gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computing Clusters of Correlation Connected objects (2004)

The detection of correlations between different features in a set of feature vectors is a very important data mining task because correlation indicates a dependency between the features or some association of cause and effect between them. This association can be arbitrarily complex, i.e. one or more features might be dependent from a combination of several other features. Well-known methods like the principal components analysis (PCA) can perfectly find correlations which are global, linear, not hidden in a set of noise vectors, and uniform, i.e. the same type of correlation is exhibited in all feature vectors. In many applications such as medical diagnosis, molecular biology, time sequences, or electronic commerce, however, correlations are not global since the dependency between features can be different in different subgroups of the set. In this paper, we propose a method called 4C (Computing Correlation Connected Clusters) to identify local subgroups of the data objects sharing a uniform but arbitrarily complex correlation. Our algorithm is based on a combination of PCA and density-based clustering (DBSCAN). Our method has a determinate result and is robust against noise. A broad comparative evaluation demonstrates the superior performance of 4C over competing methods such as DBSCAN, CLIQUE and ORCLUS.
Calculation of the emitter efficiency of bipolar transistors (1973)

The emitter efficiency of a bipolar transistor is calculated taking heavy doping effects such as impurity band formation and band tailing into account. It is shown that in most cases these effects, rather than the minority carrier lifetime in the emitter are limiting the transistor current gain. This allows us to define an effective emitter impurity profile for use in current transport calculations. The influence of the emitter and base impurity profiles upon the gain is studied, and experimental results are presented showing that the knowledge of the impurity profiles is sufficient to predict the one-dimensional current gain.
<i>In vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>studies of ibuprofen-loaded biodegradable alginate beads (2005)

The irritation effects of ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), were evaluated on mouse gastric and duodenal mucosa when suspended in 0.5% (w/v) sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) solution and loaded in alginate beads. The ionotropic gelation method was used to prepare controlled release alginate beads of ibuprofen. The influence of various formulation factors on the encapsulation efficiency, as in vitro drug release and micromeritic properties, was investigated. Other variables included the alginate concentration, percentage drug loading and stirring speed during the microencapsulation process. Scanning electron micrographs of alginate beads loaded with ibuprofen showed rough surface morphology and particle sizes in the range of 1.15 +/- 0.4 - 3.15 +/- 0.6 mm. The yield of microspheres, as collected after drying, was generally 80-90%. Formulation code H showing t50% value of 3.5 h was chosen for in vivo trials because of the appropriate drug release properties. For in vivo trials, free ibuprofen (100 mg kg(-1)), blank and ibuprofen (100 mg kg(-1)) loaded alginate beads (formulation code H) were suspended in 0.5% (w/v) NaCMC solution and each group was given to six mice orally by gavage. NaCMC solution was used as a control in experimental studies. In vivo data showed that the administration of ibuprofen in alginate beads prevented the gastric lesions.
Receptor-Targeted Cancer Therapy (2005)

Insight into the molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation is changing the way cancer is being treated. Conventional treatment strategies target the DNA of all dividing cells, resulting in a significantly increased risk of collateral toxicity. In addition, the accumulation of multiple mutations leads to drug resistance in many cancer cells. Targeted strategies have now been developed that specifically disrupt oncogenically active cell surface receptors and endogenous signaling molecules. These agents have a much greater selectivity for tumor tissue and decreased risk of side effects. Increased signaling through ErbB receptors via gene amplification, overexpression, and mutation has been implicated in many human cancers and associated with poor prognosis. Interruption of this process has been shown to cause antitumor effects. Downregulation of the ErbB receptors, HER-2/neu, and later EGFR, with monoclonal antibodies was the first demonstration of targeted therapy. Subsequently, the ErbB tyrosine kinase domain has been successfully targeted with small molecule inhibitors. The development of novel ErbB-directed entities is ongoing, with particular promise being shown by strategies targeting receptor interaction in oligomeric complexes.
Targeting Accuracy in Real-time Tumor Tracking via External Surrogates: A Comparative Study (2010)

The use of external surrogates to predict tumor motion in real-time for extra-cranial sites requires the use of accurate correlation models. This is extremely challenging when motion prediction is to be performed over several breathing cycles, as occurs for real-time tumor tracking with Cyberknife((R)) Synchrony((R)). In this work we compare three different approaches to infer tumor motion based on external surrogates, since no comparative study is available to assess the accuracy of correlation models in tumor tracking over a long time period. We selected 20 cases in a database of 130 patients treated with real-time tumor tracking by means of the Synchrony((R)) module. The implemented correlation models comprise linear/quadratic correlation, artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. The accuracy of each correlation model is evaluated on the basis of ground truth tumor position information acquired during treatment, as detected by means of stereoscopic X-ray imaging. Results show that the implemented models achieve an error reduction with respect to Synchrony((R)), measured at the 95% confidence level, up to 10.8% for the fuzzy logic approach. This latter is able to partly reduce the incidence of tumor tracking errors above 6 mm, resulting in improved accuracy for larger discrepancies. In conclusion, complex models are suggested to predict tumor motion over long time periods. This leads to an effective improvement with respect to Cyberknife((R)) Synchrony((R)). Future studies will investigate the sensitivity of the implemented models to the input database, in order to define optimal strategies.
Integrated fiber optic transmitters and receivers for SONET/ATM applications (2002)

Optical fiber is undoubtedly the transmission medium of choice for both telecommunications and data communications. With the worldwide acceptance of the SONET/SDH and ATM standards, fiber optic transmission systems operating at 155 Mb/s, 622 Mb/s and 2.5 Gb/s are being installed for service. The progress of optical transmitter and receiver technology is undoubtedly a key factor in accelerating the commercialization of optical fiber communications. In this paper, the technology of optical transmitter and receiver modules will be reviewed. Recent advances in relevant optical device technology, electronic technology and packaging technology will be discussed. Particular emphasis will be paid on optical transmitter and receiver modules for emerging SONET/ATM applications.
Expressive power of the single-object typed access matrix model (2002)

The single-object typed access matrix (SOTAM) model was recently introduced in the literature by Sandhu and Suri (1992). It is a special case of Sandhu's typed access matrix (TAM) model (1992). In SOTAM individual commands are restricted to modifying exactly one column of the access matrix (whereas individual TAM commands in general can modify multiple columns). Sandhu and Suri have outlined a simple implementation of SOTAM in a distributed environment using the familiar client-server architecture. In particular the stipulation that each-command modifies a single column of the access matrix, is reflected in the desirable property that each command modifies a single access control list corresponding to that column. In this paper we show that TAM and SOTAM are formally equivalent in their expressive power. This result establishes that SOTAM has precisely the same expressive power as TAM, while having a simple implementation at the same time. In a nutshell, this result tells us that manipulation of access control information can be achieved in its most general form by manipulation of a single access control list (ACL) at a time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 220–320-GHz Vector-Sum Phase Shifter Using Single Gilbert-Cell Structure With Lossy Output Matching (2014)

This paper presents a wideband vector-sum phase shifter (VSPS) that operates over the entire WR-3 band (220-320 GHz). Compared to conventional VSPSs with double Gilbert cells, the proposed phase shifter employs a single Gilbert-cell structure for vector modulation. This reduces the output current combining ratio from 8:2 to 4:2, and boosts the impedance at the combining node, thus facilitating wideband output matching at upper millimeter-wave and terahertz bands. The simplified structure leads to a reduction in dc power consumption and chip area without sacrificing the 360 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> phase-shifting property. Lossy matching is applied at the Gilbert-cell output to further increase bandwidth and stability at the expense of relatively high loss. The phase shifter is implemented using a 250-nm InP DHBT technology that provides f T and f max exceeding 370 and 650 GHz, respectively. The measurements exhibit a wideband phase shift with continuous 360 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> coverage and average insertion loss ranging from 11.8 to 15.6 dB for the entire WR-3 band. The root mean square amplitude and phase error among different phase states are less than 1.2 dB and 10.2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> , respectively. The input-referred 1-dB compression is measured at 0.7 dBm on average. The dc power consumption is 21.8-42.0 mW at different phase states.
Green synthesis and characterization of phosphorus flame retardant crosslinking agents for epoxy resins (2013)

ABSTRACT The flame‐retardant efficacy of phosphorus‐containing reactive amine hardeners for epoxy resins is well‐known; however their synthesis often applies hazardous, objectionable reagents. The aim of this work is to develop an effective synthesis method for the preparation of P‐containing amines, which can act as flame‐retardant crosslinking agent in epoxy resins. The syntheses and testing of an aliphatic and two aromatic amines are described: curing properties, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and flame‐retardant performance of the amines are studied. On the basis of these results, the scaling‐up and the optimization of the synthesis of the phosphorus‐containing aliphatic amine hardener in ReactIR™ in situ FTIR apparatus is discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40105.
Viscous-Pill Design Methodology Leads to Increased Cement Plug Success Rates; Application and Case Studies from Southern Algeria (2000)

Abstract Setting heavy cement plugs on top of lighter wellbore fluids is a major problem in Southern Algeria, for both drilling and work-over wells. When setting cement plugs off-bottom, for kick-off or abandonment, an average of 3 attempts are necessary before achieving a competent cement plug. The extra cost of the failed plug operations is around $75,000, plus 4 days of lost rig time. An in-depth analysis of field practices for cement plugs demonstrated that the root cause of the failures is related to poor or non-existent design of the viscous pill rheology. In effect, until recently, the viscous pill was made the same way, regardless of the cement properties and of the cement-viscous pill interface stability. There is a natural tendency for a heavy fluid to fall through a lighter fluid placed below it and it is only by resisting this tendency that cement plugs, set off-bottom, are able to remain static until the cement hardens. The larger the difference in fluid densities or the larger the size of hole, the harder it becomes to stabilize a heavy plug. Commonly, a viscous-pill is set between the cement slurry and drilling mud, in order to improve stability. Recent work, both theoretical and experimental, has determined a reliable estimate of the yield stresses required of the fluids to stabilize an interface separating heavy and light fluids, under any conditions of hole size, deviation and density difference between the fluids. When a viscous pill is used two interfaces: that between the cement slurry and viscous pill and that between the viscous pill and mud, could be unstable. The estimates have been turned into a computer model that can be used to design the physical properties of both viscous pill and cement slurry, so that mechanical stability is ensured. Application of this model to cement plugging operations in Southern Algeria has given rheology and density design targets, which have been applied to both cement slurry and viscous pill. Three case studies are presented in which the top of cement was found exactly as expected, on the first plug set. Over a number of recent cement plug jobs, the success rate has improved from ~25% to close to 100%.
A Study of the Dual-Water Model Based on Log Data (1983)

Summary This paper presents log evidence in support of the dual-water model. Included are basic studies that illustrate the model from the aspect of conductivity measurements, porosity and formation factor relationship, and the contrast to the prediction of Waxman and Smits' cation exchange capacity (CEC) model (W-S model). Introduction Since the introduction of the theoretical dual-water model in 1977, there has been considerable conjecture on the scientific aspects of- the CEC models. This paper intentionally avoids theoretical areas and concentrates instead on what can be observed from log, data with respect to the conductivity and porosity of shales, shaly sands, and sands. In addition, the dualwater hypothesis is expounded as a means of shedding new light on the troublesome problem of applying a formation factor relationship in shaly formations. The Dual Water Observed Studies of factors that influence the attenuation of electromagnetic propagation signals from EPT logs revealed that plots of attenuation rate as a function of the total porosity index always displayed similar trends, with the shales showing the greatest uniqueness. Fig. 1, which is a hand composite of several wells from a variety of geographic areas with largely different conditions, illustrates this characteristic. Further study determined that the basic plot shape was a reflection of changes in the conductivity of the formation fluids. This is shown in Fig. 2, where constant fluid conductivity trend lines have been added to a typical attenuation/porosity plot. This knowledge led directly to the idea of correcting the EPT log t-or shaliness by modifying Rw, proportionally. Although this was done successfully, a question was raised. Do other logs that react to the volume and conductivity of formation fluids also respond to dual waters? Micro later o log and Induction Log Data The familiar Pickett plot (log-log plot of conductivity vs. porosity) is a convenient form for making this evaluation because it allows a relatively pure look at the data. Pickett plots using a density/neutron-based porosity were constructed with Micro later o log (Fig. 3) and induction (Fig. 4) log data.* Two distinct data concentrations could be seen, one associated with low gamma ray values and the other with high gamma ray values. These plots have been enhanced with an illustration of a simple Archie-type transform of some known fluid conductivities by assuming that KR=1.0 and m=2.0 in the classic equations, FR=KR/om and Cw=FRCo, (Ro,=FRRw). The Cw values chosen reflect Rw, (Cw=30.0 mho. Rmf (Cw=1.0 mho), and the theoretical clay water conductivities for the existing temperature conditions. JPT P. 158^
Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination (2011)

Recently, the following Discrimination-Aware Classification Problem was introduced: Suppose we are given training data that exhibit unlawful discrimination; e.g., toward sensitive attributes such as gender or ethnicity. The task is to learn a classifier that optimizes accuracy, but does not have this discrimination in its predictions on test data. This problem is relevant in many settings, such as when the data are generated by a biased decision process or when the sensitive attribute serves as a proxy for unobserved features. In this paper, we concentrate on the case with only one binary sensitive attribute and a two-class classification problem. We first study the theoretically optimal trade-off between accuracy and non-discrimination for pure classifiers. Then, we look at algorithmic solutions that preprocess the data to remove discrimination before a classifier is learned. We survey and extend our existing data preprocessing techniques, being suppression of the sensitive attribute, massaging the dataset by changing class labels, and reweighing or resampling the data to remove discrimination without relabeling instances. These preprocessing techniques have been implemented in a modified version of Weka and we present the results of experiments on real-life data.
ABri peptide associated with familial British dementia forms annular and ring-like protofibrillar structures (2004)

