gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-coupled nitric oxide production modulates free radical availability and voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup>currents in NTS neurons (2012)

The medial region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS) is a key brain stem site controlling cardiovascular function, wherein ANG II modulates neuronal L-type Ca(2+) currents via activation of ANG II type 1 receptors (AT(1)R) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ANG II type 2 receptors (AT(2)R) induce production of nitric oxide (NO), which may interact with ROS and modulate AT(1)R signaling. We sought to determine whether AT(2)R-mediated NO production occurs in mNTS neurons and, if so, to elucidate the NO source and the functional interaction with AT(1)R-induced ROS or Ca(2+) influx. Electron microscopic (EM) immunolabeling showed that AT(2)R and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) are coexpressed in neuronal somata and dendrites receiving synapses in the mNTS. In the presence of the AT(1)R antagonist losartan, ANG II increased NO production in isolated mNTS neurons, an effect blocked by the AT(2)R antagonist PD123319, but not the angiotensin (1-7) antagonist D-Ala. Studies in mNTS neurons of nNOS-null or endothelial NOS (eNOS)-null mice established nNOS as the source of NO. ANG II-induced ROS production was enhanced by PD123319, the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (LNNA), or in nNOS-null mice. Moreover, in the presence of losartan, ANG II reduced voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) current, an effect blocked by PD123319 or LNNA. We conclude that AT(2)R are closely associated and functionally coupled with nNOS in mNTS neurons. The resulting NO production antagonizes AT(1)R-mediated ROS and dampens L-type Ca(2+) currents. The ensuing signaling changes in the NTS may counteract the deleterious effects of AT(1)R on cardiovascular function.
A Dynamic Model for Airline Seat Allocation with Passenger Diversion and No-Shows (2001)

For airlines selling the same seats on a scheduled flight at different fares, the demand for a fare class is affected not only by the current availability of lower fares but also by the possibility of future availability of them. To address this type of passenger behavior, this paper studies a two-class dynamic seat allocation model, which has two distinctive features. The model assumes first that the discount fare cannot be reopened once closed and, second, that a fraction of the customers are flexible, i.e., while willing to pay the full fare, they would buy discount fare tickets if available. These assumptions not only reflect customers' behavior but also are consistent with a class of existing static models that are widely accepted by the industry. For this model, we derive structural properties of the optimal policy. We show that the optimal policy is a threshold policy: The discount fare should be closed as soon as the number of seats remaining reaches a predetermined threshold, which is a function of the time remaining before departure. We show that the threshold does not always decrease over time, and that its time-monotonicity depends on how the proportion of flexible customers changes over time. Our model explains why airlines close discount fares as the departure time approaches. We also show a close relationship between the optimal policy and the policies suggested by the existing static models (the Littlewood rule and its variants). Our numerical study shows that, for parameters plausible to real applications, the latter policies, although not optimal for our dynamic model, perform well, compared to the performance of the optimal policies.
Postmortem Molecular Analysis of <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">SCN5A</EMPH> Defects in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2001)

Approximately 2% of this prospective, population-based cohort of SIDS cases had an identifiable SCN5A channel defect, suggesting that mutations in cardiac ion channels may provide a lethal arrhythmogenic substrate in some infants at risk for SIDS.
Mesotrione and Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn (2008)

Field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate early POST (EPOST) and late POST (LPOST) control of common ragweed and giant foxtail with mesotrione at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha alone and in mixtures with glufosinate at 300 g ai/ha in glufosinate-resistant corn. Glufosinate-resistant corn injury was frequently higher with mixtures of mesotrione plus glufosinate than with mesotrione applied alone. Mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate applied EPOST injured corn 6 to 21% in 1999, but in 2000, injury from mixtures was 23 to 30% from LPOST applications. Common ragweed control was above 77% with all treatments, which included 105 g/ha mesotrione. Giant foxtail control was higher at 76 to 78% by mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate applied LPOST than by mesotrione alone. Corn yields were highest when glufosinate was included in treatments at either application timing. In the greenhouse, mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate-injured glufosinate-resistant corn 11% or less, but corn biomass was reduced by 25% for the mixture of mesotrione at 105 g/ha plus glufosinate at 350 g/ha. Mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate can be more effective than mesotrione alone but control of common ragweed and giant foxtail might not be commercially acceptable.
The Effects of Growth Regulators and Illumination Intensity on Anthocyanins Production in Psammosilene tunicoides Callus (2020)

Psammosilene tunicoides. In this study, the stems, leaves and buds of P. tunicoides were used as explants, adding growth regulators (NAA, 2,4-D and 6-BA) in MS basic medium, and by adjusting the concentrations of growth regulators and the illumination intensity in culture room to induce callus, then the proliferated callus were used to extract anthocyanins. The results showed that the callus induction rate was the highest using buds as explants; it was about 1 to 2 times high of others (stems and leaves). NAA or 6-BA contributed to induce anthocyanins synthesis in the white callus. With the increase of 6-BA concentration, the anthocyanins content increased after slightly decreased, and the anthocyanins synthesis was promoted by increasing NAA concentration from 0.5 mg·L-1 to 1.5 mg·L-1 but decreased thereafter up to 2.5 mg·L-1. The combination screening of growth regulators indicated that the combination of 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA was the appropriate condition in the range of 0.5 mg·L-1 to 2.5 mg·L-1. The illumination intensity of 2000 lx was fit for anthocyanins formation in callus. The anthocyanins synthesis in callus was repressed when 2,4-D was added into medium. The results will provide reference for the pigments production in callus culture of P. tunicoides.
A Novel Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection Circuit in D-Mode pHEMT Technology (2012)

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structures in the D-Mode GaAs HEMT technology are commonly constructed using either stacked Schottky diode or Single-Gate clamp. This paper develops an improved ESD protection clamp based on a novel multi-gate pHEMT in D-Mode technology. With similar layout area, the proposed ESD protection clamp can carry much higher current than the conventional single-gate pHEMT clamp under the human body model (HBM) stress.
Modeling of mask thermal distortion and its dependency on pattern density (2005)

Mask distortion due to thermal loading during exposure contributes significantly to the overlay error budget and poses significant challenges for extending optical lithography to the sub-100nm regime. In this paper, we model the thermal mask distortion during the scanning exposure in 193nm lithography, and investigate its dependency on the distribution of the local pattern density on the mask. Several numerical simulation methods are investigated for accurately predicting the transient and steady-state thermal and distortion response of the mask during exposure. In particular, we find that simulating an “effective” continuous illumination power has the same thermal and distortion impact as the actual pulsed laser power delivery to the mask during IC production. This approach dramatically reduces computational cost. Our parametric analysis demonstrates that the magnitude of the thermal and distortion responses are closely related to the global pattern density and exposure dose. Furthermore, thermal mask distortion is found to be significantly dependent on the distribution of the local pattern density on the mask. Given that often the mask pattern layout can be manipulated at some level of abstraction, we conducted Monte Carlo simulation which verifies the existence of optimal pattern density distributions minimizing the mask thermal distortion, and highlights the opportunity to optimize mask pattern layout with respect to mask thermal distortion.
Far-IR transparency and dynamic infrared signature control with novel conducting polymer systems (1995)

Materials which possess transparency, coupled with active controllability of this transparency in the infrared (IR), are today an increasingly important requirement, for varied applications. These applications include windows for IR sensors, IR-region flat panel displays used in camouflage as well as in communication and sight through night-vision goggles, coatings with dynamically controllable IR-emissivity, and thermal conservation coatings. Among stringent requirements for these applications are large dynamic ranges (color contrast), 'multi-color' or broad-band characteristics, extended cyclability, long memory retention, matrix addressability, small area fabricability, low power consumption, and environmental stability. Among materials possessing the requirements for variation of IR signature, conducting polymers (CPs) appear to be the only materials with dynamic, actively controllable signature and acceptable dynamic range. Conventional CPs such as poly(alkyl thiophene), poly(pyrrole) or poly(aniline) show very limited dynamic range, especially in the far-IR, while also showing poor transparency. We have developed a number of novel CP systems ('system' implying the CP, the selected dopant, the synthesis method, and the electrolyte) with very wide dynamic range (up to 90% in both important IR regions, 3 - 5 (mu) and 8 - 12 (mu) ), high cyclability (to 10<SUP>5</SUP> cycles with less than 10% optical degradation), nearly indefinite optical memory retention, matrix addressability of multi-pixel displays, very wide operating temperature and excellent environmental stability, low charge capacity, and processability into areas from less than 1 mm<SUP>2</SUP> to more than 100 cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The criteria used to design and arrive at these CP systems, together with representative IR signature data, are presented in this paper.
Flow Separation in Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interactions (1994)

This work presents an assessment of the experimental data on separated flow in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions at hypersonic and supersonic speeds. The data base consists of selected configurations where the only characteristic length in the iteration is the incoming boundary layer thickness. It consists of two-dimensional and axisymmetric interactions in compression corners or cylinder-flares, and externally generated oblique shock interactions with boundary layers over flat plates or cylindrical surfaces. The conditions leading to flow separation and the empirical correlations for incipient separation are reviewed. The effects of Mach number, Reynolds number, surface cooling, and the methods of detecting separation are discussed.
Deployment of Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles: Managing Asset Integrity in the 21st Century (2015)

Abstract Drones have found applications as toys, military equipment and parcel delivery services. Deploying Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles (ROAV) has enabled new exciting frontiers to be broken in the upstream and downstream sectors of the industry. ROAVs are unmanned light-weight aircrafts that are remotely controlled and often kitted with instruments and cameras for diverse use-cases. Attaching a high definition camera converts the vehicles into data gathering systems that can work in remote, dangerous and hazardous environments. As part of the Shell Group's technology replication initiative, the use of ROAV technology for Flare inspection is being adopted as part of SPDC's Asset Integrity Inspection procedure. The traditional inspection method, typically scheduled as a Turn-Around task, requires a shutdown of at least 3 days to allow for extinguishing of the flare, cooling down, and ascent of inspection personnel sometimes with rope access. Findings from the visual inspection of flare nozzles and stacks serve as input for maintenance and engineering work planning in future Turn-Around activities. A Non-Associated Gas (NAG) plant, a swing producer for a LNG facility, was selected as first deployment for this technology's application in SPDC. This first deployment at the selected asset clearly demonstrates the following benefits; Elimination of working at height, Maintain safe distance from operating asset, Increased facility uptime and reduced deferment/interruption of operations. Other benefits include reduced cost to perform versus traditional methods (cranes, helicopters, scaffolding, and binoculars), shorter setup and faster inspection time, clear representation of asset condition using visible and thermal imagery and better planning of maintenance and turnarounds, especially in Life Extension programs. The application of this technology presents an innovative tool for asset integrity management with seamless data acquisition and storage which can be trended for condition monitoring application. It can be also used to inspect structures like masts, under-decks of offshore platforms, chimneys and tanks
Dynamic 3D maps as visual interfaces for spatio-temporal data (2000)

Dynamic 3D maps represent visual interfaces used to present and explore spatial and spatio-temporal data. They provide powerful design capabilities for map contents compared to current map toolkits and general-purpose 3D graphics systems. The underlying object model introduces abstract building blocks which are configured for individual animated, interactive 3D maps. These building blocks do not only include visual primitives but also structural and behavioral primitives: Structural primitives permit to arrange and hierarchically organize 3D map contents, and behavioral primitives define the dynamics and interactivity of 3D maps. The building blocks also support dynamic design of map contents to facilitate visualizing temporal data and phenomena. An embedded scripting language assists to configure 3D maps at run-time as well as to customize and extend 3D maps by the user. Possible applications include interactive, animated cartography, virtual geo-environments, and exploratory, visual interfaces for GIS.
[Serum level of IL-17 in patients with multiple myeloma and its clinical significance]. (2012)

This study was purposed to detect the serum concentrations of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and to investigate its clinical significance. the serum IL-17 levels in 33 patients with MM and 20 normal control subjects were quantified by using double antibody sandwich ELISA, and serum β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels were detected by radioimmunoassay. The results showed that the serum concentrations of IL-17 and β2-MG in patients with MM were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.001), the serum concentrations of IL-17 and β2-MG in active stage were significantly higher than those in stable stage (P < 0.05), the serum concentrations of IL-17 and β2-MG were significantly higher in stage III than that in stage II according to International Staging System (ISS) (P < 0.05), the serum IL-17 and β2-MG levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.690, P < 0.05). It is concluded that the serum IL-17 level correlates with active/stable stages of MM and staging of MM, IL-17 may play an important role in development stage and prognosis of this disease.
Nocturnal Disturbances in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease (2011)

Sleep disturbances are common problems in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) caused by various factors including nocturnal motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, dementia, medication use and circadian cycle disruptions as well as comorbidity with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Table As impaired sleep quality and sleep fragmentation due to nighttime problems are associated with daytime motor dysfunction and have a negative impact on the quality of life of the patient Patients often may be unaware of sleep disturbances and even neurologists have been reported to fail to recognize sleep disorders in approximately 40% of PD patients Here, we review sleep disorders in patients with PD, mainly focusing on nighttime problems.
Characterization of spatial distortion in a 0.35 T MRI-guided radiotherapy system (2017)

Spatial distortion results in image deformation that can degrade accurate targeting and dose calculations in MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy. The authors present a comprehensive assessment of a 0.35 T MRI-guided radiotherapy system's spatial distortion using two commercially-available phantoms with regularly spaced markers. Images of the spatial integrity phantoms were acquired using five clinical protocols on the MRI-guided radiotherapy machine with the radiotherapy gantry positioned at various angles. Software was developed to identify and localize all phantom markers using a template matching approach. Rotational and translational corrections were implemented to account for imperfect phantom alignment. Measurements were made to assess uncertainties arising from susceptibility artifacts, image noise, and phantom construction accuracy. For a clinical 3D imaging protocol with a 1.5 mm reconstructed slice thickness, 100% of spheres within a 50 mm radius of isocenter had a 3D deviation of 1 mm or less. Of the spheres within 100 mm of isocenter, 99.9% had a 3D deviation less than 1 mm. 94.8% and 100% of the spheres within 175 mm were found to be within 1 mm and 2 mm of the expected positions in 3D respectively. Maximum 3D distortions within 50 mm, 100 mm and 175 mm of isocenter were 0.76 mm, 1.15 mm and 1.88 mm respectively. Distortions present in images acquired using the real-time imaging sequence were less than 1 mm for 98.1% and 95.0% of the cylinders within 50 mm and 100 mm of isocenter. The corresponding maximum distortion in these regions was 1.10 mm and 1.67 mm. These results may be used to inform appropriate planning target volume (PTV) margins for 0.35 T MRI-guided radiotherapy. Observed levels of spatial distortion should be explicitly considered when using PTV margins of 3 mm or less or in the case of targets displaced from isocenter by more than 50 mm.
Hemodynamic Performance Study on Small Diameter Helical Grafts (2009)

The use of helix geometry for arterial grafts has been proposed on the hypothesis that by intentionally inducing swirling or spiral flow in the grafts, hemodynamic performance of the grafts might be improved. To investigate their hemodynamic performance, the present study numerically simulated the flows in the helical grafts, not only for comparison with conventional grafts but for their parameter analysis of Dean Number, helical pitch, and amplitude. Results showed that the helical graft achieved three dimensionality swirling flow, more uniformly distributed flow field and high wall shear stress (WSS) which continued in the straight part of the graft downstream. However, increased pressure drop was predicted in helical graft; flow areas with low velocity will concentrate in one corner, which might possibly suffer from flow stagnation and inhabitation, leading to a possible vulnerability to hemodynamic failure, intimal hyperplasia (IH) and thrombosis. The parameter study indicates that even at the same Dean number but with different geometry, the hemodynamic performance of two grafts are totally different. Shorter helical pitch and larger helical amplitude do improve the graft's hemodynamic performance, but may not be mechanically robust or applicable clinically. The current study increases fundamental understanding of the flow mechanism in swirling flow grafts.
Dopaminergic reward system: a short integrative review (2010)

Memory is an essential element to adaptive behavior since it allows consolidation of past experience guiding the subject to consider them in future experiences. Among the endogenous molecules that participate in the consolidation of memory, including the drug-seeking reward, considered as a form of learning, is dopamine. This neurotransmitter modulates the activity of specific brain nucleus such as nuclei accumbens, putamen, ventral tegmental area (VTA), among others and synchronizes the activity of these nuclei to establish the neurobiological mechanism to set the hedonic element of learning. We review the experimental evidence that highlights the activity of different brain nuclei modulating the mechanisms whereby dopamine biases memory towards events that are of motivational significance.
Cytokine combinations: therapeutic use in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. (2000)

Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unsatisfactory. To enhance the antitumor effects of various cytokines, combinations of these agents have been investigated. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alfa (IFN-alpha) have been combined based on data from preclinical studies suggesting synergism. A review of available phase I and II trials in more than 1,400 patients indicates that response rates are approximately 20%. Complete regressions are seen in 3% to 5% of patients. To demonstrate that this combination increases overall response rates, randomized trials were required. The results of a phase III study demonstrate a significantly improved response rate (18.6%) and 1-year event-free survival (20.9%) for patients treated with continuous infusion recombinant (r) IL-2 and subcutaneous IFN-alpha compared with either cytokine alone. The toxicity of rlL-2 and IFN-alpha is related to cytokine dose and schedule, but appears less than that reported with high-dose rIL-2. Analysis of prognostic factors and surrogate marker changes have been conducted. Performance status and number of disease sites predict response. rIL-2 and IFNalpha were then combined with fluorouracil, with initial reports suggesting response rates greater than 40%. Recent reports indicate 1% to 39% of patients responding. In a group of 836 patients with metastatic RCC receiving this therapy, 25.3% responded. Randomized trials comparing chemoimmunotherapy to rIL-2 and/or IFN-alpha are now required. The biologic basis and rationale for utilization of cytokines are strong. Clinical results are consistent with improved response rates in patients receiving rIL-2 and IFN-alpha. Continued investigation of novel and new treatment approaches remains a priority.