gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anticancer drug delivery systems based on inorganic nanocarriers with fluorescent tracers (2017)

In recent years, anticancer nanomedicines have mainly been developed for chemotherapy and combination therapy in which the main contributing anticancer drugs are delivered by deliberately designed nano drug delivery systems (nano‐DDSs). Inorganic nanocarriers equipped with fluorescent tracers have become attractive tools to monitor the whole drug delivery and release processes. The fluorescence signal of tracers could be observed concomitantly with drug release, and thus, this strategy is of great benefit to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the nano‐DDSs. This review provides a brief overview about three inorganic nanocarriers for drug delivery, including mesoporous silica, Fe 3 O 4 , and hydroxyapatite. We mainly discussed about their preparation processes, drug loading capacities, and the development of different fluorescent materials (fluorescent dyes, quantum dots, fluorescent macromolecules, and rare earth metals) hybridized to nanocarriers for real‐time monitoring of drug release both in vitro and in vivo. This review also provides some recommendations for more in‐depth research in future. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 64: 835–859, 2018
Alternatives to Vancomycin for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections (2007)

Vancomycin remains the reference standard for the treatment of systemic infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, as a result of limited tissue distribution, as well as the emergence of isolates with reduced susceptibility and in vitro resistance to vancomycin, the need for alternative therapies that target MRSA has become apparent. New treatment options for invasive MRSA infections include linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Additionally, a number of new anti-MRSA compounds are in development, including novel glycopeptides (dalbavancin, telavancin, and oritavancin), ceftobiprole, and iclaprim. The present article will review clinical issues surrounding the newly marketed and investigational agents with activity against MRSA.
Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinases in Inflammatory Conditions (2009)

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous regulators, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) are responsible for the physiological remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in healthy connective tissues. MMPs are also involved in the regulation of cell behaviour via the release of growth factors and cytokines from the substrates they cleave, increasing the magnitude of their effects. Excess MMP activity is associated with ECM destruction in various inflammatory conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), while MMP under-activity potentially impairs healing by promoting fibrosis and preventing the effective removal of scar tissue. Both direct (TIMPs, small molecule MMP inhibitor drugs, blocking antibodies and anti-sense technologies) and indirect (glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, anti-sense technologies and various phytochemicals) strategies for MMP inhibition have been proposed and investigated. The strategy of MMP inhibition for degenerative and neoplastic diseases has been relatively unsuccessful due to undesired sequelae, often caused by non-selectivity of the MMP inhibition method. Therapeutic strategies for MMP-related conditions ideally should regulate MMP activity in order to maintain the optimum balance between MMPs and TIMPs. By avoiding complete inhibition it may be possible to prevent the complications of MMP over- and under-activity. Furthermore, MMP sub-type specificity is critical for minimising detrimental off-target effects that have been observed with broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors. Any potential MMP inhibitor or modulator must be subjected to rigorous pharmacokinetic, toxicity and safety studies and data obtained using in vitro models must be verified in clinically relevant animal models before therapeutic use is considered.
Regularization by Intrinsic Plasticity and Its Synergies with Recurrence for Random Projection Methods (2012)

Neural networks based on high-dimensional random feature generation have become popular under the notions extreme learning machine (ELM) and reservoir computing (RC). We provide an in-depth analysis of such networks with respect to feature selection, model complexity, and regularization. Starting from an ELM, we show how recurrent connections increase the effective complexity leading to reservoir networks. On the contrary, intrinsic plasticity (IP), a biologically inspired, unsupervised learning rule, acts as a task-specific feature regularizer, which tunes the effective model complexity. Combing both mechanisms in the framework of static reservoir computing, we achieve an excellent balance of feature complexity and regularization, which provides an impressive robustness to other model selection parameters like network size, initialization ranges, or the regularization parameter of the output learning. We demonstrate the advantages on several synthetic data as well as on benchmark tasks from the UCI repository providing practical insights how to use high-dimensional random networks for data processing.
β-MODIFICATION OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE: PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION (2002)

The methods of preparation and formation of supermolecular structures in quiescent and sheared melts and the properties of the β-modification of isotactic polypropylene (β-iPP) are reviewed. The introduction of selective β-nucleants is the most reliable method for preparation of samples rich in β-modification or of pure β-iPP. The advantages and drawbacks of the known β-nucleating agents are summarized. It is emphasized that pure β-iPP can be prepared under laboratory and processing conditions in the presence of highly active and selective β-nucleants. Nevertheless, there are no literature data—apart from that of the author's groups—which evidenced unambiguously the formation of pure β-iPP. It hints at the insufficient selectivity of β-nucleants used or at the inappropriate crystallization or melting conditions applied by other scientists. The structure formation during the high-temperature hedritic crystallization is discussed comprehensively and illustrated by polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Some specific features of β-iPP, namely the high- and low-temperature growth transition, the restricted temperature range of the formation of pure β-iPP, and the unique melting and recrystallization characteristics (melting and annealing memory effect) are summarized. It was emphasized that impact strength and toughness of β-iPP markedly exceed those of α-iPP. Processing of β-nucleated iPP and application of β-nucleated iPP is described briefly.
A multi-control center household appliances coordinated control method based on events and actions (2015)

Generally, in a smart home network there is a control center, or home gateway, used for equipment management, security strategy deployment, routing and other functions. Deploying the Events and Actions mechanism in AllJoyn framework provides convenience for the coordinated control among household appliances. However, the existing Events and Actions mechanism merely considers the simplest case that there is only one control center in a home network, if multiple control centers exist, Actions might be called repeatedly and leads to service conflict. In this paper, a multi-control center household appliances coordinated control method is proposed to ensure the normal operation of Events and Actions mechanism with multiple control centers.
Comparison of efficacies of famciclovir and valaciclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 in a murine immunosuppression model (1995)

A mouse model of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in an immunocompromised host was established by using cyclosporin-A to impair T-cell function. Following inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 into the skin of the ear pinna, cyclosporin-A prolonged virus replication in the skin and neural tissues compared with that in immunocompetent mice. This model was used to investigate the activity of famciclovir (FCV) and valaciclovir (VACV), which are oral products of the antiherpesvirus agents penciclovir and acyclovir, respectively. Both prodrugs gave similar blood profiles of the antiherpesvirus agents in normal and cyclosporin-treated mice. The compounds were administered by the oral route at 50 mg/kg per dose twice daily for 5 days. Both compounds were very effective at clearing infectious virus from the tissues despite the immunosuppression; FCV-treated animals cleared virus from the ear pinna more rapidly than VACV-treated animals. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for virus replication with time were reduced to 50 and 30% of control values for ear pinna and brain stem, respectively, with VACV therapy and to < 5% in both tissues by FCV. When treatment was continued to day 10, the reductions in AUC for ear and brain stem, respectively, were to 33 and 26% of control values with VACV and to < 3 and < 5% with FCV. However, on cessation of the antiviral treatment, there was a reproducible recurrence of infectious virus in the tissues obtained from VACV-treated mice. The recurrence of infectious virus was also evident after 10 days of treatment with VACV. In mice which had received FCV for 10 or 5 days, these was no resumption of virus replication in the ear pinna or brain stem. When dosing was reduced to once per day, both compounds were less effective at controlling the infection. Nevertheless, no recurrence of infectious virus was observed on cessation of FCV therapy.
Destruction of Human Solid Tumors by Alkyl Lysophospholipids2 (1980)

Alkyl lysophospholipids (ALP) are synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring 2-lysophosphatidylcholine. The effect of ALP on the proliferation of 22 different gynecologic malignant tumors in humans was studied in vitro. ALP caused progressive death of tumor cells over 24-96 hours. In addition, tumor specimens from the tested human tumors were xenotransplanted into NMRI nude mice. ALP induced a highly significant retardation of the in vivo growing human tumors. Neither oral nor iv administration of these compounds caused any recognizable side effects.
Favourable outcome after peripartum cardiomyopathy: a ten-year study on peripartum cardiomyopathy in a university hospital (2013)

PPCM is uncommon. The outcome in our series was favourable, with 66.7% of patients with PPCM recovering their left ventricular function. The mortality rate was 8.3%.
Novel elastico-mechanoluminescence materials <font>CaZnOS</font>:<font>Mn</font><sup>2+</sup> and <font>CaZr</font>(<font>PO</font><sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:<font>Eu</font><sup>2+</sup> (2014)

This paper highlights our work on the recent progress in novel elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) materials CaZnOS : Mn 2+ and CaZr ( PO 4 ) 2 : Eu 2+ , which can simultaneously "feel" (sense) and "see" (image) the applied mechanical stress as an intense and proportional luminescence. CaZnOS : Mn 2+ can sense various types of mechanical stress, including ultrasonic vibration, impact, friction and compression because of the large piezoelectric coefficient. CaZr ( PO 4 ) 2 : Eu 2+ with multiple trap levels shows a broad measurement range for dynamic load. Both of CaZnOS : Mn 2+ and CaZr ( PO 4 ) 2 : Eu 2+ belong to the defect-controlled type piezoelectric phosphors, and their EML mechanisms could be explained using the piezoelectrically induced carrier de-trapping model.
Synthetic Peptide Substrates in Hemostatic Testing (1983)

