gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Fluoride and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on the Corrosion Behavior of Pure Titanium and Titanium Alloys. (2002)

The effects of dissolved-oxygen concentration and fluoride concentration on the corrosion behaviors of commercial pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys and experimentally produced Ti-0.2Pd and Ti-0.5Pt alloys were examined using the corrosion potential measurements. The amount of dissolved Ti was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. A decrease in the dissolved-oxygen concentration tended to reduce the corrosion resistance of Ti and Ti alloys. If there was no fluoride, however, corrosion did not occur. Under low dissolved-oxygen conditions, the corrosion of pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys might easily take place in the presence of small amounts of fluoride. They were corroded by half or less of the fluoride concentrations in commercial dentifrices. The Ti-0.2Pd and Ti-0.5Pt alloys did not corrode more, even under the low dissolved-oxygen conditions and a fluoride-containing environment, than pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys. These alloys are expected to be useful as new Ti alloys with high corrosion resistance in dental use.
Integrated micro-displacement sensor and its application to photoplethysmographic sensor (2017)

Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been widely and commonly used, as it has a wide range of information such as stress level, heart rate interval, respiration rate, blood vessel hardness etc. It is necessary to control contact force between a PPG sensor and measurement part (skin surface), in order to obtain accurate PPG signal. We suggest new sensor module which can measure both pulse wave and contact force. A sensor module has a micro integrated displacement sensor chip with optical source, photo diodes, and op-amp circuits, and a gum flame with a mirror. One photodiode can detect reflecting light from a mirror and measure gum flame displacement, which is displaced by a contact force. On the other hand, some of the incident light penetrates into a finger, and the scattering light, which have biological signal (pulse wave) are detected by one photodiode. In this paper, we fabricate multifunctional sensor module and attempt to simultaneously measure the pulse wave and contact force.
Reductive removal by sodium borohydride of side-chain oxygen from phenolic ketones (1969)

The reduction of a variety of phenolic carbonyl compounds with boiling aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride has been studied. When the carbonyl group is ortho or para to a phenolic hydroxyl, reduction proceeds to the methylene derivative, but stops at the carbinol stage when the phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl group are meta oriented. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The simplicity and selectivity of the reaction makes it of synthetic value.
Modulation of Oral Heat and Cold Pain by Irritant Chemicals (2007)

Common food irritants elicit oral heat or cool sensations via actions at thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. We used a half-tongue, 2-alternative forced-choice procedure coupled with bilateral pain intensity ratings to investigate irritant effects on heat and cold pain. The method was validated in a bilateral thermal difference detection task. Capsaicin, mustard oil, and cinnamaldehyde enhanced lingual heat pain elicited by a 49 degrees C stimulus. Mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde weakly enhanced lingual cold pain (9.5 degrees C), whereas capsaicin had no effect. Menthol significantly enhanced cold pain and weakly reduced heat pain. To address if capsaicin's effect was due to summation of perceptually similar thermal and chemical sensations, one-half of the tongue was desensitized by application of capsaicin. Upon reapplication, capsaicin elicited little or no irritant sensation yet still significantly enhanced heat pain on the capsaicin-treated side, ruling out summation. In a third experiment, capsaicin significantly enhanced pain ratings to graded heat stimuli (47 degrees C to 50 degrees C) resulting in an upward shift of the stimulus-response function. Menthol may induce cold hyperalgesia via enhanced thermal gating of TRPM8 in peripheral fibers. Capsaicin, mustard oil, and cinnamaldehyde may induce heat hyperalgesia via enhanced thermal gating of TRPV1 that is coexpressed with TRPA1 in peripheral nociceptors.
THERMAL EVOLUTION STUDY OF THE LV-3 WELL IN THE TRES VIRGENES GEOTHERMAL FIELD, MEXICO (2000)

