gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deformable MEMS grating for wide tunability and high operating speed (2006)

Diffractive MEMS are interesting for a wide range of applications, including displays, scanners or switching elements. Their advantages are compactness, potentially high actuation speed and in the ability to deflect light at large angles. We have designed and fabricated deformable diffractive MEMS grating to be used as tuning elements for external cavity lasers. The resulting device is compact, has wide tunability and a high operating speed. The initial design is a planar grating where the beams are free-standing and attached to each other using leaf springs. Actuation is achieved through two electrostatic comb drives at either end of the grating. To prevent deformation of the free-standing grating, the device is 10 μm thick made from a Silicon on Insulator (SOI) wafer in a single mask process. At 100V a periodicity tuning of 3% has been measured. The first resonant mode of the grating is measured at 13.8 kHz, allowing high speed actuation. This combination of wide tunability and high operating speed represents state of the art in the domain of tunable MEMS filters. In order to improve diffraction efficiency and to expand the usable wavelength range, a blazed version of the deformable MEMS grating has been designed. A key issue is maintaining the mechanical properties of the original device while providing optically smooth blazed beams. Using a process based on anisotropic KOH etching, blazed gratings have been obtained and preliminary characterization is promising.
Detection of tyrosinase mRNA in melanoma by reverse transcription-PCR and electrochemiluminescence. (1998)

Increased sensitivity and improved quantitation of analytical tests used in biotechnology and clinical chemistry are goals of many laboratories. We have used tyrosinase primers to specifically amplify by RT-PCR the tyrosinase mRNA expressed by the M12 melanoma cell line in a background of mRNA from breast cancer cells. An electrochemiluminescence detection procedure was used as a readout system for this study. Biotinylated post-PCR cDNA samples were hybridized to a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (TBR) chelate-labeled oligonucleotide probe, and the hybrid was subsequently captured by streptavidin-coated Dynabeads. When either the QPCR System 5000 or the Origen 1 Analyzer System were used, the luminescence emitted by the TBR-chelate of the captured specific post-PCR product was assessed. Tyrosinase-specific mRNA isolated from approximately 1-10 melanoma cells in a background of 10(7) cells could be detected. We improved the sensitivity and logistics of the assay through the use of rTth for reverse transcription and amplification. Tyrosinase mRNA was detected in blood from 7 of 16 melanoma patients, whereas none of the 5 healthy donor bloods were positive (P = 0.01; Wilcoxon test).
Broadcast Control Strategies for mmWave Massive MIMO Leveraging Orthogonal Basis Functions (2015)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies are being considered for future generation cellular systems because of the large amount of available spectrum in those bands (e.g., 10 GHz in the E-band alone). Additionally large scale antenna arrays with high gain adaptive beamforming are viewed as critical for overcoming the poor path loss conditions in the mmWave bands. User-specific beamforming can solve the coverage problem for user-specific data and control traffic, but the coverage problem for transmitting broadcast control information must also be solved. This paper explores the problem of enhancing the performance of a broadcast control channel, where control information must be transmitted to the entire sector in a non-user specific or multicast fashion. We propose a technique for transmitting broadcast control information in a mmWave system with RF beamforming that offers improved performance and several key advantages over a grid-of-beams type of approach where control information is simply repeated in time across successive narrow RF beams.
Blockade of PD‐L1 (B7‐H1) augments human tumor‐specific T cell responses <i>in vitro</i> (2006)

Human tumors frequently escape immune destruction, despite the presence of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognizing tumor-associated antigens (TAA). We have previously shown that programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), a recently identified ligand of the B7 superfamily, is expressed on murine tumors and can inhibit antitumor immune responses. To evaluate the clinical relevance of our animal model findings, we examined human tumors and tumor-specific T cells. We found PD-L1 to be constitutively expressed on human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines and upregulated on human melanoma cell lines upon exposure to interferon-gamma. Similarly, we found binding of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on frozen sections from RCC and melanomas, but not on normal tissues. The corresponding inhibitory receptor of PD-L1, PD-1, revealed a higher expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes than on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from melanoma patients upon specific antigen stimulation. Stimulation of PBL from healthy donors with peptide-loaded dendritic cells in the presence of anti-PD-L1 mAb altered neither the total T cell numbers after expansion, nor the percentage of peptide-specific CTL, when providing a T cell help by addition of cytokines. However, when stimulating TAA-specific CTL and T helper cells with Ag-pulsed dendritic cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines, PD-L1 blockade increased the cytokine production. Similar to the data achieved in the murine system, the blockade of PD-L1 on human tumors resulted in enhanced cytolytic activity of TAA-specific CTLs and cytokine production of TAA-specific T helper cells when interacting directly with the tumor. In summary, our data suggest that PD-L1/PD-1 interactions negatively regulate T cell effector functions predominantly in the absence of exogenous cytokine support, indicating an important role for this pathway in tumor evasion.
Development of Commercial Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Accelerates Hybrid Rice Breeding Using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TMS5 Editing System (2016)

Hybrid rice breeding offers an important strategy to improve rice production, in which the cultivation of a male sterile line is the key to the success of cross-breeding. CRISPR/Cas9 systems have been widely used in target-site genome editing, whereas their application for crop genetic improvement has been rarely reported. Here, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we induced specific mutations in TMS5, which is the most widely applied thermo-sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) gene in China, and developed new "transgene clean" TGMS lines. We designed 10 target sites in the coding region of TMS5 for targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and assessed the potential rates of on- and off-target effects. Finally, we established the most efficient construct, the TMS5ab construct, for breeding potentially applicable "transgene clean" TGMS lines. We also discussed factors that affect the editing efficiency according to the characteristics of different target sequences. Notably, using the TMS5ab construct, we developed 11 new "transgene clean" TGMS lines with potential applications in hybrid breeding within only one year in both rice subspecies. The application of our system not only significantly accelerates the breeding of sterile lines but also facilitates the exploitation of heterosis.
Performance Bond (2014)

In the highway industry, one of the main methods to prequalify a contractor is to determine if a performance bond can be secured from a commercial surety. The current performance bonding system does not differentiate between high-performing and marginal contractors. Two companies with the same level of financial assets have the same capability to furnish performance bonds. This paper details an analysis of the benefits and costs of performance bonds and reports the results of a study that used case studies in five state departments of transportation (DOTs): Iowa, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. Structured interviews were also conducted with members of the construction contracting sector and the surety industry. The results showed that although average default rates were less than 1.0% and a performance bond added an average of 1.5% to the cost of every construction project, DOTs and contractors were reluctant to eliminate performance bonds from the industry. There lies a paradox: construction project owners are willing to pay an additional 1.5% to protect themselves from an event that occurs less that 1.0% of the time.
Computational geometry of heart surfaces (2003)

A method for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the ventricular epicardial surface and its motion by biplane coronary angiography is illustrated and discussed. An estimate of the epicardial surface is obtained by minimizing a smoothness functional over the set of all the surfaces satisfying the input-data constraints. A specific smoothness function is described. A similar approach is applied to estimate the epicardial displacement field. In this way a more complete use of available motion data as well as a full utilization of kinematic descriptors of heart motion is made possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two cases of ectopic mediastinal parathyroid tumor (2006)

縦隔内副甲状腺腫瘍の手術ではその局在の確認に難渋することがしばしば経験される.今回, 我々は術中メチレンブルー染色を用いることにより, 胸腔鏡下に縦隔内異所性あるいは転移性副甲状腺腫瘍の摘出が容易であった2症例を経験したので報告する.症例1は47歳女性で, 2002年1月に胸腺内異所性副甲状腺腺腫に対して右胸腔鏡下手術を行い周囲の胸腺組織を含めて腫瘤を摘出した.症例2は55歳男性で, 2001年5月に副甲状腺癌の左縦隔リンパ節転移, 左肺転移に対し胸腔鏡下に縦隔リンパ節郭清・左肺上葉部分切除を行った.2症例共に腫瘍は青色に濃染しており, 術中腫瘍の局在診断にメチレンブルー染色は有用であった.従来, 縦隔内副甲状腺腫瘍に対して胸骨縦切開あるいは開胸下に手術が行われてきたが, メチレンブルー染色を併用することで術中局在診断が容易となり, より低侵襲な胸腔鏡下手術でも確実な手術が期待できると考えられる.
Pharmaceutically Used Plasticizers (2012)

