gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphometric and ultrastructural comparison of the olfactory system in elasmobranchs: The significance of structure–function relationships based on phylogeny and ecology (2008)

This study investigated the relationship between olfactory morphology, habitat occupancy, and lifestyle in 21 elasmobranch species in a phylogenetic context. Four measures of olfactory capability, that is, the number of olfactory lamellae, the surface area of the olfactory epithelium, the mass of the olfactory bulb, and the mass of the olfactory rosette were compared between individual species and groups, comprised of species with similar habitat and/or lifestyle. Statistical analyses using generalized least squares phylogenetic regression revealed that bentho-pelagic sharks and rays possess significantly more olfactory lamellae and larger sensory epithelial surface areas than benthic species. There was no significant correlation between either olfactory bulb or rosette mass and habitat type. There was also no significant difference between the number of lamellae or the size of the sensory surface area in groups comprised of species with similar diets, that is, groups preying predominantly on crustaceans, cephalopods, echinoderms, polychaetes, molluscs, or teleosts. However, some groups had significantly larger olfactory bulb or rosette masses than others. There was little evidence to support a correlation between phylogeny and morphology, indicating that differences in olfactory capabilities are the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations. All olfactory epithelia exhibited microvilli and cilia, with microvilli in both nonsensory and sensory areas, and cilia only in sensory areas. Cilia over the sensory epithelia originated from supporting cells. In contrast to teleosts, which possess ciliated and microvillous olfactory receptor types, no ciliated olfactory receptor cells were observed. This is the first comprehensive study comparing olfactory morphology to several aspects of elasmobranch ecology in a phylogenetic context.
Light shutter using dichroic-dye-doped long-pitch cholesteric liquid crystals (2013)

We propose a light shutter device using dichroic-dye-doped liquid crystals (LCs) whose Bragg reflection wavelength is set to be infrared by controlling the pitch of cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLCs). A dye-doped long-pitch ChLC cell is switchable between the dark planar state and the transparent homeotropic state. It has the advantages of high transmittance, low operation voltage, and an easy fabrication process relative to previous LC light shutter devices. The proposed light shutter device is expected to achieve high visibility for transparent organic light-emitting diode displays and emerging smart windows, which can be used in airplanes, cars, and other similar applications.
Design of Elastomer Bearings (1964)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of the elastomer bearing. Elastomer bearings, (Fig. 1) have been successfully developed during the last decade. Presently, they are widely used in the U.S., Canada and abroad. Properly designed, by virtue of their simplicity, they offer an ingenious, maintenance free, ideal solution for the support of bridge girders as well as building members. Elastomer bearings are suitable for concrete or steel structures. Elastomer bearings will absorb the following types of loading (Fig. 2): 1. Vertical forces 2. Horizontal forces or movements in any direction. 3. Rotational movements in any direction. 4. All combinations of the above. In the case of a simply supported beam, (Fig. 3) two identical elastomer bearing pads can be used, one under each end. The advantage of this arrangement is that the horizontal load on the beam due for instance, to vehicle braking, is 'then equally divided between the two supports.
Coordination number of binary mixtures of spheres (1998)

This paper presents an experimental study of the coordination number of binary packings by the use of the liquid bridge technique and provides detailed information about the distributed coordination numbers corresponding to different types of contacts between small and large components and their dependence on particle size distribution.The results indicate that increasing the volume fraction of small component increases the small-to-small and large-to-small contacts and decreases the small-to-large and large-to-large contacts; and this trend is more apparent for a packing with a large size difference.For the packings under gravity, the overall mean coordination number is essentially a constant and independent of particle size distribution.
Corn earworm control on sweet corn: DDT leads list of effective of insecticides with methods of application as dusts pray important factors (1952)

Effective control of earworms on sweet corn was obtained in extensive experiments during the past five seasons.
In-plane cavity-backed coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition (2012)

A transition from cavity-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) to rectangular waveguide using a short-circuited pin in conjunction with resonant sections of coplanar waveguide (CPW) and reduced height waveguide segments is presented. The proposed transition is designed with prismatic features in order to ease the fabrication process. An equivalent circuit model is developed to facilitate the design procedure and full-wave analysis is used to optimise the design. As an example a transition operating at Ka-band is designed and shown to have insertion loss of less than 1 dB and reflection below −10 dB over 9% of bandwidth for a back-to-back structure. To further validate the results a prototype transition at Ka-band for a standard WR-28 rectangular waveguide was fabricated and tested. The measured S-parameters of the prototype show a very good agreement with the simulation results.
Laboratory Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Australia, 2003 — predicting the future impact of the universal childhood conjugate vaccine program (2004)

