gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An electron microscopic study of the development of axons and dendrites by hippocampal neurons in culture. II. Synaptic relationships (1984)

We have studied by electron microscopy the synaptic relationships which develop between hippocampal neurons in dissociated cell cultures. Neurons, obtained from fetal rats at 18 to 20 days of gestation, were plated at high cell density onto polylysine-treated coverslips and maintained in serum-free medium. After 3 to 4 weeks, the cells were interconnected by an extensive network of processes which made frequent synaptic contacts with one another. Certain of the processes could be readily identified as dendrites by their branching pattern and content of polyribosomes. Often individual dendrites could be followed for 100 to 200 microns from their cells of origin. In every instance observed, the dendrites were postsynaptic. The presynaptic processes were quite different in appearance; they lacked ribosomes, their microtubules were spaced more closely together, and they were thinner than even the distal dendrites except at synaptic sites where they formed varicosities. Because of their small diameter, the presynaptic processes could not be traced through the dense neuropil to their origins, but in all other respects they resembled the axons identified in younger cultures. There were differences in the features of the synapses present on different portions of the cell. The great majority of synapses on dendritic spines made asymmetric junctions, whereas those on cell bodies made symmetric junctions. Both types were observed on dendritic shafts, but asymmetric junctions were predominant. These results show that synapses do not form indiscriminately between the processes which develop in culture, but rather that axons and dendrites acquire distinct synaptic polarities, just as when they develop in situ.
Frequency Reassignment for Coherent Modulation Filtering (2006)

Modulation filtering is a technique for filtering slowly-varying envelopes of frequency subbands of a signal, without affecting the signal's phase and fine-structure. Coherent modulation filtering is a promising subtype of such techniques where subband envelopes are determined through demodulation of the subband signal with a coherently detected subband carrier. In this paper we propose a coherent modulation filtering technique that detects the carriers using the frequency reassignment (FR) operator from time-frequency reassignment. We show how this technique avoids the use of finite differences in the computation of instantaneous frequency (IF), and that it estimates IF more accurately than a past technique as a result. We confirm that the FR-enhanced technique retains the desirable modulation filtering properties (superposition and the preservation of zero-crossings) and show that it performs better on the same single-channel music source separation task than the past technique
Lack of relationship between 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase setpoint and insulin sensitivity in the basal state and after 24h of insulin infusion in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients* (2000)

The present study does not support the hypothesis that insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an overall change in the 11betaHSD set point towards cortisol. In view of the stimulatory effects of insulin and cortisol on adipogenesis, long-term stimulation of 11betaHSD reductase activity by insulin could aggravate visceral obesity.
Rewrite techniques for transitive relations (2002)

We propose inference systems for dealing with transitive relations in the context of resolution-type theorem proving. These inference mechanisms are based on standard techniques from term rewriting and represent a refinement of chaining methods. We establish their refutational completeness and also prove their compatibility with the usual simplification techniques used in rewrite-based theorem provers. A key to the practicality of chaining techniques is the extent to which so-called variable chainings can be restricted. We demonstrate that rewrite techniques considerably restrict variable chaining, though we also show that they cannot be completely avoided for transitive relations in general. If the given relation satisfies additional properties, such as symmetry, further restrictions are possible. In particular, we discuss (partial) equivalence relations and congruence relations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of an Ar–O2–N2 discharge for tantalum sputtering (1974)

Both optical-emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have been used to investigate the species present in an Ar–O2–N2 glow discharge when tantalum is being sputtered. Special attention has been focused on the conditions under which a decrease in film resistivity is produced by an appropriate N2 flow. The addition of oxygen caused a significant increase in the nitrogen emission but no oxygen emission was observed. The oxygen is gettered more efficiently by the tantalum than is nitrogen so that more nitrogen reaches the center of the discharge when O2 is added. For the same flowrates of N2 and O2, the N2 signal measured by the differentially-pumped mass spectrometer is about 100 times the O2 signal. The changes observed in the electrical and structural properties of the films as the O2 flow was increased are consistent with an increase in nitrogen concentration in the films. When the N2 flow was adjusted to give a resistivity of 100 μΩ cm in the absence of O2, ρ increased to 250 μΩ cm with increasing O2 flow but the films retained the bcc structure. In the absence of N2, the resistivity was independent of O2 flows below a critical level. No evidence for the formation of an oxide of nitrogen was obtained.
Age estimation via face images: a survey (2018)

Facial aging adversely impacts performance of face recognition and face verification and authentication using facial features. This stochastic personalized inevitable process poses dynamic theoretical and practical challenge to the computer vision and pattern recognition community. Age estimation is labeling a face image with exact real age or age group. How do humans recognize faces across ages? Do they learn the pattern or use age-invariant features? What are these age-invariant features that uniquely identify one across ages? These questions and others have attracted significant interest in the computer vision and pattern recognition research community. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of recent research in aging and age estimation. We discuss popular algorithms used in age estimation, existing models, and how they compare with each other; we compare performance of various systems and how they are evaluated, age estimation challenges, and insights for future research.
<i>Agrobacterium</i> VirE2 Proteins Can Form a Complex with T Strands in the Plant Cytoplasm (1998)

Wild-type VirE2 and VirD2 proteins from Agrobacterium tumefaciens contain nuclear targeting sequences (NLS) that are likely involved in directing transferred T strands to the plant nucleus. An A. tumefaciens virE2 virD2DeltaNLS double mutant was able to form tumors on VirE2-producing transgenic tobacco but not on wild-type tobacco. Because this mutant bacterial strain contains no known T-strand nuclear targeting signal, the data indicate that wild-type VirE2 proteins produced by the plant can interact with the T strands in the plant cytoplasm and direct them to the nucleus.
Functional Domains of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (hTPH2) (2006)

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. A novel gene, termed TPH2, has recently been described. This gene is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system, while the original TPH1 is the peripheral gene. We have expressed human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (hTPH2) and two deletion mutants (NDelta150 and NDelta150/CDelta24) using isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-free autoinduction in Escherichia coli. This expression system produced active wild type TPH2 with relatively low solubility. The solubility was increased for mutants lacking the NH(2)-terminal regulatory domain. The solubility of hTPH2, NDelta150, and NDelta150/CDelta24 are 6.9, 62, and 97.5%, respectively. Removal of the regulatory domain also produced a more than 6-fold increase in enzyme stability (t((1/2)) at 37 degrees C). The wild type hTPH2, like other members of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase superfamily, exists as a homotetramer (236 kDa on size exclusion chromatography). Similarly, NDelta150 also migrates as a tetramer (168 kDa). In contrast, removal of the NH(2)-terminal domain and the COOH-terminal, putative leucine zipper tetramerization domain produces monomeric enzyme (39 kDa). Interestingly, removal of the NH(2)-terminal regulatory domain did not affect the Michaelis constants for either substrate but did increase V(max) values. These data identify the NH(2)-terminal regulatory domain as the source of hTPH2 instability and reduced solubility.
Synthesis of nanogels/microgels by conventional and controlled radical crosslinking copolymerization (2010)

This review compares conventional and controlled radical polymerization techniques and processes in preparing nano-/microgels. Special focus is made on the synthetic parameters that allow controlling their size, morphology, composition, and structural homogeneity.
Analysis of Fa&ccedil;ade Engineering in Japan (2003)

Japan is currently leading the world in many aspects of facade design and cladding technology development. Many buildings feature the latest technological and environmentally friendly concepts that provide Japanese architects with new possibilities to create impressive and innovative schemes. However, despite such advances and designs, facade engineering in Japan is still problematic. The reasons generally stem from the fact that this field is still evolving, and the function of the facade changes from project to project. In addition, the exact role of the engineer in facade design has yet to be clearly established. In this paper, three models will be presented and discussed: 1) facade engineering managed by general contractors; 2) facade engineering supported by specialized subcontractors; 3) facade engineering through collaboration between architects and engineers. We put Japanese facade engineering into better perspective by analyzing the status of the current field of facade engineering. As this is a developing field, new models must be established. Until that is accomplished, Japanese design and engineering of facades will remain divided and inconsistent. This paper highlights the causes of the problems and hopes of proposing a possible alternative for the future.
Qiskit: An Open-source Framework for Quantum Computing (2019)

Qiskit is an open-source framework for working with noisy quantum computers at the level of pulses, circuits, and algorithms. https://qiskit.org
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for the Detection of Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening (2014)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be transiently and locally opened by focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles (MBs). Various imaging modalities and contrast agents have been used to monitor this process. Unfortunately, direct ultrasound imaging of BBB opening with MBs as contrast agent is not feasible, due to the inability of MBs to penetrate brain parenchyma. However, FUS-induced BBB opening is accompanied by changes in blood flow and perfusion, suggesting the possibility of perfusion-based ultrasound imaging. Here we evaluated the use of MB destruction-replenishment, which was originally developed for analysis of ultrasound perfusion kinetics, for verifying and quantifying FUS-induced BBB opening. MBs were intravenously injected and the BBB was disrupted by 2 MHz FUS with burst-tone exposure at 0.5-0.7 MPa. A perfusion kinetic map was estimated by MB destruction-replenishment time-intensity curve analysis. Our results showed that the scale and distribution of FUS-induced BBB opening could be determined at high resolution by ultrasound perfusion kinetic analysis. The accuracy and sensitivity of this approach was validated by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Our successful demonstration of ultrasound imaging to monitor FUS-induced BBB opening provides a new approach to assess FUS-dependent brain drug delivery, with the benefit of high temporal resolution and convenient integration with the FUS device.
Samarium Iodobinaphtholate: An Efficient Catalyst for Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Additions of <i>O</i>‐Benzylhydroxylamine to <i>N</i>‐Alkenoyloxazolidinones (2011)

Abstract Samarium diiodide is an efficient catalyst for the aza‐Michael addition of O ‐benzylhydroxylamine to α,β‐unsaturated N ‐acyloxazolidinones leading to mixtures of the Michael adduct and the product resulting from its amidation. Samarium iodobinaphtholate catalyzed reactions selectively afford the Michael adducts with enantiomeric excesses up to 88 %. An isoinversion effect with temperature is observed with the highest enantiomeric excess at –40 °C.
Mutagenesis of H. influenzae (2003)

AbstractWith the advent of new techniques to explore bacterial pathogenesis, such as signature tagged mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis coupled with the whole genome sequence and bioinformatics, there is a need for clear descriptions of the available mutagenesis tools for individual pathogens. Here we describe those that have been applied to Haemophilus influenzae and discuss their advantages and limitations.KeywordsTransposase GeneNucleoprotein ComplexIntegration Host FactorTransposition RateSuicide PlasmidThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
XPHΣΤοΥΣ ΠοΙΕΙΝ (Aristotle fr. 592 R.) (1944)

P lutarch , Aet. Graec. 5, p. 292 B: “Τ⋯νεσ οἱ παρ' ‘Αρκ⋯σι κα⋯ δακεδσιμον⋯οισ χρηοτο⋯;” δακεδαιμ⋯νιοι Τεγε⋯ταισ διαλλαγ⋯ντεσ ⋯ποι⋯σαντο συνθ⋯κασ κα⋯ στ⋯λην ⋯π' 'αλΑει⋯ι κοιν⋯ν ⋯ν⋯στησαν, ⋯ν ἧι μετ⋯ τ⋯ν γ⋯γραπται Μεσσην⋯ουσ ⋯κβαλεῖν ⋯κ τ⋯σ χὠρασ κα⋯ μ⋯ ⋯ξεῖναι χρηστοὺσ ποιεῖν. ⋯ξηγο⋯μενοσ οὖν ⋯ 'αριστοτελησ τοὖτο πησι δυνασθαι το μ⋯ ⋯ποκτινν⋯ναι βοηθε⋯νασ χ⋯ριν τοῖσ λακωνιζονσιν τ⋯ν Τεγεατ⋯ν.
Impact and consequence of Australia's National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) - using research evidence to inform improvement (2013)

On the website of the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), the National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) for all students in Years 3, 5, 7 and 91 is described as the measure through which governments, education authorities, schools, teachers and parents can determine whether or not young Australians have the literacy and numeracy skills that provide the critical foundation for other learning and for their productive and rewarding participation in the community.
Evolving Treatment Strategies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2001)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by dysregulated intestinal immune responses in genetically susceptible hosts. Conventional approaches to the medical therapy of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease can now be directed at either induction or maintenance of remission to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing complications. Newer approaches have expanded the utility of conventional therapies by improving both safety and efficacy and highlight the importance of specific targets along the immunoinflammatory pathways. The combination of conventional and novel approaches now offers the potential of modifying the natural history of these diseases.
Botanical exploration in Palanan Wilderness, Isabela Province, The Philippines: First Report (1992)

The Palanan Wilderness is a large, circular wildlife reserve encompassing the land and sea within a 45 km radius centered around the Palanan Point in Isabela Province on the northeastern coast of Luzon Island. It was set aside by the Philippine government in 1979 to protect the fast diminishing indigenous fauna and flora of the Sierra Madre Range. Aerial reconnaissance shows that the wilderness consists of a nearly continuous canopy of rain forests extending all the way from the crests of Sierra Madre Range eastwards and downwards to the Pacific Ocean and is minimally interrupted by human settlements along the alluvial plain of Palanan River and a few landing points along the coast.\nThe flora of the Palanan Wilderness is representative of the Sierra Madre Range in northern Luzon. It is very diverse and largely undocumented. In 1961, Mr. H. GUTIERREZ of the Philippine National Herbarium collected briefly in the forested area between the towns of San Mariano and Palanan and made the only known collection of a unique monotypic Philippine fern, Podosorus angustatus. Later in 1968 the JACOBS & MENDOZA expedition to the vicinity of Dingalan and Baler South of the Palanan Wilderness made 421 collections, one fifth of which proved to be new to science. Botanically speaking, the area is at present still one of the least known regions in the country (Tan & Rojo, 1989).
R1 Region of P97 Mediates Adherence of<i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i>to Swine Cilia (2000)

Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to the swine respiratory tract is mediated by the membrane protein P97. This protein is located on the outer membrane surface, and its role in adherence has been firmly established. The general region of P97 that mediates adherence to swine cilia is thought to be the R1 region near the carboxy terminus of the protein, but it was not clear if this region could mediate adherence to swine cilia independently of other P97 sequences. To examine this in more detail, a series of R1 repeat sequences containing different numbers of repeating units cloned in frame with lacZ was used to produce R1-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins. These proteins were then tested for adherence to swine cilia and for reactivity to the adherence-blocking monoclonal antibody F2G5 and convalescent-phase swine sera. In this way it was possible to accurately define the cilium binding epitope of P97 and the minimal epitope recognized by antibody. Our results indicate that eight R1 repeating units are required for cilium binding and that three repeating units are needed for antibody recognition. These results could lead to more effective therapeutic measures against this important swine pathogen.
The Regulation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Glutamine Synthetase Revisited:  Role of 2-Ketoglutarate in the Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase Adenylylation State (1998)

