gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a monocyclic, fully functional analog of compactin (1989)

Compound 8, a monocyclic analogue of compactin, has been prepared and its efficacy as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR) evaluated. The synthesis (Schemes I and II) requires seven steps starting with di-(-)-menthyl fumarate and employs the useful RR-phosphonate reagent 14 to attach the mevinic acid side chain to aldehyde 13. A molecular mechanics study shows that the preferred conformations of 18 (a model for compactin) and 19 (a model for 8) are nearly identical. Compound 8 inhibits HMGR with IC50 = 320 microM, compared to a corresponding value of 32 nM for the compactin ketone, 5. The factor of 10,000 difference in the two inhibitors corresponds to a difference in binding energy of 5.45 kcal mol-1, or 1.36 kcal mol-1 for each of the four carbons of 5 that are missing in analogue 8. This quantitative difference is consistent with the idea that the decalin moiety of the mevinic acids play a purely hydrophobic role in binding the inhibitors to the enzyme.
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser and Its Applications for Optical Interconnection and Switch (1998)

A two-dimensional (2D) optical-parallel interconnection module was developed using vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which have a low threshold, high temperature tolerance and uniform and effective fiber coupling characteristics. The 8×2–arrayed VCSEL was self-aligned to a developed plastic-molded receptacle-type package using flip-chip solder bonding technique and a developed ball-guide die bonding technique. The module exhibited high data throughput of 1 Gb/s at temperatures up to 70°C, high optical coupling efficiency of 85.8±2.93% and high mechanical durability of less than 0.26 dB for 100 times of manual push/pull matings with a developed multifiber push-on (MPO)–type 2D fiber connector. As an application of the high-density, high-throughput an optical parallel interconnections, optical full crossbar switch with a simple architecture and fabricated plastic-molded optical crossbar connectors was demonstrated.
Computer Keyboard Force and Upper Extremity Symptoms (1997)

This case-control study assessed whether office workers who report more severe levels of musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities demonstrate higher levels of keyforce in comparison to controls with less severe symptoms. Office workers reporting working on computer keyboards for four hours per day were classified as cases or controls based upon a median split on a Composite Symptom Severity score (cases = 23, controls = 25). Keyboard force and keying rate were measured during a 15-minute keyboarding task. Measures of task-related discomfort, muscular fatigue, pain, upper extremity symptoms, psychological distress and force were collected at baseline, post-keyboard task, and recovery. Ratings of perceived effort and task credibility were also obtained. Measures of work demands, perceived job stress, and upper extremity strength and flexibility were also collected. The results indicated group equivalence on reported work demands and upper extremity strength. Cases were more likely to receive a medical diagnosis of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorder, awaken from sleep due to symptoms, report higher levels of pain during work, experience greater impact of pain on function, and report higher workload pressure and lower support. Cases generated significantly higher keyboarding forces than controls, although both groups produced forces well above that required to operate the keyboard (4-5 times activation force). Cases reported higher levels of upper extremity symptoms and discomfort than controls, and these measures were highest after the keyboarding task for both groups. No significant correlation between keyforce and key rate was observed in either group. Results suggest that generation of excessive force while working on a computer keyboard may contribute to the severity of upper extremity symptoms. Clinically, the findings suggest that evaluating how an individual worker performs keyboarding tasks, or his or her workstyle, may be helpful in the management of these symptoms and disorders.
A Theoretical Basis for the Active Control of a Boring Bar Operation (1975)

The properties of low stiffness and low structural damping in boring bars are widely known to be factors resulting in chatter and inaccurate machining. The application of active control offers a new alternative to improving the performance of a boring bar. This paper presents the theoretical basis for such an active control system. The analysis includes the practical consideration of principal modes in the boring bar model and discusses this influence on controller design. Simulation results using data from an experimental system illustrate some important factors of system design.
Analysis of segregation distortion and association of the bovine <i>FGF2</i> with fertilization rate and early embryonic survival (2009)

