gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Breast Carcinomatous Tissue by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1994)

NIR reflectance spectra of 110 cryostat sections of carcinomatous tissue and 114 cryostat sections of normal surrounding fibro-glandular tissue from 10 cases of breast cancer, identified by a classical pathology method, were scanned between 1100 and 2500 nm by a grating spectrometer in reflectance mode. Four wavelength intervals (1208–1242, 1746–1788, 2012–2048 and 2326–2368 nm) were found to be different for normal and carcinomatous tissues. In each interval, the second-derivative spectra of normal tissue showed a similar pattern with several characteristic peaks. In order to test the capacity of NIR spectroscopy in discriminating between normal and carcinomatous breast samples, 104 tissue sections from five additional cases were scanned prior to microscopic examination. The diagnostic prediction of NIR spectroscopy coincided exactly with the histology diagnosis for all the samples. Moreover, the presence of even a minute quantity of cancer infiltration can be detected by NIR spectroscopy, in total accordance with the microscopical observation. Therefore, the results of our experiments allow us to consider that NIR spectroscopy might become, with feasible improvements, an accurate, rapid, and reliable method for detecting breast cancer.
Plasma Exchange (PE) and Lymphocytapheresis (LCA) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (1984)

In 96 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) 277 plasma exchanges (PE) including 176 lymphocytaphereses were performed. Improvement was mainly seen in patients with a short course of disease and at acute exacerbations. Patients with chronic progressive and relapsing intermittent courses responded only poorly. One or two PE were sufficient to induce improvement which was only marginally altered by subsequent PE. Our data confirm that only selected patients will benefit from PE-treatment especially those with acute exacerbations.
Assembling the glycopeptide antibiotic scaffold: The biosynthesis of from <i>Streptomyces toyocaensis</i> NRRL15009 (2002)

The glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin are vital components of modern anti-infective chemotherapy exhibiting outstanding activity against Gram-positive pathogens including members of the genera Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , and Enterococcus . These antibiotics also provide fascinating examples of the chemical and associated biosynthetic complexity exploitable in the synthesis of natural products by actinomycetes group of bacteria. We report the sequencing and annotation of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the glycopeptide antibiotic A47934 from Streptomyces toyocaensis NRRL15009, the first complete sequence for a teicoplanin class glycopeptide. The cluster includes 34 ORFs encompassing 68 kb and includes all of the genes predicted to be required to synthesize A47934 and regulate its biosynthesis. The gene cluster also contains ORFs encoding enzymes responsible for glycopeptide resistance. This role was confirmed by insertional inactivation of the d -Ala- d -lactate ligase, vanAst , which resulted in the predicted A47934 -sensitive phenotype and impaired antibiotic biosynthesis. These results provide increased understanding of the biosynthesis of these complex natural products.
Efficient baffles for laser light scattering experiments (1982)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text J. E. Butler, "Efficient baffles for laser light scattering experiments," Appl. Opt. 21, 3617-3618 (1982) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
A voltage-gated ion channel expressed specifically in spermatozoa (2001)

Calcium ions play a primary role in the regulation of sperm cell behavior. We report finding a voltage-gated ion channel (CatSper2) that is expressed in male germ cells but not in other cells. The putative channel contains 6 transmembrane segments, making it more similar to the voltage-gated potassium channels, but the ion selectivity pore domain sequence resembles that of a Ca(v) channel. The mRNA is expressed during the meiotic or postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis, and the protein is localized to the sperm flagellum, suggesting a role in the regulation of sperm motility. The mRNA for the channel is present in mouse, rat, and human sperm cells, and the gene is found on chromosome 2 E5-F1 in the mouse and 15q13 in the human. Recently, another voltage-gated channel (CatSper) that has features similar to the one reported here was discovered. It also is expressed within the flagellum and is required for normal fertility of mice. However, expression of CatSper2 alone or coexpression with CatSper in cultured cells, or attempts to coimmunoprecipitate the two proteins from germ cells failed to demonstrate that these two unique but similar alpha-like subunits form either a homo- or heterotetramer. It is possible, therefore, that two independent alpha subunits, different from other known voltage-gated channels, regulate sperm motility.
Click patterns (2012)

Understanding users' search intents is critical component of modern search engines. A key limitation made by most query log analyses is the assumption that each clicked web result represents one unique intent. However, there are many search tasks, such as comparison shopping or in-depth research, where a user's intent is to explore many documents. In these cases, the assumption of a one-to-one correspondence between clicked documents and user intent breaks down.
Dual Roles for DNA Polymerase Theta in Alternative End-Joining Repair of Double-Strand Breaks in Drosophila (2010)

DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by multiple mechanisms that are roughly grouped into the categories of homology-directed repair and non-homologous end joining. End-joining repair can be further classified as either classical non-homologous end joining, which requires DNA ligase 4, or "alternative" end joining, which does not. Alternative end joining has been associated with genomic deletions and translocations, but its molecular mechanism(s) are largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that Drosophila melanogaster DNA polymerase theta (pol theta), encoded by the mus308 gene and previously implicated in DNA interstrand crosslink repair, plays a crucial role in DNA ligase 4-independent alternative end joining. In the absence of pol theta, end joining is impaired and residual repair often creates large deletions flanking the break site. Analysis of break repair junctions from flies with mus308 separation-of-function alleles suggests that pol theta promotes the use of long microhomologies during alternative end joining and increases the likelihood of complex insertion events. Our results establish pol theta as a key protein in alternative end joining in Drosophila and suggest a potential mechanistic link between alternative end joining and interstrand crosslink repair.
Leisure and Fatherhood in Dual‐Earner Families (2006)

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between fatherhood in the context of dual‐earner families in the UK. A gender constructivist theoretical framework is first described then applied to data gathered from interviews with 14 dual‐employed couples with dependent children. Leisure is revealed as a key component of men’s role as fathers that sits alongside the much‐discussed notion of breadwinning. The structure, nature and meaning of leisure is shown to be crucially altered by the onset of parenthood. While leisure still retains meanings of autonomy and personal pursuit, it becomes a context for parenting during childrearing. The discourse of ‘leisure‐based parenting’ contrasts sharply with mothers’ discussions of both parenting and leisure. Data from interviews with both partners are used to highlight the different ‘hierarchies’ of employment, family and leisure that co‐exist within families. The paper also outlines the interactions between mothers’ and fathers’ experience of (paid and unpaid) work, family life and leisure that act to construct and reconstruct gendered lifecourse trajectories. The impact of each partner’s leisure orientations on the behaviour of the other is presented as an example of the way gendered leisure mediates the lifestyles of fathers, mothers and families.
Air Pollution-Related Illness: Effects of Particles (2005)

Particle pollutants are estimated to cause more than 500,000 deaths
 annually. In his perspective, Nel describes how the adverse effects of ultrafine air particles are
 linked to their ability to gain access to the lung and systemic
 circulation, where toxic components lead to tissue damage and
 inflammation. Increased insight into which particle components are
 most damaging, and the molecular mechanisms of injury, will help to
 prevent PM mortality.
Longitudinal and radiation modes in GaAs single-heterojunction distributed-feedback injection lasers (1975)

We report experiments with single-heterojunction (SH) distributed-feedback (DFB) GaAs diode lasers. Narrow-linewidth (< 0.15 Å), single-mode operation has been observed. Highly collimated beams of 0.6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> rad divergence radiated perpendicular to the p-n junction have also been produced. These beams are virtually 100 percent polarized with the E-vector parallel to the corrugation grating.
Anti-malignin Antibody Evaluation: A Possible Challenge for Cancer Management (1997)

The major problem in the management of cancer is the difficulty of an early diagnosis. Clinical signs and symptoms generally appear late in the course of the disease. The availability of a non-invasive test which detects a blood molecule closely associated with the malignant transformation of the cells could be of help in the early detection of cancer. Malignin is a 10 kDa polypeptide located in the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of all malignant cells. Anti-malignin antibodies (AMAs) are IgM immunoglobulins spontaneously produced by the host against the oncoprotein malignin when neoplastic transformation occurs; since AMAs are IgM, they can represent an “early” transformation indicator useful for the early detection of cancer. Elevated AMA serum concentrations, measured by means of TARGET ® @ reagent, have been demonstrated inpatients with a wide spectrum of non-terminal active cancers, regardless of the anatomical site and histotype of the tumor. The AMA test showed a sensitivity and specificity of 95% on first determination and >99% on repeated determinations, and has been reported to be a promising diagnostic tool for the early detection of cancer, as well as for monitoring of the response to treatment and possibly for screening of an asymptomatic population.
Systematic Design of Medical Capsule Robots (2015)

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Editor's notes:</i> <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Medical capsule robots that navigate inside the body as diagnostic and interventional tools are an emerging and challenging research area within medical CPSs. These robots must provide locomotion, sensing, actuation, and communication within severe size, power, and computational constraints. This paper presents the first effort for an open architecture, platform design, software infrastructure, and a supporting modular design environment for medical capsule robots to further this research area. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <i>—Rahul Mangharam, University of Pennsylvania</i>
Hierarchical Zeolite Y with Full Crystallinity: Formation Mechanism and Catalytic Cracking Performance (2017)

Hierarchical zeolite Y with high mesoporosity, integrate crystallinity, and hydrothermal stability is desired urgently for heavy oil conversion. Here, an approach combining steam treatment, acid treatment, and alkaline treatment approachs is reported for fabricating hierarchical zeolite Y with high mesoporosity and extraordinarily high crystallinity. A robust zeolite precursor with good crystallinity was prepared first through an acid pretreatment step using fluorosilicic and hydrochloric acids, in which the zeolite crystal could be healed by the migration of Si into the skeleton. Moreover, it was deduced that the formation of hierarchical zeolite Y with extraordinarily high crystallinity was closely related to the unique desilication mechanism. The obtained hierarchical zeolite Y showed remarkable catalytic activities, high selectivity of liquid products, and low selectivity of bottom oil in the conversion of heavy oil.
A Model for Vesicular Exanthema Virus, the Prototype of the Calicivirus Group (1978)

The structure of vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype member of the calicivirus group, has been studied in more detail. The RNA comprises 18% of mol. wt. of about 2.8 x 10(6), based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of formaldehyde. The virus contains one major polypeptide, mol. wt. 70 x 10(3) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on Sepharose 6B in the presence of 6 M-guanidine. Further evidence for the presence of a single major polypeptide was obtained by tryptic peptide analysis of 35S-methionine labelled virus. The mol. wt. of a protein oligomer produced by adjusting the pH of virus suspensions to 3.5 was c. 200 x 10(3). On the basis of these data we propose a T = 3 model for the virus capsid incorporating 180 copies of the virus protein.
Hybrid Modules as an Alternative to Paralleled Discrete Devices (2015)

Mosfets are currently being used in an increasing number of applications, especially battery powered and high frequency systems. In many of these systems several chips must be paralleled to achieve the necessary performance. The chips can either be paralleled as discrete plastic packages, or as chips within a hybrid module. Hybrid modules have the advantage over paralleled discrete devices when more than 5 chips in parallel are required to develop a design. In this type of system the hybrid module will be the smallest, electrically isolating the module will be easiest, thermal management will be the best, and the total system cost will be the lowest. Paralleled discrete devices have the advantage over hybrid modules when only 2 or 3 chips in parallel are required to develop a design. In this type of a system, discrete devices paralleled on a PCB provide the smallest footprint. Also electrical isolation and parasitic inductance are usually not difficult to manage in this size system. Several applications, and their implementations as parallel discrete devices on a PCB and as hybrid modules, are discussed and used to illustrate the tradeoffs between solutions.
ON THE THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL AND THE REASONS WHY THE FERMENTED AND DISTILLED LIQUORS USED AS BEVERAGES SHOULD NOT BE RECOGNIZED IN THE PHARMACOPEIA AS MEDICINAL AGENTS. (1897)

Pure ethyl alcohol, undiluted, is regarded by all chemists and intelligent physicians as an active poison, rapidly destructive of both vegetable and animal life whenever brought into contact with either. The presence of absolute alcohol in contact with any living tissue immediately arrests all natural metabolic and vital processes in such tissue, and causes it to become corrugated or shrunken and dead. Swallowing absolute alcohol, undiluted, as quickly destroys the vitality of the membranes of the mouth, throat and stomach, and kills the individual, as does pure carbolic acid. Consequently, alcohol, in its pure and undiluted state, is not capable of being used as a medicine, but when largely diluted with water, as it is in all the fermented and distilled beverages, its direct corrosive or corrugating effect upon the membranes it comes in contact with is so much diminished that it is capable of being absorbed and conveyed in
Sequential Modifications of DNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase during Sporogenesis in <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (1973)

A purification procedure of DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase from vegetative and sporulating cells of Bacillus thuringiensis is described. The subunit composition of the vegetative enzyme has been established as β′βσαa 2 . It has been shown that two active forms of the enzyme are present in sporulating cells; for one of them the modification of a β subunit has been observed. The relative amounts of the two polymerases vary throughout the sporulation process. Changes in template specificity and results from chromatography on phosphocellulose of purified enzymes suggest an early modification of σ factor for the two forms. Subunit composition of spore polymerase is also given: the disappearance of α subunits is reported, while two new subunits of lower molecular weights are present. Results are summarized in a scheme giving the kinetics of these modifications.
The p100 coactivator is present in the nuclei of mammary epithelial cells and its abundance is increased in response to prolactin in culture and in mammary tissue during lactation (2001)

The p100 coactivator, first identified as a coactivator of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transcription factor, EBNA-2, in cultured cells, interacts with a number of transcription factors. However, the role of p100 in animals is unclear. We found that the abundance of p100 is closely associated with the lactating state in mammary tissue of mice and cows. Using two antibodies against independent parts of the protein, p100 immunoreactivity was localised to mammary epithelial cells, and was enriched in both nuclei and endoplasmic reticulum/organelle fractions. Stimulation of beta-casein expression in cultured mammary epithelial cells was associated with an increase in abundance of the p100 protein. The relative abundance of p100 mRNA was not altered in mammary tissue throughout the gestation-lactation cycle, indicating that the abundance of p100 is altered by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Further work is required to clarify the function of p100 in mammary epithelial cells.
Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Accumulates at Similar Sites in Islets of Transgenic Mice and Humans (1994)

The cellular mechanisms responsible for conversion of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) into insoluble amyloid deposits in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are not clear. Overexpression of IAPP and the amino acid sequence of human IAPP (hIAPP) have both been implicated. To examine factors involved in amyloid formation, transgenic mice expressing the hIAPP or rat IAPP (rIAPP) gene were generated. These mice had elevated plasma IAPP concentrations, and they were normoglycemic and normoinsulinemic. No amyloid deposits were detected by light microscopy. To examine the ultrastructure of islets, pancreatic tissue was studied from hIAPP and rIAPP transgenic mice and from age-matched control mice by immunoelectron microscopy. IAPP was immunolocalized in beta-cell secretory granules of all mice, and the COOH- and NH2-terminal flanking peptides of hIAPP were localized in beta-cell granules of hIAPP mice. Accumulations of nonfibrillar perivascular IAPP-immunoreactive material were found between capillaries and beta-cells in hIAPP transgenic mice but not in rIAPP transgenic or control mice. Similar nonfibrillar masses were identified in islets of an NIDDM patient. Secondary lysosomes in beta-cells and macrophages of hIAPP transgenic mice showed dense labeling for IAPP. We suggest that hIAPP is degraded more slowly than rIAPP or mouse IAPP by beta-cell lysosomes. Accumulations of IAPP in islet perivascular spaces may represent the early stages of islet amyloid formation.
A “scorecard” for service excellence (2004)

Gulf Bank’s service excellence “scorecard” was developed to support the Bank’s delivery of superior service in its market sector. The “scorecard” provides focus for a “service excellence” program, setting standards and measuring performance against customer focused objectives. The approach identified the “drivers” of customer satisfaction, related these to the Bank’s service delivery channels, set performance standards, and implemented measurement and reporting systems embracing external customer feedback and internal process measurements. Performance was measured against 16 key “drivers” of customer satisfaction identified independently by the local industry institute and related to the Bank’s delivery channels (branches, ATMs, telephone, Internet). Key measures were: customer satisfaction, complaints, comments and attrition, plus internal process delivery performance for critical products (consumer loans and credit card services). Reports were produced weekly and monthly with “drill downs” from bank to individual branch and/or employee levels. Reports are reviewed by management from chairman down to branch manager level. Results are incorporated in business KPIs and have become factors in employee incentive schemes. The approach adopted by the bank demonstrated that a practical, comprehensive service quality management system could be implemented and used to drive service improvement. The approach can be adopted by other banks and financial institutions and adapted to the needs of other service industries. The process implemented by Gulf Bank is believed to be unique in the Kuwait banking community and has scope for application in many similar environments outside the local area.
Review article: anti‐fibrotic agents for the treatment of Crohn’s disease – lessons learnt from other diseases (2009)

Summary Background The current therapies for Crohn’s disease (CD) are mainly focused on blockade of inflammation. Fibrosis remains one of the major complications of CD often leading to surgery, affecting patients’ quality‐of‐life. Aim To summarize the published data regarding the potential anti‐fibrotic role of drugs commonly used in CD and the most effective anti‐fibrotic drugs used in other diseases evaluating their potential use to treat intestinal fibrosis in CD. Methods A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases, considering in vitro , animal and human studies on fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and other similar chronic pathologies. Results Treatment of fibrosis in CD is limited to surgery or endoscopic dilatation, although some of the drugs currently used may have anti‐fibrotic activity. In other diseases, anti‐fibrotic agents are already used or are in preclinical or clinical trials. ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and HMG‐CoA inhibitors merit further investigation in CD because of their role in preventing fibrosis in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Conclusions Anti‐fibrotic drugs are under evaluation or already used in clinical practice in other chronic inflammatory diseases. In CD, there is a great need for investigation into agents that may prevent, reduce or reverse intestinal fibrosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31 , 189–201
The Optimal Design of Vertical Hammer Mill Based on Pro/E (2012)

Vertical hammer mill is widely used in food and feed processing factory. It contains the rotor, sieve plate, machine body, feeding device, discharge device, diver device and etc. Traditional design method used two-dimensional drawings to express three-dimensional information of parts, which was abstract and difficult to be modified. This research utilized 3D software Pro/E to carry out three-dimensional designing, modeling, virtual assemble and motion simulation, and used structural mechanics analysis module Pro/Mechanical to carry out finite element analysis of key parts to optimize design of vertical hammer mill. In the designing process designer can easily modify the parameters, and directly observe the shape, location and movement of parts, which can greatly improve the design efficiency and level.