gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SuperDRUG2: a one stop resource for approved/marketed drugs (2017)

Regular monitoring of drug regulatory agency web sites and similar resources for information on new drug approvals and changes to legal status of marketed drugs is impractical. It requires navigation through several resources to find complete information about a drug as none of the publicly accessible drug databases provide all features essential to complement in silico drug discovery. Here, we propose SuperDRUG2 (http://cheminfo.charite.de/superdrug2) as a comprehensive knowledge-base of approved and marketed drugs. We provide the largest collection of drugs (containing 4587 active pharmaceutical ingredients) which include small molecules, biological products and other drugs. The database is intended to serve as a one-stop resource providing data on: chemical structures, regulatory details, indications, drug targets, side-effects, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions. We provide a 3D-superposition feature that facilitates estimation of the fit of a drug in the active site of a target with a known ligand bound to it. Apart from multiple other search options, we introduced pharmacokinetics simulation as a unique feature that allows users to visualise the 'plasma concentration versus time' profile for a given dose of drug with few other adjustable parameters to simulate the kinetics in a healthy individual and poor or extensive metabolisers.
Ring Halogenations of Polyalkylbenzenes with<i>N</i>-Halosuccinimide and Acidic Catalysts (1993)

1-Bromo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (NBS) and 1-chloro-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (NCS) with catalytic quantities of p-toluenesulfonic acid have been used for ring halogenations of polyalkylbenzenes. [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene was effective as a catalyst with NBS but not NCS. Competition experiments with 1-iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (NIS) were run to indicate selectivities in substrates, halogen sources and catalysts. With this information a mixed halogenated compound, 2-bromo-4-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene was prepared in high yield.
Ambisonic Decoding with and without Mode-Matching: A Case Study Using the Hemisphere (2010)

cote interne IRCAM: Zotter10a
Flare and Hyperalgesia After Intradermal Capsaicin Injection in Human Skin (1998)

Flare and hyperalgesia after intradermal capsaicin injection in human skin. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2801-2810, 1998. We investigated the neurovascular mechanisms that determine the flare response to intradermal capsaicin injection in humans and delineated the associated areas of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia. The flare response was monitored both visually and with infrared telethermography. The areas of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia were determined psychophysically. Thermography detected very large areas of flare. As an early event underlying the flare and before onset of the area of rubor of the skin, thermography detected the appearance of multifocal spots of increased temperature caused by dilatation of cutaneous arterioles. Repetition of capsaicin injection days apart into the same forearm induced multifocal spots of temperature elevation identical to the ones obtained in the first session, indicating dilatation of the same arterioles. Reactive hyperemia also consisted in the appearance of multifocal spots of increased temperature, which were identical to the ones reacting during the flare response, suggesting participation of the same arterioles in both events. Strips of local anesthetic placed to block cutaneous nerves prevented the spread of both the thermographic flare and associated hyperalgesia. It is inferred that the cutaneous nerve fibers responsible for the thermographic flare branch, or have coupled axons, over a long distance. The large area of flare coincided with the area of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia. Equivalence of the areas of flare and mechanical and heat hyperalgesia induced by intradermal capsaicin injection suggests that all three phenomena are the consequence of neural factors that operate peripherally.
Persistence of volatility in futures markets (2006)

This article examines the characteristics of key measures of volatility for different types of futures contracts to provide a better foundation for modeling volatility behavior and derivative values. Particular attention is focused on analyzing how different measures of volatility affect volatility persistence relationships. Intraday realized measures of volatility are found to be more persistent than daily measures, the type of GARCH procedure used for conditional volatility analysis is critical, and realized volatility persistence is not coherent with conditional volatility persistence. Specifically, although there is a good fit between the realized and conditional volatilities, no coherence exists between their degrees of persistence, a counterintuitive finding that shows realized and conditional volatility measures are not a substitute for one another. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:571–594, 2006
Combination Therapy with Arsenic Trioxide for Hematological Malignancies (2010)

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has shown great promise in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, the risk/benefit ratios of ATO in hematologic malignancies other than APL are still unclear. In this review, the author attempts to provide current experimental and clinical challenges to gain more knowledge of the effects of ATO by examining combination therapies with other agents, especially for non-APL hematologic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM). The drugs combined with ATO can be roughly classified into (1) signaling inhibitors (imatinib, PD184352, LY294002, 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: 17-AAG), (2) oxidative stress pathway modulators (ascorbic acid, 2-methoxyestradiol: 2-ME, dl-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine: BSO), (3) a chemotherapeutic drug (melphalan) and (4) others (bortezomib, ATRA). Some of these combination therapies have shown promising results in MM not only at the experimental level but also at the clinical level. However, studies are still ongoing for other non-APL hematologic malignancies. Since ATO is well tolerated and its toxicities are manageable and reversible, cell type-specific and efficient combination therapies with ATO are advantageous for non-APL hematological malignancies and should be developed in the near future.
Self-Assembly of Hexagonal DNA Two-Dimensional (2D) Arrays (2005)

A three-point-star DNA motif has been designed and constructed, which can self-assemble into hexagonal two-dimensional lattices. The resulting lattices are up to 1 mm.
Kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis growth on high glucose concentrations (2008)

The kinetic and general growth features of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were evaluated. Initial glucose concentration (S0) in fermentation media varied from 10 to 152 g/l. The results afforded to characterize four morphologically and physiologically well-defined culture phases, independent of S0 values: Phase I, vegetative growth; Phase II, transition to sporulation; Phase III, sporulation; and Phase IV, spores maturation and cell lysis. Important process parameters were also determined. The maximum specific growth rates (microX,m) were not affected with S0 up to 75 g/l (1.0-1.1 per hour), but higher glucose concentrations resulted in growth inhibition by substrate, revealed by a reduction in microX,m values. These higher S0 values led to longer Phases III and IV and delayed sporulation. Similar biomass concentrations (Xm=15.2-15.9 g/l) were achieved with S0 over 30.8 g/l, with increasing residual substrate, suggesting a limitation in some other nutrients and the use of glucose to form other metabolites. In this case, with S0 from 30.8 to 152 g/l, cell yield (YX/S) decreased from 0.58 to 0.41 g/g. On the other hand, with S0=10 g/l growth was limited by substrate, and YX/S has shown its maximum value (0.83 g/g).
Alternative Presentations of Traditional Structural Mechanics Laboratory Work (1980)

The development of alternative methods for presenting structural mechanics laboratory work is reported. A questionnaire testing student response to the changes has been administered and the results analysed. A summary of the finding is presented.
The <scp>D</scp> ess‐ <scp>M</scp> artin Periodinane: 1,1,1‐Triacetoxy‐1,1‐Dihydro‐1,2‐Benziodoxol‐3(1H)‐One (2003)

Abstract The Dess‐Martin periodinane: 1,1,1‐triacetoxy‐1,1‐dihydro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3(1H)‐one intermediate: 1‐Hydroxy‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3(1H)‐one 1‐oxide (1) product: 1,1,1‐Triacetoxy‐1,1‐dihydro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3(1H)‐one (2)
Feasibility of integrated optical isolator with semiconductor guiding layer fabricated by wafer direct bonding (1999)

An integrated optical isolator, employing a nonreciprocal phase shift, fabricated by wafer direct bonding technique is proposed. The optical isolator has an optical interferometer, which is composed of two tapered couplers, nonreciprocal phase shifters in two arms and a reciprocal phase shifter in one of the arms. The magneto-optic waveguide in the nonreciprocal phase shifter has a magnetic garnet/GaInAsP/InP structure, which is realised by the direct bonding technique. The theoretical and experimental results of the components for the isolator are demonstrated to investigate the feasibility of this device.
Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention (1999)

The precise role of antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention remains a matter of some debate. Although specific antiplatelet agents (notably aspirin, ticlopidine, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel) have been shown to be active in the prevention of secondary stroke, questions remain about the effective dose of these agents and their potential efficacy in combined therapeutic regimens. In addition, haematological and gastrointestinal side-effects of antiplatelet agents remain a significant clinical concern for patients and prescribing physicians. This review article examines research on both monotherapy and combination antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on lessons learned about dosage schedules, treatment protocols, and side-effect profiles.
Pharmacological Studies of Triazine Derivatives. IV. General Pharmacological Actions of 2-(Benzylidenehydrazino)-4-tert-butyl-6-piperazino-s-triazine (TR-35) (1976)

General pharmacological actions of 2-(benzylidenehydrazino)4-tert-butyl-6-piperazino-s-triazine (TR-35) were examined. TR-35 showed a moderate sedative, muscle-relaxant, and anti-convulsant actions in mice and these effects were more potent than those of meprobamate. Basic anti-inflammatory agents such as mepyrizole or diphenamisol also showed these properties, Although TR-35 expressed taming effects in mice and rats, it had no depressant action against conditioned avoidance response and methamphetamine-induced hypermotility. As for autonomic nervous system or smooth muscle, TR-35 seemed to have a weak ganglion blocking and faint smooth muscle directing actions. Little effect was also observed on blood pressure of urethane anaesthetized rat.
The Oldest Known Neoceratopsian Found (2002)

A group of Chinese and American dinosaur experts has recently found the most basal known neoceratopsians, a major branch of horned dinosaur, from China's northeastern province of Liaoning, thus revealing some inter esting scenario of this attractive lineage' s misty early evolution. ……
Human antithrombin III. Carbohydrate components and associated glycolipid. (1978)

Human antithrombin III was found to contain covalently linked N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, and sialic acid in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:0.6:1. Sialic acid was released upon treatment with neuraminidase. The modified glycoprotein retained the capability to inhibit thrombin and to bind with heparin. Antithrombin III isolated by different procedures was also found to contain glucose in an approximately equimolar ratio with N-acetylglucosamine. Th" glucose-containing component was extractable with lipid solvents and shown to be beta-glucosylceramide. This glycolipid is tightly complexed with antithrombin III and could not be separated by fractional precipitations or ion exchange gels. Although it remains to be established whether the inhibitory actions of antithrombin III are affected by glucosylceramide, the relative amounts which are bound suggest that antithrombin III may be a significant carrier of the glycolipid.
Differences in both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors between normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle cell lines (1998)

Human normal (RCMH) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (RCDMD) cell lines, as well as newly developed normal and dystrophic murine cell lines, were used for the study of both changes in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) mass and IP3 binding to receptors. Basal levels of IP3 were increased two- to threefold in dystrophic human and murine cell lines compared to normal cell lines. Potassium depolarization induced a time-dependent IP3 rise in normal human cells and cells of the myogenic mouse cell line (129CB3), which returned to their basal levels after 60 s. However, in the human dystrophic cell line (RCDMD), IP3 levels remained high up to 200 s after potassium depolarization. Expression of IP3 receptors was studied measuring specific binding of 3H-IP3 in the murine cell lines (normal 129CB3 and dystrophic mdx XLT 4-2). All the cell lines bind 3H-IP3 with relatively high affinity (Kd: between 40 and 100 nmol/L). IP3 receptors are concentrated in the nuclear fraction, and their density is significantly higher in dystrophic cells compared to normal. These findings together with high basal levels of IP3 mass suggest a possible role for this system in the deficiency of intracellular calcium regulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Water as Solvent in Polyimide Synthesis: Thermoset and Thermoplastic Examples (2003)

A combination of increasingly stringent environmental legislation and economic competition is driving industrial processes further and further towards the three “E”s of chemical manufacture: economy, efficiency and environmental impact. In this paper, we present a novel aqueous method for the synthesis of polyimides. The products resulting from this process perform similarly, through both qualitative and quantitative comparisons, to those conventionally produced using high boiling dipolar aprotic solvent. This highly efficient one-pot method potentially provides economic advantage through low solvent cost and environmental impact benefit from the manageable aqueous waste.
Systematic Field Validation of New Casing Wear Quantification Process (2016)

Abstract Casing wear predictions are necessary for a fit-for-purpose, cost efficient casing design. In order to achieve a reliable casing wear prediction from simulations, three objectives have to be met: (1) Accurate modelling of mechanical work, (2) accurate derivation of casing wear from mechanical work and (3) accurate wear factor calibration through MFCL (Multi Finger Caliper Log) interpretation. The paper presents a theoretical description of all three steps and their application on a representative field case, highlighting recent improvements and reducing uncertainties at each step with a focus on a newly developed MFCL interpretation methodology. To accurately derive the mechanical work an advanced stiff-string model(3) is used to simulate the history of side forces for each rotating operation, of each BHA, which was in contact with the casing. Accurate surveys and small calculation increments are vital. Operation parameters must be data mined with great care. To properly derive the wear from simulated mechanical work, a 3-D oriented wear model is used. This 3D mesh is able to distinguish the influence of different contact geometries on the wear groove shape and the location of thinnest wall thickness. Due to the usage of an advanced stiff-string model, drillstring body contact points are identified and therefore the wear model allows the input of different wear factors for different types of contacts (Tooljoint, Pipebody, Torque reducer)(12). Additionally, the model allows the application of linear and non-linear wear models. To properly calibrate wear factors, a reliable and robust MFCL log interpretation must be conducted. Wear is commonly measured by comparing the results of a MFCL to a base MFCL, which ideally was taken at the beginning of the section. In the standard process, the maximum measured diameters per joint of both MFCLs are compared. A more accurate single run-MFCL interpretation methodology will be presented, which relies on statistical analysis of the casing shape. It was found that the standard MFCL interpretation methodology may be the weak link in the chain. The standard methodology led to significant exaggeration of the wear factor(s), especially if the calibration was done based on mild levels of wear. Casing wear prediction remains a complex issue, due to uncertainties concerning wear and friction factor. The new MFCL calibration methodology, including a robust stiff-string torque and drag model, is capable of significantly reducing the levels of uncertainty. Overall the complete methodology is the basis for accurate wear prediction and reduces the need of casing over-engineering.
Strategies for Two Sided Markets (2006)

When markets have different types of users that attract one another, more demand from one group can spur additional demand from the matched group in a virtuous cycle. These effects are often present in markets. Examples include application developers/users, credit card merchants/cardholders, and dating sites for men/women. Network effects in these two-sided markets significantly affect prices, competition, and industry concentration. Prices generally fall for the group that is the stronger attractor. Winner-take-all markets can arise depending on the strength of these network effects, economies of supply, specialization, and multihoming. Finally, when users of one overlap users of another, there is an opportunity for platform envelopment where one swallows a competitor. Bundling features that attract one group of the competitor's users can bring along the matching group.
Stochastic Successive Convex Optimization for Two-Timescale Hybrid Precoding in Massive MIMO (2018)

Hybrid precoding, which consists of an RF precoder and a baseband precoder, is a popular precoding architecture for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) due to its low hardware cost and power consumption. In conventional hybrid precoding, both RF and baseband precoders are adaptive to the real-time channel state information. As a result, an individual RF precoder is required for each subcarrier in wideband systems, leading to high implementation cost. To overcome this issue, two-timescale hybrid precoding (THP), which adapts the RF precoder to the channel statistics, has been proposed. Since the channel statistics are approximately the same over different subcarriers, only a single RF precoder is required in THP. Despite the advantages of THP, there lacks a unified and efficient algorithm for its optimization due to the nonconvex and stochastic nature of the problem. Based on stochastic successive convex approximation (SSCA), we propose an online algorithmic framework called SSCA-THP for general THP optimization problems, in which the hybrid precoder is updated by solving a quadratic surrogate optimization problem whenever a new channel sample is obtained. Then, we prove the convergence of SSCA-THP to stationary points. Finally, we apply SSCA-THP to solve three important THP optimization problems and verify its advantages over existing solutions.
Hyphal development in Neurospora crassa: involvement of a two-component histidine kinase. (1996)

Two-component signal transduction systems are most often found in prokaryotic organisms where they are responsible for mediating the cellular responses to many environmental stimuli. These systems are composed of an autophosphorylating histidine kinase and a response regulator. We have found evidence for the existence of two-component histidine kinases in the eukaryotic filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa based on screening with degenerate primers to conserved regions of these signaling proteins. Subsequent cloning and sequencing of one member of this newly discovered group, nik-1+, shows that the predicted protein sequence shares homology with both the kinase and response regulator modules of two-component signaling proteins. In addition, the N-terminal region of the protein has a novel repeating 90-amino acid motif. Deletion of the nik-1+ gene in N. crassa results in an organism that displays aberrant hyphal structure, which is enhanced under conditions of high osmostress. Increased osmotic pressure during growth on solid medium leads to restricted colonial growth, loss of aerial hyphae formation, and no subsequent conidiophore development. This finding may have implications for mechanisms of fungal colonization and pathogenicity.
Copper, but not iron, enhances apoptosis-inducing activity of antioxidants. (1997)

Addition of either CuCl or CuCl2 significantly enhanced sodium ascorbate or sodium 5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate (SBA)-induced cytotoxicity and internucleosomal DNA cleavage in human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. On the other hand, the addition of either FeCl2 or FeCl3 inhibited the cytotoxic activity of ascorbate. These effects were observed even if the cells were exposed for only 20 minutes to metals and ascorbates. Copper also stimulated the gallate or caffeate-induced apoptotic cell death, whereas iron was inhibitory. Both copper and iron enhanced the radical intensity of ascorbates, but slightly reduced the radical intensity of gallate and caffeate, suggesting that radical intensity is not the sole determinant of apoptosis induction. Metals did not significantly change the methionine oxidation stimulated by ascorbate, gallate or caffeate. Methionine oxidation may not be indispensable for antioxidant-induced apoptosis.
Modeling the Noise on the OFDM Power-Line Communications System (2009)

Power-line communications (PLC) have gained a lot of scientific interest over the past years. In this paper, a practical noise model is proposed that best describes the noise conditions on an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing PLC system. The noise present on a power-line system is divided in five categories which are grouped into two classes: 1) the generalized background and 2) the impulsive noise. In this paper, all of the components comprising the noise are precisely depicted on a computer simulation system. The statistical properties regarding all component parameters are taken into account and used in our model. By this way, the real conditions on a PLC channel can be portrayed in the most precise way. This model is tested on a PLC channel and its performance in terms of bit-error rate versus the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> value is obtained. For reasons of completeness, we examine how two of the model's components affect the system's performance by altering their vital parameters. In order to accomplish this, we take various values for these parameters and we check their influence on the system. Furthermore, we apply a popular noise model, such as Middleton's noise model and we compare the performance obtained by both noise models.