gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Annealing for Prime Factorization (2018)

We have developed a framework to convert an arbitrary integer factorization problem to an executable Ising model by first writing it as an optimization function then transforming the k-bit coupling (k ≥ 3) terms to quadratic terms using ancillary variables. Our resource-efficient method uses [Formula: see text] binary variables (qubits) for finding the factors of an integer N. We present how to factorize 15, 143, 59989, and 376289 using 4, 12, 59, and 94 logical qubits, respectively. This method was tested using the D-Wave 2000Q for finding an embedding and determining the prime factors for a given composite number. The method is general and could be used to factor larger integers as the number of available qubits increases, or combined with other ad hoc methods to achieve better performances for specific numbers.
Positive and negative elements modulate the promoter of the human liver‐specific α2‐HS‐glycoprotein gene (2000)

The human α2‐HS‐glycoprotein (AHSG) and the 63‐kDa rat phosphoprotein (pp63) are homologous plasma proteins that belong to the fetuin family. AHSG and pp63 are involved in important functions such as inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, inhibition of protease activities, and regulation of calcium metabolism and osteogenesis. Studies of the AHSG proximal promoter performed in vitro in rat and human cells indicate that several NF‐1 and C/EBP binding sites exert a positive effect on its transcriptional activity. However, until now, no distal elements have been examined in this gene, in either species. We report that the human AHSG gene promoter acts in a liver‐specific manner and is further controlled by three distal, 5′‐flanking elements. The negative elements III and I are, respectively, located 5′ and 3′ of the positive element II. All three elements require the natural context of the human AHSG gene to fully exert their negative or positive effect. Element I harbours a single binding site for NF‐1. This nuclear factor thus appears to be able to up‐ or downregulate the AHSG gene depending on the site it binds to. Elements I, II and possibly III are absent in the rodent Ahsg gene encoding pp63.
Learning Synergies between Pushing and Grasping with Self-supervised\n Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Skilled robotic manipulation benefits from complex synergies between\nnon-prehensile (e.g. pushing) and prehensile (e.g. grasping) actions: pushing\ncan help rearrange cluttered objects to make space for arms and fingers;\nlikewise, grasping can help displace objects to make pushing movements more\nprecise and collision-free. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to\ndiscover and learn these synergies from scratch through model-free deep\nreinforcement learning. Our method involves training two fully convolutional\nnetworks that map from visual observations to actions: one infers the utility\nof pushes for a dense pixel-wise sampling of end effector orientations and\nlocations, while the other does the same for grasping. Both networks are\ntrained jointly in a Q-learning framework and are entirely self-supervised by\ntrial and error, where rewards are provided from successful grasps. In this\nway, our policy learns pushing motions that enable future grasps, while\nlearning grasps that can leverage past pushes. During picking experiments in\nboth simulation and real-world scenarios, we find that our system quickly\nlearns complex behaviors amid challenging cases of clutter, and achieves better\ngrasping success rates and picking efficiencies than baseline alternatives\nafter only a few hours of training. We further demonstrate that our method is\ncapable of generalizing to novel objects. Qualitative results (videos), code,\npre-trained models, and simulation environments are available at\nhttp://vpg.cs.princeton.edu\n
The Active Site of Cellobiohydrolase Cel6A from<i>Trichoderma r</i><i>eesei</i>:  The Roles of Aspartic Acids D221 and D175 (2002)

Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel6A is an inverting glycosidase. Structural studies have established that the tunnel-shaped active site of Cel6A contains two aspartic acids, D221 and D175, that are close to the glycosidic oxygen of the scissile bond and at hydrogen-bonding distance from each other. Here, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and enzyme kinetic studies have been used to confirm the role of residue D221 as the catalytic acid. D175 is shown to affect protonation of D221 and to contribute to the electrostatic stabilization of the partial positive charge in the transition state. Structural and modeling studies suggest that the single-displacement mechanism of Cel6A may not directly involve a catalytic base. The value of (D2O)(V) of 1.16 +/- 0.14 for hydrolysis of cellotriose suggests that the large direct effect expected for proton transfer from the nucleophilic water through a water chain (Grotthus mechanism) is offset by an inverse effect arising from reversibly breaking the short, tight hydrogen bond between D221 and D175 before catalysis.
An analytical model to predict the probability density function of elevation angles for LEO satellite systems (2002)

Based on Earth-satellite geometry, an analytical model is proposed to predict the probability density function (pdf) of elevation angles from an Earth station to a circular low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellation. Unlike currently available empirical models using a great deal of path data for model-fitting to obtain results applicable only to the specified systems (for example, the Iridium or Globalstar systems), the proposed model is fast, exact and provides greater flexibility for the user-specified satellite systems. The results may help to develop the LEO satellite communication channel models under the propagation environments characterized by various empirical elevation-angle-dependent channel models.
Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans (1978)

In the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic screening of more than 1 million people, the group classifying itself as overweight had prevalence rates of hypertension 50% to 300% higher than other screenees. Frequency of hypertension in overweight persons aged 20 to 39 years was double that of normal weight and triple that of underweight persons. Among those aged 40 to 64 years, the overweight group had a 50% higher hypertension prevalence rate than the normal-weight group and 100% higher than the underweight group. With each higher degree of blood pressure elevation, relative frequency of hypertension with overweight was larger. Thus this study confirms, in the largest group surveyed to date, similar findings in previous cross-sectional surveys. It is also consistent with data from longitudinal and intervention studies on the importance of overweight in relation to hypertension.
Chapter 12 Profitable Prudence: The case for Public Employer Defined Benefit Plans (2005)

Abstract This chapter focuses on the lessons private industry could learn from state and local government pensions, It begins with a brief history of public pensions. It then compares public and private pensions, and discusses benefits to employees and public defined benefit plans as financial engines. It is argued that public pension plans are in a strong position to handle the coming influx of retirees, since, unlike Social Security (mainly a pay-as-you-go program); public pensions are rather well-funded (approximately 95 percent in 2003).
A case study evaluation of maintainability and performance of persistency techniques (2008)

Efforts for software evolution supersede any other part of the software life cycle. Technological decisions have a major impact on the maintainability, but are not well reflected by existing code or architecture based metrics. The way the persistency of object structures with relational databases is solved affects the maintainability of the overall system. Besides maintainability other quality attributes of the software are of interest, in particular performance metrics. However, a systematic evaluation of the benefits and drawback of different persistency frameworks is lacking. In this paper we systematically evaluate the maintainability and performance of different technological approaches for this mapping. The paper presents a testbed and an evaluation process with specifically designed metrics to evaluate persistency techniques regarding their maintainability and performance. In the second part we present and discuss the results of the case study.
Affinity Apheresis for Treatment of Bacteremia Caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (2011)

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteremia is associated with high mortality, and often results in metastatic infections. The methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) is an urgent health care issue, as nosocomial infections with these bacteria represent limited treatment alternatives. Samples of whole blood containing challenge inoculums of SA and MRSA strains were passed through columns packed with surface-heparinized polyethylene beads. The bound bacteria were eluted and quantitatively determined by culturing and by real-time PCR. Significant amounts of both SA and MRSA adhered to the heparinized beads (more than 65% of inoculated bacteria). After rinsing with buffer at high ionic strength, viable bacteria or bacterial DNA were eluted from the columns, indicating that the binding was specific. The conclusions that can be made from these experiments are that, as earlier reported in the literature, the high affinity of SA to heparin is retained in whole blood, and MRSA in whole blood binds to heparin with similar or higher affinity than SA. It should be possible to lower the amount of SA and/or MRSA from the blood of infected patients to levels that could be taken care of by the immune system. In previous studies, we have shown that passing blood from septic patients over beads coated with end-point-attached, biologically active heparin is a useful technique for regulating the levels of heparin-binding cytokine. These findings in combination with the present findings indicate the possibility of creating an apheresis technology for treatment of sepsis caused by SA and/or MRSA.
Study of interface resistances in epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i>/barrier/YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> junctions (1993)

We have measured interface resistances in YBa2Cu3O7−x/barrier/YBa2Cu3O7−x junctions with different barrier materials in an edge junction geometry. CaRuO3, La0.5Sr0.5CoO3, Y0.7Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7−x, YBa2Cu2.79Co0.21O7−x, and La1.4Sr0.6CuO4 have been employed as the epitaxial barrier materials. We observe interface resistances of the order of 1×10−8 Ω cm2 when we use CaRuO3 and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 barriers. These two barrier materials are cubic perovskites. However, in the case of the layered barrier materials, the measured interface resistances are smaller than 1×10−10 Ω cm2. Our study suggests that the oxygen disorder at the YBa2Cu3O7−x surface, due to stress created by the thermal expansion mismatch between YBa2Cu3O7−x and the barrier, may be the origin of the interface resistances, and that the magnitude of this stress can change the resistance by orders of magnitude.
The geochronological significance of argon-40/argon-39 age determinations on White Whin from the northern Pennine orefield (1968)

Abstract Controversy regarding the age and character of mineralization in the northern Pennine orefield is reviewed in the context of recent geological and geochronological research in the region, and a number of the unresolved problems are tabulated. A new method of potassium-argon radioisotopic age determination which utilizes the conversion of the natural isotope 39K in a rock or mineral to the isotope 39Ar by neutron irradi­ation is described in outline. This method avoids some of the limitations of conventional potassium-argon age determination, and, among other advantages, makes the measurement of the radioages of clay minerals possible. A geochronological and petrological investigation of White Whin samples from the northern Pennine orefield is reported in full, and eighteen new age determinations, mostly upon clay mineral concentrates are presented. The conclusions that can be drawn from this work support a hypothesis of repeated hydrothermal mineralizations within the area of the northern Pennine orefield: the first within the period 284 ± 40 My with subsequent maxima of hydrothermal activity occurring at intervals. At least two of these subsequent episodes have been identified: one around a minimum age of 230 My and another, very important episode occurring around 170 My. Comparison of these results with histograms of (1) all radio­ages of British rocks and (2) radioages from British dolerites and basalts only, suggests that episodic hydrothermal alteration of pre-existing rocks may be a widespread phenomenon in Britain.
New Pontiac V-8 Engine (1955)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">PONTIAC'S new V-8 engine, the authors say, fulfills well design objectives of durability, simplicity of manufacture and servicing, and ready adaptability to future fuels and displacement increases.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Important new features include: <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Simplified casting of cylinder block and cylinder heads.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Valve train components designed for long valve gear life, quiet operation, and low cost.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A new gusher type of cooling system.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">4.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An engine ventilation system that scavenges harmful, corrosive diluents from all engine compartments.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">5.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A more-than-ample 12-v electrical system.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">6.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A wedge-shaped combustion chamber.</div></li></ol></div></div>
A framework for audio analysis based on classification and temporal segmentation (1999)

Existing audio tools handle the increasing amount of computer audio data inadequately. The typical tape-recorder paradigm for audio interfaces is inflexible and time consuming, especially for large data sets. On the other hand, completely automatic audio analysis and annotation is impossible using current techniques. Alternative solutions are semi-automatic user interfaces that let users interact with sound in flexible ways based on content. This approach offers significant advantages over manual browsing, annotation and retrieval. Furthermore, it can be implemented using existing techniques for audio content analysis in restricted domains. This paper describes a framework for experimenting evaluating and integrating such techniques. As a test for the architecture, some recently proposed techniques have been implemented and tested. In addition, a new method for temporal segmentation based on audio texture is described. This method is combined with audio analysis techniques and used for hierarchical browsing classification and annotation of audio files.
Frequent subgraph pattern mining on uncertain graph data (2009)

