gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal specificity of long-term depression in parallel fiber--Purkinje synapses in rat cerebellar slice. (1995)

The phenomenon of cerebellar long-term depression (LTD), a decrease of synaptic strength between the parallel fibers (PFs) and Purkinje cells after conjunctive activation of PFs and the climbing fibers (CFs), is implicated as a cellular mechanism for motor learning. We have characterized a field-potential recording technique in cerebellar slice and have used the technique to examine the temporal conditions for cerebellar LTD induction in an attempt to examine the relevance of LTD to associative conditioning. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between onsets of PF and CF activation and the number of paired stimuli (pairings) were examined. LTD has distinct temporal specificity that seems to be constrained by inhibitory interneurons and can be masked by excessive stimulation. When 100 paired stimuli were given to PFs and CFs, LTD was induced with an ISI of 250 msec (PF activation preceding CF activation). In contrast, a smaller forward (125 msec), simultaneous (0 msec), or backward (-250 msec) ISIs were not effective for inducing LTD. However, the blockade of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition made it possible to induce LTD with 100 pairs of simultaneous stimulations. Furthermore, by increasing the number of pairings to 600, significant LTD was observed with all four interstimulus intervals. These results suggest that temporal conditions for LTD induction share some similarity to associative learning of discrete motor responses.
Measuring the probability of patch detection for four spatial sampling designs (1993)

In this paper, we derive the probabilities that four chosen sampling schemes will detect a circular patch of organisms whose location is at some random location in the study area. We also describe simulations which indicate the variation of patch detection probabilities for different realizations of the sampling design. We comment briefly on how probabilities would be affected by multiple and different shaped patches. Our results are a useful guide for practitioners when choosing a design and an appropriate sampling intensity.
Data acquisition and motion interpolation for a multimodal medical training environment (2006)

Modern, medical image generating methods like CT or MRI provide an insight into the soft tissue structures of the knee joint. However, these techniques are mostly used for acquiring still pictures, because they are either not fast enough or not precise enough to guarantee a profound, three-dimensional live observation of deformable human internals. Neither the functionality, nor the shape of the components during fast movements can be acquired that way. The same drawbacks occur when biological structures are dissected. In recent medical literature, the shape, texture and function of almost every part of the human body is described. As these descriptions are either based on dissected material or on those image generating methods, the description of the functionality and interaction, as well as the description of the deformation of the shape during normal operation are mostly qualitative assumptions of the authors, but not quantified or measured facts. In this work, a quantitative measurement is performed for a more profound data acquisition. Opposed to the known, slice wise measurements, a three-dimensional technique is applied that allows new insights into the movement and deformation of the knee joint components. Moreover, most publications consider only one rotational freedom of the knee joint - in most cases the flexion movement. In this work, all three rotational degrees of freedom are considered, providing new insights into the knee joint mechanics. The results of these measurements extend the current knowledge about the human knee joint, which proves the significance of three-dimensional measurements. This measured data is merged to a three-dimensional knee joint model that can display the knee joint internals in any arbitrary posture. This is used to set up an interactive graphical display that allows the user to move a virtual knee joint and observe the movements and deformations of the knee joint internals in real time. This animation can be helpful for improving the understanding of the internal knee joint mechanics and can improve the medical education.
Six Genes Expressed in Bones and Teeth Encode the Current Members of the SIBLING Family of Proteins (2003)

Bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), enamelin (ENAM), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), and osteopontin (OPN) are glycophosphoproteins expressed in bones and/or teeth. Direct comparison of their amino acid sequences do not suggest that they belong to a single genetic family, but a detailed analysis of their chromosomal location and gene structure does. Analysis of human brain mRNA by RT-PCR has led to the discovery of two additional exons thereby making it more convincing that MEPE is a member of the SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family. We propose that the members of this SIBLING family are extended, flexible proteins in solution that can facilitate the formation of a number of different complexes. For example, OPN can bridge complement Factor H to either an RGD-dependent integrin or to CD44 forming a membrane-bound complex that actively suppresses the alternate complement pathway. Two possible mechanisms for inhibiting the lytic pathway of alternate complement are presented.
Optical comb generator as an efficient short-pulse source (1996)

We demonstrate a novel technique for converting a continuous-wave laser beam into a stable train of short pulses with a high repetition rate. The system, which is generally applicable, is based on a purely passive coupled-cavity optical frequency comb generator, which ensures a high overall efficiency. The repetition rate of the device is determined by the drive frequency of an electro-optic modulator and the pulse width by the rf power applied to the modulator. We have observed pulses down to 3.3 ps long at a 5.34-GHz repetition rate and an overall efficiency of 11%. The experimental results for pulse shape and width show excellent quantitative agreement with the results of a simple model.
Basic conditions for the eradication of poliomyelitis--indications for a common prescription. (1994)

The efforts of the last decade to achieve the world eradication of poliomyelitis have resulted in several problems of methodology and field implementation of the polio control program: (1) The concept of eradication. Its present definition refers to the complete absence of activity of the wild poliovirus. It is the result of the decision to recommend the use of OPV for the world control of polio and leaves unanswered the problem of the paralytic disease associated with OPV. (2) Besides a successful vaccination policy the control of polio implies a satisfactory environment. Risk factors in the environment mean persistence of endemicity and reoccurrence of disease, even after several years of absence of polio activity. (3) Concerning the limitations of the two available vaccines, problems of immunogenicity, safety, and thermostability are associated with OPV. Use of EIPV requires a high coverage of all the ages at risk of infection, and gut immunity is lower than that induced by OPV. On the other hand, several observations point to the limitation of OPV to prevent the spread of the wild virus into the vaccinated community, as claimed for EIPV. Limitations of OPV are mainly vaccine associated paralytic disease in the developed countries, and wild virus associated disease in "vaccinated" individuals in the developing countries. Disease associated with EIPV programs is observed practically only in nonvaccinated individuals. EIPV, particularly if associated with OPV, offers a clear advantage over OPV alone, in terms of immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy. (4) Total elimination of paralytic poliomyelitis can hardly be conceived of without the use of the EIPV.
Study of three complementary techniques for measuring cutaneous hydration in vivo in human subjects: NMR spectroscopy, transient thermal transfer and corneometry – application to xerotic skin and cosmetics (2000)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the capability and the analytical quality of three different in vivo, non-invasive, quantitative methods for measuring skin hydration: two innovative methods that have been used for more than eight years - nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR-S) and transient thermal transfer (TTT) - and the more widely used and conventional corneometry. METHODS: The work presented evaluated the capability and precision, as well as cutaneous exploration depths, of the three methods. Experiments were carried out in vivo following the hydration, in kinetic terms, induced by topic application of reference moisturizing products. Spatio-temporal efficacy of a lipolotion was also studied by the TTT METHOD: Cases of xerotic skin were studied with TTT and corneometry. RESULTS: The results obtained showed better repeatability and reproducibility with the TTT and NMR-S methods than with corneometry. NMR-S is one of the only direct hydration measurement methods. It measures skin hydration down to the outer dermis with high precision. It is indicated for products having an action down to the deep cutaneous layers. By changing thermal power parameters, the TTT method can determine hydration to the outer, middle or deep epidermal layers. It is, therefore, possible to track the penetration of products in various layers of the epidermis. The small size of the probe enables the hydration measurement of skin sites (lips, eyelids) that were not, up to now, measurable with the two other methods. Corneometric investigations are restricted to the surface of the horny layer; measurements are easy and rapid but influenced by the composition of products applied to the skin and their phases: aqueous, oily or ionic. The xerotic skin study highlights the importance of exploration in different layers of the epidermis, as dehydration concerns not only the upper layers of the epidermis but also the medial and deep layers. With the TTT method, it has been possible to highlight the penetration dynamics of a lipolotion with, initially, an increase in the hydration in the outer epidermis, followed 3 h later by a transfer from the outer to the middle epidermis. CONCLUSION: NMR-S, TTT and corneometry represent three possible ways to assess skin hydration. Because they explore different cutaneous depths, they are more complementary than competitive. Transient thermal transfer, although a semi-direct method, is a precise, informative, and innovative solution to evaluate skin hydration at different epidermal depths and sites.
CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN SECRETION BY HUMAN EMBRYOS IN VITRO (1988)

Embryos (n = 38) from an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program, unsuitable for transfer or cryopreservation, were maintained in culture for 14 days. The time course of hCG secretion into culture fluid was compared to observed embryo development. The earliest significant hCG rise was detected at day 7 post insemination for a partially hatched blastocyst, with hCG levels increasing 50-fold following blastocyst attachment to the surface of the culture vessel. Secretion of hCG was amplified by the addition of serum. There was no significant free alpha hCG or beta hCG secretion between days 6-12. We conclude that hCG production depends on the pathway of cytotrophoblast differentiation and commences with the appearance of the G1 phase in embryonic cells at the late blastocyst stage.
Skoll: A Process and Infrastructure for Distributed Continuous Quality Assurance (2007)

Software engineers increasingly emphasize agility and flexibility in their designs and development approaches. They increasingly use distributed development teams, rely on component assembly and deployment rather than green field code writing, rapidly evolve the system through incremental development and frequent updating, and use flexible product designs supporting extensive end-user customization. While agility and flexibility have many benefits, they also create an enormous number of potential system configurations built from rapidly changing component implementations. Since today's quality assurance (QA) techniques do not scale to handle highly configurable systems, we are developing and validating novel software QA processes and tools that leverage the extensive computing resources of user and developer communities in a distributed, continuous manner to improve software quality significantly. This paper provides several contributions to the study of distributed, continuous QA (DCQA). First, it shows the structure and functionality of Skoll, which is an environment that defines a generic around-the-world, around-the-clock QA process and several sophisticated tools that support this process. Second, it describes several novel QA processes built using the Skoll environment. Third, it presents two studies using Skoll: one involving user testing of the Mozilla browser and another involving continuous build, integration, and testing of the ACE+TAO communication software package. The results of our studies suggest that the Skoll environment can manage and control distributed continuous QA processes more effectively than conventional QA processes. For example, our DCQA processes rapidly identified problems that had taken the ACE+TAO developers much longer to find and several of which they had not found. Moreover, the automatic analysis of QA results provided developers information that enabled them to quickly find the root causes of problems
Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A double blind and randomized trial [ISRCTN64132371] (2004)

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that zinc as a supplementary medication might be beneficial in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, further investigations and different doses of zinc are required to replicate these findings in children with ADHD.
Activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases during Fas-induced apoptosis (1996)

Stimulation of several human and murine hematopoietically derived cell lines with anti-Fas antibodies induced increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a panel of proteins observed in whole-cell lysates. In the human T cell line Jurkat, the activity of a 56-kDa tyrosine kinase was likewise activated by anti-Fas antibodies. Immunoprecipitation studies of anti-Fas-stimulated human Jurkat and murine 2B4.11 T cells revealed activation of the Src-family tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. Fas receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 c-cbl proto-oncogene product was observed in Jurkat T cells. Pharmacological experiments demonstrated that pretreatment of Jurkat cells with tyrphostins inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis; likewise, Lck activity was inhibited by tyrphostins in a dose-dependent fashion. Finally, Lck derived from unstimulated Jurkat T cells formed stable complexes with the intracellular domain of the Fas receptor. These data are consistent with the notion that expression and activation of members of the Src-family kinases is required for Fas-induced cell death in T lymphocytes and consistent with recent findings demonstrating decreased Fas-mediated thymocytic death in Fyn-knockout mice.
How to tune VoIP codec selection in WLANs? (2008)

In IEEE 802.11e-based WLANs, link adaptation mechanisms, which choose the transmission rate of each node, provoke unexpected and random variations on the effective channel capacity. When these changes are towards lower bit-rates, inelastic flows, such as VoIP, can suffer from sudden congestion, which results on higher packet delays and losses. A VoIP codec selection algorithm has been proposed as a solution to this issue, which is triggered both by channel rate changes as well as in combination with a call admission control mechanism. The results show that an important improvement in terms of hotspot capacity for VoIP calls can be achieved by choosing the VoIP codec adaptively in a multi-rate scenario. By defining a new grade of service-related parameter, Qmacr, which captures the tradeoff between dropping and blocking probabilities and perceived speech quality, the codec selection algorithm can be tuned to achieve maximum capacity without severely penalizing any of those variables, and hence satisfying both technical and user quality requirements.
XenoSearch: distributed resource discovery in the XenoServer open platform (2004)

We describe the XenoSearch system for performing expressive resource discovery searches in a distributed environment. We represent server meta-data, such as their locations and facilities, as points in a multi-dimensional space and then express queries as predicates over these points. Each XenoSearch node holds a portion of this space and the key goal of XenoSearch is to direct queries to those nodes containing the meta-data of matching XenoServers. Communication between these XenoSearch nodes is based on the self-organizing Pastry peer-to-peer routing substrate. Our initial performance evaluation on a wide-area prototype shows that queries are only a factor of 3 to 5 times longer than basic Pastry routing, while supporting multi-dimensional searches of arbitrary shapes.
PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice (2012)

Demand for fuel cell technology is growing rapidly. Fuel cells are being commercialized to provide power to buildings like hospitals and schools, to replace batteries in portable electronic devices, and as replacements for internal combustion engines in vehicles. PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells are lighter, smaller, and more efficient than other types of fuel cell. As a result, over 80 per cent of fuel cells being produced today are PEM cells. This new edition of Dr. Barbir's groundbreaking book still lays the groundwork for engineers, technicians and students better than any other resource, covering fundamentals of design, electrochemistry, heat and mass transport, as well as providing the context of system design and applications. Yet it now also provides invaluable information on the latest advances in modeling, diagnostics, materials, and components, along with an updated chapter on the evolving applications areas wherein PEM cells are being deployed. This comprehensive guide covers all aspects of PEM fuel cells, from theory and fundamentals to practical applications. It provides solutions to heat and water management problems engineers must face when designing and implementing PEM fuel cells in systems. Hundreds of original illustrations, real-life engineering examples, and end-of-chapter problems help clarify, contextualize, and aid understanding.
Metropolitan DWDM: a dynamically configurable ring for the KomNet field trial in Berlin (2001)

We present the system concept of a dynamically configurable all-optical add/drop multiplexer for metropolitan wavelength division multiplex rings using dense channel spacing (DWDM). We first outline the essential network requirements. Subsequently, an optical system concept is presented that meets these requirements. In the network elements, innovative all-optical switching technology is employed. Tunable fiber Bragg gratings that perform routing functions by wavelength filtering are discussed in more detail. The system is laboratory-tested. It has been installed in Berlin for a multi-vendor field trial within the German research program "KomNet." Three optical add/drop multiplexers form a dynamically configurable Metro DWDM ring. Metro DWDM accommodates high bandwidths: a metropolitan ring that provides 0.8 terabit/s ring capacity has been demonstrated. Furthermore, Metro DWDM can provide optically transparent channels enabling the transport of various data formats simultaneously, e.g., SONET/SDH and Gigabit Ethernet. Conversion to a standard format becomes obsolete. The all-optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) presented provides both manual and dynamic configuration. The system concept of the OADM is developed starting with basic metropolitan DWDM network requirements. The features of the DWDM ring are described, followed by a presentation of the system concept of the flexible OADM. Our focus is on dynamic configuration techniques. Since tunable fiber Bragg gratings are promising components for dynamic optical channel switching, this technology is treated in more detail.
Endophytic Fungi in Canada Wild Rye in Natural Grasslands (2001)

Some grasses harbor endophytic fungi living in intercellular spaces in the leaves, stems and reproductive organs. The fungi can dramatically affect the physiology and ecology of plants. For example, fungi may produce toxins that deter herbivores and they may alter the water status of the plant to increase drought tolerance. The distribution of fungal infection in natural plant populations is unknown for many host species. We investigated the occurrence of endophytic fungi in Elymus canadensis L. (Canada wild rye) from 13 remnant prairie sites in the midwest and 23 sites in the southern Great Plains. Collections of plant tissue came from Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Texas. All midwest plants were grown in a common garden site in eastern Nebraska. Seeds collected from Oklahoma and Texas accessions were planted in the greenhouse. At least 3 tillers from 2 plants of each accession were screened for endophytes, using light microscopy. The endophytic fungus was found in seed of all accessions and in plants from all but 4 accessions. The functional significance of the fungus is unclear, but it may affect plants by enhancing productivity or deterring herbivores. The widespread occurrence of endophytic fungi in natural populations of E. canadensis suggests that the plant-fungal association may be long-standing and important in the evolution and success of this native prairie species.
Repeat patch testing in a patient with allergic contact dermatitis improved on dupilumab (2019)

Dupilumab, the first monoclonal antibody approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD), inhibits interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 via blockade of IL-4Ra, inhibiting helper T cell (Th)2 signaling. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) has a complex and dynamic pathophysiology, in which at least 1 or more of the Th1, Th2, and Th17/22 pathways may mediate reactions. Patients with AD are at risk of ACD. Here we present a patient with AD and ACD who was patch tested before starting dupilumab and during therapy.
Bloom’s and Werner’s syndrome genes suppress hyperrecombination in yeast <i>sgs1</i> mutant: Implication for genomic instability in human diseases (1998)

Bloom's syndrome (BS) and Werner's syndrome (WS) are genetic disorders in which an increased rate of chromosomal aberration is detected. The genes responsible for these diseases, BLM and WRN, have been found to be homologs of Escherichia coli recQ and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SGS1 genes. Here we show that yeast Sgs1 helicase acts as a suppressor of illegitimate recombination through homologous recombination and that human BLM and WRN helicases can suppress the increased homologous and illegitimate recombinations in the S. cerevisiae sgs1 mutant. The results imply a role of BLM and WRN helicases to control genomic stability in human cells. Similar to Sgs1 helicase, BLM helicase suppressed the cell growth in the top3 sgs1 mutation background and restored the increased sensitivity of the sgs1 mutant to hydroxyurea, but the WRN helicase did not. We discussed differential roles of BLM and WRN helicases in human cells. BLM- and WRN-bearing yeasts provide new useful models to investigate human BS and WS diseases.