gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neonatal and Adult CD4+CD3− Cells Share Similar Gene Expression Profile, and Neonatal Cells Up-Regulate OX40 Ligand in Response to TL1A (TNFSF15) (2006)

We report here the quantitative expression of a set of immunity-related genes, including TNF family members, chemokine receptors, and transcription factors, in a CD4+ CD3- accessory cell. By correlating gene expression between cell-sorted populations of defined phenotype, we show that the genetic fingerprint of these CD4+ CD3- cells is distinct from dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and NK cells. In contrast, it is highly similar to CD4+ CD3- cells isolated from embryonic and neonatal tissues, with the exception that only adult populations express OX40L and CD30L. We have previously reported that IL-7 signals regulate CD30L expression. In the present study, we show that both neonatal and adult CD4+ CD3- cells express the TNF family member, death receptor 3 (TNFRSF25), and that addition of TL1A (TNFSF15), the ligand for death receptor 3, up-regulates OX40L on neonatal CD4+ CD3- cells. Finally, we demonstrate that this differentiation occurs in vivo: neonatal CD4+ CD3- cells up-regulate both CD30L and OX40L after adoptive transfer into an adult recipient.
Choosing a user interface development tool (1997)

Software developers face many difficult decisions when building new applications, not the least of which is the design of the graphical user interface. The answer to one question-is it better to use a GUI development tool or build it manually?-is relatively straightforward. Today's tools offer several benefits that manual coding does not. Because these tools often provide a simple graphical interface for developing displays, nonprogrammers and human factors engineers can contribute their expertise. Also, if the schedule permits, a tool can be used to build prototypes throughout the development cycle; some tools even provide a test/prototype mode for testing displays without compiling and executing the entire application. And finally, end users can evaluate each prototype and provide feedback, increasing their satisfaction with the final product.
Phosphoric Acids and Phosphates (2019)

Abstract Most commercial applications of phosphorus‐containing materials are based on phosphoric acids and phosphates. Uses, other than as fertilizer, include applications in detergency, foods and food processing, dental materials, dentifrices, metal surface treatments, flame retardants, etc. Structures and properties of orthophosphoric acid and condensed phosphoric acids are presented. The manufacture of technical‐ and food‐grade phosphoric acids by thermal and wet‐acid purification processes and some uses of various phosphoric acids are discussed. The chemistry and properties of orthophosphates and condensed phosphates are presented. Emphasis is placed on alkali metal and calcium salts and their solution properties. Properties specific to condensed phosphate salts such as hydrolysis and metal ion complexation are outlined. Manufacturing schemes for phosphates are described.
Treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis by oral administration of mycobacterial Hsp65 during disease (2000)

Ongoing AIA activity can be reduced by oral administration of Hsp65 only when protein breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited.
Information From the Voice Fundamental Frequency (F0) Region Accounts for the Majority of the Benefit When Acoustic Stimulation Is Added to Electric Stimulation (2009)

Information from the voice fundamental frequency (F0) region accounts for the majority of the speech perception benefit when acoustic stimulation is added to electric stimulation. We propose that, in quiet, low-frequency acoustic information leads to an improved representation of voicing, which in turn leads to a reduction in word candidates in the lexicon. In noise, the robust representation of voicing allows access to low-frequency acoustic landmarks that mark syllable structure and word boundaries. These landmarks can bootstrap word and sentence recognition.
[N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and pain]. (1996)

It has been shown that an excitatory amino acid, such as glutamate and aspartate, plays an important role in the spinal nociceptive transmission. NMDA receptor is one of the receptors of excitatory amino acids. Glutamate is present in the terminals of small diameter primary afferent fibers, as well as in dorsal horn interneurons. It has been reported that NMDA receptor is not located postsynaptic to primary afferent input; rather it mediates excitation evoked by glutamate-releasing interneurons. Activation of chemosensitive afferents with chemical irritants generates a state of central sensitization in the spinal cord, and this hyperexcitability is blocked by NMDA antagonist. These data suggested that activation of chemosensitive afferents induces release of glutamate which activates NMDA receptor in dorsal horn interneurons, and that this NMDA receptor activation induces spinal sensitization. It has been suggested that this spinal sensitization plays an important role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia during inflammation. In the clinical trial, epidural administration of NMDA antagonist attenuated the level of allodynia in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. I think that spinal sensitization induced by NMDA receptor activation is the key mechanism to maintain neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia during inflammation.
A Novel Video Parsing Algorithm Utilizing the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance Emotional Information (2007)

