gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical conversion of L-.ALPHA.,.OMEGA.-diamino acids to L-.OMEGA.-carbamoyl-.ALPHA.-amino acids by ruthenium tetroxide oxidation. (1987)

Ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of N, C-protected derivatives of L-2, 4-diaminobutyric acid, L-ornithine and L-lysine was carried out under two-phase conditions and the corresponding imides, formed through the oxidation of the methylene adjacent to the ω-amino group, were obtained in good yields. Removal of the protecting groups from the products gave L-asparagine, L-glutamine and L-2-aminoadipic acid 6-amide, respectively. Thus, the first chemical conversion of L-α, ω-diamino acids into the corresponding L-ω-carbamoyl-α-amino acids without racemization has been established. L-2-Aminoadipic acid 6-amide was further converted to L-2-aminoadipic acid by acid hydrolysis. This represents a convenient method for the synthesis of L-2-aminoadipic acid starting from L-lysine.
GH improves growth and clinical status in children with cystic fibrosis -- a review of published studies (2004)

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) have problems with poor linear growth and inadequate weight gain. Nutritional augmentation has been the mainstay of therapy for improving both weight and height in CF; however, inadequate growth continues to be a problem. Furthermore, protein catabolism has been documented even in non-acutely ill adults and children with CF, and could adversely affect longitudinal growth. Human recombinant GH has positive effects on nitrogen balance, and multiple studies have demonstrated improved height and weight in children treated with GH. The purpose of this article is to summarize studies evaluating GH use in children with CF. All published studies of GH use in children with CF have demonstrated significant improvement in height velocity and height Z score. All studies but one, in which subjects were treated only three times per week with GH, have demonstrated improvement in weight as reported by weight velocity and/or weight Z score, and one trial has demonstrated a substantial improvement when GH was used to augment nutritional therapy. Several reports suggest that GH treatment results in improved forced vital capacity, and multiple studies have found improved clinical status as measured by decreased hospitalizations and courses of intravenous antibiotics. Furthermore studies to date also suggest that GH results in improvement in exercise tolerance and bone accumulation. To date significant side effects, including glucose intolerance, have not been reported. Thus mounting evidence suggests that human recombinant GH provides safe and effective therapy in children with CF.
Monitoring Native p38α:MK2/3 Complexes via Trans Delivery of an ATP Acyl Phosphate Probe (2014)

Here we describe a chemical proteomics strategy using ATP acyl phosphates to measure the formation of a protein:protein complex between p38α and mapkap kinases 2 and/or 3. Formation of the protein:protein complex results in a new probe labeling site on p38α that can be used to quantify the extent of interaction in cell lysates and the equilibrium binding constant for the interaction in vitro. We demonstrate through RNA interference that the labeling site is dependent on formation of the protein:protein complex in cells. Further, we identify that active-site-directed, small-molecule inhibitors of MK2/3 selectively inhibit the heterodimer-dependent probe labeling, whereas p38α inhibitors do not. These findings afford a new method to evaluate p38α and MK2/3 inhibitors within native biological systems and a new tool for improved understanding of p38α signaling pathways.
Effect of aluminum on the acceleration ability of composite formulations based on regular high explosives (2012)

The effect of addition of aluminum powders, including nanosized powders, on the acceleration ability of explosive compositions as studied by standard methods is examined. The analysis is based both on literature data and results obtained at the Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS. A brief description of the methods and criteria for evaluating the acceleration ability, including the Gurney velocity, is presented. It is shown that the addition of highly dispersed aluminum can increase the acceleration ability of compositions as compared to that of individual HEs. Nanosized aluminum also improves the acceleration ability, but the observed increase is somewhat lower than for micron-sized aluminum because of a high content of alumina in nanoparticles. The possibility of increasing the acceleration ability by adding nanosized aluminum to CL-20 powerful HE is considered.
Impact of Completion Design on Fracture Complexity in Horizontal Shale Wells (2014)

Summary A proppant-filled fracture induces mechanical stresses in the surrounding rock that cause a reduction in the horizontal-stress contrast and stress reorientation around the open fracture. A 3D geomechanical model is used to simulate the stress reorientation caused by open fractures and to generate horizontal-stress-contrast contour maps. The reduction in horizontal-stress contrast can lead to increased fracture complexity. This paper describes ways to increase fracture complexity by varying the completion design. In this paper, we identify the impact of operator-controllable variables in a completion design on fracture complexity. This can lead to more-effective completion designs that improve well productivity, reservoir drainage, and, ultimately, the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). The possibility of greater fracture complexity and reduced/effective fracture spacing and, thus, a higher drainage area is demonstrated for the alternate fracturing sequence in comparison to the conventional fracturing sequence. The Young's-modulus value of the shale and the in-situ horizontal-stress contrast are shown to be significant factors controlling the extent of fracture complexity generated in a given reservoir. In addition, the effect of proppant mass injected per stage is also shown to significantly impact fracture complexity. We provide optimal ranges of fracture spacing and proppant volume for the various shale formations analyzed. The use of these guidelines should result in more fracture complexity than would otherwise be observed. The results presented in the paper provide the operator with the knowledge to design completions and fracture treatments (proppant volume, fracture spacing, and sequencing) to maximize reservoir drainage and to increase EURs. This should lead to more-effective completion designs.
Detection of Bias in Media Outlets with Statistical Learning Methods (2009)

The international media system plays a crucial role both in reﬂecting public opinion and events, and in shaping them. Understanding the workings of this complex system is of crucial importance for society, business and democracy, and is one of the research foci of media analysts, anthropologists, and increasingly also of computer scientists.
Criterion for optimizing high-power acousto-optically Q-switched self-Raman yellow lasers with repetition rates up to 500  kHz (2020)

The criterion for optimizing the high-power acousto-optically ${Q}$Q-switched self-Raman yellow laser is originally explored for the repetition rate within 100-500 kHz. The minimum allowed value for the gate-open time is experimentally verified to be determined by the pulse buildup time. By using the minimum allowed gate-open time, the highest conversion efficiency can be achieved to raise the output power by approximately 20% in comparison with the conventional results. At a repetition rate of 200 kHz, the maximum output power at 588 nm can be up to 8.8 W at an incident pump power of 26 W. Furthermore, a practical formula is developed to accurately calculate the threshold pump power as a function of the gate-open time for a given repetition rate.
Common evolutionary origin of hepatitis B virus and retroviruses. (1986)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), although classified as a double-stranded DNA virus, has been shown recently to replicate by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Also, the putative viral polymerase has been found to share amino acid homology with reverse transcriptase of retroviruses. Using computer-assisted DNA and protein sequence analyses, we examined the genomes of 13 hepadnavirus isolates (nine human, two duck, one woodchuck, and one ground squirrel) and found that other conserved regions of the hepadnavirus genome share homology to corresponding regions of the genomes of type C retroviruses and retrovirus-like endogenous human DNA elements. Specifically, the most highly conserved sequence of the HBV genome, positioned at or near the initiation site for first-strand HBV DNA synthesis, is homologous over 67 nucleotides to the U5 region, a comparable region in retrovirus long terminal repeats. Within a highly conserved (i.e., 90%) 16-nucleotide sequence a heptanucleotide sequence CCTTGGG is 97% homologous between 27 virus isolates. Also, we found that the highly conserved HBV core, or nucleocapsid, protein shares 41% homology over 98 amino acids with the carboxyl-terminal region of the p30 gag nucleocapsid protein of type C retroviruses. In both cases, as with the previously reported polymerase homology, HBV is most homologous to the murine leukemia/sarcoma retroviruses. Further analysis revealed additional similarities between hepadnavirus and retroviral genomes. Taken together, our results suggest that HBV and retroviruses have a common evolutionary origin, with HBV arising through a process of deletion from a retrovirus, or retrovirus-like, progenitor.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Molybdenum Codeposition on the Thermal Properties of Electroless Ni‐B Alloy Plating Films. (1988)

Abstract Ni‐Mo‐B alloy films of 2 μm thickness are deposited electroless on α‐Al 2 O 3 ceramics from a caustic alkaline bath using Me 2 NH·BH 3 as the reducing agent (pH 9, 90 °C).
Mutations in Sarcomere Protein Genes as a Cause of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2000)

Mutations in sarcomere protein genes account for approximately 10 percent of cases of familial dilated cardiomyopathy and are particularly prevalent in families with early-onset ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Because distinct mutations in sarcomere proteins cause either dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the effects of mutant sarcomere proteins on muscle mechanics must trigger two different series of events that remodel the heart.
Timeliness in Lossless Block Coding (2018)

We examine lossless data compression from an average delay perspective. An encoder receives input symbols one per unit time from an i.i.d. source and submits binary codewords to a FIFO buffer that transmits bits at a fixed rate to a receiver/decoder. Each input symbol at the encoder is viewed as a status update by the source and the system performance is characterized by the status update age, defined as the number of time units (symbols) the decoder output lags behind the encoder input. An upper bound on the average status age is derived from the exponential bound on the probability of error in streaming source coding with delay. Apart from the influence of the error exponent that describes the convergence of the error, this upper bound also scales with the constant multiplier term in the error probability. However, the error exponent does not lead to an accurate description of the status age for small delay and small blocklength. An age optimal block coding scheme is proposed based on an approximation of the average age by converting the streaming source coding system into a D/G/1 queue. We compare this scheme to the error exponent optimal coding scheme which uses the method of types. We show that maximizing the error exponent is not equivalent to minimizing the average status age.
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Pregnancy Testing Behaviors Among Internet and Mobile Dating Application Users and Nonusers, 2016 (2019)

We examined 2016 United States market research to understand the demographics and sexual health testing behaviors of dating app users. Internet/app users were more likely to be young adults, male, nonwhite, of Hispanic ethnicity, and unmarried. Users also reported greater testing for sexually transmitted disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and pregnancy.
Selective Emitters for High Efficiency TPV Conversion: Materials Preparation and Characterisation (2003)

Optimising the spectral emissivity of the IR radiation source in a TPV generator is one of the crucial steps towards high efficiency TPV conversion. In this paper we present different approaches to the preparation of selective emitters to be coupled to high efficiency photovoltaic cells. The emitters are designed to work at a temperature of about 1500K and they have been prepared to be used either as external coatings for the burner or as a structural material for the burner itself. Composite ceramics containing rare earth cations, prepared by slip‐casting, with various concentration of rare earths were prepared by Slip Casting and Slurry Coating. Rare earth oxides have been incorporated into different oxide matrices, namely Silica, Alumina, Zirconia and their combination. The final aim was to find the material that exhibits the best performance in terms of both high selective power emission, good efficiency along with acceptable thermo‐structural properties (high temperature thermal shock resistance, good strength, no creep). The power density emitted by samples as function of the temperature has been tested in the range 1000nm–5000nm. The high temperature emission measurements and the structural tests indicate that a good compromise between the functional and the thermo‐structural properties may be reached. The results of the tests on the emitter coatings carried out in a TPV generator at the operating conditions are also presented in this paper.
Organic Underlayers for EUV Lithography (2008)

The density, absorbance, and outgassing of underlayer films and the effect of EUV irradiation on such films were evaluated. The relationship between density and calculated EUV absorbance was determined. Films having lower film density have lower EUV absorbance, but this phenomena can be offset by adding a halogen into the polymer matrix. Most materials have low outgassing during EUV exposure when compared to industry standard targets. Surface analysis using contact angle and optical characterization showed good stability of underlayer films under EUV irradiation.
Electrophysiological Properties of Mutant Na <sub>v</sub> 1.7 Sodium Channels in a Painful Inherited Neuropathy (2004)

Although the physiological basis of erythermalgia, an autosomal dominant painful neuropathy characterized by redness of the skin and intermittent burning sensation of extremities, is not known, two mutations of Na(v)1.7, a sodium channel that produces a tetrodotoxin-sensitive, fast-inactivating current that is preferentially expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic ganglia neurons, have recently been identified in patients with primary erythermalgia. Na(v)1.7 is preferentially expressed in small-diameter DRG neurons, most of which are nociceptors, and is characterized by slow recovery from inactivation and by slow closed-state inactivation that results in relatively large responses to small, subthreshold depolarizations. Here we show that these mutations in Na(v)1.7 produce a hyperpolarizing shift in activation and slow deactivation. We also show that these mutations cause an increase in amplitude of the current produced by Na(v)1.7 in response to slow, small depolarizations. These observations provide the first demonstration of altered sodium channel function associated with an inherited painful neuropathy and suggest that these physiological changes, which confer hyperexcitability on peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons, contribute to symptom production in hereditary erythermalgia.
Nuclear rDNA phylogeny of the Sclerotiniaceae (1997)

Recent comparative studies of morphology and developmental proteins of stromatal anamorphs suggest that the sclerotial and the substratal stromatal taxa represent two distinct lineages within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of plant-infecting discomycetes (Leotiales). We have studied thirty-one taxa, representing 20 genera and one form genus currently placed in the Sclerotiniaceae along with three outgroup taxa. Analyses of nuclear rRNA gene sequences, including ca. 575 basepairs from the small subunit rDNA, ca. 500 basepairs from the ITS and 5.8S rDNA, and ca. 370 basepairs from the large subunit rDNA were used to infer evolutionary relationships within the family. The inferred rDNA phylogeny supports and refines the two lineage hypothesis. The sclerotial stromatal lineage representing genera of the revised, restricted concept of Sclerotiniaceae includes Botryotinia, Ciboria, Ciborinia, Coprotinia, Dumontinia, Encoelia, Grovesinia, Monilinia, Myriosclerotinia, Ovulinia, Pycnopeziza, Sclerotinia, Stromatinia, and Valdensinia. The substratal stromatal lineage includes Lambertella, Lanzia, Poculum, Rutstroemia, and Verpatinia, and are accommodated in the new family Rutstroemiaceae. The taxa Gloeotinia, Lambertella langei, Piceomphale, and Chlorociboria are excluded from the two families on the basis of nrDNA data.
How to recover smooth object boundaries in noisy medical images (2002)

Diagnostics in medicine is often based on analysis of medical images. Extraction of the shape of objects is one basic step for further image analysis. It consists of two steps: (i) edge detection and (ii) contour recovery based on the detected edge points. Here, the authors focus on the second step. They describe the boundary of an object by trigonometric polynomials and present a fast and robust method for the approximation of the boundary from a given set of nonuniformly distributed noisy edge points. The authors show how the proposed technique can be efficiently generalized to 3-D surface recovery. Examples from 2-D and 3-D echocardiography are given.
An Efficient Directed Localization Recursion Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (2008)

The establishment of a localization system is an important task in wireless sensor networks. Due to the geographical correlation between sensed data, location information is commonly used to name the gathered data and address nodes and regions in data dissemination protocols. In general, to estimate its location, a node needs the position information of at least three reference points (neighbors that know their positions). In this work, we propose a different scheme in which only two reference points are required in order to estimate a position. To choose between the two possible solutions of an estimate, we use the known direction of the recursion. This approach leads to a recursive localization system that works with low-density networks (increasing by 40 percent the number of nodes with estimates in some cases), reduces the position error by almost 30 percent, requires 37 percent less processor resources to estimate a position, uses fewer beacon nodes, and also indicates the node position error based on its distance to the recursion origin. No GPS-enabled node is required, since the recursion origin can be used as a relative coordinate system. The algorithm's evaluation is performed by comparing it with a similar localization system; also, experiments are made to evaluate the impact of both systems in geographic algorithms.
Improved Preparation Process of Very‐Low‐Platinum‐Loading Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (1998)

