gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Regulation of a Mouse Clara Cell-Specific Protein (mCC10) Gene by the NKx Transcription Factor Family Members Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 and Cardiac Muscle-Specific Homeobox Protein (CSX) (1996)

This report defines the elements between bp -800 and -166 that regulate the quantitative level of mouse CC10 (mCC10) transcription in the lungs. The elements in this promoter domain are the response elements for the NKx2.1 homeobox protein, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1). DNase I footprint analysis identified five binding sites for TTF1 between bp -800 and - 166. These sites are located at bp -344 to -335, - 282 to -273, -268 to -263, -258 to -249, and - 199 to - 190. In addition to these enhancer elements, two TTF1 binding sites were identified in the proximal promoter region (bp - 166 to + 1), at bp -74 to -69 and -49 to -39. An identical footprint of the mCC10 promoter region was also observed with another member of the NKx family, NKx 2.5, the cardiac muscle-specific homeobox protein (CSX). Deletion and linker-scanner mutational analyses of the TTF1 binding sites in the mCC10 distal promoter region with transient cotransfection into CV1 cells with either TTF1 or CSX identified the site located between bp -282 and -273 as the major regulator of CC10 expression, with minor regulation by sites at bp -344 to -335 and -258 to -249. The importance of the NKx binding site at bp -282 to -273 was verified in vivo. Transgenic mice generated with the human growth hormone gene fused to 800 bp of the mCC10 promoter containing a mutation in the TTF1 binding site at bp -282 to -273 showed a reduction in transgene expression equal to that of the mice generated with only 166 bp of 5'-flanking DNA. This report emphasizes the importance of TTF1 or related factors as major regulators of pulmonary gene expression and demonstrates the potential of NKx proteins to bind and activate heterologous target genes.
A simple technique to prevent misfire arcing in discharge-pumped excimer lasers (1992)

A simple spark gap has been used to prevent arcing due to lack of preionization in a laboratory discharge-pumped excimer laser. Adjustment of the self-breakdown point of the gap can be made in place without allowing any damaging arcs.
Parallel architectures for image processing (1998)

Image processing is often considered a good candidate for the application of parallel processing because of the large volumes of data and the complex algorithms commonly encountered. This paper presents a tutorial introduction to the field of parallel image processing. After introducing the classes of parallel processing a brief review of architectures for parallel image processing is presented. Software design for low-level image processing and parallelism in high-level image processing are discussed and an application of parallel processing to handwritten postcode recognition is described. The paper concludes with a look at future technology and market trends.
The Relationships between Skin Hardness, Pressure Perception and two-Point Discrimination in the Fingertip (1995)

With the recent introduction of computer-assisted sensibility testing devices, it is possible to investigate the hypothesis that the neurological mechanisms responsible for perception of pressure and two-point discrimination are influenced by skin hardness. This study examined the relationships between the skin hardness of the human index and little finger pulp and the perception of pressure in 25 adults. Skin hardness was measured using the Derma-Durometer. Pressure perception was measured with the Pressure-Specified Sensory Device for both static and moving touch stimuli and for two-point discrimination. The mean hardness of the fingertip pulp was 12.5 +/- 0.6 gm/mm2. There was no statistically significant difference in hardness between the dominant and non-dominant, right and left, index and little, or male and female fingertips. Skin hardness was independent of age for this population. The highest correlation, which was r = 0.46, was found between the cutaneous pressure threshold for one-point static touch and skin hardness. While this degree of correlation is significant at the P < 0.02 level, the r2 = 21%, demonstrating that this degree of correlation leaves 79% of the variability unexplained. These results suggest a physical interaction between mechanoreceptors and dermis that is only partially explained by the hardness of the skin.
Regional loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor II gene occurs in human prostate tissues. (1995)

In most tissues, the insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF-II) demonstrates imprinting, being expressed exclusively from the paternal allele. Recently, a loss of IGF-II imprinting (i.e., biallelic expression) has been found in sporadic Wilm's tumors and lung carcinomas, and this molecular event may contribute to the pathogenesis of these tumors. Here, we report that in prostates removed at radical surgery for localized adenocarcinoma, both the cancer and the associated normal peripheral zone tissue have a pronounced biallelic expression of the IGF-II gene. However, this pattern of gene expression is uncommon in periurethral samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from the same specimens. We analyzed the status of genomic imprinting at the IGF-II locus in prostate specimens removed for carcinoma using an ApaI polymorphism in the 3' untranslated exon of the IGF-II gene. First-strand cDNA synthesis and subsequent PCR amplification were performed on 13 of 35 radical prostatectomy specimens found to be informative for analysis of allele-specific expression. Biallelic expression for IGF-II RNA was demonstrated in 10 (83%) of 12 tumor samples and 8 (73%) of 11 matched peripheral zone prostate samples but in only 2 (18%) of 11 BPH samples. RNA transcripts were readily demonstrated by Northern blot analysis, and differences in expression were not noted among normal, BPH, and tumor prostate tissues. In situ hybridization revealed production of IGF-II by both the epithelium and stroma. The finding of a frequent biallelic expression of IGF-II in peripheral prostate specimens suggests a regional pattern of IGF-II gene regulation exists in prostate tissue. We hypothesize that this tissue-specific pattern of gene expression may participate in the marked predilection of peripheral prostatic tissue for the development of carcinogenesis.
Mass, charge, and energy separation by selective acceleration with a traveling potential hill (1996)

A traveling electric potential hill has been used to generate an ion beam with an energy distribution that is mass dependent from a monoenergetic ion beam of mixed masses. This effect can be utilized as a novel method for mass separation applied to identification or enrichment of ions (e.g., of elements, isotopes, or molecules). This theory for mass-selective acceleration is presented here and is shown to be confirmed by experiment and by a time-dependent particle-in-cell computer simulation. Results show that monoenergetic ions with the particular mass of choice are accelerated by controlling the hill potential and the hill velocity. The hill velocity is typically 20%–30% faster than the ions to be accelerated. The ability of the hill to pickup a particular mass uses the fact that small kinetic energy differences in the lab frame appear much larger in the moving hill frame. Ions will gain energy from the approaching hill if their relative energy in the moving hill frame is less than the peak potential of the hill. The final energy of these accelerated ions can be several times the source energy, which facilitates energy filtering for mass purification or identification. If the hill potential is chosen to accelerate multiple masses, the heaviest mass will have the greatest final energy. Hence, choosing the appropriate hill potential and collector retarding voltage will isolate ions with the lightest, heaviest, or intermediate mass. In the experimental device, called a Solitron, purified 20Ne and 22Ne are extracted from a ribbon beam of neon that is originally composed of 20Ne:22Ne in the natural ratio of 91:9. The isotopic content of the processed beam is determined by measuring the energy distribution of the detected current. These results agree with the theory. In addition to mass selectivity, our theory can also be applied to the filtration of an ion beam according to charge state or energy. Because of this variety of properties, the Solitron is envisioned to have broad applications. The primary application is for the enrichment of stable isotopes for medical and industrial tracers. Other applications include mass analysis of unknown gases (atomic and molecular) and metals, extracting single charge states from a multiply charged beam, accelerating the high energy tail in a beam or plasma with a velocity distribution, and beam bunching.
Two-Stage Constant-Envelope Precoding for Low-Cost Massive MIMO Systems (2015)

