gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of electron field emission from diamond surfaces (1995)

The electron field emission from diamond surfaces is investigated theoretically using a model consisting of the projection of the energy-band surfaces in the 〈111〉, 〈110〉, and 〈100〉 emission directions. The effect of the negative electron affinity, the band bending, the image interaction, and surface states are examined in detail. It is found that the tunneling from the bulk conduction and valence bands is negligible in p-type diamond. While emission from surface states located about 1 eV below the conduction band has sufficient transmission probability to produce currents observed in experiments, there is no obvious transport mechanism in intrinsic, doped, or polycrystalline diamond to sustain a direct field emission current. We postulate two subbands in the intrinsic band gap, which may be generated by defects or impurities. With reasonable band parameters, the calculated j–F characteristics agree with experimental data.
New Directions in Video Information Extraction and Summarization (1999)

The Informedia Digital Video Library project provided a technological foundation for full content indexing and retrieval of video and audio media. New directions for this research extend to: (1) search and retrieval in multilingual video corpora, (2) analysis and indexing of continuously captured, unstructed and unedited fieldcollected video, and (3) summarization of video-based content across multiple stories based on the user's perspective.
High-bit-rate,high-input-sensitivity decision circuit using Si bipolar technology (1993)

We have designed and fabricated a high-bit-rate, high-input-sensitivity decision circuit for future optical communication systems using an advanced super self-aligned Si bipolar process technology (SST-1C). The SST-1C transistors are fabricated by 0.5-/spl mu/m photolithography. The peak cut-off frequency of a typical transistor is 31 GHz at a collector-emitter voltage of 3 V. The circuit design involves the optimization of individual transistor sizes to boost the speed and the adoption of a wide-band preamplifier to enhance input sensitivity. The circuit operates at up to 15 Gb/s with an input sensitivity of 40 mV/sub p-p/. An extremely high input sensitivity of 15 mV/sub p-p/ and a wide phase margin of 260/spl deg/ at 10 Gb/s are achieved. >
Carbon‐nanotube film on plastic as transparent electrode for resistive touch screens (2009)

Abstract— Carbon‐nanotube (CNT) films on plastic are incorporated as the touch electrode in a four‐wire resistive touch panel. Single‐point actuation tests show superior mechanical performance to ITO touch electrodes, with no loss of device functionality up to 3 million actuations. Sliding‐stylus‐pen tests reveal no loss of device linearity after 1 million stylus cycles. A CNT refractive index of ∼1.55 leads to CNT touch panels with low reflection (<9% over the visible range) without costly anti‐reflective coatings. CNT films on PET currently have 86% total transmission (including the PET) over the visible and 600 Ω/□, with lab scale tests giving 88% at 500 Ω/□. CNT films are neutrally colored (a * ∼ 0, b * ∼ 1.5), low haze (<1%), uniform, and both chemically and environmentally stable. Unidym's solution‐based coatings can be printed directly onto both flexible and rigid polycarbonate using solution coating processes. Unidym films can be patterned using subtractive methods such as laser ablation with resolution down to 10 μm, or additive methods such as patterned gravure. CNTs are grown, purified, formulated into inks, and coated using scalable processes, allowing films to be attractive from a cost perspective as well.
A Highly Chemoselective, Diastereoselective, and Regioselective Epoxidation of Chiral Allylic Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide, Catalyzed by Sandwich-Type Polyoxometalates:  Enhancement of Reactivity and Control of Selectivity by the Hydroxy Group through Metal−Alcoholate Bonding (2003)

