gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity considerations for NMR in metal single crystals (1978)

We report a study of the factors determining the sensitivity of NMR measurements using bulk metal single crystal samples. We show that, in an ideal case, the NMR signal intensity from such a sample can be characterized by a figure of merit which is a function of only the fractional radio-frequency power losses in the coil winding compared to the losses in the sample. This allows the Q factor of the NMR coil to be varied considerably with no appreciable change in the figure of merit, thus permitting the coil Q to be chosen on the basis of the noise characteristics of the spectrometer being used. Measurements indicate that the absolute signal intensity from a metal single crystal with a near-optimum coil is about 1/10 of that from a powdered sample with particle radii approximately equal to the rf skin depth.
Towards a Mobility Enhanced User Interface Design for Multi-task Environments: An Experimental Study on Cognitive Workload Measurement (2010)

Mobile user interfaces are currently not well designed with considering mobility. The usability of mobile services becomes degraded while moving, since a user cannot pay enough attention to the service in a multi-task environment. Thus, it is important for mobile services to convey information to a user with less cognitive workload. In this paper, we address design issues to enhance the mobility of mobile services, and evaluate the workload caused from cognitive processes in a multi-task environment. Taking cross-modal and cross-device interactions into consideration, three factors are focused as variable parameters in the experiment: device type, contents format and information volume. Based on the experimental results, we discuss how these factors affect a cognitive process in a mobile interaction. Future work is also implicated in order to apply the findings to actual mobile user interface design.
Self-Tuning, Bandwidth-Aware Monitoring for Dynamic Data Streams (2009)

We present SMART, a self-tuning, bandwidth-aware monitoring system that maximizes result precision of continuous aggregate queries over dynamic data streams. While prior approaches minimize bandwidth cost under fixed precision constraints, they may still overload a monitoring system during traffic bursts. To facilitate practical deployment of monitoring systems, SMART therefore bounds the worst-case bandwidth cost for overload resilience. The primary challenge for SMART is how to dynamically select updates at each node to maximize query precision while keeping per-node monitoring bandwidth below a specified budget. To address this challenge, SMARTpsilas hierarchical algorithm (1) allocates bandwidth budgets in an ear-optimal manner to maximize global precision and (2) self-tunes bandwidth settings to improve precision under dynamic workloads. Our prototype implementation of SMART provides key solutions to (a) prioritize pending updates for multi-attribute queries, (b) build bounded fan-in, load-aware aggregation trees to improve accuracy, and (c) combine temporal batching with arithmetic filtering to reduce load and to quantify result staleness. Our evaluation using simulations and a network monitoring application shows that SMART incurs low overheads, improves accuracy by up to an order of magnitude compared to uniform bandwidth allocation, and performs close to the optimal algorithm under modest bandwidth budgets.
Identification of T cell stimulatory peptides from the 38-kDa protein of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1991)

T cell specificity to individual antigenic epitopes could determine the distinction between protective and pathogenic host reactions in tuberculous infections. Therefore, T cell stimulatory epitopes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 38-kDa lipoprotein, of known structure and specificity and of prominent immunogenicity, have been examined. To identify potential T cell epitopes, eight peptides, seven of which were predicted to form amphiphatic helices, were used for immunization of various inbred mice and for elicitation of in vitro T cell proliferative responses. Three different response patterns were observed. 1) Lymph node cells from mice immunized with peptide, recombinant 38-kDa Ag, killed M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra, or live Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin infection responded to peptide 38.G (residues 350 to 369). Responses were observed in mice of H-2b, H-2d, and H-2k haplotypes. 2) Peptide 38.C (residues 201 to 220) induced proliferation of lymph node cells from 38-kDa protein-, but not from peptide-immunized mice. 3) Peptide 38.F (residues 285 to 304) only elicited a response of the homologous peptide-primed cells. Analysis of CD4+ T cell lines confirmed the distinct specificities and stimulatory features of peptides 38.F and 38.G. The described attributes of peptide 38.C and 38.G could be of potential interest for diagnostic evaluation in tuberculous infections.
A Multi-view Stereo Benchmark with High-Resolution Images and Multi-camera Videos (2017)

Motivated by the limitations of existing multi-view stereo benchmarks, we present a novel dataset for this task. Towards this goal, we recorded a variety of indoor and outdoor scenes using a high-precision laser scanner and captured both high-resolution DSLR imagery as well as synchronized low-resolution stereo videos with varying fields-of-view. To align the images with the laser scans, we propose a robust technique which minimizes photometric errors conditioned on the geometry. In contrast to previous datasets, our benchmark provides novel challenges and covers a diverse set of viewpoints and scene types, ranging from natural scenes to man-made indoor and outdoor environments. Furthermore, we provide data at significantly higher temporal and spatial resolution. Our benchmark is the first to cover the important use case of hand-held mobile devices while also providing high-resolution DSLR camera images. We make our datasets and an online evaluation server available at http://www.eth3d.net.
Determination of Potent Odourants in Foods by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) and Calculation of Odour Activity Values (OAVs) (1994)

Abstract The potency of odourants in foods is determined by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and by the calculation of odour activity values (OAVs). The application of these methods to olive oil, butter, Swiss cheese, heated beef, bread, beer, green tea, dill herb and to the off‐flavours formed in lemon oil, soybean oil and boiled trout is reviewed. The results allow the conclusion that only a small fraction of the complex mixture of volatiles causes the characteristic odour of a distinct food.
Lack of Th1 or Th2 polarization of CD4+ T cell response induced by particulate antigen targeted to phagocytic cells (1997)

Several factors are involved in the selective activation of Th1 or Th2 subset of CD4+ T cells, such as the type of antigen-presenting cells, the dose of antigen, the route of immunization, etc. To analyze the influence of accessory cells on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we used a particulate antigen prepared by covalent linkage of hemocyanin (LH) to 1 microns synthetic microspheres. This particulate antigen was efficiently presented to T cells by macrophages but not by B lymphocytes. BALB/c mice immunized either with soluble LH in alum or with particulate LH without adjuvant produced both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines. Moreover, mice primed either with soluble or particulate LH secreted higher levels of IgG1- than of IgG2a-specific antibodies. The induction of this cytokine profile response was independent of the route of administration of the antigen, and was observed both in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, immunization of mice with particulate LH in the presence of poly(I):(C) or of IL-12 induced a strong activation of Th1 cells, as shown by an up-regulated IFN-gamma production, and by decreased IL-4 and IL-5 levels associated to a greatly enhanced IgG2a antibody response. These results therefore demonstrate that targeting the antigen to phagocytic cells is not sufficient to stimulate a polarized Th response and that environmental cytokines play the major role in the selective activation of Th1 cells. This study provides important conclusions for the development of new vaccines and shows that particulate antigen associated with appropriate cofactor can selectively activate Th1 cells.
Photoredox chemistry of nitrobenzyl alcohols in aqueous solution. Acid and base catalysis of reaction (1986)

The photochemistry of several m- and p-nitrobenzyl alcohols (1–5) has been studied in aqueous solution. These compounds react via an intramolecular photoredox pathway to give reduced and oxidized moieties of the substituent groups. The reaction is an example of a new type of photoreaction of nitro-substituted aromatic derivatives that is not observed in organic solvents, the presence of water being essential. This effect is exemplified by measuring the quantum efficiency as a function of mol% water in aqueous acetonitrile, methanol, and formamide: the reaction efficiency decreases rapidly as water is depleted in the mixture. Catalytic effects due to the hydronium and hydroxide ions were studied: the para derivatives exhibited hydroxide ion catalysis; the meta derivatives exhibited hydronium ion catalysis. Quantum yields, solvent isotope effects, and α-deuterium isotope effects are reported for the parent derivatives.
Contribution to the Geology of the Central and Western Cordillera of Colombia in the sector between Ibagué and Cali (1957)

Het Westelijk gedeelte van de Republiek Columbia (Zuid Amerika) wordt ingenomen door de Cordilleras de los Andes, welke in genoemde republiek uit drie hoofdketens bestaat, t. w. de West Cordillera, de Centrale Cordillera en de Oost Cordillera. Een studie werd gemaakt van een centraal gelegen Strook door de Westelijke en Centrale Cordillera, waartoe drie gebieden geologisch gekaarteerd werden en de structurele concepties in profielen werd weergegeven.\nDe oudste gesteenten, die in de Centrale Cordillera aan de dag komen, bestaan uit een epimetamorfe serie van prasinieten, afgewisseld met grafietschisten; ondergeschikt komen kwartsphyllieten en gneisachtige kwartsschisten voor; voorts werd een aantal inschakelingen van metamorfe diabazen waargenomen. Een tuf-oorsprong voor de prasinieten wordt verondersteld; de metamorfe diabazen zijn waarschijnlijk geïnterstratifieerde lavas geëxtrudeerd tijdens dit vulkanisme. Het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera wordt bij wijze van proef vergeleken met de metamorfe gesteenten van Oud-Palaeozoische ouderdom, welke in de Oost Cordillera aan de dag komen.\nEen beschrijving wordt gegeven van de Jura-Triassische formaties, welke de Oostelijke helling van de Centrale Cordillera bedekken en gelegen zijn tussen de Río Coello en Río Cucuana. Monzonieten en granodiorieten werden tijdens de Jura geïntrudeerd. Een sectie werd gemaakt door het marine Krijt, dat een micro- en macrofauna bevat.\nOp de Westflank is het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera in abnormaal contact met de Diabaas Groep (
Anisotropy changes in magnetoresistive heads due to lapping and annealing (1989)

The elimination of Barkhausen noise in order to attain stable read performance is of primary interest in magnetoresistive (MR) read heads. One approach to making MR elements stable is to make the effective uniaxial anisotropy field large with respect to the hard axis fields experienced during operation and storage. In addition to providing a stabilizing effect, the anisotropy field determines the sensitivity of the element. A simple measurement of sensitivity at the component level is used to evaluate the effects of lapping and annealing. Analysis of sensitivity data, measured transfer functions, and calculated transfer functions shows that the stress-induced anisotropy can be reduced by magnetic annealing. Recording tests with unshielded, annealed, read-only heads reading a track recorded by a separate head show that the read signal is stable and free of Barkhausen noise for externally applied hard axis fields of up to 100 Oe. However, this stability comes at the cost of lower sensitivity hence lower readback signal level. A balance of stability and output can be achieved by adjusting the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the magnetostriction, or the thermally induced stress and by the use of annealing after final lapping.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrical detection of liquid lithium leaks from pipe joints (2014)

A test stand for flowing liquid lithium is under construction at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. As liquid lithium reacts with atmospheric gases and water, an electrical interlock system for detecting leaks and safely shutting down the apparatus has been constructed. A defense in depth strategy is taken to minimize the risk and impact of potential leaks. Each demountable joint is diagnosed with a cylindrical copper shell electrically isolated from the loop. By monitoring the electrical resistance between the pipe and the copper shell, a leak of (conductive) liquid lithium can be detected. Any resistance of less than 2 kΩ trips a relay, shutting off power to the heaters and pump. The system has been successfully tested with liquid gallium as a surrogate liquid metal. The circuit features an extensible number of channels to allow for future expansion of the loop. To ease diagnosis of faults, the status of each channel is shown with an analog front panel LED, and monitored and logged digitally by LabVIEW.
The impulse strength of lapped impregnated paper dielectric (1956)

An investigation of the impulse strength of lapped impregnated paper dielectric has been made using model cables. The subjects studied include the effects of variation in the physical properties of the paper and the impregnant, the effects of variations in construction of the dielectric, and the effects of temperature and pressure. In addition, the response to different test procedures, such as polarity, polarity reversal and repeated stressing, has been examined.The breakdown process, with impulse voltages, is discussed in the light of the results obtained. Both components—the paper and the oil—are shown to be effective in determining the impulse strength of the composite dielectric.
Biochemistry of the Steroid Hormones (1957)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Haploinsufficiency of the forkhead gene<i>Foxf1</i>, a target for sonic hedgehog signaling, causes lung and foregut malformations (2001)

The murine Foxf1 gene, encoding a forkhead - or winged helix - transcription factor, is expressed in splanchnic mesenchyme during organogenesis. The concentration of expression to subepithelial mesenchyme suggested that Foxf1 is activated by paracrine signals from endodermal epithelia. Homozygous Foxf1-null mice die before embryonic day 10, owing to defects in extra-embryonic mesoderm, and do not provide any information about the role of Foxf1 in morphogenesis of endodermally derived organs. We show that, on CD1 genetic background, Foxf1 heterozygote perinatal mortality is around 90%. The haploinsufficiency causes a variable phenotype that includes lung immaturity and hypoplasia, fusion of right lung lobes, narrowing of esophagus and trachea, esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. Similar malformations are observed in mutants that are defective in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, and we show that exogenous Shh activates transcription of Foxf1 in developing lung. Foxf1 mRNA is absent in the lungs, foregut and sclerotomes of Shh(-/-) embryos, but persists in tissues where indian hedgehog (Ihh) is expressed. In lung organ cultures, activation of Foxf1 by Shh is counteracted by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10 and FGF7 both decrease Foxf1 expression and we speculate that this is mediated by transcriptional activation of epithelial Bmp4 (in the case of FGF10) and by inhibition of Shh expression for FGF7.
Feedback-Controlled Mode-Locking of Nd:Glass Laser Using GaAs (1992)

The passive negative feedback-controlled mode-locking operation of a Nd: glass laser using a GaAs wafer as an intracavity limiter is reported. A long pulse train extended up to 700 ns with a pulse duration of less than 3 ps was generated. The single-pulse energy was 60 µJ, which is 6 times higher than those of Nd:YAP (YAlO 3 ) and Nd:YAG lasers.
Complete amino acid sequence of an immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8) (1989)

The complete amino acid sequence of a novel immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), isolated from a fungus, Ganoderma lucidium (Kino, K., Yamashita, A., Yamaoka, K., Watanabe, J., Tanaka, S., Ko, K., Shimizu, K., and Tsunoo, H. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 472-478), was determined by protein sequencing. The polypeptide consists of 110 amino acid residues with an acetylated amino end and has a molecular mass of 12,420 Da including an amino-end blocking group. There is no attachment site for an Asn-linked oligosaccharide chain, consistent with the very low carbohydrate content of LZ-8. These results indicate that the native form of LZ-8 with a molecular mass of 24 kDa is a homodimer of the LZ-8 polypeptide whose sequence is described here. Furthermore, the LZ-8 chain shows considerable similarity to the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain both in its sequence and in its predicted secondary structure. The interesting possibility that LZ-8 is related to an ancestral protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily is also discussed.
Simultaneous fabrication of hybrid arrays of nanowires and micro/nanoparticles by dewetting on micropillars (2007)

Large and well-defined arrays of both nanowires and micro/nanoparticles or only micro/nanoparticles are fabricated from aqueous solutions through a one-step dewetting process on an array of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars.
Interfacial adhesion of nano-particle silver interconnects for electronics packaging application (2008)

Rapid package prototyping (RPP) technology based on a data-driven chip-first approach using nano-particle silver (NPS) interconnects has been developed to promptly assess novel package designs, new packaging materials, and performance of new devices. A potential limitation of rapid package prototyping with NPS interconnects is the adhesion between NPS and polymer substrates such as LCP, Polyimide, and BCB. Improving the adhesion strength of NPS is a key issue for reliable package prototypes with NPS interconnect. Qualitative measurement of the adhesion strength of NPS is necessary to investigate the adhesion improvements of NPS. A new adhesion test method is developed to estimate the interfacial fracture energy of NPS films. It has been found that most of the existing adhesion test methods are not directly applicable to NPS films. The newly developed adhesion test method is called Modified Button Shear Test (MBST) because it modifies the conventional button shear test and integrates the generally known die shear test. The MBST is used for measuring the interfacial fracture energy of NPS interconnect material. The interfacial fracture energy varies depending on physical, mechanical, and chemical states of the interface between NPS and polymer substrates. A mechanical interlocking adhesion model [7] will be validated using MBST to demonstrate that the contribution of surface roughness to the interfacial fracture energy can be identified. It will show that the Yao’s model is an applicable mechanical interlocking model for NPS film adhesion model.
Water‐in‐oil emulsion foaming by thiourea nitrosation: Reaction and mass transfer (2006)

Abstract A study has been undertaken into the chemical production of gas bubbles within a concentrated water‐in‐oil emulsion, typical of those used as emulsion explosives. Chemical foaming was initiated by the introduction of a concentrated sodium nitrite solution to the emulsion, and the measurement of the decreasing emulsion density with time served to estimate the rate of nitrogen production. A conversion of emulsion density to nitrite ion concentration facilitated a kinetic analysis of the data. The change in nitrite ion concentration follows a rate equation which indicates that the rate‐limiting reaction step corresponds to the N ‐nitrosation of thiourea by ON + , with an apparent rate constant of 0.22 M −1 s −1 at 25 °C. Tests over a temperature range of 25 to 50 °C yielded an activation energy of 59 kJ mol −1 . A mass‐transfer model describing the rate of diffusion between aqueous droplets is presented. This model suggests that chemical kinetics, rather than molecular diffusion, is the rate‐limiting phenomenon in the foaming of emulsions. Supporting this finding, the kinetic experiments in emulsion returned very similar results to previous experiments performed in aqueous media under similar conditions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Principles and Design of Mechanical Face Seals (1991)

The Literature. Metrology, Tribology, and Materials. Seal Interface Tribological Modeling. Mechanical Seal Thermal System. Seal Face Deformation. Seal Systems and System Studies. Experimental Results and Model Validation. Design. Special Problems. Contemporary Design. Conclusions. Appendix. References. Index.
Measurement of Chapman-Jouguet Pressure for Explosives (1957)

The Chapman-Jouguet pressures of RDX, TNT, 64/36 Composition B, and 77/23 Cyclotol have been measured by determining initial free-surface velocity as a function of thickness for 24ST aluminum plates in contact with the detonating explosive. An optical technique is described for the measurement of the velocities. The pressures determined for RDX, TNT, 64/36 Composition B, and 77/23 Cyclotol are 338, 189, 292, and 313 kilobars, respectively.
A Photoresponsive Polymeric Actuator Topologically Cross-Linked by Movable Units Based on a [2]Rotaxane (2018)

A photoresponsive polymeric material, in which [2]rotaxane units with α-cyclodextrin threading onto an azobenzene derivative is used as a topological cross-link for the main chains of the polymeric material in aqueous media, was achieved. [2]Rotaxane structures were found to act as movable links in the polymer network, and the mechanical properties of the material were enhanced to show a rupture strain of 2800%. The materials were reversibly deformed by irradiation with UV or visible light in aqueous media, which caused photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety and changed the structure of the [2]rotaxane linker, leading to deformation of the polymer network. Surprisingly, the dry materials, which had been uniaxially extended in air, showed a faster response than the hydrogel. The orientation of the polymeric network in the materials enables the efficient response. This dry material (5.6 mg) performed 5.6 μJ of mechanical work within 10 s, which is approximately 50 times higher than that achieved in our previous work.
Silhouette understanding system (2005)

Range images obtained from infrared ranging sensors often provide detailed silhouettes of objects in the field of view. Elements of a system for extracting and analyzing such range silhouettes are proposed. The effectiveness of the system implemented so far is demonstrated on real data. The other elements of the ultimate system are also discussed, but, only at a conceptual level.