gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavioural Pathology in Fish: A Quantitative Study of Sublethal Pesticide Toxication (1966)

The continued increase in use of the persistent pesticides over the last decade is well documented. Their widespread application in the control of disease-carrying and agriculturally important arthropods and other invertebrates has resulted in thousands of millions of kilograms of these materials being introduced into the environment. During 1962, in the United States alone, 177 800 000 kg of insecticides were used. Herbicides and fungicides were also applied in great quantity; according to Thimann (1964) the amounts of these totalled about half that for insecticides. Since the trend is for increased consumption, the total quantities released into the environment in 1965 will be substantially higher. Some of the effects of these pesticides are known and well documented. The relative sensitivity of a variety of living systems to lethal concentrations has been studied in some detail (Doudoroff, Katz & Tarzwell 1953; Sawyer 1959; Pickering, Henderson & Lemke 1962). Less attention has been paid to physiological effects, and little is yet known of the ecological consequences of pesticides in natural water supplies, despite some excellent studies of the problem (Harrington & Bidlingmayer 1958; Prevost 1960; Cope 1961). Even allowing for these recent gains, surprisingly little is yet known regarding the biological effects of pesticides. For example, in spite of the near-ubiquitous use of the organochlorine compounds for almost 20 years, their biochemical mode(s?) of action remains obscure. Recently O'Brien & Matsumura (1964) advanced a new hypothesis for the mode of action of DDT, attempting to reconcile the high level of toxicity of organochlorine compounds with their extreme resistance to biochemical degradation. Whether or not this new and interesting hypothesis proves correct, the significant fact remains that for years we have been introducing vast quantities of these compounds into the environment without knowing in detail the nature of their biological properties. We have tended to assume, when questions of potential danger to living systems are raised, that the toxic properties of pesticides are limited to those effects which are already well known through previous experimentation or trial-and-error activities. The many-faceted problems of pesticide-altered ecosystems are even more complex. A review of the recent and current research on both field and laboratory aspects of microchemical contaminants makes one point very evident: we are today still working largely in an unknown and complex realm, our efforts dominated by the search for suitable means of measuring the effects which these compounds have on living systems. This search is the necessary first step. It is now clear that only after we have devised thoroughly adequate methods of measurement, capable of detecting physiological, behavioural and ecological changes due to sublethal concentrations of pesticides and other biocides, shall we be able properly to evaluate their impact on ourselves and our environment.
Influenza Virus-Inhibitory Effects of Intraperitoneally and Aerosol-Administered SP-303, a Plant Flavonoid (1994)

The phenolic biopolymer SP-303 was evaluated against experimentally induced influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in mice in a series of experiments. When 30, 10 or 3 mg/kg/day of SP-303 were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 8 days beginning either 48 h before or 4 h after virus exposure, only lung consolidation was significantly reduced; extended (p < 0.01) mean day to death was also seen in the late-therapy groups. The high dosage was lethally toxic in this experiment. A small-particle aerosol (SPA) of 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/ml of SP-303, administered for 1 h three times daily for 5 days beginning 4 h after virus exposure, exerted a similar antiviral effect. Twice-daily 1-hour SPA treatments for 3 days beginning 24 h before virus exposure using 4.3 mg/ml of SP-303 resulted in significant increases in mean day to death and reductions of lung consolidation but no inhibition of lung virus titer. Declines in influenza-induced arterial oxygen saturation, as determined by pulse oximetry, were less in all animals treated with SP-303 by SPA, but this reduced decline was significant (p < 0.01) only in the last experiment. Mice receiving SP-303 by SPA exhibited consistent but reversible hypothermia immediately after termination of treatment.
A Novel Speech/Noise Discrimination Method for Embedded ASR System (2004)

The problem of speech/noise discrimination has become increasingly important as the automatic speech recognition (ASR) system is applied in the real world. Robustness and simplicity are two challenges to the speech/noise discrimination method for an embedded system. The energy-based feature is the most suitable and applicable feature for speech/noise discrimination for embedded ASR system because of effectiveness and simplicity. A new method based on a noise model is proposed to discriminate speech signals from noise signals. The noise model is initialized and then updated according to the signal energy. The experiment shows the effectiveness and robustness of the new method in noisy environments.
Acquisition and Transformation of Likelihoods to Conditional Probabilities for Bayesian Networks (1999)

When developing real-world applications of Bayesian networks one of the largest obstacles is the highly time consuming process of gathering probabilistic information. This paper presents an efficient technique applied for gathering probabilistic information for the large SACSO system for printing-system diagnosis. The technique allows the domain experts to provide their knowledge in an intuitive and efficient manner. The knowledge is formulated in terms of likelihoods, calling for methods to transform it into conditional probabilities suitable for the Bayesian network. The paper outlines a general transformation method based on symbolic propagation in a junction tree. Key words: Bayesian network, knowledge acquisition, troubleshooting, single-fault assumption, symbolic inference, junction tree Introduction In the construction of Bayesian-network models, acquiring the probabilistic information from domain experts is often the most difficult part of the construction process. The tradi...
Automated Bayesian model development for frequency detection in biological time series (2011)

Modelling in systems biology often builds on the study of time-dependent phenomena. Fourier Transforms are a convenient tool for analysing the frequency domain of time series. However, there are well-known limitations of this method, such as the introduction of spurious frequencies when handling short and noisy time series, and the requirement for uniformly sampled data. Biological time series often deviate significantly from the requirements of optimality for Fourier transformation. In this paper we present an alternative approach based on Bayesian inference. We show the value of placing spectral analysis in the framework of Bayesian inference and demonstrate how model comparison can automate this procedure.
Bayesian decision feedback techniques for blind equalization (2002)

In this paper we propose a family of Bayesian conditional decision feedback estimators (BCDFE) suitable for blind equalization. The BCDFEs are indexed by two parameters: a "chip" length and an estimation lag. These algorithms can be used with estimation lags greater than the equivalent channel length, and have a complexity which is exponential in the chip length but only linear in the estimation lag. Recursive channel estimation is combined with the BCDFE to produce high performance in unknown channel equalization. Extensive simulations characterize the performance of the BCDFE for uncoded linear modulations over unknown channels. Also, a simple adaptive complexity reduction scheme can be combined with the BCDFE resulting in further substantial reductions in complexity, especially for large constellations.
Ballistic electron emission luminescence (2003)

We describe the design, fabrication, and operation of a GaAs-based heterostructure device which emits band gap luminescence from solid-state tunnel-junction ballistic injection of electrons with sub-bandgap energy. We find that, due to energy conservation requirements, a collector bias exceeding a threshold determined by the Schottky barrier height and sample band gap energy must be applied for luminescence emission. The consequences of these results for a hybrid scanning-probe microscopy and spectroscopy combining both ballistic electron emission microscopy and scanning tunneling luminescence are emphasized.
Multiresolution wavelet processing for binary phase-only filters (1996)

We used the discrete wavelet transform to approximate an image at a lower resolution in preparation for object recognition using correlation techniques. We cross- correlated the low-resolution image with a similarly processed image containing an object of interest. Then, we synthesized the cross-correlation result to the resolution of original image. Using this approach, we avoided cross- correlating an image multiple times and passing information between levels of an image representation such as an image pyramid. We satisfactorily identified objects at 1/4 resolution using the wavelet representation and binary phase-only filters. We chose wavelets based on their impulse response and found that different wavelet filters gave significantly different autocorrelation peak, and SNR values.
High Performance MEMS-Based Micro-Optic Assembly for Multi-Lane Transceivers (2014)

Advanced transceivers generally require a multi-lane approach, which necessitates the integration of multiple subcomponents. The use of mature, generally available, and low-cost single element components such as electro-absorption modulated lasers, silica planar lightwave circuits, and direct-modulated distributed feedback lasers, integrated in a hybrid fashion and optically aligned with micro-electromechanical systems provides a practical solution. Standard bonding tools with positioning tolerances of approximately ten micrometers are used to populate a silicon microbench that incorporates micro-adjustable elements with various optical components. After diebonding, the positions of coupling microlenses are adjusted to correct for the poor diebond accuracy, and then these movable elements are fixed in place with built-in heaters and solder. The net result is highly uniform, manufacturable, and low loss coupling between the optical elements, with typically 1 to 2 dB of loss. Using this packaging technique, we demonstrate a 40 Gb/s four-channel (4 × 10 Gb/s) DML-based transceiver and a 100 Gb/s ten-channel (10 × 10 Gb/s) EML-based transceiver for 10 and 80 km reach respectively.
Nanoliposomal irinotecan and metronomic temozolomide for patients with recurrent glioblastoma: BrUOG329, a phase IB/IIA Brown University Oncology Research Group (BrUOG) trial. (2020)

e14548 Background: Nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI)) is a novel formulation of irinotecan, encapsulating drug molecules within long-circulating liposome-based nanoparticles with resulting favorable pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties. Nanoliposomes improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs and potentially increase their ability to cross the blood brain barrier. We performed a phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary efficacy of nal-IRI in combination with metronomic temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Methods: Patients with recurrent glioblastoma who had progressed after at least 1 line of therapy with a KPS of > 60 were eligible. All patients received TMZ 50 mg/m 2 PO daily with nal-IRI IV every 2 weeks until disease progression. Three dose levels of nal-IRI were planned, 50 mg/m 2 , 70 mg/m 2 and 80 mg/m 2 . Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined as those occurring during the first 2 cycles (28 days) of treatment. Patients were accrued in a 3+3 design. Accrual at the MTD level was to be expanded to 25 patients, unless the study was terminated early if 0-1 responses were observed in the first 13 evaluable patients. Results: Twelve patients were treated over 2 dose levels (nal-IRI 50-70 mg/m 2 ). At dose level 2, nal-IRI 70mg/m 2 , 2 of 3 patients developed DLTs, including one patient who developed grade 4 neutropenia, grade 2 diarrhea and grade 3 anorexia and one patient with grade 3 diarrhea, grade 3 hypokalemia and grade 3 anorexia. Accrual at nal-IRI 50 mg/m 2 , defined as the MTD, was expanded to 9 patients. Treatment-related toxicities at this dose level included grade 3 ALT (N = 1). As there were no responses seen in the initial 12 patients (0/12, 0%), the BrUOG Data Safety Monitoring Board terminated the study. Conclusions: The MTD of nal-IRI was 50 mg/m 2 every 2 weeks with TMZ 50mg/m 2 /day. DLTs were grade 3 diarrhea and anorexia. No antitumor activity was seen in the first 12 patients and the study was terminated. Clinical trial information: NCT03119064.
The International Temperature Scale of 1990: Its Probable Definition and Some Features Thereof (1989)

NRC publication: Yes
P<scp>rognosis of</scp> O<scp>ral</scp> P<scp>re-malignant</scp> L<scp>esions:</scp> S<scp>ignificance of</scp> C<scp>linical,</scp> H<scp>istopathological, and</scp> M<scp>olecular</scp> B<scp>iological</scp> C<scp>haracteristics</scp> (2003)

The concept of a two-step process of cancer development in the oral mucosa, i.e., the initial presence of a precursor subsequently developing into cancer, is well-established. Oral leukoplakia is the best-known precursor lesion. The evidence that oral leukoplakias are pre-malignant is mainly derived from follow-up studies showing that between < 1 and 18% of oral pre-malignant lesions will develop into oral cancer; it has been shown that certain clinical sub-types of leukoplakia are at a higher risk for malignant transformation than others. The presence of epithelial dysplasia may be even more important in predicting malignant development than the clinical characteristics. Three major problems, however, are attached to the importance of epithelial dysplasia in predicting malignant development: (1) The diagnosis is essentially subjective, (2) it seems that not all lesions exhibiting dysplasia will eventually become malignant and some may even regress, and (3) carcinoma can develop from lesions in which epithelial dysplasia was not diagnosed in previous biopsies. There is, therefore, a substantial need to improve the histologic assessment of epithelial dysplasia or, since epithelial dysplasia does not seem to be invariably associated with or even a necessary prerequisite for malignant development, it may be necessary to develop other methods for predicting the malignant potential of pre-malignant lesions. As a consequence of these problems, numerous attempts have been made to relate biological characteristics to the malignant potential of leukoplakias. Molecular biological markers have been suggested to be of value in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of leukoplakias. Markers of epithelial differentiation and, more recently, genomic markers could potentially be good candidates for improving the prognostic evaluation of precursors of oral cancer. As yet, one or a panel of molecular markers has not been determined that allows for a prognostic prediction of oral pre-cancer which is any more reliable than dysplasia recording. However, these new markers could be considered complementary to conventional prognostic evaluation.
A REVISION OF THE SCHOENHEIMER-SPERRY METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL DETERMINATION (1950)

The original Schoenheimer-Sperry method for cholesterol determination (1) has been modified at several points.It is the purpose of this report to describe the revised procedure with particular emphasis on a recent investigation of the technique used for the precipitation and washing of cholesterol digitonide. EXPERIMENTALExcept for changes in the precipitation and washing technique, the modified Schoenheimer-Sperry method was used in the form described below for all determinations of total and free cholesterol.The blood serums studied were obtained from healthy human subjects (2); 1 or 2 ml.were extracted in a total volume of 25 or 50 ml., respectively.Aliquot portions of the extracts were precipitated by four different procedures.In Procedure A, a 0.4 per cent solution of digitonin in water was used with no other changes in the method as described below.This is the procedure which has been employed in our laboratory for some time.The solution was about 2 months old at the time the investigation was started, and about 9 months old at the end.In Procedure B, a dilute alcoholic digitonin solution, prepared as described by Sobel and Mayer (3), was used.This is the modified method, adopted as a result of this study, and described below.Procedure C was the same as Procedure B, except that precipitation was continued for only 3 hours at a temperature of 37".In Procedure D, free cholesterol was precipitated with the dilute alcoholic digitonin solution for 3 hours at 37", and stirring rods and the acetoneether washing were omitted.This is the procedure recommended by Sobel and Mayer (3); it was applied exactly as they described it except that 2 ml. of extract and 1 ml. of digitonin solution were employed instead of the larger volumes used by them.All determinations were carried out in duplicate. ResultsComparison of Aqueous and Dilute Alcoholic Dlgitonin Solutions-Procedures A and B were applied to twenty-five samples of serum.In one 97
Antifungal Substances Against Pathogenic Fungi, Talaroconvolutins, from <i>Talaromyces convolutus</i> (2000)

The dichloromethane extract of Talaromyces convolutus cultivated on barley exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In the course of a search for the active compounds, four new tetramic acid derivatives, talaroconvolutins A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), were isolated along with ZG-1494alpha (5), and mitorubrin derivatives. The structures of talaroconvolutins A-D (1-4) were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical investigations and chemical correlations. The antifungal activity of the talaroconvolutins against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans was determined.
Drilling optimized with surface measurement of downhole vibrations (1993)

The use of vibration measurements to detect bit and drillstring dysfunctions in real time can improve drilling efficiency. Elf Aquitaine Production has developed a surface sub to detect vibrations in the drillstring in the well. This drilling dynamics sub, or dynameter, measures resonance phenomena (axial, torsional, and lateral vibrations) from the bit, bottom hole assembly, and drillstring. The paper describes the dynameter, the dynamics measurement, the audiodrill, and applications for this technology.
Genomewide Expression Profile Analysis of the Candida glabrata Pdr1 Regulon (2010)

The ABC transporters Candida glabrata Cdr1 (CgCdr1), CgPdh1, and CgSnq2 are known to mediate azole resistance in the pathogenic fungus C. glabrata. Activating mutations in CgPDR1, a zinc cluster transcription factor, result in constitutive upregulation of these ABC transporter genes but to various degrees. We examined the genomewide gene expression profiles of two matched azole-susceptible and -resistant C. glabrata clinical isolate pairs. Of the differentially expressed genes identified in the gene expression profiles for these two matched pairs, there were 28 genes commonly upregulated with CgCDR1 in both isolate sets including YOR1, LCB5, RTA1, POG1, HFD1, and several members of the FLO gene family of flocculation genes. We then sequenced CgPDR1 from each susceptible and resistant isolate and found two novel activating mutations that conferred increased resistance when they were expressed in a common background strain in which CgPDR1 had been disrupted. Microarray analysis comparing these reengineered strains to their respective parent strains identified a set of commonly differentially expressed genes, including CgCDR1, YOR1, and YIM1, as well as genes uniquely regulated by specific mutations. Our results demonstrate that while CgPdr1 activates a broad repertoire of genes, specific activating mutations result in the activation of discrete subsets of this repertoire.
고등학생 교과별 선택과목의 대입전형 활용에 대한 인식 연구 (2018)

2015개정교육과정에 따라 학생의 교과 선택권이 확대되고 고교학점제가 정착되면, 대입전형에 상당한 변화가 예상된다. 이에 본 연구는 고등학교 학생의 교과별 선택과목의 확대에 따른 대입전형 활용 방안에 대한 인식을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 141명의 대학 입학사정관과 46명의 교사를 대상으로 ‘지원 자격, 학생부종합전형의 정성평가, 학생부교과전형의 정량평가, 대학 입학 전형 평가의 방향, 선수과목 제시’의 5가지 항목에 대한 설문 및 심층 면담을 실시하였다. 조사결과 선택과목 이수 및 이수 단위로 지원 자격을 제한하는데 대해서는 입학사정관이 교사에 비해 교육기회 불평등 문제를 들어 부정적인 의견이 많았다. 또한 입학사정관은 학생이 이수한 선택과목을 대입전형 평가에 반영해야한다는 의견이 96%로 매우 높았고 전공적합성을 평가에 활용할 것이라는 응답이 많았다. 향후 대입전형 전망에 대해서는 학생의 교과 선택권이 활성화되면 과목 수준 차이, 소인수 과목, 성적 미 표기 등으로 학생부 교과 성적을 정량 평가하는 교과전형은 상당히 위축되고 교과를 정성 평가하는 종합전형이 확대될 것으로 예상하였다. 모집단위별 선수이수 과목제시에 대해서 입학사정관은 선수과목의 획일화에 대한 우려와 대학 간 상이한 과목 제시에 따른 교육 수요자의 혼선을 이유로 부정적인 의견이 많았다. 하지만 교사는 전공 흥미도와 관심을 유발하는 교육적 의미를 가진다는 측면에서 긍정적인 응답이 많은 것으로 나타났다.
Arc welding in argon gas (1935)

During the course of the extensive research in arc welding being conducted at Lehigh University under joint sponsorship of the A.I.E.E. and several other organizations, apparatus for experimental welding at atmospheric pressure in controlled pure gas atmospheres has been designed and constructed. Tests in argon gas reveal 3 phenomena not previously associated with the welding arc: (1) the impossibility of maintaining a stable arc in highly purified argon under ordinary conditions; (2) the absence of all crater formation under pure iron in pure argon; and (3) the absence of all observable “pinch effect” accompanying the detachment of the globules from the electrode wire.
Fast Probabilistic Shaping Implementation for Long-Haul Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (2017)

Fast probabilistic shaping is proposed using the probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) architecture to combine SC-LDPC codes with Streaming Distribution Matching (sDM). The parallelization factor of sDM is 100 times higher than for Constant Composition Distribution Matching (CCDM), at similar performance.
MYD88 Expression and L265P Mutation in Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (2015)

The L265P mutation may be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of immune-privileged site-associated DLBCLs. The presence of the mutation, together with its protein overexpression, could also be used as a prognostic marker in advanced stage DLBCLs.
Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters and plant oils (1996)

Abstract In the presence of an immobilized lipase from Candida antacrtica (Novozym 435 R ) fatty acids are converted to peroxy acids by the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In a similar reaction, fatty acid esters are perhydrolyzed to peroxy acids. Unsaturated fatty acid esters subsequently epoxidize themselves, and in this way epoxidized plant oils can be prepared with good yields (rapeseed oil 91%, sunflower oil 88%, linseed oil 80%). The hydrolysis of the plant oil to mono‐ and diglycerides can be suppressed by the addition of a small amount of free fatty acids. Rapeseed oil methyl ester can also be epoxidized; the conversion of C=C‐bonds is 95%, and the composition of the epoxy fatty acid methyl esters corresponds to the composition of the unsaturated methyl esters in the substrate.