gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Background and Development of ASTM D 4378: Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam and Gas Turbines (1989)

Several years ago a study group was set up at ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) under Subcommittee C (Turbine Oils) of Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants to develop a standard for in-service monitoring of steam and gas turbine oils. The study group included well qualified and experienced representatives from turbine equipment builders, oil producers, the power generation industry, and consultants among its members. The objective was achieved and an ASTM standard D 4378, entitled “Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam and Gas Turbines” was issued as a single standard in 1984 and is now included in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. In developing the standard, it was recognized that turbine oils are unique lubricants requiring the highest degree of oxidation stability and resistance to sludge formation and are expected to give years of service. Also, the high cost of oil changes and unplanned shutdowns had to be balanced against the cost of laboratory manpower and equipment for analytical testing. This paper covers the results of an initial study of monitoring practices within the power generation industry and discusses in some detail why some methods in use for many years are of doubtful significance and should be eliminated. It also describes the development of sampling and testing schedules. To follow the oxidative degeneration of the oil, the well-established TAN (Total Acid Number) test is retained and used in conjunction with the Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test, (RBOT) (D 2272) to provide a much more reliable indication of remaining service life. Other properties of the oil which must be retained in service are discussed, and major significance has also been given to the interpretation of test data and appropriate action steps. The technical merit of D 4378 and its acceptance by the international community is confirmed by the fact that it has been used by a joint working group of ISO (International Standards Organization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) as a basis for an international maintenance and use guide.
Conversion of acids into acid chlorides and alcohols into alkyl chlorides using a polymer-supported phosphine in carbon tetrachloride (1975)

Carboxylic acids can be converted into acid chlorides and alcohols into alkyl halides under neutral conditions by treatment with a polymer-supported phosphine in carbon tetrachloride, the reaction being largely worked up by filtration.
Development of rectangular Bi(2223) wires with reduced anisotropy (1997)

Ag-sheathed multifilamentary Bi(2223) wires have been prepared with a new rectangular configuration of the filaments conceived in order to reduce the effect of anisotropy on the transport properties at the liquid nitrogen temperature. At present, critical current densities at 77 K of 20.5 kA have been achieved on rectangular rolled wires of cross-section. The transport properties have been measured as a function of the applied field and of its orientation with respect to the wire. The new rectangular wires have shown a clearly reduced anisotropy compared to that of monofilamentary Bi(2223) tapes with a value of 34.5 kA , which have been measured as a reference. With respect to standard tapes, where vanishes at a magnetic field of 0.5 T applied along the tape normal, the newly developed wires show considerable advantages: regardless of the orientation of the field, of rectangular wires vanishes at fields exceeding 0.8 T at 77 K.
Fate of Bt Protein and Influence of Corn Hybrid on Ethanol Production (2002)

ABSTRACT Corn hybrids were compared to determine the fate of recombinant Bt protein (CRY1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis ) in coproducts from dry grind and wet‐milled corn during production of fuel ethanol. Two pairs of Bt and non‐Bt hybrids were wet milled, and each fraction was examined for the presence of the Bt protein. Bt protein was found in the germ, gluten, and fiber fractions of Bt hybrids. In addition, one set of Bt and non‐Bt hybrids were treated by the dry‐grind ethanol process and Bt protein was monitored during each step of the process. The Bt protein was not detected after liquefaction. Subsequent experiments determined that the Bt protein is rapidly denatured at liquefaction temperatures. Finally, five hybrids were compared for ethanol yield after dry grinding. Analysis of fermentation data with an F ‐test revealed the percent of total starch available for conversion into ethanol varied significantly among the hybrids ( P < 0.002), indicating ethanol yield is not exclusively dependent on starch content. No difference, however, was observed between Bt and non‐Bt corn hybrids for either ethanol productivity or yield.
Precision passive mechanical alignment of wafers (2003)

