gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coronary vascular regulation, remodelling, and collateralization: mechanisms and clinical implications on behalf of the working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation (2015)

Histological specimen and textbook schematics evoke static pictures of vascular networks. However, the concept of a static system is grossly misleading as vessels and their arrangement into networks exhibit a high degree of adaptation in vessel tone and vessel wall structure.1–3 These adaptive responses include the fast adjustment of vessel diameter by changes in smooth muscle tone, the slower changes of structural vessel diameter, the addition or removal of vessels by angiogenesis (sprouting/splitting), or vascular pruning ( Figure 1 ). It is relevant to distinguish physiological adaptation, maintaining an adequate state of perfusion as well as perfusion reserve, from mal-adaptation, which may occur in the context of pathological conditions, such as a persistent increase in blood pressure. There are also differences between regulatory mechanisms in larger vessels (e.g. remodelling at the site of epicardial stenosis) and those in the microcirculation. Even within the microcirculation vascular control mechanisms are highly dependent on vessel size and type and the extent of changes in vasomotor tone and structure seem to increase with decreasing vessel size.4,5 Adaptive processes in the microcirculation are increasingly emerging as being crucial for maintenance of physiological function and for the development of relevant pathological conditions. This part of the coronary circulation, exhibiting that functional and structural plasticity requires more attention in both basic and clinical science as the basis to develop improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Consequently, the present review will focus on adaptive events occurring in the coronary microcirculation which is beyond the domain of catheter investigation and intravascular imaging. 



Figure 1 
Dynamics of vascular adaptation at various time scale (angioadaptation).57 While tone provides a rapid mechanism to adjust perfusion …
Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector (2017)

We demonstrate a new technique for spatial mapping of multiple atmospheric gas species. This system is based on high-precision dual-comb spectroscopy to a retroreflector mounted on a flying multi-copter. We measure the atmospheric absorption over long open-air paths to the multi-copter with comb-tooth resolution over 1.57 to 1.66 pm, covering absorption bands of CO<sub>2</sub>, Cm, H<sub>2</sub>O and isotopologues. When combined with GPS-based path length measurements, a fit of the absorption spectra retrieves the dry mixing ratios versus position. Under well-mixed atmospheric conditions, retrievals from both horizontal and vertical paths show stable mixing ratios as expected. This approach can support future boundary layer studies as well as plume detection and source location.
Cultural explanations for the persistence of migrant labour in Southern Africa: a critique. (1987)

In 1986 the South African government relaxed the law that made it illegal for blacks to live in urban areas. The author discusses some reasons why blacks might choose to remain in rural areas and continue as migrant laborers. In particular, a critique is presented of arguments that base their explanations of the continuance of migrant labor on the value system or culture of migrant laborers.
Establishment of an index with increased sensitivity for assessing murine arthritis (2011)

The goals of our study were to establish quantitative outcomes for assessing murine knee arthritis and develop an Arthritis Index that incorporates multiple outcomes into a single calculation that provides enhanced sensitivity. Using an accepted model of meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI)-induced osteoarthritis (OA), we assessed mouse knee arthritis using several approaches. Histology-based methods were performed to visualize joint tissues including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Accepted histologic scoring methods and histomorphometry were performed to grade cartilage degeneration and determine articular cartilage area, respectively. MicroCT was used to visualize and quantify the bony structures of the joint including osteophytes and joint bone volume. A statistical algorithm was then developed that combined histologic scores and cartilage areas into a single Arthritis Index. MLI induced progressive, OA-like articular cartilage degeneration characterized by increasing (worsening) histologic score and decreasing cartilage area. MicroCT revealed osteophytes and increased joint bone volume between the femoral and tibial physes following MLI. Lastly, an Arthritis Index calculation was established, which incorporated histologic scoring and cartilage area. The Arthritis Index provided enhanced quantitative sensitivity in assessing the level of joint degeneration compared to either histologic scoring or cartilage area determination alone; when using the Index, between 29% and 43% fewer samples are needed to establish statistical significance in studies of murine arthritis. Arthritis in the mouse knee can be quantitatively assessed by histologic scoring, measuring cartilage area, and determining joint bone volume. Enhanced sensitivity can be achieved by performing the Arthritis Index calculation, a novel method for quantitatively assessing mouse knee arthritis.
A picosecond-accumulating x-ray streak camera. (2002)

Autonomic nerves and endocrine cells of both the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreatic islets participate in the control of several processes related to the digestion and metabolism of nutrients. While it was once thought that they acted separately to regulate these processes, it is now appreciated that numerous interactions exist between the functions of autonomic nerves and GEP endocrine cells. Recent studies show that autonomic signals play a role in the secretory activity of various GEP cells, thus providing a mechanism by which the central nervous system can integrate digestive and metabolic functions. It also has been shown that nerves and endocrine cells frequently share certain common peptides and/or amines. Therefore, in functional terms, it is often difficult to determine whether a specific peptide of amine should be considered a neurotransmitter or a hormone. Within the next few years, one can reasonably expect that new techniques and methods of investigation will clarify the roles of putative chemical messengers such as the peptides found within autonomic nerves and the amines found within endocrine cells. It also seems likely that future studies will demonstrate that the specific chemical messenger and the mechanism by which it reaches its target cells are far more important factors in the understanding of gastrointestinal and endocrine pancreatic function, than whether or not these signals are neural or endocrine in origin.
Microscopes aren't just for Microscopists, Anymore (Continued) (1994)

Abstract Microscopes are being used to obtain more and more information from a specimen. We are all acquainted with various ways to visualize structures, whether on the surface or embedded within a relatively translucent specimen. There are many ways to “tag” a molecule of interest so that the molecule can be positively identified within the specimen. Traditional microscopes are not able to identify a molecule for us. Other analytical tools are used for that. For example, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a molecular species yields a “fingerprint” that gives a reliable identification. Wouldn't it be great to combine the sensitivity of a state-of-the-art microscope with the molecular analytical capabilities of NMR? Well you guessed it, this has been done. This approach was first suggested by John A. Sidles at the University of Washington and has recently been demonstrated by Dan Rugar and colleagues at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose.
Graphene Quantum Dots as Fluorescence Probes for Turn-off Sensing of Melamine in the Presence of Hg<sup>2+</sup> (2014)

A rapid and sensitive fluorescence sensing system for melamine based on charge transfer quenching of the fluorescence of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the presence of Hg(2+) is proposed. The synthesized GQDs were strongly luminescent with predominantly aromatic sp(2) domains. Melamine could coordinate with mercury through nitrogen atoms in both its amine and triazine groups and bring more Hg(2+) to the surface of GQDs through π-π stacking, thus leading to quenching of the GQDs' fluorescence. The quenching mechanism was investigated in detail and ascribed to charge transfer from the GQDs to Hg(2+) with melamine acting as the linkage agent. The melamine demonstrated a linear range 0.15-20 μM and a detection limit of 0.12 μM, which was far below the regulatory level, suggesting the promising practical usage of this sensing system. This sensing system also possessed high selectivity for melamine in the presence of possible interferences. Finally, this novel sensor was successfully applied for melamine detection in raw milk and satisfactory recovery was achieved.
Crumpled Globule Model of the Three-Dimensional Structure of DNA (1993)

We argue that in order to maintain the biological function of DNA confined inside the cell nucleus, its spatial structure has to be unknotted, of the so-called "crumpled globule" type. The fixation of a particular realization of this non-equilibrium structure by attractive interactions between specific units imposes a connection between the spatial structure of DNA and the statistical distribution of these units along the chain contour. This suggests that both primary sequence and spatial structure of native DNA were formed simultaneously by a self-similar evolution process. The predictions of our model are compared with recent observations of long-range correlations in intron-containing genes and non-transcribed regulatory elements and further experimental tests are proposed.
Analysis of dominant mutations affecting muscle excitation in Caenorhabditis elegans. (1995)

We examined mutations that disrupt muscle activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Fifteen of 17 of these genes were identified previously and we describe new mutations in three of them. We also describe mutations in two new genes, exp-3 and exp-4. We assessed the degree of defect in pharyngeal, body-wall, egg-laying, and enteric muscle activation in animals mutant for each gene. Mutations in all 17 genes are semidominant and, in cases that could be tested, appear to be gain-of-function. Based on their phenotypes, the genes fall into three broad categories: mutations in 11 genes cause defective muscle activation, mutations in four genes cause hyperactivated muscle, and mutations in two genes cause defective activation in some muscle types and hyperactivation in others. In all testable cases, the mutations blocked response to pharmacological activators of egg laying, but did not block muscle activation by irradiation with a laser microbeam. The data suggest that these mutations affect muscle excitation, but not the capacity of the muscle fibers to contract. For most of the genes, apparent loss-of-function mutants have a grossly wild-type phenotype. These observations suggest that there is a large group of genes that function in muscle excitation that can be identified primarily by dominant mutations.
Telemedicine for diabetes care: The DIABTel approach towards diabetes<i>telecare</i> (1996)

Telemedicine is modifying classical health care by providing effective solutions to an increasing number of new situations. This article summarizes the potential benefits made available by this technology in diabetes care, and describes in detail how the new DIABTel Telemedicine Service complements the daily care of diabetic patients. The basic functions of the telemedicine system include telemonitoring of patient's blood glucose data and self-management actions, and remote care from doctors to diabetic patients. The system's architecture comprises two main components: the Medical Workstation, a PC-based system to be used by physicians and nurses in Diabetes Day Centre units in hospitals, and the Patient Unit, a palmtop-computer to be used by patients in their day to day activities. Both components, in an integrated approach, offer tools to doctors and patients for data collection and management, viewing and interpretation modules, data/message exchange services and an interactive glucose/insulin simulator for educational purposes. The DIABTel telemedicine diabetes care procedure aims: (1) to improve communication of the patient with the hospital-based diabetologist, in between the patient's visits to the clinic; (2) to allow doctors to assess the patient's condition on a frequent basis (every week); (3) to help patients with management in the daily care of diabetes, and (4) to provide patients with a service of 'supervised autonomy', to increase patient's independence without decreasing the necessary continual support and supervision from the doctor. Finally, we discuss the practical problems, limitations and vital issues regarding implementation of the telemedicine service.
New Trends in the Use of Transition Metal–Ligand Complexes for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices (2005)

Abstract The advantage of using phosphorescent transition metal–ligand complexes in optoelectronic applications such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are described and evaluated. Additionally, different device constructions utilizing phosphorescent transition‐metal complexes like iridium( III ) mixed‐ligand complexes and ruthenium( II ) systems are reviewed and specified. Diverse host materials in which the phosphorescent emitters can be placed are discussed, such as small organic molecules and a few polymeric systems, and alternative processing technologies are briefly compared. Recent developments in the synthesis of iridium( III ) triplet emitters are discussed. Different device architectures require different kinds of metal–ligand complexes. The different synthetic routes leading to charged and non‐charged complexes are briefly discussed.
GCF IL‐1β profiles in periodontal disease (2002)

While PD and AL are each associated with increased GCF IL-1beta, patients with severe disease show higher IL-1beta GCF levels in shallow sites, suggesting that high GCF IL-1beta expression is in part a host trait, and not strictly a function of clinical parameters.
CAD model-based inspection and visualisation for 3D non-destructive testing of complex aerostructures (2004)

When performing non-destructive testing of aerostructures with complex geometrical shapes and curved surfaces, two problems arise: one is generation of an appropriate sequence of 3D coordinates and orientations for the inspection probe to follow complex component contours; the other is interpretation and characterιsation of defects based on 2D NDT images. By utilising the information from CAD models, this paper presents a 3D NDT software package to aid planning of NDT data acquisition via 3D simulation, and to aid defect visualisation and measurement in 3D by superimposing 2D NDT images on their 3D CAD models. The particular noteworthy and unique characteristics of the software are (a) a versatile 3D CAD model editing tool for extraction of CAD features and construction of simplified CAD models; (b) 3D scanning simulation for automatic generation of probe coordinates and orientations with respect to curved component surfaces; (c) tools for aligning and projecting a 3D CAD model on to its 2D NDT image; and (d) texture mapping to project a NDT image on to its 3D CAD model surface. Using real aircraft components with their radiographic, ultrasonic and thermographic images as examples, the software is shown to offer a unique, versatile and powerful CAD-based 3D NDT environment for fast and reliable structure integrity assessment of complex aerostructures.
Ultra Low Phase Noise Compact-size Optoelectronic Oscillator (1999)

We demonstrate an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) constructed with a DFB laser, a semiconductor Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a dielectric resonator based RF filter.
Information Security Risk Assessment Based on Information Measure and Fuzzy Clustering (2011)

To address the problems of lack of training data and difficult to find optimal value in information security risk assessment, this paper applying a new information measure method and fuzzy clustering in information security risk assessment. The new method quantifies risk factors of all data and the dependence degree of safety with the mutual information computing. Then search optimal points in each degree of risk as original center points of K-means clustering algorithm, and use the K-means clustering algorithm for data classification. This method has less computation, and it can overcome the K-means’s shortcoming of sensitive to initial value and problem of  nonlinear and complexity of information security risk assessment. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method
The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Sources of Radiation, Volume 1, (1993)

Abstract : The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the current Infrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is, having been adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature. Because the contents are in part derivatives of advanced military technology, it seemed reasonable to categorize those chapters dealing with systems in analogy to the specialty groups comprising the annual Infrared Information Symposia (IRIS), a Department of Defense (DoD) sponsored forum administered by the Infrared Information Analysis Center of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM); thus, the presence of chapters on active, passive, and countermeasure systems. It is organized into eight volumes. Volume 1, edited by George Zissis of ERIM, treats sources of radiation, including both artificial and natural sources, the latter of which in most military applications is generally regarded as background radiation.
Stability and performance of robotic systems worn by humans (2002)

The dynamics and control of robotic systems worn by humans are analyzed. General models for the human, the extender, and the interaction between the human and the extender are developed. The stability of the system of human, extender, and object being manipulated is analyzed, and the conditions for stable maneuvers are derived. An expression for the extender performance is defined to quantify the force augmentation. The tradeoff between stability and performance is described. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thickening Flocculated Kaolinite Slurries in the Nozzle Discharge, Multidisc, Bowl Centrifuge (1973)

Abstract Three semi-empirical equations are derived to characterize the performance of the nozzle discharge centrifuge as a thickener for flocculated kaolinite slurries. The first equation relates mass throughput to machine size and speed, the number and size of nozzles and the product concentration. The second equation relates the maximum clear effluent rate to the settling characteristics of the slurry and to machine parameters. The third equation relates power consumption to product and effluent rates and to machine parameters. Finally a numerical example of the use of the equations is given.
Screening for medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (1998)

Criteria for the diagnosis of MCAD deficiency using ESI-MS/MS must take account of age and carnitine depletion. If screening is undertaken at 7-10 days, the number of false positive and negative results should be negligible. Because there have been no instances of death or neurological damage following diagnosis of MCAD deficiency in our patient group, a strong case can be made for neonatal screening for MCAD deficiency in the UK.
Synthesis, Characterization of Dihydrolipoic Acid Capped Gold Nanoparticles, and Functionalization by the Electroluminescent Luminol (2005)

The use of gold nanoparticles as biological probes requires the improvement of colloidal stability. Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), a dithiol obtained by the reduction of thioctic acid, appears therefore very attractive for the stabilization and the further functionalization of gold nanoparticles because DHLA is characterized by a carboxylic acid group and two thiol functions. The ionizable carboxylic acid groups ensure, for pH > or = 8, the water solubility of DHLA-capped gold (Au@DHLA) nanoparticles, prepared by the Brust protocol, and the stability of the resulting colloid by electrostatic repulsions. Moreover almost all DHLA, adsorbed onto gold, adopts a conformation allowing their immobilization by both sulfur ends. It is proved by sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, which appears as an appropriate tool for determining the chemical form of sulfur atoms present in the organic monolayer. Such a grafting renders the DHLA monolayers more resistant to displacement by dithiothreitol than mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayers. The presence of DHLA on gold particles allows their functionalization by the electroluminescent luminol through amine coupling reactions assisted by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. As a luminol-functionalized particle is nine times as bright as a single luminol molecule, the use of the particles as a biological probe with a lower threshold of detection is envisaged.
Evaluating the impact of next node selection criteria on Quality of Service dynamic routing (2014)

Dynamic routing is considered an attractive solution for many network applications such as monitoring and tracking. In dynamic routing the path between the source and the destination can change dynamically following the network conditions. Next node selection criteria can have a great impact on the selection of each path and as a consequence on the network performance. Moreover, each network application may have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we examine the impact of the next node selection criteria on the network performance. Three routing protocols with different approaches along with their routing algorithms are presented. To examine the performance of each approach a discrete event simulator is used. It is shown that the selection criteria should be carefully designed following the QoS requirements of the network application. Furthermore, the obtained performance results can be used as an indicator of the appropriateness of a dynamic protocol for a variety of applications.