gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric field calculations in brain stimulation: The importance of geometrically accurate head models (2012)

Article Electric field calculations in brain stimulation: The importance of geometrically accurate head models was published on September 4, 2012 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 57, issue SI-1-Track-M).
Clarithromycin for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. (1995)

Clarithromycin may become an integral component of anti-H. pylori therapy.
St. John's Wort in Mild to Moderate Depression: The Relevance of Hyperforin for the Clinical Efficacy (1998)

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, the clinical efficacy and safety of two different extracts of St. John's wort were investigated in 147 male and female outpatients suffering from mild or moderate depression according to DSM-IV criteria. Following a placebo run-in period of three to seven days, the patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: During the 42-day treatment period, they received 3 x 1 tablets of either placebo, Hypericum extract WS 5573 (300 mg, with a content of 0.5% hyperforin), or Hypericum extract WS 5572 (300 mg, with a content of 5% hyperforin). The manufacturing process for the two Hypericum preparations was identical, so that they differed only in their hyperforin content. Efficacy regarding depressive symptoms was assessed on days 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42, using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD, 17-item version) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (D-S) according to von Zerssen. In addition, the severity of illness was also rated by the investigators on days 0 and 42 using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. The last observation of patients withdrawn from the trial prematurely was carried forward. At the end of the treatment period (day 42), the patients receiving WS 5572 (5% hyperforin) exhibited the largest HAMD reduction versus day 0 (10.3 +/- 4.6 points; mean +/- SD), followed by the WS 5573 group (0.5% hyperforin; HAMD reduction 8.5 +/- 6.1 points) and the placebo group (7.9 +/- 5.2 points). As regards the change in the HAMD total score between day 0 and treatment end and its relationship to the hyperforin dose, a significant monotonic trend was demonstrated in the Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p = 0.017). In pairwise comparisons, WS 5572 (5% hyperforin) was superior to placebo in alleviating depressive symptoms according to HAMD reduction (Mann-Whitney U-test: p = 0.004), whereas the clinical effects of WS 5573 (0.5% hyperforin) and placebo were descriptively comparable. These results show that the therapeutic effect of St. John's Wort in mild to moderate depression depends on its hyperforin content.
Simultaneous Arming and Structure/Activity Studies of Natural Products Employing O−H Insertions:  An Expedient and Versatile Strategy for Natural Products-Based Chemical Genetics (2007)

The identification of "druggable" targets is an immediate opportunity and challenge in the post-genomic era. Natural products are enduring tools for basic cellular studies and leads for identifying medically relevant protein targets. However, their use for these studies is often hampered by limited quantities and a lack of selective and mild monofunctionalization reactions. The development of selective methods that could simultaneously equip the natural product with a reactive group for subsequent conjugation to reporter tags and provide important structure-activity relationship (SAR) information, requiring only a knowledge of functional groups present in the natural product, could significantly decrease the time between bioactive natural product isolation and target identification. Herein, we report such a strategy that enables simultaneous arming and SAR studies of alcohol-containing natural products involving both chemo- and site-selective ("chemosite" selective) and site-nonselective O-H insertion reactions with rhodium carbenoids derived from alkynyl diazo acetates. This strategy was applied to a diverse set of natural products, and general guidelines for predicting chemosite selectivity were formulated. A subsequent Sharpless-Hüisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with the appended alkyne allows for attachment of a variety of reporter tags. Using this strategy, we synthesized a novel FK506-biotin conjugate that enabled pull-down of the entire "immunosuppressive complex" including FKBP12, calcineurins A and B, and calmodulin. In addition, the potential for a chemoselective but site-nonselective process was shown with both gibberellic acid methyl ester and brefeldin A using only achiral rhodium catalysts.
Research on Co-simulation and Test of Semi-active Suspension (2010)

Passive suspension hydraulic shock absorber of a certain minicar is being improved design. Step motor added to adjust settable orifice in valve core bar of shock absorber. For validate feasibility of improved control, simulation model and bench test are being carried out. An efficient modeling method based on software AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink is bring forward aim at relieve complexity of traditional modeling method on vehicle Semi-Active Suspension (SAS). AMESim has abundant sub-library models, and MATLAB has powerful numerical calculation function. Combine AMESim model and MATLAB/Simulink controller model by S-function and to co-simulate. Results of co-simulation and experiment show the modeling method is simple and feasible. And it provides an effective modeling method for vehicle chassis system dynamics.
WLCp2-10: Configurable Acknowledgment Delay (CAD) Mechanism for Asymmetric Space-Internet Links (2006)

