gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid long-range proton diffusion along the surface of the purple membrane and delayed proton transfer into the bulk. (1995)

The pH-indicator dye fluorescein was covalently bound to the surface of the purple membrane at position 72 on the extracellular side of bacteriorhopsin and at positions 101, 105, 160, or 231 on the cytoplasmic side by reacting bromomethylfluorescein with the sulfhydryl groups of cysteines introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. At position 72, on the extracellular surface, the light-induced proton release was detected 71 +/- 4 microseconds after the flash (conditions: pH 7.3, 22 degrees C, and 150 mM KCl). On the cytoplasmic side with the dye at positions 101, 105, and 160, the corresponding values were 77, 76, and 74 +/- 5 microseconds, respectively. Under the same conditions, the proton release time in the bulk medium as detected by pyranine was around 880 microseconds--i.e., slower by a factor of more than 10. The fact that the proton that is released on the extracellular side is detected much faster on the cytoplasmic surface than in the aqueous bulk phase demonstrates that it is retained on the surface and migrates along the purple membrane to the other side. These findings have interesting implications for bioenergetics and support models of local proton coupling. From the small difference between the proton detection times by labels on opposite sides of the membrane, we estimate that at 22 degrees C the proton surface diffusion constant is greater than 3 x 10(-5) cm2/s. At 5 degrees C, the proton release detection time at position 72 equals the faster of the two main rise times of the M intermediate (deprotonation of the Schiff base). At higher temperatures this correlation is gradually lost, but the curved Arrhenius plot for the proton release time is tangential to the linear Arrhenius plot for the rise of M at low temperatures. These observations are compatible with kinetic coupling between Schiff base deprotonation and proton release.
The burden of disease for treatment-resistant depression. (2001)

Assessing the consequences of specific diseases on global, national, and individual levels is complex. The Global Burden of Disease Study was launched in 1992 to develop objective measures of the burden of disease. Two measures have become widely accepted: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) assesses years of life lost due to a disease plus years lived with the disability due to that disease, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is a related measure with greater relevance for diseases that do not routinely produce earlier mortality. When DALYs and YLDs were compared world-wide for 100 disorders, they revealed a huge burden of disease for depression. Indeed, the findings were startling. Neuropsychiatric conditions are by far the world's leader in YLDs, accounting for almost 30%. Unipolar major depressive disorder alone accounted for 11% of global YLDs. The disability of major depressive disorder produces its greatest burden upon women and starts early in life. No separate disability assessments have been compiled for treatment-resistant depression, but of individuals with major depressive disorder, the most severely disabled are those with treatment-resistant depression. The contributions to the morbidity associated with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression include widespread prevalence; relatively early symptom onset; severe underdiagnosis and undertreatment; genetic vulnerabilities and precipitation or accentuation by relatively unavoidable stressors; a longitudinal pattern of frequent recurrences with increasing frequency, severity, and consequences unless treated with maintenance strategies; inadequate prioritization of recurrence prevention among clinicians; and possible suppression of brain neurogenesis, neuronal atrophy, cell death, hippocampal dysfunction, and magnetic resonance imaging changes for those with chronic treatment-resistant depression. Since the patterns of recurrences, cycle acceleration, and increasing severity of treatment-resistant depression are key reasons for its high burden, reducing the burden requires an entire paradigm shift, including emphasis on the prevention of recurrences. Only then will this prevalent, disabling yet treatable disorder lose its ignominious status as a world leader in disease burden.
Synthesis and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of <sup>18</sup>F‐β‐carboline alkaloids as PET ligands (2008)

Abstract A one‐step 18 F‐labelling strategy was used to prepare four 18 F‐labelled analogues of 7‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐ 9H ‐β‐carboline (harmine): 7‐(2‐[ 18 F]fluoroethoxy)‐1‐methyl‐9 H ‐β‐carboline (5), 7‐(3‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐propoxy)‐1‐methyl‐9 H ‐β‐carboline (6), 7‐[2‐(2‐[ 18 F]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]‐1‐methyl‐9 H ‐β‐carboline (7), and 7‐{2‐[2‐(2‐[ 18 F]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]‐ethoxy}‐1‐methyl‐9 H ‐β‐carboline (8). These were synthesized as potential positron emission tomography ligands for monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A). A solution of pure labelled compound in buffer was obtained in <70 min from end of radionuclide production, with a decay‐corrected yield of up to 23%. The average specific binding to MAO‐A in rat brain, determined by autoradiography experiments, was highest for compounds 7 and 8 (89±2 and 96±1%, respectively), which was obtained at <1 nM radioligand concentration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunoreactivity against linear epitopes of parvovirus B19 structural proteins. Immunodominance of the amino-terminal half of the unique region of VP1 (2000)

Three peptides corresponding to the 2-100 amino acids of VP1 unique sequence (VP1-F1), to the 99-227 amino acids of VP1 unique sequence (VP1-F2) and to the 237-781 amino acids of VP1 protein common to VP2 (VP1-F3 = VP2) were produced by prokaryotic expression. The three peptides, which span the entire VP1 structural protein of parvovirus B19 and also the entire VP2 protein, were used to evaluate the immunoreactivity against linear epitopes of these fragments in a large number of serum samples taken in different clinical situations with regards to B19 infection and in some commercial preparations of aspecific immunoglobulins. The data demonstrated that the specific VP1-F1 fragment, corresponding to the amino-terminal half of the VP1 unique region, is immunodominant and can elicit a long lasting immune response in comparison with VP1-F2 and VP1-F3 = VP2. Data regarding the presence of specific IgG to the three fragments in commercial preparations of immunoglobulins demonstrated that the dominant immune response was also against VP1-F1 linear epitopes while IgG against VP1-F2 and IgG against VP1-F3 = VP2 could be found only in high concentrations of Ig preparations. The reported data can be useful as a basis for the development of a B19 recombinant vaccine.
[Anterior decompression and spondylodesis with polymer fixation in the treatment of injuries of the cervical vertebrae]. (1989)

Indications for anterior-access surgery at different dates after cervical vertebral injury are listed (420 cases). Methods of spine stabilization, using polymer substances (bone cement or bone glue) are described. Complete or partial regression of paresis resulted in 86% of the patients. In tetraplegic patients, the regression of neurologic symptoms was complete in 12% and partial in 55%; there was no effect in 26%, and the mortality rate was 7%.
Intended and Unintended Pregnancies Worldwide in 2012 and Recent Trends (2014)

Periodic estimation of the incidence of global unintended pregnancy can help demonstrate the need for and impact of family planning programs. We draw upon multiple sources of data to estimate pregnancy incidence by intention status and outcome at worldwide, regional, and subregional levels in 2012 and to assess recent trends using previously published estimates for 2008 and 1995. We find that 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012, up slightly from 211 million in 2008. The global pregnancy rate decreased only slightly from 2008 to 2012, after declining substantially between 1995 and 2008. Eighty-five million pregnancies, representing 40 percent of all pregnancies, were unintended in 2012. Of these, 50 percent ended in abortion, 13 percent ended in miscarriage, and 38 percent resulted in an unplanned birth. The unintended pregnancy rate continued to decline in Africa and in the Latin America and Caribbean region. If the aims of the London Summit on Family Planning are carried out, the incidence of unwanted and mistimed pregnancies should decline in the coming years.
THE PLAINS AND THE ROCKIES (1967)

Federal documents, some compilations and newspaper items of personal experience written between 1800 and 1865. Geographical scope includes the region lying between the Missouri River and the Sierra Nevada Cascades, from Mexico to the Arctic (with omission of Texas and what is now Western Louisiana -and in Canada everything East of the Red River),
Dynamic camera calibration of roadside traffic management cameras (2003)

We present an algorithm to calibrate roadside traffic management cameras to create a traffic speed sensor. We present a simplified camera model that can produce good single vehicle speed estimates.
Gastro-intestinal absorption of ethyl 2-chloro-3-(4-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyloxy)phenyl) propionate from different dosage forms in rats and dogs. (1990)

To obtain information as to a suitable formulation of ethyl 2-chloro-3-[4-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyloxy)-phenyl]propionate (AL-294), an antihyperlipidemic drug of low water solubility, the bioavailability after its oral administration in various dosage forms was evaluated in rats and dogs. After AL-294 was administered orally, AL-294 acid (2-chloro-3-[4-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid), which is a metabolite of AL-294, was detected in the plasma. Therefore, absorbability of AL-294 was evaluated using plasma AL-294 acid levels. AL-294 in an oil solution or in a gelatin capsule showed poor absorption, whereas it's absorption was greatly enhanced in the form of an emulsion. The postprandial administration also showed better absorption. The elimination rate of AL-294 acid from the plasma after oral administration of the emulsion was similar to that after intravenous administration of a sodium salt of AL-294 acid.
Functional Interaction between the p160 Coactivator Proteins and the Transcriptional Enhancer Factor Family of Transcription Factors (2000)

SRC1, initially identified as a nuclear receptor coactivator, was found to interact with a member of the transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF) family of transcription factors, TEF-4. The interaction, which occurs in both intact cells and in a cell-free system, is mediated by the highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix/Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) domain present in the N-terminal region of SRC1. Moreover, all three members of the p160 family of nuclear receptor coactivators, SRC1, TIF2, and RAC3, are able to potentiate transcription from a TEF response element in transient transfection experiments, and this activation requires the presence of the bHLH-PAS domain. These results suggest that the p160 proteins could be bona fide coactivators of the TEF family of transcription factors.
Interactions of antigen-sensitized liposomes with immobilized antibody: a homogeneous solid-phase immunoliposome assay. (1985)

Dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) does not form stable bilayer liposomes at room temperature and neutral pH. However, stable unilamellar liposomes could be prepared by mixing DOPE with a minimum of 12% of a haptenated lipid, N-(dinitrophenylaminocaproyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-cap-PE). When the liposomes bound to rabbit anti-DNP IgG that had been adsorbed on a glass surface, lysis of the liposome occurred with the release of the contents into the medium as judged by the fluorescence enhancement of an entrapped self-quenching dye, calcein. On the other hand, incubation of the same liposomes with glass surfaces coated with normal rabbit IgG had little effect. In addition, free anti-DNP IgG induced aggregation of the liposomes but did not cause any dye release. Liposomes composed of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and DNP-cap-PE did not lyse when added to the glass surfaces coated with either anti-DNP IgG or normal IgG. A likely mechanism for liposome lysis is that the DNP-cap-PE laterally diffuse to the contact area between the liposome and the glass. Binding of the haptenated lipid with the immobilized and multivalent antibody trap the haptenated lipids in the contact area. As a result of lateral phase separation, lipids may undergo the bilayer to hexagonal phase transition, leading to the leakage of the entrapped dye. Because both the free hapten and the free antibody inhibited the liposome leakage, this process could be used to assay for the free hapten or antibody. We have shown that inhibition assays performed by using this principle can easily detect 10 pmol of free DNP-glycine in 40 microliter. Furthermore, by substituting human glycophorin A, a transmembrane glycoprotein, for the lipid hapten, we have demonstrated that this assay system is also applicable to detect protein antigen with a sensitivity of sub-nanogram level.
Design and understanding of heterogeneous alkene metathesis catalysts (2007)

This review outlines the molecular insights provided by surface organometallic chemistry in the area of alkene metathesis, and particularly in the development and the understanding of heterogeneous catalysts.
Distribution of the Human Intracellular Serpin Protease Inhibitor 8 in Human Tissues (2002)

Ovalbumin-like serine protease inhibitors are mainly localized intracellularly and their in vivo functions are largely unknown. To elucidate their physiological role(s), we studied the expression of one of these inhibitors, protease inhibitor 8 (PI-8), in normal human tissues by immunohistochemistry using a PI-8-specific monoclonal antibody. PI-8 was strongly expressed in the nuclei of squamous epithelium of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and epidermis, and by the epithelial layer of skin appendages, particularly by more differentiated epithelial cells. PI-8 was also expressed by monocytes and by neuroendocrine cells in the pituitary gland, pancreas, and digestive tract. Monocytes showed nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of PI-8, whereas neuroendocrine cells showed only cytoplasmic staining. In vitro nuclear localization of PI-8 was confirmed by confocal analysis using serpin-transfected HeLa cells. Furthermore, mutation of the P(1) residue did not affect the subcellular distribution pattern of PI-8, indicating that its nuclear localization is independent of the interaction with its target protease. We conclude that PI-8 has a unique distribution pattern in human tissues compared to the distribution patterns of other intracellular serpins. Additional studies must be performed to elucidate its physiological role.
Study of Immune-Based Intrusion Detection Technology in Virtual Machines for Cloud Computing Environment (2017)

Cloud computing platforms are usually based on virtual machines as the underlying architecture; the security of virtual machine systems is the core of cloud computing security. This paper presents an immune-based intrusion detection model in virtual machines of cloud computing environment, denoted as IB-IDS, to ensure the safety of user-level applications in client virtual machines. In the model, system call sequences and their parameters of processes are used, and environment information in the client virtual machines is extracted. Then the model simulates immune responses to ensure the state of user-level programs, which can detect attacks on the dynamic runtime of applications and has high real-time performance. There are five modules in the model: antigen presenting module, signal acquisition module, immune response module, signal measurement module, and information monitoring module, which are distributed into different levels of virtual machine environment. Performance analysis and experimental results show that the model brings a small performance overhead for the virtual machine system and has a good detection performance. It is applicable to judge the state of user-level application in guest virtual machine, and it is feasible to use it to increase the user-level security in software services of cloud computing platform.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (2000)

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a simple and highly effective method for separating, identifying, and purifying 0.5- to 25-kb DNA fragments. The protocol can be divided into three stages: (1) a gel is prepared with an agarose concentration appropriate for the size of DNA fragments to be separated; (2) the DNA samples are loaded into the sample wells and the gel is run at a voltage and for a time period that will achieve optimal separation; and (3) the gel is stained or, if ethidium bromide has been incorporated into the gel and electrophoresis buffer, visualized directly upon illumination with UV light.
A low-complexity soft-decision decoder for extended BCH and RS-like codes (2005)

Soft-decision decoding of algebraic codes has been an area of active research interest for a long time. In this paper, we present sub-optimal, soft decoders for extended binary BCH codes and certain subcodes of extended RS codes. Our proposed decoders consist of a soft-information processing block followed by a traditional, hard-decision, bounded-distance decoder for the underlying BCH or RS codes. The soft-processor in both cases consists of SISO decoders for extended Hamming codes, which can be implemented with low complexity. The coding gains obtained are comparable with other soft decoders proposed in the literature
Blue Light Activates a Specific Protein Kinase in Higher Plants (1992)

Blue light mediates the phosphorylation of a membrane protein in seedlings from several plant species. When crude microsomal membrane proteins from dark-grown pea (Pisum sativum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.), or tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) stem segments, or from maize (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) coleoptiles are illuminated and incubated in vitro with [gamma-(32)P]ATP, a protein of apparent molecular mass from 114 to 130 kD is rapidly phosphorylated. Hence, this system is probably ubiquitous in higher plants. Solubilized maize membranes exposed to blue light and added to unirradiated solubilized maize membranes show a higher level of phosphorylation of the light-affected protein than irradiated membrane proteins alone, suggesting that an unirradiated substrate is phosphorylated by a light-activated kinase. This finding is further demonstrated with membrane proteins from two different species, where the phosphorylated proteins are of different sizes and, hence, unambiguously distinguishable on gel electrophoresis. When solubilized membrane proteins from one species are irradiated and added to unirradiated membrane proteins from another species, the unirradiated protein becomes phosphorylated. These experiments indicate that the irradiated fraction can store the light signal for subsequent phosphorylation in the dark. They also support the hypothesis that light activates a specific kinase and that the systems share a close functional homology among different higher plants.
Experimental studies of food choices and palatability responses in European subjects exposed to the Umami taste. (2008)

In the Western world, consumers have only recently learned to discriminate the Umami taste, although they have enjoyed its contribution to the palatability of traditional dishes for centuries. The flavor enhancing properties of MSG have been scientifically investigated in European subjects. By adding MSG to such foods as soups, their content in sodium can be decreased without altering palatability, thus favoring a net decrease in sodium intake. Consumers presented with a novel food often have to get accustomed to the new taste before they acquire a preference for the food. A study showed that when such novel foods are added with some appropriate amount of MSG, consumers acquire a preference for them more rapidly. In elderly persons, the addition of MSG to nutritionally valuable foods (soups, vegetables, starches) did induce an increase of intake of MSG-added foods. Total meal size, however, was not affected, since the increased intake of MSG-containing foods was followed by a decreased consumption of foods served later in the meal, such as desserts. The same observations were repeated in hospitalized diabetic patients. Again, the patients ingested more healthy MSG-containing foods and less of other foods, with the same total meal energy intake. These two studies suggested that MSG could be used to stimulate appropriate food choices in certain populations.
Source polarization and OPC effects on illumination optimization (2005)

To perform a thorough source optimization during process development is becoming more critical as we move to leading edge-technology nodes. With each new node the acceptable process margin continues to shrink as a result of lowering k1 factors. This drives the need for thorough source optimization prior to locking down a process in order to attain the maximum common depth of focus (DOF) the process will allow. Optical proximity correction (OPC) has become a process-enabling tool in lithography by providing a common process window for structures that would otherwise not have overlapping windows. But what effect does this have on the source optimization? With the introduction of immersion lithography there is yet another parameter, namely source polarization, that may need to be included in an illumination optimization process. This paper explored the effect polarization and OPC have on illumination optimization. The Calibre ILO (Illumination Optimization) tool was used to perform the illumination optimization and provided plots of DOF vs. various parametric illumination settings. This was used to screen the various illumination settings for the one with optimum process margins. The resulting illumination conditions were then implemented and analyzed at a full chip level. Based on these results, a conclusion was made on the impact source polarization and OPC would have on the illumination optimization process.
Wear and Erosion in Large Caliber Gun Barrels (2004)

"Wear and erosion" is one of several failure mechanisms that can cause large caliber Gun Barrels to be condemned and removed from service. This paper describes the phenomenon, its causes and effects, methods that are used to passively manage it, and steps that are taken to actively mitigate it.
Switched-capacitor step-down rectifier for low-voltage power conversion (2013)

This paper presents a switched-capacitor rectifier that provides step down voltage conversion from an ac input voltage to a dc output. Coupled with current-drive source, low-loss and high step-down rectification is realized. Implementation in CMOS with appropriate controls results in a design suitable for low-voltage very-high-frequency conversion. Applications include switched-capacitor rectification to convert high-frequency ac to a dc output and, combined with inversion and transformation, to dc-dc converters for low-voltage outputs. A two-step CMOS integrated full-bridge switched-capacitor rectifier is implemented in TSMC 0.25 μm CMOS technology for demonstration purposes. For an operation frequency of 50 MHz and an output voltage of 2.5 V, the peak efficiency of the rectifier is 81% at a power level of 4 W.