gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organization of Organic Matrix Components in Mineralized Tissues (1984)

The organic matrix is thought to play an important role in controlling crystal growth during the formation of skeletal hard parts. The structural organization of the matrix macromolecular constituents can provide a key to understanding the nature of the control processes. Although the data are limited, both vertebrate and invertebrate organic matrices appear to be organized according to the same “basic motif,” namely a core of relatively hydrophobic structural macromolecules (usually proteins) and surface layers of acidic proteins and polysaccharides. Analyses of the latter from different invertebrate phyla using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, reveal that the same two classes of macromolecules are present in each of the three cases studied, emphasizing the fundamental importance of these components in crystal growth. Substantial information, at the molecular level, on the conformations and orientations of matrix constituents in relation to the mineral crystal lattice, is available only for mollusk shells, and to some extent on vertebrate tooth enamel. In these cases the major matrix constituents are aligned with one or more mineral crystallographic axes. These observations suggest that the matrix performs active, specific roles in crystal growth. Although it is still premature to assess the importance of various basic crystal growth mechanisms, the data available do not preclude the possibility that epitaxial crystal growth is an important factor
Correction: A Review of Exotic Animal Disease in Great Britain and in Scotland Specifically between 1938 and 2007 (2011)

Background: Incursions of contagious diseases of livestock into disease-free zones are inevitable as long as the diseases persist elsewhere in the world.Knowledge of where, when and how incursions have occurred helps assess the risks, and regionalize preventative and reactive measures.Methodology: Based on reports of British governmental veterinary services, we review occurrence of the former OIE List A diseases, and of Aujeszky's disease, anthrax and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in farm-animals in Great Britain (GB) between 1938 and 2007.We estimate incidence of each disease on GB agricultural holdings and fraction of susceptible farm-animals culled to control the disease each year.We then consider the frequency and incidence of the diseases in Scotland alone.The limitations of available data on historical disease occurrence and denominator populations are detailed in Text S2. Conclusions:The numbers of livestock and poultry farmed in GB grew over the years 1938-2007; the number of agricultural holdings decreased.An amalgamation of production on larger holdings took place from the 1940s to the 1980s.The maximum annual incidence of a reviewed disease in GB 1938-2007 was reported for bTB, 1.69% of holdings in 1961.This was followed by Newcastle disease, 1.50% of holdings in 1971, and classical swine fever, 1.09% of holdings in 1940.The largest fractional cull of susceptible livestock in a single year in each of the four decades 1950s-1980s was due to a viral disease primarily affecting swine.During the periods 1938-1949 and 2000-2007 this was due to outbreaks of foot and mouth disease.In the absence of incursions of the former OIE List A diseases in the 1990s, this was due to bTB.Over the 70 years, the diseases were reported with lower frequency and lower annual incidence in Scotland, as compared to when these statistics are considered for GB as a whole.
A Review of Different Kinematic Forms in Two-Wheel- Accidents-Their Influence on Effectiveness of Protective Measures (1980)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Starting directly at the scene of the accident facts about 127 motorized and 136 non-motorized- two-wheel accidents that occurred in Hanover, West Germany, have been collected and analysed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These accidents were analysed case by case and in this publication, an attempt is made to provide a survey with regard to the collision mechanism and the injuries sustained by the involved cyclist.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Measures to reduce the number of accidents as well as to influence the course of the accidents, are shown.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The characteristic injury patterns and kinematic motions provide the guidelines for further security measures and serve as the basis for experimental tests.</div>
Antimalarial Alkoxylated and Hydroxylated Chalones:  Structure−Activity Relationship Analysis (2001)

Chalcones with 2',3',4'-trimethoxy, 2',4'-dimethoxy, 4'-methoxy, 4'-ethoxy, 2',4'-dihydroxy, and 4'-hydroxy groups on ring B were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum (K1) in a [3H] hypoxanthine uptake assay. The other ring A was quinoline, pyridine, naphthalene, or phenyl rings with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents of varying lipophilicities. Trimethoxy 6 and 27, dimethoxy 7, 8, 29, and methoxy 31 analogues had good in vitro activities (IC(50) < 5 microM). 3-Quinolinyl ring A derivatives were well represented among the active compounds. Hydroxylated chalcones were less active than the corresponding alkoxylated analogues. When evaluated in vivo, 8 and 208 were comparable to chloroquine in extending the lifespan of infected mice. Multivariate data analysis showed that in vitro activity was mainly determined by the properties of ring B. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models with satisfactory predictive ability were obtained for various B ring chalcones using projections to latent structures. A model with good predictability was proposed for 19 active chalcones. Size and hydrophobicity were identified as critical parameters.
Joint clock recovery and baseband combining for the diversity radio channel (1996)

Multipath fading is one of the major impairments encountered in terrestrial digital radio. A common countermeasure to limit the outage time due to multipath is the space diversity technique, which takes its effectiveness from the low correlation between the field samples of two well separated antennas. A very simple and effective blind receiver is proposed for the diversity radio channel. The novelty of the present study is the application of the constant modulus algorithm to joint clock recovery and baseband combining. The effectiveness of our proposal relies upon the synergic action of clock recovery and adaptive baseband combining, which allows optimal equalization of the two-ray diversity channel.
<title>Stray light elimination in making projection display measurements</title> (1999)

Electronic front-projection display specifications are often based on measurements made in ideal darkroom conditions. However, not everyone has access to such a facility. In many environments, ambient light from other sources in the room illuminates the screen. This includes room lights directly illuminating the screen and the reflection of these light sources off of walls, floors, furniture, and other objects. Additionally, back-reflections from the projection screen must be considered. These stray light components contribute to the measured value, giving an inaccurate measurement of the projector light output. Thus, these conditions may make the task of adequately comparing and evaluating different projection systems difficult. We can better verify whether the projector is operating according to its specifications or compare its performance with other projectors by compensating for stray light. A simple projection mask constructed from black plastic and a stray-light elimination tube are presented as solutions that can provide an accurate measurement of projector light output in many ambient light conditions.
Indirect selection for plasmid mutants: isolation of ColVBtrp mutants defective in self-maintenance in Escherichia coli (1975)

An efficient method for isolation of a large number of plasmid mutants is described. It is based on the fact that N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induces a number of closely linked mutations within a short segment of the bacterial chromosome. Thus, selection for reversions of an auxotrophic marker located on the ColVBtrp plasmid yielded a large fraction (more than 50 percent) of mutants defective in some plasmid functions, including its own maintenance in the host bacteria. The results of preliminary characterization of strains carrying these mutated plasmids are presented.
Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in semen from HIV-infected individuals but not healthy semen donors (1997)

The study demonstrates the presence of HHV-8 in semen from HIV-infected individuals with, or at risk, of developing KS and the potential for sexual transmission of the virus. We found no evidence of HHV-8 in the semen of HIV-uninfected donors.
A case series of drug-induced long QT syndrome and Torsade de Pointes. (2001)

Tdp is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. The list of torsadogenic drugs is ever expanding. Physicians need to know the drugs which can lead to Tdp. Careful assessment of risk-benefit ratio is important before prescribing such drugs. Amiodarone-induced Tdp is not uncommon in our local population. Initiation of a class III agent, especially amiodarone, should be done judiciously, with monitoring of the QT interval and avoidance of hypokalaemia.
Speaker detection using the timing structure of lip motion and sound (2008)

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to speaker detection by an integration of audio-visual information using the cue of timing structure. We first extract feature sequences of lip motion and sound, and segment each of them into temporal intervals. Then, we construct a cross-media timing-structure model of human speech by learning the temporal relations of overlapping intervals. Based on the learned model, we realize speaker detection by evaluating the timing structure of the observed video and audio. Our experimental result shows the effectiveness of using temporal relations of intervals for speaker detection.
Neil Macneale, Railroad Builder of the Middle West, 1826-1897 (1939)

Neil Macneale, Railroad Builder of the Middle West, 1826–1897 Get access Preserved Smith Preserved Smith Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 26, Issue 2, September 1939, Pages 181–192, https://doi.org/10.2307/1897742 Published: 01 September 1939
Messenger Ribonucleic Acids for MAC25 and Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) Are Inversely Regulated during Folliculogenesis and Early Luteogenesis<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Cell proliferation, terminal differentiation, and angiogenesis occur during cycles of follicular and luteal development. In other paradigms, mac25, a potent tumor inhibitor is strongly induced in senescent epithelial cells, whereas CTGF stimulates angiogenesis and wound healing. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we have examined the possibilities that mac25 is inhibited, whereas CTGF is induced during active periods of follicular development and luteogenesis. Ovaries were collected during the follicular and early luteal phases from prostaglandin F2alpha-treated mature pigs and from slaughterhouse sows. CTGF transcripts were induced during the late preantral stage in granulosa and theca cells concomitantly with the appearance of endothelial cells in the theca. CTGF mRNA expression increased in granulosa cells to a maximum (P < 0.01) in mid-antral follicles but was down regulated (P < 0.01) in preovulatory follicles. In contrast, granulosa cell mac25 mRNA expression was undetectable between the preantral and mid-antral stage but was strongly induced in terminally differentiated granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. CTGF mRNA and peptide were also detected in the theca externa/interstitium and in vascular endothelial cells of ovarian blood vessels, whereas mac25 transcripts, which were also abundant in ovarian blood vessels increased in the theca interna with follicular development. Transcripts of cyclin D 1, a marker of cell proliferation, appeared during the early antral stage and were moderate in granulosa cells but abundant in capillary endothelial cells in the theca interna, underneath the basement membrane. Following ovulation, CTGF and cyclin D1 mRNAs were associated with the migration of endothelial cells into the CL. Subsequently, there was a marked up-regulation of CTGF mRNA expression in granulosa luteins concomitantly with an increase in endothelial cell proliferation within the CL. We hypothesize that CTGF may promote ovarian cell growth and blood vessel formation during follicular and luteal development whereas mac25, a tumor inhibitor, may promote terminal differentiation of granulosa cells in preovulatory follicles.
Glutamine kinetics and protein turnover in end-stage renal disease (2004)

Alanine and glutamine constitute the two most important nitrogen carriers released from the muscle. We studied the intracellular amino acid transport kinetics and protein turnover in nine end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and eight controls by use of stable isotopes of phenylalanine, alanine, and glutamine. The amino acid transport kinetics and protein turnover were calculated with a three-pool model from the amino acid concentrations and enrichment in the artery, vein, and muscle compartments. Muscle protein breakdown was more than synthesis (nmol.min(-1).100 ml leg(-1)) during hemodialysis (HD) (169.8 +/- 20.0 vs. 125.9 +/- 21.8, P < 0.05) and in controls (126.9 +/- 6.9 vs. 98.4 +/- 7.5, P < 0.05), but synthesis and catabolism were comparable pre-HD (100.7 +/- 15.7 vs. 103.4 +/- 14.8). Whole body protein catabolism decreased by 15% during HD. The intracellular appearance of alanine (399.0 +/- 47.1 vs. 243.0 +/- 34.689) and glutamine (369.7 +/- 40.6 vs. 235.6 +/- 27.5) from muscle protein breakdown increased during dialysis (nmol.min(-1).100 ml leg(-1), P < 0.01). However, the de novo synthesis of alanine (3,468.9 +/- 572.2 vs. 3,140.5 +/- 467.7) and glutamine (1,751.4 +/- 82.6 vs. 1,782.2 +/- 86.4) did not change significantly intradialysis (nmol.min(-1).100 ml leg(-1)). Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (191.8 +/- 63.4 vs. -59.1 +/- 42.9) and nonprotein glutamate disposal (347.0 +/- 46.3 vs. 222.3 +/- 43.6) increased intradialysis compared with pre-HD (nmol.min(-1).100 ml leg(-1), P < 0.01). The mRNA levels of glutamine synthase (1.45 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.08, P < 0.001) and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase-E2 (3.86 +/- 0.48 vs. 2.14 +/- 0.27, P < 0.05) in the muscle increased during HD. Thus intracellular concentrations of alanine and glutamine are maintained during HD by augmented release of the amino acids from muscle protein catabolism. Although muscle protein breakdown increased intradialysis, the whole body protein catabolism decreased, suggesting central utilization of amino acids released from skeletal muscle.
Can multilevel signaling improve the spectral efficiency of ASK optical FDM systems? (1993)

The question of whether multilevel signaling can improve the spectral efficiency of optical frequency division multiplexing (FDM) systems is investigated. Multilevel amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and a receiver consisting of an optical channel selection filter (specifically, a single-stage Fabry-Perot), a pin diode for direct detection, and an integrator are assumed. It is also assumed that additive noise is negligible and that the major impairments are adjacent channel interference and intersymbol interference. The analysis shows that, for such a receiver, there is no advantage to going beyond binary signaling. It is also shown that this finding holds up when additive and phase noises and alternative approaches to filtering are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design of a High Performance Traffic Generator on Network Processor (2008)

Evaluating the performance of high-speed networks is a critical task due to the lack of reliable tools to generate traffic workloads at high rates. The current open-source software tools are not suitable to deal with high-speed networks as they present poor performance in terms of generated frames per second and scarce timing/rate accuracy in traffic generation. These issues are due to the intrinsic limitations of the PC architecture, for which these tools are designed. This paper proposes a different approach based on the Intel Network Processor IXP2400. The design aims to maintain the high flexibility of PC solutions while outperforming them in terms of throughput and packet rate. This is obtained by combining a general-purpose PC with the processing units of a network processor.
Cleavage Analysis of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-dependent IGF-binding Protein-4 Proteolysis and Expression of Protease-resistant IGF-binding Protein-4 Mutants (1995)

Cultured human fibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells secrete an insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent protease that cleaves IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) into two fragments of approximately 18 and 14 kDa. Edman degradation of the isolated proteins established the amino termini of the reaction products. Sequence analysis of the 14-kDa carboxyl-terminal half of IGFBP-4 suggested cleavage after methionine at position 135 of the mature protein. Four variant IGFBP-4 molecules with single amino acid substitutions around this cleavage site were constructed and expressed. Wild-type and mutant IG-FBPs-4 bound IGF-I and IGF-II with equivalent affinities and, in the intact state, were equally effective inhibitors of IGF-I action. However, the IGFBP-4 mutants were relatively resistant to IGF-dependent proteolysis. A 5-6-h incubation in human fibroblast conditioned medium in the presence of IGF-II was sufficient for near total hydrolysis of wild-type IGFBP-4, whereas the mutant IGFBPs-4 were only minimally affected at this time. After a 24-h incubation with IGF-II, all mutant IGFBPs-4 showed extensive proteolysis, generating 18- and 14-kDa fragments. Pre-exposure of human fibroblasts in serum-free conditioned medium to IGF-II for 5 h potentiated subsequent IGF-I stimulation of DNA synthesis. When added with IGF-II, the protease-resistant mutant IG-FBPs-4, but not wild-type IGFBP-4, suppressed IGF-II enhancement of IGF-I-stimulated DNA synthesis. These biological studies suggest that the IGFBP-4/IGFBP-4 protease system may play a role modulating local cellular response to IGF-I.
High-Throughput Microfluidic Sorting of <i>C. elegans</i> for Automated Force Pattern Measurement (2011)

With a reduced set of 300 neurons and a fully sequenced genome, the multicellular nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently gained increasing interest as a model organism for neurobiological studies. One particular area of interest is related to worm locomotion and the investigation of the correlation between individual genes, neurons, muscle arms and the motion pattern of the nematodes. To characterize motion patterns of moving C. elegans we have previously demonstrated an automated force measurement setup using microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillars and image processing. In this paper we introduce an integrated microfluidic device for worm sorting and force measurement. The device allows for high-throughput measurements by combining sorting functions on-chip with the existing force pattern measurement system. A horizontal sorting channel and branching vertical pillar array channels are utilized for worm sorting. Using the former, the nematodes can be flow-directed into arrays of 40 µm and 60 µm diameter pillars based on worm size and type. This improves animal survival and increases the relevance of the force measurement by allowing one to match the amplitude of the worm movement to the pillar spacing. The PDMS based device consists of three layers: a fluidic layer with pillars for force measurement at the bottom, a gas layer on top and a thin PDMS layer sandwiched between them. By applying pressure to the gas layer, the membrane in the middle will be deflected thus restricting the worms’ movement in the fluidic channel.
On the np‐completeness of certain network testing problems (1984)

Abstract Let G ( V, E ) be an undirected graph which describes the structure of a communication network. During the maintenance period every line must be tested in each of the two possible directions. A line is tested by assigning one of its endpoints to be a transmitter, the other to be a receiver, and sending a message from the transmitter to the receiver through the line. We define several different models for communication networks, all subject to the two following axioms: a vertex cannot act as a transmitter and as a receiver simultaneously and a vertex cannot receive through two lines simultaneously. In each of the models, two problems arise: What is the maximum number of lines one can test simultaneously? and What is the minimum number of phases necessary for testing the entire network?, where, by “phase” we mean a period in which some tests are conducted simultaneously. We show that in most models, including the “natural” model of radio communication, both problems are NP‐hard. In some models the problems can be solved by reducing them to either a maximum matching problem or an edge coloring problem for which polynomial algorithms are known. One model remains for which the complexity of the minimization problem is unknown.
Detection of <i>E. coli</i> in beach water within 1 hour using immunomagnetic separation and ATP bioluminescence (2004)

The contamination of beach waters occurs from the discharge of storm water and sanitary sewer overflows containing faecal material. Additional faecal material derives from discharge of animals and waterfowl. In order to protect public from exposure to faecal-contaminated water, it is required to test enteric indicators in beach water. The problem is that the traditional culture-based methods cannot meet this goal because it takes too long (>24 h), so the results are not available until a day later. A rapid method for testing beach water for Escherichia coli within 1 h has been developed. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and ATP bioluminescence were used for selective capture and quantification, respectively. This rapid method was compared to the current method (m-TEC) using beach water samples. The beach samples were prefiltered with a 20 microm pore size filter in order to remove algae, plant debris and large particles. The results showed that the prefiltration step did not trap the bacteria which were present in the original water samples. The prefiltered water was then passed through a 0.45 microm pore size filter for concentration. The deposited bacteria were resuspended and then mixed with superparamagnetic polystyrene beads (diameter of 0.6 microm) that were coated with E. coli antibodies. After IMS, the quantification of the E. coli was done by ATP bioluminescence. The results obtained with IMS-ATP bioluminescence correlated well with the plate count method (Rsq = 0.93). The detection limit of the assay was about 20 CFU/100 mL, which is well below the US EPA limits for recreational water. The entire procedure can be completed in less than 1 hour. The necessary equipment is portable and was tested on-site.