gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in conversational NLP : Towards the standardization of Chatbot building (2019)

Dialogue systems have become recently essential in our life. Their use is getting more and more fluid and easy throughout the time. This boils down to the improvements made in NLP and AI fields. In this paper, we try to provide an overview to the current state of the art of dialogue systems, their categories and the different approaches to build them. We end up with a discussion that compares all the techniques and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each. Finally, we present an opinion piece suggesting to orientate the research towards the standardization of dialogue systems building.
Suppression of relaxation effect in HfO<sub>2</sub> resistive random access memory array by improved program operations (2016)

Abstract As a postprograming resistance shift, the relaxation effect could be a major issue for resistive random access memory (RRAM) applications. To understand the physical mechanisms of the relaxation effect, temperature-related ion and charge movements are analyzed using the incremental-step-pulse program (ISPP) and repeat-cycle program (RCP). Pre-electron detrapping (PED) operation is found to minimize the amount of interfacial trapped charges and thus to greatly reduce the resistance relaxation effect. Our experimental results demonstrate the improved data retention and tight distribution of RRAM arrays as a result of the above optimized program operations.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Method for the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Aryl‐ and Alkenylboronic Acids to Aldehydes. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Vectorcardiographic loop alignment and morphologic beat-to-beat variability (1998)

The measurement of subtle morphologic beat-to-beat variations in the electrocardiogram is complicated by the presence of respiration-induced movements of the heart. A statistical signal model is developed which accounts for such movements by means of scaling, rotation, and time synchronization of vectorcardiographic loops. The maximum-likelihood estimator of the parameters describing these three transformations is presented and is extended to the case of multiple loop alignment. The performance of the method is assessed by measuring morphologic variability before and after loop alignment. It is shown that the effects of respiration on morphologic variability can be considerably reduced by the new method. Measurements on morphologic variability were typically reduced by a factor of 0.53 after loop alignment. The results show also that beat-to-beat measurements are strongly dependent on the selected sampling rate and that a rate of 1 kHz is too low.
From Neuraminidase Inhibitors to Conjugates: A Step Towards Better Anti-Influenza Drugs? (2014)

For the treatment of seasonal flu and possible pandemic infections the development of new anti-influenza drugs that have good bioavailability against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses including the resistant strains is needed. In this review, we summarize previous methods for the structural modification of zanamivir, a potent neuraminidase inhibitor that has rare drug resistance, in order to develop effective anti-influenza drugs. We also report recent research into the design of multivalent zanamivir drugs and bifunctional zanamivir conjugates, some of which have shown better efficacy in animal experiments. As a step towards developing improved antivirals, conjugating anti-influenza drugs with anti-inflammatory agents can improve oral bioavailability and also exert synergistic effect in influenza therapy.
Anaphylactoid reactions due to non-immune complex serum protein aggregates. (1977)

The infusion of aggregate-containing i.v. human gamma-globulin as well as human serum albumin can lead to severe anaphylactoid reactions with decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in pulmonary artery pressure and decrease in cardiac output in unsensitized dogs, while the deaggregated solutions are well tolerated. During these anaphylactoid reactions, no significant changes in the serum complement activity of the dogs were observed. In clinical human serum albumin incompatibility, stimulation with albumin aggregates led to a high response in the lymphocyte culture, whereas deaggregated albumin had no stimulatory effect. By deaggregation of horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin prior to clinical administration, the compatibility of ALG therapy was improved.
Speckle in active millimeter-wave and terahertz imaging and spectroscopy (2007)

Wideband millimeter-wave imaging techniques and systems have been developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for concealed weapon detection and other applications. These techniques evolved from singlefrequency millimeter-wave holographic imaging methods to wideband three-dimensional planar and cylindrical techniques and systems. The single-frequency holographic method was derived from optical and ultrasonic holography techniques. Speckle is highly significant in this case, and is caused by constructive and destructive interference from multiple scattering locations or depths within a single resolution cell. The wideband three-dimensional techniques developed at PNNL significantly reduce the speckle effect through the use of high depth resolution obtained from the wide bandwidth of the illumination. For these techniques, speckle can still be significant in some cases and affect image quality. In this paper, we explore the situations in which speckle occurs and its relationship to lateral and depth resolution. This will be accomplished through numerical simulation and demonstrated in actual imaging results. Speckle may also play a significant role in altering reflection spectra in wideband terahertz spectra. Reflection from rough surfaces will generate speckle, which will result in significant variation in the reflection spectrum as measured over very wide bandwidths. This effect may make if difficult to interpret spectral absorption features from general reflectance data. In this paper, physical optics numerical simulation techniques will be used to model the reflection from arbitrary random surfaces and explore the effect of the surface on the reflection spectra and reconstructed image. Laboratory imaging and numerical modeling results in the millimeter-wave through the terahertz frequency ranges are presented.
Glycan‐based high‐affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors (2010)

Glycans decorate over 95% of the mammalian cell surface in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Several toxins and pathogens bind to these glycans to enter the cells. Understanding the fundamentals of the complex interplay between microbial pathogens and their glycan receptors at the molecular level could lead to the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics. Using Shiga toxin and influenza virus as examples, we describe the complex biological interface between host glycans and these infectious agents, and recent strategies to develop glycan-based high-affinity ligands. These molecules are expected to ultimately be incorporated into diagnostics and therapeutics, and can be used as probes to study important biological processes. Additionally, by focusing on the specific glycans that microbial pathogens target, we can begin to decipher the "glycocode" and how these glycans participate in normal and aberrant cellular communication.
Quantitative Studies on Anaphylaxis in Guinea-Pigs Passively Sensitized with Homologous Antibody (1971)

The course of anaphylaxis has been studied in guinea pigs passively sensitized by the injection of guinea-pig antibody to egg albumin. A variety of conditions were used for sensitization and for each condition the effect of an anti-histamine (mepyramine) was measured. Reduction in the amount of antiserum used led to a corresponding reduction in the severity of anaphylaxis but little change was found when the amount of antigen was altered over a 50-fold range. A considerable proportion of the anaphylactic response was resistant to anti-histamine treatment. A small part of the antibody was heat-stable but most of it was persistent for at least 10 days. <i>β</i>-adrenergic blockade increased the anaphylactic response and animals so treated were refractory to anti-histamine treatment.
Análise epidemiológica das fraturas acetabulares (2011)

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo epidemiológico das fraturas acetabulares na cidade de Campinas e entorno, tendo em vista poucos trabalhos publicados a respeito deste assunto. Prontuários cedidos pelo Serviço de Arquivamento Médico (SAM) do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), dos anos de 2004 a 2008 com diagnósticos de fratura acetabular foram analisados por seis observadores que coletaram idade do paciente, sexo, lado acometido da fratura, mecanismo de lesão, material de síntese utilizado, complicações operatórias, fraturas associadas, tempo de internação pré e pós- operatória, tempo de internação total e número de sessões de fisioterapia pré e pós-cirurgia. Foi observado nesta demografia que o lado esquerdo foi o mais acometido; mecanismo de lesão que mais ocasiona esse tipo de fratura são os acidentes automobilísticos; das complicações cirúrgicas, as lesões do ciático tiveram maior ocorrência; o material de síntese mais utilizado são as placas de reconstrução.
A hyperactive Mpl-based cell growth switch drives macrophage-associated erythropoiesis through an erythroid-megakaryocytic precursor (2014)

Several approaches for controlling hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion, lineage commitment, and maturation have been investigated for improving clinical interventions. We report here that amino acid substitutions in a thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl)--containing cell growth switch (CGS) extending receptor stability improve the expansion capacity of human cord blood CD34(+) cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Activation of this CGS with a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) expands total cells 99-fold, erythrocytes 70-fold, megakaryocytes 0.5-fold, and CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells 4.4-fold by 21 days of culture. Analysis of cells in these expanded populations identified a CID-dependent bipotent erythrocyte-megakaryocyte precursor (PEM) population, and a CID-independent macrophage population. The CD235a(+)/CD41a(+) PEM population constitutes up to 13% of the expansion cultures, can differentiate into erythrocytes or megakaryocytes, exhibits very little expansion capacity, and exists at very low levels in unexpanded cord blood. The CD206(+) macrophage population constitutes up to 15% of the expansion cultures, exhibits high-expansion capacity, and is physically associated with differentiating erythroblasts. Taken together, these studies describe a fundamental enhancement of the CGS expansion platform, identify a novel precursor population in the erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation pathway of humans, and implicate an erythropoietin-independent, macrophage-associated pathway supporting terminal erythropoiesis in this expansion system.
돈육 등심의 콜레스테롤 및 지질 산화에 전자선 조사 , 포장 및 저장기간이 미치는 영향 (2002)

