gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Modeling Gas-Phase Flow in Microchannels: From Slip to Transition (2006)

It has long been recognized that the fluid mechanics of gas-phase microflows can differ significantly from the macroscopic world. Non-equilibrium effects such as rarefaction and gas-surface interactions need to be taken into account, and it is well known that the no-slip boundary condition of the Navier-Stokes equations is no longer valid. Following ideas proposed by Maxwell, it is generally accepted that the Navier-Stokes equations can be extended into the slip-flow regime, provided the Knudsen number is less than 10− 1. Improvements in micro-fabrication techniques, however, are now enabling devices to be constructed with sub-micron feature sizes. At this scale, the flow will depart even further from equilibrium and will enter the transition regime. In recent years, there has been considerable success in the implementation of second-order slip-boundary conditions to extend the Navier-Stokes equations into the transition regime. Unfortunately, as yet, no consensus has been reached on the correct form of higher-order approach, with theoretical and experimental studies revealing large discrepancies in the magnitude of the second-order slip coefficient. It is believed that these discrepancies can be explained by the fact that continuum flow analyses neglect the Knudsen layer, which extends approximately one mean-free path from the channel wall. In addition, comparisons between kinetic and continuum slip-boundary formulations reveal another important source of error due to different definitions in the first-order slip coefficient. The paper explains how these discrepancies have arisen and describes future research directions that may help reconcile the different forms of higher-order approach.
Haiku: A Dance in Solitude --- The Separateness of Asian Americans in Hisaye Yamamoto’s “Seventeen Syllables” (2010)

The short story “Seventeen Syllables” written by Japanese American woman writer, Hisaye Yamamoto embroiders on the style of intergenerational communication among Issei and Nisei, which is complicated by cultural differences. Focused on the experience of Tome, the Issei mother, a gentle and intelligent Asian American woman, who is consumed by an urgent need to create and express herself, being submerged and destroyed by a male dominant society with a stoic, pioneering moral system and a suffocating culture, this paper intends to explore the inner development and separation of the Issei mother, the limitation of the Nisei daughter and the conflicts and confinements between the two generations, and then go further to find out their social, historical and psychological origins laying behind the texts.
Optimal Tracking Control for a Class of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Time Delays Based on Heuristic Dynamic Programming (2011)

In this paper, a novel heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) iteration algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal tracking control problem for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems with time delays. The novel algorithm contains state updating, control policy iteration, and performance index iteration. To get the optimal states, the states are also updated. Furthermore, the "backward iteration" is applied to state updating. Two neural networks are used to approximate the performance index function and compute the optimal control policy for facilitating the implementation of HDP iteration algorithm. At last, we present two examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HDP iteration algorithm.
Performance Drivers in Restimulation of Gas-Storage Wells (2001)

Summary To maintain or enhance deliverability of gas-storage wells in the Clinton sand in northeast Ohio, an annual restimulation program was established in the late 1960s. The program calls for as many as 20 hydraulic fractures and refractures per year. Several wells have been refractured three to four times, while there are still wells that have only been fractured once in the past 30 years. As the program continues, many wells will be stimulated a second, third, or fourth time. This paper summarizes an attempt to carefully study the response of the Clinton sand to hydraulic fractures and to identify the performance drivers in each series of fracture jobs. Are the performance drivers the same for the later fractures (second, third, and fourth fracture jobs) as they were for the first ones, or do they change? This paper attempts to answer such questions. Identification of major performance drivers becomes important when new jobs are to be designed. They not only play an important role in enhancing the response of the wells to new stimulation jobs, but they also may prove to be an important economic factor in the design of new stimulation procedures. If, for instance, it is concluded that an increase in proppant volume does not influence the stimulation outcome after the second refracture, then fewer resources can be used for proppant volume and can be directed toward parameters that are more influential. This study employs a combined neural-network and fuzzy-logic tool to identify the performance drivers.
The Evolution of Multiplanar Diagnostic Imaging: Predictable Transfer of Preoperative Analysis to the Surgical Site (2002)

Presurgical planning and communication between the prosthodontist and the surgeon is essential to achieve optimal placement of functional implants. Besides the basic clinical examination and the use of mounted study casts, radiographic imaging is an essential adjunctive aid in treatment planning. In the past decade, multiplanar reformatted computerized tomography (CT) has become the most comprehensive and accurate aid for implant treatment planning. Available software programs allow precise assessment of the 3-dimensional architecture and internal anatomy of the jaws. The programs enable accurate preoperative evaluation for planning implant placement with a maximum use of bone. However, the accurate transfer of the implant analysis from 2- and 3-dimensional computer reconstruction to the surgical site was not predictable until recently. As advancements occurred in technology with the advent of the helical CT scanner and rapid prototype 3-dimensional model production by stereolithography, a CAD-CAM program was developed to create an accurate transfer from the image to the surgical site. Detailed preoperative analyses of the quantity and quality of bone as well as the ideal positioning of implant fixtures may be established with the aid of a surgical guide that is placed directly on the bone for precise implant insertion.
Appearance contrast for fast, robust trail-following (2009)

We describe a framework for finding and tracking ¿trails¿ for autonomous outdoor robot navigation. Through a combination of visual cues and ladar-derived structural information, the algorithm is able to follow paths which pass through multiple zones of terrain smoothness, border vegetation, tread material, and illumination conditions. Our shape-based visual trail tracker assumes that the approaching trail region is approximately triangular under perspective. It generates region hypotheses from a learned distribution of expected trail width and curvature variation, and scores them using a robust measure of color and brightness contrast with flanking regions. The structural component analogously rewards hypotheses which correspond to empty or low-density regions in a groundstrike-filtered ladar obstacle map. Our system's performance is analyzed on several long sequences with diverse appearance and structural characteristics. Ground-truth segmentations are used to quantify performance where available, and several alternative algorithms are compared on the same data.
T cell costimulation by fractalkine‐expressing synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (2005)

Senescent CD4+ T cells that accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis aberrantly express CX(3)CR1. FKN, which is membrane-anchored on synoviocytes, enhances CD4+ T cell adhesion, provides survival signals, and costimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the release of granules. By virtue of their altered receptor profile, senescent CD4+ T cells receive strong stimulatory signals from nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in the synovial microenvironment.
Diode/magnetic tunnel junction cell for fully scalable matrix-based biochip (2006)

Magnetoresistive biochips have been recently introduced for the detection of biomolecular recognition. In this work, the detection site incorporates a thin-film diode in series with a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), leading to a matrix-based biochip that can be easily scaled up to screen large numbers of different target analytes. The fabricated 16×16 cell matrix integrates hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) diodes with aluminum oxide barrier MTJ. Each detection site also includes a U-shaped current line for magnetically assisted target concentration at probe sites. The biochip is being integrated in a portable, credit card size electronics control platform. Detection of 250nm diameter magnetic nanoparticles by one of the matrix cells is demonstrated.
ABC of arterial and venous disease: Acute stroke (2000)

Philip M W Bath is professor of stroke medicine, University of Nottingham, and Kennedy R Lees is professor of cerebrovascular medicine, university department of medicine and therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow.



The ABC of arterial and venous disease is edited by Richard Donnelly, professor of vascular medicine, University of Nottingham and Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust (richard.donnelly/at/nottingham.ac.uk) and Nick J M London, professor of surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester (sms16/at/leicester.ac.uk). It will be published as a book later this year.
Selective K<sup>+</sup> Recognition at the Interface during Self-Assembly of a Bis-Podand Thiol on a Gold Surface (2000)

A novel example of selective K+ recognition (over Na+, Cs+, Ba2+, and Ca2+) during the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) from a bis-podand thiol (4) on gold is reported. The ion incorporation in the monolayer was monitored by impedance spectroscopy measuring the capacitance as well as the change in the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of the modified gold electrode. Results suggest that two different binding states of K+ exist in the monolayer structure, one that is strongly bound (primary) and another that is weakly bound (secondary). The primary K+ ions can be removed irreversibly, but the process is very slow, in contrast to the nearly reversible and fast binding nature of the secondary type. K+ does not bind to preformed SAMs, only to monolayers assembled in the presence of K+. Reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) indicates a more compact and oriented monolayer when grown in the presence of K+, providing indirect evidence of the templating process.
Filter synthesis using multi-dimensional search techniques (2002)

An investigation is made of the use of multidimensional search techniques as an alternate to the usual methods of filter synthesis. The method is applicable to both active and passive filter configurations. In the passive case, the results obtained from applying these techniques provide an entirely new set of filter realizations which have not appeared in previously published tables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Treatment options for the overactive bladder syndrome (2005)

Urgency is the cornerstone symptom of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. It affects millions of people worldwide and has considerable effects on society. Most previous studies concentrated on urinary incontinence and it wasn’t until 2002, when the new definition of OAB was published, that interest in this condition began to increase. Unfortunately, the cause of OAB is not clearly established, thus all available treatments are aimed at alleviating symptoms rather than cure. Management is based on making an accurate diagnosis by excluding other pathologies and treating the symptoms conservatively and/or pharmacologically. Treatments are based on the assumption that OAB is due to involuntary detrusor contractions typical of detrusor overactivity. Antimuscarinic agents form the mainstay of medical therapy. There have been many recent developments in antimuscarinic drug therapy for OAB, which have gained more interest, particularly with the introduction of the term ‘bladder selectivity’, and it is hoped that t...
Magnetic anneal anisotropy in amorphous alloys (1977)

The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> induced by a magnetic anneal has been determined, after stress relief, for a series of alloys given by (Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</inf> Ni <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-y</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">80</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</inf> . For all of these alloys K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> depends on anneal temperature as predicted by directional order theory. The concentration dependence of K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> in these alloys is also consistent with directional order theory. The maximum K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> , corrected for its temperature dependence, occurs at the composition <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y = 0.5</tex> . However, K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> does not fall to zero at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y = 1</tex> as predicted if directional order is assumed to arise only from Fe-Ni pair ordering. These results are interpreted as suggesting a role of the glass former, boron, in the directional ordering, perhaps as an "interstitial." The interaction energy derived from the results is negative as expected for interactions leading to precipitation. Its large value of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\approx -7.5 \times 10^{-14}</tex> ergs corresponds to a critical temperature for precipitation of 3000 K.
Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave-filters (1923)

The electric wave-filter, as regards its general transmission characteristics and its extremely important rôle in communication systems, is well known. Its physical theory was discussed in detail in the preceding number ot this Journal by its inventor, G. A. Campbell. In the present paper it is proposed to present systematic general methods of wave-til ter design, together with representative designs, which have been developed in connection with the practical utilization of this desile in the plant of the Bell System.
Molecular Cloning of CMCase Gene from an Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. in escherichia coli (1987)

A new cellulase gene from Bacillus sp. strain N-4 has been cloned in Escherichia coli with pBR 322. A new plasmid named pYBC 107 was isolated from the E. coli transformants that produced carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). The cloned gene was contained within a 5.5kb Hind III DNA fragment of the chromosomal DNA part of the plasmid pYBC 107. The CMCase produced by E. coli(pYBC 107) located mainly (60%) within the cell wall and showed optimum activity and stability at pH 8.0.
Decarboxylation of Substituted Cinnamic Acids by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated during Malt Whisky Fermentation (2000)

Seven strains of Lactobacillus isolated from malt whisky fermentations and representing Lactobacillus brevis, L. crispatus, L. fermentum, L. hilgardii, L. paracasei, L. pentosus, and L. plantarum contained genes for hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid) decarboxylase. With the exception of L. hilgardii, these bacteria decarboxylated p-coumaric acid and/or ferulic acid, with the production of 4-vinylphenol and/or 4-vinylguaiacol, respectively, although the relative activities on the two substrates varied between strains. The addition of p-coumaric acid or ferulic acid to cultures of L. pentosus in MRS broth induced hydroxycinnamic acid decarboxylase mRNA within 5 min, and the gene was also induced by the indigenous components of malt wort. In a simulated distillery fermentation, a mixed culture of L. crispatus and L. pentosus in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae decarboxylated added p-coumaric acid more rapidly than the yeast alone but had little activity on added ferulic acid. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate the induction of hydroxycinnamic acid decarboxylase mRNA under these conditions. However, in fermentations with no additional hydroxycinnamic acid, the bacteria lowered the final concentration of 4-vinylphenol in the fermented wort compared to the level seen in a pure-yeast fermentation. It seems likely that the combined activities of bacteria and yeast decarboxylate p-coumaric acid and then reduce 4-vinylphenol to 4-ethylphenol more effectively than either microorganism alone in pure cultures. Although we have shown that lactobacilli participate in the metabolism of phenolic compounds during malt whisky fermentations, the net result is a reduction in the concentrations of 4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylguaiacol prior to distillation.
A new, highly sensitive method for the detection and quantification of penicillin-binding proteins (1993)

