gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-assembled GaInNAs quantum dots for 1.3 and 1.55 μm emission on GaAs (2000)

Ga 0.3 In 0.7 N x As 1−x (x⩽0.04) and InNxAs1−x (x⩽0.02) self-assembled quantum dots are fabricated on GaAs by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The effect of growth temperature on island density, island size, and optical properties is studied in detail. From a single layer of Ga0.3In0.7N0.04As0.96 dots embedded in GaAs, peak photoluminescence wavelength of up to 1.52 μm is detected at room temperature. Thus, the fabrication of 1.3 and 1.55 μm GaInNAs quantum dot lasers on GaAs becomes feasible.
Growth of Teratomas Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Influenced by the Graft Site (2006)

Pluripotent stem cells transplanted into immune-deficient mice form complex teratomas. Although such tumors are generally haphazard in their organization, they do contain some structures that resemble tissues normally seen in the embryo. As a consequence, the teratoma model is useful for exploring the developmental potential of stem cells and studying certain aspects of tissue development. To further our understanding of this process, we examined whether the anatomical location into which human pluripotent stem cells were grafted influenced their growth in situ. Here we report that cells grafted into the liver rapidly produced large tumors containing predominantly immature cells. In contrast, subcutaneous implants were significantly slower growing and eventually formed tumors composed of differentiated tissues. The alternative growth patterns recorded between these two graft sites indicates how environmental cues affect stem cell behavior. This approach may lead to the identification of new ways to control stem cell growth and differentiation.
DNA Sequence-Based Subtyping and Evolutionary Analysis of Selected <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serotypes (2005)

While serotyping and phage typing have been used widely to characterize Salmonella isolates, sensitive subtyping methods that allow for evolutionary analyses are essential for examining Salmonella transmission, ecology, and evolution. A set of 25 Salmonella enterica isolates, representing five clinically relevant serotypes (serotypes Agona, Heidelberg, Schwarzengrund, Typhimurium, and Typhimurium var. Copenhagen) was initially used to develop a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Salmonella targeting seven housekeeping and virulence genes (panB, fimA, aceK, mdh, icdA, manB, and spaN). A total of eight MLST types were found among the 25 isolates sequenced. A good correlation between MLST types and Salmonella serotypes was observed; only one serotype Typhimurium var. Copenhagen isolate displayed an MLST type otherwise typical for serotype Typhimurium isolates. Since manB, fimA, and mdh allowed for the highest subtype discrimination among the initial 25 isolates, we chose these three genes to perform DNA sequencing of an additional 41 Salmonella isolates representing a larger diversity of serotypes. This "three-gene sequence typing scheme" allowed discrimination of 25 sequence types (STs) among a total of 66 isolates; STs correlated well with serotypes and allowed within-serotype differentiation for 9 of the 12 serotypes characterized. Phylogenetic analyses showed that serotypes Kentucky and Newport could each be separated into two distinct, statistically well supported evolutionary lineages. Our results show that a three-gene sequence typing scheme allows for accurate serotype prediction and for limited subtype discrimination among clinically relevant serotypes of Salmonella. Three-gene sequence typing also supports the notion that Salmonella serotypes represent both monophyletic and polyphyletic lineages.
MUC5AC mucin is a component of the human precorneal tear film. (1999)

MUC5AC is synthesized by goblet cells of the normal human conjunctiva, and this mucin is a component of conjunctival secretions and of normal human tears.
The Four Directions (2005)

This article presents the Native American cultural symbol, the Four Directions, as a sign that is culturally evident and inter-tribally significant. Through understanding the significance of the symbol, a deeper understanding is possible for non-Natives, especially an understanding of the Native Americans' relationship between their artwork and their culture. It will be argued that through a deeper understanding and cultural saturation by non-Natives that cultural misinformation can be reduced. Even though the article makes no attempt to define a culture, community, or person, cultural groups are presented through image and story.
Comparison of Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosamine with Commercially Available Topical Hemostats for Achieving Hemostasis in Coagulopathic Models of Splenic Hemorrhage (2004)

