gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lead oxide (PbO) for direct conversion fluoroscopic detectors (2012)

Polycrystalline Lead Oxide (PbO) is being investigated as a photoconductive\nmaterials for application as X-ray-to-charge transducer in direct conversion x-ray\ndetectors used in fluoroscopy and radiology. Previous usage of PbO films in Plumbicon\nvacuum tubes for optical imaging ensures its appropriate photoconductive properties. In\ncombination with high X-ray absorption coefficient due to high atomic number of Pb and\nthe theoretically established conversion gain together indicates high potential for\nradiological medical imaging application.\nAlthough very promising, at the current stage of development of PbO\nphotoconductive layers thick enough for X-ray imaging applications have not yet\nachieved the expected conversion efficiency and not yet shown adequate temporal\nbehavior for fluoroscopic applications: PbO suffers from image "lag? (i.e. the residual\ncurrent following an x-ray pulse) and high dark current that limits the application of\nelectric fields to below 3.5 V/?m, which is a major factor preventing the attainment of\nhigh conversion efficiency.
Effects of ion-implantation-induced damages and impurity on platinum silicide formation (1982)

The present paper describes the effects of damages and impurity on the formation of platinum silicide prepared on polycrystalline substrate. Damages and impurities have been introduced into polycrystalline silicon by ion implantation prior to preparing metal layer. The major analytical techniques employed are Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The observation indicates a formation of irregular and nonplanar structure at the platinum silicide-silicon interface caused by the damages. Also, voids at the silicide-silicon interface are observed in the sample containing implanted argon. Direct evidence that the voids are filled with argon is obtained by mass spectrometry. Mechanism of the anomalous interface formation is discussed.
Autonomous Helicopter Flight via Reinforcement Learning (2003)

Autonomous helicopter flight represents a challenging control problem, with complex, noisy, dynamics. In this paper, we describe a successful application of reinforcement learning to autonomous helicopter flight. We first fit a stochastic, nonlinear model of the helicopter dynamics. We then use the model to learn to hover in place, and to fly a number of maneuvers taken from an RC helicopter competition.
7-Methylsulfinylheptyl and 8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanates from watercress are potent inducers of phase II enzymes (2000)

Watercress is an exceptionally rich dietary source of beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). This compound inhibits phase I enzymes, which are responsible for the activation of many carcinogens in animals, and induces phase II enzymes, which are associated with enhanced excretion of carcinogens. In this study, we show that watercress extracts are potent inducers of quinone reductase (QR) in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells, a widely adopted assay for measuring phase II enzyme induction. However, contrary to expectations, this induction was not associated with PEITC (which is rapidly lost to the atmosphere upon tissue disruption due to its volatility) or a naturally occurring PEITC-glutathione conjugate, but with 7-methylsulfinyheptyl and 8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanates (ITCs). While it was confirmed that PEITC does induce QR (5 microM required for a two-fold induction in QR), 7-methylsulfinyheptyl and 8-methylsulfinyloctyl ITCs were more potent inducers (0.2 microM and 0.5 microM, respectively, required for a two-fold induction in QR). Thus, while watercress contains three times more phenylethyl glucosinolate than methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates, ITCs derived from methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates may be more important phase II enzyme inducers than PEITC, having 10 - to 25-fold greater potency. Analysis of urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) following consumption of watercress demonstrated the presence of N:-acetylcysteine conjugates of 7-methylsulfinylheptyl, 8-methylsulfinyloctyl ITCs and PEITC, indicating that these ITCs are taken up by the gut and metabolized in the body. Watercress may have exceptionally good anticarcinogenic potential, as it combines a potent inhibitor of phase I enzymes (PEITC) with at least three inducers of phase II enzymes (PEITC, 7-methylsulfinylheptyl ITC and 8-methylsulfinyloctyl ITC). The study also demonstrates the application of LC-MS for the detection of complex glucosinolate-derived metabolites in plant extracts and urine.
On creating averaging templates (2005)

Dynamic Programming is normally used in creating averaging templates. However, it takes both time and memory. In this paper, we present linear averaging and dynamic local averaging as two alternative approaches. A recognition experiment was also conducted for performance comparisons. It was found that both proposed techniques not only achieve a slightly higher accuracy than dynamic averaging, but also save time and memory. The effect of length normalization on dynamic averaging and dynamic local averaging was also studied and was found not to be a significant factor.
Chlorpicrin: new fumigant for mill and household insects (1926)

19 pages; includes photographs and drawings. This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu.
Variable DNA methylation patterns associated with progression of disease in hepatocellular carcinomas (2008)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most commonly arises from chronic inflammation due to viral infection, as a result of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. A global picture of epigenetic changes in HCC is lacking. We used methylated CpG island amplification microarrays (MCAMs) to study 6458 CpG islands in HCC and adjacent preneoplastic tissues [chronic hepatitis (CH) or liver cirrhosis (LC)] in comparison with normal liver tissues where neither viral infection nor hepatitis has existed. MCAM identified 719 (11%) prominent genes of hypermethylation in HCCs. HCCs arising from LC had significantly more methylation than those arising from CH (1249 genes or 19% versus 444 genes or 7%, P < 0.05). There were four patterns of aberrant methylation: Type I (4%, e.g. matrix metalloproteinase 14) shows a substantially high methylation level in adjacent tissue and does not increase further in cancer. Type II (55%, e.g. RASSF1A) shows progressively increasing methylation from adjacent tissue to HCC. Type III (4%, e.g. GNA14) shows decreased methylation in adjacent tissue but either similar or increased methylation in HCC. Type IV (37%, e.g. CDKN2A) shows low levels of methylation in normal tissue and adjacent tissue but high levels in HCC. These DNA methylation changes were confirmed by quantitative pyrosequencing methylation analysis in representative 24 genes and were analyzed for correlation with clinicopathological parameters in 38 patients. Intriguingly, methylation in the Type IV genes is characteristic of moderately/poorly differentiated cancer. Our global epigenome analysis reveals distinct patterns of methylation that are probably to represent different pathophysiologic processes in HCCs.
Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids and Exercise on Body‐Weight Regulation and Metabolism in Rats (2002)

Not only the quantity of dietary fat, but also the type of fat used, will produce different effects on body weight and metabolism. EX ameliorates the suggested insulin resistance induced in rats fed either highly saturated or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as found in fish oil, are more beneficial than n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids when fed in high amounts to rats.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system inactivates latent HIV-1 proviral DNA (2015)

The CRISPR/Cas9 complex efficiently mutates and deactivates HIV-1 proviral DNA in latently infected Jurkat cells. Our results also revealed a highly efficient Cas9 target site within the second exon of Rev that represents a promising target to be further explored in the CRISPR/Cas9-based cure strategy.
On performance of Vector OFDM with Zero-Forcing receiver (2012)

Vector OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for single transmit antenna systems is a general transmission scheme, where OFDM and SC-FDE (Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization) can be treated as two special/extreme cases. Due to its flexibility, it has drawn more and more attention recently. So far, all the studies about Vector OFDM assume the ML (Maximum Likelihood) receiver. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Vector OFDM with the ZF (Zero-Forcing) receiver. We firstly show that for the ZF receiver, all the transmitted symbols have equal performance. This is different from the Vector OFDM with ML receiver, where different VBs may have different coding gain, and thus may have different performances. We then analyze the diversity order for Vector OFDM with ZF receiver, and show that the diversity order equals 1 and the performance is the same as the conventional OFDM at high SNR.
Evolution and organization of the human protein C gene. (1986)

We have isolated overlapping phage genomic clones covering an area of 21 kilobases that encodes the human protein C gene. The gene is at least 11.2 kilobases long and is made up of nine exons and eight introns. Two regions homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor are encoded by amino acids 46-91 and 92-136 and are precisely delimited by introns, as is a similar sequence in the genes for coagulation factor IX and tissue plasminogen activator. When homologous amino acids of factor IX and protein C are aligned, the positions of all eight introns correspond precisely, suggesting that these genes are the product of a relatively recent gene duplication. Nevertheless, the two genes are sufficiently distantly related that no nucleic acid homology remains in the intronic regions and that the size of the introns varies dramatically between the two genes. The similarity of the genes for factor IX and protein C suggests that they may be the most closely related members of the serine protease gene family involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis.
A high temperature furnace (1984)

A high temperature furnace has been developed which operates directly from the mains voltage (240 V). It is designed to accommodate large samples, and use low quality cooling water. The furnace uses a tantalum heating element in the form of a high resistance wire held onto ceramic insulators. Temperatures up to ca. 2 000 °C are achievable but are limited by the present choice of ceramic.
Fast Lithographic Mask Optimization Considering Process Variation (2016)

As nanometer technology advances, conventional optical proximity correction (OPC) that minimizes the edge placement error (EPE) at the nominal process condition alone often leads to poor process windows. To improve the mask printability across various process corners, process-window OPC optimizes EPE for multiple process corners, but often suffers long runtime, due to repeated lithographic simulations. This paper presents an efficient process variation (PV)-aware mask optimization framework, namely PVOPC, to simultaneously minimize EPE and PV band with fast convergence. The PVOPC framework includes EPE-sensitivity-driven dynamic fragmentation, PV-aware EPE modeling, and correction with three new EPE-converging techniques and a systematic subresolution-assisted feature insertion algorithm. Experimental results show that our approach efficiently achieves high-quality EPE and PV band results.
Zur Chemie der Buntesalze (1967)

Buntesalze lassen sich nicht nur aus Alkylhalogeniden und Natriumthiosulfat, sondern auch aus Verbindungen mit aktivierten Mehrfachbindungen und Natriumthiosulfat gewinnen. Die mit der neuen Methode dargestellten Buntesalze erleiden im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Beobachtungen eine alkalische Spaltung zu den ungesättigten Ausgangsverbindungen und Natriumthiosulfat. Diese Reaktion findet Anwendung bei der Fixierung ungesättigter Verbindungen, z.B. auf Cellulose. Es werden außerdem andere Reaktionen und biologische Eigenschaften der Buntesalze behandelt.
Electrically Microwave Tunable Components Using Liquid Crystals (2002)

The study of electrically tunable phase-shifters based on the use of liquid crystals is under consideration. First, the dielectric characterisation of a commercial liquid crystal involved in this study is reported. The anisotropy of such substrates is given by the permittivity tensor. Second, two phase-shifter configurations are studied. Both structures propose inverse strip-line but different accesses and substrates. In addition, phase variation measurements corresponding to these two configurations are compared. Finally, the paper discusses the way to improve performances.
Lookahead: A Far-Sighted Alternative of Magnitude-based Pruning (2020)

Magnitude-based pruning is one of the simplest methods for pruning neural networks. Despite its simplicity, magnitude-based pruning and its variants demonstrated remarkable performances for pruning modern architectures. Based on the observation that magnitude-based pruning indeed minimizes the Frobenius distortion of a linear operator corresponding to a single layer, we develop a simple pruning method, coined lookahead pruning, by extending the single layer optimization to a multi-layer optimization. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms magnitude-based pruning on various networks, including VGG and ResNet, particularly in the high-sparsity regime. See https://github.com/alinlab/lookahead_pruning for codes.
“Click Chemistry” in Tailor-Made Polymethacrylates Bearing Reactive Furfuryl Functionality: A New Class of Self-Healing Polymeric Material (2009)

This investigation reports the effective use of the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, a "click reaction" in the preparation of thermally amendable and self-healing polymeric materials having reactive furfuryl functionality. In this case, the DA and retro-DA (rDA) reactions were carried out between the tailor-made homo- and copolymer of furfuryl methacrylate prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization and a bismaleimide (BM). The kinetic studies of DA and rDA reactions were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The DA polymers were insoluble in toluene at room temperature. When the DA polymers were heated at 100 degrees C in toluene, it was soluble. This is because of the cleavage between furfuryl functionality and BM. The chemical cross-link density was determined by the Flory-Rehner equation. The cross-linked polymer showed much greater adhesive strength at room temperature, but the adhesive strength was quite low at higher temperature. The self-healing capability was studied by using scanning electron microscopy analysis. The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the thermally amendable cross-linked materials were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Protective Effects of Melatonin against Cyclophosphamide-induced Oxidative Lung Toxicity in Mice (2014)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of melatonin against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced oxidative lung toxicity in mice. Mice were pre-treated with various doses of melatonin for 7 consecutive days and were then injected with CP (200 mg/kg b. w.) 1 h after last melatonin injection. After 24 h, the mice were euthanized and their lungs were immediately harvested. Several biomarkers associated with oxidative stress in lung homogenates, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured spectrophotometrically. A single dose of CP markedly altered the levels of these oxidative stress biomarkers in lung homogenates. However, increased lipid peroxidation, measured as TBARs, was significantly inhibited in the lung tissues of the melatonin-pretreated mice compared to the CP alone-injected group. In addition, pretreatment with melatonin also significantly restored GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities. Melatonin also effectively protected animals from CP-induced histological abnormalities in lung tissue. In conclusion, the increase in oxidative stress markers and concomitant adaptations by the antioxidant defense system indicates that oxidative stress plays an important role in CP-induced damage to the lung. Moreover, melatonin is a potent natural antioxidant that helps prevent CP-induced oxidative toxicity in mouse lung tissues. Thus, because melatonin is regarded to be a safe pineal secretory product, it may be used concomitantly as a supplement to reduce lung damage in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
A Micromethod for Concentration and Desalting Utilizing a Hollow Fiber, with Special Reference to Capillary Electrophoresis (1997)

