gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a road traffic simulator (1998)

Traffic jams have been occurring on most city street networks. These jams can be avoided by predicting the traffic flow patterns in advance using computers. The reduction of computer time is very important, especially in the case of real-time prediction of traffic flows. This paper develops a special-purpose simulator for calculating road traffic flows. The simulator consists of several transputers and a random number generator. Large and complex street networks are partitioned, and each partition is assigned to a transputer for parallel calculations. The stochastic nature of the traffic is taken into account by using random numbers generated by a random number generator. Some traffic flow patterns are calculated with this simulator. The developed simulator can simulate large and complex street networks using a small amount of computer time.
Building Different Mouse Models for Human MS (2007)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Many patients first present with isolated optic neuritis. In some variants of MS, like Devic's disease or neuromyelitis optica (NMO), lesions are predominantly found in the optic nerves and spinal cord but not in the brain. The immunological bases of the different forms of MS are unknown. Here, we summarize our published findings on two mouse models: 2D2 myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, which develop spontaneous isolated optic neuritis, and 2D2 mice crossed with MOG-specific IgH knockin (TH) mice, which spontaneously develop a severe form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with a selective distribution of meningeal and parenchymal inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord and optic nerves similar to that found in human Devic's disease.
Graphics gems (1990)

From the Publisher:
The GRAPHICS GEMS was started in 1990 by Andrew Glassner. The vision and purpose of the Series was - and still is - to provide tips, techniques, and algorithms for graphics programmers. All of the gems are written by programmers who work in the field and are motivated by a common desire to share interesting ideas and tools with their colleagues. Each volume provides a new set of innovative solutions to a variety of programming problems
Efficient processing of top-k spatial preference queries (2010)

Top- k spatial preference queries return a ranked set of the k best data objects based on the scores of feature objects in their spatial neighborhood. Despite the wide range of location-based applications that rely on spatial preference queries, existing algorithms incur non-negligible processing cost resulting in high response time. The reason is that computing the score of a data object requires examining its spatial neighborhood to find the feature object with highest score. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to speed up the performance of top-k spatial preference queries. To this end, we propose a mapping of pairs of data and feature objects to a distance-score space, which in turn allows us to identify and materialize the minimal subset of pairs that is sufficient to answer any spatial preference query. Furthermore, we present a novel algorithm that improves query processing performance by avoiding examining the spatial neighborhood of the data objects during query execution. In addition, we propose an efficient algorithm for materialization and we describe useful properties that reduce the cost of maintenance. We show through extensive experiments that our approach significantly reduces the number of I/Os and execution time compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms for different setups.
Cytosolic and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolases: Differential Properties in Mammalian Liver (1980)

The epoxide hydrolase activities of the 100,000 g pellet (microsomal) and 100,00 g soluble (cystosolic) fractions of mouse, rat, and guinea pig liver were measured with three closely related compounds used as substrates. Differences between the species in the distribution of the cytosolic and microsomal hydrolases and in their substrate specificities and pH optima demonstrate why epoxide hydrolase activity in the cytosolic fraction was not detected earlier in spie of intensive work on the microsomal epoxide hydrolase.
INTEGRATING MICROARRAY AND PROTEOMICS DATA TO PREDICT THE RESPONSE ON CETUXIMAB IN PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER (2007)

To investigate the combination of cetuximab, capecitabine and radiotherapy in the preoperative treatment of patients with rectal cancer, fourty tumour samples were gathered before treatment (T0), after one dose of cetuximab but before radiotherapy with capecitabine (T1) and at moment of surgery (T2). The tumour and plasma samples were subjected at all timepoints to Affymetrix microarray and Luminex proteomics analysis, respectively. At surgery, the Rectal Cancer Regression Grade (RCRG) was registered. We used a kernel-based method with Least Squares Support Vector Machines to predict RCRG based on the integration of microarray and proteomics data on To and T1. We demonstrated that combining multiple data sources improves the predictive power. The best model was based on 5 genes and 10 proteins at T0 and T1 and could predict the RCRG with an accuracy of 91.7%, sensitivity of 96.2% and specificity of 80%.
Time Resolved Measurements Which Isolate the Mechanisms Responsible for Terahertz Glory Scattering from Dielectric Spheres (1998)

The surface-wave scattering processes responsible, in part, for the optical glory have never been compared with theoretical predictions. Here, THz impulse ranging is used to measure the time domain impulse response of spherical targets with sufficiently high temporal resolution to permit the surface-wave contribution to the total impulse response to be isolated. The first direct experimental comparison for the surface wave with Mie theory as well as the surface-wave approximation of van de Hulst is performed. Interference of the surface waves from a dielectric sphere is shown to lead to the frequency and angular intensity dependence of the THz glory.
Characterization and simulation of bi-quadratic coplanar waveguide tapers for time-domain applications (2002)

The design and performance of a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) taper for picosecond pulse applications is described. Tapers with widely differing widths varying from 62.5 mu m to 900 mu m are investigated. The circuit characteristics were simulated in both time domain and frequency domain using a 3-D transmission-line-matrix (TLM) method. An optimum biquadratic shape which reduces the reflections from more than 5% to below 2% in comparison to a linear taper was found. The circuits were measured in the frequency range up to 40 GHz with a wafer prober. At 40 GHz, the insertion loss values were less than 0.4 dB. For a double taper, risetimes of 6.4 ps were achieved which correspond to a bandwidth of 55 GHz;.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clinic-Based Retrospective Analysis of Psychopharmacology for Behavior in Fragile X Syndrome (2012)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with behavior that limits functioning, including distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity, hyperarousal, anxiety, mood dysregulation, and aggression. Medication response and side effect data were reviewed retrospectively for 257 patients (age 14 ± 11 years, range 4-60 years, 203 M, 54 F) attending an FXS clinic. Treatment success rates were defined as the percentage of positive response in the form of documented clinical report of improvement in the behavior(s) being targeted over at least a 6-month period on the medication, without side effects requiring medication discontinuance, while failures were defined as discontinuance of medication due to lack of clinical effectiveness or side effects. Success rate for treatment of targeted behaviors with trials of individual medications was 55% for stimulants, 53% for antidepressants, 62% for alpha2-agonists, and 54% for antipsychotics. With sequential trials of different medications in the same class, success rate improved to 73-77%. Side effect-related failures were highest for antipsychotics. Systematic psychopharmacologic intervention targeted to behavioral symptoms appears helpful in the majority of patients with FXS.
High data rate ultraviolet communication systems for the tactical battlefield (2002)

The critical need for secure, jamproof, high data rate communication links for tactical battle management can be met by developing short range (one mile), nonline-of-sight (NLOS), high data rate (1.2 Mbits/s) systems based on scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiation. TITAN's ultraviolet local area network (ULAN) concept represents a significant advance in high data rate, NLOS, covert communications at short ranges. Past efforts in UV atmospheric scattering communication systems used directly switched omnidirectional flashlamps which resulted in limited range and data rates. Unlike these earlier systems, ULAN will be based on modulating a collimated, continuously emitting lamp with a high speed electro-optical switch. High data rates can thus be achieved by eliminating the need to directly switch an isotropically radiating UV flashlamp. Directional and over-the-horizon systems employing collimated UV sources will enable longer ranges than previous UV systems. UV communication systems can be integrated with existing military communications either as the primary transmitter/receiver or as an internode link between local packet radio networks. The data rates available over a UV link far exceed those traditionally associated with packet radio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
53.2: Power Consumption of micro‐encapsulated Display for Smart Handheld Applications (2002)

Abstract A detailed investigation of power consumption of microencapsulated electrophoretic (“electronic ink”) displays for smart handheld applications has been made. It is shown that the most of the power loss arises from driving the source lines. Since power is consumed only when pixels change state, typical power consumption with the display being constantly updated is only around 5‐20% of the maximum value. Furthermore, under typical use, the display update duty cycle will be less than 1%, with a corresponding hundred‐fold reduction in power consumption For example, an SVGA e‐book is expected to consume as little as 1.5 mW. Thus, while the maximum power consumption for an electronic ink matrix display is comparable to that for reflective AMLCD's, the actual operating power will in most cases be lower by at least one to two orders of magnitude.
Storage of platelet‐rich plasma–derived platelet concentrate pools in plasma and additive solution (2006)

Manufacture and storage of PRP-PCs in pools either in plasma or in a glucose-containing AS in this new container are feasible, and there is good preservation of PLT quality to Day 7.
Low Prevalence of a Periodontitis‐Associated Interleukin‐1 Composite Genotype in Individuals of Chinese Heritage (2000)

It was concluded that the prevalences of both IL-1A and IL-1B polymorphisms are dramatically lower in Chinese than those reported for Europeans. Findings from this study bring into question the usefulness of the composite genotype of allele 2 of both IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954 as a method for determining the susceptibility of Chinese patients to adult periodontitis.
Target-field method for MRI biplanar gradient coil design (2007)

Based on the target-field method of solving Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, a new approach is presented in the paper for designing gradient coils that can be used in a permanent-magnet magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system with biplanar poles. To restrict the current distribution on the coil plane within a finite radius, the current density is pre-expanded into Fourier series by orthogonal basis functions. By setting the target-field points and Bz values over the imaging region of interest, corresponding integral equations are derived from the Biot–Savart law to calculate the current densities. They form a matrix equation, in which the unknown elements of the column vector are the Fourier coefficients for the unknown current density. As long as these target-field points are well chosen, the Fourier coefficients can be solved by inverse matrix calculation instead of the regularization method for Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. Then the current density is discretized using the stream-function method to generate the winding patterns. To verify the feasibility of this approach, the gradient magnetic field generated by the current density is calculated via the Biot–Savart law. Optimized parameters are obtained through computer simulations for some shielded and unshielded transverse gradient coils. The performance of this approach has been demonstrated as well.
Optimisation and evaluation of a sample introduction device for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using thermospray nebulisation (1988)

A thermospray nebuliser, used for sample introduction into an ICP, was equipped with a heated spray chamber in order to enhance the detection power of the sample introduction system. The carrier gas flow, the aerosol (desolvation) temperature and the condenser temperature were optimised. At the optimised operating conditions about 10% of the nebulised analyte reaches the ICP. The detection limits obtained are comparable to those obtained using ultrasonic nebulisers. Both short- and long-term stability and matrix effects are discussed. Finally, data obtained for the determination of chromium, cadmium and silver in the standard samples EPA WPQCS2 and NBS SRM1643A show the analytical potential of the proposed system.
Bi/In thermal resist for both Si anisotropic wet etching and Si/SiO 2 plasma etching (2004)

Bi/In thermal resist is a bilayer structure of Bi over In films which can be exposed by laser with a wide range of wavelengths and can be developed by diluted RCA2 solutions. Current research shows bimetallic resist can work as etch masking layer for both dry plasma etching and wet anisotropic etching. It can act as both patterning and masking layers for Si and SiO<sub>2</sub> with plasma “dry” etch using CF<sub>4</sub>/CHF<sub>3</sub>. The etching condition is CF<sub>4</sub> flow rate 50 sccm, pressure 150 mTorr, and RF power 100 - 600W. The profile of etched structures can be tuned by adding CHF<sub>3</sub> and other gases such as Ar, and by changing the CF<sub>4</sub>/CHF<sub>3</sub> ratio. Depending on the fluorocarbon plasma etching recipe the etch rate of laser exposed Bi/In can be as low as 0.1 nm/min, 500 times lower than organic photoresists. O<sub>2</sub> plasma ashing has little etching effect on exposed Bi/In. Bi/In also creates etch masking layers for alkaline-based (KOH, TMAH and EDP) “wet” anisotropic bulk Si etch without the need of SiO<sub>2</sub> masking steps. The laser exposed Bi/In etches two times more slowly than SiO<sub>2</sub>. Experiment result shows that single metal Indium film exhibits thermal resist characteristics but at twice the exposure levels. It can be developed in diluted RCA2 solution and used as an etch mask layer for Si anisotropic etch. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that laser exposure causes both Bi and In single film to oxidize. In film may become amorphous when exposed to high laser power.
Taxa-4(16),11-diene-5α,9α,10β,13α-tetraol, a new taxane derivative from the heartwood of yew (T. baccata L.): X-ray analysis of a p-bromobenzoate derivative (1966)

W. R. Chan, T. G. Halsall, G. M. Hornby, A. W. Oxford, W. Sabel, K. Bjåmer, G. Ferguson and J. M. Robertson, Chem. Commun. (London), 1966, 923 DOI: 10.1039/C19660000923
INcReAsING tHe soLUBILItY oF A PooR soLUBLe API - MILK tHIstLe DRY eXtRAct (sILYMARIN) (2014)

The active substance used in this study is a Milk thistle dry extract, refined and standardized (equiv. to 45 mg/90 mg Silymarin as Silibinin). The main problem with milk thistle extract (silymarin) is its poor oral bioavailability, which is attributable to its low water solubility and low permeability as well as degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this work was to evaluate and compare the effect of some surfactants and various sugars like lactose, sorbitol and mannitol as carriers for improvements of solubility and/or dissolution of poor aqueous soluble drug, milk thistle extract (Silymarin) from formulated capsules. The formulation containing combination of Sodium lauryl sulfate, Polysorbate 80 as solubilizers and mannitol as a diluent exhibits best rheologic characteristics and highest dissolution rate of the Milk thistle dry extract (Silymarin).
Attentional pursuit is faster than attentional saccade (2004)

