gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Poly(arylene vinylene)s Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole for Ambipolar Transistors (2011)

Three diketopyrrolopyrrole-based donor–acceptor copolymer semiconductors were synthesized by Stille coupling polymerization and their structural, photophysical, electrochemical, and field-effect charge transport properties were characterized. The new copolymers, poly[3,6-(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione)-alt-1,2-bis-(2′-thienyl)vinyl-5′,5″-diyl] (HD-PPTV), poly[3,6-(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione)-alt-1,2-bisphenylvinyl-4′,4″-diyl] (HD-PPPV), and a 50:50 random copolymer (PPTPV), have moderate number-average molecular weights (21800–88800 g/mol). The copolymers have optical absorption bands in the visible to near-IR regions with optical bandgaps that varied from 1.22 eV for HD-PPTV to 2.0 eV for HD-PPPV. Ionization potentials of 5.14–5.48 eV and electron affinities of 3.13–3.34 eV were derived from cyclic voltammetry. Ambipolar charge transport was seen in transistors based on HD-PPTV and PPTPV, whereas only hole transport was observed in HD-PPPV. Field-effect transistors fabricated from HD-PPTV had hole and electron mobilities as high as 0.2 and 0.03 cm2 V–1 s–1. Integration of the ambipolar HD-PPTV transistors into complementary inverters demonstrated sharp switching characteristics with large voltage gains of up to 27.
Laser Microchemical Technology: New Tools for Flip-Chip Debug and Failure Analysis (1997)

Abstract Laser microchemical (LMC) technology has become an important element of the FIA and debug tool set by supplying key steps not well addressed by previous tools. In this paper we report the optimization of the LMC technology to solve key issues for flip chip FIA. Specific processes have been developed for localized thinning of flip chips, in order to enable access of conventional FIA tools. Additional applications include dramatic enhancement of focused ion beam (FIB) rework and 3-D micromachining for prototyping, in-situ trimming, and mastering of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Laser etching of silicon is with a high pressure chlorine assist and is l000X the rate of the fastest focused ion beam methods. In contrast to grinding methods, the process introduces no process stress or contamination and retains an average surface roughness of several hundred angstroms. Micronthickness metal lines are laid down in a one-step vapor phase deposition at 200 μm/s writing speed. Rapid deposition combined with the superior quality of the laser interconnect, translates into writing with a conductance per unit writing time of 1000 to 10,000 times the rate of a focused ion beam.
Inference of Population Structure using Dense Haplotype Data (2012)

The advent of genome-wide dense variation data provides an opportunity to investigate ancestry in unprecedented detail, but presents new statistical challenges. We propose a novel inference framework that aims to efficiently capture information on population structure provided by patterns of haplotype similarity. Each individual in a sample is considered in turn as a recipient, whose chromosomes are reconstructed using chunks of DNA donated by the other individuals. Results of this "chromosome painting" can be summarized as a "coancestry matrix," which directly reveals key information about ancestral relationships among individuals. If markers are viewed as independent, we show that this matrix almost completely captures the information used by both standard Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and model-based approaches such as STRUCTURE in a unified manner. Furthermore, when markers are in linkage disequilibrium, the matrix combines information across successive markers to increase the ability to discern fine-scale population structure using PCA. In parallel, we have developed an efficient model-based approach to identify discrete populations using this matrix, which offers advantages over PCA in terms of interpretability and over existing clustering algorithms in terms of speed, number of separable populations, and sensitivity to subtle population structure. We analyse Human Genome Diversity Panel data for 938 individuals and 641,000 markers, and we identify 226 populations reflecting differences on continental, regional, local, and family scales. We present multiple lines of evidence that, while many methods capture similar information among strongly differentiated groups, more subtle population structure in human populations is consistently present at a much finer level than currently available geographic labels and is only captured by the haplotype-based approach. The software used for this article, ChromoPainter and fineSTRUCTURE, is available from http://www.paintmychromosomes.com/.
Cumulative score charts (1992)

Abstract Shewhart charts are direct plots of the data and they have the potential to detect departures from statistical stability of unanticipated kinds. However, when one can identify in advance a kind of departure specifically feared, then a more sensitive detection statistic can be developed for that specific possibility. In this paper Cuscore statistics are developed for this purpose which can be used as an adjunct to the Shewhart chart. These statistics use an idea due to Box and Jenkins which is in turn an application of Fisher's score statistic. This article shows how the resulting procedures relate to Wald‐Barnard sequential tests and to Cusum statistics which are special cases of Cuscore statistics. The ideas are illustrated by a number of examples. These concern the detection in a noisy environment of (a) an intermittent sine wave, (b) a change in slope of a line, (c) a change in an exponential smoothing constant and (d) a change from a stationary to a non‐stationary state in a process record.
Broadband sound reflection by plates covering side-branch cavities in a duct (2006)

When a segment of a rigid duct is replaced by a plate backed by a hard-walled cavity, grazing incident sound waves induce plate bending, hence sound reflection. The mechanism is similar to the drumlike silencer with tensioned membranes [L. Huang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 2014–2025 (2002)]. However, the logarithmic bandwidth over which the reflection occurs is much wider than that of a drumlike silencer of the same cavity geometry, the typical difference being nearly one octave band. The difference in the silencing performance is explained in terms of the intermodal acoustic interference between the odd and even in vacuo vibration modes. For a given cavity volume, the widest stopband for noise in air is obtained by using long plates with two free lateral edges parallel with the duct axis. The optimal material should be stiff and light, and the critical parameter is found to be the ratio of the Young’s modulus over the cube of density. Typically, this ratio is 250 times higher than those of common metallic materials like aluminum alloys, but it is within the reach of existing ultralight foam materials or composite beams with a light core.
NFS dynamics over flow-controlled wide area networks (2002)

The network file system protocol (NFS) has been the leading distributed file system for workstations since it was first introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1986. The geographical scale of NFS has been limited to the local area due to its relatively low performance on the wide area Internet. However, with the advent of high bandwidth wide area networks such as ATM, NFS over WANs may become more promising. In this paper, the performance of NFS over various sizes of WAN is studied The effects of ATM flow-control and queueing strategies on NFS are discussed, as are the performance of TCP and UDP as NFS transport protocols. The primary conclusion is that standard NFS over UDP works well over ATM WANs as long as ATM-level flow control keeps the cell loss rate under one percent. In some cases, NFS over TCP works badly with small packets due to unfortunate interactions with TCP's congestion window.
The impact of airborne pollution on skin (2019)

Indoor and outdoor airborne pollutants modify our environment and represent a growing threat to human health worldwide. Airborne pollution effects on respiratory and cardiac health and diseases have been well established, but its impact on skin remains poorly described. Nonetheless, the skin is one of the main targets of pollutants, which reach the superficial and deeper skin layers by transcutaneous and systemic routes. In this review, we report the outcomes of basic and clinical research studies monitoring pollutant levels in human tissues including the skin and hair. We present a current understanding of the biochemical and biophysical effects of pollutants on skin metabolism, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, with a focus on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and ground-level ozone that are widespread outdoor pollutants whose effects are mostly studied. We reviewed the literature to report the clinical effects of pollutants on skin health and skin ageing and their impact on some chronic inflammatory skin diseases. We also discuss the potential interactions of airborne pollutants with either ultraviolet radiation or human skin microbiota and their specific impact on skin health.
Services d’analyse et machine learning (2017)

Services d’analyse et machine learning a portee de tous sur AWS. Quand les dashboards ne suffisent plus, la plate-forme AWS permet de deployer des solution simples et innovantes pour utiliser les mega-donnees au quotidien pour tout un chacun.
Selective Anion Binding from Water Using Soluble Polymers (2003)

Abstract We investigated water-soluble dendrimers and polymers as ligands for selective anion binding. PAMAM Starburst dendrimers and polyethylenimine have been chemically modified to incorporate new ligands or hydrogen bonding groups at the primary amines. These molecules, along with the unmodified parent compounds, bind arsenate, chromate, and phosphate, even in the presence of competing anions such as chloride. Such systems could potentially be employed for remediation of contaminated water and soils using well-established ultrafiltration technology. Selectivity is achieved through bringing together moieties with a combination of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding capabilities. Total binding capacity for several metallooxyanions has been determined, as well as relative ion selectivity. Keywords: Anion separationDendrimerPEIUltrafiltration Acknowledgments Brandy Duran and Deborah Ehler are thanked for their assistance with ICP analysis. Andrew Trout is acknowledged for assistance in manuscript preparation. This work was funded by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. LAUR 98-5251, 01-4876. LANL is operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-3.
An intuitive contrast enhancement of an image data employing the self-organizing relationship (SOR) (2003)

The user intuition of an image is very important factor to evaluate the image. In this paper, the new image enhancement method, which provides the enhanced image satisfying the intuitive evaluation of the user, is proposed. The self-organizing relationship (SOR) network proposed by the authors is employed in order to obtain the relationship, which reflects the user intuition, between intensity histogram of an original image and intensity mapping curve. The SOR network can construct the relationship, which corresponds to the arbitrary evaluation, between input vector and output vector by the learning. Employing the user intuition as the evaluation, the relationship corresponding to the user intuition is obtained. The intensity histogram of original images and the intensity mapping curve are employed as the input vector and the output vector of the SOR network, the relationship between them is constructed by SOR network. The intensity histogram of an image is applied to the SOR network after the learning, the intensity mapping curve which reflects the user intuition is generated.
Visible-light activatable organic CO-releasing molecules (PhotoCORMs) that simultaneously generate fluorophores (2013)

Novel organic photoCORMs based on micelle-encapsulated unsaturated cyclic α-diketones were designed and synthesized. These photoCORMs can be activated by visible light, have potentially low toxicity, allow the delivery of carbon monoxide to be monitored by fluorescence imaging techniques, and thus are useful tools for the study of the biological function of CO.
Photofrin and 5-aminolevulinic acid permeation through oral mucosa in vitro (1994)

Photofrin and 5-aminolevulinic acid are photosensitizers that show promise in the photodynamic treatment of cancer, port-wine stains, atherosclerosis and viral lesions. Photofrin is a mixture of porphyrins which, upon the absorption of light, become temporarily cytotoxic. One side-effect associated with the use of Photofrin is long-term cutaneous photosensitivity. It is possible that topical application of this photosensitizing dye will ameliorate such a side-effect. Another way to avoid the cutaneous photosensitivity in photodynamic therapy is to use 5- aminolevulinic acid, which is a porphyrin precursor that causes an increase in the synthesis and concentration of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX. 5-aminolevulinic acid is usually applied topically, and so minimizes cutaneous photosensitivity while maximizing the local protoporphyrin concentration. There are a host of disorders in oral mucosa that are potentially treatable by photodynamic therapy. However, since stratum corneum presents an impermeable barrier to many pharmaceuticals, it is not clear that topical application of the photosensitizer will result in a clinically relevant tissue concentration. We have therefore studied the permeation behavior of Photofrin and 5-aminolevulinic acid by applying them to the surface of ex vivo oral mucosa tissue positioned by a Franz diffusion cell. In order to increase the permeability of the photosensitizer across the stratum corneum, we studied the effects of four different drug carriers: phosphate buffered saline, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and Azone with isopropyl alcohol.
Effect of Epinephrine on Nitrogen and Fat Deposition of Pigs (1963)

Six experiments using growth, carbon-nitrogen balance and carcass analysis techniques were conducted to determine the effects of subcutaneous injections of epinephrine in oil on protein and fat deposition of pigs under equalized restricted feeding. Pigs often refused to eat for several hours after the injections of high levels of epinephrine but older pigs were more tolerant to the same dosage per kg. of body weight than younger pigs. Daily injections of 0.15 mg. per kg. of body weight of epinephrine in 65 kg. pigs resulted in significant increases in growth rate and nitrogen retention. There was also a significant decrease in urine volume, a slight, but not significant, decrease in carbon dioxide production and no appreciable change in fat deposition. Daily injections of 0.20 to 0.0625 mg. per kg. of epinephrine in 2 to 8-week old pigs increased the percentage of carcass protein but decreased growth rate and fat deposition.
An analog VLSI massively parallel module for low-level cortical processing in machine vision (2002)

A new approach to analog VLSI implementations of algorithms for visual cortical processing is presented. Specifically, we introduce a massively parallel architecture, organized as a planar resistive network with voltage controlled current generators locally connected to model interaction schemata responsible for specific sensitivities in cortical neurons. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by designing and simulating 24/spl times/24 node analog modules implementing Gabor-like oriented receptive fields, that can be used in machine vision real time systems to evidence texture differences.
Two- and Three-Dimensional van Krevelen Diagrams:  A Graphical Analysis Complementary to the Kendrick Mass Plot for Sorting Elemental Compositions of Complex Organic Mixtures Based on Ultrahigh-Resolution Broadband Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Measurements (2004)

Ultrahigh-resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry has resolved and identified the elemental compositions of over 10000 organic constituents of coal and petroleum crude oil. A plot of Kendrick mass defect versus Kendrick nominal mass sorts compounds into homologous series according to compound class (i.e., numbers of N, O, and S heteroatoms), type (number of rings plus double bonds), and degree of alkylation (number of CH(2) groups), to yield unique elemental assignments from ultrahigh-resolution mass measurements in the 200-900 Da range. Interpretation of such a vast compilation requires a simple (preferably graphical) means to differentiate between complex organic mixtures of different origin or processing. In an extension of the recently revived van Krevelen plot, each elemental composition is projected onto two or three axes according to its H/C, O/C, and/or N/C atomic ratios. The H/C ratio separates compounds according to degree of saturation, whereas O/C or N/C ratios separate according to O and N classes. We show that the three-dimensional van Krevelen diagram can completely separate different classes in pyridine-extracted coal or petroleum samples and can also graphically distinguish fossil fuels according to their nature (coal vs petroleum), maturation (coals of different rank), and processing (the same coal at two stages of liquefaction). The van Krevelen diagram thus appears well suited to amplifying and exposing compositional differences within and between complex organic mixtures.
Bayesian Time Series Analysis (2008)

This article describes the use of Bayesian methods in the statistical analysis of time series. The use of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods has made even the more complex time series models amenable to Bayesian analysis. Models discussed in some detail are ARIMA models and their fractionally integrated counterparts, state space models, Markov switching and mixture models, and models allowing for time-varying volatility. A final section reviews some recent approaches to nonparametric Bayesian modelling of time series.
A New Approximation Algorithm for Computing 2-Restricted Disjoint Paths (2007)

In this paper we study the problem of how to identify multiple disjoint paths that have the minimum total cost OPT and satisfy a delay bound D in a graph G. This problem has lots of applications in networking such as fault-tolerant quality of service (QoS) routing and network-flow load balancing. Recently, several approximation algorithms have been developed for this problem. Here, we propose a new approximation algorithm for it by using the Lagrangian Relaxation method. We then present a simple approximation algorithm for finding multiple link-disjoint paths that satisfy the delay constraints at a reasonable total cost. If the optimal solution under delay-bound D has a cost OPT, then our algorithm can find a solution whose delay is bounded by (1+1/k)D and the cost is no more than (1+k)OPT. The time complexity of our algorithm is much better than the previous algorithms. Copyright © 2007 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
The Cells of the Islets of Langerhans (2018)

Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas. A number of new studies have pointed to the potential for conversion of non-β islet cells in to insulin-producing β-cells to replenish β-cell mass as a means to treat diabetes. Understanding normal islet cell mass and function is important to help advance such treatment modalities: what should be the target islet/β-cell mass, does islet architecture matter to energy homeostasis, and what may happen if we lose a particular population of islet cells in favour of β-cells? These are all questions to which we will need answers for islet replacement therapy by transdifferentiation of non-β islet cells to be a reality in humans. We know a fair amount about the biology of β-cells but not quite as much about the other islet cell types. Until recently, we have not had a good grasp of islet mass and distribution in the human pancreas. In this review, we will look at current data on islet cells, focussing more on non-β cells, and on human pancreatic islet mass and distribution.
Alginate Biosynthesis by Pseudomonas mendocina (1983)

Exopolysaccharide-synthesizing variants of Pseudomonas mendocina NCIB 10541 were isolated on media containing carbenicillin. The exopolysaccharide was identified as alginic acid with a mannuronic acid:guluronic acid ratio of 1:2. These strains lost the ability to produce alginate at a high frequency, but more stable mutants which produced increased amounts of polysaccharide could be isolated by subsequent mutagenesis. High concentrations of polysaccharide (approximately 20 g 1−1) were obtained in nitrogen-limited continuous culture with a minimal glucose medium. In common with other bacterial alginates, the polymer is acetylated and has similar rheological properties to alginate from brown algae. An alginate lyase activity was present in cultures at sufficient specific activities to result in a low molecular weight, low viscosity polymer with rheology similar to printing grade alginate. This degradation was overcome by incorporation of a proteolytic enzyme into the growth medium without adverse effects on bacterial or polysaccharide yields. As an organism for the study of alginate biosynthesis. P. mendocina possesses advantages over Azotobacter vinelandii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in terms of yield, strain stability, and absence of known pathogenicity.
Real time sensor acquisition platform for experimental UAV research (2009)

In this paper, the design and development of an experimental data acquisition platform is presented. This platform is aimed at testing the performance of a set of sensors and their integration in order to assess its potential use in advanced UAV applications. The main function of such a platform is to collect the inflight raw data with the appropriate Quality of Service necessary to feed filtering algorithms which accurately define the state vector of the UAV required by advanced Flight Control Systems. Aiming at such purpose, a set of high performance low-cost sensors have been integrated in the platform, providing information on UAV's acceleration, angular rates, geometric and pressure altitudes, airspeed, angle of attack and sideslip, GPS position, altitude groundspeed and raw data, earth's magnetic field vector, and outside air temperature. Special focus has been put to provide an accurate and synchronized timestamp to all measurements. Furthermore, data can be monitored in real-time by a custom Labview application, or stored in a flash memory for later offline post-processing. The data acquisition platform developed is flexible and scalable, providing capability to implement complex data filtering algorithms and even basic flight control systems.