gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boosting the Efficiency of Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells through Modulation of Interfacial Charge Transfer (2012)

The demand for clean energy will require the design of nanostructure-based light-harvesting assemblies for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy (solar fuels) and electrical energy (solar cells). Semiconductor nanocrystals serve as the building blocks for designing next generation solar cells, and metal chalcogenides (e.g., CdS, CdSe, PbS, and PbSe) are particularly useful for harnessing size-dependent optical and electronic properties in these nanostructures. This Account focuses on photoinduced electron transfer processes in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) and discusses strategies to overcome the limitations of various interfacial electron transfer processes. The heterojunction of two semiconductor nanocrystals with matched band energies (e.g., TiO(2) and CdSe) facilitates charge separation. The rate at which these separated charge carriers are driven toward opposing electrodes is a major factor that dictates the overall photocurrent generation efficiency. The hole transfer at the semiconductor remains a major bottleneck in QDSCs. For example, the rate constant for hole transfer is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the electron injection from excited CdSe into oxide (e.g., TiO(2)) semiconductor. Disparity between the electron and hole scavenging rate leads to further accumulation of holes within the CdSe QD and increases the rate of electron-hole recombination. To overcome the losses due to charge recombination processes at the interface, researchers need to accelerate electron and hole transport. The power conversion efficiency for liquid junction and solid state quantum dot solar cells, which is in the range of 5-6%, represents a significant advance toward effective utilization of nanomaterials for solar cells. The design of new semiconductor architectures could address many of the issues related to modulation of various charge transfer steps. With the resolution of those problems, the efficiencies of QDSCs could approach those of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and organic photovoltaics.
MRI Reveals That Early Changes in Cerebral Blood Volume Precede Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown and Overt Pathology in MS-like Lesions in Rat Brain (2005)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established clinical tool for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS), the archetypal central nervous system neuroinflammatory disease. In this study, we have used a model of delayed-type hypersensitivity in the rat brain, which bears many of the hallmarks of an MS lesion, to investigate the development of MRI-detectable changes before the appearance of conventional indices of lesion development. In addition, we have correlated the MRI-detectable changes with the developing histopathology. Significant increases in regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) preceded overt changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, T2 relaxation and the diffusion properties of tissue water. Thus, changes in rCBV might be a more sensitive indicator of lesion onset than the conventional indices used clinically in MS patients, such as contrast enhancement. In addition, we show that BBB breakdown, and consequent edema formation, are more closely correlated with astrogliosis than any other histopathologic changes, while regions of T1 and T2 hypointensity appear to reflect hypercellularity.
Cellular Basis for Protein C Deficiency Caused by a Single Amino Acid Substitution at Argl5 in the  -Carboxyglutamic Acid Domain (1996)

Protein C is a zymogen of an anticoagulant vitamin K-dependent serine protease. Inherited protein C deficiency is often associated with a high risk for venous thromboembolism. It is characteristic of protein C deficiency that most single amino acid replacements result in type I (secretion defect) deficiency. To determine the molecular and cellular bases of protein C deficiency, we expressed recombinant human protein C mutants in which Arg15 was mutated to either Gly, Trp, Gln, Leu, or Pro by a single base exchange. Arg15 is one of the conservative residues in the γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domains of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, and is also one of the high frequency multiple mutation sites in protein C deficiency. In transient expression studies using human kidney 293 cells, the relative amounts of Arg15 mutants secreted into the medium and determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were as follows: Gly, 42%; Trp, 14%; Gln, 54%; Leu, 22%; and Pro, 13%, the amount of wild-type (Wt) protein C being taken as 100%. Thus, the order of the secreted amounts of the recombinant mutants was determined to be Wt >Gln>Gly>Leu>Trp, Pro. Pulse-chase experiments using both transiently-transfected and a pool of stably-transfected 293 cells, and stably-transfected BHK cells showed the same order of secretion efficiency. Since this order correlated well with that of the hydrophobicity scale of amino acid side chains, a conformational alteration of the Gla domain resulting in impaired secretion may be dependent on the hydrophobicity of the replaced amino acid. In transient cells, the relative radioactivities of pulse-labeled bands of all recombinant protein C were almost equal, suggesting that the same translational efflciency for Wt and all Arg15 mutants. All of the Arg15-mutated protein C precursors were shown to be located in the same organelle as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein, and were sensitive to endoglymidase H digestion. These results suggest that mutations of the highly conserved Arg15 in the Gla domain of protein C caueed a secretion defect to variable degrees depending on replaced amino acid residue.
Significant Variation Exists Among Laboratories Measuring Onion Bulb Quality Traits (2002)

Onion pungency is a major quality attribute with many consumers demanding less pungent onions. In recent years, some growers and retailers have attempted to measure pungency of onions produced in different regions to guarantee a desired level of pungency. However, there are few data on the variability among laboratories using standardized protocols to estimate relative levels of pungencies. Onion cultivars were grown in replicated trials at three locations. Random samples of bulbs from each experimental unit were harvested and shipped to at least three cooperating laboratories, each of which measured soluble solids content (SSC) and pungencies using the same techniques. As expected, cultivars and environments showed significant ( P < 0.001) differences. For all three trials, laboratories were a highly significant source of variation ( P < 0.024 to 0.001) for measurements of SSC and pungency. Therefore, one cannot make recommendations on relative pungencies of the same lots of onions measured by different labs. The onion research community must identify specific procedures to reduce variation among laboratories to develop a more repeatable standardized assay for the measurement of onion pungency.
Effect of Pregermination Treatments on Germination and Growth of Cottonseed at Suboptimal Temperatures<sup>1</sup> (1974)

Various pregermination treatments were used to determine their effects on germination of cottonseed ( Gossypium barbademe L.) at suboptimum temperatures and to determine whether chilling injury was reduced by these treatments. ‘Pima S‐4’ cottonseed were preconditioned in water and gibbercllic acid (10‐ 3 M) at 10 and 30 C or in adenosine‐ 3′:5′.cyclic monophosphate( cyclic AMP,10‐ 4 M) at 30 C, or were hot‐water‐treated at 70 C for 5 rain. After being preconditioned, seed were chilled for 24 hours at 5 C in water. Seed were germinated over a temperature range of 15.5 to 30 C for 7 days on a thermogradient plate. Germination counts were made daily. The speed and percent of germination were higher for seed preconditioned at 30 C than at 10 C. Hot‐water treatment reduced the sensitivity of seed to gibberellic acid and reduced germination at all temperatures. Chilling injury was reduced by preconditioning in either water, gibberellic acid, or cyclic AMP. Our data suggest that satisfactory cotton stands may be obtained at suboptimum temperatures (below 31 C) by elevating seed moisture and/or treating with a growth regulator prior to planting.
Neural network based adaptive predistortion for the linearization of nonlinear RF amplifiers (2002)

The good spectral efficiency of linear modulation techniques makes them attractive for use in high data rate digital radio systems. Unfortunately, the fluctuating envelopes of such systems combined with the nonlinear nature of the high power RF amplifiers commonly used gives rise to spectral spreading, adjacent channel interference, I-Q crosstalk, and degraded bit error rates. A possible solution to these problems is the linearization of the transmitter system by predistortion of the baseband digital signal using a nonlinear filter which is the inverse of the amplifier response. We realize the inverse filter using a backpropagation neural network. A coupler and demodulator provide a feedback path which provides the input to the neural network while the desired signal is the original waveform. The shaped waveform is passed through the network which adaptively corrects for the changing response of the high power RF amplifier. This technique allows us to correct for quite general nonlinearities, significantly reduce spectral spreading, and to improve the bit error rate.
Can the microRNA signature distinguish between thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential and other well-differentiated tumors of the thyroid gland? (2011)

The term 'thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential' (TT-UMP) was coined by surgical pathologists to define well-differentiated tumors (WDT) showing inconclusive morphological evidence of malignancy or benignity. We have analyzed the expression of microRNA (miRNA) in a training set of 42 WDT of different histological subtypes: seven follicular tumors of UMP (FT-UMP), six WDT-UMP, seven follicular thyroid adenomas (FTA), 11 conventional papillary thyroid carcinomas (C-PTC), five follicular variants of PTC (FV-PTC), and six follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), which led to the identification of about 40 deregulated miRNAs. A subset of these altered miRNAs was independently validated by qRT-PCR, which included 18 supplementary TT-UMP (eight WDT-UMP and ten FT-UMP). Supervised clustering techniques were used to predict the first 42 samples. Based on the four possible outcomes (FTA, C-PTC, FV-PTC, and FTC), about 80% of FTA and C-PTC and 50% of FV-PTC and FTC samples were correctly assigned. Analysis of the independent set of 18 WDT-UMP by quantitative RT-PCR for the selection of the six most discriminating miRNAs was unable to separate FT-UMP from WDT-UMP, suggesting that the miRNA signature is insufficient in characterizing these two clinical entities. We conclude that considering FT-UMP and WDT-UMP as distinct and specific clinical entities may improve the diagnosis of WDT of the thyroid gland. In this context, a small set of miRNAs (i.e. miR-7, miR-146a, miR-146b, miR-200b, miR-221, and miR-222) appears to be useful, though not sufficient per se, in distinguishing TT-UMP from other WDT of the thyroid gland.
Fibroblast encapsulation in hybrid silica–collagen hydrogels (2009)

Silica–collagen scaffolds are synthesized by the simultaneous polymerization of aqueous silicates and self-assembly of protein triple helices in the presence of living human dermal fibroblasts.
Accuracy of approximations in MOSFET charge models (2002)

This paper analyzes the results of common approximations made in MOSFET charge modeling. The basis for the comparison is a charge-sheet model that is valid in all regions of operation. We show that proper modeling of surface potential as a function of position along the channel is more important for capacitance coefficient modeling accuracy than partitioning of inversion charge between source and drain. In addition, we show that there is a numerical error in previous charge-sheet formulations, and provide a solution for this problem.
Coding for Flash Memories (2011)

Flash memories are, by far, the most important type of non -volatile memory in use today. They are employed widely in mobile, embedded, and mass-storage applications, and the growth in this sector continues at a staggering pace. Moreover, since flash memories do not suffer from the mechanical limitations of magnetic disk drives, solid- state drives have the potential to upstage the magnetic recording industry in the foreseeable future. The research goal of this dissertation is the discovery of new coding theory methods that supports efficient design of flash memories. Flash memory is comprised of blocks of cells, wherein each cell can take on q ̲&gt; 2 levels. While increasing the cell level is easy, reducing its level can be accomplished only by erasing an entire block. Such block erasures are not only time-consuming, but also degrade the memory lifetime. Our main contribution in this research is the design of rewriting codes that maximize the number of times that information can be written prior to incurring a block erasure. Examples of such coding schemes are flash/floating codes and buffer codes, introduced by Jiang and Bruck et al. in 2007, and WOM- codes that were presented by Rivest and Shamir almost three decades ago. The overall goal in these codes is to maximize the amount of information written to a fixed number of cells in a fixed number of writes. Furthermore, the design of error-correcting codes in flash memories is extensively studied. It is shown how to modify WOM-codes to support an error-correction capability. Motivated by the asymmetry of the error behavior of flash memories and the work by Cassuto et al., a coding scheme to correct asymmetric errors is presented. An extensive empirical database of errors was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the error behavior as well as to design specific error-correcting codes for flash memories. This research on flash memories is expanded to other directions. Wear leveling techniques are widely used in flash memories in order to reduce and balance block erasures. It is shown that coding schemes to be used in these techniques can significantly reduce the number block erasures incurred during data movement. Also, the design of parallel cell programming algorithms is studied for the specific constraints and behavior of flash cells
Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA (2019)

MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. MicroRNA 122 (miR-122) is specifically expressed and highly abundant in the human liver. We show that the sequestration of miR-122 in liver cells results in marked loss of autonomously replicating hepatitis C viral RNAs. A genetic interaction between miR-122 and the 5′ noncoding region of the viral genome was revealed by mutational analyses of the predicted microRNA binding site and ectopic expression of miR-122 molecules containing compensatory mutations. Studies with replication-defective RNAs suggested that miR-122 did not detectably affect mRNA translation or RNA stability. Therefore, miR-122 is likely to facilitate replication of the viral RNA, suggesting that miR-122 may present a target for antiviral intervention.
Behavioural pharmacology of trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro- 1H-dibenz[2,3:6,7]oxepino-[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate, a compound interacting with dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. (1990)

trans-5-Chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H- dibenz[2,3:6,7]oxepinol[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate (Org 5222) is a new compound with effects on animal behaviour indicating strong antipsychotic potential based on antagonism of dopaminergic and serotonergic effects. The compound inhibits apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour, mouse locomotor activity, rat activity in an open field, shuttle box behaviour in rats, pergolide induced circling in 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) lesioned rats, serotonin agonist-induced forepaw treading, head shakes and penile erections. The compound is less effective in inducing catalepsy, and antagonising SKF-38393 (tetrahydro- 1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol HCl)-induced circling in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and it does not induce perioral movements in rats. Based on these data and the neurochemical profile of the compound it was decided that this compound merits clinical investigation in a programme aiming for an effective antipsychotic agent with reduced risks of extrapyramidal side-effects.
Responses to Rubella, Tetanus, and Diphtheria Vaccines in Otitis-Prone and Non-Otitis-Prone Children (1990)

Delayed immunologic maturation--among other things based on a selective lack of antibodies against some acute purulent otitis media (AOM)-associated pneumococcal types--has been proposed in children with recurrent AOM (rAOM). To further elucidate the immunologic response in these children, we compared the antibody responses to diphtheria, tetanus, and rubella vaccinations in 13 children with rAOM and 29 children without AOM. The children took part in a prospective study from birth to the age of 3 years. The antibody response to the rubella vaccine was significantly lower in the children with rAOM. The responses to tetanus and to diphtheria did not differ between children with and without rAOM. Thus, the results indicate that in addition to the known lack of antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens, a lower antibody response against at least one protein antigen may exist in otitis-prone children.
Implications of polyadenylation in health and disease (2014)

Polyadenylation is the RNA processing step that completes the maturation of nearly all eukaryotic mRNAs. It is a two-step nuclear process that involves an endonucleolytic cleavage of the pre-mRNA at the 3'-end and the polymerization of a polyadenosine (polyA) tail, which is fundamental for mRNA stability, nuclear export and efficient translation during development. The core molecular machinery responsible for the definition of a polyA site includes several recognition, cleavage and polyadenylation factors that identify and act on a given polyA signal present in a pre-mRNA, usually an AAUAAA hexamer or similar sequence. This mechanism is tightly regulated by other cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors, and its misregulation can cause inefficient gene expression and may ultimately lead to disease. The majority of genes generate multiple mRNAs as a result of alternative polyadenylation in the 3'-untranslated region. The variable lengths of the 3' untranslated regions created by alternative polyadenylation are a recognizable target for differential regulation and clearly affect the fate of the transcript, ultimately modulating the expression of the gene. Over the past few years, several studies have highlighted the importance of polyadenylation and alternative polyadenylation in gene expression and their impact in a variety of physiological conditions, as well as in several illnesses. Abnormalities in the 3'-end processing mechanisms thus represent a common feature among many oncological, immunological, neurological and hematological disorders, but slight imbalances can lead to the natural establishment of a specific cellular state. This review addresses the key steps of polyadenylation and alternative polyadenylation in different cellular conditions and diseases focusing on the molecular effectors that ensure a faultless pre-mRNA 3' end formation.
The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids (2009)

Topical self drying silicone gel is a relatively recent treatment modality promoted as an alternative to topical silicone gel sheeting. Thirty patients with scars of different types including superficial scars, hypertrophic scars, and keloids were treated with silicon gel application. The results of the self-drying silicone gel have been satisfactory.
Impact of Yoga Nidra on psychological general wellbeing in patients with menstrual irregularities: A randomized controlled trial (2011)

The current findings suggest that patients with menstrual irregularities having psychological problems improved significantly in the areas of their wellbeing, anxiety and depression by learning and applying a program based on Yogic intervention (Yoga Nidra).
A flexible perforated microelectrode array for extended neural recordings (1992)

A flexible and perforated 32-element planar microelectrode array has been fabricated and used to measure evoked potentials in brain slices. Electrodes are spaced 200 microns apart in a 4 x 8 array and are sandwiched between layers of insulating polyimide. The polyimide sandwich is lifted off its substrate, making it flexible so that it could shape to contoured tissues. Prior to lift off, holes are etched to expose recording sites 15 microns in diameter and to create perforations which allow increased circulation of artificial cerebrospinal fluid to the recording surface of the tissue and, hence, increased viability. Comparisons of evoked potentials measured over time showed an average increase of 10 h to the viability of the slice while using the perforated versus nonperforated arrays.
Prepolymerization of ethylene with a Ziegler–Natta catalyst (2007)

Abstract The slurry prepolymerization of ethylene using TiCl 4 /MgCl 2 as a catalyst was investigated. A 2 3 ‐factorial experimental design method was employed to study the effects of the temperature, hydrogen, and active cocatalyst‐to‐catalyst molar ratio (Al/Ti) on the catalyst activity, prepolymer melt flow index, and powder bulk density. All dependent variables increased when the active Al/Ti ratio increased from 1 to 2. The hydrogen–Al/Ti interaction had a significant effect on the prepolymer melt flow index and catalyst activity. The hydrogen (partial pressure ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 bar) and temperature (ranging from 60 to 80°C) variables as well as the hydrogen–temperature and hydrogen–temperature–Al/Ti interactions increased the prepolymer powder bulk density, which ranged from 0.11 to 0.373 g/cc. To find the reason for the prepolymer powder bulk density variation with the operating conditions, the particle size distribution and crystallinity of the prepolymers were determined. The increasing catalyst activity, ranging from 132 to 660 g of polyethylene/mmol of Ti, enhanced the weight percentage of fines, which ranged from 3 to 60, and decreased the average particle size, which ranged from 562 to 120 μm. This was the reason for the increasing prepolymer powder bulk density and could be due to the breakup of the prepolymer particles during prepolymerization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
FedPAQ: A Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Method with Periodic Averaging and Quantization. (2019)

Federated learning is a distributed framework according to which a model is trained over a set of devices, while keeping data localized. This framework faces several systems-oriented challenges which include (i) communication bottleneck since a large number of devices upload their local updates to a parameter server, and (ii) scalability as the federated network consists of millions of devices. Due to these systems challenges as well as issues related to statistical heterogeneity of data and privacy concerns, designing a provably efficient federated learning method is of significant importance yet it remains challenging. In this paper, we present FedPAQ, a communication-efficient Federated Learning method with Periodic Averaging and Quantization. FedPAQ relies on three key features: (1) periodic averaging where models are updated locally at devices and only periodically averaged at the server; (2) partial device participation where only a fraction of devices participate in each round of the training; and (3) quantized message-passing where the edge nodes quantize their updates before uploading to the parameter server. These features address the communications and scalability challenges in federated learning. We also show that FedPAQ achieves near-optimal theoretical guarantees for strongly convex and non-convex loss functions and empirically demonstrate the communication-computation tradeoff provided by our method.