gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Tests for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Diagnostic Samples (2007)

Currently, a variety of tests are used to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in persistently infected (PI) cattle. These tests include immunohistochemical staining (IHC), antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE), virus isolation (VI), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, a lack of methods standardization could compromise the ability to consistently identify animals infected with BVDV. This study evaluated the diagnostic proficiency of current methods for detecting BVDV in infected cattle using intra- and interlaboratory comparisons. Samples were collected from 4 animals more than 7 months of age (2 BVDV negative animals, a PI animal, and a PI animal that previously lacked detectable virus in serum as determined by VI). Samples were submitted to 23 participating diagnostic laboratories using the respective laboratory's standard submission protocol. Samples collected for submission included: 1) serum for ACE, RT-PCR, and VI; 2) whole blood for RT-PCR and VI; and 3) skin biopsies for ACE and IHC. The ACE performed on skin provided the greatest consistency in detecting positive samples and a perfect level of agreement among laboratories. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and IHC performed well by correctly identifying > or = 85% of samples positive for BVDV. Virus isolation performed on serum yielded the lowest consistency in detecting positive samples and the lowest level of agreement. The level of agreement between laboratories for detecting BVDV in persistently infected cattle ranged from perfect to less than expected by chance. The variation between laboratories suggests a need for training opportunities in standardized laboratory protocols and proficiency testing.
Plant-produced Recombinant Influenza A Vaccines Based on the M2e Peptide (2018)

Some M2e-based vaccine candidates were produced at high levels (up to 1 mg/g of fresh plant tissue) and were shown to be capable of stimulating broad-range protective immunity.
Wind Farms and Radar (2008)

As part of its 2008 Winter Study, JASON was asked by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to review the current status of the conflict between the ever-growing number of wind-turbine farms and air-security radars that are located within some tens of miles of a turbine farm.
Predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data (2005)

Time-lapse changes in seismic data are commonly evaluated in terms of changes in reservoir properties such as pressure, saturation, or temperature. Traditionally, the evaluation of time-lapse seismic data has focused on changes of seismic signatures within the reservoir interval. Recent studies, however, have shown convincingly that time-lapse seismic changes occur not only in the reservoir, but also in the overburden and (generally) in the rock mass surrounding the reservoir. These time-lapse changes can be explained by production-induced stress changes in the rocks surrounding the reservoir.
Electrochromic glazing (1999)

Commercialization of large-area electrochromic glazing is reviewed with respect to device configuration and materials employed. Device configurations including electrochromic solutions and solid state electrochromic layers are discussed as well as novel user-controlled photochromic and gasochromic devices.
eHive: An Artificial Intelligence workflow system for genomic analysis (2010)

eHive allows us to produce computationally demanding results in a reliable and efficient way with minimal supervision and high throughput. Further documentation is available at: http://www.ensembl.org/info/docs/eHive/.
VSURF: An R Package for Variable Selection Using Random Forests (2015)

This paper describes the R package VSURF. Based on random forests, and for both regression and classification problems, it returns two subsets of variables. The first is a subset of important variables including some redundancy which can be relevant for interpretation, and the second one is a smaller subset corresponding to a model trying to avoid redundancy focusing more closely on the prediction objective. The two-stage strategy is based on a preliminary ranking of the explanatory variables using the random forests permutation-based score of importance and proceeds using a stepwise forward strategy for variable introduction. The two proposals can be obtained automatically using data-driven default values, good enough to provide interesting results, but strategy can also be tuned by the user. The algorithm is illustrated on a simulated example and its applications to real datasets are presented.
Pulse compression by intracavity degenerate four-wave mixing (1981)

SCOPUS: le.j
The 3D‐structure of a natural inhibitor of cell adhesion molecule expression (1996)

The three-dimensional structure of cyclopeptolide HUN-7293, a naturally-occurring inhibitor of cell adhesion molecule expression, has been determined from nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded in solution and from X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals. The backbone conformation of HUN-7293 is characterized by two cis-peptide bonds in both the solution and crystalline state. Differences between the solution and crystal structure are visible for the orientation of some side chains and the strength of two transannular hydrogen bonds. Such structural information helps to provide insight into the molecular architecture of HUN-7293 on the atomic level and opens the way for structure-based modifications of this novel inhibitor of cell adhesion molecule expression.
Inorganic–organic nanocomposites of CdSe nanocrystals surface-modified with oligo- and poly(fluorene) moieties (2011)

