gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using UWB sensor for delta robot vibration detection (2013)

This study proposed the ultra-wideband(UWB) sensor to detect the vibration of the delta robot and the distance between UWB sensor and robot arm. Based on the radar propagating principle and the proposed algorithm, the vibration status of robot arm can be obtained. Besides, the vibration status can be reduced by feedback the information to the controller of the robot arm. The advantage of the proposed sensor is that without contacting to the robot arm, UWB sensor is more flexible to be used and will not cause any unnecessary payload as accelerometers. With proper calibration, the simulation of vibration frequency and the real-time absolute position of the robot arm were calculated and demonstrated. The experimental results show that the correlations for measured frequency and distance approximate to 1.
Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene occur infrequently in Wilms' tumor. (1994)

Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene occur frequently in a variety of adult-onset tumors, including colon, breast, lung, and brain, yet are infrequently identified in pediatric malignancies. Wilms' tumor, a common solid tumor of childhood, can be associated with mutations of the WT1 gene. Alterations of the p53 gene have been shown to modulate the ability of WT1 to transactivate its targets. Although positive p53 immunostaining has been demonstrated in Wilms' tumors, the correlation to p53 gene mutations is not clear. We examined Wilms' tumor samples for p53 mutations utilizing polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and single-strand DNA sequencing. Mutations in the coding region of the p53 gene were demonstrated in 2 of 21 (9.5%) Wilms' tumors. Each mutation yielded a substitution of amino acid residues. One mutation was located in exon 6 and the other in exon 7. Both mutations were found in tumors from patients with advanced stage disease. Focal anaplasia was demonstrated in one of these tumors. Our data suggest that although p53 mutations occur infrequently in Wilms' tumor, they may be associated with advanced disease.
SVM-based Texture Classification and Application to Early Melanoma Detection (2006)

We have recently developed a decision support system for early skin cancer detection that relies on analysis of the pigmentation characteristics of a skin lesion, detected using crosspolarization imaging, and the increased vasculature associated with malignant lesions that is detected using transillumination imaging. Current system uses size difference based on lesion physiology and achieves great overall accuracy (86.9%). In this paper, we explore texture information, one of the criteria dermatologists use in the diagnosis of skin cancer, but has been found very difficult to utilize in an automatic manner. The overarching goal is to improve the overall decision support capability of the DSS. The objective is to use texture information ONLY to classify the benign and malignancy of the skin lesion. A three-layer mechanism that inherent to the support vector machine (SVM) methodology is employed to improve the generalization error rate and the computational efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is validated with a series of benchmark texture images and then tested on 22 pairs of real clinical skin lesion images. Our experimental results show that a 4th-order polynomial kernel can reach an average accuracy of 70% in determining the malignancy of any pixel within any given skin lesion image. Further study will look at whether multi-channel filtering based feature extraction algorithm will improve the accuracy rate, and the performance comparison between SVM-based texture classification and decision tree-based texture classification in both the spatial and frequency domain.
Spiral resonators for on-chip laser frequency stabilization (2013)

Abstract Frequency references are indispensable to radio, microwave and time keeping systems, with far reaching applications in navigation, communication, remote sensing and basic science. Over the past decade, there has been an optical revolution in time keeping and microwave generation that promises to ultimately impact all of these areas. Indeed, the most precise clocks and lowest noise microwave signals are now based on a laser with short-term stability derived from a reference cavity. In spite of the tremendous progress, these systems remain essentially laboratory devices and there is interest in their miniaturization, even towards on-chip systems. Here we describe a chip-based optical reference cavity that uses spatial averaging of thermorefractive noise to enhance resonator stability. Stabilized fibre lasers exhibit relative Allan deviation of 3.9 × 10 −13 at 400 μs averaging time and an effective linewidth <100 Hz by achieving over 26 dB of phase-noise reduction.
Preparation of polyethylene in solution (1972)

Abstract Polyethylene was prepared in a homogeneous system at 120°C. Several catalytic systems were employed, all using a soluble vanadium compound. The first consisted of an alkylaluminum compound in conjunction with the vanadium compound and a “promoter.” This promoter, which is believed to act as an oxidizing agent to reactivate dead catalyst sites, was a polyhalo compound with esters of trichloroacetic acid preferred. The promoter was added continuously throughout the polymerization. Polyethylene so produced had a narrow M̄ w /M̄ n ratio close to the theoretical ratio of 2.0 for a single catalyst site. Up to 266 polymer chains were produced per vanadium atom. In the second system, the cocatalyst was an AlBr 3 (AlCl 3 )–(C 6 H 5 ) 4 Sn[(C 6 H 5 ) 3 Bi] combination. The continuous addition of a promoter such as methyl trichloroacetate was necessary, presumably to reactivate dead catalytic sites. By this procedure, yields up to 6.6 kg of polymer per millimole of vanadium and 30–60 chains per vanadium atom were achieved. The product had a narrow M̄ w /M̄ n ratio of 2.4 by gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC). A study of the interactions of the catalyst compounds indicated that CCl 3 COOR does oxidize di‐ and trivalent vanadium.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Several New Analogues of Penclomedine and Its Metabolites (2002)

Analogues of penclomedine (PEN, 3,5-dichloro-4,6-dimethoxy-2-(trichloromethyl)pyridine) and its metabolites have been synthesized and evaluated as potential antitumor agents. PEN and 4-DMPEN (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy2-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (3a)), the major plasma metabolite in patients, were modified at 4- and 6-positions with different alkyl, aryl, and ester groups. All of the analogues and many of the intermediates were evaluated against the PEN-sensitive MX-1 human breast tumor xenograft in vivo, and several analogues of PEN and 4-DMPEN showed modest to curative activity.
Binding of C4b-Binding Protein to Porin (2001)

We screened 29 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and found 16/21 strains that resisted killing by normal human serum and 0/8 serum sensitive strains that bound the complement regulator, C4b-binding protein (C4bp). Microbial surface-bound C4bp demonstrated cofactor activity. We constructed gonococcal strains with hybrid porin (Por) molecules derived from each of the major serogroups (Por1A and Por1B) of N. gonorrhoeae, and showed that the loop 1 of Por1A is required for C4bp binding. Por1B loops 5 and 7 of serum-resistant gonococci together formed a negatively charged C4bp-binding domain. C4bp-Por1B interactions were ionic in nature (inhibited by high salt or by heparin), whereas the C4bp-Por1A bond was hydrophobic. Only recombinant C4bp mutant molecules containing the NH2-terminal alpha-chain short consensus repeat (SCR1) bound to both Por1A and Por1B gonococci, suggesting that SCR1 contained Por binding sites. C4bp alpha-chain monomers did not bind gonococci, indicating that the polymeric form of C4bp was required for binding. Using fAb fragments against C4bp SCR1, C4bp binding to Por1A and Por1B strains was inhibited in a complement-dependent serum bactericidal assay. This resulted in complete killing of these otherwise fully serum resistant strains in only 10% normal serum, underscoring the importance of C4bp in mediating gonococcal serum resistance.
Functionalization of Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Improved 5‐FU Loading (2015)

Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles were successfully fabricated and functionalized with appropriate silanes. After modifications, amine, carboxyl, cyano, and methyl groups were grafted onto the nanoparticles and all functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles maintained a spherical and hollow structure with a mean diameter of ~120 nm and a shell thickness of ~10 nm. The loading capacity of the hollow mesoporous silica nanoaprticles to the anticancer drug, 5‐fluorouracil, can be controlled via precise functionalization. The presence of amine groups on the surface of nanoparticles resulted in the highest loading capacity of 28.89%, due to the amine functionalized nanoparticles having a similar hydrophilicity but reverse charge to the drug. In addition, the change in pH leads to the variation of the intensity of electrostatic force between nanoparticles and the drug, which finally affects the loading capacity of amine functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles to some extent. Higher drug loading was observed at pH of 7.4 and 8.5 as 5‐fluorouracil becomes more deprotonated in alkaline conditions. The improved drug loading capacity by amine functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles has demonstrated that they can become potential intracellular 5‐fluorouracil delivery vehicles for cancers.
Transfusion-associated TT virus infection and its relationship to liver disease (1999)

TT virus (TTV) has been proposed as the causative agent of non-A to E hepatitis. We studied the association between TTV viremia and biochemical evidence of hepatitis in blood donors and prospectively-followed patients. TTV was found in 7.5% of 402 donors and in 11.0% of 347 patients before transfusion. The rate of new TTV infections was 4.7% in 127 nontransfused, and 26.4% in 182 transfused patients (P <.0001). The risk of infection increased with the number of units transfused (P <.0001). The rate of new TTV infections in 13 patients with non-A to E hepatitis (23.2%) was almost identical to the rate in 124 patients who were transfused, but did not develop hepatitis (21.8%). Of 45 patients with acute hepatitis C, 40.0% were simultaneously infected with TTV. TTV did not worsen the biochemical severity (mean ALT: 537 in TTV+; 550 in TTV-) or persistence of hepatitis C. In non-A to E cases, the mean ALT was 182 in those TTV-positive and 302 in TTV-negatives. No consistent relationship between alanine transaminase level and TTV DNA level was observed in 4 patients with long-term, sequential samples. Of 21 viremic subjects, 67% cleared TTV within 5 years (38% in 1 year); 33% were viremic throughout follow-up extending to 22 years. We conclude that TTV is a very common, often persistent infection that is transmitted by transfusion and by undefined nosocomial routes. We found no association between TTV and non-A to E hepatitis and no effect of TTV on the severity or duration of coexistent hepatitis C. TTV may not be a primary hepatitis virus.
Comparative study on the ionic conductivities and redox properties of LiPF6 and LiTFSI electrolytes and the characteristics of their rechargeable lithium ion batteries (2018)

The ionic conductivities of two different electrolytes, namely lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), in carbonate-based solvents have been investigated. The ionic conductivity of LiTFSI electrolyte is slightly larger than the LiPF6 electrolyte, namely 2.7 mS/cm vs. 2.4 mS/cm. The results of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that LiTFSI electrolyte exhibit a better reversible redox reaction. Therefore, in this work, the full-cell battery using LiTFSI electrolyte exhibited higher specific capacity than the battery cell using LiPF6 electrolyte, namely 83.1 mAh/g and 101.5 mAh/g for the LiPF6 and LiTFSI electrolytes, respectively. Higher capacity in LiTFSI battery is thus related to better ionic conductivity and reversible redox reaction of LiTFSI electrolyte.
Experimental Detection and Numerical Validation of Different Failure Mechanisms in IGBTs During Unclamped Inductive Switching (2012)

The physics of the different failure modes that limit the maximum avalanche capability during unclamped inductive switching (UIS) in punchthrough (PT) and not PT (NPT) insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) structures is analyzed in this paper. Both 3-D electrothermal numerical simulations and experimental evaluations support the theoretical analysis. Experimental results for UIS test show that, at low time duration (or inductance value) of the test, the UIS limit moves from energy limitation to current limitation. While the energy limitation is well known, the current-limited failures are less studied. In this paper, the current limit for UIS test is analyzed in detail, and the cause is attributed to a filamentary current conduction due to the presence of a negative differential resistance (NDR) region in the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CE</sub> curve in breakdown. The filamentary current conduction locally increases the current density causing early device latch-up and possible device failure at a current much lower than the one dictated by energy limitations. The physical parameters that affect both the onset of NDR region and the failure current are discussed for both an NPT trench IGBT structure with a local lifetime control and a PT trench IGBT structure with a field-stop layer.
Crucial contribution of the multiple copies of the initiator tRNA genes in the fidelity of tRNA fMet selection on the ribosomal P-site in Escherichia coli (2010)

The accuracy of the initiator tRNA (tRNA(fMet)) selection in the ribosomal P-site is central to the fidelity of protein synthesis. A highly conserved occurrence of three consecutive G-C base pairs in the anticodon stem of tRNA(fMet) contributes to its preferential selection in the P-site. In a genetic screen, using a plasmid borne copy of an inactive tRNA(fMet) mutant wherein the three G-C base pairs were changed, we isolated Escherichia coli strains that allow efficient initiation with the tRNA(fMet) mutant. Here, extensive characterization of two such strains revealed novel mutations in the metZWV promoter severely compromising tRNA(fMet) levels. Low cellular abundance of the chromosomally encoded tRNA(fMet) allows efficient initiation with the tRNA(fMet) mutant and an elongator tRNA(Gln), revealing that a high abundance of the cellular tRNA(fMet) is crucial for the fidelity of initiator tRNA selection on the ribosomal P-site in E. coli. We discuss possible implications of the changes in the cellular tRNA(fMet) abundance in proteome remodeling.
Proximity-Guided (ProxiMol) Antibody Selection (2003)

Cell surfaces provide a rich source of potential antigen (Ag) targets for therapeutic and research reagent antibodies (Abs). However, in some circumstances, access to these targets may be difficult since it is technically challenging to purify individual Ags while retaining their native configuration. One way to circumvent the need for purification is to use whole cells or cell membranes as the basis for Ab selection. This has, in a number of cases, been successful, but necessitates the need for large-scale screening processes because the selection process will also generate many Abs that are not specific for the target of interest, but which bind to other proteins on the cell surface. Proximity (ProxiMol) selection is a method of selection that enriches the selected population for Abs that bind at or around sites on the cell surface of the target Ag and so reduce the need for labor-intensive screening processes.
Intelligence and peacekeeping - are we winning? (2008)

For many, the word 'intelligence' immediately conjures up images of spies, espionage and spy-masters. Intelligence is a sensitive topic in all multinational operations - particularly so in United Nations (UN) peace support operations (PSOs). The lack of an intelligence-gathering capability within the UN organisation is, however, astounding - this despite the UN's intelligence failures of the past : from the failed missions in Somalia and the Balkans to Rwanda. The 1994 Rwandan genocide saw up to a million people die in a hundred days while the world watched. The four battalions of troops in the UN Mission in Rwanda, crippled by an 'observe and report' mandate, watched helplessly as the genocide unfolded around them, knowing that they had foreknowledge of the impending catastrophe that engulfed the region.
AlGaN/GaN-based power amplifiers for mobile radio applications: a review from the system supplier's perspective (2010)

This paper gives a summarized overview on the progress and achievements on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT)-based power amplifiers (PAs) for mobile radio applications which have been achieved within two national funded German projects during a period of six years. Starting with a first 34 dBm (2.5 W, peak) amplifier in 2003 the impressive progress toward highly efficient S-band mobile radio PAs with up to >50 dBm (100 W) peak output power is described by means of some selected single- and multiband amplifier demonstrators. This progress has been mainly enabled by clear progress on GaN technology, device packaging, and PA design. Targeting at highly efficient single-band amplifier applications, a 2.7 GHz symmetrical Doherty amplifier with up to 45% drain efficiency at close to 45 dBm average output power under single-carrier W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) operation using digital predistortion can be highlighted. In case of multiband capable amplifiers addressing software-defined radio applications, a class-AB-based demonstrator covering a frequency range from 1.8 to 2.7 GHz was realized. The amplifier showed >30% drain efficiency up to 2.5 GHz as well as up to 40 dBm average output power under single-carrier W-CDMA operation using proprietary digital predistortion. Finally, Alcatel-Lucent's activities on envelope tracking for future efficiency improved GaN-based amplifiers are described.
A QUALITATIVE COLOR TEST FOR THE GRIGNARD REAGENT (1925)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA QUALITATIVE COLOR TEST FOR THE GRIGNARD REAGENTHenry Gilman and F. SchulzeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1925, 47, 7, 2002–2005Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1925Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1925https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01684a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01684a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2555Altmetric-Citations322LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spore Coat (1999)

In response to starvation, bacilli and clostridia undergo a specialized program of development that results in the production of a highly resistant dormant cell type known as the spore. A proteinacious shell, called the coat, encases the spore and plays a major role in spore survival. The coat is composed of over 25 polypeptide species, organized into several morphologically distinct layers. The mechanisms that guide coat assembly have been largely unknown until recently. We now know that proper formation of the coat relies on the genetic program that guides the synthesis of spore components during development as well as on morphogenetic proteins dedicated to coat assembly. Over 20 structural and morphogenetic genes have been cloned. In this review, we consider the contributions of the known coat and morphogenetic proteins to coat function and assembly. We present a model that describes how morphogenetic proteins direct coat assembly to the specific subcellular site of the nascent spore surface and how they establish the coat layers. We also discuss the importance of posttranslational processing of coat proteins in coat morphogenesis. Finally, we review some of the major outstanding questions in the field.
Dipstick for Rapid Diagnosis of Shigella flexneri 2a in Stool (2007)

This simple dipstick-bases test represents a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.
Role of Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Binder on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Silicon Anodes (2019)

To obtain high-energy density Li-ion batteries for the next-generation storage devices, silicon anodes provide a viable option because of their high theoretical capacity, low operating potential versus lithium (Li), and environmental abundance. However, the silicon electrode suffers from large volume expansion (∼300%) that leads to mechanical failure, cracks in the SEI (solid electrolyte interphase), and loss of contact with the current collector, all of which severely impede the capacity retention. In this respect, the choice of binders, carbon, electrolyte, and the morphology of the silicon itself plays a critical role in improving capacity retention. Of specific mention is the role of binders where a carboxylic acid-heavy group, PAA (polyacrylic acid), has been demonstrated to have better cycling capacity retention as compared to CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose). Traditionally, the role of binders has been proposed as a soft matrix backbone that allows volume expansion of the anode while preserving its morphology. However, the effect of the binder on both the rate of formation of SEI species across cycles and its distribution around the silicon nanoparticles has not been completely investigated. Herein, we use two different binders (PAA and CMC) coupled with LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide)/EMI-FSI (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) ionic liquid as the electrolyte to understand the effect of binder on the SEI. Using STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), EELS (electron energy loss spectroscopy), and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), we discuss the evolution of the SEI on the Si electrode for both binders. Our results indicate that a faster decomposition of FSI– with a PAA binder leads to LiF (lithium fluoride) formation, making F– unavailable for subsequent SEI formation cycles. This allows further decomposition of the LiFSI salt to sulfates and sulfides which form a crucial component of the SEI around silicon nanoparticles after 100 cycles in the PAA binder-based system. The dual effects of faster consumption of F– to form LiF together with the distribution of passivating sulfides in the SEI could allow for better capacity retention in the PAA binder system as compared to that with CMC.