gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raising intact male pigs for meat: Detecting and preventing boar taint (1997)

Although there are several advantages to raising intact male pigs instead of castrates, boar taint — an unpleasant odor that emanates from boar fat when it is heated — is a potential problem with rearing boars for pork. Two groups of compounds are considered primarily responsible for boar taint: 16-androstenes (mainly 5α-androstenone) and skatole. The 16-androstene steroids are largely secreted in the testes and then transported to fat tissues. Skatole is produced in the intestine by bacteria and also stored in fat tissues after absorption. Chemical and sensory tests are commonly used to detect boar taint in pork. Chemical tests typically assess tissue concentrations of the compounds associated with taint. Threshold values are proposed for fat concentrations of androstenone and skatole, 1.0 ppm and 0.25 ppm, respectively. Sensory tests classify boar carcasses into either tainted or untainted categories according to test criteria assessed by human evaluators. Human perception of androstenone is under genetic control. Approximately half of adults are not sensitive to androstenone. Men are less sensitive than women. Human perception of androstenone changes with age and can be induced. Since sensory panels are sensitive, trained, and frequently exposed to taint compounds, prevalence of tainted carcasses detected by the panels is much higher than that detected by consumers. Several methods have been studied to identify and prevent tainted carcasses. Genetic selection, reducing slaughter weight, immunization of boars against gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH), and injection of GnRH agonist have resulted in decreased fat concentrations of androstenone.
First clinical experience with a new flexible low profile metallic stent and delivery system (1996)

We report the first clinical use of a new, flexible, low profile, balloon-expandable metallic stent and delivery system (ACS Multi-Link). The stent, designed in an effort to overcome the shortcoming of existing stents, has a low metal mass, superior scaffolding properties and favourable rheological characteristics. It also allows side branch access and is delivered via an innovative stent catheter. Ten stents were used to treat 10 patients with threatened abrupt closure after balloon angioplasty. All were successfully deployed, with a satisfactory angiographic result in nine. The patient with an unsatisfactory angiographic result proceeded to uneventful coronary bypass surgery. There were no other procedural or in-hospital complications. One patient developed restenosis and one had an intra-cerebral bleed following a fall. This new stent thus appears safe and effective when used to treat threatened abrupt closure. Due to its favourable characteristics, it may be well suited for reduction of restenosis. A multi-centre European registry (WEST) for primary implantation in 100 consecutive patients has now been completed.
Selectivity-Enhancement of Hydrolase Reactions (1993)

This review pinpoints the strategies which can be employed to improve the enantio- and diasteroselectivity of hydrolytic enzymes, i.e. esterases, proteases, and lipases. The influence of variations of reactants, — enzyme and substrate — and conditions — kinetics, medium, temperature, pH — on the chiral recognition process of the enzyme is discussed with examples from the recent literature.
Review of recent progress in multilayer solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (2015)

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become a promising candidate for lighting and display applications. High efficiency OLEDs require a multilayer device architecture to provide exciton confinement and balance charge transport. Conventional OLEDs are made by vacuum process, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced by solution processing. However, unlike vacuum-deposited OLEDs, solution-processed multilayer OLEDs are more challenging to make. The key for multilayer solution processing is to have the layer structure which can withstand solvents used in subsequent processing. We review the materials' strategies to make multilayer solution-processed OLEDs. Specifically, we will discuss the use of cross-linkable organic materials, metal oxides, and orthogonal solvent systems to deposit various functional layers in an OLED.
Extravascular lung water index: A new method to determine dry weight in chronic hemodialysis patients (2006)

To assess the dry weight of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients, the extravascular lung water index (ELWI) as a volume parameter was investigated to identify fluid overload. Forty-two patients (30 males, 12 females) with a mean age of 55.7+/-13.0 years who were clinically not overhydrated were connected to the PiCCO system before starting HD treatment. We determined ELWI (normal range 3-7 mL/kg) and the following parameters: global end-diastolic volume index (GEDI, normal range 680-800 mL/m(2)) and intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI, normal range 850-1000 mL/m(2)) before and after HD to assess the volume status. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), aldosterone, and renin as vasoactive hormones were measured at the beginning and at the end of HD treatment as well. In 28 of the 42 patients (67%), elevated values of ELWI were found, indicating interstitial volume overload. There were significant correlations between ELWI and cardiac function index (p=0.003; Pearson's coefficient -0.451), global ejection fraction (p=0.012; Pearson's coefficient -0.389), ITBI (p=0.004; Pearson's coefficient 0.437), and GEDI (p=0.004; Pearson's coefficient 0.437). No significant relations among ELWI and mean arterial pressure (MAP), BNP, aldosterone, and renin were found. In conclusion, the use of ELWI is safe in chronic HD patients and identifies fluid-overloaded patients, who show no obvious signs of hypervolemia. The determination of ELWI is an excellent method to quantify the exact volume in chronic HD patients.
Human Cardiac Stem Cells With Reduced Notch Signaling Show Enhanced Therapeutic Potential in a Rat Acute Infarction Model (2013)

