gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Syntax and Stack Overflow: A Methodology for Extracting a Corpus of Syntax Errors and Fixes (2019)

One problem when studying how to find and fix syntax errors is how to get natural and representative examples of syntax errors. Most syntax error datasets are not free, open, and public, or they are extracted from novice programmers and do not represent syntax errors that the general population of developers would make. Programmers of all skill levels post questions and answers to Stack Overflow which may contain snippets of source code along with corresponding text and tags. Many snippets do not parse, thus they are ripe for forming a corpus of syntax errors and corrections. Our primary contribution is an approach for extracting natural syntax errors and their corresponding human made fixes to help syntax error research. A Python abstract syntax tree parser is used to determine preliminary errors and corrections on code blocks extracted from the SOTorrent data set. We further analyzed our code by executing the corrections in a Python interpreter. We applied our methodology to produce a public data set of 62,965 Python Stack Overflow code snippets with corresponding tags, errors, and stack traces. We found that errors made by Stack Overflow users do not match errors made by student developers or random mutations, implying there is a serious representativeness risk within the field. Finally we share our dataset openly so that future researchers can re-use and extend our syntax errors and fixes.
The effect of contrast on the transfer properties of cat retinal ganglion cells. (1978)

1. Variation in stimulus contrast produces a marked effect on the dynamics of the cat retina. This contrast effect was investigated by measurement of the responses of X and Y ganglion cells. The stimuli were sine gratings or rectangular spots modulated by a temporal signal which was a sum of sinusoids. Fourier analysis of the neural response to such a stimulus allowed us to calculate first order and second order frequency kernels. 2. The first order frequency kernel of both X and Y ganglion cells became more sharply tuned at higher contrasts. The peak amplitude also shifted to higher temporal frequency at higher contrasts. Responses to low frequencies of modulation (less than 1 Hz) grew less than proportionally with contrast. However, response amplitudes at higher modulation frequencies (greater than 4 Hz) scaled approximately proportionally with contrast. Also, there was a marked phase advance in these latter components as contrast increased. 3. The contrast effect was significantly larger for Y cells than for X cells. 4. The first order frequency kernel was measured with single sine waves as well as with the sum of sinusoids as a modulation signal. The transfer function measured in this way was much less affected by increases in contrast. This implied that stimulus energy at one temporal frequency could affect the response amplitude and phase shift at another temporal frequency. 5. Direct proof was found that modulation at one frequency modifies the response at other frequencies. This was demonstrated by perturbation experiments in which the modulation stimulus was the sum of one strong perturbing sinusoid and seven weak test sinusoids. 6. The shape of the graph of the amplitude of the first order frequency kernel vs. temporal frequency did not depend on the amplitudes of the first order components, but rather on local retinal contrast. This was shown in an experiment with a sine grating placed at different positions in the visual field. The shape of the first order kernel did not vary with spatial phase, while the magnitudes of the first order responses varied greatly with spatial phase. 7. Models for the contrast gain control mechanism are considered in the Discussion.
Conceptual modeling of XML data (2006)

In this paper, we propose a conceptual model for building schemata for XML documents. In particular, we define the conceptual model UXS (UML & XML Schema), which is based on UML and provides several graphical constructs to help the programmer to define complex XML schemata. The model is completed by the support of several translation approaches for building the XML Schema code, corresponding to the defined conceptual schema. A prototype has been developed, and allows the conceptual definition of XML schemata by using the introduced approach.
Requirements specification in SCADA/EMS/DMS procurement projects (1996)

Computer-based systems for supervision and control have been in operation in the power industry for more than 25 years. Despite this, problems in procurement/delivery of such systems are too common. Common reasons for delays and unexpected additional costs are: misunderstandings between the customer and the vendor concerning which functionality, performance, etc. the system shall provide; and technical problems during the development of new functions to meet specific requirements and needs of the customer. The risk for misunderstandings decrease if the customer's requirements on the system can be better defined in the Request For Proposal (RFP) and in the contract. Requirements that are well worked-out can also decrease the risk that unnecessary, new development must be carried out specially for that delivery. Furthermore, adequate requirements may facilitate the new developments that are still required. The purpose of this paper is to give guidelines for the statement of good requirements during the procurement of a SCADA/EMS/DMS system.
Coagulation, Fibrinolytic and Kallikrein Systems in Neonates with Uncomplicated Sepsis and Septic Shock (1993)

