gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SB-MOSFETs in UTB-SOI Featuring PtSi Source/Drain With Dopant Segregation (2008)

MOSFETs of both polarities with PtSi-based Schottky-barrier source/drain (S/D) have been fabricated in ultrathin-body Si-on-insulator. The PtSi is formed in the S/D regions without lateral silicide growth under the gate spacers. This design leads to a 30-nm underlap between the PtSi-Si contacts and the gate edges resulting in low drive currents. Despite the underlap, excellent performance is achieved for both types of MOSFETs with large drive currents and low leakage by means of dopant segregation through As and B implantation into the PtSi followed by drive-in annealing at low temperatures.
Intestinal absorption of polyenephosphatidylcholine in man (1982)

The metabolic fate of 1 of 3H/14C-labeled dilinoleoglycerophosphocholine was studied in five patients after oral administration. The 3H label was in choline and 14C was in the two linoleic acid residues. More than 90% of both isotopes was absorbed from the intestine. Seventy to 90% of the 3H radioactivity in blood was linked to phosphatidylcholine (PC) whereas 14C was associated with both PC and nonpolar lipids. At peak activity, the 3H/14C ratio of plasma PC was twice that of oral PC; this suggests that most oral PC was hydrolyzed to lysolecithin before absorption. The mean maximum concentration in total blood volume was 20% of the administered dose for 3H and 28% for 14C. Examination of lipoproteins revealed that the specific activity of PC in high density lipoprotein (HDL) was 2 to 6 times higher than in apoB-containing lipoproteins, and to 2 to 20 times than that of red blood cells or total blood. Thus, absorbed PC seemingly was incorporated preferentially into the HDL fraction of plasma.
Factors associated with success or failure in radiological interpretation: diagnostic thinking approaches (1999)

Radiology is a classic example of clinical problem solving and thus should be taught in that format. Those same factors which differentiate expert from novice diagnosticians are also evident in more successful vs. less successful students in radiology.
»Theorie des Lächerlichen« (1978)

Die Präsenz der Lachlust ist nicht nur für Jean Paul, sondern auch für die zeitgenössische Theorie des Lachens das eigentliche Problem. Liest man einmal die Bemühungen, das Komische dem Bereich des Verstandes zuzuschlagen, nicht nur auf dem Hintergrund des Interesses, die Unantastbarkeit des Ernsts, der moralischen Integrität und Verantwortlichkeit, ihm gegenüber um jeden Preis zu wahren, so gesteht gerade die strenge analytische Trennung des Scherzes vom Ernst im Namen moralisch-praktischer Interessen der Spontaneität des Komischen eine Eigenlogik zu, die seinen Freiraum beträchtlich erweitert und schwer kontrollierbar macht. Dies gilt selbst für Schillers Analyse des Komischen und des Tragischen im Satire-Kapitel der Naiven und sentimentalisehen Dichtung. Nicht »das Gebieth, aus welchem der Gegenstand genommen, sondern das Forum, vor welches der Dichter ihn bringt, [mache] denselben tragisch oder komisch. […] Der Tragiker muß sich vor dem ruhigen Raisonnement in Acht nehmen und immer das Herz interessiren; der Comiker muß sich vor dem Pathos hüten und immer den Verstand unterhalten« [1], so also, daß auch die »pathetische« und die »strafende« Satire mit der »scherzhaften« durchaus sogar hinsichtlich ihres Gegenstands, der Torheit und des Lasters koindizieren könnten, nur nicht im Hinblick auf ihre Behandlungs weise. So ist es denn auch die »Ungereimtheit« [2], in der im Komischen » Dummheit« und selbst »Bosheit« erscheinen, eine Ungereimtheit, die sonst theoretisch als Widerspruch oder Unsinn, praktisch als Verstoß gegen die Kodices der Moralität erfahren würde.
Effects of user similarity in social media (2012)