The regulation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (GS) by reversible adenylylation has provided one of the classical paradigms for signal transduction by cyclic cascades. Yet, many mechanistic features of this regulation remain to be elucidated. We examined the regulation of GS adenylylation state in a reconstituted system containing GS, adenylyltransferase (ATase), the PII signal transduction protein that controls ATase, and the uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme (UTase/UR), which has a role in regulating PII. In this reconstituted bicyclic cascade system, the adenylylation state of GS was regulated reciprocally by the small molecule effectors 2-ketoglutarate and glutamine at physiological effector concentrations. By examination of the individual regulatory monocycles and comparison to the bicyclic system and existing data, we could deduce that the only sensors of 2-ketoglutarate were PII and PII-UMP. At physiological conditions, we observed that the main role of 2-ketoglutarate in bringing about the deadenylylation of GS was to inhibit GS adenylylation, and this was due to the allosteric regulation of PII activity. Glutamine acted as an allosteric regulator of both ATase and UTase/UR. We also compared the regulation of GS adenylylation state to the regulation of phosphorylation state of the transcription factor NRI (NtrC) in a reconstituted bicyclic system containing NRI, the bifunctional kinase/phosphatase NRII (NtrB), PII, and the UTase/UR. This comparison indicated that, at a fixed 2-ketoglutarate concentration, the regulation of GS adenylylation state by glutamine was sharper and occurred at a higher concentration than did the regulation of NRI phosphorylation. The possible biological implications of this regulatory arrangement are discussed.
Flame-Retardant Systems Based on Alkoxysilanes for Wood Protection (2017)

The aim of this study was to formulate, develop, and determine the performance of flame-retardant systems for wood protection. Flame-retardant systems involve wood impregnation and intumescent coating application. The impregnation was made in two retention levels using silanes of low and high hydrophobicity (methyltriethoxysilane and n-octyltriethoxysilane, respectively); these silanes were conducted to polymerize by sol-gel process in wood pores. The intumescent coatings were formulated with a polymeric binder (hydroxy-functional acrylic resin) modified with n-octadecyltriethoxysilane in two w/w ratios to combine the individual characteristics of each film-forming material. In this research, Pinus radiata panels were selected to study the performance of quoted flame-retardant systems. The results indicated excellent flame-retardant performance of some studied systems in two foot tunnel, in oxygen index cabin, and in horizontal-vertical chamber.
The need for a vision (2003)

ALL of us are aware of the changes to our lives and surroundings brought by growing numbers of people and by new and improved technologies. Many of these changes have brought opportunities undreamed of by past generations; for many of us our lives are healthier and longer than at any time in human history and we share unimaginable wealth and prosperity. Unfortunately not everyone shares in these benefits. The growth of human populations, the exploitation of resources, and new technologies have contributed to a growing gap between rich and poor. Pollution and environmental degradation affect all people and all parts of the planet. Wilderness and nature have retreated before the expansion of the human enterprise.
Structural and optical properties of CuIn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1 <i>x</i></sub>Se<sub>2</sub>thin films prepared by flash evaporation (2002)

CuInxGa1−xSe2 (CIGSe) thin films with x = 0.5 and 0.75 were deposited by a single source vacuum thermal evaporated method 'Flash' on molybdenum coated glass. Some of these films were annealed in selenium atmosphere. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray measurements have indicated that these films contain exclusively a phase with a chalcopyrite structure. The morphology, grain distributions and composition of the CIGSe films were studied and compared for x = 0.5 and x = 0.75. The optical studies have shown that the films are highly absorbing (7 × 104 cm−1). The absorption edge is shifted to high photon energies when the gallium concentration is increased. After selenization, the bandgaps increase from 1.00 eV to 1.18 eV for x = 0.75 and from 1.16 eV to 1.28 eV for x = 0.5.
An algebraic framework for using geometric constraints of vision and range sensor data (2002)

Proposes a new framework for fusing multiple geometric sensor outputs to reconstruct 3-dimensional target shapes. The proposed framework is of an application of Wu's mechanical theorem proving method in algebraic geometry. First the author lists three groups of equations on the constraints. Next, the author classifies all the groups of equations into two sets, a set of hypotheses and a conjecture. Then, the author applies Wu's method to prove that the hypotheses follow the conjecture and obtain pseudo-divided remainders of the conjectures, which represent new relations of geometric measures such as angles or lengths between 3-D space and their projected data on the sensors. As an example, a typical case is considered where an image sensor and a range sensor are used together to reconstruct and recognize 3-D object shapes. By this method the author obtained new geometrical relations for seven cases of geometrical models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>