gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integration and coordination of multirefinery networks: a robust optimization approach (2008)

This paper considers the problem of multisite integration and coordination strategies within a network of petroleum refineries under uncertainty and using robust optimization techniques. The framework of simultaneous analysis of process network integration, originally proposed by Al-Qahtani & Elkamel [1], is extended to account for uncertainty in model parameters. Robustness is analyzed based on both model robustness and solution robustness, where each measure is assigned a scaling factor to analyze the sensitivity of the refinery plan and integration network due to variations. Parameters uncertainty considered include coefficients of the objective function and right-hand-side parameters in the inequality constraints. The proposed method makes use of the Sample Average Approximation (SAA) method with statistical bounding techniques. The proposed approach was tested on an industrial scale study of a network of refineries.
A Structural Approach to Establishing a Platform Chemistry for the Tunable, Bulk Electron Beam Cross-Linking of Shape Memory Polymer Systems (2013)

The synthetic design and thermomechanical characterization of shape memory polymers (SMPs) built from a new polyurethane chemistry that enables facile, bulk and tunable cross-linking of low-molecular weight thermoplastics by electron beam irradiation is reported in this study. SMPs exhibit stimuli-induced geometry changes and are being proposed for applications in numerous fields. We have previously reported a polyurethane SMP system that exhibits the complex processing capabilities of thermoplastic polymers and the mechanical robustness and tunability of thermomechanical properties that are often characteristic of thermoset materials. These previously reported polyurethanes suffer practically because the thermoplastic molecular weights needed to achieve target cross-link densities severely limit high-throughput thermoplastic processing and because thermally unstable radiation-sensitizing additives must be used to achieve high enough cross-link densities to enable desired tunable shape memory behavior. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to manipulate cross-link density in low-molecular weight aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane SMPs (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> as low as ~1.5 kDa) without radiation-sensitizing additives by incorporating specific structural motifs into the thermoplastic polymer side chains that we hypothesized would significantly enhance susceptibility to e-beam cross-linking. A custom diol monomer was first synthesized and then implemented in the synthesis of neat thermoplastic polyurethane SMPs that were irradiated at doses ranging from 1 to 500 kGy. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated rubbery moduli to be tailorable between 0.1 and 55 MPa, and both DMA and sol/gel analysis results provided fundamental insight into our hypothesized mechanism of electron beam cross-linking, which enables controllable bulk cross-linking to be achieved in highly processable, low-molecular weight thermoplastic shape memory polymers without sensitizing additives.
Self-organizing search lists using probabilistic back-pointers (1987)

A class of algorithms is presented for maintaining self-organizing sequential search lists, where the only permutation applied is to move the accessed record of each search some distance towards the front of the list. During searches, these algorithms retain a back-pointer to a previous probed record in order to determine the destination of the accessed record's eventual move. The back-pointer does not traverse the list, but rather it is advanced occasionally to point to the record just probed by the search algorithm. This avoids the cost of a second traversal through a significant portion of the list, which may be a significant savings when each record access may require a new page to be brought into primary memory. Probabilistic functions for deciding when to advance the pointer are presented and analyzed. These functions demonstrate average case complexities of measures such as asymptotic cost and convergence, similar to some of the more common list update algorithms in the literature. In cases where the accessed record is moved forward a distance proportional to the distance to the front of the list, the use of these functions may save up to 50 percent of the time required for permuting the list.
Role of thrombin receptor in breast cancer invasiveness (1999)

Invasion, the ability of an epithelial cancer cell to detach from and move through a basement membrane, is a central process in tumour metastasis. Two components of invasion are proteolysis of extracellular matrix and cellular movement through it. A potential promoter of these two processes is thrombin, the serine proteinase derived from the ubiquitous plasma protein prothrombin. Thrombin promotes the invasion of MDA-MB231 breast tumour cells (a highly aggressive cell line) in an in vitro assay. Invasion by MDA-MB436 and MCF-7 cells, less aggressive cell lines, is not promoted by thrombin. Thrombin, added to the cells, is a stimulator of cellular movement; fibroblast-conditioned medium is the chemotaxin. Thrombin-promoted invasion is inhibited by hirudin. Stimulation of invasion is a receptor-mediated process that is mimicked by a thrombin receptor-activating peptide. Thrombin has no effect on chemotaxis in vitro. Thrombin receptor is detectable on the surface of MDA-MB231 cells, but not on the other two cell lines. Introduction of oestrogen receptors into MDA-MB231 cells by transfection with pHEO had no effect on thrombin receptor expression, in the presence or absence of oestradiol. This paper demonstrates that thrombin increases invasion by the aggressive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 by a thrombin receptor-dependent mechanism.
Normal Mode Bends for Circular Electric Waves (1957)

