gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Both autocrine and paracrine effects of transfected acidic fibroblast growth factor are involved in the estrogen-independent and antiestrogen-resistant growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (1998)

To determine the extent to which autocrine effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 overexpression contribute to an increased malignant phenotype, FGF-1-transfected MCF-7 cells were retransfected with a FGF receptor (FGFR1) vector encoding a truncated dominant-negative receptor to inhibit autocrine FGF signal transduction. This transfection eliminated FGF signaling within the breast cancer cells without interfering with their ability to produce FGF-1, thereby allowing possible paracrine effects to still be observed in vivo. Truncated FGFR1 overexpression inhibited the acquired ability of FGF-1-overexpressing cells to form colonies in soft agar in estrogen-depleted or antiestrogen-containing medium. However, soft agar colony formation was still stimulated by estrogen treatment in cells expressing up to 6 x 10(5) truncated FGFR1 sites per cell. In vivo, truncated receptor expression severely inhibited the ability of the FGF-1-overexpressing cells to form tumors without estrogen in ovariectomized mice, indicating that the mitogenic effect of FGF-1 on the breast tumor cells was important in the estrogen-independent in vivo growth of these transfectants. However, rapid formation of large tumors was still observed in estrogen-supplemented mice injected with the truncated FGFR1-expressing cells, suggesting that the paracrine effects of FGF production could act in synergy with mitogenic effects mediated by estrogen. Truncated FGFR1-overexpressing cells also continued to form tumors in tamoxifen-treated mice, raising the possibility that the paracrine effects of FGF-1 expression may allow the partial agonist properties of this antiestrogen to be more readily observed. We conclude that autocrine effects of FGF-1 increase the ability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to grow in vitro and in vivo under estrogen-depleted conditions but that paracrine effects of FGF-1 are also involved in the enhancement of tumor growth in estrogen-supplemented or tamoxifen-treated animals.
Ethical Framework for Including Research Biopsies in Oncology Clinical Trials: American Society of Clinical Oncology Research Statement (2019)

In contrast to clinical biopsies, where tissue is collected to inform patient care, research biopsies are performed for scientific purposes to potentially enhance understanding of the biologic bases of cancer and drug action, thereby improving diagnosis and treatment, but they may offer no direct benefit to participants and have known risks. The widespread use of research biopsies that do not have the potential to directly benefit participants has come under scrutiny, with critics raising ethical concerns related to the adequacy of participant protections, informed consent, and participant understanding of the risks and benefits, as well as the scientific impact of research biopsies on drug development and treatment. This manuscript presents the American Society of Clinical Oncology's (ASCO's) ethical framework for incorporation of research biopsies in trials. The framework provides guidance on the circumstances to include optional and mandatory biopsies, as well as provides recommendations to stakeholders on necessary steps for improving the conduct of research biopsies overall.
Zirconium tetraazamacrocycle complexes display extraordinary stability and provide a new strategy for zirconium-89-based radiopharmaceutical development (2016)

We report our initial investigations into the use of tetraazamacrocycles as zirconium-89 chelators. We describe the synthesis and complete characterization of several Zr tetraazamacrocycle complexes, and definitively describe the first crystal structure of zirconium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (Zr-DOTA) using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. After evaluating several radioactive analogs, we found that <sup>89</sup>Zr-DOTA is superior to <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO, the only <sup>89</sup>Zr-complex to be used clinically in <sup>89</sup>Zr-radiopharmaceutical applications. Finally, we provide a rationale for the unanticipated and extraordinary stability of these complexes <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. These results may inform the development of safer and more robust immuno-PET agents for precision medicine applications.
Slant Transform Image Coding (1974)

A new unitary transform called the slant transform, specifically designed for image coding, has been developed. The transformation possesses a discrete sawtoothlike basis vector which efficiently represents linear brightness variations along an image line. A fast computational algorithm has been found for the transformation. The slant transformation has been utilized in several transform image-coding systems for monochrome and color images. Computer simulation results indicate that good quality coding can be accomplished with about 1 to 2 bits/pixel for monochrome images and 2 to 3 bits/pixel for color images.
Unique and Overlapping Functions of GSK-3 Isoforms in Cell Differentiation and Proliferation and Cardiovascular Development (2008)

Intensive study over the past 30 years has helped define the role of the GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) family in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the majority of these studies have relied upon overexpression approaches or nonselective small molecule inhibitors. Herein, we examine recent data derived from studies in gene-targeted embryonic stem cells and knock-out mice in an attempt to define the role these protein kinases play in critical decisions made by stem/progenitor cells and by early lineage-committed cardiomyocytes during development.
Effect of polymer chemistry and fabrication method on protein release and stability from polyanhydride microspheres (2009)

The release kinetics and stability of ovalbumin encapsulated into polyanhydride microspheres with varying chemistries were studied. Polymers based on the anhydride monomers sebacic acid (SA), 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), and 1,8-bis (p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) were utilized. Microspheres were fabricated using two non-aqueous methods: a solid/oil/oil double emulsion technique and cryogenic atomization. The studies showed that the two fabrication methods did not significantly affect the release kinetics of ovalbumin, even though the burst release of the protein was a function of the fabrication method and the polymer chemistry. Antigenic stability of ovalbumin released from microspheres prepared by cryogenic atomization was studied by western blot analysis. These studies indicate that the amphiphilic CPTEG:CPH polyanhydrides preserved protein structure and enhanced protein stability by preserving the immunological epitopes of released protein.
Identifying and alleviating pain associated with routine husbandry procedures performed on pre and post weaning dairy calves (2012)

This thesis includes two studies that assessed pain responses to husbandry procedures in order develop mitigation tools.The objective of the first trial was to identify method-related differences in behavioral pain responses in calves of two ages (6 week and 6 months) subjected to castration: surgical cut (CP; n=18), surgical cut and emasculator (CC; n=20), rubber banding (BAND; n=18), or control manipulation of the scrotum (CONT; n=20).Behavior was evaluated pre-and post-castration to record foot stamps, tail flicks, kicks, elimination, in addition to standing and lying post-castration.For 6 week calves, the probability of kicking and eliminations was greater for surgical castrates and all castrated animals, respectively.The probability of kicking was greatest for all 6 month castrates while BAND and CONT had greater probability of elimination.Both age groups increased standing post-castration.Lying decreased in 6 week calves but was unchanged for 6 month calves.Six week calves displayed more tail flicks and tended to display less foot stamps than 6 month calves.Six week calves showed a decrease in tail flicks and foot stamps in response to castration while 6 month calves showed an increase in both behaviors.CP and CC, but not BAND, resulted in less tail flicks than CONT post castration.The second trial compared the effects of preemptive analgesics administered to calves subjected to dehorning with local anesthesia.Six month Holstein steers were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments (n= 8/group): meloxicam (1 mg/kg PO), gabapentin (15mg/kg PO), meloxicam (1 mg/kg) and gabapentin (15 mg/kg) PO, flunixin (2.2 mg/kg IV), or a placebo.Drug, cortisol, ex-vivo prostaglandin, haptoglobin, and substance P concentrations, ocular thermography, algometry, and average daily gain were evaluated.Analgesic-treated calves had lower plasma SP concentrations and improved ADG compared with controls.Flunixin calves had reduced cortisol and ex-vivo prostaglandin concentrations for 24h compared to controls.Meloxicam treated calves showed an increase in MNT at two horn bud sites compared with the other treatments.Overall, the results provide validation of responses to noxious stimuli that can be used to develop pain alleviation for livestock.Conclusion .....
Joint transmitter and receiver IQ imbalance estimation and compensation for OFDM systems (2010)

In the presence of both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) IQ imbalances, the TX/RX IQ imbalances and channel fading are coupled together. Therefore, one needs to solve a set of highly nonlinear equations for estimating the TX/RX IQ imbalance parameters and channel transfer functions at subcarriers in OFDM systems. In this paper, a novel joint TX/RX IQ imbalance estimation and compensation scheme is proposed. By taking advantage of the frequency-selective channel fading, the TX/RX IQ imbalance parameters and channel transfer functions can be decoupled and estimated sequentially. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively estimate and compensate the TX/RX IQ imbalances in OFDM systems.
Improving Timbre Similarity : How high’s the sky ? (2004)

