gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amphotericin primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol (2012)

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a prototypical small molecule natural product that can form ion channels in living eukaryotic cells and has remained refractory to microbial resistance despite extensive clinical utilization in the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections for more than half a century. It is now widely accepted that AmB kills yeast primarily via channel-mediated membrane permeabilization. Enabled by the iterative cross-coupling-based synthesis of a functional group deficient derivative of this natural product, we have discovered that channel formation is not required for potent fungicidal activity. Alternatively, AmB primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol, a lipid that is vital for many aspects of yeast cell physiology. Membrane permeabilization via channel formation represents a second complementary mechanism that further increases drug potency and the rate of yeast killing. Collectively, these findings (i) reveal that the binding of a physiologically important microbial lipid is a powerful and clinically validated antimicrobial strategy that may be inherently refractory to resistance, (ii) illuminate a more straightforward path to an improved therapeutic index for this clinically vital but also highly toxic antifungal agent, and (iii) suggest that the capacity for AmB to form protein-like ion channels might be separable from its cytocidal effects.
Reactive Amphiphilic Graft Copolymer Coatings Applied to Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Ultrafiltration Membranes (2007)

Amphiphilic graft copolymers, composed of a poly(cyclooctene) backbone with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and phenyl azide grafts and pendant groups, were synthesized and applied as coatings to commercially available poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration (PVDF-UF) membranes. The structure and tunable nature of this type of graft copolymer, in terms of graft density and functionality, make it appealing for enhancing the properties of existing polymer membranes with regards to membrane fouling. Photoinduced cross-linking of the graft copolymer coating provides a means by which the coating resists delamination from the underlying membrane, which in turn provides a mechanism for preventing fouling of the membrane when exposed to oil-in-water emulsions. Significant differences in fouling between the coated and uncoated PVDF-UF membranes are shown.
Somaclonal Variation in Soybean Plants Regenerated from the Cotyledonary Node Tissue Culture System<sup>1</sup> (1987)

The cotyledonary node tissue culture system stimulates the genesis of shoots from newly formed and pre‐existing meristematic regions of nodal tissue cultured on media containing benzyladenine (BA). The intent of this study was to determine whether soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars differ in their response to this system, and to test for the presence of tissue culture derived genetic variants. The response of three soybean cultivars (Calland, Funman, and Wayne) to this system was analyzed. Slight, but statistically significant, differences were observed in shoots per seed, plants per seed, and regeneration time. The number of shoots derived from a given seed after 6 weeks in culture was not correlated with the number of plants ultimately derived from the same seed. Field analysis of progeny of regenerated plants demonstrated no variability for lodging and maturity among seven families. Variability for yield was observed in 2 of 19 families compared to control cultivars. One of 22 families exceeded the control in height, and variability for height was increased among regenerated families. Recessive mutations for putative sterility characters were observed in 2 of 89 families, but mutations in six marker genes were not apparent.
Design on Mixed-Voltage I/O Buffer With Blocking NMOS and Dynamic Gate-Controlled Circuit for High-Voltage-Tolerant Applications (2005)

A new mixed-voltage I/O buffer with a blocking NMOS and a dynamic gate-controlled circuit for high-voltage-tolerant applications is proposed. The new proposed I/O buffer can receive input signals with a voltage swing twice as high as the normal power supply voltage (VDD). It has been fabricated in a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process to receive 5-V input signals without suffering gate-oxide reliability and circuit leakage issues. The new proposed mixed-voltage I/O buffer can be easily scaled down toward 0.18-/spl mu/m (or below) CMOS process to serve different mixed-voltage I/O interfaces, such as 1.8/3.3-V or 1.2/2.5-V applications.
Circuit authentication based on Ring-Oscillator PUFs (2011)

The use of Ring Oscillator PUFs to provide circuit authentication is analyzed in this paper. The limitations of the previously reported approach in terms of false rejection (due to high intra-die variations) and false acceptance (due to small inter-die variations) are discussed. These limitations are overcome by a new proposal that makes the authentication more robust against noise, temperature and power supply variations, without increasing considerably hardware complexity. All these issues are illustrated with experimental results obtained with FPGAs from Xilinx.
Finding the hidden path: time bounds for all-pairs shortest paths (2002)

The all-pairs shortest paths problem in weighted graphs is investigated. An algorithm called the hidden paths algorithm, which finds these paths in time O(m*+n n/sup 2/ log n), where m* is the number of edges participating in shortest paths, is presented. It is argued that m* is likely to be small in practice, since m*=O(n log n) with high probability for many probability distributions on edge weights. An Omega (mn) lower bound on the running time of any path-comparison-based algorithm for the all-pairs shortest paths problem is proved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Power Control and Soft Topology Adaptations in Multihop Cellular Networks With Multi-Point Connectivity (2015)

The LTE standards account for the use of relays to enhance coverage near the cell edge. In a traditional topology, a mobile can either establish a direct link to the base station (BS) or a link to the relay, but not both. In this paper, we consider the benefit of multipoint connectivity in allowing user equipment (UEs) to split their transmit power over simultaneous links to the BS and the relay, in effect transmitting two parallel flows. We model decisions by the UEs as to: (i) which point of access to attach to (either a relay or a relay and the BS or only the BS); and (ii) how to allocate transmit power over these links so as to maximize their total rate. We show that this flexibility in the selection of points of access leads to substantial network capacity increase against when nodes operate in a fixed network topology. Individual adaptations by UEs, in terms of both point of access and transmit power, are interdependent due to interference and to the possibility of over-loading of the backhaul links. We show that these decisions can converge without any explicit cooperation and derive a closed-form expression for the transmit power levels.
Soluble Fcγ receptor type III (FcγRIII, CD16) triggers cell activation through interaction with complement receptors (1996)

The type III-B Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaRIII-B) is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked receptor found on human neutrophils. A soluble form of FcgammaRIII-B (sCD16) corresponding to the extracellular region of the receptor circulates in plasma. In the present work, we have identified membrane receptors for sCD16. Soluble CD16 bound to CR3 (CDllb/CD18)- and CR4 (CDllc/CD18)- positive leukocytes and cell lines, the labeling was inhibited by anti-CD11b, CD11c or CD18 mAbs, and the up-regulation of CR3 and CR4 led to an increased fixation of sCD16. Transfected eukaryotic cells expressing recombinant CD11b/CD18 or CD11c/CD18 heterodimers but not those expressing CD11a/CD18 bound sCD16. Moreover, the lectin-like binding site of CR3 is probably involved in the interaction with sCD16, as suggested by inhibition studies using mAbs against CR3 or sugars such as N-acetyl D-glucosamine, alpha- or beta-methyl D-glucoside, alpha- or beta-methyl D-mannoside, or zymosan. Thus, the complement receptors CR3 and CR4 are membrane receptors for sCD16. Through this interaction, sCD16 induces a CR3-dependent production of IL-6 and IL-8 by monocytes. These results suggest that sCD16 plays a regulatory role in inflammatory processes and provide a molecular basis for the interaction between FcgammaRIII-B and CR3 described on the cell membrane.
Optimized scale-and-stretch for image resizing (2008)

We present a "scale-and-stretch" warping method that allows resizing images into arbitrary aspect ratios while preserving visually prominent features. The method operates by iteratively computing optimal local scaling factors for each local region and updating a warped image that matches these scaling factors as closely as possible. The amount of deformation of the image content is guided by a significance map that characterizes the visual attractiveness of each pixel; this significance map is computed automatically using a novel combination of gradient and salience-based measures. Our technique allows diverting the distortion due to resizing to image regions with homogeneous content, such that the impact on perceptually important features is minimized. Unlike previous approaches, our method distributes the distortion in all spatial directions, even when the resizing operation is only applied horizontally or vertically, thus fully utilizing the available homogeneous regions to absorb the distortion. We develop an efficient formulation for the nonlinear optimization involved in the warping function computation, allowing interactive image resizing.
Neuroimaging at 1.5 T and 3.0 T: Comparison of oxygenation‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (2001)

Noise properties, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and signal responses were compared during functional activation of the human brain at 1.5 and 3.0 T. At the higher field spiral gradient-echo (GRE) brain images revealed an average gain in SNR of 1.7 in fully relaxed and 2.2 in images with a repetition time (TR) of 1.5 sec. The tempered gain at longer TRs reflects the fact that the physiological noise depends on the signal strength and becomes a larger fraction of the total noise at 3.0 T. Activation of the primary motor and visual cortex resulted in a 36% and 44% increase of "activated pixels" at 3.0 T, which reflects a greater sensitivity for the detection of activated gray matter at the higher field. The gain in the CNR exhibited a dependency on the underlying tissue, i.e., an increase of 1.8x in regions of particular high activation-induced signal changes (presumably venous vessels) and of 2.2x in the average activated areas. These results demonstrate that 3.0 T provides a clear advantage over 1.5 T for neuroimaging of homogeneous brain tissue, although stronger physiological noise contributions, more complicated signal features in the proximity of strong susceptibility gradients, and changes in the intrinsic relaxation times may mediate the enhancement. Magn Reson Med 45:595-604, 2001.
Using the oracle database as a declarative RSS hub (2006)

The interaction with the Web has historically evolved from static bookmarks to dynamic searches to the current usage of active notification mechanisms based on popular protocols like RSS or Atom. In the same time a large volume of important source data is still contained in relational databases. The talk will analyze the way the Oracle database participates to the activation of the data and opening the state changes in a standard and secure way for easy integrating with the rest of the push based Web protocols. We will study the declarative specification of RSS feeds generated based on the state changes detected in the data stored in the Oracle database. On the opposite, external RSS feeds can be injected to the database and processed declaratively in conjunction with the rest of the data. Most of the technical pieces required for such a solution are already supported by the database engine (e.g. declarative XML processing, state change notifications, queues, crawlers, continuous queries), effectively turning the database into a declarative XML hub. The advantages of using database solutions for such problems in an enterprise context are security, scalability and reliability.
Atherosclerosis- and age-related multinucleated variant endothelial cells in primary culture from human aorta. (1989)

Endothelial cells were cultured from human aortas and inferior venae cavae of autopsied subjects ranging in age from infancy to 85 years. Endothelial cells in 32 of more than 100 attempted cultures were pure enough for evaluation. Emerged endothelial cells in primary culture were classified into two types: typical endothelium and variant endothelium. Typical endothelial cells were small, round to polygonal shaped, and were arranged uniformly. Their diameter ranged from 50 to 70 microns. Variant endothelial cells were larger, ranging from 100 to 200 microns in diameter, and giant endothelial cells measuring more than 250 microns in diameter were scattered among them. Variant endothelial cells were usually multinucleated and possessed endothelium-specific markers of vWF and Weibel-Palade bodies. No incorporation of [3H]thymidine was found in the nuclei of cultured variant endothelial cells. Although most cultured endothelial cells were of the typical type, variant endothelial cells were interspersed throughout the culture. The ratio of variant endothelial cells to typical cells correlated well with the severity of atherosclerosis, but less so with aging. The number of variant endothelial cells in cultures from inferior venae cavae was slight and constant throughout all age groups. The presence of multinucleated endothelial cells in in vivo aortas was confirmed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They sometimes existed in colonies in the aortas from elderly subjects with intimal-thickened or advanced atherosclerotic lesions. These results indicate that variant endothelial cells were present in vivo and their ratio in primary culture reflected the in vivo population. It is likely that these cells were formed by adhesion of adjacent typical endothelial cells and that this process was affected more by atherosclerosis than by aging. Although it is not clear if the multinucleated variant cells were formed before the formation of atherosclerotic plaque or after the plaque formation, they will contribute to further development of atherosclerotic lesions, which in turn cause malfunction of the cell membrane. We suggest that there is a cyclic effect of these processes for multiplication of the variant endothelial cells and advancement of atherosclerotic lesions.
Site of Digestion of Starch in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dairy Cows and Its Effect on Milk Yield and Composition (1991)

