gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Ca-activated K channel from rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles in planar lipid bilayers (1991)

Rabbit renal brush-border membranes were fused to planar lipid bilayers to gain insight into the nature and properties of ion channels from the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. Fusion was obtained using osmotic gradients. A large conductance channel was commonly observed. Measurements of reversal potentials indicated that the channel was selective for K over Rb, Na, and Cl. Channel open probability was increased by membrane depolarization and by increased Ca activity on the intracellular face of the channel. The channel was inhibited by charybdotoxin (CTX), a protein from leiurus venom, from the external side of the channel. The channel was also blocked by Ba and quinidine added to the intracellular bathing solution. Na added to the intracellular bathing solution reduced current amplitude in a voltage-dependent fashion. In addition, methylisobutyl amiloride, an analogue of the K-sparing diuretic amiloride, inhibited channel activity when added to the external solution. The possible physiological role of the channel is discussed. The usefulness to the study of renal ion channels of the technique of fusing membrane vesicles to planar lipid bilayers is evaluated.
Interprocedual data flow testing (1989)

As current trends in programming encourage a high degree of modularity, the number of procedure calls and returns executed in a module continues to grow. This increase in procedures mandates the efficient testing of the interactions among procedures. In this paper, we extend the utility of data flow testing to include the testing of data dependencies that exist across procedure boundaries. An interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm is first presented that enables the efficient computation of information detailing the locations of definitions and uses needed by an interprocedural data flow tester. To utilize this information, a technique to guide the selection and execution of test cases, that takes into account the various associations of names with definitions and uses across procedures, is also presented. The resulting interprocedural data flow tester handles global variables, reference parameters and recursive procedure calls, and is compatible with the current intraprocedural data flow testing techniques. The testing tool has been implemented on a Sun 3/50 Workstation.
Analysis of deleted variant of hepatocyte growth factor by alanine scanning mutagenesis: identification of residues essential for its biological function and generation of mutants with enhanced mitogenic activity on rat hepatocytes (1998)

To understand the structure-function relationship of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in more detail, we analyzed one of the other forms of HGF, deleted variant of HGF (dHGF), by alanine scanning mutagenesis. We show here that there are at least four sites important for dHGF to stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured adult rat hepatocytes, and that the residues of HGF essential for exerting its biological activity are not identical to those of dHGF. In addition, two mutants showed a decrease (approximately three-fold) in EC50 compared with wild-type dHGF in an assay of mitogenic activity on rat hepatocytes.
The integration of macromolecular diffraction data (2005)

The objective of any modern data-processing program is to produce from a set of diffraction images a set of indices (hkls) with their associated intensities (and estimates of their uncertainties), together with an accurate estimate of the crystal unit-cell parameters. This procedure should not only be reliable, but should involve an absolute minimum of user intervention. The process can be conveniently divided into three stages. The first (autoindexing) determines the unit-cell parameters and the orientation of the crystal. The unit-cell parameters may indicate the likely Laue group of the crystal. The second step is to refine the initial estimate of the unit-cell parameters and also the crystal mosaicity using a procedure known as post-refinement. The third step is to integrate the images, which consists of predicting the positions of the Bragg reflections on each image and obtaining an estimate of the intensity of each reflection and its uncertainty. This is carried out while simultaneously refining various detector and crystal parameters. Basic features of the algorithms employed for each of these three separate steps are described, principally with reference to the program MOSFLM.
Gly429 is the major determinant of uncompetitive inhibition of human germ cell alkaline phosphatase by <scp>l</scp>-leucine (1991)

The catalytic activity of human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP) can be inhibited, through an uncompetitive mechanism, by L-Phe. GCAP is also selectively inhibited by L-Leu. Site-directed mutagenesis of five of the 12 residues which are different in PLAP and GCAP revealed that Gly429 is the primary determinant of GCAP inhibition by L-Leu, and Ser84 and Leu297 play a modulatory role in the inhibition.
A data-driven artificial intelligence model for remote triage in the prehospital environment (2018)