One of the major problems faced when designing a high level video parsing system is that viewers usually have doubts about the exact boundaries of an episode. Moreover, due to the different emotional states that viewers have while viewing a video, it is very difficult to improve the performance of these algorithms using convention methods. To solve this problem, this paper presents a novel spectral clustering based high level video parsing algorithm that utilizes the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance (P-A-D) (Mehrabian, 1996 and Valdez and Mehrabian, 1994) emotional content of the video.
Tannins and Related Compounds: Killing of Amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and Release of Nitric Oxide and Tumour Necrosis Factor a in Macrophages in vitro (2001)

The antileishmanial and immunomodulatory potencies of a series of 28 polyphenols were evaluated in terms of extra- and intracellular leishmanicidal activity and macrophage activation for release of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-like properties. For this, several functional bioassays were employed including an in vitro model for leishmaniasis in which murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMphi) were infected with the obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani, an extracellular Leishmania proliferation assay, a fibroblast-lysis assay (TNF-activity), and a biochemical assay for NO. Except for gallic acid, its methyl ester, shikimic acid and catechin (EC50 25.8-67.9 nM) all polyphenols tested significantly inhibited the intracellular survival of L. donovani amastigotes (EC50 0.4-13.9 nM) when compared with the clinically used agent, sodium stibogluconate (EC50 10.6 nM). In contrast, none of the samples proved to be directly toxic for the extracellular promastigote form of the parasite. Noteworthy, the phenolic samples showed only moderate or no cytotoxicity against the murine host cells (EC50 10 to >144 nM). Although NO is an important effector molecule in macrophage microbicidal activity, the inducing potential of the test compounds for its release was found to be very moderate ranging from 7-54 microM (IFN-gamma/LPS 119 microM). On the other hand, inhibition of NO production had no apparent effect on intracellular leishmanicidal activity of polyphenols. Their in vitro TNF-inducing potential producing 50% lysis in murine L929 cells increased in the order of simple phenols and flavanols (34-48 U/ml) < A-type proanthocyanidins (53-80 U/ml) < B-type proanthocyanidins (64-200 U/ml) < hydrolyzable tannins (287-350 U/ml) at the host cell subtoxic concentration of 50 microg/ml. Furthermore, gallic acid and some hydrolyzable tannins showed appreciable IFN-like activities (14-23 U/ml) as reflected by inhibition of the cytopathic effect of encephalomyocarditis virus on fibroblast L 929 cells. The results provide a rational basis for the recorded anti-infectious efficacy of traditionally used herbal medicines containing tannins in vivo, in the light of both only moderate direct antimicrobial activities of distinct polyphenols in vitro and the limited knowledge on their uptake in humans.
Airline Management Information System at Arkia Israeli Airlines (1988)

This paper presents an approach to developing and implementing a management information system for small airlines. The system presented is a new, comprehensive, real-time sales support and reservation system based on state-of-the-art computer technology, advanced concepts in software design, and practical experience in the travel industry. The system represents a departure from the philosophy underlying most existing airline reservation systems. It is an important strategic asset and a valuable weapon in an increasingly competitive market.
Degrees of Freedom of an Image (1969)

The maximum number of degrees of freedom of an image, which is usually derived by a rough application of the sampling theorem, has a precise mathematical meaning. This is established by applying the theory of prolate spheroidal functions, as discussed by Slepian and Pollack and other authors. Both coherent and incoherent illumination are considered. The number of degrees of freedom of the image can be substantially different in both cases. A dramatic example is represented by the thin-ring pupil, which is virtually unidimensional in the former case and two dimensional in the latter case.
Citrate chelation as a potential mechanism against aluminum toxicity in cells: the role of calmodulin (1985)

At a molar excess of [citrate]/[aluminum], this organic acid can protect calmodulin from aluminum binding if the metal is presented to the protein in stoichiometric micromolar quantities, as judged by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Similar citrate concentrations are also capable of fully restoring calmodulin's hydrophobic surface exposure to that of the native protein when calmodulin was initially damaged by aluminum binding. Fluoride anions are equally effective in restoring calmodulin's native structure as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Measurements of the kinetics of citrate-mediated aluminum removal also indicated that the metal ions are completely removed from calmodulin, consistent with results derived from atomic absorption experiments. On the other hand, results from circular dichroism studies indicated that citrate-mediated aluminum removal from calmodulin can only partially restore the α-helix content to that originally present in apocalmodulin or in calcium–calmodulin, dependent upon the absence or presence of calcium ions. The results that chelators like citrate can protect calmodulin from aluminum injury may provide a conceptual understanding of physiological observations regarding aluminum-tolerant plant species which are generally rich in certain organic acids.
Magnetostatic Modes in Ferromagnetic Resonance (1957)

It has been found recently that in ferromagnetic resonance experiments performed in inhomogeneous rf exciting fields at a fixed frequency, absorption of power takes place at a number of distinct magnetic fields. This is ascribed to the existence of long-wavelength modes of oscillation of the ferromagnetic sample. The mode spectrum of spheroids is examined for the case, which may often hold in practice, where exchange and electromagnetic propagation can be ignored simultaneously.
Fourier transform Raman and infrared vibrational study of human skin: Assignment of spectral bands (1992)

Abstract Fourier transform (FT) Raman and infrared spectra of the outermost layer of human skin, the stratum corneum, were recorded. Assignments consistent with the FT Raman vibrations were made for the first time and compared with assignments from the FTIR spectrum. The results demonstrate that FT Raman spectroscopy holds several advantages over FTIR in studies of human skin. The molecular and conformational nature of human skin, and modifications induced by drug or chemical treatments, may be assessed by FT Raman spectroscopy.
MicroRNAs as potential diagnostic markers of disease (2005)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005

4202 

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs (∼21 to 22 nucleotides in length) encoded in the genomes of human, plants and animals that regulate the expression of genes by binding and modulating the translation of specific messenger RNAs. Several published reports have shown that the expression levels of some miRNAs are reduced in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colonic adenocarcinoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma samples, suggesting a possible link between miRNAs and cancer. Methods: microRNA fractions were isolated from lung, colon, breast, prostate, bladder, thyroid or pancreatic human tumors and from their corresponding normal adjacent tissues (NAT). microRNA expression profiles were determined for each Tumor/NAT pair by hybridization on DNA oligonucleotide arrays carrying probes for all of known human miRNAs. miRNAs were sorted based on similar expression level across Tumor/NAT pairs using hierarchical clustering. Results: Each tumor was readily distinguishable from its accompanying matched normal tissue sample based on the expression levels of 3-10 miRNAs. Each tumor type was also characterized by its own unique miRNA profile. While several miRNAs such as miR-21, -143 and -145, were found to be up- or down-regulated in almost all tumor samples relative to normal adjacent tissue, variation of other miRNA expression appears to be specific to individual tumor types. Conclusion: These results indicate a function for miRNAs in developmental and physiological pathways within normal tissues as well as during oncogenesis. As putative mRNA targets for a number of these miRNAs are known oncogenes, our results also suggest that specific miRNA might play roles in tumor suppression. The unique miRNA profile signatures identified here may prove useful for the characterization or early diagnosis of tumorigenesis, and potentially other disease states.
Mercury Emissions Control in Coal Combustion Systems Using Potassium Iodide: Bench-Scale and Pilot-Scale Studies (2009)

Addition of halogens or halides has been reported to promote mercury removal in coal-fired power plants. In this study, bench- and pilot-scale experiments were conducted using potassium iodide (KI) for capture and removal of Hg in air and coal combustion exhaust. Two bench-scale reactor systems were used: (1) a packed-bed reactor (PBR) packed with granular or powder KI and (2) an aerosol flow reactor (AFR) with injection of KI particles. It was found that a higher temperature, a higher concentration of KI, and a longer gas residence time resulted in a higher Hg removal efficiency. A 100% Hg removal was achieved in the PBR above 300 °C using 0.5 g of powder KI and in the AFR above 500 °C with a KI/Hg molar ratio of 600 at a 5.8 s residence time. The low KI injection ratio relative to Hg indicated that KI is highly effective for Hg removal in air. Formation of I2 vapor by the oxidation of KI by O2 at high temperatures, which then reacts with Hg to produce HgI2, was identified as the pathway for removal. The pilot-scale experiments were conducted in a 160 kW pulverized coal combustor. KI was introduced in two ways: as a powder mixed with coal and by spraying KI solution droplets into the flue gas. In both cases the Hg removal efficiency increased with an increase in the feed rate of KI. Mixing KI powder with coal was found to be more effective than spraying KI into the flue gas, very likely due to the higher temperature, longer residence time of KI, and the formation of a secondary reactive sorbent. The Hg removal by KI was less efficient in the pilot-scale tests than in the bench-scale tests probably due to certain flue gas components reacting with KI or I2. Hg speciation measurements in both bench- and pilot-scale experiments indicated no oxidized mercury in the gas phase upon introduction of KI, indicating that the oxidation product HgI2 was captured in the particulate phase. This is very beneficial in coal-fired power plants equipped with electrostatic precipitators where particulate-bound Hg can be efficiently removed.
A new ozone-based method for virus inactivation: preliminary study (1997)

The nebulization technique reported here could be used to inactivate viruses with ozone in large volumes of body fluids, such as plasma, partial blood and perhaps whole blood in a short time. Coliphage MS2 was used as a model because it is safe, easy to handle and more resistant to chemical disinfections than viruses such as HIV. The theoretical curves and experimental points, describing ozone inactivation of MS2, form a semi-sigmoid of congruent data. There was a > 7log10 reduction in MS2 viability and the possibilities of minimizing the ozone concentration required to kill viruses are indicated. The analysis was expanded to account for the interaction of ozone with a virus suspension in the shape of a thin film from the experimental findings of Bolton et al. We again find a semi-sigmoid of congruent data for their case, i.e. describing ozone inactivation of the influenza A virus (WSN strain) and the vesicular stomatitis virus versus time. For the method of nebulization, the exposure time of droplets with ozone is a few seconds, whereas for the thin film method the exposure time is measured in hours.
(Almost) tight bounds and existence theorems for confluent flows (2004)

A flow is said to be confluent if at any node all the flow leaves along a single edge. Given a directed graph G with k sinks and non-negative demands on all the nodes of G, we consider the problem of determining a confluent flow that routes every node demand to some sink such that the maximum congestion at a sink is minimized. Confluent flows arise in a variety of application areas, most notably in networking; in fact, most flows in the Internet are confluent since Internet routing is destination based.We present near-tight approximation algorithms, hardness results, and existence theorems for confluent flows. The main result of this paper is a polynomial-time algorithm for determining a confluent flow with congestion at most 1 + ln(k) in G, if G admits a splittable flow with congestion at most 1. We complement this result in two directions. First, we present a graph G that admits a splittable flow with congestion at most 1, yet no confluent flow with congestion smaller than Hk, thus establishing tight upper and lower bounds to within an additive constant less than 1. Second, we show that it is NP-hard to approximate the congestion of an optimal confluent flow to within a factor of (lg k)/2, thus resolving the polynomial-time approximability to within a multiplicative constant. We also consider a demand maximization version of the problem. We show that if G admits a splittable flow of congestion at most 1, then a variant of the congestion minimization algorithm yields a confluent flow in G with congestion at most 1 that satisfies 1/3 fraction of total demand.We show that the gap between confluent flows and splittable flows is much smaller, if the underlying graph were k connected. In particular, we prove that k-connected graphs with k sinks admit confluent flows of congestion less than C + dmax, where C is the congestion of the best splittable flow, and dmax is the maximum demand of any node in G. The proof of this existence theorem is non-constructive and relies on topological techniques introduced in [16].
Studies on the role of the <i>metK</i> gene product of <i>Escherichia coli</i> K‐12 (2002)

