gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fosfomycin for the treatment of patients with systemic infections (2009)

The advancing antimicrobial drug resistance in common bacterial pathogens, along with the relative shortage of new antibacterial agents, call for the re-evaluation of available therapeutic options. Fosfomycin is an established treatment option for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Here we review and evaluate the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenously administered fosfomycin with regard to its use for systemic infections. Fosfomycin is a relatively small, hydrophilic agent with almost negligible serum protein binding. It is excreted unchanged in urine, achieving high concentrations for a prolonged period. Fosfomycin has good distribution into tissues, achieving clinically relevant concentrations in sites such as serum, soft tissue, lungs, bone, cerebrospinal fluid and heart valves. Fosfomycin has shown antimicrobial activity against biofilms, particularly in combination with fluoroquinolones. It also exerts immunomodulatory effects, mainly on lymphocyte and neutrophil function. Potentially useful properties of fosfomycin regarding its use in combination regimens include reduction in the expression of certain penicillin-binding proteins and attenuation of nephrotoxicity caused by several antimicrobial agents. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of fosfomycin do not preclude its use for various types of systemic infections and suggest further research on relevant clinical applications of this agent.
A Rapid Freeze‐Quench Setup for Multi‐Frequency EPR Spectroscopy of Enzymatic Reactions (2013)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with the rapid freeze-quench (RFQ) technique is a well-established method to trap and characterize intermediates in chemical or enzymatic reactions at the millisecond or even shorter time scales. The method is particularly powerful for mechanistic studies of enzymatic reactions when combined with high-frequency EPR (ν≥90 GHz), which permits the identification of substrate or protein radical intermediates by their electronic g values. In this work, we describe a new custom-designed micro-mix rapid freeze-quench apparatus, for which reagent volumes for biological samples as small as 20 μL are required. The apparatus was implemented with homemade sample collectors appropriate for 9, 34, and 94 GHz EPR capillaries (4, 2, and 0.87 mm outer diameter, respectively) and the performance was evaluated. We demonstrate the application potential of the RFQ apparatus by following the enzymatic reaction of PpoA, a fungal dioxygenase producing hydro(pero)xylated fatty acids. The larger spectral resolution at 94 GHz allows the discernment of structural changes in the EPR spectra, which are not detectable in the same samples at the standard 9 GHz frequency.
Entrevista a john diego riascos, el soldado sin rostro (2010)

La de John Riascos, el soldado sin rostro, es una historia que pocos en el mundo han vivido, mas que comparte con miles de soldados colombianos: heroes de la patria que se jugaron la vida por nosotros y fueron heridos en combate. Son ellos los que en medio del silencio y oscuridad de la noche han luchado por iluminar nuestro camino; los que nunca hemos visto ni escuchado pero con los que siempre contaremos.
Heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cobalt corrinoids. 15. The structure of glutathionylcobalamin: A proton and carbon-13 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance study at 600 MHz (1993)

Glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), the complex formed between glutathione (GSH, gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine) and aquacobalamin (H2OCbl), has been implicated as an intermediate in the pathway for the formation of the cobalamin coenzymes. In chemical model studies, GSCbl has been shown to be a substrate for methylcobalamin formation in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine and a thiol reductant. Although GSCbl was first described in 1964, the structure of this compound, particularly the site of GSH coordination, has been unknown. GSCbl was prepared by reacting GSH (5-fold molar excess) with H2OCbl in 0.1 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and was purified by gel-permeation chromatography on a Bio-Gel P2 polyacrylamide column. By use of a combination of homonuclear [homonuclear J-correlated spectroscopy (COSY), homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy (HOHAHA), and absorption-mode nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)] and inverse detected heteronuclear [1H-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) and 1H-detected multiple-bond heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMBC) spectroscopies] two-dimensional NMR methods at 600 MHz, the complete 1H and 13C NMR spectra of GSCbl have now been assigned. Comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the GS moiety of GSCbl to those of free GSH and GS- shows that by far the largest differences occur at the cysteine alpha and beta positions. This result strongly suggests that GSH is coordinated to the cobalt atom in GSCbl via the cysteine sulfur atom.
Characterization of human platelet vasopressin receptors. (1985)

Using tritiated arginine-8-vasopressin [3H]AVP, vasopressin-specific binding sites were detected on human platelet membranes. One class of high-affinity binding sites was characterized with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.01 +/- 0.06 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 100 +/- 10 fmol/mg of protein (n = 12). Highly significant correlations were found between the relative agonistic (r = 0.87, P = 0.002) or antagonistic (r = 0.99, P = 0.007) vasopressor activities of a series of 13 AVP structural analogues and their relative abilities to inhibit [3H]AVP binding to platelet receptors whereas no such relationship existed when antidiuretic activities were considered (r = 0.28, P = 0.47). AVP did not stimulate cyclic AMP production of human platelets; on the contrary, high AVP concentrations (10(-6) M) inhibited cyclic AMP production measured in basal and prostaglandin E1-stimulated conditions. AVP caused intact platelet aggregation with a half-maximal aggregation (EC50) of 28 +/- 2 nM. This effect was more potently reversed by the specific vascular antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (pA2 = 8.10 +/- 0.23) than by the specific renal antagonist d(CH2)5IleuAlaAVP (pA2 = 6.67 +/- 0.12). The pA2 values of these two antagonists in platelets are in close agreement with the pKi values obtained in competition experiments (respectively 8.59 and 6.93) and with pA2 values reported in the literature for their in vivo antivasopressor activity (respectively 8.62 and 6.03). The observation that human platelets bear AVP receptors belonging to the vascular class suggests that platelet receptors can be used to further explore the role of vasopressin in cardiovascular homeostasis.
Structural characteristics and swelling behavior of pH sensitive hydrogels (1988)

The equilibrium swelling behavior of hydrogels sensitive to pH or ionic strength changes of the swelling medium was studied by deriving structural models based on the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory, the rubber elasticity theory, and ionic interaction deviations therefrom. Models were derived to describe porous or non-porous, anionic, cationic or neutral hydrogels, prepared by crosslinking in the presence or absence of solvent, and for chains with gaussian or non-Gaussian distribution. In all cases, the number average molecular weight between crosslinks, M$\sb{\rm c}$, was related to equilibrium swelling characteristics, the thermodynamic compatibility of the polymer/swelling agent system, the porosity, the ionic charges, the pK$\sb{\rm a}$ of the ionizable polymer moieties, and the pH and ionic strength of the surrounding medium. The models have predictive, correlative, and design capabilities. Copolymers were prepared by bulk polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with any one of the following comonomers: methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, methacrylamide, N,N-dimethacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, and diacetone acrylamide. The HEMA content varied from 0 mol% to 100 mol%, the reaction was initiated with 0.5 wt% benzoyl peroxide, the crosslinking agent was 0.5 mol% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and the temperature program followed started at 40$\sp\circ$C and ended at 80$\sp\circ$C in step intervals. Equilibrium swelling studies were performed in methanol, acetone, and various buffered, aqueous solutions from pH 1.2 to 10.0. It was shown that several copolymer structures were very sensitive to pH changes. The models could predict these changes. Dynamic swelling changes were also performed in buffers of various pH values, in order to establish the mechanism of water transport in these pH sensitive structures. It was shown that relaxation-controlled mechanisms prevailed in alkaline solutions. Surface instabilities were also detected by polarized videomicroscopy. The associated effects of the structural collapse due to pH change on the diffusive behavior of the pH sensitive hydrogels were followed by performing controlled release studies of theophylline and proxyphylline in different solutions of varying acidity. These results were used to calculate the Deborah and Swelling Interface numbers, which were correlated to the pH of the solution.
Applications and mechanisms of charge-remote fragmentation (2000)

Studies on the applications, energetics, and mechanisms of charge-remote fragmentations are reviewed, with emphasis given to those articles published after 1992. Independent of the charge status, charge-remote fragmentations are analogous to gas-phase thermolysis. Under collisional activation and with a fixed charge, ions containing long-chain or poly-ring structures undergo charge-remote fragmentations, generating productions that are structurally informative. Interpretation of the production spectra enables one to elucidate molecular structures. Although charge-remote fragmentations have been successfully used in the structural determination of fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, triacylglycerols, steroids, peptides, ceramides, and other systems, the energetics and mechanisms of these reactions are still debated because none of the existing mechanisms can explain all the experimental data.
Gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide content of the diet influence development of regulatory T cells: studies in germ-free mice (2008)

Our data clearly show that not only live gut microbiota but also microbial components (LPS) contained in sterile diet stimulate the development, expansion and function of the immune system. Finally, we would like to emphasize that the composition of diet should be regularly tested especially in all gnotobiotic models as the LPS content and other microbial components present in the diet may significantly alter the outcome of experiments.
Simultaneous infection with human herpesvirus‐6 and measles virus in infants (1990)

Two infants (4 and 5 months of age) with a febrile episode for 3 and 5 days, respectively, developed skin rashes after the fever subsided and were diagnosed as exanthem subitum. The rash continued for 5 days followed by mild-to-moderate pigmentation. Human herpesvirus-6 and measles virus, which were confirmed by a specific immunofluorescence assay and by electron microscopy, were isolated simultaneously from blood in the acute stage of the disease but not from the convalescent stage. The titer of the herpesvirus-6 in blood was greater than that of measles. Specific serologic assays showed marked seroconversion against human herpesvirus-6 but not to measles virus. The results suggest that dual infection with human herpesvirus-6 and measles virus results in atypical exanthem subitum or modified measles with unique immunologic responses.
Vision‐based absolute navigation for descent and landing (2012)

Abstract Future space exploration missions such as Mars sample return or the lunar lander mission require precise information about the lander position during the descent and landing steps. This article presents a solution, Landstel, that exploits on‐board vision to localize the lander with respect to orbital imagery. The algorithm is based on the geometric repartition of surface landmarks to match descent images with orbital images. It is designed to be robust to illumination variations, to be independent of the presence of specific features on the surface, and to have low memory and processing power requirements. Overall absolute localization is achieved by the integration of Landstel with inertial navigation or with visual odometry, according to a loose fusion scheme. Extensive results with simulated and real data validate the proposed approach, and show that it works well even under difficult conditions where the landmark repeatability rate drops to 10%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Approach to Surface Voltage Based Non-Visual Defect Inspection (2014)

Measurement speed and resolution of surface voltage based non-visual defect inspection are examined. There is a tradeoff between high measurement speed in whole wafer inspection which requires a larger measurement probe and resolution of the method which requires a smaller measurement probe. In this paper we overcome this tradeoff by using different diameter Kelvin probes. Full wafer inspection is performed using a 2mm diameter Kelvin probe enabling high throughput. Only when a suspected failure is detected, an inspection of a localized smaller area is performed with a 10 μm diameter Kelvin probe.
AIDS Virus Infection in Nairobi Prostitutes (1986)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is epidemic in Central Africa. To determine the prevalence of AIDS virus infection in East Africa, we studied 90 female prostitutes, 40 men treated at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, and 42 medical personnel in Nairobi, Kenya. Antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type III (HTLV-III) was detected in the serum of 66 percent of prostitutes of low socioeconomic status, 31 percent of prostitutes of higher socioeconomic status, 8 percent of the clinic patients, and 2 percent of the medical personnel. The presence of the antibody was associated with both immunologic and clinical abnormalities. The mean T-cell helper/suppressor ratio was 0.92 in seropositive prostitutes and 1.82 in seronegative prostitutes (P less than 0.0001). Generalized lymphadenopathy was present in 54 percent of seropositive prostitutes and 10 percent of seronegative prostitutes (P less than 0.0001). No constitutional symptoms, opportunistic infections, or cases of Kaposi's sarcoma were present. Our results indicate that the epidemic of AIDS virus infection has, unfortunately, spread extensively among urban prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. Sexual exposure to men from Central Africa was significantly associated with HTLV-III antibody among prostitutes, suggesting transcontinental spread of the epidemic.
Glucuronide metabolism in plants. 3. Triterpene glucuronides (1956)

). Ammonium glycyrrhizinate, beet saponin and their aglycones did not interfere in these estimations.
Isolation, Solution Structure, and Insecticidal Activity of Kalata B2, a Circular Protein with a Twist:  Do Möbius Strips Exist in Nature?<sup>,</sup> (2004)

A large number of macrocyclic miniproteins with diverse biological activities have been isolated from the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, and Cucurbitaceae plant families in recent years. Here we report the three-dimensional structure determined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and demonstrate potent insecticidal activity for one of these peptides, kalata B2. This peptide is one of the major components of an extract from the leaves of the plant Oldenlandia affinis. The structure consists of a distorted triple-stranded beta-sheet and a cystine knot arrangement of the disulfide bonds and is similar to those described for other members of the cyclotide family. The unique cyclic and knotted nature of these molecules makes them a fascinating example of topologically complex proteins. Examination of the sequences reveals that they can be separated into two subfamilies, one of which contains a larger number of positively charged residues and has a bracelet-like circularization of the backbone. The second subfamily contains a backbone twist due to a cis-peptidyl-proline bond and may conceptually be regarded as a molecular Mobius strip. Kalata B2 is the second putative member of the Mobius cyclotide family to be structurally characterized and has a cis-peptidyl-proline bond, thus validating the suggested name for this subfamily of cyclotides. The observation that kalata B2 inhibits the growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera larvae suggests a role for the cyclotides in plant defense. A comparison of the sequences and structures of kalata B1 and B2 provides insight into the biological activity of these peptides.
Clinical signs, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures: 17 cases (1997–2002) (2004)

Results suggest that cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy may have a good long-term prognosis.
Nature of the Propagating Species in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerizations of Oxygen-Containing Monomers Using Well-Defined Ruthenium Initiators (2005)

The propagating alkylidene species that arise during the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a range of strained bicyclic monomers initiated by RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh) [1] and RuCl2(PCy3)(CH-o−O-i-PrC6H4) [2] have been identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. For polymerizations initiated by 1 in which the monomers do not contain oxygen, a single set of two NMR signals are observed for the resting state of the propagating species. These correspond to bisphosphine−ruthenium complexes with the proximal backbone double bond either cis or trans. When the monomers contain oxygen, an additional set of two NMR signals are observed for the resting state of the propagating species. These correspond to monophosphine species which also have oxygen from the polymer backbone complexed to the ruthenium, again with the proximal backbone double bond either cis or trans. Resonances attributed to bisphosphine and monophosphine species have been conclusively assigned by the addition of CuCl or PCy3. Assignments were further confirmed by the study of comparable ROMP reactions initiated by 2. Bisphosphine propagating species are not normally observed during ROMP reactions initiated by 2. If the monomer contains oxygen, then, in addition to the monophosphine species with complexation of the −O−iPr group to the ruthenium, additional monophosphine propagating species may be observable due to oxygen in the polymer backbone chelating to the Ru center. Bisphosphine propagating species and RuCl2(PCy3)2(CH-o−O-i-PrC6H4), 3, are observable using 1H NMR spectroscopy if PCy3 is added to 2 prior to the ROMP of 5-exo,6-endo-dicarbomethoxynorbornene, 4. The amount of added PCy3 is found to affect the relative intensities of the propagating bisphosphine species and 3 as well as the rate of monomer consumption and the polydispersity of the resulting polymer.
C&EN Talks With . . . (1972)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTC&EN Talks With . . .A. L. JONESCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1972, 50, 28, 33Publication Date (Print):July 10, 1972Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 10 July 1972https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v050n028.p033Copyright © 1972 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views4Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (147 KB) SUBJECTS:Ecology,Lipids Get e-Alerts
Biocontrol Activity of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Isolated from <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> Mushroom Compost Against Pathogenic Fungi (2015)

Bacillus subtilis strain B154, isolated from Agaricus bisporus mushroom compost infected by red bread mold, exhibited antagonistic activities against Neurospora sitophila. Antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi was also observed. The maximum antifungal activity was reached during the stationary phase. This antifungal activity was stable over a wide pH and temperature range and was not affected by proteases. Assay of antifungal activity in vitro indicated that a purified antifungal substance could strongly inhibit mycelia growth and spore germination of N. sitophila. In addition, treatment with strain B154 in A. bisporus mushroom compost infected with N. sitophila significantly increased the yield of bisporus mushrooms. Ultraviolet scan spectroscopy, tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, matrix-associated laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed a molecular weight consistent with 1498.7633 Da. The antifungal compound might belong to a new type of lipopeptide fengycin.
Abortion of infection during the <i>Rhizobium meliloti</i>—alfalfa symbiotic interaction is accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction (1993)

Nodulation, the organogenetic process resulting from the symbiotic interaction between Rhizobium and legumes, is under the feedback control of the plant. However, the autoregulatory mechanisms controlling root nodule formation are poorly understood. In this paper it is shown that alfalfa can react to infection by its symbiont Rhizobium meliloti by eliciting a defence mechanism similar to the hypersensitive reaction (HR) observed in incompatible plant‐pathogen interactions. After the first nodule primordia have been induced, an increasing proportion of infection threads abort in a single or a few root cortical cells in which both symbionts simultaneously undergo necrosis. Autofluorescent, cytochemical and immunolocalization assays revealed that phenolic compounds and proteins associated with defence mechanisms in plants have accumulated in the necrotic cells. These results lead to the proposition that the elicitation of a HR is part of the mechanism by which the plant controls infection and, therefore, regulates nodulation.