gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automation of Operational Train Control on Regional Branch Lines by a Basic Train Control System (2006)

This paper presents a new kind of train control system for branch lines which are operated by radio-based operational train control. Most branch lines with such operating limitations cannot afford the cost of investment for modern signalling systems. The train control system presented herein is a low cost solution which improves safety and introduces an interesting level of automation without any costly lineside installations. It is based on data radio communication between central computer and trains, cab signalling in the trains, and autonomous determination of train location using GPS and an odometer. In Austria this system has been in full operation for three years to gain practical experience, while the final approval is expected during summer 2006
Microaerophilic Conditions Permit to Mimic in VitroEvents Occurring during in Vivo Helicobacter pylori Infection and to Identify Rho/Ras-associated Proteins in Cellular Signaling (2002)

Molecular dissection of the mechanisms underlying Helicobacter pylori infection suffers from the lack of in vitro systems mimicking in vivo observations. A system was developed whereby human epithelial cells (Caco-2) grown as polarized monolayers and bacteria can communicate with each other under culture conditions optimal for each partner. Caco-2 cells grown on filter supports were inserted in a vertical position into diffusion chambers equilibrated with air and 5% CO(2) at their basolateral surface (aerophilic conditions) and 5% CO(2), 5% O(2), 90% N(2) (microaerophilic conditions) in the apical compartment. Remarkably, the epithelial polarized layer was stable under these asymmetric culture conditions for at least 24 h, and the presence of Caco-2 cells was necessary to maintain H. pylori growth. In contrast to previous studies conducted with non-polarized Caco-2 cells and other cell lines kept under aerophilic conditions, we found H. pylori-dependent stimulation of cytokine secretion (MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), GRO-alpha (growth-regulated oncogene-alpha), RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)). This correlated with nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p50 and p65 subunits. Tyrosine phosphorylation of nine cellular proteins was induced or enhanced; we identified p120(RasGAP), p190(RhoGAP), p62dok (downstream of tyrosine kinases), and cortactin as H. pylori-inducible targets. Moreover, reduction of H. pylori urease expression was observed in adherent bacteria as compared with bacteria in suspension. In addition to mimicking several observations seen in the inflamed gastric mucosa, the novel in vitro system was allowed to underscore complex cellular events not seen in classical in vitro analyses of microaerophilic bacteria-epithelial cell cross-talk.
National Marketing Gone Unintentionally Global: Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceutical Products and the Internet (2012)

Take a moment to recall the last time you saw a prescription medication advertised on television or the radio. What was your perception of the information conveyed in the advertisement? Did you believe the claims the advertisement made? Now, take a moment to think about the last time you logged on to the Internet to research a medical symptom you, a family member, or a friend had experienced. Did you trust the information you found on the Internet, and if so, did you act upon it in some way? You are probably aware of, at least, a few people who have acted upon information they learned over the Internet regarding a prescription medication. Such actions may have been as casual as discussing the information with a friend, or as direct as going to a physician to request the researched medication. Pharmaceutical advertising is an immense (and influential) business.1 In 2009 the biopharmaceutical industry spent $4.5 billion on direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) advertising in such media as television, radio and the Internet.2 DTC advertising of pharmaceutical products has become an expected phenomenon in American life.3 This is not so in other countries, as only the U.S. and New Zealand allow DTC advertising of pharmaceutical products in any medium.4 However, searching for health information on the Internet is a widespread practice, both in the United States (“U.S.”)5 and in Europe.6 One study found that much of the health
Multi-gap amorphous Si solar cells prepared by the consecutive, separated reaction chamber method (1982)

A new type of amorphous Si solar cell, called the ''multi-gap amorphous solar cell'', in which three p-i-n amorphous solar cells having different band gaps are connected in series, is proposed. Theoretical considerations are made on the multi-gap amorphous solar cell with a realistic model. It is shown that the theoretical limit efficiency of the three-band gap amorphous solar cell is estimated to be 24% by using materials which have optical band gaps of 2.0 eV, 1.7 eV, and 1.45 eV. a-SiN:H and a-SiSn:H are investigated for wide-gap and narrow-gap materials, respectively, in the multi-gap amorphous solar cell. The multi-gap amorphous solar cells are fabricated by a consecutive, separated reaction chamber method. The best conversion efficiency of Glass/SnO/sub 2/ /p(SiC)i(SiN)n/p(SiC) in a multi-gap amorphous solar cell with a size of 4 mm/sup 2/ was 7.01% in sunlight of 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ (AM-1).
Design of finite impulse response digital filters with nonlinear phase response (1981)

Most of the existing literature on FIR digital filters is concerned with linear-phase (LP) filters. However, several papers have appeared on the subject of nonlinear-phase (NLP) filters, mainly proposing methods for designing minimum-phase filters, or approximating a desired phase response. In this paper, an investigation is made of one such method, based upon a selection of zeros from a prototype LP filter. It is shown that with respect to minimizing the order of a filter subject to given gain response specifications, this is the most efficient method for designing FIR filters. Coefficient quantization error is analyzed for filters generated by this method. A practical comparison is given between the resulting filter and the corresponding minimal order LP filter. It is shown that while most LP filters can be implemented more efficiently than NLP filters by taking into account the symmetry of their coefficients, for filters with very wide passband and for certain special purpose filters such as CCD and those used for filtering a delta-modulated or ADPCM signal, an NLP implementation is usually more efficient. In addition, an alternate design algorithm is proposed for NLP filters which decreases ripple magnitude. The resulting filters, while not of minimal order, can be efficiently implemented by decomposing the filter into LP stopband and NLP passband sections, which is especially attractive for narrow passbands.
Elastic stresses and plastic deformations in 'Santa Clara' tomato fruits caused by package dependent compression (2000)

The objective of this work was to study the fruit compression behavior aiming to develop new tomato packages. Deformations caused by compression forces were observed inside packages and in individual 'Santa Clara' tomato fruit. The forces applied by a transparent acrylic lever to the fruit surface caused pericarp deformation and the flattened area was proportional to the force magnitude. The deformation was associated to the reduction in the gas volume (Vg), caused by expulsion of the air from the loculus cavity and reduction in the intercellular air volume of the pericarp. As ripening advanced, smaller fractions of the Vg reduced by the compressive force were restored after the stress was relieved. The lack of complete Vg restoration was an indication of permanent plastic deformations of the stressed cells. Vg regeneration (elastic recovery) was larger in green fruits than in the red ones. The ratio between the applied force and the flattened area (flattening pressure), which depends on cell turgidity, decreased during ripening. Fruit movements associated with its depth in the container were observed during storage in a transparent glass container (495 x 355 x 220 mm). The downward movement of the fruits was larger in the top layers because these movements seem to be driven by a summation of the deformation of many fruits in all layers.
The alpha 2 beta 1 integrin cell surface collagen receptor binds to the alpha 1 (I)-CB3 peptide of collagen. (1990)

We have previously shown that platelets adhere to collagen substrates via a Mg2(+)-dependent mechanism mediated by the surface glycoprotein Ia-IIa (human leukocyte very late activation protein 2, alpha 2 beta 1 integrin) complex. The adhesion is specific for collagen and is supported by collagen types I, II, III, IV, and VI. Several other members of the integrin family of adhesive protein receptors recognize discrete linear amino acid sequences within their adhesive glycoprotein ligands. Experiments with both intact platelets and with liposomes containing the purified receptor complex indicated that the alpha 2 beta 1 receptor recognized denatured type I collagen in a Mg2(+)-dependent manner. To further localize the binding site, the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of type I collagen were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography and tested as adhesive substrates. Both the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains effectively supported Mg2(+)-dependent platelet adhesion. The purified alpha 1(I) collagen chain was then subjected to cleavage with cyanogen bromide, and the resultant peptides were separated by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Only the alpha 1(I)-CB3 fragment supported Mg2(+)-dependent platelet adhesion. The monoclonal antibody P1H5 which recognizes an epitope on the alpha 2 subunit of the integrin receptor and which inhibits the adhesion of both intact platelets and liposomes bearing the purified receptor to collagen also inhibited platelet adhesion to the alpha 1(I)-CB3 fragment. These results indicate that the alpha 2 beta 1 receptor recognizes a sequence of amino acids present in the alpha 1(I)-CB3 fragment of type I collagen. An identical or similar sequence likely mediates binding of the receptor to other collagen polypeptides.
Synthesis and Evaluation of an Aromatic Polymer-Coated Zirconia for Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography (1999)

We synthesized a novel aromatic polymer-coated zirconia-based RPLC stationary phase by chemical adsorption of a copolymer of chloromethylstyrene and diethoxymethylvinylsilane onto zirconia (CMS/VMS-ZrO2). Characterization of the pore structure of the support by nitrogen porosimetry and inverse size-exclusion chromatography indicates that CMS/VMS-ZrO2 maintains the well-defined pore structure of the base material. Flow studies show that CMS/VMS-ZrO2 has good mass transfer characteristics. The reversed-phase retention characteristics of the new support are comparable to those of conventional silica-bonded phases. We have also evaluated the mechanical, thermal, and pH stability of CMS/VMS-ZrO2. The results show that CMS/VMS-ZrO2 is stable over a very wide range of pH (pH = 1-13) and at temperatures as high as 160 degrees C. Chromatographic separations of some low molecular weight aromatic analytes on CMS/VMS-ZrO2 and octadecyl-bonded silica phases indicate that there are some subtle but significant differences in the chromatographic selectivity of these two types of phases.
The Simple Genetic Algorithm and the Walsh Transform: Part II, The Inverse (1998)

This paper continues the development, begun in Part I, of the relationship between the simple genetic algorithm and the Walsh transform. The mixing scheme (comprised of crossover and mutation) is essentially "triangularized" when expressed in terms of the Walsh basis. This leads to a formulation of the inverse of the expected next generation operator. The fixed points of the mixing scheme are also determined, and a formula is obtained giving the fixed point corresponding to any starting population. Geiringer's theorem follows from these results in the special case corresponding to zero mutation.
Cyclosporin a in rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary clinical results of an open trial (1987)

Twelve patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis were included in a 1-year open trial of cyclosporin A (CsA), 5 mg/kg/day. Clinical efficacy was observed 1 month after beginning treatment, was well established after 4 months of therapy, and remained stable for the remainder of the 1-year treatment period. Among the numerous side effects observed, renal toxicity and hypertension occurred suddenly during the trial and required constant monitoring, adequate therapy, and modulation of CsA dosage. Cyclosporin A seems to be an effective treatment for active rheumatoid arthritis, but it requires close monitoring for toxicity.
A Microspheric System: Hemicellulose-based Hydrogels (2008)

Hydrogel microspheres were prepared from the major softwood hemicellulose polysaccharide acetylated galactoglucomannan. The dry and swollen morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The microspheres were loaded with either a small hydrophilic substance (caffeine) or a macromolecular model protein (bovine serum albumin) and afforded diffusion controlled release in vitro. Statistical multivariate analysis was used to systematically determine the influence and significance of the hydrogel composition, the crosslinking density, and the dimensions of the incorporated substance on the microsphere size and release rate.
Heat Transfer and Friction in a Low‐Aspect‐RatioRectangular Channel with Staggered Slit‐Ribbed Walls (1997)

Fully developed heat transfer and friction in a rectangular channel with slit‐ribbed walls are examined experimentally. The slit ribs are transversely arranged on the bottom and top channel walls in a staggered manner. Effects of rib open‐area ratio (β= 24%, 37%, and 46%), rib pitch‐to‐height ratio ( P i / H = 10, 15and20), and Reynolds number (10, 000 ≤ Re≤50, 000) are examined. The rib height‐to‐channel hydraulic diameter ratio is fixed at H / D e = 0.081. It is disclosed that the heat transfer coefficient for the slit‐ribbed channel is higher than that for the solid‐ribbed channel, and increases with rib open‐area ratio. Results also show that the friction factor for the slit‐ribbed channel is significantly lower than that for the solid‐ribbed one. Moreover, the ribs with larger open‐area ratios in a higher flow Reynolds number condition could give the better thermal performance under the constant friction power constraint. Roughness functions for friction and heat transfer are further developed in terms of rib and flow parameters.
The male germ cell gene regulator CTCFL is functionally different from CTCF and binds CTCF-like consensus sites in a nucleosome composition-dependent manner (2012)

Our data suggest that nucleosome composition specifies the genome-wide binding of CTCFL and CTCF. We propose that the transient expression of CTCFL in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes serves to occupy a subset of promoters and maintain the expression of male germ cell genes.
Data model equivalence (1978)

The current proliferation of proposals for database system data models and the desire for database systems which support several different data models raise many questions concerning "equivalence properties" of different data models. To answer these questions, one first needs clear definitions of the concepts under discussion. This paper presents formal definitions of the terms database, operation, operation type, application model and data model. Using this formal framework, database state equivalence, operation equivalence, application model equivalence and data model equivalence are distinguished. Three types of application and data model equivalence are defined - isomorphic, composed operation and state dependent. Possiblities for partial equivalences are mentioned. Implementation implications of these different equivalences are discussed. Examples are presented using two semantic data models, the semantic relation data model and the semantic graph data model.
Identification in culture of a class of hemopoietic colony-forming units with extensive capability to self-renew and generate multipotential hemopoietic colonies. (1982)

Mouse marrow and spleen cells formed colonies consisting of 40-1,000 blast cells after 16 days of incubation in methylcellulose culture in the presence of medium conditioned by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. These colonies could be distinguished from other hemopoietic colonies in situ by the complete absence of signs of terminal differentiation. Replating of these colonies (tentatively named stem cell colonies) revealed their self-renewal capacity and the extensive ability to generate secondary colonies, many of which were multipotential hemopoietic colonies. Some of the colonies revealed 100% replating efficiencies. Analyses of individual stem cells colonies revealed concurrent and high incidences of spleen colony-forming units and the macroscopic granulocyte-erythrocyte-macrophage-megakaryocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) in culture. Replating comparison between the stem cell colonies and GEMM colonies strongly indicated that the progenitors for the stem cell colonies are higher in the hierarchy of stem cell differentiation than are CFU-GEMM. Quantitation of stem cell colonies provides an assay for the class of primitive hemopoietic progenitors described here.
Sparse and Noisy LiDAR Completion with RGB Guidance and Uncertainty (2019)

This work proposes a new method to accurately complete sparse LiDAR maps guided by RGB images. For autonomous vehicles and robotics the use of LiDAR is indispensable in order to achieve precise depth predictions. A multitude of applications depend on the awareness of their surroundings, and use depth cues to reason and react accordingly. On the one hand, monocular depth prediction methods fail to generate absolute and precise depth maps. On the other hand, stereoscopic approaches are still significantly outperformed by LiDAR based approaches. The goal of the depth completion task is to generate dense depth predictions from sparse and irregular point clouds which are mapped to a 2D plane. We propose a new framework which extracts both global and local information in order to produce proper depth maps. We argue that simple depth completion does not require a deep network. However, we additionally propose a fusion method with RGB guidance from a monocular camera in order to leverage object information and to correct mistakes in the sparse input. This improves the accuracy significantly. Moreover, confidence masks are exploited in order to take into account the uncertainty in the depth predictions from each modality. This fusion method outperforms the state-of-the-art and ranks first on the KITTI depth completion benchmark [21]. Our code with visualizations is available at https://github.com/wvangansbeke/Sparse-Depth-Completion.
3D mobile interactions for public displays (2014)

We propose the use of 3D mobile interactions as a way to give public displays viewers (users) new ways to collaborate among them with the public display. Getting and maintaining the user attention is one of the main struggles of public displays but previous research has shown that collaboration among viewers are able to engage users with public displays more. Our proposed 3D mobile interactions for public displays utilize mobile devices as 3D user interfaces to facilitate the use of the user's natural skills to control 3D content. The 3D content can also be positioned outside the public display, which let us explore new interaction techniques. We present a prototype of our 3D mobile interaction that demonstrates the proposed interaction as well as describes one of the use case scenarios.
Verification-Based Decoding for Packet-Based Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (2005)

We introduce and analyze verification-based decoding for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, an approach specifically designed to manipulate data in packet-sized units. Verification-based decoding requires only linear time for both encoding and decoding and succeeds with high probability under random errors. We describe how to utilize code scrambling to extend our results to channels with errors controlled by an oblivious adversary.
A new bidirectional solid-state switch for telephone loop plant applications (1981)

A new high-power bidirectional solid-state switch is described which uses a buried gate layer to pinch the electron hole plasma of a lateral p-i-n diode against the top oxide of a planar structure to produce bilateral blocking. Models of the switch have so far demonstrated blocking voltages up to 500 V, current break capability at currents up to 5 A and "on" state resistance of 1-4 Ω. Millisecond simulated lightning induced surges of up to 17 A have been passed through the switches without damage. The switch is designed for application primarily in telephone loops, where it can be used to control ringing signals, provide test access and perform signaling functions. Circuits are shown demonstrating how the switch may be used as an electrically coupled switch, an optically coupled relay for switching ac or dc, a transient immune crowbar voltage clamp and a short duration line interrupt switch for loop testing.
The Reactions of 1-Chloro-2-oximino-3-butanone (1966)

Abstract The reaction of 1-chloro-2-oximino-3-butanone (I) with thiourea at 50–60°C gave S-(2-oximino-3-oxobutyl)thioformamidine hydrochloride (II), which upon being heated in an aqueous solution, then gave 2-amino-4-(1-oximinoethyl)thiazole (III). The treatment of I with amino-acetonitrile gave a mixture of N-(2-oximino-3-oxobutyl)aminoacetonitrile (IV) and N, N-bis(2-oximino-3-oxobutyl)aminoacetonitrile (V), which were confirmed as the corresponding amidoxime and benzoyl or p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives respectively. The reaction of I or 3-chloro-2-oximino-propiophenone with barium thiocyanate gave the corresponding acyclic thiocyanates (VI), while the reaction of anti-bromoacetophenone oxime with barium thiocyanate yielded 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole-3-oxide. That the cyclization reaction between the oximino and the cyano groups of V or VI did not occur seemed to favor the syn-chloromethyl conformation of the oximino group in I, a mechanism for which is hereby proposed.
PROMPT3-a cell-based transistor sizing program using heuristic and simulated annealing algorithms (1989)

PROMPT3, an innovative cell-based transistor sizing program, automatically sizes logic cells to meet the desired timing goal and to minimize the total active area. The optimization includes both heuristic and simulated annealing algorithms. To satisfy the timing specification, PROMPT3 iteratively uses a sensitivity-based heuristic algorithm to reduce gate delays and to derive a performance-optimized circuit configuration. Using this initial circuit configuration, PROMPT3 then applies a simulated annealing algorithm to minimize active chip area while maintaining the specified timing constraints. Preliminary results indicate that the speed of the circuit can be doubled. Using only the heuristic algorithm increases the total active chip area by 25%. However, this increase can be reduced to 15% after applying the simulated annealing algorithm. The authors discuss the algorithms and preliminary test results of PROMPT3