gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Modern Primary Flight Display Clutter (2013)

Many complex domains, including aviation, experience a continued increase in the amount of information that is needed and available to operators. One example of this trend is modern primary flight displays (PFD), some of which now include weather, terrain, and navigation data. The addition of information to already busy displays has raised concerns about clutter. In this experiment, our goal was to investigate the performance and attentional costs associated with PFD clutter during a simulated flight and to determine to what extent pilots are aware of clutter and its effects. Low-, medium-, and high-clutter PFDs were created, and pilots flew a simulated flight scenario containing periods of high and low workload using one of the three PFDs. Pilots were asked to detect various visual alerts and notifications that appeared on the PFD throughout the flight. Performance, eye tracking, and subjective measures were recorded. Clutter significantly increased the response time to alerts, and high workload resulted in more alerts being missed. The eye tracking data provided insight into pilots’ monitoring strategies and efficiency in the different clutter conditions. Spatial density and the number of transitions were found to be larger in the case of higher clutter, whereas the number of fixations on flight mode annunciators was higher in the low-clutter condition. Importantly, pilots rated clutter as being relatively low even in the high-clutter condition. In combination, these results suggest that pilots may benefit from real-time clutter detection and reduction techniques that are based on eye tracking metrics.
Longitudinal and Angular Dispersions in Photonic Crystals: A Synergistic Perspective on Slow Light and Superprism Effects (2010)

The slow-light effect and the superprism effect are two important effects in photonic crystal structures. In this paper, we will review some of our recent works on the fundamental physics and device applications of these two effects. We will present a synergistic perspective that examines these two effects as a whole. Apparently, the slow light effect is due to the dispersion of a photonic crystal along the direction of light propagation, namely the longitudinal direction, and the superprism effect is related to angular dispersion. However, a deep analysis will show that the superprism effect has an elusive dependence on the longitudinal dispersion as well. Some subtle connections and distinctions between the slow-light effect and the superprism effect will be revealed through our physical analysis. This allows us to treat these two effects under a common theoretical framework. As an example, we will apply this framework to make a direct comparison of the slow-light optical phase array approach and the superprism approach to beam steering applications. Dispersive effects are frequently accompanied by high optical loss and/or narrow bandwidths. We will discuss these issues for both longitudinal and angular dispersions. For the slow light effect, we will give a simple proof of the scaling of fabrication-imperfection related random scattering losses in a slow-light photonic crystal waveguide. Similar to the bandwidth-delay product for the longitudinal dispersion, we will introduce a simple, yet fundamental, limit that governs the bandwidth and angular sensitivities of the superprism effect. We will also discuss the application of the slow-light effect to making compact silicon optical modulators and switches.
Decision-driven phase-locked loop for optical homodyne receivers: Performance analysis and laser linewidth requirements (1985)

Optical homodyne receivers based on decision-driven phase-locked loops are investigated. The performance of these receivers is affected by two phase noises due to the laser transmitter and laser local oscillator, and by two shot noises due to the two detectors employed in the receiver. The impact of these noises is minimized if the loop bandwidth <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</tex> is chosen optimally. The value of B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">opt</inf> and the corresponding optimum loop performance are evaluated in this paper. It is shown that second-order phase-locked loops require at least 0.8 pW of signal power per every kilohertz of laser linewidth (this number refers to the system with the detector responsivity 1 A/W, dumping factor 0.7, and rms phase error 10°). This signal power is used for phase locking, and is, therefore, lost from the data receiver. Further, the maximum permissible laser linewidth <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta v</tex> is evaluated and for second order loops with the dumping factor 0.7 found to be 3.1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> . R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</inf> , where R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</inf> (bit/s) is the system bit rate. For <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{b} = 100</tex> Mbit/s, this leads to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta v = 31</tex> kHz. For comparison, heterodyne receivers with noncoherent postdetection processing only require <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta v = 0.72-9</tex> MHz for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{b} = 100</tex> Mbit/s. Thus, the homodyne systems impose much more stringent requirements on the laser linewidth than the heterodyne systems. However, homodyne systems have several important advantages over heterodyne systems, and the progress of laser technology may make homodyning increasingly attractive. Even today, homodyne reception is feasible with experimental external cavity lasers, which have been demonstrated to have <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta v</tex> as low as 10 kHz.
Interior/exterior classification of polygonal models (2000)

We present an algorithm for automatically classifying the interior and exterior parts of a polygonal model. The need for visualizing the interiors of objects frequently arises in medical visualization and CAD modeling. The goal of such visualizations is to display the model in a way that the human observer can easily understand the relationship between the different parts of the surface. While there exist excellent methods for visualizing surfaces that are inside one another (nested surfaces), the determination of which parts of the surface are interior is currently done manually. Our automatic method for interior classification takes a sampling approach using a collection of direction vectors. Polygons are said to be interior to the model if they are not visible in any of these viewing directions from a point outside the model. Once we have identified polygons as being inside or outside the model, these can be textured or have different opacities applied to them so that the whole model can be rendered in a more comprehensible manner. An additional consideration for some models is that they may have holes or tunnels running through them that are connected to the exterior surface. Although an external observer can see into these holes, it is often desirable to mark the walls of such tunnels as being part of the interior of a model. In order to allow this modified classification of the interior, we use morphological operators to close all the holes of the model. An input model is used together with its closed version to provide a better classification of the portions of the original model.
Effect of duration of exposure to verapamil on vincristine activity against multidrug-resistant human leukemic cell lines. (1989)

Verapamil sensitizes multidrug-resistant cell lines to various heterocyclic anticancer drugs by inhibition of energy-dependent release of drug, presumably by interaction with membrane glycoproteins involved in drug efflux. This work assessed verapamil sensitization of human multidrug-resistant lymphocytic and myeloid leukemic cell lines (CEM/VLB100, HL-60/AR) to vincristine during exposures of short duration (4 h). When cells were transferred to drug-free medium immediately after simultaneous 4-h exposures to vincristine and verapamil, the antiproliferative activity of vincristine was not altered in CEM/VLB100 cells and was only moderately increased in HL-60/AR cells. In contrast, when cells were transferred to verapamil-containing medium, vincristine activity was greatly increased against both CEM/VLB100 and HL-60/AR cells. Verapamil enhanced accumulation and inhibited release of [3H]vincristine by CEM/VLB100 and HL-60/AR cells, indicating that the sensitization was due to an increase in cell-associated vincristine after transfer of cells to vincristine-free medium. Slot blot analysis of cellular RNA with the pMDR1 probe revealed high levels of expression of the mdr1 gene in CEM/VLB100 cells but no detectable expression in HL-60/AR cells. Consistent with this finding, polypeptides (Mr 170,000 to 180,000) that were recognized by a monoclonal antibody (C219) against P-glycoprotein were greatly overexpressed in CEM/VLB100 cells, but were expressed at low levels, if at all, in HL-60/AR cells. These results demonstrate the importance of duration of exposure to verapamil in reversing multidrug resistance, not only in cells that overexpress P-glycoprotein but also in cells, such as HL-60/AR, that express little, if any, P-glycoprotein.
Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides Based on BDD Electrode Modified with Au/chitosan Fiber (2012)

Abstract The Au/chitosan fiber was firstly prepared by electrospinning and chemical reduction method and used to modify BDD electrode for the detection of methyl parathion. The results indicated that Au/chitosan fiber‐modified BDD electrode could improve the electrocatalytic activity, accelerate response, enhance the sensitivity, and reduce the detection limit, as compared with the bare BDD electrode. The repeatability and stability of Au/chitosan fiber‐modified BDD electrode was also studied. For the detection of methyl parathion in the apple juice samples, Au/chitosan fiber‐modified BDD electrode obtained favorable results and ideal recovery rate.
Generalization of floor lifting for QC-LDPC codes (2017)

The given paper presents a method for constructing a QC-LDPC code of shorter length by length adaption from a given QC-LDPC code of maximal length. The proposed method can be considered as a generalization of floor lifting. Making some offline calculation it is possible to construct a sequence of QC-LDPC codes with different circulant sizes generated from a single exponent matrix of QC-LDPC code which has the largest length. The only parameter stored in memory is a constant needed for scaling in the lifting procedure. Simulation results show that the proposed lifting method achieves around a 0.1 dB coding gain on short lengths over previous lifting approaches.
Cellular and molecular pathology of HTS: basis for treatment (2007)

ABSTRACT Hypertrophic scar and keloids are fibroproliferative disorders of the skin which occur often unpredictably, following trauma and inflammation that compromise cosmesis and function and commonly recur following surgical attempts for improvement. Despite decades of research in these fibrotic conditions, current non‐surgical methods of treatment are slow, inconvenient and often only partially effective. Fibroblasts from these conditions are activated to produce extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen I and III, proteoglycans such as versican and biglycan and growth factors, including transforming growth factor‐β and insulin like growth factor I. However, more consistently these cells produce less remodeling enzymes including collagenase and other matrix metalloproteinases, as well as the small proteoglycan decorin which is important for normal collagen fibrillogenesis. Recently, the systemic response to injury appears to influence the local healing process whereby increases in Th2 and possibly Th3 cytokines such as IL‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐10 and TGF‐β are present in the circulating lymphocytes in these fibrotic conditions. Finally, unique bone marrow derived cells including mesenchymal and endothelial stem cells as well as fibrocytes appear to traffic into healing wounds and influence the healing tissue. On this background, clinicians are faced with patients who require treatment and the pathophysiologic basis as currently understood is reviewed for a number of emerging modalities.
The feasibility of using mutation detection in ctDNA to assess tumor dynamics (2017)

For many decades it has been known that tumor DNA is shed into the blood. As a consequence of technological limitations, researchers were unable to comprehensively characterize circulating DNA. The advent of ultrasensitive and highly specific molecular assays has provided a comprehensive profile of the molecular characteristics and dynamics of circulating DNA in healthy subjects and cancer patients. With these new tools in hand, significant interest has been provoked for an innovative type of tumor biopsy termed a "liquid biopsy". Liquid biopsies are obtained by minimal invasive blood draws from cancer patients. Circulating cancer cells, exosomes and a variety of molecules contained within the liquid biopsy including cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can serve as promising tools to track cancer evolution. Attractive features of ctDNA are that ctDNA isolation is straightforward, ctDNA levels increase or decrease in response to the degree of tumor burden and ctDNA contains DNA mutations found in both primary and metastatic lesions. Consequently, the analysis of circulating DNA for cancer-specific mutations might prove to be a valuable tool for cancer detection. Moreover, the capacity to screen for ctDNA in serial liquid biopsies offers the possibility to monitor tumor progression and responses to therapy and to influence treatment decisions that ultimately may improve patient survival. Here we focus on mutation detection in ctDNA and provide an overview of the characteristics of ctDNA, detection methods for ctDNA and the feasibility of ctDNA to monitor tumor dynamics. Current challenges associate with ctDNA will also be discussed.
Cascade controller for DC/DC buck convertor (2005)

In order to deal with the increasing demand for good load and supply-voltage regulation of DC/DC convertors, a new cascade controller is proposed. The control of DC/DC buck convertor is first decomposed into a primary voltage-control loop and a secondary current-control loop. The cascade controller is then implemented based on the buck-converter settings with the dynamics of the secondary loop much faster than these of the primary loop. A robustness analysis of the cascade controller against load changes and supply changes is presented. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme over a conventional single-loop PI controller. The proposed controller can be implemented as a low-cost addon to a conventional single-loop controller. Detail design equations are presented.
Multichip Modules Including Processing: A Literature Survey. (1995)

Abstract : In a review of the literature on multichip modules (MCMs), the focus was on the types of MCMs and processes required to fabricate them. The use of MCMs for connecting integrated circuit chips can improve integration density and potentially improve speed, reliability, size, and life-cycle cost, if MCMs are fabricated in sufficient volume. Particular processes produce each MCM type. Each MCM type has advantages and drawbacks. Known good dice (or chips), proper design, and adequate production volume must be evaluated for each fabrication approach.
A critical review of multi-objective optimization in data mining (2004)

This paper addresses the problem of how to evaluate the quality of a model built from the data in a multi-objective optimization scenario, where two or more quality criteria must be simultaneously optimized. A typical example is a scenario where one wants to maximize both the accuracy and the simplicity of a classification model or a candidate attribute subset in attribute selection. One reviews three very different approaches to cope with this problem, namely: (a) transforming the original multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem by using a weighted formula; (b) the lexicographical approach, where the objectives are ranked in order of priority; and (c) the Pareto approach, which consists of finding as many non-dominated solutions as possible and returning the set of non-dominated solutions to the user. One also presents a critical review of the case for and against each of these approaches. The general conclusions are that the weighted formula approach -- which is by far the most used in the data mining literature -- is to a large extent an ad-hoc approach for multi-objective optimization, whereas the lexicographic and the Pareto approach are more principled approaches, and therefore deserve more attention from the data mining community.
Structure Based Substrate Specificity Analysis of Heparan Sulfate 6-<i>O</i>-Sulfotransferases (2016)

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated polysaccharide exhibiting essential physiological functions. HS 6-O-sulfotransferase (6-OST) transfers a sulfo group to the 6-OH position of glucosamine units to confer a variety of HS biological activities. There are three different isoforms of 6-OST in the human genome. Here, we report crystal structures of the ternary complex of 6-OST with the sulfo donor analog 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate and three different oligosaccharide substrates at 1.95 to 2.1 Å resolutions. Structural and mutational analyses reveal amino acid residues that contribute to catalysis and substrate recognition of 6-OST. Unexpectedly, the structures reveal 6-OST engages HS in a completely different orientation than other HS sulfotransferases and sheds light on the basic HS requirements for specificity. These findings also contribute structural information to understand mutations in human 6-OST isoform 1 associated with the human genetic disease idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characterized by incomplete or lack of puberty.
VERSATILITY OF THIN FILM AND THIN FILM DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES AND PARAMETERS (2017)

ABSTRACT: This article reviews and explores the basic conceptions of an intensive of thin film and deposition techniques. A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer (monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness. The prime requisite for getting sensible quality thin film is that the optimization of propaedeutic conditions viz. substrate temperature, spray rate, concentration of solution etc. This is often the foremost crucial parameter because it permits management over the scale of the droplets and their distribution over the preheated substrates. The consequences of precursor, dopants, substrate temperature, post tempering treatments, concentration etc., on the physico-chemical properties of those films are given likewise. The properties of the thin film will be simply tailored by adjusting or optimizing these conditions that successively are appropriate for a specific application. The key challenges of spray paralysis are control over the morphology and composition of product particles. It has been widely applied in the past few years.
Gemcitabine and platinum pathway pharmacogenetics in Asian breast cancer patients. (2012)

Approximately one-quarter of our Asian cohort carried SLC28A1+1528TT or TYMS+1494ins6/ins6, which are associated with increased myelotoxicity from gemcitabine/carboplatin. This has potential utility in treatment selection and genotype-based dosing strategies.
Neutralization and Ionization of High-Velocity Ions of Neon, Argon and Krypton by Collison with Similar Atoms (1932)

Rudnick's work on the measurement of the free path ${L}_{0}$ for the ionization of a helium atom and the free path ${L}_{1}$ for neutralization of a helium ion in helium, has been extended to the gases neon, argon, and krypton for the velocity range corresponding to accelerating potentials of 10,000 to 22,000 volts. With neon, the work has covered the pressure range from 0.75\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm to 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm; with argon, from 0.30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm to 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm; and with krypton, from 0.30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm to 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mm. In all cases, the free path for ionization, reduced to 760 mm pressure, is found to be approximately 6.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm. For neon, the free path for neutralization is 0.95\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm; for argon, 0.45\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm; and for krypton, 0.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm. Both free paths decrease with increasing velocity. The fraction ${F}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ of neutral atoms in the beam when the equilibrium condition is reached is approximately 0.86 for neon, 0.93 for argon, and 0.95 for krypton. This fraction decreases with increasing velocity for neon and argon but appears to increase slightly for krypton. The observed dependence of the free paths on pressure is compared with the theoretical dependence. The results obtained are compared with the low-velocity measurements of other workers and the differences discussed. The relationship of this work to Doppler effect experiments with neon and argon is considered.
Fuzzy control in telecommunications (2002)

Fuzzy logic is an excellent heuristic method to aid in coming to grips with the complexity problem in communication and computer networks. Four examples show the use of fuzzy logic in routing. (1) We show the use of explicitly available information in the form of routing tables. (2) We show the use of implicitly available information in the form of experience and heuristic knowledge in distributed networks. Then we show the use of fuzzy logic in (3) call admission control and (4) usage parameter control programs for broadband ISDN networks.
Treatment of canine osteosarcoma with surgery, carboplatin, doxorubicin and piroxicam (2004)

There is marked variation in public health publication by country in Europe. Eastern and southern European countries appear to under-invest in public health research compared with northern European countries and compared to relative health need.
A self-synchronizing and low-cost structural health monitoring scheme based on zero crossing detection (2010)

International audience
Manufacturable local interconnect technology fully compatible with titanium salicide process (2002)

Local interconnect technology has been widely accepted because of advantages such as increase of packing density and reduction of parasitics. Local interconnect technology of a new structure utilizing TiSi/sub 2/ from the reaction of Ti and polysilicon is described. The technology is fully compatible with the salicide process. Moreover, the processing offers low resistivity interconnection with low junction leakage because of its inherent structure. It is confirmed that the process is manufacturable for 0.5 mu m CMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Social issues in reproductive medicine.A national center for sexually abused women in Sweden. (1996)

Social issues in reproductive medicine.A national center for sexually abused women in Sweden.