gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perpendicular magnetic recording media based on Co-Pd multilayer with granular seed layer (2002)

We have investigated Co-Pd multilayers deposited on a Pd-SiN granular seed layer and a FeTaC soft magnetic underlayer (SUL) for perpendicular magnetic recording. The Pd-SiN granular seed layer of 3 nm was found to be very effective for good magnetic properties with coercivity of 3.9 kOe, a negative nucleation field of -2.1 kOe, and a M-H loop slope parameter 4/spl pi/ (dM/dH)/sub H=Hc/ of 1.3. The average column diameter of 13.7 nm with a dispersion of 21.7% was evaluated from the transmission electron microscopy image of well-separated columns with a clear boundary. This Co-Pd medium gave better playback performances by a merged ring giant magnetoresistive head compared to the medium with a Pd seed layer. The effect of Ar plasma etching on the SUL was also investigated to improve playback performance.
High-Throughput Analysis of Hemoglobin from Neonates Using Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (2002)

The risks associated with sickle cell and other untreated hemoglobinopathies have led to mandatory neonatal screenings in 41 of the 50 states in the US (1). Preliminary screenings are often performed by electrophoresis at alkaline pH on cellulose acetate, with follow-up analysis of abnormal samples by acid electrophoresis on citrate agar (2). Alternatively, isoelectric focusing (IEF) or HPLC can be used in the screenings (3), but other techniques offer advantages.

In the past decade, new mass spectrometry (MS) approaches, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, have been applied to the study of proteins (4). MALDI-TOF MS offers a potent means of analyzing constituent chains of hemoglobin A (HbA) directly from samples as small as a single red blood cell (5). Mass accuracy and resolution are sufficient to determine the presence of point mutations within chains differing in mass by as little as ∼20 Da. This ability allows detection of the β6Glu→Val variant (∼30 Da lower in molecular mass) during direct analysis of the intact chains. Moreover, the site of mutation can be determined by combining MALDI-TOF MS with specific enzymatic digestion, i.e., “mass mapping”.

Thus, MALDI-TOF MS has the potential to be used in place of conventional approaches (6) for HbAS/HbS screening in the general population. To date, however, the mass spectrometric approaches have not been taken to the high-throughput mode necessary for efficient population screening, nor have they been applied to neonatal blood samples, which contain roughly equal portions of HbA and HbF. We report here progress in the development of a high-throughput mass spectrometric screening approach capable of screening the hemoglobin of neonates at rates of ∼100 samples/h. In a blind analysis, 96 neonate blood samples were prepared for both intact protein molecular mass determination and mass mapping using parallel robotics (96-well format) and analyzed …
Some Properties of Aluminum Carbide Powder Prepared by the Pyrolysis of Alkylaluminu (1995)

Ultrafine aluminum carbide (Al 4 C 3 ) powders with crystallite sizes of <40 nm were prepared by the pyrolyses of alkylaluminums, i.e., trimethylaluminum (Al(CH 3 ) 3 : TMAL), triethylaluminum (Al(C 2 H 5 ) 3 : TEAL), triisobutylaluminum (Al(i‐C 4 H 9 ) 3 : TIBAL) at a temperature between 950° and 1100°C. Although the pyrolysis of TMAL produced Al 4 C 3 at 950°C, the pyrolysis temperature of TEAL to produce Al 4 C 3 was raised up to 1100°C. The pyrolysis of TIBAL at 1100°C produced not only crystalline Al 4 C 3 but also amorphous oxycarbide. The TEAL‐derived powder had the highest true density (2.89 g . cm −3 or 97% of the theoretical density) among the three kinds of powders.
Recovery of Peripheral Nerve with Massive Loss Defect by Tissue Engineered Guiding Regenerative Gel (2014)

