gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drying Behavior of Cellulose Fibers Characterized by Thermal Analysis (2007)

The objective of this research is to understand the drying behavior of cellulose fibers characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A parameter termed "hard-to-remove (HR) water content" was defined as the ratio of water mass to fiber mass at the transition between the constant and falling rate drying zones of an isothermal TGA experiment. The HR water content showed a linear relationship with water retention value. TGA and DSC were used to explain the linear relationship. During drying, free water was observed to evaporate first, followed by trapped water, freezing bound water and then non-freezing bound water, with some overlap. Trapped water can be described as water bound to the fibers, but difficult to evaporate. For pilot papermachine samples, all the water in the wet web entering the dryer section was HR water, with no free water detected. Based on the results, a qualitative drying model of cellulose fibers was proposed with regard to decreasing moisture ratio. Changes in the pore size distribution during drying were determined using DSC measurements and the Gibbs-Thomson equation. Larger pores collapsed first followed by the sequential collapse of smaller pores, indicating that pore wall collapse resistance is critical. The average pore size for bleached softwood was calculated to be about 80 nm and decreased with drying. A constant pore size of about 20 nm was observed at moisture ratios below 0.3 g&#8260;g, which corresponds to one-to-two layers of non-freezing bound water. The heat of vaporization of water associated with cellulose fibers was determined using modulated DSC and showed a steep increase at moisture ratios below 0.3 g&#8260;g, indicating that a higher energy is required to evaporate non-freezing bound water.
Health Hazards of Automobile Exhaust (1959)

potential public health hazard.
Cannabinoid Receptors in Sperm (1999)

Mammalian and invertebrate sperm contain receptors for a wide variety of neurotransmitters that regulate sperm functions required for fertilization such as motility and the initiation of the acrosome reaction. The acrosome reaction is a ligand-stimulated secretory event in sperm that enables the sperm to penetrate the egg’s investments and to fuse with the egg’s plasma membrane. Previous studies in our laboratory using [3H]CP-55,940 showed that sea urchin sperm contain cannabinoid receptors that are remarkably similar to cannabinoid receptors found in mammalian brain and peripheral organs. Cannabinoid agonists and anandamide (an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors in mammalian tissues) inhibit fertilization in sea urchins by blocking the acrosome reaction. These findings, taken together with other studies showing that the gene for the human brain cannabinoid receptor also is expressed in the human testis and that anandamide is synthesized in the female reproductive tract in mammals, suggested to us that human sperm may contain cannabinoid receptors. We have obtained preliminary evidence that [3H]CP-55,940 binds to putative cannabinoid receptors in live human sperm in a saturable manner, and that cannabinoid ligands affect in vitro capacitation of human sperm. These findings show that functional cannabinoid receptors are present in sperm, suggest that sperm cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands may regulate normal sperm functions required for fertilization within the female reproductive tract in humans, and also imply that smoking marijuana may affect these processes in vivo.
Dynamic and aggressive scheduling techniques for power-aware real-time systems (2005)

In this paper we address power-aware scheduling of periodic hard real-time tasks using dynamic voltage scaling. Our solution includes three parts: (a) a static (off-line) solution to compute the optimal speed, assuming worst-case workload for each arrival, (b) an on-line speed reduction mechanism to reclaim energy by adapting to the actual workload, and (c) an online, adaptive and speculative speed adjustment mechanism to anticipate early completions of future executions by using the average-case workload information. All these solutions still guarantee that all deadlines are met. Our simulation results show that the reclaiming algorithm saves a striking 50% of the energy, over the static algorithm. Further our speculative techniques allow for an additional approximately 20% savings over the reclaiming algorithm. In this study, we also establish that solving an instance of the static power-aware scheduling problem is equivalent to solving an instance of the reward-based scheduling problem [1, 4] with concave reward functions.
Compact test generation for full scan sequentialcircuits using multiple frame vectors (1999)

