gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The reaction of the immune system of fish to vaccination: development of immunological memory in carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L., following direct immersion in <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> bacterin (1985)

Abstract. The development of immunological memory was investigated in carp following direct immersion in Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin. A single bath did not induce an increase in serum antibody (Ab) levels. A second bath at 1, 3 or 8 months resulted in clear secondary Ab responses. The highest Ab levels were reached in the group boosted after 3 months. However, at 12 months a second bath gave no further significant response. When a booster was given at the same intervals by intramuscular injection, instead of immersion, the induced memory was not expressed as a clear secondary response. It is concluded that direct immersion in a bacterial antigen did induce immunological memory. The duration of this slowly developing memory is limited in time (less than 12 months) and was only demonstrated following a second immersion. This last feature suggests the existence of a local or mucosal activity during the immune response after bath vaccination.
A Shot Boundary Detection Method Based on Color Space (2010)

To effectively avoid the impacts caused by flash and subtitle to shot detection, the paper proposes a shot boundary detection method based on color space. By analyzing brightness, and to reduce impacts caused by captions inserted around a video and icon inserted from corners, here, we calculate frame difference with improved histogram weighted partition method. With change rule of inter-frame difference, combining global and self-adaptive threshold, we can control abrupt change detection to enhance precision ratio. Based on characteristics of flash to detect flash sequence, we can make it not involved in calculation of the adaptive threshold to enhance the threshold accuracy to further promote precision ratio in lens detection.
Ion implantation as a production technique (1967)

This paper discusses the development of ion implantation techniques for the production of high efficiency n-on-p silicon solar cells. Although the process is still being optimized, ion-implanted cells are already competitive with diffusion produced cells, with air mass zero (AMO) efficiencies of 11 percent having been achieved. A high-current production machine capable of producing 10 000 cells/week has been constructed and is being applied to further cell development. The process has been applied to dendritic material with AMO efficiencies of > 9.3 percent having been achieved. Using an ion beam high-vacuum sputtering process, cells have been fabricated with 1 mil fused SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> integral cover slips and AMO efficiencies of > 10 percent.
Utilizing the bioorthogonal base-pairing system of<scp>l</scp>-DNA to design ideal DNA nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of nucleic acid cargos (2014)

DNA nanoconstructs are a potential drug carrier with high biocompatibility. They are promising particularly when therapeutic nucleic acids are the cargos to be delivered, since both the carrier and the cargo are nucleic acids which can be designed, synthesized and assembled in a seamless feature without using post-synthetic conjugation chemistry. However, the unwanted base-paring events between the cargo and the carrier may potentially disturb the desired structure of the cargo-loaded carrier. To address this concern, we propose a DNA nanocarrier composed of L-DNA strands having a bioorthogonal base-paring system. The study presented here provides useful properties of L-DNA as a backbone for the DNA nanocarrier and demonstrates superiority of L-DNA over the natural D-DNA backbone in the delivery of an anti-proliferative aptamer as well as in the construction of the cargo-carrier assembly.
Directed Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Thyroid Follicular Cells (2006)

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms leading to the induction and specification of thyroid follicular cells is important for our understanding of thyroid development. To characterize the key events in this process, we previously established an experimental embryonic stem (ES) cell model system, which shows that wild-type mouse CCE ES cells can give rise to thyrocyte-like cells in vitro. We extend our analysis in this report by using a genetically manipulated ES cell line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA is targeted to the TSH receptor (TSHR) gene, linking GFP expression to the transcription of the endogenous TSHR gene. The appearance of GFP-positive cells was dependent on the formation of embryoid bodies from undifferentiated ES cells and was greatly enhanced by TSH treatment during the first 2-4 d of differentiation. With the support of Matrigel, highly enriched ES cell-derived GFP-positive cells formed thyroid follicle-like clusters in a serum-free medium supplemented with TSH. Importantly, these clusters display the characteristics of thyroid follicular cells. Immunofluorescent studies confirmed the colocalization of TSHR with the Na+/I- symporter in the clusters and indicated that Na+/I- symporter was expressed exclusively in the plasma membrane. In addition, I- uptake activity was observed in these cells. Our results indicate that ES cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells, providing a powerful tool to study embryonic thyroid development and function.
HF communications: Past, present, and future (2018)

High frequency (HF) communication, commonly covering frequency range between 3 and 30 MHz, is an important wireless communication paradigm to offer over-the-horizon or even global communications with ranges up to thousands of kilometers via sky-wave propagation with ionospheric refraction. It has widespread applications in fields such as emergency communications in disaster areas, remote communications with aircrafts or ships and non-light-of-the-sight military operations. This tutorial article overviews the history of HF communication, demystifies the recent advances, and provides a preview of the next few years, which the authors believe will see fruitful outputs towards wideband, intelligent and integrated HF communications. Specifically, we first present brief preliminaries on the unique features of HF communications to facilitate general readers in the communication community. Then, we provide a historical review to show the technical evolution on the three generations of HF communication systems. Further, we highlight the key challenges and research directions. We hope that this article will stimulate more interests in addressing the technical challenges on the research and development of future HF radio communication systems.
Prediction Based Combined Control to Prevent the Rollover of Heavy Vehicles (2005)

In this paper a combined control structure to decrease the rollover risk of heavy vehicles is developed. In this structure active anti-roll bars are combined with an active brake control. To enhance the performance of the active brake, this mechanism is extended with a prediction procedure, in which the critical values are predicted in advance using a short time interval. In order to predict an imminent rollover, an observer-based prediction algorithm is proposed to estimate in advance the load transfers. The control design is based on the linear parameter varying model of yaw-roll dynamics of heavy vehicles. In the control design both the performance demands and the model uncertainties are taken into consideration. The control mechanism is demonstrated in a double lane change maneuver
Mixed-integer quadratic program trajectory generation for heterogeneous quadrotor teams (2012)

We present an algorithm for the generation of optimal trajectories for teams of heterogeneous quadrotors in three-dimensional environments with obstacles. We formulate the problem using mixed-integer quadratic programs (MIQPs) where the integer constraints are used to enforce collision avoidance. The method allows for different sizes, capabilities, and varying dynamic effects between different quadrotors. Experimental results illustrate the method applied to teams of up to four quadrotors ranging from 65 to 962 grams and 21 to 67 cm in width following trajectories in three-dimensional environments with obstacles with accelerations approaching 1g.
Differential involvement of the Mu and Kappa opioid receptors in spatial learning (2003)

In order to test the role of mu and kappa opioid receptors (Mu opioid receptor (MOR) and Kappa opioid receptor (KOR)) in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning, we analyzed genetically engineered null mutant mice missing the functional MOR or KOR gene. Compared to wild-type mice, the homozygous MOR null mutants exhibited an impairment in the ultimate level of spatial learning as shown in two distinct tasks, the 8-arm radial-maze and the Morris water-maze. Control behaviors were normal. The learning impairment could be associated with the impairment we found in the maintenance of long-term potentiation in mossy fibers in CA3. In comparison, there was no impairment in spatial learning in our KOR mutants or in mossy fibers (mf) in CA3 region long-term potentiation (LTP). Our work suggests that the MOR may play a positive role in learning and memory by increasing LTP in CA3 neurons.
Phenserine (2007)

Phenserine, a derivative of physostigmine, was first described as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and was shown to improve cognition in various experimental paradigms in rodents and dogs. It was clinically tested for Alzheimer's disease, with moderate success in initial Phase II studies. Phenserine deserves attention for an additional quality of action: in addition to inhibiting AChE, it modulates the amount of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neuronal cell culture by reducing APP translation. This effect probably involves interaction of phenserine with a regulatory element in the 5'-untranslated region of the APP gene that controls APP expression. Phenserine apparently reduces translational efficiency of APP mRNA into protein, a process that may involve an interaction with iron and/or an iron-responsive element. As a consequence, phenserine reduces beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) formation in vitro and in vivo. Phenserine is also unique because of differing actions of its enantiomers: (-)-phenserine is the active enantiomer for inhibition of AChE, whereas (+)-phenserine ('posiphen') has weak activity as an AChE inhibitor and can be dosed much higher. Both enantiomers are equipotent in downregulating APP expression. (+)-Posiphen may be a promising drug, either alone or in combination with (-)-phenserine, to attenuate the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
An 100‐kDa arachidonate‐mobilizing phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> in mouse spleen and the macrophage cell line J774 (1991)

A phospholipase A2 hydrolyzing arachidonic-acid-containing phospholipids has been purified 5600-fold from mouse spleen and to near homogeneity from the macrophage cell line J774. A molecular mass of 100 kDa for the enzyme was estimated by SDS/PAGE, while it migrated as a 70-kDa protein upon gel chromatography. The enzyme from both sources showed the same characteristics as that previously identified in murine peritoneal macrophages [Wijkander, J. & Sundler, R. (1989), FEBS Lett. 244, 51-56], i.e. it was totally dependent on Ca2+ with half-maximal activity at approximately 0.7 microM and hydrolyzed arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol equally well. Also, the platelet-activating-factor precursor, 1-O-alkyl-2-arachidonoylglycerophosphocholine, was hydrolyzed to a similar extent. A preference for arachidonoylphosphatidylcholine over oleoylphosphatidylcholine was seen both with sonicated vesicles and labeled macrophage membranes as substrate. Ca(2+)-dependent interaction of the enzyme with sonicated vesicles composed of neutral phospholipids led to rapid initial hydrolysis, followed by loss of catalytic activity. Such inactivation did not occur with vesicles of pure anionic phospholipids, or with membranes prepared from macrophages. Phospholipase A2, purified from J774 cells, was rapidly phosphorylated by protein kinase C type-II, leading to incorporation of approximately 0.5 mol phosphate/mol enzyme.
Planar, Multiport, Quadrature-Like Power Dividers/Combiners (1980)

A class of planar, multiport power dividers/combiners is presented that is a generalization of the familiar branch-line, 3-dB, quadrature hybrid. They are suitable for combining an arbitrary number of identical one-port or two-port devices while maintaining a match at the input port.
Increasing plasmalogen levels protects human endothelial cells during hypoxia (2002)

Supplementation of cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC) with sn-1-O-hexadecylglycerol (HG) resulted in an approximately twofold increase in cellular levels of plasmalogens, a subclass of phospholipids known to have antioxidant properties; this was due, primarily, to a fourfold increase in the choline plasmalogens. Exposure of unsupplemented human PAEC to hypoxia (PO(2) = 20-25 mmHg) caused an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) over a period of 5 days with a coincident decrease in viability. In contrast, HG-supplemented cells survived for at least 2 wk under these conditions with no evidence of increased ROS. Hypoxia resulted in a selective increase in the turnover of the plasmalogen plasmenylethanolamine. Human PAEC with elevated plasmalogen levels were also more resistant to H(2)O(2), hyperoxia, and the superoxide generator plumbagin. This protection was seemingly specific to cellular stresses in which significant ROS were generated because the sensitivity to lethal heat shock or glucose deprivation was not altered in HG-treated human PAEC. HG, by itself, was not sufficient for protection; HG supplementation of bovine PAEC had no effect upon plasmalogen levels and did not rescue these cells from the cytotoxic effects of hypoxia. This is the initial demonstration that plasmalogen content can be substantially enhanced in a normal cell. These data also demonstrate that HG can protect cells during hypoxia and other ROS-mediated stress, likely due to the resulting increase in these antioxidant phospholipids.
Staining Proteins in Gels (2012)

Abstract This unit describes protocols for detecting proteins in SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. It describes methods for Coomassie blue and silver staining, as well as the fluorescent stains SYPRO Orange and Red. Staining with Coomassie blue is easier and more rapid; however, silver staining methods are considerably more sensitive and can thus be used to detect smaller amounts of protein. Alternative rapid staining procedures are provided for each method. Fluorescent staining is a popular alternative to the traditional staining procedures, mainly because it is more sensitive than Coomassie staining, and often as sensitive as silver staining. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech . 6:7.4.1‐7.4.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Why bacteria matter in animal development and evolution (2010)

While largely studied because of their harmful effects on human health, there is growing appreciation that bacteria are important partners for invertebrates and vertebrates, including man. Epithelia in metazoans do not only select their microbiota; a coevolved consortium of microbes enables both invertebrates and vertebrates to expand the range of diet supply, to shape the complex immune system and to control pathogenic bacteria. Microbes in zebrafish and mice regulate gut epithelial homeostasis. In a squid, microbes control the development of the symbiotic light organ. These discoveries point to a key role for bacteria in any metazoan existence, and imply that beneficial bacteria-host interactions should be considered an integral part of development and evolution.
Practical Large-Scale Optimization for Max-norm Regularization (2010)

The max-norm was proposed as a convex matrix regularizer in [1] and was shown to be empirically superior to the trace-norm for collaborative filtering problems.\nAlthough the max-norm can be computed in polynomial time, there are currently no practical algorithms for solving large-scale optimization problems that incorporate\nthe max-norm. The present work uses a factorization technique of Burer and Monteiro [2] to devise scalable first-order algorithms for convex programs\ninvolving the max-norm. These algorithms are applied to solve huge collaborative filtering, graph cut, and clustering problems. Empirically, the new methods\noutperform mature techniques from all three areas.
Results of the Active Learning Challenge (2011)

We organized a machine learning challenge on “active learning”, addressing problems where labeling data is expensive, but large amounts of unlabeled data are available at low cost. Examples include handwriting and speech recognition, document classi?cation, vision tasks, drug design using recombinant molecules and protein engineering. The algorithms may place a limited number of queries to get new sample labels. The design of the challenge and its results are summarized in this paper and the best contributions made by the participants are included in these proceedings. The website of the challenge remains open as a resource for students and researchers (http://clopinet.com/al).
Tumor concentration and distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen measured by in vitro quantitative autoradiography. (1994)

CEA was expressed in most cases of stomach, colon, breast and lung carcinomas. These carcinomas, however, exhibited wide variation in the concentration and distribution of CEA expression. The concentration and distribution of CEA in a particular tumor type should be considered before undertaking tumor targeting methods.
Radiated emissions of very large scale integrated circuits (2002)

EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) testing was performed on a microprocessor to examine its radiated emissions. Special software was also written to exercise different functions of the microprocessor to determine how software affects emissions. Results indicate that a microprocessor does radiate and software can have a large influence on radiated emissions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nanoporous leaky waveguide based chemical and biological sensors with broadband spectroscopy (2007)

Here the authors demonstrate spectral optical chemical and biological sensors based on a nanoporous thin-film leaky waveguide that were fabricated by dip coating the gold-layer-covered glass substrate from the colloidal TiO2 solution. The sensor operates by interrogating the resonance wavelengths for the leaky modes in a broad bandwidth using the Kretschmann configuration. Sensitivities of the sensor to refractive index of liquid and protein adsorption were investigated and compared with the spectral surface plasmon resonance sensors. The best fitting to the experimental data was carried out with the Fresnel equations, and thickness and porosity of the nanoporous waveguiding layer were determined.
Differentiation induced by<i>Achyrocline satureioides</i>(Lam) infusion in PC12 cells (2009)

Epidemiological studies have shown that flavonoid-rich plants induce beneficial health effects that are likely beyond their potent antioxidant capacity. Thus, the mechanisms by which Achyrocline satureioides (AS), a popular South American medicinal plant, protects cells and neurons in culture, are still unclear. In this sense, a recently described trophic capacity for flavonoids, similar to that evoked by growth factors, could be one of the mechanisms involved in AS cellular protection. Since this trophic activity causes differentiation of PC12 cells, the cell differentiation capacity of AS and some of its flavonoids were evaluated. PC12 cells were treated with AS infusion (10 or 20 microg/mL of total polyphenols), quercetin (Q) (12.5 or 25 microm), luteolin (L) (25 microm), Q + L (12.5 microm each one) or nerve growth factor (NGF) for 3 days. Four morphological parameters (percentage of cells with neurites longer than one cell body diameter, percentage of cells with neurites, average number of neurites per cell and percentage of fusiform cells) were explored. The AS infusion showed differentiation capacity on all parameters with similar potency when compared with NGF. Besides, AS was more potent than some of its constituent flavonoids: Q, L or their combination.
Development of in-vitro-derived bovine embryos cultured in 5% CO2 in air or in 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2 (1999)

To evaluate the effects of a three gas mixture of 5% O2, 5% CO2 and 90% N2 (OCN) on preimplantation embryo development, bovine in-vitro fertilization (IVF) oocytes were cultured in a defined medium (mBECM) with various supplements either under 5% CO2 in air or under OCN. When cultured in mBECM alone, embryo development was significantly stimulated in OCN compared to 5% CO2 in air (experiment 1). In the OCN atmosphere, blastocyst formation was further increased after addition of fetal bovine serum (FBS; 10%) or FBS + cumulus granulosa cells (CGC) to mBECM. The ratio of blastocysts to 8-cell embryos, number of hatched blastocysts and embryo diameter were markedly increased, and zona thickness was decreased after FBS addition. However, development up to the morula stage was fully supported by mBECM alone. There was no significant effect of beta-mercaptoethanol (ME; 10 microM) in OCN. In the 5% CO2 atmosphere, embryo development was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced after addition of FBS + CGC + ME. In experiment 2, in OCN, FBS added at 60 h post-insemination was effective in stimulating blastocyst formation, but changes in medium volume per oocyte from 13.6 to 1.36 microliters had only a marginal effect. In conclusion, OCN gas mixture provides a suitable atmosphere for early embryo growth in vitro and mBECM + FBS in the optimal culture medium under this atmosphere.
Coronary Artery and Orifice Development Is Associated With Proper Timing of Epicardial Outgrowth and Correlated Fas Ligand Associated Apoptosis Patterns (2005)

The proepicardial organ provides differentiated cell types to the myocardial wall and facilitates coronary development. Ingrowth of the coronary arteries into the aorta has recently been linked to apoptosis. This study was set up to examine the effect of an inhibition of epicardial outgrowth on apoptotic patterning and coronary development. Epicardial outgrowth was blocked at HH15-17 in quail embryos, which survived until HH25-35 (n=33). Embryos with complete inhibition of outgrowth did not survive after HH29. These embryos presented with thin compact myocardium, devoid of vessels. In embryos with delayed epicardial outgrowth the phenotype was less severe, and surviving embryos were studied up to HH35. In these embryos, myocardial vascularization was poor and apoptosis in the peritruncal region at HH30 was diminished. Embryos at HH35 displayed an abnormal coronary network and absent coronary orifices. In a further set of experiments (n=10), outgrowth was inhibited in chicken embryos at HH15, followed by transplantation of a quail proepicardial organ into the pericardial cavity to rescue cardiac phenotype. These chimeras were studied at HH29 and HH35. Myocardial development was restored; however, in 3 of 4 embryos (HH35), the coronary orifices were absent. Examination of double stainings of quail-chicken chimeras revealed that EPDCs produce Fas ligand as an apoptotic inductor at sites of coronary ingrowth. In the absence of proper timing of epicardial outgrowth, myocardial development and vascularization are disturbed. Also apoptosis in the peritruncal region is diminished. During later development, this leads to defective or absent connections of the coronary system to the systemic circulation.