gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TFTR vacuum system (1978)

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) will be the first magnetic plasma device in the United States capable of producing energy in any significant quantity by the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei. The function of the vacuum pumping system is to provide the high-vacuum environment for plasma initiation, to remove spent plasma constituents at the conclusion of each plasma pulse, and to provide initial high vacuum and regeneration of the neutral beam cryopanels. Radiation produced by the fusion reaction and the requirement to pump tritium have presented significant design problems not ordinarily encountered in the design of ultrahigh vacuum systems. The configuration and piping schematic of the preliminary design vacuum pumping system capable of fulfilling the requirements is discussed. The selection process for the high-vacuum pumps is reviewed and the rationale for the use of turbomolecular pumps, based on projected overall vacuum pumping system reliability, is presented. A computer was used to predict vacuum system performance. Preliminary computer-generated pumpdown curves are presented for plasma pulsing operations and pumpdowns from atmospheric pressure.
Structure of a Cys25→Ser mutant of human cathepsin S (2002)

Cathepsin S (EC 3.4.22.27), a cysteine proteinase of the papain superfamily, plays a critical role in the generation of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restricted T-­cell response by antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, selective inhibition of this enzyme may be useful in modulating class II restricted T-cell responses in immune-related disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and extrinsic asthma. The three-dimensional structure at 2.2 Å resolution of the active-site Cys25→Ser mutant presented here in an unliganded state provides further insight useful for the design of selective enzyme inhibitors.
Online multiplayer games: a virtual space for intellectual property debates? (2006)

This article explores how online multiplayer digital games are used as a venue for the negotiation of intellectual property rights. Recent disputes between players and creators are contributing to both a shift in contemporary notions about the nature and limits of copyright and a growing relationship between virtual leisure and real-world economics. A brief overview of the debate as it has been portrayed in both academic literature and the popular press will provide the context for this analysis. The focus then shifts to the ways in which existing laws and understandings about intellectual property are transforming to accommodate the unique characteristics of online multiplayer games. The contentious issue of labor within online gaming is discussed through a consideration of shifting social conceptualizations of play and the confounding of leisure and labor. The underlying use value-exchange-value relationship is also explored within the theoretical framework of a political economic perspective.
Genetic History of Xinjiang’s Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia (2017)

The Uyghur people residing in Xinjiang, a territory located in the far west of China and crossed by the Silk Road, are a key ethnic group for understanding the history of human dispersion in Eurasia. Here we assessed the genetic structure and ancestry of 951 Xinjiang's Uyghurs (XJU) representing 14 geographical subpopulations. We observed a southwest and northeast differentiation within XJU, which was likely shaped jointly by the Tianshan Mountains, which traverses from east to west as a natural barrier, and gene flow from both east and west directions. In XJU, we identified four major ancestral components that were potentially derived from two earlier admixed groups: one from the West, harboring European (25-37%) and South Asian ancestries (12-20%), and the other from the East, with Siberian (15-17%) and East Asian (29-47%) ancestries. By using a newly developed method, MultiWaver, the complex admixture history of XJU was modeled as a two-wave admixture. An ancient wave was dated back to ∼3,750 years ago (ya), which is much earlier than that estimated by previous studies, but fits within the range of dating of mummies that exhibited European features that were discovered in the Tarim basin, which is situated in southern Xinjiang (4,000-2,000 ya); a more recent wave occurred around 750 ya, which is in agreement with the estimate from a recent study using other methods. We unveiled a more complex scenario of ancestral origins and admixture history in XJU than previously reported, which further suggests Bronze Age massive migrations in Eurasia and East-West contacts across the Silk Road.
Synergistic antitumor effects of S-1 with eribulin in vitro and in vivo for triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (2014)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a higher incidence of recurrence and distant metastasis and a poor prognosis, whereas effective treatment strategies remain to be established. Finding an effective treatment for TNBC has become imperative. We examined the effect of the combination of S-1 (or 5-FU in an in vitro study) and eribulin in TNBC cell lines. The in vitro effect of the combination was examined in four TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-549 and MX-1) using a combination index and isobolograms. In addition, we assessed the effect of the combination in an MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft model. A synergistic effect was observed in three TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MX-1), and in an in vivo study, the combination of S-1 and eribulin resulted in significantly higher antitumor effects compared with S-1 or eribulin alone. 5-FU induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) change in the TNCB cell line, as supported by the decreased expression of epithelial marker and the increased expression of mesenchymal markers. Meanwhile, TGF-beta induced EMT changes in a TNBC cell line and decreased the sensitivity to 5-FU. This result suggests that 5-FU-induced EMT changes reduce the sensitivity to 5-FU. In contrast, eribulin induced a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in a TNBC cell line. The EMT phenotype induced by 5-FU was also canceled by eribulin. We demonstrate that the combination of S-1 (5-FU) and eribulin exerts a synergistic effect for TNBC cell lines through MET-induction by eribulin. Therefore, this combination therapy may be a potential treatment option for TNBC.
Recurrent molar pregnancies in a family with extensive intermarriage: Report of a family and review of the literature (1995)

In families with extensive intermarriage and recurrent molar pregnancies, patients and their spouses may have unusual human lymphocytic antigen histocompatibility, which supports the possibility of a strong genetic predisposition expressed at the level of major histocompatibility class I and II gene translation.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Anhydrides in Peptide Synthesis. Factors Affecting Urethane Formation and Racemization. (1986)

Abstract Astudy has been carried out comparing the effectiveness of two mixed anhydrides (m.a.) procedures (A) and (B) in the synthesis of a series of hydrophobic tripeptides (Va) (as reference compound) and (Vb) from the components (I) and (III) using three different solvents (DMF, THF, or CH 2 Cl 2 ).
Purification and characterization of sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase from the roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). (1980)

A sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase has been highly purified from the extract of asparagus roots by successive chromatographies with DEAE-, CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and sucrose-coupled Sepharose 6B. The disc-electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme (mol. wt. ca. 65000), free from the activity of β-fructofuranosidase and other fructosyltransferases, catalyzes fructosyltransfer from sucrose producing 1-kestose and glucose. The reaction is reversible. The transferase also exhibits an activity of fructosyltransfer from sucrose to the fructose in the sucrose moiety of neokestose and its homologous 6G(1-β-fructofuranosyl)n-sucrose. The enzyme, however, does not catalyze fructosyltransfer to 1F(1-β-fructofuranosyl)m-sucrose and 1F(1-β-fructofuranosyl)m-6G(1-β-fructofuranosyl), tsucrose (except form=0). Other properties of this enzyme are as follows: opt. pH, ca. 5.0; Km for sucrose, 0.11M; stable on heating at 30°C, pH 4.0_??_8.0; labile (ca. 50% loss) on heating at 45°C, pH 5.0_??_6.5; inhibited by Hg2+, p-chloromercuribenzoate, Mn2+ and Ag+.
Serodiagnosis of human Schistosoma mansoni infections: enhanced sensitivity and specificity in ELISA using a fraction containing S. mansoni egg antigens ω1 and α1 (1981)

Six fractions of Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenate obtained by cation exchange chromatography were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for their efficacy in serodiagnosis of human S. mansoni infections. One cationic fraction (CEF6) containing egg antigens omega 1 and alpha 1, was found to be highly reactive with a S. mansoni positive reference serum pool. 94 of 95 sera from individuals infected with S. mansoni gave a positive reaction with CEF6, and no cross reactivity was obtained with this antigenic fraction and sera from donors infected with heterologous non-schistosome parasites and cases of avian cercarial dermatitis. Only 10 of 165 sera from patients with S. haematobium and three of 10 sera from patients with S. japonicum were positive with S. mansoni egg CEF6. In one group of patients from West Africa, examined both serologically and parasitologically at a six-monthly interval, the measurement of antibody to CEF6 provided a more sensitive diagnostic aid than stool examination.
Three-Dimensional Optical Data Storage in Vitreous Silica (1998)

To achieve high bit densities (>10 GB/cm 3 ) in optical memory, we accomplished a three-dimensional optical data storage system using vitreous silica as the recording material. We succeeded in high-density optical recording by focusing pulsed laser beams of 532 nm (full width at half maximum [FWHM] 30 ps) and 400 nm (150 fs). A recording density of 72.9 GB/cm 3 was achieved, which corresponded to that of 100 compact disks, on a glass plate of (2×2) cm 2 and 2.2 mm thickness. We found that the optical damage of silica occurs within 400 ps after irradiation by a single pulse for 30 ps at 532 nm. Three photoluminescence bands were found in the photomodified silica at 283 nm, 468 nm and 558 nm. All the three bands showed similar photoluminescence excitation spectra, i.e. a peak related to oxygen vacancy absorption at 250 nm.
The Skraup Reaction with p-Methoxyacetanilide (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Skraup Reaction with p-MethoxyacetanilideC. E. Kaslow and Samuel RaymondCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 6, 1102–1103Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01210a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01210a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views189Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Joint Effect of Management's Prior Forecast Accuracy and the Form of Its Financial Forecasts on Investor Judgment (1999)

D. Eric Hirst, Lisa Koonce, Jeffrey Miller, The Joint Effect of Management's Prior Forecast Accuracy and the Form of Its Financial Forecasts on Investor Judgment, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 37, Studies on Credible Financial Reporting (1999), pp. 101-124
Inertial nonequilibrium in strongly decelerated gas mixtures of disparate molecular weights (1982)

A Fokker-Planck kinetic equation is used to describe inertial nonequilibrium effects in a strongly decelerated dilute mixture of heavy molecules in a light bath. A "normal" (or diffusion) solution is found for the tractable case of the two-dimensional stagnation-point geometry allowing a hydrodynamical closure of the problem. Based on the ratio $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}$ between the heavy-species momentum-relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and the flow time ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\mathrm{du}}{\mathrm{dx}})$, this solution is valid for values of $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}$ up to \textonequarter{} and includes as a special case the Chapman-Enskog expressions which are valid only for very small values of $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}$ (less than 0.04). The corresponding diffusion velocity is nonlinear in the driving force $\ensuremath{\omega}$, although it satisfies the phenomenological linear-gradient flux laws. For $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}>\frac{1}{4}$ the flow is dominated by inertia and no diffusion solution exists. The model predicts velocity distribution functions not too far from the Maxwellian, but with a standard deviation (or temperature) larger along the deceleration direction than along the normal direction. This result leads to anisotropic diffusion in agreement with free-molecular-probe experiments in opposed jets of disparate mass mixtures. The predicted heavy-species translational temperature presents an unexpected minimum at the stagnation point in agreement with optical measurements in opposed jets. We conclude that the Fokker-Planck method is a good starting point to understand nonequilibrium flows prevailing in the separation nozzles used for the aerodynamic enrichment of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$.
A System of Systems approach to model an Artificial Immune System using Discrete Event Specification (2009)

An Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a biological inspiration of the human immune system and continues to emerge as a technique for a wide area of applications. This paper presents a model of AIS as it applies to a multi-agent formation problem, similar to predator and prey scenario. Successful multi-agent formations are discovered in conjunction with the artificial immune system's agents and their behaviors. The hierarchy of agents within the artificial immune system support; a System of Systems (SoS) based development strategy. The AIS SoS model is implemented based on Discrete Event Specification (DEVS) and simulated using the DEVSJAVA software framework. The resulting model and simulation demonstrates successfully created multi-agent formations of predator around a single prey.
Phenotype and hematopoietic potential of side population cells throughout embryonic development (2003)

Adult murine bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be purified by sorting Hoechst 33342-extruding side population (SP) cells. Herein we investigated whether SP cells reside within embryonic tissues and exhibit hematopoietic progenitor activity. We isolated yolk sac (YS) and embryonic tissues 7.5 to 11.5 days after coitus (dpc), resolved an SP in each, and demonstrated that these SP cells exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics throughout development. YS and embryonic SP isolated 8.0 dpc expressed vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) and vascular endothelial receptor 2 (Flk-1), markers not expressed by bone marrow SP but expressed by endothelial cells and progenitors. SP at this stage did not express CD45 or produce hematopoietic colonies in vitro. In contrast, SP isolated 9.5 to 11.5 dpc contained a significantly higher proportion of cells expressing cKit and CD45, markers highly expressed by bone marrow SP. Furthermore, YS SP isolated 9.5 to 11.5 dpc demonstrated 40- to 90-fold enrichment for hematopoietic progenitor activity over unfractionated tissue. Our data indicate that YS and embryonic SP cells detected prior to the onset of circulation express the highest levels of endothelial markers and do not generate blood cells in vitro; however, as development progresses, they acquire hematopoietic potential and phenotypic characteristics similar to those of bone marrow SP.
Reactions of cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase with sodium dithionite (1983)

The reduction of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) by dithionite was investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and flow-flash techniques in the presence of CO. Of the two haem groups present in the enzyme, that associated with cytochrome alpha is the first reduced. The second-order rate constants for reduction of a number of redox proteins (cytochrome c, stellacyanin and azurin) by the S2O4(2-) and SO2.- anions are reported, and the values are compared with those determined for cytochrome c oxidase. These results are discussed in terms of the accessibility and charge distribution of the electron-entry site of cytochrome c oxidase.
Microsatellite‐based cancer detection using capillary array electrophoresis and energy‐transfer fluorescent primers (1997)

The development of sensitive, rapid, and accurate methods and apparatus for high-throughput short tandem repeat (STR) analysis will be critical for the use of microsatellite alteration in cancer screening. Here we show that STR-based bladder cancer diagnosis can be performed using capillary array electrophoresis and two-color labeling with energy-transfer (ET) fluorescent primers. Rapid (< or = 35 min) separations are achieved on capillary arrays using replaceable separation matrices and the allelic ratios are quantitatively determined with a precision of +/- 10%. With this precision, a variation of 20% was considered diagnostically significant. These methods provide a significant improvement in the speed, ease, and precision of STR analyses compared to slab gel electrophoresis.
Epitope mapping of B-cell determinants on the 15-kilodalton lipoprotein of Treponema pallidum (Tpp15) with synthetic peptides (1996)

The antigenicity of the 15-kDa lipoprotein of Treponema pallidum (Tpp15 or TpN15) was comprehensively evaluated in epitope-scanning studies with overlapping deca- and octapeptides and polygonal rabbit and human infant immunoglobulins (Igs) and antisera. This approach enabled us to identify potentially important regions and to determine the optimal dilutions of Igs or antisera for use in further studies. IgM and IgG from both species were capable of recognizing multiple, continuous epitopes. A total of 13 peptides, principally clustered in the central regions of the protein, were recognized by all syphilitic sera and Ig fractions. On the basis of window analyses, frequency profiles, and alanine substitution studies, five heptapeptides were selected for mimetic studies. Two of these five immunodominant, continuous epitopes initially appeared to be species specific; however, antisera elicited against mimetics of all five epitopes were polyspecific, recognizing similar motifs on several other treponemal proteins, including those of avirulent organisms. The only mimetic which yielded positive reactions with infant IgM and syphilitic sera in the absence of cross-reactions with rabbit antisera to avirulent treponemes was the variant of the VMYASSG motif. These findings are relevant to the development of simple, inexpensive assays for the serodiagnosis of active syphilis.
Synthesis and reactions of novel 1,3-dipyridinyl-1,3-propanediones (1990)

Claisen condensation leading to new 1,3-dipyridinyl-1,3-propanediones Id-If is described. The series of 3,5-dipyridinylpyrazoles IIa-IIf was completed and N-phenyl derivatives IIg-IIi , as well as isoxazoles IIIa and IIIb , were prepared.
Interlaboratory Determination of the Calibration Factor for the Measurement of the Interstitial Oxygen Content of Silicon by Infrared Absorption (2006)

We report an international interlaboratory dual experiment to determine the calibration factor used to calculate the interstitial oxygen content of silicon from room‐temperature (300 K) infrared (IR) absorption measurements. We conducted round robins for both the infrared and the absolute measurements on the same or equivalent specimens. The calibration factor for computing the oxygen content of silicon in parts per million atomic (ppma) from a room‐temperature measurement of the absorption coefficient at 1107 cm−1 was determined to be . The IR round robin showed a reproducibility on the order of 3%.
PARP-1 deficiency blocks IL-5 expression through calpain-dependent degradation of STAT-6 in a murine asthma model (2011)

These results demonstrate a novel function of PARP-1 in regulating IL-5 expression during allergen-induced inflammation and explain the underlying mechanism by which PARP-1 inhibition results in IL-5 reduction.
Simple-to-Apply Wetting Model to Predict Thermodynamically Stable and Metastable Contact Angles on Textured/Rough/Patterned Surfaces (2017)

Rough/patterned/textured surfaces with nano/microcavities that broaden below the surface—known as “re-entrants”—can be omniphobic (macroscopic contact angle greater than 90° for both water and oils). The existing theoretical models that explain the effects of texture on wetting are complex and do not provide a simple procedure for predicting the thermodynamically stable and metastable states and their corresponding contact angles (for example, wetting states that involve partially filled cavities). Here, we develop a simple-to-apply wetting model that allows for (1) predicting a priori the wetting state (partially or fully filled) of the cavities both under and outside the liquid droplet and the corresponding macroscopic contact angles on any type of textured surface; (2) determining the conditions under which metastable states exist; and (3) engineering specific nano/microtextures that yield any desired macroscopic contact angle, θt, for a given intrinsic contact angle θ0. Subsequently, we experimentally demonstrate how one can use the model to predict the metastable and the thermodynamically stable contact angles on nondeformable textured surfaces consisting of arrays of axisymmetric cavities/protrusions. In this model, we do not consider the effects of gravitational forces, Laplace pressure of the droplet, line tension, droplet impact velocity, and quantitative aspects of contact angle hysteresis. Nonetheless, the model is suitable for accurately predicting the contact angles of macroscopic droplets (droplet volume ∼1 μL and base diameters <2 mm), which is of immense relevance in engineering. In the experimental section we also discuss the suitability of the model to be extended in order to include the effects of contact angle hysteresis on the macroscopic apparent contact angle on textured surfaces. Controlling these macroscopic contact angles, whether higher or lower than the intrinsic angle, θ0, is desirable for many applications including nonwetting, self-cleaning, and antifouling surfaces and for completely wetting/spreading applications, such as creams, cosmetics, and lubricant fluids.