gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Through the Diplomatic Looking Glass. Immediate Origins of the War in Europe. By Oliver Benson. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. pp. x, 239. Index. $2.00. - From Munich to Danzig. By R. W. Seton-Watson. London: Methuen & Co., 1939. pp. xiv, 287. Index. 6s. - The British Case. By Lord Lloyd of Dolobran. New York: Macmillan Co., 1940. pp. ii, 93. 50ȼ. - The Case for Germany. A Study of Modern Germany. By A. P. Laurie. 4th ed. Berlin: International Verlag, 1939. pp.,179. (1940)

Through the Diplomatic Looking Glass. Immediate Origins of the War in Europe. By Oliver Benson. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. pp. x, 239. Index. $2.00. - From Munich to Danzig. By R. W. Seton-Watson. London: Methuen & Co., 1939. pp. xiv, 287. Index. 6s. - The British Case. By Lord Lloyd of Dolobran. New York: Macmillan Co., 1940. pp. ii, 93. 50ȼ. - The Case for Germany. A Study of Modern Germany. By A. P. Laurie. 4th ed. Berlin: International Verlag, 1939. pp.,179. - Volume 34 Issue 2
Fuel poverty alleviation as a co-benefit of climate investments: Evidence from Hungary (2013)

Fuel (or energy) poverty is understood as a situation in which a household is unable to afford an adequate amount of domestic energy services and/or is forced to pay a disproportionate share of its income on domestic energy. Taking Hungary as a representative case study, the paper first presents relevant indicators which indicate that 10 to 30% of the Hungarian population was in fuel poverty as of the late 2000s. The results show that fuel poverty rates in Hungary have increased in parallel to the price of imported natural gas, forcing some households to go back to heating systems based on firewood. Together with households' income and energy prices, the energy performance of residential buildings has been identified as a key contributing factor of this social and environmental challenge, thus expanding the scope of the benefits of domestic energy efficiency investments. Based on this premise, the second part of the paper presents the results of a social cost-benefit analysis according to which market (energy savings) and non-market (avoided fuel poverty-related mortality, improved comfort and avoided emissions of GHG and other harmful pollutants) benefits more than justify retrofitting Hungary's residential stock to near passive house levels. The results also confirm the relevance of co-benefits for the economic assessment of residential energy efficiency scenarios. This multi-dimensional analysis of fuel poverty emphasises the importance of co-benefits as policy drivers for the implementation of advanced residential energy efficiency solutions in countries with moderate levels of commitment to global climate goals and high or increasing fuel poverty rates.
The effect of preoperative patient-reported anxiety on morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients undergoing major general surgery (2022)

Excessive levels of anxiety may negatively influence treatment outcomes and likely increase patient suffering. We designed a prospective observational study to assess whether preoperative patient-reported anxiety affects major general surgery outcomes. We prospectively administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to measure preoperative anxiety in patients awaiting major general surgical procedures. Patients were grouped by STAI scores according to established cutoffs: no anxiety (STAI < 40) and anxiety (STAI ≥ 40). Four hundred patients completed the questionnaires and underwent surgery, with an average interval from questionnaire completion to surgery of 4 days. Applying a state anxiety (STAI-S) score ≥ 40 as a reference point, the prevalence of patient-reported anxiety was 60.5% (241 of 400). The mean STAI-S score for these patients was 50.48 ± 7.77. The mean age of the entire cohort was 58.5 ± 14.12 years. The majority of participants were male (53.8%). The distribution of sex by anxiety status showed that 53.5% of women and 46.5% of men had anxiety (p = 0.003). In the entire cohort, postoperative complications occurred in 23.9% and 28.6% of the no anxiety and anxiety groups, respectively. The difference was nonsignificant. In a subgroup of patients who underwent high-risk complex procedures (N = 221), however, postoperative complications occurred in 31.4% and 45.2% of the no anxiety and anxiety groups, respectively. This difference was significant at p = 0.004. Of the patients who were anxious, 3.3% (8 of 241) died during hospitalization following surgery, compared with 4.4% of the patients (7 of 159) who were not anxious (p = 0.577). In the multivariable analysis adjusted for covariates and based on the results of subgroup analysis, preoperative anxiety assessed by the STAIS score was associated with morbidity (OR 2.12, CI 1.14-3.96; p = 0.018) but not mortality. The majority of enrolled patients in this study were classified as having high- to very high-level preoperative clinical anxiety, and we found a significant quantitative effect of patient-reported anxiety on morbidity but not mortality after surgery.
Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis (1986)

Forty-one long-distance runners aged 50 to 72 years were compared with 41 matched community controls to examine associations of repetitive, long-term physical impact (running) with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Roentgenograms of hands, lateral lumbar spine, and knees were assessed without knowledge of running status. A computed tomographic scan of the first lumbar vertebra was performed to quantitate bone mineral content. Runners, both male and female, have approximately 40% more bone mineral than matched controls. Female runners, but not male runners, appear to have somewhat more sclerosis and spur formation in spine and weight-bearing knee x-ray films, but not in hand x-ray films. There were no differences between groups in joint space narrowing, crepitation, joint stability, or symptomatic osteoarthritis. Running is associated with increased bone mineral but not, in this cross-sectional study, with clinical osteoarthritis. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:1147-1151)
Classification off the Solvent Properties of Common Liquids (1978)

Journal Article Classification off the Solvent Properties of Common Liquids Get access L.R. Snyder L.R. Snyder Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, New York 10591 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 16, Issue 6, June 1978, Pages 223–234, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/16.6.223 Published: 01 June 1978 Article history Received: 12 May 1978 Published: 01 June 1978
The interaction of human natural killer cells with either unpolarized or polarized macrophages results in different functional outcomes (2010)

The cross-talk among cells of the innate immunity can greatly affect both innate and adaptive responses. Here we analyzed the molecular interactions between human natural killer (NK) cells and autologous macrophages. Activated NK cells killed M0 and M2, whereas M1 macrophages were more resistant to lysis because of their higher expression of HLA class I molecules. Following exposure to LPS or bacillus Calmette-Guérin, M0 and M2, but not polarized (endotoxin tolerant) M1 macrophages, induced strong activation of resting NK cells. The expression of CD69 and CD25 activation markers and the acquisition of cytotoxicity against tumor cells and immature dendritic cells required soluble factors being mostly contact independent. On the contrary, IFN-γ production was contact dependent and required the interaction of DNAM-1 and 2B4 (on NK) with their ligands on macrophages as well as IL-18. IL-18 was involved also in the acquisition of CCR7 by NK cells. Interestingly, M0 and M2 cells expressed a membrane-bound form of IL-18, which was released in small amounts after LPS treatment. Our data indicate that, upon interaction with M0 macrophages exposed to microbial products, NK cells may amplify classical type 1 immune responses. In addition, M1-polarizing stimuli can rescue M2 macrophages from their immunomodulatory state and shape their functional behavior toward NK stimulatory capability.
Controlled input-output-shaft synchronisation by a linear drive actuated hydraulic clutch-brake-combination (2011)

The focus of this paper is the control to accelerate and decelerate a drive shaft exactly with a hydraulic clutch-brake-combination (CBC). The CBC is actuated by a permanent magnet linear synchronous machine (PMLSM) with an integrated hydraulic cylinder. The servo-converter-controlled-PMLSM is able to generate the pressure for the CBC. A superposed control cascade with a pressure control and a special synchronization control is implemented to vary the transmitted torque and therefore the accurate acceleration and deceleration of the drive shaft within a preset angle. This development ensures a controlled synchronization of the input-output shaft by a CBC in a specific point of time within a preset mechanical angle.
Intraocular transplantation of E1A-immortalized retinal precursor cells (1998)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ocular environment on the survival, tumorigenicity, and phenotypic marker expression of immortalized retinal precursor cells transplanted into immunocompetent adult and neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. EIA-NR.3, a rat immortalized retinal precursor cell culture, was used as an inexhaustible source of experimental graft material. These cells were prelabeled with the fluorescent marker dil (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and transplanted intravitreally (50,000 cells per microL) into 11 adult and 31 neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat eyes. At 1 mo posttransplant, animals were sacrificed and retinal tissue sections examined histologically for the presence of grafted cells, signs of tumor formation, and retinal phenotypic marker expression. No obvious signs of tumor formation or rejection were seen in a total of 42 eyes in the immunocompetent hosts. Our results indicate that EIA-NR.3 cells survive at least 1 month in vivo, and can migrate from the vitreous into neuroretinal cell layers. Subpopulations of surviving grafted cells were seen to express photoreceptor markers rhodopsin and recoverin comparably between in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, the number of cells immunoreactive for vimentin and E1A decreased significantly under in vivo conditions. This report represents the first experimental intravitreal transplantation of E1A-immortalized retinal precursor cells into adult and neonatal rats. The intraocular location and environment appears to affect phenotypic expression of surviving grafted cells, especially with respect to vimentin and E1A expression. The fact that E1A-NR.3 cells survived intraocularly at least 1 mo without tumor formation suggests that the cells may continue to be useful for further in vivo studies of experimental retinal transplantation, and effects of histological location on retinal cell phenotype and histogenesis in immunocompetent hosts.
Language identification: a solved problem suitable for undergraduate instruction (2005)

Automatic determination of the language of an electronic text is an important problem, which arises when processing natural language. This paper describes the main methods used in attacking this problem and demonstrates how even the most simple of these methods using data obtained from the World Wide Web achieve accuracy approaching 100% on a test suite comprised of ten European languages. The language identification problem and its solution illustrate many fundamental issues in computer science and the processing of human language; accordingly it is well suited for classroom instruction.
Depthwise Viscosity Gradients in UV‐Cured Epoxy Coatings (2012)

Abstract A magnetic microrheometer is used to characterize the development of viscosity at different depths in UV‐cured epoxy coatings. Lateral magnetic particle velocities are tracked at different depths to quantify viscosity gradients. In general, viscosity build‐up is faster near the coating surface, tending to produce a “skin”. The effects of process conditions on the viscosity gradient development, on the rate of viscosity increase, and on surface defects are studied. More severe gradients develop in thicker coatings and in those with higher photoinitiator concentration. Under some conditions, the skin layer wrinkles, indicating the development of local compressive stress. Curing at higher temperature, however, increases cure rates while reducing the viscosity gradients and wrinkling defects. magnified image
Phase-Sensitive Inversion-Recovery MR Imaging in the Detection of Myocardial Infarction (2005)

Phase-sensitive image reconstruction results in reduced need for precise choice of TI and more consistent image quality.
Standards and affordances of 21st-century digital learning: Using the Experience Application Programming Interface and the Augmented Reality Learning Experience Model to track engagement in extended reality (2022)

<p class="Abstract">The development of new extended reality (XR) technologies for learning enables the capture of a richer set of data than has previously been possible. To derive a benefit from this wealth of data requires new structures appropriate to the new learning activities these immersive learning tools afford. The Experience Application Programming Interface (xAPI) and the Augmented Reality Learning Experience Model (ARLEM) standards have been developed in response, and their adoption will help ensure interoperability as XR learning is more widely deployed. This paper briefly describes what is different about XR for learning and provides an account of xAPI and its structures as well as design principles for its use. The relationship between environmental context and ARLEM is explained, and a case study of a VR experience using xAPI is examined. The paper ends with an account of some of the promises for collecting data from early childhood learning experiences and an unsuccessful attempt at a study using Augmented Reality with young children.</p>
<i>N</i> -Acetyl-β- <scp>d</scp> -Glucosaminidase Index as an Early Biomarker for Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats with Hyperthyroidism (2008)

Baseline NAG(i) did not differentiate azotemic from nonazotemic euthyroid cats. NAG(i) could be used to assess renal function during medical therapy allowing the clinician to adjust methimazole dosage accordingly. The combination of USG and T(4) could optimize identification of appropriate candidates for permanent treatment of hyperthyroidism.
[Immunological assay of apolipoprotein A-I]. (1982)

Since lipid free apo A-I and lipid rich apo A-I (HDL, LP A, LP A-I) have different accessible antigenic sites, the electroimmunoassay ("rocket") does not allow the determination of the apo A-I concentration in both lipoproteins and serum when lipid free apo A-I are taken as controls. The results are found more significant when an isolated HDL or serum are used as reference. A comparison is made with the results (height of the pics) obtained for the same sample with different antibodies anti apo A-I, checked with the same HDL control, great differences two to one is observed. It is only explained by the various composition of antibodies directed against different apo A-I antigenic sites. Differences obtained in the levels of apo A-I in HDL2 and in HDL3 by immunoprecipitation show that the more lipoproteins are lipid rich the less their apo A-I are reached by antibodies.
Herpesvirus-induced Atherosclerosis (1981)

Atherosclerosis extraordinarily like the chronic human disease was reported as a consequence of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. This arterial disease was induced not only in hypercholesterolemic but also in normocholesterolemic chickens by infection with MDV. Neither uninfected hypercholesterolemic nor normocholesterolemic SPF chickens developed this arterial disease. Repeated experiments have demonstrated that these results are reproducible. Grossly visible and microscopic atherosclerotic lesions were found in aortas, as well as coronary, brachiocephalic, celiac, gastric, and mesenteric arteries. Microscopic lesions were characterized by fibromuscular intimal thickening with fibrous caps overlying atheromatous change. Results of a pathogenesis experiment indicated that the earliest microscopic and gross arterial lesions occurred respectively at 1 and 3 mo post-MDV-infection. An additional important link established between infection and arterial lesions was the finding of specific MDV internal antigens in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of some medial layers of all arterial segments examined throughout the time span of lesion development (7 mo). Furthermore, lipid accumulations in arterial lesions of normocholesterolemic infected chickens and in cultured (chicken) arterial SMC suggest that a major mechanism in MDV atherosclerosis may be viral-induced alteration of cellular lipid metabolism. The distribution and morphologic character of MDV-atherosclerotic lesions closely resemble the chronic human arterial disease. Because humans are known to be widely and persistently infected with as many as five herpesviruses, these results may be particularly relevant to human atherosclerosis. Furthermore, since diabetes is an identified high risk factor of atherosclerosis, these findings may also be important in diabetes.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube/Metalloporphyrin Composites for the Chemiresistive Detection of Amines and Meat Spoilage (2015)

Chemiresistive detectors for amine vapors were made from single-walled carbon nanotubes by noncovalent modification with cobalt meso-arylporphyrin complexes. We show that through changes in the oxidation state of the metal, the electron-withdrawing character of the porphyrinato ligand, and the counteranion, the magnitude of the chemiresistive response to ammonia could be improved. The devices exhibited sub-ppm sensitivity and high selectivity toward amines as well as good stability to air, moisture, and time. The application of these chemiresistors in the detection of various biogenic amines (i.e. putrescine, cadaverine) and in the monitoring of spoilage in raw meat and fish samples (chicken, pork, salmon, cod) over several days was also demonstrated.
Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir pro-drug valaciclovir after escalating single-and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers (1993)

The pharmacokinetics and safety of the L-valyl ester pro-drug of acyclovir, valaciclovir (256U87), were investigated in two phase I, placebo-controlled trials in normal volunteers. These included a single-dose study with doses from 100 to 1000 mg (single cohort) and a multiple-dose investigation with doses from 250 to 2000 mg (five separate cohorts). In each cohort, eight subjects received valaciclovir and four subjects received placebo. Pharmacokinetic findings for valaciclovir and acyclovir were consistent in the two studies. Valaciclovir was rapidly and extensively converted to acyclovir, resulting in significantly greater acyclovir bioavailability (approximately threefold to fivefold) compared with that historically observed with high-dose (800 mg) oral acyclovir. At the higher valaciclovir doses, acyclovir maximum concentration and daily area under the concentration-time curve approximated those obtained with intravenous acyclovir. The favorable safety profile and enhanced acyclovir bioavailability from valaciclovir administration has prompted additional clinical evaluations for zoster and herpes simplex virus treatment, as well as cytomegalovirus suppression in immunocompromised patients.
Color center formation on CaF_2 (111) surface investigated by low-energy-plasma-ion surfacing (2004)

Low-energy-plasma-ion treatment has been employed to identify color centers on CaF2 components originating from fluorine depletion on CaF2 surfaces. The initial time and saturation peak absorption depends on the surface processing conditions.
EMG : force relationships during voluntary static contractions (M. biceps) (1973)

The chemical class of drugs known as the nitrosoureas are a recently developed group of very active alkylating-agent anticancer drugs which are best represented by BCNU, CCNU, and methyl-CCNU (meCCNU). The nitrosoureas are among the most active, if not the most active, anticancer drugs both quantitatively (log kill of sensitive tumor cells in vivo) and qualitatively (spectrum of mouse, rat, and hamster tumors responding to treatment). Therapeutic anticancer activity of the nitrosoureas has been consistently observed with oral as well as parenteral administration. The nitrosoureas are clearly the most active group of anticancer drugs observed against experimental meningeal leukemias and intracerebrally implanted transplantable primary tumors of central nervous system origin (eg, gliomas, ependymoblastomas, and astrocytomas in mice and hamsters). The nitrosoureas have been observed to be less than additive in lethal toxicity for vital normal cells in the mouse in combination with representatives of the other major classes of anticancer agents, eg, purine antagonists, pyrimidine antagonists, inhibitors of DNA polymerase(s) or ribonucleotide reductase(s), mitotic inhibitors, drugs that bind to or intercalate with DNA, and other alkylating agents. Therapeutic synergism against one or more transplantable or spontaneous tumors of mice, rats, or hamsters with one of several nitrosoureas in two-drug combinations with representatives of most of the major classes of anticancer agents listed above has been reported. With a number of advanced-stages mouse tumors, generally considered to be refractory to treatment with most anticancer agents, long-term cures have been obtained with combination-drug or combined-modality (surgery plus chemotherapy) treatment. The demonstrated lack of cross-resistance of several leukemias and solid tumors of mice selected for resistance to BCNU, meCCNU, or other alkylating agents suggests that the widely held opinion that all alkylating agents are very similar in biologic mechanism of action, and therefore resistance to one alkylating agent probably predicts cross-resistance to all alkylating agents, may no longer be tenable. If not, then alkylating-agent drug combinations, either used alone or combined with other treatment modalities (eg, surgery) which have been reported to result in therapeutic improvement in a number of experimental murine tumor systems, may be indicated for serious consideration as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy by surgeons or as primary therapy by medical oncologists.
A new power MOSFET having excellent avalanche capability (2002)

In this paper, we explore a new concept for improvement of an avalanche capability of a power MOSFET. The concept is to make parasitic bipolar transistors in all over the chip turn on, and to suppress breakdown current crowding. The avalanche capability of an UMOSFET applied this new concept was 1500 mJ. This value was about one order higher than that of a conventional UMOSFET.