gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical items used for preparing tissue-mimicking material of wall-less flow phantom for doppler ultrasound imaging (2018)

The wall-less flow phantoms with recognized acoustic features (attenuation and speed of sound), interior properties, and dimensions of tissue were prepared, calibrated, and characterized of Doppler ultrasound scanning demands tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs). TMM phantoms are commercially available and ready-made for medical ultrasound applications. Furthermore, the commercial TMM phantoms are proper for ultrasound purpose or estimation of diagnostic imaging techniques according to the chemical materials used for its preparation. However, preparing a desirable TMM for wall-less flow phantom using a specific chemical material according to the specific applications is required for different flow. In this review, TMM and wall-less flow phantoms prepared using different chemical materials and methods were described. The chemical materials used in Doppler ultrasound TMM and wall-less flow phantoms fabricated over the previous decades were of high interest in this review.
Differences in antigen presentation to MHC class I-and class II-restricted influenza virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones. (1986)

We have examined requirements for antigen presentation to a panel of MHC class I-and class II-restricted, influenza virus-specific CTL clones by controlling the form of virus presented on the target cell surface. Both H-2K/D- and I region-restricted CTL recognize target cells exposed to infectious virus, but only the I region-restricted clones efficiently lysed histocompatible target cells pulsed with inactivated virus preparations. The isolated influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide also could sensitize target cells for recognition by class II-restricted, HA-specific CTL, but not by class I-restricted, HA-specific CTL. Inhibition of nascent viral protein synthesis abrogated the ability of target cells to present viral antigen relevant for class I-restricted CTL recognition. Significantly, presentation for class II-restricted recognition was unaffected in target cells exposed to preparations of either inactivated or infectious virus. This differential sensitivity suggested that these H-2I region-restricted CTL recognized viral polypeptides derived from the exogenously introduced virions, rather than viral polypeptides newly synthesized in the infected cell. In support of this contention, treatment of the target cells with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine abolished recognition of infected target cells by class II-restricted CTL without diminishing class I-restricted recognition of infected target cells. Furthermore, when the influenza HA gene was introduced into target cells without exogenous HA polypeptide, the target cells that expressed the newly synthesized protein product of the HA gene were recognized only by H-2K/D-restricted CTL. These observations suggest that important differences may exist in requirements for antigen presentation between H-2K/D and H-2I region-restricted CTL. These differences may reflect the nature of the antigenic epitopes recognized by these two CTL subsets.
The Separation of Nonvolatile Substances by Means of Compressed Gases in Countercurrent Processes (1978)

Abstract Mixtures of nonvolatile and heat‐sensitive substances can be separated by means of compressed gases in countercurrent processes. Moreover, such separations can be carried out at lower temperatures than in vacuum distillation. Addition of an entrainer enables alteration of the relative volatilities of the components. That such a method of separation is feasible on a large scale is illustrated using as example the separation of monoglycerides from a mixture of oleic glycerides at e.g. 110°C/135 bar. Propane is used as compressed gas, and acetone as entrainer.
Wide load range three-level ZVS-PWM DC-to-DC converter (2002)

A new three-level ZVS-PWM DC-DC converter operating in a wide load range is introduced. It is used for high-voltage and high-power applications and has as its main features: zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) from no load up to full load, operation at constant frequency, regulation by pulse-width modulation (PWM), and low RMS current stress upon power switches. Its greatest attribute is that the voltage across the switches is half the value of the input voltage. A prototype operating at 100 kHz, rated at 600 V input voltage, 1.5 kW output power, and 25 A output current, has been fabricated and successfully tested in the laboratory. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, design procedure, and an example, along with experimental results, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Human homologue sequences to the Drosophila dishevelled segment-polarity gene are deleted in the DiGeorge syndrome. (1996)

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a developmental defect of some of the neural crest derivatives. Most DGS patients show haploinsufficiency due to interstitial deletions of the proximal long arm of chromosome 22. Deletions of 22q11 have also been reported with patients with the velocardio-facial syndrome and familial conotruncal heart defects. It has been suggested that the wide phenotype spectrum associated with 22q11 monosomy is a consequence of contiguous-gene deletions. We report the isolation of human cDNAs homologous to the Drosophila dishevelled (dsh) segment-polarity gene. Sequences homologous to the 3' UTR of these transcripts (DVL-22) were positioned within the DGS critical region and were found to be deleted in DGS patients. Human DVL mRNAs are expressed in several fetal and adult tissues, including the thymus and, at high levels, the heart. Two transcripts, 3.2 and 5kb, were detected, in northern blot analysis, with different expression patterns in the surveyed tissues when different cDNAs were used. The isolated cDNAs exhibit high amino acid homology with the mouse and Xenopus Dvl-1 gene, the only other vertebrate dsh homologues so far isolated. The pivotal role of dsh in fly development suggests an analogous key function in vertebrate embryogenesis of its homologue genes. Since DGS may be due to perturbation of differentiation mechanisms at decisive embryological stages, a Dsh-like gene in the small-region overlap (SRO) might be a candidate for the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Reflective polarizer based on a stacked double-layer subwavelength metal grating structure fabricated using nanoimprint lithography (2000)

A reflective polarizer consisting of two layers of 190 nm period metal gratings was fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. Measurements with a He–Ne laser (wavelength=632.8 nm) showed that at normal incidence, this polarizer reflects light polarized perpendicular to the grating lines (transverse magnetic polarization) with a reflectance of 54%, but strongly absorbs parallel-polarized light (transverse electric polarization) with a reflectance of only 0.25%. The enhanced polarization extinction ratio of over 200 at this wavelength is possibly related to the resonance between the two layers of metal gratings. This polarizer is thin, compact, and is suited for integrated optical systems.
Infusion phlebitis associated with a programmable syringe-pump system versus gravity-feed minibottles. (1987)

The occurrence of infusion phlebitis in patients receiving intravenous antibiotics via a gravity-feed minibottle system versus a new syringe-pump system was compared. Patients at least 18 years old who had indwelling intermittent injection sites inserted for medication administration were randomized to either the minibottle system or the syringe-pump system. Antibiotics in minibottles were diluted in 50-100 mL of 5% dextrose injection; in the syringe-pump group, aminoglycoside antibiotics were diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and all other antibiotics were diluted in sterile water for injection. Antibiotics were not piggybacked into running primary infusions in any of the study patients, and no other medications except for 0.9% sodium chloride flushes were administered through the catheters. All catheters were inserted in peripheral veins and evaluated for phlebitis by i.v. nurse specialists using standardized criteria. Catheters were changed upon the occurrence of grade 1 phlebitis or after a period of three days without the development of phlebitis. Over an 18-week period, 85 catheter sites (53 syringe-pump group versus 32 minibottle group) were evaluated in 30 patients (14 syringe-pump group versus 16 minibottle group). The mean +/- S.D. catheter life in both groups was 50.6 +/- 20 hours. Phlebitis occurred in 62% of syringe-group sites versus 66% of minibottle-group sites; the incidence and severity of phlebitis were not significantly different between groups. The majority of catheter sites were infused with cefazolin sodium. The potential for phlebitis using the syringe-pump system in this study appears to be similar to that of the gravity-feed minibottle system when appropriate diluents, diluent volumes, and infusion rates are used.
On the monitoring of the defects of squirrel cage induction motors (2004)

When the electric motor is an important element in industrial process in terms of safety and efficiency, we must make an early detection. The earlier the incipient fault is detected the easier remediable faults will be cheaper. Monitoring is made through the spectral analysis of the stator current. Usually the fast Fourier transform is used. However its real achievement is waning in regards of on-line methods like the discrete Fourier transform or sliding Hartley transform. This technique is advisable in order to have an updated spectrum at each sampling time. This is the best method to show up the sidebands in the stator current when an incipient fault occurs meanwhile the motor is operating. Another way is to make a time-frequency analysis. In this case, we can discern the instant where the fault appears always through the spectral analysis of the stator current of the induction motor. Experimental results show the efficiency of the presented method.
Grafting of cultured microglial cells into the lesioned spinal cord of adult rats enhances neurite outgrowth (1997)

There is contrasting in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding glial cell involvement in central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. This study has investigated the histological events that follow implantation of either microglia, mixed microglia/astrocytes, or astrocytes into the injured adult rat spinal cord. We have conducted an immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular profiles within and neuritic extension into various grafts consisting of gelfoam (GF) matrices impregnated with cultured microglia and/or astrocytes. After 2-5 weeks, prominent neuritic growth was observed into OX-42-immunoreactive (IR) microglial implants. These grafts were infiltrated by numerous host cellular elements including microvasculature and Schwann cells, and they demonstrated conspicuous laminin IR. Often, the patterns for laminin and OX-42 IR in microglial grafts were overlapping, suggesting partial expression of laminin on transplanted microglial cells. Mixed grafts of microglia and astrocytes demonstrated presence of neurites and laminin-IR elements with similar intensity as microglial grafts, while astroglial implants showed the least amount of neurite ingrowth. Some control implants consisting of cell-free GF showed marginal in-growth of neurites in areas of infiltrating OX-42-IR host cells. Collectively, our findings support a neurite growth-promoting role of activated microglia and suggest that microglia may counteract mechanisms that inhibit CNS regeneration. It remains to be determined whether the observed neurite growth-promoting effects are mediated directly by grafted and/or endogenous microglia, or whether this occurs via the recruitment of host Schwann cells.
Nuclear factor kappa B activates proenkephalin transcription in T lymphocytes. (1991)

Upon activation, T lymphocytes accumulate high levels of the neuropeptide enkephalin which correlate with high levels of proenkephalin mRNA in the cells. Here we investigated the transcriptional basis for these changes. The proenkephalin promoter contains a sequence GGGGACGTCCCC, named B2, which is similar to the kappa B sequence GGGGACTTTCC, the binding site of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B. Activation of T lymphocytes induces an NF-kappa B-like binding activity to the B2 site, concomitant with activation of the proenkephalin promoter. Mutations at the B2 site abolish this transcriptional activation. The purified homodimer (two p50s) of the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B binds the B2 site of proenkephalin relatively better than does the heterotetramer (two p65s plus two p50s) form of the factor. Thus, it appears that the T-cell-specific activation of the proenkephalin promoter is mediated by NF-kappa B. However, as NF-kappa B is ubiquitous and the transcriptional activation through the B2 site is T cell specific, yet another T-cell-specific factor which synergizes with NF-kappa B should be considered.
Structure–Activity Relationships of (+)-Naltrexone-Inspired Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Antagonists (2015)

Activation of Toll-like receptors has been linked to neuropathic pain and opioid dependence. (+)-Naltrexone acts as a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist and has been shown to reverse neuropathic pain in rat studies. We designed and synthesized compounds based on (+)-naltrexone and (+)-noroxymorphone and evaluated their TLR4 antagonist activities by their effects on inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TLR4 downstream nitric oxide (NO) production in microglia BV-2 cells. Alteration of the N-substituent in (+)-noroxymorphone gave us a potent TLR4 antagonist. The most promising analog, (+)-N-phenethylnoroxymorphone ((4S,4aR,7aS,12bR)-4a,9-dihydroxy-3-phenethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7(7aH)-one, 1j) showed ∼75 times better TLR-4 antagonist activity than (+)-naltrexone, and the ratio of its cell viability IC50, a measure of its toxicity, to TLR-4 antagonist activity (140 μM/1.4 μM) was among the best of the new analogs. This compound (1j) was active in vivo; it significantly increased and prolonged morphine analgesia.
Photocatalytic disinfection ofE coli in a UV/TiO2-immobilised optical-fibre reactor (2000)

Photocatalytic disinfection using TiO2 particles suspended in a reactor involves two major problems; the exponential decrease of light availability due to the scattering of UV light by particles themselves and the difficulty of recycling particles. To resolve these problems, scratched optical-fibres, inserted in glass tubes were used to diffuse UV light uniformly in a reactor. Comparative disinfection studies using these optical-fibres were done in both cases of suspended and immobilised photocatalysts. Disinfection capability with the immobilised photocatalysts at 4.9 µE s−1 dm−3 was twice that of the slurry reactor. Survival ratios of less than 0.2 were obtained with a residence time of 50 min and an initial cell concentration of 10000 cfu cm−3 in the 6 dm3 plug-flow type reactor. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Expression of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α in mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy (1993)

Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are expressed in the mouse uterus on days 1-3 of pregnancy. Cytokine production is temporally associated with the post-mating intrauterine acute inflammatory response. In this study, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were detected in the uterus of pregnant mice from day 3 to day 9, using northern blotting, bioassays and immunocytochemistry. IL-1 bioactivity increased from a low concentration on day 3 to a peak between days 4 and 5 and decreased to low concentrations on days 7 and 8. Blastocyst implantation occurs late on day 4. IL-6 bioactivity was high from day 3 to day 9 and activity was maximal on days 5 and 6. TNF-alpha bioactivity increased from its lowest concentration on day 3 to a peak on day 8. Although changes in bioactivity concentrations occurred at different times from changes in mRNA concentrations, the changes were approximately parallel. Translation of mRNA into an immunologically detectable product was confirmed using immunocytochemistry with polyclonal anti-cytokine antibodies. We conclude that the cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha are produced in the uterus during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy in mice. Changes in cytokine concentrations suggested the existence of some form of regulated expression.
The Sufficiency Condition Hypotheses in Entrepreneurial Counseling Activities (2014)

The aim is to explore sufficiency conditions for entrepreneur personality and entrepreneur resources on entrepreneurial counseling activities. The study collected 228 questionnaires from entrepreneurs in Taiwan and applied a relatively new method, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA) to test the sufficiency proposition of the theory. In a regression analysis, indicating that obvious personality traits have not achieved a significant level at all, Personality traits and entrepreneur resources were all taken into the discussion, indicating that obvious personality traits have not achieved a significant level at all. With regards to the exploration of a moderating variable, the demographic variables, which represent the personality traits, do not have a significant influence on entrepreneurial counseling activities. However, the fs/QCA analysis results show there is high causal relevance of a combination of entrepreneur personality and entrepreneur resources on entrepreneurial counseling. In addition, the combination of entrepreneur personality and demographic variable are the sufficiency condition for entrepreneurial counseling activities. It is notable that entrepreneur resource is a necessary condition for entrepreneurial counseling activities. This study suggests that fs/QCA is a useful method to provide a calculus of compatibility and thus to contribute to an enhanced understanding of entrepreneurial counseling activities.
Causality (2014)

Simple history systems such as Undo and Redo permit retrieval of earlier or later interaction states, but advanced systems allow powerful capabilities to reuse or reapply combinations of commands, states, or data across interaction contexts. Whether simple or powerful, designing interaction history mechanisms is challenging. We begin by reviewing existing history systems and models, observing a lack of tools to assist designers and researchers in specifying, contemplating, combining, and communicating the behaviour of history systems. To resolve this problem, we present CAUSALITY, a conceptual model of interaction history that clarifies the possibilities for temporal interactions. The model includes components for the work artifact (such as the text and formatting of a Word document), the system context (such as the settings and parameters of the user interface), the linear timeline (the commands executed in real time), and the branching chronology (a structure of executed commands and their impact on the artifact and/or context, which may be navigable by the user). We then describe and exemplify how this model can be used to encapsulate existing user interfaces and reveal limitations in their behaviour, and we also show in a conceptual evaluation how the model stimulates the design of new and innovative opportunities for interacting in time.
Taxol binds to cellular microtubules. (1982)

Taxol is a low molecular weight plant derivative which enhances microtubule assembly in vitro and has the unique ability to promote the formation of discrete microtubule bundles in cells. Tritium-labeled taxol binds directly to microtubules in vitro with a stoichiometry approaching one (Parness, J., and S. B. Horwitz, 1981, J. Cell Biol. 91:479-487). We now report studies in cells on the binding of [3H]taxol and the formation of microtubule bundles. [3H]Taxol binds to the macrophagelike cell line, J774.2, in a specific and saturable manner. Scatchard analysis of the specific binding data demonstrates a single set of high affinity binding sites. Maximal binding occurs at drug concentrations which produce maximal growth inhibition. Conditions which depolymerize microtubules in intact and extracted cells as determined by tubulin immunofluorescence inhibit the binding of [3H]taxol. This strongly suggests that taxol binds specifically to cellular microtubules. Extraction with 0.1% Nonidet P-40 or depletion of cellular ATP by treatment with 10 mM NaN3 prevents the characteristic taxol-induced bundle formation. The binding of [3H]taxol, however, is retained under these conditions. Thus, there formation. The binding of [3H]taxol, however, is retained under these conditions. Thus, there must be specific cellular mechanisms which are required for bundle formation, in addition to the direct binding of taxol to cytoplasmic microtubules.
Postpartum major depression. (2010)

Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from "baby blues." Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. Screening with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale may be appropriate. Some women with postpartum major depression may experience suicidal ideation or obsessive thoughts of harming their infants, but they are reluctant to volunteer this information unless asked directly. Psychotherapy or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be used to treat the condition. In patients with moderate to severe postpartum major depression, psychotherapy may be used as an adjunct to medication. No evidence suggests that one antidepressant is superior to others. Antidepressants vary in the amount secreted into breast milk. If left untreated, postpartum major depression can lead to poor mother-infant bonding, delays in infant growth and development, and an increased risk of anxiety or depressive symptoms in the infant later in life.
Final Phase of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111) (2002)

Time-dependent phase transitions of closely packed alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We report a new phase, the 6 × √3 superlattice, that exhibits deviations from the hexagonal packing arrangement formed through long-term rearrangement of the usual c(4 × 2) superlattice of alkanethiol SAMs. Our STM images show clearly systematic phase transitions with molecular-scale images from the c(4 × 2) phase to the 6 × √3 phase. This result implies that the monolayers in the c(4 × 2) phase are still in the nonequilibrium state, although it has been regarded to be in the equilibrium state in a number of previous studies. The striking implication in this study is to provide new features for closely packed alkanethiol SAMs for the first time.