gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The dnrM gene in Streptomyces peucetius contains a naturally occurring frameshift mutation that is suppressed by another locus outside of the daunorubicin-production gene cluster (1996)

A 2 center dot 7 kb BamHI fragment of the daunorubicin biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 29050 was shown to contain two ORFs, dnrL and dnrM, whose deduced products exhibit a high sequence similarity to a number of glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyl transferases and TDP-D-glucose dehydratases, respectively. Although these genes were believed to be necessary for the synthesis of the deoxyaminosugar, daunosamine, a constituent of daunorubicin, the dnrM gene contains a frameshift in the DNA sequence that causes the premature termination of translation. A gene encoding another TDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, previously isolated from S. peucetius, was identified by PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The presence of this gene explains why a dnrM::aphll mutation did not block daunorubicin production.
Organized Living: From Cell Surfaces to Basement Membranes (2003)

Binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to integrin receptors initiates intracellular signaling events that are essential for the differentiation and survival of epithelial cells. However, the propagation and processing of these signals also depend on the cells acquiring an appropriate three-dimensional morphology and polarity after contact with the ECM. In fact, even if adhesion to the ECM is maintained but subsequent cellular organization and polarity are impaired, epithelial cells fail to fully differentiate and become susceptible to apoptotic stimuli. Studies using three-dimensional tissue culture models with reconstituted basement membranes not only demonstrate the central role of tissue organization for differentiation and survival, but also emphasize how acquiring this organized polarized phenotype can override a number of genetic changes that would otherwise disrupt normal tissue function.
The Image Game: Exploit Kit Detection Based on Recursive Convolutional Neural Networks (2020)

Malware has been installed through drive-by downloads via exploit kit attacks. However, the prior signature- or dynamic-based detection approach to the continuously increasing number of suspicious samples is time-consuming. In such circumstances, convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) can help in rapid detection owing to their direct image-feature generation using exploit codes. However, the general ConvNet model entails the vanishing gradient problem, where the features used for a deep learning-based detection method will become less effective as the network is deepened to improve detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose a multiclass ConvNet model to classify exploit kits, where we adopt various image processing techniques and adjust the size and other parameters of images. The proposed ConvNet model recursively updates images and is designed for fully preserving image properties. This model updates the output of feature maps and pooling using an original image. This model was tested using 36,863 real-world datasets, achieving a 98.2% accuracy in exploit kit detection and family classification. Most importantly, the proposed model is 38 times faster than previous machine learning models, and training time is reduced by 77.8% when compared with prior well-known ConvNet models.
Small digital computers and automatic optical design (1954)

The photograph reproduced in Fig. 1 is an example of good optical imagery. The picture is crisp and considerable detail is resolved all over the area, even at the extreme edges and corners. Fig. 2 is a poor picture. The reasons are obvious. While the central region is still sharp and full of detail, the rest of the area is fuzzy and ill-defined. The quality definitely deteriorates as we move further and further out from the center. These two photographs were taken with the same camera, at the same exposure, under the same subject conditions with two different lenses of the same focal length. Fig. 3 shows the lenses in schematic form, essentially a section through the lens along the axis. The poor picture was taken with the upper lens, a simple biconvex element. The good picture was taken with the lower lens, a very-well-known design called a Tessar, containing four elements, two of which are cemented together. The difference between the two pictures shown obviously is related to the difference between the two lenses which took them. The techniques which lead us from poor picture to good picture, from simple biconvex lens to multielement Tessar, form the province of optical lens design.
X‐ray crystal structure of the B component of Hemolysin BL from <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (2008)

Bacillus cereus Hemolysin BL enterotoxin, a ternary complex of three proteins, is the causative agent of food poisoning and requires all three components for virulence. The X-ray structure of the binding domain of HBL suggests that it may form a pore similar to other soluble channel forming proteins. A putative pathway of pore formation is discussed.
A study of a two-channel cylindrical PZT ceramic transducer for use in stereo phonograph cartridges (1959)

An analytical as well as experimental evaluation of the electromechanical equivalent circuit constants of a two-channel flexural-type element is presented. This unit is a hollow cylindrical PZT ceramic structure electroded and polarized to be responsive to two signals perpendicular to each other. The electromechanical equivalent circuit chosen to represent this element is based on the analogy between mechanical and electrical vibrating systems, and is a modification of the electromechanical circuit proposed by Mason. It is made up of lumped electrical and mechanical parameters in combination with an ideal transformation ratio. Along with this evaluation, a brief discussion of performance characteristics of an experimental cartridge utilizing this element will be presented.
Stability regions for standing balance of biped humanoid robots (2017)

Based on the liner inverted pendulum model (LIPM) for the dynamics of biped humanoid robots, an analytical method for computing stability regions relevant to standing balance of the biped humanoid robots is introduced in this paper. More precisely, two types of the stability regions are discussed in this paper with the consideration of that the zero moment point (ZMP) should be located in the supporting region to guarantee stable standing of the biped humanoid robots. First, assuming no external disturbances affecting the motion of the biped humanoid robots, the set of the initial values of the center of mass (CoM) position and velocity with which the location of the ZMP is limited to be inside the supporting region can be explicitly obtained by solving a finite number of linear inequalities. Second, two admissible sets of external force disturbances (impulse and finite energy) with which the ZMP does not deviate from the supporting region are characterized by solving finite number of linear inequalities or the discrete-time Lyapunov equation, respectively. The validity and effectiveness of the analytical method proposed in this paper are verified through a simulation result.
High-quality broad-band optical communication by time-division multiplexed pulse analog modulation: Nonlineary in diode lasers (1978)

Inter/cross modulation levels occurring in signals from stripe-geometry (GaAl)As double-heterostructure diode lasers are investigated by computer simulation for the case of time-division multiplexed (TDM) pulse-analog modulation (PAM). It is shown that pulse-position modulation (PPM) is the preferred modulation scheme for high pulse rates, and inter/cross modulation levels are evaluated for the format TDM-PPM. It is shown that the inter/cross modulation level is greatly improved when diode lasers are biased above threshold. Based on this evaluation, it is concluded that effectively inter/cross modulation-free optical transmission at a pulse rate up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">108 \times 10^{6}</tex> pulses per second by TDM-PPM is feasible. This limiting rate permits the transmission of 12 color TV channels or 10800 telephony channels.
MAC: Conceptual Data Modeling for OLAP (2001)

In this paper we address the issue of conceptual modeling of data used in multidimensional analysis. We view the problem from the end-user point of view and we describe a set of requirements for the conceptual modeling of realwofid OLAP scenarios. Based on those requirements we then define a new conceptual model that intends to capture the static properties of the involved information. In its definition we use a minimal set of well-understood OLAP concepts like dimensions, levels, hierarchies, measures and cubes. The central concept of the model is the Multidimensional Aggregation Cube (MAC), which gives a broad and flexible definition to the notion of a multidimensional cube. We evaluate our model against other existing multidimensional models and show that MAC offers a unique combination of modeling skills. Our main contribution is the definition of the basic concepts of our model; although the set of requirements and the evaluation of all related models against those requirements represent an additional result.
Blue-Light-Emitting Fluorene-Based Polymers with Tunable Electronic Properties (2001)

A series of soluble alternating polyfluorene copolymers with different main chain structures and those of the same main chain structure polyfluorene-co-alt-phenylene with different functional groups attached at the 2- and/or 5-positions of the phenylene ring were synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. All 10 polymers had the band gaps ranging from 2.81 to 3.35 eV, corresponding to blue-light emission. Through controllable modification for both the main chain structures and the side chains, not only the optical and electronic properties of the blue emissive polymers had been tuned, but also the structure−property relationships, especially the HOMO and LUMO energy level engineering, had been studied. Relatively high PL efficiency in both solution and film states, good thermal stability, and relatively high glass transition temperatures were demonstrated on these polymers. In general, polymers with the main chain structure of polyfluorene-co-alt-phenylene were found to have higher Φfl both in solution and in solid states than those copolymers with other main chain structures. For the polymers with the same main chain structure of polyfluorene-co-alt-phenylene, attachment of electron-donating alkoxy groups on phenylene ring (P4) had caused a spectral red shift, corresponding to slightly decreased HOMO and increased LUMO energy levels, while attachment of electron-withdrawing ester groups (P6) had led to an obvious blue shift in the absorption spectrum with a decrement in both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels as compared to that of the unsubstituted polymer (P2). As for the polymers of different main chain structures, in comparison with the homopolymer P1, carbazole comonomer had caused an obvious spectral blue shift with increased HOMO and decreased LUMO energy levels. A decrement in both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels had been observed for P9 in which naphthalene was chosen as the comonomer. However, for P10, although there was no obvious difference between the absorption and emission spectra of P10 as compared to those of P1, both the HOMO and LUMO energy levels were reduced greatly when they were compared with those of P1.
Modulation of Gene Expression Related to Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Dendritic Cells by Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid) Nanoparticles (2010)

Poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) nanoparticles (NPs) have previously been reported as an efficient antigen delivery system with adjuvant activity. In this study, the gene expression in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) treated with gamma-PGA NPs was examined by oligonucleotide microarray analysis and compared with that in cells treated with other adjuvants. The gene expression of proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and costimulatory molecules was upregulated considerably in DCs treated with gamma-PGA NPs. The upregulation pattern was similar to that in DCs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not to that in DCs treated with unparticulate gamma-PGA. The activation of DCs by gamma-PGA NPs was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of genes related to Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The effect of gamma-PGA NPs on DCs was not annihilated by treatment with polymyxin B, an inhibitor of LPS. Furthermore, the immunization of mice with gamma-PGA NPs carrying ovalbumin (OVA) as an antigen significantly induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and antigen-specific production of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon from the cells. Such activities of gamma-PGA NPs were more potent than those obtained with immunization with OVA plus aluminum hydroxide or OVA plus complete Freund's adjuvant. These results suggest that gamma-PGA NPs induce a CD8(+) T-cell response by activating innate immunity in a fashion different from that of LPS. Thus, gamma-PGA NPs may be an attractive candidate to be developed further as a vaccine adjuvant.
Tracking progress: an update on animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2018)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, fatal, X-linked monogenic muscle disorder caused by mutations in the <i>DMD</i> gene. In order to test treatments for DMD, a range of natural and engineered animal models have been developed, including mice, rats, dogs and pigs. Sui and colleagues have now added a dystrophic rabbit model to this range using CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt exon 51 of <i>DMD</i> Rabbits have the advantage of being easier to breed and less costly than dog or pig models, but having clear clinical signs, in contrast to many mouse models. There appears to be an effect of body size in models of DMD, as the severity of the clinical signs increases with increasing body size across species. All DMD models have advantages and disadvantages, and it is crucial that investigators understand the limitations of each model when testing novel therapies for DMD in pre-clinical studies.
Mutation in a mitochondrial ribosomal protein causes increased sensitivity to oxygen with decreased longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (2010)

Oxygen is essential for animals, but high concentrations of oxygen are toxic to them probably because of an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many genes are involved in the reactions from which ROS are generated, but not much attention has been focused on them. To identify these genes, we screened for mutants with an altered sensitivity to oxidative stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and isolated a mutant, oxy-5(qa5002). oxy-5 showed an increased sensitivity to oxygen and decreased longevity. The decreased life span in oxy-5 was probably due to increased oxidative stress because it was recovered to a normal level when oxy-5 was cultured under hypoxic conditions. Our genetic analysis has revealed that the responsible gene for oxy-5 encodes a protein similar to mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36. The OXY-5 protein was highly expressed in the neurons, pharynx, and intestine, and expression of oxy-5 from the pan-neuronal H20 promoter efficiently suppressed the increased sensitivity to oxygen in oxy-5. These findings suggested that oxy-5 played an important role in the regulation of the sensitivity to oxygen in neuronal cells in C. elegans.
Multicultural Issues: Culturally Responsive Classrooms: Affirming Culturally Different Gifted Students (2010)

Each year, the U.S. Department of Education publishes its comprehensive report The Condition of Education. As I perused this year’s edition, I was reminded of an important reality, one that all education professionals must be mindful of: Our nation and our schools are more racially and, thus, culturally different than ever before. The term culturally different is used instead of culturally diverse because every individual and group has a culture. An unfortunate reality is that those students having the least amount school success are often culturally different from the dominant or mainstream group, which necessitates that educators recognize, affirm, and respond to the differences and associated needs. In this article, I present a summary of our nation’s ever-changing schools, and offer suggestions for educators in their efforts to increase the educational success and experiences of culturally different students. An important feature of such success is more culturally different students being screened, identified, and placed in gifted education. These suggestions offered are grounded in the need for educators to create culturally responsive classrooms.
Hypoiodite reaction: the decomposition of oxalic acid half-esters (1971)

Alkyl half-esters of oxalic acid photolysed with mercury(II) oxide–iodine reagent gave mainly dialkyl oxalates. 1-Apocamphyl hydrogen oxalate gave, in addition to the diester, 1-apocamphyl iodide. 9-Triptycyl hydrogen oxalate gave 9-triptycyl iodoformate, which was thermally decomposed to 9-iodotriptycene and with silver tetrafluoroborate gave 9-triptycyl fluoroformate. We suggest that diester formation occurs by coupling of an intermediate alkoxycarbonyl radical.
Distributed Systems of Microservices Using Docker and Serfnode (2015)

We review container technology and the challenge of service discovery in micro service architectures and introduce Serf node, a fully decentralized open source solution to the service discovery problem, based on the Serf project. Serf node is a non-intrusive Docker image that composes one or more arbitrary Docker containers. The new images can be deployed into a cluster of Serf nodes, where it advertises itself and provides service discovery mechanisms, monitoring, and self-healing. The resulting cluster is a homogeneous and complete graph, with no master node. We survey existing solutions to the service discovery problem and compare them to Serf node. As an example of the extensibility of Serf node, we show the construction of a file system synchronization solution between Docker containers using Git.
Comparative analysis of new CMOS leaf cells for OTC routing (2002)

Recently four new cell models have been developed for over the cell routing. The usefulness of a cell model cannot simply be determined by utilization of OTC areas since cell widths, gate delays and layout parameters must also be considered. In this paper, we develop standard cells libraries in all the four models and compare the cell width and gate delay analysis of the cells. We also study the parameters which contribute to the variation in cell widths and gate delay between the different cell models. We show that the main parameters which contribute to the difference in cell widths in the four models are the number of terminals, intracell routing and cell functionality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Editor’s Letter (2015)

1. Brian R. Bruce 1. Editor-in-Chief We open the Winter issue with a discussion of the challenges equity investors face, such as understanding markets, evaluating economic trends, and forecasting market moves. In many countries, an additional challenge is understanding government efforts to
Forward error correction with buffer management in multimedia ATM networks (1994)

Conventional data reliability techniques such as retransmission-based error recovery schemes can result in intolerable storage requirements and data delay when used in high bandwidth delay-product networks. In this case forward error correction (FEC) can be used. FEC allows the destination to reconstruct missing data packets by using redundant parity packets that the source adds to each block of data packets. This pager uses simulation to study the loss behaviour of an output buffered cell multiplexer for different traffic scenarios. We add intelligence to various space priority buffer algorithms in order to disperse missing packets among many blocks, thereby reducing the block loss rate and the required coding complexity. We then investigate the effectiveness of FEC schemes together with buffer management algorithms for different traffic scenarios.
Propagation properties of dielectric waveguides with optically induced plasma layers (1983)

Abstract Propagation of millimeter waves in a semiconductor dielectric waveguide is controlled by illuminating the waveguide by light with a photon energy larger than the forbidden gap because of the generation of plasma. A theoretical and experimental study is made of this and the effects of waveguide size and plasma layer thickness on attenuation and phase shift are analyzed for various illumination intensities. Further, the modulation characteristics are examined in relation to the response of the plasma density. A shorter plasma recombination time is found to be favorable for high speed control, but this requires intense illumination to maintain the required plasma density. A test made with a Si waveguide at 50 GHz substantiates the usefulness of this technique and the validity of the theory.
Bounds on least-squares four-parameter sine-fit errors due to harmonic distortion and noise (1995)

Least-squares sine-fit algorithms are used extensively in signal-processing applications. The parameter estimates produced by such algorithms are subject to both random and systematic errors when the record of input samples consists of a fundamental sine wave corrupted by harmonic distortion or noise. The errors occur because, in general, such sine-fits will incorporate a portion of the harmonic distortion or noise into their estimate of the fundamental. Bounds are developed for these errors for least-squares four-parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase, and offset) sine-fit algorithms. The errors are functions of the number of periods in the record, the number of samples in the record, the harmonic order, and fundamental and harmonic amplitudes and phases. The bounds do not apply to cases in which harmonic components become aliased.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Autistic traits are associated with diminished neural response to affective touch (2012)

'Social brain' circuitry has recently been implicated in processing slow, gentle touch targeting a class of slow-conducting, unmyelinated nerves, CT afferents, which are present only in the hairy skin of mammals. Given the importance of such 'affective touch' in social relationships, the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to replicate the finding of 'social brain' involvement in processing CT-targeted touch and to examine the relationship between the neural response and individuals' social abilities. During an fMRI scan, 19 healthy adults received alternating blocks of slow (CT-optimal) and fast (non-optimal) brushing to the forearm. Relative to fast touch, the slow touch activated contralateral insula, superior temporal sulcus (STS), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala. Connectivity analyses revealed co-activation of the mPFC, insula and amygdala during slow touch. Additionally, participants' autistic traits negatively correlated with the response to slow touch in the OFC and STS. The current study replicates and extends findings of the involvement of a network of 'social brain' regions in processing CT-targeted affective touch, emphasizing the multimodal nature of this system. Variability in the brain response to such touch illustrates a tight coupling of social behavior and social brain function in typical adults.