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) plays an important role in fertility and early embryo development. The objectives of this study were to test the association of FGF2 polymorphisms with fertilization success in cattle using an in vitro fertilization experimental system and to investigate the mechanisms leading to the presence of rare alleles of FGF2 in the Holstein population. A total of 7502 fertilizations were performed and a total of 5049 embryos were produced to collect fertilization and embryo survival records. A total of 444 ovaries, from which oocytes were aspirated and fertilized, were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in FGF2 (g.23G>T and g.11646A>G). Frequency of the TT genotype of the g.23G>T SNP was low in the ovary population (5.4%) and in a different Holstein cattle population (6.6%) examined in this study. Single SNP analysis showed that both SNPs were associated with early embryonic survival rate. Two-way interaction analysis revealed significant association of epistatic interaction between the SNPs with fertilization rate. To test whether or not low frequency of allele T for the g.23G>T SNP in the population is a result of a fertilization failure of T oocytes, semen from six GG bulls was used to fertilize a total of 458 oocytes obtained from 19 GT ovaries. A significant segregation distortion was observed for 169 embryos genotyped for the g.23G>T SNP. We conclude that oocytes carrying the T allele show a reduced fertilization rate and that segregation distortion leads to rarity of the TT genotype in the population.
Interleukin-12- and Gamma Interferon-Dependent Innate Immunity Are Essential and Sufficient for Long-Term Survival of Passively Immunized Mice Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (2001)

Interferon (IFN) type I (alpha/beta IFN [IFN-alpha/beta]) is very important in directly controlling herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) replication as well as in guiding and upregulating specific immunity against this virus. By contrast, the roles of IFN type II (IFN-gamma) and antibodies in the defense against HSV-1 are not clear. Mice without a functional IFN system and no mature B and T cells (AGR mice) did not survive HSV-1 infection in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Mice without a functional IFN type I system and with no mature B and T cells (AR129 mice) were unable to control infection with as little as 10 PFU of HSV-1 strain F. By contrast, in the presence of passively administered neutralizing murine antibodies to HSV-1, some AR129 mice survived infection with up to 10(4) PFU of HSV-1. This acute immune response was dependent on the presence of interleukin-12 (IL-12) p75. Interestingly, some virus-infected mice stayed healthy for several months, at which time antibody to HSV-1 was no longer detectable. Treatment of these virus-exposed mice with dexamethasone led to death in approximately 40% of the mice. HSV-1 was found in brains of mice that did not survive dexamethasone treatment, whereas HSV-1 was absent in those that survived the treatment. We conclude that in the presence of passively administered HSV-1-specific antibodies, the IL-12-induced IFN-gamma-dependent innate immune response is able to control low doses of virus infection. Surprisingly, in a significant proportion of these mice, HSV-1 appears to persist in the absence of antibodies and specific immunity.
Low-latency skew-compensation circuits for parallel optical interconnections (2003)

We have developed a new skew-compensation method for parallel optical interconnections. To compensate for a skew of over one clock cycle, we have developed a new frame-coding technique called shuffled mBIC, which does not require a clock-rate conversion circuit; a new skew-measurement method, which is well suited for the addition of forward error correction; and a new bit-synchronization technique, which has a wide tolerance for the signal duty. Skew-compensation operation and error-correction adaptability with this method were confirmed using field-programmable gate arrays. Using this method, 12-ch skew-compensation LSIs using Si-Bipolar process for 1-Gbit/s/ch parallel optical interconnection were designed. These LSIs were designed with a maximum skew-compensation capacity of five clock cycles and a maximum latency of only nine clock cycles.
High‐affinity rat anti‐fluorescein monoclonal antibody with unique fine specificity properties including differntail recognition of dynamic ligand analogues (1995)

The ability of antibodies to specifically select and stabilize through binding one or more isomers of highly dynamic ligands remains a relatively unexplored immunochemical problem. The experimental strategy employed in this study was to elicit homogeneous antibodies to polyaromatic fluorescein which exists in one isomeric form. The binding properties of a monoclonal rat antifluorescein antibody specific to a given isomer were quantitatively studied to determine the capacity to bind dynamic analogues of fluorescein which exists in multiple isomers. To generate monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibodies that reacted with specific dynamic analogues of fluorescein possessing unconjugated aromatic ring systems, immune spleenocytes from Lou/M rats immunized with FITC(I)-KLH were fused with Balb/c SP2/0-Ag14 murine myeloma cells forming rat-mouse hybridomas. Cell line P2A12-1-C8 was selected for further characterization from the original 23 stable rat hybrids, since it produced a monoclonal antibody with a binding affinity 2.0 x 10(10)/M for fluorescein based on dissociation rate measurements. P2A12-1-C8 exhibited significant reactivity with HPF and phenol red, which are dynamic structural analogues of the homologous fluorescein ligand. No reactivity was demonstrated with phenolphthalein, which based on relative chemical structures was expected to be more reactive than phenol red. Computer-based molecular modeling and energy minimization studies of fluorescein, HPF, phenol red, and phenolphthalein showed that in terms of the most energetically favorable orientation of the three aromatic rings, phenol red more closely simulated fluorescein than phenolphthalein. The results were analyzed in terms of the mechanisms of dynamic ligand stabilization and binding involving accommodation of specific ligand isomers by energetically permissible conformational states exhibited by an antibody active site. Thus, antibody reactivity of an anti-fluorescein antibody with phenol red and phenolphthalein was dictated more by ligand dynamics and aromatic orientation than by chemical structure similarities.
Effect of oxygen and nitrogen functionalization on the physical and electronic structure of graphene (2015)

Covalent functionalization of graphene offers opportunities for tailoring its properties and is an unavoidable consequence of some graphene synthesis techniques. However, the changes induced by the functionalization are not well understood. By using atomic sources to control the extent of the oxygen and nitrogen functionalization, we studied the evolution in the structure and properties at the atomic scale. Atomic oxygen reversibly introduces epoxide groups whilst, under similar conditions, atomic nitrogen irreversibly creates diverse functionalities including substitutional, pyridinic, and pyrrolic nitrogen. Atomic oxygen leaves the Fermi energy at the Dirac point (i.e., undoped), whilst atomic nitrogen results in a net n-doping; however, the experimental results are consistent with the dominant electronic effect for both being a transition from delocalized to localized states, and hence the loss of the signature electronic structure of graphene.
Synthesis of an Advanced Model of Zetekitoxin AB Focusing on the <i>N</i>‐Acylisoxazolidine Amide Structure Corresponding to C13–C17 (2014)

Abstract Zetekitoxin AB (ZTX) is a neurotoxin bearing a saxitoxin core structure together with a characteristic nine‐membered macrocyclic lactam involving a N ‐acylisoxazolidine moiety and a N ‐hydroxylcarbonylmethyl group. We describe a synthesis of an advanced model for ZTX bearing saxitoxin core structure with N ‐acylisoxazolidine moiety, i.e., C13–C17. In this synthesis, the isoxazolidine amide moiety of a ZTX analogue was constructed by reaction of an isoxazolidine with the carboxylic acid at C13 of STX, which was obtained by oxidation of the axially oriented alcohol at C13 2‐azaadamantane N ‐oxyl (AZADO) in the presence of NaClO and NaClO 2 . The 13 C NMR signal of C13 in the resulting ZTX analogue was discussed by comparison with the reported spectral data for natural product of ZTX.
Emulsion stabilization by non-ionic surfactants: experiment and theory (1971)

Journal Article Emulsion stabilization by non-ionic surfactants: experiment and theory Get access A T FLORENCE, A T FLORENCE School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J A ROGERS J A ROGERS School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 23, Issue 3, March 1971, Pages 153–169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1971.tb08637.x Published: 12 April 2011
IL-6 Increases Primed Cell Expansion and Survival (2005)

Cytochrome c-specific CD4 T cells from transgenic donors transferred to syngeneic B10.A mice expand more vigorously upon immunization if exogenous IL-6 is provided during the initial phase of immunization. The resultant increase in the frequency and number of Ag-specific cells is observed in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lung and persists for at least 3 mo. Treatment of immunized recipients with anti-IL-6 or use of IL-6 knockout recipients reduced the frequency of Ag-specific CD4 T cells during a comparable period, indicating that IL-6 is physiologically involved in the expansion of memory and/or effector cells and thus in the persistence of memory. IL-6 did not alter the duration of Ag-presenting activity. Both CFSE dilution studies and labeling with BrdU indicated that IL-6 does not effect proliferative rates of responding CD4 T cells. By contrast, annexin V staining was diminished in responding cells from the IL-6-treated animals, particularly among those cells that had undergone five or more divisions. These results indicate that IL-6 reduces the level of apoptosis among Ag-stimulated cells; thus, it plays a central role in determining numbers of memory and/or effector CD4 T cells in response to immunization over extended periods.
Performance comparison of the Prophecy (forecasting) Algorithm in FFT form for unseen feature and time-series prediction (2013)

We introduce a generalized numerical prediction and forecasting algorithm. We have previously published it for malware byte sequence feature prediction and generalized distribution modeling for disparate test article analysis. We show how non-trivial non-periodic extrapolation of a numerical sequence (forecast and backcast) from the starting data is possible. Our ancestor-progeny prediction can yield new options for evolutionary programming. Our equations enable analytical integrals and derivatives to any order. Interpolation is controllable from smooth continuous to fractal structure estimation. We show how our generalized trigonometric polynomial can be derived using a Fourier transform.
TCP/IP Model and Intrusion Detection Systems (2009)

