gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
America's Capital Requirements: Estimates for 1946–60 (1952)

America's Capital Requirements: Estimates for 1946–60 Get access America's Capital Requirements: Estimates for 1946–60. By Robert W. Hartley and others. Foreword by Evans Clark. New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1950. xviii+244 pp. Tables. 11′​′×812′​′⁠. $3. A. J. Brown A. J. Brown Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 28, Issue 2, April 1952, Page 267, https://doi.org/10.2307/2604150 Published: 01 April 1952
Hypoxia-induced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression and -activation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: implication in pulmonary hypertension (2014)

Severe pulmonary hypertension is a debilitating disease with an alarmingly low 5-yr life expectancy. Hypoxia, one of the causes of pulmonary hypertension, elicits constriction and remodeling of the pulmonary arteries. We now know that pulmonary arterial remodeling is a consequence of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM), endothelial, myofibroblast, and stem cells. However, our knowledge about the mechanisms that cause these cells to proliferate and hypertrophy in response to hypoxic stimuli is still incomplete, and, hence, the treatment for severe pulmonary arterial hypertension is inadequate. Here we demonstrate that the activity and expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, are increased in hypoxic PASM cells and in lungs of chronic hypoxic rats. G6PD overexpression and -activation is stimulated by H2O2. Increased G6PD activity contributes to PASM cell proliferation by increasing Sp1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which directs the cells to synthesize less contractile (myocardin and SM22α) and more proliferative (cyclin A and phospho-histone H3) proteins. G6PD inhibition with dehydroepiandrosterone increased myocardin expression in remodeled pulmonary arteries of moderate and severe pulmonary hypertensive rats. These observations suggest that altered glucose metabolism and G6PD overactivation play a key role in switching the PASM cells from the contractile to synthetic phenotype by increasing Sp1 and HIF-1α, which suppresses myocardin, a key cofactor that maintains smooth muscle cell in contractile state, and increasing hypoxia-induced PASM cell growth, and hence contribute to pulmonary arterial remodeling and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Probabilistic fault detection in finite-state machines based on state occupancy measurements (2004)

This paper discusses a probabilistic methodology for detecting permanent or transient functional changes in the state-transition mechanism of a deterministic finite-state machine (FSM). The associated detector observes the frequencies with which states are occupied and detects faults by analyzing the deviation between the expected frequencies and actual measurements. In addition to stale occupancy measurements, the detector requires a statistical characterization of the input, but does not need to know the order with which states appear or the input sequence that is applied to the FSM. The discussion in the paper focuses on the case of a single fault and on the performance of the fault detector in terms of the probabilities of detection and false alarm, the number of states, and the length of the observation window.
Single carrier digital terrestrial television broadcasting (1997)

A transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting has been designed. This system is based on the European cable system but uses stronger error correction and better equalization. The stronger error correction is a concatenation of Reed Solomon coding RS [204,188,17] and convolutional coding with R/sub conv/=1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8. The algorithm which is used for convolutional decoding is the Viterbi algorithm. To provide the Viterbi decoder with soft decision information, every symbol bit will be expanded with two soft decision (reliability) bits. The modulation scheme of the terrestrial transmission system is 64-QAM square root raised cosine filtered with a roll off factor /spl alpha/=0.15. The mapping of the symbols into the 64-QAM constellation is a Gray-mapping over the complete I,Q-plane. In this paper the performances of the terrestrial transmission system are simulated and analyzed.
Optimum conditions for initiation of filamentation in <i>Candida albicans</i> (1975)

A medium that initially produced filaments from almost all of its Candida albicans blastospore inoculum contained 1% mycological peptone and 0.2% glucose, final pH 7.4-7.5. The medium was inoculated to 10-6 cells/ml and incubated at 40 degrees C. Reversion to secondary blastospores began at a mean of 2.4 h after inoculation. The patterns of utilization of growth nutrients during optimal mycelial growth showed no correlation with the events of filamentation.
Evolving tRNA<sup>Sec</sup> for Efficient Canonical Incorporation of Selenocysteine (2014)

Bacterial selenocysteine incorporation occurs in response to opal stop codons and is dependent on the presence of a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which recruits the selenocysteine specific elongation factor and tRNA(Sec) needed to reassign the UGA codon. The SECIS element is a stem-loop RNA structure immediately following the UGA codon and forms part of the coding sequence in bacterial selenoproteins. Although the site specific incorporation of selenocysteine is of great interest for protein engineering, the sequence constraints imposed by the adjoining SECIS element severely limit its use. We have evolved an E. coli tRNA(Sec) that is compatible with the canonical translation machinery and can suppress amber stop codons to incorporate selenocysteine with high efficiency. This evolved tRNA(Sec) allows the production of new recombinant selenoproteins containing structural motifs such as selenyl-sulfhydryl and diselenide bonds.
A Fast Optimal Deconvolution Algorithm for Real Seismic Data Using Kalman Predictor Model (1981)

