gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
KAI1 protein is down-regulated during the progression of human breast cancer. (2000)

The KAI1 gene was identified as a metastasis suppressor gene for human prostate cancer. Recently, we showed that KAI1 mRNA levels were higher in an immortal, normal-like breast epithelial cell line and nonmetastatic breast cancer cell lines but lower substantially in highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined KAI1 protein expression in breast cancer cell lines by Western blot and immunohistochemical study. KAI1 protein levels paralleled KAI1 mRNA levels and were inversely correlated with the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we examined KAI1 protein expression immunohistochemically in specimens from 81 patients with breast cancer and then correlated the findings with the clinical and histopathological parameters of the patients. High levels of KAI1 protein expression were found in normal breast tissues and noninvasive breast cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ). In contrast, KAI1 expression was reduced in most of the infiltrating breast tumors. We found that, in general, more malignant tumors demonstrated significantly lower KAI1 expression (P = 0.004). Additionally, among 29 specimens demonstrating multiple stages of malignancy within a single specimen, 23 demonstrated significant differences in KAI1 expression between benign breast tissue, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. The higher the incidence for malignancy within a given specimen, the lower the KAI1 expression (P < 0.001). These data suggest that in advanced breast cancer, KAI1 expression is down-regulated. Therefore, KAI1 may be a potentially useful indicator of human breast cancer progression.
ON THE DEGRADATION OF COLLAGEN INTO A “PARENT GELATIN” (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTON THE DEGRADATION OF COLLAGEN INTO A "PARENT GELATIN"Torsti P. SaloCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 6, 2276Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01174a539https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01174a539research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Survey and Comparison of Time-Delay Estimation Methods in Linear Systems (2003)

In this thesis the problem of time-delay estimation (TDE) in linear dynamic systems is treated. The TDE is studied for signal-to-noise ratios, input signals, and systems that are common in process industry. This also implies that both open-loop and closed-loop cases are of interest. The true time-delay is estimated, which may be different from the time-delay giving the best model approximation of the true system. Time-delays which are not a multiple of the sampling interval are also of interest to estimate.In this thesis, a review and a classification according to underlying principles of TDE methods in the literature are made. The main classes are: 1) Time-Delay Approximation Methods: The time-delay is estimated from a relation (a model) between the input and output signals expressed in a certain basis. The time-delay is not an explicit parameter in the model. 2) Explicit Time-Delay Parameter Methods: The time-delay is an explicit parameter in the model. 3) Area and Moment Methods: The time-delay is estimated from certain integrals of the impulse and step responses. 4) Higher Order Statistics Methods.Some new methods and variants of old ones are suggested and evaluated, some of which have good estimation performance and some poor performance. Properties of TDE methods are analyzed, both theoretically and experimentally. Recommendations are given on how to choose estimation method and input signal. Generally, prediction error methods where the time-delay parameter is explicit and is optimized simultaneously with the other model parameters give good estimation quality.Most evaluations have been conducted with factorial experiments using Monte Carlo simulations in open and closed loop. Some statistical analysis methods have been utilized: The RMS error of the time-delay estimates gives an absolute measure of the performance. ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) and confidence intervals give conclusions with a certain level of confidence.
Hyperhidrosis: a management dilemma. (1989)

Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating in response to psychological stress and emotional stimuli. The sweat is usually limited to the palms, soles, and axillae, and is greatly accentuated by mental stimuli rather than temperature and exercise. The severity is such that for many, sweating has become socially and emotionally devastating and may predispose to other cutaneous diseases. More than 60 research papers on eccrine glands and sweating have been published since 1978. Little progress, however, has been made on the control of hyperhidrosis, and the process remains a treatment dilemma among both family physicians and dermatologists. The many treatment modalities documented in the literature have been for the most part unsuccessful or unacceptable. This report describes the use of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, for control of excessive sweating in two patients. After a trial of topical medication, phenoxybenzamine is useful for the reduction of sweating to an acceptable level.
XY sex-reversal syndrome in the domestic horse (1986)

The XY sex-reversal syndrome occurs when a phenotypic mare is born that has the karyotype of a stallion. The syndrome is manifested by both genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. The sex-reversed genetic condition occurs frequently within certain pedigrees where XY females have been found and can be readily detected by chromosome karyotyping. The phenotypic spectrum ranges from the feminine mare with a reproductive tract that is within normal limits to the greatly masculinized mare. Pedigree analysis suggests that there are two modes of inheritance: (1) an X-linked recessive or autosomal sex-limited dominant transmitted through the female and (2) an autosomal sex-limited dominant or a Y chromosomal mutation with variable expression transmitted through the male.
Drug resistance reversal, anti-mutagenicity and antiretroviral effect of phthalimido- and chloroethyl-phenothiazines. (1998)

The effect of substituted phenothiazines was studied in three different systems; bacteria and cancer cells and reverse transcriptase enzyme of Moloney leukemia virus. F'lac and hemolysin plasmids were eliminated by some substituted phenothiazines from E. coli at a very low frequency. The same phenothiazine derivatives also were synergistic with tetracycline in bacteria and shown antimutagenic effect in Ames test. No mutagenic effects were observed in TA 98 strain of Salmonella typhimunium. Chloroethyl-substituted phenothiazines showed antimutagenicity equivalent to the parent compounds; however, phthalimido-substituted phenothiazines had higher antimutagenicity of 50%. P-glycoprotein responsible for multidrug resistance was also inhibited in tumor cells. The accumulation of the fluorescent rhodamine 123 in the phenothiazine treated multi-drug resistant tumor cells was measured by flow cytometry. Some of the substituted phenothiazines were effective P-glycoprotein blockers, while some compounds had moderate activity, but others were without effect as compared to 5 microM verapamil. On the basis of computer analysis there are some correlations between the biological activities and the dipole moments, and entropy of the studied molecules. Our results suggest that the inhibition of Hly+ plasmid replication and P-glycoprotein function may depend partly on similar electronic properties of the studied phenothiazine derivatives. The activity of Moloney leukemia virus reverse transcriptase was inhibited by the substituted phenothiazines, however, no basic differences were found in the activities of phthalimido- and chloroethyl substituted phenothiazines.
Differential control of growth, apoptotic activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cells by extracts derived from medicinal herbs,<i>Rhazya stricta</i>and<i>Zingiber officinale</i>and their combination (2014)

These data suggest that a combination of CAERS and CFEZO is a promising treatment for the prevention of colon cancer.
Tryptophan‐scanning mutagenesis in the S1 domain of mammalian HCN channel reveals residues critical for voltage‐gated activation (2006)

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are essential regulators in rhythmic activity, membrane excitability and synaptic transmission. There are four subtypes in mammals (HCN1-4); HCN4 has the slowest activation kinetics and HCN1 the fastest. Although voltage gating originates with the voltage-dependent motion of the S4 segment, the different activation kinetics between HCN1 and HCN4 are generated mainly by S1 and the S1-S2 loop. In this study, we investigate the structural basis of the ability of S1 to affect activation kinetics by replacing each individual S1 residue in HCN1 with a tryptophan (Trp) residue, a Trp perturbation scan. Robust currents were generated in 11 out of 19 Trp mutants. Hyperpolarization-activated currents were not detected in four mutants, and two other mutants generated only small currents. Presence or absence of current reflected the predicted alpha-helical structure of the S1 transmembrane segment. Tryptophan replacements of residues responsible for the different kinetics between HCN1 and HCN4 made the activation kinetics slower than the wild-type HCN1. Tryptophan mutations introduced in the middle of S1 (L139W and V143W) prevented normal channel closure. Furthermore, a negatively charged residue at position 139 (L139D) induced a positive voltage shift of activation by 125 mV. Thus, L139 and V143 probably face a mobile part of the S4 voltage sensor and may interact with it. These results suggest that the secondary structure of S1 is alpha-helical and profoundly affects the motion of the voltage sensor.
Effect of Temperature, pH, and Detergent on Survival of Bacteria Associated with Shell Eggs (1981)

