gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid 3D Printing of Soft Electronics (2017)

Abstract Hybrid 3D printing is a new method for producing soft electronics that combines direct ink writing of conductive and dielectric elastomeric materials with automated pick‐and‐place of surface mount electronic components within an integrated additive manufacturing platform. Using this approach, insulating matrix and conductive electrode inks are directly printed in specific layouts. Passive and active electrical components are then integrated to produce the desired electronic circuitry by using an empty nozzle (in vacuum‐on mode) to pick up individual components, place them onto the substrate, and then deposit them (in vacuum‐off mode) in the desired location. The components are then interconnected via printed conductive traces to yield soft electronic devices that may find potential application in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and biomedical devices.
Optimal Conditions for Coke Extraction of Spent Catalyst by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Compared to Soxhlet (2005)

Catalyst deactivation by coke deposition is a problem of great and continuing concern in residue hydroprocessing operations. To reach a better understanding of coke formation, it is desirable to obtain information on the amount and composition of soluble fractions of coke deposited. Since extraction of spent catalysts by a number of solvents with gradually increasing polarity is time-consuming, this study was undertaken to evaluate two extraction methodsSoxhlet extraction and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)with regard to their efficiency and relevancy (recovery, experiment time, and volume of solvent used) for characterization of coke. In both methods, spent catalysts were successively extracted with n-heptane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and dichloromethane. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study both the soluble coke and the insoluble coke on the catalysts. ASE was found to be the superior extraction method because ASE reached the same efficency as Soxhlet after 5 min of extraction compared with 6−12 h by Soxhlet using less solvent.
A global message network employing low Earth-orbiting satellites (1992)

A global message communication network for low-density traffic, using satellites at low altitudes, is described. This network affords around-the-clock service to any part of the globe, including the polar regions. Such a network can accommodate static and mobile user terminals simultaneously. The oblate globe is modeled as a regular polyhedron with 12 facets for setting up the orbits. Satellites are positioned uniformly in low-altitude symmetrical orbits. The symmetrical orbits are those whose axes are symmetrical in the three-dimensional space. The authors study the coverage aspects of the 6-orbit scheme and the 10-orbit scheme, each with satellites deployed at an altitude of 5000 km. At this altitude, the terrestrial user terminals can access satellites at a grazing angle of 45 degrees . The method of access over the crosslinks is the slotted ALOHA scheme. For low-density traffic, the downlink and uplink throughput rates are estimated. Simulation results agree with these analytical estimates for low values of network offered load.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Full-field direct digital telemammography: technical components, study protocols, and preliminary results (1997)

The early detection of breast cancer increases the survival rate in women. Today, film-screen mammography is the most common and effective technique for the detection of breast cancer. However, the film-screen image recording system of current mammography has several technical limitations that can reduce the breast cancer diagnostic accuracy. A state-of-the-art technology, full-field direct digital mammography (FFDDM) has the potential to increase the sensitivity of clinical and screening examinations and emerge as a film-screen mammography replacement. It is believed that efficiently delivering the superior image quality of FFDDM to expert mammographers will significantly increase the breast cancer diagnostic accuracy. This concept motivates the studies of FFDDM telemammography. In this paper, we will report the FFDDM telemammography project that is being conducted in our facility. The fundamental technology of the FFDDM system and the characteristics of FFDDM images are described. Our research approach is through three protocols: telediagnosis, teleconsultation, and telemanagement. Each of these study protocols is defined. To conduct this FFDDM telemammography project, an asynchronous transfer-mode-network-based telemammography system is developed across two remote campuses in our facility. The architecture of this system is detailed. Unlike other medical imaging modalities, the matrix of an FFDDM image is huge. How to present the image information to mammographers via currently available display media is a challenging task. Our display approaches for the FFDDM images are described. Some preliminary study results from the current phase of this study are reported.
Relationship of Expression of a Cell-Surface Antigen on Activated Murine Macrophages to Tumor Cell Cytotoxicity (1978)

