gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ions on a needle's tip - Traps with enhanced optical and physical access (2009)

The properties of single atomic ions allow them to be used as sensitive probes to measure a multitude of physical effects, ranging from light field distributions to weak force fields, for example electric or magnetic fields. However trapping and controlling ions reliably calls for a more or less encompassing electrode configuration, that depending on the realization can block a substantial amount of access to the ion. Here we present a novel radio-frequency (rf) ion trap geometry that reduces the solid angle obstructed by trap electrodes to a minimum. Since access and proper ion confinement are inherently opposing goals, we realized three different traps with access ranging from 71% to 96% of 4π to characterize the trade-offs. Fabrication, characterization, as well as promising applications of similar traps in quantum optics and field sensing are discussed.
Componential set-based analysis (1997)

Set based analysis is a constraint-based whole program analysis that is applicable to functional and object-oriented programming language. Unfortunately, the analysis is useless for large programs, since it generates descriptions of data flow relationships that grow quadratically in the size of the program.This paper presents componential set-based analysis, which is faster and handles larger programs without any loss of accuracy over set-based analysis. The design of the analysis exploits a number of theoretical results concerning constraint systems, including a completeness result and a decision algorithm concerning the observable equivalance of constraint systems. Experimental results validate the practically of the analysis.
Fabrication and optical properties of GaN-based quantum dots (2002)

We discuss our recent progress in fabrication and optical of GaN-based quantum dots of high quality. Strong polarization effect induced by GaN/AlN heterointerface leads to various unique features such as long radiative recombination lifetime. A new type of quantum dot lasers operated without population-inversion is proposed utilizing the polarization effect.
A performance study on real-time IP multicasting (2004)

In this paper we investigate the performance of Internet group management protocol version 3 (IGMPv3) and real time transport protocol (RTP) for various scenarios. For this purpose, a network simulator is developed using C++. As it is important to evaluate protocol performances under realistic conditions, the simulation models and network traffic models that are used in the simulations are developed to reflect real life behavior. The simulation models are verified and the performance results obtained are compared with the past studies.
Accurate and Reliable Detection of Traffic Lights Using Multiclass Learning and Multiobject Tracking (2016)

Automatic detection of traffic lights has great importance to road safety. This paper presents a novel approach that combines computer vision and machine learning techniques for accurate detection and classification of different types of traffic lights, including green and red lights both in circular and arrow forms. Initially, color extraction and blob detection are employed to locate the candidates. Subsequently, a pretrained PCA network is used as a multiclass classifier to obtain frame-by-frame results. Furthermore, an online multiobject tracking technique is applied to overcome occasional misses and a forecasting method is used to filter out false positives. Several additional optimization techniques are employed to improve the detector performance and handle the traffic light transitions. When evaluated using the test video sequences, the proposed system can successfully detect the traffic lights on the scene with high accuracy and stable results. Considering hardware acceleration, the proposed technique is ready to be integrated into advanced driver assistance systems or self-driving vehicles. We build our own data set of traffic lights from recorded driving videos, including circular lights and arrow lights in different directions. Our experimental data set is available at http://computing.wpi.edu/Dataset.html.
Composite-anisotropy amorphous magnetic materials for high-frequency devices (2005)

In-plane biaxial anisotropy in permeability, desired for integrated inductor cores, was achieved using a composite-anisotropy sandwiched structure. With Tb-doped CoTaZr alloy as the material for magnetic layers, the permeability of the composite film was close to 50% of that of blanket film along the easy axes of both top and bottom magnetic layers, and the ferromagnetic-resonance frequencies were about 2GHz. Simulations show that the integrated inductors with the composite film as their magnetic cores have inductances near a half of that for the ideal isotropic permeability case.
Amiloride (1968)

Amiloride, a new, well-tolerated oral natriuretic and mild diuretic agent, has been evaluated alone and in combination with other diuretics. Its remarkable ability to promote retention rather than loss of potassium makes it a useful adjunct in the management of even the most severe edematous states. It also retards the alkalosis produced by certain of the stronger diuretics by blocking hydrogen secretion and promoting bicarbonate loss. In addition to being a valuable adjunctive agent, the compound may be useful alone because of the advantages inherent in steady, sustained natriuretic therapy with a mild diuresis as opposed to incurring precipitous alterations in fluid and electrolyte balance with the intermittent use of more potent agents. In certain patients it was mildly antihypertensive. Amiloride produced marked increases in aldosterone secretion with lesser rises in plasma renin. The adrenal stimulation therefore appeared to result from both potassium retention and renin activation consequent to natriuresis. The compound appears to act primarily in the distal nephron, blocking both sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-potassium exchange. Like triamterene, but unlike spirolactone, amiloride has the characteristics of a noncompetitive inhibitor of aldosteronedirected sodium and potassium transport. Because of this, it may be expected to produce more predictable effects than spirolactone and at least in certain instances to be more powerful. It may also be preferable to spirolactone for the acute control of derangements in potassium balance because of its more rapid onset and disappearance of action. No significant toxicity was encountered; however, serum potassium values should be carefully monitored, especially in situations involving impaired renal function.
A Biomechanical Comparative Analysis of Two Techniques for Tibiotalar Arthrodesis (1994)

Two commonly used techniques for tibiotalar fusion were quantitatively compared using instrumented testing of the strength of the construct. The tibiae and tali from 10 pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric limbs were used. One joint of each pair was fused using two 6.5-mm crossed cancellous screws from proximal to distal while the contralateral joint was fused using two 6.5-mm parallel cancellous screws from distal to proximal. Each specimen was subjected to cantilever bending and torsional testing by servohydraulic actuators. The bending tests included plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion, and measured the load during deflection applied 10 cm distal to the fusion site. The rigidity was expressed as newtons per millimeter of deflection. The torsional tests measured construct stiffness in external and internal rotation, and were expressed as newton-meters per degree of rotation. For the bending tests, the crossed screw construct was more rigid in eversion (23.1 N/mm, P = .0004) and dorsiflexion (16.9 N/mm, P = .02), while the parallel screw construct was more rigid in inversion (22.8 N/mm, P = .02) and plantarflexion (22.3 N/mm, P = .0007). In torsional testing, the crossed screw construct was at least 1.5 times stiffer than the parallel screw construct in resisting internal (1.7 N-m/deg versus 0.9 N-m/deg, P = .0001) and external (1.4 N-m/deg versus 0.9 N-m/deg, P = .02) rotation. In laboratory testing, the crossed screw technique is more rigid than the parallel screws, especially in resisting torsional stresses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Glyceryl Trinitrate Complements Citrate and Ethanol in a Novel Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solution To Eradicate Biofilm Organisms (2013)

Antimicrobial catheter lock therapy is practiced to prevent lumenal-sourced infections of central venous catheters. Citrate has been used clinically as an anticoagulant in heparin-free catheter locks. Ethanol has also been widely studied as an antimicrobial lock solution component. This study reports on the synergy of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) with citrate and ethanol in rapidly eradicating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans biofilms in an in vitro model for catheter biofilm colonization. GTN has a long history of intravenous use as a hypotensive agent. It is potentially attractive as a component of a catheter lock solution because its physiologic half-life is quite short and its metabolic pathways are known. A lock containing 7% citrate and 20% ethanol required 0.01% GTN to fully eradicate biofilms of all test organisms within 2 h in the model. This GTN concentration is below the levels where clinically significant hypotensive effects are expected.
Gene transfer in wound healing. (2000)