In dielectric-coated round waveguide the degeneracy or equality of phase constants of TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> and TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> waves is removed. In such a non-degenerate waveguide, mode conversion in bends can be reduced by changing the curvature gradually instead of abruptly. With curvature tapers, which are of the order of, or longer than, the largest beat wavelength between TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> and any of the coupled waves, propagation of only one normal mode is maintained throughout the bend. Linear curvature tapers can easily be made by bending the pipe within the limit of elastic deformation. Changes in the direction of a waveguide line can thus be made by inserting a dielectric-coated guide section which is elastically bent over a fixed center point. A thirty degree change of direction of a 2-inch I.D. pipe with 30 ft of a dielectric-coated guide yields a total bend loss at 5.4-mm wavelength that is twice the TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> loss in 30 ft of straight pipe. An optimum bend geometry is found which minimizes the total bend loss. The normal mode bend is a broadband device
Some Applications of Optimization Algorithms in Test Design and Adaptive Testing (1986)

Some test design problems can be seen as combina torial optimization problems. Several suggestions are presented, with various possible applications. Results obtained thus far are promising; the methods suggested can also be used with highly structured test specifica tions.
Resolution enhancement by vibrating displays (2012)

We present a method that makes use of the retinal integration time in the human visual system for increasing the resolution of displays. Given an input image with a resolution higher than the display resolution, we compute several images that match the display's native resolution. We then render these low-resolution images in a sequence that repeats itself on a high refresh-rate display. The period of the sequence falls below the retinal integration time and therefore the eye integrates the images temporally and perceives them as one image. In order to achieve resolution enhancement we apply small-amplitude vibrations to the display panel and synchronize them with the screen refresh cycles. We derive the perceived image model and use it to compute the low-resolution images that are optimized to enhance the apparent resolution of the perceived image. This approach achieves resolution enhancement without having to move the displayed content across the screen and hence offers a more practical solution than existing approaches. Moreover, we use our model to establish limitations on the amount of resolution enhancement achievable by such display systems. In this analysis we draw a formal connection between our display and super-resolution techniques and find that both methods share the same limitation, yet this limitation stems from different sources. Finally, we describe in detail a simple physical realization of our display system and demonstrate its ability to match most of the spectrum displayable on a screen with twice the resolution.
Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons (2012)

Ordered mesoporous carbon materials have recently aroused great research interest because of their widespread applications in many areas such as adsorbents, catalysts and supports, gas storage hosts, and electrode materials. The direct synthesis strategy from organic-organic self-assembly involving the combination of polymerizable precursors and block copolymer templates is expected to be more flexible in preparing mesoporous carbons, compared with the traditional nanocasting strategy of complicated and high-cost procedures using mesoporous silica materials as the hard template. In this review, we present the fundamentals and recent advances related to the field of ordered mesoporous carbon materials from the direct synthesis strategy of block copolymer soft-templating, with a focus on their controllable preparation, modification and potential applications. Under the guidance of their formation mechanism, the preparation of ordered mesoporous carbons are discussed in detail by consulting different experimental conditions, including synthetic pathways, precursors, catalysts and templates. Both the mesopore size and morphology control are introduced. The potential applications of pure mesoporous carbons, nonmetallic- and metallic-modified mesoporous carbons, and some interpenetrating carbon-based composites are demonstrated. Furthermore, remarks on the challenges and perspectives of research directions are proposed for further development of the ordered mesoporous carbons (232 references).
Resistance of mice to reinfection after E-aminocaproic acid treatment of primary influenza virus infection. (1988)

The effect of proteolysis inhibitors on the formation of resistance to virus challenge has been studied in experimental influenza of mice. E-aminocaproic acid (E-ACA) when used in the treatment of influenza decreased the virus reproduction in lungs and also enhanced the humoral immune response. The antibody titre on days 14 to 21 post infection (p.i.) was significantly higher in the treated animals. On day 30 after challenge with the homologous strain (H3N2) the virus reproduced to low levels in the lungs of untreated convalescent mice, but no virus was detected in the lungs of mice which had been treated with E-ACA during primary infection. Marked increase of the antibody level was found in such mice. Upon challenge with lethal doses of the virulent strain (H1N1), the protection was significantly higher among animals treated with E-ACA during primary infection with a sublethal virus dose. We believe that the immunomodulatory action of E-ACA may play an important role in the increased resistance to challenge exhibited by such treatment.
Neuronal sensitivity to hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and inert gases at hyperbaric pressures (2003)

As ambient pressure increases, hydrostatic compression of the central nervous system, combined with increasing levels of inspired Po2, Pco2, and N2 partial pressure, has deleterious effects on neuronal function, resulting in O2 toxicity, CO2 toxicity, N2 narcosis, and high-pressure nervous syndrome. The cellular mechanisms responsible for each disorder have been difficult to study by using classic in vitro electrophysiological methods, due to the physical barrier imposed by the sealed pressure chamber and mechanical disturbances during tissue compression. Improved chamber designs and methods have made such experiments feasible in mammalian neurons, especially at ambient pressures <5 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Here we summarize these methods, the physiologically relevant test pressures, potential research applications, and results of previous research, focusing on the significance of electrophysiological studies at <5 ATA. Intracellular recordings and tissue Po2 measurements in slices of rat brain demonstrate how to differentiate the neuronal effects of increased gas pressures from pressure per se. Examples also highlight the use of hyperoxia (<or=3 ATA O2) as a model for studying the cellular mechanisms of oxidative stress in the mammalian central nervous system.
Immunogenicity of interferon-? in multiple sclerosis patients: Influence of preparation, dosage, dose frequency, and route of administration (2000)

A total of 754 consecutive patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were investigated for interferon-beta (IFNbeta) antibodies by protein-G affinity chromatography and antiviral neutralization bioassay during 24 months on 6 MIU (22 microg) of subcutaneous IFNbeta-1a once weekly (n = 143) or three times weekly (n = 160), 6 MIU (30 microg) of intramuscular IFNbeta-1a once weekly (n = 140), or 8 MIU every other day of IFNbeta-1b (n = 311). The proportion of binding antibodies was higher in those receiving IFNbeta-1b compared with 6 MIU of IFNbeta-1a three times weekly (97 vs 89% at 12 months), and fewer became positive if 6 MIU of IFNbeta-1a was administered once weekly (58 vs 89%). Fewer patients on intramuscular than subcutaneous IFNbeta-1a became positive (33 vs 58%). The binding and neutralizing capacities were higher in the IFNbeta-1b group than in the IFNbeta-1a groups; these differences, however, were not significant after 12 months. The number of positive patients varied considerably and depended on the amount of IFN added to the bioassay; adding 10 LU/ml or more masked antibody detection. Antibodies induced by either preparation neutralized both IFNbeta species but not IFNalpha. In conclusion, IFNbeta-induced antibodies are frequently found in multiple sclerosis patients, and IFNbeta-1b is more immunogenic than IFNbeta-1a. The immunogenicity of IFNbeta-1a increases with the frequency of administration and if it is given subcutaneously.
Dendritic Cell–Dependent In Vivo Generation of Autoregulatory T Cells by Antidiabetogenic MHC Class II (2013)

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how certain MHC class II molecules afford dominant resistance to autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, it remains unclear how protective MHC types can blunt autoreactive T cell responses directed against a diverse repertoire of autoantigenic epitopes presented by disease-promoting MHCs. In this study, we show that expression of I-E on dendritic cells (DCs) of NOD mice promotes the differentiation of MHC promiscuous autoreactive CD4(+) clonotypes into antidiabetogenic autoregulatory T cells. We expressed an I-Eα(kloxP) transgene in NOD mice and used cell type-specific I-E ablation to show that I-E-expressing DCs, but not B cells, promote the generation of autoreactive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their accumulation in the pancreas-draining lymph nodes. There, these Tregs suppress the presentation of β cell Ags to naive autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells restricted by diabetogenic MHC molecules in an I-E-independent manner. Whereas selective removal of I-E on DCs abrogated autoregulatory Treg formation and T1D protection, selective removal of I-E on B cells was inconsequential. These results explain how certain MHC class II molecules can completely suppress antigenically complex autoimmune responses in an Ag-nonspecific manner.
Detection of Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension by Genetic Testing (1997)

issue) 1 present data confirming the finding of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group 2 that increased bone mass in postmenopausal women is associated with an increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. However, I am concerned about the accuracy of the multivariate-adjusted rate ratios that Zhang et al. report.
A Business Model for Cloud Computing Based on a Separate Encryption and Decryption Service (2011)

