gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Laser iridotomy between inferior and superior quadrants of iris (2000)

ایریدوتومی با لیزر در درمان گلوکوم با زاویه بسته اهمیت خاصی دارد. از عوارض احتمالی ضمن عمل، خونریزی و آزاد شدن پیگمان در اطاق قدامی می باشد که می تواند مانع ادامه عمل گردد. ایریدوتومی معمولا در ربع های عنبیه انجام می گیرد، لذا کدورت های قسمت فوقانی قرنیه ممکن است مشکل ساز باشد. در این مطالعه مقایسه ایریدوتومی با لیزر در قسمت تحتانی با ایریدوتومی قسمت فوقانی عنبیه در درمان گلوکوم زاویه بسته، در مرکز آموزشی-درمانی رسالت شهرکرد بر روی 300 چشم از 164 بیمار انجام گرفت. محل ایریدوتومی در 150 چشم ربع های فوقانی و در 150 چشم ربع های تحتانی عنبیه درنظر گرفته شد. دو گروه از نظر شلیک، انرژی بکار رفته، فشار پس از عمل و عوارض حاصله با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. سن همه بیماران بالای 45 سال بوده و از نظر جنسیت و نیز راست و چپ بودن چشم تفاوت آماری مشهود نبود. سابقه بیماری سیستمیک در 1/3 و سابقه بیماری چشمی در ¼ بیماران دیده شد. در بیمارانی که تیرگی قسمت فوقانی قرنیه داشتند ایریدوتومی در قسمت تحتانی عنبیه بمراتب سهل تر بود. از طرفی در آن عده که قسمت فوقانی عنبیه محل انتخابی بود چنانچه ضمن عمل خونریزی غیر قابل کنترل روی می داد و یا پیگمان در اطاق قدامی رها می گشت شانس انتخاب قسمت های دیگر عنبیه برای ادامه عمل کم می شد. درحالی که در گروه دوم در صورت بروز خونریزی، قسمت های بالاتر عنبیه قابل مشاهده بوده و در نتیجه ادامه عمل متوقف نمی شد. نتیجه حاکی از سهولت و موفقیت و عوارض کمتر با ایریدوتومی در قسمت تحتانی عنبیه بود، چنانچه میانگین و انحراف معیار شلیک در گروه اول و دوم بترتیب 1.76±6.79 و 1.37±3.85، انرژی لیزر بکار رفته در گروه اول و دوم بترتیب 0.93±5.67 و 1.07±3.28 میلی ژول و فشار چشم پس از عمل در گروه اول و دوم بترتیب 2.73±25.14 و 2.72±20.97 میلیمتر جیوه بود که در تمام موارد (P
Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Two‐year clinical and radiographic results from the TEMPO study, a double‐blind, randomized trial (2006)

Etanercept in combination with MTX reduced disease activity, slowed radiographic progression, and improved function more effectively than did either monotherapy over a 2-year period. No increase in toxicity was associated with combination treatment with etanercept plus MTX.
Molecular Beam-Controlled Nucleation and Growth of Vertically Aligned Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Arrays (2005)

The main obstacle to widespread application of single-wall carbon nanotubes is the lack of reproducible synthesis methods of pure material. We describe a new growth method for single-wall carbon nanotubes that uses molecular beams of precursor gases that impinge on a heated substrate coated with a catalyst thin film. In this growth environment the gas and the substrate temperature are decoupled and carbon nanotube growth occurs by surface reactions without contribution from homogeneous gas-phase reactions. This controlled reaction environment revealed that SWCNT growth is a complex multicomponent reaction in which not just C, but also H, and O play a critical role. These experiments identified acetylene as a prolific direct building block for carbon network formation that is an order of magnitude more efficient than other small-molecule precursors. The molecular jet experiments show that with optimal catalyst particle size the incidence rate of acetylene molecules plays a critical role in the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes and dense vertically aligned arrays in which they are the dominant component. The threshold for vertically aligned growth, the growth rate, the diameter, and the number of walls of the carbon nanotubes are systematically correlated with the acetylene incidence rate and the substrate temperature.
Sputtering of Neutral Molecules and Molecular Ions From the Adenine Crystal Surface Induced by the UV Picosecond Laser Pulse (1982)

This paper presents the results of observation of sputtering of neutral molecules and ions from the crystal adenine surface induced by fourth‐harmonic Nd:YAG laser radiation with a pulse duration of 30 ps. The energy fluence of laser pulses was in the region (1–3) × 10−4 J/cm2. The kinetic energy distribution of the sputtered molecules spreads up to 0.7 eV. The experiment shows that the threshold of adenine molecular ion sputtering is connected with absorbed energy density in upper layers of the crystal surface but not by laser radiation intensity.
Context-Aware Image Annotation and Retrieval on Mobile Device (2010)

In this paper, we present a novel method for image annotation and retrieval on mobile device by using contextual information. Image annotation is an effective way for content based image retrieval. However, manual annotation is an expensive and time consuming work, especially for mobile device. Here, we propose a semi-automatic way to give image annotation on mobile device. There are rich contexts for a mobile device, such as photo captured context, personal context and social network context. We synthesize these contexts and get useful semantic content of the photo. The synthesized results are treated as annotation suggestions. Our annotations include time, location, event, persons etc. We have implemented the annotation method in a prototype. The results show the method is simple and efficient.
FusionNet: Fusing via Fully-Aware Attention with Application to Machine Comprehension (2017)

This paper introduces a new neural structure called FusionNet, which extends existing attention approaches from three perspectives. First, it puts forward a novel concept of "history of word" to characterize attention information from the lowest word-level embedding up to the highest semantic-level representation. Second, it introduces an improved attention scoring function that better utilizes the "history of word" concept. Third, it proposes a fully-aware multi-level attention mechanism to capture the complete information in one text (such as a question) and exploit it in its counterpart (such as context or passage) layer by layer. We apply FusionNet to the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) and it achieves the first position for both single and ensemble model on the official SQuAD leaderboard at the time of writing (Oct. 4th, 2017). Meanwhile, we verify the generalization of FusionNet with two adversarial SQuAD datasets and it sets up the new state-of-the-art on both datasets: on AddSent, FusionNet increases the best F1 metric from 46.6% to 51.4%; on AddOneSent, FusionNet boosts the best F1 metric from 56.0% to 60.7%.
Ultrafast electrooptic dual-comb interferometry (2015)

Dual-comb interferometry is a particularly compelling technique that relies on the phase coherence of two laser frequency combs for measuring broadband complex spectra. This method is rapidly advancing the field of optical spectroscopy and empowering new applications, from nonlinear microscopy to laser ranging. Up to now, most dual-comb interferometers were based on modelocked lasers, whose repetition rates have restricted the measurement speed to ~kHz. Here we demonstrate a dual-comb interferometer that is based on electrooptic frequency combs and measures consecutive complex spectra at an ultra-high refresh rate of 25 MHz. These results pave the way for novel scientific and metrology applications of frequency comb generators beyond the realm of molecular spectroscopy, where the measurement of ultrabroadband waveforms is of paramount relevance.
Striking Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis in “Healthy” W27 Positive Males and Females (1975)

Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed once or twice in each 1000 males and one tenth as frequently in females, but the true prevalence is unknown. Indentification of genetic marker, HL-A W27, for susceptible persons has provided a tool facilitating epidemiologic studies and allowing identification of "control" populations without the marker. Evaluation by postal questionnaires, and pelvic radiography of 78 HL-A 27W-positive blood donors selected from a group of apparently healthy subjects revealed 14 who satisfied the criteria for definite ankylosing spondylitis. The prevalence was similar in both sexes. One hundred and twenty-six W27-negative controls matched for race, sex, and age failed to yield a single case. For a person of either sex with HL-A W27, there appears to be about a 20 per cent chance that ankylosing spondylitis will develop, suggesting a prevalence of 10 to 15 per thousand. Hitherto accepted figures may underestimate the frequency by a factor of 10 to 20.
Interprocedural analysis of asynchronous programs (2007)

An asynchronous program is one that contains procedure calls which are not immediately executed from the callsite, but stored and "dispatched" in a non-deterministic order by an external scheduler at a later point. We formalize the problem of interprocedural dataflow analysis for asynchronous programs as AIFDS problems, a generalization of the IFDS problems for interprocedural dataflow analysis. We give an algorithm for computing the precise meet-over-valid-paths solution for any AIFDS instance, as well as a demand-driven algorithm for solving the corresponding demand AIFDS instances. Our algorithm can be easily implemented on top of any existing interprocedural dataflow analysis framework. We have implemented the algorithm on top of B LAST , thereby obtaining the first safety verification tool for unbounded asynchronous programs. Though the problem of solving AIFDS instances is EXPSPACE-hard, we find that in practice our technique can efficiently analyze programs by exploiting standard optimizations of interprocedural dataflow analyses.
CREAM: creating relational metadata with a component-based, ontology-driven annotation framework (2001)

Richly interlinked, machine-understandable data constitutes the basis for the Semantic Web. Annotating web documents is one of the major techniques for creating metadata on the Web. However, annotation tools so far are restricted in their capabilities of providing richly interlinked and truely machine-understandable data. They basically allow the user to annotate with plain text according to a template structure, such as Dublin Core. We here present CREAM (Creating RElational, Annotationbased Metadata), a framework for an annotation environment that allows to construct relational metadata, i.e. metadata that comprises class instances and relationship instances. These instances are not based on a fix structure, but on a domain ontology. We discuss some of the requirements one has to meet when developing such a framework, e.g. the integration of a metadata crawler, inference services, document management and information extraction, and describe its implementation, viz. Ont-O-Mat a component-based, ontology-driven annotation tool.
The role of the liver in the response to LPS: experimental and clinical findings (2002)

The liver plays an important physiological role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification and, in particular, hepatocytes are involved in the clearance of endotoxin of intestinal derivation. In experimental shock models, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induces hepatocyte apoptosis and lethal effects are due to secreted TNF-alpha and not to cell-associated TNF-alpha. An exaggerated production of TNF-alpha has been reported in murine viral infections, in which mice become sensitized to low amounts of LPS and both interferon (IFN)-gamma and IFN-alpha/beta are involved in the macrophage-induced release of TNF-alpha. The prominent role of LPS and TNF-alpha in liver injury is also supported by studies of ethanol-induced hepatic damage. In humans, evidence of LPS-induced hepatic injury has been reported in cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis and a decreased phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system has been found in these diseases. The origin of endotoxemia in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients seems to be multifactorial and LPS may be of exogenous or endogenous derivation. In endotoxemic HCV-positive patients responsive to a combined treatment with IFN-alpha/ribavirin (RIB), endotoxemia was no longer detected at the end of the therapeutic regimen. By contrast, 48% of the non-responders to this treatment were still endotoxemic and their monocytes displayed higher intracellular TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels than responders. Moreover, in responders, an equilibrium between IFN-gamma and IL-10 serum levels was attained. In the non-responders, serum levels of IL-10 did not increase following treatment. This may imply that an imbalance between T helper (Th)1 and Th2 derived cytokines could be envisaged in the non-responders.
On the polymorphy of Poa arctica R. Br. , with special reference to its Scandinavian forms. (1940)

On the polymorphy of Poa arctica R. Br. , with special reference to its Scandinavian forms.
Trapping and Reliability Investigations in GaN-based HEMTs (2016)

GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are promising candidates for future microwave equipment, such as new solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs), thanks to their excellent performance. A first demonstration of GaN-MMIC transmitter has been developed and put on board the PROBA-V mission. But this technology still suffers from the trapping phenomena, principally due to lattice defects. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the trapping effects and the reliability aspects of the GH50 power transistors for C-band applications. A new trap investigation protocol to obtain a complete overview of trap behavior from DC to radio-frequency operation modes, based on combined pulsed I/V measurements, DC and RF drain current measurements, and low-frequency dispersion measurements, is proposed. Furthermore, a nonlinear electro-thermal AlGaN/GaN model with a new additive thermal-trap model including the dynamic behavior of these trap states and their associated temperature variations is presented, in order to correctly predict the RF performance during real RF operating conditions. Finally, an advanced time-domain methodology is presented in order to investigate the device’s reliability and to determine its safe operating area. This methodology is based on the continual monitoring of the RF waveforms and DC parameters under overdrive conditions in order to assess the degradation of the transistor characteristics in the RF power amplifier.
An Extended Analysis on the Benefits of Dark Mode User Interfaces in Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (2021)

Light-on-dark color schemes, so-called “Dark Mode,” are becoming more and more popular over a wide range of display technologies and application fields. Many people who have to look at computer screens for hours at a time, such as computer programmers and computer graphics artists, indicate a preference for switching colors on a computer screen from dark text on a light background to light text on a dark background due to perceived advantages related to visual comfort and acuity, specifically when working in low-light environments. In this article, we investigate the effects of dark mode color schemes in the field of optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs), where the characteristic “additive” light model implies that bright graphics are visible but dark graphics are transparent . We describe two human-subject studies in which we evaluated a normal and inverted color mode in front of different physical backgrounds and different lighting conditions. Our results indicate that dark mode graphics displayed on the HoloLens have significant benefits for visual acuity and usability, while user preferences depend largely on the lighting in the physical environment. We discuss the implications of these effects on user interfaces and applications.
Consent, commercialisation and benefit-sharing. (2001)

This article considers two issues in relation to the increasing commercial exploitation of biological materials: first, whether the consent of the individual who is the source of biological material is needed for the material to be used commercially; and secondly, whether the source has any right to share in the profits. Whilst the legal requirement for consent to commercial use is uncertain, the overwhelming view from ethical statements suggests that such consent is appropriate. With regard to profit-sharing, source individuals have no legal right to share in the profits of commercial exploitation of their sample. However, there is support in some ethical statements for benefit-sharing with source individuals and their communities.
Adaptive Spatial Intercell Interference Cancellation in Multicell Wireless Networks (2010)

Downlink spatial intercell interference cancellation (ICIC) is considered for mitigating other-cell interference using multiple transmit antennas. A principle question we explore is whether it is better to do ICIC or simply standard single-cell beamforming. We explore this question analytically and show that beamforming is preferred for all users when the edge SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) is low (<;0 dB), and ICIC is preferred when the edge SNR is high (>10 dB), for example in an urban setting. At medium SNR, a proposed adaptive strategy, where multiple base stations jointly select transmission strategies based on the user location, outperforms both while requiring a lower feedback rate than the pure ICIC approach. The employed metric is sum rate, which is normally a dubious metric for cellular systems, but surprisingly we show that even with this reward function the adaptive strategy also improves fairness. When the channel information is provided by limited feedback, the impact of the induced quantization error is also investigated. The analysis provides insights on the feedback design, and it is shown that ICIC with well-designed feedback strategies still provides significant throughput gain.
LAAS Ionosphere Spatial Gradient Threat Model and Impact of LGF and Airborne Monitoring (2003)

The ionosphere spatial gradient and its temporal rate of change in the vicinity of a LAAS-equipped airport are likely to influence the architecture required to meet the Category II/III precision approach and landing requirements. An initial parametric analysis depicts the effects of ionosphere anomalies on the position error of users for the current Category I LAAS architecture. In the ionosphere threat model used by previous analyses, an ionosphere gradient travels towards the airport at approximately 110 m/s with a change in ionospheric delay of 6 meters over a 19-km width. When the LAAS Ground Facility (LGF) detects the ionospheric delay before it impacts the airplane, there is no error. In other cases, the accumulated error depends on the parameters of the ionospheric gradient. The previous analysis shows that, although LGF detection is extremely important, the current architecture may not be able to meet LAAS requirements [3, 11] under worst-case ionosphere conditions. In this paper, the ionosphere threat model is reexamined based on WAAS and IGS data from the 6 April 2000 ionospheric event. The analysis of additional data provides more information than was previously available. As the first step of developing a specific, clear, and bounded threat space model, the FAA Key Technical Advisors (KTAs) reached a preliminary consensus in March 2003. The resulting threat space attempts to cover a range of possible ionospheric events in CONUS extrapolated from the previous linear-gradient model. Four parameters of the ionospheric wave front were identified: gradient slope (30 – 400 mm/km), gradient width (15 – 200 km), wave front speed (0 – 1000 m/s), and angle between the wave front motion and the airplane approach direction (0 – 360°). The impact of potential ionosphere anomalies on LAAS users is simulated in range domain over this entire threat space. The dependence of the differential range error on the user-LGF separation is evaluated. The maximum differential range errors at 5 km of user-to-LGF separation are computed for four monitoring scenarios: (1) no monitoring; (2) LGF monitoring; (3) airborne monitoring; and (4) LGF and airborne monitoring. These simulations determine the fraction of the threat space in which the range error impact can be mitigated by LGF monitoring alone or by LGF and airborne monitoring together. Based on these results, the degree of importance of both LGF and airborne monitoring requirement are assessed. Data analysis of other ionosphere storms and position-domain anomaly simulations are also underway.
Colorimetric Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Based on Conjugated Polymer-Embedded Electrospun Fibers (2007)

A colorimetric sensor system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been developed. By using polydiacetylene-encapsulated electrospun fiber mats, common organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate (EA), and hexane can be differentially detected on the basis of color patterns that are produced.
Bootstrapping multi-party ad-hoc security (2006)

In pervasive-computing scenarios users may wish to achieve some degree of security in their interaction with other people or equipment, in contexts where they cannot be confident of the others' long-term identities and where there may be no reliable PKI. We examine the problem of bootstrapping security in an ad-hoc network formed by a group of users.In [4] a number of protocols using low-bandwidth channels involving the human agent(s) "in the loop" to bootstrap secure communication over an untrusted infrastructure were presented, the point being that the attacker's powers are more limited with regard to these empirical channels in one or more respects than in the standard Dolev-Yao view. The two-party protocols proved easy to verify [3] (relative to those weakened powers) by adapting the CSP/FDR-based approach of Casper[9], but the multi-party network-formation protocol (based on a combination of low bandwidth non-forgeable channels and an ordinary Dolev-Yao communication medium) proved more problematic.Addressing the verification of this protocol [11] led to consideration of a number of simplified variants, which appear interesting in their own right.
Synthesis and reactions of 3,9‐diisocyanates and diisothiocyanates in the 2,4,8,10‐tetraoxa‐3,9‐diphosphaspiro[5.5] undecane series (1967)

Abstract The synthesis of several novel phosphorus‐containing isocyanates and isothiocyanates is reported. These compounds are spiranes with two six‐membered dioxaphosphorinane rings in their respective molecule. The phosphorus‐bonded isocyanato and isothiocyanato groups are capable of undergoing addition reactions with active hydrogen atom‐containing compounds.
A comparison of the plaque-inhibiting effect of stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine (1977)

A double blind clinical trial was undertaken in order to compare the plaque inhibiting effect of SnF2 (0.2% and 0.3%) with chlorhexidine (0.1%) applied as mouthrinses in a test panel of 12 dental hygienist students. The experimental series were performed in periods of four days. The mean Plaque Index values were 0.35 and 0.2 when employing SnF2 and 0.1 when chlorhexidine was used, whereas distilled water resulted in a mean value close to 1.0. The long-term effect of a 0.3% SnF2 solution was tested in another group of five students for a period of three weeks. The two trials confirmed previous reports claiming that SnF2 is effective as a plaque inhibitor and, furthermore, that this effect could be maintained for a period of at least three weeks. The staining problem was less than in similar studies using chlorhexidine.
Controlled reduction of nitroalkanes to alkyl hydroxylamines or amines by samarium diiodide (1991)

Alkyl hydroxylamines and alkyl amines have been prepared from nitroalkanes and SmI2 under mild conditions in moderate to good yields.