gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Placental isoferritin measured by a specific monoclonal antibody as a predictive marker for preterm contraction outcome. (1989)

The serum levels of placental isoferritin and normal ferritin in 25 women with preterm contractions (mean +/- SE gestational age 28.8 +/- 4.7 weeks) were compared with those in 14 control women with uncomplicated pregnancies (29.1 +/- 7.3 weeks). The serum concentration of placental isoferritin in women with preterm contractions (15.3 +/- 6.2 U/mL) was significantly lower than that in normal pregnant women (87.6 +/- 22.6 U/mL) (P = .005). The level of normal ferritin in women with preterm contractions (30.6 +/- 4.16 ng/ml) was lower than that in women with normal pregnancies (67 +/- 9.6 ng/mL) (P = .01); however, both were within the normal range. Serum placental isoferritin levels correlated with pregnancy outcome; low placental isoferritin (up to 10 U/mL) was a sensitive (71.5%) indicator of preterm labor. Low placental isoferritin had a positive predictive value of 59% and a negative predictive value of 71%. These results suggest that placental isoferritin may serve as a predictive marker for the prognosis of preterm contractions.
High Precision Low Temperature Direct Wafer Bonding Technology for Wafer-Level 3D ICs Manufacturing (2016)

The development of low temperature direct wafer bonding processes paved the way for new categories of applications based on semiconductor devices. Precise optical alignment of wafers prior wafer bonding plays a key role in manufacturing of current and future applications based on wafers stacking. In order to address the continuous feature size shrinking and increasing integration levels the need for high alignment accuracy imposed significant hardware and process improvements. The future microelectronics applications are foreseen to require wafer-to-wafer alignment accuracy as low as ±100 nm and better. This work reviews the main contributors to the misalignment budget and presents experimental alignment results for alignment accuracy in the range of 50 – 100 nm.
Vitamin B <sub>3</sub> modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice (2017)

Glaucomas are neurodegenerative diseases that cause vision loss, especially in the elderly. The mechanisms initiating glaucoma and driving neuronal vulnerability during normal aging are unknown. Studying glaucoma-prone mice, we show that mitochondrial abnormalities are an early driver of neuronal dysfunction, occurring before detectable degeneration. Retinal levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>, a key molecule in energy and redox metabolism) decrease with age and render aging neurons vulnerable to disease-related insults. Oral administration of the NAD<sup>+</sup> precursor nicotinamide (vitamin B<sub>3</sub>), and/or gene therapy (driving expression of <i>Nmnat1</i>, a key NAD<sup>+</sup>-producing enzyme), was protective both prophylactically and as an intervention. At the highest dose tested, 93% of eyes did not develop glaucoma. This supports therapeutic use of vitamin B<sub>3</sub> in glaucoma and potentially other age-related neurodegenerations.
The three-dimensional structure of a human IgGl immunoglobulin at 4 Å resolution: a computer fit of various structural domains on the electron density map (1982)

The crystal structure of an intact IgG1 immunoglobulin molecule (DOB) has been determined at a resolution of 4 Å from an electron density map calculated with phases for the reflections derived using the multiple isomorphous replacement method. The map has been interpreted by rotation and translation of known structures of the various fragments of the IgG molecule. The Fc fragment, the constant domains (CH1 and CL) of the Fab fragment and the variable domains (VH and VL) of the Fab fragment were rotated and translated in the DOB unit cell and superposed on the calculated electron density map. The total number of rotational and translational parameters for each fragment was determined using several known and expected features of the IgG molecule. The superposition was quantitated by accumulating the electron density values at the various α-carbon atoms. The three fragments investigated gave in each case one peak thus unambiguously providing the parameters relating each fragment with the DOB molecule. The final structure shows two possible ways of joining the CH1 domain of the Fab fragment with the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment. A refinement of the model is expected to resolve this ambiguity.
Reducing Sampling Clock Jitter to Improve SNR Measurement of A/D Converters in Production Test (2006)

Random jitter, present in the clock that is used for sampling the input signal, applied to the A/D converter results in noise that is added to the output of the device. For high-resolution A/D converters (low quantization noise), a very low-jitter clock is needed to measure accurate signal-to-noise ratio. Low jitter constraints on the clock signal increases with the test stimulus frequency. This paper implements a board-level, low-cost, phase-locked-loop (PLL) based approach to reduce the jitter present in the sampling clock provided by a low-cost tester. A small loop bandwidth PLL, a low-noise voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) and a low-cost (higher jitter) reference clock are used to synthesize a low-jitter clock. The proposed approach was simulated using Simulink and validated using hardware measurements. The results show significant improvement in RMS jitter that improves the SNR measurement of the A/D converter by 3dB
Separation of <scp>D</scp>‐psicose and <scp>D</scp>‐fructose using simulated moving bed chromatography (2009)