Survival was studied of shell egg related microorganisms that were subjected to various combinations of water temperature, pH, and the presence of egg-washing detergents. Numbers of Salmonella typbimurium in buffered tryptic soy broth (BTSB) increased over a 7-hr period at pH 7 and 8 in water temperatures 35, 40, and 45 C. At pH 9 and 45 C, counts gradually decreased. At pH 10 and 11 counts always decreased, sometimes to 0, regardless of temperature. At 50 and 55 C, counts always decreased, sometimes to 0, regardless of pH. In commercial egg washing detergent (pH 11) at 50 C, survival of Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella strains ranged from 0 to 90 seconds during several replicates. Survival times of most were extended somewhat in the presence of 1.0% suspended whole egg solids (e.g., Klebsiella—3 min). Strains of Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas demonstrated survival trends similar to those of the enterics: Flavobacterium survived the longest, almost 4 min either with or without egg material in the detergent solution. Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli were killed off almost instantaneously under the same conditions. Survival of Staphylococcus aureus was adversely affected by the presence of the detergent (12 min) but was somewhat protected by the egg material (37 min). Streptococcus faecalis was virtually unaffected in either case, surviving up to 2.5 hr.
Molecular size of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides required to bind and activate heparin cofactor II. (1986)

Heparin cofactor II (HCII) inhibits thrombin rapidly in human plasma in the presence of heparin or dermatan sulfate. To determine the minimum structure of dermatan sulfate required to activate HCII, the glycosaminoglycan was partially degraded by sequential treatment with periodate, [3H]borohydride, and sulfuric acid. Labeled oligosaccharide fragments were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Purified fragments were then applied to a column of HCII bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and bound oligosaccharides were eluted with a gradient of sodium chloride. Di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharide fragments did not bind to HCII, while 15% of the octasaccharides and up to 45% of larger fragments bound. Octasaccharides that bound to the HCII column had a greater negative charge than the run-through material based on anion-exchange chromatography, suggesting that they contained a greater number of sulfate groups per molecule. Fragments of dermatan sulfate containing a minimum of 12-14 sugar residues accelerated inhibition of thrombin by HCII. Fragments of this length that bound to the column of immobilized HCII had molar specific activities greater than those of the fragments that did not bind. These studies suggest that HCII is activated by dermatan sulfate fragments greater than or equal to 12 residues in length that contain a specific octasaccharide sequence required for binding to the inhibitor.
Confidence Scoring Using Whitebox Meta-models with Linear Classifier Probes (2018)

We propose a novel confidence scoring mechanism for deep neural networks based on a two-model paradigm involving a base model and a meta-model. The confidence score is learned by the meta-model observing the base model succeeding/failing at its task. As features to the meta-model, we investigate linear classifier probes inserted between the various layers of the base model. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach outperforms various baselines in a filtering task, i.e., task of rejecting samples with low confidence. Experimental results are presented using CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 dataset with and without added noise. We discuss the importance of confidence scoring to bridge the gap between experimental and real-world applications.
Plasma Estetrol as an Index of Fetal Well-being (1975)

Estetrol (15α-hydroxyestriol or E4) is considered to be a specific product of fetal liver and has been suggested as a good indicator of fetal well-being. The concentration of unconjugated estetrol (E4) was measured by rapid and specific radioimmunoassay in 1 ml of maternal plasma. E4 levels prior to the 18th week of pregnancy were often detectable (<50 pg/ml). The mean plasma E4 level at term of 1.2 ng/ml was 7-fold higher than that observed at 24 weeks of gestation, and no diurnal variations were found. E4 levels in fetal plasma at term were 12-fold higher than those in maternal plasma and no fetal arterial venous differences were found. Umbilical vein but not maternal plasma levels of patients undergoing vaginal delivery were higher than those undergoing cesarean section (P <0.05) suggesting increased adrenal output of E4precursors during labor. In patients with severe Rh-isoimmune disease plasma E4 levels were not helpful in assessing fetal well-being. However, in patients with chronic hypertension or pre-eclampsia, subnormal plasma E4 concentrations always preceded intrauterine fetal death. Plasma E4 appears to be a good indicator of fetal well-being in patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy.
Power, energy, and temporal performance of the Nova laser facility with recent improvements to the amplifier system (1992)

High-powered glass-laser systems with multiple beams, frequency-conversion capabilities, and pulseshaping flexibility have made numerous contributions to the understanding of inertial confinement fusion and related laser-plasma interactions. The Nova laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is the largest such laser facility. We have made improvements to the Nova amplifier system that permit increased power and energy output. We summarize the nonlinear effects that now limit Nova's performance and discuss power and energy produced at 1.05-, 0.53-, and 0.35-microm wavelengths, including the results with pulses temporally shaped to improve inertial confinement fusion target performance.
Lab-on-a-Chip Magneto-Immunoassays: How to Ensure Contact between Superparamagnetic Beads and the Sensor Surface (2013)

