gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Principle of Vinylogy. (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Principle of Vinylogy.Reynold C. FusoNCite this: Chem. Rev. 1935, 16, 1, 1–27Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60053a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60053a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1765Altmetric-Citations290LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase-noise and amplitude-noise measurement of low-power signals (2005)

When measuring the phase fluctuation between a pair of low-power microwave signals, the signals must be amplified before detection. In such cases, the phase noise of the amplifier pair is the main cause of 1/f background noise of the instrument. This article proposes a scheme that makes amplification possible while rejecting the close-in 1/f (flicker) noise of the two amplifiers. The noise rejection, which relies upon an understanding of the amplifier noise mechanism, does not require averaging. Therefore, our scheme can also be the detector of a closed-loop noise reduction system. The first prototype, compared to a traditional saturated mixer system under the same conditions, shows a 24 dB noise reduction in the 1/f region.
Separation of acetone/water mixture by thin acrylamide gel membrane prepared in pores of thin ceramic membrane. (1990)

A thin acrylamide gel membrane was prepared in pores of a thin ceramic membrane of silica-alumina by copolymerizing acrylamide of primary monomer and N,N′-methylene-bis(acrylamide) as crosslinking agent. The gel membrane was used for separation of acetone/water mixture by pervaporation to give quite large fluxes of water and an extremely high separation factor of about 2000 at 95 mol% of acetone concentration in the upstream. Such a high separation factor is thought to be due to the fact that the permeation of acetone molecules can be blocked by the network of the acrylamide gel, which shrinks with increasing acetone concentration in the upstream of the membrane.
ONERA-NASA cooperative effort on liner impedance eduction (2013)

As part of a cooperation between ONERA and NASA, the liner impedance eduction methods developed by the two research centers are compared. The NASA technique relies on an objective function built on acoustic pressure measurements located on the wall opposite the test liner, and the propagation code solves the convected Helmholtz equation in uniform ow using a finite element method that implements a continuous Galerkin discretization. The ONERA method uses an objective function based either on wall acoustic pressure or on acoustic velocity acquired above the liner by Laser Doppler Anemometry, and the propagation code solves the linearized Euler equations by a discontinuous Galerkin discretization. Two acoustic liners are tested in both ONERA and NASA ow ducts and the measured data are treated with the corresponding impedance eduction method. The first liner is a wire mesh facesheet mounted onto a honeycomb core, designed to be linear with respect to incident sound pressure level and to grazing ow velocity. The second one is a conventional, nonlinear, perforate-over-honeycomb single layer liner. Configurations without and with ow are considered. For the nonlinear liner, the comparison of liner impedance educed by NASA and ONERA shows a sensitivity to the experimental conditions, namely to the nature of the source and to the sample width.
Visual Semiotics & Uncertainty Visualization: An Empirical Study (2012)

This paper presents two linked empirical studies focused on uncertainty visualization. The experiments are framed from two conceptual perspectives. First, a typology of uncertainty is used to delineate kinds of uncertainty matched with space, time, and attribute components of data. Second, concepts from visual semiotics are applied to characterize the kind of visual signification that is appropriate for representing those different categories of uncertainty. This framework guided the two experiments reported here. The first addresses representation intuitiveness, considering both visual variables and iconicity of representation. The second addresses relative performance of the most intuitive abstract and iconic representations of uncertainty on a map reading task. Combined results suggest initial guidelines for representing uncertainty and discussion focuses on practical applicability of results.
Neurogenesis of patterns of automatic ventilatory activity (1998)

Normal respiration, termed eupnea, is characterized by periodic filling and emptying of the lungs. Eupnea can occur 'automatically' without conscious effort. Such automatic ventilation is controlled by the brainstem respiratory centers of pons and medulla. Following removal of the pons, eupnea is replaced by gasping, marked by brief but maximal inspiratory efforts. The mechanisms by which the respiratory rhythms are generated have been examined intensively. Evidence is discussed that ventilatory activity can be generated in multiple regions of pons and medulla. Eupnea and gasping represent fundamentally different ventilatory patterns. Only for gasping has a critical region for neurogenesis been identified, in the rostral medulla. Gasping may be generated by the discharge of 'pacemaker' neurons. In eupnea, this pacemaker activity is suppressed and incorporated into the pontile and medullary neuronal circuit responsible for the neurogenesis of eupnea. Evidence for ventilatory neurogenesis which has been obtained from a number of in vitro preparations is discussed. A much-used preparation is that of a 'superfused' brainstem of the neonatal rat. However, activities of this preparation differ greatly from those of eupnea, as recorded in vitro or in arterially perfused in vitro preparations. Activities of this 'superfused' preparation are identical with gasping and, hence, results must be reinterpreted accordingly. The possibility is present that mechanisms responsible for generating respiratory rhythms may differ from those responsible for shaping respiratory-modulated discharge patterns of cranial and spinal nerves. The importance of pontile mechanisms in the neurogenesis and control of eupnea is reemphasized.
Enhanced QoS for Real-time Multimedia Delivery over the Wireless Link using RFID Technology (2006)

Currently, there is an increasing demand for real-time multimedia applications running over the Internet. In a wired network, if congestion occurs, the quality of real-time multimedia transmission degrades severely. Rate-based adaptation schemes are being used to alleviate congestion. Packet loss incurred is used as the main indicator of network congestion. However, when running multimedia applications over wireless/mobile networks, packet loss can be attributed to different causes other than congestion. Packet loss can be due to the low bandwidth of the wireless link or the frequent interruptions in service due to mobility, handoff, or signal propagation effects, e.g. obstruction, attenuation. In this paper, we present the design of our sensor guided wireless adaptation scheme (SGWAS) that works in a micromobility domain and that infers the main reason of packet loss incurred by the mobile node in the cell. Consequently, it takes the appropriate action to improve the QoS of the transmission. Determining the reason of packet loss relies on information obtained from wireless sensors, specifically RFlD devices, to detect the location of the mobile node within the cell. On one hand, if packet loss is due to the low bandwidth of the wireless link, which can cause local wireless link congestion, then local transmission rate adaptation is applied in the cell. On the other hand, if packet loss is due to mobility or signal propagation effects, then other appropriate actions are taken. We conducted some simulation experiments to verify that we can determine the location of the mobile node when it is in the handoff region. The results demonstrate that SGWAS identifies the reason of packet loss when the mobile node is in the handoff region. Rate adaptation should not be performed in this case because packet loss is not due to congestion
Accurate Object Detection with Deformable Shape Models Learnt from Images (2007)

We present an object class detection approach which fully integrates the complementary strengths offered by shape matchers. Like an object detector, it can learn class models directly from images, and localize novel instances in the presence of intra-class variations, clutter, and scale changes. Like a shape matcher, it finds the accurate boundaries of the objects, rather than just their bounding-boxes. This is made possible by 1) a novel technique for learning a shape model of an object class given images of example instances; 2) the combination of Hough-style voting with a non-rigid point matching algorithm to localize the model in cluttered images. As demonstrated by an extensive evaluation, our method can localize object boundaries accurately, while needing no segmented examples for training (only bounding-boxes).
Spectral Compression of Mesh Geometry. (2000)

We show how spectral methods may be applied to 3D mesh data to obtain compact representations. This is achieved by projecting the mesh geometry onto an orthonormal basis derived from the mesh topology. To reduce complexity, the mesh is partitioned into a number of balanced submeshes with minimal interaction, each of which are compressed independently. Our methods may be used for compression and progressive transmission of 3D content, and are shown to be vastly superior to existing methods using spatial techniques, if slight loss can be tolerated.
Theory of hydro-equivalent ignition for inertial fusion and its applications to OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility (2014)

The theory of ignition for inertial confinement fusion capsules [R. Betti et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 058102 (2010)] is used to assess the performance requirements for cryogenic implosion experiments on the Omega Laser Facility. The theory of hydrodynamic similarity is developed in both one and two dimensions and tested using multimode hydrodynamic simulations with the hydrocode DRACO [P. B. Radha et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 032702 (2005)] of hydro-equivalent implosions (implosions with the same implosion velocity, adiabat, and laser intensity). The theory is used to scale the performance of direct-drive OMEGA implosions to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) energy scales and determine the requirements for demonstrating hydro-equivalent ignition on OMEGA. Hydro-equivalent ignition on OMEGA is represented by a cryogenic implosion that would scale to ignition on the NIF at 1.8 MJ of laser energy symmetrically illuminating the target. It is found that a reasonable combination of neutron yield and areal density for OMEGA hydro-equivalent ignition is 3 to 6 × 1013 and ∼0.3 g/cm2, respectively, depending on the level of laser imprinting. This performance has not yet been achieved on OMEGA.
PC VIPR: a high-speed 3D phase-contrast method for flow quantification and high-resolution angiography. (2005)

PCVIPR rapidly provides isotropic high-resolution angiographic images and permits retrospective measurement of average flow rate throughout the volume without the need to prescribe multiple 2D acquisition planes.
A 3.1 to 8.2GHz direct conversion receiver for MB-OFDM UWB communications (2005)

A direct conversion receiver for UWB applications operates in 3.1-8.2 GHz and gives a NF of 3.3-4.1 dB and a conversion gain of 52 dB. The chip includes an RF receive chain and a 16 GHz quadrature VCO to generate seven carrier frequencies from 3.4 to 7.9 GHz. The circuit is fabricated in 0.18 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process and draws 88 mA from a 2.7 V supply.
Extensive characterization of NF-κB binding uncovers non-canonical motifs and advances the interpretation of genetic functional traits (2011)

NF-κB dimers bind specifically to non-canonical motifs and these can be found within genomic regions in which a canonical motif is not evident. Binding affinity data generated with these different motifs can be used in conjunction with data from chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to enable allele-specific analyses of expression and transcription factor-DNA interactions on a genome-wide scale.
A sighted aerial robot with fast gaze and heading stabilization (2007)

Autonomous guidance of micro-air vehicles (MAVs) in unknown environments is a challenging task because these artificial creatures have small aeromechanical time constants, which make them prone to be disturbed by gusts of wind. Flying insects are subject to quite similar kinds of disturbances, yet they navigate swiftly and deftly. Flying insects display high- performance visuo-motor control systems that have stood the test of time. They can therefore teach us how vision can be used for immediate and vital actions. We built a 50-gram tethered aerial demonstrator, called OSCAR II, which manages to keep its gaze steadily fixating a target (a dark edge), in spite of nasty thumps that we deliberately gave to its body with a custom-made "slapping machine". The robot's agile yaw reactions are based on: (1) a mechanical decoupling of the eye from the body, (2) an active coupling of the robot's heading with its gaze, (3) a Visual Fixation Reflex (VFR), (4) a Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR), (5) an accurate and fast actuator (voice coil motor, VCM). The actuator is a 2.4-gram voice coil motor that is able to rotate the eye with a rise time as small as 12 ms, that is, much shorter than the rise time of human oculo-motor saccades. In connection with a micro-rate gyro, this actuator endows the robot with a high performance "vestibulo ocular reflex" that keeps the gaze locked onto the target whatever perturbations in yaw affect the robot's body. Whenever the robot is destabilized (e.g., by a slap applied on one side), the gaze keeps fixating the target, while being the reference to which the robot's heading is servoed. It then takes the robot only 0.6 s to realign its heading with its gaze.
Surfactant-Free, Controlled/Living Radical Emulsion Polymerization in Batch Conditions Using a Low Molar Mass, Surface-Active Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (RAFT) Agent (2008)

The purpose of this paper was to study the application of a surface-active trithiocarbonate RAFT agent, the 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropanoic acid, sodium salt (TTCA) in surfactant-free, ab initio, batch emulsion polymerization. Because of the highly water-soluble character of the leaving group favoring exit from the micelles or the particles over reinitiation, the polymerization of styrene was completely inhibited. In contrast, the polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate was fast and led to small, stable particles, demonstrating the good stabilizing efficiency of TTCA. However, the control over molar mass was not effective, as homopolymers with high molar mass were formed. This was related to the inappropriate leaving/initiating group and low chain transfer constant of the RAFT agent in the free-radical polymerization of methacrylic esters and was also observed in bulk. This poor efficiency was overcome by copolymerizing n-butyl methacrylate with a low percentage of styrene or n-butyl acrylate. In this case, the bulk copolymerization led to controlled copolymers with predicted molar mass and narrow molar mass distribution and the chain transfer efficiency was similarly high in surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The good colloidal characteristics of the latexes with the stabilizing group attached at the chain-end were maintained, leading to autostabilized latexes with small particle diameter, below 150 nm. This work is the first example of the direct and efficient use of a surface-active, low molar mass, RAFT agent in emulsifier-free, batch emulsion polymerization, leading simultaneously to a good control over molar mass and narrow molar mass distribution, together with good colloidal properties.
New era of silicon technologies due to radical reaction based semiconductor manufacturing (2005)

Current semiconductor technology, the so-called the molecule reaction based semiconductor manufacturing, now faces a very severe standstill due to the drastic increase of gate leakage currents and drain leakage currents. Radical reaction based semiconductor manufacturing has been developed to completely overcome the current standstill by introducing microwave excited high density plasma with very low electron temperatures and without accompanying charge-up damage.
Enzyme supplementation, degradation and metabolism of three U-<sup>14</sup>C-labelled cell-wall substrates in the fowl (1992)

An experimental model is described that was used for assessing in vivo effects in fowls of exogenous enzyme supplementation on the degradation of plant cell walls to metabolizable monosaccharide residues. It was based on tube-feeding U-14C-labelled cell-wall substrates, cellulose, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) or Festuca, with and without enzyme treatments, and monitoring recovery of 14C radioactivity in exhaled carbon dioxide and excreta in the following 8 h. Normal digestion of cell-wall polysaccharides by endogenous microbial activity was also studied by pretreating birds with an antibiotic mixture intended to deplete their intestinal microflora. The results of this pretreatment appeared to confirm the existence of microbial degradation of cellulose in (conditioned) fowls. Judging from differences in 14CO2 production, effects of exogenous enzyme additions were greatly enhanced with all substrates by combining them with a wet pretreatment, thereby increasing the time-period available for them to act in aqueous conditions. However, estimations of digestibilities of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin with dry and wet treatments, based on recovery of 14C in excreta, indicated that it was only cellulose digestion that was improved by the wet pretreatment. This suggests that degradation of cellulose, which appeared to be slowest, was limited by the dry treatments, whereas that of hemicellulose and pectin was not. Respective digestibilities of these three cell-wall components, from all treatments combined, were in the proportions 1:1.5:4.2.
Specific Targeting Immunotherapy of Cancer with Bispecific Antibodies. (1999)

In order to enhance cell mediated cytotoxicity, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), molecules combining two or more antibodies with different antigenic specificities, have been developed as new agents for immunotherapy. Our recent studies revealed that simultaneous administration of two kinds of BsAbs (anti-tumor x anti-CD3 plus anti-tumor x anti-CD28) together with lymphokine activated killer cells with a T cell phenotype (T-LAK cells) inhibited growth of human xenotransplanted tumors in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, while single BsAb was without effect. Three kinds of BsAbs (anti-tumor x anti-CD3, anti-tumor x anti-CD28, anti-tumor x anti-CD2) showed the highest cytotoxicity against tumor cells when given simultaneously with T-LAK cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and in vivo. BsAbs can be preserved for immediate application, while cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) must be made-to-order, and are time-consuming to prepare. Tumor associated antigens, such as MAGE antigens, SART antigens, MUC1 antigen, c-erbB 2 antigen or cancer/testis antigens can be served to target antigens for BsAb production. By conjugation with antibodies to effector cells (anti-CD3, anti-CD28, anti-CD16, anti-CD64, anti-CD89 or anti-CD2), many kinds of BsAbs can be produced to cover most types of cancers from different organs. Therefore this strategy might be ubiquitously applicable to most malignancies.
Cross-Coupling Reactions as Valuable Tool for the Preparation of PET Radiotracers (2011)

The increasing application of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine has stimulated the extensive development of a multitude of new radiotracers and novel radiolabeling procedures with the most prominent short-lived positron emitters carbon-11 and fluorine-18. Radiolabeling with these radionuclides represents a remarkable challenge. Special attention has to be paid to synthesis time and specific labeling techniques due to the short physical half life of the respective radionuclides ¹¹C (t(½) = 20.4 min) and ¹⁸F (t½) = 109.8 min). In the past, numerous transition metal-catalyzed reactions were employed in organic chemistry, even though only a handful of these coupling reactions were adopted in radiochemical practice. Thus, the implementation of modern synthesis methods like cross-coupling reactions offers the possibility to develop a wide variety of novel radiotracers. The introduction of catalysts based on transition metal complexes bears a high potential for rapid, efficient, highly selective and functional group-tolerating incorporation of carbon-11 and fluorine-18 into target molecules. This review deals with design, application and improvement of transition metal-mediated carbon-carbon as well as carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions as a labeling feature with the focus on the preparation of radiolabeled compounds for molecular imaging.
New synthetic membranes for dialysis. IV. A copolyether–urethane membrane system (1967)

Abstract New dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute–membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
GRIN lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography with fast dynamic focus tracking (2006)

In this manuscript, a GRIN (gradient index) lens rod based probe for endoscopic spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with dynamic focus tracking is presented. Current endoscopic OCT systems have a fixed focal plane or working distance. In contrast, the focus of this endoscopic OCT probe can dynamically be adjusted at a high speed (500 mm/s) without changing reference arm length to obtain high quality OCT images for contact or non-contact tissue applications, or for areas of difficult access for probes. The dynamic focusing range of the probe can be from 0 to 7.5 mm without moving the probe itself. The imaging depth is 2.8 mm and the lateral scanning range is up to 2.7 mm or 4.5 mm (determined by the diameter of different GRIN lens rods). Three dimensional imaging can be performed using this system over an area of tissue corresponding to the GRIN lens surface. The experimental results demonstrate that this GRIN lens rod based OCT system can perform a high quality non-contact in vivo imaging. This rigid OCT probe is solid and can be adapted to safely access internal organs, to perform front or side view imaging with an imaging speed of 8 frames per second, with all moving parts proximal to the GRIN lens, and has great potential for use in extremely compact OCT endoscopes for in vivo imaging in both biological research and clinical applications.