gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a Nozzle for the Production of Metal Powder via Gas Atomization (2013)

In this study, a nozzle has been designed in order to produce metal powder via the method of gas atomization. The design has been performed in two stages. At the first stage of design, the size and geometry of the nozzle have been determined using empirical relations as a pre-design. At the second stage, a parametrical analysis has been done using a CFD code. As a parametrical study, the effects of nozzle exit angle, throat distance and protrusion length on pressure and flow velocity at the nozzle exit are investigated with the numerical model. Appropriate values for the investigated parameters have been determined to get maximum pressure in vacuum condition at the tip of the melt. The nozzle has been designed based on the determined parameters.
Azimuthai simultaneous elastic inversion for fracture detection (2010)

Azimuthai AVO has proved to be useful to predict fractures. However, there are a number of limitations with the technique including the fact that only band limited fractional elastic parameters are estimated. Further, the method is derived for the case of an isotropic over HTI anisotropic half‐space. It is not theoretically valid for the case of two anisotropic half‐spaces. In order to overcome these limitations this paper develops and demonstrates a new (patent pending) azimuthal simultaneous elastic inversion. Azimuth‐ and angle‐limited seismic traces are modeled using the anisotropic Zoeppritz equation to generate equivalent reflectivity volumes which are then convolved with appropriate user defined wavelets, generating 3D volumes of the fracture parameters. HTI anisotropy, the lowest symmetry which describes fractures, is used in this implementation. Alternative parameterizations using rock physics models are examined to reduce and constrain the parameterization. The algorithm is demonstrated on both synthetic and real seismic data with good results.
Antibodies against Ku protein in sera from patients with autoimmune diseases. (1989)

Immunoaffinity-purified Ku protein was used to screen sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, myositis and Sjögren's syndrome for anti-Ku antibodies in a quantitative immunoblot assay. Sixteen percent of the 159 studied sera were reactive with the Ku protein; significantly increased frequencies of anti-Ku antibodies were found in SLE (19%) and scleroderma (14%) sera. Patients with myositis and Sjögren's syndrome showed similar frequencies. All positive sera had antibodies to the 86 kD subunit of Ku protein; only one serum did not react with 70 kD subunit. Frequencies of other autoantibodies were compared in anti-Ku positive and negative patients. Only anti-Sm antibodies, especially in the absence of anti-nRNP, appear to be associated with the presence of anti-Ku antibodies. A strong correlation between anti-Ku antibodies and the class II HLA antigen DQw1 (89% of the positive sera) was observed, suggesting participation of MHC genes in the mounting of the anti-Ku immune response.
Improved Performance of Protected Catecholic Polysiloxanes for Bioinspired Wet Adhesion to Surface Oxides (2012)

A facile synthetic strategy for introducing catecholic moieties into polymeric materials based on a readily available precursor (eugenol) and efficient chemistries [tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-catalyzed silation and thiol-ene coupling] is reported. Silyl protection is shown to be critical for the oxidative stability of catecholic moieties during synthesis and processing, which allows functionalized polysiloxane derivatives to be fabricated into 3D microstructures as well as 2D patterned surfaces. Deprotection gives stable catechol surfaces whose adhesion to a variety of oxide surfaces can be precisely tuned by the level of catechol incorporation. The advantage of silyl protection for catechol-functionalized polysiloxanes is demonstrated and represents a promising and versatile new platform for underwater surface treatments.
Reversible import of apocytochrome c into mitochondria. (1990)

