gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fictive Temperature and the Glassy State (2009)

Within the glass science community, it is common to describe the state of a glass in terms of a fictive temperature or a distribution of fictive temperatures. However, a number of different definitions of fictive temperature are being practiced in the field. Based on the previous literature, at least three definitions are possible: (a) microscopic, which entails a mapping of the nonequilibrium glassy structure to comparable equilibrium liquid structures; (b) macroscopic, by representing the property values of a glass in terms of equilibrium states with equivalent configurational property values; and (c) kinetic, where the fictive temperatures are used to represent the various relaxation modes within the glass. Of these, the first, microscopic definition offers the possibility of writing a simplified statistical mechanical model of the nonequilibrium glassy state in terms of a linear combination of equilibrium liquid states. However, in this paper, we show that the microscopic physics of a glass cannot, in general, be described in this manner. The fictive temperature description of the glassy state is rigorous only under special circumstances, such as the case of an infinitely fast quench through the glass transition regime. Nevertheless, the microscopic definition of fictive temperature can provide a reasonable description of ensemble‐averaged state properties such as enthalpy and molar volume, where there is a cancellation of errors. The concept of fictive temperature distribution cannot, however, capture accurately the fluctuations in enthalpy and molar volume in the glassy state. We also show that fictive temperature mapping does not provide an accurate description of the low‐temperature dynamics of glass. An alternative description of the glassy state in terms of an enthalpy landscape can account for the true statistical mechanics of the glassy state without relying on any notion of fictive temperature.
BacMam Recombinant Baculoviruses in G Protein?Coupled Receptor Drug Discovery (2004)

With completion of the sequencing of the human and mouse genomes, the primary sequences of close to 400 non-olfactory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been determined. There are intensive efforts within the pharmaceutical industry to discover and develop new therapeutic agents acting via GPCRs. In addition, there is a concerted effort to identify potential new drug targets from the remaining 150+orphan GPCRs through the identification of their ligands. Access to functionally expressed recombinant receptors underpins both of these key drug discovery activities. Typically, GPCR drug discovery screening activities are carried out using mammalian cell lines stably expressing the target of interest. The influx of new receptor sequences originating from genomic sequencing efforts has caused a shift toward wider applications of transient rather than stable expression systems, especially in support of assays for orphan receptor ligand screening. Recombinant baculoviruses in which the polyhedrin promoter has been replaced with a mammalian promoter, termed BacMam viruses, were originally designed as potential new gene therapy delivery vehicles. This same technology offers numerous advantages as a transient expression system in the assay of membrane-expressed drug targets, including GPCRs. Data presented show that BacMam can be used rapidly to generate robust and pharmacologically authentic GPCR assays in several formats, with the potential to transform drug discovery screening processes for this gene family.
Organizational Experience Management Through Knowledge Maps - An Ontological Approach (2006)

This work deals with some important issues in knowledge management, concerning the problem of wide distribution of experience in large knowledge-creating organizations. We propose a practical methodology for representation of experience resources across different location and over a variety of different types. An integrated ontology-based model has been used to capture many aspects of organizational experience like experience types, distribution of experience resources, and related processes. This work has been done both from a declarative perspective to conceptualize main notions of the field, and from a procedural perspective to encompass associated processes.
Generative atlases and atlas selection for C11-PIB PET-PET registration of elderly, mild cognitive impaired and Alzheimer disease patients (2008)

beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques are one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can be quantified using the marker <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PiB. The registration of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PIB PET images to an atlas allows spatial normalization and statistical comparisons. This generally involves a co-registration of the PET and MR which is then registered to an MR atlas. The use of PET to PET atlas registration is much less common, although important as MR scans are not always available. In this paper we present a study on using PET to PET atlas registration with the corresponding MR registration used as the reference standard. Average affine and non-rigidly aligned PET Atlases were created, as well as a principal component based generative atlases. From this work we found that the use of multiple registrations to a generative affine <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PIB PET atlas obtains the best results, with a mean translation error of 1.67 mm, and average point to point error around the cortex of 2.77 mm. As the obtained results are almost the same as using PET-MR co-registration and propagation to an atlas, and in some cases qualitatively they can appear better, we believe this may be a suitable approach for <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C PIB PET registration, which may avoid the need for acquiring the MR and performing multimodality registration.
Cooperative Inhibition of  T-Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling by a Complex between a Kinase and a Phosphatase (1999)

Antigen receptor-triggered T-cell activation is mediated by the sequential action of the Src and Syk/Zap-70 families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Previously, we reported that another PTK termed p50(csk) was a potent negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling because of its ability to inactivate Src-related kinases. This inhibitory effect required the catalytic activity of Csk, as well as its Src homology (SH)3 and SH2 domains. Subsequent studies uncovered that, via its SH3 domain, p50(csk) was associated with PEP, a proline-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) of unknown function expressed in hemopoietic cells. Herein, we have attempted to identify the role of the Csk-PEP complex in T lymphocytes. The results of our experiments showed that, like Csk, PEP was a strong repressor of TCR signaling. This property was dependent on the phosphatase activity of PEP, as well as on the sequence mediating its binding to p50(csk). Through reconstitution experiments in Cos-1 cells, evidence was obtained that Csk and PEP act synergistically to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphorylation by Src-related kinases, and that this effect requires their association. Finally, experiments with a substrate-trapping mutant of PEP suggested that PEP functions by dephosphorylating and inactivating the PTKs responsible for T-cell activation. In addition to giving novel insights into the mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of T-cell activation, these findings indicate that the association of an inhibitory PTK with a PTP constitutes a more efficient means of inhibiting signal transduction by Src family kinases in vivo.
Structural Determination of Extem XH 1015 and Its Gas Permeability Comparison with Polysulfone and Ultem via Molecular Simulation (2010)

By employing high resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy combined with elemental analysis and FTIR-ATR, we have determined the basic chemical structure of Extem XH 1015, a new brand of polyetherimide with good thermal, mechanical properties, and processability. Bisphenol-A dianhydride (BPADA) and diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) are found to be the monomers for this newly developed polyetherimide. The gas permeability of this new polymer is reported for the first time in the literature. Polysulfone (PSU) and Ultem are employed as reference samples for the elucidation of permeability and selectivity differences among them because of their structural similarities. In addition to qualitative comparison of chain rigidity and packing with gas transport properties, computational simulations powered by Material Studio are performed at a molecular level to quantitatively investigate the relationship between the fractional accessible volume (FAV) and gas permeability. The FAV differences among these polymers increase with an increase in gas molecules diameters; thus these polymers have similar permeability for small gas molecules but diverse for large gas molecules. Their selectivity differences are also discussed in terms of FAV ratio. The FAV concept is proved to be more effective than fractional free volume to analyze and predict gas separation performance.
Capsicum — Production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part IV. Evaluation of quality (1987)

Capsicum fruits are popular worldwide and are used in the cuisines of both the developing and the developed countries. With its different varieties, forms, and uses, the spice capsicum contributes to the entire gamut of sensory experience--color as finely ground paprika powder or extract in sausages, goulash, cheese, and snacks; both pungency and color as the many varieties of chillies used in Mexican, African, Indian, and southeast Asian cuisines; color, aroma, and mild pungency as the fresh green chillies used in many of the growing countries; and appearance, color, aroma, and texture as fresh fruit in salads and as a pickled and canned product. In three earlier parts in this series, the varieties, cultivation, and primary processing; the processed products, world production, and trade; and the chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli have been reviewed. In this part, the evaluation of quality through instrumental determination of the causal components and the sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency are discussed. Several methods for quantitative determination of the stimuli and the sensory evaluation of the responses to the stimuli are reviewed. The problems of sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency, the dominant attributes for validation of the instrumentally determined values for carotenoids, volatiles, or particular fractions, and total and individual capsaicinoids are specifically discussed. Summarized details of selected instrumental methods for evaluating the stimuli, which are either validated by correlation to sensorily perceived responses or to adopted standards, are given along with representative data obtained for discussing the adequacy and reliability of the methods. Pungency as a specific gustatory perception and the many methods proposed to evaluate this quality are discussed. A recommended objective procedure for obtaining reproducible values is discussed, and a method for relating different panel results is shown. With such a method, highly significant correlations have been shown between estimated total capsaicinoids and the determined pungency. The estimation of total capsaicinoids by any simple, reliable method is shown to be adequate for quality control of pungency of Capsicum fruits.
State-of-the-art of Object Detection Model Based on YOLO (2020)

Object detection has got rapid development these years, and target classification and location become gradually mature. Fast R-CNN, which is a landmark in accuracy, is a kind of classic two-stage model and has relatively low speed. To improve the detection efficiency, YOLO (You Only Look Once) model is proposed. In this article, the research starts from the evolution of CNN for object detection and YOLO model is sorted out. Then we compare the structures, target outputs and network training of each versions. The functional layers evolved into a structure constructed with residual modules, which keep the accuracy. At last, we discuss the system advantage future develop trend. Form the discussion, we conclude that YOLO learns very general representations of objects, and it integrates various mature new technologies. With the improvement of hardware technology, it will be applied more widely.
A Family of Main-Chain Polymeric Lewis Acids:  Synthesis and Fluorescent Sensing Properties of Boron-Modified Polythiophenes (2005)

A new family of main-chain organoborane polymeric Lewis acids (PTh-BAr) that contain Lewis acidic boron groups embedded into a polythiophene backbone has been prepared under mild conditions through tin-boron exchange reaction. When phenyl and pentafluorophenyl groups are attached to boron, blue and green luminescence is observed, respectively, while the attachment of ferrocenyl substituents leads to a characteristic red color. The incorporation of readily accessible highly Lewis acidic groups into the conjugated polymer backbone provides an opportunity for sensing of Lewis basic substrates. For instance, treatment of the polymer containing phenyl substituents on boron with pyridine leads to efficient quenching of the fluorescence, while the polymer containing ferrocenyl groups changes color from dark red to light orange.
Relationship between dietary value of brine shrimp Artemia salina and their content of omega 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. (1980)

An experiment was conducted to measure the amino acid (AA) availability and metabolizable energy of whole and ground Tower and Candle rapeseeds (RS). This was done by the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) method of total excreta collection using mature White Leghorn cockerels. Since the AA availability values were not corrected for metabolic plus endogenous AA losses they were called apparent AA availability (AAAA) values. A sample of soybean meal (SBM) and Tower and Candle rapeseed meals (RSM) were also included in the experiment. The AAAA values for the whole and ground RS of any particular cultivar did not differ significantly. The values for Tower RS were higher than those for the Candle RS or the two RSM. However, compared with those of the RS and RSM, the SBM showed somewhat higher AAAA values. The AME values of whole Tower and Candle RS were much lower than the corresponding values obtained with ground seed. Furthermore, Candle RS, whole or ground, was lower in AME content than the corresponding values for Tower rapeseed. The Tower and Candle RSM were similar in their AME contents but lower than the SBM. The AAAA and AME results with RS showed that while grinding increased the AME values of the seeds, it did not enhance their AA availabilities.
Film, Foaming, and Emulsifying Properties of Food Proteins: Effects of Modification (1987)

The spectrum of surface active behavior displayed by food proteins directly reflects differences in structural and physicochemical properties among the proteins originating from various sources i.e. meat, milk, legumes. Chemical or enzymatic modification of model food proteins has indicated that alteration of specific structural features e.g. net charge, disulfide bonding, size, does influence film formation, foaming and emulsifying properties.
On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets (1980)

If competitive equilibrium is defined as a situation in which prices are such that all arbitrage profits are eliminated, it is not clear whether it is possible that a competitive economy will always be in equilibrium. Clearly not, for then those who arbitrage make no return from their costly activity. Hence the assumptions that all markets, including that for information, are always in equilibrium and always perfectly arbitraged are inconsistent when arbitrage is costly. A model has been proposed in which there is an equilibrium degree of disequilibrium: prices reflect the information of informed individuals but only partially, so that those who expend resources to obtain information do receive compensation. The model is the simplest one in which prices perform a well-articulated role in conveying information from the informed to the uninformed. When informed individuals observe information that the return to a security is going to be high, they bid its price up, and conversely when they observe information that the return is going to be low. Thus the price system makes publicly available the information obtained by informed individuals to the uniformed. The theory of "efficient capital markets" has also been discussed.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ZINC(II) BY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ACIDS COMPOUNDS FROM PERCHLORATE SOLUTIONS. (1992)

ABSTRACT The extraction of zinc from perchlorate solutions at 0.1 mol.dm−3 of ionic strength by di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP), 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) and di(n-octyl)phosphinic acid (H[DOP]) dissolved in toluene has been studied at 25 ° C. The distribution coefficient was determined as a function of pH and HA concentrations and the data were analyzed both graphically and numerically using the computer program LETAGROP-DISTR. The results showed that the data can be explained assuming the formation of ZnA2(HA)2 and ZnA2HA in organic phase for all the extractants used. A correlation between extracted species and concentration of the various extractants has been found. The predominance of the different species into the organic phase has been correlated with the difference between their extraction constants. The anion of the ionic medium is not extracted into the organic phase.
Can markets help? (2008)

There is a growing interest in applying market mechanisms to tackle everyday communication problems such as communication interruptions and communication overload. Prior analytic proofs have shown that a signaling and screening mechanism can make senders and recipients of messages better off. However, these proofs make certain assumptions that do not hold in real world environments. For example, these prior works assume that there are no transaction costs in a communication market and that monetary incentives are the only motivators in communication between strangers.
Characteristic Modified X-Ray Scattering (1962)

The spectroscopic analysis of the scattered x rays from lithium, lithium oxide, lithium fluoride, beryllium, and boron irradiated by copper target radiation establishes the existence of sharp characteristic modified lines on the longer wavelength side of the primary beam. This is a new type of incoherent x-ray scattering. The $K$ term values of lithium, beryllium, and boron and the ${L}_{1}$ term value of fluorine in lithium fluoride have been calculated from the observed modified lines and these are 58.1, 113.6, 199.0, and 40.6 eV, respectively. Taking into account the limits of error in these experiments, the term values obtained by this new method agree well with the values obtained by Skinner by the method of soft x-ray spectroscopy. Evidence obtained until now about the angular dependence of intensity of the newly observed modified lines brings up several interesting points helping to understand the particular process of scattering, and these points have been discussed.
Comparative Analysis of the Structural Properties of the Collateral Ligaments of the Human Knee (2011)

Despite differences in geometry and strength, there was no significant difference in stiffness of the MCL and LCL when tested in vitro.
Freeze Concentration of Black Liquor: Characteristics and Limitations (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFreeze Concentration of Black Liquor: Characteristics and LimitationsRonald W. Rousseau and Emerson E. SharpeCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1980, 19, 1, 201–204Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260073a037https://doi.org/10.1021/i260073a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Focused ion beam assisted chemically etched mesas on GaAs(001) and the nature of subsequent molecular beam epitaxial growth (1997)

Focused ion beam assisted chemical etching is examined as an ultrahigh vacuum compatible in situ direct-write approach to patterning substrates to create mesas with arbitrary shapes (i.e., sidewall angles) independent of crystallographic orientation. Ga+ ion beam assisted Cl2 etching of GaAs(001) is employed as a vehicle. A phenomenological model is used to predict mesa profiles as a function of ion beam conditions. Mesas created under various conditions are characterized via atomic force microscopy and good agreement is found between the measured and predicted profiles. Examination of the growth profile evolution on such mesas with as-patterned sidewall angles between ∼10° and ∼60° reveal that mesa top size reduction suitable for nanostructure fabrication on stripes oriented along the [11̄0] and [100] directions occurs only for as-patterned mesa sidewall angles greater than ∼19° and ∼45°, respectively, which are the angles subtended by the {114} and {101} facets that emerge during growth and cause mesa top pinch-off for the two mesa stripe orientations, respectively. An as-patterned surface roughness in the sidewall and valley regions of ∼20 nm is found to heal with typically ∼50 nm of GaAs buffer growth via molecular beam epitaxy. Cross-section transmission electron microscope studies evidence the high quality of growth on the mesas and the lack of extended defects in the as-patterned substrate as well as in the overlayers, thus making such in situ prepared mesas suitable for creation of nanostructures via the technique of size-reducing epitaxy.
Nonlinear acoustic waves in porous media in the context of Biot’s theory (1997)

The nonlinear dynamic equations introduced by Biot to model porous media have not been implemented to describe nonlinear acoustic waves in such media. In this work the equations are revised and a mathematical model depicting the physical nonlinearity is established. A perturbation technique is then applied to find solutions to the nonlinear Biot equations. An important feature of the developed model is the introduction of the dependence of the structural parameters of the medium on its porosity. The model establishes a correlation between the measurable effective nonlinear parameter and structural parameters of the porous medium. This suggests employing nonlinear measurements as a diagnostic tool for porous media.