gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lattice: An ADC/DAC-less ReRAM-based Processing-In-Memory Architecture for Accelerating Deep Convolution Neural Networks (2020)

Nonvolatile Processing-In-Memory (NVPIM) has demonstrated its great potential in accelerating Deep Convolution Neural Networks (DCNN). However, most of existing NVPIM designs require costly analog-digital conversions and often rely on excessive data copies or writes to achieve performance speedup. In this paper, we propose a new NVPIM architecture, namely, Lattice, which calculates the partial sum of the dot products between the feature map and weights of network layers in a CMOS peripheral circuit to eliminate the analog-digital conversions. Lattice also naturally offers an efficient data mapping scheme to align the data of the feature maps and the weights and hence, avoiding the excessive data copies or writes in the previous NVPIM designs. Finally, we develop a zero-flag encoding scheme to save the energy of processing zero-values in sparse DCNNs. Our experimental results show that Lattice improves the system energy efficiency by 4× ~ 13.22× compared to three state-of-the-art NVPIM designs: ISAAC, PipeLayer, and FloatPIM.
Mechanistic Insights for Block Copolymer Morphologies: How Do Worms Form Vesicles? (2011)

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers composed of two covalently linked, chemically distinct chains can be considered to be biological mimics of cell membrane-forming lipid molecules, but with typically more than an order of magnitude increase in molecular weight. These macromolecular amphiphiles are known to form a wide range of nanostructures (spheres, worms, vesicles, etc.) in solvents that are selective for one of the blocks. However, such self-assembly is usually limited to dilute copolymer solutions (<1%), which is a significant disadvantage for potential commercial applications such as drug delivery and coatings. In principle, this problem can be circumvented by polymerization-induced block copolymer self-assembly. Here we detail the synthesis and subsequent in situ self-assembly of amphiphilic AB diblock copolymers in a one pot concentrated aqueous dispersion polymerization formulation. We show that spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, and vesicles can be predictably and efficiently obtained (within 2 h of polymerization, >99% monomer conversion) at relatively high solids in purely aqueous solution. Furthermore, careful monitoring of the in situ polymerization by transmission electron microscopy reveals various novel intermediate structures (including branched worms, partially coalesced worms, nascent bilayers, "octopi", "jellyfish", and finally pure vesicles) that provide important mechanistic insights regarding the evolution of the particle morphology during the sphere-to-worm and worm-to-vesicle transitions. This environmentally benign approach (which involves no toxic solvents, is conducted at relatively high solids, and requires no additional processing) is readily amenable to industrial scale-up, since it is based on commercially available starting materials.
Type 4 OFF cone bipolar cells of the mouse retina express calsenilin and contact cones as well as rods (2007)

Immunocytochemical discrimination of distinct bipolar cell types in the mouse retina is a prerequisite for analyzing retinal circuitry in wild-type and transgenic mice. Here we demonstrate that among the more than 10 anatomically defined mouse bipolar cell types, type 4 bipolar cells are specifically recognized by anti-calsenilin antibodies. Axon terminals in the inner plexiform layer are not readily identifiable because calsenilin is also expressed in a subset of amacrine and ganglion cells. In contrast, in the outer plexiform layer calsenilin immunoreactivity allows the analysis of photoreceptor to type 4 bipolar cell contacts. A dense plexus of calsenilin-positive dendrites makes several basal contacts at cone pedicles. An individual calsenilin-positive bipolar cell contacts five to seven cones. In addition, some calsenilin-positive dendrites contact rod photoreceptors. On average we counted 10 rod spherule contacts per type 4 bipolar cell, and approximately 10% of rods contacted type 4 bipolar cells. We suggest that type 4 bipolar cells, together with the recently described type 3a and b cells, provide an alternative and direct route from rods to OFF cone bipolar cells. In the Bassoon DeltaEx4/5 mouse, a mouse mutant that shows extensive remodeling of the rod system including sprouting of horizontal and rod bipolar cells into the outer nuclear layer due to impaired synaptic transmission, we found that in addition mixed-input (type 3 and 4) OFF bipolar cells sprout to ectopic sites. In contrast, true cone-selective type 1 and 2 OFF cone bipolar cells did not show sprouting in the Bassoon mouse mutant.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study of N-(3-Oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo [1,4]thiazine-6-carbonyl)guanidines as Potent Na/H Exchange Inhibitors. (2000)

We have previously reported that N-(4-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine-6-car bonyl)guanidine (4b) methanesulfonate salt (KB-R9032) is a potent and highly water-soluble Na/H exchange inhibitor. In a series of studies on Na/H exchange inhibitors, we designed and synthesized N-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazine-6-carbonyl)guanidines (5) as more potent inhibitors with high water-solubility. The design strategy for 5 was based on a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study, involving the proportional relationship between the biological activity and hydrophobicity of the ring structure of compounds 4. As expected, compounds 5 showed more potent activity than 4. It was found by using the QSAR analysis that 5 were about five-fold more potent than 4. The increase in potency of compounds 5 well agreed with our previous QSAR analysis result. The most potent derivative was the methanesulfonate salt 5d of the 4-isopropyl derivative (IC50=0.0091 microM). And in addition to the in vitro study, 5d showed significant protective activity against a rat acute myocardial infraction model.
Release of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 from human monocytes by antithymocyte globulin: requirement for de novo synthesis (1992)

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is an effective treatment in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Its mechanism of action remains unclear, although it has been assumed to be immunosuppressive. However, ATG has also been shown by several laboratories to be immunostimulatory. Recently, interleukin-1 (IL-1) production has been found to be decreased in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood monocytes obtained from SAA patients. We have investigated the ability of ATG to function as an immunostimulatory agent via the production of IL-1 and IL-6 by normal human monocytes in vitro. Supernatants from ATG- stimulated monocytes were assayed for biologically active and immunoreactive IL-1 and IL-6. We have found that ATG, via its F(ab')2 fragment is a powerful inducer of IL-1 and IL-6 production. Furthermore, ATG induction of both cytokines from normal monocytes required de novo synthesis, as determined by 35S-methionine incorporation. Because these two cytokines synergize with other cytokines at both the stem cell and progenitor levels, these stimulatory properties of ATG may be relevant to the treatment of SAA. This would favor the hypothesis of a bimodal mechanism for ATG as an inducer of hematopoietic growth factors and as an immunosuppressive agent.
Conformationally Flexible Dimeric Salphen Complexes for Bifunctional Catalysis (2010)

Appropriate modification of the salphen ligand allows an easy modular design of flexibly linked dimeric salphen species and their complexes, which can act as bifunctional catalysts. A series of chromium salphen systems including monomeric compound and dimers with different spacer lengths were tested for their catalytic performance in β-butyrolactone polymerization and CO(2)/propylene oxide copolymerization toward biodegradable materials. The results clearly show an enhancement in activity upon dimerization, thus underlining the role of bifunctional catalysis in the studied processes and extending the possible strategies for improvement of catalysts in these reactions.
Study on the energy consumption and CO2 emission caused by inter-regional freight transportation in Japan. (1994)

Economic activity of a region is supported by the trade of goods and services with other regions . Such trade is generally accompanied by the transportation of cargo, and the enhanced economic relation between regions will cause the expansion of energy consumption required for inter-regional freight transportation . Thus, with economic development, the number of passengers and the amount of freight transported in Japan has exhibited a constant increase .
Human growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases the proportion of type-1 fibres in skeletal muscle (1989)

The studies describe alterations after hypophysectomy in the proportion of the type-1 and type-2 fibres in rat skeletal muscles, and the effects of replacement treatment with pituitary human (h) GH. Cytochemical analysis of myosin ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in sections of rat hind limb muscles were used as markers of fibre type and revealed that hypophysectomy reduced the proportion of type-1 fibres by 50% in soleus and in extensor digitorum longus muscles. This reduction in the proportion of type-1 fibres was accompanied by the appearance of transitional fibres (type 2C/1B). Following seven daily injections of hGH (60 mIU/day) to hypophysectomized rats, the proportion of type-1 fibres in both soleus and in extensor digitorum longus was increased with a concomitant reduction in the number of transitional fibres. After 11 days of treatment, all these transitional fibres had reverted back to type-1 fibres. Only hGH was observed to elicit this effect; injections of other pituitary hormones had no effect on the proportions of these transitional fibres. These alterations in fibre type occurred more rapidly than the changes reported after prolonged electrical stimulation of muscle or following extended exercise. These findings suggest that hypophysectomy and GH injection can result in a rapid alteration in the fibre composition of skeletal muscle, which may have important implications in terms of the resistance to fatigue and speed of contraction of the muscle.
BiTipText: Bimanual Eyes-Free Text Entry on a Fingertip Keyboard (2020)

We present a bimanual text input method on a miniature fingertip keyboard, that invisibly resides on the first segment of a user's index finger on both hands. Text entry can be carried out using the thumb-tip to tap the tip of the index finger. The design of our keyboard layout followed an iterative process, where we first conducted a study to understand the natural expectation of the handedness of the keys in a QWERTY layout for users. Among a choice of 67,108,864 design variations, we identified 1295 candidates offering a good satisfaction for user expectations. Based on these results, we computed an optimized bimanual keyboard layout, while considering the joint optimization problems of word ambiguity and movement time. Our user evaluation revealed that participants achieved an average text entry speed of 23.4 WPM.
Nucleosides. <b>117</b>. Synthesis of 4‐oxo‐8‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐3<i>H</i>‐pyrazolo[1,5‐<i>a</i>]‐1,3,5‐triazine (OPTR) <i>via</i> 3‐amino‐2<i>N</i>‐carbamoyl‐4‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole (ACPR) derivatives (1980)

Abstract Reaction of 2‐formyl‐2‐(2,3‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐5‐ O ‐trityl‐D‐ribofuranosyl)acetonitrile (VII) with semicarbazide hydrochloride followed by sodium ethoxide treatment afforded an α,β‐mixture of 3‐amino‐2 N ‐carbamoyl‐4‐(2,3‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐5‐ O ‐trityl‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole (IX). Conversion of IX to 4‐oxo‐8‐(2,3‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐5‐ O ‐trityl‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐3 H ‐pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]‐1,3,5‐triazine (XIII) was achieved by treatment of IX with ethylorthoformate. The β‐isomer IXb gave only the β‐isomer XIIIb, and the α‐isomer IXa was converted exclusively into the α‐isomer XIIIa. Upon deprotection with 3% n ‐butanolic hydrogen chloride, both IXa and IXb gave the same mixture of the α‐ and β‐isomers of 3‐amino‐2 N ‐carbamoyl‐4‐(D‐ribosyl)pyrazole, which were separated by chromatography. The syntheses of the hitherto unknown compounds, 3‐amino‐2 N ‐carbamoylpyrazole (IVa) and its 4‐methyl analog (IVb) are also reported. Experimental details of the synthesis of 3‐amino‐4‐(2,3‐ O ‐isopropylidene‐5‐ O ‐trityl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole (XIIb), an important intermediate for “purine‐like” C ‐nucleosides, are also described.
Interaction of light with a transversely moving nonlinear medium: Beyond Doppler laser velocimetry (1998)

Interaction of a laser beam with a transversely moving nonlinear medium has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. With the mesophase of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) as the nonlinear medium, transverse motion of the NLC at speeds of ∼1 μm/s relative to the laser beam, causes remarkable changes in its orientational state. The response of the medium to the transverse motion is enhanced considerably in the case of threshold nonlinearity where the reorientation of the LC takes place as a second order phase transition. The diffusive transport of light induced perturbations of the nonlinear medium, give rise to a far field projection pattern that consist of a system of concentric arcs. The observed phenomena can lead to potential applications for measurement or visual sensing of motion. Alternatively it can provide a means for the characterization of nonlinear materials.
Extra and intracellular expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes (1998)

To understand how Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives and grows in an infected host, we are studying the mycobacterial transcriptional machinery and its response to stresses encountered in vitro and in vivo. Much has been learned about sigma factors and other transcriptional regulators concerning their roles in controlling mycobacterial gene expression. It has recently been shown that sigma A is the essential housekeeping sigma factor and the alternative sigma factor sigma B, not essential for growth in a laboratory setting, is required for a robust protective response to various environmental stresses. We are also studying the mechanism by which the R522H mutation in sigma A prevents the transcription of certain genes, including some that are believed necessary for virulence. Also under investigation is the mycobacterial iron acquisition apparatus and its regulation, as metabolism of this essential element plays a key role in microbial pathogenesis. We have identified and characterized the major mycobacterial iron regulator IdeR that blocks the synthesis of the iron uptake machinery and have identified target genes in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis that are directly repressed by IdeR. Recent studies have examined the control of M. tuberculosis gene expression in vivo. Among these new approaches are an in vivo expression technology system to identify M. tuberculosis genes that are induced in macrophages and mice and a novel RT-PCR method that allows an accurate comparison between the levels of specific mRNAs in M. tuberculosis grown in vitro with those found in bacteria growing in human macrophages.
Green footprint of Cognitive Management Technologies for Future Networks (2011)

The current circumstances on a worldwide level urgently impose to exploit technology in order to reduce environmental pollution, CO 2 emissions and waste. Moreover, current technologies and the provisioned evolution steps take into consideration these facts and contribute to achieve greener footprint. This paper presents the status of the Cognitive Management Technologies and the evolutionary directions of the research that is executed in this field. Opportunistic Networks and general Future Networks related issues are also discussed, placing special focus on the Green aspects that arise in these technologies.
Identification of Corrosion Modes in Steam Pipes from the Secondary System at Indian Point 2 (1998)

Abstract Failure analysis of specimens removed from secondary side piping at Indian Point 2 was performed. The study included visual examination, wall thickness measurements, metallographic (optical and SEM) studies, and measurements of mechanical properties. Chemical analysis was carried out on the bulk metal, the surface region, and the overlying deposits. Oxide speciation was performed using XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results of the evaluation showed that erosion-corrosion was the principal pipe degradation mechanism. The factors contributing to significant erosion-corrosion were found to include a lower Cr content of the steel than needed to suppress erosion-corrosion, relatively low pH (8.8 - 9.2 during most of the period of plant operation), and high flow rates. The combination of these factors also gave rise to relatively high transport of iron oxides (predominantly magnetite) in the secondary system, which further increased the extent of erosion-corrosion. One important finding was the observation that magnetite particles in the wet steam were apparently responsible for the significant extent of erosion-corrosion of the pipes.
Cytotoxicity, DNA Damage, and Cell Cycle Perturbations Induced by Two Representative Gold(III) Complexes in Human Leukemic Cells With Different Cisplatin Sensitivity (2001)

The gold(III) complexes [Au(phen)Cl2]Cl and [Au(dien)Cl]Cl2 were recently shown to exert important cytotoxic effects in vitro on human tumor cell lines. To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms leading to cell death, the effects produced by these gold(III) complexes on the leukemic CCRF-CEM cell line--either sensitive (CCRF-CEM) or resistant to cisplatin (CCRF-CEM/CDDP)--were analyzed in detail by various techniques. For comparison purposes the effects produced by equitoxic concentrations of cisplatin were also analyzed. First, the dependence of the IC50 values of either complex on the incubation time was investigated. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that both gold(III) compounds retain their efficacy against the cisplatin-resistant line: only minimal cross-resistance with cisplatin was detected. Notably, [Au(phen)Cl2]Cl is more cytotoxic than [Au(dien)Cl]Cl2, with IC50 values of 7.4 and 6.0 M at 24 and 72 h, respectively, on the resistant line. Results of the COMET assay point out that both gold(III) complexes directly damage nuclear DNA. Remarkably, DNA damage inferred by either gold(III) complex in the two cell lines is larger than that produced by equitoxic cisplatin concentrations. Finally, the effects that either gold(III) complex produces on the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. It was found that both complexes cause only moderate and transient cell cycle perturbations. Larger cell cycle perturbations are induced by equitoxic concentrations of cisplatin. The implications of the present results for the mechanism of action of cytotoxic gold(III) complexes are discussed.
Perspectives on RNA Interference in Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy (2016)

RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA), vector-derived short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), brings about revolutionary features to basic biomedical research and clinical application. New drugs based on RNAi have been developed for therapeutic applications. The family of RNAi molecules are efficient agents to modulate mammalian immune system, and many studies reported that these molecules could manipulate immune defence, surveillance and homeostasis. Both perfect match of siRNA/shRNA and non-perfect match of miRNA could be beneficial for designing RNAi-based drugs for treatment of tumour and viral infection. This chapter provides a view to control or utilize the immune regulation of various small RNAs that should help researchers to understand the successful clinical application of RNAi.
DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS MODULATE ONSET IN POLYGLUTAMINE DISEASES (2016)

Over 30 diseases are caused by expansion of microsatellite sequences; nine by expanded CAG tracts encoding polyglutamines. These include Huntington9s disease (HD), several spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Longer CAG repeats are associated with earlier age-at-onset (AAO), but studies suggest additional modifying factors. DNA repair pathways were recently associated with HD motor AAO in a GWAS. We aimed to investigate whether the modifying effects of DNA repair gene variants can be extended to other polyglutamine diseases. We collected an independent cohort of 1462 subjects with HD and polyglutamine SCAs, and genotyped SNPs selected from the most significant hits in the HD study. In an overall analysis of DNA repair pathways, we found the most significant association with age at onset when grouping all polyglutamine diseases (HD+SCAs, p=1.43×10−5). Significant associations were also found for HD (p=0.00194), all SCAs (p=0.00107), SCA2 (p=0.0035), SCA6 (p=0.00162). Two SNPs showed individual significant associations. All associations follow the same direction as the HD GWAS. We show DNA repair genes modify AAO not only in HD, but also in polyglutamine SCAs. This suggests a common pathogenic mechanism for these diseases. Manipulation of DNA repair pathways may offer therapeutic opportunities in multiple diseases.
A CMOS four-channel*1K time memory LSI with 1-ns/b resolution (1992)

A four-channel 1024-b time-to-digital converter chip, which records input signals to memory cells at 1-ns intervals, has been developed. To achieve 1-ns precision, the chip incorporates a feedback stabilized delay element. The chip was fabricated on a 5.0-mm*5.6-mm die using 0.8- mu m CMOS technology. It dissipates only 7 mW/channel under typical operating conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modeling electron transport coherence in one and two-well terahertz step well quantum cascade structures with diagonal optical transitions (2011)

A density matrix and tight binding model along with a Monte Carlo approach are used to model electron transport in one and two-well terahertz (THz) step well quantum cascade (QC) structures. Two new structures were analyzed, a multi-step one-well structure and a principally two-well structure. Both of these structures use a diagonal optical transition for improved upper to lower lasing state lifetime ratio and feature a step well injector to provide near unity injection efficiency due to the spatial separation of the wavefunctions. Fast intrawell electron-longitudinal optical (LO)-phonon scattering is used to depopulate the lower lasing state which does not require the use of resonant tunneling. Density matrix Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze these structures in order to investigate these properties. In these simulations scattering mechanisms including LO-phonon, electron-electron, impurity, and interface roughness scattering are treated semiclassically, while also contributing to dephasing scattering. A phenomenological dephasing time is also included to investigate the influence of dephasing on the electron transport within these structures. Subband populations, electron temperatures, optical gain, and current density are extracted from the simulations. The analysis indicates that it is necessary to include incoherent transport dephasing in order to provide realistic estimates of the transport process because the transport is primarily dominated by transitions between weakly coupled states. In addition, this analysis shows these simplified step well structures are capable of yielding high optical gain ~ 80 cm<sup>-1</sup> while at the same time expected to have relatively low threshold current densities |<i>e</i>|<i>j</i> ~ 380 A/cm<sup>2</sup>.