35S-labeled Drosophila melanogaster apocytochrome c was made by in vitro transcription/translation of the gene and purified to the monomeric, fully reduced form. It was found that in the presence of a wheat germ extract factor there was a high-affinity phase of the uptake into mouse liver mitochondria at 10-300 pM apocytochrome c, and a lower-affinity phase through 4000 pM. Without the factor, the high-affinity phase was absent. The stimulatory effect of the factor could not be elicited with various reductants, such as NADH, FMN, and ferrous protoheme IX. Conversely, when mitochondria loaded with apocytochrome c were resuspended in fresh medium, the protein readily reequilibrated. Successive washings depleted greater than 95% of the associated apoprotein but removed no holoprotein. Proteases (proteinase K or trypsin) added to a suspension of mitochondria loaded with apoprotein digested an amount of apoprotein similar to that which would have been dissociated during the same time, as measured by successive washings in the absence of protease. Mitochondria loaded with apoprotein and similarly treated with protease continued exporting the apoprotein, even after the protease was inhibited and removed, suggesting that most of the apoprotein associated with the organelle was in a protease-resistant compartment. Apocytochrome c mutants in which serines or alanines replaced cysteines 14 and 17, which bind the prosthetic group, behaved like the cysteine-containing protein, indicating that the covalent attachment of the heme is unrelated to the translocation of the apoprotein.
Advances of clinical laboratory for collagen disease. II. Advances of collagen disease test and disease state elucidation. 7. Complements. (1998)

補体の分野における最新の知見は,補体活性化経路として古典経路,第二経路のほかに新たにレクチン経路の存在が見いだされたことである.さらにこの経路の機能不全と慢性関節リウマチ,全身性エリテマトーデスとの関連の可能性が示唆されている.従来の補体検査は,膠原病の診断,活動性の判定に大きく寄与してきたが,これらの新しい知見を発展させることにより,さらに詳細な病態把握が可能となることが期待される.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase and fludarabine phosphate gene‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy suppresses primary tumour growth and pseudo‐metastases in a mouse model of prostate cancer (2004)

Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy based on the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene produces efficient tumour cell killing. PNP converts adenosine analogs into toxic metabolites that diffuse across cell membranes to kill neighbouring untransduced cells (PNP-GDEPT). Interference with DNA, RNA and protein synthesis kills dividing and non-dividing cells, an important consideration for slow-growing prostate tumours. This study examined the impact of administering PNP-GDEPT into orthotopically grown RM1 prostate cancers (PCas) on the growth of lung pseudo-metastases of immunocompetent mice. C57BL/6 mice bearing orthotopic RM1 PCas received a single intraprostatic injection of OAdV220 (10(10) particles), a recombinant ovine atadenovirus containing the PNP gene controlled by the Rous Sarcoma virus promoter, followed by fludarabine phosphate (approximately 600 mg/m(2)/day) administered intraperitoneally (ip) once daily for 5 days. Pseudo-metastases were induced 2 days after intraprostatic vector administration by tail-vein injection of untransduced RM1 cells. Mice given PNP-GDEPT showed a significant reduction both in prostate volume (approximately 50%) and in lung colony counts (approximately 60%). Apoptosis was increased two-fold in GDEPT-treated prostates compared with controls (P < 0.01), but was absent in the lungs. Staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indicated that proliferation of both RM1 prostate tumours (P < 0.01) and lung colonies (P < 0.01) was significantly suppressed after GDEPT. Although prostate tumour immune cell infiltration did not differ significantly between treatments, immunostaining for Thy-1.2 (CD90) showed that GDEPT promoted Thy-1.2(+) cell infiltration into the prostate tumour site. This study showed that a single course of PNP-GDEPT significantly suppressed local PCa growth and reduced lung colony formation in the aggressive RM1 tumour model.
Discrete-time battery models for system-level low-power design (2001)

For portable applications, long battery lifetime is the ultimate design goal. Therefore, the availability of battery and voltage converter models providing accurate estimates of battery lifetime is key for system-level low-power design frameworks. In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time model for the complete power supply subsystem that closely approximates the behavior of its circuit-level continuous-time counterpart. The model is abstract and efficient enough to enable event-driven simulation of digital systems described at a very high level of abstraction and that includes, among their components, also the power supply. The model gives the designer the possibility of estimating battery lifetime during system-level design exploration, as shown by the results we have collected on meaningful case studies. In addition, it is flexible and it can thus be employed for different battery chemistries.
Longitudinal bunch profile measurements with striplines (1992)

