gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE MOVEMENTS AND REACTION TO DRUGS OF STRIPS OF THE GASTRIC MUSCULATURE OF THE CAT AND DOG (1926)

A study has been made of the movements of surviving strips from the different regions of the gastric musculature of the cat and dog. The action of pilocarpine, adrenaline, and atropine on the rhythmic movements and “tonus” of the strips has been investigated. Each region has a characteristic type of contraction which resembles closely the movements described in the intact stomach. The power of “postural adaptation” is most clearly shown in the fundic region, and decreases progressively to the pylorus. This function is demonstrated by the changes produced by drugs in the baseline from which rhythmic contractions take origin. The motor power of the stomach varies inversely with the possession of this capability of postural adaptation: thus, from the pyloric region, which exhibits the most powerful contractions, postural changes cannot be elicited. Pilocarpine imitates only the motor action of the vagus, causing a change of the base‐line in the fundic region with no augmentation of contractions; and in the pyloric region, augmentation of rhythmic movements without alteration of the base‐line. Adrenaline imitates the inhibitory effects of splanchnic stimulation in all regions of the stomach except the cardia, in which it causes contraction. It produces in all other regions of the stomach a cessation of rhythmic movements, which in the fundus is associated with relaxation: strips from intermediate parts relax slightly, while in the vicinity of the pylorus the length of the muscle fibre is unaltered. Atropine antagonises the action of pilocarpine and produces effects similar to those observed after adrenaline. The cardiac and pyloric sphincters are not alike in their response to drugs. In the cardia pilocarpine and adrenaline cause a rise of the lever from the base‐line, while atropine has little effect. The cardia appears to exhibit “tonus” changes, to the exclusion of rhythmic movements. The pyloric sphincter resembles in all respects the adjacent musculature of the pyloric antrum, addition of drugs causing alteration of the rhythmic movements without changing the constancy of the base‐line. The sling of Forssell combines both the property of postural adaptation and considerable motor power, drugs causing alterations in the length of the muscle fibre in addition to changes in the amplitude of rhythmic movements. The expenses of the investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
ChemInform Abstract: General Syntheses of 2′,3′‐Dideoxynucleosides and 2′,3′‐Didehydro‐2′,3′‐dideoxynucleosides. (1989)

Abstract Consecutive treatment of the 5'‐O‐silyl‐protected adenosine (I) with carbon disulfide (II) and methyl iodide (III) produces the bisxanthate (IV), together with the thionocarbonate (V).
Investigation of the as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability of CoFe and Ru based multilayers (2002)

The as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability at 300 °C of CoFe and Ru based ultrathin multilayers have been investigated and structural and magnetic characteristics have been correlated. These layer systems constitute the basis of the hard artificial antiferromagnetic subsystem used in current sensors. The coercive field of 2 nm CoFe (3.5 kA/m) is found to increase linearly by a factor of 13 upon increasing the Ru seed layer thickness from 5 to 40 nm. The weakening of the exchange coupling due to the sharpening of the crystallite boundaries is likely the origin. Magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation measurements show that the CoFe/Ru interface remains magnetically active after 36 h with a magnetic contrast of 0.17, indicating that no strong mixing at the interface is taking place. In accordance, the saturation field of the antiferromagnetic coupling in Ru5/CoFe2/Ru0.7/CoFe2/Ru (nm) does not change during 20 h of annealing. However, slowly a remanent magnetization develops which is thought to be due to the formation of ferromagnetic shortcuts through the crystallite boundaries of the coupler.
Melanization of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>and<i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i>Reduces Their Susceptibilities to Amphotericin B and Caspofungin (2002)

The fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum produce melanin-like pigments in the presence of L-dopa in vitro and during mammalian infection. We investigated whether melanization affected the susceptibilities of the fungi to amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, or flucytosine (5FC). Using the standard macrodilution MIC protocol (the M27A protocol) of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for yeast, we found no difference in the susceptibilities of melanized and nonmelanized C. neoformans and H. capsulatum isolates. Killing assays demonstrated that melanization reduced the susceptibilities of both fungi to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Laccase-deficient C. neoformans cells grown with L-dopa were significantly more susceptible than congenic melanin-producing yeast to killing by amphotericin B or caspofungin. Preincubation of amphotericin B or caspofungin with melanins decreased their antifungal activities. Elemental analysis of melanins incubated with amphotericin B or caspofungin revealed an alteration in the C:N ratios of the melanins, which indicated binding of these drugs by the melanins. In contrast, incubation of fluconazole, itraconazole, or 5FC with melanins did not significantly affect the antifungal efficacies of the drugs or the chemical composition of the melanins. The results suggest a potential explanation for the inefficacy of caspofungin against C. neoformans in vivo, despite activity in vitro. Furthermore, the results indicate that fungal melanins protect C. neoformans and H. capsulatum from the activities of amphotericin B and caspofungin and that this protection is not demonstrable by standard broth macrodilution assays.
Digital data readback for a probe storage device (2000)

An experimentally proved method is described for data readback from an information track using separate atoms on a crystal surface as memory elements. The key idea consists of local scanning and recognition of memory elements on the carrier surface followed by attaching the device probe to them so as to keep the probe position over the track.
Mutations in Tau Gene Exon 10 Associated with FTDP-17 Alter the Activity of an Exonic Splicing Enhancer to Interact with Tra2β (2003)

Mutations in the human tau gene leading to aberrant splicing have been identified in FTDP-17, an autosomal dominant hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. Molecular mechanisms by which such mutations cause tau aberrant splicing were not understood. We characterized two mutations in exon 10 of the tau gene, N279K and Del280K. Our results revealed an exonic splicing enhancer element located in exon 10. The activity of this AG-rich splicing enhancer was altered by N279K and Del280K mutations. This exonic enhancer element interacts with human Tra2 beta protein. The interaction between Tra2 beta and the exonic splicing enhancer correlates with the activity of this enhancer element in stimulating splicing. Biochemical studies including in vitro splicing and RNA interference experiments in transfected cells support a role for Tra2 beta protein in regulating alternative splicing of human tau gene. Our results implicate the human tau gene as a target gene for the alternative splicing regulator Tra2 beta, suggesting that Tra2 beta may play a role in aberrant tau exon 10 alternative splicing and in the pathogenesis of tauopathies.
Additive Manufacturing of Patient-Customizable Scaffolds for Tubular Tissues Using the Melt-Drawing Method (2016)

Polymeric fibrous scaffolds for guiding cell growth are designed to be potentially used for the tissue engineering (TE) of tubular organs including esophagi, blood vessels, tracheas, etc. Tubular scaffolds were fabricated via melt-drawing of highly elastic poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLC) fibers layer-by-layer on a cylindrical mandrel. The diameter and length of the scaffolds are customizable via 3D printing of the mandrel. Thickness of the scaffolds was varied by changing the number of layers of the melt-drawing process. The morphology and tensile properties of the PLC fibers were investigated. The fibers were highly aligned with a uniform diameter. Their diameters and tensile properties were tunable by varying the melt-drawing speeds. These tailorable topographies and tensile properties show that the additive-based scaffold fabrication technique is customizable at the micro- and macro-scale for different tubular tissues. The merits of these scaffolds in TE were further shown by the finding that myoblast and fibroblast cells seeded onto the scaffolds in vitro showed appropriate cell proliferation and distribution. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) differentiated to smooth muscle lineage on the microfibrous scaffolds in the absence of soluble induction factors, showing cellular shape modulation and scaffold elasticity may encourage the myogenic differentiation of stem cells.
Transducing Bacteriophage for <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (1968)

A phage, designated CP-51, that carries out generalized transduction in Bacillus cereus 569 was isolated from soil. All auxotrophic mutants tested, those requiring tryptophan, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, or phenylalanine, were transduced to prototrophy. The phage was extremely unstable when stored at 2 to 4 C, but stability was enhanced by storage at higher temperatures. The optimal temperature of those tested for maintenance of plaque-forming units was 15 C.
Small Business and the Regeneration of Britain's Coalfields (1994)

In most countries of the world, governmental or quasi-governmental agen cies are engaged in efforts to stimulate entrepreneurship. This paper seeks to examine the impact of entrepreneurship stimulation efforts in Britain's deindustrialised coalfields. Analysing the effectiveness of development agencies established specially for this purpose, the paper concludes that for such attempts to be successful they need to be implemented within a socio-economic environment in which entrepreneurship and innovation have at least a presence and an existence.
Immunolocalization of Androgen Receptor in the Cloacal Gland of Male Japanese Quail(Coturnix coturnix japonica). (1993)

The present study was designed to localize androgen receptor in the cloacal gland of the male Japanese quail by immunohistochemical method. Frozen sections of the cloacal tissue were immunostained using a polyclonal antibody to human androgen receptor. In 15 days old male quail embryos, 20 and 80 days old birds, the positive immunoreaction for androgen receptor was observed in the nuclei of glandular cells and dorsal proctodeal epithelial cells. The intensity of immunoreactive staining in the glandular cells was higher in 80 days old birds than the others. The structure of the cloacal gland was much well developed in testosterone-treated 6-day-old males than in vehicle treated ones. In both testosterone-treated and vehicle treated immature quails, positive immunoreaction was observed in the glandular cells and dorsal proctodeal epithelium. These results suggest that androgens induce the development of cloacal gland and doral proctodeal epithelium and also enhance the secretory activity of cloacal gland in an androgen receptor mediated manner.
A stable droplet reactor for high temperature nanocrystal synthesis (2010)

We report a versatile capillary-based droplet reactor for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles over a wide range of flow conditions and temperatures. The reactor tolerates large flow-rate differentials between individual reagent streams, and allows droplet composition to be varied independently of residence time and volume. The reactor was successfully applied to the synthesis of metal (Ag), metal-oxide (TiO(2)) and compound semiconductor (CdSe) nanoparticles, and in each case exhibited stable droplet flow over many hours of operation without fouling, even for reactions involving solid intermediates. For CdSe formed by the reaction of Cd oleate and Se, highly controlled growth could be achieved at temperatures of up to 250 °C, with emission spectra varying smoothly and reproducibly with temperature and flow-rate. The droplet reactor showed exceptional stability when operated under constant flow-rate and temperature conditions, yielding particles with well-defined band-edge emission spectra that did not vary over the course of a full day's continuous operation.
Development of a Synthetic Promoter for Macrophage Gene Therapy (2006)

Macrophages have the potential to deliver therapeutic genes to many target tissues. Macrophage-specific synthetic promoters (SPs) generated by random ligation of myeloid/macrophage cis elements had activity up to 100-fold that of a native macrophage promoter in macrophage cell lines, but were minimally active in nonmyeloid cells. Mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) transduced ex vivo with lentivectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven either by an SP (SP-GFP) or a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (CMV-GFP) were used for syngeneic transplantation of lethally irradiated mice. Blood leukocytes showed stable GFP expression for up to 15 months after transplantation. SP-GFP expression was selective for CD11b+ macrophages, whereas CMV-GFP expression was observed in erythrocytes, as well as in both CD11b+ and CD11b- leukocytes. Furthermore, SP-GFP expression was much stronger than CMV-GFP expression in CD11b+ macrophages. apoE-/- BMCs transduced with the lentiviral vector encoding human apoE were used to transplant apoE-/- mice. Macrophage expression of apoE from 10 to 26 weeks of age significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in recipient apoE-/- mice. Thus, the novel SPs, especially when combined with lentivectors, are useful for macrophage-specific delivery of therapeutic genes.
The role of water in promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (1994)

Abstract The addition of water vapor has a strong positive effect on the rate of ethane oxidation at 575°C. This effect is attributed to the role of H 2 O as a third body in the decomposition of H 2 O 2 to OH radicals. Carbon tetrafluoride likewise enhances the rate of ethane conversion, although not to the extent realized with H 2 O. A kinetic model, based on known elementary reactions, adequately accounts for the conversions and selectivities observed as a function of H 2 O pressure, temperature, contact time, and O 2 pressure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The magnetic structure of Alnico 5 (1952)

In the investigation of Alnico 5, two problems arose. What is the mechanism which enables the alloy to respond to heat treatment in a magnetic field? What causes the alloy to have a high coercive force of 600 oersteds? The first problem has been solved and progress has been made toward solving the second.
VEGF-Mediated STAT3 Activation Inhibits Retinal Vascularization by Down-Regulating Local Erythropoietin Expression (2012)

Avascular, hypoxic retina has been postulated to be a source of angiogenic factors that cause aberrant angiogenesis and intravitreal neovascularization (IVNV) in retinopathy of prematurity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important factor involved. However, VEGF is also required for normal retinal vascular development, which raises concerns about inhibiting its activity to treat IVNV in retinopathy of prematurity. Therefore, understanding the effects that VEGF has on other factors in the development of avascular retina is important to prevent aberrant angiogenesis and IVNV. Here, we show that STAT3 was activated by increased retinal VEGF in the rat 50/10 oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Phospho-STAT3 colocalized with glutamine synthetase-labeled Müller cells. Inhibition of STAT3 reduced avascular retina and increased retinal erythropoietin (Epo) expression. Epo administered exogenously also reduced avascular retina in the model. In an in vitro study, hypoxia-induced VEGF inhibited Epo gene expression by STAT3 activation in rat Müller cells. The mechanism by which activated STAT3 regulated Epo was by inhibition of Epo promoter activity. Together, these findings show that increased retinal VEGF contributes to avascular retina by regulating retinal Epo expression through Janus kinase/STAT signaling. Our results suggest that rescuing Epo expression in the retina before the development of IVNV may promote normal developmental angiogenesis and, therefore, reduce the stimulus for later pathologic IVNV.
Novel and Potent 6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl Ligands for the α4β2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (1999)

1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-2-imidazolidine (1), the N-desnitro metabolite of the major insecticide imidacloprid, is known to have similar potency to that of (-)-nicotine as an inhibitor of [3H](-)-nicotine binding at the rat recombinant alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR); IC50 values in the present study are 3.8 nM for (-)-nicotine, 6.0 nM for 1, and 155 nM for imidacloprid. Synthesis of new analogues of 1, modified only in the heterocyclic moiety (five-, six-, or seven-membered rings with NH, S, O, and CH2 substituents), gave compounds varying from 4-fold higher potency (2-iminothiazole analogue 10) to >6000-fold less active than (-)-nicotine. Other potent N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl] compounds are those in which the heterocyclic imine is replaced with pyrrolidine (19) (IC50 9 nM) or trimethylammonium (22) (IC50 18 nM). A novel conversion of (-)-nicotine to its 6-chloro analogue increased the potency 2-fold. These 6-chloro-3-pyridinyl compounds are of interest as novel nAChR probes and potential metabolites of candidate insecticides.
Possible Errors in the Interpretation of Ethidium Bromide and PicoGreen DNA Staining Results from Ethidium Monoazide-Treated DNA (2006)

Nocker and Camper reported that DNA from dead bacterial cells ( Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) treated with ethidium monoazide (EMA) is lost during the DNA extraction procedure ([2][1]). This was concluded from the missing or less intense DNA band on an agarose
Reliability in Content Analysis. (2004)

In a recent article in this journal, Lombard, Snyder-Duch, and Bracken (2002) surveyed 200 content analyses for their reporting of reliability tests, compared the virtues and drawbacks of five popular reliability measures, and proposed guidelines and standards for their use. Their discussion revealed that numerous misconceptions circulate in the content analysis literature regarding how these measures behave and can aid or deceive content analysts in their effort to ensure the reliability of their data. This article proposes three conditions for statistical measures to serve as indices of the reliability of data and examines the mathematical structure and the behavior of the five coefficients discussed by the authors, as well as two others. It compares common beliefs about these coefficients with what they actually do and concludes with alternative recommendations for testing reliability in content analysis and similar data-making efforts.
Switching beam antenna for LTE small cell application (2017)

A switching beam antenna with dual polarizations for LTE small cell application is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of 5 sets high gain dual-polarized dipole antennas, two RF switching network circuit, a digital control circuit with the whole dimensions 200 × 200 × 76 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The antenna has a wide bandwidth for LTE operation in 2100-2700 MHz band. And good radiation performance is obtained in horizontal plane, and has 31 radiation pattern combinations for each polarization and support 2 × 2 MIMO system.
DATA CLUSTERING USING MAPREDUCE (2009)

MapReduce is a software framework that allows certain kinds of parallelizable or distributable problems involving large data sets to be solved using computing clusters. MapReduce is attractive because it abstracts parallel and distributed concepts in such a way that it allows novice programmers to take advantage of cluster computing without needing to be familiar with associated complexities such as data dependency, mutual exclusion, replication, and reliability. However, the challenge is that problems must be expressed in such a way that they can be solved using MapReduce. This often involves carefully designing inputs and outputs of MapReduce problems as often outputs of one MapReduce are used as inputs to another. Data clustering is a common computing task that often involves large data sets for which MapReduce can be an attractive means to a solution. This report presents a case study of clustering Netflix movie data using K-means, Greedy Agglomerative, and Expectation Maximization clustering algorithms using Apache Hadoop MapReduce framework. Netflix is a large online DVD rental service. A major part of Netflix's revenue generation can be directly attributed to providing movie recommendations to customers based on movies they have seen and rated in the past. As part of an ongoing effort to improve this movie recommendation system, Netflix is sponsoring a competition for the best movie rating predictor. Netflix provides a data set containing over 100 million ratings to competition participants, which we use in our MapReduce clustering case study. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used to compare actual ratings versus predictions made on this data set. Netfiix's predictor achieves a RMSE of 0.9525 on the provided data set. A demonstration is provided on how the resulting clustered data can be used to create a simple movie rating predictor that is able to achieve a RMSE of 1.0269 which is within 8% of Netfiix's predictor. The predictor demonstrated also highlights an interesting collaboration of MapReduce and Database Management Systems, namely Hadoop and MySQL.
High quality diesel by hydrocracking (1988)

Nationwide reduction of diesel sulfur content from a present average of about 0.26% to the 0.05% level is under consideration, following the lead of a similar regulation already in effect in California. This drastic reduction in sulfur content is urged on the basis of reduced particulate sulfates in the engine exhaust, coupled with claimed longer engine life and improved fuel economy. Additionally, and perhaps with even more controversy, strong consideration is being given to regulation of the aromatics content to a maximum of 20 volume percent, down from a current national average of about 29 volume percent. This is advocated as a means to reduce the carbonaceous fraction of diesel particulate emissions. If the proposed regulations are implemented, most refiners will face formidable problems in achieving the stipulated diesel quality objectives. In selective situations, hydrocracking will be an important product source because the diesel product is typically of superior burning quality and will comfortably meet the proposed sulfur and aromatics targets. A key objective in this paper is to examine the effects of feedstock type and processing configuration on hydrocracker diesel product quality.