gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Photoresponsive Two‐Dimensional GaSe Nanosheet Networks (2014)

Synthesis of functional metal chalcogenide (GaSe) nanosheet networks by stoichiometric transfer of laser‐vaporized material from bulk GaSe targets is presented. Uniform coverage of interconnected, crystalline, and photoresponsive GaSe nanosheets in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane orientations are achieved under different ablation conditions. The propagation of the laser‐vaporized material is characterized by in situ ICCD‐imaging. High (1 Torr) Ar background gas pressure is found to be crucial for the stoichiometric growth of GaSe nanosheet networks. Individual 1–3 layer GaSe triangular nanosheets of ≈200 nm domain size are formed within 30 laser pulses, coalescing to form nanosheet networks in as few as 100 laser pulses. The thickness of the deposited networks increases linearly with pulse number, adding layers in a two‐dimensional (2D) growth mode. GaSe nanosheet networks show p‐type semiconducting characteristics with mobilities reaching as high as 0.1 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . Spectrally‐resolved photoresponsivities and external quantum efficiencies range from 0.4 AW −1 and 100% at 700 nm, to 1.4 AW −1 and 600% at 240 nm, respectively. Pulsed laser deposition under these conditions appears to provide a versatile and rapid approach to stoichiometrically transfer and deposit functional networks of 2D nanosheets with digital thickness control and uniformity for a variety of applications.
<title>Scaling of a Q-switch CO<formula><inf><roman>2</roman></inf></formula> laser for pulsed laser deposition</title> (1998)

In Pulsed Laser Deposition the laser parameters pulse duration, repetition rate, and average output power are important parameters for control of the resulting film properties. In order to obtain high deposition and coverage rates the use of powerful laser radiation sources is required. A new approach is the use of Q-switch CO<SUB>2</SUB> lasers, making accessible the range of kW average output powers for PLD. A common industrial fast axial gas flow rf-excited CO<SUB>2</SUB>-laser is equipped with a mechanical Q-switch assembly. The characteristic properties of this laser radiation source are studied by measurements of the average output power and of the spatial and temporal intensity distribution of the laser radiation. Results show, that the laser operates in multimode or in TEM<SUB>10</SUB> mode depending on the use of apertures in the resonator. Variation of the electrical rf-excitation (in synchronization with the Q-switch) influences the pulse duration and shape, repetition rate, and average output power. Based on the experimental findings model calculations are carried out, in order to predict the pulse energy and average output power of the laser radiation source, when operating with different Q-switch parameters, e.g. higher repetition rates.
Regeneration of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide with bipolar membrane electrodialysis from pure sodium chloride (1998)

In this work an electrodialysis process with bipolar membranes was used to generate HCl and NaOH from pure NaCl and Algerian rock salt from Hamraya. The current efficiency of this process was limited by the proton leakage through the anion exchange membrane: diffusion of HCl, NaOH, Na+ and Cl- through bipolar membranes. In this work two low-proton-leakage membranes, AAV and ACM, were used. NaOH and HCl solutions of high purity were obtained. The experimental values of the HCl and NaOH fluxes are compared with the values that could be calculated after integrating the Nernst–Planck electrodiffusion equations. This calculation required several parameters that were experimentally determined: ion diffusion coefficients, membrane conductance and amount of sorbed electrolytes. Regeneration de l'acide chlorhydrique et de la soude par electrodialyse avec une membrane bipolaire à partir du chlorure de sodium. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilise′ l'e′lectrodialyse avec une membrane bipolaire pour re′ge′ne′rer l'acide chlorhydrique à partir du chlorure de sodium pur et du mineral de sel d'Hamraya. Le rendement faradique de ce proce′de′ est limite′ par la fuite en protons au travers des membranes e′changeuses d'anions: la diffusion de HCl, NaOH, Na+ et Cl- à travers les membranes bipolaires. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilise′ les membranes AAV et les membranes ACM qui sont des membranes à faibles fuites en proton. Nous avons obtenu des solutions de HCl et de NaOH à haute purete′. Les valeurs expe′rimentales des flux de HCl et NaOH sont compare′es avec les valeurs calcule′es à partir de l'inte′gration des e′quations d'e′lectrodiffusion de Nernst–Planck. Ce calcul ne′cessite la connaissance de plusieurs paramètres qui ont e′te′ de′termine′s expe′rimentalement: coefficients de diffusion des ions, conductance de la membrane et quantite′s d'e′lectrolytes sorbe′s.
Vibrational-Rotational Population Inversion (1965)