The paper is concerned with an application of a recently proposed algorithm for minimal realization of stochastic dynamic systems to the problem of deconvolution of reflection seismograms. Results of real data processing are presented in order to establish the advantages of this algorithm in terms of computational requirements and accuracy of signal estimation vis-à-vis the widely accepted algorithm of Robinson and Treitel.
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole‐orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2004)

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) utilizes sub-2 microm particles with high linear solvent velocities to effect dramatic increases in resolution, sensitivity and speed of analysis. The reduction in particle size to below 2 microm requires instrumentation that can operate at pressures in the 6000-15,000 psi range. The typical peak widths generated by the UPLC system are in the order of 1-2 s for a 10-min separation. In the present work this technology has been applied to the study of in vivo drug metabolism, in particular the analysis of drug metabolites in bile. The reduction in peak width significantly increases analytical sensitivity by three- to five-fold, and the reduction in peak width, and concomitant increase in peak capacity, significantly reduces spectral overlap resulting in superior spectral quality in both MS and MS/MS modes. The application of UPLC/MS resulted in the detection of additional drug metabolites, superior separation and improved spectral quality.
Optimal and Distributed Scheduling for Multicell Capacity Maximization (2008)

We address the problem of multicell co-channel scheduling in view of mitigating interference in a wireless data network with full spectrum reuse. The centralized joint multicell scheduling optimization problem, based on the complete co-channel gain information, has so far been justly considered impractical due to complexity and real-time cell-to-cell signaling overhead. However, we expose here the following remarkable result for a large network with a standard power control policy. The capacity maximizing joint multicell scheduling problem admits a simple and fully distributed solution. This result is proved analytically for an idealized network. From the constructive proof, we propose a practical algorithm that is shown to achieve near maximum capacity for realistic cases of simulated networks of even small sizes.
“Modified” Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porometry and Its Applications in Pd-Based Composite Membranes (2018)

For H₂ separation by Pd-based composite membranes, the pore mouth size distribution of the porous support immediately affects the quality of the deposited layer, including continuity and defect/pinhole formation. However, there is a lack of convenient and effective methods for characterization of pore mouth size of porous supports as well as of defect distribution of dense Pd-based composite membranes. Here we introduce a novel method by modifying conventional liquid⁻liquid displacement porometry. When the pore tunnels are filled with Liquid B and the outer surface is occupied by Liquid A, the reopening of the pore mouth depends on the pressure of Liquid B and the interfacial tension at the position of the pore mouth, from which the pore mouth size can be determined according to the Young⁻Laplace equation. Our experimental tests using this method with model samples show promising results, which are well supported by those obtained using FESEM (fild emission scanning electron microscope), AFM (atomic force microscope), and conventional liquid⁻liquid displacement porometry. This novel method can provide useful information for not only surface coatings on porous substrates but also for modification of dense membrane defects; thus, broad utilizations of this technique can be expected in future study.
Structure of Pneumococcal Peptidoglycan Hydrolase LytB Reveals Insights into the Bacterial Cell Wall Remodeling and Pathogenesis (2014)

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a series of devastating infections in humans. Previous studies have shown that the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase LytB is critical for pneumococcal cell division and nasal colonization, but the biochemical mechanism of LytB action remains unknown. Here we report the 1.65 Å crystal structure of the catalytic domain (residues Lys-375-Asp-658) of LytB (termed LytBCAT), excluding the choline binding domain. LytBCAT consists of three structurally independent modules: SH3b, WW, and GH73. These modules form a "T-shaped" pocket that accommodates a putative tetrasaccharide-pentapeptide substrate of peptidoglycan. Structural comparison and simulation revealed that the GH73 module of LytB harbors the active site, including the catalytic residue Glu-564. In vitro assays of hydrolytic activity indicated that LytB prefers the peptidoglycan from the lytB-deficient pneumococci, suggesting the existence of a specific substrate of LytB in the immature peptidoglycan. Combined with in vitro cell-dispersing and in vivo cell separation assays, we demonstrated that all three modules are necessary for the optimal activity of LytB. Further functional analysis showed that the full catalytic activity of LytB is required for pneumococcal adhesion to and invasion into human lung epithelial cells. Structure-based alignment indicated that the unique modular organization of LytB is highly conserved in its orthologs from Streptococcus mitis group and Gemella species. These findings provided structural insights into the pneumococcal cell wall remodeling and novel hints for the rational design of therapeutic agents against pneumococcal growth and thereby the related diseases.
Tunability and relaxor properties of ferroelectric barium stannate titanate ceramics (2004)

Barium stannate titanate [Ba(SnxTi1−x)O3, x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4] ceramics were prepared using a conventional solid-state reaction process. Their dielectric properties were measured under direct current bias fields ranging from 0to2.5kV∕cm. A transformation from normal to relaxor ferroelectrics was observed when x⩾0.3. Broken long-range order or “dirty” ferroelectric domains and nanodomains were observed in Ba(Sn0.1Ti0.9)O3 and Ba(Sn0.4Ti0.6)O3 by transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Voltage driven tunability was found to decrease with increasing Sn content. The change from normal ferroelectric into relaxor ferroelectric had a negative impact on the tunability value of the materials.
Critical Thinking in and through Interactive Computer Hypertext and Art Education (2006)

Computers and technology are an integral component of human lives both inside and outside of school. From e-mail communication to Internet shopping and from grade reports to academic research, computers and technology have altered approaches to living and learning. In turn, as a result of their experience with computers and technology, students today often have different expectations of schooling than their counterparts did in the past. Because of the wealth of information available to them on the Internet and the speed with which they make discoveries with technology, students today are more likely to be accustomed to a faster paced way of learning than what they witness in traditional classrooms; they may also demand more choices, more relevancy, and more ways to connect what they are doing in school with their lives outside of school. If indeed computers and technology have altered the way many students perceive the learning process, there are apparent implications for approaches to teaching with technology as well. Rather than simply using computer-aided activities to transmit traditional forms of knowledge, instructors now have new opportunities to create activities that facilitate vital forms of critical thinking and analysis among their students. Rather than perceiving their students as mere consumers of knowledge, instructors can utilize new technological resources to help their students construct and actively reflect upon the knowledge they gain in their courses.
Postprandial duodenal function in man. (1978)

Duodenal function was studied in 11 healthy volunteers after intragastric instillation of a mixed semi-elemental meal. The duodenum accepted chyme of varying pH, osmolality, and nutrient concentration; and, as a result of biliary, pancreatic, and enteric secretion as well as absorption, it delivered chyme with nearly constant pH, osmolality, and nutrient concentration to the jejunum. The flow rate and nutrient load of jejunal chyme varied. The duodenum absorbed more carbohydrate than lipid and less protein, taking up each nutrient at a constant rate during most of the postprandial period. The percentage of nutrient load absorbed was greatest in the late postprandial period, when flow rate, nutrient load, and concentrations were low.
Nanophase-Separated Synchronizing Structure with Parallel Double Periodicity from an Undecablock Terpolymer (2006)

A new nanophase-separated structure with parallel double periodicity has been identified for an undecablock terpolymer in bulk. The polymer includes two long poly(2-vinypyridine) (P) chains on each end, with five short polyisoprene (I) and four short polystyrene (S) chains at the center. This polymer exhibits a hierarchical lamellar structure with two crystallographic periods: 88 nm and 16 nm. The 88 nm period includes one thick P lamella and five thin I-S-I-S-I lamellae, of extremely high orientation.
Reactive oxygen and mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury (2000)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important cytotoxic and signalling mediators in the pathophysiology of inflammatory liver diseases. They can be generated by resident and infiltrating phagocytes and/or intracellularly in every liver cell type after stimulation with cytokines. Although ROS are able to cause cell destruction by massive lipid peroxidation, in most cases, ROS are more likely to modulate signal transduction pathways by affecting redox-sensitive enzymes, organelles (e.g. mitochondria) and transcription factors. Thus, ROS can directly induce and/or regulate apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In addition, ROS can have indirect effects on the pathophysiology by supporting protease activity through inactivation of antiproteases and by modulating the formation of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules. Many of the effects of ROS may occur simultaneously or sequentially in the pathophysiology. Although mainly described in this review as detrimental, ROS are essential for host-defence functions of phagocytes and can modulate the formation of mediators involved in regulating sinusoidal blood flow and liver regeneration. Thus, continuous efforts are necessary to improve our understanding of the role of ROS in the pathophysiology of inflammatory liver diseases and to discover therapeutic interventions that selectively target the negative effects of reactive oxygen formation.
Importance of Relating Efficacy Measures to Unbound Drug Concentrations for Anti-Infective Agents (2013)

For the optimization of dosing regimens of anti-infective agents, it is imperative to have a good understanding of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Whenever possible, drug efficacy needs to be related to unbound concentrations at the site of action. For anti-infective drugs, the infection site is typically located outside plasma, and a drug must diffuse through capillary membranes to reach its target. Disease- and drug-related factors can contribute to differential tissue distribution. As a result, the assumption that the plasma concentration of drugs represents a suitable surrogate of tissue concentrations may lead to erroneous conclusions. Quantifying drug exposure in tissues represents an opportunity to relate the pharmacologically active concentrations to an observed pharmacodynamic parameter, such as the MIC. Selection of an appropriate specimen to sample and the advantages and limitations of the available sampling techniques require careful consideration. Ultimately, the goal will be to assess the appropriateness of a drug and dosing regimen for a specific pathogen and infection.
Distribution system service restoration using a heuristic search approach (1992)

A heuristic search approach for service restoration of a distribution system is presented. The purpose is to devise a proper restoration plan after the location of a fault has been identified and the faulted zone has been isolated. Since service restoration is an urgent matter in distribution system operation, the restoration plan must be reached in a very short time. In addition, the out-of-service area must be minimized to enhance system reliability. To reach a restoration plan which satisfies all practical requirements, a set of heuristic rules was compiled through interviews with experienced operators at Taiwan Power Company. A heuristic search algorithm was developed for service restoration following a fault on distribution feeders. The effectiveness of the proposed heuristic search approach is demonstrated by the restoration of the electricity service following a fault in an underground distribution system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Custom spectral shaping for EMI reduction in electronic ballasts (2004)

This paper presents the use of frequency modulation (FM) as a spread spectrum technique to reduce EMI caused by high frequency electronic ballasts. Amplitude modulation (AM) effects due to ballast dynamics are counteracted by the use of uniquely shaped modulating waveforms, resulting in the elimination of power spectral density (PSD) distortion and reduced peak currents and component stress. A 12-15dB signal reduction is achieved to comply with typical FCC chimney requirements.
A time-stamp based solution for collective resource acquisition in a distributed system (2005)

In some distributed systems, resources are leased, usually for a fixed period of time. For instance, a client leases a network printer for ten minutes. We consider the first step of leasing-acquisition, and extend the concept of the acquisition of a single resource to that of a collection of resources. In such a context, clients must have simultaneous access to all of the requested resources for the lease to be useful. The paper describes designs and implementations for collective acquisition of resources in distributed systems. It begins with the application background of our research, followed by the formalization of the problem. We then introduce our algorithm and prove its correctness. Two implementations are specified and compared. Evaluation of the performance of the algorithms is based on the measurements of the network overhead caused by the exchange of control messages, and the measurements of the average response time for the requests. Implemented in Java, our system makes novel use of multicast to enhance performance and uses heart-beat heuristics to achieve fault resilience. Finally, we propose approaches to optimize the system performance exploiting soft global state information.
CHANGES IN COAL MINING SOCIETY IN CONTEMPORARY WEST BENGAL, INDIA (2011)

The Government of India has, in recent years, taken multiple steps to encourage private sector participation, adopt a more holistic approach towards expanding its coal base, and improve efficiency in the sector as a whole. However, the existing regulatory framework in India is not adequately developed or in tune with international standards that the extractive industries sector have been putting together. It is thus crucial for the Indian coal industry to consider changes in its regulatory environment to make it a par with the international standards to meet the critical requirement for energy security. In fact coal mining society is passing though havoc changes due to Government’s newly introduced multifold policies. The industrial relation now has changed immensely than the previous practices. Coal industry, which contributes 67 percent of total energy requirements of our country. After two phases nationalization the industry witnessed certain developments, which have implications for the human recourses management and industrial relation. In the beginning of the 90s one important event was the introduction of the new economic policy and this has a great influence over the coal mine sector. Impact of the policy Change is the introduction of a number of private operators in the coal production. Broadly, new economic policy initiated the gradual withdrawal of state from the control of basic industry and infrastructure. Coal mines are no exception in this regard. So the effect of new economic policy in the consequence of globalization also falls on the coal sectors. We now see what sort of impact of policy change has taken place upon the coal sector and coal workers. This article tires to examine the changes taken place due to policy changes and changes in general outlook of the people of coal mines in which they live. Now the industrial relation as well as the mechanism of work has been changed drastically. The traditional practice of work and mental outlook is gradually replacing with global method. It was noticed that people associated in this industry has started accepting the wider scope of work culture.