gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Concentrations of Midazolam in Children Following Intranasal Administration (1991)

Nasally administered midazolam appears to be a useful method for rapidly sedating children prior to the induction of anesthesia. We determined the peak plasma concentrations after intranasal administration of midazolam and compared this to plasma concentrations achieved after intravenously administered midazolam in 18 children between the ages of 14 months and 5 yr, who underwent elective closure of an asymptomatic atrial septal or ventricular septal defect. Preanesthetic medication was at the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist. Induction of anesthesia was with halothane in N2O and O2 via mask, and tracheal intubation was performed after the administration of fentanyl or sufentanil plus pancuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with these agents, and augmented with halothane or isoflurane. As soon as arterial access was established, the patient received 0.1 mg/kg of either intranasal or intravenous midazolam. Midazolam concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Intranasal midazolam achieved its peak plasma concentration of 72.2 +/- 27.3 ng/ml in 10.2 +/- 2 min. Ten minutes after the administration of midazolam, the mean plasma concentration in the intranasal midazolam group was 57% of the concentrations in the group receiving midazolam intravenously. These results confirm the clinical impression that intranasal administration of midazolam rapidly achieves sedative plasma concentrations in children.
A laboratory study of friction in hip implants (1999)

Abstract One of the most promising methods of reducing wear and extending the useful life of artificial joints is by regular microrelief treatment, a novel finishing technology based on the formation of a system of fine grooves by means of plastic deformation of surfaces with a ball‐tipped diamond. Laboratory friction testing of treated joint prostheses is an essential component in the developmental process of this application. In order to evaluate the friction characteristics of hip prostheses made up of metal ball heads treated with regular microrelief, a computer‐monitored friction tester was developed. The ball head was pressed against the cup by a load. The friction torque was measured by means of a load cell. Distilled water was used as the lubricant. Before the friction test, all balls were tested in a specially developed wetting ability tester, to evaluate the effect of regular microrelief treatment on the wetting behaviour of the head surface in water. The results obtained showed that the wetting ability of balls treated with regular microrelief was higher by 30% as compared with non‐treated hip heads. The articulating pairs with heads treated with regular microrelief showed a 25–35% reduction in the friction torque, when compared with conventional, non‐treated joints.
Gate sizing: a general purpose optimization approach (1996)

Gate sizing consists of choosing for each node of a mapped network a gate implementation in the library so that some cost function is optimized under some constraints. This has a significant impact on the delay, power dissipation, and area of the final circuit. The gate sizing methods previously proposed suffer from problems that make them difficult to apply on real-life large circuits. This paper presents GS, a gate sizing based general purpose optimization algorithm, which has the following characteristics: it can optimize the power or/and area under some delay constraints, or the delay under some power or/and area constraints; it can take into account user defined or library dependent design rules; as opposed to greedy approaches, it addresses non-linear, non-unimodal, constrained optimization, in order to handle complex cost models (e.g., delay and power); it can be applied on large circuits within a reasonable CPU time, e.g., 10000 nodes in 2 hours for power optimization under delay constraints.
SoC HW/SW verification and validation (2011)

In modern SoC design flow, verification and validation are key components to reduce time-to-market and enhance product quality. To avoid trade-offs between timing accuracy and simulation speed in RTL simulation and C++/SystemC virtual prototyping, FPGA prototyping has become a better choice in the design flow. However, the time-consuming bring-up procedure and insufficient debugging visibility has impaired its potential strengths in verification and validation. In this paper, we present the technology from InPA Systems in which four different modes of operations, RTL-FPGA co-simulation, SystemC-FPGA co-emulation, vector prototyping, and in-circuit prototyping, are supported. With these different modes of FPGA operations, users can develop and verify their SoCs in different stages of the design flow with different abstraction levels. This methodology efficiently and robustly completes the SoC HW/SW verification and validation flow.
Pharmacological inhibition of cystine–glutamate exchange induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis (2014)

Exchange of extracellular cystine for intracellular glutamate by the antiporter system xc (-) is implicated in numerous pathologies. Pharmacological agents that inhibit system xc (-) activity with high potency have long been sought, but have remained elusive. In this study, we report that the small molecule erastin is a potent, selective inhibitor of system xc (-). RNA sequencing revealed that inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange leads to activation of an ER stress response and upregulation of CHAC1, providing a pharmacodynamic marker for system xc (-) inhibition. We also found that the clinically approved anti-cancer drug sorafenib, but not other kinase inhibitors, inhibits system xc (-) function and can trigger ER stress and ferroptosis. In an analysis of hospital records and adverse event reports, we found that patients treated with sorafenib exhibited unique metabolic and phenotypic alterations compared to patients treated with other kinase-inhibiting drugs. Finally, using a genetic approach, we identified new genes dramatically upregulated in cells resistant to ferroptosis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02523.001.
Characterisation of CYP3A gene subfamily expression in human gastrointestinal tissues. (1995)

The human CYP3A subfamily is of interest due to its multiplicity, activity toward known carcinogens, and extrahepatic expression. In situ hybridisation analysis of formalin fixed, routinely processed biopsy specimens was used to localise CYP3A mRNA in human gastrointestinal tissues from several individuals. CYP3A mRNA is abundant in human liver and in mucosal epithelial cells of all segments of the human small intestine. RNA blot analyses showed that the mRNA species observed in most livers and in human small intestine represent CYP3A3/3A4 transcripts. This was confirmed at the protein level by immunoblot comparison of small intestine microsomes to in vitro expressed CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 proteins. In liver and small intestine, CYP3A mRNA is not uniformly distributed, with grain density highest in cells within the respective non-proliferative compartments. CYP3A mRNA was also observed in human oesophagus and colon. RNA blot analysis of multiple colons showed heterogeneity in the CYP3A mRNAs present. Two CYP3A mRNAs (CYP3A3/3A4 and CYP3A5) were detected in colon samples from several individuals. In addition to those localisation studies, the capacity of expressed CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to activate the dietary heterocyclic amine MeIQ in the presence of alpha-naphthoflavone was shown. These results show that there is considerable heterogeneity in the expression of the CYP3A subfamily in human gastrointestinal tissues.
Lenalidomide as salvage treatment for multiple myeloma relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a report from the French Society of Bone Marrow and Cellular Therapy (2012)

Optimal salvage treatment for multiple myeloma relapsing after allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains to be determined. Usually, such patients have been heavily pre-treated and present at relapse with a relatively refractory disease. Immunomodulatory properties of lenalidomide may be beneficial by facilitating a graft-versus-myeloma effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, the safety of such treatment is still under debate. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study and included 52 myeloma patients receiving lenalidomide alone or in combination with dexamethasone as salvage therapy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The first aim was to assess the efficacy and tolerance of this drug. The second aim was to evaluate its potential immunomodulatory effects evaluated on the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease under treatment. In this cohort, we show that lenalidomide can induce a high response rate of 83% (including 29% complete response). On lenalidomide therapy, 16 patients (31%) developed or exacerbated an acute graft-versus-host disease, which was the only factor significantly associated with an improved anti-myeloma response. Side effects were mostly reversible, whereas 2 deaths (4%) could be attributed to treatment toxicity and to graft-versus-host disease, respectively. With a median follow up of 16.3 months, the median overall and progression free survival were 30.5 and 18 months, respectively, independently of the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease under lenalidomide. Lenalidomide can induce high response rates in myeloma relapsing after allogeneic stem cell transplantation at least in part by triggering an allogeneic anti-myeloma response. Induced graft-versus-host disease has to be balanced against the potential benefit in terms of disease control. Further immunological studies would help us understand lenalidomide immunomodulatory activity in vivo.
X-Ray Fluorescence Emission Tomography (XFET) With Novel Imaging Geometries— A Monte Carlo Study (2011)

This paper presents a feasibility study for using two new imaging geometries for synchrotron X-ray fluorescence emission tomography (XFET) applications. In the proposed approaches, the object is illuminated with synchrotron X-ray beams of various cross-sectional dimensions. The resultant fluorescence photons are detected by high-resolution imaging-spectrometers coupled to collimation apertures. To verify the performance benefits of the proposed methods over the conventional line-by-line scanning approach, we have used both Monte Carlo simulations and an analytical system performance index to compare several different imaging geometries. This study has demonstrated that the proposed XFET approach could lead to a greatly improved imaging speed, which is critical for making XFET a practical imaging modality for a wide range of applications.
Finding Nemo: Searching and Resolving Identities of Users Across Online Social Networks (2012)

An online user joins multiple social networks in order to enjoy different services. On each joined social network, she creates an identity and constitutes its three major dimensions namely profile, content and connection network. She largely governs her identity formulation on any social network and therefore can manipulate multiple aspects of it. With no global identifier to mark her presence uniquely in the online domain, her online identities remain unlinked, isolated and difficult to search. Earlier research has explored the above mentioned dimensions, to search and link her multiple identities with an assumption that the considered dimensions have been least disturbed across her identities. However, majority of the approaches are restricted to exploitation of one or two dimensions. We make a first attempt to deploy an integrated system (Finding Nemo) which uses all the three dimensions of an identity to search for a user on multiple social networks. The system exploits a known identity on one social network to search for her identities on other social networks. We test our system on two most popular and distinct social networks - Twitter and Facebook. We show that the integrated system gives better accuracy than the individual algorithms. We report experimental findings in the report.
Difference FT-IR Studies of Photoassembly in the Manganese-Containing Catalytic Site of Photosystem II (1998)

Photosystem II oxidizes water to form molecular oxygen; this process occurs at a multinuclear manganese cluster. Treatment with reductants, such as hydroxylamine, leads to release of manganese and loss of oxygen evolution. The manganese cluster can be reassembled through a process called photoactivation. The first step of photoactivation consists of binding of Mn2+, which is then photooxidized to form Mn3+. We have used difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the oxidation of a partially assembled manganese cluster; this partially assembled cluster may represent an intermediate in photoassembly and contains, on average, one manganese per reaction center. Difference infrared spectra, associated with the photooxidation of this partially assembled cluster at 200 K, are similar to difference infrared spectra associated with the formation of the S2 multiline state. In particular, spectral features in the 1500−1200 cm-1 region, previously assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of aspartate and/or glutamate residues, are observed in both cases and are essentially identical. These data indicate that the first, high-affinity binding site for manganese in photosystem II has the same coordination as the manganese atom, which is oxidized upon formation of the S2 multiline state.
Studies on the constituents of asparagi radix. I. On the structures of furostanol oligosides of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Loureio) Merrill. (1979)

Asp-IV, V, VI and VII, the major furostanol oligosides, have been isolated from the methanol extract of Asparagus cochinchinensis (LOUREIO) MERRILL (Liliaceae). The structures of Asp-IV, V, VI and VII have been established as 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxyfurostane-3β, 26-diol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxyfurostane-3β, 26-diol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxyfurostane-3β, 26-diol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxyfurostane-3β, 26-diol 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)] [β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→4)] [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), respectively. Amethoxyl group at C-22 of each furostanol oligoside is converted to a hydroxyl group by boiling in aqueous acetone. The interconversions between methoxyl and hydroxyl groups at C-22 of the furostanol oligosides were investigated and the genuine furostanol oligosides of Asparagi radix appear to be of the hydroxyl type, based on comparative studies of the methanol and pyridine extracts.
Biology and mechano‐response of tendon cells: Progress overview and perspectives (2015)

In this review, we summarize the group discussions on Cell Biology & Mechanics from the 2014 ORS/ISMMS New Frontiers in Tendon Research Conference. The major discussion topics included: (1) the biology of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) and the potential of stem cell-based tendon therapy using TSPCs and other types of stem cells, namely, embryonic and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), (2) the biological concept and potential impact of cellular senescence on tendon aging, tendon injury repair and the development of degenerative disease, and (3) the effects of tendon cells' mechano-response on tendon cell fate and metabolism. For each topic, a brief overview is presented which summarizes the major points discussed by the group participants. The focus of the discussions ranged from current research progress, challenges and opportunities, to future directions on these topics. In the preparation of this manuscript, authors consulted relevant references as a part of their efforts to present an accurate view on the topics discussed.
Resistance to taxol chemotherapy produced in mouse marrow cells by safety-modified retroviruses containing a human MDR-1 transcription unit. (1995)

We used an animal model system to transplant lethally-irradiated mice with one million marrow cells which had been: (1) collected from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treated mice; and (2) transduced with retroviruses containing a multiple drug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene transcription unit. Following recovery from the transplant, we exposed these mice to doses of taxol ranging from 7 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, which corresponds to doses of 68 to 268 mg/m2 in man. The median white blood cell count by 5 days after taxol (expressed as the percentage of the white blood cell count before taxol) was 83% (range 46-100%) in 11 courses of taxol in mice transplanted once with MDR-1 transduced marrow immediately after transplant, whereas the median white blood cell count by 5 days after taxol in mice not transplanted with MDR-1 marrow was 41% in nine courses of taxol (range 11-66%). This difference is statistically different at the P < 0.001 level (Wilcoxon test). One million marrow cells from the MDR-1 transplanted mice were harvested and serially transplanted through five additional cohorts of mice, and tested with taxol after each cohort. The white blood cell count (expressed as the percentage of pre-taxol white blood cell count) after each cohort ranged from 94-146% in the 29 mice transplanted with the transduced MDR-1 marrow, which had been through more than one transplant. This is statistically different from the median white blood cell count recovery after taxol in mice which have no human MDR-1 modified marrow (P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PUBLICACIONES CUADERNOS AMERICANOS PODER MEXICO TECNOLOGIA DERECHO INTERNACIONAL TEATRO (1987)

CUADERNOS AMERICANOS. NUEVA EPOCA. (P.14) EL EQUILIBRIO DEL PODER EN MEXICO. LUIS DE LA HIDALGA. (P.15) ARTICULACION TECNOLOGICA Y PRODUCTIVA. MARISOL PEREZ LIZAUR, ARTURO CASTANOS Y JOSE ANTONIO ESTEVA. (P.15) CUADERNO SEMINARIO NACIONAL DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO. LEONEL PEREZNIETO CASTRO Y CLAUDE BELAIR MOUCHEL (EDIT.) (P.15) EL SANTO DE FUEGO. MARIO MONTEFORTE. (P.15)
Broad-Band Directional Couplers (1962)

It is shown how to connect two identical hybrids to obtain a directional coupler of arbitrary power division that operates over a broader band than that of the components. The broad-banding technique is possible with a certain kind of hybrid that includes Riblet couplers, multihole hybrids, coaxial hybrids and semioptical hybrids, but excludes T hybrids and ring hybrids. Riblet couplers have a geometry particularly adaptable to the broad-banding technique. Where the balance of one of these couplers is better than 1 db, the balance of the broad-band hybrid can be made better than 0.16 db. The broad-banding technique is particularly effective in the case of the 100 per cent transfer directional coupler type of circuit used for band separation filters and RADAR duplexers. In the semioptical waveguide band-splitting filters the bandwidth can be increased from about one to about four octaves (35-75 kMc to 35-580 kMc).
Orientation dependence of fatigue behavior in relaxor ferroelectric–PbTiO3 thin films (2000)

Pb[Yb 1/2 Nb 1/2 ]O 3 – PbTiO 3 (PYbN-PT)/SrRuO3 (SRO) capacitors with Pt top electrodes were grown by pulsed laser deposition onto (100)pc LaAlO3 (LAO) and (111)c SrTiO3 (STO) substrates (the subscripts pc and c refer here to the pseudocubic and cubic perovskite cells, respectively). Suitable changes in both the substrate orientation and processing conditions allowed the growth of perovskite structured ferroelectric films with various degrees of orientation, from highly 〈001〉pc-oriented PYbN-PT/SRO/LAO to highly 〈111〉pc-oriented PYbN-PT/SRO/STO heterostructures. It was found that fatigue characteristics of such as-grown planar capacitors are strongly dependent on their crystalline orientation. In particular, 〈001〉pc-heteroepitaxial thin films result in fatigue-free capacitors up to 1011 cycles, while 〈111〉pc-oriented heterostructures exhibit a marked degradation of the switchable polarization by ac voltage cycling. These data are consistent with recent findings of fatigue anisotropy in relaxor ferroelectric-PbTiO3 single crystals.
Task-dependent impedance and implications for upper-limb prosthesis control (2014)

Modern-day prosthetic limbs are currently unable to imitate the versatile interaction behaviors of real human arms. Although humans can vary the impedance of their arms, commercially available prosthetic limbs have impedance properties that cannot be directly controlled by users. We investigate the hypothesis that user-selectable prosthesis impedance properties could improve the user’s ability to interact effectively with a variety of environments. We report the results of a series of human subject studies exploring this hypothesis using either a virtual prosthesis or a robot arm as a prosthesis proxy. We observed human performance with different stiffness and damping levels in the prosthesis proxy in two one-degree-of-freedom tasks: (1) a force minimization task and (2) a trajectory tracking task. The virtual prosthesis studies focus on human performance in an ideal simulated system to avoid limitations of a physical implementation, whereas the robot arm study focuses on performance changes that result from limitations of physical robotic hardware. The virtual prosthesis results showed that task-dependent impedance can improve user performance and that users can evaluate the effects of changing impedance. The robot arm results showed similar performance benefits of task-dependent impedance in a physical robotic system. These studies identified areas in which non-ideal characteristics of the physical system limited users’ performance; most notably, the physical system could not achieve the low damping levels that helped subjects reduce contact forces in the virtual prosthesis studies. Thus, we identify some design considerations for prostheses with user-selectable impedance that can achieve useful impedance ranges for improving user performance.
An Effective Method for Formylation of Weakly Nucleophilic Anilines and Indole (1995)

w -In the presence of a catalytic amount of active titanium(1V) salt or Yb(OT03, weakly nucleophilic anilines and indole react under mild conditions with formic acid or aqueous formic acid to afford respectively the corresponding formanilides and indole-3-carboxaldehyde in excellent yields using 4- trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride as a coreagent.
Self-healing materials for soft-matter machines and electronics (2019)

Abstract The emergence of soft machines and electronics creates new opportunities to engineer robotic systems that are mechanically compliant, deformable, and safe for physical interaction with the human body. Progress, however, depends on new classes of soft multifunctional materials that can operate outside of a hard exterior and withstand the same real-world conditions that human skin and other soft biological materials are typically subjected to. As with their natural counterparts, these materials must be capable of self-repair and healing when damaged to maintain the longevity of the host system and prevent sudden or permanent failure. Here, we provide a perspective on current trends and future opportunities in self-healing soft systems that enhance the durability, mechanical robustness, and longevity of soft-matter machines and electronics.