gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localized Corrosion: Passive Film Breakdown Vs. Pit Growth Stability (2017)

A debate about the critical step in localized corrosion has raged for decades. Some researchers focus on the composition and structure of the passive film associated with the initial breakdown of the film, whereas others consider that the susceptibility to pitting is controlled by the pit growth kinetics and the stabilization of pit growth. The basis for a unified theory of pitting is presented here in which pit stability considerations are controlling under aggressive conditions (harsh electrolytes and extreme environments and/or susceptible microstructures) and the passive film properties and protectiveness are the critical factors in less extreme environments and/or for less susceptible alloys. This work was supported as part of the Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award # DE-SC0016584.
Feasibility of production methods for succinic acid derivatives: a marriage of renewable resources and chemical technology (2008)

Abstract Succinic acid has recently received a great deal of attention in various publications and presentations when discussing the potential of renewable resources for the production of chemical building blocks. As a starting material for a number of conversions, it leads to important derivatives for various industrial branches. In this review, many suggested/published processes are analyzed and the feasibility of the processes toward industrial use in comparison with actual production routes has been evaluated. Derivatives that have a high probability of being successfully produced from succinic acid are tetrahydrofuran, γ‐butyrolactone and butanediol, as well as various pyrrolidones. Other nitrogen‐containing succinic acid derivatives, as well as its esters and salts, have various uses and can be used for further conversions. Succinate‐based surfactants and polymers are produced in large quantities. This review also contains a short overview of chemicals that might be produced from succinic acid, but the routes are still not economically feasible at this point and are only of academic interest at the moment. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Modular Adaptive Optics Testbed for the NPOI (2006)

The Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) is a long-baseline, multi-station interferometer whose collection apertures can be relocated to provide flexible baseline lengths. While NPOI has the longest baseline at optical wavelengths in the world, the sensitivity of the interferometer is limited by the size of the individual collection apertures which are currently 0.5 meters in diameter. NPOI is currently upgrading its collection apertures to 1.4 meter diameter light weight telescopes to increase the sensitivity. At its location on the Anderson Mesa in Arizona, the chosen diameter of the telescope apertures is much larger than the average r0 of the site. As a result, adaptive optics must be used to correct for the wavefront aberrations. Several adaptive optics system configurations are suitable to provide the required wavefront correction, but it is highly desirable to have the adaptive optics systems as a component of the telescopes. This is being accomplished by designing the telescopes so that the adaptive optics system resides in the base of each telescope allowing a truly reconfigurable array. Thus evaluating and characterizing the performance of the adaptive optics systems is a critical component of identifying the desired adaptive optics system to support the move to larger aperture telescopes. This paper outlines a modular, electro-optical testbed that has been constructed for characterizing candidate adaptive optics systems for use at NPOI. The testbed makes use of innovative technologies to characterize the spatial and temporal performance of an adaptive optics system. Spatial performance is evaluated using a spatial light modulator liquid crystal device while temporal response is evaluated with a fast steering mirror that is used in series with the liquid crystal device. We report on the capabilities of the testbed and on the initial characterization of a low cost portable adaptive optics system.
Rescue of Volume-regulated Anion Current by Bestrophin Mutants with Altered Charge Selectivity (2008)

Mutations in human bestrophin-1 are linked to various kinds of retinal degeneration. Although it has been proposed that bestrophins are Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, definitive proof is lacking partly because mice with the bestrophin-1 gene deleted have normal Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents. Here, we provide compelling evidence to support the idea that bestrophin-1 is the pore-forming subunit of a cell volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) in Drosophila S2 cells. VRAC was abolished by treatment with RNAi to Drosophila bestrophin-1. VRAC was rescued by overexpressing bestrophin-1 mutants with altered biophysical properties and responsiveness to sulfhydryl reagents. In particular, the ionic selectivity of the F81C mutant changed from anionic to cationic when the channel was treated with the sulfhydryl reagent, sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl) methanethiosulfonate (MTSES(-)) (P(Cs)/P(Cl) = 0.25 for native and 2.38 for F81C). The F81E mutant was 1.3 times more permeable to Cs(+) than Cl(-). The finding that VRAC was rescued by F81C and F81E mutants with different biophysical properties shows that bestrophin-1 is a VRAC in S2 cells and not simply a regulator or an auxiliary subunit. F81C overexpressed in HEK293 cells also exhibits a shift of ionic selectivity after MTSES(-) treatment, although the effect is quantitatively smaller than in S2 cells. To test whether bestrophins are VRACs in mammalian cells, we compared VRACs in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice and mice with both bestrophin-1 and bestrophin-2 disrupted (best1(-/-)/best2(-/-)). VRACs were identical in wild-type and best1(-/-)/best2(-/-) mice, showing that bestrophins are unlikely to be the classical VRAC in mammalian cells.
Fast optically sectioned fluorescence HiLo endomicroscopy (2012)

