gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Bacterial Species Lactobacillus delbrueckii: A Partial Genomic Study with Reflections on Prokaryotic Species Concept (2003)

The species Lactobacillus delbrueckii consists at present of three subspecies, delbrueckii, lactis and bulgaricus, showing a high level of DNA-DNA hybridization similarity but presenting markedly different traits related to distinct ecological adaptation. The internal genetic heterogeneity of the bacterial species L. delbrueckii was analyzed. Phenotypic and several genetic traits were investigated for 61 strains belonging to this species. These included 16S rDNA sequence mutations, expression of β-galactosidase and of the cell wall–anchored protease, the characterization of the lactose operon locus and of the sequence of lacR gene, galactose metabolism, and the distribution of insertion sequences. The high genetic heterogeneity of taxa was confirmed by every trait investigated: the lac operon was completely deleted in the subsp. delbrueckii, different mutation events in the repressor gene of the operon led to a constitutive expression of lacZ in the subsp. bulgaricus. Structural differences in the same genetic locus were probably due to the presence of different IS elements in the flanking regions. The different expression of the cell wall–anchored protease, constitutive in the subsp. bulgaricus, inducible in the subsp. lactis, and absent in the subsp. delbrueckii was also a consequence of mutations at the gene level. The galT gene for galactose metabolism was found only in the subsp. lactis, while no specific amplification product was detected in the other two subspecies. All these data, together with the absence of a specific IS element, ISL6, from the major number of strains belonging to the subsp. bulgaricus, confirmed a deep internal heterogeneity among the three subspecies. Moreover, this evidence and the directional mutations found in the 16S rDNA sequences suggested that, of the three subspecies, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis is the taxon closer to the ancestor. Limitations of the current prokaryotic species definition were also discussed, based on presented evidences. Our results indicate the need for an accurate investigation of internal heterogeneity of bacterial species. This study has consequences on the prokaryotic species concept, since genomic flexibility of prokaryotes collides with a stable classification, necessary from a scientific and applied point of view.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Novel Peptide Substituted Calix[4]arene (2001)

The described approach provides calix[4]arene scaffolds that can be coupled to amino acids using standard solid phase peptide synthesis, providing a route for the rapid preparation of combinatorial libraries of this class of molecular hosts. In addition, we report the first example of a tetrapeptido-calix[4]arene in which the amino acids are attached to the upper rim through the carboxy termini. Specifically, a tetra-nitrocalix[4]arene was prepared, attached to solid support, and the nitro groups were reduced to the corresponding amines by treatment with SnCl2 · H2O. This was followed by three successive couplings with alanine to provide the tetra(trialanine)calix[4]arene. The final product was cleaved from the solid support and shown by LCMS to elute as one peak with the expected mass.
Costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relation to compliance with guidelines: a study in the primary care setting (2013)

The cost of COPD may vary according to compliance with the GOLD guidelines. The cost observed for patients with stage II disease is higher than expected in patients who adhere to treatment, but patients with stage III disease treated according to the GOLD guidelines had significantly higher treatment costs.
Enzyme Urea Biosensor Based on a Modified Potentiometric PVC-Nonactin Membrane Electrode for Assay of Urea in Blood (1992)

Abstract The developed potentiometric urea biosensor is based on a modified PVC-nonactin NH3 -sensitive gas electrode. Membrane resistance has been optimised by incorporating lipophilic salt. The coefficient of variation for the standard urea solution is 2.45. The sensor performance has been compared with a photometric method for blood samples.
Effects of a Multifunctional Polymeric Chain Extender on the Properties of Polylactide and Polylactide/Clay Nanocomposites (2012)

Abstract A multifunctional polymeric chain extender (Joncryl) was used in the melt processing of a neat polylactide and polylactide/clay nanocomposites. The effects of Joncryl on morphology, rheology, thermal and mechanical properties, barrier properties and biodegradability were investigated. Three Joncryl loadings (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%) were used in this study, and the 0.5 wt% loading induced a long-chain branched structure in the PLA matrix, as indicated by the melt rheology results. It is believed that the property variations are all related to the long-chain branched structure as well as on the molecular weight recovery. The use of Joncryl did not change the intercalated and partially exfoliated clay structures in the PLA/clay nanocomposites, as observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tensile modulus and maximum strength slightly increased with Joncryl loading. The oxygen barrier properties were also improved by adding Joncryl. However, the addition of Joncryl prevented the formation of large spherulitic crystals and decreased the creep resistance at low stress level. Joncryl could not only control the thermal degradation of PLA during processing, but also affected its biodegradation in compost: higher Joncryl loading led to slower biodegradation and less molecular weight reduction with time.
Authors vs. readers (2007)

Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of unstructured keywords to shared content. The recent practical success of web services with such a tagging component like Flickr or del.icio.us has provided a plethora of user-supplied metadata about web content for everyone to leverage.
Immobilization of organic liquid wastes (1985)

This report describes a portland cement immobilization process for the disposal treatment of radioactive organic liquid wastes which would be generated in a a FFTF fuels reprocessing line. An incineration system already on-hand was determined to be too costly to operate for the 100 to 400 gallons per year organic liquid. Organic test liquids were dispersed into an aqueous phosphate liquid using an emulsifier. A total of 109 gallons of potential and radioactive aqueous immiscible organic liquid wastes from Hanford 300 Area operations were solidified with portland cement and disposed of as solid waste during a 3-month test program with in-drum mixers. Waste packing efficiencies varied from 32 to 40% and included pump oils, mineral spirits, and TBP-NPH type solvents.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at a silver electrode as a detector in flow-injection analysis (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at a silver electrode as a detector in flow-injection analysisR. Ken. ForceCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 18, 1987–1989Publication Date (Print):September 15, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00169a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00169a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preparation and Characterization of PVDF-HFP/MG49 Based Polymer Blend Electrolyte (2012)

Solid polymer electrolytes comprising poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP), Poly (methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG49) and lithium salt (LiBF4) were prepared by solution casting technique. The membranes were characterized by impedance spectroscopy (EIS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrolyte exhibited the highest room temperature conductivity 2.8×10−4 S cm-1 at 30 wt. % of LiBF4. The conductivity increases with temperature but it does not obey Arrhenius rule. The interaction between lithium ions and polymer host was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XRD result confirmed that adding salt led to decrease the degree of crystallinity. The SEM studies showed that the morphology improved in the presence of the salt.
The application of white spirit in field dithizone colorimetry (1959)

White spirit (mineral turpentine) has been investigated as a solvent in field dithizone colorimetry and found to be quite suitable. The difference in the solubility of the copper dithizonate from the lead and zinc dithizonates at a ph of 8.5 can be used to distinguish the presence of these metals.
The tannin and related pigments in the red skins (Testa) of peanut kernels (1950)

Summary The red skins of peanut kernels contain a catecholtype tannin. The purified tannin represented about 7% of the weight of the skins. Much smaller quantities of phlobaphene and so‐called “leuco‐anthocyanic chromogen” were isolated from the skins. Some evidence of the presence of traces of a flavonic‐type pigment was obtained. Spectrophotometric investigations of the isolated tannin, phlobaphene, and “leuco‐anthocyanic chromogen” indicated a close relationship of the three pigments. The tannin gave a water‐soluble red pigment when refluxed with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This pigment exhibited certain properties which are indicative of an oxonium‐type structure. The elementary analyses and certain properties of the isolated tannin and related pigments were considerably different from those reported by previous investigators. The amorphous nature of these substances makes chemical investigation difficult.
Integrin α2I Domain Recognizes Type I and Type IV Collagens by Different Mechanisms (2000)

The collagens are recognized by the alphaI domains of the collagen receptor integrins. A common structural feature in the collagen-binding alphaI domains is the presence of an extra helix, named helix alphaC. However, its participation in collagen binding has not been shown. Here, we have deleted the helix alphaC in the alpha(2)I domain and tested the function of the resultant recombinant protein (DeltaalphaCalpha(2)I) by using a real-time biosensor. The DeltaalphaCalpha(2)I domain had reduced affinity for type I collagen (430 +/- 90 nM) when compared with wild-type alpha(2)I domain (90 +/- 30 nM), indicating both the importance of helix alphaC in type I collagen binding and that the collagen binding surface in alpha(2)I domain is located near the metal ion-dependent adhesion site. Previous studies have suggested that the charged amino acid residues, surrounding the metal ion-dependent adhesion site but not interacting with Mg(2+), may play an important role in the recognition of type I collagen. Direct evidence indicating the participation of these residues in collagen recognition has been missing. To test this idea, we produced a set of recombinant alpha(2)I domains with mutations, namely D219A, D219N, D219R, E256Q, D259N, D292N, and E299Q. Mutations in amino acids Asp(219), Asp(259), Asp(292), and Glu(299) resulted in weakened affinity for type I collagen. When alpha(2) D219N and D292N mutations were introduced separately into alpha(2)beta(1) integrin expressed on Chinese hamster ovary cells, no alterations in the cell spreading on type I collagen were detected. However, Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing double mutated alpha(2) D219N/D292N integrin showed remarkably slower spreading on type I collagen, while spreading on type IV collagen was not affected. The data indicate that alpha(2)I domain binds to type I collagen with a different mechanism than to type IV collagen.
Nanomolar Binding of Peptides Containing Noncanonical Amino Acids by a Synthetic Receptor (2011)

This paper describes the molecular recognition of phenylalanine derivatives and their peptides by the synthetic receptor cucurbit[7]uril (Q7). The 4-tert-butyl and 4-aminomethyl derivatives of phenylalanine (tBuPhe and AMPhe) were identified from a screen to have 20-30-fold higher affinity than phenylalanine for Q7. Placement of these residues at the N-terminus of model tripeptides (X-Gly-Gly), resulted in no change in affinity for tBuPhe-Gly-Gly, but a remarkable 500-fold increase in affinity for AMPhe-Gly-Gly, which bound to Q7 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) value of 0.95 nM in neutral phosphate buffer. Structure-activity studies revealed that three functional groups work in a positively cooperative manner to achieve this extraordinary stability (1) the N-terminal ammonium group, (2) the side chain ammonium group, and (3) the peptide backbone. Addition of the aminomethyl group to Phe substantially improved the selectivity for peptide versus amino acid and for an N-terminal vs nonterminal position. Importantly, Q7 binds to N-terminal AMPhe several orders of magnitude more tightly than any of the canonical amino acid residues. The high affinity, single-site selectivity, and small modification in this system make it attractive for the development of minimal affinity tags.
Study of High-Speed NGN Resource Control Schemes (2009)

차세대 네트워크(NGN)는 QoS가 지원되는 광 대역 전달 망에서 세션 및 비-세션 서비스를 지원하기 위한 패킷 기반의 융합 망이다. NGN에서 네트워크 사용자에 따라 차별화된 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 QoS 기반 자원제어가 이루어져 한다. 본 논문에서는 세션 및 자원제어 지연을 최소화하기 위하여 NGN 자원제어 인터페이스에 병행형 제어 스킴을 정의하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 기존 및 제안된 NGN 제어 스킴들의 제어지연과 완료율을 측정 및 분석하였다. 두 단계 자원 제어에서 도착율 120 까지는 병행형과 순차형의 완료율이 100%를 달성하였으며, 병행형의 제어지연이 순차형에 비하여 약 21.5% 개선되었음을 확인하였다. Next generation network (NGN) is a packet-based converged network to support session and non-session services in QoS-enabled broadband transport network. QoS based resource control must be defined to support differentiated services for various network users in NGN. This paper defined parallel control schemes for NGN resource control interfaces to minimize session and resource control delays. We simulated the existing and proposed NGN control schemes to measure and analyze control delays and completion ratios. By arrival rate of 120 in two-phase resource control, we checked out that completion ratios of sequential and parallel schemes achieved 100%, and the control delay of parallel scheme was improved by about 21.5% compared to that of sequential scheme.
Ceramic packages and substrates prepared by electroless Ni-Au process (2002)

An electroless nickel-gold plating process for thin and thick film high-density ceramic packages and substrates was investigated. A highly selective electroless nickel process using immersion gold activation was developed. Activation for the electroless nickel plating using an immersion gold solution improved the deposition selectivity on conductor patterns whose width is narrower than 100 mu m. The thickness of the electroless nickel must be over 4.5 mu m to prevent heat discoloration of the gold surface. The dipping time of immersion gold plating on nickel must be shorter than 4 min to obtain good adhesion. An electroless gold plating solution and process were developed. The gold solution was basically composed of KAu(CN)/sub 2/ DMAB, and Sorensen buffer solution. Stabilizer masks nickel contamination and prevents the solution from decomposition. This solution has improved the following properties: poor adhesion to electroless nickel, low deposition rate, poor selectivity, short working lives, and bath instability. This electroless process makes it possible to match the characteristic impedance of signal lines on packages and substrates with the designed value.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Highly Potent and Selective Caspase 1 Inhibitor that Utilizes a Key 3‐Cyanopropanoic Acid Moiety (2010)

Herein, we examine the potential of a nitrile-containing propionic acid moiety as an electrophile for covalent attack by the active-site cysteine residue of caspase 1. The syntheses of several cyanopropanate-containing small molecules based on the optimized peptidic scaffold of prodrug VX-765 were accomplished. These compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of caspase 1 (IC(50) values < or =1 nM). Examination of these novel small molecules against a caspase panel demonstrated an impressive degree of selectivity for caspase 1 inhibition over other caspase isozymes. Assessment of hydrolytic stability and selected ADME properties highlighted these agents as potentially useful tools for studying caspase 1 down-regulation in various settings, including in vivo analyses.
Released intranasal eosinophilic major basic protein as a diagnostic marker for polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis (2010)

Toxic eosinophil major basic protein levels are elevated in polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis patients compared to control groups that have similar clinical presentations but upon closer examination turn out not to have chronic rhinosinusitis. In the future, the detection of eosinophil major basic protein in nasal mucus may become a sensitive and specific marker for chronic rhinosinusitis and a helpful diagnostic tool.
Spin-Valve-Like Properties of Ferromagnetic Tunnel Junctions (1997)

Ferromagnetic tunnel junctions with naturally oxidized Al barriers were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. Using metal masks, 0.01 mm 2 junction areas were patterned. Junctions with slightly oxidized Al barriers showed small tunnel resistances. Of those, some had extraordinarily large MR ratios, others had different tunnel resistances according to different current-flow paths, and some had characteristics of both. In contrast, junctions with well oxidized Al barriers exhibited a large tunnel resistance and good stability. The Ni–Fe/Co/Al–AlO x /Co/Ni–Fe/Fe–Mn/Ni–Fe junction showed spin-valve-like R-H properties. The MR ratio was 10% for a 20 Oe magnetic field.
A Software System Proposing the Processing of Crowdsourced Data to Monitor a Flood Event: An A.I. Approach (2018)

We present Fics (Fetch information through crowdsourcing), a platform that is ready-to-take posts from social media platforms and infers the water heights referred in them. These posts are expected to come from the citizens who are witnessing a flood event in real time. Fics corrects the spacing in the string, translates the string into corresponding mathematical notations and then finally compute the water heights from the posts. The objective of Fics is to provide such a platform that can be used for the citizens from the data received from them only, without making them use a software which is to be installed on their machines separately. Fics employs Artificial Intelligence to infer the required values (water heights) from the posts. Fics ignores the invalid input strings.
When the project absolutely must get done (2000)

Very little is new in project planning, but this is! We present a technique to marry the organization chart with a project's task precedence diagram. This permits us to simulate the project at a micro, project-specific level never before achieved. We can perform “what-if” scenarios related to organization structures, the deployment of specific individuals and skills, and the structure of information flow and exception-handling in a project. The tool used, ViteProject, was developed over the last ten years in a Stanford University laboratory, where substantial results have been achieved when applied to design activities other than software. We present our real-world experience with several software projects, where it has improved project visibility and allowed us to rationally optimize projects in a way hitherto impossible.
Stem cell-derived exosomes as a therapeutic tool for cardiovascular disease (2016)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to treat patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and subsequent heart failure. Although it was originally assumed that MSCs differentiated into heart cells such as cardiomyocytes, recent evidence suggests that the differentiation capacity of MSCs is minimal and that injected MSCs restore cardiac function via the secretion of paracrine factors. MSCs secrete paracrine factors in not only naked forms but also membrane vesicles including exosomes containing bioactive substances such as proteins, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs. Although the details remain unclear, these bioactive molecules are selectively sorted in exosomes that are then released from donor cells in a regulated manner. Furthermore, exosomes are specifically internalized by recipient cells via ligand-receptor interactions. Thus, exosomes are promising natural vehicles that stably and specifically transport bioactive molecules to recipient cells. Indeed, stem cell-derived exosomes have been successfully used to treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as AMI, stroke, and pulmonary hypertension, in animal models, and their efficacy has been demonstrated. Therefore, exosome administration may be a promising strategy for the treatment of CVD. Furthermore, modifications of exosomal contents may enhance their therapeutic effects. Future clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy of exosome treatment for CVD.
Surface Charging of Triglycine Sulfate (1968)

Virgin crystals of triglycine sulfate were found to emit light when heated through the ferroelectric Curie temperature. This light comes from electrical discharges into the surrounding atmosphere, and both the first negative and the second positive band spectra of nitrogen have been observed. The crystal will repeat the phenomenon only if it is exposed to a humid environment. The moisture layer responsible for the sparking phenomenon does not exceed 50 Å in thickness.