gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aluminum-germanium-copper multilevel damascene process using low-temperature reflow sputtering and chemical mechanical polishing (1996)

A low-temperature multilevel aluminum-germanium-copper (Al-Ge-Cu) damascene technology was developed using reflow sputtering and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The maximum processing temperature for the fabrication of multilevel interconnections could be reduced to 420/spl deg/C using Al-1%Ge-0.5%Cu, whereas the conventional reflow temperature was not less than 500/spl deg/C. No degradation due to reflow heat cycles was observed in terms of Al-Ge-Cu wiring resistance. Electromigration test results indicated that the mean time to failure (MTTF) of Al-1%Ge-0.5%Cu was longer than 10 years at the operating condition, which was equivalent to that of Al-1%Si-0.5%Cu. The Al-1%Ge-0.5%Cu triple-level interconnection was fabricated using reflow sputtering to fill vias and wiring trenches and subsequent CMP for Al-Ge-Cu films.
Analytical Procedures Employing Karl Fischer Reagent. IX. Reactions with Inorganic Oxides and Related Compounds. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical Procedures Employing Karl Fischer Reagent. IX. Reactions with Inorganic Oxides and Related Compounds. Oxidation and Reduction ReactionsJ. Mitchell Jr., Donald Milton Smith, E. C. Ashby, and W. M. D. BryantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 11, 2927–2930Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01856a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01856a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Thyroid stimulatory autoantibodies in different patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not all recognize the same components of the human thyrotropin receptor: selective role of receptor amino acids Ser25-Glu30. (1992)

To study the interaction between TSH, autoantibodies and the amino-terminal half of the TSH receptor extracellular region (amino acids 1-260; domains ABC), we constructed 20 LH/CG chimeric receptor cDNAs. The prototypic receptor for modification contained domains ABC of the TSH receptor and domains DE of the LH/CG receptor. Segments (6-13 amino acids) within the ABC domains were replaced with the corresponding amino acids of the rat LH/CG receptor. Fifteen of the 20 chimeric receptors could be expressed functionally in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Twelve retained both high affinity TSH binding and normal signal transduction. These 12 receptors were tested with a panel of 10 patients' immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples containing potent TSH receptor stimulatory activity. With 11 of the receptor variants, the cAMP responses were similar to those with the prototype receptor (TSH-LHR-6). However, the -A1 variant of TSH-LHR-6 (Ser25-Glu30) responded poorly to 6 of 10 IgGs. The same pattern was observed when the IgGs were tested for their ability to inhibit [125I] TSH binding to the receptor variants, suggesting qualitative differences between the different stimulatory TSH receptor autoantibodies. Therefore, we examined the dose-response relationship of 2 IgGs that were approximately equipotent when tested with TSH-LHR-6 and its -A1 variant and another 2 IgGs that displayed greatly diminished potency with respect to the -A1 variant. Despite dilution to nearly undetectable levels, the relative potencies of the 4 IgG samples for both types of receptors remained similar. These data demonstrate directly that stimulatory TSH receptor autoantibodies do not all recognize the same components of the TSH receptor. The segment of the TSH receptor discriminated by these autoantibodies is between amino acids Ser25-Glu30.
Stabilisation of unusual simultaneous binding of four cytosine nucleobases to copper(II) by a novel network of bifurcated hydrogen bonding (1996)

The crystal structure of tetrakis(cytosine)copper(II) perchlorate dihydrate has been determined. All the hydrogen atoms were obtained from Fourier-difference synthesis. The geometry around copper is a bicapped octahedron (4 + 2 + 2*). The adjacent cytosine rings are oriented head-to-tail with respect to each other and are roughly at right angles to the co-ordination plane. The exocyclic oxo groups form an interligand, intracomplex hydrogen-bonding network above and below the co-ordination plane with the exocyclic amino groups of alternate cytosine bases. The EPR and electronic spectra are consistent with the retention of the solid-state structure in solution. The steric effect of the C(2)O group of cytosine is offset by the presence of the intracomplex hydrogen-bonding network. The trend in E½ values of CuII–CuI couples for 1 : 4 complexes of cytosine, cytodine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine and N-methylimidazole suggests that both steric effects and π-delocalization in imidazole and pyridine ligands and the steric effect of C(2)O in pyrimidine ligands are important in stablising CuI relative to CuII.
Synthesis of [(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)amino]azines (2011)

The reactions of 2-, 3- and 4-aminopyridines with 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel salt) 4 to give N-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)pyridin-X-amines 1a (X = 2), 1g (X = 3) and 1k (X = 4) were optimized with respect to base, temperature and reaction time. Based on these conditions a total of thirteen [(dithiazolylidene)amino]azines 1a-m were prepared and fully characterized.
Direct Measurement of the Wetting Behavior of Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Polymer Melts: The Key to Carbon Nanotube−Polymer Composites (2008)

Carbon nanotube wetting is the critical parameter for the development of nanocomposites yet, due to the lack of suitable methods of qualifying and, more importantly, quantifying nanoscale wetting and adhesion phenomena, it is often overlooked. Here, we discuss a qualitative approach that provides wetting/nonwetting information and present a microfluidics method to produce "nanodroplets" of polymers on individual carbon nanotubes which enable the direct quantification of contact angles.
<I>In-Situ</I> Densification of Ti Coatings by the Warm Spray (Two-Stage HVOF) Process (2006)

Coating of titanium is one of the surface modification techniques attractive for corrosion protection in various industrial and medical applications. In-situ densification of titanium coatings fabricated by the Warm Spray (two-stage high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)) process was investigated for the purpose of obtaining impermeability together with minimum oxidation level. Ceramic beads of ZrO2-SiO2 were mixed with titanium feedstock powder. By the peening effect of the ceramic particles the density of the resultant titanium-matrix coatings could be improved and the minimum coating porosity obtained in this study was 0.65 vol%.
EIO: error handling is occasionally correct (2008)

Abstract The reliability of file systems depends in part on howwell they propagate errors. We develop a static analysis technique, EDP, that analyzes how file systems andstorage device drivers propagate error codes. Running our EDP analysis on all file systems and 3 major storagedevice drivers in Linux 2.6, we find that errors are often incorrectly propagated; 1153 calls (13%) drop an errorcode without handling it. We perform a set of analyses to rank the robustnessof each subsystem based on the completeness of its error propagation; we find that many popular file systemsare less robust than other available choices. We confirm that write errors are neglected more often than readerrors. We also find that many violations are not cornercase mistakes, but perhaps intentional choices. Finally,we show that inter-module calls play a part in incorrect error propagation, but that chained propagations do not.In conclusion, error propagation appears complex and hard to perform correctly in modern systems. 1 Introduction The robustness of file systems and storage systems isa major concern, and rightly so [32]. Recent work has shown that file systems are especially unreliablewhen the underlying disk system does not behave as expected [20]. Specifically, many modern commodity filesystems, such as Linux ext3 [31], ReiserFS [23], IBM&apos;s JFS [1], and Windows NTFS [27], all have serious bugsand inconsistencies in how they handle errors from the storage system. However, the question remains unan-swered as to why these fault-handling bugs are present.
A Novel Direct Torque Controlled Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive With Low Ripple in Flux and Torque and Fixed Switching Frequency (2004)

A modified direct torque control (DTC) scheme for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) is investigated in this paper, which features in very low flux and torque ripple and almost fixed switching frequency. It is based on the compensation of the error flux linkage vector by means of space vector modulation. Modeling and experimental results show that the flux and torque ripples are greatly reduced when compared with those of the basic DTC. With the new scheme, very short sampling time is not essential. All the advantages of the basic DTC are still retained. In addition, fixed switching frequency at different operating conditions becomes possible. The field-weakening control of this drive is also studied; an IPM DTC drive with a wider operation range and lower flux and torque ripple has been achieved experimentally.
Cycle control, tolerability, efficacy and acceptability of the vaginal contraceptive ring, NuvaRing®: Results of clinical experience in Germany (2008)

NuvaRing is a highly effective and acceptable method of once-monthly contraception that is safe and well tolerated.
Loss of the neuroprotective factor Sphingosine 1-phosphate early in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis (2014)

This study demonstrates loss of S1P and sphingosine kinase activity early in AD pathogenesis, and prior to AD diagnosis. Our findings establish a rationale for further exploring S1P receptor pharmacology in the context of AD therapy.
Crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) (2000)

Melt crystallization behaviors of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) (PETI) containing 2 and 12 mol % of noncrystallizable isophthalate components were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) isothermal results revealed that the introduction of 2 mol % isophthalate into PET caused a change of the crystal growth process from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The addition of more isophthalate up to 12 mol % into the PET structure induced a change in the crystal growth from a three-dimensional to a two-dimensional crystal growth. DSC heating scans after completion of isothermal crystallization at various Tc's showed three melting endotherms for PET and four melting endotherms for PETI-2 and PETI-12. The presence of an additional melting endotherm is attributed to the melting of copolyester crystallite composed of ethylene glycol, tere-phthalate, and isophthalate (IPA) or the melting of molecular chains near IPA formed by melting the secondary crystallite Tm (I) and then recrystallizing during heating. Analyses of both Avrami and Lauritzen-Hoffman equations revealed that PETI containing 2 mol % of isophthalate had the highest Avrami exponent n, growth rate constant Go, and product of lateral and end surface free energies σσe. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2515–2524, 2000
Cytotoxicity of Neolignans Identified in<i>Saururus chinensis</i>towards Human Cancer Cell Lines (2005)

The cytotoxicity of compounds derived from the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis towards 24 cancer model and six normal cell lines was examined by MTT assay and compared with those of the anticancer agents cisplatin and doxorubicin. The active principles were characterized as the neolignans manassantin A, and its erythro, erythro- and threo, erythro-epimers by spectroscopic analysis. Manassantin A was isolated from S. chinensis as a new cytotoxic principle. Its two epimers were isolated for the first time in nature. The neolignans were more active than cisplatin and doxorubicin, with IC50 values of the neolignans, cisplatin, and doxorubicin against SK-Hep-1, PC-3, DU-145, BT-20, SK-BR-3, T-47D, Hela, T98G, and SK-MEL-28 cancer cell lines, in the ranges 0.018-0.423, 1.175-7.922, and 0.131- >50 microg/mL, respectively. Manassantin A and its threo, erythro-epimer were equicytotoxic towards model cancer cell lines. threo, erythro-Manassantin A was more active than erythro, erythro-manassantin A. Additionally, these three neolignans (IC50 > 10 microg/mL) had very low cytotoxicity towards six normal cell lines, whereas cisplatin (IC50 2.846-0.825 microg/mL) and doxorubicin (IC50 5.222-0.008 microg/mL) exhibited potent cytotoxic effects. Structure-activity relationships indicate that the hydroxy moiety appears to be essential for cytotoxicity. These neolignans merit further study as potential anticancer agents or as leads.
<b>Mass Spectrometry in Structural and Stereochemical Problems. I. Steroid Ketones</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMass Spectrometry in Structural and Stereochemical Problems. I. Steroid KetonesHerbert. Budzikiewicz and Carl. DjerassiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 8, 1430–1439Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00867a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (873 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Studies on botulinum neurotoxins type/C1 and mosaic/DC using Endopep-MS and proteomics (2010)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are very potent toxins and category A biological threat agents. BoNT serotypes /C1 and /D affect birds and mammals and can be potentially lethal to humans. We have previously described the usefulness of the Endopep-MS method to detect the activity of BoNT A through G. This report was followed by the application of the method to clinical samples. The activity of the BoNT serotypes associated with human disease (/A, /B, /E, and /F) was successfully detected. However, BoNT/C and /D require different conditions for fast substrate cleavage, and a comprehensive description of a method to study BoNT/C and /D has not yet been reported. This work describes a new, optimized version of the Endopep-MS method to detect BoNTs /C1 and /DC either spiked directly in 20 μL of reaction buffer or spiked in a larger volume of buffer and further extracted using antibody-coated magnetic beads. It was found that the incubation temperature at 42 °C was more effective for both toxin serotypes, but each toxin serotype has an optimum cleavage pH. Additionally, we describe for the first time a proteomics study using a fast trypsin digestion method and label-free quantification of these toxin serotypes.
Spatial prediction based intra-coding [video coding] (2005)

According to the H.264 video coding standard, spatial prediction is used for intra block coding. The luma prediction may be based on a 4/spl times/4 block, for which there are nine prediction modes, or a 16/spl times/16 macroblock., for which there are four prediction modes. For chroma prediction, there are also four prediction modes. In this paper, a new method is proposed for improving the intra prediction algorithm, the first step is to apply direction to the results of the DC prediction and the second step is to use simplified modes to reduce computational complexity.
New leading/trailing edge modulation strategies for two-stage AC/DC PFC adapters to reduce DC-link capacitor ripple current (2007)

AC/DC adapters mostly employ two-stage topology: Power Factor Correction (PFC) pre-regulation stage followed by an isolated DC/DC converter stage. Low power AC/DC adapters require a small size to be competitive. Among their components, the bulk DC-link capacitor is one of the largest because it should keep the output voltage with low ripple. Also, the size of this capacitor is penalized due to the universal line voltage application. Synchronization through employing leading edge modulation for the first PFC stage and trailing edge modulation for the second DC/DC converter stage can significantly reduce the ripple current and ripple voltage of the DC-link capacitor. Thus, a smaller DC-link capacitance can be used, lowering the cost and size of the AC/DC adapter. Benefits of the synchronous switching scheme were already demonstrated experimentally. However, no mathematical analysis was presented. In this thesis, detailed mathematical analyses in per-unit quantity are given to facilitate the calculation of the DC-link capacitor ripple current reduction with Leading/Trailing Edge Modulation strategies. One of the limitations of leading/trailing edge modulation is that the switching frequencies of the two stages need to be equal to achieve the best reduction of the DC-link capacitor ripple current. The DC-link capacitor ripple current will become larger if the switching frequency of the DC/DC converter is larger than that of the PFC pre-regulator, which blocks us to employ higher frequency for isolated DC/DC converter to reduce its transformer size. This thesis proposed a new Leading/Trailing Edge Modulation strategy to further reduce the DC-link bulk capacitor ripple current when switching frequency of DC/DC converter stage is twice the switching frequency of PFC stage. This proposed pulse width modulation scheme was verified by simulation. Experimental results obtained through digital control based on FPGA are also presented in this thesis.
HOTf-catalyzed intermolecular hydroamination reactions of alkenes and alkynes with anilines (2015)

Intermolecular hydroamination of alkenes and alkynes with anilines catalyzed by HOTf under mild conditions has been developed.
Chemical synthesis under shock compression (1985)

Many reports of chemical synthesis under high pressure shock loading have been published over the past thirty years, but little progress has been made in developing an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the observed effects. This paper discusses the current status of studies in shock-induced solid state chemistry. It is observed that it is relatively easy to initiate and control chemical reactions in shock-loaded powder materials. In solids it is well known that chemical changes are controlled by defects at all levels from atomic and microstructural to continuum. A major program to study shock-induced modification of inorganic powders provides explicit evidence for unusually large plastic deformation and resulting defect structures. Shock-modified powders also show major enhancements in solid state reactivity in post-shock experiments. Currently, two systems are found to provide a basis for studying controlled chemical synthesis. Intermetallic alloys have been found to be produced in a controlled manner from mechanical mixtures of aluminum with either nickel or titanium. Optical measurements show that a strong chemical reaction is induced on a 100 nanosecond time scale in such aluminum-nickel mixtures under shock compression. The nonferrous metal oxide-ferric oxide system is another promising chemical system in which mixtures of zinc oxidemore » and ferric oxide readily form a zinc-deficient zinc ferrite. Shock-induced chemical synthesis appears to provide a significant opportunity for the synthesis of new materials. Study of chemical effects associated with shock loading provides a new probe of shock-compression processes and current descriptions of the conditions under which they can occur suggest that chemical effects may be ubiquitous in fully dense materials encountered in shock compression studies. 45 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Neurological involvement in worth type endosteal hyperostosis: Report of a family (1994)

We present the first Australian family known with autosomal dominant endosteal hyperostosis affecting a mother and her 2 children. Neurological involvement comprising chronic intracranial hypertension and cranial nerve palsies were found in the mother; computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head demonstrated symmetrical sclerosis of the cranial vault, narrow internal auditory meati and canals, inferior herniation of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, and encroachment of occipital bone into the foramen magnum posteriorly. This is the fifth report of significant neurologic involvement in this condition and supports the view that severe forms of endosteal hyperostosis are not confined to the autosomal recessive variant, as individuals with the autosomal dominant form may also show progression with neurological involvement in adulthood.
Effect of Cisplatin on In Vitro Production of Lipid Peroxides in Rat Kidney Cortex (1987)

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II), an antitumor agent with a dose-limiting adverse effect of nephrotoxicity, increased lipid peroxidation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in rat renal slices incubated in vitro. The addition of an antioxidant, N-N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), to the incubation medium completely inhibited this increase. We also studied the in vitro effects of agents that modify cisplatin nephrotoxicity on lipid peroxidation in the slices caused by cisplatin. Mannitol, which protects against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, almost completely inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation caused by cisplatin. Methionine, which potentiates cisplatin nephrotoxicity, made the slices more susceptible to peroxidation. The decrease with cisplatin in p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation in incubated kidney cortical slices, the accumulation being a representative biochemical process in the transport ability of renal cells, was partially inhibited when DPPD was in the medium. The results suggested that cisplatin directly affected renal tissues in which free radicals generated by cisplatin may interact with membrane lipids to cause the production of lipid peroxides that damage membrane function. Compounds that modify cisplatin nephrotoxicity such as mannitol and methionine may act by affecting the production of renal lipid peroxides by cisplatin.