gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Communist Party, France (2009)

Although it only took its name in October of the following year, the French Communist Party (PCF, Parti communiste français) was effectively established with the Congress of Tours of December 1920. The Congress had been called to respond to the injunctions issued by the 1919 creation of the Third International (Comintern) in Moscow. Riding the success of his Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin's “Twenty‐One Conditions” demanded, in short, that social revolutionaries everywhere look to Soviet Russia for guidance. Such demands further fractured a heterogeneous yet rich clustering of French socialist movements. Those that accepted the demands joined the PCF. The newspaper L'Humanité – created in 1904 by the single most important French socialist leader, Jean Jaurès (1859–1914) – became the PCF mouthpiece. Marcel Cachin (1869–1958) was its dominant leader in the 1920s. Cachin had taken part in the 1905 foundation of the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), the dominant body within French socialism, but now an organization from which he distanced himself.
Significance of Pro12Ala Mutation in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ2 in Korean Diabetic and Obese Subjects* (2000)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, and the PPARγ subtype regulates adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. There have been several reports on the relationship between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala genotype and obesity or diabetes in Caucasians. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between this mutation and obesity or diabetes in Korean subjects. Two hundred and twenty-nine Korean subjects, including 111 obese subjects (body mass index, &gt;25 kg/m2) were included in this study. One hundred and eleven subjects had normal glucose tolerance, 60 had impaired glucose tolerance, and 58 had diabetes mellitus. We evaluated these subjects for the Pro12Ala mutation in the PPARγ gene using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Allele frequencies of the Pro12Ala missense mutation of PPARγ2 were not different among Korean subjects with normal glucose tolerance (qAla = 0.045), those with impaired glucose tolerance (qAla = 0.033), and those with diabetes mellitus (qAla = 0.043; P&gt; 0.05). Allele frequencies of PPARγ2 Ala in obese subjects (qAla = 0.036) were not significantly different from those in nonobese subjects (qAla = 0.047). These results suggest that the Pro12Ala mutation in PPARγ is not associated with either diabetes or obesity and may not be an important determinant of obesity or diabetes in Korean subjects.
Application of a phase measurement algorithm to digitizing oscilloscope characterization (2003)

A phase measurement algorithm based on Fourier analysis is presented in this paper. Its application to oscilloscope characterization is discussed showing how a simple measurement setup can be employed to accurately analyze phase response and trigger timing. Experimental results are reported both to support the accuracy analysis and to provide actual data in a few practical cases.
The Ocular Albinism Type 1 (<i>OA1</i>) Gene Controls Melanosome Maturation and Size (2005)

The findings indicate that Oa1 is involved in the regulation of melanosome maturation at two steps. Acting at early maturation stages, Oa1 controls the abundance of melanosomes in RPE cells. At later stages, Oa1 has a function in the maintenance of a correct melanosomal size. This study helps to define ocular albinism type 1 as a defect in melanosome organellogenesis and not in melanin production.
Complementary Impact of Paralogous Oxa1-like Proteins of Bacillus subtilis on Post-translocational Stages in Protein Secretion (2003)

In mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative eubacteria, Oxa1p(-like) proteins are critical for the biogenesis of membrane proteins. Here we show that the Gram-positive eubacterium Bacillus subtilis contains two functional Oxa1p orthologues, denoted SpoIIIJ and YqjG. The presence of either SpoIIIJ or YqjG is required for cell viability. Whereas SpoIIIJ is required for sporulation, YqjG is dispensable for this developmental process. The stability of two membrane proteins was found to be mildly affected upon SpoIIIJ limitation in the absence of YqjG. Surprisingly, the topology and stability of other membrane proteins remained unaffected under these conditions. In contrast, SpoIIIJ- and YqjG-limiting conditions resulted in a strong post-translocational defect in the stability of secretory proteins. Together, these data indicate that SpoIIIJ and YqjG of B. subtilis are involved in both membrane protein biogenesis and protein secretion. However, the reduced stability of secretory proteins seems to be the most prominent phenotype of SpoIIIJ/YqjG-depleted B. subtilis cells. In conclusion, our observations show that SpoIIIJ and YqjG have different, but overlapping functions in B. subtilis. Most importantly, it seems that different members of the Oxa1p protein family have acquired at least partly distinct, species-specific, functions that are essential for life.
The effect of long‐term high‐frequency stimulation on capillary density and fibre types in rabbit fast muscles. (1984)

Rabbit fast muscles (tibialis anterior, t.a.; extensor digitorum longus, e.d.l.; and peroneal muscles) were stimulated for up to 28 days by electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the lateral popliteal (peroneal) nerve for 8 h/day, using either intermittent high-frequency (three trains at 40 Hz/min, each 5 s duration), or continuous stimulation at 10 Hz. This did not result in muscle hypertrophy even after 28 days. Capillary density (number of capillaries/mm2) was increased in e.d.l. from 251 +/- 3 to 366 +/- 6 after 14 days of stimulation and from 251 +/- 3 to 514 +/- 13 after 28 days of stimulation at 40 Hz. In t.a., capillary density increased from 373 +/- 5 to 583 +/- 10 after 14 days of stimulation at 40 Hz. The capillary/fibre ratio increased in e.d.l. from 1.25 +/- 0.02 to 1.86 +/- 0.04 at 14 days and to 2.07 +/- 0.06 at 28 days. In t.a., capillary/fibre ratio increased from 1.40 +/- 0.03 to 1.83 +/- 0.05 at 14 days. All these changes were significant (P less than 0.0005). Analysis of capillary density, capillary/fibre ratio, fibre areas and proportion of different fibre types in muscles stimulated for shorter periods showed no changes in capillary density, capillary/fibre ratio or fibre areas in e.d.l. or t.a. stimulated for 4 days; there was a decrease in the proportion of fast glycolytic fibres from 42 to 32% (P less than 0.0025) and increase in fast oxidative from 37.6 to 41.2% in e.d.l. Muscles stimulated for 7 days showed increases in capillary density and capillary/fibre ratio in fast predominantly glycolytic fibres in e.d.l., and a decrease in capillary density in fast and slow oxidative fibres in t.a. This was partly due to the increase in fibre areas in these groups (capillary/fibre ratio in t.a. was not significantly changed). No changes were observed in fibre areas in e.d.l. Stimulation at 10 Hz produced increase in capillary/fibre ratio in the vicinity of glycolytic fibres after only 4 days. High-frequency intermittent stimulation leads to a massive capillary growth which starts first in the muscle with a higher proportion of glycolytic fibres (e.d.l.), has a later onset than continuous low-frequency stimulation, and may be due to a combination of high blood flow and metabolic factors.
Modeling of ferromagnetic semiconductor devices for spintronics (2003)

We develop physical models for magnetic semiconductor devices, where a part of the device structure consists of a ferromagnetic semiconductor layer. First we calculate the effect of the exchange interaction between the charge carrier spins and the spins of the localized magnetic electrons on the electronic states, recombination processes, and charge transport in ferromagnetic semiconductors such as (Ga,Mn)As. Taking into account, e.g., the splitting of the conduction and valence bands due to the exchange interaction, we model the electrical characteristics of the basic magnetic semiconductor devices such as Schottky diodes consisting of a nonmagnetic metal/ferromagnetic semiconductor interface, pn diodes consisting of a ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic junction and bipolar transistors having a ferromagnetic emitter. The models predict that at temperatures close to the Curie temperature TC the electrical properties of the magnetic semiconductor devices become strongly dependent on the average spin polarization of the magnetic atoms. A feature in the models is that many device parameters such as diffusion lengths or potential barriers become spin dependent in magnetic semiconductor devices. In a ferromagnetic Schottky diode the sensitivity of the device current I to the external magnetic field may be as large as (∂I/∂B)I−1≈1/T at temperatures close to TC. In a ferromagnetic pn diode both the ideal and recombination currents become magnetic field dependent. In a ferromagnetic bipolar transistor the current gain shows the same sensitivity to the spin polarization as the dc current in the ferromagnetic pn diodes. According to our model calculations optimal structures showing the largest magnetization dependence of the electrical characteristics in III–V ferromagnetic semiconductor devices would be those where the magnetic side of the junction is of n type.
Caregiving Influenced by Gender and Spirituality (2004)

Abstract Current trends in American families point to the importance of sibling relationships as part of lasting family ties. In families where a child has a disability, siblings are often called upon to be caretakers of their sibling with a disability. Consistent with the research on the caretaking of elderly parents, females are more likely to become caretakers of members with disabilities due to gender role expectations. Such caretaking females face unique emotional and spiritual challenges as they cope with their unique role in the family. This paper will serve as an introduction to the explanation behind the caregiving role for sisters of siblings with disabilities and their consequent spiritual challenges and coping resources.
Explicit Algorithms for a New Time Dependent Model Based on Level Set Motion for Nonlinear Deblurring and Noise Removal (2000)

In this paper we formulate a time dependent model to approximate the solution to the nonlinear total variation optimization problem for deblurring and noise removal introduced by Rudin and Osher [ Total variation based image restoration with free local constraints, in Proceedings IEEE Internat. Conf. Imag. Proc., IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, (1994), pp. 31--35] and Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi [ Phys. D, 60 (1992), pp. 259--268], respectively. Our model is based on level set motion whose steady state is quickly reached by means of an explicit procedure based on Roe's scheme [ J. Comput. Phys., 43 (1981), pp. 357--372], used in fluid dynamics. We show numerical evidence of the speed of resolution and stability of this simple explicit procedure in some representative 1D and 2D numerical examples.
Surface-phonon polariton on gratings of GaP thin slabs: Raman scattering (1989)

Surface-phonon polaritons on a grating of GaP thin slabs were observed by a Raman-scattering measurement. A small Raman peak due to the surface-phonon polariton was observed in the exactly forward-scattering configuration, while it could not be observed on the flat surface. The proposed microscopic theory of the Raman process on the grating, which takes account of the mixing among the excitons on the grating, explains the experimental results very well.
Advances in self-crosslinking of acrylic emulsion: what we know and what we would like to know (2018)

This review covers various strategies that enable self-crosslinking of acrylic emulsion, and gives a detailed idea of different one component (1K) crosslinking systems along with their reaction mechanisms, film properties and applications. The review is categorized into four main parts: (i) self-condensation of N-methylol functionality (ii) reaction of keto-hydrazide or acetoacetoxy-diamine functional group (iii) self-condensation of organofunctional silanes (iv) metal complex (salts, chelates) reaction with backbone functional group such as acetoacetoxy group or carboxylic group (v) UV curable functional monomers. These crosslinking reactions are low-temperature curable and offers excellent film properties than the conventional two-pack (2K) cross-linking emulsion system. This crosslinking system has good potential application in water-based coatings. Various examples are portrayed, along with a discussion of their advantages, drawbacks and limitations.
Dielectric nanosheets made by liquid-phase exfoliation in water and their use in graphene-based electronics (2014)

One of the challenges associated with the development of next-generation electronics is to find alternatives to silicon oxide caused by the size-reduction constraints of the devices. The dielectric properties of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, added to their excellent chemical stability, mechanical and thermal properties, make them promising dielectrics. Here we show that liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) in water by using low-cost commercial organic dyes as dispersant agents can efficiently produce defect-free 2D nanosheets, including mono-layers, in suspensions. We further show that these suspensions can be easily incorporated into current practical graphene-based devices. In particular, it is found that boron nitride thin films made by LPE are excellent dielectrics that are highly compatible with graphene-based electronics.
Regional density of glial cells in the rat corpus callosum (2013)

Axons and glial cells are the main components of white matter. The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter tract in mammals; in rodents, 99% of the cells correspond to glia after postnatal day 5 (P5). The area of the CC varies through life and regional differences related to the number of axons have been previously described. Whether glial cell density varies accordingly is unknown; thus the aim of this study was to estimate glial cell density for the genu, body and splenium -the three main regions of CC-, of P6 and P30 rats. Here we report that the density of CC glial cells reduced by ~10% from P6 to P30. Even so, the density of astrocytes showed a slight increase (+6%), probably due to differentiation of glioblasts. Interestingly, glial cell density decreased for the genu (-21%) and the body (-13%), while for the splenium a minor increase (+5%) was observed. The astrocyte/glia ratio increased (from P6 to P30) for the genu (+27%), body (+17%) and splenium (+4%). Together, our results showed regional differences in glial cell density of the CC. Whether this pattern is modified in some neuropathologies remains to be explored.
Rapid Microwave-Assisted Polyol Reduction for the Preparation of Highly Active PtNi/CNT Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation (2014)

PtNi nanoparticle catalysts supported on oxygen functionalized carbon nanotubes were prepared by microwave-assisted polyol reduction using two different modes of irradiation, namely, continuous or pulsed irradiation. The influence of irradiation time or pulse number on catalyst structure and activity in methanol electrooxidation has been studied. Characterization was done with ICP-OES, XRD, TEM, XPS, and XAS to determine composition, morphology, crystal structural and chemical state. The electrocatalytic activity has been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). PtNi nanoparticles are present in alloy form and are well dispersed on the carbon nanotubes. Pt is in its metallic state, whereas Ni is present in metallic and oxidized form depending on the preparation conditions. The electrocatalytic activity both in terms of surface and mass specific activity is higher than that of the state-of-the-art-catalyst Pt/C (E-TEK). The enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity is discussed with respect to PtNi alloy formation and the resulting modification of the electronic properties of Pt by Ni in the alloy structure. The microwave assisted polyol method with continuous irradiation is more effective in the preparation of PtNi electrocatalysts both in terms of reaction time and activity than the pulsed microwave method.
Enzymatic esterification of glycerol I. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of regioisomerically pure 1,3‐<i>sn</i>‐diacylglycerols (1992)

Regioisomerically pure 1,3‐ sn ‐diacylglycerols are conveniently prepared in high yields (>80%) and in large quantities by enzymatic esterification of glycerol in the presence of various 1,3‐selective lipases (Chromobacterium viscosum, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizomucor miehei) and a variety of different acyl donors like free fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters and vinyl esters. All reactions are carried out in aprotic organic solvents of low water content, namely n ‐hexane, diethyl ether or tBuOMe. The creation of an artificial interphase between the solvent‐immiscible hydrophilic glycerol and the hydrophobic reaction media by the adsorption of glycerol onto a solid support prior to use was essential for the success of these transformations. The effects of reaction conditions and the regioselectivities of the lipases on the product yields are described in detail.
RAPID-Cache-A reliable and inexpensive write cache for high performance storage systems (2002)

Modern high performance disk systems make extensive use of nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) write caches. A single-copy NVRAM cache creates a single point of failure while a dual-copy NVRAM cache is very expensive because of the high cost of NVRAM. This paper presents a new cache architecture called RAPID-Cache for Redundant, Asymmetrically Parallel, and Inexpensive Disk Cache. A typical RAPID-Cache consists of two redundant write buffers on top of a disk system. One of the buffers is a primary cache made of RAM or NVRAM and the other is a backup cache containing a two-level hierarchy: a small NVRAM buffer on top of a log disk. The small NVRAM buffer combines small write data and writes them into the log disk in large sizes. By exploiting the locality property of I/O accesses and taking advantage of well-known Log-structured File Systems, the backup cache has nearly equivalent write performance as the primary RAM cache. The read performance of the backup cache is not as critical because normal read operations are performed through the primary RAM cache and reads from the backup cache happen only during error recovery periods. The RAPID-Cache presents an asymmetric architecture with a fast-write-fast-read RAM being a primary cache and a fast-write-slow-read NVRAM-disk hierarchy being a backup cache. The asymmetrically parallel architecture and an algorithm that separates actively accessed data from inactive data in the cache virtually eliminate the garbage collection overhead, which are the major problems associated with previous solutions such as Log-structured File Systems and Disk Caching Disk. The asymmetric cache allows cost-effective designs for very large write caches for high-end parallel disk systems that would otherwise have to use dual-copy, costly NVRAM caches. It also makes it possible to implement reliable write caching for low-end disk I/O systems since the RAPID-Cache makes use of inexpensive disks to perform reliable caching. Our analysis and trace-driven simulation results show that the RAPID-Cache has significant reliability/cost advantages over conventional single NVRAM write caches and has great cost advantages over dual-copy NVRAM caches. The RAPID-Cache architecture opens a new dimension for disk system designers to exercise trade-offs among performance, reliability, and cost.
Advanced eager scheduling for Java-based adaptively parallel computing (2002)

Javelin 3 is a software system for developing large-scale, fault tolerant, adaptively parallel applications. When all or part of their application can be cast as a master-worker or branch-and-bound computation, Javelin 3 frees application developers from concerns about inter-processor communication and fault tolerance among networked hosts, allowing them to focus on the underlying application. The paper describes a fault tolerant task scheduler and its performance analysis. The task scheduler integrates work stealing with an advanced form of eager scheduling. It enables dynamic task decomposition, which improves host load-balancing in the presence of tasks whose non-uniform computational load is evident only at execution time. Speedup measurements are presented of actual performance on up to 1,000 hosts. We analyze the expected performance degradation due to unresponsive hosts, and measure actual performance degradation due to unresponsive hosts.
The performance analysis of induction motors with artificial neural networks (2002)

Induction motors are excited machines used in a lot of areas in industry because of the features like simple structure, ease of control and low maintenance. One of the main advantages of induction motors is that the speed can easily be adjusted over a wide range by means of solid-state technology. In this paper, it is put forward that an ANN can be used in the performance analysis of induction motors.
Effects of Dominant and Nondominant Eyes in Binocular Rivalry (2004)

The dominant sighting eye identified by the hole-in-card test coincided with the dominant eye as determined by binocular rivalry. The contrast at which reversal occurs indicates the balance point of dominance and seems to be a useful quantitative indicator of eye dominance to clinical applications.
How to Scale Up Kernel Methods to Be As Good As Deep Neural Nets (2014)

The computational complexity of kernel methods has often been a major barrier for applying them to large-scale learning problems. We argue that this barrier can be effectively overcome. In particular, we develop methods to scale up kernel models to successfully tackle large-scale learning problems that are so far only approachable by deep learning architectures. Based on the seminal work by Rahimi and Recht on approximating kernel functions with features derived from random projections, we advance the state-of-the-art by proposing methods that can efficiently train models with hundreds of millions of parameters, and learn optimal representations from multiple kernels. We conduct extensive empirical studies on problems from image recognition and automatic speech recognition, and show that the performance of our kernel models matches that of well-engineered deep neural nets (DNNs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a direct comparison between these two methods on large-scale problems is reported. Our kernel methods have several appealing properties: training with convex optimization, cost for training a single model comparable to DNNs, and significantly reduced total cost due to fewer hyperparameters to tune for model selection. Our contrastive study between these two very different but equally competitive models sheds light on fundamental questions such as how to learn good representations.
Nature of Adsorption and Desorption Branches in Cylindrical Pores (2004)

To examine the nature of the adsorption and desorption branches in hysteretic adsorption isotherms of gases on mesoporous materials, we measured the temperature dependence of the adsorption and desorption isotherms of argon, oxygen, and carbon dioxide onto MCM-41 with a pore diameter of 4.4 nm. The results clearly show that in the open-ended cylindrical pores of MCM-41, capillary condensation rather than evaporation takes place near a thermodynamical equilibrium transition, as opposed to the general statement that capillary evaporation can occur via a meniscus formed at the pore mouth, and, thus, takes place at equilibrium.