gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond solid-state lasers (1992)

The emergence of new ultrafast optical modulation techniques has opened the way towards a new femtosecond laser technology based on solid-state gain media. The authors address the requirements for stable ultrashort pulse generation in these novel femtosecond sources. The theoretical considerations are backed up by experimental results obtained with a number of different laser systems. The conclusions drawn from the presented theoretical and experimental investigations provide general guidelines for the design and optimization of a wide range of femtosecond solid-state laser oscillators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Plasmon Hybridization in Individual Gold Nanocrystal Dimers: Direct Observation of Bright and Dark Modes (2010)

We apply a nanomanipulation technique to assemble pairs of monodispersed octahedral gold nanocrystals (side length, 150 nm) along their major axes with a varying tip-to-tip separation (25-125 nm). These pairs are immobilized onto indium tin oxide coated silica substrates and studied as plasmonic dimers by polarization-selective total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy and spectroscopy. We confirm that the plasmon coupling modes with the scattering polarization along the incident light direction result from the transverse-magnetic-polarized incident light, which induces two near-field-coupled dipole moments oriented normal to the air-substrate interface. In such cases, both in-phase (antibonding) and antiphase (bonding) plasmon coupling modes can be directly observed with the incident light wave vector perpendicular and parallel to the dimer axis, respectively. The observation of antiphase plasmon coupling modes ("dark" plasmons) is made possible by the unique polarization nature of the TIR-generated evanescent field. Furthermore, with decreasing nanocrystal separation, the plasmon coupling modes shift to shorter wavelengths for the incident light perpendicular to the dimer axis, whereas relatively large red shifts of the plasmonic coupling modes are found for the parallel incident light.
Fatigue and cancer: causes, prevalence and treatment approaches (2004)

Fatigue is the most prevalent cancer-related symptom and has a significant adverse impact on patients' functional ability and quality of life. Hypotheses regarding the aetiology of cancer-related fatigue are discussed, and clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of oncology patients with fatigue are reviewed. Both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies for the management of fatigue are summarised.
Transfer of Training from Virtual to Real Environments (1998)

Training is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of application of the technology of Virtual Reality (VR) with virtual training being developed in industry, commerce, the military, medical and other areas of education and in a variety of types of rehabilitation. In all cases such training rests upon the assumption that what is learned in the virtual environment transfers to the equivalent real world task. Whilst there is much anecdotal evidence there have been few systematic empirical studies and those that have been carried out do not lead to clear conclusions. This paper reports preliminary findings from a study, using a simple sensorimotor task, which seeks to establish not only the extent of transfer, but also the reliability and robustness of whatever transfers. The findings demonstrate a clear positive transfer effect from virtual to real training and suggest that the cognitive strategy elements and cognitive loads of the two types of training are broadly equivalent. However, caution is advised in the interpretation of these findings. The results are discussed in the wider context of models of transfer of training. 1.
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–1683) (2008)

Colbert was born at Reims on 29 August 1619 and died on 6 September 1683. In no way at all could he be called an economist. He was, however, one of the most powerful administrators, known to history, of measures affecting the economic life of a nation, to such an extent and with such lasting influence that his name is preserved in the notion of Colbertism.
Modeling, identifying, and simulating Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (2013)

As HTTP-based streaming video applications have grown to become a major source of Internet traffic, and as the new ISO standard Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) gains industry acceptance, researchers need the ability to both study real-world viewing data and simulate realistic DASH streams. The first effort is complicated by the fact that network researchers are often restricted to anonymized, header-only traces. The second effort is difficult since researchers are currently limited to three undesirable options for generating DASH traffic: (1) encode and store movies, which is both labor-and storage-intensive, (2) parameterize DASH traffic, which is open to criticism, or (3) stream movies from a service such as Netflix, which is prohibitively expensive if a researcher wants to simulate many simultaneous viewers. In this paper we present our work towards developing a model for DASH traffic and show how the model can be applied to identify DASH streams from anonymized, header-only traces using a combination of Hadoop and Hive. We then describe how the insight gained from our work will be used in a simulator that can recreate the DASH payloads of real movies using a format that requires only a few kilobytes of storage per movie.
A depletion stop double base phototransistor: A demonstration of a new transistor structure (1981)

We introduce a simple but useful concept of depletion stop and demonstrate a transistor structure that makes use of this idea. This depletion stop transistor is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs substrates. The base region is composed of a lightly doped layer near the emitter junction and a heavily doped layer near the collector junction. The edge of the depletion region at the emitter junction is designed to stop at the lightly doped base. When operated as a phototransistor, the depletion stop transistor shows a DC optical gain of 10. Further applications of this idea to the fabrication of a depletion stop double emitter double base transistor and to the Si-based device are also discussed.
Design of double and triple quantum wells for InGaAs-AlAsSb intersubband unipolar semiconductor lasers (1996)

InGaAs-AlAsSb double and triple quantum well (QW) structures were designed in an effort to shorten the wavelength to less than 2 /spl mu/m for possible application to intersubband unipolar lasers. Wavelengths corresponding to the intersubband separation, the minimum and maximum operating electric field, optical-phonon-limited nonradiative scattering time, and escape time from the QW were simulated. It was found that suitable nonradiative transition times can be obtained by properly designing the coupling layer thickness for both kinds of QW's. The minimum wavelength is 1.5 /spl mu/m and an operating electric field is above 130 kV/cm for wavelengths <2 /spl mu/m in the double QW. On the other hand, the minimum operating electric field is less than 10 kV/cm and the minimum wavelength is about 1.7 /spl mu/m for the triple QW. The triple QW is suitable for an electric-field induced wavelength tunable laser.
Two‐point dixon fat–water separation: Improving reliability and accuracy in phase correction algorithms (2008)

The VSM algorithm provides a more accurate and less noise-sensitive fat-water separation. This highly significant performance improvement allows the application of phase-correction algorithms to a wider range of clinical applications.
Accelerated direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells with the MyoD transactivation domain (2013)

Fusion of a powerful transactivation domain to heterologous factors can increase the efficiency of direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes.
Ischemia/Reperfusion Induces Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Microglia (2017)

Innate immune signaling is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke)-induced injury and recovery. Several lines of evidence support a central role for microglia in these processes. Recent work has identified Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in both ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection. To determine the effects of "ischemia/reperfusion-like" conditions on microglia, we performed genomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and <i>TLR4</i><sup>-/-</sup> cultured microglia after sequential exposure to hypoxia/hypoglycemia and normoxia/normoglycemia (H/H-N/N). We observed increased expression of type 1 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant transcriptomal feature of H/H-N/N-exposed WT, but not <i>TLR4</i><sup>-/-</sup>, microglia. Microarray analysis on <i>ex vivo</i> sorted microglia from ipsilateral male mouse cortex after a transient <i>in vivo</i> ischemic pulse also demonstrated robust expression of ISGs. Type 1 IFNs, including the IFN-αs and IFN-β, activate the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) complex. We confirmed both <i>in vitro</i> H/H-N/N- and <i>in vivo</i> ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial ISG responses by quantitative real-time PCR and demonstrated that both were dependent on IFNAR1. We characterized the effects of hypoxia/hypoglycemia on phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), release of type 1 IFNs, and surface expression of IFNAR1 in microglia. We demonstrated that IFN-β induces dose-dependent secretion of ISG chemokines in cultured microglia and robust ISG expression in microglia both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Finally, we demonstrated that the microglial ISG chemokine responses to TLR4 agonists were dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR1. Together, these data suggest novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced pathways for both TLR4-dependent and -independent, IFNAR1-dependent, type 1 IFN signaling in microglia.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of serious long-term disability worldwide. Innate immune responses are critical in stroke pathophysiology, and microglia are key cellular effectors in the CNS response to ischemia/reperfusion. Using a transcriptional analysis approach, we identified a robust interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene response within microglia exposed to ischemia/reperfusion in both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experimental paradigms. Using a number of complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that these responses are dependent on innate immune signaling components including Toll-like receptor-4 and type I IFNs. We have also elucidated several novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial signaling mechanisms.
An intelligent power device using poly-Si sandwiched wafer bonding technique (2002)

A new simple isolation structure has been realized by using poly-Si sandwiched wafer bonding technique. We confirmed that the poly-Si layer enabled the bonded interface to be void-free and electrically perfect, and had the effect that it enabled the reverse recovery time of the parasitic diode of Vertical DMOSFET (VDMOS) to be short. In the new structure, the isolation capabilities were adequate to integrate 60 V VDMOS and control circuits on the same chip. Especially, the parasitic bipolar action has been suppressed. We evaluated an intelligent power device which uses this technique and have confirmed the availability of the new isolation structure.
Success, safety, and late electrophysiological outcome of low-energy direct-current ablation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. (1992)

Low-energy DC ablation is safe and effective treatment for accessory pathways in children and adults. The long-term outcome is excellent as documented by electrophysiological restudy.
C & A Carbone v. Clarkstown: A Wake-Up Call for the Dormant Commerce Clause (1995)

Introduction Garbage collection, transportation, and disposal have historically been the responsibility of individual towns and cities in the United States. 1 However, stringent environmental regulations, declining landfill capacity, and the implementation of costly source reduction and recycling programs have greatly increased the costs of waste management borne by towns. 2 For the past two decades, many local governments have relied on "flow control" ordinances to finance their solid waste management activities. 3 These ordinances designate where municipal solid waste generated within the community must be managed, stored, or disposed. 4 Recently, in C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, 5 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that such ordinances violate the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In this decision, the Court misapplied the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine and thereby jeopardized the financial stability of local governments that have relied on flow control ordinances to finance their waste management programs. Flow control ordinances dictate where a community's garbage must be processed or disposed. 6 By enabling a local government to control its garbage, flow control helps the town meet its environmental goals, such as ensuring that recyclable materials are properly separated. 7 Typically, garbage processing and disposal facilities charge a fee per ton of garbage handled, known as a "tipping" fee. 8 By requiring all municipal waste to be shipped to a designated facility, flow control guarantees a stream of revenue to that facility. 9 Local governments have relied on this revenue to fund ...
In situ hybridization at the electron microscope level: localization of transcripts on ultrathin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissue using biotinylated probes and protein A-gold complexes. (1986)

A technique has been developed for localizing hybrids formed in situ on semi-thin and ultrathin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissue. Biotinylated dUTP (Bio-11-dUTP and/or Bio-16-dUTP) was incorporated into mitochondrial rDNA and small nuclear U1 probes by nick-translation. The probes were hybridized to sections of Drosophila ovaries and subsequently detected with an anti-biotin antibody and protein A-gold complex. On semi-thin sections, probe detection was achieved by amplification steps with anti-protein A antibody and protein A-gold with subsequent silver enhancement. At the electron microscope level, specific labeling was obtained over structures known to be the site of expression of the appropriate genes (i.e., either over mitochondria or over nuclei). The labeling pattern at the light microscope level (semi-thin sections) was consistent with that obtained at the electron microscope level. The described nonradioactive procedures for hybrid detection on Lowicryl K4M-embedded tissue sections offer several advantages: rapid signal detection: superior morphological preservation and spatial resolution; and signal-to-noise ratios equivalent to radiolabeling.
Expression of Wild-Type and Modified Proα Chains of Human Type I Procollagen in Insect Cells Leads to the Formation of Stable [α1(I)]2α2(I) Collagen Heterotrimers and [α1(I)]3 Homotrimers but Not [α2(I)]3 Homotrimers (1997)

Insect cells coinfected with a baculovirus coding for the proalpha1(I) chain of human type I procollagen and a double promoter virus coding for the alpha and beta subunits of human prolyl 4-hydroxylase produced homotrimeric [proalpha1(I)]3 procollagen molecules. The use of an additional virus coding for the proalpha2(I) chain led to the formation of a heterotrimeric molecule with the correct 2:1 ratio of proalpha1 to proalpha2 chains of type I procollagen (proalpha1(I) and proalpha2(I) chains, respectively), unless the proalpha1(I) chain was expressed in a relatively large excess. Replacement of the sequences coding for the signal peptide and the N propeptide of the proalpha1(I) chain with those of the proalpha1(III) chain increased level of expression of the proalpha1(I) chain, whereas no similar effect was found when the corresponding modification was made to the virus coding for the proalpha2(I) chain. Molecules containing such modified N propeptides were found to be processed at their N terminus more rapidly than those containing the wild-type propeptides. The Tm of the type I collagen homotrimer was similar to that of the heterotrimer, both values being about 42-43 degrees C when determined by circular dichroism. The wild-type proalpha2(I) chain formed no homotrimers. Replacement of the C propeptide of the proalpha2(I) chain with that of the proalpha1(I) chain or proalpha1 chain of type III procollagen (proalpha1(III) chain) led to the formation of homotrimers, but the alpha2(I) chains in such molecules were completely digested by pepsin in 1 h at 22 degrees C. The data thus suggest that, in addition to control at the level of the C propeptide, other restrictions may exist at the level of the collagen domain that prevent the formation of stable homotrimeric [proalpha2(I)]3 molecules in insect cells.
<i>Trp53</i> Inactivation in the Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Tumor Progression by Expanding the Immunosuppressive Lymphoid-like Stromal Network (2013)

Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 through somatic mutations, observed in 50% of human cancers, is one of the leading causes of tumorigenesis. Clinical and experimental evidence also reveals that p53 mutations sometimes occur in tumor-associated fibroblasts, which correlate with an increased rate of metastases and poor prognosis, suggesting that p53 dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment (TME) favors tumor establishment and progression. To understand the impact of p53 inactivation in the TME in tumor progression, we compared the growth of subcutaneously inoculated B16F1 melanoma in p53(null) and wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, tumor growth in p53(null) mice was greatly accelerated, correlating with marked increases in CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, and a loss of effector function, compared with those in WT mice. This augmented immunotolerant TME in p53(null) mice was associated with a marked expansion of a specialized stromal network in the tumor and spleen. These stromal cells expressed markers of fibroblastic reticular cells of lymphoid organs and were readily expanded in culture from p53(null), but not WT, mice. They produced high levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and immunosuppressive molecules, thereby enhancing MDSC differentiation. Furthermore, they significantly accelerated tumor progression in WT mice when co-injected with B16F1. Together, our results show that tumor-stroma interaction in hosts with dysfunctional p53 exacerbates immunosuppression by expanding the lymphoid-like stromal network that enhances MDSC differentiation and tumor progression.
The heterojunction transistor and the space-charge-limited triode (1965)

The fabrication of experimental solid state heterojunction triodes is described using high resistivity cadmium sulphide films evaporated in vacuo on to low resistivity single-crystal silicon. Interfacial transmissivities for electrons through the heterojunction gate as high as 90% are obtained, with excellent saturation of drain characteristics. It is expected that useful incremental operation up to microwave frequencies should ultimately be possible with large signal switching times less than 0.1 nsec.
EDT, a tetrahydroacridine derivative inhibits cerebral ischemia and protects rat cortical neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. (2003)

EDT possessed protective effects against cerebral ischemia, which may be related to blocking Glu receptor and inhibiting NO formation.
Self-expanding Mesh Stent for Esophageal Cancer Stenosis (1990)

The implantation of new self-expanding mesh stents (20 mm in diameter, when fully expanded) in a 67-year-old woman with extensive esophageal cancer stenosis is reported. Prosthesis insertion was easily accomplished without the need for general anesthesia. The patient has been doing well since. The potential advantages of the new stenting procedure suggest further investigation.
Carbamoylphosphonate Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors 6: <i>cis</i>-2-Aminocyclohexylcarbamoylphosphonic Acid, A Novel Orally Active Antimetastatic Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Selective Inhibitor—Synthesis and Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Analysis (2008)

cis-2-Aminocyclohexylcarbamoylphosphonic acid ( cis-ACCP) was evaluated in vitro and in two in vivo cancer metastasis models. It reduced metastasis formation in mice by approximately 90% when administered by a repetitive once daily dosing regimen of 50 mg/kg via oral or intraperitoneal routes and was nontoxic up to 500 mg/kg, following intraperitoneal administration daily for two weeks. Pharmacokinetic investigation of cis-ACCP in rats revealed distribution restricted into the extracellular fluid, which is the site of action for the antimetastatic activity and rapid elimination ( t 1/2 approximately 19 min) from blood. Sustained and prolonged absorption ( t 1/2 approximately 126 min) occurred via paracellular mechanism along the small and large intestine with overall bioavailability of 0.3%. The in vivo concentrations of cis-ACCP in the blood in rats was above the minimal concentration for antimetastatic/MMP-inhibitory activity, thus explaining the prolonged action following once daily administration. Finally, 84% of the intravenously administered cis-ACCP to rats was excreted intact in the urine.
Comparison of system topologies for dynamic voltage restorers (2002)

In this paper, different system topologies for dynamic voltage restorers are analyzed with the emphasis put on methods to acquire the necessary energy during a voltage sag. Four different system topologies are analyzed and tested. Two, which can be realized with insignificant energy storage and the energy is taken from the grid and two topologies, which are based on stored energy are compared. Experimental tests on a 10 kVA rated dynamic voltage restorer shows that the no-energy storage concept is feasible, but an improved performance can for certain voltage sags, be achieved with stored energy. In the comparison, the no-storage topology with a passive shunt converter at the load side is ranked highest followed by an energy storage topology with constant DC-link voltage.
Selection of rice herbicide from several sulfonylurea compounds. (1985)

DPX-F5384, methyl 2-[[[[[(4, 6-dimethox-pyrimidin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl]methyl]benzoate and several analogs were examined for herbicidal activities, crop safety, and selectivity.(1) Both DPX-F5384 and DPX-T6375 which have substitutents of 2-CO2CH3 were tested in petri dishes to examine their effect during early growth stage of rice, Brassica pekinensis and Sagittaria pygmaea. The results indicated that DPX-F5384 has the highest selectivity between rice and other plants. DPX-T6357 provided little selectivity.(2) DPX-F5384 and the analogs were tested for herbicidal activity and crop safety under paddy rice conditions. DPX-W4515, DPX-T6375, DPX-W4189, and DPX-T6376, all with phenyl moiety, exhibited very high weed control activity, but caused severe phytotoxicity on transplanted rice exhibiting little selectivity between rice and weeds. DPX-F5384, with 2-CO2CH3 substituted benzyl moiety, was highly active, 2-Cl substituted DPX-F5390 had very low activity. In contrast to the benzyl type derivatives, DPX-R5582, with 2-Cl substituted phenoxy, had considerably high activity.Among the sulfonylurea compounds exa mined, DPX-F5384 proved to have sufficient crop safety for rice. DPX-R5582 was relatively safe to rice but its safety margin was not broad enough. In addition, DPX-R5582 was not particularly active on Scirpus juncoides, one of the major weeds in rice paddies. DPX-F5384 was the best compound based on its high weed control activity and selective safety to rice.