gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two fluoradene derivatives: pseudosymmetry, eccentric ellipsoids and a phase transition (2001)

Structures of two derivatives of the curved fluoradene ring system (C(19)H(12)) have been determined. Both have phases that are highly pseudosymmetric. At room temperature crystals of 7b-triisopropylsilylfluoradene (C(28)H(32)Si) have a P1 cell that contains two independent molecules (Z' = 2) and that is almost centered. Crystals of 7b-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)fluoradene (C(25)H(14)N(2)O(4)) have both a P2(1)/c cell with Z' = 1 and a P2(1)/c cell with Z' = 2. The molecular volumes in these two P2(1)/c structures differ by 0.7%, but the structures are otherwise virtually the same; the two independent molecules in the larger cell are related by a pseudotranslation. Some of the atomic ellipsoids in the P2(1)/c, Z' = 1 structure are very large and eccentric, and there are some hints in the diffraction pattern of an incipient phase transition, but the Z' = 1 and Z' = 2 phases are clearly different. The P2(1)/c, Z' = 2 crystal at 295 K probably contains some volume fraction of the Z' = 1 phase; when the temperature is lowered to 273 K this fraction is decreased markedly. The pronounced pseudosymmetry in the P1 and P2(1)/c structures that have Z' = 2 has been investigated by analysing the atomic coordinates, by performing refinements in the smaller pseudocells and by making separate Wilson plots for the classes of reflections which are systematically strong and systematically weak. All three approaches are informative, but they reveal different information. Least-squares fits of coordinates of corresponding atoms measure the similarity of the molecular conformations. The Wilson plots allow a quantitative comparison of the intensities of the strong and weak reflections and thus an assessment of the deviations of the true structure from the smaller pseudocell structure. Comparison of the atomic displacements obtained in the full and pseudocell refinements shows where the structural distortions are largest and provides an indication of their directions.
The Effects of Lean and Sweep on Transonic Fan Performance (2002)

The aerodynamics of transonic fans is discussed with emphasis on the use of three-dimensional design techniques, such as blade sweep and lean, to improve their performance. In order to study the interaction of these 3D features with the shock pattern a series of five different designs is produced and analysed by CFD. It is found that the 3D features have remarkably little effect on the shock pattern near the tip where the shock must remain perpendicular to the casing. Lower down the blade significant shock sweep, and hence reduced shock loss, can be induced by 3D design but this is usually at the expense of reduced stall margin and increased loss elsewhere along the blade span. Overall, very little change in peak efficiency or pressure ratio is produced by blade sweep or lean. However, there are significant effects on stall margin with forwards sweep producing a better stall margin and maintaining a high efficiency over a wider range.
Quinoxaline Derivatives. VII. The Mechanism of the Formation of 6-Chloro-1,2,3,4,2′,3′-hexahydro-4,1′-dimethyl-3,2′-dioxoquinoxaline-2-spiro-3′-indole from a Quinoxaline <i>N</i>-Oxide Derivative by Nucleophilic Chlorination (1965)

Abstract The compound IVb named in the title has been obtained by an unambiguous route. It has been shown to be identical with the product of the reaction of the N-oxide (Ia) with ethanolic hydrogen chloride. Clark-Lewis and Katekar’s mechanism for the nucleophilic chlorination in the latter case has been discussed, and a modified mechanism proposed. Isomeric 7-chloro-spiro-indole (IVc) has also been obtained by the rearrangement of the anilide IIIc. Similarly, the anilide IXi gives spiro-indole (IVc; H for Me’). The anilides IIIb and IIIc give normal N-oxides Ib and Ic, which, with concentrated sulphuric acid, decompose and afford the amines IIb and IIc. IXi, instead of giving its N-oxide, yields 6-chloro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline.
A low-power 435-MHz SOI CMOS LNA and mixer (2003)

