gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SofTEE: Software-Based Trusted Execution Environment for User Applications (2020)

Commodity operating systems are considered vulnerable. Therefore, when an application handles security-sensitive data, it is highly recommended to run the application in a trusted execution environment. In response to this demand, hardware-based trusted execution environments such as Intel SGX and ARM TrustZone have been developed in commodity computers. However, hardware-based approaches cannot be quickly upgraded to address design vulnerabilities or to reflect customer feedback. In this paper, we propose SofTEE, a software framework to support a trusted execution environment for user applications. For a trusted execution environment, SofTEE should support memory isolation and attestation. For memory isolation, SofTEE relies on kernel deprivileging which delegates the execution of privileged operations such as memory management, from a kernel to a special module called a security monitor. To reduce the overhead of switching between the deprivileged kernel and the security monitor, SofTEE proposes an efficient management mechanism of the address space identifier. SofTEE supports attestation by assuming minimal hardware functionalities of random entropy and root of trust. The main challenge of SofTEE is to guarantee security properties like confidentiality and integrity of security-sensitive applications. For security analysis, we have identified security invariants that SofTEE should meet for confidentiality and integrity guarantees. Based on the security invariants, we have designed and prototyped each component of SofTEE on a Raspberry Pi 3 board. SofTEE produces about 3% overhead in case of a security-sensitive application with long execution time and 23% overhead in case of a security-sensitive application with short execution time.
Multiplicative cascade models for fine spatial downscaling of rainfall: parameterization with rain gauge data (2011)

Abstract. Capturing the spatial distribution of high-intensity rainfall over short-time intervals is critical for accurately assessing the efficacy of urban stormwater drainage systems. In a stochastic simulation framework, one method of generating realistic rainfall fields is by multiplicative random cascade (MRC) models. Estimation of MRC model parameters has typically relied on radar imagery or, less frequently, rainfall fields interpolated from dense rain gauge networks. However, such data are not always available. Furthermore, the literature is lacking estimation procedures for spatially incomplete datasets. Therefore, we proposed a simple method of calibrating an MRC model when only data from a moderately dense network of rain gauges are available, rather than from the full rainfall field. The number of gauges need only be sufficient to adequately estimate the variance in the ratio of the rain rate at the rain gauges to the areal average rain rate across the entire spatial domain. In our example for Warsaw, Poland, we used 25 gauges over an area of approximately 1600 km2. MRC models calibrated using the proposed method were used to downscale 15-min rainfall rates from a 20 by 20 km area to the scale of the rain gauge capture area. Frequency distributions of observed and simulated 15-min rainfall at the gauge scale were very similar. Moreover, the spatial covariance structure of rainfall rates, as characterized by the semivariogram, was reproduced after allowing the probability density of the random cascade generator to vary with spatial scale.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Aminomethylation and Methylation of Phenol Derivatives Utilizing Methanol as the C<sub>1</sub> Source (2017)

Abstract A reaction involving ortho ‐aminomethylation of phenol was developed via ruthenium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of methanol, an environmentally benign C 1 building block, without the use of reactive reagents. The reaction was successfully applied to a range of substrates. When naphthol was employed instead of phenol, only methylation was observed. On the basis of various mechanistic studies, we propose that formamide barely participates in the reaction, which mainly occurs through an iminium cation intermediate. The difference in the reactivities of phenol and naphthol is attributable to stronger basicity of naphtholate as a conjugate base owing to its lower aromaticity. Plausible reaction pathways were proposed for both reactions. magnified image
Application of atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) to studies of adhesion phenomena: a review (2005)

Abstract This review article describes the fundamental principles of atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) and how this technique became a useful tool to investigate adhesion forces. AFS is a technique derived from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and can determine, at every location of the sample surface, the dependence of the interaction on the probe–sample distance. AFS provides valuable information, at the nano-scale, such as, for example: (i) how the magnitude of the adhesion force depends on longand short-range interactions and (ii) the tip–sample contact area. An overview about the theory and experiments with local force spectroscopy, force imaging spectroscopy, chemical force microscopy and colloidal probe technique is presented. The many applications of the AFS technique for probing surface interactions open up new possibilities to evaluate adhesion, an important characteristic of materials. Keywords: ATOMIC FORCE SPECTROSCOPYADHESION PHENOMENASURFACE PROPERTIESATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPYINTERFACIAL PHENOMENA
Influences of Both Carbon Supports and Heat‐Treatment of Supported Catalyst on Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol (1995)

The effects of carbon supports for platinum‐ruthenium (Pt‐Ru) catalysts on anode performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) were investigated. Good polarization characteristics of the methanol electrode were obtained for a Pt‐Ru catalyst supported on an acetylene black with high specific surface area and a pore size distribution in the range of 3 to 8 nm. The performance of the methanol electrode increased with the increase in pore volume for the pore size distribution of 3 to 8 nm. Analyses of various carbon blacks and supported catalysts were carried out with several techniques: adsorption (Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) and Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda (BJH) methods), adsorption, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope observations. The effects of the heat‐treating temperature, time, and atmosphere on the polarization curves of the methanol electrodes with the acetylene black were investigated. The heat‐treatment in air at 370°C improved not only methanol oxidation but the durability of the Pt‐Ru catalyst.
KIR3DL2 is a coinhibitory receptor on Sézary syndrome malignant T cells that promotes resistance to activation-induced cell death (2014)

To the editor:

Sezary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive leukemic and erythrodermic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of a clonal T-lymphocyte population in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. We previously reported that KIR3DL2 represents a specific cell
Utility Regulators : Supporting Nascent Institutions in the Developing World (1998)

The wave of infrastructure privatization sweeping the world over the past decade or so has given rise to a new category of professional - the specialist utility regulator. These regulators, charged with administering regulatory frameworks that seek to balance the interests of consumers and investors in technically complex and politically sensitive industries, can have a major impact on the performance of privatized firms, on the cost of investment capital (and thus on infrastructure tariffs), and on the sustainability of reforms. For this reason the development of professional, capable utility regulators should be a key part of reform efforts. While new regulators in any country can expect to face many difficulties, the challenges are particularly daunting for regulators in developing countries. This Note reviews those challenges and presents some of the main strategies for supporting new utility regulators in the developing world.
Collagen crosslinking of human and porcine sclera (2004)

Collagen crosslinking induced by riboflavin-UVA, glyceraldehyde, and glutaraldehyde led to a significant increase in biomechanical strength in human and porcine sclera. Using these methods, collagen crosslinking might become a treatment possibility for progressive myopia. Future animal and clinical studies must determine the best application methods and the long-term effects of increased crosslinking on scleral rigidity and prevent potential toxicity or serious side effects.
Poly(ethene-<i>c</i><i>o</i>-norbornene) Obtained with a Constrained Geometry Catalyst. A Study of Reaction Kinetics and Copolymer Properties (2002)

Poly(ethene-co-norbornene) was synthesized in toluene using Me2Si(Me4Cp)(NtBu)TiCl2 activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as catalyst. We found that at 50 °C the molecular weight increases with time for up to 1 h, and very little chain transfer occurs; thus, the copolymerization can be considered as quasi-living. The quasi-living nature requires high norbornene feed fractions; it is more pronounced at low temperatures and short reaction times. Mw/Mn = 1.3 (Mn = 100 kg/mol) was the lowest polydispersity index obtained when the copolymerization reaction was conducted at 50 °C. Poly(ethene-co-norbornene) containing long chain branches was obtained; the degree of branching decreased with an increasing norbornene molar fraction in the feed. The presence of long chain branches was confirmed by both size exclusion chromatography and rheology; the branches were found evenly distributed in the copolymers. Rheology of poly(ethene-co-norbornene) was analyzed; the GN° minimum could be reached, most probably, because bulky bicyclic norbornene units inhibit crystallization. Compared to the literature data, the low level of long chain branches incorporated into our poly(ethene-co-norbornene) samples does not significantly affect the glass transition temperature. The relationship between the experimental conditions and the polymer architecture is discussed on the basis of the proposed reaction scheme.
A unified motion planning method for parking an autonomous vehicle in the presence of irregularly placed obstacles (2015)

