gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasticization of Rubber (1936)

Abstract The effect of oxygen in the mastication process of raw rubber has been demonstrated by Cotton ( Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind. , 6, 487 (1931) and Busse ( Ind. Eng. Chem. , 24, 140–146 (1932), who obtained a considerable reduction in the rate of plasticization of raw rubber when milled in the absence of oxygen. In a recent paper (Blow and Garner, Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind. , 10, 465 (1935)) it was suggested that work on similar lines with rubber-carbon black stocks and rubber-softener mixtures might yield interesting results. The opportunity to carry out some experiments presented itself, and the results form the subject of this note. Experimental .—A small Werner-Pfleiderer enclosed mixer, suitably modified to render it as gas-tight as possible, was employed. The weight of rubber taken for each test was 14 ounces. This was fed into the mixer piece by piece, over a period of two minutes, and milled for a further 5 1/2 minutes; the atmosphere in the mixer was in one series nitrogen, freed from oxygen by passing through pyrogallol, and in another series oxygen. Sufficient gas was supplied to the mixer to maintain a pressure of about 5 cm. of water. The conditions of temperature, time, etc., were as accurately controlled as possible. Plasticity measurements were made 30 hours after the milling process, the plasticity figure being the time in seconds taken to compress a pellet (1 sq. cm. in cross-section and 1 cm. long) between platens 1 sq. cm. cross-section from a thickness of 7.5 to a thickness of 5 mm. under a load of 1000 gms. at 100° C.
Third generation of focusing: Gel matrices with immobilized cation gradients (2010)

A novel method is reviewed here for separation of polyanions, based not on conventional zone electrophoretic means, but on a "steady-state" process by which said polyanions are driven to stationary zones along the migration path against a gradient of positive charges affixed to the neutral polyacrylamide matrix. As the total negative surface charge of such polyanions matches the surrounding charge density of the matrix, they stop migrating and remain stationary, as typical of steady-state separation techniques. This technique has been successfully applied to SDS-protein micelles, DNAs, RNAs and heparins, with remarkable separations, often much superior than those obtained in conventional techniques. Additionally, by exploiting constant plateaus of charges, rather than gradients, it is possible to amplify the separation between species having closely spaced charge densities. This technique resembles a classical IEF process, with the proviso that the polyanions cannot be applied at any position along the gel matrix, but only at the point of low (or zero) charge density. The merits and limits of the technique are assessed.
Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses (2015)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for many human intoxications and fatalities each year. The origin of TTX is unknown, but in the pufferfish, it seems to be produced by endosymbiotic bacteria that often seem to be passed down the food chain. The ingestion of contaminated pufferfish, considered the most delicious fish in Japan, is the usual route of toxicity. This neurotoxin, reported as a threat to human health in Asian countries, has spread to the Pacific and Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature waters worldwide. TTX, for which there is no known antidote, inhibits sodium channel producing heart failure in many cases and consequently death. In Japan, a regulatory limit of 2 mg eq TTX/kg was established, although the restaurant preparation of "fugu" is strictly controlled by law and only chefs qualified are allowed to prepare the fish. Due to its paralysis effect, this neurotoxin could be used in the medical field as an analgesic to treat some cancer pains.
First in Human Validation of Impedance‐Based Catheter Tip‐to‐Tissue Contact Assessment in the Left Atrium (2009)

Measurement of local impedances between catheter tip and tissue is feasible to reproducibly describe electrical catheter contact within the left atrium in a clinical setting of AF catheter ablation.
Tools for managing collaboration, communication, and website content development in a distributed digital library community (2005)

This poster showcases tools that the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) has developed to address the needs of its distributed community members to manage collaboration and communication, as well as the development of their own websites using DLESE templates. DLESE has customized several open source content management systems and has integrated its suite of Web services into them. These services enable developers to add customized search services, smart links, and RSS feeds, etc. to their sites.
Capturing Long-Term Temporal Dependencies with Convolutional Networks for Continuous Emotion Recognition (2017)

The goal of continuous emotion recognition is to assign an emotion value to every frame in a sequence of acoustic features. We show that incorporating long-term temporal dependencies is critical for continuous emotion recognition tasks. To this end, we first investigate architectures that use dilated convolutions. We show that even though such architectures outperform previously reported systems, the output signals produced from such architectures undergo erratic changes between consecutive time steps. This is inconsistent with the slow moving ground-truth emotion labels that are obtained from human annotators. To deal with this problem, we model a downsampled version of the input signal and then generate the output signal through upsampling. Not only does the resulting downsampling/upsampling network achieve good performance, it also generates smooth output trajectories. Our method yields the best known audio-only performance on the RECOLA dataset.
The use of Langmuir probes and optical emission spectroscopy to measure electron energy distribution functions in RF-generated argon plasmas (1987)

