gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Reviews</i>: Should the Target Hemoglobin for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with Erythropoietic Replacement Therapy be Changed? (2005)

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin) revolutionized the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) when it was approved for use in the United States in 1989. Among dialysis patients, the mean hemoglobin (Hb) in patients undergoing dialysis rose from 7-8 g/dl prior to 1989 to 11-12 g/dl today. Among patients with CKD not on dialysis, epoetin use has not been as broadly applied as among dialysis patients, and although the mean Hb level in this patient population has increased, the impact has been less than in patients on dialysis. The optimal treatment target for epoetin remains controversial. Consistent with clinical practice guidelines, current practice in dialysis patients in the United States aims to maintain a target Hb of 11-12 g/dl, a level that is still well below the normal range. Debate centers on whether the current Hb target is too low and whether the target range is too narrow. Quality of life clearly improves in many individuals as Hb rises into the normal range from lower levels. In retrospective studies, higher Hb levels have been associated with lower risks of hospitalization and mortality. However, one large, prospective clinical trial has raised concern about normalizing Hb in hemodialysis patients with cardiac disease, and other prospective studies have not yet provided convincing evidence of significant benefits from normalizing Hb in dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD. A relative lack of information on non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD and changes in fiscal policies regulating reimbursement for epoetin have contributed to uncertainty as to the best practices for anemia management in patients with CKD. There is increasing interest in the potential benefits of broadening the current target Hb range or eliminating an upper limit altogether and instead establishing a minimum Hb goal. While some extension of the upper limit of the currently recommended target Hb range might appear to be reasonable, the extent to which this should be extended, the benefits, risks, and costs of maintaining higher Hb levels in patients with CKD, and whether target Hb levels should be different in different CKD patient groups remains to be determined. Future efforts are likely to focus on selecting patient populations most likely to benefit from normalizing Hb, while adjusting the range of a subnormal Hb target for others.
Engineering Gram Selectivity of Mixed‐Charge Gold Nanoparticles by Tuning the Balance of Surface Charges (2016)

Nanoparticles covered with ligand shells comprising both positively and negatively charged ligands exhibit Gram-selective antibacterial action controlled by a single experimental parameter, namely the proportion of [+] and [-] ligands tethered onto these particles. Gram selectivity is attributed to the interplay between polyvalent electrostatic and non-covalent interactions that work in unison to disrupt the bacterial cell wall. The [+/-] nanoparticles are effective in low doses, are non-toxic to mammalian cells, and are tolerated well in mice. These results constitute the first example of rational engineering of Gram selectivity at the (macro)molecular level.
Thermal Oxidation of Copper for Favorable Formation of Cupric Oxide (CuO) Semiconductor (2013)

Thermal oxidation of copper has been restudied to control the formation of photovoltaic active cupric oxide (CuO) phase against the cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) phase. It has been established that the thermal oxidation of copper is governed by the outward lattice diffusion and grain boundary diffusion of copper ions at the interface. The lattice diffusion favors the formation of Cu 2 O phase whereas grain boundary diffusion favors the formation of CuO phase. In the present work, a fine copper powder is taken as starting material for thermal oxidation to increase the grain boundary diffusion and to study its on phase formation. Further, to suppress the grain boundary diffusion the starting material is chemically passivated with diethylenetriamine and olelamine to chameically passivated the surface defects. Thermal oxidation of these pre-treated materials is carried out in open air at temperature 500 o C and 700 o C to study the phase formation. The resulting materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These studies clearly confirm that grain boundary diffusion or defect mediated diffusion due to small particle size and more surface atoms of copper favor the formation of CuO at low temperature in case of pure copper, whereas the chemical passivation and high temperature heating favours the formation of Cu 2 O phase and hence the resulting material is biphasic. Hence, the present study is useful information in controlling the phase formation of copper oxide to obtain more photoactive material that is CuO.
FT-IR Spectroscopy Study of Surface Acidity and 2-Propanol Decomposition on Mixed Oxides Obtained upon Calcination of Layered Double Hydroxides (1997)

Mixed Ni−Cr−V, Mg−Cr−V, and Ni−Al−V oxides have been prepared by thermal decomposition of layered precursors with the hydrotalcite structure (brucite-like layers containing divalent and trivalent cations, and interlayer anions balancing the extra positive charge of the layers) at 300 or 500 °C. Surface acidity (Brönsted and Lewis) has been assessed by FT-IR monitoring of pyridine adsorption. Ni−Al−V samples are more acidic (Brönsted and Lewis), while those with Cr contain only surface Lewis acid sites. Adsorption of 2-propanol takes place dissociatively, leading to alcoholate that is oxidized to acetone at 300 °C via a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism; such an oxidation is more extensive in the less acidic (Cr-containing) samples. Both the nature of the cations and the previous calcination temperature of the hydrotalcite control the oxidative properties of the mixed oxides.
Estimates of the Ab Initio Limit for π−π Interactions:  The Benzene Dimer (2002)

State-of-the-art electronic structure methods have been applied to the simplest prototype of aromatic pi-pi interactions, the benzene dimer. By comparison to results with a large aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, we demonstrate that more modest basis sets such as aug-cc-pVDZ are sufficient for geometry optimizations of intermolecular parameters at the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) level. However, basis sets even larger than aug-cc-pVTZ are important for accurate binding energies. The complete basis set MP2 binding energies, estimated by explicitly correlated MP2-R12/A techniques, are significantly larger in magnitude than previous estimates. When corrected for higher-order correlation effects via coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)], the binding energies D(e) (D(0)) for the sandwich, T-shaped, and parallel-displaced configurations are found to be 1.8 (2.0), 2.7 (2.4), and 2.8 (2.7) kcal mol(-1), respectively.
Image-adaptive Watermarking Algorithm Based on Zero Tree Structure of Wavelet Transform (2006)

Based on an optimized perceptual model of the zero tree structure,two kinds of watermarking algorithms are proposed:one embeds a watermark of Gaussian sequence,and the blind detector is based on correlation;the other embeds a watermark of binary image,and the extractor is not blind.In order to maximum embedding watermark bits,the two proposed algorithms embed watermark bits in all of the significant wavelet coefficients,including the coefficients of lowest pass sub-band,and provide a good tradeoff between the transparency and the robustness of watermarks based on the perceptual model.Experiments show that both of the proposed algorithms are effective and robust to common image processing operations,especially to JPEG and wavelet compression.
Adaptation of the Exocrine Pancreas to Diet (1990)

Pancreatic adaptation represents dietary regulation of gene expression; dietary substrates alter the synthesis and mRNA levels of their respective digestive enzymes. The mechanisms whereby mRNA levels change are not understood, but they must be elucidated. Although the changes in synthesis of proteases, amylase, and lipase parallel the changes in their mRNA levels in response to respective substrates, the concomitant changes in the synthesis of the other enzymes can be discordant with mRNA levels. The evidence supports a pretranslational mechanism of the adaptation of proteases, amylase, and lipase to their respective substrates and suggests potential translational mechanisms of other enzymes in these adaptations. Changes in synthesis occur within hours after a dietary change, but whether mRNA levels also change so early is unknown. Rapid, adaptive changes may occur by a different mechanism from later adaptation, possibly by translational control or nuclear transport. The differential effects of acute and chronic caerulein administration support the possibility of multiple mechanisms of regulation by a single effector. The mediators of pancreatic adaptations have not yet been identified, except for adaptation to dietary protein. CCK appears to mediate protease adaptation through the feedback regulation of its release by dietary protein. Available evidence supports a role of insulin and glucose in the adaptation to carbohydrate and a role of secretin and ketones in the adaptation to dietary fat. Elucidation of the mediators of pancreatic adaptation to carbohydrate and fat and their mechanisms is needed.
Development of the Galileo in-orbit validation (IOV) payload (2007)

DOI: 10.1049/ic:20070509 ISBN: 978 0 86341 794 8 Location: Portsmouth, UK Conference date: 29 March 2007 Format: PDF A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation is given. Inspec keywords: satellite navigation Subjects: Satellite communication systems; Radionavigation and direction finding Related IET.tv content: Link to IET.tv content
Uranium Oxide Aerosol Transport in Porous Graphite (2012)

The objective of this paper is to investigate the transport of uranium oxide particles that may be present in carbon dioxide (CO2) gas coolant, into the graphite blocks of gas-cooled, graphite moderated reactors. The transport of uranium oxide in the coolant system, and subsequent deposition of this material in the graphite, of such reactors is of interest because it has the potential to influence the application of the Graphite Isotope Ratio Method (GIRM). The GIRM is a technology that has been developed to validate the declared operation of graphite moderated reactors. GIRM exploits isotopic ratio changes that occur in the impurity elements present in the graphite to infer cumulative exposure and hence the reactor’s lifetime cumulative plutonium production. Reference Gesh, et. al., for a more complete discussion on the GIRM technology.
Differentiating between Capillary and Counter Electrode Processes during Electrospray Ionization by Opening the Short Circuit at the Collector (1999)

The chemical reactivity of an electroactive neutral compound in the conditions of electrospray mass spectrometry was studied by carrying out preparative experiments. The residue obtained by spraying a micromolar methanolic solution of 9-nitroanthracene onto a metallic plate in negative mode (cathodic capillary) was collected and then analyzed by GC/MS, showing that both reduction and oxidation products were formed. To distinguish between the two processes, the two functions of the metallic plate, definition of the electric potential and storage of products, were separated by using a copper−bronze grid as counter electrode and a silica TLC plate, located a few millimeters behind, as collector. The collected products were thus stored away from the counter electrode, avoiding their possible reoxidation at this site. The amount of anthracene, a reduction product of 9-nitroanthracene, which was detected only in trace amounts with the metallic plate collector, increased significantly with the new device. Thus, anthracene can be viewed as the result of a capillary process whereas 9,10-anthraquinone can be estimated as mainly due to further oxidation at the collector. Furthermore, in deuterated solvents no incorporation was detected, suggesting that some reaction steps take place at the collector.
Skin cooling surfaces: estimating the importance of limiting skin temperature. (2005)

When a patient lies in the supine position on a foam mattress, body heat is trapped and the sacral skin is rapidly warmed, potentially causing local perspiration that increases friction, shear, and maceration that may weaken skin in the area. Increased metabolic demand of the warmed skin tissue may exacerbate the supply-versus-demand perfusion deficit in tissue under mechanical load, increasing the severity of skin breakdown. Conversely, mild skin cooling appears to confer some protection. To estimate the magnitude of such effects, an integrative review using simple graphical techniques in conjunction with published data was initiated. Results suggest that a 5 degrees C reduction in skin temperature would have an effect similar to that of the differences in sacral interface pressure measured between some of the most and least expensive support surfaces available. Incorporating relatively simple skin cooling features might have profound implications with respect to therapeutic surface design, selection, and patient care. Further research is needed to determine whether and to what extent the observed increments in clinical performance seen for low-air-loss surfaces (beyond what is seen for quality foam surfaces) can be attributed to skin cooling and which are attributable to drying effects.
Alkaline Haematin Method for Haemoglobin Determination (1947)

The obvious explanation is that the Poles and Ukrainians have some racial immunity to tuberculosis.This, however, has never been proved, and an epidemic of tuberculosis in a Siberian P.O.W. camp reported by Planner-Wildinghof (1921)' affected all races equally and was not influenced by any racial difference or any other form of selection.The other probability is that an undernourished patient, contrary to the usual teaching, is not a suitable host for the tubercle bacillus.Study of the latest Austrian statistics recently acquired in Vienna seems to confirm this.Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Austria year
Exposure to the polyester PET precursor—terephthalic acid induces and perpetuates DNA damage-harboring non-malignant human breast cells (2014)

Identification of early perturbations induced in cells from non-cancerous breast tissue is critical for understanding possible breast cancer risk from chemical exposure. We have demonstrated previously that exposure to the ubiquitous xenoestrogens, bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl paraben, promotes the hallmarks of cancer in non-malignant human high-risk donor breast epithelial cells (HRBECs) isolated from several donors. Here we show that terephthalic acid (TPA), a major chemical precursor of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers used for the storage of food and beverages, increased the ERα: ERβ ratio in multiple HRBEC samples, suggesting an estrogenic effect. Although, like BPA and methyl paraben, TPA also promoted resistance to tamoxifen-induced apoptosis, unlike these chemicals instead of inducing an increased S-phase fraction, TPA treatment arrested cell proliferation. DNA-PK, ATM and members of the MRN complex, known to be involved in DNA damage sensor and effector proteins, were elevated indicating induction of DNA strand breaks. Early DNA damage checkpoint response, mediated through p53/p21, led to G1 arrest in TPA-exposed cells. Removal of TPA from the growth medium resulted in the rapid induction of BCL2, increasing the ratio of anti-: pro-apoptotic proteins, together with overexpression of Cyclin A/CDK2 proteins. Consequently, despite elevated p53(pSer15) and H2AX(pSer139), indicating sustained DNA damage, TPA exposed cells resumed robust growth rates seen prior to TPA exposure. The propensity for the perpetuation of DNA aberrations that activate DNA damage pathways in non-malignant breast cells justifies careful consideration of human exposure to TPA, particularly at vulnerable life stages.
Pathological Conditions Involving Extracellular Hemoglobin: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Significance, and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for α <sub>1</sub> -Microglobulin (2012)

Hemoglobin (Hb) is the major oxygen (O(2))-carrying system of the blood but has many potentially dangerous side effects due to oxidation and reduction reactions of the heme-bound iron and O(2). Extracellular Hb, resulting from hemolysis or exogenous infusion, is shown to be an important pathogenic factor in a growing number of diseases. This review briefly outlines the oxidative/reductive toxic reactions of Hb and its metabolites. It also describes physiological protection mechanisms that have evolved against extracellular Hb, with a focus on the most recently discovered: the heme- and radical-binding protein α(1)-microglobulin (A1M). This protein is found in all vertebrates, including man, and operates by rapidly clearing cytosols and extravascular fluids of heme groups and free radicals released from Hb. Five groups of pathological conditions with high concentrations of extracellular Hb are described: hemolytic anemias and transfusion reactions, the pregnancy complication pre-eclampsia, cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage of premature infants, chronic inflammatory leg ulcers, and infusion of Hb-based O(2) carriers as blood substitutes. Finally, possible treatments of these conditions are discussed, giving a special attention to the described protective effects of A1M.
Improved soft handoff and macro-diversity for mobile radio (2002)

This paper presents a new combining scheme for soft handoff techniques in the uplink. In comparison to hard handoff schemes, soft handoff or macro-diversity combining, respectively, offers significant improvements concerning coverage as well as capacity for cellular mobile radio systems. Besides that, it increases signal transmission quality and avoids the "ping-pong" effect occurring when a mobile near the cell boundaries switches from one base station to its neighbor back and forth. Simulation results establish that the proposed new combining scheme performs up to 5 dB better than conventional soft handoff methods based on the selection of speech frames. The additional expense in bandwidth on the links between base stations and combining unit is moderate since only hard quantized bits plus side information once per frame need to be transmitted.
Relationship Between Swelling and Drug Release in a Hydrophilic Matrix (1993)

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) is widely used for controlled-release preparations. The process of drug release is controlled by matrix swelling and polymer dissolution. This study examines the mechanism of behaviour of HPMC in a polymer-drug directly-compressed matrix. The results obtained show that the swelling of HPMC which can be described by first-order kinetics is affected by concentration and viscosity grade of the polymer. This swelling action of HPMC in turn is controlled by the rate of water uptake into the matrices. An inverse relationship exists between the drug release rate and matrix swelling rate. This implies that HPMC swelling is one of the factors affecting drug release. The swelling behaviour of HPMC is therefore useful in predicting drug release.
Local Observation in Eternal Inflation (2011)

We consider landscape models that admit several regions where the conditions for eternal inflation hold. It is shown that one can use the no-boundary wave function to calculate small departures from homogeneity within our past light cone despite the possibility of much larger fluctuations on super horizon scales. The dominant contribution comes from the history exiting eternal inflation at the lowest value of the potential. In a class of landscape models this predicts a tensor to scalar ratio of about 10%. In this way the no-boundary wave function defines a measure for the prediction of local cosmological observations.
Racemic Structures and Optical Resolutions by Preferential Crystallization of Organic Ammonium Salts of <i>N</i>-Formyl-<scp>Dl</scp>-phenylalanine (1986)

Abstract Racemic structures of the butylammonium salt, pentylammonium salt, benzylammonium salt, dicyclohexylammonium salt(Dl-DCH salt), and 4-methylpiperidinium salt(Dl-4-MP salt) of N-formyl-Dl-phenylalanine were studied to explore the possibility of optical resolution by preferential crystallization. Free energies of formation of racemate (ΔGF) of the Dl-salts and data at eutectic points in binary phase diagrams of melting points indicate that the Dl-salts form racemic compounds in the vicinity of the melting points. However, according to ΔGF of Dl-DCH and 4-MP salts and infrared spectra and solubilities of the Dl- and l-salts, these Dl-salts transform into conglomerates around room temperature. It is possible to resolve Dl-DCH and 4-MP salts by preferential crystallization at 10 °C. Successive preferential crystallization of Dl-4-MP salt at 10 °C in 1-butanol gives the d- and l-salts with optical purities of 95–100%.
The Establishment Of A U.S. Federal Data Protection Agency To Define and Regulate Internet Privacy and Its Impact on US-China Relations: Marco Polo, Where are you?, 19 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 169 (2000) (2000)

The desire to explore new worlds and to exchange ideas and goods should be the impetus behind the Internet, the virtual Silk Road connecting the east and west. The Chinese government considers the Internet a vital part of its modernization plans. There are millions of Chinese citizens online and that number continues to grow. China’s policy towards online privacy regulation will have a significant impact on the rest of the world. Technology has outpaced law in the arena of privacy regulation. Some scholars believe the Internet should be unregulated. Others fear that commerce will overrun privacy concerns. The sheer volume of information on the Internet makes it hard to regulate, especially in the controversial environment surrounding the issue of state regulation of the Internet. The United States and Europe have divergent views of privacy. The European Union recognizes informational privacy as a fundamental right. The U.S. construes data privacy as a matter of commerce. China recognizes a substantive privacy right and has a privacy provision in its constitution, balancing privacy against the needs of state security. In China, privacy means something different than it does in the U.S. The premature establishment of a U.S. data protection agency could disadvantage the U.S. in negotiations with China.
Improved external efficiency of light emitting diode using organic thin film (2003)

As many applications nowadays would involve the use of high intensity and easy color tune display devices, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) seem to have a high potential in replacing the conventional semiconductor LEDs in the near future. In order to increase the competitive ability of OLED in markets, the paper aims to enhance the external efficiency by texturing the LED surface randomly together with the addition of a reflective coating at the device bottom. Such a method is reported to be successful when applied in conventional semiconductor LEDs. The OLED- ITO/Re-3:PC/Al is used as the example for investigation. A software model of this device is constructed by a computer-program language, all investigations and studies are based on the simulation results of this program.
Impact of risk factors on the performance of the nuclear matrix protein 22 point‐of‐care test for bladder cancer detection (2008)

The PPV of the BladderChek test improves in patients at higher risk of bladder cancer reaching 77% in men presenting with gross haematuria who are aged >65 years and smoke. The NPV is highest in women aged <65 years, up to 100%.