We show here that the metK gene is essential to the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 and can be deleted only in the presence of a rescue plasmid carrying a functional metK gene. When metK expression was limited, genomic DNA methylation decreased and cell division was hampered. Through primer extension, the transcription start site of metK was located at 140 bp upstream of the translation start site. The frequently used metK84 mutant has been shown to carry an A(r)G transition in the -10 region of the metK promoter. This accounts for its low level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase and SAM deficiency.
The secretin gene: evolutionary history, alternative splicing, and developmental regulation. (1991)

The gene encoding the hormone secretin has been isolated and structurally characterized. The transcriptional unit is divided into four exons spanning 813 nucleotides. Comparison of the rat secretin gene to the other members of the glucagon-secretin gene family reveals that similarities are restricted to the exons encoding the biologically active peptides. Analysis of RNA from porcine intestine indicates that at least two transcripts are generated from the porcine secretin gene as a result of differential splicing. The longer and more abundant transcript appears to be identical to a previously isolated cDNA, which encodes a precursor that includes a 72-amino acid C-terminal extension peptide. The shorter transcript does not contain the third exon and, as a result, encodes only 44 residues beyond the C terminus of secretin. The amino acid sequence deduced from the shorter transcript is identical to a precursor form of secretin recently isolated from porcine duodenum [Gafvelin, G., Jornvall, H. & Mutt, V. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6781-6785]. Developmental studies reveal that both secretin mRNA and peptide levels in the intestine are highest just before birth, prior to the onset of gastric acid secretion and feeding. This observation implies that secretin biosynthesis in developing animals is controlled independently of the principal factors known to regulate secretin release in adult animals.
Perceptual uniformity in digital image representation and display (2013)

Digital image representation is perceptually uniform if a small perturbation of a component value—such as the digital code value used to represent red, green, blue, or luminance—produces a change in light output at a display that is approximately equally perceptible across the range of that value. Most digital image coding systems—including sRGB (used in desktop graphics), BT.709 (used in high‐definition television, HD), Adobe RGB (1998) (used in graphics arts), and DCI P3 RGB (used in digital cinema)—represent colour component (pixel) values in a perceptually uniform manner. However, this behavior is not well documented and is often shrouded in confusion. This article surveys perceptual uniformity in digital imaging and attempts to clarify some widely misunderstood aspects of image coding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 6–15, 2014
Broad-Band TEM Diode Limiting (1962)

The bandwidths of two types of limiters operating below diode resonance and one type of limiter operating at diode resonance are calculated. A 2.5-Gc base-band limiter was made providing a low power insertion loss of less than 1 db, a limiting threshold of 10 mw, and a high power isolation of greater than 20 db. A 0.9-to 1.3-Gc matched limiter was made having a VSWR of less than 1.2 for all power levels. The burnout power of these two limiters was calculated to be about 10 watts incident CW power or 1500 watt-microsecond incident pulse energy. Using the diode resonance the calculations indicate that it is possible to make a 5-Gc limiter with 15 per cent bandwidth, less than 1-db low power insertion loss, a limiting level of 10 mw, and greater than 20-db isolation at high power. The bandwidths derived for diode limiting are equally applicable to switching.
A novel high-performance bipolar monolithic memory cell (1972)

A novel memory cell is described that is used in several IBM processors. It is fast, insensitive to disturbance by reading and half-selects, and delivers a large sense signal.