gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro activity of hepatitis B virus polymerase: requirement for distinct metal ions and the viral epsilon stem-loop. (1998)

Hepadnaviruses have a complex replication cycle which includes reverse transcription of the pregenomic RNA. The initial step in this process in hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires the viral polymerase to engage a highly stable region of secondary structure within the pregenomic RNA termed the epsilon stem-loop. While reverse transcriptases belonging to the retrovirus family use a specific cellular tRNA as primer, HBV polymerase utilizes a tyrosine residue located within its own N terminus. Therefore, the first deoxyribonucleotide is covalently coupled to HBV polymerase prior to extension of the DNA strand by conventional reverse transcription. We have expressed HBV polymerase in a baculovirus and following purification have found it to be active with respect to protein-priming and reverse transcription of copurified RNA. Importantly, we found both of these processes to be critically dependent on the presence of the epsilon stem-loop. The metal ion preferences of HBV polymerase were also investigated for both the protein-priming and reverse transcription activities of this enzyme. Reverse transcription was dependent on magnesium, with an optimal concentration of 5 mM. However, protein-priming was strongly favoured by manganese ions and was optimal at a concentration of 1 mM. Thus, using manganese as sole source of metal ions our activity assay is restricted to the protein-priming event and will allow the search for novel antivirals specifically blocking this unique mechanism.
Detecting Events in Narrative Essays (2012)

A narrative can be described as a series of events connected to one another, which are caused by or experienced by the characters of the story. By this definition, an Event can be interpreted as an important part of the story since it is mostly these kinds of statements that move the plot along. The concept proposed in this paper features an Event Detection framework that would eventually allow a grading system to structure the content of an essay into an event flow. The tests show some promising results, with high Precision and Recall values, and an F-measure of over 0.8 in all tests. In addition, the classifier achieves a Matthews Correlation Coefficient average of 0.52. Future work includes integrating Causal Links into the system to detect the relations between Events.
Towards HSS as a virtualized service for 5G networks (2015)

Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is the main database of the current generation's cellular communications systems. It contains subscriber-related information, such as the authentication information and the list of services to which each user is subscribed. The anticipated tremendous increase in the number of subscribers, services and devices (M2M) in 5G networks brings new challenges with regard to HSS provisioning. It calls for more scalability and elasticity regarding information storage, access and management. The current method for increasing the number of HSSs deployed is certainly not the most cost efficient solution. On the other hand, advanced virtualization techniques can aid in tackling the challenges while enabling a smooth migration to 5G. This paper proposes a new architecture for a scalable and elastic HSS using virtualization. The new architecture enables easy and rapid deployment of new HSS instances at a minimal cost, while increasing efficiency of the use of resources. The paper presents the architecture, demonstrates its use via a case scenario, describes the implemented proof of concept prototype and evaluates the performance results.
Creatinine Decomposing Enzymes in<i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (1976)

Creatinine was found to be rapidly decomposed by several strains belonging to Pseudomonas, one of which was assigned to P. putida. Analyses of the metabolites indicated that creatinine was converted to sarcosine via creatine and further to glycine. The enzymes involving in a metabolic pathway of creatinine, i.e. creatinine amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.2), creatine amidinohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.3) and sarcosine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.1), were found to be inducibly formed and accumulated in the bacterial cells. A novel assay method for sarcosine dehydrogenase activity was also described.
Synthesis of Submicron Silicalite-1 Crystals from Clear Solutions (2000)

Discrete and monodisperse submicron crystals of silicalite-1 with a mean size of 0.3 μ m were synthesized from clear crystallization solutions. The effects of silica content, alkalinity of batch and the nature of silica source on the product yield, crystal morphology and particle size distribution were investigated. The crystal shape was sphere-like or hexagonal twinned disks when silicic acid was the silica source. Change of silica source to sodium silicate solution leads to the formation of rounded-edged-hexahedron crystals. Silica content of batch does not influence crystal morphology. Alkalinity of clear crystallization solution has a strong effect both on the particle size distribution and yield of product. Increase of alkalinity caused bimodal particle size distribution and decrease of yield.
Capacity planning for a twin fab (2003)

A capacity planning system (CPS) is developed for a twin fab based on the assumption of infinite capacity. CPS consists of three major modules: WIP-pulling module, workload allocation and accumulation module, and wafer release module. To meet the master production schedule (MPS), the WIP-pulling module pulls WIP from the end of the process routine. The workload allocation and accumulation module then calculates the expected equipment loading in different time periods. If WIP cannot satisfy the MPS requirement, the wafer release module is used to determine the planned wafer start time and the start production fab. On the basis of experimental design, simulation results show that CPS can smooth equipment loading in different time periods and balance the workload between fabs.
Charge Retention of Silicided and Unsilicided Floating Gates in Embedded Logic Nonvolatile Memory (2006)

