gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activated nitriles in heterocyclic synthesis: Novel Synthesis of Pyrimidine and of Pyridine Derivatives (1984)

Abstract α‐Cyanochalcone reacted with thiourea and guanidine to yield the corresponding pyrimidine derivatives 2 and 4 . On the other hand, urea reacted with the same reagent under the same experimental conditions to yield the known urea derivatives 3 . A new synthesis of polyfunction pyridine via reaction of 1a with malononitrile in presence of aniline could be developed. Similar to the behaviour of 1a , Compounds 1b , c reacted with malononitrile in presence of aniline to yield compounds 8 and 9 . In contrast to the behaviour of compounds 1a – c , 1d reacted with malononitrile to yield the malononitrile derivatives 10 or 11 based on the reaction conditions. Mechanisms to account for formation of the reaction products were suggested.
DASH and HTTP2 (2015)

This document describes possibilities for DASH to take advantage of
HTTP/2 features, in particular of server push.
Appendix A: Detailed Analysis and Measurements of Intermodulation Distortion and Power Handling in RF MEMS Switches, Varactors, and Tunable Filters (2003)

This appendix presents our recent results on the intermodulation distortion and power handling of RF MEMS tunable filters and networks. A practical non-linear circuit model of the RF MEMS varactor and capacitive switch is introduced, and this model is inserted into Agilent-ADS circuit simulator to accurately predict the intermodulation and power-handling performance of MEMS tunable networks. The appendix concludes with a simple extension to the nonlinear switch-varactor circuit model to include the effect of Brownian noise at any bias voltage, and this is checked with the results of Chapter 14.
Block Adaptive Inter-Color Compensation Algorithm for RGB 4:4:4 Video Coding (2008)

RGB color space has not been regarded as a proper space from a coding point of a view. However, due to the limited visual quality of YCbCr-domain video coding for high-quality applications, RGB-domain video coding is being newly raised. Recently, several methods have been developed to reduce significant redundancy existing between RGB color planes in an RGB video coder. This paper presents a new algorithm to remove inter-color redundancy, which is based on a linear model having two parameters, i.e., offset and slope information. Those parameters of one color component block are derived from the other color component block. A common coding mode and model parameters optimized for three color components in a macroblock are obtained simultaneously by minimizing a given cost. Then, a residue for each color component block is produced using its predictor based on the linear model, and is encoded. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm noticeably improves the coding efficiency up to over 20% in comparison with H.264 new amendment.
Identification of novel simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) in mouse by interspersed repetitive element (IRE)-PCR (1998)

Interspersed repetitive element (IRE)-PCR is a useful method for identification of novel human or mouse sequence tagged sites (STSs) from contigs of genomic clones. We describe the use of IRE-PCR with mouse B1 repetitive element primers to generate novel, PCR amplifiable, simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) from yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones containing regions of mouse chromosomes 13 and 14. Forty-two IRE-PCR products were cloned and sequenced from eight YACs. Of these, 29 clones contained multiple simple sequence repeat units. PCR analysis with primers derived from unique sequences flanking the simple sequence repeat units in seven clones showed all to be polymorphic between various mouse strains. This novel approach to SSLP identification represents an efficient method for saturating a genomic interval with polymorphic genetic markers that may expedite the positional cloning of genes for traits and diseases.
Process control with chemical amplification resists using deep ultraviolet and x-ray radiation (1988)

Resists for optical electron beam, and x-ray lithographies that operate on the principles of chemical amplification are entering into widespread use in laboratories. They offer an attractive alternative to conventional positive Novolac photoresists and we may soon see similar use in manufacturing environments. One class of resists within this family is based on acid-hardening chemistry. We have characterized one such resist (Shipley ECX-1033) for illumination by excimer laser deep ultraviolet sources and also by x-ray radiation. A matrix of postexposure bake (PEB) conditions and development conditions was used to examine resist sensitivity and contrast. For all exposure sources we found that contrast is independent of PEB processing and that sensitivity obeys an Arrhenius dependence. Contrast increases with increasing development time while exposed resist loss is minor. A simple kinetic model was developed to explain the observed variations of apparent resist sensitivity with PEB time and temperature. The generality of this model suggests that it is widely applicable to other chemical amplification resists that require a postexposure bake. Together with aerial image calculations for different light sources, the model makes it possible to predict the dependence of linewidth on PEB conditions. In other words, we can anticipate the PEB process control required to achieve a specified critical dimension control. Electrical linewidth measurements of submicron features and their temperature dependence are compared with the predictions of the model.
Ticket-based reliable routing in VANET (2009)

One of the notoriously difficult problems in vehicular ad-hoc networks is to ensure that established paths do not break before the end of data transmission. This is a difficult problem because the network topology is changing constantly and the routing links are inherently unstable. Inspired by ticket based probing, we propose a scheme to selects a stable routing path in vehicular network environment. On the basis of stability preference, an optimal path (low-cost, low-delay and high-stability) is considered. Our algorithms consider not only the efficiency of path searching but also the balance of stability, delay, and cost metrics to find the optimal routing path. Several possible paths are searched at the same time. The path selection is based on three types of control packets probing routing paths satisfying stability, delay and cost requirements. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm can tolerate the constantly-changing topology in vehicular ad-hoc networks.
Effect of Prepartum Propylene Glycol Administration on Periparturient Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows (1993)

Plasma glucose concentration during late gestation was thought to be important for the development of fatty liver near parturition. Thirteen multiparous cows were given a 1-L oral drench of propylene glycol once daily beginning 10 +/- 3.6 d prepartum until parturition. Eleven control cows received a 1-L water drench. Plasma glucose increased following propylene glycol administration. Plasma NEFA concentration was 403 and 234 microM, and plasma insulin concentrations were .354 and .679 ng/ml, for control cows and cows treated with propylene glycol measured from 1 to 7 d prepartum. Plasma NEFA tended to be lower in cows treated with propylene glycol from 1 to 21 d postpartum. Prepartum propylene glycol administration reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by 32 and 42% at 1 and 21 d postpartum, respectively. Prepartum plasma BHBA was reduced during propylene glycol administration. Prepartum plasma glucose, NEFA, BHBA, and insulin were strongly correlated with liver triglyceride at 1 d postpartum (r = -.49, .45, .36, and -.49, respectively). Pre- and postpartum DMI were not affected by treatment. Milk production and composition measured through 21 d postpartum were not different between groups.
Wafer Level Thin Film Encapsulation for BAW RF MEMS (2007)

The BAW (Bulk acoustic Wave) RF filters that are used in mobile phone application are composed of pair of piezo electrical resonators which need an air gap above them to operate. This air gap consists of a cavity defined by a dielectric layer which is above each resonator. The size of this cavity is smaller than 200μm square and less than 5μm high. The process that has been developed to produce this uses conventional I.C. manufacturing technologies at wafer level with only three photolithography steps. The main advantages of this process are that it provides an area efficient process for high volume, and low cost production which results in high reliability. To summarise the results from this work, BAW filters have been exposed to such steps as: Lead free bumping, back side wafer grinding (to thickness of 150μm), die sawing, pick and place, flip chip, and plastic encapsulation (over moulding) after under filling and have not been damaged in any part of the process. . The resonance frequency of the BAW filter was not affected by either thin film or back end packaging.
HIGH LEVELS OF PANCREATIC INSULIN COEXISTENT WITH HYPERPLASIA AND DEGRANULATION OF BETA CELLS IN MICE WITH THE HEREDITARY OBESE-HYPERGLYCEMIC SYNDROME<sup>1</sup> (1955)

