gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&#946;-Lactamases and their Inhibitors: An Update (2002)

The ß-lactam antibiotics perhaps form the best studied and most used (in volume and sales) antibiotics in the world today. The extensive and in many cases, uncontrolled use of the ß-lactam antibiotics, particularly in developing countries and for veterinary uses, has resulted in the evolution of resistance in many strains of bacteria. One common mechanism of resistance with ß-lactam antibiotics is the expression of a specific class of enzymes - the ß-lactamases - by the bacteria. These enzymes interact with and destroy the antibiotic, before it can exert its desired effect. Many (up to now 340) distinct ß-lactamases have been isolated and identified so far and various methods of classifying them reported. The particular ß-lactamases produced is dependent on factors that include the nature of the strain of bacteria and the particular antibiotic used. Since over the years, the usage of the ß-lactam antibiotics has changed depending on the discovery of new and superior member s and on variations in usage in different countries, there has been a shifting pattern in the particular ß-lactamases produced over time. There is hence a continuing need to identify new ß-lactamases inhibitors which would be effective in combination with the newer antibiotics. This paper considers recent developments in identifying new classes and members of ß-lactamase inhibitors. Keywords: lactam antibiotic, lactam inhibitor, lactamase, monobactam derivative
Reproductive Processes in Proteus Cultures. (1946)

SummaryThe complex reproductive processes formerly observed in certain Gram-negative bacteria have also been observed in Proteus cultures. In this species they presented several distinctive characteristics. The large bodies in every case previously studied were produced by gradual swelling of the bacteria. In Proteus they are produced by a process known as “plasmoptysis.” The large bodies so produced possess similar physical properties and show reproductive processes similar to those formed in other species by swelling of the bacteria.Another characteristic of Proteus is that the bacteria from which the large bodies develop differ considerably from the bacteria usually present in the culture. Large bodies develop only from spreading filaments actively motile on solid media. In almost every culture these filaments produce an occasional large body, and most of them are transformed into large bodies when the spreading halo of one strain meets the spreading halo of another appropriate strain. The large bodies...
Early-onset ALS with long-term survival associated with spastin gene mutation (2005)

The authors report a 73-year-old patient with a natural history of early-onset ALS for 49 years presenting with limb and bulbar amyotrophy and a pyramidal syndrome. Analysis of the locus SPG4 identified a heterozygous duplication mutation (c.304_309dupGCCTCG) within exon 1 of the spastin gene. We propose that sequence alterations of spastin may comprise a genetic risk factor in a greater spectrum of motor neuron disorders including clinical variants of ALS.
Whole-genome sequencing in autism identifies hot spots for de novo germline mutation (2012)

De novo mutation plays an important role in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Notably, pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) are characterized by high mutation rates. We hypothesize that hypermutability is a property of ASD genes and may also include nucleotide-substitution hot spots. We investigated global patterns of germline mutation by whole-genome sequencing of monozygotic twins concordant for ASD and their parents. Mutation rates varied widely throughout the genome (by 100-fold) and could be explained by intrinsic characteristics of DNA sequence and chromatin structure. Dense clusters of mutations within individual genomes were attributable to compound mutation or gene conversion. Hypermutability was a characteristic of genes involved in ASD and other diseases. In addition, genes impacted by mutations in this study were associated with ASD in independent exome-sequencing data sets. Our findings suggest that regional hypermutation is a significant factor shaping patterns of genetic variation and disease risk in humans. PaperFlick:
Rearrangement of ALL1 (MLL) in acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics. (1998)

Approximately 45% of adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have normal cytogenetics and therefore lack structural abnormalities that can assist in the localization and characterization of molecular defects. The partial tandem duplication of the ALL1 (MLL) gene has been found in several such cases of AML, yet its frequency and clinical significance are unclear. We performed Southern analysis of the ALL1 gene in pretreatment samples from 98 AML patients with normal cytogenetics. Eleven of 98 such patients (11%; 95% confidence interval, 6-19%) showed rearrangement of ALL1 at diagnosis. The partial tandem duplication of ALL1 was responsible for ALL1 rearrangement in all such cases examined, making it a frequent molecular defect in adult AML patients with normal cytogenetics. Furthermore, patients with ALL1 rearrangement had a significantly shorter duration of complete remission when compared to patients without ALL1 rearrangement (P = 0.01; median, 7.1 versus 23.2 months). This defect defines for the first time a subset of AML patients with normal cytogenetics who have short durations of complete remission and thus require new therapeutic approaches.
Exploring Permission-Induced Risk in Android Applications for Malicious Application Detection (2014)

Android has been a major target of malicious applications (malapps). How to detect and keep the malapps out of the app markets is an ongoing challenge. One of the central design points of Android security mechanism is permission control that restricts the access of apps to core facilities of devices. However, it imparts a significant responsibility to the app developers with regard to accurately specifying the requested permissions and to the users with regard to fully understanding the risk of granting certain combinations of permissions. Android permissions requested by an app depict the app's behavioral patterns. In order to help understanding Android permissions, in this paper, we explore the permission-induced risk in Android apps on three levels in a systematic manner. First, we thoroughly analyze the risk of an individual permission and the risk of a group of collaborative permissions. We employ three feature ranking methods, namely, mutual information, correlation coefficient, and T-test to rank Android individual permissions with respect to their risk. We then use sequential forward selection as well as principal component analysis to identify risky permission subsets. Second, we evaluate the usefulness of risky permissions for malapp detection with support vector machine, decision trees, as well as random forest. Third, we in depth analyze the detection results and discuss the feasibility as well as the limitations of malapp detection based on permission requests. We evaluate our methods on a very large official app set consisting of 310 926 benign apps and 4868 real-world malapps and on a third-party app sets. The empirical results show that our malapp detectors built on risky permissions give satisfied performance (a detection rate as 94.62% with a false positive rate as 0.6%), catch the malapps' essential patterns on violating permission access regulations, and are universally applicable to unknown malapps (detection rate as 74.03%).
Formation of diamond in carbon onions under MeV ion irradiation (1997)

Spherical carbon onions are generated by irradiating graphitic carbon soot with Ne+ ions of 3 MeV energy. Under continued irradiation, a transformation of their cores to cubic diamond crystals is observed. In comparison to earlier electron irradiation experiments, the yield of diamond is much higher. The output of the irradiation experiment is characterized by electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Knock-on displacements of carbon atoms by Ne+ ions are assumed to be responsible for a self-compression of the onions, leading to the nucleation of diamond in their cores. The increased diamond yield is explained by the higher displacement cross-section, the higher energy transfer, and the higher total beam current on the specimen.
Description and Evaluation of a Cigarette Smoke Generation System for Inhalation Studies (1992)

The AMESA Mark III A smoking machine, widely used to generate mainstream cigarette smoke for animal inhalation exposure studies, has been modified to improve operation and reduce maintenance costs. To produce uniform cigarette smoke continuously with a puff frequency ranging from 1 to 3 puffs per minute, the newly designed smoke generator (AMESA Type 1300 Model) was connected to a corresponding number (1 to 3) of peristaltic pumps instead of the piston pump in the AMESA machine. In this way, particle loss from pumping was reduced and the smoke concentration was increased by 10-20%, compared to the AMESA Mark III system. A new ejection system that uses compressed air to blow out the smoked butts was adapted for the generator by AMESA Technologies. This feature reduced the problems previously associated with loading and ejecting of cigarettes and, as a result, reduced cigarette wastage. To further evaluate the AMESA Type 1300 machine, we characterized cigarette smoke generated by using different pumps, puffing volumes, and puffing frequencies. The mass median aerodynamic diameters of smoke particles, measured with a cascade impactor and a diffusion battery, were 0.45 and 0.37 μm for 35- and 70-ml puffs, respectively. However, analyses of smoke composition, based on certain gaseous, vapor, and particulate constituents, indicated that there was no statistically significant difference among the different generating profiles.
Influence of noise on a novel RMS delay spread estimation method (2002)

This paper describes the influence of noise on a previously proposed measurement method for wide-band, Rayleigh- and Ricean-fading radio channels. As the original procedure exploits the proportionality between the level crossing rate in the frequency domain (LCR/sub f/) and the RMS delay spread of the channel, the influence of noise on the LCR/sub f/ is investigated and evaluated here. A compact solution is given for the noise-influenced case, which requires only one parameter, additional to those from the original procedure. However, we observe that the continuous-time (and -frequency) model used to obtain this solution yields a bias of the theoretical result against the ones obtained from the measurements, since they are discrete in frequency. Therefore, for the Rayleigh fading case, the discrete-time LCR is derived to identify the source of this bias. It is seen that the analytical result is not very suitable for being applied to a measurement procedure. It can be used however, to quantify the influence of noise in a particular situation and to assess noise-reduction techniques that might be required.
Phase 2 study of dasatinib in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2010)

Single-agent dasatinib failed to demonstrate significant activity in patients with advanced HNSCC, despite c-Src inhibition. The toxicity profile was consistent with that reported in other solid tumors, and the drug can be given via PFG tube.
Diagnostic Utility of Endocervical Curettage in Women Undergoing Colposcopy for Equivocal or Low-Grade Cytologic Abnormalities (2007)

As an ancillary diagnostic technique to colposcopically directed biopsy, ECC is of questionable value in younger women. However, in women aged 40 and older, the sensitivity of colposcopic biopsy decreased and the sensitivity of ECC increased. Thus, ECC may be useful in older women undergoing colposcopy for equivocal or mildly abnormal cytology.
Retailing in Great Britain (1963)

How different is retailing in Great Britain from retailing in the United States? How can the differences be explained? What can be predicted for British retailing? These are the questions answered in this article.
Reduction of Common Mode EMI in a PWM Inverter through Fine-Tuning Gating Signals (2006)

In PWM converters, high dv/dts due to fast switching of the power devices can cause serious common mode electromagnetic interference (CM EMI). Theoretically, a single-phase full-bridge inverter under bipolar SPWM operation should produce very low CM noise because the two phase legs operating in a complementary manner can compensate for each other. However, in practice this ideal scenario will never happen due to different transmission delays of the gating signals. In this paper, a method to compensate those differences in transmission delays through fine-tuning the pulse edges of gating signals is proposed and examined with experiment. Experiment on a DSP-controlled single-phase full-bridge inverter shows that this method can effectively reduce the CM noise up to 4 MHz without any hardware expense. Limitations of the method are also discussed based on the experimental results
Three-dimensional local structure refinement using a full-potential XANES analysis (2007)

A technique of three-dimensional (3D) local structure refinement is proposed and demonstrated by applying it to the metal complex $\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{acacR}{)}_{2}$. The method is based on the fitting of experimental x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) using a multidimensional interpolation of spectra and full potential calculations of XANES. The low number of calculations required is the main advantage of the method, which allows a computationally time-expensive method using a non-muffin-tin potential to be applied. The possibility to determine bond angles in addition to bond lengths accessible to extended x-ray-absorption fine structure opens new perspectives of XANES as a 3D structure probe.
Synthesis of some cis- and trans-2-dimethylaminomethyl cyclic amines and related diamines (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of some cis- and trans-2-dimethylaminomethyl cyclic amines and related diaminesJack Hine and Wu-Shyong LiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 3, 289–292Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00891a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00891a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Gulftronic electrostatic catalyst separator upgrades FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) bottoms (1980)

The Gulftronic electostatic catalyst separator upgrades FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) bottoms and can replace FCC slurry oil bottoms recycling, a procedure not suitable for all refineries. A 3600 bbl/day Gulftronic separator installed at the Borger, Tex., Phillips Petroleum Co. refinery uses 12 longitudinal flow modules, with the FCC slurry oil fed to the upper head, from which it flows downward through glass beads and an electric field. The separator can process slurry oil from either a light-oil (operated on 28/sup 0/-30/sup 0/API gas oil) or a heavy-oil (operated on 25% topped crude) FCC unit or, as is the usual practice, a mixture from the two FCC's. The power consumption and maintenance costs were less than $1.00/day and $3.00/day, respectively, per barrel of separator capacity over a year's operation, and the payback from improved FCC yield and slurry oil value as a carbon black feedstock was less than a year. Gulf Oil Co. installed a 2400 bbl/day Gulftronic separator, which uses four radial flow modules, at its Port Arthur, Tex., refinery at a cost of about $80/bbl of daily separator capacity, and increased the carbon black feedstock value by an average $0.50/bbl, with payback of less than one year.
Type-Specific Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus DNA among Jamaican Colposcopy Patients (1996)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types differ in their association with cervical cancer. Therefore, the types of HPV in precancerous lesions are important. In many regions with high cancer incidence, the HPV types in precancerous lesions have not been well studied. In Jamaica, a country that has high cervical cancer incidence, 174 colposcopy patients were tested for HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA detection was strongly related to presence and grade of cervical neoplasia (P<.001). Furthermore, severe neoplastic change was most highly associated with HPV DNA types also considered high-risk for severe neoplasia in other populations. HPV-45 DNA, a high-risk type uncommon in most previously tested countries, was detected in 12% of patients who had neoplasia. Thus, cervical neoplasia in Jamaica, as elsewhere, is linked to HPV. The high prevalence of HPV-45 was notable, and its relation to high cervical cancer incidence in Jamaica must be assessed.
An Online Transition of Speed-dependent Reference Joint Trajectories for Robotic Gait Training (2019)

Rehabilitation robots reduce the physical burden on therapists, quantify training and allow greater dose of therapy on individuals with neurological impairments. Robots are also capable of precisely customizing therapy based on the user's physiology and/or needs, for example, customizing a reference trajectory for gait training. While a number of methods for obtaining reference gait patterns have been proposed, these approaches lack the ability of altering the trajectories according to the varying walking speed in real-time. The objective of this paper is to develop an online algorithm that can provide a continuous, speed-dependent reference gait pattern for robotic gait training. We employed Fourier series and profile blending methods to generate natural transitions in gait patterns, and synchronized the gait cycle time according to the given arbitrary walking speed. The simulation results suggest that the algorithm can stably change the gait patterns with the given walking speed in a synchronous manner. We conclude that the method can provide online speed-dependent walking motion that can be used for general robotic gait training applications.
Towards Security by Construction for Web 2.0 Applications (2007)

While security experts routinely bemoan the current state of the art in software security, from the standpoint of the application developer, application security requirements present yet another hurdle to overcome. Given the pressure for extra functionality, “lesser” concerns such as performance and security often do not get the time they deserve. While it is common to blame this on developer education, a big part of the problem is that it is extremely easy to write unsecure code.
Quantitative importance of non-skeletal-muscle sources of <i>N</i>τ-methylhistidine in urine (1980)

Direct measurement of N tau-methylhistidine turnover in skeletal muscle, skin and gastrointestinal muscle indicates that these three tissues contribute only 24.9, 6.8 and 9.8% of the total urinary excretion. Measurement of the decay rate of radioactively labelled N tau-methylhistidine in urine indicates that skeletal muscle accounts for 74.5% of the urinary excretion and this is probably an overestimate. These results suggest that the common assumption, that N tau-methylhistidine in urine originates almost entirely from skeletal muscle, may be wrong.
Influence of DC supply systems on unplanned reactor trips in nuclear power plants (2001)

Operational experience has shown that some components in nuclear power plants are so important that their failures, which would be a single failure, may cause the entire plant to shutdown. Such shutdowns have often occurred in the past in commercial nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plant authorities try to avoid such unplanned plant shutdowns because of the large economic loss. Unfortunately, it is difficult to identify all the important components from the numerous components in each complex nuclear power plant system. FMEA and FTA methods, which are often applied to probabilistic risk assessments, are used in this paper to identify the key components that may cause unplanned reactor trips. As an example, the 48 V DC power supply system in a typical Chinese nuclear power plant, which is a major cause of many unplanned reactor trips, was analyzed to show how to identify these key components and the causes for nuclear power plant trips.
Evaluation of stereo matching algorithms for occupant detection (2003)

Vision systems within vehicles offer new opportunities in the automobile industry. The detection and classification of passenger and driver seat occupancy open up new ways to improve the safety and comfort of the passengers. We present results of a stereo system designed for the observation of the cockpit scene in order to provide information about the passenger presence and location within the vehicle to improve the control of the airbag firing. We compare different techniques and examine the effect of random and systematic errors on the performance in precision, robustness and processing speed. These results establish a foundation for on-going work on occupant detection for vehicle safety.
1.6-b/s/Hz Spectrally Efficient Transmission Over 1700 km of SSMF Using 40 $\times$ 85.6-Gb/s POLMUX-RZ-DQPSK (2007)

We discuss high spectral efficient long-haul transmission using multilevel modulation formats. In particular, we investigate long-haul transmission with a 1.6-b/s/Hz spectral efficiency using polarization-multiplexed return-to-zero differential quadrature phase-shift keying. In an experimental demonstration, we show 40 times 85.6-Gb/s transmission with a 50-GHz channel spacing over 1700 km (18 times 94.5 km) of standard-single-mode fiber