gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A prototype belief network-based expert systems shell (1990)

A belief network-based expert system works in a way entirely different from a rule-based expert system. In such systems, a high degree of non-determinism is present in the process of belief propagation. Existing belief network-based systems thus provide no control mechanism and let their users make decisions at every stage in the process of evidence gathering and belief propagation. However, for any real world expert system with large complex belief network, it is important to have efficient control of the inference procedure.
Item modelling procedure for constructing content‐equivalent multiple choice questions (1986)

Recent research on multiple choice questions has identified deficiencies of inadequate content-equivalence and item-writer bias. Systematic methods of writing multiple choice questions are being advocated as effective responses. This article describes preliminary development of a new item-writing method. Details of the procedure, called item modelling, are provided.
Direct and indirect effects of soluble extracts of Schistosoma mansoni eggs on fibroblast proliferation in vitro (1982)

The possibility that soluble products of Schistosoma mansoni eggs might participate in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis was investigated. Both crude saline extracts of eggs (soluble egg antigen [SEA]) and a partially purified SEA fraction contained activity which stimulated guinea pig and human dermal fibroblasts to proliferate in vitro, as measured by uptake of [3H]thymidine. Maximum activity was present in fractions which eluted from Sephacryl S-200 with an apparent molecular weight of less than or equal to 12,500 and in fractions which had an estimated pI 8, as determined by preparative isoelectric focusing of partially purified SEA. Activity in crude SEA was not removed by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. When concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins lacking intrinsic fibroblast-stimulating activity were incubated with spleen cells from infected or uninfected mice, fibroblasts-stimulating activity was detected in the culture supernatants. Thus, SEA contains two functionally distinct molecular species. One of these directly stimulates fibroblasts, whereas the other induces the release of a fibroblast-stimulating activity from lymphocytes or macrophages or both. Since these fibroblast-stimulating factors might be elaborated in the livers of infected individuals, these observations suggest a potential role of soluble schistome products in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis.
Delta-Aminolevulinate-Induced Host-Parasite Porphyric Disparity for Selective Photolysis of Transgenic Leishmania in the Phagolysosomes of Mononuclear Phagocytes: a Potential Novel Platform for Vaccine Delivery (2012)

Leishmania double transfectants (DTs) expressing the 2nd and 3rd enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway were previously reported to show neogenesis of uroporphyrin I (URO) when induced with delta-aminolevulinate (ALA), the product of the 1st enzyme in the pathway. The ensuing accumulation of URO in DT promastigotes rendered them light excitable to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in their cytolysis. Evidence is presented showing that the DTs retained wild-type infectivity to their host cells and that the intraphagolysosomal/parasitophorous vacuolar (PV) DTs remained ALA inducible for uroporphyrinogenesis/photolysis. Exposure of DT-infected cells to ALA was noted by fluorescence microscopy to result in host-parasite differential porphyrinogenesis: porphyrin fluorescence emerged first in the host cells and then in the intra-PV amastigotes. DT-infected and control cells differed qualitatively and quantitatively in their porphyrin species, consistent with the expected multi- and monoporphyrinogenic specificities of the host cells and the DTs, respectively. After ALA removal, the neogenic porphyrins were rapidly lost from the host cells but persisted as URO in the intra-PV DTs. These DTs were thus extremely light sensitive and were lysed selectively by illumination under nonstringent conditions in the relatively ROS-resistant phagolysosomes. Photolysis of the intra-PV DTs returned the distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and the global gene expression profiles of host cells to their preinfection patterns and, when transfected with ovalbumin, released this antigen for copresentation with MHC class I molecules. These Leishmania mutants thus have considerable potential as a novel model of a universal vaccine carrier for photodynamic immunotherapy/immunoprophylaxis.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF FATTY ACIDS: II. SATURATED DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1960)

Previous studies, which showed that 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid from royal jelly possessed in vitro antitumor activity, have been extended to saturated dicarboxylic fatty acids. Seven of eight compounds tested in a series of chain length from C 3 to C 10 completely prevented the development of the ascites forms of the 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, the Ehrlich carcinoma, and the TA 3 mammary carcinoma, as well as the transplantable leukemia of AKR mice. This in vitro antitumor activity could be demonstrated only at pH values below 5.0 and required admixture of the tumor cells and test compounds prior to inoculation of the mice. In general, the antitumor activity of the saturated dicarboxylic acids was found to increase progressively with increasing length of the fatty acid chain.
Beat-by-beat modulation of AV conduction. I. Heart rate and respiratory influences (1986)

We examined the integration of heart rate and neural influences at the atrioventricular (AV) node in conscious dogs. Animals were anesthetized and, under sterile conditions, instrumented to chronically record atrial and ventricular electrograms and blood pressure. In the conscious state, electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration, blood pressure, and electrograms were recorded on a beat-by-beat basis, and heart rate and AV interval were plotted graphically as a function of time. Resting animals exhibited both respiratory sinus arrhythmia and marked oscillations in AV conduction time associated with respiration. During inspiration AV interval was shortened, and during expiration AV interval was prolonged. To obviate the effect of cyclic changes in heart rate, atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate over a wide range both abruptly and linearly. Regardless of the pattern of heart rate change, AV interval oscillated at the respiratory frequency at pacing rates 10-100 beats/min above control. Higher levels of atrial pacing resulted in AV conduction patterns that were correlated with changes in blood pressure. Thus in the conscious dog variations in AV conduction time occur on a beat-by-beat basis in conjunction with respiration; oscillatory activity of AV conduction is not dependent on simultaneous changes in heart rate; and during atrial pacing, autonomic neural activity associated with respiration and blood pressure appears to dynamically modulate AV conduction with respiratory effects predominating at low heart rates and blood pressure effects at high heart rates.
New Developments in Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity (2009)

Anthracyclines are among the most effective anticancer drugs ever developed. Unfortunately, their clinical use is severely limited by the development of a progressive dose-dependent cardiomyopathy that irreversibly evolves toward congestive heart failure, usually refractory to conventional therapy. The pathophysiology of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy remains controversial and incompletely understood. The current thinking is that anthracyclines are toxic per se but gain further cardiotoxicity after one-electron reduction with ROS overproduction or two-electron reduction with conversion to C-13 alcohol metabolites. ROS overproduction can probably be held responsible for anthracycline acute cardiotoxicity, but not for all the aspects of progressive cardiomyopathy. Intramyocardial formation of secondary alcohol metabolites might play a key role in promoting the progression of cardiotoxicity toward end-stage cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. In this review we also discuss recent developments in: a) the molecular mechanisms underlying anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity; b) the role of cytosolic NADPH-dependent reductases in anthracycline metabolism; c) the influence of genetic polymorphisms on cardiotoxicity outcome; d) the perspectives on the most promising strategies for limiting or preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, focusing on controversial aspects and on recent data regarding analogues of the natural compounds, tumor-targeted formulations and cardioprotective agents.
Compaction trends of full stiffness tensor and fluid permeability in artificial shales (2017)

Summary We present a methodology and describe a set-up that allows simultaneous acquisition of all five elastic coefficients of a transversely isotropic (TI) medium and its permeability in the direction parallel to the symmetry axis during mechanical compaction experiments. We apply the approach to synthetic shale samples and investigate the role of composition and applied stress on their elastic and transport properties. Compaction trends for the five elastic coefficients that fully characterize TI anisotropy of artificial shales are obtained for a porosity range from 40 per cent to 15 per cent. A linear increase of elastic coefficients with decreasing porosity is observed. The permeability acquired with the pressure-oscillation technique exhibits exponential decrease with decreasing porosity. Strong correlations are observed between an axial fluid permeability and seismic attributes, namely, VP/VS ratio and acoustic impedance, measured in the same direction. These correlations might be used to derive permeability of shales from seismic data given that their mineralogical composition is known.
The RDP (Ribosomal Database Project) continues (2000)

The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II), previously described by Maidak et al., continued during the past year to add new rRNA sequences to the aligned data and to improve the analysis commands. Release 7.1 (September 17, 1999) included more than 10 700 small subunit rRNA sequences. More than 850 type strain sequences were identified and added to the prokaryotic alignment, bringing the total number of type sequences to 3324 representing 2460 different species. Availability of an RDP-II mirror site in Japan is also near completion. RDP-II provides aligned and annotated rRNA sequences, derived phylogenetic trees and taxonomic hierarchies, and analysis services through its WWW server (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/ ). Analysis services include rRNA probe checking, approx-i-mate phylogenetic placement of user sequences, screening user sequences for possible chimeric rRNA sequences, automated alignment, production of similarity matrices and services to plan and analyze terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) experiments.
Optical flow from 1D correlation: Application to a simple time-to-crash detector (2002)

The authors show that a new technique exploiting 1-D correlation of 2-D or even 1-D patches between successive frames may be sufficient to compute a satisfactory estimation of the optical flow field. The algorithm is well-suited to VLSI implementation. The sparse measurements provided by the technique can be used to compute qualitative properties of the flow for a number of different visual tasks. In particular, a method is described to combine the 1-D correlation technique with a scheme for detecting expansion or rotation (T. Poggio et al., 1991) in a simple algorithm which also suggests interesting biological implications. The algorithm provides a rough estimate of time-to-crash. It was tested on real image sequences. Its performance is discussed and the results are compared to previous approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Commissioning of mini-multi-leaf-collimator (MMLC) for stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy (2003)

Commissioning of a Radionics miniature multi-leaf collimator (MMLC) for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is reported. With single isocenter and multi static fields, the MMLC can provide better conformity of dose distributions to the target and/or irregularly shaped target volumes than standard arc (circular) field beams with multiple isocenters. Advantages offered by the MMLC over traditional LINAC based SRS and SRT includes greatly improved dose homogeneity to the target, reduced patient positioning time and reduced treatment time. In this work, the MMLC is attached to a Varian 2300 C/D with Varian 80-leaf multi-leaf collimator. The MMLC has 62 leaves, each measured to a width of 3.53 mm at isocenter, with fields range from 1x1 cm to less than 10 × 12 cm. Beam parameters required by the Radionics treatment planning system (XPlan version 2) for evaluating the dose include tissue maximum ratio (TMR), scatter factors (SF), off-axis ratios (OAR), output factors, penumbra function (P) and transmission factors (TF) are performed in this work. Beam data are acquired with a small stereotactic diode, standard ion chambers and radiographic films. Measured profiles of dose distribution are compared to those calculated by the software and absolute dosimetry is performed.
Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Develops Airway Hyperresponsiveness Independently of Airway Inflammation in a Murine Asthma Model (2004)

Lipid mediators play an important role in modulating inflammatory responses. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory phospholipid with eosinophil chemotactic activity in vitro and in vivo. We show in this study that mice deficient in PAF receptor exhibited significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness to muscarinic cholinergic stimulation in an asthma model. However, PAF receptor-deficient mice developed an eosinophilic inflammatory response at a comparable level to that of wild-type mice. These results indicate an important role for PAF receptor, downstream of the eosinophilic inflammatory cascade, in regulating airway responsiveness after sensitization and aeroallergen challenge.
‘Pleasure from Bitterness’: Shopping and Leisure in the Everyday Lives of Taiwanese Mothers (2008)

There is no epithet with enough precision to encompass the relationship between Taiwanese mothers and shopping in their everyday lives. For those who live in the urban environment, shopping and shopping places seem to be a natural attachment blended into women’s daily life since childhood. Women of Taiwan virtually grow up within and among shopping places — from the local marketplace right next to our homes, to the department store located behind our high schools, and the street trade located in every corner on our way to every other place. Shopping is ever-present in women’s life perspective — literally and symbolically — starting at the time when our mothers ask that very first question: ‘Hey dear, do you want to go to marketplace with mom?’
Tumor cell-derived PDGF-B potentiates mouse mesenchymal stem cells-pericytes transition and recruitment through an interaction with NRP-1 (2010)

These new insights into the roles of tumor cell-secreted PDGF-B-NRP-1 signaling in MSCs-fate determination may help to develop new antiangiogenic strategies to prevent the tumor growth and metastasis and result in more effective cancer therapies.
Prescreening algorithm assessment within the analysts' detection support system (2004)

This analysts' detection support system (ADSS) contains a suite of target detection algorithms for wide area aerial surveillance using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The ADSS provides a framework to combine the operation of these algorithms in user-specified configurations. This paper compares and contrasts the performance of the various prescreening algorithms singly and in combination within the ADSS framework on a broad range of SAR imagery. The algorithms include adaptive threshold, K-distributed CFAR, average grey absolute difference magnitude map, and segmenting K-distributed CFAR. The performance of these algorithms is compared on polarimetric imagery to assess the contribution of polarimetry to target detection.
Efficiency Analysis of WiFi Offloading Techniques (2015)

WiFi offloading is a promising technique for addressing the mobile data explosion problem. In this paper, we consider two types of WiFi offloading techniques: 1) opportunistic WiFi offloading, where data offloading is conducted only when a mobile node opportunistically meets WiFi access points (APs); and 2) delayed WiFi offloading, where data transfer is delayed with the expectation of future AP contacts. We developed analytical models on WiFi offloading efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the amount of offloaded data to the total amount of data. Extensive simulation results are given to validate the analytical models and to demonstrate the effects of the average cellular residence time, the delay bound, the variability of the WiFi residence time, the WiFi data rate, and the average session duration on WiFi offloading efficiency.
Low-latency, concurrent checkpointing for parallel programs (1994)

Presents the results of an implementation of several algorithms for checkpointing and restarting parallel programs on shared-memory multiprocessors. The algorithms are compared according to the metrics of overall checkpointing time, overhead imposed by the checkpointer on the target program, and amount of time during which the checkpointer interrupts the target program. The best algorithm measured achieves its efficiency through a variation of copy-on-write, which allows the most time-consuming operations of the checkpoint to be overlapped with the running of the program being checkpointed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonaqueous and Halide-Free Route to Crystalline BaTiO<sub>3</sub>, SrTiO<sub>3</sub>, and (Ba,Sr)TiO<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles via a Mechanism Involving C−C Bond Formation (2004)

A novel nonaqueous route for the preparation of nanocrystalline BaTiO(3), SrTiO(3), and (Ba,Sr)TiO(3) has been developed. In a simple one-pot reaction process, the elemental alkaline earth metals are directly dissolved in benzyl alcohol at slightly elevated temperatures. After the addition of Ti(O(i)Pr)(4), the reaction mixture is heated to 200 degrees C, resulting in the formation of a white precipitate. XRD measurements prove the exclusive presence of the perovskite phase without any other crystalline byproducts such as BaCO(3) or TiO(2). TEM investigations reveal that the BaTiO(3) nanoparticles are nearly spherical in shape with diameters ranging from 4 to 5 nm. The SrTiO(3) particles display less uniform particle shapes, and the size varies between 5 and 10 nm. Lattice fringes observed in HRTEM measurements further prove the high crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Surprisingly, GC-MS analysis of the reaction solution after hydrothermal treatment shows that hardly any ether formation occurs during the BaTiO(3) synthesis. Instead, the presence of 4-phenyl-2-butanol in stoichiometric amounts gives evidence that the formation mechanism proceeds mainly via a novel pathway involving C-C bond formation between benzyl alcohol and the isopropanolate ligand.
Measurement of energy loss profiles during short duration sliding contacts: a computer-compatible instrument based on the British Pendulum Skid Tester (1998)

This paper describes a structurally modified British Pendulum Skid Tester fitted with an optical encoder (2500 pulses per revolution), pulse timing electronics ( resolution) and a computer interface (IBM compatible PIO card). A spring-loaded rectangular slider attached to the foot of the pendulum is driven across a horizontal surface at speeds of up to . By measuring changes in the angular velocity of the pendulum, it is possible to calculate the loss of energy due to friction with 1 mm linear resolution. Values for the path-averaged coefficient of friction for thermoplastic and elastomer sliders can be determined with a precision of around 1%, enabling highly reproducible studies of the influence of slider wear and surface condition on friction losses to be carried out. Energy loss profiles measured during the passage of the slider over the surface can reveal variations in surface roughness as well as details of the slider/substrate interaction. Force profiles for natural rubber sliders travelling over smooth surfaces at speeds in excess of show well-defined stick-slip oscillations in the force of sliding friction.
SDN Enhanced Resource Orchestration of Containerized Edge Applications for Industrial IoT (2020)

With the rise of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), there is an intense pressure on resource and performance optimization leveraging on existing technologies, such as Software Defined Networking (SDN), edge computing, and container orchestration. Industry 4.0 emphasizes the importance of lean and efficient operations for sustainable manufacturing. Achieving this goal would require engineers to consider all layers of the system, from hardware to software, and optimizing for resource efficiency at all levels. This emphasizes the need for container-based virtualization tools such as Docker and Kubernetes, offering Platform as a Service (PaaS), while simultaneously leveraging on edge technologies to reduce related latencies. For network management, SDN is poised to offer a cost-effective and dynamic scalability solution by customizing packet handling for various edge applications and services. In this paper, we investigate the energy and latency trade-offs involved in combining these technologies for industrial applications. As a use case, we emulate a 3D-drone-based monitoring system aimed at providing real-time visual monitoring of industrial automation. We compare a native implementation to a containerized implementation where video processing is orchestrated while streaming is handled by an external UE representing the IIoT device. We compare these two scenarios for energy utilization, latency, and responsiveness. Our test results show that only roughly 16 percent of the total power consumption happens on the mobile node when orchestrated. Virtualization adds up about 4.5 percent of the total power consumption while the latency difference between the two approaches becomes negligible after the streaming session is initialized.
Preferential usage of T cell antigen receptor V region gene segment V beta 5.1 by Borrelia burgdorferi antigen-reactive T cell clones isolated from a patient with Lyme disease (1993)

Forty-three CD3+4+8- TCR alpha beta+ Borrelia burgdorferi-reactive T cell clones isolated from the peripheral blood of a single patient with clinically active chronic Lyme arthritis were characterized. The spirochetal Ag recognized by 16 of these T cell clones was determined by reactivity with a panel of recombinant spirochetal Ag, which included the OspA, OspB, flagellin, Hsp60 and Hsp70 proteins. All three T cell clones reactive with heat shock proteins recognized a non-cross-reactive epitope unique to the spirochetal Ag. Analysis of the TCR V regions revealed preferential usage of V beta 5.1; 5 of 15 T cell clones that recognized an unidentified spirochetal Ag utilized this V beta gene segment. Most of the T cell clones recognized a given spirochetal Ag exclusively within the context of one HLA class II allele. However, two T cell clones, which recognized an unidentified Ag in the spirochetal lysate within the context of different HLA class II alleles, were both TCR V beta 5.1+, although each displayed a distinct alpha-chain. Moreover, in vitro incubation of this patient's PBMC with B. burgdorferi Ag resulted in a specific increase in the percentage of T cells expressing TCR V beta 5.1. These results indicate that B. burgdorferi has a V beta-selective factor influencing the cellular immune response in a patient with clinically active Lyme disease.