gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sub-picosecond pulse generation employing an SOA-based nonlinear polarization switch in a ring cavity (2004)

We demonstrate the generation of sub-picosecond optical pulses using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and a linear polarizer placed in a ring-laser configuration. Nonlinear polarization rotation in the SOA serves as the passive mode-locking mechanism. The ring cavity generates pulses with duration below 800 fs (FWHM) at a repetition rate of 14 MHz. The time -bandwidth product is 0.48. Simulation results in good agreement with the experimental results are presented.
Novel Type of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome <i>mec</i> Identified in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains (2002)

We identified a new type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) from two community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The novel element, designated type IV SCCmec, had a unique combination of the class B mec gene complex and the type 2 ccr gene complex and was much smaller in size (21 to 24 kb) than previously identified SCCmec elements of hospital-acquired MRSA. Consistent with the strains' susceptibilities to various non-beta-lactam antibiotics, the type IV SCCmec was devoid of any antibiotic resistance genes other than the mecA gene.
The Condition Number of the PageRank Problem (2003)

We determine analytically the condition number of the PageRank problem. Specifically, we prove the following statement: $P$ be an $n \times n$ row-stochastic matrix whose diagonal elements $P_{ii}=0$. Let $c$ be a real number such that $0 \leq c < 1$. Let $E$ be the $n \times n$ rank-one row-stochastic matrix $E=\vec{e}\vec{v}^T$, where $\vec{e}$ is the n-vector whose elements are all $e_i=1$, and $\vec{v}$ is an n-vector that represents a probability distribution. Define the matrix $A=[cP + (1-c)E]^T$. The problem $A\vec{x}=\vec{x}$ has condition number $\kappa=(1+c)/(1-c)$. This statement has implications for the accuracy to which PageRank can be computed, currently and as the web scales. Furthermore, it provides a simple proof that, for values of $c$ that are used by Google, small changes in the link structure of the web do not cause large changes in the PageRanks of pages of the web.
The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for non-infectious conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: a critical review (1996)

Chloroquine and hydrocychloroquine have been evaluated in 30 noninfectious disorders and conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus; 12 of these have been subjected to well-designed controlled trials. It is concluded that chloroquines are safe and effective first line therapies for selected patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, cutaneous sarcoidosis, cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis, hyperlipidemias and thromboembolic prophylaxis for patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Published experience with these and other diseases or syndromes are critically reviewed.
Usefulness of the Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen Kinetic for Chemotherapy Monitoring in Patients With Unresectable Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer (2008)

These results suggest that the CEA kinetic is an accurate, simple, and noninvasive method to identify the disease progression in patients with unresectable metastasis of colorectal cancer.
C3 Glomerulopathy: The Genetic and Clinical Findings in Dense Deposit Disease and C3 Glomerulonephritis (2014)

C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) defines a group of very rare renal diseases in which dysregulation of the alternative and terminal complement pathways plays a pivotal pathogenic role. Dysregulation is driven by genetic and/or acquired defects, with interindividual variability giving rise to two broad subtypes of C3G-dense deposit disease (DDD) and C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN). Patient evaluation should include genetic testing and biomarker profiling of complement activity. There is currently no effective targeted treatment option for C3G and, as a consequence, a variety of supportive measures are used. C3G remains an ideal disease in which new complement therapies can be tested as they become available. Trials must include a comprehensive evaluation of each patient at the genetic and biomarker level so that individual responses to therapy can be predicted and understood in light of the degree of complement dysregulation and underlying pathology.
Na,K-ATPase: Cardiac Glycoside Binding and Functional Importance of Negatively Charged Amino Acids of Transmembrane Regions (1994)

Na+/K+-ATPase is the receptor for cardiac glycosides, a class of drugs used to treat congestive heart failure and arrhythymias. Binding of these compounds to the enzyme is antagonized by K+ ions suggesting that the binding sites for these ligands may either overlap or that binding of one may effect the other. Thus, defining the binding site for this class of drugs may help in understanding how Na+/K+-ATPase transports cations. An approach for defining the cardiac glycoside binding site is to use site-directed mutagenesis coupled with expression and selection systems. In addition, these techniques can be used to determine the role of specific amino acid residues in catalytic functions of the enzyme such as cation binding. Utilizing this approach we have identified amino acid residues which act as determinants of ouabain sensitivity as well as investigated the role specific transmembrane amino acids play in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. A functional approach is also being developed to determine if a naturally occurring ligand for Na+/K+-ATPase exists and whether it is physiologically significant.
Membrane Activation:  Selective Vesicle Fusion via Small Molecule Recognition (2006)

We report herein the induction of selective vesicle fusion with biological recognition motifs not natively associated with lipid bilayer fusion, thus broadening the scope of recognition-guided membrane activation. Our system employs vancomycin glycopeptide, coupled to the antimicrobial peptide magainin, and D-Ala-D-Ala-OH dipeptide coupled to a phospholipid derivative, as surface-bound fusogens. Fusion was characterized by dynamic light scattering and FRET experiments with lipid bound fluorophores. We have demonstrated here that appropriately designed membrane anchored molecular recognition motifs have the biomimetic ability to activate specific membrane mergers; this principle has resonance with goals in targeted chemical delivery and nanoscale compartmentalized chemistry.
THE EFFECT OF SALTS UPON THE SOLUBILITY OF OTHER SALTS, V. THE SOLUBILITY OF UNIBIVALENT SALTS IN SOLUTIONS OF SALTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES. (1911)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTTHE EFFECT OF SALTS UPON THE SOLUBILITY OF OTHER SALTS, V. THE SOLUBILITY OF UNIBIVALENT SALTS IN SOLUTIONS OF SALTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES.William D. HarkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1911, 33, 12, 1807–1827Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1911Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1911https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02225a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02225a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Involvement of pertussis toxin‐sensitive GTP‐binding proteins in sphingosine 1‐phosphate‐induced activation of phospholipase CCa<sup>2+</sup> system in HL60 leukemia cells (1996)

Exogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induced Ca2+ mobilization, in association with an increase in inositol polyphosphate production reflecting activation of phospholipase C in HL60 leukemia cells. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by S1P was inhibited by an appropriate treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (PTX), U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In parallel with the Ca2+ response, these agents also inhibited inositol polyphosphate production. The S1P-induced Ca2+ response was also attenuated in the dibutyryl cAMP-induced differentiated cells, where GTP-binding protein-induced Ca2+ response suggested to be enhanced. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) also increased [Ca2+]i in the cels, but the maximal response was about half of that of S1P, and furthermore PTX and dibutyryl cAMP treatment hardly affected the LPA-induced Ca2+ mobilization. We conclude that exogenous S1P mobilizes Ca2+ through phospholipase C activation. The S1P-induced enzyme activation is at least partly mediated by PTX-sensitive GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors which may be different from LPA receptors.
Selective transmission of R5 HIV-1 variants: where is the gatekeeper? (2011)

To enter target cells HIV-1 uses CD4 and a coreceptor. In vivo the coreceptor function is provided either by CCR5 (for R5) or CXCR4 (for X4 HIV-1). Although both R5 and X4 HIV-1 variants are present in body fluids (semen, blood, cervicovaginal and rectal secretions), R5 HIV-1 appears to transmit infection and dominates early stages of HIV disease. Moreover, recent sequence analysis of virus in acute infection shows that, in the majority of cases of transmission, infection is initiated by a single virus. Therefore, the existence of a "gatekeeper" that selects R5 over X4 HIV-1 and that operates among R5 HIV-1 variants has been suggested. In the present review we consider various routes of HIV-transmission and discuss potential gatekeeping mechanisms associated with each of these routes. Although many mechanisms have been identified none of them explains the almost perfect selection of R5 over X4 in HIV-1 transmission. We suggest that instead of one strong gatekeeper there are multiple functional gatekeepers and that their superimposition is sufficient to protect against X4 HIV-1 infection and potentially select among R5 HIV-1 variants. In conclusion, we propose that the principle of multiple barriers is more general and not restricted to protection against X4 HIV-1 but rather can be applied to other phenomena when one factor has a selective advantage over the other(s). In the case of gatekeepers for HIV-1 transmission, the task is to identify them and to decipher their molecular mechanisms. Knowledge of the gatekeepers' localization and function may enable us to enhance existing barriers against R5 transmission and to erect the new ones against all HIV-1 variants.
Pattern-based tree attribution (1992)

