gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ZD6474 Suppresses Oncogenic RET Isoforms in a <i>Drosophila</i> Model for Type 2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (2005)

Patients with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B and familial MTC (FMTC) have mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Approximately 40 percent of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) typically have either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal rearrangements that join the promoter and NH(2)-terminal domains of unrelated genes to the COOH-terminal fragment of RET. The RET point mutations associated with MEN2A, MEN2B, or FMTC, or the chromosomal breakpoints and translocations associated with PTC, typically activate the RET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). RET kinase inhibitors are likely to be beneficial for patients with hereditary MTC, where currently there is no effective chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Recently, the low molecular weight tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 was found to block the enzymatic activity of RET-derived oncoproteins in cultured cell lines. We have developed a Drosophila model for MEN2A and MEN2B diseases by targeting oncogenic forms of RET to the developing Drosophila eye. Here we show that, when fed orally, ZD6474 suppressed RET-mediated phenotypes within the context of this in vivo model. Importantly, ZD6474 showed high efficacy and very low toxicity. This compound failed to significantly suppress an activated form of another RTK, the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor, nor did it suppress the activity of downstream components of the RET/Ras pathway. Our results support the view that targeting chemical kinase inhibitors such as ZD6474 to tissues with oncogenic forms of RET is a useful treatment strategy for RET-dependent carcinomas.
Crying ‘Havoc’, Crying ‘Wolf’ or Just Howling at the Moon? (2001)

I had thought of several other names for this article: “Chicken Little in the IT undergrowth” and “The Computer Security Company that cried: ‘The End of the Internet’,” so you can probably already see where this article is going. A less entertaining, but probably far more descriptive and appropriate, title might have been “Responsible Behaviour in an Irresponsible World.” The computer industry is beginning to get a public reputation for producing horridly doom-laden statements which turn out to have no basis in reality. Please note, this is my opinion of the public perception, not an appropriate and accurate analysis of the truth.
Fractured-nose reduction under local anaesthesia. Is it acceptable to the patient? (1992)

This article examines patients' acceptance of fractured-nose reduction under local anaesthesia, both objectively and subjectively. At each stage of the reduction the level of the discomfort, the patients' experiences were recorded. The success rate of complete reduction of the nasal fracture was found to be 71% and this was similar to that obtained in other studies that have used general anaesthesia. An overall level of discomfort for the procedure in terms a layman can understand was obtained by comparing the manipulation with that of having a tooth filled at the dentist. Sixty-three percent of the patients said that the nasal fracture reduction was no worse or the same as a dental filling. Our study showed that 96% of patients would be willing to undergo the same local anaesthetic procedure if they fractured their nose a second time. We conclude that it is possible to reduce the majority of fractured noses adequately with little inconvenience to the patient under local anaesthesia, and so we recommend that this procedure should be considered in the first-line treatment of the displaced fractured nose.
Epicutaneous Application of Toll‐like Receptor 7 Agonists Leads to Systemic Autoimmunity in Wild‐Type Mice: A New Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2013)

This protocol provides a novel model of inducible systemic lupus erythematosus in wild-type mice and underscores the skin as the primary organ that allows TLR-7 agonists to induce SLE.
<title>Coding of motion vectors for motion-compensated predictive/interpolative video coder</title> (1991)

Motion vectors are side information vital to motion-compensated predictive/interpolative interframe video coding algorithms. This paper is concerned with the coding efficiency for this motion information. It is demonstrated that coding differential motion vectors is not always advantageous. An adaptive strategy is thus considered to automatically select the most favorable mode to code the motion information. The effects of video noise to motion estimation and coding are also investigated. A simple linear filtering scheme is used to reduce the noise effects. Simulation results show a significant performance improvement for noisy video by using this simple filtering scheme.
Unusual uterine perforation with a new intrauterine device. (1971)

2 case reports of uterine perforation with the TCu-200 IUD are presented. Perforation occurred when 2 arms of the device penetrated the cervical canal at the internal os level. Neither patient had a serious complaint except that the long threads of the IUD were disturbing to both partners during intercourse. Both IUDs were removed easily. Hyterogram is considered the only diagnostic tool capable of locating the exact position of an IUD. When patients complain that the TCu disturbs intercourse the physician should be alerted to the possibility of cervical dislocation or cervical perforation.
Noise Suppression for Dual-Energy CT Through Entropy Minimization (2015)

In dual energy CT (DECT), noise amplification during signal decomposition significantly limits the utility of basis material images. Since clinically relevant objects typically contain a limited number of different materials, we propose an Image-domain Decomposition method through Entropy Minimization (IDEM) for noise suppression in DECT. Pixels of decomposed images are first linearly transformed into 2D clusters of data points, which are highly asymmetric due to strong signal correlation. An optimal axis is identified in the 2D space via numerical search such that the projection of data clusters onto the axis has minimum entropy. Noise suppression is performed on each image pixel by estimating the center-of-mass value of each data cluster along the direction perpendicular to the projection axis. The IDEM method is distinct from other noise suppression techniques in that it does not suppress pixel noise by reducing spatial variation between neighboring pixels. As supported by studies on Catphan©600 and anthropomorphic head phantoms, this feature endows our algorithm with a unique capability of reducing noise standard deviation on DECT decomposed images by approximately one order of magnitude while preserving spatial resolution and image noise power spectra (NPS). Compared with a filtering method and recently developed iterative method at the same level of noise suppression, the IDEM algorithm obtains high-resolution images with less artifacts. It also maintains accuracy of electron density measurements with less than 2% bias error. The IDEM method effectively suppresses noise of DECT for quantitative use, with appealing features on preservation of image spatial resolution and NPS.
Power aware scheme for water pipeline monitoring based on Wireless Sensor Networks (2015)

Recently, using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is increasing in many areas, whether scientific, logistic, military, health and water monitoring. Water is among the vital material transported by pipeline systems. Any leakage in the pipe can cause major financial losses and possible environmental damages. Therefore, it is necessary to have a real time leak detection system. WSNs can play an important role to effectively detect the leak and minimize the water loss. Sensor size, however, is a significant limitation in terms of energy autonomy. In fact, the battery is very small and in general, it is not replaceable or rechargeable. Therefore, many studies are currently focusing on the management of the energy consumed by sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a new energy efficient scheme for leak detection in water pipeline based on WSNs. The main goal of our proposal is to solve the problem of losing water and ameliorate network lifetime by reducing energy needs. The proposed scheme is composed of three tasks: deployment of sensors, routing and replacement of failed nodes. Simulations results validate the choice of the best cluster based routing protocol which will be executed in the second task of the proposed scheme.
High volume printing technologies for the production of polymer electronic structures (2003)

The paper presents an evaluation of well-known traditional printing processes and their possibilities for the application in the high volume production of polymer electronics. Demands from the printing process for several polymer electronic product types are discussed.
The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide (1932)

The complete infrared spectrum of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ may consistently be explained in terms of a linear symmetrical model, making use of the selection rules developed by Dennison and the resonance interaction introduced by Fermi. The inactive fundamental ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ appears only in combination bands, but ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ at 15\ensuremath{\mu} and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ at 4.3\ensuremath{\mu} absorb intensely.Resolution of the fundamentals ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$.---The 15\ensuremath{\mu} band has been resolved into several constituent bands corresponding to absorption by the normal molecule, and by molecules in the first and second excited states. Each band consists of a narrow and intense zero branch, with equally spaced rotation lines on either side. The 4.3\ensuremath{\mu} band has also been resolved, best results following a material reduction in the C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ content of the atmospheric path. The line spacing is the same as in the 15\ensuremath{\mu} band, and there is no zero branch. In each case alternate rotation lines are absent, the $J$ values for the normal state all being even. The computed moment of inertia is 70.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ gr ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.Harmonic and combination bands.---No first harmonic bands appear, either for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$, but the second harmonic has been observed in each case. The strong pair of doublet bands at 2.7\ensuremath{\mu} are interpreted as combination bands corresponding to ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}+{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ and the bands at 2.0\ensuremath{\mu} and 1.6\ensuremath{\mu} are higher members of the same sequence. The differences ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ explain the weak absorption maxima observed by Schaefer and Philipps at 9.4\ensuremath{\mu} and 10.4\ensuremath{\mu}. The difference bands ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ form a part of the 15\ensuremath{\mu} pattern.Correlation with Raman spectra.---The Raman lines corresponding to the transitions $0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ and the weaker pair originating in the first excited state ${1}_{1}$ of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ fit precisely into the energy level diagram obtained from infrared measurements.
Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of hypericin and pseudohypericin (1996)

Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of antivirally acting hypericin (H) and pseudohypericin (PH) were studied in 13 healthy volunteers by administration of St. John's Wort extract LI 160, a plantal antidepressant. Oral administration of 250, 750, and 1,500 micrograms of H and 526, 1,578, and 3,156 micrograms of PH resulted in median peak levels in plasma (Cmax) of 1.3, 7.2, and 16.6 micrograms/liter for H and 3.4, 12.1, and 29.7 micrograms/liter for PH, respectively. The Cmax and the area under the curve values for the lowest dose were disproportionally lower than those for the higher doses. A lag time of 1.9 h for H was remarkably longer than the 0.4-h lag time for PH. Median half-lives for absorption, distribution, and elimination were 0.6, 6.0, and 43.1 h after 750 micrograms of H and 1.3, 1.4, and 24.8 h after 1,578 micrograms of PH, respectively. Fourteen-day treatment with 250 micrograms of H and 526 micrograms of PH three times a day resulted in median steady-state trough levels of 7.9 micrograms/liter for H and 4.8 micrograms/liter for PH after 7 and 4 days, respectively; the corresponding Cssmax levels were 8.8 and 8.5 micrograms/liter, respectively. Kinetic parameters after intravenous administration of Hypericum extract (115 and 38 micrograms for H and PH, respectively) in two subjects corresponded to those estimated after an oral dosage. Both H and PH were initially distributed into a central volume of 4.2 and 5.0 liter, respectively. The mean distribution volumes at steady state were 19.7 liters for H and 39.3 liters for PH, and the mean total clearance rates were 9.2 ml/min for H and 43.3 ml/min for PH. The systemic availability of H and PH from LI 160 was roughly estimated to be 14 and 21%, respectively. Treatment with Hypericum extract, even in high doses, was well tolerated.
Assessment of Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors in Three Enzyme Activity Inhibition Assays (2010)

The neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) zanamivir and oseltamivir are currently the only antiviral drugs effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infections. The proven potential of these viruses to acquire NAI resistance during treatment emphasizes the need to assess their NAI susceptibility. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) are known to vary depending on the neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test used; however, few side-by-side comparisons of different NI assays have been done. In the present study, a panel of 11 isolates representing 2009 seasonal and pandemic influenza H1N1 viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant H275Y variants, were tested in three functional NI assays: chemiluminescent (CL), fluorescent (FL), and colorimetric (CM). The sensitivities of the viruses to zanamivir, oseltamivir, and three investigational NAIs (peramivir, R-125489, and A-315675) were assessed. All isolates with the exception of H275Y variants were sensitive to all five NAIs by all three NI assays. The H275Y variants showed substantially elevated IC(50)s against oseltamivir and peramivir. The three NI assays generally yielded consistent results; thus, the choice of NI assay does not appear to affect conclusions based on drug susceptibility surveillance. Each assay, however, offers certain advantages compared to the others: the CL assay required less virus volume and the FL assay provided the greatest difference in the IC(50)s between the wild type and the variants, whereas the IC(50)s obtained from the CM assay may be the most predictive of the drug concentrations needed to inhibit enzyme activity in humans. It would be desirable to develop an NI assay which combines the advantages of all three currently available assays but which lacks their shortcomings.
Understanding Resistance Mechanism of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides: Insights from Computational Mutation Scanning and Site-Directed Mutagenesis (2014)

The potential of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) to develop resistance against five PPO-inhibiting herbicides has been studied using computational mutation scanning (CMS) protocol, leading to valuable insights into the resistance mechanisms and structure-resistance relationship of the PPO inhibitors. The calculated shifts in the binding free energies caused by the mutations correlated very well with those derived from the corresponding experimental data obtained from site-directed mutagenesis of PPO, leading to valuable insights into the resistance mechanisms of PPO inhibitors. The calculated entropy change was related to the conformational flexibility of the inhibitor, which demonstrated that inhibitors with appropriate conformational flexibility may inhibit both the wild type and mutants simultaneously. The reasonable correlation between the computational and experimental data further validate that CMS protocol is valuable for predicting resistance associated with amino acid mutations on target proteins.
Osteoprotegerin and its cognate ligand: a new paradigm of osteoclastogenesis (1998)

Journal Article Osteoprotegerin and its cognate ligand: a new paradigm of osteoclastogenesis Get access L C Hofbauer, L C Hofbauer Division of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, GermanyEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Correspondence should be addressed to L C Hofbauer, Endocrine Research Unit, Joseph 5–164, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A E Heufelder A E Heufelder Division of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Journal of Endocrinology, Volume 139, Issue 2, Aug 1998, Pages 152–154, https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1390152 Published: 01 August 1998
A 'room' with a 'view' (1993)

An immersive virtual reality system called the CAVE is described. To match virtual reality to real tasks, researchers built this smoothly functioning walk-in system mostly from off-the-shelf components. The CAVE represents a new model for the design of virtual reality systems, one that offers several advantages over existing models. CAVE users do not need to wear helmets, don bulky gloves and heavy electronics packs, or be pushed about by movement restricting platforms. Instead, they put on a pair of lightweight glasses and walk into the Cave, a 27 m/sup 3/ room with an open side and no ceiling. The Cave is in fact a partial cube, with the top and one vertical side missing. The three vertical sides are 3 m by 3 m rear projection screens facing the viewer, and the floor is a front projection screen. The glasses trick a user's mind into seeing the screen images as three-dimensional objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Radiometric density measurement for silage compaction in bunker silos (2013)

Certain minimum densities should be targeted when storing silage in bunker silos.  However, farmers lack facilities to measure the actual density and then steer the compaction passes. This study was aimed at develop ing a measuring device for onsite density measurement.  The basis of the measuring device was a source of caesium radiation with an activity of 37 MBq and a sodium iodide scintillation detector.  The measuring device used the backscattering method.  The source and detector were located in a measuring wheel that was connected with the tractor via the rear three-point linkage.  During measuring passes on bunker silos both the density increase in the case of several crossings a nd the elastic recovery of the material could be seen clearly.  In connection with satellite-based position determination, the silo surface can be mapped according to density.  As a result of the random decay of the caesium, the error in density measurement was only ± 4% at 600 kg m -3 . Keywords: silage compaction, bunker silo, silage density, radiometric measuring device
Responses of Some Neurons of the Cochlear Nucleus to Tone-Intensity Increments (1971)

The study concerns units of the cochlear nucleus of anesthetized Mongolian gerbils. The incremental stimuli consisted of short tone bursts at the units' CF (characteristic frequency) superimposed on 250-msec pedestals of the same sound frequency and phase. The response firing rates were determined from PST (poststimulus time) histograms. In response to the pedestals, the maximum firing rate occurred at the tone onset and decayed subsequently to a steady state. The response to intensity increments was studied as a function of time delay from the pedestal onset to the increment onset. The incremental firing rate either remained constant or increased with the time delay, which means that the ratio between the incremental and pedestal firing rates always increased. The effect may be related to the psychophysical finding that intensity increments are the most difficult to detect when they occur at the pedestal onset.
Purification and Characterization of the G203T Mutantα1-2 Subunit of GTP-Binding Protein Expressed in Baculovirus-Infected Sf9 Cells1 (1995)

We expressed the Gly203-->Thr (G203T) mutant of Gi2alpha, which was expected to show a dominant-negative phenotype in Gi2-mediated signal transduction, in baculovirus-inefected Sf9 cells and purified the mutant alpha subunit for its characterization. The rate of dissociation of GDP from G203T Gi2alpha was 3- to 4-fold faster than that from wild type Gi2alpha, but their kappacat values for GTP hydrolysis were almost the same. The affinities of the two Gi2alpha proteins for the beta gamma subunits of G proteins to form alpha beta gamma timers, which served as substrates for pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation, were the same. In marked contrast, G203T Gi2alpha was unable to form a tight complex with a non- hydrolyzable analog (GTP[gammaS) of GTP; bound GTP[gammaS] was readily released from the mutant Gi2alpha even in the presence of a high concentration of Mg2+. Its susceptibility to tryptic digestion also revealed that GTP[gammaS]-bound G203T Gi2alpha formed a conformation apparently different from that of the GTP[gammaS]-bound form of wild-type Gi2alpha. Both the G203T and wild-type Gi2alpha proteins were capable of coupling with membrane-bound alpha2-adrenergic receptors, resulting in the formation of receptor-G protein complexes with high affinity for agonists. However, GTP[gammaS]-dependent uncoupling from high-affinity receptors was markedly attenuated in the case of G203T Gi2alpha. Thus, G203T-mutated Gi2alpha had a unique property in terms of coupling to membrane receptors, in addition to the previously expected defect in the active conformation of the GTP-bound form of Gi2alpha.
An Editor Labeling Model for Training Set Expansion in Web Categorization (2005)

Automatically classifying Web pages is an effective way to manage the massive information on the Web. However, our experiments show that the state-of-the-art text categorization technologies can not achieve a satisfactory classification performance in this task. The major reason is the existence of large proportion of rare categories in Web taxonomies. The failure in such categories is simply because there is not enough information to train reliable classifiers. To tackle this problem, we propose to expand the training set of the rare categories, by simulating the labeling behavior of the human editors of Web directories. Experimental results show that in such a way, we achieved significant (relatively 93%) improvement in classification accuracy, which is highly encouraging for high performance Web classification.
A formal approach to verification of linear analog circuits with parameter tolerances (1998)

This contribution presents an approach to formal verification of linear analog circuits with parameter tolerances. The method proves that an actual circuit fulfills a specification in a given frequency interval for all parameter variations. It is based on a curvature driven bound computation for value sets using interval arithmetic. Some examples demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.