A low-power 435-MHz single-ended low-noise amplifier and a double-balanced mixer was implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m Silicon On Insulator (SOI) CMOS process. The single-ended LNA has a measured noise figure of 2.91 dB, and the mixer has an input third-order intercept point of +20 dBm. Total power dissipation of the LNA and mixer is 24 mW from a 2.5-V supply. This is the first LNA-mixer pair implemented at 435 MHz using an SOI CMOS process.
Estimating the Maximum Production Rate Possible from Friable Sandstones Without Using Sand Control (1972)

The technique described here makes it possible to avoid unnecessary sand-control measures. to indicate in economic terms when sand should be controlled, and to evaluate better whether existing sand-control measures are truly successful. Introduction Sand-production control in the oil industry has been a problem for more than 50 years. The incidence of sand-production problems in a well appears to be directly related to increased production rates. If the economics is such that high production rates must be maintained, sand may be produced continuously. Under such circumstances, control of sand is most readily achieved if measures are instituted early, before excessive sand is produced from the well. However, there are friable sand reservoirs in known sand-producing areas from which economically attractive production rates might be obtained without the use production rates might be obtained without the use of any form of sand control. This paper presents a method to estimate critical or maximum production rates possible without using sand-control measures. Such critical values represent limiting flow rates above which troublesome sand production is expected, not the maximum rate at which the well is capable of producing. producing. Approach to the Problem To estimate the critical production rate it is necessary to (1) estimate formation strength from log data, (2) formulate the mechanism by which the formation face of a friable sand is rendered stable, and (3) apply the formation strength and stability mechanism considerations to well performance. A brief explanation of these three parts follows: (1) formation strength may be estimated parts follows: (1) formation strength may be estimated from density and acoustic velocity log data, (2) the formation face is stabilized if sand arches form around each perforation and (3) critical production rates from sand intervals in an area can be estimated from one well production test in which reservoir pressure drawdown is production test in which reservoir pressure drawdown is increased in a sand of known strength until a sand problem occurs. Formation Strength Dynamically determined elastic modulus values of sands can be computed from the velocities of acoustic shear and compressional waves propagated through the sands. Data reported in the literature show that dynamic modulus values correlate with rock strength for a given class of material. Dynamic modulus values for sands adjacent to the wellbore may be computed from density and acoustic velocity log data, using the procedure given below. The acoustic velocity log procedure given below. The acoustic velocity log normally available gives only compressional wave data. The calculations are based on the equation for the velocity of propagation of a compressional sound wave in porous medial in which a combination of bulk (E ) and shear (E ) modulus values are included. (1) Eq. 1 may be written in terms of density and acoustic velocity log values to provide the modulus combination in psi units:(2) JPT P. 1157
Memory-aware energy-optimal frequency assignment for dynamic supply voltage scaling (2004)

Dynamic supply voltage scaling (DVS) is one of the best ways to reduce the energy consumption of a device when there is a super-linear relationship between energy and supply voltage, and a pseudo-linear relationship between delay and supply voltage. However, most DVS schemes scale the clock frequency of the supply-voltage-clock-scalable (SVCS) CPU only and do not address the energy consumption of the memory. The memory is generally non-supply-voltage-scalable (NSVS), but its energy consumption is variable to its clock frequency and the total execution time. Thus, DVS for an SVCS CPU cannot achieve an optimal system-wide energy saving without consideration of the memory, as far as it is controlled by an SVCS CPU.We introduce an energy-optimal frequency assignment, for both an SVCS CPU and a synchronous NSVS memory, which optimizes the system-wide energy consumption. We derive the energy-optimal clock frequencies for an SVCS CPU and a synchronous NSVS memory, as a function of the number of processor clock cycles, the number of memory accesses and the hardware energy model. Our technique modifies the frequency assignment of the CPU and the memory used in previous DVS schemes, which ignore the memory energy. It enables the system-wide energy-optimal settings and achieves additional 50% energy reduction over previous DVS schemes. This technique can also be applicable to synchronous NSVS peripheral devices.
Heat Storage Panel Using a Phase-change Material Encapsulated in a High-thermal conductivity CFRP for Micro Satellites (2014)

Tucson, Arizona
<i>Cwnt-8C</i>: a novel <i>Wnt</i> gene with a potential role in primitive streak formation and hindbrain organization (1993)

To begin to examine the possibility that Wnt proteins act as cell signalling molecules during chick embryogenesis, PCR was used to identify Wnt genes expressed in Hensen's node. We have identified a novel member of the Wnt gene family, Cwnt-8C, which is expressed prior to gastrulation in the posterior marginal zone, the primitive streak and Hensen's node. Injection of Cwnt-8C mRNA into Xenopus embryos caused axis duplication and dorsalization of mesodermal tissues. During neurulation, Cwnt-8C is expressed transiently in a restricted domain of the prospective hindbrain neurectoderm that will give rise to rhombomere 4. This domain is defined prior to the formation of rhombomere boundaries and also precedes the up-regulation and restriction of expression of Hox B1 in the same region. Thus, Cwnt-8C is potentially involved in the regulation of axis formation and hindbrain patterning.
Defrosting of Automobile Windshields Using High Light Transmitting ElectroConducting Films (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The development of a new high light transmitting electroconducting film for defrosting of car windshields is described. The film, called Hyviz, is deposited on glass by vacuum sputtering and consists of a complex of indium oxide and tin metal. This paper considers the electrical design of windshields, having films with electrical resistance between 10 and 20 Ω/square and supply voltages between 30 and 80 V. Data are given on defrosting with a Hyviz windshield at power levels between 0.3 and 1.0 W/in<sup>2</sup> (approximately 50-150 W/ft<sup>2</sup>) showing a defrosting time of about 5 min from 0°F for the higher power level.</div>
The homogeneity of phase repartition in TiB<sub>2</sub>–Fe composites using variance and covariance analysis (1994)

Summary The microstructure of a sintered TiB 2 –Fe material has been studied by image analysis. The dispersion of phases, with particular attention to porosity, is investigated using chord lengths, covariance functions and variance of volume fractions. An extension of the usual point covariance analysis is made by sampling series of 10 contiguous fields, and measuring the covariance in the direction of field alignment. A model of a multiscale structure is proposed to interpret the different transitions of the variogram as composition fluctuations at different scales. Boolean models are used to give a geometrical representation of these fluctuations: the dispersion of porosity can be seen either as 20–30‐μm pore clusters or as the result of TiB 2 +Fe 30–50‐μm clusters, probably formed during the elaboration process. Complementary information is obtained from the evolution of measured variance versus field size: a model is proposed to analyse the shape of the experimental curves. At small scales, ‘short’ integral ranges are determined, also obtained from the covariance. At very large scale (> 300 μm), composition fluctuations of about 2% are detected.
Wideband High Gain Small Size Monolithic GaAs FET Amplifiers (2005)

A series of two to four stage monolithic amplifiers operating with a gain of 15 to 42 dB and covering the 0.1 to 2 till 4 GHz frequency band has been realized. A high density of integration has been achieved (active area of 0.2 mm²) as no decoupling capacitors nor inductance have been used.
Palladium Catalysis. IV.<sup>1</sup> Change in the Behavior of Palladium-on-Charcoal in Hydrogenation Reactions<sup>2</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium Catalysis. IV.1 Change in the Behavior of Palladium-on-Charcoal in Hydrogenation Reactions2Walter H. Hartung and Yen-tsai ChangCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 23, 5927–5929Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01143a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01143a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views287Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SIMILARITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF SPINAL C-FOS AND PLASMA EXTRAVASATION AFTER ACUTE CHEMICAL IRRITATION OF THE BLADDER AND THE PROSTATE (2000)

