gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Executable Trading-Partner Agreements in Electronic Commerce 1 (2000)

In business to business electronic commerce, the terms and conditions describing the electronic interaction between businesses can be expressed as an electronic contract or trading-partner agreement (TPA) from which configuration information and code which embodies the terms and conditions can be generated automatically. This paper first discusses issues related to contracts and more generally to inter-business electronic interactions. Next, we describe the basic principles of electronic TPAs. The TPA expresses the rules of interaction between the parties to the TPA while maintaining complete independence of the internal processes at each party from the other parties. It represents a long-running conversation that comprises a single unit of business. Next, we describe our TPA language. We then describe tools for authoring TPAs and generating code from them. Finally, we describe an example of an application which can benefit from TPAs. 1. Introduction Contracts describe legally enforc...
Solid-phase synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-phenylalanine-oxytocin (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolid-phase synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-phenylalanine-oxytocinJ. W. M. Baxter, M. Manning, and W. H. SawyerCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 9, 3592–3597Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00837a015https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00837a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Properties of a vacuum ultraviolet laser created plasma sheet for a microwave reflector (1995)

A 193 nm excimer laser and a custom fabricated cylindrical lens system is used to produce a plasma sheet of 8 cm×30 cm×0.4 cm in tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TMAE), a low ionization energy organic gas. Plasma density variation due to photon absorption is studied by scanning the filling pressure of TMAE between 12 and 150 mTorr. A high density (n≥2.0×1013 cm−3), low temperature (Te≊0.8 eV) plasma sheet of 4 mm thickness is obtained with less than 50% spatial density variation over the 30 cm axial length. Charge recombination is found to be the dominant process for t≤1.2 μs with the plasma diffusion playing a perturbational role. A one-dimensional plasma model is utilized to model the experimental plasma data by treating the diffusion as a perturbation. This study shows that the recombination coefficient is 1.8±0.1×10−7 cm3 s−1 and the diffusion coefficient is 2.8±0.4×104 cm2 s−1. The plasma sheet has attractive properties for a microwave agile mirror.
Genetic Characterization and High Efficiency Photosynthesis of an Aurea Mutant of Tobacco (1977)

A new tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) aurea mutant was isolated from the progeny of a selfed variegated tobacco plant. The new mutant is termed Su/su var. Aurea. If the mutant is selfed, the seeds obtained give rise to four types of plants: green seedlings which correspond to the wild type; yellow-green seedlings which correspond to the earlier described Su/su; yellow seedlings which correspond to the new tobacco aurea mutant Su/su var. Aurea; and white lethal seedlings. The frequency ratio of the four phenotypes is 1:1:1:1. It appears that the mutation is due to two independent nuclear factors, su and aur, both of which have to be present in a heterozygous conditions, Su/su Aur/aur, to give rise to the new aurea phenotype. The aurea mutant Su/su var. Aurea has a reduced photosynthetic unit size which is approximately one-eighth of the wild type. Despite its chlorophyll deficiency, the plant grows well and exhibits maximal photosynthetic rates on a chlorophyll basis which are at least seven times higher than those of the green wild type provided the temperature and the light intensities are high enough. In contrast to the earlier described Su/su, the new mutant does not exhibit more photorespiration than the wild type. It appears that the factor aur causes either repression of photorespiration or an increase in the number of functioning photosynthetic units.
Semiconductor nanowires: A platform for nanoscience and nanotechnology (2010)

Nanoscience offers the promise of producing revolutionary advances in many areas of science and technology, ranging from electronics and computing to biology and medicine, yet the realization of this promise will depend critically on the rational development of unique nanoscale structures whose properties and/or function are controlled during materials synthesis. This review will illustrate these concepts using nanowires as a platform material. First, a brief historical perspective on emergence of nanowires as a central material will be presented. Second, the `chemical' synthesis, atomic-level structural characterization and properties of complex modulated nanowires will be discussed with an emphasis on structures with radial and axial dopant modulation, and novel but controlled structural modulations. The implementation of these functional nanowires as a platform for investigating fundamental properties and performance limits of nanoscale quantum electronic and photovoltaic devices at the single nanowire level will be described. Second, the development of active interfaces between nanowire nanoelectronic devices and biological systems will be discussed, including label-free electronic detection at the single molecule level and multiplexed recording from individual cells through complex biological tissue, such as the brain. In addition, the development of novel nanowire probes that exploit unique synthetic capabilities for the nanowire platform and move beyond capabilities of conventional electrophysiological techniques will be discussed. Last, a critical look at progress made and scientific challenges that remain to realize true technologies in the future will be reviewed.
Rat CNS white matter, but not gray matter, is nonpermissive for neuronal cell adhesion and fiber outgrowth (1989)

