gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: Experience with 90 patients (1982)

The clinical findings and response to treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors are analyzed in 90 patients treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the period from January 1975 to February 1980. Patients included those who had either typical clinical findings of leptomeningeal tumor or conclusive laboratory evidence supporting the diagnosis. Carcinoma of the breast (46 patients), lung (23 patients) and melanoma (11 patients) were the common primary tumors. Symptoms of leptomeningeal metastasis occurred as the presenting sign in five patients and as late as ten years after the primary tumor was diagnosed in four other patients. Most patients had active systemic disease outside the nervous system. Signs and symptoms could be classified as involving either the brain, cranial nerves, or spinal nerves. Most patients had either symptoms or signs in more than one area at the time the diagnosis was established. The initial spinal fluid examination was abnormal in all but three patients, but only 49 had cytologic evidence of leptomeningeal metastases. Repeated spinal fluid assay yielded a positive cytology in 82 patients. Measurement of biochemical markers, including beta-glucuronidase, carcinoembryonic antigen and lactic dehydrogenase, assisted in the diagnosis. Approximately half of the patients treated by intraventricular methotrexate experienced improvement or stabilization of neurological symptoms for more than a month; median survival was 5.8 months after diagnosis, with a range of 1--29 months. In 18 patients disease was limited to the nervous system, and median survival was eight months, with four patients surviving one year and two patients for two years. Side effects of therapy were, for the most part, minor. We conclude that vigorous treatment of leptomeningeal metastases with intrathecal chemotherapeutic agents improves symptomatology in some patients, and at times prolongs survival.
A cellular packet radio network (1990)

Describes the design of a new data network which combines the efficiency of packet switching with the flexibility of terrestrial radio communications to provide a cost-effective alternative to the copper wire local tail. In the UK, such a network has been opened for public service by Paknet, a joint venture company between Racal Telecom and Mercury Communications. The network operates as part of the Mercury fixed telecommunications service, and because of licence regulations can only provide a service for fixed applications. The technology of the resulting packet radio network (PRN) is, however, equally applicable to fixed and mobile applications.
Biobased furandicarboxylic acids (FDCAs): effects of isomeric substitution on polyester synthesis and properties (2013)

In this study we present the application of different isomers of furandicarboxylic acid, or FDCA, obtained from agro-residues, in polyester synthesis. New polyesters based on 2,4-FDCA and 3,4-FDCA isomers with (linear) diols were thoroughly characterised and compared with their as-synthesised 2,5-FDCA analogues. All polymers were obtained by melt polycondensation of linear diols with FDCA dimethyl esters and exhibit molecular weights in the range Mw = 34 000–65 000 and polydispersities close to 2.0. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the new polyesters shows that they have comparable or even higher thermal stability compared to the 2,5-FDCA polyesters. Interestingly, the glass-transition temperatures (Tg) of 2,4-FDCA derived polyesters are similar to those of the 2,5-FDCA isomers. Both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analyses showed that 2,4-PEF is amorphous, while 2,5-PEF and 3,4-PEF are semi-crystalline materials.
The Mechanism of Enzymatic Cellulose Degradation (1973)

A cellulolytic enzyme (“C 1 ” enzyme) has been isolated from a commercial cellulase preparation derived from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride . The purification method is a four‐step procedure including chromatography on Bio‐Gel P‐10, DEAE‐Sephadex chromatography, isoelectric focusing and chromatography on Bio‐Gel P‐60. A yield of 144 mg enzyme was obtained per 100 g commercial cellulase. The isolated enzyme was homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 5.0 and at pH 8.0 by isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide gel and also in the ultracentrifuge. No enzyme activity towards carboxymethylcellulose could be detected in the purified material under the assay conditions used. Similarly, there was no β‐glucosidase activity. The purified enzyme was associated with 3.3% carbohydrate and is assumed to be a glycoprotein. The enzyme was isoelectric at pH 3.79 (10°C). A molecular weight of 46000 was determined by chromatography of the reduced and alkylated enzyme on a calibrated column of Sepharose 6B in 6 M guanidine‐HCl. Crystalline cellulose (Avicel), phosphoric acid‐swollen Avicel and cellotetraose were degraded by the enzyme and in each case the principle reaction product was cellobiose. Evidence indicates that the purified enzyme is a β‐1,4‐glucan cellobiohydrolase.
Memristor devices for neural networks (2018)

