gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilayered ceramic composites – a review (2014)

With the aim of improving the toughness of ceramic materials, laminated composites have been successfully developed since Clegg et al. (1990) inserted weak interfaces using very thin graphite layers between silicon carbide sheets and obtained a composite that exhibited non-catastrophic fracture characteristics. The weak interface must allow the crack to deviate either by deflection or delamination; in other words, the interface must exhibit a fracture resistance that is lower than that of the matrix layer. In parallel, ceramic laminated composites with strong interfaces were developed in which the residual tensile and compressive stresses appeared in alternate layers during cooling after sintering. These composites are prepared by stacking ceramic sheets produced by lamination or tape casting or by the sequential formation of layers by slip casting, centrifugation or electrophoretic deposition. The techniques may be combined to obtain a composite with the most adequate configuration. This work presents a review about the obtainment of multilayered ceramic composites as a toughening mechanism of ceramic plates.
Broadband antireflective coatings based on two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength nanopores (2015)

A broadband thin-film antireflective coating (ARC)—a regular array of nanopores in a dielectric substrate—is studied theoretically and experimentally. Tuning the geometrical parameters of the array allows for strong suppression of reflection. For a fused silica substrate, reflectivity is lower than 1% over a range with a relative bandwidth, 60%–70%, reaching 0.05% in the minimum. The underlying physics is the spatial dispersion in the porous medium which enables phase compensation for the partially reflected waves in a broad band. This allows for more broadband antireflection than any flat homogeneous single-layer ARC can provide. Importantly, the studied ARC is universal for any transparent dielectric substrate.
TETRAHYDROPYRANYLOXY-DIRECTED<i>ortho</i>LITHIATION OF AROMATIC SYSTEMS. SYNTHESIS OF<i>o</i>-HYDROXYCINNAMATE ESTERS FROM PHENOLS (1997)

(1997). TETRAHYDROPYRANYLOXY-DIRECTED ortho LITHIATION OF AROMATIC SYSTEMS. SYNTHESIS OF o-HYDROXYCINNAMATE ESTERS FROM PHENOLS. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 293-299.
103 Effects of ferro oxide dispersion on friction properties of steel surface in dry condition (2012)

The present study describes effects of iron oxide dispersion on friction properties of a low carbon steel interface. The iron oxide was dispersed onto the groove fabricated with cutting. The friction and wear property was evaluated with a lathe incorporated to a friction measurement system in dry condition. The experiment was carried out at 3.4m/s of sliding speed and at 200 N of an applied load with interval contact condition. Results showed that the friction coefficient of the surface containing ferrite oxide layer penetrated into the spiral groove was higher than that of the nominal surface. It was also found that the surface morphology including color quality resulted in the oxidation was different depending on the nominal surface condition.
ABCG2-mediated DyeCycle Violet efflux defined side population in benign and malignant prostate (2009)

The efflux of Hoechst 33342 by ATP-binding cassette protein G2 (ABCG2) membrane pump allows reproducible identification of a subpopulation of cells by flow cytometric analysis termed the "side population" (SP). The SP identified by constitutive Hoechst efflux contains the stem/progenitor cell population from bone marrow and many solid organs, including prostate. DyeCycle Violet (DCV) is a cell membrane permeable, fluorescent vital dye that intercalates into DNA and is a substrate for ABCG2-mediated efflux. Therefore, DCV was evaluated in this study as a tool for identification of the SP from prostate cancer cell lines and from freshly harvested human prostate tissue. SPs that demonstrated ABCG2-mediated efflux of DCV were identified in the human prostate cancer cell lines CWR-R1, DU-145 and RWPE-1, but not in the BPH-1, LAPC-4 or PC-3 cell lines. Additionally, a SP was identified in enzymatically disaggregated prostate tumors from Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP), human benign prostate tissue and human prostate cancer tissue. The causal role of ABCG2-mediated efflux of DCV in the identification of the SP was confirmed by loss of the SP by incubation with the specific inhibitor of ABCG2, Fumitremorgin C. Expression of ABCG2 in the SP cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Consequently, DCV represents an important new tool for isolation of viable candidate stem cells/cancer stem cells as a SP from cultured prostate cell lines, and prostate tissue specimens, without the requirement for instrumentation with ultra-violet excitation capability and minimizing the risk of damage to DNA in the sorted population.
REVIEW OF SOLAR NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS (2004)

