gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaze following in an asocial reptile (Eublepharis macularius) (2018)

Gaze following is the ability to utilise information from another's gaze. It is most often seen in a social context or as a reflexive response to interesting external stimuli. Social species can potentially reveal utilisable knowledge about another's future intentions by attending to the target of their gaze. However, in even more fundamental situations, being sensitive to another's gaze can also be useful such as when it can facilitate greater foraging efficiency or lead to earlier predator detection. While gaze sensitivity has been shown to be prevalent in a number of social species, little is currently known about the potential for gaze following in asocial species. The current study investigated whether an asocial reptile, the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), could reliably use the visual indicators of attention to follow the gaze of a conspecific around a barrier. We operated three trial conditions and found subjects (N = 6) responded significantly more to the conspecific demonstrator looking up at a laser stimulus projected onto an occluder during the experimental condition compared to either of two control conditions. The study's findings point toward growing evidence for gaze-following ability in reptiles, who are typically categorised as asocial. Furthermore, our findings support developing comparative social cognition research showing the origins of gaze following and other cognitive behaviours that may be more widely distributed across taxonomic groups than hitherto thought.
Effects of mercury on wildlife: A comprehensive review (1998)

Abstract Wildlife may be exposed to mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from a variety of environmental sources, including mine tailings, industrial effluent, agricultural drainwater, impoundments, and atmospheric deposition from electric power generation. Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife may be at risk from exposure to waterborne Hg and MeHg. The transformation of inorganic Hg by anaerobic sediment microorganisms in the water column produces MeHg, which bioaccumulates at successive trophic levels in the food chain. If high trophic level feeders, such as piscivorous birds and mammals, ingest sufficient MeHg in prey and drinking water, Hg toxicoses, including damage to nervous, excretory and reproductive systems, result. Currently accepted no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for waterborne Hg in wildlife have been developed from the piscivorous model in which most dietary Hg is in the methyl form. Such model are not applicable to omnivores, insectivores, and other potentially affected groups, and have not incorpotated data from other important matrices, such as eggs and muscle. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the Hg literature as it relates to effects on wildlife, including previously understudied groups. We present a critique of the current state of knowledge about effects of Hg on wildlife as an aid to identifying missing information and to planning research needed for conducting a complete assessment of Hg risks to wildlife. This review summarizes the toxicity of Hg to birds and mammals, the mechanisms of Hg toxicity, the measurement of Hg in biota, and interpretation of residue data.
Macrophages as a Source of HIV During Opportunistic Infections (1997)

The source of increasing viremia that characterizes the latter stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has remained a paradox because it occurs at a time when lymphoid tissue is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired, and the patients' CD4 T lymphocytes are steadily declining. Here, macrophages, both infected and uninfected with common opportunistic pathogens of HIV disease such as Mycobacterium avium complex and Pneumocystis carinii, were identified as highly productive sources of HIV in coinfected lymph nodes. These observations indicate that tissue macrophages are not only infected with HIV, but that common pathogens of HIV disease can dramatically increase their production of virus. Thus, prevention or successful treatment of opportunistic coinfections, or both, potentially benefits the patient twofold by limiting the pathology caused by opportunistic infection and by controlling induction of HIV replication.
Pump to Signal RIN Transfer in Silicon Raman Amplifiers (2009)

The pump to signal RIN transfer in chip-scale silicon Raman amplifiers is investigated in the presence of nonlinear losses. Pump RIN frequency components as high as 1.5 GHz will be transferred to the signal.
Video chat with multiple cameras (2013)

This work provides the first rigorous investigation of multi-camera video chat, concentrating especially on the ability of a user at one end of the conversation to switch between multiple views at both ends of the conversation. A user study of 23 individuals and comprehensive benchmark experiments employing up to four webcams simultaneously demonstrate that multi-camera video chat is both desirable and feasible on consumer hardware.
Comparison of Silkworm-Cocoon–Derived Silk Membranes of Two Different Thicknesses for Guided Bone Regeneration (2014)

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of silk membranes (SMs) of different thicknesses for guided bone regeneration. Two kinds of SMs were prepared (SM1: 0.01 mm thickness, SM2: 0.5 mm thickness). Before use in animal experiments, scanning electron microscope images were taken to examine the gross morphology of each membrane. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. Bilateral round-shaped defects were created in the parietal bone (diameter: 8.0 mm) and each defect was covered with SM1 or SM2. Animals were killed at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Bone regeneration was analyzed in each specimen by micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and histological analysis. In the μ-CT analysis, the average amount of newly formed bone in the SM2 group was greater than that in the SM1 group. There was a significant difference at 4 weeks after surgery (P = 0.004). In the histological analysis, the amount of formed lamellar bone was much greater in the SM2 group than in the SM1 group at 8 weeks after surgery (P = 0.021). In conclusion, the thick SM was much more effective for bone regeneration of bone defects than the thin SM.
Imaging in 3-D DMO; Part 1, Geometrical optics models (1997)

Abstract Systematic azimuthal variation in the input data for 3-D dip moveout (3DDMO) can compromise the illumination of the subsurface, produce imaging artifacts, and cause amplitude variation in the output 3DDMO traces. A simple graphical method allows easy visualization of the subsurface illumination at a dip moveout (DMO) output location for any set of input data. The same method permits selection or construction of sets of input data that illuminate all subsurface reflectors with no redundancy.
Defective postreplication repair in xeroderma pigmentosum variant fibroblasts. (1990)

Postreplication repair (PRR) was quantified in normal human fibroblasts and in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant fibroblasts after treatment with UV or benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-I (BPDE-I). PRR may be defined as the elimination of discontinuities in the daughter-strand DNA and the replicative bypass of lesions in the DNA template. Pathways of PRR reduce the number of DNA growing points that are blocked at template lesions and increase the rate of growth of nascent DNA on damaged templates. Rates of DNA synthesis and strand growth were measured in solvent- and carcinogen-treated cells by velocity sedimentation analyses of radiolabeled nascent DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. Logarithmically growing normal fibroblasts displayed D0 values of 6.3 J/m2 and 0.37 microM for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in active replicons by UV and BPDE-I, respectively. Under identical conditions, the XP variant cells exhibited D0 values of 1.5-2.0 J/m2 and 0.27-0.31 microM. Pulse-chase experiments were performed in cells synchronized at the beginning of the S phase. Normal and XP variant cells displayed inhibition of DNA strand growth by UV, with D0 values of 21.6 and 7.0 J/m2, respectively. The D0 values for the inhibition of DNA strand growth by BPDE-I were 0.85 microM for the normal cells and 0.62-0.79 microM for the XP variant cells. The inhibitions of DNA replication by UV and BPDE-I were also analyzed in terms of DNA lesion frequencies. Based on the D0 values for inhibition of DNA replication, we concluded that the XP variant cells express maximally 25-33% of the total PRR activity observed in normal fibroblasts after UV treatment. Conceivably, this deficiency in PRR activity results in the XP variant's increased risk of cancers induced by sunlight, because XP variant cells and normal fibroblasts are equally proficient in excision repair. Both normal and XP variant fibroblasts, however, displayed similar PRR activities in response to BPDE-I treatment.
Destruction of ossicles in chronic otitis media (1976)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the destruction of ossicles in chronic ear disease caused solely (monoinfection) by one of the most common three bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus strain. Material included 337 cases from 1,093 radically operated ears both with cholesteatoma and without cholesteatoma and in addition cholesteatomatous ears without signs of infection since diagnosed. In 190 ears with cholesteatoma but without discharge the ossicular chain was found damaged at the time of operation in 75 per cent and in 147 discharging ears with cholesteatoma in 79-97 per cent. In infected ears without cholesteatoma the chain was broken in 59-78 per cent. In all groups the most extensive lesions were caused by Proteus strains. This was also the fact in microscopic studies concerning extension and severity of histopathological findings. It seems to us that vascular bone erosion caused by active granulation tissue, the process triggered initially by infection, is the main mechanism for destruction of ossicles both in cholesteatomatous and in non-cholesteatomatous ears. From the histological point of view the ossicles in ears with Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus strains can be so destroyed that their use for autografts is questionable.
A Vasculature-Associated Niche for Undifferentiated Spermatogonia in the Mouse Testis (2007)

Mammalian spermatogenesis produces numerous sperm for a long period based on a highly potent stem cell system, which relies on a special microenvironment, or niche, that has not yet been identified. In this study, using time-lapse imaging of green fluorescent protein-labeled undifferentiated spermatogonia (A(undiff)) and three-dimensional reconstitution, we revealed a biased localization of A(undiff) to the vascular network and accompanying Leydig and other interstitial cells, in intact testes. Differentiating spermatogonia left these niche regions and dispersed throughout the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. Moreover, rearrangement of A(undiff) accompanied the vasculature alteration. We propose that the mammalian germline niche is established as a consequence of vasculature pattern formation. This is different from what is observed in Drosophila or Caenorhabditis elegans, which display developmentally specified niche structures within polarized gonads.
The role of image charges in the interactions between colloidal particles (2008)

The dielectric interiors of colloidal particles are responsible for dispersion (van der Waals) interactions. However, these dielectric regions also alter the manner in which charges, such as on ions or other colloidal particles, interact with each other, due to the induction of charges at the dielectric interfaces. The impact of these induced charges can be represented in terms of "image charges". These image charges result in an ion depletion layer in the vicinity of low dielectric bodies. This depletion layer is responsible for the increase in the surface tension of water upon the addition of electrolytes. In the case of colloidal particles, this depletion layer also leads to an "electrostatic depletion force" with a range of the order of a Bjerrum length. The relevance of this force to the salting out of proteins is discussed. This electrostatic depletion force is directly analogous to the entropically driven depletion force (due to excluded volume). Although image charge effects have been known, their influence on the behavior of colloidal systems, especially in the presence of mobile ions, has generally not been accounted for (e.g., DLVO theory). We review the previous theoretical and simulation studies of how image charges influence the properties of electrolyte and colloidal systems and discuss the relevance of these effects on experimental systems.
Reflection of Light from Filmed Rough Surface: Determination of Film Thickness and rms Roughness (1967)

The specular reflection of light from non-conducting slightly random surfaces which are uniformly or partially filmed, is investigated in a statistical manner. The film is assumed to be thin, transparent and uniform in thickness. Two possible methods for determining its thickness d , rms roughness σ and, if necessary, refractive index are introduced. One method uses the minima of specular reflectance curves near the Brewster angle and the other uses the reflectance values directly. The latter can apply only up to σ/λ=0.025, where λ is wavelength, owing to the effect of diffuse reflection. The former is almost free from this effect, does not require the absolute value of reflectance and enables one to discriminate whether the surface is filmed uniformly or partially.
A new system for neuronavigation and stereotactic biopsy pantograph stereotactic localization and guidance system (2011)

Everyday, neurosurgeons face the problem of orientation within the brain but the advent of stereotactic surgery and neuronavigation have solved this problem. Frame-based stereotactic systems (FBSS) and neuronavigation systems have their own strengths and priority and pitfalls, which were the main driving force for us to design a new system. This hybrid system comprises three main parts: main frame, monitoring system, and pantograph, which are connected to each other and to the operating table by particular attachments. For using this system, after performing CT SCAN or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) the axial view will be transferred to Liquid Cristal Display (LCD). In the operating room, the head of the patient fixes to the operating table and registration is completed by two arms of pantograph. We made a simulation operation with our system on an occipital cavernous angioma and a frontal oligodendroglioma. The software, which have been used for simulation were as follows; Poser (version-7), Catia (version 5- R18), and 3 Dimension Max (version 2008). The accuracy of this system is approximately two millimeter. The advantages of this system are: easy to use, much less expensive, and compatible with different devices, which may be needed during neurosurgical operation. For countries that do not have the opportunity to have sophisticated technology and neuronavigation system, we believe that our system is a one-stop solution.
Optimal sectionalizing switches allocation in distribution networks (1999)

Automatic devices that locate and automatically sectionalize faulted branches in MV power distribution systems restrict drastically the extent of disruption caused by long power interruptions when properly positioned. Some algorithms and automatic calculation procedures are proposed for determining the optimum number and location of automatic sectionalizing switching devices. Using these algorithms, the optimal solution can be found for both radial and meshed systems. The procedure is based on Bellmann's optimality principle which, combined with thinning techniques, yields the optimal solution in a few ms for real size problems.
Antiinflammatory effects of an Ayurvedic preparation, Brahmi Rasayan, in rodents. (1994)

Brahmi Rasayan, an Ayurvedic preparation, was studied in rodents for its antiinflammatory effects at po doses ranging between 1 and 10 g/kg. The drug suppressed various experimentally induced inflammatory reactions and did not show any gastric irritation in antiinflammatory doses. It is suggested that it may partially mediate its antiinflammatory activity by interfering with the action and/or synthesis of prostaglandins and also perhaps by stabilization of the lysosomal membranes. Its antiinflammatory activity is comparable to that of indomethacin.
A conceptual framework for E-loyalty in digital business environment (2010)

In today's digital business environment CRM (Customer relationship management) is an art of integrating People, Procedures and Technology to amplify the relationships in an organization with all sorts of customers and competitors in a way to maximize the share of them in the marketplace. CRM aims at transforming strategies, operational processes and business functions in order to retain customers and increase customer loyalty as well as E-loyalty, and profitability of the company and minimizing the customers' complaint. Satisfying customer needs and pleasing customers are significant elements for acquiring and retaining customer's loyalty and E-loyalty to a company. CRM will come to the world, aiming to satisfy the customer at global stage irrespective of place and time. What is more, not only organizations and companies can take benefit from CRM for E-Loyalty and profitability, the system may produce essential advantage for the people in the society to better deal with their issues. The conclusion will be viable, doable and worthwhile in a way; individuals can identify it and find the system user-friendly. Finally, company may soon come up with reputation.
Markers of risk for preterm delivery (1999)

Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that PTD results from four primary pathogenic mechanisms: activation of the maternal or fetal HPA axis; amniochorionic-decidual or systemic inflammation; decidual hemorrhage; and, pathologic distention of the myometrium. Each of these four pathways has a distinct epidemiological and clinical profile, and unique biochemical and biophysical pathways initiating parturition, but shares a common final biochemical pathway involving myometrial activation and stimulation, and enhanced genital tract protease activity promoting PPROM and cervical change. Traditional methods of predicting women at risk relying on obstetrical history or symptoms and epidemiological risk factors are neither sensitive nor specific. Recent approaches to predicting PTD, including sonographic measurement of cervical length and biochemical assays for hCG, cytokines, fFN, MMPs, estrogens, and CRH, are more sensitive than traditional methods. Moreover, given the heterogeneous, interactive etiopathogeneses of PTD, multiple biochemical markers should not only increase sensitivity and specificity, but also permit the detection of the relative contribution of each pathogenesis to the overall risk of PTD.
Tubular silicate-layered silicate intercalation compounds: a new family of pillared clays (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTubular silicate-layered silicate intercalation compounds: a new family of pillared claysIvy D. Johnson, Todd A. Werpy, and Thomas J. PinnavaiaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 25, 8545–8547Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00233a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00233a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views202Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The First Radical Method for the Introduction of an Ethynyl Group Using a Silicon Tether and Its Application to the Synthesis of 2‘-Deoxy-2‘-<i>C</i>-ethynylnucleosides<sup>1</sup> (2003)

A novel radical method for the stereoselective introduction of an ethynyl group has been developed. When a solution of ethynyldimethylsilyl (EDMS) or [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]dimethylsilyl (TEDMS) ethers of trans-2-iodoindanol was treated with Et(3)B followed by tetrabutylammonium fluoride in toluene, atom transfer 5-exo-cyclization and subsequent elimination occurred to give cis-2-ethynylindanol in high yield. The method was shown to be useful in the introduction of an ethynyl group in various five- and six-membered-ring iodohydrins. Furthermore, 2'-deoxy-2'-C-ethynyluridine (6) and -cytidine (7), which were designed as novel antimetabolites, were readily synthesized by using this method as the key step. This would be the first example in which a radical reaction was used for introducing an ethynyl group.
Selection of unrelated donors for hematopoietic cell transplantation. (2005)

Transplants from partially human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-incompatible relatives are associated with an increased risk of graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and lower survival, which are correlated with the degree of disparity. For patients without an HLA-matched sibling, the preferred donors of hematopoietic cells remain HLA-compatible, unrelated volunteers. The hurdle for a wider application of hematopoietic cell transplantation is the enormous polymorphism of HLA genes that makes unrelated individuals unlikely to match randomly. The identification of functional HLA genes and their polymorphic alleles, the development of precise and effective tissue typing techniques, and the assembly of large volunteer registries worldwide that exceed 9 million HLA-typed individuals have made it feasible to transplant hematopoietic stem cells from well-matched, unrelated donors for most patients.