gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroxamic acids. II. The acetylation of O-alkylhydroxamic acids (1969)

O-Alkylhydroxamic acids are readily acetylated, in high yield, under mild conditions. Aliphatic O-alkylhydroxamic acids yield only one product, shown to be the N-acetyl derivative. O-Alkylarylhydroxamic acids form both the O- and N- acetyl isomers; the ratio of these isomers depends on electronic and steric effects. Ultraviolet spectral data indicate that the salts of O-alkylarylhydroxamic acids exist predominantly in the hydroximic acid form; however, it is not possible to decide which is the acidic proton of the hydroxamic acid system. The nature of the cation in the salts of O-alkylhydroxamic acids is important in determining the site of acetylation.
Oxidation of A2E Results in the Formation of Highly Reactive Aldehydes and Ketones (2006)

It has been reported that the photo-oxidation of A2E, a component of human retinal lipofuscin, leads to products that are toxic to cells via dark reactions. Because these compounds have been implicated in the development of various maculopathies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), it is important to determine the structures of those deleterious compounds. Both the photo-oxidation and auto-oxidation of A2E lead to the same complex mixture of products, some of which have lower molecular weights than the staring material. Because A2E is homologous to beta-carotene, it was hypothesized that its oxidation would lead to products analogous to those found in oxidized beta-carotene, namely, a series of cleavage products along the acyclic chain with the concomitant formation of aldehydes. This was found to be the case based upon 1) the formation of all of the aldehydes predicted from the oxidation of beta-carotene, 2) the loss of 28 amu (carbonyl moiety) from the molecular ion, 3) the facile reaction of the aldehydes with nitrophenylhydrazines to form nitrophenylhydrazones and 4) the subsequent MS/MS cleavage of those derivatives at the N-N bond. If formed in vivo, these aldehydes would have toxic effects on any cell. Finally, the similarity in product mixtures from both the photo-oxidation and auto-oxidation strongly suggests that the intermolecular photo-oxidation of A2E results primarily from a radical process without the involvement of singlet oxygen. Any formation of singlet oxygen most likely arises from sensitization by the aldehyde oxidation products, as this process is well known for aldehydes, in general, and retinal, specifically.
200-Gb/s PDM-16QAM generation using a new synthesizing method (2009)

160 and 200-Gb/s (polarization multiplexed) 16QAM has been generated using commercial modulators with binary signals through a novel synthesizing method. Intradyne detection with robust polarization de-multiplexing has been demonstrated using a new blind equalization algorithm
AJAE Appendix: The Use of Conditional Cost Functions to Generate Estimable Mixed Demand Systems (2007)

Demand and Price Analysis
<b>Interaction of FimB and FimE with the <i>fim</i> switch that controls the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in <i>Escherichia coli</i> K‐12</b> (1996)

The phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli is associated with the site-specific inversion of a short DNA element. Recombination at fim requires fimB and fimE, and their products are considered to be the fim recombinases. In this study, FimB and FimE were overproduced and extracts containing the proteins were shown to (i) bind to and (ii) invert the fim switch in vitro. Phenanthroline-copper protection of DNA-protein complexes showed that both FimB and FimE bind to half-sites that flank, and overlap with, the left and right inverted repeats (IRL and IRR, respectively) of the fim switch. Alignment of the four half-sites identified a conserved 5'-CA doublet; mutation of these two bases lowers the affinity of binding of both FimB and FimE to the inverted repeats, and greatly diminishes inversion of the fim switch in vivo. The specificity of the fim recombinases observed in vivo (FimB switching in both directions; FimE switching from on-to-off only) was maintained in vitro. Furthermore, the different binding affinities of FimB and FimE for the various half-site combinations suggests that the specificity of FimE could arise, in part, from the low affinity of FimE for IRL (off).
Network service orchestration standardization: A technology survey (2017)

Network services underpin operator revenues, and value-added services provide income beyond core (voice and data) infrastructure capability. Today, operators face multiple challenges: a need to innovate and offer a wider choice of value-added services, whilst increasing network scale, bandwidth and flexibility. They must also reduce operational costs, and deploy services far faster - in minutes rather than days or weeks. In the recent years, the network community, motivated by the aforementioned challenges, has developed production network architectures and seeded technologies, like Software Defined Networking, Application-based Network Operations and Network Function Virtualization. These technologies enhance the highly desired properties for elasticity, agility and cost-effectiveness in the operator environment. A key requirement to fully exploit the benefits of these new architectures and technologies is a fundamental shift in management and control of resources, and the ability to orchestrate the network infrastructure: coordinate the instantiation of high-level network services across different technological domains and automate service deployment and re-optimization. This paper surveys existing standardization efforts for the orchestration - automation, coordination, and management - of complex set of network and function resources (both physical and virtual), and highlights the various enabling technologies, strengths and weaknesses, adoption challenges for operators, and areas where further research is required.
Reducing Power Consumption in Backbone Networks (2009)

According to several studies, the power consumption of the Internet accounts for up to 10% of the worldwide energy consumption, and several initiatives are being put into place to reduce the power consumption of the ICT sector in general. To this goal, we propose a novel approach to switch off network nodes and links while still guaranteeing full connectivity and maximum link utilization. After showing that the problem falls in the class of capacitated multi-commodity flow problems, and therefore it is NP-complete, we propose some heuristic algorithms to solve it. Simulation results in a realistic scenario show that it is possible to reduce the number of links and nodes currently used by up to 30% and 50% respectively during off-peak hours, while offering the same service quality.
Archaeal chaperonins (2009)

Chaperonins are ubiquitous and essential protein folding machines. They have a striking structure, with two rings of seven, eight, or nine protomers forming a "double doughnut" complex, with the cavity in each ring being the likely site for protein folding to take place. The group I chaperonins, found in bacteria and the organelles descended from them, are well characterised in terms of their structure, mechanism, and in vivo roles. The group II chaperonins, found in eukaryotic cytosol and archaea, are less well understood. In this review, we focus on what is known about the archaeal chaperonins, both in terms of their in vivo role and their structure/function relationships, in order to more fully understand their significance in archaea and as models for chaperonin function in general.
Controlling electron-beam-induced carbon deposition on carbon nanotubes by Joule heating (2008)

Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) of carbon on the surface of carbon nanotubes was well controlled by passing different electrical currents through the nanotubes. The control is due to Joule heating and the temperature of the carbon nanotubes was estimated. The deposition rate was found to increase and then decrease with the temperature and was maximized at about 310 K and approached zero at about 400 K. The method can be used to control the deposition rate of EBID in nanowelding and nanofabrication and to eliminate amorphous carbon contamination in in situ study of nanostructures.
A new rectifier with combined power flow control capability for a series-tuned inductive-power-transfer receiver (2012)

A new rectifier with combined power flow control capability has been developed to simplify a series-tuned power receiver in inductive power transfer (IPT) applications. Since the traditional IPT receiver usually employs two separate stages (rectifier and power flow regulator) after the tuning circuit to obtain a required DC output voltage, the receiver circuit is often complicated and large. A big DC inductor often needs to be used in the power flow regulator, which further increases the size of the receiver circuit, especially for heavy current applications, because the DC inductor is often the largest component in such a circuit. The proposed rectifier using two MOSFETs and one blocking diode in a series-tuned IPT receiver eliminates the DC inductor, and a new control strategy with combined rectification and power flow control is developed to further reduce the complexity and size of the power receiver. The theoretical analysis of the proposed rectifier has been verified by simulation and experimental study, and a prototype series tuned power receiver has been built to receive about 50 watts of power when it is coupled to a push-pull resonant transmitter. The overall power efficiency of the full system has reached about 80%.
Smooth Muscle Cell Seeding of Decellularized Scaffolds: The Importance of Bioreactor Preconditioning to Development of a More Native Architecture for Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels (2009)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) impart important functional characteristics in the native artery and, therefore, should logically be incorporated in the development of tissue-engineered blood vessels. However, the native architecture and low porosity of naturally derived biomaterials (i.e., decellularized vessels) have impeded efforts to seed and incorporate a VSMC layer in tissue-engineered blood vessels. To this end, the goal of this study was to develop improved methods for seeding, proliferation, and maturation of VSMCs on decellularized porcine carotid arteries. Decellularized vessels were prepared in the absence and presence of the adventitial layer, and statically seeded with a pipette containing a suspension of rat aortic VSMCs. After cell seeding, recellularized engineered vessels were placed in a custom bioreactor system for 1-2 weeks to enhance cellular proliferation, alignment, and maturation. Initial attachment of VSMCs was dramatically enhanced by removing the adventitial layer of the decellularized porcine artery. Moreover, cyclic bioreactor conditioning (i.e., flow and pressure) resulted in increased VSMC proliferation and accelerated formation of a muscularized medial layer in the absence of the adventitial layer during the first week of preconditioning. Fura-2-based digital imaging microscopy revealed marked and reproducible depolarization-induced calcium mobilization after bioreactor preconditioning in the absence, but not in the presence, of the adventitia. The major finding of this investigation is that bioreactor preconditioning accelerates the formation of a significant muscular layer on decellularized scaffolds, in particular on adventitia-denuded scaffolds. Further, the VSMC layer of bioreactor-preconditioned vessels was capable of mobilizing calcium in response to cellular depolarization. These findings represent an important first step toward the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts that more closely mimic native vasculature.
Game theoretic controller synthesis for multi-robot motion planning Part I: Trajectory based algorithms (2014)