CSCs cultured with reduced Notch signaling showed better cardiomyogenic differentiation and therapeutic potentials in a rat AMI model. Thus, reducing Notch signaling is important when culturing CSCs for clinical applications.
Communication characteristic-aware signaling traffic optimization method for mobile networks (2015)

The signaling traffic in mobile networks has been increasing rapidly due to the emergence of various types of devices such as smartphones and machine-to-machine (M2M) devices. This signaling traffic heavily burdens network controllers and could trigger network failures. Therefore, the need of a scalable device management method for reducing signaling traffic volume is increasing and the standardization activities have begun in 3GPP. The current mobile networks treat all devices as smartphones and frequently control the devices in a complicated way to provide advanced user experiences, such as seamless handover and longer battery life. This is a major cause of a huge amount of signaling traffic. However, M2M devices have different characteristics from those of smartphones, such as low-mobility, small amount data, low-frequency, and no power constraints. Therefore, a network does not require such a complicated management for M2M devices, and there is room for simplifying conventional control procedures. Moreover, smartphones often act like M2M devices (e.g. a smartphone is stationary when a user is in his/her home) and we believe a characteristic change aware device management method is necessary for further signaling traffic reduction. To achieve the signaling volume reduction, we propose 3GPP network parameter optimization approach in conjunction with 3GPP architectural enhancements. We evaluated the feasibility of the proposed method with a network simulator.
A theory of aspects (2003)

This paper define the semantics of MinAML, an idealized aspect-oriented programming language, by giving a type-directed translation from its user-friendly external language to its compact, well-defined core language. We argue that our framework is an effective way to give semantics to aspect-oriented programming languages in general because the translation eliminates shallow syntactic differences between related constructs and permits definition of a clean, easy-to-understand, and easy-to-reason-about core language.The core language extends the simply-typed lambda calculus with two central new abstractions: explicitly labeled program points and first-class advice. The labels serve both to trigger advice and to mark continuations that the advice may return to. These constructs are defined orthogonally to the other features of the language and we show that our abstractions can be used in both functional and object-oriented contexts. The labels are well-scoped and the language as a whole is well-typed. Consequently, programmers can use lexical scoping in the standard way to prevent aspects from interfering with local program invariants.
Power Decoupling Control for Capacitance Reduction in Cascaded-H-Bridge-Converter-Based Regenerative Motor Drive Systems (2018)

A cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter-based medium or high-voltage motor drive system, that consists of three single-phase CHB chains, may suffer a severe second-harmonic ripple power issue. Oversizing dc capacitors and using active power decoupling control with additional active or passive components are the two possible ways to address this issue, but this is achieved at the expense of increased system cost and complexity. This paper proposes a power decoupling control to tackle this issue without using any extra components for regenerative CHB-based converters. By introducing a set of negative-sequence decoupling currents to the front-end pulsewidth-modulated rectifier of each submodule, the second-harmonic ripple power can be removed from the submodule dc capacitors, and all the ripple power in the transformer core legs can be counteracted without affecting the magnetic flux and the grid current. The decoupling current is derived from the input and output measurements of the CHB converter. It gives the minimal increase of the modulation index and has no impacts on the input and output power quality. The effectiveness of the proposed control is verified in simulations and a 72-kW experimental prototype.
A Mechanistic Model for Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of Mild Steel in the Presence of Protective Iron Carbonate Films—Part 1: Theory and Verification (2003)

A mechanistic model of uniform carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion is presented that covers the following: electrochemical reactions at the steel surface, diffusion of species between the metal surface and the bulk including diffusion through porous surface films, migration due to establishment of potential gradients, and homogenous chemical reactions including precipitation of surface films. The model can predict the corrosion rate as well as the concentration and flux profiles for all species involved. Comparisons with laboratory experiments have revealed the strengths of the model such as its ability to assist in understanding complex processes taking place during corrosion in the presence of surface films.
Reed-Solomon coding performance with errors and erasures decoding on a Rayleigh fading channel (2002)

Presents analytical results for a specific case of message transmission over a Rayleigh fading channel using NCMFSK signaling and RS coding with errors and erasures decoding. The authors show that errors and erasures decoding provides greater than 3 dB coding gain compared to errors-only (hard decision) decoding. Furthermore, it is shown that the ratio of erasures to errors must be very large to achieve minimum message error probability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alternative contact designs for thin epitaxial silicon solar cells (1999)

Two major opportunities for increasing the performance of crystalline silicon solar cells involve reducing their thickness and reducing the losses associated with their front metallic grid contacts. Front grid contacted thin epitaxial silicon solar cells based on the growth of crystalline silicon films on a substrate or superstrate have been reported for many years, as have wafer-based solar cells with alternative contact approaches. Integrating these two concepts into a single device presents an opportunity for simultaneously reducing two major loss mechanisms associated with crystalline silicon solar cells. The opportunities that exist and challenges that must be overcome in order to realize such a device are described in this paper. The design space is defined and explored by considering a wide range of possible approaches. A specific approach was chosen and used to design, grow, and fabricate a proof-of-concept thin epitaxial silicon solar cell with an embedded semiconductor grid as an alternative to a conventional front metallic grid. The work presented here has resulted in a thin epitaxial silicon solar cell with a 7·8% designated area conversion efficiency, well isolated contacts, negligible series resistive power loss, and less than 1% shading of the designated area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bimodal character of polyester–solvent interactions. III. The effects of morphology on the nature of the interaction of nonaqueous solvents with the aromatic and the aliphatic ester residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1977)

Abstract The extent of solvent‐induced shrinkage, swelling, and crystallization of polyester is found to be dependent on the initial morphology of the material. However, the nature of the interaction of the nonaqueous solvents with the aromatic and the aliphatic ester residues of poly(ethylene terephthalate) is found to be independent of morphology and only dependent on the differences in the stereochemical nature of the given solvent and polyester residue.
The allocation of limited authorizations in Spain: considerations from the analysis of three specific sectors (2012)

This contribution is intended to provide an overview of the Spanish regime of allocation of one of the main types of limited public rights: limited authorizations. With this target, it is examined the current legal regime of three specific sectors of administrative law, namely the rules on the allocation of gambling licenses, of entitlements for the use of radio frequencies as well as of greenhouse gas emission permits. It will be shown that despite their different object and the fact that only the two last areas have been subjected to European harmonization, the three analyzed sectors are crossed by some horizontal or structural common elements regarding the allocation of limited authorizations. The identification and analysis of such structural elements are of interest in terms of general administrative law in so far as they are traceable to abstract elements of a general system of allocation of any limited authorization.
Cap-dependent translational control of oncolytic measles virus infection in malignant mesothelioma (2017)

Malignant mesothelioma has a poor prognosis for which there remains an urgent need for successful treatment approaches. Infection with the Edmonston vaccine strain (MV-Edm) derivative of measles virus results in lysis of cancer cells and has been tested in clinical trials for numerous tumor types including mesothelioma. Many factors play a role in MV-Edm tumor cell selectivity and cytopathic activity while also sparing non-cancerous cells. The MV-Edm receptor CD46 (cluster of differentiation 46) was demonstrated to be significantly higher in mesothelioma cells than in control cells. In contrast, mesothelioma cells are not reliant upon the alternative MV-Edm receptor nectin-4 for entry. MV-Edm treatment of mesothelioma reduced cell viability and also invoked apoptotic cell death. Forced expression of eIF4E or translation stimulation following IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor 1) exposure strengthened the potency of measles virus oncolytic activity. It was also shown that repression of cap-dependent translation by treatment with agents [4EASO, 4EGI-1] that suppress host cell translation or by forcing cells to produce an activated repressor protein diminishes the strength of oncolytic viral efficacy.
Anomalous electro-optic properties of ferroelectric strontium barium niobate and their device applications (1973)

A longitudinal electro-optic memory effect is observed in ferroelectric single-crystal SrxBa1−xNb2O6 with tetragonal symmetry. The changeable birefringence depends on the remanent polarization of the crystal and can be switched by voltage pulses. These optical characteristics, which seem to be similar to the optical properties observed in ferroelectric Pb3MgNb2O9 with a diffuse phase transition, can be utilized in light-valve devices which operate in the longitudinal mode without a transverse electric field or strain bias.
Fuzzy logic based regenerative braking control system of electric wheelchair for senior citizen (2009)

This paper proposes a novel regenerative braking control system of electric wheelchairs for senior citizen. ldquoElectric powered wheelchairrdquo, which generates the driving force by electric motors according to the human operation, is expected to be widely used as a mobility support system for elderly people. This study focuses on the braking control to realize the safety and smooth stopping motion using the regenerative braking control technique based on fuzzy logic. The ride quality improvement and energy recycling can be expected by the proposed control system with stopping distance estimation and variable duty ratio control on the step-up chopper regenerative circuit. Some driving experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control system.
Optical Kerr switch using elliptical-core two-mode fiber (1988)

A new optical-optical switching technique is proposed and demonstrated with a probe-pump scheme, utilizing nonlinear differential phase shift between two spatial modes in a highly elliptical-core fiber. The probe beam is switched from one intensity-lobe position of the fiber output radiation pattern to the other in a 33-m-long fiber at a pump power of 1.6 W.
A Study on Buoyancy Effects in Double-Diffusive Convecting System (1999)

Double-diffusive convection with verical temperature and concentration gradients in thermally stratified fluids has been investigated experimentally using an electrochemical technique. Cupric sulfuric-sulffuric acid solution confined between two horizontal copper electrodes was used. The change of thermal and solutal buoyance has no influence on the range of voltage for the limiting current. Due to Soret effect, the onset time of natural convection is delayed as the stabilizing thermal buoyancy decreases. Also it is found that the shrinkage of the unstabilizing solutal buoyancy makes the onset of natural convection retard. Multi-layered convective phenomena do not appear because cupric sulfate-sulfuric acid solution is thermally stratified, and heat diffuses faster than cupric sulfate solfate solution.
Crystalline Qualities and Critical Current Densities of As-Grown Ba<sub>2</sub>YCu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>x</sub> Thin Films on Silicon with Buffer Layers (1990)

As-grown Ba 2 YCu 3 O x thin films (\lesssim100 nm) have been prepared by rf magnetron sputtering deposited on Si(100) with buffer layers of YSZ and Y 2 O 3 /YSZ. Epitaxial growth of Ba 2 YCu 3 O x thin films is confirmed by ion channeling measurements along the (100) directions of the Si substrate showing a χ min of 60% on YSZ/Si, and 6% on Y 2 O 3 /YSZ/Si using 2.0 MeV He + . The as-grown films have critical current densities of 10 4 A/cm 2 on YSZ/Si and 10 6 A/cm 2 on Y 2 O 3 /YSZ/Si at 77 K. Our results indicate that the superconducting properties of the films are limited primarily by the value of lattice mismatch between the Ba 2 YCu 3 O x and buffer layers.
Braiding and All Quantum Operations with Majorana Modes in 1D (2021)

We propose a scheme to perform braiding and all other unitary operations with Majorana modes in one dimension that, in contrast to previous proposals, is solely based on resonant manipulation involving the first excited state extended over the modes. The detection of the population of the excited state also enables initialization and read-out. We provide an elaborated illustration of the scheme with a concrete device.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells in MMTV-<i>Wnt-1</i> Murine Breast Tumors (2007)

In human breast cancers, a phenotypically distinct minority population of tumorigenic (TG) cancer cells (sometimes referred to as cancer stem cells) drives tumor growth when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Our objective was to identify a mouse model of breast cancer stem cells that could have relevance to the study of human breast cancer. To do so, we used breast tumors of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 mice. MMTV-Wnt-1 breast tumors were harvested, dissociated into single-cell suspensions, and sorted by flow cytometry on Thy1, CD24, and CD45. Sorted cells were then injected into recipient background FVB/NJ female syngeneic mice. In six of seven tumors examined, Thy1+CD24+ cancer cells, which constituted approximately 1%-4% of tumor cells, were highly enriched for cells capable of regenerating new tumors compared with cells of the tumor that did not fit this profile ("not-Thy1+CD24+"). Resultant tumors had a phenotypic diversity similar to that of the original tumor and behaved in a similar manner when passaged. Microarray analysis comparing Thy1+CD24+ tumor cells to not-Thy1+CD24+ cells identified a list of differentially expressed genes. Orthologs of these differentially expressed genes predicted survival of human breast cancer patients from two different study groups. These studies suggest that there is a cancer stem cell compartment in the MMTV-Wnt-1 murine breast tumor and that there is a clinical utility of this model for the study of cancer stem cells.
Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy Agents Using a Liver Cancer-Specific Aptamer (2012)

Considering the large number of available aptamers that have specific targets for a wide variety of cancer cells, this novel aptamer-drug intercalation method will have promising implications for chemotherapeutics in general.
Synthesis of a Quaternary Ammonium Derivative of Chitosan and Its Application to a Cotton Antimicrobial Finish (1998)

A quaternary ammonium derivative of chitosan, N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethy lammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), is synthesized as an antimicrobial finish for cotton using a reaction of glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) and chitosan. Results indicate that the degree of substitution (DS) in HTCC calculated by chloride content is a function of the reaction temperature and mole ratio of GTMAC and NH 2 in chitosan. Excess amounts of GTMAC are generally needed to obtain a water-soluble fraction of HTCC. A minimum DS of 0.6 is needed to yield water-soluble HTCC. Syn thesized HTCC is analyzed by FTIR, H 1 -NMR, TGA, and x-ray diffraction techniques. At very low concentrations, such as 0.025% owb, HTCC shows superior antimicrobial ac tivity indicated by an almost 100% bacterial reduction, whereas 1 % owb chitosan shows only 30% bacterial reduction. Since HTCC is soluble in water, we have examined several methods to increase the laundering durability of cotton treated with HTCC. Among them, application of a nonionic binder considerably improves the laundering durability of HTCC-treated cotton.