notice that the perceptibility of stimuli is a strong function of how much force a user applies. We surmise that membrane deflection is affected not only by valve-controlled pressure but by finger-applied pressure as well. With the eventual aim of developing an analytical model of membrane deflection as a function of multiple types of load, applied from both sides of the membrane and including varying contact area between membrane substrate and skin, we are developing expanded membrane equilibrium equations. In this paper, we present equilibrium equations suitable for obtaining the displacement of a thin, circular membrane of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) subjected to a uniform pressure on one side. A comparison of numerical solutions to an analytic solution available for linearized equations confirms operation of the numerical solver and singularity handling. Initial results from measurements made under an inverted microscope are also presented and compared to theory.
Inferring and exploiting compact models of evolutionary problem structure (2015)

In both natural and artificial evolution, populations search a space of possibilities using the mechanisms of natural selection and random variation. However, not all variations are equally likely. The directions which variation can take are themselves a key part of the evolutionary machinery, determining the ability of evolution to create diversity whilst obeying the constraints of phenotype space. To be effective they must reflect the structure of the selective environment in which they exist. Evolutionary algorithms are often designed with a priori assumptions about this structure, but it can also be learned on the fly using “model-building” algorithms. However, there are many open questions: what information do populations contain about their selective environment? How can it be extracted from a population and represented? And how can it be exploited to facilitate more effective evolutionary search?<br/><br/>In this thesis, a novel type of lossless compact model called Schema Grammar is introduced. Schema Grammar overcomes the current limitations of compact models by<br/>enabling intrinsically non-sequential data to be compressed. It offers a number of advantages over existing model-building approaches. In particular, the model is able to infer a hierarchy of genetic schemata that is consistent with the compositional structure of the selective environment, and has a strong predictive quality with respect to fitness. By using this structure to facilitate variation at many different levels of scale, instances<br/>of well-known test problems are shown to be solvable in low-order polynomial time, matching the performance of state of the art methods.<br/><br/>The information-theoretic qualities of Schema Grammar also enable evolutionary information to be quantified in novel ways. Building on recent advances in information and complexity theory, the model is used to quantify mutual information between populations and their selective environment, including environments containing complex<br/>epistatic structure. It is also used to predict the fitness of individuals by measuring their information distance to a fit population.
Thioacylierung von Malonsäurederivaten mit Dithio‐ und Thionestern (1968)

Abstract Äquimolare Mengen Malondinitril kondensieren mit Dithio‐ und Thionestern aliphatischer und aromatischer Carbonsäuren sowie mit Trithio‐ und Thionestern der Kohlensäure in Gegenwart von Alkalialkoholat zu den Alkalisalzen in 2‐Stellung substituierter 2‐Mercapto‐1‐cyan‐acrylnitrile 3 , die durch Alkylierung entsprechend substituierte 2‐Alkylmercapto‐1‐cyan‐acryl‐nitrile 6 liefern. Die analoge Kondensation mit diversen Malonsäurederivaten an Stelle von Malondinitril führt zu den Alkalisalzen 8 , die beim Ansäuern die freien Mercapto‐Verbindungen 9 abscheiden und mit Methyljodid die Methylmercapto‐Verbindungen 10 bilden. Die Strukturen von 3, 6, 8, 9 und 10 werden an Hand spektroskopischer Daten diskutiert.