gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teratological studies. A. On a phocomelus, with especial reference to the extremities. B. The external form of an abnormal human embryo of twenty‐three days. C. The anomalies of an anencephalic monster. Complete craniorrhachischisis. D. A second anencephalic monster. Complete craniorrhachischisis (1919)

The term phocomelus is derived from the Greek 4 B x 0, seal, and p k X o S, limb.The chief characteristic of monsters belonging to this class is an abnormal shortening and arrest of development of some or all of the long bones of the extremities.The feet and hands are usually composed of the normal number of skeletal elements, but generally appear to arise directly from the 45
Creating domain specific libraries: a methodology and design guidelines (2002)

We present an approach for building libraries of reusable software components that addresses the tension between design-with-reuse and design-for-reuse. The approach is based on a hierarchical model that assumes four levels of reusability. The design guidelines for developing components according to this methodology are summarized and an application demonstrating how the products of a domain analysis technique can be mapped into this hierarchical model is described. The application is a reactive scheduling architecture for manufacturing operations, and the domain analysis technique selected is the feature oriented domain analysis developed by the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. The main objective of the paper is to establish the connection between the domain analysis products and the different reusable levels identified by the proposed methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The wobbler mouse, an ALS animal model (2013)

This review article is focused on the research progress made utilizing the wobbler mouse as animal model for human motor neuron diseases, especially the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The wobbler mouse develops progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and shows striking similarities to ALS. The cellular effects of the wobbler mutation, cellular transport defects, neurofilament aggregation, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation closely resemble human ALS. Now, 57 years after the first report on the wobbler mouse we summarize the progress made in understanding the disease mechanism and testing various therapeutic approaches and discuss the relevance of these advances for human ALS. The identification of the causative mutation linking the wobbler mutation to a vesicle transport factor and the research focussed on the cellular basis and the therapeutic treatment of the wobbler motor neuron degeneration has shed new light on the molecular pathology of the disease and might contribute to the understanding the complexity of ALS.
A new approach for assessing the absorption of disposable baby diapers and superabsorbent polymers: A comparative study (2020)

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials that can absorb and retain large amounts of water and aqueous solutions. This has made them ideal for a variety of valuable applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry in general. Nevertheless, their use as a material for absorbing liquids in disposable baby diapers (DBD) remains the most useable. DBDs on the market today are made up of three main layers in addition to SAP. The topsheet, the closest to the skin, is designed to isolate the baby’s skin from the wet inner core. The absorbent core (AC) which is a mixture of the SAP in a cellulose core called fluff pulp. The backsheet is a waterproof outer material made of polyethylene or polypropylene. Besides other materials that help contain urine and waste. However, the composition, quantity, and SAP distribution differ with the diaper brand, so a diaper absorption assessment is recommended to judge its quality. For that reason, nine representative samples of commercial brands of the best-selling baby diapers in the U.S, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East were taken to assess their liquid absorption. According to our knowledge, no publication in the literature has carried out a general study assembling industrial evaluation methods to classify and distinguish between the commercial brands of baby diapers. In this study, the evaluation of DBD samples was carried out by analyzing their dimensional measurements and quantifying their interior components. The total absorptive capacity and fluid run-off quantification were investigated. While the SAP liquid absorption was also carried out through FTIR, FSC, CRC, AUL, AR, PSD, pH, and MC. Finally, by the comparative study, the most suitable diaper total absorptive capacity was 1698 ​wt% in saline solution as the density 0.21 ​g/cm3 and the SAP content 23.2 ​wt%. Furthermore, the SAP performances in saline solution were for FSC 47 ​g/g, CRC 35.26 ​g/g, and AUL 0.3psi 27.4 ​g/g.
Amplified Rate Acceleration by Simultaneous Up-Regulation of Multiple Active Sites in an Endo-Functionalized Porous Capsule (2015)

Using the hydrolysis of epoxides in water as a model reaction, the effect of multiple active sites on Michaelis-Menten compliant rate accelerations in a porous capsule is demonstrated. The capsule is a water-soluble Ih-symmetry Keplerate-type complex of the form, [{Mo(VI)6O21(H2O)6}12{Mo(V)2O4(L)}30](42-), in which 12 pentagonal "ligands," {(Mo(VI))Mo(VI)5O21(H2O)6}(6-), are coordinated to 30 dimolybdenum sites, {Mo(V)2O4L}(1+) (L = an endohedrally coordinated η(2)-bound carboxylate anion), resulting in 20 Mo9O9 pores. When "up-regulated" by removal of ca. one-third of the blocking ligands, L, an equal number of dimolybdenum sites are activated, and the newly freed-up space allows for encapsulation of nearly twice as many substrate guests, leading to a larger effective molarity (amplification), and an increase in the rate acceleration (k(cat)/k(uncat)) from 16,000 to an enzyme-like value of 182,800.
Double labeled-antigen method for demonstration of intracellular antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues. (1982)

A double "labeled-antigen" method has been developed for the simultaneous staining of both kappa and lambda light chains in fixed paraffin sections. The method is a two step procedure utilizing a mixture of antisera against kappa and lambda light chains in the first stage, followed by the addition of a mixture of kappa antigen labeled with horseradish peroxidase and lambda antigen labeled with alkaline phosphatase. The selection of substrates yielding reaction products of contrasting color enabled the observer to distinguish kappa-containing cells (brown) from lambda-containing cells (blue). Reactive plasma cells stained either pure brown (kappa) or clear blue (lambda) in a ratio of 1.5:1. Blood vessels containing serum immunoglobulins showed a mixed brown-blue reaction, as did the Reed-Sternberg cells of some cases of Hodgkin's disease. The advantages of this double labeled-antigen method over previously reported methods for achieving double staining are discussed.
Managing processes of perceptual organization for emerging geometrical objects (2002)

Three lower level layers of the hierarchical machine perception system are described, and experimental results are provided. The system is based on agile camera and aimed at automatic recognition of simple geometric scenes, made of crafted manipulation objects. The primary process of grouping the edgelets on the image is described. Two methods of edgelet grouping are compared, namely a Hough transform based method and a method based on LSR. Some modifications to both methods have been proposed. Next, a process of perceptual grouping of elementary features, short segments, is described. Three approaches to feature fusion are addressed: one based on crisp, geometrical, heuristic conditions, the second based on fuzzified conditions and the third one based on Dempster-Shafer theory. The results obtained with the three methods are compared and presented on the example image of a real scene. Higher layer issues, namely a problem of contour closing and of separating particular objects (in the case of occlusions) are briefly discussed. Some preliminary results in that area are reported.
New Molecular and Structural Determinants Involved in β2-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization and Sequestration (1996)

As the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) is resistant to short term agonist-promoted desensitization and sequestration, chimeric beta3/beta2 receptors were generated to identify the molecular determinants responsible for these regulatory processes in the beta2AR. By exchanging single or multiple intracellular domains of the beta3AR for the corresponding regions of the beta2AR, we show that specific domains can be identified as additive determinants for desensitization, while sequestration is more dependent on global structural conformation. The carboxyl-terminal tail, the third and the second intracellular loops of the beta2AR provided additive contributions to the desensitization observed upon short term agonist stimulation. The second intracellular loop plays a role which is as important as that of third cytoplasmic loop and carboxyl-terminal tail which had previously been identified as the major determinants of agonist-promoted desensitization. Additive contributions of the cytoplasmic domains of the beta2AR were also observed for agonist-promoted sequestration. The substitution of the first and second intracellular loops and the carboxyl tail were associated with a beta2-like sequestration phenotype. However, in contrast to what is observed for desensitization the co-substitution of the third cytoplasmic loop with any of the other domains completely suppressed sequestration. These results suggest that sequestration depends not only on appropriate interactions of multiple molecular determinants within the cytoplasmic region of the beta2AR but also on conformational determinants that may influence their orientation.
A Novel Dynamic Neonatal Blood-Brain Barrier on a Chip (2015)

Studies of neonatal neural pathologies and development of appropriate therapeutics are hampered by a lack of relevant in vitro models of neonatal blood-brain barrier (BBB). To establish such a model, we have developed a novel blood-brain barrier on a chip (B3C) that comprises a tissue compartment and vascular channels placed side-by-side mimicking the three-dimensional morphology, size and flow characteristics of microvessels in vivo. Rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) isolated from neonatal rats were seeded in the vascular channels of B3C and maintained under shear flow conditions, while neonatal rat astrocytes were cultured under static conditions in the tissue compartment of the B3C. RBEC formed continuous endothelial lining with a central lumen along the length of the vascular channels of B3C and exhibited tight junction formation, as measured by the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). ZO-1 expression significantly increased with shear flow in the vascular channels and with the presence of astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) or astrocytes cultured in the tissue compartment. Consistent with in vivo BBB, B3C allowed endfeet-like astrocyte-endothelial cell interactions through a porous interface that separates the tissue compartment containing cultured astrocytes from the cultured RBEC in the vascular channels. The permeability of fluorescent 40 kDa dextran from vascular channel to the tissue compartment significantly decreased when RBEC were cultured in the presence of astrocytes or ACM (from 41.0 ± 0.9 x 10-6 cm/s to 2.9 ± 1.0 x 10-6 cm/s or 1.1±0.4 x 10-6 cm/s, respectively). Measurement of electrical resistance in B3C further supports that the addition of ACM significantly improves the barrier function in neonatal RBEC. Moreover, B3C exhibits significantly improved barrier characteristics compared to the transwell model and B3C permeability was not significantly different from the in vivo BBB permeability in neonatal rats. In summary, we developed a first dynamic in vitro neonatal BBB on a chip (B3C) that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment, offers the flexibility of real time analysis, and is suitable for studies of BBB function as well as screening of novel therapeutics.
Online least-squares training for the underdetermined case (2003)

