gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Temperature Distribution on Radiator Fins with Micro Heat Pipes (2001)

A e exible micro-heat-pipe panel, fabricated by sintering an array of aluminum wires between two thin aluminum sheets, was developed as part of a program to develop lightweight, e exible radiator e n structures for use on long-term spacecraft missions. A numerical model, which combined both conduction and radiation effects, was established to predict the heat-transfer performance and temperature distribution of the radiator e n in a simulated spaceenvironment. Three differentconceptsarepresented, evaluated,and discussed. Comparison ofthe predicted and experimental results indicated that the model developed herein can beused to accurately predict the temperature distribution and heat-transferperformance occurring in micro-heat-pipe radiators. Thiscomparison further indicates that the e exible radiator with the array of micro heat pipes has an effective thermal conductivity of more than 20 times that of the uncharged version and 10 times that of a solid material. This results in a more uniform temperaturedistribution, which could signie cantly improve the overall radiation effectiveness, reducethe overall size, and meet or exceed the baseline design requirements for long-term manned missions to Mars.
Design and evaluation of a detunable water‐based quadrature HEM<sub>11</sub> mode dielectric resonator as a new type of volume coil for high field MRI (2012)

An annular dielectric resonator made from distilled water has been designed to operate in degenerate quadrature HEM11 modes at 298.1 MHz (7 Tesla). The circularly polarized B1+ field has a high degree of homogeneity throughout a sample placed within the annulus. The sensitivity of the resonator was measured to be essentially identical to that of an eight-rung high-pass birdcage resonator with the same physical dimensions. High resolution in vivo images have been obtained from the human wrist. A new method of electronically detuning the resonator has also been evaluated. The design is extremely simple and rapid to build, with direct applicability to very high field imaging and also potential integration into human and animal hybrid position emission tomography (PET)/MRI and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/MRI systems due to the lack of conductor attenuation-induced artifacts in the reconstructed nuclear medicine images.
An analytical model for delay and crosstalk estimation with application to decoupling (2002)

The impact of interconnect coupling, in the form of delay and crosstalk, in deep submicron integrated circuit design is increasing. In many cases, especially in routing, the coupling capacitance, C/sub c/, between adjacent lines is decoupled and replaced by 2C/sub c/ connected to ground for fast worst-case delay estimation. This is based on the assumption that worst-case delay occurs when two adjacent lines switch simultaneously in opposite directions so that the voltage change across the coupling capacitance is twice that when only one line is switching. Similarly, when two adjacent lines switch simultaneously in the same direction, the coupling capacitance is put to zero based on the fact that the voltage difference across it is zero. However, we show that by replacing the coupling capacitance C/sub c/ with a grounded capacitance of 2C/sub c/ (or by zero) when signals switch simultaneously in opposite (or same) directions may overestimate or even underestimate the actual delay. The variable strengths of the drivers driving the coupled lines bring in an additional level of complexity to the delay estimation when coupling exists. In this paper, we derive a simple analytical model that takes the effect of different driver strengths into account, to accurately estimate the delay and crosstalk of two coupled interconnect lines switching simultaneously. This approach also gives the exact values of the multiplicants that C/sub c/ should be multiplied with, if the lines are to be decoupled, for both worst-case and best-case delay computation; that is when the signals switch in opposite direction and when they switch in the same direction.
Efficacy of flexible spectral imaging color enhancement on the detection of small intestinal diseases by capsule endoscopy (2012)

Although FICE Ch 1 is better in detecting angioectasias and ulcerative lesions and worse in tumors or polyps than the standard mode, the patient-based sensitivity and specificity of small intestinal diseases are not different between standard and each FICE mode. Further experiences with and improvement of FICE are required.
Tyrosine 89 Accelerates Co−Carbon Bond Homolysis in Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase (2003)

The contribution of the active-site residue, Y89, to the trillion-fold acceleration of Co-carbon bond homolysis rate in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase-catalyzed reaction has been evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis. Conversion of Y89 to phenylalanine or alanine results in a 10(3)-fold diminution of k(cat) and suppression of the overall kinetic isotope effect. The spectrum of the enzyme under steady-state conditions reveals the presence of AdoCbl but no cob(II)alamin. Together, these results are consistent with homolysis becoming completely rate determining in the forward direction in the two mutants and points to the role of Y89 as a molecular wedge in accelerating Co-carbon bond cleavage.
Enhancements to the optimization process in lens design (I) (2001)

Over the years much time has been dedicated to improving lens optimization routines. Most of the work has been upon the damped least squares (DLS) method. In this paper a number of theoretical and practical enhancements are presented. Some are new, others have already been published but never transposed into commercial software. These enhancements combine to allow the user to make more informed choices at every stage of an optimization, and have now been incorporated into the widely used WinLens software package.
The Sociolinguistic Competence of Immersion Students (2010)

CH. 1 INTRODUCTION CH. 2 METHODOLOGY CH. 3 FINDINGS OF L1 STUDIES CH. 4 RESULTS CH. 5 THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF INCREASED FL1 INPUT IN AN EDUCTIONAL CONTEXT CH. 6 CONCLUSION Appendix A: Semi-directed taped interview schedule-including reading passages Appendix B: Student questionnaire survey Appendix C: Objectives of the Ontario Ministry of Education concerning the development of sociolinguistic competence by secondary school French immersion students Appendix D: Results of the GoldVarb analyses of the sociolinguistic variables focused upon in the current research
<title>Measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of poly-Si using microgauge sensors</title> (1997)

Thermal expansion coefficient of heavily doped LPCVD polycrystalline thin film was extracted by microgauge sensors. When electrical power was applied to the microgauge, it was heated up and thermal expansion occurred. From the relation between applied current and measured displacement at the microgauge, thermal expansion coefficient of thin film was extracted. The results revealed a value of 2.9 X 10<SUP>-6</SUP> /K of thermal expansion coefficient of highly doped poly-Si thin films with standard deviation of 0.24 X 10<SUP>-6</SUP> /K.
Generalised minimum queuing delay: an adaptive multi-rate service discipline for ATM networks (1999)

In this paper, we propose a generalised minimum queuing delay (GMQD) service discipline for high speed networks, mainly asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. This proposed scheme is similar to service disciplines based on fair queuing, but instead of using only a single service rate for each session for its entire connection lifetime, multiple service rates are used. The service rate of any session at any point in time is computed efficiently based on the number of bits backlogged in the queues of the session and another imaginary reference session at that point in time. The main advantage of this scheme is that the queuing delays suffered by all the sessions connected to a single output node are minimised, leading to a smaller delay variation. In addition, this smaller delay variation also implies a smaller variance in the maximum queue length, thereby, reducing the possibility of buffer overflow.
Real-time biocatalyst loading and electron transfer via microfabricated transparent electrode (2010)

Real-time and simultaneous measurements of bacterial catalyst loading and electron transfer have been accomplished via a microfabricated transparent electrode within the setup of a micro-microbial fuel cell (¿MFC). By characterizing the electron transfer on a per cell basis, we aim to generate a methodology for species-to-species comparison and formulate a baseline for electrode optimizations. This is critical and fundamental knowledge to be explored within the scope of MFCs as power devices with direct implications to molecular cell biology. Preliminary results are presented showing that, using Geobacter sulfurreducens, a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 11 can be achieved upon inoculation and single cells can be non-invasively and accurately identified using intrinsic fluorescence.
Performance of an elliptical centric view order for signal enhancement and motion artifact suppression in breath‐hold three‐dimensional gradient echo imaging (1997)

An elliptical centric phase-encoding (PE) order is applied to steady-state 3DFT imaging as performed during a single breath-hold or following contrast agent administration. In a set of simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments, this truly centric PE order is shown to be both more resistant to breathing artifact and more capable of suppressing undesirable venous signals that can arise following peak arterial enhancement than a number of other centric PE techniques that are presently in use. Unlike other PE orders, the elliptical centric ordering changes with the relative dimensions of the two PE fields of view and is optimal based on increasing k-space radius. It thus creates a temporally diminishing importance to the PE order. The specific advantages of such an acquisition are demonstrated.
Automated Detection of Stable Fracture Points in Computed Tomography Image Sequences (2006)

Automated detection of stable fracture points in a sequence of computed tomography (CT) images is a challenging task. In this paper, an innovative scheme for automatic fracture detection in CT images is presented. The input to the system is a sequence of CT image slices of a fractured human mandible. Techniques based on curvature scale-space theory and graph-based filtering (using prior anatomical knowledge) are used to first detect candidate fracture points in the individual CT slices. Subsequently, a Kalman filter incorporating a Bayesian perspective is employed for testing the consistency of the candidate fracture points across all the CT slices in a given sequence. For the purpose of checking statistical consistency, both 95% and 99% high posterior density (HPD) prediction intervals are constructed. A spatial consistency term is formulated for each candidate fracture point in terms of the number of slices in the CT image sequence, the number of times a fracture point detected in that sequence and the number of times it is found to be statistically consistent. Fracture points with spatial consistency terms close to unity are deemed to be stable fracture points for the CT image sequence under consideration
A novel CAC scheme for homogeneous 802.11 networks (2010)

This paper proposes a new call admission control (CAC) scheme for one-hop homogeneous 802.11 DCF networks. Using the proposed scheme, we can perform admission control quickly and easily without the need for network performance measurements and complex calculations. The CAC rule is derived under asymptotic conditions, but our extensive numerical examples show that it works well for practical-sized networks with a finite retransmission limit and realistic nonsaturated traffic.
Right ventricular diastolic stiffness in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (2011)

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) is a fatal disease with grim prognosis due to subsequent development of right heart failure (RHF). Findings in experimental pulmonary hypertension models suggest RHF is associated with increased diastolic stiffness. Objective: This study investigates whether right ventricle (RV) diastolic stiffness is increased in iPAH patients. Methods: Right heart catheterization (RHC) and MRI were performed in 28 patients suspected with iPAH. Based on pulmonary artery pressure, patients were divided into controls (7) and iPAH (21). Diastolic elastance (diastolic stiffness), was quantified by the slope of diastolic pressure-volume relation, constructed by plotting RV end-systolic volumes and begin-diastolic pressures against RV end-diastolic volumes and end-diastolic pressures. Subsequently, we investigated whether diastolic elastance was associated with disease severity by comparing patients with lower RV stoke volumes (RVSV) and patients with higher RVSV. Results: Diastolic elastance was significantly altered in iPAH (iPAH 0.25±0.04 vs. Con 0.07±0.006, p=0.024). In addition, patients with lower RVSV had significantly higher diastolic elastance (LowSV0.38±0.05 vs HighSV 0.114±0.02). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that RV diastolic stiffness is increased in iPAH-patients and is associated with disease severity. In future studies we will investigate the prognostic relevance of these changes.
Gene organization of DC and DX subregions of the human major histocompatibility complex. (1985)

The DC and DX subregions of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been cloned from a cosmid library made from a human B-cell line, Priess. The DC subregion, 48 kilobases, includes the DC alpha and DC beta genes. A second DC-like region, the DX subregion, 35 kilobases, contains the DX alpha gene and a newly found beta gene termed DX beta. Since the DC and DX genes are highly homologous in nucleotide sequence, gene size, exon-intron organization, and direction of transcription, the DC and DX subregions were presumably generated by duplication of an ancestral alpha-beta gene pair. Nucleotide sequencing indicates that all four genes have intact coding sequences and promoter regions. Homology between the upstream promoter sequences of these four genes and seven other class II genes at nucleotides -69 to -78 and -98 to -110 highlights these previously described conserved elements. Moreover, a striking conservation of flanking alpha-gene-specific and beta-gene-specific sequences has been observed. Comparison of Southern blots of Priess DNA with DC alpha and DC beta cDNA probes with isolated cosmid clones showed that (i) the human chromosome encodes only two DC alpha-related and two DC beta-related genes, namely, DC alpha, DX alpha, DC beta, and DX beta, and (ii) the DC and DX subregions are homozygous in Priess cells.
Development of techniques and methods for drug analysis by packed capillary liquid chromatography with octadecylbonded silica and porous graphitic carbon columns (2001)

Packed capillary liquid chromatography in combination with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric (MS) detection was explored as an analytical tool for drug analysis. The focus was put on column and sample preparation techniques as well as on fundamental aspects and development of chromatographic separations. Both octadecylbonded (C18) silica and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) was used as stationary phases. Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the packing carrier to pack silica based C18 particles in 0.2 mm internal diameter fused silica capillaries. A factorial design was used to examine the influence of selected factors on packing performance. The model obtained indicated that the best packing conditions would include the use of a pressure ramp, a high final pressure and a long restrictor. The retention behaviour of sulphated heparin and chondroitin disaccharides of different charge levels was studied on PGC capillary columns. It was found that the retention was strongly dependent on the choice of buffer and number of sulphate groups on the disaccharides. An increase in retention was observed when the temperature or the concentration of the organic modifier was increased. A packed capillary PGC column was also used to separate the polar drug L-DOPA and four of its metabolites in plasma. The mobile phase contained no ion-pairing agents and relatively high concentrations of organic modifier, which makes it suitable for e.g. MS detection. A method was developed to determine the free concentration of the drug tolterodine at pM-nM levels in microliter plasma volumes. Ultrafiltration was used as the sample preparation method. For the analyses, packed capillary C18 columns in a column-switching system coupled to MS detection was used. Finally, the two sample preparation methods ultrafiltration and microdialysis were compared with regard to the determination of the free concentration of ropivacaine in plasma. Both methods gave a free fraction of 6 %.
Improved Calibration of Optical Characteristics of Paper by an Adapted Paper-MTF Model (2007)

The calibration of color printers is highly influenced by optical scattering. Light scattered at microscopic level within printed papers induces a blurring phenomenon that affects the linearity of the tone reproduction curve. The induced nonlinearity is known as optical dotgain. Engeldrum and Pridham analyzed its impact on printing, using Oittinen's light scattering model. They determined the scattering and absorption coefficients based on spectral measurements of solid patches only. Their calibration achieves good independence of any printing irregularities. However, the microscopic knife-edge measurements of Arney et al showed that the model overestimates the influence of the absorption coefficient. Unlike Oittinen's model, we directly approach the laterally scattered light fluxes. This is achieved by an extended three-dimensional Kubelka-Munk model. We describe how to determine our coefficients using measurements of mere solid patches, which allows us to decouple the optical dot gain from other printing influences. Our improved model successfully corrects the observed overestimation and is able to predict Arney's microscopic measurements.
Normal variation in fronto-occipital circuitry and cerebellar structure with an autism-associated polymorphism of CNTNAP2 (2010)

Recent genetic studies have implicated a number of candidate genes in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Polymorphisms of CNTNAP2 (contactin-associated like protein-2), a member of the neurexin family, have already been implicated as a susceptibility gene for autism by at least 3 separate studies. We investigated variation in white and grey matter morphology using structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. We compared volumetric differences in white and grey matter and fractional anisotropy values in control subjects characterised by genotype at rs7794745, a single nucleotide polymorphism in CNTNAP2. Homozygotes for the risk allele showed significant reductions in grey and white matter volume and fractional anisotropy in several regions that have already been implicated in ASD, including the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, occipital and frontal cortices. Male homozygotes for the risk alleles showed greater reductions in grey matter in the right frontal pole and in FA in the right rostral fronto-occipital fasciculus compared to their female counterparts who showed greater reductions in FA of the anterior thalamic radiation. Thus a risk allele for autism results in significant cerebral morphological variation, despite the absence of overt symptoms or behavioural abnormalities. The results are consistent with accumulating evidence of CNTNAP2's function in neuronal development. The finding suggests the possibility that the heterogeneous manifestations of ASD can be aetiologically characterised into distinct subtypes through genetic-morphological analysis.
[Small-cell lung cancer]. (2000)

Small-cell lung cancer(SCLC) represents 15 to 20% of all lung cancers. Since patients with SCLC usually present with disseminated disease, treatment strategies have focused on systemic therapy. Despite advances in the treatment of SCLC during the 1970s with the use of combination chemotherapy, and in the 1980s with the combination of etoposide and cisplatin plus concurrent radiotherapy, there have been no major advances in therapy in the last decade. There is no proven role for dose escalation, alternating chemotherapy, weekly chemotherapy, or maintenance therapy. The recent advent of new active agents, including irinotecan, provides hope for more effective therapies in the 2000s. This review outlines the current treatment strategies including new agents, thoracic radiotherapy, surgical resection, and prophylactic cranial irradiation.
A System for Automated Extraction of Metadata from Scanned Documents using Layout Recognition and String Pattern Search Models. (2009)

One of the most expensive aspects of archiving digital documents is the manual acquisition of context-sensitive metadata useful for the subsequent discovery of, and access to, the archived items. For certain types of textual documents, such as journal articles, pamphlets, official government records, etc., where the metadata is contained within the body of the documents, a cost effective method is to identify and extract the metadata in an automated way, applying machine learning and string pattern search techniques.At the U. S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) we have developed an automated metadata extraction (AME) system that employs layout classification and recognition models with a metadata pattern search model for a text corpus with structured or semi-structured information. A combination of Support Vector Machine and Hidden Markov Model is used to create the layout recognition models from a training set of the corpus, following which a rule-based metadata search model is used to extract the embedded metadata by analyzing the string patterns within and surrounding each field in the recognized layouts.In this paper, we describe the design of our AME system, with focus on the metadata search model. We present the extraction results for a historic collection from the Food and Drug Administration, and outline how the system may be adapted for similar collections. Finally, we discuss some ongoing enhancements to our AME system.
Symmetry Controlled, Genetic Presentation of Bioactive Proteins on the P22 Virus-like Particle Using an External Decoration Protein (2015)

Viruses use spatial control of constituent proteins as a means of manipulating and evading host immune systems. Similarly, precise spatial control of proteins encapsulated or presented on designed nanoparticles has the potential to biomimetically amplify or shield biological interactions. Previously, we have shown the ability to encapsulate a wide range of guest proteins within the virus-like particle (VLP) from Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage P22, including antigenic proteins from human pathogens such as influenza. Expanding on this robust encapsulation strategy, we have used the trimeric decoration protein (Dec) from bacteriophage L as a means of controlled exterior presentation on the mature P22 VLP, to which it binds with high affinity. Through genetic fusion to the C-terminus of the Dec protein, either the 17 kDa soluble region of murine CD40L or a minimal peptide designed from the binding region of the "self-marker" CD47 was independently presented on the P22 VLP capsid exterior. Both candidates retained function when presented as a Dec-fusion. Binding of the Dec domain to the P22 capsid was minimally changed across designed constructs, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, demonstrating the broad utility of this presentation strategy. Dec-mediated presentation offers a robust, modular means of decorating the exposed exterior of the P22 capsid in order to further orchestrate responses to internally functionalized VLPs within biological systems.