Attribute grammars have been used for many language-oriented tasks, including the formal description of semantics and the implementation of compilation tasks from simple type checking through code generation. Despite their successful use, attribute grammars have some disadvantages, including the monolithic nature of the grammar and the fixed factoring of all attribute descriptions by a single set of grammar productions. Attribute pattern sets provide a more expressive attribution system by using pattern matching, instead of grammar productions, to perform case analysis. Attribute pattern sets can be implemented in terms of attribute grammars in a way that maintains the dependency structure of the attribute system, making it straightforward to convert many of the practical results from attribute grammar theory to similar results for attribute pattern sets.
Labeled lines meet and talk: population coding of somatic sensations (2010)

The somatic sensory system responds to stimuli of distinct modalities, including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity. In the past century, great progress has been made in understanding the coding of these sensory modalities. From this work, two major features have emerged. First, there are specific neuronal circuits or labeled lines transmitting specific sensory information from the skin to the brain. Second, the generation of specific sensations often involves crosstalk among distinct labeled lines. These features suggest that population coding is the mechanism underlying somatic sensation.
Modelling the visual cortex using artificial neural networks for visual image reconstruction (1995)

Presents an artificial neural network model with some special neurons that are designed to function as the feature detectors found in the visual cortex, and applies it to the reconstruction of visual images. The model is a multilayer feedforward neural network. The neurons in the first hidden layer of the network are feature detectors of various scales and orientations. The connection strengths between the input and the first hidden layer are pre-set (and fixed) such that the outputs of this layer are some visually important features of various scales. The rest of the connection strengths in the network are decided through learning via the backpropagation algorithm in a self-supervising manner. Computer simulations were conducted, and the results seem to show that the artificial neural network model proposed in this paper is consistent with its biological counterpart (the visual cortex) in terms of the visual features detected by its feature detectors and its ability to reconstruct near-perfect input images from the output of these feature detectors. It is also shown that the system can be used for effective image data compression. Simulation results are presented which show promising potential of the new system for image coding applications.
Trophoblast infiltration (1994)

Sexual reproduction in the ocean necessitates only the combination of gametes, followed by absorption of nutrients and oxygen from the surrounding watery medium. As life moved from the sea to the land, reproductive strategies required compensation for the loss of this aquatic environment. For the mammals, and scattered other animals, the solution to this problem was the development of the placenta, the means by which the fetus extracts nutrients from its environment. As the animals that utilized the placenta evolved from small rodent-like creatures with short gestations to larger animals with prolonged gestations, the demands of the developing fetus grew. Whereas the placenta of the fetal pig, with a gestational period of a little less than four months, can extract sufficient nutrients from the mother by simple diffusion across the uterus to the placenta, the human fetus needs a far more complex uteroplacental relationship.
A Mechanistic Evaluation for the Resolution of Enantiomers of α-Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives on π-Basic Chiral Stationary Phases (1994)

Abstract A chiral recognition mechanism involving face to edge π-π interaction for the separation of the two enantiomers of the 3,5-dinitroanilide derivatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) on chiral stationary phase(CSP) 1 has been proposed. The inverse chromatographic resolution trends observed in resolving the two enantiomers of the 3,5-dinitroanilide derivatives of α-phenylalkanoic acids and α-(p-alkylphenyl)propionic acids on CSP 1 and 2 may support the postulated chiral recognition mechanism.
A Survey of Self-Reported Injuries Among Special Boat Operators (2000)

Abstract : Special Operations place great physical demands on personnel. In most Navy settings, greater physical demands are associated with greater musculoskeletal injury rates. Within the Special Operations community, Special Boat operators have a unique set of risks. Small boats operating in the open ocean are subject to large shock and vibration forces. Exposure to such forces can lead to discomfort, injury and performance degradation. In an effort to begin assessing the prevalence of injuries related to operations in small Special Operations craft, a self-report survey of injuries (SBUlS) was administered to 154 operator personnel drawn from Special Boat Units 12, 20 and 22. Sample mean age was 32.0 +/- 5.9 yr., mean years of military service was 12.0 +/- 5.5, and mean time in Special Boats was 4.7 +/- 3.0 yr. The SBUlS obtained demographic information, unit assignment and role information, past general pain levels, details up to three specific injuries, and exercise history information. Specific injury information included type and location of injury, and type and duration of care for that injury. The most prevalent type of injury was sprains and strains followed by disc problems and trauma. The most prevalent injury sites were the lower back, knee and shoulder. 94.8% injuries occurred on the job. The sample population represented 722 person-years of Special Boat Unit exposure. In this sample, injuries resulted in 145 days of hospitalization, 929 days of sick leave, 4,223 days of limited duty, 4,218 days of limited job/mission performance, 2,294 days of lost mission training time, and 4,089 days of lost physical conditioning time. It was possible to compare hospitalization rates for this sample with rates for the Navy as a whole. Only constructionmen (CN), seamen (SN), firemen (FN), and airmen (AN) had greater hospitalization rates than SBU respondents.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NATIVE AND INTRODUCED BEES IN NEW ZEALAND (1980)

the two most primitive bee families. Seven species have been introduced and established, five of which belong to the most advanced family of bees. All bees exploit similar resources such as nest sites, pollen, and nectar, so the question arises as to whether native and introduced bees are competing for these resources. Similarly, are native or introduced bees affected by the pathogens of newly contacted bee species? Although basic data on many native bee species are scarce, wide differences in nest site requirements suggest that competition for nest sites does not occur, except for a slight overlap between large Hylaeinae and introduced Megachilinae. Many native bees and introduced honey bees forage on the same flowers, but honey bees from commercial hives, bumble bees, alkali bees and leafcutting bees forage primarily on introduced plants. Native bees frequently outnumber honey bees on native and some introduced plants. Peak native bee foraging occurs during the &quot;honey flow &quot; when pollen and nectar are abundant, thus competition between species for food is reduced. Leafcutting bees are attacked by native bee parasites but the converse is not known. It is concluded that some of man&apos;s activities such as destruction of native flowers, introduction of new flowers and unintentional creation of nest sites, have probably had more impact on native bees than any competition from introduced bee species. Some native bees have competed successfully with honey bees for about 140 years and for a lesser time with other introduced bee species, which suggests that competitive success should continue. The status of those native bee species which are uncommon cannot be estimated until basic biological data become available.
Digitally Self-Calibrated Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter (2006)

This paper presents a digital capacitor error-averaging calibration technique for pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The scheme utilizes a 1.5b/stage digital calibration algorithm and extends it to assess capacitor ratio-mismatches. This is accomplished by using an algorithm similar to analogue capacitor error-averaging (Song, 1988) which is performed in the digital domain. This calibration scheme is demonstrated for a 12-bit pipelined ADC, with 1.5b/stage architecture and 14 identical stages. Gain errors induced by capacitor mismatches (a equiv 3%) are successfully corrected by the proposed algorithm
Song characteristics of certain Namibian grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) (1995)

Acoustic signals play an important role in mate recognition during the mating behaviour of many Orthoptera. The song characteristics and behaviour of seven species of gomphocerine grasshoppers are descriptionbed in their natural habitat. These are the first published details of calling songs of southern African Acrididae. These acoustic signals can provide a useful technique for improving our understanding of the systematics of acoustic Orthoptera.
Human stem cell therapy in ischaemic stroke: a review (2010)

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Globally, 15 million people suffer a stroke each year, of whom more than 5 million die, and a further 5 million are left permanently disabled. Current treatment options offer modest benefits, and there is a pressing need for new and effective treatments. Stem cell therapy is a well-established treatment modality for various haematological diseases, with its use now being explored in different disease processes, including various neurological diseases, as well as vascular conditions such as ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Promising results have been seen in animal models of stroke, with evidence of significant functional benefits. Translation to the bedside, however, is in its early stages. This review will discuss the scientific background to stem cell therapy in ischaemic stroke, including evidence from current clinical trials.
Photothermal effects in fiber Bragg gratings (2006)

Writing a fiber Bragg grating in optical fiber generates an intrinsic broadband absorption term that can result in photothermal heating during subsequent use with fiber core guided light. This, in turn, can cause a significant shift of a grating resonance via the thermo-optic coefficient, even at low in-fiber light powers. The magnitude of the absorption term and its dependence on the grating strength are detailed. We further show how the degree of heating can be influenced by the particular environment in which the grating is placed and that, while the shift can be quite deleterious for some applications, its effect can be mitigated. A simple conductive model is developed.
Safety and pharmacokinetics of sodium nitrite in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a Phase IIA study (2013)

Previous preclinical investigations of sodium nitrite for the prevention and reversal of vasospasm in a primate model of SAH were effective using doses similar to the highest dose examined in the current study (64 nmol/kg/min). Results of the current study suggest that safe and potentially therapeutic levels of nitrite can be achieved and sustained in critically ill patients after SAH from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm.