gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Illiberal Challenge of Authoritarian China (2012)

A vibrant civil society and participatory public are often assumed to be fundamental pillars of democratization. However, the experience of contemporary China challenges this conventional wisdom. The Chinese case suggests that, rather than spurring democratization, a robust civil society and a restive public may actually work to strengthen and sustain an attentive authoritarian regime. Such is the illiberal challenge of Chinese authoritarianism.
Is anticardiolipin activity a cross‐reaction of anti‐DNA or a separate entity? (1987)

Abstract Putative cross‐reactions between anti‐DNA and anticardiolipin activities were studied using sera of different patients and a panel of monoclonal antibodies to DNA. Sera were obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, from patients with syphilis, and from heroin addicts who showed a biologic false‐positive result on the serologic test for syphilis. While the patients with syphilis and the heroin addicts had elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies in their circulation, no reactivity with DNA was observed in these sera. Sera from systemic lupus erythematosus patients often showed both anti‐DNA and anticardiolipin activity. Although a correlation between anti‐DNA and anticardiolipin titers was found, this did not always result from cross‐reactivity of the same population of antibodies. In fact, we observed a relationship between cross‐reactivity and antibody avidity. Anti‐DNA of high avidity to DNA showed little cross‐reactivity with cardiolipin. Anticardiolipin activity in such sera was based on the presence of specific anticardiolipin antibodies. Anti‐DNA of low avidity was found to cross‐react with cardiolipin. Among monoclonal antibodies to DNA, we found that cross‐reactions with cardiolipin were rare: only 6 of 55 anti‐DNA clones produced antibodies that also reacted with cardiolipin.
Spontaneously regulated vs. controlled ventilation of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (2010)

Optimizing gas exchange, avoiding lung injury, and preserving respiratory muscle strength and endurance are vital therapeutic objectives for managing acute lung injury. Accordingly, comparing the physiology and consequences of breathing patterns that preserve and eliminate breathing effort has been a theme of persisting investigative interest throughout the several decades over which it has been possible to sustain cardiopulmonary life support outside the operating theater.
Methylation of INK4 and CIP/KIP families of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in Chinese patients (2006)

p15 and, less frequently, p16 of the INK4 family of CKI, instead of the CIP or KIP family, were targeted by methylation in CLL. p16 methylation was associated with a higher lymphocyte count at presentation. This is the first comprehensive study of the epigenetic dysregulation of the INK4 and CIP/KIP families of CKI in Chinese patients with CLL.
Application of Estrogen Receptor Immunocytochemical Assay to Aspirates From Mammographically Guided Fine Needle Biopsy of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions (1991)

The importance of hormone receptors in the management and prognosis of breast cancer is well established, but difficult to apply to the growing numbers of very small breast cancers being detected. To assess the feasibility of applying estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA) to cytologic specimens, we prospectively studied 100 patients who had fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of mammographically detected nonpalpable breast lesions. All 100 patients also had surgical excision of these nonpalpable lesions immediately after cytologic aspiration. Twenty malignancies were ultimately diagnosed by histology; 17 of them had been cytologically diagnosed. Using specific monoclonal antibody for estrogen receptor, we applied ER-ICA to cytologic preparation of 15 malignant neoplasms with sufficient cellular material available for the assay. Positive immunostaining was demonstrated in nine cases. No ER expression was seen in six cases. Immunocytochemical assay was also done on frozen tissue of the corresponding surgically removed tumors, with 86.6% concordance between the two results. This study is the first to demonstrate that ER-ICA can be effective in assessing hormone receptor content of mammographically directed cytologic aspirates.
Random Mitotic Activities Across Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies (2009)

A systemic and quantitative study was performed to examine whether different levels of mitotic activities, assessed by the percentage of S-phase cells at any given time point, existed at different physical regions of human embryonic stem (hES) cell colonies at 2, 4, 6 days after cell passaging. Mitotically active cells were identified by the positive incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) within their newly synthesized DNA. Our data indicated that mitotically active cells were often distributed as clusters randomly across the colonies within the examined growth period, presumably resulting from local deposition of newly divided cells. This latter notion was further demonstrated by the confined growth of enhanced green florescence protein (EGFP) expressing cells amongst non-GFP expressing cells. Furthermore, the overall percentage of mitotically active cells remained constantly at about 50% throughout the 6-day culture period, indicating mitotic activities of hES cell cultures were time-independent under current growth conditions.
One-Step Preparation of Some 3-Substituted Anisoles (2003)

A one-step preparation of 3-bromoanisole, 3-chloroanisole, and 3-trifluoromethylanisole from the corresponding 3-substituted nitrobenzenes is carried out by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the nitro group with sodium or potassium methoxide, employing an effective amount of a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC), in a medium of a nonpolar aprotic solvent, under aerobic conditions, at a temperature of 50−65 °C. The alkali methoxide used can be a pre-prepared solid, or it can be prepared in situ from the alkali hydroxide and methanol. The methoxydenitration proved to be very sensitive to the type of PTC. The effect of the solvent on the reaction is discussed. The targeted anisoles are obtained in yields of more than 80% and purities of greater than 99%.
ChemInform Abstract: Tailoring Plasmonic Substrates for Surface Enhanced Spectroscopies (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transmission studies from blood of Alzheimer disease patients and healthy relatives. (1988)

The etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) is unknown. To investigate the transmissibility of AD, the buffy coat of the blood from 11 relatives of AD patients, including 2 with suspicious or early signs of AD, was inoculated intracerebrally into hamsters. In these pilot experiments, 5 individuals produced histologically documented spongiform encephalopathy on primary passage in recipient hamsters. Material from 3 of these positives was serially transmitted in a second passage. The histological alterations observed in the brains of positive hamsters were similar to those seen in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). These transmission results raise the intriguing possibility that CJD-like agents may be involved in at least some forms of AD.
To Drop or Not to Drop: Robustness, Consistency and Differential Privacy Properties of Dropout (2015)

Training deep belief networks (DBNs) requires optimizing a non-convex function with an extremely large number of parameters. Naturally, existing gradient descent (GD) based methods are prone to arbitrarily poor local minima. In this paper, we rigorously show that such local minima can be avoided (upto an approximation error) by using the dropout technique, a widely used heuristic in this domain. In particular, we show that by randomly dropping a few nodes of a one-hidden layer neural network, the training objective function, up to a certain approximation error, decreases by a multiplicative factor. On the flip side, we show that for training convex empirical risk minimizers (ERM), dropout in fact acts as a "stabilizer" or regularizer. That is, a simple dropout based GD method for convex ERMs is stable in the face of arbitrary changes to any one of the training points. Using the above assertion, we show that dropout provides fast rates for generalization error in learning (convex) generalized linear models (GLM). Moreover, using the above mentioned stability properties of dropout, we design dropout based differentially private algorithms for solving ERMs. The learned GLM thus, preserves privacy of each of the individual training points while providing accurate predictions for new test points. Finally, we empirically validate our stability assertions for dropout in the context of convex ERMs and show that surprisingly, dropout significantly outperforms (in terms of prediction accuracy) the L2 regularization based methods for several benchmark datasets.
Emerging and future therapies for hemophilia (2015)

The evolution of care in hemophilia is a remarkable story. Over the last 60 years, advances in protein purification, protein chemistry, donor screening, viral inactivation, gene sequencing, gene cloning, and recombinant protein production have dramatically enhanced the treatment and lives of patients with hemophilia. Recent efforts have produced enhanced half-life (EHL) clotting factors to better support prophylaxis and decrease the frequency of infusions. Medical needs remain in the areas of alternate modes of administration to decrease the need for venous access, better treatment, and prophylaxis for patients who form antibodies to clotting factors, and ultimately a cure of the underlying genetic defect. In this brief review, the authors summarize data on EHL clotting factors, introduce agents whose mode of action is not clotting factor replacement, and list current gene therapy efforts.
A cognitive training intervention increases resting cerebral blood flow in healthy older adults (2010)

Healthy aging is typically accompanied by some decline in cognitive performance, as well as by alterations in brain structure and function. Here we report the results of a randomized, controlled trial designed to determine the effects of a novel cognitive training program on resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and gray matter (GM) volume in healthy older adults. Sixty-six healthy older adults participated in 8 weeks of either a training program targeting attention and distractibility or an educational control program. This training program produced significantly larger increases in resting CBF to the prefrontal cortex than the control program. Increases in blood flow were associated with reduced susceptibility to distraction after training, but not with alterations in GM volume. These data demonstrate that cognitive training can improve resting CBF in healthy older adults and that cerebral perfusion rates may be a more sensitive indicator of the benefits of cognitive training than volumetric analyses.
Studies on the reactivity of the essential sulfhydryl groups as a conformational probe for the fatty acid synthetase of chicken liver. Inactivation by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and intersubunit cross-linking of the inactivated enzyme. (1985)

