gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Roles of KIT and KIT LIGAND in ovarian function (2000)

Evidence from mouse mutants indicates that the Kit gene encoding KIT, a receptor present on the oocyte and theca cells, and the Mgf gene encoding KIT LIGAND, the ligand of KIT, are important regulators of oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Recently, in vitro cultures of fetal gonads, of follicles and of oocytes have identified specific targets for the KIT-KIT LIGAND interaction. In fetal gonads, an anti-apoptotic effect of KIT-KIT LIGAND interactions on primordial germ cells, oogonia and oocytes has been demonstrated. In postnatal ovaries, the initiation of follicular growth from the primordial pool and progression beyond the primary follicle stage appear to involve KIT-KIT LIGAND interactions. During early folliculogenesis, KIT together with KIT LIGAND controls oocyte growth and theca cell differentiation, and protects preantral follicles from apoptosis. Formation of an antral cavity requires a functional KIT-KIT LIGAND system. In large antral follicles, the KIT-KIT LIGAND interaction modulates the ability of the oocyte to undergo cytoplasmic maturation and helps to maximize thecal androgen output. Hence, many steps of oogenesis and folliculogenesis appear to be, at least in part, controlled by paracrine interactions between these two proteins.
Explaining Distributed Neural Activations via Unsupervised Learning (2017)

Recent work has demonstrated the emergence of semantic object-part detectors in activation patterns of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), but did not account for the distributed multi-layer neural activations in such networks. In this work, we propose a novel method to extract distributed patterns of activations from a CNN and show that such patterns correspond to high-level visual attributes. We propose an unsupervised learning module that sits above a pre-trained CNN and learns distributed activation patterns of the network. We utilize elastic non-negative matrix factorization to analyze the responses of a pretrained CNN to an input image and extract salient image regions. The corresponding patterns of neural activations for the extracted salient regions are then clustered via unsupervised deep embedding for clustering (DEC) framework. We demonstrate that these distributed activations contain high-level image features that could be explicitly used for image classification.
Characterization of α‐1,6‐Mannosyltransferase Responsible for the Synthesis of Branched Side Chains in <i>Candida albicans</i> Mannan (1996)

A particulate insoluble fraction from Candida albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) strain cells was obtained as the residue after extracting a 105000 x g pellet of cell homogenate with 1% Triton X-100. Incubation of this fraction with a mannopentaose, Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->Man alpha 1-->2Man, in the presence of GDP-mannose and Mn2+ at pH 6.0 gave a branched mannohexaose, [sequence: see text] 6 the structure of which was identified by means of sequential off assignment. However, the enzyme fraction obtained from Candida parapsilosis gave Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->2 Man alpha 1-->2Man under the same conditions. These results demonstrate the finding that the structural difference in the mannans of these two species is due to the presence of alpha-1.6-linked branching mannose units in the C. albicans mannan [Shibata, N., Ikuta, K., Imai, T., Satoh, Y., Satoh, R., Suzuki, A., Kojima, C., Kobayashi, H., Hisamichi, K. & Suzuki, S. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1113-1122]. The substrate-specificity study of the enzyme indicated that the structural requirement of the alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase is Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->. The alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase also transferred the alpha-1,6-linked branching mannose unit to the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transformation of the mannan was detected by the appearance of antigenic factor 4 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy.
Dislocation reduction in MOVPE grown GaN layers on (111)Si using SiN<sub>x</sub>and AlGaN layers (2010)

Growth of GaN on Si(111) potentially enables cost efficient manufacturing of optoelectronic devices due to the possibility of using cheap large area substrates. However, GaN layers grown on Si(111) substrates suffer from high tensile stress that can lead to cracking at layer thicknesses exceeding 1 μm. Another challenge is the high dislocation density of GaN layers grown on Si(111) which is detrimental to device performance. In this paper we show that a step graded AlGaN buffer layer can compensate tensile stress, avoiding cracking, and at the same time reduce the dislocation density. An additional SiNx interlayer in the GaN layer is shown to further reduce the dislocation density down to the high 108 /cm2. Weak beam dark field TEM was used to study the dislocation reduction in cross sectional samples and for comparison of the step graded AlGaN buffer layer structure to a continuously graded one. STEM ADF was used to determine the exact location of dislocation bending with respect to the position of the interface.
Construction of 3D views from stereoscopic triplets of images (2002)

We present an approach to construct; 3D facets using trinocular stereovision and characterize them by a set of reliable attributes. A facet of a polyedric object is supposed to be projected on the image plane as a homogeneous region surrounded by a chain of 2D segments. These ordered chains, called 2D facets, are extracted from each image of a stereoscopic triplet using the cooperation between single contour map and a series of region maps. These maps are automatically generated according to a coarse-to-fine approach, in order to make the most contrasted regions appear first. The 3D facets are then reconstructed by a technique based on the cooperation of 2D information (2D facets and 2D segments) and 3D information (3D segments provided by a stereovision algorithm). The difficult point is the ordering of the 3D segments constituting the sides of a 3D facet, and is solved by an original algorithm which uses the ordering of three matched 2D facets. Each 3D facet is characterized by a set of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters in order to be efficiently used during the 3D reconstruction of the object to be modelled. As an example, we explain the estimation of the surface of a facet. The original contributions of this work are the cooperation between several heterogeneous data and the use of low quality images, which require robust algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and evaluation of an integrated mobile IP and SIP framework for advanced handoff management (2004)

This paper proposes an integrated mobile IP and SIP handoff management architecture that exploits the complementary capabilities of mobile IP and SIP and thus extends the mobility functionality that is beyond either of them if applied solely. Furthermore, the integrated approach reduces the functionality redundancies that a simple hybrid approach tends to exhibit. The design of handoff polices for different scenarios are described. In particular, we expound our design philosophies with the example of macro terminal handoff management and perform an initial evaluation using three metrics: handoff delay, handoff reliability and handoff signalling load.
Minimization of binary decision diagrams based on exchanges of variables (2002)

The authors present a novel exact algorithm and gradual improvement methods for minimizing binary decision diagrams (BDDs). In the exact minimization algorithm, the optimum order is searched by the exchanges of variables of BDDs based on the framework of the algorithm of S.J. Friedman and K.J. Supowit (1990). The use of the BDD representation of a given function and intermediate functions makes it possible to produce pruning into the method, which drastically reduces the computation cost. The authors succeeded in minimizing a 17-variable function by the use of the BDD representation of intermediate functions and the introduction of pruning. They also propose a greedy method and a simulated annealing method based on exchanges of two arbitrary variables, and a greedy method based on exchanges of adjacent m variables for m=3 and 4.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vacuum current emission and initiation in an LaB6 hollow cathode (2018)

This paper presents the first investigation of pre-ignition currents and the ignition process in an LaB<sub>6</sub> hollow cathode running on krypton propellant. Vacuum and pre-ignition currents are found to be consistent with space charge limited behaviour. A novel, low power ignition strategy with the potential to reduce insert and orifice erosion is also shown.
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO <italic>m</italic> -XYLENE. KINETICS AND ACUTE EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (1980)

Inhalation exposure to m -xylene at 100–400 ppm caused some changes of psychophysiological performance of volunteer subjects, e.g. impairment of body balance and increase of reaction times. With repetitive exposure, tolerance developed within a few days with regard to most of these effects. At steady-state and under conditions of increased xylene absorption, blood xylene concentration was directly related to the rate of xylene uptake. Acute xylene effects on the central nervous system were correlated with blood xylene concentrations and their occurrence also seemed to depend on a rapid rise of blood xylene level. Thus, exposure to a fluctuating xylene concentration with high uptake rates during the peak concentration caused more pronounced effects than a corresponding exposure to a constant concentration. Physical exercise may also greatly raise the uptake rates and enhance the effects. Kinetic data showed that well perfused tissues such as the brain will reach xylene equilibrium within some minutes and brain xylene concentration probably closely follows blood xylene levels. A very brief period of increased xylene absorption, not exceeding a few minutes, is not likely to bring about effective brain levels of xylene, however. Post-exposure excretion of xylene from most tissues takes place rapidly (elimination half-time about 0.5–1.0 h within the first hours). Consequently, acute xylene effects are probably short-lived. Xylene stored in adipose tissue is eliminated slowly but its mobilization results in only low blood levels. Compared to effects by moderate doses of alcohol (blood alcohol concentration 6.5–15.2 mmol l . −l ) xylene effects were clearly weaker, suggesting the practical inference that exposure to xylene may not be as serious an occupational and motoring hazard as social drinking.
Electron Delocalization in Cross‐Conjugated <i>p</i>‐Phenylenevinylidene Oligomers (2003)

The synthesis, structure, and electronic properties of a series of cross-conjugated p-phenylenevinylidene oligomers with one to four double bonds are reported. The X-ray crystal structure of the compound with two double bonds reveals a nonplanar conformation with torsion angles about the C(phenylene)-C(vinylidene) and C(phenyl)-C(vinylidene) formal single bonds of 39.5(2) degrees and 30.5(2) degrees, respectively. Admixture of quinoid character in the ground state is observed. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy do not provide a clear picture of the degree of electron delocalization in the series, since the C=C stretching mode does not adequately reflect the C=C bond order and has a local nature. In contrast, electronic spectra and electrochemical data, as well as AM1 and PPP/SCF calculations, reveal that the cross-conjugated compounds basically behave as linearly pi-conjugated systems in the sense that molecular orbitals are delocalized over the entire structure and systematically change in energy. The electronic interaction between the repeating units is, however, not very strong, which has the consequence that spatial extension of the molecular orbitals does not lead to a red shift of the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) electronic transition. This is related to the feature that the modest narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap with the chain length is accompanied by a relatively large reduction of electron repulsion. This finding implies that care should be taken in the use of electronic spectra for the evaluation of conjugation phenomena.
A Highly Stabilized Low-Noise GaAs FET Integrated Oscillator with a Dielectric Resonator in the C Band (1978)

A GaAs FET integrated oscillator stabilized with a BaO--TiO/sub 2/ system ceramic dielectric resonator provides a high-frequency-stabilized low-noise compact microwave power source. The newly developed ceramic has an expansion coefficient and dielectric constant temperature coefficient that offset each other and result in a small resonant frequency temperature coefficient. A stabilized oscillator output of 100 mW with a 17-percent efficiency and a frequency temperature coefficient as low as 2.3 ppm//spl deg/C are obtained at 6 GHz. FM noise level is reduced more the 30 dB by the stabilization. The dynamic properties of the oscillator and resonator are precisely measured to determine equivalent circuit representations. A large-signal design theory based on these equivalent circuit representations is presented to realize the optimal coupling condition between the oscillator and stabilizing resonator. The stabilized oscillator performance is sufficient for application to microwave communications systems.
Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications to Catalysis (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dynamic formation of ring-shaped patterns of colloidal particles in microfluidic systems (2003)

This letter reports the formation of patterns of micrometer-sized beads within the steady-state recirculation flow of a microvortex generated in a microfluidic system. The mechanism by which these patterns form relies on a delicate balance between the centrifugal and displacement forces experienced by the recirculating particles with a lift force exerted on the particles near the solid boundary of the microcavity. Our observation was made possible by the small dimensions of the microchannels we used and by the presence of steep velocity gradients unique to microfluidic devices.
Far field pattern control of single high order transverse mode VCSEL with micromachined surface relief (2002)

We demonstrated a single-lobe far field pattern of a GaAs single high-order mode VCSEL with surface micromachined relief. A fiber coupling efficiency was dramatically improved by introducing the phase-shift on the surface. The proposed single-mode VCSEL is promising for use in high speed data links of 10 Gbit/s or beyond as well as in optical data storage.
[Pedigree investigation of clinicopathologic features and alpha-galactosidase A gene mutation in a family with Fabry disease]. (2012)

We identified a family with Fabry disease resulting from a novel point mutation of GLA gene, which has not been reported before in Chinese population.
Factors Affecting the Polymorphic Outcome of Glycine Crystals Constrained on Patterned Substrates (2006)

Abstract The primary goal of crystallization process is to generate particles with controlled size, shape and solid form, and the desired chemical purity. Many different types of approaches including molecular level strategies have been devised and employed to control the final structure of crystals. One promising approach is the utilization of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as templates. Recently, we reported that single glycine crystals can nucleate on patterned metallic square islands, with the size and morphology of the particles controlled by the dimensions of the islands or the concentration of the solution. Herein, the effect of the solution concentration on the polymorphic outcome of glycine crystals confined to hydrophilic metallic islands is investigated. Furthermore, we examine how variations in the solvent evaporation rate can impact the polymorph distribution of glycine.
Improved algorithm for Widrow adaptivecontrol scheme (1994)

A modified adaptive control algorithm is presented which improves the performance and efficiency of the well known scheme proposed by Widrow. Based on the instrumental variables estimation theory, the convergence of the new algorithm is proven. The results of a computer simulation result are also given to show the successful performance of the algorithm.
Active site of pepsin (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActive site of pepsinJoseph S. FrutonCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1974, 7, 8, 241–246Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50080a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50080a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views415Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Trials of three Organic Phosphorus-Containing Compounds as Protective Agents Against Dental Caries in Rats (1973)

More than 300 caries-susceptible rats were fed high sucrose diets; possible cariostatic phosphate compounds were administered by incorporation in the diets, in solution in the drinking water, or by topical application. Calcium glycerophosphate was more effective than sodium phytate in reducing caries, but calcium sucrose phosphate had no significant effect.
Frequency-difference electrical impedance tomography (fdEIT): algorithm development and feasibility study (2008)

Frequency-difference electrical impedance tomography (fdEIT) has been proposed to deal with technical difficulties of a conventional static EIT imaging method caused by unknown boundary geometry, uncertainty in electrode positions and other systematic measurement artifacts. In fdEIT, we try to produce images showing changes of a complex conductivity distribution with respect to frequency. Simultaneously injecting currents with at least two frequencies, we find differences of measured boundary voltages between those frequencies. In most previous studies, real parts of frequency-difference voltage data were used to reconstruct conductivity changes and imaginary parts to reconstruct permittivity changes. This conventional approach neglects the interplay of conductivity and permittivity upon measured boundary voltage data. In this paper, we propose an improved fdEIT image reconstruction algorithm that properly handles the interaction. It uses weighted frequency differences of complex voltage data and a complex sensitivity matrix to reconstruct frequency-difference images of complex conductivity distributions. We found that there are two major sources of image contrast in fdEIT. The first is a contrast in complex conductivity values between an anomaly and background. The second is a frequency dependence of a complex conductivity distribution to be imaged. We note that even for the case where conductivity and permittivity do not change with frequency, the fdEIT algorithm may show a contrast in frequency-difference images of complex conductivity distributions. On the other hand, even if conductivity and permittivity values significantly change with frequency, there is an example where we cannot find any contrast. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by using computer simulations to validate its feasibility in future experimental studies.
Femtosecond time-resolved reflectometry measurements of multiple-layer dielectric mirrors (1985)

We describe the use of optical pulses as short as 16 fsec for time-resolved reflectometry studies of multiple-layer dielectric mirror coatings. Pronounced pulse-distortion effects have been observed following reflection from broadband dielectric mirrors.
Biocidal polystyrene beads. III. Comparison of <i>N</i>‐halamine and quat functional groups (2004)

Abstract A comparison has been made between the biocidal efficacies of N ‐chlorinated polymeric beads and two derivatives of polyquat beads. Biocidal effects were measured after brief contact exposures of aqueous suspensions of either Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli to the water‐insoluble beads. The polymeric backbone was held the same in all three types of beads, so they differed only in their biocidal derivative moieties. In all cases, functionalization of crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene beads was performed to introduce the biocidal properties. Synthetic methods and test data will be presented. The most effective biocide, as measured by degree of inactivation in the shortest contact time of the two species of bacteria, was the N ‐chlorinated hydantoinyl derivative of methylated polystyrene. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 363–367, 2004
A Solution to the PEG Dilemma: Efficient Bioconjugation of Large Gold Nanoparticles for Biodiagnostic Applications using Mixed Layers (2012)

Gold nanoparticles are of high interest in the biodiagnostic and bioimaging field owing to their unique optical properties such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and high Rayleigh scattering efficiency in the visible range. Although biofunctionalization is a prerequirement prior to their integration in diagnostic procedures, aggregation-free conjugation of biomacromolecules to large gold nanoparticle is not trivial. Here, a robust and simple method based on commercially available reactants is reported for the efficient biofunctionalization of gold nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 15 to 175 nm. It is demonstrated that mixed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layers, prepared using specific ratios of low- and high-molecular-weight PEG chains, can be conjugated to proteins and monoclonal antibodies using standard carbodiimide chemistry without detectable aggregation. The properties of the mixed PEG interlayer modified gold nanoparticles were investigated using UV-vis spectrometer, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which demonstrated the importance of controlling biointerfacial properties. Using the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a model target antigen, the benefit of the mixed PEG layers over coatings prepared using high-molecular-weight PEG chains only is demonstrated in vitro using bright field microscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. Very high binding affinity to breast cancer cells was obtained for the mixed PEG layers. This robust procedure demonstrates that, under optimal conditions, a compromise can be achieved between the excellent steric protection provided by thick PEG adlayers and the high bioconjugation yields afforded by adlayers from low-molecular-weight tethers.
Plasma deflagration and the properties of a coaxial plasma deflagration gun (1970)

The concept of plasma deflagration is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Deflagration is a heating process which adds energy to a flowing stream under expansion. The equations governing the process are the same as the detonation "snowplough" process; therefore, deflagration is nothing more than the second solution of the set of conservation equations.