gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Profiling of Endogenous Retinoic Acid in Vivo and in Vitro by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2008)

We report an improved tandem mass spectrometric assay for retinoic acid (RA) applicable to in vitro and in vivo biological samples. This liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay for direct RA quantification is the most sensitive to date, with a 62.5 attomol lower limit of detection and a linear range spanning greater than 4 orders of magnitude (from 250 attomol to 10 pmol). This assay resolves all-trans-RA (atRA) from its endogenous geometric isomers, is applicable to samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue), and functions with complex biological matrixes. Coefficients of variation are as follows: instrumental, < or =2.6%; intraday, 5.2% +/- 0.7%; interday, 6.7% +/- 0.9%. In vitro capabilities are demonstrated by quantification of endogenous RA and RA production (from retinol) in primary cultured astrocytes. Quantification of endogenous atRA and its geometric isomers in 129SV mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, and brain) reveals in vivo utility of the assay. The ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of RA in vivo is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum), as well as with Lewis rat proximal/distal mammary gland regions during various morphological stages: virgin, early pregnancy (e7), late pregnancy (e20), lactating (day 4), involuting day 1, and involuting day 11. This assay provides the sensitivity necessary for direct, endogenous RA quantification necessary to elucidate RA function, e.g., in neurogenesis, morphogenesis, and the contribution of altered RA homeostasis to diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
Formation of Spherical Nanostructures by the Controlled Aggregation of Gold Colloids (2006)

Stable suspensions of size-uniform spherical assemblies of 5-8 nm gold colloids in toluene are readily obtained by cross linking the colloidal particles using alkanedithiols within a defined range of gold-dithiol molar ratios. The assemblies are very stable and remain suspended in toluene for several months without significant aggregation. These porous gold spheres can be further organized into hierarchically assembled relatively linear chains by the addition of ethanol.
Combining type-based analysis and model checking for finding counterexamples against non-interference (2006)

Type systems for secure information flow are useful for efficiently checking that programs have secure information flow. They are, however, conservative, so that they often reject safe programs as ill-typed. Accordingly, users have to check whether the rejected programs indeed have insecure flows. To remedy this problem, we propose a method for automatically finding a counterexample of secure information flow (input states that actually lead to leakage of secret information). Our method is a novel combination of type-based analysis and model checking; Suspicious execution paths (that may cause insecure information flow) are first found by using the result of a type-based information flow analysis, and then a model checker is used to check whether the paths are indeed unsafe. We have formalized and implemented the method. The result of preliminary experiments shows that our method can often find counterexamples faster than a method using a model checker alone.
Estimating Layer Properties for Wells in Multilayer Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs by Automatic History-Matching Production and Production Log Data (2006)

Abstract Most of the major unconventional gas plays in the U.S. have multiple productive intervals. Wells are completed with multiple fracture treatments, and are produced commingled. This paper describes a new fully-coupled reservoir/wellbore single-well analytical simulator* for multilayer unconventional gas reservoirs that automatically history matches production and production log data simultaneously. The layers in the simulator are independent, with different temperatures, pressures, completion types, and reservoir geometries. The simulator rigorously accounts for transient and boundary-dominated flow in each layer and pressure drop in the wellbore, including pressure drop between adjacent layers and pressure drop from the reservoir to the surface. By history matching data from multiple production logs as well as surface production data, the simulator provides accurate estimates of individual layer properties such as permeability, fracture length, and drainage area. The simulator may be used for reservoir and fracture treatment evaluation, restimulation candidate selection, fracture design optimization, and performance forecasting in multilayer unconventional gas plays.
PROBLEMS IN APPLCIATIONS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING—FROM THE STANDPOINT OF DATA ANALYSIS (1977)

Data analysis means here data processing to obtain the spatial representation of structures hidden in data without external criteria. The former part of this paper first presents a general view on current methods in data analysis, and then in contrast to quantification theories discusses how to utilize multidimensional scaling(MDS)methods as models accounting for data or tools of data analysis. The latter part raises and exmaines two problems in practical applications of MDS. The one is the indeterminancy of solutions inherent to models. The other is the possible consequences of using simplified models in comparison with the form of observed data.
Combining Gold(I)/Gold(III) Catalysis and CH Functionalization: A Formal Intramolecular [3+2] Annulation towards Tricyclic Indolines and Mechanistic Studies (2011)

Gold rush: A combination of oxidative gold(I)/gold(III) catalysis and CH functionalization led to the first oxidative coupling between in situ generated alkyl gold reagents and CH bonds, affording tricyclic indolines through a formal [3+2] annulation between a vinyl group and an aniline moiety [see scheme; Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl, Selectfluor=1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate)]. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Situation-Adaptive Lane-Keeping Support System: Overview of the SAFELANE Approach (2010)

Going beyond standard lane-departure-avoidance systems, this paper addresses the development of a system that is able to deal with a large set of different traffic situations. Its foundation lies on a thoroughly constituted environment detection through which a decision system is built. From the output of the decision module, the driver is warned or corrected through suited actuators that are coupled to control strategies. The input to the system comes from cameras, which are supplemented by active sensors (such as radar and laser scanners) and vehicle dynamic data, digital road maps, and precise vehicle-positioning data. In this paper, the presented system design is divided into three layers: the perception layer, which is responsible for the environment perception, and the decision and action layers, which are responsible for evaluating and executing actions, respectively.
Undersampled Pulse Width Modulation for Optical Camera Communications (2018)

An undersampled pulse width modulation (UPWM) scheme is proposed to enable users to establish a non- flickering optical camera communications (OCC) link. With UPWM, only a digital light emitting diode (LED) driver is needed to send signals using a higher order modulation. Similar to other undersample-based modulation schemes for OCC, a dedicated preamble is required to assist the receiver to indicate the phase error introduced during the undersampling process, and to compensate for nonlinear distortion caused by the in-built gamma correction function of the camera. To test the performance of the UPWM- based OCC system, an experimental test-bed is developed. The experimental results show that the proposed system is able to achieve a data rate of 150 bps (spectrum efficiency of 5 bits/symbol) at a bit error rate of 6.76×10^-4, which is well below the forward error correction limit of 3.8×10^-3, over a link span of 1 m using a Huawei Nexus 6P smartphone with a frame rate of 30 fps.
Magnetostriction measurement by interferometry (1993)

A laser Doppler interferometric method using synchronous detection to measure the magnetostriction of soft magnetic films is described. The instrument measures 2 AA magnetostrictive deflections of Permalloy films on 500 mu m silicon substrates. Saturation magnetostriction of 10/sup -9/ can be measured for 1000 nm films on 100 mu m Si substrates. The ultimate resolution of the interferometer is 0.1 AA as demonstrated using piezoelectrically-driven mirrors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Load-Regulating Mechanisms in Gait and Posture: Comparative Aspects (2000)

How is load sensed by receptors, and how is this sensory information used to guide locomotion? Many insights in this domain have evolved from comparative studies since it has been realized that basic principles concerning load sensing and regulation can be found in a wide variety of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Feedback about load is not only derived from specific load receptors but also from other types of receptors that previously were thought to have other functions. In the central nervous system of many species, a convergence is found between specific and nonspecific load receptors. Furthermore, feedback from load receptors onto central circuits involved in the generation of rhythmic locomotor output is commonly found. During the stance phase, afferent activity from various load detectors can activate the extensor part in such circuits, thereby providing reinforcing force feedback. At the same time, the flexion is suppressed. The functional role of this arrangement is that activity in antigravity muscles is promoted while the onset of the next flexion is delayed as long as the limb is loaded. This type of reinforcing force feedback is present during gait but absent in the immoble resting animal.
<title>Atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral imagery</title> (1999)

In December 1997, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) established a Center of Excellence (Hyperspectral- Multispectral Algorithm Research Center, HyMARC) for promoting the research and development of algorithms to exploit spectral imagery. This center is located at the DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is operated for the DOE by Bechtel Nevada. This paper presents the results to date of a research project begun at the center during 1998 to investigate the correction of hyperspectral data for atmospheric aerosols. Results of a project conducted by the Rochester Institute of Technology to define, implement, and test procedures for absolute calibration and correction of hyperspectral data to absolute units of high spectral resolution imagery will be presented. Hybrid techniques for atmospheric correction using image or spectral scene data coupled through radiative propagation models will be specifically addressed. Results of this effort to analyze HYDICE sensor data will be included. Preliminary results based on studying the performance of standard routines, such as Atmospheric Pre-corrected Differential Absorption and Nonlinear Least Squares Spectral Fit, in retrieving reflectance spectra show overall reflectance retrieval errors of approximately one to two reflectance units in the 0.4- to 2.5-micron-wavelength region (outside of the absorption features). The results are based on HYDICE sensor data collected from the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site during overflights conducted in July of 1997. Results of an upgrade made in the model-based atmospheric correction techniques, which take advantage of updates made to the moderate resolution atmospheric transmittance model (MODTRAN 4.0) software, will also be presented. Data will be shown to demonstrate how the reflectance retrievals in the shorter wavelengths of the blue-green region will be improved because of enhanced modeling of multiple scattering effects.
Consumer electronic optics: how small can a lens be: the case of panomorph lenses (2014)

In 2014, miniature camera modules are applied to a variety of applications such as webcam, mobile phone, automotive, endoscope, tablets, portable computers and many other products. Mobile phone cameras are probably one of the most challenging parts due to the need for smaller and smaller total track length (TTL) and optimized embedded image processing algorithms. As the technology is developing, higher resolution and higher image quality, new capabilities are required to fulfil the market needs. Consequently, the lens system becomes more complex and requires more optical elements and/or new optical elements. What is the limit? How small an injection molded lens can be? We will discuss those questions by comparing two wide angle lenses for consumer electronic market. The first lens is a 6.56 mm (TTL) panoramic (180° FOV) lens built in 2012. The second is a more recent (2014) panoramic lens (180° FOV) with a TTL of 3.80 mm for mobile phone camera. Both optics are panomorph lenses used with megapixel sensors. Between 2012 and 2014, the development in design and plastic injection molding allowed a reduction of the TTL by more than 40%. This TTL reduction has been achieved by pushing the lens design to the extreme (edge/central air and material thicknesses as well as lens shape). This was also possible due to a better control of the injection molding process and material (low birefringence, haze and thermal stability). These aspects will be presented and discussed. During the next few years, we don’t know if new material will come or new process but we will still need innovative people and industries to push again the limits.
Application of Triangulation-Based Image Registration Method in the Remote Sensing Image Fusion (2009)

Based on image registration principle of the feature point, this article brings forward methods of a combination of Moravec and Forstner operator, extracts feature points in the base image making use of sequential detection algorithm from coarse to fine, and realizes automatic matching of the same name point in the pending registration images through the geometric distance constraint conditions. After the triangulation through the triangulation methods in this article, the images and the results by the second transformation method have similar performance, but in the process of registration it can save a lot of time and energy. Count the three aspects of information including entropy, degrees of spectral distortion and into-degrees of high-frequency information in the fused image. Of which entropy expresses the amount of images information. The value of entropy in the fused image is larger than the original panchromatic image and multi-spectral image, accounting for through the image fusion it indeed improves the information content of the image! In Shenzhen City Digital City project, the results by using of the method showed that the fusion effect is significantly higher than other traditional methods.
Defective facilitated diffusion of nucleosides, a primary mechanism of resistance to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine in the HCT-8 human carcinoma line. (1985)

In vitro resistance of HCT-8 cells to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) has been obtained after a stepwise increase (up to 1 microM) in the concentration of the nucleoside in the culture medium over a period of 6 months. With a clonogenic assay, the toxicities of 17 antineoplastic agents on HCT-8-sensitive and -resistant cells were compared. Resistant cells were 700-fold resistant to FdUrd and showed different degrees of cross-resistance to several purine and pyrimidine nucleoside analogues; no cross-resistance was noted to base analogues and other cytotoxic drugs. The activities of FdUrd phosphorylase, 5'-fluorouridine kinase, 5-fluorouridine phosphorylase, 5-fluorouracil phosphoribosyltransferase, and thymidylate synthase were not significantly different in the sensitive and resistant cell lines. Mixing experiments indirectly excluded the possible elevation of the level of cytoplasmic phosphatases. The activity of FdUrd kinase in sensitive cell extracts was no more than twice that of resistant cells, and the affinities of this enzyme for FdUrd and thymidine at 0.1 to 50 microM were similar in both cell lines. However, cultures of this line failed to accumulate 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate at concentrations of FdUrd that resulted in substantial accumulation of the nucleotide in the sensitive line. These contrasting data suggested a defect in the facilitated diffusion of the analogue. The entrance of free nucleoside and its subsequent phosphorylation were compared in the two lines over short (2 to 40 s) and longer time periods at 25 degrees C and at 4 degrees C over a range of extracellular FdUrd concentrations (0.1 to 10 microM). Rapid entrance of the nucleoside into sensitive cells was observed, but entry was not detectable in resistant cells. Dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine inhibition as well as high-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that data obtained from the sensitive cell line during the first 40 s primarily reflected facilitated diffusion of free nucleoside.
INDUCED POLARIZATION: A STUDY OF ITS CAUSES AND MAGNITUDES IN GEOLOGIC MATERIALS. Final Report (1959)

The causes of induced electrical polarization include not only the polarization of metal-solution interfaces, but also effects asscciated with the coupling of different flows. Electro-osmotic, thermal electric, and ion diffusion effects are among such examples. A study of the physical properties of geologic materials indicates that only electrode interface and diffusion flow phenomenon are important sources of induced polarization effects. At higher frequencies electro-magnetic coupling effects interfere with the induced polarization measurements. Simple theoretical models for the polarizing effect of metallic minerals or membrane zones within a rock give reasonnble results when the influence of surface conductivity is taken into account. The nature of the polarizing mechanisms, and the geometric complications existing in natural samples can make it very difficult to distinguish between the two polarizing mechanisms from electrical measurements only. Rather simple magnitude criteria present the best means of accomplishing such a distinction. The effects of well mineralized sulfide zones are easily recognized, but the background effects possible from membrane polarization are capable of masking certain mineral targets. (auth)
Reflection and Transmission by Single-Domain Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Films: Theory and Verification (1970)

Abstract We have developed a fast and essentially exact numerical technique for computing propagation, reflection and transmission of light by a flat layer of any linear optical medium in which the dielectric tensor varies only in a direction normal to the surfaces. Using this technique with Oseen's spiraling-dielectric-tensor model of a single domain in a cholesteric liquid crystal, we predicted triplet Bragg reflection bands of both first and higher orders for light incident obliquely on thin films, similar to the triplet bands that Taupin predicted by a different technique for semi-infinite samples. We have observed the first and second order Bragg reflection bands for light incident at 45 degrees on single-domain cholesteric films between two glass prisms. The films used were mixtures of 4,4′-Bis(n-hexyloxy)azoxybenzene, which is nematic at about 100°C, and dextro-4,4′-Bis(2-methylbutoxy)azoxybenzene which is asymmetric and causes the cholesteric spiral twist in the mixture. Adjustment of parameters in a general spiraling ellipsoid model to fit the data shows that the dielectric ellipsoids of such films are approximately prolate spheroids with the major axis normal to the spiral axis, as hypothesized by Oseen and Taupin. In mixtures having a pitch of 0.764 microns, for example, the two unlike principal values of the dielectric tensor are approximately 3.060 and 2.430 for blue light around the second order triplet. Additional Bragg reflection bands, which we predicted if no major axis of the dielectric ellipsoid were parallel to the spiral axis, were not observed.
Clustering of Syndecan-4 and Integrin β1 by Laminin α3 Chain–derived Peptide Promotes Keratinocyte Migration (2009)

Syndecans function as receptors for extracellular matrix (ECM) with integrins in cell spreading. However, the molecular mechanism of their specific involvement in cell migration or in wound healing has not been elucidated yet. Here, we report that a synthetic peptide, PEP75, which contains the syndecan-binding sequence of the laminin alpha 3LG4 module, induces keratinocyte migration in in vitro and in vivo. Soluble PEP75 induced the clustering of syndecan-4 and conformation-modified integrin beta1 colocalized with syndecan-4 in soluble PEP75-induced clusters. Treatment of cells in solution with PEP75 resulted in the exposure of the P4G11 antibody epitope of integrin beta1 in immunostaining as well as in flow cytometry and augmented integrin beta1-dependent cell adhesion to ECM. Pulldown assays demonstrated that PEP75 bound to syndecan-4, but not to integrin beta1. A siRNA study revealed a role for syndecan-4 in PEP75-induced up-regulation of P4G11 antibody binding and migration of HaCaT cells. We conclude that binding of soluble PEP75 to syndecan-4 induces the coupling of integrin beta1, which is associated with integrin beta1-conformational changes and activation, and leads to keratinocyte migration. To activate integrin function through syndecans could be a novel therapeutic approach for chronic wound.
Gas filter correlation instrument for the remote sensing of gas leaks (1985)

An airborne remote sensor named GASPILS (gas pipeline leak sensor) has been developed and tested to detect leaks from natural gas pipelines by monitoring the amount of methane in the atmosphere above the leak. The sensor is a passive electro-optical system, with two independent channels, operating in a downward-looking profiling mode. It is designed to detect increases in the low levels of methane concentration by sensing the infrared spectral radiance signatures using a nondispersive gas filter correlation technique. This technique involves the use of a gas cell as a matched spectral filter, and it combines a high degree of sensitivity to the target gas with a high degree of specificity.
Serum anti-Mullerian hormone and FSH: prediction of live birth and extremes of response in stimulated cycles implications for individualization of therapy (2007)

Plasma AMH is a superior predictor of live birth and anticipated oocyte yield compared with FSH and age, facilitating individualization of therapy prior to first ART cycle.
The Nonlinear Coherent Coupler (1982)

This paper discusses the nonlinear coherent coupler (NLCC), a device useful for optical processing, but not bistable. This device utilizes the coherent interaction of two optical waveguides placed in close proximity. Because of the evanescent field overlap, these waveguides periodically exchange power. Nonlinear interactions modify the exchange of power and lead to strongly nonlinear transmission characteristics.