gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blockade of T-Cell Activation by Dithiocarbamates Involves Novel Mechanisms of Inhibition of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (1997)

Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) have recently been reported as powerful inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation in a number of cell types. Given the role of this transcription factor in the regulation of gene expression in the inflammatory response, NF-kappaB inhibitors have been suggested as potential therapeutic drugs for inflammatory diseases. We show here that DTCs inhibited both interleukin 2 (IL-2) synthesis and membrane expression of antigens which are induced during T-cell activation. This inhibition, which occurred with a parallel activation of c-Jun transactivating functions and expression, was reflected by transfection experiments at the IL-2 promoter level, and involved not only the inhibition of NF-kappaB-driven reporter activation but also that of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Accordingly, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that pyrrolidine DTC (PDTC) prevented NF-kappaB, and NFAT DNA-binding activity in T cells stimulated with either phorbol myristate acetate plus ionophore or antibodies against the CD3-T-cell receptor complex and simultaneously activated the binding of AP-1. Furthermore, PDTC differentially targeted both NFATp and NFATc family members, inhibiting the transactivation functions of NFATp and mRNA induction of NFATc. Strikingly, Western blotting and immunocytochemical experiments indicated that PDTC promoted a transient and rapid shuttling of NFATp and NFATc, leading to their accelerated export from the nucleus of activated T cells. We propose that the activation of an NFAT kinase by PDTC could be responsible for the rapid shuttling of the NFAT, therefore transiently converting the sustained transactivation of this transcription factor that occurs during lymphocyte activation, and show that c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) can act by directly phosphorylating NFATp. In addition, the combined inhibitory effects on NFAT and NF-KB support a potential use of DTCs as immunosuppressants.
Constrained notch filtering of nonuniformly spaced samples for enhancement of an arbitrary signal corrupted by a strong FM interference (1991)

The proposed method is based on exploring the concept of constrained notch filtering (CNF) as applied to any given arbitrary signal with time varying parameters. First, it is shown that any signal with a constant envelope such as FM may be transformed to a discrete sinusoidal one by applying a nonuniform sampling strategy. Second, a signal buried under a strong FM interference is retrieved by applying CNF in the transformed time domain. The main assumption made is that there exists an auxiliary input which provides information about the instantaneous frequency of the interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and in Vitro Characterization of 1-(4-Aminofurazan-3-yl)-5-dialkylaminomethyl-1<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives. A New Class of Selective GSK-3 Inhibitors (2003)

A novel class of GSK-3 inhibitors with favorable water solubility was identified in a HTS screen. SAR studies identified bioisosteric structural moieties in this class of compounds. The compounds were tested in a GSK-3 inhibition assay at 100 microM ATP giving IC(50)'s in the range from 0.1 to 10 microM. The compounds are ATP competitive inhibitors. They modulate glycogen metabolism and stimulate the accumulation of intracellular beta-catenin in whole cell assays with EC(50)'s in the range from 2 to 18 microM and 4.5-44 microM, respectively. For selected compounds, only a 10-fold lower potency was obtained in cellular assays compared to the potency obtained for inhibition of the isolated enzyme, reflecting a good cell permeability of this compound class. At 10 microM of test compound a 3-fold stimulation of the glycogen synthesis in rat soleus muscle was obtained compared to the level of glycogen synthesis observed at 0.2 nM insulin. This stimulation of glycogen synthesis is comparable to the maximal stimulation by insulin itself.
Optical Switching and Image Storage by Means of Azobenzene Liquid-Crystal Films (1995)

Liquid crystals are promising materials for optical switching and image storage because of their high resolution and sensitivity. Azobenzene liquid crystals (LCs) have been developed, in which azobenzene moieties play roles as both mesogens and photosensitive chromophores. Azobenzene LC films showed a nematic phase in trans isomers and no LC phase in cis isomers. Trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene with a laser pulse resulted in a nematic-to-isotropic phase transition with a rapid optical response of 200 microseconds.
Selective epitaxial growth of Si1−xGex/Si strained-layers in a tubular hot-wall low pressure chemical vapor deposition system (1997)

Selective epitaxial growth (SEG) of SiGe on patterned-oxide silicon substrates, using a tubular hot-wall low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) system, has been demonstrated. This conventional LPCVD system was proposed as a low cost alternative for SiGe epitaxial growth. Dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2) and germane (GeH4) were used as the reactant gases with hydrogen as a carrier gas, with no addition of HCl needed to achieve selectivity in quality epitaxial growth of SiGe. Nomarski microscopy showed good selectivity with no nucleation occurring on the SiO2 areas. A low defect silicon buffer layer grown under SEG conditions was key in obtaining high-quality growth. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the SiGe strained layers grown at 700 °C, 750 °C, and 800 °C were of high quality.
Why and How the Supreme Court Should End the Death Penalty (2016)

In a recent opinion dissenting from the Supreme Court’s holding that a certain drug used in carrying out lethal injections is constitutional, Justice Breyer urged the Court to reconsider whether the death penalty is constitutional. Although the Court has so far declined Justice Breyer’s invitation, his dissent has provoked a discussion as to whether the United States should continue to use the death penalty. The purpose of this article is to contribute to that discussion. The article begins with a discussion of the reasons that public support for the death penalty has declined during the last 20 years. Problems in the administration of the death penalty, such as the increasing numbers of exonerations, the continued racial disparities in death sentencing, the continued arbitrary application of the death penalty, and the substandard representation that many defendants receive are identified as the main reasons for this decline. The author concludes that going forward, the Supreme Court has two options available in addressing these problems: it can continue to try to reform the death penalty to make it fairer or it can abolish the death penalty. The article discusses some possible reforms that can be attempted but concludes that these reforms are unlikely to have a significant impact in making the death penalty fairer. Therefore, the author concludes that the only option available to the Court is to completely abolish the death penalty. The author argues that the doctrinal framework for the Court to abolish the death penalty is already firmly in place. The Court could choose to abolish the death penalty for one of several reasons. First, it could find the death penalty violates Equal Protection because of the continued racial disparities in its application. Second, there are several Eighth Amendment grounds upon with the Court could rely. For instance, in the past the Court has found that the application of the death penalty to juveniles and mentally retarded offenders violated the Eighth Amendment because of “evolving standards of decency.” The Court could similarly find that, given the direction of the states in either abolishing the death penalty by statute or in practice and the significant decline in death sentences by juries, that the continued use of the death penalty also violates “evolving standards of decency.” Finally, the author responds to several likely objections that will be made in the event the Court seriously considers abolishing the death penalty, such as the text of the Constitution and the fear of another Furman type public backlash.
The Intermediate Band Solar Cell: Progress Toward the Realization of an Attractive Concept (2009)

The intermediate band (IB) solar cell has been proposed to increase the current of solar cells while at the same time preserving the output voltage in order to produce an efficiency that ideally is above the limit established by Shockley and Queisser in 1961. The concept is described and the present realizations and acquired understanding are explained. Quantum dots are used to make the cells but the efficiencies that have been achieved so far are not yet satisfactory. Possible ways to overcome the issues involved are depicted. Alternatively, and against early predictions, IB alloys have been prepared and cells that undoubtedly display the IB behavior have been fabricated, although their efficiency is still low. Full development of this concept is not trivial but it is expected that once the development of IB solar cells is fully mastered, IB solar cells should be able to operate in tandem in concentrators with very high efficiencies or as thin cells at low cost with efficiencies above the present ones.
Emission measurements from planar arrays of porous ionic liquid ion sources (2012)

Abstract We present current emission measurements from arrays of 480 porous ionic liquid ion source emitters for applications in space propulsion and in the processing and analysis of materials. The emitters are fabricated with a top-down approach from 10 × 10 × 1 mm 3 bulk porous nickel and are housed within a microetched silicon frame and stainless-steel aperture-matching extraction grids. Measurements of emitted and collected currents are reported using two ionic liquids (ILs), EMI-BF 4 and EMI-Im. Total beam currents up to about 400 µ A can be sustained through passive feeding with IL fed from the rear of the bulk porous substrate. These currents are in agreement with previous work where currents of about 1 µ A were observed from single emitters. Ion transparencies as high as 0.95 are achieved with manually assembled grids. Current emission displays reasonable symmetry between polarities, although slight differences could yield to the accumulation of one type of ion in the source leading to electrochemical reactions despite voltage alternation. Strong current decays with time and evidence of surface contamination reinforce this hypothesis. Future work should address this issue through closed-loop control of charge emission.
Counterfeit Tablet Investigations: Can ATR FT/IR Provide Rapid Targeted Quantitative Analyses? (2014)

Counterfeit medicines are now a global public health problem. In developed countries up to 1% of medicines are reported to be counterfeit whilst in developing countries the level is ~30-40%. In this research the potential of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) FT/IR techniques to provide rapid quantitative analyses of suspect tablet formulations is reported. Unlike conventional tablet analyses where several tablets are crushed and solvent extracted, ATR FT/IR methods require that only a single tablet be crushed prior to analysis. This provides a considerable time saving over the solvent extraction protocols cited in the British Pharmacopoeia. Reference ATR FT/IR spectra of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients, from crushed tablets, were recorded for identification purposes. Quantitative data was obtained from ATR FT/IR spectra of calibrated mixtures of the API in the excipients. Tablet samples from various countries, India, Africa, China, Belgium and the UK were examined. Initial results showed the API could be identified down to ca 5% w/w of the tablet. Quantification was linear with selected characteristic peak areas for each API/excipient mixture. The analysis of the tablet samples generally showed good agreement with expectation. This was confirmed by conventional extractive analyses followed by UV quantification. ATR FT/IR can therefore identify counterfeit tablets rapidly without the need for solvents. Whilst LCMS/ MS and NMR techniques may be the ‘gold standards’ of the analytical world they are of much reduced value in sub-Saharan African countries whereas a portable ATR FT/IR may prevent the use of counterfeit antimalarial tablets and contribute to improvements in patient health.
AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors with heavily C-doped base layers grown by flow-rate modulation epitaxy (1989)

AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors are fabricated using carbon-doped p-type GaAs base regions grown for the first time by flow-rate modulation epitaxy. Because of the much smaller diffusion coefficient of carbon atoms in GaAs than that of beryllium and other p-type impurities, sharp impurity profiles are achieved. The heterojunction bipolar transistors exhibited high current gains up to 40 for a base layer width of 150 nm and base doping of 2.4×1019 cm−3 . The electron lifetime in heavily carbon-doped GaAs layers is considerably long, indicating favorable quality of heavily carbon-doped layers.
Increase of cytochrome P450IA2 activity by omeprazole: Evidence by the 13C-[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin (1992)

Omeprazole has been shown to induce cytochrome P450IA1 and P450IA2 activity in vitro. To reflect cytochrome P450IA2 (CYP1A2) activity in vivo, the 13C-[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test was conducted in 18 volunteers: 12 extensive metabolizers, one intermediate metabolizer, and five poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Breath tests were performed before treatment with an oral dose of 40 mg omeprazole, on the seventh day of treatment, and after a 7-day washout period. The mean percentage exhalation of the 13C test dose, as determined by 13CO2 in breath during 8 hours, was 23.0% +/- 8.0% (n = 18) before treatment. The largest increases in exhalation rate of 13CO2 were observed in the poor metabolizers and the intermediate metabolizers (range, 12.8% to 62.9%; median, 38.9%); median area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of omeprazole was four times higher than in the extensive metabolizers. The change after omeprazole treatment in extensive metabolizers ranged from -9.8% to +47.7% (median, 12.3%; n = 12) of pretreatment values. In both groups exhalation rates of 13CO2 returned to near pretreatment values within the 7-day washout period (24.2% +/- 7.8%; n = 17). Changes in the 13C-caffeine breath test correlated well with both the pretreatment value (R = -0.67, p = 0.003; n = 18) and the plasma AUC of omeprazole (R = 0.61, p = 0.007; n = 18). Therapeutic doses of omeprazole seem to induce CYP1A2 activity in poor metabolizers, whereas they exert minor inducing effects in extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin.
ISDN access line data link layer and network layer maintenance (2003)

The authors discuss surveillance-based maintenance support for the ISDN (integrated services digital network) data link and network layers. The need for each layer to be monitored separately and the tools that can be used to maintain these layers (including testing tools) are identified. These tools are being considered within the T1M1.2 ISDN maintenance operations sub-working group and will complement the layer 1 maintenance tools (e.g. cyclic-redundancy-check-based performance monitoring) planned by T1M1.2.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 10mW 9.7ENOB 80MSPS pipeline ADC in 65nm CMOS process without any special mask requirement and with single 1.3V supply (2009)

This paper describes a power and area efficient pipeline ADC design. This ADC was designed in 65 nm process without any special mask requirement and can work with supply voltage of 1.3 V consuming 10 mW providing 9.7 ENOB at 80 MSPS while occupying less than 0.2 square millimeters.
Formulation of Culture Media for Conductimetric Assays: Theoretical Considerations (1985)

Summary: The basic theory of electrolytic conductivity in solutions is described and a model is proposed which allows the direction and relative rates of change of conductivity in microbial cultures to be predicted. Guidelines are presented to enable nutrients to be selected so as to maximize conductivity changes. It is shown that a major consideration in any strategy to maximize conductivity changes in cultures must be to direct as many metabolic activities as possible to act in concert in the production or consumption of protons, and to combine this with use of a pH buffer that exhibits a large change in conductivity on taking up or losing a proton. The ability to predict conductivity changes in microbial systems should permit the rational design of culture media for the selective enumeration of microbes by conductimetric methods and the development of other kinds of conductimetric assays.
Introduction to Practicing Anthropology in Senegal (1997)

The numerous problems Africans face are familiar to all of us, in part because an ever-present media depicts graphic scenes of civil wars and refugees, recurrent droughts, and the heart-wrenching human suffering associated with widespread poverty. The appeal of fieldwork in Africa has attracted a large number of anthropologists over the past century whose accomplishments and insights have contributed greatly to the advancement of the discipline as a whole. The immense human and biophysical diversity that characterizes Africa continues to provide anthropologists with a wide range of exciting research opportunities relevant to some perceived "problem." Anthropologists have worked with their African colleagues on many of these topical problems, and notable examples have been published in previous editions of Practicing Anthropology.
Epigenetic regulation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, HAGE, in chronic myeloid leukemia (2007)

The TCC-S cell line showed demethylation of HAGE that was associated with over-expression of this gene. HAGE hypomethylation was significantly more frequent in BC (46%) than in CP (22%) (p=0.01) and was correlated with high expression levels of HAGE transcripts (p<0.0001). Of note, in CP-CML, extensive HAGE hypomethylation was associated with poorer prognosis in terms of cytogenetic response to interferon (p=0.01) or imatinib (p=0.01), molecular response to imatinib (p=0.003) and progression-free survival (p=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: The methylation status of the HAGE promoter directly correlates with its expression in both CML cell lines and patients and is associated with advanced disease and poor outcome.
Fusion of Powers? Building Connections Between the Public Service and the Legislative Branch (2017)

As a former legislative intern, the author has had the opportunity to employ the knowledge of the
legislative process he gained through his internship to great effect in his current role as a policy analyst
with the federal public service. In this article he suggests this type of experience, if more widely available to
public servants, could reinforce a sense of appreciation for the principle of parliamentary review, provide
insight into how the legislative process can impact policy development, and allow them to develop their
political acuity.
Retroviral-mediated gene therapy--safety considerations and preclinical studies. (1992)

Retroviral mediated gene transfer (1) is now a clinical reality, with several protocols being conducted. The features that have made these vectors appropriate for the first clinical studies in humans are (i) they are derived from well characterized murine retroviruses (ii) many foreign genes have been expressed in many different cell types, and transduction efficiency can be very high (iii) helper or wild type virus free vectors can be obtained in good titer and (iv) the number of sites of proviral integration is limited although the site of integration in the genome is random. Most of the work described has been conducted in the laboratories of our collaborators, notably Drs. W. French Anderson, R. Michael Blaese, Steven A. Rosenberg, and Arthur W. Nienhuis at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Dr. Malcolm K. Brenner at St. Jude's Hospital in Memphis, as well as work conducted at Genetic Therapy, Inc. But it is very important to appreciate that retroviral vectors themselves were developed from the pioneering work of researchers in a large number of laboratories in the early and mid 80's.
The human Pk histo-blood group antigen provides protection against HIV-1 infection (2009)

Several human histo-blood groups are glycosphingolipids, including P/P1/P(k). Glycosphingolipids are implicated in HIV-host-cell-fusion and some bind to HIV-gp120 in vitro. Based on our previous studies on Fabry disease, where P(k) accumulates and reduces infection, and a soluble P(k) analog that inhibits infection, we investigated cell surface-expressed P(k) in HIV infection. HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from otherwise healthy persons, with blood group P(1)(k), where P(k) is overexpressed, or blood group p, that completely lacks P(k), were compared with draw date-matched controls. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and/or thin layer chromatography were used to verify P(k) levels. P(1)(k) PBMCs were highly resistant to R5 and X4 HIV-1 infection. In contrast, p PBMCs showed 10- to 1000-fold increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Surface and total cell expression of P(k), but not CD4 or chemokine coreceptor expression, correlated with infection. P(k) liposome-fused cells and CD4(+) HeLa cells manipulated to express high or low P(k) levels confirmed a protective effect of P(k). We conclude that P(k) expression strongly influences susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, which implicates P(k) as a new endogenous cell-surface factor that may provide protection against HIV-1 infection.
Lead Poisoning in Children of Lead Workers (1977)

Children may be exposed through various mechanisms to toxins of industrial origin. Contamination of the home environment by soiled work clothing is an important mechanism of such exposure and has been associated with the development of mesothelioma,1 berylliosis2 and chloracne3 , 4 in workers' families. In the outbreak of symptomatic lead poisoning in the children of lead workers described below, the apparent vehicle of exposure was lead dust carried home on work clothing.MethodsDuring December, 1975, and January, 1976, after an investigation of occupational lead poisoning at a secondary lead smelter in Memphis, Tennessee,5 91 children and 12 wives of current . . .
Gas Turbine Performance: 2nd edition (2004)

A significant addition to the literature on gas turbine technology, the second edition of Gas Turbine Performance is a lengthy text covering product advances and technological developments. Including extensive figures, charts, tables and formulae, this book will interest everyone concerned with gas turbine technology, whether they are designers, marketing staff or users.
On linear dependencies in subspaces of LFSR-generated sequences (1996)

The probability of linear dependency in subsequences generated by linear feedback shift registers is examined. It is shown that this probability for a short subsequence, e.g., a sequence defined by the length of a scan chain, can be much higher than that for an entire m-sequence.