We report a facile grafting-from strategy towards the synthesis of inorganic–organic composites of semiconductor nanocrystals and wide-bandgap polymers. Amino-functional fluorenes have been used as co-ligands for CdSe nanocrystals, thus enabling us to design their surface directly during the synthesis. Highly monodisperse, strongly emitting CdSe nanocrystals have been obtained. Subsequently, a straightforward Yamamoto C–C coupling protocol was used to carry out surface polymerisation, hence modifying CdSe nanocrystals with oligo- and poly(fluorene) moieties. Both amino-fluorene capped CdSe nanocrystals and the resulting nanocrystal–polymer composites were characterized in detail by optical and FT-IR spectroscopy, TEM, AFM, and gel permeation chromatography, showing their potential as novel functional inorganic–organic hybrid materials.
Understanding Batch Normalization (2018)

Batch normalization (BN) is a technique to normalize activations in intermediate layers of deep neural networks. Its tendency to improve accuracy and speed up training have established BN as a favorite technique in deep learning. Yet, despite its enormous success, there remains little consensus on the exact reason and mechanism behind these improvements. In this paper we take a step towards a better understanding of BN, following an empirical approach. We conduct several experiments, and show that BN primarily enables training with larger learning rates, which is the cause for faster convergence and better generalization. For networks without BN we demonstrate how large gradient updates can result in diverging loss and activations growing uncontrollably with network depth, which limits possible learning rates. BN avoids this problem by constantly correcting activations to be zero-mean and of unit standard deviation, which enables larger gradient steps, yields faster convergence and may help bypass sharp local minima. We further show various ways in which gradients and activations of deep unnormalized networks are ill-behaved. We contrast our results against recent findings in random matrix theory, shedding new light on classical initialization schemes and their consequences.
Development of a high‐throughput glycoanalysis method for the characterization of oligosaccharides in human milk utilizing multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection (2013)

During the last decade, enormous progress regarding knowledge about composition and properties of human milk (HM) has been made. Besides nutrition, the three macro-nutrients: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates combine a large variety of properties and functions. Especially, complex oligosaccharides emerge as important dietary factors during early life with multiple functions. The characterization of these HM oligosaccharides (HMOS) within the total carbohydrate fraction is prerequisite to understand the relationship between milk composition and biological effects. Therefore, extended studies of large donor cohorts and thus, new high-throughput glycoanalytical methods are needed. The developed method comprises sample preparation, as well as analysis of HMOS by multiplexed CGE with LIF detection (xCGE-LIF). Via a respective database the generated "fingerprints" (normalized electropherograms) could be used for structural elucidation of HMOS. The method was tested on HM samples from five different donors, partly sampled as a series of lactation time points. HMOS could be easily identified and quantified. Consequently, secretor and Lewis status of the donors could be determined, milk typing could be performed and quantitative changes could be monitored along lactation time course. The developed xCGE-LIF based "real" high-throughput HMOS analysis method enables qualitative and quantitative high-performance profiling of the total carbohydrate fraction composition of large sets of samples.
The use of optimal filters to track parameters of performance models (2005)

Autonomic computer systems react to changes in the system, including failures, load changes, and changed user behaviour. Autonomic control may be based on a performance model of the system and the software, which implies that the model should track changes in the system. A substantial theory of optimal tracking filters has a successful history of application to track parameters while integrating data from a variety of sources, an issue which is also relevant in performance modeling. This work applies extended Kalman filtering to track the parameters of a simple queueing network model, in response to a step change in the parameters. The response of the filter is affected by the way performance measurements are taken, and by the observability of the parameters.
Atomic substitutions in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">YBa</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>: Modification of the electronic structure (1988)

We have performed semiempirical tight-binding calculations of the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, with d and s orbitals included for all the metal atoms and p and s orbitals for the oxygen. Here we report studies of the following atomic substitutions: Al, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn replacing Cu; Sr and La replacing Ba; Tl, Pb, and Bi replacing Y; and F and N replacing O. In each case, the modification of the local densities of states, the atomic valences, and the Fermi energy were calculated.
Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Esters and Protected Amino Acids (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPalladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Esters and Protected Amino AcidsSunwoo Lee, Neil A. Beare, and John F. HartwigView Author Information Department of Chemistry Yale University, P.O. Box 208107 New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 34, 8410–8411Publication Date (Web):August 3, 2001Publication History Received17 April 2001Revised1 July 2001Published online3 August 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja016032jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja016032jrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7280Altmetric-Citations215LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Enolates,Monomers,Organic compounds,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Imaging with three spherical mirrors (2000)

Unobstructed, plane-symmetric systems of three spherical mirrors are investigated. Twelve parameters are necessary to specify the configuration of such a system. Constraints are determined to eliminate four of these parameters as independent degrees of freedom. These constraints ensure appropriate first-order behavior and are used to aid in two example design studies--one for a class of systems with the object at infinity and another for a class of finite conjugate projection systems. For the first study, a portion of the associated merit-function space is systematically evaluated and plotted, and the results are compared with those obtained when a global optimizer is used. For the second study, a global optimizer is employed as the primary search tool. Example systems from both studies are presented.
Effects of an embedded vortex on a single film-cooling jet in a turbulent boundary layer (1988)

Effects of embedded longitudinal vortices on heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer film cooled from a single injection hole are discussed. Film coolant was injected at blowing ratios 0.50 to 1.50 at a freestream velocity of 10 m/s. A single longitudinal vortex was induced upstream of the film-cooling holes. Heat transfer measurements were made downstream of injection. Flow visualization tests were conducted after the injectant was contaminated with smoke. Surveys of mean velocity and mean temperature were also made in different spanwise normal planes. For all blowing ratios examined, the embedded vortices cause significant alterations to wall heat transfer and to film-cooling distributions. Measurement of mean temperature and mean velocities in spanwise planes show that injectant is pushed to the upwash side of the vortex when the injection hole is located beneath the vortex core or vortex downwash. Evidence of injection is seen only for x/d<7.4. For other injection locations with respect to the vortex core, evidence of injectant appears for x/d up to 96, and the injectant is not swept into the vortex upwash by secondary flows.
Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes Design using Jacket Transform for MIMO Transmission System (2008)

Hadamard transform has played a great part in Jacket transform. Motivated by Jacket transform, we propose a simple approach for space time block codes (STBC) design by using the Hadamrd in this letter,which achieves full rate, full diversity and employs simple decoding. The orthogonal STBC may be designed easily by using the proposed approach. Especially the performance of the designed orthogonal STBC may be improved greatly.
Review of sensorless control techniques for PMSM drives (2019)

Abstract Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems have been increasingly applied in all kinds of high‐power AC drives because of their inherent advantages of good performance, rapid dynamic response, as well as high reliability and efficiency. Precise control of the system traditionally depends on the shaft encoder, but the presence of the encoder could result in increased cost and volume, reduced reliability, etc. Therefore, the development of sensorless control techniques is important to avoid the above issues by the elimination of the sensor. Based on the running process of the motor, sensorless control techniques can be classified into four categories: initial position detection methods (IPDMs), low‐speed control strategies, mid‐high‐speed control strategies, and full‐speed control strategies. The fundamental principles, their advantages and disadvantages, the control precision, and the application range of these strategies on surface and interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs, IPMSMs) are described in detail in this paper. Finally, the development trend of PMSM sensorless control technologies is discussed. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extension of Marcatili's Analytical Approach for Rectangular Silicon Optical Waveguides (2012)

Marcatili's famous approximate analytical description of light propagating through rectangular dielectric waveguides, published in 1969, gives accurate results for low-index-contrast waveguides. However, photonic-integrated circuit technology has advanced to high-index-contrast (HIC) waveguides. In this paper, we improve Marcatili's model by adjusting the amplitudes of the components of the electromagnetic fields in his description. We find that Marcatili's eigenvalue equation for the propagation constant is also valid for HIC waveguides. Our improved method shows much better agreement with rigorous numerical simulations, in particular for the case of HIC waveguides. We also derive explicit expressions for the effective group index and the effects of external forces on the propagation constant. Furthermore, with our method, the phenomenon of avoided crossing of modes is observed and studied.
Oversampled A/D conversion and error-rate dependence of nonbandlimited signals with finite rate of innovation (2006)

We study the problem of A/D conversion and error-rate dependence of a class of nonbandlimited signals with finite rate of innovation. In particular, we analyze a continuous periodic stream of Diracs, characterized by a finite set of time positions and weights. Previous research has only considered sampling of this type of signals, ignoring the presence of quantization, necessary for any practical implementation. To this end, we first define the concept of consistent reconstruction and introduce corresponding oversampling in both time and frequency. High accuracy in a consistent reconstruction is achieved by enforcing the reconstructed signal to satisfy three sets of constraints, related to low-pass filtering, quantization and the space of continuous periodic streams of Diracs. We provide two schemes to reconstruct the signal. For the first one, we prove that the estimation mean squared error of the time positions is O(1/R/sub t//sup 2/R/sub f//sup 3/), where R/sub t/ and R/sub f/ are the oversampling ratios in time and frequency, respectively. For the second scheme, it is experimentally observed that, at the cost of higher complexity, the estimation accuracy lowers to O(1/R/sub t//sup 2/R/sub f//sup 5/). Our experimental results show a clear advantage of consistent over nonconsistent reconstruction. Regarding the rate, we consider a threshold crossing based scheme where, as opposed to previous research, both oversampling in time and in frequency influence the coding rate. We compare the error-rate behavior resulting, on the one hand, from increasing the oversampling in time and/or frequency, and, on the other hand, from decreasing the quantization stepsize.
Variable model order LPC quantization (2002)

This paper presents a new method to apply variable bit-rate predictive quantization of the variable model order LPC parameters. In addition, the method is employed to interpolate the parameters within the analysis frame. The LPC model order selection algorithm is based on the characteristics of the input signal and on the performance of the LPC model. Hence, the variable bit-rate LPC quantization is source controlled. The number of quantized parameters needs to be identical in successive frames to be able to apply the predictive quantization and to interpolate parameters inside the frame. Therefore, the order of the LPC model of the previous frame needs to be expanded or reduced to be the same as the current frame LPC model. The advantage of variable model order LPC quantization is the lowered average bit-rate compared to a fixed rate while the speech quality remains the same.
Chinese Reflexive Ziji in Second Language Acquisition (1995)

Introduction With over a decade of fruitful Universal Grammar (UG)-based research in second language acquisition (SLA), White (in press) suggests that &quot;...perhaps the time has come to stop asking the broad question: is UG available to second language (L2) learners or not? ... but it is now the turn of a somewhat more detailed focus on the precise nature of the linguistic competence of language learners&quot;. The present study contributes to research on the nature of interlanguage grammar of L2 learners by investigating the L2 acquisition of the Chinese long-distance reflexive ziji &quot;self&quot; by English-speaking and French-speaking adults within the Principles-and-Parameters framework (Chomsky, 1981 and subsequently). The major issues addressed are (i) whether L2 learners, based on positive evidence in the language input (utterances that are available to learners), would be able to know that Chinese allows ziji to be long-distance bound; (ii) whether L2
Disposable flow cytometer with high efficiency in particle counting and sizing using an optofluidic lens (2011)

Flow cytometers are widely applied to environmental monitoring, industrial testing, and biochemical studies. Integrating a flow cytometer into microfluidic networks helps to miniaturize the system and make it portable for field use. The integration of optical components, such as lenses, further improves the compactness and thus has been intensively studied recently. However, the current designs suffer from severe light scattering due to the roughness of the solid-based lens interface. In this Letter, we propose a flow cytometer using an optofluidic lens to focus the light beam. Benefiting from the smooth liquid-liquid lens interface and the refractive-index matching liquid as cladding streams, a light beam can be well focused without scattering. The variations of the signal peak values are reduced, owing to the small beam width at the beam waist. The device presents an efficient and accurate performance on both the counting and sizing of particles.
Recall of linear combinations of stored data pages based on phase-code multiplexing in volume holography (1994)

We describe a novel method for the recall of linear combinations of stored data pages in a volume holographic memory based on phase-code multiplexing. Recall is demonstrated by use of a compound phase-and-amplitude spatial light modulator in the reference beam path.