gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
>Filamentous growth of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by overexpression of the WH12 gene (1997)

The WHI2 gene of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the arrest of cell proliferation upon nutrient exhaustion: whi2 mutants carry on dividing and in the absence of growth become abnormally small. It is reported here that overexpression of Whi2 from the GAL1 promoter results in filamentous growth - cells fail to complete cytokinesis, the budding pattern changes from axial to polar, cells become elongated and cell size increases threefold. In many ways, these filaments resemble the pseudohyphae which result from nitrogen-limited growth and the filaments seen during the invasive growth of haploids. However, Whi2-induced filament formation is reduced, but not blocked, by mutations in STE7, STE12 or STE20 which do block pseudohypha formation. Furthermore, pseudohypha formation can still occur in a diploid in which both copies of the WHI2 gene have been deleted. Thus Whi2-induced filament formation and pseudohypha formation must come about through the action of different pathways. Despite this, a mutation in the STE11 gene, which is required for pseudohypha formation, does block Whi2-induced filament formation. Concanavalin A pulse-chase experiments show that new cell wall material is incorporated only into the tips of the apical cells. An extragenic suppressor of the Whi2 allele also results in filamentous growth. These results suggest that Whi2 negatively regulates a function required for the budding mode of cell proliferation including cytokinesis. This function is defined wholly or in part by the fsw1 allele.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2008)

Recent efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other researchers have resulted in a growing database of measured concentrations of chemical substances in blood or urine samples taken from the general population. However, few tools exist to assist in the interpretation of the measured values in a health risk context. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) are defined as the concentration or range of concentrations of a chemical or its metabolite in a biological medium (blood, urine, or other medium) that is consistent with an existing health-based exposure guideline. This document reviews available pharmacokinetic data and models for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and applies these data and models to existing health-based exposure guidance values from the US Environmental Protection Agency to estimate corresponding BE values for 2,4-D in plasma and urine. These values can be used as screening tools for evaluation of biomonitoring data for 2,4-D in the context of the existing USEPA risk assessment and for prioritization of the potential need for additional risk assessment efforts for 2,4-D.
Structural trends in copper(<scp>ii</scp>) bis(thiosemicarbazone) radiopharmaceuticals (2003)

Redox-related changes in biological properties of copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) radiopharmaceuticals are induced by backbone alkylation. To determine whether these changes are mediated by changes in core structural parameters, eight X-ray structures of variously alkylated complexes were determined. The complexes include the hypoxia tracer diacetylbis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (CuATSM). The structures of the nickel analogue NiATSM and the corresponding free ligand ATSMH2 were also included. Distortions from planarity were slight and only present when there were significant intermolecular interactions (mainly pairs of N–H–N and N–H–S hydrogen bonds). These give rise to cross-linked flat or helical ribbons of complexes. Alkylation at the terminal nitrogen atoms interrupts hydrogen bonding, allowing complexes to become planar, but does not otherwise affect the coordination sphere. Alkylation at the backbone carbon atoms increases the backbone C–C bond length, allowing the metal to fit better into the ligand cavity with shorter Cu–S bonds.
A new method for evaluating errors in high-frequency ADV measurements (2000)

The acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) measures three-dimensional velocities in a small, remote sampling volume at high frequencies, however, these measurements incorporate errors that are intrinsic to the measurement technique. This paper demonstrates a new method for calculating the total measurement errors, including sampling errors, Doppler noise and errors due to velocity shear in the sampling volume associated with single-point ADV measurements. This procedure incorporates both the effects of instrument configuration and the distribution of errors between velocity components for any probe orientation. It is shown that the ADV can characterize turbulent velocity fluctuations at frequencies up to the maximum sampling rate and that Reynolds shear stress errors are very small. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colour Morphology and Snakes for Optic Disc Localisation (2002)

The location of the optic disc is of critical importance in retinal image analysis. We improve on past approaches on optic disc detection by working in colour space and also by localising accurately the optic disc boundary using an automatically initialised snake. The key issue presented is a comparison of colour spaces for performing colour morphology to remove blood vessels and prepare the image for snake analysis. Results indicate 100% accuracy for identification and 90.32% average accuracy in localising the optic disc boundary.
On-chip electron-impact ion source using carbon nanotube field emitters (2007)

A lateral on-chip electron-impact ion source utilizing a carbon nanotube field emission electron source was fabricated and characterized. The device consists of a cathode with aligned carbon nanotubes, a control grid, and an ion collector electrode. The electron-impact ionization of He, Ar, and Xe was studied as a function of field emission current and pressure. The ion current was linear with respect to gas pressure from 10−4to10−1Torr. The device can operate as a vacuum ion gauge with a sensitivity of approximately 1Torr−1. Ion currents in excess of 1μA were generated.
Application of a capacitance sensor for monitoring water lubricated pipeline flows (2014)

Lubricated pipe flow (LPF) is a pipeline transportation technology for highly viscous oils. In this technology, a viscous oil‐core is lubricated by an enveloping water annulus. A major technical challenge for LPF is the flow instability caused by a fouling layer of viscous oil on pipe wall. To monitor the thickness of this layer, application of a capacitance sensor has been investigated. The experiments were conducted with two laboratory‐scale sensors: a bench‐top concentric pipe spool set‐up and a rectangular flow cell. The experimental study was complemented with simulations obtained using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results from these experimental and numerical studies are in good agreement. The current research suggests that capacitance sensors similar to the ones described here can be used to monitor the thickness of a wall‐fouling layer. This monitoring will facilitate the reliable operation of LPF pipelines.
A method for dynamic subtraction MR imaging of the liver (2006)

This new method for realigning dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D MR volumes of liver leads to subtraction images that enhance diagnostic possibilities for liver lesions.
Advancement of MIMO technology in WiMAX: from IEEE 802.16d/e/j to 802.16m (2009)

WiMAX is the first cellular standard that employs OFDMA technology and provides true integrated services for both fixed and mobile broadband access. Among the many new technologies adopted in WiMAX, MIMO antenna technology plays an essential role in delivering fast, rich-content, mobile broadband service reliably over extended coverage areas. In this article we provide a survey on the state of art of MIMO technologies in current WiMAX standards with an emphasis on practical engineering considerations. Moreover, we also briefly discuss the ongoing MIMO technologies in the evolution toward the next-generation WiMAX network.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Phthalides through Cationic [Rh<sup>I</sup>(H<sub>8</sub>‐binap)]‐Catalyzed Cross Alkyne Cyclotrimerization (2004)

Easy access to axially chiral phthalides that bear one or two oxymethylene functionalities is provided by an enantioselective cross alkyne cyclotrimerization in the presence of the cationic complex [RhI{(S)-H8-binap}]+. The axial chirality is introduced during the formation of the benzene ring with high enantioselectivity.
Ups and Downs in Buzzes: Life Cycle Modeling for Temporal Pattern Discovery (2014)

In social media analysis, one critical task is detecting burst of topics or buzz, which is reflected by extremely frequent mentions of certain key words in a short time interval. Detecting buzz not only provides useful insights into the information propagation mechanism, but also plays an essential role in preventing malicious rumors. However, buzz modeling is a challenging task because a buzz time-series usually exhibits sudden spikes and heavy tails, which fails most existing time-series models. To deal with buzz time-series sequences, we propose a novel time-series modeling approach which captures the rise and fade temporal patterns via Product Life Cycle (PLC) models, a classical concept in economics. More specifically, we propose a mixture of PLC models to capture the multiple peaks in buzz time-series and furthermore develop a probabilistic graphical model (K-MPLC) to automatically discover inherent life cycle patterns within a collection of buzzes. Our experiment results show that our proposed method significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches on buzzes clustering.
HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Enhances T-Cell Proliferation by Impeding the Suppressive Signaling of Co-inhibitory Receptors (2017)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and inflammatory diseases. To enhance cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1, the virus increases the number of infected cells in vivo. HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) is constitutively expressed in HTLV-1 infected cells and ATL cells and promotes T-cell proliferation. However, the detailed mechanism by which it does so remains unknown. Here, we show that HBZ enhances the proliferation of expressing T cells after stimulation via the T-cell receptor. HBZ promotes this proliferation by influencing the expression and function of multiple co-inhibitory receptors. HBZ suppresses the expression of BTLA and LAIR-1 in HBZ expressing T cells and ATL cells. Expression of T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) was enhanced, but their suppressive effect on T-cell proliferation was functionally impaired. HBZ inhibits the co-localization of SHP-2 and PD-1 in T cells, thereby leading to impaired inhibition of T-cell proliferation and suppressed dephosphorylation of ZAP-70 and CD3ζ. HBZ does this by interacting with THEMIS, which associates with Grb2 and SHP-2. Thus, HBZ interacts with the SHP containing complex, impedes the suppressive signal from PD-1 and TIGIT, and enhances the proliferation of T cells. Although HBZ was present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of T cells, HBZ was localized largely in the nucleus by suppressed expression of THEMIS by shRNA. This indicates that THEMIS is responsible for cytoplasmic localization of HBZ in T cells. Since THEMIS is expressed only in T-lineage cells, HBZ mediated inhibition of the suppressive effects of co-inhibitory receptors accounts for how HTLV-1 induces proliferation only of T cells in vivo. This study reveals that HBZ targets co-inhibitory receptors to cause the proliferation of infected cells.
Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures on <i>p</i>-type GaAs with low interface state density (1996)

Interfacial properties of in situ deposited Si3N4/Si/p-GaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor structures have been investigated. Conductance loss measurements show that a minimum interface trap density as low as 5.5×1010 cm−1 eV−1 has been achieved on p-type GaAs by using a high quality strained Si interlayer. The quasistatic and high-frequency capacitance-voltage measurements as well as the theoretical high-frequency capacitance-voltage calculation clearly demonstrate the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regions. The interface trap density as a function of the band-gap energy near the midgap has been determined with the conductance method. The reduced band bending (0.84 V) may be mainly caused by the narrower band gap of the strained Si interlayer.
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing of Wire Rope Defects with Denoising (2019)

As an efficient non-destructive testing method, magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing has been widely used for inspecting wire ropes. In this method, many factors can affect the MFL signal, and the accurate extraction of defect signals is a fundamental issue that bears consideration. For a wire rope with certain structure, the strand-waveform noise is the most important and most energy-efficient noise. We propose a new denoising method that eliminates the strand-waveform noise in the magnetic flux leakage testing of wire rope defects, then detect the defects and determinates the region. For a wire rope with certain structure, the strand-waveform signal shows a certain regularity both in the axial direction and in the circumferential direction. We eliminate the strand-waveform noise by using the instantaneous phase solution in Hilbert transform. Compared with the traditional method, this method not only suppresses the strand-waveform noise but also highlights the defects signal. This method can realize real-time processing. Experimental results show that this method can well suppress the strand-waveform noise, and can accurately detect the defects.
Voluntary Desegregation, Resegregation, and the Hope for Equal Educational Opportunity (2011)

Over the past decade, several school districts have sought to desegregate their schools, believing that this is crucial to providing equal educational opportunities to all students. The Supreme Court in Parents Involved v. Seattle School District placed limitations on how districts can achieve this goal. School districts and advocates are testing the limits and receiving approval from the federal government and courts.
A randomized, open‐label clinical trial of tasisulam sodium versus paclitaxel as second‐line treatment in patients with metastatic melanoma (2014)

Although the study was stopped early because of safety issues in the tasisulam arm, tasisulam was considered unlikely to be superior to paclitaxel, and paclitaxel activity in the second-line treatment of melanoma was much lower than expected. The toxicity imbalance was attributed to an unexpectedly low tasisulam clearance in a subset of patients, underscoring the importance of pharmacokinetic monitoring of compounds with complex dosing, even in late-phase studies.
Increasing the robustness of DNNs against image corruptions by playing the Game of Noise (2020)

The human visual system is remarkably robust against a wide range of naturally occurring variations and corruptions like rain or snow. In contrast, the performance of modern image recognition models strongly degrades when evaluated on previously unseen corruptions. Here, we demonstrate that a simple but properly tuned training with additive Gaussian and Speckle noise generalizes surprisingly well to unseen corruptions, easily reaching the previous state of the art on the corruption benchmark ImageNet-C (with ResNet50) and on MNIST-C. We build on top of these strong baseline results and show that an adversarial training of the recognition model against uncorrelated worst-case noise distributions leads to an additional increase in performance. This regularization can be combined with previously proposed defense methods for further improvement.
Minimum 1-Year Follow-Up for Patients With Vertical Shear Sacroiliac Joint Dislocations Treated With Iliosacral Screws: Does Joint Ankylosis or Anatomic Reduction Contribute to Functional Outcome? (2008)

Based on the results of this study, in the treatment of vertically displaced, pure SI joint dislocations, an anatomic reduction (whether closed or open), followed by ISS fixation should be the goal because this appears to be the only predictor of a more favorable functional outcome in patients with this injury. Complete SI joint ankylosis appears to have no effect, either positive or negative, on functional outcome in these patients.
Lyapunov features based EEG signal classification by multi-class SVM (2011)