Many severe peripheral nerve injuries can only be treated through surgical reconstructive procedures. Such procedures are challenging, since functional recovery is slow and can be unsatisfactory. One of the most promising solutions already in clinical practice is synthetic nerve conduits connecting the ends of damaged nerve supporting nerve regeneration. However, this solution still does not enable recovery of massive nerve loss defect. The proposed technology is a biocompatible and biodegradable gel enhancing axonal growth and nerve regeneration. It is composed of a complex of substances comprising transparent, highly viscous gel resembling the extracellular matrix that is almost impermeable to liquids and gasses, flexible, elastic, malleable, and adaptable to various shapes and formats. Preclinical study on rat model of peripheral nerve injury showed that GRG enhanced nerve regeneration when placed in nerve conduits, enabling recovery of massive nerve loss, previously unbridgeable, and enabled nerve regeneration at least as good as with autologous nerve graft "gold standard" treatment.
Fuzzy modeling of an activated sludge process (2003)

The activated sludge process is a wastewater treatment technique used at sewage disposal plants. The process should be controlled so that the BOD value of an effluent satisfies a certain criterion. The paper deals with a fuzzy modeling for the activated sludge process. The output of the fuzzy model is the BOD value. Our proposed fuzzy inference method is applied to the fuzzy model. Since the inferred conclusion using the proposed method has a membership function of simple shape, its meaning can be interpreted easily. Moreover, it can also be considered as a possibility distribution. In addition, its linguistic meaning is interpretable by means of labeling of the membership function with its linguistic term. Since the fuzzy rules of the model consist of labeled fuzzy sets in an antecedent part and also a consequent part, the input-output relation of the process becomes able to be easily understood. The operator can predict a possibility distribution of a future BOD value by simulation with the model, and can take appropriate judgement and control based on the prediction. In the paper, from the modeling result, the effectiveness of the proposed method and the fuzzy model are shown.
Production, separation and speciation of no-carrier-added Hg radionuclides using greener methodologies (2009)

Species dependent studies of no-carrier-added (nca) mercury were carried out using radioanalytical technique coupled with two greener analytical methodologies. The adsorption of nca 195m,gHg and 197mHg radionuclides on chitosan biopolymer and cloud point extraction (CPE) was studied to develop environmentally sustainable speciation methodologies at ultra trace level. Species information was obtained by comparing the adsorption profile of nca radiomercury on chitosan biopolymer with the software code CHEAQS PRO. Results obtained from the adsorption study were validated by CPE technique using non ionic surfactant and mixed micelle. Both the experiments established that nca Hg existed as Hg(II). The experimental results support the presence of HgCl2 species over the pH range 2–4, whereas Hg(OH)2 is the main species over the pH range 6–8. Chitosan biopolymer and mixed micelle [Triton-X-114 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)] constitute an efficient reagent for the preconcentration of ultra trace level mercury.
New Technologies for Customer Rating: Integration of Knowledge‐Based Systems and Human Judgement (1995)

A bstract Avoiding incorrect credit decisions and minimizing the required effort are crucial factors for the economic success of a bank. A basic task of credit granting is a correct valuation of a customer's annual account. CUBUS was designed to give general valuation and a first global impression of a company quickly. It also draws the user's attention to the most critical items of the balance sheet. In addition, detailed analysis and valuations of each annual account item is provided. CUBUS goals which have been achieved include increasing decision quality, improving the know‐how level of the staff, improving communication among different departments and finally defining and establishing generally accepted guidelines and norms. The system allows very flexible human‐computer cooperation. It works as a competent assistant which provides the following functions: autonomous valuations, reactive assistance, active consulting, interactive problem solving, tutoring and supervising. When SBC's (Swiss Bank Corporation) general management decided that all commercial customers had to be rated, an application had to be developed to make CUBUS judgements available to all credit specialists within the existing mainframe database environment. The integration of mainframe databases and transactions, knowledge‐based systems running on workstations, and the judgement of human users raised the challenging question of what general principles have to be applied when such diverse components have to be combined in the most efficient way.
Northern Territory Emergency Response : Evaluation report 2011 (2011)

This evaluation examines the Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER), which was initiated in June 2007, from a whole-of-government perspective. The requirement for an independent, outcome-focused evaluation is a key feature of the National Partnership Agreement for Closing the Gap in the Northern Territory, which committed to a joint evaluation with the Northern Territory Government in 2011–12.
This report assesses the outcomes from both the initial emergency phase of the NTER and the redesign and stabilisation under the Closing the Gap in the Northern Territory National Partnership Agreement.
The overall aim of this evaluation was to examine whether the measures, both individually and collectively, have been effective and comprehensive and have led to improved and sustainable outcomes in safety, health, education and employment. It also sought to examine how well coordination and engagement have been conducted.
Lightweight secure PUFs (2008)

To ensure security and robustness of the next generation of Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), we have developed a new methodology for PUF design. Our approach employs integration of three key principles: (i) inclusion of multiple delay lines for creation of each response bit; (ii) transformations and combination of the challenge bits; and (iii) combination of the outputs from multiple delay lines; to create modular, easy to parameterize, secure and reliable PUF structures. Statistical analysis of the new structure and its comparison with existing PUFs indicates a significantly lower predictability, and higher resilience against circuit faults, reverse engineering and other security attacks.
Sphingomonas sp. strain KA1, carrying a carbazole dioxygenase gene homologue, degrades chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in soil (2002)

Hybridization analysis showed that a newly isolated carbazole (CAR)-degrading bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain KA1 did not possess the gene encoding the terminal oxygenase component (carAa) of CAR 1,9a-dioxygenase at high homology (more than 90% identity) to that of another CAR-degrader, Pseudomonas resinovorans strain CA10. However, PCR experiments using the primers for amplifying the internal fragment of the carAa gene (810 bp for strain CA10) showed that a PCR product of unexpected size (1100 bp) was amplified. Sequence analysis revealed that this DNA region contained the portion of two possible ORFs, which showed moderate homology to CarAa and CarBa from strain CA10 (61% and 40% identities at the amino acid level, respectively). Inoculation of strain KA1 into dioxin-contaminated model soil resulted in 96% and 70% degradation of 2-mono- and 2,3-dichlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, respectively, after 7-day incubation.
Atomic Structure of Ferredoxin-NADP <sup>+</sup> Reductase: Prototype for a Structurally Novel Flavoenzyme Family (1991)

The three-dimensional structure of spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) has been determined by x-ray diffraction at 2.6 angstroms (A) resolution and initially refined to an R factor of 0.226 at 2.2 A resolution. The model includes the flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group and the protein chain from residue 19 through the carboxyl terminus at residue 314 and is composed of two domains. The FAD binding domain (residues 19 to 161) has an antiparallel beta barrel core and a single alpha helix for binding the pyrophosphate of FAD. The NADP binding domain (residues 162 to 314) has a central five-strand parallel beta sheet and six surrounding helices. Binding of the competitive inhibitor 2'-phospho-AMP (AMP, adenosine monophosphate) places the NADP binding site at the carboxyl-terminal edge of the sheet in a manner similar to the nucleotide binding of the dehydrogenase family. The structures reveal the key residues that function in cofactor binding and the catalytic center. With these key residues as a guide, conclusive evidence is presented that the ferredoxin reductase structure is a prototype for the nicotinamide dinucleotide and FAD binding domains of the enzymes NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH-sulfite reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and NADH-nitrate reductase. Thus this structure provides a structural framework for the NADH- or NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme parts of five distinct enzymes involved in photosynthesis, in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, in fatty-acid oxidation, in the reduction of methemoglobin, and in the metabolism of many pesticides, drugs, and carcinogens.
Revealing the Intercalation Mechanisms of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium in Hard Carbon (2020)

Abstract Hard carbon is the most promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries and potassium‐ion batteries owing to its high stability, widespread availability, low‐cost, and excellent performance. Understanding the carrier‐ion storage mechanism is a prerequisite for developing high‐performance electrode materials; however, the underlying ion storage mechanism in hard carbon has been a topic of debate because of its complex structure. Herein, it is demonstrated that the Li + ‐, Na + ‐, and K + ‐ion storage mechanisms in hard carbon are based on the adsorption of ions on the surface of active sites (e.g., defects, edges, and residual heteroatoms) in the sloping voltage region, followed by intercalation into the graphitic layers in the low‐voltage plateau region. At a low current density of 3 mA g –1 , the graphitic layers of hard carbon are unlocked to permit Li + ‐ion intercalation, resulting in a plateau region in the lithium‐ion batteries. To gain insights into the ion storage mechanism, experimental observations including various ex situ techniques, a constant‐current constant‐voltage method, and diffusivity measurements are correlated with the theoretical estimation of changes in carbon structures and insertion voltages during ion insertion obtained using the density functional theory.
Identification and transmission of hepatitis B virus-related variants. (1986)

We have identified long-incubation viral agents that share epitopes with hepatitis B virus (HBV). During chimpanzee infectivity studies, these agents may be recognized in the liver since they possess complementary nucleic acid sequences with HBV DNA; the genomic size was found to be 3.2 kilobases, identical to that of HBV. Liver injury was produced and there was antigen expression in hepatocytes. Chimpanzees were not protected by prior immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen; conversely, they were still susceptible to HBV after recovery from infection with such agents. These findings suggest that these hepatitis B virus-related variants appear to be immunologically distinct from HBV.
cis-acting sequences required for encapsidation of duck hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA (1991)

Hepadnavirus reverse transcription requires that pregenomic RNA first be selectively packaged into a cytoplasmic core particle. This process presumably requires the presence of specific recognition sequences on the pregenomic RNA. To define the cis-acting sequences required for pregenome encapsidation in the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), we assayed the packaging efficiency of a series of pregenomic RNA deletion mutants and hybrid DHBV/lacZ fusion transcripts. The 5' boundary of the packaging signal lies within the precore region, starting approximately 35 nucleotides from the cap site of pregenomic RNA; thus, the DR1 sequence required for proper viral DNA synthesis is not included in this signal. To define the 3' boundary of the encapsidation signal, fusion transcripts bearing foreign (lacZ) sequences fused to DHBV at different sites 3' to the pregenomic RNA start site were examined. A surprisingly large region of the DHBV genome proved to be required for packaging of such chimeras, which are efficiently encapsidated only when they contain the first 1,200 to 1,400 nucleotides of DHBV pregenomic RNA. However, mutant genomes bearing insertions within this region are packaged efficiently, making it likely that the actual recognition elements for encapsidation are smaller discontinuous sequences located within this region.
An Injectable Composite Gelatin Hydrogel with pH Response Properties (2017)

On account of minimally invasive procedure and of filling irregular defects of tissues, injectable hydrogels are increasingly attractive in biomedical fields. However, traditional hydrogel formed by simple physical interaction or in situ crosslinking had inevitably some drawbacks such as low mechanical strength and lack of multifunctional properties. Though many investigations had successfully modified traditional injectable hydrogel to obtain both mechanical and functional properties, an acetalated β -cyclodextrin (Ac- β -CD) nanoparticle composite injectable hydrogel designed in the research was another effective and efficient choice to solve the drawbacks. First of all, gelatin derivative (G-AA) and Ac- β -CD were synthesized to prepare hydrogel and nanoparticle, respectively. In order to ensure good compatibility between nanoparticle and macromonomer and provide crosslink points between nanoparticle and macromonomer, G-AA was simultaneously functionalized onto the surface of Ac- β -CD nanoparticle during the fabrication of Ac- β -CD nanoparticle using one-step method. Finally, injectable composite hydrogel was obtained by photoinitiated polymerization in situ. Hydrogel properties like gelation time and swelling ratio were investigated. The viscoelastic behavior of hydrogels confirmed that typical characteristics of crosslinked elastomer for all hydrogel and nanoparticle in hydrogel could improve the mechanical property of hydrogel. Moreover, the transparency with time had verified obvious acid-response properties of hydrogels.
Layered Magnetic Structures: History, Highlights, Applications (2001)

Once studied primarily for their effects on light, thin magnetic films are today being layered to make complex structures with unique magnetic properties. Devices based on these structures are revolutionizing electronic data storage.
Anomalies of the anaerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle in <i><scp>S</scp>hewanella oneidensis</i> revealed by <scp>T</scp>n‐seq (2012)

The availability of increasingly inexpensive sequencing combined with an ever-expanding molecular biology toolbox has transported classical bacterial genetics into the 21st century. Whole genome genetic fitness analysis using transposon mutagenesis combined with next-generation high-throughput sequencing (Tn-seq) promises to revolutionize systems level analysis of microbial metabolism. Tn-seq measures the frequency of actual members of a heterogeneous mutant pool undergoing purifying selection to determine the contribution of every non-essential gene in the genome to the fitness of an organism under a given condition. Here we use Tn-seq to assess gene function in the Gram negative γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1. In addition to being a model environmental organism, there is considerable interest in using S. oneidensis as a platform organism for bioremediation and biotechnology, necessitating a complete understanding of the metabolic pathways that may be utilized. Our analysis reveals unique aspects of S. oneidensis metabolism overlooked by over 30 years of classical genetic and systems level analysis. We report the utilization of an alternative citrate synthase and describe a dynamic branching of the S. oneidensis anaerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle, unreported in any other organism, which may be a widespread strategy for microbes adept at dissipating reducing equivalents via anaerobic respiration.
Highly Fructose Selective Transport Promoted by Boronic Acids Based on a Pentaerythritol Core (2001)

We have designed and synthesized a highly lipophilic boronic acid (11) with a molecular shape that makes it much more effective at carrying sugars through organic membranes than a previously used steroidal boronic acid. The corresponding diboronic acid (12) was also found to transport fructose ahead of glucose with a very high selectivity (7.6:1.0). Modeling suggests that 12 is able to carry two fructose molecules at once in a complex stabilized through hydrogen bonding and ion pairing.
Winfield J. Burggraaff: The Venezuelan Armed Forces in Politics, 1935–1959 (Columbia, Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 1972, $10.000). Pp. 241. (1974)

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Manipulation of EAT-2 expression promotes induction of multiple beneficial regulatory and effector functions of the human innate immune system as a novel immunomodulatory strategy (2013)

The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptor-associated adaptor Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript-2 (EAT-2) is primarily expressed in innate immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and NK cells. A recent human HIV vaccine study confirmed that EAT-2 expression was associated with the enhanced immunogenicity induced by the MRKAd5/HIV vaccine. We previously harnessed the capability of EAT-2 to modulate signaling mediated by SLAM receptors and demonstrated that by incorporating EAT-2 expression into vaccines, one could enhance innate and adaptive immune responses in mice, even in the face of pre-existing immunity to the vaccine vectors. Herein, we investigated the innate immune responses of human cells exposed to EAT-2-over-expressing vaccines. Our results demonstrate that EAT-2 over-expression can significantly alter the kinetics of critical pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses elaborated by human PBMCs. In addition, enhanced DC maturation and increased monocyte phagocytosis were observed in EAT-2-transduced human cells. We also found that EAT-2 over-expression improved antigen presentation by human cells. Moreover, EAT-2 over-expression increased the anti-tumor activity of human NK cells against K562 tumor cell targets. Many of these responses were extinguished with use of an EAT-2 variant carrying a mutant SH2 domain (R31Q), suggesting a critical role for the interaction between EAT-2 and SLAM receptors in mediating these responses. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that EAT-2 interacts with key components of multiple arms of the human innate immune system, and that this role highlights the potential for targeting EAT-2 functions so as to improve a number of human immunotherapeutic approaches, including vaccine development.