gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINDUCED REACTION OF ALCOHOLS WITH TRICARBONYL(η5‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)ETHYLTUNGSTEN (1982)

Abstract Bei der photoinduzierten Umsetzung der Titelverbindung (I) mit Alkoholen konnten als Hauptprodukte zweikernige Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung (II) isoliert werden, deren Struktur aufgrund von Elementaranalyse, MS‐, IR‐ 1 H‐ und 13 C‐ NMR‐Spektren zugeordnet wurde.
New views on Greek artifacts found in Etruria - D. GILL, “Positivism, pots, and long distance trade”, pp. 99–107, and K. ARAFAT & C. MORGAN, “Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations”, pp. 108-34 in Ian Morris (ed.), CLASSICAL GREECE: ANCIENT HISTORIES AND MODERN ARCHAEOLOGIES (Cambridge University Press1994). (1995)

New views on Greek artifacts found in Etruria - D. GILL, “Positivism, pots, and long distance trade”, pp. 99–107, and K. ARAFAT & C. MORGAN, “Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations”, pp. 108-34 in Ian Morris (ed.), CLASSICAL GREECE: ANCIENT HISTORIES AND MODERN ARCHAEOLOGIES (Cambridge University Press1994). - Volume 8
Ridge and Furrow Liquid Waste Disposal in A Northern Latitude (1968)

The operation and performance of a municipal ridge and furrow liquid waste disposal system in use since 1959 was monitored for a year and a half. One hundred and fifty thousand gallons a day of trickling filter effluent are disposed into the soil via four 1-acre basins. A heavy stand of grass left unharvested over the winter apparently contributes to successful operation. The changes in infiltration rates and quality of the infiltrate with season and under various loading and operating conditions are examined, as are companion field and indoor lysimeter studies comparing various design and operational factors that may influence infiltration protection of ground water.
The Folate Precursor p-Aminobenzoate Is Reversibly Converted to Its Glucose Ester in the Plant Cytosol (2003)

Plants synthesize p-aminobenzoate (pABA) in chloroplasts and use it for folate synthesis in mitochondria. It has generally been supposed that pABA exists as the free acid in plant cells and that it moves between organelles in this form. Here we show that fruits and leaves of tomato and leaves of a diverse range of other plants have a high capacity to convert exogenously supplied pABA to its beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (pABA-Glc), whereas yeast and Escherichia coli do not. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that much of the endogenous pABA in fruit and leaf tissues is esterified and that the total pool of pABA (free plus esterified) varies greatly between tissues (from 0.2 to 11 nmol g-1 of fresh weight). UDP-glucose:pABA glucosyltransferase activity was readily detected in fruit and leaf extracts, and the reaction was found to be freely reversible. p-Aminobenzoic acid beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester esterase activity was also detected in extracts. Subcellular fractionation indicated that the glucosyltransferase and esterase activities are predominantly if not solely cytosolic. Taken together, these results show that reversible formation of pABA-Glc in the cytosol is interposed between pABA production in chloroplasts and pABA consumption in mitochondria. As pABA is a hydrophobic weak acid, its uncharged form is membrane-permeant, and its anion is consequently prone to distribute itself spontaneously among subcellular compartments according to their pH. Esterification of pABA may eliminate such errant behavior and provide a readily reclaimable storage form of pABA as well as a substrate for membrane transporters.
Radical‐mediated modification of polypropylene: Selective grafting via polyallyl coagents (2005)

Abstract Selective graft modifications of polypropylene (PP) are demonstrated in which desirable functionality is introduced without the degradation that accompanies conventional radical‐mediated processes. A range of modification strategies is presented, each exploiting triallyl trimellitate (TATM) or its derivatives to counteract the effects of macroradical fragmentation on the molecular weight. Model compound studies, as well as examinations of atactic PP reaction products, show that allylic ester activation occurs predominately by a radical‐addition/hydrogen‐transfer sequence, with a limited propensity for telomerization. The cografting of TATM and maleic anhydride leads to maleated PP of a high melt viscosity, whereas the apparent incompatibility of TATM with vinyltrimethoxysilane requires the use of TATM‐assisted thiol–ene addition and/or diallyl silane grafting to produce moisture‐curable PP derivatives. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4882–4893, 2005
The Oxygen Free Radicals Originating from Mitochondrial Complex I Contribute to Oxidative Brain Injury Following Hypoxia–Ischemia in Neonatal Mice (2012)

Oxidative stress and Ca(2+) toxicity are mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. This work investigates if partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain protects HI brain by limiting a generation of oxidative radicals during reperfusion. HI insult was produced in p10 mice treated with complex I (C-I) inhibitor, pyridaben, or vehicle. Administration of P significantly decreased the extent of HI injury. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic hemisphere in pyridaben-treated animals showed reduced H(2)O(2) emission, less oxidative damage to the mitochondrial matrix, and increased tolerance to the Ca(2+)-triggered opening of the permeability transition pore. A protective effect of pyridaben administration was also observed when the reperfusion-driven oxidative stress was augmented by the exposure to 100% O(2) which exacerbated brain injury only in vehicle-treated mice. In vitro, intact brain mitochondria dramatically increased H(2)O(2) emission in response to hyperoxia, resulting in substantial loss of Ca(2+) buffering capacity. However, in the presence of the C-I inhibitor, rotenone, or the antioxidant, catalase, these effects of hyperoxia were abolished. Our data suggest that the reperfusion-driven recovery of C-I-dependent mitochondrial respiration contributes not only to the cellular survival, but also causes oxidative damage to the mitochondria, potentiating a loss of Ca(2+) buffering capacity. This highlights a novel neuroprotective strategy against HI brain injury where the major therapeutic principle is a pharmacological attenuation, rather than an enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism during early reperfusion.
Efficient induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses by virus‐like particles administered intranasally: implications for vaccine design (2007)

Intranasal (i.n.) immunization aims to induce local as well as systemic immune responses. In the present study, we assessed a vaccine platform based on virus-like particles (VLP) derived from the RNA phage Qbeta for i.n. immunization. We found that both i.n. and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of Qbeta-VLP elicited strong and comparable specific IgG responses in serum and lung. Surprisingly, both routes also induced high levels of specific IgA in serum. In contrast, only i.n. administration of Qbeta-VLP resulted in local IgA production in the lung. Efficient induction of B cell responses by i.n. administration of VLP was further supported by the presence of large numbers of germinal centers (GC) as well as memory B cells in the spleen and plasma cells in the bone marrow. Results obtained for the VLP itself could be extended to an antigen covalently attached to it. Specifically, i.n. immunization of mice with VLP displaying the influenza virus derived ectodomain of the M2 protein resulted in strong M2-specific antibody responses as well as anti-viral protection. In contrast, i.n. immunization with VLP displaying p33 peptide, the major CTL epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, induced relatively inefficient cytotoxic T cell responses, resulting in low numbers of specific T cells and poor effector cell differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that effective antibody-based vaccines are achievable by i.n. administration of Qbeta-VLP displaying specific antigens.
An Ad-hoc Network for Teams of Autonomous Vehicles (2002)

1 This work was funded by the United States Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Contract Number N00014-00-C-305. Abstract—This paper presents the study of a mobile ad-hoc network for teams of autonomous vehicles. We discuss the special challenges presented by the autonomous team model, and we present the self-sustaining, self-configuring dynamic network architecture we have developed to address them. We further discuss actual field experiments in which elements of the architecture have been proven through realistic test scenarios using surrogate unmanned aerial and ground vehicles. We conclude the paper by presenting lessons learned through the field experiments, performance analysis results and plans for future work.
Local IgE production in nonatopic nasal polyposis. (2010)