A single Langmuir probe technique has been used to measure the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in an RF (13.56 MHz)-generated argon plasma in a reactive ion etcher. This was achieved by applying a driving RF signal to the probe to compensate for the effects of RF fluctuations in the plasma potential and then using the second differential of the probe characteristics to obtain the EEDF. It is observed that the EEDF is not well represented by a Maxwellian, Optical emission spectra (4600-4900 AA) were also recorded. In argon plasmas, generated at a constant power level, the average electron energy deduced from the Langmuir probe increases as the pressure is reduced below 20 mTorr. At 5 mTorr the average energy is 8.5 eV whereas above 20 mTorr the average energy lies in the range 3.5-5.3 eV. This is found to correlate with the variation in the intensity of an emission line (4s'(1/2)10 from 5p(1/2) at 4702.32 AA) in an excited argon atom, which can be accounted for by the presence of an increasing fraction of higher-energy electrons at lower gas pressures.
Sensory nerve inactivation by resiniferatoxin improves insulin sensitivity in male obese Zucker rats (2005)

Recent studies have suggested that sensory nerves may influence insulin secretion and action. The present study investigated the effects of resiniferatoxin (RTX) inactivation of sensory nerves (desensitization) on oral glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and whole body insulin sensitivity in the glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinemic, and insulin-resistant obese Zucker rat. After RTX treatment (0.05 mg/kg RTX sc given at ages 8, 10, and 12 wk), fasting plasma insulin was reduced ( P < 0.0005), and oral glucose tolerance was improved ( P < 0.005). Pancreas perfusion showed that baseline insulin secretion (7 mM glucose) was lower in RTX-treated rats ( P = 0.01). Insulin secretory responsiveness to 20 mM glucose was enhanced in the perfused pancreas of RTX-treated rats ( P < 0.005) but unaffected in stimulated, isolated pancreatic islets. At the peak of spontaneous insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat, insulin sensitivity was substantially improved after RTX treatment, as evidenced by higher glucose infusion rates (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (5 mU·kg −1 ·min −1 ) clamp (GIR 60–120min : 5.97 ± 0.62 vs. 11.65 ± 0.83 mg·kg −1 ·min −1 in RTX-treated rats, P = 0.003). In conclusion, RTX treatment and, hence, sensory nerve desensitization of adult male obese Zucker rats improved oral glucose tolerance by enhancing insulin secretion, and, in particular, by improving insulin sensitivity.
First steps of the augmented design studio: The interconnected Hybrid Ideation Space and the CI Loop (2011)

Professional or school design studios are essential environments for design supporting free exploration of materials and representations, analogue or digital. New technologies have moved into the studio with mixed results. Paradoxically, the use of portable computers, using Internet as collaboration channel, has actually individualized the design work and limited the support to co-creation, reinforcing individual work. The Augmented Design Studio argues for the implementation of hybrid technology, such as the Hybrid Ideation Space (HIS), in the design studio to compensate for the absence of collective local or remote efficient ideation space. This paper presents a case study showing the primary results of distant synchronous and asynchronous design collaboration supported by the interconnected HIS during an ad-hoc project and assessed by the improved Collaborative Ideation Loop (CI Loop) methodology. The HIS was installed in two universities located in different countries. We ran a research protocol in the format of a design charrette where two teams (team a: two architecture students, team b: two industrial design students) participated in the ideation of a bus shelter. This case study shows that teams were able to co-design while they were virtually ÂteleportedÂ into each otherÂs representations.
Recent advances in speech processing (2003)

An overview is given of recent advances in the domain of speech recognition. The author focuses on speech recognition, but also mentions some progress in other areas of speech processing (speaker recognition, speech synthesis, speech analysis and coding) using similar methodologies. The problems related to automatic speech processing are identified, and the initial approaches that have been followed in order to address those problems are described. The author then introduces the methodological novelties that allowed for progress along three axes: from isolated-word recognition to continuous speech, from speaker-dependent recognition to speaker-independent, and from small vocabularies to large vocabularies. Special emphasis centers on the improvements made possible by Markov models and, more recently, by connectionist models, resulting in improved performance for difficult vocabularies or in more robust systems. Some specialized hardware is described, as are efforts aimed at assessing speech-recognition systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biodegradable natural composites. I. Processing and properties (1992)

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the properties of composites of bacteria‐produced polyesters reinforced with wood cellulose. Although cellulose fibers improved the strength and stiffness of the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), the samples were very brittle. The impact strength and elongation at break of these composites were significantly improved when PHB copolymers with increased amounts of hydroxyvalerate (HV) were used as the matrix. Dynamic mechanical properties of PHB copolymers of varying compositions and of cellulose‐filled composites were investigated. The introduction of cellulose resulted in a decreased loss factor owing to restrictions of the chain mobility in the amorphous phase. An improvement was observed in the dynamic modulus, which was seen to be greatest at elevated temperatures. An excellent dispersibility of cellulose fibers was achieved in the PHB matrix as compared with such synthetic matrices as polystyrene or polypropylene. The degree of dispersibility was strongly affected by processing conditions. The defibrillation observed on extracted fibers suggests a possible hydrolysis of cellulose by crotonic acid formed in situ as a result of the thermal decomposition of the PHB matrix.
Synthesis of Regioisomerically Pure 1,7-Dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic Acid Derivatives (2014)

The perylene derivative 1,7-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic tetrabutylester has been obtained in regioisomerically pure form, by employing a highly efficient, scalable, and robust synthesis starting from commercially available perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic bisanhydride. Subsequently, this compound is utilized for the synthesis of extremely valuable and versatile regioisomerically pure intermediates, namely, 1,7-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dibutylester monoanhydride, 1,7-dibromoperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic bisanhydride, and 1,7-dibromoperylene monoimid monoanhydride. These compounds possess at least one anhydride functionality in addition to the 1,7 bromo substituents and thus allow for a virtually limitless attachment of substituents both at the "peri" and the "bay" positions. The intermediate 1,7-dibromoperylene monoimide monoanhydride is of special interest as it provides access to unsymmetrically imide-substituted 1,7-dibromoperylene derivatives, which are not accessible by previously known procedures. Finally, substitution of the 1,7 bromine atoms in the bay area by phenoxy groups, which is a generally applied reaction for 1,7-dibromoperylene bisimides, was proven to be equally effective for a 1,7-dibromoperylene tetraester and a 1,7-dibromoperylene diester monoimid.
Shelf Space Allocation and Profit Maximization in Mass Retailing (1973)

Conceptual models and empirical studies of the relationship of shelf space allocation to unit sales are reviewed in this article. This knowledge is organized to support specific recommendations for the practical management of shelf space for profit maximization.
Improved stopping criteria for iterative decoding of short-rame multi-component turbo codes (2002)

In this paper, we investigate some techniques for improving existing stopping criteria for iterative decoding of short-frame Turbo codes with two or more component codes. Conventional stopping criteria are applied only after every decoding iteration. We investigate the potential reduction on decoding complexity and delay by adapting conventional iteration-based stopping criteria to component-based variants with various step sizes, where the step size is a parameter we introduce for complexity minimization. If the step size is too small, the resultant stopping criterion becomes too easy to satisfy, causing performance degradation. If the step size is too large, the resultant stopping criterion becomes too difficult to satisfy, leading to unnecessarily high decoding complexity. It will be demonstrated that for a frame size of 84 bits and Eb/No=3dB, impressive savings of 40%, 27% and 33% on the average number of iterations for iteratively decoding Turbo codes with two, three and four component codes respectively can be obtained by improving the simple hard-decision-aided stopping criterion.
A paper-based platform for detection of viral RNA (2017)