Our results strongly suggest that referred pain status in inflammation of the bladder and prostate is neurogenically mediated. Based on these studies, there should be significant overlaps of nociceptive neurons within the spinal cord, which receive nociceptive inputs from pelvic soma and viscera.
Human Adjuvant Disease Following Augmentation Mammoplasty (1988)

Two patients are described in whom a progressive systemic sclerosis-like illness developed several years after silicone augmentation mammoplasty. Both had removal of breast implants, followed by marked-to-complete recovery from clinical abnormalities. This entity is increasingly recognized and has become known as human adjuvant disease.
Multisecond Periodicities in Basal Ganglia Firing Rates Correlate With Theta Bursts in Transcortical and Hippocampal EEG (2002)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate with periods in the range of 2-60 s (mean, 20-35 s) are present in 50-90% of spike trains from basal ganglia neurons recorded from locally anesthetized, immobilized rats. To determine whether these periodic oscillations are associated with similar periodicities in cortical activity, transcortical electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded in conjunction with single- or dual-unit neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus (GP), and the data were analyzed with spectral and wavelet analyses. Multisecond oscillations in firing rates of 31% of the STN neurons and 46% of the GP neurons with periodicities significantly correlated with bursts of theta (4-7 Hz) activity in transcortical EEG. Further recordings of localized field potentials in the hippocampus and frontal or parietal cortices simultaneously with GP unit activity showed field potentials from the hippocampus, but not from the frontal or parietal cortices, exhibited bursts of theta rhythm that were correlated with GP firing rate oscillations. These results demonstrate a functional connectivity between basal ganglia neuronal activity and theta band activity in the hippocampus.
Enzyme immunoassay of human fibroblast interferon after intranasal administration with several excipients in rabbits. (1988)

Human interferon-β (HuIFN-β) titer after intransal administration was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), substituting for bioassay. The intranasal absorption was linearly related to HuIFN-β dose. Compared with intravenous administration, the mean bioavailability of intranasal HuIFN-β was 3%. The effects of several excipients, human serum albumin (HSA), polyethylene glycol, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, carboxy polymethylene, α-cyclodextrin and cholesteryl stearate, on the absorption of HuIFN-β were examined with the powder dosage form. Among these excipients, HSA and α-cyclodextrin gave the highest HuIFN-β concentrations in plasma. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased as the molecular weight of excipients was increased.
Nanoparticles as biochemical sensors (2010)

There is little doubt that nanoparticles offer real and new opportunities in many fields, such as biomedicine and materials science. Such particles are small enough to enter almost all areas of the body, including cells and organelles, potentially leading to new approaches in nanomedicine. Sensors for small molecules of biochemical interest are of critical importance. This review is an attempt to trace the use of nanomaterials in biochemical sensor design. The possibility of using nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies as markers for proteins will be elucidated. Moreover, capabilities and applications for nanoparticles based on gold, silver, magnetic, and semiconductor materials (quantum dots), used in optical (absorbance, luminescence, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance), electrochemical, and mass-sensitive sensors will be highlighted. The unique ability of nanosensors to improve the analysis of biochemical fluids is discussed either through considering the use of nanoparticles for in vitro molecular diagnosis, or in the biological/biochemical analysis for in vivo interaction with the human body.
Biochemical and molecular endothelin responses to morphine sulfate infusion in conscious newborn piglets (1998)

The biochemical and molecular endothelin-1 (ET-1) responses to high dose morphine sulfate infusion were studied in conscious newborn piglets (n = 6) that received a loading dose of 100 micrograms/kg over 5 min followed by a continuous i.v. infusion dose of 100 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 for 4 h. The control group (n = 6) received equivalent volume loading and infusion doses of 5% dextrose. Blood samples were drawn serially from the femoral artery and sagittal sinus vein before (0), during (30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h), and post (1 and 2 h) infusion. Five micrograms of total RNA obtained from brainstem tissue homogenates was analyzed by reverse transcriptase--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The amounts of mRNA encoding ET-1, and endothelin receptor subtypes ETA and ETB, were semiquantitated using densitometric scanning. Morphine infusion resulted in elevated respiratory rate and mean arterial blood pressure, with no effect on arterial pH, Po2, and O2 saturation. Compared with the control group, morphine induced significant elevations in plasma ET-1 levels following the bolus dose (systemic: 13.2 +/- 3.6 vs. 8.6 +/- 2.2 pg/mL, p < 0.05; sagittal sinus vein: 13.7 +/- 3.4 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.9 pg/mL, p < 0.01). These effects lasted up to 2 h after discontinuation of morphine infusion (systemic: 14.5 +/- 3.4 to 18.7 +/- 5.7 pg/mL vs. 7.5 +/- 0.8 to 9.4 +/- 3.2 pg/mL, p < 0.05 to p < 0.01; sagittal sinus vein: 14.8 +/- 2.7 to 17.6 +/- 2.8 pg/mL vs. 7.5 +/- 1.4 to 9.4 +/- 3.4 pg/mL, p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). The RT-PCR assay showed a twofold (p < 0.02) upregulation in ET-1 and a threefold (p < 0.007) upregulation in ETA receptor mRNA expression in the brainstem of morphine-treated animals. In contrast, there was a threefold (p < 0.0001) downregulation of the ETB receptor mRNA expression. The rapid and sustained elevations in systemic arterial and sagittal sinus venous ET-1 levels suggest a role for ET-1 in the morphine-induced excitatory responses observed in newborn piglets. Upregulation of ETA receptors and downregulation of ETB receptors in the brainstem with high doses of morphine may indicate possible effects on cerebral vascular tone.
Acid-Induced Molten Globule State of a Fully Active Mutant of Human Interleukin-6 (1996)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a four-helix bundle protein, is a multifunctional cytokine which plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system, hematopoiesis, and inflammatory response, as well as in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. We have previously shown that a single-disulfide variant of human IL-6, lacking 22 N-terminal amino acids and the disulfide bond connecting Cys-45 and Cys-51 in the 185-residue chain of the wild-type protein, fully retains the conformational, stability, and functional properties of the full-length human IL-6 [Breton et al. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 227, 573-581]. In this study, we have investigated the conformational and stability properties of mutant IL-6 at acidic pH (A-state). Using far- and near-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence emission, and second-derivative absorption spectroscopy, we have established that mutant IL-6 at pH 2.0 fully retains the helical secondary structure of the native protein at pH 7.5, while the tertiary interactions are much weaker. At variance from the native species, mutant IL-6 in the A-state binds 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS), a property considered most typical of a protein in the molten globule state. The pH-induced conformational change from the native to the A-state, monitored either by near-UV CD or by ANS-binding measurements, shows a transition midpoint at pH approximately 4.5, thus indicating that the partial unfolding of the protein is mediated by the titration of glutamic and/or aspartic acid residues. At pH 2.0, the thermal denaturation of mutant IL-6 occurs as a broad process of low cooperativity with a transition at 50-60 degrees C, whereas at pH 7.5 the thermal unfolding is cooperative and characterized by a transition midpoint at 65 degrees C. Of interest, the unfolding of the A-state is not complete even up to approximately 85 degrees C. The urea-mediated unfolding profile of mutant IL-6, measured by far-UV CD, is essentially identical at both pH 7.5 and 2.0, with a midpoint of the cooperative unfolding transition at 5.5 +/- 0.1 M denaturant. Both thermal and urea denaturations of the A-state are complex and cannot fit to a two-state model for unfolding. The unusual stability of mutant IL-6 in acid is also reflected by the resistance to proteolysis at pH 3.6-4.0 by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or cathepsin D, an acid protease released by machrophages upon inflammatory stimulation. It is suggested that the molten globule state of IL-6 at acidic pH can play a role in the biological activity of this cytokine, which can exert its activity also at mildly acidic pH, as in inflammation sites.