gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PROTOZOAL AGENTS: What Are the Dangers for the Public Water Supply? (1997)

Safe and efficient treatment of drinking water has been one of the major public health advances of the twentieth century. People in developed countries generally take for granted that their water is safe to drink, a luxury the majority of the world's population does not have. The leading cause of infant mortality in the developing world is infectious diarrhea, and the prevalence of diarrheal pathogens is largely influenced by the quality and quantity of clean water available for drinking and washing. Until recently, modern water treatment had all but eliminated these concerns in developed nations. Over the past two decades, however, the safety of our water supply has been threatened by the emergence of Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoal pathogen. The hearty oocysts of this organism survive chlorination and filtration to cause a diarrheal illness that, while unpleasant enough in healthy people, is devastating in immunocompromised individuals. The 1993 Milwaukee outbreak, in which 403,000 people developed diarrhea from drinking water that met all the updated federal safety standards, demonstrated the tremendous public health importance of this organism. While earlier attention had focused on Giardia and amebic infections, the other "emerging" protozoan besides Cryptosporidium is Cyclospora. This review discusses the protozoal pathogens, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, that cause waterborne diarrheal outbreaks and the threats they pose to the public.
Ion beam co-ordinate monitor (1980)

It is shown that the co-ordinate of a continuous low-energy ion beam can be determined by measuring the angle of inclination of an elliptical pattern observed on an oscilloscope whose deflecting plates are driven directly by two noise-like signals induced by the beam on two electrostatic induction electrodes.
<title>Method for semiautomated serial section reconstruction and visualization of neural tissue from TEM images</title> (1993)

A simple method to reconstruct details of neural tissue architectures from transmission electron microscope (TEM) images will help us to increase our knowledge of the functional organization of neural systems in general. To be useful, the reconstruction method should provide high resolution, quantitative measurement, and quick turnaround. In pursuit of these goals, we developed a modern, semiautomated system for reconstruction of neural tissue from TEM serial sections. Images are acquired by a video camera mounted on TEM (Zeiss 902) equipped with an automated stage control. The images are reassembled automatically as a mosaicked section using a crosscorrelation algorithm on a Connection Machine-2 (CM-2) parallel supercomputer. An object detection algorithm on a Silicon Graphics workstation is employed to aid contour extraction. An estimated registration between sections is computed and verified by the user. The contours are then tessellated into a triangle-based mesh. At this point the data can be visualized as a wireframe or solid object, volume rendered, or used as a basis for simulations of functional activity.
Ferroelectric materials for solar energy conversion: photoferroics revisited (2014)

Ferroelectric materials offer opportunities for unconventional solar energy conversion.
Synthesis of Structurally Diversified α-Substituted β-Amino Acids and Derivatives via Conjugate Radical Additions and Heck Reactions (2001)

An efficient short-step synthesis of α-substituted β-amino, β-hydrazino, β-N-hydroxy esters and β-urethane N-carboxyanhydrides is reported. Structural diversity was easily incorporated in good yields at the α position of the carboxylic group via conjugate radical additions and Heck reactions performed on the conjugated double bond of synthons 3, 8 and 9.
Organic fluorine as a polypeptide building element: in vivo expression of fluorinated peptides, proteins and proteomes (2012)

Traditionally, the biological fluorination of complex biological systems like proteins is achieved through substitution of canonical amino acids or addition of fluorinated amino acids in the context of the standard genetic code. Ribosomal translation of monofluorinated amino acids into proteins often yields structures with minimal local changes in the interior but, on the same time, results in large global effects on characteristic features of the biopolymers (such as dramatically changed activity profile or folding stability). This is due to the novel and unique local interactions delivered by fluorine atoms such as (i) increase in the covalent radii (ii) changed polarities; (iii) changed hydrogen bond acceptor ability; (iv) altered water solubility as well as water ↔ organic solvent energy transfer. On the other hand, the biological incorporation of tri- or global fluorinated amino acids (such as trifluoroleucine, triflurovaline, and their hexafluoro counterparts, fluoromethionine and trifluoronorleucine etc.) represents still a challenge, as the natural structural scaffolds are optimized for hydrocarbon during evolution but not for fluorocarbon cores. Future work will be focused on the re-design of existing or de novo design of novel protein scaffolds capable of accommodating such building blocks into functional biologically active proteins and proteomes in the context of the viable cells.
Understanding camera trade-offs through a Bayesian analysis of light field projections - A revision (2008)

Computer vision has traditionally focused on extracting structure,such as depth, from images acquired using thin-lens or pinholeoptics. The development of computational imaging is broadening thisscope; a variety of unconventional cameras do not directly capture atraditional image anymore, but instead require the jointreconstruction of structure and image information. For example, recentcoded aperture designs have been optimized to facilitate the jointreconstruction of depth and intensity. The breadth of imaging designs requires new tools to understand the tradeoffs implied bydifferent strategies. This paper introduces a unified framework for analyzing computational imaging approaches.Each sensor element is modeled as an inner product over the 4D light field.The imaging task is then posed as Bayesian inference: giventhe observed noisy light field projections and a new prior on light field signals, estimate the original light field. Under common imaging conditions, we compare theperformance of various camera designs using 2D light field simulations. Thisframework allows us to better understand the tradeoffs of each camera type and analyze their limitations.
Noise study of low-dimensional quantum-well semiconductor laser amplifiers (1992)

Low noise characteristics of semiconductor laser amplifiers (SLAs) consisting of low-dimensional quantum-well structures are obtained theoretically using density matrix theory. Due to a sharper gain spectrum as well as a smaller population inversion parameter in quantum-wire and quantum-box structures, predominant two beat noises of traveling-wave SLAs were found to be reduced in the lower dimensional quantum-well structures, even in solitary devices without a narrow bandpass filter. The noise figure can be reduced to 3.3 dB in a quantum-box structure, which nears the theoretical limit of 3 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of syndecan-1 in female reproductive tract tissues and cultured keratinocytes (1997)

The syndecans form a family of cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans, which participate in cell-matrix interaction and growth factor binding. The expression of syndecan-1 was studied in tissues of the female reproductive tract with respect to the menstrual cycle, and in cultured vaginal and ectocervical keratinocytes. Immunohistochemical localization of syndecan-1 showed a clear biphasic pattern, with intense staining in the basal cell layer of vaginal and ectocervical epithelium in the proliferative phase, and minimal staining in the secretory phase. Low concentrations of syndecan-1 protein and mRNA were expressed in endometrium throughout the cycle. In cultured keratinocytes isolated from vaginal and ectocervical epithelium, the addition of physiological amounts of 17 beta-oestradiol or progesterone, alone or in combination, failed to produce significant changes in syndecan-1 expression. The cyclic changes of syndecan-1 localization in stratified epithelia of vagina and ectocervix observed in this study may be a result of growth factor action rather than a direct sex steroid regulation.
Changing Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Colonization (1999)

Changes in the epidemiology of GBS colonization included diminished rates in some populations associated with use of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, and a shift in serotype prevalence, with Ia as predominant and V, in addition to II and III, as common.
Laminin‐5 <i>γ</i>2 Chain Expression Correlates with Unfavorable Prognosis in Colon Carcinomas (2001)

Expression of the gamma 2 chain at the invasive front of different tumors has indicated an important role for laminin-5 in cell migration during tumor invasion and tissue remodeling. As there is considerable need for reliable invasion and prognostic markers we evaluated the correlation of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression with clinicopathologic parameters and patient survival in 93 primary colon carcinomas. Epithelial cells of normal mucosa were consistently negative for staining. In contrast, positive cytoplasmic staining was observed in 89 tumors (96%). Twenty-four (26%) cases were scored as sparse, 34 (37%) as moderate, and 31 (33%) as frequent gamma 2 chain expression. There was a significant association of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression and local invasiveness of colon carcinomas according to Dukes stage (A-C) (p=0.001) and tumor budding (p<0.001). A statistical significance could also be noted in decreasing tumor differentiation (p<0.001) and correlation to tumor size (p=0.032). No correlation was observed to tumor site. Univariate analysis identified laminin-5 (p=0.010), tumor differentiation (p=0.006) and Dukes grade (p<0.001) as significant variables in predicting prognosis. However, by multivariate analyses, this study could not demonstrate that laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression is an independent predictive factor for survival. The results indicate that laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression is up-regulated during the progression of human colon cancer and that it plays a role in the aggressiveness of these tumors. Demonstration of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain positivity also facilitates detection of individual cells or minor cell clusters invading the surrounding stroma. Figures on http://www.esacp.org/acp/2001/22-4/lenander.htm.
Potential Use of Colloidal Silica in Cement Based Composites: Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties (2012)

The properties of cement based composites depend not only on the properties of their individual components but also on their interfacial characteristics and transition zone between fiber and matrix. There has been a renewed interest in the use of cellulosic pulp as micro-fiber reinforcement in cement based composites. The addition of nanoparticles, such as colloidal silica, to fiber-cement could allow a better control of its microstructure and the enhancement of the matrix/fiber interface. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of colloidal silica on the microstructure and mechanical performance of cementitious matrices and fiber-cement composites. These cementitious materials were prepared with 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 10% w/w colloidal silica suspension content. Cementitious matrices without fibers were produced by vibration. Fiber-cement composites with unbleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp as a micro-fiber reinforcement were produced by the slurry dewatering technique followed by pressing. All composite materials were cured by water immersion. A splitting (Brazilian) test was carried out to determine the tensile strength of cementitious matrices. Mechanical behavior of the fiber-cement composites was evaluated via modulus of rupture and fracture toughness based on load-displacement curves (L-d curves) under continuous loading and 3-point bending arrangement. The energy of fracture was measured through a stable crack propagation test with SENB (single-edge notched bending) configuration also under a 3-point bending arrangement. The matrix with highest content of colloidal silica suspension (10% w/w) presented high values of water absorption and consequently presented the lowest splitting tensile strength. The average values of modulus of rupture and fracture toughness of fiber-cement tend to decrease with increasing colloidal silica content. However, the pullout mechanism increased significantly in the fiber-cement composites with additions between 3% and 10% w/w of colloidal silica suspension as compared to that without any addition, noted by degree of improvement in the energy of fracture and by scanning electron microscopy micrographs (SEM). These findings show the potential use of colloidal silica to improve the transition zone between the cellulosic fiber and the cementitious matrix. The results of this study show an important way to engineer and control the fracture process of the composites.
CAVITY RESONATOR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPORTING NONSINUSOIDAL PERIODIC WAVEFORMS (1965)

The phenomenon of resonance allows a modest power flow to build up a large-amplitude wave.Although resonators are commonly 1 designed for waves varying sinusoidally in time, any waveform describable as a Fourier series l or discharge chambers., ..
Predicting outcome following surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a proposed grading system (1996)

Surgical treatment of unruptured aneurysms is gaining increased support owing to the recently defined poor long-term natural history of these aneurysms. The benefit of treatment ultimately depends on the relative risk of subsequent aneurysm rupture in untreated patients versus the risk of surgery. To identify those patients at a higher risk from surgery, the authors reviewed the management of 172 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated at their institution. The size of the aneurysms ranged from 3 to 45 mm (mean 13.7 mm). Twenty-two patients (12.8%) had aneurysms in the posterior circulation, and 32 (18.6%) of these were giant aneurysms. Major morbidity occurred in 12 patients (6.9%) and five patients (2.9%) died. Multivariate logistic analysis of several risk factors revealed that aneurysm size and location had an independent correlation with surgical outcome and that patient age approached statistical significance. Patients presenting with ischemic cerebrovascular disease, in particular, did not have a higher risk of a poor outcome. A simple classification for predicting patients at high risk from surgical morbidity and mortality is proposed. Preoperative grading is based on the size and location of the aneurysm and patient's age. The lowest grade is given to young patients with small anterior circulation aneurysms, and the highest grade includes elderly patients with complex giant posterior circulation aneurysms. A retrospective analysis of this classification demonstrated a strong correlation with postoperative outcome. The incidence of poor outcome progressively increased with a higher grade, ranging from 0% in Grade 0 to 66.6% in Grade VI. An analysis of this classification on 50 consecutive surgically treated patients with unruptured aneurysms not included in the analysis also validated the predictive value of this system. Along with predicting outcome, this classification should provide a standardized format for comparison of results from different clinical centers as well as different therapeutic techniques (surgical vs. endovascular) without omission of significant risk factors found to influence outcome.
Use of selected lactic acid bacteria in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection (2014)

Helicobacter pylori is among the major pathogenic bacteria that cause chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and is related to the development of gastric cancer. Several chemicals, including antibiotics, have been used to eradicate H. pylori; however, they do not always curb the infection. Ten representative type strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for antagonism toward H. pylori via inhibition of urease activity. Strains inhibiting the binding of H. pylori to human gastric cell line cells and suppressing H. pylori-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production were also screened. Of these, Pediococcus pentosaseus (SL4), which inhibited the adhesion of H. pylori to MKN-45 gastric cancer cells, Bifidobacterium longum (BG7), with urease inhibiting activity, and Lactococcus lactis (SL3), and Enterococcus faecalis (SL5), which suppressed H. pylori-induced IL-8 production within MKN-45 and AGS cells, were selected. In mouse model, these LAB stains in combination significantly suppressed IL-8 levels in serum. Gastric pH also recovered to normal values after the administration of these LAB. These stains effectively suppressed H. pylori viability, although not to the extent of antibiotic treatment. When used as probiotics, LAB may help decrease the occurrence of gastritis and reduce the risk of H. pylori infection without, inducing side effects.
Kinetics of hemodiafiltration. I. In vitro transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter. (1975)

The transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter were studied in vitro to provide an understanding of the factors which control solute removal rate and to permit design of a full-scale clinical device. The dependence of ultrafiltrate flux on transmembrane pressure difference, protein concentration, flow rate, and fiber geometry was correlated in terms of available theoretical analyses. Solute rejection was 1.0 for albumin and decreased to nearly zero for solutes of several thousand molecular weight. An analysis of overall hemodiafilter behavior showed that blood and ultrafiltrate flow rates of 200 ml. per minute can be attained with a device of reasonable size which would provide an inulin whole blood clearance of about 100 ml. per minute.
Stability enhancement in electron-beam-sustained excimer laser discharges (1979)

Techniques are described for prolonging the duration of stable e-beam-controlled excimer laser discharges, including: temporal tailoring of either the discharge voltage or the ionization source and kinetics modification by way of additives. Theoretical and experimental results are presented for KrF* laser discharges.
Endogenous Human Renin Expression and Promoter Activity in CALU-6, a Pulmonary Carcinoma Cell Line (1995)

We have previously reported that transgenic mice containing the human renin gene express high levels of human renin mRNA in the lung. We show in this report that human renin expression in two lines of transgenic mice is developmentally regulated. Human renin expression is not evident in the transgenic mouse lung at 15.5 days of gestation, is detectable at 17.5 days of gestation, peaks around birth, and remains elevated into adulthood. In situ hybridization of mouse fetal lung samples at 18.5 days of gestation revealed that human renin was exclusively expressed in pulmonary type II epithelial cells. A survey of the medical literature revealed a number of clinical cases in which hypertension was caused by renin-secreting pulmonary tumors and a fairly widespread occurrence of immunoreactive renin in banked pulmonary tumors of diverse origin. This prompted us to examine a number of pulmonary tumor cell lines to determine whether they express human renin mRNA. One pulmonary carcinoma cell line, CALU-6, expressed human renin mRNA endogenously. Human renin expression in these cells was induced approximately 100-fold after treatment with forskolin, 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate, or N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. Transfection analysis of human renin promoter-luciferase fusion constructs revealed the presence of cell-specific positive and negative regulatory elements in the human renin 5'-flanking DNA. This cell line is the only immortalized human cell line that expresses high levels of endogenous human renin mRNA and should provide an excellent tool for studying the regulation of human renin expression in vitro.
Flagellin/TLR5 signalling activates renal collecting duct cells and facilitates invasion and cellular translocation of uropathogenic<i>E</i><i>scherichia coli</i> (2014)

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) colonizing kidneys is the main cause of acute pyelonephritis. TLR5 that senses flagellin was shown to be highly expressed in the bladder and to participate in host defence against flagellated UPEC, although its role in kidneys still remains elusive. Here we show that TLR5 is expressed in renal medullary collecting duct (MCD) cells, which represent a preferential site of UPEC adhesion. Flagellin, like lipopolysaccharide, stimulated the production of the chemoattractant chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, and subsequent migration capacity of neutrophils in cultured wild-type (WT) and Tlr4(-/-) MCDs, but not in Tlr5(-/-) MCDs. UPEC can translocate across intact MCD layers without altering tight junctions. Strikingly, the invasion capacity and transcellular translocation of the UPEC strain HT7 were significantly lower in Tlr5(-/-) than in WT MCDs. The non-motile HT7ΔfliC mutant lacking flagellin also exhibited much lower translocation capacities than the HT7 isolates. Finally, Tlr5(-/-) kidneys exhibited less infiltrating neutrophils than WT kidneys one day after the transurethral inoculation of HT7, and greater delayed renal bacterial loads in the day 4 post-infected Tlr5(-/-) kidneys. Overall, these findings indicate that the epithelial TLR5 participates to renal antibacterial defence, but paradoxically favours the translocation of UPEC across intact MCD cell layers.
C60-Incorporated Nanocomposite Resist System. (1997)

We have recently proposed a nanocomposite resist system that incorporates sub-nm size fullerene C60 molecules into a conventional resist material. This new resist system leads to a substantial improvement of the various aspects of resist performance necessary for nanometer pattern fabrication with no significant process change. Fullerene (C60) is found to be an excellent material for incorporation in view of its molecular size, etching resistance, and composite preparation capability. This paper describes the basic characteristics of nanocomposite resist systems of C60 and two conventional electron-beam positive resists, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and a highly etching durable resist, ZEP520. Further, improvement of the environmental stability of a C60-incorporated chemically amplified negative resist, SAL601, and a positive one, SEPR-44-D, is also discussed.
Design considerations and implementation of a programmable high-frequency continuous-time filter and variable-gain amplifier in submicrometer CMOS (1999)

We report on an approach to designing high-speed, low-voltage programmable continuous-time filters with an embedded variable-gain amplifier (VGA). The methods we describe here are aimed at implementation in ultra-short-channel, low-voltage CMOS technologies. The seventh-order equiripple filter and VGA combination described here has a -3-dB frequency programmable from 30 to 100 MHz, gain programmable from 0 to 17 dB and 12 dB of boost.