In adult mammalian CNS, axons mostly fail to regenerate after injury, while in the PNS they often succeed in reaching their previous targets. Crucial differences are present in the local tissue microenvironment of CNS and PNS. To investigate the substrate properties of nervous tissue for neuronal adhesion and fiber growth, we used frozen sections of rat CNS and PNS as culture substrates for neuroblastoma cells and for sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia. The results showed that CNS white matter from adult rat spinal cord, cerebellum, forebrain, or optic nerve did not allow cell adhesion and axonal elongation. In contrast, gray matter areas, sciatic nerve, and also trout CNS white and gray matter were permissive substrates. To delineate the tissue components of white matter involved in this nonpermissive substrate effect, newborn rats were injected for 13 d with the antimitotic agent 5-azacytidine. This treatment strongly reduced the oligodendrocyte population and the myelin content of the spinal cord. The immunoreactivity for specific oligodendrocyte and astrocyte markers confirmed the selective suppression of oligodendroglia in these rats. Neuroblastoma cells plated on spinal cord sections taken from these animals were no longer exclusively localized on the gray matter but were also found on regions normally rich in myelin. A significant reduction of the white matter nonpermissive substrate effect was also obtained by the monoclonal antibody IN-1 directed against 2 defined myelin proteins with inhibitory substrate properties (Caroni and Schwab, 1988b). Our results, therefore, show that, in the adult mammalian CNS, cell adhesion and axonal elongation are prevented by white matter components, which are, at least in part, associated with oligodendrocytes and myelin.
A single analytical model for sparkle and graininess patterns in texture of effect coatings (2013)

Flakes in effect coatings, which are responsible for its color shift, are not perfectly horizontally oriented, producing a non uniform texture when observed from a distance of around one meter or less. If the coating is illuminated by a diffuse source, a granular appearance is observed, called graininess. But when the coating is illuminated by unidirectional light, some luminous spots on a dark background appear, effect that is known as sparkle. The characterization of these two textures is getting more important for automotive industry because of the high percentage of cars with effect coatings and because improvements in imaging technology allows this effect to be measured by, for instance, commercial instruments as BYK-mac. A single analytical model to understand and radiometrically characterize both sparkle and graininess in effect coatings is presented and studied in this work. It allows both patterns to be explained and, despite its simplicity, includes variables related to the optical system (Point Spread Function (PSF) and size of the entrance pupil), its distance to the coating, the diffusion grade of the illumination, the illumination and observation directions, and coating parameters.
New pest of ladino clover seed: Cultural practices believed best control of clover case bearer now established in certain counties (1954)

The clover case bearer–Coleophora spissicornis Haworth–mainly associated with white clover–Trifolium repens–but also reported to attack red clover–T. pratense and T. arvense– seems to be established as a pest of Ladino clover seed in the Sacramento Valley.
New method of viscosity measurement near the gelatin sol-gel transition (1980)

The viscosity of a 7 % gelatin solution has been measured in the very close vicinity of the gelation transition, by rotational relaxation of ferromagnetic particles imbedded in the mixture. The viscosity critical exponent s = 0.95 ± 0.10 which is obtained over 3 decades in temperature, is well accounted for by numerical calculations in the effective field treatment of percolation theory.
The use of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis in the analysis of organ‐specific maize proteins (1988)

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in the second dimension has been used for the analysis of organ-specific proteins in maize. The method has been used to study the whole protein pattern of developing organs and adult leaves as well as protein patterns of in vitro translation. Examples of two-dimensional immunoblotting and in vitro translation of endosperm-specific proteins are also shown. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis appears as an essential analytical step in the identification of organ-specific proteins and for the detection of the protein products related to organ-specific genes identified by other means.
B<sub>1</sub> mapping for bias‐correction in quantitative <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> imaging of the brain at 3T using standard pulse sequences (2017)

1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1673-1682.
Lysine and arginine reduce the effects of cerebral ischemic insults and inhibit glutamate-induced neuronal activity in rats (2010)

