gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adenosine and Ketogenic Treatments (2020)

It is well known that the neuromodulator adenosine, acting through the adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptor subtype, can limit or stop seizures. In 2008, adenosine was proposed as a key component of the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet (KD), a very low carbohydrate diet that can be highly effective in drug-refractory epilepsy. In this study, we review the accumulated data on the intersection among adenosine, ketosis, and anticonvulsant/antiepileptogenic effects. In several rodent models of epilepsy and seizures, antiseizure effects of ketogenic treatments (the KD itself, exogenous ketone bodies, medium-chain triglycerides or fatty acids) are reversed by administration of an adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist. In addition, KD treatment elevates extracellular adenosine and tissue adenosine content in brain. Efforts to maintain or mimic a ketogenic milieu in brain slices reveal a state of reduced excitability produced by pre- and postsynaptic adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptor-based effects. Long-lasting seizure reduction may be due to adenosine-based epigenetic effects. In conclusion, there is accumulating evidence for an adenosinergic anticonvulsant action in the ketogenic state. In some cases, the main trigger is mildly but consistently lowered glucose in the brain. More research is needed to investigate the importance of adenosine in the antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects of these treatments. Future research may begin to investigate alternative adenosine-promoting strategies to enhance the KD or to find use as treatments themselves.
Low-Temperature Cleaning of GaAs Substrate by Atomic Hydrogen Irradiation (1991)

Low-temperature cleaning of GaAs substrate by atomic hydrogen irradiation has been demonstrated. Atomic hydrogen was provided by dissociation of hydrogen gas, which was carried out in a simple cracking cell with a 1500°C tungsten filament. Auger electron spectroscopy showed that carbon was removed at 200°C and oxygen was removed at 400°C by 30-min atomic hydrogen irradiation. The surface cleaning of GaAs was confirmed by the change of RHEED pattern from halo to streak after the hydrogen irradiation.
Fasting and refeeding differentially regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human subjects (2015)

Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI of the NIH.
Application of Embryonic and Adult Zebrafish for Nanotoxicity Assessment (2012)

As an emerging model for toxicological studies, zebrafish has been explored for nanotoxicity assessment. In addition to endpoint examination of embryo/fish mortality and/or developmental disorders, molecular analyses of differential gene expression have also been employed to evaluate toxic effects associated with the exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we describe zebrafish-based assays, including both embryo and adult, for evaluation of nanotoxicity caused by metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), in particular, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles.
Synthesis of arabinofuranosyl derivatives of 3-deazaguanine (1979)

Synthesis of four arabinofuranosyl derivatives of the antitumor agent 3-deazaguanine is described. By the use of 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the structures of these nucleosides were established to be alpha and beta pairs of N-7 and N-9 arabinosides of 3-deazaguanine. In contrast to 3-deazaguanine and its ribosyl derivative, the nucleosides described in this paper were found to be inactive against Sarcoma 180 in mice at 100 mg/kg.
Fault detection enhancement in cache memories using a high performance placement algorithm (2004)

The data integrity of words coming out of caches needs to be checked to assure their correctness. This paper proposes a cache placement scheme, which provides high performance as well as high fault detection coverage. In this scheme, the cache space is divided into sets of different sizes. Here, the length of tag fields associated with each set is unique and is different from the other sets. The other remained bits of tags are used for protecting the tag using a fault detection scheme e.g., generalized parity. This leads to protection of the cache without compromising performance and area with respect to the similar fully associative cache. The results obtained from simulating some standard trace files reveal that the proposed scheme exhibits a performance near to fully associative but achieves a considerable fault detection coverage which is suitable for use in dependable computing.
Mitigation of noneliminated harmonics of SHEPWM three-level multipulse three-phase active front end converters with low switching frequency for meeting standard IEEE-519-92 (2003)

