gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Dependent NIDDM: Genetic and Clinical Implications (1995)

We review evidence that increased tissue levels of fatty acyl CoA cause the beta-cell abnormalities of nondiabetic obesity and ultimately result in obesity-dependent diabetes. Nondiabetic obesity in Zucker rats is characterized by hypersecretion of insulin at normal fasting and subfasting glucose concentrations. This is a result of beta-cell hyperplasia and increased low Km glucose usage and oxidation. These abnormalities, the hyperinsulinemia, the hyperplasia of beta-cells, i.e., its in vitro equivalent, enhanced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and the increased low Km glucose usage can be induced by culturing normal islets with 2 mmol/l free fatty acids (FFAs). Once obese Zucker diabetic fatty rats become diabetic, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is absent and beta-cell GLUT2 reduced. Islet triglyceride (TG) content is increased 10-fold, probably reflecting increased FFA delivery (plasma FFA levels > 1.5 mmol/l) beginning about 2 weeks before the onset of diabetes. These beta-cell abnormalities, GSIS loss, GLUT2 loss, and TG accumulation, are prevented by reducing plasma FFAs by caloric restriction and by nicotinamide injection. The loss of GSIS and the accumulation of TGs, but not the GLUT2 loss, can be induced in vitro in normal islets cultured in a 2 mmol/l FFA-containing medium, but prediabetic islets seem far more vulnerable to FFA-induced functional impairment and TG accumulation. It is proposed that in uncomplicated obesity, increased lipid availability (FFA levels < 1.5 mmol/l) induces both hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in parallel fashion, thereby maintaining normoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس امید اسنایدر (2012)

هدف پژوهش تعیین ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس امید اسنایدر بود. روش: روش پژوهش همبستگی و جامعه آماری تمام دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی 1388- 1387 دانشگاه شهید بهشتی به تعداد 6970 نفر بود. با توجه به حداقل نمونه مورد نیاز جهت تحلیل عاملی که 250 نفر است 371 نفر 276 زن و 95 مرد به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند و به مقیاس های امید اسنایدر (1991)، حمایت اجتماعی ادارک شده زیمت (1988)، هدف در زندگی کرامباخ و ماهولیک (1964) و افکار خودکشی محمدی فر، بشارت و حبیبی (1384) پاسخ دادند. داده ها با استفاده نرم افزار تحلیل معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شد. یافته ها: بررسی روایی سازه با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی نشان داد که مقیاس دارای ساختاری دو عاملی شامل تفکر عامل و مسیرها است. بررسی روایی همزمان با محاسبه ی همبستگی این مقیاس با مقیاس افکار خودکشی، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و معنا بیانگر رابطه منفی بین نمرات مقیاس امید با نمرات مقیاس افکار خودکشی و رابطه مثبت با نمرات مقیاس های حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و معنا در زندگی بود. ضریب اعتبار این مقیاس با استفاده از فرمول آلفای کرونباخ 86/0 و از طریق بازآزمایی 81/0 به دست آمد. نتیجه گیری: مقیاس امید اسنایدر برای جمعیت ایرانی از اعتبار و روایی خوبی برخوردار و در سنجش های روان شناختی کشور ایران قابل استفاده است و از آن می توان به عنوان ابزاری معتبر و مناسب در محیط های بالینی و آموزشی به منظور ارزیابی افراد و تهیه برنامه های درمانی و پیشگیرانه سود جست.
Assessing the genetic component of the susceptibility of mice to viral infections (2005)

