gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On recursive calculation of the generalized inverse of a matrix (1991)

The generalized inverse of a matrix is an extension of the ordinary square matrix inverse which applies to any matrix (e.g., singular, rectangular). The generalized inverse has numerous important applications such as regression analysis, filtering, optimization and, more recently, linear associative memories. In this latter application known as Distributed Associative Memory, stimulus vectors are associated with response vectors and the result of many associations is spread over the entire memory matrix, which is calculated as the generalized inverse. Addition/deletion of new associations requires recalculation of the generalized inverse, which becomes computationally costly for large systems. A better solution is to calculate the generalized inverse recursively. The proposed algorithm is a modification of the well known algorithm due to Rust et al. [2], originally introduced for nonrecursive computation. We compare our algorithm with Greville's recursive algorithm and conclude that our algorithm provides better numerical stability at the expense of little extra computation time and additional storage.
Directional Dependence of Axonal Brain Injury due to Centroidal and Non-Centroidal Acceleration (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY (DAI) is a brain injury characterized by prolonged traumatic coma not due to mass lesions that has dysfunction or structural damage to brain axons. DAI can be produced by inertial loading of the head in a centroidal or non-centroidal manner. This paper compares the effect of varying the direction of head movement on the severity of DAI. Three groups of 13 monkeys are presented, each subjected to a single non-impact distributed inertial acceleration pulse with head motion constrained to a single plane. In groups 1 and 3, non-centroidal acceleration was produced in the sagittal (rotation about the y axis) and coronal (about the x axis) planes respectively, with the center of rotation in the lower cervical spine. Group 2 was subjected to centroidal acceleration in the horizontal plane (z axis). Deceleration pulse duration (6-8 msec), peak angular deceleration (1-2 × 10<sup>5</sup> rad/sec<sup>2</sup>) and angular velocity (475-510 rad/sec) were comparable in each group. Results show that traumatic coma is longest in group 3, shortest in group 1, with group 2 intermediate. The percent of animals still in coma at 1 hour was 0, 30 and 100 in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Pathologic analysis of axonal damage showed a similar difference and was more prevalent and more widespread in group 3 than in group 2, with group 1 having the least damage. Axonal damage of mild, moderate and severe degree was present respectively in 56%, 0, 0 of group 1, 10%, 90%, 0 in group 2 and 0, 12%, 88% of group 3. Brain stem damage was seen almost exclusively in group 3.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">All differences were significant at the p&lt;0.05 level. These findings demonstrate 1) that the direction of brain motion is important in the amount of axonal brain damage produced by inertial loading, 2) that lateral head motions are more injurious than horizontal or sagittal, 3) that pure centroidal acceleration can be produced experimentally.</div>
Cardiac calcifications in hemodialysis patients assessed with spiral computed tomography. (2006)

The MSCT could help in identifying and stratifying high-risk patients to implement preventive strategies. The control of mineral metabolism and of lipid levels is important in prevention of arterial calcification in uremic patients.
Effective image noise removal based on difference eigenvalue (2011)

Preservation of fine feature of an image is essential during the process of noise removal, especially via some types of smoothing such as using diffusion process-based methods to enhance images. In this paper, we present a new edge indicator called difference eigenvalue to measure image gradient magnitude in the diffusion process. Based on the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, the difference eigenvalue manifest itself in terms of structural information of an image. We adapt the new edge indicator to a diffusion model to achieve a better balance between noise removal and detail preservation. Experiments on both synthetic and real images show that the new model can obtain good results and outperforms existing methods.
Fast minimum spanning tree for large graphs on the GPU (2009)

