gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Shale Oil and Gas-Condensate Reservoir Production, Impact of Rock, Fluid, and Hydraulic Fractures (2011)

Abstract Development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, particularly the shale gas, gas-condensate, and shale oil, has gained tremendous momentum in recent years. Energy companies aggressively are adding unconventional hydrocarbon resources to their portfolios. The unconventional resources usually refer to ultra low permeability reservoirs that cannot be produced at economic rates or volumes without stimulation of near well-bore regions. New technologies of horizontal well coupled with staged hydraulic fracturing have made the development of these reservoirs an economic reality. But often, the initial attractive production rates decline fast and thus making them economically marginal and sometimesoperationally unattractive. In order to efficiently produce these reservoirs, it is important to understand the flow mechanism and the controlling rock and fluid parameters that significantly impact thelong term production performance of these resources. We have conducted detailed reservoir simulation studies to investigate the impact of rock and fluid properties and the drainage area of hydraulically fractured wells in a standard development pattern. The simulation of horizontal wells with 14-stage hydraulic fractures was conducted in a shale reservoir containing a wide spectrum of rock and fluid types, dry gas to gas-condensate, and oil. An extensive compositional reservoir simulation was conducted using both radial grid and sector model. Short term production data from several horizontal wells and long term production data from one vertical well were used for history matching and model calibration. A number of cases have been run with a wide range of fracture, matrix and fluid properties considering condensate banking, fracture patterns, pore volume compressibility, and relative permeability. The results showed Cumulative oil production is sensitive to fluid properties, particularly to the GORSevere drop in productivity is observed due to matrix and fracture compaction and condensate bankingThe drainage area and the contact area of the fractures with the reservoir are often limited in spite of extensive hydraulic fracturesPerformance is also found to be sensitive to fracture permeability and matrix relative permeabilityFracture interference is limited and may occur in the late life of the reservoir
An Improved Optically Isolated ELF Electric Field Sensor (1979)

The design, development, and construction details of a probe for measuring electric fields between 200 V/m and 200 kV/m with a nominal measurement error of one percent are described. The probe is comprised of two small hemispheres, less than four centimetres in radius, which are separated by a small insulated gap. The electronics are placed inside the sphere, and a fiber optic link carries the field strength information to the remote receiver/display unit.
Solidification/Stabilization of Hazardous Wastes Containing Metals and Organic Contaminants (2003)

The potential of solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology for the safe disposal of hazardous wastes has wide spread recognition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of portland cement-based S/S technology for the safe disposal of hazardous wastes containing toxic metals and organic contaminants. As hazardous wastes, metal enriched mining residue, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) containing pulp and paper sludge, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) oil-contaminated soil were used. For S/S of waste, portland cement as a binding agent was mixed with wastes at different ratios. For initial waste characterization, contaminant concentrations and some physical waste characteristics such as particle-size distribution, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and moisture content yielding the maximum compacted dry density were determined. Waste and cement mixtures were cured for 28 days after compacting the desired waste-cement mixtures at their predetermined optimum moisture contents yielding the corresponding maximum dry densities in cylindrical molds having a height of 71 mm and a diameter of 36 mm. At the end of the 28-day cure period, unconfined compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity measurements were conducted on the solidified samples. Subsequently, solidified samples were crushed for fractionation into two different aggregate sizes (between 1–2 and >2 mm) and subjected to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The effectiveness of S/S was assessed by comparing the chemical composition of leachates obtained from TCLP tests of untreated and treated, i.e., S/S waste samples, and comparing values of strength and hydraulic conductivity of solidified waste samples with regulatory requirements. For mining waste, effective application of S/S was achieved for most cases. AOX containing sludge yielded acceptable results in terms of strength and hydraulic conductivity but leachate AOX concentrations were above regulatory levels. The effectiveness of S/S for coarse textured-soils contaminated with a PCB oil was not satisfactory, especially at a cement:soil ratio less than 35%.
Exercise testing for non-invasive assessment of atrial electrophysiology in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (2006)

The abstract with its heading should not be more than 75 mm long. This is equivalent to 18 lines of text. Leave 1 line space at the bottom of the abstract before continuing with the next heading. The autonomic nervous system modulates atrial electrophysiology in atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was (1) to non-invasively characterize the effects of exercise on atrial fibrillatory rate as marker of atrial refractoriness in patients with persistent AF and (2) to identify clinical and electrocardiographic predictors for rate response. In 15 patients with persistent AF, mean fibrillatory rate assessed by spatiotemporal QRST cancellation and time-frequency analysis remained unchanged with exercise. There were, however, 6 responders (rate change&gt; 2.5%), with either a rate increase (N=5, 25±9 fpm) or decrease (N=1,-13 fpm). Absolute fibrillatory rate change (%) correlated inversely with baseline fibrillatory rate (r =-0.543, p=.045). In conclusion, sympathetic activation by exercise modulates atrial electrophysiology in some patients which can be monitored using time-frequency analysis. Higher baseline fibrillatory rates are associated with less autonomic modulation indicating advanced electrical remodeling. 1.
A new technique for standby leakage reduction in high-performance circuits (2002)

A new standby leakage control technique, which exploits the leakage reduction offered by transistor stacks with "more than one 'off' device", demonstrates 2/spl times/ reduction in standby leakage power for a 32-bit static CMOS adder in a low-Vt, sub-1V, 0.1 /spl mu/m technology. Leakage reduction is achieved with minimal overheads in area, power and process technology. The dynamics of leakage reduction due to transistor stacks, and its influence on the overall leakage power of large circuits are elucidated for the first time.
Structure and Mechanism of Sanguinarine Reductase, an Enzyme of Alkaloid Detoxification (2010)

Sanguinarine reductase is a plant enzyme that prevents the cytotoxic effects of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, which are the main phytoalexins of Papaveraceae. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of sanguinarine, the most toxic benzophenanthridine, which re-enters the cytoplasm after its primary accumulation in the cell wall region has reached a threshold concentration. We present the sequence of the gene and protein of sanguinarine reductase isolated from cell cultures of Eschscholzia californica. High sequence similarities indicate that the enzyme evolved from a plant-specific branch of the ubiquitous Rossmann fold NAD(P)H/NAD(P)(+) binding reductases, with NADP-dependent epimerases or hydroxysteroid reductases as the most likely ancestors. Based on the x-ray structure of a close homolog, a three-dimensional model of the spatial conformation and catalytic site of sanguinarine reductase was established and used for in silico screening of known three-dimensional structures. Surprisingly, the enzyme shares high structural similarity with enzymes of human and bacterial origin, which have similar functions as the plant homologs but bear little amino acid sequence similarity. Using site-directed mutagenesis, a series of recombinant enzymes was generated and assayed to reveal the impact of individual amino acids and peptides in the catalytic process. It appears that relatively few innovations were required to generate this selective catalyst for alkaloid detoxication, notably an insertion of 13 amino acids and the generation of a novel catalytic triad of Cys-Asp-His were sufficient.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the first insect FMRFamide receptor (2002)

FMRFamide and FMRFamide-related neuropeptides are extremely widespread and abundant in invertebrates and have numerous important functions. Here, we have cloned a Drosophila orphan receptor, and stably expressed it in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Screening of a peptide library revealed that the receptor reacted with high affinity to FMRFamide (EC50, 6 x 10(-9) M). The intrinsic Drosophila FMRFamide peptides are known to be synthesized as a large preprohormone, containing at least 13 related FMRFamide peptides (8 distinct FMRFamides). Screening of these intrinsic Drosophila FMRFamides showed that the receptor had highest affinity to Drosophila FMRFamide-6 (PDNFMRFamide) (EC50, 9 x 10(-10) M), whereas it had a somewhat lower affinity to Drosophila FMRFamide-2 (DPKQDFMRFamide) (EC50, 3 x 10(-9) M) and considerably less affinity to the other Drosophila FMRFamide-related peptides. To our knowledge, this article is the first report on the molecular identification of an invertebrate FMRFamide receptor.
Leave pill prescribing to GPs, not pharmacists, for the sake of women’s health (2019)

Buying the contraceptive pill from the pharmacy without a prescription, as is being considered by Australia's drug regulator, might be convenient for women or even save the health system money. But it risks women's health for a number of reasons.
Theoretical maps of work-function anisotropies (2001)

Work functions of stepped metallic surfaces are modeled to generate work-function anisotropy maps. We show how the work function of any stepped surface can be accurately predicted by interpolating between the work functions of a small number of low-index facets using a set of physically motivated symmetry-adapted basis functions. This technique is applied to the work-function anisotropy of tungsten, where we study the W(110), W(100), W(211), W(310), W(111), and W(321) surfaces from first principles. The subsequently modeled work-function anisotropy map is found to be in excellent agreement with recent experimental maps over the full range of surface orientations.
Genetics of Familial Idiopathic Scoliosis (2007)

Idiopathic scoliosis in the adolescent period is a complex genetic disorder of high prevalence and extreme variability. Epidemiological approaches have confirmed the genetic basis of this disorder and have suggested multiple modes of heritability. The current challenge is to identify the genetic determinants of this condition to distinguish individuals who are at risk for severe progression. This review summarizes the literature establishing the genetic basis of this disorder. Studies focused on the identification of genes responsible for the scoliotic phenotype are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent works that have utilized contemporary strategies to isolate genes related to complex diseases. To date, molecular studies have isolated critical regions on chromosomes and X of potential importance to the etiology of scoliosis. An analysis of these works will aid in an understanding of seemingly conflicting results, and will help us determine the focus of future work.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor But Not Forced Arm Use Improves Long-Term Outcome After Photothrombotic Stroke and Transiently Upregulates Binding Densities of Excitatory Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Brain (2008)

Our findings suggest that transient enhanced neurotransmission as reflected by increased ligand binding of NMDA and AMPA receptors may participate in successful postlesional reorganization processes.
Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Regulate Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice (2006)

Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a membrane-bound or soluble cytokine essential for osteoclast differentiation, whereas the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) masks RANKL activity. In mouse serum, both soluble RANKL and OPG are detectable. We observed that mice injected with LPS showed significantly down-regulated serum RANKL levels, whereas serum OPG levels were up-regulated. However, the roles of RANKL and OPG in innate immunity remain obscure. We found that RANKL pretreatment suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages in response to stimulation by bacteria and their components. Furthermore, such RANKL-induced tolerance in macrophages was inhibited by GM-CSF treatment, which blocks RANKL signaling. RANKL-induced tolerance occurred in the absence of c-Fos, which is essential for osteoclast differentiation. In mice lacking OPG, LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced, whereas in mice lacking RANKL, it was increased, and lethality following LPS injection was also elevated, suggesting that constitutive activities of RANKL suppress cytokine responsiveness to LPS in vivo. Strikingly, prior administration of RANKL protected mice from LPS-induced death. These data reveal prophylactic potential of RANKL in acute inflammatory diseases.
Application of High-Resolution, Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis to the Analysis of Wheat, Milk, and Other Agricultural Products (1987)

High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis allows hundreds of proteins to be separated and characterized in submilligram samples of complex protein mixtures. Applications of this method to the analysis of agriculturally important products, including milk, meat, and wheat are reviewed. In a model study we analyzed 100 individual kernels of the wheat cultivar Newton (Triticum aestivum L.) for electrophoretic variants. One variant protein was found in 47 kernels, while three variant proteins occurred together in two of the kernels. The implications of two-dimensional electrophoresis for cultivar identification and the problem of relating electrophoretic protein variants to genetic variants are discussed.
Mechanisms and Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity (2013)

*Departments of Ophthalmology, Pediatrics, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and †Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
Induction of murine macrophage tumoricidal activity and treatment of experimental pulmonary metastases by liposomes containing lipophilic muramyl dipeptide analogs. (1987)

The ability of three members of a new class of lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative to induce murine macrophage tumoricidal activity after liposomal incorporation was investigated. Liposomes containing the glycerol dipalmitate (GDP) derivatives of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine-n-butyl ester, and N-acetylmuramyl-D-alanyl-D-isoglutamine were 5000, 2000, and greater than 10,000-fold more potent than the free muramyl dipeptides in inducing peritoneal macrophage tumoricidal activity in vitro. In situ activation of peritoneal macrophage tumoricidal activity showed that liposomal muramyl dipeptide-GDP derivatives were more potent than free hydrosoluble or sonicated muramyl dipeptide-GDP preparations. In situ induction of alveolar macrophage tumoricidal activity after i.v. treatment was observed with liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide-GDP derivatives, but not with hydrosoluble or sonicated lipophilic derivatives. Liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide-GDP derivatives were therapeutically active against experimentally induced pulmonary B16 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice. These results demonstrate that when incorporated within liposomes this class of lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative is a potent inducer of macrophage tumoricidal activity both in vitro and in situ, and possesses antitumor activity in therapeutic treatment protocols.
Azetidines. I. Wittig rearrangement of a 1-benzylacetidine (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAzetidines. I. Wittig rearrangement of a 1-benzylacetidineArthur G. Anderson Jr. and Max T. WillsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 10, 3241–3243Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01285a085https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01285a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Real-Time VBR Video Traffic Prediction for Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (2004)

In this paper, we systematically investigate the long-term, online, real-time variable-bit-rate (VBR) video traffic prediction, which is the key and complicated component for advanced predictive dynamic bandwidth control and allocation framework for the future networks and Internet multimedia services. We focus on neural network-based approach for traffic prediction and demonstrate that the prediction performance and robustness of neural network predictors can be significantly improved through multiresolution learning. We show that neural network traffic predictor trained through the multiresolution learning (called multiresolution learning NN traffic predictor) can successfully predict various real-world VBR video traffic up to hundreds of frames in advance, which then lays a solid foundation for predictive dynamic bandwidth control and allocation mechanism. Also, dynamic bandwidth control/allocation based on long-term traffic prediction is discussed in detail.
Sensor platform design for automotive applications (2003)

This paper presents a prototyping environment suited to fast identify, trim and verify a digital sensor interface in the automotive field, and to make early performance evaluations before proceed towards the final ASIC product. The overall platform is composed by hardware blocks and software tools suitable for the design space exploration, while a proper verification methodology is being adopted to guarantee the correct system behavior. In order to tune the platform architecture with an application case and at the same time to demonstrate its flexibility, two case examples are being examined.
Protease and amylase production of Streptomyces rimosus in submerged and solid state cultivations (2000)

The protease activity of Streptomyces rimosus TM-55 was first detected after 12 h of growth in submerged cultivation, and this activity peaked after 166 h of incubation. In solid state cultivation, protease was first secreted at 24 h, with the secretion peaking at 232 h. Amylase activity could be detected after 6 h in submerged cultivation, and it afterwards peaked after 48 h of incubation. In solid state cultivation, it began to be secreted at 24 h, and this secretion peaked after 180 h. Each gram of starch yielded 17.4 and 691.3 units of protease and amylase in submerged cultivation, respectively; whereas the values were 26.7 and 2,642.7 units in solid state cultivation. α-Amylase was the major amylase in both cultivation methods, and glucosmylase and debranching activity were minor components. Protease and amylase produced with both cultivation methods had a similar optimal pH, between 6.0 and 7.0, and optimal temperature, between 35 and 45℃. The enzyme activities produced in solid state cultivation were more stable with pH and temperature changes than those produced in submerged cultivation.
The Antidepressant Desipramine and α2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Promote Breast Tumor Progression in Association with Altered Collagen Structure (2013)

Emotional stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to promote breast tumor pathogenesis. We demonstrate here that the metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cell line 4T1 does not express functional adrenergic receptors (AR), the receptors activated by norepinephrine, yet stimulation of adrenergic receptor in vivo altered 4T1 tumor progression in vivo. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant desipramine (DMI) to inhibit norepinephrine reuptake increased 4T1 tumor growth but not metastasis. Treatment with a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, dexmedetomidine (DEX), increased tumor growth and metastasis. Neither isoproterenol (ISO), a β-AR agonist, nor phenylephrine, an α1-AR agonist, altered tumor growth or metastasis. Neither DMI- nor DEX-induced tumor growth was associated with increased angiogenesis. In DMI-treated mice, tumor VEGF, IL-6, and the prometastatic chemokines RANTES, M-CSF, and MIP-2 were reduced. Tumor collagen microstructure was examined using second harmonic generation (SHG), a nonabsorptive optical scattering process to highlight fibrillar collagen. In DMI- and DEX-treated mice, but not ISO-treated mice, tumor SHG was significantly altered without changing fibrillar collagen content, as detected by immunofluorescence. These results demonstrate that α2-AR activation can promote tumor progression in the absence of direct sympathetic input to breast tumor cells. The results also suggest that SNS activation may regulate tumor progression through alterations in the extracellular matrix, with outcome dependent on the combination of adrenergic receptor activated. These results underscore the complexities underlying SNS regulation of breast tumor pathogenesis, and suggest that the therapeutic use of adrenergic receptor blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and adrenergic receptor agonists must be approached cautiously in patients with breast cancer.
Multi-agent object level AI validation and verification (1996)

A Methodology for validation and verification of AI systems in aerospace is presented. The approach is applicable to both systems that are already coded and to those that are to be designed. Design methods are proposed that can be applied to (reverse projected from) AI systems that are designed in the field and already coded. We note that there are well-developed software validation and verification methods that can be applied to the AI systems if an appropriate methodology is applied for validation of AI systems. Thus rather than reinventing methods for AI validation, we only invent methods to allow us to reduce to known problems in software validation and verification methodologies.