gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformation of VLF data into apparent resistivities and phases (1999)

Abstract In the VLF method, the ratio between the vertical and the horizontal magnetic field or the total magnetic field anomaly is measured to detect localized changes in electrical conductivity contrasts. Although the VLF technique has probably been the most popular electromagnetic (EM) tool for mapping near-surface geological structures in a large scale for the past few decades because of the low cost and speed with which surveys can be carried out, the measurements themselves do not give a direct estimate of electrical conductivity. A fast iterative method has been developed to estimate the impedance or apparent resistivity and phases from measurements of the magnetic components at the surface of a 2-D geological structure. From Maxwell's equations in E-polarization, a relation was derived between the horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic field. A full solution has been obtained by making use of the fact that the secondary horizontal and vertical magnetic fields are of internal origin and form a Hilbert transform pair. Synthetic and real VLF data have been used to evaluate the performance and limitation of the method. Using synthetic and real data, one can achieve a full recovery of the E-polarization impedance as long as the length of the profile is sufficiently long. A number of precautions must be taken to ensure reliable estimation of impedance results.
A Gain-of-Function Mutation in TRPA1 Causes Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome (2010)

Human monogenic pain syndromes have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie normal and pathological pain states. We describe an autosomal-dominant familial episodic pain syndrome characterized by episodes of debilitating upper body pain, triggered by fasting and physical stress. Linkage and haplotype analysis mapped this phenotype to a 25 cM region on chromosome 8q12-8q13. Candidate gene sequencing identified a point mutation (N855S) in the S4 transmembrane segment of TRPA1, a key sensor for environmental irritants. The mutant channel showed a normal pharmacological profile but altered biophysical properties, with a 5-fold increase in inward current on activation at normal resting potentials. Quantitative sensory testing demonstrated normal baseline sensory thresholds but an enhanced secondary hyperalgesia to punctate stimuli on treatment with mustard oil. TRPA1 antagonists inhibit the mutant channel, promising a useful therapy for this disorder. Our findings provide evidence that variation in the TRPA1 gene can alter pain perception in humans.
Use and Evolution of a Modular Digital Hydrophone Array (1987)

The Defence Research Establishment Atlantic (DREA) has been using and improving a linear hydrophone array since it was first reported at Oceans '81. This array, which we call "Hydra", was developed primarily as a bottom-mounted array to collect acoustic information in continental shelf waters. It has been used in combined vertical and horizontal configurations in the waters off Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, Baffin Island, Devon Island, and England over the past eight years. We have found that digitization and control of information right at the widely-spaced sensors in our system is invaluable in giving us the flexibility and accuracy required for our environmental acoustics research. The hydrophones for vertical array portions were completely re-designed to reduce low frequency self-noise. The battery cans were changed to an in-line design to overcome deployment problems. The improved array design is discussed in this paper, along with our experiences in using this type of array.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Promotes Inflammatory Monocyte Generation and Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Transgenic Cystathionine β-Synthase–Deficient Mice (2009)

HHcy promotes differentiation of inflammatory monocyte subsets and their accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions via NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated oxidant stress.
Enhancing applications with approved location stamps (2002)

This contribution proposes a service that provides location information of a GSM mobile device that can be mapped to a specific user and can be verified by means of asymmetric cryptography. The service returns a digitally signed record - a location stamp - that can be used as a proof, eg, in commercial transactions using mobile telephones.
给美味加点“色”——美食摄影师David Loftus (2009)

如果你曾看过英国最具人气的厨师Jamie Oliver的烹饪书，那么很有可能已经见识过David Loftus的摄影作品了。尽管他的名字没有Oliver、Heston Blumenthal及其他在英国家喻户晓的明星大厨那么如雷贯耳，但在美食摄影这一行里，他同样是一位颇具声望的领军人物。
REACTIONS OF THE HYDROLYZED PHOSPHAZENE N<sub>3</sub>P<sub>3</sub>(OCH<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>ONa (1986)

