gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The silicon insulated-gate field-effect transistor (1963)

The device discussed in this paper represents a significant departure from the conventional unipolar transistor in that the reverse-biased p-n junction has been superseded by a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) control structure. This structure can be used to enhance as well as deplete the charge near the surface of the semiconductor. A simple model is proposed and the basic transistor current-voltage relationships are derived for the case of a thick oxide and shallow conducting channel. This case is in contrast to the p-n junction-type described by Shockley, the latter being analogous to a very thin oxide and a deep uniformly doped channel. A more detailed model is subsequently proposed in order to explain some experimentally observed anomalies for units not adequately described by the simpler model. In particular, the usual approximation of constant current in the saturation region is abandoned and consideration is given to the behavior of the drain resistance in this region. It is found that the relations predicting and describing this behavior are closely analogous to similar relations for vacuum tubes. Experimental data from units to which this model may be applied has shown close agreement with the theoretical predictions. Breakdown in the channel is also investigated and found to be a double-valued function of the gate voltage. For low-gate voltages the breakdown is induced directly by the drain-to-source field and occurs across the constricted portion of the channel near the drain. For higher-gate voltages carrier generation is induced directly by the gate-to-drain field with the source-to-drain sweep field acting to remove the impact ionized and/or field emitted carriers. Brief consideration is also given to the question of the validity of using Boltzmann or Fermi-Dirac statistics in devices which are not necessarily in thermal equilibrium. The use of these statistics to predict the formation of a gate-field-induced inversion layer at the oxide-silicon interface in typical depletion-type transistors is found to be unjustified. This is due to generation and flow rate limitations on the source of the carriers which form this layer, and contrasts with the case of the induced channel-type unit for which the use of these statistics appears justified. Experimental evidence regarding saturation and complete pinch-off of drain current has indicated that the inversion layer does, in fact, fail to exist, as predicted, for the depletion-type transistor. Units fabricated to date have the following typical characteristics: input impedance, 7 µµf, 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+15</sup> ohms; transconductance, 2000 µmhos; cutoff bias,-7 volts (depletion unit); rise time, 10 nsec. The yield of units has averaged over 95 per cent on recently fabricated wafers, indicating great promise for integrated electronics applications.
Analysis and Dynamic Range Enhancement of the Analog-to-Digital Interface in Multimode Radio Receivers (1997)

The rapidly developing wireless market has spawned a multitude of different standards for cellular, PCS, and wireless data. To allow users the ability to access services conforming to disparate standards, multimode handsets capable of software reconfiguration are needed. These &quot;software radios&quot; are distinguished from their traditional counterparts by their strong reliance on digital channel filtering and demodulation which may be reprogrammed to receive different standards. In these radios, higher dynamic range is required from the analog portion, most notably, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This
Atomic, molecular, and photonic processes in laser-induced plasmas in alkali metal vapors (1993)

The production of laser-induced plasmas, which ordinarily occurs only at high laser powers, occurs at far lower laser powers using resonant and collisional phenomena in alkali metal vapors. For example, 10 torr of Na vapor can be significantly ionized to produce a bright white ball with as little as 1 mW of focused cw dye laser power (e.g., at the 3 p → 4 d transitions at 568.3 and 568.8 nm). We first discuss the alkali metal vapors in general (1) and their important ionization processes (2), especially those occurring at photon energies below the atomic ionization energy. We then discuss the striking wavelength dependences of ionization. For example, cw laser irradiation of these vapors gives completely different behavior at slightly different wavelengths (Stwalley 1990): 10 torr of sodium vapor at 568.2 nm, where the vapor shows only molecular fluorescence and is sufficiently quiescent that highly stable, narrow-band, optically pumped lasers based upon the fluorescent transitions can easily be constructed (Bahns 1983; Bahns et al. 1983; Verma et al. 1983); and, at 568.3 nm, where a “quasiresonant” laser-induced plasma forms and strong emission (including violet excimer bands, a potential laser) is produced (Koch & Collins 1979; Bahns et al. 1989a; Bahns et al. 1989b). We will analyze and reinterpret the classic subthreshold ionization studies (3) and survey recent laser-induced plasma studies (4). We also discuss dissociative recombination and its selectivity for producing strong excimer emission (5) the predicted electronic spectra of the alkali metal molecular ions (6).
Improved tumor localization with increasing dose of indium-111-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody ZCE-025 in metastatic colorectal cancer. (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) react with human colorectal cancer cells, and when labeled with a gamma-emitting radioisotope, may help to localize known and occult metastatic disease. We tested ZCE-025 (Hybritech, Inc, San Diego), a high-affinity immune gamma globulin1 (IgG1) MoAb anti-CEA that does not react with normal granulocyte glycoproteins in a phase I/II trial to determine the reagent's toxicity and its maximum efficacy in detecting metastatic colorectal cancer. Increasing doses of unlabeled ZCE-025 were mixed with 1 mg of Indium-111 (111In)-radiolabeled MoAb and administered intravenously (IV) to 34 patients who had metastatic colorectal cancer. Planar nuclear or single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) scans were performed 48 to 72 and 120 to 144 hours later. Total dose of MoAb and scanning sensitivity (number of imaged lesions/number of known lesions) were correlated up to 80 mg. At doses of 2.5 to 20 mg, a mean of 22% of the lesions were imaged; at 40 mg, 77% were imaged (P less than .01). Liver metastases were detected as areas of increased activity ("hot") at the 40 mg dose but showed decreased MoAb uptake at lower doses. At the 40 mg dose normal liver parenchymal uptake of the labeled MoAb was lower with respect to blood pool compared with the other doses. At 80 mg, however, sensitivity of detection declined to 21%. One milligram of 111In-labeled ZCE-025 antibody coinfused with 39 mg of unlabeled antibody appeared optimal for detecting metastatic colorectal cancer, particularly in the liver. Although the exact mechanism(s) for this dose effect is currently unknown, a partial "blocking" effect of unlabeled antibody with a change in MoAb biodistribution may be occurring.
Multiple Sclerosis and Glutamate (2003)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reproduces in rodents the features of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated, disabling disorder of the human nervous system. No adequate therapy is available for multiple sclerosis, despite anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and immunomodulatory measures. Increasingly glutamate is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we (1) review changes in the glutamatergic system in multiple sclerosis and (2) reveal the effects of glutamate AMPA antagonists in acute and chronic rodent models of multiple sclerosis. Administration of structurally diverse competitive and non-competitive AMPA antagonists reduces neurologic disability in rodents subjected to acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, AMPA antagonists are active in both the adoptive transfer and in chronic models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats and mice and affect both the acute and chronic relapsing phases. Moreover, short-term therapy with AMPA antagonists leads to sustained benefit well into the progressive phases. These results imply that therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis should be complemented by glutamate AMPA antagonists to reduce neurologic disability.
Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor β Alters Steroid Response in Glucocorticoid-insensitive Asthma (2005)

GC insensitivity is associated with loss of GCRalpha nuclear translocation in BAL cells and elevated GCRbeta, which may inhibit GCRalpha transactivation in response to steroids.
A Convention for Describing SNMP-based Agents (1992)

This memo suggests a straight-forward approach towards describing
SNMP- based agents. This memo provides information for the Internet
community. It does not specify an Internet standard.
An Interleaved Three-Phase PWM Single-Stage Resonant Rectifier With High-Frequency Isolation (2019)

This article proposes a novel interleaved three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) single-stage resonant ac-dc converter with high-frequency isolation. The proposed converter comes from an interleaved three-phase power factor correction (PFC) semistage and a three-phase LLC resonant dc-dc semistage. Soft-switching commutation can be achieved on the power switches in this converter including zero-voltage-switching-on on the primary side power switches and zero-current-switching-off on the secondary diodes. The LLC resonant tank in the dc-dc semistage serves as a bandpass filter that attenuates the line-frequency ripple and keeps the switching frequency component passing through the transformer. The high frequency transformer keeps in a small size. Steady-state analysis of the resonant dc-dc semistage for PWM control is proposed to analyze the dc-link voltage stress. Moreover, the dc-link capacitor value can be greatly reduced without affecting the PFC operation. A prototype that converts a wide three-phase input voltage to 300 V dc output voltage is built and tested. The experimental results present an almost unity power factor with a conversion efficiency as high as 96.3% with total harmonic distortion as low as 3.86% at a full-load condition.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus vFLIP and Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Oncogenic Proteins Activate IκB Kinase Subunit γ by Different Mechanisms Independent of the Physiological Cytokine-Induced Pathways (2011)

Activation of IκB kinase subunit γ (IKKγ), a key regulator of the classical NF-κB pathway, by the vFLIP protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the Tax protein of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV1) is essential for virus-associated cancer. We show that vFLIP and Tax activate this pathway by different interactions with IKKγ and independently of the ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathways induced by cytokines. Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms by which IKKγ can be activated and show that NF-κB activation by oncogenic viruses can be targeted without affecting physiologically important pathways.
Monomeric C-phycocyanin at room temperature and 77 K: resolution of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the individual chromophores and the energy-transfer rate constants (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonomeric C-phycocyanin at room temperature and 77 K: resolution of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the individual chromophores and the energy-transfer rate constantsMartin P. Debreczeny, Kenneth Sauer, Jianhui Zhou, and Donald A. BryantCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 38, 9852–9862Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100140a050https://doi.org/10.1021/j100140a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views419Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
DNA methylation and cancer: ghosts and angels above the genes (2010)

Recent conceptual advances in the field of DNA methylation and the advent and rapid development of new technologies in epigenomics have started to unravel the mechanisms underlying aberrant DNA methylation in cancer cells and identify novel targets for diagnosis, risk assessment and therapy.
Estrogen Receptor α Has a Functional Role in the Mouse Rete Testis and Efferent Ductules1 (2000)

Previous studies of the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (alpha ERKO) in the male mouse demonstrate that the rete testis and efferent ductules are targets of estrogen. Because the alpha ERKO mouse lacks a functional estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) throughout development, it was not known whether the morphological and physiological abnormalities observed in the alpha ERKO male were due to developmental defects or to dysfunctions concurrent with the lack of ER alpha in the tissue. This study was designed to determine if treatment of normal wild-type (WT) mice with the pure antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, (ICI) could reproduce the morphological characteristics seen in alpha ERKO mice. Thirty-day-old male mice were treated for 35 days with either castor oil or ICI. Age-equivalent alpha ERKO mice were used for comparison. Light microscopic examinations of the reproductive tracts revealed dramatic changes in the efferent ductules of treated mice: a 1.7-fold increase in luminal diameter, a 56% reduction in epithelial cell height, a 60% reduction in brush boarder height of nonciliated cells, and an apparent reduction of the number of observable lysosomes and endocytotic vesicles. Testes of ICI-treated mice showed swollen rete testes area (6.5 times larger than control) and a 65% reduction in rete testis epithelium height. However, there were no significant changes in body and testis weights. These results indicate that ER blockage with ICI in WT mice results in morphological changes of the efferent ductules resembling those seen in alpha ERKO siblings of the same age. Based on this study, we conclude that ER alpha has a functional role in the mouse reproductive tract and the aberrant morphology observed in the efferent ductules of the alpha ERKO mouse is likely the result of a concurrent response to the lack of functional ER alpha, and not solely due to the lack of ER alpha during early developmental times.
Contributions of comodulation masking release and temporal resolution to the speech-reception threshold masked by an interfering voice (1993)

Two experiments are presented to explain the difference in speech-reception threshold (SRT) between conditions with a steady-state noise masker or an interfering voice. Literature shows for normal hearing a masking release of 6-8 dB with an interfering voice and a substantial reduction of this release with hearing impairment. In experiment I the possible role of comodulation masking release (CMR) is investigated by manipulating the comodulation in the interfering voice by the introduction of temporal shift among filter bands of various width. The spectral spread of masking from the manipulated interfering voice was controlled by interleaving the mutually shifted speech bands with 1/3-octave bands of noise. Although comodulation in the interfering speech appears to be very important for the low SRT, the contribution of across-frequency processing of masker fluctuations--commonly considered as the origin of CMR--is only 1.3 dB. In experiment II the level dependence of masking release with an interfering voice is investigated. The data fit in with the hypothesis by Festen and Plomp [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 1725-1736 (1990)] that the release from masking with an interfering voice is limited by forward masking. It appears that up to about 55 dBA the release from masking increases with level up to about 7 dB. Above 55 dBA the difference in SRT obtained with a noise masker or an interfering voice is constant due to the limited average modulation depth of speech.
In x Ga1 − x As Photodetector for the 1.7–2.0 μm Spectral Region (1985)

photodetectors for the 1.7–2.0 μm region have been fabricated by LPE growth of layers on intermediate layers of on an substrate. p‐n Junctions were formed either by Zn diffusion into an n‐type layer or by epitaxial growth of a p‐type layer of doped with Mn. The effect of threading dislocations on minority carrier lifetime is analyzed on the basis of minority carrier diffusion length data obtained by fitting a computer model to the experimentally observed quantum efficiency.
Pilus‐facilitated adherence of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> to human epithelial and endothelial cells: modulation of adherence phenotype occurs concurrently with changes in primary amino acid sequence and the glycosylation status of pilin (1993)

Adherence of capsulate Neisseria meningitidis to endothelial and epithelial cells is facilitated in variants that express pili. Whereas piliated variants of N. meningitidis strain C311 adhered to endothelial cells in large numbers (> 150 bacteria/cell), derivatives containing specific mutations that disrupt pilE encoding the pilin subunit were both non-piliated and failed to adhere to endothelial cells (< 1 bacterium/cell). In addition, meningococcal pili recognized human endothelial and epithelial cells but not cells originating from other animals. Variants of strain C311 were obtained that expressed pilins of reduced apparent M(r) and exhibited a marked increase in adherence to epithelial cells. Structural analysis of pilins from two hyper-adherent variants and the parent strain were carried out by DNA sequencing of their pilE genes. Deduced molecular weights of pilins were considerably lower compared with their apparent M(r) values on SDS-PAGE. Hyper-adherent pilins shared unique changes in sequence including substitution of Asn-113 for Asp-113 and changes from Asn-Asp-Thr-Asp to Thr-Asp-Ala-Lys at residues 127-130 in mature pilin. Asn residues 113 and 127 of 'parental' pilin both form part of the typical eukaryotic N-glycosylation motif Asn-X-Ser/Thr and could potentially be glycosylated post-translationally. The presence of carbohydrate on pilin was demonstrated and when pilins were deglycosylated, their migration on SDS-PAGE increased, supporting the notion that variable glycosylation accounts for discrepancies in apparent and deduced molecular weights. Functionally distinct pilins produced by two fully piliated variants of a second strain (MC58) differed only in that the putative glycosylation motif Asn-60-Asn-61-Thr-62 in an adherent variant was replaced with Asp-60-Asn-61-Ser-62 in a non-adherent variant. Fully adherent backswitchers obtained from the non-adherent variant always regained Asn-60 but retained Ser-62. We propose, therefore, that functional variations in N. meningitidis pili may be modulated in large part by primary amino acid sequence changes that ablate or create N-linked glycosylation sites on the pilin subunit.
A Novel Positive Yarn-feed System for Flat-bed Knitting Machines (2000)

A novel positive yarn-feed mechanism is described which is used to regulate the length of the stitches produced by a flat-bed knitting machine. The feed system comprises a servo-controlled yarn delivery drum that is used in conjunction with yarn-tension transducers in order to deliver precise lengths of yarn to the knitting zone. The length of yarn required at each stage of the knitting process is calculated by a personal computer and this information is transmitted to the feed-drum servo during the knitting process. Under a number of different operating conditions, the yarn delivery was found to vary by less than 1.2%.
Trust (1998)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTTrustMADELEINE JACOBSCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1998, 76, 28, 5Publication Date (Print):July 13, 1998Publication History Published online16 November 2010Published inissue 13 July 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v076n028.p005https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n028.p005editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (128 KB) SUBJECTS:Students Get e-Alerts
Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review (2012)

marine omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, cardiac death and coronary events, especially in persons with high cardiovascular risk.
Facile synthesis of a interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur nanocomposite as cathode of Li-S batteries with excellent lithium storage performance (2012)

This paper reports the facile synthesis of a unique interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur nanocomposite (S-EG) by melt-diffusion strategy. The SEM images of the S-EG materials indicate the nanocomposites consist of nanosheets with a layer-by-layer structure. Electrochemical tests reveal that the nanocomposite with a sulphur content of 60% (0.6S-EG) can deliver the highest discharge capacity of 1210.4 mAh g−1 at a charge–discharge rate of 280 mA g−1 in the first cycle, the discharge capacity of the 0.6S-EG remains as high as 957.9 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles of charge–discharge. Furthermore, at a much higher charge–discharge rate of 28 A g−1, the 0.6S-EG cathode can still deliver a high reversible capacity of 337.5 mAh g−1. The high sulphur utilization, excellent rate capability and reduced over-discharge phenomenon of the 0.6S-EG material are exclusively attributed to the particular microstructure and composition of the cathode.
The bible in education (2015)

Trevor Cooling is professor of Christian Education at Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. He recently spent three weeks in Sydney giving lectures and working with teachers in different types of Christian schools. Here he shares some of the material he used during that visit.