gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of vasodilatory properties of 14,15-EET analogs: structural requirements for dilation (2003)

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endothelium-derived eicosanoids that activate potassium channels, hyperpolarize the membrane, and cause relaxation. We tested 19 analogs of 14,15-EET on vascular tone to determine the structural features required for activity. 14,15-EET relaxed bovine coronary arterial rings in a concentration-related manner (ED(50) = 10(-6) M). Changing the carboxyl to an alcohol eliminated dilator activity, whereas 14,15-EET-methyl ester and 14,15-EET-methylsulfonimide retained full activity. Shortening the distance between the carboxyl and epoxy groups reduced the agonist potency and activity. Removal of all three double bonds decreased potency. An analog with a Delta8 double bond had full activity and potency. However, the analogs with only a Delta5 or Delta11 double bond had reduced potency. Conversion of the epoxy oxygen to a sulfur or nitrogen resulted in loss of activity. 14(S),15(R)-EET was more potent than 14(R),15(S)-EET, and 14,15-(cis)-EET was more potent than 14,15-(trans)-EET. These studies indicate that the structural features of 14,15-EET required for relaxation of the bovine coronary artery include a carbon-1 acidic group, a Delta8 double bond, and a 14(S),15(R)-(cis)-epoxy group.
Effect of excess air on second-generation PFB combustion plant performance and economics (1990)

This paper presents a conceptual design of a 1.4-MPa (14-atm) coal-fired second-generation pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) combustion plant and identifies the performance and economic changes that result as the excess air and thus gas turbine-to-steam turbine power ratio, is changed. The performance of these plants, another second- generation PFB combustion plant, and a conventional pulverized-coal (PC)-fired plant with wet limestone flue gas desulfurization is compared. Depending upon the conditions selected, the PFB combustion plant can achieve a 45 percent efficiency (based on the higher heating value of the coal used as fuel) and a cost of electricity at least 20 percent lower than that of the conventional PC-fired plant.
Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Human Osteoblasts is Modulated by Other Cytokines, but not by Osteotropic Hormones* (1990)

Human osteoblast cultures derived as out-growths from trabecular bone released tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) upon stimulation of the cells with human recombinant interleukin 1 (IL1; 10(-13)-10(-11) M), human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (100-1000 U/ml), and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (5-500 ng/ml). The osteotropic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, PTH, and calcitonin had no effect on TNF production. The TNF released by the osteoblasts was identified as TNF alpha, using a specific anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody to neutralize its activity. Immunohistochemical staining of the cells using the same antibody revealed that all of the cells in the cultures were capable of producing TNF alpha, including those that also expressed alkaline phosphatase activity. Immunoreactive protein could be detected in the perinuclear region when cells were cultured in the presence of monensin, suggesting accumulation of newly synthesised protein in the Golgi apparatus. These results suggest that human osteoblasts, which have been shown previously to respond to TNF alpha, can synthesize and release TNF in response to IL1 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. TNF may, therefore, not only have a pathological role in conditions of chronic inflammation, but also may act as a local paracrine or autocrine regulator of osteoblast function.
Automatic detection of three-dimensional solder defects using a brightness-based approach (2003)

Addresses the problem of detecting a specific type of solder defect in IC mounts, namely excessively high solder (EHS) points. First, solder points which were suspected to be EHS points were preselected by means of a reflective method, which used the relationship between pixel intensities and surface gradients under a specially designed lighting system. By making assumptions about the local surface curvature the surface local orientation can be determined from a single brightness image. Surface reconstruction was obtained for the top region of the solder point. EHS points were then detected by using the correlation between top surface geometry and solder height.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pressure measurement with fiber-optic sensors: commercial technologies and applications (2011)

Mainly three technologies are presently commercially available for pressure measurement with fiber-optic sensors: intensity-based, fiber Bragg gratings and Fabry-Pérot. The first one is probably the simplest and the cheapest but it is limited to applications where having 2 fixed or up to 4 flexible fibers is not an issue, whereas the two other technologies require only one fiber. With generally low sensitivity to pressure and prohibitive cost for non multiplexed measurements, fiber Bragg grating pressure sensors are still limited to marginal applications. Fabry-Pérot technology is the best compromise offering at affordable price a great flexibility in terms of pressure ranges, high sensitivity and miniature size suitable for most applications including disposable medical devices.
Shaker testing simulation of non-gaussian random excitations with the fatigue damage spectrum as a criterion of mission signal synthesis. (2015)

Experimental simulations of random excitations are nowadays performed digitally by applying the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to the desired Power Spectral Density (PSD) profile, in combination with randomized IFFT phases. However, the excitations generated in this way will always have a Gaussian probability distribution, whereas real-life random excitations are typically non-Gaussian. For example, in the case of land transportation some distinctive peaks will occur which exceed the average level of vehicle vibration. The sta-tistical parameter known as kurtosis can characterize this feature and could be controlled in experimental simulations in addition to the PSD. The so-called “kurtosis control” can be achieved by special phase manipulation instead of selecting the phases randomly. By increasing the kurtosis, it is furthermore also possible to obtain an accelerated qualification test, whereby the time-to-failure (TTF) is decreased in a controlled manner. It is known that the response of a lightly-damped linear system is closer to Gaussian than the applied excitation. Therefore, in order to increase the response kurtosis in an accelerated test, the kurtosis control method must be able to effectively generate extra kurtosis. In this work a method was used which indeed achieves a high excitation kurtosis, which moreover passes into the re-sponse of the structure. According to the Fatigue Damage Spectrum (FDS) model, a single-degree-of-freedom system was hereby considered in order to calculate the structural response. Furthermore, the rainflow counting procedure and the Miner damage accumulation rule were employed to predict relative TTFs for operational excitation and accelerated test mission. Finally, the considered method of non-Gaussian shaker testing simulation was also advanced from kurtosis control to direct application of the FDS as a criterion for mission signal synthesis. An extensive experimental campaign was carried out, where an example of a real-life vibration excitation measured on the cabin floor of a car was considered. Shaker testing was performed for a cantilevered test specimen subjected to various simulated Gaussian, non-Gaussian, accelerated non-Gaussian, and real road excitations.
Effects of Calcium Hydroxide/Phosphoric Acid Suspending Agents on the Characteristics of Styrene-Based Suspension Polymerized Toners (2012)

고품질의 현탁중합토너를 제조하기 위해서는 수상 현탁계의 최적화가 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 무기현탁제로 사용한 수산화칼슘(<TEX>$CaOH_2$</TEX>)/인산(<TEX>$H_3PO_4$</TEX>)(Ca/P)의 몰비 및 수상의 pH가 스타이렌 기반 현탁중합토너의 특성에 미치는 영향을 중점적으로 조사하였다. 먼저 수상을 중성조건(pH=7.5)으로 고정하고 Ca/P의 몰비를 1.5:1부터 1.76:1까지 변화시켰다. 그 결과 Ca/P의 몰비를 1.73:1로 하였을 때 이상적인 인산칼슘염(하이드록시아파타이트)이 만들어졌으며 이 조건에서 제조된 중합토너는 입도분포, 원형화도 및 대전특성이 우수하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 Ca/P의 몰비를 1.73:1로 고정하고 수상을 약산성(pH=5.5) 및 약염기성(pH=9.5) 조건으로 변화시켰다. 그 결과 약산성 조건에서 제조된 중합토너는 더욱 더 우수한 입도분포, 원형화도 및 대전특성을 나타냈으며 인쇄품질도 매우 우수하였다. Ca/P의 몰비와 수상의 pH 조건을 최적화하여 고품질의 현탁중합토너를 제조할 수 있었다. Optimizing a water-phase suspending system is very important to manufacture high-quality suspension polymerized toners. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the molar ratio of calcium hydroxide (<TEX>$CaOH_2$</TEX>)/phosphoric acid (<TEX>$H_3PO_4$</TEX>)(Ca/P), which were used as inorganic suspending agents, and pH of the water-phase on the characteristics of styrene-based suspension polymerized toners were mainly investigated. At first, the water-phase was fixed to neutral condition (pH=7.5) and Ca/P molar ratio was changed from 1.5:1 to 1.76:1. As a result, an ideal calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) was prepared at the Ca/P molar ratio of 1.73:1 and polymerized toners prepared at this condition showed good particle size distribution, circularity and charging characteristic. Based on this result, Ca/P molar ratio was fixed to 1.73:1 and pH of the water-phase was changed to weak acidic (pH=5.5) and weak basic (pH=9.5) conditions. As a result, polymerized toners prepared under the weak acidic condition showed very good particle size distribution, circularity and charging characteristic along with excellent printing quality. High-quality suspension polymerized toners could be prepared via optimizing Ca/P molar ratio and pH of the water-phase.
High-energy Electron Beam Lithography for Nanoscale Fabrication (2010)

Recently, there has been much research in the field of nanostructure technology. The objective of this article is to explore the basic physics, technology, and applications of ultrasmall structures and devices with dimensions in the sub-100-nm range. Nanostructure devices are now being fabricated in many laboratories to explore various effects, such as those created by downscaling existing devices, quantum effects in mesoscopic devices, tunneling effects in single electron transistors, and so on. In addition, new phenomena are being explored in an attempt to build switching devices with dimensions down to the molecular level. Today, the minimum size of semiconductor production devices is down to 45 nm or less. Miniaturization and performance improvements are allowing the electronics industry to shrink the future size of semiconductor devices. For the last three decades, technological advances in optical lithography have led the semiconductor industry. In the present day mass-production line, deep ultraviolet (DUV 193 nm) optics is used for critical dimensions approaching 90 nm. A further decrease in immersion lithography has pushed the production line into the 32-nm era. However, as wavelengths decrease, optical lithography begins to suffer from difficulties associated with shallow focus length and materials (including lenses, masks and resists) to do with dispersion relationships. Therefore, non-optical lithographic techniques such as electron-beam direct write (L. Electron beam direct write is the only technology that does not require masking. Electron beam lithography (EBL) is one of the versatile lithographic tools widely used for nanostructure fabrication. In EBL, the critical dimension of the exposure patterns is limited by electron scattering in both electron-beam resists and substrates. The demand for fine patterns calls for EBL systems with high acceleration voltages. These have the advantage of having smaller forward scattering angles in the resist and a wide secondary-electron spread in the
Limited AttributeCertificate Acquisition Protocol (2000)

The PKIX working group is profiling the use of X.509 attribute certificates.This document specifies a deliberately limited protocol for requesting an attribute certificate from a server.It is intended to be complementary to the use of LDAP for AC retrieval, covering, for example, those cases where use of an LDAP server is not suitable due to the type of authorization model being employed.For many other cases, the use of LDAP is preferred. Table Of Contents
A Strategy for the Stereoselective Preparation of Thymidine Phosphorothioates with the (<i>R</i>) or the (<i>S</i>) Configuration at the Stereogenic Phosphorus Atom and Their Application to the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides with Stereochemically Pure Phosphate/Phosphorothioate Chimeric Backbones (2006)

Abstract This paper describes a new method for the highly stereoselective preparation of dithymidine phosphorothioates (TpsT) with the ( R ) or the ( S ) configuration at the stereogenic phosphorus atom [( R p)‐ or ( S p)‐TpsT, respectively], together with the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides with stereochemically pure phosphate/phosphorothioate mixed backbones through the use of ( R p)‐ or ( S p)‐TpsT as building blocks.Stereochemically pure ( R p)‐ or ( S p)‐TpsT was produced through a five‐step process: 1) 1 H ‐tetrazole‐promoted thermodynamic equilibration of a diastereomeric mixture of allyl ( R p)‐ and ( S p)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate to give the ( S p) isomer as the major component, 2) stereospecific sulfurization of the allyl ( S p)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate to afford an allyl ( R p)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate, 3) regioselective and stereoselective methanolysis of the allyl ( R p)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate to provide an allyl methyl ( R p)‐thymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate as the main product, 4) stereospecific removal of the methyl group from the phosphorothioate moiety to give an allyl ( R p)‐5′‐ O ‐dimethoxytritylthymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate diester, or stereospecific removal of the allyl group from the phosphate moiety to form a methyl ( S p)‐5′‐ O ‐dimethoxytritylthymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate diester, and 5) stereospecific condensation of these ( R p)‐ and ( S p)‐diesters with a 5′‐ O ‐free thymidine in a Mitsunobu reaction to produce the allyl (3′–5′)‐linked ( S p)‐dithymidine phosphorothioate and the methyl (3′–5′)‐linked ( R p)‐dithymidine phosphorothioate, respectively. The resulting ( R p)‐ and ( S p)‐dithymidine phosphorothioates were converted into their 3′‐phosphoramidites. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides with stereochemically pure phosphate/phosphorothioate‐mixed backbones were then synthesized by use of these phosphoramidites as building blocks. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New silica-pillared material prepared from the layered silicic acid of ilerite (1995)

A new siliceous porous material of high BET surface area is derived from an intercalation of octylamine and tetraethylorthosilicate into the layered silicic acid of ilerite; the resultant pillared material has a BET surface area of over 1000 m2 g–1 at 600 °C and 580 m2 g–1 even at 900 °C.
Coordinated static and dynamic cache bypassing for GPUs (2015)

The massive parallel architecture enables graphics processing units (GPUs) to boost performance for a wide range of applications. Initially, GPUs only employ scratchpad memory as on-chip memory. Recently, to broaden the scope of applications that can be accelerated by GPUs, GPU vendors have used caches in conjunction with scratchpad memory as on-chip memory in the new generations of GPUs. Unfortunately, GPU caches face many performance challenges that arise due to excessive thread contention for cache resource. Cache bypassing, where memory requests can selectively bypass the cache, is one solution that can help to mitigate the cache resource contention problem. In this paper, we propose coordinated static and dynamic cache bypassing to improve application performance. At compile-time, we identify the global loads that indicate strong preferences for caching or bypassing through profiling. For the rest global loads, our dynamic cache bypassing has the flexibility to cache only a fraction of threads. In CUDA programming model, the threads are divided into work units called thread blocks. Our dynamic bypassing technique modulates the ratio of thread blocks that cache or bypass at run-time. We choose to modulate at thread block level in order to avoid the memory divergence problems. Our approach combines compile-time analysis that determines the cache or bypass preferences for global loads with run-time management that adjusts the ratio of thread blocks that cache or bypass. Our coordinated static and dynamic cache bypassing technique achieves up to 2.28X (average I.32X) performance speedup for a variety of GPU applications.
Design of intrinsically stretchable and highly conductive polymers for fully stretchable electrochromic devices (2020)

Stretchable materials are essential for next generation wearable and stretchable electronic devices. Intrinsically stretchable and highly conductive polymers (termed ISHCP) are designed with semi interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) that enable polymers to be simultaneously applied to transparent electrodes and electrochromic materials. Through a facile method of acid-catalyzed polymer condensation reaction, optimized ISHCP films show the highest electrical conductivity, 1406 S/cm, at a 20% stretched state. Without the blending of any other elastomeric matrix, ISHCP maintains its initial electrical properties under a cyclic stretch-release of over 50% strain. A fully stretchable electrochromic device based on ISHCP is fabricated and shows a performance of 47.7% ∆T and high coloration efficiency of 434.1 cm<sup>2</sup>/C at 590 nm. The device remains at 45.2% ∆T after 50% strain stretching. A simple patterned electrolyte layer on a stretchable electrochromic device is also realized. The fabricated device, consisting of all-plastic, can be applied by a solution process for large scale production. The ISHCP reveals its potential application in stretchable electrochromic devices and satisfies the requirements for next-generation stretchable electronics.
Porous tantalum stimulates the proliferation and osteogenesis of osteoblasts from elderly female patients (2010)

Porous tantalum (Ta) implants have been successful in various orthopedic procedures for patients with compromised bone-forming abilities. Previous studies demonstrated that human osteoblast (HOB) cultures from older female patients produced less bone on implant materials in vitro compared to HOBs from age-matched male and younger female patients. In this study, the responses of HOBs from younger (< 45) and older (> 60 years old) female patients were compared on Ta, titanium fiber mesh (TFM) and tissue culture plastic. Adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization were greater in cells from younger patients than from older patients. Cell adhesion was slightly higher on Ta than TFM or plastic. However, Ta highly stimulated cell proliferation with a 4- and 6-fold increase compared to TFM for cells from younger and older patients, respectively, and 12- and 16-fold increase in proliferation compared to cells on plastic (p ≤ 0.001). At 3 weeks, mineralization was significantly higher on Ta compared to TFM for HOBs from older patients (p ≤ 0.05). Expression levels of bone matrix markers demonstrated differences dependent on age and substrate. Scanning electron micrographs revealed HOBs covering the surfaces and entering the pores of both Ta and TFM. In conclusion, tantalum greatly stimulates cell proliferation, and improves the ability of HOBs from older patients to form bone.
Visualization of risk structures for interactive planning of image guided radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors (2009)

Image guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is becoming a standard procedure as a minimally invasive method for tumor treatment in the clinical routine. The visualization of pathological tissue and potential risk structures like vessels or important organs gives essential support in image guided pre-interventional RFA planning. In this work our aim is to present novel visualization techniques for interactive RFA planning to support the physician with spatial information of pathological structures as well as the finding of trajectories without harming vitally important tissue. Furthermore, we illustrate three-dimensional applicator models of different manufactures combined with corresponding ablation areas in homogenous tissue, as specified by the manufacturers, to enhance the estimated amount of cell destruction caused by ablation. The visualization techniques are embedded in a workflow oriented application, designed for the use in the clinical routine. To allow a high-quality volume rendering we integrated a visualization method using the fuzzy c-means algorithm. This method automatically defines a transfer function for volume visualization of vessels without the need of a segmentation mask. However, insufficient visualization results of the displayed vessels caused by low data quality can be improved using local vessel segmentation in the vicinity of the lesion. We also provide an interactive segmentation technique of liver tumors for the volumetric measurement and for the visualization of pathological tissue combined with anatomical structures. In order to support coagulation estimation with respect to the heat-sink effect of the cooling blood flow which decreases thermal ablation, a numerical simulation of the heat distribution is provided.
议案的提交、委员会初审及向议院报告——美国如何制定法律(二) (2001)

一、提交议案任何众议院议员、波多黎各的常驻委员都可以在众议院举行会议的任何时间提出议案,提案人简单地将议案放置于议会厅边讲演坛一边的木制漏斗盒中,提案人不须介绍议案情况。工作人员办公室已准备好空白表格以便于原始议案的打印。提出议案的议员通常就是该议案的发起人。不定数量的议员可以
Blockade of CXCR2 signalling: A potential therapeutic target for preventing neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases (2014)

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play a key role in host innate immune responses by migrating to the sites of inflammation. Furthermore, PMN recruitment also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of a plethora of inflammatory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), gram negative sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lung injury, and arthritis. Of note, chemokine-dependent signalling is implicated in the amplification of immune responses by virtue of its role in PMN chemotaxis in most of the inflammatory diseases. It has been clinically established that impediment of PMN recruitment ameliorates disease severity and provides relief in majority of other immune-associated disorders. This review focuses on different novel approaches clinically proven to be effective in blocking chemokine signalling associated with PMN recruitment that includes CXCR2 antagonists, chemokine analogs, anti-CXCR2 monoclonal antibodies, and CXCR2 knock-out models. It also highlights the significance of the utility of nanoparticles in drugs used for blocking migration of PMN to the sites of inflammation.
Discovering and Differentiating New and Emerging Clonal Populations of<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>with a Novel Shotgun Cell Culture Harvest Assay (2008)

Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable blindness and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Plaque assays have been used to clonally segregate laboratory-adapted C. trachomatis strains from mixed infections, but no assays have been reported to segregate clones from recent clinical samples. We developed a novel shotgun cell culture harvest assay for this purpose because we found that recent clinical samples do not form plaques. Clones were strain-typed by using outer membrane protein A and 16S rRNA sequences. Surprisingly, ocular trachoma reference strain A/SA-1 contained clones of Chlamydophila abortus. C. abortus primarily infects ruminants and pigs and has never been identified in populations where trachoma is endemic. Three clonal variants of reference strain Ba/Apache-2 were also identified. Our findings reflect the importance of clonal isolation in identifying constituents of mixed infections containing new or emerging strains and of viable clones for research to more fully understand the dynamics of in vivo strain-mixing, evolution, and disease pathogenesis.