gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Very Inexpensive Temperature Monitor for Flameless Atomic Absorption Apparatus (1976)

For less than $5 and with very little effort, one can make a temperature monitor for flameless atomic absorption work which will measure temperatures above 1000°C fairly precisely. With simple modifications, temperatures down to about 750°C can be measured or automatic monitoring via chart recording can be done.
On the Predominant Electron-Donicity of Polar Solid Surfaces (1997)

Abstract The reasons for the predominant electron-donicity of almost all solid polar surfaces and its implications are discussed in this paper. By contact angle or interfacial tension measurements, the electron-accepting as well as the electron-donating properties of polar liquids can be ascertained, through the interplay between their energies of adhesion and cohesion. For the solid-liquid interface, direct interfacial tension measurements are not possible, but indirectly, solid/liquid interfacial tensions of polar systems can be obtained by contact angle measurement. However, as the energy of cohesion of a solid does not influence the contact angle formed by a liquid drop placed upon its surface, one can only measure the solid surface'ks residual polar property, manifested by the energy of adhesion between solid and liquid. This residual polar property is of necessity the dominant component; in most cases this turns out to be its electron donicity. When, by means of contact angle measurements with polar liquids, both electron-accepting and electron-donating potentials are found on a polar solid, it is most likely still partly covered with a polar liquid: usually water. The amount of residual water of hydration of a polar solid follows from its polar (Lewis acid-base) surface tension component (γAB). The degree of orientation of the residual water of hydration on a polar solid can be expressed by the ratio of the electron-donating to electron-accepting potentials (γ⊖/γ⊕), measured on the hydrated surface. Key Words: Bipolar liquidselectron-acceptorselectron-donorsenergy of cohesion of liquidsenergy of cohesion of solidsLewis acid-base interactionsLifshitz-van der Waals interactionsmonopolar liquidsmonopolar solid surfacessurface tension componentswater of hydration
Video Quality Assessment Using Spatio-Velocity Contrast Sensitivity Function (2010)

Due to the development and popularization of high-definition televisions, digital video cameras, Blu-ray discs, digital broadcasting, IP television and so on, it plays an important role to identify and quantify video quality degradations. In this paper, we propose SV-CIELAB which is an objective video quality assessment (VQA) method using a spatio-velocity contrast sensitivity function (SV-CSF). In SV-CIELAB, motion information in videos is effectively utilized for filtering unnecessary information in the spatial frequency domain. As the filter to apply videos, we used the SV-CSF. It is a modulation transfer function of the human visual system, and consists of the relationship among contrast sensitivities, spatial frequencies and velocities of perceived stimuli. In the filtering process, the SV-CSF cannot be directly applied in the spatial frequency domain because spatial coordinate information is required when using velocity information. For filtering by the SV-CSF, we obtain video frames separated in spatial frequency domain. By using velocity information, the separated frames with limited spatial frequencies are weighted by contrast sensitivities in the SV-CSF model. In SV-CIELAB, the criteria are obtained by calculating image differences between filtered original and distorted videos. For the validation of SV-CIELAB, subjective evaluation experiments were conducted. The subjective experimental results were compared with SV-CIELAB and the conventional VQA methods such as CIELAB color difference, Spatial-CIELAB, signal to noise ratio and so on. From the experimental results, it was shown that SV-CIELAB is a more efficient VQA method than the conventional methods.
Glycolipids of hamster fibroblasts and derived malignant-transformed cell lines. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Optical fiber coupled THz transceiver (2015)

Recently, optical fiber coupled terahertz (THz) transceiver module has been developed. The THz transceiver chip in the module has twin dipole antennas which are independently aligned by femtosecond laser beam using polarization maintaining (PM) optical fiber. The measured THz pulse is 1 nA peak-to-peak amplitude, 1,000:1 signal-to-noise ratio, and 2.0 THz bandwidth when the THz pulse is reflected by metal surface.
Veto-based Malware Detection (2012)

Malicious software (malware) represents a threat to the security and privacy of computer users. Traditional signature-based and heuristic-based methods are unsuccessful in detecting some forms of malware. This paper presents a malware detection approach based on supervised learning. The main contributions of the paper are an ensemble learning algorithm, two pre-processing techniques, and an empirical evaluation of the proposed algorithm. Sequences of operational codes are extracted as features from malware and benign files. These sequences are used to produce three different data sets with different configurations. A set of learning algorithms is evaluated on the data sets and the predictions are combined by the ensemble algorithm. The predicted output is decided on the basis of veto voting. The experimental results show that the approach can accurately detect both novel and known malware instances with higher recall in comparison to majority voting.
Question Answering on Freebase via Relation Extraction and Textual Evidence (2016)

Existing knowledge-based question answering systems often rely on small annotated training data. While shallow methods like relation extraction are robust to data scarcity, they are less expressive than the deep meaning representation methods like semantic parsing, thereby failing at answering questions involving multiple constraints. Here we alleviate this problem by empowering a relation extraction method with additional evidence from Wikipedia. We first present a neural network based relation extractor to retrieve the candidate answers from Freebase, and then infer over Wikipedia to validate these answers. Experiments on the WebQuestions question answering dataset show that our method achieves an F_1 of 53.3%, a substantial improvement over the state-of-the-art.
Helical parameters of DNA do not change when DNA fibers are wetted: X-ray diffraction study. (1979)

We have measured the helical parameters of DNA in concentrated solutions by x-ray fiber diffraction methods. Fibers of the sodium salt of DNA were swollen with water within capillaries; the capillary served to limit water uptake, slowing dissolution. Samples containing up to 80% water gave essentially a B-form diffraction pattern and had virtually the same helical parameters [9.91 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.14); 3.34 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.019)] as did the initial fibers [9.95 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.15); 3.33 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.015)]. Hence, under highly solvated conditions in which the interactions between molecules should be greatly decreased, DNA maintains its classical B-form structure.
Age‐related and zonal anatomical changes of apparent diffusion coefficient values in normal human prostatic tissues (2008)

ADC values within both PZ and CG regions of the prostate increase with age, and this must be taken into consideration when using DWI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
Synthesis of Functionalized Heteroaromatics: Application to Formal Total Synthesis of Camptothecin (1997)

The formal total synthesis of camptothecin was achieved via two types of lithiation reactions of pyridine derivatives and a Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of pyridylmethyl methanesulfonates.
Reliable adaptive lightweight multicast protocol (2004)

Typical applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) require group-oriented services. Digital battlefields and disaster relief operations make data dissemination and teleconferences a key application domain. Network-supported multicast is hence critical for efficient any-to-many communications. However, very little work has been done on "reliable" transport multicast. We propose and evaluate reliable adaptive lightweight multicast (RALM). The design choices of RALM are motivated by lessons we learned from evaluating the performance of traditional wired reliable multicast transport protocols (in particular, SRM) in ad hoc networks. We argue the two components, reliability and congestion control, are essential in designing a reliable multicast transport protocol for MANETs. RALM addresses both reliability and congestion control. It achieves reliability by guaranteeing data delivery to troubled receivers in a round-robin fashion. RALM's send-and-wait congestion control uses NACK feedback to adjust to congestion experienced by receivers. We show through simulations that RALM achieves perfect reliability while exhibiting low end-to-end delay and minimal control overhead compared against other protocols.
Neural Network Classifiers Estimate Bayesian <i>a posteriori</i> Probabilities (1991)

Many neural network classifiers provide outputs which estimate Bayesian <i>a posteriori</i> probabilities. When the estimation is accurate, network outputs can be treated as probabilities and sum to one. Simple proofs show that Bayesian probabilities are estimated when desired network outputs are <i>1 of M</i> (one output unity, all others zero) and a squared-error or cross-entropy cost function is used. Results of Monte Carlo simulations performed using multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks trained with backpropagation, radial basis function (RBF) networks, and high-order polynomial networks graphically demonstrate that network outputs provide good estimates of Bayesian probabilities. Estimation accuracy depends on network complexity, the amount of training data, and the degree to which training data reflect true likelihood distributions and <i>a priori</i> class probabilities. Interpretation of network outputs as Bayesian probabilities allows outputs from multiple networks to be combined for higher level decision making, simplifies creation of rejection thresholds, makes it possible to compensate for differences between pattern class probabilities in training and test data, allows outputs to be used to minimize alternative risk functions, and suggests alternative measures of network performance.
The Mechanism of the Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Radiation (1930)

That the lethal effects of ultrasonic waves on protozoa and other single cells could be traced to the cavitation of dissolved gas, has recently been discovered by Johnson. Any gas suffices, apparently; there is no specificity of cavitated oxygen as was found for acceleration of chemical reactions by Schmitt, Johnson and Olson. We have repeated the experiments of Johnson and are able to confirm his results fully. The present communication extends these observations and examines the mechanism of the lethal effect. A large number of microorganisms were tested, including various types of protozoa, rotifers, copepods, Daphnia, etc. In addition to these a number of eggs and embryos of frogs and snails were treated. About 10 cc. of the fluid containing the material to be tested was placed in a glass tube and radiated at atmospheric pressure, and at pressures of 60-80 lb. per square inch. After the minimum lethal dose for those radiated at atmospheric pressure was determined, it was found that an exposure many times this dosage had no effect upon cells radiated under 60-80 lb. pressure. Radiation of frog embryos yielded results which seem to indicate that radiation affects the head region rather preferentially, and that there is a definite selective interference in organogenesis. A study of these effects will be reported later.To test the possibility that the function of the cavitated bubbles is to reflect the waves from their surfaces and thus tend to concentrate the radiation locally, two types of experiments were performed. In the first, cells were radiated in a suspension of infusorial earth, the suspended particles ranging from very small to relatively coarse. In the second, paramecia were allowed to ingest Chinese black which packed the food vacuoles with solid granules.
Comparative studies of three solvent mixtures for the extraction of soybean lipids (1985)

Abstract Soybean seeds were extracted with chloroform‐methanol (2:1), methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) and hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) mixtures. The seed lipids were then fractionated by column chromatography. Neutral lipids were further separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by acid charring method. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Our results show that methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) was as good as chloroform‐methanol (2:1) for the extraction of soybean lipids, but hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) was somewhat inferior.
Investigating web services on the world wide web (2008)

Searching for Web service access points is no longer attached to service registries as Web search engines have become a new major source for discovering Web services. In this work, we conduct a thorough analytical investigation on the plurality of Web service interfaces that exist on the Web today. Using our Web Service Crawler Engine (WSCE), we collect metadata service information on retrieved interfaces through accessible UBRs, service portals and search engines. We use this data to determine Web service statistics and distribution based on object sizes, types of technologies employed, and the number of functioning services. This statistical data can be used to help determine the current status of Web services. We determine an intriguing result that 63% of the available Web services on the Web are considered to be active. We further use our findings to provide insights on improving the service retrieval process.
Oil absorption in mesoporous silica particles (2010)

Mesoporous silica particles were prepared from highly basic sodium silicate solutions, having different silica modulus and SiO2 concentrations, by adding sulphuric acid at different temperatures. Pore structure of prepared silica particles (aggregates) is strongly influenced by processing conditions and easy controllable in broad range of the specific surface area, pore size, pore volume and size distribution. It is shown that there is a clear correlation between volume of absorbed oil and processing parameters used in preparation of silica aggregates. Thus, oil absorption is higher in the samples prepared from sodium silicate solution with higher SiO2 concentration and at higher synthesis temperature.
ZeroMQ: messaging for many applications (2013)

Dive into ØMQ (aka ZeroMQ), the smart socket library that gives you fast, easy, message-based concurrency for your applications. With this quick-paced guide, you’ll learn hands-on how to use this scalable, lightweight, and highly flexible networking tool for exchanging messages among clusters, the cloud, and other multi-system environments. ØMQ maintainer Pieter Hintjens takes you on a tour of real-world applications, using extended examples in C to help you work with ØMQ’s API, sockets, and patterns. Learn how to use specific ØMQ programming techniques, build multithreaded applications, and create your own messaging architectures. You’ll discover how ØMQ works with several programming languages and most operating systems—with little or no cost. Learn ØMQ’s main patterns: request-reply, publish-subscribe, and pipeline Work with ØMQ sockets and patterns by building several small applications Explore advanced uses of ØMQ’s request-reply pattern through working examples Build reliable request-reply patterns that keep working when code or hardware fails Extend ØMQ’s core pub-sub patterns for performance, reliability, state distribution, and monitoring Learn techniques for building a distributed architecture with ØMQ Discover what’s required to build a general-purpose framework for distributed applications.
The effect of pre-ionization by a shunt resistor on the reproducibility of plasma focus x-ray emission (2006)

The effect of pre-ionization by means of a shunt resistor on the x-ray emission of a low energy (1.8?kJ) plasma focus device powered by a 9??F capacitor bank, charged at 20?kV and giving a peak discharge current of about 175?kA is investigated. Quantrad Si pin-diodes along with a suitable filter are employed as time-resolved x-ray detectors, whereas a multipinhole camera with absorption filters is used for time-integrated analysis. X-ray flux in 4?-geometry is measured as a function of argon filling pressure with and without pre-ionization. It is found that appropriate selection of the shunt resistor increases shot-to-shot reproducibility of the x-ray emission as well as the stability of the pinch filament and broadens the x-ray pulse width. The x-ray emission is also enhanced by (45 ? 5)% at the optimum pressure.
Linear Analysis of Nonlinear Constraints for Interactive Geometric Modeling (2012)

Abstract Thanks to its flexibility and power to handle even complex geometric relations, 3D geometric modeling with nonlinear constraints is an attractive extension of traditional shape editing approaches. However, existing approaches to analyze and solve constraint systems usually fail to meet the two main challenges of an interactive 3D modeling system: For each atomic editing operation, it is crucial to adjust as few auxiliary vertices as possible in order to not destroy the user's earlier editing effort. Furthermore, the whole constraint resolution pipeline is required to run in real‐time to enable a fluent, interactive workflow. To address both issues, we propose a novel constraint analysis and solution scheme based on a key observation: While the computation of actual vertex positions requires nonlinear techniques, under few simplifying assumptions the determination of the minimal set of to‐be‐updated vertices can be performed on a linearization of the constraint functions. Posing the constraint analysis phase as the solution of an under‐determined linear system with as few non‐zero elements as possible enables us to exploit an efficient strategy for the Cardinality Minimization problem known from the field of Compressed Sensing, resulting in an algorithm capable of handling hundreds of vertices and constraints in real‐time. We demonstrate at the example of an image‐based modeling system for architectural models that this approach performs very well in practical applications.
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Well‐Defined Functional Polymers via Thiol‐Coupling Reaction (2006)

Abstract Summary: Thiol‐reactive‐functionality decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been obtained. Trithiocarbonate‐ended poly( N ‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) is prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N ‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) using S ‐1‐dodecyl‐ S ′‐( α , α ′‐dimethyl‐ α ″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate as chain transfer agent, subsequently, thiol‐terminated PHPMA (PHPMA‐SH) is obtained by treating trithiocarbonate‐ended PHPMA with hexylamine. The PHPMA‐S‐S‐MWNT conjugate is formed by simply stirring the mixture of thiol‐reactive‐functionality decorated MWNTs with PHPMA‐SH in phosphate buffered saline by a thiol‐coupling reaction. FT‐IR, HRTEM, 1 H NMR, and TGA results show that this thiol‐coupling reaction is effective to produce aqueous soluble polymer–MWNT conjugates under mild conditions. Thiol‐reactive‐functionality decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes are modified with thiol end‐capped polymers by a thiol‐coupling reaction. magnified image Thiol‐reactive‐functionality decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes are modified with thiol end‐capped polymers by a thiol‐coupling reaction.
Computer aided structural and geometric design of power lines (1992)

The authors describe an integrated computer environment for the structural design of new power lines, the evaluation of existing lines, and their long-term management. The contents of the various databases that are needed to describe an entire line are described. A way of verifying the strength of transmission and distribution structures is proposed. The authors illustrate how some of the engineering functions normally associated with line design can be performed interactively. All information needed to describe a line is contained in the files described. The terrain and line installation files are specific to a particular line. The other files can be shared across several line projects. In the interactive environment, the files are treated as objects, callable by name. Files should have ASCII format for ease of transportation between existing or future systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amnesia for criminal offences (1984)

Nearly 10% of a sample of men charged with a variety of offences claimed amnesia for their offence. The amnesia occurred only among those who had committed violence and was most frequent following homicide. All the amnesics had a psychiatric disorder, four having a primary depressive illness and the remainder being almost equally divided between schizophrenia and alcohol abuse. None of the amnesias had any legal implications. The circumstances of the offences suggested a variety of mechanisms to account for the amnesia, including repression, dissociation and alcoholic black-outs. Psychological defence mechanisms were probably of some importance, even when alcohol was an important factor.
Short guard bit/burst transmission in PON system using fast response automatic threshold control receiver (1993)

Short guard bit optical burst transmission is demonstrated using an active reset technique to automatic threshold control circuit in an optical receiver. The required guard bit for pulse amplitude recovery is as short as 3 bits, with a large dynamic range of 23 dB which is sufficient for a passive optical network (PON) system.