gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Cyclooxygenases in Angiogenesis (2000)

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed. This process supports normal physiology as well as contributes to progression of disease. Progressive rheumatoid arthritis and growth of tumors are two pathologies to which angiogenesis contributes. In arthritis, we know that prostaglandins (PGs) and the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2, which catalyses prostaglandin production, are inflammatory mediators. These mediators are involved in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer-induced angiogenic processes. We discuss, herein, recent findings on the expression of cyclooxygenases in both rheumatoid arthritis and human cancer, and the links between COX-2, PGs, and angiogenesis. We also propose a model for the possible mechanistic interaction of the various cell types involved in angiogenesis.
Akt-Dependent Potentiation of L Channels by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Required for Neuronal Survival (1999)

The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/receptor tyrosine kinase recently has been shown to mediate neuronal survival and potentiate the activity of specific calcium channel subtypes; survival requires Akt, a serine/threonine kinase. We demonstrate here that Akt mediates the IGF-1-induced potentiation of L channel currents, but not that of N channels. Transient expression of wild-type, dominant-negative, and constitutively active forms of Akt in cerebellar granule neurons causes, respectively, no change in IGF-1/L channel potentiation, complete inhibition of potentiation, and a dramatic increase in basal L currents accompanied by the loss of ability to induce further increases. In no case is the IGF-1 potentiation of N currents affected. We additionally find that IGF-1 partially mediates granule neuron survival via L channel activity and that Akt-dependent L channel modulation is a necessary component. Interestingly, very brief exposure (1 min) to IGF-1 triggers nearly complete survival and requires L channel activity. These results strongly suggest that neuronal receptor tyrosine kinases can control long-term calcium-dependent processes via the rapid control of voltage-sensitive channels.
New speech processing issues in IP telephony (2002)

In the field of IP telephony, there are various problems to be dealt with before the QoS currently guaranteed by PSTN networks can be achieved. In this paper, we discuss the main causes of degradation in the quality of conversation in an IP communication scenario. We then point out some new QoS problems involved in speech processing. More specifically, two important aspects of discontinuous transmission are dealt with: the impact of the voice activity detector (VAD) on source throughput and the need for an efficient system of comfort noise. In addition, in a differentiated services (DiffServ) scenario we demonstrate the importance of using a multirate intrastandard codec, together with valid criteria for the reconstruction of lost frames.
Whole‐cell‐based CYP153A6‐catalyzed (<i>S</i>)‐limonene hydroxylation efficiency depends on host background and profits from monoterpene uptake via AlkL (2012)

Living microbial cells are considered to be the catalyst of choice for selective terpene functionalization. However, such processes often suffer from side product formation and poor substrate mass transfer into cells. For the hydroxylation of (S)-limonene to (S)-perillyl alcohol by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (pGEc47ΔB)(pCom8-PFR1500), containing the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP153A6, the side products perillyl aldehyde and perillic acid constituted up to 26% of the total amount of oxidized terpenes. In this study, it is shown that the reaction rate is substrate-limited in the two-liquid phase system used and that host intrinsic dehydrogenases and not CYP153A6 are responsible for the formation of the undesired side products. In contrast to P. putida KT2440, E. coli W3110 was found to catalyze perillyl aldehyde reduction to the alcohol and no oxidation to the acid. Furthermore, E. coli W3110 harboring CYP153A6 showed high limonene hydroxylation activities (7.1 U g CDW-1). The outer membrane protein AlkL was found to enhance hydroxylation activities of E. coli twofold in aqueous single-phase and fivefold in two-liquid phase biotransformations. In the latter system, E. coli harboring CYP153A6 and AlkL produced up to 39.2 mmol (S)-perillyl alcohol L tot-1 within 26 h, whereas no perillic acid and minor amounts of perillyl aldehyde (8% of the total products) were formed. In conclusion, undesired perillyl alcohol oxidation was reduced by choosing E. coli's enzymatic background as a reaction environment and co-expression of the alkL gene in E. coli represents a promising strategy to enhance terpene bioconversion rates.
Sliced microRNA targets and precise loop-first processing of <i>MIR319</i> hairpins revealed by analysis of the <i>Physcomitrella patens</i> degradome (2009)

Expression profiling of the 5' ends of uncapped mRNAs ("degradome" sequencing) can be used to empirically catalog microRNA (miRNA) targets, to probe patterns of miRNA hairpin processing, to examine mRNA decay, and to analyze accumulation of endogenous short interfering RNA (siRNA) precursors. We sequenced and analyzed the degradome of the moss Physcomitrella patens, an important model system for functional genomic analyses in plant evolution. A total of 52 target mRNAs of 27 different Physcomitrella miRNA families were identified. Many targets of both more conserved and less conserved miRNA families encoded putative regulatory proteins. Remnants of MIRNA hairpin processing also populated the degradome data and indicated an unusual "loop-first" mode of precise processing for the MIR319 gene family. Precise loop-first processing was confirmed for native Physcomitrella, rice, and Arabidopsis MIR319 hairpins, as well as an Arabidopsis artificial MIRNA (aMIRNA) based upon a MIR319 backbone. MIR319 is thus a conserved exception to the general rule of loop-last processing of MIRNA hairpins. Loop-first MIR319 processing may contribute to the high efficacy of a widely used MIR319-based strategy for aMIRNA production in plants.
<i>cis/trans</i> Isomerase of Unsaturated Fatty Acids of <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> P8: Evidence for a Heme Protein of the Cytochrome <i>c</i> Type (1999)

From a pool of 600 temperature-sensitive transposon mutants of Pseudomonas putida P8, 1 strain was isolated that carries a mini-Tn5 insertion within the cytochrome c operon. As a result, genes involved in the attachment of heme to cytochrome c-type proteins are turned off. Accordingly, cytochrome c could not be detected spectrophotometrically. The mutant also exhibited a remarkable reduction of cis-trans isomerization capability for unsaturated fatty acids. Consistent with the genetic and physiological data is the detection of a cytochrome c-type heme-binding motif close to the N terminus of the predicted polypeptide of the cis/trans isomerase (cti) gene (CVACH; conserved amino acids in italics). The functional significance of this motif was proven by site-directed mutagenesis. A possible mechanism of heme-catalyzed cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids is discussed.
Use of irinotecan for treatment of small cell carcinoma of the prostate (2010)

Tumor tissue lines established via subrenal capsule xenografting provide models with clinical relevance and the present study suggests that irinotecan could be useful for therapy of refractory prostatic SCC, in particular in combination with cisplatin.
Expression of human hyaluronan synthases in response to external stimuli (2000)

In the present study we have investigated the expression of mRNAs for hyaluronan synthase isoforms (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) in different cells in response to various stimuli. Human mesothelial cells, which synthesize large amounts of hyaluronan, express mRNAs encoding all three HAS isoforms, whereas their transformed counterparts, mesothelioma cells, which produce only minute amounts of hyaluronan, express only HAS3 mRNA. Human lung fibroblasts and the glioma cell line U-118 MG express only the HAS2 and HAS3 genes. The expression of the transcripts was higher in subconfluent than in confluent cultures and was well correlated with the production of hyaluronan by the cells. Stimulation of mesothelial cells with platelet-derived growth factor-BB induced an up-regulation of mRNA for HAS2 to a maximum after 6 h of stimulation; HAS1 and HAS3 genes were only induced slightly. Transforming growth factor-beta1 reduced HAS2 mRNA slightly, and hydrocortisone reduced it strongly, within 6 h of stimulation in mesothelial cell cultures but did not significantly affect the expression of mRNAs for HAS1 and HAS3. Induction of HAS1 and HAS2 protein levels in response to the stimuli above correlated with HAS transcript levels. Thus the expression of the three HAS isoforms is more prominent in growing cells than in resting cells and is differentially regulated by various stimuli suggesting distinct functional roles of the three proteins.
Regional Variation in the Composition of British Caledonian Granites (1969)

