gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and memory effect study of Ge nanocrystals embedded in LaAlO3 high-k dielectrics (2005)

A floating gate memory structure utilizing Ge nanocrystals embedded in LaAlO3 (LAO) high-k dielectric films has been fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition. A cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study revealed that the floating gate structure contains 5-nm-diam spherelike Ge nanocrystals embedded in amorphous LAO. A significant memory effect with a very high density of charge storage up to 2×1013∕cm2 in the Ge nanocrystals and a maximum flat band voltage shift of 3.2 V have been achieved for the trilayer structure of LAO(8nm)∕Ge∕LAO(3nm)∕Si. The memory structure utilizing the Ge nanocrystals grown in 1 min showed excellent charge retention characteristics, whereas the decay in memory capacitance after 104s of stress under a flat band voltage was only 8%. These results suggest that this memory structure utilizing Ge nanocrystals embedded in a LAO dielectric offers a high potential for the further scaling of floating gate memory devices. In addition, the effects of Ge growth time, and thus the size and density of the Ge nanocrystals, to the charge storage and charge retention characteristics were also studied.
Determination of Formation Organic Carbon Content Using a New Neutron-Induced Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Service that Directly Measures Carbon (2013)

URTeC Control ID Number: 1576810 Over the past few decades, many techniques have been developed for the log evaluation of organic-rich rocks (ORR). More recently, ORR have gained economic interest across the globe, not only as the source rocks for conventional reserves, but also as potential reservoirs themselves. Quantifying total organic carbon (TOC) and the complex mineralogy of these rocks are two key components for a robust characterization. A number of well-log-derived TOC indicators based on measurements such as gamma ray, spectral gamma ray, resistivity, density, sonic, neutron, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been developed over the years with different levels of success depending on the specific ORR and where it occurs within a basin. An accurate TOC estimation faces two main challenges: 1) the necessity for a correlation of log data with core to utilize the most representative model and 2) extensive log interpretation. The process of an empirically derived TOC has been hindered by the lack of a consistent direct organic carbon measurement. The introduction of a new neutron-induced capture and inelastic gamma ray spectroscopy tool using a very high-resolution scintillator and a new type of pulsed neutron generator allows us to measure new elements which, in turn, increases our ability to properly interpret lithologically complex formations. In addition to measuring elements derived from capture spectroscopy, this new service is capable of measuring reliable inelastic yields, including carbon, at reasonable logging speeds. This carbon measurement allows the calculation of a stand-alone quantitative TOC value that does not require local calibrations or multitool interpretation. This is possible because of the successful combination of capture and inelastic gamma ray spectra. Inorganic carbon in carbonate is estimated by using other elements from this logging tool (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe) to estimate total carbonate, and this value is subtracted from the measured total carbon to give TOC.
Developing intelligent agents for distributed systems: exploring architecture, technologies, & applications (1998)

A brief history of intelligent agents fundamental technological aspects applications secret agents the dark side of intelligent agents future agents.
A Thoria and Thorium Uranium Dioxide Nuclear Fuel Performance Model Prototype and Knowledge Gap Assessment (2018)

Thorium-based fuel cycles can improve fuel sustainability within the nuclear power industry. The Canadian supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) concept uses this path to achieve the sustainability requirement of the Gen-IV Forum. The study of thorium dioxide/thoria ThO2-based fuel irradiation behavior is significantly less advanced than that of uranium dioxide (UO2) fuel, although ThO2 possesses superior thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, higher melting temperature, and oxidation resistance that may improve both fuel performance and safety. The fuel and sheath modeling tool (FAST), a fuel performance model for UO2 fuel, was developed at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC). FAST capability has been extended to include thoria (ThO2), thorium uranium dioxide (Th,U)O2, and thorium plutonium dioxide (Th,Pu)O2 as fuel pellet materials, to aid in designing and performance assessment of Th-based fuels, including SCWR (Th,Pu)O2 fuel. The development and integration of ThO2 and (Th,U)O2 models into the existing FAST model led to the multipellet material FAST (MPM-FAST). Model development was performed in collaboration between RMCC and Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL). This paper presents an outline of the ThO2 and (Th,U)O2 MPM-FAST model, a comparison between modeling results with postirradiation examination (PIE) data from a test conducted at CNL, and an account of the knowledge gap between our ability to model ThO2 and (Th,U)O2 fuel compared to UO2. Results are encouraging when compared to PIE data.
Improved light outcoupling and mode analysis of top-emitting OLEDs on periodically corrugated substrates (2013)

Bragg scattering by one dimensional periodic structures is investigated in order to enhance the outcoupling effciency of optically optimized planar top-emitting OLEDs. Using a soft imprint process, we fabricate extremely homogeneous gratings with sub- m period. These gratings are integrated beneath the bottom contact of topemitting OLEDs, without affecting the electrical device performance. The reflective contacts of the top emission geometry introduce pronounced micro-cavity effects for directly outcoupled and internally trapped light modes. Bragg scattering of the trapped waveguided and surface plasmon modes into the air cone, i.e. the forward direction, leads to interference with the directly outcoupled mode. As a result, constructive and destructive interference of the modes is detected and analyzed. Overall, we find that the introduction of shallow one dimensional sub- m periodic grating structures underneath top-emitting OLEDs leads to an EQE and luminous efficacy enhancement by up to 42%.
Stable, circulation-preserving, simplicial fluids (2007)

Visual quality, low computational cost, and numerical stability are foremost goals in computer animation. An important ingredient in achieving these goals is the conservation of fundamental motion invariants. For example, rigid and deformable body simulation benefits greatly from the conservation of linear and angular momenta. In the case of fluids, however, none of the current techniques focuses on conserving invariants, and consequently, often introduce a visually disturbing numerical diffusion of vorticity . Just as important visually is the resolution of complex simulation domains. Doing so with regular (even if adaptive) grid techniques can be computationally delicate. In this article, we propose a novel technique for the simulation of fluid flows. It is designed to respect the defining differential properties, that is, the conservation of circulation along arbitrary loops as they are transported by the flow. Consequently, our method offers several new and desirable properties: Arbitrary simplicial meshes (triangles in 2D, tetrahedra in 3D) can be used to define the fluid domain; the computations involved in the update procedure are efficient due to discrete operators with small support; and it preserves discrete circulation , avoiding numerical diffusion of vorticity.
Impact of limited MR field-of-view in simultaneous PET/MR acquisition (2008)

707 Objectives: Simultaneous acquisition of MR and PET data has great potential both for clinical diagnosis and research. However, contrary to PET/CT scanners, MR images often do not show the complete body of the patient due to field-of-view restrictions imposed either by acquisition time or by magnetic field inhomogeneities. This poses a problem for the correction of attenuation necessary in PET reconstruction. The influence of this source of error and its possible impact on system design must therefore be evaluated. Methods: Twenty pulmonary and mediastinal tumors were simulated with GATE, using both the NCAT phantom and MR patient data. The resulting sinograms were reconstructed with an OSEM OSL algorithm, first with a complete attenuation map and then with a clipped version. In order to determine the feasibility of restoring the attenuation coefficients by means of image-processing, a third reconstruction was performed with a clipped attenuation map for which the missing parts had been replaced by phantom data. Results: With simulated lesions of 1 to 2 cm diameter and activities of 5 kBq/ml and 30 KBq/ml, the reduced field-of-view introduces an error of 14.4% ±3.8%. The recovery of missing coefficients by means of phantom data reduced this error to 1.9% ±0.4%, even for deviations of up to 38% in the positioning of the phantom and 0.04 cm-1 in the attenuation factor. Conclusions: The results show that MR field-of-view restrictions can make reconstructed PET data unacceptable for diagnostic purposes. However, this can be compensated by means of simple preprocessing, the correction being highly tolerant to inaccuracies in patient positioning. Research Support: [1] Martinez, JNM #48, p156
A unique interhelical insertion in plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 contains three glutamines, Gln83, Gln84, Gln86, essential for transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking. (1994)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) prevents fibrinolysis by blocking plasminogen activators. It is expressed principally by trophoblast cells and macrophages. PAI-2 in trophoblast membranes has been found cross-linked to large complexes apparently catalyzed by trophoblast transglutaminase (Jensen, P. H., Lorand, L., Ebbesen, P., and Gliemann, J. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 214, 141-146). Recombinant human PAI-2 was labeled with [14C]putrescine catalyzed by guinea pig liver transglutaminase. The [14C]putrescine-labeled PAI-2 was digested with cyanogen bromide and trypsin, and the peptides were purified by reverse-phase high performance chromatography. Amino acid sequencing and plasma desorption mass spectrometry of the labeled peptides revealed [14C]putrescine incorporation at Gln83, Gln84, and Gln86. These residues are present in a PAI-2-specific region of 33 amino acids that is inserted between helices C and D and which probably represents a unique solvent-exposed domain. A PAI-2 mutant lacking this insertion was determined not to be a substrate for transglutaminase by [14C]putrescine incorporation and could not form transglutaminase-catalyzed polymers. Thus, the unique PAI-2 insertion represents a functional domain that, by virtue of its transglutaminase acceptor sites, allows participation in binding reactions without affecting the inhibitory function of PAI-2.
Using Volt-sec. sensing to extend the low speed range and the disturbance rejection capability of back-EMF-based self-sensing (2016)

This paper introduces usage of Volt-sec. sensing in back-EMF-based self-sensing (sensorless) induction machine drives. In practice, both inverter nonlinearity and dc bus voltage affect back-EMF estimation accuracy, and therefore self-sensing performance. A real-time Volt-sec. sensing scheme to measure the terminal Volt-sec. vector for each switching period is introduced in the paper. The measured Volt-sec. information can be used in the back-EMF state filter such that the effects from inverter nonlinearity and dc bus voltage measurement errors are mitigated. The resulting extended low speed range and enhanced disturbance rejection capability are quantified via experimental evaluation.
FPGA-based Real-time Optical Flow Algorithm Design and Implementation (2007)

Optical flow algorithms are difficult to apply to robotic vision applications in practice because of their extremely high computational and frame rate requirements. In most cases, traditional general purpose processors and sequentially executed software cannot compute optical flow in real time. In this paper, a tensor-based optical flow algorithm is developed and implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. The resulting algorithm is significantly more accurate than previously published FPGA results and was specifically developed to be implemented using a pipelined hardware structure. The design can process 640 × 480 images at 64 fps, which is fast enough for most real-time robot navigation applications. This design has low resource requirements, making it easier to fit into small embedded systems. Error analysis on a synthetic image sequence is given to show its effectiveness. The algorithm is also tested on a real image sequence to show its robustness and limitations. The resulting limitations are analyzed and an improved scheme is then proposed. It is then shown that the performance of the design could be substantially improved with sufficient hardware resources.
Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air (1988)

Determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air is a complex task, primarily because of the wide variety of compounds of interest and the lack of standardized sampling and analysis procedures. This compendium of methods was prepared to provide current, peer-reviewed procedures in a standardized, written format for measuring toxic organic pollutants of primary importance in ambient air. The various methods provide both sampling and analytical procedures for a variety of pollutants, including pesticides, PCBs, formaldehyde and other aldehydes, phosgene, n-nitrosodimethylamine, cresol/phenol, dioxin, non-speciated non-methane organic compounds, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and various other volatile nonpolar organic compounds. The compendium is a consolidation and republishing of Methods T01-105 from the original Compendium (EPA 600/4-84-041), Methods T06-T09 from the First Supplement (EPA-600/4-87-006), and T010-T014 from the Second Supplement (EPA-600/4-89/018).
Automatic Identification of Narrative Diegesis and Point of View (2016)

The style of narrative news affects how it is interpreted and received by readers. Two key stylistic characteristics of narrative text are point of view and diegesis: respectively, whether the narrative recounts events personally or impersonally, and whether the narrator is involved in the events of the story. Although central to the interpretation and reception of news, and of narratives more generally, there has been no prior work on automatically identifying these two characteristics in text. We develop automatic classifiers for point of view and diegesis, and compare the performance of different feature sets for both. We built a goldstandard corpus where we double-annotated to substantial agreement ( > 0.59) 270 English novels for point of view and diegesis. As might be expected, personal pronouns comprise the best features for point of view classification, achieving an average F 1 of 0.928. For diegesis, the best features were personal pronouns and the occurrences of first person pronouns in the argument of verbs, achieving an average F 1 of 0.898. We apply the classifier to nearly 40,000 news texts across five different corpora comprising multiple genres (including newswire, opinion, blog posts, and scientific press releases), and show that the point of view and diegesis correlates largely as expected with the nominal genre of the texts. We release the training data and the classifier for use by the community.
The legitimate scientific name of the valuable medicinal mushroom "Niu-Chang- Chih" known only from Taiwan (2012)

"Niu-Chang-Chih" is a valuable medicinal mushroom known only from Taiwan. It has long been used in folk medicine as an antidote for alcohol and drug intoxication, as an anticancer agent in liver cancer and in the treatment of diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension and skin itching. The pharmacological activities and the chemical constituents of crude extract of "Niu-Chang-Chih" are quite different from those reported for 'Linzhi" (Ganoderma lucidum ). Thus, a legitimate scientific name for the mushroom is essential for health, trade, conservation, property rights protection, and data retrieval systems. The esirability for use of a legitimate name is not only evident, but such use is becoming increasingly urgent with wider recognition of the important role the mushroom plays in bioindustry and biotechnology. There are four scientific names related to the mushroom "Niu-Chang-Chih" in the commercial and scientific literature: Ganoderma camphoratum Zang et Su, 1990; Antrodia cinnamomea Chang et Chou, 1995; Antrodia camphorata (Zang et Su) Wu et al., 1997; and Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Zang et Su) Wu et al., 2004. In order to determine the legitimate name from those cited for the mushroom, the nomenclatural standing with regard to legitimacy of each name is critically reviewed in accordance with particular rules of the international Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, the Melbourne Code of 2011). Clearly they all are effectively and validly published names. However, the name G. camphoratum is legitimate for a "Linzhi" mushroom, but illegitimate for the "Niu-Chang-Chih" mushroom because it is based on a mixed nomenclatural type (HKAS 22294) with two taxonomically discordant elements. The echinulate Ganoderma spore element of the mixed holotype HKAS 22294 was later separated and designated as lectotype of G. camphoratum by Chang and Chou in 2004. In addition, the new combinations A. camphorata (1997) and T. camphoratus (2004) were superfluous names for A. cinnamomea (1995) when published and must be rejected because the name A. cinnamomea was readily available. Each mushroom can bear only one legitimate name and any name that is contrary to rules of the ICN must be rejected unless conserved or sanctioned by the International Botanical Congress. Consequently, A. cinnamomea is the only "legitimate" name now available for the mushroom "Niu- Chang-Chih" with the holotype TFRI 119. It is thus incorrect (wrong) to cite these illegitimate names A. camphorata and T. camphoratus as taxonomic synonyms of the legitimate name A. cinnamomea. Unfortunately, these illegitimate names A. camphorata and T. camphoratum are still frequently cited in the literature, including the patent literature, for "Niu-Chang-Chih"."
Improved Plasmalogen Synthesis Using Organobarium Intermediates (2007)

An improved synthesis of plasmalogen type lipids is described. Transmetalation of lithioalkoxy allyl intermediates with BaI(2) and subsequent alkylation with 1-iodoalkanes enables the stereoselective formation of O-(Z)-alkenyl ether as precursors for the synthesis of plasmenyl- and bisplasmenylcholines. This method provides a simple and adaptable approach for the stereocontrolled synthesis of plasmenyl derivatives with variations at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone.
Telephony Applications Using Microsoft Speech Server (2006)

Many people call support hotlines every day as they need assistance with products provided by companies or they just want to check their account balance. The calls like this quite often placed in a queue for a long time before it is answered. It frustrates both the users and the company. In many cases this kind of calls should be automatically answered and support staff\nis only required if the call cannot be processed by the system. This helps people to get their information faster and also reduces the significant amount to companies. The waiting times will be much shorter and therefore will be less frustrated. However, the existing telephony technologies are very experience and small to medium companies cannot afford. Microsoft has built its Speech\nServer which can give these companies a chance to create a low cost telephony interface for their existing websites. This project aims to build a simple application which demonstrates what the latest Microsoft Speech Server can offer and how it can interact with the user by converting text to speech and by recognizing the users voice and react to user's input. In this paper, the detail requirements, step-by-step design and implement are addressed and a fully working telephony application is presented.
Construction of Anti-CD20 Single-Chain Antibody-CD28-CD137-TCRζ Recombinant Genetic Modified T Cells and its Treatment Effect on B Cell Lymphoma (2015)

T lymphocytes transfected with anti-CD20-CD28-CD137-TCRζ fusion gene can kill B cell lymphoma, which could provide a new strategy for tumor treatment.
A combined method for automatic microseismic event detection and arrival picking (2014)

Summary A combined method is proposed for automatic detection and time-picking of microseismic events. This method is comprised by a multi-channel semblance coefficient based detector for identifying microseismic events and a new picker for determinating the P and S phase arrival times. The performance of this method is examined and evaluated on both synthetic and real datasets.
Influence of band selection and target estimation error on the performance of the matched filter in hyperspectral imaging (2011)

The matched filter is a widely used detector in hyperspectral detection applications because of its simplicity and its efficiency in practical situations. We propose to estimate its performance with respect to the number of spectral bands. These spectral bands are selected thanks to a genetic algorithm in order to optimize the contrast between the target and the background in the detection plane. Our band selection method can be used to optimize not only the position but also the linewidth of the spectral bands. The optimized contrast always increases with the number of selected bands. However, in practical situations, the target spectral signature has to be estimated from the image. We show that in the presence of estimation error, the maximum number of bands may not always be the best choice in terms of detection performance.
Neuroanatomy of the striated muscular anal continence mechanism (1990)

The striated pelvic floor musculature and the striated muscle of the external and sphincter contribute to anal continence by effecting, respectively, the rectoanal angulation of the bowel and an anal high pressure zone. The muscular anatomy of the pelvic floor is generally understood, but the neuroanatomy remains controversial. The authors dissected three male cadavers and traced the sacral nerves from their entrance into the pelvis through the sacral foramina throughout their branching to their final destinations. Deriving from a common source, the sacral nerves S2 to S4, the neural supply of the levator ani was distinct from that of the external anal sphincter: the levator is supplied by direct branches splitting from the sacral nerves proximal to the sacral plexus and running on the inner surface; the external anal sphincter is supplied by nerve fibres travelling with the pudendal nerve on the levator's undersurface. To document the functional relevance of these anatomic findings, stimulation of the pudendal and sacral nerves was performed at different levels in five patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Stimulation of the pudendal nerve increased the anal pressure, whereas stimulation of S3 increased it only slightly but caused an impressive decrease of the rectoanal angle; when S3 was stimulated after bilateral pudendal block, anal pressure did not change but the decrease in the rectoanal angulation persisted. The changes in anal pressure could be obtained without fatigue at stimulation frequencies of 10 to 20 Hz.