gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A CMOS 1.8 GHz low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator with prescaler (2002)

The two HF components for a full CMOS 1.8 GHz frequency synthesizing PLL, the VCO and prescaler, are realized. The low-phase-noise oscillator employs bondwires for the high-quality on-chip inductor. A special LC tank design enables an even further reduction of the phase noise. The prescaler uses an enhanced ECL-like CMOS D-flipflop and has a fixed division ratio of 128. The VCO and prescaler are integrated in a standard 0.7 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor in musculoskeletal tumors and mesenchymal tissues: efficacy of adenoviral gene therapy for osteosarcoma (2003)

Recombinant adenovirus is used as a competent vector in a wide spectrum of cancer gene therapies. Adenovirus infection depends on coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-mediated virus attachment to the cell surface. However, the expression levels of CAR and the efficiency of adenoviral gene transduction in musculoskeletal tumors have not been systematically investigated. To study the feasibility of gene therapy in musculoskeletal tumors, the expression levels of CAR and the antiproliferative effect of an adenovirally transduced wild-type p53 tumor suppressor gene were examined in 15 distinct musculoskeletal tumor cell lines, 19 tumor tissue samples, and the corresponding pathologically unremarkable mesenchymal tissues. The expression levels of the CAR gene were significantly higher in six of seven osteosarcoma cell lines and two of five osteosarcoma tissue samples than in the other cell lines, musculoskeletal tumors, and mesenchymal tissues. CAR expression levels were closely correlated with adenoviral gene transduction efficiency and the antiproliferative effect of a transduced adenoviral p53 gene in the tested cell lines. In addition, an immunocytochemical study confirmed that transfected green fluorescent protein (GFP) borne by Ad-CAG-GFP was expressed at the cell surface of CAR-positive cells. These results indicate that CAR expression is a critical determinant of transduction efficiency in adenovirus-based gene therapy. Most osteosarcomas appeared to express high levels of CAR, and thus adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy is likely to be suitable for the treatment of such tumors.
OPTVIEW (1998)

The task of mapping between source programs and machine code, once the code has been optimized and transformed by a compiler is often difficult. Yet there are many instances, such as debugging optimized code or attributing performance analysis data to source lines, whrn it is useful or necessary to understand at the source level what is occurring in the binary. The standard approach has been for tools to attempt to map directly from the optimized binary to the original source. Such mappings are often fragile, and sometimes inaccurate or misleading. We suggest an alternative approach. Rather than mapping directly between the original source and the binary, we create a modified version of the source program, still recognizable, but updated to reflect some of the effects of optimizations, thus facilitating mapping from the binary. We have implemented a tool, Optview, to demonstrate and test these ideas.
On the relationship between negative differential resistance and stability for nonlinear one-ports (2002)

The authors derive a fundamental relationship, for a nonlinear one-port, between the presence of negative differential resistance across the port at a particular DC operating point and the stability of that operating point. In particular, they illustrate that the presence of negative differential resistance does not necessarily imply instability for all possible resistive port terminations but that it does imply instability for either an open-circuit or a short-circuit termination.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A tutorial on chaos in control theory (2005)

The author gives an overview of some applications of chaos theory that have been applied in control theory or areas related to control theory. Chaos and chaotic attractors are discussed. Other areas considered are the reconstruction of dynamics; the stability and stabilizability of control systems; control of chaos; and chaos in digital feedback systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of Topology Optimization and Design for Additive Manufacturing Guidelines on an Automotive Component (2016)