We describe an online method of training neural networks, which is based on solving the linearized least-squares problem using the pseudo-inverse for the underdetermined case. This underdetermined linearized least squares (ULLS) method requires significantly less computation and memory for implementation than standard higher-order methods such as the Gauss-Newton method or extended Kalman filter. This decrease is possible because the method allows training to proceed with a smaller number of samples than parameters. Simulation results which compare the performance of the ULLS algorithm to the recursive linearized least squares algorithm (RLLS) and the gradient descent algorithm are presented. Results showing the impact on computational complexity and squared-error performance of the ULLS method, when the number of terms in the Jacobian matrix is varied, are also presented.
Genetic coregulation of age of female sexual maturation and lifespan through circulating IGF1 among inbred mouse strains (2012)

We previously reported that mouse strains with lower circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) level at 6 mo have significantly extended longevity. Here we report that strains with lower IGF1 have significantly delayed age of female sexual maturation, measured by vaginal patency (VP). Among strains with normal lifespans (mean lifespan >600 d), delayed age of VP associated with greater longevity (P = 0.015), suggesting a genetically regulated tradeoff at least partly mediated by IGF1. Supporting this hypothesis, C57BL/6J females had 9% lower IGF1, 6% delayed age of VP, and 24% extended lifespan compared with C57BL/6J.C3H/HeJ-Igf1, which carries a C3H/HeJ allele on chromosome (Chr) 10 that increases IGF1. To identify genetic loci/genes that regulate female sexual maturation, including loci that mediate lifespan tradeoffs, we performed haplotype association mapping for age of VP and identified significant loci on Chrs 4 (Vpq1) and 16 (Vpq2 and 3). At each locus, wild-derived strains share a unique haplotype that associates with delayed VP. Substitution of Chr 16 of C57BL/6J with Chr 16 from a wild-derived strain significantly reduced IGF1 and delayed VP. Strains with a wild-derived allele at Vpq3 have significantly extended longevity compared with strains with other alleles. Bioinformatic analysis identified Nrip1 at Vpq3 as a candidate gene. Nrip1(-/-) females have significantly reduced IGF1 and delayed age of VP compared with Nrip1(+/+) females. We conclude that IGF1 may coregulate female sexual maturation and longevity; wild-derived strains carry specific alleles that delay sexual maturation; and Nrip1 is involved in regulating sexual maturation and may affect longevity by regulating IGF1 level.
Challenges of developing resonant cavity photon-counting detectors at 1064 nm (2010)

Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)) impose challenging requirements on detector sensitivity and bandwidth [1]. The current state-of-the art of high-repetition rate, high-power lasers recommends using near-infrared (NIR) 1064nm wavelengths for specific DSOC tasks [2]. Large photonic arrays with integrated beam acquisition, tracking and/or communication capabilities, and smart pixel architecture should allow the implementation of more reliable and robust DSOC systems. Integration of smart pixel technology for parallel data read, acquisition and processing is currently available in silicon. Therefore it would be desirable to monolithically integrate the photodetectors with the electronics. However, silicon has a weak absorption at 1064nm. One elegant approach to increase its absorption efficiency is to trap the photons inside the silicon using the cavity resonance effect (resonant cavity enhancement or RCE). We present in this paper the challenges of developing resonant cavity single-photon detector arrays for applications to DSOC. The metrics of the main process parameters to fabricate resonant cavity detectors is analyzed and critical process steps are developed and evaluated. We conclude that such detector arrays are feasible using current state-of-the-art CMOS technology, provided that suitable process control protocols are developed. We report a 10X performance enhancement at NIR wavelengths for the first generation of resonant cavity single-photon detector prototypes, less than 150ps timing performance in photonstarved mode and 20-30ps for multi-photon hits.
Construction Methods based on The Nesting Behavior of Wasps (1995)

