gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The mosaic of the cardiac amyloidosis diagnosis: role of imaging in subtypes and stages of the disease (2014)

Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare, infiltrative cardiomyopathy that presents with thickened ventricular walls and progressive heart failure. The morphological findings and clinical features are shared with many other diseases (i.e. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 'athlete's heart,' Fabry disease, and hypertensive cardiomyopathy), and misdiagnosis occurs frequently. Cardiologists have many instruments that can help reach a correct diagnosis in a relatively short time. As tiles of a mosaic are placed to create an image, thoughtful and smart use of the different diagnostic tools available allows the opportunity to identify amyloid infiltration of the myocardium. When the myocardium is involved, prognosis is poor, so identification of its involvement is crucial for disease management. The diagnostic process begins with an accurate evaluation of clinical elements and includes cardiovascular imaging (echocardiography, magnetic resonance, and nuclear medicine), electrocardiography, serological assays, and myocardial biopsy; only the appropriate integration of these instruments can reveal the diagnosis to an expert physician. The latest improvements in non-invasive diagnostic techniques with increased diagnostic power have reduced the need for biopsy.
Phytochemicals: Health Protective Effects. (1999)

Consuming a diet rich in plant foods will provide a milieu of phytochemicals, non-nutritive substances in plants that possess health-protective benefits. Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, herbs, nuts and seeds contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sulfur compounds, pigments, and other natural antioxidants that have been associated with protection from and/or treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The foods and herbs with the highest anticancer activity include garlic, soybeans, cabbage, ginger, licorice root, and the umbelliferous vegetables. Citrus, in addition to providing an ample supply of vitamin C, folic acid, potassium, and soluble fibre, contains a host of active phytochemicals. Clinical trials have not yet been able to demonstrate the same protective effects from taking supplements. It is difficult to estimate how many Canadians achieve an adequate level of consumption, but it seems reasonable to assume that many Canadians could benefit from substantially increasing their intake of vegetables and fruit.
Synthesis and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of 1,1,2,2-tetra-aminoethanes, 1,1,2-triaminoethenes, and 1,2-dialkoxy-1,2-di-aminoethanes (1968)

The reaction between glyoxal and secondary amines gives 1,1,2,2-tetra-aminoethanes, which, on distillation under reduced pressure, yield 1,1,2-triaminoethenes. Treatment of 1,1,2,2-tetra-aminoethanes with alcohols produces 1,2-dialkoxy-1,2-diaminoethanes. An n.m.r. study of the above compounds is described.
Prognostic Impact of miR-200 Family Members in Plasma and Exosomes from Tumor-Draining versus Peripheral Veins of Colon Cancer Patients (2018)

Our findings provide the first indication that expression levels of miR-200c and miR-141 in MV plasma can identify CC patients with poor prognosis. In addition, our results lend further support to the premise that tumor-draining veins constitute a better source of biomarkers than do PVs.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Method to Evaluate Coated Aluminum Beverage Containers — Part 2: Statistical Analysis of Performance (1997)

A method for evaluating commercially applied organic coatings must consider the observed distribution of coating performance for a given population. A sample of cans was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The low-frequency impedance (the impedance between 0.01 Hz and 1 Hz) measured during the first month of exposure was analyzed statistically and used to evaluate performance of three coating populations. To verify EIS results, comparison was made to an 8-week analysis of aluminum concentration in solution and to visual observations at 8 months. Statistical analysis of EIS data and visual observations agreed well. Coating performance was related to chemistry and cure schedule.
INFLAMMATORY CELL RECRUITMENT FOLLOWING THORACIC IRRADIATION (2004)