A passive mechanical wafer alignment technique, capable of micron and better alignment accuracy, was developed, fabricated and tested. This technique is based on the principle of elastic averaging: It uses mating pyramid (convex) and groove (concave) elements, which have been previously patterned on the wafers, to passively align wafers to each other as they are stacked. The concave and convex elements were micro machined on 4-in (100) silicon wafers using wet anisotropic (KOH) etching and deep reactive ion etching. Submicron repeatability and accuracy on the order of one micron were shown through testing. Repeatability and accuracy were also measured as a function of the number of engaged elements. Submicrometer repeatability was achieved with as little as eight mating elements. Potential applications of this technique are precision alignment for bonding of multiwafer MEMS devices and three-dimensional (3-D) interconnect integrated circuits (ICs), as well as one-step alignment for simultaneous bonding of multiple wafer stacks. Future work will focus on minimizing the size of the elements.
Genetic diagnosis of azoospermia (2003)

Objective: To investigate the genetic causes of spermatogenetic failure. Methods: Both karyotypic analysis and Y chromosome microdeletion diagnosis by STS PCR were performed in 107 blood specimen from azoospermic men. Results: Out of the 107 cases of azoospermia, 13 (12.1%) patients were found with number or structure aberration of sex chromosome and 8 (8.7%) of those with Y chromosome microdeletion. Among the 13 cases, there were ten patients were 47,XXY, other three were 47,XXY,t(4;12), 46,X,del(Y) and 46,XX respectively. Both 46,XX and 46,X,del(Y) were detected with only SRY but without other DNA fragments associated with spermatogenesis on Y chromosome. Of the 8 patients, there were two cases had both AZFb and AZFc deletion and six cases had AZFc deletion. Testicular pathology exhibited sertoli cell only syndrome in one case had both AZFb and AZFc deletion and another case had the same deletion and germ cells were arrested at primary spermatocytes stage. Of the 6 cases with AZFc deletion, a variety of spermatogenic cells at different levels were observed from all of the cases except for one case that only primary spermatocytes were found in the seminal specimen. Conclusion: Karyotypic analysis and detection of Y chromosome microdeletion are very helpful methods for the genetic diagnosis of azoospermia.
Ultrastructural study of adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to erythrocytes and human intestinal epithelial cells (1984)

The adhesion to erythrocytes and human intestinal epithelial cells of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains H10407, B2C, and H10407P, expressing colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I), CFA/II, and type 1 fimbriae, respectively, was examined by electron microscopy. CFA and type 1 fimbriae were visualized by negative staining in thin sections after en bloc staining with ruthenium red and by immune labeling with antisera raised against purified fimbriae. By negative and ruthenium red staining, CFA/I, CFA/II, and type 1 fimbriae were indistinguishable and appeared as approximately 7-nm-diameter hollow cylindrical structures up to 1.5 micron in length; strain B2C also produced 2- to 3-nm-diameter flexible fibrillar fimbriae. Bacteria producing CFA/I, CFA/II, and type 1 fimbriae adhered to and agglutinated human, bovine, and guinea pig erythrocytes, respectively; CFA/I and CFA/II also mediated attachment of bacteria to the brush border of isolated human duodenal enterocytes. Electron microscopy of agglutinated erythrocytes and enterocytes with adherent bacteria showed, in each case, that bacterial adhesion involved the formation of many interactions between the tips of fimbriae and receptors on the erythrocyte or enterocyte brush border membrane. Immune labeling allowed different fimbrial antigens mediating bacterial attachment to human enterocytes to be identified.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF SULFUR TETRAFLUORIDE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PART 3, REACTIONS WITH ALKANECARBOXYLIC, CYCLOALKANECARBOXYLIC AND CERTAIN BENZENECARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1975)

