gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser Dicing and Subsequent Die Strength Enhancement Technologies for Ultra-thin Wafer (2007)

Current mechanical wafer dicing process adopting diamond grit shows advantages of low cost and high productivity. However, mechanical process for ultra-thin wafers would induce residual stress or mechanical damage, which can lead to wafer broken and die cracking. With the development of laser technology, laser precision micromachining has been employed for thin semiconductor wafer singulation, which shows advantages of no chipping, small kerf width, and high throughput over mechanical blade dicing. However, thermal damage to the chip induced by laser ablation results in die strength degradation. For ultra thin chip, low die strength tends to induce die crack in packaging process. Thus, thermal damage to the chip needs to be studied. In this study, first we made a comparison between mechanical blade sawing and laser ablation processes. Die strength and microstructure changes were studied by means of bending test and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, respectively. Die strength results showed that the die strength obtained by laser dicing was far lower than that obtained by blade sawing. TEM analysis demonstrated that formation of microcracks and porosities in laser diced face, caused the die strength degradation. In addition, significant deviation between frontside and backside die strength was found in the laser micromachinned dies. The reason for this deviation was clarified as the defects density difference existing in top and bottom layer of the chip sidewalk Experiments results showed that the die strength obtained by laser dicing can not meet the demand of the packaging process. It tends to crack or fracture in the die attach or wire bonding process. Thus, it is essential to improve the die strength. Thus, in this investigation, etching processes including wet-etch and dry-etch were attempted to recover the die strength by removing the chip side wall damage. SEM and TEM images indicated that, before etching, the laser diced side walls were with rough surfaces, voids and microcracks. After etching, the surfaces got smooth and most of the voids and microcracks were removed. Chip strength measurement also verified the partial die strength recovery after etching process.
Distribution of Butyric Acid between Furfural and Water at 25° and 35° C. (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDistribution of Butyric Acid between Furfural and Water at 25° and 35° C.E. L. Heric, Bruce H. Blackwell, Lawrence J. Gaissert III, Stephen R. Grant, and J. Wayne PierceCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1966, 11, 1, 38–40Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je60028a008https://doi.org/10.1021/je60028a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on pure and silica-dispersed multimetallic oxides based on vanadium and niobium prepared via hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic sol-gel methods (2002)

Abstract Pure and silica-dispersed Nb-V, V-Sb and Nb-V-M (M=Sb, Mo) oxide systems were prepared by applying the less conventional sol–gel methods and tested as catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane. All the prepared systems were active in the propane ODH and selective to propene, particularly the 1:1:5 Nb-V-Si prepared via the non-hydrolytic sol–gel method and the 1:1 Sb-V prepared via the hydrolytic route. Acrolein was detected among the reaction products when working with higher reagents partial pressures and contact time.
Reconstruction by site-directed mutagenesis of the transition state for the activation of tyrosine by the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: a mobile loop envelopes the transition state in an induced-fit mechanism (1988)

Site-directed mutagenesis of the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase followed by kinetic studies has shown that residues which are distant from the active site of the free enzyme are brought into play as the structure of the enzyme changes during catalysis. Positively charged side chains which are in mobile loops of the enzyme envelope the negatively charged pyrophosphate moiety during the transition state for the formation of tyrosyl adenylate in an induced-fit mechanism. Residues Lys-82 and Arg-86, which are on one side of the rim of the binding site pocket, and Lys-230 and Lys-233, which are on the other side, have been mutated to alanine residues and also to asparagine or glutamine. The resultant mutants still form 1 mol of tyrosyl adenylate/mol of dimer but with rate constants up to 8000 times lower. Construction of difference energy diagrams reveals that all the residues specifically interact with the transition state for the reaction and with pyrophosphate in the E.Tyr-AMP.PPi complex. Yet, the epsilon-NH3+ groups of Lys-230 and Lys-233 in the crystalline enzyme are at least 8 A too far away to interact with the pyrophosphate moiety in the transition state at the same time as do Lys-82 and Arg-86. Binding of substrates must, therefore, induce a conformational change in the enzyme that brings these residues into range. Consistent with this proposal is the observation that all four residues are in flexible regions of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toward a Framework for Computer-Mediated Collaborative Design in Medical Informatics (1999)

The development and implementation of enabling tools and methods that provide ready access to knowledge and information are among the central goals of medical informatics. The need for multi-institutional collaboration in the development of such tools and methods is increasingly being recognized. Collaboration involves communication, which typically involves individuals who work together at the same location. With the evolution of electronic modalities for communication, we seek to understand the role that such technologies can play in supporting collaboration, especially when the participants are geographically separated. Using the InterMed Collaboratory as a subject of study, we have analyzed their activities as an exercise in computer- and network-mediated collaborative design. We report on the cognitive, sociocultural, and logistical issues encountered when scientists from diverse organizations and backgrounds use communications technologies while designing and implementing shared products. Results demonstrate that it is important to match carefully the content with the mode of communication, identifying, for example, suitable uses of E-mail, conference calls, and face-to-face meetings. The special role of leaders in guiding and facilitating the group activities can also be seen, regardless of the communication setting in which the interactions occur. Most important is the proper use of technology to support the evolution of a shared vision of group goals and methods, an element that is clearly necessary before successful collaborative designs can proceed.
Depo‐Provera usae in an australian metropolitan practice (1994)

This much maligned drug merits a legitimate place among the contraceptive choices available for Australian women. Accurate, unbiased information about the extensive worldwide experience needs to be made available to all Australian medical practitioners.
Frequent homozygous deletion of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2 (MTS1, p16) in superficial bladder cancer detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (1997)

Deletion of all or part of chromosome 9 is a well-described genetic alteration in bladder tumors. It has been proposed that inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene on chromosome 9, is an important event in tumor development. Recent reports have supported cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 (CDKN2, also known as MTS1, INK4, p16) at 9p21 as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in solid tumors. However, the prevalence of CDKN2 mutations in primary bladder tumors has been controversial. Therefore, we applied gene-specific probes for CDKN2 and the interferon alpha gene (IFNA), also located at 9p21, to characterize further the genomic deletions at this locus in bladder cancer. Seventeen superficial (pTa or pTI) bladder tumor specimens were examined for gene deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Dual-labeling hybridization with a repetitive pericentromeric probe for chromosome 9 and a gene-specific probe for CDKN2 was performed to characterize the gene copy number in relation to the chromosome 9 copy number on a cell-by-cell basis. Homozygous deletion for CDKN2 without homozygous IFNA deletion was found in 5 of 17 tumors tested. Both genes were deleted in one additional case, and one tumor showed deletion of IFNA without deletion of CDKN2. Homozygous deletion at the 9p21 locus was found only in tumors having monosomy for the chromosome 9 centromeric signal. These results indicate that the homozygous deletion of the CDKN2 gene is a frequent and early event in superficial bladder cancer. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 19:84–89, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of highly ordered mesoporous thin films with –COOH terminated pore surfaces (2003)

Highly ordered mesoporous inorganic-organic hybrid thin films with covalently bonded carboxylic acid (-COOH) terminal groups on the pore surfaces were synthesized by evaporation induced self-assembly of tetraethoxysilane, organosilanes, and a nonionic surfactant followed by acid hydrolysis and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface acoustic wave (SAW) based N2 sorption, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques.
Data Visualization for ESM and ELINT: Visualizing 3D and Hyper Dimensional Data (2011)

Abstract : The last decade has witnessed a massive shift in 3D (3 Dimensional) device technology from high end virtual reality labs into the consumer market. Up until a decade ago, a virtual reality headset with the computer to drive it would likely have cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Today a capable PC (personal computer) equipped with a 3D graphics processor unit (GPU), 120Hz refresh rate LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitor, and a pair of LCD shutter glasses, costs around $2000 dollars. This project investigated 3D display technology and data visualization techniques for application to the ESM (Electronic Support Measures) and ELINT (electronic intelligence) domains. ESM and ELINT signal analysis are inherently complex and involve multidimensional analysis. The application of 3D graphic presentation to improve user comprehension of interim or final ESM signal analysis results was examined. This investigation examined both 3D representations presented in 2D and also true 3D visualization as is currently possible with modest Virtual Reality (VR) display systems.
Demonstration of finite-aperture tapered unstable resonator lasers (2003)

In this letter, we report experimental results of semiconductor lasers that incorporate a mirror with finite lateral extent at the output of a semiconductor tapered laser in InAlGaAs/InGaAsP/InP. We directly compare the “finite-aperture” tapered unstable resonator laser to that of the conventional “infinite-aperture” tapered laser. Using the finite aperture, we show the differential quantum efficiency is increased by 40%. Additionally, the beam is coupled out of the laser cavity using a grating, allowing for a quasicircular, low-divergence beam with no external optics.
Towards a provenance collection framework for Internet of Things devices (2017)