There are many settings in which users of a social media application provide evaluations of one another. In a variety of domains, mechanisms for evaluation allow one user to say whether he or she trusts another user, or likes the content they produced, or wants to confer special levels of authority or responsibility on them. Earlier work has studied how the relative status between two users - that is, their comparative levels of status in the group - affects the types of evaluations that one user gives to another.
Block copolymerization of 3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐oxetanone. II. Synthesis of polydimethylsiloxane‐containing copolymers (1983)

Abstract Carboxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs) have been prepared by anchoring the functional end group on the main chain via a hydrolytically stable SiC bond. The neutralized carboxy‐terminated PDMSs are effective initiators of the 3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐oxetanone (or pivalolactone) block copolymerization. The yield of block copolymers depends on the initiation efficiency of the carboxylate end groups, but this limit can be overcome by the use of more than one carboxylate group per end chain, and “palm‐tree” structures are obtained. The ability to crystallize of poly(3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐oxetanone) is significantly depressed when this polyester is engaged in PDMS‐rich block copolymers, but the observed heterophase morphologies (350 Å) are uniformly fine.
BOXCARS: Crossed-beam phase-matched CARS generation in gases (1978)

CARS generation from N2 has been demonstrated using a crossed-triple-beam phase-matching technique. This approach can provide greater and unambiguous spatial resolution for diagnostic purposes in contrast to the conventionally employed collinear phase-matching schemes. The technique has been dubbed BOXCARS based upon the shape of the phase-matching diagram.
Synthesizing Primary Molecular Relaxation Processes in Excitable Gases Using a Two-Frequency Reconstructive Algorithm (2005)

Identifying molecular relaxation processes in excitable gases remains challenging. An algorithm that reconstructs the primary relaxation processes is presented. Based on measurements of acoustic attenuation and sound speed at two frequencies, it synthesizes the entire frequency dependence of the complex effective specific heat of the gas, which is the macroscopic "footprint" of relaxation effects. The algorithm is based on the fact that for a simple relaxation process, such as occurs in many polyatomic gases at temperatures around 300 K, the effective specific heat traces a semicircle in the complex plane as a function of frequency. Knowing the high-frequency or instantaneous value of the specific heat provides the capability to not only sense the presence, but also infer the nature and, for mixtures of unlike-symmetry molecules, the concentration of foreign molecules leaking in a host gas.
Electric Control Surface Actuator Design Optimization and Allocation for the More Electric Aircraft (2013)

This work pertains to the optimization of electric actuators for the primary and secondary flight control surfaces of a More Electric Aircraft. Electrohydrostatic and electromechanical actuators are considered and optimized in accordance with the flight loads and actuator requirements identified in a separate work by the same authors. For the purposes of this work, the Boeing 737-800 aircraft is chosen as a test case. However the methodology is general and can be applied to any existing design or proposed design concept. Once the optimized actuator designs are obtained, the possibility of using both actuator types by allocating them to control surfaces on the basis of reliability requirements is considered.
Utilization of external-compression diffusion principle in design of shock-in-rotor supersonic compressor blading (1953)

Report presenting the application of the external-compression principle to a cascade of blades in an attempt to achieve a closer approach to isentropic contraction ratios in supersonic compressor blading. Tests of a rotor designed to incorporate the external-compression principle are provided. Results regarding overall performance, performance at design speed and peak efficiency, off-design performance, and some considerations for future designs are provided.
Real-world board test effectiveness (1988)

In-circuit testing is commonly thought to be inefficient for a high level of quality control, and unable to match the high yields of functional testing. A quantitative study of 34,296 boards that represented the testing of 6,671,038 components reveals that in-circuit testing can produce high yields -96.9% in this case. The author looks at this study.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
S3 Guideline: Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008 (2009)

In der Smitten, Deutsche Morbus Crohn/Colitis
Online crowdsourcing: Rating annotators and obtaining cost-effective labels (2010)

Labeling large datasets has become faster, cheaper, and easier with the advent of crowdsourcing services like Amazon Mechanical Turk. How can one trust the labels obtained from such services? We propose a model of the labeling process which includes label uncertainty, as well a multi-dimensional measure of the annotators' ability. From the model we derive an online algorithm that estimates the most likely value of the labels and the annotator abilities. It finds and prioritizes experts when requesting labels, and actively excludes unreliable annotators. Based on labels already obtained, it dynamically chooses which images will be labeled next, and how many labels to request in order to achieve a desired level of confidence. Our algorithm is general and can handle binary, multi-valued, and continuous annotations (e.g. bounding boxes). Experiments on a dataset containing more than 50,000 labels show that our algorithm reduces the number of labels required, and thus the total cost of labeling, by a large factor while keeping error rates low on a variety of datasets.
Maximizing Deep Lung Deposition in Healthy and Fibrotic Subjects During Jet Nebulization (2019)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> In volunteers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), inhaled Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is safe and may improve pulmonary function. However, coughing, associated with upper airway deposition, is often reported. To address this problem, a small-particle, breath-enhanced jet nebulizer (i-NEB Mini; InspiRx, Inc., Somerset, NJ) was developed. Using gamma scintigraphy, this device was tested in healthy individuals and subjects with IPF to determine efficiency and regional deposition in lung and airways. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Four healthy individuals and nine subjects with IPF were enrolled. The nebulizer was filled with 2 mL of saline with <sup>99m</sup> Tc bound to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) powered continuously with 3.4 L/min of compressed air. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was measured by cascade impactor. To maximize deposition in alveoli, inspiratory flow was limited by an inspiratory resistance incorporated into the nebulizer, resulting in a deep inspiration ∼6 seconds. The treatment was run to completion (10 minutes), and each subject underwent deposition imaging. Mass balance and regions of interest determined upper airway (measured by calibrated stomach activity) and regional lung deposition as a percent of pretreatment nebulizer charge. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Subjects tolerated the device with no complaints. MMAD (mean [geometric standard deviation]) = 1.04 [1.92] μm. Lung deposition (mean ± standard error, % nebulizer charge) in healthy subjects was 26.2% ± 1.83 and in IPF individuals 23.4% ± 1.60 (<i>p</i> = 0.414). Upper airway deposition was 1.4% ± 0.83 and 2.3% ± 0.48, respectively (<i>p</i> = 0.351), and 20.1% was lost during expiration. Central/Peripheral ratios were consistent in both groups, showing high peripheral deposition (1.32 ± 0.050, vs. 1.28 ± 0.046, <i>p</i> = 0.912). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The i-NEB Mini jet nebulizer with breath enhancement produced small particles, resulting in minimal upper airway deposition. Using slow and deep breathing, more than half of the emitted dose deposited in the peripheral lung in normal subjects and individuals with IPF. These data indicate that, for future clinical trials, controlled lung doses of small particles, designed to avoid coughing, are possible even in subjects with advanced disease.
Design for manufacturability for fabless manufactuers (2009)

When a company designs and sells ICs but outsources their manufacture, design for manufacturability poses special challenges. It is clear that these DfM solutions are very complex and require a series of fundamental new physical models and design practices. Practical deployment of DfM solutions requires development of an entire incremental infrastructure on both the process and design sides of the technology integration spectrum. Optimizing the various DfM methods involves complex, multi-faceted tradeoffs that are ultimately dependent on target technology and various product attributes. DfM is definitely not a one-size-fits-all panacea for all of the process manufacturability and variability challenges. Complete and successful DfM deployment is a true ecosystem that requires multiple tools using multiple models, potentially calibrated to multiple levels of accuracy, inserted at multiple points in the design flow.
Measurement of Force Perception in Pushing Trolleys (1972)

The force perception in pushing trolleys was studied by the psychophysical method of magnitude estimation. It was found that forces beyond a certain critical value (130 N) were experienced as being greater than they actually were. It was also found that a person on the average can exert a maximal pushing force expressed in kp which corresponds to approximately 80% of his body weight in kg. Finally, tall persons seemed to underestimate their maximal force and short persons to overestimate it.
Iterative reconstruction method for photoacoustic section imaging with integrating cylindrical detectors (2013)

Photoacoustic imaging of cross-sectional slices of extended objects requires ultrasound detectors equipped with an acoustic cylindrical lens rotating around the imaged object. The finite width of the sensor and the small focal depth of lenses with large aperture lead to various imaging artifacts. In this study, these artifacts are on the one hand avoided by the special design of the sensor and on the other hand by a model based, iterative reconstruction algorithm. The integrating property of the cylindrical detector, which exceeds in direction of the cylinder axis the size of the imaged object, avoids the lateral blurring that normally would result from the finite width of a small detector. In addition, an iterative algorithm is presented based on the system matrix that models the signal generation of the device. With this algorithm the imperfect focusing properties of the lens, especially for parts of the object moving out of focus during the rotational scan, are corrected. A direct reconstruction from the measured signals, which in case of the integrating sensor uses the inverse Radon transform, is compared to the reconstruction after iterations, both in a simulation and an experiment. A significant improvement of resolution perpendicular to the section is observed.
Sensing lena-massively distributed compression of sensor images (2004)

The sensor broadcast problem: in our setup, sensors measure each one pixel of an image that unfolds over a field, and broadcast a rate constrained encoding of their measurements to every other sensor-the goal is for all sensors to form an estimate of the entire image is considered. In recent work, we proposed a protocol that uses wavelets to decorrelate sensor data, taking advantage of the compact support of the basis functions to keep costly inter-sensor communication at a minimum. In this paper, we prove an asymptotic optimally result for these protocols: the rate of growth for the traffic they generate is /spl Theta/(log(n/D)) (n nodes, total distortion D), matching exactly the rate of growth of the rate/distortion function. We thus close the gap between theory and practice for this new form of massively distributed (one pixel/sensor) image compression, by providing the first efficient and provably optimal algorithms to solve the sensor broadcast problem.
Template Requirements for De Novo RNA Synthesis by Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein 5B Polymerase on the Viral X RNA (2002)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-encoded NS5B protein is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which plays a substantial role in viral replication. We expressed and purified the recombinant NS5B of an HCV genotype 3a from Esherichia coli, and we investigated its ability to bind to the viral RNA and its enzymatic activity. The results presented here demonstrate that NS5B interacts strongly with the coding region of positive-strand RNA, although not in a sequence-specific manner. It was also determined that more than two molecules of polymerase bound sequentially to this region with the direction 3' to 5'. Also, we attempted to determine the initiation site(s) of de novo synthesis by NS5B on X RNA, which contains the last 98 nucleotides of HCV positive-strand RNA. The initiation site(s) on X RNA was localized in the pyrimidine-rich region of stem I. However, when more than five of the nucleotides of stem I in X RNA were deleted from the 3' end, RNA synthesis initiated at another site of the specific ribonucleotide. Our study also showed that the efficiency of RNA synthesis, which was directed by X RNA, was maximized by the GC base pair at the penultimate position from the 3' end of the stem. These results will provide some clues to understanding the mechanism of HCV genomic RNA replication in terms of viral RNA-NS5B interaction and the initiation of de novo RNA synthesis.
Single molecular precursor ink for AgBiS<sub>2</sub> thin films: synthesis and characterization (2018)

The coordination chemistry of Ag–Bi–TU–DMSO molecular ink was studied. AgBiS<sub>2</sub> thin films feature mixed band structures and show photoconductivity response.
A Method for Determining Optimum Systems Using General Bayes Criterion (1960)

A method for obtaining an optimum system using general Bayes criterion is developed. This method is applicable to the cases in which a signal to be estimated depends on certain finite-dimensional vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</tex> , and where the input is the sum of a function depending on the vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</tex> and a normally distributed noise which is independent of the vector, or may be reduced to this form by some nonlinear transform. The method is also applicable to some problems in which <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</tex> is a vector with countably infinite number of components. As a special case the method yields the solution previously given in which the input is a linear function of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</tex> . The method affords effective determination of optimum systems designed for the detection and estimation of signals in the presence of noise using various practically adequate criteria under rather general conditions. The optimum system given by the method is in general nonlinear, but in some special cases it may be linear. In particular, the optimum system is linear if the signal and the input are linear functions of components of the vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</tex> , which is also normally distributed or is an unknown nonrandom vector which may assume any value, and the loss function is any function or functional of the difference between the signal and its estimate (i.e., of the system error). The application of the method to the problem of signal detection and to certain problems of signal estimation are given.
Subselective embolization with gelatin sponge through an open-ended guide wire. (1990)

Subselective embolization was performed in 15 patients with the use of gelatin sponge injected through a 0.038-inch open-ended guide wire. Eight patients were being treated for acute bleeding, and seven underwent elective embolization of tumors (hepatic, pelvic, spinal) or arteriovenous malformations. The procedure was successful in all 15 patients, and there were no major complications. The open-ended guide wire can be used safely and effectively in selective embolization with gelatin sponge. It is more flexible than the 3-F Teflon catheters and less expensive than the 2.2-F tapered catheters now being used for this purpose.
Service mobility/transparency for personal communications (2003)

Personal communications services require that subscriber services be made available to users independent of their physical location. Services can be separated into their components of feature construct, common data, and user-specific data. Mobility can also be separated into local roaming, within the network provider's common control area, across control areas, and across providers. The author discusses the pros and cons of several approaches to providing service mobility/transparency: using an advanced intelligent network (AIN) to bring service profile data to the mobile user; using an intelligent loop distribution arrangement to bring the user's connection always back to their 'home' service logic area; and using an AIN to provide a limited, but ubiquitous, set of call processing features to users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF A NEW SPRAY APPLICATOR (2006)

This study focuses on the design and development of a new spray applicator design utilizing effects of imposed pressure oscillations in conjunction with cavitation collapse energy to create distribution of fine droplets. An oscillating horn placed inside the nozzle performing high frequency oscillations is envisioned to provide the necessary pressure perturbations on the exiting liquid jet, while the nozzle geometry design in configured to amplify cavitation process. Initially, a two-zone approach modeling the nozzle interior and exterior in a separate fashion and later, a coupled strategy is proposed. Parametric studies describing the effect of horn stroke length, frequency, its position inside the nozzle in combination with different nozzle designs and liquid flow rates are explored to identify their contribution in obtaining desired cavitation characteristics. In this regard, incorporation of a backward facing step profile within the nozzle shows strong capability of generating the required cavitation and flow field distribution at the nozzle exit. The velocity modulations occuring at the nozzle exit due to oscillating horn structure result in a wide gamut of liquid structures specific to the imposed oscillation frequency and modulation amplitude. The disintegration characteristics of these modulated liquid jets are studied using a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) interface capturing approach based on finite volume methodology employing an interface compression scheme. VOF methods are validated against experimental results and then subsequently used to study scaling parameters governing the modulated liquid jets. To perform coupled interior-exterior nozzle computations with cavitation, two new cavitation models are presented: First, a model based on Homogeneous Equilibrium assumptions for tracking cavitation events in a compressible framework is presented. Owing to its inability to simulate incompressible cavitating flows, a new cavitation event tracking model based on a Cavitation-Induced-Momentum-Defect (CIMD) correction approach is formulated utilizing a scalar transport model for vapor volume fraction with relevant transport, diffusion and source terms. Validations of both the models against experimental observations are detailed. Coupled internal-external liquid flow computations from the proposed atomizer design using a VOF-CIMD strategy shows strong potential for rapid drop formation in the presence of cavitation effects. A prototype model of a new spray applicator design is presented.