gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of paint flow rate flux for elliptical paint sprays by using experimental paint thickness distributions (2006)

Purpose Aims to experimental determination of paint flow rate flux for elliptical paint sprays. Paint flow rate flux distribution is necessary for computer simulation of the spray painting process. Design/methodology/approach Different painting strokes at different spray distances and painting velocities are made on flat surfaces by using paint sprays with elliptical spray areas. Then, thickness measurements are made across the strokes after the paint dries out completely. Thickness distributions are used for determination of the paint flow rate flux distribution by making use of the developed formulation and algorithm. Findings Finds that it is possible to determine the paint flow rate flux for elliptical paint sprays by making use of the painting strokes made on flat surfaces at different spray distances and painting velocities. Practical implications Computer simulation of the spray painting process for elliptical paint sprays is made possible. Simulation software for circular paint sprays has been developed previously by the authors. Originality/value Paint flow rate flux distribution is necessary for computer simulation of the spray painting process. Such simulation software has been developed previously by the authors.
Barite Sag: Measurement, Modeling, and Management (2000)

Summary A joint industry project was established to study barite sag mechanisms and to develop field guidelines to manage the consequences. A simple empirical model was developed to compare sag potential for a wide range of fluid types. In the study, physical properties of the mud, wellbore conditions, and characteristics of the weighting material were shown to have a large influence on sag behavior. The study also included direct measurements of the properties of settled weight-material beds. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of barite sag and how best to manage problems in the field. Data from the tests clearly demonstrate that the parameters affecting sag are interrelated and seldom act in isolation. For all muds tested, the highest sag occurred at low annular velocities over angles from 60 to 75°. Drillpipe rotation was particularly beneficial in minimizing barite settlement. Rotation also assisted in re-distributing barite deposits formed on the low side of the hole. The improved understanding of the mechanisms of barite sag enabled development of practical field guidelines. Case history studies presented in the paper demonstrate how the results of the work together with better field monitoring have been successfully applied to manage the effects of barite sag in high-pressure/high-temperature and extended-reach drilling operations.
Study of microtubule templates for fabrication of nano-interconnects (2005)

Microtubules (MTs), whose basic units are a and ß tubulin proteins, are self-assembled proteinaceous filaments with nanometer scale diameters and micrometer scale lengths. Their aspect ratio, directionality, the reversibility of their assembly and their ability to be metallized by electroless plating make them good candidates to serve as templates for the fabrication of nanowires and other nanoscale devices. In addition, tubulin proteins can provide biological interactions with a naturally high specificity.Toward the goal of manufacturing MT-based metallic nanowires and networks of nanowires on a silicon wafer, I studied the influence of pH, temperature, and several biomolecules on the stability of MTs in solutions, as well as the surface effect on the dynamics of disassembly of microtubules. Secondly, I demonstrated the metallization of MTs by electroless nickel plating both in solution and on hydrophilic oxidized Si surface. After being activated by Pt, nickel coated MT surfaces during the electroless plating, with a thickness of several nanometers. Due to the different kinetics of the process, MTs metallized on the oxidized Si wafer are slightly different from MTs metallized in solutions. Finally, we explored controlled nucleation and growth of microtubules directly from a collection of g-tubulin monomers. g-tubulins bind to modified gold electrodes on a silicon wafer through an organic linker, Glutathione s-transferase, creating a g-tubulin layer for MT growth. MTs unambiguously originated from the surface-bound g-tubulin layer on the gold electrode, proving that the surface-bound g-tubulin retains its biological ability of nucleating MT growth.
Understanding Stöber Silica’s Pore Characteristics Measured by Gas Adsorption (2014)

Controversial reports regarding Stöber silica's microporosity and specific surface area remain in the literature despite decades of widespread applications. In this work, Stöber silica samples prepared under controlled reaction time and postsynthesis washing/drying conditions were characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and evolved gas analysis. Our experimental results demonstrated the important but often overlooked effects of reaction time and postsynthesis treatments on Stöber silica's pore characteristics, as evidenced by the strikingly large range of BET specific surface area (11.3-309.7 m(2)/g). A simple micropore filling and blocking mechanism compatible with an existing Stöber silica growth model incorporating both aggregation and monomer addition steps was proposed to explain all our experimental findings. The carbon and nitrogen contents appear to serve well as the indicative link between our experimental variables and the resulting pore blocking by TEOS and its derivatives. A suitable combination of experimental conditions is recommended in order to make microporous Stöber silica samples with large specific surface area, including a short reaction time, water washing, and drying at moderate temperature preferably under vacuum.
Loop prevention for IEEE 1394 network (2002)

The loop prevention method, which avoids misconnection (loop connection) and realizes a reliable network is proposed. The port disable function of P1394a is applied to the IEEE 1394 network. The restoration time is experimentally obtained to be around 1.4 msec for a network including 3 loops.
High temperature annealing stability of magnetic properties in MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction stacks with CoFeB polarizing layer (2011)

We studied Co/Pd multilayers (MLs) and CoFeB spin polarizing layer for MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) by engineering the exchange coupling between CoFeB and Co/Pd MLs and the interface morphology of Co and Pd in Co/Pd MLs. One of the key challenges of maintaining perpendicular anisotropy in both the fixed and free layers was achieved by tuning the energy balance between the Co/Pd MLs and the CoFeB layers. A perpendicular squareness ratio of near unity in M–H loops of full stack structures clearly indicated excellent perpendicular anisotropy even after annealing at 350 °C for 1 h in vacuum. Very low intermixing with sharp Co/Pd interfaces confirmed by the small angle x-ray reflectivity measurements was believed to be the key to high temperature annealing stability of magnetic properties. Our results shed light on the mechanisms resulting in low TMR (tunneling magnetoresistance) for Co/M (M=Pd, Pt, Ni) multilayer-based MTJs in this study as well as in previously published reports.
Novel Precursor Approached for CMC Derived by Polymer Pyrolysis (1994)

A family of reactive endblocked poly(methylvinylsilane), PMVS, polymers was developed for fabricating fiber-reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Control of reaction conditions was optimized to synthesize a baseline PMVS in multiple batches and sufficient quantity to examine modifications of the polymer chemistry during processing and pyrolysis. The conversion of PMVS to carbon-rich nanocrystalline silicon carbide ceramic was studied using a variety of analytical techniques, including thermal analysis, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The excess C in PMVS ceramic chars was effectively scavenged with an added Si source. Perhydropoly(silazane), PHPS, provided a polymer precursor source of Si3N4 and excess Si. Blends of PHPS and PMVS had higher char yields (70-85%) than either component polymer and generated novel nanocrystalline ceramics with heating to 1600 deg C. Crystal growth was inhibited in chars derived from these blends. Added elemental Si reacted with the excess C and enhanced crystal growth of SiC above the melting point of Si. Representative CMCs with good mechanical properties were fabricated using several PMVS-based matrix sources. The CMCs showed load vs. deflection curves typical of non-brittle failure and tensile specimens showed fibrous failure. Ceramic composites, Poly(methylvinylsilane), Polymer precursor, PHPS/PMVS polymer blends.
Design of wideband antireflection coating with the Fourier transform method (1990)

The NRCC Fourier transform synthesis method has been applied for the first time to an optical thin film design problem in which the external media are different. Graded index AR coatings for germanium substrates have been synthesized and compared to multilayer solutions. No limits have been imposed on the refractive indices. Although such systems cannot be put into practice, they provide basic insight into the general nature of broadband AR coatings. Admittance diagrams have been calculated for some of the systems to gain further understanding of their behavior.
In Vitro Testing of Artificial Heart Valves: Comparison Between Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Fluids (1996)

The in vitro testing of artificial heart valves is often performed with simple fluids like glycerol solutions. Blood, however, is a non-Newtonian fluid with a complex viscoelastic behavior, and different flow fields in comparable geometries may result. Therefore, we used different polymer solutions (Polyacrylamid, Xanthan gum) with blood-like rheological properties as well as various Newtonian fluids (water, glycerol solutions) in our heart valve test device. Hydrodynamic parameters of Björk-Shiley heart valves with a tissue annulus diameter (TAD) of 21-29 mm were investigated under aortic flow conditions. Major results can be summarized as follows. The mean systolic pressure differences depend on the model fluids tested. Closing time and closing volume are not influenced by the rheological behavior of fluids. These parameters depend on TAD and the pressure differences across the valve. In contrast, rheological behavior has a pronounced influence upon leakage flow and leakage volume, respectively. Results show furthermore that the apparent viscosity data as a function of shear rate are not sufficient to characterize the rheological fluid behavior relevant to hydrodynamic parameters of the heart valves investigated. Therefore, similarity in the yield curves of non-Newtonian test fluids mimicing blood is only a pre-requisite for a suitable test fluid. More information about the viscous and elastic component of the fluid viscosity is required, especially in geometries where a complex flow field exists as in the case of leakage flow.
Association of microRNA-93, 190, 200b and Receptor Status in Core Biopsies from Stage III Breast Cancer Patients (2014)

Oncologists now favor more personalized treatment strategies in breast cancer patients. Gene expression analysis has been widely used, but less is known about epigenetic factors, for example, microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selected miRNAs and receptor status in core biopsies sampled before preoperative chemotherapy in stage III locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients. In 37 LABC core biopsies, three miRNAs per sample were analyzed: hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-190a, and hsa-miR-200b-3p, and hsa-miR-103a-3p as an endogenous control (TaqMan(®) RT-PCR; Applied Biosystems). Receptor status was determined by a dedicated pathologist. The Mann-Whitney U, Shapiro-Wilk, and Levene's tests were used to compare related samples. Levels of miRNA-93 differed significantly in core biopsies of LABC patients with different expressions of ER (estrogen receptor) and PR (progesterone receptor). Higher levels of miRNA-93 were found in ER-negative (p=0.0027) and PR-negative patients (p=0.0185). Levels of miRNA-190 and 200b did not differ significantly in core biopsies of LABC patients who expressed ER and PR differently (p=0.7727, p=0.9434, p=0.6213, and p=0.1717). Levels of miRNA-93, 190, and 200b were not significantly different in core biopsies of LABC patients with different HER2 (human epidermal growth factor 2) expressions (p=0.8013, p=0.2609, and p=0.3222). The assessment of core biopsy miRNA profiles and receptor-based subtypes may identify new signaling pathways for improved breast cancer classification.
Polarized Laser Scan Technique For Patterned Wafer Surface Contaminants Inspection (1985)

A new system for detecting contaminants on patterned Si wafers is described. The system employs a linearly polarized He-Ne laser light to scan obliquely across the wafer surfaces, and optical detection technique to distinguish the contaminants from the patterns by measuring the polarization of the light reflected from both the contaminants and the patterns.
Suppression of Cathepsins B and L Causes a Proliferation of Lysosomes and the Formation of Meganeurites in Hippocampus (1997)

Cultured hippocampal slices exhibited prominent ultrastructural features of brain aging after exposure to an inhibitor of cathepsins B and L. Six days of treatment with N-CBZ-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine-diazomethylketone (ZPAD) resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of lysosomes in the perikarya of neurons and glial cells throughout the slices. Furthermore, lysosomes in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells were not restricted to the soma but instead were located throughout dendritic processes. Clusters of lysosomes were commonly found within bulging segments of proximal dendrites that were notable for an absence of microtubules and neurofilaments. Although pyknotic nuclei were sometimes encountered, most of the cells in slices exposed to ZPAD for 6 d appeared relatively normal. Slices given 7 d of recovery contained several unique features, compared with those processed immediately after incubation with the inhibitor. Cell bodies of CA1 neurons were largely cleared of the excess lysosomes but had gained fusiform, somatic extensions that were filled with fused lysosomes and related complex, dense bodies. These appendages, similar in form and content to structures previously referred to as "meganeurites," were not observed in CA3 neurons or granule cells. Because meganeurites were often interposed between cell body and axon, they have the potential to interfere with processes requiring axonal transport. It is suggested that inactivation of cathepsins B and L results in a proliferation of lysosomes and that meganeurite generation provides a means of storing residual catabolic organelles. The accumulated material could be eliminated by pinching off the meganeurite but, at least in some cases, this action would result in axotomy. Reduced cathepsin L activity, increased numbers of lysosomes, and the formation of meganeurites are all reported to occur during brain aging; thus, it is possible that the infusion of ZPAD into cultured slices sets in motion a greatly accelerated gerontological sequence.
Fatiguing Exercise Increases Complexity of Postural Control: Control Entropy of High-Resolution Accelerometry (2011)

We have previously used Control Entropy (CE) analysis of high-resolution accelerometer (HRA) signal to show complexity of gait decreases during exhaustive treadmill running. PURPOSE: To determine if complexity of postural control decreases following fatiguing Wingate exercise using CE of HRA. METHODS: Ten participants (5 M/5 F; 25±3 yr; 169.4±11.7 cm; 79.0±16.9 kg) consented to participation approved by Western Oregon University IRB and completed two trials separated by 2-7 days. Trials consisted of two single-legged balance tests separated by a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT; PreWant/PostWant), or rest period (PreRest/PostRest). Balance tests consisted of a series of five single-legged stances, separated by 30 s rest, performed while standing on the dominant leg for 15-s with the participant crossing the arms over the chest and flexing the non-dominant knee to 90 degrees. HRA (MicroStrain, VT) were fixed superficial to L3/L4 at the approximate center of mass (COM). Triaxial signals from the HRA were streamed in real time to a base station at a frequency of 625 Hz and then exported to Matlab (Natick, MA) for analysis. COM accelerations were recorded in g's for vertical (VT), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP). A newly developed statistic (R-test) was applied to group response shapes generated by Karhunen Loeve (KL) analysis modes resulting from Control Entropy (CE) analysis. RESULTS: R-tests showed a significant mean vector difference (p<.05) within conditions, between axes in all cases, except PostWant, indicating the shape of the complexity response was different in these cases. R-test between conditions, within axis, differences were only present in PostWant for AP (p<.05; 2.95 × 10-3) vs. PreWant (2.86× 10-3). T-tests showed a significantly higher overall CE PostWant in VT and ML compared to PreWant and PostRest (p<.0001). PostWant CE was also higher than PostRest in AP (p<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that fatiguing exercise eliminates the differential complexity response of postural control between axes, but increases complexity in all axes compared to the non-fatigued condition. This has implications with regard to the effects of fatigue on strategies of the control system to maintain postural control.
Optimum transmit antenna weight generation method for adaptive antenna array transmit diversity in W-CDMA forward link (2002)

This paper investigates the optimum transmit antenna weight generation method for adaptive antenna array transmit diversity (AAA-TD) with 6 antennas in the W-CDMA forward link: AAA-TD with beam and null steering (BNST), AAA-TD with beam steering (BST), or multi-beam transmit diversity with fixed weights (MBTD-FW). The BER performance after carrier frequency calibration in the transmit beam pattern is compared among the three methods in frequency division duplex (FDD) system 2 GHz band with carrier separation of 184.5 MHz based on computer simulation. The simulation results show that the achievable BER performance in the forward link using AAA-TD with BNST is almost identical to that using AAA-TD with BST when the number of interfering users is much larger than that of the array antennas, except for the special case when a small number of higher rate users exits in the reverse link. This is because by performing carrier frequency calibration, the directions of the beam nulls are shifted from the real directions of arrival (DOA) of the interfering users. However, we also show that the required transmit E/sub b//N/sub 0/ at the average BER of 10/sup -3/ using AAA-TD with BST is decreased by approximately 1.0-1.2 dB compared to that using MBTD-FW with 12 beams.
Oral Toxicity and Repellency of Borates to German Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) (1993)

The oral toxicities of boric acid and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DSOBTH) in dry-mixed, wet-mixed, and water-based solution baits were determined for German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L., in choice and nonchoice experiments. In dry-mixed, nonchoice bait tests, all cockroaches died within 1 wk. Time to mortality decreased as the concentration of boric acid increased. The LT50s for DSOBTH were not significantly different for any concentrations tested. In choice tests, the order of LT50s of boric acid and DSOBTH were 6.25% = 12.5% > 25% = 50% and 25% > 12.5% > 50% > 25%, respectively. Consumption of treated and control baits and the differences between the LT50s of the nonchoice and choice tests indicate repellency of the toxicants. Most German cockroaches died in 3-6 d in wet-mixed nonchoice tests, but all cockroaches survived the wet-mixed choice tests except at the lowest concentration of boric acid. This result indicated repellency. In nonchoice tests with water-based solutions, all cockroaches died in 5 d. In choice tests with boric acid solutions, mortality did not increase at concentrations > 1%. Choice/nonchoice ratios indicate no repellency of water-based solutions. In addition, consumption of treated and blank solutions was not significantly different for any concentration except 4% DSOBTH.
Flexible, Solid-State, Ion-Conducting Membrane with 3D Garnet Nanofiber Networks for Lithium Batteries (2017)

Beyond state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology with metallic lithium anodes to replace conventional ion intercalation anode materials is highly desirable because of lithium’s highest specific capacity (3,860 mA/g) and lowest negative electrochemical potential (∼3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). In this work, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a 3D lithium-ion–conducting ceramic network based on garnet-type Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 (LLZO) lithium-ion conductor to provide continuous Li + transfer channels in a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based composite. This composite structure further provides structural reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. The flexible solid-state electrolyte composite membrane exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.5 × 10 −4 S/cm at room temperature. The membrane can effectively block dendrites in a symmetric Li | electrolyte | Li cell during repeated lithium stripping/plating at room temperature, with a current density of 0.2 mA/cm 2 for around 500 h and a current density of 0.5 mA/cm 2 for over 300 h. The presentation will focus on our recent development of 3D garnet nano structured solid-state electrolyte membrane for Li metal batteries. Figure 1
Metamorphs: deformable shape and texture models (2004)

We present a new class of deformable models, MetaMorphs, that consist of both shape and interior texture. The model deformations are derived from both boundary and region information in a common variational framework. This framework represents a generalization of previous model-based segmentation approaches. The shapes of the new models are represented implicitly as "images" in the higher dimensional space of distance transforms. The interior textures are captured using a nonparametric kernel-based approximation of the intensity probability density functions (p.d.f.s) inside the models. The deformations that MetaMorph models can undergo are defined using a space warping technique - the cubic B-spline based Free Form Deformations (FFD). When using the models for boundary finding in images, we derive the model dynamics from an energy functional consisting of both edge energy terms and intensity/texture energy terms. This way, the models deform wider the influence of forces derived from both boundary and regional information. The proposed MetaMorph deformable models are efficient in convergence, have large attraction range, and are robust to image noise and inhomogeities. Various examples on finding object boundaries in noisy images with complex textures demonstrate the potential of the proposed technique.