gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UNSUPERVISED ROBUST CHANGE DETECTION ON MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY USING SPECTRAL AND SPATIAL FEATURES (1997)

Change detection is a central task for land cover monitoring by remote sensing. It uses multitemporal image data sets in order to detect land cover changes from spectral discrepancies. This paper describes a change detection strategy which integrates various concepts in order to make change detection robust against varying recording conditions, to utilize additional spatial features from local neighborhoods, and to enable unsupervised change detection. We consider change detection as an unsupervised classification problem with the two classes &apos; Change &apos; and &apos; NoChange &apos;. The decision can be made using Bayes Rule,which minimizes the probability of error. We have successfully applied the described change detection strategy both to simulated imagery and real remotely sensed multispectral image data. The result of our unsupervised iterative algorithm are binary images showing the locations of &apos; Change &apos;-areas, and probability images giving the Bayesian probability of &apos; Change &apos; versus &apos; NoChange &apos; for each pixel. 1.
Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications (2014)

In response to scientific needs for more diverse and structured explanations of statistical data, researchers have discovered how to model individual data points as belonging to multiple groups. Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications shows you how to use these flexible modeling tools to uncover hidden patterns in modern high-dimensional multivariate data. It explores the use of the models in various application settings, including survey data, population genetics, text analysis, image processing and annotation, and molecular biology. Through examples using real data sets, youll discover how to characterize complex multivariate data in: Studies involving genetic databases Patterns in the progression of diseases and disabilities Combinations of topics covered by text documents Political ideology or electorate voting patterns Heterogeneous relationships in networks, and much more The handbook spans more than 20 years of the editors and contributors statistical work in the field. Top researchers compare partial and mixed membership models, explain how to interpret mixed membership, delve into factor analysis, and describe nonparametric mixed membership models. They also present extensions of the mixed membership model for text analysis, sequence and rank data, and network data as well as semi-supervised mixed membership models.
A Probabilistic Address Parser Using Conditional Random Fields and Stochastic Regular Grammar (2016)

Automatic semantic annotation of data from databases or the Web is an important pre-process for data cleansing and record linkage. It can be used to resolve the problem of imperfect field alignment in a database or identify comparable fields for matching records from multiple sources. The annotation process is not trivial because data values may be noisy, such as abbreviations, variations or misspellings. In particular, overlapping features usually exist in a lexicon-based approach. In this work, we present a probabilistic address parser based on linear-chain conditional random fields (CRFs), which allow more expressive token-level features compared to hidden Markov models (HMMs). In additions, we also proposed two general enhancement techniques to improve the performance. One is taking original semi-structure of the data into account. Another is post-processing of the output sequences of the parser by combining its conditional probability and a score function, which is based on a learned stochastic regular grammar (SRG) that captures segment-level dependencies. Experiments were conducted by comparing the CRF parser to a HMM parser and a semi-Markov CRF parser in two real-world datasets. The CRF parser out-performed the HMM parser and the semi-Markov CRF in both datasets in terms of classification accuracy. Leveraging the structure of the data and combining the linear-chain CRF with the SRG further improved the parser to achieve an accuracy of 97% on a postal dataset and 96% on a company dataset.
Spine: Scientific Citation Index and Its Impact Factor (1998)

From the Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire. Address reprint requests to: James N. Weinstein, DO, MS; Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences; Dartmouth Medical School; 7251 Strasenburgh Hall; Hanover, NH 03755.
Psychrobacter okhotskensis sp. nov., a lipase-producing facultative psychrophile isolated from the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (2003)

A facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, strain MD17(T), which hydrolyses lipids at 5 degrees C, was isolated from the Monbetsu coast of the Okhotsk Sea in Hokkaido, Japan, when ice carried by the cold current came to the area. The isolate is an aerobic, non-motile coccobacillus that reduces nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyses Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80, but not gelatin, DNA or alginic acid. The isolate grows at 0 degrees C, but not at temperatures higher than 36 degrees C; its optimum growth temperature is 25 degrees C. It grows in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl. Its major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and its DNA G+C content is 46.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MD17(T) is closely related to Psychrobacter glacincola DSM 12194(T) (99.0 % similarity) and Psychrobacter immobilis DSM 7229(T) (98.7 % similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization revealed 45.9 % relatedness between strain MD17(T) and P. immobilis ATCC 43116(T) and 33.4 % between strain MD17(T) and P. glacincola ATCC 700754(T). Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic position (as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) and DNA-DNA relatedness, it is concluded that the isolate should be designated as a novel species, for which the name Psychrobacter okhotskensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MD17(T) (=NCIMB 13931(T)=JCM 11840(T)).
Toward deciphering proteomes of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (<scp>FFPE</scp>) tissues (2012)

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens comprise a potentially valuable resource for both prospective and retrospective biomarker discovery. Unlocking the proteomic profile of clinicopathological FFPE tissues is a critically essential step for annotating clinical findings and predicting biomarkers for ultimate disease prognosis and therapeutic follow-up.
Thermomechanical and thermo-optical properties of the LiCaAlF_6:Cr^3+ laser material (1991)

Measurements of the intrinsic thermomechanical and thermo-optical properties of the new laser material LiCaAlF6:Cr3+ (known as Cr:LiCAF) are performed. Thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, thermal expansion, elastic constants, fracture toughness, and dispersion and temperature variation of the refractive index are all characterized for this material. In addition, the magnitude of the thermal lensing induced in a flash-lamp-pumped laser rod of Cr:LiCAF is measured and compared with the results obtained for an alexandrite laser rod in the same laser head. We find that the thermal lensing of Cr:LiCAF is favorably small and that the thermomechanical properties are expected to be adequate for applications at low and medium average power.
Whole genome comparison of a large collection of mycobacteriophages reveals a continuum of phage genetic diversity (2015)

The bacteriophage population is large, dynamic, ancient, and genetically diverse. Limited genomic information shows that phage genomes are mosaic, and the genetic architecture of phage populations remains ill-defined. To understand the population structure of phages infecting a single host strain, we isolated, sequenced, and compared 627 phages of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Their genetic diversity is considerable, and there are 28 distinct genomic types (clusters) with related nucleotide sequences. However, amino acid sequence comparisons show pervasive genomic mosaicism, and quantification of inter-cluster and intra-cluster relatedness reveals a continuum of genetic diversity, albeit with uneven representation of different phages. Furthermore, rarefaction analysis shows that the mycobacteriophage population is not closed, and there is a constant influx of genes from other sources. Phage isolation and analysis was performed by a large consortium of academic institutions, illustrating the substantial benefits of a disseminated, structured program involving large numbers of freshman undergraduates in scientific discovery.
Bipolar Ripple Cancellation Method to Achieve Single-Stage Electrolytic-Capacitor-Less High-Power LED Driver (2015)

Conventional topologies for high-power LED drivers with high power factors (PFs) require large capacitances to limit the low frequency (100 or 120 Hz) LED current ripples. Electrolytic capacitors are commonly used because they are the only capacitors with sufficient energy density to accommodate high-power applications. However, the short life span of electrolytic capacitors significantly reduces the life span of the entire LED lighting fixture, which is undesirable. This paper proposes a bipolar (ac) ripple cancellation method with two different full-bridge power structures to cancel the low-frequency ac ripple in the LED current and minimize the output capacitance requirement, enabling the use of long-life film capacitors. Compared with the existing technologies, the proposed circuit achieves zero double-line-frequency current ripple through LED lamps and achieves a high PF and high efficiency. A 100-W (150 V/0.7 A) LED driver prototype was built which demonstrates that the proposed method can achieve the same double-line-frequency LED current ripple with only 44-μF film capacitors, compared with the 4700-μF electrolytic capacitors required in the conventional single-stage LED drivers. Meanwhile, the proposed prototype has achieved a peak power efficiency of 92.5%, benefiting from active clamp technology.
Endometriosis: candidate genes (2001)

Endometriosis is generally regarded as a benign disease but it does exhibit some characteristics reminiscent of malignancy. This raises the possibility that, like malignant diseases, the development of endometriosis may involve the acquisition of somatic genetic alterations in genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Studies over the past few years have substantiated this view with the identification of a variety of genetic abnormalities usually only associated with malignancies. Our own studies have shown that genetic alterations, as shown by loss of heterozygosity, are relatively common in endometriosis implying that tumour suppressor gene inactivation is likely to be involved in the proliferation and maintenance of all endometriotic implants. We have also shown by DNA fingerprinting that endometriotic lesions found adjacent to ovarian cancers have a common lineage, reinforcing the compelling histological and epidemiological data that endometriosis is a precursor of endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers. It is now well accepted that susceptibility to endometriosis may also involve an inherited genetic component. Studies aimed at identifying the predisposing genes are still in their infancy but should eventually provide invaluable insights into the pathology and aetiology of endometriosis.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Transglutaminase and Its Application to the Purification of Human Erythrocyte Transglutaminase and Platelet Factor XIII (1987)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the assay of transglutaminase [EC 2.3.2.13] activity. Casein and dansylcadaverine were used as substrates and the reaction was stopped by adding an excess amount of EGTA. Casein-bound dansylcadaverine was separated from free dansylcadaverine by high-performance liquid chromatography on a TSK SW gel column on the basis of the differences in the molecular weight and hydrophobicity. The sensitivity was approximately 0.04 nmol of casein-bound dansylcadaverine in the assay mixture. With this assay method, human erythrocyte transglutaminase and platelet factor XIII were purified by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300, which were common for both enzymes, followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B and DEAE Bio-Gel A for erythrocyte transglutaminase or Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B for platelet factor XIII. The purification factors and activity yields were 15,300-fold and 22% for erythrocyte transglutaminase and 43.8-fold and 33% for platelet factor XIII.
Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic neuron for low power neuromorphic computing (2015)

Neuromorphic computing attempts to emulate the remarkable efficiency of the human brain in vision, perception and cognition related tasks. Nanoscale devices that offer a direct mapping to the underlying neural computations have emerged as a promising candidate for such neuromorphic architectures. In this paper, a Magnetic Tunneling Junction (MTJ) has been proposed to perform the thresholding operation of a biological neuron. A crossbar array consisting of programmable resistive synapses generates an excitatory / inhibitory charge current input to the neuron. The magnetization of the free layer of the MTJ is manipulated by Spin-Transfer Torque generated by the net synaptic current. Algorithm, device and circuit co-simulation framework suggest the possibility of ∼ 1.63 – 1.79x power savings in comparison to a 45nm digital CMOS implementation.
Long operating time CW atomic iodine probe laser at 1.315 µm (1984)

A photolytically pumped longitudinal flow CW atomic iodine laser at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.315 mu</tex> m with virtually an unlimited operating time and easy operation is reported. Several weeks of continual operation is easily attainable. The prolonged lasing is achieved by employing a passive closed cycle flow system of the C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</inf> I laser fuel. A high pressure dc Hg arc lamp is used for the photolytic pumping. Peak CW powers of 38 mW have been obtained along with good stability (∼1 percent amplitude fluctuations) in the fundamental TEM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">00</inf> mode via the use of an internal lens.
Protease nexin-1 : a key serpin in haemostasis and vascular biology (2012)

L’equilibre entre proteases et antiproteases joue un role important dans de nombreux mecanismes biologiques. L’activite des proteases a serine est principalement regulee par des inhibiteurs appartenant a la famille des serpines. Une serpine tissulaire, la protease nexine-1 (PN-1), s’est revelee etre un acteur important dans l’hemostase et la biologie vasculaire. La PN-1 est presente dans la paroi vasculaire et est exprimee par les cellules sanguines (plaquettes, leucocytes). Elle est l’inhibiteur tissulaire le plus efficace de la thrombine et inhibe egalement les enzymes du systeme plasminergique (les activateurs du plasminogene et la plasmine). Son expression est augmentee en condition pathologique dans la paroi arterielle, en particulier lors de l’hypertension, du developpement de la plaque atheromateuse ou de l’anevrisme de l’aorte thoracique. Des modulations d’expression de la PN-1 peuvent avoir un impact sur les caracteristiques generales de motilite des cellules vasculaires ainsi que sur leurs reponses a la thrombine ou aux enzymes plasminergiques. La presence d’un pool membranaire et intracellulaire de PN-1 a ete mise en evidence dans les plaquettes. Cette PN-1 plaquettaire, secretee lors de leur activation, a un caractere ambivalent puisqu’elle presente a la fois des proprietes anticoagulantes, via sa capacite a inhiber la thrombine, et des proprietes antifibrinolytiques, via sa capacite a inhiber les activateurs du plasminogene et la plasmine. Le role de la PN-1 en physiopathologie vasculaire a ete jusqu’a maintenant largement sous-estime. Cet article passe en revue les donnees recentes sur la PN-1 qui ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives quant a son implication dans le developpement de medicaments et de strategies de traitement pour prevenir ou limiter les pathologies vasculaires.
Gain measurements in an electron beam-pumped F2 laser (1993)

The molecular F2* laser is a powerful laser source in the vacuum ultraviolet. Therefore, it is interesting in applications such as high-resolution. lithography, photochemical vapor deposition, and efficient x-ray production. Recently, high-output energy has been reported in discharge pumped systems.1 However, numbers on important parameters such as the gain and saturation intensity of the laser medium are only partly available
Antiviral Innate Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Adults Negatively Affects H1/IC31-Induced Vaccine-Specific Memory CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells (2015)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem, with vaccination being a necessary strategy for disease containment and elimination. A TB vaccine should be safe and immunogenic as well as efficacious in all affected populations, including HIV-infected individuals. We investigated the induction and maintenance of vaccine-induced memory CD4(+) T cells following vaccination with the subunit vaccine H1/IC31. H1/IC31 was inoculated twice on study days 0 and 56 among HIV-infected adults with CD4(+) lymphocyte counts of >350 cells/mm(3). Whole venous blood stimulation was conducted with the H1 protein, and memory CD4(+) T cells were analyzed using intracellular cytokine staining and polychromatic flow cytometry. We identified high responders, intermediate responders, and nonresponders based on detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) expressing central (TCM) and effector memory CD4(+) T cells (TEM) 182 days after the first immunization. Amplicon-based transcript quantification using next-generation sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes that correlated with vaccine-induced immune responses. Genes implicated in resolution of inflammation discriminated the responders from the nonresponders 3 days after the first inoculation. The volunteers with higher expression levels of genes involved in antiviral innate immunity at baseline showed impaired H1-specific TCM and TEM maintenance 6 months after vaccination. Our study showed that in HIV-infected volunteers, expression levels of genes involved in the antiviral innate immune response affected long-term maintenance of H1/IC31 vaccine-induced cellular immunity. (The clinical trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR] with the identifier PACTR201105000289276.).
Domino Iron Catalysis: Direct Aryl–Alkyl Cross‐Coupling (2008)

Striking while the iron is hot: Cheap FeCl3 serves as the precatalyst for the direct cross-coupling of aryl and alkyl halides that is based on the sequence of Grignard formation and subsequent cross-coupling. This one-pot reaction obviates preformation of hazardous Grignard compounds and limits the amount of reactive organomagnesium intermediates to low quasi-stationary concentrations. TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine.
Avidity Determination of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG Antibodies in Lyme Disease (2001)

The avidity indices of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG antibodies were estimated using ELISA in sera from patients with different stages of Lyme disease. In addition, sera from healthy students with proof of borrelial-specific IgG antibodies from standard serology were tested. Low avidity indices were detected predominantly in sera from patients with early-stage Lyme disease [erythema migrans (EM); n = 25]. High avidity indices were found in healthy students (n = 72) and in most of the patients with neuroborreliosis (NB; n = 44) and chronic late-stage Lyme disease [acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA); n = 36]. In conclusion, early-stage Lyme disease (EM) could be differentiated from advanced and chronic stages (NB, ACA) and from "seropositive" healthy persons using avidity determination in the majority of patients in this study.
Two-phase Search (TPS) Method: Nonbiased and High-speed Parameter Search for Dynamic Models of Biochemical Networks (2009)

Dynamic simulations are essential for understanding the mechanism of how biochemical networks generate robust properties to environmental stresses or genetic changes. However, typical dynamic modeling and analysis yield only local properties regarding a particular choice of plausible values of kinetic parameters, because it is hard to measure the exact values in vivo. Global and firm analyses are needed that consider how the changes in parameter values affect the results. A typical solution is to systematically analyze the dynamic behaviors in large parameter space by searching all plausible parameter values without any biases. However, a random search needs an enormous number of trials to obtain such parameter values. Ordinary evolutionary searches swiftly obtain plausible parameters but the searches are biased. To overcome these problems, we propose the two-phase search method that consists of a random search and an evolutionary search to effectively explore all possible solution vectors of kinetic parameters satisfying the target dynamics. We demonstrate that the proposed method enables a nonbiased and high-speed parameter search for dynamic models of biochemical networks through its applications to several benchmark functions and to the E. coli heat shock response model.
Promising Homework Practices: Teachers' Perspectives on Making Homework Work for Newcomer Immigrant Students (2012)

This study examines the homework practices of eight teachers working in a high school designed to serve newcomer immigrant students. Individual structured interviews were conducted in which teachers working in an innovative setting explained their purposes of assigning homework, their beliefs about factors affecting their students' homework completion, and any adjustments they may make in designing or assessing homework for their immigrant students. The responses of these teachers provide insight into challenges that newcomer students encounter in their efforts to complete assignments outside of class, as well as ways in which homework may be adapted to support student learning. Implications for schools and teachers serving diverse students are discussed.
A Stochastic Beamforming Algorithm for ESPAR Antennas (2008)

Beamforming capabilities of ESPAR antenna structures have attracted considerable attention in recent literature. In this letter, we consider a different beamforming approach, presenting an efficient optimization algorithm which enables such antennas to create desired transmit radiation patterns in real time, rather than patterns aiming at signal to interference ratio maximization. The proposed algorithm may be used in any beamforming, diversity or multiuser system. In order to demonstrate the algorithm's efficiency, we investigate a scenario with mobile handsets equipped with ESPAR antennas, considering a beamspace multiple inputmultiple output architecture. It is shown that the algorithm may enforce even cost and size sensitive devices to efficiently operate in closed loop communication environments.