Striplines beam position monitors are normally considered low frequency devices with at best an octave bandwidth. Some attempts to make them very high frequency and broadband have led to long and complicated tapered construction. However, conventional uniform coupling striplines can provide very high frequency and broadband response, if the downstream induced signal is gated out electronically. In this case, the leading edge beam signal can provide bunch length and even current profile information for bunch lengths shorter than the length of the stripline. Recent improvement in transient digitizers have made these measurements possible for accelerator operations. Measurements of bunch lengths down to 50 psec are results are presented. Improvements to striplines and measurement systems are discussed, that could lead to bunch length resolutions {approx} 10 psec.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPLEXES OF MACROCYCLIC SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM FURAN‐2,5‐DICARBALDEHYDE (1979)

Abstract Die Reaktion von Furan‐2,5‐dicarbaldehyd (I) und den Diaminen (II) führt in Gegenwart von Erdalkalimetallthiocyanaten oder ‐perchloraten im Verhältnis l :l :l in einer Mischung aus BuOH und Triethylorthoformiat oder EtOH unter N 2 zu den makrocyclischen Komplexen (III).
A Leaf Inoculation Method for Detection of <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzicola</i> from Rice Seed (1998)

A leaf-inoculation method for detecting Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola in rice seed was developed and tested. The method is based on inoculating leaf segments on agar with seed washings in a moist chamber. Freshness of inoculated leaf segments is maintained by addition of 75 to 100 ppm benzimidazole to the 1% water agar after sterilization. Using cells from pure cultures, the minimum inoculum concentration to initiate leaf streak lesions on the segments was found to be 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/ml. Inoculum prepared from seeds harvested from severely infected mother plants induced lesions typical of leaf streak, followed by bacterial ooze. With 4 g of seed, the incubation period was 3.5 days and bacterial ooze appeared within 5 days. The minimum amount of seed needed to detect the bacterium based on seed washings varied according to disease severity of the mother plants. The bacteria isolated from lesions on the leaf segments were confirmed as X. oryzae pv. oryzicola after bacteriological, serological, and Biolog tests were conducted. The results confirm that the detached-leaf method is as simple and reliable as the immuno-radiometric assay and inoculation on intact pot-grown rice plants in the greenhouse.
A 92%-efficiency wide-input-voltage-range switched-capacitor DC-DC converter (2012)

The traditional inductor-based buck converter has been the dominant design for step-down switched-mode voltage regulators for decades. Switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters, on the other hand, have traditionally been used in low- power (<;10mW) and low-conversion-ratio (<;4:1) applications where neither regulation nor efficiency is critical. However, a number of SC converter topologies are very effective in their utilization of switches and passive elements, especially in relation to the ever-popular buck converters [1,2,5]. This work encompasses the complete design, fabrication, and test of a CMOS-based switched-capacitor DC-DC converter, addressing the ubiquitous 12 to 1.5V board-mounted point-of-load application. In particular, the circuit developed in this work attains higher efficiency (92% peak, and >;80% over a load range of 5mA to 1A) than surveyed competitive buck converters, while requiring less board area and less costly passive components. The topology and controller enable a wide input voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">!N</sub> ) range of 7.5 to 13.5V with an output voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">οuτ</sub> ) of 1.5V Control techniques based on feedback and feedforward provide tight regulation (30mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> ) under worst-case load-step (1A) conditions. This work shows that SC converters can outperform buck converters, and thus the scope of SC converter applications can and should be expanded.
Database access methods for medical imaging: DICOM, SQL and HTML (2002)

DICOM database functions are employed to locate stored images and to update and retrieve attributes of specific object instances. The Query/Retrieve service class provides a set of consensus schema (the Q/R models) that support a particular view of patient data. This view adequately supports primary reading, i.e., it focuses on organizing images into studies and linking studies to patients, but it does not necessarily support the types of access required for retrieval from a digital file room. As the DICOM standard evolves it is necessary to carefully choose services and models that make sense for the medical imaging and image management marketplace. Should DICOM continue to define it's own proprietary access methods or adopt standard methods? Existing and near-term future standards for database access include: RDA, SQL3 and SQL/CLI. These standards will be evaluated as possible future bases for advanced DICOM database access services.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctene derivatives with chain transfer agents derived from glycerol carbonate (2014)

