gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pro–con perspective (2014)

Current guidelines limit regular use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to a specific subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in whom the forced expiratory volume in 1 s is <60% of predicted and who have frequent exacerbations. In these patients, there is evidence that ICS reduce the frequency of exacerbations and improve lung function and quality of life. However, a review of the literature suggests that the evidence available may be interpreted to favour or contradict these observations. It becomes apparent that COPD is a heterogeneous condition. Clinicians therefore need to be aware of the heterogeneity as well as having an understanding of how ICS may be used in the context of the specific subgroups of patients with COPD. This review argues for and against the use of ICS in COPD by providing an in-depth analysis of the currently available evidence.
A new vector quantization scheme using interblock correlation: address-vector quantizer (2003)

A vector quantization scheme called the address vector quantizer (A-VQ) is proposed. It is based on exploiting the interblock correlation to encode a group of blocks together by using an address-codebook. The address-codebook consists of a set of address code vectors each of which represents a combination of blocks, and each of its elements is the address of a LBG-codebook entry representing a vector-quantized block. The address-codebook consists of two regions: the active (addressable) region and the inactive (nonaddressable) region. During the encoding process the code vectors in the address-codebook are reordered adaptively in order to bring the most probable address code vectors into the active region. During the encoding of an address combination the active region of the address-codebook is checked. If such an address combination exists its index is transmitted to the receiver; otherwise the address of each block is transmitted individually. The technique was simulated on a digital computer and its performance was evaluated on several images outside the training sequence. The bit rate achieved was very close to the bit rate obtained from the entropy of the training data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Power-performance trade-off using pipeline delays (2004)

We study the delays faced by instructions in the pipeline of a superscalar processor and its impact on power and performance. Instructions that are ready-on-dispatch (ROD) are normally delayed in the issue stage due to resource constraints even though their data dependencies are satisfied. These delays are reduced by issuing ROD instructions earlier than normal and executing them on slow functional units to obtain power benefits. This scheme achieves around 6% to 8% power reduction with average performance degradation of about 2%. Alternatively, instead of reducing the delays faced by instructions in the pipeline, increasing them by deliberately stalling certain instructions at appropriate times minimizes the duration for which the processor is underutilized leading to 2.5-4% power savings with less than 0.3% performance degradation.
A Facile Mechanism for Recharging Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in Li–O<sub>2</sub> Batteries (2013)

Li–air is a novel battery technology with the potential to offer very high specific energy, but which currently suffers from a large charging overpotential and low power density. In this work, we use ab initio calculations to demonstrate that a facile mechanism for recharging Li2O2 exists. Rather than the direct decomposition pathway of Li2O2 into Li and O2 suggested by equilibrium thermodynamics, we find an alternative reaction pathway based on topotactic delithiation of Li2O2 to form off-stoichiometric Li2–xO2 compounds akin to the charging mechanism in typical Li-ion intercalation electrodes. The low formation energy of bulk Li2–xO2 phases confirms that this topotactic delithiation mechanism is rendered accessible at relatively small overpotentials of ∼0.3–0.4 V and is likely to be kinetically favored over Li2O2 decomposition. Our findings indicate that at the Li2O2 particle level there are no obstacles to increase the current density, and point to an exciting opportunity to create fast charging Li–air systems.
Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) by Rat Alveolar Macrophages during Chronic Lung Injury (1993)

Using a well-characterized model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat, we determined that there was a time-dependent elaboration of monocyte chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Northern hybridization analysis revealed markedly increased expression of rat monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA in alveolar macrophages (AMs) from rats following induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Monocyte chemotactic activity was also significantly increased in conditioned media from AMs retrieved from injured rat lungs. These data suggest that one important role of AMs in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis is the regulation of monocyte recruitment and activation within the lung secondary to secretion of monocyte chemoattractants including MCP-1.
Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: what role for phospholipid-binding antibodies? (1998)

Vascular complications are the main cause of morbidity in diabetes mellitus. However, the risk factors for vascular disease remain incompletely elucidated. It has been previously suggested that factors other than glycemia may contribute to the development of vasculopathy. In this study we determined the prevalence of phospholipid-binding antibodies in uncomplicated and complicated diabetes. We studied 53 uncomplicated diabetic patients, with type 1 (n = 32) or type 2 (n = 21) diabetes; 23 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy; 28 diabetic patients with an overt nephropathy; 37 diabetic patients with macroangiopathy and 22 non diabetic control patients. Both lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies were determined. Other risk factors for macroangiopathy were analysed. The prevalence of phospholipid-binding antibodies was similar in uncomplicated diabetic patients and in controls (type 1 diabetes: 9.4%; type 2 diabetes: 9.5%; control group: 4.6%; P= 0.76). In complicated diabetes, the frequency of these antibodies was increased only in patients with overt nephropathy (32.1%, P=0.01) or with macroangiopathy (32.4%, P=0.01) while patients with isolated retinopathy were comparable with uncomplicated diabetic patients (4.3%, P= 0.66). Uncomplicated diabetes was not associated with phospholipid-binding antibodies. We found a higher prevalence of these antibodies in diabetic patients with macroangiopathy or nephropathy. These results suggest a potential role of phospholipid-binding antibodies in the progression of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
Silicon MOS amplifier operation in the integrate and dump mode for gigahertz band lightwave communication systems (1990)

The operation of a MOS amplifier in the integrate and dump mode is discussed. This mode of operation results in the suppression of the input load resistor noise while retaining the advantages of a large dynamic range and no equalization requirement. The technique is useful in improving the receiver sensitivity in circuit topologies such as the nonintegrating front. Several aspects of its MOS implementation are presented, along with test results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distribution of Endothelin Receptor Subtypes ET<sub>A</sub>and ET<sub>B</sub>in the Rat Kidney (2006)

The endothelin (ET) receptor system is markedly involved in the regulation of renal function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The present study determined the detailed cellular localization of both ET receptor subtypes, ET(A) and ET(B), in the vascular and tubular system of the rat kidney by immunofluorescence microscopy. In the vascular system we observed both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the media of interlobular arteries and afferent and efferent arterioles. In interlobar and arcuate arteries, only ET(A) receptors were present on vascular smooth muscle cells. ET(B) receptor immunoreactivity was sparse on endothelial cells of renal arteries, whereas there was strong labeling of peritubular and glomerular capillaries as well as vasa recta endothelium. ET(A) receptors were evident on glomerular mesangial cells and pericytes of descending vasa recta bundles. In the renal tubular system, ET(B) receptors were located in epithelial cells of proximal tubules and inner medullary collecting ducts, whereas ET(A) receptors were found in distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts. Distribution of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the vascular and tubular system of the rat kidney reported in the present study supports the concept that both ET receptor subtypes cooperate in mediating renal cortical vasoconstriction but exert differential and partially antagonistic effects on renal medullary function.
Privacy preserving EHR system using attribute-based infrastructure (2010)

Secure management of Electronic Health Records (EHR) in a distributed computing environment such as cloud computing where computing resources including storage is provided by a third party service provider is a challenging task. In this paper, we explore techniques which guarantees security and privacy of medical data stored in the cloud. We show how new primitives in attribute-based cryptography can be used to construct a secure and privacy-preserving EHR system that enables patients to share their data among healthcare providers in a flexible, dynamic and scalable manner.
Screening phage display libraries for organ-specific vascular immunotargeting <i>in vivo</i> (2005)

The molecular diversity of the luminal endothelial cell surface arising in vivo from local variations in genetic expression and tissue microenvironment may create opportunities for achieving targeted molecular imaging and therapies. Here, we describe a strategy to identify probes and their cognate antigens for targeting vascular endothelia of specific organs in vivo. We differentially screen phage libraries to select organ-targeting antibodies by using luminal endothelial cell plasma membranes isolated directly from tissue and highly enriched in natively expressed proteins exposed to the bloodstream. To obviate liver uptake of intravenously injected phage, we convert the phage-displayed antibodies into scFv-Fc fusion proteins, which then are able to rapidly target select organ(s) in vivo as visualized directly by gamma-scintigraphic whole-body imaging. Mass spectrometry helps identify the antigen targets. This comprehensive strategy provides new promise for harnessing the power of phage display for mapping vascular endothelia natively in tissue and for achieving vascular targeting of specific tissues in vivo.
Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics (2016)

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) plays a crucial role in astrophysics, planetary magnetism, engineering and controlled nuclear fusion. This comprehensive textbook emphasizes physical ideas, rather than mathematical detail, making it accessible to a broad audience. Starting from elementary chapters on fluid mechanics and electromagnetism, it takes the reader all the way through to the latest ideas in more advanced topics, including planetary dynamos, stellar magnetism, fusion plasmas and engineering applications. With the new edition, readers will benefit from additional material on MHD instabilities, planetary dynamos and applications in astrophysics, as well as a whole new chapter on fusion plasma MHD. The development of the material from first principles and its pedagogical style makes this an ideal companion for both undergraduate students and postgraduate students in physics, applied mathematics and engineering. Elementary knowledge of vector calculus is the only prerequisite.
Responses of Neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex During Memory-Guided Visual Search (1998)

Responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex during memory-guided visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2918-2940, 1998. A typical scene will contain many different objects, few of which are relevant to behavior at any given moment. Thus attentional mechanisms are needed to select relevant objects for visual processing and control over behavior. We examined this role of attention in the inferior temporal cortex of macaque monkeys, using a visual search paradigm. While the monkey maintained fixation, a cue stimulus was presented at the center of gaze, followed by a blank delay period. After the delay, an array of two to five choice stimuli was presented extrafoveally, and the monkey was rewarded for detecting a target stimulus matching the cue. The behavioral response was a saccadic eye movement to the target in one version of the task and a lever release in another. The array was composed of one "good" stimulus (effective in driving the cell when presented alone) and one or more "poor" stimuli (ineffective in driving the cell when presented alone). Most cells showed higher delay activity after a good stimulus used as the cue than after a poor stimulus. The baseline activity of cells was also higher preceding a good cue, if the animal expected it to occur. This activity may depend on a top-down bias in favor of cells coding the relevant stimulus. When the choice array was presented, most cells showed suppressive interactions between the stimuli as well as strong attention effects. When the choice array was presented in the contralateral visual field, most cells initially responded the same, regardless of which stimulus was the target. However, within 150-200 ms of array onset, responses were determined by the target stimulus. If the target was the good stimulus, the response to the array became equal to the response to the good stimulus presented alone. If the target was a poor stimulus, the response approached the response to that stimulus presented alone. Thus the influence of the nontarget stimulus was eliminated. These effects occurred well in advance of the behavioral response. When the array was positioned with stimuli on opposite sides of the vertical meridian, the contralateral stimulus appeared to dominate the response, and this dominant effect could not be overcome by attention. Overall, the results support a "biased competition" model of attention, according to which 1) objects in the visual field compete for representation in the cortex, and 2) this competition is biased in favor of the behaviorally relevant object by virtue of "top-down" feedback from structures involved in working memory.
Pulp and Paper Mills in Japan (73) (1985)

Jujo Paper Board Co., Ltd. was established in 1964, and incorporated Senju Paper Co., Ltd. in 1983.The division is located in Soka City, Saitama Prefecture and has a capacity of 1211 T/D of paper board (linerboard, corrugating medium and chipboard) with 4 paper board machines.Last year, No. 3 and No. 4 paper board machines which produce corrugating medium and chipboard have started its operation.The division site area is about 108, 000 m2 and the number of employees is about 240.
Time-sequential autostereoscopic 3-D display with a novel directional backlight system based on volume-holographic optical elements (2014)

A novel directional backlight system based on volume-holographic optical elements (VHOEs) is demonstrated for time-sequential autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) flat-panel displays. Here, VHOEs are employed to control the direction of light for a time-multiplexed display for each of the left and the right view. Those VHOEs are fabricated by recording interference patterns between collimated reference beams and diverging object beams for each of the left and right eyes on the volume holographic recording material. For this, self-developing photopolymer films (Bayfol® HX) were used, since those simplify the manufacturing process of VHOEs substantially. Here, the directional lights are similar to the collimated reference beams that were used to record the VHOEs and create two diffracted beams similar to the object beams used for recording the VHOEs. Then, those diffracted beams read the left and right images alternately shown on the LCD panel and form two converging viewing zones in front of the user's eyes. By this he can perceive the 3-D image. Theoretical predictions and experimental results are presented and the performance of the developed prototype is shown.
Application of contextual QR codes to augmented reality technologies (2013)

Augmented reality is a technology that involves digital content deployed in the physical world in real time through the use of devices and sensors that allow users to interact with the resulting hybrid environment. Likewise, QR codes have become popular and accepted by the general public. They are useful for conveying information in the physical world and thus connect to the digital world in a practical and simple way. This paper presents an application of QR codes for generating augmented reality environments. Using the notion of contexts, a complete user interaction is enabled in terms of the relationship of QR codes and augmented reality. We present an analysis of augmented reality technologies supported by this approach as well as the architecture and operation of a system that implements these concepts.
An Non-scan DFT Method at RTL Based on Fixed-control Testability to Achieve 100% Fault Efficiency (2000)

This paper proposes a non-scan design-for-test-ability method for register-transfer level circuits where a cir-cuit consists of a controller and a data path. It achieves com-plete fault efficiency with low hardware overhead and at-speed testing.
Spatial and Temporal Ray Differentials (2009)

We consider ray bundles emanating from a source such as a camera or light source. We derive the full spatial and temporal structure to ¿rst order of the intersection of ray bundles with scene geometry, where scene geometry given as any implicit function. Further, we present the full details of 2 often used geometrical representations. The ¿rst order structure may be used as the linear approximation of the change of photons as the camera, ob jects, and light source change as function of space and time. Our work generalises previous work on ray differentials [Igehy, 1999] and photon differentials [Schjøth et al., 2007]. <br/>
Failures-tolerance and remedial strategies of a PWM multicell inverter (2002)