Simulated moving bed (SMB) processes have been widely used in the sugar industries with ion-exchange resin as a stationary phase. D-psicose, a rare monosaccharide known as a valuable pharmaceutical substrate, was synthesized by the enzymatic conversion from D-fructose. The SMB process was adopted to separate D-psicose from D-fructose. Before the SMB experiment, the reaction mixture including D-psicose and D-fructose was treated by a deashing process to remove contaminants, such as buffers, proteins, and other organic materials. Four columns packed with Dowex 50WX4-Ca2+ (200-400 mesh) ion-exchange resins were used in the four-zone SMB. Single-step frontal analysis was performed to estimate the isotherm parameters of each monosaccharide. The operating conditions of the SMB process were determined based on the Equilibrium Theory. According to the simulation of the SMB process, the purity and yield of extract product (D-psicose) achieved were 99.04 and 97.46%, respectively and those of raffinate product (D-fructose) were 99.06 and 99.53%, respectively. Under the optimized operating condition, complete separation (extract purity = 99.36%, raffinate purity = 99.67%) was achieved experimentally.
Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants (2002)

The average first flowering date of 385 British plant species has advanced by 4.5 days during the past decade compared with the previous four decades: 16% of species flowered significantly earlier in the 1990s than previously, with an average advancement of 15 days in a decade. Ten species (3%) flowered significantly later in the 1990s than previously. These data reveal the strongest biological signal yet of climatic change. Flowering is especially sensitive to the temperature in the previous month, and spring-flowering species are most responsive. However, large interspecific differences in this response will affect both the structure of plant communities and gene flow between species as climate warms. Annuals are more likely to flower early than congeneric perennials, and insect-pollinated species more than wind-pollinated ones.
The Price of "Man" and "Woman": A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthetic World (2003)

This paper explores a unique new source of social valuation: a market for bodies. The internet hosts a number of large synthetic worlds which users can visit by piloting a computer-generated body, known as an avatar. Avatars can have an asset value, in that users can spend time to increase their skills; these asset values can be directly observed in online markets. Auction data for avatars from the synthetic fantasy world of EverQuest are used here to explore a number of questions, especially those involving the relative value of male and female avatars. In EverQuest, about 20 percent of the avatar population is female, and there are no sex-based differences in avatar capabilities. Many avatars (about one-fourth to one-fifth of the population) are cross-gendered, being piloted by a person of the opposite sex. Nonetheless, relations between avatars are gender-based, and include chivalry, dating, and sex. Female avatars tend to be concentrated in highly sexualized Human and Elven races, with very few being present among such aesthetically-challenged races as Ogres and Trolls. Hedonic analysis of the auction price data suggests that gender labels are a less important determinant of avatar values than the level,' a game-design metric that indicates the overall capabilities of the avatar. Thus, ability seems more important than sex in determining the value of a body. Nonetheless, among comparable avatars, females do sell at a significant price discount. The average avatar price is 333 dollar; the price discount for females is 40 to 55 dollar, depending on methods. The discount may stem from a number of causes, including discrimination in Earth society, the maleness of the EverQuest player base, or differences in well-being related to male and female courtship roles. We do know, however, that these differences cannot be caused by sex-based differences in the abilities of the body, since in the fantasy world of Norrath, there are none.
A Best-First Anagram Hashing Filter for Approximate String Matching with Generalized Edit Distance (2012)

This paper presents an efficient method for approximate string matching against a lexicon. We define a filter that for each source word selects a small set of target lexical entries, from which the best match is then selected using generalized edit distance, where edit operations can be assigned an arbitrary weight. The filter combines a specialized hash function with best-first search. Our work extends and improves upon a previously proposed hash-based filter, developed for matching with uniform-weight edit distance. We evaluate an approximate matching system implemented with the new best-first filter, by conducting several experiments on a historical corpus and a set of weighted rules taken from the literature. We present running times and discuss how performance varies using different stopping criteria and target lexica. The results show that the filter is suitable for large rule sets and million word corpora, and encourage further development.
Tagging versus strict rate enforcement in ATM networks (2002)

The authors address some issues associated with the use of traffic-violation-tagging in ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks. The compatibility of tagging with AAL (ATM adaptation layer) cell loss priority marking is discussed. Selective-discarding algorithm behavior is shown to be sensitive to tagged-traffic load, which implies a conservative strategy for the specification of these algorithms. It is pointed out that the QOS (quality of service) offered to tagged traffic cannot be specified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Q&A: Christoph Busch (2014)

