gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning Advances in Computer Vision with 3D Data (2017)

Deep learning has recently gained popularity achieving state-of-the-art performance in tasks involving text, sound, or image processing. Due to its outstanding performance, there have been efforts to apply it in more challenging scenarios, for example, 3D data processing. This article surveys methods applying deep learning on 3D data and provides a classification based on how they exploit them. From the results of the examined works, we conclude that systems employing 2D views of 3D data typically surpass voxel-based (3D) deep models, which however, can perform better with more layers and severe data augmentation. Therefore, larger-scale datasets and increased resolutions are required.
GenBank (2010)

GenBank® is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for more than 380,000 organisms named at the genus level or lower, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects, including whole genome shotgun (WGS) and environmental sampling projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs, and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through the NCBI Entrez retrieval system that integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, begin at the NCBI Homepage: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry for characterizing photopatterned, self-assembled monolayers on gold (1993)

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine the lateral distribution of molecular photoproducts in a photopatterned, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au. The photosensitive SAMs, Au-I, are made by immersing evaporated Au films into a solution of a disulfide with a pendant aryl azide. Near-UV irradiation (λ≳320 nm) of these SAMs through a Cr-on-glass mask and a thin film of N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N-(2-ferrocenylethyl) amine, II, results in the photoattachment of II to the Au surface where irradiated. Cyclic voltammetry establishes the presence of 2.8×10−10 mol/cm2, or about one monolayer, of ferrocene centers on the irradiated substrate. Positive SIMS survey spectra of the photosensitive Au-I SAMs show several peaks assigned to the aryl azide functionality. Survey spectra of Au-I substrates irradiated in the presence of II show peaks assigned to ferrocene fragments. Importantly, the high lateral resolution imaging capability of SIMS is used to map the lateral distribution of molecular and elemental species in a SAM photopatterned with II. The lateral resolution demonstrated was 10 μm. The chemical maps for C12H12Fe+ (m/z 212) and F− (m/z 19) reproduce the pattern of the mask. An important manifestation of the exceptional sensitivity of SIMS is the speed of image acquisition. Maps are generally acquired in less than 30 s with total ion doses of ∼1013 ions/cm2. A damage study was made showing counts for ions with m/z 27, 56, 197, and 212 as a function of primary ion dose. The half-life for the C12H12Fe+ (m/z 212) fragment was approximately 8.5 min at 45 nA/cm2 primary beam current density. This is ≳15 times longer than it takes to acquire a well-resolved image of m/z 212 distribution in a patterned SAM.
Exploring and Predicting Transferability across NLP Tasks (2020)

Recent advances in NLP demonstrate the effectiveness of training large-scale language models and transferring them to downstream tasks. Can fine-tuning these models on tasks other than language modeling further improve performance? In this paper, we conduct an extensive study of the transferability between 33 NLP tasks across three broad classes of problems (text classification, question answering, and sequence labeling). Our results show that transfer learning is more beneficial than previously thought, especially when target task data is scarce, and can improve performance even when the source task is small or differs substantially from the target task (e.g., part-of-speech tagging transfers well to the DROP QA dataset). We also develop task embeddings that can be used to predict the most transferable source tasks for a given target task, and we validate their effectiveness in experiments controlled for source and target data size. Overall, our experiments reveal that factors such as source data size, task and domain similarity, and task complexity all play a role in determining transferability.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrapyridylporphyrin Derivatives of Group 13 Metals. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interferometric Processing of Spaceborne SAR Data in Advanced SAR Imaging Modes (2000)

The paper gives an analysis of ScanSAR and Spotlight data and identifies their common properties and the differences. A generic processing algorithm which consists of the Extended Chirp Scaling algorithm and the Frequency Scaling algorithm is proposed for high precision phase preserving processing of ScanSAR and SpotSAR imaging modes for future spaceborne SAR systems. The ScanSAR processing performance is demonstrated by the inteferometric processing of Radarsat ScanSAR data. The SpotSAR processing is validated using raw data from the airborne experimental SAR-System (E-SAR) of DLR.
Weed Control from Herbicide Combinations with Three Formulations of Glyphosate<sup>1</sup> (2001)