In a mass casualty incident, the factors that determine the survival rate of injured patients are diverse, but one of the key factors is the time for triage. Additionally, the main factor that determines the time of triage is the number of medical personnel. However, when relying on a small number of medical personnel, the ability to increase survivability is limited. Therefore, developing a classification model for survival prediction that can quickly and precisely triage via wearable devices without medical personnel is important. In this study, we designed a consciousness index to substitute the factor by manpower and improved the classification accuracy by applying a machine learning algorithm. First, logistic regression analysis using vital signs and a consciousness index capable of remote monitoring through wearable devices confirmed the high efficiency of the consciousness index. We then developed a classification model with high accuracy which corresponds to existing injury severity scoring systems through the machine learning algorithms. We extracted 460,865 cases which met our criteria for developing the survival prediction from the national sample project in the national trauma databank which contains 408,316 cases of blunt injury and 52,549 cases of penetrating injury. Among the dataset, 17,918 (3.9%) cases died while the other survived. The AUCs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the different models with the proposed simplified consciousness score as follows: RTS (as baseline), 0.78 (95% CI = 0.775 to 0.785); logistic regression, 0.87 (95% CI = 0.862 to 0.870); random forest, 0.87 (95% CI = 0.862 to 0.872); deep neural network, 0.89 (95% CI = 0.882 to 0.890). As a result, we confirmed the possibility of remote triage using a wearable device. It is expected that the time required for triage can be effectively reduced by using the developed classification model of survival prediction.
Use of zinc borohydride in reductive amination: an efficient and mild method for N-methylation of amines (1994)

S. Bhattacharyya, A. Chatterjee and S. K. Duttachowdhury, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1994, 1 DOI: 10.1039/P19940000001
cAMP-induced degradation of cyclin D3 through association with GSK-3β (2004)

In this study we report a new mechanism whereby cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates the cell-cycle machinery. We demonstrate that elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP promotes degradation of cyclin D3 in proteasomes, and that this occurs via glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin D3 at Thr-283. Elevation of cAMP did not change the subcellular distribution of either cyclin D3 or GSK-3beta. However, cAMP promoted the interaction between cyclin D3 and GSK-3beta both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin D3 might require the association between the two proteins. These results demonstrate how cAMP enhances degradation of cyclin D3. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which GSK-3beta might phosphorylate unprimed substrates in vivo.
Rapid identification of Streptococcus and Enterococcus species using diffuse reflectance-absorbance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural networks (1996)

Diffuse reflectance-absorbance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analyse 19 hospital isolates which had been identified by conventional means to one of Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus bovis, S. mitis, S. pneumoniae, or S. pyogenes. Principal components analysis of the FT-IR spectra showed that this ‘unsupervised’ learning method failed to form six separable clusters (one for each species) and thus could not be used to identify these bacteria based on their FT-IR spectra. By contrast, artificial neural networks (ANNs) could be trained by ‘supervised’ learning (using the back-propagation algorithm) with the principal components scores of derivatised spectra to recognise the strains from their FT-IR spectra. These results demonstrate that the combination of FT-IR and ANNs provides a rapid, novel and accurate bacterial identification technique.
Impact of LDD spacer reduction on MOSFET performance for sub- mu m gate/space pitches (1992)

The impact of very thin sidewall LDD spacers which are required to allow sub- mu m gate/space pitches on MOSFETs is discussed for the first time. The effects of LDD spacer materials, LPCVD TEOS and nitride, on the device characteristics and short channel behavior of n and p-channel MOSFETs are analyzed. We show that the main issue related to sub-100 nm spacers is gate-induced drain leakage and not device reliability. Nitride spacers improve device reliability and current drive but result in higher levels of gate-induced drain leakage. Our findings show that for sub-half mu m devices, spacer thickness reduction down to 600 AA has no appreciable effect on lifetime.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Formation of Complex Ceramic Miniaturized Structures by Pyrolysis of Poly(vinylsilazane) (1996)

Complex ceramic miniaturized structures that have much smaller dimensions and better precision than that which has been reported previously were prepared by a combination of X‐ray synchrotron lithography, casting, and pyrolysis processes. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(tetrafluorethylene) miniaturized structures were prepared with high precision via a combination of X‐ray synchrotron lithography, electroplating, and molding (the German Lithographie, Galvanoformung, and Abformung (LIGA) process). Casting of a solution of a preceramic polymer, poly(vinylsilazane), in these miniaturized structures was performed for the first time, similar to the slurry‐casting technique of macroscopic bodies. Subsequent pyrolysis led to nearly perfect, complementary bodies of the original structures because of the high smoothness of the pyrolyzed ceramics. This was demonstrated by the complex spool and meander‐like miniaturized structures with internal dimensions <2 μm and an aspect ratio as high as 5. To evaluate optimal process parameters for the preparation of these complex ceramic miniaturized structures, the pyrolysis process of poly(vinylsilazane) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X‐ray diffractometry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The first step of pyrolysis involved dehydrocoupling of –CH and –NH groups and nucleophilic substitution of the Si–C x H y groups, which led to the elimination of the CxHy substituents and the formation of an amorphous silicon carbonitride (Si:C:N) at 800°C. The residual hydrogen content, which was chemically bonded as Si‐H, decreased as temperatures decreased from 800° to 1400°C. Heating to 1500°C converted the amorphous structure to a semicrystalline phase‐separated ceramic composed of α‐Si 3 N 4 crystals embedded in a carbon‐silicon amorphous matrix. The amorphous phase could be partially etched with a KOH solution. Because of the absence of grains, the amorphous material revealed a much smoother surface than that of the crystalline material or that possible by conventional slurry processes.
Electrical Properties of SrBi<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>/Insulator/Si Structures with Various Insulators (1999)

The electrical properties of metal/ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor (MFIS) structures with various insulators were investigated. Layers of Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 (NO) formed by thermal oxidation and low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and Al 2 O 3 layers deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were used as inter-dielectric layers. SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 (SBT) films used as ferroelectric layers were prepared by metal organic decomposition (MOD). The capacitance-voltage ( C – V ) curves including the memory window were affected by varying the annealing temperature for SBT films. Memory windows for MFIS structures with NO inter-dielectrics in the range of 0.75–1.2 V were maintained up to annealing temperatures of 900°C. The width of the memory window in C – V curves for MFISs using thin Al 2 O 3 layers decreases with increasing annealing temperature. Therefore, the selection of a good insulator and parameter control are required for the use of MFIS-ferroelectric random access memories (FRAMs).
Cytophotometric DNA determination correlated to karyotype, particularly in cancer. (1987)

Variation from the normal in the distribution patterns of the DNA content of interphase tumor cells is considered in relation to the chromosome abnormalities that occur in these cells. The possible diagnostic and prognostic significance of the DNA distributions, particularly the modal values, of human tumors is discussed. Tumors with normal or near-normal modes frequently have a favorable prognosis, but this is not true for all tumor sites or types, including squamous-cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri and carcinomas of the large bowel, in which near-triploid tumors may have a relatively favorable prognosis.
Introduction to Requirements (2016)

If there is anything worse than doing a simple task without fully understanding the requirements for success, it is doing a complex one. It happens every day, computer projects are created with only a shimmer of an idea of what the end goal is. Sometimes this is really interesting, and leads you to something interesting. . .sometimes, but almost never when the goal of that project is to deliver value to a customer who knows what they want. Hence, someone involved in every software project must take time to figure out what the customer wants before any software designing starts. If you are very lucky, this will not be you, as capturing requirements is considerably more difficult than any task that will follow in later chapters.
Radikalreaktionen an N‐Heterocyclen, X. Radikalreaktionen cyclischer 1,2‐Diacylhydrazine (1992)

Free Radical Reactions of N‐Heterocyclic Compounds, X [1] . – Radical Reactions of Cyclic 1,2‐Diacylhydrazines Cyclic 1,2‐diacylhydrazyls 3 have been detected by ESR spectroscopy during oxidation of the corresponding NH compounds 2 . The N coupling constants are determined and confirmed by simulation and by 15 N labeling. The hydrazyls 3 react by dimerization to the corresponding tetrazanes of type 5 or by β scission to the diacyl azo compounds 4 and C radicals. The β scission of the radicals 3 is elucidated by UV/Vis detection of the azo compound 4b and reaction of 4b to Diels‐Alder adducts. The alkyl radicals are trapped by nitrosobenzene ( 8 ) (ESR).
Wear-debris detection and analysis techniques for lubricant-based condition monitoring (1988)

The characteristics of wear debris found in the lubricant flow of a machine are reviewed along with their relationships to specific wear processes. Current wear-debris detection and analysis techniques are described with reference to systems at the research and development stage. The features of these systems are compared with those of an ideal system and an outline of a novel technique is given.
GROWTH STUDIES OF CALCIUM OXALATE IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS IONS AND COMPOUNDS (1969)

SUMMARY The well‐known techniques of modification of crystal habit and composition or inhibition (prevention or slowing down) of crystal growth by addition of foreign substances to the crystallising solution have been successfully applied to the crystallisation of calcium oxalate. Several ions, notably A13 + , many dyestuffs, including thosepermitted as colouring matter in foods, and some compounds of therapeutic value are particularly effective. It is hoped that some of these may prove to be of use in the control of the formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi.
Sensitive Detector Crayons for Phosgene, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, and Lewisite (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSensitive Detector Crayons for Phosgene, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, and LewisiteBenjamin. Witten and Arnold. ProstakCite this: Anal. Chem. 1957, 29, 6, 885–887Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60126a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60126a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Narrowband and broadband infrastructure design for wireless networks (1998)

