gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Transfer of Tin and Germanium Atoms from <i>N</i>‐Heterocyclic Stannylenes and Germylenes to Diazadienes (2005)

New N-heterocyclic stannylenes and germylenes were synthesized by transamination of E[N(SiMe3)2] (E = Ge, Sn) with alpha-amino-aldimines or ethylidene-1,2-diamines and were characterized by spectroscopic methods and in the case of the germylene 10 g by X-ray diffraction. The reactions of several germylenes and stannylenes with diazadienes were studied by using dynamic NMR and computational methods. Experimental and theoretical studies confirmed that metathesis with exchange of the Group 14 atom is feasible for both stannylenes and germylenes, with exchange rates being generally higher for stannylenes. The metathesis of the diazadiene 3 b and the stannylene 1 b follows second-order kinetics and exhibits a sizeable negative entropy of activation. The transfer reaction is inhibited by bulky substituents in both reactants and surprisingly coincides with a suppression of the fragmentation of the stannylene into tin and diazadiene. A connection between oxidative addition and ring fragmentation was also observed in the reaction of 1 f with sulfur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that all metathesis reactions proceed via transient spirocyclic [1+4] cycloaddition products, the formation of which is generally endothermic and endergonic. The spirostannanes display a distorted Psi-tbp geometry at the tin atom and their cycloreversion requires low or nearly negligible activation energies; spirogermanes exhibit distorted tetrahedral central atoms and sizeable energy barriers with respect to the same reaction. Complementary studies of cycloadditions of diazadienes to triplet germylenes or stannylenes indicate that these reactions are exothermic. The lowest triplet state in the carbene homologues results from promotion of an electron from an n(N) orbital with pi character rather than the n(C)-sigma orbital as in carbenes, and singlet-triplet excitation energies decrease from carbon to tin. Spirostannanes exhibit a triplet ground-state multiplicity that implies that the energy hypersurfaces for the reactions of singlet and triplet stannylenes with diazadienes intersect; for germylenes, the singlet hypersurface is always lower in energy. A reaction mechanism explaining the different thermal stabilities of N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes, and the coincidence between ring metathesis and thermal decomposition of the latter, is proposed based on the different separation of the singlet and triplet energy hypersurfaces.
Excess plasma proteins as a cause of chronic inflammation and lymphoedema: Biochemical estimations (1981)

The subcutaneous tissue of rats was injected with plasma, PVP or saline. Precautions were taken to avoid immunological reactions and the release of mediators. The repeated injection of plasma proteins caused changes typical of chronic inflammation in the skin and to a much greater extent in the fascia. Coumarin significantly reduced the extent of this inflammatory reaction in the skin but not in the fascia. It increased the numbers of cells in the skin and may have stimulated them to lyse the excess protein. After 32 days, PVP injection caused some of the changes seen in chronic inflammation, but to a much lesser extent than those found with plasma. The only effect of coumarin was to reduce the water content of the skin (and hence the skin weight). It is concluded that the accumulation of excess proteins in the tissues can indeed cause chronic inflammation. In particular, chronic lymphoedema can be regarded as a form of chronic inflammation. It is also concluded that in the presence of excess protein, the benzopyrone, coumarin, is capable of stimulating cells, other than macrophages, in the skin.
Therapeutic Potential of the Neurotrophins and Neurotrophin—CNTF Combinations in Peripheral Neuropathies and Motor Neuron Diseases (2007)

Although they are clearly critical in ontogeny, a broader role is emerging for neurotrophic factors in the maintenance and regeneration of the mature nervous system. This is due to recent success in the molecular characterization of a significant number of novel neurotrophic factors, including the neurotrophin family members brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3 and NT-4/5, and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Availability of these factors, elucidation of their receptor structure and creation of mutant mice lacking in expression of these factors has rapidly led to an understanding of their mechanisms of action and neuronal specificity. Thus, in addition to classical target-derived roles it now appears that, in the adult, neurotrophic factors may also function in autocrine/paracrine modes to maintain neuronal survival, regulate phenotype and orchestrate regenerative sprouting. Furthermore, two or more neurotrophic factors may act synergistically in these functions. This chapter reviews recent studies on: (a) the specificity of NT-3 for proprioceptive sensory neurons in vitro, and the ability of NT-3 to attenuate deficits arising from large-fibre sensory neuropathy; and (b) synergistic actions of BDNF and CNTF towards motor neurons in vitro and the ability of BDNF-CNTF co-treatment to arrest motor neuron disease in the Wobbler mutant mouse. The clinical potential of NT-3 in peripheral neuropathies and of BDNF-CNTF co-treatment in motor neuron disease is highlighted.
<title>White light heterodyne principle for 3D-measurement</title> (1997)

3D-measurement systems based on active triangulation using projection of structured light and recording by CCD-cameras are gaining more and more importance in industrial application. Their advantages compared to conventional coordinate measurement machines are the non-contact measurement and the fast acquisition of dense point clouds. This paper presents an alternative method to the well-known combination of Graycode and phase-shift projection. It will be shown how to use the heterodyne principle for overcoming the unwrapping problem of phase functions and for estimating the parameters for a reliable unwrapping procedure. The redundant phase information is used to increase the accuracy of the photogrammetrical 3D-coordinate determination. Finally, the heterodyne principle is used to realize on-line measurement based on color-coded fringe projection.
GaN‐based complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor inverter with normally off Pch and Nch MOSFETs fabricated using polarisation‐induced holes and electron channels (2018)

Gallium nitride (GaN)‐based P‐channel (Pch) and N‐channel (Nch) metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) with normally off operations were realised. Both Pch and Nch MOSFETs were monolithically fabricated in a polarisation‐junction platform wafer. The platform wafer was constructed with a GaN/aluminium GaN/GaN double heterostructure, which has both two‐dimensional hole gas (2DHG) and 2D electron gas (2DEG). The drain currents of Pch and Nch MOSFETs flow through 2DHG and 2DEG, respectively. The threshold gate voltages of the fabricated Pch and Nch MOSFETs were −2.7 and 6.7 V, respectively. It was shown that the threshold voltage and the on‐state resistance of the Pch MOSFET can be controlled by adjusting the 2DEG potential. Furthermore, using Pch and Nch MOSFETs, complementary MOS inverter operation was demonstrated.
Interleukin-1-induced nuclear factor κB activation is inhibited by overexpression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in a human endothelial cell line (1997)

Oxygen radicals are commonly accepted mediators in the tumour necrosis factor-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) signalling cascade, but evidence for their role during interleukin-1 (IL-1) signalling is lacking. To test the involvement of hydroperoxides we investigated whether IL-1-induced NF kappa B activation could be influenced by glutathione peroxidases (GPx). These enzymes remove hydroperoxides with various specificities for the hydroperoxide substrate. By overexpressing phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), which characteristically reacts with lipophilic hydroperoxides, the roles of H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides were assessed. A human umbilical endothelial cell line, ECV 304, was stably transfected with the genes for both PHGPx and selenophosphate synthetase (selD), which provides selenophosphate for selenoprotein biosynthesis. When grown in selenium-deficient culture medium, the double-transfected clone (ECVPHGPx+SelD+) expressed 5-fold higher (P<0.005) PHGPx activity (measured by phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide removal) than controls. The rate of H2O2 removal was also significantly (P<0.01) higher in this clone. When grown with high levels of extracellular selenium (up to 100 nM selenite), PHGPx activity and H2O2 removal were enhanced substantially in control cells and transfected cells. Under these conditions, PHGPx activity was 1.7-fold (P<0.005) higher in ECVPHGPx+SelD+, but H2O2 removal was the same as in controls. IL-1-induced NF kappa B activation was inhibited by selenium supplementation in control cells. In ECVPHGPx+SelD+ under conditions of selenium restriction, IL-1 induced NF kappa B activation only to a similar extent as under conditions of selenium supplementation in controls, and activation was abolished with 50 nM sodium selenite. These results show that overexpressed PHGPx is sufficient to inhibit NF kappa B activation, and suggests that NF kappa B activation by IL-1 is mediated by a preferential substrate of PHGPx, such as a fatty acid hydroperoxide, rather than by H2O2, the preferred substrate of the more abundant cytosolic GPx.
<i>In Situ</i>Deposition of Complement in Human Acute Brain Ischaemia (2009)

Experimental animal models indicate that complement contributes to tissue damage during brain ischaemia and stroke, but limited data are available for a role of the complement in human stroke. We, therefore, evaluated whether acute ischaemia leads to complement activation in human brain. Indirect immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed human brain from 10 patients and 10 controls. Complement components C1q, C3c and C4d were detected in all ischaemic lesions, suggesting activation via the classical pathway. C9, C-reactive protein and IgM were detected in necrotic zones. Marked CD59 and weak CD55 expression were found in normal brains, but these complement regulators were virtually absent in ischaemic lesions. Modest amounts of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), MBL-associated serine protease-2 and factor B were found in both ischaemic lesions and controls. These data suggest that increased deposition of complement components combined with decreased expression of complement regulators is a possible mechanism of tissue damage during ischaemia in human brain.
My Body, My Factory (1988)

My Body, My Factory With commercial surrogacy under a cloud following the New Jersey Supreme Court's decision in the Baby M case and with the possibility of transmission of viral diseases requiring increased scrutiny of such activities as prostitution and the sale of blood and other body fluids, those seeking profit from the human body must begin to look elsewhere. If people are willing to be a little creative, relief may be at hand. Using techniques of genetic engineering, scientists have been able to introduce new genes into bacteria and higher animals, transforming them into drug makers. Bacteria are cheaper, but large or complex proteins often require more complicated cell machinery. For example, Integrated Genetics has reported success with introducing a gene into mice that causes them to produce the expensive anti-clotting agent tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in their milk (New York Times, September 2, 1987, D6). Other genes for human proteins have been introduced into sheep, but no proteins produced in this fashion have yet been used therapeutically. Could enterprising humans someday modify these techniques to transform their bodies into protein factories? To create mice or sheep capable of secreting proteins in their milk, scientists currently inject desired genes into newly fertilized eggs in vitro and then reimplant surviving embryos. In humans this degree of preplanning would substantially limit the technique's attractiveness. The harvesting of proteins from human milk would also restrict its applicability to women. Moreover, obtaining milk from mice requires oxytocin injections followed by mammary massage, which might lead otherwise willing women to demur. Not to worry. New techniques involving fibroblasts (that is, skin cells) have shown that human genes can be inserted into these cells and expressed both in vitro and following reimplantation in mice. A recent report in the New England Journal of Medicine (October 22, 1987, 1067-76) describes the introduction of insulin-producing genes into skin cells that continued to function after being injected into the peritioneal cavities of mice. Investigators have also successfully inserted genes for growth hormone into human skin cells. The skin cells formed normal looking grafts on mice but failed to produce measurable amounts of hormone (Expression of an Exogenous Growth Hormone Gene by Transplantable Human Epidermal Cells, Science, September 18, 1987, 1476-79). …
Sum-rate optimal multi-antenna downlink beamforming strategy based on clique search (2005)

We consider a multi-user MIMO downlink system employing zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) as a spatial multiplexing strategy, and propose low-complexity user subset selection methods based on a clique (fully connected subgraph) search. The proposed algorithms, maximum weighted clique (MWC)-ZFBF and greedy weighted clique (GWC)-ZFBF, are shown to achieve the asymptotic sum-capacity of MIMO downlink channels as the number of users goes to infinity. Thus, clique search based ZFBF is an appealing strategy in MIMO downlink systems with a large number of users.
Adenoviral Gene Transfer of the NF-κB Inhibitory Protein ABIN-1 Decreases Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Murine Asthma Model (2005)

Airway inflammation is a characteristic of many lung disorders, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Using a murine model of allergen-induced asthma, we have demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated delivery of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitory protein ABIN-1 to the lung epithelium results in a considerable reduction of allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the lungs. This is associated with an ABIN-1-induced decrease in allergen-specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum, as well as a significant reduction of eotaxin, interleukin-4, and interleukin-1beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings not only prove that NF-kappaB plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation but also illustrate that inhibiting NF-kappaB could have therapeutic value in the treatment of asthma and potentially other chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
[The use of nebivolol in menopausal women with hypertension]. (2003)

Nebivolol was given for 8 weeks to 34 menopausal women with grade 1 and 2 hypertension. Monotherapy was effective in 66,7% of patients, while in other patients combination with hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) was required. The use of nebivolol was associated with decreased rate and severity of vasomotion reactions and thus with positive effect on menopausal syndrome. Nebivolol appeared to be safe and metabolically neutral.
Development of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators (1996)

We have focused our attention on the development of a novel form of a tegafur-based [FT; a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] antitumor agent. We have used two biochemical and pharmacological modulators of 5-FU to improve its overall activity. To potentiate the antitumor activity of FT, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP) was used as a potent reversible inhibitor of 5-FU degradation. The reduction of gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, induced in the host by 5-FU, was modulated by potassium oxonate (Oxo), an inhibitor of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of 5-FU, a process believed to be responsible for the toxic effects of 5-FU. When CDHP and FT were simultaneously given orally to Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats in various molar ratios, the antitumor effect of FT was significantly potentiated by the combination consisting of at least a 0.2 versus 1 molar ratio of CDHP to FT, respectively. This augmentation of an antitumor activity was supported by potent and prolonged inhibition of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase activity (5-FU degrading activities) in the liver of tumor-bearing rats after oral CDHP (0.2:0.8 molar ratio) and furthermore by elevation and over 12 h retention of 5-FU levels in the tumors following combined administration of FT and CDHP at a molar ratio of 1:0.4, respectively. Moreover, to reduce the severe GI injury and subsequent loss of body weight, observed in parallel with an increased antitumor efficacy, Oxo was given orally to Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats and nude rats xenografted with H-81 human gastric carcinoma, during consecutive administration of the FT-CDHP mixture. Combined treatment with Oxo and FT (1:2 molar ratio) supplemented with 0.4 molar CDHP resulted in protection of body weight loss without affecting the high antitumor efficacy of the FT-CDHP mixture. When [2-14C]FT plus CDHP was administered with Oxo, the 14C-labeled fluoronucleotide content was objectively decreased in the GI tract of the tumor-bearing rats but not in the tumor and bone marrow, which supports our initial hypothesis. Based on these promising data, we propose a suitable formulation of a FT-based anticancer drug, called S-1, and consisting of FT, CDHP and Oxo at a 1:0.4:1 molar ratio and showing tumor-selective cytotoxicity of 5-FU.
Schizotypy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dopamine genes (2006)

Previous research has suggested that there may be overlap between schizophrenia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The relationship between schizotypal personality traits, ADHD features and polymorphisms was evaluated in dopamine-related genes. Thirty-one healthy, Caucasian men completed the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC) and the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met, dopamine receptors of the D3 type (DRD3) Ser9Gly, DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms were analyzed. RISC score was correlated with ASRS score (r = 0.54, P = 0.003). COMT Met homozygotes had higher ASRS scores than Val homozygotes (P = 0.005). These findings are consistent with evidence of overlap between schizophrenia and ADHD and support an involvement of COMT genotype in ADHD features.
Bibliografía palinológica española (1932-1988) (1991)

Recogemos en esta publicacion 872 citas bibliograficas sobre estudios palinologicos que hacen referencia a la Espana peninsular, Islas Baleares y Canarias, aparecidas en el periodo de 1932 a 1988.
A review of arsenic (III) in groundwater (1991)

Abstract Recent improvements in sample collection and analytical techniques have suggested that As(III) is more prevalent in groundwater than previously believed. Indeed, reducing conditions in alluvial aquifers supplying single families may result in significant exposures to naturally occurring As(III). These results are noteworthy because As(III) is both more toxic and more mobile in the environment than As(V). The literature contains contradictory information concerning the appropriate preservation and analytical techniques for determining As(III). It appears that several previously reported occurrences of As(V) may have been predominantly As(III), but the samples were either not preserved or analyzed properly. For example, separation of arsenic species by ion exchange is apparently necessary to obtain reliable analytical results for certain environmental samples. The problems encountered with investigating As(III) in the environment are due to the complex series of geochemical reactions undergone by arsenic. The complexity of these reactions and the variable experimental conditions used by different investigators have resulted in widely different conclusions concerning both the nature of arsenic adsorption reactions and reaction kinetics. Moreover, it appears that biological reactions may play a role in certain ecosystems. In general, the mechanism promoting the mobility of As(III) in groundwater is the onset of reducing conditions in alluvium in which iron oxides have sorbed arsenic. Such conditions may result in concentrations of arsenic in groundwater as high as several hundred micrograms per liter. Key words: arsenic IIIgroundwaterarsenic analysisarsenic speciationgeochemistryenvironmental reactionsabundance of arsenictoxicity of arsenic
Experimental Study to Illustrate Flow Control in Presence of Race Tracking Disturbances in Resin Transfer Moulding (2003)

To manufacture composite parts with the Resin Transfer Moulding process, a fluid resin is injected into a mould containing a fibrous preform. Often, due to variations in the preform structure, the flow behaviour can be drastically different from what was anticipated, which may not wet some of the fibrous regions causing dry spots. A common disturbance is race tracking, where the preform does not fit precisely along the mould edge. With the help of sensors, one can track the flow and measure the level of the disturbance in the mould. Decisions can be made on-line to re-direct the flow to avoid dry spots. A methodology was developed to measure the level of the race tracking and implement control actions to compensate for that race tracking disturbance. Fully automated experiments were run several times. For each experiment, although the level of race tracking was unknown beforehand, the controller properly compensated for the race tracking to successfully complete the mould filling.
What is important for continent catheterizable stomas: angulations or extension? (2007)

The study showed that angulation of channel with colon, maintained by only one stitch (0.5 cm imbrication) was more important than a larger extension of the valve, represented by 3 suture stitches (1.5 cm imbrication) in order to allow continence to the efferent channel.
A STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT (1929)

In this first paper of a series on the bactericidal action of ultra violet light the methods of isolating and measuring monochromatic radiations, of preparing and exposing the bacteria, and of estimating the effects of exposure, are given in detail. At all the different wave lengths studied the reactions of S. aureus followed similar curves, but occurred, at each wave length, at a different energy level. The general similarity of these curves to those for monomolecular reactions provokes a discussion of their signifiance, and emphasis is laid upon variations in susceptibility of individual organisms, due especially to age and metabolic activity, so that the typical curve seems to be best interpreted as one of probability.