gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differentiation between the EGFR antibodies necitumumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab: Antibody internalization and EGFR degradation. (2011)

e13022 Background: Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with monoclonal antibodies has proven to be an effective therapy for the treatment of cancer. In addition to blocking activation, antibodies directed to the ligand-binding domain also induce EGFR degradation. A number of EGFR antibodies are approved for use in patients and/or in clinical development, including cetuximab (chimeric IgG1), necitumumab (human IgG1), and panitumumab (human IgG2). It is important to understand the similarities and differences between these antibodies to guide future drug development strategies. Methods: We used confocal live cell microscopy to measure EGFR antibody internalization and EGFR degradation. To obtain kinetic data on antibody induced receptor degradation, a HELA reporter cell line expressing EGFR fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was utilized to quantify the decrease in sum pixel intensity of EGFR-GFP over a 24-hour time course in live cells. EGFR antibody trafficking to the lysosome was also monitored with a pH-activated dye (pHrodo) conjugated to an anti-human IgG FAB antibody. The fluorescence intensity signal from pHrodo increases upon decrease in pH, allowing the use of this dye as a surrogate for delivery of EGFR to a low-pH degradative compartment. We used these novel assays to directly compare cetuximab, necitumumab, and panitumumab. Results: Necitumumab and cetuximab were internalized at a faster rate, and resulted in more rapid degradation of EGFR, compared to panitumumab. Experiments performed in reporter cells revealed a 2-3 fold increase in the rate of antibody-mediated degradation of EGFR-GFP induced by necitumumab and cetuximab as compared to panitumumab. Similar studies using three NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, NCI-H1650, and EKVX) uncovered a 1.5-2 fold increase in the rate of EGFR-antibody delivery to lysosomes with necitumumab and cetuximab, as compared to panitumumab. Conclusions: Necitumumab and cetuximab are internalized to a low-pH compartment more quickly than panitumumab in NSCLC cells. This difference correlated with a more rapid degradation of EGFR induced by necitumumab and cetuximab, compared to that induced by panitumumab.
Reference strand mediated conformation analysis resolves HLA‐DRB1 typing ambiguities when matching for unrelated bone marrow transplantation (2000)

We show here the use of reference strand mediated conformation analysis (RSCA) to unambiguously resolve the HLA-DRB1 typing of two individuals which were selected as potential unrelated donors for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In the first case, both sequence-specific primer (SSP) amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probing (SSO), routinely used in different tissue typing laboratories gave, for the two unrelated donors, the same ambiguous typing of HLA-DRB1*04011+*0403 or DRB1*0407+*0413. In this case sequence-based typing (SBT) was not the method of choice to resolve the situation, due to the sequence ambiguities of these two given combinations. RSCA of both samples, using homozygous typing cells (HTCs) for DRB1*04011, *0403 and *0407 as internal controls, gave the unambiguous result that both donors were HLA-DRB1*04011+*0403. In the second case, a donor was typed as DRB1*1102+1103 by SSP, while SSO excluded the DRB1*1102 allele. The patient was unambiguously typed as DRB1*1101+1103 by both techniques. RSCA, using DNA from reference cell lines as internal controls, gave the unambiguous typing that the donor was DRB1*1103 homozygous.
Optischen Abbildung Unter Überschreitung der Beugungsbedingten Auflösungsgrenze (1963)

Bekanntlich setzt die Beugung dem mit einem optischen System erreichbaren Auflösungsvermögen (präziser formuliert: der Bandbreite des vom System durchgelassenen Orts-Frequenzbandes) eine prinzipielle Grenze. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neues Verfahren zur optischen Abbildung mit einem über die beugungsbedingten Grenzen hinausgehenden Auflüsungsvermögen erläutert: Das optische System selbst wird unverändert benutzt. In (bzw. in der Nähe) der Objektebene wird aber eine Maske mit örtlich variabler Transmission (z.B. ein Gitter) angebracht oder dorthin abgebildet. Diese Maske muß über das Objektfeld verschiebbar sein. Eine zweite derartige Maske wird in der (Zwischen-) Bildebene angebracht. Diese Maske muß über das Bildfeld verschiebbar sein. Die beiden Masken führen zueinander optisch konjugierte Abtastbewegungen über das Objekt- bzw. Bildfeld aus. Das während der Abtastbewegung der Masken entstehende Bild wird von einem Strahlungsempfänger geeigneter Trägheit (z.B. Auge, Film, etc.) zeitlich integriert. Es entsteht ein Abbild des Objekts mit erhöhter Auflösung. (Die Bandbreite des übertragenen Orts-Frequenzbandes wird vergrößert. Das Verfahren ist bei kohärenter, beliebig partiell kohärenter und inkohärenter Objekt-Beleuchtung wirksam. Seine Wirkungsweise und Abbildungs-eigenschaften werden beschrieben.
Optical Quantum Computing (2007)

In 2001, all-optical quantum computing became feasible with the discovery that scalable quantum computing is possible using only single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors. Although it was in principle scalable, the massive resource overhead made the scheme practically daunting. However, several simplifications were followed by proof-of-principle demonstrations, and recent approaches based on cluster states or error encoding have dramatically reduced this worrying resource overhead, making an all-optical architecture a serious contender for the ultimate goal of a large-scale quantum computer. Key challenges will be the realization of high-efficiency sources of indistinguishable single photons, low-loss, scalable optical circuits, high-efficiency single-photon detectors, and low-loss interfacing of these components.
Geometric source separation: merging convolutive source separation with geometric beamforming (2002)

Convolutive blind source separation and adaptive beamforming have a similar goal-extracting a source of interest (or multiple sources) while reducing undesired interferences. A benefit of source separation is that it overcomes the conventional cross-talk or leakage problem of adaptive beamforming. Beamforming on the other hand exploits geometric information which is often readily available but not utilized in blind algorithms. We propose to join these benefits by combining cross-power minimization of second-order source separation with geometric linear constraints used in adaptive beamforming. We find that the geometric constraints resolve some of the ambiguities inherent in the independence criterion such as frequency permutations and degrees of freedom provided by additional sensors. We demonstrate the new method in performance comparisons for actual room recordings of two and three simultaneous acoustic sources.
Human somatic gene therapy: progress and problems (1995)

Abstract. Whilst the potential of gene therapy is considerable, current applications have been restricted by the limitations of available vectors. As yet, no vector is able to produce the desired safe, targeted and efficient transfer of genetic material with regulation of the new gene in the targeted cell. Notwithstanding these limitations, more than 65 clinical gene transfer protocols have been approved in the US. The majority of these are open to patients with malignant disease, in whom the risk: benefit ratio is most appropriate. Current progress and problems in gene transfer are illustrated by reference to gene transfer into haemopoietic stem cells (HSC), an area that has attracted particular attention, both because of the logistic advantages of these cells and because of the wide range of pathologies that may be corrected in the HSC itself or in its progeny. Because of the low efficiency of transfer into HSC, initial studies have involved transfer of marker genes to determine the origin of relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation and to learn more about the conditions that enhance gene transfer and expression in haemopoietic tissue. Information gained from these studies is already guiding the practice of autologous and allogeneic marrow transplantation and has contributed to the development of gene therapy protocols for the treatment of malignant disease, immune deficiency syndromes and lysosomal storage disorders. Over the next decade, as the technology of gene transfer advances, many further clinical applications of the approach will become evident.
How does mobile computing develop transactive memory in virtual team? A social identification view (2016)

The advancement in mobile computing technologies has shown great potential to drive efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge work in virtual teams. Despite their ubiquity, theoretical and empirical research investigating the impact of mobile computing artifacts on development of transactive memory in virtual teams is in its infancy. Drawing on the social identity view, we propose a research model to understand how the use of mobile computing artifacts is associated with the development of transactive memory system (TMS) in virtual teams. Specially, the use of four categories of mobile computing artifacts (i.e., ubiquitous co-presence, status disclosure, context search, and customized notification) is proposed to enhance social identification, which thereafter promotes TMS development in terms of specialization, credibility, and coordination. This study offers a new perspective on the mechanisms through which mobile computing artifacts facilitate TMS development, and it yields important implications for the design of mobile strategy in organizations.
Estimation of Quantitative Trait Locus Allele Frequency via a Modified Granddaughter Design (2002)

A method is described on the basis of a modification of the granddaughter design to obtain estimates of quantitative trait loci (QTL) allele frequencies in dairy cattle populations and to determine QTL genotypes for both homozygous and heterozygous grandsires. The method is based on determining the QTL allele passed from grandsires to their maternal granddaughters using haplotypes consisting of several closely linked genetic markers. This method was applied to simulated data of 10 grandsire families, each with 500 granddaughters, and a QTL with a substitution effect of 0.4 phenotypic standard deviations and to actual data for a previously analyzed QTL in the center of chromosome 6, with substitution effect of 1 phenotypic standard deviation on protein percentage. In the simulated data the standard error for the estimated QTL substitution effect with four closely linked multiallelic markers was only 7% greater than the expected standard error with completely correct identification of QTL allele origin. The method estimated the population QTL allelic frequency as 0.64 +/- 0.07, compared to the simulated value of 0.7. In the actual data, the frequency of the allele that increases protein percentage was estimated as 0.63 +/- 0.06. In both data sets the hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at P < 0.05.
Photofunctional Materials Fabricated with Chalcopyrite-Type Semiconductor Nanoparticles Composed of AgInS<sub>2</sub> and Its Solid Solutions (2013)

Over the past decade, many researchers have made efforts to develop high-quality I-III-VI2 group chalcopyrite-type semiconductor nanoparticles of Cu-based or Ag-based materials, such as CuInS2, Cu(InGa)Se2, and AgInS2, due to their low toxicity, wide range of absorption from UV to visible or near-infrared regions, and tunable energy gap depending on the chemical composition. Ag-based chalcopyrite-type nanoparticles have attracted much attention because they have physicochemical properties that can be controlled in a manner similar to that for Cu-based nanoparticles but can be synthesized easily under milder reaction conditions than those of Cu-based ones. In this Perspective, we review recent works relating to the preparation of low-toxic nanoparticles of Ag-based chalcopyrite-type semiconductors and their solid solutions, and then we introduce their application as photofunctional materials. Tunability of optical properties has considerably contributed to recent advances in photofunctional applications of chalcopyrite-type semiconductor nanoparticles to sensors, photocatalysts, and solar cells.
Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a novel liposome-based formulation of SN-38 against human tumor models in SCID mice (2004)

SN-38 is an active metabolite of CPT-11. The poor solubility of SN-38 in any pharmaceutically acceptable solvent and pH-dependent activity has limited its clinical use. Our objective was to evaluate an easy-to-use liposome-based formulation of SN-38 (LE-SN38) and compare the antitumor activity with its pro-drug CPT-11 against cancer cell lines and human xenograft tumor models. The cytotoxicity of LE-SN38 and CPT-11 was determined in four human cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine B assay. The therapeutic efficacy was tested against human colon (HT-29) and breast (MX-1) xenograft tumor models in SCID mice. LE-SN38 with greater than 95% drug entrapment was found to be highly cytotoxic against four different cell lines with GI50 values of less than 0.1 microM. In the HT-29 tumor model, LE-SN38 (q x d5) at 2, 4 or 8 mg/kg resulted in 33, 81 and 91% tumor growth inhibition, respectively, compared to the drug-free liposome group. In contrast, similar dose levels of CPT-11 treatment led to only 2, 36 and 46% growth inhibition. For the MX-1 model, LE-SN38 (q x d5) regressed tumor growth by 44 and 88% at 4 and 8 mg/kg dose, respectively, whereas no regression was observed in the CPT-11-treated group. We conclude that LE-SN38 is a novel liposome-based formulation with enhanced therapeutic efficacy against human tumor models.
The performance evaluation of thresholding algorithms for optical character recognition (2002)

The paper presents performance evaluation of thresholding algorithms in the context of document analysis and character recognition systems. Several thresholding algorithms are comparatively evaluated on the basis of the original bitmaps of characters. Different distance measures such as Hausdorff, Jaccard, and Yule are used to measure the similarity between thresholded bitmaps and original bitmaps of characters.
Novel mechanism of transcriptional activation of hepatic LDL receptor by oncostatin M (1997)

In this paper we describe a sterol-independent regulation of low density, lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) transcription by the cytokine oncostatin M (OM) in HepG2 cells. We show that OM-induced expression is independent of cholesterol regulation and occurs at the transcriptional level. To elucidate regulatory mechanism(s), we constructed a luciferase reporter system comprising either the native LDLR promoter including repeats 1, 2, and 3, or a synthetic promoter vector containing repeats 2+3 only, allowing us to directly examine OM effects on individual elements. Specific mutants in repeats 1, 2, and 3 were made to facilitate the mapping of the OM effect on the promoter. Wildtype and mutant constructs were assayed for cholesterol and OM regulation. The results show that mutation within the core SRE-1 element of repeat 2 totally abolished cholesterol regulation but had no effect on OM inducibility. More interesting, a mutation within repeat 1 reduced basal transcription activity to 10% of the native promoter, but OM induction was unaltered. However, the identical mutation engineered in repeat 3 significantly decreased OM induction of LDLR promoter activity. These results suggest a novel regulatory role for the repeat 3 element in LDLR transcription.
Cancer of unknown primary site (1989)

The incidence and mortality rates of CUP are declining in Australia. CUP was the twelfth most common cancer and fifth most common cause of cancer death in 2011. Smoking is the only identified risk factor. Incidence patterns implicate reduced access to healthcare and many registered cases have only a clinical diagnosis. Favourable prognosis subtypes with specific clinical and histopathological criteria must be recognised and treated on the basis of the presumed primary site. Emerging data reveal high rates of emergency department admission, hospitalisations and psychological distress, and low rates of specialist consultations for patients with CUP. General practitioners (GPs) have a key role in earlier identification, integrated care and preventing patients with CUP from falling through the cracks.
Modeling and Optimization of a Microscale Capacitive Humidity Sensor for HVAC Applications (2008)

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study of the performance of a capacitive humidity sensor for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications. The proposed sensor comprises a sensing layer sandwiched between an array of top and bottom electrodes. A combination of both parallel plate and interdigitated electrode arrangements is considered to achieve their distinctive advantages. Polyimide is used as the humidity sensing material due to good sensing characteristics and aluminum is used as the electrode material because of the ease of fabrication. A layer of polyimide covers the top electrodes to provide protection from atmospheric contamination thus improving durability. The influence of relative humidity on the dielectric constant of the sensing layer is determined theoretically using the models of Looyenga and Shibata The model is validated by comparing model predictions with experimentally measured data for a previously reported capacitive humidity sensor. The model is then used to simulate and predict the performance of the proposed humidity sensor. The effects of design configuration, sensing layer thickness, electrode polarity, electrode width and thickness, and electrode gap are studied. The influence of operating conditions including relative humidity, temperature and voltage is investigated. Based on the simulation results, the optimum design configuration is identified.
뉴 미디어 아트에서의 매개된 몰입에 관한 연구 (2013)

뉴 미디어 아트에서 나타나는 수용자의 온몸 몰입은 작품에 수반되는 기술장치에 의해 수시로 매개되는 몰입이라는 점에서, 그리고 이를 통해 수용자가 가상공간의 내부로 진입하여 이미지 표면에 접촉하는 정신분산적 지각뿐만 아니라 그 이미지를 직접 조작, 제어하는 정신집중을 동시에 동반한다는 점에서, 전통예술에서의 관조적 정신집중이나 영화를 위시한 동영상에서의 정신분산적 지각작용과 다르다. 온몸 몰입은 인터페이스의 시공간적 아레나에서 촉발되는 것으로, 이때 수용자는 기술장치와 융합되어 장치-작동자 복합체의 몰입자로 존재할 뿐만 아니라, 가상현실의 접점을 교차하는 내부 관찰자로도 위치한다. 그리고 가상과 현실의 맥락적 차이를 관찰하는 일련의 내부 관찰들을 통해 궁극적으로는 가상현실의 세계가 구성된다.
Isolation and characterization of native Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Syrian soil and testing of their insecticidal activities against some insect pests (2011)

Bacillus thuringiensis was detected in 12.5% of soil samples collected from different regions in Syria and 25 B. thuringiensis isolates were found to be highly toxic to larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, and Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera), but not to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera). Light microscopy investigation showed the presence of bipyramidal and cuboidal parasporal bodies produced by these isolates. The existence of different cry genes in the tested isolates was studied using a PCR strategy with a set of general primers recognizing some of the cry genes reported in the relevant literature. Primers corresponding to 2 types of cry genes (cry1 and cry2) successfully amplified DNA in all of the tested isolates. Moreover, the proteins encoded by these genes were detected in the SDS-PAGE of the purified parasporal bodies. The 50% lethal concentration of the spore-crystal mixture of the 25 isolates against E. kuehniella larvae varied from 8.4 to 97.6 µg g^{-1}. A comparison of the LC_{50} values of the tested isolates with those of the reference strains B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 and HD-73 (20.8 and 46 µg g^{-1}, respectively) showed that some of these isolates have a higher toxicity potential. Moreover, flagellar serotyping revealed that 4 isolates, which were among the most toxic, belonged to serotype kurstaki. This study constitutes the first isolation and characterization of local B. thuringiensis isolates in Syria. Some of these isolates exhibit toxic potential and, therefore, could be adopted for future applications to control some important insect pests.
The Adjuvant Effect of Lucanthone (Miracil D) in Clinical Radiation Therapy (1975)

Clinical trials were undertaken to determine whether lucanthone (miracil D) affects radiation-induced regression in measurable pulmonary metastases and advanced squamous-cell oral and pharyngeal tumors. The time required for 50% tumor regression was decreased by approximately 50% in those patients who received lucanthone in addition to irradiation. These results indicate that lucanthone has a definite adjuvant effect when used together with irradiation.
Fourier-transform design and electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced deposition of lossy graded-index optical coatings (1996)

A Fourier-transform synthesis technique is applied to the design of inhomogeneous refractive-index optical thin films with dispersion of refractive index and absorption taken into account. Using measured properties of SiO(x) N(y), we have designed a broadband reflector and two three-line filters with high reflectance. One of the three-line filters was manufactured by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition from a mixture of SiH(4), N(2), O(2), and Ar. Good agreement between design and measured performance proves the feasibility of applying the Fourier-transform technique to the design of reflection filters even in the case of highly dispersive, absorbing material, if its optical properties are well characterized.
A 4.5ns 256K CMOS SRAM with tri-level word line (1985)

A report on a CMOS SRAM with a peak current of 45mA obtained through the use of an address transition activated circuit combined with a tri-level word-line circuit will be presented.
Preparation of activated carbon from peat (2008)

Peat with an approximate 60% carbon content collected in the suburbs of Palangka Raya, Indonesia, was carbonized, followed by activation with steam in an electric furnace. The resultant activated carbon (AC) had ca. 900 m2/g of BET surface area and 1000 mg/g of iodine adsorption. This performance implies that this AC can be used as an adsorbent for environmental purification. We had a carbonizing furnace manufactured in Palangka Raya, which did not require electric power. Some AC having 350 mg/g of iodine adsorption was obtained by using this furnace. Although the adsorption ability was much lower than that of commercially available AC, the AC achieved significant decoloration and decrease in chemical oxygen demand of polluted river water. Thus, this article demonstrated the potential of tropical peat soil as a source of AC.