This study evaluates the contact system, coagulation inhibitors and fibrinolysis in 23 full-term newborns with sepsis (8 with septic shock). The results were compared with a group of 20 healthy newborns. Blood samples were obtained at the time of clinical diagnosis and 3 days after the antibiotic therapy was started. The results showed that: severe infection was associated with activation of the contact system, depletion of anticoagulant proteins and elevation of C4b-binding protein levels. There was a shift in protein S to the complexed inactive form, and the thrombin-antithrombin complexes increased. These changes occurred in parallel to both activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis. These changes were more pronounced in the septic shock patients than in nonshock neonates. After therapy, this procoagulant state decreased among survivor patients while in those who died, the abnormalities in coagulation did not improve. Our study suggests that neonatal sepsis induces a hypercoagulable state that persists in nonsurvivor neonates despite a correct treatment.
ASAGA: Asynchronous Parallel SAGA (2016)

We describe ASAGA, an asynchronous parallel version of the incremental gradient algorithm SAGA that enjoys fast linear convergence rates. Through a novel perspective, we revisit and clarify a subtle but important technical issue present in a large fraction of the recent convergence rate proofs for asynchronous parallel optimization algorithms, and propose a simplification of the recently introduced "perturbed iterate" framework that resolves it. We thereby prove that ASAGA can obtain a theoretical linear speedup on multi-core systems even without sparsity assumptions. We present results of an implementation on a 40-core architecture illustrating the practical speedup as well as the hardware overhead.
Nanoscale Indentation of Polymer and Composite Polymer−Silica Core−Shell Submicrometer Particles by Atomic Force Microscopy (2007)

Atomic force microscopy was employed to probe the mechanical properties of surface-charged polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based terpolymer and composite terpolymer core-silica shell particles in air and water media. The composite particles were achieved with two different approaches: using a silane coupling agent (composite A) or attractive electrostatic interactions (composite B) between the core and the shell. Young's moduli (E) of 4.3+/-0.7, 11.1+/-1.7, and 8.4+/-1.7 GPa were measured in air for the PMMA-based terpolymer, composite A, and composite B, respectively. In water, E decreases to 1.6+/-0.2 GPa for the terpolymer; it shows a slight decrease to 8.0+/-1.2 GPa for composite A, while it decreases to 2.9+/-0.6 GPa for composite B. This trend is explained by considering a 50% swelling of the polymer in water confirmed by dynamic light scattering. Close agreement is found between the absolute values of elastic moduli determined by nanoindentation and known values for the corresponding bulk materials. The thickness of the silica coating affects the mechanical properties of composite A. In the case of composite B, because the silica shell consists of separate particles free to move in the longitudinal direction that do not individually deform when the entire composite deforms, the elastic properties of the composites are determined exclusively by the properties of the polymer core. These results provide a basis for tailoring the mechanical properties of polymer and composite particles in air and in solution, essential in the design of next-generation abrasive schemes for several technological applications.
Sports Drinks (2000)

Can sports drinks improve the way you play and exercise? Athletes-both competitive and recreational-turn to the consumption of sports drinks to optimize their performance. A volume in the Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Series, Sports Drinks: Basic Science and Practical Aspects provides a review of current knowledge on issues relating to the formu
Nanoengineered biophotonic hybrid device (2002)

The novel optical biomolecular properties of nanoscale, light harvesting 'antenna' structures (chlorosomes) were investigated for their potential use in nanoengineered biohybrid device applications. These photosynthetic units transfer photonic energy via a large Stokes shift while attaining high quantum efficiencies and ultra-fast energy transfer rates. Results from this feasibility study demonstrate the utility of exploiting selected properties of biomolecular constructs as functional, nanoscale hybrid device components for potential broad utility in biomedicine and biotechnology.
Cumberland Fair, Friday, September 23, 1938 (1938)

The official race program for the Friday, September 23, 1938 meeting of the Cumberland Fair Harness Races. The races were staged at the fair grounds track in West Cumberland, Maine. The program includes the names of race day officials and a summary of the Daily Double on the front cover. The final panel of the card includes information about parimutual betting rules and regulations. The program also includes Guy Kendall's notes on changes in the race lineups, including the finish times. Kendall noted the amounts he bet on races in the upper left corner of each race card and his subsequent winnings in the upper right corner. He also notes in the 9th race that Hanover Mascot tied the existing track record (T.T.R.) with a time of 2.06 1/4 in the 2.13 Trot, Haddock up.
Chaotic light: a theory of asymmetric resonant cavities (2002)

Spherical and cylindrical dielectric cavities support high Q whispering gallery modes due to total internal reflection of the trapped light. When such a cavity is deformed smoothly the ray dynamics of these modes becomes chaotic in a manner determined by the KAM theory of classical hamiltonian dynamics. The universal properties of the ray dynamics predicted by KAM theory allow a general understanding of the whispering gallery modes of such asymmetric resonant cavities (ARCs). This theory combined with simulations of the non-linear map describing the ray motion provides the basis for a ray-optics model of the Q-spoiling of these whispering gallery modes for large deformations (greater than 1% of the radius). The model predicts a sharp onset as a function of deformation for significant Q-spoiling of these modes and highly directional emission above this threshold. Solution of the wave equation for typical whispering gallery modes confirms the qualitative behavior predicted by the ray-optics model even when the cavity is only a few times the resonant wavelength. The model explains for the first time the lasing intensity profile of highly deformed lasing droplets.
<title>Optical Disc Recording At 50 Megabits/Second</title> (1979)

An optical disc system is being developed to address wideband archival digital data storage applications. This system, which has the capability for "instant" playback (i.e., within a few bit periods), is configured about an RCA-proprietary "trilayer" optical disc structure. The optical disc has the potential for achieving high packing density (1011 bits/disc) and high data transfer rates. This paper discusses the RCA approach and experimental results of the implementation of an error detection and correction (EDAC) scheme and of a 50 Mb/s delay modulation encoding channel. The EDAC has been simulated using a computer program with raw data obtained from a readout of an optical disc at 40 Mb/s. The codes employed are described. The EDAC chosen gives about 100-to-1 improvement in error rates for 10 percent overhead. The 50 Mb/s delay modulation (DM) channel implementation will be described. Waveforms for the encoding and decoding signals are shown, along with a description of the logic circuitry used. Approaches for interfacing the encode/decode circuitry with external data equipment are also considered. The discussion of the DM channel includes a description of the synchronization and data identification signals and the manner in which they are serialized and inserted into the data stream.
Drop formation and breakup of low viscosity elastic fluids: Effects of molecular weight and concentration (2006)

The dynamics of drop formation and pinch-off have been investigated for a series of low viscosity elastic fluids possessing similar shear viscosities, but differing substantially in elastic properties. On initial approach to the pinch region, the viscoelastic fluids all exhibit the same global necking behavior that is observed for a Newtonian fluid of equivalent shear viscosity. For these low viscosity dilute polymer solutions, inertial and capillary forces form the dominant balance in this potential flow regime, with the viscous force being negligible. The approach to the pinch point, which corresponds to the point of rupture for a Newtonian fluid, is extremely rapid in such solutions, with the sudden increase in curvature producing very large extension rates at this location. In this region the polymer molecules are significantly extended, causing a localized increase in the elastic stresses, which grow to balance the capillary pressure. This prevents the necked fluid from breaking off, as would occur in the equivalent Newtonian fluid. Alternatively, a cylindrical filament forms in which elastic stresses and capillary pressure balance, and the radius decreases exponentially with time. A (0+1)-dimensional finitely extensible nonlinear elastic dumbbell theory incorporating inertial, capillary, and elastic stresses is able to capture the basic features of the experimental observations. Before the critical “pinch time” tp, an inertial-capillary balance leads to the expected 2∕3-power scaling of the minimum radius with time: Rmin∼(tp−t)2∕3. However, the diverging deformation rate results in large molecular deformations and rapid crossover to an elastocapillary balance for times t&gt;tp. In this region, the filament radius decreases exponentially with time Rmin∼exp[(tp−t)∕λ1], where λ1 is the characteristic time constant of the polymer molecules. Measurements of the relaxation times of polyethylene oxide solutions of varying concentrations and molecular weights obtained from high speed imaging of the rate of change of filament radius are significantly higher than the relaxation times estimated from Rouse-Zimm theory, even though the solutions are within the dilute concentration region as determined using intrinsic viscosity measurements. The effective relaxation times exhibit the expected scaling with molecular weight but with an additional dependence on the concentration of the polymer in solution. This is consistent with the expectation that the polymer molecules are in fact highly extended during the approach to the pinch region (i.e., prior to the elastocapillary filament thinning regime) and subsequently as the filament is formed they are further extended by filament stretching at a constant rate until full extension of the polymer coil is achieved. In this highly extended state, intermolecular interactions become significant, producing relaxation times far above theoretical predictions for dilute polymer solutions under equilibrium conditions.
HIGH PREVALENCE OF JOINT LAXITY IN WEST AFRICANS (1994)

Previous surveys have suggested marked ethnic and geographical variation in the occurrence of joint hypermobility. We investigated the prevalence of joint hypermobility and the influences of age, sex, body mass and occupation in a rural Yoruba population in Nigeria. The study sample consisted of 204 individuals aged 6-66 yr from the townships of Igbo-ora and Eruwa in south western Nigeria. Sixty-eight had reported joint pain as part of a population survey of arthritic disorders and each was age and sex matched with one household and one neighbour control. Joint hypermobility was assessed, at four peripheral sites bilaterally and forward flexion of the trunk, by a single observer using the Beighton score. Each subject had weight and height recorded, answered a brief questionnaire about occupation and joint symptoms and was examined for peripheral joint disease. Only 11 (5%) of the subjects were negative at all five sites whereas 111 (54%) were hypermobile at three or more sites including 23 (11%) positive at all five. Using a score of 4/9 or greater as a cutoff, 88 (43%) were positive, including 35% of males and 57% of females. There was a linear decline with age in females but a more rapid decline only to age 35 yr in males. There was no relation to body mass or occupation. We conclude that joint hypermobility amongst this population is substantially greater than that recorded for other groups but is not associated with joint pain.
Do Biases in Probability Judgment Matter in Markets? Experimental Evidence (1987)

Microeconomic theory typically concerns
exchange between individuals or firms in a
market setting. To make predictions precise,
individuals are usually assumed to use the
laws of probability in structuring and revising
beliefs about uncertainties. Recent evidence,
mostly gathered by psychologists,
suggests probability theories might be inadequate
descriptive models of individual choice.
(See the books edited by Daniel Kahneman
et al., 1982a, and by Hal Arkes and Kenneth
Hammond, 1986.)
Detecting Carcinoma Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Immunomagnetic Beads and RT-PCR (2007)

Combining negative and positive immunomagnetic beads with RT-PCR technique may improve the sensitivity and specificity of detecting circulating HCC cells.
Hyperthyroidism in the Elderly (1987)

To the Editor:—We would like to make the following comments on the article by Griffin and Solomon1: 1) not only can thyrotoxicosis present with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, but atrial fibrillation and heart failure can lead to abnormalities of thyroid hormones2 that are commonly noted in patients with hyperthyroidism; 2) thyroid stimulating hormone, as measured by a sensitive single radio-immunometric assay, is suppressed by acute illness in the elderly.3 Bhakri et al.3 studied 180 consecutive admissions to an acute geriatric unit. Thyroid stimulating hormone was suppressed in 17 patients of whom six also had elevated total T4 and FTI suggesting hyperthyroidism. In all these patients, the values, including that of TSH, returned to normal after recovery from illness. And 3) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test can also be blunted in elderly with acute illness2,4 and this does not always indicate the presence of thyrotoxicosis. Birkhauser et al.2 noted that in one of their elderly patients with acute illness T4 returned to normal after the illness had subsided, but TRH test remained blunted.
Quantitative Measurement of Cardiac Markers in Undiluted Serum (2006)

Two mycocardial infarction biomarkers, myoglobin (MG) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), were quantified at biological levels and in undiluted serum without sample pretreatment using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. To achieve detection of biomarkers in undiluted serum (72 mg/mL total protein concentration), minimization of the nonspecific signal from the serum protein was achieved by immobilizing the antibody for the biomarkers on an N-hydroxysuccinimide activated 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid self-assembled monolayer. This monolayer reduces the nonspecific signal from serum proteins in such a manner that short exposure of the sensor to serum prior to analysis prevents any further nonspecific adsorption during analysis. Thus, sensing of MG and cTnI was achieved on the basis of the difference between signals from the active sensor and a reference sensor that captured background interference. This resulted in direct measurement of these biomarkers in undiluted serum. Detection limits for both markers were below 1 ng/mL, which is below the threshold needed to detect myocardial infarction. Detecting biomarkers in the low ng/mL range without signal amplification in such a complex matrix as serum corresponds to a selectivity of 108. The root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of calibration was below 2 ng/mL.
Capacity of M-ary PPM ultra-wideband communications over AWGN channels (2002)

We compute the channel capacity of M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) ultra-wideband (UWB) communications over the additive white Gaussian noise channel. The computation extends the known capacity of PPM orthogonal signals to incorporate UWB-specific constraints. The constraints are the power spectrum density limitation under FCC Part 15 rules and a specified spreading ratio. The UWB capacity is expressed as a function of range demonstrating a fundamental trade-off in UWB system design. UWB capacity is also compared to the capacity of M-ary phase shift keying (PSK) direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS). It is shown that for the same power constraint,. both systems have similar capacity at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). At low SNR, UWB has a significant advantage for multilevel modulations with M>4, while for M=2,4, DS-SS has a slight advantage.