Topology optimization is a well-established engineering practice to optimize the design and layout of parts to create lightweight and low-cost structures, which have historically been difficult, or impossible, to make. Additive Manufacturing (AM) provides the freedom to fabricate the complex and organic shapes that topology optimization often generates. In this paper we use topology optimization to create lightweight designs while conforming to additive manufacturing constraints related to overhanging features and unsupported surfaces when using metallic materials. More specifically, we use design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) rules along with topology optimization to study the tradeoffs between the weight of the part, support requirements, manufacturing costs, and performance. The case study entails redesigning an upright on the SAE Formula student racecar to reduce support structures and manufacturing and material cost when using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS). Manufacturing the optimized design without applying DfAM rules required support material up to 202.4% of the volume of the model. Using DfAM, the upright is redesigned and manufactured with supports requiring less than 15% of the volume of the model. The results demonstrate the challenges in achieving a balance between weight reduction, manufacturing costs, and factor of safety of the design.
1A2-C05 Learning Support using Self-Other Motion Overlapping for Laparoscopy Training(Medical Robotics and Mechatronics (2)) (2013)

We are developing laparoscopy training system, by adding a video synthesize functions on the conventional training box. The video of the expert's motion is shown on the monitor and is overwrapped onto the user's own view. the user can trace the expert's motion with one's forceps to learn ideal procedures. Our proposed method was evaluated in terms of learning effectiveness.
Glucopyranosyl Lipid A Adjuvant Significantly Enhances HIV Specific T and B Cell Responses Elicited by a DNA-MVA-Protein Vaccine Regimen (2014)

Using a unique vaccine antigen matched and single HIV Clade C approach we have assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA-poxvirus-protein strategy in mice and rabbits, administering MVA and protein immunizations either sequentially or simultaneously and in the presence of a novel TLR4 adjuvant, GLA-AF. Mice were vaccinated with combinations of HIV env/gag-pol-nef plasmid DNA followed by MVA-C (HIV env/gag-pol-nef) with HIV CN54gp140 protein (+/-GLA-AF adjuvant) and either co-administered in different muscles of the same animal with MVA-C or given sequentially at 3-week intervals. The DNA prime established a population of B cells that were able to mount a statistically significant anamnestic response to the boost vaccines. The greatest antigen-specific antibody response was observed in animals that received all vaccine components. Moreover, a high proportion of the total mucosal IgG (20 - 50%) present in the vaginal vault of these vaccinated animals was vaccine antigen-specific. The potent elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses to this vaccine modality was also confirmed in rabbits. Importantly, co-administration of MVA-C with the GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein significantly augmented the antigen-specific T cell responses to the Gag antigen, a transgene product expressed by the MVA-C vector in a separate quadriceps muscle. We have demonstrated that co-administration of MVA and GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein was equally effective in the generation of humoral responses as a sequential vaccination modality thus shortening and simplifying the immunization schedule. In addition, a significant further benefit of the condensed vaccination regime was that T cell responses to proteins expressed by the MVA-C were potently enhanced, an effect that was likely due to enhanced immunostimulation in the presence of systemic GLA-AF.
The Structures of the Horseradish Peroxidase C-Ferulic Acid Complex and the Ternary Complex with Cyanide Suggest How Peroxidases Oxidize Small Phenolic Substrates (1999)

We have solved the x-ray structures of the binary horseradish peroxidase C-ferulic acid complex and the ternary horseradish peroxidase C-cyanide-ferulic acid complex to 2.0 and 1.45 A, respectively. Ferulic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in the plant cell wall and is an in vivo substrate for plant peroxidases. The x-ray structures demonstrate the flexibility and dynamic character of the aromatic donor binding site in horseradish peroxidase and emphasize the role of the distal arginine (Arg(38)) in both substrate oxidation and ligand binding. Arg(38) hydrogen bonds to bound cyanide, thereby contributing to the stabilization of the horseradish peroxidase-cyanide complex and suggesting that the distal arginine will be able to contribute with a similar interaction during stabilization of a bound peroxy transition state and subsequent O-O bond cleavage. The catalytic arginine is additionally engaged in an extensive hydrogen bonding network, which also includes the catalytic distal histidine, a water molecule and Pro(139), a proline residue conserved within the plant peroxidase superfamily. Based on the observed hydrogen bonding network and previous spectroscopic and kinetic work, a general mechanism of peroxidase substrate oxidation is proposed.
Metal Chelation Therapy and Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review on the Thermodynamics of Complex Formation between Relevant Metal Ions and Promising or Established Drugs (2019)

The present review reports a list of approximately 800 compounds which have been used, tested or proposed for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy in the year range 2014-2019 (April): name(s), chemical structure and references are given. Among these compounds, approximately 250 have possible or established metal-chelating properties towards Cu(II), Cu(I), Fe(III), Fe(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II), which are considered to be involved in metal dyshomeostasis during PD. Speciation information regarding the complexes formed by these ions and the 250 compounds has been collected or, if not experimentally available, has been estimated from similar molecules. Stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes have been reported; values of the cologarithm of the concentration of free metal ion at equilibrium (pM), and of the dissociation constant <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> (both computed at pH = 7.4 and at total metal and ligand concentrations of 10<sup>-6</sup> and 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L, respectively), charge and stoichiometry of the most abundant metal-ligand complexes existing at physiological conditions, have been obtained. A rigorous definition of the reported amounts is given, the possible usefulness of this data is described, and the need to characterize the metal-ligand speciation of PD drugs is underlined.
ChemInform Abstract: A 4 V Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathode for Rocking‐Chair Lithium‐Ion Cells. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Plane Localization in 3-D Fetal Neurosonography for Longitudinal Analysis of the Developing Brain (2015)

The parasagittal (PS) plane is a 2-D diagnostic plane used routinely in cranial ultrasonography of the neonatal brain. This paper develops a novel approach to find the PS plane in a 3-D fetal ultrasound scan to allow image-based biomarkers to be tracked from prebirth through the first weeks of postbirth life. We propose an accurate plane-finding solution based on regression forests (RF). The method initially localizes the fetal brain and its midline automatically. The midline on several axial slices is used to detect the midsagittal plane, which is used as a constraint in the proposed RF framework to detect the PS plane. The proposed learning algorithm guides the RF learning method in a novel way by: 1) using informative voxels and voxel informative strength as a weighting within the training stage objective function, and 2) introducing regularization of the RF by proposing a geometrical feature within the training stage. Results on clinical data indicate that the new automated method is more reproducible than manual plane finding obtained by two clinicians.
A complete single-supply microprocessor-compatible 8-bit DAC (1980)

A functionally complete, microprocessor-compatible digital-to-analog converter which operates on a single +5 V supply is described. This monolithic bipolar chip is fabricated using a linear compatible I/SUP 2/L process and contains both a precision reference and a voltage output buffer, along with the DAC and input logic. Laser wafer trimming of on-chip thin-film resistors is used to guarantee output response linearity as well as the absolute calibration of end points. The new circuit techniques which were developed to allow low-voltage single-supply operation with no sacrifice in performance are described and analyzed in detail.
Lactone polymers. I. Glass transition temperature of poly‐ε‐caprolactone by means on compatible polymer mixtures (1969)

Abstract Dynamic mechanical properties determined with a torsion pendulum were used to ascertain the glass transition temperature T g of poly‐ε‐caprolactone. By measurements on compatible blends of poly‐ε‐caprolactone and poly(vinyl chloride), the T g of amorphous poly‐ε‐caprolactone was shown to be 202°K at about 1 cps. This is 16°K lower than the T g of annealed, crystalline polymer. The blend transition data were well fitted by both the Fox and the Gordon‐Taylor expressions. The Fox expression was also used to describe the decrease from 233°K of the secondary low‐temperature relaxation due to poly(vinyl chloride) by assuming the low temperature relaxation of poly‐ε‐caprolactone, 138°K, was responsible for the decrease in the blends. The 138°K relaxation due to poly‐ε‐caprolactone was decreased when more than 50% poly(vinyl chloride) was present.
Expression and Regulation of Relaxin-Like Factor Gene Transcripts in the Bovine Ovary: Differentiation-Dependent Expression in Theca Cell Cultures1 (1999)