Tracey Caldwell, editor, interviews Christoph Busch, a leading mover and shaker in the biometrics sector, on topics ranging from fingerprint quality research, to mobile biometrics, from continuous authentication to ear biometrics.
Analysis and Prediction of Combinatorial Chemistry Synthesis and Screening Data (2006)

The goal of combinatorial chemistry is to simultaneously synthesize sets of compounds possessing properties that are then distinguished through screening. As the size of a compound set increases, data analysis becomes more challenging. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is an accepted statistical method that offers a straightforward solution to this problem. Two steps encountered by combinatorial scientists appear well suited to ANOVA: the prediction of synthetic outcomes (purity and yield) of set members and the analysis of screening data to identify combinations of reagent inputs that result in molecules with a desired property. To illustrate, a subset of a combinatorial array, referred to as a reaction rehearsal set, is evaluated to create a model predictive of the individual synthetic outcomes of the full matrix. In a second exercise, the biochemical screening data obtained from a combinatorial library is analyzed to identify reagent interactions that result in molecules possessing the sought activity.
Potassium-Induced Depolarization Stimulates Somatostatin Gene Expression in Cultured Fetal Rat Cerebrocortical Cells (1993)

The stimulatory effect of potassium depolarization upon somatostatin mRNA (SS mRNA) levels in primary cultures of fetal cerebrocortical cells was analyzed. Depolarizing stimuli, such as 56 mM K+ concentration for 24 hours, elicited an increase in immunoreactive somatostatin (IR-SS) release to the media and SS mRNA levels, suggesting that somatostatin secretion can be coupled to SS mRNA accumulation. These changes were inhibited by the Ca2+ channel antagonist verapamil (VPM). In contrast, Na+ channel blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not modify the 24 h potassium-induced increase in SS mRNA. These results suggest that the induction of SS mRNA expression by K+ involves the modulation of calcium ion channels.
High density dual-active-device-layer (DUAL)-CMOS structure with vertical tungsten plug-in wirings (1990)

A dual-active-device-layer (DUAL)-CMOS structure has been developed for achieving high-density LSIs. It consists of NMOSFETs in a lower bulk-Si and PMOSFETs in an upper SOI film. The most important structural feature is that upper PMOSFET electrodes are directly interconnected to lower NMOSFET electrodes using a vertical tungsten plug-in wiring technique. The plug-in wirings allow the device area to be reduced to approximately 50% that of a conventional bulk-Si CMOS. The contact resistance of the plug-in wiring for the upper and lower MOSFETs did not affect the MOSFET characteristics. It was confirmed that the propagation delay time of a 43-stage ring oscillator was about 10% faster than that for a conventional bulk-Si CMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new staggered algorithm for thermomechanical coupled problems (2017)

This study presents a new staggered coupled strategy to deal with thermomechanical problems. The proposed strategy is based on the isothermal split methodology, i.e. the mechanical problem is solved at constant temperature and the thermal problem is solved for a fixed configuration. Nevertheless, the procedure for this strategy is divided into two phases within each increment: the prediction and the correction phases, while the interchange of information is performed on both. This allows taking advantage of automatic time-step control techniques, previously implemented for the mechanical problem, which is the main feature that distinguishes it from the classical strategies. The aim of the proposed strategy is to reduce the computational cost without compromising the accuracy of the results. The new coupling strategy is validated using three numerical examples, comparing its accuracy and performance with the ones obtained with the classical (commonly employed) strategies for solving thermomechanical problems. Moreover, the influence of the time-step size on the accuracy is analysed. The results indicate that the proposed strategy presents accuracy close to the one obtained with the implicit coupling algorithm, while the computational cost is only slightly higher than the one required by the explicit strategy.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran Lignans via BF<sub>3</sub>·OEt<sub>2</sub>-Promoted Reductive Deoxygenation/Epimerization of Cyclic Hemiketal:  Synthesis of (−)-Odoratisol C, (−)-Futokadsurin A, (−)-Veraguensin, (+)-Fragransin A<sub>2</sub>, (+)-Galbelgin, and (+)-Talaumidin (2007)

A versatile route to the synthesis of 2,5-diaryl-3,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran lignans, (-)-odoratisol C (1), (-)-futokadsurin A (2), (-)-veraguensin (3), (+)-fragransin A2 (4), (+)-galbelgin (5), and (+)-talaumidin (6), is described. Central to the synthesis of the lignans is BF(3) x OEt(2)-promoted deoxygenation/epimerization of the hemiketal 9a followed by stereoselective reduction of the oxocarbenium ion intermediates 8a,b.
WebSCSA: Web search by constrained spreading activation (2003)

We present WebSCSA, an experimental Web search system based on the Constrained Spreading Activation model. WebSCSA performs an autonomous search by navigation using an algorithm based on the Constrained Spreading Activation model to find Web pages that are similar to those pointed out by the user as relevant to his information need. We also present the results of an experimental investigation into WebSCSA's effectiveness. We tested whether WebSCSA improves retrieval of relevant information on top of Web search engine results and how well WebSCSA serves as an agent browser for the user. The results are promising, and show that there is much potential for further research on the use of this technique to search the Web.
Growth and Division of Filamentous Forms of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1965)

Adler, Howard I. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), and Alice A. Hardigree. Growth and division of filamentous forms of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:223-226. 1965.-Cells of certain mutant strains of Escherichia coli grow into long multinucleate filaments after exposure to radiation. Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis proceed, but cytokinesis does not occur. Cytokinesis (cross-septation) can be initiated by exposure of the filaments to pantoyl lactone or a temperature of 42 C. If growing filaments are treated with mitomycin C, nuclear division does not occur, and nuclear material is confined to the central region of the filament. Cytokinesis cannot be induced in mitomycin C-treated filaments by pantoyl lactone or treatment at 42 C.
Expression of different survivin variants in gastric carcinomas: first clues to a role of survivin-2B in tumour progression (2002)

Survivin is a novel member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family and determines the susceptibility of tumour cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli. Recently, we identified two novel alternative splice variants of survivin, differing in their anti-apoptotic properties: whereas the anti-apoptotic potential of survivin-DeltaEx3 is preserved, survivin-2B has lost its anti-apoptotic potential and may act as a naturally occurring antagonist of survivin. Because the in vivo expression of these alternative splice variants has not been explored so far, we analysed gastric carcinomas of different histological subtypes, grades and stages. Since no antibodies are currently available to determine the novel splice variants, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed, using RNA samples obtained from 30 different gastric carcinomas. Polymerase chain reactions products were quantified by densitometric evaluation. We found that all gastric carcinomas, irrespective of their histological types, grades or stages, express survivin-DeltaEx3, survivin-2B and survivin, the latter being the dominant transcript. Comparing the disease stages I+II with III+IV, expression of survivin and survivin-DeltaEx3 remained unchanged. In contrast, a significant (P=0.033) stage-dependent decrease in the expression of survivin-2B became evident. Our study demonstrates for the first time the expression of alternative splice variants in gastric carcinomas and provides a first clue to a role of survivin-2B in tumour progression.
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors: Applications and Research Directions (2006)

Membranes provide exceptional suspended solids removal and complete biomass retention that can improve the biological treatment process, but their commercial application to anaerobic treatment has been limited. This review summarizes the state of the art with respect to anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs), determines the types of wastewaters for which AnMBRs would be best suited, and identifies the research required to increase implementation. AnMBRs have been tested with synthetic, food processing, industrial, high solids content, and municipal wastewaters at laboratory, pilot, and full scale. Chemical oxygen demand removal ranges from 56% to 99%, while the reported design membrane fluxes range from 10 to 40 L/m2/h. AnMBRs should be immediately applicable to highly concentrated, particulate waste streams like municipal sludges where the membrane can decouple the solids and hydraulic retention times. Opportunity for application to dilute wastewaters also appears strong, while application to highly concentrated soluble wastewaters is likely limited. Greater assessment of vacuum-driven immersed membranes, combining external or immersed membranes with retained biomass reactor designs, control of membrane fouling, and economic feasibility are the key research areas to be addressed.
The “Normal” Endocrine Cell of the Gut: Changing Concepts and New Evidences (2004)

The endocrine cells of the gut are a highly specialized mucosal cell subpopulation. Within the gastrointestinal tract at least 14 different cell types produce a wide range of hormones with a specific regional distribution. The gut endocrine cells belong to the diffuse endocrine system. These cells present two regulated pathways of secretion characterized by large dense core vesicles (LDCV) and synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMV). Gut endocrine cells are recognized by the expression of several "general" markers, including the LDCV marker chromogranin A and the SLMV marker synaptophysin, in addition to the cytosolic markers neuron-specific enolase and protein gene product 9.5. The expression of different hormones identifies specific cell types. The gut endocrine cells are reputed to be terminally differentiated and incapable of proliferation. However, some data suggest that the number of gut endocrine cells may adapt in response to tissue-specific physiological stimuli. Gut endocrine cell differentiation appears to follow a "constitutive" tissue-specific pathway, which may be disrupted and investigated by genetic manipulation in mice. It is suggested that endocrine cell homeostasis is maintained by the entry of new endocrine-committed cells along the differentiation pathway and that such intermediate cells may be sensitive to physiological stimuli as well as transforming agents.