gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular Effects of Adrenomedullin and the Anti-Adrenomedullin Antibody Adrecizumab in Sepsis (2018)

Sepsis remains a major scientific and medical challenge, for which, apart from significant refinements in supportive therapy, treatment has barely changed over the last few decades. During sepsis, both vascular tone and vascular integrity are compromised, and contribute to the development of shock. The free circulating peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) is involved in the regulation of the endothelial barrier function and tone of blood vessels. Several animal studies have shown that ADM administration improves outcome of sepsis. However, in higher dosages, ADM administration may cause hypotension, limiting its clinical applicability. Moreover, ADM has a very short half-life and easily adheres to surfaces, further hampering its clinical use. The non-neutralizing anti-ADM antibody Adrecizumab (HAM8101) which causes a long-lasting increase of plasma ADM has shown promising results in animal models of systemic inflammation and sepsis; it reduced inflammation, attenuated vascular leakage, and improved hemodynamics, kidney function, and survival. Combined with an excellent safety profile derived from animal and phase I human studies, Adrecizumab represents a promising candidate drug for the adjunctive treatment of sepsis. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the currently available data on the role of adrenomedullin in sepsis and describe its effects on endothelial barrier function and vasodilation. Furthermore, we provide a novel hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of action through which Adrecizumab may exert its beneficial effects in sepsis.
Identification and characterization of a GDSL lipase‐like protein that catalyzes the ester‐forming reaction for pyrethrin biosynthesis in<i>Tanacetum cinerariifolium</i>– a new target for plant protection (2012)

Although natural insecticides pyrethrins produced by Tanacetum cinerariifolium are used worldwide to control insect pest species, little information is known of their biosynthesis. From the buds of T. cinerariifolium, we have purified a protein that is able to transfer the chrysanthemoyl group from the coenzyme A (CoA) thioester to pyrethrolone to produce pyrethrin I and have isolated cDNAs that encode the enzyme. To our surprise, the active principle was not a member of a known acyltransferase family but a member of the GDSL lipase family. The recombinant enzyme (TcGLIP) was expressed in Escherichia coli and displayed the acyltransferase reaction with high substrate specificity, recognized the absolute configurations of three asymmetric carbons and also showed esterase activity. A S40A mutation in the Block I domain reduced both acyltransferase and esterase activities, which suggested an important role of this serine residue in these two activities. The signal peptide directed the localization of TcGLIP::enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion, as well as EGFP, to the extracellular space. High TcGLIP gene expression was observed in the leaves of mature plants and seedlings as well as in buds and flowers, a finding that was consistent with the pyrethrin I content in these parts. Expression was enhanced in response to wounding, which suggested that the enzyme plays a key role in the defense mechanism of T. cinerariifolium.
Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by a charge transfer mechanism with urea and iron (III) complex (1982)

Abstract Methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be polymerized by a charge transfer complex formed by the interaction of urea, methyl methacrylate, and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) in a nonaqueous solvent like dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The rate of polymerization can be accelerated by Lewis acids like Fe 3+ . This article reports the polymerization of MMA initiated by urea and CCl 4 and accelerated with hexakisdimethylsulfoxide iron (III) perchlorate, [Fe(DMSO) 6 ](ClO 4 ) 3 , and A at 60°C. Definite induction periods were observed for the polymerization reaction initiated by urea and CCl 4 alone, but the induction period completely vanished when the molar ratio of urea to A reached 6:1. The molecular weights of the polymers with 6:1 molar ratio of urea to A were higher than with urea alone. The rate constant for the polymerization of MMA in the presence of [Fe(urea) 6 ] 3+ was 1.03 × 10 −5 1 mol −1 s −1 at 60°C. The transfer constant for CCl 4 for polymerization with urea alone is 2.43 × 10 −3 at 60°C.
Total and regional adiposity measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and mortality in NHANES 1999‐2006 (2016)