Since the introduction of synthetic chromogenic and fluorogenic peptide substrates from serine proteases, the testing of coagulation has undergone a dramatic conceptual and methodological change. The concept of coagulation profiling has emerged and automated methodologies are being introduced. Synthetic substrate methods for the evaluation of antithrombin-III; progressive antithrombin; plasminogen; antiplasmin; prekallikrein; antikallikrein ; alpha 1-antitrypsin; prothrombin; heparin; platelet factor IV; urokinase; tissue activator of plasminogen; factor assays; amidolytic equivalents of prothrombin time; and partial thromboplastin time have been developed. Studies on antithrombin-III indicate that immunological methods evaluate the total immunoreactive-antithrombin-III (antigenic) level and do not discriminate between functionally active forms and the AT-III serine protease complex. The clinical significance of AT-III measured by immunological methods is highly questionable. The coagulant assays for the measurement of AT-III require purified alpha-thrombin preparations. The noncoagulant forms of thrombin (beta- and gamma-) result in falsely low antithrombin-III quantitation. The molecular heterogeneity in a given thrombin preparation if standardized in terms of its amidolytic activity does not produce any errors in the quantitation of AT-III levels with synthetic peptide methods. None of the immunological methods provide clinically relevant information except in normal plasma where the immunological and functional activities are identical. Analysis of pathologic plasma samples using laser nephelometry, radial immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay methods revealed that the functional activity of various serine protease inhibitors is greatly reduced but the reduction in the immunological quantities is minimal. Since coagulation proteins are functional, a ratio between their functional activity and absolute protein levels may be a useful parameter. Employing human and bovine thrombin; bovine and human Xa with their respective substrates, the absolute quantitation of heparin is satisfactorily carried out, however, these assays only measure heparin concentrations and do not reflect the overall anticoagulant effect of heparin. Using the synthetic substrates, the value of measuring absolute concentrations of heparin in a patient on heparin therapy is questionable. With the introduction of fluorogenic substrates, the presence of activated coagulation factors may be demonstrated in patients with thrombotic disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Development and Dosimetry of an `Epithermal' Neutron Beam for Possible Use in Neutron Capture Therapy I. `Epithermal' Neutron Beam Development (1965)

The possibility exists of destroying neoplastic cells in vivo by introducing a suitable neutron-capturing isotope such as 10B and subsequently irradiating the area with a beam of thermal neutrons (energy < 0·5eV). An advantage can be gained by using epithermal neutrons (energy 10 KeV to 0·5eV), since they provide deeper penetration in tissue than do thermal neutrons. The Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor has been used to obtain an epithermal neutron beam giving a thermal neutron flux density of 1·42×1010 n/cm2-sec at 3 cm depth in tissue; the beam used gave the highest number of epithermal neutrons per unit of contaminating radiations.
Causal Generative Neural Networks (2017)

We present Causal Generative Neural Networks (CGNNs) to learn functional causal models from observational data. CGNNs leverage conditional independencies and distributional asymmetries to discover bivariate and multivariate causal structures. CGNNs make no assumption regarding the lack of confounders, and learn a differentiable generative model of the data by using backpropagation. Extensive experiments show their good performances comparatively to the state of the art in observational causal discovery on both simulated and real data, with respect to cause-effect inference, v-structure identification, and multivariate causal discovery.
Stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by gums (1986)

Etude d'emulsions modele additionnees de gomme xanthane, de carboxymethylcellulose ou de methylcellulose
The Emergence of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States: An Aspect of African and Caribbean International Cooperation (1979)

On 6 June 1975, 46 countries, 37 African, 6 Caribbean, and 3 Pacific signed the Georgetown Agreement establishing the African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP). This agreement represents the culmination of months of cooperation and coordination among these countries in their negotiations to establish a new model of economic cooperation between themselves and the European Economic Community (EEC). Whatever the merits or demerits of the Lome Convention in specific economic, political, and institutional terms, there is general agreement that the protracted negotiations provided an opportunity for the 46 countries to forge links that have had and will continue to have far reaching implications for the efforts at mutual cooperation and effective action between Third World countries, particularly between those in Africa and the Caribbean, on the international scene. Isebill V. Gruhn (1976: 241) has suggested that:
 The discussions leading up to the Lome Convention and the Convention itself are most likely of greater significance and interest, at least in the short range, to the student of international affairs than to the student of economic development. To the extent that the emergence of the ACP is regarded as one of the most important outcomes of the Lome negotiations, the available evidence tends to support that interpretation. The ACP marks a significant milestone in the years of endeavor to establish an institutional framework for Afro/Caribbean collaboration in international relations. It has long been accepted that on several of the major issues confronting the international community such as imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism, apartheid, and the restructuring of the international system, Africa and Caribbean have had similar interests. While these interests have been articulated by the various states at different international meetings, they have lacked an institutional arrangement for their harmonization and joint orchestration.
The United Kingdom Chemical Database Service (1996)

The Chemical Database Service (CDS) is a national service, funded by the Chemistry Programme of the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). It provides access for UK academics to a range of chemistry databases in the areas of crystallography, synthetic organic chemistry, spectroscopy, and physical chemistry. Three post-doctoral chemists are available to assist users with problems, run training courses, and also give advice to the community on accessing other sources of chemical data and software.
Untangling the relationships between DNA repair pathways by silencing more than 20 DNA repair genes in human stable clones (2007)

Much effort has long been devoted to unraveling the coordinated cellular response to genotoxic insults. In view of the difficulty of obtaining human biological samples of homogeneous origin, I have established a set of stable human clones where one DNA repair gene has been stably silenced by means of RNA interference. I used pEBVsiRNA plasmids that greatly enhance long-term gene silencing in human cells. My older clones reached >500 days in culture. Knock-down HeLa clones maintained a gene silencing phenotype for an extended period in culture, demonstrating that I was able to mimic cells from cancer-prone syndromes. I have silenced >20 genes acting as sensors/transducers (ATM, ATR, Rad50, NBS1, MRE11, PARG and KIN17), or of different DNA repair pathways. In HeLa cells, I have switched off the expression of genes involved in nucleotide excision repair (XPA, XPC, hHR23A, hHR23B, CSA and CSB), nonhomologous end-joining (DNA-PKcs, XRCC4 and Ligase IV), homologous recombination repair (Rad51 and Rad54), or base excision repair (Ogg1 and Ligase III). These cells displayed the expected DNA repair phenotype. We could envisage untangling the complex network between the different DNA repair pathways. In this study, no viral vehicles, with their attendant ethical and safety concerns, were used.
The effect of haptic guidance on curve negotiation behavior of young, experienced drivers (2008)

Haptic feedback on the steering wheel is reported in literature as a promising way to support drivers during steering tasks. Haptic support allows drivers to remain in the direct manual control loop, avoiding known human factors issues with automation. This paper proposes haptic guidance based on the concept of shared control, where both the driver and the support system influence the steering wheel torque. The haptic guidance is developed to continuously generate relatively low forces on the steering wheel, requiring the driver's active steering input to safely negotiate curves. An experiment in a fixed-base driving simulator was conducted, in which 12 young, experienced drivers steered a vehicle - with and without haptic guidance - at a fixed speed along a road with varying curvature. The haptic guidance allowed drivers to slightly but significantly improve safety boundaries in their curve negotiation behavior. Their steering activity was reduced and smoother. The results indicated that continuous haptic guidance is a promising way to support drivers in actively producing (more) optimal steering actions during curve negotiation.
Motion estimation using common spatial frequencies in synthetic aperture imaging (2002)

Correlation processing using fully common spatial frequencies of overlapping subapertures is explored for motion estimation between consecutive excitations in multi-element synthetic aperture imaging. Signals derived from the subset of elements representing common spatial frequencies exhibit significantly higher correlation coefficients than those from signals computed using the entire subaperture. In addition, the correlation coefficient decreases linearly with subaperture separation for complete subaperture signals, but remains nearly constant with subaperture separation if only common spatial frequencies are used. Correlation processing using fully common spatial frequencies is tested on experimental rf data acquired from a diffuse scattering phantom using a 3.5 MHz, 128-element transducer array. The results indicate that common spatial frequencies can be used for correlation processing to minimize motion artifacts in synthetic aperture imaging.
High-modulation camera for use with a non-null interferometer (2004)

High-frequency fringe patterns found in non-null interferometric testing of aspheres require the use of special detector arrays containing small, widely spaced pixels. A sparse array camera with the ability to detect high spatial frequencies has been developed. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the camera is measured using a sinusoidal fringe pattern generated by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Spatial frequencies up to 400 cycles/mm are generated and used to characterize the MTF of the camera.