gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Thioredoxin-Catalyzed Disulfide Reduction. Activation of the Buried Thiol and Role of the Variable Active-Site Residues (2008)

Thioredoxins (Trx) are enzymes with a characteristic CXYC active-site motif that catalyze the reduction of disulfide bonds in other proteins. We have theoretically explored this reaction mechanism, both in the gas phase and in water, using density functional theory. The mechanism of disulfide reduction involves two consecutive thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, that is, nucleophilic substitutions at sulfur (S(N)2@S): first, by one Trx cysteine-thiolate group (Cys-32) at a sulfur atom of the disulfide substrate and, second, by the other Trx cysteine-thiolate group (the buried thiol of Cys-35) at the sulfur atom of the first Trx cysteine. We have investigated the intrinsic nature of such S(N)2@S substitution using the simple CH3S(-) + CH3SSCH3 model and how it is affected by solvation in aqueous solution. Next, we have examined how the behavior of the elementary S(N)2@S steps changes in the more realistic enzyme-substrate model CGPC + CH3SSCH3, which contains the active-site of Trx. In all model reactions, solvation turns the hypervalent trisulfide anion (i.e., the S(N)2@S transition species) from a stable complex into a transition state. Importantly, our analyses suggest that the deprotonation of the buried thiol (which is required before the latter can enter into the second S(N)2@S step) is done by the leaving group evolving from the first S(N)2@S step. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, in the gas phase and in water, of CGPC, CGGC, and the corresponding wild-type Trx and P34G Trx show that the activity of the thioredoxin active-site motif (CXYC) is determined not only by the structural rigidity associated with the particular variable residues (XY) but also by the number of amide N-H groups. The latter are involved in the stabilization of the Cys-32 thiolate and thus affect the acidity and nucleophilicity of this residue.
Evaluation of a new range of light-activated surgical adhesives for tissue repair in a porcine model (2001)

An in vitro study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a new range of light-activated surgical adhesives for incision repair in a wide range of tissue types. Biodegradable polymer membranes of controlled porosity were fabricated with poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and salt particles using a solvent-casting and particulate- leaching technique. The porous membranes were doped with protein solder composed of 50%(w/v) bovine serum albumin solder and 0.5 mg/ml indocyanine green (ICG) dye mixed in deionized water. Tissue incisions were repaired using the surgical adhesive in conjunction with an 805-nm diode laser. Nine organs were tested ranging from skin to liver to the small intestine, as well as the coronary, pulmonary, carotid, femoral and splenetic arteries. Acute breaking strengths were measured and the data were analyzed by Student's T-test. Repairs formed on the small intestine were most successful followed by spleen, atrium, kidney, muscle and skin. The strongest vascular repairs were achieved in the carotid artery and femoral artery. The new surgical adhesive could possibly be used as a simple and effective method to stop bleeding and repair tissue quickly in an emergency situation, or as a substitute to mechanical staples or sutures in many clinical applications.
Butanol formation from gaseous substrates (2016)

Mostly, butanol is formed as a product by saccharolytic anaerobes, employing the so-called ABE fermentation (for acetone-butanol-ethanol). However, this alcohol can also be produced from gaseous substrates such as syn(thesis) gas (major components are carbon monoxide and hydrogen) by autotrophic acetogens. In view of economic considerations, a biotechnological process based on cheap and abundant gases such as CO and CO2 as a carbon source is preferable to more expensive sugar or starch fermentation. In addition, any conflict for use of substrates that can also serve as human nutrition is avoided. Natural formation of butanol has been found with, e.g. Clostridium carboxidivorans, while metabolic engineering for butanol production was successful using, e.g. C. ljungdahlii. Production of butanol from CO2 under photoautotrophic conditions was also possible by recombinant DNA construction of a respective cyanobacterial Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 strain.
Experimental studies on wavelength division bidirectional optical amplifiers using an Er/sup 3+/-doped fiber (1994)

This paper presents a novel structure of an Er/sup 3+/-doped fiber amplifier capable of bidirectional operation through the wavelength division multiplex method. The idea is to combine an Er/sup 3+/-doped fiber, pump devices, optical isolators, and wavelength selective couplers so that two lightwaves having different wavelengths pass each proper isolator. The suitable structure was determined from experimental studies on several basic amplifier configurations. Optical gains of more than 25 dB were attained in both wavelength regions of 1.533 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m. Successful bidirectional operation of the amplifier was confirmed by means of a 2.488-Gbit/s-signal transmission experiment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Technology Scaling Comparison of Flip-Flop Heavy-Ion Single-Event Upset Cross Sections (2013)

Heavy-ion experimental results from flip-flops in 180-nm to 28-nm bulk technologies are used to quantify single-event upset trends. The results show that as technologies scale, D flip-flop single-event upset cross sections decrease while redundant storage node flip-flops cross sections may stay the same or increase depending on the layout spacing of storage nodes. As technology feature sizes become smaller, D flip-flop single-event upset cross sections approach redundant storage node hardened flip-flops cross sections for particles with high linear energy transfer values. Experimental results show that redundant storage node designs provide <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$> 100{\rm X}$</tex></formula> improvement in single-event upset cross section over DFF for ion linear energy transfer values below <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$10~\hbox{MeV-cm}^2/\hbox{mg}$</tex></formula> down to 28-nm feature sizes.
Application of Hot Start PCR Method in PCR-based Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (2012)

of single gene defects. 2,3) However, PCR using a single cell cause errors in diagnosis, such as allele dropout because of a low con centration of DNA. he Taq polymerase included with PCR regents has especially high activity at 37. Thus, fine-tuning PCR conditions can be an intensive process that is susceptible to all the problems of conventional PCR. he hot start PCR method has been reported to decrease the amount of nonspecific products and primer artifacts.
ChemInform Abstract: A Succinct Asymmetric Synthesis of (2S,3R)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐aminopentanoic Acid Hydrochloride. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
On the coarse/fine dual-stage manipulators with robust perturbation compensator (2002)

A dual-stage, fast and fine robotic manipulator is presented. By adopting merits of both coarse and fine actuator, a desirable system having the capacity of large workspace with high resolution of motion is enabled. We constructed an ultra precision XY-manipulator with dual-stage structure where the PZT driven fine stage is mounted on the motor driven XY positioner and applied it to fine tracking controls and micro-teleoperations as a slave manipulator. We describe essential merits of the compound actuation mechanism and the control strategy to successfully utilize it with a proper servo system design. Through experimental results, the effectiveness of the coarse/fine manipulation by the dual stage manipulator is shown.
Novel biogenetic pathways from (+)-reticuline. Three dimeric alkaloids: (+)-vanuatine, (+)-vateamine, and (+)-malekulatine (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel biogenetic pathways from (+)-reticuline. Three dimeric alkaloids: (+)-vanuatine, (+)-vateamine, and (+)-malekulatineJean Bruneton, Maurice Shamma, Robert D. Minard, Alan J. Freyer, and Helene GuinaudeauCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 22, 3957–3960Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00170a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00170a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interface Framework to Drive an Intelligent Wheelchair Using Facial Expressions (2007)

Many of the physically injured use electric wheelchairs as an aid to locomotion. Usually, for commanding this type of wheelchair, it is required the use of one's hands and this poses a problem to those who, besides being unable to use their legs, are also unable to properly use their hands. The aim of the work described here, is to create a prototype of a wheelchair command interface that do not require hand usage. Facial expressions were chosen instead, to provide the necessary visual information for the interface to recognize user commands. The facial expressions are captured by means of a digital camera and interpreted by an application running on a laptop computer on the wheelchair. The software includes digital image processing algorithms for feature detection, such as colour segmentation and edge detection, followed by the application of a neural network that uses these features to detect the desired facial expressions. The results obtained from the framework interface provide strong evidence that it is possible to comfortably drive an intelligent wheelchair using facial expressions.
Software-based weighted random testing for IP cores in bus-based programmable SoCs (2003)

Presents a software-based weighted random pattern scheme for testing delay faults in IP cores of programmable SoCs. We describe a method for determining static and transition probabilities (profiles) at the inputs of circuits with full-scan using testability metrics based on the targeted fault model, We use a genetic algorithm (GA) based search procedure to determine optimal profiles. We use these optimal profiles to generate a test program that runs on the processor core. This program applies test patterns to the target IP cores in the SoC and analyzes the test responses. This provides the flexibility of applying multiple profiles to the IP core under test to maximize fault coverage. This scheme does not incur the hardware overhead of logic BIST, since the pattern generation and analysis is done by software. We use a probabilistic approach to finding the profiles. We describe our method on transition and path-delay fault models, for both enhanced full-scan and normal full-scan circuits. We present experimental results using the ISCAS 89 benchmarks as IP cores.
Optimised content accessibility in dynamic environments (2009)

Content stored on multiple devices owned by people can be accessed and shared via heterogeneous wired and wireless networks. Wireless networks frequently suffer link disconnections, an inherent feature in these types of dynamic environments. These link disconnections occur due to user mobility and wireless characteristics and result in reduced content accessibility to users. This paper presents a replication scheme, proposed to improve content accessibility in dynamic environments. This replication scheme re-organises content among multiple devices according to the connectivity between the devices and contextual information such as content importance. A demo of this replication scheme, carried out on two laptops, will show that important content items will always be made available to users in dynamic environments, through the deployment of this replication scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: BETA‐ADRENERGISCHE BLOCKER 11. MITT. HETEROCYCLISCHE ANALOGA VON PRONETHALOL (2‐ISOPROPYLAMINO‐1‐(2‐NAPHTHYL)‐AETHANOL) (1972)

Abstract Aufgrund der pharmakologischen Wirkung von z.B. Pronethalol (I) werden zahlreiche ähnliche Verbindungen (mitsamt ihren Vorstufen) nach gängigen chemischen Verfahren hergestellt, wobei Verbindungen der Art (II) optimale Eigenschaften zeigen.
Using a Newport refractive beam shaper to generate high-quality flat-top spatial profiles from a flashlamp-pumped commercial Nd:YAG laser (2004)

We've generated high-quality flat-top spatial profiles from a modified Continuum Powerlite 9010 Nd:YAG laser using the Gaussian-to-flat-top refractive beam shaper available from Newport Corporation. The Powerlite is a flashlamp-pumped, Q-switched, injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser manufactured in 1993 that delivers 1.6 J at 10 Hz using an oscillator and two 9 mm diameter amplifier rods. While its pulse energy is impressive, its beam quality is typically poor, an all too common characteristic of research-grade Nd:YAG lasers manufactured in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Structure in its near-field spatial fluence profile is reminiscent of round-aperture diffraction that is superposed with additional hot spots. These characteristics are largely due to poor beam quality from the oscillator coupled with over-filled amplifier rods, and reflect a design philosophy from the era of organic dye lasers. When these older laser systems are used for tasks like pumping optical parametric oscillators (OPO's), or for other applications demanding good beam quality, their designs are simply inadequate. To improve the 9010's beam quality we spatially filter the oscillator beam and remove the resulting Airy rings with an iris, then collimate and magnify the remaining central disk so its diameter is appropriate for input to the refractive shaper. The output of the beam shaper is then double-pass amplified through two amplifier rods with thermally induced focusing compensated by a negative lens before the first pass and by a convex mirror before the second pass. Using this approach we've obtained single-pass energy exceeding 250 mJ with little degradation of the flat-top profile and 950 mJ after double pass amplification. After double-passing the two amplifier rods the beam suffers some degradation in symmetry and uniformity, but is still much improved compared to the beam obtained using the 9010's original factory configuration. We find the modified 9010's flat-top profile improves conversion efficiency when used for our applications in crystal nonlinear optics.
Cleanup of Water Blocks in Depleted Low-Permeability Reservoirs (2004)

Abstract Poor gas inflow performance is observed in some depleted, low permeability, reservoirs after completion and workover operations. The use of aqueous treatment fluids often results in a 'water block' due to poor recovery of the fluids that have leaked-off. This curtails well deliverability due to reduced relative permeability to gas/oil in the invaded region. This study analyzes the effect of various factors governing the cleanup of water blocks in fractured and unfractured wells for both gas and oil reservoirs. The effects of drawdown, capillary pressure, relative permeability, and heterogeneity as well as the influence of fracture geometry on well deliverability following some well operations, such as fracturing, have been examined by detailed simulations. Drawdown, fracture length and shapes of relative permeability curves strongly affect the recovery in productivity. On the other hand, end point relative permeabilities and horizontal well length have an insignificant impact on cleanup. Higher vertical permeabilities favor early recovery of well productivity in 'high perm' layers and delay cleanup of water blocks in 'low perm' layers. The results suggest the need to lower capillary pressure by reducing interfacial tension and/or altering wettability of the rock surface from strongly water-wet to intermediate-wet. With the correct selection of treatment fluids, proper design of fracture geometry and optimum drawdown applied it is possible to cleanup water blocks more rapidly in depleted low-permeability reservoirs.
Evaluation and Design of a Globally Applicable Rear-locking Prosthetic Knee Mechanism (2012)

A rear locking prosthetic knee joint with a durable, rear Automatic Stance-Phase Lock (ASPL), was developed to investigate the versatility of the (ASPL) mechanism in improving the functionality of prosthetic knees appropriate for a global market. An international survey and a Quality Function Deployment identified deficits with existing prosthetic knee mechanisms and established the most influential design parameters. Work on the knee design was completed following a comparative stability analysis of different knee mechanisms which justified the initial design. Solid models were generated with computer design software and a prototype was produced and structurally tested. Finally, clinical pilot testing was conducted on a unilateral transfemoral amputee, and various gait variables were assessed. As hypothesized, the knee performed close to the level of a conventional six-bar knee providing highly effective stance-phase control and the pilot test showed that improvements to the swing-phase response could further reduce the asymmetry of gait.
Frequency Combs in Telecommunications Applications (2014)

The state of the art parametric combs for transmission systems and data-center applications are discussed in detail. Most prominently, the flexible implementation capable of maintaining coherence across thousands of generated lines at a fraction of dissipation of discrete lasers is shown to be fully compliant with the emerging transmission systems’ requirements.
Chemical transformations of succinic acid recovered from fermentation broths by a novel direct vacuum distillation-crystallisation method (2008)

A novel alternative methodology (direct crystallisation) to the traditional calcium precipitation to obtain succinic acid (SA) from defined and wheat-based fermentation broths is reported. SA crystals were successfully recovered from fermentation broths (FB) using this method. A higher SA crystal purity (95%) and yield (70%) were obtained in the direct crystallisation method compared to a slightly modified traditional calcium precipitation method (90% and 24%, respectively). Chemical transformations (e.g. esterifications) to high-added value derivatives of both recovered SA crystals were then investigated using a range of solid acids including our acidic tunable mesoporous carbonaceous materials denoted as Starbon® acids. Results showed that SA crystals could be successfully converted into mono- and diesters in high yields and selectivities employing solid acids regardless of the reaction conditions. The order of reactivity was found to be: pure SA crystals > SA crystals from defined FB > FB SA crystals. Results demonstrate that SA can be effectively purified from actual fermentation broths, showing the importance of integrating the fermentation and downstream processing to optimise the fermentative production of SA and its chemical transformations to produce high-added value derivatives.
Sur une technique d'injection vasculaire permettant à la fois l'observation radiographique et la corrosion (1964)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
What Can Ecology Teach Us About Cancer? (2011)

In 2008, Pienta et al. (Transl Oncol. 2008;1:158-164) introduced the term ecological therapy for cancer treatment and, in particular, emphasized that destruction of the tumor microenvironment would be more effective than just killing the cells that inhabit it. Proposed here is an expansion on the idea of ecological therapy of cancer, incorporating 1) literature on species invasion, i.e., a right cancerous clone needs to be at the right place at the right time to actually invade its environment, and 2) the literature on niche construction, that is, the idea that once a tumor is formed, cancer cells they modify their microenvironment (niche construction) by changing pH through glycolysis, secreting growth factors and recruiting tumor-associated macrophages to promote cell growth, activating fibroblasts, evading predation from immune system, making the cancer that much more difficult to eradicate. Paleontological literature suggests that the largestmass extinctions occurred when environmental stress that would weaken the population was coupled with some pulse destructive event that caused extensive mortality. To have the same effect on cells in the tumor, rather than, or at least in addition to, killing the cells, one would also need to target the niche that they created for themselves.
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (1981)

Throughout history, Lao politics have been dominated by the country’s natural and social ecology. Situated in the hinterlands of China and Vietnam, the mountainous regions, plateaux and valley passages of Laos formed a continental divide between the traditional Indianised and Sinicised sections of the South-east Asian region.1 The divide was by no means neat, especially as populations expanded. Some of the many dozen national groups in Laos, notably those in the highlands, are closely related to the national minorities in the northern regions of Vietnam, while many of the lowland and upland groups belong to or are related to ethnic nationalities in Thailand.2 The frontiers of the modern state were finally fixed in the nineteenth century by the French and British colonialists who decided to use the Lao corridor as a buffer area separating their spheres of influence; the French shifted and divided some of the local civilisations in the process.3 Between this ethnic division and diversity and the rugged terrain, a unitary national consciousness and the emergence of a modern society and economy in Laos remain visions attaching to the future rather than realities of contemporary political life. Even an official communist history depicts the country from an external perspective as an ‘enclave in the Indochinese peninsula’.4
<i>Clostridium difficile</i> PCR Ribotype 078: an Emerging Strain in Humans and in Pigs? (2008)

In a recent paper, Keel and colleagues concluded that Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 was the most common PCR ribotype among isolates from swine (83% of 119 isolates) and isolates from calves (94% of 33 isolates) in The United States ([1][1]). In contrast, only 1 of 23 human isolates