To accommodate the information security growth and hacker's improved strategies and tools, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are required to be allocated across the network. Furthermore, previous studies showed that the choice of network features used for the IDS is dependent on the type of the attack. Accordingly, each TCP/IP network layer has specific type of network attacks, which means that each TCP/IP network layer needs a specific type of IDS. This paper proposes a new categorization for IDS depending on the TCP/IP network model: application layer IDS (AIDS), transport layer IDS (TIDS), network layer IDS (NIDS) and link layer IDS (LIDS). Each of these IDS types is specialized to a specific network device. So, the detection process will be distributed among all TCP/IP network model layers through the network devices. To design each of these different types of IDS, several experiments have been conducted using two different features selection approaches to select the appropriate features set for each IDS type. The experimental results indicate that each IDS type has different features set that can not only improve the overall performance of the IDS, but it also can improve its scalability.
Computing Models for Distributed Autonomic Clouds and Grids in the Context of the DIME Network Architecture (2012)

This paper presents an overview of computing models for a very important class of distributed systems: autonomic grids and clouds. We present the DIME network architecture as a representative of this still relatively new class of computing. We attempt to capture its potentials by formal modeling and emerging properties.
Second-Harmonic Generation of Light with Double Refraction (1965)

Experimental and theoretical investigations are reported on the second-harmonic generation (SHG) of light in crystals long enough so that SHG is limited by double refraction. This effect has been called the aperture effect. SHG has been observed in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) under matching conditions using the highly parallel beam from a gas laser. Crystals of lengths 5 and 10 cm were used. It was observed that the peak of the SHG is displaced from the peak of the fundamental by a few millimeters. This is the order of magnitude to be expected, since the fundamental is an ordinary ray and the SHG is an extraordinary ray. Since the position of the SHG peak should depend upon absorption, the absorption coefficients of ADP for the fundamental (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}=1.1526$ \ensuremath{\mu}) and the second harmonic (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}=0.5763$ \ensuremath{\mu}) were measured and found to be ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=0.151$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}=0.024$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; the latter value may represent small-angle scattering rather than true absorption. The matching angle, the angle between the beam and the optic axis for index matching, was measured and found to be ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{m}=42.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Two kinds of theory are presented. The experiments are first discussed in terms of a heuristic theory which relies upon intuition and plausible physical arguments. The experiments are shown to be in quantitative agreement with this theory. A formal theory is also given for SHG under matching conditions by beams of finite aperture taking into account double refraction and absorption. For parallel beams this theory reduces to the heuristic theory.
Maximum likelihood multipath channel estimation for synchronous-CDM systems (2002)

In the growing market of digital broadcasting, code division multiplexing (CDM) techniques seem to be very promising. Personal and mobile digital communications applications will have to cope with harsh propagation conditions, characterised by multipath and fading phenomena. Spread spectrum techniques possess intrinsic protection against such frequency-selective channels, but, when the system is loaded, additional multipath processing is required at the receiver side to guarantee good performance. An accurate knowledge of the channel parameters is needed to perform multipath processing. In the paper a novel family of maximum likelihood channel estimators for S-CDM systems is derived. Estimators performance, evaluated and optimised for the Gold code family, shows a good robustness also for large carrier frequency offsets.
Application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of α-thalassemia (2013)

Objective To investigate the application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique in deletion α-thalassemia(HbH) patients with gene type rapid diagnosis value.Methods From January 2006 to January 2012,retrospective analysis clinical data of multiplex PCR for detection of 202 cases in patients with suspected for α-thalassemia in the hospital,and the samples were analyzed for gene sequencing and experimental hematology parameters.Results 136 cases were proved to be α-thalassemia by gene detection in 202 cases with suspected for α-thalassemia.And PCR detection compared to a tube method,the sensitivity of erythrocyte fragility,MCV,MCH and RDW-CV was 85.29%,99.44%,73.53% and 61.03% respectively,the specificity of that was 69.70%,66.67%,62.12% and 60.61%.In 136 patients with α-thalassemia,——SEA/αα 104 cases、——α3.7/αα 14 cases、——α4.2/αα 4 cases、——α3.7/——SEA 11 cases and-α4.2/——SEA 3 cases,accounting for 76.47%,10.29%,2.94%,8.09% and 2.21% respectively.Conclusion The multiplex PCR method can rapidly detect α-thalassemia genotypes,especially HbH α-thalassemia dual genotype.Operation is simple and accurate,can be applied to clinical detection of genotype of α-thalassemia,especially in large population ofα-thalassemia genotype screening.