gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface potential measurements on floating targets with a parallel beam technique (1983)

Inspection of uncoated insulating samples in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is possible by using low beam voltages in order to minimize charging effects. In this paper, the principal parameters affecting the target potential under bombardment by electrons are considered. The influence of primary beam energy and the detector (collector) potential have been investigated. Surface potentials were measured by evaluating the deflection of a ‘‘measuring’’ electron beam which passes parallel above the target surface. The dependence of the surface potential on the incident beam energy and the collector potential has been measured on several materials. Curves obtained for ceramic, glass, copper, and gold are presented. Crossover energies (emission ratio equal to unity) have been determined by these measurements on Au, Cu, Mo, C, Si, GaAs, Sapphire, SiO2, glass, ceramic, and polyimide.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dual Stimuli Responsive Macromers Based on Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (2010)

Stimulus responsive materials hold great promise in biological applications as they can react to changes in physiological stimuli to produce a desired effect. Stimulus responsive macromers designed to respond to temperature changes at or around 37 degrees C and the presence of divalent cations were synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide, pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and vinylphosphonic acid by free radical polymerization. Monomers were incorporated into the macromers in ratios approximating the molar feed ratios, and macromers underwent thermogelation around normal body temperature (36.2-40.5 degrees C) as determined by rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Macromers containing vinylphosphonic acid interacted with calcium ions in solution, displaying decreased sol-gel transition temperatures (27.6-34.4 degrees C in 100 mM CaCl(2)), with decreases of greater magnitude observed for macromers with higher relative vinylphosphonic acid content. Critical micellar concentrations also decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increased vinylphosphonic acid incorporation in solutions with CaCl(2) but not in solutions with NaCl. These dually responsive macromers allow examination of the effect of increasing vinylphosphonic acid content in a macromer, which holds promise in biological applications such as drug and cell delivery or tissue engineering due to the macromer responsiveness at physiological temperatures and concentrations of calcium.
Identification and Design of p53‐Derived HLA‐A2‐Binding Peptides with Increased CTL Immunogenicity<sup>*</sup> (2001)

The replacement of a suboptimal amino acid in a primary anchor position with an optimal residue improves human leucocyte antigen (HLA) binding and immunogenicity, while maintaining cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specificity. Using a neural network capable of performing quantitative predictions of peptide binding to HLA-A2 molecules, we identified three p53 protein-derived nonamer peptides with intermediate binding owing to suboptimal amino acids in the P2 anchor position. These peptides were synthesized along with the corresponding analogs, where the natural P2 residue had been replaced with the optimal leucine residue. All three modified peptides bound to and more efficiently stabilized HLA-A2 molecules than the corresponding nonmodified peptides. The HLA-A2 transgenic mice were used for immunization. Two of the epitopes were more immunogenic in their modified than in their natural versions. The CTLs raised against the modified peptides efficiently killed the target cells pulsed with the corresponding native peptide. In terms of sensitizing the targets cells for the CTL killing, the modified peptides were more efficient than native peptides. Finally, the CTLs induced by modified peptide killed HLA-A2 transgenic mouse fibrosarcoma cells transfected with human p53 DNA. The data suggest that modified self-peptides derived from overexpressed tumour-associated proteins can be used in vaccine development against cancer, and that quantitative predictions of HLA binding is of value in the rational selection and improvement of target epitopes recognized by CTLs.
Fras1, a basement membrane-associated protein mutated in Fraser syndrome, mediates both the initiation of the mammalian kidney and the integrity of renal glomeruli (2008)

FRAS1 is mutated in some individuals with Fraser syndrome (FS) and the encoded protein is expressed in embryonic epidermal cells, localizing in their basement membrane (BM). Syndactyly and cryptophthalmos in FS are sequelae of skin fragility but the bases for associated kidney malformations are unclear. We demonstrate that Fras1 is expressed in the branching ureteric bud (UB), and that renal agenesis occurs in homozygous Fras1 null mutant blebbed (bl) mice on a C57BL6J background. In vivo, the bl/bl bud fails to invade metanephric mesenchyme which undergoes involution, events replicated in organ culture. The expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and growth-differentiation factor 11 was defective in bl/bl renal primordia in vivo, whereas, in culture, the addition of either growth factor restored bud invasion into the mesenchyme. Mutant primordia also showed deficient expression of Hoxd11 and Six2 transcription factors, whereas the activity of bone morphogenetic protein 4, an anti-branching molecule, was upregulated. In wild types, Fras1 was also expressed by nascent nephrons. Foetal glomerular podocytes expressed Fras1 transcripts and Fras1 immunolocalized in a glomerular BM-like pattern. On a mixed background, bl mutants, and also compound mutants for bl and my, another bleb strain, sometimes survive into adulthood. These mice have two kidneys, which contain subsets of glomeruli with perturbed nephrin, podocin, integrin alpha3 and fibronectin expression. Thus, Fras1 protein coats branching UB epithelia and is strikingly upregulated in the nephron lineage after mesenchymal/epithelial transition. Fras1 deficiency causes defective interactions between the bud and mesenchyme, correlating with disturbed expression of key nephrogenic molecules. Furthermore, Fras1 may also be required for the formation of normal glomeruli.
Medication use and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. (2001)

Although many different medications were being used at the baseline examination in the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort, there were no striking associations with the 5-year incidence of early ARM.
UBR+: improving performance of TCP over ATM-UBR service (2002)

ATM-UBR service responds to congestion by dropping cells when switch buffers become full. TCP connections running over UBR experience low throughput and high unfairness. For 100% TCP throughput, each switch needs buffers equal to the sum of the window sizes of all the TCP connections. Intelligent drop policies can improve the performance of TCP over UBR with limited buffers. The UBR+ service proposes enhancements to UBR for intelligent drop. The early packet discard scheme improves throughput but does not attempt to improve fairness. The selective packet drop scheme based on per-connection buffer occupancy improves fairness. The fair buffer allocation scheme further improves both throughput and fairness.
Pyrene-conjugated hyaluronan facilitated exfoliation and stabilisation of low dimensional nanomaterials in water (2013)

Pyrene-conjugated hyaluronan (Py-HA) facilitates the exfoliation of low-dimensional nanomaterials including graphite, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nano-onions (CNOs) in water (and PBS solutions), with the assistance of sonication.
New short-channel n-MOSFET current-voltage model in strong inversion and unified parameter extraction method (1991)

A semiempirical strong inversion current-voltage (I-V) model for submicrometer n-channel MOSFETs which is suitable for circuit simulation and rapid process characterization is proposed. The model is based on a more accurate velocity-field relationship in the linear region and finite drain conductance due to the channel length modulation effect in the saturation region. The parameter extraction starts from the experimental determination of the MOSFET saturation current and saturation voltage by differentiating the output characteristics in a unified and unambiguous way. These results are used in order to systematically extract the device and process parameters such as the effective electron saturation velocity and mobility, drain and source series resistances, effective gate length and characteristic length for channel length modulation, and short-channel effects. The values agree well with other independent measurements. The results of experimental studies of wide n-MOSFETs with nominal gate length of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mu m fabricated by an n-well CMOS process are reported. The calculated I-V characteristics using the extracted parameters show excellent agreement with the measurement results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Charge competition and the linear dynamic range of detection in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2004)

An experimental investigation and theoretical analysis are reported on charge competition in electrospray ionization (ESI) and its effects on the linear dynamic range of ESI mass spectrometric (MS) measurements. The experiments confirmed the expected increase of MS sensitivities as the ESI flow rate decreases. However, different compounds show somewhat different mass spectral peak intensities even at the lowest flow rates, at the same concentration and electrospray operating conditions. MS response for each compound solution shows good linearity at lower concentrations and levels off at high concentration, consistent with analyte "saturation" in the ESI process. The extent of charge competition leading to saturation in the ESI process is consistent with the relative magnitude of excess charge in the electrospray compared to the total number of analyte molecules in the solution. This ESI capacity model allows one to predict the sample concentration limits for charge competition and the on-set of ionization suppression effects, as well as the linear dynamic range for ESI-MS. The implications for quantitative MS analysis and possibilities for effectively extending the dynamic range of ESI measurements are discussed.
Atrial electrophysiological remodeling caused by rapid atrial activation: underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance to atrial fibrillation (1999)

One of the most exciting developments in our understanding of atrial fibrillation (AF) over the last several years has been the recognition that AF itself modifies atrial electrical properties in a way that promotes the occurrence and maintenance of the arrhythmia, a process termed 'atrial remodeling'. The principle stimulus for AF-induced atrial remodeling is the rapid atrial rate that results: rapid regular atrial pacing produces changes similar to those caused by AF in animal models. The mechanisms of atrial tachycardia-induced remodeling have been extensively explored, and involve changes in atrial electrophysiology associated with altered ion channel function. The most important ionic change is a reduction in L-type Ca2+ current, which reduces action potential duration (APD) and APD adaptation to rate. AF-induced changes in ion channel function appear to be due both to rapid voltage- and time-dependent alterations in channel availability caused by tachycardia and to slower downregulation of messenger RNA concentrations encoding alpha-subunits of specific ion channels. Atrial remodeling likely contributes importantly to a wide variety of clinical phenomena of previously unrecognized mechanism, including atrial dysfunction after cardioversion of AF, the increasing resistance to therapy of longer-standing AF, the association of AF with other forms of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and the tendency of paroxysmal AF to become chronic. The present paper reviews the state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms and clinical consequences for AF of atrial remodeling caused by rapid atrial activation.
Intermediate feature space approach for anomaly detection in aircraft engine data (2008)

Change detection is an important task for remote monitoring, fault diagnostics and system prognostics. When a fault occurs, it will often times cause changes in measurable quantities of the system. Early detection of changes in system measurements that indicate abnormal conditions helps the diagnostics of the fault so that appropriate maintenance action can be taken before the fault progresses, causing secondary damage to the system and system downtime. This paper presents two approaches for fusing the output of multiple change detection algorithms using random forests. What is novel and interesting about the work presented here is that the partitioning of the data into different change scenarios before training the classifier fusion approach results in a significant improvement over even a straightforward fusion approach.
Post-Routing Latch Optimization for Timing Closure (2014)

We present an algorithm which permutes latch positions and sizes within a clock cluster to maximize the worst slack. It preserves the clock footprint and routing, and can therefore be applied late in the design flow after clock network design.
T4 endonuclease V: review and application to dermatology (2008)

This enzyme increases the repair of UV-damaged DNA and produces other beneficial effects on UV-damaged cells. In clinical trials in XP patients, topical application of liposome-encapsulated T4 endonuclease V reduced the incidence of basal cell carcinomas by 30% and of actinic keratoses by > 68%. Adverse effects were minimal, and there was no evidence of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Although the photoprotective effect of T4N5 has been investigated only in XP patients, the possibility exists that it may benefit others likely to develop premalignant keratoses and NMSC, such as organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and individuals who have had numerous psoralen plus UVA photochemotherapy treatments. It may be also be effective for normal individuals.
Improved Culturability of Soil Bacteria and Isolation in Pure Culture of Novel Members of the Divisions <i>Acidobacteria</i> , <i>Actinobacteria</i> , <i>Proteobacteria</i> , and <i>Verrucomicrobia</i> (2002)

The culturability of bacteria in the bulk soil of an Australian pasture was investigated by using nutrient broth at 1/100 of its normal concentration (dilute nutrient broth [DNB]) as the growth medium. Three-tube most-probable-number serial dilution culture resulted in a mean viable count that was only 1.4% of the mean microscopically determined total cell count. Plate counts with DNB solidified with agar and with gellan gum resulted in viable counts that were 5.2 and 7.5% of the mean microscopically determined total cell count, respectively. Prior homogenization of the soil sample with an ultrasonic probe increased the viable count obtained by using DNB solidified with gellan gum to 14.1% of the mean microscopically determined cell count. A microscopic examination of the cell aggregates that remained after sonication revealed that the potential CFU count was only 70.4% of the total cell count, due to cells occurring as pairs or in clumps of three or more cells. Staining with SYTO 9 plus propidium iodide indicated that 91.3% of the cells in sonicated soil samples were potentially viable. Together, these findings suggest that the maximum achievable CFU count may be as low as 64.3% of the total cell count. Thirty isolates obtained from plate counting experiments performed with DNB as the growth medium were identified by comparative analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. A large proportion of these isolates represent the first known isolates of globally distributed groups of soil bacteria belonging to novel lineages within the divisions Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia.
Optimization of multiple-slot waveguides for biochemical sensing (2014)

In this work, we analyze and optimize an optical biochemical sensor using silicon multiple-slot waveguides. The rigorous optimization procedure considers parameters such as ridge width, slot width, the number of slots, and the effect of residual silicon left at the bottom of the slot region. These parameters are then optimized using a figure of merit to achieve the highest possible sensitivity to bulk and surface changes in the upper cladding of the sensor. The multiple-slot structure is then studied in a bend configuration in order to construct ring-resonator-based sensors. A bulk sensitivity of 912 nm/refractive index unit is achieved for a change in bulk refractive index, which is three times better than single-slot waveguides.
Influence of the power density spectrum of the excitation signal on the identification of drives (2008)

This paper deals with the identification of the mechanical part of a drive. The applied method works in the frequency domain, uses a numerical least squares parameter fitting optimization method and yields the model function of the plant. The paper explains the mathematical background and analyzes the strong influence of the spectral characteristics of the excitation signal on the identification result. The presented experimental results clearly point out the efficiency of the proposed method.
Facial Expression Mapping inside Head Mounted Display by Embedded Optical Sensors (2016)

Head Mounted Display (HMD) provides an immersive ex-perience in virtual environments for various purposes such as for games and communication. However, it is difficult to capture facial expression in a HMD-based virtual environ-ment because the upper half of user's face is covered up by the HMD. In this paper, we propose a facial expression mapping technology between user and a virtual avatar using embedded optical sensors and machine learning. The distance between each sensor and surface of the face is measured by the optical sensors that are attached inside the HMD. Our system learns the sensor values of each facial expression by neural network and creates a classifier to estimate the current facial expression.
Catalytic in Situ Hydrogenolysis of Lignin in Supercritical Ethanol: Effect of Phenol, Catalysts, and Reaction Temperature (2018)

This study aimed to explore the in situ hydrogenolysis of alkali lignin into bio-oil over three kinds of heterogeneous catalysts with varied catalytic properties (Ru/C, Ni/ZSM-5, and CuNiAl hydrotalcite-based catalyst) in supercritical ethanol. Phenol was first introduced to the in situ hydrogenolysis system to form a complex solvent to improve the lignin depolymerization over heterogeneous catalysts. The promotion effect of phenol was obviously observed during the hydrogenolysis process, leading to improved bio-oil yield and decreased solid residue yield, due to the unique dissolution and diffusion properties of phenol-containing solvent. The synergistic effects of basic sites and complex solvents were observed; thus, herein, the effect of catalysts, reaction temperature, and time on the hydrogenolysis, repolymerization, and coking on catalysts was investigated in detail, considering the molecular weight, elemental composition, and higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil. The highest bio-oil yield was up to 81.8%, with an improved HHV of 30.09 MJ/kg, when the hydrogenolysis reaction was carried out at 290 °C for 3 h over CuNiAl catalyst, in ethanol–phenol solvent (phenol/lignin ratio of 0.8). This study could provide a beneficial reference for the hydrogenolysis of lignin over heterogeneous catalyzed systems in complex solvent.
Up-Converting Phosphor Technology-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of <i>Schistosoma</i> Circulating Anodic Antigen in Serum (2007)

Schistosoma sp. circular anodic antigen (CAA) serum concentrations reflect actual worm burden in a patient and are a valuable tool for population screening and epidemiological research. However, for the diagnosis of individual imported schistosomiasis cases, the current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) lacks sensitivity and robustness. Therefore, a lateral flow (LF) assay was developed to test CAA in serum for individual diagnosis of imported active schistosome infections. Application of fluorescent submicron-sized up-converting phosphor technology (UPT) reporter particles increased analytical sensitivity compared to that of the standard ELISA method. Evaluation of the UPT-LF test with a selection of 40 characterized epidemiologic samples indicated a good correlation between signal intensity and infection intensity. Subsequently, the UPT-LF assay was applied to 166 serum samples of Dutch residents (immigrants and travelers) suspected of schistosomiasis, a case in which group routine antibody detection frequently fails straightforward diagnosis. The UPT-LF assay identified 36 CAA-positive samples, compared to 15 detected by CAA-ELISA. In conclusion, the UPT-LF assay is a low-complexity test with higher sensitivity than the CAA-ELISA, well suited for laboratory diagnosis of individual active Schistosoma infections.
Land Cover and Land Use Classification with TWOPAC: towards Automated Processing for Pixel- and Object-Based Image Classification (2012)

We present a novel and innovative automated processing environment for the derivation of land cover (LC) and land use (LU) information. This processing framework named TWOPAC (TWinned Object and Pixel based Automated classification Chain) enables the standardized, independent, user-friendly, and comparable derivation of LC and LU information, with minimized manual classification labor. TWOPAC allows classification of multi-spectral and multi-temporal remote sensing imagery from different sensor types. TWOPAC enables not only pixel-based classification, but also allows classification based on object-based characteristics. Classification is based on a Decision Tree approach (DT) for which the well-known C5.0 code has been implemented, which builds decision trees based on the concept of information entropy. TWOPAC enables automatic generation of the decision tree classifier based on a C5.0-retrieved ascii-file, as well as fully automatic validation of the classification output via sample based accuracy assessment.Envisaging the automated generation of standardized land cover products, as well as area-wide classification of large amounts of data in preferably a short processing time, standardized interfaces for process control, Web Processing Services (WPS), as introduced by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), are utilized. TWOPAC’s functionality to process geospatial raster or vector data via web resources (server, network) enables TWOPAC’s usability independent of any commercial client or desktop software and allows for large scale data processing on servers. Furthermore, the components of TWOPAC were built-up using open source code components and are implemented as a plug-in for Quantum GIS software for easy handling of the classification process from the user’s perspective.
Functionalization of an amorphous ethylene‐propylene copolymer by free radical initiated grafting of unsaturated molecules (1984)

Abstract Functionalization of an amorphous ethylene‐propylene copolymer, EPM, has been performed by means of homogeneous grafting reactions of unsaturated molecules such as dibutylmaleate, diethylfumarate, itaconic anhydride, and maleic anhydride, initiated by free radicals. Dicumylperoxide and dibenzoylperoxide have been used as a free radical source and their efficiency has been compared. A different reactivity of the unsaturated molecules has been evidenced. The influence of the nature of the solvent on the functionalization degree has been investigated, revealing a noticeable effect of the solvent either on the amounts of grafted molecules or on the secondary reactions which lead to partial degradation of the functionalized EPM chains.