Some researchers have previously reported that silicide-blocking layers play a key role in retaining charge in embedded DRAM and Flash memory technologies. In this paper, we investigate the retention characteristics for silicided and unsilicided floating gates embedded logic NVM fabricated in a standard 0.25/spl mu/m logic process. In contrast to previous reports, it is found in this work that silicided and unsilicided NVM have equivalent retention for cycled and un-cycled arrays with temperature bake up to 6120 hrs at 135/spl deg/C. As a result, there is more flexibility in optimizing the memory cell area for logic NVM by removing the silicide-blocking layer.
Identification of critical primitive path delay faults without any path enumeration (2010)

It has been previously shown that in order to guarantee the temporal correctness of a circuit, only the primitive path delay fault set needs to be tested. However, as in the case of the traditional and simpler path delay fault model, the number of possible faults can be exponential to the circuit size and, therefore, it is only practical to consider the set of critical faults. This work defines critical primitive path delay faults and presents an exact algorithm to identify them, using zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams and newly introduced operators necessary for handling multiple path delay faults. We report the number of critical primitive path delay faults for various criticality thresholds under the bounded delay model. The results indicate that only a small, but still necessary, number of multiple (primitive) faults, which escape testing under the singly testable fault criterion, must be considered in order to guarantee the timing correctness of the circuit.
Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Peptidase from Rat and Human Ileum (1997)

A novel 100-kDa ileal brush border membrane protein (I100) has been purified by anionic glycocholate affinity chromatography. Polyclonal antibodies raised against this protein were utilized to clone and characterize I100 in rats. A partial length human I100 cDNA was identified by hybridization screening. In the rat, the I100 protein is a 746-amino acid glycosylated (calculated core molecular mass of 80 kDa) type II integral membrane protein found on the apical surface of ileal villus enterocytes. Its 2.6-kilobase mRNA is expressed in distal small intestine in rats and in humans. The I100 cDNA is homologous to but distinct from human prostate-specific membrane antigen and rat brain N-acetylaspartylglutamate peptidase. It is expressed on both the basolateral and apical surfaces of stably transfected Madin Darby canine kidney cells. Analysis of these stably transfected Madin Darby canine kidney cells and I100 immunoprecipitates of rat ileal brush border membrane vesicles reveals that it has dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. Future invesitgations will need to determine the exact substrate specificity of this novel peptidase.
Rac1-mediated Mitochondrial H2O2 Generation Regulates MMP-9 Gene Expression in Macrophages via Inhibition of SP-1 and AP-1 (2010)

Aberrant matrix deposition is a hallmark of pulmonary fibrosis and is characterized by an imbalance between matrix deposition and degradation. We have previously shown that mice harboring a conditional deletion of the GTP-binding protein, Rac1, in macrophages are protected from asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis. To investigate the contribution of aberrant matrix degradation, we addressed the role of Rac1 in regulating expression of macrophage-specific MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9). We found that MMP-9 gene transcription was significantly greater in Rac1 null macrophages. Deletion and mutational analysis of the MMP-9 promoter revealed that both SP-1 and AP-1 are essential for MMP-9 transcription. Overexpression of constitutive active Rac1 (V12) revealed that H(2)O(2) was derived from the mitochondria. Rac1-induced H(2)O(2) generation down-regulated MMP-9 gene transcription, whereas catalase overexpression in WT cells enhanced MMP-9 expression. SP-1 interacted directly with both c-Jun and c-Fos, and H(2)O(2) decreased this binding, suggesting that SP-1 and AP-1 function cooperatively to regulate MMP-9 transcription. Rac1-mediated H(2)O(2) inhibited the ERK MAPK, which was essential for activation of SP-1 and AP-1. ERK activation and MMP-9 expression were recovered by overexpressing catalase or transfecting siRNA for the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein, Rieske. These observations were recapitulated in vivo. MMP-9 mRNA was higher in alveolar macrophages isolated from Rac1 null mice and wild type mice given catalase. Rac1 regulates MMP-9 transcription via mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation, providing a potential mechanism by which Rac1 null mice fail to develop pulmonary fibrosis.
Evidence for Consolidation of Neuronal Assemblies after Seizures in Humans (2015)

The establishment of memories involves reactivation of waking neuronal activity patterns and strengthening of associated neural circuits during slow-wave sleep (SWS), a process known as "cellular consolidation" (Dudai and Morris, 2013). Reactivation of neural activity patterns during waking behaviors that occurs on a timescale of seconds to minutes is thought to constitute memory recall (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978), whereas consolidation of memory traces may be revealed and served by correlated firing (reactivation) that appears during sleep under conditions suitable for synaptic modification (Buhry et al., 2011). Although reactivation has been observed in human neuronal recordings (Gelbard-Sagiv et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2013), reactivation during sleep has not, likely because data are difficult to obtain and the effect is subtle. Seizures, however, provide intense and synchronous, yet sparse activation (Bower et al., 2012) that could produce a stronger consolidation effect if seizures activate learning-related mechanisms similar to those activated by learned tasks. Continuous wide-bandwidth recordings from patients undergoing intracranial monitoring for drug-resistant epilepsy revealed reactivation of seizure-related neuronal activity during subsequent SWS, but not wakefulness. Those neuronal assemblies that were most strongly activated during seizures showed the largest correlation changes, suggesting that consolidation selectively strengthened neuronal circuits activated by seizures. These results suggest that seizures "hijack" physiological learning mechanisms and also suggest a novel epilepsy therapy targeting neuronal dynamics during post-seizure sleep.
Symmetry and bonding (1991)

It is possible to obtain valuable insights into chemical bonding from a simplified and qualitative study of molecular orbitals. Making use of symmetry enables such a study to be carried out for any molecular geometry.
Linear Equalization and PVT-Independent DC Wander Compensation for AC-Coupled PCIe 3.0 Receiver Front End (2011)

An alternating current (ac)-coupled high-speed receiver analog front end is capable of shifting the input direct current (dc) level without extra current consumption and signal degradation at high frequencies. However, the dc wander due to the high-pass characteristic of the ac-coupled front end may degrade the receiver performance because it equivalently modulates the sampling threshold voltage of the sampler. While this modulation may be negligible for highly dc-balanced input, it shows observable degradation in Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) 3.0 receivers operating at 8 Gb/s. In addition, analog equalization is generally required for a PCIe 3.0 receiver front end. This paper presents techniques to add linear equalization and dc wander compensation into an ac-coupled receiver front end. The proposed linear equalization scheme attenuates the low-frequency energy and keeps the high-frequency energy. The proposed dc wander-compensation method is independent of process, voltage, and temperature; therefore, there is no need for calibration or compensation. The proposed schemes have very low power consumption and very good linearity because only passive and linear components are utilized in the main signal path. The proposed schemes were confirmed by simulation.
Near‐Infrared Dichromic Fluorescent Carbocyanine Molecules (2008)

Bilingual fluorescent molecules: An array of asymmetric carbocyanines capable of dual fluorescence emissions in the near-infrared region is described (see image). The fluorescent molecules are robust in different pH and solvents. Additionally, each fluorescence peak possesses a distinct fluorescence lifetime. These properties are retained after conjugation of the dyes with small bioactive peptides. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z800475_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A 76 GHz Multi-Layered Phased Array Antenna Using a Non-Metal Contact Metamaterial Waveguide (2011)

A 76 GHz phased array antenna (PAA) using waffle-iron ridge waveguides with non-metal contacts has been developed. The non-metal contact technology has the advantage of avoiding losses due to imperfect metal contacts, and also facilitates the fabrication of small-size and multi-layer stacked structures. The principle and results of the developed phase shifter, radiator and feed network are presented. For the feed network, it is shown that the phase differences between adjacent radiators are the same, which confirms the validity of the fundamental operation of the PAA. A PAA combining the feed network and 16 radiators with a size of 62 mm × 62 mm × 25 mm was realized. The characteristic of the PAA was evaluated by calculating the directivity using measured data from the radiator and the feed network. From these considerations, the PAA was found to have the capability of providing a beam tilt angle of ±18° while maintaining a gain of more than 32 dBi.
A heterostructured TiO<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>support for gold catalysts: a superior preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>under visible light irradiation and without visible light irradiation (2015)

Introducing C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>into Au/TiO<sub>2</sub>promotes an increase in the electron densities of Au, resulting in the activation of CO and O<sub>2</sub>.
A Flexible Ultrasound Transducer Array with Micro-Machined Bulk PZT (2015)

This paper proposes a novel flexible piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasound transducer, which is based on PZT and a polyimide substrate. The transducer is made on the polyimide substrate and packaged with medical polydimethylsiloxane. Instead of etching the PZT ceramic, this paper proposes a method of putting diced PZT blocks into holes on the polyimide which are pre-etched. The device works in d31 mode and the electromechanical coupling factor is 22.25%. Its flexibility, good conformal contacting with skin surfaces and proper resonant frequency make the device suitable for heart imaging. The flexible packaging ultrasound transducer also has a good waterproof performance after hundreds of ultrasonic electric tests in water. It is a promising ultrasound transducer and will be an effective supplementary ultrasound imaging method in the practical applications.
Software Assembly Workbench: how to construct software like hardware (2002)

