gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
InGaAs Tunneling Field-Effect-Transistors With Atomic-Layer-Deposited Gate Oxides (2011)

In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As tunneling field-effect-transistors (TFETs) using the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> (6 nm)/undoped (6 nm) tunneling junction with 5-nm HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> gate oxides have been demonstrated with an on-current of 50 μA/μm and a minimum subthreshold swing (SS) of 86 mV/dec. The impacts of tunneling junction structures on TFETs' performance have been investigated. It has been found that In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As TFETs with the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> (4 nm)/undoped (8 nm) tunneling junction provide ~ 80% higher on -currents than In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As TFETs with the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> (6 nm)/undoped (6 nm) junction, and In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As TFETs exhibit much higher on-currents than In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As TFETs. Different atomic-layer-deposited gate oxides have been used, and Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> bilayer gate oxides effectively improve the SS compared with HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> single gate oxide. The effects of equivalent oxide thickness scaling and operating temperatures on the on-current, the SS, and the gate-bias-dependent Esaki diode behavior have been also investigated.
Genotypic Analysis of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in Two Distinct Populations Using Molecular Beacons: Implications for Rapid Susceptibility Testing (2000)

Past genotypic studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may have incorrectly estimated the importance of specific drug resistance mutations due to a number of sampling biases including an overrepresentation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. An accurate assessment of resistance mutations is crucial for understanding basic resistance mechanisms and designing genotypic drug resistance assays. We developed a rapid closed-tube PCR assay using fluorogenic reporter molecules called molecular beacons to detect reportedly common M. tuberculosis mutations associated with resistance to isoniazid and rifampin. The assay was used in a comparative genotypic investigation of two different study populations to determine whether these known mutations account for most cases of clinical drug resistance. We analyzed samples from a reference laboratory in Madrid, Spain, which receives an overrepresentation of MDR isolates similar to prior studies and from a community medical center in New York where almost all of the resistant isolates and an equal number of susceptible controls were available. The ability of the molecular beacon assay to predict resistance to isoniazid and rifampin was also assessed. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the assay for isoniazid resistance were 85 and 100%, respectively, and those for rifampin resistance were 98 and 100%, respectively. Rifampin resistance mutations were detected equally well in isolates from both study populations; however, isoniazid resistance mutations were detected in 94% of the isolates from Madrid but in only 76% of the isolates from New York (P = 0.02). In New York, isoniazid resistance mutations were significantly more common in the MDR isolates (94%) than in single-drug-resistant isolates (44%; P < 0.001). No association between previously described mutations in the kasA gene and isoniazid resistance was found. The first mutations that cause isoniazid resistance may often occur in sequences that have not been commonly associated with isoniazid resistance, possibly in other as yet uncharacterized genes. The molecular beacon assay was simple, rapid, and highly sensitive for the detection of rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates and for the detection of isoniazid resistance in MDR isolates.
CSF p-Tau levels in the prediction of Alzheimer's disease (2013)

The two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles are formed due to the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. There is an urgent need to develop a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of AD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is surrounding the brain and reflects the major neuropathological features in the AD brain. Diagnosis, disease progression and drug actions rely on the AD biomarkers. Mainly CSF tau and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) have been observed to serve the purpose for early AD. Keeping in view the early appearance of p-Tau in CSF, we analyzed p-Tau levels in 23 AD, 23 Non AD type dementia (NAD), 23 Neurological control (NC) and 23 Healthy control (HC) North Indian patients. The levels of p-Tau were found to be increased in AD patients (67.87±18.05 pg/ml, SEM 3.76) compared with NAD (47.55±7.85 pg/ml, SEM 1.64), NC (34.42±4.51 pg/ml, SEM 0.94) and HC (27.09±7.18 pg/ml, SEM 1.50). The resulting sensitivity for AD with NAD was 80.27% whereas with respect to the NAD, NC and HC was 85.40%. Therefore elevated levels of p-Tau in AD can be exploited as a predictive biomarker in North Indian AD patients.
E-NPP3 controls plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers in the small intestine (2017)

Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) performs multiple functions including activation and induction of apoptosis of many cell types. The ATP-hydrolyzing ectoenzyme ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (E-NPP3) regulates ATP-dependent chronic allergic responses by mast cells and basophils. However, E-NPP3 is also highly expressed on epithelial cells of the small intestine. In this study, we showed that E-NPP3 controls plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) numbers in the intestine through regulation of intestinal extracellular ATP. In Enpp3-/- mice, ATP concentrations were increased in the intestinal lumen. pDC numbers were remarkably decreased in the small intestinal lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Intestinal pDCs of Enpp3-/- mice showed enhanced cell death as characterized by increases in annexin V binding and expression of cleaved caspase-3. pDCs were highly sensitive to ATP-induced cell death compared with conventional DCs. ATP-induced cell death was abrogated in P2rx7-/- pDCs. Accordingly, the number of intestinal pDCs was restored in Enpp3-/- P2rx7-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that E-NPP3 regulates ATP concentration and thereby prevents the decrease of pDCs in the small intestine.
Donor-specific blood transfusion-induced tolerance in adult rats with a dominant TCR-Vbeta rearrangement in heart allografts (1996)

Following allotransplantation, determinants encoded within the donor MHC are recognized by recipient T lymphocytes through their Ag receptor. In this study, we investigated the TCR Vbeta chain diversity of T cells infiltrating rejected and tolerated heart allografts in a model of donor-specific blood transfusion-induced tolerance in MHC-mismatched congeneic rats. The PCR-based method that we used allows the diversity of Vbeta chains at the complementarity-determining region 3 level to be analyzed quantitatively. Our results show that the Vbeta repertoire usage in graft-infiltrating T cells was characteristic and different in tolerated compared with rejected grafts, and differed in both cases from the normal distribution of the Vbeta repertoire. An expansion of lymphocytes showing a conserved Vbeta18-Dbetal-Jbeta2.7 gene rearrangement was found, from the first day after grafting onward, in graft-infiltrating cells from all tolerant animals. This clone accounted for as much as 5% of the whole Vbeta repertoire in tolerated hearts, as evidenced by RNase protection assay. In contrast, we demonstrated that, of lymphocytes infiltrating rejected grafts, those with a Vbeta18 chain were diverse, and that even though by day 5 the conserved Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 rearrangement was detectable, lymphocytes harboring this rearrangement represented less than 0.6% of the whole TCR-alphabeta+ T cell repertoire. Kinetics analysis revealed that the expansion of lymphocytes bearing this conserved rearrangement was elicited specifically by donor blood transfusion. Indeed, Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 transcripts were detected in PBL from transfused animals as early as 7 days after donor-specific blood transfusion. Finally, we provided evidence that this T cell clone belongs to the CD8+ subset. The putative role in inducing and maintaining the allograft tolerance of the CD8+ T cell clone harboring this public Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 rearrangement is discussed.
Synthese und Eigenschaften unsymmetrischer Diketopiperazine des Cysteins / Synthesis and Properties of Unsymmetrical Diketopiperazines of Cysteine (1971)

The synthesis of cyclo (c)-cys-ser, c-cys-asp and c-cys-try via cyclisation of the corresponding cystin-dipeptidesters and subsequent reduction of the disulfides of the diketopiperazines with mercapto-ethanole is described. The ir-spectra of the cyclo-dipeptides and their disulfides were studied with regard to interactions of the functional groups. The spectra indicate a strong hydrogen bridge between the OH-groups of c-cys-ser-disulfide and interactions between the SH and other functional groups of the above mentioned diketopiperazines. The kinetics of the reaction of cysdiketopiperazines with N-ethylmaleimide and p-nitro-phenylacetate were studied. The SH-groug of cys-diketopiperazines has a greater nucleophilic reactivity towards p-nitro-phenylacetate than was expected on the basis of the pK SH -values.
Improving susceptibility mapping using a threshold‐based K‐space/image domain iterative reconstruction approach (2012)

To improve susceptibility quantification, a threshold-based k-space/image domain iterative approach that uses geometric information from the susceptibility map itself as a constraint to overcome the ill-posed nature of the inverse filter is introduced. Simulations were used to study the accuracy of the method and its robustness in the presence of noise. In vivo data were processed and analyzed using this method. Both simulations and in vivo results show that most streaking artifacts inside the susceptibility map caused by the ill-defined inverse filter were suppressed by the iterative approach. In simulated data, the bias toward lower mean susceptibility values inside vessels has been shown to decrease from around 10% to 2% when choosing an appropriate threshold value for the proposed iterative method. Typically, three iterations are sufficient for this approach to converge and this process takes less than 30 s to process a 512×512×256 dataset. This iterative method improves quantification of susceptibility inside vessels and reduces streaking artifacts throughout the brain for data collected from a single-orientation acquisition. This approach has been applied to vessels alone as well as to vessels and other structures with lower susceptibility to generate whole brain susceptibility maps with significantly reduced streaking artifacts.
Near Optimum Power Control Under Fairness Constraints in CoMP Systems (2009)

We consider the problem of setting the uplink signal-to-noise-and-interference (SINR) target and allocating transmit powers for mobile stations in multicell spatial multiplexing wireless systems. Our aim is twofold: to evaluate the potential of such mechanisms in coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP) systems, and to develop scalable numerical schemes that allow real-time near-optimal resource allocation across multiple sites. We formulate two versions of the SINR target and power allocation problem: one for maximizing the sum rate subject to power constraints, and one for minimizing the total power needed to meet a sum-rate target. To evaluate the potential of our approach, we perform a semi-analytical study in Mathematica using the augmented Lagrangian penalty function method. We find that the gain of the joint optimum SINR setting and power allocation may be significant depending on the degree of fairness that we impose. We develop a numerical technique, based on successive convexification, for real-time optimization of SINR targets and transmit powers. We benchmark our procedure against the globally optimal solution, and demonstrate consistently strong performance in realistic CoMP scenarios.
Enantioselective Acylation of Silyl Ketene Acetals through Fluoride Anion-Binding Catalysis (2011)

A highly enantioselective acylation of silyl ketene acetals with acyl fluorides has been developed to generate useful α,α-disubstituted butyrolactone products. This transformation is promoted by a new thiourea catalyst and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine and represents the first example of enantioselective thiourea anion-binding catalysis with fluoride.
The Current Status of mHealth for Diabetes: Will it Be the Next Big Thing? (2013)

mHealth is an emerging concept in health care and uses mobile communications devices for health services and information. Mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, tablets, personal digital assistants, and other wireless devices can be part of mHealth systems. With mHealth systems, glucose data can now be automatically collected, transmitted, aggregated with other physiologic data, analyzed, stored, and presented as actionable information. mHealth systems use mobile decision support software applications (or apps) to assist or direct health care professionals to make decisions, or they can assist or direct patients to make decisions without waiting for input from a clinician. With real-time decision support for patients, appropriate actions can be taken in real time without waiting to see a clinician. Decisions can be personalized if individual treatment goals and personal preferences for treatment are inputted into an app. Few mHealth apps for diabetes have been rigorously tested. Outcome studies of the use of mHealth for diabetes from the literature have shown the potential for benefits, but higher-quality studies are needed. Regulatory approval of mHealth products will require demonstration of safety and effectiveness, especially where information and trends are not just presented to patients, but used to make treatment recommendations. Three additional hurdles must be overcome to facilitate widespread adoption of this technology, including demonstration of the following: (1) privacy to satisfy regulators, (2) clinical benefit to satisfy clinicians, and (3) economic benefit to satisfy payers. mHealth for diabetes is making rapid strides and is expected to be a transforming technology that will be the next big thing.
Degenerately Doped Metal Oxide Nanocrystals as Plasmonic and Chemoresistive Gas Sensors (2016)

Highly doped wide band gap metal oxide nanocrystals have recently been proposed as building blocks for applications as transparent electrodes, electrochromics, plasmonics, and optoelectronics in general. Here we demonstrate the application of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) nanocrystals as novel plasmonic and chemiresistive sensors for the detection of hazardous gases including hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>). GZO nanocrystals with a tunable surface plasmon resonance in the near-infrared are obtained using a colloidal heat-up synthesis. Thanks to the strong sensitivity of the plasmon resonances to chemical and electrical changes occurring at the surface of the nanocrystals, such optical features can be used to detect the presence of toxic gases. By monitoring the changes in the dopant-induced plasmon resonance in the near-infrared, we demonstrate that GZO thin films prepared depositing an assembly of highly doped GZO colloids are able to optically detect both oxidizing and reducing gases at mild (<100 °C) operating temperatures. Combined optical and electrical measurements show that trivalent dopants within ZnO nanocrystals enhance the gas sensing response compared to undoped ZnO. Moreover, improved sub-ppm of NO<sub>2</sub> gas sensitivity is achieved by activating the sensors response through combined purple-blue (λ = 430 nm) light irradiation and mild heating at 75 °C. In addition, these thin films based on degenerately doped semiconductors are highly transparent in the visible range, enabling the fabrication of "invisible" gas sensors. The use of highly doped semiconductive nanocrystals for both IR plasmonic and chemiresistive sensors represent a marked advancement toward the development of highly sensitive and selective devices.
Effects of aqueous buffers on electrocatalytic water oxidation with an iridium oxide material electrodeposited in thin layers from an organometallic precursor (2012)

A thin layer of an amorphous, mixed-valence iridium oxide (electrodeposited from an organometallic precursor, [Cp*Ir(H(2)O)(3)](2+)) is a heterogeneous catalyst among the most active and stable currently available for electrochemical water oxidation. We show that buffers can improve the oxygen-evolution activity of such thin-layer catalysts near neutral pH, but that buffer identity and concentration, as well as the solution pH, remain key determinants of long-term electrocatalyst activity and stability; for example, phosphate buffer can reduce the overpotential by up to 173 mV.
Balance of Beneficial and Deleterious Health Effects of Quinones: A Case Study of the Chemical Properties of Genistein and Estrone Quinones (2008)

Substances containing a phenolic moiety are often metabolized to quinones whose high reactivity makes them difficult to study. Some of these precursors have clear health benefits, and some quinones themselves are used in cancer therapy, whereas others are deleterious. For example, dietary intake of phytoestrogen, genistein (Gen), seems to play a preventive role in breast cancer (BC) whereas prolonged exposure to chemically similar mammalian estrogens is clearly associated with elevated incidence of BC. Although both can be metabolized to reactive quinones, the catechol estrogen quinones (CEQs) modify DNA by redox cycling and/or depurination via a Michael addition. Here, we report an investigation of the chemical reactivity of Gen and estrone quinones to determine the chemical differences of these two biologically important molecules. The catechol genistein quinone (CGenQ), has a half-life of 4 +/- 1 s under physiological condition, as determined by glutathione trapping. It disappears by reacting with H2O to give a dihydrate, CGenQ x (H2O)2, whose structure was proved by NMR. Under reductive conditions, CGenQ x (H2O)2 is readily reduced to reform the catechol genistein (CGen). This reversible oxidation of CGen to CGenQ and the prompt moderation of its reactivity by hydration to CGenQ x (H2O)2 effectively hinders any redox cycling or depurination reaction of CGenQ with DNA. Catechol estrogen quinones, on the other hand, are sufficiently long-lived that they can damage DNA via a Michael addition or by redox cycling. Although the reactivity of CEQ in a nonaqueous solvent is similar to that of CGenQ, its reactivity in aqueous media with the free Ade base is more than 600 times that of CGenQ. These results suggest that rapid hydration of a quinone can moderate its reactivity toward biomolecules, allowing them to express, for example, estrogen-like properties without exhibiting the deleterious properties of redox cycling or directly damaging DNA via depurination reactions.
A remission spectroscopy system for in vivomonitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in murine hepatic sinusoids, in early systemic inflammation (2005)

BACKGROUND: During the early stages of systemic inflammation, the liver integrity is compromised by microcirculatory disturbances and subsequent hepatocellular injury. Little is known about the relationship between the hemoglobin oxygen saturation (HbsO2) in sinusoids and the hepatocellular mitochondrial redox state, in early systemic inflammation. In a murine model of early systemic inflammation, we have explored the association between the sinusoidal HbsO2 detected with a remission spectroscopy system and 1.) the NAD(P)H autofluorescence (an indicator of the intracellular mitochondrial redox state) and 2.) the markers of hepatocellular injury. RESULTS: Animals submitted to 1 hour bilateral hindlimb ischemia (I) and 3 hours of reperfusion (R) (3.0 h I/R) exhibited lower HbsO2 values when compared with sham. Six hours I/R (1 hour bilateral hindlimb ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion) and the continuous infusion of endothelin-1 (ET-1) further aggravated the hypoxia in HbsO2. The detected NAD(P)H autofluorescence correlated with the detected HbsO2 values and showed the same developing. Three hours I/R resulted in elevated NAD(P)H autofluorescence compared with sham animals. Animals after 6.0 h I/R and continuous infusion of ET-1 revealed higher NAD(P)H autofluorescence compared with 3.0 h I/R animals. Overall the analysed HbsO2 values correlated with all markers of hepatocellular injury. CONCLUSION: During the early stages of systemic inflammation, there is a significant decrease in hepatic sinusoidal HbsO2. In parallel, we detected an increasing NAD(P)H autofluorescence representing an intracellular inadequate oxygen supply. Both changes are accompanied by increasing markers of liver cell injury. Therefore, remission spectroscopy in combination with NAD(P)H autofluorescence provides information on the oxygen distribution, the metabolic state and the mitochondrial redox potential, within the mouse liver.
Single-Document Summarization Using Sentence Embeddings and K-Means Clustering (2018)

This paper proposes a novel method for extractive single document summarization using K-Means clustering and Sentence Embeddings. Sentence embeddings were processed by K-Means algorithm into a number of clusters depending on the required summary size. Sentences in a given cluster contained similar information, and the most appropriate sentence was picked and included in the summary for each cluster by a ridge regression sentence scoring model. Experimental ROUGE score evaluation of summaries of various lengths for the DUC 2001 dataset demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach.