gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scarce-state-transition syndrome-former error-trellis decoding of (n,n-1) convolutional codes (1996)

A novel scarce-state-transition (SST) type trellis decoding system for (n,n-1) convolutional codes with coherent BPSK signals is proposed. The new system retains the same number of binary comparisons as the syndrome-former trellis decoding technique. Like the original SST-type encoder trellis technique, the proposed system is also suitable for CMOS VLSI implementation. A combination of the two techniques results in a less complex and low power consumption decoding system.
SiGe drift base bipolar transistor with self-aligned selective CVD-tungsten electrodes (1994)

A new device and process technology is developed for high-speed SiGe epitaxial base transistors. A 60-nm SiGe epitaxial base and the selectively ion-implanted collector (SIC) structure enhance the cutoff frequency to about 40 GHz. Base resistance is minimized to 165 /spl Omega/ (emitter area: 0.2/spl times/3 /spl mu/m/sup 2/), and an f/sub MAX/ of 37.1 GHz is achieved by employing 0.2-/spl mu/m EB lithography for the emitter window, selective CVD tungsten for the base electrode and a self-aligned oxide side wall for the emitter-to-base separation. Circuit simulations predict that this device could reduce the ECL gate delay to below 20 ps.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Incorporation rates of gallium and aluminum on GaAs during molecular beam epitaxy at high substrate temperatures (1983)

Gallium arsenide, aluminum arsenide, and aluminum gallium arsenide epitaxial layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the substrate temperature range 590–720 °C. The incorporation rates of Ga and Al in this temperature range were studied by means of thickness measurements. The growth rates of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs were observed to be dependent on growth temperature above 640 °C while the AlAs growth rate was observed to be independent of growth temperature in the range investigated. The reduction of the GaAs growth rate at a growth temperature above 640 °C was found to be lessened by the presence of minute amounts of Al and excess As. For the fixed Ga flux and a growth temperature of 700 °C the GaAs growth rate and the Ga contribution to the growth rate of Al0.3Ga0.7As were 0.50 and 0.89 times their low temperature values, respectively, while at 680 °C these values were 0.88 and 0.99, respectively.
Formation of sarcoglycan complex with differentiation in cultured myocytes (2000)

The sarcoglycan complex consists of four transmembrane protein subunits. Mutation of any one of the genes encoding these four subunits causes complete loss or marked decrease in expression of the whole complex, resulting in the phenotype of Duchenne-like autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, termed sarcoglycanopathy. As the basis for understanding this process, we examined how the sarcoglycan complex is formed and associates with other proteins during myogenic differentiation, using a myogenic cell line. Accumulation of the sarcoglycan subunits and formation of the sarcoglycan complex were accomplished with myotube formation. In protein transport inhibition experiments with blefeldin A, we found that the sarcoglycan complex is formed in the endoplasmic reticulum and then associates with the dystroglycan complex and sarcospan en route from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. In early myotubes, limited kinds of incomplete sarcoglycan complexes were observed. Their analyses would provide information on the possible patterns of formation of the sarcoglycan complex.
Molecular Insight into Protein Conformational Transition in Hydrophobic Charge Induction Chromatography: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation (2009)

Hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) is an adsorption chromatography combining hydrophobic interaction in adsorption with electrostatic repulsion in elution. The method has been successfully applied in the separation and purification of antibodies and other proteins. However, little is understood about protein conformational transition and the dynamic process within adsorbent pores. In the present study, a pore model is established to represent the realistic porous adsorbent composed of matrix and immobilized HCIC ligands. Protein adsorption, desorption, and conformational transition in the HCIC pore and its implications to the separation performance are shown by a molecular dynamics simulation of a 46-bead beta-barrel coarse-grained model protein in the adsorbent pore. Repeated adjustment of both protein position and orientation is observed before reaching a stable adsorption. Once the protein is adsorbed, there is a dynamic equilibrium between unfolding and refolding. The effect of hydrophobic interaction strength between protein and ligands on adsorption phenomena is then examined. Strong hydrophobic interaction, representing the presence of high-concentration lyotropic salt in mobile phase, can speed up the adsorption but cause protein unfolding more significantly. On the contrary, weak hydrophobic interaction, representing the absence of a lyotropic salt or the presence of a chaotropic agent, can reserve native protein conformation but does not lead to stable adsorption. In the elution, protein unfolding occurs due to simultaneous hydrophobic adsorption and electrostatic repulsion in the opposite directions. When the protein has been desorbed, the conformational transition between unfolded and native protein is still observed due to the long-range nature of electrostatic interaction. The simulation has provided molecular insight into protein conformational transition in the whole HCIC process, and it would be beneficial to the rational design of ligands and parameter optimizations for high-performance HCIC.
Fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization—state of the art (1996)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a widely used technique for the cytogenetic analysis of cells and genomes. Today, FISH techniques allow DNA and RNA probes to be localized in tissue or cellular preparations with speed, specificity, simplicity and safety. Improvements in probe labelling and detection, fluorescence microscopy and the introduction of digital imaging have all combined to enable FISH to be applied not only to answer questions about genome organization, structure and function but also to play an important diagnostic role in the clinical laboratory.
S/MIME Version 3 Certificate Handling (1999)

S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), provides a
method to send and receive secure MIME messages. Before using a public
key to provide security services, the S/MIME agent MUST certify that
the public key is valid. S/MIME agents MUST use PKIX certificates to
validate public keys as described in the Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure (PKIX) Certificate and CRL Profile. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Length–weight relationships of forty-nine fish species from shallow waters ofGökçeada Island, northern Aegean Sea (2015)

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) of 49 fish species belonging to 18 families from the shallow waters (0-20 m) of Gokceada Island were reported. Fish specimens were sampled monthly with a beach seine (0-2 m) and beam trawl (5-20 m) between June 2013 and June 2014. The b values estimates varied between 2.66 and 3.59. Five of the 49 species (Arnoglossus kessleri, Scorpaena maderensis, Symphodus ocellatus, Symphodus rostratus, and Gobius geniporus) presented maximum length values that exceeded their maximum lengths listed in FishBase.
Virtualization of Residential Gateways: A Comprehensive Survey (2018)

The residential gateway (RGW) is a key device, located in the customer premises, standing between the home network and the access network. It imposes a considerable cost for the operator and constitutes a single point of failure for all the services offered to residential customers-such as Internet access, voice over IP, IPTV, and video-on-demand. RGW virtualization promises to tackle these issues, but its success has been hampered by scalability and implementation restrictions. However, developments such as the rise of software-defined networking and network function virtualization technologies, together with the evolution of the access network, namely through the deployment of Fiber-to-the-Premises accesses, have finally enabled RGW virtualization in an unprecedented scale. In this paper we revisit the virtual RGW concept, considering its evolution up to the most recent proposals as well as future challenges and developments.
Effects of Animal Venoms and Toxins on Hallmarks of Cancer (2016)

Animal venoms are a cocktail of proteins and peptides, targeting vital physiological processes. Venoms have evolved to assist in the capture and digestion of prey. Key venom components often include neurotoxins, myotoxins, cardiotoxins, hematoxins and catalytic enzymes. The pharmacological activities of venom components have been investigated as a source of potential therapeutic agents. Interestingly, a number of animal toxins display profound anticancer effects. These include toxins purified from snake, bee and scorpion venoms effecting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptotic activity and neovascularization. Indeed, the mechanism behind the anticancer effect of certain toxins is similar to that of agents currently used in chemotherapy. For example, Lebein is a snake venom disintegrin which generates anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). In this review article, we highlight the biological activities of animal toxins on the multiple steps of tumour formation or hallmarks of cancer. We also discuss recent progress in the discovery of lead compounds for anticancer drug development from venom components.
Proposal for Device Transplantation using a Focused Ion Beam (1990)

Device transplantation using a focused ion beam (FIB) has been proposed as a new high-resolution technique for microdevice assembly as well as device repair. FIB sputtering, redeposition, and FIB-induced deposition each work as a cutter or a fixer. Feasibility experiments have been carried out both for dummy-device transplantation on a silicon substrate and for microgear fabrication.
Preparation of Membrane Mucin (2000)

The first task in this chapter is to define the term membrane mucin. In a classical sense, the term is an oxymoron, because mucins were defined as the major glycoproteins of mucous secretions. However, the recognition of the importance of mucinous tumor cell surface glycoproteins and their prominence in the early work on the cloning of mucin has led to a shift in usage (1,2), in which both secreted and membrane components are recognized as mucins. This usage has led to another complication, in which membrane components with highly O-glycosylated mucinlike domains are called mucins (3,4). Such mucinous domains are present in many cell surface molecules, most of which have few of the characteristics of other mucins (4). For the purpose of this chapter I have assumed a simple definition of membrane mucins. They must exhibit two characteristics: (1) they must be strongly bound to the membrane, and (2) they must have a large, highly O-glycosylated domain of mucin. Eventually this definition should evolve to require that membrane mucins contain a defined membrane-binding domain, such as a hydrophobic transmembrane sequence, and mucin repeat sequences. However, application of that requirement at present would exclude epiglycanin, the first membrane mucin to be discovered, for which such information is not available, because it has not been cloned. The present definition still restricts the number of membrane mucins to four examples: epiglycanin, MUC1, sialomucin complex ([SMC], also ASGP-1/ASGP-2 and MUC4), and rat MUC3. Another aspect of these mucins needs to be considered. All three, which have been sufficiently characterized, are found in soluble forms as well as membrane forms. SMC is found in goblet cell secretory granules in the intestine and is secreted via a regulated mechanism (5). Thus, the term membrane mucin is somewhat of a misnomer, although it remains the best descriptor until functional descriptive names become feasible.
Peptidase D of Escherichia coli K-12, a metallopeptidase of low substrate specificity (1994)

Peptidase D of Escherichia coli was overproduced from a multicopy plasmid and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The pure enzyme was stable at 4°C or −20°C and had a pH optimum at pH 9, and a pI of 4.7; the temperature optimum was at 37°C. As the enzyme was activated by Co2+ and Zn2+, and deactivated by metal chelators, it appears to be a metallopeptidase. By activity staining of native gels, 11 dipeptides which are preferentially cleaved by peptidase D were identified. Peptidase D activity required dipeptide substrates with an unblocked amino terminus and the amino group in the α or β position. Non-protein amino acids and proline were not accepted in the C-terminal position, whereas some dipeptide amides and formyl amino acids were hydrolyzed. Km values of 2 to 5 mM indicate a relatively poor interaction of the enzyme with its substrates.
Standoff infrared detection of explosives at laboratory scale (2006)

An actively operated standoff infrared detection system was designed from commercial infrared equipment: VECTOR 22 FTIR (Bruker Optics), an external mirror and an external MCT detector. One type of experiment was done for IR detection of high explosives RDX and TNT on reflective surfaces. In the detection on surface, the samples were move to different distances and a beam of infrared light was reflect on surface in angle of ~ 0° (backward collection from surface normal). First the samples: 2 to 30 μg/cm<sup>2</sup> of high explosives TNT and RDX were characterized after depositing on stainless steel reflective surfaces using Reflection-Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIS). Then targets were moved to increasing distances: 3 to 12 feet and remote-sensed spectra were collected in active reflectance mode. The limits of detection were determined for all distances measured in both nitroexplosives. Limit of detection of 18 and 20 μg/cm<sup>2</sup> for TNT and RDX respectively in the longest distances measured.
Modeling packet delay distributions in an industrial telemetry system (2011)

This paper presents some observations of data packet delaying in a real productive industrial telemetry system. It introduces the statistical analysis of measured Round Trip Time (RTT) values of used Internet Control Management Protocol (ICMP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets usually used in such applications. Scheduled ICMP delay measurements are simple to implement, while the UDP packets delay measurements need making modifications in the industrial transmission protocol implementation used in the whole telemetry system. A comparison between these two cases has been carried out. The delay measurements were carried out in all possible scenarios between each significant nodes of the distributed telemetry system. The proposed research topic is a part of a realized global distributed wind turbine monitoring system project. A comparison between obtained and required quality of service of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) packet data transmission in these industrial applications was carried out. The paper introduces a simple method of evaluation of the theoretical probability density functions in form of histograms in all investigated scenarios. These models can give some interesting results to make the data transmission in the distributed telemetry system more effective and “intelligent”.
5-Fluoroindole resistance identifies tryptophan synthase beta subunit mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. (1995)

A study of the biochemical genetics of the Arabidopsis thaliana tryptophan synthase beta subunit was initiated by characterization of mutants resistant to the inhibitor 5-fluoroindole. Thirteen recessive mutations were recovered that are allelic to trp2-1, a mutation in the more highly expressed of duplicate tryptophan synthase beta subunit genes (TSB1). Ten of these mutations (trp2-2 through trp2-11) cause a tryptophan requirement (auxotrophs), whereas three (trp2-100 through trp2-102) remain tryptophan prototrophs. The mutations cause a variety of changes in tryptophan synthase beta expression. For example, two mutations (trp2-5 and trp2-8) cause dramatically reduced accumulation of TSB mRNA and immunologically detectable protein, whereas trp2-10 is associated with increased mRNA and protein. A correlation exists between the quantity of mutant beta and wild-type alpha subunit levels in the trp2 mutant plants, suggesting that the synthesis of these proteins is coordinated or that the quantity or structure of the beta subunit influences the stability of the alpha protein. The level of immunologically detectable anthranilate synthase alpha subunit protein is increased in the trp2 mutants, suggesting the possibility of regulation of anthranilate synthase levels in response to tryptophan limitation.
Tribological properties of PBO fabric composites modified by poly (vinyl alcohol) (2013)

ABSTRACT Friction and wear behaviors of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) modified PBO fabric composites were evaluated in a pin‐on‐disc friction and wear tester, and the relationship between the properties and the structure change resulting from PVA modification were intensively investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results indicated that the PVA thin film formed on the fabric surface by chemical crosslinking reaction could improve the antiwear property of the PBO fabric composites efficiently. In argon‐300°C condition, the antiwear property of the PBO fabric composites was improved by 35%, which was due to the improvement of the bonding strength between the fabric and resin and the dispersion of the shear stress induced by the shear creep and plastic deformation of the PVA film in friction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1313‐1320, 2013
Through-Tubing-Conveyed ESP Replacement - Live Well Intervention (2009)

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 116822, "Thru- Tubing Conveyed ESP Pump Replacement - Live-Well Intervention," by Walter Dinkins, SPE, and Steve Tetzlaff, Baker Hughes; John C. Patterson, SPE, Hai Hunt, SPE, Peter Nezaticky, SPE, and James Rogers, SPE, ConocoPhillips; and Bret Chambers, BP plc, originally prepared for the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, 21-24 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Through-tubing-conveyed (TTC) electrical-submersible-pump (ESP) technology was developed to address the high cost and long lead times associated with North Slope rig workovers to pull and replace worn or plugged pumps. TTC technology allows ESPs to be changed in live wells without the need to kill the well and work it over. When a TTC pump replacement is performed, the pump is pulled and replaced with slickline or coiled tubing while the tubing, seal section, motor, power cable, and downhole gauges remain in place. Introduction The first TTC systems were installed in West Sak development wells on the North Slope of Alaska in 1998. The first systems were TTC electrical submersible progressing-cavity pumps (TTCESPCPs). In 2001, TTC technology was expanded to include centrifugal pumps to achieve higher production rates. The centrifugal TTC pumps were given the designation TTCESP. TTCESP lift systems continue to be the preferred equipment for the West Sak field. TTC technology is particularly applicable in wells with high solids production in which the pump is the primary failure mode. TTC technology also provides a means to upsize, downsize, or add pump components such as rotary gas separators without rig intervention on live wells. TTCESPCP and TTCESP Components From bottom to top, the rig-deployed (tubing-conveyed) components of a TTCESPCP consists of motor centralizer, motor, gear-reduction unit, tandem seal sections, and TTC crossover. A power cable is clamped to the outside of the tubing and is run from the motor to surface, and a separate instrument wire is run for a downhole gauge located in a side-pocket mandrel above the ESP assembly. The TTC crossover (Fig. 1) is what allows pumps to be pulled while the motor, gear-reduction unit, seal section, tubing, instrument wire, and power cable are left downhole. The slickline-deployed TTC components consist of a pump assembly, a packoff assembly, and a slipstop. The pump assembly consists of a pump "eye" (Fig. 2), which couples the pump to the TTC crossover, and pump and discharge assembly, which includes a centralizer and fishing neck.
Chapter 1: Introduction (2017)

The Great Depression of the 1930s devastated the national economies of West Indies, which also had to already dealing with low wages, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and deplorable housing. Barbados was one of the poorest areas in the West Indies with the lowest life expectancy and highest rate of child mortality. It was a white oligarchy that was wholly dependent on sugar and due to the steady fall in its prices, arable land was also turned to sugar production and rural workers with access to small plots of land were forced to grow sugar as a cash crop. The arrest and subsequent deportation of Clement Payne, a socialist from Trinidad, in 1937 finally led to the outbreak of riots in Barbados, which was followed by Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua and British Guiana. These region-wide disturbances highlighted the need for social reform and forced the British government to appoint a Royal Commission, under the chairmanship of Lord Moyne, to investigate the causes of the riots and dissent and make recommendations.
Augmentation of the Resistance Against Listeria Monocytogenes by Oral Administration of A Hot Water Extt of Chlorella Vulgarism Mice (1994)

Oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris(CVE)(20mg/mouse, 10 consecutive days) augmented the resistance against an i.p. infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. The numbers of bacteria in a CVE-administered group were significantly lower in the peritoneal cavity or spleen than those in a control group. FCM analysis revealed that gamma delta +Thy1.2+ cells in the nonadherent PEC from CVE-administered mice increased more prominently in number at the early stage on day 3 or on day 5 after infection as compared with those in control mice. The increment of gamma delta +Thy1.2+ T cells was also evident in spleen in CVE-administered mice at this stage after infection. The proportion of TCR alpha beta +Thy1.2+ T cells in the nonadherent PEC of a control group increased from 13% on day 0 to 49% at the late stage on day 10 after infection, whereas the proportion of TCR alpha beta +Thy1.2+ T cells in the nonadherent PEC in CVE-administered mice increased to 64% on this stage after infection in association with augmentation of DTH response to Listeria. These results suggest that CVE-administration effectively augment cell-mediated immunity against Listeria through the increment of gamma delta + T cells in the early phase and the increment of alpha beta + T cells in the late phase after listerial infection.
Prior exercise and antioxidant supplementation: effect on oxidative stress and muscle injury (2007)

There appears to be no independent or combined effect of a prior bout of eccentric exercise or antioxidant supplementation as used here on markers of muscle injury in resistance trained men. Moreover, eccentric exercise as used in the present study results in minimal blood oxidative stress in resistance trained men. Hence, antioxidant supplementation for the purpose of minimizing blood oxidative stress in relation to eccentric exercise appears unnecessary in this population.