gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Status of Data-Driven Methods and their Applications in Oil and Gas Industry (2018)

Abstract Data-driven methods serve as robust tools to turn data into knowledge. Historical data generally has not been used in an effective way in analyzing processes due to lack of a well-organized data, where there is a huge potential of turning terabytes of data into knowledge. With the advances and implementation of data-driven methods data-driven models have become more widely-used in analysis, predictive modeling, control and optimization of several processes. Yet, the industry overall is still skeptical on the use of data-driven methods, since they are data-based solutions rather than traditional physics-based approaches; even though physics and geology are often part of this methodology. This study comprehensively evaluates the status of data-driven methods in oil and gas industry along with the recent advances and applications. This study outlines the development of these methods from the fundamentals, theory and applications perspective along with their historical acceptance and use in the industry. Major challenges in the process of implementation of these methods are reviewed for different areas of applications. The major advantages and drawbacks of data-driven methods over the traditional methods are discussed. Limitations and areas of opportunities are outlined. Recent advancements along with the latest applications, the associated results and value of the methods are provided. It is observed that the successful use of data-driven methods requires strong understanding of petroleum engineering processes and the physics-based conventional methods together with a good grasp of traditional statistics, data mining, artificial intelligence and machine learning. Data-driven methods start with a data-based approach to identify the issues and their solutions. Even though data-driven methods provide great solutions on some challenging and complex processes, that are new and/or hard to define with existing conventional methods, there is still skepticism in the industry on the use of these methods. This is strongly tied to the delicacy and sensitive nature of the processes and on the usage of the data. Organization and refinement of the data turn out to be important components of an efficient data-driven process. Data-driven methods offer great advantages in the industry over that of conventional methods under certain conditions. However, the image of these methods for most of the industry professionals is still fuzzy. This study serves to bridge the gap between successful implementation and more widely use and acceptance of data-driven methods, and the fuzziness and reservations on the understanding of these methods in the industry. Significant components of these methods along with clarification of definitions, theory, application and concerns are also outlined in this study.
A workflow and agent based platform for service provisioning (2002)

The design and implementation of a dependable system that provides a composition and execution environment for distributed applications whose executions could span arbitrarily large durations is described. The objective is to create a framework for complex service provisioning. By complex service provisioning we primarily mean the ability to compose a given service out of existing ones as well as the ability to exercise dynamic control over the execution of the service. The approach taken is centred around building middleware services based on integration of workflow and agent technologies. The platform enables these two systems to interact via CORBA services. Service behaviour and service deployment are represented as workflow processes. Individual tasks that make up the workflow would be legacy applications, specially created tasks, and agent applications. Agents are able to create workflow instances, receive results from workflow and send inputs to workflows. This enables agents to act as user agents capable of managing workflows on behalf of users.
Differential recovery of mRNA transcripts using acid organic extraction techniques: quantification of abl mRNA abundance in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. (1993)

A commonly used RNA isolation technique that employs a single-step acid phenol-chloroform extraction (Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987) produces a different distribution pattern of C. erythrocephala c-abl (Ceabl) transcripts following Northern blot analysis than methods that rely on phenol-chloroform extraction at basic pH (Jowett, 1986). Only Ceabl transcripts of 10.5 kb and 6.5 kb are recovered, while Ceabl transcripts of 9 kb and 4.4 kb are lost, when acidic phenol-chloroform methods are used. All tested extraction methods which do not rely on phenol-chloroform extraction under acidic conditions can recover Ceabl transcripts of 10.5 kb, 9 kb, 6.5 kb and 4.4 kb. The reason for this discrepancy is apparently due to differential loss of mRNA at the phenol phase and/or interphase boundary during the acidic extractions.
Abundant amounts of diadenosine 5′,5‴-<i>P</i>1,<i>P</i>4-tetraphosphate are present and releasable, but metabolically inactive, in human platelets (1982)

Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) may be formed in the back reaction of the amino acid-activation reaction [Zamecnik, Stephenson, Janeway & Randerath (1966) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 24, 91-98]. On the basis of a number of observations of the properties of Ap4A it has been suggested that it may have a signal function for the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells] Grummt (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 371-375]. In the present paper human platelets have been shown to contain relatively large amounts of Ap4A. The compound is apparently metabolic inactive in platelets, but it is almost quantitatively released when platelets are activated to aggregate by treatment with thrombin. The results are discussed in connection with the known growth-stimulating activity of platelets.
Electrical properties of RuO<sub>2</sub> gate electrodes for dual metal gate Si-CMOS (2000)

The rutile stoichiometric phase of RuO/sub 2/, deposited via reactive sputtering, was evaluated as a gate electrode for Si-PMOS devices. Thermal and chemical stability of the electrodes was studied at annealing temperatures of 400/spl deg/C and 600/spl deg/C in N/sub 2/. X-ray diffraction patterns were measured to study grain structure and interface reactions. Very low resistivity values were observed and were found to be a strong function of temperature. Electrical properties were evaluated on MOS capacitors, which indicated that the workfunction of RuO/sub 2/ was compatible with PMOS devices. Excellent stability of oxide thickness, flatband voltage and gate current as a function of temperature was also found. Breakdown fields were also measured for the samples before and after annealing.
Radio Frequency Breakdown in Penning Geometries with Nonlinear Fields (1966)

Radio frequency breakdown in air (10−3 to 10−6 Torr) is studied analytically and experimentally for two electrode configurations which lead to nonlinear Mathieu-like differential equations for the confined electron motion. Experimental data are identified with two energy-gain mechanisms which are described as the collisional and resonance modes. Breakdown voltages are predicted from stability plots which show several resonance minima where the observed rf breakdown voltages are very low. Resonance minima predicted by a linear analysis are shifted by nonlinear effects, from which it is shown that the collisional mode is apparently triggered by excitation of the 7.7-eV level of the nitrogen molecule with subsequent electron emission from the cathode surface. The resonance mode is found to be largely surface independent.
Increased Expression of Regeneration and Tolerance Factor in Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1999)

Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) plays a pivotal role in successful pregnancy outcome and has potent immunomodulating properties. During pregnancy, it is abundantly expressed in the placenta and on peripheral B lymphocytes. Several lines of evidence suggest that both successful pregnancy outcome and progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to AIDS are associated with a Th2-type response. As a result, we hypothesized that the cellular expression of RTF may also be increased during infection with HIV. Using flow cytometric analysis, we showed a significantly (P < 0.01) increased expression of RTF on CD3(+) cells obtained from individuals with HIV over that for individuals without HIV. On average, 32.1% of the CD3(+) cells from individuals with HIV expressed high levels of RTF. In contrast, an average of only 6.7% of the CD3(+) cells from individuals without HIV expressed high levels of RTF. Similar results were obtained when CD19(+) cells from individuals with (mean, 44.1%) and without (mean, 25.8%) HIV were evaluated. Linear regression analysis suggested that high levels of RTF expression by CD3(+) cells correlated better with viral load (r value, 0.46) than with absolute CD4 count (r value, 0.09). While additional experiments are necessary to delineate the precise immunologic role of RTF, our current data suggest that RTF expression during HIV infection may be a useful marker of immune activation.
Purification and characterization of a molluscan egg-specific NADase, a second-messenger enzyme. (1991)

An egg-specific NADase has been purified to homogeneity from the ovotestis of the opisthobranch mollusk Aplysia californica. Unlike other NADases, the Aplysia enzyme generates primarily cyclic-ADP-ribose (cADPR) rather than ADP-ribose from NAD. cADPR has been shown to stimulate the release of Ca2+ from microsomes prepared from sea urchin egg and, when injected into intact eggs, to activate the cortical reaction, multiple nuclear cycles, and DNA synthesis. The Aplysia enzyme was initially identified as an inhibitor of cholera and pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. By the use of an NADase assay, it was purified from the aqueous-soluble fraction of ovotestis by sequential column chromatography. The enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa, a Km for NAD of 0.7 mM, and a turnover rate of approximately 27,000 mol NAD.min-1.mol enzyme-1 at 30 degrees C. Monoclonal antibodies were generated to the NADase. Immunoblots of two-dimensional gels revealed multiple isoforms of the enzyme, with pls ranging from 8.1 to 9.8. The multiple isoforms were resolved with a cation exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography column and shown to generate cADPR. Immunohistochemical analysis of cryostat sections of Aplysia ovotestis shows that the enzyme is specific to the eggs and restricted to large 5- to 10-microns granules or vesicles. To date the cADPR-generating enzyme activity has been identified in various organisms, including mammals. The Aplysia enzyme is the first example in which the enzyme that generates cADPR has been purified. All of the available evidence indicates that this NADase is a second-messenger enzyme, implying that other NADases may serve a similar function.
Temporary bonding/de-bonding and permanent wafer bonding solutions for 3D integration (2012)

Thin wafer handling (or temporary bonding/de-bonding) and permanent wafer bonding are two of the key enabling technologies for 3D-IC integration process. Temporary bonding adhesive in conjunction with de-bonding method has to be carefully selected to obtain damage-free thinned processed wafers. Room temperature mechanical lift-off de-bonding method with proper de-bond wave front control is considered to be promising. Metal-adhesive or metal-oxide hybrid bonding can create a final stacked 3D-IC structure with superior mechanical strength, electrical performance and excellent post-bond alignment.
InGaAsP <i>p-i-n</i> photodiodes with low dark current and small capacitance (1979)

p-i-n photodiodes with ND as low as 1−2×1015 cm−3 in the I-region were fabricated from InGaAsP (λ=1.26 μm). At −20 V, the 2.5 μm I-region of the 150 μm diameter mesas was completely swept out, the junction capacitance was below 1 pF, the dark current was less than 0.2 nA and the external quantum efficiency was 63% without a.r. coatings.
Uptake and compartmentalization of fluorescent lipid analogs in larval Schistosoma mansoni (1995)

Recent studies have suggested that host lipids are both a requirement for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni and may play a role in evasion of host immunity. To study lipid utilization by this organism we have followed the uptake of fluorescent fatty acid and phospholipid analogs in two parasite stages, cercariae and schistosomula. As determined by both morphological and biochemical methods, a fluorescent fatty acid analog labeled with bodipy was incorporated into both stages. In cercariae, diffuse fluorescence was present throughout the organism and discrete lipid droplets were observed in the tail and in the anterior structures. In contrast, fluorescence distribution in cercariae transformed to schistosomula was restricted to cytoplasmic lipid droplets throughout the organism. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the fatty acid analog was biosynthetically incorporated primarily into neutral lipids but also somewhat into phospholipids. The percentage of free label decreased with time. Similar results were obtained when organisms were labeled directly in vitro or indirectly by labeling the intermediate snail host. Compared to the fatty acid analogs, localization of fluorescent phospholipid analogs by schistosomula was considerably different. Phosphatidylcholine labeled on short acyl chains with either bodipy or NBD localized primarily to a network of cells beneath the organism's surface. A longer chain bodipy-labeled phosphatidylcholine localized to the parasite surface, gut and acetabulum. These studies show specificity in the transport of lipid analogs by this important human parasite, elucidate the compartments within the organism in which specific lipids preferentially accumulate, and demonstrate stage-dependent differences in the utilization of exogenous lipids by this organism.
Detecting precursory earthquake migration patterns using the pattern informatics method (2008)

In this paper we analyze the evolution of seismic activity using a dynamic modification of the pattern informatics method. This method identifies locations that have systematic fluctuations in seismicity on PI maps. By investigating the evolution of hotspot configurations on the PI map and calculating the distance between hotspots and the epicenter of the impending large earthquake, a migrating pattern of (increasing or decreasing) precursory change in seismicity is revealed. We find that hotspots on the PI map appear increasingly closer to the epicenter as the time of the forthcoming earthquake is approached, implying the existence of an earthquake preparation process. The migration pattern and associated decreasing distance is confirmed by a stochastic test, and therefore we conclude that a preparation process prior to large earthquakes can be detected.
Work/place: making theatre in new and old spaces (2000)

(2000). Work/place: making theatre in new and old spaces. Studies in Theatre and Performance: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 205-208.
Negative predictive value and sensitivity of urine cytology prior to implementation of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (2019)

Background Urinary tract cytology (UTCy) is used for screening urothelial carcinoma (UC) and it must have a high negative predictive value (NPV) to be an effective test. To the authors’ knowledge, the literature regarding the NPV of UTCy provides little information regarding the risk of malignancy, especially for patients with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). Methods Patients with negative UTCy specimens were identified in the pathology files at the study institution for the years 2012 through 2013. Cases were deemed true‐negative cases if there was at least 1 subsequent negative specimen or negative clinical follow‐up within 6 months of the index case. False‐negative cases were defined as HGUC or carcinoma in situ by surgical biopsy and/or any UTCy with suspicious for HGUC or HGUC follow‐up. Results A total of 2614 UTCy specimens from 2089 patients were identified. There was a disease prevalence of 6.5%. There were 87 false‐negative results for HGUC, which corresponded to an overall NPV of 96.7%. When categorized by clinical indication, hematuria resulted in the highest NPV of 99.5% followed by other indications (97.7%) and a history of UC (90.1%). When categorized by the specimen type, voided urine specimens were found to have the highest NPV of 98.7% followed by other indications (96.9%) and washing specimens (96.2%). Of the 717 patients with a history of UC, the NPV was lower for washing specimens (89.8%) than for voided urine specimens (96.2%). When including either low‐grade urothelial carcinoma or HGUC as a positive follow‐up, the NPV dropped to 93.3% from 96.7% (HGUC only). The sensitivity of the diagnostic category of atypical urothelial cells or higher was 93.0%. Conclusions Overall, UTCy appears to have a good NPV and a high sensitivity for HGUC. The clinical indication had a greater impact on NPV compared with the specimen type.
Fragmentation pathways of N<sup>G</sup>-methylated and unmodified arginine residues in peptides studied by ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-MS (2004)

Protein methylation at arginine residues is a prevalent posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells that has been implicated in processes from RNA-binding and transporting to protein sorting and transcription activation. Three main forms of methylarginine have been identified: N(G)-monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine (aDMA), and symmetric N(G),N'(G)-dimethylarginine (sDMA). To investigate gas-phase fragmentations and characteristic ions arising from methylated and unmodified arginine residues in detail, we subjected peptides containing these residues to electrospray triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. A variety of low mass ions including (methylated) ammonium, carbodiimidium, and guanidinium ions were observed. Fragment ions resulting from the loss of the corresponding neutral fragments (amines, carbodiimide, and guanidine) from intact molecular ions as well as from N- and C-terminal fragment ions were also identified. Furthermore, the peptides containing either methylated or unmodified arginines gave rise to abundant fragment ions at m/z 70, 112, and 115, for which cyclic ion structures are proposed. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra revealed that dimethylammonium (m/z 46) is a specific marker ion for aDMA. A precursor ion scanning method utilizing this fragment ion was developed, which allowed sensitive and specific detection of aDMA-containing peptides even in the presence of a five-fold excess of phosphorylase B digest. Interestingly, regular matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra recorded from aDMA- or sDMA-containing peptides showed metastable fragment ions resulting from cleavages of the arginine side chains. The neutral losses of mono- and dimethylamines permit the differentiation between aDMA and sDMA.
Efficient ultrashort-pulse generation overcoming the limit of fluorescence spectrum of the gain material (2008)

One-hundred-ten-fs and 72-fs pulse-widths were obtained directly from a low-brightness-laser-diode-pumped, mode-locked Yb:YAG laser with SESAM and without SESAM, respectively. The laser-spectrum-center and the fluorescence-center were almost same. The laser-spectra were much broader than the fluorescence.
Osteoblast-specific Knockout of the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Receptor Gene Reveals an Essential Role of IGF Signaling in Bone Matrix Mineralization (2002)

To examine the local actions of IGF signaling in skeletal tissue in a physiological context, we have used Cre-mediated recombination to disrupt selectively in mouse osteoblasts the gene encoding the type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Mice carrying this bone-specific mutation were of normal size and weight but, in comparison with normal siblings, demonstrated a striking decrease in cancellous bone volume, connectivity, and trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular spacing. These abnormalities correlated with a striking decrease in the rate of mineralization of osteoid that occurred despite an unexpected osteoblast and osteoclast hyperactivity, detected from the significant increments in both osteoblast and erosion surfaces. Our findings indicate that IGF1 is essential for coupling matrix biosynthesis to sustained mineralization. This action is likely to be particularly important during the pubertal growth spurt when rapid bone formation and consolidation are required.
Human Pose Estimation with CNNs and LSTMs (2016)

In this thesis, we present an end-to-end approach to human pose estimation task that based on a deep hybrid architecture that combines convolutional neural network (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).
NO<sup>•</sup>, CO and <sup>•</sup>OH Endogenous soluble guanylyl cyclase‐activating factors (1992)

Several low molecular weight compounds are capable of activating soluble guanylyl cyclase. Recent evidence suggests that some of these are formed under physiological conditions: the nitric oxide radical, carbon monoxide and the hydroxyl radical. Thus, multiple signal transduction pathways appear to exist that form a family of guanylyl cyclase activating factors and thereby regulate the intracellular cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate level.
Welfare Effects of Herbicide-Tolerant Rice Adoption in Brazil (2012)

The study provides the welfare implications of IPRs for the rice growers, and private innovators developing and introducing non-transgenic herbicide tolerant (HT) rice in southern Brazil. The results revealed that under strict IPR enforcement, both producers and innovators would realize larger economic gains. Farmers will continue to capture a substantial share of the total benefits. Sensitivity analysis showed that the benefits from higher yields due to introduction of HT rice technology are primarily captured by producers. It was concluded that IPRs enforcement is more likely to create an adequate economic environment for the private sector to conduct research and to introduce new technologies in Brazil.
Further examination of the reactions of simple indoles with arenesulphonyl azides (1973)

3-Methylindole reacts readily in pyridine solution with p-chloro- and with p-nitro-benzenesulphonyl azides to give 1 : 2 reaction products; from the reactions between p-nitrobenzenesulphonyl azide and 3-methylindole in acetic acid solution a 1 : 1 reaction product has been isolated. Similar reactions of ethyl 1-methylindole-2-carboxylate yield ethyl 3-arylsulphonylaminoindole-2-carboxylates and these compounds, on hydrolysis and decarboxylation, give 3-arylsulphonylamino-1-methylindoles.The properties of the product obtained by treating indole with tosyl azide can be adequately explained in terms of a tautomeric mixture of amino and imino forms of the former.