Massive MIMO is a key technology to meet increasing capacity demands in 5G wireless systems. However, a base station (BS) equipped with M ≫ 1 antennas requires M radio frequency (RF) chains with linear power amplifiers, which are very expensive. In this paper, we propose a two stage constant-envelope (CE) precoding scheme to enable low-cost implementation of massive MIMO BS with S ≪ M RF chains and nonlinear power amplifiers. Specifically, the MIMO precoder at the BS is partitioned into an RF precoder and a baseband precoder. The RF precoder is adaptive to the slow timescale channel statistics to achieve the array gain. The baseband precoder is adaptive to the fast timescale low dimensional effective channel to achieve the spatial multiplexing gain. Both the RF and baseband precoders are subject to CE constraints to reduce the implementation cost and the peak-to-average power ratio of the transmit signal. The two stage CE precoding is a challenging non-convex stochastic optimization problem and we propose an online alternating optimization algorithm which can autonomously converge to a stationary solution without explicit knowledge of channel statistics. Simulations show that the proposed solution has many advantages over various baselines.
Horizontal Cooperative Sales Promotion: A Framework for Classification and Additional Perspectives (1986)

This article focuses on horizontal cooperative sales promotion, an area that has remained largely unexplored. First, a framework for its classification is proposed. Next, a number of issues pertaining to joint sales promotion, one of the most extensively used forms of horizontal cooperative sales promotion, are explored. The article concludes with a brief discussion on directions for future research.
Vaccination of feral pigs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) using iophenoxic acid as a simulated vaccine (2008)

Encapsulated liquids can be delivered to feral pigs within baits, should the need to vaccinate feral pigs for fertility or disease management arise. High baiting intensities may be required.
Differential contribution of dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. (1995)

The emotional reactivity of rats with lesions of the dorsal portion of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was examined using a classical fear conditioning paradigm. Conditioned fear behavior (freezing responses) was measured during both the acquisition and extinction phases of the task. Lesions enhanced fear reactivity to both the conditioned stimulus (CS) and contextual stimuli during both phases, suggesting that dorsal mPFC lesions produce a general increase in fear reactivity in response to fear conditioning. M. A. Morgan, L. M. Romanski, and J. E. LeDoux (1993) found that lesions just ventral to the present lesions had no effect during acquisition of the same task and prolonged the fear response to the CS (but not the context) during extinction. Thus, both dorsal and ventral regions of mPFC are involved in the fear system, but each modulates different aspects of fear responsivity.
Eğirdir Orman Fidanliğinda Fidan Maliyeti Analizleri (2000)

The study was carried out in order to determine the actual cost of cedar (Cedrus libani A. Richard) and Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) raised in Eğirdir Forest Nursery, Lakes District of Turkey. Results from this research showed that the unit time of engine work was less than that of nonengine work. But the unit cost of engine was higher than labour cost. The unit time of different operational were also different among species. The unit time of operational can be used to calculate the cost of seedling unless the nursery conditionals and regimes are changed. Likewise, this fact input price should be revised every year. According to the input prices in 1998, the production costs of 1+0 nursery stocks were determined as 7760 TL and 5960 TL for Taurus cedar and Anatolian black pine, respectively.
A Comunicação Social e o Discurso Judiciário (2013)

Este ensaio constitui uma reflexão acerca das tensas relações entre o sistema da Justiça e o\nsistema dos meios de comunicação social. Numa sociedade mediatizada, tornase difícil conciliar\nas lógicas distintas que caracterizam o funcionamento dos tribunais e o funcionamento dos\nmedia, facto que tem contribuído para aumentar a conflitualidade existente entre ambos os domínios. Se,\npor um lado, a actividade dos jornalistas cumpre um importante papel na descoberta de inúmeros\nprocessos-prime, por outro lado as práticas jornalísticas, particularmente os métodos que se referem ao jornalismo de investigação, tendem a impor-se sobre direitos constitucionalmente estabelecidos. A situação reveste-se de maior delicadeza quando os jornalistas promovem verdadeiros julgamentos de opinião pública apenas para satisfazer os propósitos de um jornalismo industrializado que se tece em função do interesse do público. Com efeito, pretendemos analisar os problemas práticos resultantes da relação entre o sistema mediático e o sistema judicial no contexto português
3D line voxelization and connectivity control (1997)

Voxelization algorithms that convert a 3D continuous line representation into a discrete line representation have a dual role in graphics. First, these algorithms synthesize voxel-based objects in volume graphics. The 3D line itself is a fundamental primitive, also used as a building block for voxelizing more complex objects. For example, sweeping a 3D voxelized line along a 3D voxelized circle generates a voxelized cylinder. The second application of 3D line voxelization algorithms is for ray traversal in voxel space. Rendering techniques that cast rays through a volume of voxels are based on algorithms that generate the set of voxels visited (or pierced) by the continuous ray. Discrete ray algorithms have been developed for traversing a 3D space partition or a 3D array of sampled or computed data. These algorithms produce one discrete point per step, in contrast to ray casting algorithms for volume rendering, which track a continuous ray at constant intervals, and to voxelization algorithms that generate nonbinary voxel values (for example, partial occupancies). Before considering algorithms for generating discrete lines, we introduce the topology and geometry of discrete lines.
Learning query-biased web page summarization (2007)

Query-biased Web page summarization is the summarization of a Web page reflecting the relevance of it to a specific query. It plays an important role in search results representation of Web search engines. In this paper, we propose a learning-based query-biased Web page summarization method. The summarization problem is solved within the typical sentence selection framework. Different from existing Web page summarization methods that use page content or link context alone, both of them are considered as the sources of sentences in this work. Most of existing learning-based summarization methods treat summarization as a sentence classification problem and train a classifier to discriminate between extracted sentences and non-extracted sentences of all training documents. The basic assumption of these methods is that sentences from different documents are comparable with respect to the class information. In contrast to the classification scheme, a ranking scheme is introduced to rank extracted sentences higher than non-extracted sentences of each training document. The underlying assumption that sentences within a document are comparable is weaker and more reasonable than the assumption of classification-based scheme. Extensive results using intrinsic evaluation metrics gauge many aspects of the proposed method.
Catalytic Upgrading of Ethanol to <i>n</i>-Butanol via Manganese-Mediated Guerbet Reaction (2017)

Replacement of precious metal catalysts in the Guerbet upgrade of ethanol to n-butanol with first-row metal complex catalysts is highly appreciated due to their economic and environmental friendliness. The manganese pincer complexes of the type [(RPNP)MnBr(CO)2] (R = iPr, Cy, tBu, Ph or Ad) are found to be excellent catalysts for upgrading ethanol to n-butanol. Under suitable reaction conditions and with an appropriate base, about 34% yield of n-butanol can be obtained in high selectivity. A detailed account on the effect of the temperature, solvent, nature, and proportion of base used and the stereoelectronic effects of the ligand substituents on the catalytic activity of the catalysts as well as the plausible deactivation pathways is presented.
Tunable metasurfaces via subwavelength phase shifters with uniform amplitude (2017)

Metasurfaces with tunable spatial phase functions could benefit numerous applications. Currently, most approaches to tuning rely on mechanical stretching which cannot control phase locally, or by modulating the refractive index to exploit rapid phase changes with the drawback of also modulating amplitude. Here, we propose a method to realize phase modulation at subwavelength length scales while maintaining unity amplitude. Our device is inspired by an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonator, with pixels comprising a scattering nanopost on top of a distributed Bragg reflector, capable of providing a nearly 2π nonlinear phase shift with less than 2% refractive index modulation. Using the designed pixels, we simulate a tunable metasurface composed of an array of moderately coupled nanopost resonators, realizing axicons, vortex beam generators, and aspherical lenses with both variable focal length and in-plane scanning capability, achieving nearly diffraction-limited performance. The experimental feasibility of the proposed method is also discussed.
Template-free synthesis of nanocage-like g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> with high surface area and nitrogen defects for enhanced photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> activity (2019)

Nanocage-like 3D porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) with a high surface area and nitrogen defects was successfully prepared <italic>via</italic> a novel, template-free, cost-effective and hydrothermal-copolymerization route.
CONTROLLED-POROSITY OSMOTIC PUMP TABLETS-AN OVERVIEW (2010)

Conventional drug delivery systems have little control over their drug release and almost no control over the effective concentration at the target site. This kind of dosing pattern may result in constantly changing, unpredictable plasma concentrations. Drugs can be delivered in a controlled pattern over a long period of time by the process of osmosis. Osmotic devices are the most promising strategy based systems for controlled drug delivery. They are the most reliable controlled drug delivery systems and could be employed as oral drug delivery systems. The present review is concerned with the study of drug release systems which are tablets coated with walls of controlled porosity. When these systems are exposed to water, low levels of water soluble additive is leached from polymeric material i.e. semipermeable membrane and drug releases in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. Drug delivery from this system is not influenced by the different physiological factors within the gut lumen and the release characteristics can be predicted easily from the known properties of the drug and the dosage form. In this paper, various types of osmotically controlled drug delivery systems and the basic components of controlled porosity osmotic pump tablets have been discussed briefly.
Animal models of implantation (2004)

Implantation is an intricately timed event necessary in the process of viviparous birth that allows mammals to nourish and protect their young during early development. Human implantation begins when the blastocyst both assumes a fixed position in the uterus and establishes a more intimate relationship with the endometrium. Due to the impracticalities of studying implantation in humans, animal models are necessary to decipher the molecular and mechanical events of this process. This review will discuss the differences in implantation between different animal models and describe how these differences can be utilized to investigate discrete implantation stages. In addition, factors that have been shown to be involved in implantation in the human and other various animal models including growth factors, cytokines, modulators of cell adhesion, and developmental factors will be discussed, and examples from each will be given.
Searching for a minimal set of behaviors for autism detection through feature selection-based machine learning (2015)

Although the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has risen sharply in the last few years reaching 1 in 68, the average age of diagnosis in the United States remains close to 4--well past the developmental window when early intervention has the largest gains. This emphasizes the importance of developing accurate methods to detect risk faster than the current standards of care. In the present study, we used machine learning to evaluate one of the best and most widely used instruments for clinical assessment of ASD, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) to test whether only a subset of behaviors can differentiate between children on and off the autism spectrum. ADOS relies on behavioral observation in a clinical setting and consists of four modules, with module 2 reserved for individuals with some vocabulary and module 3 for higher levels of cognitive functioning. We ran eight machine learning algorithms using stepwise backward feature selection on score sheets from modules 2 and 3 from 4540 individuals. We found that 9 of the 28 behaviors captured by items from module 2, and 12 of the 28 behaviors captured by module 3 are sufficient to detect ASD risk with 98.27% and 97.66% accuracy, respectively. A greater than 55% reduction in the number of behaviorals with negligible loss of accuracy across both modules suggests a role for computational and statistical methods to streamline ASD risk detection and screening. These results may help enable development of mobile and parent-directed methods for preliminary risk evaluation and/or clinical triage that reach a larger percentage of the population and help to lower the average age of detection and diagnosis.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM IRRIGATION ON SOIL SALINITY AT SELECTED SITES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA (1981)

The effects of long-term irrigation on soil salinity were studied at 13 selected sites within four major irrigation districts in southern Alberta. Of these sites, 10 have been under irrigation for over 60 yr and three for 25 yr. Soil textures ranged from sandy loam to clay. The total soluble salts in the soil profiles were either reduced or unchanged after long-term irrigation at all sites except one, which had an 11% increase but an EC of the saturation extract still less than 1 mS∙cm −1 . The magnitude of reduction in soluble salts of the other soil profiles was related to the initial salt content and ranged from 0 to 82% of the original content. The SAR decreased in the subsoil at all sites. It is evident that long-term irrigation did not salinize the soils at these sites, which are considered to be representative of much of the irrigated land in this area.