gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Performance of Closed Cycles With and Without Heat Rejection at Cryogenic Temperatures (1999)

This paper presents optimized cycle performance that can be obtained with systems including a closed cycle gas turbine (CCGT). The influence of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and recuperator effectiveness on cycle performance is illustrated, Several power-plant arrangements are analyzed and compared based on thermodynamic performance (thermal efficiency and specific work); enabling technologies (available at present); and developing technologies (available in the near term or future). The work includes the effects of utilization of high temperature ceramic heat exchangers and of coupling of CCGT systems with plants vaporizing liquid hydrogen (LH2) or liquefied natural gas (LNG). Given the versatility of energy addition and rejection sources that can be utilized in closed gas-cycle systems, the thermodynamic performance of power plants shown in this paper indicate the remarkable capabilities and possibilities for closed gas-cycle systems.
A simple chemical test to distinguish mycobacteria from other mycolic-acid-containing actinomycetes (1993)

Two hundred and fifty-two representatives of the general Corynebacterium, Gordona, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Tsukamurella were degraded by alkaline hydrolysis and their mycolic acids extracted as methyl esters following phase-transfer-catalysed esterification. When the mycolic acid methyl esters were treated with a mixture of acetonitrile and toluene all mycobacterial mycolates formed copious white precipitates whereas all but 5 out of the 106 non-mycobacterial mycolates remained in solution. The precipitated methyl mycolates and the dried soluble mycolates were compared by pyrolysis gas chromatography and silica gel thin-layer chromatography. On pyrolysis, the precipitated methyl mycolates from mycobacteria yielded fatty acid methyl esters with 20 to 26 carbon atoms whereas those from the remaining taxa produced shorter-chain esters. Mycobacteria and Tsukamurella paurometabola gave multispot mycolic acid patterns on thin-layer chromatography of their methyl esters whereas those from the remaining strains gave single spots. Our results indicate that Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus strains contain mycolic acids atypical of mycobacteria. It can be concluded that the mycolic acid precipitation test provides a simple and reliable way of distinguishing mycobacteria from all other prokaryotes, notably from other mycolic-acid-containing taxa.
Pancreatic carcinoma in perspective: A continuing challenge (1996)

There are approximately 27,000 new cases of carcinoma of the pancreas each year and most afflicted patients will die of the disease. Although smoking is a common denominator, chronic pancreatitis is considered an important precursor lesion in a smaller number of cancers. Pancreatic cancer is primarily a disease of the pancreatic ducts. The molecular events are under intense study, but c-K-ras mutation is involved in approximately 80% of the cases and p53 to a slightly lesser degree (60-80%). Early manifestations are usually occult, but jaundice is a common manifestation in patients with cancers of the pancreatic head. Thin-slice computed tomography, portography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are currently the most sensitive detection techniques. The developing use of endoscopic ultrasound and laparoscopy appear to enhance detection and are under evaluation. In many patients with advanced disease, endoscopic bypass may eliminate the need for unnecessary surgery, although gastrointestinal bypass is still required in some patients (10-15%). Curative resection is possible in selected patients (perhaps 10-15%), with expectation of extended survival ranging from 6->20% in some series. The survival differences may be related to stage, patient selection, and the expertise of the operative team. Preoperative chemotherapy/radiation is under study and may improve outcome. Clinical trial participation is essential for improvement in treatment outcomes.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AS A CONDENSING AGENT (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHYDROGEN CHLORIDE AS A CONDENSING AGENTJ. H. Simons and Harold HartCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 4, 979Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01196a518https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01196a518research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Super-resolution image restoration algorithm based on orthogonal discrete wavelet transform (2004)

By using orthogonal discrete wavelet transform (ODWT) and generalized cross validation (GCV), and combining with Luck-Richardson algorithm based on Poisson-Markov model (MPML), several new super-resolution image restoration algorithms are proposed. According to simulation experiments for practical images, all the proposed algorithms could retain image details better than MPML, and be more suitable to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) images. The single operation wavelet MPML (SW-MPML) algorithm and MPML algorithm based on single operation wavelet transform (MPML-SW) avoid the iterative operation of self-adaptive parameter in MPML particularly, and improve operating speed and precision. They are instantaneous to super-resolution image restoration process and have extensive application foreground.
Nutritional Status, Cognition, and Survival (2005)

Although adequate nutrition is essential for optimal neural activity and survival, mild energy restriction may improve cognition and prolong longevity. Energy status is monitored by the cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system, whereas leptin regulates total energy balance. We investigated the roles of AMPK and leptin in cognition and survival under diet restriction (DR). Hippocampal AMPK activity increases with energy restriction. Modest activation (DR to 60%) induces neurogenesis and improves cognition. However, DR to 40% augmented AMPK activity, reduced cognition and catecholamines, and increased neural apoptosis and mortality. Leptin signaling is preserved only in DR to 60%, countering the effects of AMPK "overactivation" by preventing neuroapoptosis, restoring noradrenergic activity and behavioral performance, and increasing longevity. The balance between leptin and AMPK is crucial in determining neuronal fate, cognitive ability, and survival. Should these findings extend to Man, then controlled activation of AMPK may improve neurodegenerative diseases, and leptin may have a new role in treating stress-associated malnutrition.
On the Synthesis of Sulfoxonium Ylides: New Aspects of the Chemistry of 1,3‐Dithietane 1,1,3,3‐Tetraoxide and 1,3,5‐Trithiane 1,1,3,3,5,5‐Hexaoxide (1996)

Abstract Sulfoxonium ylides 3a‐h were synthesized by silylation of the cyclic methylene disulfones 1,3‐dithietane 1,1,3,3‐tetraoxide ( 1 ) and 1,3,5‐trithiane 1,1,3,3,5,5‐hexaoxide ( 4 ) with the silylating agents silyl nonafluorobutanesulfonates. The structure and constitution of the ylides were established with 1 H‐NMR, 13 C‐NMR, 29 Si‐NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. On the route to the sulfoxonium ylides a new class of unsaturated disulfenes 7, 8, 12, 13 of 1 and 4 were synthesized via Knoevenagel and substitution reactions. Dianions of newly formed alkyl disulfenes 16a, b, e, f , and the trianion 17 were prepared and characterized by 1 H‐NMR and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy and compared with the results of the ylides.
Acoustic myography: A noninvasive monitor of motor unit fatigue (1985)

Acoustic myography is the recording of sounds produced by contracting muscle. These sounds become louder with increasing force of contraction. We have compared muscle sounds with surface EMG to monitor the dissociation of electrical from mechanical events (presumably, the loss of excitation-contraction coupling) which occur with motor unit fatigue. Acoustic signals were amplified using a standard phonocardiograph, recorded on FM magnetic tape, and digitally analyzed. Muscles were examined at rest, with intermittent contractions, and with sustained contractions. We found that with fatigue, the acoustic amplitude decayed, but the surface EMG amplitude did not. With decreased effort, however, the acoustic and the surface EMG amplitudes declined simultaneously. By simultaneously recording acoustic signals and needle EMG, individual motor units were resolved acoustically in two muscles with decreased numbers of motor units and increased motor unit size. Fasciculations also produced acoustic signals, although no acoustic signal has yet been found that correlates with fibrillations. Analysis of acoustic signals from muscle provides a noninvasive method for monitoring motor unit fatigue in vivo. It may also be useful in distinguishing muscle fatigue from decreased volition.
Chemical bonding and magnetism in 3d-5f intermetallics (1988)

The authors report self-consistent energy band calculations for UFe2 and UCo2 in four approximations: both semi-relativistic and fully relativistic for the paramagnetic ground states; both spin-polarised and spin-polarised with spin-orbit coupling included self consistently for the ferromagnetic ground state of UFe2. They compare ab initio calculated and measured lattice constants, bulk moduli, linear specific heat coefficients, pressure dependence of the magnetic moment and magnetic form factor. UCo2 is found to be an enhanced paramagnet and UFe2 an itinerant ferromagnet with a magnetic moment due mainly to the iron moments. However, the magnetism on the uranium sites is unusual in that they calculate both spin and orbital contributions to the moment that are large, antiparallel and almost equal.
Preparation of Crystalline LiNbO<sub>3</sub>Films with Preferred Orientation by Hydrolysis of Metal Alkoxides (1988)

Homogeneous and stoichiometric LiNbO{sub 3} films were prepared on substrates from double alkoxide solutions by a dip-coating method. Structural control of the double alkoxide solution is critical in synthesizing crystalline stoichiometric LiNbO{sub 3} films. The coordination states of alkoxides in solution were monitored by Ir and NMR spectroscopy. A viscosity of the double alkoxide solution was adjusted to a value of 6 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} to 7 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} N{center dot}s/m{sup 2} (6 to 7 cP) by partial hydrolysis and the concentration of the solution. Amorphous LiNbO{sub 3} films prepared on Si- or sapphire-single-crystal substrates from controlled alkoxide solutions began to crystallize at temperatures as low as 250{degree}C. Films on sapphire substrates crystallized with the preferred orientation along each orientation, such as (001), (110), and (012) but not on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates. The crystallinity of the initial thin-film coating of LiNbO{sub 3} significantly influenced the crystallization of films deposited subsequently.
Photoelectrochemical behavior of n-gallium arsenide electrodes in ambient-temperature molten-salt electrolytes (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoelectrochemical behavior of n-gallium arsenide electrodes in ambient-temperature molten-salt electrolytesP. Singh, K. Rajeshwar, J. DuBow, and R. JobCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 14, 4676–4681Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00534a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00534a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective formation of ohmic contacts to <i>n</i> -GaAs (1987)

A new process is presented for ohmic contact realisation to n-GaAs. The process enables selective formation of ohmic contacts showing ohmic characteristics without an alloying process. This is realised through the deposition of a heavily doped n-Ge layer on an n-GaAs layer. It is possible to grow a Ge layer on GaAs without deposition on SiO2 which is used as a mask. A Ge layer with doping in excess of 1019 cm−3 can be obtined, using GeH4, PH3 and H2 as source gases. This doping level is sufficiently high to exhibit nonalloyed ohmic characteristics.
Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in clinical specimens by using biotinylated DNA probes and analysis of cross-reactivity with herpes simplex virus (1986)

A method for rapid identification of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was developed with biotinylated DNA probes. BamHI restriction fragments from HCMV strain AD169 were selected and tested for their ability to detect virus in patient urine samples. All probes detected 30 pg of HCMV AD169 DNA. The BamHI B fragment detected 15 of 29 cell-culture-positive samples (sensitivity, 52%). There were four samples which were probe positive and cell culture negative (specificity, 87%). The D and H fragments used as combined probes detected 17 of 21 cell-culture-positive samples (sensitivity, 81%). There were five probe-positive and cell-culture-negative samples (specificity, 68.8%). The H fragment, when used alone, detected 11 of 14 culture-positive samples, and 5 samples were culture negative and probe positive. Sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (76.2%) for the H fragment were similar to those for the combined probes, but the color intensity of the positive reactions detected by the H fragment alone was lower. There was unexpected cross-reactivity with herpes simplex type 1 and 2 controls when the combined D and H probes were used. Specific hybridization was demonstrated between subfragments of the HCMV BamHI D fragment and the herpes simplex virus type 1 EcoRI M fragment.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of CoPtCr-SiO/sub 2/ perpendicular recording media (2002)

SiO/sub 2/ added CoPtCr magnetic layers are employed for perpendicular recording media. The microstructure, magnetic properties, and recording performance of these media are discussed. Very fine grains (size /spl sim/7 nm), surrounded by amorphous-like grain boundaries, are realized together with good c-axis orientation normal to the film plane. It is considered that the addition of SiO/sub 2/ to CoPtCr is very effective in realizing a well-isolated fine-grain structure without disturbing the epitaxial growth of CoPtCr grains on the Ru underlayer. The medium with a 12-nm-thick recording layer shows a large perpendicular anisotropy K/sub u/ of /spl sim/4 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ erg/cm/sup 3/, and high coercivity H/sub c/ of /spl sim/4 kOe. Moreover, the medium shows excellent SNR performance together with high thermal stability, indicating great potential for high-density perpendicular recording media.
The mechanical design of nacre (1988)

Abstract Mother-of-pearl (nacre) is a platelet-reinforced composite, highly filled with calcium carbonate (aragonite). The Young modulus, determined from beams of a span-to-depth ratio of no less than 15 (a necessary precaution), is of the order of 70 GPa (dry) and 60 GPa (wet), much higher than previously recorded values. These values can be derived from ‘shear-lag’ models developed for platey composites, suggesting that nacre is a near-ideal material. The tensile strength of nacre is of the order of 170 MPa (dry) and 140 MPa (wet), values which are best modelled assuming that pull-out of the platelets is the main mode of failure. In three-point bending, depending on the span-to-depth ratio and degree of hydration, the work to fracture across the platelets varies from 350 to 1240 J m-2. In general, the effect of water is to increase the ductility of nacre and increase the toughness almost tenfold by the associated introduction of plastic work. The pull-out model is sufficient to account for the toughness of dry nacre, but accounts for only a third of the toughness of wet nacre. The additional contribution probably comes from debonding within the thin layer of matrix material. Electron microscopy reveals that the ductility of wet nacre is caused by cohesive fracture along platelet lamellae at right angles to the main crack. The matrix appears to be well bonded to the lamellae, enabling the matrix to be stretched across the delamination cracks without breaking, thereby sustaining a force across a wider crack. Such a mechanism also explains why toughness is dependent on the span-to-depth ratio of the test piece. With this last observation as a possible exception, nacre does not employ any really novel mechanisms to achieve its mechanical properties. It is simply ‘well made’. The importance of nacre to the mollusc depends both on the material and the size of the shell. Catastrophic failure will be very likely in whole, undamaged shells which behave like unnotched beams at large span-to-depth ratios. This tendency is increased by the fact that predators act as ‘soft’ machines and store strain energy which can be fed into the material very quickly once the fracture stress has been reached. It may therefore be advantageous to have a shell made of an intrinsically less tough material which is better at stopping cracks (e. g. crossed lamellar). However, nacre may still be preferred for the short, thick shells of young molluscs, as these have a low span-to-depth ratio and can make better use of ductility mechanisms.
Determination of the pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium in the lung using a population pharmacokinetic modelling approach (2013)

The slow absorption from the lungs, together with the rapid elimination from the systemic circulation, could explain how once-daily glycopyrronium provides sustained bronchodilatation with a low incidence of adverse effects in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Its extended intrapulmonary residence time also provides pharmacokinetic evidence that glycopyrronium has the profile of a once-daily drug.
Preparation of N-Trimethyl Chitosan-Protein Nanoparticles Intended for Vaccine Delivery (2010)

In this paper, various N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) of different molecular-weights (approximately 100 KD, approximately 200 KD, and approximately 400 KD, respectively) with the approximately degree of quartenization (DQ) of 40% were successfully synthesized. In vitro cytotoxicity of TMC solution showed the dependence of TMC concentration from 20 microg/ml to 500 microg/ml on the relative cell activity. Molecular weight of TMC did not greatly affect the cytotoxicity of TMC against HEK293 and L929 cells. TMC nanoparticles and alginate modified TMC nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic gelation method. Subsequently, we investigated the properties of TMC nanoparticles and alginate modified TMC nanoparticles intending for oral delivery of antigens. Molecular weight of TMC did not affect the loading capacity (LC) and in vitro release behavior of TMC nanoparticles. However, BSA concentration and alginate modification have strongly effect on properties of TMC nanoparticles (particle size; surface charge; loading efficiency and loading capacity). In vitro release behavior indicated that alginate modification could efficiently decrease initial burst release and extend release time in phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and acidic solution (0.1 M HCl, pH = 1) at 37 degrees C. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay showed that alginate modification could effectively improve the stability of TMC nanoparticles and protect BSA from degradation or hydrolysis in acidic condition for at least 2 h.
SELECTION OF SURGICAL RESIDENTS: A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH (2000)

Abstract The criteria used by program directors in surgery for selection of surgical residents varies widely across programs. While most criteria tends to include one or more interviews, grades, experience, and letters of recommendation, there are very few models to facilitate the selection process, and the existing ones are linear in scope. This paper presents a neural network approach to facilitate the surgical residents selection process using 36 variables. Multi-layer perceptrons employing backpropagation are shown to result in better separation than stepwise discriminant analysis using a paired t-test.
Reactions of 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorohexa-1,5-diene. Part II. Cyclisation to a four-membered ring in the thermal addition of pentafluoroiodoethane (1971)

Pentafluoroiodoethane reacts at 210–220° with 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorohexa-1,5-diene to give unusual cyclisation products having a four-membered ring, contrary to analogous reactions of perfluoroalkyl iodides with hexa-1,5-diene and in spite of the unfavourable entropy change to give highly strained ring structure. Also minor amounts of an isomeric saturated monoadduct containing a five-membered ring and of acyclic monoadduct were isolated. The structures of the cyclic products were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Detection and Eradication<i>of Alternaria radicina</i>on Carrot Seed (1994)

Alternaria radicina was recovered from carrot seed following a 10-day incubation on a semiselective agar medium, Alternaria radicina Selective Agar (ARSA). A significantly higher proportion of A. radicina-infested seed was detected in individual seed lots assayed on ARSA than was detected by the standard freezer-blotter seed assay. The identity of A. radicina recovered on ARSA was confirmed by inoculation of carrot root tissue. Based on seed assays using ARSA, 24% (seven of 29) of randomly selected commercial carrot seed lots planted in the Cuyama Valley, California, in 1992, contained low levels of A. radicina (≤0.1%)
Intention in Art (2009)

In aesthetics and literary theory, intentions are most often discussed in debates over standards of interpretation. A major shortcoming of such debates, it has been observed, is a lack of insight into the nature and functions of intentions. With that point in mind, this article is designed to complement other recent surveys that focus primarily on intention and interpretation. The first section surveys claims about what intentions are and do, while the second turns to arguments regarding the place of intentions in the appreciation of art.