Neural network technologies have taken center stage owing to their powerful computing capability for supporting deep learning in artificial intelligence. However, conventional synaptic devices such as SRAM and DRAM are not satisfactory solutions for neural networks. Recently, several types of memristor devices have become popular alternatives because of their outstanding characteristics such as scalability, high performance, and non-volatility. To understand the characteristics of memristors, a comparison among memristors has been made, considering both maturity and performance. Magneto-resistance random access memory, phase-change random access memory, and resistive random access memory among the proposed memristors are good candidates as synaptic devices for weight storage and matrixvector multiplication required in artificial neural networks (ANNs). Moreover, these devices play key roles as synaptic devices in research for bio-plausible spiking neural networks (SNNs) because their distinctive switching properties are well matched for emulating synaptic and neuron functions of biological neural networks. In this paper we review motivation, advantage, technology, and applications of memristor devices for neural networks from practical approaches of ANNs to futuristic research of SNNs, considering the current status of memristor technology.
Electron-microscopic investigation of a SiC/Si(111) structure obtained by solid phase epitaxy (2008)

First results of the electron-microscopic investigation of thin silicon carbide (SiC) layers grown on silicon using a new method of solid phase epitaxy are presented. It is shown that, at the initial stage of epitaxial growth, a transition layer is formed which consists of various SiC polytypes. This layer occurs at the interface between the substrate and a single-crystalline SiC layer possessing predominantly a 3C polytype structure. It is established that pores with dimensions ranging from a fraction of micron to several dozen nanometers are formed in a near-surface layer of the silicon substrate, which favor the growth of epitaxial, weakly strained single-crystalline SiC layers.
Development of a New Rapid Isolation Device for Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Using 3D Palladium Filter and Its Application for Genetic Analysis (2014)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with epithelial malignancies provide a promising and minimally invasive source for early detection of metastasis, monitoring of therapeutic effects and basic research addressing the mechanism of metastasis. In this study, we developed a new filtration-based, sensitive CTC isolation device. This device consists of a 3-dimensional (3D) palladium (Pd) filter with an 8 µm-sized pore in the lower layer and a 30 µm-sized pocket in the upper layer to trap CTCs on a filter micro-fabricated by precise lithography plus electroforming process. This is a simple pump-less device driven by gravity flow and can enrich CTCs from whole blood within 20 min. After on-device staining of CTCs for 30 min, the filter cassette was removed from the device, fixed in a cassette holder and set up on the upright fluorescence microscope. Enumeration and isolation of CTCs for subsequent genetic analysis from the beginning were completed within 1.5 hr and 2 hr, respectively. Cell spike experiments demonstrated that the recovery rate of tumor cells from blood by this Pd filter device was more than 85%. Single living tumor cells were efficiently isolated from these spiked tumor cells by a micromanipulator, and KRAS mutation, HER2 gene amplification and overexpression, for example, were successfully detected from such isolated single tumor cells. Sequential analysis of blood from mice bearing metastasis revealed that CTC increased with progression of metastasis. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of CTCs from the blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer was observed compared with patients without metastasis and healthy volunteers. These results suggest that this new 3D Pd filter-based device would be a useful tool for the rapid, cost effective and sensitive detection, enumeration, isolation and genetic analysis of CTCs from peripheral blood in both preclinical and clinical settings.
Kronecker products and shuffle algebra (1981)

Relates three classical concepts, viz. mixed radix number system, Kronecker product of matrices, and perfect shuffle. It presents an algebra which describes the hardware organization of the computation of a product <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</b> , where <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> is a matrix in Kronecker product form and <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</b> is a vector. The algebraic formalism describes both the blockwise structure of the computation and the various possible connection patterns.
Understanding and engineering beneficial plant–microbe interactions: plant growth promotion in energy crops (2014)

Plant production systems globally must be optimized to produce stable high yields from limited land under changing and variable climates. Demands for food, animal feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biorefining applications, are increasing with population growth, urbanization and affluence. Low-input, sustainable, alternatives to petrochemical-derived fertilizers and pesticides are required to reduce input costs and maintain or increase yields, with potential biological solutions having an important role to play. In contrast to crops that have been bred for food, many bioenergy crops are largely undomesticated, and so there is an opportunity to harness beneficial plant-microbe relationships which may have been inadvertently lost through intensive crop breeding. Plant-microbe interactions span a wide range of relationships in which one or both of the organisms may have a beneficial, neutral or negative effect on the other partner. A relatively small number of beneficial plant-microbe interactions are well understood and already exploited; however, others remain understudied and represent an untapped reservoir for optimizing plant production. There may be near-term applications for bacterial strains as microbial biopesticides and biofertilizers to increase biomass yield from energy crops grown on land unsuitable for food production. Longer term aims involve the design of synthetic genetic circuits within and between the host and microbes to optimize plant production. A highly exciting prospect is that endosymbionts comprise a unique resource of reduced complexity microbial genomes with adaptive traits of great interest for a wide variety of applications.
Interleukin 2 deficiency in murine Leishmaniasis donovani and its relationship to depressed spleen cell responses to phytohemagglutinin. (1983)

This study examined the kinetics and mechanisms of depressed spleen cell responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) that occur during Leishmania donovani infection of BALB/c mice. In co-culture experiments, neither spleen cells from infected animals nor parasite-infected macrophages suppressed PHA responses of normal spleen cells. In addition, parasite-mediated suppression of PHA-stimulated spleen cell proliferation could not be demonstrated. Mice with 2 wk of infection did manifest an impairment in spleen cell production of interleukin 2 (IL 2) and by 8 wk IL 2 activity in supernatants from these cells was reduced by approximately 95%. This finding was not explained by an alteration in the kinetics of IL 2 production. Furthermore, diminished IL 2 activity in supernatants of PHA-activated spleen cells from infected animals was not caused by suppressive factors in these fluids as shown by their inability to suppress IL 2 stimulation of IL 2-dependent T cells. When spleen cells from mice with 8 wk of infection were cultured with PHA and supplemented with exogenous IL 2, there was an approximately 48% increase in mitogenesis. These data indicate that abnormal PHA-induced spleen cell activation in BALB/c mice with L. donovani infection is associated with impaired production of IL 2. In addition, the observation that supplementation of spleen cells from infected mice with IL 2 resulted in partial reconstitution of the PHA response is consistent with a defect in IL 2 responsiveness.
Rabbit antibodies with specificity for tyrosine phosphate are not reactive with tyrosine sulphate (1985)

Tyrosine phosphate is a frequently observed modification in a limited number of protein molecules, principally the products of viral oncogenes and membrane receptors for mitogenic growth factors. Such a group is therefore an attractive candidate for affinity selection of such phosphoproteins by antibodies with specificity for tyrosine phosphate. This report demonstrates that antisera raised against 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid have specificity for tyrosine phosphate, but are not inhibited by tyrosine sulphate. This observation has important ramifications for the detection and isolation of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins without copurification or detection of tyrosine sulphate-containing proteins, which are present in cells of all lineages. Furthermore, we demonstrate that antisera raised against the sulphanilate moiety are not reactive with tyrosine sulphate.
Biaxial texture development in aluminum nitride layers during off-axis sputter deposition (2012)

Polycrystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) layers were deposited by pulsed-dc reactive magnetron sputtering from a variable deposition angle α = 0°–84° in 5 mTorr pure N2 at room temperature. X-ray diffraction pole figure analyses show that layers deposited from a normal angle (α = 0°) exhibit fiber texture, with a random in-plane grain orientation and the c-axis tilted by 42° ± 2° off the substrate normal, yielding wurtzite AlN grains with the {101¯2} plane approximately parallel (±2°) to the substrate surface. However, as α is increased to 45°, two preferred in-plane grain orientations emerge, with populations I and II having the c-axis tilted toward and away from the deposition flux, by 53° ± 2° and 47° ± 1° off the substrate normal, respectively. Increasing α further to 65° and 84°, results in the development of a single population II with a 43° ± 1° tilt. This developing biaxial texture is attributed to a competitive growth mode under conditions where the adatom mobility is sufficient to cause intergrain mass transport, but insufficient for the thermodynamically favored low energy {0001} planes to align parallel to the layer surface. Consequently, AlN nuclei are initially randomly oriented and form a kinetically determined crystal habit exposing {0001} and {112¯0} facets. The expected direction of its highest growth rate is 49° ± 5° tilted relative to the c-axis, in good agreement with the 42°–53° measured tilt. The in-plane preferred orientation for α &gt; 0° is well explained by the orientation dependence in the cross section of the asymmetric pyramidal nuclei to capture directional deposition flux. The observed tilt is ideal for shear mode electromechanical coupling, which is maximized at 48°.
Precursors involved in the formation of pink pigments in onion purees (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPrecursors involved in the formation of pink pigments in onion pureesStanton. Shannon, Masatoshi. Yamaguchi, and Frederick D. HowardCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1967, 15, 3, 423–426Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60151a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60151a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views181Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A fast mode decision algorithm for intra prediction of H.264 (2010)

H.264 adopts Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO) to enhance coding efficiency at the cost of a very high computational complexity,and it is difficult to be real-timely implemented.By analyzing the factors of the computational complexity of the intraprediction mode decision,a fast algorithm for the intra-prediction mode decision is proposed.First,the type of the macro-block is decided based on the fuzzy membership function,and then the block texture direction is estimated.The number of prediction modes and the algorithm complexity are reduced effectively.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the H.264 encoding speed greatly without obvious PSNR change and bit-rate rise.
Assessment of Chelatable Mitochondrial Iron by Using Mitochondrion‐Selective Fluorescent Iron Indicators with Different Iron‐Binding Affinities (2007)

Chelatable cellular iron, and chelatable mitochondrial iron in particular, has yet to be well characterized, so the overall strength with which these "loosely bound" iron ions (presumably mainly Fe(II)) are intracellularly/intramitochondrially bound is unclear. We have previously reported the first selective mitochondrial iron indicator: rhodamine B 4-[(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)aminocarbonyl]benzyl ester (RPA). With this compound as a model, we have now developed two additional mitochondrial iron indicators with very different iron-binding affinities and have applied these to the study of the chelatable iron pool in the mitochondria of isolated rat liver cells. With the new indicator rhodamine B 4-[(2,2'-bipyridin-4-yl)aminocarbonyl]benzyl ester (RDA), with 2,2'-bipyridine as chelating unit (log beta(3)=17.5), essentially the same iron concentration (16.0+/-1.9 microM) was determined as with RPA (log beta(3)=21.1), despite the four orders of magnitude difference in Fe(II)-binding affinity. This not only demonstrates the reliability of the procedure, but also confirms that iron complexation by these indicators does not induce any significant release of iron from the iron-storage proteins on the timescale of the experiment. In contrast, the indicator rhodamine B 4-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aminomethyl]benzyl ester (PIRO), with an N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine group as chelating component (log beta(2)=12.2), could not compete against the array of endogenous ligands. The intramitochondrial concentrations of the three indicators were determined to be in the range of 100 microM: that is, about three orders of magnitude lower than the total concentration of endogenous compounds that might chelate iron ions. It is therefore estimated that chelatable mitochondrial iron ions are bound by endogenous ligands with apparent stability constants (log K(app)) of between 9 and 14.
An activin receptor <scp>II</scp>A ligand trap promotes erythropoiesis resulting in a rapid induction of red blood cells and haemoglobin (2014)

Sotatercept (ACE-011), a recombinant human fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the human Activin receptor IIA, binds to and inhibits activin and other members of the transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) superfamily. Administration of sotatercept led to a rapid and sustained increase in red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb) in healthy volunteers (phase I clinical trials), but the mechanism is not fully understood. Mice treated with RAP-011 (murine ortholog of ACE-011) respond with a rapid (within 24 h) increase in haematocrit, Hb, and RBC count. These effects are accompanied by an equally rapid stimulation of late-stage erythroid precursors in the bone marrow (BM). RAP-011 also induces a significant increase in erythroid burst-forming units and erythropoietin, which could contribute to additional, sustained effects on RBC production. Further in vitro co-culture studies demonstrate that BM accessory cells are required for RAP-011 effects. To better understand which TGF-β family ligand(s) mediate RAP-011 effects, we evaluated the impact of several of these ligands on erythroid differentiation. Our data suggest that RAP-011 may act to rescue growth differentiation factor 11/Activin A-induced inhibition of late-stage erythropoiesis. These data define the mechanism of action of a novel agent that regulates RBC differentiation and provide the rationale to develop sotatercept for the treatment of anaemia and ineffective erythropoiesis.
Metrics for measuring the quality of object-oriented software (2013)

This paper presents metrics for measuring the quality of object-oriented software. Quality of software generally depends on five parameters namely efficiency, understandability, complexity, reusability and maintainability. All of these parameters are associated with certain metrics. Quality of software can be measured by using object-oriented metrics. Software tends to become more complex over a series of releases and maintaining them becomes a more difficult task. Thus quality of software also tends to decrease over time. In this paper, a study is performed using object-oriented metrics that are computed over different releases of the software application JFreeChart.
Permutation codes for sources (1972)

Source encoding techniques based on permutation codes are investigated. For a broad class of distortion measures it is shown that optimum encoding of a source permutation code is easy to instrument even for very long block lengths. Also, the nonparametric nature of permutation encoding is well suited to situations involving unknown source statistics. For the squared-error distortion measure a procedure for generating good permutation codes of a given rate and block length is described. The performance of such codes for a memoryless Gaussian source is compared both with the rate-distortion function bound and with the performance of various quantization schemes. The comparison reveals that permutation codes are asymptotically ideal for small rates and perform as well as the best entropy-coded quantizers presently known for intermediate rates. They can be made to compare favorably at high rates, too, provided the coding delay associated with extremely long block lengths is tolerable.