gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
pH-Induced Unfolding of the Constant Fragment of the Immunoglobulin Light Chain: Effect of Reduction of the Intrachain Disulfide Bond (1985)

Circular dichroism and proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were made to clarify how reduction and reduction plus alkylation of the intrachain disulfide bond affect the conformation and stability of the constant (CL) fragment of the immunoglobulin light chain. The pH titration behavior of the two histidine residues in the intact CL, reduced CL, and reduced and alkylated CL fragments were followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was shown that reduction of the intrachain disulfide bond does not affect the solution conformation of the immunoglobulin fold, whereas reduction and alkylation results in extensive unfolding of the protein molecule. These results are consistent with the previous results obtained by Goto and Hamaguchi [1979) J. Biochem. 86, 1433-1441) using circular dichroism, fluorescence, and titration of SH groups. The pH-induced unfolding of the reduced CL fragment was compared with that of the intact CL fragment. The stability of the intact CL fragment to acid was much greater than that of the reduced CL fragment. The equilibria of the unfolding by acid could be explained by assuming that the same ionizable groups participate in the unfolding for the reduced CL fragment as for the intact CL fragment, and that the stability of the intact CL fragment is 100 times greater than that of the reduced CL fragment. In the alkaline pH region, the reduced CL fragment was unfolded above pH 8.5, while the intact CL fragment was not unfolded until pH 11.6. The kinetics of the unfolding by alkali of the reduced CL fragment was also studied. The unfolding by alkali of the reduced CL fragment could be explained by assuming that the reduced CL molecule can no longer adopt the folded conformation when either or both SH groups ionize.
The SCALE DRAM subsystem (2004)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance Inhibits Branching Morphogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Fetal Rat Lung<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a glycoprotein hormone required for normal male reproductive tract development; it is presumed to signal through a heteromeric complex of type I and type II receptors. MIS exposure produces a paracrine-mediated regression of the embryonic Müllerian duct with histological changes consistent with apoptosis. MIS has also been shown to inhibit fetal lung development in vitro and in vivo, although the mechanism of this inhibition is unknown. The primordial lung and gonad are anatomically proximate on embryonic day 13.5, raising the possibility of a paracrine-mediated influence of MIS in male embryos on lung as well as MIS effecting dissolution of the Müllerian duct. We hypothesized that a negative regulatory event(s) might occur in the lung, as occurs in the duct, at the onset of MIS protein expression; thus, apoptosis and branching morphogenesis were studied in explanted fetal rat lungs incubated with proteolytically activated MIS. MIS exposure resulted in reduced total lung bud number as well as lung perimeter length. Explanted lungs exposed to MIS also exhibited numerous apoptotic bodies. To assess whether this MIS-induced phenomenon in lung might be mediated by the MIS type II receptor (MIS RII), reverse transcriptase-PCR performed on multiple fetal rat lung RNA samples using oligonucleotide primers designed from the 3'-untranslated region of rat MIS RII complementary DNA showed a product of the expected size that when sequenced was nearly identical to rat MIS RII. Northern blot analysis using polyadenylated fetal rat lung RNA and a 3'-MIS RII probe revealed a 2-kilobase transcript that was also seen in testicular messenger RNA. These studies show that the putative ligand binding receptor for MIS is expressed in embryonic lung, where MIS negatively modulates branching and activates apoptosis. We speculate that the mechanism of MIS-induced inhibition of lung development in the male fetus begins with MIS binding to the MIS RII, followed by a signaling cascade resulting in delayed airway branching temporally associated with enhanced apoptosis.
Why Do Computers Stop and What Can Be Done About It? (2024)

An analysis of the failure statistics of a commercially available fault-tolerant system shows that administration and software are the major contributors to failure. Various approaches to software fault tolerance are then discussed notably process-pairs, transactions and reliable storage. It is pointed out that faults in production software are often soft (transient) and that a transaction mechanism combined with persistent process-pairs provides fault-tolerant execution – the key to software fault-tolerance.
Peptide regulation of intestinal glucose absorption. (1996)

Terminal hydrolysis of oligosaccharides at the small intestinal brush border yields monomeric glucose, most of which is then absorbed by the transepithelial route. This involves carrier-mediated processes requiring specialized functional proteins situated in the brush border (SGLT1) and basolateral (GLUT2) membranes. Glucose translocation at the enterocyte apical membrane is an active, Na(+)-dependent and saturable process, whereas exit from enterocytes is by facilitated diffusion and is energy-independent. Specific adaptation of glucose active transport occurs in response to changes in the proportion of glucose in the diet. The regulatory signals responsible for transport induction are imprecisely defined, although numerous protein hormones and gut regulatory proteins are implicated. Epidermal growth factor and peptide YY invoke up-regulation of jejunal active glucose transport in vivo. Recently, peptide YY has been shown to stimulate active glucose transport in mice without altering oxygen consumption of jejunal tissue. Several other peptides whose presence in tissues of the small bowel imply that they exert control over epithelial nutrient transport are considered, and the relevance of these physiological manipulations, with various regulatory peptides and hormones, to animal agriculture are discussed.
Elevated Glutathione Biosynthetic Capacity in the Chloroplasts of Transgenic Tobacco Plants Paradoxically Causes Increased Oxidative Stress (1999)

Glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant in most aerobic organisms, is perceived to be particularly important in plant chloroplasts because it helps to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage. In transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing a chloroplast-targeted gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS), foliar levels of GSH were raised threefold. Paradoxically, increased GSH biosynthetic capacity in the chloroplast resulted in greatly enhanced oxidative stress, which was manifested as light intensity-dependent chlorosis or necrosis. This phenotype was associated with foliar pools of both GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine (the immediate precursor to GSH) being in a more oxidized state. Further manipulations of both the content and redox state of the foliar thiol pools were achieved using hybrid transgenic plants with enhanced glutathione synthetase or glutathione reductase activity in addition to elevated levels of gamma-ECS. Given the results of these experiments, we suggest that gamma-ECS-transformed plants suffered continuous oxidative damage caused by a failure of the redox-sensing process in the chloroplast.
Brain atlas deformation in the presence of small and large space-occupying tumors (2002)

Brain atlases contain a wealth of information that could be used in radiation therapy or neurosurgical planning. Until now, however, when large space-occupying tumors and lesions drastically alter the shape of brain structures and substructures, atlas-based methods have been of limited use. In this work, we present a new technique that permits a brain atlas to be warped onto image volumes in which large lesions are present. First we show that a method previously used for atlas-based segmentation of normal brains can also be used for brains with small lesions. We then present an extension of this technique for brains with large lesions. This involves several steps: a global registration to bring the two volumes into approximate correspondence; a local registration to warp the atlas onto the patient volume; the seeding of the warped atlas with a tumor model derived from patient data; and the deformation of the seeded atlas. Global registration is performed using a mutual information criterion. The method we have used for atlas warping is derived from optical flow principles. Preliminary results obtained on real patient images are presented. These results indicate that the proposed method can be used to automatically segment structures of interest in brains with gross deformation. Potential areas of application for this method include automatic labeling of critical structures for radiation therapy and presurgical planning.
An Instantaneous Ambiguity Resolution Technique for Medium-Range GPS Kinematic Positioning (2000)

ABSTRACT: A linear combination functional model, formed from the single-differenced functional equation for baselines from a roving GPS receiver to three or more reference receivers, is proposed. In this model, the orbit bias and ionospheric delay can be eliminated, and the tropospheric delay, multipath, and observation noise can be significantly reduced. As a result, the ambiguity resolution technique that can be employed for medium-range GPS kinematic positioning is similar to that used for the short-range case. Kinematic tests have been carried out in Sydney, Australia, with distances from the nearest GPS reference stations of more than 30 km. The carrier-phase ambiguities could be resolved for every epoch with just a single epoch of data, and the success rate (correct identification of the integer ambiguities) was 100 percent. This technique is well suited to real-time precise GPS kinematic positioning.
Perception of odors and tastes in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of assessments (2017)

Olfaction and gustation are major sensory functions implied in processing environmental stimuli. Some evidences suggest that loss of olfactory function is an early biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders and atypical processing of odor and taste stimuli is present in several neurodevelopmental disorders, notably in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this paper, we conducted a systematic review investigating the assessments of olfaction and gustation with psychophysics methods in individuals with ASD. Pubmed, PMC and Sciencedirect were scrutinized for relevant literature published from 1970 to 2015. In this review, fourteen papers met our inclusion criteria. They were analyzed critically in order to evaluate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD, as well as to report the methods used to assess olfaction and gustation in such conditions. Regarding to these two senses, the overall number of studies is low. Most of studies show significant difference regarding to odor or taste identification but not for detection threshold. Overall, odor rating through pleasantness, intensity and familiarity do not differ significantly between control and individuals with ASD. The current evidences can suggest the presence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD. Therefore, our analysis show a heterogeneity of findings. This is due to several methodological limitations such as the tools used or population studied. Understanding these disorders could help to shed light on other atypical behavior in this population such as feeding or social behavior. Autism Res 2017, 0: 000-000. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1045-1057. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Griffith Court (2015)

This book is an important contribution to the fields of law, politics and to comparative constitutional law more generally.
The Synthesis of β-Sialon Bonded Corundum Bricks from Al-Si Alloy (2002)

The paper presents a new method to synthesize β-Sialon bonded corundum brick(β-SBCB) from Al-Si alloy directly and easily under 1430℃,the volume expansion of reaction between Al powder and Nitrogen can help to establish the fast diffusion channel in Al-Si alloy;the suitable crystal seed of Si3N4 is helpful to the fast synthesis of β-Sialon.
Web Cache Optimization in Semantic Based Web Search Engine (2010)

With the tremendous growth of information available to end users through the Web, search engines come to play ever a more critical role. Nevertheless, because of their general-purpose approach, it is always less uncommon that obtained result sets provide a burden of useless pages. The next-generation Web architecture, represented by the Semantic Web, provides the layered architecture possibly allowing overcoming this limitation. The ontology for multiple search engines is written such that in this search engine for single query the final result is got from multiple search engines. After getting the user query result we can use the clustering. In this clustering the user query results is formed in the a to z form, the several search engines have been proposed, which allow increasing information retrieval accuracy by exploiting a key content of Semantic Web resources, that is, relations. We can use web cache optimization in search engine to get fast retrieval of user query results. In this work I have used web cache optimization based on eviction method for semantic web search engine.
Inhibition of Cholesterol Synthesis <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> by ML‐236A and ML‐236B, Competitive Inhibitors of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐Coenzyme A Reductase (1977)

1. ML‐236A and ML‐236B, potent inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase, were readily absorbed into the liver, the major site of cholesterogenesis, after oral administration in mice; peak concentration of these inhibitors in the liver, which were attained within 60 min after administration, were 4% of the dose for ML‐236A and 10% for ML‐236B, respectively. 2. ML‐236B reduced sterol synthesis from both [ 14 C]acetate and [ 14 C]octanoate in rat liver slices to 50% of control at a concentration of 0.05 μg/ml (0.12 μM) but not that from [ 14 C]mevalonate at higher concentrations up to 1.25 μg/ml. Inhibition of sterol synthesis was also observed in liver slices obtained from rats which had previously received this compound. 3. ML‐236B was also inhibitory in vivo to cholesterol synthesis in various tissues of rats in which [ 14 C]acetate was intraperitoneally injected to the animals and labeled digitonin‐precipitable sterols synthesized were isolated and determined. Sterol synthesis in the liver was far more strongly inhibited (over 90 % at 4h after oral administration of 50 mg/kg of ML‐236B) than that in other organs tested including kidney, lung, adrenal, spleen, and testis. 4. These findings strongly suggest that hypocholesterolemic activity of ML‐236A and ML‐236B is owing largely to specific inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
Characterization of phosphorylation sites in histone H1 in the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena during different physiological states. (1988)

Histone H1 is highly phosphorylated in transcriptionally active, amitotic macronuclei of Tetrahymena during vegetative growth. However, the level of H1 phosphorylation changes dramatically in response to different physiological conditions. H1 is hyperphosphorylated in response to heat shock and during prezygotic stages of conjugation. Conversely, H1 is largely dephosphorylated during prolonged starvation and during elimination of parental macronuclei during conjugation. Mapping of phosphorylation sites within H1 indicates that phosphorylation occurs at multiple sites in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule, predominantly at threonine residues. Two of these sites have been identified by compositional analyses and microsequencing of tryptic peptides. Interestingly, two major sites contain the sequence Thr-Pro-Val-Lys similar to that contained in the sites recognized by growth-associated histone kinase in other organisms. No new sites are detected during the hyperphosphorylation of H1 which occurs during heat shock or in early stages of conjugation, and no sites are preferentially dephosphorylated during starvation or later stages of conjugation. Therefore, changes in the overall level of H1 phosphorylation, as opposed to phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at particular sites, appear to be important in the regulation of chromatin structure under these physiological conditions. Further, since no cell division or DNA replication occurs under these conditions, changes in the level of H1 phosphorylation are best correlated to changes in gene expression during heat shock, starvation, and conjugation. We suggest that, at least in Tetrahymena, H1 hyperphosphorylation is used as a rapid and transient mechanism for the cessation of transcription under conditions of cellular stress.
Preventing contamination (2008)

I recently read the article “Acinetobacter baumannii: An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen in Critical Care” (February 2008:15–26). In my experience with burn patients coming back from overseas, we put all of them in cohort status until cultures came back negative for Acinetobacter baumannii. Cultures were taken during the admission process. Burns that occurred in Iraq were contaminated with Acinetobacter baumannii at the time of injury due to dirt being embedded into the wound bed. In general we did not allow flowers, plants, balloons, or stuffed animals in the patients’ rooms because all were sources of contamination. All visitors were expected to follow the isolation procedures that were posted on the door. When a group of patients arrived at the same time they were cohorted in double rooms or even our 4-bed room. When cultures came back negative the cleared patient was moved to another room and cohort status was discontinued.
Developmental Patterns in Pine Polyembryony (1962)

Berlyn, Graeme P. (Yale U., New Haven, Conn.) Developmental patterns in pine polyembryony. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(4): 327–333. Illus. 1962.—An investigation of multiple-embryo development in pine was undertaken. The occurrence of 4 embryos per mature seed was found in approximately one third of the seeds of Pinus lambertiana and Pinus cembra examined and in a few seeds of Pinus strobus. These embryos were derivatives of the 4 embryo-initial cells of the apical tier of the proembryo. There was a progressive reduction in size and development of embryos in a given seed, the embryo furthest from the micropyle being the largest and most differentiated. However, in many cases, histogenesis proceed even when embryo size was significantly arrested. All 4 embryos in some seeds were viable in vitro, but rarely did more than one embryo germinate in vivo. This may be associated with the more rapid reactivation of the largest embryo. Variation in the extent of multiple-embryo development reflects the apparently indeterminate pattern of competition within an embryo system.
Understanding and Managing Trauma-Induced Vestibular Deficits (2021)

Trauma-induced vestibular disorders are difficult to manage, as our level of understanding of the pathology can be poor and anatomical localization can also be difficult. Accordingly, a definitive diagnosis cannot be pinpointed in many patients, but an extensive history taking is crucial to determine the nature and extent of vestibular involvement. Trauma can not only result in microtrauma to the central nervous system but can also significantly affect peripheral vestibular structures, particularly the otolith organs. The committee hopes that better understanding of trauma to the vestibular system, along with improvements in the field of radiology and vestibular assessments, will aid in more precise techniques of pinpointing pathology in order to develop an adapted treatment plan.
Interferometer based in-band OSNR monitoring of single and dual polarisation QPSK signals (2010)

The in-band OSNR of SP and DP QPSK signals were measured over a range of 10 to 21dB ±1dB using a pair of polarisation independent Michelson fibre interferometers without the requirement for prior knowledge of the signal's coherence properties.
Channeling as a method of making nanosized beams of particles (2005)

Particle channeling in a bent crystal lattice has led to an efficient instrument for beam steering at accelerators, demonstrated from MeV to TeV energies. In particular, crystal focusing of high energy protons to micron size has been demonstrated at IHEP with the results well in match with Lindhard (critical angle) prediction. Channeling in crystal microstructures has been proposed as a unique source of a microbeam of high-energy particles. Channeling in nanostructures (single-wall and multi-wall nanotubes) offers the opportunities to produce ion beams on nanoscale. Particles channeled in a nanotube (with typical diameter of about 1 nanometer) are trapped in two dimensions and can be steered (deflected, focused) with the efficiency similar to that of crystal channeling or better. This technique has been a subject of computer simulations, with experimental efforts under way in several high energy labs, including IHEP. We present the theoretical outlook for making channeling-based nanoscale ion beams and report the experience with crystal-focused microscale proton beams.
9163 家相の文献に見る樹木と方位-2 (1990)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and replication have been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bone marrow-derived cells, as well as mesenchymal and epithelial cells, were recently shown to support HBV replication. We hypothesize that the mechanism that links HBV infection and liver tumors might also promote tumor development in tissues permissive for HBV replication. Between 1980 and 1993 we retrospectively identified 22 patients who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers and had extra-hepatic malignancies. These patients had 25 tumors, of which 22 were bone marrow derived. HBsAg was detected by immunohistochemistry in bone marrow cells of leukemia patient and of 3 of 10 lymphoma patients. In addition, in 4 of 10 patients with lymphoma, including 2 patients in which HBsAg stained bone marrow cells, HBsAg was also detected in the endothelial cells of blood vessels of the tumor tissue. These results suggest that the identification of an HBV gene product in endothelial cells might point to a role of HBV infection in the development of certain hematopoietic tumors, possibly through activation of cytokines or growth factors, which may eventually lead to bone marrow cell proliferation.
A new synthesis of difluoromethanesulfonamides–a novel pharmacophore for carbonic anhydrase inhibition (2004)

Preparation of the key intermediate carboxydifluoromethanesulfonamide provides direct synthetic access to a wide range of novel difluoromethanesulfonamides, including the acetazolamide analogue (2-ethanoylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)-difluoromethanesulfonamide. Their water solubility and stability, ether partition coefficient, pK(a) and submicromolar dissociation constants for human carbonic anhydrase isozyme II (HCA II) make them promising candidates for topical glaucoma therapy.