gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen breath test in schoolchildren. (1985)

The frequency of negative hydrogen breath tests due to colonic bacterial flora which are unable to produce hydrogen was determined after oral lactulose challenge in 98 healthy Dutch schoolchildren. There was a negative result in 9.2%. The probability of a false normal lactose breath test (1:77) was calculated from these results together with those from a separate group of children with lactose malabsorption (also determined by hydrogen breath test). A study of siblings and mothers of subjects with a negative breath test did not show familial clustering of this condition. Faecal incubation tests with various sugars showed an increase in breath hydrogen greater than 100 parts per million in those with a positive breath test while subjects with a negative breath test also had a negative faecal incubation test. The frequency of a false negative hydrogen breath test was higher than previously reported, but this does not affect the superiority of this method of testing over the conventional blood glucose determination.
Globulin Correction of the Albumin Gradient: Correlation With Measured Serum to Ascites Colloid Osmotic Pressure Gradients (1992)

The albumin difference or gradient between serum ascites is presumed to be an effective estimate of the colloid osmotic pressure gradient, although this has never been directly demonstrated. The colloid osmotic pressure gradient is controlled by the degree of portal hypertension. Thus the albumin gradient is clinically useful in detecting patients with ascites caused by portal hypertension, although some overlap in such patients' albumin gradients exists compared with those of patients without portal hypertension. Part of this overlap is related to the inverse correlation of the albumin gradient with serum globulin; globulins also contribute to colloid osmotic pressure. The ability to calculate colloid osmotic pressure in serum and ascites with albumin and globulin concentration or to correct the albumin gradient for the impact of globulins might improve the clinical usefulness of the ascitic fluid analysis in determining the presence of portal hypertension in ascitic patients with borderline albumin gradients. Thus we developed equations to calculate colloid osmotic pressure from multivariate discriminate analyses of albumin and globulin concentrations in serial dilution samples of pooled serum and subsequently validated these equations, along with older methods of calculating colloid osmotic pressure. In an initial set of dilution experiments, globulin concentration was closely correlated with the colloid osmotic pressure to albumin concentration ratio (r = 0.956; p less than 0.001). Multivariate discriminate analysis yielded an equation for calculating colloid osmotic pressure from albumin (A) and globulin (G) concentration with a ratio of colloid osmotic pressure to albumin (calculated colloid osmotic pressure = A(1.058G + 0.163A + 3.11) and two other equations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acetylacetonate bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes of copper and nickel: towards new copper radiopharmaceuticals (2004)

A series of copper(II) and nickel(II) 1,3-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes have been synthesised by the reaction of the metal acetates with pyrazoline proligands. In each case the complexes have an overall neutral charge with a dianionic ligand. The copper 1,3-bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato complex has been characterised by X-ray crystallography, which shows the copper is in an essentially square-planar symmetric N(2)S(2) environment. The nickel 1,3-bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato) and nickel 1,3-bis(4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato) complexes have been characterised by X-ray crystallography and show that in these cases the nickel is in a distorted square-planar environment, but the bonding mode of the ligands is unusual; the nickel binds to one of the aza-methinic nitrogen atoms and one hydrazinic nitrogen, creating one five-membered N-N-C-S-Ni chelate ring and one four-membered N-C-S-Ni chelate ring. Interestingly, the X-ray structure of the ethyl analogue [1,3-bis(4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato)nickel(II)] shows that in this case the nickel is symmetrically coordinated in the usual manner. The nickel complexes are diamagnetic and the different coordination modes are confirmed in solution by NMR spectroscopy. The complexes are susceptible to oxidation in air and a nickel complex, in which the central methylene carbon has been oxidised, has been characterised by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements show that the copper complexes undergo a reversible one-electron reduction at biologically accessible potentials.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL EFFECTS OF BUCCALLY GIVEN PROTEASES (1959)

The edema that usually accompanies inflammation and the fibrosis that often follows can hinder recovery by causing dysfunction and deformity. Certain proteases are available for use in redissolving fibrin deposits, reducing edema, and otherwise keeping the inflammatory responses of the body within bounds. The rational use of proteases for this purpose depends on an accurate appraisal of the existing disease in terms of the particular stage, duration, intensity, and degree of localization of the inflammatory process at the moment. Trypsin, streptodornase, and streptokinase are active when given by either the buccal or the parenteral route. The evidence here presented shows that they are effective when given by mouth in many situations, especially in certain localized infections and allergies, in surgery, and in dentistry.
Targeted gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific magnetic resonance contrast enhancement (2008)

A target-specific MRI contrast agent for tumor cells expressing high affinity folate receptor was synthesized using generation five (G5) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. Surface modified dendrimer was functionalized for targeting with folic acid (FA) and the remaining terminal primary amines of the dendrimer were conjugated with the bifunctional NCS-DOTA chelator that forms stable complexes with gadolinium (Gd III). Dendrimer-DOTA conjugates were then complexed with GdCl(3) followed by ICP-OES as well as MRI measurement of their longitudinal relaxivity (T1 s(−1) mM(−1)) of water. In xenograft tumors established in immunodeficient (SCID) mice with KB human epithelial cancer cells expressing folate receptor (FAR), the 3D MRI results showed specific and statistically significant signal enhancement in tumors generated with targeted Gd(III)-DOTA-G5-FA compared with signal generated by non-targeted Gd(III)-DOTA-G5 contrast nanoparticle. The targeted dendrimer contrast nanoparticles infiltrated tumor and were retained in tumor cells up to 48 hours post-injection of targeted contrast nanoparticle. The presence of folic acid on the dendrimer resulted in specific delivery of the nanoparticle to tissues and xenograft tumor cells expressing folate receptor in vivo. We present the specificity of the dendrimer nanoparticles for targeted cancer imaging with the prolonged clearance time compared with the current clinically approved gadodiamide (Omniscan™) contrast agent. Potential application of this approach may include determination of the folate receptor status of tumors and monitoring of drug therapy.
Definition and prevalence of peri‐implant diseases (2008)

The current review revealed that only a few studies provided data on the prevalence of peri-implant diseases. Cross-sectional studies on implant-treated subjects are rare and data from only two study samples were available. Peri-implant mucositis occurred in approximately 80% of the subjects and in 50% of the implants. Peri-implantitis was found in 28% and > or =56% of subjects and in 12% and 43% of implant sites.
Geometrical representation of coherence transfer selection by pulsed field gradients in high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (1995)

A formalism for the calculation of suitable sequences of pulsed field gradients for signal selection in high-resolution NMR spectroscopy is presented. It is based on a geometrical interpretation of coherence transfer pathway selection by pulsed field gradients. The formalism allows the calculation of the suppression rates for undesired pathways and the determination of the most efficient sequence of pulsed field gradients. As an example, sequences for multiplicity filtered 13C/1H correlation experiments are calculated and analyzed.
Advocating for education of the muslim girls in South Asia (1999)

This article presents advocacy strategies for helping to increase the literacy rate among Muslim girls in South Central Asia. Data from UNESCO (UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) indicated that in 1995 only 15% of female in Afghanistan were literate; in Bangladesh the percentage was a little over 26%. In India the female literacy rate stood at about 38%; in Pakistan it stood at just over 24%. In fact only half of the total number of school-aged children in South Asia were enrolled in school and 42% dropped out by grade 5. The reasons for this high rate of dropout were poor quality education poverty child labor (in the case of girls) taking care of younger siblings household chores and early marriage. In response to this problem the UNFPA developed an advocacy strategy that focused on three important approaches--1) building coalitions with like-minded NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) and institutions 2) effective use of the mass media dependent on developing excellent relationships with the media s key representatives and 3) working directly with communities. The six major steps in the communication strategy may be applied to an advocacy strategy according to a method similar to that employed in IEC strategy planning. These steps are as follows: 1) data gathering and analysis 2) the segmenting of the target audience 3) the formulation of specific objectives 4) the formulation of an action plan or management plan 5) the creation of methods and channels of communication and 6) monitoring and evaluation. Although the advocacy campaign issues have been addressed the implementation of these strategies still depends on government support and participation of NGOs.
The Intracellular Localization of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>1 (1998)

The pyrenoid is a proteinaceous structure found in the chloroplast of most unicellular algae. Various studies indicate that ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is present in the pyrenoid, although the fraction of Rubisco localized there remains controversial. Estimates of the amount of Rubisco in the pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii range from 5% to nearly 100%. Using immunolocalization, the amount of Rubisco localized to the pyrenoid or to the chloroplast stroma was estimated for C. reinhardtii cells grown under different conditions. It was observed that the amount of Rubisco in the pyrenoid varied with growth condition; about 40% was in the pyrenoid when the cells were grown under elevated CO2 and about 90% with ambient CO2. In addition, it is likely that pyrenoidal Rubisco is active in CO2 fixation because in vitro activity measurements showed that most of the Rubisco must be active to account for CO2-fixation rates observed in whole cells. These results are consistent with the idea that the pyrenoid is the site of CO2 fixation in C. reinhardtii and other unicellular algae containing CO2-concentrating mechanisms.
Transcriptional silencing is associated with extensive methylation of the CMV promoter following adenoviral gene delivery to muscle (2004)

