gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VIEWPOINT: The statutory system of town planning in the UK: a call for detailed reform (1998)

The year 1997 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. This Act established what is still the basic framework of the UK statutory planning system involving development plans; development control; enforcement; and a betterment levy (of which planning gain is a vestigial survivor). The anniversary was worth celebrating. The 1947 system has 'stood the test of time'. However, although the basic structure may be sound and sensible, every detail of the system is undeniably creaking. A comprehensive overhaul is required. As a matter of urgency, we need tangible, practical and innovatory measures to modify the UK statutory system, not in its basic structure, but in its detailed components and how they interact. This is an argument for pragmatic change to a system which has become so pragmatic that it is almost incomprehensible and certainly defies attempts at rational management. Unless changes occur, and occur fast, then arguments for more fundamental restructuring, with the establishment of significantly different models of statutory planning, will be encouraged. The distinctive features of the current system, in particular flexibility and a degree of local variation and accountability, would be lost. This would be a pity. To be defensible, the system has to evolve in a way which re-establishes its credibility without losing its relevance and its advantages. This is a tough challenge, but it is one to which the professionals and the politicians committed to town and country planning must respond and respond quickly.
Safety and Shedding of an Attenuated Strain of<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>with a Deletion of<i>actA/plcB</i>in Adult Volunteers: a Dose Escalation Study of Oral Inoculation (2002)

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes bacteremia and has a tropism for the central nervous system and a propensity to cause maternofetal infection. L. monocytogenes has been shown to be an effective prophylactic and a therapeutic vaccine vector for viral and tumor antigens in animal models. L. monocytogenes mutants lacking the ActA protein, which is essential for intracellular movement, are attenuated but retain immunogenicity in mice. Given the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes, we created an attenuated mutant strain bearing double deletions in the actA and plcB virulence genes for an initial clinical safety study of a prototype L. monocytogenes vector in adults. Twenty healthy volunteers received single escalating oral doses (10(6) to 10(9) CFU, 4 volunteers per dose cohort) of this attenuated L. monocytogenes, designated LH1169. Volunteers were monitored in the hospital for 14 days with frequent clinical checks and daily blood and stool cultures, and they were monitored for six additional weeks as outpatients. There were no positive blood cultures and no fevers attributable to the investigational inoculation. Most volunteers shed vaccine bacteria for 4 days or less, without diarrhea. One volunteer had a late positive stool culture during outpatient follow-up. Three volunteers had abnormal liver function test results temporally associated with inoculation; one could be reasonably attributed to another cause. In the highest-dose cohort, humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to the investigational organism were detected in individual volunteers. Attenuated L. monocytogenes can be studied in adult volunteers without serious long-term health sequelae.
Polymeric Transfer Reagents for Organic Synthesis with Self-Control (1986)

The use of transfer polymeric reagents (PRs) as excellent acylating agents for high yield and high purity peptide synthesis is described. Three methodologies are compared: the classical solution method, the Merrifield approach and an automated (the "mediator"-shadchan) method with continuous monitoring. The utilization of PRs as general acyl transfer reagents is also elaborated. The described approaches are not limited to peptide synthesis, but may be applicable to a wide range of organic reaction types.
Epidemiology of Ocular Herpes Simplex (1989)

Over the period 1950 through 1982, 122 Rochester, Minn residents had their first episode of ocular herpes simplex virus infection, for an age- and sex-adjusted incidence of 8.4 new cases per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence intervals [CI], 6.9 to 9.9 cases). These initial episodes involved lid or conjunctiva in 54%, superficial cornea in 63%, deeper cornea in 6%, and uveitis in 4%. An additional 29 residents had episodes of ocular herpes other than their first. Altogether, these 151 residents had 294 episodes of ocular herpes simplex infection, for an adjusted incidence of 20.7 episodes per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 18.3 to 23.1 episodes). Age-adjusted rates by sex were comparable. There were no seasonal trends in incidence, but rates increased with time. On January 1, 1980, the prevalence of a history of ocular herpes simplex infection was 149 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 115 to 183).
Quadratic regularization design for fan beam transmission tomography (2005)

Statistical methods for tomographic image reconstruction have shown considerable potential for improving image quality in X-ray CT. Penalized-likelihood (PL) image reconstruction methods require maximizing an objective function that is based on the log-likelihood of the sinogram measurements and on a roughness penalty function to control noise. In transmission tomography, PL methods (and MAP methods) based on conventional quadratic regularization functions lead to nonuniform and anisotropic spatial resolution, even for idealized shift-invariant imaging systems. We have previously addressed this problem for parallel-beam emission tomography by designing data-dependent, shift-variant regularizers that improve resolution uniformity. This paper extends those methods to the fan-beam geometry used in X-ray CT imaging. Simulation results demonstrate that the new method for regularization design requires very modest computation and leads to nearly uniform and isotropic spatial resolution in the fan-beam geometry when using quadratic regularization.
Why are electron capture negative ion mass spectra not reproducible? An ion source problem (1993)

Differences in the electron capture negative ion mass spectra of environmentally related organic compounds acquired on a VG 30-250 triple quadruple mass spectrometer and on an HP 5985B gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system were investigated with respect to the ion formation process. Neither ion source temperature nor pressure was responsible for the differences. The populations of thermal electrons in both ion sources were experimentally determined and found to be similar, suggesting that electron capturing reactions should proceed with comparable efficiencies in both ion sources. The ion extraction efficiencies of the two instruments were examined by monitoring the transmission profiles of low- and high-mass ions as a function of lens potentials. Results indicated that the HP 5985B extraction lens significantly suppressed low-mass ions. Further, theoretical evaluation of ion trajectories using SIMION suggested that on the HP 5985B, low-mass ions entered the mass analyzer as a defocused beam, but high-mass ions entered the analyzer as a well-collimated beam. On the VG 30-250, low- and high-mass ions were transmitted to the analyzer with equal efficiency by the ion extraction system.
Longitudinal and Transverse <sup>1</sup>H−<sup>15</sup>N Dipolar/<sup>15</sup>N Chemical Shift Anisotropy Relaxation Interference:  Unambiguous Determination of Rotational Diffusion Tensors and Chemical Exchange Effects in Biological Macromolecules (1998)

High-resolution proton-detected heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy allows the measurement of 15N spin relaxation rates at multiple sites throughout a biological macromolecule. The rate constants are determined by stochastic internal motions on time scales of picoseconds to nanoseconds, overall molecular rotational diffusion on time scales of nanoseconds, and chemical exchange rates on time scales of microseconds to milliseconds. A new method has been developed for distinguishing the contributions of chemical exchange from the contributions due to anisotropic rotational diffusion by measuring both longitudinal and transverse interference between the 1H−15N dipolar and 15N chemical shift anisotropy interactions. The spectroscopic experiment for measuring the longitudinal cross-correlation rate constant for 1H−15N dipolar/15N chemical shift anisotropy interference is based on the approach for measuring the transverse cross-correlation rate constant (Tjandra, N.; Szabo, A.; Bax, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6986−6991) but incorporates a novel method for averaging the relaxation rates of longitudinal magnetization and two spin order. Application of this technique to Escherichia coli ribonuclease H affords an improved description of rotational diffusion anisotropy and permits a more accurate assessment of chemical exchange in this molecule. The results definitively demonstrate that amino acid residues K60 and W90 are subject to conformational exchange processes, whereas increased transverse relaxation rates for residues in the helix αD arise from anisotropic rotational diffusion.
Surplus weapons-grade plutonium: a resource for exploring and terraforming Mars (1996)

With the end of the Cold War, greater than 100 metric tons (MT) of weapons-grade plutonium (WGPu) have become surplus to defense needs in the United States and the Former Soviet Union. This paper is a proposal for an option for WGPu disposition, i.e., use of the plutonium as a fuel for nuclear reactors for Mars exploration and eventual terraforming. WGPu was used in nuclear weapons because it has a much smaller critical mass than highly enriched uranium, allowing lighter weapons with consequent longer ranges. Similarly, WGPu reactors would also require smaller amounts of fuel to attain a critical mass, making the reactor much lighter overall and resulting in large savings in launch costs. The greater than 100 MT of WGPu would generate about 1000 billion kilowatt hours of heat energy, much of which could be converted into electricity. The waste heat would also be useful to a Martian outpost or colony. A potential way of getting the WGPu reactors into space is a large gas gun like that being developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to orbit materials by achieving high velocity at the surface, greatly reducing launch costs and enhancing reliability. Reactor components would be launched on conventional rockets or space shuttles, the reactor fuel rods would be injected into orbit using the gas gun, and the reactor would be assembled in space. Implementation of this proposal would allow disposition of a serious, expensive problem on earth by removing the WGPu from the planet and simultaneously provide a very large energy resource for Mars exploration and terraforming.
Ontological Foundations for Active Information Systems (2007)

While passive information systems simply record and report on the observed states of things in the world, active information systems participate in the determination and ascription of state to things. They infer conclusions based on the application of rules that govern how things in the real world are affected when defined and identified events occur. The ontological foundations for active information systems must include constructs to represent such causal rules. Conceptualizing things and events as distinct ontological categories with existence and properties and representing them as entities at the conceptual level is sufficient for this purpose. The properties of an event include data values inherent in the event and rules that define how the states of affected things are changed when the event occurs. In this manner the state-history of a thing is represented by the sequence of events that have affected it. Future states of a thing can be predicted based on proposed or conjectured events. Such a conceptualization enables a parsimonious mapping between an active information system and the real world system it is intended to model.
Ultrastructure of Tachyzoites, Bradyzoites and Tissue Cysts of Neospora caninum (1989)

Dividing tachyzoites of Neospora caninum were 4 x 3 microns and had ultrastructural characteristics typical for the cyst-forming coccidia. Unusual ultrastructural characteristics of fully-formed tachyzoites included no micropores, 8-12 anterior and 4-6 posterior rhoptries, and a few posterior micronemes. Most tachyzoites were located free in the host cell cytoplasm; only a few occurred within a parasitophorous vacuole. Parasite multiplication appeared to be rapid because most organisms were in various stages of endodyogeny. Neural tissue cysts of N. caninum were 24.3 x 19.2 microns and contained 50-200 bradyzoites (7.3 x 1.5 microns), which lacked micropores. The cyst wall was 0.74-1.12 microns thick and consisted of the primary cyst wall (the parasitophorous vacuole membrane) and a thick granular layer with electron-dense vesicles.
Detection and Accelerated Testing of Vibration-Induced Connector Wear (1984)

Voltage drop and contact resistance, especially when the connector is at rest, are very insensitive to vibration-induced plating damage in connectors. The spectral analysis of the voltage drop, while the two members of the connector are undergoing relative sinusoidai micromotion and passing dc current, provides much more sensitive detection of wear and information about its extent. Monitoring the spectral content while inGreasing the vibration amplitude linearly with time is a potentially useful accelerated vibration life-test, although its quantitative application to the prediction of connector life for other vibration profiles is still uncertain. Gold-plated, tin-plated, and rhodium-plated printed circuit board edgecontacts, mating with commercial gold-plated socket contacts, have been investigated, with vibration parallel to the board fingers.
New supports for enzyme immobilization based on copolymers of vinylene carbonate and β‐hydroxyethylene acrylate (2001)

Abstract Vinylene carbonate (VCA), β‐hydroxyethylene acrylate, and N,N ′‐methylene bisacrylamide were dissolved in water, and the aqueous solutions were copolymerized via reverse‐phase suspension copolymerization in paraffin oil. A series of hydrophilic and beaded supports containing reactive cyclic carbonate groups for enzyme immobilization were obtained. The supports were examined by coupling with trypsin, and the results showed that the amount of enzymes coupled to the supports and the specific activity of the immobilized trypsin were related to the content of VCA structure units and the reaction time. Meanwhile, the optimal pH and temperature, as well as the Michaelis–Menten constant K m , for both native and immobilized trypsin were measured. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 94–102, 2002
Full band structure theory for I-V characteristics in resonant tunneling devices (1998)

We have developed a full band structure theory to calculate the transmission coefficients through nanostructures of semiconductor quantum wells and barriers. This method, based on a difference equation solution approach, is efficient, numerically stable, and accurate. The I-V characteristics of realistic resonant tunneling diodes are calculated, The contribution to the spatially resolved current from channels mitigated by different valleys can be followed. This feature, along with access to full band structure trends for all III-V and II-VI alloys, provides insights into materials and device structures to optimize performance. The calculated peak-to-valley ratio in GaAs-GaAlAs resonant tunneling devices agree very well with experiments.
Effects of Aging Temperature on Electrical Conductivity and Hardness of Cu-3 at. pct Ti Alloy Aged in a Hydrogen Atmosphere (2011)

To improve the balance of the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength for dilute Cu-Ti alloys by aging in a hydrogen atmosphere, the influence of aging temperature ranging from 673 K to 773 K (400 °C to 500 °C) on the properties of Cu-3 at. pct Ti alloy was studied. The Vickers hardness increases steadily with aging time and starts to fall at 3 hours at 773 K (500 °C), 10 hours at 723 K (450 °C), or over 620 hours at 673 K (400 °C), which is the same as the case of conventional aging in vacuum. The maximum hardness increases from 220 to 236 with the decrease of aging temperature, which is slightly lower than aging at the same temperature in vacuum. The electrical conductivity at the maximum hardness also increases from 18 to 32 pct of pure copper with the decrease of the temperature, which is enhanced by a factor of 1.3 to 1.5 in comparison to aging in vacuum. Thus, aging at 673 K (400 °C) in a hydrogen atmosphere renders fairly good balance of strength and conductivity, although it takes nearly a month to achieve. The microstructural changes during aging were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom-probe tomography (APT), and it was confirmed that precipitation of the Cu4Ti phase occurs first and then particles of TiH2 form as the third phase, thereby efficiently removing the Ti solutes in the matrix.
Differential cytokine expression in acute and chronic murine graft‐versus‐host‐disease (1993)

The relationship between acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is not well understood. While both syndromes appear to result from recognition of host antigens by donor T cells, their pathological changes differ markedly. In light of the recent concept that helper T cells (Th) may be divided into two types based on their cytokine secretion profile and their ability to mediate cellular (Th1) or humoral (Th2) immunity, and considering the inflammatory nature of acute GVHD and the occurrence of significant B cell activation in chronic GVHD, we hypothesized that acute and chronic GVHD may be associated with differential cytokine production by activated T cells. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed expression of a range of cytokines in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 (B6D2F1) recipients of C57BL/6 (acute GVHD), DBA/2 (chronic GVHD) or B6D2F1 (control) spleen cells. The results reported here indicate that a wide range of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, are indeed differentially expressed in acute and chronic GVHD and support the concept that the pathology peculiar to acute or chronic GVHD may arise due to differential cytokine expression by activated T cells.
Does public spending crowd out private investment?: evidence from a panel of 14 OECD countries (1995)

This paper is concerned with the empirical relationship between government spending and private investment. A panel of 14 OECD countries is used. We present evidence which suggests the existence of a significant crowding-in effect of private investment by public investment, through the positive impact of infrastructure on private investment productivity. Moreover, government consumption appears to crowd out private investment. The implications of these results are of foremost importance when it comes to fiscal consolidation. Deficit reductions engineered through cuts in public investment could severely impinge upon private capital accumulation and growth prospects.
F-61 Polycapillary Based Confocal Detection Schemes for XRF Micro and Nano-Spectroscopy (2009)

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Marker-aided selection and propagation systems in trees: advantages of cloning for studying quantitative inheritance (1992)

Genetic maps with a high density of markers have been used to locate discrete Mendelian components of quantitatively inherited traits in a few crop plants. In principle, a similar approach can be used to map economically important quantitative trait loci in trees; however, tree pedigrees and propagation systems are quite different from those used in crops. Recent theoretical work suggests that clonal propagation of advanced generation offspring from pedigrees segregating for molecular marker genotype, and with substantial segregating variation in the phenotype(s) of interest, is an effective strategy for linkage analysis of polygenic traits. The successful application of marker-aided selection to tree improvement depends upon precise estimation of phenotypic variation attributable to marker genotype even when heritability is low, and clonal testing is the best experimental design to achieve this goal. For many practical reasons (including replication of plantations in time and space, destructive sampling, or sharing known genotypes with other researchers), clonal propagation maximizes the benefits from genome mapping efforts.
Observations on Eating Patterns and Rate of Food Passage of Birds Fed Pelleted and Unpelleted Diets (1962)

INCREASING the density of diets by pelleting has long been known to result in an increased growth rate and feed efficiency in birds. Experiments have been conducted in our laboratory in an attempt to determine the basis for the growth response. Allred et al. (1957a, b) concluded, that part of the response to pelleting was due to factors other than physical form, because significant growth responses were still obtained after regrinding the pellets. Subsequent studies have shown that even though small significant responses were obtained by feeding ground pellets, a much greater response was obtained by feeding whole pellets. Therefore, the greater portion of the growth response obtained by pelleting feeds apparently is accounted for by increased density. It has been a general observation that birds fed pellets can eat a given quantity of feed in a much shorter time than those fed mash. Burmeister and Card (as quoted by …
In vivo <sup>1</sup>H magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the rat spinal cord using an inductively‐coupled chronically implanted RF coil (2001)

An inductively coupled, chronically implanted short-solenoid coil was used to obtain in vivo localized 1H NMR spectra and diffusion-weighted images from a rat spinal cord. A 5 x 8 mm two-turn elliptically shaped solenoid coil was implanted in rats at the site of a T-12 vertebral-level laminectomy. Excitation was achieved solely by a 3 x 3 cm external surface coil, and signal detection was achieved by inductively coupling the external coil to the implanted coil. The image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained with the inductively-coupled implanted coil was compared with that obtained using a linear or a quadrature external surface coil. The implanted coil provided a gain by over a factor of 3 in SNR. The implanted coil was used to measure localized 1H spectra in vivo at the T13/L1 spinal-cord level within a 1.85 x 1.85 x 4.82 mm (16.5 microL) volume. With 256 averages, a approximately 3-s repetition delay and respiratory gating, a high-quality spectrum was acquired in 13 min. In addition, water translational diffusion was measured in three orthogonal directions using a stimulated-echo imaging sequence, with a short echo time (TE), to produce a quantitative map of diffusion in a rat spinal cord in vivo.