gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA IN <i>SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE </i> (1967)

The effects of chloramphenicol on S. cerevisiae and on a cytoplasmic respiratory-deficient mutant derived from the same strain are compared. In the normal yeast, high concentrations of chloramphenicol in the growth medium completely inhibit the formation of cytochromes a, a(3), b, and c(1) and partially inhibit succinate dehydrogenase formation, whereas they do not affect cytochrome c synthesis. This has been correlated with the marked reduction of mitochondrial cristae formation in the presence of the drug. In glucose-repressed normal yeast, chloramphenicol has little effect on the formation of outer mitochondrial membrane, or on the synthesis of malate dehydrogenase and fumarase. However, both these enzymes, as well as the number of mitochondrial profiles, are markedly decreased when glucose de-repressed yeast is grown in the presence of chloramphenicol. The antibiotic did not appear to affect the cytoplasmic respiratory-deficient mutant. The results have been interpreted to indicate that chloramphenicol inhibits the protein-synthesizing system characteristic of the mitochondria. Since the drug does not prevent the formation of cytochrome c, of several readily solubilized mitochondrial enzymes, or of outer mitochondrial membrane, it is suggested that these are synthesized by nonmitochondrial systems.
An improved method to prepare hyaluronic acid and type II collagen composite matrices (2002)

An improved method to prepare hyaluronic acid (HyA) and type II collagen composite matrices was developed. HyA and type II collagen formed polyion complex (PIC) in aqueous solution due to their opposite electrostatic charges. Therefore, optimal conditions at which PIC was not formed between HyA and type II collagen were determined in order to directly crosslink using a water-soluble carbodiimide [WSC; 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride]. HyA-collagen composite matrices were successfully obtained using WSC in the presence of 0.4M NaCl, which was found the optimal concentration to suppress PIC formation. Fourier transformed infrared spectra of the obtained matrices showed ester bond formation, indicating that the crosslinking reaction between HyA molecules, HyA and collagen molecules, and collagen molecules proceeded. The swelling ratio of a HyA-collagen composite matrix depended on the WSC concentration and HyA content. From scanning electron microscopy observations, the lyophilized matrices possess multi pore structures. The HyA-collagen composite matrices using this improved method will be useful in the preparation of cartilage regenerative scaffolds, and this methodology may be applied to other polyanion-polycation combinations as well.
Murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C2, D, and E (1991)

By fusion of mouse spleen cells immunized with five different staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC2, and SEE) with myeloma cells, we obtained 15 hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Four mAbs were reactive with both SEA and SEE, whereas 8 mAbs were reactive with SEB and SEC2. One mAb reacted with SEA, SED, and SEE. The other two mAbs were found to be reactive with all five serotypes of SEs. The mAbs specific for five serotypes of SEs were found to be most reactive with SED, reactive with SEA, and slightly less reactive with SEB, SEC2, and SEE. Those mAbs with specificities for all serotypes of SEs may be valuable to prepare immunoadsorbent(s) for isolation of SEs and to detect SEs in foods and clinical specimens involved in outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning.
High-performance computing for Monte Carlo radiotherapy calculations (2009)

We report on the RTGrid project, which investigates approaches for using high-performance computing infrastructures, such as the grid, in order to reduce the turnaround time of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation-based radiotherapy treatment planning. The main aim of this project is to render accurate dose calculations using MC simulations clinically feasible. To this end, we have successfully implemented and deployed the RTGrid distributed simulation framework for MC dose calculations. In this paper, we present the main experimental findings.
Gap Analysis of Interconnecting Underlay with Cloud Overlay (2019)

This document analyzes the technological gaps when using SD-WAN to
interconnect workloads & apps hosted in various locations, especially
cloud data centers when the network service providers do not have or
have limited physical infrastructure to reach the locations
[Net2Cloud-problem].
Effects of Alkylated Polyethylenimines on the Formation of Gold Nanoplates (2007)

Mono- and dialkylated polyethylenimines (PEI-1R and PEI-2R) were used for the facile synthesis of gold nanoplates with a preferential growth direction along the Au (111) plane. It was found that polymer hydrophobicity greatly influenced the nanoparticle morphology. PEI-1R in the acidic aqueous solution with a smaller degree of alkylation effectively adsorbed on the surface of gold nanoplates with the protonated ethylenimine groups rather than being aggregated in the bulk aqueous phase to form polymer aggregates as compared to the situation for PEI-2R. Loose alkylated PEI aggregates in acidic solution promote the formation of gold nanoplates by means of the anion-induced cation adsorption on certain crystallographic facets during the growth of gold particles. Without incorporating alkyl groups, however, the TEM image of the gold colloid solution with PEI showed only the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles by the same process. The morphology of gold nanoparticles was tuned not only by varying the degree of alkylation of PEI samples but also by the solvent type and pH value of the solution. By utilizing differently alkylated PEIs as reducing agents, this facile synthetic procedure can selectively result in the formation of gold nanoplates at room temperature without an extra inducing process.
Development of a prototype PET scanner with depth-of-interaction measurement using solid-state photomultiplier arrays and parallel readout electronics (2014)

In this study, we developed a prototype animal PET by applying several novel technologies to use solid-state photomultiplier (SSPM) arrays to measure the depth of interaction (DOI) and improve imaging performance. Each PET detector has an 8 × 8 array of about 1.9 × 1.9 × 30.0 mm(3) lutetium-yttrium-oxyorthosilicate scintillators, with each end optically connected to an SSPM array (16 channels in a 4 × 4 matrix) through a light guide to enable continuous DOI measurement. Each SSPM has an active area of about 3 × 3 mm(2), and its output is read by a custom-developed application-specific integrated circuit to directly convert analogue signals to digital timing pulses that encode the interaction information. These pulses are transferred to and are decoded by a field-programmable gate array-based time-to-digital convertor for coincident event selection and data acquisition. The independent readout of each SSPM and the parallel signal process can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio and enable the use of flexible algorithms for different data processes. The prototype PET consists of two rotating detector panels on a portable gantry with four detectors in each panel to provide 16 mm axial and variable transaxial field-of-view (FOV) sizes. List-mode ordered subset expectation maximization image reconstruction was implemented. The measured mean energy, coincidence timing and DOI resolution for a crystal were about 17.6%, 2.8 ns and 5.6 mm, respectively. The measured transaxial resolutions at the center of the FOV were 2.0 mm and 2.3 mm for images reconstructed with and without DOI, respectively. In addition, the resolutions across the FOV with DOI were substantially better than those without DOI. The quality of PET images of both a hot-rod phantom and mouse acquired with DOI was much higher than that of images obtained without DOI. This study demonstrates that SSPM arrays and advanced readout/processing electronics can be used to develop a practical DOI-measureable PET scanner.
Deletion of Selenoprotein P Alters Distribution of Selenium in the Mouse (2003)

Selenoprotein P (Se-P) contains most of the selenium in plasma. Its function is not known. Mice with the Se-P gene deleted (Sepp(-/-)) were generated. Two phenotypes were observed: 1) Sepp(-/-) mice lost weight and developed poor motor coordination when fed diets with selenium below 0.1 mg/kg, and 2) male Sepp(-/-) mice had sharply reduced fertility. Weanling male Sepp(+/+), Sepp(+/-), and Sepp(-/-) mice were fed diets for 8 weeks containing <0.02-2 mg selenium/kg. Sepp(+/+) and Sepp(+/-) mice had similar selenium concentrations in all tissues except plasma where a gene-dose effect on Se-P was observed. Liver selenium was unaffected by Se-P deletion except that it increased when dietary selenium was below 0.1 mg/kg. Selenium in other tissues exhibited a continuum of responses to Se-P deletion. Testis selenium was depressed to 19% in mice fed an 0.1 mg selenium/kg diet and did not rise to Sepp(+/+) levels even with a dietary selenium of 2 mg/kg. Brain selenium was depressed to 43%, but feeding 2 mg selenium/kg diet raised it to Sepp(+/+) levels. Kidney was depressed to 76% and reached Sepp(+/+) levels on an 0.25 mg selenium/kg diet. Heart selenium was not affected. These results suggest that the Sepp(-/-) phenotypes were caused by low selenium in testis and brain. They strongly suggest that Se-P from liver provides selenium to several tissues, especially testis and brain. Further, they indicate that transport forms of selenium other than Se-P exist because selenium levels of all tissues except testis responded to increases of dietary selenium in Sepp(-/-) mice.
Synthesis and characterization of novel 2, 2'-bipyrimidine fluorescent derivative for protein binding (2011)

In summery synthesized fluorophore pyrazole-bipyrimidine has very good interaction towards protein bovine serum albumin and it acts as good candidate for protein assay.
Identification and characterization of NleA, a non‐LEE‐encoded type III translocated virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 (2004)

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 uses a specialized protein translocation apparatus, the type III secretion system (TTSS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. These effectors interfere with host cytoskeletal pathways and signalling cascades to facilitate bacterial survival and replication and promote disease. The genes encoding the TTSS and all known type III secreted effectors in EHEC are localized in a single pathogenicity island on the bacterial chromosome known as the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE). In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of proteins secreted by the LEE-encoded TTSS of EHEC. In addition to known LEE-encoded type III secreted proteins, such as EspA, EspB and Tir, a novel protein, NleA (non-LEE-encoded effector A), was identified. NleA is encoded in a prophage-associated pathogenicity island within the EHEC genome, distinct from the LEE. The LEE-encoded TTSS directs translocation of NleA into host cells, where it localizes to the Golgi apparatus. In a panel of strains examined by Southern blot and database analyses, nleA was found to be present in all other LEE-containing pathogens examined, including enteropathogenic E. coli and Citrobacter rodentium, and was absent from non-pathogenic strains of E. coli and non-LEE-containing pathogens. NleA was determined to play a key role in virulence of C. rodentium in a mouse infection model.
Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies (1995)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are biologically engineered proteins designed to bind to antigens emanating from tumor cells. Selected radioactive isotopes are fused with MoAbs to allow radioimmunodetection of external imaging of metastatic deposits in patients with colon cancer. For the past 10 years, radiolabeled MoAbs have improved tumor localization techniques and influenced the clinical management of surgical patients. Intraoperatively, surgeons use appropriately shielded, handheld, gamma detection probes to locate radiolabeled MoAbs and corresponding colon cancers (ie, residual, recurrent tumors). Using gamma detection probes intraoperatively, surgeons can localize nonpalpable occult tumors and disease not suspected from external antibody scans or other traditional diagnostic methods. This success confirms the need for complete tumor resections, thorough scanning of entire tumor beds, and ex vivo scanning of surgical specimens to assess for potential nodal metastases.
Endophytic fungi in Canada wild rye in natural grasslands (2001)

Some grasses harbor endophytic fungi living in intercellular spaces in the leaves, stems and reproductive organs. The fungi can dramatically affect the physiology and ecology of plants. For example, fungi may produce toxins that deter herbivores and they may alter the water status of the plant to increase drought tolerance. The distribution of fungal infection in natural plant populations is unknown for many host species. We investigated the occurrence of endophytic fungi in Elymus canadensis L. (Canada wild rye) from 13 remnant prairie sites in the midwest and 23 sites in the southern Great Plains. Collections of plant tissue came from Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Texas. All midwest plants were grown in a common garden site in eastern Nebraska. Seeds collected from Oklahoma and Texas accessions were planted in the greenhouse. At least 3 tillers from 2 plants of each accession were screened for endophytes, using light microscopy. The endophytic fungus was found in seed of all accessions and in plants from all but 4 accessions. The functional significance of the fungus is unclear, but it may affect plants by enhancing productivity or deterring herbivores. The widespread occurrence of endophytic fungi in natural populations of E. canadensis suggests that the plant-fungal association may be long-standing and important in the evolution and success of this native prairie species.
Bronchodilatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of ASM-024, a Nicotinic Receptor Ligand, Developed for the Treatment of Asthma (2014)

Conventional asthma and COPD treatments include the use of bronchodilators, mainly β2-adrenergic agonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists and corticosteroids or leukotriene antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents. These active drugs are administered either separately or given as a fixed-dose combination medication into a single inhaler. ASM-024, a homopiperazinium compound, derived from the structural modification of diphenylmethylpiperazinium (DMPP), has been developed to offer an alternative mechanism of action that could provide symptomatic control through combined anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties in a single entity. A dose-dependent inhibition of cellular inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was observed in ovalbumin-sensitized mice, subsequently treated for 3 days by nose-only exposure with aerosolized ASM-024 at doses up to 3.8 mg/kg (ED50 = 0.03 mg/kg). The methacholine ED250 values indicated that airway hyperresponsivenness (AHR) to methacholine decreased following ASM-024 administration by inhalation at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, with a value of 0.145 ± 0.032 mg/kg for ASM 024-treated group as compared to 0.088 ± 0.023 mg/kg for untreated mice. In in vitro isometric studies, ASM-024 elicited dose-dependent relaxation of isolated mouse tracheal, human, and dog bronchial preparations contracted with methacholine and guinea pig tracheas contracted with histamine. ASM-024 showed also a dose and time dependant protective effect on methacholine-induced contraction. Overall, with its combined anti-inflammatory, bronchodilating and bronchoprotective properties, ASM-024 may represent a new class of drugs with a novel pharmacological approach that could prove useful for the chronic maintenance treatment of asthma and, possibly, COPD.
Sudden appearance of anti-protein IgG1-forming cell precursors early during primary immunization. (1989)

The anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) B-cell repertoire of unimmunized adult mice was examined by culture of splenocytes (generally 100-3000) at limiting dilution. Cells were polyclonally stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and an interleukin-4-containing lymphokine mixture in the presence of 3T3 fibroblast filler cells. After 7 days of culture, supernatants were examined for their content of anti-KLH IgM and IgG1 antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Parallel cultures of smaller numbers (generally 1-15) of splenocytes were examined to determine the cloning efficiency of B cells in terms of total IgM and IgG1 production. Whereas one spleen cell in 370 produced clones secreting anti-KLH IgM, only 1% of these produced IgG1 that could bind to KLH, despite the fact that about half of the clones switched to IgG1 production with these stimuli. In mice immunized with KLH, this situation did not change until day 5, when there was a sudden, explosive emergence of B cells that could form clones secreting anti-KLH IgG1. The absolute number of such cells in the spleen was found to rise by a factor of 350 between days 3 and 7 of immunization. Moreover, the median amount of IgG1 antibody formed per clone and binding to KLH also rose markedly. In contrast, neither the numbers nor the median KLH-binding antibody content of anti-KLH IgM clones changed significantly after immunization. The results show that the repertoire of anti-protein B cells detected through IgM formation in ELISA consists chiefly of cells producing antibody of low avidity and of doubtful in vivo significance. Assuming that the small proportion of these cells making antibody that is of sufficient avidity to bind as the IgG1 isotype are the ancestors of the many such cells found on day 7 of the primary immune response, one would have to postulate a very high recruitment and/or division rate to account for the increase in numbers and avidity that occurs. It is possible that the anti-KLH IgG1 precursors that suddenly emerge are the results of early variable region gene (V) mutations in B cells. Moreover, it is not excluded that they represent products of a subset of B cells different from those that give rise to the primary in vitro anti-KLH IgM response. The findings have implications for theories of B-cell tolerance.
The intracellular translocation of the components of the fibroblast growth factor 1 release complex precedes their assembly prior to export (2002)

