gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive precision pooling of model neuron activities predicts the efficiency of human visual learning (2009)

When performing a perceptual task, precision pooling occurs when an organism's decisions are based on the activities of a small set of highly informative neurons. The Adaptive Precision Pooling Hypothesis links perceptual learning and decision making by stating that improvements in performance occur when an organism starts to base its decisions on the responses of neurons that are more informative for a task than the responses that the organism had previously used. We trained human subjects on a visual slant discrimination task and found their performances to be suboptimal relative to an ideal probabilistic observer. Why were subjects suboptimal learners? Our computer simulation results suggest a possible explanation, namely that there are few neurons providing highly reliable information for the perceptual task, and that learning involves searching for these rare, informative neurons during the course of training. This explanation can account for several characteristics of human visual learning, including the fact that people often show large differences in their learning performances with some individuals showing no performance improvements, other individuals showing gradual improvements during the course of training, and still others showing abrupt improvements. The approach described here potentially provides a unifying framework for several theories of perceptual learning including theories stating that learning is due to adaptations of the weightings of read-out connections from early visual representations, external noise filtering or internal noise reduction, increases in the efficiency with which learners encode task-relevant information, and attentional selection of specific neural populations which should undergo adaptation.
Real-time rendering and dynamic updating of 3-d volumetric data (2011)

A dense 3-d terrain model obtained using reconstruction methods from aerial images is represented in a probabilistic volumetric framework. The choice of probabilistic representation is to represent inherent ambiguity in reconstruction of surface from images. Such probabilistic representation handles the ambiguity very well but leads to expensive dense volumetric storage. The area coverage required for building 3-d models varies from half a square kilometer to thousands of kilometers. Extensive computational resources are required for rendering and building such large models. Existing methods for rendering 3-d models typically cater to mesh models only and also lack strategies to dynamically update the models due to memory intensive operations conventionally better suited for CPUs. This paper proposes a novel OpenCL implementation catering to both GPUs and CPUs for real-time visualizing as well as updating, and dynamic restructuring of dense volumetric models for 3-d terrain. The major contributions of this paper are hybrid representation of grid and octrees, bit-based representation of octrees, randomization of data to enable parallelization of an otherwise serial strategy for subdividing octrees, real-time rendering of dense volumetric data and segmentation algorithm for minimizing global memory access in GPUs. The ideas and implementations proposed could potentially be used in different applications.
Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits controls refined locomotion after complete spinal cord injury (2014)

Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits allows high-fidelity control over leg movements in paralyzed rats.
A class-G dual-supply switched-capacitor power amplifier in 65nm CMOS (2012)

A digitally-controlled switched-capacitor RF power amplifier (SCPA) that uses a dual-supply voltage, class-G architecture is implemented in 65nm CMOS. It implements signal envelope digital-to-analog conversion using switching functions controlled by digital logic to achieve superior efficiency and linearity at output power backoff. The SCPA delivers a peak (average) output power of 24.3 (16.8) dBm with a peak (average) PAE of 44% (33%) for an IEEE 802.11g signal (64 QAM OFDM) with a measured EVM of 2.9 % in the 2.4 GHz band. No digital predistortion was necessary because of the superior linearity.
Review: <i>in vitro</i> microvessel models (2015)

A wide range of perfusable microvessel models have been developed, exploiting advances in microfabrication, microfluidics, biomaterials, stem cell technology, and tissue engineering. These models vary in complexity and physiological relevance, but provide a diverse tool kit for the study of vascular phenomena and methods to vascularize artificial organs. Here we review the state-of-the-art in perfusable microvessel models, summarizing the different fabrication methods and highlighting advantages and limitations.
Activity of a New Cephalosporin, CXA-101 (FR264205), against β-Lactam-Resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Mutants Selected <i>In Vitro</i> and after Antipseudomonal Treatment of Intensive Care Unit Patients (2010)

CXA-101, previously designated FR264205, is a new antipseudomonal cephalosporin. We evaluated the activity of CXA-101 against a highly challenging collection of beta-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants selected in vitro and after antipseudomonal treatment of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The in vitro mutants investigated included strains with multiple combinations of mutations leading to several degrees of AmpC overexpression (ampD, ampDh2, ampDh3, and dacB [PBP4]) and porin loss (oprD). CXA-101 remained active against even the AmpD-PBP4 double mutant (MIC = 2 microg/ml), which shows extremely high levels of AmpC expression. Indeed, this mutant showed high-level resistance to all tested beta-lactams, except carbapenems, including piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ), aztreonam (ATM), ceftazidime (CAZ), and cefepime (FEP), a cephalosporin considered to be relatively stable against hydrolysis by AmpC. Moreover, CXA-101 was the only beta-lactam tested (including the carbapenems imipenem [IMP] and meropenem [MER]) that remained fully active against the OprD-AmpD and OprD-PBP4 double mutants (MIC = 0.5 microg/ml). Additionally, we tested a collection of 50 sequential isolates that were susceptible or resistant to penicillicins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, or fluoroquinolones that emerged during treatment of ICU patients. All of the mutants resistant to CAZ, FEP, PTZ, IMP, MER, or ciprofloxacin showed relatively low CXA-101 MICs (range, 0.12 to 4 microg/ml; mean, 1 to 2 microg/ml). CXA-101 MICs of pan-beta-lactam-resistant strains ranged from 1 to 4 microg/ml (mean, 2.5 microg/ml). As described for the in vitro mutants, CXA-101 retained activity against the natural AmpD-PBP4 double mutants, even when these exhibited additional overexpression of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump. Therefore, clinical trials are needed to evaluate the usefulness of CXA-101 for the treatment of P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant isolates that emerge during antipseudomonal treatments.
Reaction null-space control of flexible structure mounted manipulator systems (1999)

A composite control law for end-effector path tracking with a flexible structure mounted manipulator system is proposed, such that no disturbances on the flexible base are induced. The control law is based on the reaction null-space concept introduced earlier to tackle dynamic interaction problems of free-floating robots, or moving base robots in general. The control law is called composite since it ensures base vibration suppression control as well, although independently of the reactionless motion control subtask. The requirement of task independence is essential to avoid the appearance of complex dynamics expressions in the control law, such as nonlinear velocity-dependent coupling terms and dependencies of inertias on the elastic coordinates. We present experimental data from computer simulations and the experimental test bed TREP developed at Tohoku university. The experimental data is shown to agree well with theory.
Pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG Laser Therapy for Noninvasive Treatment of a Massive Hemangioma: Case Report (1999)

The author concludes that in carefully selected cases Nd:YAG laser therapy can be used to treat large hemangiomas whose size poses risks with surgical and other treatments.
Blood Pressure Lowering for the Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease (1997)

Cerebrovascular disease and high blood pressure both appear to increase the risk of vascular dementia. PROGRESS aims to investigate whether blood pressure lowering with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-based regimen will reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. A total of at least 6000 patients will be randomised to receive perindopril (± indapamide) or matching placebo(s), with treatment and follow-up scheduled to continue for at least 4 years. Substudies will investigate the effects of treatment on cognitive decline in subgroups defined by apo-E genotype and on white matter lesions assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Final results from the study should be available in 2001.
Long-Lived Antibubbles: Stable Antibubbles through Pickering Stabilization (2011)

Antibubbles, which are liquid droplets surrounded by a thin shell of gas in a liquid phase, have several promising applications, among which is encapsulation. A major hurdle toward these applications has hitherto been the inherent instability of antibubbles, leading to lifetimes of at most minutes. Here we show the production of antibubbles with a lifetime of at least tens of hours, with their stability stemming from the adsorption of colloidal particles at gas-water interfaces. Antibubbles were produced by coating aqueous droplets with hydrophobic colloidal particles, gelling the droplets, and then dropping them into an aqueous colloidal suspension. This resulted in the formation of antibubbles with a long lifetime, also after the melting of the gel.
Effects of apoA-V on HDL and VLDL metabolism in APOC3 transgenic mice (2007)

Apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) and apoC-III are exchangeable constituents of VLDL and HDL. ApoA-V counteracts the effect of apoC-III on triglyceride (TG) metabolism with poorly defined mechanisms. To better understand the effects of apoA-V on TG and cholesterol metabolism, we delivered apoA-V cDNA into livers of hypertriglyceridemic APOC3 transgenic mice by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. In response to hepatic apoA-V production, plasma TG levels were reduced significantly as a result of enhanced VLDL catabolism without alternations in VLDL production. This effect was associated with reduced apoC-III content in VLDL. Increased apoA-V production also resulted in decreased apoC-III and increased apoA-I content in HDL. Furthermore, apoA-V-enriched HDL was associated with enhanced LCAT activity and increased cholesterol efflux. This effect, along with apoE enrichment in HDL, contributed to HDL core expansion and alpha-HDL formation, accounting for significant increases in both the number and size of HDL particles. As a result, apoA-V-treated APOC3 transgenic mice exhibited decreased VLDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol levels. ApoA-V-mediated reduction of apoC-III content in VLDL represents an important mechanism by which apoA-V acts to ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia in adult APOC3 transgenic mice. In addition, increased apoA-V levels accounted for cholesterol redistribution from VLDL to larger HDL particles. These data suggest that in addition to its TG-lowering effect, apoA-V plays a significant role in modulating HDL maturation and cholesterol metabolism.
Cloning and expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of the obtusifoliol 14α‐demethylase of <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench, a cytochrome P450 orthologous to the sterol 14α‐demethylases (CYP51) from fungi and mammals (1997)

Obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench has been cloned using a gene-specific probe generated using PCR primers designed from an internal 14 amino acid sequence. The sequence identifies sorghum obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase as a cytochrome P450 and it is assigned to the CYP51 family together with the sterol 14 alpha-demethylases from fungi and mammals. The presence of highly conserved regions in the amino acid sequences, analogous substrates and the same metabolic role demonstrate that the sterol 14 alpha-demethylases are orthologous enzymes. The sterol 14 alpha-demethylases catalyse an essential step in sterol biosynthesis as evidenced by the absence of a 14 alpha-methyl group in all known functional sterols. A functional sorghum obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and purified using an efficient method based on temperature-induced Triton X-114 phase partitioning. The recombinant purified enzyme produced a type I spectrum with obtusifoliol as substrate. Reconstitution of purified recombinant enzyme with sorghum NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in dilaurylphosphatidylcholine micelles confirms that obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase catalyses the 14 alpha-demethylation of obtusifoliol to 4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-ergosta-8, 14,24(28)-trien-3 beta-ol as evidenced by GC-MS. The isolation of a cDNA clone encoding the plant sterol 14 alpha-demethylase, combined with the previously isolated cDNA clones for fungal and mammalian sterol 14 alpha-demethylases, provides an important tool in the rational design of specific inhibitors towards the individual sterol 14 alpha-demethylases.
On the Enhancement of the Thermal Contact Conductance: Effect of Loading History (1999)

Abstract A resistance to heat flow exists at the junction of two surfaces. It has long been recognized that there exists a hysteresis effect, that is, the value of thermal contact resistance in the unloading process is less than that in the loading process at the same load. However, little work has been done in utilizing this phenomenon to enhance the thermal contact conductance. The present experimental work investigated the effect of loading history; in particular the number of load cycles and overloading pressure, on the thermal contact conductance. It was found that the value of the thermal contact conductance might be enhanced by up to 51 percent. A cost-effective way of enhancing the contact conductance is suggested. [S0022-1481(00)01601-7]
Expression of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells from patients at different stages of disease progression. (1991)

We have previously found that isolated B-CLL cells from progressive disease produce less interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) as compared with cells from patients with indolent disease. Here we extend that finding to include measurements of IL-1 beta mRNA and secretion of IL-1 alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6). As before, a lower production of IL-1 beta was found in cells from progressive disease. IL-6 was produced by cells from patients at all stages, with a tendency to follow the IL-1 beta production. Low secretion of IL-1 alpha was noted. When viable cells were permeabilized and analysed at the single cell level with monoclonal antibodies, most B-CLL cells were found to contain IL-1 alpha. A minor fraction of non-permeabilized cells expressed IL-1 alpha at the cell membrane. However, only small fractions of cells were positive for intracellular IL-1 beta (less than 1%) and almost no IL-6-positive cells were found. We conclude that either IL-1 beta and IL-6 are produced by a minor population of undefined cells, or that a more sensitive in situ method is needed to detect production of these cytokines in B-CLL cells. The possible biological significance of secreted, and membrane-expressed helper factors in B-CLL is discussed.
Differentiation of nonnegative measurable function Choquet integral over real fuzzy measure space and its application to financial option trading model (2003)

Fuzzy measure shift differentiation of the Choquet integral for a nonnegative measurable function taken with respect to a fuzzy measure over a real fuzzy measure space is proposed. It is applied to financial engineering. First, a real interval limited Choquet integral for a nonnegative measurable function taken with respect to a fuzzy measure over a real fuzzy measure space is given, then a fuzzy measure left shift differential coefficient, a fuzzy measure right shift differential coefficient, a fuzzy measure shift differential coefficient, and a fuzzy measure shift derived function of the real interval limited Choquet integral for a nonnegative measurable function over a real fuzzy measure space along the domain are defined by the limitation process of a fuzzy measure shift. Two examples of a fuzzy measure shift differentiation are given, where fuzzy measure distributions are either a continuous distribution or a discrete distribution, to understand the notion of the fuzzy measure shift differentiation. Moreover, they are applied to financial option trading. The pricing models of a European call option premium and a European put option premium are defined using the real interval limited Choquet integral for a nonnegative measurable function over a real fuzzy measure space. Then, the distribution of underlying securities of an option trading at the expiration date is given as a /spl lambda/-fuzzy measure, where the total fuzzy measure is equal to one. An important risk index, the delta, which is the rate of change of the premium with respect to underlying security price is defined using the fuzzy measure shift differentiation of the real interval limited Choquet integral for a nonnegative measurable function over a real fuzzy measure space. Finally, these option trading models based on the real interval limited Choquet integral over a real fuzzy measure space is tested with the real market data and is compared with the popular option trading model based on the probability measure and logarithmic normal distribution defined by Black and Sholes (1973).
Nuevas tendencias en la clasificación genealógica de lenguas amazónicas peruanas (1994)

Signo y Seña es la revista especializada del Instituto de Lingüística de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Convoca y está destinada a investigadores del lenguaje formados y en formación tanto de la Argentina como del exterior. Es una publicación semestral electrónica y de libre acceso que tiene como objetivo fundamental promover el debate, el intercambio de ideas y la difusión de investigaciones recientes de todas las áreas de la lingüística. Signo y Seña incluye en cada número: una sección temática o monográfica a cargo de reconocidos especialistas en el área,una sección general de resultados investigaciones de todas las áreas de la Lingüística y una sección de reseñas y novedades referentes a la disciplina. En sus páginas se publican trabajos originales e inéditos evaluados con el sistema de pares externos doble ciego en español y en portugués.
Single‐shot <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> mapping using simultaneous acquisitions of spin‐ and stimulated‐echo‐planar imaging (2D ss‐SESTEPI) (2010)

The conventional stimulated-echo NMR sequence only measures the longitudinal component while discarding the transverse component, after tipping up the prepared magnetization. This transverse magnetization can be used to measure a spin echo, in addition to the stimulated echo. Two-dimensional single-shot spin- and stimulated-echo-planar imaging (ss-SESTEPI) is an echo-planar-imaging-based single-shot imaging technique that simultaneously acquires a spin-echo-planar image and a stimulated-echo-planar image after a single radiofrequency excitation. The magnitudes of the spin-echo-planar image and stimulated-echo-planar image differ by T(1) decay and diffusion weighting for perfect 90 degrees radiofrequency and thus can be used to rapidly measure T(1). However, the spatial variation of amplitude of radiofrequency field induces uneven splitting of the transverse magnetization for the spin-echo-planar image and stimulated-echo-planar image within the imaging field of view. Correction for amplitude of radiofrequency field inhomogeneity is therefore critical for two-dimensional ss-SESTEPI to be used for T(1) measurement. We developed a method for amplitude of radiofrequency field inhomogeneity correction by acquiring an additional stimulated-echo-planar image with minimal mixing time, calculating the difference between the spin echo and the stimulated echo and multiplying the stimulated-echo-planar image by the inverse functional map. Diffusion-induced decay is corrected by measuring the average diffusivity during the prescanning. Rapid single-shot T(1) mapping may be useful for various applications, such as dynamic T(1) mapping for real-time estimation of the concentration of contrast agent in dynamic contrast enhancement MRI.
The 2016 WHO classification and diagnostic criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms: document summary and in-depth discussion (2018)

The new edition of the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues was published in September 2017. Under the category of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), the revised document includes seven subcategories: chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, polycythemia vera (PV), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), essential thrombocythemia (ET), chronic eosinophilic leukemia-not otherwise specified and MPN, unclassifiable (MPN-U); of note, mastocytosis is no longer classified under the MPN category. In the current review, we focus on the diagnostic criteria for JAK2/CALR/MPL mutation-related MPNs: PV, ET, and PMF. In this regard, the 2016 changes were aimed at facilitating the distinction between masked PV and JAK2-mutated ET and between prefibrotic/early and overtly fibrotic PMF. In the current communication, we (i) provide practically useful resource tables and graphs on the new diagnostic criteria including outcome, (ii) elaborate on the rationale for the 2016 changes, (iii) discuss the complementary role of mutation screening, (iv) address ongoing controversies and propose solutions, (v) attend to the challenges of applying WHO criteria in routine clinical practice, and (vi) outline future directions from the perspectives of the clinical pathologist.
Initial investigation of data mining applications in event classification and location identification using simulated data from MinniWECC (2016)

Phasor measurement units can provide high resolution, synchronized measurements of a power system. These measurements result in massive amounts of data which is tall over time (30 samples per second) and wide over many channels. Data mining techniques are promising tools for quick and efficient examination of power system events with respect to multidimensional correlated data. In this paper, we discuss the implementation and performance of various data mining techniques for classifying common event types and the associated event location. Results are presented using test data from the MinniWECC model of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) which is designed to maintain inter-area modal properties. Results show promising performance of these techniques for identifying both events (classification rates exceeding 99%) and event locations (classification rates exceeding 80%). This paper also discusses strategies and challenges for implementing such data mining techniques to real world PMU data.