gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defects in development of the kidney, heart and eye vasculature in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic <i>Notch2</i> mutation (2001)

The Notch gene family encodes large transmembrane receptors that are components of an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling mechanism. To assess the in vivo role of the Notch2 gene, we constructed a targeted mutation, Notch2(del1). Unexpectedly, we found that alternative splicing of the Notch2(del1) mutant allele leads to the production of two different in-frame transcripts that delete either one or two EGF repeats of the Notch2 protein, suggesting that this allele is a hypomorphic Notch2 mutation. Mice homozygous for the Notch2(del1) mutation died perinatally from defects in glomerular development in the kidney. Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1 )mutant kidneys were hypoplastic and mutant glomeruli lacked a normal capillary tuft. The Notch ligand encoded by the Jag1 gene was expressed in developing glomeruli in cells adjacent to Notch2-expressing cells. We show that mice heterozygous for both the Notch2(del1) and Jag1(dDSL) mutations exhibit a glomerular defect similar to, but less severe than, that of Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1 )homozygotes. The co-localization and genetic interaction of Jag1 and Notch2 imply that this ligand and receptor physically interact, forming part of the signal transduction pathway required for glomerular differentiation and patterning. Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1 )homozygotes also display myocardial hypoplasia, edema and hyperplasia of cells associated with the hyaloid vasculature of the eye. These data identify novel developmental roles for Notch2 in kidney, heart and eye development.
Teletext: a true monochip solution (1990)

The author describes a new monochip for teletext and on-screen display application, including a data slicer, a line-locked PLL (phase-locked loop), and a RAM for 4-page application. Up to 128 K of external DRAM can be added if more pages are needed. This chip includes some unique features to deal with level 2 and 3 teletext. The chip can also be used with extended memory and powerful software for high-end TV sets, with high quality test and graphics display. Its powerful display functions are the key features that make it possible to personalize a TV or VCR. The classic tradeoff of performance versus cost is not shifted to the software.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design of a multilevel DRAM with adjustable cell capacity (2002)

A multilevel DRAM (MLDRAM) increases the per-cell storage capacity over conventional DRAM by using more than two cell signal levels. The key challenge when designing an MLDRAM is to ensure reliable operation using the more closely spaced signal levels despite the presence of on-chip noise and the inevitable small variations in circuit parameters that occur in integrated circuit (IC) production. This paper describes a test chip that implements an inherently balanced and robust MLDRAM scheme proposed by Birk et al. (see 1999 IEEE Int. Workshop on Memory Tech., Design and Testing, San Jose, CA, USA, p.102-109.). The chip has an adjustable cell capacity that can be selected from among 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 bits per cell. Fractional bits arise when groups of two or more cells are considered together. Thus if each cell in a pair stores one of six possible levels, then each cell has a capacity of 2.5 bits. The test chip should facilitate the experimental characterization of the proposed MLDRAM scheme.
What are the odds that smoking will kill you? (1987)

We calculated the long-term risks of death from smoking for individuals of various ages and smoking status in terms of the excess mortality contributed by smoking, over and above the baseline mortality from the same diseases caused by factors other than smoking using standard life table procedures. Since mortality data for specific smoking categories were available only from prospective studies in the late 1950s, we scaled these to the 1982 mortality levels. We assumed, for lung cancer, that the death rates for nonsmokers have not changed and, for other smoking-related diseases, that the risks of death for smokers relative to those for nonsmokers have not changed since the 1950s. Probabilities that result from alternative assumptions were also investigated and are presented. As many as one-third of heavy smokers age 35 will die before age 85 of diseases caused by their smoking. The probabilities of death from smoking when compared with other causes may be persuasive as public education tools. Their effective use for this purpose is affected not only by the deficiencies in the public's factual knowledge of the magnitude of the risks from smoking, but also by numerous apparent misconceptions relating to the interpretation of risk information. Risk data should be presented to the public in a manner that clarifies these misconceptions and facilitates their understanding of the overwhelming risk imposed by smoking.
Direct Space-Time GF(q) LDPC Modulation (2006)

Wireless communication using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems improves throughput and enhances reliability for a given total transmit power. In this paper, potential performance gains are investigated via a direct Galois field [GF(q)] low-density parity-check (LDPC) space-time coding and modulation scheme. The field order q is chosen such that the number of bits per GF(q) LDPC symbol matches the number of bits per space-time symbol. The result is an elegant coding and decoding scheme that leverages the powerful LDPC iterative decoding technique. Results for 2, 3, and 4 transmitter systems with relatively short block lengths of around 2000 bits are provided, demonstrating frame-error- rate performances as close as 0.5 dB to the probability of outage upper bound.
SEVEN YEARS ON‐‐A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF TEACHER BEHAVIOUR (1975)

Abstract The behaviour of a group of teachers, who did not differ significantly in college grades in educational theory and in practical teaching from their parent population nor in their distributions on sex and type of school from the national population of teachers, was monitored in 1965, in 1967 and in 1972 ‐‐ seven years in all. In 1965 the year they entered teaching data on the group was collected in the form of #opa#cp variables from an extensive series of psychological tests, #opb#cp biographical variables, #opc#cp college examination variables. In 1967 and again in 1972 ratings of their own satisfaction and dissatisfaction with teaching were obtained, together with the ratings of their head teachers on various aspects of teaching ability. An analysis of the data suggests that higher ratings of teaching ability at the initial stage persist over the seven year period as do levels of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with teaching. Those of higher verbal ability tended to have lower ratings of practical teaching ability over the whole period. Between 1967 and 1972 a new behavioural dimension was revealed concerned with more frequent changes of job.
Energy-Aware UMTS Core Network Design (2008)

According to several studies, telecom operators account for a not negligible power consumption, and several initiatives are being put into place to reduce the power consumption of the ICT sector in general. To this goal, we propose a novel approach to switch off some portions of the UMTS core network while still guaranteeing full connectivity and maximum link utilization. After showing that the problem falls in the class of capacitated multi-commodity flow problems, and therefore it is NP-complete, we propose some heuristic algorithms to solve it. Results show that it is possible to reduce the number of links and nodes currently used by up to 30% and 50% respectively during off-peak hours while offering the same service quality.
Non-random, individual-specific methylation profiles are present at the sixth CTCF binding site in the human H19/IGF2 imprinting control region (2006)

Expression of imprinted genes is classically associated with differential methylation of specific CpG-rich DNA regions (DMRs). The H19/IGF2 locus is considered a paradigm for epigenetic regulation. In mice, as in humans, the essential H19 DMR--target of the CTCF insulator--is located between the two genes. Here, we performed a pyrosequencing-based quantitative analysis of its CpG methylation in normal human tissues. The quantitative analysis of the methylation level in the H19 DMR revealed three unexpected discrete, individual-specific methylation states. This epigenetic polymorphism was confined to the sixth CTCF binding site while a unique median-methylated profile was found at the third CTCF binding site as well as in the H19 promoter. Monoallelic expression of H19 and IGF2 was maintained independently of the methylation status at the sixth CTCF binding site and the IGF2 DMR2 displayed a median-methylated profile in all individuals and tissues analyzed. Interestingly, the methylation profile was genetically transmitted. Transgenerational inheritance of the H19 methylation profile was compatible with a simple model involving one gene with three alleles. The existence of three individual-specific epigenotypes in the H19 DMR in a non-pathological situation means it is important to reconsider the diagnostic value and functional importance of the sixth CTCF binding site.
The Synthesis and Antineoplastic Properties of Selenoguanine, Selenocytosine and Related Compounds<sup>1</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Antineoplastic Properties of Selenoguanine, Selenocytosine and Related Compounds1Henry G. Mautner, Shih-Hsi Chu, Julian J. Jaffe, and Alan C. SartorelliCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 1, 36–39Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00337a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00337a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Copycat Hand - Robot Hand Generating Imitative Behaviour at High Speed and with High Accuracy (2007)

In recent years, robots demonstrating an aping or imitating function have been proposed. Such functions can estimate the actions of a human being by using a non-contact method and reproduce the same actions. However, very few systems can imitate the behaviour of the hand or the fingers On the other hand, reports in Neuroscience state that mirror neurons Moreover, since human beings perform intelligent actions using their hands, it is important to attempt to artificially imitate the actions of hands and fingers in order to understand the dexterity and intelligence of human hands from an engineering viewpoint. The object actions in the case where one "looks at an action performed by others and imitates it" include not only grasping or manipulating objects but also the actions involving "imitating shapes and postures of hands and fingers" of others such as sign language and dancing motions. The latter two types of actions are often more complicated and require dexterity as compared to the former actions. In the action of imitating "the shape of hands and fingers" such as sign language, it is essential to estimate the shape of the hands and fingers. Furthermore, as compared to the imitation of the actions of the lower limbs, estimating the shape of the hands is significantly more important and difficult. In particular, human hands, which have a multi-joint structure, change their shapes in a complicated manner and often perform actions with self-occlusion in which the portion of one's own body renders other portions invisible. In the case of an artificial system, we can utilize a multi-camera system that records a human hand for imitative behaviours by surrounding it with a large number of cameras. However, all the animals that mimic the motions of others have only two eyes. To realize the reproduction of the actions of hands and fingers by imitating their behaviour, it is desirable to adopt a single-eye or double-eye system construction. To roughly classify conventional hand posture estimation systems, the following two types of approaches can be used. The first approach is a 3D-model-based approach (Rehg &
Investigating Lyophilization of Lipid Nanocapsules with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (2010)

This paper describes characterization of lyophilized lipid nanocapsules loaded with Alexa 488 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Fluorimetry analysis of nanocapsules containing self-quenching concentrations of 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein was performed to establish a point of reference for FCS. FCS results complemented the results obtained by fluorimetry for a bulk nanocapsule solution and provided additional information about the size and dye retention by individual nanocapsules. Using this method, we determined that nanocapsules composed of the thiol-functionalized lipids showed the best dye retention and the most consistent results. Dye retention, size, and photolysis efficiency of these thiol-functionalized nanocapsules doped with a far-red photosensitizer did not change substantially upon lyophilization and storage at -20 degrees C for up to 2 months, making lyophilization a suitable method for the long-term storage of nanocapsules with the appropriate lipid composition.
PROTOTYPE DRILL FOR CORE SAMPLING FINE-GRAINED PERENNIALLY FROZEN GROUND (1985)

An expensive drill has been modified to provide researchers with the ability to auger an open hole or to acquire continuous, undisturbed 76-mm-diam core samples of a variety of perennially frozen materials that are suitable for chemical and petrographic analysis. It was developed by field testing in support of research from 1980 to 1983. Operation of the drill is based mainly on using a minimum of power to cut through frozen ground with tungsten carbide cutters on a CRREL coring auger. The ice content, temperature and grain size of the frozen sediments are important variables determining the sampling depth. Perennially frozen sediments with temperatures in the range of -0.5 C to -8.5 C have been continuously cored with this drill. Drilling and sampling are most efficiently conducted when ambient air temperatures are below freezing and the active layer is frozen. The self-contained lightweight drill is readily transportable off-road by helicopter or tracked vehicle, or by towing over roads. It is locally self-mobile by use of a winch. Total cost of the drill and modifications is estimated at approximately $10,000.
Intelligent Substation Automation Systems for robust operation of smart grids (2014)

Substation Automation Systems (SAS) provide reliable bedrock for future smart grid development in electric utilities. Implementation of high quality SAS system enables one to experience less outage rate using the state-of-the-art computerized functions of monitoring, control, and protection. As a result, it can immensely reinforce the reliability index of smart grid systems. However, the inextricable interdependency of cyber and power components in an automated substation creates more vulnerable operation process. In this sense, unlike the power component outage in a substation, a failure of the cyber components in an Ethernet fashion can interrupt the operation as well. Therefore the proper selection of SAS package that offers more reliable performance may hedge massive maloperation in the system. Since the introduction of multi-vendor SAS based IEC-61850 protocol, the interoperability of various SAS components with variety of manufacturer's brands is now possible. This paper surveys the most efficient and used SAS package and the configuration in a HV substation which leads to high reliable performance. Findings can pave the future smart grid development in an effective manner.
Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics (2004)

A major aim of present-day proteomics is to study changes in protein expression levels at a global level, ideally monitoring all proteins present in cells or tissue. Mass spectrometry is a well-respected technology in proteomics that is widely used for the identification of proteins. More recently, methodologies have been introduced showing that mass spectrometry can also be used for protein quantification. This article reviews various mass spectrometry-based technologies in quantitative proteomics, highlighting several interesting applications in areas ranging from cell biology to clinical applications.
Free Radical-Mediated Effects in Reperfusion Injury: A Histologic Study with Superoxide Dismutase and EGB 761 in Rat Retina (1991)

In Sprague-Dawley rats, retinal ischemia was induced by occlusion of the central retinal artery, while reperfusion was initiated by unclamping and removing the occluder. Ninety minutes of regional ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion resulted in a development of retinal edema in the inner plexiform layer and a migration of neutrophils into the retinal tissue. Oxygen free radicals have been implicated as inducers of cell damage in different tissues. This finding has led us to speculate that, if oxygen free radicals play an important role in the development of reperfusion injury, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and EGB 761 (Tanakan, extract of Ginkgo biloba, IPSEN) should be protective against reperfusion-induced injury. Under our experimental conditions, SOD dose-dependently reduced the development of edema formation (which was expressed in micrometers, measuring the thickness of the inner plexiform layer). Thus, 3,750, 7,500 and 15,000 U/kg of SOD reduced the reperfusion-induced edema formation from its drug-free ischemic value of 112 +/- 4 to 107 +/- 7, 91 +/- 6 (p less than 0.05) and 85 + 4 microns (p less than 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, SOD significantly reduced the migration of neutrophils which can also contribute to the development of reperfusion-induced injury. The same protective effect was observed, concerning the edema formation and neutrophil migration, in the EGB 761-treated groups. Our results indicate that free radicals play an important role in the development of reperfusion-induced injury, and the treatment of ischemic and reperfused retina with free radical scavengers may reduce the severity of reperfusion damage.
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis and lameness in broilers: a review (2015)

This review focuses on a specific cause of lameness known as bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in broilers. Rapid increases in body weight impose excessive torque and shear stress on structurally immature epiphyseal and physeal cartilage, primarily in the proximal femora, proximal tibiae, and flexible thoracic vertebrae. Excessive mechanical stress creates osteochondrotic clefts among the chondrocytes of susceptible growth plates. These wound sites are colonized by hematogenously distributed opportunistic bacteria, culminating in the gross abscesses and necrotic voids that are pathognomonic for terminal BCO. Lameness attributable to characteristic BCO lesions can be reproduced by rearing broilers on wire flooring to create persistent footing instability and physiological stress, without the need to inoculate the birds with pathogenic bacteria that presumably are present but quiescent within the bird's microbial communities or in the environment. Experiments using the wire-flooring model revealed innate differences in the susceptibility of broiler lines to BCO, and demonstrated that BCO incidences can be reduced by prophylactically providing probiotics in the feed, by prophylactically adding 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 to the drinking water, or by therapeutically adding the antibiotic enrofloxacin to the drinking water. Hatchery and chick quality issues clearly influence the susceptibility of broilers to BCO. When broilers remain in a sitting posture for prolonged periods, the major arteries supplying their legs may be compressed. These episodes of inadequate blood flow may prevent chondrocyte maturation and trigger focal necrosis, thereby making the epiphyseal and physeal cartilage highly susceptible to osteochondrosis and BCO. Much remains to be revealed regarding the pathogenesis of BCO. Further revelations will be facilitated by the availability of the now-validated wire-flooring models that consistently trigger high incidences of BCO in experimental flocks.
Calibration of images of the wireless capsule endoscope (2001)

Latex from Papaver somniferum plants was used both for feeding experiments with 14C-tyrosine and for electron microscopic investigations. The latex was collected during four different stages of plant development: “shooting”, “budding”, “flowering”, "green capsule".The main alkaloid morphine was isolated, crystallized as dinitrophenylether and recrystallized in general to constant radioactivity. According to our experiments isolated latex is able to synthesize morphine from tyrosine. The rate of alkaloid formation depends on the stage of plant development. The activity of biosynthesis is calculated by measuring the radioactivity of morphine per gram latex. The amount of radioactivity found in morphine was quite low during “shooting”, but increased to the maximum in the stage of “budding” and decreased in the later stages. The same results were obtained using two different lines of P. somniferum in two consecutive years (fig. 2).Our electron microscopy-studies gave pictures which are quite similar to those obtained from latex in vessels. Isolated latex from young plants is more structured than those from poppy in later stages, especially the number of cellular particles is decreasing during ontogenesis.According to the low rate of alkaloid biosynthesis in isolated latex we might conelude that the latex in the intact tissue is on principle able to form alkaloids but is not the ”Hauptbildungsort“.Repeated tapping of latex from green capsules did not increase the biosynthetic activity. It seems to be most useful with respect to enzymatic studies to collect latex in the “budding” stage.