gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Reactions, and Tautomerism of Ketene N,S‐Acetals with Benzothiazoline Ring (1990)

Ketene dithioacetals 2 react with 2‐aminothiophenol to afford the corresponding substituted 2(3 H )‐methylenebenzothiazoles 3 . Some compounds 3 react with α,β‐unsaturated esters to give 1 H ‐pyrido[2,1‐ b ]benzothiazole derivatives 4 and 5 by an electrophilic addition and cyclocondensation sequence.
Anatomy and Performance of SSL Processing (2005)

A wide spectrum of e-commerce (B2B/B2C), banking, financial trading and other business applications require the exchange of data to be highly secure. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol provides the essential ingredients of secure communications - privacy, integrity and authentication. Though it is well-understood that security always comes at the cost of performance, these costs depend on the cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, we present a detailed description of the anatomy of a secure session. We analyze the time spent on the various cryptographic operations (symmetric, asymmetric and hashing) during the session negotiation and data transfer. We then analyze the most frequently used cryptographic algorithms (RSA, AES, DES, 3DES, RC4, MD5 and SHA-1). We determine the key components of these algorithms (setting up key schedules, encryption rounds, substitutions, permutations, etc) and determine where most of the time is spent. We also provide an architectural analysis of these algorithms, show the frequently executed instructions and discuss the ISA/hardware support that may be beneficial to improving SSL performance. We believe that the performance data presented in this paper is useful to performance analysts and processor architects to help accelerate SSL performance in future processors
A highly stable dynamic fluorescent metal–organic framework for selective sensing of nitroaromatic explosives (2013)

A dynamic fluorescent metal-organic framework has been constructed using triphenylene-2,6,10-tricarboxylate and Tb(3+) as building blocks, which exhibits guest-responsive structural dynamism and selective sensing of nitroaromatic explosives.
Enzymatic Production and Biological Activities of Cellobio-oligosaccharides from Lignocellulose (2008)

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in nature and is the major component of lignocellulosic biomass. It has potential to produce not only glucose but value¨Cadded products such as cellobiose and oligosaccharides. Typically, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose produces glucose and a small amount of cellobiose. Modification of cellulase solutions altered ratio of glucose to cellobiose produced. The addition of glucose oxidase, gluconolactone, or gluconic acid significantly increased the amount of cellobiose remaining at the end of cellulose hydrolysis. Addition of glucose oxidase resulted in cellobiose being 23.7% of the product sugars from pure cellulose and 14.1% from ligonocellulose (sugarcane bagasse). The presence of gluconolactone in the reaction mixture increased cellobiose to 31.3% of the sugars from cellulose and 15.8% from bagasse. The presence of gluconic acid changed the cellobiose to 21.9% of the sugars from cellulose and 13.2% from bagasse. In order to produce cellobio-oligosaccharides, a dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMCM was employed to catalyze the transglycosylation reaction between cellobiose and sucrose. The major cellobio-oligosaccharides were the trisaccharides, ¦Á-D-glucopyranosyl-(1¡ú2)-cellobiose and ¦Á-D-glucopyranosyl-(1¡ú6)-cellobiose. Cellobio-oligosaccharides have valuable functional properties as potential antifungal and anticariogenic agents, and an ¦Á-glucosidase inhibitor.
Developmentally Essential Protein Flightless I Is a Nuclear Receptor Coactivator with Actin Binding Activity (2004)

Hormone-activated nuclear receptors (NR) activate transcription by recruiting multiple coactivator complexes to the promoters of target genes. One important coactivator complex includes a p160 coactivator (e.g., GRIP1, SRC-1, or ACTR) that binds directly to activated NR, the histone acetyltransferase p300 or CBP, and the arginine-specific histone methyltransferase CARM1. We previously demonstrated that the coactivator function of CARM1 depends both on the methyltransferase activity and on additional unknown proteins that bind to CARM1. In this study a yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins that bind CARM1 identified the protein Flightless I (Fli-I), which has essential roles in Drosophila and mouse development. Fli-I bound to CARM1, GRIP1, and NRs and cooperated synergistically with CARM1 and GRIP1 to enhance NR function. Fli-I bound poorly to and did not cooperate with PRMT1, a CARM1-related protein arginine methyltransferase that also functions as an NR coactivator. The synergy between GRIP1, CARM1, and Fli-I required the methyltransferase activity of CARM1. The C-terminal AD1 (binding site for p300/CBP) and AD2 (binding site for CARM1) activation domains of GRIP1 contributed to the synergy but were less stringently required than the N-terminal region of GRIP1, which is the binding site for Fli-I. Endogenous Fli-I was recruited to the estrogen-regulated pS2 gene promoter of MCF-7 cells in response to the hormone, and reduction of endogenous Fli-I levels by small interfering RNA reduced hormone-stimulated gene expression by the endogenous estrogen receptor. A fragment of Fli-I that is related to the actin binding protein gelsolin enhanced estrogen receptor activity, and mutations that reduced actin binding also reduced the coactivator function of this Fli-I fragment. These data suggest that Fli-I may facilitate interaction of the p160 coactivator complex with other coactivators or coactivator complexes containing actin or actin-like proteins.
A neighborhood standard deviation based algorithm for generating PET crystal position maps (2013)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is typically based on 2-D array of scintillation crystals coupled to photon detector and decoded by the Anger-logic. The decoded result is a pseudo-position of the gamma interaction. A crystal position map (CPM) generated from the flood histogram is used as a crystal look-up table (CLT) to assign each pseudo-position to a specific crystal. It is crucial that the accuracy of CPMs affects the detector's spatial resolution. In this paper, we developed a neighborhood standard deviation (NSD) based algorithm for generating CPM. We first calculated the NSD of each pixel in the flood histogram including the x and y directions. NSD maps have strips whose peaks highly correspond to the valley of the flood histogram. The peaks were identified by fitting the profiles of NSD to Gaussian mixture functions using nonlinear least-square method. Using the peaks, the CPM was generated by a scan line algorithm. The proposed algorithm was applied in an animal PET system. 115 of 120 detector blocks can be automatically segmented in ∼1000 s. A hot rod phantom experiment was performed, and the reconstruction results showed that the one with CPM generated by NSD based automatic method achieved higher spatial resolution than the one with CPM generated by manual segmentation. We concluded that the proposed method is fast, robust and high accuracy.
Analysis of computer peripheral interference (1967)

Among the limiting factors in computer performance are the rates at which information can be transferred into and out of the memory. Obviously the effective data transfer rate depends on the characteristics of the peripheral unit (speed of data collection or data posting) and the characteristics of the central processor (speed of filing of data). As peripherals are becoming faster and more numerous, the requests by the peripherals for data filing by the processor can become so dense that they can not be accommodated. This point will occur sometime before the total number of requests multiplied by the service times for those requests (namely the peripheral load factor) becomes one.
Stable DNA triple helix formation (2009)

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides bind in the major groove of duplex DNA, generating three stranded structures containing T.AT and C+.GC triplets. Their sequence specific binding has potential uses in gene targeting but is limited by their low affinity, the requirement for low pH and the need for oligopurine targets. We have prepared nucleotide analogues to overcome these limitations and can now target some sequences that contain pyrimidine interruptions at physiological pH. We have tested the biological activity of these modified oligonucleotides. TFOs that contain multiple substitutions with positively charged groups bind with high affinity and we have explored how they interact with secondary sites.
High Resolution Positive Photoresists (1986)

An attempt was made to improve the resolution capability of positive photoresists applicable to VLSI semiconductor processing. It was found out that in general, when the contrast (y(gamma)-value) of resists is made higher, the exposure latitude and the mask size reproducibility tend to be lowered. Study was made how to raise Y-value without decrease in the exposure latitude and the mask size reproducibility. It was necessary to design a new type of novolac resin that has a molecular weight and a molecular structure different from the existing materials. Many kinds of cresol-formaldehyde type novolak resins were synthesized and evaluated. Such items as the isomeric structure of cresol, the position of the methylene bond and the influence of molecular weight were investigated. As a result of the optimization of these items, a number of different resist materials that exhibit improved resolution capabilities were obtained. It is also remarkable that the introduction of the new polymer design not only enabled to improve resolution capabilities, but also made the process latitude much wider at various points of resist work including, prebaking temperature, developing time and developing temperature, compared to the so far commercially available products. This new material makes it possible to obtain fine pattern resolution required in VLSI processing. Moreover, wider latitude of processing conditions assures higher yields of the circuits.
Two-Dimensional Quantum Oscillations of the Conductance at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>LaAlO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>SrTiO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Interfaces (2010)

We report on a study of magnetotransport in LaAlO3 /SrTiO3 interfaces characterized by mobilities of the order of several thousands cm2/V s. We observe Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations whose period depends only on the perpendicular component of the magnetic field. This observation directly indicates the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas originating from quantum confinement at the interface. From the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude we extract an effective carrier mass m* ≃ 1.45 m(e). An electric field applied in the back-gate geometry increases the mobility, the carrier density, and the oscillation frequency.
Saturation adjustment method based on human vision with YCbCr color model characteristics and luminance changes (2012)

This paper proposes a saturation adjustment method based on human vision with YCbCr color model characteristics and luminance changes. In the traditional color adjustment approach, people tried to separately adjust the luminance and saturation. However, this approach makes the color over-saturate very easily and makes the image look unnatural. In this work, we try to use the concept of exposure compensation to simulate the brightness changes and to find the relationship among luminance, saturation, and hue. The simulation indicates that saturation changes with the change of luminance and the simulation also shows there are certain relationships between color variation model and YCbCr color model. Together with all these symptoms, we also include the human vision characteristics to propose a new saturation method to enhance the vision effect of an image. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can make the image have better vivid and contrast. Most important of all, unlike the over-saturation caused by the conventional approach, our approach prevents over-saturation and further makes the adjusted image look natural.
The RNA polymerase I transcription factor UBF is a sequence-tolerant HMG-box protein that can recognize structured nucleic acids (1994)

Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) is important for activation of ribosomal RNA transcription and belongs to a family of proteins containing nucleic acid binding domains, termed HMG-boxes, with similarity to High Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins. Proteins in this family can be sequence-specific or highly sequence-tolerant binding proteins. We show that Xenopus UBF can be classified among the sequence-tolerant class. Methylation interference assays using enhancer DNA probes failed to reveal any critical nucleotides required for UBF binding. Selection by UBF of optimal binding sites among a population of enhancer oligonucleotides with randomized sequences also failed to reveal any consensus sequence. The minor groove specific drugs chromomycin A3, distamycin A and actinomycin D competed against UBF for enhancer binding, suggesting that UBF, like other HMG-box proteins, probably interacts with the minor groove. UBF also shares with other HMG box proteins the ability to bind synthetic cruciform DNA. However, UBF appears different from other HMG-box proteins in that it can bind both RNA (tRNA) and DNA. The sequence-tolerant nature of UBF-nucleic acid interactions may accommodate the rapid evolution of ribosomal RNA gene sequences.
WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ESTATES Administrators and Executors: Authorize a Trustee to Express a Choice on Behalf of the Beneficiaries of an Inter Vivos Pourover Trust (1992)

The Act provides that a trustee of an inter vivos trust which is a beneficiary under a will, having an interest in the appointment of the administrator with will annexed, as well as a trustee of a trust created by a will, shall be authorized to express a choice on behalf of the beneficiaries of the trust.
A new approach for evaluating carryover and its influence on quantitation in high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry assay (2006)

In a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based analytical method, carryover denotes one type of systematic error that is derived from a preceding sample and introduced into the next sample. For typical bioanalytical method development, a significant amount of time and resources are spent on reducing carryover for some analytes. In this paper, the statistical characteristics of carryover were analyzed based on the experimental results. The relative carryover (RC), defined as the peak area ratio of a blank sample to the preceding sample, was constant for the analyte and independent of the concentration of the preceding sample. The influence of carryover on the quantitation of the next injected sample or the 'following' sample was proportional to the concentration ratio of two consecutive samples and the relative carryover. Based on these experiments and analyses, the influence of carryover on the quantitation of unknown samples in an HPLC assay can be evaluated by the estimated carryover influence (ECI), which is the product of the relative carryover and the concentration ratio. This new approach provides a quantitative estimation for the influence of carryover on the quantitation of the unknown sample, and removes the limit put on the dynamic range of the assay by the current criterion of carryover. In general, if the relative standard deviation (RSD) of a validated bioanalytical method is less than 10%, the carryover will not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the assay when the estimated carryover influence is less than 5%.
HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND ITS GENE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (1995)

Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae, and the prin-cipal cause of parenteral non A non B hepatitis. HCV is a single stranded, positive sense RNAvirus whose genome contains a single open reading frame of about 10 kb in length which encodes a polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids. HCV is responsible for majority of the transfusion associated cases of hepatitis and a significant proportion of community-ac-quired hepatitis which leads to a range of clinical manifestations from an apparent carrier state to severe chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell-free translation and cell culture transient expression studies revealed that HCV genome initially transcribed as a polyprotein is processed by cellular and viral proteases to produce the putative viral structural and nonstructural proteins. The preliminary map of the gene order for HCV was established: 5 &apos; untranslated region (UTR)-core (C)-envelope 1 (E1)-E2-nonstructural 2(NS2)-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-UTR3&apos;. Nonstructural proteins, NS2, NS3 and NS5, are believed to be a component of viral coded enzymes. Mutations in hyper-variable region 1 (HVR1) of the E2 protein was considered to be a possible mechanism of chronicity of HCV infection. HCV infection can be monitored either by serodiagnosis or by genodiagnosis. Interferon seems to be considered as the sole drug for HCV treatment until now.In the history of virology, HCV was the first example that was identified by molecular cloning of its genome from infectious materials.
Synthesis of Saponins with Cholestanol, Cholesterol, and Friedelanol as Aglycones (2006)

Abstract Procedures for the synthesis of branched Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐Glc and Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐GlcUA trisaccharides β‐linked to the 3‐ O of cholesterol, cholestanol, and friedelanol, respectively, were developed. To this end, β‐selective glucosylation of cholesterol with glucosyl donors giving selective access to 2‐ O , 3‐ O , and 6‐ O was studied. This way intermediates 10 and 21 having 2‐ O ‐acyl, 3‐ O ‐benzyl and 4,6‐ O ‐benzylidene or also benzyl protection were obtained. Removal of the 2‐ O ‐acyl group and then galactosylation afforded β(1→2)‐linked disaccharide intermediates 14 and 23 . Standard manipulations with the O ‐benzylidene and/or O ‐benzyl protecting groups gave selective access to the 3‐ O of the glucosyl residue, thus affording with a xylosyl donor the trisaccharide β‐linked to the cholesteryl residue (compound 18 ) as decisive intermediate. Also an alternative procedure to this compound via attachement of a Xylβ(1→3)Glc residue to cholesterol and then galactosylation could be developed. Total deprotection of 18 or regioselective introduction of a sulfate group and of a dodecylcarbamoyl residue at 6a‐ O furnished saponins 34 , 36 , and 38 , respectively. Hydrogenation of cholesteryl disaccharide 23 led directly to a 3a‐ O ‐unprotected cholestanyl disaccharide 39 . β‐Selective xylosylation and transformation of the liberated glucose hydroxymethyl group into a carboxylic group afforded target molecule 1b having the desired Xyl(1→3)[Gal(1→2)]‐GlcUA β‐linked to cholestanol. Similarly, a saponin analog was obtained having an α‐linked L ‐rhamnosyl residue instead of the β‐linked D ‐xylosyl residue. Application of the glycosylation sequence, as worked out for cholesterol, to friedelanol led to attachment of the Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐Glc residue to the 3‐ O (compound 54 ). Complete O ‐deacylation led to saponin 55 ; oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of the glucose residue to the carboxylic group and then deprotection afforded target molecule 2 containing the same trisaccharide residue as 1b . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Intracellular Delivery of Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase by Engineered Diphtheria Toxin Rescues Function in Target Cells (2018)

Despite a wealth of potential applications inside target cells, protein-based therapeutics are largely limited to extracellular targets due to the inability of proteins to readily cross biological membranes and enter the cytosol. Bacterial toxins, which deliver a cytotoxic enzyme into cells as part of their intoxication mechanism, hold great potential as platforms for delivering therapeutic protein cargo into cells. Diphtheria toxin (DT) has been shown to be capable of delivering an array of model proteins of varying sizes, structures, and stabilities into mammalian cells as amino-terminal fusions. Here, seeking to expand the utility of DT as a delivery vector, we asked whether an active human enzyme, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), could be delivered by DT into cells to rescue PNP deficiency. Using a series of biochemical and cellular readouts, we demonstrate that PNP is efficiently delivered into target cells in a receptor- and translocation-dependent manner. In patient-derived PNP-deficient lymphocytes and pluripotent stem cell-differentiated neurons, we show that human PNP is efficiently translocated into target cells by DT, where it is able to restore intracellular hypoxanthine levels. Further, through replacement of the native receptor-binding moiety of DT with single-chain variable fragments that were selected to bind mouse HBEGF, we show that PNP can be retargeted into mouse splenocytes from PNP-deficient mice, resulting in restoration of the proliferative capacity of T-cells. These findings highlight the versatility of the DT delivery platform and provide an attractive approach for the delivery of PNP as well as other cytosolic enzymes implicated in disease.
Two novel kinases phosphorylate tau and the KSP site of heavy neurofilament subunits in high stoichiometric ratios (1991)

We have identified, purified, and characterized two neurofilament/tau kinases from bovine brain, PK36 and PK40, with apparent Mr of 36,000 and 40,000 and with novel biochemical properties. A specially designed immunoassay for phosphorylated epitopes in neurofilament (NF) proteins was used in the early stages of the purification. Neither kinase is closely associated with the cytoskeleton. Both kinases phosphorylate bovine intermediate (NF-M) and heavy (NF-H) NF subunits and also bovine tau at the expected KSP sequences, though other sites cannot be ruled out. In human paired helical filaments, tau, phosphorylated at these same KSP sites, is a major characterized constituent. Neither kinase is activated by the usual second messengers. Tau and the above NF subunits are phosphorylated in high stoichiometric ratios. In the intermediate NF subunit, all the expected sites appear to be phosphorylated, but in the heavy NF subunit only 7 out of the greater than 40 expected sites can be phosphorylated by our kinases. We demonstrate that both kinases can induce considerable shifts of apparent Mr with SDS-PAGE for tau and, for the first time in vitro, also for the intermediate NF subunit. Interestingly, PK36 and particularly PK40 are strongly inhibited by an excess of free ATP. We propose that during normal aging, and in Alzheimer's disease, age-related mitochondrial dysfunction would reduce ATP levels, which in turn might release the neurofilament/tau kinase from inhibition with consequent paired helical filament formation.
<i>A Case of Stupor of Twelve Years' Duration with Complete Amnesia for Ten Years.</i> (<i>Amer. Journ. Psychiat., vol. xiii, p.</i> 1272, <i>May</i>, 1934.) <i>Munn, C.</i> (1934)

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