Abstract A cell surface antigen (AMøCSA) associated with activated macrophages was induced in vivo on murine peritoneal macrophages by pyran copolymer or Corynebacterium parvum but not by glycogen or thioglycollate. The antigen was detected by complement-dependent cytotoxicity by using an appropriately absorbed rabbit antiserum to the P388D1 macrophage cell line. Antigen was detectable on 90 to 100% of peritoneal macrophages 6 hr after i.p. inoculation of pyran or C. parvum and gradually declined to background levels, both with respect to the number of positive cells and the amount of antigen per cell, by 30 days after induction. Activated macrophages treated with pronase but not trypsin, neuraminidase, or β-galactosidase were no longer susceptible to lysis with AMøCSA-specific antiserum and C, but they could still be lysed with an antiserum directed to an organ-specific macrophage antigen shared by both normal and activated macrophages. Studies with four bacterial vaccines, Propionibacterium acnes, type I; two strains of P. acnes, type II, and P. granulosum have indicated that only two vaccines, P. acnes, type I and one strain of P. acnes, type II, could induce: a) regression of the MCA 2182 fibrosarcoma when inoculated intralesionally, b) splenomegaly, and c) peritoneal macrophages cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. The new antigen associated with activated macrophages was only detectable on macrophages activated by the two vaccines, P. acnes, types I and II, that induced functionally activated cells. These results are consistent with the induction of a new cell-surface antigen associated with activated but not with normal or elicited macrophages.
Selective Laser Ablation of Anti-Reflection Coatings for Novel Metallization Techniques (2006)

The industrial standard process for producing solar cell front sides includes several drawbacks. First of all the screen-printed front side metallisation with silver paste leads to contacts with a poor aspect ratio and a low conduction quality due to the composition of a printable paste. Additionally, the poor contact resistance requires high surface doping concentrations of the emitter. When using further developed cell concepts like the laser-fired contacted rear side (LFC) featuring dielectric passivation and a local point contact structure, the high-temperature step for establishing the front contact is detrimental too. A solution for this problem could be the use of alternative front side metallisation techniques. Without firing through they all require a selective opening of the front side antireflection coating. The approach studied in this paper is the selective laser ablation of this layer
Ultrahigh-Energy Storage Properties of (PbCa)ZrO<sub>3</sub> Antiferroelectric Thin Films <i>via</i> Constructing a Pyrochlore Nanocrystalline Structure (2020)

In recent years, antiferroelectric materials have been attracting considerable attention as energy storage capacitors due to their potential applications in pulsed power systems. In this work, antiferroelectric Pb<sub>0.88</sub>Ca<sub>0.12</sub>ZrO<sub>3</sub> (PCZ) thin films were prepared <i>via</i> chemical solution deposition and annealed using rapid thermal annealing. The microstructures of PCZ thin films were controlled <i>via</i> annealing temperature, and the effects of microstructures on electric properties and energy storage performance were systematically studied. Our results indicate that PCZ thin films annealed at 550 °C crystallized into a nanocrystalline structure of the pyrochlore phase, while also displaying the highest recoverable energy density and efficiency (91.3 J/cm<sup>3</sup> and 85.3%). We attribute the ultrahigh energy storage properties mainly to dramatic improvements in the electric breakdown strength caused by the dense nanocrystalline structure. The findings reported herein help to elucidate the relationship between energy storage performance and thin-film microstructure, thereby providing an effective way for improving the energy storage performance of antiferroelectric thin films.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Perturbed Energy Metabolism and Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (1999)

Synaptic degeneration and death of nerve cells are defining features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In AD, neurons in the hippocampus and basal forebrain (brain regions that subserve learning and memory functions) are selectively vulnerable. In PD dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra-striatum (brain regions that control body movements) selectively degenerate. Studies of postmortem brain tissue from AD and PD patients have provided evidence for increased levels of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired glucose uptake in vulnerable neuronal populations. Studies of animal and cell culture models of AD and PD suggest that increased levels of oxidative stress (membrane lipid peroxidation, in particular) may disrupt neuronal energy metabolism and ion homeostasis, by impairing the function of membrane ion-motive ATPases and glucose and glutamate transporters. Such oxidative and metabolic compromise may there-by render neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of AD-linked mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins strongly support central roles for perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis and aberrant proteolytic processing of APP as pivotal events that lead to metabolic compromise in neurons. Specific molecular "players" in the neurodegenerative processes in AD and PD are being identified and include Par-4 and caspases (bad guys) and neurotrophic factors and stress proteins (good guys). Interestingly, while studies continue to elucidate cellular and molecular events occurring in the brain in AD and PD, recent data suggest that both AD and PD can manifest systemic alterations in energy metabolism (e.g., increased insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose metabolism). Emerging evidence that dietary restriction can forestall the development of AD and PD is consistent with a major "metabolic" component to these disorders, and provides optimism that these devastating brain disorders of aging may be largely preventable.
Zoofing! (2009)

The task of list selection is fundamental to many user interfaces, and the traditional scrollbar is a control that does not utilise the rich input features of many mobile devices. We describe the design and evaluation of zoofing---a list selection interface for touch/pen devices that combines pressure-based zooming and flick-based scrolling. While previous flick-based interfaces have performed similarly to traditional scrolling for short distances, and worse for long ones, zoofing outperforms (and is preferred to) traditional scrolling, flick-based scrolling, and OrthoZoom. We analyse experimental logs to understand how pressure was used and discuss directions for further work.
¿Retirada de último momento? Evaluaciones, opciones y alternativas a los Acuerdos de Asociación Económica (AEE) (2007)

Por lo que respecta a los Acuerdos de Asociacion Economica, la opcion propuesta para sustituir el Acuerdo de Cotonu para 77 paises de Africa, el Caribe y el Pacifico, quizas se podria acusar a la Comision Europea (CE) de estar metiendose en problemas. Desde que fueran anunciados en abril de 2002 la CE ha estado a la defensiva, tratando de defender esa politica en muy diversos frentes.
Design considerations and initial performance of a 1.2 cm/sup 2/ beta imaging intra-operative probe (1996)

A novel small area beta (/spl beta//sup /spl plusmn//) detector is under development for nuclear emission imaging of surgically exposed, radiolabeled tumor beds. The imaging device front-end consists of a 0.5 mm thick by 1.25 cm diameter CaF/sub 2/(Eu) scintillator disk coupled to a rigid bundle of 2 mm diameter double clad optical fibers through a polystyrene light diffuser. The detector area (1.2 cm/sup 2/) was determined by the requirement of introducing the probe into small cavities, e.g. during neuro-surgical lesion resection, but large enough to produce images of clinical significance. Flexible back-end optical fibers (1.9 m long) were coupled to the front-end components allowing /spl sim/75 photo-electrons to be detected for mean beta energies of 250 keV, indicating that sufficient signal can be obtained with clinical beta emitters (e.g. /sup 18/F, /sup 131/I). The long flexible fibers guide the scintillation light to a Philips XP1700 series, fiber optic faceplate, Multi-Channel PMT. The parallel MC-PMT outputs are fed into a variable gain, charge divider network and an i-V pre-amplifier/line driver network, whose resulting four outputs are digitized and histogrammed with standard Anger positioning logic. The various components in the imaging chain were evaluated and optimized by both simulations and measurements. Line spread functions measured in the 10.8 mm FOV were 0.50 mm /spl plusmn/0.038 mm and 0.55 mm /spl plusmn/0.065 mm FWHM in X and Y, respectively. A 20% variation in pulse height and minimal variation in spatial resolution was observed. The differential image uniformity was measured to be /spl plusmn/15.6% with /spl sim/150 cts/pixel. Preliminary images show excellent reproduction of phantom activity distributions.
Regulation of interleukin 4-mediated signaling by naturally occurring dominant negative and attenuated forms of human Stat6 (1998)

Interleukin (IL)-4-mediated nuclear signaling by Stat6 has been implicated in lymphoid cell proliferation and the transcriptional activation of genes encoding major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules and Fc receptors. To investigate IL-4-mediated transcriptional events, we cloned two naturally occurring human Stat6 isoforms, Stat6b and Stat6c, that encoded an NH2-terminal truncation or an SH2 domain deletion, respectively. Stat6 variant mRNAs were differentially expressed in many human tissues. To elucidate the biologic role of each isoform, we examined the consequences of overexpression in IL-4-responsive FDC-P2 cells. Stat6 and Stat6b (to a lesser extent) enhanced DNA synthesis, up-regulated endogenous MHC class II and Fcgamma receptors, and became tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-4 stimulation. In contrast, Stat6c, which lacks functionally critical SH2 domain residues, unexpectedly inhibited IL-4-mediated mitogenesis and cell surface antigen expression and was not tyrosine phosphorylated. Although Stat6c only modestly diminished endogenous Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation, it abolished endogenous Stat6 FcgammaRI and Iepsilon DNA binding activity and FcgammaRI-luciferase reporter transcriptional activation. Our results indicate that the molecular mechanism of inhibition by Stat6c was due to suppression of endogenous Stat6 dimer formation. Thus, Stat6b and Stat6c are naturally occurring attenuated and dominant negative Stat6 variants, respectively, that affect IL-4-mediated biologic responses through differential transcriptional regulation.
Building Highly-Optimized, Low-Latency Pipelines for Genomic Data Analysis (2015)

Abstract. Next-generation sequencing has transformed ge-nomics into a new paradigm of data-intensive computing. The deluge of genomic data needs to undergo deep analysis to mine biological information. Deep analysis pipelines often take days to run, which entails a long cycle for algorithm and method development and hinders future application for clinic use. In this project, we aim to bring big data technology to the genomics domain and innovate in this new domain to revolutionize its data crunching power. Our work includes the development of a deep analysis pipeline, a parallel plat-form for pipeline execution, and a principled approach to optimizing the pipeline. We also present some initial evalua-tion results using existing long-running pipelines at the New York Genome Center, as well as a variety of real use cases that we plan to build in the course of this project. 1.
Adaptors for disorders of the brain? The cancer signaling proteins NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B in Alzheimer’s disease (2014)