Trend surface analysis has been used to measure the regional variation in composition of the Caledonian granites of the British Isles. The variations in <tex-math>$Na_{2}O/K_{2}O$</tex-math>, and in normative albite, orthoclase, and quartz, are illustrated by contour maps. The trend surfaces for each of these constituents show a marked parallelism to Caledonian structures in the region. The surfaces for <tex-math>$Na_{2}O/K_{2}O$</tex-math>, albite, and orthoclase show some indication of bilateral symmetry, such that a belt of high normative albite-low normative orthoclase compositions corresponds broadly to the central highly metamorphosed zone of the orogenic belt. Comparison of the magma compositions with relevant experimentally investigated systems suggests that the Caledonian granitic magmas originated under water pressures that were greatest in the central part of the orogenic belt.
Hyperbranched Aramids by the A2 + B3 versus AB2 Approach: Influence of the Reaction Conditions on Structural Development (2001)

Hyperbranched aromatic polyamides (pPDT) from A 2 ( p-phenylene diamine)+ B 3 (trimesic acid) reactants have been prepared using direct polycondensation in solution. The influence of various polymerization parameters on the polymer structure development and the sol content, as well as on gel formation, has been thoroughly investigated. Prior to the attainment of the gel point, whose occurrence is linked quite strongly to the reaction conditions, the resultant hyperbranched polymers are fully soluble even at room temperature, not only in concentrated H 2 SO 4 , but also in aprotic polar solvents (DMF, NMP, DMAc, DMSO). At 80°C, under typical experimental conditions, gel formation starts just under 120 min. At a higher temperature (115°C), the attainment of crosslinking reactions is accelerated (gel point occurs at about 20 min). Both the presence of added salt (LiCl) to the reaction medium at 80°C and the use of highly purified reagents promotes earlier gel occurrence. By increasing the molar ratio of primary amino to carboxyl groups from two-thirds to one, the network formation is delayed. A molar ratio of 1/2 leads to the formation of oligomers only. Both the polymer structure development and the degree of branching of pPDT have been evaluated by NMR spectroscopy as functions of reaction conditions. As compared to pPDT, polymers prepared from the homologous AB 2 monomer show similar intrinsic viscosity and glass transition temperature, but higher molecular weights and distinct differences in the relative ratio of the various structural units. The lyotropic and thermotropic behaviour of both polymers has been found.
Effect of Heating on the Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Selected Frying Oils and Fats (1997)

Seven commonly used frying oils and fats (beef tallow, canola oil, partially hydrogenated canola oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and partially hydrogenated soybean oil) were heated at two different temperatures (190 and 204 °C) for 8 h/day until they reached a critical level of polar constituents. Iodine value, color index, and the levels of polar compounds and of dimeric and polymeric triglycerides were monitored daily using AOCS official methods. In general, oils with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids produced more polar compounds compared to the more saturated oils. Cottonseed oil had the fastest rate of formation of polar material and of polymeric triglycerides of oils heated at 204 °C while corn oil had the greatest yield of polar material and polymeric triglycerides at 190 °C. For all seven oils and fats, total polar material was highly (r ≥ 0.99) and significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with the dimeric and polymeric triglyceride content and also highly (r > 0.94 and r ≤ −0.97) and significantly (P < 0.001 for the majority of cases; P < 0.05 for the poorest correlation) with the color index and iodine value, respectively. Despite its significant correlations with total polar material, color index was not a reliable indicator of oil quality. Keywords: Frying oils; total polar material; polymeric triglycerides; iodine value; oil quality
Multiphoton absorption and dissociation of hexafluoroacetone in a strong infrared CO<sub>2</sub>laser field (1979)

An investigation was made of the multiphoton absorption and dissociation of the hexafluoroacetone (COC2F6) molecule excited by a TEA CO2 laser. The dissociation threshold was determined as 0.7 J/cm2 and the dissociation products were identified. The dependence of the dissociation probability and the average number of absorbed photons per single molecule on the laser radiation energy density were determined. It was found that the multiphoton absorption and dissociation maximum was shifted toward the red by approximately 15 cm–1 from the linear absorption maximum. The prospects for using hexafluoroacetone for separation of carbon isotopes is discussed.
The sedative effect of intranasal midazolam administration in the dental treatment of patients with mental disabilities. Part 1. The effect of a 0.2 mg/kg dose. (1993)

The purpose of this study was to determine the sedative effect of a 0.2 mg/kg dose of midazolam, administered intranasally, prior to performing various restorative dental procedures on a group of mentally disabled patients under local anesthesia and nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia. Twenty-one patients, aged 4 to 21 years, all of whom had previously exhibited highly combative and resistant behavior toward dental treatment under local anesthesia, were sedated with 0.2 mg/kg midazolam. Only patients assessed as ASA anesthesia status I or II were admitted to the study. After administering the midazolam, each patient was allowed to rest before initiating the dental procedures. Behavioral patterns during the various procedures were rated on a behavioral rating scale of 1-7. Each patient served as his or her own control, comparing behavior with or without intranasal midazolam. The results showed a marked improvement in behavioral patterns after administration of intranasal midazolam. Ratings on a scale of 1-7 were noted as "markedly effective" and "effective" for 69.2% of those patients who received infiltration injection anesthesia, 93.8% under rubber dam, 76.2% during cavity preparation, 84.2% for restoration placement and 87.5% during pulpotomy procedures. The majority of patients were discharged within 150 minutes of intranasal instillation. Further studies are indicated to ascertain the most appropriate dose of intranasally administered midazolam.
Three-phase balancing of distribution feeders using immune algorithm (2008)

The immune algorithm (IA) is proposed to derive the rephasing strategy arrangement of laterals and distribution transformers to enhance three-phase balancing of distribution systems. The multi-objective function is formulated by considering the unbalance of phasing currents, the customer service interruption cost (CIC) and labour cost to perform the optimal rephasing strategy. For each feasible rephasing strategy, the number of customers affected with total interruption load demand and outage duration time are used to calculate the impact of system reliability because of rephasing engineering works. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a practical distribution feeder in Taipower with 271 customers is selected for computer simulation. By minimising the objective function subjected to the operation constraints, the rephasing strategy has been derived by selecting the laterals and distribution transformers for phasing adjustment. It is found that the neutral current of test feeder has been reduced to be less than the neutral overcurrent limit by executing the rephasing of laterals and distribution transformers.
Signal enhancement in nano-Raman spectroscopy by gold caps on silicon nanowires obtained by vapour–liquid–solid growth (2007)

Silicon nanowires grown by the vapour-liquid-solid growth mechanism with gold as the catalyst show gold caps approximately 50-400 nm in diameter with an almost ideal hemispherical shape atop a silicon column. These gold caps are extremely well suited for exploiting the tip or surface enhanced Raman scattering effects since they assume the right size on the nanometre scale and a reproducible, almost ideal hemispherical shape. On attaching a nanowire with a gold cap to an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip, the signal enhancement by the gold nanoparticle can be used to spatially resolve a Raman signal. Applications of this novel nanowire based technical tip enhanced Raman scattering solution are widespread and lie in the fields of biomedical and life sciences as well as security (e.g. detection of bacteria and explosives) and in the field of solid state research, e.g. in silicon technology where the material composition, doping, crystal orientation and lattice strain can be probed by Raman spectroscopy. A prerequisite for obtaining this spatial resolution in nano-Raman spectroscopy is the attachment of a nanowire with a gold cap to an AFM tip. This attachment by welding a nanowire in a scanning electron microscope to an AFM tip is demonstrated in this paper.
Daytime Monitoring of Urban NO<sub>2</sub> Column Density by Solar Spectroscopic Method (2000)

We describe the monitoring of the column density of NO 2 using an automated apparatus equipped with a sun-tracker, an optical fiber, and a monochromator with a charge-coupled device array. In order to extract a small absorption from the observed spectra, we introduce a new algorithm in which a spectrum obtained with the same instrument is employed as a reference. This leads to a better elimination of the noise due to large Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum in a wavelength range of 430–450 nm. By means of careful spectral matching between the NO 2 cross section and the optical thickness derived from the observation, a sensitivity for NO 2 column density as low as 1×10 19 molecules/m 2 is attained.
Circular Dichroism and Circular Polarization of Photoluminescence of Highly Ordered Poly{3,4-di[(<i>S</i>)-2-methylbutoxy]thiophene} (1996)

Conformationally disordered poly{3,4-di[(S)-2-methylbutoxy]thiophene} is prepd. via monomer polymn. by anhyd. FeCl3. Optically active ordered polymer is prepd. by cooling of the polymer to -30 Deg. In the aggregated phases a splitting of the excited state into two exciton levels occurs
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Tumor-Homing: Detection Methods in Disease Model Systems (2011)

Despite the decline in U.S. cancer incidence and mortality rates, cancer remains the number one cause of death for people under the age of 85 and one in four people in the U.S. will die of cancer, mainly because of metastasis. Recently, interest in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) tumor-homing has led to inquires into: (a) why MSCs home to tumors, (b) what the inherent protumor and antitumor consequences are, and (c) how to best capitalize on MSC tumor-homing for cell-based diagnostics and therapy. Here, these questions are reviewed and method for addressing them using animal models and tracking methodologies (or, synonymously, detection methodologies) are discussed. First, MSCs in a regenerative and tumor-homing context are reviewed, followed by MSC delivery and genetic labeling methods for tissue model systems. Finally, the use of the nonoptical methods, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, along with optical methods, fluorescence imaging and bioluminescent imaging, are reviewed related to tracking MSCs within disease model settings. The benefits and drawbacks of each detection method in animal models is reviewed along with the utility of each for therapeutic use.
Molecular Characterization of Wax Isolated from a Variety of Crude Oils (1998)

Petroleum waxes from sixteen different crude oils were analyzed after isolation from the crude in a two-step process. These waxes were characterized molecularly to aid in the investigation of the effect of wax type and quantity on water-in-crude oil emulsion stability. The techniques used to gather information about the waxes included elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, field desorption mass spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Two distinctly different types of petroleum waxes were discerned, microcrystalline and paraffinic. Microcrystalline waxes are aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds containing a substantial amount of branches and rings. They have large molecular weight ranges from 300 to 2500 amu and are gel-like in appearance. The rings give rise to a decreased H/C ratio relative to paraffinic waxes, often as low as 1.85. Because of the large number of different compounds and the lack of large-scale crystallinity, a distinct melting regime is not observed. FTIR spectroscopy determined that these waxes contained approximately 55% straight chain methylene, that is, methylene groups directly attached to each other. Five waxes exhibited these characteristics and thus were considered typical microcrystalline waxes. Paraffin waxes are hydrocarbon chains with few or no branches and H/C ratios between 1.96 and 2.05. They have distinct melting regions and narrow molecular weight ranges between 350 and 600 amu. They contained 63−78% straight chain methylene as gauged by FTIR spectroscopy. Six of the remaining eleven waxes exhibited all the characteristics of this paraffin category while the other five were mixtures of microcrystalline and paraffinic wax.
A control engineer's guide to sliding mode control (1999)

Presents a guide to sliding mode control for practicing control engineers. It offers an accurate assessment of the so-called chattering phenomenon, catalogs implementable sliding mode control design solutions, and provides a frame of reference for future sliding mode control research.
Preparation and properties of coevaporated amorphous Co-Zr thin films (1982)

Co1–xZrx thin films (5&lt;x&lt;35) were prepared by coevaporation in a two E-beam source system on glass substrates held at 30 °C. The crystallinity of all films were monitored by x-ray diffraction techniques; the films in the composition range x⩾7.4 were found to be amorphous. Magnetization, hysteresis loop, and FMR measurements were carried out with these Co-Zr films. The saturation magnetization as a function of composition shows similar trends as in the Co-Ti thin films. The FMR spectra were rather complex with four to six modes for perpendicular resonance; the most intense mode gives a value for 4πMs close to the static data. The other modes at higher resonance fields may be caused by preferential oxidation of Zr or a large negative anisotropy induced by oxidation. Auger and ion probe profile analysis of the Co-Zr films indicated the presence of oxygen throughout the bulk of these films. SEM examination of some of these Co-Zr films showed the existence of a columnar structure, and it is possible that oxygen transport is enhanced along the column boundaries. Regions with varying degrees of oxidation are thought to be responsible for the multiple FMR modes.