This paper reviews the constraints on the solar neutrino mixing parameters with data collected by the Homestake, SAGE, GALLEX, Kamiokande, SuperKamiokande, and SNO experiments. An emphasis will be given to the global solar neutrino analyses in terms of matter-enhanced oscillation of two active flavors. The results to-date, including both solar model dependent and independent measurements, indicate that electron neutrinos are changing to other active types on route to the Earth from the Sun. The total flux of solar neutrinos is found to be in very good agreement with solar model calculations. Future measurements will focus on greater accuracy for mixing parameters and on better sensitivity to low neutrino energies.
Novel Potent and Selective Central 5-HT<sub>3</sub> Receptor Ligands Provided with Different Intrinsic Efficacy. 2. Molecular Basis of the Intrinsic Efficacy of Arylpiperazine Derivatives at the Central 5-HT<sub>3</sub> Receptors (1999)

Novel 5-HT3 receptor ligands were designed and synthesized with the aim of obtaining deeper insight into the molecular basis of the intrinsic efficacy of arylpiperazines interacting with the central 5-HT3 receptor. The newly synthesized compounds and some previously published compounds belonging to the same class of heteroarylpiperazines were tested for their potential ability to displace [3H]granisetron from rat cortical membranes. These 5-HT3 receptor binding studies revealed subnanomolar affinity in several of the compounds under study. The most active ligands were quipazine derivatives bearing a phenyl group in the 4-position and various oxygenated alkyl side chains in the 3-position of the quinoline nucleus. Qualitative and theoretical quantitative structure-affinity relationship studies were carried out, and the interaction model for the 5-HT3 ligands related to quipazine with their receptor, proposed in part 1 of the present work, was updated to incorporate the latest data. The potential 5-HT3 agonist/antagonist activity of 12 selected compounds was assessed in vitro on the 5-HT3 receptor-dependent [14C]guanidinium uptake in NG 108-15 cells. Their intrinsic efficacy ranged from the 5-HT3 full agonist properties of compounds 7a and 8h, i to those of partial agonists 10a,d and antagonists 8b,d,e, and 9c, d,h,i. The comparison between these functional data and those relative to the previously described compounds suggested that in this class of 5-HT3 ligands the intrinsic efficacy is modulated in a rather subtle manner by the steric features of the heteroaryl moiety.
Study of Ultrafast Semiconductor Photoswitches for CW RF Signal Sampling and Modulation (2014)

We present a study of the mixing of a radio frequency (RF) signal and a modulated optical beam, resulting from the beating of two CW lasers, using a photoconductive switch as mixer. The mixing process generates sideband frequencies in the RF transmitted signal. The theoretical analysis gives the performance of the device versus its main physical parameters. The device, if made from ultrafast semiconductors, can handle RF or/and optical beating frequencies up to 100 GHz. When dc biased, the device serves as an optoelectronic generator of RF signal. Our analysis is experimentally validated in the RF range up to 40 GHz using a low-temperature grown GaAs device excited by two laser diodes at 0.8-μm wavelength.
Targeting β‐catenin in hepatocellular cancers induced by coexpression of mutant β‐catenin and K‐Ras in mice (2016)

Ras activation downstream of c-Met is sufficient to induce clinically relevant HCC in cooperation with mutant β-catenin. β-catenin suppression by a clinically relevant modality is effective in treatment of β-catenin-positive, GS-positive HCCs. (Hepatology 2017;65:1581-1599).
Note. The Effect of Citrus Fibre on the Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Ice Cream (2006)

The effects of citrus fibre on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of ice cream were evaluated. Three types of ice creams were compared; ice creams with stabiliser/emulsifier (0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%), ice creams with citrus fibre (0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) and ice creams with 0.4% stabiliser/emulsifier and citrus fibre (0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%). Citrus fibre as a single stabiliser could not improve the viscosity, overrun and sensory properties of ice cream samples, but had a positive effect on the melting resistance. A combination of citrus fibre and stabiliser/emulsifier produced desirable ice cream properties.
The British Diabetic Association -Warren Repository (1990)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Type I diabetesmajor histocompatibility complex (MHC)primary disease susceptibilitylinkage analysismultiplex families
Airborne Lead, Dust, and Asbestos-like Fibers in Mechanical Street Cleaner Environments and an Evaluation of Some Contributory Factors (1991)

Abstract Exposures of mechanical street sweeper operators to lead, asbestos, and dust were determined, and an evaluation of the factors contributing to the level of exposure was conducted. Factors evaluated included rain, frequency of sweeping, traffic volume, and age of the dwellings in the sweeping areas. Sampling was conducted during the months of July through September. Sweeping routes were categorized according to building age and were sampled under rain and no rain conditions. Sweeping frequency and traffic volumes were addressed retrospectively. Twenty-nine samples were collected. Total dust concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 3.55 mg/m3 (mean, 2.09 mg/m3). Lead concentrations ranged from 0.99 to 6.64 μg/m3 (mean, 3.16 μg/m3) and were higher than ambient levels measured by the local air pollution control agency (0.41–0.80 μg/m3). The range of lead concentrations in the street sweepings was 324–3228 μg/g (mean, 1700 μg/g). Lead concentrations in the airborne dust ranged from 400 to 5000 μg/g with a mean of 1838 μg/g. Total fibers ranged from < 0.005 to 0.024 fibers/cc. Multiple regression analysis indicated that rain, building age, and sweeping frequency interacted to affect the concentrations of dust in the air. Rain appeared to be the strongest factor. Rain and housing were the factors with the strongest influence on total fiber concentration. All values of dust concentration, lead concentration, and total fibers were below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs). The data supported a positive correlation between dust concentration and lead concentration. The factors of rain, age of structure, sweeping frequency, and traffic volume did not appear to influence the levels of lead found in the air, dust, or dirt. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that street cleaner cabs be equipped with air cleaning systems. Specially designed window panels can be installed to allow the operator to have a direct view downward of the pavement area. The data provided by this study can be applied by industrial hygienists in assessing exposures of workers employed in the expanding residential and soil lead abatement industry, particularly where lead-contaminated dust and dirt must be removed from paved areas adjacent to abatement areas.
Syntheses of Porous Self‐Supporting Metal‐Nanoparticle Assemblies with 3D Morphologies Inherited from Biosilica Templates (Diatom Frustules) (2008)

Porous 3D metal-nanoparticle assemblies with selectable morphologies are synthesized. Biosilica templates (diatom frustules) are first converted into silicon replicas via magnesiothermic reduction. Electroless metal deposition, followed by silicon dissolution, then yields metal-nanoparticle assemblies with the 3D template morphology (figure reveals a silver assembly; inset images reveal internal features after partial ion milling and EDX analysis).
Is it the more the merrier? (2011)

Purpose This research seeks to uncover some empirical evidence on how prevalent the problem of information overload has become, how it has affected the performance of organisations. Design/methodology/approach Set in the context of the information‐intensive tourism industry, this exploratory study examined the top two state‐owned tour operators in China. Using semi‐structured group interviews supplemented by a questionnaire survey, the empirical evidence gathered was examined to identify key themes concerning information overload. Findings The problem was felt more by the front line operatives than those who managed them. Increasing tiredness, high stress levels and more mistakes made at work were amongst the symptoms. Factors specific to the tourism industry included poor clarity in job division and task procedures, low standardisation of job contents, inter‐team work, and loose team structures. Experience, training and staff motivation were identified as possible ways to address the problem. Research limitations/implications To fully appreciate the strategic impact of the problem of information overload on corporate performance, considerable further research needs to be carried out involving organisations in different sizes and forms operating in difference industries across different countries. Practical implications This paper adds practical value by providing some empirical evidence to complement the growing body of anecdotal evidence demonstrating how information explosion especially through the internet is having an adverse impact on corporate performance. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how the growing phenomenon of information overload is affecting corporate performance, especially in the information‐intensive industry of travel and tourism.
Surgically induced uremia in rats I: Effect on bone strength and metabolism (1993)

During the course of chronic renal failure (CRF) in man, renal osteodystrophy (osteitis fibrosa and/or osteomalacia) gradually develops. The present study aimed to establish a similar type of CRF leading to renal osteodystrophy in rats. During progressive CRF development over 225 days after 5/6 nephrectomy, the following serum variables were measured: creatinine, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), a25-hydroxyvitamin D3, (25(OH)D3), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, phosphate, urea nitrogen, total calcium, and other blood electrolytes. Subsequent to sacrifice, mechanical properties of the rat femur, bone histomorphometry (osteoid and eroded surfaces) and bone contents of calcium, phosphate and hydroxyproline were also examined. Serum creatinine in rats with CRF gradually escalated by some 70%, while circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 was reduced beneath detection level. Total plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations were, however, almost unchanged indicating that PTH-induced bone remodeling due to moderate hyperparathyroidism sustained calcium homeostasis. Alkaline phosphatase levels were reduced by some 50%, which reflects chronically impeded bone formation. Bone histomorphometry assessment revealed substantial elevation of resorption with moderate accompanying fibrosis in about 70% of afflicted animals. Bone calcium, phosphate and hydroxypyrroline contents remained unaltered. However, hydroxyproline/calcium ratio was marginally reduced. These results, together with altered mechanical bending stress characteristics and diminished diaphysis cross section area, confirm development of mixed bone lesions in the uremic animals. Our results are compatible with the early development of CRF in man. The established rat model is therefore useful in elucidating the precipitation and early treatment of renal osteodystrophy in humans.
Maleimide Functionalized Poly(<i>ε</i>‐caprolactone)‐<i>block</i>‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL‐PEG‐MAL): Synthesis, Nanoparticle Formation, and Thiol Conjugation (2009)

Carboxylic acid terminated poly(ε-caprolactone)s (PCL-COOHs) with narrow polydispersity were synthesized and coupled with poly(ethylene glycol) (HO-PEG-OH) to afford PCL-PEG-OH copolymers. The hydroxyl groups in the PCL-PEG-OHs were then converted to maleimide groups to afford maleimide terminated PCL-PEG-MALs that contained 70-90% maleimide functionality. Nanoparticles with maleimide functionality on their surfaces were prepared by impingement mixing. Particle sizes and size distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering. Conjugation of reduced glutathione with model maleimides and two MAL-functional nanoparticles was also demonstrated. The amount of accessible maleimide on the particle surface was measured using Ellman's reagent to range between ~51-67%.
Structural requirements for nuclear localization of GCMa/Gcm‐1 (2003)

GCM proteins constitute a small transcription factor family. Nuclear localization of Drosophila GCM is mediated by a typical bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) close to the DNA-binding GCM domain. Here, we have analyzed nuclear localization of the mammalian GCM proteins. Whereas GCMb/Gcm-2 contained a classical bipartite NLS, nuclear localization of GCMa/Gcm-1 was mediated by two regions without resemblance to known NLS, one corresponding to the amino-terminal part of the GCM domain, the second defined as a tyrosine-and-proline-rich carboxy-terminal region. Nuclear import was counteracted by an amino-terminal nuclear export activity. This complex regulation of subcellular localization has important implications for GCMa/Gcm-1 function.
Four-channel 10-Gb/s transmission over 15-wavelength selective crossconnect paths and 1175-km dispersion compensated standard single-mode-fiber links (1998)

The cascadability performance of (1) 30 arrayed waveguide grating (de)multiplexers alone and (2) 15-wavelength selective crossconnect paths were investigated. For the first time, a four-channel 10-Gb/s transmission over 15 cross-connects spaced by 78.3 km of dispersion compensated standard single-mode fibers was demonstrated in a recirculating loop experiment.
Accelerating massive MIMO uplink detection on GPU for SDR systems (2015)