Sandwich-type polyoxometalates (POMs), namely [WZnM2(ZnW9O34)2]q- [M = Mn(II), Ru(III), Fe(III), Pd(II), Pt(II), Zn(II); q = 10-12], are shown to catalyze selectively the epoxidation of chiral allylic alcohols with 30% hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions (ca. 20 degrees C) in an aqueous/organic biphasic system. The transition metals M in the central ring of polyoxometalate do not affect the reactivity, chemoselectivity, or stereoselectivity of the allylic alcohol epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Similar selectivities, albeit in significantly lower product yields, are observed for the lacunary Keggin POM [PW11O39]7-, in which a peroxotungstate complex has been shown to be the active oxidizing species. All these features support a tungsten peroxo complex rather than a high-valent transition-metal oxo species operates as the key intermediate in the sandwich-type POM-catalyzed epoxidations. On capping of the hydroxy functionality through acetylation or methylation, no reactivity of these hydroxy-protected substrates [1a(Ac) and 1a(Me)] is observed by these POMs. A template is proposed to account for the marked enhancement of reactivity and selectivity, in which the allylic alcohol is ligated through metal-alcoholate bonding, and the H2O2 oxygen source is activated in the form of a peroxotungsten complex. 1,3-Allylic strain promotes a high preference for the threo diastereomer and 1,2-allylic strain a high preference for the erythro diastereomer, whereas tungsten-alcoholate bonding furnishes high regioselectivity for the epoxidation of the allylic double bond. The estimated dihedral angle alpha of 50-70degrees for the metal-alcoholate-bonded template of the POM/H2O2 system provides the best compromise between 1,2A and 1,3A strain during the oxygen transfer. In contrast to acyclic allylic alcohols 1, the M-POM-catalyzed oxidation of the cyclic allylic alcohols 4 by H2O2 gives significant amounts of enone.
Associations Between Abnormal Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation and Health and Functioning in Older Adults With Normal Macular Health (2014)

Despite having normal macular health according to accepted definitions of AMD presence, approximately one-quarter of older adults recruited from primary eye care clinics had abnormal DA, which was associated with known risk factors for AMD, including elevated CRP.
Spin-coherent transport in ferromagnetically contacted carbon nanotubes (2002)

The spin-coherent quantum transport through multiwall carbon nanotubes contacted by ferromagnetic Co pads is investigated experimentally. At 4.2 K, the devices show a remarkable increase of the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio with decreasing junction bias, reaching a maximum MR ratio of 30% at a junction bias current of 1 nA. The experimental results suggest the transport to be dominated by spin-dependent tunneling processes at the Co/nanotube interfaces and governed by the local magnetization. We also observe an asymmetry of the magnetoresistance peak position and width which is attributed to a local exchange biasing in the electrode material.
Pharmacological Properties of Shikonin – A Review of Literature since 2002 (2013)

The naphthoquinone shikonin is the main active principle of Zicao, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine made from the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Studies carried out over the past 30 years have provided a scientific basis for the use of Zicao which has been long employed in folk medicine to treat a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases. In particular, shikonin has been shown to possess many diverse properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, and wound healing effects. The fact that shikonin shows so many beneficial properties has increased the interest in this molecule dramatically, especially in the past few years. The aim of this review is to provide an update of the new data published on shikonin, whose wide spectrum of pharmacological effects as well as pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity make it a highly interesting target molecule.
Less severe processing improves carbon nanotube photovoltaic performance (2018)

Thin film semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNT) photovoltaics suffer losses due to trapping and quenching of excitons by defects induced when dispersing s-SWCNTs into solution. We study these aspects by preparing photovoltaic devices from (6,5) carbon nanotubes isolated by different processes: extended ultrasonication, brief ultrasonication, and shear force mixing. Peak quantum efficiency increases from 28% to 38% to 49% as the processing harshness decreases and is attributed to both increasing s-SWCNT length and reducing sidewall defects. Fill-factor and open-circuit voltage also improve with shear force mixing, highlighting the importance of obtaining long, defect-free s-SWCNTs for efficient photoconversion devices.
Synthesis of polyphenylene from a cis-dihydrocatechol biologically produced monomer (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of polyphenylene from a cis-dihydrocatechol biologically produced monomerD. G. H. Ballard, A. Courtis, I. M. Shirley, and S. C. TaylorCite this: Macromolecules 1988, 21, 2, 294–304Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00180a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00180a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views629Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Organic-phase enzyme electrode for the determination of trace water in nonaqueous media (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic-phase enzyme electrode for the determination of trace water in nonaqueous mediaJoseph. Wang and A. Julio. ReviejoCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 6, 845–847Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00054a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00054a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of Salmonella enterica Type III Secretion System Effector Proteins as Carriers for Heterologous Vaccine Antigens (2012)

Live attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica have a high potential as carriers of recombinant vaccines. The type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent translocation of S. enterica can be deployed for delivery of heterologous antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Here we investigated the efficacy of various effector proteins of the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI2)-encoded T3SS for the translocation of model antigens and elicitation of immune responses. The SPI2 T3SS effector proteins SifA, SteC, SseL, SseJ, and SseF share an endosomal membrane-associated subcellular localization after translocation. We observed that all effector proteins could be used to translocate fusion proteins with the model antigens ovalbumin and listeriolysin into the cytosol of host cells. Under in vitro conditions, fusion proteins with SseJ and SteC stimulated T-cell responses that were superior to those triggered by fusion proteins with SseF. However, in mice vaccinated with Salmonella carrier strains, only fusion proteins based on SseJ or SifA elicited potent T-cell responses. These data demonstrate that the selection of an optimal SPI2 effector protein for T3SS-mediated translocation is a critical parameter for the rational design of effective Salmonella-based recombinant vaccines.
Intercalation Processes of <i>n</i>-Alkyl Monoamines in γ-Zirconium Phosphate (2000)

A detailed study of the intercalation of n-alkylamines (nc ranging from 3 to 18) in γ-layered zirconium phosphate is reported. The main driving force for the intercalation of short amines was found to be the protonation of their −NH2 terminal groups. The intercalation was therefore pH dependent, and two or more intercalation steps were observed before all the available acid groups of the host were utilized for the protonation. As the number of carbon atoms increases, hydrophobic forces become more and more important, and intercalation can take place even at very low pH values of the external solutions. Furthermore, only one intercalation step, with formation of a monolayer of alkylamines in the interlayer region, was observed. It was also found that when the temperature was increased above 50 °C, there was a consistent increment of the interlayer space, especially for long alkyl chains. The reversible increment/decrement of the interlayer space with the change of temperature was attributed to a change of the alkyl chain conformation in the interlayer region. It was also found that γ-ZrP, fully or partially intercalated with long alkylamines, can easily insert considerable amounts of alcohols with long chains, even from very dilute solution. In this case, the main driving force was the interaction between the alkyl chains of the already intercalated amines and the alkyl chains of the alcohols. This additional uptake was possible because the maximum amount of alkyl chains that can be intercalated as a perpendicular double film in the γ-interlayer region is about double the amount corresponding to the maximum intercalation by amine protonation. Therefore, intercalate compounds with long-chain amines behave as hydrophobic sponges for the insertion of hydrophobic compounds and could find practical application for the removal of many organic substances from dilute solutions.
CMOS output buffers for megabit DRAMs (1988)

Output buffers for CMOS DRAMs are discussed and associated reliability risks and circuit design problems are shown. Concepts using true CMOS circuitry for output buffers are presented. Measurement results prove the feasibility of latch-up-free CMOS output structures, which have been implemented on a 4-Mb DRAM and use significantly less area than boosted NMOS concepts.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Respiratory Sounds recorded by Radio‐Stethoscope from Normal Horses at exercise (1978)

A graphic representation is presented of respiratory sounds recorded by a radio-stethoscope from normal horses exercised at the walk, trot, canter and gallop. Methods whereby inspiratory and expiratory sounds were distinguished are discussed. The form of amplitude envelopes of the sounds recorded at different gaits are compared. Certain measurements of relative amplitudes and the form of amplitude envelopes of the recorded respiratory sounds can be recognised as typical of normal horses when exercised at the canter and gallop. The influence of some physiological events (e.g. deglutition on the rhythm of normal respiration at the canter and gallop) is indicated.
Theoretical study of one-dimensional chains of metal atoms in nanotubes (1996)

Using first-principles total-energy pseudopotential calculations, we have studied the properties of chains of potassium and aluminum in nanotubes. For BN tubes, there is little interaction between the metal chains and the tubes, and the conductivity of these tubes is through carriers located at the inner part of the tube. In contrast, for small radius carbon nanotubes, there are two types of interactions: charge-transfer (dominant for alkali atoms) leading to strong ionic cohesion, and hybridization (for multivalent metal atoms) resulting in a smaller cohesion. For Al-atomic chains in carbon tubes, we show that both effects contribute. Electronic properties related to these confined atomic chains of metal are analyzed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Affine invariant recognition of 2D occluded objects using geometric hashing and distance transformation (2002)

An efficient approach for recognition of partially occluded objects from 2-D grey level images is presented. It can be divided into three stages. The pre-processing stage includes local feature extraction from 2-D grey level images and the formation of a hash table. In the recognition stage, a geometric hashing technique is used to vote for the point correspondences between the scene and the models. Finally, distance transformation is employed for verification. An average mismatch distance is defined to measure the goodness of the match quantitatively. The approach has been successfully tested on recognising a number of industrial handtools overlapping each other.
Optimizing data permutations for SIMD devices (2006)

The widespread presence of SIMD devices in today's microprocessors has made compiler techniques for these devices tremendously important. One of the most important and difficult issues that must be addressed by these techniques is the generation of the data permutation instructions needed for non-contiguous and misaligned memory references. These instructions are expensive and, therefore, it is of crucial importance to minimize their number to improve performance and, in many cases, enable speedups over scalar code.Although it is often difficult to optimize an isolated data reorganization operation, a collection of related data permutations can often be manipulated to reduce the number of operations. This paper presents a strategy to optimize all forms of data permutations. The strategy is organized into three steps. First, all data permutations in the source program are converted into a generic representation. These permutations can originate from vector accesses to non-contiguous and misaligned memory locations or result from compiler transformations. Second, an optimization algorithm is applied to reduce the number of data permutations in a basic block. By propagating permutations across statements and merging consecutive permutations whenever possible, the algorithm can significantly reduce the number of data permutations. Finally, a code generation algorithm translates generic permutation operations into native permutation instructions for the target platform. Experiments were conducted on various kinds of applications. The results show that up to 77% of the permutation instructions are eliminated and, as a result, the average performance improvement is 48% on VMX and 68% on SSE2. For several applications, near perfect speedups have been achieved on both platforms.
Properties of Gold-Doped Silicon (1957)

Measurements of the temperature dependence of resistivity and Hall coefficient in gold-doped silicon show an acceptor level at 0.54 ev from the conduction band and a donor level at 0.35 ev from the valence band. These levels appear in equal concentrations within experimental error. The location of these levels is supported by photoconductivity measurements. A search was made for other levels associated with gold centers but none were found. The distribution coefficient for gold in silicon is 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. Gold was introduced into the crystals by growing from a gold-doped melt and by diffusion into single crystals at high temperatures. The concentrations of gold observed in solution after saturation at various temperatures is consistent with that expected from the distribution coefficient. Gold acts as a recombination center detectable at concentrations as low as ${10}^{12}$ per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Because the acceptor level is so close to the center of the forbidden band, it is possible to shift the Fermi level below the middle with large ratios of gold to residual donors. The acceptor level is measured in $p$-type silicon as 0.62 ev from the valence band, giving a value of band gap consistent with previous measurements by other methods.
Changes in silicone polymeric fluids due to high-energy radiation (1955)

Abstract When subjected to high-energy radiation, polydimethyl siloxanes can be cross-linked to form insoluble amorphous structures which are transparent and have marked rubber-liko properties. Data are given on the relation between molecular weight and bulk viscosity, which is often used to characterize these polymers. The relationship between cross-linking density and radiation dose is deduced from the changes in both solubility and fusibility, and is confirmed by elastic measurements. Unit pile radiation is found to produce cross-linking in about 2*2 % of the monomer units. Details are given of the change in solubility and swelling with radiation dose and of the mechanism of cross-linking. The energy per cross-link is about 32 eV, and is independent of molecular weight. A brief comparison is made with cross-linking in hydrocarbon polymers.
Adsorption of Chiral Hydrocarbons on Chiral Platinum Surfaces (1998)

Binding energies and configurations of chiral hydrocarbons adsorbed on stepped Pt surfaces are calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. McFadden et al. have recently shown that many stepped single-crystal surfaces have chiral characteristics and that chiral molecules adsorbed on these surfaces should display enantiospecific properties [McFadden, C. F.; Cremer, P. S.; Gellman, A. J. Langmuir 1996, 12, 2483]. The results presented here provide the first theoretical predictions of this phenomenon by measuring enantiomeric shifts in the binding energies of chiral hydrocarbons on chiral Pt surfaces. Multiple examples of enantiomeric shifts that should be readily detectable using temperature-programmed desorption experiments are identified. The role of adsorbate size and surface structure on the magnitude of enantiomeric shifts in binding energies is discussed.