gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reducing the density of breeding gulls influences the pattern of recruitment of immature Atlantic puffins<i>Fratercula arctica</i>to a breeding colony (2003)

Summary By acting as both competitors and predators, gulls ( Larus spp.) are generally considered to reduce significantly the attractiveness of potential breeding sites for other birds. This perceived threat posed by gulls to other breeding birds has led to the implementation of gull control procedures at many seabird colonies. However, the extent to which reducing gull numbers benefits other species has received little rigorous scientific investigation. During a gull control programme (1972–89), gull nest density on the Isle of May, south‐east Scotland, was reduced by between 30% and 100% in different sections of the island. Following termination of the original programme in 1989, several sections were maintained as gull‐free by repeated removal of nests. We used data collected over a 23‐year period to determine the extent to which the spatial variation in puffin Fratercula arctica recruitment was influenced by changes in the density and spatial distribution of breeding gulls resulting from the control programme. The presence of breeding gulls significantly affected the pattern of recruitment of puffins to the colony. Puffin recruitment rate was highest in the sections of the island where gull nest density was low. Gull density explained 21% of the variation in puffin recruitment rate. These results suggest that the reduction in the number of breeding gulls substantially increased the attractiveness of areas of the colony as breeding sites for puffins, and is thus likely to have played an important role in the pattern of expansion of the puffin population on the island. Synthesis and applications. Following a recent increase in the conservation status of both herring L. argentatus and lesser black‐backed gulls L. fuscus , there has been a move to make management decisions more objective. This has highlighted the need for studies such as this, aimed at assessing the impact of gulls and their removal on other breeding birds, to ensure that any future control programmes are both necessary and effective.
Effects of the Nitrone Radical Scavengers PBN and S-PBN on <i>In vivo</i> Trapping of Reactive Oxygen Species after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats (2001)

In previous studies, the authors showed that the nitrone radical scavenger alpha-phenyl-N- tert -butyl nitrone (PBN) and its sulfo-derivative, 2-sulfo-phenyl-N- tert -butyl nitrone (S-PBN), attenuated cognitive disturbance and reduced tissue damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. In the current study, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after TBI was monitored with microdialysis and the 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) trapping method. A single dose of PBN (30 mg/kg) or an equimolar dose of S-PBN (47 mg/kg) was administered intravenously 30 minutes before a controlled cortical contusion injury in rats. Plasma and brain tissue drug concentrations were analyzed at the end of the microdialysis experiment (3 hours after injury) and, in a separate experiment with S-PBN, at 30 and 60 minutes after injury. Traumatic brain injury caused a significant increase in ROS formation that lasted for 60 minutes after the injury as evidenced by increased 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) concentrations in the dialysate. PBN and S-PBN equally and significantly attenuated the posttraumatic increase in 3,4-DHBA formation. High PBN concentrations were found bilaterally in brain tissue up to 3 hours after injury. In contrast, S-PBN was rapidly cleared from the circulation and was not detectable in brain at 30 minutes after injury or at any later time point. The results suggest that scavenging of ROS after TBI may contribute to the neuroprotective properties observed with nitrone spin-trapping agents. S-PBN, which remained undetectable even in traumatized brain tissue, reduced ROS production to the same extent as PBN that readily crossed the blood-brain barrier. This finding supports an important role for ROS production at the blood-endothelial interface in TBI.
SDTI-CP: packaging for bitstreams (1998)

This paper describes a comprehensive new format based on the Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI) and aimed at the transfer of complex programme material with a wide association of components. It provides an ability to mix the programme components into a package structure allowing easy parsing for editing requirements. It also provides a comprehensive structure for the embedding of metadata at both the package level and for metadata relating to specific elements in the package. The standard also defines the elements so that both the structure and the elements within it can be decoded by any party. As a result, the packages created can be of almost arbitrary complexity and prove impossible to decode. To aid decoding, a decoder template document has been created to define the decoder capability thus allowing a system to be configured with matching encoders and decoders. This approach is not dissimilar to MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels. The structure readily allows the transfer onto other transports and currently the application of Content Packages into Fibre-channel containers is under discussion. The Content Package structure is introducing a new age of bitstream transfers for picture, audio and data content. Whilst similar to MPEG-2 Transport Streams, this new format is specifically focused on the packaging of video, audio and data content with the aim of relatively simple processing for editing and assembly/disassembly. MPEG-2 Transport Streams may be ubiquitous at the point of emission, but the Content Package structure is more extensible and inherently picture-aligned. (8 pages)
Berry pomace – a review of processing and chemical analysis of its polyphenols (2016)

Summary This article gives an overview on the work available on methods for berry pomace processing, on methods for polyphenol extraction and on methods for polyphenol analysis. Additionally, previous reviews on fruit pomace have been identified and categorised with respect to pomace origin, and the scientific focus of the work. Data on berry pomace proximate composition are compiled, as are methods applied for processing and stabilising pomace. The article also discusses how processing methods influence juice and pomace yield, the transfer of value compounds from the fruit to either juice or pomace and the techno‐functional properties of the pomace. Methods for polyphenol extraction are summarised and interpreted, and the state‐of‐the‐art methods for polyphenol analysis are presented in line with respective sample preparation procedures. Knowledge gaps that were identified strongly indicate that systematic work has to be done to make berry pomace available as a valuable plant‐based ingredient for processed foods.
Treatment issues surrounding hepatitis C in renal transplantation: A review (2011)

Hepatitis C infection is prevalent in candidates for and recipients of solid organ transplants. In the renal transplant population, HCV infection has been shown to decrease long-term patient and graft survival. The outcomes of HCV in recipients of other solid organ transplants are yet to be established and prospective studies will be needed in the future. In the absence of effective and safe antiviral treatment for HCV infection in renal, heart, and lung transplant recipients, the management of these patients remains a challenge and has led to an increased focus on identifying and treating hepatitis C in patients prior to transplantation. Interferon-based therapy for HCV prior transplantation appears to improve outcomes after transplantation. On the other hand, post-transplant interferon therapy is associated with an increased risk of graft rejection. Given the paucity of information on HCV treatment in solid organ transplant recipients, there is a great need for large-scale, multi-centre randomized controlled trials to determine the optimal approach to HCV infection in this population. This article will summarize the current peer-reviewed literature focusing on the efficacy of amantadine, ribavirin and both standard and pegylated interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in renal, transplant recipients.
Parametrische Systeme unter Verwendung von Gekreuzten Magnetischen Feldern (1960)

Die zurzeit gebräuchlichen gesteuerten Verstärker lassen sich in zwei Klassen einteilen und zwar je nachdem, ob die Energie in den Verbraucherstromkreis zwischen den Klemmen eines im Prinzip einzelnen Reaktanzelementes oder entlang einer Übertragungslinie zugeführt wird.
A study of carbon nanotubes/biodegradable plastic polylactic acid composites (2008)

Abstract Fabrication process was successfully used to embed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix, forming a composite nanostructure. For the composites, nanoindentation is often used to characterize their mechanical properties (e.g., hardness and Young's moduli). In this experiment, the varied concentrations of CNTs in PLA were analyzed in their mechanical performance. The distribution and conformation of CNTs in the PLA were studied by X‐ray diffraction. Then, electrical characterization was performed by four‐probe method. Thermal properties were checked by TGA and DSC. Furthermore, the CNTs/PLA nanocomposites were observed by SEM. According to the experimental result, purified CNTs showed better dispersing and properties in the CNTs PLA nanocomposites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The Use of Mosquitoes to Detect and Propagate Dengue Viruses (1974)

Parenteral inoculation of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes was found to be a much more sensitive method to detect dengue viruses than was plaque assay in LLC-MK2 cells—the most sensitive dengue isolation system known heretofore. This was true whether the viruses were present in sera from naturally infected humans or had been "adapted" to LLC-MK2 cells or newborn mice. Male mosquitoes were as susceptible to infection as females and could be used without the safety precautions necessary for the latter. All four types of dengue virus replicated to high titer in both male and female mosquitoes and high titered pools of virus could be prepared from these insects without the possible modifying effects of "adaptation" to cell cultures or mice.
Statistical analysis of amplitude-quantized sampled-data systems (1961)

QUANTIZATION, or round-off, occurs whenever physical quantities are represented numerically. The values of measurements may be designated by integers corresponding to their nearest numbers of units. Round-off errors have values between ±1/2 unit, and can be made small by choice of the basic unit. It is apparent, however, that the smaller the size of the unit, the larger will be the numbers required to represent the same physical quantities and the greater will be the difficulty and expense in storing and processing these numbers. Often, a balance has to be struck between accuracy and economy. In order to establish such a balance, it is necessary to have a means of evaluating quantitatively the distortion resulting from rough quantization. The analytical difficulty arises from the inherent nonlinearities of the quantization process.
Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Titanate and Titania One-Dimensional Nanostructures Self-Assembled into Hollow Micrometer-Scale Spherical Aggregates (2005)

Three-dimensional, dendritic micrometer-scale spheres of alkali metal hydrogen titanate 1D nanostructures (i.e., nanowires and nanotubes) have been generated using a modified hydrothermal technique in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and an alkali metal hydroxide solution. Sea-urchin-like assemblies of these 1D nanostructures have been transformed into their hydrogen titanate analogues (lepidocrocite HxTi2-x/4squarex/4O4 (x approximately 0.7, square: vacancy)) by neutralization as well as into their corresponding anatase TiO2 nanostructured counterparts through a moderate high-temperature annealing dehydration process without destroying the 3D hierarchical structural motif. The as-prepared hollow spheres of titanate and titania 1D nanostructures have overall diameters, ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 microm, while the interior of these aggregates are vacuous with a diameter range of 100 to 200 nm. The constituent, component titanate and TiO2 1D nanostructures have a diameter range of 7+/-2 nm and lengths of up to several hundred nanometers. A proposed two-stage growth mechanism of these hollow micrometer-scale spheres was supported by time-dependent scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry data. We have also demonstrated that these assemblies are active photocatalysts for the degradation of synthetic Procion Red dye under UV light illumination.
Conserved Motifs as the Basis for Recognition of Homologous Proteins Across Species Boundaries Using Peptide-mass Fingerprinting (1997)

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of any biological system presently resolves a plethora of highly purified proteins for which no function or identity has been determined. Theoretical and experimental data were used to demonstrate that peptide-mass fingerprinting (PMF) could aid in the recognition of conserved motifs across species boundaries, and thereby assist in attributing putative function to some of these molecules. Amino acids residue substitutions produced by biological diversity and phylogenetic distance combine to highlight regions of functional significance within proteins. Using 10 prokaryotic and two eukaryotic elongation factors (EF), up to 25 peptide fragments (> 800 Da) per molecule were compared across species boundaries within a 12 x 12 contingency table (66 cross-species comparisons), based upon the degree of molecular mass and amino acid sequence identity. Total amino acid sequence identity ranged from 29.4-80.9% for these molecules. Peptide fragments with homologous sequence across three or more EF were defined as containing, or being near to, conserved functional motifs. Twelve such fragments (> 800 Da) were found in this group of proteins. In addition, an 808.9 Da peptide of unknown functional significance was seen to occur in three of the 12 molecules studied and in another three EF-Tu molecules. At the 83% (five of six residues) identity level, this fragment was found in a further 35 EF-Tu molecules and in 14 unrelated proteins. Further investigation should reveal a role for this fragment (motif) in structural integrity or protein function. A FASTA search conducted on a peptide fragment containing a conserved GTP-binding motif (GHVDHGK) of EF-Tu from Euglena gracilis was used as an example to putatively attribute partial function to three hypothetical proteins derived from DNA sequencing initiatives.
Development and evaluation of tracking algorithms for cardiac wall motion analysis using phase velocity MR imaging (1994)

Phase velocity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown considerable potential for tracking distinct regions of the myocardium throughout the cardiac cycle. Phase contrast MR imaging produces multiple images, each phase encoded for velocity in a different direction, in which individual pixels depict the local motion of the tissue. In this work we present in detail three algorithms for tracking motion based on these images. Both simulated and phantom data are used to examine some of the problems encountered in practice in tracking points based on velocity maps. Solutions to these problems are offered when possible. The impact of noise and low order phase errors in the data on each of the three tracking approaches is examined. In addition, problems due to tissue expansion and contraction, to 2D versus 3D tracking, and to round off errors from motion which is small relative to pixel size or slice thickness, are considered. An example using data obtained in vivo is included to demonstrate the efficacy of the best of the three tracking algorithms in measuring left ventricular circumferential shortening preinfarct and postinfarct in a canine model.
Halogenation with copper(II) halides. Synthesis of aryl iodides (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHalogenation with copper(II) halides. Synthesis of aryl iodidesWilliam C. Baird Jr. and John H. SurridgeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 10, 3436–3442Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00835a055https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00835a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1153Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamics of Micromechanical Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes (2004)

10.1166/sl.2004.057
Ag nanoshell-induced dual-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption of Ni nanoparticles (2007)

The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the epoxy resin composites containing Ni, Ag, and Ni–Ag core-shell nanoparticles were studied. Interestingly, Ni–Ag core-shell nanoparticles showed a dual-frequency absorption property in 2–18 and 18–40GHz, although Ni nanoparticles exhibited absorption only in 18–40GHz and no absorption was observed for Ag nanoparticles in the whole frequency range. The additional absorption of Ni–Ag core-shell nanoparticles in 2–18GHz might be due to the lags of polarization between the core/shell interfaces, which contributed to the dielectric loss. The frequency dependences of permittivity and permeability and the absorber thickness effect were also investigated.
Electro-magneto-encephalography for the three-shell model: numerical implementation via splines for distributed current in spherical geometry (2012)

The basic inverse problems for the functional imaging techniques of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) consist in estimating the neuronal current in the brain from the measurement of the electric potential on the scalp and of the magnetic field outside the head. Here we present a rigorous derivation of the relevant formulae for a three-shell spherical model in the case of independent as well as simultaneous MEG and EEG measurements. Furthermore, we introduce an explicit and stable technique for the numerical implementation of these formulae via splines. Numerical examples are presented using the locations and the normal unit vectors of the real 102 magnetometers and 70 electrodes of the Elekta Neuromag (R) system. These results may have useful implications for the interpretation of the reconstructions obtained via the existing approaches.
Design Strategies To Improve the Sensitivity of Photoactive Metal Carbonyl Complexes (photoCORMs) to Visible Light and Their Potential as CO-Donors to Biological Targets (2014)

The recent surprising discovery of the beneficial effects of carbon monoxide (CO) in mammalian physiology has drawn attention toward site-specific delivery of CO to biological targets. To avoid difficulties in handling of this noxious gas in hospital settings, researchers have focused their attention on metal carbonyl complexes as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). Because further control of such CO delivery through light-triggering can be achieved with photoactive metal carbonyl complexes (photoCORMs), we and other groups have attempted to isolate such complexes in the past few years. Typical metal carbonyl complexes release CO when exposed to UV light, a fact that often deters their use in biological systems. From the very beginning, our effort therefore was directed toward identifying design principles that could lead to photoCORMs that release CO upon illumination with low-power (5-15 mW/cm(2)) visible and near-IR light. In our work, we have utilized Mn(I), Re(I), and Ru(II) centers (all d(6) ground state configuration) to ensure overall stability of the carbonyl complexes. We also hypothesized that transfer of electron density from the electron-rich metal centers to π* MOs of the ligand frame via strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in the visible/near-IR region would weaken metal-CO back-bonding and promote rapid CO photorelease. This expectation has been realized in a series of carbonyl complexes derived from a variety of designed ligands and smart choice of ligand/coligand combinations. Several principles have emerged from our systematic approach to the design of principal ligands and the choice of auxiliary ligands (in addition to the number of CO) in synthesizing these photoCORMs. In each case, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) study afforded insight into the dependence of the CO photorelease from a particular photoCORM on the wavelength of light. Results of these theoretical studies indicate that extended conjugation in the principal ligand frames as well as the nature of the donor groups lower the energy of the lowest unoccupied MOs (LUMOs) while auxiliary ligands like PPh3 and Br(-) modulate the energy of the occupied orbitals depending on their strong σ- or π-donating abilities. As a consequence, the ligand/coligand combination dictates the energy of the MLCT bands of the resulting carbonyl complexes. The rate of CO photorelease can be altered further by proper disposition of the coligands in the coordination sphere to initiate trans-effect or alter the extent of π back-bonding in the metal-CO bonds. Addition of more CO ligands blue shift the MLCT bands, while intersystem crossing impedes labilization of metal-CO bonds in several Re(I) and Ru(II) carbonyl complexes. We anticipate that our design principles will provide help in the future design of photoCORMs that could eventually find use in clinical studies.
Immunostimulatory DNA Sequences Influence the Course of Adjuvant Arthritis (2002)

Bacterial DNA is enriched in unmethylated CpG motifs that have been shown to activate the innate immune system. These immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) induce inflammation when injected directly into joints. However, the role of bacterial DNA in systemic arthritis is not known. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether ISS contributes to the development of adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats after intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The results showed that Mtb DNA was necessary for maximal joint inflammation in adjuvant arthritis but could be replaced by synthetic ISS oligodeoxynucleotides. The arthritis-promoting effect of the Mtb DNA or of the ISS oligodeoxynucleotides correlated with an increased Th1 response to Mtb Ags, as measured by the production of IFN-gamma and increased production of the osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). The Mtb DNA did not enter the joints but dispersed to the bone marrow and spleen before the onset of systemic joint inflammation. Thus, adjuvant arthritis is a microbial DNA-dependent disease. In this model, we postulate that massive and prolonged activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclast precursors in the bone marrow may prime the joints for the induction of inflammatory Th1 immune responses to Mtb Ags.