gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lack of Attention to Singular (or Atomic) Requirements Despite Benefits for Quality, Metrics and Management (2016)

There are seemingly many advantages to being able to identify, document, test, and trace single or "atomic" requirements. Why then has there been little attention to the topic and no widely used definition or process on how to define atomic requirements? Definitions of requirements and standards focus on user needs, system capabilities or functions; some definitions include making individual requirements singular or without the use of conjunctions. In a few cases there has been a description of atomic system events or requirements. This work is surveyed here although there is no well accepted and used best practice for generating atomic requirements. Due to their importance in software engineering, quality and metrics for requirements have received considerable attention. In the seminal paper on software requirements quality, Davis et al. proposed specific metrics including the "unambiguous quality factor" and the "verifiable quality factor"; these and other metrics work best with a clearly enumerable list of single requirements. Atomic requirements are defined here as a natural language statement that completely describes a single system function, feature, need, or capability, including all information, details, limits, and characteristics. A typical user login screen is used as an example of an atomic requirement which can include both functional and nonfunctional requirements. Individual atomic requirements are supported by a system glossary, references to applicable industry standards, mock ups of the user interface, etc. One way to identify such atomic requirements is from use case or system event analysis. This definition of atomic requirements is still a work in progress and offered to prompt discussion. Atomic requirements allow clear naming or numbering of requirements for traceability, change management, and importance ranking. Further, atomic requirements defined in this manner are suitable for rapid implementation approaches (implementing one requirement at a time), enable good test planning (testing can clearly indicate pass or fail of the whole requirement), and offer other management advantages in project control.
Invited Review: Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise (2002)

The amount of GLUT-4 protein is a primary factor in determining the maximal rate of glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Therefore, it is important that we understand how exercise regulates GLUT-4 expression so that therapeutic strategies can be designed to increase muscle glucose disposal as a treatment for diabetes. Muscle contraction increases the rates of GLUT-4 transcription and translation. Transcriptional control likely requires at least two DNA binding proteins, myocyte enhancer factor-2 and GLUT-4 enhancer factor, which bind to the promoter. Increased GLUT-4 expression may be mediated by the enzyme AMP-activated kinase, which is activated during exercise and has been demonstrated to increase GLUT-4 transcription. Further research needs to be done to investigate whether AMP-activated kinase activates myocyte enhancer factor-2 and GLUT-4 enhancer factor to increase transcription of the GLUT-4 gene.
EWS-FLI-1 Expression Triggers a Ewing's Sarcoma Initiation Program in Primary Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2008)

Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) express the EWS-FLI-1 fusion gene generated by the chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12). Expression of the EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein in a permissive cellular environment is believed to play a key role in ESFT pathogenesis. However, EWS-FLI-1 induces growth arrest or apoptosis in differentiated primary cells, and the identity of permissive primary human cells that can support its expression and function has until now remained elusive. Here we show that expression of EWS-FLI-1 in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) is not only stably maintained without inhibiting proliferation but also induces a gene expression profile bearing striking similarity to that of ESFT, including genes that are among the highest ESFT discriminators. Expression of EWS-FLI-1 in hMSCs may recapitulate the initial steps of Ewing's sarcoma development, allowing identification of genes that play an important role early in its pathogenesis. Among relevant candidate transcripts induced by EWS-FLI-1 in hMSCs, we found the polycomb group gene EZH2, which we show to play a critical role in Ewing's sarcoma growth. These observations are consistent with our recent findings using mouse mesenchymal progenitor cells and provide compelling evidence that hMSCs are candidate cells of origin of ESFT.
Synthesis of 4-Fluorinated UDP-MurNAc Pentapeptide as an Inhibitor of Bacterial Growth (2004)

4-Fluorinated UDP-MurNAc pentapeptide, <b>2</b>, has been synthesized. In our previous study, UDP-MurNAc pentapeptide analogue <b>1</b> was found to\nbe incorporated into the bacterial cell wall through biosynthesis. Compound <b>2</b> showed growth-inhibition activity against Gram-positive bacteria\nwhen it was added to growth media at 0.01 mg/mL.
Dihydroxy Bile Acids Activate the Transcription of Cyclooxygenase-2 (1998)

Bile acids, endogenous promoters of gastrointestinal cancer, activate protein kinase C (PKC) and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Because other activators of PKC and AP-1 induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), we determined the effects of bile acids on the expression of COX-2 in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with the dihydroxy bile acids chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate resulted in an approximately 10-fold increase in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Enhanced synthesis of PGE2 was associated with a marked increase in the levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein, with maximal effects at 8-12 and 12-24 h, respectively. In contrast, neither cholic acid nor conjugated bile acids affected the levels of COX-2 or the synthesis of PGE2. Nuclear run-off assays and transient transfections with a human COX-2 promoter construct showed that induction of COX-2 mRNA by chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate was due to increased transcription. Bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 was blocked by inhibitors of PKC activity, including calphostin C and staurosporine. Treatment with bile acid enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and increased binding of AP-1 to DNA. These data are important because dihydroxy bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 may explain, at least in part, the tumor-promoting effects of bile acids.
An MMI-based polarization splitter using patterned metal and tilted joint (2012)

A novel polarization splitter on an InP substrate utilizing an MMI coupler loaded with a dielectric and gold layer pad is proposed and simulated. A tilted joint is used for adjusting the phases of TE and TM modes. The MMI section is less than 540 μm. Simulations show that the device has a polarization extinction ratio over 23 dB and an insertion loss below 0.7 dB over the entire C-band for both TE and TM polarizations. The device design was optimized to maximize the wavelength range and tolerance for manufacturing variations.
A simple alfalfa seedling infection model for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> strains associated with cystic fibrosis shows AlgT (sigma-22) and RhlR contribute to pathogenesis (2002)

A sensitive plant infection model was developed to identify virulence factors in nontypeable, alginate overproducing (mucoid) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Nontypeable strains with defects in lipopolysaccharide O-side chains are common to CF and often exhibit low virulence in animal models of infection. However, 1,000 such bacteria were enough to show disease symptoms in the alfalfa infection. A typical mucoid CF isolate, FRD1, and its isogenic mutants were tested for alfalfa seedling infection. Although defects in the global regulators Vfr, RpoS, PvdS, or LasR had no discernable effect on virulence, a defect in RhlR reduced the infection frequency by >50%. A defect in alginate biosynthesis resulted in plant disease with >3-fold more bacteria per plant, suggesting that alginate overproduction attenuated bacterial growth in planta. FRD1 derivatives lacking AlgT, a sigma factor required for alginate production, were reduced >50% in the frequency of infection. Thus, AlgT apparently regulates factors in FRD1, besides alginate, important for pathogenesis. In contrast, in a non-CF strain, PAO1, an algT mutation did not affect its virulence on alfalfa. Conversely, PAO1 virulence was reduced in a mucA mutant that overproduced alginate. These observations suggested that mucoid conversion in CF may be driven by a selection for organisms with attenuated virulence or growth in the lung, which promotes a chronic infection. These studies also demonstrated that the wounded alfalfa seedling infection model is a useful tool to identify factors contributing to the persistence of P. aeruginosa in CF.
<title>Photothermal measurement of temperature-dependent absorbance of infrared components</title> (1993)

The absorbance of an Au/ZnS/Ge thin film system, Au/ZnS, Au/BaF<SUB>2</SUB>, Au/PbF<SUB>2</SUB> film combinations, and of bulk Ge were measured as a function of increasing temperature in the infrared spectral range with a photothermal beam deflection (PBD) arrangement.
Design and Implementation of Web Forward Proxy with Shibboleth Authentication (2011)

We propose a web forward proxy server with authentication method using Shibboleth. With this proxy Single Sign-On would benefit a user and also authentication using Shibboleth protocol solves problems in basic access authentication and digest access authentication supported by existing web forward proxy servers. In order to realize it, the proxy needs to recognize attributes of shibboleth protocol and session cookies and to modify session cookies. We implemented system and evaluated it by accessing to electronic journals from a test network.
Report of the chromosome 18 workshop. (1999)

At the first chromosome 18 workshop held at the 1997 World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics (WCPG) in Santa Fe, NM, several studies were presented that suggested the presence of a bipolar disorder (BP) as well as a schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility locus on chromosome 18. Although the fact that several independent studies all pointed to a susceptibility locus (or loci) on chromosome 18, the observation that these studies identified nonoverlapping candidate regions was disappointing at least from the viewpoint of molecular genetics aiming at cloning the respective gene(s). Together, the data suggested four possible regions of considerable size that contained a susceptibility gene. At the 1998 WCPG chromosome 18 workshop in Bonn, Germany, less data were submitted and with the exception of a few studies, most data were nonsupportive or negative. Although some refinements were made to the previous candidate loci, overall the picture has not changed in that we are still confronted with the same four potential loci on chromosome 18 for BP and/or SZ, i.e., 18p11.2 and 18q12.1-q12.3 for BP and SZ, and 18q21-q22 and 18q23-qter for BP. So far, no other psychiatric phenotypes show evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 18.
Self-phase modulation in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films (2010)

This work studies photo-induced reorientation in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal (ADDLC) films by observing the diffraction patterns produced by self-phase modulation (SPM). The experimental results show that not only the magnitude but also the sign of the refractive index change (Δn) of an ADDLC sample pumped by a green laser can be modulated by the beam intensity (IG). The reason is that different IG give rise to different trans/cis concentration ratios, and then induce different overall torques on LC molecules. The trans and cis isomers contribute negative and positive torques, respectively, that reorient LC molecules perpendicular and parallel to the polarization of the pump laser. The reorientation effect in the ADDLC sample illuminated by the biphotonic lasers (green and red lasers) is also investigated by observing the self-phase modulation diffraction pattern. The results indicate that red light can induce |Δn| to decrease and increase at low and high IG, respectively. Besides, the dye-induced torque can be changed from negative to positive by adding red light. This is due to the fact that cis isomers produce an extra positive torque to the LCs after absorbing red light.
Virtually No Evidence for Virtually Perfect Time-Sharing. (2004)

An examination of previous claims for virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task situations reveals confounding effects that may have obscured dual-task interference. Two experiments are conducted in which these confounding effects are minimized, revealing statistically significant dual-task interference. These results support the hypothesis that human information processing is dominated by a structural central capacity limitation and call into question the hypothesis that dual-task interference can be eliminated by meeting the 5 conditions outlined by D. Meyer and D. Kieras (1999).
A second order multiconfiguration SCF procedure with optimum convergence (1985)

An MCSCF procedure is described which is based on the direct minimization of an approximate energy expression which is periodic and correct to second order in the changes in the orthonormal orbitals. Within this approximation, the CI coefficients are fully optimized, thereby accounting for the coupling between orbital rotations and CI coefficients to higher order than in previous treatments. Additional transformations among the internal orbitals and their associated one- and two-electron integrals are performed which amounts to treating the rotations among internal orbitals to higher than second order. These extra steps are cheap compared to the four index transformation performed in each iteration, but lead to a remarkable enhancement of convergence and overall efficiency. In all calculations attempted to date, convergence has been achieved in at most three iterations. The energy has been observed to converge better than quadratically from the first iteration even when the initial Hessian matrix has many negative eigenvalues.
Maisotsenko Open Cycle Used for Gas Turbine Power Generation (2003)

The Maisotsenko Open Cycle combines the thermodynamic processes of heat exchange and evaporative cooling in a unique indirect evaporative cooler resulting in product temperatures that approach the dew point temperature, (not the wet bulb temperature) of the working gas. It is an open thermodynamic cycle utilizing several thermodynamic processes that cools a product fluid with a liquid evaporating into a gas, generally water evaporating into air from the atmosphere and returns it to the atmosphere. It is a new cycle as no other cycle can be diagramed in the same way on the psychrometric chart of a gas. In a gas turbine, the gas is air and evaporate is water. An atmospheric pressure heat and mass exchanger operating with the Maisotsenko Cycle can be used to cool compressor inlet air below the wet bulb temperature. In a high-pressure heat and mass exchanger the cycle can create a compressed air saturator using heat from the turbine exhaust gases and also cools water for heat recovery in a compressor inter-cooler. The same saturator will humidify and/or superheat the compressed air before entering a combustor to the amount desired. From a practical stand point the limit of humidification of the compressed air is the amount of heat available at a temperature above its dew point temperature from the exhaust gas and/or intercompressor coolers. The amount of superheating or humidifying of the compressed air is easily controlled and changed during operation allowing added power, or greater efficiency, (60% overall thermal efficiency) quickly and easily. The equipment uses existing shell and tube heat exchanger or plate heat exchangers technologies. There are many other benefits ranging from lower NOx to greatly reduced equipment cost compared to any other power cycle enhancement systems.
Cold Extrusion of Aluminum Alloys (2018)

Abstract Aluminum products such as fasteners and automotive components are often produced by cold extrusion because it facilitates high volume production of near-net-shape parts. This article describes the cold extrusion process for aluminum alloys and the associated requirements for tooling, dies, punches, and other equipment. It covers typical tool materials and their working properties, and provides best practices for sizing aluminum slugs and preparing them for use. The article also discusses the wide range of achievable shapes from shallow cup-like extrusions to deep cups and complex parts with longitudinal flutes, stems, and grooves.
Risk Management Based on Individual's Preference (2006)

The impact of earthquakes is multifold. Although based on the seismic data, the occurrence of earthquakes can be predicted and thus announced in advance for necessary preparation, the resultant impact to individuals are different and the strategies to be adopted are different. This study is meant to propose a risk management framework which includes two parts : one is risk analysis based on individual's tolerance level and the other is the respective strategy development. It is expected that the proposed method can be an effective approach to managing disasters at individual's level.
Classification of seismic signals by integrating ensembles of neural networks (1998)

We examine a classification problem in which seismic waveforms of natural earthquakes are to be distinguished from waveforms of man-made explosions. We present an integrated classification machine (ICM), which is a hierarchy of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are trained to classify the seismic waveforms. In order to maximize the gain of combining the multiple ANNs, we suggest construction of a redundant classification environment (RCE) that consists of several "experts" whose expertise depends on the different input representations to which they are exposed. In the proposed scheme, the experts are ensembles of ANN, trained on different bootstrap replicas. We use various network architectures, different time-frequency decompositions of the seismic waveforms, and various smoothing levels in order to achieve an RCE. A confidence measure for the ensemble's classification is defined based on the agreement (variance) within the ensembles, and an algorithm for a nonlinear integration of the ensembles using this measure is presented. An implementation on a data set of 380 seismic events is described, where the proposed ICM had classified correctly 92% of the testing signals. The comparison we made with classical methods indicates that combining a collection of ensembles of ANNs can be used to handle complex high dimensional classification problems.
Thermal characterization of plain and carbon nanotube reinforced syntactic foams (2009)

Syntactic foams are composite materials in which the matrix phase is reinforced with hollow particles called microballoons. They possess properties such as low moisture absorption, low thermal conductivity and high damage tolerance because of their compositions. Traditionally, syntactic foams are used for many high strength applications and as insulating materials. But for applications demanding better heat dissipation from syntactic foam, conductive filler materials need to be added while maintaining its property of low density. Carbon nanotubes although extremely conductive, have issues of agglomeration in the matrix. In this research, a new approach to the problem of dispersion of nanotubes was attempted by growing the nanotubes on the surface of glass microballoons. S22 glass microballoons with low density were used in this work. Chemical vapor deposition was used for growing nanotubes on the microballoons using nickel as a catalyst. Nickel coating on microballoons was obtained via an electroless plating process. Observations were made on the nickel coating and nanotube growth processes with the help of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Thickness of the catalyst layer, growth temperature, gas flow rates and the quality of palladium activation were found to be the determining steps for nanotube growth. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the growth of nanostructures. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes of 6 – 20 nm were grown in this research. The thermal conductivity of nanotube-grown syntactic foam was tested on a Flashline thermal analyzer utilizing a flash method. For comparison purposes, plain and nanotube-mixed syntactic foams were fabricated and tested for conductivity. The effect of amount of nanotube and microballoon on the conductivity of the material was studied. The conductivity increments were low due to thermal boundary resistance occurring at the interface of nanotubes and resin. Nanotube-grown foams increase the thermal conductivity of plain syntactic foam by 86%, as opposed to nanotube-mixed ones which showed lower conductivity values than plain syntactic foam. TEM images showed that the mixing method had nanotubes being highly agglomerated whereas the growing method was successful in creating a well dispersed network of nanotubes.
Does carbonyl stress cause increased blood viscosity during storage? (2010)

Reactive carbonyl species, by attacking the amino and/or sulfhydryl groups of erythrocyte membrane proteins, induce a series of structural alterations in erythrocytes. These lead to an increase in blood viscosity and reduce the efficacy and safety of storage and transfusion.
Characterization of rat epimorphin/syntaxin 2 expression suggests a role in crypt-villus morphogenesis (1998)

The rodent intestinal mucosa undergoes a remarkable morphogenesis as the crypt-villus axis is formed. Endoderm-mesenchymal interactions play a critical role in this process. Epimorphin is a mesenchymal protein postulated to play a role in lung and skin morphogenesis. The rat homologue, syntaxin 2, belongs to a family of integral membrane proteins that function in vesicle docking and fusion. To clarify its role in fetal gut morphogenesis, epimorphin expression was examined during ontogeny, in an isograft model of ischemic injury and mucosal repair, and during intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection. Epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA levels were increased in fetal gut during lumen formation and villus morphogenesis. mRNA levels remained elevated in the first 2 wk after birth and then declined at weaning. In situ hybridization showed epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA in gestational day 14 (G14) and G15 intestinal mesenchymal cells and in the mucosal lamina propria during villus formation. Epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA expression increased during villus repair in the isograft. In contrast, in the early stages of intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection, epimorphin/syntaxin 2 mRNA expression was suppressed in the adapting gut. We conclude the cell-specific and temporal patterns of epimorphin expression in the models used in this study suggest a role in the morphogenesis of the crypt-villus axis.
Wafer level system packaging and integration for solid state lighting (SSL) (2012)

In this paper, wafer level system packaging and integration for solid state lighting (SSL) is presented, which includes wafer level phosphor coating, wafer level LED chip encapsulation, wafer level optics manufacturing, reconfiguration (or reconstitution) of LED/silicon wafers, through silicon vias (TSV) formations between LED and silicon/ceramics/polymer wafers, wafer-to-wafer or wafer-to-chip bonding and stacking, and wafer level bumping technologies. A variety of wafer level bumping technologies is introduced, such as ball on I/O (BON), ball on polymer (BOP), redistribution dielectric layer (RDL) process, and copper post bumping process. The reliability improvement among different bumping technologies and the implications in SSL systems are discussed.