Viral detection presents a host of challenges for even the most sensitive analytical techniques, and the complexity of common detection platforms typically preclude portability. With these considerations in mind, we designed a paper microzone plate-based virus detection system for the detection of viral genetic material that can be performed with simple instruments. The sensing system can detect viral cDNA reverse-transcribed from total RNA extraction by utilizing a biotinylated capture probe and an Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled reporter probe. The biotinylated capture probe was linked to the paper surface via NeutrAvidin® that was physically adsorbed on the paper. After addition of reverse-transcribed sample and reporter probe in sequence, the reverse-transcribed target captured the reporter probe and tethered it to the capture probe in a bridged format. Fluorescence intensity was imaged using a Western blot imaging system, and higher target concentration was visible by the increased emission intensity from Alexa Fluor® 647. By utilizing paper, this detection setup could also serve as a sample concentration method via evaporation, which could remarkably lower the detection limit if needed. This detection platform used Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) RNA as a proof-of-concept by sensing cDNA resulting from reverse transcription and can be further expanded as a general method for other pathogens. EBV is a well-known human tumor virus, which has also recently been linked to the development of cervical cancer. The assay was accomplished within two hours including the room-temperature RNA extraction and reverse transcription steps. Also, this paper microzone plate-based platform can potentially be applicable for the development of point-of-care (POC) detection kits or devices due to its robust design, convenient interface, and easy portability. The experiment could be stopped after each step, and continued at a later time. The shelf-life of the modified paper plate setup was at least 3 months without a discernible change in signal, and the result from day 1 could be read at 3 months - both of which are important criteria for POC analytical testing tools, especially in resource-poor settings. All of the required assay steps could potentially be performed without any significant equipment using inexpensive paper microzone plates, which will be ideal for further development of POC testing devices. Although, this platform is not at the stage where it can be directly used in a point-of-care setting, it does have fundamental characteristics such as a stable platform, a simple detection method, and relatively common reagents that align closely with a POC system.
Regulation of acetylcholinesterase mRNA stability by calcium during differentiation from myoblasts to myotubes. (1994)

The expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and their corresponding mRNAs increases dramatically during the conversion of myoblasts to myotubes in C2-C12 cells. The increase in expression of nAChR arises from transcriptional activation of the genes encoding the receptor subunits, whereas stabilization of labile transcripts is primarily responsible for enhanced AChE expression. In a search for the signaling pathways responsible for stabilization of the AChE mRNA, we found that ryanodine, synthetic ryanodine receptor antagonists and L-type, but not N-type, Ca2+ channel blockers inhibit the differentiation-induced expression of AChE mRNA, but not the nAChR mRNA. Selective inhibition of increased expression of AChE is also evident. Inhibition by ryanodine and nifedipine is additive suggesting different target sites for the two Ca2+ channel ligands. Ryanodine binding sites can be detected in both myoblasts and myotubes, but they increase substantially during differentiation. Rates of AChE gene transcription are not altered by ryanodine and nifedipine, indicating that decreased Ca2+ availability prevents stabilization of the mRNA normally seen with differentiation. Muscle cells still undergo elongation and fusion in the presence of ryanodine or L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists. Ryanodine block is fully reversible, indicating functional integrity of the cellular expression system after the drug treatment. These findings indicate that intracellular ryanodine-sensitive calcium channels and extracellular L-type Ca2+ channels link to play an important role in stabilizing AChE mRNA and suggest that transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ may be critical for the commitment of AChE expression during myogenesis.
High Temperature Initiator-Free RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in a Microwave Reactor (2009)

The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated under microwave irradiation. At first, a comparison was made between microwave and thermal heating for the RAFT polymerization of MMA with azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator and 2-cyano-2-butyldithiobenzoate (CBDB) as RAFT agent, revealing comparable polymerization kinetics indicating the absence of non-thermal microwave effects. Second, the CBDB-mediated RAFT polymerization of MMA was investigated at high temperatures (120°C, 150°C, and 180°C, respectively) in the absence of a radical initiator, showing a linear increase of the molar masses with conversion. The polydispersity indices remained below 1.5 up to 25% MMA conversion at 120°C and 150°C, indicating a controlled polymerization. This control over the polymerization was confirmed by the ability to control the molar masses by the concentration of RAFT agent.
Numerical Analysis of a Slider Bearing with a Heterogeneous Slip/No-Slip Surface (2004)

The behavior of a fluid-film bearing depends on the boundary conditions at the interfaces between the liquid and the solid bearing surfaces. For almost all solid surfaces, the no-slip boundary condition applies. However, a number of researchers have recently found that slip can occur with specially engineered surfaces. These include molecularly smooth surfaces and surfaces with micron-scale patterns. By constructing an engineered heterogeneous surface on which slip occurs in certain regions and is absent in others, the flow in the liquid film of a bearing can be altered, and such characteristics as load support and friction can be improved. In the present study, a numerical analysis of a slider bearing with such an engineered slip/no-slip surface is analyzed. Slip is assumed to occur when a critical shear stress is exceeded and follows the Navier relation. The results show that with a critical shear stress of zero, a significant increase in load support and decrease in friction can be achieved with an appropriate surface pattern. With nonzero values of critical shear stress, an instability occurs over a range of speeds. At speeds above this range, the bearing behaves similar to the case with zero critical shear stress, while below this range it behaves like a conventional bearing.