gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure−Activity Relationship for the Addition of OH to (Poly)alkenes:  Site-Specific and Total Rate Constants (2007)

A novel site-specific structure-activity relationship was developed for the site-specific addition of OH radicals to (poly)alkenes at 298 K. From a detailed structure-activity analysis of some 65 known OH + alkene and diene reactions, it appears that the total rate constant for this reaction class can be closely approximated by a sum of independent partial rate constants, ki, for addition to the specific (double-bonded) C atoms that depend only on the stability type of the ensuing radical (primary, secondary, etc.), that is, on the number of substituents on the neighboring C atom in the double bond. The (nine) independent partial rate constants, ki, were derived, and the predicted rate constants (kOH,pred = Sigmak(i)) were compared with experimental k(OH,exp) values. For noncyclic (poly)alkenes, including conjugated structures, the agreement is excellent (Delta < 10%). The SAR-predicted rate constants for cyclic (poly)alkenes are in general also within <15% of the experimental value. On the basis of this SAR, it is possible to predict the site-specific rate constants for (poly)alkene + OH reactions accurately, including larger biogenic compounds such as isoprene and terpenes. An important section is devoted to the rigorous experimental validation of the SAR predictions against direct measurements of the site-specific addition contributions within the alkene, for monoalkenes as well as conjugated alkenes. The measured site specificities are within 10-15% of the SAR predictions.
Charge and Size Distributions of Electrospray Drops (1997)

The distributions of charge q and diameter d of drops emitted from electrified liquid cones in the cone-jet mode are investigated with two aerosol instruments. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA, Vienna type) first samples the spray drops, selects those with electrical mobilities within a narrow band, and either measures the associated current or passes them to a second instrument. The drops may also be individually counted optically and sized by sampling them into an aerodynamic size spectrometer (API's Aerosizer). For a given cone-jet, the distribution of charge q for the main electrospray drops is some 2.5 times broader than their distribution of diameters d, with qmax/qmin approximately 4. But mobility-selected drops have relative standard deviations of only 5% for both d and q, showing that the support of the (q, d) distribution is a narrow band centered around a curve q(d). The approximate one-dimensionality of this support region is explained through the mechanism of jet breakup, which is a random process with only one degree of freedom: the wavelength of axial modulation of the jet. The observed near constancy of the charge over volume ratio (q approximately d3) shows that the charge is frozen in the liquid surface at the time scale of the breakup process. The charge over volume ratio of the primary drops varies between 98 and 55% of the ratio of spray current I over liquid flow rate Q, and decreases at increasing Q. I/Q is therefore an unreliable measure of the charge density of these drops.
Relief mosaics by joint view triangulation (2005)

Relief mosaics are collections of registered images that extend traditional mosaics by supporting motion parallax. A simple parallax interpolation algorithm based on computed correspondence information allows high quality blur-free and ghost-free mosaics to be created using images from moving hand-held cameras that would not be suitable for traditional mosaicing. The renderer can also display local parallax changes, giving a local but visually convincing illusion of depth. Moreover, relief mosaics can be used for approximate plenoptic modeling from hand-held cameras at lower spatial sampling rates than existing light-field methods. We present a fully automatic correspondence based construction system for relief mosaics, and show how they can be used in applications.
Correcting a Coriolis Meter for Two Phase Oil & Gas Flow (2015)

However, the utilisation of advanced diagnostics on the performance of flowmeters in two phase liquid/gas flow has not yet been explored. Coriolis flowmeters offer diagnostic capabilities that could potentially be used to predict and possibly even correct for the presence of a second phase within the flow. It is reasonable to predict that different Coriolis devices with their own diagnostic capabilities will be affected in different ways, but to date the diagnostic capabilities of these technologies for two phase flow measurement are not yet well defined. To improve this situation, NEL have completed an investigative programme into the performance of a Coriolis flowmeter in two-phase liquid/gas flow. This paper reports on the diagnostic parameters of Coriolis flowmeters when operated in two phase liquid/gas flow. Furthermore, the author presents a method of correcting the liquid mass flow output from the device in the presence of a second gas phase.
Is Pharma Running Out of Brainy Ideas? (2010)

Recent cutbacks raise concerns about the future of drug development for nervous system disorders.
HSBC Consumer Relief -- Second Quarter 2016 -- National Totals (2016)

HSBC reported that it has provided $542,503,107 in total relief to 12,116 HSBC borrowers for the second quarter 2016 under the National Mortgage Settlement (NMS). This is self-reported gross data. Of these borrowers, 6,458 received first lien modification forgiveness totaling approximately $209 million. On average, this represents $32,386 per borrower. In addition, 5,658 borrowers received relief in the form of shorts sales or deeds in lieu.
Load balancing using adaptive alternate routing in IP-over-WDM optical burst switching networks (2003)

In this paper, we address the issue of dynamic load balancing in <i>wavelength division multiplexing</i> (WDM)-based <i>optical burst switching</i> (OBS) networks. We propose a load balancing scheme based on adaptive alternate routing whose objective is to reduce burst loss through load balancing. The key idea of adaptive alternate routing is to reduce network congestion by adaptively distributing the load between two pre-determined link-disjoint alternative paths based on the measurement of the impact of traffic load on each of them. Through extensive simulation experiments for different traffic scenarios, we show that the proposed dynamic load balancing algorithms outperforms the shortest path routing and static alternate routing algorithms.
An Experimental Study on the Defrosting Behavior of a Fin - Tube Heat Exchanger (1999)

The effect of various conditions of frosting and defrosting on the defrosting behavior of a fin-tube heat exchanger has been examined experimentally. An electric heater is used for defrosting in a fin-tube heat exchanger. There are several local maxima in the water draining rate. The amount of residual water on the heat exchanger after completion of defrosting is kept constant due to surface tension on the heat exchanger. Without considering degradation of the thermal performance due to the frosting, the defrosting efficiency is improved with increasing amount of frost irrespective of the frosting condition. The defrosting behavior is affected by frosting density as well as frost accumulation, both of which vary with the experimental operating conditions. The heat loss to the surrounding air decreases, and melting and defrosting efficiencies show high values with decreasing heat input.
Cardiac and Respiratory Drugs in Pregnancy (1993)

Medical advances have led to safer pregnancies, but fetal toxicity of drugs remains enigmatic. For many, the jury is still out. Use these guidelines to treat pregnant patients safely. First of three articles.
Collagenases in Different Categories of Peri-implant Vertical Bone Loss (2000)

The loosening of dental implants is associated with peri-implant vertical bone loss. The mechanisms and mediators of this bone destruction are not known. To test the hypothesis that collagenase-2 and collagenase-3 might be markers or maybe even mediators in this process, we measured collagenase-2 (time-resolved immunofluorometric assay) and collagenase-3 (quantitative immunoblot) in peri-implant sulcus fluid in 49 implant sites in 13 patients. Vertical bone loss was graded as being < 1 mm, from 1 to 3 mm, or > 3 mm. The severity of inflammation, as rated according to Gingival Index, did not correlate with the category of bone loss (p > 0.05). Collagenase-2 and collagenase-3 were higher (p < 0.05) in the group which had lost > 3 mm of bone than in the two other groups. Gingival Index is not a clinically important marker for bone loss, but collagenase-2 and collagenase-3 in peri-implant sulcus fluid are. They might participate in peri-implant osteolysis.
Single infusion of zoledronate in Paget’s disease of bone: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (1999)

1 Hope Hospital, Salford, UK 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK 3 Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK 4 Rush Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA 5 University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA 6 John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA 7 Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK 8 Osteoporosis Unit, Nuclear Medicine Department, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK 9 University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA 10 State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY, USA 11 Duke University Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 12 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 13 Clinical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA 14 Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Data Visualization With Multidimensional Scaling (2008)

We discuss methodology for multidimensional scaling (MDS) and its implementation in two software systems, GGvis and XGvis. MDS is a visualization technique for proximity data, that is, data in the form of N × N dissimilarity matrices. MDS constructs maps (“configurations,” “embeddings”) in IRk by interpreting the dissimilarities as distances. Two frequent sources of dissimilarities are high-dimensional data and graphs. When the dissimilarities are distances between high-dimensional objects, MDS acts as a (often nonlinear) dimension-reduction technique. When the dissimilarities are shortest-path distances in a graph, MDS acts as a graph layout technique. MDS has found recent attention in machine learning motivated by image databases (“Isomap”). MDS is also of interest in view of the popularity of “kernelizing” approaches inspired by Support Vector Machines (SVMs; “kernel PCA”).This article discusses the following general topics: (1) the stability and multiplicity of MDS solutions; (2) the analysis of structure within and between subsets of objects with missing value schemes in dissimilarity matrices; (3) gradient descent for optimizing general MDS loss functions (“Strain” and “Stress”); (4) a unification of classical (Strain-based) and distance (Stress-based) MDS.Particular topics include the following: (1) blending of automatic optimization with interactive displacement of configuration points to assist in the search for global optima; (2) forming groups of objects with interactive brushing to create patterned missing values in MDS loss functions; (3) optimizing MDS loss functions for large numbers of objects relative to a small set of anchor points (“external unfolding”); and (4) a non-metric version of classical MDS.We show applications to the mapping of computer usage data, to the dimension reduction of marketing segmentation data, to the layout of mathematical graphs and social networks, and finally to the spatial reconstruction of molecules.
Characterization of the Dicarboxylate Transporter DctA in <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> (2009)

