gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ZERO-ODP REFRIGERANTS FOR LOW TONNAGE CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER SYSTEMS (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper investigates the use of several zero-ozone depleting potential (zero-ODP) HFC refrigerants, including HFC-134a, HFC-227ca, HFC-227ea, HFC-236ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-236fa, HFC-245cb, and HFC-254cb, for centrifugal chiller applications. We took into account the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant and aerodynamic characteristics of the impeller compression process in this evaluation.. For a given operating temperature lift, there are significant differences in the pressure ratio required by each refrigerant and this variation in pressure ratio directly affects compressor size, efficiency, and performance. A comparison of the HFC refrigerant candidates with CFC-114 shows that HFC-236ea, HFC-227ca and HFC-227ea are viable alternatives for centrifugal water chillers. HFC-236ea has properties closest to CFC-114, and will result in comparible performance, but will require a slightly larger impeller and a purge system. Using HFC-227ca or HFC-227ea results in a significantly lower enthalpy rise requirement, potentially allowing single-stage compression, however, wet compression could be a problem. Single-stage compression gives an overall performance advantage over CFC-114 (operating with 3-5 °C of liquid subcooling), and when considering thermodynamics and aerodynamics, as is necessary in centrifugal applications, we find that HFC-227ca and HFC-227ea have additional advantages over HFC-236ea and CFC-114.</div>
AN APPLICATION OF MARKOV CHAINS TO FARM TYPE STRUCTURAL DATA IN ENGLAND AND WALES (1971)

Markov Chain methods of projection are applied to farm type structural data derived from the returns in the Annual June Agricultural Census in England and Wales. Three sets of projections, using different assumptions, are made of the numbers of holdings by farm type in 1969 and of the movement of holdings between farm type during 1968/69. These are compared with the actual Census returns for 1969. Use of a four‐year average transition probability matrix gives the best overall results on the basis of that comparison and this matirx was then used to project farm type structure in England and Wales for 1971 and 1973. These projections indicate that between June 1969 and June 1973 the number of all holdings with 275 or more standard man days (SMD) will decline; those classified as Mixed, Livestock, and Pigs and Poultry are likely to show the largest proportional declines. Some 50 per cent of holdings are likely to be below the 275 SMD limit. Since the assumptions made may not be fulfilled in every respect, it is unlikely that the outcome in 1971 and 1973 will be precisely as predicted, but the pattern and direction of the projections are likely to hold.
Encapsulation of Nanoparticles in Block Copolymer Micellar Aggregates by Directed Supramolecular Assembly (2011)

Worm holes: Cylindrical or wormlike block copolymer micelles with gold nanoparticles encapsulated in a micellar core were fabricated through directed supramolecular assembly. This versatile approach allows fine-tuning of interparticle spacing and micellar morphology by varying the content of the nanoparticles or hydrogen bonding agent in the supramolecular assemblies. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Design and Manufacturing of a Passive Pressure Sensor Based on LC Resonance (2016)

The <i>LC</i> resonator-based passive pressure sensor attracts much attention because it does not need a power source or lead wires between the sensing element and the readout system. This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a passive pressure sensor that contains a variable capacitor and a copper-electroplated planar inductor. The sensor is fabricated using silicon bulk micro-machining, electroplating, and anodic bonding technology. The finite element method is used to model the deflection of the silicon diaphragm and extract the capacitance change corresponding to the applied pressure. Within the measurement range from 5 to 100 kPa, the sensitivity of the sensor is 0.052 MHz/kPa, the linearity is 2.79%, and the hysteresis error is 0.2%. Compared with the sensitivity at 27 °C, the drop of output performance is 3.53% at 140 °C.
Ultra High Resolution Computed Tomography of Damage in Notched Carbon Fiber—Epoxy Composites (2008)

This article presents the first use of synchrotron radiation computed tomography (SRCT) to achieve sub-micron resolution of damage in aerospace grade carbon fiber—epoxy composites. The structure and interaction of the damage can be visualized in 3-D on a scale not previously observed in practical engineering configurations. The ability to detect and accurately measure features down to individual fiber breaks provides a valuable platform for future research; from the rigorous evaluation of damage models to understanding the fundamental physical mechanisms governing crack growth in composites. In particular the key role of intra-laminar cracks and delaminations in localizing fiber fractures is unambiguously identified for the first time.
DMFP: A Dynamic Multi-faceted Fine-Grained Preference Model for Recommendation (2019)