We consider a class of multi-robot motion planning problems where each robot is associated with multiple objectives and decoupled task specifications. The problems are formulated as an open-loop non-cooperative differential game. A distributed anytime algorithm is proposed to compute a Nash equilibrium of the game. The following properties are proven: (i) the algorithm asymptotically converges to the set of Nash equilibrium; (ii) for scalar cost functionals, the price of stability equals one; (iii) for the worst case, the computational complexity and communication cost are linear in the robot number.
Effect of Water on Silanization of Silica by Trimethoxysilanes (2002)

Water has a big influence on the mechanism of monolayer formation and therefore on the structure of monolayer that can be obtained on a silica surface. Trimethoxysilane in the absence of water can form submonolayers with only one siloxane bond binding functional tails with the surface. We show here that hydrolysis of the remaining methoxy groups on the initial immobilized silane layer by water and followed by another silanization yields enhanced surface density of silanes with improved lateral polymerization and without complications of vertical polymerization. The improved technique allows surface concentration of coumarin dye molecules of 2.7 × 1014 cm-2, almost 1.3 times higher than what is possible without water treatment.
Tunicamycin Sensitizes Human Melanoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand–Induced Apoptosis by Up-regulation of TRAIL-R2 via the Unfolded Protein Response (2007)

We have reported previously low expression of death receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in fresh isolates and tissue sections of melanoma. This seemed to correlate with relative resistance of freshly isolated melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We show in this study that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, tunicamycin, selectively up-regulated the cell surface expression of TRAIL-R2, but not other members of the TNF receptor family, and enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cultured melanoma cells and fresh melanoma isolates. Tunicamycin-mediated sensitization of melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis was associated with increased activation of the caspase cascade and reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and was inhibited by a recombinant TRAIL-R2/Fc chimeric protein. Up-regulation of TRAIL-R2 on the melanoma cell surface was associated with increased transcription of TRAIL-R2 and its total protein levels. Two signaling pathways of the ER stress-induced unfolded protein response mediated by inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase and endonuclease 1alpha (IRE1alpha) and activation of transcription factor 6 (ATF6), respectively, seemed to be involved. In one melanoma line, there was clear evidence of activation of the IRE1alpha pathway, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of IRE1alpha substantially reduced the up-regulation of TRAIL-R2. Similarly, there was evidence for the activation of the ATF6 pathway, and siRNA knockdown of ATF6 had a delayed effect on TRAIL-R2 expression in one but not another melanoma cell line. Moreover, the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein seemed to be involved in the up-regulation of TRAIL-R2 by tunicamycin, but its role varied between different melanoma lines. Taken together, our results suggest that agents that induce ER stress may enhance TRAIL-R2 expression and increase the therapeutic response to TRAIL in melanoma.
What Remains to Be Done to Allow Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Performed with EDS to Become a True Characterization Technique? (2012)

This article reviews different methods used to perform quantitative X-ray microanalysis in the electron microscope and also demonstrates the urgency of measuring the fundamental parameters of X-ray generation for the development of accurate standardless quantitative methods. Using ratios of characteristic lines acquired on the same X-ray spectrum, it is shown that the Cliff and Lorimer K A-B factor can be used in a general correction method that is appropriate for all types of specimens and electron microscopes, providing that appropriate corrections are made for X-ray absorption, fluorescence, and indirect generation. Since the fundamental parameters appear in the K A-B factor, only the ratio of the ionization cross sections needs to be known, not their absolute values. In this regard, the measurement of ratios of the K A-B factor (or intensities at different beam energies of the same material with no change of beam spreading in the material) permits the validation for the best models to compute the ratio of ionization cross sections. It is shown, using this method, that the nonrelativistic Bethe equation, to compute ionization cross section, is very close to the equation of E. Casnati et al. (J Phys B 15, 155-167, 1982) and also to the equations proposed by D. Bote and F. Salvat (Phys Rev A 77, 042701, 2008) for the computation of the ratio of ionization cross sections. The method is extended to show that it could be used to determine the values of the Coster-Kronig transitions factors, an important fundamental parameter for the generation of L and M lines that is mostly known with poor accuracy. The detector efficiency can be measured with specimens where their intensities were measured with an energy dispersive spectrometer detector, the efficiency of which has been measured in an X-ray synchrotron (M. Alvisi et al., Microsc Microanal 12, 406-415, 2006). The spatial resolution should always be computed when performing quantitative X-ray microanalysis and the equations of R. Gauvin (Microsc Microanal 13(5), 354-357, 2007) for bulk materials and the one presented in this article for thin films should be used. The effects of X-rays generated by fast secondary electrons and by Auger electrons are reviewed, and their effect can be detrimental for the spatial resolution of materials involving low-energy X-ray lines, in certain specific conditions. Finally, quantitative X-ray microanalysis of heterogeneous materials is briefly reviewed.
Test-driven evaluation of linked data quality (2014)

Linked Open Data (LOD) comprises an unprecedented volume of structured data on the Web. However, these datasets are of varying quality ranging from extensively curated datasets to crowdsourced or extracted data of often relatively low quality. We present a methodology for test-driven quality assessment of Linked Data, which is inspired by test-driven software development. We argue that vocabularies, ontologies and knowledge bases should be accompanied by a number of test cases, which help to ensure a basic level of quality. We present a methodology for assessing the quality of linked data resources, based on a formalization of bad smells and data quality problems. Our formalization employs SPARQL query templates, which are instantiated into concrete quality test case queries. Based on an extensive survey, we compile a comprehensive library of data quality test case patterns. We perform automatic test case instantiation based on schema constraints or semi-automatically enriched schemata and allow the user to generate specific test case instantiations that are applicable to a schema or dataset. We provide an extensive evaluation of five LOD datasets, manual test case instantiation for five schemas and automatic test case instantiations for all available schemata registered with Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV). One of the main advantages of our approach is that domain specific semantics can be encoded in the data quality test cases, thus being able to discover data quality problems beyond conventional quality heuristics.
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2: Roles in Signaling and Pathophysiology (2012)

Many cellular Ca(2+)-dependent signaling cascades utilize calmodulin (CaM) as the intracellular Ca(2+) receptor. Ca(2+)/CaM binds and activates a plethora of enzymes, including CaM kinases (CaMKs). CaMKK2 is one of the most versatile of the CaMKs and will phosphorylate and activate CaMKI, CaMKIV, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Cell expression of CaMKK2 is limited, yet CaMKK2 is involved in regulating many important physiological and pathophysiological processes, including energy balance, adiposity, glucose homeostasis, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and cancer. Here, we explore known functions of CaMKK2 and discuss its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
A new class of chiral macrocyclic polythiacrown systems and a caveat 1 (1997)

The reactions of 2,6-bis(bromomethyl)-cis-tetraoxadecalin (TOD) 3 with ethane-1,2-dithiol 4 (1,2-ethylenethioglycol, ETG) and the higher PETGs in Cs2CO3 promoted processes result in new polythiamacrocycles, having PETG bridges on or between cis-TOD crown systems in the ETG∶TOD ratios; 1∶1 (7), 2∶1 (17) and 3∶1 (18), as well as the unique 2∶2 (meso- and rac-8), 3∶3 (9) and 4∶4 (10) systems; 7 and 8 have been structurally (X-ray) analyzed. An important new observation and caveat: ETG undergoes a base (Cs2CO3, etc.) promoted oligo- and poly-merization process.
High-level synthesis applied to an ASIC emulation board (2003)

Presents the application of high-level synthesis methodologies to an ASIC emulation board. The emulation board is part of a design methodology that supports the design of embedded information processing units in mechatronic systems during early design phases. The methodology provides fully functional prototypes which can be connected to the mechanical subsystem in order to estimate system performance. This paper addresses the automatic synthesis of hardware modules to be realized as ASICs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
NMR Structure of a Potent Small Molecule Inhibitor Bound to Human Keratinocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (2006)

The NMR structure is presented for compound 1 (BMS-480404) (Ki = 33 (+/-2) nM) bound to keratinocyte fatty acid-binding protein. This article describes interactions between a high affinity drug-like compound and a member of the fatty acid-binding protein family. A benzyl group ortho to the mandelic acid in 1 occupies an area of the protein that fatty acids do not normally contact. Similar to that in the kFABP-palmitic acid structure, the acid moiety in 1 is proximal to R129 and Y131. Computational modeling indicates that the acid moiety in 1 interacts indirectly via a modeled water molecule to R109.
HDTV Compatible Transmission System (1987)

Psychophysical measurements of vision have been used to design a compatible HDTV transmission system. A standard 525-line NTSC transmission is combined with a detail transmission in an additional half-channel of bandwidth to recreate an 1125-line HDTV image. The concept also makes possible the construction of a bichannel HDTV camera that uses progressive scanning of the high-resolution information at modest bandwidths. This camera has been demonstrated with both a standard 525-line NTSC output and an 1125-line HDTV output.
Platinum Group Metal Recycling Technology Development - Final Report (2009)

BASF Catalysts LLC, formerly Engelhard Corporation, has completed a project to recover Pt from PEM fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies. The project, which began in 2003, has met the project objective of an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective method for recovery of platinum without release of hydrogen fluoride. This has been achieved using a combination of milling, dispersion and acid leaching. 99% recovery of Pt was achieved, and this high yield can be scaled up using one vessel for a single leach and rinse. Leaching was been successfully achieved using a 10% solids level, double the original target. At this solids content, the reagent and utility costs represent ~0.35% of the Pt value of a lot, using very conservative assumptions. The main cost of the process is capital depreciation, followed by labor.