gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The value of time and forecasting of flowsin freight transportation (2001)

This paper gives an overview of the current state of research and present own results in some areas regarding cost benefit analysis (CBA) for road infrastructure investments. It deals with the robustness of the estimated average value of time (VOT) currently used in Swedish infrastructure appraisals and also analyses the estimator in the case of different heteroskedastic errors and functional forms. It finallly consider forecasts of road freight flows in cases where information are scarce and may lack precision. Critical questions are how heterogeneity and non-linearities influences forecasts in the freight market. In detail it consdier the following: The impact of VOT for road freight when the origins of transports are taken into account. VOT is found to be dependent on combinations of region, transported distance, industry bransch and if transports are owned or hired. However, available data does not allow for significant values in each category. Altogether the study indicates a VOT spanning from 0 to 732 SEK, which should be compared with the average value of 80 SEK used today. The results also indicate pair-wise differences in VOT between short and long as well as hired and internal transports. The ownership condition is found to have a significant impact on VOT, although current data not gives significant differences between each of the four ownership/distance categories. It is found that further studies should focus on the hypothesis that VOT for short internal freight flows are significantly higher than the average VOT. The traditional logit model is compared with the semi-parametric weighted average density (WAD) estimator. It is found that the performance for the WAD estimator in terms of bias and mean square error is similar to the logit ML estimator for spherical errors in a latent variable specification. Methods for prediction of road freight flows are also investigated. Three traditional gravity model specifications (OLS, NLS, and Poisson regression) are compared with a neural network specification. On a data set of Norwegian inter-regional freight flows it is found that the Poisson model performs best in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) but also that the size of predicted flows is dependent on the method chosen to evaluate available estimation methods. Finally, we integrate freight flow prediction and estimation of VOT in one analysis. Logit models and neural networks with linear and non-linear profit functions are compared. The study indicates that the average VOT may decrease when prediction improves as models are given more non-linear specifications.
Effect of Vacuum Profile on Breast Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump (2002)

The authors compared milk expression using 5 experimental vacuum patterns and a commercially available vacuum pattern ranging in cycle times (20 to 78 cycles/min) and vacuum curve dynamics in 30 mothers using an experimental, software-controlled electric breast pump. The volume of milk removed over 5 minutes differed (P = .0072) between patterns (range = 62.8 +/- 6.6 mL to 47.2 +/- 5.1 mL). However, there was no difference in the percentage of available milk removed (range = 99.4% +/- 15.1% to 70.6% +/- 8.6%). The rate of milk removal differed between patterns at both the beginning (1 minute) and end (1.5 minutes) of the expression period (P < .05). Peak vacuum chosen differed between patterns (P = .0085) but was not related to either the volume or percentage of available milk expressed. Breastfeeding characteristics did not differ between poor and successful expressers. These results show that breast milk expression by an electric breast pump can be influenced by the vacuum pattern.
Neural Networks for Prediction of Oil Production (2018)

Artificial neural networks are popular tool in oil and gas industry. The objective of this paper is to develop an artificial neural network that predicts oil production in State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR). Multilayer perceptron neural network is applied to predict oil production. As a result 99 percent accuracy in training procedure is achieved. The accuracy of the developed model was compared with empirical correlations. Great matching between neural network and actual data has been found.
Demonstration of Stimulated Supercontinuum Generation - An Optical Tipping Point (2008)

Optical supercontinuum radiation, a special kind of white light, has found numerous applications in scientific research and technology. This bright, broadband radiation can be generated from nearly monochromatic light through the cooperative action of multiple nonlinear effects. Unfortunately, supercontinuum radiation is plagued by large spectral and temporal fluctuations owing to the spontaneous initiation of the generation process. While these fluctuations give rise to fascinating behavior in the form of optical rogue waves [1], they impede many critical applications of supercontinuum. Here, we introduce, and experimentally demonstrate, a powerful means of control over supercontinuum generation by stimulating the process with a very weak optical seed signal [2]. This minute addition significantly reduces the input power threshold for the process and dramatically increases the stability of the resulting radiation. This effect represents an optical tipping point, as the controlled addition of a specialized, but extraordinarily weak perturbation powerfully impacts a much stronger optical field, inducing a drastic transition in the optical system.
A 2.4GHz BLE-compliant fully-integrated wakeup receiver for latency-critical IoT applications using a 2-dimensional wakeup pattern in 90nm CMOS (2017)

This paper presents a wakeup receiver for latency-critical IoT applications in 90nm CMOS, which is fully compliant to many popular IoT wireless standards with constant envelope modulations, such as Bluetooth Low Energy and IEEE802.15.4. Paired with a standard-compliant transmitter, the proposed wakeup receiver method minimizes the overhead in system power, area and complexity. The proposed 2-dimensional wakeup pattern reduces the latency of a wakeup event to below 100μs. Supplied at a battery voltage of 2V, the chip fully integrates a power management unit, a wakeup receiver with offset and noise suppression, a low power digital baseband with automatic gain control and RSSI estimation, and a crystal oscillator. With a BLE compliant signal, the chip achieves -58dBm sensitivity, and a >600s mean time without false alarm, consuming 195μA.
Behavioral modeling for high-level synthesis of analog and mixed-signal systems from VHDL-AMS (2003)

High-level synthesis is highly demanded for managing the complexity of analog and mixed-signal system designs. However, synthesis methods are currently in their infancy. The absence of a high-level specification notation is an important limitation for the development of efficient synthesis methods. This paper presents a behavioral model and a VHDL-AMS subset for high-level synthesis of analog and mixed-signal systems. The model (named aBlox) offers a composition semantics for functionality description and an orthogonal declarative mechanism for expressing the performance requirements of a system. The model was developed after analyzing a large number of systems for telecommunication, signal processing, control engineering, and analog computing. The model expresses the meaning of: 1) analog and digital data; 2) continuous and event-driven functionality (behavior); 3) analog performance attributes; and 4) analog-digital interactions. The aBlox model serves as a foundation for defining a semantically sound VHDL-AMS subset for synthesis. Also, the VHDL-AMS subset is identified so that its constructs can be mapped to architectures of circuits. We introduce several restrictions to the VHDL-AMS instructions, such that their semantics match that of the aBlox model. To motivate the usefulness of the model and the VHDL-AMS subset, we present a case study that uses VHDL-AMS inputs.
Validating datacenters at scale (2019)

We describe our experiences using formal methods and automated theorem proving for network operation at scale. The experiences are based on developing and applying the SecGuru and RCDC (Reality Checker for Data Centers) tools in Azure. SecGuru has been used since 2013 and thus, is arguably a pioneering industrial deployment of network verification. SecGuru is used for validating ACLs and more recently RCDC checks forwarding tables at Azure scale. A central technical angle is that we use local contracts and local checks, that can be performed at scale in parallel, and without maintaining global snapshots, to validate global properties of datacenter networks. Specifications leverage declarative encodings of configurations and automated theorem proving for validation. We describe how intent is automatically derived from network architectures and verification is incorporated as prechecks for making changes, live monitoring, and for evolving legacy policies. We document how network verification, grounded in architectural constraints, can be integral to operating a reliable cloud at scale.
An implementation on the social cost of hospital acquired infections. (2015)

Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) are defined as infections developing in relation to health services at inpatient treatment facilities in general. Although health services improve, HAIs continue to be seen both in underdeveloped and developed countries. HAIs result in a range of negative externalities. Negative externalities include factors such as an increase in morbidity and mortality, extension of the hospitalization duration, impaired quality of life, loss of working power and performance. HAIs pose a big burden regarding population and community health care. This study aims to calculate the financial burden of HAIs by evaluating it within the scope of negative externality. The communal costs of HAIs patients were calculated by using a genuine approach with reference to samples obtained from the Duzce University Research and Application Hospital. This approach includes 4 stages and the results of each stage is sorted according to the data of 2013 as follows: (i) HAIs expenditure undertaken by the Social Security Institution is 5,832,167 TL, (ii) the monetary value of the work power loss of the HAIs patients who are at a working age is 126,154 TL, (iii) the relative cost of HAIs patients compared to a group of normal patients is 21,507 TL and (iv) HAIs patients' communal cost is 6,013,101 TL. Based on the received results, the annual communal cost of the estimated HAIs patients in Turkey is predicted to be 3,640,442,057 TL. In addition to these findings, HAIs patients experience 14 times longer in-patient stay at the hospitals as compared to normal patients, and their treatment expenditures are 23 times higher than the normal patients. In the conclusion part of the study, regarding the preventability (internalization) of HAIs, which was evaluated as part of negative externality, alternative applicable political suggestions are presented for the use of policymakers.
Effects of Potassium Oxalate on Dentin Hypersensitivity <i>in Vivo</i> (1989)

This study compared 30% dipotassium oxalate (DO) and 3% monohydrogen-monopotassium oxalate (MO) on the reduction of dentin hypersensitivity in vivo. Four treatments were utilized: (1) distilled water followed by 30% DO; (2) distilled water followed by 3% MO; (3) 30% DO followed by 3% MO and (4) distilled water only. Treatments were randomly assigned so that each of the 17 participants received all four treatments, one per tooth tested. Response to cold at baseline and immediately, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks posttreatment was measured. Testing began with water at 20 degrees C and decreased at 5 degrees C intervals until a positive response was obtained or until 0 degrees C was reached. No differences were found for time when compared across treatments. When treatments were compared across time, significant reductions occurred in immediate and 4 week posttreatment measurements for treatment 2. In addition, highly significant reductions occurred in 1 week and 2 week posttreatment measurements for treatment 3. Results suggest a decrease in dentin hypersensitivity following the application of 3% MO alone, and 30% DO followed by 3% MO.
Alendronate produces greater effects than raloxifene on bone density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density: results of EFFECT (<i>EF</i>ficacy of <i>F</i>OSAMAX<sup>®</sup> versus <i>E</i>VISTA<sup>®</sup><i>C</i>omparison <i>T</i>rial) International<sup>1</sup> (2004)

In postmenopausal women with low bone density, improvements in BMD and markers of bone turnover were substantially greater during treatment with alendronate compared to raloxifene.
A Study on the Architectural Characteristic of Nam-kwan-wang-myo and it's Reconstruction (2013)

This study aims to find architectural characteristic of Nam-kwan-wang-myo as known as Nam-myo, Especially focusing on difference between before and after it's reconstruction in 1899. Nam-kwan-wang-myo is a shrine for Kwan-woo who was warlord in ancient china. Belief of Kwan-Woo was introduced to Korea in Japanese invasion of 1592 and the shrine was built in 1598. Belief of Kwan-Woo diffused for the late Joseon, during the reign of Gojong, many people have faith in Kwan-Woo including the king. There was four Kwan-wang-myo around the Hanyang at that time. In 1899 a fire of unknown cause broke out at Nam-kwan-wang-myo, so the main buildings burned down. The king instructed reconstruction of the shrine even though there was in financial difficulties, it had done in the midst of a national crisis. The buildings almost restored as before. The buildings in the shrine has strong characteristics of Chinese architecture because it made by people of the Ming dynasty. Two side-by-side roofs, accumulated brick exterior are important architectural feature, but also all the buildings in the mail hall area Surrounded by the closed-connected fence is hard to find examples in Korea traditional architecture. And Nam-kwan-wang-myo just had maintained architectural characteristics including layout of buildings, shape of the each building until it's reconstruction(1899).
La incorporación de los hombres en la esfera doméstica (2009)

We studied 1250 primiparous women with a singleton pregnancy, gestational age at delivery of 37-42 weeks, with a single live fetus, vertex presentation whose first and second stages of labour were managed according to strict criteria for the active management of labour. 568 (45%) received epidural analgesia (bupivacaine 0.25%) during labour, and the other 682 (55%) received either Entonox, pethidine or no analgesia. The spontaneous vaginal delivery rate in the epidural group was 67% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63-71%), lower than that in the non-epidural group (87%, 95% CI 84-90%). All instrumental delivery rates were higher in the epidural group. However, the rotational forceps rate in the epidural group (2.5%, 95% CI 1.4-4.1%) was only marginally higher than in the non-epidural group (0.9%, 95% CI 0.3-1.9%). Women who were induced were more likely to request an epidural (56%: 95% CI 50-61%) than those with spontaneous onset of labour (41%: 95% CI 38-45%). Whether labour was spontaneous or induced, a higher proportion of women who received epidural required oxytocin augmentation. The effects of combinations of epidural analgesia, the need for oxytocin augmentation and induction of labour on mode of delivery were additive. This preliminary study suggests that a high rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery can be achieved with epidural analgesia when labour is actively managed.
A Window into the Brain: Advances in Psychiatric fMRI (2015)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays a key role in modern psychiatric research. It provides a means to assay differences in brain systems that underlie psychiatric illness, treatment response, and properties of brain structure and function that convey risk factor for mental diseases. Here we review recent advances in fMRI methods in general use and progress made in understanding the neural basis of mental illness. Drawing on concepts and findings from psychiatric fMRI, we propose that mental illness may not be associated with abnormalities in specific local regions but rather corresponds to variation in the overall organization of functional communication throughout the brain network. Future research may need to integrate neuroimaging information drawn from different analysis methods and delineate spatial and temporal patterns of brain responses that are specific to certain types of psychiatric disorders.
A Systematic Approach to Predicting Liquid Loading in Gas Wells (2006)

Summary Loading up of liquids in wellbore has been recognized as one of the severe problems in gas production for many years. Accurate prediction of the problem is vitally important for taking timely measures to solve the problem. Although previous investigators have suggested several methods to predict the problem, results from these methods often show discrepancies. Also, these methods are not easy to use because of the difficulties with prediction of bottomhole pressure in multiphase flow. An accurate and easy-to-use method is highly desirable. This paper fills the gap. Starting from Turner's analysis for prediction of the minimum gas velocity for liquid removal, the minimum kinetic energy of gas that is required to lift liquid droplets was determined in this study. In order to compare gas kinetic energy with the minimum required kinetic energy, a four-phase (gas, oil, water, and solid particles) flow model was developed for mist flow. Applying the minimum kinetic energy criterion to the four-phase flow model resulted in a closed-form analytical equation for predicting the minimum gas-flow rate. The kinetic energy theory indicates that the controlling conditions for liquid drop removal in gas wells are bottomhole conditions rather than tophole conditions. Our case studies show that Turner's method with 20% adjustment still underestimates the minimum gas velocity for liquid removal, and the newly developed equation is more accurate than Turner's method. The new method is easier to use than other existing methods. This paper provides production engineers with a systematic approach to predicting the minimum gas-production rate for the continuous removal of water and oil from gas wells. Engineering charts are provided for two typical tubing sizes and wellhead pressures.
Pixel-oriented database visualizations (1996)

In this paper, we provide an overview of several pixel-oriented visualization techniques which have been developed over the last years to support an effective querying and exploration of large databases. Pixel-oriented techniques use each pixel of the display to visualize one data value and therefore allow the visualization of the largest amount of data possible. The techniques may be divided into query-independent techniques which directly visualize the data (or a certain portion of it) and query-dependent techniques which visualize the relevance of the data with respect to a specific query. An example for the class of query-independent techniques is the recursive pattern technique which is based on a generic recursive scheme generalizing a wide range of pixel-oriented arrangements for visualizing large databases. Examples for the class of query-dependent techniques are the generalized spiral and circle-segments techniques, which visualize the distance with respect to a database query and arrange the most relevant data items in the center of the display.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of (triphenylmethyl)trimethylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (1980)

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the title compound [Ph3CPMe3]BF4 is reported. Crystals are triclinic with a= 7.8400(9), b= 10.6765(7), c= 12.5116(9)Å, α= 87.165(9), β= 80.994(9), γ= 86.768(9)°, U= 1 032.2 Å3, space group P. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R 0.078 for 2 374 diffractometer data. In the cation the P–C(CPh3) distance [1.895(4)Å] is significantly longer than the P–C(Me) distances [1.787(6)–1.792(6)Å].
Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases: Role in Liver Fibrosis and Alcoholic Liver Disease (1999)

In liver fibrosis, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a major role in the deposition of excess extracellular matrix, including fibrillar collagens type I and type III. In addition to matrix protein synthesis, HSC regulate matrix degradation in the liver. This is mediated via a combination of synthesis of matrix (pro)metalloproteinases, which activate these zymogens via specific mechanisms and by inhibiting the active matrix-degrading enzymes via expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There are currently four members of the TIMP family described and of these, both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are synthesised by HSC. These observations have led to the suggestion that inhibition of matrix degradation mediated by a change in HSC-expression of TIMPs relative to metalloproteinases, such as interstitial collagenase, may contribute to progression of liver fibrosis. This hypothesis is supported by studies of human liver disease in which TIMP-1 expression is upregulated 5-fold in cirrhotic compared with normal liver. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression is also upregulated in animal models of progressive fibrosis, whereas expression of collagenase is unchanged. In a model which is characterized by natural resolution of liver fibrosis, degradation of the deposited fibrillar liver matrix is accompanied by rapid down-regulation of TIMP-1 expression. In alcoholic liver disease, the role of TIMPs has not been studied exhaustively, but the evidence currently available supports a role for inhibition of matrix degradation by TIMPs in this progressive fibrotic liver disease.
Cast Brace for the Upper Extremity (1975)

Management of a traumatized elbow or intra-articular fracture with concomitant upper extremity long bone fracture is tedious, especially when early elbow motion is desirable. An adaptation of the lower extremity hinged cast brace to the elbow provides controlled flexion while protecting against varus/valgus stress and translation forces. A cast brace is constructed from readily-available materials, and can be applied in an out-patiet clinic. The functional results obtainable in a variety of upper extremity injuries are excellent, and the patients generally accept the elbow cast brace very well.
Fundamental aspects of nucleation and growth in the solution-phase synthesis of germanium nanocrystals (2010)

Colloidal Ge nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized via the solution phase reduction of germanium(II) iodide. We report a systematic investigation of the nanocrystal nucleation and growth as a function of synthesis conditions including the nature of coordinating solvents, surface bound ligands, synthesis duration and temperature. NC synthesis in reaction environments with weakly bound phosphine surface ligand led to the coalescence of nascent particles leading to ensembles with broad lognormal particle diameter distributions. Synthesis in the presence of amine or alkene ligands mitigated particle coalescence. High-resolution transmission electron micrographs revealed that NCs grown in the presence of weak ligands had a high crystal defect density whereas NCs grown in amine solutions were predominantly defect-free. We applied infrared spectroscopy to study the NC surface chemistry and showed that alkene ligands project the NCs from surface oxidation. Photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements showed that alkene ligands passivate surface traps, as indicated by infrared fluorescence, conversely oxidized phosphine and amine passivated NCs did not fluoresce.