Decreased transcription associated with extensive methylation of the CMV-PE was the major mechanism responsible for the decrease in transgene mRNA levels. Strategies for preventing transcriptional silencing will be valuable for improving the duration of transgene expression from adenoviral vectors.
Dense core–shell structured SnO2/C composites as high performance anodes for lithium ion batteries (2010)

Dense core-shell structured SnO(2)/C composite anodes are found to exhibit superior electrochemical performances compared to the hollow SnO(2) or traditional core-shell SnO(2)/C anodes in lithium ion cells.
Axonal Transport Defects in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2009)

Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases (AONDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by a progressive, age-dependent decline in neuronal function and loss of selected neuronal populations. Alterations in synaptic function and axonal connectivity represent early and critical pathogenic events in AONDs, but molecular mechanisms underlying these defects remain elusive. The large size and complex subcellular architecture of neurons render them uniquely vulnerable to alterations in axonal transport (AT). Accordingly, deficits in AT have been documented in most AONDs, suggesting a common defect acquired through different pathogenic pathways. These observations suggest that many AONDs can be categorized as dysferopathies, diseases in which alterations in AT represent a critical component in pathogenesis. Topics here address various molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in AT in several AONDs. Illumination of such mechanisms provides a framework for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed to prevent axonal and synaptic dysfunction in several major AONDs.
Computer simulation of hard-core models for liquid crystals (1987)

Liquid crystals are usually not thought of as ‘simple’ liquids. Nevertheless, a surprising number of features of liquid crystals can be reproduced in computer simulations of very simple model systems, viz. hard ellipsoids of revolution and parallel spherocylinders. In particular, depending on the density and the shape of the hard-core particles, stable isotropic, nematic, smectic and crystalline phases are found. The existence of hard-core models for liquid crystals is important for two reasons. First of all, they can be used to test molecular theories for the static and dynamic properties of liquid crystals. And secondly, they may provide a starting point for thermodynamic perturbation theories. These hard-core models exhibit large pre-transitional fluctuations in the vicinity of some of the phase transitions, similar to those observed in real mesogens. Examples are given of the ‘experimental’ consequences of nematic and smectic precursor effects.
Anhydrolide Macrolides. 2. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 2,3-Anhydro-6-<i>O</i>-methyl 11,12-Carbazate Erythromycin A Analogues (1998)

A series of 3-descladinosyl-2,3-anhydro-6-O-methylerythromycin A 11,12-cyclic carbazate analogues was prepared and evaluated for antibacterial activity. These 2,3-anhydro macrolides were found to be potent antibacterial agents in vitro against macrolide-susceptible organisms including Staphylococcus aureus 6538P, Streptococcus pyogenes EES61, and Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC6303. These compounds were also very active against some organisms that show macrolide resistance (S. aureus A5177, S. pyogenes PIU2584, and S. pneumoniae 5649). The compounds generally showed poor activity against organisms with constitutive MLS resistance. Selected compounds were evaluated in vivo in mouse protection studies. Although most of the compounds tested in vivo showed poor efficacy, two compounds, 38 and 57, were more active than clarithromycin against S. pneumoniae ATCC6303.
Improved Therapeutic Window for Treatment of Histotoxic Hypoxia with a Free Radical Spin Trap (1995)

The therapeutic time window for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, non-NMDA antagonists, and glutamate release inhibitors in focal models of ischemia appears to be about 1-2 h. In contrast, a free radical spin trap was found to have an improved therapeutic window. We compared the therapeutic time windows of the NMDA antagonist dizolcilpine maleate (MK-801), the glutamate release inhibitor lamotrigine, and the free radical spin trap n-tert-butyl-alpha-(2-sulfophenyl)-nitrone (S-PBN) against striatal lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin malonate, which produces histotoxic hypoxia. Lamotrigine exerted neuroprotective effects when administered at 1 h before malonate injections. MK-801 protected at 1 h before and 1 h after malonate injections, whereas S-PBN showed efficacy when administered up to 6 h after malonate injections. Striatal injections of malonate produced a rapid increase in lactate production and early changes in diffusion-weighted imaging as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, the time course to evolve a lesion in our model of histotoxic hypoxia is comparable with that of other models of focal ischemia. These findings provide direct evidence that a free radical spin trap has an improved therapeutic window compared to an NMDA antagonist and a glutamate release inhibitor. This could be a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of clinical stroke patients.
[Relationship between hepatitis B virus genotypes and basic core promoter/precore mutations in patients with severe hepatitis.]. (2006)

Genotype C may induce more severe liver inflammation than that genotype B may do. Mixed genotypes B and C infection may be an important determinant of inducing severe hepatitis. The double mutation in BCP (T1762/A1764) was more common in severe hepatitis with genotype C than that with genotype B.
A $K$ -Band Frequency Doubler With 35-dB Fundamental Rejection Based on Novel Transformer Balun in 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ SiGe Technology (2016)

A compact balanced frequency doubler with more than 35 dB odd-harmonic rejection and fractional bandwidth of 73% is presented in this letter. Wide bandwidth and high odd-harmonic suppression is achieved by adopting a new technique for the transformer balun design, resulting in a very low magnitude imbalance of 0.13 dB and a phase imbalance of 0.4° over 7-15 GHz. The balun performance is improved by offsetting the radius of the primary and secondary coils, which reduces the parasitic coupling capacitance. The input and output frequency ranges for the doubler are 7-15 GHz and 14-30 GHz respectively. The circuit was fabricated in 0.13-μm SiGe technology. The chip size is 0.6 mm × 0.4 mm.
Electron mobility in high-k Ge-MISFETs goes up to higher (2010)

This paper will first discuss intrinsic advantages of high-pressure oxidation of Ge and then present further improvement of electron mobility in Ge n-MISFET using high-k gate stacks combined with high-pressure oxidation. The peak mobility is about 1500 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vsec, which is the highest one to date among unstrained Si and Ge MISFETs. Ge-CMOS is a strong candidate for beyond Si-CMOS.
Lung cancer biology (1991)

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. In spite of major advances in understanding the staging and prognostic factors of lung cancer, advances in survival have been minimal over the past 20 years. For patients with non-small cell carcinoma, surgical resection offers the only chance of meaningful survival. In contrast, for patients with small cell carcinoma, the sensitivity of this tumor type to cytotoxic therapy, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, offers the only chance of long-term survival. However, it is clear that many factors in addition to stage of disease and performance status of the patient are important in predicting the prognosis for lung cancer. These factors include the biologic properties inherent in the tumor cells themselves. In this review, I evaluate recent findings in studies of the biology of lung cancer cells and consider the potential application of these findings in the treatment of patients with this disease.
Spexin Expression in Normal Rat Tissues (2010)

Spexin is a highly conserved peptide which was recently identified through the bioinformatics approach. Immunohistochemical analysis of its expression has not yet been performed. Thus, in this study, we examined spexin location in a wide range of rat organs by both RT-PCR and IHC. RT-PCR identified spexin mRNA in all tissues examined. Spexin immunoreaction was mainly cytoplasmic. Spexin was immunohistochemically detected, although with different staining intensities, in epithelia and glands of skin and respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Smooth muscle cells showed weak immunostaining, and connective tissue was negative. In the central nervous system, neuronal groups showed different intensities for reaction product. Immunoreaction was also found in ganglionic cells of both trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia and in photoreceptor, inner nuclear, and ganglionic layers of the retina. In the endocrine system, spexin immunoreaction was detected in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei; adenohypophysis, thyroid, and parathyroid glands; adrenal cortex and medulla (mainly ganglionic cells); Leydig cells; and thecal, luteal, and interstitial cells of the ovary. Because of its widespread expression, spexin is probably involved in many different physiological functions; in particular, location of spexin in neurons and endocrine cells suggests its roles as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and endocrine factor.
Direct observation of the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition of individual single-crystal bismuth nanowires grown by on-film formation of nanowires (2010)

We have systematically investigated the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition of individual single-crystalline Bi nanowires. For this work, we developed a technique to reduce the diameter of Bi nanowires grown by our unique on-film formation of nanowires (OFF-ON) method. Cooling down the substrate temperature during Bi film deposition by use of liquid nitrogen, film structures with small-sized grains were obtained. Through thermal annealing of these fine-granular Bi films, single-crystalline Bi nanowires can be produced with minimum diameter of approximately 20 nm. Elaborative nanofabrication techniques were employed to shape state-of-the-art four-probe devices based on the individual small diameter Bi nanowires. Diameter-dependent transport measurements on the individual Bi nanowires revealed that the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition really occurred at about d(w) = 63 nm. Moreover, band structure calculations supported this occurrence of the semimetal-to-semiconductor transition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New Salicylic Acid‐5‐sulfonamides as Possible Antibacterial and Analgesic Agents. (1990)

Abstract The syntheses of the various title compounds start from the salicylic acid sulfonylchloride (I) yielding primarily sulfonamides such as (III) (16 compounds are described) or (IV).
Multi-Objective Topology Optimization of Rotating Machines Using Deep Learning (2019)

This paper presents the fast topology optimization methods for rotating machines based on deep learning. The cross-sectional image of electric motors and their performances obtained during a multi-objective topology optimization based on the finite-element method and genetic algorithm (GA) is used for training of the convolutional neural network (CNN). Two different approaches are proposed: 1) CNN trained by preliminary optimization with a small population for GA is used for the main optimization with a large population and 2) CNN is used for screening of torque performances in the optimization with respect to the motor efficiency.