The paper describes an approach for assembling software by combining reusable building blocks, much in the way hardware is being designed. The approach uses a Software Assembly Workbench and is predicated on the existence of a Network Execution Platform. The Network Execution Platform is a "network computer" that performs network functions necessary to execute typical services. Its operating system provides access to telecommunication and computing functionality. The Software Assembly Workbench is based on two adjacent software layers. The service (upper) layer and the component (intermediate) layer. These two layers require the implementation of a third (lower) layer, the capability layer, which resides on the Network Execution Platform. Before being shipped for execution on the Network Execution Platform, the software constructed using the two Software Workbench is first verified through assembly simulation. Both the execution platform and the application software are instrumented for failure detection and management. The uniqueness of this approach resides in our ability to rapidly create software that can be dependably executed in a distributed telecommunication network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Simple Calibrator for Measuring the First Derivative of Pressure Waveforms (1972)

A small, inexpensive, integrated circuit, asymmetric, triangle generator for the calibration of cardiovascular waveform differentiators is described. The calibrator produces a simulated pressure waveform in which the slopes of the leading and trailing edges are precisely and stably set to represent specific values of dP/dt in millimeters of mercury per second. The waveform is clipped to give a zero output when differentiated, facilitating setting the baseline and the gain of the differentiating amplifier used to record the first derivative.
Protozoon classifications based on size, shape and refractive index using on-chip immersion refractometer (2011)

This paper presents an on-chip immersion refractometer for the measurement of size, shape and refractive index of protozoa in treated water. The key features of the on-chip immersion refractometer include (1) multiple single cyst trapping sites, which enable the measurement of multiple sample per test; and (2) zig-zag micromixer, which enables the refractive index variation of external medium as the key component of immersion refractometry. The results show that C. parvum oocysts have size of 3 to 7 μm, spherical with ovality lower than 0.3, and refractive index of 1.418. G. lamblia cysts have size of 8 to 12 μm, oval with ovality higher than 0.3, and refractive index of 1.433. The refractive indices of the samples are measured with high precision of <;10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> .
Charging effects in micromirror spatial light modulators (2008)

We describe charging effects on spatial light modulators SLM. These light modulators consist of up to one million mirrors that can be addressed individually and are operated at a frame rate of up to 2 kHz. They are used for deep ultraviolet DUV mask writing where they have to meet very high requirements with respect to accuracy. To be usable in a mask-writing tool, the chips have to be able to work under DUV light and maintain their performance with high accuracy over a long period of time. Charging effects are a problem frequently encountered with MEMS, especially when they are operated in an analog mode. In this work, the issue of charging effects in SLMs used for microlithography, their causes and methods of their reduction or elimination, by means of addressing methods as well as technological changes, is discussed. The first method deals with the way charges can accumulate within the actuator. It is a simple method that requires no technological changes but cannot always be implemented. The second involves the removal of the materials within the actuator where charges can accumulate.
Wind power availability and increased capacity credit for multiple wind farms (2010)

Due to its intermittent nature, integrating large quantities of wind power in power systems has serious impacts on power system operation. Wind power increases the load variation and the reserve requirements for contingencies. Utilities are especially concerned about the wind power availability during the peak load demand time. Conventional generation can obtain capacity credit because they can produce “firm” power during the peak load demand time. As wind power is intermittent it is normally given zero or small capacity credit. In this paper, the wind variation and capacity credit for multiple wind farms distributed in Wyoming are analyzed based on actual wind data. Considering multiple wind farms as part of one big wind farm distributed over a large area can decrease the wind power variation and increase the capacity credits. As the method used here to calculate capacity credit is the same one used by electric utilities, the potential for awarding more capacity credit to multiple wind farms is very good.
Cell cycle regulation of the c-Myc transcriptional activation domain. (1993)

The product of the c-myc gene (c-Myc) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that has previously been demonstrated to be required for cell cycle progression. Here we report that the c-Myc DNA binding site confers cell cycle regulation to a reporter gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The observed transactivation was biphasic with a small increase in G1 and a marked increase during the S-to-G2/M transition of the cell cycle. This cell cycle regulation of transactivation potential is accounted for, in part, by regulatory phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Together, these data demonstrate that c-Myc may have an important role in the progression of cells through both the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.