gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning for Continuous Action Control (2018)

Robotic control in a continuous action space has long been a challenging topic. This is especially true when controlling robots to solve compound tasks, as both basic skills and compound skills need to be learned. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical deep reinforcement learning algorithm to learn basic skills and compound skills simultaneously. In the proposed algorithm, compound skills and basic skills are learned by two levels of hierarchy. In the first level of hierarchy, each basic skill is handled by its own actor, overseen by a shared basic critic. Then, in the second level of hierarchy, compound skills are learned by a meta critic by reusing basic skills. The proposed algorithm was evaluated on a Pioneer 3AT robot in three different navigation scenarios with fully observable tasks. The simulations were built in Gazebo 2 in a robot operating system Indigo environment. The results show that the proposed algorithm can learn both high performance basic skills and compound skills through the same learning process. The compound skills learned outperform those learned by a discrete action space deep reinforcement learning algorithm.
Microwave Effects in Josephson-Coupled High Temperature Granular Oxide Superconductors (1988)

Superconducting properties of Y-Ba-Cu-O compounds have been studied by examing the behavior of microwave induced dc voltages. The oscillatory dependences of the induced dc voltages as a function of amplitude and frequency together with the polarity reversibility indicate that these materials consist of Josephsoncoupled superconducting grains. We have observed the microwave induced dc voltages in the transition region (80-90 K) of a single-phase Y1Ba2Cu3O7 sample as well as at much higher temperature (up to 240 K) in a mixed-phase Y1.8Ba0.2CuO4 sample.
High-Resolution Chest X-Ray Bone Suppression Using Unpaired CT Structural Priors (2020)

There is clinical evidence that suppressing the bone structures in Chest X-rays (CXRs) improves diagnostic value, either for radiologists or computer-aided diagnosis. However, bone-free CXRs are not always accessible. We hereby propose a coarse-to-fine CXR bone suppression approach by using structural priors derived from unpaired computed tomography (CT) images. In the low-resolution stage, we use the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) image that is computed from CT as a bridge to connect CT and CXR. We then perform CXR bone decomposition by leveraging the DRR bone decomposition model learned from unpaired CTs and domain adaptation between CXR and DRR. To further mitigate the domain differences between CXRs and DRRs and speed up the learning convergence, we perform all the aboved operations in Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) domain. After obtaining the bone decomposition result in DRR, we upsample it to a high resolution, based on which the bone region in the original high-resolution CXR is cropped and processed to produce a high-resolution bone decomposition result. Finally, such a produced bone image is subtracted from the original high-resolution CXR to obtain the bone suppression result. We conduct experiments and clinical evaluations based on two benchmarking CXR databases to show that (i) the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised CXR bone suppression approaches; (ii) the CXRs with bone suppression are instrumental to radiologists for reducing their false-negative rate of lung diseases from 15% to 8%; and (iii) state-of-the-art disease classification performances are achieved by learning a deep network that takes the original CXR and its bone-suppressed image as inputs.
The effect of the electrode gap on breakdown in liquid dielectrics (1994)

It is a well known fact that the breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid increases nonlinearly with increasing electrode gap. Under nonuniform field dc conditions two breakdown voltages are determined depending on the electrode polarity. Using point-plane geometries, with gaps of 5 mm or larger, one finds that typical transformer oils have higher breakdown voltages when the point is negative than when it is positive. Recently, perfluorinated polyethers have been found to produce opposite results when using average gap sizes of 5 to 10 mm. To elucidate this situation a study of the effect of gap size on breakdown voltage has been undertaken. The results show that for the polyethers at larger gaps the sequence is reversed. These observations are explained in terms of the respective streamer developments in these liquids and the relative stability of their negative ions. In the case of the conventional hydrocarbon type oils, the positive streamer usually grows slightly faster than the negative one, but the streamer inception voltages of both are rather similar. In the case of perfluorinated polyethers the positive streamers move at least 10/spl times/ faster than the negative ones, but they require much higher inception voltages than negative ones. At gaps /spl gsim/12 mm and the associated higher applied voltages this breakdown at negative polarity occurs at higher voltages than at the positive one. The negative ions of the perfluoro compounds are much more stable than those of conventional hydrocarbons. The discharge of the negatively charged perfluoro ions requires much higher fields than do those of conventional hydrocarbons. The implications of these observations are discussed in some detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Introduction to RFQ session (1984)

It has been close to 15 years now since our colleagues I.M. Kapchinskii and V.A. Teplyakov in the USSR conceived their spatially uniform-focusing idea in the form of practical circuits for focusing and accelerating low-velocity ion beams using electrostatic fields. Almost seven years ago, J.J. Manca whetted our curiosity at Los Alamos by pointing out from Kapchinskii and Teplyakov's work a structure that could capture nearly 100% of an ion beam injected at a few tens of keV/nucleon and accelerate it with little emittance growth to a few MeV. Now the accelerator community at large has realized that a revolution has taken place, and almost everyone is involved. At the 1981 Linac Conference at Bishop's Lodge in Santa Fe, about 17 papers dealt with aspects of the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) structure, as it has also come to be known. This is a brief review of the technology. 2 references, 9 figures.
Intracavernous Growth Differentiation Factor-5 Therapy Enhances the Recovery of Erectile Function in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury (2008)

Intracavernous injection of low (0.4 microg) or intermediate-concentration GDF-5 (2 microg) was effective in preserving erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic erectile dysfunction. The underlying mechanism appears to involve neuron preservation and antiapoptosis.
Approaching MIMO channel capacity with reduced-complexity soft sphere decoding (2004)

Hard sphere-decoding (SD) has well appreciated merits for near-optimal demodulation of multiuser, block single-antenna, or, multiantenna transmissions over multiinput multioutput (MIMO) channels. At increased complexity, a soft version of SD, so termed list SD (LSD), has been recently applied to coded layered space-time (LST) systems enabling them to approach MIMO channel capacity. By introducing a novel bit-level multistream LST transmitter along with a soft-to-hard decoder conversion, we show how to achieve the near-capacity performance of LSD at reduced complexity, and even outperform it as the size of the block to be decoded (M) increases. Specifically, for binary real LST codes we develop exact max-log based SD schemes with average complexity O(M/sup 4/), and various approximate alternatives trading-off performance for average complexity down to O(M/sup 3/). These schemes apply directly to the real and imaginary parts of QPSK signalling, and also to QAM signalling after incorporating an appropriate interference estimation and cancellation module. We corroborate our reduced-complexity near-optimal soft SD algorithms with simulations.
Visual content based retrieval in an image database with relevant feedback (2002)

We present a content-based query system in an image database. Queries are based on color, shape content and textual description of images. We show that without efficient synergy between image analysis techniques, more particularly mathematics, and database technology, it is very difficult to find effective, feasible and efficient solutions to the problem of retrieval in visual information systems. We focus our presentation on the usefulness of mathematics representation of color and shape, and its integration in the database. Finally, we present the usefulness of knowledge discovery in the extraction of shared features of relevant feedback.
A blockchain based framework for information system integrity (2019)

A blockchain based system integrity (BCSI) framework for assuring the integrity of information system processes is presented. BCSI is well suited for a broad class of large scale real-world information systems. Under the BCSI framework, the integrity of any information system I is assured by executing the finite state machine model for system I processes in a blockchain network. The BCSI framework is compared and contrasted with the Clark-Wilson (CW) system integrity model, and existing blockchain based frameworks like Ethereum.
Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics Involving a New Bis-Thiocyanate Ruthenium(II)−Polypyridyl Complex, Coupled Strongly to Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub>, through a Pendant Catecholate Functionality (2009)

Ruthenium(II)−polypyridyl bis-thiocyanate complex (1) with pendant catecholate functionality was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Optical absorption studies show that this molecule absorbs in the red region of the solar spectrum. Further, this molecule could couple very strongly with TiO2 nanoparticles through pendant catecholate functionality and sensitize efficiently. Interfacial electron transfer dynamics between 1 and TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated by using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and following kinetics at various wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared region. Electron injection to the conduction band of the nanoparticulate TiO2 was confirmed by direct detection of an electron in the conduction band, the cation radical of the adsorbed dye (1•+), and a bleach of the dye in real time as monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy. A single exponential and pulse width limited (<100 fs) electron injection was observed. Presumably, this originates from the nonthermalized excited states of 1 and tends to suggest that electron injection competes with the thermalization of the photoexcited states due to large coupling elements for the forward ET reaction. Back electron transfer dynamics was determined by monitoring the decay kinetics of 1•+ and the injected electron and also from recovery kinetics of the bleach of the adsorbed dye. Interfacial electron transfer dynamics was also carried out on TiO2 thin film with complex 1 as a sensitizer and compared with that of nanoparticles.
[Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery via right minithoracotomy]. (2010)

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery via right minithoracotomy is feasible, safe, and less invasive with rapid recovery,and has superior cosmetic results for patients.
An Integrated Chemical Biology Approach Identifies Specific Vulnerability of Ewing's Sarcoma to Combined Inhibition of Aurora Kinases A and B (2011)

Ewing's sarcoma is a pediatric cancer of the bone that is characterized by the expression of the chimeric transcription factor EWS-FLI1 that confers a highly malignant phenotype and results from the chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12). Poor overall survival and pronounced long-term side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy necessitate the development of novel, targeted, therapeutic strategies. We therefore conducted a focused viability screen with 200 small molecule kinase inhibitors in 2 different Ewing's sarcoma cell lines. This resulted in the identification of several potential molecular intervention points. Most notably, tozasertib (VX-680, MK-0457) displayed unique nanomolar efficacy, which extended to other cell lines, but was specific for Ewing's sarcoma. Furthermore, tozasertib showed strong synergies with the chemotherapeutic drugs etoposide and doxorubicin, the current standard agents for Ewing's sarcoma. To identify the relevant targets underlying the specific vulnerability toward tozasertib, we determined its cellular target profile by chemical proteomics. We identified 20 known and unknown serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase targets. Additional target deconvolution and functional validation by RNAi showed simultaneous inhibition of Aurora kinases A and B to be responsible for the observed tozasertib sensitivity, thereby revealing a new mechanism for targeting Ewing's sarcoma. We further corroborated our cellular observations with xenograft mouse models. In summary, the multilayered chemical biology approach presented here identified a specific vulnerability of Ewing's sarcoma to concomitant inhibition of Aurora kinases A and B by tozasertib and danusertib, which has the potential to become a new therapeutic option.
Phase II trial of nab-paclitaxel and bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with unresectable melanoma. (2011)

8543 Background: We reported preliminary results of a trial investigating the safety and efficacy of nab-paclitaxel and bevacizumab as first line therapy in patients with unresectable melanoma at ASCO, 2009. Accrual has been completed and the median duration of follow-up is 31.5 months. This constitutes the final analysis of this trial. Methods: Eligible were chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable melanoma, no central nervous system metastases, ECOG performance status of 0-1, and adequate organ function. The treatment was given in a 28 day cycle in which nab-paclitaxel 150mg/m2 was administered on days 1, 8, 15 and bevacizumab 10mg/kg on days 1 and 15. Treatment was continued until disease progression or dose limiting toxicity. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled, 66% with stage IV M1c disease, 40% with elevated LDH. The median survival is 15.6 months (95%CI 11.5, 20.7). The 1-year survival is 63% (95%CI 50%, 77%). The 2-year survival is 31% (95%CI 17%,44%). Fourteen patients remain alive. Additional outcome measures will be presented including the 4-month progression-free survival. Dose modifying toxicities consisted of proteinuria, neutropenia, neuropathy, and mucositis. Conclusions: In this multi-center study, the doublet of nab-paclitaxel and bevacizumab has activity in patients with metastatic melanoma, is well tolerated, and offers efficacy comparable or superior to alternative treatment options. A randomized Phase II or a Phase III trial with this doublet would be required to compare efficacy with alternative approaches.
In-band tone signal coding in the low-bit-rate speech vocoder (2002)

In-band tone signals include the single tone signals from 200/spl sim/3800 Hz and DTMF signaling. Sometimes we hope the speech vocoder would not only transmit speech signals, but it can properly transmit the in-band tone signals as well. Unfortunately most vocoders can not fulfil these needs, especially when dealing with the DTMF signals, because the DTMF signaling needs more exact representation. A general tone signal coding scheme is presented to solve this dilemma. First, a reliable tone signals detection and analyzing algorithm is studied. Based on this a coding model is presented. Since this coding model is a separable part in the vocoders, it can be easily used in many different environments such as LPC and MELP. Since the FFT is used in the spectrum analysis, the computation load of this algorithm is also trivial for most vocoders.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Oxide in Mesoporous Silica Gel (2010)

Silica gel is a mesoporous, granular material with a high specific surface area that is widely used as a support for heterogeneous catalysts. This study explores the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in silica gel. The coated materials were analyzed using weight-gain measurements, nitrogen adsorption surface-area analysis, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the individual ALD surface reactions on the silica gel powder were monitored in situ using quadrupole mass spectrometry. This study confirmed that the silica gel could be conformally coated using reactant exposure times of ∼90 s, and the surface area remained relatively unchanged even after 20 Al2O3 ALD cycles. EDAX measurements performed on silica gel specimens prepared using subsaturating trimethyl aluminum (TMA) exposures demonstrated that the spherical particles become infiltrated with the Al2O3 ALD progressively from the outside of the particles to the core, and the kinetics of this process are dictated by the rapid consumption of TMA by the high surface area silica gel. The Al2O3 ALD is inhibited on the silica gel surface for the first ∼5 ALD cycles, and this leads to a lower initial weight gain as well as a reduced proportion of methane released during the initial TMA exposures. This study provides useful insights into ALD processes on high surface area supports that will be valuable for the future development of nanostructured catalysts using ALD.
GnRH agonists and antagonists in ovarian stimulation (1996)

In this discussion on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and the role they play in reproductive endocrinology, I will describe primarily our own studies, using data from both humans and our laboratory primate studies, on macaque, rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys. A combination of human data with preclinical experience gives a better total coverage of the topic than either one alone. The first thing to clarify, and one which is a common problem of the lexicography of this field, is that many people do not comprehend than an analogue of GnRH is a non-specific term. It is a term equivalent to 'vehicle', i.e. a car, truck or bicycle. It is non-specific, because it can be an agonist or an antagonist of GnRH; the metabolism that each of them block are mechanistically completely different.
The Effects of Prostaglandin Analogues on Prostanoid EP1, EP2, and EP3 Receptor-Deficient Mice (2006)

Deficiency of EP receptors had no effect on physiological IOP. EP1 and EP2 receptors are not involved in prostaglandin analogue-induced IOP reduction, whereas EP3 receptors may play a role.
Suicide Gene Therapy With Adenoviral Delivery of HSV-tK Gene for Patients With Local Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Hormonal Therapy (2007)

We conducted a Phase I study of in situ herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) plus ganciclovir (GCV) gene therapy, which was approved by the Japanese government as the first prostate cancer gene therapy trial. Major inclusion criteria were local recurrence of prostate cancer after hormonal therapy and no metastasis. Adv.HSV-tk was injected directly into the prostate in escalating doses from 10(9) to 10(10) infection units, followed by intravenous administration of GCV for 14 days. Eight patients received nine courses of this gene therapy. The detection of vector DNA in blood/urine was only transient and no remarkable adverse events were observed in any patient. With regard to clinical response, significant prolongation of the median serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time from 2.9 to 6.2 months (P = 0.041) was detected. In five patients (six injections), a clear decrease of PSA values was observed. One patient showed repeated clinical response after repeated injections. Serum cytokine analysis showed no notable changes after treatment. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis also showed no influence on phenotypic distribution in peripheral blood samples, except for an increasing trend of CD8(+)/HLA-DR(+) after therapy. This study confirmed the safety profile and possibility of clinical response at the surrogate marker level in a clinical trial of HSV-tk gene therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Proteomics Coupled with Metabolite and Cell Wall Profiling Reveal Metabolic Processes of a Developing Rice Stem Internode (2017)

Internodes of grass stems function in mechanical support, transport, and, in some species, are a major sink organ for carbon in the form of cell wall polymers. This study reports cell wall composition, proteomic, and metabolite analyses of the rice elongating internode. Cellulose, lignin, and xylose increase as a percentage of cell wall material along eight segments of the second rice internode (internode II) at booting stage, from the younger to the older internode segments, indicating active cell wall synthesis. Liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of trypsin-digested proteins from this internode at booting reveals 2,547 proteins with at least two unique peptides in two biological replicates. The dataset includes many glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, glycosyl hydrolases, cell wall-localized proteins, and protein kinases that have or may have functions in cell wall biosynthesis or remodeling. Phospho-enrichment of internode II peptides identified 21 unique phosphopeptides belonging to 20 phosphoproteins including a leucine rich repeat-III family receptor like kinase. GO over-representation and KEGG pathway analyses highlight the abundances of proteins involved in biosynthetic processes, especially the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. LC-MS/MS of hot methanol-extracted secondary metabolites from internode II at four stages (booting/elongation, early mature, mature, and post mature) indicates that internode secondary metabolites are distinct from those of roots and leaves, and differ across stem maturation. This work fills a void of in-depth proteomics and metabolomics data for grass stems, specifically for rice, and provides baseline knowledge for more detailed studies of cell wall synthesis and other biological processes characteristic of internode development, toward improving grass agronomic properties.
A high performance, parallel IP lookup technique using distributed memory organization (2004)

The IP lookup process is a key bottleneck in routing due to the increase in routing table size, increasing traffic and migration to IPv6 addresses. The IP routing lookup involves computation of the best matching prefix for which existing solutions, such as BSD Radix Tries, scale poorly when traffic in the router increases or when employed for IPv6 address lookups. In our paper we describe a distributed memory organization technique for the routing table, which performs extremely well for IPv6 address lookup. This mechanism provides lookup for a maximum of 16 IPv6 addresses simultaneously. We propose ternary search on hash table technique that takes an average of 6 memory accesses for IPv6 address lookup. An optimized storage mechanism for binary search on hash table scheme is also presented. Using the proposed techniques a router can achieve a much higher packet forwarding rate and throughput.