gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ORTHOTIC MANAGEMENT OF GAIT IN SPASTIC DIPLEGIA1 (1997)

Orthoses are the primary conservative treatment option for control of dynamic equinus in spastic cerebral palsy. Our purpose was to compare the effects of a fixed ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), a supramalleolar orthosis (SMO), and a no-brace condition, but including shoes. Gait analyses were performed on 11 children with spastic diplegia, using a system with four cameras and two concealed force plates. Ensemble averages of time-distance, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were obtained for each condition, and a repeated measures analysis of variance was performed (P < 0.05). Among the important findings were as follows: (1) AFOs significantly reduced ankle excursion, increased dorsiflexion angle at foot strike, increased plantar flexion moment in push-off, decreased ankle power absorbed during loading response, and decreased ankle power generated in push-off; (2) SMOs did not restrict ankle range of motion or significantly alter the power and moment values at the ankle joint. Although neither brace changed stride length and walking speed, AFOs did offer some biomechanical benefits to the child with spastic diplegia, whereas SMOs appeared to have very little measurable effect.
Detecting Program Components With Equivalent Behaviors (1989)

The execution behavior of a program component is defined as the sequence of values produced at the component during program execution. This paper presents an efficient algorithm for detecting program components ? in one or more program ? that exhibit identical execution behaviors. The algorithm operates on a new graph representation for programs that combines features of static-single-\nassignment forms and program dependence graphs. The result provides insight into the relationship between execution behaviors and (control and flow) dependence in the program. The algorithm, called the Sequence-Congruence Algorithm, is applicable to programs written in a language that includes scalar variables and constants, assignment statements, conditional statements, and while-loops. The Sequence-Congruence Algorithm can be used as the basis for an algorithm for integrating program variants.
3-D Channel Structure Flash Having Short Channel Effect Immunity and Low Random Telegraph Signal Noise (2008)

We suggest a 3-D channel structure flash named Lambda-like active profile cell (Lambda cell), aiming to archive good short channel immunity, high on-cell current and lower random telegraph signal (RTS). The results show that 'Lambda' cell has more channel punch-through margin and higher on-cell current than that of normal planar cell. Especially, the RTS current fluctuation of 'Lambda' cell was reduced from 4% to 1.2% in comparing with planar cell due to enlarged active area and lower channel doping concentration. These advantages of 'Lambda' cell make it a promising structure for the continuous scaling of the NOR flash memories to 45 nm and beyond.
Safety of the Surrogate Microorganism <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> NRRL B-2354 for Use in Thermal Process Validation (2014)

Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 is a surrogate microorganism used in place of pathogens for validation of thermal processing technologies and systems. We evaluated the safety of strain NRRL B-2354 based on its genomic and functional characteristics. The genome of E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was sequenced and found to comprise a 2,635,572-bp chromosome and a 214,319-bp megaplasmid. A total of 2,639 coding sequences were identified, including 45 genes unique to this strain. Hierarchical clustering of the NRRL B-2354 genome with 126 other E. faecium genomes as well as pbp5 locus comparisons and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed that the genotype of this strain is most similar to commensal, or community-associated, strains of this species. E. faecium NRRL B-2354 lacks antibiotic resistance genes, and both NRRL B-2354 and its clonal relative ATCC 8459 are sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics. This organism also lacks, or contains nonfunctional copies of, enterococcal virulence genes including acm, cyl, the ebp operon, esp, gelE, hyl, IS16, and associated phenotypes. It does contain scm, sagA, efaA, and pilA, although either these genes were not expressed or their roles in enterococcal virulence are not well understood. Compared with the clinical strains TX0082 and 1,231,502, E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was more resistant to acidic conditions (pH 2.4) and high temperatures (60°C) and was able to grow in 8% ethanol. These findings support the continued use of E. faecium NRRL B-2354 in thermal process validation of food products.
Current progress in the pharmacological therapy of fibromyalgia (2009)