A new test set compaction method that uses multiple frame vectors to test fully scanned sequential circuits is proposed. The FAN algorithm is extended to generate compact multiple frame test vectors. The proposed method generates the smallest test sets among all recognised full scan test set compaction algorithms.
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN T CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (2004)

Activation, proliferation, or programmed cell death of T lymphocytes are dependent on controlled reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) production and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) also plays a decisive role in cell survival by controlling activity of redox-sensitive caspases. T lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibit mitochondrial hyperpolarization, increased ROI production, diminished intracellular glutathione levels, cytoplasmic alkalinization, and ATP depletion that mediate enhanced spontaneous and diminished activation-induced apoptosis and sensitize lupus T cells to necrosis. These redox and metabolic checkpoints represent novel targets for pharmacological intervention in SLE.
Caspase Inhibitors Promote Vestibular Hair Cell Survival and Function after Aminoglycoside Treatment<i>In Vivo</i> (2003)

The sensory hair cells of the inner ear undergo apoptosis after acoustic trauma or aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment, causing permanent auditory and vestibular deficits in humans. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for caspase activation in hair cell death and ototoxic injury that can be reduced by concurrent treatment with caspase inhibitors in vitro. In this study, we examined the protective effects of caspase inhibition on hair cell death in vivo after systemic injections of aminoglycosides. In one series of experiments, chickens were implanted with osmotic pumps that administrated the pan-caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-Asp(Ome)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD) into inner ear fluids. One day after the surgery, the animals received a 5 d course of treatment with streptomycin, a vestibulotoxic aminoglycoside. Direct infusion of zVAD into the vestibule significantly increased hair cell survival after streptomycin treatment. A second series of experiments determined whether rescued hair cells could function as sensory receptors. Animals treated with streptomycin displayed vestibular system impairment as measured by a greatly reduced vestibulo-ocular response (VOR). In contrast, animals that received concurrent systemic administration of zVAD with streptomycin had both significantly greater hair cell survival and significantly increased VOR responses, as compared with animals treated with streptomycin alone. These findings suggest that inhibiting the activation of caspases promotes the survival of hair cells and protects against vestibular function deficits after aminoglycoside treatment.
Zwitterionic Nickel(II) Catalyst for CO–Ethylene Alternating Copolymerization (2015)

A zwitterionic nickel(II) catalyst has been discovered to display an initial catalytic activity comparable to that of cationic palladium catalysts for alternating copolymerization of carbon monoxide and ethylene. This demonstrates the absence of a severe dormant state in the present zwitterionic system, in contrast to the cationic nickel(II) catalysts. However, the highly active catalyst is short-lived. Stoichiometric decomposition of the catalyst under carbon monoxide suggests that the insufficient stability of the tetraphenylborate motif in the ligand framework with respect to electrophilic attack is likely a culprit for catalyst deactivation.
Ultrathin, Rollable, Paper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Acoustic Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sound Recording (2015)

A 125 μm thickness, rollable, paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed for harvesting sound wave energy, which is capable of delivering a maximum power density of 121 mW/m(2) and 968 W/m(3) under a sound pressure of 117 dBSPL. The TENG is designed in the contact-separation mode using membranes that have rationally designed holes at one side. The TENG can be implemented onto a commercial cell phone for acoustic energy harvesting from human talking; the electricity generated can be used to charge a capacitor at a rate of 0.144 V/s. Additionally, owing to the superior advantages of a broad working bandwidth, thin structure, and flexibility, a self-powered microphone for sound recording with rolled structure is demonstrated for all-sound recording without an angular dependence. The concept and design presented in this work can be extensively applied to a variety of other circumstances for either energy-harvesting or sensing purposes, for example, wearable and flexible electronics, military surveillance, jet engine noise reduction, low-cost implantable human ear, and wireless technology applications.
Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation of Glutathione-Coated Nanoparticle (2013)

Brain-related diseases are some of the most aggressive, but are also some of the hardest to treat. One of the main obstacles in attempting to treat brain-related diseases is surmounting the blood-brain barrier
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Detection of a Bacteria Biomarker Using Gold Nanoparticle Immobilized Substrates (2009)

The development of ultrasensitive and rapid methods for the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a biomarker for bacterial spores including Bacillus anthracis, is increasingly important. This paper reports the results of an investigation of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based ultrasensitive detection of DPA using a gold nanoparticle/polyvinylpyrrolidone/gold substrate (AuNPs/PVP/Au). The strong SERS effect of this substrate exploits the particle-particle and particle-substrate plasmonic coupling, which is optimized by manipulating the diameter of the nanoparticles (50-70 nm). The correlation between the SERS intensity of the diagnostic band and the DPA concentration (0.1 ppb to 100 ppm) was shown to exhibit two linear regions, i.e., the low- (<0.01 ppm) and high-concentration (>1 ppm) regions, with an intermediate region in between. The presence of a linear relationship in the low-concentration region was observed for the first time in SERS detection of DPA. A detection limit of 0.1 ppb was obtained from the substrates with 60 nm sized Au NPs, which is, to our knowledge, the lowest detection limit reported for DPA using this type of SERS substrate. This finding was also supported by the estimated enhancement factor (approximately 10(6)) and a large adsorption equilibrium constant for the low-concentration region (1.7 x 10(7) M(-1)). The adsorption characteristics of DPA on the SERS substrates were analyzed in terms of monolayer and multilayer adsorption isotherms to gain insights into the correlation between the SERS intensity and the DPA concentration. The observed transition from the low- to high-concentration linear regions was found to correspond to the transition from a monolayer to multilayer adsorption isotherm, which was in agreement with the estimated minimum DPA concentration for a monolayer coverage (approximately 0.01 ppm).
Stimulation of Protein Kinase C Inhibits Bursting in Disease-Linked Mutant Human Cardiac Sodium Channels (2003)

We conclude that stimulation of PKC inhibits channel bursting in disease-linked mutations via phosphorylation-induced alteration of the charge at residue 1503 of the Na+ channel alpha-subunit. Sympathetic nerve activity may contribute directly to suppression of mutant channel bursting via alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated stimulation of PKC.
Spatial database indices for large extended objects (2002)

An analytic model is given for the behavior of dynamic spatial index structures under insertions and deletions. Based on this model a new tool, called the oversize shelf to improve the performance of tree-based indices by minimizing redundancy, is optimized and evaluated. Oversize shelves are extra disk pages that are attached to the interior nodes of a tree-based spatial index structure. These pages are used to accommodate very large data objects in order to avoid their excessive fragmentation. Whenever inserting a new object into the tree, it should be decided whether to store it on an oversize shelf or to insert it into the subtrees. From the analytic model a threshold q* for the object size is obtained. If the object is larger than q*, it is more favorable to put it on the oversize shelf, otherwise the insertion into the subtrees is preferable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lab-in-a-pen: a diagnostics format familiar to patients for low-resource settings (2014)

We present a low cost, simple and integrated device for medical diagnostics in low-resource settings called the lab-in-a-pen. Finger pricking, and sample collection and processing, are integrated with commercially available paper-based assays in a pen format. This approach ensures safety (i.e. biological sample and sharps containment) and can be used by untrained end users across multiple settings. The pen format also leverages existing low cost, high volume manufacturing and assembly methods. We characterize sample wicking in the lab-in-a-pen using porcine whole blood. The clinical diagnostic utility and usability of the lab-in-a-pen is established by testing of patients for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg) by medical staff at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Prosthetic Liners for Lower Limb Amputees (2010)

Prosthetic liners exist to improve amputee safety and comfort by adding a cushioning layer between the residual limb and the prosthetic socket. Many choices in liner technology are available, and clinicians often rely on personal intuition and experience to choose which liners are appropriate for which patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the literature to find what scientific evidence exists to inform prescription practices. 'Prosthetic liner' was used as a search term in the Web of Science and PubMed research databases. Fourteen scientific articles met the eligibility criteria and are discussed in this review. The results of this review suggest that there is little scientific evidence to inform prosthetic liner prescription practices. Liner material properties have been well-studied, but their influence on in vivo performance is not well understood. Understanding liner effect on function would be an area of great usefulness.
Improved maintenance and life extension of phosphate esters using ion‐exchange treatment (1996)

Abstract The present paper investigates the mechanism of degradation of triaryl phosphate esters and the methods that have been used to control this. A new chemical process, based on ion‐exchange resin treatment, is examined, including an evaluation of the behaviour of different resins in laboratory tests. Trial runs, notably in conjunction with a system of vacuum dehydration, have given extremely promising results.
Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on age at onset of chronic lymphoid leukaemia (1996)

The major histocompatibility complex is one of the interactive factors in the multifactorial model of carcinogenesis. Its main influence in experimental models is on the age at onset of malignancies. We have previously shown a similar effect of homozygosity for HLA-DR53 in CML. In the present study, we investigated 79 patients with CLL and 329 local controls from Germany. In addition to full serotyping, all patients and 116 of controls were also typed by HLA-DRB PCR analysis. The homozygosity rates for DR53 in patients under and over the median age (60 years) were 18.6% and 2.9%, respectively (p = 0.03). Eight of the 9 homozygous patients were under the median age. The sex ratio in the DR53 homozygous group was reversed in favour of females. The homozygosity rates for DR53 were different in the overall groups of patients and controls, yielding a relative risk (RR) of 2.4 (p = 0.03). This association was stronger in the early-onset group compared to age-matched controls (RR = 4.4; p = 0.008) and for females with an early onset compared to age- and sex-matched controls (RR = 17.9; p = 0.0008). The simultaneous occurrence of the alleles of the haplotype A2B62DR4 showed a strong association with CLL (RR = 4.1; p = 0.002). This was probably the reason behind the association with HLA-DRB1*0401 (RR = 2.4; p = 0.009). Compared to the accelerating effect of HLA-DR53, HLA-DR52 showed a significant delaying effect on the onset of CLL. These findings confirmed the influence of the HLA complex on the development of another leukaemia. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxidant Stress and Aspirin-Insensitive Thromboxane Biosynthesis in Severe Unstable Angina (2000)

These findings establish a putative biochemical link between increased oxidant stress and aspirin-insensitive TX biosynthesis in patients with unstable angina and provide a rationale for dose-finding studies of antioxidants in this setting.
Mechanism of Selective Etching of SiGe Layers in SiGe/Si Systems (2007)

Selective lateral etching of the SiGe layer for various Si/SiGe/Si systems was studied. We showed the different etching rates for SiGe layers with the same thickness and Ge concentration, but with different structures of the Si/SiGe/Si stacked layer. We described a mechanism that could explain the experimental results of selective etching of SiGe layers in Si/SiGe/Si systems. According to the mechanism, we were able to summarize the following 3 key points in realizing high selectivity SiGe etching. 1) Should be the SiGe layer in a higher oxidation state (enough number of holes), 2) a wider area is necessary for Si substrate surface in contact with the solution, and 3) the current path should be maintained at the SiGe/Si interface.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Supramolecular Assemblies Composed of One-Shell and Two-Shell Dialkoxybenzene-Tethered Ru(II)−Tris(bipyridine) Derivatives and a Bipyridinium Cyclophane (1997)

Photoinduced electron transfer reactions are characterized in supramolecular assemblies consisting of a series of Ru(II)−bipyridine complexes that include tethered dialkoxybenzene units 2−5 and cyclo[bis(N,N‘-p-xylylene-4,4‘-bipyridinium)], BXV4+ (1). Formation of supramolecular complexes between BXV4+ and the dialkoxybenzene π-donor sites, linked to the photosensitizers, yields effective electron transfer quenching in the non-covalent-bound dyads and polyads. Steady-state luminescence quenching experiments and time-resolved studies reveal that for the one-shell photosensitizers 3 and 5 that include six and two dialkoxybenzene units, respectively, supramolecular photosensitizer-BXV4+ assemblies of maximal stoichiometries corresponding to six and two, respectively, coexist with lower supramolecular stoichiometries and free photosensitizers in the systems. For the two-shell dialkoxybenzene-tethered photosensitizers 2 and 4 that include 12 and 4 π-donor binding sites, respectively, supramolecular assemblies with BXV4+ of maximal stoichiometries corresponding to 6 and 2 are derived. The association constant of BXV4+ to the functionalized branch of the two-shell photosensitizer is ca. 10-fold higher than that of the one-shell photosensitizer. The higher affinity of the two-shell photosensitizers to form supramolecular complexes with BXV4+ is attributed to the cooperative participation of two dialkoxybenzene sites in the association of one BXV4+ unit. The higher association constants of BXV4+ to the two-shell photosensitizers 2 and 4, yields improved electron transfer quenching as compared to the one-shell chromophores 3 and 5. The photogenerated redox-products formed in the supramolecular assemblies Ru3+−bipyridine and BXV•3+, recombine within the non-covalent-bound structures without dissociation. The back electron transfer rate of the photogenerated redox products in the dyads and polyads is relatively slow due to their spatial separation by repulsive electrostatic interactions.
A Proton Source via Laser Ablation of Hydrogenated Targets (2015)

In this work we present results on the extraction of proton beams from a plasma generated by pulsed laser ablation of solid hydrogenated targets. The laser used was an excimer KrF operating at low irradiances $(108-109 W/cm2)$ and nanosecond pulse duration. The ablated targets were disks obtained by compression of TiH2 powder. The ions emission was analyzed by the time-of-flight technique using a Faraday cup as ion collector. In order to improve the ion yield, an electrostatic extraction system was applied. Studies on the produced plasma for different laser irradiances and accelerating voltages have been performed. The results obtained show that this setup is suitable for a high yield proton source.
Antifungal Sealing Rings - A New Approach (1977)

A new approach has been used both in the laboratory and in field trials, to study the development and performance of special vulcanizates used in sealing applications. The use of conventional, monomeric fungicides has been replaced by polymeric organotin compounds covulcanized into the rubber network. Polychloroprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and ethylene-propylene terpolymer are three rubbers commonly used in military equipment and these have been shown to covulcanize with tributyltin acrylate in the presence of peroxides to give vulcanizates with a powerful and long-lasting fungicidal action. These rubbers have been evaluated by the use of O-rings to form sealed cavities with ten different materials (two metals, seven plastics and glass), in specially designed assemblies. Trials held over 3 years in adverse environments have confirmed that the rubbers are compatible with the sheet materials, can be formed into efficient sealing products that will prevent fungal growth, have good performance characteristics, and do not degrade the optical qualities of transparent materials. These rubbers should have applications in military, industrial and commercial equipment.
Cross-channel interference in IEEE 802.15.4 networks (2008)

The growing spread of the IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocols to support communications in many contexts, such as industrial environments, home and building automation and wireless sensor networks, has led to the deployment of large complex monitoring networks, in which multiple PANs operate in parallel on different channels. In these contexts, network coexistence may be an issue, due to cross-channel interference. This paper addresses cross-channel interference in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. First, reasoning about the coding used by IEEE 802.15.4, we approximately assess the level of interference generated by ongoing transmissions on adjacent channels and thus the level of noise due to cross-channel interference. Secondly, we present and discuss experimental results obtained through an extensive series of measurements, which were run in order to assess the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 networks under different critical operating conditions.