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate weed control from various formulations of glyphosate alone and in combination with postemergence herbicides. Tank mixtures did not increase barnyardgrass control 2 wk after treatment (WAT) when compared with glyphosate alone; however, tank mixtures did reduce barnyardgrass fresh weight 4 WAT when compared with glyphosate alone in several instances. Antagonism was observed when chlorimuron was combined with all formulations of glyphosate 4 WAT, but control was not reduced when compared with glyphosate alone. Selective herbicides added to glyphosate had an additive or antagonistic effect on prickly sida fresh-weight reductions. Antagonism of pitted morningglory fresh-weight reductions occurred when glyphosate was combined with all herbicides except acifluorfen, which had an additive effect. Fomesafen or lactofen effectively controlled hemp sesbania 2 WAT without the addition of glyphosate. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron combined with glyphosate Cheminova, Monsanto, or Zeneca reduced hemp sesbania fresh weight nearly twofold more than glyphosate alone.Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; chlorimuron; fomesafen; glyphosate; lactofen; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. #3 ECHCG; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex. A. W. Hill # SEBEX; pitted morningglory, Ipomea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP.Additional index words: Additive effects, antagonism, reduced rates, synergism.Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactase synthase; C, Cheminova; LSD, least significance difference; M, Monsanto; POST, postemergence; WAT, weeks after treatment; Z, Zeneca.
Motoneurons Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells Express Transcription Factors and Develop Phenotypes Characteristic of Medial Motor Column Neurons (2006)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into functional motoneurons when treated with a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist and retinoic acid (RA). Whether ES cells can be directed to differentiate into specific subtypes of motoneurons is unknown. We treated embryoid bodies generated from HBG3 ES cells with a Shh agonist and RA for 5 d in culture to induce motoneuron differentiation. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression was used to identify putative motoneurons, because eGFP is expressed under the control of the Hb9 promoter in HBG3 cells. We found that 96 +/- 0.7% of the differentiated eGFP+ motoneurons expressed Lhx3, a homeobox gene expressed by postmitotic motoneurons in the medial motor column (MMCm), when the treated cells were plated on a neurite-promoting substrate for 5 d. When the treated embryoid bodies were transplanted into stage 17 chick neural tubes, the eGFP+ motoneurons migrated to the MMCm, expressed Lhx3, projected axons to the appropriate target for MMCm motoneurons (i.e., epaxial muscles), and contained synaptic vesicles within intramuscular axonal branches. In ovo and in vitro studies indicated that chemotropic factors emanating from the epaxial muscle and/or surrounding mesenchyme likely guide Lhx3+ motoneurons to their correct target. Finally, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of transplanted ES cell-derived motoneurons demonstrated that they received synaptic input, elicited repetitive trains of action potentials, and developed passive membrane properties that were similar to host MMCm motoneurons. These results indicate that ES cells can be directed to form subtypes of neurons with specific phenotypic properties.
Photocatalytic reactors: design for effective air purification (2006)

This report is intended to review existing photocatalytic reactors as used in research and commercial applications. The guiding principles of effective reactor design are discussed, stressing the challenges faced by design teams. An account of specific reactor designs is given, highlighting innovative work and novel concepts. A concerted effort has been made to draw information from a wide variety of international sources, including scientific literature and web based sources.
Wire Cell: A More Efficient Silicon Solar Cell and Module (2008)

We introduce the concept and first experimental tests of the wire cell. The front electrode of this otherwise standard crystalline silicon solar cell consists only of thin parallel fingers which are reinforced by thin wires soldered onto them. The wires are continued to the back side of the next cell where contact is formed by pressure, allowing for an uninterrupted aluminium back surface field. For a multicrystalline silicon solar cell of (156mm)² the gain in power should be over 100 mW, or 3% relative. First tests on (150mm)² standard cells confirmed a relative gain up to 2%. Details of the soldering technology are also presented.
Design optimization of electromagnetic devices using artificial neural networks (2002)

A new method for the optimal design of the electromagnetic devices is presented. The method utilizes artificial neural networks (ANNs) in a design environment which encompasses numerical computations and expert's input for generating a variety of ANN training data. Results of two implementation examples are provided. The optimal design is obtained quickly (in a matter of milliseconds) once the ANNs are trained with a variety of geometrical topologies. The procedure explained in this paper can be used to provide good initial designs for use with iterative search techniques (currently used) to reduce searching time. This aspect is highly desirable to increase the effectiveness of the optimal design procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Simian Virus 40-Based Replication of Catalytically Inactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase Mutants in Nonpermissive T Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (2003)

Integrase function is required for retroviral replication in most instances. Although certain permissive T-cell lines support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in the absence of functional integrase, most cell lines and primary human cells are nonpermissive for integrase mutant growth. Since unintegrated retroviral DNA is lost from cells following cell division, we investigated whether incorporating a functional origin of DNA replication into integrase mutant HIV-1 might overcome the block to efficient gene expression and replication in nonpermissive T-cell lines and primary cells. Whereas the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) origin (oriP) did little to augment expression from an integrase mutant reporter virus in EBV nuclear antigen 1-expressing cells, simian virus 40 (SV40) oriT dramatically enhanced integrase mutant infectivity in T-antigen (Tag)-expressing cells. Incorporating oriT into the nef position of a full-length, integrase-defective virus strain yielded efficient replication in Tag-expressing nonpermissive Jurkat T cells without reversion to an integration-competent genotype. Adding Tag to integrase mutant-oriT viruses yielded 11.3-kb SV40-HIV chimeras that replicated in Jurkat cells and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses of Jurkat cell infections revealed that amplified copies of unintegrated DNA likely contributed to SV40-HIV integrase mutant replication. SV40-based HIV-1 integrase mutant replication in otherwise nonpermissive cells suggests alternative approaches to standard integrase-mediated retroviral gene transfer strategies.
Phase-Sensitive Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy (2006)

We report on the first implementation of phase sensitivity into Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy. Combined with a time-and space-resolved BLS setup this allows for access to quantities such as the phase profile and the wave front of spin wave packets and beams. In order to access phase information, interference between the light inelastically scattered by the spin wave under investigation and a frequency shifted coherent reference beam was used. To achieve the necessary frequency shift of the reference light, a microwave electro-optical resonance modulator based on a Lithium Niobate single crystal was constructed. As this modulator is driven by the same microwave source that is used for the excitation of the spin waves, coherency between the frequency shifted and the inelastically scattered light guaranteed. Light inelastically scattered from spin waves is rotated by 90 deg in polarization. In order to have interference with the light shifted in frequency by the electro-optical modulator, an optical lambda/4 plate is used to convert the laser light into circularly polarized light before it enters the modulator. Designing an optical interferometer setup, mechanical and thermal stability is of paramount importance to yield reliable phase information. We have solved the problem of stability by spatially combining the optical reference and the signal beam along one single axis.
Aggregate Stability (1965)

This chapter examines the principles underlying the development of methods for measuring aggregate stability and explains a single method that appears to have relatively broad application. Large sand particles must be differentiated from aggregates if meaningful estimates of aggregate stability are to be obtained. High aggregate stability is favorable to the production of most crops. Compression of samples when they are taken from the soil causes some variation in aggregate stability; consequently, sampling instruments such as shovels and tubes that cause little compression are to be preferred to augers. Aggregate stability, determined when the soil is wet at atmospheric pressure, is highly dependent on initial water content. The reproducibility of the measurement varies with the texture of the soil. Where extreme care was used, aggregate-stability measurements carried out on coarse-textured soils on successive days were found to have coefficients of variation of 4.0%.
Heparanase upregulation in high glucose-treated endothelial cells is prevented by insulin and heparin. (2007)

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the endothelial cell surface and extracellular matrix play an important role in vascular homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that the quantity of heparan sulfate is reduced in kidney and other organs in diabetes. The objectives of this study were to determine if heparanase is induced by high glucose in endothelial cells and if heparin and/or insulin or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) affect this upregulation. Cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells in M199 medium were treated with high glucose (30 mM) and/or bFGF (1 or 10 ng/ml) or high glucose plus insulin (1 U/ml) and/or heparin (0.5 microg/ml) for 7 days. To help define the mechanism of endothelial damage, cells were also exposed to H(2)O(2) (0.1 mM) for 1 day or mannitol (30 mM) for 7 days. Heparanase mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Heparanase activity was measured by incubating cell lysates with [(35)S]labeled extracellular matrix of bovine corneal endothelial cells and analyzing released radioactive products by gel filtration and beta-scintillation. Heparanase mRNA was found in high-glucose- and H(2)O(2)-treated cells; however, it was not found in control cells, mannitol- or high glucose plus insulin- and/or heparin-treated cells, or fresh porcine tissue. Heparanase activity was only found in high-glucose- and H(2)O(2)-treated cells. As well, bFGF did not prevent heparanase mRNA upregulation by high glucose. From these observations, we concluded that heparanase upregulation by high glucose is prevented by insulin and/or heparin but not bFGF. Reactive oxygen species, but not changes in osmolarity, may be involved in the upregulation of heparanase.
Fabrication of tubular porous PLGA scaffold by emulsion freeze-drying method (1999)

A novel emulsion freeze-drying method for fabrication of tubular porous poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (75:25 by mole ratio of lactide to glycolide, PLGA) scaffold has been proposed for the application to tissue engineering. Tubular PLGA scaffolds obtained were characterized by mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. PLGA scaffolds with porosity above 90%, medium pore size ranging from 10 to 30 {mu}m with larger pore diameters greater than 100 {mu}m, and specific pore area in the range of 27 to 31 (m{sup 2}/g) were manufactured by varying processing parameters as PLGA concentration and water volume fraction. It was observed that PLGA scaffolds were highly porous with good interconnections between pores for allowing cell adhesion and growth. It was suggested that the mechanism of the formation of pore may b related to emulsion unstability rather than emulsion stability. It might be concluded that this novel scaffolds may be applicable for tubular organ structures to facilitate tissue regeneration or repair in tissue engineering. 32 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Metamorphic Te-doped Al0.4In0.6Sb/Ga0.4In0.6Sb HEMT structures for low power and high frequency applications (2011)

We report on the molecular beam epitaxial growth of metamorphic AlInSb/GaInSb high-electron-mobility-transistor structures for low power, high frequency applications on 4-inch GaAs substrates. The structures consist of a Ga 0.4In 0.6Sb channel embedded in Al 0.4In 0.6Sb barrier layers which are grown on top of an insulating metamorphic buffer, which is based on the linear exchange of Ga versus In and a subsequent exchange of As versus Sb. Growth parameters were systematically investigated by means of HRXRD, AFM and TEM measurements. The beam-equivalent-pressure ratio As/Sb (3.5) in conjunction with the substrate temperature were found to be the key parameters to get good crystalline quality, demonstrated by the presence of crosshatching, a root mean square roughness of 2.0 nm and good electrical performance. Buffer isolation is determined to be about 1M/ for optimised growth conditions. Van-der-Pauw Hall measurements at room temperature reveal electron densities of 2.2 × 10 12 cm -2 in the channel at mobility values of 22.000 cm 2/Vs for single-sided Te -doped samples and 5.4 × 1012 cm -2 and 17.000 cm 2/Vs for double-sided Te -doped structures, respectively. These high sheet carrier densities combined with maintained high electron mobilities, attributed to our new sophisticated buffer design, are essential for the fabrication of high frequency, high power MMICs.
Author Correction: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Predictive Value of Platelet Activation for the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Patients (2010)

Vascular risk factors contribute to the progression of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and influence platelet activation. However, the degree of platelet activation as a possible underlying mechanism of this progression has not been studied till now. Significantly higher baseline expression of both platelet activation biomarkers, activated glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex and P-selectin, was observed in patients with AD with fast cognitive decline compared with AD patients with slow cognitive decline during a 1-year follow-up period. These results suggest that platelet activation could be a putative prognostic biomarker for the rate of cognitive decline and a potential new treatment target in AD patients.
Cloning of Human Glial Neurotrophic Factor and Its High Expression in Insect Cells. (1999)

The human glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was expressed in Tn-5B1-4 insect cells using the Bac to Bac baculovirus expression system, accounting for 30% of total cellular soluble proteins. The expressed product was purified by affinity chromatography and the activity assays showed that it could significantly promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons. The study can be the basis for further structural-functional analysis of GDNF.
Simulated Seismic Load Tests on Reinforced Concrete Columns (1994)

Simulated seismic load tests conducted on 11 reinforced concrete columns are described. The columns had a 400‐mm (15.7‐in.) square or octagonal cross section and contained various quantities of transverse reinforcement. The columns were subjected to either low, moderate, or high axial compressive loads and to reversible quasi‐state lateral loads that simulated severe earthquake loading. The tests were conducted to check an analytical approach for the determination of the available flexural ductility and the enhancement of flexural strength of columns with various levels of transverse confining reinforcement. The analytical approach for determining the quantities of transverse reinforcement required for confinement is shown to be conservative and to lead to equations more suitable for the design of transverse reinforcement for confinement than current code equations. Conclusions are also reached concerning the required length of the confined region in the potential plastic‐hinge zones of reinforced concrete columns.
Direct-conversion flat-panel X-ray image sensors for digital radiography (2002)

Advances in active-matrix array flat panels for displays over the last decade have led to the development of flat-panel X-ray image detectors. Recent flat-panel detectors have shown image quality exceeding that of X-ray film/screen cassettes. They can also permit the instantaneous capture, readout, and display of digital X-ray images and, hence, enable the clinical transition to digital radiography. There are two general approaches to flat panel detector technology: 1) direct and 2) indirect conversion. The present paper outlines the operating principles for direct-conversion detectors based on the use of photoconductors. It formulates and reviews the required X-ray photoconductor properties for such applications and examines to what extent potential materials fulfill these requirements. The quantum efficiency, X-ray sensitivity, noise, and detective quantum efficiency factors are discussed with reference to current and potential large area X-ray photoconductors.