gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Context-Aware Services for Smart Learning Spaces (2010)

This paper describes a cost-effective infrastructure for building ubiquitous collaborative learning spaces. It uses techniques from the Semantic Web and ubiquitous computing to build a learner-centric service-based architecture to transform existing traditional learning spaces (e.g., classrooms, computer labs, meeting rooms, and hallways) into intelligent ambient learning environments. This is achieved by blending a number of inexpensive technologies which are optimally configured to provide services that can perceive a learners' location and schedule, identify current learning activity, recommend learning resources, and enable effective real-time collaboration and resource sharing between learners and their instructors. These services are semantically defined and homogeneously integrated using a shared ontology, service policies, and inference rules. Service invocation and coordination are triggered at runtime by context-changes in the learning environment, thus offering full context awareness and providing real-time support for various learning modes, including formal, informal, and Ad hoc collaborative learning. Furthermore, the learning is supported by a range of mobile devices that are commonly used by learners to enable better instruction and communication. A prototype system is developed and tested using different learning scenarios. The system has also been tested by a group of learners whose feedback is provided for performance assessment.
Gas phase transesterification reactions catalyzed by lipolytic enzymes (1992)

Porcine pancreatic lipase and Fusarium solani cutinase were used to catalyze transesterification reactions between methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and a series of primary alcohols at high temperatures in a continuous packed-bed gas-solid reactor, in which the solid phase is composed of the enzyme and the substrates and products are in a gaseous form. In this type of system, enzyme activity was found to depend essentially on the water activity (A(w)) of the enzyme preparation.
Tiempo de respuesta del anestesiólogo frente a eventos adversos en un entorno simulado (1970)

Disponer de monitorización para evaluar la situación del paciente, con alarmas que nos informan de los posibles eventos adversos es fundamental. El efecto de las alarmas audibles en la seguridad del paciente suscita controversia, ya que llegan a convertirse en rutinarias por su frecuencia, y a veces son clí­nicamente irrelevantes. Pueden distraer y disminuir la vigilancia, e incluso son desactivadas en ocasiones. La conciencia de la situación es el grado de comprensión que tiene el anestesiólogo de la condición del paciente y sirve para anticiparse a la aparición de eventos adversos. Una carga de trabajo elevada puede dificultar tener conciencia de la situación. En este estudio se plantea la hipótesis de que un entorno rico en alarmas puede producir retraso en la detección de los eventos adversos y suponer una mayor carga de trabajo.
Hepatitis B virus X protein activates transcription factor NF-kappa B without a requirement for protein kinase C (1992)

The hepatitis B virus X protein stimulates transcription from a variety of promoter elements, including those activated by transcription factor NF-kappa B. A diverse group of extra- and intracellular agents, including growth factors and the human immunodeficiency virus tat protein, have been shown to require a functional protein kinase C (PKC) system to achieve activation of NF-kappa B. In this study we have investigated the molecular mechanism by which X protein activates NF-kappa B. We demonstrate that in hepatocytes, X protein induces a maximal activation of NF-kappa B corresponding to the sequestered pool of factor, which is also activated by phorbol esters. To determine whether X protein requires activation of PKC to stimulate transcription by NF-kappa B, we attempted to prevent transactivation by X protein in the presence of the PKC inhibitors calphostin C and H7. We show that PKC inhibitors do not block X protein activation of NF-kappa B, whereas they largely impair activation by phorbol esters. In addition, activation of PKC is correlated with its translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. The subcellular distribution of PKC was investigated by introducing X protein from a replication-defective adenovirus vector, followed by immunochemical detection of PKC in cell fractions. These data also indicate that X protein stimulates transcription by NF-kappa B without the activation and translocation of PKC.
MAC Layer Multicast in Wireless Multihop Networks (2006)

Many applications in wireless ad-hoc networks require multicast communication. In order to provide efficient multicast, various multicast routing protocols have been designed in recent years to facilitate formation of routes between multicast senders and receivers. There has also been some work to develop a suitable MAC protocol to improve efficiency of multicast communication. In this work we explore some approaches for reliable multicast at the MAC layer. We develop a multicast extension of IEEE 802.11 protocol and evaluate its performance. We have implemented our protocol in the popular ns-2 simulator and have performed experiments with multicast routing protocol. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> . Our approach demonstrates superior performance in terms of packet deliveryfraction as well as delay compared to the IEEE 802.11 protocol.
Biochemical changes occurring during traditional Sudanese processing of Kisra bread. (2010)

Changes in crude protein, soluble sugars and organic acids during traditional Kisra bread preparation from three sorghum varieties were investigated. Fermented dough was prepared in the traditional way used by Sudanese housewives. For the three varieties the protein content was not significantly increased during the fermentation. Traditional fermentation caused decrease in soluble sugars content, whereas the main by-products of the fermentation, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol increased. The pattern of change in the level of soluble sugars of the three sorghum varieties were similar. During the first 4 h of fermentation, glucose concentration increased by 259, 102 and 73% for Fetarita, Safra and Ahmer variety, respectively. Thereafter it started to decrease at a steady rate towards the end of the fermentation process. The fructose concentration was decreased and completely utilized after 12, 16 and 20 hours for Safra, Ahmer and Fetarita varieties, respectively. Sucrose in three varieties was completely utilized after 4 hours, while maltose was completely utilized after 8 h. Lactic acid production started from the beginning of fermentation to the end, while production of acetic acid and ethanol started after 4 hours of fermentation and continued to increase at slow rate. Fetarita variety had the least amount of lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol, while there was no variation between Safra and Ahmer variety.
The Success Rate of New Drug Development in Clinical Trials: Crohn’s Disease (2010)

Funding intended to advance Crohn's disease must take into account the disease specific historical failure rate of drug development in forecasting any reasonable expectation of producing new therapies. As it currently stands, one in five drugs will be successfully approved that enter clinical trial testing in this indication. To manage this risk continued development of biologics over small molecule drugs may be warranted in this disease.
Proteolytic inactivation of plasma C1- inhibitor in sepsis. (1989)

Activation of both the complement system and the contact system of intrinsic coagulation is implicated in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Because C1 inhibitor (C1-Inh) regulates the activation of both cascade systems, we studied the characteristics of plasma C1-Inh in 48 patients with severe sepsis on admission to the Intensive Care Unit at the Free University of Amsterdam. The ratio between the level of functional and antigenic C1-Inh (functional index) was significantly reduced in the patients with sepsis compared with healthy volunteers (P = 0.004). The assessment of modified (cleaved), inactive C1-Inh (iC1-Inh), and complexed forms of C1-Inh (nonfunctional C1-Inh species) revealed that the reduced functional index was mainly due to the presence of iC1-Inh. On SDS-PAGE, iC1-Inh species migrated with a lower apparent molecular weight (Mr 98,000, 91,000, and 86,000) than native C1-Inh (Mr 110,000). Elevated iC1-Inh levels (greater than or equal to 0.13 microM) were found in 81% of all patients, sometimes up to 1.6 microM. Levels of iC1-Inh on admission appeared to be of prognostic value: iC1-Inh was higher in 27 patients who died than in 21 patients who survived (P = 0.003). The mortality in 15 patients with iC1-Inh levels up to 0.2 microM was 27%, but in 12 patients with plasma iC1-Inh exceeding 0.44 microM, the mortality was 83%. The overall mortality in the patients with sepsis was 56%. We propose that the cleavage of C1-Inh in patients with sepsis reflects processes that play a major role in the development of fatal complications during sepsis.
Chromosome polymorphism and banding patterns in the owl monkey (Aotus). (1976)