Graph data are subject to uncertainties in many applications due to incompleteness and imprecision of data. Mining uncertain graph data is semantically different from and computationally more challenging than mining exact graph data. This paper investigates the problem of mining frequent subgraph patterns from uncertain graph data. The frequent subgraph pattern mining problem is formalized by designing a new measure called expected support. An approximate mining algorithm is proposed to find an approximate set of frequent subgraph patterns by allowing an error tolerance on the expected supports of the discovered subgraph patterns. The algorithm uses an efficient approximation algorithm to determine whether a subgraph pattern can be output or not. The analytical and experimental results show that the algorithm is very efficient, accurate and scalable for large uncertain graph databases.
Spin-Exchange Cross Sections for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Rb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>87</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Rb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>87</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Rb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>87</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cs</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>133</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Collisions (1967)

In a hyperfine-optical-pumping experiment we employed the Franzen transient method to determine the total spin-exchange cross sections for ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$-${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ and ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$-${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ collisions at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Values determined in this way were: $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})=(2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. A large difference between the ground-state hyperfine populations was established by pumping with light absorbable by atoms in only one hyperfine level. In the presence of a second unpumped species, the resulting polarization relaxed with a characteristic rate of $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\tau}}=\frac{1}{T}+\frac{1}{{T}_{S1}}+\frac{1}{{T}_{E1}}$, where $T$ is the non-spin-exchange relaxation time and ${T}_{S1}$ and ${T}_{E1}$ are the self- and cross-exchange times. Then $\ensuremath{\tau}$ was obtained by fitting the signal to a single exponential and applying a small correction ($\ensuremath{\approx}10%$) to account for the fact that the signal is only approximately proportional to the polarization (and hence to a single exponential). The relaxation measurement utilized rapid data accumulation with a Kerr-cell shutter and pulse-height analyzer. The cross section can be easily deduced from the relaxation times if the corresponding densities are known. Each density was measured by determining the integral over all frequencies of the absorption coefficient by means of a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. We describe how to remove the effect of the Fabry-Perot on the true emission and absorption profiles.
Development of texture and flavour in cheese and other fermented products (1982)

SUMMARY Cheesemaking is initiated by specific hydrolysis of κ-casein, followed by random aggregation of casein particles to form a network. The structure of this curd determines its subsequent behaviour and the composition and texture of the cheese. It is affected by previous homogenization or concentration of the milk. The composition of the milk and the distribution of components in it, which are affected by season, mastitic infection and cold storage, also influence its curd-forming properties, and the composition and yield of cheese. During ripening of cheese, the final texture and the development of flavour occur. Both are influenced by the type and extent of proteolysis, catalysed by coagulant, bacterial and milk enzymes. These and other enzymic and non-enzymic reactions responsible for flavour development depend on the composition and environment within the product. Some of these reactions can be accelerated by incorporating enzymes and chemical reagents into the curd, resulting in the production of an enhanced flavour. A number of compounds responsible for the flavour of cheese and yoghurt have been identified and mechanisms for their formation and retention in the product have been postulated.
Integrating regulatory motif discovery and genome-wide expression analysis (2003)

We propose motif regressor for discovering sequence motifs upstream of genes that undergo expression changes in a given condition. The method combines the advantages of matrix-based motif finding and oligomer motif-expression regression analysis, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity. motif regressor is particularly effective in discovering expression-mediating motifs of medium to long width with multiple degenerate positions. When applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, motif regressor identified the ROX1 and YAP1 motifs from Rox1p and Yap1p overexpression experiments, respectively; predicted that Gcn4p may have increased activity in YAP1 deletion mutants; reported a group of motifs (including GCN4, PHO4, MET4, STRE, USR1, RAP1, M3A, and M3B) that may mediate the transcriptional response to amino acid starvation; and found all of the known cell-cycle regulation motifs from 18 expression microarrays over two cell cycles.