gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural basis of the substrate subsite and the highly thermal stability of xylanase 10B from <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> MSB8 (2005)

The crystal structure of xylanase 10B from Thermotoga maritima MSB8 (TmxB), a hyperthermostable xylanase, has been solved in its native form and in complex with xylobiose or xylotriose at 1.8 A resolution. In order to gain insight into the substrate subsite and the molecular features for thermal stability, we compared TmxB with family 10 xylanase structures from nine microorganisms. As expected, TmxB folds into a (beta/alpha)8-barrel structure, which is common among the glycoside hydrolase family 10. The enzyme active site and the environment surrounding the xylooligosaccharide of TmxB are highly similar to those of family 10 xylanases. However, only two xylose moieties were found in its binding pocket from the TmxB-xylotriose complex structure. This finding suggests that TmxB could be a potential biocatalyst for the large-scale production of xylobiose. The result of structural analyses also indicated that TmxB possesses some additional features that account for its thermostability. In particular, clusters of aromatic residues together with a lack of exposed hydrophobic residues are characteristic of the TmxB structure. TmxB has also a significant number of ion pairs on the protein surface that are not found in other thermophilic family 10 xylanases.
Persistence of tropical ataxic neuropathy in a Nigerian community (2000)

The occurrence of TAN in Ososa continues at a higher prevalence than was reported 30 years ago. Its neurological features and natural history do not resemble those described for Strachan syndrome, epidemic neuropathy in Cuba, or konzo. The increasing consumption of cassava foods linked to its causation makes TAN of public health importance in Nigeria, the most populous African country.
Synthesis and characterization of new functional polymers by polymer-analog reactions on EVOH copolymer (2000)

Polymers carrying different organic functional groups (carboxylic acids, tertiary amines, nitriles) were successfully synthesized from poly[(ethylene)-co-(vinyl alcohol)] (EVOH) in two steps. The first step involves acylation of hydroxyl functions of EVOH by phthalic anhydride. Under specific experimental conditions, the substitution may become nearly quantitative. In a second step, alkylation of the so-obtained carboxylic salts is realized in situ using methyliodide, 2-chloroethyl piperidine or chloroacetonitrile, for example. Degrees of substitution (DS) are easily determined by titration of carboxylic functional groups after, respectively, the first and the second steps. Final functional polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Their thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Experimental protocols have been established for the transformation of EVOH into polymers bearing new groups such as carboxylic acids, tertiary amines or nitriles through a one-pot procedure from EVOH.
Synthese und Anwendung wasserlöslicher NHC‐Übergangsmetall‐Komplexe (2012)

Abstract Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit wasserlöslichen NHC‐Liganden. Bekannte Routen zur Einführung von Wasserlöslichkeit durch gezieltes Ligandendesign werden beleuchtet, und einige allgemeine Eigenschaften wasserlöslicher NHC‐Komplexen werden diskutiert. Die erhöhte Hydrophilie wasserlöslicher Katalysatoren bietet zusätzliche Vorteile für Anwendungen in der Synthese. Neben klassischen Umsetzungen, wie z. B. C‐C‐Kupplungen, umfassen neuere Beispiele von Katalysen mit wasserlöslichen NHC‐Komplexen auch Metathesen und Hydrierungen, in denen sich diese Katalysatoren als besonders leistungsfähig erweisen. Insgesamt ist das Gebiet in weiten Teilen noch unerforscht und hat daher ein großes Potenzial für zukünftige Forschung.
Training Deep Nets with Sublinear Memory Cost (2016)

We propose a systematic approach to reduce the memory consumption of deep neural network training. Specifically, we design an algorithm that costs O(sqrt(n)) memory to train a n layer network, with only the computational cost of an extra forward pass per mini-batch. As many of the state-of-the-art models hit the upper bound of the GPU memory, our algorithm allows deeper and more complex models to be explored, and helps advance the innovations in deep learning research. We focus on reducing the memory cost to store the intermediate feature maps and gradients during training. Computation graph analysis is used for automatic in-place operation and memory sharing optimizations. We show that it is possible to trade computation for memory - giving a more memory efficient training algorithm with a little extra computation cost. In the extreme case, our analysis also shows that the memory consumption can be reduced to O(log n) with as little as O(n log n) extra cost for forward computation. Our experiments show that we can reduce the memory cost of a 1,000-layer deep residual network from 48G to 7G with only 30 percent additional running time cost on ImageNet problems. Similarly, significant memory cost reduction is observed in training complex recurrent neural networks on very long sequences.
The Alkyl-Ether Phospholipid Platelet-Activating Factor is a Stimulator of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Rat* (1989)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a naturally occurring alkyl-ether phospholipid which serves as an extracellular mediator in various cellular processes. Here we examined the effects of PAF on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo and in vitro. PAF injected iv to rats (125, 250, and 500 ng/100 g BW) caused significant stimulation of pituitary ACTH and adrenal corticosterone secretion. The peak of PAF effect was recorded 10 min after the injection. Intraperitoneal injection of the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 prevented the ACTH-releasing effect of PAF. In explanted rat hypothalami maintained viable in vitro, PAF stimulated immunoreactive CRH secretion in a bell-shaped dose-response fashion. The maximal stimulatory effect occurred at the concentration of 10 nM. Higher concentrations appeared to cause desensitization. Alprazolam (1 microM) and BN 52021 (1 microM), two structurally different PAF receptor antagonists, inhibited this effect. The inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin, eicosatetraynoic acid, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, inhibited PAF-stimulated CRH secretion, suggesting mediation by Ca2+ influx and phospholipase-A2 activation. In addition, we found that 1 nM PAF weakly stimulated ACTH secretion by dispersed rat pituicytes. This stimulatory effect of PAF was also inhibited by the receptor antagonists alprazolam and BN 52021. Our data suggest that PAF plays a role in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid secretion and can perhaps serve as a mediator in the interactions of the immune system with the central nervous system.
Exit stage, Enter Streaming: Copyright of the Theatrical Stage Design Elements in a Changing Theater Industry (2020)

Due to the pandemic, the entire theatre industry shut down nearly overnight in March of 2020. Thousands of talented professionals were out of work, costing individuals and the economy billions of dollars in the first month alone. Within a month of this industry wide halt, eighty theatres around the country began providing content to audiences around the country via streaming services. Streaming theatre fully took hold when Hamilton on Disney+ became the most widely watched piece of entertainment nationwide in the month of July. Within a few short months, an industry based completely around large gatherings shifted to a digital format. This shift was designed to save an industry and those who create it. However, this shift also exposed the intellectual property of theatrical designers, the artists who create the scenery, costumes, lighting, etc. for stage plays, to a potential increase in distribution and digital exposure with little to no changes in intellectual property protections. On top of this, theatrical designs do not fall neatly into the requirements of the Copyright Act of 1976. This note argues that the theatre industry must embrace the judicial presumption out of Illinois and New York that stage design elements are copyrightable in order to extend the rights of authorship, ownership, and registration of copyright with stage designers. Without this bargaining power, stage designers may not be considered the authors or owners of their designs under copyright law when increased distribution due to streaming inevitably leads to cases of professional plagiarism within the industry.
Safety of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide: Genotoxicity and repeated oral dose studies (2009)

A series of safety tests were undertaken on a novel galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) produced from lactose by a two-step enzymatic process involving Sporobolomyces singularis and Kluyveromyces lactis. Bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration tests, with or without metabolic activation, were performed. These tests showed no mutagenesis in the Ames assay or in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and no chromosomal aberrations in cultured fibroblast cells from Chinese hamster lungs (CHL/IU). Micronuclei were not induced in the reticulocytes of mouse peripheral blood following oral administration of GOS. In a 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity study in rats, GOS was administered at 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. There were no GOS-related changes in clinical signs, body weight, water intake, feed intake, urinalysis, ophthalmology, haematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology or histopathology in any of the treatment groups compared to the control group. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GOS was at least 2000 mg/kg/day in both males and females.
The rhenium–osmium isotope system: applications to geochronological and palaeoenvironmental problems (2004)

The rhenium–osmium (Re–Os) isotope system occupies a unique position amongst commonly used radiogenic parent–daughter isotope pairs on account of its siderophilic geochemical characteristics. Re and Os are also concentrated from seawater in organic-rich sediments and have been used to obtain absolute ages for the deposition of marine mudrock successions directly. Additionally, Re–Os analyses of ancient mudrocks have provided the best means so far of determining temporal changes in the Os-isotope composition of pre-Cenozoic seawater. The seawater Os-isotope record has yielded valuable information about several major episodes of past environmental change, and is particularly powerful when used in conjunction with other marine isotopic tracers such as carbon and strontium. The present contribution reviews some recent developments in the application of the Re–Os isotope system to geochronological and palaeoenvironmental problems in the Mesozoic and earlier. New results show that the Os-isotope composition of Callovian seawater ( c . 160 Ma ago) was very unradiogenic ( 187 Os/ 188 Os ≈0.26) at the same time that the seawater Sr-isotope curve recorded its lowest value for the Phanerozoic, indicating that global continental weathering rates were very low at c . 10–15% of today's levels.
Diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (2006)

Proteinuria has been recognized in association with diabetes mellitus as early as the 18th century. This form of renal disease is known as diabetic nephropathy. It is now clear that diabetic nephropathy is the principal cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the western world. According to reports by the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), in the past two decades there has been a continual increase in the incidence of ESRD among patients with diabetes. Many patients have diabetes that progresses to diabetic nephropathy, which is often not discovered until overt nephropathy is present. Many of the complications of diabetes could be minimized if patients received a comprehensive health maintenance program that includes vigorous cardiac risk reduction, routine eye examinations; routine foot examinations; screening and treatment for microalbuminuria, optimal hypertension management; and improved glycemic control. Hence, the key is not only prudent screening of these patients, but referral as well. Using a case study approach, this article illustrates the care of patients with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
MEMS fault model generation using CARAMEL (2002)

We have enhanced the process simulator CODEF (1996) into a tool called CARAMEL (Contamination And Reliability Analysis of MicroElectromechanical Layout) for analyzing the impact of contamination particles on the geometrical and material properties of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). CARAMEL accepts as input a microelectromechanical layout, a particulate description, and a process recipe. CARAMEL produces a mesh description of the defective layout that is completely compatible with the electromechanical simulator ABAQUS (1995). Analysis of CARAMEL's output indicates that a wide range of defective structures are possible due to the presence of contaminations. Moreover, electromechanical simulations of CARAMEL's mesh representations of defective layout has revealed that a wide variety of faulty behaviors are associated with these defects. In this paper, we describe CARAMEL and its application to the development of realistic fault models for MEMS.
Recent developments in self-resistance gene directed natural product discovery (2020)

Covering: 2000 to 2019Natural products (NPs) are important sources of human therapeutic agents and pesticides. To prevent self-harm from bioactive NPs, some microbial producers employ self-resistance genes to protect themselves. One effective strategy is to employ a self-resistance enzyme (SRE), which is a slightly mutated version of the original metabolic enzyme, and is resistant to the toxic NP but is still functional. The presence of a SRE in a gene cluster can serve as a predictive window to the biological activity of the NPs synthesized by the pathway. In this highlight, we summarize representative examples of NP biosynthetic pathways that utilize self-resistance genes for protection. Recent discoveries based on self-resistance gene identification have helped in bridging the gap between activity-guided and genome-driven approaches for NP discovery and functional assignment.
Benzoate therapy and carnitine deficiency in non‐ketotic hyperglycinemia (1995)

Five patients presenting with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia in the neonatal period were treated with sodium benzoate to normalize plasma glycine levels. This therapy resulted in seizure reduction and a marked increase in wakefulness. Plasma carnitine deficiency was noted in three of four patients tested, and benzoylcarnitine was identified in plasma, urine, and CSF. Treatment with L-carnitine normalized plasma free carnitine. L-carnitine showed a tendency to increase the glycine conjugation of benzoate. An episode of coma and increased seizures in one patient was associated with a toxic level of benzoate, probably due to insufficient mobilization of glycine for conjugation. High dose benzoate therapy improved the quality of life of surviving patients. Close monitoring of glycine, benzoate and carnitine levels is advised.
Introduction (1988)

The anti-nuclear stand of the fourth Labour Government thrust the question of defence to the centre of New Zealand politics. Kevin Clements traces the history of this country’s involvement in the nuclear arms race.
Synthesis of (+)-polyoxamic acid and D-sorbitol from simple achiral allylic halides employing (S,S)-hydrobenzoin as a chiral source (2002)

Coupling of cis-1-bromo-2-pentene and (S,S)-hydrobenzoin stannylene acetal followed by regio- and stereoselective transformations of the resulting allylic ether gave (+)-polyoxamic acid and a similar procedure was applied to the synthesis of D-sorbitol from trans-1-iodo-2-hexene.
Platelets in Diabetes: The Role in the Hemostatic Regulation in Atherosclerosis (1993)

Vascular diseases and related complications still represent the main cause of death in diabetic patients. Neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and disturbed nutritive tissue perfusion may result from reduced capillary microcirculation. These disturbances are diabetes specific. Macroangiopathy does not differ structurally from atherosclerotic lesions of nondiabetic subjects, but leads to accelerated cerebral, coronary, and peripheral artery disease. Occurrence of life-terminating thrombotic events, which are superimposed on those vascular lesions, are increased. Thus, morbidity and mortality of diabetics depend mainly on vascular complications. Normal blood flow is a prerequisite of adequate organ perfusion and results from vasomotion, plasma components, corpuscular blood elements, vascular architecture, and the undisturbed interaction of these components at the endothelial interface. Functional thromboresistance of the endothelial layer is reduced in the diabetic state. Increased intravascular thrombin generation, reduced fibrinolytic potential, and hyperactive platelets lead to a prethrombotic state. This thrombotic diathesis increases the permanent danger of acute flow interruption. Activated platelets operate by three mechanisms: (1) Microembolization of the capillaries; (2) local progression of preexisting vascular lesions by secretion of constrictive, mitogenic, and oxidative substances; (3) trigger of the prognosis-limiting arterial thrombotic event. We were able to show that the increased functional properties of diabetic platelets result from the primary release of larger platelets with enhanced thromboxane formation capacity and increased numbers of functional glycoprotein receptors GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa, which are synthesized in the megakaryocytes. The megakaryocyte-platelet system is turned on in diabetes mellitus. It could be demonstrated with the Duesseldorf III method of flow cytometric activation marker testing (CD62, CD63, thrombospondin) that predominantly large platelets circulate in an activated state in diabetes mellitus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analytical Reviews in Clinical Biochemistry: The Estimation of Urea (1992)

Urea production and disposal Urea production is used by the body to remove potentially toxic products of nitrogen metabolism and may also have evolved for the disposal of hydrogen ions. Ammonia is a product of amino acid metabolism and the major source of circulating ammonia is the gastrointestinal tract. 2 It is neurotoxic, possibly due to its effect on the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway causing a reduction in the a-ketoglutarate available to the citric acid cycle. Other mechanisms are possible, but the overall effect is interference with preand post-synaptic function. Animals must therefore remove ammonia from the body. This may be direct (ammonotelic) as in fish, via uric acid (uricotelic) as in frogs, or via urea (ureotelic) as in mammals. Urea accounts for 80-90010 of nitrogen excretion in man; assuming a diet containing 100 g protein/day, this amounts to 25-35 g urea daily. Urea exceeds creatinine as a component of urinary nitrogen by a factor of up to 30. Urea synthesis from ammonia occurs only in the liver, by means of a cyclical process in which
Holding intruders accountable on the Internet (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of tracing intruders who obscure their identity by logging through a chain of multiple machines. After discussing previous approaches to this problem, we introduce thumbprints which are short summaries of the content of a connection. These can be compared to determine whether two connections contain the same text and are therefore likely to be part of the same connection chain. We enumerate the properties a thumbprint needs to have to work in practice, and then define a class of local thumbprints which have the desired properties. A methodology from multivariate statistics called principal component analysis is used to infer the best choice of thumbprinting parameters from data. Currently our thumbprints require 24 bytes per minute per connection. We develop an algorithm to compare these thumbprints which allows for the possibility that data may leak from one time-interval to the next. We present experimental data showing that our scheme works on a local area network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TotalStation and System2000 Implementation for Digital Cartographic Map (2001)

The development of electronic technology brings the advent of GPS and electronic total station which measures, stores and records automatically angles, distances and 3d coordinates Electronic totalstation is the surveying equipment and system2000 is the supporting program that enables totals tation to get 3d terrain information, construction of the database and automatic drafting of the cartographic map. In this study, we aims at studying the system which can produce automatically the digital cartographic map by using total station and system2000. For this study, cartographic maps of a region are produced by total station and system2000, and then builded digital cartographic map on the autocad2000 environment and also we analysed two digital cartographic maps. As a results of this study, it is found that digital cartographic map by total station and system2000 are much more accurate and efficient than cartographic map by electronic plan table surveying.
Capillary origami: superhydrophobic ribbon surfaces and liquid marbles (2011)

In the wetting of a solid by a liquid it is often assumed that the substrate is rigid. However, for an elastic substrate the rigidity depends on the cube of its thickness and so reduces rapidly as the substrate becomes thinner as it approaches becoming a thin sheet. In such circumstances, it has been shown that the capillary forces caused by a contacting droplet of a liquid can shape the solid rather than the solid shaping the liquid. A substrate can be bent and folded as a (pinned) droplet evaporates or even instantaneously and spontaneously wrapped on contact with a droplet. When this effect is used to create three dimensional shapes from initially flat sheets, the effect is called capillary origami or droplet wrapping.In this work, we consider how the conditions for the spontaneous, capillary induced, folding of a thin ribbon substrate might be altered by a rigid surface structure that, for a rigid substrate, would be expected to create Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel effects. For smooth thin substrates, droplet wrapping can occur for all liquids, including those for which the Young's law contact angle (defined by the interfacial tensions) is greater than 90° and which would therefore normally be considered relatively hydrophobic. However, consideration of the balance between bending and interfacial energies suggests that the tendency for droplet wrapping can be suppressed for some liquids by providing the flexible solid surface with a rigid topographic structure. In general, it is known that when a liquid interacts with such a structure it can either fully penetrate the structure (the Wenzel case) or it can bridge between the asperities of the structure (the Cassie-Baxter case).In this report, we show theoretically that droplet wrapping should occur with both types of solid-liquid contact. We also derive a condition for the transition between the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel type droplet wrapping and relate it to the same transition condition known to apply to superhydrophobic surfaces. The results are given for both droplets being wrapped by thin ribbons and for solid grains encapsulating droplets to form liquid marbles.