Poly-N-acetyl glucosamine was effective at controlling bleeding in animals with experimentally induced or genetic coagulopathic disorders.
Generation of an antibody against the protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor KEPI and characterization of the epitope. (2010)

A monoclonal antibody against the potential tumor suppressor kinase-enhanced protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor KEPI (PPP1R14C) was generated and characterized. Human KEPI was expressed in Escherichia coli and used to immunize Balb/c mice. Using hybridoma technology, one clone, G18AF8, was isolated producing antibodies which bound specifically to the KEPI protein in ELISA, immunoblotting and flow cytometry. The antibody was also successfully applied to stain KEPI protein in paraffin sections of human brain. The epitope was mapped using peptide array technology and confirmed as GARVFFQSPR. This corresponds to the N-terminal region of KEPI. Amino acid substitution analysis revealed that two residues, F and Q, are essential for binding. Affinity of binding was determined by competitive ELISA as 1 microM. In Western blot assays testing G18AF8 antibody on brain samples of several species, reactivity with hamster, rat and chicken samples was found, suggesting a broad homology of this KEPI epitope in vertebrates. This antibody could be used in expression studies at the protein level e.g. in tumor tissues.
Stereocontrol in the intramolecular Buchner reaction of diazoamides and diazoesters (1998)

Dirhodium(II) catalysed decomposition of diazoamide 5 resulted in formation of β-lactams 6/7 by intramolecular C–H insertion, the intramolecular Buchner reaction being disfavoured for conformational reasons. The diazoamide 8, however, gave products resulting from both the intramolecular Buchner reaction and C–H insertion. Chiral diazoesters 14–16 derived from α-substituted benzyl alcohols gave cycloheptatrienes in a highly diastereoselective manner; the norcaradiene isomer of the cycloheptatrienes was readily intercepted in a Diels–Alder reaction with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione to give adducts 19–21.
Stimulated coherent Smith-Purcell radiation from a metallic grating (1999)

A relativistic electron beam with velocity /spl nu//sub b/z passing over a metallic grating, with deep periodic depressions of wavenumber k/sub 0/z, excites a slow wave (/spl omega/, k/sub z/) via Cerenkov interaction, /spl omega/=(k/sub z/+k/sub 0/)/spl nu//sub b/. The beam bunches induce currents in the fins of the grating that act as a phased radiating dipole array, thereby generating coherent radiation at a wavelength /spl lambda/=(2/spl pi//k/sub 0/l)(c//spl nu//sub b/-sin/spl theta/) where l is an integer and /spl theta/ is the angle of emission measured from the normal of the grating. The current threshold for the instability and radiation power scaling with beam current are discussed.
Finite field inversion over the dual basis (1996)

In this transaction brief we consider the design of dual basis inversion circuits for GF(2/sup m/). Two architectures are presented-one bit-serial and one bit-parallel-both of which are based on Fermat's theorem. Finite field inverters based on Fermat's theorem have previously been presented which operate over the normal basis and the polynomial basis. However there are two advantages to be gained by forcing inversion circuits to operate over the dual basis. First, these inversion circuits can be utilized in circuits using hardware efficient dual basis multipliers without any extra basis converters. And second, the inversion circuits themselves can take advantage of dual basis multipliers, thus reducing their own hardware levels. As both these approaches require squaring in a finite field to take place, a theorem is presented which allows circuits to be easily designed to carry out squaring over the dual basis.
6-Cyano Analogues of Bedaquiline as Less Lipophilic and Potentially Safer Diarylquinolines for Tuberculosis (2017)

Bedaquiline (<b>1</b>) is a new drug for tuberculosis and the first of the diarylquinoline class. It demonstrates excellent efficacy against TB but induces phospholipidosis at high doses, has a long terminal elimination half-life (due to its high lipophilicity), and exhibits potent hERG channel inhibition, resulting in clinical QTc interval prolongation. A number of structural ring A analogues of bedaquiline have been prepared and evaluated for their anti-<i>M.tb</i> activity (MIC<sub>90</sub>), with a view to their possible application as less lipophilic second generation compounds. It was previously observed that a range of 6-substituted analogues of <b>1</b> demonstrated a positive correlation between potency (MIC<sub>90</sub>) toward <i>M.tb</i> and drug lipophilicity. Contrary to this trend, we discovered, by virtue of a clogP/<i>M.tb</i> score, that a 6-cyano (CN) substituent provides a substantial reduction in lipophilicity with only modest effects on MIC values, suggesting this substituent as a useful tool in the search for effective and safer analogues of <b>1</b>.
Photochemical reactions. Part III. Thermal generation of photoenols and their derivatives from substituted 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutenes (1974)

On heating, 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-ol and its derivatives undergo an electrocyclic, conrotatory ring opening to form the corresponding o-quinonedimethide species in which the oxygen substituent always adopts the (E)-configuration. The dimethide species can be trapped with a variety of dienophiles, including maleic anhydride and quinones. These trapping experiments prove that the o-quinonedimethide species produced thermally are identical with the photoenols formed during the irradiation of o-alkylaromatic ketones. The rate of ring opening of substituted benzocyclobutenols depends on the electronic nature of the substituents as well as their size.
Improved performance of polarization-stable VCSELs by monolithic sub-wavelength gratings produced by soft nano-imprint lithography (2011)

We present a novel method for fabricating polarization-stable oxide-confined single-mode GaAs based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) emitting at 850 nm using a new soft-lithography nano-imprint technique. A monolithic surface grating is etched in the output mirror of the laser cavity using a directly imprinted silica-based sol-gel imprint resist as an etch mask. The opto-electronic performance of these devices is compared to VCSELs fabricated by state-of-the-art electron-beam lithography. The lasers made using the soft nano-imprint technique show single-mode TM lasing at a threshold and laser slope similar to that of devices made by e-beam lithography. The soft nano-imprint technique also enables the fabrication of gratings with sub-wavelength pitch, which avoids diffraction losses in the laser cavity. The resulting single-mode VCSEL devices exhibit 29% enhanced efficiency compared to devices equipped with diffractive gratings.
Natural products may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host cell (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 has been emerged in December 2019 in China, causing deadly (5% mortality) pandemic pneumonia, termed COVID-19. More than one host-cell receptor is reported to be recognized by the viral spike protein, among them is the cell-surface Heat Shock Protein A5 (HSPA5), also termed GRP78 or BiP. Upon viral infection, HSPA5 is upregulated, then translocating to the cell membrane where it is subjected to be recognized by the SARS-CoV-2 spike. In this study, some natural product compounds are tested against the HSPA5 substrate-binding domain β (SBDβ), which reported to be the recognition site for the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations are used to test some natural compounds binding to HSPA5 SBDβ. The results show high to a moderate binding affinity for the phytoestrogens (Diadiazin, Genistein, Formontein, and Biochanin A), chlorogenic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, hydroxytyrosol, cis-p-Coumaric acid, cinnamaldehyde, thymoquinone, and some physiological hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, and cholesterol to the HSPA5 SBDβ. Based on its binding affinities, the phytoestrogens and estrogens are the best in binding HSPA5, hence may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the stressed cells. These compounds can be successful as anti-COVID-19 agents for people with a high risk of cell stress like elders, cancer patients, and front-line medical staff.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Nuclear Export of the Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp65 Requires Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity and the Crm1 Exporter (2007)

We have previously shown that treatment of human cytomegalovirus-infected cells with the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor roscovitine has significant effects on several stages of the virus life cycle depending on the time of addition (V. Sanchez, A. K. McElroy, J. Yen, S. Tamrakar, C. L. Clark, R. A. Schwartz, and D. H. Spector, J. Virol. 78:11219-11232, 2004; V. Sanchez and D. Spector, J. Virol. 80:5886-5896, 2006). In this report, we add to these findings by demonstrating alterations in the phosphorylation and localization of pp65 (UL83) in cells treated with roscovitine. We observed that inhibition of cdk activity causes the retention of pp65 within the nucleus at late times postinfection. At the same time, we observed a change in the phosphorylation pattern of the protein. Interestingly, mutation of potential cdk phosphorylation sites did not affect the ability of pp65 to localize to the nucleus or to relocalize to the cytoplasm late in infection. However, we found that the cytoplasmic accumulation of pp65 late in infection was sensitive to the Crm1 inhibitor leptomycin B.
Development of the pattern of cell renewal in the crypt-villus unit of chimaeric mouse small intestine (1988)

Abstract We have previously shown that the epithelium of each adult intestinal crypt in chimaeric mice is derived from a single progenitor cell. Whether the crypts are monoclonal from the outset - that is, are formed by the proliferation of a single cell - or whether their formation is initiated by several cells was not known. Here we report that many crypts contain cells of both chimaeric genotypes in the neonatal period indicating a polyclonal origin at this stage of morphogenesis. The cellular organization of the early neonatal crypt is therefore different from that of the adult crypt, which includes a zone of ‘anchored’ stem cells above the crypt base. Within 2 weeks, however, the crypt progenitor cell and its descendants displace all other cells from the crypt and the crypt attains monocle-nality. The distribution of enterocytes on chimaeric villi in the neonate shows a mottled pattern of mosaicism which is progressively replaced by coherent sheets of cells from the crypts, and within two weeks the orderly adult clonal pattern is established.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-boosted filtration membrane technology for water sustainability (2020)

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), which are well-known for their highly controllable level of porosity, large specific surface area, and structural diversity, have been regarded as a class of promising materials for gas storage/separation, liquid separation, energy storage, and conversion. Recently, the applications of MOFs in water technology and sustainability have drawn increasing attention in the research community, although they are much under-investigated. For applications in water technologies, a rational integration of MOFs and bulk substrates is a necessary engineering strategy to improve their stability and recyclability and avoid the potential secondary contamination. In this mini overview, MOF-boosted filtration membrane technology is critically looked into and the current state-of-the-art is discussed. We focus on the membrane filtration technology promoted by MOFs for water treatment, with particular emphasis on the permeability-selectivity trade-off and membrane fouling. In this connection, the configuration and fabrication of MOF-boosted membranes are visited, followed by those MOF-mediated membranes, such as high-permeable membranes, adsorptive membranes, antifouling membranes, and catalytic membranes, where the multi-functionalities are among the key characteristics. A summary is made on the controlling features of these MOF-boosted membranes for water and wastewater treatment, together with the particular challenges and future perspectives.
Enzyme-Linked Amperometric Electrochemical Genosensor Assay for the Detection of PCR Amplicons on a Streptavidin-Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (2008)

A general purpose enzyme-based amperometric electrochemical genosensor assay was developed wherein polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons labeled with both biotin and fluorescein were detected with peroxidase-conjugated antifluorescein antibody on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). As a proof of principle, the response selectivity of the genosensor was evaluated using PCR amplicons derived from lolB gene of Vibrio cholerae. Factors affecting immobilization, hybridization, and nonspecific binding were optimized to maximize sensitivity and reduce assay time. On the basis of the background amperometry signals obtained from nonspecific organisms and positive signals obtained from known V. cholerae, a threshold point of 4.20 microA signal was determined as positive. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was 10 CFU/mL of V. cholerae. The overall precision of this assay was good, with the coefficient of variation (CV) being 3.7% using SPCE and intermittent pulse amperometry (IPA) as an electrochemical technique. The assay is sensitive, safe, and cost-effective when compared to conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR, and other enzyme-linked assays for the detection of PCR amplicons. Furthermore, the use of a hand-held portable reader makes it suitable for use in the field.
Reduction of Cysteine Sulfinic Acid in Peroxiredoxin by Sulfiredoxin Proceeds Directly through a Sulfinic Phosphoryl Ester Intermediate (2008)