We report on experiments done in an attempt to improve the performance of a music similarity measure which we introduced in [2]. The technique aims at comparing music titles on the basis of their global “timbre”, which has many applications in the field of Music Information Retrieval. Such measures of timbre similarity have seen a growing interest lately, and every contribution (including ours) is yet another instantiation of the same basic pattern recognition architecture, only with different algorithm variants and parameters. Most give encouraging results with a little effort, and imply that nearperfect results would just extrapolate by fine-tuning the algorithms’ parameters. However, such systematic testing over large, inter-dependent parameter spaces is both difficult and costly, as it requires to work on a whole general meta-database architecture. This paper contributes in two ways to the current state of the art. We report on extensive tests over very many parameters and algorithmic variants, either already envisioned in the literature or not. This leads to an improvement over existing algorithms of about 15% R-precision. But most importantly, we describe many variants that surprisingly do not lead to any substancial improvement. Moreover, our simulations suggest the existence of a “glass ceiling” at R-precision about 65% which cannot probably be overcome by pursuing such variations on the same theme.
Coupling light emitting diodes to multimode optical fibers (1993)

Experimental measurements of optical power launched into the of a multimode optical fiber from a light emitting diode are compared to power values determined by a ray-tracing computer program. The simulation models the LED as a step-index optical fiber having a core emitting area slightly larger than the size of the current-defining contact. The optical power emitted from the source is assumed to be a function of the current density in the active layer of the diode. The current density, in turn, is assumed to have a constant value over the central 75% of the source area and to be a rapidly decreasing function of radius for the remaining source area. Power coupling is examined for three LED-to-fiber lensing geometries: a microspherically-Iensed diode; a diode coupled through a larger, isolated, imaging lens; and a combined microsphere/imaging two-lens geometry. The coupling capability of the various lensing geometries is'judged on their ability to couple power and on their sensitivity to alignment. Modeled diode radiance (power per steradian per unit source area) decreases as cos 3 (8) rather than the first order cosine dependence of a Lambertian emitter. The simulated butt-coupled launched power differs from experiment by 0.5 dB when the fiber is laterally aligned with the diode. fredicted launched powers for any of the three lensing geometries generally
A family of expressed antifreeze protein genes from the moth, <i>Choristoneura fumiferana</i> (2002)

The freeze-intolerant insect, Choristoneura fumiferana (spruce budworm), produces multiple antifreeze protein (AFP) isoforms for protection during the overwintering stage. We now report the cloning of AFP genes from insects; Afp-Lu1 encodes a approximately 9-kDa AFP isoform, and Afp-Iu1 encodes a approximately 12-kDa AFP isoform. Both CfAFP genes have similar structures with a single 3- to 3.6-kb intron interrupting the coding region. The second exon of an additional CfAFP gene, 2.7a, encoding a new approximately 9-kDa isoform, was found 3.7 kb upstream of Afp-Lu1 and demonstrates that some AFP family members are linked in tandem. This gene appears to encode an AFP with 68-76% identity to previously isolated CfAFPs. With its eight Cys residues necessary for disulfide bonding and five perfectly conserved 'Thr button' (Thr-Xaa-Thr) ice-binding motifs, it can be modeled as a functional AFP. Southern blot analysis shows that there are approximately 17 genes in this AFP family, with each of the isoforms represented by two to five gene copies. Transcript accumulation from Afp-Lu1 and Afp-Iu1 (or closely related genes) was maximal during the overwintering stage, while 2.7a transcripts were only detected in first instars, larvae that are normally found only in the summer. Contrary to expectations, this differential expression demonstrates that CfAFP gene family transcripts are primarily regulated during development, rather than by seasonally low temperatures.
Structural links between zeolite-type and clathrate hydrate-type materials: synthesis and crystal structure of [NMe<sub>4</sub>]<sub>16</sub>[Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>20</sub>][OH]<sub>8</sub>·116H<sub>2</sub>O (1992)

A novel crystalline tetramethylammonium silicate hydroxide polyhydrate has been obtained by fractional crystallization at room temperature from a highly alkaline aqueous NMe4OH–SiO2 solution. X-Ray single-crystal studies at 200 K revealed the trigonal crystal system, the unit-cell constants (hexagonal setting)a= 18.126(2) and c= 57.529(9)Å, the space group R and Z= 3 formula units of [NMe4]16[Si8O20][OH]8·116H2O per unit cell. The crystal structure has been determined from 1416 unique Mo-K[graphic omitted] data and refined to R= 0.104. The host–guest compound is of polyhedral clathrate type with a mixed three-dimensional, (mainly) four-connected tetrahedral network composed of oligomeric silicate anions [Si8O20]8–, OH– ions and H2O molecules linked via hydrogen bonds O–H ⋯ O. The silicate anions are each built up of eight SiO4 tetrahedra sharing corners to form a cube (double four-ring structure). Cationic guest species NMe4+ are enclosed in large polyhedral cavities [4668], [425865], [51264] and [425867] of the host structure; small [46] cages (i.e. the double-ring anions) and [4356] cages are unoccupied. Each silicate anion is the centre of a specific and probably very stable finite cluster [(NMe4)6(Si8O20)·24H2O]2–. It is suggested that the polyhydrate may be taken as a crystalline model system for studies on the structures of aqueous tetramethylammonium silicate solutions.
Chemical Synthesis of Bacteriophage G4 (2011)

Our results showed that the bacteriophage G4 obtained is synthetic rather than a wild type. Our study demonstrated that a phage can be synthesized and manipulated genetically according to the sequences, and can be efficient enough to infect the Escherichia coli, showing the potential use of synthetic biology in medical application.
Aromatic polybenzoxazoles bearing ether and isopropylidene or hexafluoroisopropylidene units in the main chain (1998)

A series of poly(o-hydroxyamide)s having high molecular weights were synthesized by means of low-temperature solution polycondensation of 4,4′-[isopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)dioxy]dibenzoyl chloride (1) and 4,4′-[hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(1,4-phenylene)dioxy]dibenzoyl chloride (2) with three bis(o-aminophenol)s. Subsequent thermal cyclodehydration of the poly(o-hydroxyamide)s afforded polybenzoxazoles. All poly(o-hydroxyamide)s are readily soluble in a variety of solvents, whereas the polybenzoxazoles are insoluble with one exception. The polybenzoxazoles exhibit glass transition temperatures in the range of 218–231°C and are stable up to 500°C in air or nitrogen, with the 10% weight loss temperatures being recorded between 553–607°C in nitrogen.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Partial purification and properties of the enzyme-substrate complex. (1982)

The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase extracted from rat liver microsomes by 3-([3-cholamidopropyl] dimethylammoniol)-1-propane sulfonate detergent solution has been partially purified by chromatography on Ultrogel AcA-34 followed by carboxymethyl-Sepharose chromatography and pentapeptide affinity chromatography. The carboxylase appears to be composed of two proteins, the enzyme and endogenous substrate as judged by the incorporation of 14CO2 into trichloroacetic acid insoluble protein. The apparent Km for Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu as carboxylation substrate is approximately 3 mM. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-pyridinol at 10 microM inhibits 90% of the enzyme activity, whereas maximal stimulation (1.7-fold) by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is obtained at 1 mM and by Mn2+ at 5 mM. The stimulation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and by Mn2+ are not additive. The carboxylation of Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu at 20 degrees C is linear for 90 min. Vitamin K1 plus NADH do not replace vitamin K1 hydroquinone, indicating that vitamin K reductase is not part of this purified carboxylase-substrate complex. Vitamin K epoxidase activity co-elutes with the carboxylase complex. Some 400-fold purification from microsomes has been obtained to yield enzyme preparations with a specific activity of approximately 17,000 pmol of CO2 fixed into peptide/mg of enzyme protein, which is some 15-fold greater than any previously reported enzyme preparation from rat liver microsomes.
Inorganic chemistry. Chapter 6. Introduction (1977)

M. F. Lappert, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A. Inorg. and Phys. Chem, 1977, 74, 107 DOI: 10.1039/PR9777400107
Analysis of the Plastidic <i>phosphate translocator</i> Gene Family in Arabidopsis and Identification of New <i>phosphate translocator</i>-Homologous Transporters, Classified by Their Putative Substrate-Binding Site (2003)

Analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the complete set of plastidic phosphate translocator (pPT) genes. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 pPT genes: single copies of genes coding for the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator and the xylulose phosphate/phosphate translocator, and two genes coding for each the phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator and the glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator. A relatively high number of truncated phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator genes (six) and glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator genes (four) could be detected with almost conserved intron/exon structures as compared with the functional genes. In addition, a variety of PT-homologous (PTh) genes could be identified in Arabidopsis and other organisms. They all belong to the drug/metabolite transporter superfamily showing significant similarities to nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs). The pPT, PTh, and NST proteins all possess six to eight transmembrane helices. According to the analysis of conserved motifs in these proteins, the PTh proteins can be divided into (a) the lysine (Lys)/arginine group comprising only non-plant proteins, (b) the Lys-valine/alanine/glycine group of Arabidopsis proteins, (c) the Lys/asparagine group of Arabidopsis proteins, and (d) the Lys/threonine group of plant and non-plant proteins. None of these proteins have been characterized so far. The analysis of the putative substrate-binding sites of the pPT, PTh, and NST proteins led to the suggestion that all these proteins share common substrate-binding sites on either side of the membrane each of which contain a conserved Lys residue.
Evaluation of the Stress Concentration Factor in Butt Welded Joints: A Comparative Study (2021)

Surface cracks in butt-welded joints usually occur in places with increased stress concentrations. The stress concentration factor (SCF) can be calculated using an empirical equation, with five geometric parameters of a butt-welded joint (thickness of the base material, toe radius, weld toe angle, weld width, and reinforcement height). However, in an industrial environment, it is impractical and sometimes even impossible to measure all five geometric parameters with sufficient accuracy. In this study, eight experiments on butt-welded joints were performed. All samples were scanned with a 3D scanner, and the geometric sizes of the welded joints were measured using computer software. A modified empirical expression proposed by Ushirokawa and Nakayama was used to calculate the SCF; the expression was adjusted in such a way that the SCF was calculated by knowing only the toe radius. In addition, four new expressions were proposed for the calculation of the SCF by knowing the toe radius in relation to the weld toe angle; the expressions were then compared and analyzed. Additionally, the values of the stress concentrations in the butt-welded joints were obtained using a finite element method (FEM). The SCFs calculated using the four methods were compared and further discussed. Our data suggested a new accurate and straightforward approach for calculating the SCF by knowing only the weld toe radius.
Tolfenamic Acid Rapid Release Versus Sumatriptan in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Comparable Effect in a Double‐Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Parallel‐Group Study (1998)

The efficacy and safety of tolfenamic acid and oral sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine was studied at five neurological centers in Finland. One hundred forty-one patients experiencing 289 migraine attacks, fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for migraine with or without aura as defined by the International Headache Society, were randomized. For first attacks, 77% of patients receiving tolfenamic acid experienced a reduction of the initial severe or moderate headache to mild or no headache after 2 hours, as compared to 79% in the sumatriptan group and 29% in the placebo group. No significant difference was found between active treatments (P = 0.85, 95% CI [-22%, 18%]), however, both active treatments were significantly better than placebo; P = 0.001, 95% CI (26%, 69%) for tolfenamic acid and P = 0.001, 95% CI (28%, 71%) for sumatriptan. For second attacks, results were similar with 70% of patients receiving tolfenamic acid experiencing relief, as compared to 64% in the sumatriptan group and 39% in the placebo group. No significant differences were observed in accompanying symptoms. Both drugs were well tolerated with the frequency of adverse events; 30% for tolfenamic acid and 41% for sumatriptan, a nonsignificant difference. In this study, tolfenamic acid and oral sumatriptan are comparably effective in the acute treatment of migraine. When comparably effective, factors like individual effect, tolerance, and cost of treatment should be considered when prescribing migraine medication.