Gene transfer refers to the introduction of DNA or RNA molecules into target cells. The purpose of gene transfer is cellular expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid. This process can lead to the addition or inhibition of a cellular function. The techniques for gene transfer can generally be divided into viral, chemical, electrical, or mechanical methods. Several different viral vectors can be used for in vitro gene transfer, but in vivo adenoviral vectors are the most successful for transfection of wounds. The chemical vectors include liposomes, calcium phosphate, and diethylaminoethyl-dextran. The most important mechanical methods for gene transfer are direct single injection of DNA, particle-mediated (gene gun) transfer, and microseeding. Existing techniques currently yield expression in the physiologic or supraphysiologic range for 1 to 2 weeks. A large number of potentially useful proteins could be delivered to healing wounds with gene-transfer techniques, including stimulatory and inhibitory peptides. It has also been shown that a tetracycline switch can be used to control the beginning, as well as the end, of gene expression. Gene transfer to wounds is a powerful experimental tool for targeted, consistent, local delivery of peptides in high concentrations to the wound environment. Gene transfer shows great potential for the treatment of wounds with specific biochemical or genetic defects.
A novel synthetic route to peralkylated carborane anions, 1-H-CB9Me9− and 1-H-CB11R11− (R = Me, Et) (2000)

Treatment of carborane anions with excess RBr (R = Me, Et) in a sealed Pyrex tube at 200 °C gives peralkylated carborane anions in quantitative yields, which represents the most convenient and the most economic method so far reported in the literature for the preparation of peralkylcarborane anions.
On the Optical and Structural Propeties of ZnO Thin Films Synthesized by a Sol-Gel Technique (2009)

espanolPeliculas delgadas de ZnO fueron preparadas por una ruta alternativa a la tecnica convencional de sol-gel. Las propiedades estructurales y opticas de dichas muestras fueron cuidadosamente estudiadas. La deposicion de las peliculas fue llevada a cabo sobre sustratos de vidrio usando la tecnica de �dip-coating�. Acetato de Zinc dihidratado fue usado como precursor inorganico. Este compuesto fue primeramente disuelto en etanol y acido nitrico. La solucion obtenida fue entonces mezcla-da con acido citrico y etilenglicol. El analisis por difraccion de rayos X confirmo la estructura wurzita del material sinteti-zado. De otro lado, los espectros de transmitancia mostraron una banda de absorcion a aproximadamente 3.3 eV. Adicio-nalmente, analisis de superficie de las peliculas por medio de Microscopia Electronica de barrido (SEM) mostraron exce-lente morfologia con superficies muy planas. EnglishZinc oxide (ZnO) films were prepared by an alternative route to the sol-gel process and their structural and optic properties carefully investigated. The deposition of the films was carried out on glass substrates by using a dip-coating technique. Zinc acetate dihydrate was used as inorganic precursor. This compound was first dissolved in ethanol and nitric acid. The obtained solution was then mixed with a citric acid and ethylenglycol, which were previously dissolved. XRD pattern con-firmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the synthesized material. Optical transmittance spectra showed absorption band at 3.3 eV. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed excellent morphology of the samples with very flat sur-faces.
Development of a Casing/Drilling System Improves the Drilling Process (2000)

Abstract Drilling technologies continue to be driven by — and developed in spite of — the fluctuations in the price of crude oil. In an effort to further optimize the drilling process, especially for deep-water exploration, a system has been developed that allows casing to be run during drilling of a well. The Casing/Drilling System ("CDS") will save rig time by altering the traditional drilling process. This system has been designed primarily for multi-well offshore platforms, multiwell operations on land, deep-water operations, and for situations requiring operators to drill through and place casing across problem formations quickly. This technology uses a combination of traditional components — bits, mud motors, MWD/LWD tools — as well as some newly developed components that allow drilling of most hole sizes from any drilling unit, with the ability to recover the drilling assembly using wireline or drill pipe. This paper will describe the physical components and operational aspects of the casing drilling system. Actual well data will demonstrate the value of the system and the lessons learned during initial field use.
Effect of serotonin on murine macrophages: suppression of Ia expression by serotonin and its reversal by 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor antagonists. (1986)

Serotonin (5-HT), a mediator released from platelets at sites of inflammation, suppressed IFN-gamma-induced Ia expression in mouse bone marrow macrophages maintained in vitro. (Mean percent suppression = 63.9% +/- 9.2, n = 40.) This suppression was not toxic or endotoxin-related, was concentration-dependent, and occurred at the physiologic concentrations of 5-HT present at inflammatory sites. The concentration of 5-HT producing the half-maximal effect was 2.5 to 5.5 X 10(-8) M. Related compounds, dopamine, histamine, and tryptamine, were much less potent in suppressing IFN-gamma-induced Ia, with maximally suppressing concentrations more than 100-fold higher than the maximally suppressing 5-HT concentration. L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the most potent analog tested, was 10-fold less potent than 5-HT in suppressing Ia expression. The concentration of 5-HTP producing the half-maximal effect = 4 X 10(-7) M. 5-HT suppression of IFN-gamma-induced Ia expression was antagonized by the 5-HT2 type receptor antagonists spiperone, ketanserin, and LY53857. Concentrations of these agents resulting in 50% inhibition of the serotonin effect were 1.5 X 10(-8) M, 7.5 X 10(-8) M, and 4.5 X 10(-12) M, respectively. 5-HT was most effective in suppressing IFN-gamma-induced Ia when added early in culture simultaneously with IFN-gamma. These data provide functional evidence that 5-HT suppression of IFN-gamma-induced Ia expression is mediated through a 5-HT receptor with some characteristics of the 5-HT2 type. 5-HT may play a physiologic role at sites of inflammation as a modulator of the effects of IFN-gamma on macrophage function.
Frequency Synthesizer With Dual Loop Frequency and Gain Calibration (2013)

A 3600-MHz phase-locked loop based frequency synthesizer for UMTS applications has been developed in 0.18 μm CMOS. It incorporates a VCO frequency and loop-gain calibration technique that allows an integrated VCO frequency tuning range of 28% and a low VCO gain ( KVCO of 30 MHz/V. The loop-gain calibration can compensate for not only variations in VCO gain and divider modulus, but also charge-pump current and loop filter capacitance to an accuracy of 5%. The PLL settles in 150 μs including frequency and gain calibrations. No switches are used in the loop filter. The output phase noise at 1-MHz offset is -123 dBc/Hz and the integrated phase error (1 kHz-2 MHz) is 1.26 °.
Tertiary and Quaternary Structural Changes in G <sub>iα1</sub> Induced by GTP Hydrolysis (1995)

Crystallographic analysis of 2.2 angstrom resolution shows that guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis triggers conformational changes in the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit, Gi alpha 1. The switch II and switch III segments become disordered, and linker II connecting the Ras and alpha helical domains moves, thus altering the structures of potential effector and beta gamma binding regions. Contacts between the alpha-helical and Ras domains are weakened, possibly facilitating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The amino and carboxyl termini, which contain receptor and beta gamma binding determinants, are disordered in the complex with GTP, but are organized into a compact microdomain on GDP hydrolysis. The amino terminus also forms extensive quaternary contacts with neighboring alpha subunits in the lattice, suggesting that multimers of alpha subunits or heterotrimers may play a role in signal transduction.
Anatomy of the mouse retina. Endothelial cell-pericyte ratio and capillary distribution. (1986)

A technique is described for preparing whole retinal vascular digests using distilled water and DNase. This produces a more satisfactory preparation of the mouse retinal vascular bed than "trypsin digestion." Nonetheless, the calculation of endothelial cell/pericyte (E/P) ratios based on cell counts from digest preparations has poor reproducibility due to the inability to unequivocally identify at least 25% of the cells in conventionally stained (PAS and hematoxylin) preparations. A more accurate and reproducible means of assessing this ratio uses 1 micron sections of plastic-embedded sections of retina. No effect of age, sex, strain, or area of sampling was found. Capillaries were in three specific bands, centered on the nerve fiber layer, the junction of inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, and the outer plexiform layers.
Power-by-wire aircraft secondary power systems (2002)

This paper describes the secondary power sources available on a large transport aircraft that supply power for the aircraft operating and payload systems. The benefits expected from integrating all of the engine-based hydraulic and pneumatic power sources into the electrical system are identified in qualitative terms. The estimated capacity of an all-electric secondary power system for a tri-jet and a new large transport are compared. An integration architecture of the pneumatic, hydraulic, and electrical power using one type of distributed power is illustrated, Particular emphasis is given to the flight control system and the electrical power system needs to ensure integrity of power and data for critical flight control functions. The data bus and power source redundancy for flight control actuation is discussed using an integrated power and cable concept in conjunction with an intelligent power controller. The need for the industry to develop comprehensive data bus architectures that network the entire vehicle information infrastructure is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Growth‐regulatory mechanism of two human esophageal‐cancer cell lines in protein‐free conditions (1993)

We investigated the growth-regulatory mechanism of 2 esophageal squamous-cancer cell lines, TE2-NS and TE3-OS cells, both of which can grow stably in protein-free conditions in vitro. Protein-free conditioned media from TE2-NS and TE3-OS cells stimulated the growth of these cells. Exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II enhanced cell proliferation by 2.2- to 3.8-fold in protein-free conditions, as compared with an untreated control. Receptor-binding assays showed that both TE2-NS and TE3-OS cells possessed a single class of high-affinity binding sites for IGF-I and 2 classes of binding sites for TGF-alpha, as confirmed on the cell membrane by immunochemistry. These results suggest that EGF, TGF-alpha and IGFs are candidates for the autocrine growth factor in cancer cells. The addition of inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against TGF-alpha and EGFR, but not those against either EGF or IGF-IR, significantly inhibited growth of the cells. Immunocytochemical staining and ELISA of the conditioned media both confirmed the production of TGF-alpha protein, but not EGF protein, in these cell lines. The data for a protein-free culture system strongly suggested that TGF-alpha, but not EGF or IGF, is biologically important as an autocrine growth factor in the growth of these cell lines in vitro.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of HCOOH on Pt-based Anodes (2007)

We compared the electrochemical characteristics of electrodeposited platinum, bismuth-modified platinum (PtBim), and ruthenium-modified platinum (PtRum) electrodes in the electrocatalytic oxidation of con- centrated formic acid. The methods of choice were using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) techniques. In CV experiments, in compar- ison with Pt and PtRum, the PtBim electrode showed superior catalytic activity in the oxidation of HCOOH over the potential range 0.0∼0.4 V by hindering the adsorption of CO and favoring the dehydrogenation of formic acid. The PtRum electrode showed better performance than the Pt electrode, owing to the ability of Ru to catalyze the formation of OH. The EIS data showed that the reaction resistance increased with the increase of the formic acid concentration on the Pt electrode; on the PtBim and PtRum electrodes, the reaction resistance decreased with the increase of the formic acid concentration.
β‐Defensins chemoattract macrophages and mast cells but not lymphocytes and dendritic cells: CCR6 is not involved (2007)

beta-Defensins are natural peptide antibiotics whose immunomodulatory functions are poorly understood. In the present study, macrophages were found to migrate to human beta-defensins (HBD)-1 to -4 using Galpha(i) proteins as well as MAPK ERK, p38 and JNK as signal transducers. In addition, mast cells responded to HBD-1 to -4 with calcium fluxes as well as chemotaxis, which increased upon stimulation with IgE plus antigen or ionomycin. In contrast, human beta-defensins were unable to induce migration of memory lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC). Similar to HBD, the murine beta-defensin (mBD)-8 mobilized macrophages and lacked the ability to recruit memory T cells. These findings were unexpected as CCR6 on memory T cells and DC has been previously observed to be a receptor for human beta-defensins. In support of our findings, however, RBL-2H3 as well as 300.19 cells stably expressing CCR6 proved to be unresponsive to HBD-2 and -3. Intriguingly, our observation of a PKC-independent homologous desensitization between HBD-1 to -4 suggests a common receptor for HBD. In summary, chemoattraction of macrophages and mast cells is evolutionary conserved within the beta-defensin family despite a considerable sequence variation and distinct antimicrobial activities. However, CCR6 is not a functional receptor for beta-defensins.