Sulfiredoxin (Srx) catalyzes a novel enzymatic reaction, the reduction of protein cysteine sulfinic acid, Cys-SO(2)(-). This reaction is unique to the typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prx) and plays a role in peroxide-mediated signaling by regulating the activity of Prxs. Two mechanistic schemes have been proposed that differ regarding the first step of the reaction. This step involves either the direct transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to the Prx molecule or through Srx acting as a phosphorylated intermediary. In an effort to clarify this step of the Srx reaction, we have determined the 1.8A resolution crystal structure of Srx in complex with ATP and Mg(2+). This structure reveals the role of the Mg(2+) ion to position the gamma-phosphate toward solvent, thus preventing an in-line attack by the catalytic residue Cys-99 of Srx. A model of the quaternary complex is consistent with this proposal. Furthermore, phosphorylation studies on several site-directed mutants of Srx and Prx, including the Prx-Asp mimic of the Prx-SO(2)(-) species, support a mechanism where phosphorylation of Prx-SO(2)(-) is the first chemical step.
Major Hepatic Resection Under Total Vascular Exclusion (1989)

Over a 9-year period, major resection was successfully performed on 51 occasions with total vascular exclusion using supra- and infrahepatic caval and portal vein clamping. The main indications for hepatic resection were centrally located tumor in liver metastases (62%) and hepatocellular carcinoma with no evidence of co-existing cirrhosis (25%). Major resections included extended and regular right hepatectomy, extended left hepatectomy, and segmentectomy. The mean duration of vascular exclusion was 46.5 +/- 5.0 minutes (range 20 to 70 minutes) and mean blood transfusion requirement was 1.4 +/- 0.4 units during vascular exclusion. There were significant correlations between postoperative fall in factor II levels and the number of segments removed (r = 0.37, p = 0.015) and between serum alanine aminotransferase levels at day 2 and the duration of vascular exclusion (r = 0.35, p = 0.02). One patient died 45 days after the procedure of multi-organ failure and sepsis. Nonfatal complications occurred in 7 patients (14%) and included respiratory infection (7 patients), biliary fistula (3 patients), and collection at the site of hepatic resection (3 patients). Total vascular exclusion is a safe and useful technique in resection of major hepatic lesions that involve hepatic veins.
Capsazepine inhibits cough induced by capsaicin and citric acid but not by hypertonic saline in guinea pigs (1995)

Acidic solutions mimick many of the effects of capsaicin (Cap), including pain, bronchoconstriction, cough, and sensory neuropeptide release. Evidence from the use of the Cap antagonist capsazepine suggests that in some cases protons act at the Cap receptor. In the present study, we have investigated whether cough evoked by Cap and citric acid (CA) is mediated specifically via the Cap receptor on airway sensory nerves. We have examined the effects of capsazepine on Cap-, CA-, and hypertonic saline-induced cough and also on CA-induced nasal irritation in awake guinea pigs. Capsazepine was nebulized for 5 min before cough challenges with Cap for 5 min and CA for 10 min. Control animals were pretreated with vehicle alone. Capsazepine (100 microM) inhibited the cough response to 30 microM Cap from 0.77 +/- 0.14 coughs/min in control animals to 0.23 +/- 0.08 coughs/min (P < 0.05) and to 80 microM Cap from 1.4 +/- 0.23 to 0.3 +/- 0.11 coughs/min (P < 0.01). There was no effect, however, of lower concentrations of capsazepine (5 and 10 microM) against Cap-evoked cough. At a concentration of 100 microM, capsazepine also inhibited the coughing induced by 0.25 M CA from 1.8 +/- 0.26 to 0.93 +/- 0.31 coughs/min (P < 0.05) but not that induced by 0.5 M CA. Nasal irritation induced by 0.25 M CA, but not by 0.5 M CA, was also inhibited by capsazepine from 2.47 +/- 0.37 to 0.75 +/- 0.31 nose wipes/min (P < 0.05). This inhibitory effect of capsazepine did not appear to reflect a nonspecific suppression of the cough reflex, since cough evoked by exposure to hypertonic (7%) saline for 10 min was unaffected by pretreatment with capsazepine (100 microM). These data show that capsazepine is a specific inhibitor of Cap- and CA-induced cough in guinea pigs. Moreover, they suggest that low pH stimuli evoke cough and nasal irritation by an action at the Cap receptor, either directly or through the release of an intermediate agent.