gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency-virus-related pulmonary infections in children. (1996)

Increasing numbers of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to be seen in the United States. Pulmonary infections constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these children Pneumoncystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia/lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, and bacterial pneumonias, all described in high frequency in the earliest cases of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, remain the pulmonary diseases confronted most often. Other pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and respiratory virus infections are now being identified in increasing numbers in HIV-infected children. Advances in our understanding of these disease processes and their clinical manifestations have allowed development of a systematic approaches to the common problem of the HIV-infected child with fever, tachypnea, and hypoxemia and an abnormal chest radiograph. These approaches, coupled with improvements in available treatment options, have led to earlier diagnosis and improved survival. Prophylaxis strategies have been developed for the most serious pulmonary infections, especially P carinii pneumonia. However, lack of identification of infants and children at risk of HIV infection has limited their effectiveness. Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected children continue to take a high toll with regard to morbidity and mortality. Only with continued advances in primary therapy to slow progression of the underlying immunodeficiency and widespread use of available prophylactic guidelines will these be reduced.
Measurement and calculation of spontaneous recombination current and optical gain in GaAs-AlGaAs quantum-well structures (1991)

Experimental determinations have been made of the peak optical gain as a function of spontaneous recombination current density for GaAs quantum wells of width 25 and 58 Å bounded by AlGaAs barriers. These data were obtained from measurements of spontaneous emission spectra, observed through narrow windows in the 50-μm-wide contact stripes of oxide isolated lasers, using only a single reference value of the optical absorption coefficient above the band edge to calibrate the measurements in absolute units. These results are in good agreement with gain-current curves calculated using a model which includes unintentional monolayer well width fluctuations, band-gap narrowing and intraband carrier-carrier scattering. The characteristic intraband scattering time is calculated from first principles as a function of electron energy and carrier density on the basis of a 2-dimensional Auger-type process. This lifetime gives a much better representation of our observed spontaneous spectra than a lifetime which is simply dependent upon carrier density. The comparison between experiment and model calculation involves no adjustable parameters. For the 58-Å-wide wells there is a difference between the experimental and calculated gain-current curves at low values of gain. We show that this is a consequence of applying the Einstein relations to a broadened spectrum in the process of deriving the gain from the observed spontaneous emission spectrum. A direct comparison of the shapes of experimental and calculated spontaneous emission spectra at several injection levels provides a more rigorous, yet equally valid, verification of the computer model.
A Strategy for the Prevention of Protein Oxidation by Drug Product in Polymer-Based Syringes (2015)

There have been many presentations and discussions about the risks associated with glass prefilled syringes. Advanced ideas are being presented on the value of polymer-based syringes for improved safety, better strength, reduced protein aggregation, and the prevention of drug degradation. Drug degradation based on protein oxidation is discussed in this report. Identification of the main factors causing this degradation and possible solutions available by using polymer-based syringes will be presented. The causes of protein oxidation have been identified as dissolved oxygen and radicals generated by the applied method of sterilization. The oxidation reaction created by dissolved oxygen within the drug product can be effectively inhibited by controlling the removal of the oxygen through the use of a deoxygenated packaging system. This packaging system can control the level or complete removal of oxygen from the primary container and the secondary packaging system. Protein oxidation induced by the formation of radicals from sterilization by irradiation is another critical aspect where it was thought that various sterilization methods were acceptable without loosing drug product quality. However, this report is first to demonstrate that gamma sterilized polymer-based syringes accelerated protein oxidation by radical generation; this effect can be prevented by means of steam sterilization.
Vinylcyclopropane and vinylcyclobutane (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinylcyclopropane and vinylcyclobutaneWarren J. HehreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 19, 6592–6597Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00774a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00774a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A hardware MP3 decoder with low precision floating point intermediate storage (2003)

The chromatin landscape of a cell is dynamic and can be altered by chromatin regulators that control nucleosome placement and DNA or histone modifications. Together with transcription factors, these complexes help dictate the transcriptional output of a cell and, thus, balance cell proliferation and differentiation while restricting tissue-specific gene expression. In this review, we describe current research on chromatin regulators and their roles in pancreas development and the maintenance of mature β cell function, which, once elucidated, will help us better understand how β cell differentiation occurs and is maintained. These studies have so far implicated proteins from several complexes that regulate DNA methylation, nucleosome remodeling, and histone acetylation and methylation that could become promising targets for diabetes therapy and stem cell differentiation.
Computer Simulation of the Discharge Reaction in Lead‐Acid Batteries (1988)

A mathematical model has been developed that can predict the potential and current‐density distributions on the electrode of a lead‐acid cell. A measured voltage‐current relationship was used for the model according to the depth of discharge and acid concentration. A finite difference method with fine mesh was adopted to resolve it precisely. Detailed information about the potential and current‐density distributions was obtained. Discharge behavior was simulated taking electrolyte stratification into account. Good agreement was found between predictions and observations.
An evaluation of bicalutamide in the treatment of prostate cancer (2002)

Prostate cancer is a major health problem in men, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Although traditionally considered a disease of old age, improved diagnostic techniques have resulted in earlier diagnosis and many men are now treated while still physically and sexually active. Current therapies for prostate cancer, which include medical or surgical castration, have a significant impact on many aspects of quality of life. The non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex, AstraZeneca) has a favourable tolerability profile with demonstrated efficacy in several stages of prostate cancer and represents an alternative therapeutic strategy to castration. Mature survival data from men with previously untreated, locally-advanced disease reveal that bicalutamide monotherapy provides survival benefits that do not differ significantly from castration, while offering important advantages with respect to the maintenance of physical capacity and sexual interest. Recent data from a prospective randomised trial, the largest prostate cancer treatment study ever conducted, demonstrate that immediate therapy with bicalutamide (alone or as an adjuvant to therapy of curative intent) significantly reduces the risk of objective disease progression in patients with localised or locally-advanced prostate cancer. Antiandrogens are also used in combination with castration (combined androgen blockade) for advanced disease. Another large, randomised trial demonstrated that combined androgen blockade with bicalutamide is associated with a similar survival outcome to combined androgen blockade with flutamide and is better tolerated. The evidence reviewed demonstrates that bicalutamide currently has a favourable risk:benefit ratio in several stages of prostate cancer. The role of bicalutamide will be further defined by ongoing studies.
Catalytic Properties of Pd Modified Cu/SAPO‐34 for NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Removal from Diesel Engine (2013)

The Cu/SAPO‐34 catalysts with different Cu contents were prepared by in situ hydrothermal synthesis. The selected Cu/SAPO‐34 was modified by impregnating 1 wt% Pd(NO 3 ) 3 . The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized via XRD and SEM techniques. The effects of Cu contents and the Pd modification on the de‐NO x activity of the samples were investigated through the selective catalytic reduction by C 3 H 6 and NH 3 . The Cu contents do not change the skeleton structure of the SAPO‐34 crystalline and the Cu/SAPO‐34 catalysts with Cu/Si ratios of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 have better de‐NO x activity than other catalysts. The addition of Pd can improve the de‐NO x activity of the Cu/SAPO‐34 catalysts. The maximum of NO conversion of samples with Pd could reach 90%. Besides, the effect of aging treatment for Cu/SAPO‐34 catalysts with and without Pd on the de‐NO x activity was also investigated. The results indicated that the Cu/SAPO‐34 catalysts modified by Pd have better antiaging performance than raw samples.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors:  Perfluoroalkyl/Aryl-Substituted Derivatives of Aromatic/Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Topical Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Agents with Prolonged Duration of Action (2000)

Reaction of perfluoroalkyl/arylsulfonyl chlorides or perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonyl chlorides with aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a free amino/imino/hydrazino/hydroxy group afforded compounds with the general formula C(x)()F(y)()Z-A-SO(2)NH(2), where Z = SO(2)NH, SO(3), CONH, or CO(2) and A = aromatic/heterocyclic moiety. The sulfonyl chlorides used in synthesis included: CF(3)SO(2)Cl, n-C(4)F(9)SO(2)Cl, n-C(8)F(17)SO(2)Cl, and C(6)F(5)SO(2)Cl, whereas the acyl chlorides were C(8)F(17)COCl and C(6)F(5)COCl. A total of 25 different sulfonamides have been derivatized by means of the above-mentioned perfluorosulfonyl/acyl halides. These new series of sulfonamides showed strong affinities toward isozymes I, II, and IV of carbonic anhydrase (CA). For a given sulfonamide derivatized by the above procedures, inhibitory power was greater for the alkyl/arylsulfonylated compounds, as compared to the corresponding perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonylated ones. In vitro inhibitory activity generally increased with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule of the acylating/sulfonylating agent, with a maximum for the perfluorophenylsulfonylated and perfluorobenzoylated derivatives. Some of the prepared CA inhibitors displayed very good water solubility (in the range of 2%) and strongly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied topically, directly into the normotensive/glaucomatous rabbit eye, as 2% water solutions. The good water solubility of these new classes of CA inhibitors, correlated with the neutral pH of their solutions used in the ophthalmologic applications, makes them attractive candidates for developing novel types of antiglaucoma drugs devoid of unpleasant ocular side effects.
Precision tracking with sparse 3D and dense color 2D data (2013)

Precision tracking is important for predicting the behavior of other cars in autonomous driving. We present a novel method to combine laser and camera data to achieve accurate velocity estimates of moving vehicles. We combine sparse laser points with a high-resolution camera image to obtain a dense colored point cloud. We use a color-augmented search algorithm to align the dense color point clouds from successive time frames for a moving vehicle, thereby obtaining a precise estimate of the tracked vehicle's velocity. Using this alignment method, we obtain velocity estimates at a much higher accuracy than previous methods. Through pre-filtering, we are able to achieve near real time results. We also present an online method for real-time use with accuracies close to that of the full method. We present a novel approach to quantitatively evaluate our velocity estimates by tracking a parked car in a local reference frame in which it appears to be moving relative to the ego vehicle. We use this evaluation method to automatically quantitatively evaluate our tracking performance on 466 separate tracked vehicles. Our method obtains a mean absolute velocity error of 0.27 m/s and an RMS error of 0.47 m/s on this test set. We can also qualitatively evaluate our method by building color 3D car models from moving vehicles. We have thus demonstrated that our method can be used for precision car tracking with applications to autonomous driving and behavior modeling.
The Statistical Analysis of fMRI Data (2008)

In recent years there has been explosive growth in the number of neuroimaging studies performed using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The field that has grown around the acquisition and analysis of fMRI data is intrinsically interdisciplinary in nature and involves contributions from researchers in neuroscience, psychology, physics and statistics, among others. A standard fMRI study gives rise to massive amounts of noisy data with a complicated spatio-temporal correlation structure. Statistics plays a crucial role in understanding the nature of the data and obtaining relevant results that can be used and interpreted by neuroscientists. In this paper we discuss the analysis of fMRI data, from the initial acquisition of the raw data to its use in locating brain activity, making inference about brain connectivity and predictions about psychological or disease states. Along the way, we illustrate interesting and important issues where statistics already plays a crucial role. We also seek to illustrate areas where statistics has perhaps been underutilized and will have an increased role in the future.
Fast MCT optimization for the compression of whole-slide images (2016)

Lossy compression techniques based on multi-component transformation (MCT) can effectively enhance the storage and transmission of whole-slide images (WSIs) without adversely affecting subsequent diagnosis processes. Component transforms that are designed for other types of images or that do not take into account all aspects of the compression algorithm applied on the transformed components yield suboptimal coding performance. Recently, an MCT optimization framework adapted to the particularities of the input WSI and the following compression was proposed, yielding superior coding performance than the state of the art. However, its time complexity is too high for practical purposes. In this work FastOptimizeMCT, a fast version of this framework based on smart sampling of regions depicting tissue, is proposed. Exhaustive experimental evidence indicates that FastOptimizeMCT exhibits reasonable time complexity results-similar to that of scanning the WSIs- and coding performance that outperforms the KLT and the OST by 1.47 dB and 1.07 dB, respectively.
Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Construction Scenarios Under Performance-Related Specifications (2002)

Performance-related specifications (PRSs) specify the target quality level at which a pavement construction contractor would receive full payment for a job. The contract payment is adjusted if the as-constructed quality level deviates from the target level. PRSs also specify the minimum acceptable quality and the maximum quality levels. At the minimum quality level, the pavement is deficient enough that a corrective action or “remove and replace” is warranted. At the maximum quality level, the constructed pavement is unnecessarily more conservative than the design so that no further pay increase will be applied. Thus, the contractor can be innovative in targeting various quality levels between the minimum and the maximum. Higher quality is likely to increase the initial construction cost but the contractor will likely receive a payment increase. Lower quality is likely to reduce the initial construction cost but the contractor will likely receive a payment decrease. Risks can never be totally eliminated in pavement specifications because of the inherent variability in pavements and the use of random sampling. The focus of the present analysis is quantification of the contractor’s risk under the I-295 PRSs. The main objective is to provide a methodology for analyzing the risks and expected net gain or loss for various construction scenarios under PRSs for a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). The analysis is based on PRSs that were developed for a JPCP project on I-295 in Jacksonville, Florida, and example relative initial construction costs. Contractors can run the analysis using their own relative cost data.
Hardware Accelerated Compression of LIDAR Data Using FPGA Devices (2013)

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) has become a mainstream technology for terrain data acquisition and mapping. High sampling density of LIDAR enables the acquisition of high details of the terrain, but on the other hand, it results in a vast amount of gathered data, which requires huge storage space as well as substantial processing effort. The data are usually stored in the LAS format which has become the de facto standard for LIDAR data storage and exchange. In the paper, a hardware accelerated compression of LIDAR data is presented. The compression and decompression of LIDAR data is performed by a dedicated FPGA-based circuit and interfaced to the computer via a PCI-E general bus. The hardware compressor consists of three modules: LIDAR data predictor, variable length coder, and arithmetic coder. Hardware compression is considerably faster than software compression, while it also alleviates the processor load.
Sensory Signs and Symptoms in Scapuloperoneal Atrophy: A Report of a Family (1985)

A Norwegian family with asymmetrical scapuloperoneal atrophy is described. Chronic, aching shoulder pain, slight proximal and distal sensory dysfunction, and atrophy of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle occurred in some individuals. The proband had slightly impaired sensory conduction velocity, and his father exhibited impaired position sense and a vibration threshold asymmetry. EMG and muscle biopsy findings were equivocal. The syndrome is probably of neurogenic origin. It may be classified as a variant of Davidenkow's syndrome.
Using proxies to accelerate cloud applications (2009)

A rich cloud ecosystem is unfolding with clouds emerging to provide platforms and services of many shapes and sizes. We speculate that future network applications may wish to utilize and synthesize capabilities from multiple clouds. The problem is this may entail significant data communication that derives from the clientserver paradigm imposed by most clouds. To address this bottleneck, we propose a cloud proxy network that allows optimized data-centric operations to be performed at strategic network locations. We show the potential of this architecture for accelerating cloud applications. 1
Replication of plasmids with the p15A origin in <b> <i>Shewanella putrefaciens</i> </b> MR‐1 (1997)

The plasmid pACYC184 was introduced into Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 by electroporation. In 100% of the transformants examined, the plasmid was maintained as a free replicon outside the chromosome. This was the case whether or not the plasmid contained a 224-bp DNA insert derived from an open-reading frame of MR-1 genomic DNA. Therefore, in contrast to a report in the literature, plasmids containing the p15A origin of replication can replicate freely in S. putrefaciens MR-1, and do not make convenient vectors for gene replacement in this bacterium. However, we found that plasmids with the pMB1 origin of replication (e.g. pBR322) cannot replicate in MR-1 and could therefore have potential as vectors for gene replacement.
Reaction of Triethyloxonium Fluoroborate with Acid Amide. I. Formation of Cyclic Amidine and Tetrahydropyrimidine (1972)

Because several series of compounds having amidine moieties that had been synthesized had a marked effect on influenza viruses in mice, iminoesterification by the reaction of amides with triethyloxonium fluoroborate was examined and cyclic amidines were obtained by the reaction of a lactam with triethyloxonium fluoroborate, followed by ammonolysis of resulting ethyl imidate with ammonia. Thus, five kinds of cyclic amidines and two compounds of cyclic amidines having a carboxamide moiety were obtained by this method. On the other hand, the reaction of 3-benzoylaminopropionamide with triethyloxonium fluoroborate afforded a cyclized compound, 2-phenyl-5, 6-dihydro-4 (3H)-pyrimidinone, identical with an authentic sample prepared by the method of Kametani. Thus four compounds of 2-substituted 5, 6-dihydro-4 (3H)-pyrimidinone were synthesized, but, 3-substituted benzoylaminopropionamide having a negative group on the phenyl ring did not afford any cyclized compound, but did 3-benzoylaminopropionimidate. It was considered from these results that ethylation of oxygen atom in the benzamide moiety might be essential for this cyclization.
The long-term wealth effect of cross-border acquisitions. Evidence from Spain (1996-2005) (2006)

We study the internationalization of the Spanish companies in the last decade (1996-2005) and the factors driving the process. We specifically focus on the cross-border acquisitions of the largest firms, accounting for more than 86% of all cross-border purchases recorded in the period. We analyze the profit derived from the international operations of these companies and determine how much can be attributable to cross-border acquisitions. Our estimate is that, using current valuation ratios, at least 1,818 points out of 10,734 points of the IBEX- 35 index (as of December 31, 2005 closing) come from foreign acquisitions made during the previous decade. However, in terms of wealth creation, our analysis concludes that the wave of purchases by the Spanish companies in the period has destroyed value for the acquiring firms' long-run shareholders.