gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]manganese: Structural Variations of Its Solvent-Free and TMEDA-, Pyridine-, and Dioxane-Complexed Forms (2009)

First synthesized in 1976 and recently taking on a new significance as a key precursor to heterobimetallic alkali-metal−manganese(II) complexes, bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]manganese has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. It forms a polymeric chain structure of formula [{Mn(CH2SiMe3)2}∞], 1, in which distorted tetrahedral, spiro Mn atoms are linked together via μ2-bonding alkyl ligands. The structure is notable for displaying two distinct categories of Mn−C bond lengths with a mean size differential of 0.225 Å and for being the first fully crystallographically characterized polymeric manganese(II) dialkyl compound. Magnetic measurements of 1 indicate a surprisingly strong spin exchange coupling of J ≈ −45 cm−1 between the manganese ions aligned along the chain. Four Lewis base complexes of bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]manganese have also been subjected to X-ray crystallographic studies. Previously known [TMEDA·Mn(CH2SiMe3)2], 2, and [(pyridine)2Mn(CH2SiMe3)2], 3, both adopt a simple monomeric arrangement with C2N2 distorted tetrahedral coordinations of the metal atom. Synthesized by direct addition of the Lewis base to 1, two further, new complexes, [{(dioxane)[Mn(CH2SiMe3)2]2}∞], 4, and [{(dioxane)[Mn(CH2SiMe3)2]}∞], 5, are also reported. Hemisolvate 4 displays dimeric [(Me3SiCH2)Mn(μ-CH2SiMe3)2Mn(CH2SiMe3)] subunits, whereas 1:1 solvate 5 consists of monomeric subunits of [{Mn(CH2SiMe3)2}∞]; in both cases these subunits are linked together via O(CH2CH2)2O bridges to generate one-dimensional polymers.
Effects of Gluconic Acid on Human Faecal Bacteria (1994)

Gluconate was fermented selectively by the Bifidobacterium adolescentis group and some species of other genera, including Clostridium clostridiiforme, C. innocuum, Propionibacterium acnes, Megasphaera elsdenii, Enterococcus faecium and Klebsiella pneumoniae ; however it was not utilised by most other bacteria including the Bacteroidaceae. No other organic acid salts were utilised by B. adolescentis . These salts weakly inhibited the growth of C. perfringens in vitro , as did gluconate. The absorption rate of gluconate from the ligated small intestinal loop in rats was 19.9 per cent under conditions when 100 per cent of glucose was absorbed. The effects of ingestion of gluconate on human faecal bacteria was studied in ten healthy adult males. They ingested 9 g/d or 3 g/d of glucono-δ-lactone (anhydride of gluconic acid). With the 9 g/d ingestion, the number of bifidobacteria significantly increased (P<0.001), whereas C. perfringens decreased and Enterobacteriaceae remained constant. The concentrations of bifidobacteria also increased (P<0.05) following 3 g/d ingestion. Keywords - Gluconic acid, Gluconate, Absorption, Faecal flora, Bifidobacteria.
Nitric Oxide as a Unique Bioactive Signaling Messenger in Physiology and Pathophysiology (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and extracellular messenger that mediates diverse signaling pathways in target cells and is known to play an important role in many physiological processes including neuronal signaling, immune response, inflammatory response, modulation of ion channels, phagocytic defense mechanism, penile erection, and cardiovascular homeostasis and its decompensation in atherogenesis. Recent studies have also revealed a role for NO as signaling molecule in plant, as it activates various defense genes and acts as developmental regulator. In plants, NO can also be produced by nitrate reductase. NO can operate through posttranslational modification of proteins (nitrosylation). NO is also a causative agent in various pathophysiological abnormalities. One of the very important systems, the cardiovascular system, is affected by NO production, as this bioactive molecule is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular motor tone, modulation of myocardial contractivity, control of cell proliferation, and inhibition of platelet activation, aggregation, and adhesion. The prime source of NO in the cardiovascular system is endothelial NO synthase, which is tightly regulated with respect to activity and localization. The inhibition of chronic NO synthesis leads to neurogenic and arterial hypertensions, which later contribute to development of myocardial fibrosis. Overall, the modulation of NO synthesis is associated with hypertension. This review briefly describes the physiology of NO, its synthesis, catabolism, and targeting, the mechanism of NO action, and the pharmacological role of NO with special reference to its essential role in hypertension.
Compact Low-Frequency Metamaterial Design for Wireless Power Transfer Efficiency Enhancement (2016)

An extremely compact and low-frequency metamaterial design is presented in the following work. A ferrite loaded solenoid with a size on the order of 1/10000 of the wavelength of operation is used as the unit cell of the proposed metamaterial. This unit cell allows for the construction of a 77 unit-cell sample with dimensions of 6 cm × 6 cm × 2 cm and operating at a working frequency of 5.57 MHz. Measurements show that using this metamaterial sample in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system results in an efficiency enhancement of 10% at a working distance of 4.5 cm, which is twice the efficiency of the original system at the same distance. Alternatively, for a target efficiency of 10%, the range of the system can be extended from 4.5 to 8.8 cm by using the proposed metamaterial, a 4.3-cm, or 95%, extension over the original system range. The proposed metamaterial design, characterized by compactness, low frequency of operation, and large efficiency enhancement, is useful in a number of applications, such as biomedical telemetry systems and wireless charging.
Total synthesis of K-13 (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of K-13Dale L. Boger and Daniel YohannesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 11, 2498–2502Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00272a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1871Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (571 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Effect of <i>cis</i>-unsaturated fatty acids on aortic protein kinase C activity (1989)

Long-chain cis-unsaturated fatty acids could substitute for phosphatidylserine and activate bovine aortic protein kinase C in assays with histone as substrate. The optimal concentration was 24-40 microM for oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids. With arachidonic acid, the Ka for Ca2+ was 130 microM and kinase activity was maximal at 0.5 mM-Ca2+. Diolein only slightly activated the oleic acid-stimulated enzyme at low physiological Ca2+ concentrations (0.1 and 10 microM). Oleic acid also stimulated kinase C activity, determined with a Triton X-100 mixed-micellar assay. Under these conditions, the fatty acid activation was absolutely dependent on the presence of diolein, but a Ca2+ concentration of 0.5 mM was still required for maximum kinase C activity. The effect of fatty acids on protein kinase C activity was also investigated with the platelet protein P47 as a substrate, since the properties of kinase C can be influenced by the choice of substrate. In contrast with the results with histone, fatty acids did not stimulate the phosphorylation of P47 by the aortic protein kinase C. Activation of protein kinase C by fatty acids may allow the selective phosphorylation of substrates, but the physiological significance of fatty acid activation is questionable because of the requirement for high concentrations of Ca2+.
Selective transduction of wine-glass vibration mode using differential optomechanics (2015)

This paper demonstrates differential optomechanical transduction which selectively drives and senses the wine-glass vibration mode of a silicon resonator. Two waveguide arms are used for optomechanical sensing at the anti-nodes of the 22 MHz wine-glass mode and utilize a differential photo detector (PD) to measure the vibration. The differential sense scheme enhances the wine-glass signal by 5.4 dB while significantly attenuating the radial “common-mode” vibration at 96.2 MHz by 11 dB.
Using sensors and augmented reality to train apprentices using recorded expert performance: A systematic literature review (2018)

Experts are imperative for training apprentices, but learning from experts is difficult. Experts often struggle to explicate and/or verbalize their knowledge or simply overlook important details due to internalization of their skills, which may make it more difficult for apprentices to learn from experts. In addition, the shortage of experts to support apprentices in one-to-one settings during trainings limits the development of apprentices. In this review, we investigate how augmented reality and sensor technology can be used to capture expert performance in such a way that the captured performance can be used to train apprentices without increasing the workload on experts. To this end, we have analysed 78 studies that have implemented augmented reality and sensor technology for training purposes. We explored how sensors have been used to capture expert performance with the intention of supporting apprentice training. Furthermore, we classified the instructional methods used by the studies according to the 4C/ID framework to understand how augmented reality and sensor technology have been used to support training. The results of this review show that augmented reality and sensor technology have the potential to capture expert performance for training purposes. The results also outline a methodological approach to how sensors and augmented reality learning environments can be designed for training using recorded expert performance.
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers (2006)

The transcriptional response to hypoxia varies among human cells. Some of this variation is traceable to variation in expression of the HIF1A gene. A gene-expression signature of the cellular response to hypoxia is associated with a significantly poorer prognosis in breast and ovarian cancer.
The Entropy of Long Chain Compounds in the Gaseous State (1940)

Equations are derived for the entropy of long chain compounds in the gaseous state at 25°C. (1) The translational entropy, computed classically, varies with chain length according to the relation St=a+b ln n. (2) The entropy of rotation of the molecule as a whole, calculated statistically, assuming either a ball-like molecule or absolutely random kinking, is also linear with respect to ln n. (3) The entropy of internal vibrations, assumed (following Pitzer) to be an additive function of contributions associated with the various types of bonds and bond angles present, obeys the equation Siv=a+bn. (4) The entropy of internal randomness, for randomly-kinked molecules with no rotation, with hindered rotation, or with completely free rotation, is likewise linear in n. The equation deduced for long chain paraffins, containing but one adjustable constant (connected with the degree of hindrance of the rotation about the C–C bonds) agrees quite well with values deduced from specific heat data for short chain paraffins.
Prostate carcinoma trends in three counties in Sweden 1987-1996 (2000)

A diminishing pool of latent tumors may explain the decreasing incidence rate and lower age at diagnosis observed after 1993. Orchiectomy is rapidly being superseded by GnRH analogues. In contrast to trends reported in the U.S., the percentage of men with prostate carcinoma undergoing total prostatectomy appears to be declining in Sweden.
The Dissemination of Cancer by Transurethral Resection of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (1983)

In 1973 a study was done on 443 patients treated with radiation therapy for cancer of the prostate. An actuarial analysis was done on survival comparing patients whose cancer was diagnosed by transurethral resection of the prostate to those diagnosed by needle biopsy. This analysis indicated a doubling of recurrence and of deaths of patients diagnosed by transurethral resection of the prostate. This effect of transurethral resection of the prostate was observed in patients with T3 and T4 cancer of intermediate, poor or unstated differentiation. It was not observed in those with well differentiated cancer. The effect was not caused by a difference in the extent of cancer or a distribution of histologic subtypes between the 2 diagnostic groups. Therefore, it appears that transurethral resection of the prostate causes dissemination on locally advanced prostatic cancer and clinical studies are suggested to avoid or minimize this effect.
Glyph extraction from historic document images (2010)

This paper is about the reproduction of ancient texts with vectorised fonts. While for OCR only recognition rates count, a reproduction process does not necessarily require the recognition of characters. Our system aims at extracting all characters from printed historic documents without the employment of knowledge of language, font, or writing system. It searches for the best prototypes and creates a document-specific font from these glyphs. To reach this goal, many common OCR preprocessing steps are no longer adequate. We describe the necessary changes of our system that deals particularly with documents typeset in Fraktur. On the one hand, algorithms are described that extract glyphs accurately for the purpose of precise reproduction. On the other hand, classification results of extracted Fraktur glyphs are presented for different shape descriptors.
Bidirectional Regulation of DARPP-32 Phosphorylation by Dopamine (1997)

Dopamine has been shown to stimulate phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein highly enriched in medium-sized spiny neurons of the neostriatum. Here, we investigated the contribution of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in mouse striatal slices. D1-like and D2-like receptors had opposing effects on the state of DARPP-32 phosphorylation. The D1 receptor agonist SKF82526 increased DARPP-32 phosphorylation. In contrast, the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole decreased basal as well as D1 agonist-, forskolin-, and 8-bromo-cAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of DARPP-32. The ability of quinpirole to decrease D1-stimulated DARPP-32 phosphorylation was calcium-dependent and was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A, suggesting that the D2 effect involved an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of calcineurin. In support of this interpretation, Ca2+-free/EGTA medium induced a greater than 60-fold increase in DARPP-32 phosphorylation and abolished the ability of quinpirole to dephosphorylate DARPP-32. The antipsychotic drug raclopride, a selective D2 receptor antagonist, increased phosphorylation of DARPP-32 under basal conditions and in D2 agonist-treated slices. The results of this study demonstrate that dopamine exerts a bidirectional control on the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32.
Use of a monoclonal antibody to detect DNA damage caused by the anticancer drug <i>cis</i>‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II) in vivo and in vitro (1994)

A monoclonal antibody, MAb62-5, was prepared and used to detect DNA damage due to the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (or cisplatin). ELISA competition indicated that the binding of MAb62-5 to cisplatin-DNA was competitively inhibited (50% control) by 210 nM of cisplatin bound to DNA, cisplatin/nucleotide (D/N) = 0.2. Using a DNA mobility shift assay, MAb62-5 binding activity was inhibited by 50% by approximately 50-fold molar excess of cisplatin-DNA adducts (D/N = 0.08), whereas there was less than 5% inhibition by UV-DNA adducts or mock-treated DNA. In addition, MAb62-5 showed a similar affinity to the cisplatin-DNA adducts as compared to an endogenous cisplatin-damaged DNA recognition protein. Using ELISA with this antibody, we have demonstrated a 2-fold enhancement in excision repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts in resistant HeLa cells. This is supported by the measurement of repair-associated DNA strand breaks using alkaline elution and host cell reactivation of transfected plasmid DNA carrying cisplatin damage. These findings also provide explanation for the complexicity of immunoassay in cells.
Differential DNA methylation with age displays both common and dynamic features across human tissues that are influenced by CpG landscape (2013)

Our data identified common and tissue-specific DNA methylation changes with age that are reflective of CpG landscape and suggests both common and unique alterations within human tissues. Our findings also indicate that a simple epigenetic drift model is insufficient to explain all age-related changes in DNA methylation.
An integrative approach to the assessment of e-commerce quality (2002)

WebQual is a method for assessing the quality of Web sites. The method has been developed iteratively through application in various domains, including Internet bookstores and Internet auction sites. In this paper we report on the application of a new version of WebQual to Internet bookstores: Amazon, BOL, and the Internet Bookshop. WebQual draws on previous work in three areas: Web site usability, information quality, and service interaction quality to provide a rounded framework for assessing e-commerce offerings. Although WebQual is grounded in the subjective impressions of Web site users, the data collected lends itself to quantitative analysis and the production of e-commerce metrics such as the WebQual Index. The reliability of the instrument is examined and core constructs of Web site quality identified using factor analysis. The role of WebQual in assessing an organizations e-commerce capability is discussed.
Gap length and sensor height effects on readback signals in shielded magnetoresistive sensors (1992)

Shielded magnetoresistive transducers, linearized by a combination of shunt biasing and soft adjacent layer biasing, were fabricated with a range of gap lengths and sensor heights. The signal amplitude increased with the terminal resistance, but it appeared to be independent of the total gap length. Placing the sensor asymmetrically between the shields did not introduce any obvious longitudinal distortion into the shape of the isolated pulse. The pulse amplitude asymmetry was sensitive to the sensor height, with the degree of this sensitivity affected by the lengths of the two gaps. A transmission line calculation shows how the amplitude asymmetry is affected by the placement of the sensor between the two shields. The spatial sensitivity across the track was affected by both the sensor height and the sense current, systematically changing its apparent magnetic position.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A avaliação de cargos: problemas e métodos (1963)

Importa conhecer os princípios e propósitos da ava-
INFORMATION THEORY, LEARNING SYSTEMS, AND SELF-ORGANIZING CONTROL SYSTEMS (1967)

Abstract : Learning systems are defined on three levels of complexity, the trained system, the adaptive system, and the self-organizing system. The functional purpose of each is discussed in terms of the removal of noise and a theorem stating a necessary condition for adaption is stated and proven. The theorem is then applied to a simple form of adaptive system, and it is shown that for a linear threshold device employed within its 'natural capacity', two bits per weight are necessary. The information theoretic model of the self- organizing system is translated into a goal directed control system model. This self-organizing control system model is analyzed and shown to have a simple performance surface that can be searched by relaxation methods. Experiments are discussed.
TNF and its receptors in the CNS: The essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects (2015)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is central to host defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers cell death and tissue degeneration. Its pleiotropic effects often lead to opposing outcomes during the development of immune-mediated diseases, particularly those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The reported contradictions may result from lack of precision in discussing TNF. TNF signaling comprises at minimum a two-ligand (soluble and transmembrane TNF) and two-receptor (TNFR1 and TNFR2) system, with ligands and receptors both differentially expressed and regulated on different cell types. The "functional multiplicity" this engenders is the focus of much research, but there is still no general consensus on functional outcomes of TNF signaling in general, let alone in the CNS. In this review, evidence showing the effects of TNF in the CNS under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is placed in the context of major advances in understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern TNF function in general. Thus the roles of TNF signaling in the CNS shift from the conventional dichotomy of beneficial and deleterious, that mainly explain effects under pathological conditions, to incorporate a growing number of "essential" and "desirable" roles for TNF and its main cellular source in the CNS, microglia, under physiological conditions including regulation of neuronal activity and maintenance of myelin. An improved holistic view of TNF function in the CNS might better reconcile the expansive experimental data with stark clinical evidence that reduced functioning of TNF and its dominant pro-inflammatory receptor, TNFR1, are risk factors for the development of multiple sclerosis. It will also facilitate the safe translation of basic research findings from animal models to humans and propel the development of more selective anti-TNF therapies aimed at selectively inhibiting deleterious effects of this cytokine while maintaining its essential and desirable ones, in the periphery and the CNS.