gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of 1,3-Propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae (2002)

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD) has numerous applications from polymers to cosmetics, foods, lubricants, and medicines. Recently, there are strong industrial interests in a new kind of polyester, polytrimethylene terephthalate, with 1,3-PD as a monomer. This new polyester shows significant promise for use in carpeting and textiles. In this article we introduce a mild aerobic fermentation process using a strain screened from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955, which is insensitive to oxygen, to produce 1,3-PD. We also describe a two-step fermentation process starting with glucose that was converted into glycerol with a glycerol-producing yeast, followed by K. pneumoniae that converts glycerol into 1,3-PD without intermediate isolation and purification of glycerol.
The Pharmacology of Topical Analgesics (2013)

Pain management of patients continues to pose challenges to clinicians. Given the multiple dimensions of pain--whether acute or chronic, mild, moderate, or severe, nociceptive or neuropathic--a multimodal approach may be needed. Fortunately, clinicians have an array of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment choices; however, each modality must be chosen carefully, because some often used oral agents are associated with safety and tolerability issues that restrict their use in certain patients. In particular, orally administered nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are known to cause systemic adverse effects in some patients. To address this problem, a number of topical therapies in various therapeutic classes have been developed to reduce systemic exposure and minimize the risks of patients developing adverse events. For example, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug formulations produce a site-specific effect (ie, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition) while decreasing the systemic exposure that may lead to undesired effects in patients. Similarly, derivatives of acetylsalicylic acid (ie, salicylates) are used in topical analgesic formulations that do not significantly enter the patient's systemic circulation. Salicylates, along with capsaicin, menthol, and camphor, compose the counterirritant class of topical analgesics, which produce analgesia by activating and then desensitizing epidermal nociceptors. Additionally, patches and creams that contain the local anesthetic lidocaine, alone or co-formulated with other local anesthetics, are also used to manage patients with select acute and chronic pain states. Perhaps the most common topical analgesic modality is the cautious application of cutaneous cold and heat. Such treatments may decrease pain not by reaching the target tissue through systemic distribution, but by acting more directly on the affected tissue. Despite the tolerability benefits associated with avoiding systemic circulation, topically applied analgesics are associated with application-site reactions in patients, such as dryness, erythema, burning, and discoloration. Furthermore, some adverse events that have been observed in patients may be suggestive of some degree of systemic exposure. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of topical treatments for the management of patient pain.
Enzyme-Linked Amplified Electrochemical Sensing of Oligonucleotide−DNA Interactions by Means of the Precipitation of an Insoluble Product and Using Impedance Spectroscopy (1999)

A novel method for the sensitive and specific electrochemical analysis of DNA is described using Faradaic impedance spectroscopy. A thiol−thymine-tagged oligonucleotide (1) capable of forming only one double-stranded turn with the target DNA analyte (2) is assembled on a Au electrode and acts as the sensing interface. The resulting functionalized electrode is reacted with a complex between the target DNA (2) and a biotinylated oligonucleotide (3) to yield a bifunctional double-stranded assembly on the electrode support. The Faradaic impedance spectra, using Fe(CN)63- as redox probe, reveal an increase in the electron-transfer resistance at the electrode surface upon the construction of the double-stranded assembly. This is attributed to the electrostatic repulsion of Fe(CN)63- upon formation of the negatively charged double-stranded superstructure. Binding of an avidin−HRP conjugate to the oligonucleotide−DNA assembly further insulates the electrode and increases the interfacial electron-transfer resistance. The HRP-mediated biocatalyzed oxidation of 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4) by H2O2 yields a precipitate (5) on the conductive support and stimulates a very high barrier for interfacial electron transfer, Ret = 14.7 kΩ. Thus, the precipitation of 5 confirms and amplifies the sensing process of the target DNA (2). The analyte DNA (2) corresponds to the mutated gene fragment characteristic of the Tay-Sachs genetic disorder. The normal gene (2a) is easily discriminated by the sensing interface. The sensor device enables detection of the target DNA (2) with a sensitivity of at least 20 × 10-9 g·mL-1. Cyclic voltammetry experiments further confirm the formation of barriers for the interfacial electron transfer upon the buildup of the double-stranded oligonucleotide-DNA structure and upon the biocatalytic deposition of 5 on the electrode surface.
60-Gbps W-Band 64QAM RoF System with T-spaced DD-LMS Equalization (2017)

