gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Combination of Orally Administered Docetaxel and Cyclosporin A in Tumor-Bearing Cats (2006)

Abstract Intravenously administered docetaxel (DT) is problematic in cats because of the requirement for premedication to ameliorate acute vehicle-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Previously we have revealed that therapeutic plasma concentrations of DT can be achieved in normal and tumor-bearing dogs when DT is administered PO in combination with oral cyclosporin A (CSA). The purpose of this study was to identify the maximally tolerated dosage and characterize the pharmacokinetic disposition of oral DT combined with CSA in cats with tumors. Eighteen tumor-bearing cats were enrolled in this phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study. DT was administered by gavage with CSA (5 mg/kg) twice over a 3-week period. The starting dose of DT was 1.0 mg/kg. Based on the clinical toxicity profile, with gastrointestinal adverse effects and hematologic toxicity the maximal tolerated dose of oral DT was 1.75 mg/kg in combination with 5 mg/kg CSA. Additional studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of DT/CSA in cats with epithelial tumors.
Decoding of generalised low-density parity-check codes using weighted bit-flip voting (2002)

A generalised low-density parity-check code (GLDPC) is a low-density parity-check code in which the constraint nodes of the code's graph are replaced with component or subcodes other than single parity checks. Gallager's bit-flipping algorithm for LDPCs is generalised to the class of GLDPCs with Hamming subcodes. The proposed weighted bit-flip voting (WBFV) method is iterative and uses only the hard decision decoder of the Hamming subcodes. Decoding of Hamming-based GLDPCs using WBFV has been simulated on the binary symmetric channel. Simulation results are presented showing the variation in performance with voting rule, graph construction and block length. In terms of the dependence of coding gains and complexity on the GLDPC block length, the proposed method is found to display a good performance to decoding complexity trade-off. Performance is found to compete well with other more conventional hard decision decoding schemes.
The Effect of Chitosan Molecular Weight on the Characteristics of Spray-Dried Methotrexate-Loaded Chitosan Microspheres for Nasal Administration (2008)

In this article, the effect of the chitosan molecular weight (MW) on the characteristics of methotrexate (MTX)-encapsulated non-cross-linked chitosan microspheres was studied. Microspheres composed of low-molecular-weight (LMW, 40,000 Da), medium-molecular-weight (MMW, 480,000 Da) and high-molecular-weight (HMW, 850,000 Da) chitosan with the same degree of deacetylation (96%) were obtained by a simple spray-drying method. The MW of chitosan had a noticeable influence on the size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, micromeritic properties (angle of repose and bulk density), controlled release behavior, and mucoadhesive properties. The entrapment efficiencies were in the range of 90-99%. Spray-dried microspheres had a D(50) value of 3.3-4.9 microm, which was suitable for nasal insufflations. The microspheres with LMW chitosan have the best flowability and highest bulk density but were found to be poor in terms of adhesion and in controlling the release behavior of MTX. The MMW chitosan microspheres exhibited the strongest adhesion to the mucosal surface, and the angle of repose values were between 34 and 47 degrees. They could control the release rate by modifying the drug/polymer ratios. Microspheres with HMW chitosan exhibited a lower adhesion than MMW chitosan and a lower release rate of MTX. The physical state of MTX in the chitosan matrix was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, which indicated the presence of a solid dispersion of the amorphous drug in the chitosan matrix. Nasal ciliotoxity showed only minor cilia irritation due to the microspheres, and consequently, they are suitable for nasal drug delivery.
Use of neural networks in detecting cardiac diseases from echocardiographic images (1990)

The usefulness of backpropagation neural networks in the analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) images has been evaluated. The gray-scale levels from 2DE images directly correspond to the intensity of echo signal from cardiac tissue, providing visual texture and allowing qualitative and quantitative analysis of myocardial tissue. A subject population consisting of 11 normal, 7 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 11 myocardial infarction patients was studied. Two types of backpropagational neural networks were used: fully connected, and patterned. In the fully connected network, the outputs of neurodes in each layer are connected to the inputs of all neurodes in the following layer. In the patterned network, only neurodes within a defined neighborhood are connected. The results suggest that the fully connected network provides better classifying performance than the patterned network.
Immunodetection of CD45 Epitopes on the Surface of Candida albicans Cells in Culture and Infected Human Tissues (2000)

