gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active Transport of Sodium and Potassium Ions (1980)

Much of the metabolic energy produced by the body is used to establish high intracellular concentrations of potassium (K+) and low concentrations of sodium (Na+), the reverse of the relative concentrations of these ions in the extracellular fluids. The extrusion of sodium requires its movement against a gradient of concentration (higher outside than inside) and electrical potential (inside about 70 mV more negative than outside); work is therefore needed to overcome this electrochemical gradient. The transmembrane pumping of sodium and potassium that establishes these gradients has been studied intensively and is among the best understood membrane transport processes. . . .
Performance comparison of least squares and least mean squares algorithms as HF channel estimators (2005)

In this paper a comparison is made between the convergence and tracking properties of Least Squares (LS) and Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithms as high frequency (HF) channel estimators. Theoretical results are derived for the asymptotic error achieved by the LS algorithms under white-input conditions in the HF channel. This result is more accurate than previous analyses of LS algorithms in a nonstationary enviroment [5,8,9]. Utilising a state space definition of the channel model a minimum variance Kalman estimator is derived using the a-priori knowledge of the parameters which define the Markov process.
Novel glass-forming liquid crystals V. Nematic and chiral-nematic systems with an elevated glass transition temperature (2000)

Abstract The formerly implemented molecular design concept behind glass-forming liquid crystals (gLCs) was generalized by increasing the volume of the non-mesogenic central core, with an attendant increase in the number of nematic pendants, using 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid as the bridging unit. New nematic gLCs were synthesized and characterized, showing an elevation in Tg by 30 to 40°C with no definite trend in Tc over the benzene, cis, cis-cyclohexane, and exo, endo-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene base cores. The exo, exo-configured gLC showed a higher Tg and a higher T c than the exo, endo-counterpart. Morphological characterization with X-ray diffractometry revealed the non-crystalline nature of pristine samples and the morphological stability of thermally processed gLC films against recrystallization for six months. Nematic gLC films were prepared for characterization by FTIR linear dichroism, resulting in an orientational order parameter in the range 0.52 to 0.63. A chiral-nematic gLC derived from exo, exo-bicyclo[2.2.2.]oct-7-ene also showed an elevation in Tg by 10 to 20°C over the cyclohexane-based systems reported previously. With (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine as the chiral moiety, the left-handed, chiral-nematic gLC film yielded a selective reflection band centred around 375 nm. Tunability of selective reflection from the UV to visible region was demonstrated by mixing the chiral-nematic and nematic gLCs at varying ratios.
From Task Classification Towards Similarity Measures for Recommendation\n in Crowdsourcing Systems (2017)

Task selection in micro-task markets can be supported by recommender systems\nto help individuals to find appropriate tasks. Previous work showed that for\nthe selection process of a micro-task the semantic aspects, such as the\nrequired action and the comprehensibility, are rated more important than\nfactual aspects, such as the payment or the required completion time. This work\ngives a foundation to create such similarity measures. Therefore, we show that\nan automatic classification based on task descriptions is possible.\nAdditionally, we propose similarity measures to cluster micro-tasks according\nto semantic aspects.\n
Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression (2014)

The Oscillibacter type strain has valeric acid as its main metabolic end product, a homolog of neurotransmitter GABA, while Alistipes has previously been shown to be associated with induced stress in mice. In conclusion, the taxonomic correlations detected here may therefore correspond to mechanistic models.
Restauraciones parciales en porcelana de coronas de dientes. (1918)

La fractura y el desarrollo defectuoso del esmalte de los bordes incisivos de los dientes anteriores exigen frecuentemente una restauracion, sin que sea necesario quitar la totalidad de la corona del diente. Estas restauraciones de porcelana no estan indicadas mas que cuando hay que decidirse por una restauracion de oro de pequeno volumen o por la aplicacion de una corona entera de porcelana. Solo es posible esta operacion cuando basta para reformar el contorno un volumen pequeno de porcelana, siendo entonces preferible a una obturacion metalica.
The continuum architecture: towards enabling chaotic ubiquitous computing (2005)

