gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Zika Vaccine Targeting NS1 Protein Protects Immunocompetent Adult Mice in a Lethal Challenge Model (2017)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has rapidly extended its geographic range around the world. Its association with abnormal fetal brain development, sexual transmission, and lack of a preventive vaccine have constituted a global health concern. Designing a safe and effective vaccine requires significant caution due to overlapping geographical distribution of ZIKV with dengue virus (DENV) and other flaviviruses, possibly resulting in more severe disease manifestations in flavivirus immune vaccinees such as Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE, a phenomenon involved in pathogenesis of DENV, and a risk associated with ZIKV vaccines using the envelope proteins as immunogens). Here, we describe the development of an alternative vaccine strategy encompassing the expression of ZIKV non-structural-1 (NS1) protein from a clinically proven safe, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector, thus averting the potential risk of ADE associated with structural protein-based ZIKV vaccines. A single intramuscular immunization of immunocompetent mice with the MVA-ZIKV-NS1 vaccine candidate provided robust humoral and cellular responses, and afforded 100% protection against a lethal intracerebral dose of ZIKV (strain MR766). This is the first report of (i) a ZIKV vaccine based on the NS1 protein and (ii) single dose protection against ZIKV using an immunocompetent lethal mouse challenge model.
Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Comparison of a Plugged Telescoping Catheter with the Protected Specimen Brush (1991)

Protected samples of lower respiratory tract secretions processed by quantitative culture techniques are recommended to diagnose nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. To evaluate the accuracy of a simple and inexpensive sampling device in this setting, we compared quantitative cultures of paired single-sheathed plugged telescoping catheter (PTC) and protected specimen brush (PSB) samples in 55 patients during 78 suspected episodes of nosocomial pneumonia. PTC and PSB samples were taken in randomized order, and patients were also randomized to have PTC samples taken "blindly" or via a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Fifteen PSB and 27 PTC samples were culture positive (greater than or equal to 10(3) cfu/ml). The two sampling procedures gave similar results in 58 (74%) episodes. A major discrepancy occurred in 20 episodes, including six false negatives of PSB in episodes of proved pneumonia, four possible false positives of PSB, and 10 possible false positives of PTC (three of which rapidly evolved towards overt pneumonia). The sensitivity and specificity of PTC were 100 and 82.2%, and those of PSB were 64.7 and 93.5%, respectively. Blinded or directed PTC samples had similar concordance with PSB samples taken via bronchoscopy. We conclude that PTC is at least as accurate as PSB in the bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients, and that its use can result in substantial cost savings, especially when fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not otherwise indicated.
Effector Genes of<i>Xanthamonas axonopodis</i>pv.<i>vesicatoria</i>Promote Transmission and Enhance Other Fitness Traits in the Field (2004)

Abstract Establishing durable disease resistance in agricultural crops, where much of the plant defense is provided through effector-R gene interactions, is complicated by the ability of pathogens to overcome R gene resistance by losing the corresponding effector gene. Many proposed methods to maintain disease resistance in the field depend on the idea that effector gene loss results in a fitness cost to the pathogen. In this article we test for fitness costs of effector gene function loss. We created directed knockouts of up to four effector genes from the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria (Xav) and examined the effect of the loss of a functional gene product on several important fitness parameters in the field. These traits included transmission, lesion development, and epiphytic survival. We found that the products of all four effector genes had significant and often additive effects on fitness traits. Additional greenhouse tests revealed costs of effector gene loss on in planta growth and further showed that the effects on lesion development were separable from the effects on growth. Observable fitness effects of the three plasmid-borne effector genes were dependent upon the loss of functional avrBs2, indicating that complex functional interactions exist among effector genes with Xav.
Realization of a switched-capacitor AC-DC converter using a new phase controller (1991)

A new phase controller for a switched-capacitor (SC) AC-DC converter is presented. The features of this circuit are as follows. (1) The efficiency of the SC AC-DC converter regulated by the proposed phase controller is high compared with that regulated by a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) controller, especially when the input voltage increases. (2) The operating ranges of the input voltage and of the output current can be wider than the converter using a PWM controller. (3) The inrush current of the SC AC-DC converter can be easily limited to a desired value by the phase controller without producing any extra loss. (4) The operating frequency of the phase controller covers almost all commercial frequency ranges, from several tens of Hz to several hundred Hz, without any adjustment. (5) Even when the number of the clocks increases, the phase controller requires only one additional D flip flop for every added clock. These features were confirmed by experiments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of Damping and Synchronizing Torques Part II-Effect of Operating Conditions and Machine Parameters (1979)

This paper applies the method, presented in the companion paper, to calculate damping and synchronizing torques. Results are presented to illustrate the effect of changes in operating conditions and of machine and system parameters on the basic synchronizing and damping forces in a synchronous machine.
Experimental studies on the role of alkyl lysophospholipids in autologous bone marrow transplatation (1987)

The selective cytocidal effect of alkyl lysophospholipids against neoplastic cells while sparing normal cells make these ideal candidates for purging leukemic cells from bone marrows obtained during remission. To test the feasibility of such an approach, a murine model and an in vitro human cell model were developed. In the murine system a mixture of normal bone marrow cells and WEHI IIIB myelomonocytic leukemic cells was incubated with varying doses of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-Me) for 24 hr before being injected into tail veins of lethally irradiated Balb/c mice. At doses of 20 and 100 micrograms/ml, long-term survivors were noted. The additional steps of freezing and thawing following incubation resulted in significantly longer survival with doses of 10 to 50 micrograms/ml, but were toxic to marrow stem cells at 100 micrograms/ml. In the in vitro model, normal marrow progenitor cells and leukemic cells (the promyelocytic cell line HL60) were exposed to varying concentrations of ET-Me for 1 and 4 hr alone or mixed, and clonogenicity was assayed by colony formation in semisolid medium during 7-14 days' incubation. At doses up to 100 micrograms/ml exposed for 4 hr normal progenitor cells were spared and HL60 colonies eliminated. Other phospholipids analogues were less effective in eliminating leukemic cells, but spared normal progenitor cells. A survey of fresh leukemic cells found varying degrees of sensitivity to ET-Me, indicating the need for testing a variety of compounds. These studies clearly indicated the potential usefulness of alkyl lysophospholipid compounds in selectively purging leukemic cells from remission marrows for autologous bone marrow transplantation.
Fully Polynomial Byzantine Agreement for <i>n</i> > 3<i>t</i> Processors in <i>t</i> + 1 Rounds (1998)

This paper presents a polynomial-time protocol for reaching Byzantine agreement in t + 1 rounds whenever n > 3t, where n is the number of processors and t is an a priori upper bound on the number of failures. This resolves an open problem presented by Pease, Shostak, and Lamport in 1980. An early-stopping variant of this protocol is also presented, reaching agreement in a number of rounds that is proportional to the number of processors that actually fail.
XIII. On electrical motions in a spherical conductor (1883)

Abstract This paper treats of the motions of electricity produced in a spherical conductor by any electric or magnetic operations outside it. The investigation was undertaken some time ago in illustration of Maxwell’s theory of Electricity. This theory is so remarkable, more especially in the part which it assigns to dielectric media in the propagation of electromagnetic effects, that it seemed worth while to attack some problem in which all the details of the electrical processes could be submitted to calculation, although it was evident beforehand, from the researches of Helmholtz and others, that the results (so far as they are peculiar to the theory) would be of far too subtle a character to admit of comparison with experiment. In studying the mathematical character of the problem above stated I was led to a certain system of formulæ which I have since utilised in two communications to the London Mathematical Society, and which seem likely to be of use in a great variety of physical questions. 1 consists mainly of a recital of the fundamental equations and of the conditions to be satisfied at the surface of a conductor. It is assumed, in the first instance, that the magnetic susceptibility of the conductor is zero.
Biotransformations of Racemic 2,3-Allenenitriles in Biphasic Systems: Synthesis and Transformations of Enantioenriched Axially Chiral 2,3-Allenoic Acids and Their Derivatives (2014)

Catalyzed by Rhodococcus erythropolis AJ270 whole cells in an aqueous phosphate buffer-n-hexane biphasic system, racemic axially chiral 2,3-allenenitriles underwent hydrolysis to afford enantioenriched (aR)-2,3-allenamides and (aS)-2,3-allenoic acids with ee's up to >99.5%. Overall biotransformations proceeded through the nitrile hydratase-catalyzed efficient but nonselective hydration of nitriles followed by the amide hydrolysis catalyzed by the substrate-dependent enantioselective amidase. The application of the method has been demonstrated by the transformations of the resulting allene products into highly functionalized heterocyclic compounds with axial chirality of reactants being entirely transferred into or expressed as point chirality of products.
Somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-synthesizing neurones in the fascia dentata of humans with temporal lobe epilepsy (2001)

We used in situ hybridization techniques to study the distribution of neurones synthesizing somatostatin mRNA and neuropeptide Y mRNA in the hilar region of the hippocampal formation of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In the dentate gyrus, somatostatin mRNA- and neuropeptide Y mRNA-synthesizing neurones were found to be exclusively located within the hilar region. Unlike animal models, no ectopic expression of either peptide was found in principal cells. The numbers of hilar interneurones expressing somatostatin mRNA and neuropeptide Y mRNA were compared with the degree of hilar cell loss determined by immunohistochemistry against neuronal nuclear antigen. The numbers of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y mRNA-synthesizing neurones varied considerably between patients, but both were found to be highly correlated to the total number of neuronal nuclear antigen-immunoreactive hilar neurones. These results suggest that loss of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y interneurones occurs in proportion to overall hilar cell loss, and therefore the hypothesis of a selective loss of these interneurones in temporal lobe epilepsy seems unlikely.
Digital PWM controller with feed-forward compensation (2004)

This paper describes a complete digital PWM controller IC with feed-forward compensation of the input voltage. The feed-forward compensation is accomplished through a delay-line digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM) where the cell delay is made inversely proportional to the input voltage. The complete digital controller IC with the feed-forward DPWM operating at 1 MHz switching frequency can be used in a range of DC-DC applications. In particular, with low power consumption, small silicon area (less than 0.25 mm/sup 2/ in a standard 0.5 /spl mu/ CMOS process) and a programmable compensator requiring no external passive components, the controller is targeted to DC-DC conversion applications in low-power battery-operated electronics. Experimental results are presented for the feedforward DPWM and mixed signal simulations show the validity of the complete digital PWM controller chip.
Mimic synaptic behavior with a single floating gate transistor: A MemFlash synapse (2013)

Memristive devices are promising candidates for artificial synapses in neuromorphic circuits. We provide evidence that a single floating gate transistor operating in a memristive mode can be used to mimic synaptic functionality. To ensure the memristive operation mode, the three-terminal device is reduced to a two-terminal device in such a way that the device resistance varied accordingly to the charge flow through the device during source-drain voltage application. Furthermore, based on Hebbian learning, a synaptic analytical expression for the learning rate of this device is derived. The experimental findings are theoretically supported by a capacitive based model. The presented two-terminal MemFlash-synapse can be considered as a potential substitute for any memristive synapses in neuromorphic circuits, cross bar arrays, or reconfigurable logics, and is compatible with state-of-the-art Si-fabrication technology.
Two-dimensional endoscopic MEMS scanner for high resolution optical coherence tomography (2004)

High resolution OCT is demonstrated with a novel two-dimensional MEMS scanner employing comb-drive actuation. Imaging is demonstrated with a Cr/sup 4+/:forsterite laser and high-speed scanning to achieve /spl sim/5 /spl mu/m axial resolution at up to 20 frames/sec.
Super-capacitors based hybrid converter in marine electric propulsion system (2010)

Electric propulsion is used in wide range of vessel types and applications. In marine vessels, the load of the power plant changes substantially over time, such as from the wave disturbances or the weather influence, which may cause large and also rapid changes in the load of prime movers. In this paper, to reduce the effects of the disturbances of the power plant and to improve the energy efficiency of the power transmission and power generation, a hybrid converter based on super capacitor is considered for fast-acting energy storage. An improved average power control method is presented to regulate the power flow to the super capacitor. Then a dynamic system model is designed using Matlab/Simulink. Furthermore the system simulation and testing results are demonstrating the performance of the control system. The potential cost benefit from energy savings is also analyzed.
Methods, Tools, and Observations on Flow Control in Packet-Switched Data Networks (1981)

Flow control covers several concepts. In an end-to-end connection, it intends to adapt sender's output to receiver's capabilities. In a shared resources communication network, it attempts to prevent congestion by restricting traffic flows. Flow control mechanisms are built with a small number of basic throttling tools. However, they are always tied into a resource management problem, which depends on a large variety of environmental parameters. Techniques used in end-to-end connections are summarized. Congestion control in store-and-forward packetswitching networks is covered extensively, and techniques used or proposed are discussed. Memoryless networks, such as broadcast local networks are shown to be simpler systems in the area of flow control. In conclusion, arguments are made for a service oriented approach, which would optimize resource usage through differentiated service characteristics.
Urbach–Martienssen tails in a wurtzite GaN epilayer (1997)

