gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Register write specialization register read specialization: a path to complexity-effective wide-issue superscalar processors (2002)

With the continuous shrinking of transistor size, processor designers are facing new difficulties to achieve high clock frequency. The register file read time, the wake up and selection logic traversal delay and the bypass network transit delay with also their respective power consumptions constitute major difficulties for the design of wide issue superscalar processors. In this paper, we show that transgressing a rule, that has so far been applied in the design of all the superscalar processors, allows to reduce these difficulties. Currently used general-purpose ISAs feature a single logical register file (and generally a floating-point register file). Up to now all superscalar processors have allowed any general-purpose functional unit to read and write any physical general purpose register. First, we propose Register Write Specialization, i.e, forcing distinct groups of functional units to write only in distinct subsets of the physical register file, thus limiting the number of write ports on each individual register. Register Write Specialization significantly reduces the access time, the power consumption and the silicon area of the register file without impairing performance. Second, we propose to combine Register Write Specialization with Register Read Specialization for clustered superscalar processors. This limits the number of read ports on each individual register and simplifies both the wakeup logic and the bypass network. With a 8-way 4-cluster WSRS architecture, the complexities of the wake-up logic entry and bypass point are equivalent to the ones found with a conventional 4-way issue processor. More physical registers are needed in WSRS architectures. Nevertheless, using WSRS architecture allows a dramatic reduction of the total silicon area devoted to the physical register file (by a factor four to six). Its power consumption is more than halved and its read access time is shortened by one third. Some extra hardware and/or a few extra pipeline stages are needed for register renaming. WSRS architecture induces constraints on the policy for allocating instructions to clusters. However, performance of a 8-way 4-cluster WSRS architecture stands the comparison with the one of a conventional 8-way 4-cluster conventional superscalar processor.
Increased lymphatic flow in the thoracic duct during manipulative intervention. (2005)

The thoracic pump and the abdominal pump are osteopathic manipulative (OM) lymphatic pump techniques frequently used by osteopathic physicians to treat patients with infections (eg, pneumonia, otitis media). Although there is a widely accepted belief among the osteopathic medical profession that increasing lymphatic flow is beneficial, no measurements of lymph flow during osteopathic manipulative treatment have been reported. The authors surgically instrumented five mongrel dogs to record lymphatic flow in the thoracic duct (TDF) and cardiac variables during three intervention protocols. After recovery from surgery, canine subjects were placed in a standing-support sling, and TDF, cardiac output, mean aortic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded during two randomized 30-second sessions of manipulative intervention using the osteopathic thoracic pump and abdominal pump techniques on two successive days. Lymph flow in the thoracic duct increased from 1.57+/-0.20 mL x min(-1) to a peak TDF of 4.80+/-1.73 mL x min(-1) during abdominal pump, and from 1.20+/-0.41 mL x min(-1) to 3.45+/-1.61 mL x min(-1) during thoracic pump. Lymph flow in the thoracic duct and cardiac variables were also recorded for canine subjects during physical activity (ie, treadmill exercise at 3 miles per hour at 0% incline). During physical activity, TDF increased from 1.47+/-0.33 mL x min(-1) to 5.81+/-1.30 mL x min(-1). Although cardiac variables did not change significantly during manipulative intervention with lymphatic pump techniques, cardiac output and heart rate did increase during physical activity. The authors conclude that physical activity and manipulative intervention using thoracic pump and abdominal pump techniques produced net increases in TDF (P<.05).
An Ultra-Compact, Linearly-Controlled Variable Phase Shifter Designed With a Novel RC Poly-Phase Filter (2012)

This paper proposes a new vector-sum type variable-phase shifter (VPS) topology for predistorting the phase of a modulated signal for an analog-predistortion power amplifier system. It has a continuous linear-in-degree control curve over a 90° phase-control range and has the smallest size among all those proposed CMOS works. The phase shifter utilizes an improved RC poly-phase filter to generate in-phase and quadrature-phase vectors. It uses fewer RC components but has a wider phase-splitting bandwidth than traditional RC filters, reducing the loss and size of the overall VPS. Specially-designed control circuits give the shifter a linear phase-control capability, minimizing the gain variation over the phase-control range. The phase shifter, optimized for WCDMA applications, has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS process. The area of the phase shifter core is 0.063 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measured operation frequency is from 1 to 2.1 GHz, which is an overlap of its 3-dB cutoff frequency and bandwidth of a 90° phase-control range. Within the bandwidth, this phase shifter displays a linear control curve with phase errors of less than ±1° over a 70° tuning range, making it suitable for accurate AM-PM error compensation.
<i>Trypanosoma musculi</i> co-express several receptors binding rodent IgM, IgE, and IgG subclasses. (1989)

The present work demonstrates the expression of receptors for the Fc portion of rodent Ig by the murine parasite Trypanosoma musculi. By using a rosette assay adapted to the parasite morphology and by flow cytometry analysis, three distinct receptors were identified. A receptor binding rabbit or rat polyclonal IgG and mouse monoclonal IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b was found on parasites purified from the blood and the peritoneal cavity of infected mice and on parasites maintained in culture conditions. This IgG receptor was degraded by pepsin. A separate receptor, binding only mouse monoclonal IgG3 was observed on cultured parasites. A receptor binding rabbit, rat, and mouse IgM was found on cultured and peritoneal parasites, but not on blood parasites. This receptor did not bind IgG or IgA but it bound mouse and rat IgE as well as IgM. It was degraded by trypsin. IgG and IgM/IgE receptors were co-expressed on single parasites. They were not of host origin but synthesized by trypanosomes as shown by reexpression in vitro after proteolytic degradation. Their expression was variable with the development of trypanosomes both in vitro and in vivo.
A 14V-output adaptive-off-time boost converter with quasi-fixed-frequency in full loading range (2011)

A monolithic quasi-fixed-frequency DC-DC boost converter with a modified-adaptive-off-time (MAOF) control is presented. To achieve a quasi-fixed-frequency in whole loading range, the new MAOF control is able to overcome the frequency variation problems naturally exist in traditional adaptive-off-time control in both continuous- and discontinuous-conduction-mode (CCM and DCM) operations. The MAOF control boost converter was implemented with a 0.35μm High Voltage (HV) CMOS process. With 3V - 4.2V input voltage, 10V - 14V output voltage and 30mA - 300mA load current range, simulated results show that the switching frequency keeps constant at 960kHz to within ±5% across the whole operation range.
Numerical and Analytical Modeling to Determine Performance Tradeoffs in Hydrogel-Based pH Sensors (2016)

Hydrogel-based pH sensors are promising candidates for implantable sensors due to their low cost and biocompatibility. Despite their commercial potential and numerous theoretical/experimental reports, the tradeoffs between different performance parameters are not well understood and explicitly stated. In this work, we develop a numerical and analytical framework to show that there is a fundamental tradeoff between the performance parameters, i.e., sensitivity/ dynamic range versus response-time/response-asymmetry in hydrogel sensors under constrained swelling conditions. Specifically, we consider the effect of the gel parameters, such as the ionizable group density (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> ) and its dissociation constant (K <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> ), on the sensor performance. We show that improvement in sensitivity/dynamic range leads to degradation in response time/symmetry and, therefore, a compromise must be made to optimize device performance.
A Technique for Detecting New Attacks in Low-Interaction Honeypot Traffic (2009)

Honeypots are flexible security tools for gathering artefacts associated with a variety of Internet attack activities. While existing work on honeypot traffic analysis focuses mainly on identifying existing attacks, this paper describes a technique for detecting new attacks based on principal component analysis. The proposed technique requires no prior knowledge of attack types and has low computational requirements that makes it suitable for online detection systems. Our method of detecting new attacks is based on measuring changes in the residual space using square prediction error (SPE) statistics. When attack vectors are projected onto the residual space, attacks that are not presented by the main hyperspace will create new directions with high SPE values. We demonstrate the usefulness of our technique by using real traffic data from the Leurre.com project, a world-wide deployment of low-interaction honeypots, where several examples of new traffic detected by the system are illustrated.
Evaluating the Functionality of Conjunctiva Using a Rabbit Dry Eye Model (2016)

Purpose. To assess the conjunctival functionality in a rabbit dry eye (DE) model. Methods. Nictitating membrane, lacrimal and Harderian glands were surgically excised from male New Zealand white rabbits using minimally invasive surgery. Fluorescein/rose Bengal staining of ocular surface (OS) and Schirmer test were done before (BE) and after excision (AE). The expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α , and MUC5AC proteins were estimated by immunoblotting from conjunctival impression cytology specimens. MUC5AC mRNA was quantified as well. The effect of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blockers on tear production and potential differences (PD) of OS were assessed under anesthesia in rabbits with and without surgery. Results. Increase in corneal and conjunctival staining was observed 1 month AE compared to BE. Schirmer tests failed to show decrease in tear production. Elevated IL-1 β , and TNF- α , 1 month AE indicated inflammation. MUC5AC expression was elevated 1 month AE. ENaC blockers did not improve tear production in rabbit eyes AE but characteristic changes in PD were observed in rabbits with surgery. Conclusions. DE biomarkers are important tools for OS assessment and MUC5AC expression is elevated in rabbit DE. PD measurement revealed significant electrophysiological changes in rabbits with surgery.
Exponential Characteristics of Power Spectral Densities Caused by Chaotic Phenomena (1995)

Power spectral densities (PSD's) were calculated by the maximum entropy method (MEM) for three types of chaotic time series numerically generated from the Lorenz, Rossler and Duffing models. Every PSD indicated exponential decay until it levels off at a limit determined by the accuracy of the present computation. This exponential chracteristics were universally found in all chaotic time series irrespective of the data length as well as the time range of data. The values of the coefficient of exponent were 3.26, 5.72 and 7.36 for 6000-point data of the Lorenz, Rossler and Duffing models, respectively, and they slightly increased as the data length shortened. The exponential form was also recognized in the MEM-PSD for the Lorentzian-type time series as in theory.
Penetration Testing Curriculum Development in Practice (2015)

As both the frequency and the severity of network breaches have increased in recent years, it is essential that cybersecurity is incorporated into the core of business operations. Evidence from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012) indicates that there is, and will continue to be, a severe shortage of cybersecurity professionals nationwide throughout the next decade. To fill this job shortage we need a workforce with strong hands-on experience in the latest technologies and software tools to catch up with the rapid evolution of network technologies. It is vital that the IT professionals possess up-to-date technical skills and think and act one step ahead of the cyber criminals who are constantly probing and exploring system vulnerabilities. There is no perfect security mechanism that can defeat all the cyber-attacks; the traditional defensive security mechanism will eventually fail to the pervasive zero-day attacks. However, there are steps to follow to reduce an organization’s vulnerability to cyber-attacks and to mitigate damages. Active security tests of the network from a cyber-criminal’s perspective can identify system vulnerabilities that may lead to future breaches. “If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. But if you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of hundred battles” (Sun, 2013). Penetration testing is a discipline within cybersecurity that focuses on identifying and exploiting the vulnerabilities of a network, eventually obtaining access to the critical business information. The pentesters, the security professionals who perform penetration testing, or ethical hackers, break the triad of information security - Confidentiality, Integrity, and Accountability (CIA) - as if they were a cyber-criminal. The purpose of ethical hacking or penetration testing is to know what the “enemy” can do and then generate a report for the management team to aid in strengthening the system, never to cause any real damages. This paper introduces the development of a penetration testing curriculum as a core class in an undergraduate cybersecurity track in Information Technology. The teaching modules are developed based on the professional penetration testing life cycle. The concepts taught in the class are enforced by hands-on lab exercises. This paper also shares the resources that are available to institutions looking for teaching materials and grant opportunities to support efforts when creating a similar curriculum in cybersecurity.
Antibody to Thrombin Receptor Inhibits Neointimal Smooth Muscle Cell Accumulation Without Causing Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation or Altering Hemostatic Parameters After Angioplasty in Rat (1998)

An antibody was raised in rabbits against SFFLRNPSEDTFEQF peptide, which is an NH2-terminal peptide of the thrombin-cleaved rat thrombin receptor. In vitro, the antibody inhibited rat smooth muscle cell proliferation but had no effect on rat platelet aggregation or clotting time. These data indicate that the antibody is a specific blocker of the thrombin receptor-signaling pathway in rat smooth muscle cells but does not work as a blocker in rat platelets, suggesting the existence of a second thrombin receptor in the platelets. Using an in vivo balloon catheter-induced injury model in rats, we examined the effect of the anti-rat thrombin receptor IgG on intimal smooth muscle cell accumulation 2 weeks after angioplasty. Analysis of the ratio of intimal to medial cross-sectional areas showed that injection of immune IgG resulted in 43.7% and 53.1% reduction (P<0.01) of neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation compared with saline and nonimmune IgG treatment, respectively. Moreover, the injection of immune IgG caused a significant decrease of thrombin receptor mRNA expression and also 40.5% and 43.0% decreases (P<0.01) of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index in the intima compared with the PCNA index after saline and nonimmune IgG treatment, respectively. The suppression of the PCNA index was also observed in the immune IgG-treated group at an early stage after angioplasty. These results suggest that thrombin receptor activation is involved in the proliferation and accumulation of neointimal smooth muscle cells induced by balloon injury.
Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization: stroma as a primary determinant (2014)

It is increasingly evident that cancer results from altered organ homeostasis rather than from deregulated control of single cells or groups of cells. This applies especially to epithelial cancer, the most common form of human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer lethality. In the vast majority of cases, in situ epithelial cancer lesions do not progress into malignancy, even if they harbor many of the genetic changes found in invasive and metastatic tumors. While changes in tumor stroma are frequently viewed as secondary to changes in the epithelium, recent evidence indicates that they can play a primary role in both cancer progression and initiation. These processes may explain the phenomenon of field cancerization, i.e., the occurrence of multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors that are preceded by and associated with widespread changes of surrounding tissue or organ "fields."
Gene Synthesis, Expression, and Processing of Human Ubiquitin Carboxyl Extension Proteins (1989)

