gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beam characteristics and clinical possibilities of a new compact treatment unit design combining narrow pencil beam scanning and segmental multileaf collimation (1998)

Not until the last decade has flexible intensity modulated three-dimensional dose delivery techniques with photon beams become a clinical reality, first in the form of heavy metal transmission blocks and other beam compensators, then in dynamic and segmented multileaf collimation, and most recently by scanning high-energy narrow electron and photon beams. The merits of various treatment unit and bremsstrahlung target designs for high-energy photon therapy are investigated theoretically for two clinically relevant target sites, a cervix and a larynx cancer both in late stages. With an optimized bremsstrahlung target it is possible to generate photon beams with a half-width of about 3 cm at a source to axis distance (SAD) of 100 cm and an initial electron energy of 50 MeV. By making a more compact treatment head and shortening the SAD, it is possible to reduce the half-width even further to about 2 cm at a SAD of 70 cm and still have sufficient clearance between the collimator head and the patient. One advantage of a reduced SAD is that the divergence of the beam for a given field size on the patient is increased, and thus the exit dose is lowered by as much as 1%/cm of the patient cross section. A second advantage of a reduced SAD is that the electron beam on the patient surface will be only about 8 mm wide and very suitable for precision spot beam scanning. It may also be possible to reduce the beamwidth further by increasing the electron energy up to about 60 MeV to get a photon beam of around 15 mm half-width and an electron beam as narrow as 5 mm. The compact machine will be more efficient and easy to work with, due to the small gantry and the reduced isocentric height. For a given target volume and optimally selected static multileaf collimator, it is no surprise that the narrowest possible scanned elementary bremsstrahlung beam generates the best possible treatment outcome. In fact, by delivering a few static field segments with individually optimized scan patterns, it is possible to combine the advantage of being able to fine tune the fluence distribution by the scanning system with the steeper dose gradients that can be delivered by a few static multileaf collimator segments. It is demonstrated that in most cases a few collimator segments are sufficient and often a single segment per beam portal may suffice when narrow scanned photon beams are employed, and they can be delivered sequentially with a negligible time delay. A further advantage is the increase of therapeutically useful photons and improved patient protection, since the pencil beam is only scanned where the leaf collimator is open. Consequently, some of the problems associated with dynamic multileaf collimation such as the tongue and groove and edge leakage effects are significantly reduced. Fast scanning beam techniques combined with good treatment verification systems allow interesting future possibilities to counteract patient and internal organ motions in real time.
Parameter Estimation of DC-DC Converters Using Recursive Algorithms with Adjustable Iteration Frequency (2018)

This paper presents a decimation approach to significantly alleviate the computational burden of general estimation algorithms, such as the Recursive Least Square (RLS), Affine Projection (AP) and Kalman Filter (KF) methods. Unlike conventional iteration processes, in which the estimation update occurs after every sampling event, the proposed approach employs an adjustable update rate, rather than the conventional fixed rate. As a result, lower computational burden and faster system identification techniques can be achieved. In this paper, the technique is applied to both a single DC-DC switch mode power converter and, to demonstrate the applicability in complex systems, a multi-rail power converter architecture. Simulation results shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Specular graphene transport barrier (2014)

We present a flexible model for a generic straight transport barrier in graphene in the specular limit. The specular limit applies for scattering of carriers sufficiently close to the Fermi level in three quarters of the transport barriers. Using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, we obtain the wave function, from which we derive the reflection and transmission probabilities as a function of the angle of incidence. The results, which are compared to those from exact multichannel tight-binding quantum transport calculations, show that some barriers exhibit a broader absence of reflection across a wide range of incident angles, whereas other barriers are highly reflective. The power of our model is that it could be used even when the precise atomistic detail of the transport barriers is unknown.
High Efficiency CFY-Stack for High Power Applications (2011)

SOFC modules with a power of 5 to 50 kW are a serious competitor to commercially available combined heat and power plants for decentralized electricity and heat supply with high electrical efficiency. Electrical efficiency and electrical power of a SOFC stack are essential for its profitable operation. The highest power density and electrical efficiency can only be achieved with planar SOFC stacks. Electrolyte supported cells with 10ScSZ electrolytes allow power densities of more than 500 mW/cm². On account of the thermomechanical properties of electrolyte this potential can only be used in stacks with chromium based interconnects (CFY from Plansee SE). High power, robustness and long-term stability are essential for stationary SOFC systems. In order to fulfill these requirements Fraunhofer IKTS in close collaboration with Plansee SE develops a new stack design with larger active area, simple cathode contacting, external cathode manifold and optimized interconnect layer. This paper will give an overview of the current SOFC stack development focused on power output, long-term stability, temperature cycling and reliability of SOFC stack assembling.
Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticle for Selective Sensing of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide (2012)

Fluorescent boronate-modified polyacrylonitrile (BPAN) nanoparticles of 50 nm diameter were fabricated for use as a selective H(2)O(2) sensor. The fluorescence intensity changed and an emission peak shifted when BPAN nanoparticles selectively interacted with H(2)O(2), relative to other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The BPAN nanoparticles undergo photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between a Schiff base moiety and boronate, which enhances the fluorescence and makes the nanoparticles suitable for selective ROS recognition. We demonstrate the use of these nanoparticles as a detector of endogenous H(2)O(2) produced in living cells. The representative features of the fluorescent BPAN nanoparticles that make them particularly attractive for H(2)O(2) and ROS detection are the following: they are easily synthesized as PET sensors; they exhibit a characteristic emission peak and peak shift that distinguishes reaction with H(2)O(2) from other ROS; and compared to organic compounds, the sensing moiety on BPAN polymer nanoparticles is more thermally stable and has superior mechanical properties, enabling their use in various biomedical applications.
Internet E-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation (1998)

From the Publisher:
Strengthen your knowledge of the basic concepts and technical details necessary to develop, implement, or debug e-mail software with this practical new reference. Authored by a recognized expert in creating and developing successful Internet e-mail servers, the book explains the underlying technology and describes the key protocols and extensions associated with Internet e-mail, including SMTP, POP3, IMAP, MIME, DSN, and more.

Network administrators, computer specialists, software developers... anyone charged with assessing, developing, or managing Internet e-mail systems will value this clear, comprehensive guide. It helps you build a sound understanding of e-mail architecture, message flow, and tracing protocols, and includes real-world examples of message exchanges with program code that you can refer to when developing or debugging your own systems. You also gain valuable insight into various security topics, including public and secret key encryption, digital signatures, and key management. What's more, each chapter begins with a unique, detailed definition list to help speed your understanding of technical terms and acronyms.

CD-ROM Included! Valuable software contains a listing of related Internet RFCs, as well as RSA PKCS documents, Eudora 3.0 freeware client, and the free user version of Software.com Post.Office Server for Windows NT 3.0.
Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management (1990)

Since World War II, waste management problems have been exacerbated by two factors—quantity and toxicity. Waste quantities have steadily increased due to population growth and, perhaps more significantly, because the specific waste generation rates (i.e., per man, woman or child) continue to increase, especially in the U.S. Americans are affluent consumers who demand the best and recycle little. Increasing requirements for consumer products, coupled with rapidly expanding technological innovations to make these products affordable, have placed high-technology products in the hands of many. General access to the personal computer, for example, was unthinkable only a few years ago. However, the manufacturers of televisions, automobiles, and personal computers, as well as the creators of countless other consumer items, also produce industrial wastes that must be managed. Disposable plastic objects, containers, and old newspapers are among the more obvious contributors to increasing municipal waste quantities, but hazardous wastes also result from their
A Comparison of Two Approaches to Compositional and Black Oil Simulation (1987)

