gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Mg propagation into subsequent layers grown by MOCVD (2017)

Low temperature (LT) flow modulation epitaxy (FME) or “pulsed” growth was successfully used to prevent magnesium from Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) grown p-GaN:Mg layers riding into subsequently deposited n-type layers. Mg concentration in the subsequent layers was lowered from ∼1 × 1018 cm−3 for a medium temperature growth at 950 °C to ∼1 × 1016 cm−3 for a low temperature growth at 700 °C via FME. The slope of the Mg concentration drop in the 700 °C FME sample was 20 nm/dec—the lowest ever demonstrated by MOCVD. For growth on Mg implanted GaN layers, the drop for a medium temperature regrowth at 950 °C was ∼10 nm/dec compared to &gt;120 nm/dec for a high temperature regrowth at 1150 °C. This drop-rate obtained at 950 °C or lower was maintained even when the growth temperature in the following layers was raised to 1150 °C. A controlled silicon doping series using LT FME was also demonstrated with the lowest and highest achieved doping levels being 5 × 1016 cm−3 and 6 × 1019 cm−3, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Radical Deoxygenation of Erythromoycins by Barton Reaction. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High Frequency Linacs for Hadrontherapy (2009)

The use of radiofrequency linacs for hadrontherapy was proposed about 20 years ago, but only recently has it been understood that the high repetition rate together with the possibility of very rapid energy variations offers an optimal solution to the present challenge of hadrontherapy: "paint" a moving tumor target in three dimensions with a pencil beam. Moreover, the fact that the energy, and thus the particle range, can be electronically adjusted implies that no absorber-based energy selection system is needed, which, in the case of cyclotron-based centers, is the cause of material activation. On the other side, a linac consumes less power than a synchrotron. The first part of this article describes the main advantages of high frequency linacs in hadrontherapy, the early design studies, and the construction and test of the first high-gradient prototype which accelerated protons. The second part illustrates some technical issues relevant to the design of copper standing wave accelerators, the present developments, and two designs of linac-based proton and carbon ion facilities. Superconductive linacs are not discussed, since nanoampere currents are sufficient for therapy. In the last two sections, a comparison with circular accelerators and an overview of future projects are presented.
Hypotensive Reactions Probably Attributable to Bradykinin Produced by Platelet Transfusion through a White-Cell Reduction Filter: A Case Report. (1999)

術前ACE阻害薬服用患者(54歳,女性)の僧帽弁置換術中に,白血球除去フィルターを用いた血小板輸血を行なったところ,収縮期血圧が90mmHgから40mmHgに急激に低下した.術後の検索で,副作用のあった濃厚血小板製剤のフィルター濾過後ブラジキニン濃度は著しく高値(61,500Pg/ml)であった.患者血清のACE活性は低値(3.1IU/l)を示した.血漿が陰性荷電に接触すると,ブラジキニンが産生されることが知られている.本症例の血圧低下は,ACE活性が低くブラジキニンの分解が不十分な患者に,陰性荷電を有するフィルターとの接触でブラジキニン濃度が高まった濃厚血小板製剤が輸血されたことが原因と考えられた.
Banning the Flames: Constitutionality, Preemption, and Local Smoking Ordinances (2008)

In the months spanning late 2006 and early 2007, two South Carolina circuit courts confronted nearly identical questions and arrived at astonishingly divergent conclusions.Both suits stemmed from municipal ordinances that severely curtailed public smoking within two South Carolina cities.The Charleston County Court of Common Pleas upheld the smoking ban for Sullivan's Island, finding the local ordinance was neither unconstitutional nor preempted by the general laws of the state.'However, less than three months later, the Greenville County Court of Common Pleas struck down a strikingly similar ordinance as being expressly preempted by state law and as violating the South Carolina constitution. 2 In addition to causing a problematic trial court split, these decisions raise doubts as to the validity and enforceability of similar ordinances recently passed in numerous other South Carolina localities.'In examining these recent court decisions, this Note explores two primary questions-one a substantive legal inquiry and the other a normative question of public policy.First, do the general laws and constitution of South Carolina render local smoking ordinances invalid and unenforceable?Second, should the general laws and constitution of South Carolina render local smoking ordinances invalid and unenforceable?In considering these overarching questions, Part II of this Note briefly lays out background material including the two local ordinances in question, South Carolina's Home Rule provisions, relevant state statutes, and an overview of the two recent circuit court decisions.Part III examines the legal arguments-particularly those relating to preemption and constitutionality-that determine if the local ordinances are valid and enforceable.Finally, Part IV focuses on the policy debate over whether local governments should have the power to ban 1. Order at 20, Beachfront Entr't, Inc. v. Town of Sullivan's Island, No.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Cantilever Deflection Studies of Polymerization Kinetics and Stress in Ultraviolet Curing of Multifunctional (Meth)acrylate Coatings (2001)

Polymerization kinetics and stress development were measured during the UV curing of multifunctional acrylate and methacrylate coatings by photodifferential scanning calorimetry and a cantilever deflection method. Higher light intensity leads to higher double-bond conversion but unfortunately also to higher stress. Higher monomer functionality unfortunately leads both to lower conversion and to higher stress; substituting methacrylate for acrylate does likewise. Longer monomer chain length and more plasticizer, though, lead both to higher conversion and to lower stress. In all cases, it is shown that significant stress starts to develop only late in reactionat the vitrification conversion. The vitrification conversion falls as more rigid networks are formed (with higher functionality, shorter monomer chain length, lower plasticizer concentration, or methacrylate rather than acrylate), but it is not affected by the light intensity. After vitrificationin the vitrified statethe stress rises monotonically with conversion. The rate of stress growth with conversion in the vitrified state rises with higher monomer functionality, shorter monomer chain length, or lower plasticizer concentration. It also rises when methacrylate is substituted for acrylate. These trends of stress growth in the vitrified state are consistent with an increase in the elastic modulus as more rigid networks are formed.
Growth of beryllium doped Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As/GaAs mirrors for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1994)

We experimentally compare a variety of techniques used in the growth of p-type Be doped AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors to reduce the operating voltages of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The AlxGa1−xAs composition, average doping concentration, grading and doping profile at the interfaces, and growth temperature are all important parameters to achieve low voltage mirrors with low optical loss and high thermal conductivity. Specifically we examine band-gap engineering techniques to flatten the voltage barrier at the DBR mirror layer interfaces. We demonstrate VCSELs with low operating voltages (1.7–3.0 V) and high continuous wave room-temperature power-conversion efficiencies and output powers.
Rock Mechanics Evaluation of Resin-Coated Proppants for Screenless Completions (1999)

Abstract In screenless completions, the goal is long-lasting, high-strength consolidations that are resistant to production conditions of bottomhole temperature, fluid flow, and stress cycling. This paper presents results from rock mechanics tests that the authors developed to evaluate precoated and "on-the-fly" resin-coated proppants (RCPs) under simulated downhole conditions. Testing procedures are described, and the principles underlying their development are discussed. The paper also compares the performance of different RCPs and relates test results to the chemical and physical changes occurring at the resin coat's molecular level. Consolidated RCPs were found to have similar Young's modulus values and maintained these values up to about 325°F, above which they dramatically decreased. Each RCP's resistance to creep and stress cycling varied widely. Some RCPs withstood 20 cycles of stress at 200°F without any change in properties. Failure envelopes were created for different magnitudes of confining stress, and the envelopes of individual RCPs also varied widely. This paper illustrates how rock mechanics tests can be used to evaluate RCPs for suitability for screenless completions and frac-pack stimulations. It also provides guidelines that practitioners can use to evaluate and select RCPs for screenless completions.
DNA-dependent transregulation by IE1 of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: IE1 domains required for transactivation and DNA binding (1997)

IE1 is the principal early transregulator of Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). The 582-residue protein stimulates viral transcription and binds as a dimer to 28-bp palindromic repeats (28-mers) comprising the AcMNPV homologous region (hr) transcription enhancers. To define IE1 domains responsible for hr-dependent transactivation, we first constructed a series of IE1 fusions to the DNA binding domain of the yeast GAL4 transactivator. In transfection assays, GAL4-IE1 fusions stimulated transcription from a TATA-containing AcMNPV promoter only upon cis linkage to GAL4 DNA binding sites. IE1 N-terminal residues 8 to 118 were sufficient for GAL4-binding-site-dependent transactivation. To identify IE1 residues required for hr interaction, we tested a series of IE1 mutations for 28-mer binding by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Deletion of IE1 residues other than the N-terminal transactivation domain eliminated 28-mer binding. Of 14 insertion mutations, only IE1(I425) and IE1(I553) failed to bind the 28-mer either as homodimers or as heterodimers with functional IE1. In contrast to insertion IE1(I425), IE1(I553) also failed to compete with wild-type IE1 for DNA binding and suggested a defect in oligomerization. Consistent with loss of oligomerization, substitutions within a hydrophobic repeat (residues 543 to 568) at the IE1 C terminus abolished 28-mer binding and demonstrated that this helix-loop-helix-like domain is required for DNA interaction. These data confirm that IE1 contains separable domains for transactivation and oligomerization-dependent DNA binding. Furthermore, they support a model wherein hr-mediated transactivation by IE1 involves sequence-specific DNA binding that contributes to transcriptional stimulation by interaction with components of the basal transcription complex.
Structure-activity relationships for prazosin and WB 4101 analogs as .alpha.1-adrenoreceptor antagonists (1985)

Several alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists were prepared by coupling one of the two moieties of WB 4101 (1) with one of the two moieties of prazosin (2). Their blocking activity and relative selectivity on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors were evaluated in the isolated rat vas deferens. Although retaining a significant selectivity toward alpha 1-adrenoreceptors, all the drugs were weaker antagonists than the parent compounds 1 and 2. Opening the piperazine ring of 2 gave 3, which displayed a very high activity and selectivity toward alpha 1-adrenoreceptors (alpha 1/alpha 2 = 3890). This may have relevance in understanding the mode of action of prazosin. In addition, 3 may represent a valuable tool in the characterization of alpha-adrenoreceptor subtypes.
One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2-<i>d</i>]pyridazines and Pyrrole-2,3-diones via Zirconocene-Mediated Four-Component Coupling of Si-Tethered Diyne, Nitriles, and Azide (2011)

A one-pot synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyridazine derivatives via zirconocene-mediated four-component coupling of one Si-tethered diyne, two nitriles, and one azide is reported. When TMSN(3) was used, pyrrole-2,3-diones were formed in good yields. Further condensation of these highly functionalized pyrrole-2,3-diones with hydrazine and hydroxylamine afforded useful pyrrole-fused heterocycles.
Sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction (1998)

To achieve successful fertilization under normal circumstances in vivo, mammalian spermatozoa must first undergo capacitation and then the acrosome reaction, an exocytotic event that allows cells to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane. These complex events permit spermatozoa to achieve fertilizing ability at the right time in the right place, important considerations since relatively few sperm cells actually reach the site of fertilization in vivo. Several mechanisms that may be involved in regulating the acquisition of fertilizing ability are considered. In vivo, selective pressures placed on the initial population of spermatozoa help ensure that the 'fittest' spermatozoa are able to fertilize. Since intracytoplasmic sperm injection bypasses this selection process, it is best used only in cases where spermatozoa are judged to be incapable of achieving normal fertilization in vitro.
Functional Metabolomics Reveals Novel Active Products in the DHA Metabolome (2012)

Endogenous mechanisms for successful resolution of an acute inflammatory response and the local return to homeostasis are of interest because excessive inflammation underlies many human diseases. In this review, we provide an update and overview of functional metabolomics that identified a new bioactive metabolome of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Systematic studies revealed that DHA was converted to DHEA-derived novel bioactive products as well as aspirin-triggered forms of protectins (AT-PD1). The new oxygenated DHEA-derived products blocked PMN chemotaxis, reduced P-selectin expression and platelet-leukocyte adhesion, and showed organ protection in ischemia/reperfusion injury. These products activated cannabinoid receptor (CB2 receptor) and not CB1 receptors. The AT-PD1 reduced neutrophil (PMN) recruitment in murine peritonitis. With human cells, AT-PD1 decreased transendothelial PMN migration as well as enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic human PMN by macrophages. The recent findings reviewed here indicate that DHEA oxidative metabolism and aspirin-triggered conversion of DHA produce potent novel molecules with anti-inflammatory and organ-protective properties, opening the DHA metabolome functional roles.
Design and implementation of network services that provide end-to-end QoS in ATM-based real-time environments (2002)

There has been an increasing need of highly predictable, timely, and dependable communication services with QoS guarantees on an end-to-end basis for embedded real-time applications and for multimedia-integrated distributed control. Performance objectives used in conventional networks-such as maximizing the throughput, minimizing the response time, or providing fairness to users-are not of the most important concern for both types of applications. Instead, resources should be appropriately reserved and managed to support quality of service (QoS) on an end-to-end basis, as well as application-specific tradeoffs among them. The main intent of this paper is thus to develop and demonstrate an environment an integrated set of networks resource management techniques, middleware layers, and network software-for supporting QoS on an end-to-end basis in ATM-based distributed real-time environments. We present an analytic QoS framework that incorporates a flow/QoS specification, a QoS translation/negotiation policy, an admission control facility, a route construction scheme, a resource reservation manager, a run-time message scheduler, and a traffic regulator and QoS monitor. Then, sue elaborate on the algorithms and mechanisms to implement these network components. To empirically analyze the interplay among different components, and the performance that results from careful coordination of all the components, we care currently implementing them as middleware layers in the Sun Solaris environment, and will comment in the paper our implementation strategies.
High density platinum nanocrystals for non-volatile memory applications (2008)

High density self-assembled platinum nanodots are elaborated using a radio frequence sputtering technique and embedded in memory structures. Electronic microscopy methods are used to characterize the morphology. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy observations allow quantification of the density (&gt;3×1012cm−2) and size (2–3nm) of the nanocrystals, whereas their crystallinity is investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Then, capacitance-voltage sweep measurements give excellent memory characteristics with a 7.1V maximal memory window. Promising retention performances and an estimation of the number of electrons stored in the metallic nanodots are also given in this paper.
Regional expression of MTG genes in the developing mouse central nervous system (2009)

Myeloid translocation gene (MTG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that are highly conserved across species. We studied the expression of three members of this gene family, MTGR1, MTG8, and MTG16 in developing mouse central nervous system by in situ hybridization. All of these genes are detected as early as embryonic day 11.5. Because these genes are known to be induced by proneural genes during neurogenesis, we analyzed the expression of MTG genes in relation to two proneural genes, Neurog2 (also known as Ngn2 or Neurogenin 2) and Ascl1 (also known as Mash1). While MTGR1 are generally expressed in regions that also express Neurog2, MTG8 and MTG16 expression is associated more tightly with that of Ascl1-expressing neural progenitor cells. These results suggest the possibility that expression of MTG genes is differentially controlled by specific proneural genes during neurogenesis.
Effect of Architecture on the Micellization Properties of Block Copolymers:  A<sub>2</sub>B Miktoarm Stars vs AB Diblocks (2000)

Light-scattering and viscometric results are presented from micellar solutions of (PI)2PS (I2S) and (PS)2PI (S2I) three-miktoarm stars and a PSPI (SI) diblock copolymer in n-decane. The influence of architecture on the micellization properties of simple graft copolymers is investigated by keeping the overall molecular weights and compositions of the samples constant. All samples formed spherical micelles in n-decane, a selective solvent for polyisoprene. Aggregation numbers were found to increase in the order I2S < S2I < SI. Hydrodynamic radii of the micelles increased in the same order. The thickness of the corona is determined by the length of the soluble blocks, which they were found to be stretched to almost the same extent in all cases. The area of the core−corona interface per copolymer chain, Ac, depends on the architecture of the molecule, and it is larger in the case of I2S micelles. In the case of S2I, larger Ac values were found compared to the SI reference sample, indicating that the PS arms are arranged in different ways in the two kinds of micelles. The presence of only one grafted chain per molecule can change considerably the micellar characteristics of complex block copolymers. A simple scaling theory is developed taking into account the free energy contributions from the core, the corona, and the interfacial region of the micelle in the different cases. Theoretical predictions agree qualitatively with the experimental results.
Tracker Dyes to Probe Mitochondrial Autophagy (Mitophagy) in Rat Hepatocytes (2006)

Mitochondria become targets for autophagic degradation after nutrient deprivation, a process also termed mitophagy. In this study, we used LysoTracker Red (LTR) and MitoTracker Green to characterize the kinetics of autophagosomal proliferation and mitophagy in cultured rat hepatocytes. Autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation plus glucagon increased LTR uptake assessed with a fluorescence plate reader and the number of LTR-labeled acidic organelles assessed with confocal microscopy in individual hepatocytes both by 4- to 6-fold. Serial imaging of hepatocytes coloaded with MitoTracker Green (MTG) revealed an average mitochondrial digestion time of 7.5 min after autophagic induction. In the presence of protease inhibitors, digestion time more than doubled, and the total number of LTR-labeled organelles increased about 40%, but the proportion of the LTR-labeled acidic organelles containing MTG fluorescence remained constant at about 75%. Autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine, wortmannin and LY204002, suppressed the increase of LTR uptake after nutrient deprivation by up to 85%, confirming that increased LTR uptake reflected autophagy induction. Cyclosporin A and NIM811, specific inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), also decreased LTR uptake, whereas tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive reagent that does not inhibit the MPT, was without effect. In addition, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors, SCP25041 and SP600125, blocked LTR uptake by 47% and 61%, respectively, but ERK1, p38 and caspase inhibitors had no effect. The results show that mitochondria once selected for mitophagy are rapidly digested and support the concept that mitochondrial autophagy involves the MPT and signaling through PI3 kinase and possibly JNK.
The Challenge of Inhibiting Alloreactive T-Cell Memory (2006)

Memory T cells specific for donor antigens present a unique challenge in transplantation. In addition to expressing rapid and robust immune responses to a transplanted organ, memory T cells may be resistant to the effects of currently used graft-prolonging therapies. The increasing recognition that alloreactive memory T cells participate in transplant rejection is driving new lines of research focusing on understanding the immunobiology of alloreactive memory T cells and on designing novel therapies to specifically target memory T cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of existing immunosuppressive drugs and costimulatory blockade on functions of alloreactive memory T cells that undermine allograft survival.
Development of prelymphoma cells committed to thymic lymphomas during radiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis in B10 mice. (1987)

Intrathymic (i.t.) as well as i.p. injection of thymus cells from B10.Thy-1.1 mice manifesting overt thymic lymphomas, 4 months after split-dose irradiation, into B10.Thy-1.2 recipient mice resulted in the development of donor-type T-cell lymphomas, indicating that they contained "autonomous" lymphoma cells. In contrast, injection of thymus cells from apparently nonleukemic mice 1 month after split-dose irradiation resulted in the development of donor-type tumors only when they were injected i.t., suggesting that thymus cells from these mice contained "preneoplastic" cells that will eventually develop into thymic lymphomas under the influence of thymic microenvironment. These "thymus-dependent" preneoplastic cells were termed "thymic prelymphoma cells." With the use of i.t. injection assay, it was shown that these thymic prelymphoma cells were detected in 26.1% (6 of 23) of the test donor thymuses when examined at 14 days and in more than 63% (15 of 24 and 14 of 22) when examined at 21 and 31 days after irradiation. To examine the possibility that thymic prelymphoma cells might appear first in the bone marrow before they become detectable within the thymuses of the split-dose-irradiated mice, bone marrow cells from B10.Thy-1.1 donors recovered at 8, 14, 21, and 33 days after split-dose irradiation were also injected i.t. into B10.Thy-1.2-recipient mice. The results indicated that none of these recipients developed donor-type T-cell lymphomas, suggesting that bone marrow is not the first site of the appearance of thymic prelymphoma cells.