Effects of an interaction between the electronic and lattice systems on the optical spectra of a wurtzite GaN epilayer were investigated. The exponentially increasing absorption tail was well explained as an Urbach–Martienssen tail, giving the characteristic phonon energy of 30 meV. The result indicates that few longitudinal optical phonons contribute to the exciton-phonon coupling even at room temperature.
High-efficiency waveguide couplers via impedance-tunable transformation optics (2014)

We design compact waveguide couplers via impedance-tunable transformation optics. By tuning impedance coefficients in the original space, two-dimensional metallic and dielectric waveguide couplers are designed with a high efficiency. Through tuning refractive index simultaneously, we find that the transformation medium inside a designed metallic waveguide coupler can be a reduced-parameter material for coupling waves between waveguides with arbitrary different cross sections and embedded media. In the design of dielectric waveguide couplers, we apply two different schemes: one is that both core region and its cladding region are contained in a transformed space, the other is only core region contained in the transformed space. The former has a very high efficiency near 100%; the latter is less efficient with a very small decline which can be a simplified candidate in the design of near-perfect dielectric waveguide couplers. The transformation medium for dielectric waveguide couplers can also be reduced-parameter material by selecting appropriate refractive index coefficients. Two-dimensional numerical simulations confirm our design with good performances.
Fas and Fas ligand enhance the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but are not essential for immune privilege in the central nervous system (1997)

Mutations of CD95 and CD95L, lpr and gld, respectively, are associated with spontaneous autoimmune disease and alteration of immune privilege. In lpr or gld animals these processes would be expected to exacerbate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of the autoimmune demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. However, here we show that the lpr and gld mutations did not overcome the MHC-defined limits of disease and, surprisingly, did not exacerbate the pathology of EAE on a sensitive haplotype. In fact, the mutations dramatically ameliorated clinical signs of EAE without affecting the development of a Th1 response or inflammatory cell infiltration into the central nervous system. Fewer apoptotic cells were detected in inflammatory lesions of lpr mice than in wild-type lesions of similar severity. Our results indicate that CD95L is not an instrumental component of immune privilege in the central nervous system, and that functional CD95 and CD95L are important for the progression of clinical disease.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of a Thai herb using tetrazolium (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays (2018)

Various assays are used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of chemicals on cultured cells. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay is based on the ability of the SRB dye to bind basic amino acid residues on proteins. In contrast, the MTT (dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay is based on mitochondrial uptake and succinate dehydrogenase reduction of soluble, yellow, MTT tetrazolium salt to an insoluble blue MTT formazan product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a Thai herb by comparing MTT and SRB assay results. Mouse fibroblast (L929) cells were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% (w/v) of a Thai herb in a 96-cluster well culture plate for 24 h. Cell viability after exposure to the Thai herb was determined by MTT and SRB assays in separate tissue culture plates. The two assays were compared using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. There were no significant differences between the two cytotoxicity assays (p > 0.05). The ICC values showing the agreement of the two assays in the negative and positive control groups and Thai herb concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% were 0.93 and 0.99 and 0.53, 0.51, 0.95, and 0.98, respectively. In general, the MTT and SRB assays performed similarly, exhibiting moderate to excellent correlation in the evaluation of the cytotoxicity of a Thai herb.
PEO based Block Copolymer as Solid State Lithium Battery Electrolyte (2008)

We report the use of a conductive electrolyte matrix containing a secondary source of lithium templated by the microphase separation of a block copolymer. The desired polymer matrix is synthesized by hydrolyzing a block copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), to generate a lithium salt of acrylic acid in the minority block (PMAALi), resulting in a block copolymer with a random copolymer as its second block, PEO-b-(PMMA-ran-PMAALi). The electrolyte composition was optimized at (ethylene oxide : lithium bis(oxalato)borate = 3:1) and exhibited nearly an order of magnitude higher conductivity than PEO of similar molecular weight and salt composition.
The Chord Keyboard (1978)

A keyboard prototype offers one-handed operation, small size, low cost of manufacture, and permits the touch typing of large alphabets.
Molecular Addition Compounds of Boron. V. Proton Chemical Shifts and the Stability of Adducts<sup>1,2</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular Addition Compounds of Boron. V. Proton Chemical Shifts and the Stability of Adducts1,2T. D. Coyle and F. G. A. StoneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 20, 4138–4142Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01481a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01481a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views260Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects of collagenase ointment on the prevention of hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear scarring model: a pilot study. (2011)

Treatment with collagenase ointment reduces hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model. ﻿﻿﻿.