gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of RNA structure-specific agents as potential antivirals (1996)

A number of pathogenic RNA viruses, such as HIV-1, have extensive folded RNA conformations with imperfect A-form duplexes that are essential for virus function, and could serve as targets for structure-specific antiviral drugs. A method for the discovery of such drugs involves evaluation of the interactions with RNA of a wide variety of compounds that are known to bind to nucleic acids by different mechanisms. This approach has been initiated by using corresponding sequence RNA and DNA polymers as initial test systems for analysis of RNA binding strength and selectivity. Compounds that bind exclusively in the minor groove in AT sequences of DNA do not have significant interactions with RNA. Polycations, however, can show significant RNA affinity and binding selectivity, probably through complex formation in the RNA major groove. Some intercalators and a group of diphenylfuran cations have strong interactions with RNA that are very dependent on compound structure. RNA hairpin model systems for the RRE binding site of HIV-1 Rev protein were constructed for more detailed investigations. The diphenylfuran cations bind strongly to RRE and selectively inhibit Rev binding. CD, NMR, and fluorescence binding studies indicate that the active compounds bind in the internal loop region of RRE (with binding constants > 10(7)M-1), and cause a conformational change in the RNA. None of the standard nucleic acid binding modes appears to fit the results for complexes of the active compounds with RRE, and it is proposed that the diphenylfuran system threads through the internal loop region of RRE. Such a model allows contacts of the furan cationic substituents with both grooves of RRE in addition to the intercalation interactions with the bases.
A Remarkably Efficient Photochemical Methodology for Endo to Exo IsomerizatLon of Dials–Alder Cycloadducts (1991)

Abstract Irradiation of a solution of ethanol containing Diels–Alder cycloadducts and 10–20% (by volume) triethylamine at 300 nm furnishes quantitative yield (&gt;90%) of corresponding exo isomers. A probable mechanism based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) has been described.
<title>Diffractive optics technology for projection displays</title> (1996)

Diffractive optics represents a new and fundamental optical manufacturing technology that has tremendous potential in both the government and commercial sectors. Diffractive optics technology provides system designers with new and exciting degrees of freedom for the design and optimization of precision optical systems. Using diffractive optics one can: provide color correction for projection systems using a single, economical refractive material; create aspheric wavefronts without using aspheric surfaces; eliminate the need for exotic (and expensive) flint-type materials; produce high-performance, high-numerical-aperture, lightweight optical elements; produce high performance microlens arrays; construct custom diffusers for beam homogenization and beam shaping; convert Gaussian beams to a square- aperture, flat-top beam profile, create novel polarization components and narrowband filters; athermalize optical systems; and reduce the weight, complexity and cost of optical systems--all of which are important for projection display systems. In this paper, we describe several features of diffractive optical elements that are useful for projection display applications.
Gas sensing properties of defect-controlled ZnO-nanowire gas sensor (2008)

The effect of oxygen-vacancy-related defects on gas-sensing properties of ZnO-nanowire gas sensors was investigated. Gas sensors were fabricated by growing ZnO nanowires bridging the gap between two prepatterned Au catalysts. The sensor displayed fast response and recovery behavior with a maximum sensitivity to NO2 gas at 225 °C. Gas sensitivity was found to be linearly proportional to the photoluminescence intensity of oxygen-vacancy-related defects in both as-fabricated and defect-controlled gas sensors by postannealing in Ar and H2 atmosphere. This result agrees well with previous theoretical prediction that oxygen vacancies play a role of preferential adsorption sites for NO2 molecules.
Investigation of a 3D system distortion correction method for MR images (2010)

Interest has been growing in recent years in the development of radiation treatment planning (RTP) techniques based solely on Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. However, it is recognized that MR images suffer from scanner-related and object-induced distortions that may lead to an incorrect placement of anatomical structures. This subsequently may result in a reduced accuracy in delivering treatment dose fractions in RTP. To accomplish the precise representation of anatomical targets required by RTP, distortions must be mapped and the images rectified before being used in the clinical process. In this work, we investigate a novel, phantom-based method that determines and corrects for 3D system-related distortions. The algorithm consists of two key components: an adaptive control point identification and registration tool and an iterative method that finds the best estimate of 3D distortion. It was found that the 3D distortions were successfully mapped to within the voxel resolution of the raw data for a 260 x 260 x 240 mm3 volume.
The Role of Inorganic Chemistry in Cellular Mechanisms of Host Resistance to Disease (1997)

Phagocytic cells associated with host resistance to disease appear to be capable of generating a variety of inorganic oxidants that function as microbicidal agents. In neutrophils and related cells containing myeloperoxidase, hypochlorous acid is a primary microbicide; the nature of oxidants produced by other types of phagocytic cells are less well characterized, but may involve metal-mediated reactions of H2O2 or intermediary formation of peroxonitrite (ONO-2) ion. The biochemical role of these oxidants is reviewed from the perspective of mechanistic inorganic chemistry. Results from recent studies suggesting unique roles for HCO-3 and CO2 in these processes are also described.
Nucleation threshold and deactivation mechanisms of nanoscopic cavitation nuclei (2009)

The acoustic nucleation threshold for bubbles trapped in cavities has theoretically been predicted within the crevice theory by Atchley and Prosperetti [“The crevice model of bubble nucleation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1065 (1989)]. Here, we determine this threshold experimentally, by applying a single pressure pulse to bubbles trapped in cylindrical nanoscopic pits (“artificial crevices”) with radii down to 50 nm. By decreasing the minimum pressure stepwise, we observe the threshold for which the bubbles start to nucleate. The experimental results are quantitatively in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of Atchley and Prosperetti. In addition, we provide the mechanism which explains the deactivation of cavitation nuclei: gas diffusion together with an aspherical bubble collapse. Finally, we present superhydrophobic nuclei which cannot be deactivated, unless with a high-speed liquid jet directed into the pit.
Intracoronary Gene Transfer of Adenylyl Cyclase 6 in Patients With Heart Failure (2016)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00787059.
An implantable CMOS signal conditioning system for recording nerve signals with cuff electrodes (2002)

We propose a system architecture for recording nerve signals with cuff electrodes and develop the key component in this system, the small-input, low-noise, low-power, high-gain amplifier. The amplifier is implemented using a mixture of weak- and strong-inversion transistors and a special off-set compensation technique; its performance is validated using Spice simulations.
Magnesium Inhibits Norepinephrine Release by Blocking N-Type Calcium Channels at Peripheral Sympathetic Nerve Endings (2004)

Although Mg2+ contributes to blood pressure regulation partly in terms of vasodilator action, its sympatholytic effect may also play an important role to control blood pressure. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effect of Mg2+ on sympathetic tone and blood pressure. We studied its actions on the blood pressure response to hydralazine, a direct vasodilator, in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and to electrical stimulation in the pithed Sprague-Dawley rat; catecholamine release by peripheral sympathetic nerve endings; and the N-type Ca2+ channels of cultured neural cells. Intravenous Mg2+ infusion (MgSO4: 3x10(-6) mol/kg body weight/min) induced the greater hypotensive response to hydralazine with attenuated reflex tachycardia in SHRs. In pithed rats, Mg2+ infusion significantly attenuated the blood pressure elevation (2+/-2 mm Hg versus 27+/-6 mm Hg, P<0.01) in response to spinal electrical stimulation. In the perfused mesenteric arteries system, norepinephrine release was significantly attenuated (51+/-2%, P<0.01) by high Mg2+ concentration solution (4.8 mmol/L) compared with normal Mg2+ solution (1.2 mmol/L). When we applied the perforated whole-cell patch clamp method to nerve growth factor-treated PC12 cells, Mg2+ blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in a concentration-dependent manner. The majority of the voltage-gated Ca2+ currents were carried through N-type channels, followed by L-type channels. Mg2+ blocked both of these channels. These findings suggest that Mg2+ blocks mainly N-type Ca2+ channels at nerve endings, and thus inhibits norepinephrine release, which decreases blood pressure independent of its direct vasodilating action.
Boosting variant recognition with light semantics (2000)

A reasonably simple, domain-independent, large-scale approach of lexical semantics to paraphrase recognition is presented in this paper. It relies on the enrichment of morphosyntactic rules and the addition of four boolean syntactico-semantic features to a set of 1,023 words. It results in a significant enhancement of precision of 30% with a slight decrease in recall of 10%.
Model for the Prediction of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Cold-rolled High Strength Steels (2013)

Microstructure development of advanced high strength steels is quiet complicated and, thereby, it takes much time to develop advanced high strength steels. This paper presents a complete model which can simulate microstructure development of high strength steels during a heat treatment and the mechanical properties after the treatment. The model consisting of ferrite, bainite, martensite and predicting stressstrain curve of the steels is successively built based on metallurgical phenomena.
Transformer-coupled voltage controlled osillator (2008)

This paper presents transformer-coupled VCO using symmetric transformer. By adopting cross-coupled transistors at both side of transformer, phase noise performance is improved by 6dB compared with conventional VCO. The proposed VCO has been fabricated in CMOS 0.13..m technology. Measured results show −108dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset and frequency range 6.54∼6.86GHz while dissipating 2.1mA from a 0.6V supply.
In-vivo Raman spectroscopy: from basics to applications (2018)

For more than two decades, Raman spectroscopy has found widespread use in biological and medical applications. The instrumentation and the statistical evaluation procedures have matured, enabling the lengthy transition from ex-vivo demonstration to in-vivo examinations. This transition goes hand-in-hand with many technological developments and tightly bound requirements for a successful implementation in a clinical environment, which are often difficult to assess for novice scientists in the field. This review outlines the required instrumentation and instrumentation parameters, designs, and developments of fiber optic probes for the in-vivo applications in a clinical setting. It aims at providing an overview of contemporary technology and clinical trials and attempts to identify future developments necessary to bring the emerging technology to the clinical end users. A comprehensive overview of in-vivo applications of fiber optic Raman probes to characterize different tissue and disease types is also given.
A Novel Adaptive Feedforward Compensation Algorithm for Hard Disk Drive (2006)

This paper applies a novel adaptive feedforward compensation (AFC) algorithm for runout cancellation on voice coil motor (VCM) actuator servo system. The parametric update laws of this adaptive algorithm can be precisely deduced. The AFC controller can attenuate selectively the intended harmonic runout without amplifying other harmonics. The testing results in time domain and frequency domain show that this scheme is effective in dealing with runout
Backswitch poling in lithium niobate for high-fidelity domain patterning and efficient blue light generation (1999)

In nonlinear optics applications employing quasiphase matching, short-pitch domain gratings are generally required for the efficient generation of visible and ultraviolet light. Here we introduce an improved electric-field poling technique, which incorporates spontaneous backswitching and leads to uniform short-pitch domain structures. The total volume of backswitched material, and hence the duty cycle of the backswitched domain grating, can be accurately controlled. First-order single-pass continuous-wave second harmonic generation of 60 mW at 460 nm is achieved at 6.1%/W efficiency in 0.5-mm-thick 4-μm-period backswitch-poled lithium niobate.
An electronically tunable fiber laser with a liquid-crystal etalon filter as the wavelength-tuning element (1990)

Wavelength-tunable lasers in the near infrared have a wide range of applications for fiber-based lightwave systems. A description is given of a tunable erbium-doped fiber laser using a liquid-crystal etalon filter (LCF) as the wavelength-selective element. The laser is continuously tunable over a range of 45 nm (1523-1568 nm) with a voltage of 2.1-3.3 V applied to the LCF, and operates single-mode with a very narrow linewidth (<100 kHz). The experiment demonstrates the potential of the laser as compact laser source that can be tuned over a very large wavelength range with an IC-compatible voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
PROCESS VARIABLES DURING SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUSION OF FISH AND RICE-FLOUR BLENDS (2005)

Extrusion cooking of fish and rice-flour blends in a single-screw cooking extruder was studied under a wide range of variables of barrel temperature, screw speed, fish content and feed-moisture content which ranged from 100 to 200C, 70–110 rev/min, 5–45% and 20–60%, respectively. Experiments based on rotatable design showed that the physical properties of expansion ratio, bulk density, hardness and water solubility index (WSI) were significantly affected by all the process variables except screw speed. Barrel temperatures greater than 180C and feed moistures less than 58% result in a steep increase in expansion ratio and a decrease in bulk density. At a fish content of 5% and feed-moisture content of less than 52.5%, the hardness values decreased. When the WSI is at 40–42% of fish content and the feed-moisture content is less than 55%, a steep increase was noticed, but a maximum WSI value of 11.5% was observed at a fish content of 41.37% and a feed-moisture content of 35%.
Combustion Processes of Propellants with Embedded Metal Wires (1982)

Research was made with double-base propellants with embedded metal wires to understand how the burning rate changes along the silver wire and to obtain what factors control the burning rate of the propellants. The burning rate along the wire is influenced greatly by the kind of metal wire, wire size, and propellant compositions. With double-base propellants having varied burning characteristics, burning rate along the silver wire was measured and the effects of the luminous flame, dark zone, and the fizz zone were studied. By means of microthermocouples, the temperature profiles in the propellant near the silver wire were measured. Based on the test results, it was clear that the factors which control the burning rate along the silver wire are the temperature gradient in the fizz zone and the temperature in the dark zone. The luminous flame zone that stands above the burning surface affects neither the burning rate of the propellant nor the burning rate along the silver wire.
Image Processing Using Principal Component Analysis (2011)

In this paper, a review on the latest methodologies and application of the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) has been done in the area of image processing. Exploring basic theory of multivariate analysis, which involves a mathematical procedure to transform a number of correlated variables into a number of uncorrelated variables have been studied, compared and analyzed for better performance. The PCA ultimately reduces the number of effective variables used for classification which are compared with some statistical method. A comparison is made to illustrate the important of PCA in various signal processing based application like Texture classification, Face recognition, Biometrics etc.
<i>p</i>-Hydroxyphenyl, Guaiacyl, and Syringyl Lignins Have Similar Inhibitory Effects on Wall Degradability (1997)

Studies with normal, mutant, and transgenic plants have not clearly established whether the proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units in lignin directly affects the degradability of cell walls by hydrolytic enzymes. Dehydrogenation polymer−cell wall complexes containing varying ratios of H, G, and S lignins were formed by peroxidase/H2O2-mediated polymerization of p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols into nonlignified walls isolated from cell suspensions of maize (Zea mays L). Lignification substantially reduced the degradability of cell walls by fungal hydrolases, but degradability was not affected by lignin composition. On the basis of these results, we propose that improvements in wall degradability, previously attributed to changes in lignin composition, were in fact due to other associated changes in wall chemistry or ultrastructure. Keywords: Gramineae; Zea mays; cell wall; brown midrib; transgenic; O-methyltransferase; hydroxycinnamyl alcohols; lignin; cellulase; degradability
Transformation by pp60src or stimulation of cells with epidermal growth factor induces the stable association of tyrosine-phosphorylated cellular proteins with GTPase-activating protein. (1991)

GTPase-activating protein (GAP) is a cytosolic protein that stimulates the rate of hydrolysis of GTP (GTP to GDP) bound to normal p21ras, but does not catalyze the hydrolysis of GTP bound to oncogenic, activated forms of the ras protein. Transformation of cells with v-src or activated transforming variants of c-src or stimulation of cells with epidermal growth factor resulted in the stable association of GAP with two tyrosine-phosphorylated cellular proteins of 64 kDa (p64) and 190 kDa (p190). Analysis of GAP immune complexes isolated from extracts of metabolically labeled src-transformed cells and epidermal growth factor-stimulated cells indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation of p64 and p190 appeared to be coincident with the stable association of these proteins with GAP. Quantitation of the amount of p64 associated with GAP in v-src-transformed cells, however, indicated that only 15 to 25% of tyrosine-phosphorylated p64 was found in complex with GAP. Mutations within the SH2 region of pp60src that render activated pp60src defective for transformation inhibited the efficient formation of complexes between GAP and the tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of p64 and p190. From these data, we suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation and stable association of p64 with GAP is an important step in mediating cellular signaling through the p21ras-GAP pathway.
Targeting proteins to mitochondria: a current overview (1992)

Abbreviations used: hsp 60 and hsp 70, heat-shock (stress-related) proteins of Mr values 60000 and 70000 respectively; COX III and IV, cytochrome c oxidase, subunits 3 and 4, respectively; OMM 70, MOM 19, MOM 38 and MOM 72, mitochondrial outer membrane proteins of Mr values 70000, 19000, 38000 and 72000 respectively; ISP 42, import site protein, Mr 42000; MAS 1/MIF 1 and MAS 2/MIF
Real-time facial feature extraction using statistical shape model and Haar-wavelet based feature search (2005)

We propose a fast facial feature extraction technique for an embedded face recognition system. The novel key element is a combination of a statistical shape model and the application of a Haar-wavelet based feature matching. Our statistical face model is based on the active shape model (ASM). However ASM lacks robustness to illumination changes and it has a limited convergence area. Instead of a 1D profile analysis, we propose a 2D texture pattern search-and-fitting scheme, which provides more robustness and faster convergence than conventional ASM. Furthermore, we employ Haar-wavelets to model local-facial textures, which yields two improvements: faster processing and more robustness with respect to low-quality images. Our proposed approach shows good results dealing with test face images, which are quite dissimilar with the faces used for statistical training. The convergence area of our proposed method almost quadruples compared to ASM, and the extraction accuracy is also improved. The total processing requires 30 - 70 ms, which is comparable to ASM, but faster than the active appearance model (AAM).
Antibody Variable Regions: Toward a Unified Modeling Method (2004)

Predicting the structure of the antibody variable region from sequence has been the focus of considerable research since the work of Kabat and Wu (1), Padlan et al. (2), Stanford and Wu (3), and Feldmann et al. (4). Following the essentially “homology”-based predictions of these early approaches, methods were developed that introduced more rule-based procedures exemplified by our own work (5–11) and that of Chothia, Lesk, and colleagues (12–17) who, building on the observations of Kabat et al. (18,19) and Padlan and Davies (20), developed the concept of canonical classes for certain of the variable region complementarity-determining region (CDRs). Since then, attention has focused on the more difficult problem of non-canonical CDRs, of which the antibody heavy-chain CDR3 (hereafter referred to as H3) is the most unique.
The brown midrib3 (bm3) Mutation in Maize Occurs in the Gene Encoding Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase (1995)

Florence Vignols, Joan Rigau, Miguel Angel Torres, Montserrat Capellades, , The brown midrib3 (bm3) Mutation in Maize Occurs in the Gene Encoding Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Apr., 1995), pp. 407-416
Straightening warped text lines using polynomial regression (2003)

Perspective distortion always occurs while scanning thick, bound documents, resulting in two problems in the scanned grayscale image: (i) shadow along the 'spine' of the book; (ii) warping of words in the shadow area. In our previous paper, we proposed a restoration system to solve these two problems (see Zheng Zhang and Chew Lim Tan, Int. Conf. on Image Proc., p.1074-7, 2001). However the shape of the warped words was not fully restored, since we simply shifted and rotated the warped word. We now propose a better method to straighten a warped text line using polynomial regression. The implementation results comparing with those of the old system show a marked improvement in the restoration of the image.