gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design for interactive performance in a virtual laboratory (1990)

In recent years, a number of research groups have implemented various versions of virtual world concept [2, 4, 6, 7]. A common thread among these virtual worlds is a direct manipulation user interface paradigm based on a glove device with the position and orientation of the hand registered by a tracking device. To explore this paradigm, a new project at IBM Research was started in 1989 to build a virtual laboratory for scientists and engineers. Our first step is to integrate the glove and space tracking devices with the real time graphics on a graphics superworkstation. A simple bouncing ball virtual world has been created to test underlying software and fine tune interactive performance.Our initial emphasis is placed on understanding the limitations of various system components and getting the best interactive performance from the system. With current state of technology, the glove and tracking devices can generate much more data than the graphics update process can utilize. Both the rendering process and the processes handling the device serial ports are CPU intensive. Our first design problem is how to distribute the processing and match the incoming data rates of input devices with the update rate of the graphics. After a new position from the tracker is received by the graphics, it is displayed only at the next frame update time giving the appearance that the hand image always lags behind the motion of the real hand. Our second design problem is to use techniques to compensate for this inherent lag time. This abstract describes the specific approaches we use to solve these problems and some useful insight gained in experimenting with lag time reduction by position prediction.
<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> RevA Antigen Is a Surface-Exposed Outer Membrane Protein Whose Expression Is Regulated in Response to Environmental Temperature and pH (2001)

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, produces RevA protein during the early stages of mammalian infection. B. burgdorferi apparently uses temperature as a cue to its location, producing proteins required for infection of warm-blooded animals at temperatures corresponding to host body temperature, but does not produce such virulence factors at cooler, ambient temperatures. We have observed that B. burgdorferi regulates expression of RevA in response to temperature, with the protein being synthesized by bacteria cultivated at 34 degrees C but not by those grown at 23 degrees C. Tissues encountered by B. burgdorferi during its infectious cycle vary in their pH values, and the level of RevA expression was also found to be dependent upon pH of the culture medium. The cellular localization of RevA was also analyzed. Borrelial inner and outer membranes were purified by isopycnic centrifugation, and membrane fractions were conclusively identified by immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against the integral inner membrane protein MotB and outer membrane-associated Erp lipoproteins. Immunoblot analyses indicated that RevA is located in the B. burgdorferi outer membrane. These analyses also demonstrated that an earlier report (H. A. Bledsoe et al., Infect. Immun. 176:7447-7455, 1994) had misidentified such B. burgdorferi membrane fractions. RevA was further demonstrated to be exposed to the external environment, where it could facilitate interactions with host tissues.
ProbFuse (2006)

Data fusion is the combination of the results of independent searches on a document collection into one single output result set. It has been shown in the past that this can greatly improve retrieval effectiveness over that of the individual results.This paper presents probFuse, a probabilistic approach to data fusion. ProbFuse assumes that the performance of the individual input systems on a number of training queries is indicative of their future performance. The fused result set is based on probabilities of relevance calculated during this training process. Retrieval experiments using data from the TREC ad hoc collection demonstrate that probFuse achieves results superior to that of the popular CombMNZ fusion algorithm.
Policy-based management of networked computing systems (2005)

This article provides an overview of the Policy Management for Autonomic Computing (PMAC) platform, and shows how it can be used for the management of networked systems. We present the policy information model adopted by PMAC and the system model for interaction between the policy manager and the managed resource. We also present the main components of PMAC for policy creation, storage, evaluation, and enforcement, and present practical applications of PMAC in networks management.
Point-Based Value Iteration for Continuous POMDPs (2006)

We propose a novel approach to optimize Partially Observable Markov Decisions Processes (POMDPs) defined on continuous spaces. To date, most algorithms for model-based POMDPs are restricted to discrete states, actions, and observations, but many real-world problems such as, for instance, robot navigation, are naturally defined on continuous spaces. In this work, we demonstrate that the value function for continuous POMDPs is convex in the beliefs over continuous state spaces, and piecewise-linear convex for the particular case of discrete observations and actions but still continuous states. We also demonstrate that continuous Bellman backups are contracting and isotonic ensuring the monotonic convergence of value-iteration algorithms. Relying on those properties, we extend the PERSEUS algorithm, originally developed for discrete POMDPs, to work in continuous state spaces by representing the observation, transition, and reward models using Gaussian mixtures, and the beliefs using Gaussian mixtures or particle sets. With these representations, the integrals that appear in the Bellman backup can be computed in closed form and, therefore, the algorithm is computationally feasible. Finally, we further extend PERSEUS to deal with continuous action and observation sets by designing effective sampling approaches.
The zwitterion effect in proton exchange membranes as synthesised by polymerisation of bicontinuous microemulsions (2005)

The bicontinuous microemulsions consisting of a polymerisable zwitterionic surfactant 3-((11-acryloyloxyundecyl)imidazolyl) propyl sulfonate (AIPS) and other monomers can be cross-polymerised to form good proton conductive membranes.
Dopamine D<sub>1</sub>Receptors and Nonlinear Probability Weighting in Risky Choice (2010)

Misestimating risk could lead to disadvantaged choices such as initiation of drug use (or gambling) and transition to regular drug use (or gambling). Although the normative theory in decision-making under risks assumes that people typically take the probability-weighted expectation over possible utilities, experimental studies of choices among risks suggest that outcome probabilities are transformed nonlinearly into subjective decision weights by a nonlinear weighting function that overweights low probabilities and underweights high probabilities. Recent studies have revealed the neurocognitive mechanism of decision-making under risk. However, the role of modulatory neurotransmission in this process remains unclear. Using positron emission tomography, we directly investigated whether dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptors in the brain are associated with transformation of probabilities into decision weights in healthy volunteers. The binding of striatal D₁ receptors is negatively correlated with the degree of nonlinearity of weighting function. Individuals with lower striatal D₁ receptor density showed more pronounced overestimation of low probabilities and underestimation of high probabilities. This finding should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of risky choice, and extreme or impaired decision-making observed in drug and gambling addiction.
Vaccination with High-Affinity Epitopes Impairs Antitumor Efficacy by Increasing PD-1 Expression on CD8+ T Cells (2017)

Abstract Antitumor vaccines encoding self-antigens generally have low immunogenicity in clinical trials. Several approaches are aimed at improving vaccine immunogenicity, including efforts to alter encoded epitopes. Immunization with epitopes altered for increased affinity for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or T-cell receptor (TCR) elicits greater numbers of CD8 T cells but inferior antitumor responses. Our previous results suggested that programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) increased on antigen-specific CD8 T cells and tumor cells, respectively, after high-affinity vaccination. In this report, we use two murine models to investigate whether the dose, MHC affinity, or TCR affinity of an epitope affected the antitumor response via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. T cells activated with high-affinity epitopes resulted in prolonged APC:T-cell contact time that led to elevated, persistent PD-1 expression, and expression of other checkpoint molecules, in vitro and in vivo. Immunization with high-affinity epitopes also decreased antitumor efficacy in the absence of PD-1 blockade. Thus, APC:T-cell contact time can be altered by epitope affinity and lead to therapeutically relevant changes in vaccine efficacy mediated by changes in PD-1 expression. These findings have implications for the use of agents targeting PD-1 expression or function whenever high-affinity CD8 T cells are elicited or supplied by means of vaccination or adoptive transfer. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 630–41. ©2017 AACR.
An automatic two-camera human motion perception system based on biomechanic model matching (2002)

A new automatic system is proposed to recover human motion from a sequence of images. This system is based on a biomechanic model of human body. The system consists of a modeling phase, matching phase and interpretation phase. Experiment results from a sequence of synthetic jump and a real sequence of a walking person have been obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Search for Factual Animal Models (2015)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, which occurs in the absence of alcohol abuse. NAFLD can evolve into progressive liver injury and fibrosis in the form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several animal models have been developed to attempt to represent the morphological, biochemical, and clinical features of human NASH. The actual review presents a critical analysis of the most commonly used experimental models of NAFLD/NASH development. These models can be classified into genetic, nutritional, and a combination of genetic and nutritional factors. The main genetic models are ob/ob and db/db mutant mice and Zucker rats. The principal nutritional models employ methionine- and choline-deficient, high-fat, high-cholesterol and high-cholate, cafeteria, and high-fructose diets. Currently, associations between high-fructose and various compositions of high-fat diets have been widely studied. Previous studies have encountered significant difficulties in developing animal models capable of reproducing human NASH. Some models produce consistent morphological findings, but the induction method differs significantly compared with the pathophysiology of human NASH. Other models precisely represent the clinical and etiological contexts of this disease but fail to provide accurate histopathological representations mainly in the progression from steatosis to liver fibrosis.
Cellular mobile TV phone: Current status and misconceptions (2008)

This paper discusses the current status of cellular mobile TV phone and continues with five misconceptions of cellular mobile TV phone based on "who", "when", "what", "where", and "how" categories, incorporating real tracking data and updated materials. This research will benefit the future of the cellular mobile communications industry, as a greater understanding is needed for trends in order to take forward steps to improve the general hands-on experience for the mobile subscribers. The establishment of current stage of adoption and enablement of cellular mobile TV phone services in most developed areas of the world has set a great benchmark for other countries to follow.
Physiological β Cell Death Triggers Priming of Self-reactive T Cells by Dendritic Cells in a Type-1 Diabetes Model (2003)

The prelude to type-1 diabetes is leukocyte infiltration into the pancreatic islets, or insulitis. This process begins in pancreatic lymph nodes when T lymphocytes reactive to islet beta cells encounter antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displaying peptides derived from beta cell proteins. We show here that a ripple of physiological beta cell death, which occurs at 2 wk of age in all mouse strains, precipitates the arrival of such APCs, and that the relevant APC is a dendritic cell of CD11c+CD11b+CD8alpha- phenotype. These findings have significant implications concerning the nature of the diabetes-provoking deficits in NOD mice, the identity of the primordial diabetogenic antigens, and our understanding of the balance between immunity and tolerance in a pathological context.
Alternatives to gaskets in shielding an enclosure (2003)

It is well known that a properly placed conductive gasket can complete an enclosure to yield good shielding. But often there are reasons, e.g. control of mechanical dimensions that this cannot be achieved. For these cases, one may want to avoid using a gasket that requires contacts. This paper analyzes alternatives to continuously contacting gaskets such as overlap structures, overlapping structures with different lossy and nonlossy materials, and overlaps with grounding points. It compares structures by sufficient shielding for a typical class B product, high frequency (1-3 GHz) and low frequency (below 1 GHz) performance.
Global beautification of layouts with interactive ambiguity resolution (2014)

Automatic global beautification methods have been proposed for sketch-based interfaces, but they can lead to undesired results due to ambiguity in the user's input. To facilitate ambiguity resolution in layout beautification, we present a novel user interface for visualizing and editing inferred relationships. First, our interface provides a preview of the beautified layout with inferred constraints, without directly modifying the input layout. In this way, the user can easily keep refining beautification results by interactively repositioning and/or resizing elements in the input layout. Second, we present a gestural interface for editing automatically inferred constraints by directly interacting with the visualized constraints via simple gestures. Our efficient implementation of the beautification system provides the user instant feedback. Our user studies validate that our tool is capable of creating, editing and refining layouts of graphic elements and is significantly faster than the standard snap-dragging and command-based alignment tools.
Run Clever – No difference in risk of injury when comparing progression in running volume and running intensity in recreational runners: A randomised trial (2018)

A similar proportion of runners sustained injuries in the two running schedules.
Characterization of L-Arabinose Isomerase in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, a GRAS Host, for the Production of Edible Tagatose (2009)

Abstract L-Arabinose isomerase (AI; E.C. 5.3.1.4), a commercial enzyme for the production of edible tagatose in vitro and ribulose production in vivo, has been studied using enzymes expressed in an Escherichia coli system, which might cause noxious by-products in food. To ensure food safety in the tagatose manufacturing process, we studied an AI expression system in Bacillus subtilis. The AI gene from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GSAI) was expressed in Bacillus subtilis, a GRAS host used in the production of fermented soybean in Korea, after subcloning into a Bacillus subtilis - E. coli shuttle vector, and was characterized after purification. The activities of the crude enzyme extract and a purified sample were 0.15 U/mg protein and 2.7 U/mg protein, respectively. The optimal pH and the optimal temperature for arabinose and galactose as substrates were pH 8.0 and 60°C, respectively, the same as those for GSAI in an E. coli expression system. Substrate affinities (Km) for arabinose and galactose were 77 mM and 279 mM, respectively, whereas in the E. coli expression system, they were 100 mM and 578 mM, respectively. Catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for arabinose and galactose were 58.3 and 11.4 mM−1 min−1, respectively. The potential use of GSAI expressed in a GRAS host for the production of edible tagatose is discussed in light of these results. Key Words: arabinose isomerasetagatose bioconversionfood safety Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by a grant from Korea Research Foundation (KRF2007-F00126) and in part by a grant from the Catholic University of Korea (2007 Research Fund to P. Kim). The authors appreciate Dr. Ki-Sung Kwon in Korea Food and Drug Administration for the helpful discussion.
The Clinical Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Colorectal Tumor (2006)

Objective To study the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative diagnosis of colorectal tumor,together with information such as the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis.Methods 38 colorectal neoplasm cases underwent MRI with a body coil.36 of them then received operation,and histopathological examinations were also investigated.The MRI results were compared with the operative and histopathological findings,and their correlationship was analyzed.Results 36 cases were pathologically proved as colorectal carcinoma.In 13 cases of colon carcinoma,the accuracy of MRI in T1-T2 stage was 85.7%,in T3 and T4 stage,it was 100%.So the accuracy of MRI in T stage in colon carcinoma was 92.3% and overstaging rate was 7.7%.In 23 cases of rectal carcinoma,the accuracy of MRI in T1-T2 stage was 80.0%,in T3 and T4 stage,it was 100%.So the accuracy of MRI in T stage in rectal carcinoma was 91.3%,and overstaging rate was 8.7%.Overall the MRI showed a 91.7% in accuracy for colorectal wall infiltration and overstaging rate was 8.3%.In the assessment of local lymph node involvement,the MRI results were also compared with the histopathological findings,and it was found that the sensitivity for lymph node metastases in MRI was 73.68%,the specificity was 70.59% and the accuracy was 72.22%.Conclusion MRI can clearly show the wall invasion in colorectal carcinoma,and can also partly show the lymph node infiltration,but the accuracy of lymph node involvement needs further improvement.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A New Wave of Molecular Targeted Anticancer Agents (2007)

Epigenetics as well as post-translational modifications of proteins are emerging as novel attractive targets for anti-cancer therapy. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are two classes of enzymes regulating histone acetylation and whose altered activity has been identified in several cancers. In particular, imbalance in histone acetylation can lead to changes in chromatin structure and transcriptional dysregulation of genes that are involved in the control of proliferation, cell-cycle progression, differentiation and/or apoptosis. In addition, several non histone protein substrates such as transcription factors, chaperone proteins or tubulin, undergo acetylation as key post-translation modification regulating their half-life and function. On this regard, several inhibitors of HDAC, selected by academic as well as industrial research, have been recently shown to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells and have been patented as anti-cancer agents. Although several clinical studies with HDAC inhibitors are ongoing, their mechanism of action cannot be solely attributed to the level of histone acetylation and molecular basis for their tumor selectivity remains unknown, presenting a challenge for the cancer research community.
When the Greedy Solution Solves a Class of Knapsack Problems (1975)

This paper analyzes a heuristic for the knapsack problem that recursively determines a solution by making a variable with smallest marginal unit cost as large as possible. Recursive necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimality of such “greedy” solutions and a “good” algorithm for verifying these conditions are given. Maximum absolute error for nonoptimal “greedy” solutions is also examined.
Dual-channel functional electrical stimulation improvements in speed-based gait classifications (2013)

Dual-channel FES positively affects gait velocity in patients with chronic hemiparesis, regardless of their initial gait velocity. Furthermore, gait velocity gains may be large enough to change an individual's ambulation status to a higher functional category.
Making value added products from palm oil by 1-3 regioselectivity enzymatic interesterification (1992)

Ce travail a été entrepris dans le but d'augmenter les qualités nutritionnelles et commerciales de l'huile de palme et des fractions concrètes par interestérification enzymatique catalysée par des lipases 1-3 régiosélectives dans un milieu fondu. Les buts principaux sont de développer des matériels de base pour margarine de table ou de pâtisserie, et de produire des huiles fluides pour l'assaisonnement et la friture éventuellement enrichies en acides gras essentiels répondants aux besoins technologiques et nutritionnels
Human Hepatocytes in Primary Culture: The Choice to Investigate Drug Metabolism in Man (2004)

Different types of hepatic tissue, including whole or split livers from organ donors or waste liver from therapeutic liver resections, are used to prepare human hepatocyte cultures. Characteristics of liver samples from different origins (gender, age, healthy/pathological status, xenobiotic treatment) as sources of human hepatocytes are key factors which notably determine viability and functionality of hepatocytes. The characterisation of the CYP system can be assessed in terms of activity (using specific substrates/inhibitors), protein (antibody analysis) and molecular biology-based mRNA amplification techniques (PCR technology and DNA microarrays). It could reasonably be considered that human hepatocytes reflect the heterogeneity of CYP expression in human liver and is a suitable model for drug metabolism studies. Several key issues need to be addressed at the early stages of drug development to better select drug candidates (metabolic profile and rate, identification of CYPs involved, drug-drug interactions due to enzyme induction/inhibition). The metabolic stability and metabolite profile of new chemicals can be easily investigated by incubating the drugs with fully competent metabolic models like hepatocyte suspensions or 24 h-cultured hepatocytes. CYP inhibitory effects are usually screened in recombinant CYP enzymes or microsomes, however, the actual concentration of substrate and inhibitor available to the CYP enzyme depends on processes missing in subcellular models (transport mechanisms, cytosolic enzymes, binding to intracellular proteins). Since intact cells more closely reflect the environment to which drugs are exposed in the liver, cultured hepatocytes constitute a more predictive model for drug-drug interactions. Screening of CYP inducers cannot be done in microsomes as it requires a cellular system fully capable of expressing CYP genes. Primary hepatocytes are still the unique in vitro model for global examination of inductive potential of drugs (monitored as increases in mRNA content or activity).
Abbreviated Regimens of Zidovudine Prophylaxis and Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1998)

These results confirm the efficacy of zidovudine prophylaxis and suggest that there are reductions in the rates of perinatal transmission of HIV even with the use of abbreviated regimens that are begun intra partum or in the first 48 hours of life.