gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
COX-2 inhibition in clinical cancer prevention. (2001)

Colorectal cancer is an excellent model for studying cancer prevention by means of secondary (e.g., polypectomy to remove a precursor adenoma) and primary (chemoprevention) strategies. Evidence has shown that regular users of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a reduction in risk of colorectal cancer. A possible mechanism of this benefit is decreased prostaglandin production, which is achieved through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and possibly other pathways. Two isoforms of COX--COX-1 and COX-2--have been identified. COX-2 is expressed in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, both in humans and rodents. Inhibition of COX-2 has been shown to decrease the incidence of carcinogen-induced neoplasia in rats and to lower the incidence of adenomas in murine models. Several COX-2 inhibitors, with the potential for less toxicity than that associated with traditional NSAIDs, are under development. This paper reviews potential chemoprevention of colorectal cancer using COX-2 inhibitors in patients at increased risk, e.g., patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and sporadic adenomas. Included are the rationale for use of such agents, results of a study showing a significant reduction in adenoma burden in familial adenomatous polyposis patients who received the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex), and the design of other ongoing or planned clinical trials.
Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease: (2005)

A transição epidemiológica se processa nas diferentes regiões do planeta, envelhecendo as populações. A média de vida aumentará em 5 anos nos países desenvolvildos, e em 10 anos nos países em desenvolvimento. Projeta-se um aumento de 3 vezes nos casos de Alzheimer em países desenvolvidos, e de 8 vezes nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Esse artigo utiliza as rúbricas da epidemiologia, proposta por Anthony, como referencial para explorar os diferentes aspectos da distribuição da doença de Alzheimer nas populações humanas. As rúbricas são: quantidade, localização, causas e mecanismos, e intervenções e prevenção. Para cada rúbrica direções futuras para a pesquisa em Alzheimer são apresentadas.
Is dark silicon useful? (2012)

Due to the breakdown of Dennardian scaling, the percentage of a silicon chip that can switch at full frequency is dropping exponentially with each process generation. This utilization wall forces designers to ensure that, at any point in time, large fractions of their chips are effectively dark or dim silicon, i.e., either idle or significantly underclocked.
The early vicissitudes of electron probe x-ray microanalysis (1967)

I do appreciate the great honour that The Institute of Physics and The Physical Society has bestowed upon me in awarding me the Holweck Prize for 1966. I was deeply moved when I learned from the Secretary General of the French Physical Society of a distinction which seemed to be much more than I truly merited. This emotion had scarcely begun to wear off, and I was gradually settling down to my new dignity, when I learned some time later the exact term the English language uses for this distinction.
High-affinity CD16-polymorphism and Fc-engineered antibodies enable activity of CD16-chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for cancer therapy (2018)

These results indicate that CD16-CAR with the high-affinity CD16 variant 158 V, combined with Fc-engineered antibodies, have high anti-tumour efficacy.
Care at home on the increase (1995)

Elderly and disabled people are increasingly being cared for at home, rather than in care homes and long-term residential hospitals, according to a new survey by health analysts Laing & Buisson.
Visualization of evolutionary computation processes: from the perspective of population (2004)

The authors investigate a visualization framework for the evolutionary process of genetic algorithms. Our framework differs from most existing methods in that it visualizes evolutionary processes from a population viewpoint, rather than chromosomal or problem spaces. A simple sexual selection model is used for demonstration purposes. We purpose four visualization methods that are based on the framework. Those methods show how evolutionary trends and population characteristics are visually depicted. The framework is both user-friendly and extendable to other problems and models that address population changes over time.
Mono‐ and Dialkylation of Derivatives of (1<i>R</i>, 2<i>S</i>)‐2‐Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic Acid and ‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid<i>via</i>bicyclic dioxanones: Selective generation of three contiguous stereogenic centers on a cyclohexane ring (1989)

Abstract Ethyl (1 R , 2 S )‐2‐hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylate and ‐cyclohexanecarboxylate ( 1a and 2a , respectively) obtained in 40 and 70% yield by reduction of 3‐oxocyclopentanecarboxylate and cyclohexanecarboxylate, respectively ( Scheme 2 ), with non‐fermenting yeast, are converted to bicyclic dioxanone derivatives 3 and 4 with formaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, and pivalaldehyde ( Scheme 3 ). The Li‐enolates of these dioxanones are alkylated (→ 5a – 5i , 5j , 6a – 6g ), hydroxyalkylated (→ 51, m, 6d, e ), acylated (→ 5k, 6c ) and phenylselenenylated (→ 7 – 9 ) with usually high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities ( Scheme 3, Tables and 2 ). All the major isomers formed under kinetic control are shown to have cis ‐fused bicyclic structures. Oxidation of the seleno compounds 7–9 leads to α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl derivatives 10 – 13 ( Scheme 3 ) of which the products 12a – c with the CC bond in the carbocyclic ring (exocyclic on the dioxanone ring) are most readily isolated (70–80% from the saturated precursors). Michael addition of Cu(I)‐containing reagents to 12a – c and subsequent alkylations afford dioxanones 14a – i and 16a – d with trans ‐fused cyclohoxane ring ( Scheme 4 ). All enolate alkylations are carried out in the presence of the cyclic urea DMPU as a cosolvent. The configuration of the products is established by NMR measurements and chemical correlation. Some of the products are converted to single isomers of monocyclic hydroxycyclopentane ( 17 – 19 ) and cyclohexane derivatives ( 20 – 23 ; Scheme 5 ). Possible uses of the described reactions for EPC synthesis are outlined. The observed steric course of the reactions is discussed and compared with that of analogous transformations of monocyclic and acyclic derivatives.
A Precise Inspection Technique for Wafer Pre-sawing Lines using Affine Transformation (2008)

This study proposes a simple and fast technique for detecting wafer cutting lines using the Affine transformation before sawing. This technique was developed for the purpose of wafer alignment when alignment marks are unavailable. The edges of the pre-sawing lines are complex and there are bright shapes in the sawing lines, so it is difficult to apply the conventional edge finding method. The sawing lines are represented by rectangular windows which are deformed by an Affine transformation. The amount of deformation is determined when the grey level in the window is a global minimum in the image. The global minimum is found by the golden section search. The algorithm was tested using 13 sample images and repeated 10 times for each image. The results showed that the processing time was below 1200 m sec and the deviation was in the sub-pixel level. We found that the proposed method can be applied to align wafers in the dicing process.
Globalización y cristianismo (1999)

espanolEste aporte intenta definir en forma detallada las tendencias de desarrollo social con las que el cristianismo debe enfrentarse en la actualidad, las cuales son tematizadas, sobre todo, con los conceptos de y globalizacion. La modernizacion tiene su origen en el contexto historico de la cultura cristiano-romana. A lo largo del proceso de globalizacion, la modernizacion parece independizarse de sus origenes cristianos. Entre las diferentes religiones mundiales surgen contactos y conflictos mas intensos. A pesar de sus pretensiones de universalidad, deben aprender a comprenderse como momentos particulares del desarrollo hacia un unico mundo. Un conflicto de las civilizaciones (S. Huntington) fundado en las religiones parece, sin embargo, poco probable. DeutschIn diesem Beitrag geht es um eine genauere Bestimmung gesellschaftlicher Ent-wicklungstendenzen, mit denen sich heute das Christentum auseinanderzusetzen hat. Sie werden derzeit vor allem unter den Begriffen und Globali-sierung zur Sprache gebracht. Die Modernisierung hat ihren Ursprung im geschicht-lichen Kontext der christlich-romischen Kultur. Im Zuge der Globalisierung scheint sich die Modernisierung von ihren christlichen Ursprungen abzukoppeln. Die ver-schiedenen Weltreligionen kommen in intensivere Kontakte und Auseinander-setzungen. Sie mussen lernen, sich trotz ihrer Universalitatsanspruche als partikulare Momente der Entwicklung zur einen Welt zu verstehen. Ein religios fundierter Konflikt der Zivilisationen (S. Huntington) bleibt jedoch unwahrscheinlich. EnglishThis paper aims to outline in detail the general tendencies of social developments - modernization and globalization - which Christianity has to deal with. Modernization has emerged in the context of the roman-christian culture. The process of globalization seems to dissociate modern culture from its Christian roots. Religions get into closer contacts and sharper conflicts. They have to become aware of themselves as particular moments of the development towards a unique emerging world despite their claim for universality. However, a clash of civilization (S. Huntington) based on religion beliefs remains unlikely.
The Path Inference Filter: Model-Based Low-Latency Map Matching of Probe Vehicle Data (2013)

We consider the problem of reconstructing vehicle trajectories from sparse sequences of GPS points, for which the sampling interval is between 1 s and 2 min. We introduce a new class of algorithms, which are altogether called the path inference filter (PIF), that maps GPS data in real time, for a variety of tradeoffs and scenarios and with a high throughput. Numerous prior approaches in map matching can be shown to be special cases of the PIF presented in this paper. We present an efficient procedure for automatically training the filter on new data, with or without ground-truth observations. The framework is evaluated on a large San Francisco taxi data set and is shown to improve upon the current state of the art. This filter also provides insights about driving patterns of drivers. The PIF has been deployed at an industrial scale inside the Mobile Millennium traffic information system, and is used to map fleets of data in San Francisco and Sacramento, CA, USA; Stockholm, Sweden; and Porto, Portugal.
Silicon Carbide Whisker/Alumina Matrix Composites: Effect of Whisker Surface Treatment on Fracture Toughness (1990)

The fracture toughness of a 30 vol% SiC whisker/Al 2 O 3 matrix composite was evaluated as a function of whisker surface chemistry. Two types of SiC whiskers (Silar‐SC‐9 and Tateho‐SCW‐1‐S) were investigated. Modification of the whisker surface chemistry was achieved by subjecting the whiskers to thermal treatments under controlled atmospheres. Whisker surface chemistry, as determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was correlated to the fracture toughness of the composites.
Improvememt of Desulfurization Activity in Rhodococcus erythropolis KA2-5-1 by Genetic Engineering (2001)

Rhodococcus erythropolis KA2-5-1 can desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT) into 2-hydroxybiphenyl. A cryptic plasmid, pRC4, which was derived from R. rhodochrous IFO3338, was combined with an Escherichia coli vector to construct an E. coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vector. The complete nucleotide sequence of 2582-bp pRC4 was analyzed. Based on the characteristics of its putative replication genes, pRC4 was assigned to the family of pAL5000-related replicons. The desulfurization gene cluster, dszABC, and the related reductase gene, dszD, cloned from KA2-5-1, were reintroduced into KA2-5-1 and efficiently expressed. The DBT desulfurization ability of the transformant carrying two dszABC clusters and one dszD on the vector was about 4-fold higher than that of the parent strain, and the transformant also showed improved desulfurization activity for light gas oil (LGO). Sulfur components in LGO before and after the reaction were analyzed with gas chromatography-atomic emission detection.
Adenosine A1 receptor and bipolar affective disorder: systematic screening of the gene and association studies (1998)

In the present study we sought to identify genetic variation in the adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) gene on chromosome 1q31-32.1, which through alteration of protein function or level of expression might contribute to the genetic predisposition to bipolar affective disorder. We performed a systematic mutation scan of the whole coding sequence as well as 5' and 3' untranslated regions by means of single-strand conformation analysis. The region upstream to the coding sequence we investigated contains two functional promoters. Screening 42 patients with bipolar affective disorder, we detected 11 DNA sequence variants (48T/A, 267 + 275C/T, 805T/G, 1777C/A, 1827C/T, 1904C/T, 2126G/T, 2294insT, 2776C/T, 2777del36, 2819T/G). Determining the frequency of these variants in 42 anonymous blood donors, we observed a non-significant (P < 0.06) trend towards an underrepresentation of the 2126T variant in patients when compared to controls. On the other hand, the 2777del36 and the 2819G variant were not found among the controls. These findings were followed up in a large independent replication sample. However, we were not able to confirm the initial findings in the second sample. Our data suggest that genetically determined variation of the A1AR and its two promoters do not play a major role in the development of bipolar affective disorder.
Reviewing Reference Publications: The Importance of Relevant Subject Knowledge: Selected Case Studies (1990)

Those responsible for purchasing reference books for libraries rely to a great extent on reviews that appear in those journals which, broadly speaking, constitute the library press. The idea of a library press, though it is usually identified with a number of periodicals—known either by their brief names, such as The Booklist, or by their initials, LJ, RQ , and WLB , probably should be extended to include such standard “authorities” as ALA's Guide to Reference Books and many of the volumes in Bowker's buying guide series. In these periodicals and monographs, librarians take it upon themselves to express judgments on new books that do in fact have an influence on purchase decisions.
Quantitative Studies of Relative Dip Angle And bed-Thickness Effects on Lwd Density Images acquired in High-Angle and Horizontal Wells (2007)

Logging While Drilling (LWD) density images acquired in high-angle and horizontal(HA/HZ) wells can reveal much about the sedimentary structure of rock formations penetrated by the well. However, the effect of sedimentary structure on the mea-sured density has only now begun to be explored in detail.This thesis report describes numerical simulations undertaken to quantify the in-fluence of relative dip angle and bed thickness on LWD density images acquired in HA/HZ wells penetrating thinly-bedded formations comprised of alternating sands and shales. Typically, the azimuthal binning scheme used to construct LWD density images divides the tool into 16 azimuthal sectors, each sector subtending an angle of 22.5◦from the center of the tool. Count rate data are binned to angular sectors facing density detectors. Our objective is to assess the effects of adjacent beds on sector density measurements due to finite bed thickness and variable relative dip.We use the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) transport code to simulate LWD den-sity measurements from several combinations of relative dip angle and bed thickness.Commercial count-rate processing techniques are applied to the short- and long-spaced detector measurements in each sector. The assumed source-sensor configu-ration corresponds to the commercial adnVISION6751LWD nuclear tool designedto operate with an 8.25-in stabilizer in an 8.5-in borehole.Several combinations of relative dip angle and bed thickness indicate that numer-ically simulated density images properly quantify bed thickness, bed density, andrelative dip when the thickness of the bed is larger than two inches and when relative dip angle is larger than 75◦. This conclusion stems from the study of density images constructed with compensated and alpha-processed sector density measurements.Furthermore, our study provides a way to estimate the corresponding depth shifts in true stratigraphic thickness (TST) observed in HA/HZ wells, which are caused by differences in the radial lengths of investigation of the short- and long-spaced sensors included in the tool.We describe a field example of LWD tool response across thinly-bedded formationsin a HA well intended to validate the numerically simulated LWD density measure-ments. Comparison of measured and simulated density images confirms the relia-bility of numerical simulations and their value in assessing petrophysical properties of thinly-bedded rock clastic sequences penetrated by HA/HZ wells.
Laser processing of ceramics and metals by high-intensity picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses in UV, visible, and IR range of spectrum (1996)

Experimental investigations of ablation processes of AlN, Si<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>(MgO), Si<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>(YAI) ceramics, steels and aluminum have been conducted using first, second and fourth harmonics of picosecond and nanosecond Nd:YAP laser (1078 nm basic wavelength). The measurements have been carried out in a wide range of incident power density values: 10<SUP>10</SUP> - 10<SUP>14</SUP> W/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The passive-active mode-locked/Q-switched laser with a high quality spatial and temporal distribution of output radiation operated at repetition rates of 1 - 10 Hz was used. The ablation rate dependencies obtained for multipulse irradiation regimes are presented and analyzed. The physical mechanisms responsible for ablation processes in pico- and nanosecond range of laser pulse duration are discussed. Special attention is paid to the role of plasma formation and modification of chemical composition of ceramic surface layers during the laser-matter interaction process. The scanning electron microscope pictures of ablated holes and cuts produced at different irradiation conditions are demonstrated. It is shown that at the relevant irradiation conditions the high quality regular microstructures consisted of holes, cuts, etc., with a typical size varied from tens to several microns could be produced using high peak power ultra short laser pulses.
Effects of fish collagen peptides on collagen post-translational modifications and mineralization in an osteoblastic cell culture system (2013)

Collagen is one of the most widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Fish collagen peptides (FCP) have been used as a dietary supplement, but their effects on the cellular function are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of FCP on collagen synthesis, quality and mineralization using an osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell culture system. Cells treated with FCP significantly upregulated the gene expression of several collagen modifying enzymes and more collagen was deposited in the cultures. Collagen in the treated group showed a greater extent of lysine hydroxylation, higher levels of hydroxylysine-aldehyde derived cross-links and accelerated cross-link maturation compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, the treated group showed accelerated matrix mineralization. These results indicate that FCP exerts a positive effect on osteoblastic cells in terms of collagen synthesis, quality and mineralization, thereby suggesting the potential utility of FCP for bone tissue engineering.
The cytokines IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-12 regulate the development of subsets of memory effector helper T cells in vitro (1995)

We analyzed the development of cytokine-producing effector T cells from resting CD4 memory cells. Previously we showed that such memory effectors are induced in vivo upon re-exposure to Ag. Here we demonstrate that effectors arise in vitro when memory CD4 cells are restimulated with Ag in the presence cytokines. Resting splenic CD4 cells from KLH-primed mice that were depleted of naive cells by adult thymectomy and were exclusively of memory phenotype initially secreted high titers of IL-2 and low levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in response to Ag. When memory CD4 cells were restimulated for 3 to 4 days in cultures containing rIL-2 and Ab to block endogenous IFN-gamma and IL-4 secretion, Th0-like effectors that produced greatly increased levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma developed. rIL-4 together with rIL-2 and anti-IFN-gamma induced Th2-like cells that secreted primarily IL-4. In contrast, Th1-like effectors that produced IL-2 and IFN-gamma developed in the presence of rIL-2 and anti-IL-4. Addition of rIFN-gamma further enhanced priming for IFN-gamma secretion. rIL-12 also induced effectors that produced high levels of IFN-gamma, but little IL-2. Thus, cytokines direct the development of effector subsets from memory CD4 cells. Our results suggest that memory and naive CD4 cells undergo parallel development following Ag stimulation, initially secreting predominantly IL-2 and differentiating in response to IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 into polarized effector subsets.
Tantalum (Oxy)Nitride: Narrow Bandgap Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Generation (2017)

Photocatalytic water splitting, which directly converts solar energy into hydrogen, is one of the most desirable solar-energy-conversion approaches. The ultimate target of photocatalysis is to explore efficient and stable photocatalysts for solar water splitting. Tantalum (oxy)nitride-based materials are a class of the most promising photocatalysts for solar water splitting because of their narrow bandgaps and sufficient band energy potentials for water splitting. Tantalum (oxy)nitride-based photocatalysts have experienced intensive exploration, and encouraging progress has been achieved over the past years. However, the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency is still very far from its theoretical value. The question of how to better design these materials in order to further improve their water-splitting capability is of interest and importance. This review summarizes the development of tantalum (oxy)nitride-based photocatalysts for solar water spitting. Special interest is paid to important strategies for improving photocatalytic water-splitting efficiency. This paper also proposes future trends to explore in the research area of tantalum-based narrow bandgap photocatalysts for solar water splitting.