gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the First CARB Certified California Alternative Diesel Fuel (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">California regulations require a maximum of 10% aromatics content in vehicular diesel fuel starting on October 1, 1993. This is in addition to the Federal regulations requiring a maximum 500 ppm sulfur content. Compliance with the low aromatics rule will require major investments in California refineries. Refiners have the potentially less-costly option of producing a higher aromatics diesel fuel if they can demonstrate equivalent emissions relative to a 10% aromatics reference fuel.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Chevron U.S.A. Products Company has received the first certification from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for an alternative diesel fuel. In addition to passing the stringent CARB equivalency test for oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and soluble organic fraction, the certified fuel formulation performed better than the reference fuel in reducing total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper summarizes the research and development carried out at Chevron Research and Technology Company (CRTC) leading to this fuel formulation and the CARB certification. Fuel properties for the certified fuel, as well as those for the reference fuel are also presented.</div>
Novel polymers based on atom transfer radical polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (2006)

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been employed in the polymerization of 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) initiated by ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate in bulk or in toluene solution at 90–95 °C with the catalytic systems Cu(I)Br/PMDETA or HMTETA. Kinetics investigations revealed that ATRP of MEA proceeds in a controlled manner with a first‐order plot of monomer consumption, an almost linear molecular weight evolution and polydispersities < 1.29 in the entire conversion range. Well‐defined diblock copolymers with PMMA, PMEA‐ b ‐PMMA have been produced by use of both PMEA and PMMA macroinitiators, however, for the latter the controlled conditions were somehow difficult to maintain. The amphiphilic behavior of the diblock copolymers lead to phase separation resulting in two glass transition temperatures as detected by DSC. Contact angle (Θ) investigations with water on PMEA, PMMA, and diblock copolymers surfaces reveal PMEA as an intermediate hydrophilic with Θ ∼ 50°, whereas PMMA and the diblock copolymers all fall in the hydrophobic region with Θ > 70°. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part Polym Chem45: 333–340, 2007
Chip-level integrated diffractive optical microlenses for multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser to fiber coupling (2002)

The standard assembly technologies for vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) to fiber coupling systems involve the integration of discrete elements with demanding requirements for alignment effort and time. We present a method for the monolithic integration of diffractive microlenses on the chip level. This process is based on a UV-casting replication technique using ORMOCER® (a registered trademark of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) materials [hybrid organic-inorganic polymers (Streppel et al. 2001)] and offers the capability to be extended to a wafer-scale process. A mathematical description for the propagation of the laser modes through the system and the resulting fiber coupling efficiency is presented. We use a model for the source characteristics of the VCSEL based on a step-index fiber model for the simulation of the mode-field propagation. A model for the estimation of the diffraction efficiency of the lens is developed. Finally the simulations are compared with first experimental results of single replicated elements. Experimental coupling efficiencies for a multimode fiber [50/125, numerical aperture (NA) = 0.20] better than 0.7 over the entire operation range of the VCSEL are achieved. Losses below 0.5 dB (10%) are observed within lateral fiber displacement tolerances of m10 μm.
Experiments with Linear Prediction in Television (1952)

The correlation present in a signal makes possible the prediction of the future of the signal in terms of the past and present. If the method used for prediction makes full use of the entire pertinent past, then the error signal — the difference between the actual and the predicted signal — will be a completely random wave of lower power than the original signal but containing all the information of the original. One method of prediction, which docs not make full use of the past, but which is nevertheless remarkably effective with certain signals and also appealing because of its relative simplicity, is linear prediction. Here the prediction for the next signal sample is simply the sum of previous signal samples each multiplied by an appropriate weighting factor. The best values for the weighting coefficients depend upon the statistics of the signal, but once they have been determined the prediction may be done with relatively simple apparatus. This paper describes the apparatus used for some experiments on linear prediction of television signals, and describes the results obtained to date.
Algorithms for the Clinical Analysis of Nystagmus Eye Movements (1981)

Two algorithms used in the clinical analysis of nystagmus are described. Their development was necessitated by the greater complexity of the nystagmus waveforms in response to system identification types of vestibular and optokinetic stimuli as compued to the less complex response to a step input. Practical considerations for clinical application also influenced their development. The first algorithm converts nystagmus data into a regulary sampled estimate of slow phase velocity (SPV), an important feature of the signal. It uses a new set of fast phase detection conditions which allow for automatic processing of reversals in nystagmus direction and for wide variability for clinical data. The second algorithm detects noise induced spikes in this SPV estimate using an adaptive criterion based upon a measure of the overall "noisiness" of the data compared to the stimulus.
Molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals (2011)

In this review, it is our aim 1) to describe the high diversity in molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals, 2) to extend the traditional concept of antioxidant to other structural and functional factors affecting the "whole" organism, 3) to incorporate, when supportable by evidence, mechanisms into models of life-history trade-offs and maternal/epigenetic inheritance, 4) to highlight the importance of studying the biochemical integration of redox systems, and 5) to discuss the link between maximum life span and antioxidant defenses. The traditional concept of antioxidant defenses emphasizes the importance of the chemical nature of molecules with antioxidant properties. Research in the past 20 years shows that animals have also evolved a high diversity in structural defenses that should be incorporated in research on antioxidant responses to reactive species. Although there is a high diversity in antioxidant defenses, many of them are evolutionary conserved across animal taxa. In particular, enzymatic defenses and heat shock response mediated by proteins show a low degree of variation. Importantly, activation of an antioxidant response may be also energetically and nutrient demanding. So knowledge of antioxidant mechanisms could allow us to identify and to quantify any underlying costs, which can help explain life-history trade-offs. Moreover, the study of inheritance mechanisms of antioxidant mechanisms has clear potential to evaluate the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to stress response phenotype variation.
Clinical trial of Wistar Institute 17-1A monoclonal antibody in patients with advanced gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma: a preliminary report. (1986)

Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibody 17-1A has been performed on 22 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer. Criteria for treatment included objective evidence of advanced colon, gastric, or pancreatic cancer (positive CAT scan or x-rays, elevated tumor markers, and/or abnormal liver function tests). The tumor tissue was antigenically positive in all cases. Performance status ranged from 50 to 100%. No adverse reactions were noted. Of the 22 cases treated, 4 (18%) have died, none have rapidly progressive disease, 4 (18%) have slowly progressive disease, 10 (45%) are considered stable with disease, and none are considered partial or complete responses. It is too early to classify the response in 4 cases. In 6 of 8 patients where anti-idiotypic data was available, death or progressive disease was correlated to negative anti-idiotypic response, and clinical stability to a positive anti-idiotypic response. In the patients considered to be stable, the percent change from pre-treatment serum 19-9 concentrations to current values ranged from -10% to +353%. In the patients who have died or have been classified as slowly progressive the serum 19-9 changes ranged from +13% to +707%.
Upgrading of coker distillate under variable hydrotreating operating conditions (2011)

Studies on hydrotreating coker distillates, produced from a delayed coker unit were done using a commercially available CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, on which 0.2 wt% P2O5 was added in order to improve its characteristics. The experimental studies were conducted in a fixed-bed continuous-reactor (cata-test unit) at temperatures (300–400 °C) and total hydrogen pressure (40–65 bar). These conditions have affected the feedstock characteristics and great reduction of sulfur, aromatics and boiling ranges. Other improvements were obtained in diesel index (DI) due to hydrogenation reaction of aromatics and desulfurization of its sulfur contents.
Predicting Dry Eye Using Noninvasive Techniques of Tear Film Surface Assessment (2010)

Noninvasive techniques of tear film surface assessment can be used for predicting dry eye, and such an assay can be achieved in NBC as well as SBC. In this study, LSI showed the best detection performance, closely followed by the dynamic-area HSV. The DWS technique was less powerful, particularly in NBC.
Germinal reversion of the merle allele In Australian shepherd dogs (1984)

A homozygous merle Australian shepherd bitch produced two nonmerle offspring and 64 that carried the merle allele. The two nonmerle offspring produced no merles when bred to nonmerles, indicating that the germinal reversion to nonmerle was stable. This occurrence is further evidence that the merle allele is due to a transposable DNA element.
Active learning and discovery of object categories in the presence of unnameable instances (2015)

Current visual recognition algorithms are “hungry” for data but massive annotation is extremely costly. Therefore, active learning algorithms are required that reduce labeling efforts to a minimum by selecting examples that are most valuable for labeling. In active learning, all categories occurring in collected data are usually assumed to be known in advance and experts should be able to label every requested instance. But do these assumptions really hold in practice? Could you name all categories in every image?
Extracellular cysteine proteinase and collagenase activities as a consequence of tumor-host interaction in the rabbit V2 carcinoma. (1984)

Specimens of the rabbit V2 carcinoma were maintained in organ culture to study the secretion of proteinases. Elastase-like, chymotrypsin-like, plasminogen activator-like, cathepsin B-like and collagenase activities were assayed with sensitive fluorimetric techniques. Of these enzymes, the only activities that were secreted in considerable amounts in primary cultures of tumor tissue were collagenase and a cysteine proteinase resembling cathepsin B. Co-cultures of intraperitoneally grown tumor and normal subcutaneous tissue of the rabbit resulted in significantly higher production of the cysteine proteinase and collagenase compared to the sum of the activities of the separate tissues. Explants of subcutaneous tissue of tumor-bearing rabbits secreted significantly more cysteine proteinase and collagenase than explants from normal animals. Explants from normal subcutaneous tissue stimulated with tumor-conditioned culture medium secreted both enzymes in higher amounts compared to the controls. The cysteine proteinase was similar in some properties to rabbit liver cathepsin B, but the enzyme from the tumor-host system showed a remarkable stability to a moderately alkaline pH. We suggest that a diffusible factor, derived from the tumor or immigrated cells, promotes an increased synthesis and secretion of collagenase and cysteine proteinase in the host, and that both enzymes may play cooperative roles during invasion of the surrounding tissues by the V2 carcinoma.
Studies on the Muscle Relaxation Effects of Ethyl Loflazepate (CM6912) and Evaluation as an Anti-Anxiety Drug (1984)

A new anti-anxiety drug, CM6912 (ethyl loflazepate, ethyl 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-OXO-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate), was investigated for its effects on the α- and γ-motor systems and on the cooperative muscular motions and for its interactions with other CNS drugs. The results obtained are as follows: Muscular discharges (EMG) induced by decerebrate rigidity were unaffected by 10 mg/kg (p.o.) of CM6912, but the amplitudes of the EMG were reduced by 50% for 3 hr by 30 mg/kg of CM6912 at 30 min after administration. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) also decreased the amplitudes of the EMG even at 5 m in-after administration, indicating that diazepam had a stronger than CM6912. Both monosynaptic spinal reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic spinal reflex (PSR) were unaffected by CM6912 (100 mg/kg). Dorsal root reflex potential was slightly enhanced by CM6912 (100 mg/kg), but not at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) did not decrease MSR, but slightly reduced PSR. Dorsal root reflex potential was almost doubled by diazepam. The frequency of spontaneous discharges of Gla spindle afferent fiber of the extensor muscle of the hindlimb of anesthetized cats was unchanged by 10 mg/kg CM6912, but was suppressed by diazepam at the same dose while at a dose of 30 mg/kg, it was reduced mildly by CM6912, and markedly by diazepam. ED50 values for the antagonistic action on bemegride-induced convulsions were 0.30 mg/kg for CM6912 and 0.49 mg/kg for diazepam at 1 hr after administration, and they were 0.30 mg/kg and 0.67 mg/kg for CM6912 and diazepam, respectively, at 4 hr. The potentiating action of CM6912 on chlorprothixene-induced anesthesia was far weaker than that of diazepam. The suppressive potency of CM6912 on the adaptability to the rotarod was about half that of diazepam, and the muscle relaxant action of CM6912, examined by the inclined board test and the hanging test, was found to be similar to that of diazepam. These results suggest that CM6912 is less potent than diazepam in reducing muscular tone and in inducing sleep, while it has a stronger and longer-lasting anti-anxietic activity than diazepam.
Behavior Analysis and Dynamic Crowd Management in Video Surveillance System (2011)

A concept and practical implementation of a crowd management system which acquires input data by the set of monitoring cameras is presented. Two leading threads are considered. First concerns the crowd behavior analysis. Second thread focuses on detection of a hold-ups in the doorway. The optical flow combined with soft computing methods (neural network) is employed to evaluate the type of crowd behavior, and fuzzy logic aids detection of the hold-ups. The experiments with the behavior classification algorithm were performed employing prepared repository of typical and untypical behavior recordings. The effectiveness of the analysis was assessed by comparing algorithmic processing results to a set of prepared reference data, which provides a description of behavior type occurring in each video frame. Application of parallel image processing and influence of parallelization on achieved performance is explained. Apart from the crowd management the behavior analysis may be used in automatic surveillance system deployed in a city area.
Effect of iron impurity in zinc sulfide concentrates on the rate of dissolution (1988)

Abstract The rate of dissolution of sphalerite is shown to be directly proportional to the concentration of substitutional iron impurity in the solid. This is attributed to the formation of a narrow impurity band within the forbidden band gap of the sphalerite. The impurity band is of iron d ‐orbital origin. The transfer of electrons between this d ‐orbital band and the oxidant is energetically more favorable than the transfer of electrons between the valence band and the oxidant. A fundamental model combining the electronic structure of sphalerite and semiconductor electrochemistry is presented. An equation is derived that describes the rate of dissolution as being first order for the concentration of iron in the solid and half‐order for the concentration of the oxidant. This is in agreement with the experimental evidence.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Anti<i>‐</i>Markovnikov Oxidation of Allylic Esters (2013)

