gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
State-of-the-Art Review Whole Building, Building Envelope, and HVAC Component and System Simulation and Design Tools (2002)

It has been well documented that the HVAC equipment and systems in commercial office buildings are among the highest consumers of electricity across the United States. Substantial reductions in energy use could be accomplished along with improved occupant comfort levels if buildings were constructed as an optimized entity rather than as the sum of separately designed and separately optimized components. Accomplishment of this goal requires a computerized tool that can characterize and assess the potential energy efficiency of new integration concepts for buildings and HVAC systems. Although numerous tools are available to aid early design decisions, conduct building energy analysis, simulate equipment and system performance, and design more efficient HVAC systems, there is no means to conduct an ''integrated'' assessment of how well proposed building systems and the elements of building systems will perform. The 21st Century Research Program of the Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute has taken the first step toward gaining such a needed analysis tool. A thorough investigation and evaluation has documented the capabilities of currently available tools for both whole building simulation and design as well as for HVAC system and equipment simulation and design. This investigation was conducted under two separate research projects contracted tomore » Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, Colorado, and CDH Energy Corporation, Cazenovia, New York. A literature and software review identified the important design practice issues related to computer use in building design, software availability, and simulation model capabilities. Top-level software providers and their customers were surveyed to assess actual use of whole building design methods and modeling tools. Design professionals quantitatively estimated time constraints and tool use; satisfaction with these practices; and priority for new software research and development. A list and critique of the available software tools is provided along with an editorial assessment and recommendations on tool enhancements needed to answer unmet needs of the various designers. Information from this report will help software developers improve the available building design tools. With improved tools, architects and professional engineers will be positioned to design buildings with fully integrated elements that will achieve increased energy savings and occupant comport.« less
The Crystal Structure of Zinc Oxyacetate, Zn4O(CH3COO)6 (1954)

Abstract The crystal structure of Zn4O(CH3COO)6 has been examined by the method of X-ray Fourier analysis (Fe Kα, λ=1.937 Å). The general features of the structure reported by Wyart in 1926 are confirmed and the atomic co-oridinates which hitherto remained unfixed have been completely determined. Lengths of Zn-O bonds are 1.96 and 1.98 Å respectively, which are in good accord with those found in crystals of ZnO. The significance of the structure is discussed briefly and compared with that of Be4O(CH3COO)6.
Isolation, characterization and N‐terminal amino acid sequence of hydrogenase from the green alga <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (1993)

Hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was purified to homogeneity by five column-chromatography steps under strict anaerobic conditions. The cells were disrupted by mild treatment with detergent. The enzyme was purified 6100-fold, resulting in a specific activity for H2 evolution of 935 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 at 25 degrees C, using reduced methyl viologen as electron donor. The optimal temperature for hydrogen evolution is 60 degrees C, the optimal pH value is 6.9. The Km value for methyl viologen is 0.83 mM, for ferredoxin, 35 microM. From SDS/PAGE gels, the protein was judged to be pure. On non-denaturing gels, run under nitrogen, a single band was detected after activity staining. This band corresponded to the single band observed on denaturing SDS gels, which had an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa. If the band was cut out of the native gel and incubated with reduced methyl viologen, hydrogen evolution could be measured. The purified enzyme contains 4 Fe atoms/mol. The amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence (24 residues) of the protein were determined. No significant amino acid sequence homologies could be found to any sequences from prokaryotic hydrogenases.
MicroRNA-21 Knockdown Disrupts Glioma Growth <i>In vivo</i> and Displays Synergistic Cytotoxicity with Neural Precursor Cell–Delivered S-TRAIL in Human Gliomas (2007)

Despite the development of new glioma therapies that allow for tumor-targeted in situ delivery of cytotoxic drugs, tumor resistance to apoptosis remains a key impediment to effective treatment. Mounting evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNA) might play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis, controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis. In gliomas, microRNA-21 (miR-21) levels have been reported to be elevated and their knockdown is associated with increased apoptotic activity. We hypothesized that suppression of miR-21 might sensitize gliomas for cytotoxic tumor therapy. With the use of locked nucleic acid (LNA)-antimiR-21 oligonucleotides, bimodal imaging vectors, and neural precursor cells (NPC) expressing a secretable variant of the cytotoxic agent tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (S-TRAIL), we show that the combined suppression of miR-21 and NPC-S-TRAIL leads to a synergistic increase in caspase activity and significantly decreased cell viability in human glioma cells in vitro. This phenomenon persists in vivo, as we observed complete eradication of LNA-antimiR-21-treated gliomas subjected to the presence of NPC-S-TRAIL in the murine brain. Our results reveal the efficacy of miR-21 antagonism in murine glioma models and implicate miR-21 as a target for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, our findings provide the basis for developing combination therapies using miRNA modulation and cytotoxic tumor therapies.
High permeability cores to optimize the stimulation of deeply located brain regions using transcranial magnetic stimulation (2009)

Efficient stimulation of deeply located brain regions with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) poses many challenges, arising from the fact that the induced field decays rapidly and becomes less focal with depth. We propose a new method to improve the efficiency of TMS of deep brain regions that combines high permeability cores, to increase focality and field intensity, with a coil specifically designed to induce a field that decays slowly with increasing depth. The performance of the proposed design was investigated using the finite element method to determine the total electric field induced by this coil/core arrangement on a realistically shaped homogeneous head model. The calculations show that the inclusion of the cores increases the field's magnitude by as much as 25% while also decreasing the field's decay with depth along specific directions. The focality, as measured by the area where the field's norm is greater than 1/sq.rt.2 of its maximum value, is also improved by as much as 15% with some core arrangements. The coil's inductance is not significantly increased by the cores. These results show that the presence of the cores might make this specially designed coil even more suited for the effective stimulation of deep brain regions.
Low-threshold strained GaInP quantum-well ridge lasers with AlGaAs Cladding Layers (2005)

Low-threshold strained GalnP quantum well ridge lasers with AlGaAs cladding layers have been fabricated. Due to an electroplated heat spreader the devices can be operated junction-side up at temperatures up to 90//spl deg/C.
Increased Vigilance and Dopamine Synthesis by Large Doses of Tyrosine or Phenylalanine Restriction in Phenylketonuria (1987)

In a group of 9 patients with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) aged 15-24 years we examined the effect of phenylalanine restricted diet on vigilance, as judged by the continuous visual reaction times, and neurotransmitter synthesis, as judged by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. HVA and 5-HIAA levels decreased significantly with increase in plasma phenylalanine concentration on free diet (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.0005 respectively). Vigilance improved on phenylalanine restricted diet in 6 of the 7 patients with abnormally long reaction times on free diet. Addition of tyrosine (160 mg/kg/24 h) to the free diet resulted in an increased CSF in the six patients examined. In 14 patients on free diet supplemented with tyrosine, an improvement in vigilance (reaction times at the 90 percentile) was seen in all 12 patients with values longer than the normal mean (264 msec) (p less than 0.001). Tyrosine treatment may be a therapeutical alternative when phenylalanine restriction is impractical.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Route to Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepin‐5‐ones. Formal Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐DC‐81. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Facile Solution-Phase Approach to Transparent and Conducting ITO Nanocrystal Assemblies (2012)

Monodisperse 11 nm indium tin oxide (ITO) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of indium acetylacetonate, In(acac)(3), and tin bis(acetylacetonate)dichloride, Sn(acac)(2)Cl(2), at 270 °C in 1-octadecene with oleylamine and oleic acid as surfactants. Dispersed in hexane, these ITO NCs were spin-cast on centimeter-wide glass substrates, forming uniform ITO NC assemblies with root-mean-square roughness of 2.9 nm. The assembly thickness was controlled by ITO NC concentrations in hexane and rotation speeds of the spin coater. Via controlled thermal annealing at 300 °C for 6 h under Ar and 5% H(2), the ITO NC assemblies became conductive and transparent with the 146 nm-thick assembly showing 5.2 × 10(-3) Ω·cm (R(s) = 356 Ω/sq) resistivity and 93% transparency in the visible spectral range--the best values ever reported for ITO NC assemblies prepared from solution phase processes. The stable hexane dispersion of ITO NCs was also readily spin-cast on polyimide (T(g) ~360 °C), and the resultant ITO assembly exhibited a comparable conductivity and transparency to the assembly on a glass substrate. The reported synthesis and assembly provide a promising solution to the fabrication of transparent and conducting ITO NCs on flexible substrates for optoelectronic applications.
A computer model of amplitude-modulation sensitivity of single units in the inferior colliculus (1994)

A computer model is presented of a neural circuit that replicates amplitude-modulation (AM) sensitivity of cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC). The ICC cell is modeled as a point neuron whose input consists of spike trains from a number of simulated ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) chopper cells. Input to the VCN chopper cells is provided by simulated spike trains from a model of the auditory periphery [Hewitt et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 2096-2109 (1992)]. The performance of the model at the output of the auditory nerve, the cochlear nucleus and ICC simulations in response to amplitude-modulated stimuli is described. The results are presented in terms of both temporal and rate modulation transfer functions (MTFs) and compared with data from physiological studies in the literature. Qualitative matches were obtained to the following main empirical findings: (a) Auditory nerve temporal-MTFs are low pass, (b) VCN chopper temporal-MTFs are low pass at low signal levels and bandpass at moderate and high signal levels, (c) ICC unit temporal-MTFs are low pass at low signal levels and broadly tuned bandpass at moderate and high signal levels, and (d) ICC unit rate-MTFs are sharply tuned bandpass at low and moderate signal levels and flat at high levels. VCN and ICC units preferentially sensitive to different rates of modulation are presented. The model supports the hypothesis that cells in the ICC decode temporal information into a rate code [Langner and Schreiner, J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1799-1822 (1988)], and provides a candidate wiring diagram of how this may be achieved.
Optical Detection of DNA and Proteins with Cationic Polythiophenes (2008)

In recent years, intense research has been carried out worldwide with the goal of developing simple, sensitive, and specific detection tools for biomedical applications. Along these lines, we reported in 2002 on cationic polythiophene derivatives able to provide ultrasensitive detection levels and the capability to distinguish perfect matches from oligonucleotides having as little as a single base mismatch. It was shown that the intrinsic fluorescence of the random-coil polymers quenches as a result of the planar, highly conjugated conformation adopted by the polymers when complexed with a single-strand DNA (ssDNA) capture probe but increases again after hybridization with the perfectly matched complementary strand. This change in fluorescence intensity is mainly due to a modification in the delocalization of pi electrons along the carbon chain backbone that occurs when switching between the two conformations. Thus, by monitoring, via the change in fluorescence intensity, the hybridization of the complementary ssDNA target with the "duplex", one could detect as little as 220 complementary target molecules in a 150 microL sample volume (0.36 zmol) in less than 1 hour. Building on this initial concept, we then reported that tagging the DNA probe with a suitable fluorophore dramatically increases the detection sensitivity. This novel molecular system involves the self-assembly of aggregates of duplexes in solution, prior to the introduction of the target, which allows a highly efficient resonance energy transfer (RET) between a "donor" (being the complex formed of the DNA double helix and the polymer chain wrapped around it) and a large number of neighboring "acceptors" (the fluorophores attached to the DNA probes). The massive intrinsic signal amplification (fluorescence chain reaction or FCR) provided by this novel integrated molecular system allows the specific detection of as little as five dsDNA copies in a 3 mL sample volume in only 5 minutes, without the need for prior amplification of the target. Clearly, direct and reliable detection of DNA hybridization without prior PCR amplification or chemical tagging of the genetic target is now possible with this methodology. We have also shown that proteins can be detected following a similar strategy. Impressive results have also been reported by direct and specific staining of targeted proteins. All these features have recently allowed the development of responsive polymeric supports for the detection of DNA and proteins. All these assays that do not require any chemical manipulation of the biological targets or sophisticated experimental procedures should soon lead to major advances in genomics and proteomics.
IVF AND WOMEN'S INTERESTS: AN ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST CONCERNS (1988)

Feminist objections to the new reproductive technologies are examined. The author argues that although these technologies entail significant risks and costs to women, help only a small minority, and do not address the underlying social causes of infertility, women's interests do not demand the rejection of research on and use of reproductive technologies. Their potential threat to female reproductive autonomy can be counteracted by protecting individual civil rights. Warren urges that women, as well as members of various racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, be represented in decisions on reproductive technologies, participate in their development and funding, and supervise their provision.
Sequence variation in Shigella sonnei (Sonnei), a pathogenic clone of Escherichia coli, over four continents and 41 years (1994)

The genetic variation within a bacterial clone (known as Shigella sonnei but in effect a clone of Escherichia coli) was examined by studying 46 clinical isolates that were epidemiologically unassociated and isolated from patients in different countries over a period of 41 years (1950 to 1991). Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing of two housekeeping genes, mglB and gnd, in 10 strains revealed only one nucleotide substitution in the mglB gene in one strain. Ribotyping of 31 strains recovered from five countries over the 41 years proved more sensitive, detecting eight polymorphic sites with worldwide change in frequency of alleles at one site over the period studied.
Effects of either glucose or fructose and metabolic regulators on bovine embryo development and lipid accumulation in vitro (2007)

Our objective was to determine if replacing glucose with fructose would decrease cytoplasmic lipid accumulation during culture of embryos with or without regulators of metabolism. In vitro-produced bovine zygotes were cultured 60 hr in chemically defined medium-1 (CDM-1) plus 0.5% BSA and 0.5 mM fructose or glucose in Experiment 1, and glucose in Experiment 2. In both experiments, 8-cell embryos were next cultured 135 hr in CDM-2 plus 2 mM fructose or glucose in factorial combination with five treatments: (Experiment 1: control, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 0.3 microM phenazine ethosulfate (PES), 30 microM dinitrophenol (DNP), and PES + DNP), and (Experiment 2: control, PES, PES + DNP, and 1 and 3 microg/ml cerulenin (C1 and C3)). Day 7.5 blastocysts were stained with Sudan Black B to quantify cytoplasmic lipid droplets as small (SD, <2 microm), medium (MD, 2-6 microm), or large (LD, >6 microm). Blastocyst rates per oocyte were 22% (Experiment 1) and 15% (Experiment 2) higher (P < 0.05) for fructose than glucose. For Experiment 1, numbers of MD were lower for PES, DNP, and PES + DNP than control and FCS (P < 0.05). LD were lower for PES and DNP than control, and higher for FCS than all other treatments (P < 0.05). For Experiment 2, MD were lower (P < 0.05) for PES, and PES + DNP than C1, C3, and control. For LD, PES was lower (P < 0.05) than control, C1, and C3, but not different from PES + DNP. The only effect of hexose on lipids was that fructose resulted in fewer MD (P < 0.01) in Experiment 2. In conclusion, fructose produced more blastocysts than glucose, and PES reduced lipid accumulation.
A Simple Instrument for DME Drop Time and Current Sampling Control in Polarography (1971)

Abstract A simple inexpensive circuit for control of the drop time and current sampling period during drop life in polarographic studies is presented. A detailed discussion of the operation of the circuit is also given.
Genetic drift in hypervariable region 1 of the viral genome in persistent hepatitis C virus infection (1994)

The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the putative second envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains a sequence-specific immunological B-cell epitope that induces the production of antibodies restricted to the specific viral isolate, and anti-HVR1 antibodies are involved in the genetic drift of HVR1 driven by immunoselection (N. Kato, H. Sekiya, Y. Ootsuyama, T. Nakazawa, M. Hijikata, S. Ohkoshi, and K. Shimotohno, J. Virol. 67:3923-3930, 1993). We further investigated the sequence variability of the HCV genomic region that entirely encodes the envelope proteins (gp35 and gp70); these sequences were derived from virus isolated during the acute and chronic phases of hepatitis in one patient, and we found that HVR1 was a major site for genetic mutations in HCV after the onset of hepatitis. We carried out epitope-mapping experiments using the HVR1 sequence derived from the acute phase of hepatitis and identified two overlapping epitopes which are each composed of 11 amino acids (positions 394 to 404 and 397 to 407). The presence of two epitopes within HVR1 suggested that epitope shift happened during the course of hepatitis. Four of six amino acid substitutions detected in HVR1 were located within the two epitopes. We further examined the reactivities of anti-HVR1 antibodies to the substituted amino acid sequences within the two epitopes. HVR1 variants in both epitopes within the HVR1 escaped from anti-HVR1 antibodies that were preexisting in the patient's serum.
Center of Dispersion Force in HCl Interacting with Rare-Gas Atoms (1966)

Variational calculations of the center of long-range forces in HCl are described. The calculations are performed in two ways. In the first, the center of polarizability is calculated through a consideration of the polarization energy for the molecule placed in an inhomogeneous electric field, and the center is assumed identical with that effective in long-range interactions. In the second, a direct calculation of the dispersion forces between HCl and the rare-gases Ar and He is made, and from their angular dependence, the position of the effective center of attraction of HCl to the rare-gas atom is deduced. The calculations, which take account of the anisotropy of the HCl orbitals, yield a value for the separation between the HCl center of mass and center of long-range force equal to 0.11 Å, with a small variation from one rare gas to another. The long-range isotropic force constant and the HCl polarizability components are also calculated through the present approach. Comparison of the calculated parameters with experiment is made whenever this is possible.
"Google by reformulation": modeling search as successive refinement (2004)

Humans naturally employ a process of iterative refinement when they search for information, clarifying their intentions and adjusting their goals in response to what they encounter. We propose to develop tools specifically to facilitate this process, and hypothesize that they will help users converge on their desired information more quickly. This work presents a layered extension to the Google Web search interface that illustrates the so-called "retrieval by reformulation" paradigm. The tool will serve as a launching point to a wider field of inquiry into user interaction with large information spaces.
Reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene to tri- and dichlorobenzenes in anaerobic sewage sludge (1988)

Hexachlorobenzene was dechlorinated to tri- and dichlorobenzenes in anaerobic sewage sludge. The complete biotransformation of 190 microM hexachlorobenzene (approximately 50 ppm) occurred within 3 weeks. The calculated rate of hexachlorobenzene dechlorination was 13.6 mumol liter-1 day-1. Hexachlorobenzene was dechlorinated via two routes, both involving the sequential removal of chlorine from the aromatic ring. The major route was hexachlorobenzene----pentachlorobenzene----1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene--- -1,3,5- trichlorobenzene. Greater than 90% of the added hexachlorobenzene was recovered as 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and there was no evidence for further dechlorination of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene. The minor route was hexachlorobenzene----pentachlorobenzene----1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene--- -1,2,4- trichlorobenzene----dichlorobenzenes. These results extend reductive dechlorination to poorly water soluble aromatic hydrocarbons which could potentially include other important environmental pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls.