gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three types of sodium channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (1992)

Several types of Na+ currents have previously been demonstrated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from neonatal rats, but their expression in adult neurons has not been studied. Na+ current properties in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of defined size class were investigated in isolated neurons maintained in primary culture using a combination of microelectrode current clamp, patch voltage clamp and immunocytochemical techniques. Intracellular current clamp recordings identified differing relative contributions of TTX-sensitive and -resistant inward currents to action potential waveforms in DRG neuronal populations of defined size. Patch voltage clamp recordings identified three distinct kinetic types of Na+ current differentially distributed among these size classes of DRG neurons. 'Small' DRG neurons co-express two types of Na+ current: (i) a rapidly-inactivating, TTX-sensitive 'fast' current and (ii) a slowly-activating and -inactivating, TTX-resistant 'slow' current. The TTX-sensitive Na+ current in these cells was almost completely inactivated at typical resting potentials. 'Large' cells expressed a single TTX-sensitive Na+ current identified as 'intermediate' by its inactivation rate constants. 'Medium'-sized neurons either co-expressed 'fast' and 'slow' current or expressed only 'intermediate' current. Na+ channel expression in these size classes was also measured by immunocytochemical techniques. An antibody against brain-type Na+ channels (Ab7493)10 labeled small and large neurons with similar intensity. These results demonstrate that three types of Na+ currents can be detected which correlate with electrogenic properties of physiologically and anatomically distinct populations of adult rat DRG neurons.
Region Fusion and Grab-Cut Based Salient Object Segmentation (2014)

Accurate object segmentation remains a significant procedure in computer vision tasks. In this paper we propose a novel object segmentation method which based on region fusion and grab-cut. In the preprocessing stage, we segment the input image into superpixels as processing units. Then, we use a graph structure to model the superpixels and their correlations. To achieve the goal of region fusion, we transfer graph model into Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) model and fuse similar regions according to a threshold. Big superpixels are used to represent fused regions. By extracting color features and distant features of big superpixels and computing their saliency scores, we can get the high quality saliency map. Finally, we segment the salient object completely by using Grab-cut with the help of saliency map. Experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods by achieving better segmentation results when evaluated using publicly available datasets.
Sulfuranes. XII. Relative reactivities of acyclic, cyclic and spirobicyclic sulfuranes and sulfurane oxides (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSulfuranes. XII. Relative reactivities of acyclic, cyclic and spirobicyclic sulfuranes and sulfurane oxidesJ. C. Martin and Edmund F. PerozziCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 10, 3155–3168Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00817a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00817a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Phenol sulphotransferase SULT1A1*1 genotype is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (2001)

Sulphation is an important detoxification pathway for numerous xenobiotics; however, it also plays an important role in the metabolism and bioactivation of many dietary and environmental mutagens, including heterocyclic amines implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal and other cancers. A major sulphotransferase (SULT) enzyme in humans, SULT1A1, is polymorphic with the most common variant allele, SULT1A1*2, occurring at a frequency of about 32% in the Caucasian population. This allele codes for an allozyme with low enzyme activity and stability compared to the wild-type (SULT1A1*1) enzyme, and therefore SULT1A1 genotype may influence susceptibility to mutagenicity following exposure to heterocyclic amines and other environmental toxins. Previously, a significant association of SULT1A1*1 genotype with old age has been observed, suggesting a 'chemoprotective' role for the high-activity phenotype. Here we have compared the frequencies of the most common SULT1A1 alleles in 226 colorectal cancer patients and 293 previously described control patients. We also assessed whether SULT1A1 genotype was related to various clinical parameters in the patient group, including Duke's classification, differentiation, site, nodal involvement and survival. There was no significant difference in allele frequency between the control and cancer patient populations, nor was there a significant association with any of the clinical parameters studied. However, when the age-related difference in allele frequency was considered, a significantly reduced risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio = 0.47; 95% confidence interval = 0.27-0.83; P = 0.009), was associated with homozygosity for SULT1A1*1 in subjects under the age of 80 years. These results suggest that the high activity SULT1A1*1 allozyme protects against dietary and/or environmental chemicals involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Three-Dimensionally Macroporous Fe/C Nanocomposites As Highly Selective Oil-Absorption Materials (2012)

In this study, three-dimensionally macroporous Fe/C nanocomposites were investigated as highly selective absorption materials for removing oils from water surface. The macroporous nanocomposites were synthesized by sintering a mixture of closely packed polystyrene microspheres and ferric nitrate precursor. These nanocomposites exhibited superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties without the modification of low-surface-energy chemicals. And the pore size of the nanocomposites, which is crucial for the oil-absorption capacity, was tuned by varying the diameter of polystyrene microspheres. The macroporous nanocomposites fast and selectively absorbed a wide range of oils and hydrophobic organic solvents on water surface, and the removal of the absorbed oils from the water surface was readily achieved under a magnetic field. Moreover, the nanocomposites still kept highly hydrophobic and oleophilic characteristics after repeatedly removing oils from water surface for many cycles. Because of frequently occurring environmental pollution arising from oil spills and chemicals leakage, the results of this study might offer a kind of efficient and selective absorbent materials for removing oils and nonpolar organic solvents from the surface of water.
Drugs working on the intestine (1991)

This review covers significant work on drugs working on the intestine for the year up to June 1990. Developments in bile acid sequestrants and related drugs are discussed. Some novel properties of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are considered. Finally, the role of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester hydrolase and compounds affecting these enzymes in intestinal cholesterol absorption are assessed.
Novel reactions of metal-metal bonds. Insertion of isocyanides and carbon monoxide into the palladium-palladium bond of some palladium(I) dimers (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel reactions of metal-metal bonds. Insertion of isocyanides and carbon monoxide into the palladium-palladium bond of some palladium(I) dimersLinda S. Benner and Alan L. BalchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 19, 6099–6106Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00487a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00487a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views535Altmetric-Citations125LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Physiological response of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 to cold shock: growth at low temperatures and freezing/thawing challenge (1996)

Growth at low positive temperatures and induced phenotypic resistance to extreme cold temperature (freezing/thawing cycles) of Enterococcus faecalis were investigated. The effect of low temperatures on the specific growth rates was studied; use of Arrhenius profile and Ratkovsky 'square-root' model allowed determination of the 'temperature characteristic' (mu approximately equal to 13,800 cal mol-1), the critical temperature (Tcrit approximately equal to 17.9 degrees C) and the notional minimum growth temperature (T0 approximately equal to 3.6 degrees C). Preincubation of Ent. faecalis cells at low temperatures (8-16 degrees C) during periods corresponding to their generation time resulted in an increased ability of the bacterial cells to withstand short periods of freezing/thawing (-20 degrees C/+37 degrees C) challenge. Moreover, the increase of the incubation period at low positive temperature led to a higher degree of adaptation.
Evaluation of Worm Containment Algorithms and Their Effect on Legitimate Traffic (2005)

Internet worm attacks have become increasingly more frequent and have had a major impact on the economy, making the detection and prevention of these attacks a top security concern. Several counter-measures have been proposed and evaluated in recent literature. However, the effect of these proposed defensive mechanisms on legitimate competing traffic has not been analyzed. Clearly a defensive approach that slows down or stops worm propagation at the expense of completely restricting any legitimate traffic is of little value. Here we perform a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of several of these proposed mechanisms, including a measure of their effect on normal Web browsing activities. In addition, we introduce a new defensive approach that can easily be implemented on existing hosts, and which significantly reduces the rate of spread of worms using TCP connections to perform the infiltration. Our approach has no measurable effect on legitimate traffic.
Ridge InGaAs/InP multi-quantum-well selective growth in nanoscale trenches on Si (001) substrate (2016)

Metal organic chemical vapor deposition of InGaAs/InP multi-quantum-well in nanoscale V-grooved trenches on Si (001) substrate was studied using the aspect ratio trapping method. A high quality GaAs/InP buffer layer with two convex {111} B facets was selectively grown to promote the highly uniform, single-crystal ridge InP/InGaAs multi-quantum-well structure growth. Material quality was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and room temperature micro-photoluminescence measurements. This approach shows great promise for the fabrication of photonics devices and nanolasers on Si substrate.
Rho Kinase and Dopaminergic Degeneration (2014)

The small GTP-binding protein Rho plays an important role in several cellular functions. RhoA, which is a member of the Rho family, initiates cellular processes that act on its direct downstream effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). ROCK inhibition protects against dopaminergic cell death induced by dopaminergic neurotoxins. It has been suggested that ROCK inhibition activates neuroprotective survival cascades in dopaminergic neurons. Axon-stabilizing effects in damaged neurons may represent another mechanism of neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons by ROCK inhibition. However, it has been shown that microglial cells play a crucial role in neuroprotection by ROCK inhibition and that activation of microglial ROCK mediates major components of the microglial inflammatory response. Additional mechanisms such as interaction with autophagy may also contribute to the neuroprotective effects of ROCK inhibition. Interestingly, ROCK interacts with several brain factors that play a major role in dopaminergic neuron vulnerability such as NADPH-oxidase, angiotensin, and estrogen. ROCK inhibition may provide a new neuroprotective strategy for Parkinson's disease. This is of particular interest because ROCK inhibitors are currently used against vascular diseases in clinical practice. However, it is necessary to develop more potent and selective ROCK inhibitors to reduce side effects and enhance the efficacy.
EXPRESSION OF COMPLEMENT REGULATORY MOLECULES AND OTHER SURFACE MARKERS ON NEUTROPHILS FROM SYNOVIAL FLUID AND BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)

In an effort to elucidate the activation status of neutrophils (PMN) in inflammatory joint disease the expression of relevant cell surface proteins was examined using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Paired samples of SF and peripheral blood were obtained from 18 patients with RA and PMN purified using methods designed to minimize activation in vitro. We then used flow cytometry to measure expression of the four membrane complement regulatory molecules, decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), complement receptor 1 (CR1; CD35), membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) and CD59; two adhesion molecules of the integrin family LFA1 (alpha chain, CD11a), complement receptor 3 (CR3; alpha chain, CD11b), and their common beta chain (CD18); the major receptor for immune complexes Fc gamma RIII (CD16), and the leucocyte common antigen tyrosine phosphatase (L-CA; CD45). Expression of these molecules was also measured on peripheral blood PMN from 18 age- and sex-matched normal controls. In RA, SF PMN expressed significantly higher levels of the complement regulators CD55 and CD35, the adhesion molecule CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and of CD45 but significantly lower levels of CD46 and CD11a in comparison with blood PMN from the same patient. Expression of CD59 and CD16 did not differ between the two groups. These changes may increase adhesiveness and complement resistance of PMN in SF compared with blood. PMN from RA expressed significantly less of all the complement C3 convertase regulators (CD55, CD46, CD35), all the adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD18) and the phosphatase CD45 than did blood PMN from age and sex-matched control individuals.
Development of a Versatile Wide-angle Lens Characterization Strategy for Use in the OMNIster Stereo Vision System (1997)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of combined irinotecan and vinorelbine in previously treated patients with stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thirty-three patients with NSCLC (7 stage IIIB and 26 stage IV) were enrolled. All had been previously treated with cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy. In addition, 24 patients had received radiotherapy. Irinotecan (300 mg/m(2)) was administered on day 1 and vinorelbine (30 mg/m(2)) on days 1 and 14, every 4 weeks. Partial response was achieved in 3 patients (9%; 95% CI: 2-24%), stable disease (SD) in 13 (39%; 95% CI: 23-58%), whereas 17 patients progressed (51%; 95% CI: 33-69%). Median event-free survival was 10 weeks and median overall survival was 25 weeks. Three patients were event free at the end of the study with a follow-up of 40, 73, and 75 weeks. Toxicity was mild, with leukopenia grade III-IV in 8.6% of cycles. No episodes of diarrhea III-IV were observed. Three patients died early after administration of this combination, one of them in the context of severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Approximately 50% of patients treated with CPT-11 and vinorelbine in combination show partial response or stable disease with minimal toxicity.
Posterior Spine Stabilization with Methylmethacrylate (1977)

This paper reports a biomechanical study of a surgical specimen consisting of a spine segment from C2 to T4 with fracture at C6–7, stabilized by wires and methylmethacrylate. Biomechanical testing involved rigidly fixing the specimen atT3–4 and applying increasing flexion load at C2. During testing several lateral roentgenograms and photographs were taken. Results indicate that a) the immediate fixation provided by wire–methylmethacrylate was adequate, b) the weakest points of the construct were the end fixations, and c) the mode of failure was the wires pulling out of the spinous processes.
Topical Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Hexyl Ester and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid to Normal Nude Mouse Skin: Differences in Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence Kinetics and the Role of the Stratum Corneum¶ (2000)

An important limitation of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodetection and photodynamic therapy is that the amount of the fluorescing and photosensitizing product protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) formed is limited. The reason for this is probably the limited diffusion of ALA through the stratum corneum. A solution to this problem might be found in the use of ALA derivatives, as these compounds are more lipophilic and therefore might have better penetration properties than ALA itself. Previous studies have shown that ALA hexyl ester (ALAHE) is more successful than ALA for photodetection of early (pre)malignant lesions in the bladder. However, ALA pentyl ester slightly increased the in vivo PpIX fluorescence in early (pre)malignant lesions in hairless mouse skin compared to ALA. The increased PpIX fluorescence is located in the stratum corneum and not in the dysplastic epidermal layer. In the present study, ALA- and ALAHE-induced PpIX fluorescence kinetics are compared in the normal nude mouse skin, of which the permeability properties differ from the bladder. Application times and ALA(HE) concentrations were varied, the effect of a penetration enhancer and the effect of tape stripping the skin before or after application were investigated. Only during application for 24 h, did ALAHE induce slightly more PpIX fluorescence than ALA. After application times ranging from 1 to 60 min, ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence was higher than ALAHE-induced PpIX fluorescence. ALA also induced higher PpIX production than ALAHE after 10 min of application with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 40%. The results of experiments with the penetration enhancer and tape stripping indicated that the stratum corneum acts a barrier against ALA and ALAHE. Use of penetration enhancer or tape stripping enhanced the PpIX production more in the case of ALAHE application than in the case of ALA application. This, together with the results from the different application times and concentrations indicates that ALAHE diffuses more slowly across the stratum corneum than ALA.
Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Liquid Biomass for Biofuels Production (2013)

The depletion of world petroleum reserves and the increased concern on climate change has stimulated the recent interest in biofuels. The most common biofuels are based on energy crops and their products, i.e. vegetable oil for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) biodiesel [1] and sugars/starch for bioethanol. However these first generation biofuels and associated production technologies face several considerations related to their economic and social im‐ plications regarding energy crops cultivation, by-products disposal, necessity for large in‐ vestments to ensure competitiveness and the “food versus fuel” debate.
Geology: Engineer Ignore It at Your Peril (2005)

Geology and related earth processes are an inherent part of civil engineering design and construction. This paper examines eight specific examples to illustrate how geologic factors can dominate project behavior. The examples are from a spectrum of environments associated with design and construction of roads and airfields and vary from the apparently obvious to the more subtle. Failure to understand the geologic conditions at a site almost invariably results in unsatisfactory performance. This complex interplay between geology and engineering is at the heart of the geotechnical profession and should be appreciated by all.
Rede über die Frage: Gehört allzuviel Güte, Leutseeligkeit und grosse Freygebigkeit im engsten Verstande zur Tugend? Socrates as Secular Jesus in Schiller’s First Karlsschule Speech (2013)

Schiller’s First Virtue Speech, “Gehört allzuviel Güte, Leutseeligkeit und grosse Freyge- bigkeit im engsten Verstande zur Tugend?” (1779), designates Socrates as the most sublime spirit ever born to the ancient world. Schiller’s choice of Socra- tes is representative of the views of a number of leading Enlightenment thinkers; including Moses Mendelssohn, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jef- ferson. All four not only portray Socrates as a prac- tical moral-political role model for the pursuit of happiness in the Age of Revolution, but consciously feature him in parallel narratives in which Socrates (as well as Christ himself) appears as a <em>Secular Jesus</em>, a role model for virtue, national, and global citizen- ship. The common goal of these narratives is the es- tablishment of a sphere of public authority based on self-knowledge through reason that secures freedom of and from faith and religion in civil and public af- fairs by relegating divine dictates to the annals of untimely historical necessities.