gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probability distribution of irradiance for the onset of strong scintillation (1997)

We calculated the probability distribution function (PDF) from simulations for an initially spherical wave propagated through homogeneous atmospheric turbulence. The onset of strong scintillation was calculated. By onset of strong scintillation, we mean conditions of weak scintillation changing to the condition of strong focusing. In addition, one case in the saturation regime was calculated. The simulations’ PDF’s are compared with several heuristic models of the PDF and are seen to progress from close to log normal for the cases of weakest scintillation to close to the log normally modulated exponential PDF (LNME PDF) for the cases of strong scintillation. The simulations’ PDF’s are not in agreement with the K PDF for any of the calculated cases. The best agreement was obtained in comparison with Beckmann’s PDF [P. Beckmann, Probability in Communication Engineering (Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1967)]. Beckmann’s PDF varies from being the log-normal PDF for weak scintillation to being the LNME PDF for strong scintillation and progresses further to the theoretically expected exponential PDF in the limit of saturated scintillation. We recommend that simulation be used to predict the irradiance PDF for plane and diverged waves in homogeneous turbulence in preference to using heuristic models. More complicated propagation cases remain in the domain of heuristic argumentation.
Early development and growth of the eastern rainbowfish, <i>Melanotaenia splendida splendida</i> (Peters). I. Morphogenesis and ontogeny (2003)

This paper describes the ontogeny and morphogenesis of the eastern rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida , including details on reproduction and the conditions required for laboratory breeding and rearing. M. s. splendida is easily bred under standard laboratory conditions using readily available commercial foods. Aquaria with two males and three females can produce between 40 and 200 eggs daily. They can be induced to spawn daily throughout the year through manipulation of light and temperature conditions. The eggs, which ranged in size from 0.93 to 1.20 mm, had a homogeneous yolk and a clear, uniform chorion, making observation of developmental stages possible. Development was telolecithical and division was meroblastic. Development of M. s. splendida was similar to that of other Melanotaenia species. At 28°C, hatching occurred between 4 and 8 days, with an average larval length of 3.7 mm standard length. Growth was rapid and the fish reached sexual maturity within approximately 90 days. Knowledge of the developmental stages of M. s. splendida is important in enabling further work, such as bioassays and environmental monitoring, to be carried out, investigating the ways in which changes in the environment, such as pollution, will impact on Australia's freshwater fishes. Melanotaenia splendida splendida is an ideal species for this purpose in the north-eastern tropics of Australia.
Bounds on the size of tetrahedralizations (1994)

Article Free Access Share on Bounds on the size of tetrahedralizations Authors: Bernard Chazelle Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJView Profile , Nadia Shouraboura Program in Applied and Comput. Math., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Program in Applied and Comput. Math., Princeton University, Princeton, NJView Profile Authors Info & Claims SCG '94: Proceedings of the tenth annual symposium on Computational geometryJune 1994 Pages 231–239https://doi.org/10.1145/177424.177975Online:10 June 1994Publication History 6citation236DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations6Total Downloads236Last 12 Months1Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Preparation and Characterization of Water/Oil/Water Emulsions Stabilized by Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate and Whey Protein Isolate (2010)

In this study we tried to prepare stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as a hydrophobic emulsifier and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a hydrophilic emulsifier. At first, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was prepared, and then 40 wt% of this W/O emulsion was homogenized with 60 wt% aqueous solution of different WPI contents (2, 4, and 6 wt% WPI) using a high-pressure homogenizer (14 and 22 MPa) to produce W/O/W emulsions. The mean size of final W/O/W droplets ranged from 3.3 to 9.9 microm in diameter depending on the concentrations of PGPR and WPI. It was shown that most of the W/O/W droplets were small (<5 microm) in size but a small population of large oil droplets (d > 20 microm) was also occasionally observed. W/O/W emulsions prepared at the homogenization pressure of 22 MPa had a larger mean droplet size than that prepared at 14 MPa, and showed a microstructure consisting of mainly approximately 6 to 7-microm droplets. When a water-soluble dye PTSA as a model ingredient was loaded in the inner water phase, all W/O/W emulsions showed a high encapsulation efficiency of the dye (>90%) in the inner water phase. Even after 2 wk of storage, >90% of the encapsulated dye still remained in the inner water phase; however, severe droplet aggregation was observed at relatively high PGPR and WPI concentrations.
Efficient constraint propagation engines (2008)

This article presents a model and implementation techniques for speeding up constraint propagation. Three fundamental approaches to improving constraint propagation based on propagators as implementations of constraints are explored: keeping track of which propagators are at fixpoint, choosing which propagator to apply next, and how to combine several propagators for the same constraint. We show how idempotence reasoning and events help track fixpoints more accurately. We improve these methods by using them dynamically (taking into account current variable domains to improve accuracy). We define priority-based approaches to choosing a next propagator and show that dynamic priorities can improve propagation. We illustrate that the use of multiple propagators for the same constraint can be advantageous with priorities, and introduce staged propagators that combine the effects of multiple propagators with priorities for greater efficiency.
Leptin Deficiency Causes Insulin Resistance Induced by Uncontrolled Diabetes (2010)

We conclude that leptin deficiency plays a key role in the pathogenesis of severe insulin resistance and related endocrine disorders in uDM. Treatment of diabetes in humans may benefit from correction of leptin deficiency as well as insulin deficiency.
Immune response to persistent mycobacterial infection in mice (1978)

Mycobacterium marinum has been recommended as a possible model of M. leprae for use in laboratory studies of antileprosy immunity. M. marinum introduced into the footpads of normal mice underwent a steady decline in viability, with less than 1% survival after a 30-day period. Small numbers of viable bacilli were recovered from the footpads of these mice up to 12 months later. Similarly, mice infected with M. simiae exhibited bacterial populations that persisted for up to 18 months with little change in viability. Injection of M. simiae into the footpads was followed by an extensive redistribution of the organisms in the tissues. Eventally, bacterial counts for footpads and draining lymph nodes stabilized, with small numbers of bacilli still present in the footpads 18 months later. Persistent growth, with little sign of any immune response, was also observed in mice infected with several strains of M. avium, as well as with one strain of M. intracellulare. Other strains of M. intracellulare, as well as M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum, failed to establish persistent infections in normal mice, regardless of whether they were introduced by an intravenous or subcutaneous (footpad) route. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to antileprosy immunity in experimental animals and in humans.
An in vivo human tumor xenograft model of etoposide resistance. (1992)

HCT-116 and HCT-116/E represent human colon carcinoma lines characterized in vitro as sensitive and resistant, respectively, to etoposide. Using both subrenal capsule (src) and sc implants, we sought to develop in vivo tumor models of these cell lines. Src implantation of tumor fragments into athymic mice yielded reproducible growth (165-271%) for both tumor models during the 10-day assay period. The maximum therapeutic effects for etoposide on the preferred schedule (Days 1 and 5, ip) were (mean +/- SD) 78% +/- 10% tumor inhibition versus src HCT-116 compared to 45% +/- 14% tumor inhibition versus src HCT-116/E (p less than 0.001). The modest but significant differential sensitivity toward etoposide seen in the src tumor setting was not observed in the sc tumor models. Principally, this was due to the insensitivity of sc HCT-116 to etoposide, even when treatment was initiated one day post-implant. Interestingly, mitomycin C, included as a positive reference drug, was more active versus sc HCT-116/E than sc HCT-116. In summary, src tumor models for etoposide sensitivity and resistance have been developed as in vivo counterparts for cell lines with characterized differential sensitivity to etoposide in vitro.
Perforated dried blood spot accurate microsampling: the concept and its applications in toxicokinetic sample collection (2012)

Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has gained considerable interest as a microsampling technique to support drug discovery and development owing to its enormous ethical and practical benefits. Quantitative determinations of drugs and/or their metabolites collected in DBS matrix in its current format, however, have encountered technical challenges and regulatory uncertainty. The challenges of DBS bioanalysis are largely ascribed to the way how samples are collected and analyzed. Currently, an uncontrolled amount of a blood sample, e.g. 20 µl, is collected per time point per sample and spotted onto cellulose paper. Quantitation is based on removal of a fixed area of the DBS sample, resulting in sample waste, a need for mechanical punching and concomitant potential punching carryover, uncertainty in recovery assessment and the adverse impact of hematocrit on accurate quantitation. Here, we describe the concept and applications of a novel concept, namely perforated dried blood spot (PDBS), for accurate microsampling that addresses previous challenges. Advantages of PDBS are enumerated and compared with conventional DBS in the context of microsampling and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis. Two approaches for accurate microsampling of a small volume of blood (5 µl) are proposed and demonstrated, i.e. Microsafe® pipettes and the Drummond incremental pipette. Two online sample enrichment techniques to enhance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry sensitivity for microsampling bioanalysis are discussed. The PDBS concept was successfully applied for accurate sample collection (5 µl) in a toxicokinetic study in rats given a single oral gavage dose of acetaminophen. Perspectives on bioanalytical method validation for regulated DBS/PDBS microsampling are also presented.
Analytical Validation and Interobserver Reproducibility of EnzMet GenePro (2005)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has both excellent sensitivity and specificity in detecting HER2 gene amplification in invasive breast carcinoma. FISH has not been widely implemented in clinical practice because of reagent costs and the special instrumentation and expertise required to perform and integrate the assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 protein is widely used, but false-positive and false-negative results are problematic. We developed a bright-field assay to visualize HER2 gene amplification and concomitant HER2 protein expression (EnzMet GenePro). This assay detects HER2 gene amplification via deposition of metallic silver by enzyme metallographytrade mark (EnzMettrade mark, Nanoprobes, Yaphank, NY) combined with HER2 protein detection by IHC using alkaline phosphatase and fast red K substrate visualization (CB11;Ventana, Tucson, AZ). The assay was performed on 94 invasive breast carcinomas, for which FISH (PathVysiontrade mark, Vysis, Downer's Grove, IL), conventional IHC (CB11), and enzyme metallography (EnzMettrade mark) results were known. The EnzMettrade mark component of the assay was scored as either HER2 gene amplified, polysomic, or nonamplified. The IHC component was scored using the conventional FDA scale of 0 to 3+. Concordance of the EnzMet component of the assay versus FISH was assessed and showed an excellent correlation (Pearson coefficient of 0.95; P < 0.001). The combination of gene and protein detection (EnzMet GenePro) displayed a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 92.6% (95% confidence interval 85.3-97.0), facilitated recognition of gene/protein discordances, and allowed for efficient interpretation of the slide by conventional light microscopy. The interobserver kappa for each component was excellent (IHC, kappa = 0.94; and EnzMettrade mark, kappa = 0.96). EnzMet is the first bright-field ISH assay in our experience that routinely and nonambiguously detects endogenous HER2 signals, essential for a reliable clinical HER2 assay, and in combination with HER2 protein enables improved diagnosis in borderline cases.
Essentials of Nursing: Care of Adults and Children (2004)

Unit I - Maternity Nursing Caring for Clients During Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery Caring for Clients During High-Risk Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery Caring for the Newborn and Family Caring for the High-Risk Newborn and Family Unit II - Pediatric Nursing Introduction to Pediatric Nursing Biopsychosocial Aspects of Caring for Children and Adolescents Caring for the Child or Adolescent with Psychobiologic Disorder Caring for Children With Physical Disorders (Part 1) Caring for the Children With Physical Disorders (Part 2) Unit III - Adult Growth and Development Biopsychosocial Aspects of Caring for Young and Middle Adults Biopsychosocial Aspects of Caring for Older Adults Unit IV - Caring for Adults With Psychobiologic Disorders Interaction of Body and Mind Caring for Clients with Somatoform Disorders Caring for Clients with Anxiety Disorders Caring for Clients with Mood Disorders Caring for Clients with Eating Disorders Caring for Chemically Dependent Clients Caring for Clients with Dementia and Thought Disorders Unit V - Caring for Adults With Common Medical-Surgical Problems Caring for Clients with Cancer Caring for Clients in Shock Unit VI - Caring For Adults With Respiratory Disorders Introduction to the Respiratory System Caring for Clients with Upper Respiratory Disorders Caring for Clients with Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Airway Unit VII - Caring for Adults With Cardiovascular Disorders Introduction to the Cardiovascular System Caring for Clients with Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels Caring for Clients with Valvular Disorders of the Heart Caring for Clients with Disorders of Coronary and Peripheral Blood Vessels Caring for Clients with Cardiac Dysrhythmias Caring for Clients with Hypertension Caring for Clients with Heart Failure Caring for Clients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery Unit VIII - Caring for Adults With Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Disorders Introduction to the Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems Caring for Clients with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System Caring for Clients with Disorders of the Lymphatic System Unit IX - Caring for Adults With Immune Disorders Introduction to the Immune System Caring for Clients with Immune-Mediated Disorders Caring for Clients with AIDS Unit X - Caring for Adults With Neurologic Disorders Introduction to the Nervous System Caring for Clients with Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders Caring for Clients with Cerebrovascular Disorders Caring for Clients with Head and Spinal Cord Trauma Caring for Clients with Neurologic Deficits Unit XI - Caring for Adults With Sensory Disorders Caring for Clients with Eye Disorders Caring for Clients with Ear Disorders Unit XII - Caring for Adults With Gastrointestinal Disorders Introduction to the Gastrointestinal System and Accessory Structures
Role of aspartic acid 38 in the cofactor specificity of <i>Drosophila</i> alcohol dehydrogenase (1991)

Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase, shares little sequence similarity with horse liver ADH. However, these two enzymes do have substantial similarity in their secondary structure at the NAD(+)-binding domain [Benyajati, C., Place, A. P., Powers, D. A. & Sofer, W. (1981) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2717-2721]. Asp38, a conserved residue between Drosophila and horse liver ADH, appears to interact with the hydroxyl groups of the ribose moiety in the AMP portion of NAD+. A secondary-structure comparison between the nucleotide-binding domain of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes and that of NADP(+)-dependent enzymes also suggests that Asp38 could play an important role in cofactor specificity. Mutating Asp38 of Drosophila ADH into Asn38 decreases Km(app)NADP 62-fold and increases kcat/Km(app)NADP 590-fold at pH 9.8, when compared with wild-type ADH. These results suggest that Asp38 is in the NAD(+)-binding domain and its substituent, Asn38, allows Drosophila ADH to use both NAD+ and NADP+ as its cofactor. The observations from the experiments of thermal denaturation and kinetic measurement with pH also confirm that the repulsion between the negative charges of Asp38 and 2'-phosphate of NADP+ is the major energy barrier for NADP+ to serve as a cofactor for Drosophila ADH.
Optimal temperature control in PEM fuel cells (2009)

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have attracted great attention in recent years as a promising replacement for traditional stationary and mobile power sources, especially due to their high power density and low greenhouse gas emissions. However, a number of fundamental problems must be overcome to improve their performance and to reduce their cost. A control system is needed to ensure that the airflow rate and temperature are within prescribed limits during operation. In this research, a control technique for PEM fuel cells based on the optimal operating temperature is introduced.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition: Robust New Target or Another Big Bust for Stroke Therapeutics? (2012)

A major challenge in developing stroke therapeutics that augment adaptive pathways to stress has been to identify targets that can activate compensatory programs without inducing or adding to the stress of injury. In this regard, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (HIF PHDs) are central gatekeepers of posttranscriptional and transcriptional adaptation to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Indeed, some of the known salutary effects of putative 'antioxidant' iron chelators in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke may derive from their abilities to inhibit this family of iron, 2-oxoglutarate, and oxygen-dependent enzymes. Evidence from a number of laboratories supports the notion that HIF PHD inhibition can improve histological and functional outcomes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. In this review, we discuss this evidence and highlight important gaps in our understanding that render HIF PHD inhibition a promising but not yet preclinically validated target for protection and repair after stroke.
Effects of NMDA Modulation in Scopolamine Dementiaa (1991)

D-Cycloserine is a partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive neuronal glycine receptor and positively modulates the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid receptor. NMDA receptors appear to be important in learning and memory, and D-cycloserine facilitates learning in rats. In man, central cholinergic blockade due to scopolamine administration impairs attention, information processing, and memory for new information, the latter secondary memory impairments resembling those shown in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). D-Cycloserine has been studied for its ability to counteract the cognitive decrements produced by scopolamine in young and elderly healthy volunteers. D-Cycloserine specifically antagonized the memory impairments produced by scopolamine. These findings provide evidence of NMDA receptor involvement in human memory and suggest a novel mechanism for alleviation of memory loss associated with aging and dementia.
A De Novo Mutation in α-Tropomyosin That Causes Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (1995)

De novo mutations in the alpha-tropomyosin gene can result in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that may appear to be sporadic but in subsequent generations gives rise to familial disease. Individuals with sporadic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should be advised of the risk of transmission to offspring. In addition, these findings provide the strongest genetic evidence that mutations in the alpha-tropomyosin gene are directly responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Strategies for functionally graded lattice structures derived using topology optimisation for Additive Manufacturing (2017)

A number of strategies that enable lattice structures to be derived from Topology Optimisation (TO) results suitable for Additive Manufacturing (AM) are presented. The proposed strategies are evaluated for mechanical performance and assessed for AM specific design related manufacturing considerations. From a manufacturing stand-point, support structure requirement decreases with increased extent of latticing, whereas the design-to-manufacture discrepancies and the processing efforts, both in terms of memory requirements and time, increase.\n\nResults from Finite Element (FE) analysis for the two loading scenarios considered: intended loading, and variability in loading, provide insight into the solution optimality and robustness of the design strategies. Lattice strategies that capitalised on TO results were found to be considerably (∼40-50%) superior in terms of specific stiffness when compared to the structures where this was not the case. The Graded strategy was found to be the most desirable from both the design and manufacturing perspective. The presented pros-and-cons for the various proposed design strategies aim to provide insight into their suitability in meeting the challenges faced by the AM design community.
Rapid and transient decrease of N-myc expression in retinoic acid-induced differentiation of OTF9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. (1990)

The level of expression of N-myc in mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells is very high. Previous studies have shown that N-myc expression significantly decreases when the stem cells are subjected to long-term induction for differentiation by retinoic acid (RA). We found that in a stem cell line, OTF9, a steep yet transient decrease of N-myc expression takes place much earlier, immediately after induction by RA. To examine whether this decrease is responsible for differentiation, we constructed a gene, miwNmyc, to express N-myc cDNA constitutively and transformed OTF9 cells with this gene construct. Transformants under the constitutive expression of miwNmyc differentiated normally, as judged by morphological changes and by modulation of c-myc, Hox1.1, and laminin B1 expression. Therefore, transient decrease of N-myc expression may be the consequence of RA-induced differentiation, even though it occurs very early in the process. Alternatively, in addition to N-myc decrease, there may be redundant mechanisms which lead to OTF9 differentiation after induction by RA, so that suppression of N-myc decrease is bypassed by at least one other mechanism.