Concentration of solutes in small volumes offers special problems. The difficulties are particularly great when the sample concentration is low, because the adsorption onto the surfaces with which the solutes come into contact may be very strong. The adsorption not only decreases the original sample concentration but also often alters the relative concentrations of the solutes, causing serious deviations from the original composition of the sample. A novel concentration method is described using a hollow fiber filled with the dilute sample solution. The technique is based on the transport of water out of the fiber through the pores in its wall and has the advantage that solute adsorption is negligible, at least when the solute concentration is not extremely low. The water transport can be achieved by passive or active evaporation or by the Donnan effect, accomplished by immersing the fiber filled with sample into a polymer solution. The method has the advantage that it permits concentration of all substances independently of their molecular weight. Proteins, for instance, were enriched 3000-fold in one step. By using an array of fibers and collecting all of the concentrated zones for a second concentration, the degree of concentration can theoretically become 30002 = 9 × 106-fold, provided that the limit of solubility is not exceeded. The speed of enrichment of proteins was 14-fold per minute for a fiber with an inner diameter of 0.2 mm, length 280 mm, and wall thickness about 0.01 mm in the dry state (the speed can be increased considerably by blowing air over the fiber, e.g., by means of a fan). Simultaneously with the concentration, some purification of the sample can often be achieved by using a fiber with an appropriate molecular weight cutoff value.
Spinel mixed oxides as oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion (2011)

Several transition metal based mixed oxides with the spinel structure have been prepared, characterised and tested using a TGA apparatus simulating the oxidation and reduction periods in CLC. Despite the fact that gas phase diffusion limitations have been encountered under our TGA test conditions, the spinel materials were compared in terms of oxygen transfer capacity as well as oxidation and reduction rates. The best working spinel formulation is Cu0.95Fe1.05AlO4, with high oxygen transfer capacity, high oxidation rate, but a relatively low reduction rate compared to our reference formulation (60%NiO-40%NiAl2O4). Impregnating NiO on the former spinel material allowed to increase both oxygen transfer capacity and reactivity of the resulting materials. While oxidation rates in the same order of magnitude to that of the reference material could be obtained, the maximum measured reduction rate was still only slightly above half that of the reference material.
Three-dimensional average-shape atlas of the honeybee brain and its applications (2005)

The anatomical substrates of neural nets are usually composed from reconstructions of neurons that were stained in different preparations. Realistic models of the structural relationships between neurons require a common framework. Here we present 3-D reconstructions of single projection neurons (PN) connecting the antennal lobe (AL) with the mushroom body (MB) and lateral horn, groups of intrinsic mushroom body neurons (type 5 Kenyon cells), and a single mushroom body extrinsic neuron (PE1), aiming to compose components of the olfactory pathway in the honeybee. To do so, we constructed a digital standard atlas of the bee brain. The standard atlas was created as an average-shape atlas of 22 neuropils, calculated from 20 individual immunostained whole-mount bee brains. After correction for global size and positioning differences by repeatedly applying an intensity-based nonrigid registration algorithm, a sequence of average label images was created. The results were qualitatively evaluated by generating average gray-value images corresponding to the average label images and judging the level of detail within the labeled regions. We found that the first affine registration step in the sequence results in a blurred image because of considerable local shape differences. However, already the first nonrigid iteration in the sequence corrected for most of the shape differences among individuals, resulting in images rich in internal detail. A second iteration improved on that somewhat and was selected as the standard. Registering neurons from different preparations into the standard atlas reveals 1) that the m-ACT neuron occupies the entire glomerulus (cortex and core) and overlaps with a local interneuron in the cortical layer; 2) that, in the MB calyces and the lateral horn of the protocerebral lobe, the axon terminals of two identified m-ACT neurons arborize in separate but close areas of the neuropil; and 3) that MB-intrinsic clawed Kenyon cells (type 5), with somata outside the calycal cups, project to the peduncle and lobe output system of the MB and contact (proximate) the dendritic tree of the PE1 neuron at the base of the vertical lobe. Thus the standard atlas and the procedures applied for registration serve the function of creating realistic neuroanatomical models of parts of a neural net. The Honeybee Standard Brain is accessible at www.neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de/beebrain.
What is the center of the image? (1994)

To model the way that cameras project the three-dimensional world into a two-dimensional image we need to know the camera’s image center. First-order models of lens behavior, such as the pinhole-camera model and the thin-lens model, suggest that the image center is a single, fixed, and intrinsic parameter of the lens. On closer inspection, however, we find that there are many possible definitions for image center. Most image centers do not have the same coordinates and, moreover, move as lens parameters are changed. We present a taxonomy that includes 15 techniques for measuring image center. Several techniques are applied to a precision automated zoom lens, and experimental results are shown.
The boron content of selected foods and the estimation of its daily intake among free-living subjects. (1996)

Using data obtained from the food records and assigning the corresponding values from the Finnish Tables for the boron content of foods, the average daily consumption of boron for a selected group of Australians was found to be 2.23 +/- 1.23 mg/day.
Unikraft (2021)

Unikernels are famous for providing excellent performance in terms of boot times, throughput and memory consumption, to name a few metrics. However, they are infamous for making it hard and extremely time consuming to extract such performance, and for needing significant engineering effort in order to port applications to them. We introduce Unikraft, a novel micro-library OS that (1) fully modularizes OS primitives so that it is easy to customize the unikernel and include only relevant components and (2) exposes a set of composable, performance-oriented APIs in order to make it easy for developers to obtain high performance.