gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification Mechanism of Stearic Acid to Zirconia Powders Induced by Ball Milling for Water‐Based Injection Molding (2011)

In conventional process of ceramic injection molding, wax‐based binders could only be removed by thermal or organic solvent debinding. Recently, water solvent debinding has appeared as a good alternative owing to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. In present work, we have demonstrated the surface modification mechanism of stearic acid (SA) to zirconia powders induced by a prior ball‐milling treatment before the blending process. Layers of SA with various thicknesses coated around the zirconia powders have been achieved with different amount of SA after the treatment, agreeing well with the theoretically calculated values. The coating is disclosed to be an esterification occurring between the carboxyl group of SA and hydroxyl group of zirconia surface. It plays an important role in limiting agglomeration of ceramic powders and changing the nature of powder surface from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity, which decreases the shear viscosity of the feedstock and makes the water‐debound compact process‐compatible with few phase separation. In addition, a significantly faster water‐debinding rate was obtained.
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) based RF-switches in MRI – A Performance Study (2010)

Modern Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems permit parallel, spatial-encoded MRI (pMRI) and as such it is now possible to have up to 128 adjacent coil elements in a coil array [1]. Together with reduced imaging times, pMRI can significantly help to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) over extended fields of view (FOV) [2]. However, a large number of channels subsequently create new technical challenges, i.e. switching and cabling complexity as well as space constraints. This paper relates to a method of controlling and switching multiple receiver coil arrays in a manner that will reduce power consumption, cabling requirements, and increase overall SNR through the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) RF switches. The relevant performance parameters of MEMS devices are found to be acceptable for use in multi-element coil switching roles.
Electrostrictive effect in polyurethanes (2003)

Abstract Polyurethane electrostriction was investigated by measuring the tensile electromechanical coupling coefficients of structurally different materials. True values of the strain coefficients M 3311 , M 3322 , and M 3333 were obtained for four types of polymer: one commercial polyurethane (DOW 2103‐80 AE) and three polyurethanes synthesized at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, including two phase‐separated (PS) materials with molecular weights of 1000 and 2000 and one phase‐mixed (PM) material with a molecular weight of 2000. Measurements were performed at 2 kHz under a bias field of 4 MV/m at room temperature. Measured values of M 3333 ranged from −9.4 × 10 −18 to −74.6 × 10 −18 m 2 /V 2 , with the PM material exhibiting the largest coefficient. The electrostatic interaction (Maxwell stress) did not account for more than 15% of the total electromechanical activity in any of the materials. Furthermore, at the macroscopic level, an empirical relationship was established to predict the values of the electrostrictive coefficients from the dielectric constants and the compliance coefficients of the material. Finally, results indicated that, at the microscopic level, the phenomenon of electrostriction in polyurethanes could be best explained by the presence of charges inside the material (space–charge theory). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 399–404, 2003
Cooperating distributed garbage collectors for clusters and beyond (2000)

The contribution of this paper is twofold. First a distributed garbage collector (DGC) is presented that is optimized for remote method invocation in reliable networks, such as current clusters of workstations. Since the algorithm does not require extra acknowledgement messages, even while collecting, it does not increase the latency of a remote call. Then it is discussed how several DGCs can cooperate in networks that consist of different areas with respect to communication, i.e. of areas with different reliability properties. Proper placement and use of bridge objects allow us to select an optimized DGC for every area. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent Transition Metal Polypyridine Biotin Complexes (2006)

Abstract In view of the fact that many transition metal complexes display intense and long‐lived metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer emission with a large Stokes' shift, we have incorporated biotin into a series of luminescent rhenium(I), iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes to form new probes for the protein avidin. All these luminescent transition metal polypyridine biotin complexes displayed enhanced emission intensities and extended lifetimes upon binding to avidin. These changes are closely related to the hydrophobic biotin‐binding pockets of avidin and the increased rigidity of the local environment of the probes after they bind to the protein. We have exploited the characteristics of these luminescent transition metal biotin complexes in the development of various assays.
Optimization of Pleated Filter Designs Using a Finite-Element Numerical Model (1995)

A numerical model has been developed to optimize the design of pleated filter panels. In this model, the fluid flow is modeled by a steady laminar flow and the filter media resistance is governed by the Darcy-Lapwood-Brinkman equation. A finite element method with a nine-node Lagrangian element is used to solve the governing equations. For the rectangularly pleated filter panel, the numerical results agree well with the analytical model of Yu and Goulding (1992) and with his experimental data. The pressure drop increases at small pleat count due to increased media face velocity, and at large pleat count due to increased viscous drag in the pleat spacings. Therefore, an optimal pleat count for minimum pressure drop exists at a certain pleat height for each filter media type. The optimization of rectangular pleated filters, e.g., mini-pleated filter panels, has been performed for six commercial filter media. The optimal pleat count is shown to increase with decreasing media permeability of the filter media. A generalized correlation curve has been found for the six filter media by using a nondimensional parameter analysis. The results can be used to design pleated filter panels with minimum pressure drop.
NTU Open Day 1992 (1992)

NTU President, Dr. Cham Tao Soon, at the NTU Open Day with Dr. Gloria Lim and Dr. John Kwan-Terry .
Human mandibular shape is associated with masticatory muscle force (2018)

Understanding how and to what extent forces applied to the mandible by the masticatory muscles influence its form, is of considerable importance from clinical, anthropological and evolutionary perspectives. This study investigates these questions. Head CT scans of 382 adults were utilized to measure masseter and temporalis muscle cross-sectional areas (CSA) as a surrogate for muscle force, and 17 mandibular anthropometric measurements. Sixty-two mandibles of young individuals (20-40 years) whose scans were without artefacts (e.g., due to tooth filling) were segmented and landmarked for geometric morphometric analysis. The association between shape and muscle CSA (controlled for size) was assessed using two-block partial least squares analysis. Correlations were computed between mandibular variables and muscle CSAs (all controlled for size). A significant association was found between mandibular shape and muscle CSAs, i.e. larger CSAs are associated with a wider more trapezoidal ramus, more massive coronoid, more rectangular body and a more curved basal arch. Linear measurements yielded low correlations with muscle CSAs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an association between mandibular muscle force and mandibular shape, which is not as readily identified from linear measurements. Retrodiction of masticatory muscle force and so of mandibular loading is therefore best based on overall mandibular shape.
Direct Observation of Cotranscriptional Folding in an Adenine Riboswitch (2012)

Growing RNA chains fold cotranscriptionally as they are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Riboswitches, which regulate gene expression by adopting alternative RNA folds, are sensitive to cotranscriptional events. We developed an optical-trapping assay to follow the cotranscriptional folding of a nascent RNA and used it to monitor individual transcripts of the pbuE adenine riboswitch, visualizing distinct folding transitions. We report a particular folding signature for the riboswitch aptamer whose presence directs the gene-regulatory transcription outcome, and we measured the termination frequency as a function of adenine level and tension applied to the RNA. Our results demonstrate that the outcome is kinetically controlled. These experiments furnish a means to observe conformational switching in real time and enable the precise mapping of events during cotranscriptional folding.
Tunable Terahertz-Wave Generation by Parametric Oscillation and Its Application. (1998)

Widely tunable coherent terahertz (THz) wave generation was successfully demonstrated based on the laser light scattering from the lowest A1-symmetry polariton mode by using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pumping. This method exhibits multiple advantages like wide tunability (frequency: 0.9-2.2 THz), coherency and compactness of its system. In this paper, the general performances of this THz generator, and its applications are reported. A spectroscopic application is demonstrated by measuring the water vapor absorption. This THz-wave source is also applied to the differential imaging. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we optically tagged objects embedded in a shade and measured the difference between transmittance at two wavelengths.
Avalanche Effects in Silicon <i>p—n</i> Junctions. II. Structurally Perfect Junctions (1963)

The fabrication of a planar guard ring diode which exhibits uniform microplasma-free breakdown is described. Discrepancies are discussed between the behavior of these junctions and those reported by Batdorf et al. and Chynoweth, including results showing extremely hard V-I characteristics associated with uniform avalanche breakdown. Experimental evidence is presented which confirms Shockley's theory in which the breakdown behavior is predicted from the Poisson distribution of impurities within the space-charge layer. The photomultiplication technique as described in Paper I is applied to uniform p—n junctions. The linearity of 1/M vs V, as predicted by theory, was verified for values of M between 1.6 and 500. For higher values, the multiplication curves deviate from a straight line. In this higher range they are in good agreement with the pulse-multiplication model developed in Paper I. Light emission patterns from these junctions are shown and a correlation between these patterns and crystal properties is discussed. The effects of resistivity striations in the silicon single crystals is shown to have a strong effect on breakdown areas and no effects of dislocations and oxygen on uniformity are found. From capacity and multiplication measurements a value for the breakdown field of EB=445±25 kV/cm was obtained for a 32-V junction.
Contribution of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate to the measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate in human plasma: comparison of enzymatic and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays in normal and in diabetic subjects. (1989)

In this study we employed a capillary gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) method to measure the plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-OHIB) in overnight fasted diabetic subjects and in normal subjects. Plasma contents of 3-hydroxybutyrate measured in this fashion were identical to those obtained by enzymatic assay using a commercial preparation of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, indicating no significant contamination of this enzyme preparation with 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. In normal individuals, plasma 3-OHIB concentration was 21 +/- 2 microM in the overnight fasted state and was higher in diabetic subjects (38 +/- 5 microM) and in subjects fasted for 72 h (97 +/- 4 microM). In the postabsorptive state, 3-OHIB was 33% the concentration of 3-OHB in normals and 17% that of 3-OHB in the diabetics.
A 50-Gbit/s vertical illumination avalanche photodiode for 400-Gbit/s Ethernet systems (2014)

50-Gbit/s error-free operation is demonstrated by a high-speed avalanche photodiode for the first time. The APD exhibits 3-dB bandwidth of 35 GHz and excellent receiver sensitivity of -10.8 dBm at a BER of 10(-12) against non-return to zero input optical signals. These results indicate our APD is promising for the systems with serial baud rate of 50 Gbit/s such as 400-Gbit/s Ethernet systems.
Positron Annihilations Associated with Defects in Plastically Deformed Si (1995)

Deformation-induced defects in Si have been studied using positron lifetime measurement. Two lifetime components, 285 ps and 544 ps, which were assigned to dislocation-related defects and vacancy clusters, respectively, were observed. Through annealing experiments, the dislocation-related component was found to consist of two more components: one annihilated after the annealing at around 900° C and the other remaining even at 1100° C. These were attributed to vacancy like parts on dislocations and to dislocations themselves, respectively. Positron trapping rate due to dislocations increased upon cooling and saturated below 80 K. It was approximately proportional to the inverse of the temperature (∼ T -1 ) in the temperature range between 100 and 300 K. These features were interpreted in terms of shallow levels originating from strain fields around dislocations and the one-dimensionality of dislocations.
Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli RuvC protein. Resolution of three- and four-stranded recombination intermediates. (1994)

The specificity of the Escherichia coli RuvC Holliday junction resolvase has been investigated in vitro. RuvC protein cleaves synthetic DNA substrates that model three- or four-stranded recombination intermediates but fails to act upon Y junctions, G/A mismatches, heterologous loop structures, or two-stranded branched junctions. RuvC therefore differs from endonuclease VII of bacteriophage T4 which exhibits broad range specificity. Using related three- and four-stranded synthetic DNA junctions, we show that RuvC cleaves both junctions at the same DNA sequence and requires a region of homology at the junction point. The action of RuvC on three- and four-stranded recombination intermediates made by RecA was also investigated. We found that RuvC fails to resolve three-stranded intermediates in the presence of RecA, although four-stranded intermediates are resolved under the same conditions. However, both three- and four-stranded intermediates are substrates for the nuclease after removal of RecA. We interpret these differences in terms of the contiguity of the RecA nucleoprotein filament which may, under certain conditions, limit access to the Holliday junction resolvase.
Hybrid Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques: Review and Performance Comparison (2017)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multi-carrier modulation technique for wireless communication. However, one of the main drawbacks encountered in implementing it is its resultant high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Many techniques have been proposed in the literature to substantially decrease the peaks in the OFDM signal. The problem with these, however, is that their effects on other parameters are not always positive. These effects include a decrease in the bit error rate (BER), an increase in complexity, or a reduction in the bit rate. The objective of this paper is to describe the PAPR problem in a bid to reduce the peaks in the OFDM signal. The paper proposes a classification, performance evaluation and optimization of PAPR reduction techniques for commercial, public safety, and tactical applications. In the taxonomy proposed herein, we also include a new category, namely, hybrid techniques. Furthermore, we compare the principal characteristics through a complementary cumulative distribution function and BER evaluation, and conclude on the importance of hybrid techniques, when the goal is to both improve the BER and reduce the PAPR.
Genstat 5 Release 3 Reference Manual. (1994)

1. Introduction, terminology, and syntax 2. Data structures 3. Input and output 4. Data handling 5. Programming in Genstat 6. Graphical display 7. Basic statistics 8. Regression analysis 9. Design and analysis of experiments 10. REML estimation of variance components and analysis of unbalanced designs 11. Multivariate and cluster analysis 12. Analysis of time series 13. Customizing and extending Genstat Appendix 1: List of Genstat directives Appendix 2: Release 3[1] of the procedure library References Index
Microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator structures (2011)

We describe the fabrication and preliminary optical characterization of rugged, Si-micromachined optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) structures consisting of thin-walled SiO(x) cylinders with expanded midsections designed to enhance the three-dimensional confinement of whispering gallery modes (WGMs). These μOFRR structures were grown thermally at wafer scale on the interior of Si molds defined by deep-reactive-ion etching and pre-treated to reduce surface roughness. Devices 85-μm tall with 2-μm thick walls and inner diameters ranging from 50 to 200 μm supported pure-mode WGMs with Q-factors >10(4) near 985 nm. Advantages for eventual vapor detection in gas chromatographic microsystems are highlighted.
Automatic selection of image features for visual servoing of a robot manipulator (2003)

The authors investigate the selection of image features to be used to control visually the position and orientation (pose) of the end-effector of an eye-in-hand robot relative to a workpiece. A resolved-motion-rate control scheme is used to update the robot's pose on the basis of the position of three features in the camera's image. The selection of these three features depends on the condition and sensitivity of the differential relationship between the image features and the control parameters. Both computer simulations and laboratory experiments on a PUMA robot arm were conducted to verify the performance of the feature selection criteria. Experimentally, the PUMA robot arm, with a CCD (charged-coupled device) camera mounted on its end effector, was able to track a randomly moving carburetor gasket with a visual feedback cycle time of 70 ms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Liquid Ketene and Ketene Polymers (1933)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid Ketene and Ketene PolymersCharles D. Hurd, Amos D. Sweet, and Charles L. ThomasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 1, 335–337Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1933Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1933https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01328a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01328a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Combination of Raman tweezers and quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy for measurement of dynamics and heterogeneity during the germination of individual bacterial spores (2010)

Raman tweezers and quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy are combined to monitor the dynamic germination of individual bacterial spores of Bacillus species, as well as the heterogeneity in this process. The DIC bias phase is set properly such that the brightness of DIC images of individual spores is proportional to the dipicolinic acid (DPA) level of the spores, and an algorithm is developed to retrieve the phase image of an individual spore from its DIC image. We find that during germination, the rapid drop in both the intensity of the original DIC image and the intensity of the reconstructed phase image precisely corresponds to the release of all DPA from that spore. The summed pixel intensity of the DIC image of individual spores adhered on a microscope coverslip is not sensitive to the drift of the slide in both horizontal and vertical directions, which facilitates observation of the germination of thousands of individual spores for long periods of time. A motorized stage and synchronized image acquisition system is further developed to effectively expand the field of view of the DIC imaging. This quantitative DIC technique is used to track the germination of hundreds or thousands of individual spores simultaneously.
Vector sets for exhaustive testing of logic circuits (1988)

(L, d)-universal sets are useful for exhaustively testing logic circuits with a large number of functional components, designed so that every functional component depends on at most d inputs. Randomized and deterministic constructions of (L, d)-universal test sets are presented, and lower and upper bounds on the optimal sizes of such sets are proven. It is also proven that the design of an optimal exhaustive test set for an arbitrary logic circuit is an NP-complete problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparative <i>In Vitro</i> Study of the Effectiveness of Nanosecond Electrical Pulse and Laser Lithotripters (2013)

A comparative in vitro research of the efficiency of nanosecond electropulse (Urolit-105M) and Holmium laser (Auriga) lithotripters is presented in this work. Four sizes of BegoStone cement stones of various densities were fabricated for these tests. A comparison of the efficiency of the lithotripters was performed in the experiments on pairs of probes corresponding to a predetermined stone size. The probes and stones sizes that were used simulate an actual clinical situation to some extent. During the execution of the tests, stones of the specified size were placed on a stainless steel grid with the 2×2 mm cells, immersed in a liquid. The distal part of each probe type was placed in contact perpendicularly with regard to the horizontal surface of a stone. The experiment was discontinued when the destroyed particles did not remain on the grid's surface (i.e., when the sample had been shattered into fragments of less than 2 mm). It was ascertained that, for all of the stone samples used in the given experiments the nanosecond electropulse lithotripter demands significantly less cumulative energy and less time for destruction of the stones than the laser lithotripter, that is, according to physical parameters, it is more effective. With that, various dependences from pulse energy and from stones properties at their disintegration for two examined methods of contact lithotripsy are confirmed experimentally. Operation of the compared lithotripters differs according to the mechanism by which the stones are destroyed, accounting for the variable influence of sample density on the received results.