Abstract This paper examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of solving a fully compositional isothermal three phase numerical simulator by two fundamentally different approaches. One of the methods considered is based on the standard Newton-Raphson procedure where the partial derivatives for all the pertinent equations are written with respect to a selected set of primary variables in a Jacobian matrix. This model can be solved fully implicitly as Coats did, or implicitly for pressure and explicitly for saturation and composition (IMPEM) as Fussell and Fussell or Young and Stephenson did. The alternative method, first proposed by Acs et al., is based on a volume balance where in each simulator block, the pore volumes are equated with the fluid volumes. As originally proposed, this method was also an IMPEM one, but Watts later extended it to include a sequential step implicit in saturation. As yet, no computational results have been published for this volume balance method. The Young and Stephenson model is compared with the IMPEM method of Acs et al. as well as the sequential method of Watts. The main area of comparison is the relative ease or difficulty with which each simulator handles various compositional problems. The advantages and disadvantages of using either method under different circumstances are discussed. As well, the performance of these simulators in their corresponding black oil forms is compared. Both models can be run using either the Peng Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, or Schmidt-Wenzel equations of state. All the derivatives needed in both models can be solved explicitly from analytical expressions that have been derived from these equations of state.
Predicting Cyber Security Incidents Using Feature-Based Characterization of Network-Level Malicious Activities (2015)

This study offers a first step toward understanding the extent to which we may be able to predict cyber security incidents (which can be of one of many types) by applying machine learning techniques and using externally observed malicious activities associated with network entities, including spamming, phishing, and scanning, each of which may or may not have direct bearing on a specific attack mechanism or incident type. Our hypothesis is that when viewed collectively, malicious activities originating from a network are indicative of the general cleanness of a network and how well it is run, and that furthermore, collectively they exhibit fairly stable and thus predictive behavior over time. To test this hypothesis, we utilize two datasets in this study: (1) a collection of commonly used IP address-based/host reputation blacklists (RBLs) collected over more than a year, and (2) a set of security incident reports collected over roughly the same period. Specifically, we first aggregate the RBL data at a prefix level and then introduce a set of features that capture the dynamics of this aggregated temporal process. A comparison between the distribution of these feature values taken from the incident dataset and from the general population of prefixes shows distinct differences, suggesting their value in distinguishing between the two while also highlighting the importance of capturing dynamic behavior (second order statistics) in the malicious activities. These features are then used to train a support vector machine (SVM) for prediction. Our preliminary results show that we can achieve reasonably good prediction performance over a forecasting window of a few months.
Who advances to Fellowship? Results of the College's 1985 membership advancement survey. (1986)

This study shows that persons not interested in pursuing Fellowship in the College are older, have less formal education, and value ambition less; yet they are more often in CEO positions when they become Members of the organization. Few tangible benefits are realized by recently advanced Fellows compared with a matched group of Members. Comparison criteria include salary, size of the organization, the proportion who are CEOs, and the subjective evaluation of career progression. Members not interested in advancement have recently taken on positions with less responsibility, and they are less satisfied and more alienated in their jobs than Fellows. Moreover, fewer work for or with other College Fellows, and they are not as likely to have their seminar expenses paid for by their organization. These findings confirm other research suggesting that commitment to professional associations is based more on appeals to values and interpersonal reasons rather than utilitarian reasons.
SINGLE POINT MOORING: A NEW SYSTEM (1973)

A description is given of a new single point mooring system. The mooring principle of the system is explained, as are the criteria that were established for the system while it was still in the definition stage. The system components are described, including the anchor, the pipeline system, the surface mooring buoy and other associated equipment. An explanation is given of the operational features of the system, and a projection for possible applications and future development of the system are also included.
Modes of Action of Different Classes of Herbicides (2015)

The mode of action of herbicides is important for understanding the management, classification, organization, and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance, which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management. The overuse of herbicides, just like other pesticides such as insecticides, has led to increased development of resistance among weeds, causing injury and destruction of useful plants in agriculture, land management, and other related industries. This chapter focuses on the main theme while providing in-depth analysis of the different modes of action of various classes of herbicides. The modes of action of herbicides are as variable as their chemical compositions as they focus on controlling susceptible plants through various biochemical means. Depending upon the specific mode of action at work, it may involve a plant enzyme or a biological system that the herbicide may interrupt, thus injuring or disrupting the regular plant growth and development and causing eventual plant death. Having an in-depth knowledge of the mode of action of herbicides is important in choosing a specific herbicide for a specific crop, understanding the injury symptoms, and devising an appropriate crop-management strategy.
Use of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors as Promising Targeted Therapeutic Drugs (2009)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered to be involved in the etiology of diabetes mellitus, neural diseases such as Alzheimer;s and Parkinson;s disease, regulation of allergy and inflammation, or they are even considered to be responsible for the pathogens; virulence in vivo. Since discovery of first PTP inhibitors such as dephostatin in early 90th years, the research moved on toward search for inhibitors specific for the individual PTP molecules. Currently, dozens of new PTP inhibitors are reported each year, ranging from natural products, natural product analogs, peptides, phosphonates, nonpeptidic inhibitors, mimotopes, metal-containing inhibitors, redox inhibitors, to simply silencing RNAs as widely used inhibitors of PTP expression. Several currently used drugs also show PTP inhibitory activity. Among them are sodium stibogluconate, phenylarsine oxide, alendronate, etidronate, vanadate, gallium nitrate, suramin, or aplidin. However, the market is still waiting for the first clinically approved selective PTP inhibitor. Here in this review are described inhibitors of activity or expression of the particular classical PTPs, with emphasis on specific inhibition of the respective PTP over the others. The inhibitors are not classified according to their chemical composition, but according to their biological activity, which should help to simplify search for inhibitors of particular classical PTPs. Even though PTP inhibitors are difficult to develop, lifting the fog of phosphatase inhibition is of the great market potential and further clinical impact.
Design of diffractive optical elements for optical signal processing (2002)

The design of diffractive optical elements is presented in light of the special needs of signal processing applications. Three applications are considered: correlation filter design for limited-modulation spatial light modulators, diffractive conical lens design for a scale-space processor, and hybrid lens design to correct for chromatic aberration and to provide stable thermal behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rapid production of silver nanowires based on high concentration of AgNO3 precursor and use of FeCl3 as reaction promoter (2014)

Massive silver nanowires with high yields have been synthesized within 10 minutes by a facile and effective two-step dropwise addition polyol method due to high reaction rates by virtue of high AgNO3 concentrations and anti-oxidation properties of the reaction promoter FeCl3. In particular, pure nanowires could be obtained by varying the AgNO3 concentrations from 0.1 M to 0.6 M. It was found that the concentrations of Fe3+, Cl−, and PVP, bubbling atmosphere, reaction temperature, and time were important factors for controlling the morphology of the products. The results showed that a FeCl3 concentration of 0.1–0.15 mM, a PVP concentration of 0.3–0.45 M, air bubbling atmosphere, a temperature of 150–160 °C, and a reaction time of 10–120 min were appropriate conditions for the synthesis of nanowires, where the diameters could be tuned from 80 nm to 323 nm, and the length could be tuned from 3.7 μm to 14.3 μm. Moreover, Fe3+ could accelerate and facilitate the formation of silver nanowires by preventing their oxidative etching, while excessive Fe3+ also etched silver nanostructures. Furthermore, the rapid growth of nanowires due to a sufficient silver source provided by the second rapid dropwise addition and etching of other particles by Cl−/O2 occurred simultaneously under air, thereby producing high-quality silver nanowires. Additionally, the diameter of the silver nanowires decreased and their surfaces became rougher, which is ascribed to etching effects with the time. More specifically, two silver nanowires could fuse together to form long nanowires arising from the existence of high nitrate anion concentrations. The size-dependent UV-VIS absorption spectra displayed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak broadened and red shifted from 384 nm to 458 nm with an increase in diameter from 80 nm to 323 nm. Meanwhile, the number of SPR peaks decreased from two to one. In consideration of morphology controllability, less time and energy cost, and synthesis of massive nanowires, the method is promising for realizing the industrial production of silver nanowires.
Anodic acetoxylation of dimethoxybenzenes (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnodic acetoxylation of dimethoxybenzenesKunihisa Yoshida, Masataka Shigi, Takahiro Kanbe, and Takayuki FuenoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 25, 3805–3806Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00913a052https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00913a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Stereochemistry of the Addition of Silicochloroform to Acetylenes (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Stereochemistry of the Addition of Silicochloroform to AcetylenesRobert A. Benkeser and Richard A. HicknerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 19, 5298–5300Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01552a072https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01552a072research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views305Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts