gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-pulsating and bistable VCSEL with controllableintracavity quantum-well saturable absorber (1997)

The authors report the first demonstration of a VCSEL with GHz-range self-pulsations using a quantum-well saturable absorber. Negative differential resistance in the saturable absorber was observed, which can lead to bistable operation or self-pulsations under a range of user-controlled conditions. Self-pulsation frequencies up to 2 GHz with an RF linewidth <10 MHz FWHM were measured.
Nonlinear polarization evolution induced by cross-phase modulation and its impact on transmission systems (2000)

We experimentally investigate nonlinear polarization evolution induced by cross phase modulation in optical fiber. We demonstrate both the CW behavior of this effect and how it can cause time dependent depolarization of interacting WDM channels. We then quantify the significant performance degradation and power margin reduction in a polarization multiplexed WDM transmission system utilizing polarization sensitive receiving.
Effect of common substances on degradation of nitrobenzene in water by microwave-enhanced H 2 O 2 -based process (2012)

In this study, the removal of nitrobenzene (NB) in water using the microwave-enhanced H 2 O 2 -based (MW/H 2 O 2 ) process and the influencing factors were investigated in common substances in the water. The results showed that in MW / H 2 O 2 process, humic acid significantly inhibited the removal of NB, bicarbonate ions promoted the removal of NB, and the removal of NB in tap water is significantly better than in distilled water.
Autocrine IFN-γ Promotes Naive CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Synergizes with IFN-α To Stimulate Strong Function (2012)

Autocrine IFN-γ signaling is important for CD4 differentiation to Th1 effector cells, but it has been unclear whether it contributes to CD8 T cell differentiation. We show in this paper that naive murine CD8 T cells rapidly and transiently produce low levels of IFN-γ upon stimulation with Ag and B7-1, with production peaking at ∼8 h and declining by 24 h. The autocrine IFN-γ signals for upregulation of expression of T-bet and granzyme B and induces weak cytolytic activity and effector IFN-γ production. IFN-α acts synergistically with IFN-γ to support development of strong effector functions, whereas IL-12 induces high T-bet expression and strong function in the absence of IFN-γ signaling. Thus, IFN-γ is not only an important CD8 T cell effector cytokine, it is an autocrine/paracrine factor whose contributions to differentiation vary depending on whether the response is supported by IL-12 or type I IFN.
The limits of stability in patients with Ménière's disease (2008)

Dynamic balance is moderately impaired in patients with Ménière's disease.
Human CD34+ CD133+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells Cultured with Growth Factors Including Angptl5 Efficiently Engraft Adult NOD-SCID Il2rγ−/− (NSG) Mice (2011)

Increasing demand for human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in clinical and research applications necessitates expansion of HSCs in vitro. Before these cells can be used they must be carefully evaluated to assess their stem cell activity. Here, we expanded cord blood CD34(+) CD133(+) cells in a defined medium containing angiopoietin like 5 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and evaluated the cells for stem cell activity in NOD-SCID Il2rg(-/-) (NSG) mice by multi-lineage engraftment, long term reconstitution, limiting dilution and serial reconstitution. The phenotype of expanded cells was characterized by flow cytometry during the course of expansion and following engraftment in mice. We show that the SCID repopulating activity resides in the CD34(+) CD133(+) fraction of expanded cells and that CD34(+) CD133(+) cell number correlates with SCID repopulating activity before and after culture. The expanded cells mediate long-term hematopoiesis and serial reconstitution in NSG mice. Furthermore, they efficiently reconstitute not only neonate but also adult NSG recipients, generating human blood cell populations similar to those reported in mice reconstituted with uncultured human HSCs. These findings suggest an expansion of long term HSCs in our culture and show that expression of CD34 and CD133 serves as a marker for HSC activity in human cord blood cell cultures. The ability to expand human HSCs in vitro should facilitate clinical use of HSCs and large-scale construction of humanized mice from the same donor for research applications.
Hemicrania Continua: Attacks May Alternate Sides (1992)

Hemicrania continua (HC) is characterized by a continuous unilateral headache of moderate severity, occurring in 2 patterns; a continuous form in which headaches persist continuously without remission for years, and a remitting form, consisting of headache phases separated by periods of pain-free remission. The remitting form of HC must be distinguished from other cyclical headache disorders such as episodic paroxysmal hemicrania and episodic cluster headache. Characteristically, the headache of HC is unilateral and without sideshift. We now report a case of HC in which headaches alternate sides.
Fluoxetine-Related Death in a Child with Cytochrome P-450 2D6 Genetic Deficiency (2000)

The clinical course of a 9-year-old diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette's disorder and treated with a combination of methylphenidate, clonidine, and fluoxetine is described. The patient experienced over a 10-month period, signs and symptoms suggestive of metabolic toxicity marked by bouts of gastrointestinal distress, low-grade fever, incoordination, and disorientation. Generalized seizures were observed, and the patient lapsed into status epilepticus followed by cardiac arrest and subsequently expired. At autopsy, blood, brain, and other tissue concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were several-fold higher than expected based on literature reports for overdose situations. The medical examiner's report indicated death caused by fluoxetine toxicity. As the child's adoptive parents controlled medication access, they were investigated by social welfare agencies. Further genetic testing of autopsy tissue revealed the presence of a gene defect at the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus, which results in poor metabolism of fluoxetine. As a result of this and other evidence, the investigation of the adoptive parents was terminated. This is the first report of a fluoxetine-related death in a child with a confirmed genetic polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene that results in impaired drug metabolism. Issues relevant to child and adolescent psychopharmacology arising from this case are discussed.
Toxicity of dioxin to developing teeth and salivary glands : an experimental study (2006)

Dioxins are ubiquitous environmental poisons having unequivocal adverse health effects on various species. The majority of their effects are thought to be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developing human teeth may be sensitive to dioxins and the most toxic dioxin congener, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is developmentally toxic to rodent teeth. Mechanisms of TCDD toxicity can be studied only experimentally. \n\nThe aim of the present thesis work was to delineate morphological end points of developmental toxicity of TCDD in rat and mouse teeth and salivary glands in vivo and in vitro and to characterize their cellular and molecular background.\n\n Mouse embryonic teeth and submandibular gland explants were grown in organ culture without/with TCDD at various concentrations, examined stereomicroscopically and processed for histological examination. The effects of TCDD on cellular mechanisms essential for organogenesis were investigated. The expression of various genes eliciting the response to TCDD exposure or involved in tooth and salivary gland development was studied at the mRNA and/or protein levels by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Association of the dental effects of TCDD with the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality was analyzed in two lactationally exposed rat strains. The effect of TCDD on rat molar tooth mineralization was studied in tissue sections. \n\nTCDD dose- and developmental stage-dependently interfered with tooth formation. TCDD prevented early mouse molar tooth morphogenesis and altered cuspal morphology by enhancing programmend cell death, or apoptosis, in dental epithelial cells programmed to undergo apotosis. Cell proliferation was not affected. TCDD impaired mineralization of rat molar dental matrices, possibly by specifically reducing the expression of the mineralization-related dentin sialophosphoprotein gene shown in cultured mouse teeth. The impaired mineralization of rat teeth was accompanied by decreased expression of AhR and the TCDD-inducible xenobiotic-metabolozing enzyme P4501 A1 (CYP1A1), suggesting mediation of the TCDD effect by the AhR pathway. The severe interference by TCDD with rat incisor formation was independent of the genotypic variation of AhR determining the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality. The impairment by TCDD of mouse submandibular gland branching morphogenesis was associated with CYP1A1 induction and involved blockage of EGF receptor signalling. \n\nIn conclusion, TCDD exposure is likely to have activated the AhR pathway in target organs with the consequent activation of other signalling pathways involving developmentally regulated genes. The resultant phenotype is organ specific and modified by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and dependent on dose as well as the stage of organogenesis at the time of TCDD exposure. Teeth appear to be responsive to TCDD exposure throughout their development.
A superfamily of metalloenzymes unifies phosphopentomutase and cofactor‐independent phosphoglycerate mutase with alkaline phosphatases and sulfatases (1998)

Sequence analysis of the probable archaeal phosphoglycerate mutase resulted in the identification of a superfamily of metalloenzymes with similar metal-binding sites and predicted conserved structural fold. This superfamily unites alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, and cerebroside sulfatase, enzymes with known three-dimensional structures, with phosphopentomutase, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase, phosphoglycerol transferase, phosphonate monoesterase, streptomycin-6-phosphate phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase/nucleotide pyrophosphatase PC-1, and several closely related sulfatases. In addition to the metal-binding motifs, all these enzymes contain a set of conserved amino acid residues that are likely to be required for the enzymatic activity. Mutational changes in the vicinity of these residues in several sulfatases cause mucopolysaccharidosis (Hunter, Maroteaux-Lamy, Morquio, and Sanfilippo syndromes) and metachromatic leucodystrophy.
The cellodextrinase from <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> subsp. <i>cellulosa</i> consists of multiple functional domains (1991)

A genomic library of Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa DNA was constructed in pUC18 and Escherichia coli recombinants expressing 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-cellobioside-hydrolysing activity (MUCase) were isolated. Enzyme produced by MUCase-positive clones did not hydrolyse either cellobiose or cellotriose but converted cellotetraose into cellobiose and cleaved cellopentaose and cellohexaose, producing a mixture of cellobiose and cellotriose. There was no activity against CM-cellulose, insoluble cellulose or xylan. On this basis, the enzyme is identified as an endo-acting cellodextrinase and is designated cellodextrinase C (CELC). Nucleotide sequencing of the gene (celC) which directs the synthesis of CELC revealed an open reading frame of 2153 bp, encoding a protein of Mr 80,189. The deduced primary sequence of CELC was confirmed by the Mr of purified CELC (77,000) and by the experimentally determined N-terminus of the enzyme which was identical with residues 38-47 of the translated sequence. The N-terminal region of CELC showed strong homology with endoglucanase, xylanases and an arabinofuranosidase of Ps. fluorescens subsp. cellulosa; homologous sequences included highly conserved serine-rich regions. Full-length CELC bound tightly to crystalline cellulose. Truncated forms of celC from which the DNA sequence encoding the conserved domain had been deleted, directed the synthesis of a functional cellodextrinase that did not bind to crystalline cellulose. This is consistent with the N-terminal region of CELC comprising a non-catalytic cellulose-binding domain which is distinct from the catalytic domain. The role of the cellulose-binding region is discussed.
A new DC-side active filter for inverter power supplies compensates for unbalanced and nonlinear loads (2002)

A DC-side active filtering system for inverter power supplied is presented. The proposed system effectively nullifies the pulsating currents in the inverter input terminals as a result of unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. In the case of a three phase four wire inverter power supply the circulating zero sequence currents in the neutral are also nullified. The proposed system is fast in response, high in efficiency, and does not necessitate excess capacitive kVA required to supply highly unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. Analytical procedure, simulation, and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed DC-side active filtering system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the oxidised LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) gene in patients with acute myocardial infarction (2003)

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. Substantial data support a plausible role for oxidised LDL (oxLDL) in the aetiology of this disease.1,2 The human OLR1 (or LOX 1) gene encodes the endothelium derived lectin-like oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor, which is involved in the binding, internalisation, and proteolytic degradation of oxLDL, suggesting that it may play a significant role in atherogenesis.3 OLR1 is considered a good candidate for atherosclerosis and AMI since it is induced in vitro by inflammatory cytokines and in vivo by pro-atherogenic conditions like hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus.4 Recently, upregulation of OLR1 has been shown in ischaemia reperfusion injury in the rat.5 OLR1 acts as a mediator of “endothelial dysfunction” favouring superoxide generation, inhibiting nitric oxide production, and enhancing endothelial adhesiveness for monocytes.6–8 It is noteworthy that the versatile activities of OLR1 also include the ability to bind not only oxLDL, but also aged red blood cells, apoptotic cells, and activated platelets.4 With this background, we sought to validate the hypothesis of OLR1 involvement in atherosclerosis and AMI by defining OLR1 genetic variation by an association study of intragenic SNPs.

### Study subjects

The study included 150 individuals with AMI who were referred to the Centre of Atherosclerosis at the Medical School of the Tor Vergata University of Rome. All cases were clinically evaluated and all underwent coronary angiography and left ventriculography. The diagnosis of AMI was based on typical electrocardiographic changes and increased serum activities of at least two enzymes, such as creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of wall motion abnormality on left ventriculography and attendant stenosis (>50%) in any of the major coronary arteries or in the left main coronary artery on coronary …
Nanoporous gold: a new material for catalytic and sensor applications (2010)

Nanostructured materials are governed by their surface chemical properties. This is strikingly reflected by np-Au. This material can be generated by corrosion of bulk Ag-Au alloys. Based on a self-organisation process, a 3 dimensional sponge like gold structure evolves with ligaments in the range of only a few tens of nanometers. Due to its continuous porosity, the material can be penetrated by gases which then adsorb and interact with the surface. In this perspective we will review potential applications of np-Au resulting from this effect, namely heterogeneous gas phase catalysis, surface chemistry driven actuation, and adsorbate controlled stability of the nanostructure. We will summarize the current knowledge about the low temperature oxidation of CO as well as the highly selective oxidation of methanol. Furthermore, we will address the question how surface chemistry can influence the material properties itself. In particular, we will deal with (a) the actuation of np-Au by the reversible oxidation of its surface using ozone and (b) the adsorbate controlled coarsening of ligaments, using annealing experiments under ozone or inert gas atmosphere.
Synthesis and anti‐<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> properties of NO‐donor/metronidazole hybrids and related compounds (2003)

Abstract Two series (A, B) of 2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1 H ‐imidazolyl)ethyl derivatives ( 6–9, 18–23 ) conjugated through an oxygen or an aminomethyl bridge with either a furoxan NO‐donor moiety or a furazan substructure, devoid of NO‐donor properties, were synthesised. A third group (C) of 2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1 H ‐imidazolyl)ethyl derivatives conjugated with nitrooxy and dinitrooxy NO‐donor functions ( 35, 38 ) as well as the corresponding analogue without these functions ( 40 ) were prepared. All the compounds were evaluated in vitro for their activity against a number of Helicobacter pylori strains. Metronidazole ( 1 ) and its amino analogue ( 11 ) were taken as reference compounds. All the synthesised hybrids and their analogues exhibited good anti‐ H. pylori activity with MIC 50 in the range less than 0.0039–1, resulting in compounds more active than metronidazole. Derivatives 6–9 displayed good potency also against metronidazole‐resistant strains. Compounds lacking the 5‐nitroimidazole moiety ( 24–29, 30–33 ) proved to be inactive against H. pylori with the exception of 33 . The lack of significant differences in the antibacterial potency between furoxan and furazan hybrids in both series (A, B) suggest that the role of the N‐oxide moiety of the furoxan system either as an inductor of oxidative stress or as a promoter of NO‐donor properties is marginal. The substitution of the furoxan substructures with nitrooxy moieties ( 35, 38 ) afforded active compounds. In view of their NO‐donor properties, NO‐metronidazole hybrids could represent potential therapeutic tools both in the treatment of gastric ulcer and in a number of extragastrointestinal disorders such as ischaemic heart diseases and atherosclerosis‐related to some H. pylori strains. Drug Dev. Res. 60:225–239, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic Algorithms for Optimization of Building Envelopes and the Design and Control of HVAC Systems (2003)

Many design problems related to buildings involve minimizing capital and operating costs while providing acceptable service. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an optimization method that has been applied to these problems. GAs are easily configured, an advantage that often compensates for a sacrifice in performance relative to optimization methods selected specifically for a given problem, and have been shown to give solutions where other methods cannot. This paper reviews the basics of GAs, emphasizing multi-objective optimization problems. It then presents several applications, including determining the size and placement of windows and the composition of building walls, the generation of building form, and the design and operation of HVAC systems. Future work is identified, notably interfaces between a GA and both simulation and CAD programs.
Synthesis of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a key precursor of membrane lipids, in Bacillus subtilis (1995)

The Bacillus subtilis gpsA gene was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli gpsA strain auxotrophic for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. The gene was sequenced and found to encode an NAD(P)H-dependent dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase with a deduced molecular mass of 39.5 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence showed strong conservation with that of the E. coli homolog and to other procaryotic and eucaryotic dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductases. The physical location of gpsA on the B. subtilis chromosome was at about 200 degrees. Disruption of the chromosomal gpsA gene yielded B. subtilis strains auxotrophic for glycerol, indicating that the gpsA gene product is responsible for synthesis of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate required for phospholipid synthesis. We also found that transformation of the classical B. subtilis glycerol auxotrophs with a gpsA-containing genomic fragment yielded transformants that grew in the absence of glycerol. In agreement with prior work, our attempts to determine the reductase activity in B. subtilis extracts were unsuccessful. However, expression of the B. subtilis gpsA gene in E. coli gave reductase activity that was only slightly inhibited by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Since the E. coli GpsA dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase is very sensitive to allosteric inhibition by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, these results indicate that the B. subtilis gpsA-encoded reductase differs from that of E. coli. It seems that B. subtilis regulates sn-glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis at the level of gene expression rather than through the E. coli mechanism of strong allosteric inhibition of an enzyme produced in excess.
Frame-based modeling techniques for analyzing a strategic planning domain (2003)

A frame-based system is described that enhances domain modeling and inferencing in certain strategic planing tasks. The strategic planning process for identifying organizational needs is described, and justification of the frame-based approach is provided. Strategies are presented for defining frames for strategic planning problems. Contributions of frame-based inferencing to the strategic planning process are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Finite-difference and pseudospectral time-domain methods for subsurface radar applications (2002)

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is widely applied to simulate transient electromagnetic wave propagation. In this method, the spatial and temporal derivatives in Maxwell's equations are approximated by finite differences. Numerical experiments show that accurate results require a fine discretization of about 8-20 grids per wavelength at the highest frequency being simulated. To increase the efficiency of time-domain solutions, various spectral-domain techniques have been developed to reduce the grid density. In particular, the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method uses a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to represent the spatial derivatives in Maxwell's equations, and provides accurate results with only two grids per wavelength. This article compares the FDTD and PSTD methods in terms of their development and capabilities in the simulations of subsurface radar applications. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate their relative accuracy and efficiency for different problems.
Parametric Acoustic Arrays (1973)

Parametric acoustic array performance has been demonstrated with several different transducers. Three-inch-diameter transducers with primary frequencies between 250 and 300 kHz have produced good parametric acoustic beams at 10, 20, and 40 kHz difference frequencies with nearly constant beamwidth across this frequency band. A parametric acoustic array operating at 20-kHz difference frequency was compared to a 100-kHz conventional transducer for bottom profiling capability in Lake Washington. Echograms were obtained demonstrating the capability of the lower frequency beam to produce subbottom, as well as bottom returns.