Abstract N3P3(OCH2CF3)5 ONa reacts readily with compounds which have an active chloride. Examples are p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, benzoyl chloride and triphenyldichlorophosphorane. The p-toluenesulfonate undergoes further reaction with sodium salts. These reactions describe a novel approach to the synthesis of new substituted phosphazenes.
Efficient compression of high-energy laser pulses (1989)

Limitations caused by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) for laser pulse compression in traditional fiber-grating compressors are discussed. It is shown that the scheme utilizing fibers of length L exceeding the length of the dispersion walk off L/sub walk/ /sub off/ of pump pulses and SRS permits one to obtain high-contrast compressed pulses, their energy being no more than a few nJ, and the ultimate width being proportional to the square root of the initial pulse width. For the compression utilizing fibers of length L<L/sub walk/ /sub off/, the pulse energies are not limited, but the compression factor is limited to the value of 32, and the compressed pulses have a low-intensity wide pedestal. A theoretical model of high-energy pulse compression with simultaneous pedestal suppression by the polarization technique using nonlinear birefringence of the fiber is discussed. This technique is compared to the spectral windowing technique.<<ETX>>
pH-Responsive microgel dispersions for repairing damaged load-bearing soft tissue (2008)

An important challenge for colloid scientists is to design injectable dispersions that provide structural support for damaged soft tissue and enable regeneration of tissue over the longer term. In this article we highlight a new area of research that aims to produce pH-responsive microgel dispersions that restore the mechanical properties of damaged, load-bearing, soft tissue. Chronic back pain due to degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a major health problem and is the primary potential application for the work discussed. pH-Responsive microgel dispersions contain cross-linked polymer particles that swell when the pH approaches the pKa of the incorporated ionic co-monomer. The work considered here involves microgel particles containing MAA (methacrylic acid). The particles show pronounced pH-triggered swelling. The concentrated microgel dispersions change from a fluid to a gel at pH values greater than ca. 6.2, which is within the physiological pH range. The rheological properties are pH-dependent and can be adjusted using particle composition or concentration. Degenerated IVDs containing injected, gelled, microgel dispersions show improved mechanical properties. The disc height under biomechanically meaningful loads can be restored to values observed in non-degenerated IVDs. We also discuss the steps required to provide a minimally invasive injectable microgel system for restoring both the IVD mechanical properties and regenerating tissue in vivo. The approach discussed should also be suitable for other soft tissue types in the body.
The Ninth Component of Complement and the Pore-Forming Protein (Perforin 1) from Cytotoxic T Cells: Structural, Immunological, and Functional Similarities (1986)

The ninth component of complement (C9) and the pore-forming protein (PFP or perforin) from cytotoxic T lymphocytes polymerize to tubular lesions having an internal diameter of 100 A and 160 A, respectively, when bound to lipid bilayers. Polymerized C9, assembled by slow spontaneous or rapid Zn2+-induced polymerization, and polyperforin, which is assembled only in the presence of Ca2+, constitute large aqueous pores that are stable, nonselective for solutes, and insensitive to changes of membrane potential. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies to purified C9 and PFP show cross-reactivity, suggesting structural homology between the two molecules. The structural and functional homologies between these two killer molecules imply an active role for pore formation during cell lysis.
Thermal Conductivity Reduction and Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Increase by Embedding Nanoparticles in Crystalline Semiconductors (2006)

Atomic substitution in alloys can efficiently scatter phonons, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity in crystalline solids to the "alloy limit." Using In0.53Ga0.47As containing ErAs nanoparticles, we demonstrate thermal conductivity reduction by almost a factor of 2 below the alloy limit and a corresponding increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit by a factor of 2. A theoretical model suggests that while point defects in alloys efficiently scatter short-wavelength phonons, the ErAs nanoparticles provide an additional scattering mechanism for the mid-to-long-wavelength phonons.
Investing in Payment Innovations: Risks and Rewards (2006)

Advances in technology have helped usher in new payment mechanisms catered to current demographic and cross-border demands. Yet these payment innovations also pose increasingly complex security challenges worldwide. Participants at a recent Chicago Fed conference discussed the implications of these developments for the payments industry.
Genetic Databases and Biobanks: Who Controls Our Genetic Privacy? (2006)

In the past several years a growing number of private biotech companies have been collecting and storing our genetic information and bodily tissues and linking it to life-long medical histories. Many of these commercial companies have close relationships with the public sector: they rely on public institutions to get access to certain medical data and tissue samples, while the public sector relies on those companies for commercial exploitation of the research. Despite the unique nature of the information collected and the sensitivity of genetic databases, these private bio-libraries are largely unregulated in the United States. This article examines who has control over the assembly, use, and dissemination of genetic information in various types of genetic databases (e.g., public and private databases), and how this power should be managed based on its effects on the privacy and autonomy interests of individuals. The article analyzes three examples: the Icelandic Health Sector Database, the U.K. Biobank, and the operation of private, commercial bio-repositories in the United States. It further examines, via these three examples, the increased involvement of the private sector that collects and stores medical and genetic information and the growing partnerships between the private and public sectors in the genetic realm. This analysis reveals the potential abuses of our personal genetic information by those who have control over it, and the need to place limitations on the uses of this information. This article calls for the adoption of industry-wide fair information practices and proposes a set of fair information principles tailored to meet the specific privacy needs in the genetic realm.
Oncogenic BARD1 Isoforms Expressed in Gynecological Cancers (2007)

BARD1 is required for protein stability and tumor suppressor functions of BRCA1, which depend on the ubiquitin ligase activity of the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer. The NH(2)-terminal RING domains of both proteins act as interaction modules and form a ubiquitin ligase, which has functions in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint regulation, and mitosis. Interestingly, up-regulated expression of truncated BARD1 isoforms was found to be associated with poor prognosis in breast and ovarian cancers and, in a hormonally regulated fashion, in the human cytotrophoblast, a cell type with properties reminiscent of cancer cells. We therefore performed reverse transcription-PCR to determine the structure of BARD1 isoforms in cell lines derived from hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancers. We found a specific combination of isoforms, generated by differential splicing and alternative transcription initiation, mostly lacking the BRCA1 interaction domain, in gynecologic but not hematologic cancer cell lines. To investigate the prevalence of BARD1 isoforms in tumors, we applied immunohistochemistry to ovarian cancers, using antibodies distinguishing full-length BARD1 and isoforms. Expression of NH(2) terminally truncated BARD1 was correlated with advanced stage of cancer, and expression of spliced isoforms was typical for clear cell carcinoma, the ovarian cancer with worst prognosis, suggesting a role of BARD1 isoforms in cancer progression. To challenge this hypothesis, we silenced BARD1 isoforms in ovarian cancer cells that lacked wild-type BARD1 by siRNA interference, which led to a complete proliferation arrest. Thus, BARD1 isoform expression is required for cancer cell proliferation, which is compatible with the notion that BARD1 isoforms act as cancer maintenance genes.
Vehicle control algorithms for cooperative driving with automated vehicles and intervehicle communications (2002)

Describes the technologies of cooperative driving with automated vehicles and intervehicle communications in the Demo 2000 cooperative driving. Cooperative driving, aiming at the compatibility of safety and efficiency of road traffic, means that automated vehicles drive by forming a flexible platoon over a couple of lanes with a short intervehicle distance while performing lane changing, merging, and leaving the platoon. The vehicles for the demonstration are equipped with automated lateral and longitudinal control functions with localization data by the differential global positioning system (DGPS) and the intervehicle communication function with 5.8-GHz dedicated short range communication (DSRC) designed for the dedicated use in the demonstration. In order to show the feasibility and potential of the technologies, the demonstration was held in November 2000, on a test track with five automated vehicles. The scenario included stop and go, platooning, merging, and obstacle avoidance.
The Impacts of Along-Channel Acupuncture on the Protein Expressions of the Chloride Channel of the Rats with Myocardial Ischemia (2013)

Recent evidence suggests that chloride (CL(-)) channels are involved in myocardial ischemia. In this study, the impact of acupuncture on the protein expressions of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and CLC-2 CL(-) channel of the rats with myocardial ischemia were tested and its mechanism was explored. The rats for experiment were distributed randomly into 5 groups: blank control group, modeling control group, Neiguan (PC-6) treatment group, Lieque (LU-7) control group, and Non-acupoint control group. The rats of all groups, except the blank control group, had myocardial ischemia via multiple subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO). Electroacupuncture treatment was given to Neiguan (PC-6) treatment group, Lieque (LU-7) control group, and Non-acupoints control group, respectively, once a day for 7 days. The results show that acupuncture can alleviate the myocardial ischemia of cardiac tissue, decrease significantly the activities of serum SOD and MDA, and thereby influence the protein expressions of CFTR and CLC-2 in CL(-) channels. The results of the study implies that acupuncture suppresses the pathological changes of cardiac tissue of rats with myocardial ischemia and regulates the protein expression of CFTR and CLC-2 CL(-) channels, which may serve as one possible mechanism to reduce myocardial ischemia.
<i>Advances in Catalysis and Related Subjects</i> (1959)

Since 1948, this Series has filled the gap between the papers that report and the textbooks that teach in the diverse areas of catalysis research. The editors of and contributors to Advances in Catalysis are dedicated to recording progress in this area. Each volume of Advances in Catalysis contains articles covering a subject of broad interest.
Endothelial Lipase is Increased by Inflammation and Promotes LDL Uptake in Macrophages (2007)

EL expression is upregulated by LPS via TLR4 and promotes the uptake of nLDL by macrophages. Simvastatin inhibits the LPS-induced up-regulation and uptake in macrophages. Thus, our findings provide a novel role for EL in lipoprotein metabolism and would expand the range of anti-atherogenic effects of statins.
Kilo-scale droplet generation in three-dimensional monolithic elastomer device (3D MED) (2015)

Droplet-based microfluidics has led to transformational new approaches in diverse areas including materials synthesis and high-throughput biological assays. However, the translation of droplet microfluidics technology into commercial applications requires scale-up of droplet generation from the laboratory (<10 mL h(-1)) to the industrial (>1 L h(-1)) scale. To address this challenge, we develop a three-dimensional monolithic elastomer device (3D MED) for mass production of monodisperse emulsion droplets. Using double-sided imprinting, 3D microchannels are formed in a single elastomer piece that has 1000 parallel flow focusing generators (k-FFGs). Compared to previous work that parallelizes droplet generation, the 3D MED eliminates the needs for alignment and bonding of multiple pieces and thus makes it possible to achieve the high flow rates and pressure necessary for the kilo-scale generation of droplets. Using this approach, we demonstrate mass production of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion droplets at production rates as high as 1.5 L h(-1) (>30 billion 45 μm diameter droplets per hour), with a coefficient of variation of droplet diameter of only 6.6%. Because of the simplicity, robustness, and manufacturability of our 3D MED architecture, it is well suited to bridge the gap between the continuously growing library of promising microfluidic technologies to generate microparticles that have been demonstrated in laboratory settings and their successful application in industry.
The surface engineering of top electrode in inverted polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells (2008)

We present surface engineering of the top electrode in organic solar cells through soft contact lamination. A polymer conductor and a self-assembled monolayer material are utilized for the surface engineering of gold electrode in a polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cell. Approximately a threefold increase in the overall power conversion efficiency is shown to be realized with the surface engineering, which is made possible by the lamination.
The Effect of Thermophoresis on Particle Deposition in a Tungsten Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor (1999)

Thermophoresis has a direct impact on the amount of particulate deposition on the substrate due to the temperature gradients present near the substrate in a chemical vapor deposition reactor. The effect of thermophoresis on the particle transport and deposition in the reactor is predicted and verified experimentally. Different particle concentrations and sizes are considered. In addition, the motion of these particles according to the thermal gradients in the reactor is examined. The numerical and experimental results show that the particle deposition on the wafer decreases exponentially as the wafer temperature increases or the showerhead temperature decreases. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Impact of quantization and roundoff errors on the performance of a noise radar correlator (2010)

This paper evaluates the influence of quantization effects on the performance of correlators. The problem is decomposed into two smaller ones, each dealing with difference source of errors (quantization of input signals and finite-precision arithmetics) separately. A discussion of the first type of errors is held on a general level and applicable to any type of correlator. However, roundoff effects depend strongly on details of computations. Therefore, a case study is performed using a fixed-point FFT-based correlator, implemented using LogiCORE IP FFT v. 7.0 engine.
Characterization of T cell mutants with defects in capacitative calcium entry: genetic evidence for the physiological roles of CRAC channels. (1995)

Prolonged Ca2+ influx is an essential signal for the activation of T lymphocytes by antigen. This influx is thought to occur through highly selective Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels that are activated by the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. We have isolated mutants of the Jurkat human T cell line NZdipA to explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie capacitative Ca2+ entry and to allow a genetic test of the functions of CRAC channels in T cells. Five mutant cell lines (CJ-1 through CJ-5) were selected based on their failure to express a lethal diphtheria toxin A chain gene and a lacZ reporter gene driven by NF-AT, a Ca(2+)- and protein kinase C-dependent transcription factor. The rate of Ca2+ influx evoked by thapsigargin was reduced to varying degrees in the mutant cells whereas the dependence of NF-AT/lacZ gene transcription on [Ca2+]i was unaltered, suggesting that the transcriptional defect in these cells is caused by a reduced level of capacitative Ca2+ entry. We examined several factors that determine the rate of Ca2+ entry, including CRAC channel activity, K(+)-channel activity, and Ca2+ clearance mechanisms. The only parameter found to be dramatically altered in most of the mutant lines was the amplitude of the Ca2+ current (ICRAC), which ranged from 1 to 41% of that seen in parental control cells. In each case, the severity of the ICRAC defect was closely correlated with deficits in Ca2+ influx rate and Ca(2-)-dependent gene transcription. Behavior of the mutant cells provides genetic evidence for several roles of ICRAC in T cells. First, mitogenic doses of ionomycin appear to elevate [Ca2+]i primarily by activating CRAC channels. Second, ICRAC promotes the refilling of empty Ca2+ stores. Finally, CRAC channels are solely responsible for the Ca2+ influx that underlies antigen-mediated T cell activation. These mutant cell lines may provide a useful system for isolating, expressing, and exploring the functions of genes involved in capacitative Ca2+ entry.
A Model for Self-Assembly in Solution (2003)

A model treating the competition, under thermodynamic control, between self-assembly and nonlinear random polymerization is presented. The fundamental quantities on which the treatment is based are the effective molarity (EM) of the assembly and the equilibrium constant for the intermolecular model reaction between monofunctional reactants (Kinter). Knowledge of these quantities allows the evaluation of the distribution curve of the self-assembling complex. In order for effective self-assembly to take place, the product KinterEM must be no lower than a limit value easily computable on the basis of simple structural parameters such as the number of molecules in the assembly (N), the number of bonds joining them (B), and the number of interaction sites in the monomers. This limit decreases on decreasing N and on increasing B, and the most obvious way to realize this condition is by increasing the degree of cyclicity of the assembly (B − N + 1). The yield of an assembly with a high degree of cyclicity is very sensitive also to modest changes of KinterEM about its limit value. Depending on the value of the monomers concentration, the assembly could undergo either sharp disassembly (denaturation) or conversion into gel.