Enterprises usually store data in internal storage and install firewalls to protect against intruders to access the data. They also standardize data access procedures to prevent insiders to disclose the information without permission. In cloud computing, the data will be stored in storage provided by service providers. Service providers must have a viable way to protect their clients' data, especially to prevent the data from disclosure by unauthorized insiders. Storing the data in encrypted form is a common method of information privacy protection. If a cloud system is responsible for both tasks on storage and encryption/decryption of data, the system administrators may simultaneously obtain encrypted data and decryption keys. This allows them to access information without authorization and thus poses a risk to information privacy. This study proposes a business model for cloud computing based on the concept of separating the encryption and decryption service from the storage service. Furthermore, the party responsible for the data storage system must not store data in plaintext, and the party responsible for data encryption and decryption must delete all data upon the computation on encryption or decryption is complete. A CRM (Customer Relationship Management) service is described in this paper as an example to illustrate the proposed business model. The exemplary service utilizes three cloud systems, including an encryption and decryption system, a storage system, and a CRM application system. One service provider operates the encryption and decryption system while other providers operate the storage and application systems, according to the core concept of the proposed business model. This paper further includes suggestions for a multi-party Service- Level Agreement (SLA) suitable for use in the proposed business model.
Mutant nucleophosmin (NPM1) predicts favorable prognosis in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: interaction with other gene mutations (2005)

To assess the prognostic relevance of mutations in the NPM1 gene encoding a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and normal cytogenetics, sequencing of NPM1 exon 12 was performed in diagnostic samples from 300 patients entered into 2 consecutive multicenter trials of the AML Study Group (AMLSG). Treatment included intensive double-induction therapy and consolidation therapy with high cumulative doses of high-dose cytarabine. NPM1 mutations were identified in 48% of the patients including 12 novel sequence variants, all leading to a frameshift in the C-terminus of the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) protein. Mutant NPM1 was associated with specific clinical, phenotypical, and genetic features. Statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction of NPM1 and FLT3 internal tandem duplications (ITDs). NPM1 mutations predicted for better response to induction therapy and for favorable overall survival (OS) only in the absence of FLT3 ITD. Multivariable analysis for OS revealed combined NPM1-mutated/FLT3 ITD-negative status, CEBPA mutation status, availability of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-compatible donor, secondary AML, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as prognostic factors. In conclusion, NPM1 mutations in the absence of FLT3 ITD define a distinct molecular and prognostic subclass of young-adult AML patients with normal cytogenetics.
Effects of functional groups of acrylic acid derivatives as derivatization reagents for thiol compounds on molecular ion responses in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (1998)

In order to explore the sensitivity enhancement of derivatization reagents for thiol compounds with respect to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS of tiopronin (TP) derivatives (TP-MA, TP-IBA, TP-AMD, TP-DMAE, TP-TFE, TP-AA and TP-AMDSA; Fig. 1) obtained from the Michael addition reaction using seven structurally diverse acrylic acid analogues was investigated. This study focused on the molecular ion species of TP derivatives and those response characteristics observed in LC-MS using four mobile phases that contained commonly used modifiers (trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, ammonium acetate and ammonium hydroxide). It was found that TP-DMAE gave an intense [M+H]+ ion in all the mobile phases in the positive ion mode and its response was the highest among all of the TP derivatives owing to the high proton affinity of a dimethylamino group. The other TP derivatives gave different molecular ion species and lower responses based on the mobile phase used. The formation of a dominant [M-H]- ion of TP-AMDSA was observed in all the mobile phases owing to the high acidity of a sulfonic acid group in the negative ion mode. TP-TFE also gave strong ion responses because it contains a high electronegative group in the negative ion mode. The ion intensities of most of the TP derivatives could be enhanced by the addition of acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide to the mobile phase and suppressed by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid and ammonium acetate in both ionization modes. These differences based on the mobile phase modifiers used were strongly related to the ESI spray current on the ES capillary. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seed Yields and Essential Oil of Northern-Grown Coriander (<i>Coriandrum sativum</i>L.) (1998)

ABSTRACT Cultivars of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) were grown at several locations in Western Canada in 1994, 1995, and 1996 for analysis of seed weights, essential oil content of seed, and percent linalool in the essential oil. The six large-seed selections had 1000-seed weights of 9.2 to 9.9 g, 0.83 to 0.90 percent essential oil, and 60.7 to 62.5 percent linalool in the oil. Early seeding resulted in the highest seed yields, seed weights, linalool content, and essential oil yield for both small-seed and large-seed cultivars. Splitting the seeds (fruits) prior to seeding to reduce seeding costs did not adversely affect seed yield, seed size, or chemical composition of the essential oil. Irrigation increased the seed yield and essential oil content, but decreased seed weights and percent linalool in the essential oil. The essential oil yields of approximately 20 liters/ha for small-seed cultivars appeared adequate to sustain commercial production in Western Canada.