Graphics Processor Units are used for many general purpose processing due to high compute power available on them. Regular, data-parallel algorithms map well to the SIMD architecture of current GPU. Irregular algorithms on discrete structures like graphs are harder to map to them. Efficient data-mapping primitives can play crucial role in mapping such algorithms onto the GPU. In this paper, we present a minimum spanning tree algorithm on Nvidia GPUs under CUDA, as a recursive formulation of Borůvka's approach for undirected graphs. We implement it using scalable primitives such as scan, segmented scan and split. The irregular steps of supervertex formation and recursive graph construction are mapped to primitives like split to categories involving vertex ids and edge weights. We obtain 30 to 50 times speedup over the CPU implementation on most graphs and 3 to 10 times speedup over our previous GPU implementation. We construct the minimum spanning tree on a 5 million node and 30 million edge graph in under 1 second on one quarter of the Tesla S1070 GPU.
Interactive learning for partner robot based on behavior knowledge (2003)

This paper deals with action learning for communication of a partner robot interacting with a human. Fuzzy inference rule sets are used as temporal behavior knowledge for the partner robot, while modular neural networks are used for learning action rules through interaction with the human. Consequently, the robot extracts action rules from behavior knowledge. Finally, we discuss the communication of the partner robot with the human through navigation experiments.
Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome with intravenous cyclosporin A in pediatric renal transplantation (2000)

Despite frequent use of intravenous (i.v.) cyclosporin A (CsA) in the early post-operative course of transplant recipients, allergic reactions have been infrequently described. Of 134 transplants, we report four pediatric renal transplant recipients with severe reaction to i.v. CsA with pulmonary capillary leak syndrome. Pulmonary edema developed at a mean time of 3.5 h after commencement of i.v. CsA, with two patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Discontinuation of i.v. CsA and conversion to oral CsA was followed by rapid resolution of pulmonary edema, suggesting that cremaphor, the solubilizing agent in the i.v. formulation, is likely to be responsible for this adverse response. Skin prick testing with cremaphor was negative in all patients and alternative mechanisms for the cremaphor response are proposed. It is likely that inadequate mixing of the i.v. CsA solution triggered this reaction, by delivering a higher concentration of cremaphor at the start of the CsA infusion. Pulmonary edema in the early post-transplant course in the absence of obvious fluid overload should prompt the diagnosis of an i.v. CsA reaction. This life-threatening reaction is easily reversible if recognized, and can be managed easily without compromise to the allograft, by discontinuing i.v. CsA and switching early to an oral CsA formulation.
A finger photoplethysmography waveform during the valsalva maneuver detects changes in left heart filling pressure after hemodialysis (2015)

An index of left heart filling pressure obtained noninvasively using finger photoplethysmography during the Valsalva maneuver is sensitive enough to detect reductions in filling pressure after fluid removal with hemodialysis. Further studies are warranted to determine if this method can be used to guide fluid removal during hemodialysis.
Phenology of slippery bark and common foliar diseases (2013)

As mud season gives way to spring in New England, the pace of plant development quickens. We see that from the visual cues of plant phenology, the sequence and timing of biological events. The big early season events are upon us as the maple sap has run, buds swell, bud dormancy breaks, and leaves and flowers emerge. This is a good time for arborists to dust off their notebooks and record the calendar dates for phenological events. Trees don’t know much about the Gregorian versus the Mayan calendar, but they are acutely aware of the sequence of events.
Experimental Characterization of the Nanoparticle Size Effect on the Mechanical Stability of Nanoparticle-Based Coatings (2014)

We present an experimental investigation of the mechanical stability of silica nanoparticle-based coatings as a function of the size of the nanoparticles. The coatings are built following a layer-by-layer procedure, alternating positive and negative surface charges. The mechanical stability of the multilayers is studied in water, on the basis of an ultrasonic cavitation test. The resistance of the coating to cavitation is found to remarkably increase with decreasing the size of the nanoparticles, indicating an increase of the cohesive energy density. The relative contribution of van der Waals and electrical double-layer interactions to the stability of the multilayer is discussed toward their size dependence.
Tissue regeneration patterns in acellular bovine pericardia implanted in a canine model as a vascular patch (2004)

It was noted in our previous study that acellular tissues can provide a natural microenvironment for host cell migration and proliferation to accelerate tissue regeneration. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the tissue regeneration patterns in acellular bovine pericardia fixed with glutaraldehyde or genipin as a biological patch to repair a defect in the pulmonary trunk in a canine model. The implanted samples were retrieved at distinct durations postoperatively. The structural remodeling of retrieved samples was then examined. It was found that the degree of inflammatory reaction observed for the genipin-fixed acellular patch was significantly less than its glutaraldehyde-fixed counterpart. At 1 month postoperatively, intimal thickening was found on the inner surfaces of both studied groups. The intimal thickening observed on the glutaraldehyde-fixed acellular patch was significantly thicker than its genipin-fixed counterpart. An intact layer of endothelial cells was found on the intimal thickening of the genipin-fixed acellular patch, whereas endothelial cells did not universally and totally cover the entire surface of the glutaraldehyde-fixed acellular patch. Additionally, fibroblasts with neocollagen fibrils and myofibroblasts were observed in the acellular patches for both studied groups, an indication of tissue regeneration. This phenomenon was more prominent for the genipin-fixed acellular patch than its glutaraldehyde-fixed counterpart. At 6 months postoperatively, foci of chondroid and/or bony metaplasia were found in each retrieved sample for both studied groups. The observed adverse response of chondroid metaplasia may be attributed to a compliance mismatch at the implanted site of the canine pulmonary trunk after implantation or a lack of angiogenesis in the regenerated tissue observed at 1 month postoperatively. Bony metaplasia may then develop as in other chondroid tissues. It was reported that ischemia is a usual cause of metaplasia.
Involvement of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase in amyloid precursor protein‐mediated neuronal cell death (2003)

Amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of Abeta, has been shown to function as a cell surface receptor that mediates neuronal cell death by anti-APP antibody. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) can mediate various neurotoxic signals, including Abeta neurotoxicity. However, the relationship of APP-mediated neurotoxicity to JNK is not clear, partly because APP cytotoxicity is Abeta independent. Here we examined whether JNK is involved in APP-mediated neuronal cell death and found that: (i) neuronal cell death by antibody-bound APP was inhibited by dominant-negative JNK, JIP-1b and SP600125, the specific inhibitor of JNK, but not by SB203580 or PD98059; (ii) constitutively active (ca) JNK caused neuronal cell death and (iii) the pharmacological profile of caJNK-mediated cell death closely coincided with that of APP-mediated cell death. Pertussis toxin (PTX) suppressed APP-mediated cell death but not caJNK-induced cell death, which was suppressed by Humanin, a newly identified neuroprotective factor which inhibits APP-mediated cytotoxicity. In the presence of PTX, the PTX-resistant mutant of Galphao, but not that of Galphai, recovered the cytotoxic action of APP. These findings demonstrate that JNK is involved in APP-mediated neuronal cell death as a downstream signal transducer of Go.
The composition of tracheal mucus and the nervous control of its secretion in the cat (1975)

Abstract A new method for measuring the output of mucus proteins (specifically the sulphated glycoproteins) from the trachea of anaesthetized cats is described. The method has been used to measure the effects of nervous and pharmacological stimuli on mucus output and the mucus collected has been fractionated and analysed chemically. There is a resting output of mucus which does not depend on autonomic nerves. We have shown that sympathetic nerve stimulation and sympathomimeticamines increase tracheal mucus output. These effects were prevented by β-adrenergic blocking agents but not by α-adrenergic blockade. Sympathetic efferent fibres to tracheal mucus glands run through the stellate ganglia, then some of the fibres pass up into the lower part of the cervical sympathetic nerves before looping back into the chest and passing rostrally again to the trachea. We have confirmed that parasympathetic nerve (vagal) stimulation increases mucus protein output and shown that the strength of this effect is about the same as that of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Atropine blocked this effect. Pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic agent, greatly increased mucus protein output. Chemical analysis of the secretions showed that they contained two groups of glycoproteins which could be separated by electrophoresis. Only the slower-moving of these was sulphated. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose DE-52 showed that the 35S-sulphated material was heterogeneous in both molecular size and charge density. The principal monosaccharides in tracheal mucus glycoproteins are galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid. Mannose was not detected. Three cell types contributed to the glycoprotein secretion of the cat trachea, mucous and serous cells of the submucosal glands and goblet cells of the overlying epithelium. The histochemical investigations suggest that most mucous and goblet cells produced a sulphated mucin; the results for the serous cells are ambiguous. Autoradiography confirms all three cell types produced sulphated secretions which were labelled when 35SO4 was given intrasegmentally. The tracheal mucosa showed only minor degrees of damage in a small proportion of cases.
Harnessing the genetics of the modern dairy cow to continue improvements in feed efficiency (2016)

Feed efficiency, as defined by the fraction of feed energy or dry matter captured in products, has more than doubled for the US dairy industry in the past 100 yr. This increased feed efficiency was the result of increased milk production per cow achieved through genetic selection, nutrition, and management with the desired goal being greater profitability. With increased milk production per cow, more feed is consumed per cow, but a greater portion of the feed is partitioned toward milk instead of maintenance and body growth. This dilution of maintenance has been the overwhelming driver of enhanced feed efficiency in the past, but its effect diminishes with each successive increment in production relative to body size and therefore will be less important in the future. Instead, we must also focus on new ways to enhance digestive and metabolic efficiency. One way to examine variation in efficiency among animals is residual feed intake (RFI), a measure of efficiency that is independent of the dilution of maintenance. Cows that convert feed gross energy to net energy more efficiently or have lower maintenance requirements than expected based on body weight use less feed than expected and thus have negative RFI. Cows with low RFI likely digest and metabolize nutrients more efficiently and should have overall greater efficiency and profitability if they are also healthy, fertile, and produce at a high multiple of maintenance. Genomic technologies will help to identify these animals for selection programs. Nutrition and management also will continue to play a major role in farm-level feed efficiency. Management practices such as grouping and total mixed ration feeding have improved rumen function and therefore efficiency, but they have also decreased our attention on individual cow needs. Nutritional grouping is key to helping each cow reach its genetic potential. Perhaps new computer-driven technologies, combined with genomics, will enable us to optimize management for each individual cow within a herd, or to optimize animal selection to match management environments. In the future, availability of feed resources may shift as competition for land increases. New approaches combining genetic, nutrition, and other management practices will help optimize feed efficiency, profitability, and environmental sustainability.
Evaluation of Conformational and Binding Characteristics of Various Natriuretic Peptides and Related Analogs (1995)

The conformational properties of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and various analogs and homologs were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in solvent mixtures inducing secondary structures. The CD spectra obtained for rat ANF(99-126), porcine BNP32, and their related analogs indicated that these peptides exhibited mainly a random-coil conformation in pure water. However, the addition of increasing concentrations of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) gave rise for all peptides to a more ordered secondary structure. The analysis of the far-ultraviolet CD spectra suggested that the peptides exist under two conformational states, beta-turn and beta-sheet, in the presence of 20-60% HFIP/water solutions. Moreover, the characterizations of rANF(99-126) and the analog pBNP1, which combines the cyclic core of bBNP32 with the carboxy- and amino-terminal segments of rANF-(99-126), have been carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in 40% HFIP/D2O. The FTIR results indicated that these peptides exist predominantly under a beta-turn and beta-sheet mixed conformation. In addition, the amount of organized secondary structure obtained for human BNP32, bovine aldosterone secretion inhibitory factor, also known as ASIF(69-103) and beta-rANF(92-126), in the presence of a 40% HFIP/phosphate buffer mixture, was similar to that of porcine BNP32, whereas rat BNP32 was found to be more structured. In the same solvent mixture, the CD spectra of Met(O)110-human ANF(99-126) and chicken ANF(99-126) indicated that these peptides possess conformational features different to those of rANF(99-126) and hANF(99-126). Porcine CNP22, C-type natriuretic peptide, and the fragment C-ANF exhibited undefined secondary structure in the presence of 40% HFIP/phosphate buffer. These results suggest that the amino acid residues, not common to the various natriuretic peptides, would be involved in the stabilization of either beta-turn and/or beta-sheet conformations. Moreover, these secondary structures appear as particularly important for the recognition of the ANF-R1A receptor subtype found in bovine adrenal cortex.
Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Novel Pharmaceutical Technologies Breathe New Life into the Lungs (2011)

Pulmonary drug delivery is a developing technology in which medication is inhaled through the lungs and enters the bloodstream through the alveolar epithelium. Pulmonary drug delivery provides a noninvasive, alternative method to subcutaneous injection, and also intravenous injection. The delivery device plays a major role in the efficiency of pulmonary delivery, and great strides have been made in the development of new devices in recent years. The devices most commonly used for respiratory delivery, including nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers, can all be adapted for use with protein/peptide drugs. The choice of device will depend on the drug, the formulation, the site of action, and the pathophysiology of the lungs. While a great deal of recent research has focused on the development of novel devices, attention must now be paid to the formulation of these macromolecular drugs. The emphasis in this review will be on targeting of drugs by inhalation using carriers (such as liposomes, microspheres, microparticles, and nanoparticles) and ligands.
Regulation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) by CD4 <sup>+</sup> CD25 <sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells (2003)

Multiple endogenous mechanisms exist to inhibit thymic development of functional autoreactive T cells. In spite of this, autoreactive CD4+ T cell populations persist in normal individuals and retain the capacity to initiate autoimmune disease. Thus, additional regulatory mechanisms operative in the peripheral immune system are required to protect against both the generation of self-directed immune responses and the initiation of autoimmune diseases. One such mechanism involves the active inhibition of T cell responses by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. In this study, we investigated the protective role of T(reg) cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our findings indicate that T(reg) cells confer significant protection from the development of MOG(35-55)-induced EAE that may result from the promotion of a protective Th2 response and decreased homing of autoreactive cells to the CNS. Importantly, T(reg) cells differentially expressed elevated levels of ICAM1 and P selectin, molecules which may facilitate T-T cell interactions and contribute to the mechanism by which T(reg) cells inhibit CD4+ T cell responses. Collectively, these findings support a role for T(reg) cells as an active regulatory mechanism that may protect individuals from the onset of MS, as well as other autoimmune diseases.
Code STEMI can improve care for cardiac patients (2010)

In Brief By establishing and refining a protocol for handling patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, one hospital reduced patient mortality from over 10% to 2.1%.
Novel T719P AβPP Mutation Unbalances the Relative Proportion of Amyloid-β Peptides (2009)

A novel missense mutation (T719P) in the amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) gene was discovered in a 46-year old patient affected by early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS), we determined mass profiles of amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the AbetaPP mutated patient, healthy control subjects (n = 10), and of two subjects carrying mutations in presenilins genes (PS) (i.e., PS1 P117L and PS2 T122R): seven different C-terminally and three N-terminally truncated Abeta peptides were found in CSF. The investigated AbetaPP as well as PS mutations were associated with an overall reduction of Abeta species, except for Abeta(10-40). Interestingly, the AbetaPP T719P mutation unbalanced the relative proportion of Abeta peptides with a reduction of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) paralleled by an increase of Abeta(1-38) and Abeta(10-40). Despite the specific neuropeptidomic phenotype associated with the AbetaPP T719P mutation, the enrichment in Abeta(10-40) paralleled by depletion of Abeta(1-42) seems to be a common theme in familial AD. The AbetaPP T719P mutation is of particular interest because it is the only mutation located in close proximity to the AbetaPP epsilon-cleavage site.