gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Open Correction of Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation and/or Stenosis (1959)

MERENDINO, K. ALVIN M.D.; THOMAS, GEORGE I. M.D.; JESSEPH, JOHN E. M.D.; HERRON, PAUL W. M.D.; WINTERSCHEID, LOREN C. M.D.; VETTO, ROY R. M.D. Author Information
Assessing Generative Models via Precision and Recall (2018)

Recent advances in generative modeling have led to an increased interest in the study of statistical divergences as means of model comparison. Commonly used evaluation methods, such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), correlate well with the perceived quality of samples and are sensitive to mode dropping. However, these metrics are unable to distinguish between different failure cases since they only yield one-dimensional scores. We propose a novel definition of precision and recall for distributions which disentangles the divergence into two separate dimensions. The proposed notion is intuitive, retains desirable properties, and naturally leads to an efficient algorithm that can be used to evaluate generative models. We relate this notion to total variation as well as to recent evaluation metrics such as Inception Score and FID. To demonstrate the practical utility of the proposed approach we perform an empirical study on several variants of Generative Adversarial Networks and Variational Autoencoders. In an extensive set of experiments we show that the proposed metric is able to disentangle the quality of generated samples from the coverage of the target distribution.
Observation and Suppression of Nickel Germanide Overgrowth on Germanium Substrates with Patterned SiO[sub 2] Structures (2007)

We have investigated the reactions of thin Ni films on Ge-on-Si substrates with patterned SiO 2 structures. For rapid thermal anneals (RTAs) hotter than ∼300°C, an undesirable growth mode is observed whereby voids form in the Ge next to the SiO 2 and germanide grows over the SiO 2 . A model is proposed in which Ge is the dominant diffusing species during germanidation in the presence of topographies with Ge/SiO 2 boundaries. This undesirable growth is suppressed by the use of a 2-RTA process, preferably involving an RTA1 at ∼250°C, followed by a selective etch of the unreacted Ni, and an RTA2 at ∼330°C.
Gambogic Acid Induces Apoptosis and Regulates Expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 Protein in Human Gastric Carcinoma MGC-803 Cells (2004)

The selective induction of apoptosis of gambogic acid (GA) on MGC-803 cells and its probable molecular mechanism were studied. GA greatly inhibited (24, 48, 72 h) the growth of MGC-803 cells (by MTT); the IC(50) value was 0.96 microg/ml at 48 h. Meanwhile, no influence was observed on body weight, number of WBC (white blood cells) in blood or karyote in marrow of rats after GA was injected intravenously. We conclude that GA does not affect normal cells, but that it can induce apoptosis in tumor cells selectively and there were marked morphological changes. A great quantity of apoptotic cells and increasing G(2)/M phase cells were observed by flow cytometry, and a significant percentage of early apoptotic cells were observed by Annexin-V/PI double staining assay. The increase of bax gene and the decrease of bc1-2 gene expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Activation of bax and suppression of bc1-2 may contribute to the apoptosis mechanism.
Physical-Chemical Basis of Lipid Deposition in Atherosclerosis (1974)

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A Validated Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Trace Analysis of Cocaine and Its Major Metabolites in Plasma (1999)

A validated method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of cocaine and its major metabolites (ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, and norcocaine) in rat plasma. The method is based upon the use of stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. Previously reported methods do not have the sensitivity and specificity that can be attained with this method. Plasma samples required no cleanup apart from protein precipitation, and no derivatization was required. Selected reaction monitoring was performed on the transitions of m/z 200 to m/z 182 (ecgonine methyl ester), m/z 290 to m/z 168 (benzoylecgonine), m/z 304 to m/z 182 (cocaine), and m/z 290 to m/z 168 (norcocaine). The standard curves were linear over the range from 2 ng/mL (benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and norcocaine) or 5 ng/mL (ecgonine methyl ester) to 1000 ng/mL in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantitation (LLQ) for benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and norcocaine was 2 ng/mL, and for ecgonine methyl ester, the LLQ was 5 ng/mL for plasma. This simple, rapid, reliable, and sensitive method of quantitation had excellent accuracy and precision for the four analytes. The method was sensitive enough to permit a detailed study of the pharmacokinetics of cocaine and its metabolites after administration of a bolus intravenous dose to rats.
A semantic approach for the indexing and retrieval of geo-referenced video (2006)

Abstract. The multi-layered structure of geographic information can be used to provide a rich description for geo-referenced video sequences. Furthermore, the complex structure of video, with its temporal dimension, makes this integration challenging. In this work we define a method for indexing and retrieving georeferenced video sequences based on the geographic content. This method is the basis for building a digital video library, and relies on a semantic framework that has been defined to represent and query the thematic information in a repository of geographic datasets. The meta-information structure used to describe video sequences is also described.
The lady's 'blushing' ring in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1998)

This study explores the significance of Lady Bertilak's gold ring with a shining red stone, important for a full understanding of the temptation scenes and therefore of the entire poem Her offer of a costly ring is understood solely to symbolize temptation to greed, which Gawain successfully resists But to a medieval audience familiar with countless tahsmanic rings in other romances, this ring would also have implicit magical protective qualities Further, the lapidaries describe shining red stones, carbuncles, or rubies, as the most potent protective gems The lady's request and two offers of glove, ring, and girdle teach her the combination of qualities which will successfully corrupt Gawain The three keepsakes form a scale of temptation on which the ring, with its possible protection, is rejected because of its material value Accordingly, the lady asenbes explicit protection and mat en a) worthlessness to the girdle, calculated to be irresistible to Gawain
Glucose‐receptive neurones in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus express K<sub>ATP</sub> channels composed of Kir6.1 and SUR1 subunits (1999)

1. Patch-clamp recordings were made from rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurones in slices of brain tissue in vitro. In cell-attached recordings, removal of extracellular glucose or metabolic inhibition with sodium azide reduced the firing rate of a subpopulation of cells through the activation of a 65 pS channel that was blocked by the sulphonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide. 2. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, in the absence of ATP in the electrode solution, glucose-receptive neurones gradually hyperpolarized due to the induction of an outward current at -60 mV. This outward current and the resultant hyperpolarization were blocked by the sulphonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide. 3. In recordings where the electrode solution contained 4 mM ATP, this outward current was not observed. Under these conditions, 500 microM diazoxide was found to induce an outward current that was blocked by tolbutamide. 4. In cell-attached recordings diazoxide and the active fragment of leptin (leptin 22-56) reduced the firing rate of glucose-receptive neurones by the activation of a channel with similar properties to that induced by removal of extracellular glucose. 5. Reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction using cytoplasm from single glucose-receptive neurones demonstrated the expression of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR1 but not Kir6.2 or SUR2. 6. It is concluded that glucose-receptive neurones within the rat ventromedial hypothalamus exhibit a KATP channel current with pharmacological and molecular properties similar to those reported in other tissues.
Time Optimal Digital Computer Control of Nuclear Reactor, (III) (1967)

Time optimal control has been applied to a digital computer control system governing a research reactor (Toshiba Training Reactor). A program was developed for the control computer, with which actual experiments were performed. The results demonstrated the applicability of the various modern control theories for designing such systems. Discussion is first presented on some considerations required in realizing the results envisaged on the basis of a simplified model of the system. In view of the use of reactivity as variable representing the state of reactor system, a method has been developed that permits simple and accurate on-line calculation of the reactivity from changes in reactor power. The control is determined in the whole phase plane (neutron density vs. reactivity), and is programmed with the use of appropriate simplifications and approximations. Experiments were first performed on a simulated system of the reactor and then on the actual reactor system. The results described cover experiments on steady state performance as well as transient performance with the reactor power varied in ranges extending to 2 decades.
CDC43 and RAM2 encode the polypeptide subunits of a yeast type I protein geranylgeranyltransferase. (1992)

The question regarding the identity of the alpha and beta subunits of the yeast type I protein geranylgeranyltransferase was explored using prokaryotic expression of candidate genes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC43 and RAM2 genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and cell extracts examined for the ability to transfer [3H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate to an appropriate CaaX protein substrate. Individual expression of each gene yielded no activity; however, co-expression of the two genes resulted in high levels of [3H] geranylgeranyl incorporation into the substrate protein Ras-Cys-Val-Val-Leu. The activity was partially purified yielding approximately 12,600 units/liter. The partially purified enzyme geranylgeranylated the Ras-Cys-Val-Val-Leu, Ras-Cys-Ala-Ile-Leu, Ras-Cys-Ile-Ile-Leu, and Ras-Cys-Thr-Ile-Leu substrates but not the Ras-Cys-Val-Leu-Ser or Ras-Ser-Val-Leu-Ser substrates. The protein geranylgeranyltransferase was highly specific for geranylgeranyl diphosphate and poorly transferred farnesyl. The recombinant enzyme was indistinguishable from the native type I geranylgeranyltransferase in yeast extracts. As has been reported for the protein farnesyltransferase, the yeast type I protein geranylgeranyltransferase is also a magnesium-requiring, zinc metalloenzyme. Interestingly, the recombinant enzyme functioned with calcium as the only divalent cation, although addition of zinc increased calcium-dependent activity 2-fold.
Contextual Anatomic Mimesis Hybrid In-Situ Visualization Method for Improving Multi-Sensory Depth Perception in Medical Augmented Reality (2007)

The need to improve medical diagnosis and reduce invasive surgery is dependent upon seeing into a living human system. The use of diverse types of medical imaging and endoscopic instruments has provided significant breakthroughs, but not without limiting the surgeon's natural, intuitive and direct 3D perception into the human body. This paper presents a method for the use of augmented reality (AR) for the convergence of improved perception of 3D medical imaging data (mimesis) in context to the patient's own anatomy (in-situ) incorporating the physician's intuitive multi- sensory interaction and integrating direct manipulation with endoscopic instruments. Transparency of the video images recorded by the color cameras of a video see-through, stereoscopic head- mounted-display (HMD) is adjusted according to the position and line of sight of the observer, the shape of the patient's skin and the location of the instrument. The modified video image of the real scene is then blended with the previously rendered virtual anatomy. The effectiveness has been demonstrated in a series of experiments at the Chirurgische Klinik in Munich, Germany with cadaver and in-vivo studies. The results can be applied for designing medical AR training and educational applications.
Integrins as differential cell lineage markers of primary liver tumors. (1993)

This study analyzed new cell lineage markers for the differential diagnosis between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (ChC), as well as the potential pathways of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions of neoplastic liver cells during tumor spread and invasion, by comparing the expression of (VLA) integrins, vitronectin receptor, and neural cell adhesion molecule in normal, inflamed, and neoplastic human liver biopsies. All cases of liver cell adenoma and well-differentiated HCC expressed the same set of integrins as observed in normal liver tissue, i.e., VLA-alpha 1 and VLA-beta 1. Poorly differentiated HCC also expressed VLA-alpha 1 and VLA-beta 1, but in addition de-novo expressed VLA-alpha 2, VLA-alpha 3, VLA-alpha 6 and vitronectin receptor. All cases of well-differentiated ChC expressed an identical integrin immunoprofile as observed in normal bile duct epithelium, i.e., VLA-alpha 2, VLA-alpha 3, VLA-alpha 6, VLA-beta 4 and vitronectin receptor, whereas poorly differentiated ChC showed a markedly decreased expression of these integrin subunits. VLA-alpha 1 was constantly absent from all cases of ChC, whereas VLA-beta 4 was never expressed by HCC. Neural cell adhesion molecule, exclusively expressed by proliferating reactive bile ductules in cholestatic and regenerating liver, was constantly absent from both malignant neoplasms. In conclusion, the integrin make up of various liver tumors closely follows that of their normal counterparts. Differences in integrin receptor expression vary according to the cellular origin of the tumors and are associated with a poor differentiation. Our findings suggest that immunohistochemical staining for VLA-alpha 1 and VLA-beta 4 integrin subunits, which highlight the cellular phenotype of the two neoplasms, might be a helpful tool in the differential diagnosis between HCC and ChC.
A novel route to poly(α‐hydroxyacrylic acid) derivatives by the hydrolysis of polymers containing 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one moiety (2001)

Abstract The alkali hydrolysis of poly(2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one) and poly(2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one‐ co ‐styrene) was carried out with a sodium hydroxide solution (40%) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to obtain poly(α‐hydroxyacrylic acid) or poly(α‐hydroxyacrylic acid‐ co ‐styrene) with number‐average molecular weights of 39,000–73,000 in 41–86% yields. The styrene unit in the hydrolyzed copolymer hindered the formation of a lactone ring. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1629–1633, 2001
A Wearable Microfluidic Sensing Patch for Dynamic Sweat Secretion Analysis (2018)

Wearable sweat sensing is a rapidly rising research area driven by its promising potential in health, fitness, and diagnostic applications. Despite the growth in the field, major challenges in relation to sweat metrics remain to be addressed. These challenges include sweat rate monitoring for its complex relation with sweat compositions and sweat sampling for sweat dynamics studies. In this work, we present a flexible microfluidic sweat sensing patch that enhances real-time electrochemical sensing and sweat rate analysis via sweat sampling. The device contains a spiral-patterned microfluidic component that is embedded with ion-selective sensors and an electrical impedance-based sweat rate sensor on a flexible plastic substrate. The patch is enabled to autonomously perform sweat analysis by interfacing the sensing component with a printed circuit board that is capable of on-site signal conditioning, analysis, and transmission. Progressive sweat flow in the microfluidic device, governed by the pressure induced by the secreted sweat, enhances sweat sampling and electrochemical detection via a defined sweat collection chamber and a directed sweat route. The characteristic of the sweat rate sensor is validated through a theoretical simulation, and the precision and accuracy of the flow rate is verified with a commercial syringe pump and a Macroduct sweat collector. On-body simultaneous monitoring of ion (H+, Na+, K+, Cl–) concentration and sweat rate is also demonstrated for sensor functionality. This sweat sensing patch provides an integrated platform for a comprehensive sweat secretion analysis and facilitates physiological and clinical investigations by closely monitoring interrelated sweat parameters.
Clinical review: respiratory mechanics in spontaneous and assisted ventilation. (2005)

Pulmonary disease changes the physiology of the lungs, which manifests as changes in respiratory mechanics. Therefore, measurement of respiratory mechanics allows a clinician to monitor closely the course of pulmonary disease. Here we review the principles of respiratory mechanics and their clinical applications. These principles include compliance, elastance, resistance, impedance, flow, and work of breathing. We discuss these principles in normal conditions and in disease states. As the severity of pulmonary disease increases, mechanical ventilation can become necessary. We discuss the use of pressure-volume curves in assisting with poorly compliant lungs while on mechanical ventilation. In addition, we discuss physiologic parameters that assist with ventilator weaning as the disease process abates.
Chronicle of International Events (1911)

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Adaptive Personalization of Web Search: Task sensitive approach to search personalization (2008)

Revision with unchanged content. An often stated problem in the state-of-the-art web search is its lack of user adaptation, as all users are presented with the same search results for a given query string. The effectiveness of a personalization of web search shows high variance in performance depending on the query, the user and the search context. To this end, carefully choosing the right personalization strategy in a context sensitive manner is critical for an improvement of search results. In this book, we first introduce some fundamentals of the general information retrieval process as well as incorporating relevance feedback information. We also present a brief summary of current personalization approaches followed by the presentation of a general framework that dynamically adapts the query-result ranking to the different information needs in order to improve the search experience for the individual user. This book is intended to act as a focal point for researchers and practitioners whose work is related to web information seeking and interaction, and with a precise focus on search personalization.
Rapid ethanol fermentation of cellulose hydrolysate. II. Product and substrate inhibition and optimization of fermentor design (1979)

Abstract High concentrations of both ethanol and sugar in the fermentation broth inhibit the growth of yeast cells and the rate of product formation. Inhibitory effects of ethanol on the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL‐Y‐132 were studied in batch and continuous chemostat cultures. Growth was limited by either glucose or ethanol. Feed medium was supplemented with different ethanol concentrations. Ethanol was found to inhibit growth and the activity of yeast to produce ethanol in a noncompetitive manner. A linear kinetic pattern for growth and product formation was observed according to μ = μ m (1 – P / P m ) and v = v m (1 – P / P m ′), where μ m is the maximum specific growth rate at P = 0 (hr −1 ); P m is the maximum specific product formation rate at P = 0 (hr −1 ); P m is the maximum ethanol concentration above which cells do not grow (g/liter); P m ′ is the maximum ethanol concentration above which cells do not produce ethanol (g/liter). Substrate inhibition studies were carried out using short‐time experimental techniques under aerobic and anaerobic condition. The degree of substrate inhibition was found to be higher than that has been reported for ethanol fermentation of pure sugar. The kinetic relationships thus obtained were used to compute growth, substrate utilization, and alcohol production patterns and have been discussed with reference to batch and continuous fermentation of enzymatically produced bagasse hydrolysate.
Arterial blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis-–their role in enhancing cardiovascular assessment (2009)

The most common method of clinical measurement of arterial blood pressure is by means of the cuff sphygmomanometer. This instrument has provided fundamental quantitative information on arterial pressure in individual subjects and in populations and facilitated estimation of cardiovascular risk related to levels of blood pressure obtained from the brachial cuff. Although the measurement is taken in a peripheral limb, the values are generally assumed to reflect the pressure throughout the arterial tree in large conduit arteries. Since the arterial pressure pulse becomes modified as it travels away from the heart towards the periphery, this is generally true for mean and diastolic pressure, but not for systolic pressure, and so pulse pressure. The relationship between central and peripheral pulse pressure depends on propagation characteristics of arteries. Hence, while the sphygmomanometer gives values of two single points on the pressure wave (systolic and diastolic pressure), there is additional information that can be obtained from the time-varying pulse waveform that enables an improved quantification of the systolic load on the heart and other central organs. This topical review will assess techniques of pressure measurement that relate to the use of the cuff sphygmomanometer and to the non-invasive registration and analysis of the peripheral and central arterial pressure waveform. Improved assessment of cardiovascular function in relation to treatment and management of high blood pressure will result from future developments in the indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure that involve the conventional cuff sphygmomanometer with the addition of information derived from the peripheral arterial pulse.
Iodimetric determination of iodate, bromate, hypochlorite, ascorbic acid and thiourea using flow injection amperometry (1989)

Iodate, bromate and hypochlorite were determined as iodine by flow injection amperometry at a platinum or glassy carbon electrode by injecting them into an eluent 0.20 M in hydrochloric acid and 0.024 M in potassium iodide or an eluent 2 M in sulphuric acid and 0.12 M in potassium iodide. The rectilinearity range is from 10–3 to 10–7M. Organic compounds that can be oxidised or iodinated by iodine were determined on-line by injecting them in acidic solution into an iodate-iodide eluent and observing the decrease in the iodine signal. The determination was also performed by injecting a pre-reacted solution of iodine and the organic compound and monitoring the excess of iodine.