A thermal evolution study of the LV-3 geothermal well (depth: 2150 m) is presented. Such a study is based on wellbore temperature logs, transient temperature profiles (obtained from numerical modeling of the heat transfer processes during well drilling and shut-in) and fluid inclusion logging. Drilling and shut-in temperature profiles were predicted by use of a transient wellbore thermal simulator which considers conductive and convective heat transfer processes. Such a numerical simulation considered the LV-3 well geometry in the presence of fluid losses into the formation. Thus, numerical simulation enabled the drilling and shut-in thermal history of well LV-3 to be closely reproduced. Precision temperature logs from LV-3 well (at 402-m and 2000-m) provided information on the location of permeable zones intersecting the wellbore. Such permeable zones were partially identified at a wellbore depth of 400-m and more significantly between 1300-m and 1600-m. Microthermometric determinations on well cuttings and core samples containing veins filled with secondary minerals (epidote, quartz and calcite) were also carried out. Minimum homogenization temperatures ranging from 109 °C to 125 °C were measured in the first 920 m deep. Between 1830 m and 2150 m deep, the minimum homogenization temperatures ranged from 256 °C to 268 °C. Likewise salinity concentration ranges from 3.4 to 18.5 wt% as NaCl equivalent were found. Static formation temperatures were also computed by five analytical methods which are the most commonly used in the geothermal industry: the classical Horner plot, the improved Horner, the two-point method and the spherical-radial and cylindrical-radial heat flow models. A comparison among the wellbore temperature logs, the homogenization temperatures, and the transient temperature profiles is also presented.
Thin Films for Phase-shift Masks (1999)

is the process used by semiconductor chip manufacturers to transfer integrated circuit (IC) patterns through a mask on to a silicon wafer. Commonly the mask is a fused quartz plate, 6”x 6” x 0.25”thick, with an opaque Cr film about 100 nm thick. Openings in the mask, corresponding to the IC features, allow light from an optical projection system (called a stepper because the exposure is a step and repeat process) to irradiate a photosensitive polymer (photoresist) layer coated on the silicon wafer. After resist development, or its selective removal (positive resist) in the pattern of the circuit design, the silicon is now exposed to allow etching, metal deposition, ion implantation or other processing, followed by removal or ‘stripping’ of the photoresist. To make a modern, complex microprocessor or memory chip requires as many as 20 iterations of this process with different but complementary (and critically aligned) masks (or mask set). One limitation of optical lithography is that there is a minimum feature size that can be imaged on the wafer, determined by the optics of the stepper, the wavelength of the imaging light, and the particular process (e.g., contrast of the photoresist material). As the minimum feature size is reduced, speed and density in chips increase as does the cost of the optical lithography tool substantially. Fortunately, a number of strategies have been developed to extend the usefulness of any optical lithography generation. One of these optical extensions is the phase-shift mask
Endoscopic observations of invertebrate larval substratum exploration and settlement (1999)

In the marine environment, competent larvae of sessile invertebrates are influenced by water flow and a variety of biological, chemical and physical cues. Most research has focused on how these biotic and abiotic factors influence where individual larvae ultimately settle. Much less is known about post-contact exploration prior to metamorphosis. This is, in part, due to limitations associated with directly observing small larvae (100 to 500 urn) in flowing seawater. A study was conducted in Beaufort, North Carolina, USA to understand how larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite and the bryozoan Bugula neritina respond to a variety of flow rates (0, 1.3, 6.1 and 8.3 cm s ' ) and surface types (clean, biofilmed, 1 and 2 wk fouled). Larval behavior was studied by means of endoscopy in a runningseawater chamber. Larval movements were observed at 30 frames s ' for individuals that remained in contact with surfaces from <1.0 s to 44.5 min. Both flow rate and surface type significantly influenced the behavior of the species examined, although larvae of B. amphitrite and B. neritina often responded very differently to the same treatment conditions. Larvae of B. amphitrite explored more surface area (fractal dimensions) in moving water than m still water, but flow did not influence the direction of travel. Mean exploration rate of B. amphitrite did not vary among treatments and ranged from 0.16 to 0.21 mm s" More cyprid larvae explored surfaces with macrofouling and spent significantly longer times on these surfaces than on clean ones. In still water, larvae of B. neritina repeatedly contacted, explored and swam away from the test surfaces. In contrast, in flow, larvae of B. neritina never swam away from any surface after contact was made. Individuals of B. neritina crawled directly upstream on clean and biofilmed surfaces at all flow rates unless individuals encountered filamentous structures (biofilmed surfaces only). When this happened, larvae of B. neritina frequently remained attached to filaments as the filaments moved with the flow. These larvae were then either dislodged or immediately resumed crawling upstream upon contact with the plate surface. A limited number of larvae of both species settled during our observations (15% B. amphitrite, 18% B. neritina). Settlement of B. amphitrite was not correlated with flow rate or surface type; larvae of B. nerltina settled only on 2 wk fouled surfaces.
The human leukotriene A4 hydrolase gene is expressed in two alternatively spliced mRNA forms (1996)

We identified a novel short (s-) mRNA of the human leukotriene-A4 (LTA4) hydrolase using sequential reverse transcriptase PCR mapping. The s-mRNA is generated by skipping an 83 bp exon located in the 3' coding region and suggests the expression of an LTA4 hydrolase isoform with a calculated molecular mass of 59 kDa and a distinct C-terminus. Both LTA4 hydrolase mRNAs are constitutively expressed in blood cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and tumour cells. The ratios of their mRNA expression levels are cell specific, with relatively high s-form mRNA expression in reticulocytes. Our data strongly suggest that the novel mRNA codes for the structurally related but distinct LTA4 hydrolase isoenzyme that has been postulated.
Test scheduling for network-on-chip with BIST and precedence constraints (2005)

Network-on-a-chip (NoC) is becoming a promising paradigm of core-based system. We propose a new method for test scheduling in NoC. The method is based on the use of a dedicated routing path for the test of each core. We show that test scheduling under this approach is NP-complete and present an ILP model for solving small NoC instances. For NoCs with larger number of cores, we present an efficient heuristic. We then improve the heuristic by including BISTs and precedence constraints. Experimental results for the ITC'02 SoC benchmarks show that the new method leads to substantial reduction on test application time compared to previous work. The inclusion of BIST tests and precedence constraints provides a comprehensive solution for test scheduling in NoC.
Medial meniscal displacement and strain in three dimensions under compressive loads: MR assessment (2013)

High-resolution MRI was successfully combined with image registration to investigate the displacement and strain of the meniscus and its attachments under compression. The results of this study contribute to the basic understanding of meniscal movement which may impact the design of meniscal implants and the validation of finite element models in the future.
Association of KRAS p.G13D Mutation With Outcome in Patients With Chemotherapy-Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With Cetuximab (2010)

In this analysis, use of cetuximab was associated with longer overall and progression-free survival among patients with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer with p.G13D-mutated tumors than with other KRAS-mutated tumors. Evaluation of cetuximab therapy in these tumors in prospective randomized trials may be warranted.
Fabrication of GaP/Al–oxide distributed Bragg reflectors for the visible spectrum (2001)

Using very-low temperature (VLT) molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), polycrystalline GaP/Al–oxide distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) have been fabricated. The use of high-energy band gap materials, such as GaP, allows for applications in the visible spectrum with minimal absorption of photons in the DBR. Through the use of VLT-MBE and control of the group-V overpressure, the microstructure can be controlled, resulting in either amorphous or polycrystalline material. Due to the nature of the amorphous material, the requirement of lattice matching is relaxed with no adverse effects to the underlying single crystal material. Two DBRs were fabricated, one reflecting at a wavelength of 550 nm and the other 480 nm. Using six pairs of polycrystalline GaP/Al–oxide, a reflectivity of ∼95% was achieved indicating a high-quality DBR suitable for device use.
A simple exact solution for a point source above a reacting surface (1991)

An exact analysis is developed for a spherical source in air above a reacting surface. The solution, which is valid for both local and extended reaction, proceeds along the standard route of an expansion of the spherical wave as a superposition of plane waves. Use of a Laplace transform on the plane-wave reflection coefficient leads to a final form that requires a simple numerical integration of an image integral. The resulting solution is exact for all angles of propagation. For a locally reacting ground surface, the image integral is rapidly convergent. A number of limiting cases are investigated and compared with previous solutions. [Work supported by NASA.]
Transmitted beam profiles, integrated backscatter, and range-resolved backscatter in inhomogeneous laboratory water droplet clouds (1988)

Using laser sources at wavelengths of 1.06 and 10.6 microm, transmitted beam profiles, integrated backscatter, and range-resolved backscatter were measured in laboratory-generated water droplet clouds. Clouds with carefully controlled properties were produced in a specially designed cloud chamber. Inhomogeneities were introduced by partitioning the cloud chamber into three adjacent sections separated by air screens. The measurements show the influence of multiple-scattering effects in both the forward and backward measurement geometries, and these are investigated as functions of optical depth, cloud inhomogeneity, and receiver field of view. These data are unique in many ways, and they provide a great deal of insight to the scattering processes which directly affect lidar-type measurements. As well, these measurements provide a welldocumented and detailed database for model validation. Very good agreement is demonstrated with the solutions derived from the multiscattering propagation model described in a companion paper [Appl. Opt. 27, 2478 (1988), same issue].
Effect of linagliptin monotherapy on glycaemic control and markers of <i>β</i> ‐cell function in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial (2010)

Monotherapy with linagliptin produced a significant, clinically meaningful and sustained improvement in glycaemic control, accompanied by enhanced parameters of β-cell function. The safety profile of linagliptin was comparable with that of placebo.
A 70-490 MHz 50% Duty-Cycle Correction Circuit in 0.3-&#x003BC;m CMOS (2006)

This paper presents a 50% duty-cycle correction (DCC) circuit. The proposed DCC circuit consists of a clock generator and a delay detector. The clock generator is edge-triggered by the input and produces an output signal whose pulse width is controlled by the delay detector to half of the input signal period. Meanwhile, the input phase information is preserved owing to the edge-trigger nature. The circuit is implemented in a TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS process. To evaluate the output duty-cycle accuracy, a single-sideband mixing measurement technique is adopted. This circuit operates from 70 MHz to 490 MHz, and accommodates input duty cycles ranging from 10% to 90%. The output signal is corrected to 50% ± 2%. Operated from a 3.3-V supply, the circuit dissipates 8 mA at 490 MHz.
Radiosensitization By Gemcitabine Fixed-Dose-Rate Infusion Versus Bolus Injection in a Pancreatic Cancer Model (2008)

It has recently been shown that fixed-dose-rate (gemcitabine) infusion may be superior to bolus gemcitabine in the treatment of metastatic pancreas cancer. We wished to compare the radiosensitizing effects of fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine infusion to standard bolus injection. We measured weight loss and mouse intestinal crypt survival to determine equally toxic concentrations of gemcitabine administered through a 3-hour fixed-dose-rate infusion versus bolus injection in combination with fractionated radiation. To measure the effect of fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine infusion or bolus injection on radiosensitization, we treated mice bearing Panc-1 xenografts with equally toxic concentrations of gemcitabine (100 mg/kg fixed-dose-rate infusion or 500 mg/kg bolus injection) and fractionated radiation and monitored tumor growth. We found that 100 mg/kg gemcitabine through fixed-dose-rate infusion produced the same weight loss and intestinal crypt toxicity as the 500 mg/kg bolus injection. In nude mice bearing Panc-1 xenografts, fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine infusion produced greater radiosensitization than bolus injection with tumor doubling times of 44 +/- 5 versus 29 +/- 3 days, respectively (*P < .05). Fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine infusion produced enhanced radiosensitization without additional normal tissue toxicity compared to bolus gemcitabine injection. These data support an ongoing clinical trial using fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine infusion combined with conformal radiation in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Akt2 Regulates Cardiac Metabolism and Cardiomyocyte Survival (2006)

The Akt family of serine-threonine kinases participates in diverse cellular processes, including the promotion of cell survival, glucose metabolism, and cellular protein synthesis. All three known Akt family members, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, are expressed in the myocardium, although Akt1 and Akt2 are most abundant. Previous studies demonstrated that Akt1 and Akt3 overexpression results in enhanced myocardial size and function. Yet, little is known about the role of Akt2 in modulating cardiac metabolism, survival, and growth. Here, we utilize murine models with targeted disruption of the akt2 or the akt1 genes to demonstrate that Akt2, but not Akt1, is required for insulin-stimulated 2-[(3)H]deoxyglucose uptake and metabolism. In contrast, akt2(-/-) mice displayed normal cardiac growth responses to provocative stimulation, including ligand stimulation of cultured cardiomyocytes, pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction, and myocardial infarction. However, akt2(-/-) mice were found to be sensitized to cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to ischemic injury, and apoptosis was significantly increased in the peri-infarct zone of akt2(-/-) hearts 7 days after occlusion of the left coronary artery. These results implicate Akt2 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte metabolism and survival.
Prostaglandin phosphonic acids through homolytic halodecarboxylation of prostaglandins F1α and F2α (1999)

Phosphonic acid derivatives of prostaglandins F1α and F2α were prepared through Arbuzov reaction of 2-decarboxy-2-iodoprostaglandin intermediates. The intermediate iodo compounds, which are potentially valuable for the synthesis of other analogs, were obtained from the parent prostaglandins by Barton's modification of the Hunsdiecker reaction.
Nickel Selective Etch for Contacts on Ge Based Devices (2014)

of high mobility channels materials like Ge. The introduction of Ge as channel material has already shown significant interests in term of device performance enhancement [1,2]. However, the use of Ge in CMOS integration has raised new challenges in terms of clean or wet etch steps since significant Ge loss occurs when it oxidizes in aqueous media.
Platelet Factor 4 Injection Produces Acute Pulmonary Hypertension in the Awake Lamb  (1995)

Intravenous injection of human rPF4 into the awake lamb produces acute pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypertension associated with thromboxane release into circulating blood. The effects of rPF4 on the pulmonary vasculature should be evaluated in primates before rPF4 is substituted for protamine in reversing heparin anticoagulation in humans.
Implanted Solid Human Tumours Grow Under the Renal Capsule of Cyclosporin‐Immunosuppressed Rats (1994)

Cyclosporin (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug widely used in organ transplantation. We transplanted fresh surgical samples from human solid malignant tumours into 45 CsA-immunosuppressed rats. Eight out of nine tumour types grew and remained viable for 5 weeks or more in at least two of the transplanted rats. In 29 rats (64%) a distinct growth of primary human tumours was recorded. Five malignancies (intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, lymph node metastasis of a testicular teratocarcinoma, soft tissue malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), and small-cell sarcoma) showed invasive and progressive growth. In all five cases the largest tumours were 0.9 cm or over in diameter when the rats were killed 5-9 weeks after transplantation. In three cases (adenocarcinoma of the colon, hypernephroma, and a second MFH) the growth of the implants under the kidney capsule was slow, but small living tumour transplants were still found 3-6 weeks later. In every case the microscopic morphology of the xenograft tumour was identical with the original tumour. In two cases the primary xenografts (teratocarcinoma and small-cell sarcoma) were retransplanted into 11 CsA-immunosuppressed rats. In both types the second passage tumours grew, and the take-off and growth rates were comparable to the primary xenografts. Cyclosporin-treated laboratory rats are an alternative to immunodeficient nude and SCID mice for growing fresh human tumour transplants in vivo. Although a few infections were encountered, most of the rats survived the CsA treatment well for up to 2 months.