gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemically modified wools of enhanced stability (1942)

Recent work at this Bureau has shown that the disulfide cross-linkages of wool can be transformed to more stable bis-thioether linkages by a two-step process. The disulfide groups are first reduced to sulfhydryl groups by me.1ns of a, mercaptan, and then, by treating the wool with ftn aliphatic dihalide, pairs of sulfur atoms are linked together through short hydrocarbon chains. Wools modified by such a process have now been studied more extensively. It was found that they are decidedly more stable than untreated wool toward many chemical agents, including alkalies , acids, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents; are stained less easily by metl,ls; and are attacked much less readily by certain biological agents, including moths, carpet beetles, and enzymes.
Support Vector Machines (2001)

This chapter contains sections titled: Risk Minimization Principles and the Concept of Uniform Convergence, The VC Dimension, Structural Risk Minimization, Support Vector Machine Algorithms
Dissolving of sugar. (1990)

Dans des essais experimentaux on a inclus des systemes d'agitation de differentes formes qui permettaient de repondre aux contraintes quant a la mise en suspension. Le bac d'agitation, dans lequel on a installe une helice agitatrice, etait superieur aux autres systemes. Le but des recherches etait le developpement d'une colonne de mise en solution operant en continu. Lors de la conception de cette colonne on s'est base sur la repartition des durees de sejour du cristallisat ainsi que sur la cinetique de dissolution dependant de la granulometrie. Pour ces parametres on a developpe des equations exemptes de dimensions. Au cours du processus de dissolution on observe des ecarts des cristaux par rapport a l'equilibre. Ces ecarts ont ete pris en consideration pour l'introduction de facteur de correction
Electrochemical functions of metallosupramolecular nanomaterials (2007)

Self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands results in the formation of extended or discrete metallosupramolecular structures. In case of neutral ditopic ligands such as bisterpyridines, extended metallosupramolecular coordination polyelectrolytes (MEPEs) are formed. Metal ion-induced self-assembly of 1,4-bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene with Fe(II) or Co(II) results in MEPEs with interesting electrochemical properties. These MEPEs reversibly change their color when oxidized or reduced. The heterometallic MEPE consisting of Fe(II) and Co(II) combines the properties of the individual MEPEs and therefore shows their different states: red-purple, blue, and transparent. On the other hand, complexation of cyclic phenylazomethines with metal ions results in discrete metallosupramolecular structures. We find that metal ion assembly to the organic module occurs in a stepwise fashion because of a difference in the basicity of the imine conformers, and the metal ion assembly can be controlled electrochemically. This example illustrates how metal ion binding can be controlled by the conformation of the receptor, an important step toward assembling organic ligands and metal ions in predictable ways.
The North: A New Academic Frontier Opening Address by the President of Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson at the Second Akureyri Polar Law Symposium, University of Akureyri 10 September 2009 (2010)

"The North: A New Academic Frontier Opening Address by the President of Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson at the Second Akureyri Polar Law Symposium, University of Akureyri 10 September 2009" published on 01 Jan 2010 by Brill | Nijhoff.
A Low-Power Fast-Transient 90-nm Low-Dropout Regulator With Multiple Small-Gain Stages (2010)

A power-efficient 90-nm low-dropout regulator (LDO) with multiple small-gain stages is proposed in this paper. The proposed channel-resistance-insensitive small-gain stages provide loop gain enhancements without introducing low-frequency poles before the unity-gain frequency (UGF). As a result, both the loop gain and bandwidth of the LDO are improved, so that the accuracy and response speed of voltage regulation are significantly enhanced. As no on-chip compensation capacitor is required, the active chip area of the LDO is only 72.5 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times$</tex></formula> 37.8 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m. Experimental results show that the LDO is capable of providing an output of 0.9 V with maximum output current of 50 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula> mA from a 1-V supply. The LDO has a quiescent current of 9.3 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\ \mu$</tex></formula> A, and has significantly improvement in line and load transient responses as well as performance in power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR).
Paroxetine in the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Our Experiences (2008)

Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after individual's exposure or witnessing of life threatening events. It is characterized by three clusters of symptoms. The course of PTSD is often chronic and impedes individual's functioning. Studies of PTSD treatment with paroxetine provide evidence for its efficacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profile of side-effects. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of PTSD. The sample consisted of 30 subjects with chronic PTSD. All subjects received treatment with paroxetine in therapeutic dose range for six months. Subjects were assessed prior to therapy and following six months of treatment with paroxetine with the use of following instruments: SCL 90-R, Mississippi Questionnaire, and CGI. The results indicate statistically significant reduction on all subscales of SCL 90-R following six months of treatment, P<0,05. The difference between two assessments with Mississippi Questionnaire was statistically significant, P< 0,05. PTSD rate in our sample was reduced from 100% before treatment to 64% after treatment. Paroxetine was administered in daily dose of 20 mg in 88% of the subjects, and 40 mg in the remaining 12%. Unwanted effects were registered in 16,7% of the subjects and they were mild. Objective improvement was registered in 84% of the sample, and subjective improvement was registered in 80%. Reduction of relapse symptoms was registered in 24% of the subjects. Paroxetine proved to be efficient and safe in treatment of symptoms of PTSD in this study.
In search of a small molecule agonist of the relaxin receptor RXFP1 for the treatment of liver fibrosis (2017)

The peptide hormone human relaxin-2 (H2-RLX) has emerged as a potential therapy for cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, but its short in vivo half-life is an obstacle to long-term administration. The discovery of ML290 demonstrated that it is possible to identify small molecule agonists of the cognate G-protein coupled receptor for H2-RLX (relaxin family peptide receptor-1 (RXFP1)). In our efforts to generate a new medicine for liver fibrosis, we sought to identify improved small molecule functional mimetics of H2-RLX with selective, full agonist or positive allosteric modulator activity against RXFP1. First, we confirmed expression of RXFP1 in human diseased liver. We developed a robust cellular cAMP reporter assay of RXFP1 signaling in HEK293 cells transiently expressing RXFP1. A high-throughput screen did not identify further specific agonists or positive allosteric modulators of RXFP1, affirming the low druggability of this receptor. As an alternative approach, we generated novel ML290 analogues and tested their activity in the HEK293-RXFP1 cAMP assay and the human hepatic cell line LX-2. Differences in activity of compounds on cAMP activation compared with changes in expression of fibrotic markers indicate the need to better understand cell- and tissue-specific signaling mechanisms and their disease-relevant phenotypes in order to enable drug discovery.
In vitro study comparing two collageneous membranes in view of their clinical application for rotator cuff tendon regeneration (2006)

Tenocytes were isolated from the rotator cuff tendons of healthy (HT) and glucocorticoid (GC)-treated rats (GCT) and were cultured on polystyrene wells (TCP) as control, and on 2 de-cellularized collagen matrices: porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS), and human dermal matrix (Graftjacket, GJ). At 3 and 7 days cell proliferation and synthesis were evaluated. Proliferation of HT tenocytes increased between experimental times for both tested membranes, but already at 3 days, HT tenocytes cultured on GJ showed the highest WST-1 value. The collagen-I (CICP) synthesis on GJ membrane did not change between experimental times and was significantly higher than TCP and SIS at 7 days. Proteoglycans (PG), and fibronectin (FBN) synthesis increased when HT were cultured on GJ, between experimental times, and both PG and FBN synthesis on GJ membrane were higher than TCP and SIS at 7 days. GC determined decreases in cell proliferation, CICP and PG syntheses at 3 days of culture on TCP when compared to HT tenocytes while a decrease in WST-1 was maintained at 7 days. CICP, PG and FBN (only at 3 days) syntheses were significantly higher in GCT tenocytes cultured on GJ. The negative effects on GC on GCT tenocytes cultured on membrane were particularly evident on SIS for CICP (-18%) and FBN (-67%) synthesis. The obtained results support the conclusion that GJ is more suitable than SIS as a scaffold for in situ tissue engineering and for the in vitro bioengineering of tendons to heal massive tears of the rotator cuff tendon.
Antifolate Drug Selection Results in Duplication and Rearrangement of Chromosome 7 in <i>Plasmodium chabaudi</i> (1989)

We selected lines of Plasmodium chabaudi that are resistant to high levels of the antifolate drug pyrimethamine and have shown that rearrangement and duplication of a portion of chromosome 7 has occurred in the resistant lines. This chromosomal duplication results in an increase in the chromosome number from 14 to 15: two derived chromosomes (450 kilobases and 1.1 megabases) were smaller than the original chromosome 7 (1.3 megabases), so that essentially only a 200-kilobase region was duplicated. This region contained the DHFR-TS gene and the closely linked Hsp70 gene. We have macrorestriction mapped chromosome 7 from the pyrimethamine-susceptible line (DS) and also the duplicated chromosome 7s in the resistant line. From these maps, we have proposed a process for the karyotype changes. Sequencing of the DHFR gene from the parent and derived chromosomes showed that there were no mutations in the coding sequence. As a result of the duplication of the DHFR-TS gene, there is at least a twofold increase in expression of the DHFR-TS gene, and this may explain the ability of the pyrimethamine-resistant lines to grow in increased amounts of the drug.
Obesity Drug Update: The Lost Decade? (2010)

The growing worldwide obesity epidemic and obesity-related disorders present a huge unmet medical need for safe and effective anti-obesity medications. The discovery of leptin in 1994 was rapidly succeeded by a wave of related discoveries leading to the elaboration of a hypothalamic melanocortinergic neuronal circuit regulated by leptin and other central and peripheral signaling molecules to control energy homeostasis. The identification of specific neuronal subtypes along with their unique connections and expression products generated a rich target menu for anti-obesity drug discovery programs. Over the course of the last decade, several new chemical entities aimed at these targets have reached various stages or successfully completed the drug discovery/regulatory process only to be dropped or taken off the market. There are now in fact fewer options for anti-obesity drug therapies in late 2010 than were available in 2000. The challenge to discover safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is alive and well.
High-performance 770-nm AlGaAs-GaAsP tensile-strained quantum-well laser diodes (1995)

Experimental results on tensile-strained Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.66/As-GaAs/sub 0.78/P/sub 0.22/ separate-confinement-heterostructure single-quantum-well (SCH-SQW) laser diodes are reported. Threshold current density as low as 260 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for broad-stripe lasers with a cavity length of 1500 μm has been observed. Broad-stripe devices have operated cw at room temperature with output power as high as 620 mW/facet. Ridge-waveguide lasers have exhibited cw threshold currents as low as 13.5 mA and output power of 90 mW. The output of the tensile-strained lasers is TM polarized.
Modification in penicillin-binding proteins during in vivo development of genetic competence of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with a rapid change in the physiological state of cells (1992)

By using whole-cell labeling assay with 125I-penicillin V, we observed a reduction in the binding of the radiolabeled beta-lactam to four or five penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in Haemophilus influenzae cells cultivated under specific conditions. PBPs 3A, 3B, 4, and 6 were altered after the growth of bacteria in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of rats. PBP 2 was also modified when cells were cultivated in human cerebrospinal fluids. Because this observation may have important consequences on the efficacy of beta-lactams during antibiotic therapy, we characterized the physiological state of bacteria cultivated in animals in the hope of explaining how such important changes in cell properties develop in vivo. Since the development of natural genetic competence occurs at the stationary phase of growth in H. influenzae, we used a DNA transformation assay to evaluate the physiological state of bacteria grown in diffusion chambers implanted in rats. Chromosomal DNA isolated from an antibiotic-resistant donor strain was mixed with bacteria in diffusion chambers. At different times during a 5-h incubation period, recipient bacteria were collected from the chambers, CFU were determined by plate counting, and antibiotic-resistant transformants were isolated on selective plates. Genetic competence rapidly developed in cells grown in rats, and the frequency of transformation by test DNA was elevated. Electron microscopy revealed an irregular cell shape and blebs at the surface of bacteria cultivated in animals and in cerebrospinal fluids. In an attempt to induce a similar physiological state in vitro, we supplemented broth cultures with cyclic AMP or synchronized cultures by a nutritional upshift. No changes in PBPs were observed with supplemental cyclic AMP or during a single cell cycle. Finally, a reduction in the affinity of PBPs for 125I-penicillin V identical to that observed in bacteria grown in rats was observed in cells isolated from the stationary phase of growth in vitro. These results clearly indicate that H. influenzae cells grown in animals undergo a rapid change to a physiological state similar to that found in late-stationary-phase cultures in vitro. This observation indicates that the rational design of future and improved antibiotic therapy of H. influenzae infections should consider cell properties of slow-growing or latent bacteria.
Chronic Intermittent Intravenous Insulin Therapy: A New Frontier in Diabetes Therapy (2001)

The limited success achieved in controlling diabetes and its complications with conventional insulin therapy suggests the need for reevaluation of the appropriateness of insulin administration protocols. Indeed, conventional subcutaneous insulin administration produces slowly changing blood insulin levels and suboptimal hepatocyte insulinization resulting in impaired hepatic capacity for processing incoming dietary glucose. The novel approach to insulin administration known as chronic intermittent intravenous insulin therapy (CIIIT) delivers insulin in a pulsatile fashion and achieves physiological insulin concentration in the portal vein. Done as a weekly outpatient procedure combined with daily intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy, this procedure has been shown to (1) significantly improve glycemic control while decreasing the incidence of hypoglycemic events, (2) improve hypertension control, (3) slow the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy, and (4) reverse some manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (e.g., abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern, severe postural hypotension, and hypoglycemia unawareness).
Novel Modeling and Control Strategies for a HVAC System Including Carbon Dioxide Control (2014)

Conventional heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have traditionally used the temperature and the humidity ratio as the quantitative indices of comfort in a room. Recently, the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has also been recognized as having an important contribution to room comfort. This paper presents the modeling of an augmented HVAC system including CO2 concentration, and its control strategies. Because the proposed augmented HVAC system is multi-input multi-output (MIMO) and has no relative degree problem, the dynamic extension algorithm can be employed; then, a feedback linearization technique is applied. A linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is designed to optimize control performance and to stabilize the proposed HVAC system. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system model, as well as its linearized control system.
Treatment of older patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel: subgroup analyses from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial (CLEOPATRA) (2013)

Although the incidence of cancer increases with age, older patients are under-represented in cancer treatment trials, resulting in limited data availability in this patient population. Here we present results from pre-defined subgroup analyses conducted by age group (<65 vs ≥ 65 years) from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Patients who had not received previous chemotherapy or biological therapy for HER2-positive locally recurrent, unresectable or metastatic breast cancer were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel or with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel. Primary endpoint was independently assessed progression-free survival. We performed pre-specified subgroup analyses of progression-free survival according to age. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00567190. 808 patients were enrolled. Of those, 127 patients were 65 years of age or older (placebo arm: 67, pertuzumab arm: 60). Patients in both age groups experienced progression-free survival benefit with treatment in the pertuzumab arm (<65 years: HR: 0.65; 95 % CI 0.53-0.80; ≥65 years: HR: 0.52; 95 % CI 0.31-0.86). Diarrhoea, fatigue, asthenia, decreased appetite, vomiting, and dysgeusia were reported more frequently in patients 65 years of age or older compared with younger patients. Neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were reported less frequently in the older age group. The efficacy and safety data reported in CLEOPATRA suggest that the combined use of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel should not be limited by patient age.
A 400MHz 6b DAC (1984)

A 400MHz SAMPLE rate, 6b Gray code A/D converter, designed and fabricated in a 5GHz bipolar process, maintaining good linearity at high input and clock frequencies without the use of a sample and hold circuit, will be described.
High-speed photography of laser-induced breakdown in liquids (1972)

A giant pulse of a ruby laser is focused into water, silicone oils, and some other liquids. High-speed photography of the focal region with picture repetition rates up to 850 000 pps shows the dynamics of the produced bubbles. These are extremely well suited to study cavitation bubble dynamics. Spherical almost empty bubbles can be produced in water, realizing the Rayleigh bubble model. The shock wave produced by the laser-induced breakdown is made visible by small bubbles suspended in the vicinity. From the radial motion of these bubbles, conclusions can be drawn on the strength of the shock wave.
An upstream activator sequence regulates the murine Pgk-1 promoter and binds multiple nuclear proteins. (1995)

The murine Pgk-1 gene is driven by a strong promoter that is regulated by a 304 bp upstream activator sequence (UAS). The activity of the UAS is high in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells but declines when these cells are induced to differentiate with retinoic acid. The effect of the UAS on promoter activity is particularly striking when the activity of the Pgk-1 promoter is assayed following its integration into the genome, suggesting that it may function by regulating chromatin structure in the region of the core promoter. Three sites on the UAS bind nuclear proteins. Two of these sites bind factors present in both embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated derivatives whereas one site binds factors present only in differentiated cells. There appears to be both cooperation and antagonism in the binding of proteins to different sites in the UAS, suggesting that the activity of the Pgk-1 promoter is determined by the constellation of proteins assembled upstream of its transcription start site.
A Solution-Phase, Precursor Route to Polycrystalline SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanowires That Can Be Used for Gas Sensing under Ambient Conditions (2003)

This paper describes a solution-based, precursor method for the facile synthesis of uniform nanowires containing rutile SnO2 nanocrystallites. In a typical procedure, nanowires of approximately 50 nm in diameters and up to 30 mum in length were obtained as a white precipitate by refluxing SnC2O4.2H2O and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in ethylene glycol. Structural analyses by XRD, FT-IR, and TGA indicate that these highly anisotropic nanostructures were formed in an isotropic medium through the aggregation of chainlike precursors that were, in turn, formed via polyol-mediated oligomerization. These nanowires could be further converted to polycrystalline SnO2 by calcination in air at 500 degrees C. The resultant nanowires of SnO2 were highly porous and could be used for gas sensing with improved sensitivity and reversibility under ambient conditions. We have also demonstrated that this new approach could be extended to generate polycrystalline nanowires of other metal oxides such as In2O3 and anatase TiO2.