gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOX9 Exerts a Bifunctional Effect on Type II Collagen Gene (COL2A1) Expression in Chondrocytes Depending on the Differentiation State (2003)

As a key transcription factor in cartilage formation, SOX9 is a potent activator of type II collagen expression, a phenotypic marker of articular chondrocytes. This study was designed to determine the potential role of SOX9 on COL2A1 gene transcription during chondrocyte dedifferentiation, a characteristic feature of osteoarthritic cartilage that can be partially mimicked in vitro by subculturing primary chondrocytes. Constructs containing different regions from the promoter and the first intron of human COL2A1 gene were transfected in differentiated (primary) and dedifferentiated (passaged) rabbit articular chondrocytes (RAC), together with an expression vector containing or not the SOX9 cDNA. As expected, low levels of SOX9 overexpression were capable of enhancing COL2A1 gene transcription in both fully differentiated and slightly phenotypically altered chondrocytes, through the specific intronic enhancer. In contrast, when overexpressed at high levels, SOX9 induced an inhibition of COL2A1 gene expression, mediated by the -266 bp promoter region, whatever the differentiation state of chondrocytes. However, in the advanced stages of dedifferentiation, SOX9, independently of its expression level, depressed COL2A1 transcriptional activity through the -63 bp short promoter. Although SOX9 has a crucial role in chondrocyte differentiation, our findings indicate that this factor cannot restore the phenotype of osteoarthritic chondrocytes by itself.
A DNA-Directed Light-Harvesting/Reaction Center System (2014)

A structurally and compositionally well-defined and spectrally tunable artificial light-harvesting system has been constructed in which multiple organic dyes attached to a three-arm-DNA nanostructure serve as an antenna conjugated to a photosynthetic reaction center isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. The light energy absorbed by the dye molecules is transferred to the reaction center, where charge separation takes place. The average number of DNA three-arm junctions per reaction center was tuned from 0.75 to 2.35. This DNA-templated multichromophore system serves as a modular light-harvesting antenna that is capable of being optimized for its spectral properties, energy transfer efficiency, and photostability, allowing one to adjust both the size and spectrum of the resulting structures. This may serve as a useful test bed for developing nanostructured photonic systems.
Gel permeation chromatography of asphalts and asphaltenes. Part I. Fractionation procedure (1965)

Abstract The experimental details of fractionation by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of asphalts and asphalt constituents are given. Gel preparation, column design, and packing procedure as well as sample preparation are described at some length. Fractionation of a low molecular weight polybutene sample shows that under the given experimental conditions GPC separates as efficiently as gradient chromatography (BAKER‐WILLIAMS). The elution curves of three paving asphalts, their asphaltenes, and maltenes, and of two industrial air‐blown asphalts are compared and discussed. The characteristic shapes of the elution curves, together with molecular weight determinations on some fractions demonstrate three items: Extensive fractionation was achieved. The molecular weight distributions of different asphalts vary considerably. Fractionation of asphalts by solvent precipitation is much less effective than GPC as demonstrated by the large overlap of molecular weights of the asphaltene and the maltene portions of an asphalt.
Equilibrium Atmosphere Schedules for the Cooling of Ferrites (1961)

Phase diagrams including contour lines of constant ferrous ion content in oxygen-partial-pressure vs temperature coordinates were determined for two MnZn ferrites and two NiZn ferrites containing excess iron. A “universal” equilibrium atmosphere diagram which is applicable to a wide variety of ferrites was synthesized from these data. This diagram specifies the schedules of temperature and percent oxygen by which ferrites can be cooled from the sintering temperature without net gain or loss of oxygen.
Not all potently neutralizing, vaccine-induced antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus ensure protection of susceptible experimental animals. (1986)

Cottontop tamarins have been immunized with a high molecular weight, Epstein-Barr (EB) virus membrane antigen (MA) glycoprotein (gp340) separated by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography (MCABgp340). Specific antibody production was monitored by immunofluorescence, a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and virus neutralization tests, and was found to reach high titre after 4/5 inoculations. The animals were challenged with a 100% lymphomagenic dose of EB virus but despite possessing powerful neutralizing antibodies were not protected against tumour causation by the virus. This result contrasts with that of earlier experiments in which tamarins with neutralizing antibodies induced by gp340 prepared by a molecular weight-based method (MWgp340) were protected. The reasons for this difference in protection associated with vaccine molecules prepared in different ways are discussed together with the need for parameters other than neutralizing antibody for use in the assessment of subunit immunogens against EB virus.
Molecular Arrangement of Nematic Liquid Crystals (1972)

The molecular arrangement of twelve types of nematic liquid crystals is observed on the surfaces of the supporting plates of soda-, pyrex-, or quartz-glass. These surfaces are treated with various methods. The impurity APAP or EBPAP added to the nematic liquid crystals promotes the molecular alignment perpendicular to the glass plate. A mechanism of the molecular alignment of nematic liquid crystals on the glass surface is discussed in connection with the molecular structures of nematic liquid crystals based on the experimental results.
Forecasting energy prices in a competitive market (1999)

Deregulation is intended to encourage competition among utilities and power marketers to reduce energy prices. The pricing system is very critical in restructuring the electrical industry and depends upon market rules and the function of the independent system operator (ISO). The locational marginal pricing (LMP) system is in use in the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland (PJM) Interconnection ISO and is proposed for the New York ISO, which is expected to be in operation in 1999. This article provides fundamental concepts of the LMP and outlines the basic requirements for a computer simulation tool to accurately forecast prices in an LMP-based market. Examples are used to demonstrate the concepts, and some preliminary results for the Eastern Interconnection are presented.
Magnetic tunnel junctions thermally stable to above 300 °C (1999)

Magnetic tunnel junctions formed from sandwiches of magnetically hard Co75Pt12Cr13 and magnetically soft Co88Pt12 ferromagnetic layers separated by thin alumina tunnel barriers are shown to be thermally stable to temperatures in excess of 300 °C. A comparison of cross-section transmission electron micrographs of an untreated sample and a similar one annealed at 350 °C indicates that the thickness of the amorphous tunnel barrier is slightly decreased after annealing. The resistance and magnetoresistance are only slightly affected by annealing at temperatures of up to ∼300 °C but then decrease monotonically at higher annealing temperatures. Interaction of the alumina layer with the adjacent ferromagnetic layers is the likely cause of this decrease.
Observe and Look Further: Achieving Consistent Performance on Atari (2018)

Despite significant advances in the field of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL), today's algorithms still fail to learn human-level policies consistently over a set of diverse tasks such as Atari 2600 games. We identify three key challenges that any algorithm needs to master in order to perform well on all games: processing diverse reward distributions, reasoning over long time horizons, and exploring efficiently. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that addresses each of these challenges and is able to learn human-level policies on nearly all Atari games. A new transformed Bellman operator allows our algorithm to process rewards of varying densities and scales; an auxiliary temporal consistency loss allows us to train stably using a discount factor of $γ= 0.999$ (instead of $γ= 0.99$) extending the effective planning horizon by an order of magnitude; and we ease the exploration problem by using human demonstrations that guide the agent towards rewarding states. When tested on a set of 42 Atari games, our algorithm exceeds the performance of an average human on 40 games using a common set of hyper parameters. Furthermore, it is the first deep RL algorithm to solve the first level of Montezuma's Revenge.
IR and visible BSDF measurements of several materials (1990)

BSDF measurements are made on a large variety of materials at TMA’s measurement facility. Typical BSDF for many of these materials is not available in literature. This paper gives scatter data at several wavelengths for samples that we believe will be of interest to the scatter community and outlines the techniques and considerations required for some of the more difficult measurements. Included are some very low scatter optics, an off axis parabola and several different window materials.
Cage Culture Turbidostat: a Device for Rapid Determination of Algal Growth Rate (1980)

The present cage culture turbidostat consists of a growth chamber and a control unit. The microorganisms (photoautotrophic algae) are kept in the growth chamber by porous membranes (pore size 1 to 3 mum) which retain the algae but allow efficient exchange of the growth medium. Flow rate and composition of the medium can therefore be varied independently of algal population density. A reciprocating pumping mode of the medium is introduced to obtain more gentle clearance of membranes than that provided by rotation or stirring in other membrane fermentors. Pulsed light and a light-emitting diode/light-sensitive transistor couple are used to monitor the turbidity of the culture, independent of external light needed for growth. The control unit keeps the turbidity constant by frequent activation of the dilution pump. Theoretical analysis of growth in the turbidostat shows that integrated activation time of the dilution pump is proportional to the growth rate of the organism. Theoretical analysis was also used to determine minimum flow-rate and nutrient concentration of medium to cover the requirement of the algae. Experiments with three different marine diatoms were carried out, and they demonstrated that the growth rate could be determined every hour and that the cultures could be kept at constant turbidity over 10 to 14 days at least.
Choroid plexus controls brain availability of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs via pharmacologically inhibitable organic anion transporters (2003)

The demonstration and characterization of this efflux mechanism is the basis for the development of specific inhibitory agents in view to increase the delivery of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs to the brain.
A substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor mutant carboxyl-terminally truncated to resemble a naturally occurring receptor isoform displays enhanced responsiveness and resistance to desensitization (1997)

Two isoforms of the substance P (SP) receptor, differing in the length of the cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminus by approximately 8 kDa, have been detected previously in rat salivary glands and other tissues. The binding and functional properties of these two isoforms have been investigated using full-length (407 amino acids) and carboxyl-terminally truncated (324 amino acids) rat SP receptors transfected stably into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both the full-length and the truncated receptor bound radiolabeled SP with a similar Kd ( approximately 0.1 nM). The average number of high affinity SP binding sites per cell was 1.0 x 10(5) and 0.3 x 10(5) for the full-length and the truncated SP receptor, respectively. In both cell lines, SP induced a rapid but transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), which consisted of the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and the influx of extracellular Ca2+. Both components are dependent on phospholipase C activation. Although the full-length and the truncated receptor utilize the same calcium pathways, they differ in their EC50 values (0.28 nM for the full-length; 0.07 nM for the truncated). These differences in responsiveness may be related to the observed differences in receptor desensitization. The truncated receptor, in contrast to the full-length receptor, does not undergo rapid and long-lasting desensitization. Cells possessing the short isoform of the SP receptor would thus be expected to exhibit a prolonged responsiveness.
Molecular cloning of a novel secreted peptide, INM02, and regulation of its expression by glucose (2009)

We report the identification of a novel secreted peptide, INM02. The mRNA transcript of human INM02 gene is about 3.0 kb. Its open-reading frame contains 762 bps and encodes a protein of 254 amino acids. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that INM02 mRNA is widely expressed in rat tissues, especially with abundant quantities in pancreatic islets, testis, and bladder tissue. We have expressed recombinant INM02 protein and generated rabbit anti-INM02 polyclonal antibodies. We show here that INM02 could be detectable in human serum by ELISA. We also present evidence that INM02 mRNA expression could be regulated by glucose. Experiments on both MIN6 cells and intact isolated islets demonstrate that INM02 mRNA levels are increased more than threefold by high glucose (25 mM) when compared with low glucose (5.5 mM). ELISA analysis shows that secretion of INM02 is significantly augmented by high glucose in vitro. It is speculated that as a novel secreted protein, INM02 is associated with functions of pancreatic islets, especially of beta-cells.
DETERMINATION OF SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WOOD STRANDS LOADED WITH MELAMINE-UREA-PHENOL- FORMALDEHYDE (MUPF) RESIN (2015)

The purpose of this study was to determine the sorption isotherms of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood strands, taken from a previously prepared strand-adhesive mass, used for the production of a three-layer oriented strand boards (OSB). The study investigated three loading levels of Melamine-Urea-Phenol-Formaldehyde (MUPF) resin used for gluing the OSB, constituting 5, 10, and 15 % of the wood strands dry weight. The obtained experimental sorption data were approximated using a two-parameter Nelson's sorption model and a three-parameter Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) model. It was shown that gluing the strands with 5, 10, and 15 % MUPF resulted in the reduction of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) by about 2 % for the adsorption phase, and about 1 % for the desorption phase, as well as a significant increase in sorption hysteresis, as compared to resinless strands. No proportional relationship was found between the gluing degree and equilibrium moisture content reduction. This indicates that MUPF resin applied on the wood strand surface had little effect on reducing hygroscopicity and increasing dimensional stability of OSB.
Working memory and distributed vocabulary learning (1998)

ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in immediate verbal memory span would predict success in second language vocabulary acquisition. The subjects learned 56 English–Finnish translations during two sessions using a method in which they were encouraged to distribute their learning and to use semantic encoding strategies where appropriate. Verbal, but not visuo-spatial, memory span was correlated with the rate of vocabulary learning, a result that could not have occurred because of immediate retrieval from a short-term buffer. When tested one week later, the subjects were less likely to remember those words they had had difficulty learning, even though they had studied these items more often. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for vocabulary learning are discussed.
Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Enhances Autophagic Flux in Mouse and Rat Hepatocytes and Protects Against Palmitate Lipotoxicity (2019)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that is required for the development and survival of enteric, sympathetic, and catecholaminergic neurons. We previously reported that GDNF is protective against high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in mice through suppression of hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ and genes encoding enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis. We also reported that transgenic overexpression of GDNF in mice prevented the HFD-induced liver accumulation of the autophagy cargo-associated protein p62/sequestosome 1 characteristic of impaired autophagy. Here we investigated the effects of GDNF on hepatic autophagy in response to increased fat load, and on hepatocyte mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and cell survival. GDNF not only prevented the reductions in the liver levels of some key autophagy-related proteins, including Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1 and LC3A/B-II, seen in HFD-fed control mice, but enhanced their levels after 12 weeks of HFD feeding. In vitro, GDNF accelerated autophagic cargo clearance in primary mouse hepatocytes and a rat hepatocyte cell line, and reduced the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex downstream-target p70S6 kinase similar to the autophagy activator rapamycin. GDNF also enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in primary mouse and rat hepatocytes, and protected against palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. Conclusion: We demonstrate a role for GDNF in enhancing hepatic autophagy and in potentiating mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation. Our studies show that GDNF and its receptor agonists could be useful for enhancing hepatocyte survival and protecting against fatty acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity.
Dynamic addition and deletion of device in N-screen environment (2012)

Multimedia applications are gaining popularity over smart devices. Sharing and using multimedia contents among multiple devices is a hot issue in N-screen environment. In this paper, we are going to investigate how the same stream can be shared by distinct bit rates devices and how several streams can be managed to different devices. We propose control architecture of group communication using Group Information Control Server (GICS) and group agent (GA) that assure the delivery of contents to the different bit rates devices on addition or deletion in N-screen environment. In our architecture, the is responsible to check the receiving capabilities of a new device with already stream receiving devices whether to group this device with the stream receiving devices or delete some device from the group and group with the new device and start a separate stream. We present results that show our proposed architecture improves network throughput and reduces streaming server load.
Aroylnitrenes with singlet ground states: photochemistry of acetyl-substituted aroyl and aryloxycarbonyl azides (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAroylnitrenes with singlet ground states: photochemistry of acetyl-substituted aroyl and aryloxycarbonyl azidesMichael E. Sigman, Tom. Autrey, and Gary B. SchusterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 13, 4297–4305Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00221a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00221a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views851Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Relationship between lymph and tissue hyaluronan in skin and skeletal muscle (2002)

The size of hyaluronan was compared between tissue and lymph using a combination of agarose gel electrophoresis and radiometric assay. Prenodal lymph was collected from heel skin and the gastrocnemius muscle in anesthetized rabbits. The major fraction of hyaluronan in both tissues had a molecular weight >4 million. Lymph contained primarily low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (<0.79 x 10(6)), which was absent from tissue. Volume loading produced a preferential increase in the flux of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, indicating that tissue contains a small quantity of mobile, low-molecular-weight hyaluronan. The maximum daily removal of hyaluronan by lymph was <1% of the tissue content. The amount of lysosomal hyaluronidase activity in tissue was more than enough to account for a rapid turnover of hyaluronan. The data support the conclusion that lymph drainage is not significant in the normal catabolism of hyaluronan and may represent a small amount that becomes detached from the pericellular and extracellular matrixes.
Glutamate, But Not Dopamine, Stimulates Stress-Activated Protein Kinase and AP-1-Mediated Transcription in Striatal Neurons (1997)

Drugs that stimulate dopamine and glutamate receptors have been shown to induce the expression of AP-1 proteins (such as c-Fos and c-Jun) in the striatum and to induce binding of these proteins to AP-1 sites on DNA, leading to the hypothesis that AP-1-mediated transcription contributes to the long-term effects of these drugs. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the regulation of AP-1-mediated transcription to the inductions of AP-1-binding activity and genes encoding AP-1 proteins in primary cultures of striatal neurons. Although glutamate, dopamine, and forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) all induce c-fos mRNA and AP-1 binding, we found, surprisingly, that only glutamate induces transcription of a transfected AP-1-driven fusion gene. To explore the basis for this discrepancy, we investigated the possibility that the phosphorylation of c-Jun may also be required for AP-1-mediated transcription in striatal neurons. Glutamate, but neither dopamine nor forskolin, raises the levels of phosphorylated c-Jun as well as the activity of a Jun kinase (SAPK/JNK) in striatal cultures. Both the glutamatergic induction of AP-1-mediated transcription and activation of SAPK/JNK appear to be mediated, at least in part, via NMDA receptors. In striatal neurons, the phosphorylation of AP-1 proteins produced by glutamate may be required to convert AP-1 protein expression and binding to transcriptional activation.
Language modeling with sentence-level mixtures (1994)

This paperintroduces a simple mixtare language model that attempts to capture long distance conslraints in a sentence or paragraph. The model is an m-component mixture of Irigram models. The models were constructed using a 5K vocabulary and trained using a 76 million word Wail Street Journal text corpus. Using the BU recognition system, experiments show a 7% improvement in recognition accuracy with the mixture trigram models as compared to using a Irigram model.