gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a Sequential\nExtraction Procedure for Perturbed\nLead-Contaminated Samples with\nand without Phosphorus\nAmendments (2016)

Sequential extraction procedures are used to determine\nthe solid-phase association in which elements of interest\nexist in soil and sediment matrixes. Foundational work\nby Tessier et al. (Tessier, A.; Campbell, P. G. C.; Bisson,\nM. <i>Anal. Chem.</i> <b>1979</b>, <i>51</i>, 844−851) has found widespread\nacceptance and has been employed as an operational\ndefinition for metal speciation in solid matrixes. However,\na major obstacle confronting sequential extraction\nprocedures is species alteration of extracted metals\nbefore, during, and after separation of solids from solution.\nIf this occurs, the results obtained from sequential\nextraction do not provide an accurate account of metal\nspeciation within the matrix because the metal forms are\naltered from their field state. Many researchers dismiss\nthis drawback since several sorption and precipitation\nprocesses are believed to occur at time scales much longer\nthan any particular extraction step. This assumption may\nnot be valid. The objectives of this study were to investigate\nthe potential formation of pyromorphite (Pb<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl)\nduring the sequential extraction steps of Pb-spiked samples\nwith and without calcium phosphate amendments and to\nexamine the differences in the operationally defined\ndistribution of Pb in samples with and without the presence\nof P. The systems that were examined in the absence of\nphosphate behaved, for the most part, adequately according\nto the operational definitions of the extraction procedure.\nHowever, when the samples were amended with\nphosphate, results were drastically changed with a\nsignificant shift of extractable Pb to the residual phase.\nThis redistribution was due to pyromorphite formation during\nthe extraction procedure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction\nand X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopies. These\nresults indicate that sequential extraction methods may\nnot be suitable for Pb speciation in perturbed environmental\nsystems (i.e., fertilized agricultural soils or amended\ncontaminated soils) and that rigorous interpretation should\nbe avoided, if not supported by methods to definitively\nprove metal speciation (e.g., XAS).
O2 Structure Li[sub 2/3][Ni[sub 1/3]Mn[sub 2/3]]O[sub 2]: A New Layered Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries III. Ion Exchange (2000)

The ion exchange of Li for Na in P2‐structure to make T2‐structure is studied. Electron micrographs show that the hexagonal plate‐like crystal habit is preserved during ion exchange. Ion exchange is successful and equivalent using both molten salts and concentrated aqueous solutions. By controlling the Li:Na ratio in the ion exchange, it is possible to prepare an intermediate phase of approximate composition , where filled alkali layers of Li and Na alternate, thus doubling the c axis of the material. A summary of ion‐exchange reactions of Li for Na in other layered Na‐bronzes, such as , , , , , , , , , and , is given. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Immunological Relationships of Reverse Transcriptases from Ribonucleic Acid Tumor Viruses (1972)

Antiserum to partially purified reverse transcriptase from the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus has been prepared and characterized. Antibody to the avian polymerase inhibited the reverse transcriptase activity of avian C-type viruses but had no effect on the polymerase activity from C-type viruses of other classes. The known mammalian C-type viral polymerases were significantly inhibited only by the antiserum to murine C-type viral polymerases; reverse transcriptases from four other mammalian viruses were immunologically distinct from both avian and mammalian C-type viral polymerases. Partially purified murine leukemia viral DNA polymerase activity was comparably reduced by specific antibody regardless of the template used for enzyme detection.
Genetic Variation among Geographic Isolates of Rift Valley Fever Virus (1988)

The genetic variation of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was estimated by sequencing a portion of the M segment RNA of 22 isolates from a variety of host species collected over 34 years in 6 African countries. The M segment RNA of the Egyptian isolate, ZH501, which has been molecularly cloned and sequenced, was used as a reference for these comparisons. Specific gene regions, responsible for antigenic determinants presumed to play a role in protection against disease, were emphasized in these investigations. Comparative sequence data revealed that most isolates were very similar to ZH501 at both the nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequence levels. Nucleic acid sequence variation range was 0-4.5%. Amino acid sequence variation range was 0-2.4%. We identified specific amino acid coding changes which may be involved in virus neutralization and may contribute to the virulence characteristics of RVFV.
DNA-repair pathway inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer (2010)

There are to date no published RCT data on the effectiveness and side effects of DNA-repair pathways inhibitors used alone or in association with conventional chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. On-going trials have been identified and results are awaited and will be included in future updates of this review.
A new method of thermoablation with hot water vapour for localized tumours. (2004)

A specific feature of this technique is that, besides hot vapour, several types of drugs can be delivered through the same microtube depending of the location, type or size of the tumour. These properties make it a unique device for multi-therapeutic treatments.
Natural Language Assistant: A Dialog System for Online Product Recommendation (2002)

With the emergence of electronic-commerce systems, successful information access on electroniccommerce web sites becomes essential. Menu-driven navigation and keyword search currently provided by most commercial sites have considerable limitations because they tend to overwhelm and frustrate users with lengthy, rigid, and ineffective interactions. To provide an efficient solution for information access, we have built the NATURAL language ASSISTANT (NLA), a web-based natural language dialog system to help users find relevant products on electronic-commerce sites. The system brings together technologies in natural language processing and human-computer interaction to create a faster and more intuitive way of interacting with web sites. By combining statistical parsing techniques with traditional AI rule-based technology, we have created a dialog system that accommodates both customer needs and business requirements. The system is currently embedded in an application for recommending laptops and was deployed as a pilot on IBM's web site.
Durable synthesis of high molecular weight heat shock proteins in G0 cells of the yeast and other eucaryotes. (1984)

We report that eucaryotic cells were induced to synthesize a specific class of heat shock proteins (hsps) when they entered the resting state, G0. This finding was originally made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by taking advantage of the system in which we can distinguish between G1 arrests leading to G0 and those that do not result in G0 (Iida, H., and I. Yahara, 1984, J. Cell Biol. 98:1185-1193). Similar observations were subsequently made with higher eucaryotic cells including chick embryonic fibroblasts (CEF), mouse T lymphocytes, and Drosophila GM1 cells. The induction of hsps in G0 cells was distinct from that in heat-shocked cells in two respects. First, hsps with molecular weight around 25,000 were not induced in G0 cells, whereas most, if not all, high molecular weight (HMW) hsps were commonly induced both in G0 cells and in heat-shocked cells. Second, in contrast to the transient synthesis of hsps in heat-shocked cells, G0 cells continued to synthesize hsps at the stimulated rate for a relatively long period. These results suggest the possibility that high molecular weight hsps might function in a transition from the proliferating state to G0 or in maintaining G0 in the eucaryote.
Genome-wide characterization of cellulases from the hemi-biotrophic plant pathogen, Bipolaris sorokiniana, reveals the presence of a highly stable GH7 endoglucanase (2017)

Here we reanalysed the <i>B. sorokiniana</i> genome and selected one GH7 enzyme for further characterization. The present work demonstrates that BsGH7-3 is an endoglucanase with a long half-life and no loss in activity in the presence of denaturants like salt and ionic liquids, and lays the foundation towards exploring the <i>Bipolaris</i> genome for other cell wall-degrading enzymes.
Participation of ERα and ERβ in glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (2009)

Glucose uptake and homeostasis are regulated mainly by skeletal muscle (SM), white adipose tissue (WAT), pancreas, and the liver. Participation of estradiol in this regulation is still under intense investigation. We have demonstrated that, in SM of male mice, expression of the insulin-regulated glucose transporter (GLUT)4 is reduced by estrogen receptor (ER)beta agonists. In the present study, to investigate the relative contributions of ERalpha and ERbeta in glucose homeostasis, we examined the effects of tamoxifen (Tam) on GLUT4 expression in SM and WAT in wild-type (WT) and ER-/- mice. ERbeta-/- mice were characterized by fasting hypoglycemia, increased levels of SM GLUT4, pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and a belated rise in plasma insulin in response to a glucose challenge. ERalpha-/- mice, on the contrary, were hyperglycemic and glucose intolerant, and expression of SM GLUT4 was markedly lower than in WT mice. Tam had no effect on glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity in WT mice. In ERalpha-/- mice, Tam increased GLUT4 and improved insulin sensitivity. i.e., it behaved as an ERbeta antagonist in SM but had no effect on WAT. In ERbeta-/- mice, Tam did not affect GLUT4 in SM but acted as an ERalpha antagonist in WAT, decreasing GLUT4. Thus, in the interplay between ERalpha and ERbeta, ERbeta-mediated repression of GLUT4 predominates in SM but ERalpha-mediated induction of GLUT4 predominates in WAT. This tissue-specific difference in dominance of one ER over the other is reflected in the ratio of the expression of the two receptors. ERalpha predominates in WAT and ERbeta in SM.
Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes: Constitutive Molecular Components (1990)

Cells organize many of their biochemical reactions in non-membrane compartments. Recent evidence has shown that many of these compartments are liquids that form by phase separation from the cytoplasm. Here we discuss the basic physical concepts necessary ...Read More
Adaptive Image Sampling and Windows Classification for On-board Pedestrian Detection (2019)

On-board pedestrian detection is in the frontier of the state-of-the-art since it implies processing outdoor scenarios from a mobile platform and searching for aspect-changing objects in cluttered urban environments. Most promising approaches include the development of classifiers based on feature selection and machine learning. However, they use a large number of features which compromises real-time. Thus, methods for running the classifiers in only a few image windows must be provided. In this paper we contribute in both aspects, proposing a camera pose estimation method for adaptive sparse image sampling, as well as a classifier for pedestrian detection based on Haar wavelets and edge orientation histograms as features and AdaBoost as learning machine. Both proposals are compared with relevant approaches in the literature, showing comparable results but reducing processing time by four for the sampling tasks and by ten for the classification one.
Logical Structure Recovery in Scholarly Articles with Rich Document Features (2012)

Scholarly digital libraries increasingly provide analytics to information within documents themselves. This includes information about the logical document structure of use to downstream components, such as search, navigation, and summarization. In this paper, the authors describe SectLabel, a module that further develops existing software to detect the logical structure of a document from existing PDF files, using the formalism of conditional random fields. While previous work has assumed access only to the raw text representation of the document, a key aspect of this work is to integrate the use of a richer representation of the document that includes features from optical character recognition (OCR), such as font size and text position. Experiments reveal that using such rich features improves logical structure detection by a significant 9 F1 points, over a suitable baseline, motivating the use of richer document representations in other digital library applications.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Reactivity of New Copper(<scp>I</scp>) Halide Pyrimidine‐Containing Coordination Polymers (2004)

Abstract Reaction of copper( I ) chloride with pyrimidine in acetonitrile leads to the formation of the ligand‐rich 1:1 compound poly[CuCl(μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 1 ). “Zig‐zag”‐like CuCl chains are found in the crystal structure that are connected by the pyrimidine ligands to form layers. This compound loses half of its ligands upon heating and transforms into the new l2:1 coordination polymer poly[(CuCl) 2 (μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 2 ). In this structure, ladder‐like CuCl double chains occur which are connected by the pyrimidine ligands to form layers. If copper( I ) iodide is used in the synthesis, the new 1:1 coordination polymer poly[CuI(μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 3 ) forms. In contrast to compound 1 , CuI single chains and (CuI) 2 dimers are found as the CuX substructure, and these are connected by the ligands to form sheets. On heating this compound a similar behaviour as for compound 1 is observed, and a transformation into the new 2:1 compound poly[(CuI) 2 (μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 4 ) occurs. This compound is not isotypic to 2 even though the topology of the coordination network is identical (CuI double chains are connected into layers by the pyrimidine ligands). The thermal behaviour of the known compounds poly[CuBr(μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 5 ) and poly[(CuBr) 2 (μ 2 ‐pyrimidine‐ N , N ′)] ( 6 ) was also investigated. A transformation of the ligand‐rich 1:1 compound 5 into the 2:1 compound 6 is also observed in the thermal decomposition reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Structural Characterization of Immunodominant Regions of Streptokinase Recognized by Murine Monoclonal Antibodies (1996)

In order to determine the nature of the antigenic and functional determinants of streptokinase (SK), we produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by immunizing A/J mice with native SK protein. By virtue of their differential binding to a large panel of recombinant SK truncated proteins, and their effect on the formation of functional SK-plasminogen activator complex (SKPAC), these MAbs were found to recognize 6 unique and minimally overlapping epitopes on the SK protein. The fine epitope specificity of the anti-SK MAbs derived from A/J mice was compared with that of MAbs derived from BALB/c mice. A number of MAbs from both inbred strains of mice were directed against the same sequences of SK (1-13, 1-253, 120-352) suggesting that these regions of the molecule contain peptide sequences that are immunodominant. Two of the "immunodominant" sequences of SK protein appeared to be important for SK function, since the formation of SKPAC could be inhibited by MAbs against these sequences.
Validation of the U.S. NRC coupled code system TRITON/TRACE/PARCS with the special power excursion reactor test III (SPERT III) (2012)

The Special Power Excursion Reactor Test III (SPERT III) was a series of reactivity insertion experiments conducted in the 1950's. This paper describes the validation of the U.S. NRC Coupled Code system TRITON/PARCS/TRACE to simulate reactivity insertion accidents (RIA) by using several of the SPERT III tests. The work here used the SPERT III E-core configuration tests in which the RIA was initiated by ejecting a control rod. The resulting super-prompt reactivity excursion and negative reactivity feedback produced the familiar bell shaped power increase and decrease. The energy deposition during such a power peak has important safety consequences and provides validation basis for core coupled multi-physics codes. The transients of five separate tests are used to benchmark the PARCS/TRACE coupled code. The models were thoroughly validated using the original experiment documentation. (authors)
Radical polymerization of <i>N</i>‐substituted itaconamic esters and itaconamides (1994)

Abstract Two kinds of itaconamic esters, α‐substituted acrylate derivatives (IAE‐I) and α‐substituted acrylamide derivatives (IAE‐II), as well as itaconamides (IAm) were prepared and polymerized with a radical initiator. It has been revealed that N , N ‐disubstituted IAE‐I as an acrylate is more reactive in polymerization than N , N ‐disubstituted IAE‐II as an acrylamide and that N , N ′‐dialkyl substituted IAm homopolymerizes but N , N , N ′, N ′;‐tetraalkyl substituted one does not. In radical copolymerization with styrene, IAE‐I showed a higher polymerization reactivity than IAE‐II. The effects of the N ‐substituents on the polymerization reactivity were discussed on the basis of conformation of the monomers. The polymers obtained were also characterized. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparison of UWB and WCDMA Positioning Accuracies (2005)

In this article, the performances of positioning technologies in ultra wide band (UWB) and wideband CDMA (WCDMA) systems are compared. Three positioning algorithms are studied, namely the Taylor series (TS), Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) and the direct method (DM). Results obtained with complete simulation platforms, including channel estimation, synchronization, modulation and detection, are utilized to compare the two technologies. First, the time-of-arrivals (ToAs) obtained with the simulators are used to compute source positions, giving lower bounds on their estimation errors. Then, the signals obtained from the simulators are input into the three algorithms considered. Finally the accuracies of positioning with both technologies are quantified by comparing the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of their respective estimation results using 4 or 5 BSs. The failure rate of the algorithms are also investigated.
PRIMO: probability interpretation of moments for delay calculation (2002)

Moments of the impulse response are widely used for interconnect delay analysis, from the explicit Elmore delay (first moment of the impulse response) expression, to moment matching methods which create reduced order transimpedance and transfer function approximations. However the Elmore delay is fast becoming ineffective for deep submicron technologies, and reduced order transfer function delays are impractical for use as early-phase design metrics or as design optimization cost functions. This paper describes an approach for fitting moments of the impulse response to probability density functions so that delays can be estimated from probability tables. For RC trees it is demonstrated that the incomplete gamma function provides a provably stable approximation. The step response delay is obtained from a one-dimensional table lookup.
Precise free spectral range measurement of telecom etalons (2004)

DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) telecommunication applications depend on precise and dependable tuning and spacing of multiple optical frequencies, a task usually performed by etalons. The manufacture and quality assurance of these etalons requires an accurate, stable and deterministic measurement system. At VLOC, a JDSU swept-wavelength laser calibrated with an acetylene absorption cell was merely the starting point. By massive computerized data collection, curve-fitting, unique algorithms, and statistical methods, all performed within a custom LabView program, we were able to bootstrap the information from this system and achieve FSR measurement accuracy and stability far in excess of typical methods. In this paper we present the logical development of the technique, statistical modeling, and typical results. To date the system has been used for solid and air-gap etalons, both coated and uncoated, from 16 to 400 GHz FSR.
Aspectos esenciales en la transformación de los mercados de trabajo de los Países del Centro y Este de Europa (2003)

Las prioridades de las políticas aplicables a los mercados de trabajo durante los años de la transición han ido cambiando a medida que lo ha hecho el nivel de desarrollo económico de los países. Las políticas pasivas han jugado un importante papel al comienzo del periodo. El desempleo creció a niveles altos como resultado del inicio de las reformas en las economías en transición. El sistema legal e institucional para la administración del desempleo se fue instaurando y desarrollando. Todos estos esfuerzos se han traducido posteriormente en el desarrollo de políticas activas de empleo que incluyen medidas para apoyar la creación de puestos de trabajo en regiones con elevadas tasas de paro, fomentando el empleo a tiempo parcial o el autoempleo. También han aparecido problemas de financiación de los nuevos sistemas de pensiones, seguridad social y sanidad que han tenido que ser solventados en la mayoría de las ocasiones con cargo a los presupuestos del Estado para poder cumplir sus objetivos.
Crystal Structure, Diffusion Path, and Oxygen Permeability of a Pr<sub>2</sub>NiO<sub>4</sub>-Based Mixed Conductor (Pr<sub>0.9</sub>La<sub>0.1</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(Ni<sub>0.74</sub>Cu<sub>0.21</sub>Ga<sub>0.05</sub>)O<sub>4+δ</sub> (2010)

We have investigated in situ the crystal structure, oxygen diffusion path, oxygen permeation rate, and electrical conductivity of a doped praseodymium nickel oxide, Pr(2)NiO(4)-based mixed conductor, (Pr(0.9)La(0.1))(2)(Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))O(4+delta) (PLNCG) in air between 27 degrees C and 1015.6 degrees C. The PLNCG has a tetragonal I4/mmm K(2)NiF(4)-type structure which consists of a (Pr(0.9)La(0.1))(Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))O(3) perovskite unit and a (Pr(0.9)La(0.1))O rock salt unit in the whole temperature range. Both experimental and theoretical electron density maps indicated two-dimensional networks of (Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))-O covalent bonds in PLNCG. Highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) in PLNCG demonstrate that the electron-hole conduction occurs via Ni and Cu atoms in the (Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))-O layer. The bulk oxygen permeation rate was high (137 mumol cm(-2) min(-1) at 1000 degrees C), and its activation energy was low (51 kJ mol(-1) at 950 degrees C). The Rietveld method, maximum-entropy method (MEM), and MEM-based pattern fitting analyses of neutron and synchrotron diffraction data indicate a large anisotropic thermal motion of the apical O2 oxygen at the 4e site (0, 0, z; z approximately 0.2) in the (Pr(0.9)La(0.1))(Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))O(3) perovskite unit. Neutron and synchrotron diffraction data and theoretical structural optimization show the interstitial oxygen (O3) atom at (x, 0, z) (x approximately 0.6 and z approximately 0.2). The nuclear density analysis indicates that the bulk oxide-ion diffusion, which is responsible for the high oxygen permeation rate, occurs through the interstitial O3 and anisotropic apical O2 sites. The nuclear density at the bottleneck on the oxygen diffusion path increases with temperature and with the oxygen permeation rate. The activation energy from the nuclear density at the bottleneck decreases with temperature, which is consistent with the decrease of the activation energy from oxygen permeation rate. The extremely low activation energy (12 kJ mol(-1) at 900 degrees C) from the nuclear density at the bottleneck indicates possible higher bulk oxygen permeation rates in quality single crystals and epitaxial thin films.