gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of exogenous extracellular matrices on proteoglycan synthesis by cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes. (1985)

We examined the effect of an extracellular matrix (ECM), produced by either bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells or mouse PF HR-9 teratocarcinoma cells, on the ability of rabbit costal chondrocytes to re-express their phenotype once confluent. Rabbit chondrocytes seeded at low densities and grown on plastic tissue culture dishes produced a heterogeneous cell population composed of both overtly differentiated and poorly differentiated chondrocytes, as well as fibroblastic cells. On the other hand, cultures grown on BCE-ECM- or HR-9-ECM-coated dishes reorganized into a homogeneous cartilage-like tissue composed of round cells surrounded by a refractile matrix that stained intensely with alcian green. The cell ultrastructure and that of their pericellular matrix were similar to those seen in vivo. The differentiation of chondrocyte cultures grown on the ECMs vs. plastic was reflected by a two- to three-fold increase in the maximal rate of incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine into proteoglycans. Furthermore, the ratio of 35S-labeled proteoglycans incorporated in the cell layer vs. those released into the medium was 1.5-2.5-fold higher when cultures were grown on the ECMs than on plastic. This suggests that the ECMs stimulate the incorporation of newly synthesized proteoglycans into a cartilaginous matrix. Since chondrocyte cultures grown on BCE-ECM or HR-9-ECM give rise to a homogeneous cartilage-like tissue even when seeded at low cell densities, they provide a model for the study of cell-substrate interactions that are responsible for the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes.
The Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2 or n-COV19), the Cause of COVID-19 (2020)

The devastating effects of the recent global pandemic (termed COVID-19 for "coronavirus disease 2019") caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) are paramount with new cases and deaths growing at an exponential rate. In order to provide a better understanding of SARS CoV-2, this article will review the proteins found in the SARS CoV-2 that caused this global pandemic.
Impaired oxidation of plasma-derived fatty acids in type 2 diabetic subjects during moderate-intensity exercise. (2000)

The present study was intended to investigate the different components of fatty acid utilization during a 60-min period of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (50% of VO2max) in eight male type 2 diabetic subjects (aged 52.6 +/- 3.1 years, body fat 35.8 +/- 1.3%) and eight male obese control subjects (aged 45.1 +/- 1.4 years, body fat 34.2 +/- 1.3%) matched for age, body composition, and maximal aerobic capacity. To quantitate the different components of fatty acid metabolism, an isotope infusion of [U-13C]-palmitate was used in combination with indirect calorimetry. In separate experiments, the 13C label recovery in expired air was determined during infusion of [1,2-13C]-acetate (acetate recovery factor). There were no differences in energy expenditure or carbohydrate and total fat oxidation between the groups. The rate of appearance (Ra) of free fatty acid (FFA) (P < 0.05) and the exercise-induced increase in Ra of FFA were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in type 2 diabetic subjects compared with control subjects (baseline vs. exercise [40-60 min]; type 2 diabetes 11.9 +/- 0.9 vs. 19.6 +/- 2.2 micromol x kg(-1) fat-free mass [FFM] x min(-1) and control 15.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 28.6 +/- 2.1 micromol x kg(-1) FFM x min(-1)). The oxidation of plasma-derived fatty acids was significantly lower in type 2 diabetic subjects during both conditions (P < 0.05, baseline vs. exercise [40-60 min]; type 2 diabetes 4.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 14.1 +/- 1.9 micromol x kg(-1) FFM x min(-1) and control 6.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 20.4 +/- 1.9 micromol x kg(-1) FFM x min(-1)), whereas the oxidation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids was higher (P < 0.05). It is hypothesized that these impairments in fatty acid utilization may play a role in the etiology of skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin resistance.
Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-?1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (1999)

The PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon-beta1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) trial was a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, phase III, placebo-controlled study of interferon-beta1a in 560 patients from 22 centers in 9 countries with clinically definite or laboratory-supported relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The patients were randomized to receive recombinant interferon-beta1a (Rebif), 22 microg (6 mIU), 44 microg (12 mIU), or placebo, given subcutaneously, three times weekly for 2 years. All patients underwent biannual proton density/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine the overall magnetic resonance imaging disease activity and burden of disease, and a cohort of 205 patients had 11 initial monthly proton density/T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced/T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Over the 2 years, the placebo group showed a progressive median increase in burden of disease of 10.9%, whereas the 22-microg group and 44-microg group showed median decreases of 1.2% and 3.8%, respectively. The number of T2 active lesions and percentage of scans showing T2 activity on the biannual scans were also significantly reduced in both treatment groups compared with placebo, with a clear dose-effect favoring the 44-microg dose over the 22-microg dose. In the subgroup undergoing initial monthly scanning, this reduction in activity became statistically significant 2 months after the start of treatment. These results provide strong, objective evidence to support the positive clinical results of reduction in relapses and delay in disease progression. In addition, they also demonstrate a significant dosage effect, favoring the 44-microg dose.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Targeting Mouse Lacking Enzyme Activity Shows High Acetaldehyde Level in Blood, Brain, and Liver after Ethanol Gavages (2005)

These data indicate that mouse ALDH2 is a major enzyme for acetaldehyde metabolism, and the Aldh2-/- mice have significantly high acetaldehyde levels after ethanol gavages.
Use of SSH on a compartmented mode workstation (1997)

SSH stands for “Secure Shell. ” It is not a user shell like csh or ksh. Instead it is a widely-used means to accomplish secure, encrypted communication among cooperating nodes. It is a secure replacement for the “r-commands ” rsh, rlogin, and rcp. SSH is free for noncommercial use and builds and runs on most any Unix platform. A Compartmented Mode Workstation (CMW) is an example of a secure or “trusted ” operating system. The use of SSH on a CMW introduces security problems unless the SSH source code is modified to take advantage of the security features of the CMW. This paper describes the port and use of SSH on one particular brand of CMW.
Real-Time Visualization of Spacecraft Telemetry for the GLAST and LRO Missions (2010)

GlastCam and LROCam are closely-related tools developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for real-time visualization of spacecraft telemetry, developed for the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) missions, respectively. Derived from a common simulation tool, they use related but different architectures to ingest real-time spacecraft telemetry and ground predicted ephemerides, and to compute and display features of special interest to each mission in its operational environment. We describe the architectures of GlastCam and LROCam, the customizations required to fit into the mission operations environment, and the features that were found to be especially useful in early operations for their respective missions. Both tools have a primary window depicting a three-dimensional Cam view of the spacecraft that may be freely manipulated by the user. The scene is augmented with fields of view, pointing constraints, and other features which enhance situational awareness. Each tool also has another "Map" window showing the spacecraft's groundtrack projected onto a map of the Earth or Moon, along with useful features such as the Sun, eclipse regions, and TDRS satellite locations. Additional windows support specialized checkout tasks. One such window shows the star tracker fields of view, with tracking window locations and the mission star catalog. This view was instrumental for GLAST in quickly resolving a star tracker mounting polarity issue; visualization made the 180-deg mismatch immediately obvious. Full access to GlastCam's source code also made possible a rapid coarse star tracker mounting calibration with some on the fly code adjustments; adding a fine grid to measure alignment offsets, and introducing a calibration quaternion which could be adjusted within GlastCam without perturbing the flight parameters. This calibration, from concept to completion, took less than half an hour. Both GlastCam and LROCam were developed in the C language, with non-proprietary support libraries, for ease of customization and portability. This no-blackboxes aspect enables engineers to adapt quickly to unforeseen circumstances in the intense operations environment. GlastCam and LROCam were installed on multiple workstations in the operations support rooms, allowing independent use by multiple subsystems, systems engineers and managers, with negligible draw on telemetry system resources.
Biomechanical CT metrics are associated with patient outcomes in COPD (2017)

NCT00608764; Post-results.
Gettering of Gas by Titanium (1955)

Titanium metal has been studied as a getter for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, water vapor, hydrogen, and methane. Titanium above 700°C will getter oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is absorbed by titanium in the temperature range of 25 to 400°C. Water vapor and methane are readily sorbed when the metal is operated at both elevated and reduced temperatures. Large quantities of gases can be sorbed; sorption of ten to ninety atomic percent is possible. When saturated with gas, the metal becomes brittle and is easily fractured. Hydrogen gas is the only gas which can be released by heating after it has been sorbed by titanium.
Spatially selective modification of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells by SiO2 capping and rapid thermal annealing (1989)

GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs), selectively intermixed by SiO2 capping and rapid thermal annealing, have been characterized on a microscale using spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. From the evolution of the PL spectra across the boundary between the unmixed and intermixed regions, it was concluded that the transition region is narrower than the 1.5 μm excitation beam diameter. The magnitude of the intermixing was also found to increase with the thickness of the oxide. The present intermixed QWs were found to be stable against subsequent thermal treatment below the temperature limit imposed by the intrinsic interdiffusion. These results demonstrate that the effective band gap of QWs, and their physical properties, can be adjusted by controlling the oxide thickness profile.
The effects of teleocidin and aplysiatoxin tumor promoters on epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial permeability: comparison to phorbol esters (1990)

Control of transepithelial permeability by regulation of tight junctions is exerted by the non-phorbol ester tumor promoters, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin. Similar to the phorbol esters, tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol dibutyrate (PDBU), both teleocidin and aplysiatoxin cause a reversible decrease of transepithelial voltage and transepithelial resistance across LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cell sheets at concentrations as low as 10(-8) M. These compounds are effective from either side of these polar epithelial cells, i.e. apical or basolateral. The decreases in transepithelial gradients and resistance are paralleled by a rise in the transepithelial (paracellular) flux of D-mannitol between the cells (through the tight junctions). These four tumor promoters, TPA, PDBU, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin, are all known protein kinase C activators, and support the case for protein-kinase-C-mediated control of tight junctional permeability.
HyperLogLog in practice (2013)

Cardinality estimation has a wide range of applications and is of particular importance in database systems. Various algorithms have been proposed in the past, and the HyperLogLog algorithm is one of them. In this paper, we present a series of improvements to this algorithm that reduce its memory requirements and significantly increase its accuracy for an important range of cardinalities. We have implemented our proposed algorithm for a system at Google and evaluated it empirically, comparing it to the original HyperLogLog algorithm. Like HyperLogLog, our improved algorithm parallelizes perfectly and computes the cardinality estimate in a single pass.
Reactivity of Anionic Pentacoordinated Silicon Complexes towards Nucleophiles (1986)

Steric hindrance seldom plays a role in nucleophilic substitutions at silicon, since the pentacoordinated Si anions of 1, R, R = Me, Ph, 1-naphthyl, react far more rapidly with nucleophiles, e.g. PhMgBr, than the neutral compound 2. “By-products” of the reactivity study are new synthetic methods for RSiH3, RR′2SiH, and RSiR′3 (R′ = alkyl, aryl).
ANTIOCH MOSAIC PAVEMENTS. <i>By</i> Doro Levi. Princeton University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 2 vols. 200<i>s net.</i> (1951)

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Factors leading to elevations in serum acid glycerophosphatase (1952)

HE SIGNIFICANCE of phosphatase findings in T carcinoma of the prostate was reviewed by Woodard and Dean in 1947.*It was pointed out that, when sodium p-glycerophosphate was used as substrate, no elevations in acid phosphatase had been found in the serum of women or of men without prostatic disease.Figures were given for the incidence of elevations in the serum acid phosphatase of patients with prostatic cancer, and the changes seen during endocrine therapy were discussed.An observation for which no satisfactory explanation was available at that time was the presence of normal acid-phosphatase readings in the serum of a substantial percentage of patients with proved prostatic cancer even when the disease was quite extensive.During the past four years, additional data have been obtained that throw light on this problem and are the subject of the present communication. METHODSThe method for the determination of phosphatase in tissue and serum has been described in detail elsewhere.0I t is a modification o f the method of Bodansky for serum alkaline phosphatase and employs sodium p-glycerophosphate as substrate.Serum acid phosphatase was determined at p H 4.5 to 5.2, usually at about pH 4.7.There is little variation in the phosphatase activity of the serum with changes of P H in this range.In the determination of the acid phosphatase activities of extracts of prostatic tissue, several tests were made at various pH values between 4.0 and 6.5, and the maximum activity was reported.T h e pH at which this was found varied some-From Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York, New York.
Selective compounds derived from marine organisms: effects on cell division in fertilized sea urchin eggs. (1981)

An investigation of the pharmacological selectivity of the fertilized sea urchin egg assay was undertaken with the view that this echinoderm may serve as a useful model for detecting new compounds that inhibit cell division and also may yield substantive information on biochemical events that may be sensitive to drug action. One hundred and thirty purified marine natural products were tested as well as 14 known antineoplastic agents. Nine active marine cytotoxins were identified and, based on in vitro studies of microtubule assembly, five compounds inhibited tubulin polymerization. Of the 14 antineoplastic agents tested thus far, the transcriptional inhibitor daunomycin has proven active as well as the microtubule assembly inhibitors Colcemid, podophyllotoxin, vinblastine, and vincristine.
Realizing near-perfect absorption at visible frequencies (2009)

Sub-wavelength hole array (SHA) combined with thick metal layer (TML) is shown to have simultaneous suppressed transmission and reflection, resulting near-perfect absorption. Unlike the simultaneous electric and magnetic resonances in electric ring resonator and cut wire [PRL, 100, 207402 (2008)], such behavior results from strong anti-symmetric surface plasmons coupling supported by SHA and TML. The polarization-free characteristic permits to construct an ideal absorber for some practical applications in turbid backgrounds.
Load balancing mechanisms in Clos packet switches (2004)

The size of a single-hop switching fabric is still limited by the technology and the fabrics available on the market that do not exceed the terabit capacity. A Clos fabric is an attractive solution to increase the switch capacity. In this paper, we propose the ways to transfer packets through the Clos network without blocking them. Namely, all the traffic would get through the switching fabric timely, as long as the switch outputs are not overloaded. We show that the rate and delay guarantees can be provided to the most sensitive applications.
Expert versus novice use of the executive support systems: an empirical study (2005)

Expertise is essential in problem solving, particularly for executives. Much literature indicates that in solving daily problems, executives may employ both analytical thinking and intuition. To develop analytical thinking skills and to effectively apply intuition, company executives require expertise. Therefore, the use of executive support systems (ESS) may differ substantially between experts and novices. Previous ESS research has failed to address the effects of expertise on its use. Therefore, this study examines how professionals use ESS to address business-oriented tasks. The professionals were divided into two groups, depending on whether they were experts or novices in the business represented by those tasks. Results in this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Computer self-efficacy strongly influenced executive use of the ESS. (2) Both the main effects of expertise and interaction of expertise and task were insignificant on their perceived usefulness (PU) and user information satisfaction (UIS). (3) Experts felt the ESS was of greater rise when more powerful systems were employed, rather than less powerful systems, while the difference for novices between more and less powerful systems was insignificant. (4) For experts, the UIS score rated significantly higher when employing more powerful systems in both tasks. However novices rated significantly higher only when employing the systems that cognitively fit the performed task. Implications for further application and research are also discussed.
High Explosives Vapor Detection by Glow Discharge–Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The combination of atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization with quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry for the detection of traces of high explosives is described. Atmospheric sampling glow discharge provides a simple, rugged, and efficient means for anion formation while the quadrupole ion trap provides for efficient tandem mass spectrometry. Mass-selective ion accumulation and non-specific ion activation methods can be used to overcome deleterious effects arising from ion/ion interactions. Such interactions constitute the major potential technical barrier to the use of the ion trap for real-time monitoring of targeted compounds in uncontrolled and highly variable matrices. Tailored waveforms can be used to effect both mass-selective ion accumulation and ion activation. Concatenated tailored waveforms allow for both functions in a single experiment, thereby providing the capability for monitoring several targeted species simultaneously.
Role of the cytoskeleton in the reaction of fibroblasts to multiple grooved substrata (1995)

The role of the cytoskeleton and cell attachments in the alignment of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts to ridge and groove substratum topography was investigated using confocal scanning microscopy. This was carried out with normal cells and cells treated with the cytoskeleton modifiers cytochalasin D, colcemid, and taxol. Actin was localised with fluorescent phalloidin. Tubulin, vinculin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 were visualised by indirect immunofluorescence. The spreading, elongation, and orientation of the cells after 24 h of culture in these conditions were measured on grooves of 5, 10, and 25 microns width and 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 microns depth. We have also observed events over the first 30 min of cell attachment. Five minutes after cell attachment, F-actin condensations were seen close to the intersection of groove wall and ridge top, that is, at a topographic discontinuity. The condensations were often at right angles to the groove edge and showed a periodicity of 0.6 microns. Vinculin arrangement at the early stages of cell spreading was similar to that of actin. Organisation of the microtubule system followed later, becoming obvious at about 30 min after cell plating. The Curtis and Clark theory (that cells react to topography primarily at lines of discontinuity in the substratum by actin nucleation) is supported by these results. The use of cytoskeletal poisons did not entirely abolish cell reaction to grooves. Colcemid increased cell spreading and reduced cell orientation and elongation. Cytochalasin D reduced cell spreading, orientation, and elongation. Taxol reduced cell elongation but did not affect cell spreading and orientation. We conclude that the aggregation of actin along groove/ridge boundaries is a primary driving event in determining fibroblast orientation on microgrooved substrata.
HMG20A and HMG20B map to human chromosomes 15q24 and 19p13.3 and constitute a distinct class of HMG-box genes with ubiquitous expression (2000)

The HMG box encodes a conserved DNA binding domain found in many proteins and is involved in the regulation of transcription and chromatin conformation. We describe HMG20A and HMG20B, two novel human HMG box-containing genes, discovered within the EURO-IMAGE Consortium full-length cDNA sequencing initiative. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes are 48.4% identical (73.9% within the HMG domain). The HMG domain of both HMG20 proteins is most similar to that of yeast NHP6A (38% to 42%). Outside of this domain, HMG20 proteins lack any significant homology to other known proteins. We determined the genomic structure and expression pattern of HMG20A and HMG20B. Both genes have several alternative transcripts, expressed almost ubiquitously. HMG20A maps to chromosome 15q24 (near D15S1227) and HMG20B to 19p13.3 (between D19S209 and D19S216). The HMG20 genes define a distinct class of mammalian HMG box genes.