gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual Constraint Control of a Powered Prosthetic Leg: From Simulation to Experiments With Transfemoral Amputees (2014)

Recent powered (or robotic) prosthetic legs independently control different joints and time periods of the gait cycle, resulting in control parameters and switching rules that can be difficult to tune by clinicians. This challenge might be addressed by a unifying control model used by recent bipedal robots, in which <i>virtual constraints</i> define joint patterns as functions of a monotonic variable that continuously represents the gait cycle phase. In the first application of virtual constraints to amputee locomotion, this paper derives exact and approximate control laws for a partial feedback linearization to enforce virtual constraints on a prosthetic leg. We then encode a human-inspired invariance property called <i>effective shape</i> into virtual constraints for the stance period. After simulating the robustness of the partial feedback linearization to clinically meaningful conditions, we experimentally implement this control strategy on a powered transfemoral leg. We report the results of three amputee subjects walking overground and at variable cadences on a treadmill, demonstrating the clinical viability of this novel control approach.
Seven-base-pair inverted repeats in DNA form stable hairpins in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1991)

Palindromic sequences in single-stranded DNA and RNA have the potential for intrastrand base pairing, resulting in formation of "hairpin" structures. We previously reported a genetic method for detecting such structures in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Below, we describe evidence indicating that a 14-base-pair palindrome (7 bp per inverted repeat) is sufficient for formation of a hairpin in vivo.
Notes - Reduction of N-Perfluoroalkyl Urethans with Lithium Aluminum Hydride (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Reduction of N-Perfluoroalkyl Urethans with Lithium Aluminum HydrideRalph Dannley and Robert TaborskyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 1, 77–78Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online9 April 2003Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01352a601https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01352a601research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Sensing of Bacteria in Plants (2003)

To detect microbial infection multicellular organisms have evolved sensing systems for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we identify bacterial cold shock protein (CSP) as a new such PAMP that acts as a highly active elicitor of defense responses in tobacco. Tobacco cells perceive a conserved domain of CSP and synthetic peptides representing 15 amino acids of this domain-induced responses at subnanomolar concentrations. Central to the elicitor-active domain is the RNP-1 motif KGFGFITP, a motif conserved also in many RNA- and DNA-binding proteins of eukaryotes. Csp15-Nsyl, a peptide representing the domain with highest homology to csp15 in a protein of Nicotiana sylvestris exhibited only weak activity in tobacco cells. Crystallographic and genetic data from the literature show that the RNP-1 domain of bacterial CSPs resides on a protruding loop and exposes a series of aromatic and basic side chains to the surface that are essential for the nucleotide-binding activity of CSPs. Similarly, these side chains were also essential for elicitor activity and replacement of single residues in csp15 with Ala strongly reduced or abolished activity. Most strikingly, csp15-Ala10, a peptide with the RNP-1 motif modified to KGAGFITP, lacked elicitor activity but acted as a competitive antagonist for CSP-related elicitors. Bacteria commonly have a small family of CSP-like proteins including both cold-inducible and noninducible members, and Csp-related elicitor activity was detected in extracts from all bacteria tested. Thus, the CSP domain containing the RNP-1 motif provides a structure characteristic for bacteria in general, and tobacco plants have evolved a highly sensitive chemoperception system to detect this bacterial PAMP.
Alteration of virus entry mode: A neutralisation mechanism for dengue-2 virus (2000)

Polyclonal antibodies derived from dengue virus immune sera and 3H5 monoclonal antibody showed potent neutralisation effect on dengue-2 virus in the plaque reduction neutralisation assay. This study demonstrated that antibodies present in immune human sera and 3H5 monoclonal antibody neutralised dengue-2 virus by altering the virus entry pathway into cells. In the presence of neutralising antibodies, dengue-2 virus was endocytosed by LLC-MK2 cells. The endocytosis process involved ruffling of antibody-coated virions by cellular pseudopodia and invagination of cell membrane. This mode of entry is atypical as compared to direct fusion of dengue-2 virus with cell membrane in the absence of antibody. The virions were internalised in the form of virion-antibody complexes consisting of single or clumps of virions. After 3 minutes of incubation, neutralised virions were detected in cellular vesicles, and signs of intra-endosomal penetration into cytoplasm were not evident even after a prolonged incubation of 10 minutes, suggesting that viral uncoating was compromised. Vesicle-bound virions were no longer detected after 20 minutes of incubation. In addition, no sign of viral replication was detected in cells infected with "neutralised" virions by immunofluorescence assay. This indicated that internalised virions had been degraded leading to abortive infection. In conclusion, antibodies present in 3H5 monoclonal antibody and human immune sera rendered dengue-2 virus non-infective by neutralising the viral fusion site and causing alteration of viral entry mode. Antibodies in immune sera but not 3H5 monoclonal antibody also exerted minimal inhibitory effect on virus binding and internalisation.
Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Periodontal Disease: The Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (2020)

Objectives. We used data from the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study to examine whether individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics were associated with periodontal disease.
Two-speed induction motors using fractional-slot windings (1965)

It has already been shown how to obtain 2-speed single-winding squirrel-cage induction motors, using a normal stator with all coils identical, and with only six terminals to the winding. The earlier methods showed how an integral-slot winding may be modulated to give a 2-speed winding for any pole combination, and also how to design a fractional-slot 2-speed winding for pole combinations which do not include a multiple of 6. The fractional-slot windings are the best, and this paper completes the record of close-ratio pole-amplitude modulation in its basic form by showing how to design a fractional-slot winding for any close-ratio pole combination.The performance of machines with such fractional-slot windings very nearly approaches that of a single-speed motor, for both speeds; and it is thought that, for most applications, these fractional-slot windings will supersede the earlier integral-slot ones. Tables of finished winding designs for one pole combination are given in full, together with details of the design methods, which are illustrated by the complete working of one particular design. The basic part of the task of converting the single-winding squirrel-cage induction motor into a close-ratio 2-speed machine has therefore been completed and recorded in full. The application of the same principles to wide-ratio 2-speed machines has been separately described, as will also be certain further developments of the work already recorded.
Legal Strategies in the United States to Address Climate Change (2012)

21세기 세계가 직면하고 있는 가장 중요한 환경적 도전은 기후변화이다. 초기에 미국은 기후 변화의 문제탐구에 지도적인 역할을 담당했고 교토의정서의 협상을 주도했지만 교토의정서에 서명하지 않았다. 또한 미국은 기후변화에 대한 연방차원의 종합적 전략을 수립하려는 노력에도 실패하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 연방정부와 주정부 차원에서 모두 기후 변화문제를 다루기...
Design for a constant peak current defibrillator (1990)

A damped sine wave defibrillator that is capable of delivering a constant peak discharge current over a wide range of patient thoracic impedance is shown to be theoretically possible. This is realized in practice by the technique of storing an amount of energy above that required for delivery, and dumping the excess charge when the discharge current has reached a predetermined level, the dumping being triggered by a current sensor. A larger than normal inductance assists in swamping the effect of varying impedance and produces a smooth waveform. The preselected peak current can be delivered with a variation of about +/- 6% to 95% of a normal patient population. The energy expended in a simulated patient circuit is somewhat lower than for conventional defibrillators.
CD133 is a positive marker for a distinct class of primitive human cord blood-derived CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells (2013)

The identification of human CD34-negative (CD34(-)) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provides a new concept for the hierarchy in the human HSC compartment. Previous studies demonstrated that CD34(-) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-repopulating cells (SRCs) are a distinct class of primitive HSCs in comparison to the well-characterized CD34(+)CD38(-) SRCs. However, the purification level of rare CD34(-) SRCs in 18 lineage marker-negative (Lin(-)) CD34(-) cells (1/1000) is still very low compared with that of CD34(+)CD38(-) SRCs (1/40). As in the mouse, it will be necessary to identify useful positive markers for a high degree of purification of rare human CD34(-) SRCs. Using 18Lin(-)CD34(-) cells, we analyzed the expression of candidate positive markers by flow cytometric analysis. We finally identified CD133 as a reliable positive marker of human CB-derived CD34(-) SRCs and succeeded in highly purifying primitive human CD34(-) HSCs. The limiting dilution analysis demonstrated that the incidence of CD34(-) SRCs in 18Lin(-)CD34(-)CD133(+) cells was 1/142, which is the highest level of purification of these unique CD34(-) HSCs to date. Furthermore, CD133 expression clearly segregated the SRC activities of 18Lin(-)CD34(-) cells, as well as 18Lin(-)CD34(+) cells, in their positive fractions, indicating its functional significance as a common cell surface maker to isolate effectively both CD34(+) and CD34(-) SRCs.
Inferring Disease Mechanisms from Epidemiological Data in Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism (2009)

The perturbation of mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease results in the maintenance of a normal range of [Ca](s) and [P](s) acting as the controlled factors at the cost of large variations of i[PTH](s), and calcium and phosphate urinary excretions behaving as controlling factors.
Aerodynamic Separation of Cobs from Corn Harvest Residues (1985)

ABSTRACT LABORATORY tests of the aerodynamic properties of the separate fractions of straw walker residues collected during corn harvest showed that most of the other residues could be separated from the loose cobs by using an air velocity of 10 m/s. However, complete pneumatic separation of all the cobs was impractical because some of the cobs still had attached husks and the suspension velocities of some stalks overlapped with those of the cobs. Stalk pieces with one end node had higher suspension velocities than symmetrical stalks. Tests with prepared symmetrical cob and stalk pieces showed that all the ideal cylindrical cob pieces could be separated from the ideal stalk pieces. Suspension velocities of ideal cylindrical corncobs ranged from 10.3 to 13.8 m/s while those of random straw walker cobs ranged from 5.5 to 13.9 m/s. Mean drag coefficients of the symmetrical cob and stalk samples were 0.81 and 0.86 respectively.
Size-Based Enrichment of Exfoliated Tumor Cells in Urine Increases the Sensitivity for DNA-Based Detection of Bladder Cancer (2014)

Bladder cancer is diagnosed by cystoscopy, a costly and invasive procedure that is associated with patient discomfort. Analysis of tumor-specific markers in DNA from sediments of voided urine has the potential for non-invasive detection of bladder cancer; however, the sensitivity is limited by low fractions and small numbers of tumor cells exfoliated into the urine from low-grade tumors. The purpose of this study was to improve the sensitivity for non-invasive detection of bladder cancer by size-based capture and enrichment of tumor cells in urine. In a split-sample set-up, urine from a consecutive series of patients with primary or recurrent bladder tumors (N = 189) was processed by microfiltration using a membrane filter with a defined pore-size, and sedimentation by centrifugation, respectively. DNA from the samples was analyzed for seven bladder tumor-associated methylation markers using MethyLight and pyrosequencing assays. The fraction of tumor-derived DNA was higher in the filter samples than in the corresponding sediments for all markers (p<0.000001). Across all tumor stages, the number of cases positive for one or more markers was 87% in filter samples compared to 80% in the corresponding sediments. The largest increase in sensitivity was achieved in low-grade Ta tumors, with 82 out of 98 cases positive in the filter samples (84%) versus 74 out of 98 in the sediments (75%). Our results show that pre-analytic processing of voided urine by size-based filtration can increase the sensitivity for DNA-based detection of bladder cancer.
Preparation and structural characterization of monoamine-monoamide bis(thiol) oxo complexes of technetium(V) and rhenium(V) (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and structural characterization of monoamine-monoamide bis(thiol) oxo complexes of technetium(V) and rhenium(V)J. P. O'Neil, S. R. Wilson, and J. A. KatzenellenbogenCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 2, 319–323Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00080a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00080a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views561Altmetric-Citations110LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Regulation of translation initiation factor eIF2B at the hub of the integrated stress response (2018)

Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2 is one of the most widely used and well-studied mechanisms cells use to respond to diverse cellular stresses. Known as the integrated stress response (ISR), the control pathway uses modulation of protein synthesis to reprogram gene expression and restore homeostasis. Here the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of eIF2 activation and its control by phosphorylation at a single-conserved phosphorylation site, serine 51 are discussed with a major focus on the regulatory roles of eIF2B and eIF5 where a current molecular view of ISR control of eIF2B activity is presented. How genetic disorders affect eIF2 or eIF2B is discussed, as are syndromes where excess signaling through the ISR is a component. Finally, studies into the action of recently identified compounds that modulate the ISR in experimental systems are discussed; these suggest that eIF2B is a potential therapeutic target for a wide range of conditions. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation.
Distributed Monocular SLAM for Indoor Map Building (2017)

Utilization and generation of indoor maps are critical elements in accurate indoor tracking. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is one of the main techniques for such map generation. In SLAM an agent generates a map of an unknown environment while estimating its location in it. Ubiquitous cameras lead to monocular visual SLAM, where a camera is the only sensing device for the SLAM process. In modern applications, multiple mobile agents may be involved in the generation of such maps, thus requiring a distributed computational framework. Each agent can generate its own local map, which can then be combined into a map covering a larger area. By doing so, they can cover a given environment faster than a single agent. Furthermore, they can interact with each other in the same environment, making this framework more practical, especially for collaborative applications such as augmented reality. One of the main challenges of distributed SLAM is identifying overlapping maps, especially when relative starting positions of agents are unknown. In this paper, we are proposing a system having multiple monocular agents, with unknown relative starting positions, which generates a semidense global map of the environment.
Agents Affecting Lipid Metabolism. VIII. N,N'-Dibenzylethylenediamine, the Key to a Novel Class of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors<sup>1</sup> (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAgents Affecting Lipid Metabolism. VIII. N,N'-Dibenzylethylenediamine, the Key to a Novel Class of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors1Michael Kraml, Leslie G. Humber, Jean Dubuc, and Roger GaudryCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1964, 7, 4, 500–503Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00334a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00334a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views128Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In silico biosynthesis of virenose, a methylated deoxy-sugar unique to Coxiella burnetii lipopolysaccharide (2012)

We propose that biosynthesis of the unique C. burnetii biomarker, virenose, involves an early pathway similar to that of other C-3'-methylated deoxysugars which then diverges depending upon the nucleotide-carrier involved. The alternatives yield either the D- or L-enantiomers of virenose. Both pathways require five enzymatic steps, beginning with either glucose-6-phosphate or mannose-6-phosphate. Our in silico results comprise a model for virenose biosynthesis that can be directly tested. Definition of this pathway should facilitate the development of therapeutic agents useful for treatment of Q fever, as well as allowing improvements in the methods for diagnosing this highly infectious disease.
Capacity planning for IMT-2000 using long range dependent traffic (2005)

IMT-2000, the 3/sup rd/ generation mobile telecommunication system will provide various types of services to users. To properly plan investment, a traffic model for each service is an essential job for service providers. In this paper, we developed a traffic model for voice traffic and wireless Internet traffic, which will be the most popular services in IMT-2000. Under the assumption that the session length of data traffic follows a cut-off Pareto distribution, we propose a new method to calculate the required spectrum of IMT-2000 using a diffusion approximation. The resulting MMM (medium multimedia) downlink traffic at high density in a building environment is compared with that of ITU-R. The resulting spectrum using the proposed method is greater than that of ITU-R.
Reversible Conjugation of Isothiocyanates with Glutathione Catalyzed by Human Glutathione Transferases (1995)

Rates were determined for the nonezymatic (second order rate constants) and enzyme-catalyzed conjugations with glutathione of four isothiocyanates that are present in edible plants (allyl-, benzyl-, phenethyl-isothiocyanates, and sulforaphane). Of four cloned human glutathione transferases studied, GSTP1-1 and GSTM1-1 were the most efficient catalysts. GSTA1-1 was less efficient, and GSTM2-2 was the least efficient. Conjugation of benzyl-NCS is the most rapid and that of sulforaphane [CH3S(O)(CH2)4-NCS] is the slowest. The large enzymatic rate enhancements and the abundance of the enzymes suggest that the glutathione transferases play important roles in the metabolic disposition of isothiocyanates in humans. Enzymatic cleavage of the GSH conjugates of isothiocyanates (dithiocarbamates) is catalyzed by glutathione transferases. The importance of these reverse reactions is probably limited because they are slow and inhibited by high intracellular concentrations of glutathione.