gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of hypermetabolism in the remnant kidney by dietary phosphate restriction in the rat (1990)

In vivo energy metabolism in remnant and normal kidney nephrons and the effect of dietary phosphate restriction on energy metabolism were studied. Tissue concentrations of ATP did not differ between remnant and normal kidneys; however, the tissue concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was higher in remnant kidneys (1.17 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.09 mumol/g, P less than 0.05) as assessed by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Intracellular pH was also higher in remnant kidneys (7.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 7.20 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.01), as was oxygen consumption (QO2) when normalized for rate of net tubular sodium reabsorption (Tna; 0.032 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.018 +/- 0.002 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.01). Compared with glycine supplemented controls, dietary phosphate restriction induced by the phosphate binder diaminodihydroacetoacetate, a maneuver which independently of protein restriction has been shown to ameliorate the progression of chronic renal failure, resulted in no major change in tissue levels of ATP, intracellular pH, or TNa+ but decreased Pi (0.62 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.40 +/- 0.11 mumol/g, P less than 0.01) and QO2 (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.0 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.01) in remnant kidneys. For the amount of sodium reabsorption performed, remnant kidneys are hypermetabolic, and this hypermetabolism is attenuated by dietary phosphate restriction. These data suggest that hypermetabolism may be involved in the tubulointerstitial mechanisms operant in the progression of chronic renal failure that occurs in the rat remnant kidney, and that attenuation of this abnormality may be the mechanism by which dietary phosphate restriction ameliorates this process.
Cancer initiation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons results from formation of stable DNA adducts rather than apurinic sites (1999)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with high carcinogenic potencies that have been linked to the etiology of human cancers through their presence in cigarette smoke and environmental mixtures. They are metabolically activated in cells by cytochrome P450 enzymes and/or peroxidases to reactive intermediates that damage DNA. One pathway of activation forms dihydrodiol epoxides that covalently bind to exocyclic amino groups of purines in DNA to form stable adducts. Another pathway involves formation of radical cations that bind to the N7 or C8 of purines to form unstable adducts that depurinate to leave apurinic (AP) sites in DNA. In the present study the proportions of stable DNA adducts and AP sites formed by the carcinogenic PAHs dibenzo[a,l]-pyrene (DB[a,l]P), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) have been investigated in a target tissue for carcinogenesis, mouse epidermis. After topical application of the PAHs on the skin of female SENCAR mice epidermal DNA was isolated and the formation of stable DNA adducts was measured by (33)P-postlabeling and HPLC analysis. AP sites in DNA were measured with an aldehyde reactive probe in a slot-blot assay. At both 4 and 24 h after exposure, DB[a,l]P formed significantly higher amounts of stable DNA adducts than DMBA, and B[a]P exhibited the lowest level of binding. In contrast, the number of AP sites present in mice treated with these PAHs was in the order: DMBA > B[a]P >> DB[a,l]P. The level of AP sites was significantly lower than the level of stable adducts for each PAH. The most potent carcinogen, DB[a,l]P, induced the highest level of stable adducts and the lowest level of AP sites in epidermal DNA. These results indicate that stable DNA adducts rather than AP sites are responsible for tumor initiation by carcinogenic PAHs.
Pathophysiology of β Thalassemia—A Guide to Molecular Therapies (2005)

The central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of the beta thalassemias can be related to the deleterious effects of imbalanced globin chain synthesis on erythroid maturation and survival. An imbalance of the alpha/non-alpha globin chains leads to an excess of unmatched alpha globin which precipitates out, damaging membrane structures leading to accelerated apoptosis and premature destruction of the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis). Close observation of the genotype/phenotype relationships confirms the pathophysiological mechanism and provides clues to molecular therapies, all of which aim to reduce the alpha/non-alpha chain imbalance. They include inheritance of the milder forms of beta thalassemia, co-inheritance of alpha thalassemia, or genetic factors (quantitative trait loci, QTLs) for increasing gamma globin expression. Currently, the most promising molecular therapeutic approaches include increasing beta globin gene expression by stem cell gene therapy and increasing gamma globin expression using pharmacological agents or by transduction of the gamma globin genes.
Gas Chromatographic-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Ion–Molecule Reactions Using the Electron-Deficient Reagent Ion CCl<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> (2011)

When using tetrachloromethane as the reagent gas in gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry equipped with hybrid ionization source, the cation CCl(3)(+) was generated in high abundance and further gas-phase experiments showed that such an electron-deficient reagent ion CCl(3)(+) could undergo interesting ion-molecule reactions with various volatile organic compounds, which not only present some informative gas-phase reactions, but also facilitate qualitative analysis of diverse volatile compounds by providing unique mass spectral data that are characteristic of particular chemical structures. The ion-molecule reactions of the reagent ion CCl(3)(+) with different types of compounds were studied, and results showed that such reactions could give rise to structurally diagnostic ions, such as [M+CCl(3) - HCl](+) for aromatic hydrocarbons, [M - OH](+) for saturated cyclic ether, ketone, and alcoholic compounds, [M - H](+) ion for monoterpenes, M(·+) for sesquiterpenes, [M - CH(3)CO](+) for esters, as well as the further fragment ions. The mechanisms of ion-molecule reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic ketones and alcoholic compounds with the reagent ion CCl(3)(+) were investigated and proposed according to the information provided by MS/MS experiments and theoretical calculations. Then, this method was applied to study volatile organic compounds in Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum and 20 compounds, including monoterpenes and their oxygen-containing derivatives, aromatic hydrocarbon and sesquiterpenes were identified using such ion-molecule reactions. This study offers a perspective and an alternative tool for the analysis and identification of various volatile compounds.
The Business of Stem Cells (2000)

Human stem cells have become one of the hottest areas in biotechnology as several companies have jumped in to try to exploit them commercially in medical therapies. Geron Corp. nabbed the early lead in exploiting embryonic and primordial fetal stem cells through its funding of their isolation; most of the other companies are working with adult stem cells, which pose fewer ethical problems because they can be obtained from sources other than embryos or aborted fetuses. Some of these companies are already moving their stem cell products into clinical trials, to use, for example, in restoring cancer patients' immune systems after intense radiation or chemotherapy. But no one yet knows which companies--if any--will win their high-stakes gamble on stem cells.
Timing of halo spotting by flower thrips on table grapes (1973)

Flower thrips oviposit in newly developing grape berries and produce a halo spot. The halo spot consists of a small dark scar surrounded by whitish tissue. If too numerous, these halo spots either reduce the grade of table grapes or result in their being culled. Fortunately only a few varieties such as Almeria, Calmeria and Italia are ordinarily affected. The greatest damage potential occurs with Italia since the skin may split at the site of a halo spot during ripening and lead to bunch rot.
Blockage Detection in Pipelines Using a Flexible Piezoelectric Film Sensor (2010)

This paper presents a novel blockage detection method using a flexible piezoelectric film sensor. This sensor is made of oriented aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film, and the total thickness is less than 40 µm. The thin thickness makes this sensor sensitive to stress in the length direction, and in the meanwhile flexibility facilitates installing this sensor to the external surfaces of pipes. With this sensor, pressure pulsation in fluid can be measured non-invasively and a blockage detection method is developed using a transfer function analysis. In experiments, linearity and response characteristics of the AlN film sensor in the length direction is studied. Then experiments of partial blockage detection are conducted using a test pipe system. Validation of the proposed method is confirmed through the experimental results.
Histamine H2-receptor-mediated regulation of human natural killer cell activity. (1986)

We have investigated effects of histamine on the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of human natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. Addition of histamine (10(-3) to 10(-7) M) to assay cultures of Percoll-fractionated mononuclear cells (MNC) and erythroleukemic K 562 target cells resulted in a strong enhancement of the cytotoxicity of low-density MNC, enriched for NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC). No enhancing or suppressing effects of histamine could be detected after removal of monocytes/adherent cells from the effector cell suspensions. When unfractionated MNC were used as NK effectors, similar results were obtained, i.e., dose-dependent enhancement of NKCC by histamine in the presence of monocytes and lack of effect in nonadherent effector cells. Freshly isolated monocytes displayed low spontaneous cytotoxicity against K 562 targets and were not induced by histamine. The histamine-induced enhancement was mimicked by dimaprit, a specific histamine H2-receptor agonist, but not by N-methyldimaprit, a chemical control for H2-receptor agonist activity of dimaprit. Furthermore, the enhancement was completely antagonized by the specific histamine H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine. The effect of histamine could not be ascribed to endogenous interferon (IFN) production, since no IFN activity could be detected in histamine-treated MNC effectors. Also, the enhancing effects of histamine and human leukocyte IFN-alpha were clearly additive. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that histamine, via specific activation of H2 receptors, may be an important regulator of human NK cell activity.
Study of alternative capping and absorber layers for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks for sub-16nm half-pitch nodes (2014)

Multiple challenges, including the availability of a reliable high power source, defect free mask, and proper resist material, have forced extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography to be considered for sub-10 nm half-pitch nodes. Therefore, techniques such as phase shift masks (PSMs) or high numerical aperture (NA) lithography might be considered. Such techniques require thin EUV absorber materials to be optimized to reduce EUV mask shadowing effects. Despite the challenges in dry etching of Ni and finding proper chemistries with a high etch selectivity to suitable capping materials, we decided to examine the chemical stability of Ni for existing mask cleaning chemistries. Ni, after Ag, has the highest absorption in EUV light at λ = 13.5 nm, which makes it a proper candidate—in pure form or in mixing with other elements—for thin absorber film. Depending on the composition of the final material, proper integration schemes will be developed. We studied Ni stability in commonly used mask cleaning processes based on ammonium hydroxide/ hydrogen peroxide (APM) and water mixtures. Ni films deposited with an ion beam deposition technique with a thickness of 35 nm are sufficient to totally absorb EUV light at λ = 13.5 nm. Multiple cleanings of these Ni films resulted in Ni oxidation— confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) analysis as NiO with thickness about 1.5 nm. Furthermore, Ni oxidation processes are self-limiting and oxide layer thickness did not increase with a further cleaning. A three minute exposure to sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture (SPM) can remove NiO and Ni totally. To protect Ni film from etching by SPM chemistry a 3 nm Si capping was used on top of Ni film. However, Si capping was removed by APM chemistry and could not protect Ni film against SPM chemistry. TiO<sub>2</sub> may be a very good capping layer for EUV optics but it is not suitable for EUV mask blanks and will be removed by APM chemistries.
<title>Smart coatings for in-situ monitoring of engine components</title> (1999)

Fatigue cracking and plastic deformation occur in both new and aging aircraft engines, requiring periodic manual inspection with ultrasonic and eddy current probes. Often cracking occurs in inaccessible areas that require engine disassembly just to perform the inspection. In many cases, the cost of assembling and reassembling the engine far exceeds the cost of inspection and can also induce new damage.
Long-Distance Free-Space Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (2020)

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), based on two-photon interference, is immune to all attacks against the detection system and allows a QKD network with untrusted relays. Since the MDI-QKD protocol was proposed, fiber-based implementations aimed at longer distance, higher key rates, and network verification have been rapidly developed. However, owing to the effect of atmospheric turbulence, MDI-QKD over a free-space channel remains experimentally challenging. Herein, by developing a robust adaptive optics system, high-precision time synchronization and frequency locking between independent photon sources located far apart, we realized the first free-space MDI-QKD over a 19.2-km urban atmospheric channel, which well exceeds the effective atmospheric thickness. Our experiment takes the first step toward satellite-based MDI-QKD. Moreover, the technology developed herein opens the way to quantum experiments in free space involving long-distance interference of independent single photons.
Magnetic resonance brain classification by a novel binary particle swarm optimization with mutation and time-varying acceleration coefficients (2016)

The proposed method is effective for MR brain classification.
Pathogenic Mechanisms in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (1997)

Landmarks in the development of treatment of retinal detachment include the recognition of the significance of retinal breaks that resulted in the distinction between rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and exudative retinal detachment, the development of indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression that allow better visualization of the peripheral area of the retina and better identification of retinal breaks, the recognition of the need to seal all retinal breaks, and the realization that vitreous traction is the major underlying cause of retinal tears and RRD. Scleral buckling procedures combine retinopexy to provide a scar around retinal breaks to seal them and scleral indentation to neutralize vitreous traction; they provided the first effective treatment of RRD. As surgeons gained experience with scleral buckling, they became aware that some RRDs, particularly those with fixed folds and/or a funnel configuration, often could not be repaired using this approach. It was thought that excessive vitreous traction was at fault, and the condition was called "massive vitreous retraction."
Direct Observation of a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">β</mml:mi></mml:math>-SiC(100)-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">c</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math>Surface Reconstruction (1997)

We provide the first direct observation of a $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{C}\left(100\right)\ensuremath{-}c\left(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\right)$ surface reconstruction. The experiments are performed using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Flat surfaces having a long range order are grown. Individual Si dimers are identified and form a centered pseudohexagonal pattern give a $c\left(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\right)$ array. Further support for Si-dimer identification is provided by theoretical STM image calculations. The results suggest a model of dimer rows having alternatively up and down dimers (AUDD) within the row, in an ``undulating'' type of arrangement reducing the surface stress. Hence the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{C}\left(100\right)\ensuremath{-}$ and $\mathrm{Si}\left(100\right)\ensuremath{-}c\left(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\right)$ surface reconstructions are very different.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THE SKIN (1976)

Journal Article ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THE SKIN Get access C. Prottey C. Prottey Environmental Safety Division, Unilever Research Laboratory Colworth/Welwyn, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 94, Issue 5, 1 May 1976, Pages 579–587, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1976.tb05151.x Published: 01 May 1976
Chemocatalytic Upgrading of Tailored Fermentation Products Toward Biodiesel (2014)

Biological and chemocatalytic processes are tailored in order to maximize the production of sustainable biodiesel from lignocellulosic sugar. Thus, the combination of hydrotalcite-supported copper(II) and palladium(0) catalysts with a modification of the fermentation from acetone-butanol-ethanol to isopropanol-butanol-ethanol predictably produces higher concentrations of diesel-range components in the alkylation reaction.
Domain V of β2-Glycoprotein I Binds Factor XI/XIa and Is Cleaved at Lys317-Thr318 (2004)

The fifth domain (DV) of beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) is important for binding a number of ligands including phospholipids and factor XI (FXI). Beta2GPI is proteolytically cleaved in DV by plasmin but not by thrombin, VIIa, tissue plasminogen activator, or uPA. Following proteolytic cleavage of DV by plasmin, beta2GPI retains binding to FXI but not to phospholipids. Native beta2GPI, but not cleaved beta2GPI, inhibits activation of FXI by thrombin and factor XIIa, attenuating a positive feedback mechanism for additional thrombin generation. In this report, we have defined the FXI/FXIa binding site on beta2GPI using site-directed mutagenesis. We show that the positively charged residues Lys284, Lys286, and Lys287 in DV are essential for the interaction of beta2GPI with FXI/FXIa. We also demonstrate that FXIa proteolytically cleaves beta2GPI at Lys317-Thr318 in DV. Thus, FXIa cleavage of beta2GPI in vivo during thrombus formation may accelerate FXI activation by decreasing the inhibitory effect of beta2GPI.
Update on natural product–drug interactions (2002)

The interactions of natural products with drugs are discussed. Interactions between natural products and drugs are based on the same pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles as drug-drug interactions. Clinically important interactions appear to involve effects on drug metabolism via cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, impairment of hepatic or renal function, and other possible mechanisms. Natural products that have been reported to interact with drugs in humans include coenzyme Q10, dong quai, ephedra, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucosamine sulfate, ipriflavone, melatonin, and St. John's wort. In many cases, more research is needed to confirm these interactions and to determine whether other natural products may also interact with drugs. To effectively counsel patients about interactions involving natural products, pharmacists should be familiar with the most commonly used products and have access to information on more obscure products. In view of the less than stringent provisions of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, pharmacists should consult reliable, independent sources of information on natural products rather than rely on literature provided by manufacturers. Pharmacists should recommend only those products that are manufactured to high quality-control standards. Natural products can interact with drugs and with other natural products by the same mechanisms as drugs.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). (1993)

The adjunctive use of ACE-inhibitors with thrombolytic therapy early during acute myocardial infarction offers theoretic advantages. In the acute phase, captopril may scavenge free radicals, blunt the catecholamine response, elicit coronary vasodilation and increase prostacyclin and bradykinin levels. In the chronic phase remodelling may be attenuated. At present, a large number of controlled clinical trials mainly focussing on the effects of ACE-inhibition in the chronic phase is under way. Only few studies concentrate on the effect of acute intervention with ACE-inhibitors in ischemia-reperfusion i.e. thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. In the Captopril And Thrombolysis pilot study (CAT pilot-study) 3 mg and 6.25 mg captopril was tolerated well as adjunctive therapy to intravenous streptokinase. Decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (36 +/- 11%) after 6.25 mg was comparable to the control group (30 +/- 7%). Furthermore noradrenaline levels decreased dose dependently to 47 +/- 6 and 38 +/- 7% from baseline respectively. These results prompted a large nationwide acute intervention trial with captopril in 300 patients receiving thrombolytic therapy: the Captopril And Thrombolysis Study (CATS). The primary hypothesis of CATS supposes a very early effect of converting enzyme inhibition on evolving myocardial damage due to ischemia and the consequences of early reperfusion. This will be evaluated by serial echocardiography, Holter monitoring and neurohumoral measurements immediately upon thrombolysis and during the first year after myocardial infarction. Blinded data show a favourable blood pressure response, with systolic hypotension below 100 mm Hg occurring only in 0.2% of patients.
Micromachined ferroelectric transducers for acoustic imaging (2002)

Sub-millimeter-sized ferroelectric monomorph sonar transducers have been built using sol-gel PZT on micromachined silicon wafers. 8/spl times/8 transducer arrays have been tested in water in the frequency range of 0.3 to 2 MHz. An improved sol-gel process has yielded crack-free PZT films up to 12 /spl mu/m in thickness, 12/spl times/ thicker than previously reported. Sensitivity, frequency response, acoustic images and beam patterns are presented. High-resolution acoustic images at a range of 2 m were made using the arrays and an acoustic lens. Applications include high-frequency imaging sonars, medical ultrasound, ultrasonic communication links, and flaw detection.