gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of low-voltage CMOS pipelined ADCs using 1 pico-Joule of energy per conversion (2003)

This paper presents an optimization methodology based on genetic algorithms for designing low-voltage low-power pipelined ADCs. It is demonstrated that multi-bit rather than minimum resolution-per-stage architectures are better suited for low-voltage operation and also that, either switched-opamp or clock-boosting techniques can produce equivalent realizations in terms of power efficiency. By carefully tailoring the pipelined architecture with the proposed optimization approach it is clearly demonstrated by means of a 1.5V, 10b, 40 MS/s pipeline ADC design example that reducing the supply voltage does not necessarily increase the used energy per conversion.
Dopa responsive dystonia. (1995)

There may be insufficient awareness of dopa responsive dystonia (DRD), which has a characteristic diurnal variation of symptoms. Two children are reported in whom the diagnosis of DRD was missed. The first was thought to have hysteria and the second hereditary spastic paraparesis. A full history is vital for the diagnosis of this important treatable syndrome.
Casper: space exploration through continuous planning (2001)

The most interesting places can often be the most dangerous ones, and space exploration is no exception. The dynamic surfaces of comets, the turbulent atmospheres of the gas giants, and the hypothesized subsurface ocean of Europa all call for exploration, and are all very risky for on-site robotic explorers. The Casper (continuous activity, scheduling, planning, execution, and replanning) software system provides critical reasoning capabilities to robotic explorers. To show how it works, we first describe Casper's internal workings and then look at the Three Corner Sat and the Autonomous Sciencecraft Constellation missions, highlighting Casper's contributions to each.
Quantitative analysis of cellular glutathione in early preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vivo and in vitro (1992)

The relative levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) have been measured fluorimetrically in individual eggs and early embryos from two mouse strains, one of which shows developmental arrest in vitro. GSH levels fell by approximately 20-25% at fertilization and by approximately 45% by the late 2-cell and early 4-cell stages. No differences were observed between strains or between embryos cultured in vitro or in vivo. Addition of exogenous H2O2 or diethylmaleate depleted GSH. GSH levels were not affected significantly after inhibition of GSH-peroxidase by mercaptosuccinate nor of catalase by aminotriazole. Mercaptosuccinate did not inhibit development but catalase inhibition caused arrest at the 2-cell stage. Addition of exogenous GSH or thioredoxin did not promote development of 'blocking' embryos through the 2-cell block. It is concluded that early embryos lack a mercaptosuccinate sensitive peroxidase activity for removing H2O2, which may be removed by catalase or the glutathione-S-transferase system. It is suggested that GSH may have a role in detoxifying peroxidated lipids. The results are consistent with a role for reactive oxygen species in the 2-cell block.
Bias dependence of Schottky barrier height in GaAs from internal photoemission and current-voltage characteristics (1993)

Bias dependence of Schottky barrier height φB was directly measured using an internal photoemission effect in Au-n-GaAs Schottky barrier diodes under both the forward and reverse applied voltages. φB increased by about 0.015–0.016 eV as the forward bias increased from 0 to 0.3 V. This is probably due to an applied-voltage-induced change in electron population in the interface states. The results were compared with the bias dependence derived from dark forward current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Both bias dependences were in good agreement, indicating that nonideal forward I-V characteristics (a deviation from the ideal thermionic emission theory) could be fully explained by the bias dependence of φB for diodes of a relatively good quality (an ideality factor, n=1.02–1.07). The effective Richardson constant A** was calculated to be about 1.3–1.4×105 A K−2 m−2 for the diodes of the lower n values using the value of the measured Schottky barrier height at zero bias. These values of A** were higher than the calculated value of about 8×104 A K−2 m−2 and that of 0.41±0.15×104 A K−2 m−2 reported by Missous and Rhoderick [J. Appl. Phys. 69, 7142 (1991)]. This is probably due to an enhancement of an electron tunneling through the high density interface states in our case. φB decreased by about 0.05–0.06 eV when the reverse voltage increased from 0 to 3.0 V. An image force lowering effect could not account for this large reverse bias dependence of the barrier height. The nonideal reverse I-V characteristics could not be interpreted solely by the bias dependence of φB. This discrepancy was attributed to other leakage current mechanisms.
A Bayesian Approach to the Hough Transform for Line Detection (2005)

This paper explains how to associate a rigorous probability value to the main straight line features extracted from a digital image. A Bayesian approach to the Hough Transform (HT) is considered. Under general conditions, it is shown that a probability measure is associated to each line extracted from the HT. The proposed method increments the HT accumulator in a probabilistic way: first calculating the uncertainty of each edge point in the image and then using a Bayesian probabilistic scheme for fusing the probability of each edge point and calculating the line feature probability.
Characterization of Blue-Green Fluorescence in the Mesophyll of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Leaves Affected by Iron Deficiency (1994)

The mesophyll of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves emits red (chlorophyll a) fluorescence and blue-green fluorescence when excited with ultraviolet light. The intensity of blue-green fluorescence was increased in mesophylls affected by iron deficiency. This increase was large and progressive. It was concomitant with a decrease of photosynthetic pigments per unit of leaf area. Most of the increase in blue-green fluorescence can be explained by the decrease of the screening of ultraviolet light by chlorophylls and carotenoids. In addition, chlorophylls selectively reabsorb blue fluorescence, which leads to a change in the form of the fluorescence emission spectra. This effect induces an increase of the blue-to-green fluorescence ratio in control mesophylls that was concomitant with the decrease of chlorophyll per unit of leaf area. Iron deficiency induced a decrease of the blue-to-green fluorescence ratio that may be attributed to an accumulation of flavins fluorescing in the green. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements indicate that they are mostly riboflavin and/or flavin mononucleotide phosphate. Our data also indicate that the blue-green fluorescence emitted from the mesophyll contains fluorescence of nicotinamide nucleotides.
Interleukin-6 Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by JNK Pathway Activation of Claudin-2 Gene (2014)

Defective intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier has been shown to be a pathogenic factor in the development of intestinal inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine which plays an important role in promoting inflammatory response in the gut and in the systemic circulation. Despite its key role in mediating variety inflammatory response, the effect of IL-6 on intestinal epithelial barrier remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-6 on intestinal epithelial TJ barrier and to delineate the intracellular mechanisms involved using in-vitro (filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers) and in-vivo model (mouse intestinal perfusion) systems. Our results indicated that IL-6 causes a site-selective increase in Caco-2 intestinal epithelia TJ permeability, causing an increase in flux of small-sized molecules having molecular radius <4 Å. The size-selective increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was regulated by protein-specific increase in claudin-2 expression. The IL-6 increase in TJ permeability required activation of JNK signaling cascade. The JNK pathway activation of AP-1 resulted in AP-1 binding to its binding sequence on the claudin-2 promoter region, leading to promoter activation and subsequent increase in claudin-2 gene transcription and protein synthesis and TJ permeability. Our in-vivo mouse perfusion showed that IL-6 modulation of mouse intestinal permeability was also mediated by AP-1 dependent increase in claudin-2 expression. In conclusion, our studies show for the first time that the IL-6 modulation of intestinal TJ permeability was regulated by JNK activation of AP-1 and AP-1 activation of claudin-2 gene.
Solar-hydrogen Production by a Monolithic Photovoltaic-electrolytic Cell (2012)

Among the various solar-hydrogen production techniques a combination of a photovoltaic (PV) and an electrolytic cell into one single system, a monolithic PV-electrolytic cell, has been suggested as a promising one in terms of efficiency and stability. In this mini-review, we describe our recent efforts on the fabrication of the monolithic PV-electrolytic cell. Particularly, we focus on the electrocatalysts for water oxidation and its fabrication method suitable for a monolithic PV-electrolytic cell. We also introduce proto-type devices with a dye-sensitized solar cell module and an InGaP/ GaAs photoelectrodes.
Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides (2007)

This review summarizes applications of CEC for the analysis of proteins and peptides. This "hybrid" technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is a complementary approach to liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of CEC are described--granular packed columns, monolithic stationary phases as well as open-tubular CEC. Attention is also paid to pressurized CEC and the chip-based platform.
Improving the Process Capability of SU-8. Part II. (2001)

SU-8 Resists are used widely in the development and fabrication of MEMS devices [1-4]. The resist's images are the product of photochemical and thermal cationic processes and result in vertical sidewalls and high aspect ratio features. These are among SU-8's most desirable attributes. The process, which creates the desirable images, however, generates considerable internal stress, which produces cracked features. It would be beneficial, therefore, to investigate modifications of the SU-8 resist formulation which incorporate materials that will attenuate stress cracking without significant image degradation.Work reported previously by IBM focused on compositions containing SU-8 targeted for applications in which lithographic performance could be sacrificed for high flexibility [5]. In this paper we present our results of studies directed toward the selection of materials compatible with SU-8, which will significantly reduce cracking and also retain high aspect ratios images and vertical sidewalls. To this end, we examined mono and polyfunctional epoxides from the following chemical classes; siloxanes, urethanes, cycloaliphatics, a bicycloaliphatic copolymer with phenol, bisphenol-A derivatives, a long chain aliphatic polyol and some long chain aliphatic esters.This work allowed us to identify compositions having improved crack resistance and adhesion over standard SU-8 resist, without sacrificing lithographic performance, which may provide benefits for applications such as a dielectric barrier.
Mouse T lymphocytes proliferative responses specific for human MHC products in mouse anti-human xenogeneic MLR. (1984)

It has been reported that human T cells recognize the polymorphism of murine Ia antigens in the human anti-mouse xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). In this study, murine T cell recognition of human Class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was analyzed in mouse anti-human xenogeneic MLR responses. The xenoreactive murine T cell proliferative response was blocked by adding anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody to the xenogeneic MLR culture. The specificity of xenoreactive murine T cells was examined with regard to the secondary and tertiary xenogeneic MLR system. The xenoreactive murine T cells were restimulated by distinct human stimulator cells that had no shared HLA antigens with the stimulator used in the primary MLR. The data presented here show that the murine xenoreactive T cells recognize the shared determinant(s) of HLA-DR antigen on non-T, non-B stimulator cells. The xenoreactive murine T cell proliferative responses were mediated by Thy-1+, Lyt-1+, and Lyt-2- cells. Furthermore, the xenoreactive T cell responses required Ia+ cells, and Ia antigen on accessory cells plays a crucial role in eliciting the xenoreactive responses against human stimulator cells, while Ia+ accessory cells in the responding cell population are not essential for the elicitation of allogeneic MLR responses, as reported previously.
Impact of Naturalistic Decision Support on Tactical Situation Awareness (1996)

A prototype decision support system (DSS) was developed to enhance Navy tactical decision making based on naturalistic decision processes. Displays were developed to support critical decision making tasks through recognition-primed and explanation-based reasoning processes and cognitive analysis of the decision making problems faced by Navy tactical officers in a shipboard Combat Information Center. Baseline testing in high intensity, ambiguous scenarios indicated that experienced decision makers were not well served by current systems, and their performance revealed periodic loss of situation awareness. A study is described with eight, expert Navy tactical decision making teams that used either their current system alone or in conjunction with the prototype DSS. When the teams had the prototype DSS available, we observed significantly fewer communications to clarify the tactical situation, significantly more critical contacts identified early in the scenario, and a significantly greater number of defensive actions taken against imminent threats. These findings suggest that the prototype DSS enhanced the commanders' awareness of the tactical situation, which in turn contributed to greater confidence, lower workload, and more effective performance.
Corrosion inhibition of brass by benzotriazole derivatives in NaCl solution (2005)

Purpose Copper and its alloys are widely used in industries because of their good resistance to corrosion and are often used in cooling water systems. Brass has been widely used for shipboard condensers, power plant condensers and petrochemical heat exchangers. Brass is susceptible to the corrosion process known as dezincification by means of which brass looses its valuable physical and mechanical properties leading to failure of structure. The aim of this investigation was to control the dezincification of brass in 3 per cent NaCl solution using benzotriazole (BTA) derivatives. Design/methodology/approach BTA derivatives namely 1‐hydroxymethylbenzotriazole (HBTA) and N,N‐dibenzotriazol‐l‐ylmethylamine(ABTA) were synthesised and their inhibition behaviour on brass in 3 per cent NaCl solution was investigated by the weight‐loss method, potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance and solution analysis techniques. The morphology of the brass after corrosion in the presence and absence of the BTA derivatives was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings Potentiodynamic polarisation studies showed that the BTA derivatives investigated were mixed type inhibitors, inhibiting the corrosion of brass by blocking the active sites of the brass surface. Changes in the impedance parameters (charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance) were related to the adsorption of BTA derivatives on the brass surface, leading to the formation of a protective film. Solution analysis revealed that the BTA derivatives excellently controlled the corrosion of brass. SEM micrographs showed the formation of compact surface film on the brass surface in the presence of inhibitors, thereby providing better corrosion inhibition. Originality/value Contributes to research on corrosion protection for copper and its alloys.
Foaming Polystyrene with Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and HFC-134a (2003)

Mixtures of blowing agents are becoming widely used in the industry either for economical reasons or for achieving better control of processing conditions. Despite the fact that they are commonly used for foaming, the literature is fairly scarce on that particular subject and the fundamentals are not very well understood. This work studies the effect of blending carbon dioxide and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) in polystyrene. Ultrasonic monitoring and online rheology provided information on the solubility and plasticizing effect of the gases. Results show that, on an equivalent molar basis, HFC-134a is slightly more soluble than CO 2 and is a more effective plasticizer. Moreover, HFC-134a generates foam samples with a higher nucleation density than CO 2 using similar processing conditions. Blending the two gases generates nucleate cell densities, which are intermediate to the pure gases but do not follow a log-additivity rule. It is hypothesized that blending gases affect their mutual diffusion coefficients, which in turn, largely dictates the final foam morphology.
Solitary cutaneous plexiform neurilemmoma (schwannoma): a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 11 cases. (1989)

Plexiform neurilemmoma (PN) is a rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The tumor is an uncommon nodular variant of schwannoma. Eleven cases of cutaneous plexiform neurilemmoma (CPN) were studied by clinicopathologic correlation, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 80 yr; the median age was 37 yr. The tumors were presented as single, soft to rubbery, movable, nontender, and sometimes painful nodules ranging from 0.5 cm to 2.5 cm. in diameter. The lesions were most commonly located on the extremities. The overlying skin surface was intact. These tumors were not associated with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis or neurilemmomatosis. On gross examination the cut surface of the tumors showed grayish-white to yellow or tan coloration and had a well-defined border, but there was no evidence of a plexiform growth pattern. The microscopic features were characterized by single or multiple well-circumscribed nodules of spindle-shaped tumor cells. The nuclei were irregular and elongated, and the cytoplasm was eosinophilic and fibrillary without distinct cytoplasmic borders. Nuclear palisading was prominent, and Verocay bodies were present. Mitotic figures were rare (fewer than 2 per 20 high-power fields). Bodian stain showed presence of nerve fibers at the periphery of the tumor. The adjacent tissue showed wavy, spindle-shaped cells and collagen fibers in a myxoid stroma rich in hyaluronic acid, a pattern reminiscent of neurofibroma. The tumor cells showed positive reactivity with anti-S-100 protein in both the nuclei and cytoplasm. Glial fibrillary acid protein was focally positive, and neuron-specific enolase was negative. Electron microscopy displayed features of Schwann cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low leakage, ultra-thin gate oxides for extremely high performance sub-100 nm nMOSFETs (2002)

Reports measurements of the DC characteristics of sub-100 nm nMOSFETs that employ low leakage ultra-thin gate oxides only 1-2 nm thick to achieve high current drive capability and transconductance. We demonstrate that I/sub Dsat//spl ap/1.8 mA//spl mu/m can be achieved with a 60 nm gate at 1.5 V using a 1.3-1.4 nm gate oxide with a gate leakage current less than 20 nA//spl mu/m/sup 2/. Furthermore, we find that I/sub Dsat/ deteriorates for gate oxides thicker or thinner than this.
Biological Sciences and Analytical Chemistry. Enzymatic properties of mutant thermostable firefly luciferase and its application to measurement of adenosine triphosphate and acetate kinase. (1995)

タンパク質工学的手法により作製された各種変異型ホタルルシフェラーゼを精製し,その酵素化学的性質を調べた.至適pH及び基質特異性は各変異体とも野生型ルシフェラーゼと同じであった.一方で耐熱性及びpH安定性は野生型ルシフェラーゼに比べ優れていた.特にAla217Leu変異型ヘイケホタルルシフェラーゼは最も安定であり,50℃,20分間の熱処理後も50%の活性が残存していた.大腸菌による大量生産が可能なThr217Ile変異型ゲンジホタルルシフェラーゼを,アデノシン三リン酸(ATP)測定及びアセテートキナーゼ(AK)の活性測定に応用した.生物発光法によるATPの定量域は2.0×10-14～2.0×10-10Mであった.AKの活性測定は酵素反応によるATP産生とルシフェリンールシフェラーゼ系を共役させることにより測定した.AKの検出限界は8.6×10-21mol/assay(5200分子)と高感度なAK活性測定法を確立することができた.
Improving the Dissolution and Bioavailability of Nifedipine Using Solid Dispersions and Solubilizers (2002)

Nifedipine (NF) is a poorly water-soluble drug, of low and irregular bioavailability after oral administration. Although some reports have attempted to improve the dissolution of NF using solid dispersions and solubilizers, little literature information is available on the in vivo performance of such preparations. The aim of the present work was to improve the therapeutic efficacy of NF via incorporation into different types of carriers, and to investigate their in vitro dissolution and bioavailability in rabbits. Nifedipine solid dispersions were prepared by fusion, solvent, and freeze-drying methods with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and PEG monomethylether 5000 (PEG MME 5000). Complexation of NF with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) and solubilization by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have also been studied. The dissolution was determined by the flow-through cell in order to maintain perfect sink conditions. The solid dispersions resulted in a significant increase in the dissolution rate as compare to pure drug. The highest NF dissolution rate was obtained from solid dispersions containing 95% PEG 6000 prepared by the solvent method. While, unexpectedly, the highest absorption in rabbits was obtained from 95% PEG 6000 prepared by the fusion method. Compared to SLS, beta-CyD gave higher in vitro and in vivo values. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder x-ray diffractometry indicated that NF in solid dispersions is homogeneously distributed, and no drug crystallized out of the system. The DSC thermograms of NF-beta-CyD complex and NF/SLS solid mixture showed a decrease in the NF endothermic peak. The x-rays showed different diffraction patterns of pure NF and pure carrier, suggesting the formation of a new solid form.