gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatomegaly and Abnormal Liver Tests Due to Glycogenosis in Adults with Diabetes (1996)

In adults with diabetes mellitus, hepatomegaly and abnormalities of liver enzymes occur as a consequence of hepatocellular glycogen accumulation, as has been well described in children. During periods of hyperglycemia glucose freely enters the hepatocytes driving glycogen synthesis, which is augmented further by administration of insulin to supraphysiologic levels. The accumulation of excessive amounts of glycogen in the hepatocytes is a function of intermittent episodes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and the use of excessive insulin. Hepatic glycogenosis occurs in patients with poorly controlled insulin-dependent type I or type II diabetes. The clinical manifestations of this phenomenon may include abdominal pain and obstructive symptoms such as early satiety, nausea, and vomiting. Ascites has rarely been reported. The typical biochemical findings are mildly to moderately elevated aminotransferases, with or without mild elevations of alkaline phosphatase. Liver synthetic function is usually normal. All these abnormalities, including the hepatomegaly, are readily reversible with sustained euglycemic control. The other major cause of hepatomegaly in patients with diabetes is steatosis. This is a function of the body habitus and state of insulin resistance rather than glycemic control. However, the distinction between steatosis and glycogenosis is important: whereas steatosis may progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis, glycogenosis does not, but reflects the need for better diabetic control. Glycogenosis and steatosis cannot be distinguished reliably on ultrasound examination. The histology, however, is definitive. In glycogenosis, as in primary glycogen storage diseases, there is excess glycogen in the cytoplasm, and often also in the nucleus, of hepatocytes. The hepatocytes throughout the lobule appear pale and swollen with clearly defined cell boundaries. Ultrastructural examination reveals cytoplasmic glycogen in clumps displacing organelles to the periphery of the cell, and there is little if any steatosis. We have shown that hepatomegaly due to glycogenosis in adults with diabetes is similar in all respects to the condition seen in children. As in children, liver enzyme abnormalities are unreliable in predicting the presence or the extent of glycogenosis. Hepatic glycogenosis can occur at any age, and therefore should be included in the differential diagnosis of hepatomegaly in all insulin-requiring diabetics.
Critical functions of priming and lysosomal damage for NLRP3 activation (2010)

Inflammasomes are cytosolic multi-protein complexes that form in response to infectious or injurious challenges. Inflammasomes control the activity of caspase-1, which is essential for the maturation and release of IL-1beta family cytokines. The NLRP1, IPAF and AIM2 inflammasomes recognize specific substances, while the NLRP3 inflammasome responds to many structurally and chemically diverse triggers. Here, we discuss the critical roles of priming and lysosomal damage in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
The implementation of the intelligent transport system for the real-time roadside environment information transfer (2011)

The paper proposed a novel system “RTCS (Real-Time Control System for road environment)” to prevent accidents of drivers. This paper deployed sensors on roads and used these sensors to collect information to coordinators. How to use sensors to prevent accidents in vehicular environment is an interesting issue. Vehicles are equipped with OBU (On-Board Unit) and use the OBU to query information if the coordinator or RSU (Road-Side Unit) is located in its communication range. This system also distributed events into different priority due to the different damages. For your example, RSU collects and analyzes the roadside information for the driver's safety and which provides to an OBU and a management system according to the service priority. In the higher rank terminal, the developed IP-based set-top box application provides information such as the traffic information, road environmental information, environmental sensor station error, and etc. The system has a high potential to improve traffic in two ways. First, it collects local environmental data and passes it to a central facility to further process it and pass it to vehicles. Second, it takes care that urgent local information is passed directly and thus quickly to local vehicles which increases traffic safety. The paper presents architecture to connect a USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) with the ITS (Intelligent Transport System) consisting of connected OBU and RSU. The goal of the system is to provide the ITS with local environmental data gathered by the USN nodes.
An experimental test for lineage-specific position effects on alcohol dehydrogenase ( <i>Adh</i> ) genes in <i>Drosophila</i> (1998)

Independent transgene insertions differ in expression based on their location in the genome; these position effects are of interest because they reflect the influence of genome organization on gene regulation. Position effects also represent potentially insurmountable obstacles to the rigorous functional comparison of homologous genes from different species because (i) quantitative variation in expression of each gene across genomic positions (generalized position effects, or GPEs) may overwhelm differences between the genes of interest, or (ii) divergent genes may be differentially sensitive to position effects, reflecting unique interactions between each gene and its genomic milieu (lineage-specific position effects, or LSPEs). We have investigated both types of position-effect variation by applying our method of transgene coplacement, which allows comparisons of transgenes in the same position in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report an experimental test for LSPE in Drosophila. The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes of D. melanogaster and Drosophila affinidisjuncta differ in both tissue distribution and amounts of ADH activity. Despite this striking regulatory divergence, we found a very high correlation in overall ADH activity between the genes of the two species when placed in the same genomic position as assayed in otherwise Adh-null adults and larvae. These results argue against the influence of LSPE for these sequences, although the effects of GPE are significant. Our new findings validate the coplacement approach and show that it greatly magnifies the power to detect differences in expression between transgenes. Transgene coplacement thus dramatically extends the range of functional and evolutionary questions that can be addressed by transgenic technology.
Modification of histone binding in calf thymus chromatin and in the chromatin-protamine complex by acetic anhydride (1976)

A relationship between side-chain modification of histones and their displaceability from DNA has been investigated using calf thymus chromatin which was chemically acetylated with acetic anhydride. When the chromatin is treated with increasingly higher concentrations of the reagent, histones become acetylated to an increasingly greater extent, attaining the modification at 23-24 sites for histone I, 5-6 for IIb1, 9-10 for IIb2, 5-6 for III and 3-4 for IV. As the chromatin becomes more acetylated, NaCl concentrations required for histone removal are lowered. Saturation binding of protamine does not bring about either an increase in the number of acetylation sites of histones in chromatin or a decrease of the NaCl requirement for dissociation of the acetylated chromatins. A comparison of the present results with the extents of histone acetylation known to occur enzymatically in vivo indicates that the complete removal of somatic histones during transformation of chromatin in spermiogenesis cannot be explained on the basis of decreased binding of the histone to DNA by acetylation or by a combination of acetylation and protamine binding, suggesting that the displacement process may require some additional processes.
Discriminative Training for Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition Using Minimum Classification Error (2006)

The minimum classification error (MCE) framework for discriminative training is a simple and general formalism for directly optimizing recognition accuracy in pattern recognition problems. The framework applies directly to the optimization of hidden Markov models (HMMs) used for speech recognition problems. However, few if any studies have reported results for the application of MCE training to large-vocabulary, continuous-speech recognition tasks. This article reports significant gains in recognition performance and model compactness as a result of discriminative training based on MCE training applied to HMMs, in the context of three challenging large-vocabulary (up to 100 k word) speech recognition tasks: the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese lecture speech transcription task, a telephone-based name recognition task, and the MIT Jupiter telephone-based conversational weather information task. On these tasks, starting from maximum likelihood (ML) baselines, MCE training yielded relative reductions in word error ranging from 7% to 20%. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the use of different methods for optimizing the MCE criterion function, as well as the use of precomputed recognition lattices to speed up training. An overview of the MCE framework is given, with an emphasis on practical implementation issues
SINGLE-CHAIN UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (SCU-PA) FROM HT-1080 HUMAN FIBROSARCOMA CELLS IS A GENUINE PROENZYME (1987)

U-PA is released from many cells as a single polypeptide chain (scu-PA) that is converted into its active two-chain form (tcu-PA) by limited proteolysis with plasmin. There is general agreement that scu-PA has an extremely low amidolytic activity, but different oppinions exist, as to whether scu-PA itself can activate plasminogen. We have reinvestigated the plasminogen activating activity of our scu-PA preparations by means of a direct [125]I-plasminogen conversion assay and two amidolytic assays for plasmin and u-PA activity. In the [125]I-plasminogen conversion assay in the presence of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) the subsequent plasmin catalyzed conversion of scu-PA is blocked while the plasminogen activation is unaffected. In this assay with 3oo nM Glu-plasminogen and 15 pM BPTI, 4o nM scu-PA caused a low but significant plasminogen conversion, which could be fully inhibited by pretreatment of scu-PA with diisopropylfluorophos-phate (DFP). DFP-treated scu-PA was convertible to fully active tcu-PA. Rates of plasminogen activation in this type of assay for scu-PA activity was at least 4oo fold slower than that measured for tcu-PA. A coupled amidolytic assay with Lys-plasminogen, scuPA or tcu-PA, BPTI, and the high affinity plasmin substrate H-D-Val-Phe-LyspNA (S2390) was performed under conditions that ensures a low steady state concentration of free plasmin. In this assay the initial rate of Lys-plasminogen activation by DFP-treated scu-PA was at least 25o fold slower than that measured for tcu-PA. Finally, u-PA activity was measured in an assay with the chromogenic substrate <Glu-Gly-ArgpNA (S2444) (o.8mM) in the presence of highly purified Glu-plasminogen (3oonM) and DFP-treated scu-PA (2nM) in the absence of BPTI. Within the initial 15 min of incubation no detectable hydrolysis of S2444 occurred. Addition of tcu-PA (2pM) or plasmin (o.lnM) to the scu-PA/Glu-plasminogen mixture caused a significant reduction of the lag period before onset of the cascade reaction leading to scu-PA conversion and subsequent hydrolysis of S2444. We conclude that the low rates of plasminogen activation measured in these assays by scu-PA might be accounted for by the presence of trace amounts of tcu-PA in the scu-PA preparations, and that scu-PA meets the requirements for a genuine proenzyme
Liver- and Lobe-Specific Gene Transfer Following the Continuous Microinstillation of Plasmid DNA onto the Liver Surface in Mice: Effect of Instillation Speed (2009)

Development of technology to deliver foreign gene(s) to a specific organ/tissue is one of the major challenges in gene therapy. Here, we show liver- and lobe-specific gene transfer following the continuous microinstillation of plasmid DNA (pDNA) onto the liver surface in mice. Naked pDNA was continuously instilled onto the right medial liver lobe using syringe pump in male ddY mice. Our previous studies showed liver- and lobe-selective gene expression after instillation of 30 mul of pDNA solution onto the liver surface, but gene expression was also found in the other liver lobe, kidney and spleen. To improve target site selectivity of gene expression, the instillation volume was decreased; however, non-specific gene expression in the other liver lobe and diaphragm was still detected. To prevent immediate diffusion of the pDNA solution, we performed continuous microinstillation of pDNA using a syringe pump; as a result, target site selectivity was greatly improved. As for instillation speed, 5 min infusion was enough to prevent diffusion of pDNA solution. Furthermore, transfection efficiency in the target site was maintained when instillation speed was slowed. Wiping off residual pDNA solution from the applied liver lobe resulted in a further improvement in selectivity, suggesting not only immediate diffusion, but also gradual diffusion, are important factors for successful target site-specific gene transfer. Information in this study will be useful for further development of an effective gene delivery system targeted to a specific organ/tissue by use of other non-viral or viral vectors.
Model‐based high cell density cultivation of <i>Rhodospirillum rubrum</i> under respiratory dark conditions (2009)

