gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Altered oxidative stress in overtrained athletes (2010)

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between oxidative stress and overtraining syndrome. Indicators of oxidative stress (plasma protein carbonyls, nitrotyrosine, and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant status (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) were measured in severely overtrained (two women, five men) and control athletes (five women, five men). Samples were collected from both groups at baseline (i.e. in the overtraining state of overtrained athletes) and after 6 months of recovery, both at rest and immediately after an exercise test to volitional exhaustion. At baseline, overtrained athletes had higher plasma protein carbonyls at rest than controls (mean difference 0.03 nmol . mg(-1), 95% CI = 0.01-0.05 nmol . mg(-1), P = 0.003, effect size = 0.40). Both at baseline and after recovery, exercise to exhaustion led to an increase in oxygen radical absorbance capacity and malondialdehyde (P = 0.001-0.006) in the controls but not in the overtrained athletes. Furthermore, at baseline, only overtrained athletes showed negative correlations between oxygen radical absorbance capacity at rest and protein carbonyls after exhaustive exercise (r = -0.98, P = 0.0001). These results suggest that increased oxidative stress has a role in the pathophysiology of overtraining syndrome. The attenuated responses of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity to exercise in the overtrained state could be related to an inability to perform exercise effectively and impaired adaptation to exercise.
Gene expression profiling of astrocytes from hyperammonemic mice reveals altered pathways for water and potassium homeostasis <i>in vivo</i> (2008)

Acute hyperammonemia (HA) causes cerebral edema and brain damage in children with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) and in patients in acute liver failure. Chronic HA is associated with developmental delay and mental retardation in children with UCDs, and with neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic liver failure. Astrocytes are a major cellular target of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, and changes occurring in these cells are thought to be causally related to the brain edema of acute HA. To study the effect of HA on astrocytes in vivo, we crossed the Otc(spf) mouse, a mouse with the X-linked UCD ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, with the hGFAP-EGFP mouse, a mouse selectively expressing green fluorescent protein in astrocytes. We used FACS to purify astrocytes from the brains of hyperammonemic and healthy Otcspf/GFAP-EGFP mice. RNA isolated from these astrocytes was used in microarray expression analyses and qRT-PCR. When compared with healthy littermates, we observed a significant downregulation of the gap-junction channel connexin 43 (Cx43) the water channel aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) genes, and the astrocytic inward-rectifying potassium channel (Kir) genes Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 in hyperammonemic mice. Aqp4, Cx43, and Kir4.1/Kir5.1 are co-localized to astrocytic end-feet at the brain vasculature, where they regulate potassium and water transport. Since, NH4+ ions can permeate water and K+-channels, downregulation of these three channels may be a direct effect of elevated blood ammonia levels. Our results suggest that alterations in astrocyte-mediated water and potassium homeostasis in brain may be key to the development of the brain edema.
Hybrid Power Management for Office Equipment (2016)

Office machines (such as printers, scanners, facsimile machines, and copiers) can consume significant amounts of power. Most office machines have sleep modes to save power. Power management of these machines is usually timeout-based: a machine sleeps after being idle long enough. Setting the time-out duration can be difficult: if it is too long, the machine wastes power during idleness. If it is too short, the machine sleeps too soon and too often—the wake-up delay can significantly degrade productivity. Thus, power management is a tradeoff between saving energy and keeping response time short. Many power management policies have been published and one policy may outperform another in some scenarios. There is no definite conclusion regarding which policy is always better. This article describes two methods for office equipment power management. The first method adaptively reduces power based on a constraint of the wake-up delay. The second is a hybrid method with multiple candidate policies and it selects the most appropriate power management policy. Using 6 months of request traces from 18 different printers, we demonstrate that the hybrid policy outperforms individual policies. We also discover that power management based on business hours does not produce consistent energy savings.
Treatments for mild-to-moderate recalcitrant plaque psoriasis: Expected clinical and economic outcomes for first-line and second-line care (2005)

The cost effectiveness of treatments for psoriasis has been evaluated previously by several different investigators. Such evaluations should be updated as new products or data become available. To this end, a comparison of expected treatment-related clinical and economic outcomes is undertaken from the payer perspective using a disease-intervention model, decision analyses, and newly emergent information. The model is based on academy guidelines and recommended clinical practice. Model inputs (clinical and cost data) are culled from the medical literature and advisory clinical assessment surveys. Comparable therapies are various topical pharmacotherapies and phototherapies, including the 308-nm excimer laser (XTRAC, PhotoMedex, Montgomeryville, PA). Analytic results indicate that clinical and economic outcomes are influenced by treatment selections but are muted by the rotational nature of treatment regimens. Multiple analyses are required to reveal individual product performance. On the basis of these analyses, the addition of the 308-nm excimer laser to the rotational mix of treatments commonly utilized as second-line therapies for mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis is expected to add incremental clinical benefit for patients without incremental cost for payers, because the laser can replace both more costly and less costly alternatives for appropriately selected patients who require a different therapeutic modality to maintain or improve their responsiveness.
Photocatalysis of the homogeneous water-gas shift reaction (1980)

The complex [RuCl(CO)(bipy)2]Cl, a product of the long term reaction of RuCl3.3H2O with 2 mol of bipyridyl (bipy) in refluxing dimethylformamide, produces H2, CO, and CO2 on photolysis in water; under CO the photochemical water–gas shift reaction is catalytic.
Heat assisted spin torque switching of quasistable nanomagnets across a vacuum gap (2010)

Current-induced magnetization switching of thermally quasistable magnetic nanoislands is demonstrated using a spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscope. The magnetization of an individual Fe nanoisland consisting of about 40 atoms on a W(110) surface is reversibly switched between two quasistable states by the application of spin-polarized tunnel current pulses without an applied magnetic field. The pulse length is shown to be crucial for a high switching efficiency. Sweeping the tunnel current from the nanoampere to the microampere regime allows for the determination of critical switching currents.
Process Mapping for Qualification Across Multiple Direct Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes (2013)

This paper gives an overview of work by the authors developing process mapping methods for additive manufacturing (AM), capturing the dependence of melt pool geometry and microstructure on primary processing variables under steady-state and transient conditions. This work is being applied to the task of process qualification and is being applied across multiple AM processes including electron beam wire feed, electron beam powder bed, laser powder bed, and laser powder stream processes. Process mapping methods are now allowing all of these processes acting in very different regions of processing space to be characterized and analyzed in a unified way. A few insights from this approach are summarized.
Fragile X Syndrome and Failure to Thrive (1993)

Sir.—The fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation occurring in approximately one per 1000 live births.1The disorder is manifested not only by mental retardation or learning disabilities but also by the clearly defined physical characteristics that include large, prominent ears; joint laxity; macro-orchidism; puffiness around the eyes; broad palpebral fissures; and a long, narrow face. There are also cognitive, behavioral, and temperamental characteristics associated with the syndrome.2Autistic features are common, including poor eye contact, perseveration in speech and behavior, and tactile defensiveness, suggesting an increased sensitivity to a variety of stimuli.3There is also an aberrant approach-withdrawal behavioral pattern in social interactions.4Among the most common physical findings in these individuals is hypotonia and hyperextensibility of the joints, suggesting a connective tissue dysplasia in fragile X syndrome.2,5Prolapse of the mitral valve is seen frequently, and the
Stability related bias in residues replacing glycines within the collagen triple helix (Gly-Xaa-Yaa) in inherited connective tissue disorders (2004)

A missense mutation leading to the replacement of one Gly in the (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)n repeat of the collagen triple helix can cause a range of heritable connective tissue disorders that depend on the gene in which the mutation occurs. Osteogenesis imperfecta results from mutations in type I collagen, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV from mutations in type III collagen, Alport syndrome from mutations in type IV collagen, and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa from mutations in type VII collagen. The predicted rates of substitutions by different amino acids for glycine in the alpha1(I), alpha2(I), alpha1(III), alpha5(IV), and alpha1(VII) chains (encoded by COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A5, and COL7A1, respectively) were compared with missense mutations in those chains that have been observed to cause disease. The spectrum of amino acids replacing Gly was not significantly different from that expected for the alpha1(VII) chains, suggesting that any Gly replacement will cause disease. The distribution of residues replacing Gly was significantly different from that expected for all other collagen chains studied, with a particularly strong bias seen for alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) collagen chains. The bias did not correlate with the degree of chemical dissimilarity between Gly and the replacement residues, but in some cases a relationship was observed with the predicted extent of destabilization of the triple helix. For alpha1(III) collagen chains, the more destabilizing mutations were identified more often than expected. For alpha1(I), the most destabilizing residues, Val, Glu, and Asp, and the least destabilizing residue, Ala, were underrepresented. This bias supports the hypothesis that the level of triple-helix destabilization determines clinical outcome.
Comparison of Parametric and Non-Parametric methods to correct for reporting heterogeneity (2012)

This paper compares the use of parametric and non-parametric approaches to adjust for\nheterogeneity in self-reported data. Despite the growing popularity of the HOPIT model to\naccount for reporting heterogeneity when dealing with self-reported categorical data, recent evidence has questioned the validity of this heavily parametric approach. We compare the performance of the HOPIT model with the non-parametric estimators put forward by King et al. (2004) and King and Wand (2007). Using data relating to the health domains of mobility and memory from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) we perform pairwise country comparisons of self-reported health, objective measures of health, and measures of health adjusted for the presence of reporting heterogeneity. Our study design focuses on comparisons of countries where there exist a discrepancy between the distribution of self-reported data and objective measures of health and assesses whether vignettes are able to reconcile this difference. Comparisons of distributions are based on first order stochastic dominance. In general, HOPIT and non-parametric estimation produce similar results in terms of first order stochastic dominance for the domains of both mobility and memory.\nNeither method consistently explains discrepancies across countries between self-reported and objective measures of health mobility and memory.
TABOR: A Highly Accurate Approach to Inspecting and Restoring Trojan Backdoors in AI Systems (2019)

A trojan backdoor is a hidden pattern typically implanted in a deep neural network. It could be activated and thus forces that infected model behaving abnormally only when an input data sample with a particular trigger present is fed to that model. As such, given a deep neural network model and clean input samples, it is very challenging to inspect and determine the existence of a trojan backdoor. Recently, researchers design and develop several pioneering solutions to address this acute problem. They demonstrate the proposed techniques have a great potential in trojan detection. However, we show that none of these existing techniques completely address the problem. On the one hand, they mostly work under an unrealistic assumption (e.g. assuming availability of the contaminated training database). On the other hand, the proposed techniques cannot accurately detect the existence of trojan backdoors, nor restore high-fidelity trojan backdoor images, especially when the triggers pertaining to the trojan vary in size, shape and position. In this work, we propose TABOR, a new trojan detection technique. Conceptually, it formalizes a trojan detection task as a non-convex optimization problem, and the detection of a trojan backdoor as the task of resolving the optimization through an objective function. Different from the existing technique also modeling trojan detection as an optimization problem, TABOR designs a new objective function--under the guidance of explainable AI techniques as well as heuristics--that could guide optimization to identify a trojan backdoor in a more effective fashion. In addition, TABOR defines a new metric to measure the quality of a trojan backdoor identified. Using an anomaly detection method, we show the new metric could better facilitate TABOR to identify intentionally injected triggers in an infected model and filter out false alarms......
Salsalate Improves Glycemia and Inflammatory Parameters in Obese Young Adults (2008)

This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that salsalate reduces glycemia and may improve inflammatory cardiovascular risk indexes in overweight individuals. These data support the hypothesis that subacute-chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-related dysglycemia and that targeting inflammation may provide a therapeutic route for diabetes prevention.
Maximum distance separable multilevel codes (Corresp.) (1984)

A class of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</tex> error-correcting pseudocyclic multilevel codes is introduced. These are maximum-distance separable random-error-correcting codes with qm symbols, where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</tex> is a prime number. The construction of seven-level codes is presented as an example.
Rheological properties and foaming behavior of polypropylenes with different molecular structures (2006)

This article investigates how rheological properties of polypropylenes with different molecular structures influence their foaming behavior. The molecular structure of the different polypropylenes is analyzed by size exclusion chromatography coupled with a light scattering detector, and by rheological means, such as the molar mass dependence of the zero shear-rate viscosity. The main focus of the rheological experiments is laid on the strain hardening and failure behavior of the melts in uniaxial elongational flow. For all linear polypropylenes investigated, a rupture of samples occurred before the maximum strain—accessible with the instrument used—was achieved. For the linear polypropylenes, a growth of the stress to rupture and the elongation at break were found with increasing molar mass, which go along with an increase of the expansion ratio in the foaming experiments. Besides the linear polypropylenes, which do not show strain hardening, several so-called high melt strength polypropylenes were investigated. It was found that the strain hardening of those polypropylenes causes not only a high melt strength, but also a more uniform sample deformation in the elongational experiments, and thus high elongations at break or even no rupture of the samples. Due to the superior homogeneity of deformation, the foams of polypropylenes, which show pronounced strain hardening at the strain rates relevant for foaming, possess higher expansion ratios than linear samples of the same melt strength. Furthermore, it was found that the foaming behavior of the polypropylenes is governed by the elongational behavior of the melts independently of the molecular constitution, which is responsible for it. This means that different molecular structures, which cause a similar elongational behavior of the melt, lead to a comparable foaming behavior.
Studies on Grignard reagents. Part I. Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of fluoroaryl Grignard reagents (1967)

The fluorine resonance spectra of fluoroaryl Grignard reagents, the corresponding bisarylmagnesiums, and mixtures of the two, have been measured over a range of temperature. It has thus been possible to slow the fluoroaryl exchange and distinguish unambiguously between “RMgX” and “R2Mg” species. Values for the ratio 2[“RMgX”]/[“R2Mg”] in ether solutions of the pure Grignard reagents are: C6F5MgBr, 1·0; C6F5MgCl, 2·0; C6F5Mgl, 1·4; 3-F,5,4Cl2C6H2·MgBr, ca. 2·5; C10H6FMgl, 20; p-F·C6H4·MgBr, 20; p-F·C6H4·Mgl 20. Limited additional information concerning the nature of these “RMgX” and “R2Mg” species has been obtained from the fluorine chemical shifts. The rates of fluoroaryl exchange qualitatively follow the sequence C6F5Mgl < C6F5MgBr < C6F5MgCl C10H6FMgl < C6H2Cl2FMgBr < p-F·C6H4·Mgl < p-F·C6H4·MgBr. For the p-fluorophenyl and pentafluorophenyl systems, mixing the bisarylmagnesium and magnesium iodide rapidly produces a conventional Grignard reagent.
Films, Edible (2010)

Abstract Edible films are stand‐alone structures that have appearance and protective functions similar to synthetic polymer film. However, they are comprised of edible proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and/or resins, and other components that render them edible. Thus, they can be consumed with a packaged product, resulting in less packaging that requires disposal. Since edible films are made from renewable resources, they contribute to packaging sustainability. Edible films can also be formed as a coating directly on the surfaces of food and pharmaceutical products, thus, becoming part of the product. Present uses include collagen casings on sausages, pouches for premeasured food and beverage ingredients, gelatin capsules, for pharmaceuticals and to improve product appearance. Edible films used as coatings, for example, include shellac and wax coatings on fruits and vegetables and methyl cellulose and HPMC coatings on fried foods to reduce fat uptake, and on drug tablets to improve appearance and ingestion. This article reviews the materials, properties, manufacture, applications and trends of edible films. The area of microencapsulation is not covered.
Dialect Classification on Printed Text using Perplexity Measure and Conditional Random Fields (2007)

Studies have shown that dialect variation has a significant impact in speech recognition performance, and therefore it is important to be able to perform effective dialect classification to improve speech systems. Dialects differ at the acoustic, grammar, and vocabulary levels. In this study, topic-specific printed text dialect data are collected from the ten major newspapers in Australia, United Kingdom, and United States. An n-gram language model is trained for each topic in each country/dialect. The perplexity measure is applied to classify the dialect-dependent documents. In addition to the n-gram information, further features can be extracted from text structure. Conditional random fields (CRF) is such a model which can extract different levels of features and is still mathematically tractable. The CRF is applied to train the language model and classify documents. Significant improvement on dialect classification is achieved by using the CRF based classifier, especially on the small size documents (10% to 22% relative error reduction). Text classification based on variable size documents is explored and a document with several hundred words is shown to be sufficient for dialect classification. The vocabulary difference among the text documents from different countries are explored and the dialect difference is smoothly connected with the vocabulary difference. Five document topics are evaluated and performance for cross topic dialect classification is explored.
Tunable multiferroic properties in nanocomposite PbTiO3–CoFe2O4 epitaxial thin films (2005)

We report on the synthesis of PbTiO3–CoFe2O4 multiferroic nanocomposites and continuous tuning of their ferroelectric and magnetic properties as a function of the average composition on thin-film composition spreads. The highest dielectric constant and nonlinear dielectric signal was observed at (PbTiO3)85–(CoFe2O4)15, where robust magnetism was also observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a pancake-shaped epitaxial nanostructure of PbTiO3 on the order of 30 nm embedded in the matrix of CoFe2O4 at this composition. Composition dependent ferroics properties observed here indicate that there is considerable interdiffusion of cations into each other.
IMPAIRED NEUROTRANSMISSION IN LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS OF A MURINE MODEL OF SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME. (2000)

Third International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance: Maui, Hawaii; November 15-18, 2000: Abstracts
A Conductometric Study of Polycation—Polyanion Reactions in Dilute Aqueous Solution (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Conductometric Study of Polycation—Polyanion Reactions in Dilute Aqueous SolutionAlan S. Michaels, Leon Mir, and Nathaniel S. SchneiderCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 5, 1447–1455Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100889a003https://doi.org/10.1021/j100889a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations149LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts