gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silurian graptolite faunas of the Balbriggan Inlier, counties Dublin and Meath, and their evolutionary, stratigraphical and structural significance (1993)

SUMMARY The Llandovery, Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites of the Leinster and Bellewstown terranes of the Balbriggan Inlier give a precise indication of their comparative stratigraphies. The earliest Silurian strata proven, north of the Lowther Lodge Fault that separates the Bellewstown (Northern) Terrane from the Leinster (Southern) Terrane, are referable to the riccartonensis Biozone (Wenlock). Comparisons are made between the Balbriggan and Skerries formations of the Leinster Terrane, the Silurian of the Bellewstown Terrane, and the Windermere Group (Silurian) of the English Lake District (Cumbria), the Howgill Fells (Cumbria) and parts of Yorkshire. Twenty graptolite species have been identified in the Bellewstown Terrane enabling unambiguous recognition of mid-Wenlock ( riccartonensis and rigidus biozones) to early Ludlow ( nilssoni Biozone). The Denhamstown Formation is shown to encompass the riccartonensis to lundgreni biozones, whilst the Clatterstown Formation and Kennetstown Formation can be referred respectively to the ludensis (Wenlock) and nilssoni (Ludlow) biozones. The faunas are of palaeobiological interest on several counts, but most strikingly because of the presence of Monograptus flemingii warreni subsp. nov. (here described); an evolutionary intermediate between Monograptus ex gr. riccartonensis and M. ex gr. flexilis; and the possible occurrence of Pristiograptus parvus, a species currently critical in global correlations.
Recursive forward dynamics for multiple robot arms moving a common task object (1989)

Recursive forward dynamics algorithms are developed and presented for an arbitrary number of robot arms moving a commonly held object. The multiarm forward dynamics solutions provide a thorough physical and mathematical understanding of the way several arms behave in response to a set of applied joint moments. The forward dynamics algorithms also provide the necessary analytical foundation for conducting analysis and simulation studies. The multiarm algorithms are based on the filtering and smoothing approach advanced by the author for single-arm dynamics (IEEE Trans. Robots Autom., Dec. 1987, no.6, Dec. 1987 pp.624-39), and they can be built up modularly from the single-arm algorithms. The algorithms compute recursively the joint angle-accelerations, the contact forces, and the task-object accelerations. Algorithms are also developed to evaluate in closed form the linear transformations from the active joint moments to the joint angle accelerations, to the task object accelerations, and to the task-object contact forces. A possible computing architecture is presented as a precursor to a more complete investigation of the computational performance of the dynamics algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phosphotriester approach to the synthesis of oligonucleotides: a reappraisal (1993)

The phosphotriester approach to the synthesis of oligodeoxyribo- and oligoribo-nucleotides in solution has been reinvestigated. The efficacy of mesitylene-2-sulfonyl chloride (MSCl)15a, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TrisCl)15b, 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride 15c, naphthalene-1,-sulfonyl chloride 39, and 2- and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorides 40a and 40b, respectively, as activating agents has been examined. The latter are nesulfonyl chlorides have been used in conjunction with the following nucleophilic catalysts: 1-methylimidazole, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole 19, 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazole 20a, 5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazole 20b, 5-(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole 21, 5-[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole 22, 4-ethoxypyridine 1-oxide 14a, 4,6-dinitro-1-hydroxybenzotriazole 29a, 1-hydroxy-4-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl) benzotriazole 29b, 1-hydroxy-5-phenyltetrazole 30a and 1-hydroxy-5-(3-nitrophenyl)tetrazole 30b. The rates of formation and yields of the fully protected dideoxyribonucleoside and diribonucleoside phosphates 37 and 47, respectively, were determined using various combinations of activating agents and nucleophilic catalysts. Although 2- and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chlorides 40a and 40b, respectively, proved to be the most powerful activating agents, their use in the deoxy-series led to the formation of by-products and hence to unsatisfactory isolated yields of the dideoxyribonucleoside phosphate 37.
Spatio-Temporal Database and Its Models: A Review (2013)

This paper focus on the study of spatial temporal database and its models and different types of applications where dynamic modeling of spatial temporal database can be used, this is an emerging field which places lot of contribution in DBMS with the aspects of the real world. Spatio-Temporal data models are the heart of a Spatio-Temporal Information System (STIS); they describe object data types, relationships, operations and rules to maintain database integrity. A rigorous data model must anticipate spatio-temporal queries and analytical methods to be performed in the STIS. Spatio-temporal database models are proposed to deal with real world applications, where spatial changes occur over the time line. A serious weakness of existing models is that each of them deals with few common characteristics found across a number of specific applications. Thus the applicability of the model to different cases, fails on spatio-temporal behaviors not anticipated by the application used for the initial model development.
Human mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of neurological diseases (2013)

