gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2-D Order-16 Integer Transforms for HD Video Coding (2009)

In this paper, the spatial properties of high-definition (HD) videos are investigated based on a large set of HD video sequences. Compared with lower resolution videos, the prediction errors of HD videos have higher correlation. Hence, we propose using 2-D order-16 transforms for HD video coding, which are expected to be more efficient to exploit this spatial property, and specifically propose two types of 2-D order-16 integer transforms, nonorthogonal integer cosine transform (ICT) and modified ICT. The former resembles the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and is approximately orthogonal, of which the transform error introduced by the nonorthogonality is proven to be negligible. The latter modifies the structure of the DCT matrix and is inherently orthogonal, no matter what the values of the matrix elements are. Both types allow selecting matrix elements more freely by releasing the orthogonality constraint and can provide comparable performance with that of the DCT. Each type is integrated into the audio and video coding standard (AVS) Enhanced Profile (EP) and the H.264 high profile (HP), respectively, and used adaptively as an alternative to the 2-D order-8 transform according to local activities. At the same time, many efforts have been devoted to further reducing the complexity of the 2-D order-16 transforms and specially for the modified ICT, a fast algorithm is developed and extended to a universal approach. Experimental results show that 2-D order-16 transforms provide significant performance improvement for both AVS enhanced profile and H.264 high profile, which means they can be efficient coding tools especially for HD video coding.
Social aspects of bereavement (2003)

The death of a family member is one of the most stressful and disruptive life events and, at some point in their career, all cancer nurses will come into contact with friends and relatives of a cancer patient who has died. This article aims to make nurses aware of the ‘new’ approach to understanding bereavement, one which challenges standard theories of how to deal with loss, and one which is still being overlooked in much of today’s nursing education.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is a Predictor of Relapse and Stage Progression in Superficial Bladder Cancer (1998)

Tumor development is angiogenesis dependent, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key growth factor in this process. We demonstrate that high expression of VEGF mRNA in 55 superficial bladder cancers was associated with earlier recurrence (P = 0.001; hazard ratio, 3.09) and progression to a more invasive phenotype (P = 0.02; hazard ratio, 5.33). VEGF mRNA expression correlated with protein levels in superficial tumors (r = 0.59, P = 0.003) and normal bladder (r = 0.65, P < 0.05), although the ratio of VEGF protein to mRNA was elevated in tumors compared to normal bladder (P = 0.004), suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. In this study, VEGF is implicated as a major downstream mediator of the effects of the p53 tumor suppressor gene by the association between high p53 protein (determined immunochemically) and high VEGF protein and mRNA expression (P < 0.02), although in cases without high p53 protein expression, high VEGF mRNA also predicts a poor prognosis. The relationship between VEGF and early tumor recurrence suggests that seeding via angiogenesis may be a major mechanism in the pathogenesis of recurrence. These studies indicate that VEGF can predict the behavior of superficial bladder tumors and is a therapeutic target for intravesical therapy.
Primary Adult Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Cultures on Human Amniotic Membranes (2005)

Primary adult human RPE cell cultures retain epithelial morphology in vitro when cultured on human amniotic membranes. Mechanical dissection of the inner choroid surface appears to be an effective method of isolating RPE cells and yields earlier growth in cultures as compared to isolation by enzymatic digestion.
DIMSCAN: A Microcomputer Fluorescence-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for Preclinical Testing of Combination Chemotherapy (2005)

DIMSCAN is a semiautomatic fluorescence-based digital image microscopy system that quantifies relative total (using a DNA stain) or viable (using fluorescein diacetate [FDA]) cell numbers in tissue culture multiwell plates ranging from 6 to 384 wells per plate. DIMSCAN is a rapid and efficient tool for conducting in vitro cytotoxicity assays across a 4 log dynamic range. The specificity of detecting viable cells with FDA is achieved by using digital image processing and chemical quenching of fluorescence in nonviable cells with eosin Y. Average scan time for the most commonly used format, a 96-well plate, is 6 min. Cytotoxicity for neuroblastoma cell lines measured by DIMSCAN was found to be comparable to manual Trypan blue dye exclusion counts or colony formation in soft agar, but with a significantly wider dynamic range, which enables drug combination studies used to detect synergistic or antagonistic interactions. The linearity of DIMSCAN was validated (r 2 = 0.99967 ± 0.0003) for cells stained with FDA deposited using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, documenting a dynamic range>4 logs, and the ability to detect a single viable cell in a well 93‰ of the time. DIMSCAN has been used to demonstrate preclinical activity of cytotostatic and cytotoxic drugs and drug combinations that have subsequently shown activity in clinical trials.
Teaching patients to communicate with physicians: the impact of race. (2001)

Research on physician-patient communication has focused on the effect of physician communication training on health care outcomes. Much less is known about patient communication training, and even less about the impact of patient race on the effectiveness of patient communication interventions. One hundred and fifty patients of 25 family physicians were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 14-page patient communication workbook received 2-3 days pre-visit, 2-page patient communication handout received in the waiting room, or control group. Racial differences in the impact of patient communication training communication variables, immediate and delayed recall of information, and adherence to treatment were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA techniques. Across analyses, workbook communication skills training had a strong and significant effect on white patients but minimal or no effect on African-American patients. Minimal differences in dependent variables between racial groups existed for the patient handout and control groups. A partial correlation analysis was conducted to factor out the variance due to education. Results suggested that patient race accounted for the results over and above differences in education between racial groups. Our results suggested that the benefits of communication training can be enhanced by taking into account patient characteristics such as race and culture.
Cycloaddition Reactions of 1,3-Diaza-2-azoniaallene Salts and Glycals (2000)

The 1,3-diaza-2-azoniaallene salt 3a reacts stereoselectively with glycals (5a—e) to afford pyrano[2,3-d]-1,2,3- triazolium salts 6a—e. In contrast to other 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of glycals reported so far, the stereoselectivity of compounds 6 is not determined by the substituent on C-3 of the glycal. Both cis (6a,b) and trans (6d,e) substitutions on C-7 and C-7a were found for bicyclic compounds 6 (crystal structure of 6a). Under the influence of acid 6e opens the pyran ring to give the triazolium salt 9. Addition of antimony pentachloride to a solution of the glycal 5e and the chlorotriazene 2a results in the formation of the pyranotriazene 12 containing two triazene units. In the presence of acid the pyranotriazene 6c reacts with alcohols to afford 2-hydrazino glycosides 13a,b, 15, which with zinc dust in acetic acid are reduced to 2-amino glycosides 14a,b.
An Investigation of Semantic Links to Archetypes in an External Clinical Terminology through the Construction of Terminological "Shadows" (2010)

The two-level model based specifications for electronic health record communication EHRcom (ISO 13606) and openEHR both support the embedding of terminological references in Archetypes. This terminological binding can be created manually by a health terminology expert during Archetype design, and the binding is assessed during Archetype evaluation. There has also been some recent work on using lexical queries to generate term sets to represent concepts in Archetypes. This work created an information construct which we call a Terminological Shadow that links Archetype nodes to sets of candidate concepts from a terminology system. The coding scheme used for this work is SNOMED-CT. The proposed Shadows can be used to facilitate the mapping between an Archetype information model and terminological systems. A framework, which also acts as an analysis tool, has been created to construct Shadows from Archetypes. The work also demonstrates how the framework can be used to evaluate different searching algorithms by comparing the search results to the existing bound SNOMED codes.
Synthesis and Light Scattering Study of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Microgels (2000)

The thermally responsive hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) microgels have been synthesized and characterized. The microgel particles were obtained by chemically cross-linking collapsed HPC polymer chains in water−surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) dispersion above the lower critical solution temperature of the HPC. The size distributions of microgel particles, measured by dynamic light scattering, have been correlated with synthesis conditions including surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, and reaction temperature. The final microgel size is determined by the balance between the hydrophobic interaction among HPC polymer chains and intermicelle electrostatic repulsion. The swelling and phase transition properties of resultant HPC microgels have been analyzed using both static and dynamic light scattering techniques as a function of temperature and cross-linker concentration. It is found that the increase in the cross-linker concentration reduces the shrinkage extent. The dilute HPC microgel particles (C < 1.0 × 10-5 g/mL) form a stable colloidal dispersion at room temperature and at 44 °C (above the volume phase transition temperature), probably due to steric effects. Adding salt to water leads to a decrease of the volume phase transition temperature of HPC microgels.
A Good Practices Guide for Digital Image Correlation (2018)

Cited by: (stats updated: Electronic Version | Print Version Electronic Version | Print Version-- The purpose of this document is to provide good-practice guidelines for conducting DIC measurements in conjunction with mechanical testing of a planar test piece. This guide is designed to be both a primer training document geared towards new practitioners of DIC (supplementing vendor-based or other formal training and hardware and software-specific documentation) as well as a reference for experienced users, to refresh their fundamentals knowledge and skill sets and assist them in troubleshooting DIC measurements.
Roles of motility and flagellar structure in pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae: analysis of motility mutants in three animal models (1991)

Wild-type Vibrio cholerae of both El Tor and classical biotypes (strains N16961 and 395, respectively) and nonmotile mutant derivatives with and without flagellar structures were characterized in three different animal models: (i) the rabbit ileal loop, (ii) the removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) model, and (iii) the suckling mouse model. Both the wild-type strains and nonmotile mutants were toxinogenic in the rabbit ileal loop and the suckling mouse models. However, all of the nonmotile mutants produced significantly less fluid accumulation than did the wild-type parental strains. The two nonmotile mutants of strain N16961 did not adhere to rabbit ileal mucosa, but both nonmotile mutants derived from strain 395 exhibited adherence. In the RITARD model, the motile El Tor strains were more virulent than both the flagellate and aflagellate nonmotile mutants (all infected rabbits died within 18 h), while the nonmotile mutants, when fatalities occurred, required 78 to 105 h to produce a fatal outcome. Likewise, the motile classical parent 395 produced a fatal outcome within ca. 25 h, while nonmotile mutants required 69 to 96 h. The nonmotile flagellate strain KR31 was not significantly more virulent than the nonmotile aflagellate strain KR26. Of the two classical nonmotile mutants, KR1, which produces a coreless sheathlike structure, was clearly more virulent (5 of 10 rabbits died within 96 h), while KR3 (nonmotile, aflagellate) did not produce fatalities in any of the 10 rabbits tested. Similarly, no significant difference in diarrheagenicity or colonizing ability was detected between the two nonmotile mutants derived from the El Tor strain, but the classical nonmotile mutant with the coreless sheath caused significantly greater diarrhea and colonized for a longer time than did the isogenic nonmotile aflagellate strain, KR3. No significant differences between the nonmotile mutants were detected in competition studies done with suckling mice. Analysis of the wild-type and mutant strains in these three animal models clearly demonstrated a role for motility in V. cholerae pathogenicity, while analysis of only the nonmotile mutants derived from the classical parent suggested a role for flagellar structures.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of the Skp2-Cks1 Binding Interface (2004)

SCF(Skp2) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for ubiquitination of cell cycle inhibitor p27. Ubiquitination of p27 requires an adapter protein, Cks1, to be in direct association with Skp2. The exact interface between Skp2 and Cks1 has not been elucidated. Here we have reported the definition of the critical functional interface between Skp2 and Cks1. We have identified eight amino acid residues in two discrete regions of Skp2 that are engaged in Cks1 binding. Mutation of any of these eight residues alone or in combination results in the loss of Cks1 association and negates Skp2-dependent p27 ubiquitination. These eight amino acid residues map on the same side of the Skp2 structure and likely constitute a functional binding surface for Cks1. Four of the eight amino acid residues are located in the largely unstructured carboxyl-terminal tail region of Skp2. These results uncovered the specificity of the Skp2-Cks1 interaction and reveal a critical function for the structurally flexible carboxyl-terminal tail region of Skp2 in Cks1 recognition and substrate ubiquitination.
Investigations of solvent–solute interactions in room temperature ionic liquids using solvatochromic dyes (2001)

Different measures of polarity and nucleophilicity of a range of ionic liquids have been investigated using two solvatochromic dyes; the polarity appears to be largely cation controlled, while the donor strength is entirely anion dependent.
In vitro study of enzymatic degradation of biological tissues fixed by glutaraldehyde or epoxy compound (1997)

The study, using bacterial collagenase, was to investigate the changes in characteristics of a collagen-rich tissue, porcine pericardium, fixed by glutaraldehyde or epoxy compound (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) during the course of degradation. Fresh porcine pericardium was used as a control. During degradation, the heat released by the reaction of collagenase with a test sample was monitored by a highly sensitive microcalorimeter. Also, the degree of degradation of each test sample was determined by measuring its increment in free amino group content and changes in denaturation temperature and tensile strength. Microcalorimetric analysis of collagenase degradation of fresh, epoxy-fixed, and glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues revealed that the heat released during degradation correlates well with the degree of tissue degraded. The cleaving of peptide bonds in biological tissue by collagenase degradation may increase its free amino group content and reduce its denaturation temperature and tensile strength. It was noted that the fresh tissue cannot resist bacterial collagenase degradation, while the glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue had a relatively better resistance to degradation than its epoxy-fixed counterpart.
Cancer Cachexia and Fat–Muscle Physiology (2011)

Cancer cachexia involves loss of muscle and fat. A recent study shows that preventing lipolysis in a mouse model of cachexia results in protection against muscle loss and thus points to the existence of molecular cross talk between fat and muscle.
<i>k</i>-POD: A Method for<i>k</i>-Means Clustering of Missing Data (2015)

The k-means algorithm is often used in clustering applications but its usage requires a complete data matrix. Missing data, however, are common in many applications. Mainstream approaches to clustering missing data reduce the missing data problem to a complete data formulation through either deletion or imputation but these solutions may incur significant costs. Our k-POD method presents a simple extension of k-means clustering for missing data that works even when the missingness mechanism is unknown, when external information is unavailable, and when there is significant missingness in the data.[Received November 2014. Revised August 2015.]
A New Single-Phase-to-Ground Fault-Detecting Relay (1942)

In the application of differential relays the need for a supervising relay which will detect the existence of a single-phase-to-ground fault condition to the exclusion of all others has frequently arisen. Heretofore, the only scheme available has been to utilize a relay energized by zero-sequence quantities. Generally, the relay has been energized by a current transformer connected in the station ground. Such a relay, however, will also detect the existence of a two-phase-to-ground fault and only partially solves the problem. The new relay described in this paper derives its operating force from the zero-sequence voltage at the bus and is restrained by the negative-sequence voltage at the bus. The addition of properly proportioned negative-sequence restraint provides the relay with a means of recognizing a single-phase-to-ground fault only. It is applicable on those systems where the zero-sequence impedance of the system exceeds the negative-sequence impedance by a reasonable margin.
Some Factors Influencing the Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. I. A General Survey<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Factors Influencing the Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. I. A General Survey1R. Norman JonesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 12, 2127–2150Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01228a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01228a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views686Altmetric-Citations164LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Evidence of Asian Economic Integration: Prospects and Challenges of a Trilateral FTA between China, Japan and South Korea (2013)

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) as a powerful trade policy instrument increasingly play an important role in Asian economic growth. Asian countries have sought to deepen their economic integration to achieve sustainable economic development by applying FTAs ever since the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. The emerging trilateral FTA negotiation between China, Japan and South Korea (CJK) provides new evidence of ongoing Asian economic integration. In this paper, by analyzing recent FTA developments in Asia as well as prospects and challenges of the FTA-CJK negotiation, we find that the FTA-CJK will expand the intra-regional trade volume and stimulate economic growth in all three counties. However, given the tremendous differences in economic structure and development stage between the three countries as well as political economy considerations, the establishment of the FTA-CJK will not be a smooth process. Pragmatic and practical strategies during the FTA-CJK negotiation are needed to create a win-win-win situation.
Garner's aldehyde (2001)

Covering: 1984 to the end of September 2000
Non-Acidic Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 Agonists with Antidiabetic Activity (2016)

The free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4 or GPR120) has appeared as an interesting potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. At present, most FFA4 ligands are carboxylic acids that are assumed to mimic the endogenous long-chain fatty acid agonists. Here, we report preliminary structure-activity relationship studies of a previously disclosed nonacidic sulfonamide FFA4 agonist. Mutagenesis studies indicate that the compounds are orthosteric agonists despite the absence of a carboxylate function. The preferred compounds showed full agonist activity on FFA4 and complete selectivity over FFA1, although a significant fraction of these noncarboxylic acids also showed partial antagonistic activity on FFA1. Studies in normal and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with the preferred compound 34 showed improved glucose tolerance after oral dosing in an oral glucose tolerance test. Chronic dosing of 34 in DIO mice resulted in significantly increased insulin sensitivity and a moderate but significant reduction in bodyweight, effects that were also present in mice lacking FFA1 but absent in mice lacking FFA4.
How Many Folders Do You Really Need?: Classifying Email into a Handful of Categories (2014)

Email classification is still a mostly manual task. Consequently, most Web mail users never define a single folder. Recently however, automatic classification offering the same categories to all users has started to appear in some Web mail clients, such as AOL or Gmail. We adopt this approach, rather than previous (unsuccessful) personalized approaches because of the change in the nature of consumer email traffic, which is now dominated by (non-spam) machine-generated email. We propose here a novel approach for (1) automatically distinguishing between personal and machine-generated email and (2) classifying messages into categories, without requiring users to have defined any folder. We report how we have discovered that a set of 6 latent categories (one for human- and the others for machine-generated messages) can explain a significant portion of email traffic. We describe in details the steps involved in building a Web-scale email categorization system, from the collection of ground-truth labels, the selection of features to the training of models. Experimental evaluation was performed on more than 500 billion messages received during a period of six months by users of Yahoo mail service, who elected to be part of such research studies. Our system achieved precision and recall rates close to 90% and the categories we discovered were shown to cover 70% of both email traffic and email search queries. We believe that these results pave the way for a change of approach in the Web mail industry, and could support the invention of new large-scale email discovery paradigms that had not been possible before.