We present a reconfigurable GPU-based uplink detector for massive MIMO software-defined radio (SDR) systems. To enable high throughput, we implement a configurable linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) soft-output detector and reduce the complexity without sacrificing its error-rate performance. To take full advantage of the GPU computing resources, we exploit the algorithm's inherent parallelism and make use of efficient CUDA libraries and the GPU's hierarchical memory resources. We furthermore use multi-stream scheduling and multi-GPU workload deployment strategies to pipeline streaming-detection tasks with little host-device memory copy overhead. Our flexible design is able to switch between a high accuracy Cholesky-based detection mode and a high throughput conjugate gradient (CG)-based detection mode, and supports various antenna configurations. Our GPU implementation exceeds 250 Mb/s detection throughput for a 128×16 antenna system.
The molecular basis of haemophilia B (1998)

Over the past 15 years, our knowledge of the molecular basis of haemophilia B has increased dramatically. Following the cloning and characterization of the factor IX gene in 1982, major advances have been made in documenting the molecular pathology that underlies this condition. This review will summarize the current state of information in this area, and the reader is referred to the Haemophilia B Mutation Database World Wide Web site at http://www.umds.ac.uk/molgen/haemBdatabase for a complete current listing of the mutations that cause this phenotype. In addition, other recent reviews have discussed complementary issues relating to this topic.
Quantiser selection for interframe differential pulse code modulation of television pictures (1979)

A procedure based on subjective and objective assessments has been used to design an 8-level quantiser for an interframe d.p.c.m. digital television coding system handling monochrome 5.5 MHz 625-line pidura The quantiser reduces noise in a static picture over its 8-bit source and attempts to minimise the distortion of movement.
The Effect of Plasmin on the Subunit Structure of Human Fibrinogen (1972)

The changes in the subunit structure of human fibrinogen during plasmin digestion have been followed sequentially by examining the degraded products electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate on polyacrylamide gels in the absence or presence of mercaptoethanol. On the basis of the molecular weights of the products, their carbohydrate content, and the relative amounts of each product present during digestion, it has been possible to deduce the sequence of structural changes in fibrinogen during digestion and the polypeptide chain composition of the major transient and terminal digestion products. The α chains, which contain no detectable carbohydrate, were the first subunits in fibrinogen to be degraded by plasmin. The β chains, which contain carbohydrate, were degraded more slowly than α chains. The initial, but transient, degradation product, Fragment X, was structurally heterogeneous. Forms appearing early in the digestion contained extensively degraded α chains and intact β and γ chains. The next transient fragment formed contained extensively degraded α chains and partially degraded β chains. The γ chains of fibrinogen, which also contain carbohydrate, were more resistant than α and β chains, but on prolonged digestion, were cleaved by plasmin. As γ chains begin to be degraded, and the α and β chains are further degraded, other forms of Fragment X appear along with Fragments D and Y. On the basis of this sequence of structural changes it has been possible to deduce the general subunit structure of the major terminal digestion products (Fragments D and E). Fragment D contains partially degraded β and γ chains and extensively degraded α chains combined by disulfide bonds. Fragment E contains extensively degraded α, β, and γ chains which are also combined through disulfide bonds. A scheme describing these structural changes has been proposed. The ability of partially degraded fibrinogen to form visible clots on treatment with thrombin- and fibrin-stabilizing factor has also been examined. Digestion products with extensively degraded α chains retain the ability to form fibrin-like clots, although as these species are degraded further by digestion of their β and γ chains, the ability to clot is lost.
Synthesis of 4-aryl-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines via Pummerer-type cyclization of N-(arylmethyl)-N-methyl-2-aryl-2-(phenylsulfinyl) acetamides (2000)

The synthesis of 4-aryl-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines ( Trifuoroacetic anhydride induced cyclization of the sulfoxides 10 at ambient temperature readily provided 4-aryl-2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfanyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ones (11) in almost quantitative yield. Subsequent reductive removal of the phenylsulfanyl group from 11 with NaBH4-NiCl2 followed by the reduction of the lactam function of the resulting 4-aryl-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-ones (15) furnished the title products 16 in excellent yields. This conversion offers a total synthesis of ()cherylline 16g, an amaryllidaceae alkaloid.