gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Immune System (2000)

Lymphocytes and Lymphoid TissueThe complexity of the cellular interactions that occur during acquired immune responses requires specialized microenvironments in which the relevant cells can collaborate efficiently. Because only a few lymphocytes are specific for a given antigen, T cells and B cells need to migrate throughout the body to increase the probability that they will encounter that particular antigen. In their travels, lymphocytes spend only about 30 minutes in the blood during each cycle around the body.56 Immune responses to blood-borne antigens are usually initiated in the spleen, and responses to microorganisms in tissues are generated in local lymph . . .
Efficient Light Harvesting by Well-Aligned In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanopushpins as Antireflection Layer on Si Solar Cells (2011)

Light harvesting from In2O3 nanopushpins as an antireflection layer has been investigated. We report on the growth of In2O3 nanopushpins on silicon solar cells by catalyst-free and improved two-zone chemical vapor deposition in order to provide a suitable growth environment with low temperature and high growth rate for practical applications. On the basis of spectral reflectance and cell responsivity measurements, we show that In2O3 nanopushpins provide efficient light trapping properties. A dramatic enhancement in short-circuit current (from 19.65 to 24.73 mA/cm2) with In2O3 nanopushpins than that of the bulk silicon wafer is observed. The solar cells incorporated with In2O3 nanopushpins therefore open an excellent alternative to serve as an antireflection layer for the enhancement of light harvesting and cell efficiency.
Thermal conductivity and surface treatment of silo walls (1933)

1. Temperatures taken inside the north wall on concrete, hollow block and wooden stave silos, follow outdoor temperatures rather closely and show little advantage in favor of any one material.\n2. Temperatures taken near the center of the silo are higher than and fluctuate less than those near the wall surface.\n3. Under most conditions, silage itself is a good insulator. Much heat may be lost through open doors, of out of the top of an unroofed silo. Exposure to cold winds is an important factor. Any of these or a combination of them may have more influence upon the amount of frozen silage than the construction of the wall.\n4. All of the materials tested in connection with the study of wall surface treatments gave complete protection for a limited time only.\n5. Cement plaster gave the best protection in rendering a clay block silo wall air-tight, but considerable difficulty was experienced in securing a satisfactory bond with the tile.\n6. Bituminous coatings have proved satisfactory on tile silos and are easily applied. A high grade roofing cement containing asbestos fibers in asphalt, will stay in place better than asphalt alone. At least the first coat of this cement should be thinned with gasoline to a consistency which will permit application with a brush and so that it may be used cold. Hot applications of asphalt chill quickly upon contact with the cold silo wall, harden at once and fail to bond.\n7. The apparent necessity for wall treatment on concrete stave silos has been to stop, or at least retard, the corrosive action of silage acids. Several of the materials accomplished this purpose fairly well. Difficulty was experienced with all specimens due to the scaling of the original cement wash. For this reason, if the wall has been coated with a cement wash, treatment should be deferred until all traces of the original wash are gone. It may appear necessary to act at once to preserve the interior surface of the silo. This corrosive action, however, is not as serious as it may seem at first, and the results will well repay one for waiting. Any treatment applied following a cement wash is likely to fail because of imperfect bond between the wash and the stave.
Crystalline packings of diketoarylhydrazones controlled by a methyl for trifluoromethyl structural change (2008)

Three new hydrazone compounds having a p-iodoaryl and diketohydrazone molecular skeleton in common but feature a gradual replacement of the two methyl groups for trifluoromethyl terminal ones were prepared and comparatively studied with regard to their crystal structures. A quantum chemical calculation of the single trifluoromethyl modified compound was undertaken to decide on the hydrogen bonded ring site. While the molecular structures of the compounds remain rather unimpaired by the fluorine substitution, their crystalline packings are markedly affected, showing a distinct supramolecular control in the crystal lattices.
Shifted factor analysis—Part II: Algorithms (2003)

