gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrating IT-SOFC and gasification combined cycle with methanation reactor and hydrogen firing for near zero-emission power generation from coal (2011)

Application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) in gasification-based power plants would represent a turning point in the power generation sector, allowing to considerably increase the electric efficiency of coal-fired power stations while reducing CO2 and other pollutant emissions. The aim of this paper is the thermodynamic assessment of a SOFC-based IGFC plant with methanation reactor, hydrogen post-firing and CO2 capture by physical absorption. The configuration proposed allows to obtain a very high net efficiency (51.6%), overcoming the main limits of configurations assessed in previous works.
Yield, Yield Components, and Fiber Properties of Insect‐Resistant Cotton Lines Containing a <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Toxin Gene (1994)

Crop yield and quality could be affected in transgenic crop plants carrying foreign genes which confer resistance to plant pests. Scientists at Monsanto Company produced nine transgenic cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines, each containing one of the two Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) constructs, cryIA(b) or cryIA(c) , that encode a protein toxic to lepidopteran insects. We undertook this study to determine whether these transgenic lines exhibit any undesirable agronomic or fiber properties. At Maricopa, AZ, we grew five, four, and three transgenic lines in field plots in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively; the parental ‘Coker 312’ and the locally adapted, nectariless, high fiber‐strength ‘Md 51 ne’ were included each year. Somaclonal variation, insertion of the insect‐control protein genes, and the expression of the insecticidal protein caused no general reduction in lint yield, primary or secondary yield components, or fiber properties. The transgenic lines varied significantly in every trait measured. Mean lint yields over the 3 yr were as follows: transgenic lines, 135.4 ± 4.5 g m −2 ; Coker 312, 115.1 ± 7.7 g m −2 , MD 51 ne, 141.2 ± 11.4 g m −2 . Six of the nine transgenic lines yielded significantly more lint (13–30%) than did Coker 312. Lint yields of the same six lines (10% less to 7% more) were not significantly different than that of MD 51 ne. Compared with Coker 312, four of nine transgenic lines had longer fiber, eight had stronger fiber, two had higher fiber elongation, and two did not differ significantly in micronaire. Compared with MD 51 ne, five of the nine transgenic lines did not differ significantly in fiber length, two did not differ in strength, three did not differ in elongation, and six did not differ in micronaire. These transgenic lines are valuable sources of germplasm, not only for insect resistance but also for agronomic and fiber properties.
Low-affinity transport of pyroglutamyl-histidine in renal brush-border membrane vesicles (1989)

These studies were performed to determine if a low-affinity carrier is present in the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells for the transport of the dipeptide, pyroglutamyl-histidine (pGlu-His). We have previously described the existence of a specific, high-affinity, low-capacity [transport constant (Kt) = 9.3 X 10(-8) M, Vmax = 6.1 X 10(-12) mol.mg-1.min-1] carrier for pGlu-His in renal brush-border membrane vesicles. In the present study, we sought to demonstrate that multiple carriers exist for the transport of a single dipeptide by determining whether a low-affinity carrier also exists for the uptake of pGlu-His. Transport of pGlu-His into brush-border membrane vesicles was saturable over the concentration range of 10(-5)-10(-3) M, yielding a Kt of 6.3 X 10(-5) M and a Vmax of 2.2 X 10(-10) mol.mg-1.min-1. Uptake was inhibited by the dipeptides glycyl-proline, glycyl-sarcosine, and carnosine but not by the tripeptide pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide. We conclude that 1) pGlu-His is transported across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule by multiple carriers and 2) the lower affinity carrier, unlike the higher affinity carrier, is nonspecific with respect to other dipeptides.
Animation of reactive gaseous fluids through chemical kinetics (2004)

Although chemically reactive fluids may be used effectively to increase the reality of visual effects, little work has been done with the general modeling of chemical reactions in computer animation. In this paper, we attempt to extend an established, physically based fluid simulation technique to handle reactive gaseous fluids. The proposed technique exploits the theory of chemical kinetics to account for a variety of chemical reactions that are frequently found in everyday life. In extending the existing fluid simulation method, we introduce a new set of physically motivated control parameters that allow an animator to control intuitively the behavior of reactive fluids. Our method is straightforward to implement, and is flexible enough to create various interesting visual effects including explosions and catalysis. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our new simulation technique by generating several animation examples with user control.
Isolation and Characterization of the Facultative Methylotroph Mycobacterium ID-Y (1987)

A facultatively methylotrophic Mycobacterium was isolated from Cleveland Harbor, Ohio, USA. The isolate, designated ID-Y, used a wide range of carbon and energy sources including methane and several other hydrocarbons. It displayed a growth cycle from rod-shaped exponential-phase cells, with many cell pairs exhibiting V-formation, to cocco-bacillary stationary-phase cells. A fixation technique involving glutaraldehyde/alcian blue resulted in the observation of a three-layered cell wall. Isolate ID-Y has an ultrastructure similar to that of other mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium flavum, which is presently classified as a Xanthobacter species.
Predictors of a true complete response among disappearing liver metastases from colorectal cancer after chemotherapy (2010)

Approximately 66% of DLMs represented a true CR according to assessment by resection or radiologic follow-up. Predictive factors may help to stratify patients who are likely to harbor residual disease.
From Soybean residue to advanced supercapacitors (2015)

Supercapacitor technology is an extremely timely area of research with fierce international competition to develop cost-effective, environmentally friendlier EC electrode materials that have real world application. Herein, nitrogen-doped carbons with large specific surface area, optimized micropore structure and surface chemistry have been prepared by means of an environmentally sound hydrothermal carbonization process using defatted soybean (i.e., Soybean meal), a widely available and cost-effective protein-rich biomass, as precursor followed by a chemical activation step. When tested as supercapacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolytes (i.e. H2SO4 and Li2SO4), they demonstrate excellent capacitive performance and robustness, with high values of specific capacitance in both gravimetric (250-260 and 176 F g(-1) in H2SO4 and Li2SO4 respectively) and volumetric (150-210 and 102 F cm(-3) in H2SO4 and Li2SO4 respectively) units, and remarkable rate capability (>60% capacitance retention at 20 A g(-1) in both media). Interestingly, when Li2SO4 is used, the voltage window is extended up to 1.7 V (in contrast to 1.1 V in H2SO4). Thus, the amount of energy stored is increased by 50% compared to H2SO4 electrolyte, enabling this environmentally sound Li2SO4-based supercapacitor to deliver ~12 Wh kg(-1) at a high power density of ~2 kW kg(-1).
Recommendations (1930)

William Anderson, Charles A. Beard, Earl W. Crecraft, John A. Fairlie, Charles E. Merriam, William B. Munro, Frederic A. Ogg, Pitman B. Potter, Russell M. Story, W. F. Willoughby, Jesse S. Reeves, J. R. Hayden, Thomas H. Reed, Recommendations, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, Report of the Committee on Policy of the American Political Science Association (Feb., 1930), pp. 18-24
Powder rheology of steel powders for additive manufacturing (2013)

The recent development of advanced rheometers for dry powders characterization has opened opportunities to accurately determine a variety of powder properties to be related to function in specific ...
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristic Study in a Low Emission Annular Combustor (2009)

Modern Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustors are characterized by highly swirling and expanding flows that makes the convective heat load on the combustor liner gas side difficult to predict and estimate. A coupled experimental-numerical study of swirling flow and its effects on combustor liner heat transfer inside a DLE annular combustor model is presented. A simulated scaled up annular combustor shell was designed with a generic fuel nozzle provided by Solar Turbines to create the swirl in the flow. The experiment was simulated with a cold flow and heated walls. An infrared camera was used to obtain the temperature distribution along the liner wall. Experimentally measured pressure distributions were compared with the heat transfer results. The experiment was conducted at various Reynolds Numbers to investigate the effect on the heat transfer peak locations and pressure distributions. A CFD study was performed using Fluent and turbulence models and used to corroborate and verify the experimental results. Results show that the heat transfer enhancement in the annulus has slightly different characteristics for the concave and convex walls. Results also show a much slower drop in heat transfer coefficient enhancement with increasing Reynolds number compared to can combustors from a previous study. An introductory study of the effect of a soft wall on the heat transfer on the combustor liner is also presented.
A Review on Lycopene—Extraction, Purification, Stability and Applications (2007)

Lycopene is a functional component of great dietary importance obtained from many plant sources. In this article, we address the extraction of lycopene from various sources by efficient analytical support. Extraction, storage, and handling are described in detail. We also describe the effect of heat and time on amount of lycopene during extraction. Purification and applications are considered to understand lycopene's nutraceutical, epidemiological, and pharmaceutical importance, as well.
Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B (2006)

Only 4E10 showed significant activity against HIV-1 subtype C isolates, while 2G12 and 2F5 MAbs were ineffective and IgG1b12 was partly effective. It is therefore recommended that 2G12 and 2F5 MAbs not be used for passive immunization experiments in southern Africa and other regions where HIV-1 subtype C viruses predominate.
Proposed Architecture for MIMO Optical Demultiplexing Using Photonic Integration (2011)

This paper proposes and simulates a novel structure for optical demultiplexing of optical multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Such a structure obviates the need for electronic digital signal processing in low-dispersion links, potentially saving significant power consumption. It has the minimum number of required analog control elements for nonunitary MIMO demultiplexing.
Image Approximation by Variable Knot Bicubic Splines (1981)

This paper presents a degree of freedom or information content analysis of images in the context of digital image processing. As such it represents an attempt to quantify the number of truly independent samples one gathers with imaging devices. The degrees of freedom of a sampled image itself are developed as an approximation problem. Here, bicubic splines with variable knots are employed in an attempt to answer the question as to what extent images are finitely representable in the context of digital sensors and computers. Relatively simple algorithms for good knot placement are given and result in spline approximations that achieve significant parameter reductions at acceptable error levels. The knots themselves are shown to be useful as an indicator of image activity and have potential as an image segmentation device, as well as easy implementation in CCD signal processing and focal plane smart sensor arrays. Both mathematical and experimental results are presented.
Plant identification and performance optimization for neuro-fuzzy networks (2002)

This paper discusses the structures and learning algorithms for identification and optimization with neuro-fuzzy networks (NFN). NFN are knowledge-based multilayer neural networks constructed by integrating three types of modular subnets for pattern recognition, fuzzy reasoning, and control synthesis, respectively. In this way, a NFN combines the reasoning procedure of fuzzy logic and learning capability of neural networks uniquely, thus it is able to incorporate linguistic knowledge in the form of fuzzy rules in its network structure and then refine this knowledge through training and self learning. Simulation results are presented here to illustrate these ideas.
Preparation of Smart Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Conjugates via Stimuli‐Responsive Linkages (2007)

Abstract In this paper, we modified carbon nanotubes with the thiol‐reactive species, subsequently combined the thiol‐coupling reaction and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare temperature‐responsive PNIPAAm (poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide))‐carbon nanotube conjugates. The prepared PNIPAAm‐carbon nanotube conjugates have temperature‐responsive PNIPAAm chain, and disulfide linkages between PNIPAAm and carbon nanotube which are sensitive to bio‐stimuli such as glutathione, therefore dual‐responsive polymer‐carbon nanotube conjugates have been prepared.
Investigation of Advanced Processed Single-Crystal Turbine Blade Alloys (1995)

This investigation studied the influence of thermal processing and microstructure on the mechanical properties of the single-crystal, nickel-based superalloys PWA 1482 and PWA 1484. The objective of the program was to develop an improved single-crystal turbine blade alloy that is specifically tailored for use in hydrogen fueled rocket engine turbopumps. High-gradient casting, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and alternate heat treatment (HT) processing parameters were developed to produce pore-free, eutectic-free microstructures with different (gamma)' precipitate morphologies. Test materials were cast in high thermal gradient solidification (greater than 30 C/cm (137 F/in.)) casting furnaces for reduced dendrite arm spacing, improved chemical homogeneity, and reduced interdendritic pore size. The HIP processing was conducted in 40 cm (15.7 in.) diameter production furnaces using a set of parameters selected from a trial matrix study. Metallography was conducted on test samples taken from each respective trial run to characterize the as-HIP microstructure. Post-HIP alternate HT processes were developed for each of the two alloys. The goal of the alternate HT processing was to fully solution the eutectic gamma/(gamma)' phase islands and to develop a series of modified (gamma)' morphologies for subsequent characterization testing. This was accomplished by slow cooling through the (gamma)' solvus at controlled rates to precipitate volume fractions of large (gamma)'. Post-solution alternate HT parameters were established for each alloy providing additional volume fractions of finer precipitates. Screening tests included tensile, high-cycle fatigue (HCF), smooth and notched low-cycle fatigue (LCF), creep, and fatigue crack growth evaluations performed in air and high pressure (34.5 MPa (5 ksi)) hydrogen at room and elevated temperature. Under the most severe embrittling conditions (HCF and smooth and notched LCF in 34.5 MPa (5 ksi) hydrogen at 20 C (68 F), screening test results showed increases in fatigue life typically on the order of 1OX, when compared to the current Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) Alternate Turbopump (AT) blade alloy (PWA 1480).
Historical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Analysis with Error Estimates (2002)

An objective analysis of monthly ocean subsurface temperatures from 1950 to 1998 is carried out. The analysis scheme and the results with estimated analysis errors are presented. The analysis domain is global with a horizontal grid of 1° × 1° and 14 vertical levels in the upper 500 m. Subsurface temperature observations used in the objective analysis are archived by the National Ocean Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, together with those collected through the global telecommunication system and domestic communication lines in Japan. All the observations are preprocessed by quality control and data selection procedures developed in this study. Together with these observations, three-dimensional fields of the upper-ocean temperature are optimally estimated using a variational technique. To ensure smooth and continuous vertical temperature profiles, a constraint term is introduced to the cost function that is minimized in the analysis. In addition, the analysis scheme is formulated to constrain mixed layer temperatures to become close to sea surface temperatures produced by the Met Office. The three-dimensional structure of thermal anomalies is represented by the objective analysis. Interannual variations of temperature anomalies in the northern and tropical Pacific are presented and examined with the estimated errors. For the purpose of verification against independent observations of the objective analysis, dynamical heights estimated from the analyzed temperatures and climatological salinity are compared with tide gauge and sea surface height observations. An investigation of analysis errors and signal-to-noise (S–N) ratio reveals that the reliability increases in the tropical Pacific since the 1970s and the S–N ratio for seasonally averaged temperatures in a 3° latitude × 6° longitude box at 100-m depth is 2.5 in the 1990s. This is not only due to the increase in data sampling but also to an increase in interannual variances of subsurface temperature. At midlatitudes of the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, the S–N ratio is above (below) unity over the whole period of the objective analysis. The changes are very small in these 50 yr, although recent observational networks cover the global oceans better and the observations are more homogeneously distributed than those of the previous decades.
Serum Concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn And Cu in Patients with Essential Arterial Hypertension (1984)

Serum concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg and inorganic phosphate as well as serum levels of Zn and Cu were determined in control subjects and in patients with essential arterial hypertension (EAH) divided according to the stage of the disease. No significant differences were found between the serum mean levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu in controls and in patients with EAH. A significant decrease of the serum Zn was noted in the third stage of EAH. A number of cases with hypomagnesemia and/or hypopotassemia probably caused by a long term uncontrolled therapy was also detected. The concentration of inorganic phosphate was significantly lower in patients with EAH associated with overweight than in hypertensive patients with normal body weight and in controls. It is considered that a sustained study of the complex interrelationship between electrolyte interaction and the functional aspects of the arterial wall could still contribute to a better understanding of pathogenic aspects of EAH and of its complications including those subsequent to modern diuretic therapy.
Multipath mitigation techniques for CBOC, TMBOC and AltBOC signals using advanced correlators architectures (2010)

Multipath mitigation in urban canyons and indoor environments is an open issue for the reception of GNSS signals for high precision applications, as the presence of multipath components can lead to signal fading and ranging errors. New families of navigation signals, such as AltBOC, CBOC and TMBOC bring potential improvements, such as more signal power, better multipath mitigation capabilities and more robust navigation. Therefore the goal of this paper is to investigate multipath mitigation capabilities of CBOC, TMBOC and AltBOC with different discriminator architectures through theoretical analysis and realistic set-up with measurements in order to provide an overview of their performance in different environments.
Laser activation of diamond surface for electroless metal plating (1994)

Selective area electroless nickel and copper deposition onto the surface of diamond single crystals and polycrystalline diamond films has been realized. Three methods of laser-assisted activation of diamond surface were applied: (i) prenucleation of diamond surface with a thin layer of palladium catalyst via laser-induced decomposition of a palladium acetyl-acetonate [Pd(acac)2] solid film; (ii) deposition of palladium by means of the decomposition of Pd(acac)2 dissolved in dimethylformamide; (iii) laser-induced damage of diamond surface.
Evaluation of a Blended Learning Approach Used in an Anatomy and Physiology Module for Pre-registration Healthcare Students (2012)

This paper presents evaluation data following the revision of the delivery method for an anatomy and physiology module for pre-registration healthcare practitioners, into a blended (hybrid) model. This subject is recognized as problematic when delivered by traditional methods, therefore change was instigated to introduce stimulating, interactive material; this was presented though use of e-learning tools to supplement the face-to-face sessions. The evaluation data consists of student outcomes from the hybrid mode of delivery compared with previous cohorts using the traditional methods, plus student satisfaction surveys from the students undertaking the module by blended learning. Results of the evaluation have identified that student outcomes for the new delivery method are demonstrating a trend for improvement for a multiplechoice exam, with no significant difference noted for a seen exam. The survey determined that the majority of students indicated satisfaction with the overall quality of the module, with the teaching methods, with the content and with the support provided to them. Therefore, this study suggests that a well designed blended learning system, with good academic content and interactive exercises are motivating for learning and yields as good, if not better, outcomes as a lecture. The module delivery will continue to be enhanced through the addition of synchronous chat facilities and online social network tools.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled diclofenac sodium (1993)

Abstract Diclofenac sodium labelled with deuterium in the phenylacetic ring was prepared from [ 2 H 5 ]‐bromobenzene in a six‐step reaction. It was found to be suitable for use in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in man.
New techniques for reducing printed circuit board common-mode radiation (2002)

A multilayer PCB (printed circuit board) with a solid ground-plane produced radiated emissions similar to a dipole antenna. These emissions were reduced by decreasing the distance between the signal trace and the ground plane, by providing additional low-impedance paths for the signal current, and by placing an image plane above the PCB and connecting it to the ground plane around its periphery. Adding cables to the multilayer PCB increased the emissions at some frequencies. These emissions were also reduced by reducing the ground plane noise voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Aerosol Size Distribution on the Accuracy of the Integrating Nephelometer (1973)

Abstract Corrections are made to the governing equation for the integrating nephelometer as derived by Middleton. Calculations show a fortuitous partial correction of the angular truncation error for most commonly occurring distributions of atmospheric aerosols, and rather serious errors for Junge distributions with small values of v*.