How quickly can we shift the focus of visual attention? We compared the rates of two types of attentional shifts: attentional saccades (shifts between objects) and attentional pursuit (shifts along with a moving object). Instead of measuring the time required for a single shift, which confounds shift time with cue interpretation time, we measured the pace at which observers could make multiple successive shifts in a predictable order. We find that successive attentional saccades between objects are quite slow (300-500 ms). The object-based theory of attention predicts that attention should shift between locations more quickly when in pursuit of a moving object. Our results support this theory. Attentional pursuit is substantially faster--taking only 200-250 ms to cover the same distance. "Indexing" a moving object (keeping track of one object) can be done at even faster rates, supporting a distinction between attending to and indexing objects.
Precision Substrate Targeting of Protein Kinases v-Abl and c-Src (1995)

The active site substrate specificities of v-Abl and c-Src are compared and contrasted. Both enzymes catalyze the phosphorylation of a broad assortment of peptide-bound aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, such as achiral and simple straight chain residues. In addition, both protein kinases exhibit a "dual specificity" with respect to the ability to utilize D- and L-configurational isomers as substrates. However, c-Src and v-Abl are extremely inefficient as catalysts for certain structural arrangements, including secondary alcohols and primary alcohols containing large substituents in close proximity to the hydroxyl moiety. In addition to these similarities, these enzymes also display noteworthy differences in catalytic behavior. Whereas c-Src exhibits a modest preference for aromatic versus aliphatic alcohols, v-Abl does not. Most dramatic is the ability of c-Src to utilize short chain alcohols as substrates, an activity virtually absent from the catalytic repertoire of v-Abl. The implications of these observations are 2-fold. First, because both enzymes are able to accommodate a wide variety of structural variants within their respective active site regions, there exists a substantial degree of flexibility with respect to inhibitor design. Second, because these enzymes exhibit disparate active site specificities, it is possible that other tyrosine-specific protein kinases will display unique substrate specificities as well. Consequently, it may ultimately be possible to exploit these differences to generate inhibitors that precisely target specific protein kinases.
Mechanical properties of TiB particulate reinforced Ti<SUB align=right>2A1Nb intermetallics produced by prealloyed powder metallurgy method (2001)

Ti2A1Nb intermetallics, based on the orthorhombic (O) phase, have a higher strength-to-density ratio and better high-temperature ductility than conventional titanium aluminides, such as TiAI and Ti33A1. In this study, TiB particulate-reinforced Ti2A1Nb intermetallic alloy was prepared using the prealloyed powder metallurgy method. Ti-23.5A1-25.3Nb (mol%) spherical powder (under 150 µm) with 6.5mass% TiB particulate was produced by the Ar gas atomizing process. The powder was poured into a steel can until full, compacted by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), rolled into a bar and heat-treated. Microstructural observation, high-temperature tensile testing and creep testing were performed, and the results were compared to those of an unreinforced matrix.
Retrieving Storm Electric Fields from Aircraft Field Mill Data. Part I: Theory (2006)

Abstract It is shown that the problem of retrieving storm electric fields from an aircraft instrumented with several electric field mill sensors can be expressed in terms of a standard Lagrange multiplier optimization problem. The method naturally removes aircraft charge from the retrieval process without having to use a high-voltage stinger and linearly combined mill data values. It allows a variety of user-supplied physical constraints (the so-called side constraints in the theory of Lagrange multipliers) and also helps improve absolute calibration. Additionally, this paper introduces an alternate way of performing the absolute calibration of an aircraft that has some benefits over conventional analyses. It is accomplished by using the time derivatives of mill and pitch data for a pitch down maneuver performed at high (&gt;1 km) altitude. In Part II of this study, the above methods are tested and then applied to complete a full calibration of a Citation aircraft.
The effective inductance and resistance of screened coils (1940)

In this paper an effort has been made to determine simple and workable formulae for the changes produced in the characteristics of an air-core coil by placing it in a screening container. The formulae, which have been derived empirically, are based upon the simplified case of a solenoidal coil of infinite length, placed coaxially in an infinitely long cylindrical screen. Another simplification, namely that of regarding the coil-and-screen system as a fiat band of wires placed parallel to a conducting plane, is also mentioned, and from these two simple cases it has been possible to proceed, by application of the results of measurement, to formulae for inductance and resistance change so simple that they almost amount to workshop rules. These formulae are shown to cover all practical cases of finite coils and coaxial screens to an accuracy within 2%.The effects of proximity of ends, small deformations and displacements, and temperature changes, are also examined and estimated.The shape of the curve of eddy-current distribution in the screen is examined, and it is found that the shape of curve derived from search-coil measurements is very similar to that derived from calculation on the basis of regarding the coil as a flat system.
Physiological mechanisms of acupuncture: Beyond placebo? (2009)

University of Manchester, Human Pain Research Group, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK *Tel.: +44 161 2064528. E-mail address:[email protected]