No treatment strategies effectively limit the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. The absence of viable treatment options reflects the fact that the pathophysiology and genotypic causes of the disease are not well understood. The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has made it possible to broadly investigate genotypic alterations driving phenotypic occurrences. Recent studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two paralogous scaffolding proteins, NEDD9 and CASS4, and the kinase PTK2B, with susceptibility to late-onset AD (LOAD). Intriguingly, NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B have been much studied as interacting partners regulating oncogenesis and metastasis, and all three are known to be active in the brain during development and in cancer. However, to date, the majority of studies of these proteins have emphasized their roles in the directly cancer relevant processes of migration and survival signaling. We here discuss evidence for roles of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in additional processes, including hypoxia, vascular changes, inflammation, microtubule stabilization and calcium signaling, as potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of LOAD. Reciprocally, these functions can better inform our understanding of the action of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in cancer.
Iseganan (IntraBiotics pharmaceuticals). (2002)

Iseganan (IB-367) is a protegrin under development by IntraBiotics, as part of a larger protegrin program, for the potential treatment of oral mucositis, a frequent side effect of anticancer therapies. The company is developing three formulations of the drug: A rinse for the potential treatment of mucositis, an aerosolized liquid for the potential treatment of respiratory infection and a gel formulation for the potential treatment of pneumonia [376325]. Iseganan kills a broad-spectrum of bacteria and fungi, including those resistant to conventional antimicrobial drugs, by attaching to and destroying the integrity of the lipid cell membrane [241594]. Until August 1999, Pharmacia & Upjohn was a codeveloper of iseganan. IntraBiotics re-acquired the global rights to iseganan in December 1999, and both companies agreed to terminate the collaboration [335766]. In May 2000, analysts at SG Cowen predicted the drug's potential market at US $100 to US $200 million [376325].
Solid Tissue Dispersal for Cytokinetic Analyses (1987)

The dispersal of solid tissues into a single-cell suspension has become an integral component of many current techniques for quantitative cytokinetic analysis of both normal and neoplastic tissues. This is particularly evident in the application of flow cytometric (FCM) procedures for the quantitative analysis of DNA content (see ref. ), measurements of intracellular components [i.e., bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into DNA ()], and identification and purification of subpopulations for subsequent cytokinetic studies (,). In addition most assay systems for quantitation of the fraction of clonogenic cells, as well as many biochemical/molecular analyses (i.e., incorporation of tritiated thymidine, [3H]-TdR, into DNA), are done on a per cell basis, and thus utilize cells in suspension.
Road to refractory epilepsy: The <scp>G</scp>lasgow story (2013)

This short article reviews 30 years of prospective observations on outcomes relevant to an expanding cohort of adolescent and adult patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy, who received their first antiepileptic drug (AED) and subsequent long-term follow-up at the Epilepsy Unit at the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, United Kingdom. Despite the fact that the overall prognosis has slowly improved over this time, >30% of the patients remain uncontrolled despite the introduction of a range of new AEDs, some with unique mechanisms of action, over the last 20 years. Most patients followed a constant course (59% controlled, 25% refractory), which could usually be predicted early. The remaining 16% fluctuated between periods of remission and relapse. The likelihood of seizure freedom declined with successive drug regimens, most markedly from the first to the third. A number of factors predicting poorer outcomes have been identified, particularly high pretreatment seizure density and concomitant psychiatric comorbidities. Novel approaches to identifying and treating the processes underpinning the generation and propagation of seizures are required if the current rather disappointing scenario is to be substantially improved.
Ca<sup>2+</sup>oscillations and sperm factors at fertilization in mammals (1999)

At fertilization in mammals, the spermatozoon triggers a series of Ca(2+) oscillations that are essential for activating the oocyte. The reason why the spermatozoon triggers Ca(2+) oscillations, as opposed to a single Ca(2+) increase, is unknown. However, there is evidence that more than one Ca(2+) increase is required for efficient rates of pronuclear formation. In addition, the pattern of Ca(2+) oscillations may affect later development. It is not known how the spermatozoon triggers Ca(2+) release in the oocyte, but it may act by introducing a cytosolic factor after gamete membrane fusion has taken place. This factor is characterized by its ability to cause Ca(2+) oscillations and is referred to as an oscillogen. The protein components that make up the sperm oscillogen remain unclear.