Intravenous administration of arginine was shown to be protective against cerebral ischemic insults via nitric oxide production and possibly via additional mechanisms. The present study aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective effects of oral administration of lysine (a basic amino acid), arginine, and their combination on ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction) and hemispheric brain swelling induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats. Magnetic resonance imaging and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed 2 days after ischemia induction. In control animals, the major edematous areas were observed in the cerebral cortex and striatum. The volumes associated with cortical edema were significantly reduced by lysine (2.0 g/kg), arginine (0.6 g/kg), or their combined administration (0.6 g/kg each). Protective effects of these amino acids on infarction were comparable to the inhibitory effects on edema formation. Interestingly, these amino acids, even at low dose (0.6 g/kg), were effective to reduce hemispheric brain swelling. Additionally, the effects of in vivo microiontophoretic (juxtaneuronal) applications of these amino acids on glutamate-evoked neuronal activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus were investigated in awake rats. Glutamate-induced neuronal activity was robustly inhibited by microiontophoretic applications of lysine or arginine onto neuronal membranes. Taken together, our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of oral ingestion of lysine and arginine against ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction), especially in the cerebral cortex, and suggest that suppression of glutamate-induced neuronal activity might be the primary mechanism associated with these neuroprotective effects.
Calculation of Photon Mass Energy-Transfer and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients (1993)

Calculations of mass energy-transfer and mass energy-absorption coefficients for photon energies from 1 keV to 100 MeV have been developed, based on a re-examination of the processes involved after the initial photon interaction. The probabilities for the initial interaction are from the current photon interaction cross-section database at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The calculations then take into account (1) electron binding effects on the Compton-scattered photon distribution; (2) the complete cascade of fluorescence emission after ionization events in any atomic subshell, including those associated with incoherent scattering and triplet production; and (3) the radiative energy losses of the secondary electrons and positrons slowing down in the medium, including the emission of bremsstrahlung, characteristic X rays from impact ionization, and positron in-flight as well as at-rest annihilation quanta. Consideration of the processes in (3) goes beyond the continuous-slowing-down approximation and includes the effects of energy-loss straggling. Results for the mass energy-absorption coefficient are compared with those from recent tabulations.
Treating diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. (2010)

Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain affects the functionality, mood, and sleep patterns of approximately 10 to 20 percent of patients with diabetes mellitus. Treatment goals include restoring function and improving pain control. Patients can realistically expect a 30 to 50 percent reduction in discomfort with improved functionality. The main classes of agents used to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain include tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, opiates and opiate-like substances, and topical medications. Physicians should ask patients whether they have tried complementary and alternative medicine therapies for their pain. Only two medications are approved specifically for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: pregabalin and duloxetine. However, evidence supports the use of other therapies, and unless there are contraindications, tricyclic antidepressants are the first-line treatment. Because patients often have multiple comorbidities, physicians must consider potential adverse effects and possible drug interactions before prescribing a medication.
A study of pulsations, superlinear emission, and negative resistance in 1.3 µm InGaAsP double-heterostructure lasers (1981)

Self-sustained pulsations, superlinear emission, and negative-resistance behavior of several 1.3μm InGaAsP stripe-geometry double-heterostrueture lasers are studied as a function of temperature and drive current. The pulsations are observed in a certain current range above threshold. This current range increases with increasing temperature. Also, the maximum modulation, in general, increases with increasing temperature. All devices exhibiting superlinear emission were found to pulsate. The external differential quantum efficiency in the region of superlinear emission was found to increase with increasing temperature and the magnitude of the negative resistance decreased with increasing temperature. These phenomenon are predominantly observed in nitride-stripe or oxide-stripe lasers. Superlinear emission and negative-resistance behavior have not been observed in buried-waveguide lasers. The behavior of InGaAsP nitride-defined stripe lasers is found to be similar to that previously reported for proton-bombarded AlGaAs lasers.
Tracheal intubation and sore throat: a mechanical explanation (2002)

Although tracheal intubation remains a valuable tool, it may result in pressure trauma and sore throat. The evidence for an association between these sequelae is not conclusive and sore throat may be caused at the time of intubation. This hypothesis was tested in a mechanical model and the results from tracheal intubation compared with those from insertion of a laryngeal mask airway, which is associated with a lower incidence of sore throat. Use of the model suggests that the tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway impinge on the pharyngeal wall in different manners and involve different mechanisms for their conformation to the upper airway, but that in a static situation, the forces exerted on the pharyngeal wall are low with both devices. It also suggests that the incidence of sore throat should be lower for softer and smaller tracheal tubes and that the standard 'Magill' curve (radius of curvature 140 +/- 20 mm) is about optimum for the average airway.
Modelling and Position Control of an Electric Power Steering System (2016)

This paper presents the modelling, control and analysis of an axle parallel electric power steering system used for autonomous driving. The purpose of the controller is to ensure accurate and robust following of desired trajectories of front steering angle as well as to deliver a smooth steering wheel movement. Firstly the steering model shows how all nonlinearities for the elastic elements, frictions and gear ratio are considered. This model is linearised for the controller design. Thereafter open loop behaviour of the model is examined to determine system resonances. Next a controller synthesis using a Linear Quadratic Integrator controller as well as pole placement is developed. The performance of these controllers is presented in simulation. These results show good tracking performance from the two approaches presented and supports the use of a state space controller design approach in dealing with the various requirement of steering angle control for autonomous driving.
Helical Organization in Foldable Aromatic Oligoamides by a Continuous Hydrogen-Bonding Network (2009)

Introduction of a continuous internal hydrogen-bonding network suppressed the conformational flexibility of a series of oligoaromatic foldamers with a lengthened backbone. The helical ordering over up to six aromatic repeating units was established in solution by a 2D NOESY study and in the solid state by an X-ray diffraction method. Computational molecular modeling further corroborates the experimentally observed helical propagation in this class of foldable molecular strands.
Atropine and hyoscine (1979)

The drugs atropine and hyoscine are reviewed in the context of their use by anaesthetists. The results of recent studies are stressed and guidelines given for use of these drugs in modern anaesthetic practice.
Haemoglobin Content of Individual Erythrocytes in Normal and Abnormal Blood (1974)

S ummary . Procedures were developed for the measurement of the haemoglobin content of individual unstained human erythrocytes in blood smears, using a Vickers M85 scanning and integrating microdensitometer. Possible errors due to instrumental factors were investigated. Spatial distribution error was found to be unimportant when using a flying spot 1.8 μm diameter in the specimen plane. Measurements of an oxyhaemoglobin solution adhered to Bouguer's Law (i.e. absorbance was proportional to pathlength); microdensitometric results obtained at a given wavelength and with a given monochromator bandwidth could be corrected to correspond to λ max and minimal bandwidth by multiplication by an empirical constant. Seventy cells in each of nine control and 10 pathological blood samples were measured. Microdensitometric estimates of the MCH correlated well with those obtained by conventional methods, although the former were slightly higher. The mean coefficient of variation of the haemoglobin contents of the control samples was 14.1%, considerably higher than the instrumental uncertainty (under 4%). Seven of the nine control samples exhibited statistically normal distributions without significant skewness or kurtosis (skewness referring to an asymmetrical distribution around the mean, and kurtosis referring to an excess or deficit of observations in the flanks of the distribution curve); the remaining two samples may not have been completely normal in the biological sense. Seven of the 10 pathological samples had significant skewness and/or kurtosis, and only one pathological sample showed no abnormal parameter (MCH, coefficient of variation, skewness or kurtosis). Bimodal distributions appeared to be present in some cases. Microdensitometry of individual erythrocytes yields information not otherwise obtainable, and may prove valuable in the research investigation of a variety of blood conditions.
Creatine kinase isoenzymes in human cerebrospinal fluid and brain. (1984)

Extracts of normal brains obtained at autopsy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with global brain ischemia were analyzed for creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes. We used both qualitative and quantitative assays (electrophoresis and immunoinhibition). Brain extracts contained CK-BB isoenzyme and mitochondrial CK. In 54 CSF samples free of blood contamination and with total activities ranging from 7 to 2010 U/L (mean 202 U/L), virtually all of the CK activity was due to CK-BB, and none to CK-MM or CK-MB. We conclude that brain contains CK-BB and mitochondrial CK, but lacks CK-MM and CK-MB. After cardiac arrest, CK-BB is released into the CSF. Any CK-MM in the CSF is probably from blood contamination, in which case immunoinhibition with anti-CK-M antibodies accurately quantifies CK-BB.