gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors in the development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (2011)

The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) remains the best-studied model for understanding the mechanisms involved in synaptogenesis, due to its relatively large size, its simplicity of patterning, and its unparalleled experimental accessibility. During neuromuscular development, each skeletal myofiber secretes and deposits around its extracellular surface an assemblage of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that ultimately form a basal lamina. This is also the case at the NMJ, where the motor nerve contributes additional factors. Before most of the current molecular components were known, it was clear that the synaptic ECM of adult skeletal muscles was unique in composition and contained factors sufficient to induce the differentiation of both pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Biochemical, genetic, and microscopy studies have confirmed that agrin, laminin (221, 421, and 521), collagen IV (α3-α6), collagen XIII, perlecan, and the ColQ-bound form of acetylcholinesterase are all synaptic ECM proteins with important roles in neuromuscular development. The roles of their many potential receptors and/or binding proteins have been more difficult to assess at the genetic level due to the complexity of membrane interactions with these large proteins, but roles for MuSK-LRP4 in agrin signaling and for integrins, dystroglycan, and voltage-gated calcium channels in laminin-dependent phenotypes have been identified. Synaptic ECM proteins and their receptors are involved in almost all aspects of synaptic development, including synaptic initiation, topography, ultrastructure, maturation, stability, and transmission.
Use of Quantitative Risk Analysis for Uncertainty Quantification on Drilling Operations-Review and Lessons Learned (2005)

Abstract This paper presents comments and some background on the use of risk analysis methods in the oil and gas industry. Particularly attention is given to applications developed specifically for drilling operations. A literature review emphasizing articles written specifically for risk analysis applications on oil & gas well drilling operation is presented. Recommendations for procedures related to risk analysis methods implementation as well as an example of application and its results are presented. A Monte Carlo simulation was run to predict a cumulative distribution function for a well drilling AFE (Authorization For Expenditure.) The simulation procedure as well as the resultant function is presented.
Mechanisms of inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 2 growth by 28-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxycytidine (1990)

The 28-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxycytidine (S-(dC)28) has been reported previously to be a strong inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA polymerase and HSV-2 growth in cell culture. In this study, the mechanism of action of S-(dC)28 was studied. S-(dC)28 was found to interfere with the adsorption of HSV-1 and HSV-2 to HeLa cells. HSV-2 infection, but not HSV-1, was found to potentiate the uptake of S-(dC)28 into HeLa cells. The enhanced uptake reached a plateau at 6-9 h postinfection and appeared to be dose-dependent and saturable at concentrations higher than 1 microM. The amount of S-(dC)28 accumulated in HSV-2 infected cells was found to be 50 pmol/10(6) cells at 6 h postinfection, whereas no significant drug accumulation was found in uninfected cells. S-(dC)28 binding studies suggested that there are several types of tight binding sites associated with HSV-2 virions, which could play a role in the enhancement of S-(dC)28 uptake. Subcellular distribution studies showed that intracellular S-(dC)28 was associated with both nuclei and cytoplasm and remained intact. Mechanism studies suggested three different mechanisms which could be responsible for the anti-HSV-2 action of S-(dC)28; (i) S-(dC)28 could interfere with the uptake of HSV. (ii) HSV-2 infection enhances the uptake of S-(dC)28 into cells. (iii) S-(dC)28 inhibits HSV-2 DNA synthesis, possibly, by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase. The unique mechanisms of anti-HSV action of S-(dC)28 suggest it could be a potential new agent in anti-HSV-2 chemotherapy.
Synergistic Binding of Nucleotides and Inhibitors to cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Examined by Acrylodan Fluorescence Spectroscopy (1997)

