gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Studies on “Isosclerotan”, a New Glucan Isolated from<i>Sclerotinia</i>Fungus, by Physical, Chemical and Enzymatic Methods (1966)

“Isosclerotan”, a polysaccharide constituent extracted with a sodium hydroxide solution from sclerotia of Sclerotinia libertiana, could be purified by the successive precipitation with the followings; a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide, ammonium sulfate, and ethyl alcohol. The preparation proved homogeneous by ultracentrifugal analysis. From sedimentation and viscosity measurements, the molecular weight of isosclerotan was calculated as 6.13 × 106, andas 1.60 × 105 after treatment with a dilute oxalic acid solution. Isosclerotan was scarecely soluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, yielding a highly viscous solution. It exhibited a low positive optical rotation, + 23.0° (in water), and infrared spectrum had a sharp absorption at 890~898 cm−1, which indicated the prevalence of the β-glycosidic linkage in isosclerotan. Through degradation by acids and enzymes of isosclerotan, there were obtained various oligosaccharides containing β-1.3, β-1.4, and β-1.6 linkages. From results obtained by periodate oxidation and methylation, it is assumed that the polysaccharide involves the 1.3, 1.4, and 1.6 linkages in 47.7%, 16.6% and 35.7%, respectively, and a branching structure about 12.5%.
Design of broadband and wide-angle antireflection for solar cells (2010)

Antireflection coatings are very important for high-efficiency solar cells. An ideal antireflection structure should lead to zero reflection loss on solar-cell surfaces over an extended solar spectral range for all angles of incidence. Based on the optical thin-film theory, two multilayer structures are adopted as initial stacks in two conditions, respectively. With the aid of a conjugate graduate optimized method, the incident angles of antireflection coating are 0 -60 , the working wavelength range is 400-1200 nm, and two broadband and wide-angle antireflections are designed. The results show that they can all evidently reduce residual reflection.
Unusual peptide bond cleavage reactions during acidolytic deprotection reactions (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnusual peptide bond cleavage reactions during acidolytic deprotection reactionsJeffrey R. Spencer, Nancy G. J. Delaet, Anna Toy-Palmer, Valery V. Antonenko, and Murray GoodmanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6, 1635–1638Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00058a064https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00058a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Tribological Characteristics of Liquid Lubricant on Magnetic Disks Treated by Far-UV Radiation (1993)

In this paper, we have shown that a perfluoropolyether lubricant after far-UV irradiation treatment proposed by Saperstein and Lin (1990) was strongly bonded to disk surfaces without depletion from disks rotating at 6000 rpm in a 50°C temperature environment. Nonbonded lubricant (mobile lubricant) on disk surfaces or on the top of the UV-fixed lubricant was easily depleted from rotating disks. Depletion data of the mobile lubricant agreed well with predictions of an inter-slip model. It has been demonstrated experimentally that the mobile lubricant on disk surfaces was simply displaced from the contact or the sliding regions. After a long period of head contact, the lubricant was built up at the head/disk interface due to migration of the mobile lubricant around the contact regions. By contrast, no such build-up was observed for disks with the UV-fixed lubricant. Consequently, long-term stiction was observed for disks with only mobile lubricant, while no stiction was observed for disks with the UV-fixed lubricant. The UV-treated disks also adsorbed less water at high relative humidities compared with the nontreated disks.
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL COMBINATORIAL LIBRARIES THAT MIMIC BIOLOGIC MOTIFS* (2001)

Numerous bioactive peptides and their peptidomimetic analogs have been synthesized, and some are used in the clinic [1a], [1b], [1c]. Linear peptides composed of the natural amino acids are limited...
GPS Multipath Detection in the Frequency Domain (2017)

Multipath is among the major sources of errors in precise positioning using GPS and continues to be extensively studied. Two Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based detectors are presented in this paper as GPS multipath detection techniques. The detectors are formulated as binary hypothesis tests under the assumption that the multipath exists for a sufficient time frame that allows its detection based on the quadrature arm of the coherent Early-minus-Late discriminator (Q EmL) for a scalar tracking loop (STL) or on the quadrature (Q EmL) and/or in-phase arm (I EmL) for a vector tracking loop (VTL), using an observation window of N samples. Performance analysis of the suggested detectors is done on multipath signal data acquired from the multipath environment simulator developed by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) as well as on multipath data from real GPS signals. Application of the detection tests to correlator outputs of scalar and vector tracking loops shows that they may be used to exclude multipath contaminated satellites from the navigation solution. These detection techniques can be extended to other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou.
Effects of Endopeptidase 24.11 Inhibition on Plasma and Tissue Concentrations of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (1995)

1. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of endopeptidase 24.11 inhibition on the rate of metabolism of vasoactive intestinal peptide. The effect of such inhibition on the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two tissues was also investigated. 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given the endopeptidase 24.11 blocker UK77,568 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle as a single intravenous injection or as a daily injection for 4 days. Two hours after the final or single injection, the rats were anaesthetized and blood was sampled to determine plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide and angiotensin II. The hearts and kidneys were harvested and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The plasma and tissue concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide and the plasma concentration of angiotensin II were determined by radioimmunoassay. In a separate group of experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized and carotid and jugular catheters were inserted. One hour after intravenous administration of UK77,568 or vehicle, an infusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (10 pmol min-1 kg-1) was commenced via the jugular catheter. Blood was sampled to determine the vasoactive intestinal peptide concentration 1 h after commencing the vasoactive intestinal peptide infusion to calculate the metabolic clearance rate. 3. Plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide increased after acute (P < 0.05) but not chronic administration of UK77,568, while the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the heart increased after chronic administration (P < 0.0005). The concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the kidney was unchanged after both acute and chronic endopeptidase 24.11 blockade. Plasma angiotensin II decreased significantly in the chronic group (P<0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
150 GHz FMAX with high drain breakdown voltage immunity by multi gate oxide dual work-function (MGO-DWF)-MO SFET (2015)

We propose Multi Gate Oxide - Dual Work-Function (MGO-DWF)-MOSFET which is suitable for low power AB-class RF power amplifier (RF PA). This was examined for the first time by comparing with a standard Cascode connection circuitry composed of LV- and HVMOSFETs. Dramatically improved F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> (150 GHz) with sufficient drain break-down voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BD</sub> ) was experimentally confirmed in a practical device structure. MGO-DWF-MOSFET has multiple roles in a unit device such as LV-MOSFET in source side regions and HV-MOSFET in drain side regions. This distinctive structure enables the reduction of the device area and a gate capacitance (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> ) with a higher transconductance (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sub> ) and the suppression of drain conductance (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> ). Enhancement of F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> , in other words, DC operation current reduction is achieved at a given operation point. This indicates that MGO-DWF MOSFET is advantageous for low power amplifier circuitry applications, typically for RF PA in internet of things (IoT) products.
The Bispectral Index (1999)

Electroencephalographic data were collected from five subjects during sleep. We found that the Bispectral Index decreased during increasing depth of sleep in a fashion very similar to the decrease in Bispectral Index that occurs during general anesthesia. This study further highlights the electroencephalographic similarities of states of sleep and general anesthesia.
Cognitive science and the failure of behaviorism: quantum, classical and mind indeterminacies (2002)

Behaviorism guessed that it would be possible to model human behavior discarding, at the same time, internal variables and theoretical obscure terms like mental categories. Internal and innate variables would be intermediary steps that could be suppressed without prejudice to the necessary connection between stimuli and responses. The existence of classical and quantum indeterminacies appear to play no role in the theory. Cognitive phenomena were recruited when the behavioristic project failed to explain a large number of phenomena. New fields in science have emerged with the recruitment of new concepts such as complexity, self-organization and the abandonment of old concepts such as determinism and causation. The old tendency to proliferate substances subsuming dualism is now replaced by a new sort of dualism, not of substances but of predicates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photonuclear-based Detection of Nuclear Smuggling in Cargo Containers (2003)

The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have performed experiments in La Honda, California and at the Idaho Accelerator Center in Pocatello, Idaho to assess and develop a photonuclear‐based detection system for shielded nuclear materials in cargo containers. The detection system, measuring photonuclear‐related neutron emissions, is planned for integration with the ARACOR Eagle Cargo Container Inspection System (Sunnyvale, CA). The Eagle Inspection system uses a nominal 6‐MeV electron accelerator and operates with safe radiation exposure limits to both container stowaways and to its operators. The INEEL has fabricated custom‐built, helium‐3‐based, neutron detectors for this inspection application and is performing an experimental application assessment. Because the Eagle Inspection system could not be moved to LANL where special nuclear material was available, the response of the Eagle had to be determined indirectly so as to support the development and testing of the detection system. Experiments in California have successfully matched the delayed neutron emission performance of the ARACOR Eagle with that of the transportable INEEL electron accelerator (i.e., the Varitron) and are reported here. A demonstration test is planned at LANL using the Varitron and shielded special nuclear materials within a cargo container. Detector results are providing very useful information regarding the challenges of delayed neutron counting near the photofission threshold energy of 5.5 – 6.0 MeV, are identifying the possible utilization of prompt neutron emissions to allow enhanced signal‐to‐noise measurements, and are showing the overall benefits of using higher electron beam energies.
An Improved Defined Medium for Growth of Endothia parasitica (1982)

Supplementing Endothia minimal medium with lactic acid, tannic acid, asparagine, more glucose, and adjusting the pH to 4.2 improves the growth of E. parasitica.
Characterization of changes in PER.C6™ cellular metabolism during growth and propagation of a replication‐deficient adenovirus vector (2005)

PER.C6 cells were cultivated for propagation of a replication-defective adenovirus vector in serum-free suspension bioreactors. Cellular metabolism during cell growth and adenovirus propagation was fully characterized using on-line and off-line methods. The energy metabolism was found to accelerate transiently after adenovirus infection with increases in glucose and oxygen consumption rates. Similar to other mammalian cells, glucose utilization was highly inefficient and a high lactate:glucose yield was observed, both before and after virus infection. A higher consumption of most of the essential amino acids was observed transiently after the infection, likely due to increased protein synthesis requirements for virus propagation. To improve virus propagation, a medium exchange strategy was implemented to increase PER.C6 cell concentration for infection. During cell growth, a 50% increase in glucose consumption and lactate production rates was observed after initiation of the medium exchange in comparison to the batch phase. This decrease in medium capacity only affected the central carbon metabolism and no increase in amino acid consumption was observed. In addition, even though cell concentrations of up to 10 x 10(6) cells/mL were reproducibly obtained by medium exchange, infections at cell concentrations higher than 1 x 10(6) cells/mL did not proportionally improve volumetric adenovirus productivities. No measured nutrient limitation was observed at those high cell concentrations, indicating that adenovirus cell-specific productivity at higher cell concentrations is highly dependent on cell physiology. These results provide a better understanding of PER.C6 cellular metabolism and a basis for intensifying PER.C6 growth and adenovirus propagation.
Myosin heavy chain isoform transition in ageing fast and slow muscles of the rat (1992)

Using gradient sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were studied in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the soleus muscles of male Wistar rats at different ages (5, 10, 20 weeks, 1 and 2 years). In the EDL muscle, four types of MHC isoforms were observed in all age groups. There was an increase in the percentage of HCIId and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of HCIIb with increasing age. No significant difference was observed in the percentages of HCI and HCIIa isoforms in all the age groups. In contrast, the soleus muscle contained two MHC isoforms, HCI and HCIIa. There was an increase in the percentage of HCI and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of HCIIa with increasing age. These results suggest that age-related changes in the MHC isoforms in both the fast-twitch EDL and the slow-twitch soleus muscles are one factor underlying the age-related decrease in the speed of muscle contraction.
Activation detection on FMRI time series using hidden Markov model (2005)

This paper introduces several unsupervised learning methods for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data based on hidden Markov model (HMM). Unlike the conventional general linear model (GLM) method, which aims at modelling the blood oxygen level-depend (BOLD) response of a voxel as a function of time, HMM approach is focused on capturing the first order statistical evolution among the samples of a voxel time series. Therefore this approach can provide a complimentary perspective of the BOLD signals. For each voxel, a two-state HMM is created, and the model parameters are estimated from the voxel time series and the stimulus paradigm. No training data is needed. Two different methods are presented in this paper. One is based on the likelihood and likelihood ratio test, and the other is based on distance measures between the two state distributions. Experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of our approach
Effects of Enflurane Anaesthesia and Surgery on Endocrine Function in Man (1979)

Forty-five patients underwent enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesthesia alone evoked little change in the plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), but there were significant increases during surgery. The plasma levels of aldosterone rose during anaesthesia alone, and a further increase was noted during surgery. Neither enflurane anaesthesia nor surgery significantly influenced plasma concentrations of renin activity and thyroxine. A significant decrease in the plasma triiodothyronine levels was detected during anaesthesia alone, and a further decrease was found during and following surgery. Enflurane anaesthesia did not affect the plasma level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in male subjects throughout surgery, but a significant decrease was detected in female patients on the first postoperative day. The plasma concentrations of testosterone decreased during anaesthesia alone and surgery, and a further decrease was noted on the first postoperative day.
Large-Margin Softmax Loss for Convolutional Neural Networks (2016)

Cross-entropy loss together with softmax is arguably one of the most common used supervision components in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Despite its simplicity, popularity and excellent performance, the component does not explicitly encourage discriminative learning of features. In this paper, we propose a generalized large-margin softmax (L-Softmax) loss which explicitly encourages intra-class compactness and inter-class separability between learned features. Moreover, L-Softmax not only can adjust the desired margin but also can avoid overfitting. We also show that the L-Softmax loss can be optimized by typical stochastic gradient descent. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that the deeply-learned features with L-softmax loss become more discriminative, hence significantly boosting the performance on a variety of visual classification and verification tasks.
The miR-200 Family Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Cell Migration by Direct Targeting of E-cadherin Transcriptional Repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2 (2008)

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression by interacting with multiple mRNAs and inducing either translation suppression or degradation of mRNA. Recently, several miRNAs were identified as either promoters or suppressors of metastasis. However, it is unclear in which step(s) of the multistep metastatic cascade these miRNAs play a defined functional role. To study the functional importance of miRNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process thought to initiate metastasis by enhancing the motility of tumor cells, we used a well established in vitro EMT assay: transforming growth factor-beta-induced EMT in NMuMG murine mammary epithelial cells. We found that members of the miR-200 family, organized as two clusters in the genome, were repressed during EMT. Overexpression of each miRNA individually or as clusters in NMuMG cells hindered EMT by enhancing E-cadherin expression through direct targeting of ZEB1 and ZEB2, which encode transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin. In the 4TO7 mouse carcinoma cell line, which expresses low levels of endogenous E-cadherin and displays a mesenchymal phenotype, ectopic expression of the miR-200 family miRNAs significantly increased E-cadherin expression and altered cell morphology to an epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, ectopic expression of each miR-200 miRNA cluster significantly reduced the in vitro motility of 4TO7 cells in migration assays. These results suggested that loss of expression of the miR-200 family members may play a critical role in the repression of E-cadherin by ZEB1 and ZEB2 during EMT, thereby enhancing migration and invasion during cancer progression.
Frequency conversion of neodymium laser radiation by resonant pumping of YAG crystals activated with Tm<sup>3+</sup>and Ho<sup>3+</sup>ions (1977)

Stimulated emission from Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions in an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal was obtained for the first time by pumping with neodymium laser radiation via the absorption band of Yb3+. The stimulated emission wavelength of the Tm3+ ions was 2.014 μ and that of the Ho3+ ions was 2.09 μ. The room-temperature output energy was of the order of 10 mJ. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency of conversion of the neodymium laser wavelength to the 2 μ. range could be increased to values limited by the Stokes losses.
Contractive Auto-Encoders: Explicit Invariance During Feature Extraction (2011)

We present in this paper a novel approach for training deterministic auto-encoders. We show that by adding a well chosen penalty term to the classical reconstruction cost function, we can achieve results that equal or surpass those attained by other regularized autoencoders as well as denoising auto-encoders on a range of datasets. This penalty term corresponds to the Frobenius norm of the Jacobian matrix of the encoder activations with respect to the input. We show that this penalty term results in a localized space contraction which in turn yields robust features on the activation layer. Furthermore, we show how this penalty term is related to both regularized auto-encoders and denoising auto-encoders and how it can be seen as a link between deterministic and non-deterministic auto-encoders. We find empirically that this penalty helps to carve a representation that better captures the local directions of variation dictated by the data, corresponding to a lower-dimensional non-linear manifold, while being more invariant to the vast majority of directions orthogonal to the manifold. Finally, we show that by using the learned features to initialize a MLP, we achieve state of the art classification error on a range of datasets, surpassing other methods of pretraining.