Ionizing radiation leads to a progressive injury in which a monocyte/macrophage-rich pneumonitis is followed by a chronic progressive fibrosis. In the present study, the role of macrophage/monocyte recruitment in the genesis of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis was examined. The objectives were threefold: (i) characterize the inflammatory cells recruited into the lung during the development of radiation-induced fibrosis; (ii) investigate changes in lung response following depletion of resident alveolar macrophages in vivo prior to radiation treatment; (iii) assess if inhalation of low levels of endotoxin would potentiate the radiation-initiated injury. One group of fibrosis-sensitive C57BL/6 mice was irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy to the thorax. In a second group, resident inflammatory cells were depleted using clodronate, encapsulated into liposomes, 48 hours prior to irradiation with a single dose of 15 Gy to the thorax. Control animals were sham irradiated. All groups of animals then were examined 8, 16, or 24 weeks post irradiation. No difference in total cell numbers or cell differentials was observed between irradiated mice or those that were both liposome treated and irradiated at any time point. At 16 weeks, mice that received radiation showed a 5- to 6-fold increase in lymphocytes regardless of treatment as compared to control animals. At 24 weeks post irradiation, select groups were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and examined 24 hours post inhalation. Lavageable protein was increased several fold in mice that received both radiation and LPS exposure as compared to 15 Gy or LPS exposure alone. These results demonstrate: (i) macrophages and lymphocytes are the predominately recruited cell types through 24 weeks post irradiation; (ii) recovery of inflammatory cells, regardless of prior macrophage depletion, were similar, suggesting that early responses are primarily driven by parenchymal cell injury; (iii) thoracic irradiation-induced injury can cause sensitization to a secondary stimulus that may result in injuries/responses not predicted by evaluating exposures individually.
In vivo 3D human vocal fold imaging with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and a MEMS scanning catheter (2010)

We present in-vivo 3D human vocal fold images with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Characterizing the extent and location of vocal fold lesions provides useful information in guiding surgeons during phonomicrosurgery. Previous studies showed that PS-OCT imaging can distinguish vocal fold lesions from normal tissue, but these studies were limited to 2D cross-sectional imaging and were susceptible to sampling error. In-vivo 3D endoscopic imaging was performed by using a recently developed 2-axis MEMS scanning catheter and a spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), running at 18.5 frames/s. Imaging was performed in the operating room with patients under general anesthesia and 3D images were acquired either by 2D scanning of the scanner on the sites of interest or by combining 1D scanning and manual sliding to capture whole length of the vocal fold. Vocal fold scar, polyps, nodules, papilloma and malignant lesions were imaged and characteristics of individual lesions were analyzed in terms of spatial distribution and variation of tissue structure and birefringence. The 3D large sectional PS-OCT imaging showed that the spatial extent of vocal fold lesions can be found non-invasively with good contrast from normal tissue.
Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein (GST-RhoA(G17A)) from Epithelial Cell Lysates (2012)

Proteins of the Rho family of small GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton, and control a large variety of cellular processes, including cell migration, gene expression, cell cycle progression and cell adhesion. Rho proteins are molecular switches that are active in GTP-bound and inactive in GDP-bound state. Their activation is mediated by a family of Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. Rho-GEFs constitute a large family, with overlapping specificities. Although a lot of progress has been made in identifying the GEFs activated by specific signals, there are still many questions remaining regarding the pathway-specific regulation of these proteins. The number of Rho-GEFs exceeds 70, and each cell expresses more than one GEF protein. In addition, many of these proteins activate not only Rho, but other members of the family, contributing further to the complexity of the regulatory networks. Importantly, exploring how GEFs are regulated requires a method to follow the active pool of individual GEFs in cells activated by different stimuli. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for a method used to assess and quantify the available active Rho-specific GEFs using an affinity precipitation assay. This assay was developed a few years ago in the Burridge lab and we have used it in kidney tubular cell lines. The assay takes advantage of a "nucleotide free" mutant RhoA, with a high affinity for active GEFs. The mutation (G17A) renders the protein unable to bind GDP or GTP and this state mimics the intermediate state that is bound to the GEF. A GST-tagged version of this mutant protein is expressed and purified from E. coli, bound to glutathione sepharose beads and used to precipitate active GEFs from lysates of untreated and stimulated cells. As most GEFs are activated via posttranslational modifications or release from inhibitory bindings, their active state is preserved in cell lysates, and they can be detected by this assay. Captured proteins can be probed for known GEFs by detection with specific antibodies using Western blotting, or analyzed by Mass Spectrometry to identify unknown GEFs activated by certain stimuli.
Thermal Conductivity and Elastic Constants of PEDOT:PSS with High Electrical Conductivity (2015)