돈육 등심부위를 1㎝ 두께로 세절한 후 생육 시료는 PVDC 필름으로 호기적 포장과 진공포장을 하여 6 kGy 선량으로 전자선 조사를 실시한 후 2∼4℃의 냉장실에서 보관하면서 저장기간별(0, 7일) 실험에 사용하였다. 전자선 조사 후 가열시료와 가열 후 전자선 조사한 시료는 oven에서 육 내부온도가 70℃ 될 때까지 가열한 다음 함기 포장과 진공포장을 즉시 실시한 후 생육 시료와 같은 조건으로 냉장실에서 보관하면서 생육 시료와 같은 저장기간별 콜레스테롤 산화물의 발생 종류와 발생량 및 지질 산화정도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 생육 시료에서 저장초기에는 콜레스테롤 산화물이 전혀 검출되지 않았으나 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 저장초기에는 발생되지 않았던 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, β-epoxide 및 α-epoxide 등이 검출되었으며, 콜레스테롤과 지질산화물의 발생량은 진공포장에 비하여 함기포장 처리구가 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높은 함량을 보였다. 전자선 조사 후 가열 시료는 저장 초기에는 발생되지 않았던 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, α-epoxide 및 cholestanetriol이 처리 후 7일에 검출되었으며, 전처리구가 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 콜레스테롤 산화물의 발생량이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가하였으며, 처리구간에는 진공포장한 처리구가 함기포장한 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로(P< 0.05) 낮은 발생량을 보였다. 가열 후 전자선 조사 시료에서 발생된 콜레스테롤 산화물질의 종류는 전자선 조사 후 가열 시료와 유사한 경향을 보였으며, 특히 함기포장 조사 처리구에서 6-ketocholesterol이 검출되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 콜레스테롤과 지질 산화물질의 발생량은 조사로 인하여 발생되는 량보다는 저장시 포장조건이 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다.
Transcriptional repression of<i>ADH2</i>-regulated Î²-xylanase production by ethanol in recombinant strains of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2001)

The regulation of endo-beta-(1,4)-xylanase production by two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each transformed with the XYN2 gene from Trichoderma reesei under control of the promoter of the alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) gene of S. cerevisiae, was investigated. In batch culture, the rate of xylanase production was severely reduced by the pulse addition of 390 mmol ethanol l(-1). Pulses of 190-630 mmol ethanol l(-1) into aerobic glucose-limited steady-state continuous cultures reduced the xylanase activity about five-fold and showed that ethanol repressed the ADH2 promoter, as was evident from Northern blot analyses. Derepression of the ADH2-regulated xylanase gene occurred at ethanol concentrations below approximately 50 mmol l(-1).
Differential contribution of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs of human leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 to inhibitory function and phosphatase recruitment (2003)

Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR)-1 is an inhibitory receptor expressed on most human leukocytes. It contains two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail and recruits phosphatases upon phosphorylation. Here we show that both ITIM are required for full inhibition of cellular responses and optimal phosphatase recruitment. Mutation of the C-terminal ITIM still allows partial inhibition of the cytotoxic activity of the NK-like YT.2C2 cells, while mutation of the N-terminal ITIM completely abolishes this inhibitory activity. In contrast, in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, both mutants of LAIR-1 are partially effective. This is reflected in phosphorylation of these mutants in the different cell types upon pervanadate treatment. However, in both YT.2C2 cells and RBL cells, only the mutant containing the N-terminal ITIM recruits Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), while the mutant containing the C-terminal ITIM does not. In RBL cells the mutant containing only the N-terminal ITIM also binds SHP-1, although to a lesser extent than wild-type LAIR-1. We find that in Jurkat T cells Lck is required for the association of SHP-1 with LAIR-1. Co-expression with Lck in 293T cells leads to phosphorylation of both wild-type LAIR-1 and the mutant containing only the N-terminal ITIM, while the mutant lacking this ITIM is not phosphorylated. These results indicate that Lck, or another Src family kinase, is essential for the consecutive phosphorylation of the N- and C-terminal ITIM. Our data imply that the N-terminal ITIM is dominant in LAIR-1 signaling, but that both ITIM contribute to an optimal inhibitory function.
Performance of truncated type-II hybrid ARQ schemes with noisy feedback over block fading channels (2000)

This paper considers truncated type-II hybrid automatic repeat-request (ARQ) schemes with noisy feedback over block fading channels. With these ARQ techniques, the number of retransmissions is limited, and, similar to forward error correction (FEC), error-free delivery of data packets cannot be guaranteed. Bounds on the average number of transmissions, the average coding rate as well as the reliability of the schemes are derived using random coding techniques, and the performance is compared with FEC. The random coding bounds reveal the achievable performance with block codes and maximum-likelihood soft-decision decoding. Union upper bounds and simulation results show that over block fading channels, these bounds can be closely approached with simple terminated convolutional codes and soft-decision Viterbi decoding. Truncated type-II hybrid ARQ and the corresponding FEC schemes have the same probability of packet erasure; however, the truncated ARQ schemes offer a trade-off between the average coding rate and the probability of undetected error. Truncated ARQ schemes have significantly higher average coding rates than FEC at high and medium signal-to-noise ratio even with noisy feedback. Truncated ARQ can be viewed as adaptive FEC that adapts to the instantaneous channel conditions.
Unsupervised Two-Way Clustering of Metagenomic Sequences (2012)

A major challenge facing metagenomics is the development of tools for the characterization of functional and taxonomic content of vast amounts of short metagenome reads. The efficacy of clustering methods depends on the number of reads in the dataset, the read length and relative abundances of source genomes in the microbial community. In this paper, we formulate an unsupervised naive Bayes multispecies, multidimensional mixture model for reads from a metagenome. We use the proposed model to cluster metagenomic reads by their species of origin and to characterize the abundance of each species. We model the distribution of word counts along a genome as a Gaussian for shorter, frequent words and as a Poisson for longer words that are rare. We employ either a mixture of Gaussians or mixture of Poissons to model reads within each bin. Further, we handle the high-dimensionality and sparsity associated with the data, by grouping the set of words comprising the reads, resulting in a two-way mixture model. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of this method on simulated and real metagenomes. Our method can accurately cluster reads as short as 100 bps and is robust to varying abundances, divergences and read lengths.
Patient education for adults with chronic eczema. (1999)

Seven patients with severe eczema participated in an individual education project. The aim of the education program was to maintain and improve health by providing knowledge in self-care treatment. Patients were provided with new knowledge of their disease and received sufficient information to enable them to apply self-care of their eczema.
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF INSECT FEEDING DETERRENTS FROM CERTAIN WEED AND CROP PLANTS (1978)

Concentrations of 0.01‐1.0% of a hexane extract of the seed of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and several of its chromatographic fractions significantly deterred feeding by three species of scale insects, citrus red mites, and woolly whiteflies. An ether extract of the hexane‐extracted seed reduced egg deposition by driedfruit beetles, the ether and ethanol extracts repelled adults and larvae of this insect, and the hexane extract repelled only adults. A concentration of 1% of a pentane extract of the nuts of tung, Aleurites fordii Hemsl., considerably deterred feeding by adult boll weevils; a concentration of 0.1% of an ether extract of the defatted nuts reduced feeding by striped cucumber beetles and plum curculios; and a concentration of 0.2% reduced feeding by spotted cucumber beetles. Also, these extracts, and ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well deterred feeding by larvae of the codling moth and redbanded leafroller. Several polar and nonpolar components of neem seeds and tung nuts appear to be responsible for the antifeedant properties of these plant materials. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG CHEMIE UND BIOLOGISCHE WIRKUNG VON INSEKTENFRASSABHALTESTOFFEN AUS GEWISSEN UNKRÄUTERN UND KULTURPFLANZEN Die Hexan‐Extrakt aus Neemsamen ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) und mehrere chromatographische Fraktionen daraus erniedrigten in Konzentrationen von 0,01–1,0% die Futteraufnahme von 3 Arten von Schildläusen, von Panonychus citri (Mc Gregor) (einer Spinnmilbe) und von Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (einer Mottenschildlaus) wesentlich. Ein Aethyläther‐Extrakt aus den Hexan‐extrahierten Samen erniedrigte die Eiablage von Saftkäfern ( Carpophilus hemipterus (L.)). Aethyläther‐ und Aethylalkohol‐Extrakte wirkten abschreckend auf Larven und Imagines dieses Insekts, der Hexan‐Extrakt dagegen nur auf Imagines. Ein Pentan‐Extrakt von Tungnüssen ( Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) in einer Konzentration von 1% erniedrigte den Frass von Anthonomus grandis Boheman Imagines beträchtlich; ein Aethyläther‐Extrakt von entfetteten Nüssen in einer Konzentration von 0,1% reduzierte den Frass von Acalymma vittatum (Fab.) (eines Blattkäfers) und von Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (eines Rüsselkäfers) und in einer Konzentration von 0,2% denjenigen von Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (eines Blattkäfers). Diese Extrakte, ebenso wie Aethylalkohol‐ und Wasser‐Extrakte, wirkten auch abschreckend auf den Frass von Raupen des Apfelwicklers ( Laspeyresia pomonella (L.)) und des Blattwicklers Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). Mehrere polare und unpolare Verbindungen aus Neemsamen und Tungnüssen scheinen für die frasshemmenden Eigenschaften dieser Pflanzenstoffe verantwortlich zu sein.
Live Hog Probes at Various Sites, Weights, and Ages as Indicators of Carcass Merit (1956)

The measurement of backfat thickness on the pigs at a live weight of about 210 lb. by an average of six probes was more highly correlated with percent primal cuts, carcass index, and ham specific gravity than was backfat thickness measured on the carcass. The correlations between the thickness of backfat on the carcass and the live hog measurements taken at various ages were all positive and showed a definite upward trend with increasing age. The predictive value of probes taken prior to 112 days of age was very low. The intra-breed and intra-sex correlation of average probe at slaughter weight with average carcass backfat was 0.69. Patterns of fat deposition as measured by probe backfat at different ages are shown for two lines and their reciprocal crosses.
Comparison of the Aromas of Oak- and Glass-Aged Wines (1984)

Commercially produced Cabernet Sauvignon wine was aged for 338 days in 228 L (60 gal) American (Missouri) and French (Nevers) oak barrels, which had been coopered by the same methods. The same wine was stored in five-gallon glass carboys which were held under identical storage conditions to serve as the glass-aged control. By difference tests, the wines aged in French and American oak barrels were not found to differ significantly, although both were highly significantly different from the glass-aged wine (p < 0.001). The lack of difference may be attributed in part to the strong varietal character of the base wine, which masked the oak flavor differences. Additionally, since the barrels from France and the U.S. were coopered by identical techniques, differences between the barrels were minimized. Since the two oak-aged wines could not be differentiated, the French oak sample was arbitrarily chosen to profile with the control to evaluate the effects of barrel aging. To quantify differences between the wine aromas, trained judges developed descriptors which were defined by reference standards. By this descriptive analysis, two major differences between the glass- and oak-aged wines were observed. In the oak-aged wine, the intensity of the spicy, vanilla, and oak blend attributes increased, probably describing the change in the wine aroma due to the extraction of volatile phenolic compounds, such as vanillin and eugenol, from the barrels. With oak-aging, a dramatic decrease in the intensity of the vegetative (green bean/green chiles) note occurred. Although the total aroma intensities of the wines were similar, it can only be speculated that this decrease was the result of more rapid degradation during barrel aging of the compound(s) responsible for the green bean/green chiles aroma rather than masking by the aromas of volatiles extracted from oak.
Increased fatty acid synthase as a potential therapeutic target in multiple myeloma (2008)

Increased FAS expression existed in multiple myeloma samples and human myeloma cell lines. Cerulenin greatly inhibited metabolic activity/cell proliferation of U266 cells and induced apoptosis, suggesting that FAS is an effective target for pharmacological therapy in human multiple myeloma.