The Internet of Things (IoT) offers immense benefits by enabling devices to leverage networked resources thereby making intelligent decisions. The numerous heterogeneous connected devices that exist throughout the IoT system creates new security and privacy concerns. Some of these concerns can be overcome through trust, transparency, and integrity, which can be achieved with data provenance. Data provenance, also known as data lineage, provides a history of transformations that occurs on a data object from the time it was created to its current state. Data provenance has been explored in the areas of scientific computing, business, forensic analysis, and intrusion detection. Data provenance can help in detecting and mitigating malicious cyber attacks. In this paper, we explore the integration of provenance within the IoT. We introduce Provenance Aware Internet of Things System (PAIoTS), a provenance collection framework for IoT devices. We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework by developing a prototype system for proof of concept.
Improving the performance of query-based routing protocols through "diversity injection" (2003)

In this paper, we investigate the diversity properties of routes acquired through traditional route query floods. The on-demand nature of query-based (reactive) routing is appropriate for networks with dynamic network topologies (such as ad-hoc networks). An intrinsic feature of route query protocols is the support for multiple route replies. While it is widely assumed that the set of discovered routes is fairly diverse, an examination of the query propagation behavior reveals that these routes typically have many nodes/links in common. Without sufficient diversity, the routing protocol is limited in its ability to promptly recover from (or even prevent) interrupted service caused by route failures. Based on our understanding of query propagation behavior, we propose a novel mechanism that uses information from terminated query threads to "inject" diversity into the collection of route replies. We study the impact of our diversity injection scheme on the demanding ad-hoc networking environment. Our results demonstrate how diversity injection can leverage a small investment of temporary cache to reduce both the rate of route failures and the bandwidth consumed by overhead query traffic.
Mild and Expedient Asymmetric Reductions of α,β-Unsaturated Alkenyl and Alkynyl Ketones by TarB-NO<sub>2</sub> and Mechanistic Investigations of Ketone Reduction (2010)

A facile and mild reduction procedure is reported for the preparation of chiral allylic and propargyl alcohols in high enantiomeric purity. Under optimized conditions, alkynyl and alkenyl ketones were reduced by TarB-NO2 and NaBH4 at 25 °C in 1 h to produce chiral propargyl and allylic alcohols with enantiomeric excesses and yields up to 99%. In the case of α,β-unsaturated alkenyl ketones, α-substituted cycloalkenones were reduced with up to 99% ee, while more substituted and acyclic derivatives exhibited lower induction. For α,β-ynones, it was found that highly branched aliphatic ynones were reduced with optimal induction up to 90% ee, while reduction of aromatic and linear aliphatic derivatives resulted in more modest enantioselectivity. Using the (L)-TarB-NO2 reagent derived from (L)-tartaric acid, we routinely obtained highly enantioenriched chiral allylic and propargyl alcohols with (R) configuration. Since previous models and a reduction of a saturated analogue predicted propargyl products of (S) configuration, a series of new mechanistic studies were conducted to determine the likely orientation of aromatic, alkenyl, and alkynyl ketones in the transition state.
Reliable SPICE Simulations of Memristors, Memcapacitors and Meminductors (2013)

Memory circuit elements, namely memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive systems, are gaining considerable attention due to their ubiquity and use in diverse areas of science and technology. Their modeling within the most widely used environment, SPICE, is thus critical to make substantial progress in the design and analysis of complex circuits. Here, we present a collection of models of different memory circuit elements and provide a methodology for their accurate and reliable modeling in the SPICE environment. We also provide codes of these models written in the most popular SPICE versions (PSpice, LTspice, HSPICE) for the benefit of the reader. We expect this to be of great value to the growing community of scientists interested in the wide range of applications of memory circuit elements.
Ku-band omni antenna system for satellite TTC (2011)

In this paper, design of a wide coverage antenna for providing omni coverage in a satellite application is discussed. A hemispherical coverage is achieved by designing chokes around the circular open ended waveguide antenna. Dual circular polarization is obtained by incorporating septum polarizer in the antenna feed. Two such antennas are mounted on the spacecraft body, one on the earth viewing side and the other on the anti-earth viewing side, to provide almost 360° coverage. The design aspects of antenna elements and the system requirements to meet the mission objectives are discussed. The simulated results and measured results are presented. This antenna has flown in one of our recent spacecrafts and may also find application in many future ISRO missions.
Axial-flux modular permanent-magnet generator with a toroidal winding for wind-turbine applications (1999)

Permanent-magnet (PM) generators have been used for wind turbines for many years. Many small wind-turbine manufacturers use direct-drive PM generators. For wind turbine-generators, the design philosophy must cover the following characteristics: low cost, light weight, low speed, high torque and variable-speed generation. The generator is easy to manufacture and the design can be scaled up for a larger size without major retooling. A modular PM generator with axial flux direction was chosen. The permanent magnet used is NdFeB or ferrite magnet with flux guide to focus flux density in the air gap. Each unit module of the generator may consist of one, two, or more phases. Each generator can be expanded to two or more unit modules. Each unit module is built from simple modular poles. The stator winding is formed like a torus. Thus, the assembly process is simplified and the winding insertion in the slot is less tedious. The authors built a prototype of one unit module and performed preliminary tests in their laboratory. Follow-up tests will be conducted in their laboratory to improve the design.
Reproducing Spectral Reflectances From Tristimulus Colours (2018)

Abstract Physically based rendering systems often support spectral rendering to simulate light transport in the real world. Material representations in such simulations need to be defined as spectral distributions. Since commonly available material data are in tristimulus colours, we ideally would like to obtain spectral distributions from tristimulus colours as an input to spectral rendering systems. Reproduction of spectral distributions given tristimulus colours, however, has been considered an ill‐posed problem since single tristimulus colour corresponds to a set of different spectra due to metamerism. We show how to resolve this problem using a data‐driven approach based on measured spectra and propose a practical algorithm that can faithfully reproduce a corresponding spectrum only from the given tristimulus colour. The key observation in colour science is that a natural measured spectrum is usually well approximated by a weighted sum of a few basis functions. We show how to reformulate conversion of tristimulus colours to spectra via principal component analysis. To improve accuracy of conversion, we propose a greedy clustering algorithm which minimizes reconstruction error. Using pre‐computation, the runtime computation is just a single matrix multiplication with an input tristimulus colour. Numerical experiments show that our method well reproduces the reference measured spectra using only the tristimulus colours as input.
Expansion of a micro-hydro station at Kisiizi environmental impact study (2001)

The Energy for Rural Transformation Project will promote the use of stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and the generation of conventional power from small renewable energy resources. The project will avoid sensitive and high biodiversity sites, such as National Parks. Avoidance of these areas concerns also the anticipated population influx and human development that may remain after project completion. Changes in water flow and water quality are likely to occur when constructing a hydropower project. It is necessary to measure the existing flows in terms of velocity of the proposed affected stretch of the river. Another consideration is the generation capacity and needs which in turn affect river flows. Water quality affects sedimentation and erosion, various forms of pollution, and changing flora. Sediment loads may increase during construction of hydropower projects, though may decrease during operation due to a reduction flow in reservoirs. Measuring sediment loads during the project may be required. Pollution in the form of fuel, oil, lubricants, and other chemicals need to be controlled and carefully monitored. To mitigate impacts on vegetation, revegetation programs and reforestation programs may be undertaken and should be funded by the project developer after construction. A baseline study of wildlife will be undertaken if the project disturbs fauna.
Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and The Road Ahead (2020)

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are an emerging transmission technology for application to wireless communications. RISs can be realized in different ways, which include (i) large arrays of inexpensive antennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelength apart; and (ii) metamaterial-based planar or conformal large surfaces whose scattering elements have sizes and inter-distances much smaller than the wavelength. Compared with other transmission technologies, e.g., phased arrays, multi-antenna transmitters, and relays, RISs require the largest number of scattering elements, but each of them needs to be backed by the fewest and least costly components. Also, no power amplifiers are usually needed. For these reasons, RISs constitute a promising software-defined architecture that can be realized at reduced cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP design), and are regarded as an enabling technology for realizing the emerging concept of smart radio environments (SREs). In this paper, we (i) introduce the emerging research field of RIS-empowered SREs; (ii) overview the most suitable applications of RISs in wireless networks; (iii) present an electromagnetic-based communication-theoretic framework for analyzing and optimizing metamaterial-based RISs; (iv) provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research; and (v) discuss the most important research issues to tackle. Owing to the interdisciplinary essence of RIS-empowered SREs, finally, we put forth the need of reconciling and reuniting C. E. Shannon's mathematical theory of communication with G. Green's and J. C. Maxwell's mathematical theories of electromagnetism for appropriately modeling, analyzing, optimizing, and deploying future wireless networks empowered by RISs.