gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Check Image Reader (2007)

A check contains more than just an amount. The fields of interests are courtesy and legal amounts, date, check number, MICR line, payer, payee, memo, signature, signature instruction, fractional validation numbers, endorsement, security features, etc. In fact a bank can literally construct a very meaningful profile of the account holder from an analysis of the checks written and received by an account holder. Since October 2005 the "Check 21" law defines an image of a check as being as valid as the original document. The agreement between banks is that a binary image 200-240 dpi is the most practical format to use. Since most banks are now creating images and must be able to handle incoming images it creates a need for new image tools to validate the quality and readability of each field. This paper describes the challenges in finding and recognizing the fields of interest on the broad document types. These fields contain machine printed and handwritten words. The remaining of the paper would focus on handwritten legal line recognition which remains the most challenging field
Where is the proton's spin? (1989)

A neutron has no electrical charge, yet it has a magnetic moment – a property that is crucial for its exploitation industrially and in scientific research such as in neutron scattering. But how does a neutral neutron possess a magnetic moment? Until very recently any particle physicist would have answered: 'Because it is built from three spinning quarks whose individual charges cancel to zero but whose magnetic moments (charge weighted by spin orientation) do not'.
The Association Between Porphyromonas gingivalis‐Specific Maternal Serum IgG and Low Birth Weight (2001)

Low birth weight deliveries were associated with a higher maternal serum antibody level against P. gingivalis at mid-trimester.
Introduction (2001)

The objective of this Introduction is to provide a summary of the career and work of Hans Singer as a framework for appreciating the selection of his writings that are contained in this volume.KeywordsDevelopment EconomicPolitical EconomyIncome DistributionInternational RelationEconomic AdviserThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Photo-injection studies of buried oxide layers in SIMOX and BESOI structures (2002)

Illumination of a BESOI sample with photon energy below 6 eV (no electron-hole pair generation on the oxide) under positive bias on the metal electrode results in positive charge in the oxide which can be almost completely eliminated by changing the bias polarity. The C-V curves exhibit large hysteresis effects after illumination. It is suggested that the mechanism is photolysis of Si-OH and/or Si-H groups which does not require electron injection: the resulting H+ ions then drift under bias. The behavior of the BESOI sample is different from both SIMOX BOX and thermal oxide, but is somewhat similar to that shown by deposited Si0/sub 2/ films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The provenance of electronic data (2008)

It would include details of the processes that produced electronic data as far back as the beginning of time or at least the epoch of provenance awareness.
Study of mural painting isolates, leading to the transfer of 'Bacillus maroccanus' and 'Bacillus carotarum' to Bacillus simplex, emended description of Bacillus simplex, re-examination of the strains previously attributed to 'Bacillus macroides' and description of Bacillus muralis sp. nov. (2005)

A group of 24 strains was isolated from deteriorated mural paintings situated in Spain (necropolis of Carmona) and Germany (church of Greene-Kreiensen). (GTG)5-PCR genomic fingerprinting was performed on these strains to assess their genomic variability and the strains were delineated into four groups. Representatives were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and were found to be closely related to Bacillus simplex and the species 'Bacillus macroides' (strain NCIMB 8796) and 'Bacillus maroccanus' (names not validly published) according to a fasta search. The close similarity between B. simplex, 'B. macroides' NCIMB 8796, 'B. maroccanus' and the mural painting isolates was confirmed by additional (GTG)5-PCR, ARDRA, FAME and SDS-PAGE analyses. Furthermore, these techniques revealed that strains of 'Bacillus carotarum', another name that has not been validly published, also showed high similarity to this group of organisms. On the other hand, it was shown that the strains labelled 'B. macroides' in different collections do not all belong to the same species. Strain NCIMB 8796 can be allocated to B. simplex, while strain DSM 54 (=ATCC 12905) shares the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus fusiformis (both around 98.6 %). On the basis of further DNA-DNA hybridization data and the study of phenotypic characteristics, one group of five mural painting strains was attributed to a novel species in the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus muralis sp. nov. is proposed. Finally, the remaining mural painting strains, one (LMG 18508=NCIMB 8796) of two strains belonging to 'B. macroides' and strains belonging to 'B. maroccanus' and 'B. carotarum' are allocated to the species B. simplex and an emended description of B. simplex is given.
Identification of an Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitor for Treating Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain (2011)

Neuropathic pain, often caused by nerve injury, is commonly observed among patients with different diseases. Because its basic mechanisms are poorly understood, effective medications are limited. Previous investigations of basic pain mechanisms and drug discovery efforts have focused mainly on early sensory neurons such as dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn neurons, and few synaptic-level studies or new drugs are designed to target the injury-related cortical plasticity that accompanies neuropathic pain. Our previous work has demonstrated that calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) is critical for nerve injury-induced synaptic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Through rational drug design and chemical screening, we have identified a lead candidate AC1 inhibitor, NB001, which is relatively selective for AC1 over other adenylate cyclase isoforms. Using a variety of behavioral tests and toxicity studies, we have found that NB001, when administered intraperitoneally or orally, has an analgesic effect in animal models of neuropathic pain, without any apparent side effects. Our study thus shows that AC1 could be a productive therapeutic target for neuropathic pain and describes a new agent for the possible treatment of neuropathic pain.
A novel multi-carrier scheme: Cyclic block filtered multitone modulation (2013)

A novel filter bank modulation scheme is proposed. This architecture is based on the Filtered Multitone (FMT) modulation concept where well frequency confined prototype pulses are deployed. However, in the proposed scheme linear convolutions are replaced by circular convolutions. We refer to this new scheme as Cyclic Block Filtered Multitone Modulation (CB-FMT). Both the synthesis and the analysis filter banks in CB-FMT can be efficiently implemented in the frequency domain via the concatenation of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). Furthermore, it is possible to design the prototype pulse so that the system is orthogonal and it does not experience any inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference in ideal conditions. To cope with the interference introduced by a frequency selective fading medium, simple frequency domain equalization can be used. Numerical results show that CB-FMT can provide better performance than FMT and OFDM in frequency selective fading with comparable or lower complexity.
Tumor Doubling Time of Renal Cell Carcinoma Measured by CT: Collaboration of Japanese Society of Renal Cancer (2004)

Elucidation of the natural history of RCC will contribute to facilitation of differential diagnosis and determination of optimum therapeutic strategy.
Progress on EUV pellicle development (2014)

As EUV approaches high volume manufacturing, reticle defectivity becomes an even more relevant topic for further investigation. Current baseline strategy for EUV defectivity management is to design, build and maintain a clean system without pellicle. In order to secure reticle front side particle adders to an acceptable level for high volume manufacturing, EUV pellicle is being actively investigated. Last year ASML reported on our initial EUV pellicle feasibility. In this paper, we will update on our progress since then. We will also provide an update to pellicle requirements published last year. Further, we present experimental results showing the viability and challenges of potential EUV pellicle materials, including, material properties, imaging capability, scalability and manufacturability.
Predicting Perceived Visual and Cognitive Distractions of Drivers With Multimodal Features (2014)

A driver's behaviors can be affected by visual, cognitive, auditory, and manual distractions. While it is important to identify the patterns associated with particular secondary tasks, it is more general and useful to define distraction modes that capture the general behaviors induced by various sources of distractions. By explicitly modeling the distinction between types of distractions, we can assess the detrimental effects induced by new in-vehicle technology. This study investigates drivers' behaviors associated with visual and cognitive distractions, both separately and jointly. External observers assessed the perceived cognitive and visual distractions from real-world driving recordings, showing high interevaluator agreement in both dimensions. The scores from the perceptual evaluation are used to define regression models with elastic net regularization and binary classifiers to separately estimate the cognitive and visual distraction levels. The analysis reveals multimodal features that are discriminative of cognitive and visual distractions. Furthermore, the study proposes a novel joint visual-cognitive distraction space to characterize driver behaviors. A data-driven clustering approach identifies four distraction modes that provide insights to better understand the deviation in driving behaviors induced by secondary tasks. Binary and multiclass recognition problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multimodal features to infer these distraction modes defined in the visual-cognitive space.
Splice-Site Mutations in Atherosclerosis Candidate Genes (1999)

Information analysis of splice-junction variants in atherosclerosis candidate genes distinguishes inactive from leaky splice sites and identifies activated cryptic sites. Predicted changes in splicing were related to phenotypic severity.
Determination of <sup>235</sup>U, <sup>239</sup>Pu, <sup>240</sup>Pu, and <sup>241</sup>Am in a Nuclear Bomb Particle Using a Position-Sensitive α-γ Coincidence Technique (2011)

A nuclear bomb particle containing 1.6 ng of Pu was investigated nondestructively with a position-sensitive α detector and a broad-energy HPGe γ-ray detector. An event-mode data acquisition system was used to record the data. α-γ coincidence counting was shown to be well suited to nondestructive isotope ratio determination. Because of the very small background, the 51.6 keV γ rays of (239)Pu and the 45.2 keV γ rays of (240)Pu were identified, which enabled isotopic ratio calculations. In the present work, the (239)Pu/((239)Pu+(240)Pu) atom ratio was determined to be 0.950 ± 0.010. The uncertainties were much smaller than in the previous more conventional nondestructive studies on this particle. Obtained results are also in good agreement with the data from the destructive mass spectrometric studies obtained previously by other investigators.
EGFR may couple moderate alcohol consumption to increased breast cancer risk (2009)

Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which alcohol contributes to breast tumor initiation or progression has yet to be definitively established. Studies using cultured human tumor cell lines have identified signaling molecules that may contribute to the effects of alcohol, including reactive oxygen species and other ethanol metabolites, matrix metalloproteases, the ErbB2/Her2/Neu receptor tyrosine kinase, cytoplasmic protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, E-cadherins, estrogen receptor, and a variety of transcription factors. Emerging data suggest that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase may contribute to breast cancer genesis and progression. Here we integrate these findings and propose three mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to breast cancer. A common feature of these mechanisms is increased EGFR signaling. Finally, we discuss how these mechanisms suggest strategies for addressing the risks associated with alcohol consumption.
A Defective Signal Peptide Tethers the floury-2 Zein to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane (1997)

The maize (Zea mays L.) floury-2 (fl2) mutation is associated with a general decrease in storage protein synthesis, altered protein body morphology, and the synthesis of a novel 24-kD alpha-zein storage protein. Unlike storage proteins in normal kernels and the majority of storage proteins in fl2 kernels, the 24-kD alpha-zein contains a signal peptide that would normally be removed during protein synthesis and processing. The expected processing site of this alpha-zein reveals a putative mutation alanine-->valine (Ala-->Val) that is not found at other junctions between signal sequences and mature proteins. To investigate the impact of such a mutation on signal peptide cleavage, we have assayed the 24-kD fl2 alpha-zein in a co-translational processing system in vitro. Translation of RNA from fl2 kernels or synthetic RNA encoding the fl2 alpha-zein in the presence of microsomes yielded a 24-kD polypeptide. A normal signal peptide sequence, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, restored the capacity of the RNA to direct synthesis of a properly processed protein in a cell-free system. Both the fl2 alpha-zein and the fl2 alpha-zein (Val-->Ala) were translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The processed fl2 alpha-zein (Val-->Ala) was localized in the soluble portion of the microsomes, whereas the fl2 alpha-zein co-fractionated with the microsomal membranes. By remaining anchored to protein body membranes during endosperm maturation, the fl2 zein may thus constrain storage protein packing and perturb protein body morphology.
Sex Limited Inheritance in <i>Drosophila</i> (1910)

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Design and Development of Asymmetric Beam Monopulse Antenna System at Ka-Band (2006)

Monopulse antennas extensively used in high performance airborne tracking and guidance applications. Their performance is extremely critical for the mission particularly under sea environment. This is because for low flying targets. Strong fluctuations results in elevation plane channel due to multipath reflections and the output voltage becomes erroneous. This paper presents the design and development of asymmetric beam shape monopulse antenna to tackle the said problem. Experimental results show this technique can be used to reduce the effects of multipath.
An improved non-intrusive objective speech quality evaluation based on FGMM and FNN (2010)

An improved non-intrusive objective speech quality evaluation method is proposed based on Fuzzy Gaussian Mixture Model (FGMM) and Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN). The degraded speech is separated into three classes (unvoiced, voiced and silence), then for each class the consistency measurement between Perceptual Linear Predictive (PLP) features of the degraded speech and the pre-trained FGMM reference model is calculated and mapped to an objective speech quality score using FNN mapping method. The proposed method performs better than the previous work using GMM and ITU-T P.563 under the test conditions used in this paper.
Process optimization for preventing boron-penetration using P or As co-implant in P-poly gate of P-MOSFETs (2002)

A comprehensive study of the phosphorus dosage and annealing condition dependencies of boron-penetration and poly-depletion is presented. The experimental results show that the boron-penetration in BF/sub 2/ implanted poly-gate is significantly reduced as the dose of co-implanted phosphorus increases. The phosphorus dose of about 1.5/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ in p/sup +/-poly gate can effectively retard the penetration of boron in BF/sub 2/3 to 5/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ doped poly gate under 900/spl deg/C, 60 min annealing (30 min renew anneal, and 30 min post-contact implant anneal). The performance of boron-penetration-free phosphorus co-implanted p/sup +/-poly gate MOSFETs is also shown to be much better than the device with boron-penetration. In arsenic co-implanted p-poly gate, it also appears that arsenic co-implant would also retard boron penetrating through thin gate oxide. An optimal and effective gate processing for preventing boron-penetration is proposed for dual-gate CMOS devices.
A miniature x-ray tube (2004)

A miniature x-ray tube is described. The tube is made of Kovar, inside which a grounded target is located close to a field-electron emitter consisting of aligned carbon nanofibers, which continues to work for around 100 h in the 10−6 Pa region unless arcing is induced between the electrodes. The resolution of the contact x-ray images provided by the tube would be impossible using the existing techniques of conventional x-ray radiography, whether the sample is biological or nonbiological.
The use of n-3 PUFAs (fish oil) in enteral nutrition. (1995)

Severely ill patients in need of enteral nutrition support must obtain all essential nutrients in at least the amounts recommended for daily intake (RDA) by healthy populations. Until recently essential fatty acids have been entirely omitted from enteral solutions or included only in the form of n-6 PUFAs which are structurally important for cell membranes and play a significant role as precursors (esp. arachidonic acid, AA) of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes). However, in the absence of n-3 PUFAs, these eicosanoids may produce exaggerated effects in acute stress responses causing immunosuppression, platelet aggregation and excessive or chronic inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act as precursors of complementary eicosanoids which counteract the exaggerated responses of AA-derived eicosanoids. Therefore, n-3 PUFAs should be part of any optimally balanced diet and must be included also in enteral solutions. Since the transformation of the n-3 parent fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid, to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is slow and unreliable, it is necessary to provide them as preformed nutrients as they occur in fish oil. The British Nutrition Foundation recommends a daily intake of EPA and DHA in amounts corresponding to the intake of 3 to 4 g standardized fish oil. The requirements can also be covered by the weekly consumption of 2 to 3 portions of fatty fish. Preliminary clinical trials have shown certain beneficial effects of fish oil intakes in diseases associated with inflammatory reactions such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, in conditions with impaired immune competence such as burns, post-operative situations and cyclosporine treatment after renal transplants, and in conditions with enhanced platelet aggregation such as after coronary angioplasty. While these findings must be verified in strictly controlled trials, the intake of fish oil n-3 PUFAs in a balanced ratio to n-6 PUFAs can be recommended for all patients including those in need of enteral nutrition support.
Age and Sex Modulate Renal Expression of SGP-2 and Transglutaminase and Apoptosis of Splenocytes, Thymocytes, and Macrophages (1997)

Age and sex modulate renal cortical mRNA expression of genes associated with active cell death. Age and sex also modulate apoptosis of macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.
Telomeric transcripts stimulate telomere recombination to suppress senescence in cells lacking telomerase (2014)

In human somatic cells or yeast cells lacking telomerase, telomeres are shortened upon each cell division. This gradual shortening of telomeres eventually leads to senescence. However, a small population of telomerase-deficient cells can survive by bypassing senescence through the activation of alternative recombination pathways to maintain their telomeres. Although genes involved in telomere recombination have been identified, mechanisms that trigger telomere recombination are less known. The THO (suppressor of the transcriptional defects of Hpr1 mutants by overexpression) complex is involved in transcription elongation and mRNA export. Here we demonstrate that mutations in THO complex components can stimulate early senescence and type II telomere recombination in cells lacking telomerase. The accumulation of telomere-associated noncoding telomere repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is required for the observed telomere effects in THO complex mutants; reduced transcriptional efficiency, or overexpression of RNase H or C(1-3)A RNA can severely impair the type II telomere recombination. The results highlight a unique function for telomere-associated TERRA, in the formation of type II survivors. Moreover, because TERRA is a long noncoding RNA, these results reveal a function for long noncoding RNA in regulating recombination.
Hydrogen Fluoride as a Condensing Agent. X.<sup>1</sup> Rearrangements (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogen Fluoride as a Condensing Agent. X.1 RearrangementsJ. H. Simons, S. Archer, and D. I. RandallCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 3, 485–486Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01860a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01860a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views128Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Determination of the chitinolytic activity of "Abies alba" Mill. litter microorganisms: bacteria and yeasts (author's transl)]. (1982)

Chitin decomposition by some microorganisms isolated from Abies alba Mill. litter has been observed. The active strains were representatives of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. The isolated yeasts were unable to decompose chitin. The chitinolytic microorganisms secreted in medium an extracellular chitinase system which determined chitin hydrolysis. Cell-free culture filtrate of the microorganisms produced colloidal chitin hydrolysis. An estimation method of chitin hydrolysis was determined measuring chitin loss in standard conditions. Experimental results indicate that Pseudomonas isolate is the most active. The active strains represent about 15% of the microorganisms, bacteria and yeasts, isolated from this litter.