gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
History of Plant Tissue Culture (2005)

Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both basic and applied studies as well as in commercial application. It owes its origin to the ideas of the German scientist, Haberlandt, at the beginning of the 20th century. The early studies led to root cultures, embryo cultures, and the first true callus/tissue cultures. The period between the 1940s and the 1960s was marked by the development of new techniques and the improvement of those already in use. It was the availability of these techniques that led to the application of tissue culture to five broad areas, namely, cell behavior (including cytology, nutrition, metabolism, morphogenesis, embryogenesis, and pathology), plant modification and improvement, pathogen-free plants and germplasm storage, clonal propagation, and product (mainly secondary metabolite) formation, starting in the mid-1960s. The 1990s saw continued expansion in the application of the in vitro technologies to an increasing number of plant species. Cell cultures have remained an important tool in the study of basic areas of plant biology and biochemistry and have assumed major significance in studies in molecular biology and agricultural biotechnology. The historical development of these in vitro technologies and their applications are the focus of this chapter.
Low Loss Passive Polarisation Splitter on InP/InGaAsP by use of Mode Conversion (1995)

Integrated optical polarisation splitters are important devices in optical communication, e.g., in coherent optical detection schemes [1]. Polarisation splitters based on various materials are described in literature [2-6]. In this paper we present a polarisation splitter realised on a conventional DH InGaAsP/InP structure. Compared with a former design of the mode converting polarisation splitter [7], this device has larger polarisation splitting ratio and lower excess losses. The device based on ridge waveguides is easy to fabricate; only one etching step is required. Furthermore, this device has the advantage that no metallic layer is required [3, 5]. Finally, the fabrication tolerances of this device are relaxed compared with the classical type of polarization splitters based on interference.
Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation (IRMPD) Spectroscopy of the Proton-Bound Dimer of 1-Methylcytosine in the Gas Phase (2010)

The vibrational spectrum of a hemiprotonated pair of the nucleobase cytosine has been recorded in the 300−1810 cm−1 domain using action spectroscopy on electrosprayed positive ions with a free-electron laser. The singly charged, gaseous cation has the same structure as that reported from crystallography, inferred from a strong absorption seen at 1761 cm−1, identified as the carbonyl stretch of the protonated ring mixed with in-plane bending of the bridging H+ based on a 29 cm−1 shift to lower frequency when all five of the exchangeable hydrogens are replaced by deuterium. IRMPD expels the neutral from the proton-bound dimer, leaving behind a protonated monomer. Whereas the bridging H+ in the dimer ion lies between the nitrogens of the two rings, IRMPD of the protonated monomer ion resulting from the dimer shows its H+ preferably situated on the carbonyl oxygen, indicating that the proton moves from one basic atom to another when the dimer ion dissociates.
Correlation between changed biophysical properties of surface membranes and embryonic brain cell adhesivity. Influence of detergents, fixation, EGTA, colchicine, vinblastine, increased K+, ouabain and DMA on the primary cellular adhesivity of embryonic brain cell. (1987)

Embryonic mouse brain cells were rotated for 120 min and cellular adhesivity was tested under normal conditions and in the presence of substances which change the membrane properties. A marked decrease of cellular adhesivity (but not complete inhibition) was recorded in the presence of anionic detergents, while fixation of cells caused only non-significant inhibition Colchicine (1 mumol/l) and vinblastine (10 micrograms/ml) did not significantly affect the adhesivity. Increased external K+ (10 mumol/l) and ouabain (10 mmol/l) were also without a significant effect, however, EGTA (0.1 and 0.01 mmol/l) inhibited the adhesivity significantly. 2,3 dimethyl maleinic anhydride (DMA) which removes a part of the positive charge, caused a slight decrease of adhesivity. It is suggested that the primary adhesivity of brain cells is dependent upon the structural integrity of surface membranes, while the organization of the tubular system does not play a significant role. Isotonic concentration of monovalent cations is optimal for adhesivity and an increased concentration of external K+ or ouabain did not affect adhesivity significantly.
In Situ Imaging of Metals in Cells and Tissues (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTIn Situ Imaging of Metals in Cells and TissuesReagan McRae, Pritha Bagchi, S. Sumalekshmy, and Christoph J. Fahrni*View Author Information School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 404-385-1164. Fax: 404-894-2295. E-mail address: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 10, 4780–4827Publication Date (Web):September 22, 2009Publication History Received20 June 2009Published online22 September 2009Published inissue 14 October 2009https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900223aCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views10927Altmetric-Citations476LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (5 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Anatomy,Central nervous system,Ions,Metals,Rodent models Get e-Alerts
Primate models of postural disorders. (1975)

Dorsal column lesions in the high cervical region of the monkey result in severe defects of movements projected into space and contactual orienting reactions of the forelimbs. The hindlimbs are less affected provided a pathway through the lateral columns, Morin's tract, remains intact. Interruption of this pathway results in a defect of hindlimb function similar to that of the forelimbs. Cerebellar ablations in monkeys result in postural and movement disorders, including hypotonia of limb extensor muscles. An important mechanism underlying the hypotonia is a depression of the responses to muscle extension of spindle primary afferents owing to a decrease of fusimotor activity. In the decerebellate animal abnormalities of limb trajectory during active movements projected into space (cerebellar "dysmetria") appear to result principally from dysfunction of systems separate from the peripheral fusimotor efferent-spindle afferent reflex arc. Precentral cortical ablation results initially in a contralateral hypotonic hemiparesis, later in a hypertonic hemiparesis. A depression of the responses of muscle spindle afferents occurs during the hypotonic phase, but during the hypertonic phase spindle function returns to normal levels. Accordingly a depression of fusimotor function appears to be important in the hypotonic phase of hemiplegia; however, there is no evidence that an enhancement of fusimotor function underlies the hypertonic phase. Bilateral section of the medullary pyramids results in an enduring hypotonic paresis. Abnormalities of contactual orienting responses of limbs are similar to those following dorsal column lesions. Responses of spindle primary afferents are depressed during the initial stages after acute pyramidotomy, then approach but do not reach normal levels. It is concluded that the dorsal columns constitute an afferent, and the pyramidal tracts an efferent, pathway important in oriented contactual reactions of the limbs. The hypotonia resulting from cerebellar lesions, precentral ablation, and pyramidal tract section stems, at least in part, from a depression of the fusimotor innervation of muscle spindle afferent activity.
Inhibitory effects of Radix Puerariae on the glycation (2000)

It was observed that glycation of huminalbumin (HSA) and rat lens protein were effectively inhibited by the ethanol-extract of radix puerariae. As the concentration of ethanol-extract of radix puerariae was 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% (W/V) in the reaction mixture, the inhibitory rate was 33, 45, and 66 percent of the control for the glycation of HSA, and 39, 50, and 74 percent of the control for the glycation of rat lens protein respectively. These results suggest that Radix puerariae may be used as an inhibitor of glycation.
Planejamento de trajetória para estacionamento de veículos autônomos (2013)

\n A navegação autônoma é um dos problemas fundamentais na área de robótica móvel. Esse problema vem sendo pesquisado nessa área por décadas e ainda apresenta um grande potencial para pesquisas científicas. A maior parte dos algoritmos e soluções desenvolvidas nessa área foi concebida para que robôs operem em ambientes estruturados. No entanto, outra questão de grande interesse para pesquisadores da área é a navegação em ambientes externos. Em ambientes não estruturado os veículos autônomos (robôs de grande porte) devem ser capazes de desviar de obstáculos, que eventualmente apareçam no caminho. Esta dissertação aborda o desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente capaz de gerar e executar um planejamento de caminho para o estacionamento de veículos autônomos em ambientes semi-estruturados. O sistema é capaz de reconhecer vagas de estacionamento por meio de sensores instalados no veículo, gerar uma trajetória válida que o conduza até a vaga e enviar os comandos de esterçamento e aceleração que guiam o veículo pelo caminho gerado\n
Dyes and preservatives in oral antihistamines (1980)

Antihistamines are commonly used in the treatment of urticaria. Some antihistamines contain dyes and preservatives which have themselves been shown to produce or exacerbate urticaria; the presence of these substances is not indicated in the usual formularies and a list of commonly prescribed antihistamines is presented, detailing the azo dyes, other dyes and preservatives contained therein.
Patterned glass surfaces direct cell adhesion and process outgrowth of primary neurons of the central nervous system (1998)

Glass surfaces were patterned with cell-adhesive regions of laminin adhesive peptides YIGSR, RGD, and IKVAV, and cell-repulsive regions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The patterns were created by sputter-coating titanium and then gold onto glass coverslips through electron microscope grids. Gold surfaces were modified with cysteine-terminated peptides to have approximately 450 fmol/cm2 of peptide incorporated on the glass coverslips as determined with radiolabeled CGYIGSR. Amine-functionalized glass coverslips were prepared using an amine-functionalized silane and then further modified with PEG-aldehyde by a Schiff base reduction. All surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angles. Hippocampal neurons, plated from a serum-free medium, adhered preferentially to peptide-functionalized surfaces over PEG-modified surfaces. Cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth were limited to the peptide region, demonstrating that neurite outgrowth could be directed by a combination of cell-adhesive and cell-repulsive cues. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Biomed Mater Res, 42, 13–19, 1998.
A new look towards BAC-based array CGH through a comprehensive comparison with oligo-based array CGH (2007)

This article presents a genome-wide statistical validation of the oligo array platform on a large set of patient samples and demonstrates statistically its superiority over the BAC platform for the Identification of chromosomic events. Taking advantage of a large set of human samples treated by the two technologies, a statistical model has been developed to show that the BAC platform could also detect microevents.
Site-to-Site VPN Technologies : A Survey (2009)

Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a popular way to build private networks using shared network infrastructure. A variety of VPN technologies exist today operating on different layers of OSI model. This paper presents a detailed survey and provides a classification of various types of VPNs. Layer 1 VPN is also included which is an emerging technology. Services offered by each VPN with implementation methods are described. Protocols, tunneling mechanisms and hardware components used for the deployment are also explored.
Protection against HIV-1 gp120-induced brain damage by neuronal expression of human amyloid precursor protein. (1995)

Expression of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 in brains of transgenic (tg) mice induces extensive neurodegeneration (Toggas, S. M., E. Masliah, E. M. Rockenstein, G. F. Rall, C. R. Abraham, and L. Mucke. 1994. Nature [Lond.]. 367:188-193.). To further analyze the pathogenesis of gp120-induced neurotoxicity and to assess the neuroprotective potential of human amyloid precursor proteins (hAPPs) in vivo, different hAPP isoforms were expressed in neurons of gp120/hAPP-bigenic mice: hAPP751, which contains a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain, or hAPP695, which lacks this domain. Bigenic mice overexpressing hAPP751 at moderate levels showed significantly less neuronal loss, synapto-dendritic degeneration, and gliosis than singly tg mice expressing gp120 alone. In contrast, higher levels of hAPP695 expression in bigenic mice failed to prevent gp120-induced brain damage. These data indicate that hAPP can exert important neuroprotective functions in vivo and that the efficiency of this protection may depend on the hAPP isoform expressed and/or on the level of neuronal hAPP expression. Hence, molecules that mimic beneficial APP activities may be useful in the prevention/treatment of HIV-1-associated nervous system damage and, perhaps, also of other types of neural injury.
A New Fault Ride-through Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind-Power Induction Generator (2007)

Withstanding grid faults becomes an obligation for the bulk wind generation units connected to the transmission network and it is highly desired for distribution wind generators. In this paper, a proposed scheme is implemented for DFIG to keep it operating during transient grid faults. Challenges imposed on the generator configuration and the control during the fault and recovering periods are presented. A comprehensive time domain model for the DFIG with the decoupled dq controller is implemented using Matlab/Simulink software. Intensive simulation results are discussed to ensure the validity and feasibility of the proposed fault ride through technique. The scheme protects the DFIG components, fulfills the grid code requirements, and optimizes the hardware added to the generator.
SLC30A10 transporter in the digestive system regulates brain manganese under basal conditions while brain SLC30A10 protects against neurotoxicity (2018)

The essential metal manganese becomes neurotoxic at elevated levels. Yet, the mechanisms by which brain manganese homeostasis is regulated are unclear. Loss-of-function mutations in SLC30A10, a cell surface-localized manganese efflux transporter in the brain and liver, induce familial manganese neurotoxicity. To elucidate the role of SLC30A10 in regulating brain manganese, we compared the phenotypes of whole-body and tissue-specific <i>Slc30a10</i> knockout mice. Surprisingly, unlike whole-body knockouts, brain manganese levels were unaltered in pan-neuronal/glial <i>Slc30a10</i> knockouts under basal physiological conditions. Further, although transport into bile is a major route of manganese excretion, manganese levels in the brain, blood, and liver of liver-specific <i>Slc30a10</i> knockouts were only minimally elevated, suggesting that another organ compensated for loss-of-function in the liver. Additional assays revealed that SLC30A10 was also expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. In differentiated enterocytes, SLC30A10 localized to the apical/luminal domain and transported intracellular manganese to the lumen. Importantly, endoderm-specific knockouts, lacking SLC30A10 in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, had markedly elevated manganese levels in the brain, blood, and liver. Thus, under basal physiological conditions, brain manganese is regulated by activity of SLC30A10 in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and not the brain or just the liver. Notably, however, brain manganese levels of endoderm-specific knockouts were lower than whole-body knockouts, and only whole-body knockouts exhibited manganese-induced neurobehavioral defects. Moreover, after elevated exposure, pan-neuronal/glial knockouts had higher manganese levels in the basal ganglia and thalamus than controls. Therefore, when manganese levels increase, activity of SLC30A10 in the brain protects against neurotoxicity.
Answer Extraction Based on Merging Score Strategy of Hot Terms (2016)

Answer extraction (AE) is one of the key technologies in developing the open domain Question & answer (Q&A) system. Its task is to yield the highest score to the expected answer based on an effective answer score strategy. We introduce an answer extraction method by Merging score strategy (MSS) based on hot terms. The hot terms are defined according to their lexical and syntactic features to highlight the role of the question terms. To cope with the syntactic diversities of the corpus, we propose four improved candidate answer score algorithms. Each of them is based on the lexical function of hot terms and their syntactic relationships with the candidate answers. Two independent corpus score algorithms are proposed to tap the role of the corpus in ranking the candidate answers. Six algorithms are adopted in MSS to tap the complementary action among the corpus, the candidate answers and the questions. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Phase-locked, low-noise, frequency agile titanium:sapphire lasers for simultaneous atom interferometers (2006)

We demonstrate a laser system consisting of a >1.6 W titanium:sapphire laser that is phase locked to another free-running titanium:sapphire laser at a wavelength of 852 nm with a phase noise of -138 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz from the carrier, using an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator. The residual phase variance is 2.5 x 10(-8) rad2 integrated from 1 Hz to 10 kHz. This system can phase-continuously change the offset frequency within 200 ns with frequency steps up to 4 MHz. Simultaneous atom interferometers can make full use of this ultralow phase noise in differential measurements, where influences from the vibration of optics are greatly suppressed in common mode.
Influence of Temperature on Vibrational Spectra and Consequences for the Predictive Ability of Multivariate Models (1998)

Temperature, pressure, viscosity, and other process variables fluctuate during an industrial process. When vibrational spectra are measured on- or in-line for process analytical and control purposes, the fluctuations influence the shape of the spectra in a nonlinear manner. The influence of these temperature-induced spectral variations on the predictive ability of multivariate calibration model is assessed. Short-wave NIR spectra of ethanol/water/2-propanol mixtures are taken at different temperatures, and different local and global partial least-squares calibration strategies are applied. The resulting prediction errors and sensitivity vectors of a test set are compared. For data with no temperature variation, the local models perform best with high sensitivity but the knowledge of the temperature for prediction measurements cannot aid in the improvement of local model predictions when temperature variation is introduced. The prediction errors of global models are considerably lower when temperature variation is present in the data set but at the expense of sensitivity. To be able to build temperature-stable calibration models with high sensitivity, a way of explicitly modeling the temperature should be found.
Bioavailable soil Pb minimized by in situ transformation to plumbojarosite (2020)

Exposure to lead (Pb) during early life has persistent adverse health effects. During childhood, ingestion of bioavailable Pb in contaminated soils can be a major route of Pb absorption. Remediation to alter physiochemical properties of soil-borne Pb can reduce Pb bioavailability. Our laboratory-based approach for soil Pb remediation uses addition of iron (Fe) sulfate and application of heat to promote formation of plumbojarosite (PLJ), a sparingly soluble Pb-Fe hydroxysulfate mineral. We treated two soils with anthropogenic Pb contamination and samples of clean topsoil spiked with various Pb compounds (i.e., carbonate, chloride, phosphate [P], or sulfate) to convert native Pb species to PLJ and used a mouse assay to assess relative bioavailability (RBA) of Pb in untreated (U) and remediated soils. Bone and blood Pb levels were significantly lower (<i>P</i> < 0.001, Student's <i>t</i> test) in mice that consumed diets amended with remediated soils than with U soils. Estimated RBA for Pb in both remediated natural soils and Pb-mineral spiked soils were reduced by >90% relative to Pb RBA for U soils, which is substantially more effective than other soil amendments, including P. X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that >90% of all Pb species in remediated soils were converted to PLJ, and ingested PLJ was not chemically transformed during gastrointestinal tract transit. Post treatment neutralization of soil pH did not affect PLJ stability, indicating the feasibility in field conditions. These results suggest that formation of PLJ in contaminated soils can reduce the RBA of Pb and minimize this medium's role as a source of Pb exposure for young children.
Sub-Doppler frequency-modulation spectroscopy of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1981)

Frequency-modulation spectroscopy has been employed to monitor the absorption and dispersion changes induced by the optical saturation of nonzero velocity groups of ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ molecules. The use of a high modulation frequency markedly increases the sensitivity of this form of saturation spectroscopy and allows convenient access to molecular velocities well above the thermal average.
Power uprate testing at PP&L`s Susquehanna units (1996)

PP&L Resources recently completed power uprates on both Susquehanna boiling water reactor (BWR) units. The power uprate increased electrical net output of the station by 103.5 MW, or {approximately}5%. An increase in reactor steam dome operating pressure by 30 psi resulted in the desired 5076 increase in steam flow. Power uprate also increased maximum allowable core flow by 8% (to 108 Mlb/h) to enhance operational flexibility. This paper summarizes the development, implementation, and results of the power uprate test program.