A general theory of partial and complete vibrational-rotational population inversion is developed. The requirement for stimulated emission in the R-branch is that the rotational quantum number J shall exceed a minimum value which depends in a simple fashion on the ratio of the rotational to the vibrational temperature (Tr/Tυ), both of which may be positive (partial inversion). Stimulated emission in the Q and R branches is only possible if Tυ < 0 (complete inversion). Features peculiar to a vibrational-rotational laser are discussed in terms of the equation for net gain. Rough upper limits are set on the power output from a chemical laser. The equations governing partial inversion are illustrated for the example of HCl. Processes (electric discharge, chemical reaction) which have produced partial population inversion are discussed. The problem of maintaining complete population inversion is set out in terms of a hypothetical process forming CO continuously in level υ = 7 only. Physical processes which might excite a molecule into a high vibrational state either by way of an electronically excited state (through fluorescence) or within the ground electronic state (through electronic → vibrational transfer, or through energetic impacts) are discussed. Chemical processes which might result in a greater probability for reaction into a higher vibrational state than a lower one, kυ′ ≫ kυ, are considered under three headings: attractive, mixed, and repulsive reactions. (a) In attractive reactions it is supposed that the reagents attract but the products do not repel (significantly); the heat of reaction is trapped as vibration in the new bond. (b) In the mixed reactions it is argued that there is a tendency for the repulsion to be dissipated while the new bond is still extended; as a result, both repulsion and attraction could be converted to vibration in the new bond. (c) The repulsive reactions only appear likely to give kυ′ ≫ kυ in special circumstances; if the central atom is light or the repulsion impulsive. Examples are suggested in each category: (a) association reactions; (b) covalent → ionic reactions (e.g., alkali metal atom plus halogen or halide); (c) covalent reactions. The second category shows particular promise of providing reactions suitable for use in a chemical laser.
The Role of Parvovirus B19 in Aplastic Crisis and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) (1986)

In 1984, simultaneous outbreaks of aplastic crisis and erythema infectiosum occurred in northeastern Ohio. Sera were analyzed from 26 patients with aplastic crisis: 24 had IgM specific for parvovirus B19, five had B19-like particles by electron microscopy, and 13 had DNA from B19; no sera from 33 controls had evidence of recent infection with B19 (P less than .0001). DNA from B19 was also detected in specimens of throat gargle and urine from two patients with aplastic crisis. Sera from 36 of 51 children with erythema infectiosum had B19-specific IgM, compared with serum from one of 42 susceptible controls (P less than .0001). DNA from B19 was detected in sera from only two of 51 patients who had erythema infectiosum. The secondary attack rates among susceptible contacts decreased with age (overall total, 49.6%). Differential rates of asymptomatic infection were observed among black (68.8%) and white (20.0%) household members (P = .003). These were the first identified simultaneous outbreaks of aplastic crisis and erythema infectiosum. Their occurrence provided an opportunity to study the epidemiology and spectrum of B19 infection with geographically and temporally matched comparison groups; our results support the hypothesis that infection with parvovirus causes these two clinical entities.
Functional domains of the t(8;21) fusion protein, AML-1/ETO. (1995)

The AML-1/ETO fusion protein is created by the (8;21) translocation, the second most frequent chromosomal abnormality associated with acute myeloid leukemia. In the fusion protein the AML-1 runt homology domain, which is responsible for DNA binding and CBF beta interaction, is linked to ETO, a gene of unknown function. The primary sequences of the runt homology domain indicates no known DNA binding motifs, but is predicted to contain six beta-strands, two alpha-helices and a nucleotide binding motif. Mutagenesis of AML-1/ETO was performed to delimit the functional domains of the chimeric protein. Most mutations in the runt homology domain that resulted in reduced CBF beta binding also inhibited DNA binding, indicating that the DNA and CBF beta binding sequences are tightly linked. However, these activities were separated by a point mutation of residue 144, within the putative ATP binding motif, which nearly eliminated DNA binding, but did not affect CBF beta binding. Random mutagenesis identified the hydrophobic face of the amphipathic fifth beta-strand, adjacent to the putative ATP binding motif, as critical for both DNA and CBF beta binding. C-terminal deletion mutants of AML-1/ETO indicated that ETO sequences are essential for interference with AML-1B-mediated transcriptional activation, and that residue 540 defines the C-terminal boundary of a potential repression domain. Thus, these mutational analyses define the regions of AML-1/ETO which regulate its function and that may be important in promoting leukemia.
[Determination of human RHD gene rhesus box and its significance]. (2005)

The aim was to determine RHD zygosity, further to investigate genetic structure of RHD gene, and to predict hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN). The upstream box, downstream box, and hybrid box of RHD gene were determined by PCR-SSP with 4 primers under the same conditions. The results showed that only hybrid box could be determined in RHD(-)/RHD(-) homozygosity. All the upstream box, downstream box, and hybrid box could be determined in RHD(+)/RHD(-) heterozygosity, while upstream box and downstream box except hybrid box could be determined in RHD(+)/RHD(+) homozygosity. Out of 50 cases of RhD(+), 5 cases (10%) were RHD(+)/RHD(-) heterozygosity, and the others (90%) were RHD(+)/RHD(+) homozygosity. 54 cases (55.1%), 36 cases (36.7%) and 8 cases (8.2%) were RHD(-)/RHD(-) homozygosity, RHD(+)/RHD(-) heterozygosity, and RHD(+)/RHD(+) homozygosity respectively in 98 unrelated cases of RhD(-) Chinese Hans. 2 cases of weak D were proved to be RHD(+)/RHD(-) heterozygosity. Out of 16 D(el) types, the upstream box, downstream box, and hybrid box could be determined in 10 cases (37.5%) and the upstream box and downstream box except hybrid box could be determined in 6 cases. Results detecting of RHD 10 exons in above samples proved the correctness of the method. It is concluded that the method is suitable for clinical application with its simplicity and veracity. There are many noneffective RHD genes (44.9%) in Chinese Hans with RhD(-) phenotype.
On the comparison of uncertainty criteria for active SLAM (2012)

In this paper, we consider the computation of the D-optimality criterion as a metric for the uncertainty of a SLAM system. Properties regarding the use of this uncertainty criterion in the active SLAM context are highlighted, and comparisons against the A-optimality criterion and entropy are presented. This paper shows that contrary to what has been previously reported, the D-optimality criterion is indeed capable of giving fruitful information as a metric for the uncertainty of a robot performing SLAM. Finally, through various experiments with simulated and real robots, we support our claims and show that the use of D-opt has desirable effects in various SLAM related tasks such as active mapping and exploration.
Application of a novel self-calibrating scheme to a video-rate pipelined multi-stage A/D converter (2003)

An online self-calibrating technique for pipelined multistage analog-to-digital (A/D) converters is presented. The scheme is loosely based upon the stochastic gradient method. The gradient is evaluated on error-code information from the digital output of each flash comparator array. The adaptive control circuitry is implemented in mixed analog/digital mode. The scheme is generally applicable to pipelined converters of any accuracy, and especially helpful in counteracting interstage gain errors. Results from simulation of a 10-b A/D converter are given to illustrate the efficiency of the scheme and the simplicity of the corresponding circuitry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Inactive pT181 Initiator Heterodimer, RepC/C, Binds but Fails to Induce Melting of the Plasmid Replication Origin (1996)

Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pT181 replicates via a rolling circle mechanism. The synthesis of the pT181 initiator protein (RepC) is regulated by antisense RNAs, and RepC is inactivated after usage by the attachment of an oligonucleotide to one of its subunits. The inactivated heterodimeric RepC/C* has been shown be unable to initiate replication in vitro (Rasooly, A., and Novick, R. P. (1993) Science 262, 1048-1050). The inactive RepC/C* has been found to be very stable and constitute about 90-95% of the total RepC antigen inside the cell. We studied the specific interaction of the RepC/C and RepC/C* complex with the pT181 double strand origin. The results indicated that RepC/C and RepC/C* footprint supercoiled DNA differently although their footprints on linear DNA are similar; we also find that RepC/C is able to enhance cruciform extrusion while RepC/C* cannot. RepC/C* binds and bends the double strand origin much more weakly than does RepC/C. These results suggest that the attached oligonucleotide induces a conformational change in the RepC/C* molecule that is responsible for its lack of activity.
AI medicine comes to Africa's rural clinics (2017)

In rural health clinics across Kenya, women have started showing up with a surprising request: They've come for their "cervical selfies." ¶ Their enthusiasm is a good omen for a public health campaign against cervical cancer now under way in six African countries. Using an optical accessory that snaps onto any Android smartphone and makes use of its camera, health workers are examining women and catching early signs of cancer, enabling them to get immediate treatment. And soon this diagnostic device will be better still. With the integration of artificial intelligence, this technology may serve as a model for smarter health care in Africa and beyond.
[Biologically active azomethines. Delépine reaction with 1-chloromethylisatin; preparation of some 1-aminomethylisatinazomethines (author's transl)]. (1979)

The authors describe the synthesis of I-aminomethylisatin (3) from [I-chloromethylisatin] (1) by means of the Delépine reaction. On condensation with aromatic aldehydes, 3 yields the azomethines 5--7. The azomethine 5 is converted into the corresponding thiosemicarbazone 9. Testing for mitodepressive activity showed that the compounds 5--7 are active. On testing in vitro for tuberculostatic effects, the compound 9 proved exceptionally potent.
Genetic analysis of non-recessive factors of resistance to diazinon in the SKA strain of the housefly (Musca domestica L.). (1966)

The recent allocation of many visible mutants to specific linkage-groups has made possible their use as genetic markers in the study of the inheritance of insecticide resistance. In most organophosphorus-resistant strains, resistance is controlled by a single gene on the V linkage-group responsible for resistance and low ali-esterase activity, but in some strains more than one factor is present. The present work was done to analyse the genetics of resistance to diazinon in a strain (the SKA strain) bred from two diazinon-resistant strains. Crosses between the SKA flies and four susceptible recessive marker strains, each marked on one linkage-group, followed by test-crosses with recessive markers and by bioassays of each cross, have shown that non-recessive factors for resistance to diazinon are present on the IV and V linkage-groups. The SKA strain genetically resembles its parents but differs by being considerably more resistant.
A Prospective Study in the Rational Design of Efficient Antisense Oligonucleotides for Exon Skipping in the <i>DMD</i> Gene (2012)

Antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated exon skipping to restore dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) therapy shown promise in a number of human clinical trials. Current AON design methods are semi-empirical, involving either trial-and-error and/or preliminary experimentations. Therefore, a rational approach to design efficient AONs to address the wide spectrum of patients' mutations is desirable. Retrospective studies have extracted many AON design variables, but they were not tested prospectively to design AONs for skipping DMD exons. Not only did the variables differ among the various studies, no numerical cutoff for each variable was inferred, which makes their use in AON design difficult. The challenge is to thus select a minimal set of key independent variables that can consistently design efficient AONs. In this prospective study, a novel set of design variables with respective cutoff values was used to design 23 novel AONs, each to skip one of nine DMD exons. Nineteen AONs were found to be efficacious in inducing specific exon skipping (83% of total), of which 14 were considered efficient (61% of total), i.e., they induced exon skipping in >25% of total transcripts. Notably, the satisfactory success rates were achieved by using only three design variables; namely, co-transcriptional binding accessibility of target site, presence of exonic splicing enhancers, and target length. Retrospective analyses revealed that the most efficient AON in every exon targeted has the lowest average cumulative position (ACP) score. Taking the prospective and retrospective studies together, we propose that design guidelines recommend using the ACP score to select the most efficient AON for each exon.
Role of EVI1 in Cell Cycle Regulation: Relevance of Specific Target Genes. (2005)

Abstract Mds1-Evi1 is a complex locus with two distinct transcriptional start sites, four possible polyadenylation sites, and nineteen exons spread over half a megabase that encodes at least six protein isoforms containing variable numbers of DNA-binding zinc finger motifs. In mouse and some other species, the locus is a common site of proviral insertion in myeloid leukemia, while in human it is a site of nonrandom chromosomal rearrangement in myelodysplasia, AML, and CML blast crisis. One such translocation is t(3;21), encoding the AML1-MDS1-EVI1 (AME) fusion protein. We have characterized the RNA transcripts and proteins generated by Mds1-Evi1 in murine leukemic cells bearing Evi1 proviral insertion using three different antisera specific for the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of EVI1, as well as MDS1, and find consistent overexpression of three protein isoforms of 135, 123, and 103 kDa (EVI1A, B, and C, respectively) while other isoforms, including MDS1-EVI1, are not normally expressed. However, by knocking lacZ into the Mds1 first exon we showed that it is normally expressed in hematopoietic progenitors, similar to Evi1. The N-terminal zinc finger domain present in the EVI1A and B isoforms binds to the GACAAGATA motif with high affinity, and single missense mutations in zinc finger six abrogate high affinity binding. Using two different bioassays, we have demonstrated that cellular transformation by either the EVI1A isoform or by AME is dependent on DNA binding via this N-terminal domain, thus indicating that transformation is dependent on the action of this domain on specific target genes. To determine the biological effect of Evi1 on leukemic cell growth, short hairpin RNAs were used to suppress Evi1, and this resulted in slowing of the cell cycle and prolongation of the G2/M phase. RNA expression profiling revealed significant changes in gene expression accompanied Evi1 suppression, including some involved in cell cycle control. Upon long term Evi1 suppression, numerous markers of myeloid differentiation were induced, indicating the acquisition of a differentiation-like phenotype. These data indicate an effect of EVI1 on both cell cycle and differentiation, and suggest that the effect on cell cycle is direct. To gain further insight into the nature of EVI1 target genes, we utilized tet-regulated expression of Evi1A, and identified a set of putative targets of the A isoform that includes genes directly involved in cell cycle. However, the fold changes are relatively minor, and although the kinetics of activation suggests these are direct targets, this has not been conclusively demonstrated. We predict on the basis of these data that EVI1 expression modulates several key regulators of cell cycle and this results in an acceleration of cell cycle. With high level EVI1 expression, block to differentiation is induced as well.
BMRF: Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (2016)

Nowadays, the transition of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), in particular to IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN), is evident [1]. However, in most commonly used implementations, not all IPv6 features are available. For example, current implementations are not very optimized for multicast, despite the many benefits multicast can offer with respect to the number of radio transmissions and the amount of consumed energy. In this paper we present Bidirectional Multicast RPL Forwarding (BMRF), a new multicast protocol that combines the best features of the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) multicast on the one hand and of Stateless Multicast RPL Forwarding (SMRF) on the other hand. The main features are bidirectionality and the ability to offer a choice between Link Layer broadcast and Link Layer unicast for which the threshold to decide for a mote, which link layer mode to choose, is mainly based on its number of interested children and the duty cycling rate. An implementation of BMRF is realized in Contiki. Our measurements show that BMRF, when using the optimal configuration, results in less radio transmissions, and less energy consumption, and higher packet delivery ratio compared to SMRF, often at the cost of a higher end-to-end delay.
Effect of Progressive Addition Lenses on Myopia Progression in Japanese Children: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Masked, Crossover Trial (2008)

The use of PALs slowed myopia progression, although the treatment effect was small, as previously reported in ethnically diverse children in the United States. The significant treatment-by-period interaction suggests that early application of PALs would probably be more beneficial for these age and refraction ranges (isrctn.org number, 28611140).