Here we provide a comprehensive data on the unique features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which makes them feasible and preferred candidate for cell-based therapy in neurological clinic. From this point of view the most important features of these cells are: (1) availability from autologous sources independently from age of patient; (2) extensive expansion in vitro; (3) immunomodulatory "bystander" function after transplantation in vivo; (4) potentiality to protect, repair or eventually replace impaired or dysfunctional host cells. For complete this last task of functional regeneration of central nervous system, we have to take advantages of MSCs capability for transient, time-locked proliferation, migration to site of injury and their commitment to neuronal differentiation. However, if we are to make progress in the use of MSCs for therapy in the clinic it will be necessary to establish more unified, advanced standards for cells processing in vitro as well as safer and improved procedures for their delivery in vivo.
High Angle Directional Drilling With 9 5/8-in. Casing in Offshore Qatar (2009)

Abstract Programs which require drilling through unstable formations at high angle before entering the productive zone for a horizontal well are becoming more common. Casing while drilling is becoming a powerful method in mitigating both lost circulation as well as wellbore stability issues in offshore directional wells. Occidental Petroleum of Qatar Ltd. (OPQL) is faced with this task in drilling horizontal Shuaiba wells offshore Qatar. The unstable Nahr Umr shale formation lies directly above the Shuaiba payzone and is typically drilled with 12 ¼-in. bits. The Nahr Umr shale tends to break up shortly after drilling, leading to stuck bottom hole assemblies (BHA) and difficulty running 9 5/8-in. casing. Exposure time with the Nahr Umr is often lengthened due to the requirement of continuous angle building and turning to land near horizontal. This paper details the directional casing while drilling (DCwD) developments that have been accomplished offshore Qatar and the various advantages of the process. Due to recent advancements in tool design, it is now possible to circulate, rotate, and reciprocate the casing during BHA retrieval and setting operations, all without modifications to the rig. These advantages coupled with the versatility of rotary steerable systems allow for a much more flexible process and enables defensive measures to be taken in the event of unforeseen complications.
Issues in Particle Size Analysis (2008)

Important issues that arise in the acquisition, presentation and interpretation of particle size data are discussed. Presentation of size distributions as relative quantity versus size, representation of quantity by number, mass, etc., and procedures for inter-conversion of the different forms are described. Definitions of various kinds of average sizes are presented. Limitations on their use and the importance of precise definition are emphasized. Definitions of size for irregular particles, the role of particle shape and implications with regard to comparability of analytical results based on different principles and procedures are evaluated. Different types of measurement procedures are classified according to whether they involve measurements on individual particles, on separated classes of particles or on complete assemblages. The restrictions and constraints, such as size limitations and resolution which apply to these types, are discussed.
Demonstration of Positionally Disordered Water Within a Protein Hydrophobic Cavity by NMR (1995)

The presence and location of water of hydration (that is, bound water) in the solution structure of human interleukin-1 beta (hIL-1 beta) was investigated with water-selective two-dimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is shown here that in addition to water at the surface of the protein and ordered internal water molecules involved in bridging hydrogen bonds, positionally disordered water is present within a large, naturally occurring hydrophobic cavity located at the center of the molecule. These water molecules of hydration have residency times in the range of 1 to 2 nanoseconds to 100 to 200 microseconds and can be readily detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thus, large hydrophobic cavities in proteins may not be truly empty, as analysis of crystal structures appears to show, but may contain mobile water molecules that are crystallographically invisible but detectable by NMR.
Corneal thickness measured by interferometry (1975)

An optical method for measuring the thickness of transparent structures has been developed, and has been used to measure, in vivo, the thickness of the human cornea. The thickness is measured by placing the anterior surface of the cornea at the focus of a beam of coherent laser light and then measuring the spacing between the interference fringes generated by the reflected light. The thickness is then calculated from the fringe spacing. The method has been used to measure corneal thickness in frog and human corneas. These measurements have been correlated with histologic and pachometer measurements of corneal thickness. A significant capability of this technique is to measure the thickness of optically opaque corneas.
Rethinking the Hierarchy of Sugar Utilization in Bacteria (2015)

Bacteria are known to consume some sugars over others, although recent work reported by Koirala and colleagues in this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology (S. Koirala, X. Wang, and C. V. Rao, J Bacteriol 198:386-393, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00709-15) revealed that individual cells do not necessarily follow this hierarchy. By studying the preferential consumption of l-arabinose over d-xylose in Escherichia coli, those authors found that subpopulations consume one, the other, or both sugars through cross-repression between utilization pathways. Their findings challenge classic assertions about established hierarchies and can guide efforts to engineer the simultaneous utilization of multiple sugars.
Study of scale formation in oil reservoir during water injection-A review (2007)

Scale deposition is one of the most important and serious problems which water injection systems are generally engaged in. Scale sometimes limits or blocks oil and gas production by plugging the oil-producing formation matrix or fractures and perforated intervals. Scale also deposited in down-hole pumps, tubing, casing flow-lines, heater treaters, tanks and other production equipment and facilities. Scale can occur at /or downstream of any point in the production system, at which super-saturation is generated. Super-saturation can be generated in single water by changing the pressure and temperature conditions or by mixing two incompatible waters. The most common oilfield scales deposited are calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate and barium sulfate. This paper describes overview formation damage, scale deposition mechanisms and source of oil field scale, scale formation along the injection-water path in water-flood operations, scaling problems encountered in oil fields, solubility of scale, oilfield Scale types, scale control chemicals and laboratory investigations of scale in different media and procedures used to predict scale are presented
Energy-Aware Scheduling of Embarrassingly Parallel Jobs and Resource Allocation in Cloud (2016)

In cloud computing, with full control of the underlying infrastructures, cloud providers can flexibly place user jobs on suitable physical servers and dynamically allocate computing resources to user jobs in the form of virtual machines. As a cloud provider, scheduling user jobs in a way that minimizes their completion time is important, as this can increase the utilization, productivity, or profit of a cloud. In this paper, we focus on the problem of scheduling embarrassingly parallel jobs composed of a set of independent tasks and consider energy consumption during scheduling. Our goal is to determine task placement plan and resource allocation plan for such jobs in a way that minimizes the Job Completion Time (JCT). We begin with proposing an analytical solution to the problem of optimal resource allocation with pre-determined task placement. In the following, we formulate the problem of scheduling a single job as a Non-linear Mixed Integer Programming problem and present a relaxation with an equivalent Linear Programming problem. We further propose an algorithm named TaPRA and its simplified version TaPRA-fast that solve the single job scheduling problem. Lastly, to address multiple jobs in online scheduling, we propose an online scheduler named OnTaPRA. By comparing with the start-of-the-art algorithms and schedulers via simulations, we demonstrate that TaPRA and TaPRA-fast reduce the JCT by 40-430 percent and the OnTaPRA scheduler reduces the average JCT by 60-280 percent. In addition, TaPRA-fast can be 10 times faster than TaPRA with around 5 percent performance degradation compared to TaPRA, which makes the use of TaPRA-fast very appropriate in practice.
Perceptual Color Characterization of Cameras (2014)

Color camera characterization, mapping outputs from the camera sensors to an independent color space, such as XYZ, is an important step in the camera processing pipeline. Until now, this procedure has been primarily solved by using a 3 × 3 matrix obtained via a least-squares optimization. In this paper, we propose to use the spherical sampling method, recently published by Finlayson et al., to perform a perceptual color characterization. In particular, we search for the 3 × 3 matrix that minimizes three different perceptual errors, one pixel based and two spatially based. For the pixel-based case, we minimize the CIE ΔE error, while for the spatial-based case, we minimize both the S-CIELAB error and the CID error measure. Our results demonstrate an improvement of approximately 3% for the ΔE error, 7% for the S-CIELAB error and 13% for the CID error measures.
<i>In vitro</i> effect of adenovirus‐mediated human Gamma Interferon gene transfer into human mesenchymal stem cells for chronic myelogenous leukemia (2006)

For developing gene therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), we evaluated the feasibility of using autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) of one CML patient as a target cell population and studied the efficiency of recombinant adenovirus-mediated human Gamma Interferon (hIFN-gamma) gene transfer into BMSCs. BMSCs can be readily obtained, expanded, and successfully transduced with adenoviral vectors in vitro. We studied the in vitro expression of hIFN-gamma in human BMSCs following transduction with Ad/hIFN-gamma. On transduction of BMSCs at a MOI of 50, the expression and secretion of hIFN-gamma were achieved as high as 5492 +/- 660 approximately 50647 +/- 4049 ng/10(6) cells per 24 h over the course of 3 weeks. We further studied the effects of hIFN-gamma produced by transduced BMSCs on the proliferation of the human leukemia cell line K562 cells in vitro, proliferation of K562 cells was markedly inhibited in the experimental groups as compared with the other two control groups after 5 days of coculture. We also found that the percentage of K562 cells in the G(1) phase of cell cycle can be increased by treatment of hIFN-gamma produced by Ad/hIFN-gamma transduced BMSCs, but the percentage of K562 cells in the S phase of cell cycle can be decreased in the same time. Apoptosis rate of K562 cells in the experimental groups was 30.8 +/- 8.5%, as compared with the other two control groups (5.6 +/- 1.3% and 5.5 +/- 0.8%, respectively) (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that hIFN-gamma gene engineered BMSCs of CML donors could be successfully established and that local production of hIFN-gamma is sufficiently to inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells and induce apoptosis of K562 cells in vitro, suggesting an important potential use in the clinical gene therapy of CML.
Modulation by CR-1409 (lorglumide), a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, of trypsin inhibitor-enhanced growth of azaserine-induced putative preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas. (1989)

Feeding of raw soya flour or other trypsin inhibitors such as camostate is a well-established method for promoting growth of (pre)neoplastic foci induced in the exocrine pancreas of rats by azaserine. The effect of trypsin inhibitors is thought to be mediated through an increased release of cholecystokinin. Using the specific cholecystokinin receptor antagonist lorglumide (CR-1409), we performed a 16-wk study to investigate the potential of this drug in inhibiting growth of putative preneoplastic foci and to determine whether and to what extent cholecystokinin is responsible for the effect of trypsin inhibitors on pancreatic growth. After initiation with 30 mg/kg of azaserine at 19 days of age, six groups of 15 rats each received one of the following treatments: camostate, cholecystokinin-8, or gelatin control, either or not in combination with CR-1409, once daily, 3 days wk for 16 wk. Plasma cholecystokinin levels, measured 30 min after the stimulus, were similar after camostate and cholecystokinin octapeptide administration. After 16 wk the pancreata were removed, weighted, and quantitatively analyzed for the number and size of putative preneoplastic foci by light microscopy. Both camostate and cholecystokinin octapeptide stimulated pancreatic growth and development of acidophilic putative preneoplastic foci, whereas growth of basophilic putative preneoplastic foci was inhibited by camostate but stimulated by cholecystokinin. CR-1409 almost completely abolished the effect of cholecystokinin and was found to cause a significant decrease in the effects of camostate. It is concluded that (a) cholecystokinin plays a significant role in camostate-stimulated growth of acidophilic putative preneoplastic foci in rat pancreas and (b) CR-1409 inhibits growth of putative preneoplastic foci induced in rat pancreas by azaserine and hence may be of potential value for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in humans.
Miniaturized Planar Chromatography Using Office Peripherals (2010)

High-performance thin-layer chromatography is a separation technique commonly used to identify and quantify components in chemical mixtures. Sophisticated analytical tools are required to extract the full analytical power from this technique and especially for miniaturized planar chromatography its utility has not been harnessed. A new approach uses an elegant, simplified system assembled from ordinary consumer printers and scanners to perform separations on monolithic and nanostructured ultrathin-layer phases. This system is shown to outperform existing planar chromatographic tools for analysis on miniaturized plates. Analysis can be completed in a manner of minutes, running numerous samples in parallel at a reduced cost, with very low sample and reagent volumes, all using a familiar computer interface with common office peripherals.
New Approaches for the Study of Orexin Function (2010)

Orexin is a neuropeptide produced by a specific subset of neurones located in the lateral hypothalamic area. Mice lacking either prepro-orexin or orexin receptor 2, as well as those in which orexin-producing neurones (orexin neurones) are deleted, share a common phenotype: altered sleep-wake regulation and the sudden onset of muscle atonia. These symptoms are similar to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. In this review, we describe recent advances in the study of orexin function with a particular emphasis on microscopic techniques that better characterise the neuronal networks involving orexin neurones, as well as recent optogenetic approaches that allow for the activation or inhibition of specific neurones by expressing different light-activated proteins. In particular, the use of orexin/halorhodopsin and orexin/channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice has demonstrated an important role for orexin neurones in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and state of arousal in vivo. Further refinement of these in vitro and in vivo techniques will allow for a more detailed understanding of the interaction of orexin with other neurotransmitter pathways in the brain.
Bidirectional base station antenna illuminating a street microcell for personal communication system (1995)

Colinear antennas which have omnidirectional radiation patterns in the horizontal plane are used for base station antenna in personal communication systems because of their easy installation and low cost. For street microcells, which are formed using low base station antenna heights in urban areas, however, colinear antennas yield rather small microcell zones. Zone size can be efficiently increased by using bidirectional antennas which preferentially radiate the antenna beam along the street. The configuration of a bidirectional antenna is automatically determined by the shape of the antenna beam. Accordingly, the optimum beam shape must be determined for realizing the optimum antenna for street microcells. This paper describes the optimum beam shape for street widths ranging from 30 to 60 m, and proposes a base station antenna that yields the desired beam shape. We examine the relation between antenna beamwidth and microcellular zone size. The discussion is based on the theoretical results given by the multi-ray model technique assuming a street microcell model with infinite concrete walls. A bidirectional narrow patch antenna (BNPA) element is developed to realize a bidirectional rod array antenna (BIRA). The validity of the design method used and the antenna's performance are verified by laboratory measurement of a fabricated BIRA operating in the 1.9 GHz band, and field test results.