gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Glycolysis: Meeting the Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation (2011)

Warburg's observation that cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis) sparked debate over the role of glycolysis in normal and cancer cells. Although it has been established that defects in mitochondrial respiration are not the cause of cancer or aerobic glycolysis, the advantages of enhanced glycolysis in cancer remain controversial. Many cells ranging from microbes to lymphocytes use aerobic glycolysis during rapid proliferation, which suggests it may play a fundamental role in supporting cell growth. Here, we review how glycolysis contributes to the metabolic processes of dividing cells. We provide a detailed accounting of the biosynthetic requirements to construct a new cell and illustrate the importance of glycolysis in providing carbons to generate biomass. We argue that the major function of aerobic glycolysis is to maintain high levels of glycolytic intermediates to support anabolic reactions in cells, thus providing an explanation for why increased glucose metabolism is selected for in proliferating cells throughout nature.
Occlusive versus nonocclusive calcipotriol ointment treatment for palmoplantar psoriasis. (2001)

Thirty-nine patients with a clinical diagnosis of palmoplantar psoriasis [23 (58%) males and 16 (42%) females] were included in this study with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of occlusive calcipotriol 50 micrograms/mg ointment vs. nonocclusive therapy. Patients were randomized to either twice-weekly overnight calcipotriol ointment under occlusion or twice-daily topical nonocclusive application of the same ointment for 6 weeks. The effect of treatment was assessed on the basis of a psoriasis signs score for erythema, thickness and scaliness, which was graded from 0 (absent) to 4 (most severe) at the first visit, after 2 weeks and at the end of treatment. Analysis of our results showed that twice-weekly occlusive calcipotriol ointment was as effective as the twice-daily application. The mean total score at baseline was 6 for the occlusive group and 6.1 for the nonocclusive group. The score decreased to 1.5 in both groups at the end of treatment. No significant adverse effects were reported by patients or investigators. We conclude that occlusive calcipotriol ointment is effective in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis and may produce even better results with more frequent use, such as application on alternate days.
An L1 box binding protein, GbML1, interacts with GbMYB25 to control cotton fibre development (2010)

Transcription factors play key roles in plant development through their interaction with cis-elements and/or other transcription factors. A HD-Zip IV family transcription factor, Gossypium barbadense Meristem Layer 1 (GbML1) has been identified and characterized here. GbML1 specifically bound to the L1 box and the promoters of GbML1 and GbRDL1. GbML1 physically interacted with a key regulator of cotton fibre development, GbMYB25. Truncated and point mutation assays indicated the START-SAD domain was required for the binding to the C terminal domain (CTD) of GbMYB25. GbML1 overexpression in Arabidopsis increased the number of trichomes on stems and leaves and increased the accumulation of anthocyanin in leaves. Taken together, the L1 box binding protein, GbML1 was identified as the first partner for GbMYB25 and the role of START domain was discovered to be a protein binding domain in plants. Our findings will help the improvement of cotton fibre production and the understanding of the key role of HD-Zip family and MYB family in plants.
A study of oscillator jitter due to supply and substrate noise (1999)

This paper investigates the timing jitter of single-ended and differential CMOS ring oscillators due to supply and substrate noise. We calculate the jitter resulting from supply and substrate noise, show that the concept of frequency modulation can be applied, and derive relationships that express different types of jitter in terms of the sensitivity of the oscillation frequency to the supply or substrate voltage. Using examples based on measured results, we show that thermal jitter is typically negligible compared to supply- and substrate-induced jitter in high-speed digital systems. We also discuss the dependence of the jitter of differential CMOS ring oscillators on transistor gate width, power consumption, and the number of stages.
Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease (1997)

Recent findings that elderly African-Americans and Japanese living in the United States have much higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (6.24 % and 4.1%, respectively) than those still living in their ethnic homelands (&lt;2%) suggested that environmental rather than genetic factors are the primary agents causing Alzheimer’s disease. Recent papers linking clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease to oxidative stress and cerebral infarct suggest that diet is a key factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. To test this hypothesis, regression analyses were performed on the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the 65+ age population for 11 countries obtained from 18 community-wide studies versus components of the national diets. The primary findings are that fat and total caloric supply have the highest correlations with Alzheimer’s disease prevalence rates (r 2 = 0.932 and 0.880, respectively). In addition, fish consumption is found to reduce the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the European and North American countries. The literature suggests that fat contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation and that fish oils combat inflammation. Recent papers finding that several dietary components and supplements have been found effective in delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, including antioxidants, fish, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are consistent with this finding. Key words caloric intake, fat, fish oil, inflammation, nutrition, oxidative stress Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common type of dementia or decline in intellectual function first described by A. Alzheimer [1907]. Some of the characteristics include intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, diffuse, neuritic and burned-out plaques and neuronal loss [Harman, 1995; Lippa et al., 1996]. Epidemiological studies have not identified causal factors for Alzheimer’s disease as seen in a number of reviews
Dependence on chain length of NMR relaxation times in mixtures of alkanes (2007)

Many naturally occurring fluids, such as crude oils, consist of a very large number of components. It is often of interest to determine the composition of the fluids in situ. Diffusion coefficients and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times can be measured in situ and depend on the size of the molecules. It has been shown [D. E. Freed et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 067602 (2005)] that the diffusion coefficient of each component in a mixture of alkanes follows a scaling law in the chain length of that molecule and in the mean chain length of the mixture, and these relations were used to determine the chain length distribution of crude oils from NMR diffusion measurements. In this paper, the behavior of NMR relaxation times in mixtures of chain molecules is addressed. The author explains why one would expect scaling laws for the transverse and longitudinal relaxation times of mixtures of short chain molecules and mixtures of alkanes, in particular. It is shown how the power law dependence on the chain length can be calculated from the scaling laws for the translational diffusion coefficients. The author fits the literature data for NMR relaxation in binary mixtures of alkanes and finds that its dependence on chain length agrees with the theory. Lastly, it is shown how the scaling laws in the chain length and the mean chain length can be used to determine the chain length distribution in crude oils that are high in saturates. A good fit is obtained between the NMR-derived chain length distributions and the ones from gas chromatography.
Generalized Design of High Performance Shunt Active Power Filter With Output LCL Filter (2011)

This paper concentrates on the design, control, and implementation of an LCL-filter-based shunt active power filter (SAPF), which can effectively compensate for harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads in a three-phase three-wire power system. With an LCL filter added at its output, the proposed SAPF offers superior switching harmonic suppression using much reduced passive filtering elements. Its output currents thus have high slew rate for tracking the targeted reference closely. Smaller inductance of the LCL filter also means smaller harmonic voltage drop across the passive output filter, which in turn minimizes the possibility of overmodulation, particularly for cases where high modulation index is desired. These advantages, together with overall system stability, are guaranteed only through proper consideration of critical design and control issues, like the selection of LCL parameters, interactions between resonance damping and harmonic compensation, bandwidth design of the closed-loop system, and active damping implementation with fewer current sensors. These described design concerns, together with their generalized design procedure, are applied to an analytical example, and eventually verified by both simulation and experimental results.
Resistance of High Strength Structural Steel to Environmental Stress Corrosion Cracking (1972)

High strength structural steel, ASTM A 514/517, Type J, was evaluated for susceptibility to environmental stress corrosion cracking. Precracked cantilever beam specimens, prepared from 1-in. plate and loaded up to 90 percent of the air determined critical stress intensity, withstood 1000 h exposure to 3.5 w/o NaCl without failure. At loads greater than 90 percent of the load required to cause failure in air, fracture occurs without evidence of stress corrosion cracking. Additional specimens prepared from butt-welded plate and subjected to sustained loads beyond yielding in 4 point bending were alternately immersed in 3.5 w/o NaCl solution and dried in air for 10 000 h without cracking. These results indicate virtual immunity to environmental stress corrosion cracking for both base plate and weldments of this quenched and tempered steel.
Cassie−Wenzel Wetting Transition in Vibrating Drops Deposited on Rough Surfaces:  Is the Dynamic Cassie−Wenzel Wetting Transition a 2D or 1D Affair? (2007)

The transition between the Cassie and Wenzel wetting regimes has been observed under vertical vibration of a water drop placed on a rough micrometrically scaled polymer pattern. The transition takes place under the constant force per unit length of the triple contact line, not under constant pressure. A study of the vibrating drop deposited on the rough surface supplied valuable information concerning the Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition.
Cooperative shared resource access control for low-power chip multiprocessors (2009)

In a single-chip multiprocessor (CMP), the last-level cache and its lower memory hierarchy components are typically shared by multiple processors. Conflicts in these resources lead to poor overall performance of the CMP and/or unpredictable performance of the individual cores. If applications on different cores have different performance constraints, even though these constraints can be satisfied by dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) control of each core, conflicts in shared resources will lead to increased power consumption. Therefore, in the present paper, we derive a condition whereby, under resource conflicts, the total power consumption is minimized by a newly developed power consumption model and propose a method by which to minimize the power consumption of CMPs by cooperative access control of multiple shared resources and DVFS control. Experimental results reveal that the proposed technique can reduce power consumption by 15% on average in a dual-core CMP and by 13% in a quad-core CMP, as compared to the case in which only DVFS control is applied.
Asymmetric Dielectric Trilayer Cantilever Probe for Calorimetric High-Frequency Field Imaging (2007)

Multimaterial, microelectromechanical systems-based cantilever probes were developed for high-frequency magnetic field imaging. The basic configuration of the probe consists of a cantilever beam fabricated using surface micromachining and bulk micromachining techniques with dielectric silicon nitride and silicon oxide materials on a silicon wafer. A gold patterned metallization at the tip of the cantilever provides a source of eddy current heating due to the perpendicular component of the high-frequency magnetic field. This thermally absorbed power is converted to mechanical deflection by a multimaterial trilayer cantilever system. The deflection is measured with a beam-bounce optical technique employed in atomic force microscopy systems. We discuss the modeling, design, fabrication, and characterization of these field imaging probes
Overexpression, Purification, and Characterization of the Cloned Metallo-β-Lactamase L1 from <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> (1998)

The metallo-beta-lactamase L1 from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was cloned, overexpressed, and characterized by spectrometric and biochemical techniques. Results of metal analyses were consistent with the cloned enzyme having 2 mol of tightly bound Zn(II) per monomer. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrated that the cloned enzyme exists as a tightly held tetramer with a molecular mass of ca. 115 kDa, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry indicated a monomeric molecular mass of 28.8 kDa. Steady-state kinetic studies with a number of diverse penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics demonstrated that L1 effectively hydrolyzes all tested compounds, with k(cat)/Km values ranging between 0.002 and 5.5 microM(-1) s(-1). These characteristics of the recombinant enzyme are contrasted to those previously reported for metallo-beta-lactamases isolated directly from S. maltophilia.
Improved method for correction of systematic bias introduced by the sub-voxel image registration process in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (2006)

During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain examinations, the signal extraction from a large number of images is used to evaluate changes in blood oxygenation levels by applying statistical methodology. Image registration is essential as it assists in providing accurate fractional positioning accomplished by using interpolation between sequentially acquired fMRI images. Unfortunately, current subvoxel registration methods found in standard software may produce significant bias in the variance estimator when interpolating with fractional, spatial voxel shifts. It was found that interpolation schemes, as currently applied during the registration of functional brain images, could introduce statistical bias, but there is a possible correction scheme. This bias was shown to result from the "weighted-averaging" process employed by conventional implementation of interpolation schemes. The most severe consequence of inaccurate variance estimators is the undesirable violation of the fundamental 'stationary' assumption required for many statistical methods and Gaussian random field analysis. Thus, this bias violates assumptions of the general linear model (GLM) and/or t-tests commonly used in fMRI studies. Using simulated data as well as actual human data in this, it was demonstrated that this artifact can significantly alter the magnitude and location of the resulting activation patterns/results. Further, the work detailed here introduces a bias correction scheme and evaluates the improved accuracy of its sample variance calculation and influence on fMRI results through comparison with traditional fMRI image registered data.
O proceso de substitución lingüística: breve revisión global dun acontecemento a escala planetaria (2008)

As analises que aqui se exponen tentan mostrar que o proceso de substitucion linguistica non e algo propio da Galiza e do galego, contamos con abondosos exemplos en distintas latitudes e en distintos continentes do mesmo fenomeno social coincidentes nas suas caracteristicas (alguns moito, outros parcialmente e os menos en absoluto) co proceso de substitucion linguistica que estamos a vivir actualmente na Galiza.
Biomolecular Modification of Hierarchical Cellulose Fibers through Titania Nanocoating (2006)

Natürliche Celluloseschichten können als Substrate zur Immobilisierung von Proteinen genutzt werden. Einzelne Cellulosenanofasern werden zunächst mit dünnen TiO2-Schichten ummantelt, um die Chemisorption von Biotin zu ermöglichen, dann wird Streptavidin verankert. Die Schichten binden Biomoleküle (siehe Fluoreszenzbild) mit hoher Kapazität, ohne dass ihre mechanischen und Wasserabsorptionseigenschaften verloren gehen. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z503867_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
ORR Activity and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon-Supported Pt−M (M = Fe, Co, and Cr) Alloys Prepared by Polyol Reduction Method (2009)

A polyol reduction method is employed to prepare carbon-supported Pt and Pt−M (M = Fe, Co, and Cr) alloy catalysts by simultaneous reduction and decomposition of metal precursors with 1,2-hexadecanediol in the presence of nonanoic acid and nonylamine protecting agents. The prepared materials are characterized by powder XRD, HRTEM, and EDX. The face-centered cubic structure of Pt in the prepared materials is evident from XRD. Good dispersion of Pt and Pt alloy nanoparticles on the carbon support is seen from the high-resolution TEM images. The presence of respective elements with controlled composition is observed from EDX analysis. Electrochemical performance of the prepared materials is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and tested in a single-cell DEFC. The inhibition of formation of (hydr)oxy species on the Pt surface by the presence of alloying elements is observed. Oxygen reduction activity of the Pt−M/C (M = Fe, Co, and Cr) is found to be ∼1.5 times higher than that of the as-synthesized and commercial Pt/C catalysts. Single-cell DEFC tests indicated the good performance of Pt−M/C (M = Fe, Co, and Cr) compared with that of the as-synthesized and commercial Pt/C catalysts. The DEFC performance increased in the order Pt/Ccomm < Pt/Cas-syn < Pt−Fe/C < Pt−Co/C ∼ Pt−Cr/C. Stability under DEFC operating conditions for 50 h indicated the good stability of Pt alloys compared with that of Pt catalysts.
Single-Molecule Study on Intermolecular Interaction between C<sub>60</sub>and Porphyrin Derivatives: Toward Understanding the Strength of the Multivalency (2009)

Multivalency is important in molecular self-assembly, although it remains a challenge to correlate the single-molecule results with the multivalent interaction. As the first example, we have combined a well-defined self-assembling system with AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to investigate the intermolecular interactions and multivalency between C(60) and porphyrin derivatives. Compared with the interaction between C(60) and a single porphyrin (29 pN), SMFS has revealed that porphyrin tweezers can provide an enhanced binding interaction with C(60), resulting in a more than 2-fold higher unbinding force (75 pN, at the same loading rate). In addition, a much lower dissociation rate and a shorter effective distance between the bound state and transition state of the interaction are indicated by dynamic force spectroscopy. These results provide new quantitative information on the divalency effect in the unbinding process of C(60) and porphyrin tweezers at the single-molecule level, which is of significance in understanding the strength of the multivalency in the molecular assembly.
Selection of highly metastatic rat MTLn2 mammary adenocarcinoma cell variants using in vitro growth response to transferrin (1998)

We previously found that the proliferative response to transferrin and the expression of transferrin receptors (TfR) on the cell surface of various rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cell sublines correlated with their spontaneous metastatic capability. To further assess the involvement of transferrin and TfR in metastasis, transferrin-responsive cells were selected from the poorly-metastatic, low-transfferin responsive 13762NF MTLn2 subline. When maintained in low serum (0.3%) conditions, MTLn2 cells failed to survive. However, if like medium was supplemented with 0.5 microgram/ml rat transferrin, some colonies emerged, presumably due to their ability to proliferate in response to the added transferrin. The surviving cells were expanded and exposed to ten or 20 similar cycles of transferrin growth selection to obtain the sublines MTLn2-Tf10 and MTLn2-Tf20, respectively. The MTLn2-Tf20 cells proliferated in response to transferrin at a rate similar to that of the high metastatic 13762NF sublines. Using immunofluorescent staining, Scatchard analysis, and affinity isolation of TfR, we discovered that the MTLn2-Tf20 cells had 5 to 6 times more TfR than did the parental MTLn2 line. When injected into the mammary fat pads of rats, the MTLn2-Tf20 line metastasized to the axillary lymph node in seven out of ten animals and to the lungs in six out of ten (median number = 13). No metastases were seen in the MTLn2 parental line. The MTLn2-Tf10 cells showed intermediate properties compared with the MTLn2 and MTLn2-Tf20 cells. The results indicate that variant cells with a high response to transferrin may be more metastatic than the bulk cells in a poorly metastatic population. The selection of cells with high levels of TfR and a higher proliferative response to transferrin results in sublines with greater potentials for spontaneous metastasis.
The aetiology, impact and management of cancer-related fatigue in patients with advanced cancer (2011)

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing symptom frequently experienced by patients with advanced cancer. While there have been some advances in the understanding of the management of fatigue associated with cancer treatment, CRF associated with advanced cancer remains a phenomenon that is not well-managed. The aetiologic factors associated with CRF, the impacts of CRF and the current management of CRF are discussed in this review article in relation to patients with advanced cancer. The paper concludes that while further research is required in the area, there are several potentially effective strategies currently available that can reduce the severity of CRF in patients with advanced cancer.
Effect of Solid Content and Lipid Content of Whey Protein Isolate‐Beeswax Edible Coatings on Color Change of Fresh‐cut Apples (2003)

ABSTRACT: Edible coatings from whey protein isolate (WPI)‐beeswax (BW) were made with various total solid (8%, 12%, 16%, 20%) and BW content (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dry bases). Apple pieces were coated with the emulsion coatings; weight loss and color (CIE L*, a*, b* , and browning index [BI]) were measured during storage. Results show that coated apples had higher L* and presented lower BI than uncoated apples, indicating that whey proteins exert an antibrowning effect. The BI decreased as the solid content of the coating emulsions increased. Increasing BW content decreased enzymatic browning. Coating application did not reduce weight loss in fresh‐cut apples, probably due to the product's high relative humidity.