Transporters of the dicarboxylate amino acid-cation symporter family often mediate uptake of C(4)-dicarboxylates, such as succinate or l-malate, in bacteria. A member of this family, dicarboxylate transporter A (DctA) from Corynebacterium glutamicum, was characterized to catalyze uptake of the C(4)-dicarboxylates succinate, fumarate, and l-malate, which was inhibited by oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, and glyoxylate. DctA activity was not affected by sodium availability but was dependent on the electrochemical proton potential. Efficient growth of C. glutamicum in minimal medium with succinate, fumarate, or l-malate as the sole carbon source required high dctA expression levels due either to a promoter-up mutation identified in a spontaneous mutant or to ectopic overexpression. Mutant analysis indicated that DctA and DccT, a C(4)-dicarboxylate divalent anion/sodium symporter-type transporter, are the only transporters for succinate, fumarate, and l-malate in C. glutamicum.
Isolation of a low molecular weight Ca2+ carrier from calf heart inner mitochondrial membrane. (1978)

A protein was isolated from calf heart inner mitochondrial membrane with the aid of an electron paramagnetic resonance assay based on the relative binding properties of Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ to the protein. The molecular weight of this protein has been estimated to be about 3000 by urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The protein is shown to have two classes of binding sites for Ca2+ by flow dialysis studies and can extract Ca2+ into an organic phase. The selectivity sequence of this protein determined from the organic solvent extraction experiments shows that it favors divalent cations over monovalent cations. Also, the relative selectivity sequence for divalent cations is Ca2+, Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Mg2+. Ruthenium red and La3+ are shown to inhibit the protein-mediated extraction of Ca2+ into the organic solvent. The calcium translocation in a Pressman cell by this protein is selectively driven by a hydrogen ion gradient. Control experiments indicate that the Ca2+ trnsport properties of the protein are not due to the contaminating phospholipids. It appears that we have isolated from the inner mitochondrial membrane a calcium carrier, which we have named "calciphorin."
Computerized medical records in the Department of Veterans Affairs (2001)

The VA Medical Center in Washington, DC, was the nexus for a number of computerization projects that were initiated by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The culmination of these initiatives is a software package that presents the complete electronic patient record in an easy-to-use graphic user interface. This record combines text data from the legacy data base, diagnostic images from patient procedures, electrocardiograms from a commercial server, an Internet connection, and a hospital web site with pertinent reference information. The information is available in over 1000 places in the hospital and can be accessed remotely using a remote access server. The computerization of the medical record has improved hospital efficiency, has made physician access to patient information more reliable, has opened new opportunities for patient education, and has given healthcare providers more time to care for patients.
Characterization of the Campylobacter fetus sapA promoter: evidence that the sapA promoter is deleted in spontaneous mutant strains (1992)

Wild-type Campylobacter fetus cells possess S-layer proteins (S+ phenotype), whereas after laboratory passage, spontaneous stable mutants that do not express these proteins (S- phenotype) arise. To determine the molecular mechanisms by which C. fetus changes to the S- phenotype, we studied wild-type strain 23D, from which the sapA gene encoding the 97-kDa S-layer protein has been cloned, and strain 23B, a spontaneous S- mutant. We compared these strains with another pair of strains, LP (S+) and HP (S-). Southern analysis with the cloned sapA gene as a probe indicated that both pairs of strains have multiple sapA homologs. Using gene disruption and replacement techniques, we constructed an isogenic strain of 23D that differed only in sapA expression (strain 23D:401:1). A 6.0-kb HindIII fragment from 23D:401:1 containing 3.4 kb of sapA upstream region then was cloned into pBluescript to produce pBG101. Nucleotide sequence analysis of sapA upstream region revealed a consensus promoter at -121 bp from the translational start site. Primer extension analysis placed a single in vivo transcription initiation site at the -114-bp position of sapA. A DNA probe derived from the sapA promoter region hybridized to a 5.5-kb HindIII fragment of chromosomal DNA from strain 23D but not to DNA from strain 23B. Northern RNA blot analysis showed no sapA mRNA in strain 23B. These data indicate that the lack of S-layer protein expression in spontaneous mutant strains is caused by the deletion of promoter sequences.
Study of Optical Third-Harmonic Generation in Reflection (1969)

This paper reports studies of optical third-harmonic generation reflected from the boundary of solids including metals, semiconductors, alkali halides, and glass. The harmonic wave generated in reflection was found to interfere with those generated in air and in various optical components along the path of the incident laser beam. By studying the interference pattern, reliable relative values for the third-harmonic coefficients were deduced for alkali halides and compared with previous measurements of the coefficients for nonresonant three-wave mixing. It is found that the optical anisotropy is small for these cubic crystals. Preliminary results for metals and semiconductors indicate that the coefficients for these materials are of the correct order of magnitude expected of the nonlinearities associated with the conduction and bound electrons.
Experimental thrust augmentation of a variable geometry, two-dimensional Coanda wall jet ejector (1964)

The thrust augmentation of a two-dimensional, Coanda wall jet ejector was determined for a number of ejector configurations. In this ejector the primary air enters through two 0.08-inch thick nozzles, symmetrically placed about the centre line, and turns over two Coanda surfaces into the diffuser. Atmospheric air enters between the nozzles and through slots between the Coanda surface and diffuser. 
In the more than 400 runs done with this ejector the following parameters were varied: diffuser length, width and angle, inlet shape, nozzle angle, Coanda surface radius and length, and pressure ratio. The best thrust augmentation obtained with a simple configuration as described above was 1.56. Installation of a second pair of slots in the diffuser for adding more secondary air increased this figure by about 0.05 and an additional central nozzle added about another 0.05.
Diphenylbutylpiperidine-based cell autophagy inducers: Design, synthesis and SAR studies (2011)

A novel series of diphenylbutylpiperidine derivatives in which a benzo-five or six membered heterocycle was linked at the 4-position of the piperidine moiety were designed and synthesized. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of these compounds indicated that some molecules show promising autophagy inducing activity. Replacement of the fluorine atom by a CF3 group on the diphenyl part resulted in significant enhancement of the autophagy inducing effect. In the addition, a group of diphenylpentyl nitriles also showed similar bioactivities.
Shiny parts measurement using color separation (2005)

In manufacturing, inspection and measurement systems have long been desired to be able to measure as many kinds of parts as possible without treating the surface. Specifically, measuring shiny parts has been a big challenge for optical metrology because of double-bounced light -- a phenomenon that light can be reflected from an area to another on the surface. The unwanted light will result in higher noise and can even make the measured results unacceptable. Traditionally, a polarizer is placed in front of both the light sources and the camera. After properly adjusting the polarizer in front of the camera, the double bounced reflected light can be blocked to some degree while the normally reflected light can go through. By this way, the extra reflections can be reduced but not totally eliminated. This paper presents a new method to totally eliminate double bounced light. Here, color light sources are used to illuminate the part and multiple cameras are used to measure different areas. Each camera views through an appropriate color filter so that only a certain color light is seen. The measured results from all cameras are then merged together to create the complete image. This method is more efficient than the traditional solution that uses polarizers. Both measurement principle and some results are given.
Photolysis of Ethane at the Argon Resonance Lines 1067 and 1048 Å (1965)

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NF-kappa B: a family of inducible and differentially expressed enhancer-binding proteins in human T cells. (1990)

A sensitive DNA-protein crosslinking approach has been used to characterize four inducible T-cell proteins (50 kDa, 55 kDa, 75 kDa, and 85 kDa) that specifically bind to kappa B enhancer elements. Partial proteolytic mapping revealed a distinct cleavage pattern for three of these proteins. These polypeptides are sequestered as inactive precursors in the cytosol of unstimulated T cells but can be converted into active forms in vivo by phorbol ester stimulation or in vitro by detergent treatment. The induction of these proteins by phorbol ester results in a strikingly biphasic pattern of nuclear expression with the 55-kDa and 75-kDa species appearing within minutes, whereas the 50-kDa and 85-kDa species appear only several hours after cellular stimulation. These data suggest that NF-kappa B-binding activity may not correspond to a single polypeptide but rather a family of at least four inducible and differentially regulated DNA-binding proteins that are expressed with distinct kinetics in human T lymphocytes.
Optimization and design issues of low output voltage, off-line, zero-voltage-switched PWM converters (2003)

The augmented Lagrangian (ALAG) penalty function technique is used to optimize low-output voltage, offline full-bridge (FB) zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) pulse width modulated (PWM) converters. Various design tradeoffs, such as the ZVS range, the leakage inductance, and the switching frequency, are discussed. A 5 V, 325 W ZVS-FB-PWM converter was designed. The hardware implementation is used for extensive experimental verification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>