gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Planar solar concentrator featuring alignment-free total-internal-reflection collectors and an innovative compound tracker (2014)

This study proposed a planar solar concentrator featuring alignment-free total-internal-reflection (TIR) collectors and an innovative compound tracker. The compound tracker, combining a mechanical single-axis tracker and scrollable prism sheets, can achieve a performance on a par with dual-axis tracking while reducing the cost of the tracking system and increasing its robustness. The alignment-free TIR collectors are assembled on the waveguide without requiring alignment, so the planar concentrator is relatively easily manufactured and markedly increases the feasibility for use in large concentrators. Further, the identical TIR collector is applicable to various-sized waveguide slab without requiring modification, which facilitates flexibility regarding the size of the waveguide slab. In the simulation model, the thickness of the slab was 2 mm, and its maximal length reached 6 m. With an average angular tolerance of ±0.6°, and after considering both the Fresnel loss and the angular spread of the sun, the simulation indicates that the waveguide concentrator of a 1000-mm length provides the optical efficiencies of 62-77% at the irradiance concentrations of 387-688, and the one of a 2000-mm length provides the optical efficiencies of 52-64.5% at the irradiance concentrations of 645-1148. Alternatively, if a 100-mm horizontally staggered waveguide slab is collocated with the alignment-free TIR collectors, the optical efficiency would be greatly improved up to 91.5% at an irradiance concentration of 1098 (C(geo) = 1200X).
Eye Movement Targets Are Released from Visual Crowding (2013)

Our ability to recognize objects in peripheral vision is impaired when other objects are nearby (Bouma, 1970). This phenomenon, known as crowding, is often linked to interactions in early visual processing that depend primarily on the retinal position of visual stimuli (Pelli, 2008; Pelli and Tillman, 2008). Here we tested a new account that suggests crowding is influenced by spatial information derived from an extraretinal signal involved in eye movement preparation. We had human observers execute eye movements to crowded targets and measured their ability to identify those targets just before the eyes began to move. Beginning ∼50 ms before a saccade toward a crowded object, we found that not only was there a dramatic reduction in the magnitude of crowding, but the spatial area within which crowding occurred was almost halved. These changes in crowding occurred despite no change in the retinal position of target or flanking stimuli. Contrary to the notion that crowding depends on retinal signals alone, our findings reveal an important role for eye movement signals. Eye movement preparation effectively enhances object discrimination in peripheral vision at the goal of the intended saccade. These presaccadic changes may enable enhanced recognition of visual objects in the periphery during active search of visually cluttered environments.
Scattering characteristics in reheated fluorozirconate glasses (1985)

The relation between the scattering intensity and reheating conditions in fluorozirconate glasses was studied precisely to clarify the effect of devitrification induced by fiber drawing using the preform method. The drawing-induced scattering is substantially caused by the nucleation of microcrystallites and begins to increase at a temperature lower than that predicted by DTA or DSC measurements. Nevertheless, it is revealed that ultralow-loss fluoride glass fibers can be drawn without excess loss increase by the perform method under optimized glass compositions and reheating conditions.
Tailoring Natural Effector Functions: Antibody Engineering Beyond Humanization (2003)

A large number of new biological drugs in clinical development from the biotechnology industry are based on recombinant antibodies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved several of these drugs including reagents against cancer (1,2), transplant rejection (3), rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn’s diseases (4,5) as well as antiviral prophylaxis (6). At present 30% of all biological proteins in application for FDA approvals are recombinant antibodies. Some are based on fusions of murine variable regions with human constant region, called chimeric antibodies. Others are more sophisticated being “humanized” from their mouse monoclonal parent molecule, whereas more recently full human antibodies from phage antibody libraries have been generated (7).
Mammalian Cell Surface Display of Full Length IgG (2012)

Display technology has been developed and widely used in antibody screening and selecting. While phage can only display antibody fragments, mammalian cells can display not only fragments but full-length antibodies. Here we described the display of full length antibody on the surface of 293 cells. Both heavy chain and light chain genes were cloned in a single mammalian expression vector containing dual mammalian expression cassettes. While transfected into 293 cells of the vector, both heavy and light chains were expressed. With the help of transmembrane domain of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-TM) fused at the 3'-end of heavy chain in frame, expressed full-length antibodies were displayed on the cell surface and can be easily detected and analyzed by flow cytometry.
Properties of silicon integrated photonic lenses: bandwidth, chromatic aberration, and polarization dependence (2013)

We analyze the properties of silicon integrated photonic lenses based on scattering optical elements. The devices have been inverse-designed by combining genetic algorithms and the multiple scattering theory. These lenses are able to focus an infrared plane wave front on a position freely determined during the design stage. The nanofabricated silicon integrated lenses have proved effective over a large range of wavelengths, measured to be of the order of 100 nm. The lenses show chromatic aberration, with a displacement of the position of the focus measured to be higher than 1.5 μm when the wavelength varies from 1500 to 1600 nm. Moreover, we analyze the polarization of the focused beam thanks to a polarization-sensitive scanning near-field optical microscope. The measurements show that the lenses focus on a definite point only for the design’s polarization. The properties of these lenses enable them to assume the function of a nanofocusing device in silicon-on-insulator integrated optics.
Controlled Delivery of FK506 to Improve Nerve Regeneration (2016)

Autologous nerve grafts are the current "gold standard" for repair of large nerve gaps. However, they cause morbidity at the donor nerve site, only a limited amount of nerve can be harvested, and there is the potential for mismatches in size and fascicular patterns between the nerve stumps and the graft. Nerve conduits are a promising alternative to autografts and can act as guidance cues for the regenerating axons and allow for tension free bridging, without the need to harvest donor nerve. Separately, FK506, and FDA-approved small molecule, has been shown to enhance axon growth and peripheral nerve regeneration. This article describes the design of a novel drug delivery apparatus integrated with a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nerve guide conduit for controlled local delivery of FK506. An FK506 dosage curve was acquired to determine the minimum in vitro concentration for optimal axonal outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, then PLGA devices were designed and tested in a diffusion chamber, and finally the bioactivity of the released media was evaluated by measuring axon growth in DRG cells exposed to the media for 72 h. The combined drug delivery nerve guide was able to release FK506 for 20 days at concentrations (1-20 ng/mL) that were shown to enhance DRG axon growth. Furthermore, the released FK506 was bioactive and able to enhance DRG axon growth. The combined drug delivery nerve guide can release FK506 for extended periods of time and enhance axon growth, and has the potential to improve nerve regeneration after a peripheral nerve injury.
DiSCo - a speaker and speech recognition evaluation corpus for challenging problems in the broadcast domain (2022)

Baum D, Samlowski B, Winkler T, Bardeli R, Schneider D. DiSCo - A speaker and speech recognition evaluation corpus for challenging problems in the broadcast domain. In: <em>GSCL Symposium Sprachtechnologie und EHumanities</em>. 2009: 1-9.
Occurrence of mycoplasmas in geese affected with inflammation of the cloaca and phallus (1986)

The spread of inflammation of the cloaca and phallus in goose flocks was investigated. In the flocks surveyed, 57.5 to 71.8% of the initial gander stock and 39.8 to 100% of the replacement ganders were affected. Based on the results of several hundred attempts at mycoplasma isolation, a relationship was found between mycoplasma infection and the occurrence of inflammation of the cloaca and phallus in the flocks. Mycoplasmas were frequently isolated from the mucous membrane of the phallus, the pallic lymph, and the inner organs of ganders in the affected flocks, but not from birds in unaffected flocks. Two biochemically (glucose-splitting and arginine-hydrolysing) and three serologically distinct types of mycoplasmas have been isolated. One of them proved to be identical to strain 46, identified by J.M. Bradbury as M. cloacale, and two strains may represent new Mycoplasma species since they differ serologically from all previously known Mycoplasma spp. In the diseased flocks, the strain designated 1220 (8390) and the antibodies produced against it were of most frequent occurrence. At the peak of egg production, mycoplasmas were isolated from 92.1% of the phallic lymph samples, and 94.6% of the test sera were positive for antibodies to strain 1220 (8390).
Synthesizing Object-Background Data for Large 3-d Datasets (2008)

In this project, we implement a 3-d data synthesis tool to generate a large number of object recognition training examples by synthesis in various configurations of relatively few background scenes and object models. Inputs for our tool are 2.5-d background scenes and 3-d object models. Each background scene is comprised of a visible-light image and corresponding depth map, collected by STAIR’s video camera and high-resolution laser scanner. We demonstrate a method to quickly and automatically generate scenes of the objects placed in the background scenes. These scenes are intended to be representative of scenes STAIR would encounter in the field containing real objects, and therefore good examples on which to train a STAIR classifier for object recognition. We compare the performance of an object recognition classifier trained on examples synthesized by our method against performance when trained on actual scenes.
Similarities in B cell repertoire development between autoimmune and aging normal mice (1992)

B cell repertoire changes that characterize systemic autoimmune disease may be linked to an acceleration of normal immune aging. To examine this issue, the repertoires expressed by lupus-prone and geriatric normal mice were compared. An ELISA-spot assay was used to identify and quantitate individual lymphocytes secreting antibodies reactive with a panel of five autoantigens and three conventional Ag. Over half of autoimmune NZB and MRL/lpr mice developed repertoires biased toward the production of specific autoantibodies by 8 mo of age. The B cell repertoires expressed by normal BALB/c mice were stable over this period but developed a similar bias toward the production of autoantibodies by 18 to 22 mo of age. As both normal and autoimmune mice grew older, they expressed repertoires that increasingly diverged from those of other members of the same strain--a process whose onset and rate of development was accelerated in lupus-prone animals. By analyzing B cells from individual MRL/lpr mice at multiple time points, we found that 1) autoreactivity developed over a specific time period, 2) individual animals developed increased responsiveness against different autoantigens, and 3) this increased responsiveness persisted for life. These results suggest that the repertoires of adult autoimmune mice are generated and maintained by a process of continuous (auto)antigenic stimulation similar to that associated with normal immune aging.
Inactivation of animal viruses during sewage sludge treatment (1987)

Using a previously developed filter adsorption technique, the inactivation of a human rotavirus, a coxsackievirus B5, and a bovine parvovirus was monitored during sludge treatment processes. During conventional anaerobic mesophilic digestion at 35 to 36 degrees C, only minor inactivation of all three viruses occurred. The k' values measured were 0.314 log10 unit/day for rotavirus, 0.475 log10 unit/day for coxsackievirus B5, and 0.944 log10 unit/day for parvovirus. However, anaerobic thermophilic digestion at 54 to 56 degrees C led to rapid inactivation of rotavirus (k' greater than 8.5 log10 units/h) and of coxsackievirus B5 (k' greater than 0.93 log10 unit/min). Similarly, aerobic thermophilic fermentation at 60 to 61 degrees C rapidly inactivated rotavirus (k' = 0.75 log10 unit/min) and coxsackievirus B5 (k' greater than 1.67 log10 units/min). Infectivity of parvovirus, however, was only reduced by 0.213 log10 unit/h during anaerobic thermophilic digestion and by 0.353 log10 unit/h during aerobic thermophilic fermentation. Furthermore, pasteurization at 70 degrees C for 30 min inactivated the parvovirus by 0.72 log10 unit/30 min. In all experiments the contribution of temperature to the total inactivation was determined separately and was found to be predominant at process temperatures above 54 degrees C. In conclusion, the most favorable treatment to render sludge hygienically safe from the virological point of view would be a thermal treatment (60 degrees C) to inactivate thermolabile viruses, followed by an anaerobic mesophilic digestion to eliminate thermostable viruses that are more sensitive to chemical and microbial inactivations.
Polarization-coded material classification in automotive LIDAR aiming at safer autonomous driving implementations (2020)

LIDAR sensors are one of the key enabling technologies for the wide acceptance of autonomous driving implementations. Target identification is a requisite in image processing, informing decision making in complex scenarios. The polarization from the backscattered signal provides an unambiguous signature for common metallic car paints and can serve as one-point measurement for target classification. This provides additional redundant information for sensor fusion and greatly alleviates hardware requirements for intensive morphological image processing. Industry decision makers should consider polarization-coded LIDAR implementations. Governmental policy makers should consider maximizing the potential for polarization-coded material classification by enforcing appropriate regulatory legislation. Both initiatives will contribute to faster (safer, cheaper, and more widely available) advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous functions. Polarization-coded material classification in automotive applications stems from the characteristic signature of the source of LIDAR backscattering: specular components preserve the degree of polarization while diffuse contributions are predominantly depolarizing.
Enamines from Terminal Epoxides and Hindered Lithium Amides (2004)

A new reactivity mode of lithium amides with epoxides leads to hindered enamines. The reaction of some of these enamines with unactivated primary and secondary alkyl halides is described, which expands the range of electrophiles that one can use in the synthesis of mono-alkylated aldehydes.
Selenium Compounds, Apoptosis and Other Types of Cell Death: An Overview for Cancer Therapy (2012)

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element involved in different physiological functions of the human body and plays a role in cancer prevention and treatment. Induction of apoptosis is considered an important cellular event that can account for the cancer preventive effects of Se. The mechanisms of Se-induced apoptosis are associated with the chemical forms of Se and their metabolism as well as the type of cancer studied. So, some selenocompounds, such as SeO(2) involve the activation of caspase-3 while sodium selenite induces apoptosis in the absence of the activation of caspases. Modulation of mitochondrial functions has been reported to play a key role in the regulation of apoptosis and also to be one of the targets of Se compounds. Other mechanisms for apoptosis induction are the modulation of glutathione and reactive oxygen species levels, which may function as intracellular messengers to regulate signaling pathways, or the regulation of kinase, among others. Emerging evidence indicates the overlaps between the apoptosis and other types of cell death such as autophagy. In this review we report different processes of cell death induced by Se compounds in cancer treatment and prevention.
Effects of hydration on the structure, vibrational wavenumbers, vibrational force field and resonance raman intensities of N-methylacetamide (1998)

The effects of hydration on the structure and vibrational force field of the peptide group were examined by performing ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations on N-methylacetamide (NMA) and its clusters with up to three water molecules. The dielectric solvent effect was taken into account by the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) method. It is shown that the wavenumbers of NMA are strongly affected by both the dielectric effect and formation of hydrogen bonds. The vibrational force field of NMA in aqueous solution is well described by taking into account the hydrogen bonding of three water molecules and the dielectric effect of the surrounding water solvent. The wavenumber shifts of the amide I, II and III bands induced by formation of hydrogen bonds are approximately additive. There is a strong correlation among the C=O stretching force constant, the C=O bond length and the amide I wavenumber. Calculated changes in the structural parameters induced by hydrogen-bond formation are consistent with changes in the resonance Raman intensities of the amide I, II and III bands. The changes in the C—N and C=O bond lengths induced by hydrogen-bond formation in the excited electronic (21A′) state are opposite from those in the ground electronic (11A′) state. These opposite structural changes between the two electronic states are rationalized by using a simple Hamiltonian based on a two-state model, which describes the vibronic interaction between the two states involving a mode consisting of a linear combination of the C=O stretching and the C—N contraction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of mexiletine enantiomers in healthy human subjects. A study of the<i>in vivo</i>serum protein binding, salivary excretion and red blood cell distribution of the enantiomers (1995)

1. The disposition kinetics of serum free (unbound) and total mexiletine enantiomers were studied in 12 healthy subjects following oral administration of 200 mg racemic mexiletine hydrochloride. The disposition of the enantiomers of mexiletine in urine, saliva, and red blood cells was also examined. 2. The mean peak serum total mexiletine concentration of 217 +/- 69 ng/ml for R(-)-mexiletine was found to be significantly greater than a mean of 197 +/- 56 ng/ml for S(+)-mexiletine. The mean serum total R(-)-mexiletine concentrations were also found to be significantly greater than those for S(+)-mexiletine during the first 6 h following drug administration. The oral absorption, as well as the rapid and the terminal disposition kinetic parameters between the mexiletine enantiomers, were not significantly different. 3. Comparative in vitro serum protein binding of mexiletine enantiomers examined by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis indicated a pH-dependent stereoselective binding of the enantiomers to serum proteins. A serum pH ranging from 6.3 to 9.4 was found to correlate with serum protein binding of the enantiomers from approximately 30-80% respectively. Within the same serum pH range, the serum free drug R(-)/S(+) ratios were found to decrease from 1.0 to 0.7 respectively. At serum pH7.4, a mean serum free fraction of 0.57 +/- 0.7 and 0.56 +/- 0.6 were observed for R(-) and S(+)-mexiletine respectively. 4. The overall mean saliva/serum-free mexiletine enantiomer area under the concentration-time curve ratios of 6.10 +/- 2.82 and 7.49 +/- 3.48 for R(-)- and S(+)-mexiletine respectively were found to be significantly different. The overall mean saliva R(-)/S(+) enantiomer ratio of 0.89 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SE) over 48 h suggested a stereoselective disposition of the mexiletine enantiomers in saliva. 5. The mean mexiletine red blood cells to serum-free drug concentration ratios among 11 subjects studied were found to range from 0.6 to 1.4 for R(-)-mexiletine and from 0.6 to 1.8 for S(+)-mexiletine. The overall mean ratios of 0.85 +/- 0.06 and 0.84 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SE) over 48 h for R(-)- and S(+)-mexiletine respectively were both slightly but significantly different from unity. This data together with an overall red blood cell mean R(-)/S(+)-mexiletine concentration ratio of 0.91 +/- 0.13 suggested a non-stereoselective and passive diffusion of the enantiomers into red blood cells. 6. The cumulative amounts of unchanged R(-)- and S(+)-mexiletine in the urine were found to be variable among the 12 subjects with a mean percent urinary recovery of 3.49 +/- 3.35% for R(-)-mexiletine and 3.68 +/- 3.94% for S(+)-mexiletine.
Upstream Channel Synchronization for Cable Modem System (2007)

The upstream of digital cable modem is a burst mode transmission system, where a burst contains the preamble and data. In this paper, we consider algorithms for the symbol timing, carrier frequency-and phase-offset recovery for the upstream cable modem, that are compliant to DOCSIS 2.0. Several algorithms are tested and verified to find the best algorithm for each of the three recovery blocks, respectively. To fit to the DOCSIS specification, Oerder & Meyr's is chosen for the timing recovery algorithm, Mengali & Morelli's is chosen for the carrier frequency-offset recovery algorithm and Cartwright's is chosen for blind carrier phase recovery. We decide the optimal preamble length for these algorithms and check the error variance. Finally, we show the error performance of the entire system.
Fluid delivery from infusion-pump syringes (1995)

Fluid-delivery rates of five small-volume infusion-pump syringes were compared. The study consisted of a comparison of the infusion-pump syringes in their respective infusion pumps (1) set for continuous delivery at 1 mL/hr, (2) set for continuous delivery at 3 mL/hr, and (3) set to deliver 1-mL bolus volumes during continuous delivery at 4 mL/hr. The Life-care prefilled 30-mL syringe (Abbott), the DBL 30-mL syringe no. 770205 (DBL Inc.), and the Pump-Jet 30-mL syringe no. 1931 (International Medication Systems) were tested in the Lifecare PCA Plus II infusion pump no. 4100 (Abbott). The 30-mL Pump-Jet syringe no. 1911 (International Medication Systems) and the DBL 30-mL syringe no. 709700 (DBL Inc.) were tested in the Stratofuse PCA infusion pump (Baxter). The infusion pumps were set to deliver fluid continuously at 1 mL/hr for 30 hours, and the solutions were collected separately and weighed. The procedure was repeated with the infusion rate set at 3 mL/hr for 10 hours. For the third part of the study, each syringe was tested to deliver 1-mL boluses with 0, 5, 15, and 25 mL removed from the syringe. The solutions were collected and weighed before and after each bolus was delivered. The volume of solution collected was calculated by using the specific gravity of the solution. The syringes delivered significantly different volumes during the first hour of infusion at both the 1- and 3-mL/hr rates. Differences also existed across time for most of the syringes. Bolus volumes varied greatly after infusion of 0 or 5 mL of fluid but were acceptable for the remainder of the infusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)