Higher total body fat was associated with increased total mortality in U.S. adults. Higher total and trunk fat contents were also associated with increased CVD mortality, although fat accumulation in the lower body was not an independent predictor of mortality.
The pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease (2015)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure leading to right-sided heart failure and can arise from a wide range of etiologies. The most common cause of PH, termed Group 2 PH, is left-sided heart failure and is commonly known as pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease (PH-LHD). Importantly, while sharing many clinical features with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), PH-LHD differs significantly at the cellular and physiological levels. These fundamental pathophysiological differences largely account for the poor response to PAH therapies experienced by PH-LHD patients. The relatively high prevalence of this disease, coupled with its unique features compared with PAH, signal the importance of an in-depth understanding of the mechanistic details of PH-LHD. The present review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the pathomechanisms of PH-LHD, highlighting work carried out both in human trials and in preclinical animal models. Adaptive processes at the alveolocapillary barrier and in the pulmonary circulation, including alterations in alveolar fluid transport, endothelial junctional integrity, and vasoactive mediator secretion will be discussed in detail, highlighting the aspects that impact the response to, and development of, novel therapeutics.
Preparation of Inorganic Photocatalytic Materials for Overall Water Splitting (2012)

It′s all in the preparation: The preparation of the photocatalysts and the cocatalysts for overall water splitting using powder inorganic materials is listed and discussed. Based on the principle and the requirements for overall water splitting, the preparation techniques that have been commonly used in the literature are listed to present an overview of each method.
Water‐Soluble Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Photocatalyst Design (2010)

Größenkontrolliert: Eine einstufige Alkalimetall-unterstützte elektrochemische Methode zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoff-Quantenpunkten (CQDs) mit größenabhängiger Lumineszenz wird vorgestellt (siehe Bild). Die Upconversion-Lumineszenz der CQDs könnte als Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer Photokatalysatoren dienen.
Reliability and parasitic issues in GaN-based power HEMTs: a review (2016)

Despite the potential of GaN-based power transistors, these devices still suffer from certain parasitic and reliability issues that limit their static and dynamic performance and the maximum switching frequency. The aim of this paper is to review our most recent results on the parasitic mechanisms that affect the performance of GaN-on-Si HEMTs; more specifically, we describe the following relevant processes: (i) trapping of electrons in the buffer, which is induced by off-state operation; (ii) trapping of hot electrons, which is promoted by semi-on state operation; (iii) trapping of electrons in the gate insulator, which is favored by the exposure to positive gate bias. Moreover, we will describe one of the most critical reliability aspects of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor HEMTs (MIS-HEMTs), namely time-dependent dielectric breakdown.
Through-the-Wall Small Weapon Detection Based on Polarimetric Radar Techniques (2009)

We evaluated the potential of two noninvasive genetic sampling methods, hair traps and bear rub surveys, to estimate population abundance and trend of grizzly (Ursus arctos) and black bear (U. americanus) populations in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Using Huggins closed population mark-recapture models, we obtained the first precise abundance estimates for grizzly bears (N= 73.5, 95% CI = 64-94 in 2006; N= 50.4, 95% CI = 49-59 in 2008) and black bears (N= 62.6, 95% CI = 51-89 in 2006; N= 81.8, 95% CI = 72-102 in 2008) in the Bow Valley. Hair traps had high detection rates for female grizzlies, and male and female black bears, but extremely low detection rates for male grizzlies. Conversely, bear rubs had high detection rates for male and female grizzlies, but low rates for black bears. We estimated realized population growth rates, lambda, for grizzly bear males (λ= 0.93, 95% CI = 0.74-1.17) and females (λ= 0.90, 95% CI = 0.67-1.20) using Pradel open population models with three years of bear rub data. Lambda estimates are supported by abundance estimates from combined hair trap/bear rub closed population models and are consistent with a system that is likely driven by high levels of human-caused mortality. Our results suggest that bear rub surveys would provide an efficient and powerful means to inventory and monitor grizzly bear populations in the Central Canadian Rocky Mountains.
Multibit oversampled Σ–Δ A/D convertor with nonuniform quantisation (1991)

Nonuniformly quantised multibit oversampled Σ–Δ A/D convertors are proposed which achieve high signal-to-noise ratio over a wide dynamic range. Simulation results are presented for first- and second-order 4 bit Σ–Δ A/D convertors with companding internal quantisers.
Waveguide Based Liquid Crystal Display (1999)

Abstract Instead of using polarizers to control light intensity, high optical efficiency is obtained by using a liquid crystal to switch light out of a waveguide. Wide viewing angle is obtained by using a scattering screen.
Efficient multiple-access communications using multi-user chirp modulation signals (2002)

In this paper, we present a novel technique for multi-user communication system utilizing binary chirp modulated (CM) signals. This suggested technique is motivated by the inherent interference rejection capability of such spread-spectrum type system, specially in circumstances where immunity against Doppler shift and fading due to multipath propagation are important. The used chirp signals are selected such that they all have the same power as well as the same bandwidth. Closed form expressions, as well as approximate analytical expressions, for the cross-coherence functions between the different forms of considered chirp signals are derived. The performance of a suggested coherent receiver structure is investigated and the corresponding error rates are presented. The results show that the proposed multiuser chirp signaling technique is efficient and promising as a multiple-access technique.
Computer Classification of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (2005)

The proposed criteria for computer classification produced results that are comparable with those provided by human experts. With additional research, this computer system could become a useful clinical aid to physicians and a tool for screening, diagnosing, and classifying NPDR.
High throughput screening for mammography using a human-computer interface with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) (2013)

The steady rise of the breast cancer screening population, coupled with data expansion produced by new digital screening technologies (tomosynthesis/CT) motivates the development of new, more efficient image screening processes. Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a new fast-content recognition approach which uses electroencephalography to record brain activity elicited by fast bursts of image data. These brain responses are then subjected to machine classification methods to reveal the expert’s ‘reflex’ response to classify images according to their presence or absence of particular targets. The benefit of this method is that images can be presented at high temporal rates (~10 per second), faster than that required for fully conscious detection, facilitating a high throughput of image (screening) material. In the present paper we present the first application of RSVP to medical image data, and demonstrate how cortically coupled computer vision can be successfully applied to breast cancer screening. Whilst prior RSVP work has utilised multichannel approaches, we also present the first RSVP results demonstrating discriminatory response on a single electrode with a ROC area under the curve of 0.62- 0.86 using a simple Fisher discriminator for classification. This increases to 0.75 – 0.94 when multiple electrodes are used in combination.
Complement Resistance of Parasites (1995)

The complement system is a first-line defence mechanism against parasites. All parasites causing deep infections and getting into contact with human plasma must, in one way or another, avoid the destructive effect of this powerful defence system. Several specific strategies of complement resistance of parasites have been reported, and this rather large spectrum of regulatory mechanisms covers the whole cascade of complement activation. Analysis of the known and elucidation of the yet unknown mechanisms will probably help in the development of new therapeutic and preventive approaches to control the different parasitic diseases. This paper will review the complement resistance mechanisms reported and their utilization by various parasites.
Measurement of the Plasma Width in a Ring Cusp (1980)

A pure, fully ionized, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ plasma of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ions, generated from free-falling ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ pellets with use of a 100-J Nd-glass laser pulse followed by a 1000-J C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser pulse, is used to fill ($\ensuremath{\beta}=1$) a cusp-configured magnetic field. The width of the plasma escaping through the ring cusp is determined by laser scattering, chamber wall light and chemical deposits, and plasma lifetime. The ring cusp is an ion gyroradius wide, in contrast to recent experiments that have indicated a considerably narrower cusp width.
P-fluorobenzoyl chloride for characterization of active hydrogen functional groups by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTP-fluorobenzoyl chloride for characterization of active hydrogen functional groups by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometryM. P. Spratt and H. C. DornCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 12, 2038–2043Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00276a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views357Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (768 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Acute Sarin Exposure Causes Differential Regulation of Choline Acetyltransferase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Acetylcholine Receptors in the Central Nervous System of the Rat (2000)

Acute neurotoxic effects of sarin (O:-isopropylmethylphosphonoflouridate) in male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. The animals were treated with intramuscular (im) injections of either 1 x LD(50) (100 microg/kg), and sacrificed at 0. 5, 1, 3, 6, 15, or 20 h after treatment, or with im injections of either 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 x LD(50) and sacrificed 15 h after treatment. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain regional acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were inhibited (45-55%) by 30 min after the LD(50) dose. BChE in the plasma and AChE in cortex, brainstem, midbrain, and cerebellum remained inhibited for up to 20 h following a single LD(50) treatment. No inhibition in plasma BChE activity was observed 20 h after treatment with doses lower than the LD(50) dose. Midbrain and brainstem seem to be most responsive to sarin treatment at lower doses, as these regions exhibited inhibition (approximately 49% and 10%, respectively) in AChE activity following 0.1 x LD(50) treatment, after 20 h. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was increased in cortex, brainstem, and midbrain 6 h after LD(50) treatment, and the elevated enzyme activity persisted up to 20 h after treatment. Cortex ChAT activity was significantly increased following a 0.1 x LD(50) dose, whereas brainstem and midbrain did not show any effect at lower doses. Treatment with an LD(50) dose caused a biphasic response in cortical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (m2-mAChR) ligand binding, using [(3)H]cytisine and [(3)H]AFDX-384 as ligands for nAChR and mAChR, respectively. Decreases at 1 and 3 h and consistent increases at 6, 15, and 20 h in nAChR and m2-mAChR were observed following a single LD(50) dose. The increase in nAChR ligand binding densities was much more pronounced than in mAChR. These results suggest that a single exposure of sarin, ranging from 0.1 to 1 x LD(50), modulates the cholinergic pathways differently and thereby causes dysregulation in excitatory neurotransmission.
A Hardware Accelerator for Tracing Garbage Collection (2018)

A large number of workloads are written in garbage-collected languages. These applications spend up to 10-35% of their CPU cycles on GC, and these numbers increase further for pause-free concurrent collectors. As this amounts to a significant fraction of resources in scenarios ranging from data centers to mobile devices, reducing the cost of GC would improve the efficiency of a wide range of workloads. We propose to decrease these overheads by moving GC into a small hardware accelerator that is located close to the memory controller and performs GC more efficiently than a CPU. We first show a general design of such a GC accelerator and describe how it can be integrated into both stop-the-world and pause-free garbage collectors. We then demonstrate an end-to-end RTL prototype of this design, integrated into a RocketChip RISC-V System-on-Chip (SoC) executing full Java benchmarks within JikesRVM running under Linux on FPGAs. Our prototype performs the mark phase of a tracing GC at 4.2x the performance of an in-order CPU, at just 18.5% the area (an amount equivalent to 64KB of SRAM). By prototyping our design in a real system, we show that our accelerator can be adopted without invasive changes to the SoC, and estimate its performance, area and energy.
Low-Driving-Current High-Speed Direct Modulation up to 40 Gb/s Using 1.3-μm Semi-Insulating Buried-Heterostructure AlGaInAs-MQW Distributed Reflector (DR) Lasers (2009)

1.3-μm semi-insulating buried-heterostructure AlGaInAs-MQW distributed reflector lasers have shown very high slope value of relaxation oscillation frequency of 4.0 GHz/mA½. 25- and 40-Gb/s direct modulation has been achieved with low driving current.
'It's Grace and Favour, It's not Law': Extra-Legal Regulation of Foreign Foster Homes in China (2017)

This Article examines the scope, law and norms of foreign-run foster homes caring for children from Chinese state-run orphanages, a previously undocumented social sphere. Based on in-depth field interviews and participant observation, I trace the development and expansion of the sector over the last twenty years, then examine and analyze the various interactions occurring between the foster homes—predominantly run by foreign mission workers—and the Chinese state. It is shown that at the local interface between state officials and the foreign foster homes, unofficial extra-legal norms are frequently more effectual and salient in practice than the official and restrictive rules and policies on charities and orphan welfare. Such extra-legal regulation of the sector has resulted in an experience of, at times, uncertainty and vulnerability on the part of the foreign humanitarian workers in terms of the permissibility and sustainability of their work. Despite this, the sector continues to slowly expand in the shadow of fairly well defined informal rules, with social legitimacy rather than formal legality functioning as the most important determinant of stability in this politically charged field. Finally, I examine the practical ramifications of the extra-legal nature of the foreign foster-home and implications thereof for orphan welfare in China generally. The most notable outcomes of this tentative equilibrium are an absence of collaborative advocacy efforts, and a sense of instability and insecurity on the part of workers in the field. As a result, the ability of this sector of civil society to promote reform and improve the welfare of China’s orphaned children is being unnecessarily stifled.
Structural Proteins of Two Different Plaque-Size Phenotypes of Fowlpox Virus (1989)

Structural polypeptides of two plaque-purified variant isolates of fowlpox virus differing in plaque morphology and size were examined by Coomassie blue-staining and immunoblot analysis of purified virions. A total of 30 structural polypeptides were observed, ranging in molecular weight from 14,100 to 122,600. A late polypeptide of 36,400 molecular weight was quite prominent in the small-plaque clone but absent in the large-plaque clone. Two other polypeptides, of 33,700 and 34,800 molecular weight, were present in virions from large-plaque virus and cell lysates of both clones but were absent in the small-plaque virions. These differences were observed whether the viruses were grown in chorioallantoic membrane or in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures. No difference was observed between the growth curves of the two virus clones. Differences observed in the polypeptides of the two viruses may be due to changes in the less conserved regions of viral DNA and may be used for differentiation of virus isolates.