The extensive use of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications including particularly packaging, medical devices, drug carriers and coatings has caused a substantial demand for the proper plasticizers. Although there are many plasticizers used in the chemical industry, only a few of them have been approved for pharmaceutical applications. The natural-based plasticizers characterized by low toxicity and low migration are required nowadays not only for pharmaceutical and medical applications. In this respect, most of traditional plasticizers are not applicable in this area.
Hyaluronan: the absence of amide–carboxylate hydrogen bonds and the chain conformation in aqueous solution are incompatible with stable secondary and tertiary structure models (2006)

Contradictory descriptions for the aqueous solution conformation of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) exist in the literature. According to hydrodynamic and simulation data, HA molecules are stiffened by a rapidly interchanging network of transient hydrogen bonds at the local level and do not significantly associate at the global level. In marked contrast, models derived from NMR data suggest that the secondary structure involves persistent hydrogen bonds and that strong associations between chains can occur to form vast stable tertiary structures. These models require an extended 2-fold helical conformation of the HA chain and specific hydrogen bonds between amide and carboxylate groups. To test these descriptions, we have used 15N-labelled oligosaccharides and high-field NMR to measure pertinent properties of the acetamido group. The amide proton chemical shift perturbation and carboxylate group pK(a) value are inconsistent with a highly populated hydrogen bond between the amide and carboxylate groups. Amide proton temperature coefficients and chemical exchange rates confirm this conclusion. Comparison of oligomer properties with polymeric HA indicates that there is no discernible difference in amide proton environment between the centre of octasaccharides and the polymer, inconsistent with the formation of tertiary structures. A [1H-1H-15N] NOESY-HSQC (heteronuclear single-quantum correlation) spectrum recorded on an HA octasaccharide revealed that amide groups in the centre are in a trans orientation and that the average solution conformation is not an extended 2-fold helix. Therefore the two key aspects of the secondary and tertiary structure models are unlikely to be correct. Rather, these new NMR data agree with descriptions from hydrodynamic and simulations data.
Pre-bunched beam devices&amp;#8212;Efficient sources of UHF and microwave power (1985)

Forming bunches of electrons corresponding to an input rf drive signal is basic to all microwave devices. How the bunch is formed has been the subject of decades of development. TWT's, klystrons, cross-field devices, and gyrotrons are examples of devices which form discrete packets of charge by allowing electrons to catch up with one another while drifting under the influence of dc and rf accelerating fields. Triodes and tetrodes are examples of devices where the beam is turned off and on at the cathode surface, thus forming discrete bunches which can then interact with rf output circuitry. Photo emissive devices can also form packets of electrons by modulating the impinging light. These last two methods are now being given a fresh look by members of the microwave community in the light of new emerging technologies.
Artificial-Synthesized Edge-Coupled Transmission Lines for Compact CMOS Directional Coupler Designs (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents artificial-synthesized edge- coupled transmission lines (TLs) based on complementary metal– oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The artificial coupled- line (CL), the so-called the complementary-conducting-strip coupled line (CCS CL), consists of the unit cell and is meandered in the 2-D plane. The unit cell, whose dimensions are much smaller than the guiding wavelength at the operating frequency, provides five structural parameters for CL syntheses. The synthesized CLs, which are fully characterized by using theoretical and experimental procedures, reveal the following unique guiding properties. First, the coupling coefficient (<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$K$</tex> </formula>) can be 7.7% higher than that of the meandered conventional edged-coupled TLs. Second, the even- and odd-mode propagation constants can be synthesized as identical at the same time. Two backward-wave directional couplers for achieving the tight coupling and high directivity are designed by incorporating artificial CCS CL. Two prototypes are fabricated by the standard 0.18-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m CMOS technology, occupying the chip areas of 120.0 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu {\hbox {m}}\,\, \times\,$</tex></formula> 240.0 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula>m. The measured results show that the isolation is higher than 25.0 dB from 10.0 to 40.0 GHz with a coupling of 14.4 dB. On the tight coupler design, the through and coupling are 4.65 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \pm$</tex></formula>0.15 dB from 30.0 to 40.0 GHz with an amplitude imbalance of less than 0.3 dB. </para>
Interleukin-21 Gene Transfection Into Mouse Bladder Cancer Cells Results in Tumor Rejection Through the Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response (2006)

Interleukin-21 production in situ elicits antitumor activity through the activation of CD8+ T cells in vivo.
Antagonism between Nur77 and Glucocorticoid Receptor for Control of Transcription (1997)

Two important functions of glucocorticoids (Gc), namely, suppression of immune system function and feedback repression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, are mediated through repression of gene transcription. Previous studies have indicated that this repression is exerted in part through antagonism between the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and the AP-1 family of transcription factors. However, this mechanism could not account for repression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene, an important regulator of the HPA axis. Our recent identification of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 as a mediator of CRH induction of POMC transcription led us, in the present work, to show that Gc antagonize this positive signal at two levels. First, Gc partly blunt the CRH induction of Nur77 mRNA, and second, they antagonize Nur77-dependent transcription. GR repression is exerted by antagonism of Nur77 action on the NurRE element of the POMC gene. Gc antagonism of NurRE activity was observed in response to physiological stimuli in both endocrine (CRH induction of POMC) and lymphoid (T-cell receptor activation) cells. In transfection experiments, transcriptional activation by Nur77 and the repressor activity of liganded GR titrated each other on their cognate DNA target. In vitro binding experiments as well as mutation analysis of GR suggest that the mechanism of GR antagonism of Nur77 is very similar to that of the antagonism between GR and AP-1. The convergence of positive signals mediated by Nur77 (and also probably by related family members) and negative signals exerted by GR appears to be a general mechanism for control of transcription, since it is active in both endocrine and lymphoid cells.
Enterprise Application Integration and Active Data Warehousing (2002)

There was a time that data warehouse implementations were relatively isolated within the IT infrastructure of an organization. Data extract programs snuck out in the middle of the night or over a weekend to steal away with data from the opera­tional systems and load it into the informational repository (data warehouse). A select group of knowledge workers (usually in marketing, finance, strategic plan­ning, etc.) had access to this information for reporting and analysis, but the re­quirements for connectivity to large numbers of users outside the corporate ivory tower and interoperability with production systems were minimal With the expanded scope of successful data warehouses to encompass tactical decision making in addition to traditional decision support applications (cf. Brobst, Rarey 2001), the need for better integration into the mainstream of IT infrastructure has become essential. As a result, Enterprise Application Integra­tion (EAI) has emerged as a critical component in the architecture of advanced data warehouse implementations. When properly deployed, EAI provides a vehi­cle for transitioning from back office decision making to tactical decision support on the front-lines to impact execution of the enterprise strategy. EAI plays a parti­cularly important role when implementing the extreme data freshness service levels required for Active Data Warehousing
Chemical design of antagonists of substance P (1981)

Since the elucidation of the structure of substance P (Arg ‐ Pro ‐ Lys ‐ Pro ‐ Gin ‐ Gin ‐ Phe ‐ Phe ‐ Gly ‐ Leu ‐Met ‐ NH 2 ) by Chang, Leeman & Niall (1971), many SP‐analogs have been described and have provided important information about the sequence‐activity relationships of SP. These studies have revealed the importance of chain length and of Phe 7 , Leu 10 and Met 11 for SP smooth muscle activity (Bergmann et al. 1974, Rosell et al. 1977). Thus, the smooth muscle stimulating activity is confined to the hexa‐peptide sequence at the C‐terminal. The (IIe 7 )‐SP analog showed little or no smooth muscle stimulating activity (Leban et al. 1979). Yamaguchi et al. (1979) synthesized (D‐Phe 7 )‐SP which was found to be a weak partial agonist on the guinea‐pig ileum. Likewise, (D‐Pro 2 )‐SP and (D‐Leu 8 , D‐Phe 9 )‐SP exerted some SP‐antagonism. A series of newly designed SP‐analogs has been tested for possible SP‐antagonism. We have found that (D‐Pro 2 , D‐Phe 7 , D‐Trp 9 )‐SP is an inhibitor of SP both on isolated organs and in vivo.
Plasma separation for artificial liver support (1995)

A bioartificial liver (BAL) support system, using plasma separation, has been developed to support acute liver failure patients. This study examined 14 consecutive BAL treatments in nine patients with severe acute liver failure. We report methods to achieve and manage plasma separation for an extended period of time. The mean duration of a BAL treatment was 435 minutes, with 26-59 liters of blood processed. Ionized hypocalcemia resulting in muscle twitching was a side effect of the therapy. Ionized calcium levels decreased significantly (P < .02) after BAL treatment; however, total calcium levels increased (P < .05). No significant changes were noted in heart rate, electrocardiogram [Q-T (Q-Tc) interval], blood pressure, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, hematocrit, platelet count and serum phosphorous, magnesium, glucose, and pH. Plasma fibrinogen levels decreased significantly (P < .002). Ionized hypocalcemia due to the chelating effect of sodium citrate was controlled by calcium chloride administration, adjustment of blood separation rates, and reduction of the blood-to-citrate ratio. This report demonstrates that intensive, large-volume plasma separation for long periods of time can be achieved safely in critically ill patients without serious adverse effects.
“S-shaped” temperature-dependent emission shift and carrier dynamics in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (1998)

We report temperature-dependent time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. We observed anomalous emission behavior, specifically an S-shaped (decrease–increase–decrease) temperature dependence of the peak energy (Ep) for InGaN-related PL with increasing temperature: Ep redshifts in the temperature range of 10–70 K, blueshifts for 70–150 K, and redshifts again for 150–300 K with increasing temperature. In addition, when Ep redshifts, the spectral width is observed to narrow, while when Ep blueshifts, it broadens. From a study of the integrated PL intensity as a function of temperature, it is found that thermionic emission of photocarriers out of local potential minima into higher energy states within the wells is the dominant mechanism leading to the thermal quenching of the InGaN-related PL. We demonstrate that the temperature-induced S-shaped PL shift is caused by a change in the carrier dynamics with increasing temperature due to inhomogeneity and carrier localization in the InGaN/GaN MQWs.
Polyketal Microparticles:  A New Delivery Vehicle for Superoxide Dismutase (2006)

There is currently great interest in developing microparticles that can enhance the delivery of proteins to macrophages. In this communication, we present a new acid-sensitive polymer for drug delivery, poly(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl acetone dimethylene ketal) (PCADK). PCADK is designed to hydrolyze, after phagocytosis by macrophages, in the acidic environment of the phagosome and enhance the intracellular delivery of phagocytosed therapeutics. Other key attributes of PCADK for drug delivery are its well-characterized degradation products and straightforward synthesis. PCADK hydrolyzes into 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, a compound used in food packaging, and acetone, a compound on the FDA GRAS list. PCADK was synthesized using the acetal exchange reaction between 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and could be obtained on a multigram scale in one step. The hydrolysis kinetics of the ketal linkages in PCADK were measured by 1H NMR and were determined to be pH-sensitive, having a half-life of 24.1 days at pH 4.5 and over 4 years at pH 7.4. The therapeutic enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which scavenges reactive oxygen species, was encapsulated into PCADK-based microparticles using a double emulsion procedure. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that PCADK-based microparticles dramatically improved the ability of SOD to scavenge reactive oxygen species produced by macrophages. We anticipate numerous applications of PCADK in drug delivery, based on its acid sensitivity, well-characterized degradation products, and straightforward synthesis.