gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of Lamb wave-based edge detection methods (2019)

In recent years, many researchers have explored the use of guided ultrasonic waves for nondestructive testing (NDT). When guided waves are transmitted into a structure, any geometric and material discontinuities in the waves’ path modify these waves. Using appropriate signal processing methods for the waves received at a sensor, information about these features can be extracted. However, little research has been conducted to locate the features and automatically generate maps without using a priori knowledge. For NDT of large-scale structures, such as the wings of an airplane, many (automated) measurements need to be conducted, and localization of identified features on a map is crucial for successful damage detection. Hence, in this work, methods to detect edges are investigated in an effort to generate a map of the structure using Lamb waves. Measurements are conducted with contact and air-coupled ultrasound transducers in laboratory experiments. While the used contact transducers do not exhibit any directional sensitivity, air-coupled transducers are only sensitive to incoming waves from one direction. Therefore, different data processing methods have to be applied, depending on the applied actuator or sensor technology. Even though the experiments are conducted for a pristine aluminum plate, an outlook for composite plates is given as well. In addition, it is explored whether guided-wave based methods also allow for the detection of other structural features, such as stiffeners. The accuracy of the applied identification methods is validated against the structures’ true dimensions. Even though substantial assumptions have to be made, the investigated methods show promise for successful application in real scenarios.
The Barthel Index and ADL Evaluation in Stroke Rehabilitation in Australia, Japan, the UK and the USA (1992)

At present many of the activities of daily living indices used in Australia lack essential characteristics of an index yielding desirable results. This study argues that the Barthel Index as modified by Shah, Vanclay and Cooper (1989a) is robust and has the required biometric and psychometric qualities. It presents evidence in support of the use of the Barthel Index as a preferred measure of the activities of daily living function to report therapeutically meaningful and valid information of patient care and stroke rehabilitation outcomes in Australia. It also presents the functional performance on the modified Barthel Index and the outcome of all 258 first stroke patients admitted for inpatient rehabilitation in Brisbane, Australia. Using the Barthel Index as a measure of activities of daily living functions, the study then compares the performances and outcomes of stroke patients between Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Low-Cost MR Fluid Sponge Devices (1999)

A variety of robust, high-strength, MR fluids and devices that enable the benefits of controllable fluid technology are now commercially available. Commercial, mass-produced devices include rotary brakes for use in exercise equipment, real-time controllable vibration dampers for truck seats and adjustable linear shock absorbers for racing cars. Recently, a new way of using MR fluids in which the fluid is contained in an absorbent matrix has been developed. Such MR fluid sponge devices enable the benefits of controllable MR fluids to be realized in cost sensitive applications. Most of the high-cost components normally associated with a fluid filled device can be eliminated with this approach. Low-cost, controllable MR fluid sponge dampers are particularly appropriate for moderate-force vibration control problems where a high degree of control authority is desired such as a new generation of high-performance, home washing machines now being developed.
Quinoline, quinazoline and acridone alkaloids (2004)

This review covers the isolation, structure determination, synthesis and biological activity of quinoline, quinazoline and acridone alkaloids from plant, microbial and animal sources. The literature from July 2002 to June 2003 is reviewed, and 119 references are cited.
Mineralization of Azo Dye Using Combined Photo-Fenton and Photocatalytic Processes under Visible Light (2013)

Visible-light-assisted photodegradation of an azo dye, Reactive Red 180 (RR180), in the presence of nitrogen-doped TiO 2 (N-TiO 2 ) has been studied. The photodegradation of RR180 is evaluated through decolorization studies and total organic carbon analysis. The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), potassium peroxomonosulfate (oxone or PMS), and potassium peroxodisulfate (PDS) in improving the photodegradation of the dye in the N-TiO 2 -RR180 system is also examined. The effect of combining photo-Fenton-like reaction with N-TiO 2 -mediated photodegradation of RR180 under visible light has been investigated. The photoactivity of N-TiO 2 -RR180-Fe 3+ /Cu 2+ -oxidant systems is compared with the individual techniques of photocatalysis and photo-Fenton-like reactions. The coupled system possesses superior photomineralization ability towards the abatement of RR180.
Replication strategies for reliable decentralised storage (2006)

Distributed hash tables (DHTs) can be used as the basis of a resilient lookup service in unstable environments: local routing tables are updated to reflected changes in the network; efficient routing can be maintained in the face of participant node failures. This fault-tolerance is an important aspect of modern, decentralised data storage solutions. In architectures that employ DHTs, the choice of algorithm for data replication and maintenance can have a significant impact upon performance and reliability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of replication algorithms for architectures based upon a specific design of DHT. It presents also a novel maintenance algorithm for dynamic replica placement, and considers the reliability of the resulting designs at the system level. The performance of the algorithms is examined using simulation techniques; significant differences are identified in terms of communication costs and latency.
The relationship of arterial blood pH and pCO2 to the viability of the newborn piglet. (1971)

Clinical observations were made on the majority of 749 newborn piglets from 75 litters and the blood pH and pCO(2) levels in samples taken from an umbilical artery were determined in 299 of these piglets. A method of individual clinical assessment was developed which reduced the effect of subjective error on the evaluation of viability at the time of delivery. Blood samples were collected from the umbilical artery prior to the onset of respiratory movements and it was found that increased acidemia and hypercapnia were associated with reduced viability. The pH values in severely depressed piglets were between 6.50 and 6.95 and pCO(2) values between 105 and 185 mm Hg, whereas in the fully viable animals, the ranges were 7.10-7.42 and 46-75 mm Hg respectively. It was concluded that a large proportion of the mortality and reduced viability at the time of delivery could be attributed to intra-uterine asphyxia.
The adaptive algorithms of the smart antenna system in 3G wireless communication systems (2003)

In a CDMA system, the smart antenna system is mainly applied to the base station. The smart antenna can adjust the direction pattern adaptively and reduce the interference signals using some adaptive interference nulling algorithms, and thus enhancing the performance of the communication systems. The article provides a description and analysis of some basic adaptive algorithms and their modifications. Their applications in a CDMA system are presented.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Mycothiazole and Formal Enantioselective Approach (2004)

A total synthesis of (±)-mycothiazole and a formal enantioselective approach have been achieved from 2,4-dibromothiazole. A chain extension of a homoallylic alcohol proceeding through an unsaturated sultone intermediate, generated by ring-closing metathesis, was used as a key step for the elaboration of the conjugated (Z)-dienol moiety.
Gel permeation chromatography method for GPC system definition and performance evaluation (1976)

A practical method for the overall performance evaluation of a GPC system (columns) is described. System performance is defined as the ability of the system to give experimental M̄n and M̄w values (uncorrected for instrumental spreading and other distorting factors) which agree with the theoretical values, and it is expressed as the per cent deviation between the theoretical and experimental values. The method consists of running blends of monodispersed polystyrene standards of known compositions through the GPC system to be evaluated. From the resulting chromatograms, their M̄n and M̄w values are calculated (experimental). The theoretical M̄n and M̄w values of the same standards are also calculated from the formulas on the basis of their composition. By plotting the per cent difference of the experimental values from the theoretical values versus the theoretical values on a semilog scale, the overall performance of the GPC system under investigation is pictorially depicted. Results indicate that performance under experimental conditions can vary significantly from system to system. Results also indicate that performance of a system can be improved and optimized by proper column selection and system modifications.
B Cell Developmental Requirement for the <i>G</i> α <i>i2</i> Gene (2003)

Null mutation of the Galphai2 trimeric G protein results in a discrete and profound mucosal disorder, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), attenuation of IL-10 expression, and immune function polarized to Th1 activity. Genetic and adoptive transfer experiments have established a role for B cells and IL-10 in mucosal immunologic homeostasis and IBD resistance. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that Galphai2 is required for the development of IL-10-producing B cells. Galphai2(-/-) mice were reduced in the relative abundance of marginal zone (MZ), transitional type 2 (T2), and B-1a B cells and significantly increased in follicular mature and B-1b B cells. Reconstitution of RAG2(-/-) mice with Galphai2(-/-) bone marrow induced an IBD-like colitis and a deficiency in absolute numbers of MZ, T2, and B-1 B cells. Thus, the Galphai2(-/-) genotype in colitis susceptibility and B cell development involved a cis effect within the hemopoietic compartment. In vitro, the B cell population of Galphai2(-/-) mice was functionally deficient in LPS-induced proliferation and IL-10 production, consistent with the exclusive capacity of T2 and MZ cell subpopulations for LPS responsiveness. In vivo, Galphai2(-/-) mice were selectively impaired for the IgM response to T-independent type II, consistent with the relative depletion of MZ and peritoneal B-1 subpopulations. Collectively, these results reveal a selective role for Galphai2 in MZ and B-1 B cell development. Disorders of this Galphai2-dependent process in B cell development may represent a mechanism for IBD susceptibility.
Ultra-wide-band Raman amplifier using tellurite and silica fibres (2002)

An extremely large seamless gain-bandwidth of 135 nm (1497–1632 nm) with a minimum gain of 22.8 dB is achieved with a novel hybrid tellurite/silica fibre Raman amplifier. The amplifier is used successfully as a pre-amplifier in a WDM transmission experiment.
Quantitative T1-maps delineate myocardium at risk as accurately as T2-maps - experimental validation with microspheres (2011)

Methods Dogs (n=12) underwent coronary occlusion (2 hours), during which microspheres were injected into the left atrium, followed by reperfusion (4 hours). The entire left ventricle was imaged at 1.5T (Siemens) in contiguous short-axis slices with a Modified Look-Locker Inversion-recovery sequence for T1 mapping (Messroghli, JMRI, 2007), and a T2-prepared SSFP sequence for T2 mapping (Giri, JCMR, 2009). Myocardium at risk was defined as regions in the left ventricle which had a T1 or T2 value greater than 2SD from remote. In four dogs, hearts were excised and blood flow (ml/min/g) was determined by microsphere analysis in 16 sectors per short-axis slice for all short-axis slices in the left ventricle. Myocardium at risk was defined as regions in the left ventricle with a blood flow at occlusion less than 2SD from remote. Results Global myocardium at risk, expressed as percent of left ventricular mass (%LVM), showed similar results for T1 mapping compared to T2 mapping (n=12, mean+/SD difference 1.5+/-4.0 %LVM, R2=0.86, p<0.001). On a slice-by-slice basis (n=4 dogs, 34 slices), myocardium at risk was also similar for T1 and T2 mapping (difference 0.4+/-7.6 % of slice, R2=0.96, p<0.001), T1 mapping corresponded to microsphere analysis (mean difference 2.0+/-12.8 % of slice, R2=0.90, p<0.001), and T2 mapping corresponded to microsphere analysis (mean difference 1.6+/-13.8 % of slice, R2=0.86, p<0.001). Figure 1. Conclusions When it comes to determining myocardium at risk after coronary ischemia and reperfusion, clinical non-contrast T1 mapping and T2 mapping sequences yield similar results, and both correspond excellently to microspheres. It appears that the relaxation properties T1 and T2 both change in a way which is consistent with the myocardial edema which occurs following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.
Low temperature surface passivation for carrier injection type SiGe optical modulator (2013)

Surface passivation using Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> deposited at 200 °C is examined to suppress surface recombination for carrier injection SiGe optical modulators. The modulation efficiency is improved by 1.3 by inserting Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer prior to SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> deposition.
Politikwissenschaftliche Bachelorstudiengänge in Deutschland - Eine Zwischenbilanz (2006)

Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) experience weaker evolutionary constraints and exhibit lower sequence conservation than coding genes, they can still conserve their features in various aspects. Here, we used multiple approaches to systemically evaluate the conservation between human and mouse lncRNAs from various dimensions including sequences, promoter, global synteny, and local synteny, which led to the identification of 1,731 conserved lncRNAs with 427 high-confidence ones meeting multiple criteria. Conserved lncRNAs, compared with non-conserved ones, generally have longer gene bodies, more exons and transcripts, stronger connections with human diseases, and are more abundant and widespread across different tissues. Transcription factor (TF) profile analysis revealed a significant enrichment of TF types and numbers in the promoters of conserved lncRNAs. We further identified a set of TFs that preferentially bind to conserved lncRNAs and exert stronger regulation on conserved than non-conserved lncRNAs. Our study has reconciled some discrepant interpretations of lncRNA conservation and revealed a new set of transcriptional factors ruling the expression of conserved lncRNAs.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNS (1939)

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
Turbomachinery Blade Design Using a Navier–Stokes Solver and Artificial Neural Network (1999)

This paper describes a knowledge-based method for the automatic design of more efficient turbine blades. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to construct an approximate model (response surface) using a database containing Navier–Stokes solutions for all previous designs. This approximate model is used for the optimization, by means of Simulated Annealing (SA), of the blade geometry, which is then analyzed by a Navier–Stokes solver. This procedure results in a considerable speed-up of the design process by reducing both the interventions of the operator and the computational effort. It is also shown how such a method allows the design of more efficient blades while satisfying both the aerodynamic and mechanical constraints. The method has been applied to different types of two-dimensional turbine blades, of which three examples are presented in this paper.
The Direct Metalation and Subsequent Functionalization of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Pyridines and Quinolines (2003)

Abstract Depending on the choice of the reagent, 2‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine can be selectively metalated and subsequently carboxylated or otherwise functionalized either at the 3‐ or at the 6‐position. “Optional site selectivity” can also be achieved with 4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine, which may be deprotonated either at the 2‐ or at the 3‐position. In contrast, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine undergoes nucleophilic addition and ensuing decomposition whatever the base. Depending on the reaction conditions, 2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinoline displays reactivity toward lithium reagents at its 3‐, 4‐, or 8‐positions, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)quinolines at the 2‐ or 4‐positions, and 4‐(trifluoromethyl)quinoline at the 2‐ or 3‐positions. It was therefore possible to prepare four trifluoromethyl‐substituted pyridinecarboxylic acids ( 1 , 4 , 9 , and 10 ) and six trifluoromethyl‐substituted quinolinecarboxylic acids ( 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , and 18 ) regioisomerically uncontaminated and in a most straightforward way. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme 2c. Identification as a male-specific, developmentally induced steroid 16 alpha-hydroxylase and comparison to a female-specific cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme. (1984)

Rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme 2c, purified to homogeneity from uninduced, adult rat liver (Waxman, D.J., Ko, A., and Walsh, C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11937-11947), was shown to exhibit a unique NH2-terminal amino acid sequence as well as distinctive peptide maps and immunochemical properties when compared to seven other purified rat liver P-450 isoenzymes. P-450 2c was an efficient monooxygenase catalyst with several xenobiotic substrates; P-450 2c also catalyzed 16 alpha- and 2 alpha-hydroxylations of testosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and progesterone (total turnover = 7-9 min-1 P-450(-1) at 25 microM steroid substrate) with the ratio of 2 alpha to 16 alpha hydroxylation varying from less than or equal to 0.02 to 1.6 depending on the steroid's C-17 substituent. Six different microsomal steroid hydroxylase activities characteristic of purified P-450 2c and sensitive to specific inhibition by anti-P-450 2c antibody were induced at puberty in male but not female rat liver. Microsomal steroid hydroxylations catalyzed by other P-450 isoenzymes exhibited age and sex dependencies distinct from those of the P-450 2c-mediated activities. Immunochemical analyses confirmed that this sex dependence and developmental induction reflected alterations in P-450 2c polypeptide levels. Attempts to chromatographically detect P-450 2c in either immature male or adult female microsomes were unsuccessful and led to purification of P-450 2d (female), a catalytically distinct and female-specific form. Peptide mapping and immunochemical analyses suggested significant structural homologies between the two sex-specific isoenzymes, P-450 2c and P-450 2d (female). A significant suppression of P-450 2c levels (up to 70-80%) was observed upon administration of several classical P-450 inducers. These studies establish that P-450 2c corresponds to the male-specific and developmentally-induced steroid 16 alpha-hydroxylase of rat liver and suggest that the expression of P-450 2c versus P-450 2d (female) may provide a biochemical basis for the sex differences characteristic of rat liver xenobiotic metabolism.
<b>Quantitative X‐ray imaging of labelled molecules in tissues and cells</b> (1996)

Using cisplatin as a model system, we have been able to demonstrate the feasibility of studying the cellular and subcellular distribution of a labelled molecule containing a single atom of platinum per molecule in bone marrow. An X-ray imaging system consisting of a microcomputer, a 4pi system and a software package was interfaced with an electron microscope enabling the computer to control the beam movements as well as receive signals from the STEM and EDS X-ray detectors. X-ray imaging is useful for both tissue and samples in which the population of cells is not homogeneous. Imaging permits elemental distributions to be measured throughout the sample and not in just randomly selected areas as previously done in X-ray microanalysis. Images are created for not only the element labelling the molecule of interest but also other specified elements present. Three types of maps for imaging labelled molecules are compared and discussed. When the original (collected) data are mapped, the elements of interest are obscured by the continuum. The maps calculated using an internal standard give a concentration distribution on the basis of volume (mmol L(-1) of packed cells). The maps calculated using the continuum normalization method according to Hall produces concentration distribution on the basis of mass (mmolk(-1) dry weight). By recalculating using the 'Peak' or 'Hall' method the continuum problem is removed yielding quantitative images of the intracellular distribution of labelled molecules present in low concentrations.
Background interstage gain calibration technique for pipelined ADCs (2005)

A background self-calibration technique is proposed that can correct both linear and nonlinear errors in the interstage amplifiers of pipeline and algorithmic analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Stage redundancy in a pipeline architecture is exploited to measure gain errors that are corrected using digital post-processing. The proposed technique allows faster convergence and has less dependence on input signal statistics than a similar technique described by Murmann and Boser. Simulation results are presented for a 12-bit pipelined ADC architecture, similar to that described by Murmann and Boser, using nonideal interstage residue amplifiers. With calibration, the simulations show a signal-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio performance of 72 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range performance of 112 dB, with calibration tracking time constants of approximately 8/spl times/10/sup 5/ sample periods, which is over ten times faster than that reported by Murmann and Boser at a similar performance level.
Performance of an automated segmentation algorithm for 3D MR renography (2007)

Abstract The accuracy and precision of an automated graph‐cuts (GC) segmentation technique for dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) 3D MR renography (MRR) was analyzed using 18 simulated and 22 clinical datasets. For clinical data, the error was 7.2 ± 6.1 cm 3 for the cortex and 6.5 ± 4.6 cm 3 for the medulla. The precision of segmentation was 7.1 ± 4.2 cm 3 for the cortex and 7.2 ± 2.4 cm 3 for the medulla. Compartmental modeling of kidney function in 22 kidneys yielded a renal plasma flow (RPF) error of 7.5% ± 4.5% and single‐kidney GFR error of 13.5% ± 8.8%. The precision was 9.7% ± 6.4% for RPF and 14.8% ± 11.9% for GFR. It took 21 min to segment one kidney using GC, compared to 2.5 hr for manual segmentation. The accuracy and precision in RPF and GFR appear acceptable for clinical use. With expedited image processing, DCE 3D MRR has the potential to expand our knowledge of renal function in individual kidneys and to help diagnose renal insufficiency in a safe and noninvasive manner. Magn Reson Med 57:1159–1167, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.