gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor ? antagonism: By what mechanisms could tumor necrosis factor ? antagonists improve rheumatoid arthritis but exacerbate multiple sclerosis? (2001)

Tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) inhibition is the most significant advancement in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since the adoption of methotrexate in the 1980s (1,2). As TNFa antagonists have become increasingly utilized, both as monotherapy and in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, there have been a number of reports of demyelinating and other central nervous system (CNS) events in patients receiving TNF antagonists (3,4). It is unclear whether these cases represent coincidental events or whether they are side effects of the new therapies. If these events are side effects, then we need to identify the mechanism by which they are occurring. Because these agents are utilized with increasing frequency to treat a host of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, there will undoubtedly be reports of drug associations and side effects. Careful examination of potential treatment-related adverse events is critical and may result in unique insights into the mechanisms of action of these novel therapeutic agents, as well as increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases currently being treated by these agents. Evidence of association between TNFa antagonists and demyelinating and CNS events
Marine Bacterial Sialyltransferases (2010)

Sialyltransferases transfer N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from the common donor substrate of these enzymes, cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), to acceptor substrates. The enzymatic reaction products including sialyl-glycoproteins, sialyl-glycolipids and sialyl-oligosaccharides are important molecules in various biological and physiological processes, such as cell-cell recognition, cancer metastasis, and virus infection. Thus, sialyltransferases are thought to be important enzymes in the field of glycobiology. To date, many sialyltransferases and the genes encoding them have been obtained from various sources including mammalian, bacterial and viral sources. During the course of our research, we have detected over 20 bacteria that produce sialyltransferases. Many of the bacteria we isolated from marine environments are classified in the genus Photobacterium or the closely related genus Vibrio. The paper reviews the sialyltransferases obtained mainly from marine bacteria.
Water‐Compatible Iminium Activation: Organocatalytic Michael Reactions of Carbon‐Centered Nucleophiles with Enals (2007)

A pool of water-compatible catalysts, namely the chiral prolinol-based catalysts 1, has been developed for highly enantioselective CC bond-forming Michael reactions in water (see scheme). The synthesis of (S)-Rolipram, a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was also demonstrated. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z703261_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
TwinCloud: Secure cloud sharing without explicit key management (2016)

In this paper, we propose TwinCloud as a client-side solution providing a secure system to users without compromising the usability of cloud sharing. TwinCloud brings a novel solution to the complex key exchange problem and provides a simple and practical approach to store and share files by hiding all the cryptographic and key-distribution operations from users. Serving as a gateway, TwinCloud stores the encryption keys and encrypted files in separate clouds which ease the secure sharing without a need for trust to either of the cloud service providers with the assumption that they do not collude with each other. TwinCloud is a lightweight application and available as open-source.
Low-mass ions observed in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of high explosives (2000)

The low-mass ions observed in both positive and negative plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) of the high explosives HMX, RDX, CL-20, NC, PETN and TNT are reported. Possible identities of the most abundant ions are suggested and their presence or absence in the different spectra is related to the properties of the explosives as matrices in PDMS. The detection of abundant NO+ and NO2- ions for HMX, RDX and CL-20, which are efficient matrices, indicates that explosive decomposition takes place in PDMS of these three substances and that a contribution from the corresponding chemical energy release is possible. The observation of abundant C2H4N+ and CH2N+ ions, which have high protonation properties, might also explain the higher protein charge states observed with these matrices. Also, the observation of NO2-, possibly formed by electron scavenging which increases the survival probability of positively charged protein molecular ions, completes the pattern. TNT does not give any of these ions and it is thereby possible to explain why it does not work as a PDMS matrix. For NC and PETN, decomposition does not seem to be as pronounced as for HMX, RDX and CL-20, and also no particularly abundant ions with high protonation properties are observed. The fact that NC works well as a matrix might be related to other properties of this compound, such as its high adsorption ability.
Growth from Spores of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> in the Presence of Sodium Nitrite (1970)

The method by which sodium nitrite may act to prevent germination or outgrowth, or both, of heat-injured spores in canned cured meats was investigated by using Clostridium perfringens spores. Four possible mechanisms were tested: (i) prevention of germination of the heat-injured spores, (ii) prior combination with a component in a complex medium to prevent germination of heat-injured spores, (iii) inhibition of outgrowth of heat-injured spores, and (iv) induction of germination (which would render the spore susceptible to thermal inactivation). Only the third mechanism was effective with the entire spore population when levels of sodium nitrite commercially acceptable in canned cured meats were used. Concentrations of 0.02 and 0.01% prevented outgrowth of heat-sensitive and heat-resistant spores, respectively. Nitrite-induced germination occurred with higher sodium nitrite concentrations.
Differential regulation of L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels in cerebral and mesenteric arteries after simulated microgravity in rats and its intervention by standing (2007)

This study was designed to clarify whether simulated microgravity can induce differential changes in the current and protein expression of the L-type Ca(2+) channel (Ca(L)) in cerebral and mesenteric arteries and whether these changes can be prevented by daily short-duration -G(x) exposure. Tail suspension [hindlimb unloading (HU)] for 3 and 28 days was used to simulate short- and medium-term microgravity-induced deconditioning effects. Standing (STD) for 1 h/day was used to provide -G(x) as a countermeasure. Whole cell patch-clamp experiments revealed an increase in current density of Ca(L) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) isolated from cerebral arteries of rats subjected to HU and a decrease in VSMCs from mesenteric arteries. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase and decrease of Ca(L) channel protein expression in cerebral and small mesenteric arterial VSMCs, respectively, only after 28 days of HU. STD for 1 h/day did not prevent the increase of Ca(L) current density in cerebral arterial VSMCs, but it prevented completely (within 3 days) and partially (28 days) the decrease of Ca(L) current density in small mesenteric arterial VSMCs. Consistent with the changes in Ca(L) current, STD for 1 h/day did not prevent the increase of Ca(L) expression in cerebrovascular myocytes but did prevent the reduction of Ca(L) expression in mesenteric arterial VSMCs subjected to 28 days of HU. These data indicate that simulated microgravity up- and downregulates the current and expression of Ca(L) in cerebral and hindquarter VSMCs, respectively. STD for 1 h/day differentially counteracted the changes of Ca(L) function and expression in cerebral and hindquarter arterial VSMCs of HU rats, suggesting the complexity of the underlying mechanisms in the effectiveness of intermittent artificial gravity for prevention of postflight cardiovascular deconditioning, which needs further clarification.
Impaired Na<sub>V</sub>1.2 function and reduced cell surface expression in benign familial neonatal‐infantile seizures (2008)

Our findings indicate that BFNIS is associated with a range of biophysical defects accompanied by reduced levels of channel protein at the plasma membrane.
Nerve growth factor regulates tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription through a nucleoprotein complex that contains c-Fos. (1990)

We have studied nerve growth factor (NGF) regulation of the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in PC12 cells. The TH gene encodes the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. We show that the TH gene is transiently transcriptionally induced by a mechanism reliant on new protein synthesis during 1-2 hr of NGF stimulation, a time following the induction of the c-fos gene at 15 min post-NGF treatment. A potential regulatory sequence located within the TH gene promoter, the TH-FSE, shares homology to a known regulatory element, the fat-specific element (FSE), which is found upstream from genes activated during adipocyte differentiation and binds the Fos-Jun transcription factor complex. We show that the TH-FSE DNA sequence elevates the basal level of transcription from the rat TH promoter and is required for NGF inducibility. This DNA element binds authentic Fos-Jun products produced abundance during NGF stimulation and by in vitro translation. We demonstrate further that the TH-FSE can bind proteins present in PC12 nuclear extracts in a sequence-specific manner. The DNA/nucleoprotein complex that forms increases in abundance during NGF stimulation and reaches a maximum level at 4 hr of treatment. Antibody inhibition studies utilizing an anti-Fos antibody indicate that Fos and/or Fos-related antigen(s) associate with the TH-FSE and suggest that the Fos protein family contributes to the regulation of TH in vivo. These results support a model in which NGF-induced immediate early genes, including c-Fos, contribute to the regulation of delayed early genes such as TH and thereby control neuronal differentiation.
The design and evaluation of three advanced daylighting systems: Light shelves, light pipes and skylights (1994)

We present results from the design and evaluation of three advanced daylighting systems: a light shelf, a light pipe, and a skylight. These systems use optical films and an optimized geometry to passively intercept and redirect sunlight further into the building. The objectives of these designs are to increase daylighting illuminance levels at distances of 4.6-9.l m (15-30 ft) from the window, and to improve the uniformity of the daylight distribution and the luminance gradient across the room under variable sun and sky conditions throughout the year. The designs were developed through a series of computer-assisted ray-tracing studies, photometric measurements, and observations using physical scale models. Comprehensive sets of laboratory measurements in combination with analytical routines were then used to simulate daylight performance for any solar position. Results show increased daylight levels and an improved luminance gradient throughout the year-indicating that lighting energy consumption and cooling energy due to lighting can be substantially reduced with improvements to visual comfort. Future development of the designs may further improve the daylighting performance of these systems.
Survival and Macromolecular Synthesis During Incubation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Limiting Thymine (1971)

Survival and the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein were measured during incubation of a thymine auxotroph of Escherichia coli in a series of media containing thymine concentrations below the optimal level of 2 mug/ml. The rate of increase in viable count gradually diminishes to no net growth with 0.2 mug/ml. With lower concentrations of thymine, the rate of cell death gradually increases, resulting in a typical thymineless death curve with 0.02 mug/ml. Both the rate of cell growth and the rate of cell inactivation vary linearly with the thymine concentration. Thirty minutes of incubation in media containing limiting concentrations of thymine before a shift to complete thymine starvation results in a progressive decrease in the length of the lag period preceding thymineless death. These data suggest that only one type of cellular damage occurs during the various degrees of thymine limitation. Prolonged preincubation in media containing 0.1 to 0.2 mug/ml of thymine results in an immunity to thymineless death. This immunity differs from that observed with amino acid-starved cells in its kinetics; ultraviolet irradiation of preincubated cells indicates that the cells are inactivated at the same rate as log-phase cells. These results suggest that the immunity is not associated with chromosome alignment. Thymine concentrations between 2 mug/ml and 0.2 mug/ml permit essentially the same amount of protein and RNA synthesis. The total amount of synthesis then decreases linearly to 40 to 50% of the control level with further reduction in the amount of thymine present. Protein and RNA synthesis are first affected at the same thymine concentration at which lethality is first detectable, and this correlation suggests that the synthesis of these macromolecules is involved in the mechanism of thymineless death. DNA synthesis, on the other hand, is directly dependent on the thymine concentration for levels of 0.5 mug/ml or less. There are no critical changes in DNA synthesis associated with lethality, and DNA synthesis is still occurring under conditions of thymine limitation which result in immunity. These observations suggest that DNA synthesis is not directly involved in thymineless death.
Intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloadditions of alkoxyketenes and alkoxyketeniminium salts (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular [2 + 2] cycloadditions of alkoxyketenes and alkoxyketeniminium saltsBarry B. Snider and Raymond A. H. F. HuiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 25, 5167–5176Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00225a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00225a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1081Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Biomimetic Asymmetric Hydrogenation: In Situ Regenerable Hantzsch Esters for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Benzoxazinones (2011)

A catalytic amount of Hantzsch ester that could be regenerated in situ by Ru complexes under hydrogen gas has been employed in the biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation of benzoxazinones with up to 99% ee in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid. The use of hydrogen gas as a reductant for the regeneration of Hantzsch esters makes this hydrogenation an ideal atom economic process.
A novel image sequence coding scheme (1989)

An image sequence coding scheme, which emphasizes the use of temporal zero-crossings and edges of the sign image of interframe intensity changes, is presented. The advantages of using temporal zero-crossings and temporal edges of the sign image of interframe intensity changes are discussed. Several aspects of this scheme are described and the preliminary experimental results are given. Since only line-drawing-like binary data need to be coded for reconstruction of gray level image sequences, higher compression ratios can be obtained by this scheme. Since this scheme is very simple, the coding part can be easily implemented in real time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SoftRank (2008)

We address the problem of learning large complex ranking functions. Most IR applications use evaluation metrics that depend only upon the ranks of documents. However, most ranking functions generate document scores, which are sorted to produce a ranking. Hence IR metrics are innately non-smooth with respect to the scores, due to the sort. Unfortunately, many machine learning algorithms require the gradient of a training objective in order to perform the optimization of the model parameters,and because IR metrics are non-smooth,we need to find a smooth proxy objective that can be used for training. We present a new family of training objectives that are derived from the rank distributions of documents, induced by smoothed scores. We call this approach SoftRank. We focus on a smoothed approximation to Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG), called SoftNDCG and we compare it with three other training objectives in the recent literature. We present two main results. First, SoftRank yields a very good way of optimizing NDCG. Second, we show that it is possible to achieve state of the art test set NDCG results by optimizing a soft NDCG objective on the training set with a different discount function
A single chip AV decoder for the DVD player adopting the MCP architecture (2002)

We have developed a single chip audio and video decoder LSI for the second generation DVD player. The Media Core Processor (MCP) architecture, newly developed for multimedia processing, is adopted for the decoder. The MCIP architecture features a new, efficient multiprocessor configuration which can process various multimedia signals simply by changing its microcode. Using this architecture, the decoder has realized not only real time decoding of MPEG2 video, MPEG audio, Dolby-Digital and linear PCM, but also the integration of peripheral functions used for the DVD player, in a single chip.
Limb Mechanics as A Function of Speed and Gait: A Study of Functional Strains in the Radius and Tibia of Horse and Dog (1982)

Rosette strain gauges were attached to the midshaft of the radius and tibia of two horses and two dogs, which ran on a treadmill through their entire range of speed and gait. The relative magnitudes of the principal strains on the opposite cortices of each bone remained constant through the stance phase of the stride, and their orientation varied by a maximum of only 14 degrees through the entire speed range. The maximum strain rate increased linearly with speed, but the peak strain magnitude was also dependent upon the gait used, increasing incrementally by up to 59% at the transition from walk to trot, and dropping by 42% from a trot to a canter. Force transducers attached to the shoes of one horse indicated similar changes in ground load. The peak strains induced during vigorous activity are remarkably uniform in a wide range of animals. This suggests that the skeleton is scaled to provide constant safety margins between peak functional strains and those at which yield and ultimate failure occur.
Domain Engineering of the Reductase Component of Soluble Methane Monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) (2004)

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is a three-component enzyme system that catalyzes the conversion of methane to methanol. A reductase (MMOR), which contains [2Fe-2S] and FAD cofactors, facilitates electron transfer from NADH to the hydroxylase diiron active sites where dioxygen activation and substrate hydroxylation take place. By separately expressing the ferredoxin (MMORFd, MMOR residues 1-98) and FAD/NADH (MMOR-FAD, MMOR residues 99-348) domains of the reductase, nearly all biochemical properties of full-length MMOR are retained, except for interdomain electron transfer rates. To investigate the extent to which rapid electron transfer between domains might be restored and further to explore the modularity of MMOR, MMOR-Fd and MMOR-FAD were connected in a non-native fashion. Four different linker sequences were employed to create MMOR reversed-domain (MMOR-RD) constructs, MMOR(99-342)-linker-MMOR(2-98), with a domain connectivity observed in other homologous oxidoreductases. The optical, redox, and electron transfer properties of the four MMOR-RD proteins were characterized and compared with those of wild-type MMOR. The linker sequence plays a key role in controlling solvent accessibility to the FAD cofactor, as evidenced by perturbed flavin optical spectra, decreased FADox/FADsq redox potentials, and increased steady-state oxidase activities in three of the constructs. Stopped-flow optical spectroscopy revealed slow interdomain electron transfer (k < 0.04 s(-1) at 4 degrees C, compared with 90 s(-1) for wild-type MMOR) for all three MMOR-RD proteins with 7-residue linkers. A long (14-residue), flexible linker afforded much faster electron transfer between the FAD and [2Fe-2S] cofactors (k = 0.9 s(-1) at 4 degrees C).
Choosing Law for Attributing Liability Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: A Proposal for Uniformity (1991)

This Note argues that federal common law should determine all attribution of liability issues in actions brought under the FSIA. Part I discusses the FSIA, its history and policies, and the sole U.S. Supreme Court decision to discuss the proper choice of law approach for attribution of liability under the FSIA. Part II examines subsequent cases that have either followed or distinguished the Supreme Court's choice of law approach in deciding questions of agency or respondeat superior. Part III argues that congressional intent demands the application of federal common law to determine questions of attribution of liability in actions brought under the FSIA. This Note concludes that federal courts should apply federal common law to determine the limited question of attribution of liability.
Can a Chatbot Determine My Diet?: Addressing Challenges of Chatbot Application for Meal Recommendation (2018)

Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity. A conversational agent can support people as a virtual coach, however building such systems still have its associated challenges and limitations. This paper describes the background and motivation for chatbot systems in the context of healthy nutrition recommendation. We discuss current challenges associated with chatbot application, we tackled technical, theoretical, behavioural, and social aspects of the challenges. We then propose a pipeline to be used as guidelines by developers to implement theoretically and technically robust chatbot systems.