The synthesis of a variety of mono- and di-(glycerol carbonate) telechelic polyolefins has been achieved upon ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclooctene (COE) derivatives in the presence of a vinyl or acryloyl derivative of glycerol carbonate (GC) acting as a chain-transfer agent (CTA). Reaction monitoring based on SEC and 1H NMR analyses suggested that the ROMP proceeds through the formation of first the α-GC,ω-vinyl-poly(cyclooctene) (PCOE) intermediate, which eventually evolves over time into the α,ω-di(GC)-PCOE. The nature of the solvent was shown to have a significant impact on both the reaction rates and the eventual selectivity for the mono-/di-telechelic PCOE. ROMP of 3-alkyl (methyl, ethyl, n-hexyl)-substituted COEs (3-R-COEs) afforded only the α-GC,ω-vinyl-poly(3-R-COE)s, as a result of the steric hindrance around the active intermediate, while a 5-ethyl substituted COE (5-Et-COE) enabled access to the corresponding α,ω-di(GC)-poly(5-Et-COE). The ROMP of 5,6-epoxy-, 5-hydroxy- and 5-oxo-functionalized COEs in the presence of acryloyl-GC as the CTA has also been achieved, affording from the first two monomers polymers with GC end-groups at both extremities, while a 60 : 40 mixture of mono- and di-GC terminated P(5-OCOE) was observed in the latter case.
Interactive program improvement via EAVE: an expert adviser for vectorization (1988)

An example of a state-of-the-art high-end mainframe is the IBM 3090 VF; its associated compiler, the IBM VS Fortran (version 2) compiler, incorporates some of the latest techniques in automatic vectorization and code optimization. Advances in compiler technology not withstanding, a potential limitation is the “knowledge gap” which exists between the typical end user and the compiler/machine sub-system. In particular, the user often does not know how to write source code which will result in generation of efficient, high performance object code. In this paper, we address the issue of providing interactive aids for program development and transformation as a means to bridge this knowledge gap. We show how heuristic program changes, guided by the knowledge of a particular compiler-machine pair, help approach achievable peak performance through enhanced vectorization/parallelization. We present our techniques and results in terms of an implemented expert system, called EAVE, which has been designed to help users tune their programs for enhanced performance on the IBM 3090 VF.
Chromosome changes after polyploidization in Triticeae (2014)

Abstract Chromosome changes are common in Triticeae, and they occur widely in natural and resynthesized polyploidy. Two important factors, nucleocytoplasmic interaction (internal) and the environment (external), can significantly influence chromosome changes after polyploidization. And chromosomal DNA changes play key roles during the initial formation, gradual stabilization, and establishment of polyploids. Hybrid breeding between common wheat and related wild species of Triticeae is an example of polyploidization, and many of the chromosome changes occurring after hybridization could be useful for improving wheat varieties. The famous chromosomal translocation 1BL/1RS that occurred after ancestral hybridization between wheat and rye is distributed widely among modern wheat varieties and makes a big contribution to wheat breeding; xiaoyan 6 is a similarly distant hybridization between wheat and Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. in China. This chromosome translocation line was cultivated as the main variety in Shaanxi Province for 16 years and has also been used as a core parent for wheat breeding in China during the past 20 years because of its outstanding merits.
A Review of Single Source Precursors for the Deposition of Ternary Chalcopyrite Materials (2002)

The development of thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified durable substrates (i.e. Kapton) provides an attractive solution to fabricating solar arrays with high specific power, (W/kg). The syntheses and thermal modulation of ternary single source precursors, based on the [{LR}2Cu(SR')2In(SR')2] architecture in good yields are described. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Low temperature Differential Scanning Caloriometry, (DSC) demonstrate that controlled manipulation of the steric and electronic properties of either the group five-donor and/or chalcogenide moiety permits directed adjustment of the thermal stability and physical properties of the precursors. TGA-Evolved Gas Analysis, confirms that single precursors decompose by the initial extrusion of the sulphide moiety, followed by the loss of the neutral donor group, (L) to release the ternary chalcopyrite matrix. X-ray diffraction studies, EDS and SEM on the non-volatile pyrolized material demonstrate that these derivatives afford single-phase CuInS2/CuInSe2 materials at low temperature. Thin-film fabrication studies demonstrate that these single source precursors can be used in a spray chemical vapor deposition process, for depositing CuInS2 onto flexible polymer substrates at temperatures less than 400 C.
Low-Rank Modeling of Local <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$k$</tex></formula>-Space Neighborhoods (LORAKS) for Constrained MRI (2014)

Recent theoretical results on low-rank matrix reconstruction have inspired significant interest in low-rank modeling of MRI images. Existing approaches have focused on higher-dimensional scenarios with data available from multiple channels, timepoints, or image contrasts. The present work demonstrates that single-channel, single-contrast, single-timepoint k-space data can also be mapped to low-rank matrices when the image has limited spatial support or slowly varying phase. Based on this, we develop a novel and flexible framework for constrained image reconstruction that uses low-rank matrix modeling of local k-space neighborhoods (LORAKS). A new regularization penalty and corresponding algorithm for promoting low-rank are also introduced. The potential of LORAKS is demonstrated with simulated and experimental data for a range of denoising and sparse-sampling applications. LORAKS is also compared against state-of-the-art methods like homodyne reconstruction, l1-norm minimization, and total variation minimization, and is demonstrated to have distinct features and advantages. In addition, while calibration-based support and phase constraints are commonly used in existing methods, the LORAKS framework enables calibrationless use of these constraints.
Interactive Text Recognition and Translation on a Mobile Device (2011)

The convergence of powerful processors and high resolution cameras on mobile devices has made them an attractive platform for optical character recognition (OCR) software. Most traditional OCR applications have been designed to be highly automated and used on desktop machines. These recognition engines perform well but usually require high quality input images that are reliably obtained. In adapting recognition systems for use on mobile devices, conventional assumptions about the need for automation, available processing power, and input image quality should be re-evaluated. This paper presents a mobile text recognition and translation system that is designed with consideration for these factors. The application presented runs on the Nokia N900 smartphone and introduces human-assisted elements into the OCR pipeline to enhance accuracy. These elements include manual cropping, classification, segmentation, and thresholding. The system also employs vignetting correction and a web-based recognition service in order to address the camera and performance limitations of the N900. The completed application was deployed publicly for testing by the Maemo community under the name MIR Translator. Feedback for the system was positive overall and confirms the utility of text recognition software on mobile devices.
Advances in Anticancer Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins (2013)

Antibody-delivered drugs and toxins are poised to become important classes of cancer therapeutics. These biopharmaceuticals have potential in this field, as they can selectively direct highly potent cytotoxic agents to cancer cells that present tumor-associated surface markers, thereby minimizing systemic toxicity. The activity of some conjugates is of particular interest receiving increasing attention, thanks to very promising clinical trial results in hematologic cancers. Over twenty antibody-drug conjugates and eight immunotoxins in clinical trials as well as some recently approved drugs, support the maturity of this approach. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of these two classes of biopharmaceuticals: conventional toxins and anticancer drugs, together with their mechanisms of action. The processes of conjugation and purification, as reported in the literature and in several patents, are discussed and the most relevant results in clinical trials are listed. Innovative technologies and preliminary results on novel drugs and toxins, as reported in the literature and in recently-published patents (up to February 2013) are lastly examined.
Corrections: Interactions Among Members of the Bcl-2 Protein Family Analyzed with a Yeast Two-Hybrid System (1995)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.