gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of capsid protein in trans enhances production of single-round infectious particles by West Nile virus DNA vaccine candidate (2014)

West Nile virus (WNV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is an emerging pathogenic arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis around the world. Whilst no vaccines are currently available to prevent WNV infection of humans, the use of cDNA copies of flavivirus RNA genomes with large internal deletions within the capsid (C) appears promising. C-deleted vaccines are able to replicate and secrete large amounts of non-infectious immunogenic subviral particles (SVPs) from transfected cells. We have previously generated a WNV DNA vaccine candidate pKUNdC/C where C-deleted WNV cDNA was placed under the control of one copy of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and the C gene was placed under the control of a second copy of the CMV promoter in the same plasmid DNA. This DNA was shown to generate single-round infectious particles (SRIPs) capable of delivering self-replicating C-deleted RNA producing SVPs to surrounding cells, thus enhancing the vaccine potential. However, the amounts of both SRIPs and SVPs produced from pKUNdC/C DNA were relatively low. In this investigation, we aimed at increasing SRIP production by optimizing trans-C expression via incorporating different forms of C and the use of a more powerful promoter. The construct containing an elongation factor EF1α promoter encoding an extended form of C was demonstrated to produce the highest titres of SRIPs and was immunogenic in mice. Additionally, SRIP and SVP titres were further improved via incorporation of a glycosylation motif in the envelope protein. The optimized DNA yielded ~100-fold greater titres of SRIPs than the original construct, thus providing a promising candidate for further vaccine evaluation.
Perovskite Quantum Dot-Reduced Graphene Oxide Superstructure for Efficient Photodetection (2020)

High-performance photodetectors require efficient photogeneration and charge transport. Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have received enormous interest for applications in optoelectronics due to their high photogeneration efficiency. However, they offer meager carrier transport. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) exhibits inferior photoresponse compared to materials such as quantum dots. An effective synthesis protocol to grow PQDs from the RGO lattice may facilitate direct charge transfers from PQDs to RGO, which could not be accomplished by mixing individual PQDs with RGO or making a bilayer. At ambient condition, the photodetector fabricated with the PQD-RGO superstructure showed high responsivity of 1.07 × 10<sup>3</sup> A/W, detectivity of 1 × 10<sup>13</sup> Jones as well as sharp switching in the visible wavelength. After 3 months in an unencapsulated sample, the photocurrent was decreased ∼10% of its initial value while preserving speed and cycle stability at ambient condition.
STAGE ACOUSTICS IN CONCERT HALLS - EARLY INVESTIGATIONS (2006)

In concert halls the preferred conditions for the audience are now quite well understood. However the optimum conditions for the musicians are less clear. There are several reasons for this. The focus has been more on the audience because this is actually where the music is to be appreciated. But for the audience to hear great music, the stage conditions for the musicians are highly relevant since this is the origin of the sound/music. The musician interacts with what he/she hears quite differently from a (passive) listener. The musicians’ focus is not just on enjoying the music, but producing it. What the musicians hear is crucial, affecting their ability to interact confidently in the mutual process of music making (Ueno et al
Analysis of collaborative writing processes using revision maps and probabilistic topic models (2013)

The use of cloud computing writing tools, such as Google Docs, by students to write collaboratively provides unprecedented data about the progress of writing. This data can be exploited to gain insights on how learners' collaborative activities, ideas and concepts are developed during the process of writing. Ultimately, it can also be used to provide support to improve the quality of the written documents and the writing skills of learners involved. In this paper, we propose three visualisation approaches and their underlying techniques for analysing writing processes used in a document written by a group of authors: (1) the revision map, which summarises the text edits made at the paragraph level, over the time of writing. (2) the topic evolution chart, which uses probabilistic topic models, especially Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and its extension, DiffLDA, to extract topics and follow their evolution during the writing process. (3) the topic-based collaboration network, which allows a deeper analysis of topics in relation to author contribution and collaboration, using our novel algorithm DiffATM in conjunction with a DiffLDA-related technique. These models are evaluated to examine whether these automatically discovered topics accurately describe the evolution of writing processes. We illustrate how these visualisations are used with real documents written by groups of graduate students.
Conceptualization of Heterogeneity of Chronic Diseases and Atherosclerosis as a Pathway to Precision Medicine: Endophenotype, Endotype, and Residual Cardiovascular Risk (2020)

The article discusses modern approaches to the conceptualization of pathogenetic heterogeneity in various branches of medical science. The concepts of endophenotype, endotype, and residual cardiovascular risk and the scope of their application in internal medicine and cardiology are considered. Based on the latest results of studies of the genetic architecture of atherosclerosis, five endotypes of atherosclerosis have been proposed. Each of the presented endotypes represents one or another pathophysiological mechanism of atherogenesis, having an established genetic substrate, a characteristic panel of biomarkers, and a number of clinical features. Clinical implications and perspectives for the study of endotypes of atherosclerosis are briefly reviewed.
DMMS: A Decentralized Blockchain Ledger for the Management of Medication Histories (2018)

This study shows that a distributed secure ledger can enable reliable, interoperable, and accurate medication history sharing.
Vps4 and the ESCRT-III complex are required for the release of infectious hepatitis C virus particles (2009)

The mechanisms by which infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles are assembled and released from infected cells remain poorly characterized. In this regard, many other enveloped viruses, notably human immunodeficiency virus type 1, have been shown to utilize the host vacuolar protein sorting machinery (also known as the endosomal sorting complex required for transport; ESCRT) to traffic through the cell and effect the membrane rearrangements required for the formation of enveloped particles. We postulated that this might also apply to HCV. To test this hypothesis, we established a method of conditional virus-like particle assembly involving trans-complementation of an envelope-deleted JFH-1 genome using plasmid transfection. This system reliably produced virus particles that were infectious and could be enumerated easily by focus-forming assay in Huh7 cells. Following co-transfection with plasmids expressing various dominant-negative forms of either components of the ESCRT-III complex or Vps4 (the AAA ATPase that recycles the ESCRT complexes), a reduction in particle production was seen. No significant effect was observed after co-transfection of dominant-negative ESCRT-I or Alix, an ESCRT associated protein. Dominant-negative Vps4 or ESCRT-III components had no effect on either virus genome replication or the accumulation of intracellular infectious particles. These data were confirmed using cell culture infectious HCV and we conclude that HCV requires late components of the ESCRT pathway for release of infectious virus particles.
News Briefs (2013)

Topics include researchers developing an interplanetary Internet, a technology that protects websites from attack, a game developer that pirated its own product to dramatize piracy problems, a material that could replace silicon in chips, a smart fork that helps users lose weight, and IBM making the world's smallest stop-motion movie using molecules as pixels.
Methods and applications of antibody microarrays in cancer research (2003)

Antibody microarrays have great potential for significant value in biological research. Cancer research in particular could benefit from the unique experimental capabilities of this technology. This article examines the current state of antibody microarray technological developments and assay formats, along with a review of the demonstrated applications to cancer research. Work is ongoing in the refinement of various aspects of the protocols and the development of robust methods for routine use. Antibody microarray experimental formats can be broadly categorized into two classes: (1) direct labeling experiments, and (2) dual antibody sandwich assays. In the direct labeling method, the covalent labeling of all proteins in a complex mixture provides a means for detecting bound proteins after incubation on an antibody microarray. If proteins are labeled with a tag, such as biotin, the signal from bound proteins can be amplified. In the sandwich assay, proteins captured on an antibody microarray are detected by a cocktail of detection antibodies, each antibody matched to one of the spotted antibodies. Each format has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Several applications of antibody arrays to cancer research have been reported, including the analysis of proteins in blood serum, resected frozen tumors, cell lines, and on membranes of blood cells. These demonstrations clearly show the utility of antibody microarrays for cancer research and signal the imminent expansion of this platform to many areas of biological research.
Applications of ion implantation to high performance, radiation tolerant silicon solar cells (1979)

Progress in the development of ion implanted silicon solar cells is reported. Effective back surface preparation by implantation, junction processing to achieve high open circuit voltages in low-resistivity cells, and radiation tolerance cells are among the topics studied.
J. P. Jordan’s Role in the National Awakening of the Lusatian Serbs (1968)

(1968). J. P. Jordan’s Role in the National Awakening of the Lusatian Serbs. Canadian Slavonic Papers: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 312-340.
Purification and Molecular Cloning of and Immunization with <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum</i> Excretory-Secretory Protein 2, an Immunoreactive Protein Produced by Adult Hookworms (2004)

Hookworms remain major agents of global morbidity, and vaccination against these bloodfeeding parasites may be an attractive complement to conventional control methods. Here we describe the cloning of Ancylostoma ceylanicum excretory-secretory protein 2 (AceES-2), a novel immunoreactive protein produced by adult worms. Native AceES-2 was purified from excretory-secretory (ES) products by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, subjected to amino-terminal sequencing, and cloned from adult worm RNA by using reverse transcription-PCR. The translated AceES-2 cDNA predicts that the mature protein consists of 102 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 11.66 kDa. Western immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses demonstrated that recombinant AceES-2 (rAceES-2) reacted strongly with antibodies from A. ceylanicum-infected hamsters. Immunization of hamsters with native ES products adsorbed to alum induced antibodies that recognized rAceES-2, while rAceES-2-alum vaccination resulted in antibodies that reacted with a single protein band in ES products that closely approximated the size predicted for the native molecule. Infected hamsters that were passively immunized with hyperimmune rabbit anti-rAceES-2 serum exhibited more rapid and complete recovery from anemia than controls that received normal serum. Oral immunization with rAceES-2 was associated with significantly reduced anemia upon challenge, an outcome similar to the outcome observed in hamsters that were orally vaccinated with soluble hookworm extract (the latter animals were also resistant to weight loss). These data suggest that AceES-2 plays an important role in the host-parasite interaction and that vaccination against this protein may represent a useful strategy for controlling hookworm anemia.
Mixed Surfactant Systems (1992)

The properties and behavior of mixed surfactant systems are discussed in the context of experimental techniques and modeling. The overview begins with a general description of mixed surfactant solutions, followed by a more detailed examination of mixed micelles, surfactant mixtures at interfaces, and the phase behavior of mixed systems. Topics include experimental measurements, approaches to modeling, nonideality, unusual surfactant types, micellar demixing, adsorption at various interfaces, chemical reactions in micelles, precipitation, cloud point phenomena and perspectives on the direction of future research on mixed surfactant systems.
Information-theoretic computation complexity (1974)

This paper attempts to describe, in nontechnical language, some of the concepts and methods of one school of thought regarding computational complexity. It applies the viewpoint of information theory to computers. This will first lead us to a definition of the degree of randomness of individual binary strings, and then to an information-theoretic version of Gödel's theorem on the limitations of the axiomatic method. Finally, we will examine in the light of these ideas the scientific method and yon Neumann's views on the basic conceptual problems of biology.
Slope Disparity Gating using a Synchronized Projector-Camera System (2019)

Active illumination systems which perform disparity gating, or the ability to selectively image photons that arrive from a specified surface geometry some distance away, have recently shown usefulness for robotics, autonomous vehicles, and surveillance applications. In this paper, we present a new technique for sloped disparity gating, capturing a particular set of sloped planar surfaces in a scene, implemented using the synchronization between a raster-scanning projector and the rolling shutter of a camera. We demonstrate how to control the slope and thickness of these planar surfaces using hardware parameters of pixel clock, synchronization delay, and exposure. Finally, we perform applications including real-time image masking and imaging in scattering media with a real hardware prototype in the lab. This work showcases the potential for energy-efficient, geometry-aware disparity gating in the future.
Optimum Design of Series Hybrid Electric Buses by Genetic Algorithm (2005)

In this paper, a new software is introduced that is developed to give the most appropriate solution for the com- ponent selection and design of a hybrid electric bus. There are several simulation programs that can simulate behavior of a hybrid electric bus, but most of them are not able to suggest the best design and the best choice of the components. Cus- tomer requirements are dissimilar and there are several dif- ferent parameters that they may need. Cost, pollution, driving cycle, battery type, DC link voltage, weight, volume, fuel con- sumption, and acceleration are some parameters that vary from one customer to the other. The stated software that is developed and presented by this paper will generate a list of the best choices to the user. By this, one can optimize the HEV bus design based on the customer requirements and his pa- rameters. The weight of a certain parameter in the cost func- tion for optimization may be modified if the customer is not satisfied. This software uses the genetic algorithm for this op- timization. Genetic chains are created and the best ones that are suitable and are close to the customer needs are chosen. Then the system is simulated by ADVISOR (Advanced Vehicle Simulator) program that is written by NREL (National re- newable Energy Laboratory of the America).
Bioinspired design and macroscopic assembly of poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated graphene into kilometers-long fibers (2013)

Nacre is characterized by its excellent mechanical performance due to the well-recognized "brick and mortar" structure. Many efforts have been applied to make nacre-mimicking materials, but it is still a big challenge to realize their continuous production. Here, we prepared sandwich-like building blocks of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coated graphene, and achieved high-nanofiller-content kilometers-long fibers by continuous wet-spinning assembly technology. The fibers have a strict "brick and mortar" layered structure, with graphene sheet as rigid brick and PVA as soft mortar. The mortar thickness can be precisely tuned from 2.01 to 3.31 nm by the weight feed ratio of PVA to graphene, as demonstrated by both atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. The mechanical strength of the nacre-mimicking fibers increases with increasing the content of PVA, and it rises gradually from 81 MPa for the fiber with 53.1 wt% PVA to 161 MPa for the fiber with 65.8 wt% PVA. The mechanical performance of our fibers was independent of the molecular weight (MW) of PVA in the wide range of 2-100 kDa, indicating that low MW polymers can also be used to make strong nanocomposites. The tensile stress of fibers immersed in PVA 5 wt% solution reached ca. 200 MPa, surpassing the values of nacre and most of other nacre-mimicking materials. The nacre-mimicking fibers are highly electrically conductive (∼350 S m(-1)) after immersing in hydroiodic acid, enabling them to connect a circuit to illuminate an LED lamp.
Existence and role of substrate cycling between AMP and adenosine in isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes under control conditions and in ATP depletion. (1994)

The results indicate that recycling of adenosine into AMP is essential for the maintenance of low, nonvasodilatory concentrations of the nucleoside under control conditions and that interruption of recycling plays an important role in elevating adenosine during ATP depletion.
Magnification—An Interesting Optical Property of Dentin (1976)

Disks of dentin taken from extracted human teeth demonstrated the optical property of the magnification/reduction effect. When images were transmitted from a pulpal-to-occlusal direction, the images were magnified. When the disks were inverted, the images were reduced in size. The images were slightly distorted but clear. When these disks were decalcified or dehydrated, they still possessed the same magnification/reduction effect property. The clear image transmission is attributed to the passage of light along the dentinal tubules; the magnification is the result of their divergence from the pulpal to the occlusal direction. The degree of tubule divergence was determined to correspond closely with the proportion of magnification and of reduction. In calcified sections, an individual tubule would act as a light-pipe, conducting light as it reflects internally off the dentin walls. Decalcified disks may demonstrate a fiberoptic effect. The magnification of an image is the result of the divergence of hundreds of thousands of minute light conductors.
A Kinetic Model for Phase Transformations of Low Carbon Steels during Continuous Cooling (1987)

A calculation model for predicting the progress of transformations of low carbon steels during continuous cooling and the microstructure after cooling has been developed. In this model, the progress of tranformations is assumed as follows. The transformation from austenite to ferrite starts at the equilibrium temperature, Ae3. The ferrite transformation follows 'nucleation and growth' model at the early stage and then follows 'site saturation' model at the later stage. The carbon content of the untransformed austenite increases with the progress of ferrite transformation. The pearlite transformation starts when the carbon content of the austenite reaches the extrapolated Acm line in the equilibrium diagram. The bainite transformation starts when the temperature reaches the bainite-start temperature, Bs, which is experimentally determined. Besides, the effect of chemical composition on the transformation kinetics are taken into consideration by using the theoretically calculated nucleation rate and growth rate.Excellent agreements are obtained between the calculated and experimental results for the effect of compositions (C, Mn, Si) on the transformation kinetics, the continuous cooling transformation diagrams and the microstructure after cooling.
Ferroelectric Tunnel Memristor (2012)

Strong interest in resistive switching phenomena is driven by a possibility to develop electronic devices with novel functional properties not available in conventional systems. Bistable resistive devices are characterized by two resistance states that can be switched by an external voltage. Recently, memristors-electric circuit elements with continuously tunable resistive behavior-have emerged as a new paradigm for nonvolatile memories and adaptive electronic circuit elements. Employment of memristors can radically enhance the computational power and energy efficiency of electronic systems. Most of the existing memristor prototypes involve transition metal oxide resistive layers where conductive filaments formation and/or the interface contact resistance control the memristive behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate a new type of memristor that is based on a ferroelectric tunnel junction, where the tunneling conductance can be tuned in an analogous manner by several orders of magnitude by both the amplitude and the duration of the applied voltage. The ferroelectric tunnel memristors exhibit a reversible hysteretic nonvolatile resistive switching with a resistance ratio of up to 10(5) % at room temperature. The observed memristive behavior is attributed to the field-induced charge redistribution at the ferroelectric/electrode interface, resulting in the modulation of the interface barrier height.
Submicron micromachining on silicon wafer using femtosecond pulse laser (2001)

Laser machining of submicron grooves on silicon wafer by 400 nm femtosecond laser is studied. A chirped pulse amplification based Ti:sapphire system that produces pulse with a pulse duration of 150 fs at a repetition rate of 1 kHz is used. Focusing lens with numerical aperture of 0.36 focuses the laser beam into a 3 μm laser spot (by calculation). The sample was translated at a linear speed of 400 μm/s during machining. 500 nm wide 100 nm deep groove was obtained on the wafer when the sample was irradiated by pulses with energy of ∼50 nJ/pulse and 800 nm wide 650 nm deep groove was obtained by pulse with energy of ∼100 nJ/pulse.
Fabrication of hollow, spherical polymeric “micropillows” using a dual layer spinneret (2011)

Abstract Hollow, spherical, millimeter diameter scale polymer “micropillows” (MPs) were fabricated via nonsolvent‐induced phase separation/extraction, using a dual layer spinneret extrusion system. Wall thicknesses in the 45–350‐μm range were achieved via the extraction of the n ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) polymer solvent into a high‐molecular weight poly(propylene glycol) nonsolvent. Introduction of heptane into the core of the particles and vaporization of that heptane at elevated temperatures enabled moderate particle expansion and avoided particle collapse after extraction of the NMP solvent. For the most dilute polymer solution feed, the final product was an imidized MP particle with a diameter of about 1.5 mm, a wall thickness of about 45 μm, and a geometric compression ratio of about 6.0. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011