Physical and chemical processing of feed ingredients and feeding management strategies are major instruments of manipulating amount and site of starch digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally, as rumen escape of starch increases, postruminal starch digestion increases, and there does not appear to be a limitation to intestinal starch digestion. However, the efficiency with which postruminal starch is digested decreases, which represents a limitation that warrants investigation. Even though digestible dietary starch is presented to the intestine, there is no net glucose absorption at the portal vein, and plasma glucose levels remain relatively unaffected. This result may be associated with the large metabolic requirement for postruminally absorbed glucose, which is preferentially used for oxidative metabolism at the visceral tissue level. In addition, peripheral glucose concentration is highly regulated. A possible implication is that the exogenous glucose supply may spare endogenously synthesized glucose for gut metabolism, allowing more to be directed to the mammary gland. Amino acids also may be spared (less metabolism of dietary and tissue amino acids in the gut). Current production studies yield no clear evidence as to the benefits of postruminal digestion of starch to enhance milk yield or to change its composition. However, studies suggest that starch digested postruminally is used more efficiently for milk synthesis than that digested in the rumen.
Structural Properties of Pore-Forming Oligomers of α-Synuclein (2009)

Soluble oligomers are potent toxins in many neurodegenerative diseases, but little is known about the structure of soluble oligomers and their structure-toxicity relationship. Here we prepared on-pathway oligomers of the 140-residue protein alpha-synuclein, a key player in Parkinson's disease, at concentrations an order of magnitude higher than previously possible. The oligomers form ion channels with well-defined conductance states in a variety of membranes, and their beta-structure differs from that of amyloid fibrils of alpha-synuclein.
Enabling Public Auditability and Data Dynamics for Storage Security in Cloud Computing (2010)

Cloud Computing has been envisioned as the next-generation architecture of IT Enterprise. It moves the application software and databases to the centralized large data centers, where the management of the data and services may not be fully trustworthy. This unique paradigm brings about many new security challenges, which have not been well understood. This work studies the problem of ensuring the integrity of data storage in Cloud Computing. In particular, we consider the task of allowing a third party auditor (TPA), on behalf of the cloud client, to verify the integrity of the dynamic data stored in the cloud. The introduction of TPA eliminates the involvement of the client through the auditing of whether his data stored in the cloud are indeed intact, which can be important in achieving economies of scale for Cloud Computing. The support for data dynamics via the most general forms of data operation, such as block modification, insertion, and deletion, is also a significant step toward practicality, since services in Cloud Computing are not limited to archive or backup data only. While prior works on ensuring remote data integrity often lacks the support of either public auditability or dynamic data operations, this paper achieves both. We first identify the difficulties and potential security problems of direct extensions with fully dynamic data updates from prior works and then show how to construct an elegant verification scheme for the seamless integration of these two salient features in our protocol design. In particular, to achieve efficient data dynamics, we improve the existing proof of storage models by manipulating the classic Merkle Hash Tree construction for block tag authentication. To support efficient handling of multiple auditing tasks, we further explore the technique of bilinear aggregate signature to extend our main result into a multiuser setting, where TPA can perform multiple auditing tasks simultaneously. Extensive security and performance analysis show that the proposed schemes are highly efficient and provably secure.
Solubility of CO<sub>2</sub> in Aqueous Solutions of KCl and in Aqueous Solutions of K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (2007)