A comprehensive invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) laboratory surveillance program was carried out in Australia in 2003. This program provided data on the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. There were 1,995 isolates tested with 34 per cent (683) from children aged less than five years and 27 per cent (535) from the elderly aged more than 65 years. One thousand eight hundred and sixty were isolates from blood, 79 from CSF and 56 from other sterile sites. In young children, 84 per cent of isolates were a serotype and 92 per cent a serogroup in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV). Of penicillin resistant isolates in children less than five years of age 85 per cent and 98 per cent were a serotype and serogroup in the 7vPCV respectively. When the universal 7vPCV vaccine program in young children is introduced in 2005, a proportion of cases of IPD should also be prevented in young adults (estimated reduction of 54 cases annually) and elderly Australians (an estimated reduction of 110 cases annually) as a result of improved herd immunity. Pneumococcal serotypes with higher rates of penicillin resistance (19F, 14 and 6B) were more prevalent in the elderly than in young children. In contrast, erythromycin resistance was more common in children less than five years of age (24%) compared to the elderly (15%). The predominant serotype with erythromycin resistance in Australia was serotype 14 and thus there is likely to be a major reduction in erythromycin resistance as a result of 7vPCV vaccination. Continued surveillance of pneumococcal serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility will be essential in order to identify serotype replacement by non-vaccine serotypes and to monitor the overall impact of current and future vaccine programs on invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, not only in young children but also in other age groups.
A continuous process for the recovery of lactic acid by reactive distillation (2006)

Abstract Separation and purification of lactic acid from the fermentation broth are difficult because of its non‐volatile nature and the presence of other organic acids. Esterification of lactic acid with methanol followed by hydrolysis of the separated methyl lactate is an effective technique for this purpose. A continuous process for recovery is proposed and various aspects are evaluated through simulation and experiments. In the proposed route, a vapor stream containing methyl lactate is removed from a two‐phase CSTR, used for esterification, operated under boiling conditions. The ester thus separated from the aqueous solution is further hydrolyzed in a reactive distillation column. Continuous removal of the volatile component (i.e. methanol) from the reaction zone increases conversion, thus pure lactic acid is obtained from the bottom of reactive distillation column. The results obtained in the experiments are compared with the simulation results. Further simulation studies were performed to obtain the suitable operating conditions for higher conversion and concentration of lactic acid. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The Effect of Short‐duration, High‐intensity Electromagnetic Pulses on Fresh Ulnar Fractures in Rats (2002)

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been found to be beneficial to a wide variety of biological phenomena. In particular, PEMFs have been shown to be useful in the promotion of healing of ununited fractures. Conflicting information exists regarding the benefit of using PEMFs to accelerate the healing of fresh fractures. This paper reports on the evaluation of the effect of a new PEMF generator (PAP IMI) on the healing of fresh ulnar fractures in rats. This device is unique by virtue of the extremely high power output of each of the pulses it generates. Ulnar fractures were created in rats by using a bone cutter, thus producing a 2-3 mm bone defect. Rats were then randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group underwent periodic treatments with the PAP IMI, and the control group received no treatment. Radiographs of rats from both groups were taken at 1-week intervals. Histological evaluation was performed at the end of the study. Radiographic and histopathological evaluations were scored, and scores were used to assess both rate and quality of healing. The radiographic results demonstrated gradual bridging callus formation in both control and treatment groups, however, the healing process was faster in rats that were not treated by PEMF. Histological evaluation demonstrated that the fibrous content of the callus in rats belonging to the treatment group was significantly higher than that in rats belonging to the control group. The results of this study do not support the claim that PEMF generated by the PAP-IMI stimulate osteogenesis and bone healing after the creation of fresh ulnar fractures in rats.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose and Lactate: Age-Specific Reference Values and Implications for Clinical Practice (2012)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is an important tool in the diagnostic work-up of many neurological disorders, but reference ranges for CSF glucose, CSF/plasma glucose ratio and CSF lactate based on studies with large numbers of CSF samples are not available. Our aim was to define age-specific reference values. In 1993 The Nijmegen Observational CSF Study was started. Results of all CSF samples that were analyzed between 1993 and 2008 at our laboratory were systematically collected and stored in our computerized database. After exclusion of CSF samples with an unknown or elevated erythrocyte count, an elevated leucocyte count, elevated concentrations of bilirubin, free hemoglobin, or total protein 9,036 CSF samples were further studied for CSF glucose (n = 8,871), CSF/plasma glucose ratio (n = 4,516) and CSF lactate values (n = 7,614). CSF glucose, CSF/plasma glucose ratio and CSF lactate were age-, but not sex dependent. Age-specific reference ranges were defined as 5-95(th) percentile ranges. CSF glucose 5(th) percentile values ranged from 1.8 to 2.9 mmol/L and 95(th) percentile values from 3.8 to 5.6 mmol/L. CSF/plasma glucose ratio 5(th) percentile values ranged from 0.41 to 0.53 and 95(th) percentile values from 0.82 to 1.19. CSF lactate 5(th) percentile values ranged from 0.88 to 1.41 mmol/L and 95(th) percentile values from 2.00 to 2.71 mmol/L. Reference ranges for all three parameters were widest in neonates and narrowest in toddlers, with lower and upper limits increasing with age. These reference values allow a reliable interpretation of CSF results in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, hypoglycemia was associated with an increased CSF/plasma glucose ratio, whereas hyperglycemia did not affect the CSF/plasma glucose ratio.
W-RNN: News text classification based on a Weighted RNN (2019)

Most of the information is stored as text, so text mining is regarded as having high commercial potential. Aiming at the semantic constraint problem of classification methods based on sparse representation, we propose a weighted recurrent neural network (W-RNN), which can fully extract text serialization semantic information. For the problem that the feature high dimensionality and unclear semantic relationship in text data representation, we first utilize the word vector to represent the vocabulary in the text and use Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to extract features of the serialized text data. The word vector is then automatically weighted and summed using the intermediate output of the word vector to form the text representation vector. Finally, the neural network is used for classification. W-RNN is verified on the news dataset and proves that W-RNN is superior to other four baseline methods in Precision, Recall, F1 and loss values, which is suitable for text classification.
Comparative genomic hybridization reveals frequent chromosome 13q and 4q losses in renal carcinomas with sarcomatoid transformation (1998)

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with sarcomatoid transformation show the most malignant behaviour of all renal carcinoma types. In this study, comparative genomic hybridization was used to screen for losses and gains of DNA sequences along all chromosome arms in 12 sarcomatoid (S) RCCs. On average, there were 8.6 aberrations per tumour. DNA sequence losses (5.2 +/- 4.4) were slightly more frequent than gains (3.4 +/- 2.6). DNA gains most often involved chromosomes 17 (33 per cent), 7, and 8q (25 per cent each). High-level co-amplification involving 11q22-23 and 7p21-22 in one SRCC was not present in adjacent non-sarcomatous tumour areas, raising the possibility of oncogene involvement at these loci for sarcomatoid transformation. DNA losses were most prevalent at 13q (75 per cent) and 4q (50 per cent), suggesting that inactivation of tumour suppressor genes at chromosomes 13q and 4q may be linked to sarcomatoid growth of RCC. It is concluded that SRCCs are genetically highly complex. Chromosomes 13q, 4q, 7p21-22, and 11q22-23 may carry genes with relevance for sarcomatoid growth in RCC.
A generalized hidden Markov model for the recognition of human genes in DNA. (1996)

We present a statistical model of genes in DNA. A Generalized Hidden Markov Model (GHMM) provides the framework for describing the grammar of a legal parse of a DNA sequence (Stormo & Haussler 1994). Probabilities are assigned to transitions between states in the GHMM and to the generation of each nucleotide base given a particular state. Machine learning techniques are applied to optimize these probabilities using a standardized training set. Given a new candidate sequence, the best parse is deduced from the model using a dynamic programming algorithm to identify the path through the model with maximum probability. The GHMM is flexible and modular, so new sensors and additional states can be inserted easily. In addition, it provides simple solutions for integrating cardinality constraints, reading frame constraints, "indels", and homology searching. The description and results of an implementation of such a gene-finding model, called Genie, is presented. The exon sensor is a codon frequency model conditioned on windowed nucleotide frequency and the preceding codon. Two neural networks are used, as in (Brunak, Engelbrecht, & Knudsen 1991), for splice site prediction. We show that this simple model performs quite well. For a cross-validated standard test set of 304 genes [ftp:@www-hgc.lbl.gov/pub/genesets] in human DNA, our gene-finding system identified up to 85% of protein-coding bases correctly with a specificity of 80%. 58% of exons were exactly identified with a specificity of 51%. Genie is shown to perform favorably compared with several other gene-finding systems.
Reperfusion damage following focal ischemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic windows. (1997)

The mechanisms of reperfusion damage following focal cerebral ischemia are not known in detail. Recent results, however, strongly suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during the reperfusion period, may trigger the reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial calcium overload and a permeability transition (PT) of the inner mitochondrial membrane have been shown to play an important role in production of ROS by the mitochondria. The immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), which inhibits mitochondrial PT, protects against delayed neuronal necrosis of the hippocampal CA1 sector following transient forebrain/global ischemia. In focal ischemia ("stroke"), expression of adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) may lead to production of ROS by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, which suggests the involvement of inflammatory and immunological reactions in reperfusion damage. The spin trap alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) reduces infarct size and prevents a secondary mitochondrial dysfunction due to reperfusion, probably scavenging free radicals at the blood-endothelial cell interface.
Asymmetry and basic pathways in sleep-stage transitions (2013)

We study dynamical aspects of sleep micro-architecture. We find that sleep dynamics exhibits a high degree of asymmetry, and that the entire class of sleep-stage transition pathways underlying the complexity of sleep dynamics throughout the night can be characterized by two independent asymmetric transition paths. These basic pathways remain stable under sleep disorders, even though the degree of asymmetry is significantly reduced. Our findings indicate an intriguing temporal organization in sleep dynamics at short time scales that is typical for physical systems exhibiting self-organized criticality (SOC).
A Kinetic Partitioning Model of Selective Binding of Nonnative Proteins by the Bacterial Chaperone SecB (1991)

An in vitro assay for the interaction of SecB, a molecular chaperone from Escherichia coli, with polypeptide ligands was established based on the ability of SecB to block the refolding of denatured maltose-binding protein. Competition experiments show that SecB binds selectively to nonnative proteins with high affinity and without specificity for a particular sequence of amino acids. It is proposed that selectivity in binding is due to a kinetic partitioning of polypeptides between folding and association with SecB.
THE EFFECT OF OCHRE SUPPRESSION ON MEIOSIS AND ASCOSPORE FORMATION IN SACCHAROMYCES (1977)

The effect of altered tyrosyl-tRNAs on the developmental process of sporulation was examined. Mutations in eight independent loci resulting in tyrosine-inserting nonsense suppressor were tested for their effects on sporulation. Different levels of inhibition were found ranging from SUP3-omicron, which caused the greatest reduction of sporulation (7-17% of wild type), to SUP11-omicron which caused no reduction in sporulation. Since the SUP3-omicron mutation exhibited the greatest effect, it was studied in detail. Although SUP3-omicron is a dominant nonsense suppressor, its effect on sporulation is recessive. Expression of the sporulation deficiency is dependent upon the stage of transfer from glucose growth medium (i.e., log, early stationary, etc.) to sporulation medium. SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploid cells transferred from log or early stationary phase are capable of sporulation, whereas cells transferred after early stationary phase (i.e., after adaptation to respiration) exhibit poor sporulative ability. Sporulation events were examined under restrictive conditions to observe those events completed by SUP3-omicron/SUP3-omicron diploids. The early events of sporulation occur in these cells. Later events are completed by progressively fewer cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred in approximately 40% of the cells, nuclear segregation occurred in 20%, and finally, only 2% formed asci. The fact that fewer late-sporulation events occur under restrictive conditions can be explained by increased efficiency of suppression.
The stereochemistry of the addition of chlorotitanium enolates of N-acyl oxazolidin-2-ones to 5- and 6- membered N-acyliminium ions (2001)

The stereoselective addition of chiral and achiral titanium enolates derived from the corresponding N-acyl oxazolidin-2-ones to 5- and 6- membered N-acyliminium ions afforded 2-substituted pyrrolidines in moderate to good diastereoisomeric ratio (5:1 to 14:1) while lower diastereoselection was generally observed in the formation of the corresponding 2-substituted piperidines. The stereochemical outcome was found to be modulated by the nature of the cyclic N-acyliminium ion (5- or 6-membered) and of its carbamate and by the N-acyl group in the enolate precursor. The preferential lk approach seems to be dictated mainly by the minimization of non-bonding interactions between the N-acyl group in the chlorotitanium (IV) enolate and the carbamate and methylene groups in the cyclic N-acyliminium ion.
The Principal as Chief Learning Officer: Developing Teacher Leaders (2000)

Today's teachers live in a society and work in a profession where demands are continually changing and expanding. To prepare their stu dents to be successful in this society, teachers must be willing to learn continuously, expand their own abilities, and assume ever-greater lead ership roles. Principals must create an environment that supports col laboration among teachers; provides time for teachers' professional development; and recognizes, rewards, and celebrates the concept of the teacher as leader.
Visual Tracking of Self-Occluding Articulated Objects (1994)

50559. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the o cial policies, either expressed or implied, of NASA or the U.S. government. Keywords: Model-Based Visual Tracking, Articulated and Nonrigid Object Motion, Occlusion, Human Motion Sensing, Human-Computer Interaction, Gesture Recognition Computer sensing of hand and limb motion is an important problem for applications in human-computer interaction, virtual reality, and athletic performance measurement. We describe a framework for local tracking of self-occluding motion, in which parts of the mechanism obstruct each others visibility to the camera. Our approach uses a kinematic model to predict occlusion and windowed templates to track partially occluded objects. We analyze our model of self-occlusion, discuss the implementation of our algorithm, and give experimental results for 3D hand tracking under signi cant amounts of self-occlusion. These results extend the DigitEyes system for articulated tracking described in [22, 21] to handle self-occluding motions.