Abstract The potential of facultative photosynthetic bacteria as producers of photosynthetic pigments, vitamins, coenzymes and other valuable products has been recognized for decades. However, mass cultivation under photosynthetic conditions is generally inefficient due to the inevitable limitation of light supply when cell densities become very high. The previous development of a new cultivation process for maximal expression of photosynthetic genes under semi‐aerobic dark conditions in common bioreactors offers a new perspective for utilizing the facultative photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum for large‐scale applications. Based on this cultivation system, the present study aimed in determining the maximal achievable cell density of R. rubrum in a bioreactor, thereby providing a major milestone on the way to industrial bioprocesses. As a starting point, we focus on aerobic growth due to higher growth rates and more facile process control under this condition, with the option to extend the process by an anaerobic production phase. Process design and optimization were supported by an unstructured computational process model, based on mixed‐substrate kinetics. Key parameters for growth and process control were determined in shake‐flask experiments or estimated by simulation studies. For fed‐batch cultivation, a computer‐controlled exponential feed algorithm in combination with a pH‐stat element was implemented. As a result, a maximal cell density of 59 g cell dry weight (CDW) L −1 was obtained, representing so far not attainable cell densities for photosynthetic bacteria. The applied exponential fed‐batch methodology therefore enters a range which is commonly employed for industrial applications with microbial cells. The biochemical analysis of high cell density cultures revealed metabolic imbalances, such as the accumulation and excretion of tetrapyrrole intermediates of the bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010. 105: 729–739. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research Advances in Orchid Tissue Culture (2005)

The efficiency of orchid root,stalk,leaf,flower,stem and seed tissue culture were briefly summarized and the evaluated of some factors about sucrose content,phytohormone,sucrose and the exoteric environment affecting orchid tissue culture were reviewed.
Toroidal plasma enhanced CVD of diamond films (2014)

An inductively coupled toroidal plasma source is used as an alternative to microwave plasmas for chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. The source, operating at a frequency of 400 kHz, synthesizes diamond films from a mixture of argon, methane, and hydrogen. The toroidal design has been adapted to create a highly efficient environment for diamond film deposition: high gas temperature and a short distance from the sample to the plasma core. Using a toroidal plasma geometry operating in the medium frequency band allows for efficient (≈90%) coupling of AC line power to the plasma and a scalable path to high-power and large-area operation. In test runs, the source generates a high flux of atomic hydrogen over a large area, which is favorable for diamond film growth. Using a deposition temperature of 900–1050 °C and a source to sample distance of 0.1–2.0 cm, diamond films are deposited onto silicon substrates. The results showed that the deposition rate of the diamond films could be controlled using the sample temperature and source to sample spacing. The results also show the films exhibit good-quality polycrystalline diamond as verified by Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction results show that the samples exhibit diamond (111) and diamond (022) crystallites. The Raman results show that the sp3 peak has a narrow spectral width (FWHM 12 ± 0.5 cm−1) and that negligible amounts of the sp2 band are present, indicating good-quality diamond films.
Dielectrophoresis at the nanoscale (2011)

Dielectrophoresis has become a powerful tool for manipulation of various materials, such as metal and semiconducting particles, DNA molecules, nanowires and graphene. This short review is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the recent advances of application of dielectrophoresis at the nanoscale.
Antiproliferative Effects of Steric Blocking Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Antisense Agents Directed against c- <i>myc</i> (2000)

The phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomers (PMO) are a new class of antisense agents that inhibit gene expression by binding to RNA and sterically blocking processing or translation. In a search for a Morpholino agent that would inhibit cell proliferation, it was found that oligomers directed against c-myc, a gene involved in control of the cell cycle, were effective. The sequence specificity and mechanism of action of one agent were determined. The 20-mer 126 lowers c-myc protein levels in treated cells and arrests cells in G0/G1 of the cell cycle. It also acts at the RNA level to inhibit normal pre-mRNA splicing and instead produces an aberrantly spliced mRNA. Irrelevant and mispair control oligomers indicated that the observed antiproliferative effect was sequence specific. This was confirmed in a reporter gene model system using a c-myc 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) fused to a cDNA copy of the insect luciferase gene. We conclude that 126 is acting through an antisense mechanism involving Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding to its target RNA. A specific antisense agent directed against a cell cycle-associated gene mRNA may be useful as a therapeutic in diseases characterized by excess cell proliferation, such as restenosis following balloon angioplasty or cancer.
Polymerization of N-Vinylcarbazole by SK-500 Molecular Sieve (1982)

Abstract The polymerization of N-vinylearbazole (NVC) by SK-500 molecular sieve obeys the relation, rate of polymerization (R) = [NVC]1,0 (weight of SK-500)°−7Oat 30°C. Stirring increases the rate but the reaction order does not change. The highest catalytic activity, observed at 500°C precalculation temperature, does not correspond to the highest solid acidity of the sieve, realized at 200°C precalculation temperature. Pyridine and n-butylamine (⋍10−3 M) inhibit and hydrogen chloride (⋍10−3 M) and phosphoryl chloride (⋍10−4 M) cocatalyze the polymerization. Both R and the degree of polymerization (F) increase up to a maximum at −9 −10% uptake of water (g/g of dry zeolite) and thereafter fall. Alumina and silica increase .Rp Pn decreases with an increasing alumina content and rises initially at low silica content, falling at a high concentration of the latter. Nitrobenzene retards the polymerization. P is independent of [NVC], percentage conversion, and weight of SK-500. It appears that the polymerization is initiated through Bronsted acid sites as well as through direct interaction of RE3+ centers with a vinyl double bond of the monomer by a conventional cationic mechanism.
Combining size distribution and chemical species measurements into a multivariate receptor model of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (2006)

We introduce an extended receptor model, implemented with the multilinear engine ME2, which combines simultaneous but separate filter‐based species information with size‐resolved particle volume information. Our chemical data set consisted of 24‐hour filter measurements reported by the EPA Speciation Trends Network at Beacon Hill in Seattle, Washington, from February 2000 to June 2003. We measured the particle size distribution at this site from December 2000 to April 2002 using a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). The combined model extends the traditional chemical mass balance approach by including a simultaneous set of conservation equations for both particle mass and volume, linked by a unique value of apparent particle density for each source. The model distinguished three mobile source features, two consistent with previous identifications of “gasoline” and “diesel” sources, and an additional minor feature enriched in EC, Fe and Mn and ultrafine particle mass that would have been difficult to interpret in the absence of particle size information. This study has also demonstrated the feasibility of defining missing mass as an additional variable, and thereby providing additional useful model constraints and eliminating the posthoc regression step that is traditionally used to rescale the results.
Microscopic dynamics of the glass transition investigated by time-resolved fluorescence measurements of doped chromophores (1997)

The microscopic dynamics of several monomeric and polymeric glass-forming materials has been investigated by time-resolved fluorescence measurements of doped malachite green molecules in a wide temperature region. For monomers, 1-propanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, and a polymer without side chains, poly- butadiene, the temperature dependence of nonradiative decay time of doped malachite green molecules behaves in a similar way through the glass-transition region. Besides a kink around the calorimetric glass-transition temperature ${T}_{g},$ another crossover at a critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ about 30--50 K above ${T}_{g}$ has been clearly observed. This experimental finding is in agreement with the prediction of the mode-coupling theory that a dynamical transition exists well above ${T}_{g}.$ On the other hand, for the complex polymers with side chains, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl acrylate), and poly(ethyl methacrylate), the crossover at ${T}_{g}$ is less pronounced than those for the monomers and the polymer without side chains. Moreover, although we could not distinguish any singularities above ${T}_{g}$ for these complex polymers, we observed another kink below ${T}_{g},$ which may be attributed to the side-chain motions.
Bio‐Inspired High‐Performance and Recyclable Cross‐Linked Polymers (2013)

Bio-inspired molecular design and synthesis of high-performance and recyclable cross-linked polymers is reported. Reversible cross-links between hard segments are incorporated into linear segmented polyurethane via Diels-Alder reaction between maleimide pendant group and furan cross-linker. The materials form hierarchical structure and exhibit excellent properties with high stiffness, strength and toughness, and can be easily thermally reshaped and re-mended.
Emitter Interface in InP-Based HBTs with InAlAs/InP Composite Emitters (2001)

NRC publication: Yes