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder often associated with fatigue, dyscognition, and sleep disturbances. Recent research advances highlight a critical role for aberrant central pain processing in FM, and, consistent with these data, the first three drugs approved by the FDA for FM over the past 2 years have a predominantly central mode of action. The first drug, pregabalin, may counteract central pain transmission by inhibiting presynaptic release of excitatory neurotransmitters, including substance P and glutamate. The serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors duloxetine and milnacipran have been approved more recently and are believed to reduce pain by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations in descending inhibitory pain pathways. Agents with multiple other mechanisms of action are in development and promise an assortment of therapeutic options for this complex disorder in the near future.
Presbyopia – A Review of Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies (2021)

Presbyopia is a common age-related vision disorder characterized by a progressive inability to focus on near objects. If uncorrected or under-corrected, presbyopia can significantly impact patients' quality of life. Presbyopia represents an area of considerable unmet need due to its rising prevalence worldwide as the population ages, the high proportion of under-treated individuals in some parts of the world, and the limitations of currently available corrective methods. Progressive or bifocal spectacles are associated with peripheral blur, a restricted visual field and impaired depth perception, which have been linked to an increased risk of falls in the elderly. Contact lens options can be difficult to maintain due to the development of age-related dry eye symptoms and reduced manual dexterity. Other corrective methods involve surgical interventions that modify the optics of the cornea, replace the crystalline lens, or attempt to restore active accommodation. While patients undergoing surgery report satisfactory outcomes post-operatively, many of them eventually require reading glasses. Non-invasive therapies with novel mechanisms of action are currently being investigated; these include miotic agents and UNR844, a lipoic acid choline ester. In this narrative review, available evidence on presbyopia prevalence, quality of life impact and risk factors are described, with a focus on observational studies in non-clinical settings. The diagnosis pathway and patient journey in presbyopia are outlined, and various treatment options are analyzed. The data reviewed herein reveals significant gaps in the provision of vision correction for this common condition, with a paucity of effective, non-invasive treatment options broadly accessible to presbyopic individuals.
Codes over Gaussian integers (1994)

The author shows how block codes over Gaussian integers can be used for coding over two-dimensional signal space. He introduces a two-dimensional modular distance called the Mannheim distance and proposes using codes designed for this distance. Some simple constructions of such codes are given, among them icyclic codes which belong to the class of constacyclic codes. As a special case icyclic codes include perfect one Mannheim error correcting codes. For most of the codes considered efficient decoders are given and their performance on the Gaussian channel is investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Frameshift mutations at two hotspots in vasopressin transcripts in post-mitotic neurons. (1994)

Mutations in DNA underlie carcinogenesis, inherited pathology, and aging and are generally thought to be introduced during meiosis and mitosis. Here we report that in post-mitotic neurons specific frameshift mutations occur at high frequency. These mutations were identified in vasopressin transcripts in magnocellular neurons of the homozygous Brattleboro rat and predominantly consist of a GA deletion in GAGAG motifs. Immunocytochemistry provides evidence for similar events in wild-type rats. However, the diseased state of the Brattleboro rat, resulting in a permanent activation of vasopressin neurons, enhanced the mutational rate. These data reveal hitherto unrecognized somatic mutations in nondividing neurons.
Regulation of the Pool Size of Valine in <i>Escherichia coli</i> K-12 (1974)

Three mutations (ilvH611, ilvH612, and ilvH613) are described which make Escherichia coli K-12 resistant to valine inhibition and are located near leu. The expression of the ilv genes appears to be normal in these mutants since the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes are not derepressed relative to the wild type. The intracellular concentration of valine is, however, higher in the mutants than in the isogenic ilvH(+) strain. These mutants also excrete valine, probably because of the high intracellular concentration of this amino acid. The pool size of valine is regulated independently from that of isoleucine and leucine. The increased intracellular concentration of valine is due to a decreased feedback inhibition that valine exerts on its own biosynthetic pathway. In fact, acetolactate synthase activity assayed in extracts of ilvH612 and ilvH613 mutants is more resistant to valine inhibition than the activity assayed in the ilvH(+) isogenic strain. Two forms of acetolactate synthase activity can be separated from these extracts by adsorption and elution on hydroxylapatite. One of them is as sensitive to valine inhibition as that of the wild type, the other is more resistant to valine inhibition.
Fast Calculation of Multiple Line Integrals (1999)

A line integral is defined as the integral of two-dimensional data along a (one-dimensional, straight) line of given length and orientation. Line integrals are used in various forms of edge and line detectors in images and in the computation of the Radon transform. We present a recursive algorithm which enables approximation of discretized line integrals at all lengths, orientations, and locations to within a prescribed error bound in at most O(n, log n, log log n) operations, where n is the number of data points. Furthermore, for most applications (in particular, where even small amounts of noise are present in the data) all of these integrals can be computed to the desired accuracy in about 24n log n operations.
Allergen-induced Asthmatic Responses: Relationship Between Increases in Airway Responsiveness and Increases in Circulating Eosinophils, Basophils, and Their Progenitors (1991)

The inflammatory response during allergen-induced asthma was assessed using serial measures of peripheral blood eosinophils (Eo), basophils (B), and Eo/B progenitor cells (Eo/B-CFU). A group of 14 stable asthmatic individuals (beta 2-agonists only as needed) had inhalation provocation tests with allergen (18 tests in total) and with diluent. Serial blood samples were taken before and 1 and 24 h after the tests; methylcellulose cultures for Eo/B-CFU and granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CFU) were scored at 14 days. Circulating Eo, B, and Eo/B-CFU were increased at 24 h after allergen inhalation when this resulted in increased histamine airway responsiveness (n = 13). In the 5 subjects with isolated early asthmatic responses the Eo, B, and Eo/B-CFU counts did not change. There was no change in the GM-CFU after allergen. The ratio change in circulating Eo/B-CFU was negatively correlated with baseline histamine airway responsiveness (r = -0.8, p less than 0.05). Four subjects who had an isolated early response and no blood changes to one allergen developed an increase in histamine airway responsiveness and an increase in Eo, B, and Eo/B progenitors after inhalation of a second different allergen. The results indicate that in subjects with an allergen-induced increase in histamine airway responsiveness, an inflammatory response occurs that includes an increase in the number of Eo/B progenitors. This response, possibly mediated by Eo/B growth and differentiation factors, could lead to the accumulation of these cells in the airway and contribute to the airways inflammation present in asthma.
Etch Channel Formation during Anodic Dissolution of N-Type Silicon in Aqueous Hydrofluoric Acid (1972)

Anodic dissolution of n+‐, n‐, and n−‐type silicon in 5% aqueous hydrofluoric acid at moderate current densities results in the formation of etch channels which propagate in crystal‐oriented directions in the monocrystal. Density and depth of the channels are a function of the applied voltage, the donor concentration, and the exposure time of the electrolyte under anodic bias conditions. It is assumed that the channel formation originates at spots with a lower breakdown voltage of the depletion layer which exists on the surface of the crystal under reverse bias conditions. Channel formation in epitaxial n layers can occur during preferential electrochemical etching of the n+ substrate of structures. This is the case when the interface profile is not abrupt and when defects in the epitaxial layer are present. Some methods of restricting the influence of channels occurring during device processing are mentioned.
Enhancing drop stability in protein crystallization by chemical patterning (2005)

The motion of protein drops on crystallization media during routine handling is a major factor affecting the reproducibility of crystallization conditions. Drop stability can be enhanced by chemical patterning to more effectively pin the drop's contact line. As an example, a hydrophilic area is patterned on an initially flat hydrophobic glass slide. The drop remains confined to the hydrophilic area and the maximum drop size that remains stable when the slide is rotated to the vertical position increases. This simple method is readily scalable and has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of hanging-drop and sitting-drop crystallization.
Highly stable copper oxide composite as an effective photocathode for water splitting via a facile electrochemical synthesis strategy (2011)

Hydrogen generation through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using solar light as an energy resource is believed to be a clean and efficient way to overcome the global energy and environmental problems. Extensive research effort has been focused on n-type metal oxide semiconductors as photoanodes, whereas studies of p-type metal oxide semiconductors as photocathodes where hydrogen is generated are scarce. In this paper, highly efficient and stable copper oxide composite photocathode materials were successfully fabricated by a facile two-step electrochemical strategy, which consists of electrodeposition of a Cu film on an ITO glass substrate followed by anodization of the Cu film under a suitable current density and then calcination to form a Cu2O/CuO composite. The synthesized Cu2O/CuO composite was composed of a thin layer of Cu2O with a thin film of CuO on its top as a protecting coating. The rational control of chemical composition and crystalline orientation of the composite materials was easily achieved by varying the electrochemical parameters, including electrodeposition potential and anodization current density, to achieve an enhanced PEC performance. The best photocathode material among all materials prepared was the Cu2O/CuO composite with Cu2O in (220) orientation, which showed a highly stable photocurrent of −1.54 mA cm−2 at a potential of 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode at a mild pH under illumination of AM 1.5G. This photocurrent density was more than 2 times that generated by the bare Cu2O electrode (−0.65 mAcm−2) and the stability was considerably enhanced to 74.4% from 30.1% on the bare Cu2O electrode. The results of this study showed that the top layer of CuO in the Cu2O/CuO composite not only minimized the Cu2O photocorrosion but also served as a recombination inhibitor for the photogenerated electrons and holes from Cu2O, which collectively explained much enhanced stability and PEC activity of the Cu2O/CuO composite. Thus, the electrochemical strategy proposed in this study for the synthesis of the Cu2O/CuO composite opens a new way to use copper oxides as photocathode materials in PEC cells for a highly stable and effective water splitting.
利用地震相分析改进区域气体水合物资源量评价——第一部分：地震相分类分析 (2016)

天然气水合物存在区域的识别、饱和度的定义、区域分布以及对控制水合物形成过程的认识，这些对于天然气水合物区域的资源量评价都是关键因素。在本研究中将地震相分类所确定的沉积环境作为一种附加因素引入到区域资源量评价战略中。根据区域的2D、3D地震数据以及在东海Ulleung盆地两个航次获得的测井和取心数据，尝试进行地震相分类并对气体水合物资源量进行全面完整的评价。本文所探讨的相分类技术作为资源量评价的一个环节，主要包括：（1）取心样品的岩性描述和识别的沉积相沉积特征描述；（2）利用2D和3D地震数据及其不同的地震属性进行地震相分类；（3）将地震相分类与获得的岩心沉积描述建立关联，确定最适于气体水合物存在的地层；（4）确定储层的岩石物理属性，将之与地震相分类联系起来，以用于储层属性的描述；（5）计算气体水合物油气系统的区域要素（气体水合物出现的顶面及气体水合物稳定带的底面）；（6）将地震相与储层属性结合，确定水合物稳定带的顶面和底面，进而计算每一地震相内的气体水合物饱和度和研究区内水合物总量；（7）通过全面的蒙特卡洛法模拟，将每一个输入参数的统计信息综合，确定水合物预测量对应的概率分布。本文所用的地震相分类基于识别聚类算法，每一类在地震数据及基于地震数据计算得到的地震属性上都表现出相似的特性。该分类方法使用了7种地震属性，包括振幅、瞬时频率、瞬时振幅（也称为包络）、甜点、声阻抗、薄层和平行层理指示因子。为了简化数据，还使用了主分量分析法。获得的分类结果整体上非常稳定，分别在2D和3D数据上的同一位置得到相同的结果。将地震相分类结果与获得的岩心和沉积描述建立联系，可以实现地震相的沉积学解释�
Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs. (2008)

Pharmacokinetic analysis of buprenorphine administered to six healthy dogs via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route at doses of 20 and 120 microg/kg was conducted using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Bioavailability was 38% plus or minus 12% for the 20 microg/kg dose and 47%+/-16% for the 120 microg/kg dose. Maximum plasma concentrations were similar for buprenorphine doses of 20 microg/kg IV and 120 microg/kg OTM. Sedation and salivation were common side effects, but no bradycardia, apnea, or cardiorespiratory depressive effects were seen. When the two OTM dosing rates were normalized to dose, LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of buprenorphine and its metabolites detected no significant difference (P>.05), indicating dose proportionality. The results of this study suggest that OTM buprenorphine may be an alternative for pain management in dogs.
CARBOHYDRATE-DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN AS A MARKER OF ALCOHOL INTAKE: A STUDY WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS (1996)

This paper reports the results of a 3-week drinking experiment in 51 healthy male subjects, examining the value of %CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) in the context of different levels of alcohol intake. All healthy persons were urine-tested drug-free and underwent daily breath alcohol tests for the 7 days preceding, and during the whole 3 weeks of, the experiment. Subjects were divided into five groups, consuming different amounts of alcohol daily over a 3-h period in the presence of the investigators. The five groups consisted of 10, 9, 10, 16 and 6 subjects respectively and consumed a daily dose of ethanol of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 80 g respectively for 3 weeks. No significant changes in %CDT were detected in most subjects, even in the 80 g alcohol-consuming groups. The results suggest that CDT is not sensitive for the detection of short-term heavy drinking by healthy subjects.
Performance Modeling of the Ballard Mark IV Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: I . Mechanistic Model Development (1995)

A parametric model predicting the performance of a solid polymer electrolyte, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been developed using a combination of mechanistic and empirical modeling techniques. This paper details the mechanistic model development. Mass transport properties are considered in the mechanistic development via Stefan‐Maxwell equations. Thermodynamic equilibrium potentials are defined using the Nernst equation. Activation overvoltages are defined via a Tafel equation, and internal resistances are defined via the Nernst‐Planck equation, leading to a definition of ohmic overvoltage via an Ohm's law equation. The mechanistic model cannot adequately model fuel cell performance, since several simplifying approximations have been used in order to facilitate model development. Additionally, certain properties likely to be observed in operational fuel cells, such as thermal gradients, have not been considered. Nonetheless, the insights gained from the mechanistic assessment of fuel cell processes were found to give the resulting empirical model a firmer theoretical basis than many of the models presently available in the literature. Correlation of the empirical model to actual experimental data was very good.
Multiple Comparisons with a Control in Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (1961)

This paper shows that Dunnett's procedure for making multiple comparisons of several treatments against a single control can be used on the adjusted treatment means from balanced incomplete block designs.
Molecular Analysis of a Case of Nevus of Ota Showing Progressive Evolution to Melanoma With Intermediate Stages Resembling Cellular Blue Nevus (2010)

Nevus of Ota is a variant of congenital nevus, which is morphologically paucicellular and resembles a common blue nevus. Although nevus of Ota is a risk factor for uveal melanoma in white people, the development of cutaneous melanoma within nevus of Ota is a very rare occurrence with only a few reported cases. We present a case of a long-standing nevus of Ota, with radiologic imaging demonstrating a large retro-orbital mass and a biopsy showing melanoma. The histopathology of the eye exenteration specimen illustrated various stages of melanocytic progression including areas resembling a nevus of Ota, blue nevus, cellular blue nevus, and melanoma. There was heterogeneity in the overtly malignant sections with some areas displaying expansile nodules of blander appearing spindled cells, whereas other areas were composed of epithelioid cells with higher mitotic counts and zones of necrosis. The extensive lesion also infiltrated the soft tissue and bone. We performed gene mutation analysis for GNAQ, BRAF, NRAS, and KIT and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) targeting commonly altered chromosomal loci in melanoma and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Copy number changes typical of melanoma were identified by both FISH and CGH in the morphologically malignant areas illustrating the relationship of tumor progression and the progressive acquisition of genetic aberrations.