A high-pressure view-cell technique based on the synthetic method was used to determine the total pressure above aqueous solutions of two single salts (potassium chloride and potassium carbonate) and carbon dioxide. In the series of measurements with potassium chloride, the molality of the salt amounted to about (2 and 4) mol·(kg of water)-1, the temperature ranged from about (313 to 433) K, and the molality of carbon dioxide ranged up to about 1 mol·(kg of water)-1, corresponding to a maximum pressure of about 9.4 MPa. In the series of measurements with potassium carbonate, the stoichiometric molality of that salt amounted to about (0.43 and 1.7) mol·(kg of water)-1 (stoichiometric mass fraction of the salt of about 0.056 and 0.19, respectively), the temperature ranged from about (313 to 393) K, and the ratio of the stoichiometric molalities of carbon dioxide to potassium carbonate ranged from about 0.7 to 3.6, corresponding to pressures from about (0.27 to 9.2) MPa. The vapor−liquid equilibrium of the systems (CO2 + KCl + H2O) and (CO2 + K2CO3 + H2O) (the latter allowing for the precipitation of KHCO3 that is important in connection with the “Hot Potassium Carbonate (Benfield) Process” and its modifications by activating additives) is described by means of a thermodynamic model based on Pitzer's molality scale based equation for the Gibbs excess energy of the aqueous phase. Model parameters are determined from the new carbon dioxide solubility data as well as from an extensive database adopted from the literature.
A Reinvestigation of the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Aminomethyl and 4-Methylbenzhydrylamine Polystyrene Resins<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Mild, efficient conditions have been developed for the preparation of 4-methylbenzhydrylamine polystyrene (MBHA) and aminomethyl polystyrene (AMPS) resins by a two-step procedure with synthons 1a and 1c. The products possess excellent swelling characteristics and acylate readily with linkers yielding useful derivatives, which retain good swelling and reactivity. Comparative studies with these resins, and their poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives, yield insights into the role of spacer arm and environment effects in synthesis facilitation.
Repeatability of knee joint rotations for eleven clinically relevant motor tasks (2009)

sponsorship: European Centre for Knee Research, Smith and Nephew
Enhanced wavelength tuning in grating-assisted codirectional coupler filter (1993)

Wavelength-tunable devices based on grating-assisted codirectional coupler filters have been shown to possess enhanced wavelength tunabilities and are promising for use in multiwavelength communication networks. It was found theoretically that the enhancement factor can be estimated by the mismatch of group velocities between the two coupled models. We have confirmed this prediction via measurements of wavelength tuning for both the coupler filter and the Fabry-Perot filter in reverse bias. These measurements are accomplished with photonic-integrated devices. An enhancement factor of approximately 11 is measured on our device, which agrees very well with the theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conductive composites past, present, and future (1985)

Abstract Conductivity of plastics and polymeric composites is reviewed. The use of various conductivity‐enhancing fillers, such as graphite, metallized glass, or stainless steel fibers are discussed. Properties of composites containing rapid‐solidified aluminum flakes are of particular interest.
Thiourea Derivatives, Simple in Structure but Efficient Enzyme Inhibitors and Mercury Sensors (2021)

In this study six unsymmetrical thiourea derivatives, 1-isobutyl-3-cyclohexylthiourea (1), 1-tert-butyl-3-cyclohexylthiourea (2), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclohexylthiourea (3), 1-(1,1-dibutyl)-3-phenylthiourea (4), 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylthiourea (5) and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylthiourea (6) were obtained in the laboratory under aerobic conditions. Compounds 3 and 4 are crystalline and their structure was determined for their single crystal. Compounds 3 is monoclinic system with space group P21/n while compound 4 is trigonal, space group R3:H. Compounds (1–6) were tested for their anti-cholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (hereafter abbreviated as, AChE and BChE, respectively). Potentials (all compounds) as sensing probes for determination of deadly toxic metal (mercury) using spectrofluorimetric technique were also investigated. Compound 3 exhibited better enzyme inhibition IC50 values of 50, and 60 µg/mL against AChE and BChE with docking score of −10.01, and −8.04 kJ/mol, respectively. The compound also showed moderate sensitivity during fluorescence studies.