gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methylol‐functional benzoxazines as precursors for high‐performance thermoset polymers: Unique simultaneous addition and condensation polymerization behavior (2012)

Abstract A new class of high‐performance resins of combined molecular structure of both traditional phenolics and benzoxazines has been developed. The monomers termed as methylol‐functional benzoxazines were synthesized through Mannich condensation reaction of methylol‐functional phenols and aromatic amines, including methylenedianiline (4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane) and oxydianiline (4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether), in the presence of paraformaldehyde. For comparison, other series of benzoxazine monomers were prepared from phenol, corresponding aromatic amines, and paraformaldehyde. The as‐synthesized monomers are characterized by their high purity as judged from 1 H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectra. Differential scanning calorimetric thermograms of the novel monomers show two exothermic peaks associated with condensation reaction of methylol groups and ring‐opening polymerization of benzoxazines. The position of methylol group relative to benzoxazine structure plays a significant role in accelerating polymerization. Viscoelastic and thermogravimetric analyses of the crosslinked polymers reveal high T g (274–343 °C) and excellent thermal stability when compared with the traditional polybenzoxazines. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Demonstration of Hepatitis B e Antigen in Hepatitis B Core Particles Obtained from the Nucleus of Hepatocytes Infected with Hepatitis B Virus (1979)

Liver tissue infected with hepatitis B virus was homogenized and nuclei were separated by centrifugation. Hepatitis B core particles were obtained from the nucleus by the digestion with pronase followed by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Hepatitis B core particles were then treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2 mercaptoethanol and tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by the haemagglutination method. The antigenicity of HBeAg was clearly demonstrated in hepatitis B core particles so treated, although untreated core particles did not reveal any detectable HBeAg activity. The localization of HBeAg in hepatitis B core particles was further supported by the results of a fluorescent antibody technique. When a frozen section of the liver infected with hepatitis B virus was stained with the specific rabbit antibody against HBeAg labelled with fluorescent isothiocyanate, only nuclei of hepatocytes were stained, in a similar distribution to hepatitis B core antigen visualized by fluorescent antibody against hepatitis B core antigen in a nearby section.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies Derived From Memory B Cells Following Live Attenuated Dengue Virus Vaccination or Natural Infection Exhibit Similar Characteristics (2020)

The immunopathogenesis of severe dengue is poorly understood, but there is concern that induction of cross-reactive nonneutralizing antibodies by infection or vaccination may increase the likelihood of severe disease during a subsequent infection. We generated a total of 63 new human monoclonal antibodies to compare the B-cell response of subjects who received the National Institutes of Health live attenuated dengue vaccine rDEN1Δ30 to that of subjects following symptomatic primary infection with DENV1. Both infection and vaccination induced serum neutralizing antibodies and DENV1-reactive peripheral blood B cells, but the magnitude of induction was lower in vaccinated individuals. Serotype cross-reactive weakly neutralizing antibodies dominated the response in both vaccinated and naturally infected subjects. Antigen specificities were very similar, with a slightly greater percentage of antibodies targeting E protein domain I/II than domain III. These data shed light on the similarity of human B-cell response to live attenuated DENV vaccine or natural infection.
Efficient Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds with the Simple Amide Catalyst [Fe{N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>2</sub>] (2010)

Mach′s Dir leicht: Eine Vielzahl an Ketonen und zwei Aldehyde wurden unter milden Bedingungen in Gegenwart des Titelkomplexes effizient hydrosilyliert (siehe Schema; R,R′=H, Alkyl, Aryl). In manchen Fällen genügten 0.01 bis 0.03 Mol-% an Katalysator. Dieses Verfahren könnte sich als einfache, kostengünstige und umweltverträgliche Alternative zu den derzeitigen Methoden für die Hydrosilylierung von Ketonen erweisen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Separation Between Virtual Sources Modifies the Response of Cardiac Tissue to Field Stimulation (1999)

Source Separation and Field Stimulation. Introduction : While it is now understood that the tissue geometry and the electric field distribution are important in generating virtual electrodes, the effects of interaction between a collection of electrodes have not been examined. To develop a basis for understanding such interactions, we have studied a single pair of oppositely polarized virtual sources. Although such oppositely polarized pairs of virtual electrodes can be generated by a variety of field distributions and tissue geometries, we examine one simple system that incorporates the salient features of source interaction. Methods and Results : Our model system is a homogeneous tissue strip stimulated by a uniform extracellular field. To clarify virtual source interaction, we show that field stimulated tissue can be equivalently polarized by a set of intracellular current sources with magnitude and distribution defined by the generalized activating function. In our model system, an intracellular current source is produced at one edge of the tissue and an Intracellular current sink at the other. Therefore, the tissue length acts to modulate the overlap, or interaction, between the polarizations arising from each source. To quantify the effects of source interaction, the chronaxie and rheobase values of the strength‐duration relation were determined for source separations varying between 1.0 cm and 100 μm (active membrane dynamics were modeled with the Luo‐Rudy phase I formulation). At all separations > 3.0 mm, the chronaxie was constant at 3.09 msec and the rheobase was 0.38 V/cm. Under 0.2 mm, the chronaxie decreased to 0.55 msec while the rheobase increased linearly with the inverse of source separation. The dependence of these parameters on separation primarily reflects passive electrotonic interactions between the two virtual electrodes. However, the exact values are strongly dependent upon active tissue properties—largely the inward rectifier potassium channel and activation of the sodium current. Conclusion : Tissue excitation in response to field stimulation is strongly modulated by the proximity of, and therefore the interaction between, oppositely polarized virtual electrode sources.
GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oils from Some Greek Aromatic Plants and Their Fungitoxicity on <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> (2000)

The isolated essential oils from seven air-dried plant species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Origanum vulgare (oregano), and Origanumdictamus (dictamus) essential oils were found to be rich in phenolic compounds representing 65.8, 71.1, and 78.0% of the total oil, respectively. Origanum majorana (marjoram) oil was constituted of hydrocarbons (42.1%), alcohols (24.3%), and phenols (14.2%). The essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) was characterized by the presence of alcohols (58.8%) and esters (32.7%). Ethers predominated in Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Salvia fruticosa (sage) essential oils, constituting 88.9 and 78.0%, respectively. The radial growth, conidial germination, and production of Penicillium digitatum were inhibited completely by oregano, thyme, dictamus, and marjoram essential oils at relatively low concentrations (250-400 microg/mL). Lavender, rosemary, and sage essential oils presented less inhibitory effect on the radial growth and conidial germination of P. digitatum. Conidial production of P. digitatum was not affected by the above oils at concentrations up to 1000 microg/mL. Apart from oregano oil, all essential oils were more effective in the inhibition of conidial germination than of radial growth. The monoterpene components, which participate in essential oils in different compositions, seem to have more than an additive effect in fungal inhibition.
Electromechanical Microinjection of Pink Bollworm <i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i> Embryos Increases Survival (1997)

We report and compare methods and apparatus for injection of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), embryos. Injection with an electromechanical device resulted in 59% survival of embryos. Previous techniques relying on a mechanical manipulator resulted in 8% survival. Pink bollworm (PBW) embryo injection technology is based in part on methods developed for injection and genetic transformation of Caenorhabditis elegans ([Maupas] Dougherty) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) with substantial alterations in both method and apparatus to accommodate special conditions of PBW biology, behavior and morphology. The microinjection methodology described here has direct application to other difficult-to-inject insects and invertebrates.
GaN-based high frequency totem-pole bridgeless PFC design with digital implementation (2015)

Totem-pole bridgeless PFC is a very promising topology for GaN devices because of very low reverse recovery. However, inherent challenges exist for this topology at zerocrossing point of AC voltage where inductor, current spike is observed which may cause higher harmonics and EMI issue. This paper looks deeply into this phenomena and found two main causes: the transition delay of low frequency leg and the minimum pulse width limit of high frequency leg. A DSP-based digital modulator is designed to address those two issues by applying lead time to the low frequency leg and digital dithering to increase equivalent resolution at the high frequency leg. Some other rules are also summarized to enable robust modulator design, which is the main challenge in this topology. A 500 kHz GaN totem-pole bridgeless PFC converter operating in continuous conduction mode verified the effectiveness of those methods to eliminate the current spike at zero-crossing. All those findings will help the implementation of wide band gap devices in very high frequency PFC circuit.
An investigation of peak-to-average power ratio in MC-CDMA combined with partial transmit sequence (2002)

The PAPR reduction in a synchronous downlink MC-CDMA using a PTS technique is investigated for different numbers of active users. The Walsh-Hadamard (WH) sequence and the orthogonal Gold (OG) sequence are used as the spreading sequences in the MC-CDMA system. From the simulation results, when the number of active users is varied, PAPR reduction of this system also varies depending on the PAPR characteristics of the spreading sequence. Although the PTS technique is very efficient in reducing PAPR, high PAPR reduction is achieved at a cost of increased system complexity. Furthermore, to compromise between PAPR reduction and system complexity, suboptimal algorithms are used for combining partial transmit sequences. Based on simulation results, we can reduce system complexity by more than 90% at the expense of little PAPR performance degradation.
Location Preferences of Family Firms: Strategic Decision Making or “Home Sweet Home”? (1992)

Selecting a business location is among the most important strategic decisions for family firms. Yet the separate demands of the family and the business often prove difficult to balance. A comparison of location preferences in family and nonfamily firms provides insight into the family influence on strategic decision making.
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT MODE MEETS WORLDWIDE SUCCESS (2002)

In this article, the author describes key advances in light rail transit and how these may influence the mode's development over the next 10 to 15 years. He predicts that the use of composite materials and regenerative breaking may lead to lighter vehicles operating with greater energy efficiency. In addition, rubber-tired guided transport could allow operation beyond the limits of track and overhead lines. Greater standardization in the design and testing of light rail vehicles could help to decrease unit cost. Integrating light rail lines into transportation networks is also important. In Saarbrucken, light rail crosses a national border for the first time using a section of the French National Railway network.
Prospective Comparison of Flexibility Radiographs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (2001)

To achieve maximal preoperative correction, thoracic fulcrum-bending radiographs should be obtained for evaluating main thoracic curves, whereas side-bending radiographs should continue to be used for evaluating both upper thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar curves.
Genetic analysis of the mating system and opportunity for sexual selection in northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) (2002)

We used data collected over 3 years at two study sites to quantify the rates and consequences of multiple paternity and to determine the opportunity for selection on male and female northern water snakes (<it>Nerodia sipedon</it>). We sampled litters from 45 females that gave birth to 811 offspring. Using eight microsatellite DNA loci (probability of exclusion of nonparental males > 0.99), we assigned paternity to 93% of neonates from one study population and 69% of neonates from the other population. Observations of participation in mating aggregations predicted individual reproductive success poorly for two reasons. First, males regularly courted nonreproductive females. Second, more than half of all sexually mature males obtained no reproductive success each year, despite the fact that many of them participated in mating aggregations. The number of sires per litter ranged from one to five, with 58% of all litters sired by more than one male. Multiple paternity increased with female size, apparently both because bigger females mated with more males and because the larger litters of big females provide paternity opportunities to more males. Multiple paternity was also more prevalent in years with shorter mating seasons. We detected no advantage to multiple paternity in reducing either the number of unfertilized ovules or stillborn young. Despite the majority of males siring no young each year, some males fathered young with as many as three different females in one year. Male reproductive success increased by more than 10 offspring for each additional mate, whereas female success increased by fewer than 2 offspring for each additional mate. The opportunity for sexual selection was more than five times higher in males than females.
A Novel Approach to Optimization of Refining Schedules for Crude Oil Operations in Refinery (2012)

Short-term scheduling for crude oil operations is a combinatorial problem and involves extreme detail. Thus, it is very complicated and, up to now, there is no efficient technique and software tool for it. To search for efficient techniques, a two-layer hierarchical solution is proposed for it. At the upper level, one finds a realizable refining schedule to optimize some objectives. At the lower level, a detailed schedule is obtained to realize it. A methodology has been presented to solve the lower level problem from a control perspective by the authors of this paper. In this paper, the upper level problem for finding optimal refining schedules is addressed, and a novel method is proposed based on the results obtained at the lower level. This method solves a linear programming problem to determine the maximal production rate and a transportation problem to optimally assign crude oil types and volume to the distillers. This way, the method is computationally very efficient. An industrial case study is presented to show the application of the proposed method.
경호무도 수련목표설정과 상상훈련인식에 따른 자기효능감 차이 분석 (2015)

Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate differences in self-efficacy with goals of martial arts training and image training recognition in order to improve social business performances that contribute to career capabilities in guards. Method: A total of 571 questionnaires for goals of training, image training recognitions, and self-efficacy were collected from guard martial arts trainees. An one-way ANOVA method was sued to verify statistical differences in self-efficacy and an ANCOVA method was implemented by careers as a concomitant variable in order to verify differences in both the set of short- and long-term goals and the self-efficacy according to image training. Conclusion: Regarding self-efficacy, male trainees represent high levels in subordinate factors of self-confidence and self-control and trainees with higher skills show higher levels. The level of self-control is increased according to increases in training careers and the highest level is represented for the career of 5-10 years. There exist differences in self-efficacy according to the interaction between short- and long-term goals and the frequent and concrete goal settings increases the self-efficacy. The higher image training recognition represents more increases in the self-efficacy.
One-step approach for full-thickness skin defect reconstruction in rats using minced split-thickness skin grafts with Pelnac overlay (2019)

Using minced split-thickness skin grafts overlaid with Pelnac enables the reconstruction of full-thickness skin defects in a single step and can increase the healing rate while improving the quality of wound healing.
Increased Synthesis in <i>E. coli</i> of Fibroblast and Leukocyte Interferons Through Alterations in Ribosome Binding Sites (1982)

Eleven chimeric plasmids have been constructed which direct the synthesis of mature human fibroblast (IFN-beta 1) or leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha A) proteins under the control of the E. coli trp promoter. The plasmids differ with respect to the nucleotide spacing between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the trp leader and the ATG translation start signal of the interferon genes. By utilizing a unique Xba I endonuclease site located within the spacer region of the expression plasmids, the spacings were altered from 2-10 nucleotides or 7-15 nucleotides for the fibroblast and leukocyte interferon expression plasmids, respectively. The optimal spacing for expression, as determined by interferon assay, is 9 nucleotides for both types of transcripts, despite differences in nucleotide sequence within the spacer region and downstream from the AUG initiator. Yields of IFN-alpha A varied about six-fold, while among the different IFN-beta 1 expression plasmids a range of more than 100-fold in interferon production was observed. The difference in the range of variation between the IFN-alpha A and IFN-beta 1 plasmids is attributed partly to changes in messenger RNA secondary structure within the ribosome binding sites which affect message half-life.
Xenon Flash Tube of Small Size (1956)

A xenon-filled electronic flash tube with a cylindrical lighted volume of 1.2-mm diam and 6-mm length has been developed for use as a small source in optical systems, such as the schlieren and interferometer types. The lamp has been operated at 6000 flashes per second from a hydrogen-thyratron driver circuit to record the density in air flow in an interferometer. Flash duration varies from 0.3 to 3 μsec, depending upon the circuit conditions. A peak brightness of 10 million candlepower per sq cm has been achieved.
De juin à décembre 1963: plus de six mille visiteurs! (1964)

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Origin of Long-Term Storage Stability and Nitric Oxide Release Behavior of CarboSil Polymer Doped with <i>S</i>-Nitroso-<i>N</i>-acetyl-<scp>d</scp>-penicillamine (2015)

The prolonged and localized delivery of nitric oxide (NO), a potent antithrombotic and antimicrobial agent, has many potential biomedical applications. In this work, the origin of the long-term storage stability and sustained NO release mechanism of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP)-doped CarboSil 20 80A polymer, a biomedical thermoplastic silicone-polycarbonate-urethane, is explored. Long-term (22 days) localized NO release is achieved by utilizing a cross-linked silicone rubber as topcoats, which can greatly reduce the amount of SNAP, NAP, and NAP disulfide leaching from the SNAP-doped CarboSil films, as measured by LC-MS. Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction characterization of SNAP-doped CarboSil films demonstrate that a polymer-crystal composite is formed during the solvent evaporation process when SNAP exceeds its solubility in CarboSil (ca. 3.4-4.0 wt %). Further, when exceeding this solubility threshold, SNAP exists in an orthorhombic crystal form within the bulk of the polymer. The proposed mechanism of sustained NO release in SNAP-doped CarboSil is that the solubilized SNAP in the polymer matrix decomposes and releases NO, primarily in the water-rich regions near the polymer/solution interface, and the dissolved SNAP in the bulk polymeric phase becomes unsaturated, resulting in the dissolution of crystalline SNAP within the bulk of the polymer. This is a very slow process that ultimately leads to NO release at the physiological flux levels for >3 weeks. The increased stability of SNAP within CarboSil is attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the SNAP molecules that crystallize. This crystallization also plays a key role in maintaining RSNO stability within the CarboSil polymer for >8 months at 37 °C (88.5% remains). Further, intravascular catheters fabricated with this new material are demonstrated to significantly decrease the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm (a leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections) (in vitro) over a 7 day period, with 5 log units reduction of viable cell count on catheter surfaces. It is also shown that the NO release catheters can greatly reduce thrombus formation on the catheter surfaces during 7 h implantation in rabbit veins, when compared to the control catheters fabricated without SNAP. These results suggest that the SNAP-doped CarboSil system is a very attractive new composite material for creating long-term NO release medical devices with increased stability and biocompatibility.