Electroencephalographms (EEGs) are records of brain electrical activity. It is an indispensable tool for diagnosing neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. Wavelet transform (WT) is an effective tool for analysis of non-stationary signal, such as EEGs. Wavelet analysis is used to decompose the EEG into delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma sub-bands. Lyapunov exponent is used to quantify the nonlinear chaotic dynamics of the signal‥ Furthermore, the distinct states of brain activity had different chaotic dynamics quantified by nonlinear invariant measures such as Lyapunov exponents. The probabilistic neural network (PNN) and radial basis function neural network were tested and also their performance of classification rate was evaluated using benchmark dataset. Decision making was performed in two stages: feature extraction by computing the Lyapunov exponents, Wavelet Coefficients and classification using the classifiers trained on the extracted features. Our research demonstrated that the Lyapunov exponents and Wavelet Coefficients are the features which well represent the EEG signals and the multi-class SVM and PNN trained on these features achieved high classification accuracies such as 96% and 94%.
High-speed QKD system synchronized by automatic phase-alignment mechanism (2005)

A high-speed QKD system, which has an automatic modulation-phase-alignment mechanism for compensating for GVD, was developed. Using this system, we confirmed high-speed and stable quantum key distribution with transmission over 40 km was possible.
Treatment of alternating hemiplegia of childhood with aripiprazole (2008)

We report the pharmacological treatment of a case of alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) in a 14-year-old female with an established diagnosis. Although the patient's symptoms are consistent with those of the condition, she did not respond to treatment with haloperidol, flunarizine, or propranolol. Treatment with aripiprazole resulted in a reduction in the frequency, duration, and severity of episodes of alternating hemiplegia, along with other therapeutic benefits. After treatment with aripiprazole was started, the patient was inadvertently given an inactive drug, resulting in a worsening of her hemiplegic episodes, which improved again on rechallenge. A comparison of the pharmacological actions of successful and unsuccessful treatments for AHC is made. Modulation of both dopamine and histamine systems together appears to be important in the treatment of AHC and further investigation of such pharmacotherapies is suggested.
Pfam 10 years on: 10 000 families and still growing (2008)

Classifications of proteins into groups of related sequences are in some respects like a periodic table for biology, allowing us to understand the underlying molecular biology of any organism. Pfam is a large collection of protein domains and families. Its scientific goal is to provide a complete and accurate classification of protein families and domains. The next release of the database will contain over 10,000 entries, which leads us to reflect on how far we are from completing this work. Currently Pfam matches 72% of known protein sequences, but for proteins with known structure Pfam matches 95%, which we believe represents the likely upper bound. Based on our analysis a further 28,000 families would be required to achieve this level of coverage for the current sequence database. We also show that as more sequences are added to the sequence databases the fraction of sequences that Pfam matches is reduced, suggesting that continued addition of new families is essential to maintain its relevance.
Influence of annealing and Al2O3 properties on the hydrogen-induced passivation of the Si/SiO2 interface (2012)

Annealing at moderate temperatures is required to activate the silicon surface passivation by Al2O3 thin films while also the thermal stability at higher temperatures is important when Al2O3 is implemented in solar cells with screenprinted metallization. In this paper, the relationship between the microstructure of the Al2O3 film, hydrogen diffusion, and defect passivation is explored in detail for a wide range of annealing temperatures. The chemical passivation was studied using stacks of thermally-grown SiO2 and Al2O3 synthesized by atomic layer deposition. Thermal effusion measurements of hydrogen and implanted He and Ne atoms were used to elucidate the role of hydrogen during annealing. We show that the passivation properties were strongly dependent on the annealing temperature and time and were significantly influenced by the Al2O3 microstructure. The latter was tailored by variation of the deposition temperature (Tdep = 50 °C–400 °C) with hydrogen concentration [H] between 1 and 13 at.% and mass density ρmass between 2.7 and 3.2 g/cm3. In contrast to films with intermediate material properties, the passivation by low- and high density films showed a reduced thermal stability at relatively high annealing temperatures (∼600 °C). These observations proved to be in good agreement with thermal effusion results of hydrogen and inert gas atoms that were also strongly dependent on film microstructure. We demonstrate that the temperature of maximum effusion decreased for films with progressively lower density (i.e., with increasing [H]). Therefore, the reduced thermal stability of the passivation for low-density hydrogen-rich ([H] &gt;∼5 at. %) films can be attributed to a loss of hydrogen at relatively low annealing temperatures. In contrast, the lower initial [H] for dense Al2O3 films can likely explain the lower thermal stability associated with these films. The effusion measurements also allowed us to discuss the role of molecular- and atomic hydrogen during annealing.