Mixtures of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) have high electrical conductivity when cast from aqueous suspensions in combination with a high boiling-point cosolvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The electronic component of the thermal conductivity of these highly conducting polymers is of interest for evaluating their potential for thermoelectric cooling and power generation. We find, using time-domain thermoreflectance measurements of thermal conductivity along multiple directions of thick (>20 μm) drop-cast PEDOT films, that the thermal conductivity can be highly anisotropic (Λ∥ ≈ 1.0 W m–1 K–1 and Λ⊥ ≈ 0.3 W m–1 K–1 for the in-plane and through-plane directions, respectively) when the electrical conductivity in the in-plane direction is large (σ ≈ 500 S cm–1). We relate the increase in thermal conductivity to the estimated electronic component of the thermal conductivity using the Wiedemann–Franz law, and find that our data are consistent with conventional Sommerfeld value of the Lorenz number. We use measurements of the elastic constants (C11 ≈ 11 GPa and C44 ≈ 17 GPa) of spin-cast PEDOT films and through-plane thermal conductivity (Λ⊥ ≈ 0.3 W m–1 K–1) of drop-cast and spin-cast films to support our assumption that the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity does not change significantly with DMSO composition.
Multilayer Thermoelectric Films: A Strategy for the Enhancement of Zt (1995)

The relative efficiency of a thermoelectric material is measured in terms of a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT. Although all known thermoelectric materials are believed to have ZT {le} 1, recent theoretical results predict that thermoelectric devices fabricated as two-dimensional quantum wells (2D QWs) could have ZT {ge} 3. Multilayers with the dimensions of 2D QWs have been synthesized by alternately sputtering Bi{sub 0.9}Sb{sub 0.1} and PbTe{sub 0.8}Se{sub 0.2} onto a moving substrate from a pair of magnetron sources. These materials have been synthesized to test the thermoelectric quantum-well concept and gain insight into relevant transport mechanisms. This work focuses primarily on the scientific issues involved in producing the materials necessary to examine the possibility of enhancing ZT using quantum confinement. The techniques needed to measure the relevant electrical parameters of thermoelectric thin films are developed in this paper. Ultimately, if a quantum well enhancement of thermoelectrics is experimentally observed, devices based on this technology could be used to greatly expand the role of thermoelectrics in power generation and refrigeration.
Raman Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence of BN and B<i><sub>x</sub></i>C<i><sub>y</sub></i>N<i><sub>z</sub></i> Nanotubes (2004)

We report Raman and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of multiwalled BN and BxCyNz nanotubes. The Raman spectroscopy shows that the as-grown BxCyNz nanotubes are radially phase separated into BN shells and carbon shells. The photoluminescence decay process is characterized by two time constants that are attributed to intra- and inter-BN sheet charge recombination, respectively. A comparison of the photoluminescence of BN nanotubes to that of hexagonal BN is consistent with the existence of a spatially indirect band gap in multiwalled BN nanotubes as predicted by theory.
Degradation Mechanisms of Silicon Carbide Fibers (1988)

The effects of high temperatures on polymer‐derived Nicalon and chemically vapor‐deposited (CVD) SiC fibers have been investigated by mass‐spectrometric vapor pressure studies and by SEM observations of exposed fibers. Vaporization is kinetically limited for both materials; the predominant species vaporizing from Nicalon is SiO, whereas CO predominates in vaporization of CVD SiC fibers. The inherent instability of Nicalon and other SiC fibers in contact with matrices must be considered in ceramic composite fabrication and use.
The intelligibility of noise-vocoded speech: spectral information available from across-channel comparison of amplitude envelopes (2010)

Noise-vocoded (NV) speech is often regarded as conveying phonetic information primarily through temporal-envelope cues rather than spectral cues. However, listeners may infer the formant frequencies in the vocal-tract output-a key source of phonetic detail-from across-band differences in amplitude when speech is processed through a small number of channels. The potential utility of this spectral information was assessed for NV speech created by filtering sentences into six frequency bands, and using the amplitude envelope of each band (≤30 Hz) to modulate a matched noise-band carrier (N). Bands were paired, corresponding to F1 (≈N1 + N2), F2 (≈N3 + N4) and the higher formants (F3' ≈ N5 + N6), such that the frequency contour of each formant was implied by variations in relative amplitude between bands within the corresponding pair. Three-formant analogues (F0 = 150 Hz) of the NV stimuli were synthesized using frame-by-frame reconstruction of the frequency and amplitude of each formant. These analogues were less intelligible than the NV stimuli or analogues created using contours extracted from spectrograms of the original sentences, but more intelligible than when the frequency contours were replaced with constant (mean) values. Across-band comparisons of amplitude envelopes in NV speech can provide phonetically important information about the frequency contours of the underlying formants.
Proteases and Protease Inhibitors: Implications in Antitumorigenesis and Drug Development (2007)

The role of proteases in cancer is far more complex than initially anticipated and include tumor promoting as well as suppressive effects and their inhibitors are emerging with promising therapeutics in cancer treatment. Proteases are involved in tumor growth both at the primary and metastatic sites. Inhibitors of all the five classes of proteases (serine, aspartyl, cysteine, metallo-and threonine) have been widely reported from plant, animal and microbial origin. Each protease exhibits a characteristics “recognition–specificity” and are specific to cleave proteins with a particular structure. Such a capability allows identifying signatures of protease activity in biological fluids. Individual pattern of protease expression help in easy prognosis and therapeutic administration of specific protease inhibitor. With the advance of surface enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, proteomic technologies are directly applied into clinical diagnostic tests. The substrate phage technology can be used to develop protease profile signatures for all type of cancers. Recently, application of biomarkers in cancer treatment has become increasingly target-oriented. Gene expression signatures in cancer provide molecular phenotype that identifies tumor classification not evident by traditional histo-pathological methods. The current review deals with the role of proteases, their inhibitors in cancer especially in tumor progression, invasion/metastasis and also addresses the therapeutic approaches, viable strategy for cancer treatment and regime of the future drug development.
Copper Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites with Antifungal and Bacteriostatic Properties (2005)

A spinnable coating capable of releasing metal species to a broth of living organisms in a controlled manner is an extremely interesting material for a number of biotechnological applications. Polymer/ metal nanocomposites are a viable choice but very little is known about their biological properties. Here, a polymer based nanocomposite loading stabilized copper nanoparticles is proposed as a biostatic coating and systematic correlations between material properties and biological effects are established. Experimental proof of the nanocomposite capability to release metal species in a controlled manner and eventually to slow or even inhibit the growth of living organisms, such as fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms, are provided. The biostatic activity is correlated to the nanoparticle loading that controls the release of copper species, independently evaluated by means of electro-thermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Insights into the understanding of the controlled releasing process, involving CuO dissolution through the nanoclusters stabilizing layer, are also proposed.
The precipitation of basic nickel carbonate powders from aqueous solution. Crystallite numbers, composition and final sizes (1975)

Abstract The precipitation of basic nickel carbonate hydrates was studied from nickel sulphate solutions (concentrations 0.05 M to 1 M) at 96°C, by addition of sodium carbonate, bicarbonate‐carbonate and bicarbonate solutions. Precipitate compositions were determined by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential calorimetry and i.r. spectrophotometry; approximate final crystallite sizes and numbers were estimated from combined sedimentation and porosity measurements on precipitate aggregates. Nucleation, and then crystal growth, started after some ‘critical p H’ pH = 7.05 to 7.67 (at CO 3 −− /Ni ++ ratio = 0.08–0.12); the solution p H then remained constant (until the CO 3 −− /Ni ++ ratio = 0.8) and then rose to some final value. Nucleus numbers, and thence final crystallite numbers, decreased with increasing bicarbonate content of the precipitating solution and decreasing pH . Precipitate compositions did not vary significantly with reacting ion concentrations but the Ni(OH) 2 /NiCO 3 ratios decreased from 2 to 1.4 with decreasing pH : thermal analysis and i.r. spectrophotometry confirmed that the final precipitates were mixtures of olated nickel carbonates and not nickel carbonate‐nickel hydroxide mixtures. Final crystallite sizes of the precipitates from 1 M solutions varied approximately from 0.095 to 0.14 micron, for the above p H range.
Deactivation of Three-Way Catalysts by Fuel Contaminants - Lead, Phosphorus and Sulfur (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Poisoning of a typical platinum-rhodium (Pt-Rh) automotive three-way catalyst (TWC) was determined as a function of lead (Pb), sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) fuel levels, thermal aging and sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) content in the evaluation fuel. In laboratory studies catalysts were durability tested in pulse-flame reactors followed by flow-reactor activity measurements. Engine dynamometer-aged catalysts were evaluated on a slave vehicle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">For Pt-Rh TWCs the activities for nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) conversions were poisoned by trace levels of 1-6 mg Pb/gal (0.3 - 1.6 g/m<sup>3</sup>). When the peak temperature in the aging cycle was increased from 730 to 870°C (1346 to 1598°F), the activities improved significantly. In an attempt to mimic the effect on TWCs of misfueling with Pb levels typical of commercially available leaded fuels, TWC activities were severely poisoned. Upon reverting to fuel containing trace Pb levels, the CO activity was restored, but the NO and HC activities were only partially recovered.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The Pt-Rh TWCs were poisoned by the exhaust from fuel containing 0.03 wt % S, but not by-that from fuel containing up to 8 mg P/gal (2.1 g/m<sup>3</sup>). In the evaluation of thermally-aged catalysts, SO<sup>2</sup> suppressed gross NO conversions and ammonia formation of Pt catalysts, but had little effect on Rh catalysts. Vehicle results for a TWC-only system indicated significantly lower HC, CO, and <u>gross</u> NO<sub>x</sub> conversions when the SO<sub>2</sub> content of the exhaust gas was increased during rich operation with air/fuel fluctuations. In TWC systems followed by an oxidation catalyst, no effect from increased SO<sub>2</sub> was observed on HC, CO or <u>net</u> NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.</div>
Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane Alters Tissue Response to Implanted Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (2009)

Encapsulating the aqueous outflow pathway with a porous membrane produces a more vascular tissue response and thinner fibrous capsule compared with a standard glaucoma implant plate. Enhanced vascularity and a thinner fibrous capsule may reduce aqueous outflow resistance and improve long-term glaucoma implant performance.
Optimized Patterns for Digital Image Correlation (2012)

This work presents theoretical background on a novel class of strain sensor patterns. A combination of morphological image processing and Fourier analysis is used to characterize gray-scale images, according to specific criteria, and to synthesize patterns that score particularly well on these criteria. The criteria are designed to evaluate, with a single digital image of a pattern, the suitability of a series of images of that pattern for full-field displacement measurements by digital image correlation (DIC). Firstly, morphological operations are used to flag large featureless areas and to remove from consideration features too small to be resolved. Secondly, the autocorrelation peak sharpness radius en the autocorrelation margin are introduced to quantify the sensitivity and robustness, respectively, expected when using these images in DIC algorithms. For simple patterns these characteristics vary in direct proportion to each other, but it is shown how to synthesize a range of patterns with wide autocorrelation margins even though the autocorrelation peaks are sharp. Such patterns are exceptionally well-suited for DIC measurements.