gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In situ Investigation of Structural Changes during Deformation and Fracture of Polymers by Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS (2009)

By simultaneous mechanical characterisation and synchrotron wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), it is possible to characterise on-line local changes in a polymer's structure with a rather-high time and space resolution, together with the mechanical properties. In this contribution, we discuss the experimental requirements for such investigations as well as three examples. The evolution of structural features during tensile deformation of a polyethylene copolymer, as depicted by WAXS (top) and SAXS (bottom) are shown in the figure. The deformation leads to a martensitic transformation from the orthorhombic to monoclinic system and the formation of nanocavities.
Direct shoot regeneration from leaf explants of Jatropha curcas in response to thidiazuron and high copper contents in the medium (2010)

Leaf explants of Jatropha curcas cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.90 μM) in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 0.98μM) produced adventitious shoot buds directly on the surface of the explants without formation of intervening callus while shoot bud formation was accompanied with callus formation on medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 13.3 μM) and IBA (2.46 μM). TDZ treatment resulted in more than twice higher rate of shoot bud induction than BAP. Shoot buds were multiplied and elongated following repeated transfers to medium containing BAP (2.22 μM) and gibberellic acid (GA3; 1.44 μM). The effect of copper sulphate on differentiation of shoot buds from leaf segments was also investigated. Both shoot induction and multiplication media were supplemented with different levels of CuSO4 (0-5 μM). Significant improvement in shoot bud induction was observed when the concentration of CuSO4 was increased to 10 times the normal MS level. Healthy elongated shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2.46 μM). Rooted plantlets were transferred to field and survived. Histological analysis revealed direct formation of shoot buds from leaf explants.
Chemical profiling of single nanotubes: Intramolecular p–n–p junctions and on-tube single-electron transistors (2002)

Electrical transport properties of intramolecular p–n–p junctions formed on individual semiconducting carbon nanotubes are reported. Chemical dopant “profiling” along the length of a nanotube divides the nanotube into two p-doped sections and a central n-doped section. The double p–n junctions formed on the nanotube dictate the electrical characteristics of the system. Well-defined and highly reproducible single-electron transistors with much smaller size than the geometrical length of the nanotube are obtained.
Growth codes (2006)

Sensor networks are especially useful in catastrophic or emergency scenarios such as floods, fires, terrorist attacks or earthquakes where human participation may be too dangerous. However, such disaster scenarios pose an interesting design challenge since the sensor nodes used to collect and communicate data may themselves fail suddenly and unpredictably, resulting in the loss of valuable data. Furthermore, because these networks are often expected to be deployed in response to a disaster, or because of sudden configuration changes due to failure, these networks are often expected to operate in a "zero-configuration" paradigm, where data collection and transmission must be initiated immediately, before the nodes have a chance to assess the current network topology. In this paper, we design and analyze techniques to increase "persistence" of sensed data, so that data is more likely to reach a data sink, even as network nodes fail. This is done by replicating data compactly at neighboring nodes using novel "Growth Codes" that increase in efficiency as data accumulates at the sink. We show that Growth Codes preserve more data in the presence of node failures than previously proposed erasure resilient techniques.
570. Non-catalytic reduction of thiophens. Part I. Thiophen (1951)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Effects of interleukin-3 and interleukin-4 on the development of "connective tissue-type" mast cells: interleukin-3 supports their survival and interleukin-4 triggers and supports their proliferation synergistically with interleukin-3 (1990)

We examined the effects of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and interleukin-4 (IL- 4) on connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) purified from murine peritoneal cells. Although both factors failed to induce extensive proliferation of CTMC, they stimulated CTMC proliferation synergistically in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of CTMC with IL-3 and/or IL-4 indicated that the sustained presence of both factors was required for the development of type 1 mast cell colonies. The delayed addition of IL-3 to cultures of purified CTMC with IL-4 induced no colony formation, while the delayed addition of IL-4 to cultures with IL-3, even on day 28 of culture, induced type 1 colony formation. In replating type 1 colonies induced by IL-3 and IL-4 to secondary cultures with IL-3 alone, few secondary colonies developed. However, the delayed addition of IL-4 to the secondary culture induced many type 1 colonies. The purified CTMC cultured with IL-3 retained the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of CTMC, as well as proliferative ability. These observations indicate that IL-3 supports the survival of CTMC in methylcellulose culture and that IL-4 triggers and supports CTMC proliferation synergistically with IL-3. The serum- free culture of purified CTMC and the culture of single CTMC demonstrated that the synergistic effect of IL-3 and IL-4 on colony growth and the surviving effect of IL-3 on CTMC require no influence from accessory cells or other humoral factors.
Population Genomics: Laying the Groundwork for Genetic Disease Modeling and Targeting (1998)

The family has proven the most appropriate unit with which to study Mendelian diseases. There are, however, certain limitations on the use of the family as a fundamental unit in the study of common diseases, most of which are complex genetic diseases. The groups that are most likely to yield the genetics of complex diseases are isolated populations with strong founder effects. Therefore, access to such populations is proving to be a precious resource in the work on the genetics of common diseases. The Icelandic population is an excellent population for the study of the genetics of common diseases; it is genetically homogeneous, with founder effects for many traits, and the genealogy of the entire nation is well documented back to the founding days. Furthermore, the nature of the Icelandic national health care system facilitates the assignment of phenotypes in the search for disease genes. Decode Genetics has begun to study of the genetics of 20 of the most common diseases in the Western parts of the world. The company has placed the groundwork for the construction of an encrypted database with information on the health care of the entire nation, genealogy of the entire nation, genotyping information with high density of markers on a large part of the nation (including typing for known disease genes), and resource use in the Icelandic health care system. The plan is to build the database with approval of participating individuals as well as Icelandic government and health care officials. The database will be used to model health care as viewed in the context of genetic predisposition to the development of disease. The database will also be used in the search for drug targets in complex diseases and in the solution of pharmacogenomic problems. Basing the company in Iceland directly benefits the population in terms of employment and return on investment as well as providing the health care system with an information resource which may be used in preventive medicine and in the optimization of health care in Iceland.
3.2: <i>Distinguished Paper</i> : 15‐inch XGA Dual‐Plate OLED Display (DOD) Based on Amorphous Silicon (a‐Si) TFT Backplane (2008)

Abstract We report the improved AMOLED with a‐Si TFT backplane based on our unique structure. Our new structure use the encapsulation glass as a substrate for OLED which enable us to achieve the high aperture ratio, large TFT area, high luminescence uniformity, and low anode resistance.
Solubility of Softwood Hemicelluloses (2018)

It is demonstrated that the molecular solubility of softwood hemicelluloses is significantly influenced by pretreatment of the fibers, extraction, and downstream processing. To quantify these effects, four hemicellulose samples were extracted from different thermomechanical pulps of Norway spruce. The molecular solubility of the samples was characterized by size and molar mass distributions, and the morphology of the molecules was studied using high resolution microscopy techniques. All extracted samples were well dispersed in aqueous media creating transparent dispersions, but dynamic light scattering measurements showed that molecular solubility can only be achieved using specific pretreatments and extractions. The procedure yields acetylated galactoglucomannan (AcGGM)-rich hemicelluloses with an average molar mass of 21-35 kDa and a diameter up to 10 nm but also shows that water is a poor solvent for this sample since an association is detected as soon as the concentration is about 20 g/L. These associated hemicellulose dispersions are still absolutely clear on visual inspection, underlining the need for careful measurement when assessing the solubility of wood hemicelluloses.
A self tuning navigation algorithm (2003)

The author has to developed a system for improving the dead reckoning navigation accuracy for a mobile robot. He reports on the development of a parameter estimation scheme for correcting modeling errors due to wear, misalignment, or calibration degradation. A least-squares algorithm is used to give a suboptimal but robust estimate of the bias parameters. Simulations show marked improvement of the navigation accuracy of the robot. A test bed is being constructed at West Virginia University to verify and refine the technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Point Process Models to Compare Neural Spiking Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinson's Patients and a Healthy Primate (2010)

Placement of deep brain stimulating electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) also allows the recording of single neuron spiking activity. Analyses of these unique data offer an important opportunity to better understand the pathophysiology of PD. Despite the point process nature of PD neural spiking activity, point process methods are rarely used to analyze these recordings. We develop a point process representation of PD neural spiking activity using a generalized linear model to describe long- and short-term temporal dependencies in the spiking activity of 28 STN neurons from seven PD patients and 35 neurons from one healthy primate (surrogate control) recorded, while the subjects executed a directed-hand movement task. We used the point process model to characterize each neuron's bursting, oscillatory, and directional tuning properties during key periods in the task trial. Relative to the control neurons, the PD neurons showed increased bursting, increased 10-30 Hz oscillations, and increased fluctuations in directional tuning. These features, which traditional methods failed to capture accurately, were efficiently summarized in a single model in the point process analysis of each neuron. The point process framework suggests a useful approach for developing quantitative neural correlates that may be related directly to the movement and behavioral disorders characteristic of PD.
Mutanase-containing chewing gum: A new potential approach for prevention of dental caries (2013)

Introduction: Study on the effect of topically applied mutanase on plaque formation and caries in rats showed strong inhibition of dental caries. Furthermore, it has been shown that the presence of mutanase in dental plaque may affect the synthesis and structure of sticky, extracellular glucans. The Hypothesis: Mutanase can be easily added to gum base. After chewing of mutanase-containing chewing gum, the enzyme will be released into the oral cavity. Mutanase will hydrolyze sticky, extracellular glucans, e.g., mutan inhibiting cariogenic bacteria to cohere/adhere and form plaque. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: The main challenge with this hypothesis is the source of mutanase. It can be obtained from Paenibacillus sp. MP-1 or Trichoderma harzianum F-340. Directly compressible medicated chewing gum bases can be used to avoid inactivation of mutanase during the manufacturing process.
Anionic homo‐ and block copolymerization of vinylferrocene (1997)

Abstract Vinylferrocene was polymerized by means of anionic initiators such as n ‐BuLi, s ‐BuLi and distyryl disodium in tetrahydrofuran as solvent. In all cases the polymerization shows the characteristics of a living polymerization. Depending on the sequence of the monomer addition, either block copolymers of the ABA or the AB type were synthesized.
Comparative experiments on task space control with redundancy resolution (2005)

Understanding the principles of motor coordination with redundant degrees of freedom still remains a challenging problem, particularly for new research in highly redundant robots like humanoids. Even after more than a decade of research, task space control with redundacy resolution still remains an incompletely understood theoretical topic, and also lacks a larger body of thorough experimental investigation on complex robotic systems. This paper presents our first steps towards the development of a working redundancy resolution algorithm which is robust against modeling errors and unforeseen disturbances arising from contact forces. To gain a better understanding of the pros and cons of different approaches to redundancy resolution, we focus on a comparative empirical evaluation. First, we review several redundancy resolution schemes at the velocity, acceleration and torque levels presented in the literature in a common notational framework and also introduce some new variants of these previous approaches. Second, we present experimental comparisons of these approaches on a seven-degree-of-freedom anthropomorphic robot arm. Surprisingly, one of our simplest algorithms empirically demonstrates the best performance, despite, from a theoretical point, the algorithm does not share the same beauty as some of the other methods. Finally, we discuss practical properties of these control algorithms, particularly in light of inevitable modeling errors of the robot dynamics.
Interactive albedo editing in path-traced volumetric materials (2013)

Materials such as clothing or carpets, or complex assemblies of small leaves, flower petals, or mosses, do not fit well into either BRDF or BSSRDF models. Their appearance is a complex combination of reflection, transmission, scattering, shadowing, and inter-reflection. This complexity can be handled by simulating the full volumetric light transport within these materials by Monte Carlo algorithms, but there is no easy way to construct the necessary distributions of local material properties thatwould lead to the desired global appearance. In this article, we consider one way to alleviate the problem: an editing algorithm that enables a material designer to set the local (singlescattering) albedo coefficients interactively, and see an immediate update of the emergent appearance in the image. This is a difficult problem, since the function from materials to pixel values is neither linear nor low-order polynomial. We combine the following two ideas to achieve high-dimensional heterogeneous edits: precomputing the homogeneous mapping of albedo to intensity, and a large Jacobian matrix, which encodes the derivatives of each image pixel with respect to each albedo coefficient. Combining these two datasets leads to an interactive editing algorithm with a very good visual match to a fully path-traced ground truth.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Substituted Pyridine-C-Nucleosides. Part V: 3-Chloro-4-(D-Ribofuranosyl)Pyridine and 3-(D-Ribofuranosyl)-2-Pyridone (1989)

Abstract The total synthesis of 3-chloro-4-(D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridine and 3-(D-ribo-furanosyl)-2-pyridone was elaborated using the appropriate lithiopyridines and 2,4:3,5-di-O-benzylidene-aldehydo-D-ribose. The conformation of these compounds was investigated by 360 MHz 1H-NMR. The compounds were evaluated as α,β-mixtures for their antiviral and cytostatic properties. However, no significant biological activity was found.
Detecting a Change in School Performance: A Bayesian Analysis for a Multilevel Join Point Problem (2001)

A substantial literature on switches in linear regression functions considers situations in which the regression function is discontinuous at an unknown value of the regressor, X k , where k is the so-called unknown “change point.” The regression model is thus a two-phase composite of y i ∼ N(β 01 + β 11 x i , σ 1 2 ), i=1, 2,..., k and y i ∼ N(β 02 + β 12 x i , σ 2 2 ), i= k + 1, k + 2,..., n. Solutions to this single series problem are considerably more complex when we consider a wrinkle frequently encountered in evaluation studies of system interventions, in that a system typically comprises multiple members (j = 1, 2, . . . , m ) and that members of the system cannot all be expected to change synchronously. For example, schools differ not only in whether a program, implemented system-wide, improves their students’ test scores, but depending on the resources already in place, schools may also differ in when they start to show effects of the program. If ignored, heterogeneity among schools in when the program takes initial effect undermines any program evaluation that assumes that change points are known and that they are the same for all schools. To describe individual behavior within a system better, and using a sample of longitudinal test scores from a large urban school system, we consider hierarchical Bayes estimation of a multilevel linear regression model in which each individual regression slope of test score on time switches at some unknown point in time, k j . We further explore additional results employing models that accommodate case weights and shorter time series.
Distribution of complexities in the Vai script (2008)

In the paper, we analyze the distribution of complexities in the Vai script, an indigenous syllabic writing system from Liberia. It is found that the uniformity hypothesis for complexities fails for this script. The models using Poisson distribution for the number of components and hyper-Poisson distribution for connections provide good fits in the case of the Vai script.
Temperature resistant IR-gas sensor for CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O (2006)

Designing a high temperature resistant IR-gas sensor for CO/sub 2/ and water vapor one has to consider the differences in the specific absorbances, spacings between the heated parts and optics/electronics, emission spectrum of cost-saving radiators and high humidity in the measuring gas. Using HITRAN database a sensor model was developed. Water vapor can be measured selectively at 1.85 /spl mu/m with a chamber length of 20 cm. So CO/sub 2/ has to be measured at low wavelengths too. In the range of 2.7 /spl mu/m CO/sub 2/ absorbs sufficiently but a water absorption is to be considered. The model shows that the CO/sub 2/ absorption reaches a maximum in the range from 2.7 /spl mu/m to 2.75 /spl mu/m with a decreasing water absorption with increasing wavelengths. After finishing the sensor the model was checked with the actual filter curves. The results show a good analogy between model data and measurements and the benefit of modeling in the design of IR-gas sensors. The analyze of cross sensitivity shows strong overlapping bands and a multiplicative influence of water absorption to the CO/sub 2/ signal. After correction of the absorption signal of 2.7 /spl mu/m-channel with the absorption signal of the 1.85 /spl mu/m-channel the cross sensitivity to water vapor was limited to <3% of CO/sub 2/ measuring range.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide: release by capsaicin and prolongation of the action potential in the guinea‐pig heart (1988)

The mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effects of capsaicin on the contractility of the guinea-pig heart were studied in vitro. Capsaicin (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) caused an increased overflow of immunoreactive material, suggesting release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-and neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity (-LI), but not of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI from the isolated Langendorff-perfused whole heart. The capsaicin-induced release was calcium-dependent. During exposure to capsaicin, the heart rate was increased, while the contractile force was reduced. In addition to releasing CGRP and NKA-LI, potassium (60 mM) also increased the overflow of NPY-LI. The potassium-induced release of peptides was less calcium-dependent than the response to capsaicin. Considerably higher tissue levels of CGRP-LI were found in the atria (about 30 pmol g-1) than in the ventricles (about 10 pmol g-1). In experiments on the right atria using transmembrane action-potential recordings of myocytes, CGRP induced a prolongation of the action potential concomitantly with an increase in rate and contractile force, which was similar to the effect of noradrenaline. Furthermore, CGRP increased the contractile force and relaxation velocity of the electrically stimulated atria. Capsaicin (10(-7) M) also increased the duration of the atrial action potential. In conclusion, CGRP-like material is released by capsaicin from the isolated guinea-pig heart. Both CGRP and capsaicin prolong the plateau phase of the action potential of atrial myocytes. Therefore, the present data give further evidence that CGRP release from sensory nerves within the heart underlies the cardiostimulatory actions of capsaicin.
Field Evaluation of Tack Coat Quality Measurement Equipments (2005)

Texas Department of Transportation has recently experienced a number of pavement failures due to poor quality of tack coat. Various laboratory test setups have been developed to identify the quality of tack coat; however, there are no field test systems currently available to determine the quality of the tack coat. Hence, a field test set up is needed to determine the quality of the tack coat before beginning of paving operations and the objective of this study. In this study, three field test set ups that have potential to be applicable in the field were identified and evaluated. Two of the test set ups measured torque to estimate shear strength while the third used direct shear. The equipments were evaluated in the parking lot a two different times at three different set times, and at three dilution levels. Two emulsion types and one asphalt binder were used for the evaluation purposes. The preliminary parking lot test results and statistical analysis indicate that the two equipments are repeatable and are suitable for field applications. However, magnitude of the estimated strength is highly dependent on the equipment used. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the suitability of the devices for field applications. The selection of equipment, test results, and conclusions drawn are presented.