gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Requirements Driven System Design Process for a Small System (2001)

Systems engineering has been utilized in system development primarily for large-scale projects or commercial large-scale systems during the last several decades. We can understand why it would be useful to apply systems engineering to the development of a relatively small system. However, it is difficult to effectively carry out a project due to the complexity in applying the methods of systems engineering. To apply systems engineering to the development of a small system, the system engineering processes should be tailored. We established a requirements driven system design process(RDSDP) that can effectively carry out the system design far a small system. RDSDP is a system design process that treats all the requirements thoroughly and effectively. This is applied by the designer according to a standardized and systematized process during the first phase in design, in which system specifications are made. By using RDSDP, we can affect a reduction of the number of redesign phases in the process of the system design, shorten the period for to make specification, which will then cause the system to succeed in the actual application.
Plastic architecture of bacterial genome revealed by comparative genomics of Photorhabdus variants (2008)

Our findings demonstrate that major genomic variations occur in Photorhabdus clonal populations. The phenotypic consequences of these genomic changes are cryptic. This study provides insight into the field of bacterial genome architecture and further elucidates the role played by clonal genomic variation in bacterial genome evolution.
Balancing function vs. self defense: The CNS as an active regulator of immune responses (1999)

Immunological privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has often been viewed as the summation of mechanisms that are protective of, but extrinsic to, the CNS. Their primary role has then been seen as isolating the CNS from the organism as a whole. Experiments in recent years indicate that the CNS itself may have an innate immune system comprised of astrocytes and microglia capable of regulating the initiation and progression of immune responses. Thus, immunological privilege should be considered as an intrinsic property of the CNS that could involve direct CNS: immune cell interactions. Malfunctions of these intrinsic mechanisms could play significant roles augmenting or even initiating CNS-directed autoimmunity and inflammation.
Building Boundary Tracing and Regularization from Airborne Lidar Point Clouds (2007)

Building boundary is necessary for the real estate industry, flood management, and homeland security applications. The extraction of building boundary is also a crucial and difficult step towards generating city models. This study presents an approach to the tracing and regularization of building boundary from raw lidar point clouds. The process consists of a sequence of four steps: separate building and non-building lidar points; segment lidar points that belong to the same building; trace building boundary points; and regularize the boundary. For separation, a slope based 1D bi-directional filter is used. The segmentation step is a region-growing approach. By modifying a convex hull formation algorithm, the building boundary points are traced and connected to form an approximate boundary. In the final step, all boundary points are included in a hierarchical least squares solution with perpendicularity constraints to determine a regularized rectilinear boundary. Our tests conclude that the uncertainty of regularized building boundary tends to be linearly proportional to the lidar point spacing. It is shown that the regularization precision is at 18 percent to 21 percent of the lidar point spacing, and the maximum offset of the determined building boundary from the original lidar points is about the same as the lidar point spacing. Limitation of lidar data resolution and errors in previous filtering processes may cause artefacts in the final regularized building boundary. This paper presents the mathematical and algorithmic formulations along with stepwise illustrations. Results from Baltimore city, Toronto city, and Purdue University campus are evaluated.
DS-CDMA SIR estimation with bias removal (2005)

In direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, signal quality estimation is an important receiver function used for power control and rate adaptation. Signal quality is usually measured in terms of a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Typically, a short term signal power estimate and a long term interference power estimate are used. As a result, estimation error is mostly due to the short term signal power estimate. In this paper, we consider both subtractive and multiplicative forms of bias removal for SIR estimation, and show that multiplicative bias removal provides lower root-mean-square (rms) error. These bias removal forms are developed for a traditional SIR estimation approach that has been extended to account for interference correlation across Rake fingers due to receive filtering or dispersion. The extension provides an SIR estimation approach suitable for use in conjunction with generalized Rake reception, which also accounts for interference correlation.
Natural variation in the regulation of leaf senescence and relation to other traits in Arabidopsis (2004)

ABSTRACT Leaf senescence results in the recycling of nutrients, thereby providing resources required for growth and reproduction. In this study, the effect of day‐length on leaf senescence in eight different Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes was determined and the relationship between senescence and other morphological and life history traits was analysed. A significant variation in the start and extent of leaf senescence depending on the genetic background and the response to day‐length was found. Whereas senescence of early flowering ecotypes was accelerated by long days, no effect of day‐length on senescence could be found in late flowering Kas‐1 plants. Senescence in the different ecotypes was associated with other traits, such as floral transition, the total number of fruits, the total number of leaves and the maximum chlorophyll content. Plants that bolted early also senesced early, produced fewer leaves, accumulated less chlorophyll, but produced more fruits. The present results indicate that senescence may be a key component in the trade‐off between investment in photosynthetic capacity and reproduction. The relationship between senescence and other traits was maintained independent of whether differences in senescence were caused by genetic (ecotype) or environmental (day‐length) variation, suggesting that genetic and environmental factors affect these traits through common regulatory pathways.
Design and modeling of collaboration architecture for security (2009)

