gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Head Movement Evoked By Electrical Stimulation in the Supplementary Eye Field of the Rhesus Monkey (2005)

Although the supplementary eye field (SEF) has been implicated in the control of head movements associated with gaze shifts, there is no direct evidence that SEF plays a role in the generation of head movements independent of gaze. If the SEF does, varying the duration of stimulation should selectively alter the head-movement kinematics during the postgaze-shift period. The duration of the stimulation was manipulated while head-unrestrained monkeys maintained stable head forward postures. The initial positions of the eyes in the orbits were systematically varied. Although combined movements of the eyes and head were produced in the majority of the trials, head movements were sometimes evoked in the absence of gaze shifts. These head-alone movements were most frequent when the initial eye position was contralateral to the stimulated side. When the stimulation produced eye and head movements, gaze onset was sometimes preceded by a relatively low-velocity phase of the head movement. Evoked head movements were primarily horizontal, unlike the gaze shifts, which typically had vertical components that varied according to the initial positions of the eyes in the orbits. The postgaze-shift head movements tended to be of low velocity and in many cases persisted until stimulation offset. In general, prolonging the stimulation resulted in improved centering of the eyes in the orbits. These findings suggest that, in addition to its previously described role in the generation of coordinated eye-head gaze shifts, the SEF is also involved in the control of head movements in the absence of a change of gaze.
Ética y economía: una reflexión sobre intereses individuales y colectivos (2005)

This article attempts to analyze the behavior and individual interests of economic agents, the core of the capitalist system of production, the conceptual basis of the neoclassic school of economics and collective behavior and interests. This interaction has prompted a great deal of classical economic thinking and economic branches that are sensible to social issues. The conducting thread between these two areas of action is economic ethics, which is emphasized in this article in an attempt to prompt a much wider discussion of the issue.
The Potential of Using Quantum Theory to Build Models of Cognition (2013)

Quantum cognition research applies abstract, mathematical principles of quantum theory to inquiries in cognitive science. It differs fundamentally from alternative speculations about quantum brain processes. This topic presents new developments within this research program. In the introduction to this topic, we try to answer three questions: Why apply quantum concepts to human cognition? How is quantum cognitive modeling different from traditional cognitive modeling? What cognitive processes have been modeled using a quantum account? In addition, a brief introduction to quantum probability theory and a concrete example is provided to illustrate how a quantum cognitive model can be developed to explain paradoxical empirical findings in psychological literature.
Industrialization (1994)

The history of the developed countries shows that industrialization has formed the core of modern economic growth. Industrialization refers to the growth of ‘industry’ — mining, manufacturing, construction and infrastructure industries (transportation, communication and public utilities) — and the increase in its share of the total economy. Manufacturing is the most important component of industry. The development of modern factories, equipped with imported machinery and steam engines, marked the beginning of industrialization in the mid-1880s in Japan.
Pushing to the edge: Rutgers astrophysics institute motivates talented high school students (2003)

Abstract The Rutgers Astrophysics Institute is a program in which gifted high school students learn about contemporary science and its methods, and conduct independent authentic research using real‐time data. The students use the processes of science to acquire knowledge, and serve as cognitive apprentices to an expert astrophysicist. A variety of naturalistic and statistical methods were employed to gather data concerning various changes in the students as a result of their participation in the institute. Specifically, we concluded that students were able to (a) distinguish between observational data and models, devise testing experiments, and reflect on the analysis and the interpretation of X‐ray data; (b) achieve results comparable to those of regular Advanced Placement (AP) students on individual AP exam problems (the students had not taken AP Physics), (c) engage in elements of meaningful authentic research, and (d) change their approaches toward learning science. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 958–985, 2003
Clinical Evaluation of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride for the Treatment of Insomnia in Psychiatric Patients: A Double‐Blind Study (1990)

The usefulness of the antihistaminic agent diphenhydramine hydrochloride was evaluated using a double-blind procedure at sleeping doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg in 144 psychiatric patients with insomnia. The general condition of the patients with insomnia was at least "slightly improved" in 62.5% (12.5-mg group), 60% (25-mg group), and 67.4% (50-mg group) after treatment with the test drug for 2 weeks. Side effects were observed in a total of 11 patients (7.6%) but were not severe. No symptoms suggestive of drug dependence were evident. Global improvement was not influenced by patient background factors except for the presence or absence of previous treatment for insomnia. The hypnotic effect of diphenhydramine hydrochloride was significantly greater in patients who had not been treated previously. A dose-dependent increase in the hypnotic effect was also seen in patients who had not received any previous treatment. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride thus appears to be effective in the treatment of insomnia, but the appropriate dosage will depend on previous medical treatment of insomnia.
Melano‐macrophage centres and their role in fish pathology (2003)

Melano-macrophage centres, also known as macrophage aggregates, are distinctive groupings of pigment-containing cells within the tissues of heterothermic vertebrates. In fish they are normally located in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue of the spleen and the kidney, although in amphibians and reptiles, and some fish, they are also found in the liver. They may also develop in association with chronic inflammatory lesions elsewhere in the body and during ovarian atresia. In higher teleosts, they often exist as complex discrete centres, containing lymphocytes and macrophages, and may be primitive analogues of the germinal centres of lymph nodes. Melano-macrophage centres usually contain a variety of pigments, including melanins, and these increase in range and volume in older fish or in the presence of cachectic disease. Melano-macrophage centres act as focal depositories for resistant intracellular bacteria, from which chronic infections may develop. Iron capture and storage in haemolytic diseases appears to be a primary function, but antigen trapping and presentation to lymphocytes, sequestration of products of cellular degradation and potentially toxic tissue materials, such as melanins, free radicals and catabolic breakdown products are among other functions that have been ascribed. Recent work suggests that they are a site of primary melanogenesis rather than mere storage. Melano-macrophage centres increase in size or frequency in conditions of environmental stress and have been suggested as reliable biomarkers for water quality in terms of both deoxygenation and iatragenic chemical pollution.
M1 Agonists for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. (1996)

The AF series compounds, AF102B and congeners of AF150(S), are functionally selective agonists for m1 muscarinic receptors (m1AChRs). This is shown in stable transfected CHO and PC12 cells (PC12M1) with m1m5AChRs and m1AChRs, respectively. AF102B and AF150(S) are partial agonists, but AF150, AF151, and AF151 (S) are full agonists in stimulating phosphoinositides hydrolysis or arachidonic acid release in these cells. Yet, all these compounds behave as antagonists when compared with carbachol in elevating cAMP levels. In PC12M1 cells, unlike carbachol, the AF series compounds induce only minimal to moderate neurite outgrowth. Yet, these agonists synergize strongly with NGF, which by itself mediates only a mild response. Stimulation of m1AChRs by AF102B, AF150(S) and AF151(S) in PC12M1 cells enhances secretion of beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein derivatives (APPs). The enhanced APPs secretion induced by AF102B is potentiated by NGF. AF102B also stimulates APPs secretion from rat cortical slices. Stimulation of m1AChR in PC12M1 cells with carbachol or AF102B decreases tau phosphorylation as indicated by specific tau-1 mAb and alkaline phosphatase treatment. Due to the above mentioned properties m1 agonists may be of unique value in delaying the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AF series compounds show a wide safety margin and improve memory and learning deficits in animal models for AD. There is a dearth of clinical reports on m1 agonists. These include studies on AF102B and xanomeline, another m1 selective agonist. We tested AF102B in escalating doses of 20, 40, 60 mg, tid, po, (each dose for 2 weeks) for a total of 10 weeks. This was a single-blind placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in patients with probable AD. AF102B was significantly effective at 40 and 60 mg, tid in the ADAS, ADAS-cognitive and ADAS-word recognition scales.
Speech recognition for image animation and coding (2002)

We discuss some issues related to acoustic assisted image coding and animation. An approach of talker independent acoustic assisted image coding and animation scheme is studied. A perceptually based sliding window encoder is proposed. It utilizes the high rate (or oversampled) viseme sequence from the audio domain for image domain viseme interpolation and smoothing. The image domain visemes in our approach are dynamically constructed from a set of basic visemes. The look-ahead and look-back moving interpolations in the proposed approach provide an effective way to compensate the mismatch between auditory and visual perceptions.
Inhibition of HT-29 human colon cancer growth under the renal capsule of severe combined immunodeficient mice by an analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, DD-003. (1994)

An analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 22(S)-24-homo-26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1 alpha,22,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (DD-003), showed 10-fold greater inhibiting effect than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the growth of HT-29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells in culture. To examine the anticancer activity of DD-003 in vivo, a fibrin clot of HT-29 cells was prepared with fibrinogen and thrombin and implanted under the renal capsule of the severe combined immunodeficient mouse. Starting 7 days after implantation of HT-29 tumor, mice were given 3 micrograms/kg body weight of DD-003 or the vehicle i.p. every other day for 5 times. The HT-29 tumor grew rapidly in control mice; malignant growth was clearly observed with mitosis, massive tumor angiogenesis, and invasion into normal kidney tissue. Tumors in DD-003 treated mice were smaller with less invasion compared to the control. Administration of DD-003 inhibited growth of HT-29 tumor by 63%. Serum calcium concentrations and body weights of the treated mice were similar to those of the control. DD-003 inhibited growth of HT-29 tumor in a dose-dependent manner over the range of 0.1-10 micrograms/kg body weight, with no increase of serum calcium concentration observed at any dose level. When DD-003 was withdrawn after 2 weeks of treatment, tumor growth resumed. Since chemosensitivity tested by the subrenal capsule assay correlates well with clinical response, DD-003 may be clinically applicable in procedures such as postsurgical chemotherapy of colon cancer.
Microscope stage sample holder capable of temperature variation between 30 and 800 K (1975)

A novel vacuum sample holder is described for use with an optical microscope. The sample stage temperature can be made to vary from ∼ 30 to 800 K. Electrical feedthroughs together with an optical window provide convenient features for use in a wide variety of experiments. Data for optically induced transverse thermoelectric voltages of a Pd film as a function of temperature are presented.
A calcium‐activated apyrase from <i>Teladorsagia circumcincta</i>: an excretory/secretory antigen capable of modulating host immune responses? (2011)

A cDNA representing the gene Teladorsagia circumcincta apyrase-1 (Tci-apy-1) was isolated, by PCR, from a T. circumcincta fourth-stage larval (L4) cDNA library. The closest orthologue of this gene is a Ca(2+)-dependent apyrase from Ostertagia ostertagi, with 92% amino acid identity across all 339 residues. Tci-apy-1 is transcribed in a stage-specific manner, the transcript being predominant in L4, detectable in the adult cDNA, but absent from eggs and infective third-stage larvae (L3). The protein, Tci-APY-1, was detected by immunoblotting in extracts of L4 nematodes and was present in excretory/secretory products from the same developmental stage. A recombinant version of Tci-APY-1 was expressed in bacteria as an active enzyme that hydrolysed nucleoside triphosphate substrates with a preference of ATP over other nucleoside triphosphates. Recombinant Tci-APY-1 hydrolysed ATP and ADP but not AMP. Apyrase activity was divalent cation-dependent, with no hydrolysis in the presence of Mg(2+), but activation in the presence of Ca(2+). Recombinant Tci-APY-1 was bound by IgG present in serum and both IgG and IgA present in abomasal mucus from trickle-infected, immune sheep but not in material derived from lambs exposed to a single infection. The potential immunomodulatory roles of this Tci-APY-1 are discussed in relation to purinergic signalling.
Surfactant vesicles as membrane mimetic agents: characterization and utilization (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurfactant vesicles as membrane mimetic agents: characterization and utilizationJanos H. FendlerCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 1, 7–13Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50145a002Request reuse permissionsArticle Views744Altmetric-Citations287LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Practical Pressure Loss Predictions in Realistic Annular Geometries (1994)

ABSTRACT Frictional pressure loss calculations in narrow annuli of slim-hole and coiled tubing operations require more accuracy than before. The paper describes a method to calculate pressure losses that better represents actual annular configurations. The skewed (vertical wells, varying eccentricity) and uniformly eccentric (deviated wells) geometries are addressed. Easy to use realistic correlations are obtained for laminar, transition and turbulent flow regimes. Experimental flow loop data validate model predictions. A step-by-step procedure is included for field calculations.
Selective Oxidation of Silicon (100) vs. Tungsten Surfaces by Steam in Hydrogen (2003)

Chemistry associated with the selective oxidation of silicon (Si) vs. tungsten (W) by water steam in hydrogen has been studied. New kinetics data and equations are obtained for growth on Si(100) at the atmospheric pressure and 950-1100°C, with the fractional pressure between 0 to 0.8 atmospheres. The selectivity window for oxidizing Si but not W is determined to be Oxygen content in W films slightly increased after being processed within the selectivity window. When W films were processed out of the selectivity window, both W oxidation and Si migration from the underlying layers into the W layers were observed. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Bacterial Constituents, XXXVII. Pyoverdin‐Type Siderophores from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1989)

Abstract The structures of pyoverdin C, D, and E isolated from the culture medium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (which are identical with the pyoverdins PaB, PaA, and Pa 6–8) ) have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods and degradation studies. The pyoverdins consist of a chromophore which could be identified as (1 S )‐5‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐8,9‐dihydroxy‐1 H ‐pyrimido[1,2‐ a ]quinoline‐1‐carboxylic acid substituted at the amino group with a 4‐carboxy‐4‐oxobutanoyl (C), a 3‐carboxypropanoyl (D) or a succinamoyl residue (E) and at the carboxy group with the N‐terminus of D ‐Ser‐ L ‐Arg‐ D ‐Ser‐ L ‐Orn( N 5 ‐OH‐ N 5 ‐CHO)‐ L ‐Lys‐ L ‐Orn( N 5 ‐OH‐ N 5 ‐CHO)‐ L ‐Thr‐ L ‐Thr]. In an appendix a tentative nomenclature for pyoverdin‐type compounds is proposed.
Future airborne collision avoidance &#x2014; Design principles, analysis plan and algorithm development (2009)

As the aviation community moves toward the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), the current Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) may become inadequate. This paper presents a novel approach to detection and resolution of air traffic conflicts in a 3-dimensional (3-D) airspace between two aircraft. The inputs to the detection algorithm are the current 3-D position and speed vector of both aircraft and a cylindrical minimum safety protection zone (PZ). For collision avoidance systems (CASs), the size of the configurable PZ can be assigned values that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) considers as a near mid air collision (NMAC <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ) incident. When available, additional inputs, such as measurement uncertainties and intruder type (e.g., manned/unmanned), can be used to alter the default protection zone. The conflict detection takes into account the 3-D encounter (e.g., closure rate, miss distance, relative converging maneuver). The resolution algorithm initially computes a set of six resolution advisories (RAs) and associated resolution alert times that ensure no violation of the protection zone. Two solutions are computed for each of the three dimensions: ground track, ground speed, and vertical speed. The initial resolution advisories (RAs) solutions take into account ownship capability (i.e., max climb/descent rate, max turn rate, max speed/stall speed) and ownship pilot response delay (e.g., autonomous vs. manual RA execution). These six solutions are subsequently down-selected in two steps: first, based on the encounter geometry, a single implicitly coordinated, independent solution is selected for each of the three dimensions; then, based on ownship preferences and operational considerations a final RA solution is computed.
Low Thermal Expansion Coatings for Carbon/Carbon Composites (1987)

Two classes of materials are considered for low expansion protective\ncoatings for carbon/carbon composites. They include composites containing\nparticles which undergo allotropic phase transformations accompanied by\nnegative volume changes with increasing temperature and anisotropic oxides\nwhich demonstrate low expansion due to microcracking. Conditions for\nfailure of coatings by either cracking or spallation due to thermal\nmismatch are evaluated.
Using natural language to access databases on the Web (2002)

As the traditional relational databases and the new XML document repositories are being widely used on the Web as information storage, there is a great need for easy access to the information sources, particularly through natural language interactions. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an intelligent system that interacts with users using a natural language, English, and retrieves information from sources, for the users. The system consists of four major parts: part of speech tagging, query knowledge base, query formation, and answer synthesis. In implementation, the system first uses QTAG, a Hidden Markov Model based speech part tagger, to tag each word in the input sentence. Then, important words in the main phrase axe identified. A thesaurus is applied to reduce the important words to basic keywords, which are used to query the database. The query is formed based on the query knowledge stored in the query knowledge base. Finally, the query result is synthesized into an English sentence, which is presented to the user as the answer. With an efficient part of speech tagger, intelligent subsystems for query formation and synthesis of query result, and user-friendly interface, the intelligent system can answer questions effectively.
Über Verbindungen mit Urotropin‐Struktur, XXVI. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Reaktivität von Brückenkopf ‐Carboniumionen (1963)

Abstract Durch Ringerweiterung nach DEMJANOW wurde, ausgehend von 1‐Aminomethyl‐adamantan, 3‐Hydroxy‐tricyclo[4.3.1.1 3.8 ]undecan hergestellt. Die Solvolysenkonstanten der hieraus erhaltenen 3‐Halogen‐tricyclo[4.3.1.1 3.8 ]undecane wurden gemessen und mit denen der entsprechenden 1‐Halogen‐adamantane verglichen. Dabei wurde bei den ersteren eine um ca. 400 mal größere Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beobachtet. Die Bedeutung dieses Befundes für die Theorie der Reaktivität von Verbindungen mit Halogen an Brückenkopf‐Atomen wird diskutiert.