The aim of this paper is to explain the intrinsic short-circuit tolerance of an IGBT multicell inverter when a commutation failure occurs. Such a failure may either be a wrong gate voltage (malfunctioning of the driver board, auxiliary power supply failure, dv/dt disturbance) or an intrinsic IGBT failure (over-voltage/avalanche stress, temperature overshoot). IGBT stresses are studied and show that no opening of the bonding can appear and consequently no risk of explosion. That is why, owing to the imbricated cells structure, an IGBT short-circuit failure may be withstood for a few switching periods, with nevertheless nonoptimized output waveforms. The design, the lab-test of a sensor able to perform monitoring as well as the failure diagnosis are also presented. This real-time diagnosis allows either a safe stop or a remedial control strategy based on the reconfiguration of the PWM modulator. The reconfiguration strategy enables decrease of internal stresses and optimization of the output shape. A fail-safe operating may be gained for high power applications.
MBE growth and characterization of single crystal silicon oxides on (111) and (100)silicon (1983)

Silicon molecular beam epitaxy has been used to prepare thin (500 Å) films of single crystal silicon oxide material, having from 25%–30% oxygen content, on (111) and (100)Si wafers. The films, called SiOz herein, were grown by evaporating silicon in the presence of oxygen at a wafer temperature around 675 °C. Single crystal films of pure silicon on top of (111)SiOz films have also been grown. The oxide material may be single crystal Si2O on (111)Si, but the ease of growing SiOz films on (100)Si indicates that perhaps oxygen incorporates in some other way. Auger data resembled AES data for amorphous SIPOS, while capacitance–voltage measurements possibly indicated a band gap step. This form of SiOz could be very significant if it can be used as a wide band gap semiconductor, compatible with silicon, and suitable as a wide band gap emitter for heterojunction bipolar transistors and ICs.
A Quasi-Optical Converter For Efficient Conversion Of Whispering Gallery Modes Into Narrow Beam Waves (1988)

A quasi-optical converter for converting rotating whispering gallery modes into a linearly polarized quasi-Gaussian beam was designed and experimentally tested. The shapes of the launcher and the reflectors were optimized in order to increase the efficiency.
Crystal Structure of the FERM Domain of Focal Adhesion Kinase (2005)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that localizes to focal adhesions in adherent cells. Through phosphorylation of proteins assembled at the cytoplasmic tails of integrins, FAK promotes signaling events that modulate cellular growth, survival, and migration. The amino-terminal region of FAK contains a region of sequence homology with band 4.1 and ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins termed a FERM domain. FERM domains are found in a variety of signaling and cytoskeletal proteins and are thought to mediate intermolecular interactions with partner proteins and phospholipids at the plasma membrane and intramolecular regulatory interactions. Here we report two crystal structures of an NH2-terminal fragment of avian FAK containing the FERM domain and a portion of the regulatory linker that connects the FERM and kinase domains. The tertiary folds of the three subdomains (F1, F2, and F3) are similar to those of known FERM structures despite low sequence conservation. Differences in the sequence and relative orientation of the F3 subdomain alters the nature of the interdomain interface, and the phosphoinositide binding site found in ERM family FERM domains is not present in FAK. A putative protein interaction site on the F3 lobe is masked by the proximal region of the linker. Additionally, in one structure the adjacent Src SH3 and SH2 binding sites in the linker associate with the surfaces of the F3 and F1 lobes, respectively. These structural features suggest the possibility that protein interactions of the FAK FERM domain can be regulated by binding of Src kinases to the linker segment.
Developing Security for E-Commerce Applications: A Teaching Case (2015)

The number of severe computer security breaches in e-commerce applications has been on the increase over the last few years. This has become one of the biggest security problems in recent years. Although there are tools to build e-commerce application firewalls to alert and prevent intruder attacks, these tools are not trivial to install (they are not plug-and-play). Internet intruders can create havoc and produce catastrophe results by exploiting weaknesses in e- commerce applications. Therefore, developers of e-commerce web sites have to incorporate ways to systematically identify and eliminate vulnerabilities in the EC applications to enhance their security. This paper describes how Microsoft ASP.Net can be used to assist students in exploring ways to increase the security of EC applications.
Case 14-1970 (1970)

Presentation of CaseA fifty-seven-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for elective surgery.He had been well until one year before admission, when he had a febrile illness with a cough, shortness of breath and orthopnea. He was told by a physician that he had a heart murmur, which had not been detected on a previous insurance physical examination. A diagnosis of pneumonia was made, and antibiotic therapy was given. In the ensuing weeks exertional dyspnea and intermittent pain in the anterior portion of the chest occurred. Admission to another hospital was occasioned by an episode of acute pulmonary . . .