gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Band Structure Effects on the Transient Electron Velocity Overshoot in GaN (2001)

Time-resolved electroabsorption measurements on an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction p–i–n photodiode have been used to study the transient electron velocity overshoot for transport in the c-direction in wurtzite GaN. The velocity overshoot increases with electric field up to ∼320 kV/cm, at which field a peak velocity of 7.25 × 107 cm/s is attained within the first 200 fs after photoexcitation. However, theoretical Monte Carlo calculations incorporating a GaN full-zone band structure show that the majority of electrons do not attain sufficient energy to effect intervalley transfer until they are subjected to higher fields (>325 kV/cm). Insight into this behavior can be gleaned from the band nonparabolicity deduced from the constant energy surfaces in the Γ valley, which shows that the effective mass in the c-direction can be viewed as becoming larger at high k values.
The use of an infusion pump in arthroscopy (1986)

The use of an infusion pump is an effective method of irrigating the joint in arthroscopy. A Sarns roller blood pump is used to pump fluid into the joint through the arthroscope with outflow by gravity drainage through a plastic cannula. Flow and pressure can be adjusted independently. Measurements were made of calf, knee, and thigh swelling after arthroscopy in 42 patients; the average swelling of each was less than 1 cm. In 45 patients, the average rate of flow through the joint was 45 mm/min, with a measured outflow of 40 mm/min. Intraarticular pressure greater than 200 mm Hg can be obtained with the pump, compared with maximum pressures only slightly greater than 100 mm Hg with gravity inflow alone. The operator must carefully monitor the system; retention of excessive fluid can lead to postoperative swelling and morbidity.
Optical single sideband Modulation of 11-GHz RoF system using stimulated Brillouin scattering (2005)

A simple method for the generation of optical single sideband modulation of the 11-GHz radio-over-fiber system is presented. Based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in fiber, the lower sideband of the modulated signal is amplified and the upper sideband is attenuated as well, which improve the system performance. In the experiment, about 2-dB signal-to-noise ratio gain is attained at 10-Mb/s signal with quadrature-phase-shift keying modulation format.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Oriented TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays: Transport, Trapping, and Transfer of Electrons (2008)

Dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using ordered arrays of titania nanotubes (tube lengths 5, 10, and 20 microm) grown on titanium have been characterized by a range of experimental methods. The collection efficiency for photoinjected electrons in the cells is close to 100% under short circuit conditions, even for a 20 microm thick nanotube array. Transport, trapping, and back transfer of electrons in the nanotube cells have been studied in detail by a range of complementary experimental techniques. Analysis of the experimental results has shown that the electron diffusion length (which depends on the diffusion coefficient and lifetime of the photoinjected electrons) is of the order of 100 microm in the titania nanotube cells. This is consistent with the observation that the collection efficiency for electrons is close to 100%, even for the thickest (20 microm) nanotube films used in the study. The study revealed a substantial discrepancy between the shapes of the electron trap distributions measured experimentally using charge extraction techniques and those inferred indirectly from transient current and voltage measurements. The discrepancy is resolved by introduction of a numerical factor to account for non-ideal thermodynamic behavior of free electrons in the nanostructured titania.
A real-time PC-based video phone system on ISDN/LAN (1995)

A low-cost video phone system has been developed with a graphical interface on a personal computer platform. The system is based on a novel high-speed variable frame sizing approach which enables it to achieve economical, real-time performance giving "jerk-free" motion images in an integrated services digital network or local area network environment. The hardware and software design issues are presented in this paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression and PTSD Are Associated with Reduced Vowel Space in Screening Interviews (2015)

Reduced frequency range in vowel production is a well documented speech characteristic of individuals with psychological and neurological disorders. Affective disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are known to influence motor control and in particular speech production. The assessment and documentation of reduced vowel space and reduced expressivity often either rely on subjective assessments or on analysis of speech under constrained laboratory conditions (e.g. sustained vowel production, reading tasks). These constraints render the analysis of such measures expensive and impractical. Within this work, we investigate an automatic unsupervised machine learning based approach to assess a speaker's vowel space. Our experiments are based on recordings of 253 individuals. Symptoms of depression and PTSD are assessed using standard self-assessment questionnaires and their cut-off scores. The experiments show a significantly reduced vowel space in subjects that scored positively on the questionnaires. We show the measure's statistical robustness against varying demographics of individuals and articulation rate. The reduced vowel space for subjects with symptoms of depression can be explained by the common condition of psychomotor retardation influencing articulation and motor control. These findings could potentially support treatment of affective disorders, like depression and PTSD in the future.
Reconstitution of purified acetylcholine receptors with functional ion channels in planar lipid bilayers. (1980)

Acetylcholine receptor, solubilized and purified from Torpedo californica electric organ under conditions that preserve the activity of its ion channel, was reconstituted into vesicles of soybean lipid by the cholate-dialysis technique. The reconstituted vesicles were then spread into monolayers at an air-water interface and planar bilayers were subsequently formed by apposition of two monolayers. Addition of carbamoylcholine caused an increase in membrane conductance that was transient and relaxed spontaneously to the base level (i.e., became desensitized). The response to carbamoylcholine was dose dependent and competitively inhibited by curare. Fluctuations of membrane conductance corresponding to the opening and closing of receptor channels were observed. Fluctuation analysis indicated a single-channel conductance of 16 +/- 3 pS (in 0.1 M NaCl) with a mean channel open time estimated to be 35 +/- 5 ms. Thus, purified acetylcholine receptor reconstituted into lipid bilayers exhibited the pharmacological specificity, activation, and desensitization properties expected of this receptor in native membranes.
Human Brain Scanning with Radioiodinated Macroaggregates of Human Serum Albumin (1965)

WHEN MACROAGGREGATES of human serum albumin (MAA), 10 microns or more, are injected into the antecubital vein, they are immediately filtered out by the pulmonary arterial capillary bed of the lung. Several favorable reports have appeared in the literature (1–3, 7) of using radioactive MAA in lung scanning for the detection of regional pulmonary arterial flow deficits. Taplin and his group (5) attested to the safety of intracarotid injections in brain scanning in dogs. Thompson (6) in similar experiments with a large number of dogs was unable to produce any deleterious effects with as much as 1,600 mg of macroaggregated albumin. On the basis of this preliminary animal work we embarked on a program of brain scanning in selected patients by intracarotid injection of I131_MAA. Method and Material The I131_MAA was obtained from Charles E. Frosst & Co., Montreal, and the particles ranged in size from 5 to 30 microns, averaging about 15 microns. Between 50 and 100 micro curies of l131_MAA were administered in a volume of 10 ml NaCl buffered with equal volumes of 0.2N sodium hydroxide and 0.2N acetic acid. A 100-microcurie dose contains about 4 mg albumin. The patient was prepared in the usual manner for a carotid injection, and the material was administered by syringe through a 20-gauge needle. Immediately afterward the needle was withdrawn, and compression was applied to the puncture site long enough to prevent the formation of a hematoma. Some patients were scanned following cerebral angiography; the I131_MAA was injected through the same needle or catheter left in place, and thereby a second carotid puncture was avoided. Lateral and frontal scans were obtained immediately after hemostasis was assured. A 19–hole lead focusing collimator associated with a 1.5 × 3–in. diameter scintillation crystal was used, and the automatic scintillation scanner was set to accept the full width of the 360 kv photopeak. The background cut-off was determined by the count rate over the cheek (external carotid circulation). Potassium iodide tablets (0.3 g) were administered the day before, the day of, and the day after the brain scan to block the thyroid gland when possible. Results The count rate over the brain was about 1,500 cpm per 100-microcurie test dose. Activity over the cheek varied between 15 and 25 per cent of the brain activity, and this represents a division of blood flow between the external and internal carotid arteries. In 3 patients the biological half-life of the macroaggregates in the brain was determined to be approximately two hours. Because of a theoretical hazard in injecting particulate matter and producing a transient capillary embolism, all 15 subjects were carefully examined clinically before and after the administration of I131_ MAA.
Heat Exchanger for Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Due to the introduction of new, more stringent exhaust gas emission regulations for diesel engines, expected to be enforced in Europe and the USA in 1999 and 2004, respectively, new emission-reducing technologies are becoming the focus of attention. One such technology is the cooled exhaust gas recirculation method (cooled EGR) which permits a reduction in emissions with only a small increase in fuel consumption.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The heat exchanger used in such a system must be capable of meeting high demands in terms of compact design, performance, resistance to high temperatures, corrosion and fouling.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper describes the development of an EGR cooler designed by Behr which meets these demands and, in particular, has a high performance density. This was achieved by using a new kind of heat exchanger core.</div>
Heuristic malware detection via basic block comparison (2013)

Each day, malware analysts are tasked with more samples than they have the ability to analyze by hand. To produce this trend, malware authors often reuse a significant portion of their code. In this paper, we introduce a technique to statically decompose malicious software to identify shared code. This technique variably applies a sliding-window methodology to either full files or individual basic blocks to produce representative similarity ratios either between two binaries or between two functionalities within binaries, respectively. This grants the ability to apply heuristic detection via threshold similarity matching as well as full-inclusivity matching for malicious functionality. Additionally, we apply generalization techniques to minimize local assembly variants while still maintaining consistent structural matching. We also identify improvements that this technique provides over previous technologies and demonstrate its success in practical sample detection. Finally, we suggest further applications of this technique and highlight possible contributions to modern malware detection.
Molecular Determinants Involved in the Allosteric Control of Agonist Affinity in the GABAB Receptor by the GABAB2 Subunit (2004)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor is an allosteric complex made of two subunits, GABAB1 (GB1) and GABAB2 (GB2). Both subunits are composed of an extracellular Venus flytrap domain (VFT) and a heptahelical domain (HD). GB1 binds GABA, and GB2 plays a major role in G-protein activation as well as in the high agonist affinity state of GB1. How agonist affinity in GB1 is regulated in the receptor remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that GB2 VFT is a major molecular determinant involved in this control. We show that isolated versions of GB1 and GB2 VFTs in the absence of the HD and C-terminal tail can form hetero-oligomers as shown by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (based on HTRF technology). GB2 VFT and its association with GB1 VFT controlled agonist affinity in GB1 in two ways. First, GB2 VFT exerted a direct action on GB1 VFT, as it slightly increased agonist affinity in isolated GB1 VFT. Second and most importantly, GB2 VFT prevented inhibitory interaction between the two main domains (VFT and HD) of GB1. According to this model, we propose that GB1 HD prevents the possible natural closure of GB1 VFT. In contrast, GB2 VFT facilitates this closure. Finally, such inhibitory contacts between HD and VFT in GB1 could be similar to those important to maintain the inactive state of the receptor.
Effect of Microwave Sintering Parameters on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pure Ti and Blended Elemental Ti Alloys (2018)

Microwave sintering (MWS) was used to consolidate hydride de-hydride Ti powder and blended elemental Ti6Al4V, Ti5Fe and Ti5Al5Mo5V3Cr (Ti5553) powder mixtures. The amount of powders used to prepare the powder compacts was scaled up to 500g.The effect of the MWS conditions on the relative density, porosity distribution, microstructure and tensile properties were studied. Furthermore, uniformity in distribution of the alloying elements was checked. For most of the materials considered, a combinations of sintering temperature of 1200oC and 1300oC and holding time of 5 to 30 min resulted in significantly improved density. Nevertheless sintering temperature of at least 1300oC was required for pore coalescence and high tensile properties.
Novel agents for cancer prevention based on nitric oxide (2007)

NO (nitric oxide) biology has provided the impetus for the development of anticancer agents based on their ability to release NO. NO-NSAIDs (NO-donating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), consisting of a conventional NSAID to which an NO-releasing moiety is covalently attached, are promising chemopreventive agents against cancer. Compared with their parent compounds, NO-NSAIDs are up to several hundred times more potent in inhibiting the growth of cancer cell lines and prevent colon and pancreatic cancer in animal models. Their chemopreventive effect is due to inhibition of proliferation, induction of cell death and inhibition of cell-cycle-phase transitions. NO-ASA (NO-aspirin), the best-studied NO-NSAID, induces oxidative stress in target cells. Major downstream signalling effects involve the Wnt, NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45 subunit-related factor 2) pathways. NO-NSAIDs, particularly NO-ASA, appear to be safe compounds, as suggested by many animal and early human studies. An ongoing clinical trial is designed to determine whether NO-ASA can inhibit early stages of colon carcinogenesis in subjects at risk for colon cancer. It is clinical trials that will ultimately determine the role of NO-NSAIDs in cancer prevention and perhaps treatment.
Screening for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2010)

The existing evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support the routine use of screening for prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen with or without digital rectal examination.
Relationship Between Intestinal Microbiota and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Early Stage Breast Cancer (2015)

Gut microbiota is involved in numerous physiopathological situations including cancers. Our objective is to evaluate the relationship between the composition of microbiota and the clinicobiological characteristics of patients with breast cancer. Clinical data and faeces from 32 patients with early stage breast cancer were collected, before any therapeutic intervention. Bacterial DNA extracted from faeces was amplified by PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences specific to different bacterial phyla. Expression was compared in groups of patients defined by clinical stages of the disease as well as BMI. Most patients suffered of invasive ductal (81%), clinical stage 0 (46.9%), with histological grading II (62.5 %), ER/PgR (80%) and HER2 (15%). About 28.1 % and 12.5 % of patients were overweight and/or obese, respectively. Significant differences were observed for absolute numbers of total bacteria and for some studied bacterial groups ( F prausnitzii , Firmicutes , Blautia and Egerthella ) according to BMI. Compared with patients with grade I (n=5), patients with grade III (n=7) had increased absolute numbers of Blautia sp. (9.8±0.2 vs 9.5 ± 0.2 log copies.g ‐1 , p=0.048), for example. Furthermore, absolute numbers of Bifidobacterium and Blautia, and proportions of F Prausnitzii and Blautia, were significanly different according to clinical stages. Our study highlighted that, in these patients, intestinal microbiota composition differs according to clinical characteristics and BMI. These results should be confirmed to clarify the link between breast cancer and intestinal microbiota.
Abnormalities of Developing White Matter in Lysosomal Storage Diseases (1999)

Inborn metabolic errors causing lysosomal storage have well-recognized effects on neuronal function and morphology. In some classically "neuronal" storage diseases, however, neuroradiologic observations of infants have suggested a delay in central nervous system myelination based on persistently "immature" signal intensities monitored over time. This review summarizes reported neuropathologic evaluations of central white matter in infantile and juvenile patients and in corresponding animal models with lysosomal storage disorders. The observed neuropathology is examined in light of published studies of the biochemistry and microscopic anatomy of normal myelinogenesis. Finally, arguments are advanced that at least part of the deficiency of white matter is attributable to direct effects of the metabolic state on oligodendrocyte maturation and function, in addition to secondary effects on neurons and their axons.
The Chemistry and Properties of the Medical-Grade Silicones (1970)

Abstract The medical grade silicones are probably the most widely used of all the synthetic polymers for permanently implanted subdermal devices. This paper reviews the chemistry of these materials from the original polymer manufacturing through the various stages necessary to obtain the types of heat vulcanizing silicone rubber, room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, and silicone rubber adhesive most commonly used in medical applications.
Respiratory motion tracking of skin and liver in swine for Cyberknife motion compensation (2004)

In this study, we collected respiratory motion data of external skin markers and internal liver fiducials from several swine. The POLARIS infrared tracking system was used for recording reflective markers placed on the swine’s abdomen. The AURORA electromagnetic tracking system was used for recording 2 tracked needles implanted into the liver. This data will be used to develop correlation models between external skin movement and internal organ movement, which is the first step towards the ability to compensate for respiratory movement of the lesion. We are also developing a motion simulator for validation of our model and dose verification of mobile lesions in the CYBERKNIFE Suite. We believe that this research could provide significant information towards the development of precise radiation treatment of mobile target volumes.
Active learning for real-time motion controllers (2007)

This paper describes an approach to building real-time highly-controllable characters. A kinematic character controller is built on-the-fly during a capture session, and updated after each new motion clip is acquired. Active learning is used to identify which motion sequence the user should perform next, in order to improve the quality and responsiveness of the controller. Because motion clips are selected adaptively, we avoid the difficulty of manually determining which ones to capture, and can build complex controllers from scratch while significantly reducing the number of necessary motion samples.
A DC–DC Boost Converter With Variation-Tolerant MPPT Technique and Efficient ZCS Circuit for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Applications (2012)

This paper presents a dc-dc boost converter with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for thermoelectric energy harvesting applications. The technique realizes variation tolerance by adjusting the switching frequency of the converter. A finely controlled zero-current switching (ZCS) scheme together with the accurate MPPT technique enhances the overall efficiency of the converter because of an optimal turn-on time generated by a one-shot pulse generator that is proposed. Moreover, the ZCS technique can deal with low- and high-temperature differences applied to the thermoelectric generator. This allows a wider range of conversion ratios compared to those of conventional converters used for thermal energy harvesting. Experimentally, the converter implemented in a 0.35-μm BCDMOS process had a peak efficiency of 72% at the input voltage of 500 mV while supplying a 5.62-V output.
Glucosidase inhibitors as antiviral agents for hepatitis B and C. (2007)

HBV and HCV infections are a major public health concern. New antiviral drugs are urgently needed with improved efficacy. Compounds that specifically target viral enzymes are the most attractive in terms of drug development and are therefore the most studied. However, antiviral strategies based entirely on this class of compounds encounter problems caused by the emergence of viral escape mutants, as already widely described for HIV. One way to prevent or delay viral resistance is to combine antiviral agents that target different steps of the virus life cycle. Future therapy may also combine such virus-specific antivirals with compounds targeting host proteins or functions. In this respect, viral morphogenesis and infectivity represent interesting, and still unexploited, novel molecular targets. Endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase inhibitors have demonstrated anti-HBV and anti-HCV properties by inhibiting viral morphogenesis and infectivity. One such compound, celgosivir, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials against HCV infection, and encouraging phase IIa data have been disclosed. This review will discuss HBV and HCV morphogenesis, with a particular focus on the role of N-glycosylation for viral protein folding and assembly, and will present the antiviral properties of glucosidase inhibitors.