Fatty acid synthetase of chicken liver is rapidly and reversibly inactivated by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) at a rate (k2 = 132 mM-1 S-1 in 3 mM EDTA, 1% (v/v) glycerol, pH 7.0, at 25 degrees C) up to 2200 times higher than the reaction of this reagent with simple thiol compounds. The inactivation is caused by the reaction of the phosphopantetheine SH group, since it is protected competitively by either acetyl- or malonyl-CoA, and since the inactivated enzyme is unreactive with the phosphopantetheine label chloroacetyl-CoA but reactive with the cysteine reagent 1,3-dibromopropanone. Moreover, chloroacetyl-CoA prevents the modification of the rapidly reacting essential SH group by DTNB. The number of SH groups involved in inactivation was determined by correlating activity loss with the extent of reaction and by stopped-flow analysis of substrate (or chloroacetyl-CoA) protection. Values between 0.91 and 1.15 SH groups/dimer were obtained, indicating the presence of substoichiometric amounts of the prosthetic group in the fatty acid synthetase preparations used in this study. Inactivation of the synthetase by DTNB is strongly inhibited by increasing salt concentration and protected noncompetitively by NADP+ and NADPH. Treatment of the enzyme inactivated at low salt by salt, NADP+, or NADPH also effectively reduced cross-linking between enzyme subunits. The parallel effects of these treatments on the reaction with DTNB and subsequent dimerization are consistent with a minimum model of two discreet conformation states for fatty acid synthetase. In the low salt conformer, the phosphopantetheine and cysteine SH groups are juxtaposed, and the DTNB reaction (k2 approximately 132 mM-1 S-1) and dimerization are both facilitated. Transition to the high salt conformer by the above treatments is accompanied by an approximately 20-fold reduction of reactivity with DTNB (k2 = 6.8 mM-1 S-1) and reduced dimerization, due to spatial separation of the SH groups. During palmitate synthesis, the enzyme may oscillate between these conformation states to permit the reaction of intermediates at different active sites. Results obtained by studies on the effect of pH on DTNB inactivation implicate a pK of 5.9-6.1 for the essential SH group independent of salt concentration. This value is 1.5-1.8 pH units lower than the pK of 7.6-7.7 for CoA and may explain the 23-fold increase of the rate constant from a value of 0.3 mM-1 S-1 for CoA to that of the high salt conformer.
Optimal sensor and actuator deployment for HVAC control system design (2014)

This paper studies control-theory-inspired optimal sensor and actuator deployment to improve the temperature monitoring and control performance of HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems in buildings. The deployment strategies are based on maximizing observability- and controllability-based metrics such as the respective Gramians. Our solution approach has the following benefits compared to previous work. First, an analytical, closed-form solution is developed. Second, the computational cost is low to ensure practical use of our approach. The effectiveness of our deployment strategies is demonstrated via simulation examples and by calculating different metrics of relevance.
FLIGHT: a novel approach to the high-level synthesis of digit-serial digital filters (2002)

Genetic algorithms are exploited and applied to the development of a novel approach to the high-level synthesis of digit-serial digital filters. The salient feature of this approach is that it permits the digit-size to be taken into account as a variable of optimization, facilitating global data-path optimization with respect to both area and time. Moreover, it conforms closely to an actual hardware implementation, taking into account not only the cost of the required arithmetic functional units but also that of the required registers and multiplexors. The proposed approach is particularly efficient as it preserves the data-dependency relationships in the original digital filter data flow-graph under the operations of crossover and mutation performed by the constituent genetic algorithm. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by comparing its results to those obtained by using the existing techniques for the high-level synthesis of a benchmark wave digital filter implemented as a bit-parallel architecture, and by presenting the results for the corresponding digital filter implemented as a digit-serial architecture.
Principles of HeartMate II Implantation to Avoid Pump Malposition and Migration (2014)

Proper left ventricular assist device (LVAD) insertion will help maximize LVAD flow and may reduce adverse events such as right heart failure and pump thrombosis. Although no standardized insertion technique has been universally accepted, the goals are: unobstructed inflow cannula, unobstructed outflow graft with avoidance of right ventricular compression, and prevention of pump migration. To achieve these objectives for the HeartMate II LVAD, we delineate four principles: proper pump pocket creation, optimized positioning of inflow cannula and outflow graft, proper pump position in the body, and fixation. These basic principles are easy to implement and have been beneficial in our patients, assuring long-term unobstructed LVAD flow.
Homogeneous Catalytic Reduction of Benzaldehyde with Carbon Monoxide and Water (1981)

With the advent of the energy crisis, the study of homogeneous catalytic CO hydrogenation has become very popular because CO represents one of the cheapest, readily available C1 building blocks for production of synfuels and because homogeneous catalysts can be very efficient hydrogenation catalysts. To date, the majority of the research has been devoted to catalytically hydrogenating CO directly to hydrocarbons (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) with little attention paid to other CO reduction reactions that could also be useful for synfuel production (1,2,3,4). For example, two areas that could be more thoroughly explored are CO homologation [reaction (1)] and methanol synthesis [reaction (2)], which can be catalyzed homogeneously (5,6,7,8). With the recent development of zeolite catalysts that can efficiently transform methanol into synfuels, homogeneous catalysis of reaction (2) has suddenly grown in importance. Unfortunately, aside from the reports of Bradley (6), Bathke and Feder (7), and the work of Pruett (8) at
B cell stimulatory factor 1 (IL-4) enhances the development of cytotoxic T cells from Lyt-2+ resting murine T lymphocytes. (1988)

B cell stimulatory factor 1 (BSF-1) (IL-4) was shown to synergize with phorbol esters or with monoclonal anti-TCR antibody in stimulation of the development of CTL from small resting murine T cells. IL-2 also synergized with PMA in such differentiation but was less effective than BSF-1. The combination of these two lymphokines with PMA had the most potent effect on the development of CTL. BSF-1 plus PMA stimulated a significant increase in the intracellular content of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzylester esterase, a granule-associated biochemical marker, whereas IL-2 plus PMA was only marginally effective. Depletion of L3T4+ cells did not result in the abrogation of these effects. Lyt-2+ T cells that were incubated for 72 h with BSF-1 plus PMA accumulated N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzylester esterase and secreted this intragranular marker after interaction with immobilized anti-T cell receptor mAb. These BSF-1/PMA-stimulated Lyt-2+, L3T4- T cells were also able to kill FcR positive target cells in a retargeting assay with a mAb to murine T3 Ag, providing evidence that BSF-1 plus PMA acted directly on precursors of cytotoxic T cells.
Bootstrapping a data mining intrusion detection system (2003)

The application of data mining techniques in intrusion detection has received a lot of attention lately. Most of the approaches require of a training phase based on the availability of labelled data, where the labels indicate whether the points correspond to normal events or attacks. Unfortunately, this labelled data is not readily available in practice. In this paper we present a novel method based in intersecting segments of unlabelled data and using the intersection as the base data for unsupervised learning (clustering). The clustering algorithm, along with a method to find outliers with respect to the base clusters form the basis for separation of unlabelled data into groups of points that are normal (attack-free) and points that correspond to attacks. We show that the technique is very sucessful in separating points of the data sets of the DARPA, Lincoln Labs evaluation of 1999.
Setting the stage for improvised video scenarios (1999)

This paper presents and discusses how users in collaboration with designers can create improvised use scenarios in their own setting. The paper suggests that videotaping such improvisations is a way for the users to contribute to the design process with their own design artifacts.
Conferencia: Rasgos principales de los pastizales de la provincia de La Pampa (1990)

Rasgos principales de los pastizales de la provincia de La Pampa
Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Potential Roles in Disease Prevention (2004)

Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids found particularly in dark-green leafy vegetables and in egg yolks. They are widely distributed in tissues and are the principal carotenoids in the eye lens and macular region of the retina. Epidemiologic studies indicating an inverse relationship between xanthophyll intake or status and both cataract and age-related macular degeneration suggest these compounds can play a protective role in the eye. Some observational studies have also shown these xanthophylls may help reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly those of the breast and lung. Emerging studies suggest as well a potential contribution of lutein and zeaxanthin to the prevention of heart disease and stroke. Even as the evidence for a role of lutein and zeaxanthin in disease prevention continues to evolve, particularly from human studies directed to their bioavailability, metabolism, and dose-response relationships with intermediary biomarkers and clinical outcomes, it is worth noting that recommendations to consume foods rich in xanthophylls are consistent with current dietary guidelines.
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as an allelochemical candidate from Mucuna pruriens (L). DC. var. utilis. (1991)

(Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis oi Stizolobium deeringianum Piper et Tracy, synonymbut now not recommended)1>2) is a tropical legume, cultivated as green manureor as a cover crop. Velvetbean leaves are used as fodder, the seeds as food, and the seeds and stems as medicine in Africa and China.3) The yield of seeds
Automatic text decomposition and structuring (1996)

Sophisticated text similarity measurements are used to determine relationships between natural-language texts and text excerpts. The resulting linked hypertext maps can be decomposed into text segments and text themes, and these decompositions are usable to identify different text types and text structures, leading to improved text access and utilization. Examples of text decomposition are given for expository and non-expository texts.