gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of Paget's Disease of Bone (1969)

There appear to be striking variations in the prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in different portions of the world. Sissons (7) reported the disease to be more frequently encountered in Great Britain and certain other European countries than in the United States or Scandinavia. The disease is seen rarely, if at all, in some Asian and African populations. It is the impression of many radiologists that the prevalence of Paget's disease varies remarkably in different portions of the United States. These impressions were confirmed by one of the authors (H. D. R.) in questionnaires sent to many hospital radiologists in the continental United States. Although no distinct geographical distribution was clearly apparent from the replies to this questionnaire, the disease appeared to occur less frequently in southern portions of the nation. Since a geographical variation in the prevalence of Paget's disease of bone might suggest possible etiological factors, an attempt was made to obtain information about the frequency with which this abnormality occurs in Providence, R. I., where the disease is relatively common, and in Lexington, Ky., where its occurrence is distinctly unusual. Method Pelvic roentgenograms of 1,000 patients over forty years of age were selected by chance from the files of the Roger Williams Hospital in Providence, R. I. Comparable films of the same number of patients in similar age categories were selected from the files of the University Hospital, Lexington, Ky. The roentgenograms were chosen from gastrointestinal and genitourinary examinations as well as from standard examinations of the pelvis. No film was included unless the pubic rami and femoral necks were shown on the roentgenogram. These roentgenograms were reviewed independently by both authors for evidence of Paget's disease and were classified as follows: A. Positive for Paget's Disease: A roentgenogram was placed in this category when there was indubitable radiologic evidence of Paget's disease. Standard roentgen criteria were used, such as cortical involvement, an increase in size of osseous structures, a grossly disturbed, coarse, and irregular trabecular pattern, and irregular areas of bony sclerosis and radiolucency. B. Possibly Positive for Paget's Disease: Roentgenograms were placed in this category if they demonstrated a definite abnormality that could reasonably represent Paget's disease. In some of these cases, Paget's disease was considered more probable than in others. In no case, however, was it felt possible to categorically include or exclude a diagnosis of this entity from the radiographic appearance alone. C. Negative for Paget's Disease: Although some of the roentgenograms placed in this category revealed definite abnormalities, it was thought the abnormalities could not be attributed to Paget's disease of bone. Once criteria for classification of the radiographs were established, very few variations in classification were experienced.
The electron beam fluorescence method as applied to molecular scattering experiments (1974)

A molecular beam system using electron beam excitation to observe the rotational state distribution of incident and scattered beams of nitrogen is described. The incident nitrogen beam is skimmed from a nozzle source and has low translational and rotational temperatures. Cryopumping of the scattering chamber is necessary to maintain a sufficiently low partial pressure of wall scattered nitrogen in the detection region. The electron gun is of special design for attaining (typically) 15 mA at 1200 eV energy in a millimeter diameter beam. Recording instrumentation is of analog type, the signal to noise ratio of a scattered beam is typically of order 40 using a 5 sec integration time constant. The system has been used to infer the anisotropy of nitrogen-rare gas intermolecular potentials.
A new junction technology for low-resistance contacts and Schottky barrier MOSFETs (2005)

By imposing an ultra-thin insulator between low-workfunction metals and silicon, the Schottky barrier of the junction can be substantially reduced, reducing junction resistance. With this approach, low Schottky barrier metal S/D MOSFETs with Mg and Yb as S/D metals are demonstrated.
COMPARISON OF MICROSTICKIES MEASUREMENT METHODS. PART I, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND MEASUREMENT METHODS (2003)

Recently, we completed a project on the comparison of macrostickies measurement methods. Based on the success of the project, we decided to embark on this new project on comparison of microstickies measurement methods. When we started this project, there were some concerns and doubts principally due to the lack of an accepted definition of microstickies. However, we agreed to undertake the project due to its importance to the industry. As one can see from the list of authors and organizations above, we were fortunate that eight organizations/institutions agreed to participate in the project. Furthermore, Carl Houtman and his group at Forest Products Laboratory volunteered to prepare pulp samples in their pilot plant and ship them to all participants. FPL was requested to prepare two pulps: sticky-containing pulp (Pulp A) and sticky-free pulp (Pulp B). Participants were then asked to prepare 5 pulp samples by mixing pulp A and pulp B in 25% increments: Sample (i): 100% A; 0% B, Sample (ii): 75% A; 25% B, Sample (iii): 50% A; 50% B, Sample (iv): 25% A; 75% B, Sample (v): 0% A; 100% B. Additionally, a sample of deinked pulp (Pulp C)was also sent to all participants. The current definition of microstickies is stickies particles that are smaller than 100 im or smaller than 150 im in size. These particles would pass through a 4-cut (0.1 mm, 0.004 in) or 6cut (0.15 mm, 0.006 in) slotted screen. We let the participants decide whether to use whole stock or fractionated stock for testing. We did not set any lower limit though particles smaller than 5 im are usually classified as colloidal and dissolved material - CDM or DISCO. We also did not specify the use of any chemical additive to promote the formation of secondary stickies. In Part I of the paper we present details of sample preparation and description of various methods used for the measurement of microstickies. Results of sample analysis from these methods will be presented in Part II.ed.
A Zinc Binding Site in Viral Serine Proteinases (1996)

The NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus contains a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase domain. We built a homology model of this domain which predicts the presence of a tetradentate metal binding site formed by three cysteines and one histidine. These residues are strictly conserved in all known hepatitis C viral genotypes as well as in other recently discovered related hepatitis viruses. We show that the hepatitis C virus enzyme does indeed contain a Zn2+ ion with S3N ligation and that the metal is required for structural integrity and activity of the enzyme. Strikingly, the residues forming the metal binding site are also conserved in the chymotrypsin-like 2A cysteine proteinases of picornaviruses. Remarkably, in these highly variable viral genomes the metal binding site is more conserved than the catalytic residues and thus allows us to define a novel class of zinc binding chymotrypsin-like proteinases and to identify a new attractive target for antiviral therapy.
Pilot-Scale Production of Dimethyl 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate (2013)

A scalable process for the preparation of high purity dimethyl 1,4-cubanedicarboxylate (3) is reported. The work described herein builds on previous synthetic work from this and other laboratories, to provide a reliable process that can be used to prepare multigram quantities of 3 in a partially telescoped, 8 step process, with minimal purification of intermediates.
The Disector Counting Technique (2011)

Number of particles in an organ or region is a valuable data as well as the volume. Many techniques have been developed for the estimation of total number or numerical density of cells in tissues and organs. The quality and reliability of each method has constantly been increased compared to its predecessors. Numerical density is one of the parameters that are used to assess the association between a structure and its function. It should be kept in mind that reliability of biological comments derived from the data is dependent on the method that is used for quantitative estimation of parameters. As stated previously, one of the most important morphometric parameters in biological studies is the 'number'. Since the 'number' has no-dimensions (i.e. is not bounded by any dimensional property) it could not be directly estimated using a 2D section plane. A good alternative is to use a "volume probe" generated by two consecutive sections, which is called the disector. The disector counting method that was developed by Steno in 1984 is the most efficient and unbiased solution for particle counting. In this review, we will summarize the basic principles of the disector approach and give some examples focused especially on some basic topics in neuroscience research.
Introducing Adaptation Templates to Support the Implementation of Adaptive E-Commerce Applications (2017)

In order to fulfill the demands of Web shoppers, applications need to display the right content at the right time. However, due to the differences in preferences, needs and idiosyncrasies, these demands are not the same for different shoppers. In previous work, we built a toolkit to support the development of adaptive web applications. Our toolkit gathers and analyzes client logs in real time, allowing to understand the user behavior during navigation. By exploiting our toolkit, developers are able to build applications that adapt on-the-fly according to the user needs. This paper presents an extension to our previous work which allows adaptation code to be triggered automatically when interface problems are detected. Moreover, we provide adaptation templates that make the adaptation process straightforward.
Frequency-diversity spread-spectrum communication system to counter bandlimited Gaussian interference (1996)

A spread spectrum system to counter bandlimited Gaussian interference is proposed. The optimum receiver for this system is easy to build. Frequency diversity which allows the receiver to distinguish unjammed signal replicas from their jammed versions is used. The system can also resist bandlimited partial-time jamming. The only choice left to a smart jammer to maximize the error probability is to spread its signal like the communicator. The optimum receiver, which jointly performs symbol detection and interference rejection, is derived. Side information needed by this receiver can easily be estimated. However, if the interference bandwidth is narrow compared to the signal bandwidth, side information on noise and interference levels is not needed by a simpler and near-optimum receiver. Bit-error probability is evaluated for quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and compared to that of direct sequence spread spectrum. We also propose the use of polyphase filters for simple system implementation.
Nonocclusive mesenteric infarction in hemodialysis patients1 2 (2000)

NOMI occurs at an increased rate in hemodialysis patients. Identification of patients at high risk for NOMI and dose monitoring of filtration rates may impact on the high mortality of this disease.
A study of composition schemes for mixed apply/compose based construction of ROBDDs (2002)

Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (ROBDDs) have traditionally been built in a bottom-up fashion. In this scheme, the intermediate peak memory utilization is often larger than the final ROBDD size, limiting the complexity of the circuits which can be processed using ROBDDS. Recently we showed that for a large number of applications, the peak memory requirement can be substantially reduced by a suitable combination of bottom up (decomposition based) and top down (composition based) approaches of building ROBDDs. In this paper, we focus on the composition process. We detail four heuristic algorithms for finding good composition orders, and compare their utility on a set of standard benchmark circuits. Our schemes offer a matrix of time-memory tradeoff points.
Immunoglobulin and theta-bearing murine leukemias and lymphomas. (1972)

Murine lymphocytes can be separated into two distinct populations. The thymusderived T lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity and are identified by the ϑ isoantigen. The bone marrow derived B lymphocytes are the precursors of the antibody-forming cells and are identified by the presence of easily detectable surface immunoglobulin. In this study, 24 murine leukemias and lymphomas and eight plasma cell tumors were investigated for the presence of the ϑ isoantigen and determinants of the kappa light chain. Of the leukemias and lymphomas studied, 12 have the ϑ isoantigen and are of T cell origin; one tumor bore kappa light chain and is presumably of B cell origin. Eleven of the tumors studied had no detectable ϑ or kappa determinants. Four of the eight plasma cell tumors have surface kappa determinants. No ϑ positive tumors bore kappa chain determinants and no kappa positive tumors bore ϑ determinants. The characterization of leukemias and lymphomas as to their B or T cell origin will provide large numbers of pure B and T lymphoid cells useful for a variety of studies.
THE ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH EITHER ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE OR MYOPATHY (1992)

The antioxidant status of alcoholic patients was assessed by direct measurement of the plasma antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and of selenium as a marker of glutathione peroxidase. Overall, the alcoholic group showed significant decreases in the mean plasma values of beta-carotene, zinc and selenium when compared to the control subjects. When the patients were subdivided according to their liver histology, beta-carotene showed a progressive decrease in plasma concentration with increasing liver damage, whereas alpha-tocopherol levels were only depleted in the patients with cirrhosis. There were significant decreases in the plasma concentrations of both alpha-tocopherol and selenium in all patients with alcoholic skeletal muscle myopathy, whereas patients with normal muscle biopsies showed adequate antioxidant status. Such results support a role for free radical-mediated damage in end organ injury, particularly myopathy, in alcohol misusers.
Deoxynucleosides and related compounds. Part VI. The synthesis of 2-thiouridine and of 3'-deoxyuridine (1958)

2': 3'-O-isoPropylidene-O 2 : 5'-cyclouridine and 2': 3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-O-toluene-p-sulphonyluridine both react with sodium ethyl sulphide to give 5'-deoxy-5'-ethylthio-2':3'-O-isopropylideneuridine. The same reaction applied to O 2 : 2'-cyclouridine affords 3'-deoxy-3'-ethylthiouridine from which 3'-deoxyuridine is obtained by treatment with Raney nickel. 2': 3'-O-isoPropylidene-O 2 : 5'-cyclouridine with hydrogen sulphide and tri-ethylamine gives 2': 3'-O-isopropylidene-2-thiouridine from which 2-thiouridine can be obtained. The thiolation reaction also affords polysulphides of the probable structure R-S 2n -R where n= 1,2, or 3, and R is an iso-propylidene-2-deoxy-2-uridinyl residue.
Improvements in FFD Modeling by Using Different Numerical Schemes (2010)

Indoor environment design and air management in buildings requires fast simulation of air distribution. A fast fluid dynamics (FFD) model seems very promising. This work was to develop the FFD by improving its speed and accuracy. Enhancement of computing speed can be realized by modifying the time-splitting method. Improvements in accuracy were achieved by replacing the finite-difference scheme by the finite-volume method and by proposing a correction function for mass conservation. Using the new FFD model for several indoor air flows, the results show significant reduction in computing time and great improvements on accuracy.
[Insulin-dependent complement activity in the serum of patients with diabetes mellitus]. (1991)

Complement system was comparatively evaluated in 68 patients with diabetes mellitus and 104 healthy subjects. Hemolytic activity was examined for components C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5, and overall activity of the classic pathways was defined. The complement status appeared different for men and women. Females demonstrated hypofunction of the majority of the complement components, subcompensation in the absence of angiopathies, in decompensation complicated by angiopathies the activity was enhanced. In uneventful course of diabetes mellitus in males component C4 was activated remaining above normal though reduced in decompensation with angiopathies. High complement level in females could serve an aggravating factor, it depends on the dose of exogenic insulin.
Media Mergers: First Step in a New Shift of Antitrust Analysis? (1997)

An alarming trend toward concentration of media ownership has been highlighted by Walt Disney's acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC, and Time Warner's acquisition of Turner Broadcasting System. While current antitrust approaches are not expected to stem this trend, antitrust is a constantly evolving area of law. As Chairman of the FTC, Robert Pitofsky is in a position to move antitrust analysis away from the economically focused Chicago School approach, and toward an approach which also considers social and political issues. Consideration of these issues is supported by Pitofsky's own writings and could reduce the trend of media concentration.
Total Synthesis of Five Lipoteichoic acids of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (2014)

The emergence of hypervirulent resistant strains have made Clostridium difficile a notorious nosocomial pathogen and has resulted in a renewed interest in preventive strategies, such as vaccines based on (synthetic) cell wall antigens. Recently, the structure of the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of this species has been elucidated. Additionally, this LTA was found to induce the formation of protective antibodies against C. difficile in rabbits and mice. The LTA from C. difficile is isolated as a microheterogenous mixture, differing in size and composition, impeding any structure-activity relationship studies. To ensure reliable biological results, pure and well-defined synthetic samples are required. In this work the total synthesis of LTAs from C. difficile with defined chain length is described and the initial biological results are presented.
Indomethacin inhibits the antihypertensive effect of Captopril, SQ 14225, in low renin hypertension. (1980)

The antihypertensive mechanism of orally active angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225 (SQ), in low renin hypertension was investigated. In the SQ-responder with low renin hypertension, the hypotensive effect of SQ was abolished after the inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin (PG) synthesis with indomethacin, while no significant change in blood pressure was found in the SQ-responder with normal renin hypertension. These results suggest that SQ may potentiate the vasodilating PG system, contributing to the antihypertensive mechanism in SQ responders with low renin hypertension.
Preparation and properties of poly(<i>p</i>‐phenylene) and polynaphthylene (1983)

Abstract Poly( p ‐phenylene), poly(2,6‐naphthylene), poly(2,7‐naphthylene), poly(1,5‐naphthylene), and poly(1,4‐naphthylene) were prepared by nickel‐catalyzed polycondensation of Grignard reagents from the corresponding dibromides. The polymers were annealed in vacuo. Doping with SbF 5 markedly increase the conductivity of the polymers. Annealed poly(2,6‐naphthylene) is the most conductive among the four isomers after SbF 5 doping. The conductivity of doped poly(2,6‐naphthylene) and poly( p ‐phenylene) is about 10 −1 S · cm −1 . Annealed poly( p ‐phenylene) shows a broad single line ESR signal which changes to a narrow single line upon doping. Superposition of the two signals is observed at the initial stage of doping. Simultaneous conductivity and ESR measurements indicate that the narrow signal is closely related to conductivity.
Dynamic admittance matrix of piezoelectric cantilever bimorphs (1994)

The matrix that relates the harmonically varying driving parameters: a moment M at the tip, a force F at the tip, a uniformly applied body force p and voltage V to their response parameters: the tip rotation /spl alpha/, the tip deflection /spl delta/, the volumetric displacement V and the electrode charge Q, have been determined. The electrical element of this matrix is the (4,4) element, which is the electrical capacitance, hence we call this the dynamic admittance matrix. It is a four by four symmetric matrix having a purely electrical part, a purely elastic part and a mixed (piezoelectric) part. A common factor in nearly all elements describes the resonance frequencies that are to be expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of SAMe on the modifications of brain polyamine levels in an animal model of depression (2001)

The mechanism(s) of the antidepressant activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) have not yet been elucidated. SAMe is essential for the synthesis of polyamines, which have a key role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, accumulating data indicate that depression is associated with a reduction in regional brain volume and that antidepressants increase neurogenesis in defined brain regions and also influence neuronal plasticity. Here we show that in a validated rat model of depression (chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia) there is a significant reduction of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in the hippocampus, and of only putrescine in the nucleus accumbens septi. SAMe, at a fully antidepressant dose (300 mg/kg i.m., daily for 7 days), completely restores the levels of putrescine in the nucleus accumbens, and restores in part the levels of both spermidine and spermine in the hippocampus. These results may suggest (i) a role for brain polyamines in depression and in reward processes, and (ii) that the antidepressant effect of SAMe may be due, at least in part, to a normalization of putrescine levels in the nucleus accumbens septi.
Miscibility and orientation behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) / poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends (1990)

Abstract The miscibility of poly(viny1 alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVA/PVP) blends is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The molecular orientation induced by uniaxial stretching of the blends is also examined by WAXD and birefringence measurements. It is shown by the DSC thermal analysis that the polymer pair is miscible, since a single glass transition temperature ( T g ) is situated between the T g s of the two homopolymers at every composition. The T g versus composition curve does not follow a monotonic function but exhibits a cusp point at a PVP volume fraction of a little under 0.7, as in a case predicted by Kovacs' theory. The presence of a specific intermolecular interaction between the two polymers is suggested by an observed systematic depression in the melting point of the PVA component. A negative value of the polymer‐polymer interaction parameter, χ 12 = 0.35 (at 513 K), is estimated from a thermodynamic approach via a control experiment using samples crystallized isothermally at various temperatures. The extent of optical birefringence (Δ n ) of the drawn blends decreases drastically with increasing PVP content up to 80 wt %, when compared at a given draw ratio, and ultimately Δ n is found to change from positive to negative at a critical PVP concentration of a little over 80 wt %. Discussion of the molecular orientation behavior takes into consideration a birefringence compensation effect in the miscible amorphous phase due to positive and negative contributions of oriented PVA and PVP, respectively.