gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure Function and Splice Site Analysis of the Synaptogenic Activity of the Neurexin-1β LNS Domain (2006)

Recent findings suggest that the neurexin-neuroligin link promotes both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptogenesis, but the mechanism by which neurexins influence the clustering of appropriate neuroligins and postsynaptic differentiation remains unclear. Previous studies suggested that the presence or absence of alternatively spliced residues at splice site 4 (S4) in the neurexin LNS domain may regulate neurexin function. We demonstrate that addition of the S4 insert selectively reduces the ability of neurexin-1beta to cluster neuroligin-1/3/4 and glutamatergic postsynaptic proteins, although clustering of neuroligin-2 and GABAergic postsynaptic proteins remain strong. Furthermore, addition of the S4 insert decreases the binding affinity of neurexin-1beta to neuroligins-1 and -4 but has little effect on binding to neuroligins-2 and -3. Additional structure-function studies reveal the neurexin binding interface mediating synaptogenic activity to be composed primarily of residues in the beta2beta3, beta6beta7, and beta10beta11 loops on one rim of the LNS domain beta sandwich. Mutation of two predicted Ca(2+)-binding residues disrupts postsynaptic protein clustering and binding to neuroligins, consistent with previous findings that neurexin-neuroligin binding is Ca2+ dependent. Glutamatergic postsynaptic clustering was more readily disrupted by the mutagenesis than GABAergic postsynaptic protein clustering. Perhaps neurexins-neuroligins, or neurexin-1beta at least, is most important for GABA synapse formation or controlling the balance of GABA and glutamate synapses. These results suggest that differential neurexin-neuroligin binding affinities and splice variations may play an instructive role in postsynaptic differentiation.
Parallel merger (1987)

The letter describes a parallel merger for the sort-merger scheme in a hardware sorter. The technique offers k times the data throughput of conventional hardware k-way mergers.
Pulse Transients in Exponential Transmission Lines (1950)

The pulse response of exponential transmission lines is analyzed and it is suggested that such lines may be used advantageously as pulse transformers with short, rapidly rising pulses, particularly where large amounts of power are involved. A subsequent paper will discuss design problems and experimental results.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation on Helical Structures (AReview andSurvey of RecentProgress)* SAMUEL SENSIPERt, SENIORMEMBER,IRE (1955)

regions, space harmonics, etc.-are discussed. Recent extensions totheanalysis ofthesheath helix modelincluding theeffect ofradially stratified mediums, bothisotropic andanisotropic, arenoted. Also, additional workusing thetapeorfinite wire helix modelisreviewed. Finally, therecent investigations offilter helixes andcontrawound helixes arediscussed.
The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes (1960)

Journal Article THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ATTITUDES Get access DANIEL KATZ DANIEL KATZ The author is Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, former president of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and co-editor of Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences and Public Opinion and Propaganda Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 24, Issue 2, SUMMER 1960, Pages 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1086/266945 Published: 01 January 1960
An inexpensive method to stabilize the frequency of a CO2 laser (1975)

An inexpensive method to stabilize the frequency of a CO2 laser is described. The method is completely electronic and utilizes variations in the impedance of the laser plasma tube to produce a frequency correction.
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Bacterial Species in Plaque from Client Owned Dogs with Healthy Gingiva, Gingivitis or Mild Periodontitis (2013)

Periodontal disease is the most widespread oral disease in dogs which if left untreated results in significant pain to the pet and loss of dentition. The objective of this study was to identify bacterial species in canine plaque that are significantly associated with health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis (<25% attachment loss). In this survey subgingival plaque samples were collected from 223 dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis and mild periodontitis with 72 to 77 samples per health status. DNA was extracted from the plaque samples and subjected to PCR amplification of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rDNA. Pyrosequencing of the PCR amplicons identified a total of 274 operational taxonomic units after bioinformatic and statistical analysis. Porphyromonas was the most abundant genus in all disease stages, particularly in health along with Moraxella and Bergeyella. Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, and Peptostreptococcaceae were the most abundant genera in mild periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis identified species from each of these genera that were significantly associated with health, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. Principal component analysis showed distinct community profiles in health and disease. The species identified show some similarities with health and periodontal disease in humans but also major differences. In contrast to human, healthy canine plaque was found to be dominated by Gram negative bacterial species whereas Gram positive anaerobic species predominate in disease. The scale of this study surpasses previously published research and enhances our understanding of the bacterial species present in canine subgingival plaque and their associations with health and early periodontal disease.
Advanced Glycation End Products in Clinical Nephrology (2003)

As a result of oxidative and carbonyl stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in the pathogenesis of severe and frequent diseases and their fatal vascular/cardiovascular complications, i.e. diabetes mellitus and its complications (nephropathy, angiopathy, neuropathy and retinopathy, renal failure and uremic and dialysis-associated complications), atherosclerosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. They are formed via non-enzymatic glycation which is specifically enhanced through the presence of oxidative and carbonyl stress, and their ability to form glycoxidation products in peptide and protein structures finally modulating or inducing biological reactivity. Food can be another source of AGEs; however, high serum AGEs in hemodialysis patients might reflect nutritional status better. Several methods of renal replacement therapy have been studied in connection with the AGE removal, but unfortunately the possibilities are still unsatisfactory even if high flux dialysis, hemofiltration, or hemodiafiltration give better results than conventional low flux dialysis. AGEs are currently being studied in the patients on peritoneal dialysis as their precursors can be formed in the dialysis fluid. AGEs can cause damage to the peritoneum and so a loss of ultrafiltration capacity. Many compounds give promising results in AGE inhibition (inhibition of formation of AGEs, inhibition of their action or degradation of AGEs), are tested for these properties, and eventually undergo clinical studies (e.g. aminoguanidine, OPB-9195, pyridoxamine, antioxidants, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide, antihypertensive drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor-1 antagonists).
An Angle Of Arrival Location Estimation Technique for Existing GSM Networks (2007)

In this paper, the information contained by the measurement report of a GSM, being the received signal strengths of up to seven base station antennas, is used to locate a mobile. First the restrictions of using a real network situation are derived, after which a method to take into account the antenna patterns is proposed, for which we formulate an extended path loss model. This is subsequently used to determine the angle of arrival of a terminal, by using the differences of the measured signal strengths. Simulations provide information on the achievable accuracy; a field test confirms the applicability. The proposed algorithm can be implemented as network or terminal-based method and it outperforms the accuracy of Enhanced Cell-ID.
A method for measurement of the vocal tract impedance at the mouth (2002)

In this contribution a method is presented for the measurement of vocal tract resonances. The technique uses a non-invasive acoustic excitation of the vocal tract and a fast and robust detection. The method is an alternative to the linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis for patients with voice and speech disorders. Sweep signals are emitted and recorded simultaneously from the small end of a tube placed in front of the mouth opening. The use of a pressure sensor and a velocity sensor provides a direct measurement of the vocal tract impedance at the mouth (VTMI). For selected sustained German vowels, and some consonants, a comparison of results from LPC analysis and VTMI measurements is given. The results indicate a good agreement in the frequency range from 500 to 5,000 Hz. The feasibility of the VTMI method for diagnostic and therapeutic applications is subject to current research.
X-ray study of the structural phase transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Te</mml:mi></mml:math> (1978)

The structural phase transition in the ferroelectric semiconductor alloy series ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{Te}$ has been investigated using high-precision x-ray techniques. The spontaneous strain occurring at the cubicrhombohedral transition has been measured as a function of temperature for $0.53<x<0.87$ and a changeover from second-order to first-order transitions is found for $x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.72$. The behavior in the vicinity of the tricritical point can be analyzed in terms of Landau theory and the composition dependence of the free-energy expansion coefficients has been calculated up to sixth order, the quartic coefficient becoming negative at $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.72$. The influence of the electronic structure on the ferroelectric instability is considered and it is argued that when the band gap is small enough, simultaneous instabilities can occur in the electronic structure and the crystal structure, with the cubic semiconductor phase transforming to a rhombohedral semimetallic form. It is suggested that, as the band gap decreases going from SnTe to GeTe, the coupling between these two instabilities grows, leading to the observed line of first-order transitions.
Screening for cancer. (1986)

The screening programme should be planned as an experiment before large scale application. Otherwise, due to the different biases inherent in nonexperimental research in general, there is a high probability of arriving at inconclusive evidence. Too often a favourable natural history is presumed, including the assumption that treatment of a screen-detected case postpones death. After such an assumption is made it is very difficult to carry out research on whether such prerequisites are true independently of the correctness or falsity these assumptions. The screening programme requires not only a valid test but also a valid programme, including elements such as the quality of the test material (cervical smear), the quality of the laboratory, the attendance of the population and the availability of referral and treatment facilities. The only valid measure for the efficacy of a screening programme is mortality (and sometimes incidence) from the disease. There are many other indicators, called process measures, all of which may show a favourable effect even in cases where the programme is inefficient. As for the application of screening for cancer in the Nordic countries, the present state of the art is as follows: Screening for cervical cancer is a well established practice performed by the health services. Every year about 1000 cases of invasive disease are likely to be prevented in the five Nordic countries as a result of cytological screening. The effectiveness of screening for breast cancer is also established by modern scientific methods. The large-scale Swedish experiments clearly show the potential of screening based on mammography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Tomato Fruit: Import, Growth, Respiration and Carbon Metabolism at Different Fruit Sizes and Temperatures (1977)

Measurements of a complete carbon balance sheet over a 48 h period for growing tomato fruits at different fruit sizes and temperature have been carried out. The rates of carbon import, respiration, and growth have been calculated and related to each other and to the levels of certain carbon metabolites in the fruit. It was found that there is an excellent linear relationship between the import rate and the sucrose level in the fruit, consistent with the hypothesis that, for the tomato fruit, carbon flows down the sucrose concentration gradient at a rate proportional to the gradient. This agrees with the findings of Mason and Maskell in cotton. Moreover, the resistance to transport was relatively independent of fruit size and temperature. The usual analysis of respiration in terms of growth and maintenance components allowed the determination of conversion efficiencies and maintenance coefficients for different fruit sizes and temperatures. As observed by other authors with other plants, the growth conversion efficiencies were temperature-independent, whereas the maintenance coefficients were strongly temperature-dependent. The overall conversion efficiency was optimum at 25°C. The specific growth rate and the starch level in the tomato fruit were found to be related.
Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Formation via Copper(II) Carboxylate-Promoted Intramolecular Carboamination of Unactivated Olefins:  Diastereoselectivity and Mechanism (2007)

An expanded substrate scope and in-depth analysis of the reaction mechanism of the copper(II) carboxylate-promoted intramolecular carboamination of unactivated alkenes is described. This method provides access to N-functionalized pyrrolidines and piperidines. Both aromatic and aliphatic gamma- and delta-alkenyl N-arylsulfonamides undergo the oxidative cyclization reaction efficiently. N-Benzoyl-2-allylaniline also underwent the oxidative cyclization. The terminal olefin substrates examined were more reactive than those with internal olefins, and the latter terminated in elimination rather than carbon-carbon bond formation. The efficiency of the reaction was enhanced by the use of more organic soluble copper(II) carboxylate salts, copper(II) neodecanoate in particular. The reaction times were reduced by the use of microwave heating. High levels of diastereoselectivity were observed in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines, wherein the cis substitution pattern predominates. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in the context of the observed reactivity and in comparison to analogous reactions promoted by other reagents and conditions. Our evidence supports a mechanism wherein the N-C bond is formed via intramolecular syn aminocupration and the C-C bond is formed via intramolecular addition of a primary carbon radical to an aromatic ring.
Conditionally Immortalized Murine Osteoblasts Lacking the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP Receptor (1998)

Osteoblasts synthesize and mineralize bone matrix and are principal target cells for parathyroid hormone (PTH). The type 1 PTH/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1R), cloned from rat osteoblastic cells, activates multiple intracellular signaling mechanisms. The specific roles of these PTH1R signals, or of responses to other types of PTH receptors that may be expressed, in regulating osteoblast function are incompletely understood. Use of established mammalian osteoblastic cell lines has led to much understanding of PTH action in bone, although such cells are of neoplastic origin or have other characteristics that compromise their validity as models of normal osteoblasts. To examine the role of the PTH1R in osteoblast biology, we have isolated a series of clonal murine calvarial osteoblastic cell lines that are only conditionally immortalized, via expression of a transgene encoding the tsA58 temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen, and that lack both functional alleles of the PTH1R gene. When cultured under nontransforming conditions, these cells stopped proliferating, expressed a series of characteristic osteoblastic genes (including the nonfunctional remnant of the PTH1R gene), and, after 3-4 weeks, produced mineralized bone nodules in a manner that was regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 but not by PTH(1-84). Cyclic AMP measurements revealed no evidence of expression of alternate species of Gs-linked PTH receptors. Stable transfection with PTH1R cDNA reconstituted both PTH binding and adenylyl cyclase activation, increased basal osteocalcin expression, and supported PTH stimulation of c-Fos expression and matrix mineralization. These conditionally transformed, PTH1R(-/-) clonal osteoblastic cell lines should prove useful for studies of the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and function by both endogenous nonclassical species of PTH (or PTHrP) receptors and mutant signal-selective PTH1Rs.
E1A and<i>ras</i>Oncogenes Synergistically Enhance Recombinant Protein Production under Control of the Cytomegalovirus Promoter in BHK-21 Cells (1995)

The amplified ras oncogene greatly enhanced the production of recombinant human interleukin-6 (hIL-6) under control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV promoter) in BHK-21 cells. When the adenovirus E1A oncogene was further transfected into the above mentioned ras-amplified hIL-6 hyperproducing BHK cells, the transfectants had about 10 times higher productivity than non-transfectants. However, the E1A gene alone did not enhance productivity. These results implicate a ras and E1A synergistic ability that acts to enhance hIL-6 production.
Metabolism of chlorogenic acid by human plasma, liver, intestine and gut microflora (1999)

Extracts of human small intestine epithelium, liver, plasma and colonic microflora (as a faecal sample) were prepared and esterase activity determined by incubation with chlorogenic acid and subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no evidence of enzymic hydrolysis by the intestine, liver or plasma extracts. However, esterase activity was observed in the faecal sample, and this activity was abolished if the extract was boiled prior to incubation. These results show that chlorogenic acid ingested by humans is most likely cleaved into caffeic acid and quinic acid by an esterase enzyme(s) provided by the colonic microflora. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Formation mechanism of toroidal carbon nanotubes (2003)

Abstract In order to study the formation mechanism of toroidal carbon nanotubes (TCNTs), we have examined their elastic energies by utilizing the continuum elastic theory. It is found that the allowed shapes of TCNTs should be determined by the constraint that the shape formation free energy should be equal to zero. We have also found that there exists a threshold condition under which a straight carbon nanotube will be curved and the TCNTs are one of the allowed shapes. The calculated torus radii for a toroidal multi‐wall carbon nanotube and single‐wall carbon nanotube bundle are in good agreement with the experimentally measured results. This indicates that the continuum elastic theory persists well into the small‐radius tubes and the formation of TCNT is a self‐organization process controlled by their shape formation free energy.
The Effect of Lipoic Acid Therapy on Cognitive Functioning in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (2013)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most diabetic patients have insulin resistance (IR) that is associated with compensatory hyperinsulinemia, one of the mechanisms suggested for increased AD risk in patients with DM. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a disulfide molecule with antioxidant properties that has positive effects on glucose metabolism and IR. This study evaluated the effect of ALA treatment (600 mg/day) on cognitive performances in AD patients with and without DM. One hundred and twenty-six patients with AD were divided into two groups, according to DM presence (group A) or absence (group B). Cognitive functions were assessed by MMSE, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-Cog), Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Severity (CIBIC), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and Alzheimer's Disease Functional and Change Scale (ADFACS). IR was assessed by HOMA index. At the end of the study, MMSE scores showed a significant improvement in 43% patients of group A (26 subjects) and 23% of group B (15 subjects), compared to baseline (P = .001). Also ADAS-Cog, CIBIC, and ADFACS scores showed a significant improvement in group A versus group B. IR was higher in group A. Our study suggests that ALA therapy could be effective in slowing cognitive decline in patients with AD and IR.
Differential transcriptome analyses of three wheat genotypes reveal different host response pathways associated with Fusarium head blight and trichothecene resistance (2011)

Fusarium head blight is a disease of cereal crops caused by a group of trichothecene‐producing Fusarium species. In the current study, three wheat genotypes with cv. Superb pedigree were evaluated for their ability to activate different defence‐response pathways when exposed to one of three elicitors: (i) trichothecene‐producing and (ii) non‐producing F. graminearum strains, and (iii) the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol. Spikelets distal to the inoculation point were harvested at multiple time points in order to identify systemic temporal changes in transcript accumulation associated with resistance. Distinct differences were observed between the resistant genotypes and cv. Superb, as well as between the two resistant genotypes. The current data suggest that different molecular mechanisms exist not only between susceptibility and resistance responses, but between different forms of genetic resistance. It is proposed that Type 1 resistance in one of the resistant double haploid lines evaluated here involves a combination of structural features that slow fungal penetration and activation of a systemic response in uninfected tissues adjacent to the site of infection to prevent or minimize secondary infection; in contrast, Type 2 resistance is more likely a form of local resistance.
Key technologies for IMT-advanced mobile communication systems (2009)

WINNER is an ambitious research project aiming at identification, development, and assessment of key technologies for IMT-advanced mobile communication systems. WINNER has devised an OFDMA-based system concept with excellent system-level performance for flexible deployments in a wide variety of operating conditions. The WINNER system provides a significant step forward from current 3G systems. Key innovations integrated into the system concept include flexible spectrum usage and relaying, adaptive advanced antenna schemes and pilot design, close to optimal link adaptation, hierarchical control signaling, and a highly flexible multiple access scheme. The end-to-end performance assessment results demonstrate that the WINNER concept meets the IMT-advanced requirements.