We have engineered an acrylodan-modified derivative of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) whose fluorescence emission signal has allowed the synergistic binding between nucleotides and physiological inhibitors of cAPK to be examined (Whitehouse, S., and Walsh, D. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3682-3692). In the presence of the regulatory subunit, RI, the affinity of cAPK for adenosine, ADP, AMPPNP (adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate), or ATP was 5-, 50-, 120-, and 15,000-fold enhanced, while in the presence of the heat-stable inhibitor protein of cAPK (PKI), there was a 3-, 20-, 33-, and 2000-fold enhancement in the binding of these nucleotides, respectively. A short inhibitor peptide, PKI-(14-22), enhanced the binding of ADP to the same degree as did full-length PKI (20-fold) but, in contrast, did not significantly enhance the binding of ATP or AMPPNP. The full binding synergism between PKI and either ATP (2000-fold) or AMPPNP (33-fold) to cAPK could, however, be mimicked by a longer peptide, PKI-(5-24), suggesting that the PKI NH2 terminus (residues 5-13) is most likely critical. Since this region is remote from the ATP gamma-phosphate, the binding synergism must arise through an extended network communication mechanism between the PKI NH2 terminus and the ATP binding site.
Hierarchical Topic Segmentation of TV shows Automatic Transcripts (2012)

The growth in the collections of multimedia documents made the development of new data access and data structuring techniques a necessity. The work presented in this report focuses on structuring TV shows and among the different kinds of structuring we approach the topic segmentation. Moreover we are interested in techniques able to provide hierarchical topic segmentation. The motivation for this research is defined by the potential impact of these techniques, since they fold perfectly on navigation and information retrieval subjects. In order to provide an automatic structuring of TV shows, that is generic, we use the words pronounced in TV shows, made available by their automatic textual transcription provided by an ASR system. The proposed topic segmentation algorithm consists in the recursive application of a modified version of TextTiling. It is based on the exploitation of a technique called vectorization, which was recently introduced for linear segmentation and outperformed the other existing techniques. We decided to study vectorization in more depth since it is a powerful technique and we tested it both for linear and hierarchical segmentation. The results obtained show that using vectorization can improve the segmentation and justify the interest of further applying such a technique.
High current gain in monolithic hot-electron transistors (1981)

Monolithic hot-beam transistors have been made in silicon with a current gain of 20 and a MAG>20 dB. Hot electrons are injected at approximately 1.7 eV, cross a ∼250 Å wide degenerate base and surmount a 0.4 eV collector barrier.
Phase resolved and coherence gated en-face reflection imaging of multilayered embryonal carcinoma cells (2012)

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which are cell lines derived from teratocarcinomas, have characteristics in common with stem cells and differentiate into many kinds of functional cells. Similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, undifferentiated EC cells form multi-layered spheroids. In order to visualize the three-dimensional structure of multilayered EC cells without labeling, we employed full-field interference microscopy with the aid of a low-coherence quantitative phase microscope, which is a reflection-type interference microscope employing the digital holographic technique with a low-coherent light source. Owing to the low-coherency of the light-source (halogen lamp), only the light reflected from reflective surface at a specific sectioning height generates an interference image on the CCD camera. P19CL6 EC cells, derived from mouse teratocarcinomas, formed spheroids that are about 50 to 200 micrometers in diameter. Since the height of each cell is around 10 micrometers, it is assumed that each spheroid has 5 to 20 cell layers. The P19CL6 spheroids were imaged in an upright configuration and the horizontally sectioned reflection images of the sample were obtained by sequentially and vertically scanning the zero-path-length height. Our results show the threedimensional structure of the spheroids, in which plasma and nuclear membranes were distinguishably imaged. The results imply that our technique is further capable of imaging induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for the assessment of cell properties including their pluripotency.
C-terminal sequences can inhibit the insertion of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1992)

We have constructed three gene fusions that encode portions of a membrane protein, arginine permease, fused to a reporter domain, the cytoplasmic enzyme histidinol dehydrogenase (HD), located at the C-terminal end. These fusion proteins contain at least one of the internal signal sequences of arginine permease. When the fusion proteins were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), two of the fusion proteins placed HD on the luminal side of the ER membrane, but only when a piece of DNA encoding a spacer protein segment was inserted into the fusion joint. The third fusion protein, with or without the spacer included, placed HD on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. These results suggest that (i) sequences C-terminal to the internal signal sequence can inhibit membrane insertion and (ii) HD requires a preceding spacer segment to be translocated across the ER membrane.
Concentration Changes in Hydraulic Hoisting of Potash Ore (1992)

An experimental simulation of hoisting of potash ore with saturated brine has been conducted to examine the possibility of plugging during cyclical feeder operations. During a feeder cycle, it is possible for the inlet particle size distribution to vary significantly and this variation can induce concentration changes during hoisting. The experiment considered a binary system in which coarse particles were followed by fines. Using particles of diameter 2.8 mm and 0.4 mm, a completely segregated mixture was hoisted successfully at a mean flow velocity of 0.46 m/s when the mean inlet concentration was 16% by volume. In this case the amplitude of the concentration spike formed by the interpenetrating coarse and fine particle species was lower than 30%. Increasing the inlet concentration to 21 % by volume caused the spike concentration to exceed by volume, so that a blockage formed. The dynamics of these concentration changes are described mathematically so that numerical simulations could be undertaken. The numerical studies suggest that wall friction is of minor importance until a plug actually forms. However, none of the existing methods for predicting fluid-particle drag forces is entirely satisfactory.
<title>Effects Of Substrate Scattering On Bar-Code Scanning Signals</title> (1983)

When a beam of light strikes a piece of paper or similar substrate, a portion of its energy penetrates into the bulk and, due to multiple scattering, may re-emerge at some distance from the point of entry. We refer to this phenomenon as substrate scattering. In this paper we describe a general model for scattering substrates and, using linear systems theory, we investigate its implications for bar-code scanning. We show that the effects of substrate scattering can be represented as a modified reflectance distribution associated with the original printed reflectance pattern. This effective distribution is shown to be independent of the details of scanning system configuration. We show that under a broad range of conditions substrate scattering will decrease modulation and will cause scanners to overestimate barwidths. A specific diffusion model of the scattering process is developed, providing a family of functions which can be used in empirical studies. We conclude that the scattering distributions will not even be approximately Gaussian. Experimental results are presented which are consistent with this conclusion and inconsistent with a Gaussian model. Further experimental results are presented which show that, for typical substrates, depth of modulation may be decreased by 20 percent or more and perceived bar-width increases will be on the order of one mil.
Understanding the Formation of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters (2006)

This study aims at elucidating a variety of salient features that dictate the kinetics and chain length effects governing the formation and antimicrobial activity of sugar esters of fatty acids. To do this, anomerically pure glucose, sucrose and cellobiose sugars were transesterified with the methyl esters of fatty acids of variable chain lengths C4, C8, C12, C18, and C20. The methyl esters of butyric, caprylic, lauric, stearic and arachidic acids were reacted with the above carbohydrates to give the respective penta and octaesters. The kinetics of these transesterification reactions were followed by quantitative 31P NMR after phosphitylation of the labile OH groups with 1,3,2- dioxaphospholanyl chloride. This approach proved to be a facile and quantitative means to follow the specific substitutions occurring at the various OH positions within the sugars as a function of degree of conversion, and incoming chain length. As anticipated, a variety of steric and hydrophobic effects were shown to play a key role in determining the reactivity of these systems. The various sugar esters were then adsorbed onto cellulose disks and their microbial activity was examined. Finally, cellulose esters of butyric acid were synthesized using the acyl chloride process.
Transcutaneous induction of stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity in dorsal cochlear nucleus (2015)

The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first site of multisensory integration in the ascending auditory pathway. The principal output neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), fusiform cells, receive somatosensory information relayed by the CN granule cells from the trigeminal and dorsal column pathways. Integration of somatosensory and auditory inputs results in long-term enhancement or suppression in a stimulus-timing-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate that stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) can be induced in DCN fusiform cells using paired auditory and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the face and neck to activate trigeminal and dorsal column pathways to the CN, respectively. Long-lasting changes in fusiform cell firing rates persisted for up to 2 h after this bimodal stimulation, and followed Hebbian or anti-Hebbian rules, depending on tone duration, but not somatosensory stimulation location: 50 ms paired tones evoked predominantly Hebbian, while 10 ms paired tones evoked predominantly anti-Hebbian plasticity. The tone-duration-dependent STDP was strongly correlated with first inter-spike intervals, implicating intrinsic cellular properties as determinants of STDP. This study demonstrates that transcutaneous stimulation with precise auditory-somatosensory timing parameters can non-invasively induce fusiform cell long-term modulation, which could be harnessed in the future to moderate tinnitus-related hyperactivity in DCN.
Bendavia, a Mitochondria-targeting Peptide, Improves Postinfarction Cardiac Function, Prevents Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling, and Restores Mitochondria-related Gene Expression in Rats (2014)

AB We evaluated the post-myocardial infarction (MI) therapeutic effects of Bendavia. Two hours after coronary artery ligation, rats were randomized to receive chronic Bendavia treatment (n = 28) or water (n = 26). Six weeks later, Bendavia significantly reduced scar circumference (39.7% +/- 2.2%) compared with water treatment (47.4% +/- 0.03%, P = 0.024) and reduced left ventricular (LV) volume by 8.9% (P = 0.019). LV fractional shortening was significantly improved by Bendavia (28.8% +/- 1.7%) compared with water treatment (23.8% +/- 1.8%, P = 0.047). LV ejection fraction was higher with Bendavia (55.3% +/- 1.4%) than water treatment (49.3% +/- 1.4%, P = 0.005). Apoptosis, within the MI border zone, was significantly less in the Bendavia group (32% +/- 3%, n = 12) compared with the water group (41% +/- 2%, n = 12; P = 0.029). Bendavia reversed mitochondrial function-related gene expression in the MI border, which was largely reduced in water-treated rats. Bendavia improved complex-I and -IV activity, and reduced production of reactive oxygen species and cytosolic cytochrome c level in the peri-infarcted region. Bendavia improved post-MI cardiac function, prevented infarct expansion and adverse LV remodeling, and restored mitochondria-related gene expression, complex-I and -IV activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the noninfarcted MI border.
Pt-Doped α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films Active for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting (2008)

Pt was homogeneously introduced into α-Fe2O3 photoanode films by coelectrodeposition followed by high temperature calcination, and the doped photoanodes showed a significant improvement in incident photon to electron conversion efficiency compared to undoped samples.
Prediction of the small for gestational age infant: which ultrasonic measurement is best? (1992)

In high-risk subjects, abdominal circumference below the tenth percentile had the highest common sensitivity, and estimated fetal weight below the tenth percentile had the highest common OR. In studies in which morphometric and Doppler ultrasonic measurements were compared in the same subjects, the Doppler ORs tended to be lower than the ORs for morphometric measurements. In low-risk subjects, much lower ORs were found for all ultrasonic measurements. The heterogeneous nature of the studies reviewed may have contributed to the different results within each group.
Longitudinal MRI in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: rates and regions of atrophy (2006)

The rate of brain atrophy and its relationship to clinical disease progression in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) is not clear. Twenty-four patients with PSP, 11 with MSA-P (Parkinsonian variant), 12 with Parkinson's disease, and 18 healthy control subjects were recruited for serial MRI scans, clinical assessments and formal neuropsychological evaluations in order to measure brain atrophy during life and its association with disease progression in PSP and MSA-P. Serial scans were registered and rates of whole brain atrophy calculated from the brain-boundary shift integral. Regional rates of atrophy were calculated in the brainstem (midbrain and pons), the cerebellum, the lateral and third ventricles as well as frontal and posterior inferior brain regions, by locally registering to a region of interest in order to derive a local boundary shift integral (BSI). 82% of recruited subjects completed serial MRI scans (17 PSP, 9 MSA-P, 9 Parkinson's disease patients and 18 healthy controls). Mean (SD) annualized rates of whole-brain atrophy were greatest in PSP: 1.2% (1.0%), three times that in controls. Mean (SD) midbrain atrophy rates in PSP, 2.2% (1.5%), were seven times greater than in healthy controls. In MSA-P, atrophy rates were greatest in the pons: 4.5% (3.2%), over 20 times that in controls and three times the rate of pontine atrophy in PSP. Atrophy rates in Parkinson's disease were not significantly different from control rates of atrophy. Variability in the atrophy rates was lower when calculated using the BSI rather than manual measurements. Worsening motor deficit was associated with midbrain atrophy in PSP, and ponto-cerebellar atrophy in MSA-P. Worsening executive dysfunction was associated with increased rates of frontal atrophy in PSP. Cerebellar atrophy rates were better discriminators of MSA-P than cross-sectional volumes. We confirm that serial MRI can be applied to measure whole brain and regional atrophy rates in PSP and MSA-P. Regional rather than whole-brain atrophy rates better discriminate PSP and MSA-P from healthy controls. Clinico-radiological associations suggest these regional atrophy rates have potential as markers of disease progression in trials of novel therapies.
A 40-43-Gb/s clock and data recovery IC with integrated SFI-5 1:16 demultiplexer in SiGe technology (2003)

A fully integrated OC-768 clock and data recovery IC with SFI-5 1:16 demultiplexer is designed in a 120-GHz/100-GHz (f/sub T//f/sub MAX/) SiGe technology. The 16 2.5-Gb/s outputs and additional deskew channel are compliant with the Serdes Framer Implementation Agreement Level 5 specification. The measured bit-error rate is <10/sup -15/. The measured jitter tolerance exceeds the mask specified in G.8251. The IC operates with 1.8-V and -5.2-V supplies and dissipates 7.5 W.
Mechanochemical unzipping of insulating polyladderene to semiconducting polyacetylene (2017)

Biological systems sense and respond to mechanical stimuli in a complex manner. In an effort to develop synthetic materials that transduce mechanical force into multifold changes in their intrinsic properties, we report on a mechanochemically responsive nonconjugated polymer that converts to a conjugated polymer via an extensive rearrangement of the macromolecular structure in response to force. Our design is based on the facile mechanochemical unzipping of polyladderene, a polymer inspired by a lipid natural product structure and prepared via direct metathesis polymerization. The resultant polyacetylene block copolymers exhibit long conjugation length and uniform trans-configuration and self-assemble into semiconducting nanowires. Calculations support a tandem unzipping mechanism of the ladderene units.
Output harmonic optimisation of dynamically load modulated power amplifiers (2016)

In this work, efficiency improvements of dynamically load modulated amplifiers through output harmonic manipulation are explored. A probability density function (PDF) conscious design approach is proposed, according to which the harmonic output terminations are optimised based on the PDF of the intended input signal. The approach is investigated through load-pull measurements of two GaN HEMT devices (CGH40010 and CGH40025) at 900MHz with the second harmonic output termination optimised for peak and back-off output power conditions. An improvement of average power added efficiency (PAE) by 2.0-5.6% is calculated under various LTE DL signals simply by second harmonic termination optimisation.
Inductive Telemetry of Multiple Sensor Modules (2005)

One of the many challenges associated with sensor networks is how to transmit data and power the sensors. Sensing multiple parameters in the environment requires miniaturized sensor nodes, relatively powerful programming platforms to interface with and process the data, and reliable long-term power solutions. Batteries provide the most obvious power source as long as the modules are reasonably big (a few square centimeters), easily accessible, and few in number so that the batteries can be easily replaced or recharged. In the vision of ubiquitous computing, where modules are embedded into everyday objects, computer hardware should be invisible and replacing batteries isn't compatible with this vision. Several solutions to the power problem exist, such as reducing power consumption to the point where batteries can last the module's lifetime. Another solution is energy scavenging - that is, extracting energy from ambient sources such as vibrations, hear, light, and water. A new approach provides a power source and fast communication for miniaturized modules' sensor nodes using a 13.56 MHz carrier. Although its powering range is limited, this method is well suited for applications in which communication must be fast but the sensor modules are hard to access.