Candida albicans is a leading cause of disseminated fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Candida-host cell interactions are mediated at the cell surface. Since blood-group I epitopes have been detected on the surface of C albicans cells, we investigated whether CD45, the molecule that carries the I antigen on human lymphocytes, is present on the C albicans cell surface, in culture and in human tissue specimens of human candidiasis. By using monoclonal antibodies to CD45, CD45RO, and CD45RA, we found a strong immunoreactivity at the cell surface of blastoconidia bearing germ tubes but weak or no immunostaining of the germ tubes themselves. In human tissues, immunostaining of C albicans yeast cells was detected, whereas pseudohyphae were mostly negative. CD45 epitopes on the surface of C albicans might have a role in tissue invasion and dissemination of the fungus. On the other hand, its detection may disturb quantitative non-morphology-based determinations of lymphoid cell populations in infected tissues.
Automated measurement of heterogeneity in CT images of healthy and diseased rat lungs using variogram analysis of an octree decomposition (2014)

These results suggest the octree decomposition and variogram analysis approach may be a rapid, non-subjective, and sensitive imaging-based biomarker for characterizing lung disease.
Positioner–a method for preventing sleep apnea (2007)

Eighteen patients (5 women and 13 men) completed the study. The rest could not tolerate being strapped into the Positioner. Of those participating, 61% demonstrated a decrease of AHI to<10 using the Positioner. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) decreased from a mean of 12.3 to 10.2. Half of the patients snored more frequently with the Positioner. The evaluation of comfort showed that minor adjustments are desirable.
Natural and artificial bleomycins: chemistry and antitumour activities (1971)

Abstract
A method of automatic placement that reduces electromagnetic radiation noise from digital printed circuit boards (2002)

An algorithm for automatic component placement that reduces electromagnetic (EM) noise from digital printed circuit boards is presented. First, the components are divided into groups by using a rule-based expert system along with a circuit's netlist and parts list. Then, the grouped components are placed by using a novel placement algorithm called "EMI balance placement." Finally, components that have a net length restriction are placed. To show the validity of the algorithm, the layout result of the proposed method for the main board of a multimedia equipment is compared with that of the conventional method.
South Korea: : Supreme Court decides on KIKO cases. (2014)

The article focuses on an en banc decision on four knock-in/knock-out currency option cases rendered by the Supreme Court of Korea last September 2013. Topics discussed include the Korean exporters's argument that the KIKO currency option contracts were void, and should either be rescinded or terminated, and a summary of the major legal principles determined by the Supreme Court.
Estimating Reference Intervals (2010)

As indicated in the thought-provoking article in this issue of the Journal by Katayev and colleagues,1 there are few things more important than the reference intervals we report along with our laboratory measurements. Unfortunately, we laboratory professionals give them far too little attention, adopting manufacturers’ recommended intervals, often without even verifying them ourselves and, rarely, if ever, establishing our own values. Thus, the article “Establishing Reference Intervals for Clinical Laboratory Test Results: Is There a Better Way?” is certain to attract much attention.

Katayev and colleagues1 make several assertions that bear comment. They claim that there is no clear guideline as to which technique to use, but the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine2 and the CLSI3 are quite clear. If one collects samples carefully from 120 vetted healthy people, then the technique of choice is nonparametric analysis. The reason for this is that the nonparametric technique requires no knowledge of, and makes no assumptions about, the nature of the data distribution. In other words, the reference interval values obtained are valid no matter what the underlying distribution is. If one has fewer samples, again from carefully screened, apparently healthy people, one can use a parametric technique with as few as 40 points, so long as the original data (or some transformed version of the data) exhibit a gaussian distribution. And with even fewer than 40 data points, one can use robust techniques to get an estimate of the reference interval.3,4 Notwithstanding the assertions by Katayev and colleagues,1 the reference intervals obtained from properly collected and analyzed data do not vary depending on the technique used.3 

Katayev and colleagues1 also make the point that it becomes prohibitively difficult to collect sufficient data for all the …
Statistics of microseismic events: implications for geomechanics (2012)

Summary Processes like cyclic steam injection, hydraulic fracturing... are used to increase the permeability of oil and gas reservoirs or geothermal fields. Microseismic events are created during these processes at the injection point due to the local stress changes induced by fluid pressure. The location of events can reveal pre-existing structures whose shape was determined by surrounding tectonic stresses, and weak planes within rocks. The spatial distribution of events is quantified by the D-value, a statistical coefficient which reflects the clustering of events. Source properties of microseismic events can be retrieved through the fractal dimension which describes the frequency-magnitude distribution of the events, also known as b-value. A combined statistical study of these two dimensions can help infer the variations of local stresses in a reservoir.
Freezing-Point Depression: New Method for Measuring Ultramicro Quantities of Fluids (1963)

Accurate determination of the solute content of millimicroliter samples of biological fluids can conveniently be made with an instrument consisting of a thermoelectric cooler controlled by an electronic proportional servo system. Accuracies to within less than 2 percent have been achieved in determining the osmolarity of body fluids.
Provably Secure On-Demand Source Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2006)

Routing is one of the most basic networking functions in mobile ad hoc networks. Hence, an adversary can easily paralyze the operation of the network by attacking the routing protocol. This has been realized by many researchers and several "secure” routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks. However, the security of those protocols has mainly been analyzed by informal means only. In this paper, we argue that flaws in ad hoc routing protocols can be very subtle, and we advocate a more systematic way of analysis. We propose a mathematical framework in which security can be precisely defined and routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks can be proved to be secure in a rigorous manner. Our framework is tailored for on-demand source routing protocols, but the general principles are applicable to other types of protocols too. Our approach is based on the simulation paradigm, which has already been used extensively for the analysis of key establishment protocols, but, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been applied in the context of ad hoc routing so far. We also propose a new on-demand source routing protocol, called endairA, and we demonstrate the use of our framework by proving that it is secure in our model.
Catalysis by sodium chloride of Oxidation of Carbon (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalysis by sodium chloride of Oxidation of CarbonRobert TaylorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930, 52, 7, 3025–3026Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1930Publication History Published online31 July 2003Published inissue 1 July 1930https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01370a601RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (443 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Polymer-supported reagents. II. Kinetics of esterification of acrylic acid withn-butanol using polymer supported titanium tetrachloride as catalyst (1997)

Crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) was prepared and functionalized with titanium tetrachloride to afford the corresponding poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene)-titanium tetrachloride complex. This insoluble functionalized polymer-supported catalyst shows good catalytic activity for esterification reactions. In this article, the kinetics of esterification of acrylic acid with n-butanol is reported. The rate of formation of product depends on many experimental parameters, viz., stirring speed, concentration of acrylic acid, catalyst amount, temperature, percent active site, percent crosslinking, and mesh size of the polymer catalyst. The reaction rates were found to increase with increase in the stirring speed, concentration of acrylic acid, catalyst amount, and temperature, and decreases with increasing percentage crosslinking and mesh size of the polymer beads. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 727–733, 1997
Algorithms for manipulating compressed images (1993)

A family of algorithms that implement operations on compressed digital images is described. These algorithms allow many traditional image manipulation operations to be performed 50 to 100 times faster than their brute-force counterparts. It is shown how the algebraic operations of pixel-wise and scalar addition and multiplication, which are the basis for many image transformations, can be implemented on compressed images. These operations are used to implement two common video transformations: dissolving one video sequence into another and subtitling. The performance of these operations is compared with the brute-force approach. The limitations of the technique, extensions to other compression standards and the relationship of this research to other work in the area are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide: Blood Glucose Stabilizing Effects in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2013)

CONTEXT: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have clinically relevant disturbances in the effects of the hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the importance of the prevailing plasma glucose levels for the effect of GIP on responses of glucagon and insulin and glucose disposal in patients with T2DM. DESIGN AND SETTING: We performed a single center, placebo-controlled, cross-over, experimental study. PATIENTS: We studied twelve patients with T2DM (age: 62 ± 1 years [mean ± SEM], body mass index: 29 ± 1 kg/m(2); glycosylated hemoglobin A1c: 6.5 ± 0.1% [48 ± 2 mmol/mol]). INTERVENTION: We infused physiological amounts of GIP (2 pmol × kg(-1) × min(-1)) or saline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured plasma concentrations of glucagon, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, intact GIP, and amounts of glucose needed to maintain glucose clamps. RESULTS: During fasting glycemia (plasma glucose ∼8 mmol/L), GIP elicited significant increments in both insulin and glucagon levels, resulting in neutral effects on plasma glucose. During insulin-induced hypoglycemia (plasma glucose ∼3 mmol/L), GIP elicited a minor early-phase insulin response and increased glucagon levels during the initial 30 minutes, resulting in less glucose needed to be infused to maintain the clamp (29 ± 8 vs 49 ± 12 mg × kg(-1), P < .03). During hyperglycemia (1.5 × fasting plasma glucose ∼12 mmol/L), GIP augmented insulin secretion throughout the clamp, with slightly less glucagon suppression compared with saline, resulting in more glucose needed to maintain the clamp during GIP infusions (265 ± 21 vs 213 ± 13 mg × kg(-1), P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2DM, GIP counteracts insulin-induced hypoglycemia, most likely through a predominant glucagonotropic effect. In contrast, during hyperglycemia, GIP increases glucose disposal through a predominant effect on insulin release.
Diabetic foot ulcers: prevention, diagnosis and classification. (1998)

Diabetic ulcers are the most common foot injuries leading to lower extremity amputation. Family physicians have a pivotal role in the prevention or early diagnosis of diabetic foot complications. Management of the diabetic foot requires a thorough knowledge of the major risk factors for amputation, frequent routine evaluation and meticulous preventive maintenance. The most common risk factors for ulcer formation include diabetic neuropathy, structural foot deformity and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A careful physical examination, buttressed by monofilament testing for neuropathy and noninvasive testing for arterial insufficiency, can identify patients at risk for foot ulcers and appropriately classify patients who already have ulcers or other diabetic foot complications. Patient education regarding foot hygiene, nail care and proper footwear is crucial to reducing the risk of an injury that can lead to ulcer formation. Adherence to a systematic regimen of diagnosis and classification can improve communication between family physicians and diabetes subspecialists and facilitate appropriate treatment of complications. This team approach may ultimately lead to a reduction in lower extremity amputations related to diabetes.
Intelligent caching (1994)

Accessing information sources to retrieve data requested by a user can be expensive, especially when dealing with distributed information sources. One way to reduce this cost is to cache the results of queries, or related classes of data. This paper presents an approach to caching and addresses the issues of which information to cache, how to describe what has been cached, and how to use the cached information to answer future queries. We consider these issues in the context of the SIMS information server, which is a system for retrieving information from multiple heterogeneous and distributed information sources. The design of this information server is ideal for representing and reusing cached information since each class of cached information is simply viewed as another information source that is available for answering future queries.
Reference Method for the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Test on Human Blood (1973)

The British Journal of Haematology publishes original research papers in clinical, laboratory and experimental haematology. The Journal also features annotations, reviews, short reports, images in haematology and Letters to the Editor.
44 GHz monolithic HEMT downconverter (2002)

A systematic design, fabrication, and evaluation of a monolithic HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor) downconverter is presented. The downconverter contains a three-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA), a single balanced mixer, and a two-stage post-amplifier (IF amplifier). The measured results show the downconverter receives signals from 43.5 to 45.5 GHz and converts them down in frequency from 2.3 to 4.3 GHz. The conversion gain is 15 dB with a noise figure of 6.0 dB. This is the best result reported for down converters in this frequency range, and represents the state of the art in monolithic millimeter-wave technology. The downconverter is a key component for many satellite, phased array radar, and electronic warfare (EW) systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Involvement of cGMP and calcium in the photoresponse in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. (1995)

The biochemical and physiological events responsible for reaction of the rod photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate eye have provided insight into the mechanisms involved in signal transduction in other cells. The light-mediated changes in the photopigment, rhodopsin, in the photoreceptive region of these photoreceptors initiates a cascade of events that result in changes in conductance through a specific ligand-gated receptor. This process involves activation of a specific heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, transducin, and is mediated by changes in the intracellular concentration of two intracellular second messengers, cGMP and calcium. The current hypotheses are discussed of the mechanisms involved in various aspects of the photoresponse, particularly photoexcitation, termination, and recovery.
Angiogenesis gene therapy to rescue ischaemic tissues: achievements and future directions (2001)

Ischaemic diseases are characterized by an impaired supply of blood resulting from narrowed or blocked arteries that starve tissues of needed nutrients and oxygen. Coronary-atherosclerosis induced myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. Ischaemic disease also affects the lower extremities. Considerable advances in both surgical bypassing and percutaneous revascularization techniques have been reached. However, many patients cannot benefit from these therapies because of the extension of arterial occlusion and/or microcirculation impairment. Consequently, the need for alternative therapeutic strategies is compelling. An innovative approach consists of stimulating collateral vessel growth, a natural host defence response that intervenes upon occurrence of critical reduction in tissue perfusion (Isner & Asahara, 1999). This review will debate the relevance of therapeutic angiogenesis for promotion of tissue repair. The following issues will receive attention: (a) vascular growth patterns, (b) delivery systems for angiogenesis gene transfer, (c) achievements of therapeutic angiogenesis in myocardial and peripheral ischaemia, and (d) future directions to improve effectiveness and safety of vascular gene therapy.