gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Task similarity measures for transfer in reinforcement learning task libraries (2006)

Recent research in task transfer and task clustering has necessitated the need for task similarity measures in reinforcement learning. Determining task similarity is necessary for selective transfer where only information from relevant tasks and portions of a task are transferred. Which task similarity measure to use is not immediately obvious. It can be shown that no single task similarity measure is uniformly superior. The optimal task similarity measure is dependent upon the task transfer method being employed. We define similarity in terms of tasks, and propose several possible task similarity measures, d/sub T/, d/sub P/, d/sub Q/, and d/sub R/ which are based on the transfer time, policy overlap, Q-values, and reward structure respectively. We evaluate their performance in three separate experimental situations.
Gene polymorphisms of interleukins 1 and 10 in infectious and autoimmune diseases (1998)

Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune and inflammatory reactions as well as haematopoiesis. This group of molecules is very heterogeneous including, for example, several interleukins (IL), tumour necrosis factors (TNF) and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). The cytokines participating in the regulation of the inflammatory response are IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, IL-10 and TNF. Functionally they can be divided into proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA, IL-10) molecules. There is evidence that the inflammatory response must be finely tuned: too strong a response causes the various adverse effects associated with infectious and autoimmune diseases, while a weak inflammatory response attenuates the subsequent immune response. It has now been demonstrated that several of the cytokine genes are polymorphic. In this review we describe the polymorphisms of the two inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and IL-10, and their significance in various diseases of autoimmune or inflammatory nature.
Photonics in future telecommunications (1993)

In future telecommunication systems, efforts will be made to exhaust the almost unlimited transmission capacity of optical fibers by applying optical frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. The switching elements of such networks must be able to process OFDM signals as well as time-division-multiplexing (TDM) signals. The extent to which optical signal processing can be brought into use instead of present-day electronic signal processing in such switching elements is examined. Several experiments involving OFDM technologies are described which are intended to underline the significance of those technologies for future telecommunication networks. Various techniques for and experiments on the optical switching of signals in the frequency, space, and time domain are described. Experiments dealing with optical signal regeneration are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phospholipid acyl chain metabolism during the differentiation of murine leukemia cell lines. On the redistribution of polyunsaturated acyl chains among phospholipids. (1982)

Phospholipid acyl chain metabolism was investigated during the differentiation of murine myeloid leukemic cells (MI cells). Fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fraction showed no significant change, while a marked decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was observed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction during the course of differentiation. When these cells were incubated with [14C]arachidonate, it was actively incorporated initially into PC, and subsequently, gradually mobilized to PE from PC during the 72 h of culture. This characteristic redistribution was observed specifically with polyunsaturated acyl chains. Thus, the normal metabolic pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acids in these cells appears to consist of two steps: firstly fatty acids are incorporated from the external medium into the form of polyunsaturated PC, and, subsequently, are stored within cells as a metabolically stable pool after the conversion into the form of polyunsaturated PE. In differentiated cells, this redistribution pathway was significantly enhanced, suggesting a change in the activity of the deacylation-reacylation cycle during the course of differentiation,
Combining Extracellular miRNA Determination with Microfluidic 3D Cell Cultures for the Assessment of Nephrotoxicity: a Proof of Concept Study (2018)

Drug-induced kidney injury is often observed in the clinics and can lead to long-term organ failure. In this work, we evaluated a novel in vitro system that aims at detecting whether compounds can cause renal proximal tubule damage in man. For this, we implemented organotypic cultures of human conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing the organic anion transporter 1 (ciPTEC-OAT1) in a three-channel OrganoPlate under microfluidic conditions. Cells were exposed to four known nephrotoxicants (cisplatin, tenofovir, cyclosporine A, and tobramycin). The effect on cell viability and NAG release into the medium was determined. A novel panel of four miRNAs (mir-21, mir-29a, mir-34a, and mir-192) was selected as potential biomarkers of proximal tubule damage. After nephrotoxicant treatment, miRNA levels in culture medium were earlier indicators than cell viability (WST-8 assay) and outperformed NAG for proximal tubule damage. In particular, mir-29a, mir-34a, and mir-192 were highly reproducible between experiments and across compounds, whereas mir-21 showed more variability. Moreover, similar data were obtained in two different laboratories, underlining the reproducibility and technical transferability of the results, a key requirement for the implementation of novel biomarkers. In conclusion, the selected miRNAs behaved like sensitive biomarkers of damage to tubular epithelial cells caused by several nephrotoxicity mechanisms. This biomarker panel, in combination with the 3D cultures of ciPTEC-OAT1 in the OrganoPlate, represents a novel tool for in vitro nephrotoxicity detection. These results pave the way for the application of miRNAs in longitudinal, time-course in vitro toxicity studies.
Stimulation of Sanguinarine Production by Combined Fungal Elicitation and Hormonal Deprivation in Cell Suspension Cultures of <i>Papaver bracteatum</i> (1988)

Fungal elicitor preparations from either homogenized mycelia of Dendryphion penicillatum (Cda.) Fr., a specific pathogen of Papaver species, or conidia of Verticillium dahliae Kleb., a general pathogen, were added to 14-day-old suspension cultures of Papaver bracteatum. Plant tissue cultures were grown either in the presence or absence of 0.1 milligram of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid per liter and 0.5 milligram of 6-benzylam-inopurine per liter. Dendryphion extracts elicited an accumulation of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid, sanguinarine, which was not greatly influenced by hormone deprivation. Millimolar concentrations of dopamine were detected under all conditions. Thebaine was found when cells were cultured in hormone-free media, but it was not elicitor dose dependent. Verticillium-elicited cultures accumulated sanguinarine in an elicitor-dose-dependent manner only under conditions of hormonal deprivation, resulting in an elevation of sanguinarine levels 5- to 500-fold greater than controls (2-10% dry weight). Most of the sanguinarine accumulated in the medium (23 milligrams per liter), with 85% of the alkaloid associated with a 100g sedimenting fraction that, upon light microscopic inspection, proved to be devoid of cells. In bioassays, sanguinarine showed significant biological activity at concentrations as low as 5 to 10 micrograms per milliliter against three general plant pathogens, Verticillium dahliae, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., and Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. Dendryphion was less affected by sanguinarine addition and displayed an ability to metabolize the alkaloid as evidenced by its loss from the media, subsequent accumulation in the mycelia, and ultimate disappearance over a 48-hour period. By comparison, dopamine and thebaine were less toxic to the general plant pathogens.
DIE SYSTEMENTWICKLUNG DES ELEKTRISCH HEIZBAREN KATALYSATORS E-KAT FUER DIE LEV/ULEV- UND EU-III-GESETZGEBUNG (1995)

Zukuenftige Forderungen der Gesetzgeber in den USA und Europa zur Reduzierung der Abgasemissionen der Kraftfahrzeuge zwingen die Automobilindustrie, ihre Technik staendig zu verbessern. Vorgestellt wird im Beitrag die Entwicklung eines elektrisch beheizbaren Katalysators (E-Kat), der in der Kaltstartphase ein sehr hohes Potential zur Abgasreduzierung bietet. Ein Team der deutschen Automobilhersteller hat diesen E-Kat entwickelt und ein Lastenheft erstellt, das der Zuliefererindustrie eine zielgerichtete Entwicklung der Komponenten ermoeglichen soll. Das Gesamtsystem umfasst die Komponenten Heizkatalysator, Energieversorgung, Kabel, Steckverbindungen, Sekundaerluftsystem und die dazugehoerigen Sensoren und Regelfunktionen. Im Beitrag werden die Variationsmoeglichkeiten des E-Kat-Systems erlaeutert und die Komponenten vorgestellt. Die gewonnenen Werte zeigen, dass mit dem E-Kat die ULEV-Grenzwerte unterschritten werden koennen. Zukuenftige Entwicklungsschwerpunkte sind die Gewaehrleistung der Dauerhaltbarkeit des E-Kat und die Komponenten der Leistungsversorgung sowie die Emissionsstabilitaet.Titel in Englisch: The system development of electrically heated catalyst (EHC) for the LEV/ULEV and MVEG III legislation.
Shape control systems for Sendzimir steel mills (2000)

Deals with the problem of shape (or flatness) control for Sendzimir 20-roll cold-rolling steel mills. Such mills, with a variety of shape actuators, offer the control engineer considerable choice in the configuration and design of a shape control system. In addition, the Sendzimir mill is a reversing mill, with shape measurement devices at either end of the mill, providing a facility for feedforward of incoming shape disturbances. The multivariable problem presented by the mill has a significant singularity problem, which is tackled in the paper using a variety of approaches, motivated by both practical (operational) considerations and formal theoretical procedures. A final challenge lies in the desire to economize on the number of controllers required to cover the mill over its wide range of operating conditions. The paper compares and contrasts various controller possibilities and is intended to provide a "cookbook" of shape control tools and strategies for Sendzimir mills.
Analysis of photoconductive gain as it applies to single-photon detection (2010)

We detail a mathematical framework for photoconductive gain applied to the detection of single photons. Because photoconductive gain is derived from the ability to measure current change for an extended period, its magnitude is reduced as detection speed is increased. We theoretically show that high-speed detection is still possible as long as the noise spectrum of the device is 1/f in nature. Using signal analysis techniques, we develop tools to apply to device noise spectra to determine the performance of single-photon detectors that utilize photoconductive gain. We show that there is no speed penalty when one considers the signal-to-noise ratio for the fundamental 1/f noise typical of high electron mobility transistors. We outline a technique for quickly characterizing a detector’s sensitivity and speed through purely electrical measurements of the device’s noise spectra. Consequently, the performance of the detector can be determined and optimized without conducting optical measurements. Finally, we employ this analysis to a quantum dot, optically gated field-effect transistor and verify our results with optical measurements.
Toward a Competitive Pool-Playing Robot (2008)

Deep Green is a vision-based, intelligent robotic system that currently shoots pool at a better-than-amateur level, with the ultimate goal of challenging a proficient human opponent at a championship level. The system's robotic aspects rely primarily on computer vision. The system is centered on a 3-degree-of-freedom gantry robot mounted to the ceiling to avoid impeding human access to the table.
Human neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 prevention and immunotherapy (2021)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading worldwide since December 2019, resulting in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic with 237 million infections and 4.8 million deaths by 11 October 2021. While there are great efforts of global vaccination, ending this pandemic has been challenged by issues of exceptionally high viral transmissibility, re-infection, vaccine-breakthrough infection, and immune escape variants of concern. Besides the record-breaking speed of vaccine research and development, antiviral drugs including SARS-CoV-2-specific human neutralizing antibodies (HuNAbs) have been actively explored for passive immunization. In support of HuNAb-based immunotherapy, passive immunization using convalescent patients' plasma has generated promising evidence on clinical benefits for both mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Since the source of convalescent plasma is limited, the discovery of broadly reactive HuNAbs may have significant impacts on the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, therefore, we discuss the current technologies of gene cloning, modes of action, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> potency and breadth, and clinical development for potent SARS-CoV-2-specific HuNAbs.
The Preparation of Chloromethyl Derivatives of Germanium and Silicon by the Diazomethane Method (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Chloromethyl Derivatives of Germanium and Silicon by the Diazomethane MethodDietmar Seyferth and Eugene G. RochowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 4, 907–908Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01609a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01609a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views276Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Green Catalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexanone to Adipic Acid (2003)

Abstract Synthesis of adipic acid by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexanone with 30% hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium tungstate catalyst can be well performed under reflux temperature. The adipic acid isolated yield reaches to 82.1%, and the purity of the product is also very high. The catalytic oxidation reaction takes place without any organic solvent and phase-transfer agent. The effects over different acidic ligands and the amount of the ligand on the catalytic oxidation were investigated. The catalysts exhibit high activity for the catalytic oxidation reaction of the mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol to adipic acid by 30% hydrogen peroxide under reflux temperature.
A Fingerprint Verification Tool Using Adaptive Resonance Theory Nets (2013)

Accurate verification o f fingerprints is important to prevent hassles related to one's identification. The hassle could be at the recognition of one's own as well as the forged prints of others. The objective of this work is to develop a fingerprint verification tool using JA VA . The algorith ms of Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) net - ART-1 and A RT-2 have been used. These algorithms have been implemented with 'C' language. Two hundred and twenty two genuine versions of finger prints have been used as training cases and 518 very similar looking but forged fingerprints have been used as test cases. Here, the optimu m v igilance parameter (ρ) is obtained through carefully conducted parametric studies. Finally, a flexib le error threshold has been selected to accept fingerprints with 95% matching in the pixel patterns and the rest are rejected. The study observes that, ART 1 and 2 are ab le to identify forged fingerprints with Total Success Rate (TSR) of 95.80% and 97.37%, respectively.
SF2809 Compounds, Novel Chymase Inhibitors from Dactylosporangium sp. 2. Structural Elucidation (2004)

Novel chymase inhibitors, SF2809-I, II, III, IV, V and VI, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Dactylosporangium sp. SF2809, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. SF2809 compounds commonly contain a substituted indole moiety and a quinolinone moiety. The two moieties are connected to a methylene carbon in SF2809-I and III. The other compounds, SF2809-II, IV, V and VI, have an additional moiety, a p-hydroxyphenyl group or a phenyl group. In these compounds, all of three moieties are connected to a methine carbon. Furthermore, studies concerning the stereochemistry of SF2809-V revealed that the isolated compound was racemic, and the isomer possessing (R)-configuration was about thirty times more potent than another isomer.
Understanding ion transport in conjugated polymers (2005)

The transport of charged species, including both polarons/bipolarons and charge-compensating ions, occurs when conjugated polymers switch between oxidized and reduced states. However, physics-based models of the charge transport processes have not yet been developed. Previously, we presented an electrochromic device that made the path for ion transport much longer than that for electrons, ensuring that ion transport was the rate-limiting step so that the constitutive equation for ion transport could be formulated. Ion concentration profiles and velocities could be tracked by color changes. In this paper, we present the correlation between ion transport and volume change, measured in this device using a mechanical profilometer to scan height profiles during electrochemical reduction. In addition, the effects of electrolyte concentration, electrolyte temperature, film thickness, and ion barrier stiffness on ion transport velocities are explored.
A Multi-lingual Text-to-Speech System (1989)

A MITalk-based [l] real-time system for unres tricted English, Japanese and Chinese text-tc-speech synthesis has been developed with high observed intelligibility (94% for word recognition in English and 70.8% for 119 Japanese monosyllables). Our approach in making the system multi-lingual has been simple yet effective: in developing the Japanese and Chinese systems, we have used the hardware and the program structure and tools of the system originally developed for English, but have otherwise kept the development of the different languages separate. In addition to substantial improvements and modifications of the original MITalk, two major innovations in our system are (1) the method for controlling the glottal pulse and (2) the Phoenix develop ment tools, which combine a powerful and flexible parameter editor with programs for acoustic analysis.
Quantitative microscopy and nanoscopy of sickle red blood cells performed by wide field digital interferometry (2011)

We have applied wide-field digital interferometry (WFDI) to examine the morphology and dynamics of live red blood cells (RBCs) from individuals who suffer from sickle cell anemia (SCA), a genetic disorder that affects the structure and mechanical properties of RBCs. WFDI is a noncontact, label-free optical microscopy approach that can yield quantitative thickness profiles of RBCs and measurements of their membrane fluctuations at the nanometer scale reflecting their stiffness. We find that RBCs from individuals with SCA are significantly stiffer than those from a healthy control. Moreover, we show that the technique is sensitive enough to distinguish classes of RBCs in SCA, including sickle RBCs with apparently normal morphology, compared to the stiffer crescent-shaped sickle RBCs. We expect that this approach will be useful for diagnosis of SCA and for determining efficacy of therapeutic agents.
On the Optimal Digital State Vector Feedback Controller With Integral and Preview Actions (1979)

A digital state vector feedback controller with integral and preview actions, which can be called a proportional plus integral plus derivative plus preview (PIDP) controller, is derived based on linear quadratic optimal control theory. The preview action is a generalization of the feedforward concept which has been exercised in many process control situations. Preview of future system disturbance inputs is shown to be effective to improve the performance of the control system.
Time course of immunological markers in patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: evaluation of sCD14, sVCAM‐1, sELAM‐1, MIP‐1α and TGF‐β<sub>2</sub> (1998)

All evaluated proinflammatory parameters were increased in patients with SIRS during the course of the disease. However, the parameters have no correlation with outcome and prognosis of SIRS patients.
Phase-Change Ionic Liquids for Postcombustion CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2014)

Phase-change ionic liquids, or PCILs, are salts that are solids at normal flue gas processing temperatures (e.g., 40–80 °C) and that react stoichiometrically and reversibly with CO2 (one mole of CO2 for every mole of salt at typical postcombustion flue gas conditions) to form a liquid. Thus, the melting point of the PCIL–CO2 complex is below that of the pure PCIL. A new concept for CO2 separation technology that uses this key property of PCILs offers the potential to significantly reduce parasitic energy losses incurred from postcombustion CO2 capture by utilizing the heat of fusion (ΔHfus) to provide part of the heat needed to release CO2 from the absorbent. In addition, the phase transition yields almost a step-change absorption isotherm, so only a small pressure or temperature swing is required between the absorber and the stripper. Utilizing aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHAs), the enthalpy of reaction with CO2 can be readily tuned, and the physical properties, such as melting point, can be adjusted by modifying the alkyl chain length of the tetra-alkylphosphonium cation. Here, we present data for four tetrabutylphosphonium salts that exhibit PCIL behavior, as well as detailed measurements of the CO2 solubility, physical properties, phase transition behavior, and water uptake for tetraethylphosphonium benzimidazolide ([P2222][BnIm]). The process based on [P2222][BnIm] has the potential to reduce the amount of energy required for the CO2 capture process substantially compared to the current technology that employs aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solvents.