Lab-on-a-chip immuno assays utilizing superparamagnetic beads as labels suffer from the fact that the majority of beads pass the sensing area without contacting the sensor surface. Different solutions, employing magnetic forces, ultrasonic standing waves, or hydrodynamic effects have been found over the past decades. The first category uses magnetic forces, created by on-chip conducting lines to attract beads towards the sensor surface. Modifications of the magnetic landscape allow for additional transport and separation of different bead species. The hydrodynamic approach uses changes in the channel geometry to enhance the capture volume. In acoustofluidics, ultrasonic standing waves force µm-sized particles onto a surface through radiation forces. As these approaches have their disadvantages, a new sensor concept that circumvents these problems is suggested. This concept is based on the granular giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect that can be found in gels containing magnetic nanoparticles. The proposed design could be realized in the shape of paper-based test strips printed with gel-based GMR sensors.
Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition (1963)

Zinc, K.M. Hambidge. Iodine, B.S. Hetzel and G.F. Maberly. Selenium, O.A. Levander. Lead, J. Quarterman. Cadium, K. Kostial. Arsenic, M. Anke. Silicon, E.M. Carlisle. Lithium, W. Mertz. Aluminum, A.C. Alfrey. Other Elements, F.H. Nielsen. Soil-Plant-Animal Relationships, W.H. Allaway. Each chapter includes references. Index.
Greenhouse gas emission control options: Assessing transportation and electricity generation technologies and policies to stabilize climate change (2009)

Prioritization of the numerous technology and policy options is an important step in formulating a cohesive strategy to abate U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. This work compares various options across two key sectors of the U.S. economy, electricity generation and transportation, quantifying the absolute abatement potential of each and exploring barriers each might face. Improving the efficiency of passenger vehicles is an imperative, though the long term potential can be greatly enhanced by interaction with the electric grid. In the short term, deploying all fuel economy improving technologies available for conventional vehicles could save 10 percent of U.S. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and bring fleet average fuel economy up above 35 mpg. In the long term, plug-in hybrids running on greener electricity and cellulosic ethanol could bring a 25 percent reduction. Carpooling and using available capacity in alternative modes are also winning strategies. Switching 10 percent of locally traveling single occupant vehicles to a 4 person carpool or fully occupied electric rail could save about 2 percent of U.S. emissions each while shifting 10 percent of long haul freight to rail could save about 0.5 percent.
Synthesis of Bromo-substituted Indoxyl Esters for Cytochemical Demonstration of Enzyme Activity<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Bromo-substituted Indoxyl Esters for Cytochemical Demonstration of Enzyme Activity1Helen C. F. Su and K. C. TsouCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 5, 1187–1189Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01490a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01490a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views491Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel catalytic methods for heteroatom removal in coal liquids upgrading. Final report, September 1983-December 1985 (1985)

The goal of this project is to optimize the reaction conditions for upgrading coal liquids through the development of novel hydrotreating catalysts. Results for this quarter are summarized by tasks. Task 1: The objectives in this task were to compare the relative effects of the added nucleophiles H2S, LiHS, NH4HS, NH3, and H2O on the hydrodenitrogenation of an SRC-II coal liquid with a commercial sulfided CoMo catalyst. We found that only H2S enhances the HDN activity of the catalyst, whereas NH3 retards the process. However, under our conditions, H2S had a negligible effect when a NiMo catalyst was substituted for CoMo. In a complementary study we studied the interaction of H2S with potential coal model compounds and with coal. From the work on coal models we found that H2S catalyzes hydrogen transfer from tetralin to the models or to coal. Task 2: We used organometallic precursors to synthesize several surface confined NiMo and CoMo catalysts on alumina and tested them for quinoline HDN activity. These catalysts were found to have a higher activity than conventional catalysts. However, the selectivities for aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon products were similar to those of conventional catalysts. We also found that bulk ruthenium is anmore » exceptionally efficient HDN catalyst. Furthermore, when a commercial CoMo catalyst was doped with ruthenium, a dramatic increase was seen in both the HDN activity of the catalyst and the selectivity to aromatic products. Task 3: We found that addition of acids to SRC-II liquid aids in removing the nitrogen, without concurrent polymerization. Also, in model systems, the addition of acids aids in the hydrogenation of quinoline to tetrahydroquinoline. 14 refs.« less