gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical and electrical oscillations in double-heterojunction negative differential resistance devices (1993)

The observation of optical and electrical oscillations is reported in a GaAs/AlGaAs digital optoelectronic switch (DOES) structure. The oscillations are correlated to the negative differential resistance (NDR) region typically observed in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of this heterostructure. Plateaulike DC I-V characteristics in the NDR region and an apparent enhancement of the DC luminescence are shown to be a direct result of device oscillations in the NDR regime. External and intrinsic circuit parameters are demonstrated to determine the temporal characteristics of both the electrical and optical oscillations. These oscillations can be of sufficient magnitude to induce lasing at apparently very low DC current levels. It is shown that an external optical pulse can be used to induce the extent of the NDR region and thereby quench optical oscillations. In this manner, an optically controlled free-running optical oscillator is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design considerations for high frequency co-axial winding power transformers (2002)

An examination is made of the important loss aspects of the design of co-axial winding transformers such as the influence of skin effect on winding resistance, the variation of the core loss caused by nonuniform core flux density, and the choice of the principle dimensions and aspect ratios for maximum efficiency. Experimental measurements on a 50 kVA 50 kHz unit are included to confirm portions of the analytical results and suggested design procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Harvesting Waste Thermal Energy Using a Carbon-Nanotube-Based Thermo-Electrochemical Cell (2010)

Low efficiencies and costly electrode materials have limited harvesting of thermal energy as electrical energy using thermo-electrochemical cells (or "thermocells"). We demonstrate thermocells, in practical configurations (from coin cells to cells that can be wrapped around exhaust pipes), that harvest low-grade thermal energy using relatively inexpensive carbon multiwalled nanotube (MWNT) electrodes. These electrodes provide high electrochemically accessible surface areas and fast redox-mediated electron transfer, which significantly enhances thermocell current generation capacity and overall efficiency. Thermocell efficiency is further improved by directly synthesizing MWNTs as vertical forests that reduce electrical and thermal resistance at electrode/substrate junctions. The efficiency of thermocells with MWNT electrodes is shown to be as high as 1.4% of Carnot efficiency, which is 3-fold higher than for previously demonstrated thermocells. With the cost of MWNTs decreasing, MWNT-based thermocells may become commercially viable for harvesting low-grade thermal energy.
Closed-form blind MIMO channel estimation for orthogonal space-time block codes (2005)

In this paper, a new computationally simple approach to blind decoding of orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) is proposed. Using specific properties of OSTBCs, the authors' approach estimates the channel matrix in a closed form and in a fully blind fashion. This channel estimate is then used in the maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver to decode the information symbols. The proposed estimation technique provides consistent channel estimates, and, as a result, the performance of the authors' blind ML receiver approaches that of the coherent ML receiver, which exploits the exact channel state information (CSI). Simulation results demonstrate the performance improvements achieved by the proposed blind decoding algorithm relative to the popular differential space-time modulation scheme.
Global resource capacity algorithm with path splitting for virtual network embedding (2016)

Network visualization enables support and deployment of new services and applications that the current Internet architecture is unable to support. Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) problem that addresses efficient mapping of virtual network elements onto a physical infrastructure (substrate network) is one of the main challenges in network virtualization. The Global Resource Capacity (GRC) is a VNE algorithm that utilizes for virtual link mapping a modified version of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. In this paper, we propose the GRC-M algorithm that utilizes the Multicommodity Flow (MCF) algorithm. MCF enables path splitting and yields to higher substrate resource utilizations. Simulation results show that MCF significantly enhances performance of the GRC algorithm.
Functional Dichotomy between OX40 and 4-1BB in Modulating Effector CD8 T Cell Responses (2006)

Members of the TNFR family are thought to deliver costimulatory signals to T cells and modulate their function and survival. In this study, we compare the role of two closely related TNFR family molecules, OX40 and 4-1BB, in generating effector CD8 T cells to Ag delivered by adenovirus. OX40 and 4-1BB were both induced on responding naive CD8 T cells, but 4-1BB exhibited faster and more sustained kinetics than OX40. OX40-deficient CD8 T cells initially expanded normally; however, their accumulation and survival at late times in the primary response was significantly impaired. In contrast, 4-1BB-deficient CD8 T cells displayed hyperresponsiveness, expanding more than wild-type cells. The 4-1BB-deficient CD8 T cells also showed enhanced maturation attributes, whereas OX40-deficient CD8 T cells had multiple defects in the expression of effector cell surface markers, the synthesis of cytokines, and in cytotoxic activity. These results suggest that, in contrast to current ideas, OX40 and 4-1BB can have a clear functional dichotomy in modulating effector CD8 T cell responses. OX40 can positively regulate effector function and late accumulation/survival, whereas 4-1BB can initially operate in a negative manner to limit primary CD8 responses.
The Influence of Mast Cells on Pathways of Transepithelial Antigen Transport in Rat Intestine (1998)

Luminal Ag challenge of intestinal segments from sensitized rats results in a rapid (approximately 3 min) secretory response. We previously showed in horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-sensitized rats that the initial phase of transepithelial Ag transport occurred via a transcellular route and was enhanced by sensitization. However, following the hypersensitivity reaction, Ag also crossed between epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the role of mast cells in the altered transepithelial Ag transport. White spotting mast cell-deficient rats and +/+ littermate controls were sensitized to HRP. After 10 to 14 days, jejunal segments were resected, mounted in Ussing chambers, and challenged with HRP on the luminal side. Electron microscopy of jejunum fixed at 2 min showed a similarly enhanced endocytic transport of HRP in sensitized +/+ and Ws/Ws rats compared with naive controls. In sensitized +/+ rats, a secretory response occurred approximately 3 min after challenge, and tissue conductance increased thereafter. Naive +/+ and sensitized Ws/Ws rats did not demonstrate a secretory response to HRP challenge, and conductance remained at baseline levels. The flux of HRP was elevated across tissue from sensitized +/+ rats but not across tissue from naive controls or sensitized Ws/Ws rats. The results indicate that sensitization enhances the initial phase of transepithelial uptake of Ag by transcytosis in a mast cell-independent manner. However, subsequent recruitment of the paracellular pathway for Ag transport in sensitized rats is dependent upon the presence of mast cells and occurs after the activation of such cells.
Immunocytochemical localization of basic protein in major dense line regions of central and peripheral myelin (1982)

To localize basic protein (BP) in the lamellar structure of central and peripheral myelin, we perfused newborn and 7-11-day rat pups with a phosphate-buffered fixative that contained 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.05 or 0.2% glutaraldehyde. Teased, longitudinally split or "brush" preparations of optic and trigeminal nerves were made by gently teasing apart groups of myelinated fibers with fine forceps or needles. Some of these preparations were immunostained without pretreatment in phosphate-buffered antiserum to BP according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Others were pretreated in ethanol before immunostaining. Then, all of them were dehydrated, embedded in Epon, and sectioned for electron microscopic study. In optic and trigeminal nerves that were not pretreated, myelin, glial cells, and their organelles were well preserved. BP immunostaining was present on cytoplasmic faces of oligodendroglial and Schwann cell membranes that formed mesaxons and loose myelin spirals. In compact central and peripheral myelin, reaction product was located in major dense line regions, and the myelin periodicity was the same as that observed in unstained control myelin that had been treated with preimmune serum. In ethanol-pretreated tissue, the myelin periodicity was reduced but dense line staining still was present. Our immunocytochemical demonstration of dense line localization of BP in both CNS and PNS myelin that was not disrupted or pretreated with solvents is important because of conflicting evidence in earlier immunostaining studies. Our results also support biochemical and histochemical evidence suggesting that BP exists in vivo as a membrane protein interacting with lipids on the cytoplasmic side of the bilayer in the spirally wrapped compact myelin membrane.
Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Crisis Intervention for Inpatient Adolescents (1999)

We assessed retrospectively in two periods of evaluation all inpatient crisis interventions (n1 = 75, n2 = 65) conducted in a psychiatric hospital for children and adolescents aged 13 to 19 years. In a first preliminary study we described patterns of family dynamics and developed an evaluation plan, which was used in the second study reported here. Familial conflict situations proved to be the essential factors. The adolescents' psychiatric diagnoses differed considerably from those of adult patients. Therapeutic management using a psychoanalytically oriented focal therapy and a more social-psychiatrically oriented crisis management is discussed. Data on adolescents' and families' collaboration as well as on the success of therapy are reported. It was possible to offer developmental prospects if the adolescents were able to consider their inner conflicts and if concurrently an agreement could be reached with the family. Collaboration with community health-care professionals, in particular with the appropriate social workers, was an important step in the majority of cases. Usually discharge to the home followed within a few days, in some cases to a supervised residence group. Twenty-three percent of patients required longer inpatient therapy.
Targeted gene modification by oligonucleotides and small DNA fragments in eukaryotes (2007)

Targeted modification of genomic DNA (gDNA) in a cell permanently changes its phenotype. Numerous methods to modify target portions of gDNA in eukaryotes have been developed, and several have found practical application (e.g., homologous recombination-utilized modification in mouse ES cells). The past decade has seen active research both in oligonucleotide-directed modifications (where the oligonucleotides can be chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides, single-stranded oligonucleotides, or triple helix-forming oligonucleotides), and in small DNA fragment-directed targeted modifications. These modifications can alter gDNA at several basepairs. In order to specifically direct the reaction to the targeted site, short oligonucleotides (shorter than 80-mers) or small DNA fragments (500 to approximately 2000 bps) are needed. Such oligonucleotides and small DNA fragments can be prepared easily. Although the mechanism by which targeted modification occurs has not been fully elucidated, numerous eukaryotic target genes have been modified using these methods in both cultured cells and live animals. The effectiveness of each method has been confirmed, but the efficiency of modification for all these approaches is presently insufficient for practical use. Further studies, including elucidation of complete mechanisms and optimization of methods for introducing oligonucleotides or small DNA fragment into cell nuclei, are required.
Transverse flux reluctance motor for direct servodrive applications (2002)

A new concept of a low-speed direct servomotor drive is presented. Details of the motor construction and of the control concept are shown. The motor is a special reluctance motor with a transverse flux path that is free of expensive permanent magnets and has a cost-effective highly modular structure. The controller supplies the motor with optimized current waveforms for smoothing the torque. Measurements show the good dynamics and high accuracy of the system.
Back Cover: A New Portal to SuFEx Click Chemistry: A Stable Fluorosulfuryl Imidazolium Salt Emerging as an “F−SO<sub>2</sub>+” Donor of Unprecedented Reactivity, Selectivity, and Scope (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10/2018) (2018)

A fluorosulfuryl imidazolium salt delivers an “F−SO2+” group to phenols and amines with phenomenal efficiency. In their Communication on page 2605 ff., K. B. Sharpless, J. Dong, and co-workers present the practical, mole-scale synthesis of this stable, powerful reagent, which provides clickable RNHSO2F, dramatically expands the scope of SuFEx products, and constitutes a complementary alternative to SO2F2 gas delivery.
Performance-driven compaction for analog integrated circuits (2002)

The authors describe a novel approach to the layout compaction of analog integrated circuits which observes all of the performance and technology constraints necessary to guarantee proper analog circuit functionality. The approach consists of two stages: a fast constraint graph critical path algorithm followed by a general linear programming algorithm. Circuit performance is guaranteed by mapping high-level performance constraints to low-level bounds on parasitics and then to minimum spacing constraints between adjacent nets. The algorithm has been implemented and found to display remarkable completeness and efficiency.
Developmental Toxicity Study of Orally Administered Resorcinol Bis-Diphenylphosphate (RDP) in Rabbits (2000)

Fyrolflex resorcinolbis-diphenylphosphate (RDP) is a nonhalogenphosphate ester product that is widely used as a flame retardant for petrochemicalplastics and high-temperature lubricant additive applications. The potential developmental toxicity of RDP was evaluated in rabbits. Groups of 27 sperm-positive New Zealand white rabbits (Hazelton Research Products Inc., Denver, PA) were administered graded concentrations of 50, 200, or 1000 mg/kg/day of RDP in corn oil. A vehicle control group of equal size was administered corn oil alone. Rabbits were dosed daily (1.5 ml/kg) on gestationdays 6 to 28 and sacrificed on gestationday 29. The fetuses were removed by cesarean section and examined for gross external, visceral, cephalic, and skeletal anomalies. No treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity were observed. No treatment-related effects in maternal food consumption, body weight, body weight gain, or on uterus, liver, kidney, and spleen weights were detected. Fetal viability and body weight, as well as developmental end points were also unaffected by treatment. Accordingly, exposure of pregnant rabbits to doses ranging from 50 to 1000 mg/kg/day of RDP during the periods of major organogenesis and histogenesis did not result in any biologically significant toxic or teratogenic/developmental effect in the dams or fetuses.
Spin Hall Effect-based Nonvolatile Flip Flop for Fine-grained Power Gating (2019)

This paper presents a nonvolatile flip flop (NVFF) for fine-grained power gating with data retention. The proposed NVFF exploits the spin Hall effect (SHE) for low-power and highspeed data backup operations. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed NVFF, a simulation framework was used that consists of a SPICE circuit simulator and a Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert solver. This work investigates the effect of process variation on the backup-and-restore operations, and shows that the proposed NVFF can achieve 5ns backup and 2ns restore operations even under process variations in the transistor and spin Hall device. Compared to the conventional spin transfer torque–based NVFF, the proposed NVFF improves the break-even time by more than three times because of the high spin injection efficiency of SHE and the simple single-phase backup mechanism.
KATching-Up on Small Molecule Modulators of Lysine Acetyltransferases (2015)

The reversible acetylation of lysines is one of the best characterized epigenetic modifications. Its involvement in many key physiological and pathological processes has been documented in numerous studies. Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) and acetyltransferases (KATs) maintain the acetylation equilibrium at histones but also many other proteins. Besides acetylation, also other acyl groups are reversibly installed at the side chain of lysines in proteins. Because of their involvement in disease, KDACs and KATs were proposed to be promising drug targets, and for KDACs, indeed, five inhibitors are now approved for human use. While there is a similar level of evidence for the potential of KATs as drug targets, no inhibitor is in clinical trials. Here, we review the evidence for the diverse roles of KATs in disease pathology, provide an overview of structural features and the available modulators, including those targeting the bromodomains of KATs, and present an outlook.
Googling Trends in Conservation Biology (2013)

Web-crawling approaches, that is, automated programs data mining the internet to obtain information about a particular process, have recently been proposed for monitoring early signs of ecosystem degradation or for establishing crop calendars. However, lack of a clear conceptual and methodological framework has prevented the development of such approaches within the field of conservation biology. Our objective was to illustrate how Google Trends, a freely accessible web-crawling engine, can be used to track changes in timing of biological processes, spatial distribution of invasive species, and level of public awareness about key conservation issues. Google Trends returns the number of internet searches that were made for a keyword in a given region of the world over a defined period. Using data retrieved online for 13 countries, we exemplify how Google Trends can be used to study the timing of biological processes, such as the seasonal recurrence of pollen release or mosquito outbreaks across a latitudinal gradient. We mapped the spatial extent of results from Google Trends for 5 invasive species in the United States and found geographic patterns in invasions that are consistent with their coarse-grained distribution at state levels. From 2004 through 2012, Google Trends showed that the level of public interest and awareness about conservation issues related to ecosystem services, biodiversity, and climate change increased, decreased, and followed both trends, respectively. Finally, to further the development of research approaches at the interface of conservation biology, collective knowledge, and environmental management, we developed an algorithm that allows the rapid retrieval of Google Trends data.
Phase sensitivity of high-order harmonic generation with few-cycle laser pulses (1999)

We have theoretically investigated the phase dependence of high-harmonic generation with few-cycle laser pulses. We performed the analysis by solving the coupled evolution equations for the laser pulse and for the harmonic field in one space dimension. Our calculations reveal phase-dependent features in the cutoff region, such as a phase-dependent shift of the cutoff, that are preserved during propagation.
<title>Temporal segmentation of videos: a new approach</title> (1995)

Several works have been carried out to achieve automatic video segmentation into meaningful parts. Video shots usually correspond to these meaningful parts. Many techniques have already been proposed1'2'3'4'5. Currently, finer segmentation ofvideos based on camera movements is sought. Figure 1 shows a video segmented as usual and in a finer way. Cameraoperation based segmentation allows us to better describe video contents for video-database applications5. It also allows to achieve semantic coding for very low bitrate video compression. In this paper, we propose a method that achieves automatic video segmentation based on camera movements. In section 2, we define a camera operations model. Using this model, we present in section 3 our video segmentation method. Experimental results are presented in section 4. Finally, we make a quick comparison of our method with the one presented in 6.
A load shedding controller for management of residential loads during peak demand periods (2005)

South Africa is experiencing an unprecedented increase in electricity consumption. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the enormous load burden that has been imposed on the nation's national electricity grid, especially during peak demand periods. One solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, at a great cost to the economy and more importantly the environment. A more viable solution would be to shift loads off the electricity grid's peak consumption demand periods. To this end we will propose a controller that will reduce the residential load demand burden on the electricity supply grid, plus improve the load factor. The proposed controller allows the user to adjust the threshold setpoint at which the controller must operate. The controller performs the necessary load shedding operations when the setpoint is exceeded. The efficacy of the proposed controller was assessed by managing the load demands of residential consumers. A comparison was made between residential peak period consumption, under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. These comparisons were based on the following aspects: total consumption, maximum demand and load factor. The cost of consumption for each customer was calculated by using a flat rate tariff. The tests demonstrated the following: increases in consumer savings, a significant reduction in maximum demand on the electricity grid during peak consumption periods and improvements in load factor.
Transcription factors: targets for new designer drugs. (1994)

Many diseases are the result of aberrant regulation of cell and tissue-specific gene expression. At the molecular level they are often characterised by disruption of the cell cycle through inappropriate activation or inactivation of key regulatory proteins, termed nuclear transcription factors (NFs). NF activation is modulated by several potent classes of drug, including steroids, retinoids, and immunosuppressants like cyclosporin A and FK506. While such drugs have wide application, they lack specificity and produce undesired side-effects. Recently, however, the three-dimensional structures of some NFs, as well as their molecular interactions with DNA targets, have been reported and several biochemical pathways involved in altered NF function identified. This is setting the stage for a rational approach to the design of drugs that act in a tissue- or disease-specific manner, target particular genes and proteins, and will combine increased efficacy with reduced side-effects.