gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigations of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization sample preparation by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (1999)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analyses are compared to gain insight into some of the details of sample preparation for MALDI analysis of synthetic polymers. ToF-SIMS imaging of MALDI samples shows segregation of the cationization agent from the matrix crystals. The amount of observed segregation can be controlled by the sample preparation technique. Electrospray sample deposition minimizes segregation. Comparing ToF-SIMS and MALDI mass spectra from the same samples confirms that ToF-SIMS is significantly more surface sensitive than MALDI. This comparison shows that segregation of the oligomers of a polymer sample can occur during MALDI sample preparation. Our data indicate that MALDI is not as sensitive to those species dominating the sample surface as to species better incorporated into the matrix crystals. Finally, we show that matrix-enhanced SIMS can be an effective tool to analyze synthetic polymers, although the sample preparation conditions may be different than those optimized for MALDI.
A temporally regulated, diffusible activity is required for rod photoreceptor development in vitro (1992)

The retina is a relatively simple and well-characterized CNS structure in which cell-cell interactions have been hypothesized to influence cell type determination. By manipulating cell density in serum-free cultures we show that rat rod photoreceptor development requires a diffusible activity produced by neonatal retinal cells. This effect is not mediated by changes in cell survival or mitosis. Production of the rod promoting activity varies with developmental stage and is temporally correlated with the timing of rod generation in vivo. In low density cultures, which do not support rod development, an increased fraction of cells stain with an antibody specific for another retinal neuron, the bipolar cell. Thus, the diffusible rod promoting activity may influence cell fate determination, and not only terminal differentiation. These results provide an approach for the molecular characterization of developmentally important signals in the vertebrate retina.
Raman studies of cation–surfactant interactions in alkylpolyoxyethylene surfactant aqueous solutions (1991)

Abstract Raman studies are reported of conformational change in an alkyl polyoxyethylene non‐ionic surfactant associated with coordination to alkali and alkaline earth metal cations. This surfactant has a simpler mix of conformers (with TTT relatively unimportant) compared with non‐ionic surfactants incorporating an aromatic ring in the hydrophobic head‐group. This relatively simple conformational pattern facilitates the interpretation of the 868 cm −1 band assigned to a TGTTḠT (T, trans ; G, gauche ; Ḡ, gauche minus) for the OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 O polyoxyethylene sequence associated with surfactant‐cation complexes. Counter anions such as halides appeared to have a negligible effect on complex formation.
Detection and classification of acoustic signals from fixed-wing aircraft (1991)

The acoustic emission from a twin propeller aircraft is analyzed in the frequency domain. The time-varying power spectrum estimate of the signal is generated. The approach is to generate frequency spectra for fixed time segments of the signal using the Welch method. A confidence interval is calculated, and if the confidence interval is too wide, the power spectrum estimate is not incorporated into the detection decision. The spectral peaks in the power spectrum estimate are identified by thresholding with a local mean. An algorithm to detect and classify the aircraft based on these spectral peaks is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-Aligned Microbonded Germanium Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetectors Butt-Coupled to Si Waveguides (2014)

We present a butt-coupled Germanium (Ge) metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on silicon (Si) waveguides. This device is implemented by a novel process using self-aligned microbonding technique and rapid-melt-growth method for monolithically integrating single-crystal Ge and Si devices on the same plane. Through inserting a thin amorphous Si (a-Si) layer between the Ge and metal contact, the Schottky barrier height is modulated, which effectively reduces the dark current and increases the operation speed. The fabricated device shows a low dark current of 0.24 μA, a 3 dB bandwidth of 15 GHz and a responsivity of 0.25 A/W, at a bias voltage of -2.6 V for wavelength 1310 nm.
<title>Standardized measurements methods for analyzing electrostatically charged toners</title> (1990)

The analysis of the physical condition of the developer in the copier during the copying process requires a lot of time and much technical expenditure and sometimes also a limited modification of the equipment. The knowledge of changes in time and place in the condition of the developer in the development zone is, however, essential for understanding the proceedings while electrostatic picture reproductions.
Truncation by Glu180 Nonsense Mutation Results in Complete Loss of Slow Skeletal Muscle Troponin T in a Lethal Nemaline Myopathy (2003)

A lethal form of nemaline myopathy, named "Amish Nemaline Myopathy" (ANM), is linked to a nonsense mutation at codon Glu180 in the slow skeletal muscle troponin T (TnT) gene. We found that neither the intact nor the truncated slow TnT protein was present in the muscle of patients with ANM. The complete loss of slow TnT is consistent with the observed recessive pattern of inheritance of the disease and indicates a critical role of the COOH-terminal T2 domain in the integration of TnT into myofibrils. Expression of slow and fast isoforms of TnT is fiber-type specific. The lack of slow TnT results in selective atrophy of type 1 fibers. Slow TnT confers a higher Ca2+ sensitivity than does fast TnT in single fiber contractility assays. Despite the lack of slow TnT, individuals with ANM have normal muscle power at birth. The postnatal onset and infantile progression of ANM correspond to a down-regulation of cardiac and embryonic splice variants of fast TnT in normal developing human skeletal muscle, suggesting that the fetal TnT isoforms complement slow TnT. These results lay the foundation for understanding the molecular pathophysiology and the potential targeted therapy of ANM.
Diamond Field-emission Cathodes (2005)

Summary form only given. Diamond has several properties that give it unique advantages for use in field-emission cathodes. Diamond is the only known air-stable negative electron affinity (NEA) material. This NEA property may allow for field emission at very low electric fields. The inherent structural integrity of the covalently bonded carbon lattice in diamond makes possible more stable cathodes than can be obtained with metals. This presentation reports on initial experiments with diamond field-emission cathodes. Electron emission was characterized from both smooth and patterned regions on p-type, boron-doped homoepitaxial grown diamond on (100)-, (110)-, and (111)-oriented substrates. The measurements indicated a Fowler-Nordheim mechanism (tunneling through a barrier) with the effective barrier height varying as a function of the crystal orientation. The (100) crystals exhibited the largest barrier and the (111) crystals had the smallest barrier. Surface treatment with Cs improves emission and is not adversely affected by exposure to room air. Lithographically defined cathodes with grid structures have been fabricated and emit current near the minimum theoretical grid voltage, 5 V. These cathodes have emitted current densities of >10 A/cm/sup 2/ into vacuum with grid voltages less than 100 V.
Life of Proteomics: Technologies, Challenges, Viewpoints and Future (2021)

Advances in the field of proteomics have created novel opportunities to carry out protein analysis and for biomarker discovery that serve as basis for diagnostic procedures. In recent years, Proteomics is integrated with bioinformatics tools to carry out data analysis. High-throughput proteomic analysis, comprised of several steps, represents data flow. Hence, there are several gaps in this data flow which requires careful analysis to realize the importance of data in biology. In this article, several challenges of proteomics in the field of bioinformatics, diagnostics and biomarker discovery were discussed. In addition, viewpoints that are relevant to proteomics and future prospects were highlighted.
Research on the Secure Architecture of Electronic Commerce (2008)

How to protect the security of transaction is the research key of Electronic Commerce.We present security system architecture and Techniques of electronic commerce. According as security demand, the traditional structure is improved,and the implementation plan of the security structure is proposed。
Network navigation algorithms with power control (2015)

Network navigation is an emerging paradigm that enables high-accuracy location awareness in GPS-challenged environments via spatiotemporal cooperation. Two important operations of network navigation, location inference and power control, interrelate with each other, thus motivating the joint design of inference and control algorithms. In this paper, we develop efficient algorithms for network navigation with power control. In particular, we first determine the confidence region for location inference based on Fisher information analysis, and then design robust power control that minimizes the location inference errors of the agents within the confidence region. Both centralized and distributed algorithms are developed for energy-efficient network navigation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms significantly reduce the location inference errors compared to those without power control.
Radial multigradient-echo DCE-MRI for 3D<i>K</i><sup>trans</sup>mapping with individual arterial input function measurement in mouse tumor models (2012)

The purpose of this study was to provide proof of concept for a new three-dimensional (3D) radial dynamic contrast enhanced MRI acquisition technique, called "Radial Entire Tumor with Individual Arterial input function dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI" (RETIA dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI), which allows for the simultaneous measurement of an arterial input function in the mouse heart at 2 s temporal resolution and coverage of the whole tumor. Alternating 2D and 3D projections contribute to the 2D heart image or 3D tumor data with a 3-cm field of view. Sixty-four 2D images of the heart are obtained during acquisition of each 3D tumor dataset. In a pilot study, global K(trans) and ve values were measured in four mice, in a respiratory motion-animated subcutaneously implanted breast tumor model. This technique is expected to be most useful for the characterization of microvasculature in motion-animated orthotopic tumors.
Monte Carlo simulation in polymer physics: Some recent developments (1991)

Abstract The computer simulation of macromolecular materials has to deal with phenomena on length scales from 1Å to 100Å, as well as with time scales ranging over many orders of magnitude, and thus still presents a challenge. With suitably coarse‐grained models which disregard detailed information on chemical structure nevertheless collective phenomena can be described, such as unmixing of polymer blends, mesophase ordering of block‐copolymer melts, “blob formation” in semidilute solutions, etc. Simulations of such models provide a sensitive test of approximate theories and give valuable hints for experiments.
Key role of the loop connecting the two beta strands of mussel defensin in its antimicrobial activity (2003)

To elucidate the structural features of the mussel defensin MGD1 required for antimicrobial activity, we synthesized a series of peptides corresponding to the main known secondary structures of the molecule and evaluated their activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and filamentous fungi. We found that the nonapeptide corresponding to residues 25-33 of MGD1 (CGGWHRLRC) exhibited bacteriostatic activity once it was cyclized by a non-naturally occurring disulfide bridge. Longer peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences of the alpha-helical part or to the beta-strands of MGD1 had no detectable activity. The bacteriostatic activity of the sequence 25-33 was strictly dependent on the bridging of Cys25 and Cys33 and was proportional to the theoretical isoelectric point of the peptide, as deduced from the variation of activity in a set of peptide analogues of the 25-33 sequence with different numbers of cationic charges. By using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we found that the cyclic peptides bound to Gram-positive bacteria without apparent lysis. However, by using a fluorescent dye, we observed that dead bacteria had been permeated by the cyclic peptide 25-33. Sequence comparisons in the family of arthopod defensins indicate that MGD1 belongs to a subfamily of the insect defensins, characterized by the constant occurrence of both positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids in the loop. Modelling studies showed that in the MGD1 structure, positively charged and hydrophobic residues are organized in two layered clusters, which might have a functional significance in the docking of MGD1 to the bacterial membrane.
A new packaging technology for high-speed photoreceivers using micro-solder bumps (2002)

A novel packaging technology for high-speed photoreceivers with a photodiode and a preamplifier is presented. This technology features micro-solder bumps, an impedance-matched film (IPF) carrier, and an optical fiber unit. Micro-solder bumps eliminate parasitic elements of the interconnection between the photodiode and the preamplifier. The IPF carrier drastically reduces the parasitic inductive elements of the interconnection between the preamplifier and the package, and provides an impedance-matched interconnection. The optical fiber unit with hemispherical-lensed fibers carries out high-efficiency optical coupling. The photoreceiver using these technologies achieves 10 Gbit/s optical heterodyne transmission.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modeling Signaling Networks to Advance New Cancer Therapies (2015)

Cell signaling pathways control cells' responses to their environment through an intricate network of proteins and small molecules partitioned by intracellular structures, such as the cytoskeleton and nucleus. Our understanding of these pathways has been revised recently with the advent of more advanced experimental techniques; no longer are signaling pathways viewed as linear cascades of information flowing from membrane-bound receptors to the nucleus. Instead, such pathways must be understood in the context of networks, and studying such networks requires an integration of computational and experimental approaches. This understanding is becoming more important in designing novel therapies for diseases such as cancer. Using the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and PI3K (class I phosphoinositide-3' kinase) pathways as case studies of cellular signaling, we give an overview of these pathways and their functions. We then describe, using a number of case studies, how computational modeling has aided in understanding these pathways' deregulation in cancer, and how such understanding can be used to optimally tailor current therapies or help design new therapies against cancer.
Watermarking algorithm for color image based on SVD (2008)

Digital watermarking is a technique that can inlay identity information and secrecy information into images.Reliable watermarking provides a pledge for information safety.A color image watermarking algorithm is proposed based on SVD.Firstly, blue luminanceof RGB color space forcolorimage is divided into 8×8 blocks and decomposedin SVD.Finally, binaryimage of chaotic scrambling encryption embeds singular value decomposition.Experimental results show that the watermarking algorithm for color image is invisible and robust against various image processing.
Structural aspects of tunnel-junction coupled granular lead films (1981)

Granular lead films were deposited using the technique of reactive ion beam sputtering of a lead target with argon ions in the presence of an oxygen background. The superconducting properties of these films reveal that the primary means of electron transport is by tunneling across insulating lead oxide barriers separating clusters of lead grains. Results of x-ray and TEM studies confirm this interpretation and show that the films consist of randomly-oriented lead grains, less than 500 Å in diameter, embedded in an insulating matrix which contains at least two identifiable oxides of lead. These unique structural properties are most likely responsible for the excellent mechanical and electrical stability observed for these films.
A FMS to process elevators sheet metals (2002)

Mitsubishi Electric has developed a FMS to process elevator's sheet metals for The Mitsubishi Elevator Products Corporation (MEP). The concept of this system is correspondence between various customer needs and the production stage quickly. This system has reduced the total production lead time and manufacturing cost: This FMS has the following features. 1. Production schedules and various customers' specifications are sent from the host computer (It controls total production schedule in the factory.) to the line-controller computer, then sheet metals can be processed timely to prepare all of one elevator's parts before assembling. 2. NC programs for the machines are generated based on customer's order and managed by a client/server CAD/CAM system. 3. The line-controller receives the NC programs from the CAD/CAM system and controls NC machines to process sheet metals automatically.
The Pathobiology Of Alzheimer's Disease (1989)

The discovery of β protein, the major component of the amyloid fibrils of the plaques and cerebral vessels and of the paired helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangles, has provided a means to decipher the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The same lesions in aged Down's syndrome individuals have also been shown to be composed of β protein. Gene probes localize the gene for β protein, as well as that for familial Alzheimer's disease, to chromosome 21, but these genes are not linked. A study of posttranslational modifications of the 695-amino-acid β-protein gene precursor, with specific reference to abnormal proteolysis, may provide insights into the cause of the amyloidotic lesions of Alzheimer's disease and the means of arresting them.
Avaliando Técnicas de Prefetching para Software DSMs (1996)

Sistemas de memória compartilhada distribuída com coerência de dados mantida por software, denominados software DSMs, oferecem a facilidade de programação do modelo de memória compartilhada com o baixo custo das arquiteturas de memória distribuída. No entanto, são poucas as classes de aplicações que alcançam um bom desempenho nesses sistemas. Um dos maiores problemas com software DSMs é o overhead da busca de dados remotos, que ocorre no caminho crítico da computação. Neste artigo propomos três técnicas de prefetching que antecipam essa busca. Analisamos o impacto das técnicas de prefetching no desempenho de TreadMarks, usando simulações detalhadas de aplicações reais. Nossos experimentos mostram que o uso dessas técnicas reduz a latência de acesso a dados, mas aumenta o tempo de sincronização e a interferência da busca dos dados com a computação nos processadores remotos. Nossos resultados mostram também que a obtenção de ganhos de desempenho através de prefetching depende de um suporte de hardware que diminua a interferência em processadores remotos; duas das aplicações que estudamos obtiveram ganhos de 22-39% com o auxílio desse hardware especializado.
Current practice in hand surgery (1997)

1. Anaesthesia 2. Tendons 3. Bone Devices 4. Joint 5. Vascular and Microvascular Surgery 6. Nerve 7. Thumb 8. Dupuytren's Disease 9. Rheumatoid Arthritis 10. Wrist 11. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy 12. Congenital Disorders
An image processing method for use in a GUI for the visually impaired (2002)

This paper presents a method for processing the image of a human hand, in order to emulate the acts of moving a scroll bar by rotating the hand, and clicking on a mouse button by moving the thumb. This method can be used in a system that facilitates the operation of a graphical user interface (GUI) by a visually impaired person. The grayscale image acquired by a digitizer is thresholded and converted to a black-and-white image. The orientation of the hand, given by an angle /spl theta/ with the vertical axis, is calculated based on the central moments. The image of the hand is then rotated by /spl theta/ to a normalized position. The number of pixels in each column of the normalized image is counted, and the result is expressed in a histogram. The coefficient of asymmetry of this histogram is used to determine whether the thumb is positioned along the pointing finger or whether it is far from the other fingers, defining two states that correspond to a mouse button up or down. Experimental results showed a frame rate of 12.5 frames per second, demonstrating that this method is suitable for the real time processing demanded by the interface system.
An Integrated Sliding-Mode Buck Converter With Switching Frequency Control for Battery-Powered Applications (2012)

Mobile applications necessitate nowadays huge digital resources. Power management of a digital systems-on-chip is based on dynamic voltage scaling. DC/DC converters used to supply the digital system-on-a-chips are facing stringent constraints with respect to load transients, line transients, and reference tracking. Hysteretic control is known as the most convenient control scheme with a fair tradeoff between transient performances, analog implementation and power consumption. Fixed-switching frequency hysteretic control has been experimented as well as full sliding-mode control. Transient performances are reduced due to latencies introduced in the switching frequency control. A new analog implementation of the sliding-mode control is presented here with switching frequency control using a particular analog phase-locked loop but preserve transient performances. The dc/dc converter is implemented in CMOS 130 nm. The switching frequency range has been voluntarily limited and excludes the possible integration of passive components. A hybrid demonstrator is presented with peak efficiency of 89% at 2-W output power.