The time signals behind a user's historical behaviors are important for better inferring what she prefers to interact with at the next time. For the attention-based recommendation methods, relative position encoding and time intervals division are two common ways to model the time signal behind each behavior. They either only consider the relative position of each behavior in the behavior sequence, or process the continuous temporal features into discrete category features for subsequent tasks, which can hardly capture the dynamic preferences of a user. In addition, although the existing recommendation methods have considered both long-term preference and short-term preference, they ignore the fact that the long-term preference of a user may be multi-faceted, and it is difficult to learn a user's fine-grained short-term preference. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Multi-faceted Fine-grained Preference model (DMFP), where the multi-hops attention mechanism and the feature-level attention mechanism together with a vertical convolution operation are adopted to capture users' multi-faceted long-term preference and fine-grained short-term preference, respectively. Therefore, DMFP can better support the next item recommendation. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets illustrate that our model can improve the effectiveness of the recommendation compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
Fabrication of ultra-fine line circuits on PWB substrates (2003)

One of the greatest challenges facing the packaging industry at present is the availability of organic substrates capable of routing and interconnecting high I/O fine pitch area array flip chip. These substrates require line widths and spacing of 3.5 to 12 /spl mu/m for flip chip systems applications supporting chip I/O densities of 5 K-10 K/cm/sup 2/ and pitch of 50 to 100 /spl mu/m. The system-on-a-package (SOP) module being developed at the Packaging Research Center (PRC) at Georgia Tech is focused on providing lines and spaces in the 6 to 10 /spl mu/m range and microvias in the 10 to 15 /spl mu/m range to support these applications. The PRC has been evaluating low cost materials and processes by integrating them into the SOP substrates. These substrates demonstrate the very fine and ultra fine line widths and spaces necessary to meet next-generation interconnect density requirements. Line widths and spaces of 15 to 25 /spl mu/m and microvia diameters of 50 /spl mu/m on low-cost organic substrates has been demonstrated in the fabrication of SOP testbed prototypes. Processes for 10 /spl mu/m fine lines and spaces coupled with 25 /spl mu/m small microvia interconnect are currently being developed for inclusion in the next phase of PRC SOP prototype test beds. The PRC plans further exploration into developing low-cost processes capable of achieving line widths and spaces of 6 to 10 /spl mu/m for inclusion into future SOP test bed prototypes. A fine line and width structure made of 4 /spl mu/m copper lines on build-up laminate (FR-4) is discussed in this paper. Additionally, we present highlights of a novel stack-via technology that enables the wiring density necessary to meet future interconnect requirements as indicated in the SIA semiconductor roadmap.
Interference alignment on the deterministic channel and application to fully connected AWGN interference networks (2008)

An interference alignment example is constructed for the deterministic channel model of the K user interference channel. The deterministic channel example is then translated into the Gaussian setting, creating the first known example of a fully connected Gaussian K user interference network with single antenna nodes, real, non-zero and contant channel coefficients, and no propagation delays where the degrees of freedom outerbound is achieved. An analogy is drawn between the propagation delay based interference alignment examples and the deterministic channel model which also allows similar constructions for the 2 user X channel as well.
Fault tolerant four-leg matrix converter drive topologies for aerospace applications (2010)

This paper proposes two types of fault tolerant matrix converter drive topologies, namely a four-leg single-stage matrix converter and a four-leg two-stage matrix converter, both used to drive a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) against open phase failure in aerospace applications. To improve the reliability of the drive system under open phase fault the motor neutral is connected to the fourth leg of each matrix converter without modifying the space vector modulation techniques. To maintain a satisfactory system performance the control strategy needs to be modified during fault occurrence so that the motor is able to operate continuously with minimum torque ripple. The simulation results of both proposed matrix converter drive topologies, under healthy and unhealthy conditions are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed fault tolerant drives. Moreover, the experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the four-leg matrix converter drive's ability to keep the motor running with only a small performance degradation under open phase fault.
A reduced area scheme for carry-select adders (2002)

For a medium-speed addition application, a carry-skip adder is usually preferred over a carry-select adder, due to its smaller area. A reduced-area carry-select adder scheme in which the second copy of the carry-chain is substituted by an OR gate per bit position is proposed. This alternative implementation for a carry-select adder reduces the relative area advantage of a carry-skip adder to roughly 35%. Replacing the ripple-carry blocks with parallel-prefix blocks results in a select-prefix adder with a slightly better area and time than a parallel-prefix adder.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Geometric Efficient Matching Algorithm for Firewalls (2009)

Since firewalls need to filter all the traffic crossing the network perimeter, they should be able to sustain a very high throughput, or risk becoming a bottleneck. Firewall packet matching can be viewed as a point location problem: Each packet (point) has five fields (dimensions), which need to be checked against every firewall rule in order to find the first matching rule. Thus, algorithms from computational geometry can be applied. In this paper, we consider a classical algorithm that we adapted to the firewall domain. We call the resulting algorithm “Geometric Efficient Matching” (GEM). The GEM algorithm enjoys a logarithmic matching time performance. However, the algorithm's theoretical worst-case space complexity is O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> ) for a rule-base with n rules. Because of this perceived high space complexity, GEM-like algorithms were rejected as impractical by earlier works. Contrary to this conclusion, this paper shows that GEM is actually an excellent choice. Based on statistics from real firewall rule-bases, we created a Perimeter rules model that generates random, but nonuniform, rule-bases. We evaluated GEM via extensive simulation using the Perimeter rules model. Our simulations show that on such rule-bases, GEM uses near-linear space, and only needs approximately 13 MB of space for rule-bases of 5,000 rules. Moreover, with use of additional space improving heuristics, we have been able to reduce the space requirement to 2-3 MB for 5,000 rules. But most importantly, we integrated GEM into the code of the Linux iptables open-source firewall, and tested it on real traffic loads. Our GEM-iptables implementation managed to filter over 30,000 packets-per-second on a standard PC, even with 10,000 rules. Therefore, we believe that GEM is an efficient and practical algorithm for firewall packet matching.
Development of calibration phantoms for generating quantitative perfusion images using 2D angiography data (2014)

Blood flow quantification by perfusion imaging or fractional flow reserve estimation using 2D x-ray angiography data requires scatter correction and beam hardening correction to ensure a linear relationship between the concentration of contrast agent in the human body and the x-ray image signal intensity. These types of correction usually require complicated calibration and numerous correction tables. To simplify correction, we developed a set of spherical epoxy resin phantoms containing different concentrations of barium sulfate. Prior to use, the concentration of iodinated contrast agent that results in the same x-ray absorption as each spherical phantom was determined. These values are hereinafter referred to as the equivalent concentrations of the spherical phantoms. To confirm that the spherical phantoms were suitable for estimating the contrast agent concentration, the curve of the image signal intensity vs. equivalent concentration was compared with the corresponding curve for the contrast agent. The mean difference between the two curves was 18 mgI/mL for 6 sets of experimental conditions. The mean of the p-values obtained in the paired t-tests was greater than 0.05. To validate the accuracy of our method, the spherical phantoms and test samples were placed on the surface of a chest phantom and an x-ray image including all the spherical phantoms and test samples was acquired. Using the relationship between the equivalent concentrations of the spherical phantoms and the image signal intensities, the concentrations of the test samples were estimated from their measured image signal intensities. The estimated and true concentrations of the test samples were then compared. Their cross correlation was R>0.99 for each of the 8 sets of experimental conditions used. The mean of the p-values obtained in the paired t-tests was greater than 0.05. Based on the promising results of these initial tests, we plan to proceed to clinical studies on these phantoms.
A narrow-band Si&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;N&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt;-SiO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;resonant optical reflector (1987)

We have demonstrated for the first time a resonant optical reflector having a reflection resonance less than 2 Å wide. This reflection is formed in a waveguide weakly coupled side by side to a quarter wave shifted Bragg resonator. We also present an experimental and theoretical study of the transmission spectra of such a resonator. In all cases, the experimental spectra are in good agreement with calculations. This analysis is consistent with a resonator waveguide loss of about 1 dB/cm.
Recognizing actions by shape-motion prototype trees (2009)

A prototype-based approach is introduced for action recognition. The approach represents an action as a sequence of prototypes for efficient and flexible action matching in long video sequences. During training, first, an action prototype tree is learned in a joint shape and motion space via hierarchical k-means clustering; then a lookup table of prototype-to-prototype distances is generated. During testing, based on a joint likelihood model of the actor location and action prototype, the actor is tracked while a frame-to-prototype correspondence is established by maximizing the joint likelihood, which is efficiently performed by searching the learned prototype tree; then actions are recognized using dynamic prototype sequence matching. Distance matrices used for sequence matching are rapidly obtained by look-up table indexing, which is an order of magnitude faster than brute-force computation of frame-to-frame distances. Our approach enables robust action matching in very challenging situations (such as moving cameras, dynamic backgrounds) and allows automatic alignment of action sequences. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves recognition rates of 91.07% on a large gesture dataset (with dynamic backgrounds), 100% on the Weizmann action dataset and 95.77% on the KTH action dataset.
THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY CATHETER (1993)

The urinary catheter is one of the most frequently used medical devices and has a long and intriguing history of development. This paper describes the catheter from its simple beginnings through the subtle but important changes it has undergone paralleling the advances in plastics technology witnessed this century. The changes have not been without controversy and the recent association of catheters with tissue toxicity, which has forced the implementation of strict guidelines for their manufacture and use, is described.
Cloning of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (<i>APH</i>) gene from antibiotic-producing strain of <i>Bacillus circulans</i> into a high-expression vector, pKK223-3. Purification, properties and location of the enzyme (1990)

The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene from a butirosin-producing strain of Bacillus circulans was cloned in a high-expression vector (pKK223-3) to give the recombinant plasmid pMS5. Escherichia coli harbouring the plasmid, E. coli JM103[pMS5], was characterized, and several features of the expression of the phosphotransferase were studied. The phosphotransferase activity was best expressed in a medium lacking glucose, and the highest levels of the enzyme were found between 12 and 24 h of growth. The induction of the phosphotransferase expression with isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (inducer) was found to be undesirable as the overproduction of the enzyme led to the killing of the bacteria. The subcellular location of the phosphotransferase, and also the site in vivo of the phosphorylation of neomycin, was found to be in the cytoplasm. The phosphotransferase was purified to homogeneity in good yield (17 mg of purified protein/3 litres of culture) and was shown to be a monomer of Mr 30,000-32,000. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was in agreement with that predicted from the gene sequence and confirmed the absence of any signal sequence. The regiospecificity of the phosphotransferase reaction was studied by m.s. and by 1H-, 13C- and 31P-n.m.r. using ribostamycin as the substrate, and it was found that the antibiotic was phosphorylated at the 3'-hydroxy group.
Large-Area Growth of Turbostratic Graphene on Ni(111) via Physical Vapor Deposition (2016)

Single-layer graphene has demonstrated remarkable electronic properties that are strongly influenced by interfacial bonding and break down for the lowest energy configuration of stacked graphene layers (AB Bernal). Multilayer graphene with relative rotations between carbon layers, known as turbostratic graphene, can effectively decouple the electronic states of adjacent layers, preserving properties similar to that of SLG. While the growth of AB Bernal graphene through chemical vapor deposition has been widely reported, we investigate the growth of turbostratic graphene on heteroepitaxial Ni(111) thin films utilizing physical vapor deposition. By varying the carbon deposition temperature between 800 -1100 °C, we report an increase in the graphene quality concomitant with a transition in the size of uniform thickness graphene, ranging from nanocrystallites to thousands of square microns. Combination Raman modes of as-grown graphene within the frequency range of 1650 cm(-1) to 2300 cm(-1), along with features of the Raman 2D mode, were employed as signatures of turbostratic graphene. Bilayer and multilayer graphene were directly identified from areas that exhibited Raman characteristics of turbostratic graphene using high-resolution TEM imaging. Raman maps of the pertinent modes reveal large regions of turbostratic graphene on Ni(111) thin films at a deposition temperature of 1100 °C.
Stereotactic Core Needle Biopsy of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions (1998)

On the basis of accumulating literature and our own initial experience, SCNB is a promising, safe, and cost-effective procedure.
Analysis of the Forces Which Stabilize the Active Conformation of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (1998)

It was recently proposed that hydrophobic interactions control the active conformation of serine proteases in the trypsin family (Hedstrom et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 4515-23) rather than a charge interaction with Asp next to the active site Ser, as formerly believed. In the present study, certain site-directed mutants of the serine protease zymogen pro-urokinase (pro-UK) and its two-chain enzymatic derivative urokinase (UK) were characterized. The results provide information on the structure-function of the catalytic domain of pro-UK/UK, which is relevant to this controversy. Mutations at Asp355(c194), which eliminated its charge, induced a 6250-fold reduction in the catalytic activity of UK. By contrast, reducing the hydrophobicity at the neoterminal Ile159(c16) of UK had relatively little effect. However, when both the hydrophobicity and the size of the side chain were reduced by a glycine substitution at this position, a major reduction (9090-fold) in the catalytic efficiency of UK occurred. This effect was related to the smaller side chain increasing the cavity and the flexibility of the N-terminus and thereby interfering with its charge interaction with Asp355(c194). A similar mechanism, rather than a change in hydrophobicity, is believed also to explain the reduction in the stabilization energy of the activation domain observed in a trypsin mutant by Hedstrom et al. (1996). Although hydrophobic interaction facilitated the charge interaction with Asp355(c194), the latter was the primary force which stabilized the active conformation of UK. The charge interaction with Asp355(c194) was also found to be the principal determinant of the intrinsic catalytic activity of single-chain pro-UK. Additionally, the findings confirmed that the KM of pro-UK for its natural substrate was significantly lower than that of UK. Since this same phenomenon was also seen with each of the mutants, the substrate binding pocket of these single-chain zymogens was better formed than that of their two-chain, enzymatic derivatives.