The present paper deals with possible construction methods of three-dimensional shapes based on the nesting behavior of wasps. Wasps can construct combs of hexagonal cells with a regular arrangement. This paper describes observation and analysis of such nesting behavior. Observation results show that characteristic movements of antennae are probably used in determining how to shape the nest and that nesting behavior is connected with so called“taxis.”Computer simulation was conducted to ascertain rule that can trace basic shapes. Moving rules of the creature were represented by means of neural networks. An optimal rule for tracing was determined by genetic algorithms that are known to be effective optimization and searching algorithms. Analysis of the optimal rule is described. Analysis shows that the rule that was obtained as the result of genetic operations is connected with“taxis.”
Demonstration/Validation of the TC-25 Donovan Blast Chamber, Porton Down, UK, Final Demonstration Test Report, April-September 2003 (2004)

In the FY2OO2 Defense Appropriations Bill, Congress mandated that the U.S. Army conduct a demonstration/validation test for using a transportable detonation chamber technology to dispose of recovered chemical warfare materiel. The TC-25 Donovan blast chamber (DBC) is a transportable system designed to contain the repeated detonations of up to 25 lb of TNT. The TC-25 DBC uses donor explosive charges to detonate the munition's shell, energetic components, and chemical fill. Demonstration/validation testing of the TC-25 DBC was performed at the Defense Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, UK, May - September 2003. The overall test objective was to demonstrate that the TC-25 DBC can safely and effectively destroy recovered munitions with or without explosive components. Data was collected throughout these subtests to verify the safety, integrity, and efficacy of the TC-25 and the ability of the operator to collect waste samples. During operations, the system successfully treated Phosgene (CG), chloropicrin (PS), a smoke-generating formulation based on hexachloroethane (HC) and zinc oxide, and mustard (H) agents. The system was successfully decontaminated to a 3X level and closed out following the chemical tests.
A multifunctional exonuclease from vegetative Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells exhibiting in vitro strand exchange activity. (1994)

A 140-kDa polypeptide (p140) has been purified over 2000-fold from vegetative Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells using an assay of homologous pairing and strand exchange between linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in vitro. Electron microscopic analysis of the reaction products showed displacement of one strand of the linear duplex DNA by the circular ssDNA molecule. In addition, the protein contained 5' to 3' exonuclease activity on ssDNA and dsDNA (with a 50-fold preference on the single-stranded substrate) as well as on single-stranded RNA. Furthermore, p140 was capable of renaturing complementary ssDNA as shown by S1 nuclease assays. p140 behaved like a monomer in solution under reaction conditions. Direct comparison of the biochemical properties, sequence analysis, and cross-reactivity to a monoclonal antibody suggests that p140 is probably identical with ExoII, purified from S. pombe meiotic cells as a ssDNA exonuclease (Szankasi, P., and Smith, G. R. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 6769-6773). Given the diverse activities of p140, the protein might be involved in DNA and/or RNA metabolism in vivo.
A transformerless modular step‐up dc–dc converter for high power applications (2014)

This study presents a new step‐up dc–dc converter topology suitable for medium voltage, megawatt scale applications. The proposed converter interconnects unipolar or bipolar dc networks using a single inductor and a modular active switching network. The active switching network contains multiple series‐connected identical converter modules. Each module consists of four switches and one capacitor. The modular nature of the switching network allows scalable implementation of the converter, and utilisation of low‐voltage switches and capacitors. The proposed converter avoids the use of medium‐frequency isolation transformers. Soft switching is utilised to reduce the converter's switching losses. An analytical model of the converter is developed to facilitate converter design. Theoretical predictions are supported by a 7.6 kW scaled laboratory prototype achieving an efficiency of as high as 93.2%.
Controlling the quantum dynamics of a mesoscopic spin bath in diamond (2012)

Understanding and mitigating decoherence is a key challenge for quantum science and technology. The main source of decoherence for solid-state spin systems is the uncontrolled spin bath environment. Here, we demonstrate quantum control of a mesoscopic spin bath in diamond at room temperature that is composed of electron spins of substitutional nitrogen impurities. The resulting spin bath dynamics are probed using a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre electron spin as a magnetic field sensor. We exploit the spin bath control to dynamically suppress dephasing of the NV spin by the spin bath. Furthermore, by combining spin bath control with dynamical decoupling, we directly measure the coherence and temporal correlations of different groups of bath spins. These results uncover a new arena for fundamental studies on decoherence and enable novel avenues for spin-based magnetometry and quantum information processing.
MOCVD-grown AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with epitaxially embedded p <sup>+</sup> layers in extrinsic base (1987)

AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs having a 300 Å base were grown by two-stage MOCVD. In the second stage, p+ layers were epitaxially embedded in the extrinsic base to make the base contact. The current through the parasitic pn interface between the emitter and the embedded p+ layers was negligible. The technique employed here makes undamaged narrow-base HBTs possible.