gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study of a Free Piston IC Engine Operating on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion (1999)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A free piston, internal combustion (IC) engine, operating at high compression ratio (∼30:1) and low equivalence ratio (ϕ∼0.35), and utilizing homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion, has been proposed by Sandia National Laboratories as a means of significantly improving the IC engine's cycle thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. A zero-dimensional, thermodynamic model with detailed chemical kinetics, and empirical scavenging, heat transfer, and friction component models has been used to analyze the steady-state operating characteristics of this engine. The cycle simulations using hydrogen as the fuel, have indicated the critical factors affecting the engine's performance, and suggest the limits of improvement possible relative to conventional IC engine technologies.</div>
Natural Phonetic Processes Underlie Historical Change & Register Variation in American Sign Language (1984)

Historical change in ASL is characterized by a variety of reduction phenomena that facilitate articulation and perception. We show that similar changes can be induced under laboratory conditions. Two experiments are reported. In the first serial transmission and speeded discourse were used in the laboratory to induce reductions in signs performed in their old forms. The changes were found to be similar to historical change; reductions occurred in both signs and non-linguistic pantomime and for both signers and non-signers, implying the work of natural phonetic processes. In the second experiment, similar reductions were exhibited in signs when they underwent register shift, from citation form to conversational form. The results of the two experiments suggest that synchronic variation and diachronic change stem from the same natural phonetic processes that favor ease of articulation and ease of perception.
Mitochondrial Protein Targets of Thiol-Reactive Electrophiles (2008)

Mitochondria serve a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Recent studies have demonstrated that reactive electrophiles induce mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. We hypothesize that covalent modification of specific mitochondrial proteins by reactive electrophiles serves as a trigger leading to the initiation of apoptosis. In this study, we identified protein targets of the model biotin-tagged electrophile probes N-iodoacetyl- N-biotinylhexylene-diamine (IAB) and 1-biotinamido-4-(4'-[maleimidoethylcyclohexane]carboxamido)butane (BMCC) in HEK293 cell mitochondrial fractions by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). These electrophiles reproducibly adducted a total of 1693 cysteine residues that mapped to 809 proteins. Protein modifications were selective in that only 438 cysteine sites in 1255 cysteinyl peptide adducts (35%) and 362 of the 809 identified protein targets (45%) were adducted by both electrophiles. Of these, approximately one-third were annotated to the mitochondria following protein database analysis. IAB initiated apoptotic events including cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, whereas BMCC did not. Of the identified targets of IAB and BMCC, 44 were apoptosis-related proteins, and adduction site specificity on these targets differed between the two probes. Differences in sites of modification between these two electrophiles may reveal alkylation sites whose modification triggers apoptosis.
Exosome-Based Delivery of miR-124 in a Huntington’s Disease Model (2017)

This study serves as a proof of concept for exosome-based delivery of miRNA in neurodegenerative diseases.
Human serum amyloid P component, a circulating lectin with specificity for the cyclic 4,6-pyruvate acetal of galactose. Interactions with various bacteria (1985)

Serum amyloid P component (SAP), a normal plasma glycoprotein, has recently been shown to have Ca2+-dependent binding specificity for methyl 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (MO beta DG) [Hind, Collins, Renn, Cook, Caspi, Baltz & Pepys (1984) J. Exp. Med. 159, 1058-1069]. SAP was found to bind in vitro to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, the cell wall of which is known to contain this particular cyclic pyruvate acetal of galactose. SAP also bound in similar amounts (approx. 6000 molecules per organism) to group A Streptococcus pyogenes, but very much less was taken up on Xanthomonas campestris, which contains the 4,6-cyclic pyruvate acetal of mannose. No SAP bound to Escherichia coli, which contains the 4,6-cyclic pyruvate acetal of glucose, or to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 4, which contains the 2,3-cyclic pyruvate acetal of alpha- rather than beta-galactopyranoside, or to other organisms (Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), the carbohydrate structures of which are less well characterized. Binding of SAP to those organisms which it did recognize was completely inhibited or reversed by millimolar concentrations of free MO beta DG. SAP, a human plasma protein, thus behaves as a lectin and may be a useful probe for its particular specific ligand in the cell walls of bacteria and other organisms.
Controlled Acid Jet (CAJ) Technique for Effective Single Operation Stimulation of 14,000+ ft Long Reservoir Sections (2002)

Abstract Horizontal wells with continuous reservoir sections between 10,000 and 20,000 ft are being used for the development of the laterally extensive low permeability chalk in the Dan/Halfdan oil accumulation, offshore Denmark. The concept, design and practical experiences from an efficient and effective completion and stimulation method, Controlled Acid Jet1 (CAJ), which has been developed to stimulate very long horizontal well sections in a single operation, is described. It is a non-cemented liner, with a limited number of unevenly spaced holes (perforations) which ensures efficient acid stimulation of the complete reservoir section, provided the acid is pumped at sufficiently high rates. The CAJ liner has in several ways set new standards for the completion and stimulation of long horizontal wells. The most significant achievement with the CAJ liners is the remarkably effective acid coverage with efficient stimulation of reservoir sections up to 14,400 ft in a single operation. This is more than 20 times the interval length covered during matrix acid stimulation in a traditional cemented and perforated liner. The CAJ liner completion and stimulation concept has proven to be efficient, uncomplicated to install and very cost effective. Currently, 35 CAJ liners are producing from more than 220,000 ft of reservoir sections in the Dan West Flank/Halfdan field. The production performance of the wells completed with the CAJ system is concluded to be superior to the performance of wells completed with conventional systems.
Specific Solvent Effects on the Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Benzophenone Ketyl Radical (2001)

Complex formation reaction between benzophenone ketyl (BPK) radical and triethylamine was investigated by means of transient absorption and time-resolved ESR methods. The formation constants (Kf's) in benzene, toluene, o-xylene, and anisole were measured by a transient absorption method. The enthalpy and entropy changes upon the complex formation were determined by van't Hoff plots of Kf values around 300 K. The ΔG values in the complex formation reaction at 298 K were calculated from these thermodynamic parameters, which show notable difference from those in aliphatic solvents and chlorotoluenes previously reported. The BPK conformation in these solvents was investigated by analyzing the time-resolved ESR spectra of BPK and by the DFT calculation. The hyperfine coupling constant of hydroxy-proton (aOH) was found to depend on solvent as well and there exists a clear correlation between the aOH and Kf (or ΔG) values. It was concluded that the conformation of BPK, especially the conformation between OH and two phenyl groups, depends on the solvation and is an important factor to control the complex formation reaction.
Grain Boundary Blocking Effect in Zirconia: A Schottky Barrier Analysis (2001)

The grain boundary electrical properties of high purity ceramic materials doped with 2, 3, and 8 mol % and 8 mol % co-doped with 0.4 mol % were studied in the temperature range of 200 to 500°C by electrochemical techniques and were theoretically analyzed. Although the presence of a siliceous phase is shown to be a major cause for the grain boundary blocking effect, the grain boundary properties appear to be significantly influenced by space charges, particularly in materials of high purity. The oxygen vacancy distribution and the grain boundary resistivity were calculated for 8 mol % doped by assuming double Schottky barriers, and the results were compared with the experiment. It is shown that reasonable space charge potentials lead to grain boundary effects which are consistent with the experimental features. In contrary to the bulk in which defect associates prevail (at temperatures <560°C), in the boundary regions, association effects can be assumed to be much less pronounced due to the vacancy depletion. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Convenient Synthesis of Monoprotected 1,2-Diols (1995)

Abstract Reaction of the protected glycidol derivatives (1A-C) with a wide variety of Grignard reagents (2a-h) in the presence of catalytic amount of CuCN provided the corresponding monoprotected diol derivatives (3) in a highly regioselective manner.
Measles virus V protein blocks interferon (IFN)‐α/β but not IFN‐γ signaling by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation (2003)

Measles virus (MV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, encodes C and V non-structural proteins. To clarify the functions of MV C and V proteins, HeLa cell lines constitutively expressing C or V protein were established. We found that expression of V protein inhibited interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta signaling but not IFN-gamma signaling. C protein had no inhibitory effect on IFN signaling in our experimental condition. Degradation of selective signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins was not observed in HeLa cells expressing V protein. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT2 was inhibited in these cells after IFN-beta stimulation.
Characteristics of Preschool Children's Individual Music Listening During Free Choice Time (2001)

This study explored music listening patterns demonstrated by young children. The primary research question was whether preschool children's time-spent-listening responses would parallel responses found in earlier studies. In this study, the listening activity was completed within the context of the preschool classroom, whereas in previous studies, children had responded in one-on-one sessions with a researcher. A second purpose was to determine whether a psychological theory of attention, attentional might provide an explanation for the listening patterns observed. Preschool children listened to four selections for as long as they chose, at a listening center during a free-choice activity time within their classroom. Time-spent-listening responses were consistent with data obtained in one-on-one settings. As in previous studies, children were found to demonstrate internally consistent listening patterns, although they differed substantially from one another. Analyses of conditional survival rate, the mathematical operalization of attentional inertia, indicate that this theory may be useful as one lens through which to examine children 's listening behaviors.
Glycolipid transfer protein from bovine brain (1984)

Glycolipid transfer protein from bovine brain has been purified partially by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-52 ion-exchange, and Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. Both pyrene-labeled and tritium-labeled glucocerebrosides have been used to study the kinetics of protein-mediated transfer between donor and acceptor vesicles. Protein accelerates glucocerebroside transfer but does not accelerate phospholipid transfer. In colyophilized small sonicated vesicles (10% glucocerebroside, 90% 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine) about two-thirds of the glycolipid is transferred in 2 h and the remaining one-third does not transfer (up to 5 h). For donor and acceptor vesicles made of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, glucocerebroside (10% in donors) is transferred rapidly only when both the donor and acceptor matrix phospholipids are in the liquid-crystalline state. If either donor or acceptor vesicles are in the gel state, transfer protein mediated transfer is much reduced. The amount of transfer protein bound specifically to glucocerebroside-containing vesicles is nearly equal above and below the matrix phospholipid phase transition temperature. Bound protein transfers glucocerebroside upon addition of acceptor vesicles.
Potential Pitfalls of the Nuclear Stethoscope (1980)

Eleven patients (three with coronary artery disease, one with mitral valve prolapse, one with atrial septal defect, two with rheumatic mitral valve disease, one with rheumatic aortic valve disease, and three normal individuals) underwent determination of global left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 1) nuclear stethoscope (cardiac probe), 2) Tc-99m-labeled-erythrocyte gated nuclear angiocardiographic gamma camera-computer techniques, and 3) single plane RAO contrast left ventriculography--all within a 6-hour period without concurrent drug intervention. In addition, global right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was determined by a similar gated technique with gamma camera-computer techniques. LVEF as determined by camera-computer techniques correlated well with that of contrast ventriculography (r = 0.95) in this heterogenous group of subjects. LVEF as determined by cardiac probe correlated somewhat less well with that of contrast ventriculography (r = 0.59). Two cases are described in which, although cardiac probe data were highly reproducible, gross overestimation of the true global LVEF was thought to occur due to the malpositioning of the probe over either the right ventricle or the most contractile portion of the left ventricle in patients with coronary artery disease.
Lipid Metabolism in Fish：II. Changes of lipids and fatty acids in the liver of puffer, Fugu vermiculare porphyreum, during starvation (1977)

Clinical management of von Willebrand disease (or von Willebrand disorder [vWD]) often involves factor replacement or desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) therapy to control (potential) bleeding. Laboratory monitoring involves testing patient samples prior to therapy and at discreet time points after therapy. Classical testing generally comprises assays for factor VIII:coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor (vWF):antigen and vWF:ristocetin cofactor activity. The PFA-100 (platelet function analyser) is a relatively new tool for the investigation of primary hemostasis, and studies have shown its potential utility in identifying both vWD and platelet disorders, and in monitoring DDAVP therapy in these patients. However, the PFA-100 has limited utility in monitoring factor replacement therapy. The collagen-binding activity (vWF:CB) assay is a relatively new functional vWF assay and studies have also shown its utility in identifying vWD, and in monitoring both DDAVP and factor replacement therapy in these patients. This review assesses the laboratory monitoring of therapy for vWD with a special focus on the combined potential utility of the PFA-100 and a vWF:CB assay sensitive for the presence or absence of large vWF multimers. This review should be of value to both hemostasis scientists and clinical specialists.
Local Properties of Binary Images in Two Dimensions (1971)

Aspects of topology and geometry are used in analyzing continuous and discrete binary images in two dimensions. Several numerical properties of these images are derived which are " locally countable." These include the metric properties area and perimeter, and the topological invariant, Euler number. "Differentials" are defined for these properties, and algorithms are given. The Euler differential enables precise examination of connectivity relations on the square and hexagonal lattices. Easily computable binary image characterizations are introduced, with reference to a serial binary image processor (BIP) now being built. A precise definition of "localness" is given, and some implications for image computation theory are examined.
Stimulation of integrin receptors using a magnetic drag force device induces an intracellular free calcium response. (1996)

Mechanical loading of cells is of fundamental relevance in physiological processes and induces several functional responses in cells. Integrins, a family of adhesion receptors, which are responsible for the interaction with the extracellular matrix, may play a role in transmission of mechanical signals into cells. The osteogenic cell line U-2 OS expresses different integrin subunits which are uniformly distributed over the cell surface. We applied defined physical forces on individual integrin receptor subunits using paramagnetic microbeads coated with anti-integrin antibodies. Application of an inhomogeneous magnetic field consequently leads to a mechanical stress on the receptor. Intracellular Ca2+ increased when the alpha 2 or the beta 1 integrin subunits were stressed, whereas mechanical loading of the transferrin receptor had a significantly lower effect. This result indicates that forces specifically exerted to individual integrin receptors induce signal transduction pathways.
Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma (2018)

Improvements in our knowledge of the gut microbiota have broadened our vision of the microbes associated with the intestine. These microbes are essential actors and protectors of digestive and extra-digestive health and, by extension, crucial for human physiology. Similar reconsiderations are currently underway concerning the endogenous microbes of the lungs, with a shift in focus away from their involvement in infections toward a role in physiology. The discovery of the lung microbiota was delayed by the long-held view that the lungs of healthy individuals were sterile and by sampling difficulties. The lung microbiota has a low density, and the maintenance of small numbers of bacteria seems to be a critical determinant of good health. This review aims to highlight how knowledge about the lung microbiota can change our conception of lung physiology and respiratory health. We provide support for this point of view with knowledge acquired about the gut microbiota and intestinal physiology. We describe the main characteristics of the lung microbiota and its functional impact on lung physiology, particularly in healthy individuals, after birth, but also in asthma. We describe some of the physiological features of the respiratory tract potentially favoring the installation of a dysbiotic microbiota. The gut microbiota feeds and matures the intestinal epithelium and is involved in immunity, when the principal role of the lung microbiota seems to be the orientation and balance of aspects of immune and epithelial responsiveness. This implies that the local and remote effects of bacterial communities are likely to be determinant in many respiratory diseases caused by viruses, allergens or genetic deficiency. Finally, we discuss the reciprocal connections between the gut and lungs that render these two compartments inseparable.
Transfusion Therapy in Neonates (1991)

Infants, particularly those who were very small premature neonates, are among the most common of all patient groups to undergo extensive transfusion. It is estimated that approximately 300,000 neonates undergo transfusions annually. Most infants who undergo transfusion are exposed to multiple blood donors, and although each exposure poses only a small risk, the potential for adverse effects of multiple transfusions is not variable, and based on scanty scientific information. For the most part, controlled scientific studies have not been performed to clearly establish the indications for the transfusion of blood components to neonates. Considering these limitations, guidelines are offered for the transfusion of red blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils into neonates.
Thiadizoloquinoxaline-Based Low-Bandgap Conjugated Polymers as Ambipolar Semiconductors for Organic Field Effect Transistors (2014)

Two novel conjugated polymers with high molecular weight, PBDTTQ-3 and PAPhTQ, were synthesized by tuning alkyl chains and alternating the electron-donating ability of the thiadiazoloquinoxaline (TQ) moiety. Both polymers have excellent solubility in common organic solvents. UV–vis–NIR absorption and cyclic voltammetry indicate a bandgap of (0.76 eV) and high electron affinity level (−4.08 eV) for PBDTTQ-3. Two dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering shows that both polymers are only poorly ordered in the bulk but possess a close π-stacking distance of 0.36 nm. Despite the disorder in thin film observed by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, PBDTTQ-3 exhibits good ambipolar transport, with a maximum hole mobility of 0.22 cm2 V–1 s–1 and comparable electron mobility of 0.21 cm2 V–1 s–1.
Secure Inter-Process Communication (2013)

This article reveals the necessity in modern distributed systems for authentication of a process running in a distributed system and to provide a secure channel for inter-process communication in which both the client authenticates to the server and the server authenticates to the client. The distributed system is a client-server system based on ENEA LINX inter-process communication framework. Enea LINX is a Linux open source project which allows processes to exchange information between several media channels: shared memory (local process communication), Ethernet (local network inter process communication), TCP/IP (inter process communication through Internet) in which nodes are communicating regardless of the underlying media. Because ENEA LINX offers no security mechanism it appears the need for securing the communicating over LINX protocol. Process authentication disables the need for personal authentication of the user and also prevents an attacker from starting a process which will harm the entire system. Besides authentication, using public key combined with symmetric key technologies the secure inter-process communication system must provide integrity and confidentiality.
2D/3D Mixed Service in T-DMB System Using Depth Image Based Rendering (2008)

In this paper, we introduce a 2D/3D mixed service in Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB) system using depth-image-based rendering (DIBR). The 2D/3D mixed service is the 3D service type that 3D contents are shown partially while a 2D video sequence is displayed in the entire screen, or vice versa. This service is very attractive because partial display of 3D contents can maximize the effect of 3D services and can reduce the viewer's fatigue while watching a 3D display. Especially, we can provide more flexible 3D services with a low amount of data by using DIBR. Moreover, 3D contents can be manipulated efficiently by XML-based metadata. The proposed 2D/3D mixed service is tested using various contents in the 3D display with parallax barrier. The proposed 2D/3D mixed service can be employed efficiently as the additional data services in conventional T-DMB structure.