The release of signal peptideless proteins occurs through nonclassical export pathways and the release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)1 in response to cellular stress is well documented. Although biochemical evidence suggests that the formation of a multiprotein complex containing S100A13 and Synaptotagmin (Syt)1 is important for the release of FGF1, it is unclear where this intracellular complex is assembled. As a result, we employed real-time analysis using confocal fluorescence microscopy to study the spatio-temporal aspects of this nonclassical export pathway and demonstrate that heat shock stimulates the redistribution of FGF1 from a diffuse cytosolic pattern to a locale near the inner surface of the plasma membrane where it colocalized with S100A13 and Syt1. In addition, coexpression of dominant-negative mutant forms of S100A13 and Syt1, which both repress the release of FGF1, failed to inhibit the stress-induced peripheral redistribution of intracellular FGF1. However, amlexanox, a compound that is known to attenuate actin stress fiber formation and FGF1 release, was able to repress this process. These data suggest that the assembly of the intracellular complex involved in the release of FGF1 occurs near the inner surface of the plasma membrane and is dependent on the F-actin cytoskeleton.
Digital Television Introduction (2003)

The digital video signal has been processed by sampling,encode,decode,Multiplex,this paper has described on those process.
Intranasally Applied Recombinant Leukocyte A Interferon in Normal Volunteers. II. Determination of Minimal Effective and Tolerable Dose (1984)

In an attempt to find a dose of recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) that is both efficacious against rhinovirus challenge and is tolerable, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed; 56 normal volunteers received either placebo or one of two relatively small doses of rIFN-alpha A (i.e., 2.4 X 10(6) units [2.4M] or 0.7 X 10(6) units [0.7M] per day) for four days. The frequency of illness was significantly lower in the group given doses of 2.4M than in a group of volunteers given placebo (29% vs. 73%; P less than .032); however, the frequencies of illness in the group given doses of 0.7M and in a placebo group were similar (67% vs. 63%). The rates of infection in these pairs of groups were not significantly different from each other. No significant local or systemic reactions were noted during the four days of rIFN-alpha A administration. In a 26-day tolerance study, 15% of volunteers given 2.4M doses of rIFN-alpha A developed bloody mucus and nasal mucosal erosions, while no such local reactions were noted in volunteers given 0.7M doses or in those given placebo. Thus, increasing doses of rIFN-alpha A were associated with both increasing efficacy against rhinovirus-induced illness and increasing frequency of local adverse reactions.
ASK-GraphView: A Large Scale Graph Visualization System (2006)

We describe ASK-GraphView, a node-link-based graph visualization system that allows clustering and interactive navigation of large graphs, ranging in size up to 16 million edges. The system uses a scalable architecture and a series of increasingly sophisticated clustering algorithms to construct a hierarchy on an arbitrary, weighted undirected input graph. By lowering the interactivity requirements we can scale to substantially bigger graphs. The user is allowed to navigate this hierarchy in a top down manner by interactively expanding individual clusters. ASK-GraphView also provides facilities for filtering and coloring, annotation and cluster labeling.
NTIRE 2019 Challenge on Real Image Denoising: Methods and Results (2019)

This paper reviews the NTIRE 2019 challenge on real image denoising with focus on the proposed methods and their results. The challenge has two tracks for quantitatively evaluating image denoising performance in (1) the Bayer-pattern raw-RGB and (2) the standard RGB (sRGB) color spaces. The tracks had 216 and 220 registered participants, respectively. A total of 15 teams, proposing 17 methods, competed in the final phase of the challenge. The proposed methods by the 15 teams represent the current state-of-the-art performance in image denoising targeting real noisy images.
IMPROVED RESULTS FOR ROUTE PLANNING IN STOCHASTIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS (2000)

In the bus network problem, the goal is to generate a plan for getting from point X to point Y within a city using buses in the smallest expected time. Because bus arrival times are not determined by a xed schedule but instead may be random, the problem requires more than standard shortest path techniques. In recent work, Datar and Ranade provide algorithms in the case where bus arrivals are assumed to be independent and exponentially distributed. We oer solutions to two important generalizations of the problem, answering open questions posed by Datar and Ranade. First, we provide a polynomial time algorithm for a much wider class of arrival distributions, namely those with increasing failure rate. This class includes not only exponential distributions but also uniform, normal, and gamma distributions. Second, in the case where bus arrival times are independent and geometric discrete random variables, we provide an algorithm for transportation networks of buses and trains...