gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interface of Physics and Biology: Engineering Virus-Based Nanoparticles for Biophotonics (2014)

Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) have been used for a wide range of applications, spanning basic materials science and translational medicine. Their propensity to self-assemble into precise structures that offer a three-dimensional scaffold for functionalization has led to their use as optical contrast agents and related biophotonics applications. A number of fluorescently labeled platforms have been developed and their utility in optical imaging demonstrated, yet their optical properties have not been investigated in detail. In this study, two VNPs of varying architectures were compared side-by-side to determine the impact of dye density, dye localization, conjugation chemistry, and microenvironment on the optical properties of the probes. Dyes were attached to icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) through a range of chemistries to target particular side chains displayed at specific locations around the virus. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the particles were determined, first using photochemical experiments on the benchtop, and second in imaging experiments using tissue culture experiments. The virus-based optical probes were found to be extraordinarily robust under ultrashort, pulsed laser light conditions with a significant amount of excitation energy, maintaining structural and chemical stability. The most effective fluorescence output was achieved through dye placement at optimized densities coupled to the exterior surface avoiding conjugated ring systems. Lifetime measurements indicate that fluorescence output depends not only on spacing the fluorophores, but also on dimer stacking and configurational changes leading to radiationless relaxation-and these processes are related to the conjugation chemistry and nanoparticle shape. For biological applications, the particles were also examined in tissue culture, from which it was found that the optical properties differed from those found on the benchtop due to effects from cellular processes and uptake kinetics. Data indicate that fluorescent cargos are released in the endolysosomal compartment of the cell targeted by the virus-based optical probes. These studies provide insight into the optical properties and fates of fluorescent proteinaceous imaging probes. The cellular release of cargo has implications not only for virus-based optical probes, but also for drug delivery and release systems.
Complete scene structure from four point correspondences (2002)

A technique is presented for computing 3D scene structure from point and line features in monocular image sequences. Unlike previous methods, the technique guarantees the completeness of the recovered scene, ensuring that every scene feature that is detected in each image is reconstructed. The approach relies on the presence of four or more reference features whose correspondences are known in all the images. Under an orthographic or affine camera model, the parallax of the reference features provides constraints that simplify the recovery of the rest of the visible scene. An efficient recursive algorithm is described that uses a unified framework for point and line features. The algorithm integrates the tasks of feature correspondence and structure recovery, ensuring that all reconstructible features are tracked. In addition, the algorithm is immune to outliers and feature drift, two weaknesses of existing structure from motion techniques. Experimental results are presented for real images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
pHlameleons: A Family of FRET-Based Protein Sensors for Quantitative pH Imaging (2008)

Intracellular pH is an important indicator for cellular metabolism and pathogenesis. pH sensing in living cells has been achieved using a number of synthetic organic dyes and genetically expressible sensor proteins, even allowing the specific targeting of intracellular organelles. Ideally, a class of genetically encodeable sensors need to cover relevant cellular pH ranges. We present a FRET-based pH sensor platform, based on the pH modulation of YFP acceptor fluorophores in a fusion construct with ECFP. The concurrent loss of the overlap integral upon acidification results in a proportionally reduced FRET coupling. The readout of FRET over the sensitized YFP fluorescence lifetime yields a highly sensitive and robust pH measurement that is self-calibrated. The principle is demonstrated in the existing high-efficiency FRET fusion Cy11.5, and tunability of the platform design is demonstrated by genetic alteration of the pH sensitivity of the acceptor moiety.
Continuous monitoring of top-k queries over sliding windows (2006)

Given a dataset P and a preference function f, a top-k query retrieves the k tuples in P with the highest scores according to f. Even though the problem is well-studied in conventional databases, the existing methods are inapplicable to highly dynamic environments involving numerous long-running queries. This paper studies continuous monitoring of top-k queries over a fixed-size window W of the most recent data. The window size can be expressed either in terms of the number of active tuples or time units. We propose a general methodology for top-k monitoring that restricts processing to the sub-domains of the workspace that influence the result of some query. To cope with high stream rates and provide fast answers in an on-line fashion, the data in W reside in main memory. The valid records are indexed by a grid structure, which also maintains book-keeping information. We present two processing techniques: the first one computes the new answer of a query whenever some of the current top-k points expire; the second one partially pre-computes the future changes in the result, achieving better running time at the expense of slightly higher space requirements. We analyze the performance of both algorithms and evaluate their efficiency through extensive experiments. Finally, we extend the proposed framework to other query types and a different data stream model.
A Broadband and Vialess Vertical Microstrip-to-Microstrip Transition (2012)

A novel, broadband, vialess, and vertical microstrip-to-microstrip transition is proposed in this paper. The transition consists of two open-circuited microstrip resonators and a U-shaped resonant-slot on the common ground plane. A physics-based equivalent-circuit model is developed for interpreting its working mechanism and facilitating the design process. The transition is analogous to a three-pole resonator filter. Based on the equivalent-circuit model, the coupling coefficients of the physical circuit can be calculated from the group delay information of two segregated electromagnetic models. To effectively control the couplings, a modified configuration is also proposed. A prototype transition is designed using the proposed design formulas. The fabricated circuit is measured to validate the proposed transition and the equivalent-circuit model. Good agreement is obtained between not only the measured and the simulated performance, but also the designed and the extracted-circuit model. In addition to the wide bandwidth, the features of vialess and easy fabrication make the novel transition very attractive for system-on-package applications.
Microsurgical reoperation following lumbar disc surgery (1989)

Ninety-two patients who underwent microsurgical reoperation for persistent or new complaints following initial lumbar intervertebral disc surgery were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty percent of all pain relapses occurred within 1 year following the first operation; thereafter, the probability of a relapse declined steadily and was as low as 0.1% per year between 5 and 20 years. The results of microsurgical reoperation in terms of pain relief and working capability were considered "excellent" in 22% of patients, "good" in 30%, and "satisfactory" in 29%. Thus, 81% of the patients could be considered as treated successfully and in 19% the result was not successful. The most common intraoperative findings were: a true recurrence at the same level in 43% of cases, a new herniation at another level in 15%, and a small recurrent fragment embedded in epidural fibrosis in 23%. Five percent of patients had severe epidural fibrosis as the only pathology. In 15%, reoperation was performed within 1 month to treat persisting pain, and either a missed disc fragment, an inadequately decompressed lateral recess, or an unrecognized second-level disc protrusion was found. The clinical outcome is affected predominantly by the intraoperative pathology and the time interval between the first and second operation. An excellent or good outcome was usually achieved in patients with a recurrence of pain after 1 year resulting from a true recurrent disc or a new herniation at another level. In contrast, very unfavorable results were noted with most reoperations performed during the 1st year when extensive epidural fibrosis (or fibrosis with a small recurrence) was present.
Measuring Masses of Single Bacterial Whole Cells with a Quadrupole Ion Trap (2004)

A novel method has been developed to precisely measure the masses of single bacterial whole cells using a quadrupole ion trap as an electrodynamic balance. The bacterial cells were introduced into the ion trap by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, confined in space by audio frequency ac fields, and detected by elastic light scattering. Mass measurement accuracy approaching 0.1% was achieved for Escherichia coli K-12 with a mass distribution of +/-3% from 60 repetitive measurements of the particles and their clusters. This is the first high-precision mass measurement reported for any intact microorganisms with masses greater than 1 x 1010 Da. The method opens new avenues for high-precision mass measurement of single microbial particles and offers an alternative approach for rapid identification of microorganisms by mass spectrometry.
Vertically Aligned Diamond Nanowires for DNA Sensing (2008)

Live wire: Biofunctionalized vertically aligned diamond nanowires as DNA sensors benefit from the outstanding electrochemical properties of diamond as a transducer as well as the advantages of dispersed, controlled binding of linker molecules to achieve behavior of DNA molecules' “like-in-solution” situation.
Importance of the medial meniscus in the anterior cruciate ligament‐deficient knee (2000)

The incidence of meniscal tears in the chronically anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee is increased, particularly in the medial meniscus because it performs an important function in limiting knee motion. We evaluated the role of the medial meniscus in stabilizing the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee and hypothesized that the resultant force in the meniscus is significantly elevated in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. To test this hypothesis, we employed a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system to determine the increase in the resultant force in the human medial meniscus in response to an anterior tibial load following transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. We also measured changes in the kinematics of the knee in multiple degrees of freedom following medial meniscectomy in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. In response to a 134-N anterior tibial load, the resultant force in the medial meniscus of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee increased significantly compared with that in the meniscus of the intact knee; it increased by a minimum of 10.1 N (52%) at full knee extension to a maximum of 50.2 N (197%) at 60 degrees of flexion. Medial meniscectomy in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee also caused a significant increase in anterior tibial translation in response to the anterior tibial load, ranging from an increase of 2.2 mm at full knee extension to 5.8 mm at 60 degrees of flexion. Conversely, coupled internal tibial rotation in response to the load decreased significantly, ranging from a decrease of 2.5 degrees at 15 degrees of knee flexion to 4.7 degrees at 60 degrees of flexion. Our data confirm the hypothesis that the resultant force in the medial meniscus is significantly greater in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee than in the intact knee when the knee is subjected to anterior tibial loads. This indicates that the demand on the medial meniscus in resisting anterior tibial loads is increased in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee compared with in the intact knee, suggesting a mechanism for the increased incidence of medial meniscal tears observed in chronically anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patients. The large changes in kinematics due to medial meniscectomy in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee confirm the important role of the medial meniscus in controlling knee stability. These findings suggest that the reduction of resultant force in the meniscus may be a further motive for reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament, with the goal of preserving meniscal integrity.
Reversibility of Betaine Formation during the Wittig Reaction (1965)

cf. W., et al., CA 55, 13345h. The decompn. of such betaines derived from a nonmesomery-stabilized phosphorylide into their components was demonstrated in 2 ways. The betaine, Ph3+PCHMeCHPhO(I, erythro and threo forms) suspended in C6H6 or dissolved in Me3COH-Et2O treated with p-C1C6H4CHO and shaken 16 h. at 20 Deg yielded 38 and 52% cis- and trans-p-C1C6H4CH:CHMe together with 25 and 18% cis- and trans-PhCH:CHMe (from C6H6 and Me3COH-Et2O solns., resp.). I (90:10 or 99:1 threo-erythro) shaken 30 h. in C6H6 suspension at 20 Deg gave 50% I contg. 95:5 threo-erythro. Under the same conditions after 30 h. I contg. 10:90 threo-erythro had the compn. 75:25 threo-erythro. The diastereomeric relations were detd. by treating I with HBr in Et2O, isolating the mixt. of threo and erythro hydroxyphosphonium salts, (II), [Ph3P+CMeCHOHPh]-Br, and fractionating the salt from CH2Cl2 into the 94% erythro-rich component, m. 185-7 Deg, and the 80% threo-rich oil. Treatment of these fractions gave cis- and trans-MeCH:CHPh. The enriched II were converted with PhLi into the corresponding I. [on SciFinder (R)]
Handbook for the quality assurance of metrological measurements (1986)

The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also included from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Bureau's technical and scientific programs. Issued six times a year.
The effects of lestaurtinib (CEP701) and PKC412 on primary AML blasts: the induction of cytotoxicity varies with dependence on FLT3 signaling in both FLT3-mutated and wild-type cases (2006)

The receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 is a promising molecular therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Activating mutations of FLT3 are present in approximately one-third of patients, while many nonmutants show evidence of FLT3 activation, which appears to play a significant role in leukemogenesis. We studied the effects of lestaurtinib (CEP701) and PKC412, 2 small molecule inhibitors of FLT3, on 65 diagnostic AML blast samples. Both agents induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in most cases, although responses to PKC412 required higher drug concentrations. Cytotoxic responses were highly heterogeneous and were only weakly associated with FLT3 mutation status and FLT3 expression. Importantly, lestaurtinib induced cytotoxicity in a synergistic fashion with cytarabine, particularly in FLT3 mutant samples. Both lestaurtinib and PKC412 caused inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation in all samples. Translation of FLT3 inhibition into cytotoxicity was influenced by the degree of residual FLT3 phosphorylation remaining and correlated with deactivation of STAT5 and MAP kinase. FLT3 mutant and wild-type cases both varied considerably in their dependence on FLT3 signaling for survival. These findings support the continued clinical assessment of FLT3 inhibitors in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: Entry to future clinical trials should include FLT3 wild-type patients and should remain unrestricted by FLT3 expression level.
Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for elderly with thyroid diseases in China (2021) (2021)

In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of senile thyroid diseases in China and to promote healthy aging, the Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, and the Thyroid Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology jointly drafted the "Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for Chinese elderly with thyroid diseases" (referred to as consensus). The Consensus consists of five parts that set 40 recommendations on main clinical issues. The consensus emphasizes clinical focus on the age-related changes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the elderly, and it recommends application of comprehensive geriatric assessment to thoroughly evaluate the impact of thyroid diseases and relevant intervention on overall health condition. Meanwhile, it recommends generalization of screening for hypothyroidism during admission to nursing institution or hospital, and routine health check-ups. Furthermore, it develops individualized stratified management on hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the elderly distinguished from the youngers, including treatment regimen, control ranges, and flowcharts for diagnosis and treatment. The Consensus will provide the basis for clinical decisions and health management of thyroid diseases in the elderly by geriatrician, endocrinologist, and general practitioners.
Secure intra-vehicular communication over CANFD (2017)

Recent documented remote hijacking attacks on vehicles have created a need for improving on-board vehicular network security. Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in a vehicle are resource constrained devices that are connected using network standard such as Controller Area Network (CAN). In our work, we demonstrate threat models of CANBus, and propose a secure and trusted framework that implements lightweight hardware based authentication and secure key exchange for enhanced security over the insecure CANFD standard. The scheme integrates a hardware based code isolation using Trusted Execution Environment that further restricts the access to crypto IPs and resources at the time of device or network compromise. The paper discusses the overhead, performance and security analysis of our proposed framework.
Kaskaskia Under the French Regime. By Natalia Maree Belting. Volume XXIX, Number 3, of the Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1948. Pp. 140. $1.50 Paper. $2.50 Cloth.) (1949)

Kaskaskia Under the French Regime. By Natalia Maree Belting. Volume XXIX, Number 3, of the Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1948. Pp. 140. 2.50 Cloth.) - Volume 6 Issue 2
Modeling Per-Flow Throughput and Capturing Starvation in CSMA Multi-Hop Wireless Networks (2006)

Multi-hop wireless networks employing random access protocols have been shown to incur large discrepancies in the throughputs achieved by the flows sharing the network. Indeed, flow throughputs can span orders of magnitude from near starvation to many times greater than the mean. In this paper, we address the foundations of this disparity. We show that the fundamental cause is not merely differences in the number of contending neighbors, but a generic coordination problem of CSMA-based random access in a multi-hop environment. We develop a new analytical model that incorporates this lack of coordination, identifies dominating and starving flows and accurately predicts per-flow throughput in a large-scale network. We then propose metrics that quantify throughput imbalances due to the MAC protocol operation. Our model and metrics provide a deeper understanding of the behavior of CSMA protocols in arbitrary topologies and can aid the design of effective protocol solutions to the starvation problem.
PDE7-Selective and Dual Inhibitors: Advances in Chemical and Biological Research (2017)

Phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) is an intracellular enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the second messenger, cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), into inactive noncyclic nucleotide, 5'-AMP. To date, many structurally diverse compounds with PDE7 inhibitory properties have been described, including selective PDE7 inhibitors, dual PDE4/PDE7, PDE7/PDE8, and PDE7/GSK-3 inhibitors, and non-selective PDE inhibitors with high affinity for PDE7. Inhibitors of PDE7 have provided beneficial effects in animal models of inflammatory and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and many others. This review is a comprehensive summary of the current state-of-the-art in the field of design and synthesis of PDE7 inhibitors, their physicochemical properties, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships as well as it highlights the updated evidence for a potential therapeutic utility of these compounds. Moreover, new approaches to obtain more effective and safer PDE7 inhibitors than those available now are presented.
A Streamline Approach for Integrating Transient Pressure Data into High Resolution Reservoir Models (2000)

Abstract Streamline models have shown significant potential in integrating dynamic data into high-resolution reservoir models in a computationally efficient manner. However, previous efforts towards production data integration using streamline models have been limited to tracer data and multiphase production history such as water-cut at the wells. In this paper we generalize the streamline approach to transient pressure applications by introducing a ‘diffusive’ time of flight along streamlines. We show that the ‘diffusive’ time of flight allows us to define drainage areas or volumes associated with primary recovery and compressible flow under the most general conditions. We then utilize developments in seismic tomography and waveform imaging to formulate an efficient approach to integrating transient pressure data into high-resolution reservoir models. Our proposed approach exploits an analogy between a propagating wave and a propagating ‘pressure front’. In particular, we adopt a high frequency asymptotic solution to the transient pressure equation to compute travel times associated with a propagating ‘pressure front’. The asymptotic approach has been widely used in modeling wave propagation phenomena. A key advantage of the asymptotic approach is that parameter sensitivities required for solving inverse problems related to production data integration can be obtained analytically using a single streamline simulation. Thus, the approach can be orders of magnitude faster than current techniques that can require multiple flow simulations. We have applied our proposed approach to both synthetic and field examples. The synthetic example utilizes transient pressure response from an interference test in a nine-spot pattern. The spatial distribution of permeability is estimated by matching arrival times of the ‘pressure front’ in each of the observation wells. The field example is from the Conoco Borehole Test Facility in Kay County, Oklahoma. A series of pressure interference tests were performed in a skewed five-spot pattern to identify the distribution and orientation of the natural fracture system at the Fort Riley formation. We have inverted the pressure drawdowns at the observation wells to create a conceptual model for the Fort Riley formation. The predominant fracture patterns emerging from the inversion are shown to be consistent with outcrop mapping and crosswell seismic imaging.