Laboratory mice often exhibit wide differences in susceptibility when infected experimentally with viruses. Based on such observations, experiments have been designed to investigate the determinism of these differences at the molecular level, and a few genes that play a major role in the innate mechanisms of defence of the species toward viral aggressions have been characterised. For example, the extraordinary resistance of SJL mice to experimental infections with hepatitis virus strain A59 is the consequence of a structural alteration of a cell adhesion molecule which normally binds to the spikes of the virus, allowing its entry into the cells. If the virus cannot bind to the molecule, or if the molecule is absent, epithelial cells of the intestine and liver are not infected and mice are resistant. In the same way, most--not to say all--laboratory strains of mice are susceptible to infections with orthomyxoviruses or flaviviruses because essential molecules, the synthesis of which is normally triggered by interferon, are defective in these mice. Wild mice, by contrast --probably because they are constantly exposed to natural infections--are resistant. Finally, some mouse strains resist experimental infections by the mouse cytomegalovirus 1 (MCMV-1) because, once infected, these mice synthesise a molecule at the surface of infected cells which allows immediate recognition and killing by natural killer (NK) cells. With the exuberant development of mouse genetics and the constant generation of new mutant alleles, it is likely that many more genes with an impact on the phenotype of resistance or susceptibility will be identified in the forthcoming years. These genes are probably numerous, however, and many of them presumably interact with each other and/or have additive effects. This might slow down progress in our understanding of the innate mechanism of defence.
Rpe65 Is a Retinyl Ester Binding Protein That Presents Insoluble Substrate to the Isomerase in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells (2003)

Photon capture by a rhodopsin pigment molecule induces 11-cis to all-trans isomerization of its retinaldehyde chromophore. To restore light sensitivity, the all-trans-retinaldehyde must be chemically re-isomerized by an enzyme pathway called the visual cycle. Rpe65, an abundant protein in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a homolog of beta-carotene dioxygenase, appears to play a role in this pathway. Rpe65-/- knockout mice massively accumulate all-trans-retinyl esters but lack 11-cis-retinoids and rhodopsin visual pigment in their retinas. Mutations in the human RPE65 gene cause a severe recessive blinding disease called Leber's congenital amaurosis. The function of Rpe65, however, is unknown. Here we show that Rpe65 specifically binds all-trans-retinyl palmitate but not 11-cis-retinyl palmitate by a spectral-shift assay, by co-elution during gel filtration, and by co-immunoprecipitation. Using a novel fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) binding assay in liposomes, we demonstrate that Rpe65 extracts all-trans-retinyl esters from phospholipid membranes. Assays of isomerase activity reveal that Rpe65 strongly stimulates the enzymatic conversion of all-trans-retinyl palmitate to 11-cis-retinol in microsomes from bovine RPE cells. Moreover, we show that addition of Rpe65 to membranes from rpe65-/- mice, which possess no detectable isomerase activity, restores isomerase activity to wild-type levels. Rpe65 by itself, however, has no intrinsic isomerase activity. These observations suggest that Rpe65 presents retinyl esters as substrate to the isomerase for synthesis of visual chromophore. This proposed function explains the phenotype in mice and humans lacking Rpe65.
Expression of Voltage-Gated Chloride Channels in Human Glioma Cells (2003)

Voltage-gated chloride channels have recently been implicated as being important for cell proliferation and invasive cell migration of primary brain tumors cells. In the present study we provide several lines of evidence that glioma Cl- currents are primarily mediated by ClC-2 and ClC-3, two genes that belong to the ClC superfamily. Transcripts for ClC-2 thru ClC-7 were detected in a human glioma cell line by PCR, whereas only ClC-2, ClC-3, and ClC-5 protein could be identified by Western blot. Prominent ClC-2, -3, and -5 channel expression was also detected in acute patient biopsies from low- and high-grade malignant gliomas. Immunogold electron microscopic studies as well as digital confocal imaging localized a portion of these ClC channels to the plasma membrane. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings show the presence of two pharmacologically and biophysically distinct Cl- currents that could be specifically reduced by 48 hr exposure of cells to channel-specific antisense oligonucleotides. ClC-3 antisense selectively and significantly reduced the expression of outwardly rectifying current with pronounced voltage-dependent inactivation. Such currents were sensitive to DIDS (200-500 microm) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (165 microm). ClC-2 antisense significantly reduced expression of inwardly rectifying currents, which were potentiated by hyperpolarizing prepulses and inhibited by Cd2+ (200-500 microm). Currents that were mediated by ClC-5 could not be demonstrated. We suggest that ClC-2 and ClC-3 channels are specifically upregulated in glioma membranes and endow glioma cells with an enhanced ability to transport Cl-. This may in turn facilitate rapid changes in cell size and shape as cells divide or invade through tortuous extracellular brain spaces.
The benefits of flexibility in lookup table-based FPGAs (1993)

FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) need not be limited to a single fixed-size truth table in each block. The authors discuss the utility of allowing each block's single large table (e.g. one 5-input, 32-b table) to be reconfigured into smaller tables (e.g. eight 4-b tables). Results describing the efficiency of packing some standard benchmark circuits into various configurations are presented and the cost/benefits discussed. It is shown that a logic block containing four lookup tables, each of which is 8-b RAM, is the best choice if only the area efficiency is considered. It is also shown that if circuit speed is considered, a logic block containing two lookup tables, each of which contains 16 b of RAM, is the best choice.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sensitive measurement of water content in dry material based on low-frequency terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (2006)

We proposed sensitive measurement of water content in dry material using low-frequency THz-TDS method. Simultaneous use of bowtie-type photoconductive antennas as a THz emitter and a THz detector achieves specific sensitivity in sub-THz region of ~0.3 THz, in which THz absorption of water is considerably decreased. Effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through water content measurement in instant coffee powder in a glass bottle. The proposed system will be a powerful tool for extract quality control of water content in dry foods.
The road to integrative cancer therapies: emergence of a tumor-associated fibroblast protease as a potential therapeutic target in cancer (2009)

Great inroads have been made in defining the oncogenic pathways intrinsic to neoplastic cells and the mechanisms by which they are activated in tumors. Knowledge of these pathways provides numerous opportunities that are actively being pursued to develop targeted therapies for cancer. Complementary studies, focused on the non-transformed components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), have revealed that the extrinsic cues provided by the TME are also essential for tumor cells to manifest a fully transformed phenotype, angiogenesis and metastasis. Delineation of these cues and their underlying cellular and molecular pathways will thus lead to a new era of integrative cancer therapy based on combinatorial drug regimens that act synergistically to destroy the neoplastic cells by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic pro-oncogenic pathways. Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and proteases are two of the key regulators of epithelial-derived tumors that represent potential targets of such integrative therapies. Herein, we consider the potential therapeutic benefit of inhibiting the function of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface serine protease with dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activity that is expressed on TAFs and pericytes, in an integrative approach to treating cancer.
Reliable Broadcast to A User Group with Limited Source Transmissions (2015)

In order to reduce the number of retransmissions and save power for the source node, we propose a two-phase coded scheme to achieve reliable broadcast from the source to a group of users with minimal source transmissions. In the first phase, the information packets are encoded with batched sparse (BATS) code, which are then broadcasted by the source node until the file can be cooperatively decoded by the user group. In the second phase, each user broadcasts the re-encoded packets to its peers based on their respective received packets from the first phase, so that the file can be decoded by each individual user. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and the rank distribution at the moment of decoding is derived, which is used as input for designing the optimal BATS code. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the total number of retransmissions compared with the traditional single-phase broadcast with optimal erasure codes. Furthermore, since a large number of transmissions are shifted from the source node to the users, power consumptions at the source node is significantly reduced.
Reduktion von Dihydro‐cyclogeraniumsäure zu Dihydro‐cyclogeraniol bzw. Dihydro‐cyclocitral und Darstellung von cis‐Dihydro‐jonon (1951)

Abstract A. Cis‐ und trans‐Dihydro‐cyclogeraniol wurden aus den entsprechenden Dihydro‐cyclogeraniumsäureestern durch Reduktion mit LiAlH 4 hergestellt.
Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics (1958)

Volume II of the High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion series. The series which stress the more fundamental aspects of the various phenomena that make up the broad field of aeronautical science. The aerodynamicist and gas dynamicist will find both the classical and the important new concepts of gas dynamics presented in an informative and stimulating manner. Specialists in the study of gas dynamics have contributed Sections as follows: H. S. Tsien, The Equations of Gas Dynamics; L. Crocco, One-Dimensional Treatment of Steady Gas Dynamics; A. Kantrowitz, One-Dimensional Treatment of Nonsteady Gas Dynamics; W. Hayes, The Basic Theory of Gasdynamic Discontinuities; H. Polachek and R. J. Seeger, Shock Wave Interactions; H. G. Stever, Condensation Phenomena in High Speed Flows; T. H. Von Karman, H. W. Emmons, G. I. Taylor, and R. S. Tankin, Gas Dynamics of Combustion and Detonation; S. Schaaf and P. Chambre, Flow of Rarefied Gases. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
A Comparison of Four Precise Global Positioning System Geodetic Receivers (1985)

Four precise global positioning system (GPS) geodetic receivers were operated simultaneously in January and February 1984 over ten baselines ranging in distance from 13 to 1304 km. Several of the baselines had been previously measured using very long baseline interferometry and, therefore, provide very good standards to which the satellite results can be compared. Results of these experiments are presented along with a brief description of each receiver and the associated analysis techniques.
<title>Power flow and amplifier design for piezoelectric actuators in intelligent structures</title> (1994)

In developing intelligent structures in which actuation, sensing, and processing elements are physically integrated within the structure, the use of piezoelectric actuators places certain requirements on the electronic components which drive them. Applications may impose strict limitations on power consumption and heat dissipation, and structural integration brings an added requirement for component miniaturization. An understanding of the power flow behavior of piezoelectric actuators in controlled structure applications is therefore important. This paper addresses power issues in the application of piezoelectric actuators and embedded electronic components. The power flow characteristics of piezoelectric actuators are examined in closed-loop control applications. An analysis is presented of the power flow and voltage and current requirements of a piezoelectric actuator in a simple system, along with implications for the design of linear amplifiers. The contributions of various elements to average and peak power flow levels are identified, as is the effect of loop closure on the impedance which the actuator presents to the amplifier.
Shape Evolution and Stress Development during Latex−Silica Film Formation (2002)

The shape evolution and stress development of composite films of deformable acrylic latices and rigid silica spheres were studied using noncontact laser profilometry and a controlled environment stress apparatus that simultaneously monitors optical clarity, drying stress, and weight loss. Their shape evolution was strongly influenced by capillary forces experienced during drying, latex Tg, and the ratio of deformable/rigid particles in the film. Their stress histories exhibited three distinct regions: (1) a period of stress rise stemming from capillary tension exerted by the liquid on the particle network, (2) a maximum stress, and (3) a period of stress decay. Significant differences in stress histories were observed between the deformable latex and rigid silica films. Latex films exhibited a gradual stress rise, a maximum stress of ∼0.1 MPa, and only a slight stress decay. In contrast, silica films displayed a sharp stress rise and a stress maximum of ∼1 MPa, followed by a decay to a nearly stress-free state at the culmination of the drying process. Composite films exhibited a marked transition from a deformable to a rigidlike response as their silica content increased above 40 vol %. The highest maximum stress was observed for composite films with 55% silica, which was near their critical pigment volume concentration. Such films also exhibited the highest amount of residual stress of all films studied.
Increased levels of antiviral MxA protein in peripheral blood of patients with A chronic disease of unknown etiology* (2001)

Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is synthesized in response to viral infections. MxA protein, induced specifically by IFN-alpha and beta, expressed in peripheral blood cells, is detected more consistently than circulating IFN-alpha in serum of patients with viral infections. Thus, activation of the IFN-alpha/MxA system can be used as additional marker of the presence of a virus in patients. Therefore MxA protein and IFN-alpha levels were measured in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurological disease of unknown etiology, in order to investigate the possible role of viruses in the expression of this disease. The means of MxA values obtained by using an immunochemiluminescent assay were significantly higher in blood of patients with remitting (n = 197) or relapsing (n = 39) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and in patients with viral infections than in blood from healthy controls (n = 25) and from patients with bacterial infections (n = 12). Intra-individual variance in MxA levels in seven clinically stable remitting patients with MS was observed in the course of a follow-up, and high MxA levels were detected in three of them in blood samples collected consecutively over several months. By using an ultra sensitive assay, a higher MxA-inducer activity was obtained with sera from MS patients (n = 39) than with those from healthy controls (n = 12). Experiments with neutralizing antibodies proved that this activity in serum from patients was due to IFN-alpha, whereas IFN-alpha could not be detected by other methods. Altogether these results demonstrate that there is an activation of the IFN-alpha/MxA system in MS patients, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a viral infection may be associated with MS.
Morita–Baylis–Hillman Approach toward Formal Total Synthesis of Tamiflu and Total Synthesis of Gabaculine (2013)

Abstract A Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction mediated approach to the formal total synthesis of oseltamivir and the total synthesis of gabaculine is described. This strategy involves the enantiocontrolled preparation of Corey's intermediate in 22 % yield, which is prepared over 11 steps starting from N ‐ tert ‐butoxycarbonyl‐ L ‐serine methyl ester.
Approximations in Determining the Total Absorption of a Room (1930)

In the formulae for the decay of sound in a room the total absorption is customarily taken equal to Σi ai si, where ai is the absorption coefficient for any uniform area Si. It is shown that this method of determining the total absorption is an approximation requiring the assumption “that sound which is reflected from material having a given reflection coefficient has a probability of encountering, on its next reflection, material with a like coefficient which probability is equal to the ratio of the area of that material to the total area present.” This assumption requires in general an amount of “bending” of the lines of propagation in excess of what may normally be expected from dispersion phenomena. The author suggests a method of attack which permits one to account for varying degrees of dispersion and applies this method of attack to the simple case of a cubical room. Numerical values of, à, the average absorption coefficient are determined which shows the effect of assuming different degrees of dispersion, and the effect of altering the distribution of the absorbing material in the room.
AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor high electron mobility transistors using Sc2O3 as the gate oxide and surface passivation (2003)

We demonstrated that Sc2O3 thin films deposited by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy can be used simultaneously as a gate oxide and as a surface passivation layer on AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The maximum drain source current, IDS, reaches a value of over 0.8 A/mm and is ∼40% higher on Sc2O3/AlGaN/GaN transistors relative to conventional HEMTs fabricated on the same wafer. The metal–oxide–semiconductor HEMTs (MOS–HEMTs) threshold voltage is in good agreement with the theoretical value, indicating that Sc2O3 retains a low surface state density on the AlGaN/GaN structures and effectively eliminates the collapse in drain current seen in unpassivated devices. The MOS-HEMTs can be modulated to +6 V of gate voltage. In particular, Sc2O3 is a very promising candidate as a gate dielectric and surface passivant because it is more stable on GaN than is MgO.
Sterol 27-hydroxylase: expression in human arterial endothelium (1997)

Human endothelium obtained from both the aorta and the pulmonary artery has been evaluated for the presence of the messenger RNA coding for the expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase. Unique oligomers were designed to detect the mRNA by reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified product was sequenced and was found to be identical to the published sequence for nucleotides 491 to 802 of the human sterol 27-hydroxylase cDNA. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of 27-hydroxylase mRNA in pulmonary artery and aortic endothelium. As part of these studies, enzymatic activity was assayed in cultured arterial endothelium using cholesterol as a substrate and isotope ratio gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the metabolites, 27-hydroxycholesterol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid, in the medium. Localization of sterol 27-hydroxylase to vascular endothelium indicates intracellular production of the biologically active metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol.