gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD8+ T Cells Activated During the Course of Murine Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Elicit Therapeutic Responses to Late B7 Vaccines After Cytoreductive Treatment (1997)

We have previously shown in a murine acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) model that leukemic mice can be cured with a B7 vaccine if immunized early in the disease and that CD8+ T cells are necessary for tumor rejection. However, when B7 vaccine is administered 2 weeks after leukemia inoculation, the effect is only prolonged survival, ending in death virtually of all the mice. To distinguish between tumor kinetics and tumor-induced immunosuppression as potential mechanisms eliminating the therapeutic potential of late B7 vaccines, we performed in vitro T-cell studies during leukemia progression and in vivo studies on the clinical outcome of late B7 vaccines in combination with prior cytoreductive chemotherapy. Our results show that CD8+ T cells from leukemic mice 1 and 2 weeks after leukemia inoculation proliferate more vigorously in response to in vitro activation than cells from normal mice and produce Th1-type cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays demonstrate that cells from week-2 vaccinated mice (which succumb to their leukemia), surprisingly develop a stronger CTL activity than cells from week-1 vaccinated mice (which reject their leukemia). Finally, the combination of late chemotherapy and late B7 vaccine administration can cure only 20% of leukemic mice, whereas early chemotherapy and the same late B7 vaccine administration cure 100% of leukemic mice. These results demonstrate that in murine AML tumor growth does not induce T-cell anergy or a Th2 cytokine profile and suggest that tumor growth is most likely to be the limiting factor in the curative potential of late B7 vaccines.
Operant behavior of rats under fixed-interval reinforcement schedules: a dynamical analysis via the extended return map. (2006)

The extended-return-map was employed to analyze the inter-response time data of operant experiments using fixed-interval schedules and food reinforcement. After intensive training over numerous sessions, rats gradually developed several types of temporal patterns of lever pressing behaviors, which were visualized through different patterns of data point distributions in the extended-return-map. Analyses with randomly shuffled data sets confirmed that these patterns depended on the sequential order of the inter-response time data, indicating that they reflected dynamics of the behavior. A procedure was developed to quantify the difference between patterns in the extended-return-maps, thus, enabling the comparison between sessions, and between animals. Simulations suggested that, in addition to the two-state break-and-burst responding, both multiple switches of behavioral states during the inter-reinforcement periods and the acceleration of lever pressing rate should be taken into consideration for the dynamics found in the data.
Transactional memory and the birthday paradox (2007)

Many word-based Software TransactionalMemory systems (STMs) have been proposed using tagless ownership tables, where read and write permissions are granted at the granularity of all addresses that map to a given ownership table entry. This optimization to reduce overhead potentially results in false conflicts. Using address traces from a multithreaded program, we demonstrate that the frequency of these false conflicts grows superlinearly with both the TM data footprint and concurrency and that increasing the size of the ownership table results in only a sub-linear reduction in conflict rate. These somewhat surprising relationships have a theoretical foundation that is also responsible for the (naively) unintuitive statistical result generally referred to as the "Birthday Paradox." We present an analytical model based on random population of an ownership table by concurrently executing transactions that correctly predicts the trends in measured data. These results call into question the viability of such an optimization that can undermine the scalability and concurrency claims of software transactional memory.
Combining fiber Brillouin amplification with a repeater laser station for fiber-based optical frequency dissemination over 1400 km (2019)

Abstract We investigate optical frequency dissemination over a 1400 km long fiber link in looped configuration over a pair of underground fibers between Braunschweig and Strasbourg. This fiber link is the first to combine fiber Brillouin amplifiers with a repeater laser station. Phase-coherent operation over more than five days is demonstrated. We analyze the repeatability of the performance over four campaigns and present results of 65 d in total. The weighted mean of the fractional frequency offset of the transferred optical frequency over the complete data set is (−1.1 ± 0.4)×10 –20 . By analyzing the stabilization signals of the two individual fibers, the correlation of the phase noise on the two fibers is shown to be >98%.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Accessory Protein Vpu Induces Apoptosis by Suppressing the Nuclear Factor κB–dependent Expression of Antiapoptotic Factors (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Vpu is an integral membrane protein with a unique affinity for betaTrCP (TrCP), a key member of the SkpI-Cullin-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that is involved in the regulated degradation of cellular proteins, including IkappaB. Remarkably, Vpu is resistant to TrCP-mediated degradation and competitively inhibits TrCP-dependent degradation of IkappaB, resulting in the suppression of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity in Vpu-expressing cells. We now report that Vpu, through its interaction with TrCP, potently contributes to the induction of apoptosis in HIV-infected T cells. Vpu-induced apoptosis is specific and independent of other viral proteins. Mutation of a TrCP-binding motif in Vpu abolishes its apoptogenic property, demonstrating a close correlation between this property of Vpu and its ability to inhibit NF-kappaB activity. The involvement of NF-kappaB in Vpu-induced apoptosis is further supported by the finding that the levels of antiapoptotic factors Bcl-xL, A1/Bfl-1, and TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)1, all of which are expressed in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner, are reduced and, at the same time, levels of active caspase-3 are elevated. Thus, Vpu induces apoptosis through activation of the caspase pathway by way of inhibiting the NF-kappaB-dependent expression of antiapoptotic genes.
Lattice Dynamics and Spectroscopic Properties by a Valence Force Potential of Diamondlike Crystals: C, Si, Ge, and Sn (1972)

Lattice dynamics and the vibrational spectra of diamond and diamondlike crystals of the elements of Group IV (Si, Ge, and gray Sn) are treated on the basis of a valence force potential. Experimental phonon dispersion curves from the literature are satisfactorily fitted by a six-parameter valence force potential. The one- and two-phonon absorptions are compared with the calculated density of states g(v) and with the density of combined states J(v). The results are satisfactory. The success in reproducing the spectroscopic properties of all four elements with only these parameters is consistent with the highly directional character of the covalent bonds in the crystal and the lack of ionic character. The different information derived from the widely used shell model and the valence force potential are briefly discussed.
A Miniaturized Low-Intensity Ultrasound Device for Wearable Medical Therapeutic Applications (2019)

Low-intensity ultrasound has drawn increasing attention recently as a non-invasive modality for medical therapeutic applications. Current commercially available low-intensity ultrasound devices are bulky and expensive. In this paper, a battery-powered miniaturized device is proposed to generate low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound. The proposed device consists of a custom Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an off-chip digital control block, and a piezoelectric transducer. The ASIC, which integrates a DC-DC boost converter and a transducer driver, is implemented in TSMC's 0.18 μm BCD Gen2 process. Measurement results show that a maximum output voltage of 14 V is achieved by the proposed fully-integrated DC-DC boost converter with a battery supply voltage of 3.7 V. The peak power conversion efficiency is 29% and the output power at the peak power conversion efficiency is 105 mW. The on-chip transducer driver employs a half-bridge circuit with two n-type devices at the output stage. A high-voltage level shifter with low power consumption and short propagation delay is proposed in this paper for the high-performance operation of the half-bridge transducer driver. The piezoelectric transducer is a customized transducer with a resonance frequency of 1.5 MHz. At this frequency, the proposed low-intensity ultrasound device is able to generate continuous-wave ultrasound with a therapeutic power intensity of 32 [Formula: see text]. The proposed low-intensity ultrasound device is low-cost, compact, and light-weight, which enables affordable, and wearable applications.
Predictive Models for Flank Wear on Coated Inserts (1999)

The purpose of this paper is to develop predictive models for flank wear that explicitly incorporate cutting temperature and the physical properties of coatings and work materials. The development of such models can minimize time-consuming machining experiments in predicting tool life by establishing flank wear models that can be applied to wide classes of coated inserts and work materials. To develop such models, a set of experiments was performed to understand the effect on flank wear due to the morphology and amount of the second phase in work materials. The plain carbon steels of AISI designation 1018, 1045, 1065, 1070, and 1095 in hot-rolled (pearlitic) and/or spherodized conditions were turned. The inserts with a single coating of TiN, TiCN, or Al2O3 were used in the cutting experiments. The temperature history at a remote location on the rake face was measured during cutting by using an infrared pyrometer with a fiber optic attachment. This temperature information was used to estimate the steady-state tool-chip interface temperatures using the inverse estimation scheme by Yen and Wright, 1986, ASME J. Eng. Ind., 108, pp. 252–263. The results were then used to predict the work-tool interface temperature using the scheme suggested by Oxley, 1989, The Mechanics of Machining: An Analytical Approach to Assessing Machinability, Wiley, New York, NY, p. 168. The results of this experiment showed that, for the spherodized steels, flank wear per sliding distance (the flank wear rate) increased with the cementite content. For the hot-rolled (pearlitic) steels, no conclusive evidence was found that correlates the flank wear rate with the cementite content. However, for pearlitic steels the wear rates, in general, were shown to increase with the flank temperature while for spherodized steels the rates decrease with the flank temperature. The reason for these trends can be explained by the microstructural difference between pearlitic and spherodized steels; therefore, the semi-empirical models of two-body and three-body wear developed by Rabinowicz (1967) and Rabinowicz et al. (1972) can be applied to describe the flank wear process. [S0742-4787(00)04501-X]
Marsupial and shape-shifting robots for urban search and rescue (2000)

Urban search and rescue (USAR) focuses on locating and extracting people trapped in collapsed or damaged structures. Rescuers are under extreme time pressure; after 48 hours, victim mortality drastically increases owing to exposure and lack of food, water, and medical treatment. Rescuing can be as dangerous to the workers and the victims as the initial event. Moving through the structure or widening entry points for humans and equipment can cause further collapse, injuring or killing the trapped survivors or rescuers. Gas leaks and explosions are also possible. Rescue dogs can help reduce human risk and can enter smaller voids in the rubble than a human can, but they cannot replace a video camera or structural assessment equipment. Lightweight mobile robots could benefit USAR while reducing the risk to humans and dogs. For example, they could: conduct tedious searches for survivors with a level of rigor that is normally fatiguing to humans; insert specialized sensors into the rubble and position them; collect visual and seismic data to assess structural damage; deposit radio transmitters or small amounts of food and medication with the survivors; guide the insertion of jaws-of-life tools, and identify the location of limbs to prevent workers from damaging a victim's arm or leg during extraction. Toward that end, the author has been developing USAR mobile robot hardware and software. Two promising technologies have emerged that present interesting challenges for artificial intelligence: shape-shifting, marsupial robots.
Characteristics of Androgenetic Alopecia in Asian (2012)

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or pattern hair loss, is a common disorder in Asian men and women, with a reported incidence of up to 73% among general population. There are several descriptions regarding the characteristics of AGA in patients of European descent. Asian patients with AGA have different types of hair loss and family histories from Europeans, which may affect treatment response. Therefore, in this review, prevalence, hair loss patterns, familial factors, androgen receptor gene polymorphisms of Asian AGA patients, and management based on algorithmic guidelines for AGA are discussed. This review may be useful for dermatologists in clinical practice for diagnosing and designing management approaches for Asian patients with AGA.
Two memristors suffice to compute all Boolean functions (2010)

It is proved that all Boolean functions can be computed using two memristors. To achieve this, a recursive conjunctive form for Boolean functions is introduced and its universality shown.
Mice overexpressing human lecithin: cholesterol acvltransferase are not protected against diet‐induced atherosclerosis (1997)

Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) (EC 2.3.1.43) is generally assumed to participate in reverse cholesterol transport, i.e., cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver. LCAT is secreted by the liver and transported in plasma mostly associated with high density lipoprotein. It catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol, mainly high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and produces cholesteryl ester and lysolecithin. Transgenic mice overexpression human LCAT on a C57BL/6 background have elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol and markedly reduced low and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in plasma, suggesting that such mice may be less susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis than isogenic nontransgenic controls. To determine if the apparent anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile of the LCAT transgenics reduced their susceptibility to atherogenesis, the atherosclerotic lesions developing in transgenic LCAT mice and controls when fed an atherogenic diet were compared by histology and morphometry. Histological examination of the aortas from mice fed a high fat diet for 12, 17 and 22 weeks revealed that the aortic lesions were no smaller or less developed in the transgenic LCAT mice than in the C57BL/6 controls. After 17 weeks there were significantly more "fatty streaks" in the transgenic mice than in the controls. Thus, overexpression of human LCAT in transgenic mice, in spite of their very favourable blood lipoprotein and lipid profile, does not protect against development of atherosclerosis.
A reconfigurable microstrip antenna for switchable polarization (2004)

A novel reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchable polarization sense is proposed. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, consisting of a corner-truncated square radiating patch, four small triangular conductors, and a microstrip line feed. Using independently biased PIN diodes on the patch, it can produce linear polarization, or left- or right-hand circular polarization according to bias voltages. From the measured results, low cross-polarization levels when operated in the linear state and good axial ratios in the circular state are observed.
Core-shell diamond-like silicon photonic crystals from 3D polymer templates created by holographic lithography (2006)

We have fabricated diamond-like silicon photonic crystals through a sequential silica/silicon chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process from the corresponding polymer templates photopatterned by holographic lithography. Core-shell morphology is revealed due to the partial backfilling of the interstitial pores. To model the shell formation and investigate its effect to the bandgap properties, we developed a two-parameter level-set approach that closely approximated the core-shell morphology, and compare the bandgap simulation with the measured optical properties of the 3D crystals at each processing step. Both experimental and calculation results suggest that a complete filling is necessary to maximize the photonic bandgap in the diamond-like structures.
Fraktionierung und Charakterisierung von elektrochemisch behandelten Magnesium-Sulfitablaugen (2006)

Jährlich fallen weltweit über 50 Millionen Tonnen Lignin als Nebenprodukt der Zellstoffherstellung an. Der weitaus größte Teil des Lignins wird zur Energieerzeugung sowie der damit verbundenen Chemikalienrückgewinnung verbrannt. Lediglich etwa 2% der Gesamtmenge wird einer nichtenergetischen Nutzung zugeführt. Trotz eines geringen Anteils von ca. 6% an der Gesamtzellstoffproduktion stammen über 90% der marktgängigen Lignine aus dem Sulfitprozess. Für die stoffliche Verwertung von Lignosulfonaten wurden in der Vergangenheit zahlreiche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten entwickelt, beispielsweise in der Futtermittel- oder Baustoffindustrie. Darüber hinaus gab es bereits häufig den Versuch, Lignosulfonate auch zur Substitution konventioneller Klebharze für die Produktion von Holzwerkstoffen einzusetzen. Lignosulfonate weisen allerdings bislang in Reinform bzw. Abmischungen mit industrieüblichen Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-, Melamin-Formaldehyd- oder Phenol-Formaldehyd-Harzen eine zu geringe Reaktivität auf. Dies führt neben verlängerten Presszeiten auch zu Problemen hinsichtlich der Anforderungen an Dimensionsstabilität und Hydrolysebeständigkeit der Holzwerkstoffe. - Eine viel versprechende Möglichkeit zur Überwindung dieser Nachteile bietet die elektrolytische Behandlung der Ablaugen. Neben einer elektrodialytischen Rückgewinnung der Aufschlusschemikalien kann die anodische Oxidation der Lignosulfonate zur Einführung neuer, reaktiver Gruppen führen. Allerdings fehlt in den bisher veröffentlichten Studien zur elektrochemischen Modifizierung von Biopolymeren und Ablaugen sowohl eine hinreichende Charakterisierung des Ausgangsmaterials als auch der resultierenden Produkte. Ziel der durchgeführten Arbeit war die Strukturaufklärung elektrolysierter Lignosulfonate aus technischen Sulfitablaugen im Hinblick auf einen späteren Einsatz in Bindemittelformulierungen zur Herstellung von witterungsbeständigen Holzwerkstoffen.
Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Alveolar Carbon Dioxide During Electroencephalography (1960)

In a previous communication<sup>11</sup>the results of a study of electroencephalographic (EEG) activation in 37 normal subjects by the use of inhalation of a mixture of 7% oxygen and 93% nitrogen were presented. In this paper the results of the test in 26 subjects suffering from various types of epilepsy will be reported. In all subjects the arterial oxygen saturation and alveolar carbon dioxide concentration (CO<sub>2</sub>) were continuously recorded with the EEG, and the effects of hypoxia were compared with other activation procedures, such as hyperventilation, breath holding, and, in some subjects, ocular compression.<sup>3</sup>The effects of breathing 7% CO<sub>2</sub>and oxygen mixtures, of breathing 100% oxygen, and of intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate on induced seizure discharges were also evaluated. Before we proceed with a detailed account of the methods and results of the present study, the history of the use of hyperventilation and
A glucose derivative as natural alternative to the cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine ligand in the anticancer drug oxaliplatin? (2007)

Having oxaliplatin as archetype, several platinum complexes with a carbohydrate moiety resembling the cyclohexane-1,2-diamine ligand of oxaliplatin have been prepared. As leaving groups, the anionic ligands iodide, oxalate, and malonate were utilized, and for comparison purposes the chloro complex was employed. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of (SP-4-3)-diiodo(2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose-kappa(2)N,N')platinum(II) was determined by X-ray diffraction. The affinity toward dGMP was assayed by capillary electrophoresis, revealing that the chloro complex shows the highest reactivity, followed by the iodo complex. In contrast, the binding kinetics of the dicarboxylato complexes are slower, with the malonato complex being the least reactive. Reactivity to dGMP in the cell-free system correlates with cytotoxicity in two of four human cancer cell lines as determined by means of the MTT assay. In three of the four cell lines, the chloro and the malonato complex are the most and the least active of the carbohydrate-Pt complexes, respectively, with IC(50) values differing only by factors of up to 3.2. Cytotoxicity of the chloro complex is one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of oxaliplatin, but still comparable to that of carboplatin in two of the four cell lines.
Temporal patterns in running (1974)

Running is the end of a series of complex rotations of three leg levers. The purpose of this study was to reveal the temporal sequence in the rotary action of the leg in sprint running.
Oxidation of Azide Anion at Boron-Doped Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes (1998)

The oxidation of dissolved inorganic azide anion in aqueous media was investigated using high-quality, boron-doped diamond thin-film electrodes. Linear sweep and differential pulse voltammetry, along with flow injection analysis in the amperometric detection mode, were used to study the reaction at neutral pH as a function of the potential sweep rate, analyte concentration, and electrolyte composition. Comparison experiments were performed using polished glassy carbon. Azide undergoes an irreversible oxidation (1 e-/equiv) at both of these carbon electrodes, presumably with nitrogen as the primary product. A linear dynamic range of 3−4 orders of magnitude and a detection limit as low as 0.1 μM (4.3 ppb) at a S/N = 3 were observed for diamond in the voltammetric measurements. The flow injection analysis results for diamond indicated a linear dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude and a detection limit of 8 nM (0.3 ppb) at a S/N = 3. The diamond response was generally reproducible from film to film, and the background signal and signal-to-background ratio were extremely stable for up to 12 h of continuous use. The results demonstrate that this new electrode material serves as an analytically useful substrate for the detection of azide anion and exhibits superior performance characteristics compared with glassy carbon.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of brominated dihydroxy diphenyl Ethers (2006)

Four brominated dihydroxy diphenyl ethers were designed and synthesized.Their antimicrobial activities indicated that these compounds possessed antimicrobial activities toward the tested bacterium.