Diploid numbers, chromosome morphology, G- and C-banding characterisitics and pelage phenotypes were studied in 330 owl monkeys (Aotus) captured and exported from several parts of South America. Among these animals, seven distinctive karyotypes were recognized by the number of chromosomes and their individual identification by G- and C-banding methods. These seven karyotypes were distributed among four distinctive phenotypes differentiated by color patterns in the pelage. These specific phenotypes were designated in this study with capital letters (A through D) and the karyotypes by Roman numerals (I-VII), followed in parentheses by their diploid number. Specimens with phenotype A originated from Brazil and their karyotypes all conformed to a type designated karyotype I (2n=54). Animals classified as having phenotype B were exported from Colombia and their karyotypes were designated as karyotypes II (2n=54), III (2n=53), IV (2n=52), and V (2n=46). Monkeys received from Peru were designated as phenotype C and karyotype VII (2n=52). A group of owl monkeys received from Bolivia were designated as having karyotype VI (2n=50 male; 2n=49 female). Their distinctive phenotype was labeled D. All males in this sample had a diploid number of 49 and the Y-chromosome was translocated to an autosome.
GEOTHERMAL WELL STIMULATION EXPERIMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES (2000)

From 1979 through 1984 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored ten stimulation experiments in hydrothermal geothermal wells. The work included literature reviews, laboratory studies, field tests of hydraulic fractures and acidization treatments, explosive stimulation, and high energy gas fracturing. Hydraulic fractures can be economic in sedimentary rock with substantial matrix permeability. But what are now seen as the most typical hydrothermal wells, in naturally fractured reservoir zones, were not converted to useful wells in these experiments.
Autonomous Driver Based on an Intelligent System of Decision-Making (2015)

The paper presents and discusses a system (<i>xDriver</i>) which uses an Intelligent System of Decision-making (ISD) for the task of car driving. The principal subject is the implementation, simulation and testing of the ISD system described earlier in our publications (Kowalczuk and Czubenko in artificial intelligence and soft computing lecture notes in computer science, lecture notes in artificial intelligence, Springer, Berlin, 2010, 2010, In Int J Appl Math Comput Sci 21(4):621-635, 2011, In Pomiary Autom Robot 2(17):60-5, 2013) for the task of autonomous driving. The design of the whole ISD system is a result of a thorough modelling of human psychology based on an extensive literature study. Concepts somehow similar to the ISD system can be found in the literature (Muhlestein in Cognit Comput 5(1):99-105, 2012; Wiggins in Cognit Comput 4(3):306-319, 2012), but there are no reports of a system which would model the human psychology for the purpose of autonomously driving a car. The paper describes assumptions for simulation, the set of needs and reactions (characterizing the ISD system), the road model and the vehicle model, as well as presents some results of simulation. It proves that the <i>xDriver</i> system may behave on the road as a very inexperienced driver.
An exploratory comparative study of volatile compounds in exhaled breath and emitted by skin using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (2008)

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used to carry out a pilot parallel study on five volunteers to determine changes occurring in several trace compounds present in exhaled breath and emitted from skin into a collection bag surrounding part of the arm, before and after ingesting 75 g of glucose in the fasting state. SIFT-MS enabled real-time quantification of ammonia, methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isoprene and acetone. Following glucose ingestion, blood glucose and trace compound levels were measured every 30 min for 2 h. All the above compounds, except formaldehyde, were detected at the expected levels in exhaled breath of all volunteers; all the above compounds, except isoprene, were detected in the collection bag. Ammonia, methanol and ethanol were present at lower levels in the bag than in the breath. The aldehydes were present at higher levels in the bag than in breath. The blood glucose increased to a peak about 1 h post-ingestion, but this change was not obviously correlated with temporal changes in any of the compounds in breath or emitted by skin, except for acetone. The decrease in breath acetone was closely mirrored by skin-emitted acetone in three volunteers. Breath and skin acetone also clearly change with blood glucose and further work may ultimately enable inferences to be drawn of the blood glucose concentration from skin or breath measurements in type 1 diabetes.
Higher Throughput Methods of Identifying T Cell Epitopes for Studying Outcomes of Altered Antigen Processing and Presentation (2013)

Variation in the mechanisms that mediate antigen processing, MHC-loading, and presentation of peptides allows cells to significantly modulate the repertoire of peptides presented by both MHC class I or class II. To more quickly determine how these different modes or modulations of presentation translate into altered immune responses, higher throughput methods for identifying T cell epitopes are needed. Proteomics-based comprehensive cataloging of peptides eluted from MHC is a challenging but ideal way of identifying peptide sequences influenced by variable modes of processing and presentation. Several groups have already been successful with this approach and ongoing technical improvements will broaden its applicability. Subsequently, high content combinatorial peptide-MHC tetramer staining using mass cytometry, as we have recently described, should enable the broad assessment of how these changes are perceived by T cells and translated into an altered immune response. The importance of this analysis is highlighted by evidence that physiologically relevant variation in antigen processing and presentation as well as other factors can give rise to unpredictably different T cell responses.
Making Real-Time Fluid Decisions with Real-Time Fluid Data at the Rig Site (2010)

Abstract Critical decision making is a common occurrence in oilfield production, and operators depend on accurate drilling-fluid data to determine the appropriate course of action for the success of their drilling program. Many critical downhole decisions made by operators are based on drilling-fluid data that could be up to 24 hours old and do not accurately reflect the current fluid conditions in the wellbore. During these potentially hazardous situations, the rig site drilling-fluids representative must contend with drilling fluid issues and may not have the time to conduct repeated, consecutive, and consistent tests on the fluid to offer accurate recommendations to the operator. Decisions may be impacted or delayed by using fluid properties measured before or after issues are identified, and problems may escalate. Automating routine fluid-property tests provides access to more precise and dependable drilling-fluid properties in real time, which, in turn, can lead to real-time data that becomes vital when crucial decisions must be made. A major oilfield service company recently conducted field trials of its automated drilling-fluids measurement equipment in South Texas. Automated measurements of density and rheological properties were conducted on water-based and oil-based drilling fluids. Traditional measurement routines were also conducted throughout the field trials for the purpose of comparative analysis with the automated equipment. Automated and traditional measurement recordings were compiled at the rig site, and data were exchanged to the service company’s laboratory facility for analysis. Data exchanges were accomplished via the service company’s proprietary software, which can be used for analysis, data transmission, and data display. This paper discusses the results of these field trials and focuses on the comparative analysis of the automated measurements and traditional measurements, strengths and limitations of the instruments, the integration of the instrument package into the routine functions of a drilling rig, the service company’s capabilities of presenting the real-time data, and the overall lessons learned during the course of the field trials.
1.94-μm light-emitting diodes for moisture-content measurements (1997)

High-power light-emitting diodes are demonstrated; they are characterized by a quantum efficiency of 5.5%, utilize a symmetric GaAlAsSb/GaInAsSb/GaAlAsSb double heterostructure, have a spontaneous-emission maximum at a wavelength of 1.94 μm, and operate in the temperature range from −80°C to +60°C. A continuous-wave optical power of 3.7 mW and a peak optical power of 90 mW in pulsed operation (τ∼1–5 ms, f=1 kHz) are attained at room temperature. The principal electrical and emission characteristics are given.
Review On Effects of Piston and Piston Ring Dynamics Emphasis with Oil Consumption and Frictional Losses in Internal Combustion Engines (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Modern I C. Engines are expected to strictly adhere to efficiency standards and to be ecofriendly. Among the several factors, oil consummation and frictional power losses play vital roles in the performance of IC engines. A thorough understanding of lubrication condition at piston- ring-cylinder liner interface is vital in determining the source of frictional loses and consumption of lubricating oil. This literature review presents the synthesis of the main technical contributions already published in the IC engine field and mainly discuses the piston and piston ring dynamics in internal combustion engines and highlights the work done in modeling of primary and secondary motion of piston and piston ring for almost four decades. The paper also highlights the effects of piston and piston ring motion with regards to lubrication and frictional losses in internal combustion engines and discuses the methods used to estimate the lubricating oil film thickness, methods used to estimate the friction and reduce the friction. This review reveals that in order to understand the complete and complex dynamics of piston and ring, a three-dimensional approach is required; hence the author proposes a study to understand the complete behavior of the piston and piston ring by making a three-dimensional finite element model of the complete engine and plans to optimize the design parameter and estimate the oil consumption and frictional losses by simulating the model.</div>
Molecular and Morphological Characterization and Biological Control Capabilities of a Pasteuria ssp. Parasitizing Rotylenchulus reniformis, the Reniform Nematode. (2010)

Rotylenchulus reniformis is one of 10 described species of reniform nematodes and is considered the most economically significant pest within the genus, parasitizing a variety of important agricultural crops. Rotylenchulus reniformis collected from cotton fields in the Southeastern US were observed to have the nematode parasitic bacterium Pasteuria attached to their cuticles. Challenge with a Pasteuria-specific monoclonal antibody in live immuno-fluorescent assay (IFA) confirmed the discovery of Pasteuria infecting R. reniformis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to observe endospore ultrastructure and sporogenesis within the host. Pasteuria were observed to infect and complete their life-cycle in juvenile, male and female R. reniformis. Molecular analysis using Pasteuria species-specific and degenerate primers for 16s rRNA and spoII, and subsequent phylogenetic assessment, placed the Pasteuria associated with R. reniformis in a distinct clade within established assemblages for the Pasteuria infecting phytopathogenic nematodes. A global phylogenetic assessment of Pasteuria 16s rDNA using the Neighbor-Joining method resulted in a clear branch with 100% boot-strap support that effectively partitioned the Pasteuria infecting phytopathogenic nematodes from the Pasteuria associated with bacterivorous nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis of the R. reniformis Pasteuria and Pasteuria spp. parasitizing a number of economically important plant parasitic nematodes revealed that Pasteuria with different host specificities are closely related and likely constitute biotypes of the same species. This suggests host preference, and thus effective differentiation and classification are most likely predicated by an influential virulence determinant(s) that has yet to be elucidated. Pasteuria Pr3 endospores produced by in vitro fermentation demonstrated efficacy as a commercial bionematicide to control R. reniformis on cotton in pot tests, when applied as a seed treatment and in a granular formulation. Population control was comparable to a seed-applied nematicide/insecticide (thiodicarb/imidacloprid) at a seed coating application rate of 1.0 x 10(8) spores/seed.
A Survey on Banknote Recognition Methods by Various Sensors (2017)

Despite a decrease in the use of currency due to the recent growth in the use of electronic financial transactions, real money transactions remain very important in the global market. While performing transactions with real money, touching and counting notes by hand, is still a common practice in daily life, various types of automated machines, such as ATMs and banknote counters, are essential for large-scale and safe transactions. This paper presents studies that have been conducted in four major areas of research (banknote recognition, counterfeit banknote detection, serial number recognition, and fitness classification) in the accurate banknote recognition field by various sensors in such automated machines, and describes the advantages and drawbacks of the methods presented in those studies. While to a limited extent some surveys have been presented in previous studies in the areas of banknote recognition or counterfeit banknote recognition, this paper is the first of its kind to review all four areas. Techniques used in each of the four areas recognize banknote information (denomination, serial number, authenticity, and physical condition) based on image or sensor data, and are actually applied to banknote processing machines across the world. This study also describes the technological challenges faced by such banknote recognition techniques and presents future directions of research to overcome them.
The contribution of aerodynamics to advances in transport aircraft design (1982)

The role of aerodynamics in aircraft design remains vital, as the requirements change from higher speed to greater economy. Improvements in computer speed and memory have had a major impact in this area