insulin in obese-hyperglycemic mice THROUGH measurements of endogenous insulin, the existence of at least two types of diabetes mellitus in man has been established (Bornstein and Lawrence, 1951; Wrenshall, Bogoch and Ritchie, 1952). In one type, which includes all growth-onset subjects studied, the source and supply of endogenous insulin are almost totally destroyed after a relatively brief initial period following the onset of diabetes. In a second type, which includes a majority of maturity-onset diabetic human subjects, much higher values for the insulin of pancreas and of blood plasma are found. In such subjects there is little if any tendency for the pancreatic depot of insulin to decrease in size with duration of the diabetes. The insulin of pancreas in the diabetes of mature dogs resulting from diabetogenic pituitary factors, alloxan, partial pancreatectomy or in diabetes appearing spontaneously corresponds with that in the first of the above two types of diabetes in man (Wrenshall, Bogoch and Ritchie, 1952; Wrenshall, Hartroft and Best, 1953, and in press).
Enhanced group II intron retrohoming in magnesium-deficient <i>Escherichia coli</i> via selection of mutations in the ribozyme core (2013)

Mobile group II introns are bacterial retrotransposons thought to be evolutionary ancestors of spliceosomal introns and retroelements in eukaryotes. They consist of a catalytically active intron RNA ("ribozyme") and an intron-encoded reverse transcriptase, which function together to promote RNA splicing and intron mobility via reverse splicing of the intron RNA into new DNA sites ("retrohoming"). Although group II introns are active in bacteria, their natural hosts, they function inefficiently in eukaryotes, where lower free Mg(2+) concentrations decrease their ribozyme activity and constitute a natural barrier to group II intron proliferation within nuclear genomes. Here, we show that retrohoming of the Ll.LtrB group II intron is strongly inhibited in an Escherichia coli mutant lacking the Mg(2+) transporter MgtA, and we use this system to select mutations in catalytic core domain V (DV) that partially rescue retrohoming at low Mg(2+) concentrations. We thus identified mutations in the distal stem of DV that increase retrohoming efficiency in the MgtA mutant up to 22-fold. Biochemical assays of splicing and reverse splicing indicate that the mutations increase the fraction of intron RNA that folds into an active conformation at low Mg(2+) concentrations, and terbium-cleavage assays suggest that this increase is due to enhanced Mg(2+) binding to the distal stem of DV. Our findings indicate that DV is involved in a critical Mg(2+)-dependent RNA folding step in group II introns and demonstrate the feasibility of selecting intron variants that function more efficiently at low Mg(2+) concentrations, with implications for evolution and potential applications in gene targeting.
Radiation pattern control and synthesis for the generation of OAM-beams (2016)

Recently, much attention has been focused on the vortex electromagnetic (EM) beam, which carries orbital angular momentum (OAM), at radio and radar frequencies. In this paper, radiation pattern synthesis methods for the generation of vortex EM beam based on uniform circular array (UCA) are proposed. Directional elements and concentric-ring arrays are effectively exploited to optimize the radiation pattern as arrays are sparse, especially the suppression of side lobes and grating lobes. The work can benefit the generation of OAM-carrying vortex beams and its applications in radio communication and radar imaging.
How to identify unstable DC operating points (1992)

The stability of operating points that satisfy the circuit's DC operations but are nonetheless unobservable operating points is examined in a rigorous way. Two classes of DC operating points, unstable and potentially stable, are defined, and simple criteria, based only on the circuit's DC equations, that can classify a given operating point's stability are given. It is also shown that it suffices to model stray capacitance and inductance in only certain specific locations, for any given physical circuit, to correctly assess the stability of its operating point in the presence of a profusion of parasitic reactances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Size Exclusion Chromatography (GPC) (1980)

The use of column chromatography for fractionating polymer latex suspensions has been growing rapidly. Figure 1 shows a schematic breakdown of the several methods.
Data-Driven Speech Animation Synthesis Focusing on Realistic Inside of the Mouth (2014)

Speech animation synthesis is still a challenging topic in the field of computer graphics. Despite many challenges, representing detailed appearance of inner mouth such as nipping tongue's tip with teeth and tongue's back hasn't been achieved in the resulting animation. To solve this problem, we propose a method of data-driven speech animation synthesis especially when focusing on the inside of the mouth. First, we classify inner mouth into teeth labeling opening distance of the teeth and a tongue according to phoneme information. We then insert them into existing speech animation based on opening distance of the teeth and phoneme information. Finally, we apply patch-based texture synthesis technique with a 2,213 images database created from 7 subjects to the resulting animation. By using the proposed method, we can automatically generate a speech animation with the realistic inner mouth from the existing speech animation created by previous methods.
Enhanced tolerance to ozone and drought stresses in transgenic tobacco overexpressing dehydroascorbate reductase in cytosol (2006)

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a potent antioxidant protecting plants against oxidative damage imposed by environmental stresses such as ozone and drought. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR; EC 1.8.5.1) is one of the two important enzymes functioning in the regeneration of ascorbate (AsA). To examine the protective role of DHAR against oxidative stress, we developed transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing cytosolic DHAR gene from Arabidopsis thaliana . Incorporation of the transgene in the genome of tobacco plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis, and its expression was confirmed by Northern and Western blot analyses. These transgenic plants exhibited 2.3–3.1 folds higher DHAR activity and 1.9–2.1 folds higher level of reduced AsA compared with non‐transformed control plants. The transgenic plants showed maintained redox status of AsA and exhibited an enhanced tolerance to ozone, drought, salt, and polyethylene glycol stresses in terms of higher net photosynthesis. In this study, we report for the first time that the elevation of AsA level by targeting DHAR overexpression in cytosol properly provides a significantly enhanced oxidative stress tolerance imposed by drought and salt.
Radial Etch Rate Nonuniformity in Reactive Ion Etching (1984)

A study was performed to determine some of the causes of the edge‐to‐center "bullseye" clearing pattern, in which the etch rate decreases monotonically from the wafer periphery to its center, observed when certain films are etched in a parallel‐plate reactive ion etching system. It was found that gradients in local reactant concentrations, with a higher number density present near the edge of the substrate than over the center, are largely responsible for the observed nonuniformity. The concentration gradients appear to come about as a consequence of two reactant generation phenomena and one loss mechanism. The reactant generation phenomena are: (i) the "hot spot," which the edge of the wafer may represent to the plasma, causing enhanced reactant generation there, and (ii) differences in capacitive coupling from the RF generator to the plasma between the wafer's location on the cathode and the rest of the cathode. Stronger coupling surrounding the wafer leads to increased production of reactant around the wafer compared to the area directly above it. The reactant loss mechanism is controlled by the relative etch rates of the wafer vs. the cathode material, the using cathodes which etch at an appreciable rate in the plasma was found to promote improved uniformity. Ion bombardment was found to be uniform across the surface of the wafer, and, consequently, etch processes which are strongly bombardment dependent were found to be uniform.
Molecular Subtyping of Poultry-Associated Type A<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>Isolates by Repetitive-Element PCR (2006)

Clostridium perfringens strains (type A) isolated from an integrated poultry operation were subtyped using repetitive-element PCR with Dt primers. Isolates were obtained from fecal, egg shell, fluff, and carcass rinse samples as part of a previously reported temporally linked epidemiological survey. A total of 48 isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from different stages of the broiler chicken production chain from two separate breeder farms that supplied a single hatchery that in turn provided chicks to a single grow-out farm whose flocks were processed at a single plant. All 48 isolates were typeable (100% typeability) by repetitive-element PCR with Dt primers. This subtyping method was highly reproducible and discriminatory. By repetitive-element PCR with Dt primers, isolates were classified into four major branches with 12 subgroups or clades. The Simpson's index of discrimination was calculated to be 0.96 for groupings of >95% correlation. Toxin gene profiles of the isolates indicated that all of the isolates were C. perfringens alpha-toxin gene positive and 46 of 48 isolates were beta2-toxin gene positive. All strains were negative for beta- and epsilon-toxin genes. Repetitive sequence-based PCR was found to be a technically practical and reproducible means of subtyping C. perfringens libraries from specific epidemiological or production environment settings.
Urinary incontinence and related urogenital symptoms in elderly women (1993)

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), urinary tract infections (UTI) and related urogenital symptoms (UGS) in a representative sample of elderly women (Papers I & II), and to investigate factors (Papers II & III) influencing the prevalence of UI in these women. The effects of treatment with oral estriol and placebo on the vaginal bacterial flora, vaginal cytology and urogenital symptoms in elderly women suffering from the urogenital estrogen deficiency syndrome were compared (Paper IV). A health care programme, based on an algorithm model, for the investigation and treatment of elderly women suffering from UI and related UGS, was designed and applied to a large group of elderly women (Paper V). The prevalence of UI increased in a linear fashion from 12% in the 1940 birth cohort to 25% in the 1900 birth cohort (Papers I & II). There was similar increase in the prevalence of UTI from 14% in the 1920 birth cohort to 23% in the 1900 birth cohort. In contrast, the reported prevalence of UGS such as vaginal discomfort, discharge and pruritus did not increase with age. The prevalence of UI increased with increasing parity and after hysterectomy, but was unaffected by the duration of previous oral contraceptive usage. There was no evidence to suggest that the prevalence of UI increased at the time of the last menstrual period. Neurological illnesses were an uncommon cause of UI in women < or = to 75 years of age (Paper III). Oral estriol (3 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by 2 mg/day for a further 6 weeks) had a positive influence on vaginal pH, cytology and the vaginal bacteria flora, and on UGS in elderly women suffering from the urogenital estrogen deficiency syndrome (Paper IV). Using objective techniques of evaluation (Paper V) it was possible to demonstrate successful treatment of elderly women with urge and mixed incontinence using a simple health care programme. There was however no evidence of improvement in women suffering from stress incontinence when using the same treatment regime. Women with all types of incontinence, treated according to this algorithm model, displayed an improvement in vaginal pH, vaginal cytology and the vaginal bacterial flora.
Adjoint methods for PDEs: <i>a posteriori</i> error analysis and postprocessing by duality (2002)

We give an overview of recent developments concerning the use of adjoint methods in two areas: the a posteriori error analysis of finite element methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations where the quantity of interest is a functional of the solution, and superconvergent extraction of integral functionals by postprocessing.
Multibeam antennas for very high throughput satellites in Europe: Technologies and trends (2017)

This paper proposes an overview of recent European developments related to broadband satellite applications. Ka-band multi-beam antennas for user links and Q/V-band antennas for feeder links are crucial components to cope with stringent VHTS mission requirements. A brief presentation of technical trends since early 2000 is exposed with a specific focus on multi-beam antenna technology. Also, the main needs for upcoming VHTS systems and the key developments needed to increase significantly the overall system capacity of current satellites while maintaining total system cost competitive are presented.
Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers. I. Texture of macroporous copolymers with ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid in diluent (1979)

Abstract The texture and the pore size distribution of a set of styrene divinylbenzene copolymers, prepared by suspension polymerization with various compositions and various amounts of ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid as diluent, have been studied using nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms, mercury porosimetry, and scanning‐electron microscopy. It appears that pore volume and surface area may be well predicted in a large range of conditions (divinylbenzene contents between 20 and 60%, ethyl‐2‐hexanoic acid contents between 35% and 60%). In this range of conditions there are three structures: the elementary nuclei are spherical particles of about 100–200 Å in diameter. They are organized in microspheres of about 500–1000 Å, and the microspheres form aggregates (2500–5000 Å) more or less separated by large holes. The smaller pores (<40 Å) are in the microspheres, between the nuclei; they are present only if the amount of divinylbenzene is high enough. Intermediate pores (40–500 Å) are, in the aggregates, between the microspheres, although the larger pores between the aggregates range from about 500 Å to more than 10,000 Å, depending on the amount of diluent.