Threats against computer networks evolve very fast and require more and more complex measures. We argue that teams respectively groups with a common purpose for intrusion detection and prevention improve the measures against rapid propagating attacks similar to the concept of teams solving complex tasks known from field of work sociology. Collaboration in this sense is not easy task especially for heterarchical environments. We propose CIMD (collaborative intrusion and malware detection) as a security overlay framework to enable cooperative intrusion detection approaches. Objectives and associated interests are used to create detection groups for exchange of security-related data. In this work, we contribute a tree-oriented data model for device representation in the scope of security. We introduce an algorithm for the formation of detection groups, show realization strategies for the system and conduct vulnerability analysis. We evaluate the benefit of CIMD by simulation and probabilistic analysis.
Stroking human jejunal mucosa induces 5-HT release and Cl<sup>−</sup> secretion via afferent neurons and 5-HT<sub>4</sub>receptors (1999)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release and neural reflex pathways activated in response to mucosal stroking were investigated in muscle-stripped human jejunum mounted in modified Ussing chambers. The mucosa was stroked with a brush at 1/s for 1-10 s. Mucosal stroking resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of 5-HT in the mucosal bath within 5 min. It also was associated with a reproducible positive change (Delta) in short-circuit current (Isc), which was abolished by inhibitors of chloride secretion. Capsaicin and hexamethonium significantly inhibited the DeltaIsc but not the release of 5-HT. The DeltaIsc was inhibited by TTX but not by atropine. It was also inhibited by the 5-HT(3,4) receptor antagonist tropisetron (10 microM) and the 5-HT(4,3) receptor antagonist SDZ-205-557 (10 microM) but not by preferential antagonists of 5-HT(1P), 5-HT(2A), or 5-HT3 receptors. These results suggest that mucosal stroking induces release of mucosal 5-HT, which activates a 5-HT4 receptor on enteric sensory neurons, evoking a neuronal reflex that stimulates chloride secretion.
Molecular diversity of neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum type D strains (1989)

The molecular properties of Clostridium botulinum type D South African (D-SA) were compared with those of neurotoxins from type D strain 1873 (D-1873) and type C strains Stockholm and 6813. D-SA toxin, purified 610-fold from the culture supernatant in an overall yield of 30%, consisted of an intact peptide chain with a molecular weight of 140,000. Limited proteolysis of the toxin by trypsin formed a dichain structure consisting of a light chain (Mr, 50,000) and a heavy chain (Mr, 90,000) linked by a disulfide bond(s) and enhanced the lethal activity about fourfold. Antibodies against the D-SA toxin light chain reacted with D-1873 toxin but not with C1 toxins. On the other hand, antibodies against the heavy chain of D-SA toxin cross-reacted with type C strain Stockholm, D-1873, and type C strain 6813 toxins in that order. Amino-terminal sequences of heavy and light chains of D-SA and D-1873 toxins were similar but not identical. These results indicate that within the type D strains, neurotoxins differ in molecular structure and antigenicity.
Unprecedented stereoselectivity in the addition of organoiron(II) reagents to cyclohexanone derivatives (1993)

Various organoiron(II) reagents undergo Grignard-type additions to substituted cyclohexanone derivatives, C–C bond formation occurring stereoselectively from the equatorial direction (97–100% selectivity).
Spatial Dimension of ČEZ Corporation’s Financial Support to Municipalities Near the Dukovany Nuclear Plant (2017)

The article strives to contribute to the debate on the concept of corporate social responsibility by focusing on the under--researched area of the effects of firms' grants on local and regional development from the perspective of local governments and inhabitants. This concept is typically studied from the corporate perspective. While normally ignored, the spatial dimension plays a substantial role in firms' grant allocation decisions. The article tries to fill the gap by studying the case of spatial distribution of financial grants of the EZ Corporation to communities in the vicinity of the Dukovany nuclear plant, which is located at the peripheral border of the regions of Vysoina and South Moravia. The considerable amounts of money sent to local budgets are intended to compensate communities near the nuclear plant for the risks related to its existence.
Dynamic Match Phone-Lattice Searches For Very Fast And Accurate Unrestricted Vocabulary Keyword Spotting (2006)

The ability to search for typically out-of-vocabulary terms such as names, acronyms and foreign words is a requirement of many audio indexing applications. To date, such applications have employed unrestricted vocabulary keyword spotting approaches that unfortunately suffer from poor miss rates or slow query speeds. This paper proposes a very fast and accurate keyword spotting approach named dynamic match phone-lattice keyword spotting. Reported experiments on conversational telephone speech and microphone speech demonstrate that the proposed method dramatically outperforms conventional methods and is capable of searching at speeds in excess of 300 times real-time while maintaining low miss rate performance.
The Effects of Shallow Germanium Halo Doping on N-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (1999)

In this paper, we report the use of shallow germanium halo doping on improving the short-channel effects of deep submicron n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. It is demonstrated that by adding a shallow (i.e., 10 keV) germanium large-angle-tilt implant (LATID), V th lowering in short-channel transistors is significantly improved. The improvement is found to increase with increasing germanium dose. A low germanium dose ( e.g. , 5×10 12 cm -2 ) is also found to effectively improve the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of the short-channel transistors. Our results also show that junction leakage degradation, which has been previously reported to accompany germanium implants using higher energy, can be minimized by the shallow low-dose implant used in this study.
Mosaicism in Human Epithelium: Macroscopic Monoclonal Patches Cover the Urothelium (1995)

Previous studies of chimeric animals and human tissues have shown the clonal nature of organ development, giving clues as to the normal development of organs and also to abnormal developments, such as atheromatous plaques. The clonal nature of bladder cancer in female patients has been demonstrated, but little has been known of the clonal development of the normal urothelium. Using an X chromosome inactivation analysis of cells microdissected from histologic slides from the female human bladder, macroscopic urothelial patches of monoclonality were detected. These patches are about 120 mm.2 in size, contain about 2 x 10(6) cells each and reflect the presence of coherent cellular families composed of stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. The large size of these patches was surprising when compared with previously reported patch sizes in other organ systems. The patches most probably are composed of the descendants of the original founder cells, which would suggest that only 200 to 300 cells participated in the formation of the urothelium. The limited number of stem cells, each giving rise to millions of cells may provide an explanation for the "field defect" that is often referred to in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, as different cell patches may possess different predispositions to tumorigenesis.
Identification of Small Molecules Which Induce Skeletal Muscle Differentiation in Embryonic Stem Cells via Activation of the Wnt and Inhibition of Smad2/3 and Sonic Hedgehog Pathways (2015)

The multilineage differentiation capacity of mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells offers a testing platform for small molecules that mediate mammalian lineage determination and cellular specialization. Here we report the identification of two small molecules which drives mouse 129 ES cell differentiation to skeletal muscle with high efficiency without any genetic modification. Mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) were used to screen a library of 1,000 small molecules to identify compounds capable of inducing high levels of Pax3 mRNA. Stimulation of EBs with SMIs (skeletal muscle inducer, SMI1 and SMI2) from the screen resulted in a high percentage of intensively twitching skeletal muscle fibers 3 weeks after induction. Gene expression profiling studies that were carried out for mode of actions analysis showed that SMIs activated genes regulated by the Wnt pathway and inhibited expression of Smad2/3 and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) target genes. A combination of three small molecules known to modulate these three pathways acted similarly to the SMIs found here, driving ES cells from 129 as well as Balb/c and C57Bl/6 to skeletal muscle. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the SMI drives ES cells to skeletal muscle via concerted activation of the Wnt pathway, and inhibition of Smad2/3 signaling and Shh pathways. This provides important developmental biological information about skeletal muscle differentiation from embryonic stem cells and may lead to the development of new therapeutics for muscle disease.
Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA specific for human aromatase-system cytochrome P-450 mRNA. (1986)

A cloned complementary DNA sequence has been isolated from a human placental cDNA library in the bacteriophage expression vector lambda gt11 after screening with polyclonal antibodies against human placental aromatase-system cytochrome P-450 (P-450Arom). A single recombinant clone, lambda hAROM1, was characterized by its ability to generate a beta-galactosidase fusion protein that reacted independently with polyclonal antibodies raised against beta-galactosidase and cytochrome P-450Arom and with monoclonal antibodies specific for cytochrome P-450Arom. The cDNA insert, which was found to be 1.8 kilobases in length, was radiolabeled and used to analyze poly(A)+ RNA isolated from human placenta and total RNA isolated from human adipose stromal cells cultured in the absence or presence of regulatory factors. The radiolabeled cDNA hybridized to several size species of mRNA in both placental and adipose stromal cell RNA fractions. Changes in the levels of adipose stromal cell RNA that hybridized to the cDNA insert were associated with comparable changes in the levels of translatable cytochrome P-450Arom mRNA and aromatase system activity. These findings are indicative that lambda hAROM1 contains DNA sequences complementary to human cytochrome P-450Arom mRNA and are suggestive that regulatory factors affect aromatase activity by altering the transcriptional activity of the cytochrome P-450Arom gene.
Synthesis and evaluation of oxanilates and oxamates as chemical hybridizing agents for wheat (Triticum aestivum L). (2009)

Induction of male sterility by the deployment of chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) holds immense potential in heterosis breeding of wheat using “two-line’’ approach. Various derivatives of oxamic and oxanilic acids including their ethyl esters were prepared by synthesis and they along with their potassium salts were evaluated on wheat varieties HD 2285 and HD 2733. The field experiments were randomized with two test concentrations (1000 & 1500 ppm) with three replicates for both genotypes. The test chemicals were sprayed at premeiotic stage as oil in water emulsion or aqueous solution as the case might be. CH 9832 (800 ppm) was used as reference CHA. Ten spikes per replicate were bagged after spike emergence before anthesis. Five of them were dusted with pollens of HDR 77 after two days. Observations were made on pollen spikelet sterility using standard procedures. The numbers of seeds per spikelet and per spike were counted by picking five bagged and unbagged spikes each. The results of induction of spikelet sterility on two genotypes of wheat have shown that ethyl oxamates were superior to ethyl oxanilates. The potassium salts were superior to their acids, which in turn were better than their ethyl esters. Potassium salts of 4’-fluoro and 4’-bromo oxanilic acids gave the best results with mean per cent induction of sterility of 70.3 and 58.6. Structure activity relationship analysis revealed that heteroaromatic ring was no better than the aryl ring in imparting induction of male sterility.
A GTO speed-up inverter for fast-scan magnetic resonance imaging (2003)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines require unique high-power electronic systems for the generation of pulsed B gradient fields, especially for echo planar MRI, where images are taken in 25-30 ms instead of minutes. The speedup inverter described has been implemented with gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs). A novel nonresonant circuit combines the advantages of high-efficiency switch-mode power conversion techniques for the generation of megawatt pulses. An order-of-magnitude increase in available gradient power has been achieved with excellent fidelity and stability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chevron layer structures in surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) cells filled with a material which exhibits the chiral nematic to smectic C<sup>*</sup>phase transition (1991)

Abstract Single component liquid crystals which exhibit the chiral nematic (N*) to smectic C* (SC*) phase transition exhibit a large director tilt with respect to the local layer normal (typically 30 degrees or greater) in the SC* phase which appears immediately upon cooling through the N* - SC* transition. In the SSFLC geometry and in the presence of an applied AC field these materials have been observed to align with their molecular long axes oriented along the buffing direction (for a buffed polymer alignment treatment) and with two domains of the smectic layers symmetrically disposed at a large angle (approximately the director tilt angle) with respect to the buffing direction[1]. Furthermore, the layer domains are selectable with the application of a DC field applied normal to the bounding plates. We demonstrate, for the large tilt mixture SCE-10, that the layer domains in all cases adopt the chevron local layer structure[2] immediately upon cooling through the transition. With decreasing temperature in the SC* phase, the tilt of the layers with respect to the bounding plate normals (chevron tilt angle) is observed to monotonically increase as the interlayer spacing decreases. This lends further evidence that the mechanism for chevron formation is simply layer shrinkage.
Cubosomes: An Overview (2007)

Cubosomes are nanoparticles but instead of the solid particles, cubosomes are self-assembled liquid crystalline particles of certain surfactant with proper ratio of water with a microstructure that provides unique properties of practical interest. The discovery of cubosomes is a unique story and spans the field of food science, differential geometry, biological membranes and digestive processes. One of the most common surfactants used to make cubosomes is the monoglyceride glycerol monoolein. Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase is an optically clear, very viscous material that has a unique structure at the nanometer scale. The word bicontinuous refers to the division of the two continuous but non-intersecting aqueous regions by a lipid bilayer that is contorted into a space-filling structure. Hydrating a surfactant or polar lipid that forms cubic phase and then dispersing the solid-like phase into smaller particles usually form Cubosomes. There is a lot of excitement about the cubic phases because its unique microstructure is biologically compatible and capable of controlled release of solubilized active ingredients like drugs and proteins.
Robust Structure and Reactivity of Aqueous Arsenous Acid–Platinum(II) Anticancer Complexes (2013)

Anticancer drugs based on molecular adducts of platinum and arsenic (arsenoplatins) show an unanticipated structure, substitution chemistry, and cellular cytotoxicity. The PtII–AsIII bonds in these complexes are stable in aqueous solution and strongly influence the lability of the trans ligand. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.