gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Redesigning alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants for modern lubricants (2006)

Abstract This paper describes a new alkylation technology that is very effective at synthesizing structurally different alkylated diphenylamine chemistries relative to those currently available to lubricant formulators. Examples are provided showing how this technology can be used in a practical way to produce a variety of chemically modified nonylated diphenylamine types. One example is also provided illustrating the preparation of a higher molecular weight dodecylated diphenylamine. Engine oil performance data utilizing pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), the thermo‐oxidation engine oil simulation test, and a bulk oil oxidation test demonstrate that subtle changes in alkylated diphenylamine chemical composition can result in significant oxidation and deposit control performance enhancements or losses. Examples of similar performance responses in industrial oils are demonstrated utilizing PDSC and the rotating pressure vessel oxidation test. These performance changes are directly related to specific structural changes in the modified products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Certolizumab: efficacy and safety profile of a novel pegylated TNF-alpha blocking agent. (2011)

The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) has changed since the introduction of biological agents. In particular, the anti Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha molecules have been the first group of drugs showing a good efficacy and safety profile. Among these, a new anti TNF-alpha antibody has been recently indicated for the treatment of RA: certolizumab pegol (CZP). In the main clinical trials this new pegylated anti TNF-alpha has shown to be efficacious on clinical, functional and prevention of structural damage in patients with active RA and with inadequate response to traditional disease modifying drugs, including methotrexate. Moreover CZP showed to be well tolerated and most adverse events occurred were mild or moderate. Therefore, results obtained showed that this new molecule can play a role in the treatment of RA.
Cochlear electrical stimulation: Influence of age of implantation on Fos immunocytochemical reactions in inferior colliculi and dorsal cochlear nuclei of the rat (2001)

The influence of age at the time of implantation of a stimulating electrode unilaterally in the inner ear on central auditory pathways was investigated in rats deafened shortly after birth. Immunoreactivity for Fos served as a functional marker of neuronal activity. Electrodes were implanted in the left cochlea of rats aged 3 weeks or 4 months. Stimulation lasted 45 minutes, then rats were sacrificed and tissues processed for immunocytochemistry. The younger animals showed significantly more neurons with Fos immunoreactivity bilaterally in the dorsal cochlear nuclei (DCN) and inferior colliculi (IC) than the older rats or control animals with normal hearing receiving the same stimulation. Activity was more prominent in the left DCN and right IC. The results show that electrical stimulation of the inner ear is more effective in younger animals in eliciting gene expression associated with development of a functional network in the auditory pathways. This suggests that deaf children should be provided with cochlear implants as early as possible.
Information Transmission Using Chaos (1993)

Abstract : The use of chaos to transmit information is described. Chaotic dynamical systems, such as electrical oscillators with very simple structures, naturally produce complex waveforms. We show that the symbolic dynamics of a chaotic oscillator can be made to follow a desired symbol sequence by using small perturbations, thus allowing us to encode a message in the waveform. We illustrate this using a simple numerical electrical oscillator model.
Wide-Bandwidth Combline Filters with High Selectivity (2005)

The selectivity of wide-bandwidth combline filters can be greatly enhanced with the addition of a relatively smalI number of finite transmission zeros. Techniques for introducing them are described and examples are given.
National Crises in Obstetrical CareCompetence and Risk Reexamined (1995)

Abstract This chapter examines national parallels to the local ethnography and the impact of the national crisis in malpractice and obstetrical care on the specialties of obstetrics and family medicine. The research texts for the national story are drawn from the medical specialty literature of the period. During the 1980s, obstetricians throughout the country protested the rising costs of medical liability premiums; physicians went on strike, withdrew from practice, and questioned the unprecedented rise in malpractice claims. Fears confined to the specialty of obstetrics. However, as in Coast Community, the tensions created by malpractice claims quickly spilled over to affect obstetrical care offered by family physicians and nurse-midwives.
Design of steel transmission pole structures (2006)

ASCE/SEI 48-05, Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures specifies requirements for the design, testing, assembly, and erection of cold-formed tubular members and connections for steel electrical transmission pole structures. Topics discussed in this standard include: loading, geometry, and analysis; design of members; design of connections; detailing and fabrication; testing; structural members and connections used in foundations; quality assurance/quality control; and assembly and erection. Also included are a supplementary commentary section and appendices. The primary resource document for the development of this standard is ASCE Manual 72.
A just noticeable distortion based perceptually lossless image compression codec (2012)

In this study thesis a JND (Just-Noticeable-Distortion)-Measurement will be implemented on top of JPEG-LS while only considering a grayscale bit depth of 8 Bit. This is sufficient to show a proof of concept of combining the JND approach with JPEG-LS. JPEG-LS is a widely used and relatively simple coding mechanism for lossless and near-lossless image compression. The JND measurement will be defined, implemented and integrated into JPEG-LS. Therefore a modified approach of [CL95] will be used. The quantization step size (QSS) will be adapted dynamically according to the JND value so that the compression ratio compared to a standard JPEG-LS implementation can be improved. By that, a near-lossless variable bit-rate (VBR) is introduced into the coding flow. The encoder and decoder are implemented in MATLAB and after defining the visual quality criteria the results are evaluated and analysed in matter of compression quality and performance. Two test picture sets are used and the perceptual quality of the codec will be evaluated by an Mean-Opinion-Score (MOS) test and Multi-Scale Structural Similarity (MS-SSIM) test.
Architecture and concepts of the ARGuE Guard (2003)

ARGuE (Advanced Research Guard for Experimentation) is a prototype guard being developed as a basis for experimentation. ARGuE is based on Network Associates' Gauntlet firewall. By integrating capabilities developed under several government programs, we were able to create a system which is easier to extend than other guards, provides significant new features (such as integration with an intrusion detection system), and yet has a reasonable degree of assurance.
FUSE in-orbit attitude control with two reaction wheels and no gyroscopes (2003)

The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer is a NASA Origins mission launched in June 1999 to obtain high-resolution spectra of astronomical sources at far-ultraviolet wavelengths. The science objectives require the satellite to provide inertial pointing at arbitrary positions on the sky with sub-arcsecond accuracy and stability. The requirements were met using a combination of ring-laser gyroscopes, three-axis magnetometers, and a fine error sensor for attitude knowledge, and reaction wheels for attitude control. Magnetic torquer bars are used for momentum management of the reaction wheels, and coarse sun sensors for safe mode pointing. The gyroscopes are packaged as two coaligned inertial reference units of three orthogonal gyroscopes each. There are four reaction wheels: three oriented along orthogonal axes, the fourth skewed at equal angles (54.7°) with respect to the others. Early in the mission the gyroscopes began showing signs of aging more rapidly than expected, and one failed after two years of operation. In addition, two of the orthogonal wheels failed in late 2001. The flight software has been modified to employ the torquer bars in conjunction with the two remaining wheels to provide fine pointing control. Additional new flight software is under development to provide attitude control if both gyroscopes fail on one or more axes. Simulations indicate that the pointing requirements will still be met, though with some decrease in observing efficiency. We will describe the new attitude control system, compare performance characteristics before and after the reaction wheel failures, and present predicted performance without gyroscopes.
Microfluidics Underground: A Micro-Core Method for Pore Scale Analysis of Supercritical CO2 Reactive Transport in Saline Aquifers (2013)

Carbon sequestration in microporous geological formations is an emerging strategy for mitigating CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption. Injection of CO2 in carbonate reservoirs can change the porosity and permeability of the reservoir regions, along the CO2 plume migration path, due to CO2-brine-rock interactions. Carbon sequestration is effectively a microfluidic process over large scales, and can readily benefit from microfluidic tools and analysis methods. In this study, a micro-core method was developed to investigate the effect of CO2 saturated brine and supercritical CO2 injection, under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions of 8.4 MPa and 40 °C, on the microstructure of limestone core samples. Specifically, carbonate dissolution results in pore structure, porosity, and permeability changes. These changes were measured by X-ray microtomography (micro-CT), liquid permeability measurements, and chemical analysis. Chemical composition of the produced liquid analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) shows concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the produced liquid. Chemical analysis results are consistent with the micro-CT imaging and permeability measurements which all show high dissolution for CO2 saturated brine injection and very minor dissolution under supercritical CO2 injection. This work leverages established advantages of microfluidics in the new context of core-sample analysis, providing a simple core sealing method, small sample size, small volumes of injection fluids, fast characterization times, and pore scale resolution.
Copolymerization of Epoxides with Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Iron–Corrole Complexes: Synthesis of a Crystalline Copolymer (2013)

Iron-corrole complexes were found to copolymerize epoxides with CO2. The first iron-catalyzed propylene oxide/CO2 copolymerization has been accomplished. Moreover, the glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE)/CO2 copolymerization with this catalyst provided a crystalline material as a result of the isotactic poly(GPE) moiety.
S-Laminin (1990)

A variety of processes contribute to generating patterns of connectivity in the nervous system. These include the production of appropriate numbers and types of cells at particular times and places, the expression of intrinsic programs by neurons, the guided outgrowth of axons to appropriate targets, and the selection of appropriate postsynaptic partners by individual neurites. With the aim of discovering some of the molecules that determine where and when axons make synapses, we have focused on the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction. As the most accessible of vertebrate synapses, the neuromuscular junction has been the subject of numerous histological, physiological, and molecular studies, so a wealth of information is available about its structure, function, and development (Salpeter 1987; Fernandez and Donoso 1988). It is the only synapse at which several pre- and postsynaptic molecules have been identified, localized, and cloned (J.R. Sanes and J.P. Merlie, in prep.). Furthermore, motor axons can...
A Learning Machine: Part I (1958)

Machines would be more useful if they could learn to perform tasks for which they were not given precise methods. Difficulties that attend giving a machine this ability are discussed. It is proposed that the program of a stored-program computer be gradually improved by a learning procedure which tries many programs and chooses, from the instructions that may occupy a given location, the one most often associated with a successful result. An experimental test of this principle is described in detail. Preliminary results, which show limited success, are reported and interpreted. Further results and conclusions will appear in the second part of the paper.
Constitutive Modeling of Electrostrictive Polymers Using a Hyperelasticity-Based Approach (2009)

The use of constitutive equations to describe the electromechanical behavior of electrostrictive materials began over 100 years ago. While these equations have been used to model a host of ceramic-based and polymer-based electroactive materials, a fully characterized model has not yet been developed to predict the response of transversely isotropic polymer electrostrictives. A constitutive model is developed within a thermodynamic and hyperelastic framework that incorporates the transversely isotropic material symmetry that is present in many polymer-based electrostrictives. The resulting constitutive model is characterized for three electrostrictive polymer systems using empirical data that are available in the literature. The model has a relatively simple functional form that is easily adaptable to other polymer electrostrictive material systems.
<i>gem</i>-Dibromomethylarenes:  A Convenient Substitute for Noncommercial Aldehydes in the Knoevenagel−Doebner Reaction for the Synthesis of α<i>,</i>β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids (2007)

A facile synthesis of alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids from gem-dibromomethylarenes is described. gem-Dibromomethylarenes are employed for the first time in the Knoevenagel-Doebner reaction as aldehyde equivalents for the efficient synthesis of alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Direct, Concurrent Measurements of the Forces and Currents Affecting DNA in a Nanopore with Comparable Topography (2014)

We report direct, concurrent measurements of the forces and currents associated with the translocation of a single-stranded DNA molecule tethered to the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever through synthetic pores with topagraphies comparable to the DNA. These measurements were performed to gauge the signal available for sequencing and the electric force required to impel a single molecule through synthetic nanopores ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 nm in diameter in silicon nitride membranes 6-10 nm thick. The measurements revealed that a molecule can slide relatively frictionlessly through a pore, but regular fluctuations are observed intermittently in the force (and the current) every 0.35-0.72 nm, which are attributed to individual nucleotides translating through the nanopore in a turnstile-like motion.
A Low Pressure Process for the Reduction of Nitriles. Use of Rhodium Catalyst<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Low Pressure Process for the Reduction of Nitriles. Use of Rhodium Catalyst1Morris FreifelderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 9, 2386–2389Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01494a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01494a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1203Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Long-term Cultures of Bone Marrow–Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Frequently Undergo Spontaneous Malignant Transformation (2009)

Abstract Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) aid in tissue maintenance and repair by differentiating into specialized cell types. Due to this ability, hMSC are currently being evaluated for cell-based therapies of tissue injury and degenerative diseases. However, extensive expansion ex vivo is a prerequisite to obtain the cell numbers required for human cell-based therapy protocols. Recent studies indicate that hMSC may contribute to cancer development and progression either by acting as cancer-initiating cells or through interactions with stromal elements. If spontaneous transformation ex vivo occurs, this may jeopardize the use of hMSC as therapeutic tools. Whereas murine MSC readily undergo spontaneous transformation, there are conflicting reports about spontaneous transformation of hMSC. We have addressed this controversy in a two-center study by growing bone marrow–derived hMSC in long-term cultures (5–106 weeks). We report for the first time spontaneous malignant transformation to occur in 45.8% (11 of 24) of these cultures. In comparison with hMSC, the transformed mesenchymal cells (TMC) showed a significantly increased proliferation rate and altered morphology and phenotype. In contrast to hMSC, TMC grew well in soft agar assays and were unable to undergo complete differentiation. Importantly, TMC were highly tumorigenic, causing multiple fast-growing lung deposits when injected into immunodeficient mice. We conclude that spontaneous malignant transformation may represent a biohazard in long-term ex vivo expansion of hMSC. On the other hand, this spontaneous transformation process may represent a unique model for studying molecular pathways initiating malignant transformation of hMSC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5331–9]
Characterization of the 5' flanking region of the human D1A dopamine receptor gene. (1992)

To study how the expression of the D1A dopamine receptor gene is regulated, a human genomic clone was isolated by using a rat cDNA as probe. A 2.3-kilobase genomic fragment spanning -2571 through -236 relative to the adenosine of the first methionine codon was sequenced. The gene has an intron of 116 base pairs in the 5' noncoding region, nucleotides -599 through -484 as determined by S1 mapping and reverse transcription-PCR. It has multiple transcription initiation sites located between -1061 and -1040. The promoter region lacks a TATA box and a CAAT box, is rich in G+C content, and has multiple putative binding sites for transcription factor Sp1. Thus, the promoter region of the human D1A gene has features of "housekeeping" genes. However, it also has consensus sequences for AP1 and AP2 binding sites and a putative cAMP response element. The ability of four deletion mutants of the 2.3-kilobase fragment to modulate transcription of the heterologous chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in the promoterless plasmid pCAT-Basic was determined. All mutants demonstrated substantial transcriptional activity in the murine neuroblastoma cell line NS20Y, which expresses the D1A gene endogenously. Transient expression assays suggested the presence of a positive modulator between nucleotides -1340 and -1102, and a negative modulator between -1730 and -1341. The four genomic fragments had no or very low transcriptional activity in NB41A3, C6, and Hep G2 cells, which are not known to express this gene. Thus, the human D1A gene belongs to the category of tissue-specific, regulated genes that have housekeeping-type promoters.
Application of Inhibitors for Acid Media: Report prepared for the European Federation of Corrosion Working Party on Inhibitors (1984)

AbstractAbstractProminent examples of inhibitors recommended to protect metallic materials, especially ferrous metals and alloys, from corrosion in hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric, sulphamic, citric, acetic, hydroxyacetic or formic acid or ammonium bifluoride, during acid pickling, scale removal, acid cleaning or oil and gas well acidizing, are discussed with respect to the individual problems connected with the technical applications of these various kinds of acid treatment. The structures of organic inhibitors are given including N-containing compounds (amines, Mannich bases, alkynoxymethylamines, ammonium compounds heteroaromatics, oximes, nitriles, nitro compounds), acetylenic alcohols, S-containing compounds (mercaptans, thioethers, sulphonium compounds, sulphoxides, thioureas, thiocyanates, heteroaromatics, etc.) and complexones.
An improved DNS server selection algorithm for faster lookups (2008)

The success of the Internet owes immensely to the hierarchical architecture of Domain Name System (DNS) that maps domain names to IP addresses. DNS servers that implement this mapping and provide lookup services rely heavily on caching of IP addresses for enhancing the lookup performance. It turns out that the caching of IP addresses of other DNS servers is more beneficial than the caching of IP addresses of end hosts. Since several domains have more than one DNS server, this results in the following important issue that arises frequently: given the cached entries, how do we choose the optimal DNS server for forwarding a query when there are more than one DNS servers handling that particular domain? We refer to this as the DNS server selection problem. In this paper, we investigate the use of auto-regression models for estimating the server response times in the DNS server selection algorithm. As compared to existing implementations such as the one used in BIND, our approach is more resilient and adaptable to fluctuations in network delays because all the parameters are determined based on observed response times, instead of being hard-coded. Experiments with real-query logs indicate that our techniques can significantly enhance the BIND implementation and improve the lookup times by up to 40%.