gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacteroides fragilis–Stimulated Interleukin-10 Contains Expanding Disease (2011)

Commensal symbionts may become pathogens upon escaping their habitat. In the gut, Bacteroides fragilis protects against colitis through induction of interleukin 10 (IL-10) by CD4(+) T cells. When intestinal integrity is disrupted, B. fragilis and colonic contents escape into the peritoneum, causing abscesses and bacteremia. Whether the virulence mechanisms employed by B. fragilis during infections differ from those employed for symbiosis during commensalism is unknown. We demonstrate T cell-independent IL-10 production in response to B. fragilis during its pathogenic interactions with the host, and demonstrate the ability of the whole organism to activate Toll-like receptor 2-mediated MyD88 signaling in macrophages. Upon challenge with B. fragilis, mortality rates and serum proinflammatory cytokine levels were higher among IL-10(-/-) mice than among wild-type mice. Deaths were due to exuberant proinflammatory responses, not increased bacterial burden. During infection or commensalism, induction of IL-10 by B. fragilis is critical to this microbe's interactions with the immune system.
Synthesis and Properties of Block Copolymers. 4. Poly(p-tert-butylstyrene-diene-p-tert-butylstyrene) and Poly(p-tert-butylstyrene-isoprene-styrene) (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Properties of Block Copolymers. 4. Poly(p-tert-butylstyrene-diene-p-tert-butylstyrene) and Poly(p-tert-butylstyrene-isoprene-styrene)L. J. Fetters, E. M. Firer, and M. DafautiCite this: Macromolecules 1977, 10, 6, 1200–1207Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60060a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60060a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views353Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The atmospheric aerosol system: An overview (1983)

Aerosols could play a critical role in many processes which impact on our lives either indirectly (e.g., climate) or directly (e.g., health). However, our ability to assess these possible impacts is constrained by our limited knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of aerosols, both anthropogenic and natural. This deficiency is attributable in part to the fact that aerosols are the end product of a vast array of chemical and physical processes. Consequently, the properties of the aerosol can exhibit a great deal of variability in both time and space. Furthermore, most aerosol studies have focused on measurements of a single aerosol characteristic such as composition or size distribution. Such information is generally not useful for the assessment of impacts because the degree of impact may depend on the integral properties of the aerosol, for example, the aerosol composition as a function of particle size. In this overview we discuss recent work on atmospheric aerosols that illustrates the complex nature of the aerosol chemical and physical system, and we suggest strategies for future research. A major conclusion is that man has had a great impact on the global budgets of certain species, especially sulfur and nitrogen, that play a dominant role in the atmospheric aerosol system. These changes could conceivably affect climate. Large‐scale impacts are implied because it has recently been demonstrated that natural and pollutant aerosol episodes can be propagated over great distances. However, at present there is no evidence linking anthropogenic activities with a persistent increase in aerosol concentrations on a global scale. A major problem in assessing man's impact on the atmospheric aerosol system and on global budgets is the absence of aerosol measurements in remote marine and continental areas. This dearth is especially acute for the southern hemisphere, where we could expect natural sources to predominate because of the relatively low level of industrial development and energy utilization.
Stage-specific, strain-specific, and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania species identified by monoclonal antibodies (1982)

The fusion of NS-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice chronically infected with Leishmania tropica resulted in nine clones of hybridomas producing monospecific antibodies to membrane antigens of L. tropica. One of the antibodies (L-5-85) bound specifically to the promastigote form of the parasite, and the remaining eight recognized antigens shared by the promastigote and amastigote of L. tropica. Four of the antibodies (L-5-16, L-5-34, L-5-44, and L-2-3F11) detected parasite antigens on the surface of L. tropica-infected macrophages. Common antigens shared by L. tropica, L. mexicana, and L. donovani were identified as well as one antigen apparent on most Leishmania spp. and present also in Crithidia fasciculata. Two monoclonal antibodies (L-5-27 and L-5-41) were found to bind only to strains of L. tropica from simple cutaneous leishmaniasis. A special property shared by these two antibodies was the inhibition of parasite growth in macrophages in vitro.
Review of NAT Control Protocols (2009)

This document reviews NAT control capabilities of a set of protocols
and evaluates their applicability to per endpoint control of a Large
Scale NAT device.
Pre-B cells in peripheral blood of multiple myeloma patients (1985)

Although multiple myeloma is a disease of plasma cells, abnormalities have been detected in both B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Although multiple myeloma patients are deficient in surface Ig (sIg)- positive B lymphocytes, analysis of lymphocytes present in blood indicates an abnormally large pool of circulating pre-B cells. These pre-B cells express BA-1, do not bear sIg, and contain cytoplasmic mu chains. High numbers of pre-B cells occur in 88% of individuals with frank myeloma and in 44% of individuals with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Pre-B cells bearing BA-1 differ between patients in their expression of HLA-DR and receptors for peanut agglutinin (PNA). Those pre-B cells in myeloma patients are either BA- 1+ PNA- HLA-DR+ (54% of patients) or BA-1+ PNA+ HLA-DR- (30% of patients), or have a mixture of phenotypes (14% of patients). Pre-B cells of the PNA- phenotype are almost always HLA-DR+, and PNA+ pre-B cells are HLA-DR-. Within the same patient, the pre-B cell population varies by both quantitative and qualitative definitions. The number of pre-B cells may increase 460-fold and temporal shifts of surface phenotype from BA-1+ PNA- to BA-1+ PNA+ or vice versa have been detected. These observations indicate an abnormality in the B lymphocyte differentiation pathway leading to pre-B cells in the periphery that vary in number and cell surface phenotype, and that are unable to express sIg.
Cubosomes - A Novel Drug Delivery System (2018)

Cubosomes are discrete, sub-micron, nanostructured particles of the biscontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase. It consists of honeycombed structures separating two internal aqueous channels and a large interfacial area. Cubosomes are composed of polymers, lipids and surfactants with polar and non-polar components hence said as amphiphilic. Thus cubosomes are bicontinuous cubic liquid phase enclosing two separate regions of water divided by surfactant controlled bilayers and hence the prodrugs and cyclodextrins can be incorporated into it among others. Cubic liquid crystals are physically transparent and isotropic phases that are stable in excess water and show a unique system for the production of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The structure of cubosomes generally maintains the efficacy; stability of actives such as vitamins and proteins. Cubosomes are thermodynamically stable; lasting indefinitely. Colloidal dispersions of cubosomes can be stabilized by the addition of polymers. Improved stability of drug in formulation, desired particle size range, maximum drug loading capacity and well controlled drug release made cubosomal systems superior to other novel delivery systems like solid lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, microspheres and liposome. The choice of technique depends on the nature of polymer as well as the nature of drug and the duration of therapy. The most important physico chemical factors that may be controlled in cubosome manufacture are also being considered. The cubosomes offer well controlled delivery to variety of drug candidates like anti-inflammatory compounds, local anesthetics, antibiotics and anticancer drugs and the lipid entrapped cubosomal vaccines. The controlled release application of these nanoparticles is of a great significance in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical fields.
Functional expression cloning identifies COX-2 as a suppressor of antigen-specific cancer immunity (2014)

The efficacy of immune surveillance and antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy equally depends on the activation of a sustained immune response targeting cancer antigens and the susceptibility of cancer cells to immune effector mechanisms. Using functional expression cloning and T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, we have identified cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) as resistance factor against the cytotoxicity induced by activated, antigen-specific T cells. Expressing COX-2, but not a catalytically inactive COX-2 mutant, increased the clonogenic survival of E1A-transformed murine cancer cells when cocultured with lymphocytes from St42Rag2(-/-) mice harboring a transgenic TCR directed against an E1A epitope. COX-2 expressing tumors established in immune-deficient mice were less susceptible to adoptive immunotherapy with TCR transgenic lymphocytes in vivo. Also, immune surveillance of COX-2-positive tumor cells in TCR transgenic mice was less efficient. The growth of murine MC-GP tumors, which show high endogenous COX-2 expression, in immunocompetent mice was effectively suppressed by treatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. Mechanistically, COX-2 expression blunted the interferon-gamma release of antigen-specific T cells exposed to their respective cellular targets, and increased the expression of interleukin-4 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by tumor cells. Addition of interferon-gamma sensitized COX-2 expressing cancer cells to tumor suppression by antigen-specific T cells. In conclusion, COX-2, which is frequently induced in colorectal cancer, contributes to immune evasion and resistance to antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy by local suppression of T-cell effector functions.
Treatment and minimization of heavy metal-containing wastes 1995 (1995)

This symposium was held in conjunction with the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society in Las Vegas, Nevada, February 12--16, 1995. The purpose of this meeting was to provide a forum for exchange of state-of-the-art information on treating and minimizing heavy metal-containing wastes. Papers were categorized under the following broad headings: aqueous processing; waste water treatment; thermal processing and stabilization; processing of fly ash, flue dusts, and slags; and processing of lead, mercury, and battery wastes. Individual papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the appropriate data bases.
Analysis of the Expression of Cutaneous Lymphocyte-associated Antigen on the Peripheral Blood and Cutaneous Lymphocytes of Alopecia Areata Patients (2002)

Alopecia areata has been reported to be accompanied by abnormal autoimmune dysfunction. We examined the expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), which is a skin-specific lymphocyte homing receptor, in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin of patients with alopecia areata. In the patients' peripheral blood, the percentage of CLA-positive CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, was significantly higher than that of normal controls. The patients with severe or progressive alopecia areata showed a much higher CLA-positivity compared to patients recovering from the disease. A chronological study showed that the percentage of CLA-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4 + or CD8 + lymphocytes decreased in parallel with the patients' good clinical course. The CLA-positivity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes of patients with alopecia areata who did not respond to oral corticosteroid therapy remained higher than in those who responded well to the treatment. In the affected scalp skin, many infiltrating lymphocytes around the hair follicles, which were CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, expressed CLA. These findings suggest that the CLA-positivity correlates with clinical activity and that CLA-positive CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes may play an important role in alopecia areata.
Isolation, Culture and Characterization of Hirsutella sinensis Mycelium from Caterpillar Fungus Fruiting Body (2017)

The caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (previously called Cordyceps sinensis) has been used for centuries in Asia as a tonic to improve health and longevity. Recent studies show that O. sinensis produces a wide range of biological effects on cells, laboratory animals and humans, including anti-fatigue, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor activities. In view of the rarity of O. sinensis fruiting bodies in nature, cultivation of its anamorph mycelium represents a useful alternative for large-scale production. However, O. sinensis fruiting bodies harvested in nature harbor several fungal contaminants, a phenomenon that led to the isolation and characterization of a large number of incorrect mycelium strains. We report here the isolation of a mycelium from a fruiting body of O. sinensis and we identify the isolate as O. sinensis' anamorph (also called Hirsutella sinensis) based on multi-locus sequence typing of several fungal genes (ITS, nrSSU, nrLSU, RPB1, RPB2, MCM7, β-tubulin, TEF-1α, and ATP6). The main characteristics of the isolated mycelium, including its optimal growth at low temperature (16°C) and its biochemical composition, are similar to that of O. sinensis fruiting bodies, indicating that the mycelium strain characterized here may be used as a substitute for the rare and expensive O. sinensis fruiting bodies found in nature.
A Hybrid Expert System For Development Of Diagnosis And Treatment Plans (2005)

Various approaches for the development of medical expert systems have both advantages and disadvantages. Rule-based techniques rely upon expert input while neural network techniques derive information directly from data. The best opportunity for the development of a comprehensive decision aid appears to be the combination of techniques to take advantage of all sources of information. Such a system is described here. It incorporates both rule-based techniques and neural network models to produce a decision aid which is illustrated here for the development of treatment plans for patients with malignant melanoma.
Cooperative Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticle Mixtures in Lamellar Diblock Copolymers: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study (2006)

Abstract Summary: Dissipative particle dynamics simulations are performed on the distribution of binary nanoparticle mixtures in lamellar diblock copolymers. The results show that the self‐assembly of nanoparticle mixtures in polymer matrix is a cooperative assembly that is affected by various factors, providing molecular‐level information for the rational design of new polymer nanocomposites with tailored properties. The simulated polymer nanocomposite structure (the polymer matrix was omitted for clarity; P, gray; Q, black). magnified image The simulated polymer nanocomposite structure (the polymer matrix was omitted for clarity; P, gray; Q, black).
Antimicrobials from Mushrooms for Assuring Food Safety (2017)

The interest in discovering and developing natural antimicrobials has significantly increased due to consumer preferences for foods that are free of chemical preservatives while still microbiologically safe. One of the best sources of natural antimicrobials is certain mushrooms (fungi) as many of them not only have nutraceutical functions but also possess antimicrobial properties. This article reviews the available information on mushroom antimicrobials for food safety control. It includes available resources, extraction procedures, antimicrobial activities, and the status of their applications to food safety. The review indicates that there are great potential benefits to be gained from mushroom antimicrobials in food production, processing, and preservation as a biosolution to meet the increasing demands for food quality and safety.
A Blackboard Architecture to Support Case-Based Reasoning in Mechanical Design (1992)

Abstract One of the most significant issues in applying case-based reasoning (CBR) to mechanical design is to integrate previously unrelated design plans towards the solution of a new design problem. The total design solution (the design plan structure) can be composed of both retrieved and dynamically generated design plans. The retrieved design plans must be mapped to fit the new design context, and the entire design plan structure must be evaluated. An architecture utilizing opportunistic problem solving in a blackboard environment is used to map and evaluate the design plan structure effectively and successfuly. The architecture has several assets when integrated into a CBR environment. First, the maximum amount of information related to the design is generated before any of the mapping problems are addressed. Second, mapping is preformed as just another action toward the evaluation of the design plan. Lastly, the architecture supports the inclusion of memory elements from the knowledge base in the design plan structure. The architecture is implemented using the GBB system. The architecture is part of a newly developed CBR System called DEJAVU. The paper describes DEJAVU and the architecture. An example is also included to illustrate the use of DEJAVU to solve engineering design problems.
Virus Diseases Occurred on Watermelon in Jeonnam Province (2004)

전남지역 수박에 발생하는 바이러스 병의 발생상황을 조사한 결과, 하우스재배의 경우 1998년에 발생이 심하였으나, 2000년 이후에는 노지재배가 하우스 재배보다 발생이 높은 경향이었다. 포장에서 채집한 시료에 대하여 전자현미경으로 128개 시료를 검정한 결과 87.8％에서 막대형 입자 또는 사상형 입자가 관찰되었다. 이들 시료에 대한 RT-PCR 검정결과 5월에는 CGMMV만 발생하였고, 6월 이후에는 CGMMV, WMV 및 ZYMV가 발생하였는데 WMV가 우점하였으며, 어떤 시료에서도 CMV와 PRSV는 검출되지 않았다. Recent occurrence of virus diseases on watermelon plants cultivated in Jeonnam province was investigated from 1998 to 2002. While virus diseases were severely occurred on watermelon cultivated in green house in 1998, those of open field were severer than in green house since 2000. When 128 samples collected from different fields were examined by electron microscopy, 87.8％ of the samples contained rod-shaped or filamentous virus particles. RT-PCR analysis of the samples revealed that Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was only detected from collected samples at May. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) was most frequently found and CGMMV and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were slightly at June and July. However Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) have not been detected.
The Mortality of our Public Men: Being a Study of the Mortality of the Presidents, Vice Presidents, Senators and Representatives, of the United States Compared, with Insured Lives, and Others (1916)

Irving Fisher, The Mortality of our Public Men: Being a Study of the Mortality of the Presidents, Vice Presidents, Senators and Representatives, of the United States Compared, with Insured Lives, and Others, Publications of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 15, No. 113 (Mar., 1916), pp. 35-49
Locally induced neural stem cells/pluripotent stem cells for in vivo cell replacement therapy (2008)

Neural stem cells hold the key to innovative new treatments for age-associated degeneration and traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord. We hypothesized that the in vivo induced pluripotent stem cells or neural stem cells through "forced gene expression" can be used to repair damaged brain areas or treat degenerative diseases. Hopefully, these in vivo patient-specific stem cells can bring a new avenue for cell replacement therapies.
Structural interpretation in color — A new RGB processing application for seismic data (2014)

Abstract Structure-sharpened continuous red-green-blue (SRGB) color processing allows the interpreter to explore seismic data more thoroughly for geologic features, facilitates the extraction of structures or geobodies along horizons for them, and provides a visualization environment for the interpretation of geologic objects in their spatial context. SRGB-textured horizons and geobodies offer an intuitive interpretation similar to the way satellite images provide visual information about the surface of the earth. A case study that I conducted from the Green Canyon area in the Gulf of Mexico, which is located across the escarpment from the salt canopy to the abyssal plain, illustrated that the SRGB method delivers subtle structures from geologic and flow processes at the seafloor, helps delineate and understand salt sutures and impurities, and provides details about individual stages in deepwater mass transport systems. With all geologic aspects combined, the SRGB method assists in the mapping and assessment of shallow drilling hazards such as gas hydrates and seafloor instabilities.
Radiological detection of clinically occult cardiac failure following myocardial infarction (1971)

1. One-third of the patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction showed radiological evidence of pulmonary oedema. 2. In 38 per cent of these patients with pulmonary oedema, radiological evidence preceded the onset of clinical signs. The most frequent radiological signs in these patients were vascular blurring and pulmonary clouding. Loss of definition of vascular markings extending from the right hilum to the right hemidiaphragm and loss of radiolucency of the lung bases are subtle but reliable signs of early oedema. 3. Dense alveolar oedema occurred in only six patients, but in no instance was “bat's-wing” oedema present. 4. Definite interlobular septal lines were seen infrequently in this series. 5. Pleural effusions were small, transient and frequently bilateral. 6. Three previously described signs of left heart failure were found to be unreliable in this study. These signs are pulmonary venous distension, cardiac enlargement and increased diameter of the descending branch of the right pulmonary artery. In view of the frequency of pulmonary oedema as demonstrated radiologically in the absence of clinical findings, monitoring by the use of daily or twice daily chest radiographs appears justified during the patient's stay in the coronary care unit. The early radiological changes are subtle but definite and provide a useful warning of early heart failure.