gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Associates with Target Membranes via Its Fusion Loops (2009)

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins gB, gD, and gH/gL are necessary and sufficient for virus entry into cells. Structural features of gB are similar to those of vesicular stomatitis virus G and baculovirus gp64, and together they define the new class III group of fusion proteins. Previously, we used mutagenesis to show that three hydrophobic residues (W174, Y179, and A261) within the putative gB fusion loops are integral to gB function. Here we expanded our analysis, using site-directed mutagenesis of each residue in both gB fusion loops. Mutation of most of the nonpolar or hydrophobic amino acids (W174, F175, G176, Y179, and A261) had severe effects on gB function in cell-cell fusion and null virus complementation assays. Of the six charged amino acids, mutation of H263 or R264 also negatively affected gB function. To further analyze the mutants, we cloned the ectodomains of the W174R, Y179S, H263A, and R264A mutants into a baculovirus expression system and compared them with the wild-type (WT) form, gB730t. As shown previously, gB730t blocks virus entry into cells, suggesting that gB730t competes with virion gB for a cell receptor. All four mutant proteins retained this function, implying that fusion loop activity is separate from gB-receptor binding. However, unlike WT gB730t, the mutant proteins displayed reduced binding to cells and were either impaired or unable to bind naked, cholesterol-enriched liposomes, suggesting that it may be gB-lipid binding that is disrupted by the mutations. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies with epitopes proximal to the fusion loops abrogated gB-liposome binding. Taken together, our data suggest that gB associates with lipid membranes via a fusion domain of key hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues and that this domain associates with lipid membranes during fusion.
Hardware implementation of a reed-solomon soft decoder based on information set decoding (2014)

Soft decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes can largely improve frame errors rates over currently used hard decision decoding. In this paper, we present a new hardware implementation for soft decoding of Reed-Solomon codes based on information set decoding. To our best knowledge this is the first hardware implementation of information set decoding for long Reed-Solomon codes. We propose a reduced complexity version of the decoding algorithm, that is optimized for efficient hardware implementation and enables high throughput. The decoder was implemented on a Virtex 7 FPGA, achieving a gain of 0.75 dB compared to conventional hard decision decoding and a throughput of up to 1.19 GBit/s for the widely used RS(255,239). This gain in FER is achieved with less complexity and more than 15x larger throughput than other state-of-the-art architectures.
Multiple Layer Series Connected Winding Design for Minimum Losses (1979)

The classical one dimensional magnetic field and eddy current distribution ("proximity effect") within a series connected multiple layer coil is reexamined with regard to power losses withinthe windings. When the lengthand number of layers ina coilare fixed, the power dissipation within each layer can be minimized by choosing a specific radial thickness for each layer. Above or below this thickness, the losses within the winding increase. The conductor thickness which results in minimum dissipation depends on the relative position of the layer. When compared to a design having a constant thickness for each layer (chosen for minimum total dissipation), it is found that substantial savings in power consumption can be realized by employing a variable thickness of conductor. The one dimensional solution in cylindrical coordinates for the eddy current and skin effect in amultiple layer series connected coil is alsopresented. By solving the problem n cylindrical coordinates, the effect of curvature on the power consumption within each layer is apparent. This analysis should have application to the design of power transformers, armature windings, and inductors for power transmission lines.
Production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by macrophages from human atheromatous plaques. (1993)

The production of cytokines by atheromatous plaque macrophages from human endarterectomy tissue was assessed in vitro by short-term cell culture and in situ by immunohistology. Macrophages were isolated from plaques of 14 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and 7 patients undergoing reconstructive procedures on atheromatous distal aortic and femoral arteries. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) production by plaque macrophages and blood monocytes isolated concurrently from these patients was assessed. TNF release by macrophages from carotid plaques (0.39 +/- 0.12 ng/10(6) cells/24 hours) was significantly augmented compared to the release by corresponding blood monocytes (0.014 +/- 0.011 ng/10(6) cells/24 hours, P = 0.03), and by macrophages from noncarotid lesions (0.038 +/- 0.036 ng/10(6) cells/24 hours, P < 0.04). Cellular TNF expression by macrophages within carotid plaques was also more prominent than in noncarotid lesions. By contrast, IL-1 production by plaque macrophages from both carotid and noncarotid plaques was not augmented compared to blood monocytes, and only infrequent and low-intensity labeling for IL-1 was present on macrophages within plaques from either group. These results provide functional and immunohistological evidence for increased production of TNF but not IL-1 by activated macrophages, indicating local and selective augmentation of cytokine production within carotid plaques. This suggests that macrophages play an active role in the inflammatory response within atheromatous carotid plaques.
High speed optical interconnects with PAM4 modulation for short-reach applications (2015)

Utilizing the advantages of less bandwidth requirement and chromatic dispersion penalty, PAM4 modulation has been discussed for Ethernet optical transceiver as well as passive optical network, including the low-cost 100GE 2km, 400GE 2km/10km/40km solutions and high-speed 25Gbps/40Gbps PON. Meanwhile, the system performance has also been evaluated experimentally.
Le capital culturel contesté : Etude de quatre lycées de Stockholm (1997)

The papers assembled in this thesis all address, in a Bourdieuan tradition, the question of the social structure of the Swedish education system, focusing on the Stockholm region, and how this structure can be explained by the distribution of cultural and other assets among individuals and social groups. Although economic, social and political changes during the period covered by the various studies are not the main focus of the work here, the articles depict the effects of such changes on upper secondary education in particular. While upper secondary education was radically changed by the political reforms of the 1990s, characterized by decentralisation and marketization, the analyses advanced in the studies indicate that its basic social structure remains stable. In one dimension, this structure opposes an “elite” pole having a particularly high social and scholastic recruitment to a “popular” pole with a correspondingly low recruitment profile. In a likewise durable second dimension, a “cultural” pole built up by schools and study programmes that are particularly popular among culturally strong social groups, opposes an “economic” pole favoured by social groups close to the economic and private sectors of society. The various papers reveal that the last opposition corresponds to both differences in life styles and deeply rooted convictions related to family and formal education among cultural and economic fractions of the upper-middle and middle classes. At this level, a belief in education as a development of the personality, with connected values such as individuality and originality, stands against a conviction that education is a rational investment in a future competitive career; as such, it is subject to calculated, measured risks. The existence of deeply rooted values among social groups with different structures of assets or capital also explains why schools –in the institutional strategies imposed on them by the school market– tend to express convictions (topoi) and symbolic values that correspond to those of their target groups. The various studies included in this thesis employ a combination of statistical approaches, mainly correspondence analysis, and qualitative ones such as: interviews, ethnographic observation and text analysis.
Hexamethyldisilan (1961)

Abstract Trimethylchlorsilan reagiert mit Natrium zum Hexamethyldisilan. Die präparative Darstellung gelingt mit Aluminiumchlorid als Katalysator und speziellen apparativen Maßnahmen. Während sich unter gleichen Bedingungen aus t‐Butylchlorid geringste Mengen Hexamethyläthan bzw. mit Trimethylchlorsilan t‐Butyltrimethylsilan bilden, schlagen Versuche zur Darstellung vom Octamethyltrisilan fehl.
A Systematic Approach to Screening Ion-Exchange Chromatography Media for Process Development (1996)

Chromatography media (resins) are very important for and widely used by the biopharma industry in large scale production of biopharmaceuticals, e.g. monoclonal antibodies. Today there are several hundred biopharmaceuticals released globally on the healthcare market. This thesis discusses various strategies and methods for the characterisation of chemical and functional stability of chromatography media. In addition, various analytical techniques used in these areas were evaluated and applied. Further, more specific physical and chemical characterisation methods were evaluated and applied to explore different properties of various chromatography media.In Papers I-III, established methodologies for performing chemical and functional stability studies were used. Mainly agarose-based chromatography media were investigated. For fast screening of the chemical stability, the total organic carbon analysis technique was evaluated and applied. This technique that measures the carbon leakage from the chromatography media at different conditions, proved to be very suitable and robust. For detection and/or identification of leakage compounds responsible for or for part of the measured carbon leakage, different methods such as (high performance) liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry were used.In Papers IV-VII, different properties (i.e. functional performance, ligand content and surface chemistry) were evaluated for different agarose-based chromatography media. Standard chromatographic methods (ion exchange chromatography) and spectroscopic methods (e.g. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) were evaluated and applied. Chemometric methods were used for efficient evaluation of data.Information of chemical, functional and leakage data of chromatography media are valuable and important for the biopharmaceutical companies to be able to fulfil the regulatory requirements of biopharmaceuticals. In addition, information of various chemical, functional and physical properties of chromatography media is likewise important during development and set up of new biopharmaceutical processes.
Automatic Lane Segmentation in TLC Images Using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (2013)

This paper describes a new methodology for lane detection in Thin-Layer Chromatography images. An approach based on the continuous wavelet transform is used to enhance the relevant lane information contained in the intensity profile obtained from image data projection. Lane detection proceeds in three phases: the first obtains a set of candidate lanes, which are validated or removed in the second phase; in the third phase, lane limits are calculated, and subtle lanes are recovered. The superior performance of the new solution was confirmed by a comparison with three other methodologies previously described in the literature.
DIFFERENCES IN AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH FIXED AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION DUE TO ASTHMA OR COPD (2002)

To determine whether patients with fixed airflow obstruction have distinct pathological and functional characteristics depending on a history of either asthma or COPD, we characterized 46 consecutive outpatients presenting with fixed airflow obstruction by clinical history, pulmonary function tests, exhaled NO, sputum analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial biopsy, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest scans. Subjects with a history of COPD (n=27) and subjects with a history of asthma (n=19) had a similar degree of fixed airflow obstruction (FEV1: 56 ± 3 vs. 56 ± 2% predicted) and airway hyperresponsiveness (PC20FEV1: 2.81 [3.1] vs. 1.17 [3.3]). Subjects with a history of asthma had significantly more eosinophils in peripheral blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and airway mucosa; fewer neutrophils in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio of T cells infiltrating the airway mucosa; and a thicker reticular layer of the epithelial basement membrane. They also had significantly lower residual volume, higher diffusing capacity, higher exhaled NO, lower HRCT scan emphysema score, and greater reversibility to bronchodilator and steroids. In conclusion, despite similar fixed airflow obstruction, subjects with a history of asthma have distinct characteristics compared with subjects with a history of COPD and should be properly identified and treated.
The accumulation of proline in <i>Prasiola crispa</i> during winter in Antarctica (1995)

Samples of Prasiola crispa were collected in Antarctica throughout a 13‐month period and analysed for free amino acids by HPLC. There was a marked increase in the levels of proline with the onset of winter, concurrent with a decrease in the other predominant amino acids. In January, proline constituted 1.2 ± 0.1 μ mol (g dry weight) −1 . whereas by mid‐April it was the major component at 28.4 ± 2.9 μ mol (g dry weight) −1 . When winter samples were thawed in a growth cabinet, their proline content declined to 4.3 ± 0.5 μ mol (g dry weight) −1 after 7 days. Measurements of photosynthetic quantum yield indicated that winter samples of P. crispa also recovered photosynthetic activity upon thawing. Amino acids and other solutes are involved in the preservation of photosynthetic activities during freezing and it seems probable that proline is involved in cryoprotection in this species. In summer samples, there was no evidence that proline levels in P. crispa increased with the conductivity of the water in which they were found growing.
Presynaptic Facilitation of Glutamatergic Synapses to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Rat Substantia Nigra by Endogenous Stimulation of Vanilloid Receptors (2003)

Growing evidence regarding the function of vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) in the brain suggests potential central roles of this receptor, previously described to occur primarily in peripheral sensory neurons. In the present study, we used electrophysiological and biochemical techniques to investigate the function and the endogenous stimulation of VR1 in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The VR1 agonist capsaicin increased the frequency of both TTX-sensitive and -insensitive spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) without affecting their amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. In contrast, no effect was detected with regard to GABAergic transmission. No increase in sEPSC frequency was observed in the presence of cadmium chloride, while the voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin MVIIC did not prevent capsaicin action. The VR1 antagonists capsazepine and iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX) blocked the effects of capsaicin. Importantly, IRTX per se reduced sEPSC frequency, suggesting a tonic activity of VR1. The endogenous VR1 agonist anandamide (AEA) produced an IRTX-sensitive increase in the frequency of sEPSCs on dopaminergic neurons that was more pronounced when protein kinase A had been activated. Furthermore, mass spectrometric analyses and binding experiments revealed high levels of endogenous AEA and specific binding of AEA to VR1 receptors in the SNc. These data suggest a tonic facilitation of glutamate release exerted by VR1 in the SNc through a stimulation of VR1 by endovanilloids, including anandamide. The increase in sEPSC frequency by VR1 onto midbrain dopaminergic neurons suggests the involvement of these receptors in motor and cognitive functions involving the dopaminergic system.
Road Test Results of an I-C Engine Misfire Detection System (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents results of experimental results of a misfire detection system for cars equipped with gasoline fueled engines and both manual and automatic transmissions. A brief overview of the theory of the method and discussion of instrumentation is also given. The performance of the method for cars operated on a chassis dynamometer and on various roads is presented.</div>
Video background replacement without a blue screen (2003)

An algorithm is presented for replacing video background without a physical blue screen. The method requires pre-recording a background image of the scene without the presence of any foreground objects. Based on the color difference between the pixels in an input frame and their corresponding pixels in the background image, the algorithm computes a probability map which contains the likelihood for each pixel to be classified into the foreground or background. The probability map is further refined using anisotropic diffusion which reduces classification errors without introducing significant artifacts. Finally, based on the refined probability map, a new video is synthesized by feathering the foreground pixels of the input frames onto a new background video or image. The algorithm requires moderate computation resources and has been implemented to run in real time. Experimental results are presented.
Comparative Effects of Amoxycillin and Ampicillin in the Treatment of Experimental Mouse Infections (1975)

Amoxycillin was significantly more active than ampicillin in the treatment of intraperitoneal mouse infections when administered by oral and parenteral routes, although the causal bacteria were equally susceptible in vitro to the two penicillins. Amoxycillin produced higher antibiotic blood concentrations in mice than ampicillin after oral administration, and this was a possible explanation for the superior oral activity of amoxycillin. In contrast, antibiotic blood concentrations were the same for both compounds after subcutaneous injection, but it was demonstrated that amoxycillin was more effective than ampicillin by this route in reducing bacterial counts in the peritoneal cavity and in the blood of mice infected with Escherichia coli. Amoxycillin was also significantly more active than ampicillin in the treatment of infection by intraperitoneal dosing as a result of greater bactericidal activity in infected mice together with the production of higher antibiotic blood levels. The results of these studies on the effects of parental treatment of experimental infections with the two penicillins show that the superior chemotherapeutic activity of amoxycillin was associated with the greater bactericidal activity of amoxycillin in vivo and with differences in the distribution of the two penicillins in the infected animal.
Comparative study of the intestinal mucus barrier in normal and inflamed colon (2006)

The large bowel mucus layer effectively prevents contact between the highly concentrated luminal bacteria and the epithelial cells in all parts of the normal colon. Colonic inflammation is always accompanied by breaks in the mucus barrier. Although the inflammatory response gradually reduces the number of bacteria in mucus and faeces, the inflammation itself is not capable of preventing bacterial migration, adherence to and invasion of the mucosa.
Single-photon all-optical switching using waveguide-cavity quantum electrodynamics (2006)

This paper demonstrates switching of a single signal photon by a single gating photon of a different frequency, via a cross-phase-modulation. This effect is mediated by materials exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which are embedded in photonic crystals (PhCs). An analytical model based on waveguide-cavity QED is constructed for our system, which consists of a PhC waveguide and a PhC microcavity containing a four-level EIT atom. It is solved exactly and analyzed using experimentally accessible parameters. It is found that the strong coupling regime is required for lossless two-photon quantum entanglement.
Soft tissue navigation for laparoscopic prostatectomy: evaluation of camera pose estimation for enhanced visualization (2007)

We introduce a novel navigation system to support minimally invasive prostate surgery. The system utilizes transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and needle-shaped navigation aids to visualize hidden structures via Augmented Reality. During the intervention, the navigation aids are segmented once from a 3D TRUS dataset and subsequently tracked by the endoscope camera. Camera Pose Estimation methods directly determine position and orientation of the camera in relation to the navigation aids. Accordingly, our system does not require any external tracking device for registration of endoscope camera and ultrasonography probe. In addition to a preoperative planning step in which the navigation targets are defined, the procedure consists of two main steps which are carried out during the intervention: First, the preoperatively prepared planning data is registered with an intraoperatively acquired 3D TRUS dataset and the segmented navigation aids. Second, the navigation aids are continuously tracked by the endoscope camera. The camera's pose can thereby be derived and relevant medical structures can be superimposed on the video image. This paper focuses on the latter step. We have implemented several promising real-time algorithms and incorporated them into the Open Source Toolkit MITK (www.mitk.org). Furthermore, we have evaluated them for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) navigation scenarios. For this purpose, a virtual evaluation environment has been developed, which allows for the simulation of navigation targets and navigation aids, including their measurement errors. Besides evaluating the accuracy of the computed pose, we have analyzed the impact of an inaccurate pose and the resulting displacement of navigation targets in Augmented Reality.
Unemployed Engineers - a Wasted Resource (1992)

At the Annual Meeting in Christchurch, a major concern was the extent of unemployment amongst our members. An even greater problem appears to be the poor employment prospects for new graduates coming on to the job market this year. You may be aware of a follow-up survey being conducted through our branches to get a clearer overall picture.
Addressable carbon thin film cathode (2002)

We have recently reported that an emission site density of 2/spl times/10/sup 5//cm/sup 2/ and a current density of 100 mA/cm/sup 2/ can be achieved routinely over a relatively large area at an extraction field of about 10 V//spl mu/m for our field emission carbon thin films. Films with such emission properties are already good enough to be used for low to medium resolution displays. To make any usable device, however, the cathode has to be addressable. One of the problems that proved to be particularly challenging in pursuing an addressable carbon cathode is to overcome the edge emission from the cathode feed lines. In fact, this problem is universal for any thin film cathode regardless of the emitting material. In this paper, we will discuss in detail the difficulties that arise from this problem and the technique that we developed recently to overcome it.