gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Up‐regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 gene expression by TGF‐β in articular chondrocytes is mediated by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases (1998)

The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulates extracellular matrix turn-over in normal animal development, cancer cell metastasis, atherosclerotic plaque rupture and erosion of arthritic cartilage. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), an inducer of matrix synthesis, potently enhances mRNA and protein of a recently characterized MMP inhibitor, TIMP-3, in bovine articular chondrocytes. We examined the implication of protein kinases in the TGF-β-mediated induction of TIMP-3 expression by utilizing activators and inhibitors of these enzymes. Protein kinase A activators, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or forskolin had little or no effect, respectively, while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator, increased TIMP-3 gene expression. H7, a serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor, markedly reduced the response of TIMP-3 gene to TGF-β. Furthermore, two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A, inhibited TGF-β induction of TIMP-3. H7 and genistein also suppressed TGF-β-induced TIMP-3 protein expression. These results suggest that TGF-β signaling for TIMP-3 gene induction involves H7-sensitive serine/threonine kinase as well as herbimycin A- and genistein-sensitive protein tyrosine kinases. J. Cell. Biochem. 70:517–527, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Size matters: a view of selenocysteine incorporation from the ribosome (2005)

This review focuses on the known factors required for selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation in eukaryotes and highlights recent findings that have compelled us to propose a new model for the mechanism of Sec incorporation. In light of this data we also review the controversial aspects of the previous model specifically regarding the proposed interaction between SBP2 and eEFSec. In addition, the relevance of two recently discovered factors in the recoding of Sec are reviewed. The role of the ribosome in this process is emphasized along with a detailed analysis of kinkturn structures present in the ribosome and the L7Ae RNA-binding motif present in SBP2 and other proteins.
Multiple sclerosis: a practical overview for clinicians (2010)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest disabling neurological condition to afflict young adults and therefore has a high social burden. Over several decades, there has been a considerable progress in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis as well as in the clinical management of MS patients. The emphasis in managing MS patients has shifted to multidisciplinary teams working in specialist groups. A review of the literature was conducted using MedLine to identify recent advances in MS. The current consensus is that MS is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental agents acting in genetically susceptible people. Based on that concept, new methods of immune intervention procedures have been introduced into clinical practice. Licensed first-line disease-modifying therapies reduce the MS attack or relapse rate by a third and delaying short-term disease progression. More effective therapies have emerged; however, these are associated with increased risks. New clinical and pathological insights are making us question the aetiology and pathogenesis of MS. The recognition of pathological heterogeneity has raised the question of whether MS is a single disease entity or a syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that the pathological subtype may predict therapeutic response to specific therapies. A new novel auto-antibody has defined a subset of neuromyelitis optica or Devic's disease as being distinct from MS. This is an attractive concept that is not widely accepted. The observation that MS progresses despite immunosuppressive therapy suggests that MS may be a neurodegenerative disease with overlapping immune activation possibly in response to the release of central nervous system auto-antigens. The development of neuroprotective therapies for MS is required to prevent the devastating effects of long-term disability as a result of progressive disease.
INTERLEUKIN-15 PRODUCTION DURING LIVER ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN HUMANS1 (2003)

IL-15 can play a role in the initiation and outcome of acute and chronic rejection. Anti-IL-15 therapy in combination with classic immunosuppression therapy might thus be beneficial in the prevention of acute, and especially chronic, allograft rejection.
Detection of Microdeletions by Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (2013)

Background: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is currently offered for the detection of Trisomy 21, 13, 18 and sex chromosome aneuploidy. The test is unique because it reaches nearly diagnostic levels of accuracy, otherwise achieved only by invasive procedures like chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, but requires only a sample of maternal blood. The NIPT technology continues to advance and a greater variety of genomic alterations can be detected. This research study describes the detection of two different fetal microdeletions using NIPT, which includes whole genome next-generation sequencing, and targeted region capture and sequencing methods. Methods: Whole genome next-generation sequencing, and targeted region capture and sequencing methods, were used on samples of maternal plasma obtained from pregnancies with confirmed microdeletions. The DNA of these samples was compared to control DNA libraries to identify the fetal microdeletions. Results: We were able to identify statistically significant differences between samples to detect fetal microdeletions on chromosome 12p12.1-p11.22 from maternal plasma samples. Identification of a fetal microdeletion on 5p15.33 from maternal plasma samples was achieved, but highlighted the difficulties in detection, and future challenges for NIPT. Conclusion: Our research has demonstrated the ability to detect microdeletions by whole genome next-generation sequencing and targeted region capture and sequencing methods of NIPT. The findings indicate the ability of NIPT to detect a wide range of genomic alterations, which will impact prenatal care in the future if the technology improves. Development and expansion of NIPT has significant public health implications due to its high levels of accuracy as compared to current screening, and safety for the pregnancy as compared to current diagnostic testing options. NIPT could have major ethical implications, and could impact the role of prenatal genetic counselors and physicians.
Towards fully automated adaptation of RED parameters to optimise TCP performance (2006)

Active queue management mechanisms, such as random early detection (RED), aim to optimise TCP/IP behaviour through probabilistic congestion notification. Increasing the drop probability with the mean queue state can provide both high throughput and low delay; however, RED's effectiveness depends on tuning parameters to the specific traffic scenario. Various adaptive schemes maintain the queue length within a target range by adjusting the notification (i.e. drop) profile. But even this target range depends on the variability of the traffic. A new scheme is presented that uses the first two moments of the measured arrival rate distribution to adapt RED's queue thresholds and its maximum drop probability. Simulation results demonstrate that the scheme can simultaneously maintain low delay and high throughput.
Synthesis of Polymerized Melanin by<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>in Infected Rodents (2000)

The ability of Cryptococcus neoformans to synthesize polymerized melanin in vitro has been associated with virulence, but it is unclear whether this fungus synthesizes polymerized melanin during infection. To study this question, we used two approaches: one involved the generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to melanin for use in immunohistochemical studies of C. neoformans-infected rodents, and the other sought to isolate fungal melanin from infected tissues. Digestion of in vitro-melanized C. neoformans cells with proteases, denaturant, and hot concentrated acid yields melanin particles that retain the shape of fungal cells and are therefore called melanin ghosts. BALB/c mice were immunized with melanin ghosts, and two immunoglobulin M MAbs to melanin were generated from the spleen of one mouse. Immunofluorescence analyses of lung and brain tissues of rodents infected with wild-type melanin-producing (Mel(+)) C. neoformans strains demonstrated binding of the MAbs to the fungal cell wall. No binding was observed when infections were performed with mutant albino (Mel(-)) C. neoformans strains. Particles with striking similarity to melanin ghosts were recovered after digestion of lung and brain tissues from Mel(+) C. neoformans-infected rodents and were reactive with the MAbs to melanin. No particles were recovered from tissues infected with Mel(-) C. neoformans. A Mel(+) C. neoformans strain grown on lung or brain homogenate agar became lightly pigmented and also yielded particles similar to melanin ghosts upon digestion, providing additional evidence that lung and brain tissues contain substrate for C. neoformans melanization. These results demonstrate that C. neoformans synthesizes polymerized melanin during infection, which has important implications for pathogenesis and antifungal drug development.
High Production of D-Tagatose, a Potential Sugar Substitute, Using Immobilized L-Arabinose Isomerase (2001)

An L-arabinose isomerase of Escherichia coli was immobilized using covalent binding to agarose to produce D-tagatose, a bulking sweetener that can be economically used as a sugar substitute. The immobilized L-arabinose isomerase stably produced an average of 7.5 g-tagatose/L·day for 7 days with a productivity exceeding that of the free enzyme (0.47 vs 0.30 mg/U·day). Using a scaled-up immobilized enzyme system, 99.9 g-tagatose/L was produced from galactose with 20% equilibrium in 48 h. The process was repeated two more times with production of 104.1 and 103.5 g-tagatose/L. D-Tagatose production using an immobilized L-arabinose isomerase has a high potential for commercial application.
Decomposition of LiPF<sub>6</sub>in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied with Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (2016)

The chemical and electrochemical instabilities of LiPF 6 in carbonate electrolytes for Li-ion batteries were studied with online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS). Decomposition of carbonate electrolytes based on LiPF 6 eventually results in the formation of POF 3 , which is readily detected and followed in situ during operation of Li-rich HE-NCM-based Li-ion cells. Electrode potentials above 4.2 V leads to carbonate solvent oxidation and presumably the formation of ROH species, which subsequently hydrolyze the LiPF 6 salt and initiate a thermally activated autocatalytic electrolyte decomposition cycle involving POF 3 as a reactive intermediate. Activation of the Li 2 MnO 3 domains of the Li-rich cathode contributes along with electrolyte and separator impurities to further POF 3 generation. Electrode potentials below 2.5 V vs. Li + /Li impede POF 3 formation and presumably also further electrolyte decomposition by scavenging reactive intermediate species. As a result, much less POF 3 gas was detected upon the 2 nd charge when using Li metal counter electrode, contrary to delithiated LiFePO 4 . In situ OEMS confirm that the parasitic reactions involving LiPF 6 constitute an intricate reaction scheme, but more importantly, provide further evidence about what the components of this scheme are and how these may interact with each other.
Increased Serum Sialic Acid Levels in Primary Osteoarthritis and Inactive Rheumatoid Arthritis (2007)

Accumulation of oxidized proteins and impaired antioxidant system have been shown to be associated with arthritis. Serum sialic acid (SA) is known as a parameter of inflammation. In the present study, to explore the potential role of SA in arthritis, we measured serum SA levels, plasma protein oxidation, and antioxidant status in patients with primary osteoarthritis (POA) and inactive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inactive RA (iRA) was defined upon the American College of Rheumatology criteria for clinical remission of RA. A total of 40 patients (20 POA patients, including 4 male subjects, and 20 iRA female patients) and 20 healthy female subjects were included in this study. SA, antioxidants, and protein oxidation levels were determined spectrophotometrically in serum or plasma samples. Serum SA levels were significantly increased in POA (3.34 +/- 0.37 mM, p < 0.0001) and iRA (3.11 +/- 0.47 mM, p < 0.05), compared with healthy controls (2.41 +/- 0.16 mM). Plasma total antioxidant activity, plasma superoxide dismutase activity and serum reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased in patients with POA and those with iRA, whereas plasma carbonyl content and serum total protein were increased in those patients. Moreover, plasma total thiol levels were significantly increased in iRA and decreased in POA. Thus, increased SA and protein oxidation levels are associated with the decreased antioxidant levels in POA and iRA patients. These results suggest that SA may be considered as a potent defense molecule against oxidative damage in arthritis. Antioxidant therapy may halt or ameliorate the progression of arthritis.
The condom catheter: urinary tract infection and other complications. (1983)

A retrospective study of 64 geriatric patients on an extended care unit at the VA Medical Center strongly suggested that long-term use of a condom catheter drainage system (CCDS) (mean use, 35 months) was regularly associated with urinary tract infection. Common nosocomial pathogens were found, particularly Proteus-Providencia. The CCDS was also associated with significant penile complications. It is hoped that these hazards can be minimized by careful application and monitoring of the CCDS.
The RNA Polymerase I Transcription Machinery: An Emerging Target for the Treatment of Cancer (2010)

The RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription machinery in the nucleolus is the key convergence point that collects and integrates a vast array of information from cellular signaling cascades to regulate ribosome production that in turn guides cell growth and proliferation. Cancer cells commonly harbor mutations that inactivate tumor suppressors, hyperactivate oncogenes, and upregulate protein kinases, all of which promote Pol I transcription and drive cell proliferation. The intimate balance between Pol I transcription and growth-factor signaling is perturbed in cancer cells, indicating that upregulation of rRNA synthesis is mandatory for all tumors. Though the emerging picture of transcriptional regulation reveals an unexpected level of complexity, we are beginning to understand the multiple links between rRNA biogenesis and cancer. In this review, we discuss experimental data and potential strategies to downregulate rRNA synthesis and induce an antiproliferative response in cancer cells.
我們珍惜，以宣傳或緬懷作為方式 : 廿一世紀的珍惜文化 (2012)

「領匯一直以服務社區為本，與超過四成的香港居民為鄰，旗下商場中的食肆，不少已具多年歷史，盛載香港人的生活點滴和文化價值，細說著一個個典型的香港故事，孕育出獨有的香港精神。」\n以上是最近領匯推出「我們的尋味時光」活動的宣傳文案，標榜旗下商場仍有30間充滿人情味的老字號食肆，可供選擇。同期一名商戶代表馬漢龍先生，跳樓死控領匯。\n前陣子途經菜園村舊址，外圍已經重重圍上鐵皮，每隔三數步距，便印上港鐵「心繫生活每一程」的宣傳字句。連坑坑窪窪的工程地盤，架設的白色圍板都乾淨明亮，港鐵的形象工程，認真到了可愛的地步。\n這些圍板在一年多前，港鐵多麼渴望已經可以圍好，然後在板內如何對待未能搬遷的村民，就可以好好遮蔽。 從外邊看去，便是天下太平，送走村民又一程。村民游伯屋旁，當時已經變為禿禿的一大片工地。因為新村路權問題，搬村一事膠著，港鐵這時在偌大的工地選中了最貼近游伯家的角落，在相距約十米的地方，進行所謂「試樁」工程。這個工程，由朝八到晚六，派遣一名工人，駕著打樁機，轟轟轟的，把鐵樁打進地下，打到一定深度，就抽起，轟轟轟的又打進地下去，然後又抽起，周而復始，由天光打到天黑，不知所為何事。工人每天就這樣，勤勤懇懇，把鐵樁來回抽插，游伯一家只好一大早離家避樁，直至夜晚。兩星期後一次游伯仍然在家，試樁終於試出事兒，家裡一盞吊燈震跌下來，一地破碎，游伯吉人天相，沒被擊中。聲援的巿民知道了，都義憤心頭，爬上工程車，喊停沒完沒了的試樁。那次事件中，有兩名學生被捕。\n第二天，工地的那個角落，試樁照舊，轟轟轟轟。\n這支試樁作為高鐵工程的重要部份，就一直這樣試下去，試出了這個時代一個企業的良心何尋。
Polymers: the quest for motility (2008)

The first wave of nanotechnology has concerned itself with what is in effect an incremental continuation of long-existing trends in materials science, in which ever-greater control over the nanoscale structure of materials leads to better properties and more functionality. Modern materials rely on being able to control both interfacial structure and grain boundaries in order to develop improved properties. Functional materials for electronics and photonics are changing the way we live and modern materials can enhance our lives further through medical applications of nanotechnology. What is now at issue is the form a second wave of nanotechnology might take – one in which attention is focused, beyond simple materials, to fully functional nanoscale devices.
Estimation of Total Incremental Health Care Costs in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in the United States (2011)

On the basis of current US age- and sex-specific prevalence data, the national incremental AF cost is estimated to range from $6.0 to $26.0 billion.
Host Plants, Systems and Expression Strategies for Molecular Farming (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Host Species for Molecular Farming Leafy Crops Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) White clover (Trifolium repens) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Lupin (Lupinus spp.) Dry Seed Crops Fruit and vegetable crops Oilcrops Unicellular Plants and Aquatic Plants Maintained in Bioreactors Non-cultivated Model Plants Expression systems for molecular farming Transgenic plants Transplastomic plants Virus-infected plants Transiently transformed leaves Hydroponic cultures Hairy roots Shooty teratomas Suspension cell cultures Expression strategies and protein yields Conclusions References
High-speed InGaAs(P)/InP double-heterostructure bipolar transistors (1987)

Double-heterostructure InGaAs(P)/InP bipolar transistors ranging in emitter size from 5 × 10 to 100 × 150 µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> have been fabricated using a non-self-aligned technology. These transistors exhibit current gains as high as 275 independent of emitter perimeter-to-area ratio. The best frequency of unity current gain was measured in the smallest devices to be 18 GHz. The high-frequency operation was mainly limited by the emitter charging time.
Structural Combination of Neural Network Models (2016)

Forecasts combinations normally use point forecasts that were obtained from different models or sources ([1], [2], [3]). This paper explores the incorporation of internal structure parameters of feed-forward neural network (NN) models as an approach to combine their forecasts via ensembles. First, the generated NN models that could be part of the ensembles are subject to a clustering algorithm that uses the structure parameters and, from each of the clusters obtained, a small set of models is selected and their forecasts are combined in a two-stage procedure. Secondly, in an alternative and simpler implementation, a subset of the generated NN models is selected by using several reference points in the model structure parameter space. The choice of the reference points is optimised through a genetic algorithm and the models selected are averaged. Hourly electricity demand time series is used to assess multi-step ahead forecasting performance for up to a 12 hours horizon. Results are compared against several statistical benchmarks, the average of the individual forecasts and the best models in the ensembles. Results show that the cluster-based (CB) structural combinations do better than the genetic algorithm (GA) structural combinations in outperforming the average forecast, which is the traditional point forecast from an ensemble.
Strategies for the Formation of Tetrahydropyran Rings in the Synthesis of Natural Products (2006)

Abstract This microreview surveys the literature over the last five years with regard to construction of functionalised tetrahydropyran (THP) rings in the context of the synthesis of natural products. The overview given is intended to provide a working knowledge of the area for those who are unfamiliar, and to refresh and remind those who do work in the area of the exciting developments in the field. While the construction of the THP rings in a number of natural products has been reviewed, we have attempted to highlight the different strategies by focusing on two natural products, namely phorboxazole and centrolobine as case studies. Over the last five years, these natural products have become a test bed for new methods for the construction of THP rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pro‐inflammatory cytokines induce c‐fos expression followed by IL‐6 release in human airway smooth muscle cells (2001)

Cytokine-induced c-fos expression in human ASM cells could be described as a marker of cell 'activation'. The possible association of these results with airway inflammation, through secondary intracellular mechanisms such as cytokine production, is discussed.
Fuzzy sets and neurocomputations: knowledge representation and processing in intelligent controllers (2002)

The problem of knowledge representation and processing for controllers for complex systems characterized by the availability of partial information is studied. Fundamental features of intelligent control are considered, and the role of fuzzy sets and neural nets is discussed. A new controller structure in which fuzzy sets and neural nets are used together is proposed, along with details of the associated design methodology. Learning processes in the resulting neural network are also clarified. All the formulas are given in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel apparatus for joining of carbon-carbon composites (2007)

A novel apparatus for joining carbon-carbon (C-C) composites is presented. This device was designed and built based on the concept of self-sustained oxygen-free high-temperature reactions. A layer of reactive mixture is contained between two disks of C-C composite that are to be joined. The stack is held in place between two electrodes, which are connected to a dc power supply. dc current is used to uniformly initiate the reaction in the reactive layer. The electrodes are also part of the pneumatic system, which applies a load to the stack. The designed hydraulic system is effective, lending to low cost and simplified, rapid, accurate operation. It provides a very short response time ( approximately 10 ms), which is important for the considered applications. All operational parameters such as initial and final loads, applied current, delay time between ignition and final load application, duration of Joule heating, and safety interlocks are controlled by a programable logic controller system. These features make it an efficient, user-friendly and safe machine to join refractory materials. The entire joining process takes place on the order of seconds, rather than hours as required for solid-state joining methods. The mechanical properties of the obtained joints are higher than those for the C-C composites.