gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz- <i>scid</i> mice. (1995)

The scid mutation was backcrossed ten generations onto the NOD/Lt strain background, resulting in an immunodeficient stock (NOD/LtSz-scid/scid) with multiple defects in adaptive as well as nonadaptive immunologic function. NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice lack functional lymphoid cells and show little or no serum Ig with age. Although NOD/(Lt-)+/+ mice develop T cell-mediated autoimmune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice are both insulitis- and diabetes-free throughout life. However, because of a high incidence of thymic lymphomas, the mean lifespan of this congenic stock is only 8.5 mo under specific pathogen-free conditions. After i.v. injection of human CEM T-lymphoblastoid cells, splenic engraftment of these cells was fourfold greater in NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice than in C.B17/Sz-scid/scid mice. Although C.B-17Sz-scid/scid mice exhibit robust NK cell activity, this activity is markedly reduced in both NOD/(Lt-)+/+ and NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice. Presence of a functionally less mature macrophage population in NOD/LtSz-scid/scid vs C.B-17Sz-scid/scid mice is indicated by persistence in the former of the NOD/Lt strain-specific defect in LPS-stimulated IL-1 secretion by marrow-derived macrophages. Although C.B-17Sz-scid/scid and C57BL/6Sz-scid/scid mice have elevated serum hemolytic complement activity compared with their respective +/+ controls, both NOD/(LtSz-)+/+ and NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice lack this activity. Age-dependent increases in serum Ig levels (> 1 micrograms/ml) were observed in only 2 of 30 NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice vs 21 of 29 C.B-17/Sz-scid/scid animals. The multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunity unique to the NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mouse provide an excellent in vivo environment for reconstitution with human hematopoietic cells.
Coilable single crystals fibers of doped-YAG for high power laser applications (2014)

Single crystal fibers are an intermediate between laser crystals and doped glass fibers. They have the advantages of both guiding laser light and matching the efficiencies found in bulk crystals, which is making them ideal candidates for high-power laser and fiber laser applications. This work focuses on the growth of a flexible fiber with a core of dopant (Er, Nd, Yb, etc…) that will exhibit good wave guiding properties. Direct growth or a combination of growth and cladding experiments are described. Scattering loss measurements at visible wavelengths along with dopant profile characterization are also presented. Laser characterization for these fibers is in progress.
Class and Politics (1992)

In preindustrial Britain, Parliament was mainly concerned with foreign affairs and keeping the domestic peace, and its work did not affect the majority of Englishmen. More important to the common people was the role of local government, where landowners ruled and tenants obeyed. Both in town and countryside, authority was in the hands of local elites, whether the squire, vicar, or urban guilds.
The Production of Metallic Calcium by Thermal Reduction (1946)

Under the pressure of war requirement, a process was developed for the production of metallic calcium from abundant and low‐cost raw materials. Aluminum is used as reducing agent for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="ML1" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CaO</mml:mi> </mml:math> , the reaction being carried out in vacuum at 1,200° C. Details of the process are presented. There are idle plant facilities capable of producing the metal in large tonnage, and the technical “know how” to do this is available. Metallic calcium and its hydride are powerful reducing agents and, in general, very active chemically. Whether this combination of circumstances leads to widespread use of metallic calcium will depend largely on the extent of research and development on the use and applications of the metal.
The <i>Children Act</i> 1989 in the highest courts (2010)

This article gives an account of the cases in which the Children Act 1989 has been interpreted and applied by the highest courts in the UK, the appellate committee of the House of Lords until October 2009 when their jurisdiction was taken over by the new Supreme Court of the UK. It explains the reasoning behind those decisions and how they did, or did not, reflect the thinking of the original framers of the Act. It concludes that, by and large, the Act has stood up well to judicial scrutiny but that the Human Rights Act 1998 has brought new challenges to which it must respond.
Exception-Chain Analysis: Revealing Exception Handling Architecture in Java Server Applications (2007)

Although it is common in large Java programs to rethrow exceptions, existing exception-flow analyses find only single exception-flow links, thus are unable to identify multiple-link exception propagation paths. This paper presents a new static analysis that, when combined with previous exception-flow analyses, computes chains of semantically-related exception-flow links, and thus reports entire exception propagation paths, instead of just discrete segments of them. These chains can be used 1) to show the error handling architecture of a system, 2) to assess the vulnerability of a single component and the whole system, 3) to support better testing of error recovery code, and 4) to facilitate the tracing of the root cause of a logged problem. Empirical findings and a case history for Tomcat show that a significant portion of the chains found in our benchmarks span multiple components, and thus are hard to find manually.
Surface passivation of phosphorus‐diffused n<sup>+</sup>‐type emitters by plasma‐assisted atomic‐layer deposited Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2011)

Abstract In recent years Al 2 O 3 has received tremendous interest in the photovoltaic community for the application as surface passivation layer for crystalline silicon. Especially p‐type c‐Si surfaces are very effectively passivated by Al 2 O 3 , including p‐type emitters, due to the high fixed negative charge in the Al 2 O 3 film. In this Letter we show that Al 2 O 3 prepared by plasma‐assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) can actually provide a good level of surface passivation for highly doped n‐type emitters in the range of 10–100 Ω/sq with implied‐ V oc values up to 680 mV. For n‐type emitters in the range of 100–200 Ω/sq the implied‐ V oc drops to a value of 600 mV for a 200 Ω/sq emitter, indicating a decreased level of surface passivation. For even lighter doped n‐type surfaces the passivation quality increases again to implied‐ V oc values well above 700 mV. Hence, the results presented here indicate that within a certain doping range, highly doped n‐ and p‐type surfaces can be passivated simultaneously by Al 2 O 3 . (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Myocardial anti-ischemic characteristics of a novel class of beta-adrenoceptor blockers. (1992)

The effect of different beta-adrenoceptor blockers on free radical-mediated cardiac membrane lipid peroxidation (CMLP) was compared to their beta-blocking potency (pA2). CMLP was determined by the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in rat cardiac membrane homogenates exposed to a free radical generating system (FeCL3/ADP/DHF) in the presence or absence of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers (1-1,000 microM). beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency (pA2) was determined using guinea pig right atria stimulated with isoproterenol. The catechol containing beta-blocker (DCC-10255) was shown to be a potent inhibitor of CMLP via an iron-dependent mechanism. On the other hand, the non-catechol beta-adrenoceptor blocker, timolol, was shown to be a weak inhibitor of CMLP. Furthermore, dl- and d-propranolol were active and equipotent though less potent than DCC-10255 in inhibiting CMLP. The myocardial cytoprotective efficacy for catechol and non-catechol beta-adrenoceptor blockers was evaluated in an isolated rat myocyte model. It was demonstrated that catechol-containing agents with either strong or weak beta-adrenoceptor blockade possess a relatively potent in vitro antioxidant and myocardial cytoprotective efficacy against free radical mediated CMLP and myocyte injury, respectively. It is concluded that the inhibition of CMLP by beta-adrenoceptor blockers is independent of their beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) (2004)

The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) is designed to measure a range of hearing disabilities across several domains. Particular attention is given to hearing speech in a variety of competing contexts, and to the directional, distance and movement components of spatial hearing. In addition, the abilities both to segregate sounds and to attend to simultaneous speech streams are assessed, reflecting the reality of hearing in the everyday world. Qualities of hearing experience include ease of listening, and the naturalness, clarity and identifiability of different speakers, different musical pieces and instruments, and different everyday sounds. Application of the SSQ to 153 new clinic clients prior to hearing aid fitting showed that the greatest difficulty was experienced with simultaneous speech streams, ease of listening, listening in groups and in noise, and judging distance and movement. SSQ ratings were compared with an independent measure of handicap. After differences in hearing level were controlled for, it was found that identification, attention and effort problems, as well as spatial hearing problems, feature prominently in the disability handicap relationship,. along with certain features of speech hearing. The results implicate aspects of temporal and spatial dynamics of hearing disability in the experience of handicap. The SSQ shows promise as an instrument for evaluating interventions of various kinds, particularly (but not exclusively) those that implicate binaural function.
Pressure ulcers: diagnostics and interventions aimed at wound‐related complaints: a review of the literature (2005)

Regarding pressure ulcer related pain, this review supports the intervention of local pain relieve in patients with pressure ulcers. Regarding pressure ulcer related odour and exudates, this study identifies the gaps in evidence and research.
The dying process. (1996)

People with HIV/AIDS progress through four categories, or stages, of the dying process. These categories are: the psychic process of accepting death, which usually follows HIV diagnosis; the sociologic dying process, which involves withdrawal from people and activities; the biological dying process, which involves those characteristics that constitute being human, such as personality; and the physiologic dying process, which represents the failure of the body's organs. The process of dying may be influenced by social stigma, fear, and memories of the deaths of friends. By introducing the categories of dying, health care providers can help patients recognize the difference between living with HIV and dying from it. Four misconceptions about the dying process are noted. Many dying patients do not have severe pain, and those that do may respond to pain management. People with HIV do not starve to death; conversely, the weight loss ultimately results from the dying process. Dehydration is not painful, rather, it allows the body to slip more peacefully into a metabolic coma. Finally, talking about death with the patient should not be avoided. Medical therapy should include as much comfort as possible for the patient.
Online Certificate Status Protocol Algorithm Agility (2011)

The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) requires server
responses to be signed but does not specify a mechanism for selecting
the signature algorithm to be used. This may lead to avoidable
interoperability failures in contexts where multiple signature
algorithms are in use. This document specifies rules for server
signature algorithm selection and an extension that allows a client to
advise a server that specific signature algorithms are supported.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]
UV and Visible Electroluminescence From a $ \hbox{Sn:Ga}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}/\hbox{n}^{+}\hbox{-Si}$ Heterojunction by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2011)

A Sn-doped Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> thin film was deposited on a n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -Si substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> film was found to be amorphous-like and exhibited n-type conduction with Sn doping. Room-temperature electroluminescence was clearly observed from the Sn:Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -Si diode, including an ultraviolet (UV) emission at ~ 370 nm, a yellow emission at ~ 580 nm, and a red emission at ~ 680 nm. The UV emission is assigned to the transition from Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ga</sub> donor to the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ga</sub> acceptor, whereas the visible emissions were assigned to be related to the dangling bond defects.
Long-Term Efficacy of a Hepatitis E Vaccine (2015)

Immunization with this hepatitis E vaccine induced antibodies against HEV and provided protection against hepatitis E for up to 4.5 years. (Funded by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01014845.).
2‐D DIGE identification of differentially expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and transcription factors during neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (2009)

Neural stem cells (NSC) are progenitors that can give rise to all neural lineages. They are found in specific niches of fetal and adult brains and grow in vitro as non-adherent colonies, the neurospheres. These cells express the intermediate filament nestin, commonly considered an NSC marker. NSC can be derived as neurospheres from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The mechanisms of cellular programming that hESC undergo during differentiation remain obscure. To investigate the commitment process of hESC during directed neural differentiation, we compared the nuclear proteomes of hESC and hESC-derived neurospheres. We used 2-D DIGE to conduct a quantitative comparison of hESC and NSC nuclear proteins and detected 1521 protein spots matched across three gels. Statistical analysis (ANOVA n = 3 with false discovery correction) revealed that only 2.1% of the densitometric signal was significantly changed. The ranges of average ratios varied from 1.2- to 11-fold at a statistically significant p-value <0.05. MS/MS identified 15 regulated proteins previously shown to be involved in chromatin remodeling, mRNA processing and gene expression regulation. Notably, three members of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family (AUF-1, and FBP-1 and FBP-2) register a 54, 70 and 99% increased expression, highlighting them as potential markers for NSC in vitro derivation. By contrast, Cpsf-6 virtually disappears with differentiation with an 11-fold drop in NSC, highlighting this protein as a novel marker for undifferentiated ESC.
Antidiabetic effect of a glycoside of pelargonidin isolated from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (1992)

The antidiabetic effect of a dimethoxy derivative of perlargonidin 3-O-alpha-L rhamnoside (250 mg/kg, single dose study and 100 mg/kg/day long term study) isolated from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn. has been compared with that of glibenclamide (2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg/day respectively) in moderately diabetic rats. The single dose glycoside treatment decreased fasting blood glucose by 19% and improved glucose tolerance by 29%. The corresponding effects of glibenclamide were 25% and 66% respectively over the control values. On one-month treatment the fasting blood glucose levels went down almost to half of the pretreatment levels in both the groups and their glucose tolerance improved by 41% in glibenclamide group and by 15% in glycoside treated group. Urine sugar decreased to traces in both the groups and they appeared healthy. In vitro studies showed that insulin secretion by beta-cells was more in presence of the pelargonidin derivative than in presence of a leucocyanidin derivative, reported to be a good anti-diabetic agent.
IP-10 predicts viral response and therapeutic outcome in difficult-to-treat patients with HCV genotype 1 infection (2006)

Plasma from 173 patients with HCV genotype 1 infection was analyzed for IP-10 levels prior to treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha-2a and ribavirin. Significantly lower IP-10 levels were observed in patients achieving a rapid viral response (RVR) (P < .0001), even in those with body mass index (BMI) > or = 25 kg/m2 (P = .004) and with baseline viral load > or = 2 million IU/mL (P = .001). Similarly, significantly lower IP-10 levels were observed in patients obtaining a sustained viral response (SVR) (P = .0002), including those having higher BMI (P < .05), higher viral load (P = .0005), and both higher BMI and viral load (P < .03). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, a low IP-10 value was independently predictive of both RVR and SVR. A baseline cutoff IP-10 value of 600 pg/mL yielded a negative predictive value (NPV) of 79% (19/24) for all genotype 1-infected patients, which was comparable with that observed using a reduction in HCV-RNA by at least 2 logs after 12 weeks of therapy (NPV 86%; 19/22); by combining the two, 30 of 38 patients (NPV 79%) potentially could have been spared unnecessary therapy. In patients having both higher BMI and viral load, cut-off levels of 150 and 600 pg/mL yielded a positive predictive value (PPV) of 71% and NPV of 100%, respectively. In conclusion, pretreatment IP-10 levels predict RVR and SVR in patients infected with HCV genotype 1, even in those with higher BMI and viral load. A substantial proportion of the latter patients may achieve SVR in spite of unfavorable baseline characteristics if their pretreatment IP-10 level is low. Thus, pretreatment IP-10 analysis may prove helpful in decision-making regarding pharmaceutical intervention.
Relation of DNA Methylation of 5′-CpG Island of ACSL3 to Transplacental Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Childhood Asthma (2009)

In a longitudinal cohort of approximately 700 children in New York City, the prevalence of asthma (>25%) is among the highest in the US. This high risk may in part be caused by transplacental exposure to traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but biomarkers informative of PAH-asthma relationships is lacking. We here hypothesized that epigenetic marks associated with transplacental PAH exposure and/or childhood asthma risk could be identified in fetal tissues. Mothers completed personal prenatal air monitoring for PAH exposure determination. Methylation sensitive restriction fingerprinting was used to analyze umbilical cord white blood cell (UCWBC) DNA of 20 cohort children. Over 30 DNA sequences were identified whose methylation status was dependent on the level of maternal PAH exposure. Six sequences were found to be homologous to known genes having one or more 5'-CpG island(s) (5'-CGI). Of these, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3) exhibited the highest concordance between the extent of methylation of its 5'-CGI in UCWBCs and the level of gene expression in matched fetal placental tissues in the initial 20 cohort children. ACSL3 was therefore chosen for further investigation in a larger sample of 56 cohort children. Methylation of the ACSL3 5'-CGI was found to be significantly associated with maternal airborne PAH exposure exceeding 2.41 ng/m(3) (OR = 13.8; p<0.001; sensitivity = 75%; specificity = 82%) and with a parental report of asthma symptoms in children prior to age 5 (OR = 3.9; p<0.05). Thus, if validated, methylated ACSL3 5'CGI in UCWBC DNA may be a surrogate endpoint for transplacental PAH exposure and/or a potential biomarker for environmentally-related asthma. This exploratory report provides a new blueprint for the discovery of epigenetic biomarkers relevant to other exposure assessments and/or investigations of exposure-disease relationships in birth cohorts. The results support the emerging theory of early origins of later life disease development.
The new Residential Zones - The way to easier town planning decision making (2014)

The new Residential Zones have received plenty of media attention recently. It's fair to say that most of the attention has been negative, particularly from the 'development' lobby.
ZAP! Introducing the Zero-bias Avalanche Photodiode (1982)

A novel heterostructure p-n junction diode is described which provides a photocurrent gain of 2 under zero external bias conditions. The necessary energy required to produce the additional electron-hole pair would be supplied by the internal electric field associated with the heterojunction energy gap difference. The ZAP diode structure has energy conversion applications as a photovoltaic detector whose efficiency may be enhanced by as much as 25% over that obtainable using homojunction solar cells. The device has, however, yet to be built.
Deposition of Niobium Nitride Thin Films from <i>Tert</i>‐Butylamido‐<i>Tris</i>‐(Diethylamido)‐Niobium by a Modified Industrial MOCVD Reactor (2009)

Abstract Niobium nitride thin films are deposited on 2″ silicon (100) wafers using a modified industrial metal‐organic (MO) CVD reactor of the type AIX‐200RF, starting from tert ‐butylamido‐ tris ‐(diethylamido)‐niobium (TBTDEN) and ammonia. Films of thicknesses 50‐200 nm are deposited at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 800 °C under reactor pressures of 1 and 5 mbar using various ammonia flow rates, and are characterized by the use of complementary techniques, namely X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrical measurements. Films deposited above 450 °C consist of the cubic δ ‐NbN phase, apart from the presence of Nb‐O and Nb‐O‐N species predominantly in the outermost film regions. The lowest specific resistivities, determined by four point probe measurements, are in the range 500–600 µΩ cm. A NbN/SiO 2 /p‐Si gate stack is fabricated using the grown niobium nitride films. From the capacitance‐voltage ( C ‐ V )‐curves, flat‐band voltages are extracted which, when plotted against SiO 2 ‐insulator thickness, yield a work function of 4.72 eV for as‐deposited films.
In vitro and in vivo activity of miR-92a–Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)–Inhibitor against endometrial cancer (2016)

Taken together, these results indicate that intraperitoneal delivery of miR-92a-LNA-modified-inhibitor is feasible, devoid of significant toxicity and moderately inhibits endometrial cancer growth in vivo, and therefore warrants further studies investigating other routes of inhibitor delivery possibly in other animal models.