gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why Are Commercials so Loud? - Perception and Modeling of the Loudness of Amplitude-Compressed Speech (2003)

The level of broadcast sound is usually limited to prevent overmodulation of the transmitted signal. To increase the loudness of broadcast sounds, especially commercials, fast-acting amplitude compression is often applied. This allows the root-mean-square (rms) level of the sounds to be increased without exceeding the maximum permissible peak level. In addition, even for a fixed rms level, compression may have an effect on loudness. To assess whether this was the case, we obtained loudness matches between uncompressed speech (short phrases) and speech that was subjected to varying degrees of four-band compression. All rms levels were calculated off line. We found that the compressed speech had a lower rms level than the uncompressed speech (by up to 3 dB) at the point of equal loudness, which implies that, at equal rms level, compressed speech sounds louder than uncompressed speech. The effect increased as the rms level was increased from 50 to 65 to 80 dB SPL. For the largest amount of compression used here, the compression would allow about a 58% increase in loudness for a fixed peak level (equivalent to a change in level of about 6 dB). With a slight modification, the model of loudness described by Glasberg and Moore [1] was able to account accurately for the results.
Experimental infection of infant rabbits with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (1986)

To study the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease due to verotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli, 3-day-old rabbits were inoculated intragastrically with live E. coli O157:H7 (high VT producer), E. coli O113:K75:H21 (low VT producer), or O157:H45 (VT negative) and were examined for clinical symptoms, bacterial colonization, presence of detectable free VT in the intestines, and histological changes. Diarrhea developed consistently with 10(8) bacteria of E. coli O157:H7 but was observed only infrequently with even a higher dose of E. coli O113:K75:H21. VT-negative strains failed to cause diarrhea under the same experimental conditions. E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the colon of infected animals in a significantly higher concentration than from the small intestine, and the clinical symptoms correlated with the presence of detectable free VT in the colon. Histological changes were seen mainly in the mid- and distal colon; these changes were characterized by a vast increase in apoptosis in the surface epithelium, increased mitotic activity in the crypts, mucin depletion, and a mild to moderate infiltration of neutrophils in the lamina propria and epithelium. Multiple foci of attached bacteria were seen on the surface epithelium of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, cecum, and colon. Bacteria were never seen in epithelial cells or the lamina propria. These mucosal abnormalities as well as clinical symptoms were reproduced in infant rabbits by the intragastric administration of VT alone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that VT plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea caused by E. coli O157:H7 and other VT-producing E. coli.
Control of Grain Size Via Forging Strain Rate Limits for R�88DT (2000)

R'88DT is a powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy used for rotating compressor and turbine disks. It was developed using a supersolvus heat treatment to achieve good creep and fatigue crack growth resistance. It was observed during development that the supersolvus heat treatment could result in large grains occuring in bands in the microstructure.
Application of the Solubility Parameter Concept to the Design of Chemiresistor Arrays (1999)

Arrays of unheated chemically sensitive resistors (chemiresistors) can serve as extremely small, low-power-consumption sensors with simple read-out electronics. We report here results on carbon-loaded polymer composites, as well as polymeric ionic conductors, as chemiresistor sensors. We use the volubility parameter concept to understand and categorize the chemiresistor responses and, in particular, we compare chemiresistors fabricated from polyisobutylene (PIB) to results from PIB-coated acoustic wave sensors. One goal is to examine the possibility that a small number of diverse chemiresistors can sense all possible solvents-the "Universal Solvent Sensor Array". keywords: chemiresistor, volubility parameter, chemical sensor
EffiCuts (2010)

Packet Classification is a key functionality provided by modern routers. Previous decision-tree algorithms, HiCuts and HyperCuts, cut the multi-dimensional rule space to separate a classifier's rules. Despite their optimizations, the algorithms incur considerable memory overhead due to two issues: (1) Many rules in a classifier overlap and the overlapping rules vary vastly in size, causing the algorithms' fine cuts for separating the small rules to replicate the large rules. (2) Because a classifier's rule-space density varies significantly, the algorithms' equi-sized cuts for separating the dense parts needlessly partition the sparse parts, resulting in many ineffectual nodes that hold only a few rules. We propose EffiCuts which employs four novel ideas: (1) Separable trees: To eliminate overlap among small and large rules, we separate all small and large rules. We define a subset of rules to be separable if all the rules are either small or large in each dimension. We build a distinct tree for each such subset where each dimension can be cut coarsely to separate the large rules, or finely to separate the small rules without incurring replication. (2) Selective tree merging: To reduce the multiple trees' extra accesses which degrade throughput, we selectively merge separable trees mixing rules that may be small or large in at most one dimension. (3) Equi-dense cuts: We employ unequal cuts which distribute a node's rules evenly among the children, avoiding ineffectual nodes at the cost of a small processing overhead in the tree traversal. (4) Node Co-location: To achieve fewer accesses per node than HiCuts and HyperCuts, we co-locate parts of a node and its children. Using ClassBench, we show that for similar throughput EffiCuts needs factors of 57 less memory than HyperCuts and of 4-8 less power than TCAM.
(Almost) Tight bounds and existence theorems for single-commodity confluent flows (2007)

A flow of a commodity is said to be confluent if at any node all the flow of the commodity leaves along a single edge. In this article, we study single-commodity confluent flow problems, where we need to route given node demands to a single destination using a confluent flow. Single- and multi-commodity confluent flows arise in a variety of application areas, most notably in networking; in fact, most flows in the Internet are (multi-commodity) confluent flows since Internet routing is destination based. We present near-tight approximation algorithms, hardness results, and existence theorems for minimizing congestion in single-commodity confluent flows. The maximum edge congestion of a single-commodity confluent flow occurs at one of the incoming edges of the destination. Therefore, finding a minimum-congestion confluent flow is equivalent to the following problem: given a directed graph G with k sinks and non-negative demands on all the nodes of G , determine a confluent flow that routes every node demand to some sink such that the maximum congestion at a sink is minimized. The main result of this article is a polynomial-time algorithm for determining a confluent flow with congestion at most 1 + ln( k ) in G , if G admits a splittable flow with congestion at most 1. We complement this result in two directions. First, we present a graph G that admits a splittable flow with congestion at most 1, yet no confluent flow with congestion smaller than H k , the k th harmonic number, thus establishing tight upper and lower bounds to within an additive constant less than 1. Second, we show that it is NP-hard to approximate the congestion of an optimal confluent flow to within a factor of (log 2 k )/2, thus resolving the polynomial-time approximability to within a multiplicative constant. We also consider a demand maximization version of the problem. We show that if G admits a splittable flow of congestion at most 1, then a variant of the congestion minimization algorithm yields a confluent flow in G with congestion at most 1 that satisfies 1/3 fraction of total demand. We show that the gap between confluent flows and splittable flows is much smaller, if the underlying graph is k -connected. In particular, we prove that k -connected graphs with k sinks admit confluent flows of congestion less than C + d max , where C is the congestion of the best splittable flow, and d max is the maximum demand of any node in G . The proof of this existence theorem is non-constructive and relies on topological techniques introduced by Lovász.
Novel DC-Contact MEMS Shunt Switches and High-Isolation Series/Shunt Designs (2001)

This paper presents a metal-to-metal contact MEMS shunt switch suitable for DC-40 GHz applications. A novel pull-down electrode is used which applies the electrostatic force at the same location as the metal-to-metal contact area. A contact resistance of 0.15 - 0.35 Ω is repeatably achieved, and results in an isolation of -40 dB at 0.1-3 GHz. The measured isolation is still better than -20 dB at 40 GHz. The DC-contact shunt switch is used in a series/shunt design to result in -60 dB isolation at 5 GHz and better than -40 dB up to 40 GHz. The application areas are in high-isolation/low-loss switches for telecommunication and radar systems.
Compact and low power consumption K-band differential low-noise amplifier design using transformer feedback technique (2008)

A compact and low power consumption three-stage differential K-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) with a 10 dB differential mode gain at 25.8 GHz and a 3 dB bandwidth of 22.8–26.8 GHz by using a transformer feedback technique with standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology is presented. The minimum input and output return losses over a 3 dB bandwidth are 11 and 7 dB, respectively. Fully differential characterisations of the noise figure (NF) and the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) are demonstrated. The obtained NF and CMRR are 4.84 dB and 23.3 dB at 25.8 GHz. The input 1 dB compression point and input third-order intercept point are −17.8 and −5 dBm, respectively. The overall power consumption is <25.6 mW. This three-stage differential LNA only occupies an area of 0.63×0.88 mm2.
Shedding light on night myopia (2012)

First described during the 18th century, the cause of night myopia remains a controversial topic. Whereas several explanations have been suggested in the literature, particularly related with accommodation or chromatic shift in scotopic light conditions, no definitive explanation for its aetiology has been provided. We describe an experiment in which ocular refractive state was objectively and subjectively measured while viewing two kind of stimulus: letters on a bright background and a punctual source of light in a dark background. We found that under photopic conditions the optimum refractive state of the accommodating eye is significantly more myopic when maximizing perceived quality of a point source on a dark background compared to a conventional letter chart with black letters on a white background. Optical modeling suggested this difference in refractive state is due to spherical aberration. Since isolated point sources are more likely encountered at night, whereas extended objects are more likely encountered in the daytime, our results suggest that a significant part of the night myopia phenomenon is determined by the nature of the visual stimulus and the visual task used to assess ocular refractive state.
ENERGY SAVINGS WITH CEILING FANS IN BROILER HOUSES (1998)

Electrical, gas, and total energy requirements during cool weather were compared for broiler housesequipped with ceiling fans and houses without fans. Fans were operated at speeds which were effective in disruptingvertical air temperature stratification but slow enough that air velocity at bird level was not measurable. Electricalenergy requirements were 5.5% higher, while gas requirements were 11% lower and overall energy requirements were 8%lower for houses equipped with ceiling fans than for houses without fans. Vertical temperature gradients were eliminated.There were no differences in bird performance as measured by market weight.
Winkler's Method for the Determination of Oxygen in Water; the Effect of Nitrite and Its Prevention. (1913)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTWinkler's Method for the Determination of Oxygen in Water; the Effect of Nitrite and Its Prevention.Frank E. Hale and Thomas W. MeliaCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1913, 5, 12, 976–980Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1913Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1913https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50060a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50060a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views171Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Specificity and Versatility in Erythromycin Biosynthesis (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced hemagglutination: glycoprotein C mediates virus binding to erythrocyte surface heparan sulfate (1993)

We recently reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause agglutination of murine erythrocytes (E. Trybala, Z. Larski, and J. Wisniewski, Arch. Virol. 113:89-94, 1990). We now demonstrate that the mechanism of this hemagglutination is glycoprotein C-mediated binding of virus to heparan sulfate moieties at the surface of erythrocytes. Hemagglutination was found to be a common property of all gC-expressing laboratory strains and clinical isolates of HSV-1 tested. Mutants of HSV-1 deficient in glycoprotein C caused no specific hemagglutination, whereas their derivatives transfected with a functional gC-1 gene, thus reconstituting gC expression, regained full hemagglutinating activity. Hemagglutination activity was inhibited by antibodies against gC-1 but not by antibodies with specificity for glycoproteins gB, gD, or gE or by murine antiserum raised against the MP strain of HSV-1, which is gC deficient. Finally, purified gC-1 protein, like whole HSV-1 virions, showed high hemagglutinating activity which was inhibited by heparan sulfate and/or heparin and was completely prevented by pretreatment of erythrocytes with heparitinase, providing evidence that gC-1 mediates hemagglutination by binding to heparan sulfate at the cell surface. Thus, HSV-1-induced hemagglutination is gC-1 dependent and resembles the recently proposed mechanism by which HSV-1 attaches to surface heparans on susceptible cells, providing a simple model for initial events in the virus-cell interaction.
Decreasing the variability observed in urine analysis. (2001)

Urine analysis is affected significantly by biological variability. The objective of this study was to study the feasibility of reducing the biological variability of excretion of various analytes in urine, especially albumin in children with diabetes, by mixing small volumes of early morning samples. Twenty-two male children with type 1 diabetes collected early morning aliquots of approximately 10 ml of urine on 3 consecutive days and kept them refrigerated in sealed containers. The urine collection was repeated every 4-6 months in the diabetic children. Ten normal children and 10 normal adults participated as controls. The specimens were analyzed individually and as mixed samples for each subject. Mixing the 3 urine samples before analysis decreased the biological variability of all urine assays (albumin, glucose, creatinine, total protein, potassium). The diabetic children had 3 times higher variability of urine albumin (as a ratio to creatinine) compared to normal children, when the urine samples were collected individually (61% vs 19%, respectively). The variability in the diabetic children decreased when the 3 specimens were analyzed as a single sample after mixing, especially when urine albumin was expressed as a ratio to creatinine. Blood glycated hemoglobin levels correlated better with urine glucose levels when 3 urine samples were mixed before analysis.
High temperature annealing effects on the electrical characteristics of C implanted Si (1996)

We have investigated the electrical characteristics of p+–n Si junction diodes implanted with 300 keV C ions at fluences of 0.5 and 1×1015 cm−2 and annealed at 900 or 1100 °C. In all cases cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows an excellent crystalline quality, with no extended defects, and the C-rich region is characterized by an n-type doping. In the material annealed at 900 °C the C-rich region shows a low electron mobility and the presence of deep donor levels, and, as a consequence, the diode characteristics are nonideal. These effects can be attributed to the formation of C–Si self-interstitial-type complexes after the 900 °C anneal. At 1100 °C part of the C–Si complexes dissolve and the electrical characteristics of the materials noticeably improve.
Keeping the knife sharp! (2021)

Being a Surgeon, even a trainee, has been a painful experience in the ongoing pandemic days, versus the world of yesterday1. The pandemic has crippled & strangulated many surgical branches due to paucity of volumes e.g., Plastic - Cosmetic Surgery, Orthopedics, Joint Replacement, Ortho-Trauma, Transplant Surgery, Elective Abdominal Surgeries like Hernia – Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, Ophthalmology, etc. are the worst affected. This article is about challenges faced by the surgeons involved in more elective surgeries and how they can & should survive the current catch-22 situation.
An Algorithm for Reducing the Bandwidth and Profile of a Sparse Matrix (1976)

A new algorithm for reducing the bandwidth and profile of a sparse matrix is described. Extensive testing on finite element matrices indicates that the algorithm typically produces bandwidth and profile which are comparable to those of the commonly-used reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm, yet requires significantly less computation time.
Second order smoothness over extraordinary vertices (2004)

Catmull & Clark subdivision is now a standard for smooth free-form surface modeling. These surfaces are everywhere curvature continuous except at points corresponding to vertices not incident on four edges. While the surface has a continuous tangent plane at such a point, the lack of curvature continuity presents a severe problem for many applications. Topologically, each n-valent extraordinary vertex of a Catmull & Clark limit surface corresponds to an n-sided hole in the underlying 2-manifold represented by the control mesh. The problem we address here is: How to fill such a hole in a Catmull & Clark surface with exactly n tensor product patches that meet the surrounding bicubic patch network and each other with second order continuity. We convert the problem of filling the hole with n tensor product patches in the spatial domain into the problem of filling the hole in the n frequency modes with a single bidegree 7 tensor product patch.
Domain Specific Modeling of Business Processes and Entity Mapping Using Generic Modeling Environment (GME) (2008)

Designing business process is very complex as it involves activities, resources, products and tools. Adopting the concept of domain specific modeling helps creating and using business processes, packaged as services and enable reusability, loose coupling, higher abstraction, agility, and interoperability. Domain specific modeling can be used to design the business processes as it increases the business centric value as well the productivity and quality. In this paper, GME tool is used for creating DSM of business process and also discussed how business processes are captured and defined at domain level. Also the design of business process and entity meta-model's and its interpretation to generate the Input model is shown in detail. GReAT Tool is used for applying configuration and transformation rules on the imported models. Finally full code generation is shown.
Fabrication and operation of a velocity modulation transistor (2001)

The velocity modulation transistor (VMT) has two channels with differing velocities. Small vertical distances between these channels can be achieved using epitaxial growth, opening the opportunity for higher speed than the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Experimental results from a VMT realized using the AlGaAs/GaAs system are given. The VMT channel carrier population as a function of input gate voltage is calculated for HEMTs and VMTs using a one-dimensional (1-D) numerical model. This supports a proposed equivalent circuit model for the VMT, which is used to compare VMT performance to that of HEMTs. A noise model for the VMT is developed, and this model suggests that HEMT-like noise is achievable with good carrier confinement. The dual gate, dual-channel VMT, while more complex than the HEMT, may be useful in applications such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and microwave amplifiers.
Implementing linearizability at large scale and low latency (2015)

Linearizability is the strongest form of consistency for concurrent systems, but most large-scale storage systems settle for weaker forms of consistency. RIFL provides a general-purpose mechanism for converting at-least-once RPC semantics to exactly-once semantics, thereby making it easy to turn non-linearizable operations into linearizable ones. RIFL is designed for large-scale systems and is lightweight enough to be used in low-latency environments. RIFL handles data migration by associating linearizability metadata with objects in the underlying store and migrating metadata with the corresponding objects. It uses a lease mechanism to implement garbage collection for metadata. We have implemented RIFL in the RAMCloud storage system and used it to make basic operations such as writes and atomic increments linearizable; RIFL adds only 530 ns to the 13.5 μs base latency for durable writes. We also used RIFL to construct a new multi-object transaction mechanism in RAMCloud; RIFL's facilities significantly simplified the transaction implementation. The transaction mechanism can commit simple distributed transactions in about 20 μs and it outperforms the H-Store main-memory database system for the TPC-C benchmark.