Interactions in the style of the ubiquitous computing paradigm are possible today, but only in handcrafted environments within one administrative and technological realm. This thesis describes an architecture (called Continuum), a design that realises the architecture, and a proof-of-concept implementation that brings ubiquitous computing to chaotic environments. Essentially, Continuum enables an ecology at the edge of the network, between users, competing service providers from overlapping administrative domains, competing internet service providers, content providers, and software developers that want to add value to the user experience. Continuum makes the ubiquitous computing functionality orthogonal to other application logic. Existing web applications are augmented for ubiquitous computing with functionality that is dynamically compiled and injected by a middleware proxy into the web pages requested by a web browser at the user?s mobile device. This enables adaptability to environment variability, manageability without user involvement, and expansibility without changes to the mobile. The middleware manipulates self-contained software units with precise functionality (called <i>frames</i>), which help the user interact with contextual services in conjunction with the data to which they are attached. The middleware and frame design explicitly incorporates the possibility of discrepancies between the assumptions of ubiquitous-computing software developers and field realities: multiple administrative domains, unavailable service, unavailable software, and missing contextual information. A framework for discovery and authorisation addresses the chaos inherent to the paradigm through the notion of <i>role assertions</i> acquired dynamically by the user. Each assertion represents service access credentials and contains bootstrapping points for service discovery on behalf of the holding user. A proof-of-concept prototype validates the design, and implements several frames that demonstrate general functionality, including driving discovery queries over multiple service discovery protocols and making equivalences between service types, across discovery protocols.
Fabrication and properties of spatial light modulator with magneto-optical Faraday effect (2006)

This paper represents fabrication and properties of an improved current-driven 128 by 128 magneto-optic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) consists of arrayed pixels patterned with 14 micrometers square of 16 micrometers pitch. It could be driven successively only drivelines without a bias field by external coil to saturate magnetization. The magnetic pixels were embedded into the nonmagnetic substrate both to avoid magnetic switching error and to make the pixels array surface smooth. The switching field of arrayed pixels was reduced to 145Oe by annealing them to decrease the growth induced magnetic anisotropy. This value was about half of the conventional 128 by 128 MOSLMs. Moreover, copper straight drivelines were used for decreasing electric power consumption and applying a homogeneous magnetic field to the pixel. This drivelines structure enabled to switch the individual pixels reversibly keeping a single domain state, therefore, the successive driving of writing and erasing various checker patterns could be possible without bias field by external coil. The electric power consumption was decreased about 70 %. The switching speed of one pixel was 25 nanoseconds. It is more than a thousand times faster than other types of SLM, for example, 10 to 30 milliseconds for liquid crystal (LC) type, and 10-20 microseconds for micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) type.
AlxSiyNz passivated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2009)

The performance of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> passivation is reported for the first time. Thin films (30 nm) of Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> and Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> were used to passivate devices (fabricated side-by-side) and their performance was compared in both small signal and large signal measurement environments. Examination of MIS structures with each dielectric by capacitance-voltage measurements revealed the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> provides a net negative fixed charge density allowing controlled depletion of the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in ungated regions of the channel. This is in contrast to Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> passivation where the surface depletion of the 2DEG is almost completely removed, which results in the full channel charge existing in the ungated portions of the channel. Reducing the charge in the ungated portions of the channel can be used to reduce the electric field at high drain bias with small increases in source and drain access resistance. Reduction of channel charge using a MIS gate extension (field plate) is now commonly used to increase the device performance at large drain bias. The charged dielectric approach described in this study allows for the elimination of the field plate (and its associated parasitic capacitances) while maintaining state-of-the-art performance at drain biases up to 55 V for a device with a 0.2 micron gate length.
Systematic approach in testing the viability of mechanical partial-cut singulation process towards tin-plateable sidewalls for wettable flank on automotive QFN technology (2016)

Satisfying stringent customer requirement of visually detectable solder joint termination for high reliability applications requires the implementation of robust wettable flank strategies. One strategy involves the exposition of the sidewall via partial-cut singulation, where the exposed surface could be made wettable through tin (Sn) electroplating process. Herein, we report our systematic approach in evaluating the viability of mechanical partial-cut singulation process to produce Sn-plateable sidewalls, enabling the wettable flank technology using an automotive QFN package are technology carrier. Optimization DOE produced robust set of parameters showing that mechanical partial cut is a promising solution to produce sidewalls appropriate for Sn electroplating, synergistically yielding excellent wettable flanks.
Relationships Between Color, Trypsin Inhibitor Contents, and Urease Index of Soybean Meal and Effects on Broiler Performance (1981)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationships between trypsin inhibitor contents, urease index, and color of soybean meal, and the effect on broiler performance. Either 0, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16% moisture (Experiment 1) or 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% moisture (Experiment 2) was added after dehydrating raw, flaked, solvent-extracted soybeans to 2% moisture. Each sample was then sealed in .473-liter jars, autoclaved for 0 to 135 min, with 15-min intervals, and dried at 37 C in a vacuum oven to remove all remaining moisture. In Experiment 3 commercial soybean meal with 12.12 μg trypsin inhibited/mg protein (μg/mg) was autoclaved for 0 to 25 min with 5-min intervals to determine the effect of additional heat on broiler performance and SBM color. Commercial soybean meal with 12.12 μg/mg trypsin inhibitor, tristimulus +a color value of 3.21, and a urease index of .19 Δ pH supported poorer growth and feed efficiency in broilers than the same soybean meal heated an additional 10 min and, thus, 1.77 μg/mg trypsin inhibitor, a + a color value of +4.76, and urease index of .02 Δ pH. Results indicated that color is a good predictor of trypsin inhibitor content and broiler performance. Additional heating resulted in higher +a color values and poorer broiler performance, indicating that color may also be used to determine overprocessing. Particle size of the soybean meal influenced the color. The soybean meal ground to pass a 20 mesh screen supported the best broiler performance when tristimulus color values ranged from +4.5–5.5 ±a color values or 58–65 L color values. These results confirm that color is a quick and reliable method of determining soybean meal quality.
Portable Internet as Next Generation Network (2005)

Portable Internet system will be a subset of IEEE802.16e Wireless MAN new standard in mobile communication based on IP network not circuit network. It will be expected that portable internet give a great influence on mobile communication market. It is very controversial that Portable internet can be a substituted or complementary technology in mobile telecommunication market. Accordingly it is very interesting to compare portable internet with CDMA mobile communication. Portable internet can be very useful if any country choose it as NGN. In this paper technical and service comparison between portable internet system and CDMA mobile communication is discussed for the shake of utilization
Statistical and neural classification of handwritten numerals: a comparative study (2003)

Presents the results obtained in a performance evaluation study on the recognition of handwritten numerals, using a statistical classifier and a neural network. The features consist of direction sensitive spatial features derived from the digitized image of the numeral. Studies with a large numeral database indicate that the overall performance of the neural net is better than that of the statistical classifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
GOTree Machine (GOTM): a web-based platform for interpreting sets of interesting genes using Gene Ontology hierarchies (2004)

GOTree Machine has a broad application in functional genomic, proteomic and other high-throughput methods that generate large sets of interesting genes; its primary purpose is to help users sort for interesting patterns in gene sets.
PEG–imidazolium-functionalized 6FDA–durene polyimide as a novel polymeric membrane for enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> separation (2016)

A series of poly(ethylene glycol)–imidazolium-functionalized 6FDA–durene polyimides (PEG–Im-PIs) with a range of PEG chain lengths was developed.
High speed fiber-based quantum key distribution using polarization encoding (2005)

We have implemented a quantum key distribution (QKD) system with polarization encoding at 850 nm over 1 km of optical fiber. The high-speed management of the bit-stream, generation of random numbers and processing of the sifting algorithm are all handled by a pair of custom data handling circuit boards. As a complete system using a clock rate of 1.25 Gbit/s, it produces sifted keys at a rate of 1.1 Mb/s with an error rate lower than 1.3% while operating at a transmission rate of 312.5 Mbit/s and a mean photon number μ = 0.1. With a number of proposed improvements this system has a potential for a higher key rate without an elevated error rate.
QoS routing for wireless ad hoc networks: problems, algorithms, and protocols (2005)

QoS routing plays an important role for providing QoS in wireless ad hoc networks. The goals of QoS routing are in general twofold: selecting routes with satisfied QoS requirement(s), and achieving global efficiency in resource utilization. In this article we first discuss some key design considerations in providing QoS routing support, and present a review of previous work addressing the issue of route selection subject to QoS constraint(s). We then devise an on-demand delay-constrained unicast routing protocol. Various strategies are employed in the protocol to reduce the communication overhead in acquiring cost-effective delay-constrained routes. Simulation results are used to verify our expectation of the high performance of the devised protocol. Finally, we discuss some possible future directions for providing efficient QoS routing support in wireless ad hoc networks.
Metabolic Agents that Enhance ATP can Improve Cognitive Functioning: A Review of the Evidence for Glucose, Oxygen, Pyruvate, Creatine, and l-Carnitine (2011)

Over the past four or five decades, there has been increasing interest in the neurochemical regulation of cognition. This field received considerable attention in the 1980s, with the identification of possible cognition enhancing agents or "smart drugs". Even though many of the optimistic claims for some agents have proven premature, evidence suggests that several metabolic agents may prove to be effective in improving and preserving cognitive performance and may lead to better cognitive aging through the lifespan. Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration in physiological functions and metabolic processes. There are a number of agents with the potential to improve metabolic activity. Research is now beginning to identify these various agents and delineate their potential usefulness for improving cognition in health and disease. This review provides a brief overview of the metabolic agents glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine and their beneficial effects on cognitive function. These agents are directly responsible for generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the main cellular currency of energy. The brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body and as such is particularly vulnerable to disruption of energy resources. Therefore interventions that sustain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels may have importance for improving neuronal dysfunction and loss. Moreover, recently, it has been observed that environmental conditions and diet can affect transgenerational gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. Metabolic agents might play a role in regulation of nutritional epigenetic effects. In summary, the reviewed metabolic agents represent a promising strategy for improving cognitive function and possibly slowing or preventing cognitive decline.
Visualisation, tracking and navigation of instruments for MRI-guided interventional procedures (1999)

SummaryInterventional procedures using magnetic resonance (MR) image-guidance have recently increased in interest. A variety of methodologies for visualising and automatically tracking instruments, including endoscopes, RF ablation electrodes and catheters, have been developed and introduced to help the interventionist to safely guide the device towards the target tissue. This article describes and compares characteristics of the four most commonly-used localisation and tracking systems for MRI-guided interventional procedures: those based on the susceptibility artifact of the device; those which intentionally created field inhomogeneity along the device; those relying on an optical tracking system; and active tracking systems using micro-receive coils.
Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation (2003)

Part 1 Olfaction: Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology - Olfactory Mucosa: Composition, Enzymatic Localization and Metabolism, Anatomy of the Human Nasal Passages, Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Human Olfactory Neuroepithelium, Functional Anatomy, Central Connections, and Neurochemistry of the Mammalian Olfactory Bulb, The Molecular Mechanisms of Olfactory Signal Transduction, Developmental Anatomy of the Olfactory System Human Psychophysics and Measurement of Odor-Induced Responses - Current Trends In the Measurement of Olfactory Function, Modern Approaches to Air Dilution Olfactometry, Olfactory Adaptation, Perception of Odor Mixtures, Olfaction and Development of Social Preferences in Neonatal Organisms, The Genetics of Olfactory Perception Clinical Applications and Perspectives - Clinical Disorders of Olfaction - A Review, Viruses and the Olfactory System, Evaluation of Olfactory Deficits by Medical Imaging, Rhinological Considerations and Upper Airway Physical Examination of Patients with Olfactory Disorders, Distorted Olfactory Perception, Deprivation and the Olfactory System, Nasal Airway Dynamics and Olfactory Function. Part 2 Gustation: Anatomy, Biochemistry, Development, Genetics, and Physiology - Saliva: Its Function and Disorders, Anatomy of the Peripheral Taste System, Central Taste Anatomy and Neurophysiology, Receptor Mechanisms in Gustation, Transduction of Taste Stimuli by Receptor Cells in the Gustatory System Human Psychophysics and Measurement of Testant-Induced Responses - Current Trends in Measuring Taste, Perception of Taste Mixtures, Ontogeny of Human Taste Perception clinical Applications and Perspectives - nutritional implications of Taste and Smell Disorders, Conditioned Flavour Aversions, Head Injury and Taste, Iatrogenic Causes of Taste Disturbances: Radiation Therapy, Surgery, Medication Other Chemosensory Systems. (Part Contents).
Ergonomic design criteria for a novel laparoscopic tool handle with tactile feedback. (2006)

Laparoscopic surgery has many ergonomic disadvantages often not considered in the design of instruments. The poorly designed surgical tools produce inconveniences in both functional and cognitive aspects; including tactile sensation and visual-motor space coordination. The aim of this article is to find out how laparoscopic handle design can be improved by combining classical ergonomic guidelines with tactile feedback related to handle design. The article briefly discusses how the human hand and hand-held tools are used to perform tasks. An ergonomic handle for laparoscopic grasping, with a built-in tactile sensation display, is presented. Our review of laparoscopic instruments reveals important aspects for handle design. It is concluded that there is a need for greater awareness of ergonomic guidelines for users' sensory requirements when designing and manufacturing laparoscopic instruments.
Passive closed-form expression of RLCG transmission lines (2003)

The closed-form expression of multi-conductor lossy transmission lines is presented. The model is analytically derived from a set of telegrapher's equations. Previous works for modeling the transmission lines have relied on some approximation procedures, for example, Pade approximation, Krylov subspace method, and so on. Thus, these methods never give the exact poles and residues. In this paper, a macromodel consisting of the exact poles and residues is presented. Further, it is proven that the passivity of the macromodel is preserved.