Abstract We previously proposed a family of models that deal with the problem of factor position shift in sequential data. We conjectured that the added information provided by fitting the shifts would make the model parameters identifiable, even for two‐way data. We now derive methods of parameter estimation and give the results of experiments with synthetic data. The alternating least squares (ALS) approach is not fully suitable for estimation, because factor position shifts destroy the multilinearity of the latent structure. Therefore an alternative ‘quasi‐ALS’ approach is developed, some of its practical and theoretical properties are dealt with and several versions of the quasi‐ALS algorithm are described in detail. These procedures are quite computation‐intensive, but analysis of synthetic data demonstrates that the algorithms can recover shifting latent factor structure and, in the situations tested, are robust against high error levels. The results of these experiments also provide strong empirical support for our conjecture that the two‐way shifted factor model has unique solutions in at least some circumstances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally Friendly Antibacterial Cotton Textiles Finished with Siloxane Sulfopropylbetaine (2011)

This paper reports a novel environmentally friendly antibacterial cotton textile finished with reactive siloxane sulfopropylbetaine(SSPB). The results show that SSPB can be covalently bound onto the cotton textile surface, imparting perdurable antibacterial activity. The textiles finished with SSPB have been investigated systematically from the mechanical properties, thermal stability, hydrophilic properties and antibacterial properties. It is found that the hydrophilicity and breaking strength are improved greatly after the cotton textiles are finished with SSPB. Additionally, the cotton textiles finished with SSPB exhibit good antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus, ATCC 6538), gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli, 8099) and fungi Candida albicans (C.albicans, ATCC 10231). Moreover, SSPB is nonleachable from the textiles, and it does not induce skin stimulation and is nontoxic to animals. Thus, SSPB is ideal candidate for environmentally friendly antibacterial textile applications.
Cerebrovascular projections from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia to the middle cerebral artery of the cat. (1986)

The location of the postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral arteries is unknown. Using axonal tracing techniques, we examined whether the sphenopalatine ganglia (associated with the seventh cranial nerve) and otic ganglia (associated with ninth cranial nerve) contain perikarya which send axons to the feline middle cerebral artery (MCA). The tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP: 3 cats) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA: 6 cats) were applied to the MCA in a slow release polymeric system. Three days later the SPG, otic ganglia, and rete mirabile were harvested bilaterally and processed for tracer by the TMB method (HRP) or immunohistochemistry (WGA). In a given animal, approximately equal numbers of cells containing axonal tracer were found in both SPG. Labeled fibers occasionally could be seen extending into the vidian nerve. Positive cells were also found in the otic ganglia and in the walls of the internal rete mirabile. These results provide the first identification of parasympathet...
Investigational Methods for Peroxisomal Disorders (2008)

Peroxisomes play an important role in cellular metabolism. Defects in peroxisome assembly or of a single peroxisomal pathway are associated with a wide variety of inherited disorders, including X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger spectrum disorders, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, and Refsum disease. A group of peroxisome-specific biomarkers has been shown to be characteristic of specific defects. Patients with defects in peroxisome fatty acid beta-oxidation accumulate very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), patients with defects in plasmalogen synthesis are deficient in erythrocyte membrane plasmalogens, and patients with mislocalized pipecolic acid oxidase accumulate pipecolic acid in body fluids. This unit describes three protocols that can be used to measure plasma VLCFA, erythrocyte plasmalogens, and plasma or urine pipecolic acid by capillary gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry. These techniques can be used to identify the majority of patients with known neurogenetic peroxisome disorders.
Accurate parallel form filter synthesis (1996)

Standard algorithms for synthesising parallel form digital filters are adequate for basic applications. However, recursive filters required in acoustics synthesis applications often have very high orders, and errors from filter synthesis can become intolerable. The authors describe a new method for synthesising parallel form recursive filters. In the experiment described, the new algorithm yielded smaller errors than the standard technique for almost every filter tested.
Fatty Acids and Derivatives from Coconut Oil (2012)

Abstract Coconut oil along with palm kernel oil are important feedstocks in the oleochemical industry. Oleochemicals are defined as chemicals made from oils. Coconut oil is well positioned because it has the unique advantage of having fatty acid composition falling within the carbon‐chain spectrum desired for the production of oleochemicals. C12–C14 fractions are highly sought after. The caproic to capric (C6–C10) fatty acid fractions are good materials for plasticizer range alcohols and polyol esters. The latter are used in high performance oil for jet engines and a new generation of lubricants. These fractions are also basic to the preparation of mediumchain triglycerides, a highly valued dietary fat. The C12–C18 fractions are primary materials for detergent grade fatty alcohols. Coconut fatty acids can be converted to other derivatives. Details are given on fatty acids, methyl esters, fatty alcohols, glycerine, monoalkyl phosphates, alkanolamides, surfactants, and tertiary amines. Information includes chemistry, manufacture, processing, and uses. There are numerous uses for these products and are detailed. Examples include surfactants, which are main ingredients in detergents, emulsifiers in food, and flotation agents in mining. Tertiary amines are used to prepare oxides used in cosmetic preparation.
A Facile Conversion of Aminoalkanephosphonic Acids Into O,O-Dialkyl N-Acylaminoalkanephosphonate Derivatives (1995)

The facile conversion of aminoalkanephosphonic acids to their O,O-dialkyl N-acylaminoalkanephosphonate derivatives is described.
Intracranial Pressure Changes During Valsalva Manoeuvre in Patients Undergoing a Neuroendoscopic Procedure (2007)

There was a significant reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure during the Valsalva manoeuvre in both stages. This was a result of change in either the intracranial pressure or the mean arterial pressure. Although our patients did not suffer a clinically significant reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure and so had an uneventful recovery, the effect of Valsalva manoeuvre on cerebral perfusion pressure cannot be denied. The marked haemodynamic changes clearly warrant a cautious use of this manoeuvre in neurosurgical practice.
An Explanation of the Wind Speed Underestimation Obtained from a Least Squares Type Single-Doppler Radar Velocity Retrieval Method (2002)

The errors produced by a least squares type single-Doppler velocity retrieval scheme based on variational analysis are studied. With proper simplifications of the retrieval formulation, it can be found that the strength of the retrieved radial wind is comparable to the true one. By contrast, the retrieved azimuthal component is, in most cases, underestimated. For a given radar site, this underestimation is directly related to the discrete nature of the radar observations. It occurs when the time period between two radar scans, Δt, is greater than Δx/u, where Δx is the radar's spatial resolution and u is the speed of the observed weather phenomenon. This condition unfortunately is often true for today's Doppler radar operational modes. As a result, an underestimation of the retrieved wind speed becomes inevitable. Retrieval work performed on an optimized moving frame of reference can reduce the aforementioned error in the retrieved azimuthal component of wind. The experiment also demonstrates that the search for this moving reference frame can be achieved as long as Δt is less than λ/2u, where λ is the wavelength of the weather phenomenon. This condition is somewhat relaxed, and it can be fulfilled without much difficulty by the current operational Doppler radars. The results predicted by the theoretical analyses are confirmed by a real case study.
Cross-Trait Familial Resemblance for Body Fat and Blood Lipids: Familial Correlations in the Quebec Family Study (1997)

In an attempt to better understand the genetic basis of the metabolic syndrome, we have undertaken a series of studies on the familial aggregation in the clustering of the coronary heart disease risk factors which characterize this syndrome. In the present study, the hypothesis of shared genetic (pleiotropy) and/or environmental factors between body fat and blood lipids is investigated by examining cross-trait (eg, father's body fat with his son's blood lipid) familial resemblance between 4 indicators of body fat (body mass index [BMI], sum of 6 skin folds [SF6]) and fat distribution (the ratio of the trunk to extremity skin folds adjusted [TER-sf] and unadjusted [TER] for SF6), and 5 blood lipid variables (total cholesterol [CH], triglycerides [TG], cholesterol associated with high-density lipoproteins [HDL], the CH/ HDL ratio and the difference between CH and HDL [CH-HDL]) measured in 1239 individuals from 309 families participating in the Quebec Family Study. A bivariate correlation model was used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of cross-trait spouse, parent-offspring, and sibling correlations after adjustment of body fat and lipid data for the effects of age, separately in the four sex-by-generation groups. Likelihood ratio tests revealed the presence of significant (P < .05) cross-trait resemblance between body fat (BMI and SF6) and all lipid traits except CH and also between fat distribution (TER and TER-sf) and CH/HDL and CH-HDL. Only sibling cross-trait correlations were significant for all body fat-lipid pairs of measures, with bivariate familiality estimates (i.e., shared genetic and/or environmental factors) ranging from 8% to 40%. Although the hypothesis of genetic pleiotropy cannot be ruled out from the pattern of cross-trait correlations found in the present study, we conclude that environmental factors shared within sibships are probably more important than common genes in determining the covariation between body fat and blood lipids.
Food and feed production with microorganisms (1983)

Baked Goods Wine and Brandy Beer Cheese Other Fermented Dairy Products Lactic Acid Fermentation of Cabbage and Cucumbers Olives Starter Cultures in Meat Production Vinegar Distilled Beverages Indigenous Fermented Foods Cocoa Fermentation Tea Manufacture Coffee Fermentation Fermented Feeds and Feed Supplements.
Water-insoluble Glucan Synthesis by Mutans Streptococcal Strains Correlates with Caries Incidence in 12- to 30-month-old Children (2000)

Early mutans streptococci (MS) infection has been associated with higher caries activity in childhood. Since colonization with MS does not always lead to caries activity, additional factors may be involved in MS cariogenicity. For example, MS may differ in virulence traits such as the potential to synthesize glucan polymers from sucrose. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that caries activity can be associated with variations in virulence factor expression of MS-infecting strains. At baseline, levels of MS obtained by the tongue-blade sampling method, and the presence of visible plaque on upper incisors, were measured in 101 12- to 30-month-old children. Dental caries lesions were diagnosed at baseline and after one year. Caries incidence data were then used to select ten caries-free and nine caries-active children from whom a total of 20 MS fresh isolates was studied. Water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis, final pH, and sucrose-dependent adherence on glass surfaces were measured in these MS isolates. Concentrated culture supernatants were separated in duplicate SDS-PAGE gels, which were then either stained for protein or incubated with 5% sucrose. The intensities of the WIG bands developed in the 5% sucrose PAGE gels and the corresponding protein-stained GTF bands were measured by scanning densitometry. High MS levels (> or = 100 CFU) were associated with high caries incidence (p < 0.01). The presence of visible plaque did not correlate with caries incidence. The intensities of WIG bands were positively correlated with caries incidence (p < 0.05) and with the ability of MS to adhere to glass surfaces (p < 0.05). Analysis of our data suggests that the ability to synthesize WIG is an important virulence factor in initial caries development by increasing MS adherence and accumulation in the plaque of young children.
Base Oil Effects on Emissions and Fuel Economy in a Heavy-Duty Vehicle Over the European Transient Cycle (ETC) (2002)

<span class="label">1</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The emissions and fuel economy performance of a series of advanced SAE 5W-30 engine oils were evaluated in a 12-litre heavy-duty diesel truck driven over the European Transient Cycle (ETC) under both cold and hot start conditions. The SAE 5W-30 oils were formulated with polyalphaolefin (PAO) and VHVI mineral base oils with the same additive package and a comparison made with SAE 15W-40 lubricants containing standard mineral oil. Results compare the performance of the oils over the urban, rural and motorway portions of the ETC. A significant reduction in particulate mass emissions was seen for the PAO containing lubricants under the different driving conditions when compared to the VHVI and standard mineral oil lubricants. An average fuel economy benefit of 2% was demonstrated for SAE 5W-30 viscosity grade lubricants over the SAE 15W-40 lubricants. The results show that lubricants formulated with PAO can be used to reduce engine-out particulate emissions and thus contribute to a technology solution that enables heavy-duty diesel vehicles to meet future stringent emission requirements.</div>
Energy Detector Using a Hybrid Threshold in Cognitive Radio Systems (2009)

Cognitive radio systems offer the opportunity to improve the spectrum utilization by detecting unused frequency bands while avoiding interference to primary users. This paper proposes a new algorithm for spectrum sensing, which is an energy detector using a hybrid (adaptive and fixed) threshold, in order to compensate the weak points of the existing energy detector in the distorted communication channel environment. Simulation results are presented which show that the performance of the new proposed scheme is better than the existing scheme using a fixed threshold or an adaptive threshold. Additionally, the performance is investigated in terms of several parameters such as the mobile speed and the probability of false alarms. The simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm makes the detector highly robust against fading, shadowing, and interference.
Relevance feedback with active learning for document retrieval (2004)

We investigate the following data mining problems from the document retrieval: From a large data set of documents, we need to find documents that relate to human interesting in as few iterations of human testing or checking as possible. In each iteration a comparatively small batch of documents is evaluated for relating to the human interesting. We apply active learning techniques based on Support Vector Machine for evaluating successive batches, which is called relevance feedback. Finally, our proposed approach is very useful for document retrieval with relevance feedback experimentally.
The role of topical diltiazem in the treatment of chronic anal fissures that have failed glyceryl trinitrate therapy (2002)

This study shows that topical 2% diltiazem is an effective and safe treatment for chronic anal fissure in patients who have failed topical 0.2% GTN. The need for sphincterotomy can be avoided in up to 70% of cases.
A new synthesis of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines and a selective preparation of o-aminobenzenesulphonamides (1979)

Reaction of a series of aniline derivatives with chlorosulphonyl isocyanate followed by cyclisation of the resulting chlorosulphonylureas with Lewis acids gives good yields of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiazidazin-3(4H)-one 1,1-dioxides. These, upon acid hydrolysis, yield the corresponding o-aminobenzenesulphonamides.
Syntheses and spectroscopic studies of 1,8-bistriazolylnaphthalenes (1984)

The first 1,8-diheterocyclicnaphthalenes, the 1,8-bis(1′H-1′,2′,3′-triazolyl)naphthalenes (1a–i), have been synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of 1,8-diazidonaphthalene to acetylenic esters or enolates of acetoacetic esters, and have strained structures as revealed by comparison of their spectral properties with those of the corresponding 1-(1′H-1′,2′,3′-triazolyl)naphthalenes.
Preparation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracts from Mammalian Cells (2006)

Extracts prepared from the isolated nuclei of cultured cells have been instrumental in dissecting the mechanisms by which transcription and mRNA processing occur. These extracts are able to recapitulate accurate transcription initiation and splicing in vitro, which has been useful in direct functional studies. They also serve as the starting material for purification of proteins that can then be reassembled in functional studies or examined in more detail biochemically. This unit describes the preparation of nuclear extracts from cultured cells and optimized production of transcriptionally active extracts from HeLa cells. Additional protocols describe optimization of the method to increase the yield of specific proteins, adaptation of the method for downstream applications such as affinity purification, and preparation of the cytoplasmic (S-100) fraction.
APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION TO STUDY ON THERMAL CONDUCTION (2004)

In this paper, using computer simulation and mathematic experiment method to solve the simplified one dimensional thermal conduction equation and to obtain the temperature distribution in a metal bar when its one end was heated. According to principle of hot expansion, a holograph of temperature distribution in the bar by laser holotechnique was taken. The results of numerical simulation and experiments are in good agreement and a new method for study on thermal conduction by laser holo-technique was found.