We have previously reported a preparation process for the catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) using perfluorosulfonate ionomer (PFSI) colloid. In this paper we report recent improvements in this method of preparation. In the present method, a carbon‐supported platinum catalyst (Pt‐C) was mixed with poor solvent for PFSI and PFSI solution was added to this mixture. The colloidal PFSI formed was immediately adsorbed on Pt‐C without coagulation. As a result, the reaction area was increased, the internal resistance was decreased, and the gaseous reactants were more readily supplied to the reaction area. We also studied the influence of the carbon support on the microstructure of the catalyst layer. We have found that the performance of a PEFC prepared by this process with optimum carbon support and with very low platinum loading (0.1 mg/cm2) was superior to that prepared by our previous process with conventional carbon support and with a 0.5 mg/cm2 platinum loading.
Crossroads of geophysics (1956)

Abstract I am of the opinion that geophysics, after twenty-five years of modern geophysical exploration, faces a crossroads. On our present road, which exploration geophysics has traversed in a generation, we have established a wonderful record for geophysics in the United States which has also been extended into the far places of the earth. Exploration geophysics originated in the old world, but it found its home in the United States. In the United States we can best examine its record. We have a fairly good record of its applications in this country.
Immune labeling of the D and E regions of human fibrinogen by electron microscopy. (1981)

Human fibrinogen was digested with trypsin to yield core fragments D and E, and antibodies were made against the isolated fragments. The Fab' fragments derived from these antibodies were mixed with native fibrinogen, resulting in the formation of soluble immune complexes. These were rotary shadowed with platinum or negatively contrasted with uranyl acetate and examined by electron microscopy. Fab' from anti-D immunoglobulin was found to be attached to the outer nodules of fibrinogen with a frequency of 79% prior to affinity purification and 91% afterward. Fab' from anti-E immunoglobulin attached to the central nodule with a frequency of 78% prior to affinity purification and 82% afterward. The evidence clearly identifies fragment D produced by plasmin or trypsin digestion of fibrinogen with the outer nodules and the single fragment E, with the central nodule.
Erratum: Eigenmode analysis of phase-locked semiconductor laser arrays [Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>4</b> <b>8</b>, 16 (1986)] (1986)

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Syntheses of New Alternating CT-Type Copolymers of Thiophene and Pyrido[3,4-<i>b</i>]pyrazine Units:  Their Optical and Electrochemical Properties in Comparison with Similar CT Copolymers of Thiophene with Pyridine and Quinoxaline (1999)

Four kinds of new π-conjugated copolymers of electron-donating thiophene with highly electron-withdrawing pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine derivatives have been prepared by using the Stille reaction and electrochemical oxidative polymerization in high yields, and their optical and electrochemical properties have been compared with those of previously reported CT-type π-conjugated polymers. Chemically prepared polymers show an [η] value of about 0.3 dL g-1. The π−π* absorption bands (λmax = ca. 633 nm) of the copolymers are observed at a longer wavelength by about 30 nm than those of similar CT-type copolymers of thiophene with pyridine and quinoxaline. These UV−vis data are considered to reflect a stronger CT interaction between thiophene and pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine, which has a higher electron-withdrawing ability than pyridine and quinoxaline. The copolymers are electrochemically active in both oxidation and reduction regions. In the reduction (n-doping) region, the copolymers show normal three couples of n-doping and n-undoping between −1.55 and −2.25 V vs Ag/Ag+. On the other hand, they receive oxidation (p-doping) at Epa of 0.9 V vs Ag/Ag+. The electrochemical p- and n-doping of the film of the copolymers is accompanied by changes in its UV−vis spectra (electrochromism), and new absorption bands emerge in the range 900−1500 nm by the p- and n-doping. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the copolymer having a long alkyl side chain suggests self-assembling of the polymer assisted by side chain crystallization.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1971)

(1971). Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 30-33.