gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidations with potassium nitrosodisulfonate (Fremy's radical). Teuber reaction. (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleOxidations with potassium nitrosodisulfonate (Fremy's radical). Teuber reaction.Hans Zimmer, David C. Lankin, and Stephen W. HorganCite this: Chem. Rev. 1971, 71, 2, 229–246Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60270a005https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60270a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4419Altmetric-Citations270LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Numerical and experimental investigations of human swimming motions (2015)

This paper reviews unsteady flow conditions in human swimming and identifies the limitations and future potential of the current methods of analysing unsteady flow. The capability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been extended from approaches assuming steady-state conditions to consideration of unsteady/transient conditions associated with the body motion of a swimmer. However, to predict hydrodynamic forces and the swimmer's potential speeds accurately, more robust and efficient numerical methods are necessary, coupled with validation procedures, requiring detailed experimental data reflecting local flow. Experimental data obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) in this area are limited, because at present observations are restricted to a two-dimensional 1.0 m(2) area, though this could be improved if the output range of the associated laser sheet increased. Simulations of human swimming are expected to improve competitive swimming, and our review has identified two important advances relating to understanding the flow conditions affecting performance in front crawl swimming: one is a mechanism for generating unsteady fluid forces, and the other is a theory relating to increased speed and efficiency.
A methodology for developing deadlock-free dynamic network reconfiguration processes. Part II (2005)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.16, no.5, p.412-427 (2005). Dynamic network reconfiguration is defined as the process of changing from one routing function to another while the network remains up and running. The main challenge is in avoiding deadlock anomalies while keeping restrictions on packet injection and forwarding minimal. Current approaches either require virtual channels in the network or they work only for a limited set of routing algorithms and/or fault patterns. In this paper, we present a methodology for devising deadlock free and dynamic transitions between old and new routing functions that is consistent with newly proposed theory [J. Duato et al., (2005)]. The methodology is independent of topology, can be applied to any deadlock-free routing function, and puts no restrictions on the routing function changes that can be supported. Furthermore, it does not require any virtual channels to guarantee deadlock freedom. This research is motivated by current trends toward using increasingly larger Internet and transaction processing servers based on clusters of PCs that have very high availability and dependability requirements, as well as other local, system, and storage area network-based computing systems.
Estimation of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. (1994)

Patients with mild and severe cardiovascular diseases showed a significant disturbance of the redox equilibrium, manifested by increases of lipid peroxides and decreases of plasma total antioxidants. When the resulting oxidative stress is associated with ECG changes characteristic of "coronary disease" it indicates an acceleration of atherosclerosis, in the initial phase (cellular involvement, migration, proliferation) and an additional thrombogenic risk in the "ischemic phase". When oxidative stress is associated with chronic heart failure, it indicates a progressive form with replacement fibrosis. These data suggest the necessity of adding to the usual therapy antioxidants, that reduce the oxidative stress, may slow down the pathologic changes and improve the patient's homeostatic systems.
Commentary: Predictions and the brain: how musical sounds become rewarding (2017)

Converging research efforts have proposed that musical sounds become rewarding through predictive processes in the brain’s pleasure networks, including dopamine release in the midbrain (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Gebauer et al., 2012). In this commentary we address the subtle, yet important distinction between two types of “prediction error” that are sometimes conflated in the music neuroscience literature: (i) reward prediction error (RPE) pertaining to psychological) expectations of how emotionally rewarding a piece of music will be and (ii) prediction error (PE) pertaining to neuronal computation of sensory input relating to the brain’s predictions about music itself. Ultimately, “What is the next chord?” (PE) and “How much will I like the next chord?” (RPE) are distinct—potentially orthogonal—questions. While many sources of fundamental pleasure like food, sex, and drugs are readily quantifiable and show a largely monotonic relationship between stimulus amount and pleasure magnitude (until a given saturation point), sources of higher-order pleasures like music cannot be unambiguously quantified (Berridge and Kringelbach, 2008). More music does not in itself imply greater pleasure. Rather, the pleasure potential of music relies on the interplay of prior learning and dynamic changes in stimulus structure over time (Huron, 2006). We propose that predictive coding under the free-energy principle (Friston, 2009)—under which the brain continuously minimizes PE in the interaction with its environment—has the potential to bridge PE and RPE, thus elucidating domain-specific aspects of musical appreciation.
A model to predict deflection of bevel-tipped active needle advancing in soft tissue (2013)

Active needles are recently being developed to improve steerability and placement accuracy for various medical applications. These active needles can bend during insertion by actuators attached to their bodies. The bending of active needles enables them to be steered away from the critical organs on the way to target and accurately reach target locations previously unachievable with conventional rigid needles. These active needles combined with an asymmetric bevel-tip can further improve their steerability. To optimize the design and to develop accurate path planning and control algorithms, there is a need to develop a tissue-needle interaction model. This work presents an energy-based model that predicts needle deflection of active bevel-tipped needles when inserted into the tissue. This current model was based on an existing energy-based model for bevel-tipped needles, to which work of actuation was included in calculating the system energy. The developed model was validated with needle insertion experiments with a phantom material. The model predicts needle deflection reasonably for higher diameter needles (11.6% error), whereas largest error was observed for the smallest needle diameter (24.7% error).
Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen, CYFRA 21-1, and Neuron-specific Enolase in Squamous Cell Lung Cancer Patients (2002)

CYFRA 21-1 is an independent prognostic factor in earlier stages and NSE in the advanced stages of SQC.
An Elegant Fix for Polymer Electrolytes (2005)

Lithium-metal batteries with cathodes and a polymer electrolyte consisting of poly(ethylene oxide), LiTFSI, and a room temperature ionic liquid are demonstrated to have exceptional performance at 40°C. This low operating temperature is made possible by the dramatically improved cation transport in the polymer electrolytes. These electrolytes are flexible, slightly tacky membranes with high ionic conductivities, excellent mechanical properties and exceptional electrochemical stability. No solvent was used to prepare the materials and the electrolytes have no volatile components. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
CCLXII.—The mechanism of the formation of benzoylbenzoin by treatment of benzoylmandelonitrile with an alcoholic solution of sodium ethoxide (1922)

H. Greene and R. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1922, 121, 2182 DOI: 10.1039/CT9222102182
Ras pathway signaling accelerates programmed cell death in the pathogenic fungus <i>Candida albicans</i> (2006)

A better understanding of the molecular basis of programmed cell death (PCD) in fungi could provide information that is useful in the design of antifungal drugs that combat life-threatening fungal infections. Harsh environmental stresses, such as acetic acid or hydrogen peroxide, have been shown to induce PCD in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. In this study, we show that dying cells progress from an apoptotic state to a secondary necrotic state and that the rate at which this change occurs is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. Also, we found that the temporal response is modulated by Ras-cAMP-PKA signals. Mutations that block Ras-cAMP-PKA signaling (ras1Delta, cdc35Delta, tpk1Delta, and tpk2Delta) suppress or delay the apoptotic response, whereas mutations that stimulate signaling (RAS1(val13) and pde2Delta) accelerate the rate of entry of cells into apoptosis. Pharmacological stimulation or inhibition of Ras signaling reinforces these findings. Transient increases in endogenous cAMP occur under conditions that stimulate apoptosis but not growth arrest. Death-specific changes in the abundance of different isoforms of the PKA regulatory subunit, Bcy1p, are also observed. Activation of Ras signals may regulate PCD of C. albicans, either by inhibiting antiapoptotic functions (such as stress responses) or by activating proapoptotic functions.
Papilloma virus immortalized tracheal epithelial cells retain a well-differentiated phenotype (1993)

Human airway epithelial cell lines that retain phenotypic properties representative of the native tissue will be useful physiological models. Human papilloma viral (HPV) genes can immortalize human genital keratinocytes and breast and bronchial epithelia. We transfected cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal tracheobronchial epithelial cell cultures with DNA encoding the HPV-18 E6 and E7 genes and characterized phenotypic properties of resultant cell lines. Of the 11 CF clones isolated, 6 developed a polarized phenotype with vectorial ion transport and membrane-specific expression of histamine and purinergic receptors. The ion transport properties of these lines differed from the normal lines and approximated those of primary CF airway epithelial cell cultures more closely than do those of cell lines transformed with the simian virus 40 large T gene. When transplanted into denuded tracheal grafts, these cells can differentiate into ciliated and secretory phenotypes. We conclude that HPV-18 E6 and E7 genes are sufficient to transform human airway epithelial cells and that the resultant cell lines express differentiated phenotypic properties that approximate those of the native epithelium.
Wide Bandgap Photoconductive Switches Driven by Laser Diodes as a High-Voltage Mosfet Replacement for Bioelectrics and Accelerator Applications (2019)

The Optical Transconductance Varistor (OTV) represents a new class of photonically controlled, high-voltage power electronic device. It takes advantage of the bulk photonic properties of wide bandgap (WBG) materials, eliminating the traditional semiconductor control junction. Without drift region limitations, carrier excitation occurs on the order of picoseconds and in the bulk of the crystal; decay of the carriers is dependent on doping. Conductivity is therefore proportional to optical intensity so the device exhibits a transconductance-like property, in contrast to conventional photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS). The device is bidirectional and inherent optical isolation provides scalability in voltage and current capability. Recent testing demonstrated switching for bioelectric applications of kilovolt levels at 1 MHz repetition rate with a 10 ns rise time. A second device with a 50% duty cycle demonstrated operation at 20 kV and 2.5 A at over 125 kHz switching frequency. The OTV has use in pulsed power applications such as electroporation and accelerators and also in higher duty cycle cases such as power conversion for the electrical grid. Device background, present status and future development are set forth.
Regiochemical control of intramolecular photochemical reactions of 1,6-heptadienes. Carbonyl-substituted 1-(4-alkenyl)-1-cyclopentenes (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegiochemical control of intramolecular photochemical reactions of 1,6-heptadienes. Carbonyl-substituted 1-(4-alkenyl)-1-cyclopentenesAlbert R. Matlin, Clifford F. George, Steven. Wolff, and William C. AgostaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 12, 3385–3394Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00272a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00272a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views861Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Enumeration of Alkanes as Stereoisomers (2007)

Alkanes are counted as 3D-trees orstereoisomers by means ofFujita’s proligand method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chem. Acc., 113, 73–79, 80–86 (2005); 115, 37–53 (2006)), where the 3D-trees are categorized into balanced and unbalanced 3D-trees according to the presence or absence of a balance-edge. Such balanced and unbalanced 3D-trees are enumerated by presuming that they are dually recognized as uninuclear and binuclear 3D-trees, where a tetrahedral skeleton of Td-symmetry is used to generate the uninuclear 3D-trees, while a binuclear skeleton of D∞h-symmetry is examined to generate the binuclear 3D-trees. The values for binuclear 3D-trees are regarded as contaminants in the enumeration of uninuclear 3D-trees so that the subtraction of the contaminants from the latter enumeration leaves unbalanced 3D-trees to be counted. The enumeration of balanced 3D-trees is conducted directly by using the binuclear skeleton of D∞h-symmetry. The enumeration is based on functional equations derived from cycle indices with chirality fittingness (CI-CFs), where the functions a(x d ), c(x d ) ,a ndb(x d ) (or their modifications) are substituted for three kinds of sphericity indices (SIs), i.e., ad for homospheric cycles, cd for enantiospheric cycles, and bd for hemispheric cycles. Thus, respective functional equations for counting alkanes as well as for itemizing them into achiral and chiral ones are derived by starting from recursive functional equations for counting alkyl ligands as planted 3D-trees. They are programmed by means of the Maple programming language and executed to give respective stereoisomer numbers, which are collected in tabular forms up to carbon content 100. MATCH
SimFusion (2005)

In this paper we use a Unified Relationship Matrix (URM) to represent a set of heterogeneous data objects (e.g., web pages, queries) and their interrelationships (e.g., hyperlinks, user click-through sequences). We claim that iterative computations over the URM can help overcome the data sparseness problem and detect latent relationships among heterogeneous data objects, thus, can improve the quality of information applications that require com- bination of information from heterogeneous sources. To support our claim, we present a unified similarity-calculating algorithm, SimFusion. By iteratively computing over the URM, SimFusion can effectively integrate relationships from heterogeneous sources when measuring the similarity of two data objects. Experiments based on a web search engine query log and a web page collection demonstrate that SimFusion can improve similarity measurement of web objects over both traditional content based algorithms and the cutting edge SimRank algorithm.
Cationic Liposomes in Different Structural Levels for Gene Delivery (2011)

Over the last few decades, as a promising strategy for the treatment of many refractory diseases, such as inherited diseases The success of gene therapy critically depends on suitable transfection vectors, which have the high efficiency transfer of genes to target cells as well as a favorable safety profile. Broadly, these vectors are mainly classified into two categories: viral and non-viral Currently, viral vectors based on many different viruses such as adenovirus and retrovirus have achieved some success particularly in cancer gene therapy However, several issues including difficulty in production, limited opportunity for repeated administrations due to acute inflammatory response, and delayed humeral or cellular immune responses need to be addressed, so that their clinical potential can be fully realized Thus it is necessary to develop more efficient and flexible security system in the category of vectors for gene delivery. Synthetic non-viral vectors are potential alternatives to viral vectors, and may help to overcome some of these problems (Zhang et al., 2010). Among these, cationic compounds (mainly including cationic lipids and cationic polymers) are believed to cause less safety problems due to their relative simplicity, and have been the most extensively studied. Since the first description of successful in vitro transfection with cationic lipid by Cationic liposomes are composed of lipid constituents, and have improved the gene delivery efficacy owing to their typical bilayer structure. Some helper lipids such as dioleylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC) or dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), typically neutrally lipids
An intracellular analysis of the visual responses of neurones in cat visual cortex. (1991)

1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the visual cortex of the cat in order to compare the subthreshold membrane potentials, reflecting the input to the neurone, with the output from the neurone seen as action potentials. 2. Moving bars and edges, generated under computer control, were used to stimulate the neurones. The membrane potential was digitized and averaged for a number of trials after stripping the action potentials. Comparison of extracellular and intracellular discharge patterns indicated that the intracellular impalement did not alter the neurones' properties. Input resistance of the neurone altered little during stable intracellular recordings (30 min-2 h 50 min). 3. Intracellular recordings showed two distinct patterns of membrane potential changes during optimal visual stimulation. The patterns corresponded closely to the division of S-type (simple) and C-type (complex) receptive fields. Simple cells had a complex pattern of membrane potential fluctuations, involving depolarizations alternating with hyperpolarizations. Complex cells had a simple single sustained plateau of depolarization that was often followed but not preceded by a hyperpolarization. In both simple and complex cells the depolarizations led to action potential discharges. The hyperpolarizations were associated with inhibition of action potential discharge. 4. Stimulating simple cells with non-optimal directions of motion produced little or no hyperpolarization of the membrane in most cases, despite a lack of action potential output. Directional complex cells always produced a single plateau of depolarization leading to action potential discharge in both the optimal and non-optimal directions of motion. The directionality could not be predicted on the basis of the position of the hyperpolarizing inhibitory potentials found in the optimal direction. 5. Stimulation of simple cells with non-optimal orientations occasionally produced slight hyperpolarizations and inhibition of action potential discharge. Complex cells, which had broader orientation tuning than simple cells, could show marked hyperpolarization for non-optimal orientations, but this was not generally the case. 6. The data do not support models of directionality and orientation that rely solely on strong inhibitory mechanisms to produce stimulus selectivity.
The length but not the sequence of the polyoma virus late leader exon is important for both late RNA splicing and stability (1987)

Polyoma virus late RNA processing provides a convenient model system in which to study the mechanics of splicing in vivo. In order to understand further the role of the untranslated "late leader" unit in late RNA processing we have constructed a group of polyoma viruses with deletions and substitutions in the leader exon. This has allowed us to determine that there is a minimum exon size required for both pre-mRNA splicing and stability in this system. We show here that the non-viability of a mutant (ALM) with a 9 base late leader unit is due to a general defect in late RNA splicing. In addition, ALM-infected cells show at least 40-fold depression in the accumulation of late nuclear RNA (spliced or unspliced). The ALM late promoter, however, functions nearly normally. Substituted leader variants with 51- to 96-base long exons of unrelated sequence are viable (G. Adami and G. Carmichael, J. Virol. 58, 417-425, 1986). We show here that late RNA from one of these substituted leader mutants (containing a 51-base leader exon) is spliced at wild type levels, with virtually no defect in accumulation. Thus, in the polyoma system, splice sites separated by only 9 bases can inhibit each others usage, presumably by steric interference. We suggest that this type of inhibition leads to extreme RNA instability.
Current problems for the transmission of information using a chaotic signal (1997)

We discuss the importance of reducing the influence of channel disturbances and parameter mismatch on the synchronization of chaotic systems, if information transmission systems are to be used in practice. We explain in this context some new mathematical results that give a better understanding of the synchronization properties of coupled chaotic systems.