Eine Alternative zu gekreuzten Aldolreaktionen bietet die Palladium(II)-katalysierte Anti-Markownikow-Oxidation von Allylestern zu Aldehyden bei Raumtemperatur. Durch den Einsatz der Ester-Schutzgruppe für den Allylalkohol wird das Aldehydprodukt hoch regioselektiv erhalten. Die zügige Isomerisierung und die viel schnellere Oxidation des verzweigten Isomers sorgen dafür, dass lineare wie verzweigte Allylester dasselbe Produkt ergeben. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Automatic generation and targeting of application-specific operating systems and embedded systems software (2001)

Software (SW) parts become crucial in embedded systems. Operating systems (OSs) are often used to handle SW concurrency and communication. We propose a method of automatic generation of application-specific OSs and automatic targeting of application SW. OS generation starts from a very small, but yet flexible OS kernel. OS services, which are specific to the application and deduced from dependencies created by the system specification, are added to the kernel to construct the whole OS. Communication and synchronization functions in the application code are adapted to the generated OS. As experiments, we applied the proposed method to two system examples: a token-ring system and a very high data-rate digital subscriber line framer.
Halogen-based plasma etching of novel field-effect transistor gate materials (2009)

Vacuum Beam Studies of Ruthenium EtchingRu is known to have two volatile oxidation products, RuO<sub>3</sub> and RuO<sub>4</sub>, although the etch rate is negligible when Ru is exposed to an O<sub>2</sub> plasma discharge. The introduction of a small amount of additive gas, such as Cl<sub>2</sub>, has been shown to increase the Ru etch rate sixfold. The reason for this dramatic shift in etching is poorly understood, primarily because it is difficult if not impossible to study plasma-surface interactions in a plasma environment. The unique capabilities of the beam system have made it possible to explore the mechanism of Ru etching. It has been shown that under 500 eV Ar+ ion bombardment, the addition of O radicals lowered the etch rate by a factor of 2.5. This process was relatively insensitive to temperature over the range studied (room temperature to ~175Â°C). It was also shown that O radicals alone spontaneously etched Ru at a very slow rate over the entire temperature range.Statistical Analysis of Polysilicon Etching and Gate Profile Evolution in Dual-Doped Polysilicon GatesPolysilicon gate etching for the 90nm lithography node and below requires extremely precise control of the gate CD and profile. Generally speaking, the current requirement for Gate CD control is that the 3 sigma should less than ~5 nm for all gates, including across the chip, across the wafer, wafer-to-wafer, lot-to-lot, and tool-to-tool variations. Similarly, for gate sidewall angle control, the 3 sigma angle variation should be less than ~1 degree, inclusive of all sources of variation. This is particularly challenging for technologies which employ dual-doped gates, since the chemistry and physics of the etching process induces a different profile evolution between gates with different doping.The goal of this project was to identify a parameter space where the differences in gate profile evolution across different polysilicon dopant types were minimized. Blanket etch rates and patterned wafers were used to determine the effect of different gate etch process variables on the gate profile. The materials studied were undoped polysilicon and polysilicon that had been doped with P, As, Sb, and B. Prediction models were created for the blanket etch rate studies that were used to optimize the processing conditions and to propose some simple mechanisms that identify which species are adsorbed on the surface.
Compiling Fortran 77D and 90D for MIMD distributed-memory machines (2003)

The authors present an integrated approach to compiling Fortran 77D and Fortran 90D programs for efficient execution on MIMD (multiple-instruction multiple-data) distributed-memory machines. the integrated Fortran D compiler relies on two key observations. First, array constructs may be scalarized into FORALL loops without loss of information. Second, loop fusion, partitioning, and sectioning optimizations are essential for both Fortran D dialects. A portable run-time library can also reduce the complexity and machine-dependence of the compiler. All optimizations except coarse-grain pipelining and data prefetching have been implemented in the current Fortran D compiler prototype.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In-situ measurements of aerosol absorption with a resonant cw laser spectrophone (1977)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text C. W. Bruce and R. G. Pinnick, "In-situ measurements of aerosol absorption with a resonant cw laser spectrophone," Appl. Opt. 16, 1762-1765 (1977) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article