gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromigration Failure Under Pulse Test Conditions (1978)

Unpassivated aluminum thin-film conductors were subjected to pulsed dc currents at a frequency of 250 kHz, with duty factors ranging from 10% to 100%. Current densities of 4×106 A/cm2 and 1 × 107 A/cm2 were employed. Some tests were also performed at frequencies of 20 kHz and 100 kHz. The conductor lifetime was found to depend strongly on the pulse duty factor, with the mean time to failure, measured in on-time hours, showing a monotonic improvement as the duty factor of testing was decreased. At a pulse current density of 1 × 107 A/cm2, the results demonstrated the occurrence of electromigration in the direction of the "electron wind". A proportion of the improvement in the conductor lifetime is attributable to a decrease in the amount of conductor self-heating, particularly at a current density of 1 × 107 A/cm2; however, self-heating considerations cannot account for the entire improvement unless unusually large activation energies for grain boundary diffusion are assumed. The cause of the remainder of the improvement (not accounted for by self-heating) has not been determined; however, excess vacancy concentration, and its dependence on duty factor, may contribute to the lifetime improvement.
Increase of the Adiponectin/Leptin Ratio in Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (2019)

Bariatric surgery remains the most effective option for achieving important and sustained weight loss. We explored the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on the circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, and the adiponectin/leptin (Adpn/Lep) ratio in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Twenty-five T2D volunteers undergoing RYGB were included in the study, and further subclassified as patients that responded or not to RYBG, regarding remission of T2D. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were evaluated before and after RYGB. Obese patients with T2D exhibited an increase (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) in the Adpn/Lep ratio after RYGB. Changes in the Adpn/Lep ratio correlated better with changes in anthropometric data (<i>p</i> < 0.001) than with the variations of adiponectin or leptin alone. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the change in the Adpn/Lep ratio in patients with T2D was an independent predictor of the changes in body mass index (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and body fat percentage (<i>p</i> = 0.022). However, the Adpn/Lep ratio did not differ between individuals with or without T2D remission after RYGB. In summary, the current study demonstrated that after weight and body fat loss following RYGB, the Adpn/Lep ratio increased in patients with obesity and T2D.
Maximizing Differentiated Throughput in IEEE 802.11e Wireless LANs (2006)

The throughput performance of the distributed coordination function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol quickly degrades as the number of contending stations increases. To solve this problem, it has been shown recently that adaptive contention window modulation based on channel idle time tracking can be used, generating near optimal throughput. In this paper, we extend the approach for the IEEE 802.11e network, where different QoS classes are defined. We show how to find the class-specific optimal contention window sizes that yield the maximum aggregate throughput while maintaining the target throughput difference between classes
Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramics for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering Applications (2010)

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) have been sought after as biomaterials for the reconstruction of bone defects in maxillofacial, dental and orthopaedic applications. They have demonstrated proven biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, safety and predictability in in vitro, in vivo and clinical models. More recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that BCP can be osteoinductive. In the field of tissue engineering, they represent promising scaffolds capable of carrying and modulating the behavior of stem cells. This review article will highlight the latest advancements in the use of BCP and the characteristics that create a unique microenvironment that favors bone regeneration.
REVIEW OF ZIRCALOY-2 AND ZIRCALOY-4 PROPERTIES RELEVANT TO N.S. SAVANNAH REACTOR DESIGN (1962)

Information on zircaloy technology, with specific emhasis on environmental conditions similar to those present in the reactor core of the N. S. Savannah is discussed. ata on mechanical and corrosion properties, radiation effects, and other pentinent subjects are given. Out-of-pile data relevant to Zircaloy-2 structural components in the N. S. Savannah core show a yield strength of ~20,000 psi for annealed material, a creep rate of <10/sup -5/%/hr at 15,000 psi, and corrosion of only a few mils in 20 years. The principal effects of radiation exposure are increased mechanical strength and decreased uniform elongation. Brittle fracture does not occur, however, because reductions in area permit local plastic deformation. The corrosion rate is increased by radiation exposure (less than a factor of 5), but even at the increased rate metal loss is insignificant. Except for hydrogen pickup, Zircaloy-4 exhibits essentially the same properties as Zircaloy-2. Excessive hydrogen content, with resulting precipitation of ZrH/sub 2/, causes embrittlement of Zircaloy-2. The pickup of hydrogen by Zircaloy-2 is about three times that of Zircaloy-4. On the basis of the available information, Zircaloy-4 appears to be adequate for use as the material of construction for the fuel element containers in the advanced core for the N. S. Savannah. Zircaloy-4 is recommended over Zircaloy-2 because of its lower hydrogen pickup. Recommendations for 20-year service life cannot be made with complete confidence, however. because of the necessary extrapolations of data. Hairline cracks in Zircaloy-2 sometimes occur during fabrication of the metal that are not always detected by present inspection methods. (auth)
Fast phase-unwrapping algorithm based on a gray-scale mask and flood fill (1998)

Phase-unwrapping algorithms, an active and interesting subject in recent years, are important in a great number of measurement applications. Active research is being undertaken to develop reliable and high-speed procedures. The current process uses a gray-scale mask and the flood-fill concept from image processing for phase unwrapping. The algorithm unwraps phase from an area with higher reliability to one with lower reliability. In addition to robustness, the speed of the algorithm proposed is much faster than conventional routines. The experimental results of different algorithms are compared by analysis of a tooth plaster and a photoelastic specimen.
Corrosion Resistance of Molybdenum Modified Cr-Ni-Mn Austenitic Stainless Steels (1963)

The corrosion resistance of nine Cr-Ni-Mn austenitic and duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, containing up to 5 percent molybdenum, in hot deaerated sulfuric acid and boiling concentrated nitric acid was determined and compared to the behavior of recognized commercial grades. A limited evaluation of mechanical properties was performed. The corrosion resistance of these alloys was affected by molybdenum additions in a manner similar to that observed in Cr-Ni austenitic steels: The ability to tolerate minimal oxidizing environments such as sulfuric acid was markedly improved.The resistance toward strongly oxidizing acidic conditions was reduced. The presence of delta ferrite effected improved resistance in sulfuric acid and materially diminished corrosion resistance in hot nitric acid.
Growth mechanisms of MgO nanocrystals via a sol-gel synthesis using different complexing agents (2014)

In the preparation of nanostructured materials, it is important to optimize synthesis parameters in order to obtain the desired material. This work investigates the role of complexing agents, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, in the production of MgO nanocrystals. Results from simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (STA) show that the two different synthesis routes yield precursors with different thermal profiles. It is found that the thermal profiles of the precursors can reveal the effects of crystal growth during thermal annealing. X-ray diffraction confirms that the final products are pure, single phase and of cubic shape. It is also found that complexing agents can affect the rate of crystal growth. The structures of the oxalic acid and tartaric acid as well as the complexation sites play very important roles in the formation of the nanocrystals. The complexing agents influence the rate of growth which affects the final crystallite size of the materials. Surprisingly, it is also found that oxalic acid and tartaric acid act as surfactants inhibiting crystal growth even at a high temperature of 950°C and a long annealing time of 36 h. The crystallite formation routes are proposed to be via linear and branched polymer networks due to the different structures of the complexing agents.
The Relation between Baseline HIV Drug Resistance and Response to Antiretroviral Therapy: Re-Analysis of Retrospective and Prospective Studies Using a Standardized Data Analysis Plan (2000)

To assess the relation between resistance to antiretroviral drugs for treatment of HIV-1 infection and virological response to therapy, results from 12 different studies were re-analysed according to a standard data analysis plan. These studies included nine clinical trials and three observational cohorts. The primary end-point in our analyses was virological failure by week 24. Baseline factors that were investigated as predictors of virological failure were plasma HIV-1 RNA, the number and type of new antiretroviral drugs in the regimen, and viral susceptibility to the drugs in the regimen, determined by genotyping or phenotyping methods. These analyses confirmed the importance of both genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance as predictors of virological failure, whether these factors were analysed separately or adjusted for other baseline confounding factors. In most of the re-analysed studies, the odds of virological failure were reduced by about twofold for each additional drug in the regimen to which the patient's virus was sensitive by genotyping methods, and by about two- to threefold for each additional drug that was sensitive by phenotyping.
Lipase activity measured in serum by a continuous-monitoring pH-Stat technique--an update. (1989)

Using recent knowledge regarding the roles of colipase, bile acids, Ca2+, and emulsifiers, we optimized a previously published pH-Stat method for lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) activity measurements. The recommended assay conditions are: olive oil/triolein, 100 mL/L; sodium glycocholate, 35 mmol/L; Ca2+, 8.5 mmol/L; and colipase, 6.0 mg/L. The sample volume is 0.10 mL, the reaction pH 9.0, the temperature 30 degrees C, and the concentration of titrant 15 mmol/L. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 20 g/L, replaces acacia as emulsifier to avoid inhibition by excess Ca2+. The standard curve is linear to greater than 4566 U/L. The reference interval with olive oil as substrate is 30-235 U/L. Lipase activities with triolein substrate are 9.9% greater than with olive oil. Interference by pancreatic carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) activity is inhibited by incubating the sample with diisopropylfluorophosphate. Results correlate well with those by the optimized SingleVial method of Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics (r = 0.997) and the immunochemical assay of Beckman Instruments, Inc. (r = 0.995). Correlation with the aca method (E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company) is less satisfactory (r = 0.892), probably owing to lack of colipase in the latter method.
A decentralized approach for programming interactive applications with JavaScript and blockly (2012)

We present a decentralized-control methodology and a tool-set for developing interactive user interfaces. We focus on the common case of developing the client side of Web applications. Our approach is to combine visual programming using Google Blockly with a single-threaded implementation of behavioral programming in JavaScript. We show how the behavioral programming principles can be implemented with minimal programming resources, i.e., with a single-threaded environment using coroutines. We give initial, yet full, examples of how behavioral programming is instrumental in addressing common issues in this application domain, e.g., that it facilitates separation of graphical representation from logic and handling of complex inter-object scenarios. The implementation in JavaScript and Blockly (separately and together) expands the availability of behavioral programming capabilities, previously implemented in LSC, Java, Erlang and C++, to audiences with different skill-sets and design approaches.
Acid-and multistress-resistant mutants of Lactococcus lactis: identification of intracellular stress signals (2000)

82 ref.
Compressive sensing for raw RF signals reconstruction in ultrasound (2010)

We address in this paper the feasibility of the recent compressive sensing (CS) technique for raw RF signals reconstruction in medical ultrasound. Successful CS reconstruction implies selecting a basis where the signal to be recovered has a sparse expansion. RF signals represent a specific challenge, because their oscillatory nature does not easily lend itself to a sparse representation. In that perspective, we propose to use the recently introduced directional wave atoms, which shows good properties for sparsely representing warped oscillatory patterns. Experiments were performed on simulated RF data from a cyst numerical phantom. CS reconstruction was applied to subsampled RF data, by removing 50% to 90% of the original samples. Reconstruction using wave atoms were compared to reconstruction obtained from Fourier and Daubechies wavelets. The obtained accuracies were in the range [0.4-4.0].10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , [0.2-2.8].10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> and [0.1-1.7].10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , using wavelets, Fourier and wave atoms respectively, showing the superiority of the wave atoms representation, and the feasibility of CS for the reconstruction of US RF data.
Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy (2005)

A variety of conditions lead to skeletal muscle atrophy including muscle inactivity or disuse, multiple disease states (i.e., cachexia), fasting, and age-associated atrophy (sarcopenia). Given the impact on mobility in the latter conditions, inactivity could contribute in a secondary manner to muscle atrophy. Because different events initiate atrophy in these different conditions, it seems that the regulation of protein loss may be unique in each case. In fact differences exist between the regulation of the various atrophy conditions, especially sarcopenia, as evidenced in part by comparisons of transcriptional profiles as well as by the unique triggering molecules found in each case. By contrast, recent studies have shown that many of the intracellular signaling molecules and target genes are similar, particularly among the atrophies related to inactivity and cachexia. This review focuses on the most recent findings related to intracellular signaling during muscle atrophy. Key findings are discussed that relate to signaling involving muscle ubiquitin ligases, the IGF/PI3K/Akt pathway, FOXO activity, caspase-3 activity, and NF-kappaB signaling, and an attempt is made to construct a unifying picture of how these data can be connected to better understand atrophy. Once more detailed cellular mechanisms of the atrophy process are understood, more specific interventions can be designed for the attenuation of protein loss.
Mechanosensitive Expression of a Lipoxygenase Gene in Wheat (1997)

Touch stimulation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings led to a strong and dose-dependent increase in the level of lipoxygenase mRNA transcripts. The touch-induced response occurred within 1 h and was transient. A similar response was observed after wind treatment and wounding. The mechanical strain-regulated lipoxygenase might translate mechanical strain into lipoxygenase pathway-dependent growth responses.
Total synthesis and biological evaluation of spirotryprostatin A analogs (2017)

Based on the spirotryprostatin A structure, a series of compounds belonging to spiro-indolyl diketopiperazine structural class were designed and synthesized, which embody an oxindole with an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. The total synthesis can efficiently be accessed in a seven-step reaction sequence with 18-28% overall yield from commercially available materials, and a highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, N-acylation of the resulting stereochemically complex spiro[pyrrolidin-3,3'-oxindole]s core with Fmoc-L-pro-Cl and spontaneous ring closure upon N-deprotection were obtained. The synthesized compounds 13a-e and 15a-e were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. The result showed that compounds 13b and 15b were active only against Gram-positive bacteria, and selective antibacterial activity was exhibited by compounds 13d and 13e against Streptococcus lactis. Further, all the remaining compounds showed a certain degree of antibacterial activity. In addition, the structure-activity relationship is also discussed.
The effect of GR38032F, novel 5‐HT<sub>3</sub>‐receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea‐pig (1987)

The effects of GR38032F a novel, selective and potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3)-receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea-pig were investigated and compared to those of metoclopramide and haloperidol. Both GR38032F and metoclopramide increased gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, haloperidol was ineffective. GR38032F was about 200 times more potent than metoclopramide in enhancing gastric emptying over the 2 h period studied.
CHAPTER 5: PHOSPHORYLATION OF POLYMERS (1968)

Abstract As outlined in Chapters 1 and 2, it is difficult to incorporate phosphorus into linear polymers by (co)polymerization or (c0)polycondensation. Only in rare cases is it possible to obtain products of high phosphorus content, high molecular weight, satisfactory mechanical properties, and satisfactory hydrolytical stability. Therefore, it is natural that the subsequent incorporation of phosphorus into commercial polymers has also been investigated. The macromolecular character of these products remains unaffected as long as no degradationof the main chain occurs. The phosphorus is always found in the side groups. The problem inherent in the subsequent introduction of phosphorus is the fact that there are only a few suitable phosphorylation reactions. Phosphorylation should be simple to carry out and should proceed rapidly even with insoluble polymers to give high yields; the incorporated phosphorus should be linked to the polymers by a stable bond, preferably a P-C bond, but above all the phosphorylation should not give rise to chain breakdown or cross-linking of the polymer. Understandably, the fulfillment of these requirements depends not only on the method of phosphorylation but also on the polymer used. Good results have been achieved so far, especially with polyolefins and polystyrene.
Mono (S) hydroxy fatty acids: novel ligands for cytosolic actin (1998)

The ubiquitous hydroxylated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid (HETEs) or linoleic acid (HODEs) exhibit diverse biological effects including chemotaxis, cell proliferation, and modulation of several enzymatic pathways, including the 5-lipoxygenase leading to the inflammatory leukotrienes. It was observed that 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE (12- and 15-lipoxygenase-derived metabolites, respectively) inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase present in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cell homogenates whereas the 15(R) chiral enantiomer and the nonhydroxylated linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were either less potent or ineffective. In examining the mechanism of this inhibition, the relative effectiveness of several fatty acids in displacing [3H]15-HETE bound to cytosol preparations were compared and the results indicated that these (S) hydroxy fatty acids and 5(S)-HETE were significantly more potent than either the 15(R) enantiomer, 15(S)-HETE methyl ester, arachidonic acid, or prostaglandin F2alpha. In order to identify the protein(s) that specifically binds HETEs, 15(S)-HETE biotin hydrazide was used as a probe to detect any HETE-protein complexes as this compound both inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase and interfered with the binding of [3H]15-HETE to cytosol preparations. SDS-PAGE analysis and chemiluminescent detection revealed that the major cytosolic proteins that bound this biotinylated probe had molecular masses of 43 and 51 kD. Fatty acid competition experiments indicated that the order of effectiveness in displacing this probe from these proteins was 13(S)-HODE > 5(S)-HETE approximately equal to 15(S)-HETE > > stearic acid approximately equal to arachidonic acid approximately equal to 15(R)-HETE. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the 43 kD protein was actin. These findings suggest the possibility that actin may play a major role in the biological effects of monohydroxylated metabolites derived from cellular 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases.
<i>In Vitro</i>Amyloid Fibril Formation from α<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin (1995)

We have previously shown that the interaction between alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lithocholic acid (LA) results in changes of AAT properties leading to its polymerization and inactivation. To define the structural rearrangements of AAT induced by such interaction, we studied the in vitro binding between AAT and LA at molar ratio 1:5 for varying time intervals at a physiological pH. Complex formation was shown by electrophoretic techniques and autoradiography. Studies of the AAT in complex with LA by using far-UV spectra circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements indicated an increase of beta-structure of AAT and pronounced changes in surroundings of the chromophores. In addition, complexed AAT showed increase in thermal stability, compatible with that after proteolytic cleavage. Characterization of the AAT-LA complexes by Congo red binding, polarization and negative staining electron microscopy provided clear evidence that AAT, under chosen experimental conditions, can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils, compatible with accepted models of fibrillar structures. This propensity of AAT to form stable beta-structures in a hydrophobic surrounding may contribute to improved characterization of various amyloid deposits occurring in vivo and be a guide for understanding details of structure-function relationships in the intact AAT-molecule.