gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model-driven web usage analysis for the evaluation of web application quality (2004)

So far, conceptual modeling of Web applications has been used primarily in the upper part of the life cycle, as a driver for system analysis. Little attention has been put on exploiting the conceptual specifications developed during analysis for application evaluation, maintenance and evolution. This paper illustrates an approach for integrating the use of conceptual models in the lower part of the application life cycle. The approach is based on the adoption of conceptual logs, which are Web usage logs enriched with meta-data deriving from the application conceptual specifications. In particular, the paper illustrates how conceptual logs are generated and exploited in Web usage evaluation and mining, so as to achieve a deeper and systematic quality evaluation of Web applications. A prototype tool supporting the generation of conceptual logs and the evaluation activities is also presented.
Clickable NAD Analogues for Labeling Substrate Proteins of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases (2010)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the transfer of multiple adenine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) units from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to substrate proteins. There are 17 PARPs in humans. Several PARPs, such as PARP-1 and Tankyrase-1, are known to play important roles in DNA repair, transcription, mitosis, and telomere length maintenance. To better understand the functions of PARPs at a molecular level, it is necessary to know what substrate proteins PARPs modify. Here we report clickable NAD analogues that can be used to label PARP substrate proteins. The clickable NAD analogues have a terminal alkyne group which allows the conjugation of fluorescent or affinity tags to the substrate proteins. Using this method, PARP-1 and tankyrase-1 substrate proteins were labeled by a fluorescent tag and visualized on SDS-PAGE gel. Using a biotin affinity tag, we were able to isolate and identify a total of 79 proteins as potential PARP-1 substrates. These include known PARP-1 substrate proteins, including histones and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. About 40% of the proteins were also identified in recent proteomic studies as potential PARP-1 substrates. Among the identified potential substrates, we further demonstrated that tubulin and three mitochondrial proteins, TRAP1 (TNF receptor-associated protein 1), citrate synthase, and GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase 1), are substrates of PARP-1 in vitro. These results demonstrate that the clickable NAD analogue is useful for labeling, in-gel detection, isolation, and identification of the substrate proteins of PARPs and will help to understand the biological functions of PARPs.
Regulation of the TAK1 Signaling Pathway by Protein Phosphatase 2C (2001)

Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is implicated in the negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase cascades in yeast and mammalian cells. In this study, we determined the role of PP2Cbeta-1, a major isoform of mammalian PP2C, in the TAK1 signaling pathway, a stress-activated protein kinase cascade that is activated by interleukin-1, transforming growth factor-beta, or stress. Ectopic expression of PP2Cbeta-1 inhibited the TAK1-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4-c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6-p38 signaling pathways. In vitro, PP2Cbeta-1 dephosphorylated and inactivated TAK1. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that PP2Cbeta-1 associates with the central region of TAK1. A phosphatase-negative mutant of PP2Cbeta-1, PP2Cbeta-1 (R/G), acted as a dominant negative mutant, inhibiting dephosphorylation of TAK1 by wild-type PP2Cbeta-1 in vitro. In addition, ectopic expression of PP2Cbeta-1(R/G) enhanced interleukin-1-induced activation of an AP-1 reporter gene. Collectively, these results indicate that PP2Cbeta negatively regulates the TAK1 signaling pathway by direct dephosphorylation of TAK1.
Aerosolized medications for altering lung surface active properties. (2000)

Surface active material is important in the function of both the infant and adult lung. In the premature infant, surfactant depletion results in the requirement for very high distending pressures to open alveoli. As a consequence, shunt, hypoxemia, and right ventricular dysfunction occur. Surfactant replacement, especially by the direct instillation approach, has been proven effective in improving clinical outcome under these circumstances. Problems with surfactant instillation include the "fluid bolus" effect and concerns about optimal distribution of the instilled material. Recent improvements in aerosol systems have created interest in using aerosol delivery to reduce the total dose of surfactant required to treat RDS. In adult acute lung injury, surfactant dysfunction, rather than depletion, is the problem. Simple phospholipid replacement strategies thus may not be effective. Instead, surfactant delivery strategies aimed at regional targeting with surfactants having the necessary associated proteins may be the goal in ARDS. In adults, several instillation trials are underway, but there is also a hope that an aerosol strategy might also be tried. The aerosol route may be particularly useful if a high-efficiency aerosol system (eg, one distal to an endotracheal tube) can be shown to be effective. Other surface active materials exist and there are small studies showing benefit when large instilled doses of these materials are given. These materials, however, have never been studied as aerosols.
Region Based Segmentation in Presence of Intensity Inhomogeneity Using Legendre Polynomials (2014)

We propose a novel region based segmentation method capable of segmenting objects in presence of significant intensity variation. Current solutions use some form of local processing to tackle intra-region inhomogeneity, which makes such methods susceptible to local minima. In this letter, we present a framework which generalizes the traditional Chan-Vese algorithm. In contrast to existing local techniques, we represent the illumination of the regions of interest in a lower dimensional subspace using a set of pre-specified basis functions. This representation enables us to accommodate heterogeneous objects, even in presence of noise. We compare our results with three state of the art techniques on a dataset focusing on biological/biomedical images with tubular or filamentous structures. Quantitatively, we achieve a 44% increase in performance, which demonstrates efficacy of the method.
Configuration of the Ketosidic Bond of Sialic Acid (1969)

The stereochemistry of the ketosidic bond of sialic acid has been elucidated by a study of the two anomeric methyl ketosides.Isomer I was prepared by Koenig.+Knorrsynthesis, and isomer II by direct methylation with methanol and an acid catalyst.These two anomeric configurations were established by conversion with periodate-borohydride to III and IV, respectively, followed by lactonization of one isomer.Dreiding models demonstrate that only one anomer is potentially able to lactonize, and this was accordingly assigned Structure IV.This anomer and its precursor (II) were resistant to neuraminidase, whereas Compounds I and III were hydrolyzed by the enzyme.The configuration of the ketosidic bond of sialic acid in naturally occurring substances, such as gangliosides, glycoproteins, and the like, is therefore the less stable anomer I, with the ketosidic bond equatorial and the carboxyl group axial to the pyranoid ring.It is assigned the OA-D configuration in accordance with the rules of nomenclature.The sialic acids are a group of widely distributed amino sugars that occur in several glycoproteins, oligosaccharides, and glycolipids (1,2).These acids are the naturally occurring derivatives of neuraminic acid in which the parent substance is acylated at the amino group with an acetyl or glycolyl moiety.The work of Comb and Roseman (3) showed that sialic acid can be enzymatically cleaved to N-acylmannosamine and pyruvate and this served to establish the configurations of C-5 through C-8.Subsequently, Kuhn and Baschang (4) elucidated the stereochemistry at C-4 by unequivocal means.The only aspect of stereochemistry remaining to be determined is the configuration of the ketosidic bond joining sialic acid to the adjacent sugar.The two possible forms are shown in Fig. 1.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF BICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐2‐EN‐6‐ONE INTO CYCLOPENTADIENYLACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES (1983)

Abstract Das (nicht auftrennbare) Gemisch der Brom‐bicycloheptanone (II) und (III) reagiert mit Nucleophilen unter Bildung eines Cyclopentadienyl‐essigsaurederivats, das sich rasch durch Protonenverschiebung am Ring isomerisiert.
Introduction (2005)

In language testing we are concerned with the extent to which a test can be shown to produce scores that are an accurate reflection of a candidate’s ability in a particular area, e.g., careful reading to extract main ideas from a text, writing an argumentative essay, breadth of vocabulary knowledge, or spoken interaction with peers. It demands an understanding of both trait and method. Trait is concerned with the underlying constructs/abilities we wish to measure in students, the what of language testing. Method deals with the how, the instmments we develop to provide us with the information about these construct(s).
Laser Transmission Welding of Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics—Part I: Optical Characterization of Nylon Based Plastics (2002)

Optimization of welding for thermoplastic parts strongly depends on the material properties, part design, as well as the welding operating technology conditions. Laser transmission welding requires preferential deposition of energy and subsequent melting of the material in the interfacial zone. This is optimized when the laser beam is transmitted through the transparent part and absorbed by the adjoining part to be welded. Energy deposition can be controlled to some extent by adjusting laser parameters (power, choice of beam focussing optics, sweep rate etc.). The thermoplastic material properties may have the greater influence and need to be characterized for optimum material selection. Commercial nylon type materials cover a large array of compositions, which may affect the welding process. To guide selection of nylon based plastics for a range of applications we have measured the influence of specific factors such as fiber-glass, mineral filler, impact modifier content, additives, and color versions on the Near InfraRed (NIR) transmission properties. In a following paper (Part II) a 1 we have related these findings to the mechanical performance of shear and butt joints produced under various laser welding technology conditions (laser beam power, welding speed, laser beam/spot diameter, clamp pressure, plastic color, etc.). Comprehensive results of this evaluation will assist designers and technologists in thermoplastics selection for laser welding applications. The purpose of this report is to increase the understanding of the plastics engineering community regarding the usefulness and possible applicability of laser transmission welding (LTW) technology for nylon made components.
Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in endothelial activation: insights from eNOS knockout endothelial cells (2004)

The objective of this study was to determine whether absence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affects the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Murine lung endothelial cells (MLECs) were prepared by immunomagnetic bead selection from wild-type and eNOS knockout mice. Wild-type cells expressed eNOS, but eNOS knockout cells did not. Expression of neuronal NOS and inducible NOS was not detectable in cells of either genotype. Upon stimulation, confluent wild-type MLECs produced significant amounts of NO compared with N(omega)-monomethyl-l-arginine-treated wild-type cells. eNOS knockout and wild-type cells showed no difference in the expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as measured by flow cytometry on the surface of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31)-positive cells. Both eNOS knockout and wild-type cells displayed the characteristics of resting endothelium. Adhesion studies in a parallel plate laminar flow chamber showed no difference in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions between the two genotypes. Cytokine treatment induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and increased leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in both genotypes. We conclude that in resting murine endothelial cells, absence of endothelial production of NO by itself does not initiate endothelial cell activation or promote leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. We propose that eNOS derived NO does not chronically suppress endothelial cell activation in an autocrine fashion but serves to counterbalance signals that mediate activation.
Angular distribution measurements of energy spectra of protons emitted from hydrogen plasma focus (2014)

Summary form only given. The plasma focus is thought to be one of the most efficient pulsed neutron, X-ray and charged-particle beam sources. It is interesting phenomenon that high energy ions with an energy of more than one hundred times as large as the bank voltage are produced in plasma focus devices. The mechanism of the production of these ions, however, is not fully understood in spite of investigations from various points of view. Hence, the determination of ion beam characteristics is very important not only in understanding the mechanism of the production of high energy ions or neutrons, but also for their application. The characteristics of the ion beams produced in a Mather type plasma focus device were studied. The chamber was filled with hydrogen gas to 250~350 Pa. The capacitor bank of 41.6 μF was charged to 30 kV to get a peak current of 550 kA. The distribution of ion current density was measured by a biased ion corrector. To evaluate the dependence of the angular distribution of ion energy spectrum on hydrogen gas pressure, the incident angle resolved energy spectrometer was used. The ion current density of 8 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with pulse duration of 60 ns was obtained at 110 mm downstream from the top of the anode on the axis. Experimental results for the energy spectrum showed that the proton beam energy was distributed from 0.1 MeV to 2 MeV and that ions with energies lower than 300 keV were distributed widely over emission angles ranging from -80° to 90°, with higher-energy ions (> 1 MeV) being confined to emission angles of -20°~30°. In addition, the ion energy and the track density were found to decrease rapidly with increasing emission angle.
Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Metal Two-Phase Mixture in Bubbly and Slug Flow Regime (1972)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKEYWORDS: liquid metalselectrical conductivitytwo-phase flowmixturebubbly flowslug flowfog flowMHD generatorsNaK-78void fractiongamma-rayattenuationfluid flow
State of the Art in Opportunistic Spectrum Access Medium Access Control Design (2008)

Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) allows unlicensed secondary networks to share licensed spectrum in space and time, but only when licensed users are not using the spectrum. Thus this novel spectrum management technique started drawing the attention of researchers recently. Although many interesting approaches have been proposed, most techniques are early proposals that often only cover a subset of the problems related to OSA. In this paper, we give an extensive overview of medium access control design challenges specific to OSA, while discussing the main approaches proposed so far in the literature. We give an extensive survey of protocols proposed and discuss which features are not explored yet and which one need to be looked at more carefully.
A phenothiazine derivative reduces rat brain damage after global or focal ischemia. (1992)

Although the primary mechanism responsible for the protective effect is unclear at the present time, our study is consistent with the hypothesis that oxidant-mediated lipid peroxidation may be involved in the pathophysiology of postischemic brain injury.
Dendritic Cells Regulate Natural Killer Cell Activation and Epithelial Injury in Experimental Biliary Atresia (2011)

Biliary atresia is the most common cholangiopathy of childhood. During infancy, an idiopathic activation of the neonatal immune system targets the biliary epithelium, obstructs bile ducts, and disrupts the anatomic continuity between the liver and the intestine. Here, we use a model of virus-induced biliary atresia in newborn mice to trace the initiating pathogenic disease mechanisms to resident plasmacytoid (pDCs) and conventional (cDCs) dendritic cells. We found pDCs to be the most abundant DC population in the livers of newborn mice, and we observed pDCs in the livers of infants at the time of diagnosis. In the livers of newborn mice, cDCs spontaneously overexpressed the costimulatory molecule CD80 soon after birth, and pDCs produced the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) in response to a virus insult. Both subtypes of primed DCs were required for the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the activation of natural killer cells. Disruption of this cellular network by depletion of pDCs or blockade of IL-15 signaling in mice in vivo prevented epithelial injury, maintained anatomic continuity of the bile duct, and promoted long-term survival. These findings identify cellular triggers of biliary injury and have implications for future therapies to block the progression of biliary atresia and liver disease.
Meeting Transcription Using Virtual Microphone Arrays (2019)

We describe a system that generates speaker-annotated transcripts of meetings by using a virtual microphone array, a set of spatially distributed asynchronous recording devices such as laptops and mobile phones. The system is composed of continuous audio stream alignment, blind beamforming, speech recognition, speaker diarization using prior speaker information, and system combination. When utilizing seven input audio streams, our system achieves a word error rate (WER) of 22.3% and comes within 3% of the close-talking microphone WER on the non-overlapping speech segments. The speaker-attributed WER (SAWER) is 26.7%. The relative gains in SAWER over the single-device system are 14.8%, 20.3%, and 22.4% for three, five, and seven microphones, respectively. The presented system achieves a 13.6% diarization error rate when 10% of the speech duration contains more than one speaker. The contribution of each component to the overall performance is also investigated, and we validate the system with experiments on the NIST RT-07 conference meeting test set.
Angiotensin II and mechanical stretch induce production of tumor necrosis factor in cardiac fibroblasts (1999)

To determine whether ANG II as well as mechanical stress affect the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the heart, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts were cultured separately and treated for 6 h with ANG II, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or cyclic mechanical stretch. LPS induced the production of TNF in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. However, TNF synthesis in fibroblasts was 20- to 40-fold higher than in myocytes. ANG II (>/=10(-8) M) and mechanical stretch stimulated the production of TNF in cardiac fibroblasts but not in myocytes. Furthermore, both ANG II and LPS increased the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in cardiac fibroblasts. Isoproterenol inhibited both LPS- and ANG II-induced production of TNF in cardiac fibroblasts with increasing intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, both isoproterenol and dibutyryl cAMP inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression. Thus activation of the renin-angiotensin system, as well as mechanical stress, can stimulate production of TNF in cardiac fibroblasts. Furthermore, beta-adrenergic receptors may be responsible for the regulation of TNF synthesis at the transcriptional level by elevating intracellular cAMP.
Technical considerations in the use of polymethylmethacrylate in cranioplasty. (1998)

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a self-curing acrylic resin that can be used in the repair of cranial defects. It is available in three forms: PMMA without mesh, PMMA reinforced with mesh, and PMMA preformed to fit a defect. In cranioplasty, the size and location of the defects provide the selection criteria for the use of PMMA. PMMA without mesh is ideal for small defects (5 cm2-15 cm2). PMMA reinforced with mesh is used for moderate sized defects (16 cm2-49 cm2). For very large defects (> or = 50 cm2), a CT scan guided mold is recommended because it provides the ideal contour and shape that simulates the normal skull.
Freeze Casting for Assembling Bioinspired Structural Materials (2017)

Nature is very successful in designing strong and tough, lightweight materials. Examples include seashells, bone, teeth, fish scales, wood, bamboo, silk, and many others. A distinctive feature of all these materials is that their properties are far superior to those of their constituent phases. Many of these natural materials are lamellar or layered in nature. With its "brick and mortar" structure, nacre is an example of a layered material that exhibits extraordinary physical properties. Finding inspiration in living organisms to create bioinspired materials is the subject of intensive research. Several processing techniques have been proposed to design materials mimicking natural materials, such as layer-by-layer deposition, self-assembly, electrophoretic deposition, hydrogel casting, doctor blading, and many others. Freeze casting, also known as ice-templating, is a technique that has received considerable attention in recent years to produce bioinspired bulk materials. Here, recent advances in the freeze-casting technique are reviewed for fabricating lamellar scaffolds by assembling different dimensional building blocks, including nanoparticles, polymer chains, nanofibers, and nanosheets. These lamellar scaffolds are often infiltrated by a second phase, typically a soft polymer matrix, a hard ceramic matrix, or a metal matrix. The unique architecture of the resultant bioinspired structural materials displays excellent mechanical properties. The challenges of the current research in using the freeze-casting technique to create materials large enough to be useful are also discussed, and the technique's promise for fabricating high-performance nacre-inspired structural materials in the future is reviewed.
The Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotic Medications in the Treatment of Psychosis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease (2016)

Psychotic symptoms are present in up to 50% of patients with Parkinson's disease. These symptoms have detrimental effects on patients' and caregivers' quality of life and may predict mortality. The pathogenesis of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease is complex, but the use of dopaminergic medications is one of the risk factors. The treatment of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease is complicated due to the ability of antipsychotic medications to worsen motor symptoms. The efficacy of clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease has been confirmed in several clinical trials; however, the adverse effects and the necessity of blood count monitoring are the reasons why the use of this drug is challenging. The studies on safety and efficacy of other antipsychotics conflicting results. The use of antipsychotics in these patients is also associated with increased mortality. Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease per se are also proven predictors of mortality. Thus it is necessary to treat psychotic symptoms but the choice of an antipsychotic should be based on careful risk/benefit assessment. Pimavanserin as a novel therapeutic option with more favorable adverse effects profile is now available for this indication, but careful postmarketing monitoring is necessary to establish the true picture of this drug's long-term safety and efficacy.