Three-level NPC active-front-end three-phase (3LAFE) converters can be applied to high-power medium voltage applications, with 4-quadrant unity-power-factor operation, allowing a broad range for power conversion systems, such as decentralized energy distribution and utilization. Switching losses and network interaction limit the operation of 3LAFE high-power converters, especially when GTO-converters are used. That is why, low switching frequency and reduced harmonic distortion are the main goals when using optimum pattern PWM where selective harmonic elimination modulation method (SHEPWM) is used. This paper introduces a simple method to choose a good operating point for two 3LAFE converters in a 12-pulse configuration based on the behavior of noneliminated harmonics by SHE method. A complete characterization is given as a base of SHE and the optimization criteria is fully explained.
The 3D RESURF junction (2002)

This paper reports a new device concept-the 3D RESURF junction, which is applicable to a large class of power devices which we term 3D power devices. The new class of devices features considerably superior breakdown performance compared to any lateral power devices reported to date and challenges the state-of-the art vertical devices such as the VDMOSFET. The 3D Double Gate devices also benefit by having a low on-resistance due to carrier modulation in the drift region. The 3D RESURF is demonstrated numerically through extensive, advanced 2-D and 3-D simulations.
A new substrate and gate current phenomenon in short-channel LDD and minimum overlap devices (1985)

A new substrate and gate current phenomenon in short-channel LDD and minimum overlap devices has been observed. This phenomenon is well characterized experimentally by studying devices with different gate oxide thickness, spacer width, and n-region doping. A good physical understanding is obtained by using a two-dimensional device simulation program together with experimental data analysis. This effect can be maximized for use as a potential low-voltage EPROM or avoided for reliability reason by properly designing the n-region doping, gate overlap, and oxide spacer width.
Quality of life after intestinal transplantation (2021)

Although QoL after ITx patients improved over time compared with life on HPN, the heterogeneity in the samples included in several studies, and the lack of validated assessment tools, hinder the possibility to draw conclusions about improvement of QoL after ITx.
The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with the dimethyl ester heme derivative of cytochrome c peroxidase. (1982)

A modified cytochrome c peroxidase was prepared by reconstituting apocytochrome c peroxidase with protoheme in which both heme propionic acid groups were converted to the methyl ester derivatives. The modified enzyme reacted with hydrogen peroxide with a rate constant of (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(7) M-1 s-1, which is 28% that of the native enzyme. The reaction between the modified enzyme and hydrogen peroxide was pH-dependent with an apparent pK of 5.1 +/- 0.1 compared to a value of 5.4 +/- 0.1 for the native enzyme. These observations support the conclusion that the apparent ionization near pH 5.4, which influences the hydrogen peroxide-cytochrome c peroxidase reaction is not due to the ionization of the propionate side chains of the heme group in the native enzyme. A second apparent ionization, with pK of 6.1 +/- 0.1, influences the spectrum of the modified enzyme which changes from a high spin type at low pH to a low spin type at high pH.
A 143dB 1.96% FPN linear-logarithmic CMOS image sensor with threshold-voltage cancellation and tunable linear range (2012)

This paper presents a high dynamic range (DR) linear-logarithmic (Lin-Log) CMOS image sensor (CIS) pixel with on-chip tunable linear range and threshold voltage cancellation scheme for reducing fix pattern noise (FPN). A column shared-OP with programmable gain was also applied to reduce the gain loss of source follower in conventional APS structure. A prototype chip with 100 × 100 pixel array and pixel pitch as 6 × 6 um <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 3.3V operation has been designed and fabricated in 0.18um TSMC 1P6M standard process. The measured results achieve a dynamic range of 143dB, a FPN related to sensitivity in log response (rms/log-sensitivity) of 1.96%, and a FPN related to full-swing in log response (rms/V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">log-swing</sub> ) of 0.45%, respectively.
Serological Investigation of the Collagen Degradation Profile of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2012)

In both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), abnormally high collagen remodeling occurs within the lung tissue. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degraded type I, III, IV, V and VI collagen and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-degraded type III collagen were assessed in serum of patients diagnosed with mild COPD (n = 10) or IPF (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 15). The collagen degradation markers C1M, C3M, C5M and C6M were significantly elevated in serum of both mild COPD and IPF patients, versus controls. C3A and C4M were only elevated in patients with mild COPD, compared with controls. The most reliable indicators of mild COPD versus controls were: C1M (area under the receiver-operating characteristics (AUROC = 0.94, P < 0.0001), C3M (AUROC = 0.95, P < 0.0001), and C5M (AUROC = 0.95, P < 0.0001). The most reliable markers for the diagnosis of IPF were achieved by C1M (AUROC = 0.90, P < 0.0001) and C3M (AUROC = 0.93, P < 0.0001). Collagen degradation was highly up-regulated in patients with IPF and mild COPD, indicating that degradation fragments of collagens are potential markers of pulmonary diseases. Interestingly, C4M and C3A were only elevated in patients with mild COPD, indicating that these markers could be used to distinguish between the two pathologies.
Moving‐image enhancement on AMLCDs (1995)

Abstract— One of the important advantages of AMLCDs over the conventional CRT is the complete absence of large‐area flicker. This is the direct result of the temporal behavior of LCDs. LCD pixels display the information placed on them continuously during the display period. This “time persistence” is also found to be one of the reasons why moving images displayed on AMLCDs appear to suffer from speed‐dependent spatial blurring. A novel technique is proposed which compensates the video information for the speed‐dependent blurring. The technique improves the quality of moving images on AMLCDs using an appropriate spatial filtering process.
Free water elimination improves test–retest reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging indices in the brain: A longitudinal multisite study of healthy elderly subjects (2016)

Free water elimination (FWE) in brain diffusion MRI has been shown to improve tissue specificity in human white matter characterization both in health and in disease. Relative to the classical diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model, FWE is also expected to increase sensitivity to microstructural changes in longitudinal studies. However, it is not clear if these two models differ in their test-retest reproducibility. This study compares a bi-tensor model for FWE with DTI by extending a previous longitudinal-reproducibility 3T multisite study (10 sites, 7 different scanner models) of 50 healthy elderly participants (55-80 years old) scanned in two sessions at least 1 week apart. We computed the reproducibility of commonly used DTI metrics (FA: fractional anisotropy, MD: mean diffusivity, RD: radial diffusivity, and AXD: axial diffusivity), derived either using a DTI model or a FWE model. The DTI metrics were evaluated over 48 white-matter regions of the JHU-ICBM-DTI-81 white-matter labels atlas, and reproducibility errors were assessed. We found that relative to the DTI model, FWE significantly reduced reproducibility errors in most areas tested. In particular, for the FA and MD metrics, there was an average reduction of approximately 1% in the reproducibility error. The reproducibility scores did not significantly differ across sites. This study shows that FWE improves sensitivity and is thus promising for clinical applications, with the potential to identify more subtle changes. The increased reproducibility allows for smaller sample size or shorter trials in studies evaluating biomarkers of disease progression or treatment effects. Hum Brain Mapp 38:12-26, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperspectral anomaly detection method based on auto-encoder (2015)

A major drawback of most of the existing hyperspectral anomaly detection methods is the lack of an efficient background representation, which can successfully adapt to the varying complexity of hyperspectral images. In this paper, we propose a novel anomaly detection method which represents the hyperspectral scenes of different complexity with the state-of-the-art representation learning method, namely auto-encoder. The proposed method first encodes the spectral image into a sparse code, then decodes the coded image, and finally, assesses the coding error at each pixel as a measure of anomaly. Predictive Sparse Decomposition Auto-encoder is utilized in the proposed anomaly method due to its efficient joint learning for the encoding and decoding functions. The performance of the proposed anomaly detection method is both tested on visible-near infrared (VNIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral images and compared with the conventional anomaly detection method, namely Reed-Xiaoli (RX) detector.<sup>1</sup> The experiments has verified the superiority of the proposed anomaly detection method in terms of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) performance.
Synthesis and characterization of birch wood xylan succinoylated in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (2011)

The chemical modification of birch wood xylan was undertaken in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C4mimCl) using three different long-chain succinic anhydrides: n-octenyl succinic anhydride (n-OSA), n-dodecenyl succinic anhydride (n-DDSA) and n-octadecenyl succinic anhydride (n-ODSA). Reactions were performed at temperatures of 80–100 °C and reaction times of 0.5–22 hours resulting in a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.08–0.27. The formation of the desired products was confirmed through the use of 1H NMR and FT-IR, while DS was determined by titration. Thermogravimetric analysis of the modified and native xylans showed a slight lowering of thermal stability with functionalization. Contact angle measurements on spin-coated surfaces of modified xylan films showed a significant increase in hydrophobicity with the introduction of the alkenyl-functionalized succinic anhydride moieties.
Ultrasensitive detection of specific sequences in double-stranded DNA by laser-induced fluorescence (2003)

Summary form only given. Here, we describe a new method for the direct detection of specific sequences in double-stranded DNA. This method allows analysis of genomic samples without the need for a denaturing step. In addition, it can be combined with other single-molecule detection techniques that allow sizing DNA fragments by measuring their individual electrophoretic velocities. The present technique is based on a two-color, single fluorescent molecule detection technique.
Detection of Smartphone Malware (2011)

Aufgrund des technologischen Fortschritts haben sich klassische Mobilfunkgeräte zu mobilen Computern entwickelt, welche innovative Techniken und Funktionen aufweisen. Aufgrund dieser Merkmale steigt der Verbreitungsgrad der Smartphone genannten Geräte kontinuierlich, wobei das Interesse nicht nur bei gewünschten Nutzergruppen gestiegen ist; seit dem Jahr 2004 konnte ein starker Anstieg an Schadsoftware für Smartphones identifiziert werden. Aktuelle Gegenmaßnahmen zu Schadsoftware für Smartphones beschränken sich auf Signatur-basierte Verfahren, welche in der Lage sind, bekannte Schadsoftware effizient zu erkennen. Unbekannte Schadsoftware kann aufgrund der fehlenden Signatur aber nicht erkannt werden, was wiederum ein Zeitfenster für schadhafte Aktionen öffnet. Aufgrund der steigenden Bedeutung der Smartphones und der darauf gespeicherten Daten für die jeweiligen Nutzer, ist es erforderlich, die Möglichkeit neuer signaturloser Ansätze, welche unbekannte Schadsoftware für Smartphone-basierte Umgebungen erkennen, zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir das Forschungsfeld der Smartphone-basierten Schadsoftware. Wir geben eine klare Definition des Begriffs Smartphone, da es hierzu keine einheitliche Meinung, noch einen gemeinsamen Industriestandard gibt. Um die Gefahr von Schadsoftware für Smartphones besser nachvollziehen zu können, präsentieren wir zudem eine Zusammenstellung aller veröffentlichten Schadsoftware bis zum Ende des Jahres 2010 gefunden wurden. Das Jahr 2008 stellt hierbei die Hochzeit der Smartphone Malware dar. Unsere vorgestellten signaturlosen Ansätze basieren auf Methoden aus dem Feld der statischen und dynamischen Analyse. In dem Feld der dynamischen Analyse stellen wir ein System vor, das Verhaltens- und System-basierte Informationen sammelt, welche auf einem entfernten System mit Hilfe von Verfahren des Maschinellen Lernens im Sinne der Anomalieerkennung verarbeitet werden. Diesem System führte zu einer allgemeineren Architektur zur Überwachung von Linux-basierten Smartphones, welche wir nutzen, um Systemaufrufe aus Binärdateien zu extrahieren. Die Systemaufrufe wiederum werden genutzt, um Schadsoftware von normaler Software zu unterscheiden, welches wir in einem Baum-basierten Ansatz beschreiben. Neben den Ansätzen der dynamischen Analyse diskutieren wir die Anwendbarkeit von statischer Analyse auf das Feld der Schadsoftwareerkennung in Smartphoneumgebungen, wobei Symbian OS und Android als Beispielplattformen dienen. In beiden Fällen extrahieren wir auf statische Art und Weise Funktions- und Systemaufrufe aus ausführbarem Code, um diese zu analysieren. Die Analysen geben Rückschlüsse auf die Absichten der untersuchten Datei, wobei die erzielten Ergebnisse vielversprechend sind.
Multiple Non-LTR Retrotransposons in the Genome of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1996)

DNA sequence analysis near the Arabidopsis thaliana ABI3 gene revealed the presence of a non-LTR retrotransposon insertion that we have designated Ta11-1. This insertion is 6.2 kb in length and encodes two overlapping reading frames with similarity to non-LTR retrotransposon proteins, including reverse transcriptase. A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed based on conserved amino acid sequences shared between the Ta11-1 reverse transcriptase and those of non-LTR retrotransposons from other species. Seventeen additional A. thaliana reverse transcriptases were identified that range in nucleotide similarity from 48-88% (Ta12-Ta28). Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the A. thaliana sequences are more closely related to each other than to elements from other organisms, consistent with the vertical evolution of these sequences over most of their evolutionary history. One sequence, Ta17, is located in the mitochondrial genome. The remaining are nuclear and of low copy number among 17 diverse A. thaliana ecotypes tested, suggesting that they are not highly active in transposition. The paucity of retrotransposons and the small genome size of A. thaliana support the hypothesis that most repetitive sequences have been lost from the genome and that mechanisms may exist to prevent amplification of extant element families.
Infrared-active optical phonons and magnetic excitations in the hexagonal manganites <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>Mn</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ho</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) (2014)

Optical properties of hexagonal multiferroic oxides $R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, where $R=\mathrm{Ho}$, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, have been studied in the far-infrared spectral range between 100 and 2000 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and temperatures between 1.5 and 300 K by means of several experimental techniques: Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry, rotating analyzer ellipsometry, and optical transmission spectroscopy. Spectra of the optical phonons are described in terms of the temperature dependencies of their frequency, damping, and oscillator strength. For all studies, oxide materials' clear signatures of the spin-phonon interaction have been found below the temperature of the antiferromagnetic phase transition ${T}_{N}$ due to magnetic ordering of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ spins. A decrease of the ionic radius for ${R}^{3+}$ ions between ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{3+}$ in the corresponding $R\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ compounds resulted in systematic variation of the frequency for several optical phonons. A magnetic excitation at \ensuremath{\sim}190 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ was observed at low temperatures below ${T}_{N}$ and interpreted as resulting from two-magnon absorption.
Surgical Treatment of Multiple Primary Lung Cancers (1989)

Multiple primary lung cancers are now being recognized more frequently. Out of 1004 patients with a resected lung cancer, 32 (3.2%) presented a second primary and two of them a third primary lung cancer. A synchronous (S) primary was present in 7 and a metachronous (M) primary was present in 25. The histology was different in 1/7 with a S. and in 6/25 with a M. cancer. In all cases the cancer was located in another segment, lobe or lung. Out of the 7 with a S. cancer, 3 had a one stage and 4 a staged resection; out of the 25 with a M. cancer, 3 were treated by chemotherapy, 22 had a 2nd and 1 a 3rd operation to remove a new cancer. The mean time interval in M. cancer was 4 years, 8 months and was longer for adeno- (8 years) than for squamous cell carcinomas (4 years), longer for a contralateral cancer (6 years, 7 months) and longer for mild smokers (5 years, 1 month). The early mortality (10.3%) was 0/7 for S. and 3/22 for M. cancers. The three and five years actuarial survival of operated patients was 67% and 25% for S. and 43% and 31% for M. cancers. Survival is positively affected by a resection interval of more than 3 years and by 3 instead of 2 remaining lobes after the second resection. In conclusion a close follow-up of operated lung cancer patients is necessary and aggressive surgical approach is indicated for a new primary cancer.