gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, fabrication and thermomechanical testing of a vertical bimorph sensor in the wafer plane (2004)

A bimetallic recurve device was designed, fabricated and tested as a temperature sensor. The device is to be used for sensing temperatures up to 300 C inside oil wells for downhole condition monitoring. Continuous downhole measurements at high temperatures and pressures are required to monitor conditions downhole instruments are exposed to during use. Currently mercury thermometers and resistive temperature detectors (RTD) are used for downhole temperature measurements. Microsensors have potential application downhole, due to their small size and inherent robustness. The principle of a bimetallic beam was used to measure temperature. A bimetallic beam deflects with changes in temperature due to differential thermal expansion of the two materials in the beam. Analytical and numerical models were developed for parametric analysis of recurve thermomechanical elements. Invar was electrodeposited with the desired ratio through the depth of the structures of Ni to Fe as 36%:64%. Prototype recurve structures were fabricated using the LIGA microfabrication process. X-ray masks were designed and fabricated to improve the alignment process. A substrate containing twelve different devices was fabricated using a two mask process, with eleven of the structures successfully released. Recurve structures 8 mm long with a 500 µm X 100 µm cross-sections were tested using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The prototypes were loaded at room temperature and a heating rate of 10 C/min was applied in 20 C steps, with a one minute hold at each step for deflection measurement, until the temperature reached 300 C. The deflection was measured using a probe tip resting against the sample with a force of 0.0001N. Deflection increased linearly to a maximum deflection of 65 µm at a temperature of 200 C. With further increase in temperature, the deflection was found to decrease linearly. The Curie effect was hypothesized to influence this behavior of the Invar alloy. The analytical model of the bimetallic recurve beam with the given experimental conditions and nominal dimensions predicted a maximum free deflection of 54.17 µm at 200 C. Differences were attributed to differences between the experimental conditions and model assumptions.
Efficiency and frequency of grafting of methyl methacrylate to granular corn starch (1964)

Abstract PMMA content of graft copolymers with granular starch can be determined by acid hydrolysis with sufficient precision to allow reasonable estimates of efficiency and frequency of grafting. Preparation of the graft copolymer by initiation of methyl methacrylate with hydrogen peroxide and activators results in products containing long PMMA side chains attached to the starch at very infrequent intervals, but the length and frequency of attachment can be varied considerably by changes in the ratios of reactants. The highest frequency achieved was with PMMA of number‐average molecular weight of about 30,000, attached at a frequency of one chain per 230–250 glucose units in the starch. Under the more favorable conditions, oxidized starch yielded product of significantly more frequent grafting than did unmodified starch. Gradual addition of monomer, initiator, and activator to the starch slurry gave slightly higher frequency of grafting than did complete addition of all reactants at the start of the polymerization.
Influence of Molecular Geometry of Perylene Diimide Dimers and Polymers on Bulk Heterojunction Morphology Toward High‐Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells (2015)

In this study, we investigate the influence of molecular geometry of the donor polymers and the perylene diimide dimers (di‐PDIs) on the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology in the nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). The results reveal that the pseudo 2D conjugated poly[4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐carboxylate‐2‐6‐diyl)] (PTB7‐Th) has better miscibility with both bay‐linked di‐PDI (B‐di‐PDI) and hydrazine‐linked di‐PDI (H‐di‐PDI) compared to its 1D analog, poly[[4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl][3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7), to facilitate more efficient exciton dissociation in the BHJ films. However, the face‐on oriented π–π stacking of PTB7‐Th is severely disrupted by the B‐di‐PDI due to its more flexible structure. On the contrary, the face‐on oriented π–π stacking is only slightly disrupted by the H‐di‐PDI, which has a more rigid structure to provide suitable percolation pathways for charge transport. As a result, a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.41% is achieved in the PTB7‐Th:H‐di‐PDI derived device. This study shows that it is critical to pair suitable polymer donor and di‐PDI‐based acceptor to obtain proper BHJ morphology for achieving high PCE in the nonfullerene PSCs.
Delivering strong <sup>1</sup> H nuclear hyperpolarization levels and long magnetic lifetimes through signal amplification by reversible exchange (2017)

Hyperpolarization turns typically weak NMR and MRI responses into strong signals so that ordinarily impractical measurements become possible. The potential to revolutionize analytical NMR and clinical diagnosis through this approach reflect this area's most compelling outcomes. Methods to optimize the low-cost <i>para</i>hydrogen-based approach signal amplification by reversible exchange with studies on a series of biologically relevant nicotinamides and methyl nicotinates are detailed. These procedures involve specific <sup>2</sup>H labeling in both the agent and catalyst and achieve polarization lifetimes of <i>ca</i> 2 min with 50% polarization in the case of methyl-4,6-<i>d<sub>2</sub></i> -nicotinate. Because a 1.5-T hospital scanner has an effective <sup>1</sup>H polarization level of just 0.0005% this strategy should result in compressed detection times for chemically discerning measurements that probe disease. To demonstrate this technique's generality, we exemplify further studies on a range of pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and isonicotinamide analogs that feature as building blocks in biochemistry and many disease-treating drugs.
Selecting Points of Interest in Traces Using Patterns of Events (2015)

Over the past few years, the architecture of supercomputing platforms has evolved towards more complexity: multicore processors attached to multiple memory banks are now combined with accelerators. Exploiting such architecture often requires to mix programming models (MPI + CUDA for instance). As a result, understanding the performance of an application has become tedious. The use of performance analysis tools, such as tracing tools, now becomes unavoidable to optimize a parallel application. However, analyzing a trace file composed of millions of events requires a tremendous amount of work in order to spot the cause of the poor performance of an application. In this paper, we propose mechanisms for assisting application developers in their exploration of trace files. We propose an algorithm for detecting repetitive patterns of events in trace files. Thanks to this algorithm, a trace can be viewed as loops and groups of events instead of the usual representation as a sequential list of events. We also propose a method to filter traces in order to eliminate duplicated information and to highlight points of interest. These mechanisms allow the performance analysis tool to pre-select the subsets of the trace that are more likely to contain useful information. We implemented the proposed mechanism in the EZTrace performance analysis framework and the experiments show that detecting patterns in various benchmarking applications is done in reasonable time, even when the trace contains millions of events. We also show that the filtering process can reduce the quantity of information in the trace that the user has to analyze by up to 99 %.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Metastatic Mediastinal Lymph Nodes during Cooling and Temperature Monitoring of the Tracheal Mucosa to Prevent Thermal Tracheal Damage: Initial Experience (2005)

Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were obtained. Radiofrequency ablation in a total of 10 sessions was performed for each mediastinal lymph node metastasis from esophageal cancer that had a mean largest diameter of 2.2 cm +/- 0.6 (standard deviation) in seven male patients (mean age, 59 years). During ablation, cooling and temperature of the tracheal mucosa were monitored in the proper position in eight of the 10 sessions; in the other two sessions, monitoring was not done because of tracheal stenosis (perforation resulted). Three of the four lymph nodes that were 2.0 cm or smaller in largest diameter showed no evidence of local progression for at least 1 year since ablation; all three of the nodes greater than 2.0 cm in largest diameter progressed within 6 months. The 1-year survival rate was 60%; the median survival time was 13 months. Radiofrequency ablation may be effective for local control of small metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes, and cooling and temperature monitoring of the tracheal mucosa in the proper position may prevent thermal tracheal damage.
High-efficiency coupling of laser diodes in tapered proton-exchanged waveguides (1990)

Low-loss coupling between a laser diode and a tapered waveguide fabricated by selective area proton-exchange in LiNbO3 is reported. The effectiveness of this waveguide is demonstrated by generating 12.3 mW of second harmonic blue light pulse by Cerenkov radiation.
Discovery of a Covalent Kinase Inhibitor from a DNA-Encoded Small-Molecule Library × Protein Library Selection (2017)

We previously reported interaction determination using unpurified proteins (IDUP), a method to selectively amplify DNA sequences encoding ligand:target pairs from a mixture of DNA-linked small molecules and unpurified protein targets in cell lysates. In this study, we applied IDUP to libraries of DNA-encoded bioactive compounds and DNA-tagged human kinases to identify ligand:protein binding partners out of 32 096 possible combinations in a single solution-phase library × library experiment. The results recapitulated known small molecule:protein interactions and also revealed that ethacrynic acid is a novel ligand and inhibitor of MAP2K6 kinase. Ethacrynic acid inhibits MAP2K6 in part through alkylation of a nonconserved cysteine residue. This work validates the ability of IDUP to discover ligands for proteins of biomedical relevance.
Quantitative analysis of 1,3-butadiene‐induced DNA adducts in vivo and in vitro using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (1998)

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a high volume industrial chemical which is known as a multi-site rodent carcinogen and is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Covalent interactions of the reactive epoxy metabolites of BD with DNA lead to the formation of DNA adducts which may cause mutations and tumor formation. In the present work, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed for analyses of BD-induced DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using the fragmentation of the [M+H]+ ions of the adducts to the corresponding protonated nucleobases under collision-induced dissociation was performed. Quantitation was based on isotope dilution with 13C- and 15N-labeled internal standards. The methods were applied in vitro [calf thymus DNA and TK6 cell cultures treated with epoxy metabolites of BD, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) and diepoxybutane (DEB)] and in vivo [DNA isolated from tissues of BD-exposed laboratory animals]. Two regioisomers of N-7-EB-guanine adducts, N-7-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)guanine (N-7-EB-Gua I) and N-7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (N-7-EB-Gua II) and two N-3-EB-adenine isomers, N-3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)adenine and N-3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)adenine (N-3-EB-Ade I and II), were found in EB-exposed samples. N-7-(2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybut-1′-yl)guanine (N-7-THB-Gua), N6-(2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybut-1′-yl)adenine (N6-THB-Ade), and N-3-(2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybut-1′-yl)adenine (N-3-THB-Ade) were detected in DEB-treated DNA. DNA isolated from liver and lung of rats and mice exposed to 1250 ppm BD for 2 weeks contained both regioisomers of N-7-EB-Gua and N-3-EB-Ade, as well as N-7-THB-Gua and N6-THB-Ade. The methods developed in this work provide the means to study accumulation, repair and dose–response relationships of BD–DNA adducts in vivo. Although less sensitive than gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-HRMS), LC/ESI+-MS/MS in the SRM mode is extremely useful for analysis of BD–DNA adducts, which are not amenable to GC and derivatization owing to the presence of several adjacent polar functional groups. Using LC/ESI-MS/MS and isotope dilution, multiple structurally diverse BD–DNA adducts can be analyzed simultaneously in the same sample with minimal sample preparation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LICRED: A Versatile Drop‐In Vector for Rapid Generation of Redox‐Self‐Sufficient Cytochrome P450s (2010)

Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a family of haem-containing oxidases with considerable potential as tools for industrial biocatalysis. Organismal genomes are revealing thousands of gene sequences that encode P450s of as yet unknown function, the exploitation of which will require high-throughput tools for their isolation and characterisation. In this report, a ligationindependent cloning vector "LICRED" is described that enables the high-throughput generation of libraries of redox-self-sufficient P450s by fusing a range of P450 haem domains to the reductase of P450RhF (RhF-Red) in a robust and generically applicable way. Cloning and expression of fusions of RhF-Red with the haem domains of P450cam and P450-XplA resulted in soluble, active, redox-self-sufficient, chimeric enzymes. In vitro studies also revealed that electron transfer from NADPH to haem was primarily intramolecular. The general applicability of the LICRED platform was then demonstrated through the creation of a library of RhF-Red fusion constructs by using the diverse complement of P450 haem domains identified in the genome of Nocardia farcinica. The resultant fusion-protein library was then screened against a panel of substrates; this revealed chimeric enzymes competent for the hydroxylation of testosterone and methyltestosterone, and the dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin.
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) and its inhibitors (2017)

Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1, EC 3.1.4.1) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the NPP family, which comprises seven subtypes (NPP1-7). NPP1 hydrolyzes a wide range of phosphodiester bonds, <i>e.g.</i> in nucleoside triphosphates, (cyclic) dinucleotides, and nucleotide sugars yielding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates as products. Its main substrate is ATP which is cleaved to AMP and diphosphate. The enzyme is involved in various biological processes including bone mineralization, soft-tissue calcification, insulin receptor signalling, cancer cell proliferation and immune modulation. Therefore, NPP1 inhibitors have potential as novel drugs, <i>e.g.</i> for (immuno)oncology. In the last two decades several inhibitors of NPP1 derived from nucleotide- or non-nucleotide scaffolds have been developed. The most potent and selective NPP1-inhibitory substrate analog is adenosine 5'-α,β-methylene-γ-thiotriphosphate (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 20 nM <i>vs. p</i>-Nph-5'-TMP, human membrane-bound NPP1). Non-nucleotide-derived NPP1 inhibitors comprise polysulfonates, polysaccharides, polyoxometalates and small heterocyclic compounds. The polyoxometalate [TiW<sub>11</sub>CoO<sub>40</sub>]<sup>8-</sup> (PSB-POM141) is the most potent and selective NPP1 inhibitor described to date (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 1.46 nM <i>vs.</i> ATP, human soluble NPP1); it displays an allosteric mechanism of inhibition and represents a useful pharmacological tool for evaluating the potential of NPP1 as a novel drug target.
Fluid substitution; estimating change in V p without knowing V s (1995)

Abstract Two methods are presented for estimating the change of seismic P-wave velocity that accompanies pore fluid changes in a rock in the common situation when S-wave velocity is unknown. In contrast, Gassmann's relation operates on the rock bulk modulus, which can only be calculated when both V P and V S are measured. The first method operates directly on the P-wave modulus and is equivalent to replacing the bulk moduli of the rock and mineral in Gassmann's relation with the corresponding P-wave moduli. The second method uses a graphical construction to estimate the decomposition of the measured P-wave modulus into bulk and shear moduli, which then allows the conventional Gassmann's formula to be used. When applied to a large set of sandstone data, the predictions of both methods, computed with V P only, are within a few percent of the Gassmann's relation, using both V P and V S .
Synthesis and evaluation of hexafluorodimethylcarbinol functionalized polymers as microsensor coatings (1991)

Abstract Polystyrenes, polyacrylates, and poly(3,4‐isoprenes) incorporating the hexafluorodimethylcarbinol functionality have been synthesized, characterized, and tested as microsensor coatings on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapor absorption sensitivity. The syntheses involved monomer functionalization and polymerization or hexafluoroacetone reaction with preformed polymer. All fluoroalcohol functionalized polymer coatings displayed sub parts per million level sensitivity with the slope of the absorption isotherm steepest at low DMMP concentrations. The order of sensitivity for the isomeric polystyrene fluoroalcohols ( meta > para ≫ ortho ) paralleled that of the relative free hydroxyl to hydrogen‐bonded hydroxyl content. Strong hydrogen bonding between the fluoroalcohol polymers and DMMP vapor was observed by IR spectroscopy. Acylation of the fluoroalcohol group markedly reduced the DMMP sensitivity.
The <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex  (2010)

Chlorella variabilis NC64A, a unicellular photosynthetic green alga (Trebouxiophyceae), is an intracellular photobiont of Paramecium bursaria and a model system for studying virus/algal interactions. We sequenced its 46-Mb nuclear genome, revealing an expansion of protein families that could have participated in adaptation to symbiosis. NC64A exhibits variations in GC content across its genome that correlate with global expression level, average intron size, and codon usage bias. Although Chlorella species have been assumed to be asexual and nonmotile, the NC64A genome encodes all the known meiosis-specific proteins and a subset of proteins found in flagella. We hypothesize that Chlorella might have retained a flagella-derived structure that could be involved in sexual reproduction. Furthermore, a survey of phytohormone pathways in chlorophyte algae identified algal orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling, suggesting that these functions were established prior to the evolution of land plants. We show that the ability of Chlorella to produce chitinous cell walls likely resulted from the capture of metabolic genes by horizontal gene transfer from algal viruses, prokaryotes, or fungi. Analysis of the NC64A genome substantially advances our understanding of the green lineage evolution, including the genomic interplay with viruses and symbiosis between eukaryotes.
Conditions Leading to Pediatric Cardiology Consultation in a Tertiary Academic Hospital (2004)

Although a variety of conditions were assessed, some were encountered more frequently. Future educational curricula developed for cardiac training of pediatric residents should appropriately emphasize conditions necessitating consultation.
Fast dynamic execution offloading for efficient mobile cloud computing (2013)

In order to meet the increasing demand for high performance in smartphones, recent studies suggested mobile cloud computing techniques that aim to connect the phones to adjacent powerful cloud servers to throw their computational burden to the servers. These techniques often employ execution offloading schemes that migrate a process between machines during its execution. In execution offloading, code regions to be executed on the server are decided statically or dynamically based on the complex analysis on execution time and process state transfer time of every region. Expectedly, the transfer time is a deciding factor for the success of execution offloading. According to our analysis, it is dominated by the total size of heap objects transferred over the network. But previous work did not try hard to minimize this size. Thus in this paper, we introduce novel techniques based on compiler code analysis that effectively reduce the transferred data size by transferring only the essential heap objects. The experiments exhibit that the reduced size positively influences not only the transfer time itself but also the overall effectiveness of execution offloading, and ultimately, improves the performance of our mobile cloud computing significantly in terms of execution time and power consumption.
Sensitivity and Specificity of the Head-Shaking Test for Detecting Vestibular System Abnormalities (1990)

The head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) test has been reported to be a sensitive screening test for the presence of peripheral and central vestibular system disease. Previous investigations have utilized few subjects who were drawn from well-defined patient populations. The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: first, to determine the prevalence of HSN in a large unselected population of dizzy patients seen in an otology and neurotology practice, and second, to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this evaluation in the detection of vestibular system abnormalities as reflected by results of electronystagmography and rotary chair testing. The results of the investigation have suggested that the HSN test has a 27% sensitivity and an 85% specificity. The HSN test yields an acceptable number of false positives (15%) and an unacceptably large number of false negatives (73%).
Deterministic passive mode locking of solid-state lasers (1981)

An additional passive modulation is inserted in the cavity of a passive mode-locked Nd:glass laser in order to provide the conditions for a complete selectivity of the system. A rate equation approach shows that a stationary condition is reached in which only one pulse of the original fluctuation pattern is left. Computed simulations and experimental results are also shown confirming the theoretical predictions.