gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Dynamics Study of Carbon Dioxide Sorption and Plasticization at the Interface of a Glassy Polymer Membrane (2013)

A series of large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of CO2 transport in a fully atomistic ∼50000-atom fluorinated 6FDA–6FpDA polyimide membrane were carried out under six different conditions of applied external gas pressure in order to assess the uptake mechanisms of the penetrant at the glassy polymer interface. CO2-induced volume dilation was found to occur immediately with a progressive shift of the interface location toward larger values associated with a widening of the interface and a decrease in density. However, it only leads to limited structural relaxations of the matrices and as such, the corresponding increase in mobility is small. Void-space and excess chemical potential analyses show that the holes within the matrix are getting larger as sorption proceeds, but that they are immediately occupied by penetrant molecules. The only way to accommodate more penetrant is to further swell the polymer matrix. The concave behavior of the sorption curves is well reproduced by the models and compares favorably with experimental data, except for the highest-pressure system which is in a different regime and exhibits a quasi-supercritical behavior for CO2. In all cases, the penetrants first undergo a rapid adsorption at the polymer surface. This is followed by a slower uptake mode, with the time-dependent diffusion coefficient being only accessible for short time-intervals because of the moving boundaries. All trajectories display the oscillations in voids and occasional jumps mechanism, and no transitions to the paths characteristic of liquid-like diffusion were seen, even in the most swollen systems.
Electrodynamics of microwave near-field probing: Application to medical diagnostics (2005)

A theory for the near-field (NF) microwave diagnostics of planar-stratified media is developed based on the design of an equivalent NF probe circuit and the solution of the electrodynamical problem for the electromagnetic field of antenna in an inhomogeneous ambient medium. The theory has been verified experimentally by probing into water with controllable dielectric permittivity. A theoretical and experimental study into a possibility to locate contrast structures (malignant growths) within biological media by means of NF probing has been carried out. Detectable contrasts of a growth have been calculated depending on its dimensions and depth of occurrence. Two-dimensional images of a tumorlike contrast object have been obtained for different depths of the object submersion in water. A measurement technique reducing the masking effect of background fluctuations arising by probe contact with a pliant surface is proposed.
Comparison of leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil migration through different cellular barriers (1990)

Migration of neutrophils across epithelial or endothelial barriers in response to chemotactic stimuli occurs in inflammation and host defense. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) may be synthesized by and certainly induces chemotaxis of neutrophils. To better understand the interaction between LTB4, neutrophils, and endothelium and epithelium, we compared the effects of LTB4 on human peripheral blood neutrophil migration through filters alone and on human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells and three different epithelial cell types, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, human colon carcinoma (T84) cells, and rat type II alveolar cells, cultured on these filters. Significant LTB4-stimulated neutrophil migration occurred at the lowest (1 nM) dose and in the shortest period of time (15 min) across endothelial cells vs. all three epithelial cell types, and interestingly, vs. filters alone. Dose-response experiments (1-100 nM) indicated that at equimolar LTB4 concentrations neutrophil migration across endothelium was two- to threefold greater than that observed across filters alone and the three epithelial barriers. At higher LTB4 concentrations (100 nM), the degree of neutrophil migration through the three epithelial barriers was equivalent to that observed for filters alone. Overall, the data indicate that the various cellular barriers play an active role in inflammatory processes by regulating the transmigration of neutrophils in response to certain inflammatory chemotactic stimuli.
Direct modification of the membrane adenylate cyclase system by islet-activating protein due to ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein. (1982)

GTP and isoproterenol activation of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in washed membranes prepared from C6 gliomas cells was enhanced by incubation with islet-activating protein, one of the pertussis toxins, if the incubation mixture was supplemented with NAD and ATP. The action of the protein was observed immediately after its addition and increased progressively in magnitude as the protein concentration or the incubation time increased. There was simultaneous incorporation of radioactivity from the ADP-ribose moiety of variously labeled NAD into the membrane protein with a molecular weight of 41,000. We conclude that islet-activating protein enhances receptor-mediated GTP-induced activation of membrane adenylate cyclase as a result of ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein, probably one of the components of the receptor-adenylate cyclase system.
Effects of microperfusion in hepatic diffusion weighted imaging (2011)

Diffusion weighted MR imaging helps clinicians to differentiate tumours by diffusion properties. Fast moving water molecules experience microperfusion, slow molecules diffusion. Hepatic diffusion should be measured by bi-exponential models to avoid microperfusion contamination. Mono-exponential models are contaminated with microperfusion, resulting in apparent regional diffusion differences. Bi-exponential models are necessary to measure diffusion and microperfusion in the liver.
Versatile fiber-Bragg grating arrays for strain mapping and ultrasound Lamb wave detection (2006)

The possibility of combining load history with ultrasound signal information offers, potentially, an extremely powerful method for determining the structural health of a structure. Here we describe how suitably configured fibre Bragg grating arrays can be used to both monitor strain fields and to detect the magnitude and direction of ultrasound waves. The directional responses of fibre Bragg gratings to both static and ultrasonic strain fields have been investigated and the results used to enable the FBGs to be configured into rosettes. These can be interrogated to give both the magnitude and direction of either the principle static strain or an incident ultrasound Lamb wave. Measurement of the static strains enables us to perform strain mapping and hence determine load history, whilst ultrasound detection allows us to monitor a structure for defects such as cracks. If Lamb waves are generated by, for instance, PZTs bonded to the structure, comparing signals from the rosette with data previously obtained for the healthy structure allows possible defects to be identified and located. Location is carried out by calculating the intersection point of ultrasound direction from 2 or more rosettes. The geometry of the rosette configuration is described, together with the parameters affecting efficient strain transfer and the optimisation of FBG interrogation techniques.
Using Diagonal and Horizontal Vertical Sobel Operators Spam Detection (2011)

Spam e-mail is not only a waste of time for the recipients but can also spread harmful messages and viruses. To avoid spam filters, spam senders usually send images instead of text. Traditional image spam filters have weaknesses in scanning documents and photographs. However, to transmit information, text is always used in image spam. Therefore, in this study, we classify mail images by the configuration of letters and images. We propose a spam detection method that uses Sobel operators for edge detection.
Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea or caffeine on ultraviolet light-induced increases in epidermal wild-type p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), and apoptotic sunburn cells in SKH-1 mice. (2000)

Pretreatment of SKH-1 mice with p.o.-administered 0.6% green tea (6 mg of lyophilized tea solids/ml) or 0.044% caffeine (0.44 mg/ml; concentration present in 0.6% green tea) for 2 weeks enhanced UV-induced increases in the number of p53-positive cells, p21(WAF1/CIP1)-positive cells, and apoptotic sunburn cells in the epidermis. These effects of p.o.-administered green tea or caffeine on early adaptive responses to UV provide the first demonstration of in vivo up-regulation of a tumor suppressor gene by a chemopreventive agent. The stimulatory effect of green tea and caffeine on UV-induced increases in the number of p53-positive cells, p21(WAF1/CIP1)-positive cells, and apoptotic sunburn cells may play a role in the inhibitory effects of tea and caffeine on UV-induced carcinogenesis.
2-D LASER SHEET VISUALIZATION OF A PULSED HOLLOW CONE SPRAY: STAGNANT AND SIMULATED TWO-STROKE ENGINE ENVIRONMENTS (1991)

A two-dimensional (2-D) laser sheet illumination technique is used to perform time-resolved visualizations of a pulsed hollow cone spray in stagnant and simulated two-stroke engine environments. Results for stagnant environments reveal four different components of the spray and indicate that the atomization characteristics are intimately related to the dynamics of the poppet motion. Also important is the decrease in local differential pressure during the injection. Cross-sectional views reveal a segmentation of the spray pattern that may be caused by either a manufacturing or a fluid mechanical effect. Simple experiments in which the spray is injected parallel to an air jet reveal that the jet can function as a shield to prevent the spray from crossing the jet, provided the initial cross-stream momentum is not too large and provided the downstream region to which the entrained spray is carried is not important. However, the two-stroke results indicate that in the particular environment used, the spray pattern actually appeared to be fairly insensitive to the air flow.
Human Robot Interaction via the Transfer of Power and Information Signals (1990)

Constrained motion in a class of human-controlled robotic manipulators called extenders is discussed. Extenders are defined as a class of robot manipulators worn by humans to increase mechanical strength while the wearer's intellect remains the central control system for manipulating the extender. The human, in physical contact with the extender, exchanges power and information signals with the extender. The present analysis focuses on the dynamics and control of human-robot interaction in the sense of the transfer of power and information signals. General models for the human, the extender, and the interaction between the human and extender are developed. The stability of the system of human, extender, and the object being manipulated is analyzed, and the conditions for stable maneuvers are derived. An expression for the extender performance is defined to quantify the force augmentation. The trade-off between stability and performance is described. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally. >
Lactoferrin acts on I-A and I-E/C antigen+ subpopulations of mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of T lymphocytes and other cell types to inhibit production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factors <i>in vitro</i>. (1984)

The relationship between Ia antigens on mouse resident peritoneal macrophages and the ability of lactoferrin (LF) to inhibit the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factors (GM-CSF) from these cells was investigated. Detection of the suppressive influence of LF on release of GM-CSF from greater than or equal to 10(5) macrophages/ml/plate required that the conditioned media being assessed for GM-CSF be prepared in the presence of indomethacin and/or be preincubated with anti-ferritin antiserum to respectively stop production of E-type prostaglandins and to remove acidic isoferritin-inhibitory activities that can mask the effects of LF. Treatment of mouse macrophages with monoclonal antibodies to the I-A and I-E/C subregions of Ia antigens in a complement C-dependent cytotoxicity assay killed less than 15% of the cells, but removed all Ia antigen+ macrophages and reduced GM-CSF production by approximately 50%. LF decreased GM-CSF production by untreated macrophages by approximately 50%, but had no effect on macrophages insensitive to treatment with anti-Ia plus C. Macrophages left at 37 degrees C for 5 and 24 hr were not killed by treatment with monoclonal anti-Ia plus C and GM-CSF production by these macrophages was not suppressed by LF. Treatment of macrophages with monoclonal anti-H-2K or anti-Mac-1 plus C reduced GM-CSF production greater than 95%. Anti-I-A, -I-E/C, -H-2K, or -Mac-1, in the absence of C, had no effect on viability of macrophages or on production of GM-CSF, but anti-I-A and -I-E/C each blocked the inhibitory action of LF. Lower concentrations of these antibodies could block the action of LF when anti-I-A and anti-I-E/C were mixed together better than when they were each used separately. The removal of Thy-1.2+ cells from unseparated or adherent peritoneal cells resulted in populations of cells that were up to 100% positive for nonspecific esterase, and did not influence GM-CSF production from these cells, the reduction of GM-CSF from these cells by LF, or the reduction of GM-CSF by the removal of Ia antigen+ cells. The results were similar whether or not T cells were removed from the assay marrow by treatment with antibodies Ly-1.1, Ly-2.2, and Qa4 plus C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multiplier policies for digital signal processing (1990)

The successful design of digital signal processing (DSP) systems and subsystems is often predicated on realizing fast multiplication in digital hardware. This tutorial provides the reader with a broad perspective of this important field and the pedagogy needed to understand the basic principles of digital multiplication. Both conventional and nonconventional methods of implementing multiplication, representing a mix of speed/complexity tradeoffs, are presented. Some are based on traditional shift-add structures, whereas others strive for greater mathematical sophistication. Topics include stand-alone fixed-point multipliers, cellular arrays, memory intensive policies, homomorphic systems, and modular arithmetic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Baylis–Hillman reaction: a novel source of attraction, opportunities, and challenges in synthetic chemistry (2007)

The Baylis-Hillman reaction is a successful, useful, and atom-economical carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, which has grown from an obscure level to the level of high synthetic popularity due to its operational simplicity and also due to the enormous applications of the Baylis-Hillman adducts in organic synthesis. In this tutorial review, we briefly describe the way this reaction has grown to its present heights and the opportunities, attractions, and challenges the reaction offers with respect to its asymmetric and intramolecular versions, and mechanistic aspects.
Interaction of body fluids with carbon surfaces (2002)

The use of medical implants allows one to improve patients lives, and quite often it can return patients back to normal activity in their personal and professional lives. One of the most difficult problems, which is necessary to solve, is a proper selection of the materials to be used for implant construction and/or implant coating. The surface of an implant is exposed to continuous contact with body fluids and several unwanted processes may occur there. Titanium and its alloys are generally accepted as the best tolerated materials for implants. But currently many efforts are focused on thin layers of crystalline carbon, i.e. diamond like carbon (DLC) and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), used for coating of metal implants. This technology was successfully applied in bone surgery (screws), and more recently in heart surgery (stents). We found, with the fluorescence microscopy technique, that bacterial growth was possible on stainless steel, to a lesser degree on titanium, but NCD was almost totally resistant to bacterial colonization.
Transforming Growth Factor β Engages TACE and ErbB3 To Activate Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase/Akt in ErbB2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer and Desensitizes Cells to Trastuzumab (2008)

In HER2-overexpressing mammary epithelial cells, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and enhanced survival and migration. Treatment with TGF-beta or expression of an activated TGF-beta type I receptor (Alk5 with the mutation T204D [Alk5(T204D)]) induced phosphorylation of TACE/ADAM17 and its translocation to the cell surface, resulting in increased secretion of TGF-alpha, amphiregulin, and heregulin. In turn, these ligands enhanced the association of p85 with ErbB3 and activated PI3K/Akt. RNA interference of TACE or ErbB3 prevented TGF-beta-induced activation of Akt and cell invasiveness. Treatment with TGF-beta or expression of Alk5(T204D) in HER2-overexpressing cells reduced their sensitivity to the HER2 antibody trastuzumab. Inhibition of Alk5, PI3K, TACE, or ErbB3 restored sensitivity to trastuzumab. A gene signature induced by Alk5(T204D) expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with invasive breast cancer. These results suggest that by acting on ErbB ligand shedding, an excess of TGF-beta may result in (i) conditioning of the tumor microenvironment with growth factors that can engage adjacent stromal and endothelial cells; (ii) potentiation of signaling downstream ErbB receptors, thus contributing to tumor progression and resistance to anti-HER2 therapies; and (iii) poor clinical outcomes in women with breast cancer.
Investigation of Pt/Ti bilayer metallization on silicon for ferroelectric thin film integration (1994)

The stabilities of Pt/Ti bilayer metallizations in an oxidizing atmosphere have been investigated with several thicknesses of interfacial Ti-bonding layers. Reactions in the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si interface were examined as a function of various annealing conditions in the temperature range 200–800 °C by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal treatment in oxygen was found to cause rapid oxidation of the Ti layer, accompanied by the migration of Ti into the Pt film. Diffusion of oxygen through the Pt grain boundaries was mainly responsible for the adverse reactions at the interface and loss of mechanical integrity. Thin Ti (10 nm) layers resulted in the depletion of the interfacial bonding layer causing serious adhesion problems, whereas thicker Ti films (100 nm) caused the formation of TiO2−x in the Pt-grain boundaries, ultimately encapsulating the Pt surface with an insulating TiO2 layer. Improved stability and adhesion in the Pt/Ti bilayer metallization compatible with ferroelectric thin film processing, were achieved by incorporating well reacted thin TiO2 layers in situ, and depositing Pt films at a high temperature.
L-Aspartase from Escherichia coli: substrate specificity and role of divalent metal ions (1988)

The enzyme L-aspartase from Escherichia coli has an absolute specificity for its amino acid substrate. An examination of a wide range of structural analogues of L-aspartic acid did not uncover any alternate substrates for this enzyme. A large number of competitive inhibitors of the enzyme have been characterized, with inhibition constants ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. A divalent metal ion is required for enzyme activity above pH 7, and this requirement is met by many transition and alkali earth metals. The binding stoichiometry has been established to be one metal ion bound per subunit. Paramagnetic relaxation studies have shown that the divalent metal ion binds at the recently discovered activator site on L-aspartase and not at the enzyme active site. Enzyme activators are bound within 5 A of the enzyme-bound divalent metal ion. The activator site is remote from the active site of the enzyme, since the relaxation of inhibitors that bind at the active site is not affected by paramagnetic metal ions bound at the activator site.
Inhibition of Herpesvirus Replication by Marine Algae Extracts (1974)

Extracts from two species of marine red algae, Cryptosyphonia woodii and Farlowia mollis, specifically inhibited herpes simplex virus replication in vitro.
Difference in susceptibility to gram-negative urinary tract infection between C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice (1984)

The difference in susceptibility to urinary tract infection between C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was tested for with gram-negative strains differing in lipopolysaccharide composition. Recently, impaired clearance of Escherichia coli from the kidney of C3H/HeJ compared to C3H/HeN mice was shown to be correlated with the LPS low responsiveness. In this study, a difference in clearance from the kidneys of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was found only with lipopolysaccharide-containing bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Streptococcus agalactiae, were recovered in essentially equal numbers from the kidneys of mice of both strains. In contrast, of the lipopolysaccharide-containing strains used, all persisted in higher numbers in the kidneys of C3H/HeJ mice than in the kidneys of C3H/HeN mice. Variations in the O side chain did not eliminate this difference. E. coli Hu734 O75+K5+ and the rfb- mutant O75-K5+ remained in similar numbers in C3H/HeJ mice, although O75-K5+ was eliminated more rapidly in C3H/HeN mice. The core structure did not affect the differential persistence in the two mouse strains. The rfb mutants with R1-R4 cores were eliminated after 24 h from the C3H/HeN mice, but remained in significant numbers in the kidneys of C3H/HeJ mice. Even the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota persisted in low numbers in C3H/HeJ mice. The relative bacterial recovery from either mouse strain was related to the overall virulence of the infecting bacterial strain, but the difference between C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice was associated with responsiveness to parts of lipopolysaccharide common to the bacterial strains tested.
Detection of Nicotine in Foods and Plant Materials (1988)

ABSTRACT Nicotine at several ppm was detected in the dehydrated fresh produce of the Solanaceae species including tomato, potato peel, eggplant and green pepper. Its identity was verified by GLC, TLC and CC‐mass spectrometry. The presence of nicotine in all parts of the tomato plant suggested biosynthetic origin. In contrast, the 2 to 23 ppm nicotine found in green tea and instant tea samples might be attributed to insecticide contamination. There was no detectable level of nicotine in non‐ Solanaceae fruit and vegetables and other processed foods analyzed