gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous Data Aggregation for Training End to End Visual Control Networks (2017)

Robust training of deep neural networks requires a large amount of data. However gathering and labeling this data can be expensive and determining which distribution of features are needed for training is not a trivial problem. This is compounded when training neural networks for autonomous navigation in continuous non-deterministic environments using only visual input. Increasing the quantity of demonstrated data does not solve this problem as the demonstrated sequences of actions are not guaranteed to produce the same outcomes and slight changes in orientation generate drastically different visual representations. This results in a training set with a different distribution than what the agent will typically encounter in application. Here, we develop a method that can grow a training set from the same distribution as the agent's experiences and capture useful features not found in demonstrated behavior. Additionally, we show that our approach scales to efficiently handle complex tasks that require a large amount of data (experiences) for training. Concretely, we propose the deep asynchronous Dagger framework, which combines the Dagger algorithm with an asynchronous actor-learner architecture for parallel dataset aggregation and network policy learning. We apply our method to the task of navigating 3D mazes in Minecraft with randomly changing block types and analyze our results.
The Preparation of Glucosamine Oligosaccharides. I. Separation<sup>1,2</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Glucosamine Oligosaccharides. I. Separation1,2Sylvia T. Horowitz, Saul Roseman, and Harold J. BlumenthalCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 18, 5046–5049Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01575a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01575a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views607Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of 3-carboxylated 2,5-dihydrothiophenes (1978)

Vinylphosphonates 11, readily prepared from diethyl carbomethoxymethyl phosphonate (10) react with α-mercaptocarbonyl compounds to afford substituted 3-carbomethoxy-2,5-dihydrothiophenes in excellent yields. The scope of this synthesis is indicated and the use of the products in the synthesis of substituted 2-carboxy-1,3-butadienes is illustrated.
Use of a head dome system to compare i.v. methacholine‐induced bronchoconstriction in conscious vs anesthetized rhesus monkeys (1995)

The use of a newly developed head dome system has allowed measurement of pulmonary function in conscious monkeys. Such information is often desired, so that pharmacological or toxicological effects of administered compounds can be measured in the absence of effects from anesthetic agents. The current study was conducted to gain experience with this method and to allow the determination of the effects of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg kg-1 i.v.) on the bronchoconstriction seen during i.v. infusion of methacholine in rhesus monkeys. Bronchoconstriction was measured as changes in respiratory resistance using a Buxco LS20 pulmonary mechanics computer. Four male rhesus monkeys (4.2-5.1 kg) were used. For the anesthetized exposures, the animals were intubated with a 4.0-mm cuffed endotracheal tube attached to a size 'O' Fleisch pneumotachograph. For the conscious exposures, the animals sat in restraining chairs with a custom-built head dome attached to the same pneumotachograph. In both cases, transthoracic pressure was monitored with an intrapleural catheter. Each monkey was infused with methacholine in stepwise doses, while anesthetized and conscious, until a 75% increase in respiratory resistance was seen. The ED50 values of 0.134 and 0.180 mg ml-1 methacholine were not significantly different in anesthetized vs conscious monkeys, respectively.
A Survey on Video Inpainting (2012)

Video inpainting is a growing area of research. Many algorithms have been developed so far among which some are directly extended from the image inpainting algorithms. In this survey various patch based and object based video inpainting techniques are reviewed considering its merits and demerits.
Synergistic anti-tumor effects with co-expression of GM-CSF and IFN-γ in murine tumors (1998)

We explored the potential therapeutic benefit of introducing GM-CSF, IFN-gamma or a combination of both factors into CT26 tumor cells. CT26 cells secreting either GM-CSF or IFN-gamma exhibited delayed tumorigenicity; however, cells expressing both GM-CSF and IFN-gamma did not form tumors. Even when wild type CT26 cells were introduced into a distant site of mice that had been inoculated with CT26/GM-CSF/IFN-gamma cells, no tumors were generated. Furthermore, when we injected GM-CSF + IFN-gamma cells into animals bearing established tumors, the tumors were either rejected or their development was delayed, suggesting that synergistic effects were induced against these tumors via a systemic immune response. Histopathological examination of the tumors injected with cells expressing GM-CSF and IFN-gamma combined showed necrosis and few signs of malignancy. The growth of tumors from mice treated with CT26/GM-CSF/IFN-gamma cells exhibited a delay in tumor formation and no effects were seen in athymic nude mice, which are deficient in T lymphocytes, or in splenectomized nude mice, which are deficient in natural killer (NK) cells, respectively. Our data indicate a dual role for T and NK cells in mediating the anti-tumor activity of this therapy. Our results suggest that transduction of tumor cells with both GM-CSF + IFN-gamma results in a powerful synergistic effect of the 2 cytokines that is of greater therapeutic benefit than transduction with either cytokine alone.
Structural properties and digestion of green banana flour as a functional ingredient in pasta (2015)

Gluten free pasta was made from raw banana flour in combination with vegetable gums and protein for comparison to pasta similarly made from wheat flour. After cooking, it was found that the banana flour pasta was less susceptible to alpha-amylase digestion compared to conventional wheat flour pasta. Release of glucose by alpha-amylase digestion followed first order kinetics with an initial rapid rate of digestion and a subsequent second slower phase. The structure of green banana pasta starch at the inner and outer pasta surfaces was observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the viscosities of the flour mixtures were measured by a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The digestibility of banana flour pasta was found to be related, not only to the properties of the starch granules, but also to the protein network of the surrounding food matrix. The effects of gums and proteins on pasta formation and digestibility are discussed in the context of its potential use as a gluten free lower glycaemic alternative to conventional wheat based pastas.
Mechanism of action of methanol oxidase, reconstitution of methanol oxidase with 5-deazaflavin, and inactivation of methanol oxidase by cyclopropanol (1985)

Methanol oxidase isolated from Hansenula polymorpha contains two distinct flavin cofactors in approximately equal amounts. One has been identified as authentic FAD and the other as a modified form of FAD differing only in the ribityl portion of the ribityldiphosphoadenosine side chain. The significance of this finding is as yet unknown. Previous studies have shown that cyclopropanol irreversibly inactivates methanol oxidase [Mincey, T., Tayrien, G., Mildvan, A. S., & Abeles, R. H. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 7099-7101]. We have now established that inactivation is accompanied by covalent modification of the flavin cofactor. The stoichiometry of this reaction is 1 mol of cyclopropanol/mol of active flavin. The structure of the covalent adduct was determined by NMR, IR, and UV spectral studies to be an N5,C4a-cyclic 4a,5-dihydroflavin. Reduction of the covalent adduct with NaBH4 at pH 9.0 before removal from the enzyme converted it to the 1-(ribityldiphosphoadenosine)-substituted 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2,3-dioxoquinoxaline. Cyclopropyl ring cleavage accompanies inactivation, and covalent bond formation occurs between a methylene carbon of cyclopropanol and N5 of flavin. Methanol oxidase was also reconstituted with 5-deazaflavin adenine dinucleotide (dFAD). Reconstituted enzyme did not catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes, nor did reduced reconstituted enzyme catalyze the reverse reaction. Incubation of reconstituted enzyme with cyclopropanol resulted in an absorbance decrease at 399 nm, but no irreversible covalent modification of the deazaflavin cofactor. A reversible addition complex between cyclopropanol and dFAD is formed. The structure of that complex was not definitively established, but it is likely that it is formed through the addition of cyclopropoxide to C5 of dFAD. The failure of dFAD-reconstituted methanol oxidase to catalyze the oxidation of substrate, as well as the lack of reaction with cyclopropanol, supports a radical mechanism for alcohol oxidation and cyclopropanol inactivation. Methanol oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of cyclopropylcarbinol to the corresponding aldehyde. No ring-opened products were detected. The failure to form ring-opened products has been used as an argument against radical processes [MacInnes, I., Nonhebel, D. C., Orsculik, S. T., & Suckling, C. J. (1982) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 121-122]. We present arguments against this interpretation.
Energy control strategies comparison for a city car Plug-In HEV (2009)

In the last few year many control strategies regarding the energy management in hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) have been discussed. This paper aims to compare different strategies with a particular attention to plug-in-HEVs (P-HEV) energy management algorithms. In facts many control strategies have been developed and discussed on traditional parallel HEV in order to find out the most efficient energy management of the electrical motor (EM) and the internal combustion engine (ICE). The adoption of these control strategies on a P-HEV, with an oversized on board energy storage system (vs. traditional HEV), do not lead to a significant improvement of the global vehicle efficiency because they use the electrical motor (EM) only for short operation time and they consider all the energy stored into the battery produced by the ICE. Control strategies developed for traditional parallel HEV have been taken into account and they have been opportunely adapted in order to utilize the extra amount of energy stored into the batteries. A full energetic simulation model has been used in order to compare the performances of different control strategies. The P-HEV model has been specialized for the vehicle realized at Mechanical Dept. of Politecnico di Milano and it has been validated using experimental data.
치매의 임상적 접근 (2013)

치매는 인지기능장애를 일으켜 일상 생활을 힘들게 하고 결국에는 다른 사람에게 의존하여 살게 만든다. 대부분의 치매는 평소 정상적으로 살던 사람에서 서서히 생겨 천천히 진행한다. 그러나 모든 치매가 이런 양상을 보이는 것은 아니다. 따라서 치매는 포괄적으로 보아 뇌병증(encephalopathy)으로 보면 된다. 뇌병증은 여러 원인에 의해 급성, 아급성 및...
Clonal Specificity of Human γδ T Cells: Vγ9+ T-Cell Clones Frequently Recognize <i>Plasmodium</i><i>falciparum</i> Merozoites, <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosi</i><i>s</i>, and Group-A Streptococci (1993)

Peripheral blood gamma delta T cells expressing a V gamma 9/V delta 2 T-cell receptor are stimulated by killed bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb.) and group-A streptococci (strep A). In addition, recent data indicate that V gamma 9/V delta 2 T cells from unexposed individuals also respond to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falcip.) merozoites. Here we analyzed the reactivity to these ligands of 23 V gamma 9/V delta 2, 3 V gamma 9/V delta 1, and 4 V gamma 9-/V delta 1 clones derived from 8 healthy individuals after phytohemagglutinin stimulation of cell sorter-selected gamma delta T cells. Upon restimulation in the presence of irradiated antigen-presenting cells, the majority of V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones recognized m.tb. and strep A (but not strep D), and about one third of the clones also recognized P. falcip. Some clones, however, recognized only one or two of the tested ligands, and 4 V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones did not react at all. Interestingly, 2 of 3 V gamma 9/V delta 1 clones proliferated in response to m.tb., P. falcip., strep A and strep D, while V gamma 9-/V delta 1 clones were not activated by any of the tested ligands. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated a broad diversity of V gamma 9 N regions in V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones. At the clonal level, our results demonstrate that individual V gamma 9/V delta 2 T cells can recognize m.tb., strep A, as well as P. falcip.-infected erythrocytes, with no influence of the expressed V gamma 9 N region.
Quantification of regional glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in Alzheimer's disease (2003)

Regional quantification of GFAP reveals that the glial response is most prominent in the temporal lobe in AD.
Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening, Parallel Solution‐Phase and Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis as Tools to Identify and Synthesize New Inhibitors of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2006)

In an attempt to identify new inhibitors of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis, a procedure for the generation, design, and screening of a ligand-based virtual library was applied. This used both an in silico protocol centered on a recursive partitioning (RP) model described herein, and a pharmacophoric model for antitubercular agents previously generated by our research group. Two candidates emerged from databases of commercially available compounds, both characterized by a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 microg mL(-1). Based on these compounds, two series of derivatives were synthesized by both parallel solution-phase and microwave-assisted synthesis, leading to enhanced antimycobacterial activity. During both the design and synthesis, attention was focused on the efficient allocation of available resources with the aim of reducing the overall costs associated with calculation and synthesis.
Etiology and management of sexual dysfunction (2009)

Sexual dysfunction is the impairment or disruption of any of the three phases of normal sexual functioning, including loss of libido, impairment of physiological arousal and loss, delay or alteration of orgasm. Each one of these can be affected by an orchestra of factors like senility, medical and surgical illnesses, medications and drugs of abuse. Non-pharmacological therapy is the main stay in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and drugs are used as adjuncts for a quicker and better result. Management in many of the cases depends on the primary cause. Here is a review of the major etiological factors of sexual dysfunction and its management
Computational anatomical methods as applied to ageing and dementia (2007)

The cellular hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) accumulate in the living brain up to 30 years before the characteristic symptoms of dementia can be identified. Brain changes in AD are difficult to distinguish from those in normal ageing, and this has led to the development of powerful computational methods to extract statistical information on the brain changes that are characteristic of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and different dementia subtypes. Time-lapse maps can be built to show how the disease spreads in the brain, and where treatment affects the disease trajectory. Here, we review three computational approaches to map brain deficits in AD: cortical thickness maps, tensor-based morphometry and hippocampal/ventricular surface modelling. Anatomical structures, modelled as three-dimensional geometrical surfaces, are mathematically combined across subjects for group or interval comparisons. Mathematical concepts from computational surface modelling, fluid mechanics and multivariate statistics are exploited to distinguish disease from normal variations in brain structure. These methods yield insight into the dynamics of AD and MCI, showing where brain changes correlate with cognitive or behavioural changes such as language dysfunction or apathy. We describe cortical and hippocampal changes that distinguish dementia subtypes (such as Lewy-body dementia, HIV-associated dementia and AD), and we describe brain changes that predict recovery or decline in those at risk. Finally, we indicate which computational methods are powerful enough to track dementia in clinical trials, on the basis of their efficiency and sensitivity to early change, and the detail in the measures they provide.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: hyperkalemia is an important complication regardless of dose. (1996)

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a frequently prescribed antibiotic with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. As a result of the increasing number of AIDS patients requiring therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use had dramatically increased. A previously unreported and potentially lethal adverse reaction associated with high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, hyperkalemia, subsequently developed. Recognition of this potassium disorder led to investigation and description of the mechanism by which trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim was found to act like the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride and reduce renal potassium excretion. Subsequent to this work, a handful of cases noted the development of hyperkalemia with standard dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in elderly patients without evidence of an obvious defect in potassium homeostasis. A prospective surveillance study of patients treated with standard dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as compared to similar controls treated with other antibiotics confirmed the rise in potassium concentration associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. Patients with mild renal insufficiency were the only group at significant risk for more severe hyperkalemia. Hence, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy can be complicated by hyperkalemia regardless of the dose employed.
The development of an AIDS vaccine: progress and promise. (1988)

The development of a safe and effective vaccine against infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of paramount importance to the prevention of AIDS worldwide. Although a great deal has been learned about HIV in a few short years, the development of an AIDS vaccine has proved to be extremely difficult. The lack of an appropriate animal model for AIDS, the absence of a defined protective immune response in persons infected with HIV, the long latent period between initial infection and the development of symptoms, the existence of multiple strains of HIV, and the spread of HIV by way of cell-associated virus are issues that complicate the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. Researchers are employing a multifaceted approach to the creation of a potential AIDS vaccine. These approaches include the use of killed or attenuated virus, purified natural or synthetic subunits of the virus, infectious recombinant viruses, and anti-idiotypes. The first clinical trial of a subunit AIDS vaccine began in September 1987 at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Through support of basic research on AIDS vaccine development and the establishment of a mechanism for clinical trials of candidate vaccines, NIH is pursuing multiple approaches toward the goal of a vaccine against AIDS.
Hierarchical Dependence Graphs for Dynamic JDF Workflows (2006)

The Hierarchical Dependence Graph (HDG) described in this paper extends the theory of directed acyclic graph (DAG) by allowing hierarchical representation of workflows. It can be used to explicitly express the dependences across JDF (process) nodes and resources derived from any JDF job description. It defines a flexible and semantic-rich model to represent JDF workflow as a set of DAGs at different abstractions: intent level, process group levels and process execution level. By explicitly representing JDF workflows in the HDG, not only it enables the separation of the workflow itself from MIS/or Controller implementations to support fully dynamic JDF workflows, but also it provides a theoretic basis for formal analysis of JDF workflows. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of Connectivity Matrix and its transformations to allow two views derived from a single model: process-centric view and resource-centric view. By exploiting the fact that each of these views is a DAG with a hierarchical structure, we then show how various analytical properties defined for DAG can be recursively applied to analyze JDF workflows, particularly in the following perspectives: (1) validating JDF workflows in terms of cyclic dependence, missing resources and dangling resources; (2) identifying the impacted JDF nodes or resources due to the resource availability and workflow status changes; (3) intelligently handling failures or exceptions by considering causal relations between resources and processes.
Low Temperature Drying Simulation of Rough Rice (2009)

This study was conducted to verify the simulation model through the drying test, and investigate effect of factors, such as temperature of drying air, airflow rate, and velocity of the airflow, on the drying. The low temperature drying simulation model was developed based on the circulation dry simulation model presented by Keum et al. (1987), and by modifying low temperature thin layer drying model, equilibrium moisture content model, latent heat of vaporization model, and crack ratio prediction model. The heat pump and experimental dryer with a capacity of 150kg were used for the test. The RMSE between the predicted and measured value was 0.27% (drying temperature), 0.15% (crack ratio), and 2.08% (relative humidity), so the relevance of the model was verified. In addition, the effect of drying temperature, airflow rate, and velocity of the airflow on the drying was examined. The experimental results showed that the crack ratio at drying temperature of <TEX>$25{\sim}40^{\circ}C$</TEX> was allowable. Moreover, at below <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>, variation of the crack ratio was slight, but drying time was delayed. Given these results, the drying temperature of over <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> was effective. As the airflow rate increased, required energy dramatically increased. Whereas drying rate slowly increased, so loss of drying efficiency was caused. Considering these results, the dryer needed to be designed and adjusted to lower than <TEX>$30\;m^3/min{\cdot}ton$</TEX>. As velocity of the airflow increased, required drying energy increased when the velocity of the airflow was over <TEX>$5\;m^3$</TEX>/hr, while crack ratio and drying rate showed little variation.