gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the <i>c-ret</i> proto-oncogene during mouse embryogenesis (1993)

The c-ret proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase whose normal function has yet to be determined. To begin to investigate the potential role of this gene in vertebrate development, we have isolated cDNA clones representing the murine c-ret gene, and have analyzed the pattern of expression during mouse embryogenesis, using northern blotting, in situ hybridization to histological sections and whole-mount hybridization histochemistry. c-ret transcripts were detected beginning at day 8.5 of embryogenesis, and were observed in a number of cell lineages in the developing peripheral and central nervous systems, as well as in the excretory system. In the cranial region at day 8.5-9.5, c-ret mRNA was restricted to a population of neural crest cells migrating from rhombomere 4 and forming the anlage of the facioacoustic ganglion, as well as to a closely associated domain of surface ectoderm and pharyngeal endoderm. At later stages (10.5-14.5 days), c-ret mRNA was observed in all cranial ganglia. In the peripheral nervous system of the trunk, c-ret was expressed in the autonomic ganglia and in subsets of cells in the dorsal root ganglia. In the enteric nervous system, c-ret was expressed in the presumptive enteric neuroblasts of the vagal crest (day 9.0-11.5), and in the myenteric ganglia of the gut (day 13.5-14.5). c-ret mRNA was observed in several regions of the central nervous system, including the undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells of the ventral neural tube (8.5 days), the motor neurons in the spinal cord and the hindbrain (10.5-14.5 days), the embryonic neuroretina (day 13.5) and the layers of the postnatal retina containing ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells. Outside the nervous system, c-ret was expressed in the nephric (Wolffian) duct at day 8.5-10.5, the ureteric bud epithelium (but not the surrounding metanephric mesenchyme) at day 11.0-11.5, and the growing tips of the renal collecting ducts (but not the previously formed, subcortical portions of the collecting ducts, or the mesenchyme-derived renal vesicles) at day 13.5-17.5. Our results suggest that the c-ret gene may encode the receptor for a factor involved in the proliferation, migration, differentiation or survival of a variety of neuronal cell lineages, as well as in inductive interactions during organogenesis of the kidney.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging Reveals Differential Interactions of<i>N</i>-Glycan Processing Enzymes across the Golgi Stack in Planta     (2013)

N-Glycan processing is one of the most important cellular protein modifications in plants and as such is essential for plant development and defense mechanisms. The accuracy of Golgi-located processing steps is governed by the strict intra-Golgi localization of sequentially acting glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Their differential distribution goes hand in hand with the compartmentalization of the Golgi stack into cis-, medial-, and trans-cisternae, which separate early from late processing steps. The mechanisms that direct differential enzyme concentration are still unknown, but the formation of multienzyme complexes is considered a feasible Golgi protein localization strategy. In this study, we used two-photon excitation-Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to determine the interaction of N-glycan processing enzymes with differential intra-Golgi locations. Following the coexpression of fluorescent protein-tagged amino-terminal Golgi-targeting sequences (cytoplasmic-transmembrane-stem [CTS] region) of enzyme pairs in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), we observed that all tested cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes, namely Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Golgi α-mannosidase I, Nicotiana tabacum β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, Arabidopsis Golgi α-mannosidase II (GMII), and Arabidopsis β1,2-xylosyltransferase, form homodimers and heterodimers, whereas among the late-acting enzymes Arabidopsis β1,3-galactosyltransferase1 (GALT1), Arabidopsis α1,4-fucosyltransferase, and Rattus norvegicus α2,6-sialyltransferase (a nonplant Golgi marker), only GALT1 and medial-Golgi GMII were found to form a heterodimer. Furthermore, the efficiency of energy transfer indicating the formation of interactions decreased considerably in a cis-to-trans fashion. The comparative fluorescence lifetime imaging of several full-length cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes and their respective catalytic domain-deleted CTS clones further suggested that the formation of protein-protein interactions can occur through their amino-terminal CTS region.
Increasing Resistant Starch Content in Fish Crackers Through Repetitive Cooking-Chilling Cycles (2013)

This work describes the effect of a repetitive cooking-chilling process on resistant starch content in crackers prepared from a mixture of fish and starch, which are popularly known in Malaysia as “keropok.” Three fish cracker formulations were prepared using tapioca, wheat, and sago starch. Up to four cycles of repetitive cooking-chilling increased the resistant starch content in all products; however, the hardness of chilled samples decreased, and their moisture content increased. For the fried samples, the texture became harder, the color turned darker, and linear expansion was reduced. The dried fish cracker samples prepared with sago starch yielded the highest resistant starch content. The results demonstrated that four cycles of repetitive cooking-chilling were able to enhance resistant starch in fish crackers.
Effect of phosphorylation on the transactivation activity of Epstein–Barr virus BMRF1, a major target of the viral BGLF4 kinase (2008)

Modification of human herpesvirus DNA polymerase processivity factors (PFs) by phosphorylation occurs frequently during viral lytic replication. However, functional regulation of the herpesvirus PFs through phosphorylation is not well understood. In addition to processivity, the PF BMRF1 of Epstein-Barr virus can function as a transactivator to activate the BHLF1 promoter within the lytic origin of replication (oriLyt), which is assumed to facilitate DNA replication through remodelling viral chromatin structure. BMRF1 is known to be phosphorylated by the viral BGLF4 kinase, but its impact on BMRF1 function is unclear. Seven candidate BGLF4 target sites were predicted within a proline-rich region between the DNA-processivity and nuclear-localization domains of BMRF1. We show that four of these residues, Ser-337, Thr-344, Ser-349 and Thr-355, are responsible for the BGLF4-induced hyperphosphorylation of BMRF1. In functional analyses, a phosphorylation-mimicking mutant of BMRF1 shows similar nuclear localization, as well as DNA-binding ability, to the wild type; however, it displays stronger synergistic activation of the BHLF1 promoter with Zta. Notably, BGLF4 downregulates BMRF1 transactivation and enhances the transactivation activity of Zta and the synergistic activation of BMRF1 and Zta on the BHLF1 promoter. Our findings suggest that BGLF4 may modulate the activation of the oriLyt BHLF1 promoter coordinately through multiple mechanisms to facilitate optimal oriLyt-dependent viral DNA replication.
A phase 1 and 2 trial of rubidazone in patients with acute leukemia. (1977)

Thirty-nine previously treated adults with acute leukemia received Rubidazone in a Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial. Thirteen (33%) achieved complete remission, 11 after a single course. Optimal results were obtained after single doses of 450 mg/sq m, from which 8 of 13 (62%) achieved complete remission. Of 19 patients treated with “low” doses (≤450 mg/sq m), 10 (53%) achieved complete remission including 4 of 7 over the age of 50. Higher doses were significantly more toxic and less effective. Neither age, sex, diagnosis, degree of prior therapy, nor previous chemotherapy with an anthracycline antibiotic affected the response rate. Eleven of the 13 complete responders achieved remission after a single course of chemotherapy; median time to complete remission was 29 days. The median duration of remission was 3 months, and the median survival of complete responders was 8 months. Toxic manifestations were similar to those seen with other anthracycline antibiotics, although drug-related deaths during induction at our Phase 2 doses, 1 of 19 (5%), were significantly less frequent than reported after daunorubicin. Maintenance doses of Rubidazone (median, 200 mg/sq m) caused severe granulocytopenia (median, 420/µl) and thrombocytopenia (median, 67,000/µl), which suggests an appropriate dose of 150 to 200 mg/sq m for solid tumor patients, considerably less than the low doses recommended for induction therapy in leukemia. Fatal anthracycline cardiomyopathy occurred after cumulative Rubidazone doses of 1700 to 2600 mg/sq m in 3 patients previously treated with 135- to 270-mg/sq m doses of other anthracyclines. Rubidazone is the most active antileukemic agent that we have tested and deserves further trial in primary combination chemotherapy of patients with acute leukemia as well as systemic investigation in patients with solid tumors.
Probing the internal field gradients of porous media (2002)

We devise a modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence that allows us to probe the apparent internal field gradient distribution of a fluid-saturated porous medium as a function of the pore size. This distribution is displayed as a two-dimensional map with one axis being the field gradient, another axis being the T2 relaxation time reflecting different pore sizes, and the vertical amplitudes being proportional to the proton population. Such a scheme of two-dimensional representation for fluid-saturated porous media can also be used for the identification of pore fluids using the contrast of their diffusion coefficients.
Motion Sensing Superpixels (MOSES): A systematic framework to quantify and discover cellular motion phenotypes (2018)

Abstract Cellular motion is fundamental in tissue development and homeostasis. There is strong interest in identifying factors that affect the interactions of cells in disease but analytical tools for robust and sensitive quantification in varying experimental conditions for large extended timelapse acquisitions is limited. We present Motion Sensing Superpixels (MOSES), a method to systematically capture diverse features of cellular dynamics. We quantify dynamic interactions between epithelial cell sheets using cell lines of the squamous and columnar epithelia in human normal esophagus, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and find unique boundary formation between squamous and columnar cells. MOSES also measured subtle changes in the boundary formation caused by external stimuli. The same conclusions of the 190 videos were arrived at unbiasedly with little prior knowledge using a visual motion map generated from unique MOSES motion ‘signatures’. MOSES is a versatile framework to measure, characterise and phenotype cellular interactions for high-content screens.
Polarization dispersion and principal states in a 147-km undersea lightwave cable (1988)

The authors describe measurements of polarization dispersion in a 147-km undersea lightwave cable at 1.56 mu m. The wavelength dependence of the transmitted state of polarization was measured and interpreted in terms of the principal states description of polarization dispersion to determine the difference in the propagation delay time between the two principal states of polarization. Measured differential propagation delay times ranged between 2.5 and 10 ps among the four fibers tested. Significant wavelength dependence in both the principal states and the propagation delay times was observed over a 12-AA interval.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Loss of Carbonate during the First Stages of Enamel Caries (1973)

The changes in carbonate concentration of enamel associated with the first visible stages of carious attack have been investigated. Samples of translucent-zone enamel and adjacent samples of sound enamel have been dissected from small carious lesions and their carbonate content determined. The resuits indicate that a selective loss of carbonate occurs during the early stages of carious attack.
Antigen-binding lymphocytes in guinea pigs. I.B cell expansion to the monovalent antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyl trimethylammonium (tyr(TMA)) in the absence of antibody production. (1977)

The monofunctional antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tyr(TMA), and the polyfunctional antigen, TMA-human gamma-globulin (TMA-HGG), were used to investigate the antigen structural requirements necessary for clonal proliferation of B cells. This clonal expansion was characterized with respect to receptor immunoglobulin class and affinity maturation. Antigen-binding analysis revealed that inoculation of tyr(TMA), although only of m.w. 344, triggers clonal expansion of B lymphocytes 9-fold in the absence of any apparent antibody production. There does not appear to be any maturation with respect to antibody class since greater than 90% of the tyr(TMA)-specific B cells bear the micron receptor in the nonimmune and immune state. However, the average avidity of the B cells for this antigen increases with time after immunization. In contrast, immunization with TMA-HGG results in an 18-fold increase in B lymphocytes with significant amounts of anti-TMA antibody production. With time after immunization, both maturation of average avidity and class of Ig receptor (micron leads to gamma shift) occur. These findings indicate that the functionally T cell-specific antigen tyr(TMA) can trigger clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation at the receptor level in the absence of detectable antibody production.
Occupational Dermatitis and Dermatitis from Cosmetics and Fabrics - Medico-Legal Aspects (1958)

Diseases of the skin are the most frequent of all occupational diseases. They constitute about two-thirds of all occupational diseases reported to compensation boards. This follows logically from the fact that the skin is the largest and most external organ of the body and hence has the most contact with environmental irritant and toxic substances. According to government statistics, it has been estimated that the monetary loss per year from occupational skin diseases is more than 100 million dollars. members of the legal profession having clients, either claimants or defendants, in cases involving compensation should have some basic knowledge of occupational dermatitis.
Transparent role assignment and task allocation in human robot collaboration (2017)

Collaborative robots represent a clear added value to manufacturing, as they promise to increase productivity and improve working conditions of such environments. Although modern robotic systems have become safe and reliable enough to operate close to human workers on a day-to-day basis, the workload is still skewed in favor of a limited contribution from the robot's side, and a significant cognitive load is allotted to the human. We believe the transition from robots as recipients of human instruction to robots as capable collaborators hinges around the implementation of transparent systems, where mental models about the task are shared between peers, and the human partner is freed from the responsibility of taking care of both actors. In this work, we implement a transparent task planner able to be deployed in realistic, near-future applications. The proposed framework is capable of basic reasoning capabilities for what concerns role assignment and task allocation, and it interfaces with the human partner at the level of abstraction he is most comfortable with. The system is readily available to non-expert users, and programmable with high-level commands in an intuitive interface. Our results demonstrate an overall improvement in terms of completion time, as well as a reduced cognitive load for the human partner.
Example Based Learning for View-Based Human Face Detection. (1994)

Finding human faces automatically in an image is a di cult yet important rst step to a fully automatic face recognition system.It is also an interesting academic problem because a successful face detection system can provide valuable insight o n h o w one might a p p r o a c h other similar object and pattern detection problems.This paper presents an example-based learning approach for locating vertical frontal views of human faces in complex scenes.The technique models the distribution of human face patterns by means of a few view-based \face" and \non-face" prototype clusters.At e a c h image location, a di erence feature vector is computed between the local image pattern and the distribution-based model.A trained classi er determines, based on the di erence feature vector, whether or not a human face exists at the current image location.We s h o w empirically that the prototypes we c hoose for our distribution-based model, and the distance metric we adopt for computing di erence feature vectors, are both critical for the success of our system.
Characterization of a Porous Multifunctional Nanocomposite for Pressure Sensing (2012)

This study focuses on the characterization of a porous multifunctional elastomer-CNT nanocomposites for potential use as pressure sensors. A thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was chosen as an elastomeric matrix, which was reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (0–10 wt%) by high shear twin screw extrusion mixing. Porosity was introduced to the composites through the phase separation of a single TPU-CO2 solution. Interactions between MWNT and TPU were elucidated through calorimetry, gravimetric decomposition, conductivity measurements and microstructure imaging. The piezoresistance (pressure-resistance) behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated and found to be dependent on MWNT concentration and nanocomposite microstructure.
Anhydrides as acylating agents in lipase-catalyzed stereoselective esterification of racemic alcohols (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnhydrides as acylating agents in lipase-catalyzed stereoselective esterification of racemic alcoholsDaniele Bianchi, Pietro Cesti, and Ezio BattistelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 23, 5531–5534Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00258a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00258a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1344Altmetric-Citations204LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improving quality of training data for learning to rank using click-through data (2010)

In information retrieval, relevance of documents with respect to queries is usually judged by humans, and used in evaluation and/or learning of ranking functions. Previous work has shown that certain level of noise in relevance judgments has little effect on evaluation, especially for comparison purposes. Recently learning to rank has become one of the major means to create ranking models in which the models are automatically learned from the data derived from a large number of relevance judgments. As far as we know, there was no previous work about quality of training data for learning to rank, and this paper tries to study the issue. Specifically, we address three problems. Firstly, we show that the quality of training data labeled by humans has critical impact on the performance of learning to rank algorithms. Secondly, we propose detecting relevance judgment errors using click-through data accumulated at a search engine. Two discriminative models, referred to as sequential dependency model and full dependency model, are proposed to make the detection. Both models consider the conditional dependency of relevance labels and thus are more powerful than the conditionally independent model previously proposed for other tasks. Finally, we verify that using training data in which the errors are detected and corrected by our method, we can improve the performance of learning to rank algorithms.
Traveling the Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Pathway: Oral Delivery of Protein and Peptide Drugs (2008)

Oral routes of administration for therapeutic peptides and proteins face two major barriers: proteolytic degradation in the stomach and an inadequate absorption mechanism for polypeptides within the intestinal lumen. As a result, peptide-based therapeutics are administered by injection, a painful process associated with lower patient compliance. The development of a means of overcoming these two major obstacles and enabling the successful delivery of peptide therapeutics by the oral route of administration has therefore been the target of extensive scientific endeavor. This Minireview focuses on oral peptide/protein delivery by the dietary uptake pathway for vitamin B(12). Recent progress in this field includes the delivery of erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, and insulin.
The Larval Eclosion Hormone Neurones in<i>Manduca Sexta:</i>Identification of the Brain-Proctodeal Neurosecretory System (1989)

ABSTRACT Larval and pupal ecdyses of the moth Manduca sexta are triggered by eclosion hormone (EH) released from the ventral nervous system. The major store of EH activity in the latter resides in the proctodeal nerves that extend along the larval hindgut. At pupal ecdysis, the proctodeal nerves show a 90 % depletion of stored activity, suggesting that they are the major release site for the circulating EH that causes ecdysis. Surgical experiments involving the transection of the nerve cord or removal of parts of the brain showed that the proctodeal nerve activity originates from the brain. Retrograde and anterograde cobalt fills and immunocytochemistry using antibodies against EH revealed two pairs of neurons that reside in the ventromedial region of the brain and whose axons travel ipsilaterally along the length of the central nervous system (CNS) and project into the proctodeal nerve, where they show varicose release sites. These neurons constitute a novel neuroendocrine pathway in insects which appears to be dedicated solely to the release of EH.