gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interference of third-order light mixing and second-harmonic exciton generation in CuCl (1974)

The generation of the combination frequency $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$ in CuCl by two incident waves, at frequencies ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$, respectively, is measured as a function of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$. When $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$ equals the frequency of the first longitudinal-exciton resonance, a resonant dispersive behavior in the production of the intensity at $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$ is observed.
Muscle atrophy induced by SOD1G93A expression does not involve the activation of caspase in the absence of denervation (2011)

This study suggests that muscle atrophy induced by the toxic effect of SOD1G93A is independent from the activation of apoptotic markers and that caspase-mediated apoptosis is a process activated upon muscle denervation.
A comparison of the efficacy and duration of action of topically applied proxymetacaine using a novel ophthalmic delivery system versus eye drops in healthy young volunteers. (1993)

A novel ophthalmic drug delivery system (NODS) has been developed to give precise and controlled delivery of a drug to the eye. The drug is incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol flag attached to a carrier. When applied to the eye the flag detaches and gradually dissolves, releasing the drug. We investigated corneal anaesthesia produced by different concentrations of proxymetacaine NODS, and conventional eye drops. Subjects consisted of 28 normal males (mean age 25.3 (SD 3.9) years). Corneal touch sensitivity was measured with a biomicroscope mounted Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Each subject attended for two visits separated by 7 days. On each visit each eye randomly received one of four proxymetacaine preparations: 44 micrograms, 74 micrograms, 124 micrograms NODS, or 35 microliters of 0.5% proxymetacaine drops (175 micrograms). Corneal touch sensitivity was measured before, and at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes following instillation. Complete anesthesia was achieved in the majority of subjects within 1 minute of instillation. The lowest NODS dose (44 micrograms) produced longer lasting anaesthesia than the 35 microliters drop (175 micrograms) (p < 0.05). Higher NODS doses produced a correspondingly greater increase in the duration of anaesthesia. The greater bioavailability achieved by this vehicle allows much lower drug concentrations to be used, reducing the likelihood of systemic adverse reactions.
Water Loss Detection via Genetic Algorithm Optimization-based Model Calibration (2008)

Identifying how much water is being lost from water networks and where the losses are occurring is of great importance to water utilities both for operational and planning reasons as well as for reputation. In this paper, an optimization-based approach is presented for simultaneously quantifying and locating water losses via the process of hydraulic model calibration. The model calibration is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem that is solved by using a genetic algorithm. The method is developed as an integrated framework of hydraulic simulation and optimization modeling. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how the integrated approach is applied to water loss detection. The results obtained show that the method is effective at detecting water loss as part of the hydraulic calibration of the network model. The accuracy of water loss detection is dependent on the quality of the field observed data and model granularity. However, it has been shown that the approach can be used for reducing the uncertainty of the water loss identification by locating water loss hotspots, which could lead to improved operating revenues at water utilities. This paper was presented at the 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium which was held with the generous support of Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF).
Effect of Condenser Subcooling of the Performance of Vapor Compression Systems: Experimental and Numerical Investigation (2012)

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of the effect of condenser subcooling on the performance of vapor-compression systems. It is shown that, as condenser subcooling increases, the COP reaches a maximum as a result of a trade-off between increasing refrigerating effect and specific compression work. The thermodynamic properties associated with the relative increase in refrigerating effect, i.e. liquid specific heat and latent heat of vaporization, are dominant to determine the maximum COP improvement with condenser subcooling. Refrigerants with large latent heat of vaporization tend to benefit less from condenser subcooling. For a typical AC system, numerical results indicate that the R1234yf would benefit the most from condenser subcooling in comparison to R410A, R134a and R717 due to its smaller latent heat of vaporization. On the other hand, the value of COP maximizing subcooling does not seem to be a strong function of thermodynamic properties. Experimental results comparing R1234yf and R134a confirmed the trends observed during the numerical study. For a given operating condition, the system COP increased up to 18% for R1234yf and only 9% for R134a.
Anti-VEGF therapy for glaucoma (2010)

The recent use of anti-VEGF agents for neovascular glaucoma as well as wound modulation after trabeculectomy has shown great promise. Through future research, the antiangiogenic and antifibroblastic properties of anti-VEGF agents may prove to be beneficial in patients being treated for various forms of glaucoma.
<i>In vitro</i> biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of TiZrNbTaPd and TiSnNbTaPd alloys (1995)

There is much discussion about the toxic effect of vanadium and aluminum contained in Ti-6Al-4V alloy for prosthetic implants. The goal of the present investigation was to develop new titanium alloys with sufficient mechanical properties using more biocompatible alloying elements: zirconium, tin, niobium, tantalum, and palladium. The relative growth rates of L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly higher when cultured with the extraction of Ti-10Zr-8Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd or Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloys than when cultured with the extraction of Ti-6Al-4AV ELI alloy. The tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area for Ti-15Sn-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloy were 989 MPa, 14.4%, and 49.3%, respectively, surpassing Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. (ASTM F138-84); those for Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloy were 725 MPa, 23.6% and 54.9%, respectively. More than 15% addition of tin as well as zirconium deteriorated the tensile properties. Titanium release into a 5% hydrochloric acid solution from the new titanium alloys was 20-50 micrograms/cm2 per day, though that from Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy was 1300 micrograms/cm2 per day. The optimum alloy compositions are Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd and Ti-15Sn-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd, judging from cytocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. The former is characterized by its higher level cytocompatibility and corrosion resistance, while the latter is characterized by mechanical properties.
Activity and Stability of Cu−CeO<sub>2</sub> Catalysts in High-Temperature Water−Gas Shift for Fuel-Cell Applications (2004)

Copper-containing cerium oxide materials are shown in this work to be suitable for the high-temperature water−gas shift (WGS) reaction integrated with hydrogen separation in a membrane reactor to generate pure hydrogen. Copper−ceria is a stable high-temperature shift catalyst, unlike iron−chrome catalysts that deactivate severely in CO2-rich gases. Such gas mixtures will prevail if a catalytic membrane reactor is used to remove hydrogen. We also found that iron oxide−ceria catalysts have much lower activities than copper−ceria catalysts. Ceria participates in the WGS reaction; its surface properties are crucial for high activity and are sensitive to the presence of dopants. The kinetics of the WGS reaction over 10 atom % Cu−Ce(30 atom % La)Ox were measured in the temperature range 300−450 °C. A strong dependence on CO and a weak dependence on H2O were found at 450 °C, whereas inhibition by the reaction products was weak. The apparent activation energy over the catalyst stabilized in the reaction gas mixture at 450 °C is 70 kJ/mol. The catalyst lost some activity in the initial time on stream but was stabilized thereafter. A loss of catalyst surface area (∼20%) and copper enrichment of the ceria surface during the WGS reaction at 450 °C can explain the observed activity loss.
Use of Fibrinolytic Agents to Coat Wire Implants to Decrease Infection (1995)

Both the heparin-coated and urokinase-heparin-coated wire exhibited significantly decreased infection rates compared with uncoated wire; the heparin coating may inhibit bacterial adherence. The urokinase coating of the heparin-coated wire appears to further decrease the infection rate, but not to a statistically significant degree.
Goods and services tax for Australia: An evaluation of the National Farmers' Federation outlay tax reform proposal, A (1990)

Australia has a long history of trying to introduce outlay tax reforms. It remains the one major area of tax reform where changes are clearly needed. More than five years have now elapsed since the National Tax Summit in July 1985 where outlay tax reforms were rejected. However, the push for such reforms is again gathering momentum. At the vanguard of this push are many peak industry bodies, foremost amongst these is the National Farmers' Federation (NFF). The NFF has proposed major reforms to outlay and income based taxes as well as government expenditure reductions. This report examines in detail the NFF outlay tax reform proposal which is revenue neutral in its fiscal impact. The outlay tax reforms proposed by the NFF include major cuts in petrol excise and customs duties, the abolition of the Wholesale Sales Tax and the introduction of a New Zealand-type Goods and Services Tax (GST). This study shows that the NFF outlay tax reforms offer significant gains to business through reduced taxes on inputs into production and the reduction in the distortion to resource allocation caused by outlay taxes. This particularly benefits exporters and general business economic efficiency.
Transcript mapping with high-density oligonucleotide tiling arrays (2006)

R package tilingArray at http://www.bioconductor.org.
Data structures for multilayer N-dimensional data using hierarchical structure (2002)

A multilayer (ML) data structure, which is a hierarchical data structure for N-dimensional data classified into layers, is proposed. In the ML structure, a node structure is extended so that data can be stored not only in the leaves (terminal nodes) but also in internal nodes by adding a layer-management mechanism. The creation, management, and searching methods of the ML structure are described, taking two-dimensional point data classified into layers as an object. The management of line data or expansion to n(n>2)-dimensional data can be easily realized. Good retrieval performances are obtained in the case of a spatial search for a specific layer's data and that for plural layers' data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Driving tests for self-driving cars (2018)

At a test track east of Gothenburg, Sweden, people are ushered into autonomous vehicles for a test drive. But there's a twist: The vehicles aren't actually autonomous-there's a hidden driver in the back-and the people are participating in an experiment to discover how they'll behave when the car is chauffeuring them around. At Zenuity-a joint venture between Volvo and Autoliv, a Swedish auto-safety company-this test is just one of many ways we make sure not just that autonomous vehicles work but that they can drive more safely than humans ever could. If self-driving cars are ever going to hit the road, they'll need to know the rules and how to follow them safely, regardless of how much they might depend on the human behind the wheel.
State reduction in Viterbi detector using preliminary decisions (2001)

This paper presents a technique to reduce the number of states in the trellis of a conventional partial response Viterbi detector (PR-VD) using preliminary decisions. The preliminary decisions are obtained from a lower order PR-VD which are used to shorten the tail of the higher order partial response. Since it does not use decision feedback to shorten the tail of the higher order PR, it does not suffer from error propagation. Theoretical analysis is carried out to show the influence of error events in the preliminary and reduced state Viterbi detectors on the system performance, and to provide possible ways to effectively implement the scheme. Simulation results are provided to bring out certain key features of the approach.
What we have learned from inherited platelet disorders (2012)

Abstract Identifying the molecular basis of inherited platelet disorders has contributed to our understanding of normal platelet physiology. Many of these conditions are rare, but close observation of clinical and laboratory phenotype, and subsequent identification of the abnormal protein and mutated gene, have provided us with unique opportunities to examine specific aspects of platelet biogenesis and function. Phenotype–genotype association studies are providing a detailed understanding of the structure and function of platelet membrane receptors, the biogenesis and release of platelet granules, and the assembly of the cytoskeleton. Genetic polymorphisms contributing to decreased or increased platelet adhesion and activation may translate into increased clinical risks for bleeding or thrombosis. More recently, genome wide association studies have identified new genes contributing to the variation in normal platelet function. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S2–S7. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pure midbrain infarction (1994)

We studied 22 patients with first stroke and infarct limited to the midbrain on MRI. We selected these patients (8%) from 281 with posterior circulation infarct admitted consecutively into a primary care center. All patients underwent a systematic protocol of investigations including MR imaging and angiography, and echocardiography. Most infarcts fitted well to arterial territories drawn in preestablished templates. Middle midbrain involvement was the most common, mainly in the paramedian territory supplied by the basilar artery. Infarct in the mesencephalic territory of the posterior cerebral artery was less common, while superior cerebellar artery territory infarct was extremely rare, and posterior choroidal artery territory infarct did not occur. The neurologic picture was dominated by eye-movement disorders. Patients with isolated upper or lower midbrain infarct had no localizing clinical findings, but patients with middle midbrain infarct had a localizing picture mainly with nuclear or fascicular third nerve palsies that commonly developed in isolation. Vertical gaze paresis, pure motor hemiparesis, four-limb ataxia from unilateral lesion, and hypesthetic ataxic hemiparesis also occurred. Contrary to a common view, cardioembolism was not a more common etiology than basilar artery stenosis or small-vessel disease.
A Model for Automotive Windshield Washer Spray Delivered by a Fluidic Nozzle (1996)

Locating the spray nozzle to provide optimum coverage of the windshield under a wide range of driving conditions is largely a trial-and-error experimental process for the designer. In this paper a computational model is presented that will initially locate the nozzle and thus reduce wind-tunnel and/or road test time. The computer program is easy to use and the calculation time is short on a 486 PC. Comparisons between model and experiment are presented which show that the model generally predicts the experimental strike point to within 13 per cent. Parametric studies show the effects of spray velocity, car speed, fluid density, droplet size and nozzle location.
Using the Late Spring Nitrate Test to Reduce Nitrate Loss within a Watershed (2004)

Excessive nitrate leaching from the U.S. Corn Belt has created serious water quality problems and contributed to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of implementing the late spring nitrate test (LSNT) for corn (Zea mays L.) grown within a 400-ha, tile-drained subbasin in central Iowa. Surface water discharge and NO3 concentrations from the treated subbasin and two adjacent subbasins receiving primarily fall-applied, anhydrous ammonia were compared. In two of four years, the LSNT method significantly reduced N fertilizer applications compared with the farmers' standard practices. Average corn yield from LSNT fields and nonlimiting N fertilizer check strips was not significantly different. Autoregressive (AR) models using weekly time series in surface water NO3 concentration differences between the LSNT and control subbasins indicated no consistent significant differences during the pre-LSNT (1992-1996) period. However, by the second year (1998) of the treatment period (1997-2000), NO3 concentrations in surface water from the treated subbasin were significantly lower than the concentrations coming from both control basins. Annual average flow-weighted NO3 concentrations for the last two years (1999-2000) were 11.3 mg N L(-1) for the LSNT and subbasin and 16.0 mg N L(-1) for the control subbasins. Based on these values and the AR models, widespread adoption of the LSNT program for managing N fertilizer where fall N application is typically practiced could result in a > or = 30% decrease for NO3 concentrations in surface water.
The Synthesis of Rare Sugars (1969)

Abstract The use of new oxidation reagents, such as the Pfitzner‐Moffatt reagent, dimethyl sulfoxide‐acid anhydrides, and ruthenium tetroxide, has significantly improved the yields obtained on oxidation of a secondary hydroxyl group to a carbonyl group in suitably protected sugars. The application of these new oxidants in the carbohydrate field is briefly surveyed. The product ketones are convenient intermediates for syntheses of amino, branched‐chain, deoxy, and other rare sugars. Some representative syntheses are illustrated.
An expert system for the computer-aided diagnosis of dizziness and vertigo (1993)

We have developed an expert system to assist in the diagnostic work-up of otoneurological cases. Our otoneurological expert system ONE takes advantage of both patient history and clinical measurement data in order to supply all possible information about the patient's symptoms and other findings. This paper presents ONE after its initial stage of development, which included tests with numerous patients.
Estimating hospital costs attributable to prolonged air leak in pulmonary lobectomy☆ (2004)

PAL patients are prone to developing major postoperative morbidity. PAL calculated costs are over 13,000 per year. This data is useful for designing technical cost-effective strategies to avoid post-lobectomy PAL.
Confirmation of Hepatitis C Virus Positive Blood Donors by Immunoblotting and Polymerase Chain Reaction (1992)

In a series of 385 sera obtained from volunteer blood donors positive for the first-generation hepatitis C virus assay (Ortho), the viral genome was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 89 sera (23%). Most PCR-positive sera were found positive with the c100-3 neutralisation assay (Abbott) and by two second-generation enzyme immunoassays (Abbott, Ortho). However overall specificity of these assays was rather low. By immunoblotting (Innogenetics and Chiron/Ortho) the specificity could be considerably improved and the best correlation with carrier state was obtained when analysing the results for lane-specific reaction: all 89 viral carriers and only 9 other donors had antibodies against structural 'core' epitopes. From the present data we can conclude that in screening a volunteer blood donor population the confirmation of antibodies against 'core' epitopes by immunoblotting is strongly associated with viral carriage.
Relation Extraction with Matrix Factorization and Universal Schemas (2013)

Traditional relation extraction predicts relations within some fixed and finite target schema. Machine learning approaches to this task require either manual annotation or, in the case of distant supervision, existing structured sources of the same schema. The need for existing datasets can be avoided by using a universal schema: the union of all involved schemas (surface form predicates as in OpenIE, and relations in the schemas of pre-existing databases). This schema has an almost unlimited set of relations (due to surface forms), and supports integration with existing structured data (through the relation types of existing databases). To populate a database of such schema we present matrix factorization models that learn latent feature vectors for entity tuples and relations. We show that such latent models achieve substantially higher accuracy than a traditional classification approach. More importantly, by operating simultaneously on relations observed in text and in pre-existing structured DBs such as Freebase, we are able to reason about unstructured and structured data in mutually-supporting ways. By doing so our approach outperforms state-of-the-art distant supervision.
Genetic Variants and Their Interactions in the Prediction of Increased Pre-Clinical Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (2010)

The relative contribution of genetic risk factors to the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis is poorly understood. It is likely that multiple variants are implicated in the development of atherosclerosis, but the subtle genotypic and phenotypic differences are beyond the reach of the conventional case-control designs and the statistical significance testing procedures being used in most association studies. Our objective here was to investigate whether an alternative approach--in which common disorders are treated as quantitative phenotypes that are continuously distributed over a population--can reveal predictive insights into the early atherosclerosis, as assessed using ultrasound imaging-based quantitative measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). Using our population-based follow-up study of atherosclerosis precursors as a basis for sampling subjects with gradually increasing IMT levels, we searched for such subsets of genetic variants and their interactions that are the most predictive of the various risk classes, rather than using exclusively those variants meeting a stringent level of statistical significance. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of the variants, and cross-validation was used to assess how well the predictive models will generalize to other subsets of subjects. By means of our predictive modeling framework with machine learning-based SNP selection, we could improve the prediction of the extreme classes of atherosclerosis risk and progression over a 6-year period (average AUC 0.844 and 0.761), compared to that of using conventional cardiovascular risk factors alone (average AUC 0.741 and 0.629), or when combined with the statistically significant variants (average AUC 0.762 and 0.651). The predictive accuracy remained relatively high in an independent validation set of subjects (average decrease of 0.043). These results demonstrate that the modeling framework can utilize the "gray zone" of genetic variation in the classification of subjects with different degrees of risk of developing atherosclerosis.