The default acknowledgment (ACK) strategy of TCP easily overruns the constrained ACK channel capacity of the asymmetric network links. There is no effective ACK mechanism to address the asymmetric channel problem for space-Internet. A configurable ACK delay (CAD) mechanism has been developed to delay the ACKs for a configurable period of time to improve the TCP throughput performance over asymmetric space-Internet links. This paper introduces the CAD mechanism and presents a performance evaluation of it in an experimental manner. The experimental results show that the CAD mechanism has significant performance advantages in asymmetric space links with a channel ratio higher than 50/1. The higher the asymmetric channel ratio is, the more advantageous the CAD is over the default ACK strategy.
Surface functionalization of thin-film diamond for highly stable and selective biological interfaces (2010)

Carbon is an extremely versatile family of materials with a wide range of mechanical, optical, and mechanical properties, but many similarities in surface chemistry. As one of the most chemically stable materials known, carbon provides an outstanding platform for the development of highly tunable molecular and biomolecular interfaces. Photochemical grafting of alkenes has emerged as an attractive method for functionalizing surfaces of diamond, but many aspects of the surface chemistry and impact on biological recognition processes remain unexplored. Here we report investigations of the interaction of functionalized diamond surfaces with proteins and biological cells using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence methods. XPS data show that functionalization of diamond with short ethylene glycol oligomers reduces the nonspecific binding of fibrinogen below the detection limit of XPS, estimated as > 97% reduction over H-terminated diamond. Measurements of different forms of diamond with different roughness are used to explore the influence of roughness on nonspecific binding onto H-terminated and ethylene glycol (EG)-terminated surfaces. Finally, we use XPS to characterize the chemical stability of Escherichia coli K12 antibodies on the surfaces of diamond and amine-functionalized glass. Our results show that antibody-modified diamond surfaces exhibit increased stability in XPS and that this is accompanied by retention of biological activity in cell-capture measurements. Our results demonstrate that surface chemistry on diamond and other carbon-based materials provides an excellent platform for biomolecular interfaces with high stability and high selectivity.
Blockchains and Online Dispute Resolution: Smart Contracts as an Alternative to Enforcement (2016)

By Riikka Koulu. As cross-border online transactions increase the issue of cross-border dispute resolution and enforcement becomes more and more topical. Disputes arising from e-commerce are seldom taken into the public courts and therefore online dispute resolution (ODR) is becoming a mainstream solution for resolving them. Simultaneously, different applications and possibilities of blockchain technologies such as cryptocurrencies have caught the attention of both computer scientists and legal scholars, increasingly gaining momentum. However, the potential of blockchains reach further than their use as a currency: they can be used for the decentralised execution of programmable contracts known as smart contracts, completely without the need for intermediaries like e-commerce sites, credit card companies or courts. These possibilities have not previously been discussed in relation to dispute resolution. This article provides an introduction to this new technological possibility by examining self-executing smart contracts that utilise novel blockchain technologies. To demonstrate the logic behind smart contracts more concretely, a weather bet (i.e. a bet on what the weather is going to be in a given location) is translated into a programmable smart contract and then discussed in lines of code with further explanations. In addition to this, the author suggests that smart contracts could also be employed for the purposes of dispute resolution, which might provide a solution for the problem of enforcing ODR decisions. Instead of normative analysis, the article provides an introductory analysis of the legal implications that the blockchain technology has outside its application as virtual currency.
Performance of 1mm2 silicon photomultipliers (2008)

A silicon photomultiplier (SPM) is a new type of semiconductor detector that has the potential to replace the photo- multiplier tube (PMT) detector in many applications. In common with a PMT detector, the output of an SPM is an easily detectable current pulse for each detected photon and can be used in both photon counting mode and as an analogue (photocurrent) detector. However, the SPM also has a distinct advantage over PMT detectors. The photon-induced current pulse from a PMT varies greatly from photon to photon, due to the statistics of the PMT multiplication process (excess noise). In contrast, the current pulse from an SPM is identical from photon to photon. This gives the SPM a distinct advantage in photon counting applications as it allows the associated electronics to be greatly simplified. Identical pulses also mean that the SPM can resolve the number of photons in weak optical pulses, so-called photon number resolution. This is critical in a number of applications including linear-optics quantum computing.
Robust Dynamical Decoupling of Quantum Systems with Bounded Controls (2003)

We propose a general procedure for implementing dynamical decoupling of quantum systems without requiring arbitrarily strong, impulsive control actions. This is accomplished by designing continuous decoupling propagators according to Eulerian paths in the decoupling group for the system. Such Eulerian decoupling schemes offer two important advantages over their impulsive counterparts: they are able to enforce the same dynamical symmetrization but with more realistic control resources and, at the same time, they are intrinsically tolerant against a large class of systematic implementation errors.
Biosensors for the Detection of Food Pathogens (2014)

Food pathogens frequently cause foodborne diseases. There is a need to rapidly identify the source of the bacteria in order to contain their spread and epidemics. A pre-enrichment culture or a direct culture on agar plate are standard microbiological methods. In this review, we present an update on alternative molecular methods to nucleic acid-based detection for species identification. Biosensor-based methods rely on the recognition of antigen targets or receptors by antibodies, aptamers or high-affinity ligands. The captured antigens may be then directly or indirectly detected through an antibody or high-affinity and high-specificity recognition molecule. Various different detection methods are discussed, from label-free sensors and immunosensors to fluorescence-based ones. Each method shows advantages and disadvantages in terms of equipment, sensitivity, simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Finally, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are introduced briefly, with the potential to be fast, sensitive and useful for on-site bacteria detection in food processing laboratories to check potential contamination by sample monitoring combined with a rapid pre-enrichment step.
Insulin regulation of the two glucose transporters in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (1990)

The amounts of the brain type and muscle type glucose transporters (designated Glut 1 and 4, respectively) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes have been determined by quantitative immunoblotting with antibodies against their carboxyl-terminal peptides. There are about 950,000 and 280,000 copies of Glut 1 and 4, respectively, per cell. Insulin caused the translocation of both types of transporters from an intracellular location to the plasma membrane. The insulin-elicited increase in cell surface transporters was assessed by labeling the surface transporters with a newly developed, membrane-impermeant, photoaffinity labeling reagent for glucose transporters. The increases in Glut 1 and 4 averaged 6.5- and 17-fold, respectively, whereas there was a 21-fold in hexose transport. These results indicate that the translocation of Glut 4 could largely account for the insulin effect on transport rate, but only if the intrinsic activity of Glut 4 is much higher than that of Glut 1. The two transporters are colocalized intracellularly: vesicles (average diameter 72 nm) isolated from the intracellular membranes by immunoadsorption with antibodies against Glut 1 contained 95% of the Glut 4 and, conversely, vesicles isolated with antibodies against Glut 4 contained 85% of the Glut 1.
Thiolate-Protected Au<sub>20</sub>(SR)<sub>16</sub> Cluster: Prolate Au<sub>8</sub> Core with New [Au<sub>3</sub>(SR)<sub>4</sub>] Staple Motif (2009)

The precise atomic structure of the recently synthesized "magic cluster" Au(20)(SR)(16) is predicted using ab initio calculations and global-minimum searches. The cluster contains a prolate Au(8) core and four level-3 extended staple motifs (-RS-Au-RS-Au-RS-Au-RS-). The simulated optical absorption spectra of the lowest-energy structures are in good agreement with the measured spectrum. The Au(20)(SR)(16) cluster, with a low Au/SR ratio of 1.25:1, may represent a structural evolution from core-free homoleptic clusters [Au(SR)](N) to core-stacked clusters.
More about standby generator grounding, GFP, and currents that go bump in the night (1997)

The issue of generator grounding, separately derived systems, and the application of three-pole and four-pole transfer switches continues to be misunderstood and misapplied by design engineers, in spite of several papers on the subject. Incorrect generator grounding and/or incorrect transfer switch selection can result in noncode-complying installations, intermingling of ground and neutral currents, and possible incorrect ground-fault sensing. In order to properly ground multiple service and multiple generator installations, the electrical design engineer must have an in-depth understanding of all of the variables involved.
Clonal Hematopoiesis–Driver DNMT3A Mutations Alter Immune Cells in Heart Failure (2020)

This study demonstrates that circulating monocytes and T cells of patients with HF harboring clonal hematopoiesis-driver mutations in DNMT3A exhibit a highly inflamed transcriptome, which may contribute to the aggravation of chronic HF.
Factors Affecting Capacity and Design of First Carbonation Thickeners (1957)

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Purification strategies and purity visualization techniques for single-walled carbon nanotubes (2005)

Traditionally, SWNTs have been prepared by electric arc-discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, yielding tubes of various diameter and length distributions. However, without exception, as-prepared SWNTs are contaminated with a number of impurities, decreasing the overall yield of usable material. Impurities include transition metal catalysts, such as Fe, Co, and Ni, which are necessary for the growth of SWNTs as well as carbonaceous species such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, multishell carbon nanocapsules, and nanocrystalline graphite. In this Feature Article, we highlight the role of microscopy in designing and facilitating the interpretation of the success of strategies, including (a) oxidative methods including liquid and gas phase oxidation, (b) chemical functionalization protocols, (c) filtration and chromatography techniques, and (d) microwave heating methods, aimed at rationally purifying single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Patterned Colloidal Photonic Domes and Balls Derived from Viscous Photocurable Suspensions (2008)

Pixelated patterns of photonic hemispheres are prepared by self-organization of silica particles in photocurable hemispherical droplets. Especially, RGB-color patterns with high coverage are fabricated by spotting 3× without coalescence and multicolored hemispheres are prepared by controlled coalescence. In addition, monodisperse photonic balls are prepared through the evolution of wettability of the suspension droplets. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200800782_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The interface effect of the effective electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube composites (2007)

A model of the effective electrical conductivity for carbon nanotube (CNT) composites is presented by incorporating the interface effect with an average field theory. The dependence of the effective electrical conductivity on CNT length, diameter, concentration, and interface properties has been taken care of simultaneously in our treatment so that the model can describe well the interface effect of CNT composites. Predictions from the model are in good agreement with the experimental values of the effective electrical conductivity of CNT composites which the classical models have not been able to explain. © IOP Publishing Ltd.
Synthesis of racemic and optically active erythro- and threo-9-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenines and related compounds (1979)

Reduction of diethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-DL-tartrate ( II ) with lithium aluminium hydride afforded 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane- threo -4,5-dimethanol ( III ) which was transformed to the monotosyl derivative VI . Reaction of this compound with sodium salt of adenine, followed by acidic deblocking, gave 9-(DL)- threo -(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenine ( IX ). Analogously, 9-(DL)- erythro -(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenine ( XVII ) was prepared from diethyl meso -tartrate ( XI ) via the diol XIII and the tosyl derivative XV . 1,3-O-Benzylidene-D-threitol (D- XVIII ) was converted successively into the 4-O-tosyl derivative XIX and the 2-O-benzoyl-4-O-tosyl derivative XX . Reaction of the compound XX with sodium salt of adenine, followed by removal of the protecting groups in the intermediate XXI , afforded 9-(D)- threo -(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenine (D- XXII ); analogously, 1,3-O-benzylidene-L-threitol (L- XVIII ) was transformed into the 9-(L)- threo -derivative L- XXII . The D- threo -derivative D- XXII was prepared also from 5-O-tosyl-3-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranoside ( XXIII ) or from 3-O-benzyl derivative XXIX by condensation with sodium salt of adenine, followed by acidic hydrolysis, degradation of the 1,2-diol grouping by sodium periodate and sodium borohydride, and methanolysis or hydrogenolysis. An analogous procedure was used for preparation of 1-(D)- threo -(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)uracil (D- XXVII ). Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-benzoyl-6-tosyl-D-mannofuranoside ( XXXVI ) was transformed to the 5-(adenin-9-yl) derivative XXXVII which after hydrolysis of the dioxolane ring, followed by cleavage of the cis -diol with sodium periodate, reduction with sodium borohydride and methanolysis, afforded 9-(D)- erythro -(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenine (D- XL ). The L-enantiomer (L- XL ) was obtained from 5-O-(adenin-9-yl)-3-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-arabinofuranoside ( XXXIIIb ) by acidic cleavage, degradation of the intermediate XXXIV with periodate and methanolysis.
A loss function analysis for classification methods in text categorization (2003)

This paper presents a formal analysis of popular text classification methods, focusing on their loss functions whose minimization is essential to the optimization of those methods, and whose decomposition into the training-set loss and the model complexity enables cross-method comparisons on a common basis from an optimization point of view. Those methods include Support Vector Machines, Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Neural Network, Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Rocchio-style and Multi-class Prototype classifiers. Theoretical analysis (including our new derivations) is provided for each method, along with evaluation results for all the methods on the Reuters-21578 benchmark corpus. Using linear regression, neural networks and logistic regression methods as examples, we show that properly tuning the balance between the training-set loss and the complexity penalty would have a significant impact to the performance of a classifier. In linear regression, in particular, the tuning of the complexity penalty yielded a result (measured using macro-averaged F1) that outperformed all text categorization methods ever evaluated on that benchmark corpus, including Support Vector Machines.
Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Aminoglycosides on Bacterial Protein Synthesis <i>in vitro</i> (1979)

The effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics on bacterial protein synthesis in an initiating system was investigated. Three classes of compounds can be differentiated as to their response. (1) Antibiotics (streptomycin, bluensomycin and hygromycin B) which inhibit polypeptide synthesis in a monophasic way indicating a single major inhibitory site. Polypeptides made under partially inhibitory conditions possess the same size as those produced without the drug. (2) Compounds containing 2‐deoxystreptamine in a diglycosylated form (gentamicins B, C 1 , C 1a and C 2 ; sisomicin; kanamycin; neomycin; tobramycin; lividomycin A and paromomycin) inhibit protein synthesis in the triphasic way recently reported for gentamicin C complex which indicates multiple interactions of these antibiotics with the ribosome. These compounds also share the property of promoting the synthesis of longer than normal peptides due to termination errors. (3) The disaccharidic sisomicin and lividomycin cleavage products, garamine and lividamine respectively, give a biphasic response, namely stimulation of the rate of polypeptide synthesis at low concentration and inhibition at increasing concentrations. Aminoglycosides of class 2 (when present at second‐phase concentration) can revert the inhibition of protein synthesis caused by each of the class 1 compounds. Concomitantly, ‘read‐through’ products are accumulated.