Localized mucosal IgE specific to common inhalant allergens appears to play a role in a subset of CRSwNP patients without evidence of systemic atopy.
Eosin Y Catalyzed Visible Light Oxidative C–C and C–P bond Formation (2011)

Eosin Y catalyzes efficiently the visible light mediated coupling of sp(3) C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen atom in tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in the absence of an external oxidant. Nitroalkanes, dialkyl malonates, malononitrile, and dialkyl phophonates were used as pronucleophiles in this metal-free, visible light oxidative coupling reaction.
Response of normal BALB/c mouse tissue to p(66 MeV)/Be fast neutron radiation: protection by exogenous ATP. (1992)

Exogenous ATP administered by intraperitoneal injection of 700 mg/kg has been used to provide radioprotection of BALB/c mice after a lethal dose of whole body irradiation (6 Gy). This comprised the beam from a neutron therapy facility produced by the reaction p(66 MeV)/Be. Survival of the mice, using 30 days post-irradiation as the endpoint, was increased from 40% to 85% by action of the exogenous ATP. Furthermore, ATP's glucoregulatory effects, which modify basal physiological regulatory processes were studied in the testes and caused significant augmentation in the activities of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase when compared with neutron radiation alone. Finally ATP reduced the activity of testicular acid phosphatase, an indicator of lytic processes in the tissues damaged. These radioprotection actions in BALB/c mice reflect an adaptive defence mechanism to maintain homeostasis in response to the radiation injury.
Electron microscopy in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata. (1975)

The component cells of peripheral lymphoid tissue have been divided into the lymphocyte and plasma cell lines, mononuclear phagocytic cells, dendritic "reticular cells", the reticular (supporting) cells and endothelial cells, and it is suggested that this system of cells should collectively be referred to as the lymphoreticular monoclear phagocyte system or LRMPS. Seventeen tumours of the LRMPS (excluding Hodgkin's disease) have been studied at ultrastructural level. Of these 17 non-Hodgkin lymphomata 5 were follicular lymphomata and 12 diffuse. It is concluded that electron microscopy plays a valuable role in the diagnosis of this group of tumours. Not only does it allow rejection of a diagnosis of lymphoma in certain anaplastic tumours, but it also enables a more precise identification of the cellular components of a lymphoma as well as indicating the degree of differentiation of the cell line involved. Additional advantages are the visualization of subcellular structures useful as markers, and by means of specialized immunoelectron microscopic techniques the identification of antigens and antibody formation within a given tumour. Two other results of this ultrastructural study are the indication that the dendritic cells of lymphoid follicles are derived from capillary endothelium, and the identification of certain anomalous formations derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum in the case of tumours showing plasmacytoid differentiation.
Isolation and characterization of human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins, h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2. Major sialoglycoproteins carrying polylactosaminoglycan. (1988)

Two major lysosomal membrane glycoproteins with apparent Mr approximately 120,000 were purified from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. These glycoproteins are major sialoglycoproteins containing polylactosaminoglycan and represent approximately 0.1-0.2% of total cell proteins. A monoclonal antibody specific to one of the glycoproteins and polyclonal antibodies specific to the other glycoprotein were obtained. Immunoelectron microscopic examination of HeLa cells revealed that these two glycoproteins mainly reside in lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that a number of different cell lines express these glycoproteins. However, the apparent molecular weights differed between cell lines; this probably represents differences in the amount of polylactosaminoglycan expressed by each cell line. As shown in the following paper (Fukuda, M., Viitala, J., Matteson, J., and Carlsson, S. R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18920-18928) one of the glycoproteins is very homologous to that of a mouse counterpart, m-lamp-1. The human form of this glycoprotein is therefore named human lamp-1 (h-lamp-1), while the other glycoprotein, to which the monoclonal antibody was made, is called human lamp-2 (h-lamp-2). Pulse-chase labeling experiments detected that h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 are produced first as precursor forms of 87.5 and 84 kDa, and treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H) or endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F (endo-F) reduced their molecular masses to 39.5 and 41.5 kDa, respectively. It was estimated that h-lamp-1 has 18 N-linked saccharides and h-lamp-2 16, based on the results of partial digestions with endo-F. These results indicate that the two lysosomal membrane glycoproteins are extensively modified by N-glycans, and some of these were found to have polylactosaminyl repeats and sialic acid. Human lamp-1 and lamp-2, therefore, serve as good models for understanding polylactosaminoglycan formation and the biosynthesis and processing of polylactosaminoglycan-containing glycoprotein.
Investigating the Effect of Carbon Nanotube Functionalization in a Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Through use of a Stepped Bar Apparatus (2021)

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used as an aid in transporting heat away from a circuit or electronic module. Composite materials are a popular research area for TIMs because they allow the desired properties from the individual constituents to be combined. The composite selected for this study uses carbon nanotubes (CNT) as the filler and an elastomeric polymer for the matrix, specifically a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) / polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. Additionally, functionalization of the CNT may affect the composites’ thermal conductivity because of its effect on the CNT dispersion in the polymer matrix and its effect on the CNT-polymer interface. The objective of this study was to determine the effect CNT functionalization has on the effective thermal conductivity of a MWCNT/PDMS composite. The three functionalization’s used in this study are unfunctionalized, functionalized with a carboxyl group, and functionalized with a hydroxyl group. Secondary objectives were to develop the initial stages of a carbon-polymer composite database and to perform an uncertainty analysis on the stepped bar apparatus used in this study. The database is to be used for visualization of data found in literature to promote data driven research. The uncertainty analysis on the stepped bar apparatus is to qualify the instrument for thermal measurements in this study Initial results showed some increase in thermal properties of the composite, but there was little difference between the thermal conductivity of the three functionalization’s because of the high level of uncertainty used early on in this study. Later results showed an increase in mechanical properties of the composite which offset any thermal advantage with use as a TIM. A stronger composite means less compression under a similar load, resulting in a thicker TIM and higher resistance. However, the mechanical and thermal properties compound to show that -OH functionalized MWCNT present better properties for a TIM than unfunctionalized and -COOH functionalized; none show better results than the polymer by itself.
Co-integration of high speed heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and tunnel diodes (2002)

Co-integration of high speed heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and tunnel diodes (TDs), forming Tunneling Bipolar Transistors (TBTs), is proposed and experimentally realized for the first time. The TBTs offer a new family of negative differential resistance transistors for applications in ultra-high speed and ultra-compact digital circuits. Especially, they can be incorporated into Si integrated circuits easily without complicated growth effort. In this paper, Si and InGaAs TDs will be described and compared in terms of device performance. Furthermore, the idea of a TBT will be demonstrated using a CBE grown structure and hybrid integration of Si devices.
Design and manufacture AR head-mounted displays: A review and outlook (2021)

Augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR-HMDs) enable users to see real images of the outside world and visualize virtual information generated by a computer at any time and from any location, making them useful for various applications. The manufacture of AR-HMDs combines the fields of optical engineering, optical materials, optical coating, precision manufacturing, electronic science, computer science, physiology, ergonomics, etc. This paper primarily focuses on the optical engineering of AR-HMDs. Optical combiners and display devices are used to combine real-world and virtual-world objects that are visible to the human eye. In this review, existing AR-HMD optical solutions employed for optical combiners are divided into three categories: optical solutions based on macro-, micro-, and nanooptics. The physical principles, optical structure, performance parameters, and manufacturing process of different types of AR-HMD optical solutions are subsequently analyzed. Moreover, their advantages and disadvantages are investigated and evaluated. In addition, the bottlenecks and future development trends in the case of AR-HMD optical solutions are discussed.
Optimization of intensity-modulated very high energy (50–250 MeV) electron therapy (2002)

This work evaluates the potential of very high energy (50-250 MeV) electron beams for dose conformation and identifies those variables that influence optimized dose distributions for this modality. Intensity-modulated plans for a prostate cancer model were optimized as a function of the importance factors, beam energy and number of energy bins, number of beams, and the beam orientations. A trial-and-error-derived constellation of importance factors for target and sensitive structures to achieve good conformal dose distributions was 500, 50, 10 and I for the target, rectum, bladder and normal tissues respectively. Electron energies greater than 100 MeV were found to be desirable for intensity-modulated very high energy electron therapy (VHEET) of prostate cancer. Plans generated for lower energy beams had relatively poor conformal dose distributions about the target region and delivered high doses to sensitive structures. Fixed angle beam treatments utilizing a large number of fields in the range 9-21 provided acceptable plans. Using more than 21 beams at fixed gantry angles had an insignificant effect on target coverage, but resulted in an increased dose to sensitive structures and an increased normal tissue integral dose. Minor improvements in VHEET plans utilizing a 'small' number (< or =9) of beams may be achieved if, in addition to intensity modulation, energy modulation is implemented using a small number (< or =3) of beam energies separated by 50 to 100 MeV. Rotation therapy provided better target dose homogeneity but unfortunately resulted in increased rectal dose, bladder dose and normal tissue integral dose relative to the 21-field fixed angle treatment plan. Modulation of the beam energy for rotation therapy had no beneficial consequences on the optimized dose distributions. Lastly, selection of beam orientations influenced the optimized treatment plan even when a large number of beams (approximately 15) were employed.
Microstructural damage of thermal barrier coatings due to CMAS (2013)

Over recent years, due to a constant desire for higher efficiency engines and hence increased\nturbine entry temperatures and a proportional reduction in [Carbon dioxide] emissions, there is a need to\nunderstand how molten slags (CMAS: Calcia magnesia alumina-silicate), including volcanic\nash, affect engine life. Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are employed together with cooling\ntechnology to protect engine hardware from the high temperature seen within the turbine and\ncombustion zones. At current operating temperatures, CMAS can adhere to the TBC surface\nresulting in premature degradation of the coating. The columnar, high porosity microstructure\nof electron beam physical vapour deposited (EB-PVD) TBCs make them particularly\nsusceptible to CMAS/molten deposit attack. CMAS attack of PYSZ is reported in literature to\nbe characterised by penetration of the melt along the columnar structure, chemically attacking\nthe TBC whereupon yttria is leached from PYSZ and into the melt, creating an yttria depleted\ninteraction zone.\nA new approach for classifying and reporting CMAS attack on TBCs is introduced in this\nthesis and a degradation map is created to acknowledge that the mechanism and severity of\nCMAS damage is related to variation in the CMAS compositions. CMAS degradation of EB-\nPVD has been extensively studied by previous authors, all reporting similar degradation\nmechanism with varying degree of severity. In this study, this category of CMAS degradation\nmechanism is termed “classic” CMAS attack.\nThe primary aim of this study has been to investigate the damage caused by volcanic ash and\nCMAS to materials used within an aerospace gas turbine engine. The thesis investigates two\naspects. It is recognised that, debris ingested by the engine will cause erosion damage to\ncomponents in the cooler section of the engine (compressor), thus the first part examines this issue. A series of erosion tests with Eyjafjallajokull volcanic ash and similar sized MIL spec\nsilica sand have been undertaken with two compressor-typical materials (Ti-6Al-4V and\nInconel 718). The results were consistent with volcanic ash behaving like fine silica sand\nboth at room and at compressor operating temperatures. The measured erosion rates are\nconsistent with a ductile erosion mechanism with peak rates of material loss at lower impact\nangle. The results would appear to fit classical ductile erosion models where the material loss\ndepends on particle velocity and follows a power with an exponent close to 2.4.