Abstract Beim Erwärmen der Carbonsäuren (I) mit Schwefeltetrafluorid entstehen Gemische der Trifluoralkane (III) mit den Tetrafluoräthern (IV) [überwiegend (III)].
Bioanorganische Modellkomplexe für Metalloproteine des Eisen(III) und Mangan(III): Synthese, Magnetismus und Kristallstrukturen von [L<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>(acac)<sub>2</sub>(μ-O)](ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, [L'Mn(acac)(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)]BPh<sub>4</sub> und [L'Mn(acac)(OH<sub>2</sub>)](ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (L = 1,4,7-Triazacyclononan, L' = N,N',N"-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononan) (1988)

Abstract The reaction of Fe(acac) 3 (acac = acetylacetonate, 2,4-pentanedionate) with 1,4,7-triazacyclo- nonane (L) in acetone in the presence of water and NaClO 4 yields green crystals of [L 2 Fe 2 III (acac) 2 (μ-O)](ClO 4 ) 2 (1) a μ-oxo bridged dimer of Fe(III) the crystal structure of which has been determined. Hydrolysis of this material in an acetone/water mixture in the presence of NaBr yields the green tetramer [L 4 Fe 4 III (μ-O) 2 (μ-OH) 4 ]Br 4 · 4H 2 O. Both compounds are strongly intramolecularly antiferromagnetically coupled. In contrast, the analogous reaction of Mn(acac) 3 with L or N,N',N"-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L') in ethanol or methanol yields yellow- green monomeric complexes of the type [LMn III (acac)(OR)] + or [L'Mn(acac)(OR)] + (R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 ) which were isolated as tetraphenylborate or hexafluorophosphate salts. The crystal struc­ture of [L'Mn(acac)(OC 2 H 5 )]BPh 4 (2) has been determined. If to the above reaction mixture cone. HClO 4 was added, red [L'Mn(acac)(H 2 O)](CLO 4 ) 2 (3) precipitated. In alkaline aqueous solution [L'Mn(acac)(OH)] + prevails. The crystal structure of 3 has also been determined. The new monomeric manganese(III) complexes have temperature independent (100-300 K) mag­netic moments of 4.8 to 5.1 μ B in agreement with a high spin (d 4 ) electronic configuration.
Immune-Mediated Destruction of Melanocytes in Halo Nevi Is Associated with the Local Expansion of a Limited Number of T Cell Clones (1999)

The beta-chain repertoire of the T cells that infiltrate spontaneously regressing nevi (the halo nevus phenomenon) was studied. In addition to the infiltration of the halo nevi by cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag-positive lymphocytes, oligoclonal expansion of T cells was observed in all halo nevi of all patients. T cells using the same TCR beta-chain were observed in distinct halo nevi of the same patient but not in his peripheral blood, demonstrating a local expansion of common clones that are most likely activated by the Ag(s) shared by independent halo nevi of the same patient.
Improved procedures for the reductive coupling of carbonyls to olefins and for the reduction of diols to olefins (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImproved procedures for the reductive coupling of carbonyls to olefins and for the reduction of diols to olefinsJohn E. McMurry and Michael P. FlemingCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 5, 896–897Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00867a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00867a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views726Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Glue in Copper Electrolyte Solutions by Column-Switching HPLC. (2002)

A new method for determination of concentrations of trace glue in copper electrolyte solutions, and the molecular weight distribution of the glue, and its change with time using a combination of the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the column-switching methods was developed. Trace amount of glue can be separated from a large amount of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid in the electrolyte solutions by pretreatment of the SEC resin column. Then, only a fraction containing the glue could be introduced into an analytical column by the column-switching technique, and the determination of concentrations of glue and the molecular weight distribution of the glue could be analyzed. This method was applied to electrolyte solutions containing mg L-1 level glue to determine concentrations and molecular weight distributions of the glue of molecular weight larger than about 2, 500.Degradation behavior of the glue in the electrolyte solutions was also investigated. The velocities speed of the hydrolysis reaction are depended on the concentrations of sulfuric acid. By the temperature dependency of the hydrolysis reaction rate constant of glue, the apparent activation energy of hydrolysis was estimated to be 65kJ/mol using an Arrhenius plot.
Interlaboratory Study of Quality Control Isolates for a Broth Microdilution Method (Modified CLSI M38-A) for Testing Susceptibilities of Dermatophytes to Antifungals (2006)

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, or NCCLS) M38-A standard for the susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi does not specifically address the testing of dermatophytes. In 2003, a multicenter study investigated the reproducibility of the microdilution method developed at the Center for Medical Mycology, Cleveland, Ohio, for testing the susceptibility of dermatophytes. Data from that study supported the introduction of this method for testing dermatophytes in the future version of the CLSI M38-A standard. In order for the method to be accepted by CLSI, appropriate quality control isolates needed to be identified. To that end, an interlaboratory study, involving the original six laboratories plus two additional sites, was conducted to evaluate potential candidates for quality control isolates. These candidate strains included five Trichophyton rubrum strains known to have elevated MICs to terbinafine and five Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains. Antifungal agents tested included ciclopirox, fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, posaconazole, terbinafine, and voriconazole. Based on the data generated, two quality control isolates, one T. rubrum isolate and one T. mentagrophytes isolate, were identified and submitted to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) for inclusion as reference strains. Ranges encompassing 95.2 to 97.9% of all data points for all seven drugs were established.
[The interdisciplinary research of the life science and information technology]. (2002)

This paper mainly discusses the interdisciplinary research of the life science and information technology, and also describes some research topics and direction, such as bioinformatics, biomedical optics, micro & nanotechnologies, bionics, etc.
Why all prescribed medications are not taken: results from a survey of chronic dialysis patients. (2006)

Although medication non adherence is common in all populations, including those on chronic dialysis, the reasons for medication noncompliance in dialysis patients have rarely been examined. We surveyed 54 chronic dialysis patients (15 on peritoneal dialysis, 39 on hemodialysis), asking about their social and financial situations, medication coverage, and reasons for possibly not obtaining all prescribed medications. The study population was 56% female, 52% African American, 67% over 50 years of age, 27% diabetic, and 61% on dialysis for more than 2 years. One patient was unemployed, 33 were retired, 15 were on disability, and 5 were employed. A majority (63%) had a household income of dollars 25,000 or more annually. Most (70%) had some medication coverage through one or more health plans (53% Medicare, 14% Medicaid, 31% private) or a local pharmacy (31% UVA pharmacy program for the medically indigent). However, 39% still spent more than dollars 100 monthly on medications. Co-pays per prescription ranged from nothing (2 patients) to dollars 25 or more (16 patients), with half having a co-pay of more than dollars 11 per prescription. Most (69%) took 11 or more medications daily. Among all our study patients, 91% reported that they knew their medications and the reasons that those medications were prescribed. The choice not to fill a prescription was made by 30% of patients either because they had no money (67%) or no ride to the pharmacy (17%). When asked if they ever chose not to take specific medications, 11 of 53 respondents (21%) said yes because of side effects [4 (36%)] or cost [3 (27%)], or because they already take too many medications [2 (18%)]. Most respondents (91%) reported discussing their medications with their doctors, and a majority (65%) had these discussions at least monthly. We conclude that inadequate prescription coverage, lack of transportation, and medication cost are primary contributors to medication noncompliance among chronic dialysis patients. Patients report knowing their medications and the reasons that those medications are prescribed, and having ample opportunities to discuss their medications with their physicians. Lack of patient education therefore does not seem to be an important factor in medication non adherence.
Enfrentamiento del Síndrome Febril sin Foco (SFSF) en el Lactante (2017)

La fiebre del lactante es una causa frecuente de consulta pediatrica. Sin embargo, el origen de la fiebre no logra ser establecido, luego de la anamnesis y examen fisico, en 5 a 22% de los lactantes febriles.  Mas aun, estudios prospectivos han mostrado que la incidencia de infecciones bacterianas graves de lactantes con sindrome febril sin foco va entre 2,5 y 9%. El objetivo de este articulo es ayudar al clinico con predictores clinicos que le ayuden a discernir entre lactantes con patologia banal y aquellos con enfermedad bacteriana subyacente, que pueda llevar a morbimortalidad grave, y ayudarles a decidir cual es el mejor enfrentamiento de su paciente.
Differential augmentation by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor- <i>alpha</i> of neutrophil responses to particulate zymosan and glucan. (1990)

Zymosan (Z) and its major insoluble carbohydrate component beta-linked glucan activate human neutrophils (PMN) through a trypsin-sensitive recognition mechanism. This mechanism is believed to involve the PMN CR3R. Both Z and glucan generated dose and time-dependent release of the secondary lysosomal granule marker vitamin B12 binding protein, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and superoxide from PMN and were phagocytosed with similar dose-dependent kinetics. The PMN superoxide and LTB4 responses to glucan; however, were consistently greater than those to the same doses of Z. The phagocytosis of both particles was significantly reduced after partial digestion with beta-laminarinase but not beta-glucosidase or alpha-mannosidase suggesting a recognition mechanism dependent on intact beta-1,3-glucosidic bonds in both particles. TNF-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) promoted a time- and dose-dependent increase in the expression of PMN CR3 up to 60 min. The increased expression of CR3 was paralleled by the release of the secondary lysosomal granule marker vitamin B12-binding protein. This granule contains a population of CR3R in its boundary membrane and it is the fusion of this membrane with the plasma membrane that may represent the mechanism by which CR3 expression is increased. Preincubation of PMN with 10(-9)M rhTNF-alpha augmented phagocytosis, LTB4, and superoxide generation by PMN in response to activation by Z. In contrast, none of the responses to glucan was significantly increased after incubation with rhTNF-alpha. These differences suggest a lack of absolute homology between the recognition mechanisms for zymosan and glucan and that there is a component of the recognition mechanism for zymosan that is independent of that for glucan and is up-regulated after rhTNF-alpha pretreatment.
Blindsight: Proximity Sensing and Wireless Haptic Feedback (2019)

A staggering 98 percent of blind people have experienced head-level accidents with some requiring professional medical assistance. Current technologies such as the white cane and guide dogs come with a significant flaw: the inability to detect objects at head-level. As such, the objective of this project was to create a more effective and affordable means to detect and prevent head-level injuries in blind people. Blindsight uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and transmits this information to haptic vibration motors which will then alert the user of incoming obstacles.
Flexure-FET biosensor to break the fundamental sensitivity limits of nanobiosensors using nonlinear electromechanical coupling (2012)

In this article, we propose a Flexure-FET (flexure sensitive field effect transistor) ultrasensitive biosensor that utilizes the nonlinear electromechanical coupling to overcome the fundamental sensitivity limits of classical electrical or mechanical nanoscale biosensors. The stiffness of the suspended gate of Flexure-FET changes with the capture of the target biomolecules, and the corresponding change in the gate shape or deflection is reflected in the drain current of FET. The Flexure-FET is configured to operate such that the gate is biased near pull-in instability, and the FET-channel is biased in the subthreshold regime. In this coupled nonlinear operating mode, the sensitivity (S) of Flexure-FET with respect to the captured molecule density (N(s)) is shown to be exponentially higher than that of any other electrical or mechanical biosensor. In other words, while S(Flexure) ~ e(γ1 [square root]Ns-γ2Ns), classical electrical or mechanical biosensors are limited to S(classical) ~ γ(3)N(S) or γ(4) ln(N(S)), where γ(i) are sensor-specific constants. In addition, the proposed sensor can detect both charged and charge-neutral biomolecules, without requiring a reference electrode or any sophisticated instrumentation, making it a potential candidate for various low-cost, point-of-care applications.