gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Search-based wordlength optimization for VLSI/DSP synthesis (2002)

VLSI implementations of DSP computations must be efficient, and also guarantee numerical correctness. This can be achieved through wordlength optimization which trades precision for VLSI measures such as area, speed and power. We present a general search-based methodology for wordlength optimization in VLSI/DSP synthesis. Our methodology is based on statistical precision analysis and incorporation of VLSI measures into an objective function through wordlength parameterization. We use an abstract VLSI model simplified by partitioning the system into basic components and express VLSI measures as functions of wordlengths. This allows us to formulate an optimization problem for VLSI synthesis under finite precision constraints, or to evaluate VLSI costs/performance after the optimization. We show how a general search-based wordlength optimization can produce optimal or near-optimal solutions for different objective-constraint formulations of various applications.
In Vitro and in Vivo Studies on Acyl-Coenzyme A-Dependent Bioactivation of Zomepirac in Rats (2005)

Zomepirac [ZP, 5-(chlorobenzoyl)-1,4-dimethylpyrrole-2-acetic acid] was withdrawn from the market because of unpredictable allergic reactions that may have been caused by ZP-protein adducts formed by reaction of the reactive acyl glucuronide of ZP (ZP-O-G) with endogenous proteins. To test the hypothesis that the reactive ZP acyl coenzyme A thioester (ZP-CoA) was formed and potentially could contribute to formation of ZP-protein adducts, we investigated the acyl CoA-dependent metabolism of ZP in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes (1 mM) and in vivo (100 mg ZP/kg, ip) in rat livers (2 h after dose administration), rat bile (0-4 h), and rat urine (0-24 h). ZP-CoA was detected in freshly isolated hepatocytes and in vivo in rat livers by LC/MS/MS. In addition, the ZP glycine conjugate (ZP-Gly) and ZP taurine conjugates (ZP-Tau) were identified by LC/MS/MS in rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat livers, rat urine, and rat bile. The identities of ZP-CoA, ZP-Gly, and ZP-Tau were confirmed by comparison of retention times and MS/MS spectra with those of authentic standards. Moreover, the ZP acyl carnitine ester was detected in rat urine and rat bile based upon (i) the chlorine isotope pattern, (ii) MS/MS spectra showing significant ions characteristic for carnitine (m/z 60, 144 and loss of m/z 59) and ZP (m/z 139), and (iii) accurate mass measurements with a mass accuracy of 0.2 ppm. ZP-CoA serves as an obligatory intermediate in the formation of ZP-Gly, ZP-Tau, and ZP carnitine ester, and it is therefore of mechanistic significance that these conjugates were identified. Finally, time-dependent concentration profiles obtained in experiments with rat hepatocytes and in vivo from quantitative analysis of rat livers indicate that ZP-CoA, in addition to ZP-O-G, may contribute to formation of the potentially toxic covalent ZP-protein adducts.
Synthesis and hydrolysis of β‐cyanoethyl ether of poly(vinyl alcohol) (1999)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was cyanoethylated by reaction with acrylonitrile in the presence of sodium hydroxide and quaternary ammonium halide. Quaternary ammonium halide, acting as a phase transfer catalyst, increases the degree of substitution (DS) of PVA. The DS also increased with increasing acrylonitrile concentration. Cyanoethylation of PVA up to 98% can be achieved under optimum conditions. The hydrolysis of β-cyanoethyl ether of PVA (CN–PVA) was studied. The rate of hydrolysis was affected by the sodium hydroxide concentration and the reaction temperature. The rheological properties of aqueous solution of hydrolysis product of CN–PVA were determined at different temperatures, and the flow activation energy was calculated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2771–2777, 1999
A short introduction to the Radon and Hough transforms and how they relate to each other (2004)

Extraction of primitives, such as lines, edges and curves, is often a key step in an image analysis procedure. The most popular technique for curve detection is based on the Hough transform. The original formulation of the Hough transform is inherently discrete. It is therefore difficult to assess which properties are inherent to the transform-based technique and which are due to its discrete nature. As other authors have pointed out before, the Hough transform is closely related to the Radon transform, in fact equivalent, if one is not too pedantic about the original formulations of the two transforms. With this report we hope to once again stress this relationship. The Radon transform formalism has two advantages over the Hough formalism. It has a well-founded mathematical basis and, in our opinion, is more intuitive as well.
NITPICK: peak identification for mass spectrometry data (2008)

Extensive comparative evaluation has been carried out and results are provided for simulated and real-world data sets. NITPICK outperforms pepex, to date the only alternate, publicly available, non-greedy feature extraction routine. NITPICK is available as software package for the R programming language and can be downloaded from (http://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/mip/proteomics/).
Scaling Blockchain Applications with Pub/Sub (2019)

The world of distributed ledger technology(DLT) has been getting signicant attention. Many new applications want to utilize the trustless model and the high consistency guarantees this technology grants. This thesis aims to identify the needs of various business use cases and explores how DLT technology can be adapted to suit these applications. We recognize existing initiatives to adopt certain DLTs with some applications, however, there still exists gaps between these initiatives and production grade solutions. We provide a list of applications that can utilize the features of DLT technology and propose an encompassing structure to facilitate the needs of these applications. Specically, we focus on a DLT-based publish and subscribe system for a subset of the interested applications. We provide the design and rationale behind the technology selection and analyze the relationship between DLT technology and Pub/Sub.
Inhibition of radiation-induced transformation of C3H/10T½ cells by chymotrypsin inhibitor 1 from potatoes (1987)

In this report, we have investigated whether a protease inhibitor obtained from potatoes (chymotrypsin inhibitor 1; CI-1) will inhibit carcinogen-induced transformation of C3H/10T½ cells. CI-1 was as effective as the soybean-derived Bowman Birk inhibitor at suppressing radiation-induced transformation of C3H/10T½ cells, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The inhibitor was not toxic to the cells at concentrations of 0.1 –10 μg7sol;ml, the concentrations of CI-1 employed in the transformation experiments. To investigate the interaction of this inhibitor with the target cells, binding studies were carried out. 125 I-labelled CI-1 could not be displaced from C3H7sol;10T½ cells by co-incubation of the cells with a 5000-fold excess of unlabelled inhibitor. These results suggest that this inhibitor does not reversibly bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of these cells.
Technical Difficulties with the Brooker–Wills Nail in Acute Fractures of the Femur (1990)

In this series of 41 cases of acute fractures of the femur treated with the Brooker-Wills nail, 20 technical problems with insertion or removal of the nail occurred in 19 of the total. Final outcomes were determined in 33 cases followed for 1 year or more. Technical difficulties had a deleterious effect on the outcome in three of these 33 cases. Mechanical failure seems to be a significant problem with the Brooker-Wills system in this and other series. We found that bending of the proximal nail during the insertion, breaking of the tip of the distal fixator inserter, and detachment of the blades from the fixator shaft had occurred. Although satisfactory results were obtained in this series, comparable to other "start-up" series, it is our opinion that the advantages of the Brooker-Wills nail over other interlocking nails are outweighed by the disadvantages of difficult insertion and removal.
The location of innovation: universities and technological infrastructure in Spain (2002)

During the last decade, in Spain, there has been important growth and
territorial expansion of universities and technological centres in support of the
innovative activity in firms. This paper is divided into two parts. Firstly, through a
review of the theoretical and empirical studies the main connections between geography
and innovation are presented. Secondly, in the framework of a Griliches-Jaffe
knowledge production function the relation, at a geographical level, of university
research, technological infrastructure and human capital to innovations in Spain is
explored.
Scheduling algorithms for HS-DSCH in a WCDMA mixed traffic scenario (2004)

Several scheduling algorithms are evaluated for the HS-DSCH channel in a WCDMA mixed traffic scenario. The traffic consists of FTP and Web surfing users. The maximum channel quality indicator (CQI) scheme serves users with the highest channel quality. The proportional fairness (PF) scheme tends to be fairer by prioritising users with higher channel quality (lower throughput). The weighted-queue-PF prioritises users with higher channel quality, lower throughput and those with longer queued-time. The results depict that the maximum system throughput is achieved by max CQI scheduling, which is pinch channel dependent. The max CQI scheme is also relatively fair to the FTP users. In case of Web surfing users, the proportionally fair scheduling is as good as the other schemes for the 10% worst users.
Fragile X syndrome unstable element, p(CCG)n, and other simple tandem repeat sequences are binding sites for specific nuclear proteins (1993)

The trinucleotide repeat sequences which become unstable in fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy are located in the untranslated regions of their respective genes, FMR1 and DM1. This implies that a functional constraint other than coding capacity maintains the presence of the repeats. In the case of fragile X syndrome, sequences adjacent to the repeat are methylated in affected individuals and the FMR1 gene is transcriptionally inactive. We demonstrate that the fragile X p(CCG)n repeat itself is methylated in vivo and that methylation of this repeat is able to inhibit in vitro binding of a novel, specific nuclear p(CCG)n binding protein (CCG-BP1)--one of at least 10 distinct simple tandem repeat sequence binding proteins (STR-BPs). We describe additional, apparently distinct, binding activities both for the methylated form of the p(CCG)n repeat and for each of the single strands of the repeat.
Produced water treatment technologies (2012)

Produced water is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds and the largest volume of by-product generated during oil and gas recovery operations. The potential of oilfield produced water to be a source of fresh water for water-stressed oil-producing countries and the increasing environmental concerns in addition to stringent legislations on produced water discharge into the environment have made produced water management a significant part of the oil and gas business. This article reviews current technologies for the management of produced water, examines how electrochemical techniques may be used in these areas and compares the prospects for future development. It suggests that treatment technologies based on electrochemistry could be the future of produced water management, since produced water is a potential electrolyte because it has a relatively good conductivity. It also explains that by applying photoelectrochemistry, water electrolysis, fuel cell and electrodeposition, electrochemical engineering could achieve energy storage, production of clean water and recovery of valuable metals from produced water with minimal or no negative impact on the environment.
Human Head Tolerance to Sagittal Impact Reliable Estimation Deduced from Experimental Head Injury Using Subhuman Primates and Human Cadaver Skulls (1980)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">To investigate the human head impact tolerance in terms of changes in vital functions, a series of head impact experiments was performed using live monkeys, which are morphologically analogous to humans. To find a causal relationship between the impact and changes in vital functions, three kinds of experimental conditions were used: translational acceleration impact and rotational acceleration impact (both using a head restraint mask with broad contact area), and impact of the unrestrained head against a padded flat surface.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The results indicated that the concussion, cerebral contusion and skull fracture in the monkeys depended on: i) the translational and rotational acceleration impact; ii) the contact area of the impact; iii) the amplitude and duration of the imposed head acceleration*; iv) the direction of the impact region (whether frontal or occipital). It was also determined that, of these three patterns of injury, the threshold for the occurrence of concussion is a tolerance threshold (i.e., it indicates transitory and reversible effects). A curve was drawn up for the threshold of concussion occurrence (TCO) in monkeys. Further, the fracture threshold curve for human cadaver skulls was obtained experimentally.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Dimensional analysis and the similarity principle were then used to extrapolate the human threshold for the occurrence of concussion from that obtained experimentally for monkeys, and thus to derive the human head impact tolerance curve. At the same time a comparison was made between the human cadaver skull fracture threshold curve and the monkey skull fractures to confirm the reliability of the estimation of the human head impact tolerance.</div>
Improved Fluorescence Rejection in Measurements of Raman Spectra of Fluorescent Compounds (1988)

Practical ways to achieve fluorescence rejection were developed by using the technique of Raman difference spectroscopy and a gated diode-array detector. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, we had to circumvent the problem presented by the fact that the sensitivities of each element of the diode-array detector are not always uniform and linear—a problem which results in an apparent noise in the observed spectra. Therefore, in this study we tried to separately observe a Raman-plus-fluorescence spectrum ( S T ) and a pure fluorescence spectrum ( S F ), with a high S/N ratio, and to obtain a Raman spectrum ( S R ) as their difference. With a cw Ar + laser, S T and S F were excited at different wavelengths but recorded in the same wavelength region. This procedure was easy and quite successful for compounds, such as methyl orange and methylene blue, that have a Raman-to-fluorescence intensity ratio ( I R / I F ) of greater than 0.01. With a mode-locked and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, S T and S F were obtained from different timings of the detector gate (6 ns), i.e., −6 to 0 ns for S T and 3 to 9 ns for S F . The temporal discrimination between Raman and fluorescence photons combined with the Raman difference technique significantly improved the 532-nm excited Raman spectrum of the tetraphenylporphyrin solution. This method is applicable to compounds with an I K / I F of smaller than 0.01. The time-correlated single photon counting method with a time-to-amplitude converter was improved, to enable it to work with a high repetition rate, and was applied to a Rhodamine 6G solution, which was also examined by the gated Raman difference technique. Advantages and problems associated with each technique and appropriate methods for a given sample will be discussed.
Biomimetic-inspired CFRP to perforated steel joints (2016)

In many high-performance applications there is a need to join steel to CFRP parts. However the stiffness mismatch between these materials leads to high stress concentrations in such joints. This paper uses the biomimetics approach to help develop solutions to this problem. Nature has found many ingenious ways of joining dissimilar materials, with a transitional zone of stiffness at the insertion site commonly used. In engineering joints, one way to reduce the material stiffness mismatch is to gradually decrease the effective stiffness of the steel part of the joint by perforating it with holes. This paper investigates joining of flat perforated steel plates to a CFRP part by a co-infusion resin transfer moulding process. The possible effect of mechanical interlocking as resin fills the perforations is assessed by filling the holes with PTFE prior to moulding to prevent such resin ingress. The joints are tested under static tensile loading. The perforated steel joints show a 175% increase of joint strength comparing to non-perforated joints. Finite element analyses are used to interpret the experimental results. It has been found that the model is able to reproduce with accuracy the experimental load–displacement test curves and show the failure mechanisms of the joint.
Mass conversion pathway during anaerobic digestion of wheat straw (2020)

A material flow analysis (MFA) method was employed to investigate elemental flow direction during the anaerobic digestion (AD) of wheat straw (WS) pretreated with potassium hydroxide. A lab-scale batch AD experiment conducted at 35 ± 1 °C was investigated to realize carbon conversion in biogas, liquid and solid digestates. The results showed that the highest growth rate of carbon conversion in biogas was observed from the fourth day to the twenty-fourth day, which accounted for 70.64%. The cumulative biogas production of WS was 531 mL g<sup>-1</sup> VS, along with a high volatile solids degradation rate (55.0%). The MFA results indicated that the flow mass fractions of carbon in biogas, liquid and solid digestates were 49.96%, 5.61% and 44.43%, respectively. The flow mass fraction of nitrogen in liquid and solid digestates was 45.65% and 54.35%, respectively. This study can provide a theoretical basis for elemental flow in each product from biogas projects.
Effective embedding of liposomes into polyelectrolyte multilayered films: the relative importance of lipid-polyelectrolyte and interpolyelectrolyte interactions (2009)

The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of polyelectrolytes has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy for engineering (bio)surfaces with active compounds. One possibility to engineer such films is to dope them with nanoparticles or with intact vesicles as carriers filled with the compounds of interest. In our previous studies we demonstrated that intact vesicles stabilized by poly-L-lysine (PLL) coating can be embedded in polyelectrolyte multilayer films made from the combination of either poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) or from the combination of hyaluronic acid (HA) and PLL. These findings were empirical and not correlated to the interaction mode between PLL decorated vesicles (PLL-Lip) with the multilayer film. In order to produce robust and stable multi-layered nanocoatings containing intact vesicles, one has to understand how PLL-coated vesicles are integrated in the LbL architecture. To that aim, vesicle adsorption on three kinds of films, namely (PAH/PSS)12, where PSS stands for poly-(4-styrenesulfonate), (PAH/PGA)12, and (PLL/HA)12 was studied. PLL-Lip adsorption strongly depends on the interactions between PLL with both the vesicles and the polyanions used to form polyelectrolyte multilayers as was shown by direct evidence with confocal and atomic force microscopy as well as by the investigation of the interaction between PLL-Lip with the three polyanions in solution, namely HA, PGA and PSS. The latest was investigated by means of isothermal titration microcalorimetry. As a result, PSS in solution is able to desorb PLL from PLL coated liposomes, and on the other hand, PGA and HA can adsorb on PLL-stabilized vesicles without desorbing or inducing only partial desorption of the pre-adsorbed PLL. As a consequence, the (PLL/HA)12 film was found to be the best system among the three investigated combinations of polycations/polyanions for vesicle entrapment. The amount of entrapped vesicles is then proportional to the number of vesicle deposition steps and is increased for liposomes with higher charge. The release of a dye encapsulated in the entrapped vesicles could be induced by temperature changes which shows that for the HA-PLL combination of polyelectrolytes, the embedded vesicles retain their integrity below the main phase transition temperature. The temperature increase leads to fast leakage of liposome cargo while the film structure is not changed (up to 45 °C) suggesting that the lipidic bilayer is destabilized by ionic contacts with a polyelectrolyte network of the film. The latest is supported by the fact that within increase of vesicle negative charge, the stability of film-embedded vesicles is decreased whereas stability of these vesicles in solution is increased.
Characteristics and potential applications of nonlinear left‐handed transmission lines (2004)

Abstract The characteristics of nonlinear left‐handed (NL‐LH) transmission lines (TLs) are discussed for the first time. A LH‐TL with varactor‐diode series capacitance is analyzed in terms of dispersion and nonlinearity characteristics, and its voltage‐wave partial differential equation is derived. Numerical responses of the NL‐LH‐TL to harmonic and pulse waves illustrate the conjoint effects of frequency dispersion and nonlinearity. Potential applications are suggested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 471–473, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20007
Close Encounters in a Pediatric Ward: Measuring Face-to-Face Proximity and Mixing Patterns with Wearable Sensors (2011)

Our study shows the feasibility of accurate and reproducible measures of the pattern of contacts in a hospital setting. The obtained results are particularly useful for the study of the spread of respiratory infections, for monitoring critical patterns, and for setting up tailored prevention strategies. Proximity-sensing technology should be considered as a valuable tool for measuring such patterns and evaluating nosocomial prevention strategies in specific settings.
Chronic Dose-Response Curve of Enalapril in Essential Hypertensives (1989)

We have previously shown that enalapril, when given acutely to renovascular patients, exerted a dose-dependent hypotensive effect. To address the same problem in chronically treated essential hypertensives, we studied 116 uncomplicated essential hypertensives, whose diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg at the end of a two-week placebo run-in period (time 0). According to a randomized crossover design, these patients received three doses (10, 20, or 40 mg) of enalapril qd and a placebo, each treatment being given for one month. At the end of each treatment period as well as at time 0, blood pressure and heart rate were measured 24 hours after the last dosing. In spite of a two-week run-in placebo period, placebo treatment further and significantly reduced blood pressure; however enalapril further and significantly reduced blood pressure when compared to placebo. Although absolute blood pressure values after 40 mg of enalapril were significantly lower than those after 10 mg of enalapril the relevance of this difference, mainly when compared to placebo, seems to be inconsistent. Taken together these data suggest that the hypotensive effect of enalapril chronically given to essential hypertensives and measured 24 hours after last dosing, is dose independent.