gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The c-Rel Transcription Factor in Development and Disease (2011)

c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family. Unlike other NF-κB proteins that are expressed in a variety of cell types, high levels of c-Rel expression are found primarily in B and T cells, with many c-Rel target genes involved in lymphoid cell growth and survival. In addition to c-Rel playing a major role in mammalian B and T cell function, the human c-rel gene (REL) is a susceptibility locus for certain autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, psoriasis, and celiac disease. The REL locus is also frequently altered (amplified, mutated, rearranged), and expression of REL is increased in a variety of B and T cell malignancies and, to a lesser extent, in other cancer types. Thus, agents that modulate REL activity may have therapeutic benefits for certain human cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Shape-Selective Enantioselective Hydrogenation on Pt Nanoparticles (2009)

The structure sensitivity of enantioselective hydrogenations on chirally modified metals was investigated using Pt nanoparticles of different shapes. All three samples had an average particle size of 10 nm, but the fraction of dominantly cubic, cubooctahedral, and octahedral particles varied with decreasing {100} and increasing {111} faces in the same order. In the absence of chiral modifier the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate was independent of the shape of the Pt nanoparticles; variation of the specific reaction rates did not exceed the experimental error on all self-prepared catalysts and on a commercial Pt/Al(2)O(3) used as reference. Addition of cinchonidine or quinine induced a significant rate enhancement by a factor of 4-15, and the rate was always higher with quinine. Also, 72-92% ees were achieved, and the reaction was shape selective: both the rate and the ee increased with increasing Pt{111}/Pt{100} ratio. A similar correlation in the hydrogenation of ketopantolactone confirmed that decarbonylation or aldol-type side reactions of ethyl pyruvate were not the reason for structure sensitivity. A combined catalytic and theoretical study revealed that the probable origin of the particle shape dependency of enantioselective hydrogenation is the adsorption behavior of the cinchona alkaloid. DFT studies of cinchonidine interacting with Pt(100) and Pt(111) terraces indicated a remarkably stronger interaction on the former crystallographic face by ca. 155 kJ/mol. The higher adsorption strength on Pt(100) was corroborated experimentally by the faster hydrogenation of the homoaromatic ring of the alkaloid, which fragment interacts the strongest with Pt during its adsorption. Thus, an ideal catalyst for the hydrogenation of activated ketones contains dominantly Pt{111} terraces, which crystallographic face is more active and affords higher enantioselectivity, combined with the higher stability of the modifier.
Tissue compatibility and pharmacokinetics of three potential subcutaneous injectables for low-pH drug solutions (2010)

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the tissue tolerance and bioavailability of four formulations containing 5% ricobendazole solubilised at low pH, following subcutaneous injection in sheep. Formulations were: a water-in-oil emulsion, a microemulsion, a hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD, 20%) drug solution, and a low-pH drug solution (reference). Methods In-vitro cytotoxicity of the formulations was investigated in L929 fibroblasts using MTS viability and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays. Each formulation and respective vehicle was injected into either side of the back of a sheep to investigate the tissue tolerance and pharmacokinetics. Key findings In-vitro studies suggested that both the emulsion and the microemulsion are unlikely to give a burst release of the low-pH drug solution in aqueous media. The microemulsion showed the greatest in-vitro cytotoxic effect but no significant difference was observed between the other formulations. In sheep, the three new formulations and vehicles caused little or no injection-site reactions compared with a marked response to the reference formulation. Bioavailabilities of HP-β-CD formulation, emulsion and microemulsion formulations, relative to the reference formulation, were 194, 155 and 115%, respectively. Conclusions The three new subcutaneous injectables showed promise for reducing irritation of low-pH solubilised ricobendazole. HP-β-CD significantly enhanced the drug absorption. Controlling the burst release of the low-pH drug solution may improve tissue tolerance and minimise post-injection precipitation, and hence increase drug bioavailability. The in-vitro cytotoxicity studies did not predict the in-vivo irritation effects.
Ozonolysis of hydroxymethylene ketones: the Baeyer–Villiger reaction as a source of anhydride formation (1968)

D. Yang and S. W. Pelletier, Chem. Commun. (London), 1968, 1055 DOI: 10.1039/C19680001055
Potassium Borohydride Manufacture (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotassium Borohydride ManufactureWalter Fedor, M. Douglas Banus, and David IngallsCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 10, 1664–1672Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50574a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50574a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views243Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Calculating Pump Fillage for Well Control Using Transfer Point Location (2010)

Abstract Knowing correct pump fillage is pivotal in well control as well as in estimating pump efficiency and thereby optimizing the production of a beam pumping well. The pump fillage is often approximated from the graphical representation of the downhole card, which can sometimes be inaccurate. This paper focuses on a method to compute pump fillage using downhole position versus time and load versus time data either calculated from the measured surface data or measured by a downhole dynamometer. Accurately calculating the pump fillage involves correctly locating the transfer point, the point at which the load is transferred from the standing valve to the traveling valve. This paper proposes a method comprised of four algorithms to locate the transfer point. The combination of these methods correctly locates the transfer point, accurately determines the pump fillage and therefore optimizes well control and production. Results from application of the method over numerous data sets covering a wide range of conditions are discussed and they demonstrate effectiveness of the method for optimization of beam well assets.
Multiplex Analysis of Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Lymphoid Cells by Microbead Suspension Arrays (2005)

Phosphorylation analysis of signaling proteins is key for examining intracellular signaling pathways. Conventional biochemical approaches, e.g. immunoprecipitation, Western blot, and ELISA, have played a major role in elucidation of individual signaling events. However, these methods are laborious, time-consuming, and difficult to adapt for high throughput analysis. A multiplex approach to measure phosphorylation state of multiple signaling proteins simultaneously would significantly enhance the efficiency and scope of signaling pathway analysis for mechanistic studies and clinical application. This report describes a novel multiplex microbead suspension array approach to examine phosphoproteomic profiles in lymphoid cells. In the Jurkat T-cell leukemia line, the multiplex assay enabled targeted investigation of phosphorylation kinetics of signal transduction from receptor proximal events (tyrosine phosphoproteins CD3, Lck, Zap-70, and linker for T-cell activation) to cytosolic events (serine/threonine phosphoproteins Erk and Akt) to transcription factors (serine/threonine phosphorylated Rsk, cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein, and STAT3). To broaden the application of the multiplex analysis, signaling pathways were also studied in B-cell lymphoid tumor lines that included chronic lymphocytic leukemia lines. In these cell lines, multiplex suspension array enabled phosphoproteomic analysis of signaling cascade mediated by Syk, a homolog of Zap-70. Results obtained by multiplex analysis were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot methods. The examples of T-cell and B-cell signaling pathway analyses in this report demonstrate the utility of the multiplex suspension arrays to investigate phosphorylation dynamics and kinetics of several signaling proteins simultaneously in signal transduction pathways.
Vitamins, phytoplankton and bacteria: symbiosis or scavenging? (2007)

The conclusion that over 25% of global primary production depends on direct algal/bacterial symbiosis involving vitamin B12 [ Croft et al., (2005) Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature, 438, 90–93] is patently false, for it is based on a misconception of the probable level of the vitamin B12 requirement in marine pelagic algae. A review of the various published attempts at measuring this requirement suggests that it is likely to be so low that oceanic and coastal concentrations of the vitamin would usually be sufficient to sustain the populations that occur without the assistance of direct algal/bacterial symbiosis. The levels measured are discussed in relation to method (batch or continuous culture) and protocols used. Requirement values considered by the author to be acceptable range from 0.1 to 0.3 pM for the vitamin growth saturation constant (KS) and from 30 to 100 μL algal biomass pmol−1 vitamin for the yield.
Applications of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography to Traditional Chinese Medicines (2010)

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), as a development of the chromatographic technique, was used in the quality control of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. In the study, the UPLC methods were transferred from conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods according to chromatographic equations. The results demonstrated that UPLC analysis methods could be transferred from HPLC without loss of efficiency. Compared with conventional HPLC, UPLC made a surprising 10-fold increase in speed and 20-fold decrease in solvent consumption. The study indicated UPLC as a suitable alternative to HPLC and can be reliably applied to quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.
Four workshops in alternate concepts in controlled fusion. Part C. CTR using the p-/sup 11/B reaction (1977)

Clean and efficient energy production by fusion is possible in principle by using any one of a variety of so called advanced fusion fuels. Among these choices, the nuclear reaction of protium (p) and boron-11 (B/sup 11/) offers the benefits of a large reaction cross section, no neutron production, and no tritium production or consumption. Compared with deuterium-tritium (D--T) fusion systems, these characteristics offer significant engineering and operational potential. Use of the p-B/sup 11/ fuel cycle requires high temperature and very effective plasma confinement. Based on new confinement results in magnetic multipole configurations, our recalculation of the p-B/sup 11/ energy balance for selected operating conditions shows the possibility for significant energy production. Radiation losses are reduced to an acceptable level by two means: one, operation at an ion temperature of 300 keV and an electron temperature of 150 keV, and two, reducing the magnetic field in the bulk of the plasma to a small value by use of the multipole configuration. The multipole configuration is available to the neutron-free p-B/sup 11/ cycle but not the D-T cycle because it employs internal cryogenic conductors. Energy conversion is proposed by means of radiative transfer to the walls of the reactor. Critical issues include uncertainties in the p-B/sup 11/ cross section, the achievable level of field free region and the confinement scaling to reaction temperatures, effects of helium ash, and the level of neutron production by parasitic reactions.
Identification and Genetic Characterization of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Genetic Island 1 (2000)

The type b capsule of pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae is a critical factor for H. influenzae survival in the blood and the establishment of invasive infections. Other pathogenic factors associated with type b strains may also play a role in invasion and sustained bacteremia, leading to the seeding of deep tissues. The gene encoding haemocin is the only noncapsular gene found to be specific to type b strains until now. Here we report the discovery of an approximately 16-kb genetic locus, HiGI1, that is present primarily in type b strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization were used to map this new locus between secG (HI0445) and fruA (HI0446), which are contiguous in Rd, a nonpathogenic derivative of a serotype d strain. It is inserted at the 3' end of tRNA(4)(Leu) and has regions whose G+C content differs from the average genomic G+C content of H. influenzae. An integrase gene, which encodes a CP4-57 like integrase, is located downstream of tRNA(4)(Leu). Hybridization probes based on the sequences within the HiGI1 locus have been used to screen 61 H. influenzae strains (2 type a, 22 type b, 2 type c, 1 type d, 3 type e, 7 type f, and 21 nontypeable H. influenzae [NTHi]) from our collection. This HiGI1 locus exists in all 22 type b strains and two NTHi strains and is likely to have been acquired by an ancestral type b strain.
A unified model of NMDA receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity (2002)

Synapses in the brain are bidirectionally modifiable, but the routes of induction are diverse. In various experimental paradigms, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term depression and long-term potentiation have been induced selectively by varying the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neurons during presynaptic stimulation of a constant frequency, the rate of presynaptic stimulation, and the timing of pre- and postsynaptic action potentials. In this paper, we present a mathematical embodiment of bidirectional synaptic plasticity that is able to explain diverse induction protocols with a fixed set of parameters. The key assumptions and consequences of the model can be tested experimentally; further, the model provides the foundation for a unified theory of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity.
Evaluation of the Azotest Strip as Recommended for the Estimation of Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentrations in Individual Cow, Milk Line and Bulk Tank Samples (2003)

The objectives of this study were to determine inter-reader agreement and to describe the accuracy of the Azotest® strip for estimating urea nitrogen concentrations in milk samples from individual cows (n = 214), milk lines (n = 41) and bulk tanks (n = 41). Samples were split, with one portion used for milk urea nitrogen (MUN) analysis using the Azotest® strip, and the second portion submitted to an accredited diagnostic laboratory for MUN analysis using wet chemistry analysis as the gold standard test.There was excellent inter-reader agreement (Kappa = 0.87) in this study for distinguishing between individual cow samples with either normal or high MUN values. However, the overall accuracy of the Azotest® strip was poor, with MUN results from the Azotest® strip being different than those from wet chemistry analysis (P < 0.01). There was poor agreement between the two test methods (Kappa = 0.12 - 0.14); average Azotest® results were approximately 5 mg/dl units higher than the wet chemistry analysis method for either individual cow, milk line or bulk tank samples. Forty-five percent of individual cow samples, and 45% of milk line and bulk tank samples were correctly categorized as low, normal or high.The sensitivity and specificity of the Azotest® strip for detecting high MUN concentrations (vs normal or low) in individual cow samples was 98.7 and 33.1%, respectively, and in pooled milk line and bulk tank samples was 100 and 21.1%, respectively. For this data set, the predictive value of a positive test result when looking for high MUN measures (vs normal or low) was only 33.1 to 35.7%. Thus, approximately two-thirds of samples identified as high by the test strip actually had a normal MUN concentration.The sensitivity and specificity of the Azotest® strip for detecting low MUN concentrations (vs normal or high) in individual cow samples was 0 and 100%, respectively. The test failed to correctly identify any truly low MUN samples as being low, and overestimated the MUN concentration in a high proportion of truly low and normal samples. Given this high degree of test inaccuracy in these data, we conclude that the Azotest® strip will not be beneficial to commercial dairy producers or dairy consultants. The authors recommend that producers wishing to monitor MUN submit milk samples to an accredited diagnostic laboratory for MUN analysis.
NT-3 Attenuates Functional and Structural Disorders in Sensory Nerves of Galactose-fed Rats (1998)

The present study investigated the effect of NT-3, a neurotrophin expressed in nerve and skeletal muscle, on myelinated fiber disorders of galactose-fed rats. Adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing complete micronutrient supplements and either 0% D-galactose (control) or 40% D-galactose. Treated controls received 20 mg/kg NT-3 and treated galactose-fed rats received 1, 5, or 20 mg/kg NT-3 three times per week by subcutaneous injections. After 2 months, sciatic and saphenous sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were measured and the sciatic, sural, peroneal and saphenous nerves and dorsal and ventral roots processed for light microscopy. Treatment of control animals with NT-3 had no effect on any functional or structural parameter. Compared to control values, galactose feeding induced a sensory and motor nerve conduction deficit and a reduction in axonal caliber. Treatment with 5 and 20 mg/kg NT-3 ameliorated deficits in sciatic and saphenous SNCV in galactose-fed rats but had no effect on the MNCV deficit. NT-3 treatment also attenuated the decrease in mean axonal caliber in the dorsal root and sural nerve but not in the saphenous nerve, ventral root and peroneal nerve. These observations show that NT-3 can selectively attenuate the sensory conduction deficit of galactose neuropathy in a dose-dependent manner that depends only in part on restoration of axonal caliber of large-fiber sensory neurons.
Using the UML to Describe the BSP Model of Parallel Computation (2002)

A Unified Modeling Language (UML) description of the BSP model of parallel computation is presented. This UML description identifies BSP classes and objects and specifies various object and inter-object relationships, dependencies, and behaviors. This was achieved by describing various views of the BSP model using many of the UML structural and behavioral diagrams. The use to the UML to describe the BSP model has been highly effective for further parallel modeling techniques, comparisons to other parallel models, BSP parallel system software research, and BSP algorithm development.
TERT Promoter Mutation Status as an Independent Prognostic Factor in Cutaneous Melanoma (2014)

UV-induced TERT promoter mutations are one of the most frequent genetic alterations in melanoma, with frequencies varying depending on melanoma subtype. In nonacral cutaneous melanomas, presence of TERT promoter mutations is independently associated with poor prognosis.
Impurity contamination of GaN epitaxial films from the sapphire, SiC and ZnO substrates (1997)

Likely contamination of GaN films by impurities emanating from Al2O3, SiC, and ZnO substrates during growth has been studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis. The defective near-substrate region allows impurities to incorporate more readily as compared to the more perfect crystal as evidenced by increased impurity levels in that region detected by SIMS. The SIMS measurements in GaN layers grown on SiC, ZnO, and sapphire showed large amounts of Si, Zn, and O, respectively, within a region wider than the defective near-substrate layer pointing to the possibility of impurity diffusion at growth temperatures. The qualitative trend observed is fairly clear and significant.
A switching device based on a-Si:H n-i-δp-i-n stacked structure: modeling and characterization (1996)

A new two-terminal switching device based on an a-Si:H n-i-/spl delta/p-i-n symmetrical structure is investigated. The current through the device arises from thermionic emission of electrons over the triangular barrier lowered by the applied voltage. The key role of the thickness and of the doping level of the central /spl delta/p layer on the electrical behavior of the device is analyzed in detail by a numerical model. The current-voltage characteristic of an optimized device exhibits an ON/OFF current ratio, taken at 3 and 1 V, respectively, of six orders of magnitude with a nonlinearity factor /spl eta/=3.7.
The impact of FK506 on graft coronary disease of rat cardiac allograft--a comparison with cyclosporine. (1992)

We studied the impact of FK506, a potent immunosuppressant, on graft coronary disease and graft-infiltrating lymphocyte subset after rat heart transplantation. Fisher rat heart grafts transplanted into Lewis rat recipients were divided into three groups: control (n = 7), rats treated with FK506 at a dose of 0.32 mg/kg/day intramuscularly (n = 7), and rats treated with cyclosporine at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day intramuscularly (n = 7). Grafts were removed on day 71 in the treated groups and on rejection in the control group. We blindly scored graft rejection and graft coronary disease on a scale of 0 to 4. Graft-infiltrating lymphocytes were investigated by flow-cytometric analysis with the following monoclonal antibodies: W3/25, anti-helper T lymphocyte; OX8, antisuppressor and cytotoxic T lymphocyte; and OX39, antiinterleukin-2 receptor. No difference of graft rejection was found between the two treated groups (FK506 1.66 +/- 0.49 versus cyclosporine 1.45 +/- 0.37), but the FK506 group showed severe graft coronary disease (FK506 2.14 +/- 0.82 versus cyclosporine 0.78 +/- 0.17; p less than 0.01) in this model. In flow-cytometric analysis, we found an increased proportion of OX8-positive lymphocytes (FK506 25.7 +/- 6.4 versus cyclosporine 4.9 +/- 2.4, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocytes may be involved in graft coronary disease.