The relaxin-like factor (RLF) was recently discovered as a new member of the insulin-insulin-like growth factor-relaxin family of growth factors and hormones predominantly in the Leydig cells of the testis. In cattle, in contrast to other species, the RLF gene is also expressed to a high level in the ovary, where its expression pattern in the corpus luteum of the late cycle and pregnancy is similar to that of relaxin in the pig. The RLF gene was also transcribed to a high level in the theca cells of estrogen-rich, large antral follicles. Long-term primary cultures of bovine theca cells showed that expression was insulin dependent. After an initial decline in specific mRNA concentrations, there was a switch to a transcript with a longer poly(A) tail at about Day 6 of culture, which continued to increase to very high levels by Day 15 of culture. Addition of fetal calf serum to cultures caused a rapid and irreversible down-regulation of the RLF gene. Also, LH caused a decline in specific gene expression in long-term primary theca cell cultures. As in the Leydig cells of the testis, the pattern of RLF gene expression appears to reflect the differentiation state of the ovarian theca-luteal cell lineage, and should prove useful for mapping the fate of these cells under differing stimulation regimes.
526 Microsurgery Tools Manufactured by Electrodischarge Machining (2003)

Recently interventional surgeries in human body have been improved. They require microsurgery tools such as those for operating the inner part of a blood tube. Several prototype microsurgery tools are manufactured by micro-electrodischarge machining. The precise cutting edges of microsurgery knives of 2mm length and round microtools of 0.88mm diameter for removing the tissue adhering to the lead wire of a cardiac pacemaker obtained. The cutting forces are measured using biomimic organic materials. The forces are equivalent to the conventional razor. Furthermore, the microscissors of 1.5mm cutting edge length are manufactured. These tools are proven useful in the experiment.
Human Nasal Mucosa Contains Antigen-Presenting Cells of Strikingly Different Functional Phenotypes (2003)

Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) constitute a heterogeneous leukocyte population that controls T cell induction. Experimental animal studies have delineated the principal APCs of the airway mucosa as a network of intraepithelial dendritic cells (DCs). Whether the situation is comparable in the human airways is unknown. Here we performed a detailed characterization of putative APCs residing in the normal upper airway mucosa, employing confocal microscopy of whole-mount preparations combined with immunophenotyping. A dense network of human leukocyte antigen-DR+ cells with dendritic morphology was found not only in the epithelium (median number, 573/mm2), but also in the lamina propria. In both compartments these cells could be divided into two main populations based on their phenotypic characteristics: the majority expressed a macrophage-like phenotype (CD11b+CD14+CD64+CD68+RFD7+), whereas the smaller population was predominantly constituted by CD1c+CD11c+ immature DCs intermingled with the former. These immature DCs corresponded to the lineage-negative human leukocyte antigen-DR+CD11c+ DC subset present in peripheral blood. Thus, the human upper airway mucosa, in contrast to the rodent counterpart, contains a heterogeneous dense network of dendritic APCs consisting of spatially closely related macrophages and DCs. How these two cell populations regulate the tone of the local adaptive immune system should be the focus of further studies.
Toast of the IoT: The 1990 Interop Internet Toaster (2016)

Previously, the world had an Internet, but it was an Internet without "things." There were no smart light switches or thermostats and no Fitbits or Wi-Fi cameras. We weren't as connected, and we certainly weren't quantified [1]. Back in 1990, only 3 million people had access to the Internet [2], and there were only 313,000 computers (not devices) on it [3]. Back in those days, to search, we used the Wide Area Information Network (WAIS), Gopher, and ARCHIE. To transfer or share files, we used File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Although the World Wide Web was invented in 1989 [4], it was not yet in common use.
Comparison of Structure and Dynamics of Micelle-bound Human α-Synuclein and Parkinson Disease Variants (2005)

Three point mutations (A30P, E46K, and A53T) as well as gene triplication genetically link the 140-residue protein alpha-synuclein (aS) to the development of Parkinson disease. Here, the structure and dynamics of micelle-bound aS(A30P) and aS(A53T) are described and compared with wild-type aS, in addition to describing the aS-micelle interaction. A53T is sensed only by directly adjacent residues and leaves the backbone structure and dynamics indistinguishable from the wild type. A30P interrupts one helix turn (Val26-Ala29) and destabilizes the preceding one. A shift in helix register following A30P disturbs the canonical succession of polar and hydrophobic residues for at least two turns. The shortened helix-N adopts a slightly higher helical content and is less bent, indicating that strain was present in the micelle-bound helix. In the vicinity of the A30P-induced perturbations, the underlying micelle environment has rearranged, but nevertheless all aS variants maintain similar interrelationships with the micelle. Moreover, aS-micelle immersion correlates well with fast and slow aS backbone dynamics, allowing a rare insight into protein-micelle interplay.
Discovery of Fully Human Anti-MET Monoclonal Antibodies with Antitumor Activity against Colon Cancer Tumor Models In Vivo (2009)

The receptor tyrosine kinase MET is a major component controlling the invasive growth program in embryonic development and in invasive malignancies. The discovery of therapeutic antibodies against MET has been difficult, and antibodies that compete with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) act as agonists. By applying phage technology and cell-based panning strategies, we discovered two fully human antibodies against MET (R13 and R28), which synergistically inhibit HGF binding to MET and elicit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cell-based phosphorylation assays demonstrate that R13 and R28 abrogate HGF-induced activation of MET, AKT1, ERK1/2, and HGF-induced migration and proliferation. FACS experiments suggest that the inhibitory effect is mediated by "locking" MET receptor in a state with R13, which then increases avidity of R28 for the extracellular domain of MET, thus blocking HGF binding without activating the receptor. In vivo studies demonstrate that the combination of R13/28 significantly inhibited tumor growth in various colon tumor xenograft models. Inhibition of tumor growth was associated with induction of hypoxia. Global gene expression analysis shows that inhibition of HGF/MET pathway significantly upregulated the tumor suppressors KLF6, CEACAM1, and BMP2, the negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase PIK3IP1, and significantly suppressed SCF and SERPINE2, both enhancers of proliferation and invasiveness. Moreover, in an experimental metastasis model, R13/28 increased survival by preventing the recurrence of otherwise lethal lung metastases. Taken together, these results underscore the utility of a dual-antibody approach for targeting MET and possibly other receptor tyrosine kinases. Our approach could be expanded to drug discovery efforts against other cell surface proteins.
The role of membrane microdomains in shaping β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated cAMP dynamics (2009)

Recently, membrane rafts and caveolae have received much attention for their role as signaling platforms, particularly due to their involvement in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including HIV as well as neurological and cardiovascular conditions. Signaling mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR), a member of the large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that transduce extracellular messages via the ubiquitous second messenger, cAMP, has been a focus of raft studies since multiple components of the pathway are compartmentalized by these membrane microdomains. However, how these membrane rafts behave and regulate signaling dynamics in a cellular context is poorly understood. Here, we describe a live-cell assay based on single-cell, real-time fluorescence imaging, via an improved FRET-based cAMP biosensor, to monitor raft regulation of second messenger dynamics. Upon cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD), beta(2)-AR-mediated cAMP accumulation was enhanced and prolonged in HEK-293 cells, demonstrating that membrane raft integrity helps shape beta-AR signaling. Single-cell imaging in parallel with fractionation studies reveal that the enhancement and change of dynamics are mediated by the receptor and correlated with its redistribution. Finally, the effect of cholesterol depletion is receptor-type specific as MbetaCD treatment did not show the same effect when the raft-excluded prostaglandin E receptor was stimulated. This study highlights the potential of a live-cell, real-time imaging assay for studying membrane rafts, including high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, to achieve a better understanding of the nuances of membrane microdomains in both healthy and diseased states.