We describe a nonscanning, fiber bundle endomicroscope that performs optically sectioned fluorescence imaging with fast frame rates and real-time processing. Our sectioning technique is based on HiLo imaging, wherein two widefield images are acquired under uniform and structured illumination and numerically processed to reject out-of-focus background. This work is an improvement upon an earlier demonstration of widefield optical sectioning through a flexible fiber bundle. The improved device features lateral and axial resolutions of 2.6 and 17 μm, respectively, a net frame rate of 9.5 Hz obtained by real-time image processing with a graphics processing unit (GPU) and significantly reduced motion artifacts obtained by the use of a double-shutter camera. We demonstrate the performance of our system with optically sectioned images and videos of a fluorescently labeled chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in the developing G. gallus embryo. HiLo endomicroscopy is a candidate technique for low-cost, high-speed clinical optical biopsies.
Spatial correlation and photostimulability of defect centers in the x-ray-storage phosphor BaFBr:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Eu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1991)

Photostimulable x-ray-storage phosphors in the form of image plates are one of the most important applications of defect centers in ionic crystals. Understanding the underlying mechanism, apart from its practical relevance, creates additional insights into the generation and kinematics of radiation defects in this class of materials. In this paper the commercial storage phosphor BaFBr:${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ is investigated. It is shown that x-ray irradiation produces both fluorine and bromine F centers, and aggregates thereof. Only the bromine F centers were found to contribute to the photostimulability, part of which are spatially correlated with an Eu-hole complex, whereas others are uncorrelated. Apart from the photostimulable centers, the nonphotostimulable centers could be identified via their characteristic infrared emission. Numbers can be deduced on the fraction of photostimulable and nonphotostimulable, correlated and uncorrelated centers. These numbers depend on the sample preparation as well as radiation history. The spectroscopic data and methods presented below should help to control better and improve the properties of storage phosphors.
Microwaves and infrared thermography — Comparative studies in early breast cancer detection (2011)

The paper presents some recent advances concerning a non-invasive microwave method used to investigate living structures. An overview of the main investigation methods in breast cancer are presented, as well as their classification. Thermography as an early non-invasive and highly sensitive method helps on the detection of the malign tumours in the early curable stages, contributing to diminish the mortality which appears in the cases where the breast cancer was detected in tardive incurable stages. Infrared imaging of the breast has shown effective results in both risk assessment and prognostic determination of breast cancer. It is a non-invasive investigation method for the living structure which uses the radiation emitted by the biological structures themselves within the microwave range, according to the radiation laws of electromagnetic waves. The microwave radiometry allows for the depth malignant structures detection because the microwaves have a greater wavelength and are less absorbed by the tissue traversed from the tumor to the surface. The temperature resolution is compatible with that of infrared thermography (0.1 °C). The resolution is connected to the fact that the difference between the environmental temperature (25 °C) and the measured body temperature average (37 °C) is relatively small. In the microwave range the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is almost 106 less than infrared radiation. Images obtained by radiometric methods for tumor structures detection are distribution maps of electrical properties of tissues. We propose an automated approach to detect asymmetric abnormalities in thermograms.
Full-Featured Pedometer Design Realized with 3-Axis Digital Accelerometer (2010)

This article, based on a study of the characteristics of each step a person takes, describes a reference design using the 3-axis ADXL345 accelerometer in a full-featured pedometer that can recognize and count steps, as well as measure distance, speed, and—to an extent—calories burned. The ADXL345’s proprietary (patent pending), on-chip, 32-level first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer can store data and operate on it for pedometer applications to minimize host processor intervention, thus saving system power—a big concern for portable devices. Its 13-bit resolution (4 mg/LSB) allows pedometers to even measure low-speed walking (where each step represents about 55 mg of acceleration change) with reasonable accuracy. Understanding the Model From the characteristics that can be used to analyze running or walking, we choose acceleration as the relevant parameter. The three components of motion for an individual (and their related axes) are forward (roll), vertical ( yaw), and side (pitch), as shown in Figure 1. The ADXL345 senses acceleration along its three axes: x, y, and z. The pedometer will be in an unknown orientation,
The rate-based flow control framework for the available bit rate ATM service (1995)

A new ATM service category, the available bit rate service, is currently the subject of intense development. This new service will systematically and dynamically allocate available bandwidth to users by controlling the flow of traffic with feedback. The rate-based flow control framework has been identified as the most appropriate for the support of this new service.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Call for Intellectual Honesty: A Response to the Uniform Mediation Act's Privilege against Disclosure, A (2001)

I will discuss and respond to three potential concerns of creating confidentiality through contractual provision. First, contract provisions are not binding on persons not parties to the contract. As a purely legal principle this is undoubtedly correct, but I will argue that while contract provisions cannot specifically bind non-parties, they can decrease the risk of disclosure of mediation communications to and by non-parties. Second, while it is true that contractual provisions may be voided as violative of public policy, I will argue that courts have generally upheld contractual confidentiality provisions and only voided them when the need for confidentiality was outweighed by a sufficiently compelling interest. Third, contract provisions are not afforded the same level of legal protection as a privilege. I freely admit that this position, again, is generally true. However, it is unclear when, and to what extent, any mediation confidentiality protection, including privilege, will be upheld. In light of this uncertainty, it is more intellectually honest to allow parties to draft contract provisions specifying what type of confidentiality protection they want in a particular mediation, than to allow them to blindly rely on a privilege where the scope of protection is unknown.
Tracking Breast Cancer Therapies with Handheld and Wearable Diffuse Optics (2020)

We present here our recent clinical data and technological developments in diffuse optical technologies for monitoring breast cancer at early timepoints.
Synthese von optisch aktiven, natürlichen Carotinoiden und strukturell verwandten Verbindungen. III. Synthese von (+)‐Abscisinsäure, (−)‐Xanthoxin, (−)‐Loliolid, (−)‐Actinidiolid und (−)‐Dihydroactinidiolid (1978)

Synthesis of optically active natural carotenoids and structurally related compounds. III. Synthesis of (+)‐abscisic acid, (−)‐xanthoxin, (−)‐loliolide, (−)‐actinidiolide, and (−)‐dihydroactinidiolide The syntheses of (+)‐abscisic acid ( 1 ), (−)‐xanthoxin ( 2 ), (−)‐loliolide ( 3 ), (−)‐actinidiolide ( 4 ), and of (−)‐dihydroactinidiolide ( 5 ) from one common starting material are reported. The syntheses yield also some enantiomeric or diastereomeric analogues.
Spectrophotometric Study of the Equilibria between Nickel(II) Schiff-Base Complexes and Alkaline Earth or Nickel(II) Cations in Acetonitrile Solution (1999)

Adduct formation between M(ClO(4))(2) and nickel(II) complexes of tetradentate Schiff-base ligands ([NiL]) have been investigated in acetonitrile by means of UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis (M(2+)= Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Ni(2+); [NiL] = [Ni(salen)] = [N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)]nickel(II), [Ni(salphen)] = [N,N'-o-phenylenebis(salicylideneiminato)]nickel(II), [Ni(salpren)] = [N,N'-propylenebis(salicylideneiminato)]nickel(II)). [NiL] complexes act as bidentate oxygen-donor ligands forming adducts of the type [(NiL)M](2+) and [(NiL)(2)M](2+) whose general order of increasing stability was correlated to the dimensions of the M(2+) cations. Complexes of general composition 2[Ni(salen)].M(ClO(4))(2) were isolated as powders in the solid state (M = Sr, Ca, Mg). X-ray structures of the crystalline complexes [{Ni(salen)}(2)Ba(ClO(4))(2)(thf)] (1) (thf = tetrahydrofuran) and [{Ni(salen)}(2)Ni(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (2) are reported. 1 crystallizes in the space group P2(1)/c (a = 10.995 Å; b = 20.830 Å; c = 19.567 Å, beta = 116.94 degrees ) and 2 in C2/c (a = 10.3020 Å; b = 21.818 Å; c = 17.796 Å; beta = 118.98 degrees ). Two [Ni(salen)] units act as oxygen bidentate ligands in both the compounds. The barium is coordinated to eight oxygen atoms in a distorted square antiprismatic geometry. An 8-fold coordination is completed by a molecule of tetrahydrofuran and two perchlorate anions acting as bi- and monodentate O-ligands, respectively. In 2, the nickel atom, coordinated to two [Ni(salen)] complexes, has a distorted octahedral geometry and completes its coordination by linking two molecules of water.
Sodium Bentonite and Sodium Bicarbonate in High-Concentrate Diets for Lambs and Steers (1979)

Sodium bentonite, sodium bicarbonate and a combination of these, initially at levels of 2% each, were incorporated into diets of lambs and steers rapidly converted from a roughage diet to a high-concentrate diet. Acidosis-related lamb death losses were reduced from 19% in controls to 0 to 3% in all treatment groups. No deaths occurred in steers where conditions of adaptation were intentionally made less severe. Only the combination of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate improved lamb and steer performance during the initial 21-day period increasing feed intake and weight gains, respectively, 19% and 37% for lambs, and 16% and 41% for steers. Following the initial 21-day period, the treatment materials were reduced to 1% in some instances and withdrawn in others. Under these conditions, improvements in performance observed initially were not sustained during the remainder of the finishing period. The incidence of abscessed livers in steers tended to be lower and urinary calculi in lambs and steers tended to be higher in those fed sodium bicarbonate.
Are all melanomas the same? (2006)

In contrast to the majority of cutaneous melanomas, activating hot-spot mutations in B-RAF or N-RAS were not involved in the pathogenesis of Spitzoid melanoma. These data suggested that Spitzoid melanoma is a distinct form of melanoma with unknown genes and/or signaling pathways involved in its development.
Properties of selected superconductive materials, 1978 supplement (1978)

This report includes data on additional superconductive materials extracted from the world literature up to fall 1977 and is an addendum to the data set published
Methylene Blue Is a Nonspecific Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitor with Potential for Repurposing as an Antiviral for COVID-19 (2022)

We have previously identified methylene blue, a tricyclic phenothiazine dye approved for clinical use for the treatment of methemoglobinemia and for other medical applications as a small-molecule inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and ACE2, the first critical step of the attachment and entry of this coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we show that methylene blue concentration dependently inhibits this PPI for the spike protein of the original strain as well as for those of variants of concern such as the D614G mutant and delta (B.1.617.2) with IC<sub>50</sub> in the low micromolar range (1-5 μM). Methylene blue also showed promiscuous activity and inhibited several other PPIs of viral proteins (e.g., HCoV-NL63-ACE2, hepatitis C virus E-CD81) as well as others (e.g., IL-2-IL-2Rα) with similar potency. This nonspecificity notwithstanding, methylene blue inhibited the entry of pseudoviruses bearing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2-expressing host cells, both for the original strain and the delta variant. It also blocked SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.5) virus replication in Vero E6 cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> in the low micromolar range (1.7 μM) when assayed using quantitative PCR of the viral RNA. Thus, while it seems to be a promiscuous PPI inhibitor with low micromolar activity and has a relatively narrow therapeutic index, methylene blue inhibits entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2, including several of its mutant variants, and has potential as a possible inexpensive, broad-spectrum, orally bioactive small-molecule antiviral for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
An evaluation of VBR disk admission algorithms for continuous media file servers (1997)

In this paper, we address the problem of choosing a disk admission algorithm for continuous media streams where each stream may have a different bit rate, and more importantly, where the bit rate within a single stream may vary considerably. We evaluate several different Variable Bit Rate (VBR) disk admission control algorithms for continuous media. An algorithm which accepts too few streams under-utilizes the server resources, while an algorithm which accepts too many streams over-utilizes the resources resulting in inadequate service (i.e. missing or delayed data) to the clients. The evaluation process is based on a representative set of video streams encoded in MJPEG. We conclude that one particular algorithm, the VBR simulation algorithm, performs the best among realizable algorithms in terms of system utilization and delivery guarantees and performs close to an optimal algorithm,
Reactivity of organosilane reagents on microparticulate silica (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity of organosilane reagents on microparticulate silicaM. L. Hunnicutt and J. M. HarrisCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 4, 748–752Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00295a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00295a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views188Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Differentially Affect Cytokine Expression and Migration Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2010)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with the capacity to differentiate into different tissue cell types such as chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. In addition, they can home to damaged, in-flamed, and malignant tissues and display immunomodulatory properties. Since tissue-derived factors might modulate these properties, we decided to explore the impact of prototypic tissue-derived inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma on immunomodulatory MSCs functions. To this end, we used primary bone marrow and cord blood-derived MSCs as well as an immortalized MSC line (V54/2) as model systems. We demonstrate that under unstimulated conditions, V54/2 cells constitutively express low levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), exert an immunosuppressive effect on activated T-lymphocyte proliferation, secrete a distinct set of cytokines, and express a wide range of chemokine receptors. Upon stimulation, the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha did not inhibit suppression of T-cell proliferation, although IDO expression was up-regulated by IFN-gamma. In contrast, TNF-alpha but not IFN-gamma amplified the cytokine production of V54/2 and primary MSCs. Interestingly, IFN-gamma was superior to TNF-alpha in up-regulating expression of chemokine receptors and migration of the V54/2 cell line, while TNF-alpha was the predominant regulator of migration in primary MSCs. Altogether, our data show that properties of MSCs depend on local environmental factors. In particular, we have shown that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha differentially regulate cytokine expression and migration of MSCs.