gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1′-thiobis(2-chloroethane): identification of β-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine (1995)

1. Samples of urine from two human subjects accidentally exposed to sulphur mustard were analysed for metabolites derived from hydrolysis (thiodiglycol, thiodiglycol sulphoxide), conjugation with glutathione (1,1'-sulphonylbis [2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)ethane]) and from further metabolism of glutathione conjugates by the beta-lyase pathway (1,1-sulphonylbis[2-(methylsulphinyl)ethane], 1-methylsulphinyl-2-[2-(methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane). 2. Thiodiglycol sulphoxide was excreted in much higher concentrations than thiodiglycol, as was observed previously in rat exposed to sulphur mustard. However, the use of thiodiglycol sulphoxide as a biological marker for sulphur mustard poisoning is limited by its presence at low concentrations in normal human urine. 3. beta-lyase metabolites were detected at concentrations comparable with those of thiodiglycol sulphoxide. No background levels of beta-lyase metabolites have been detected in normal human urine, and they are proposed as unequivocal diagnostic and forensic indicators of sulphur mustard poisoning in man.
miRmap: Comprehensive prediction of microRNA target repression strength (2012)

MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, post-transcriptionally repress the expression of protein-coding genes. The human genome encodes over 1000 miRNA genes that collectively target the majority of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Base pairing of the so-called miRNA 'seed' region with mRNAs identifies many thousands of putative targets. Evaluating the strength of the resulting mRNA repression remains challenging, but is essential for a biologically informative ranking of potential miRNA targets. To address these challenges, predictors may use thermodynamic, evolutionary, probabilistic or sequence-based features. We developed an open-source software library, miRmap, which for the first time comprehensively covers all four approaches using 11 predictor features, 3 of which are novel. This allowed us to examine feature correlations and to compare their predictive power in an unbiased way using high-throughput experimental data from immunopurification, transcriptomics, proteomics and polysome fractionation experiments. Overall, target site accessibility appears to be the most predictive feature. Our novel feature based on PhyloP, which evaluates the significance of negative selection, is the best performing predictor in the evolutionary category. We combined all the features into an integrated model that almost doubles the predictive power of TargetScan. miRmap is freely available from http://cegg.unige.ch/mirmap.
Applying Morphology Generation Models to Machine Translation (2008)

We improve the quality of statistical machine translation (SMT) by applying models that predict word forms from their stems using extensive morphological and syntactic infor-mation from both the source and target lan-guages. Our inflection generation models are trained independently of the SMT system. We investigate different ways of combining the in-flection prediction component with the SMT system by training the base MT system on fully inflected forms or on word stems. We applied our inflection generation models in translating English into two morphologically complex languages, Russian and Arabic, and show that our model improves the quality of SMT over both phrasal and syntax-based SMT systems according to BLEU and human judge-ments. 1
Encoding verbal information as unique numbers (1972)

The technique of encoding verbal information as unique numbers arose from the authors' need for the capability to store and process large quantities of data in a 32K APL workspace. The algorithms, programmed in APL\360, support several levels or hierarchies of encoding and decoding where associated with each level is its alphabet or wordlist. The first level results in the representation of words as single numbers. Higher levels provide single numbers which can represent phrases, sentences, or paragraphs. Because the encoding process has no finite limit, the implication is that very large quantities of information, such as the amount contained in books or data files, can be represented as single numbers. Perhaps one of the greatest implications for the future is the concept of data compaction where main storage, peripheral storage, and data transmission are optimized.
Performance Influence of Live Migration on Multi-Tier Workloads in Virtualization Environments (2012)

Abstract—Live migration is a widely used technology for load balancing, fault tolerance, and power saving in cloud data centers. Previous research includes significant research work in the performance improvement of live migration. However, little work has been done to investigate the influence of live migration on virtual machine workloads that users care about most. We notice that these workloads can be classified into two categories: single-tier workloads and multi-tier workloads which is a typical type for internet applications. We conduct a series of deliberate experiments to investigate the influence of live migration on multi-tier workloads in a cloud environment and also on traditional physical machines for comparison. Our experimental results show that multi-tier workloads on virtual machines can work as well as those on traditional physical machines. However, in an unstable environment, if virtual machines migrate constantly, live migration will cause a profound performance decrease on multi-tier workloads. Also, it is best to avoid migrating virtual machines that are hosting memory intensive workloads in a virtualization environment due to bad downtime performance. Further, we perform experiments trying to find the turning point of the performance of a virtual machine, which might provide support evidence for future research on live migration policy. Keywords-virtualization; live migration; XEN; Muti-tier workload. I.
Accelerated phase‐contrast cine MRI using <i>k</i>‐<i>t</i> SPARSE‐SENSE (2011)

Phase-contrast (PC) cine MRI is a promising method for assessment of pathologic hemodynamics, including cardiovascular and hepatoportal vascular dynamics, but its low data acquisition efficiency limits the achievable spatial and temporal resolutions within clinically acceptable breath-hold durations. We propose to accelerate PC cine MRI using an approach which combines compressed sensing and parallel imaging (k-t SPARSE-SENSE). We validated the proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI against 3-fold accelerated PC cine MRI with parallel imaging (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions). With the programmable flow pump, we simulated a time varying waveform emulating hepatic blood flow. Normalized root mean square error between two sets of velocity measurements was 2.59%. In multiple blood vessels of 12 control subjects, two sets of mean velocity measurements were in good agreement (mean difference = -0.29 cm/s; lower and upper 95% limits of agreement = -5.26 and 4.67 cm/s, respectively). The mean phase noise, defined as the standard deviation of the phase in a homogeneous stationary region, was significantly lower for k-t SPARSE-SENSE than for generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (0.05 ± 0.01 vs. 0.19 ± 0.06 radians, respectively; P < 0.01). The proposed 6-fold accelerated PC cine MRI pulse sequence with k-t SPARSE-SENSE is a promising investigational method for rapid velocity measurement with relatively high spatial (1.7 mm × 1.7 mm) and temporal (∼35 ms) resolutions.
Unrecognised myocardial infarction and long-term risk of heart failure in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study (2010)

Unrecognised MI detected by electrocardiography yields a long-term risk of heart failure equivalent to recognised MI in men, but is not significantly related to heart failure in women. In the light of the high incidence of both unrecognised MI and heart failure in the elderly, it may be worthwhile for both doctors and patients to improve responsiveness to typical and atypical symptoms of MI.
The Sedative Effect of Non-Alcoholic Beer in Healthy Female Nurses (2012)

The moderate consumption of non-alcoholic beer will favour night-time rest, due in particular to its hop components, in addition to its other confirmed benefits for the organism.
Histone H4 from cuttlefish testis is sequentially acetylated. Comparison with acetylation of calf thymus histone H4. (1987)

The differently acetylated subfractions of histone H4 isolated from cuttlefish testis and from calf thymus were separated by ion exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex, using a shallow linear gradient of guanidine hydrochloride in the presence of 6 M urea at pH 3.0. The tetra-, tri-, di-, mono-, and nonacetylated forms of cuttlefish H4 represent 2, 6.4, 18, 32.2, and 41.4% of the whole histone, respectively. The di-, mono-, and nonacetylated forms of calf H4 represent 11.7, 41.3, and 44% of the whole histone, respectively. The acetylation sites were determined in each subfraction by identification of the acetylated peptides. In each acetylated H4 subfraction, the acetylated tryptic peptides were identified by peptide mapping and amino acid analysis with reference to the peptide map of nonacetylated H4. In cuttlefish testis H4, lysine 12 is the main site of acetylation in the monoacetylated subfraction; lysines 5 and 12 are found acetylated in diacetylated H4; lysines 5, 12, and 16 are found acetylated in triacetylated H4. From these results and the stoichiometry of the different H4 subfractions, it can be concluded that lysine 5 is acetylated after lysine 12. In calf thymus, lysine 16 is the only site of acetylation in the monoacetylated subfraction. All the diacetylated forms are acetylated in lysine 16, the second site of acetylation being, in decreasing order, lysine 12, lysine 5, or lysine 8. These observations suggest that acetylation occurs in a sequential manner. Moreover, the sites of acetylation depend upon the biological event in which acetylation is involved.
Lamellar diblock copolymer grain boundary morphology. 1. Twist boundary characterization (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLamellar diblock copolymer grain boundary morphology. 1. Twist boundary characterizationSamuel P. Gido, Janelle Gunther, Edwin L. Thomas, and David HoffmanCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 17, 4506–4520Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00069a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00069a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views914Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Implementing the Advanced Switching Fabric Discovery Process (2007)

Advanced switching is a new high-speed industrial standard serial interconnect. It is defined as a switching fabric architecture based on the PCI express technology. The advanced switching specification establishes a management infrastructure which maintains the fabric operation. The topology discovery process is triggered after fabric initialization and every time a topological change is detected. The information gathered by this process is used to build a set of paths between fabric endpoints. This work analyzes the performance of several possible implementations for this management task.
Designing nonstandard filters with differential evolution (2005)

An alternative method for nonstandard filter design has been described. This method recasts the filter design problem as a minimization problem and solves the minimization via the DE minimizer, for which public domain software has been made available previously. The advantages of this method are its simplicity as well as the capability to design unconventional filter types. A great asset of this approach is that it can be applied with minimal knowledge of digital filter design theory.
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with a dedicated coil: a clinical pilot study (2010)

Endoscopic lung volume reduction with coils is safe and feasible. Further studies of the efficacy are indicated.
High-Gain, Long-Pulse Free-Electron-Laser Oscillator (1986)

We report the first operation of a high-gain, long-pulse (> 1 \ensuremath{\mu}sec), free-electron-laser oscillator. The growth rate is measured by variation of the interaction length of the electron beam within the oscillator cavity. The observed power gain per pass of up to ${10}^{4}$ and the buildup of cavity power to multimegawatt levels are in agreement with high-gain oscillator theory. Growth rates have also been measured as a function of wiggler field strength.
Anomalous junction leakage current induced by STI dislocations and its impact on dynamic random access memory devices (1999)

As the density of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) increases up to giga-bit regime, one of the important problems is the control of the process-induced defects and damage. Although the shallow trench isolation (STI) is widely used for deep submicron devices, it has a great possibility of generating STI dislocations due to its inherently large mechanical stress and damage. When STI dislocations are located within the depletion region of pn junction, anomalous junction leakage current could flow. This junction leakage current degrades the memory cell data retention time and the standby current of DRAM. We resolved the problems from STI dislocations as follows; the crystal defects and the mechanical stress were reduced by optimizing the implantation condition and the densification temperature of trench filled high-density plasma (HDP) oxide, respectively. In addition, the residual mechanical stress before source/drain implantation was relieved through rapid thermal nitridation (RTN). By using these methods, STI dislocations were successfully clamped outside the depletion region of pn junction.
Super-resolution ultrasonic imaging by combined spectral and aperture synthesis (1977)

In conventional sonar systems, high azimuth resolution is achieved by synthesis of the aperture, and range resolution by utilization of pulsed waves. When the aperture synthesis is done over a fairly large area, however, the duration of the pulse should be reduced to less than a few wavelengths in order to keep the range resolution within the azimuth resolution. The use of such short pulses makes difficult the precise detection of the amplitude and phase of the waves reflected from the object, mainly because of the sensitivity to noise caused by the short averaging time in the heterodyne detection process. In this paper a new method is proposed which realizes the impulselike range resolutions through the synthesis of detected signals for several frequencies of continuous waves. The fundamental idea is to synthesize the Fourier transform of a very short pulse by using several frequencies of ultrasonic waves. This method gives the synthesis in range, while the conventional synthesis gives the azimuth direction. The principle of the method is presented together with an analysis of the resolution, a noise analysis, and a discussion which includes a numerical example.
A nano-immunoassay system for monitoring changes in signaling upon oncogene inactivation in hematopoietic tumors (2007)

C259 Cancer is caused by the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Using our conditional transgenic model of MYC-induced lymphoma, we have previously shown that inactivation of the MYC oncogene can result in sustained tumor regression. Now, using a novel nano-immunoassay system (FireflyTM instrument) we have detected changes in key signaling pathways upon oncogene inactivation in hematopoietic tumor cells. We used the nano-immunoassay system to measure changes in expression and activation of proteins including MYC, AKT, ERK, and STAT-5 in lymphoma and CML cells before and after oncogene inactivation. Levels of the different proteins were measured with high accuracy and sensitivity in as few as 400 cells. We used a single pan-specific antibody to distinguish between the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated protein isoforms, as the nano-immunoassay technology separates different phosphorylated forms of a protein based on their isoelectric point. Further, we detected changes in relative phosphorylation of ERK in CML cells after treatment with imatinib. Hence, this novel nano-immunoassay technique can measure the levels of key signaling proteins in oncogenic pathways from very small samples. Comparison of this technique was performed with Western blot and phospho-protein FACS analyses, which each required several logs more of tumor sample for protein detection. This novel nano-immunoassay system can potentially be used for high throughput analysis of microscopic clinical specimens for biomarker discovery, molecular diagnostics, clinical screening and to monitor changes in signaling during therapeutic interventions.
<i>Arabidopsis</i> mutants in the <i>C–S</i> lyase of glucosinolate biosynthesis establish a critical role for indole‐3‐acetaldoxime in auxin homeostasis (2004)

We report characterization of SUPERROOT1 (SUR1) as the C-S lyase in glucosinolate biosynthesis. This is evidenced by selective metabolite profiling of sur1, which is completely devoid of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates. Furthermore, following in vivo feeding with radiolabeled p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime to the sur1 mutant, the corresponding C-S lyase substrate accumulated. C-S lyase activity of recombinant SUR1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli was demonstrated using the C-S lyase substrate djenkolic acid. The abolishment of glucosinolates in sur1 indicates that the SUR1 function is not redundant and thus SUR1 constitutes a single gene family. This suggests that the "high-auxin" phenotype of sur1 is caused by accumulation of endogenous C-S lyase substrates as well as aldoximes, including indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) that is channeled into the main auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Thereby, the cause of the "high-auxin" phenotype of sur1 mutant resembles that of two other "high-auxin" mutants, superroot2 (sur2) and yucca1. Our findings provide important insight to the critical role IAOx plays in auxin homeostasis as a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism, and define a framework for further dissection of auxin biosynthesis.
Catalytic Intermolecular Direct Arylation of Perfluorobenzenes (2006)

Penta-, tetra-, tri-, and difluorobenzenes undergo direct arylation with a wide range of arylhalides in high yield. Inverse reactivity is observed compared to the common electrophilic aromatic substitution pathway since electron-deficient, C-H acidic arenes react preferentially. Computational studies indicate that C-H bond cleavage occurs via a concerted carbon-palladium and carbon-hydrogen bond cleaving event involving a carbonate or a bromide ligand. The reactions are rapid, require only a slight excess of the perfluoroarene reagent, and utilize commercially available, air-stable catalyst precursors.
The power of DNA double‐strand break (DSB) repair testing to predict breast cancer susceptibility (2012)

Most presently known breast cancer susceptibility genes have been linked to DSB repair. To identify novel markers that may serve as indicators for breast cancer risk, we performed DSB repair analyses using a case-control design. Thus, we examined 35 women with defined familial history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (first case group), 175 patients with breast cancer (second case group), and 245 healthy women without previous cancer or family history of breast cancer (control group). We analyzed DSB repair in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by a GFP-based test system using 3 pathway-specific substrates. We found increases of microhomology-mediated nonhomologous end joining (mmNHEJ) and nonconservative single-strand annealing (SSA) in women with familial risk vs. controls (P=0.0001-0.0022) and patients with breast cancer vs. controls (P=0.0004-0.0042). Young age (<50) at initial diagnosis of breast cancer, which could be indicative of genetic predisposition, was associated with elevated SSA using two different substrates, amounting to similar odds ratios (ORs=2.54-4.46, P=0.0059-0.0095) as for familial risk (ORs=2.61-4.05, P=0.0007-0.0045). These findings and supporting validation data underscore the great potential of detecting distinct DSB repair activities in PBLs as method to estimate breast cancer susceptibility beyond limitations of genotyping and to predict responsiveness to therapeutics targeting DSB repair-dysfunctional tumors.
Acrylic Triblock Copolymer Design for Thermoreversible Gelcasting of Ceramics: Rheological and Green Body Properties (2009)

Thermoreversible gelcasting (TRG) is an attractive net‐shape powder‐based processing technique which relies on the temperature‐driven gelation of a polymer solution. This study uses the TRG of alumina to investigate the implications of triblock copolymer design (block length, endblock fraction, and midblock chemistry) on rheological and green body properties. The liquid‐to‐solid transition and relaxation time in the gel state are controlled by the polymer's endblock length while the total polymer length controls the viscosity at high temperature. Although triblock design and concentration do not affect the green body porosity or sintered density, they do have significant effects on green body behavior. Triblocks with a high fraction of rubbery midblock behave as elastomers and confer significant toughness to the green bodies. In contrast, those with glassy midblocks increase the strength of the body but also behave in a brittle manner. Green body strength increases with increasing triblock concentration and is well described by a model for the strength of ceramic bodies with the binder localized at the particle necks.
Enantiomerically pure cyclopropylboronic esters: auxiliary- versus substrate-control (2000)

Stable, enantiomerically pure cyclopropylboronic esters are synthesized from alkynes by a hydroboration–cyclopropanation sequence. The direct hydroboration—utilizing 1,3,2-dioxaborolane 4—is most convenient, however, with more functionalized side-chains it failed to give the desired intermediates. Using the more reactive dicyclohexylborane, followed by oxidation and transesterification, is a good alternative one-pot conversion. Cyclopropanations were performed either following a Simmons–Smith protocol or with diazomethane–palladium(II) acetate. The influence on the diastereoselectivity of the auxiliary 1 is compared with the influence of an additional stereogenic center in the side-chain.