gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of hidden metabolites by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo (1997)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the assessment of chemical substances in living tissue and the detection of biochemical changes associated with certain diseases. In vivo MRS, however, is usually limited in sensitivity and spectral resolution. Many resonance lines originating from metabolites of interest are overlapped by signals of other metabolites and are therefore not visible in conventional MR spectra. In order to overcome this limitation, three localized methods, a technique making use of a spectral difference, a multiple quantum filter technique, and a two-dimensional J-resolved technique, were evaluated theoretically and experimentally for the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) both in vitro and in vivo. All three methods are able to produce the desired results at high metabolite concentrations in vitro. For in vivo measurements the spectral difference method proofed to be most appropriate due to its relatively high sensitivity and its short acquisition time.
Time-gated imaging system for tumor diagnosis (1993)

novel approach is proposed for fluorescence imaging of biological substrates. Discrimination among the contributions of different fluorophores is achieved in the time domain, taking advantage of the differences in decay times of exogenous versus endogenous fluorescences. The experimental setup relies on an intensified video camera and on a subnanosecond dye laser used for the excitation. The video camera has an electronic shutter that provides exposure times as short as 5 ns. A detailed description of the apparatus is reported with an analysis of performances. The time-gated technique is especially attractive for tumor detection in combination with photosensitizing drugs. Experiments performed on a murine tumor have shown interesting results that make this technique promising for a future application in the clinical diagnosis.
Medical device alarms (2011)

The high number of false positive alarms has long been known to be a serious problem in critical care medicine - yet it remains unresolved. At the same time, threats to patient safety due to missing or suppressed alarms are being reported. The purpose of this paper is to present results from a workshop titled "Too many alarms? Too few alarms?" organized by the Section Patient Monitoring and the Workgroup Alarms of the German Association of Biomedical Engineering of the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies. The current situation regarding alarms and their problems in intensive care, such as lack of clinical relevance, alarm fatigue, workload increases due to clinically irrelevant alarms, usability problems in alarm systems, problems with manuals and training, and missing alarms due to operator error are outlined, followed by a discussion of solutions and strategies to improve the current situation. Finally, the need for more research and development, focusing on signal quality considerations, networking of medical devices at the bedside, diagnostic alarms and predictive warnings, usability of alarm systems, education of healthcare providers, creation of annotated clinical databases for testing, standardization efforts, and patient monitoring in the regular ward, are called for.
Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation (2016)

We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no change in the model architecture from our base system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. The rest of the model, which includes encoder, decoder and attention, remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT using a single model without any increase in parameters, which is significantly simpler than previous proposals for Multilingual NMT. Our method often improves the translation quality of all involved language pairs, even while keeping the total number of model parameters constant. On the WMT'14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English$\rightarrow$French and surpasses state-of-the-art results for English$\rightarrow$German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French$\rightarrow$English and German$\rightarrow$English on WMT'14 and WMT'15 benchmarks respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. In addition to improving the translation quality of language pairs that the model was trained with, our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and show some interesting examples when mixing languages.
Function but not phenotype of melanoma peptide‐specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells correlate with survival in a multiepitope peptide vaccine trial (ECOG 1696) (2011)

ECOG 1696 was a Phase II multi-center trial testing vaccination with melanoma peptides, gp100, MART-1 and tyrosinase delivered alone, with GM-CSF, IFN-α2b or both cytokines to HLA-A2(+) patients with metastatic melanoma. Here, the frequency of circulating CD8(+) tetramer(+) (tet(+) ) T cells and maturation stages of responding T cells were serially monitored and compared with baseline values in a subset of patients (n = 37) from this trial. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to measure the frequency of CD8(+) T cells specific for gp100, MART-1, tyrosinase and influenza (FLU) peptides. Expression of CD45RA/CCR7 on CD8(+) tet(+) T cells and CD25, CD27, CD28 on all circulating T cells was determined. Vaccine-induced changes in the CD8(+) tet(+) T cell frequency and phenotype were compared with results of IFN-γ ELISPOT assays and with clinical responses. The frequency of CD8(+) tet(+) T cells in the circulation was increased for the melanoma peptides (p < 0.03-0.0001) but not for FLU (p < 0.9). Only gp100- and MART-1-specific T cells differentiated to CD45RA(+) CCR7(-) effector/memory T cells. In contrast to the IFN-γ ELISPOT frequency, previously correlated with overall survival (Kirkwood et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:1443-51), neither the frequency nor differentiation stage of CD8(+) tet(+) T cells correlated with clinical responses. Delivery of GM-CSF and/or IFN-α2b had no effects on the frequency or differentiation of CD8(+) tet(+) , CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. Phenotypic analyses of CD8(+) tet(+) T cells did not correlate with clinical responses to the vaccine, indicating that functional assessments of peptide-specific T cells are preferable for monitoring of anti-tumor vaccines.
A dynamic pair-program sending architecture for industrial remote operations (2003)

Remote operations such as maintenance, diagnoses, and command executions are more and more needed in industrial automation domains. Remote operation software that flexibly responds to changes in requirements from factory, chemical plants, or remote-side operators is desired. We developed a dynamic program-sending and automatic starting architecture for this purpose. In the architecture, a pair of programs appears in one remote operation context at a time. One program called a "Worker" is dynamically sent to a plant side and another called a "WorkerGUI" is dynamically sent to a remote operator side. Both programs are simultaneously started and communicate each other using Java/RMI. The remote-side operator's commands via the "WorkerGUI" are sent and executed in the plant side "Worker" program and the execution results are sent back to the operator side "WorkerGUI". By using this architecture, a remote-side operator is able to select best match programs whenever he or she needs, and dynamically send and start them. Thus, the architecture establishes flexible remote operation environments. In this paper, we explain our architecture first, and then, report the evaluation results through experiences of architecture development, three prototype application developments, and using the applications in a real remote plant operation environment.
Performance and Emissions of a 0.273 Liter Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neat Dimethyl Ether (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An experimental study is presented in which the use of neat dimethyl ether (DME) in a small non-turbo-charged diesel engine is demonstrated. It was found that with only minor fuel system modifications, DME gave very satisfactory combustion, performance and emissions. Engine operation with thermal efficiency equivalent to diesel fuel was achieved with much lower NO<sub>x</sub> emissions and with extremely low smoke and less engine noise.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Additional NO, reductions were obtained by the use of EGR, without visible smoke and without deterioration in thermal efficiency, A limited durability study showed that the diesel fuel injection pump could operate on DME for more than 500 hours. A comparison of pure and technical grade DME was conducted.</div>
Matched Recursive Digital Filters (1990)

Matched filters having maximal signal-to-noise ratio are designed mostly in form of nonrecursive (FIR) digital filters. In this paper it is shown how recursive optimal matched filters can be designed. In this approach the impulse response of an optimal matched FIR filter is first designed and then approximated by a recursive digital filter such that the filter degree is strongly reduced compared to the nonrecursive filter. Several examples demonstrate the efficiency of the method and provide experimental results
Ungrounded Haptic Augmented Reality System for Displaying Roughness and Friction (2017)

This paper presents the design and validation of an ungrounded haptic augmented reality system that alters the roughness and friction of a rigid 3-D object. The user touches the object via a custom haptic stylus; the stylus tip is a ball mounted in a socket that has low internal friction and produces minimal vibrations, necessary conditions for creating a haptically clean interaction. We determine contact position and force using a six-axis force/torque sensor beneath the object. The object's apparent roughness and kinetic friction are altered using haptic models that we previously created from real tool-surface interaction data. The textural roughness model generates a vibration waveform in real time, which is played through a voice coil actuator. A solenoid inside the stylus applies a braking force to the ball for friction rendering. The friction model continually controls the solenoid current, setting the effective kinetic friction coefficient between the stylus tip and object surface to values between 0.20 and 0.52. Analysis of commanded and displayed haptic signals verifies that this system accurately overlays the modeled roughness and friction on the object's geometry, providing a significantly better match than the same models rendered using a Phantom Omni.
Event matching using the transitive closure of dependency relations (2008)

This paper describes a novel event-matching strategy using features obtained from the transitive closure of dependency relations. The method yields a model capable of matching events with an F-measure of 66.5%.
Purification and amino acid sequence of a noncalcitonin secretory peptide derived from preprocalcitonin. (1983)

A previous report from this laboratory (Birnbaum R. S., O'Neil, J. A., Muszynski, M., Aron, D. C., and Roos, B. A. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 241-244) provided immunochemical and biochemical evidence for the existence of a secretory peptide derived from the noncalcitonin region of rat preprocalcitonin. By a variety of criteria, we demonstrated that this naturally occurring peptide was similar, if not identical, to a synthetic peptide which consisted of the NH2-terminal 16 residues of the calcitonin mRNA translation product. We have now purified this peptide from rat medullary thyroid carcinoma and sequenced it. A rat tumor of the 1-2-4 tumor series was extracted in 0.1 N HCl yielding 900 micrograms of immunoreactive peptide. The peptide was purified to homogeneity by: 1) trichloroacetic acid precipitation of contaminating protein; 2) gel filtration; and finally, 3) reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Overall yield was approximately 24%. Amino acid analysis and sequencing of the peptide yielded a composition and sequence identical with that of the synthetic peptide.
Probabilistic Group Recommendation Model for Crowdfunding Domains (2016)

Crowdfunding has gained a widespread popularity by fueling the creative minds of entrepreneurs. Not only has it democratized the funding of startups, it has also bridged the gap between the venture capitalists and the entrepreneurs by providing a plethora of opportunities for people seeking to invest in new business ventures. Nonetheless, despite the huge success of the crowdfunding platforms, not every project reaches its funding goal. One of the main reasons for a project's failure is the difficulty in establishing a linkage between it's founders and those investors who are interested in funding such projects. A potential solution to this problem is to develop recommendation systems that suggest suitable projects to crowdfunding investors by capturing their interests. In this paper, we explore Kickstarter, a popular reward-based crowdfunding platform. Being a highly heterogeneous platform, Kickstarter is fuelled by a dynamic community of people who constantly interact with each other before investing in projects. Therefore, the decision to invest in a project depends not only on the preference of individuals, but also on the influence of groups that a person belongs and the on-going status of the projects. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic recommendation model, called CrowdRec, that recommends Kickstarter projects to a group of investors by incorporating the on-going status of projects, the personal preference of individual members, and the collective preference of the group . Using a comprehensive dataset of over 40K crowdfunding groups and 5K projects, we show that our model is effective in recommending projects to groups of Kickstarter users.
Managing the Mobility of a Mobile Sensor Network Using Network Dynamics (2007)

It has been discussed in the literature that the mobility of a mobile sensor network (MSN) can be used to improve its sensing coverage. How the mobility can efficiently be managed toward a better coverage, however, remains unanswered. In this paper, motivated by classical dynamics that study the movement of objects, we propose the concept of network dynamics and define the associated potential functions that capture the operational goals, as well as the environment of an MSN. We find that in managing the mobility of an MSN, Newton's laws of motion in classical dynamics are insufficient, for they introduce oscillations into the movement of sensor nodes. Instead, in network dynamics, the laws of motion are formulated using the steepest descent method in optimization. Based on the network dynamics model, we first devise a parallel and distributed algorithm (parallel and distributed network dynamics (PDND)) that runs on each sensor node to guide its movement. PDND then turns sensor nodes into autonomous entities that are capable of adjusting their locations according to the operational goals and environmental changes. After that, we formally prove the convergence of PDND. Finally, we apply PDND in three applications to demonstrate its effectiveness.
The rice bHLH protein OsIRO2 is an essential regulator of the genes involved in Fe uptake under Fe‐deficient conditions (2007)

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a major abiotic stress in crop production. Although responses to Fe deficiency in graminaceous plants, such as increased production and secretion of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs), have been described, the gene regulation mechanisms related to these responses are largely unknown. To elucidate the regulation mechanisms of the genes related to Fe acquisition in graminaceous plants, we characterized the Fe-deficiency-inducible basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor OsIRO2 in rice. In yeast cells, OsIRO2 functioned as a transcriptional activator. In rice, overexpression of OsIRO2 resulted in increased MAs secretion, whereas repression of OsIRO2 resulted in lower MAs secretion and hypersensitivity to Fe deficiency. Northern blots revealed that the expression of the genes involved in the Fe(III)-MAs transport system was dependent on OsIRO2. The expression of the genes for nicotianamine synthase, a key enzyme in MAs synthesis, was notably affected by the level of OsIRO2 expression. Microarray analysis demonstrated that OsIRO2 regulates 59 Fe-deficiency-induced genes in roots. Some of these genes, including two transcription factors upregulated by Fe deficiency, possessed the OsIRO2 binding sequence in their upstream regions. OsIRO2 possesses a homologous sequence of the Fe-deficiency-responsive cis-acting elements (IDEs) in its upstream region. We propose a novel gene regulation network for Fe-deficiency responses, including OsIRO2, IDEs and the two transcription factors.
Assessment of past and current status of large dairy farms to assist future management concerns and as a model for expanding dairies worldwide (2013)

In order to predict future management needs the dairy industry needs to constantly assess the past and the current status of the industry. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Identify the past changes and current status of large well-managed dairies, (2) To provide management goals and identify areas of concerns for dairies that are stable or expanding, worldwide (3) assist in identifying and developing areas for future research to increase the efficiency and sustainability of the dairy industry worldwide. The data for this study were questionnaires from 17 dairy producers in Roosevelt and Curry Counties, the twenty-second and thirtieth largest United States dairy counties, respectively. The questionnaires were mailed to dairy farms throughout Roosevelt and Curry Counties in February of 2006. The respondents’ herds account for 38% of the dairy cows in Roosevelt and Curry Counties. The average herd size of respondents was 2,926. Respondents were asked to answer questions pertaining to their dairy farm management practices and concerns about the industry. Reproductive performance was found to be a top reason for culling while, the main health concern for producers was mastitis. Therefore reproduction and mastitis are two areas for future research and further improvement.

	 

	Key words: Dairy producer, survey, management, large dairy herd.
Spatial shaping of intense femtosecond beams for the generation of high-energy attosecond pulses (2012)

We generate high-order harmonics with a spatially shaped TW laser beam. We present and analyse in detail a new approach for shaping an intense laser field to a flat-top intensity profile near focus. We show that this approach is well adapted for high harmonic generation with high-energy fundamental pulses and highlight the possibilities for generating high-energy attosecond pulses.
Rayleigh and Brillouin Scattering in Liquids: The Landau—Placzek Ratio (1966)

The classical theory of light scattering in liquids leading to the Landau—Placzek ratio for the intensities of the Rayleigh and Brillouin components is reviewed. A simple modification is proposed in which the effect of dispersion is included by defining a hypersonic compressibility βshs=1/(ρvhs2), where vhs is found from the experimentally measured Brillouin shifts. Further modification is presented to account for dispersion in the electrostriction. A modification of the Landau—Placzek equation due to Fabelinskii is discussed and shown to be essentially equivalent to our equation. The predictions of the ratios are evaluated for 11 common liquids and compared with new experimental values reported in this paper and with other values taken from the literature. It is found that in most cases the dispersion modification leads to ratios in considerably better agreement with the experimental values than does the simple Landau—Placzek equation. We present our measurements of the ratio of the Rayleigh and Brillouin intensities obtained with an He–Ne laser light source and photoelectric detection. We discuss the experimental technique and the data-reduction procedure. The detection time constant was sufficiently short that contributions to the Rayleigh component from dust were distinguishable from true molecular scattering. The anomalously large central component for water which has been frequently reported in the literature was thus traced to residual dust contamination and was found to be less than 2% of the Brillouin-component intensity when dust was absent.
Prefetching in supercomputer instruction caches (1992)

Prefetching methods for instruction caches in supercomputers are studied via trace-driven simulation. The two primary methods studied are fall-through prefetch for sequential line accesses and target prefetch for nonsequential ones. As measured by miss rate, both methods are shown to improve performance significantly. When combined in a hybrid algorithm their performance improvement is cumulative. A prefetch efficiency measure that reflects the amount of memory fetch delay that is successfully hidden by prefetching is defined. The better prefetch methods (in terms of miss rate) also have very high efficiencies, hiding approximately 90% of the miss delay for prefetched lines. The results obtained also show that the top-performing prefetch caches produce less memory traffic than the top-performing nonprefetch caches. >
Comparison Testing of the Space Shuttle Orbiter and Space Station Freedom Smoke Detectors (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the results of a series of tests that were conducted to compare the performance characteristics of the smoke detectors currently used on the Space Shuttle Orbiter and those recently developed and baselined for use on Space Station Freedom. The objective of the tests, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Johnson Space Center (JSC), was to determine if there were significant improvements in the latest sensing technology being developed for the Space Station program which could benefit the Shuttle program.</div>