Amyloid plaque deposition involves the aggregation of normally soluble proteins into insoluble amyloid fibrils (fibrillization) and proceeds through intermediates with distinct morphologies, including spherical aggregates, protofibrils, and mature fibrils. Recently, a novel annular protofibril-like intermediate with unique pore-like properties was produced by alpha-synuclein, A beta-Arctic and amylin, which are proteins associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and type-II diabetes. The observation of annular structures coupled with size selective channel-like activity by these proteins suggests that these structures may be responsible for vesicle permeability by ion-channel formation. Using atomic force spectroscopy, we report here that the ABri peptide associated with familial British dementia produces similar annular and ring-like protofibril structures during the following sequence of events: spherical aggregates (0.4-1.5 nm height)-->chain-like protofibrils (1.5-2.3 nm height)-->ring-like protofibrils and annular protofibrils (1.5-2.3 nm height). This suggests that ABri fibrillization occurs in a similar fashion to other amyloidogenic proteins and that the annular protofibrillar structures may represent a common amyloid intermediate.
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate and Phenotype on Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase, and Alkaline Phosphatase Specific Activity in SHR/N-cp Rat (1993)

The obese spontaneous hypertensive rat/NIH-corpulent (SHR/N-cp) rat exhibits some of the metabolic and pathologic alterations associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of phenotype (ob versus In) and source of dietary carbohydrate (sucrose versus starch) on intestinal sucrase, maltase, lactase, and alkaline phosphatase activity in SHR/N-cp rats. For 3 months, lean and obese male SHR/N-cp rats were fed isocaloric diets containing as the sole source of carbohydrate either 54% cooked corn starch or sucrose. Serum and urine markers for diabetes were observed in obese rats. Wet weight and length of intestines were significantly increased in obese rats compared with lean littermates. Among the intestinal enzymes measured, statistical tests confirmed that sucrase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.01) by both phenotype (ob > In) and feeding a sucrose diet. Diet alone (sucrose > starch) significantly increased (P < 0.05) maltase activity in obese rats, but had no effect on lean rats. Lactase activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in obese sucrose-fed rats compared with obese starch-fed and/or lean littermates. Statistical tests revealed that intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly altered (P < 0.05) by both phenotype and diet. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was higher in starch-fed lean rats compared with lean littermates fed sucrose and to starch or sucrose-fed obese rats. These results are not indicative of a simple, nonspecific increase in intestinal enzyme activity, since the effects observed in intestinal alkaline phosphatase contrast the effects observed in intestinal sucrase, maltase, and lactase activity. These results indicate that both phenotype and diet alter structural and enzymatic intestinal activities of SHR/N-cp rats. Distinct variations in the observed intestinal enzymatic activities suggest that these enzymes are under the control of genetic, hormonal, and dietary factors. Rationale for these differences are discussed.
Dynamic Interface Selection in Portable Multi-Interface Terminals (2007)

This paper addresses the problem of dynamic interface selection in a terminal embedded with multiple interfaces. A mathematical model, to select the best interface for a particular application at a given instant, is described. It takes into consideration the available access networks and their characteristics. A handoff algorithm, for transparently switching active sessions between interfaces, is proposed.
Glucose-dependent de Novo Lipogenesis in B Lymphocytes (2014)

Bacterially derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates naive B lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cells. Differentiation of B lymphocytes is characterized by a proliferative phase followed by expansion of the intracellular membrane secretory network to support Ig production. A key question in lymphocyte biology is how naive B cells reprogram metabolism to support de novo lipogenesis necessary for proliferation and expansion of the endomembrane network in response to LPS. We report that extracellularly acquired glucose is metabolized, in part, to support de novo lipogenesis in response to LPS stimulation of splenic B lymphocytes. LPS stimulation leads to increased levels of endogenous ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), and this is accompanied by increased ACLY enzymatic activity. ACLY produces cytosolic acetyl-CoA from mitochondrially derived citrate. Inhibition of ACLY activity in LPS-stimulated B cells with the selective inhibitor 2-hydroxy-N-arylbenzenesulfonamide (compound-9; C-9) blocks glucose incorporation into de novo lipid biosynthesis, including cholesterol, free fatty acids, and neutral and acidic phospholipids. Moreover, inhibition of ACLY activity in splenic B cells results in inhibition of proliferation and defective endomembrane expansion and reduced expression of CD138 and Blimp-1, markers for plasma-like B cell differentiation. ACLY activity is also required for LPS-induced IgM production in CH12 B lymphoma cells. These data demonstrate that ACLY mediates glucose-dependent de novo lipogenesis in response to LPS signaling and identify a role for ACLY in several phenotypic changes that define plasma cell differentiation.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of PZT Crystalline Powder and Piezoelectric Property of Ceramics (1990)

PZT crystalline powders with different grain sizes and morphologies were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions below