gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening for breast cancer with mammography (2013)

If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and overtreatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be treated unnecessarily. Furthermore, more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings. To help ensure that the women are fully informed before they decide whether or not to attend screening, we have written an evidence-based leaflet for lay people that is available in several languages on www.cochrane.dk. Because of substantial advances in treatment and greater breast cancer awareness since the trials were carried out, it is likely that the absolute effect of screening today is smaller than in the trials. Recent observational studies show more overdiagnosis than in the trials and very little or no reduction in the incidence of advanced cancers with screening.
Histologic Analysis of a Retrieved Hydroxyapatite-Coated Femoral Prosthesis (1991)

A hydroxyapatite-coated hip hemi-prosthesis was retrieved from a 98-year-old osteoporotic woman 12 weeks after implantation. Histologic analysis revealed bone and fibrous tissue almost evenly distributed around the surface of the implant circumference. Quantitative histologic analysis showed that 48% of the hydroxyapatite surface was covered by bone. Fibrous tissue covered 30% of the prosthetic surface, and 20% of the surface had no tissue coverage. Scanning electron microscopy showed direct contact without any clear boundary between the newly formed bone and the hydroxyapatite ceramic.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Isomerization of 1‐Alkenes to (<i>E</i>)‐2‐Alkenes with Dimethylphenylsilylmethylmagnesium Chloride and Its Application to the Stereoselective Synthesis of (<i>E</i>)‐Alkenylsilanes (2009)

Treatment of 1-alkenes with dimethylphenylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride in the presence of a cobalt-NHC complex in dioxane at 50 degrees C or higher provides the corresponding (E)-2-alkenes selectively. The isomerization is applicable to the stereoselective synthesis of (E)-crotylsilanes and (E)-1-propenylsilanes from the corresponding homoallylsilanes and allylsilanes, respectively.
Intermediate-Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cells with Thin Film Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate Electrolytes (2009)

Structural and microstructural properties as well as the fuel cell performance of anhydrous proton conducting yttria-doped barium zirconate (BYZ) membranes were investigated. The membranes were nominally about 100 nm thick and were fabricated by both atomic layer deposition (ALD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques on micromachined Si substrates. Electrochemical cells (H2, Pt/BYZ/Pt, air) were fabricated using porous platinum electrodes deposited by sputtering. The cells were tested in the temperature regime 200−450 °C. Power densities of 136 mW/cm2 at 400 °C employing a BYZ membrane fabricated by ALD and 120 mW/cm2 at 450 °C employing a BYZ fabricated by PLD clearly represent the highest reported values in the literature at these temperatures. The difference in the cell performances for the ALD BYZ versus PLD BYZ membranes is attributed to differences in their surface morphology and interfacial microstructure.
Evaluation of a New Highly Purified Pertussis Vaccine in Infants and Children (1989)

Purified acellular pertussis vaccine (12.5 micrograms of lymphocytosis promoting factor [LPF] and 12.5 micrograms of filamentous hemagglutinin [FHA]) was compared with conventional pertussis vaccine in a randomized double-blind study involving 40 children aged 4-6 y, 40 children aged 18-24 mo, and 50 infants. Increases in antibody were significantly greater among recipients of acellular vaccine than among recipients of conventional vaccine for antibodies to LPF in all age groups and for antibodies to FHA in infants and children aged 4-6 y; the increase in FHA antibody was also greater with acellular vaccine among children aged 18-24 mo but not significantly so. Compared with conventional vaccine, acellular vaccine was significantly associated with reduced frequency of leg pain and fretfulness at all ages and less frequent fever and anorexia at some ages. The reduced reaction rates and comparable or enhanced immunogenicity of the acellular vaccine make it an attractive candidate for larger field trials, particularly among infants.
Photodeposition of Ti and application to direct writing of Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides (1983)

An ultraviolet laser photodeposition process based on the photolysis of TiCl4 has been developed. The photochemistry of this new metal-halide system has been shown to involve a surface-catalyzed reaction confined to adsorbed molecular layers. By using this process, Ti films have been deposited on LiNbO3 to form, after diffusion, 4-μm-wide single-mode channel waveguides of comparable quality to conventionally fabricated Ti-indiffused guides. The technique introduces new design flexibility into waveguide fabrication, permitting controlled gradations in the diffused index change and the lateral width along the guide.
IP3 Receptor-Mediated Ca2+ Release in Naive CD4 T Cells Dictates Their Cytokine Program (2008)

IP(3) (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) receptors (IP(3)Rs) regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores in response to IP(3). Little is known about regulation of the expression of IP(3)Rs and their role during the activation of CD4 T cells. In this study we show that mouse naive CD4 T cells express IP(3)R1, IP(3)R2, and IP(3)R3, but that gene expression of IP(3)R3 primarily is down-regulated upon activation due to loss of the Ets-1 transcription factor. Down-regulation of IP(3)R expression in activated CD4 T cells is associated with the failure of TCR ligation to trigger Ca(2+) release in these cells. We also show that down-regulation of specific IP(3)Rs in activated CD4 T cells correlates with the requirement of IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) release only for the induction of, but not for the maintenance of, IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression. Interestingly, while inhibition of IP(3)R function early during activation blocks IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, it promotes the production of IL-17 by CD4 T cells. Thus, IP(3)Rs play a key role in the activation and differentiation of CD4 T cells. The immunosuppressive effect of pharmacological blockers of these receptors may be complicated by promoting the development of inflammatory CD4 T cells.
Preparation and structural properties of some ternary chalcogenides of titanium (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and structural properties of some ternary chalcogenides of titaniumRoss H. Plovnick, Marcus Vlasse, and Aaron WoldCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1968, 7, 1, 127–129Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50059a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50059a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views268Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Debugger Canvas: Industrial experience with the code bubbles paradigm (2012)

At ICSE 2010, the Code Bubbles team from Brown University and the Code Canvas team from Microsoft Research presented similar ideas for new user experiences for an integrated development environment. Since then, the two teams formed a collaboration, along with the Microsoft Visual Studio team, to release Debugger Canvas, an industrial version of the Code Bubbles paradigm. With Debugger Canvas, a programmer debugs her code as a collection of code bubbles, annotated with call paths and variable values, on a two-dimensional pan-and-zoom surface. In this experience report, we describe new user interface ideas, describe the rationale behind our design choices, evaluate the performance overhead of the new design, and provide user feedback based on lab participants, post-release usage data, and a user survey and interviews. We conclude that the code bubbles paradigm does scale to existing customer code bases, is best implemented as a mode in the existing user experience rather than a replacement, and is most useful when the user has a long or complex call paths, a large or unfamiliar code base, or complex control patterns, like factories or dynamic linking.
[Therapy with oral type II collagen as a new possibility of selective immunosuppression in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. (1994)

Suppressor T cells in the mucosa of the gut are activated by absorbed antigen in order to avoid a systemic immune response to this antigen. This long known phenomenon of oral tolerance is now used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with oral collagen type II which is the most important protein of cartilage. Although the role of collagen II in initiating and maintaining the immune response in the joint is not clear, these suppressor CD8+T cells can be stimulated in a trigger-specific and effector-nonspecific way by contact with collagen II in the joint. It is assumed that a local immunosuppression then takes place through the secretion of inhibitory cytokines, mainly TGF beta. Clinical studies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are presently being conducted in Boston and Berlin.
Optimization of ferric hydroxide coprecipitation process for selenium removal from petroleum refinery stripped four water (1996)

Iron coprecipitation was used in bench-scale tests to remove selenium from stripped sour water generated by two petroleum refineries. Chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide were found to convert selenocyanate in the stripped sour water to selenite, which can be removed by iron coprecipitation. An iodometric titration procedure was developed to determine the required oxidant dose. Iron coprecipitation reduced selenium concentrations by 40 to 99 percent in stripped sour water after chlorine dioxide pretreatment Removal was less effective with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant: total selenium concentrations were reduced by 28 to 92 percent in stripped sour water after hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. Highest removals were obtained at the highest oxidant and iron doses. Sludges produced in coprecipitation tests were hazardous under California regulations. Ozone oxidized selenocyanate but prevented ferric hydroxide precipitation or coagulation. Air was ineffective at selenocyanate oxidation. Repeatedly contacting iron hydroxide with stripped sour water pretreated with hydrogen peroxide, in a simulation of a countercurrent adsorption process, increased the selenium adsorbed on the solids from 32 to 147 pg selenium per mg of iron, but some of the adsorbed selenite was oxidized to selenate and desorbed back into solution.
Catalytic converters for closed-cycle operation of isotopic CO2 TEA lasers (1981)

Long-term operation of high-power rare isotope CO2 TEA lasers operating with high CO2 concentrations (20%–25%) has been achieved using a variety of Pt and Pt-coated catalysts to drive the CO+1/2O2→CO2 recombination reaction. The problem of oxygen exchange between 18O substituted CO2 species (628, 828, 838, etc.) and the heated catalysts, or their supporting substrates, has been studied closely. It was found that Pt over an aluminum washcoat on a stainless steel substrate provided good catalytic activity with negligible oxygen exchange, if the Pt to Al2O3 mass ratio was near unity. Catalytic converter performance was analyzed for a typical laboratory CO2 TEA laser (Lumonics 103) with a measured O2 generation rate of ∼0.15 liter Torr per liter of discharge volume per pulse. The laser output was correlated to the catalytic converter operating temperature, as well as the equilibrium O2 concentration. Laser performance was typically degraded for O2 concentrations in the discharge in excess of 0.1%.
Optimizing k-mer size using a variant grid search to enhance de novo genome assembly (2016)

Largely driven by huge reductions in per-base costs, sequencing nucleic acids has become a near-ubiquitous technique in laboratories performing biological and biomedical research. Most of the effort goes to re-sequencing, but assembly of de novogenerated, raw sequence reads into contigs that span as much of the genome as possible is central to many projects. Although truly complete coverage is not realistically attainable, maximizing the amount of sequence that can be correctly assembled into contigs contributes to coverage. Here we compare three commonly used assembly algorithms (ABySS, Velvet and SOAPdenovo2), and show that empirical optimization of k-mer values has a disproportionate influence on de novo assembly of a eukaryotic genome, the nematode parasite Meloidogynechitwoodi. Each assembler was challenged with about 40 million Iluumina II paired-end reads, and assemblies performed under a range of k-mer sizes. In each instance, the optimal k-mer was 127, although based on N50 values,ABySS was more efficient than the others. That the assembly was not spurious was established using the "Core Eukaryotic Gene Mapping Approach", which indicated that 98.79% of the M. chitwoodi genome was accounted for by the assembly. Subsequent gene finding and annotation are consistent with this and suggest that k-mer optimization contributes to the robustness of assembly.
Hierarchical Organization of Modularity in Metabolic Networks (2002)

Spatially or chemically isolated functional modules composed of several cellular components and carrying discrete functions are considered fundamental building blocks of cellular organization, but their presence in highly integrated biochemical networks lacks quantitative support. Here, we show that the metabolic networks of 43 distinct organisms are organized into many small, highly connected topologic modules that combine in a hierarchical manner into larger, less cohesive units, with their number and degree of clustering following a power law. Within Escherichia coli, the uncovered hierarchical modularity closely overlaps with known metabolic functions. The identified network architecture may be generic to system-level cellular organization.
Automatic Extraction of Textual Elements from News Web Pages (2008)

In this paper we present an algorithm for automatic extraction of textual elements, namely titles and full text, associated with news stories in news web pages. We propose a supervised machine learning classification technique based on the use of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to extract the desired textual elements. The technique uses internal structural features of a webpage without relying on the Document Object Model to which many content authors fail to adhere. The classifier uses a set of features which rely on the length of text, the percentage of hypertext, etc. The resulting classifier is nearly perfect on previously unseen news pages from different sites. The proposed technique is successfully employed in Alzoa.com, which is the largest Arabic news aggregator on the web. 1.
Gemtuzumab, fludarabine, cytarabine, and cyclosporine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or high‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes (2003)

Abstract BACKGROUND Gemtuzumab is used to treat patients with previously untreated or recurrent acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The fludarabine and cytarabine (ara‐C) regimen is active in these patients. Resistance to gemtuzumab is associated with blast multidrug resistance (MDR). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a combination regimen of gemtuzumab, fludarabine, ara‐C, and the MDR modifier (cyclosporine [CyA]) in patients with previously untreated AML, refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), or RAEB in transformation (RAEBT). METHODS The MFAC regimen was comprised of gemtuzumab (Mylotarg™) (6 mg/m 2 intravenously [i.v.] on Day 1); fludarabine and ara‐C (15 mg/m 2 and 0.5 g/m 2 , respectively, twice daily on Days 2–6); and CSA (6 mg/kg loading dose before gemtuzumab, followed by 16 mg/kg continuous i.v. infusion on Days 1 and 2). RESULTS Fifty‐nine evaluable patients were treated: 39 patients (66%) had AML and 20 patients (34%) had RAEB/RAEBT. Their median age was 57 years (range, 27–76 years). The MFAC regimen induced complete remission (CR) in 27 patients (46%) and CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) in 1 patient (2%). The median survival period is 8 months. At 12 months, the survival rate is 38% and the event‐free survival rate in patients with CR/CRp is 27%. Infections complicated 38% of the courses of chemotherapy. Grade 3/4 toxicity included hyperbilirubinemia in 31% and transaminitis in 7% of the patients. Four patients (7%) developed hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD). CONCLUSIONS The MFAC regimen may merit further study in patients with AML if measures to avoid and/or treat VOD can be incorporated into the regimen. Cancer 2003;97:1481–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11239
The Iterated Cte (2004)

Abstract In this paper we present a method for defining a dynamic risk measure from a static risk measure, by backwards iteration. We apply the method to the conditional tail expectation (CTE) risk measure to construct a new, dynamic risk measure, the iterated CTE (ICTE). We show that the ICTE is coherent, consistent, and relevant according to the definitions of Riedel (2003), and we derive formulae for the ICTE for the case where the loss process is lognormal. Finally, we demonstrate the practical implementation of the ICTE to an equity-linked insurance contract with maturity and death benefit guarantees.
Estimating Air Flow Rates in a Fuel Cell System Using Electrochemical Impedance (2008)

This paper proposes the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to estimate the cathode flow rate in a fuel cell system. Through experimental testing of an eight-cell, hydrogen-fueled polymer electrolyte stack, it shows that the ac impedance measurements are highly sensitive to the air flow rates at varying current densities. The ac impedance magnitude at 0.1Hz allows the distinction of air flow rates (stoichiometry of 1.5–3.0) at current densities as low as 0.1A/cm2. Using experimental data and regression analysis, a simple algebraic equation that estimates the air flow rate using impedance measurements at a frequency of 0.1Hz is developed. The derivation of this equation is based on the operating cell voltage equation that accounts for all the irreversibilities.
Layered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing With Index Modulation (2019)

In this paper, we propose a novel scheme termed layered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (L-OFDM-IM) to increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of OFDM-IM systems. In L-OFDM-IM, all subcarriers are first divided into multiple layers, each determining the active subcarriers and their modulated symbols. The index modulation (IM) bits are carried on the indices of the active subcarriers of all layers, which are overlapped and distinguishable with different signal constellations so that the number of the IM bits is larger than that in traditional OFDM-IM. A low-complexity detection is proposed to alleviate the high burden of the optimal maximum-likelihood detection at the receiver side. A closed-form upper bound on the bit error rate, the achievable rate, and diversity order are derived to characterize the performance of L-OFDM-IM. To enhance the diversity performance of L-OFDM-IM, we further propose coordinate interleaving L-OFDM-IM (CI-L-OFDM-IM), which interleaves the real and imaginary parts of the modulated symbols over two different subchannels. Computer simulations verify the theoretical analysis, and results show that L-OFDM-IM outperforms the conventional OFDM-IM scheme. Moreover, it is also confirmed that CI-L-OFDM-IM obtains an additional diversity order in comparison with L-OFDM-IM.
Development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus: Use of rapid molecular assays to differentiate between vesicular disease viruses (2016)

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is endemic in Central America and northern regions of South America, where sporadic outbreaks in cattle and pigs can cause clinical signs that are similar to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). There is therefore a pressing need for rapid, sensitive and specific differential diagnostic assays that are suitable for decision making in the field. RT-LAMP assays have been developed for vesicular diseases such as FMD and swine vesicular disease (SVD) but there is currently no RT-LAMP assay that can detect VS virus (VSV), nor are there any multiplex RT-LAMP assays which permit rapid discrimination between these 'look-a-like' diseases in situ. This study describes the development of a novel RT-LAMP assay for the detection of VSV focusing on the New Jersey (VSNJ) serotype, which has caused most of the recent VS cases in the Americas. This RT-LAMP assay was combined in a multiplex format combining molecular lateral-flow devices for the discrimination between FMD and VS. This assay was able to detect representative VSNJV's and the limit of detection of the singleplex and multiplex VSNJV RT-LAMP assays were equivalent to laboratory based real-time RT-PCR assays. A similar multiplex RT-LAMP assay was developed to discriminate between FMDV and SVDV, showing that FMDV, SVDV and VSNJV could be reliably detected within epithelial suspensions without the need for prior RNA extraction, providing an approach that could be used as the basis for a rapid and low cost assay for differentiation of FMD from other vesicular diseases in the field.
Understanding the pharmacological properties of a metabolic PET tracer in prostate cancer (2014)

Generally, solid tumors (>400 mm(3)) are inherently acidic, with more aggressive growth producing greater acidity. If the acidity could be targeted as a biomarker, it would provide a means to gauge the pace of tumor growth and degree of invasiveness, as well as providing a basis for predicting responses to pH-dependent chemotherapies. We have developed a (64)Cu pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) for targeting, imaging, and quantifying acidic tumors by PET, and our findings reveal utility in assessing prostate tumors. The new pHLIP version limits indiscriminate healthy tissue binding, and we demonstrate its targeting of extracellular acidification in three different prostate cancer models, each with different vascularization and acid-extruding protein carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression. We then describe the tumor distribution of this radiotracer ex vivo, in association with blood perfusion and known biomarkers of acidity, such as hypoxia, lactate dehydrogenase A, and CAIX. We find that the probe reveals metabolic variations between and within tumors, and discriminates between necrotic and living tumor areas.