In order to study 1) the mechanisms responsible for generating free ubiquitin monomer and 2) the function of ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins in eukaryotes, we have developed a system for expression of human ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the intact ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins were rapidly processed to free ubiquitin monomer and extension protein. Furthermore, expression in this host conferred a slow growth phenotype mediated by the extension protein. Expression in Escherichia coli did not result in processing of the fusion proteins. However, when the expressed fusion proteins were purified from E. coli and incubated with a rabbit reticulocyte extract, the proteins were rapidly processed to free ubiquitin monomer and extension protein. These results show that human ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins are processed to ubiquitin and extension protein when expressed in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells and that pre- and co-translational events are not necessary for their processing. Establishment of this system will allow for large scale purification of these proteins which will aid future studies on the function and structure of ubiquitin carboxyl extension proteins, as well as the mechanisms responsible for their processing.
Metabolism of Triacylglycerol in Mycobacterium smegmatis (1976)

Mycobacterium smegmatis cells incorporated [1–14C]oleic acid into triacylglycerols (TG) from the medium more rapidly than shorter chain fatty acids, caprilic and butyric acids. This incorporation was inhibited more strongly by 10−3 M N-ethylmaleimide than by 10−3 M KCN. [14C]TG in the bacterial cells was utilized when the cells were in poor nutritional conditions, such as phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing oleic acid. Accumulation of TG was observed in the cells at late stages of growth. Diglyceride acyltransferase [EC 2. 3. 1. 20] activity was detected in a cell-free extract from this bacterium. The pH optimum of this enzyme was between pH 7 and 9. F– and Tween 20 showed remarkable enhancing and inhibitory effects, respectively.
Optical measurement of millimeter-wave antenna for imaging concealed cracks on concrete surface (2010)

We have developed a handy near-field imaging system (Crack Scan) to nondestructive inspect decrepit concrete structures. In Crack Scan, 77-GHz band tapered slot antennas (TSAs) are arrayed to simultaneously detect MMWs scattered from surface cracks on the concrete covered with paint, wallpaper, and repair material. An optical electric-field sensor based on electro-optic effect characterizes the TSA to improve the spatial resolution of Crack Scan. Antenna measurements with the optical electric-field sensor demonstrated that our TSA with substrate cutting and corrugation provides high directivity. A measured near-field distribution indicates that directivity and polarization is degraded by an antenna electrode formed on each face of a substrate. Those results present useful guidelines to design the high directive antenna of Crack scan.
Antibiotic‐Lock Technique: A New Approach to Optimal Therapy for Catheter‐Related Sepsis in Home‐Parenteral Nutrition Patients (1988)

During a cumulated survey of 286 months, covering 11 gastroenterological patients under nocturnal-cyclic home parenteral nutrition, 24 cases of catheter-related sepsis were observed (one/11.9 months). None of these were associated with focus of infection at the cutaneous entry point or at the subcutaneous tunnel of the catheters. In this study attempt was made to control sepsis without removal of the surgically implanted siliconed lines (Vygon code 180-20 with an internal filling volume of 1 ml). The first two catheter-sepsis were conventionally treated with systemic antibiotics for 3 weeks which meant a 1-month hospital admission each time. Consequently, we used a new antibiotic therapy consisting of locking 12 hr/day 2 ml of highly concentrated antibiotic solution within the catheter. After identification of bacterial strains by blood cultures, the antibiotic lock-technique was daily applied either alone for 16 days (group I, n = 11) or for 12 days following a 3-day course of systemic antibiotics (group II, n = 11). After starting antibiotics via the infected line, the time taken for fever abatement and for obtaining negative in-line blood cultures were 2 and 4 days, respectively, and identical in group I and II. Failure of antibiotic treatment leading to catheter withdrawal was observed once in each group (9%) and was due to secondary candida catheter-sepsis. The time for hospital stay was shorter p less than 0.02 in group I (4 days) than in group II (7 days). Antibiotic-lock technique was then applied by trained patients at home.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introduction to Optical Methods for Characterizing Liquid Crystals at Interfaces (2013)

This Instructional Review describes methods and underlying principles that can be used to characterize both the orientations assumed spontaneously by liquid crystals (LCs) at interfaces and the strength with which the LCs are held in those orientations (so-called anchoring energies). The application of these methods to several different classes of LC interfaces is described, including solid and aqueous interfaces as well as planar and nonplanar interfaces (such as those that define a LC-in-water emulsion droplet). These methods, which enable fundamental studies of the ordering of LCs at polymeric, chemically functionalized, and biomolecular interfaces, are described in this Instructional Review on a level that can be easily understood by a nonexpert reader such as an undergraduate or graduate student. We focus on optical methods because they are based on instrumentation that is found widely in research and teaching laboratories.