There has been an explosion in the number of wireless subscribers. A number of air interface technologies, such as GSM, TDMA and CDMA, are available to wireless service providers for offering wireless services. In addition, a variety of networking technologies, such as STM, ATM and frame relay, are available to the wireless services provider for designing their infrastructure networks. The abundant choice of technologies, and their associated capabilities and costs, creates a need for network design tools which can help vendors and wireless service providers to understand the economics of investing in different technologies. This article is concerned with the design of narrowband and broadband infrastructure networks for wireless access. The article first describes the different technology alternatives and tariff structures and their impact on wireless infrastructure network design. The general infrastructure design problem is then stated and a solution methodology outlined. Examples of the economic trade-offs involved in narrowband and broadband networking technologies are also presented.
Topical minoxidil therapy for androgenetic alopecia. A 30-month study (1987)

• Seventy-two adult male patients were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation using 2% to 3% topical minoxidil solution for androgenetic alopecia. Fifty-nine patients completed the initial 12 months, and continued to use 3% topical minoxidil solution in an open study design. Hair regrowth (as measured by hair counts and bald-area diameters) was noted in all treatment groups at four months, and appeared to peak at approximately 12 months. At 30 months, mean hair counts had decreased from the 12-month level, but remained elevated over baseline counts, while mean bald-area diameters returned to baseline. However, 70% of the patients who did continue to use the drug for 30 months had 50% or more hairs than when they originally started the drug therapy. A subset of patients appeared to sustain a continued increase in hair counts after 12 months. No systemic side effects were noted. (<i>Arch Dermatol</i>1987;123:1483-1487)
Stem-cell “plasticity”: befuddled by the muddle (2003)

In the past 4 years, multiple reports have suggested that stem cells derived from adult tissues can differentiate outside their tissue of origin, challenging long-accepted tenets of developmental biology. This concept of stem-cell "plasticity" has helped to galvanize research on stem cells due to the myriad therapeutic possibilities. However, there are wide discrepancies in the reported frequencies of so-called transdifferentiation events, from recent reports of negative data to reports of the contribution in some tissues and systems reaching as much as 20%. The evidence for and against stem-cell plasticity is reviewed here as well as some of the possible sources of the experimental variation.
Effect on composition of dry mechanical grinding of calcium phosphate mixtures (2001)

For diverse reasons, calcium phosphates used to prepare hydraulic calcium phosphate cements can be ground mixed. The grinding with a rotating micromill of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate or anhydrous, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or anhydrous with calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, tetracalcium phosphate, or α- or β-tricalcium phosphate was studied for different calcium to phosphate (Ca/P) ratios, rotating rates, masses of balls, and environmental conditions. During dry grinding by ball milling, anhydrous or hydrated acid calcium phosphates can mechanochemically react with anhydrous or hydrated basic calcium salts to form dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or anhydrous, noncrystalline calcium phosphate, and/or calcium deficient or stoichiometric hydroxyapatite, depending on the Ca/P ratio in the mixture and the time of grinding. The reaction rate is a function of the rotation rate and the mass of the balls. Water is not necessary to initiate the reaction but facilitates it because hydrated salts react faster than the corresponding anhydrous salts. Neither carbon dioxide nor carbonate ions seem to have any influence on the transformation kinetics. The transformations that occur during grinding influence the final mechanical properties of hydraulic calcium phosphate cements prepared from these materials. Thus, if a grinding step of the starting materials is planed, the grinding conditions will have to be particularly well defined to obtain reproducible results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 55: 566–575, 2001
Wind-energy based path planning for electric unmanned aerial vehicles using Markov Decision Processes (2012)

Exploiting wind-energy is one possible way to ex- tend flight duration for Unmanned Arial Vehicles. Wind-energy can also be used to minimise energy consumption for a planned path. In this paper, we consider uncertain time-varying wind fields and plan a path through them. A Gaussian distribution is used to determine uncertainty in the Time-varying wind fields. We use Markov Decision Process to plan a path based upon the uncertainty of Gaussian distribution. Simulation results that compare the direct line of flight between start and target point and our planned path for energy consumption and time of travel are presented. The result is a robust path using the most visited cell while sampling the Gaussian distribution of the wind field in each cell.