This paper proposes a motion planner for autonomous parking. Compared to the prevailing and emerging studies that handle specific or regular parking scenarios only, our method describes various kinds of parking cases in a unified way regardless they are regular parking scenarios (e.g., parallel, perpendicular or echelon parking cases) or not. First, we formulate a time-optimal dynamic optimization problem with vehicle kinematics, collision-avoidance conditions and mechanical constraints strictly described. Thereafter, an interior-point simultaneous approach is introduced to solve that formulated dynamic optimization problem. Simulation results validate that our proposed motion planning method can tackle general parking scenarios. The tested parking scenarios in this paper can be regarded as benchmark cases to evaluate the efficiency of methods that may emerge in the future. Our established dynamic optimization problem is an open and unified framework, where other complicated user-specific constraints/optimization criteria can be handled without additional difficulty, provided that they are expressed through inequalities/polynomial explicitly. This proposed motion planner may be suitable for the next-generation intelligent parking-garage system.
Space-scale adaptive noise reduction in images based on thresholding neural network (2002)

Noise reduction has been a traditional problem in image processing. Previous wavelet thresholding based denoising methods proved promising, since they are capable of suppressing noise while maintaining the high frequency signal details. However, the local space-scale information of the image is not adaptively considered by standard wavelet thresholding methods. In this paper, a new type of thresholding neural networks (TNN) is presented with a new class of smooth nonlinear thresholding functions being the activation function. Unlike the standard soft-thresholding function, these new nonlinear thresholding functions are infinitely differentiable. Then a new nonlinear 2-D space-scale adaptive filtering method based on the wavelet TNN is presented for noise reduction in images. The numerical results indicate that the new method outperforms the Wiener filter and the standard wavelet thresholding denoising method in both peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) and visual effect.
Direct Observation of Nanoscale Switching Centers in Metal/Molecule/Metal Structures (2004)

Conductance switching in metal/molecule/metal structures has attracted tremendous and broad interest. Understanding the switching mechanism, which remained controversial to date, will be vital for engineering nanoscale switches crucial for memory and logic applications. Here we describe a new switching mechanism revealed by a novel scanned-probe technique that images the mechano-electrical response of a Pt/stearic acid/Ti structure switch device. In each image a single switching center, characterized by a nanoscale conductance peak, appeared or disappeared when the device was switched “on” or “off”. Our results strongly indicate that the formation and dissolution of individual nanoscale filaments through the molecular layer give rise to conductance switching in our molecular structures with unusually high on/off ratios (∼105).
Si hetero-bipolar transistor with an SiC emitter thin epitaxial base (2003)

A Si-based heterojunction bipolar transistor (Si-HBT) with polycrystalline SiC as a wide-bandgap emitter has been fabricated, combined with a 50-nm-thick highly doped base. The poly-SiC was used for the wide-bandgap material because of its lower growth temperature. The poly-SiC seems to be thermally more stable than amorphous or microcrystalline SiC. The resistivity of the SiC was sufficiently low. The current gain of 15, in spite of the highly doped base and lightly doped emitter, indicates that the structure has advantages over the conventional homobipolar transistor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel cluster complexes of gold(0)–gold(<scp>I</scp>) (1969)

M. McPartlin, R. Mason and L. Malatesta, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1969, 334 DOI: 10.1039/C29690000334
Estimation of annual coincident peak demand and load curves based on statistical analysis and typical load data (1993)

The estimation of annual coincident peak demand has traditionally been performed by different empirical methods. Research shows that if the customer loads are normally distributed the total load can be computed by a method using statistical analysis and typical load cues for each class of customer. In order to use this method the different customers must be classified and typical load profiles must be measured for each of them. A method which combines typical load curves and statistical methods is described. The authors show how this method generates other important parameters which even small utilities need in network planning and for other purposes related to the situation in Norway with the new Energy Act that will promote free market trade and a common carrier principle. The method can be used both to calculate total peak demand in a total network, and for special calculations for each customer group. The users of the method will benefit when making network calculations, in power demand forecasting, tariff calculations, general least cost utility planning, and for demand side management studies.<
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Quantifying Spin Hall Angles from Spin Pumping: Experiments and Theory (2010)

Spin Hall effects intermix spin and charge currents even in nonmagnetic materials and, therefore, ultimately may allow the use of spin transport without the need for ferromagnets. We show how spin Hall effects can be quantified by integrating Ni{80}Fe{20}|normal metal (N) bilayers into a coplanar waveguide. A dc spin current in N can be generated by spin pumping in a controllable way by ferromagnetic resonance. The transverse dc voltage detected along the Ni{80}Fe{20}|N has contributions from both the anisotropic magnetoresistance and the spin Hall effect, which can be distinguished by their symmetries. We developed a theory that accounts for both. In this way, we determine the spin Hall angle quantitatively for Pt, Au, and Mo. This approach can readily be adapted to any conducting material with even very small spin Hall angles.
Out-of-core backpropagation (1990)

Backpropagation learning can execute at supercomputer speed from training data sets of unprecedented size when supercomputer main memory is backed with newly available parallel arrays of commodity disk drives. An efficient implementation of backpropagation learning was modified and extended to iterate through training data sets stored on a parallel-disk backing store. The algorithm is standard, including generating and adding noise to training inputs and the usual momentum term. With data sets up to the 10-GB capacity of the backing store, this backpropagation executes on the 16384-processor Connection Machine (CM) and parallel disks at 9.3 million connections per second (MCPS). A rate of 31 MCPS on a 65536-processor CM is predicted. This backpropagation reliably and automatically trained a feedforward, two-hidden-layer artificial neural network classifier with 33824 weights using 67584 input-output training pairs. This practical, forward-and-backward training computation through one pass of the data executed in 4.1 min. Moving the training from data parallel disks to main memory took 6.5% of the execution time. On a 65536-processor CM, a time of 74 s, with 22% spent on this data movement, is projected
A Double-Blind Randomized Comparison of Combined Aspirin and Ticlopidine Therapy Versus Aspirin or Ticlopidine Alone on Experimental Arterial Thrombogenesis in Humans (1998)

No randomized study comparing the effect of combined ticlopidine and aspirin therapy versus each drug alone in reducing poststenting thrombotic complications has been performed. To compare these three antiplatelet regimens versus placebo, we conducted a double-blind randomized study using an ex vivo model of thrombosis. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were assigned to receive for 8 days the following four regimens separated by a 1-month period: aspirin 325 mg/d, ticlopidine 500 mg/d, aspirin 325 mg/d + ticlopidine 500 mg/d, and placebo. At the end of each treatment period, native nonanticoagulated blood was drawn directly from an antecubital vein over collagen- or tissue factor (TF)-coated coverslips positioned in a parallel-plate perfusion chamber at an arterial wall shear rate (2,600 s−1 ) for 3 minutes. Thrombus, which formed on collagen in volunteers treated by placebo, were rich in platelets and poor in fibrin. As compared with placebo, aspirin and ticlopidine alone reduced platelet thrombus formation by only 29% and 15%, respectively (P > .2). In contrast, platelet thrombus formation was blocked by more than 90% in volunteers treated by aspirin + ticlopidine (P < .01v placebo or each treatment alone). Furthermore, the effect of the drug combination therapy was significantly larger than the sum of the two active treatments (P < .05). Thrombus, which formed on TF-coated coverslips in volunteers treated by placebo, were rich in fibrin and platelets. Neither of the three antiplatelet treatments significantly inhibited fibrin deposition and platelet thrombus formation on this surface (P > .2). Thus, the present study shows that combined aspirin and ticlopidine therapy dramatically potentiates the antithrombotic effect of each drug alone, but that the antithrombotic effect of the combined treatment depends on the nature of the thrombogenic surface. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
Protein Oxidation in Aging: Does It Play a Role in Aging Progression? (2014)

An extensive knowledge of the effects of protein oxidation on the aging process and its contribution to the development of age-related diseases could enable further strategies to reduce age-related impairments. Strategies aimed at lowering aggregate formation might be a straightforward intervention to reduce age-related malfunctions of organs.
Signaling properties of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR1 (CD35) in relation to phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles. (1993)

Human neutrophils preincubated with antibodies against complement receptor type 1 (CR1) (anti-CD35) and/or complement receptor type 3 (CR3) (anti-CD11b or anti-CD18) exhibited a reduced ability to engulf complement-opsonized yeast particles, whereas cellular adhesion of these particles was reduced only in the presence of anti-CD35 antibodies. These data support the idea that CR1 primarily promotes the adhesion of particles and CR3 mediates the subsequent engulfment. However, the effects of anti-CR1 and anti-CR3 antibodies on particle-induced diglyceride production correlate with the effects of these antibodies on the cellular uptake of the particles. Hence, it seems reasonable to suggest that CR1 also participates in mediating the signal(s) that induce particle uptake. This idea is further supported by the findings that cross-linking surface-bound anti-CD11b, anti-CD18 as well as anti-CD35 antibodies results in activation of phospholipase D (PLD), a signal closely associated with phagocytosis of complement-opsonized yeast particles in human neutrophils. The signaling property of CR1 was further revealed by the observation that cross-linking of surface-bound anti-CD35 triggered a rapid and transient mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, a signal most likely involved in the phagosome-lysosome fusion that occurs after the uptake of a particle. Pretreatment with PMA, which positively modulates CR-mediated engulfment of particles, was found to potentiate the CR3- and CR1-induced activation of PLD but impair the activation of phospholipase C, giving added support to the idea that PLD activation is the principal signal for the engulfment process. The activation of PLD was also increased by stimulating the cells with anti-CD18 or anti-CD35 antibodies prefixed on Staphylococcus aureus particles, instead of cross-linking cellular-bound antibodies, suggesting that the form of ligand presentation is a critical parameter of phagocytic signaling. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that both CR1 and CR3 can initiate transmembrane signaling in human neutrophils and, in particular, activation of PLD. This activation was also further recognized as an important signal regulating the engulfment of complement-opsonized particles.
A FINITE DIFFERENCE MODEL TO DETERMINE CONDUCTION HEAT LOSS TO A WATERFILLED MATTRESS FOR DAIRY COWS (2003)

A finite difference mathematical model was developed utilizing measured data to predict the temperature profilethrough a waterbed used in cow stalls. The model also predicts conduction heat flux from a cow lying down on the waterbed.Convection and radiation heat losses were determined from measured data. Conduction heat flux comprised 2.0 and 1.8 timesthat of convection and radiation, respectively. Because of limited contact area with the waterbed, conduction heat flowconstitutes 19% of the total heat flow and is a small fraction of convection and radiation.<br><br>Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine effects of thermal conductivity of the surface material and fluid in thewaterbed on conduction heat loss. Increasing the surface thermal conductivity by 100% increased conduction heat loss by55%, while increasing the fluid thermal conductivity by 100% increased conduction heat loss by only 11%. Decreasing thewater temperature from 27.1.C to 10.C by cooling the water in the waterbed at rates of 10, 15, and 20 kW/m3 increasedconduction heat flux by 174%, 200%, and 226%, respectively. It may be concluded that lying on waterbeds filled with chilledwater may alleviate thermal heat stress of cows.