gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>β</i>‐Amyloid Degradation and Alzheimer′s Disease (2006)

Extensive beta-amyloid (A beta) deposits in brain parenchyma in the form of senile plaques and in blood vessels in the form of amyloid angiopathy are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms underlying A beta deposition remain unclear. Major efforts have focused on A beta production, but there is little to suggest that increased production of A beta plays a role in A beta deposition, except for rare familial forms of AD. Thus, other mechanisms must be involved in the accumulation of A beta in AD. Recent data shows that impaired clearance may play an important role in A beta accumulation in the pathogenesis of AD. This review focuses on our current knowledge of A beta-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and the plasmin/uPA/tPA system as they relate to amyloid deposition in AD.
Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid identification of <i>Clostridium botulinum type</i> A strains and detection in food samples (1993)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the detection of Clostridium botulinum type A, a cause of human botulism. A two primer set and an oligonucleotide detection probe were used to specifically detect Cl. botulinum type A neurotoxin gene (BoNT/A). After 40 cycles of amplification, detection of a 798 bp amplified DNA fragment was carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization. This assay was able to detect 12.5 fg of purified target DNA or five bacteria per reaction. The sensitivity in artificially contaminated food samples after an 18 h enrichment step ranges from 10 to 10(3) bacteria per g according to the type of food samples. No cross-reactions were observed with the other Cl. botulinum toxinotypes and other bacteria found routinely in food. This PCR method may provide a suitable and rapid alternative to standard techniques for detection of Cl. botulinum type A in food samples.
High-power radially polarized Yb:YAG thin-disk laser with high efficiency (2011)

Radially polarized beams with an output power of 275 W, M2=2.3 and an efficiency of about 52.5% were generated from an Yb:YAG thin-disk laser. An intra-cavity circular resonant waveguide grating was used as a polarization selective mirror inside the laser cavity. We report on the design and the fabrication using a scanning beam interference lithography system and discuss the calculated and measured performances of the presented polarizing grating mirrors.
A case study of a presence based end-user lookup service for the dynamic discovery of entities across technologies and domains (2010)

End-users may wish to interact with entities (e.g., groups of persons or physical objects) that need to be discovered dynamically. The entities may even reside in domains where different technologies are used. This article presents a case study on the design and implementation of a novel lookup service for the dynamic discovery of entities across technologies and domains. This novel service allows end users to dynamically discover entities that meet specific constraints (e.g., interests or abilities, availability at a specific time or location, and/or affiliation(s)). It is a powerful enabler that may be used as a pillar for a wide range of other end-user services. The proposed architecture relies on presence service and RESTful Web services. The related security aspects are studied. A proof-of-concept prototype is built and its performance is evaluated.
CONSTRUCTION OF A COLLABORATIVE VALUE CHAIN IN CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT (2014)

In order to solve the problem of matching the demand and service resources in cloud computing environment, the paper puts forward the concept of a collaborative value chain and analyses the collaborative task units and service resource elements. After that, the paper constructs a model of collaborative value chain and describes in detail the process and methods of matching the collaborative value chain tasks and service resources. Based on this model, the paper finally constructs a collaborative manufacturing cloud platform framework for shipbuilding industry and classifies the tasks units and service resources in different stages and describes them respectively.
Charlson Comorbidity Index can add prognostic information to Rapid Emergency Medicine Score as a predictor of long-term mortality (2005)

Information on coexisting disorders (Charlson Comorbidity Index) can prognosticate both short-term and long-term mortality in the nonsurgical emergency department. It can also add prognostic information to the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score as a predictor of long-term mortality.
Respiratory and upper airways impedance responses to methacholine inhalation in spontaneously breathing cats (2000)

The upper airways may contribute to the increase in respiratory resistance induced by methacholine (Mch). The aim of this study was to simultaneously assess the Mch response of upper airways and lower respiratory resistances (Rua, Rrs,lo) and reactances (Xua, Xrs,lo), and to test whether the change of total respiratory resistance and reactance after Mch were affected by upper airways mechanisms. Seven cats breathing spontaneously were studied under chloralose, urethane anaesthesia. Forced oscillations were generated at 20 Hz by a loud-speaker connected to the pharyngeal cavity. A pneumotachograph was placed between rostral and caudal extremities of the severed cervical trachea. Pressure drops were measured across the upper airways and across the lower respiratory system. Rua, Xua, Rrs,lo and Xrs,lo were obtained after nebulized normal saline and Mch administered directly through the tracheostomy. The analysis focused on Mch tests showing clear positive upper airways response. Volume and flow dependence of Rrs,lo and Rua were assessed during tidal inspiration using multiple linear regression analysis. After Mch, Rrs,lo increased and became negatively volume dependent, while the increase in Rua was associated with no significant change in volume dependence; Xrs,lo became negative while Xua did not change. The upper airways response to methacholine may thus contribute to the increase in total respiratory resistance but may not account for either its negative volume dependence or the decrease in total resistance. It is surmised that these features more specifically reflect alterations in respiratory mechanics occurring at the level of the intrathoracic airways.
Navigating the human transcriptome (2001)

Understanding the biological basis of social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most disabling of the anxiety disorders, will allow for novel treatment strategies to be developed. Here, we show that gut microbiota may be such a target. Mice ...Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a crippling psychiatric disorder characterized by intense fear or anxiety in social situations and their avoidance. However, the underlying biology of SAD is unclear and better treatments are needed. Recently, the gut ...
Sound Lab: A Real-Time, Software-Based System for the Study of Spatial Hearing (2000)

This paper describes Sound Lab (SLAB): a software-based, real-time virtual audio rendering system designed to work in the personal computer environment using a standard signal-processing library. SLAB is being developed as a tool for the study of spatial hearing. The system takes advantage of the low-cost PC platform while providing a flexible, maintainable, and extensible architecture to enable the quick development of experiments. The current capabilities and dynamic behavior of the SLAB system are described from the point of view of the psychoacoustician user.
CW Optical Power from (Al·Ga)As Double Heterostructure Lasers (1976)

CW optical output power was investigated in (Al·Ga)As double heterostructure lasers. An analysis on CW optical power is presented, and parameters related to device characteristics and heat-sinking are analyzed in order to obtain laser operation with high CW optical power. 20–30 mW CW optical power was obtained routinely from each mirror of lasers with a 15 µm wide stripe and a 250 µm long cavity at a typical operating current of 200 mA. Lasers with a Si heat sink can deliver comparably high CW optical power under proper choice of design parameters. Several lasers delivered 85 mW in CW with a Si heat sink from each mirror at 310 mA, before the catastrophic optical mirror damage occurred. Conditions for long life operation are also discussed.
Glyoxalase activities in human tumour cell lines in vitro. (1993)

The activities of glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) were measured in 3 human non-malignant and 28 tumour cell lines. The activity of glyoxalase I was in the range 321-8751 mUnits/mg of protein. The glyoxalase I/glyoxalase II activity ratio was in the range 7-147; glyoxalase I activity was always markedly greater than glyoxalase activity. There was no significant difference between glyoxalase activities in non-malignant and tumour cell lines. The activity of glyoxalase I was within and above the range found in normal human tissues and the activity of glyoxalase II was within the range and below that found in normal human tissues.
Emerging targets in cancer management: role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis (2013)

The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its cell surface receptor CXCR4 were first identified as regulators of lymphocyte trafficking to the bone marrow. Soon after, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis was proposed to regulate the trafficking of breast cancer cells to sites of metastasis. More recently, it was established that CXCR4 plays a central role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and dissemination in the majority of malignant diseases. The stem cell concept of cancer has revolutionized the understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A growing body of evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells, referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), plays a critical role in tumor initiation, metastatic colonization, and resistance to therapy. Although the signals generated by the metastatic niche that regulate CSCs are not yet fully understood, accumulating evidence suggests a key role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. In this review we focus on physiological functions of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway and its role in cancer and CSCs, and we discuss the potential for targeting this pathway in cancer management.
Electromagnetic Absorption by Metamaterial Grating System (2008)

Total absorption of electromagnetic waves is demonstrated in a system composed of zero-order metamaterial grating and rearward metamaterial wall. The grating and the wall are separated by an air gap. Two mechanisms are shown to account for this absorption. The flrst one is due to the existence of standing waves in both the grooves of the grating and the air gap. These standing waves trap the electromagnetic waves and induce an oscillating surface charge density on the grating surface. The second one is due to surface plasmons at the interface between the air gap and metamaterial wall, the width of the air gap is a key parameter for the total absorption.
Transcription termination at the trp operon attenuators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: RNA secondary structure and regulation of termination. (1977)

Transcription termination at the attenuators of the trp operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium was studied in vitro using DNA restriction fragments as templates. Readthrough transcription beyond the terminators occurred with 5 and 30% efficiency, respectively, in E. coli and S. typhimurium. This difference is correlated with the stability of proposed secondary structures of the respective trp leader transcripts. Secondary structure analyses of the two leader transcripts revealed a well-conserved pattern of RNA base paring. This and the possibility that trp leader RNA is translated suggest a model for regulation of transcription termination that is based on ribosome movement along the RNA and a shift between alternative RNA base-pairing configuration.
Mechanism of inactivation of hepatitis B surface antigen by N alpha-cocoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (1981)

The mechanism of N alpha-cocoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (CAE) in the inactivation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated. The CAE increased the density of HBsAg, and particles of the antigen were destroyed in amorphous clusters, suggesting that CAE influences the lipid components of HBsAg. The lipid components such as cholesterol and phospholipid were mostly removed from the antigen by the treatment with CAE. N alpha-Lauroyl-L-[U-14C] arginine ethyl ester (LAE), a principal component of CAE, became tightly bound to HBsAg in place of the lipid components. The binding amounts of LAE in the HBsAg-LAE complex reached 3.04 +/- 0.44 microgram/mg of protein. The formation of the complex was not influenced by the presence of CAE-related compounds such as L-arginine, L-arginine ethyl ester, and N alpha-cocoyl-L-arginine. Treatment with mercaptoethanolurea, guanidine hydrochloride, and some detergents failed to resolve appreciably the labeled LAE from the labeled complex. All attempts to reactivate the CAE-treated HBsAg and to restore it morphologically from the denatured aggregates were unsuccessful. These results indicate that CAE tightly binds to HBsAg, followed by formation of stable aggregates of the denatured HBsAg-CAE complex.
Effect of colorspace transformation,the illuminance component,and color modeling on skin detection (2004)

Skin detection is an important preliminary process in human motion analysis. It is commonly performed in three steps: transforming the pixel color to a non-RGB colorspace, dropping the illuminance component of skin color, and classifying by modeling the skin color distribution. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of these three steps on the skin detection performance. The importance of this study is a new comprehensive colorspace and color modeling testing methodology that would allow for making the best choices for skin detection. Combinations of nine colorspaces, the presence of the absence of the illuminance component, and the two color modeling approaches are compared. The performance is measured by using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve on a large dataset of 805 images with manual ground truth. The results reveal that (1) colorspace transformations can improve performance in certain instances, (2) the absence of the illuminance component decreases performance, and (3) skin color modeling has a greater impact than colorspace transformation. We found that the best performance was obtained by transforming the pixel color to the SCT or HSI colorspaces, keeping the illuminance component, and modeling the color with the histogram approach.
Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of Nucleoside Arylsulfonates to yield <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>‐Aryl‐2,6‐Diaminopurine Nucleosides (2004)

Substituents on both the nucleoside arylsulfonate as well as the aryl amine component have a significant impact on their coupling to form 2,6-diaminopurine-2′-deoxyribonucleosides (see scheme). A systematic study of ligands for the Pd catalysts in amination and CC cross-coupling reactions gives insight into the structural elements that lead to effective catalysis.
FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS OF MAMMOGRAMS (1994)

A framework for computer-aided analysis of mammograms is described. General computer vision algorithms are combined with application specific procedures in a hierarchical fashion. The system is under development and is currently limited to detection of a few types of suspicious areas. The image features are extracted by using feature extraction methods where wavelet techniques are utilized. A low-pass pyramid representation of the image is convolved with a number of quadrature filters. The filter outputs are combined according to simple local Fourier domain models into parameters describing the local neighborhood with respect to the model. This produces estimates for each pixel describing local size, orientation, Fourier phase, and shape with confidence measures associated to each parameter. Tentative object descriptions are then extracted from the pixel-based features by application-specific procedures with knowledge of relevant structures in mammograms. The orientation, relative brightness and shape of the object are obtained by selection of the pixel feature estimates which best describe the object. The list of object descriptions is examined by procedures, where each procedure corresponds to a specific type of suspicious area, e.g. clusters of microcalcifications.
Data-driven linguistic modeling using relational fuzzy rules (2003)

This paper presents a new approach to fuzzy rule-based modeling of nonlinear systems from numerical data. The novelty of the approach lies in the way of input partitioning and in the syntax of the rules. This paper introduces interpretable relational antecedents that incorporate local linear interactions between the input variables into the inference process. This modification improves the approximation quality and allows for limiting the number of rules. Additionally, the resulting linguistic description better captures the system characteristics by exposing the interactions between the input variables.
Calculated absorption, emission, and gain in In0.72Ga0.28As0.6P0.4 (1980)

The absorption, emission, and gain spectra of In0.72Ga0.28As0.6P0.4 (λg =1.3 μm), which lattice matches InP, is calculated using a Gaussian fit to Halperin-Lax band tails and Stern’s matrix element. The calculation is done both for p- and n-type material at various impurity concentrations. The spectral width of emission increases both with increasing doping and impurity concentration. All results are for 297 K. The gain-versus-excitation rate is given by the equation g (cm−1)=0.057 (Jnom −2400), where Jnom is the nominal current density in the active layer expressed in A/cm2 μm. Also, the photon energy at maximum gain increases with increasing excitation rate.
Timing-driven placement for general cell layout (2002)

A hierarchical technique is presented for the timing-driven placement of the general cells. It is assumed that maximum interconnection delays for nets are given. These timing constraints are transformed to net length constraints using technology-and process-dependent parameters, circuit-specific data such as input capacitance and output drivability, and the structural description, of the circuit. The problem is divided into a bottom-up clustering phase and a top-down enumerative placement phase. Both the natural connectivities and the net length constraints are considered during the bottom-up phase in order to generate a hierarchical cluster tree. During the top-down placement phase, they place each node of the cluster tree so that the layout area and total interconnection length are minimized while satisfying the net length constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
3D image segmentation implementation on FPGA using the EM/MPM algorithm (2010)

In this paper, 3D image segmentation is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware. Segmentation is performed using the EM/MPM Bayesian algorithm. This algorithm segments 3D images using neighboring pixels in a Markov Random Field (MRF) clique. We have implemented this iterative algorithm in Xilinx FPGA, and have achieved greater than 100 times improvement over standard desktop computing hardware. Key to achieving this speed are: a pipelined, parallel data path structure and a novel memory interface for solving the external memory bandwidth problem.
Presenilin-mediated transmembrane cleavage is required for Notch signal transduction in <i>Drosophila</i> (2000)

The cleavage model for signal transduction by receptors of the LIN-12/Notch family posits that ligand binding leads to cleavage within the transmembrane domain, so that the intracellular domain is released to translocate to the nucleus and activate target gene expression. The familial Alzheimer's disease-associated protein Presenilin is required for LIN-12/Notch signaling, and several lines of evidence suggest that Presenilin mediates the transmembrane cleavage event that releases the LIN-12/Notch intracellular domain. However, doubt was cast on this possibility by a report that Presenilin is not required for the transducing activity of N(ECN), a constitutively active transmembrane form of Notch, in Drosophila. Here, we have reassessed this finding and show instead that Presenilin is required for activity of N(ECN) for all cell fate decisions examined. Our results indicate that transmembrane cleavage and signal transduction are strictly correlated, supporting the cleavage model for signal transduction by LIN-12/Notch and a role for Presenilin in mediating the ligand-induced transmembrane cleavage.
Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers: modeling the influence of structural parameters on device performance (2005)

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs), a potential alternative for conventional one-dimensional phased array ultrasonic transducers, were investigated. We used a modeling approach to study the performance of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-driven pMUTs for the frequency range of 2-10 MHz, optimized for maximum coupling coefficient, as a function of device design. Using original tools designed for the purpose, a comprehensive build-test finite element model was developed to predict and measure the device performance. In particular, the model estimates the device coupling coefficient and the acoustic impedance, besides the readily extractable resonance frequency and bandwidth. To validate the model, a prototype device was built and tested, showing good agreement between the model predictions and experimental results. Modeling results indicate that the coupling coefficient is significantly affected by silicon membrane, PZT, and top electrode thickness as well as the top electrode design. Results also indicate considerable flexibility in maximizing the coupling coefficient while maintaining the device acoustic impedance at a level matching that of the human body. The bandwidth proved to be superior to that of conventional transducers, reaching 102% in some cases.
Micro-Raman characterization of crystallinity of laser-recrystallized silicon films on SiO2 insulators (1999)

The crystallinity of laser-recrystallized Si films on insulators (SOI films) was characterized by micro-Raman imaging. A small-angle bevel made by angle lapping of the SOI film was used to probe the structure at different depths. The Raman signals that varied with the position along the tilt show that interference of both the incident and scattered light induced in the angle-lapped specimens results in periodic enhancements in the intensity as a function of film thickness. An analysis of the fringe patterns in the Raman images provides us with depth profiles of strain and structural disorders with a high depth resolution on a scale of a few tens of nanometers. When moving away from the interface between the silicon film and the insulator, the peak frequency of the polycrystalline silicon band shifts to the lower frequency side and the band width becomes smaller. The depth profile of the Raman feature shows that the defect density is high in the region near the interface of Si and SiO2, and that the stress increases toward the top surface of the silicon film. Moreover, a partial relaxation of the stress occurs near the interface region due to the generation of a high density of defects.