gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling, characterization and design of monolithic inductors for silicon RFICs (2002)

The results of a comprehensive investigation into the characteristics and optimization of inductors fabricated in the top-level metal of a sub-micron silicon VLSI process are presented. A computer program which extracts a physically-based model of microstrip components which is suitable for circuit (SPICE) simulation has been used to evaluate variations in metallization, layout geometry and substrate parameters upon inductor performance. 3-D numerical simulations and experimental measurements of inductors were also used to benchmark the model accuracy. It is shown in this work that low inductor Q is primarily due to the restrictions imposed by the thin interconnect metallization available in most VLSI technologies, and that computer optimization of the inductor layout can be used to achieve a 50% improvement in component Q-factor over unoptimized designs.
Renal Considerations in Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy (2001)

A ngiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are now one of the most frequently used classes of antihypertensive drugs. Beyond their utility in the management of hypertension, their use has been extended to the long-term management of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), as well as diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies. Although ACE inhibitor therapy usually improves renal blood flow (RBF) and sodium excretion rates in CHF and reduces the rate of progressive renal injury in chronic renal disease, its use can also be associated with a syndrome of "functional renal insufficiency" and/or hyperkalemia. This form of acute renal failure (ARF) most commonly develops shortly after initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy but can be observed after months or years of therapy, even in the absence of prior ill effects. ARF is most likely to occur when renal perfusion pressure cannot be sustained because of substantial decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly angiotensin II (Ang II) dependent. Conditions that predict an adverse hemodynamic effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with CHF are preexisting hypotension and low cardiac filling pressures. The GFR is especially dependent on Ang II during extracellular fluid (ECF) volume depletion, high-grade bilateral renal artery stenosis, or stenosis of a dominant or single kidney, as in a renal transplant recipient. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and the common risk factors for ACE inhibitor-induced functional ARF is critical, because preventive strategies for ARF exist, and if effectively used, they may permit use of these compounds in a less restricted fashion.
Adaptive SPECT for tumor necrosis detection (2008)

In this paper, we consider a prototype of an adaptive SPECT system, and we use simulation to objectively assess the system's performance with respect to a conventional, non-adaptive SPECT system. Objective performance assessment is investigated for a clinically relevant task: the detection of tumor necrosis at a known location and in a random lumpy background. The iterative maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) algorithm is used to perform image reconstruction. We carried out human observer studies on the reconstructed images and compared the probability of correct detection when the data are generated with the adaptive system as opposed to the non-adaptive system. Task performance is also assessed by using a channelized Hotelling observer, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve is the figure of merit for the detection task. Our results show a large performance improvement of adaptive systems versus non-adaptive systems and motivate further research in adaptive medical imaging.
Advances in Autism (2009)

Autism is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with strong genetic liability. It is not a unitary entity but a clinical syndrome, with variable deficits in social behavior and language, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Recent advances in the genetics of autism emphasize its etiological heterogeneity, with each genetic susceptibility locus accounting for only a small fraction of cases or having a small effect. Therefore, it is not surprising that no unifying structural or neuropathological features have been conclusively identified. Given the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), approaches based on studying heritable components of the disorder, or endophenotypes, such as language or social cognition, provide promising avenues for genetic and neurobiological investigations. Early intensive behavioral and cognitive interventions are efficacious in many cases, but autism does not remit in the majority of children. Therefore, development of targeted therapies based on pathophysiologically and etiologically defined subtypes of ASD remains an important and achievable goal of current research.
Positive feedback loop and synergistic effects between hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α and stearoyl–<scp>C</scp>o<scp>A</scp> desaturase‐1 promote tumorigenesis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (2013)

Adapting to hypoxic stress is pivotal in tumor progression and determining tumor malignancy. The transcriptional factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is crucial in modulating tumorous hypoxic responses through altering cell energy metabolism, which includes the modification of glucose and lipid metabolism-associated gene expression. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) is the main isoform of SCDs, the rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids, which is extensively activated in cancer progression. In this study, we found that SCD1 and HIF-2α were overexpressed in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues and ccRCC cell lines, and were upregulated in the 786-0 ccRCC cell line under hypoxia. Knockdown of SCD1 or HIF-2α impacted the other's expression. Enhancing SCD1 resulted in HIF-2α upregulation, which could be blocked by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Deficiency of SCD1 or HIF-2α in 768-0 cells led to apoptosis, less colony formation ability, and decreased cell migration. More obvious effects were observed in 786-0 cells with double SCD1 and HIF-2α knockdown. These results indicate a PI3K/Akt-mediated loop between SCD1 and HIF-2α that mutually enhances their protein levels. Both SCD1 and HIF-2α are critical to promoting tumorigenesis by synergistically acting on maintaining cell survival, triggering cell migration, and enhancing the colony formation ability of cancer cells.
CELL BIOLOGY OF<i>MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS</i>PHAGOSOME (2004)

Phagocytosis and phagolysosome biogenesis represent fundamental biological processes essential for proper tissue homeostasis, development, elimination of invading microorganisms, and antigen processing and presentation. Phagosome formation triggers a preprogrammed pathway of maturation into the phagolysosome, a process controlled by Ca2+ and the regulators of organellar trafficking centered around the small GTP-binding proteins Rabs and their downstream effectors, including lipid kinases, organellar tethering molecules, and membrane fusion apparatus. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent human pathogen parasitizing macrophages. It interferes with the Rab-controlled membrane trafficking and arrests the maturing phagosome at a stage where no harm can be done to the pathogen while the delivery of nutrients and membrane to the vacuole harboring the microorganism continues. This process, referred to as the M. tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest or inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, is critical for M. tuberculosis persistence in human populations. It also provides a general model system for dissecting the phagolysosome biogenesis pathways. Here we review the fundamental trafficking processes targeted by M. tuberculosis and the mycobacterial products that interfere with phagosomal maturation.
E2F1-induced apoptosis requires DNA binding but not transactivation and is inhibited by the retinoblastoma protein through direct interaction. (1997)

E2F1 overexpression has been shown to induce apoptosis in cooperation with p53. Using Saos-2 cells, which are null for p53 and lack functional Rb, we have demonstrated that E2F1 overexpression can also induce apoptosis in the absence of p53 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb). E2F1-induced apoptosis can be specifically inhibited by Rb but not mdm2, which is known for its ability to inhibit p53-induced apoptosis. Through the study of the apoptotic function of a set of E2F1 mutants, it was clear that the transactivation and the apoptotic function of E2F1 are uncoupled. The transactivation-defective E2F1 mutants E2F1(1-374), E2F1(390-1)DF(delta mdm2), and E2F1(406-415)(delta Rb) can induce apoptosis as effectively as wild-type E2F1. In contrast to E2F1 transactivation, the DNA-binding activity of E2F1 was proven to be essential for its apoptotic function, as the DNA-binding-defective mutants E2F1(132) and E2F1(132)(1-374) failed to induce apoptosis. Therefore Rb may inhibit E2F1-induced apoptosis by mechanisms other than the suppression of the transactivation of E2F1. This hypothesis was supported by our observation that although Rb overexpression can specifically repress the apoptosis induced by wild-type E2F1 and a Rb-binding-competent E2F1 mutant E2F1(390-1)DF(delta mdm2), it failed to inhibit the apoptosis induced by mutants E2F1(1-374) and E2F1(delta 406-415)(delta Rb), which are defective or reduced in Rb binding and transactivation. All of these points argue for a novel function for E2F1 and Rb in controlling apoptosis. The results also indicate that transcriptional repression rather than the transactivation function of E2F1 may be involved in its apoptotic function. The results presented here may provide us some physiological implication of the repression function of the Rb-E2F1 complex.
Protective effects of aliskiren and valsartan in mice with diabetic nephropathy (2014)

Our study indicates that aliskiren and/or valsartan protects against diabetic kidney disease through multiple mechanisms, including decreasing podocyte injury, activation of profibrotic growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines, ER stress and accumulation of lipids.
The crystal structures of K[Pd{S<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>]·H<sub>2</sub>O and [NH<sub>4</sub>][Pd{S<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>]·H<sub>2</sub>O (1989)

The crystal structures of K[Pd{S2C2(CN)2}2]·H2O and NH4[Pd{S2C2(CN)2}2]·H2O are described. The former has a structure consisting of an equidistant columnar stack of anions, whereas in the latter compound the anions are arranged as dimers in an eclipsed Pd over Pd arrangement.
El proceso de autonomización sindical de los trabajadores del subterráneo de Buenos Aires. Conformación y desarrollo de la Asociación Gremial de Trabajadores del Subterráneo y Premetro (AGTSyP). (2012)

Luego de mantener durante varios años una tensa relación con la dirección de la Unión Tranviarios Automotor, los trabajadores del Subterráneo de Buenos Aires iniciaron a mediados de 2008 el proceso hacia su autonomía en el plano sindical. Durante el mismo, debieron implementar reiteradas luchas contra una serie de actores que se resistían a aceptar su decisión de escindirse de su anterior representación sindical y conformar un sindicato propio. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y analizar dicho proceso entre 2008 y 2010, desde la fundación de la Asociación Gremial de Trabajadores del Subterráneo y Premetro hasta su reconocimiento estatal. The process of union autonomization of the workers of the Buenos Aires Subway. Making and development of Asociación Gremial de Trabajadores del Subterráneo y Premetro (AGTSyP) After holding several years of a tense relationship with the direction of the Urban Transport Workers Union, subway workers in Buenos Aires in mid- 2008 began the process towards autonomy in the trade union level. During this event they had to implement repeated struggles against a number of actors who refused to accept their decision to split from its previous union representation and form their own union. This paper aims to describe and analyze the process between 2008 and 2010, from the founding of the Association of Subway and Premetro Workers until its state recognition.Keywords: Workers – unions – autonomy – conflict – process.
Copolymers of 4‐Benzyloxycarbonylphenyl Methacrylate with Methyl Methacrylate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Ratios (2003)

Abstract Copolymers of 4‐benzyloxycarbonylphenyl methacrylate (BCPM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized from different feed ratios of the monomers in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical initiator at 70°C ± 1°C. The copolymers were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weights (M¯ w and M¯ n) and polydispersity indices of the polymers were determined using a gel permeation chromatograph. The glass transition temperatures (T g) of the copolymers determined by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that T g increases with an increase in MMA content in the copolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers performed in air showed that the stability of the copolymers increased with an increase in BCPM content. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various polar and non‐polar solvents. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross (r 1 = 1.4671; r 2 = 0.4367), Kelen–Tüdös (r 1 = 1.5338; r 2 = 0.5333), extended Kelen–Tüdös (r 1 = 1.5543; r 2 = 0.5160), as well as by a nonlinear error‐in‐variables‐model (EVM) method using a computer program, RREVM (r 1 = 1.3944; r 2 = 0.4943).
The spectral networks paradigm in high throughput mass spectrometry (2012)

High-throughput proteomics is made possible by a combination of modern mass spectrometry instruments capable of generating many millions of tandem mass (MS(2)) spectra on a daily basis and the increasingly sophisticated associated software for their automated identification. Despite the growing accumulation of collections of identified spectra and the regular generation of MS(2) data from related peptides, the mainstream approach for peptide identification is still the nearly two decades old approach of matching one MS(2) spectrum at a time against a database of protein sequences. Moreover, database search tools overwhelmingly continue to require that users guess in advance a small set of 4-6 post-translational modifications that may be present in their data in order to avoid incurring substantial false positive and negative rates. The spectral networks paradigm for analysis of MS(2) spectra differs from the mainstream database search paradigm in three fundamental ways. First, spectral networks are based on matching spectra against other spectra instead of against protein sequences. Second, spectral networks find spectra from related peptides even before considering their possible identifications. Third, spectral networks determine consensus identifications from sets of spectra from related peptides instead of separately attempting to identify one spectrum at a time. Even though spectral networks algorithms are still in their infancy, they have already delivered the longest and most accurate de novo sequences to date, revealed a new route for the discovery of unexpected post-translational modifications and highly-modified peptides, enabled automated sequencing of cyclic non-ribosomal peptides with unknown amino acids and are now defining a novel approach for mapping the entire molecular output of biological systems that is suitable for analysis with tandem mass spectrometry. Here we review the current state of spectral networks algorithms and discuss possible future directions for automated interpretation of spectra from any class of molecules.
The color browser: a content driven linear video browsing tool (2001)

The proliferation of multimedia information sources and the availability of large capacity consumer storage devices, raise the need to present video in compact forms so that users can effectively access interesting parts to watch. Aiming at an implementation in consumer electronics products and targeting to non-IT-expert users, an innovative user-friendly tool for video browsing and retrieval has been developed. The color browser enhances conventional slide-bars by embodying information about the video content in its colored background. It exploits low level features, like the dominant colors or the volume of the sound-track, automatically extracted from the digital video streams to allow intuitive access and content-driven navigation through unstructured video sequences.
PET/CT in prostate cancer: non-choline radiopharmaceuticals. (2012)

In this brief review, the major potential clinical applications of 18F-FDG, 11C-acetate, 18F-FDHT, 18F-FLT, 18F-FMAU, and anti-18F-FACBC in the imaging evaluation of men with prostate cancer are discussed. 18F-FDG has a limited role in primary diagnosis and staging but it may be able to reflect tumour aggressiveness, detect sites of recurrence in some men with high serum PSA after biochemical failure and assess response to chemo- and hormonal treatment in metastatic disease. 11C-acetate has been investigated for intra-prostatic primary tumour detection and staging as well as for re-staging in case of biochemical relapse with results that are overall similar to those with 18F- and 11C-labeled choline. 18F-FDHT targets the androgen receptor and may be particularly useful in the assessment of the pharmacodynamics of the androgen signalling pathway. PET in conjunction with 18F-FLT or 18F-FMAU that track the thymidine salvage pathway of DNA synthesis has also been investigated for imaging cellular proliferation in prostate cancer. Initial experience with the radiolabeled synthetic amino acid, anti-18F-FACBC, which displays slow urinary excretion has been encouraging but further studies will be needed to decipher its exact role in the imaging management of men with prostate cancer.
Efficient and convenient synthesis of fluoroformates and carbamoyl fluorides (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient and convenient synthesis of fluoroformates and carbamoyl fluoridesJohn Cuomo and R. A. OlofsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 6, 1016–1017Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01320a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01320a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views625Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Fishes (2012)

Abstract Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water, and adaptation to the aquatic habitats dominated the first 150 to 200 million years of vertebrate development. More than half the living vertebrates are aquatic. Fish have evolved to colonise almost every type of aquatic habitat, and today they are a hugely diverse group of about 25,000 species. Evolution of this great diversity has resulted in fascinatingly different designs for special modes of life as well as solutions to the problems common to them all. Comparisons help to reveal the biological and physiological compromises fish have to make to satisfy the often conflicting demands on their lives. Today fish are found in almost every imaginable watery habitat, which include the shallows and depths of the oceans, coastal waters and estuaries, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and ephemeral water bodies. Many species inhabit freezing waters in polar regions whilst others thrive in ponds fed by thermal springs. Some have abandoned the water and become air breathers. Tunas in the open oceans swim rapidly and outperform their prey. How do they generate the forces required for high-speed swimming? Study of these fish shows that they have large masses of warmed red muscle, and that the required amounts of oxygen are delivered by unusually efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Some freshwater carp are able to survive the long periods of very low oxygen levels that periodically occur in some ponds and lakes. How is their metabolism switched from aerobic to anaerobic pathways? The challenges of living in a particular environment are in part met by adaptations of body form and physiological function. Yet there are wider and equally important questions, such as why are these species successful in their particular environments? Answers to such questions may be found in the study of behaviour, in the dynamics of populations, in the ecology of the species and in evolutionary theory.
Surface Chemical Modification of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by a Wet‐Mechanochemical Reaction (2008)

A wet‐mechanochemical reaction for surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been developed. In the treatment, CNTs reacted with potassium hydroxide in alcohol solvent at room temperature under mechanical milling. The results from Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that the nonreactive surfaces of CNTs have been modified successfully by multiple hydroxyl groups. Functionalized carbon nanotubes exhibit higher zeta potential values indicating their high dispersibility in polar solvents. XRD studies corroborate that the surface functionalization does not affect the basic crystal domain size of CNTs. TEM observations reveal that CNTs have been cut into shorter ones by the milling. Shortened CNTs with functionalized surfaces show good dispersion properties.
Portal blood flow in congestive heart failure: pulsed duplex sonographic findings. (1990)

Twenty-one patients with congestive heart failure were examined with duplex sonographic scanning of the portal vein. The Doppler sonographic findings were compared with those of healthy subjects, patients with chronic liver disease, and patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Increasing pulsatility of the Doppler signals was demonstrated in 11 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Two patients with severe congestive heart failure showed decreasing pulsatility of portal Doppler signals in response to therapeutic procedures. Portal flow patterns suggestive of severe congestive heart failure include a monophasic forward flow with peak velocity in ventricular diastole and gradual diminution of velocity throughout ventricular systole (n = 5), a reversed flow velocity in ventricular systole (n = 3), and vena cava-like biphasic forward velocity peaks during each cardiac cycle (n = 2). The time-velocity waveform shape of portal flow is, to a large degree, influenced by the mechanical events in the right side of the heart in severe congestive heart failure.