We experimentally demonstrate the generation and transmission of 60-Gb/s (10-Gbaud) 91-GHz 64QAM-modulated mm-wave signal over 20-km SMF-28 and 3-m wireless distance, with BER under 2×10-2. Receiver-based T-spaced DD-LMS equalization significantly improves the system performance.
Consistency of Replicated Datasets in Grid Computing (2009)

Data replication is a well-known technique used in distributed systems in order to improve fault tolerance and make data access faster. Several copies of a dataset are created and placed at different nodes, so that users can access the replica closest to them, and at the same time the data access load is distributed among the replicas. In today’s Grid middleware solutions, data management services allow users to replicate datasets (i.e., flat files or databases) among storage elements within a Grid, but replicas are often considered read-only because of the absence of mechanisms able to propagate updates and enforce replica consistency. This entry analyzes the replica consistency problem and provides hints for the development of a Replica Consistency Service, highlighting the main issues and pros and cons of several approaches.
An improved single-loop sigma-delta modulator for GSM applications (2011)

Traditional feedforward structures suffer from performance constraints caused by the complex adder before quantizer. This paper presents an improved 4th-order 1-bit sigma-delta modulator which has a simple adder and delayed input feedforward to relax timing constraints and implement low-distortion. The modulator was fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process, and it achieved 92.8 dB SNDR and 101 dB DR with a signal bandwidth of 100 kHz dissipating 8.6 mW power from a 3.3-V supply. The performance satisfies the requirements of a GSM system.
Chronic Intracerebral Delivery of Trophic Factors via a Programmable Pump as a Treatment for Parkinsonism (2003)

The most common treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) aims at pharmacologically augmenting striatal dopamine (DA) using the DA precursor levodopa. Such treatment provides symptomatic relief, but does not slow or halt continued degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Considerable effort has been devoted to the search for neurotrophic factors with survival-promoting activities on dopaminergic neurons that could potentially be of therapeutic value in the treatment of PD. One such candidate is glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
Preparation of Ordered Macroporous Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 as Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2001)

Abstract Ordered macroporous Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 structrures with an average pore size of 140 nm have been prepared using close-packed arrangement of monodispersed polystyrene spheres as templates. A fuel cell using ordered macroporous Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 as the cathode, gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) film as the electrolyte, and GDC–NiO as the anode generated maximum power densities of 150, 196 and 267 mW/cm2 at 500, 550 and 600 °C, respectively.
Bis-2-oxo Amide Triacylglycerol Analogues:  A Novel Class of Potent Human Gastric Lipase Inhibitors (2001)

A novel class of potent human gastric lipase inhibitors, bis-2-oxo amide triacylglycerol analogues, was developed. These analogues of the natural substrate of lipases were prepared starting from 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol. They were designed to contain the 2-oxo amide functionality in place of the scissile ester bond at the sn-1 and sn-3 position, while the ester bond at the sn-2 position was either maintained or replaced by an ether bond. The derivatives synthesized were tested for their ability to form stable monomolecular films at the air/water interface by recording their surface pressure/molecular area compression isotherms. The inhibition of human pancreatic and gastric lipases by the bis-2-oxo amides was studied using the monolayer technique with mixed films of 1,2-dicaprin containing variable proportions of each inhibitor. The nature of the functional group (ester or ether), as well as the chain length, at the sn-2 position influenced the potency of the inhibition. Among the compounds tested, 2-[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)amino]-1-[[(2-oxohexadecanoyl)-amino]methyl]ethyl decanoate was the most potent inhibitor, causing a 50% decrease in HPL and HGL activities at 0.076 and 0.020 surface molar fractions, respectively.
Vacuum Technology, Thin Films, and Sputtering: An Introduction (1983)

Vacuum technology is advancing and expanding so rapidly that a major difficulty for most companies in the field is finding qualified technicians needed for expansion and as replacements. The only recourse for most companies is to hire capable, though untrained, people to train them in-house. One of the problems in this course of action is that it repeatedly draws on the valuable time of experienced personnel to explain fundamental concepts to a trainee.
Cyclohexyl adenosine protects against neuronal death following ischemia in the CA1 region of gerbil hippocampus. (1988)

Sixty-five male gerbils were exposed to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia induced by a bilateral carotid artery occlusion. One group of 15 gerbils received a single injection of 25 microliter of 5 microM cyclohexyladenosine into the cerebral ventricle 15 minutes after release of the occlusion. Another group of 45 gerbils received a similar injection of the vehicle. Five days after ischemia, the hippocampal histology was examined under light microscopy. In the gerbils treated with the adenosine receptor agonist N-6-cyclohexyladenosine, the CA1 region of the hippocampus showed significant quantitative pyramidal cell preservation (p less than 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Qualitatively, substantial destruction of CA1 neurons was present in all hippocampi of the vehicle-injected gerbils. The CA1 neurons in the cyclohexyladenosine-treated gerbils did not differ from those seen in the five nonischemic controls. The precise mechanism of the protective action of cyclohexyladenosine is unknown, although it has been demonstrated that adenosine agonists reduce presynaptic glutamate release in vitro. It is possible that postischemic administration of cyclohexyladenosine decreases the release of this neurotransmitter in the intact brain as well. The concomitant reduction of the neurotoxic effect of glutamate may, therefore, result in better histologic preservation of the pyramidal cells in the postischemic CA1.
411. Creation of Novel Lentiviral Vectors That Co-Package Anti-HIV Ribozymes with HIV-1 (2004)

During the life cycle of HIV, dimerization and packaging of two copies of viral genomic RNA is mediated via the dimerization/packaging signal (the ψ sequence), located within the 5′ end of the viral genomic transcripts downstream to the primer-binding site and within the gag-coding region of the viral RNA. Dimerization results in co-localization of two viral genomic sequences with both the cell and the virion. It has been shown that dimerization and subsequent virion packaging of dimerized RNAs could be used as a means of co-localizing the ribozyme and target RNAs within the virion and the cell to increase the ribozyme cleavage efficiency.
Iron(II)-induced activation of hydroperoxides for the dehydrogenation and monooxygenation of organic substrates in acetonitrile (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIron(II)-induced activation of hydroperoxides for the dehydrogenation and monooxygenation of organic substrates in acetonitrileHiroshi Sugimoto and Donald T. SawyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 20, 5712–5716Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00306a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00306a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views478Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Covalent Labeling Denaturation Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Localized Higher Order Structure Comparisons (2016)

Protein higher order structure (HOS) describes the three-dimensional folding arrangement of a given protein and plays critical roles in structure/function relationships. As such, it is a key product quality attribute that is monitored during biopharmaceutical development. Covalent labeling of surface residues, combined with mass spectrometry analysis, has increasingly played an important role in characterizing localized protein HOS. Since the label can potentially induce conformation changes, protocols generally use a small amount of label to ensure that the integrity of the protein HOS is not disturbed. The present study, however, describes a method that purposely uses high amounts of isobaric label (levels that induce denaturation) to enhance the sensitivity and resolution for detecting localized structural differences between two or more biological products. The method proved to be highly discriminative, detecting differences in HOS affecting as little as 2.5-5% of the molecular population, levels at which circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy fingerprinting, both gold standard HOS techniques, were unable to adequately differentiate. The methodology was shown to have comparable sensitivity to differential scanning calorimetry for detecting HOS differences. In addition, the workflow presented herein can also quantify other product attributes such as post-translational modifications and site-specific glycosylation, using a single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) run with automated data analysis. We applied this technique to characterize a large (>90 kDa), multiply glycosylated therapeutic protein under different heat stress conditions and aggregation states.
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Timed Execution in Blockchain-Based Smart Contract Platforms (2018)

Timed transaction execution is critical for various decentralized privacy-preserving applications powered by blockchain-based smart contract platforms. Such privacy-preserving smart contract applications need to be able to securely maintain users' sensitive inputs off the blockchain until a prescribed execution time and then automatically make the inputs available to enable on-chain execution of the target function at the execution time, even if the user goes offline. While straight-forward centralized approaches provide a basic solution to the problem, unfortunately they are limited to a single point of trust. This paper presents a new decentralized privacy-preserving transaction scheduling approach that allows users of Ethereum-based decentralized applications to schedule transactions without revealing sensitive inputs before an execution time window selected by the users. The proposed approach involves no centralized party and allows users to go offline at their discretion after scheduling a transaction. The sensitive inputs are privately maintained by a set of trustees randomly selected from the network enabling the inputs to be revealed only at the execution time. The proposed protocol employs secret key sharing and layered encryption techniques and economic deterrence models to securely protect the sensitive information against possible attacks including some trustees destroying the sensitive information or secretly releasing the sensitive information prior to the execution time. We demonstrate the attack-resilience of the proposed approach through rigorous analysis. Our implementation and experimental evaluation on the Ethereum official test network demonstrates that the proposed approach is effective and has a low gas cost and time overhead associated with it.
Laparoscopic versus abdominal hysterectomy. (1992)

The perioperative and postoperative courses of hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were compared for 10 women who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and 10 who underwent laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Although laparoscopic hysterectomy took longer (160 versus 102 minutes), the women undergoing it had a shorter duration of hospitalization (2.4 versus 4.4 days), more rapid recuperation (3 versus 5 weeks) and fewer complications. These preliminary results suggest that in the hands of experienced operative laparoscopists, laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy is preferable to abdominal hysterectomy for selected candidates.
Studies on growth‐promoting action of insulin: mitogenic activity of insulin and its analogues in mouse mammary tumor cells (1997)

Growth-promoting action of insulin and its analogues was studies in the mouse mammary tumor cell line GR2H6 by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation. The mitogenic activity of the analogues obtained by shortening of C-terminus of insulin B chain decreased with stepwise removal of terminal residues, and [A3Leu]insulin was approximately 1000 times less potent than insulin. However, the despentapeptide (B26-B30) insulin(DPI) showed a strikingly higher mitogenic activity at high concentrations; the detected maximal effect of DPI was 136% more than that of insulin. These results demonstrate that the C-terminal area of the B chain and the N-terminal alpha-helix of the A chain are important for the mitogenic activity of insulin. A region corresponding to the growth-promoting function of insulin and a model of DPI action are proposed and discussed.
Solid-Cryogen Cooling Technique for Superconducting Magnets of NMR and MRI (2012)

This paper describes a solid-cryogen cooling technique currently being developed at the M.I.T. Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory for application to superconducting magnets of NMR and MRI. The technique is particularly appropriate for “dry” magnets that do not rely on liquid cryogen, e.g., liquid helium (LHe), as their primary cooling sources. In addition, the advantages of a cryocirculator (a combination of a cryocooler and a working fluid circulator) over a cryocooler as the primary cooling source for dry magnets are described. The four magnets described here, all incorporating this cooling technique described and currently being developed at the FBML, are: 1) a solid-nitrogen (SN2)-cooled Nb3Sn 500-MHz/200-mm MRI magnet with an operating temperature range between 4.2 K (nominal) and 6.0 K (maximum with its primary cooling source off); 2) an SN2-cooled MgB2 0.5-T/800-mm MRI magnet, 1015 K; 3) an SN2-cooled compact YBCO “annulus” 100-MHz/9-mm NMR magnet, 10-15 K; 4) an SN2-cooled 1.5T/75-mm NbTi magnet for slow magic-angle-spinning NMR/MRI, 4.5-5.5 K.
Coordinate expression of activating Fcγ receptors I and III and inhibiting Fcγ receptor type II in the determination of joint inflammation and cartilage destruction during immune complex–mediated arthritis (2003)

During ICA, Fc gamma RIII is the dominant activating receptor mediating joint inflammation, whereas both Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RIII are involved in cartilage destruction. Fc gamma RII inhibits both joint inflammation and severe cartilage destruction during ICA.
Porcine Leptospirosis in Iowa (1990)

The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Iowa swine was examined on the basis of serologic results and herd data from 55 herds in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) program and culture results and histories from 578 cases of reproductive failure submitted to the Iowa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory during a 3-year period. Thirty-eight percent of sera from NAHMS herds contained antibodies against 1 or more of 12 leptospira antigens. Leptospires were isolated from 9 (1.6%) of 578 cases of reproductive failure. Seven (78%) of the isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki and 2 (22%) as serovar grippotyphosa. In 7 herds from which leptospires were isolated, attack rates ranged from 1% to 84%. Clinical leptospirosis, characterized by reproductive failure and confirmed by isolation of leptospires, was sporadic. No significant differences in farrowing averages and reproductive problems were observed between vaccinated and nonvaccinated NAHMS herds or between herds with higher (43-63%) or lower (14-40%) percentages of animals that were serologically positive against serovar bratislava.