A new method for the identification and quantification of penicillin-binding proteins is described which uses fluorescein-coupled penicillins. It allows the rapid detection of 0.2 pmol with the naked eye and 2 fmol with the help of an A.L.F. automatic DNA sequencer. Direct labelling can also be performed on whole bacterial cells.
Flat panel display materials II : symposium held April 8-12, 1996, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (1997)

The field of flat-panel displays is experiencing a rapid growth which is currently expanding from initial portable computer applications to include display applications for desktop computers and a wide array of consumer and industrial products. The industrial focus has been focued on active matrix liquid-crystal displays (AMLCDs), and that is reflected in this volume where more than half of the papers are related to AMLCD technology. New emerging flat-panel display technologies, however, such as field emissive displays (FEDs) and new organic light-emitting display materials are also covered. Topics include: amorphous silicon thin-film transistor materials and technology; polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor materials and technology; liquid-crystal display materials and technology; transparent conducting oxides; field emission display materials and technology; and other emissive display materials.
Performance analysis of a dynamic priority scheduling method in ATM networks (1993)

Broadband ISDN using asynchronous transfer mode as the transport mode carries traffic of several different classes, including one or more real-time traffic classes, each with its own set of traffic characteristics and performance requirements. To support multiple classes of traffic in ATM networks, multiple priority levels are provided, and different priority levels are given to different classes of traffic. A dynamic priority scheme is proposed as an efficient scheduling method at a switching node in an ATM network serving multiple classes of delay-sensitive traffic. The advantage of this protocol lies in that, by properly adjusting the control parameters, it can meet the average delay requirement for different classes and thus guarantee the quality of service. In addition, each class of service can be guaranteed a minimum of bandwidth, which can prevent the low priority class from starvation.
Chaos and Complexity Theory for Management (1994)

Chaos theory and its close cousin, complexity theory, have recently made their appearance in the social science literature, including studies of organizations. The trend toward loosely applying nonlinear dynamical theories to organizations troubles us. In this article we explain the terms chaos theory and complexity theory. We discuss why we believe that chaos theory as it now stands cannot be applied rigorously to the study of social systems, as well as why the more metaphorical use of complexity theory is also problematic.
Differential effects of the tricyclic antidepressant amoxapine on glycine uptake mediated by the recombinant GLYT1 and GLYT2 glycine transporters (2000)

We examined the effects of nine different tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the glycine uptake mediated by the glycine transporter 1b (GLYT1b) and glycine transporter 2a (GLYT2a) stably expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Desipramine, imipramine, clomipramine, nomifensine and mianserin had no effect on the activity of the glycine transporters. Doxepin, amitriptyline and nortriptyline inhibited the two transporter subtypes to a similar extent. Amoxapine displayed a selective inhibition of GLYT2a behaving as a 10 fold more efficient inhibitor of this isoform than of GLYT1b. Kinetic analysis of the initial rates of glycine uptake by GLYT2a as a function of either glycine, chloride or sodium concentration, in the absence and presence of amoxapine indicated that amoxapine behaved as a competitive inhibitor of both glycine and chloride and a mixed-type inhibitor with respect to sodium. A kinetic model was developed which explains adequately these data, and gives information about the order of binding of sodium and chloride ions to GLYT2a. Our results may contribute to the development of the glycine transporter pharmacology. Additionally, the inhibition of the glycine uptake by GLYT2 is suggested to have some role in the sedative and psychomotor side effects of amoxapine. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 129, 200 - 206
Differential Processing of Autoantigens in Lysosomes from Human Monocyte-Derived and Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cells (2005)

Dendritic cells (DC) initiate immunity and maintain tolerance. Although in vitro-generated DC, usually derived from peripheral blood monocytes (MO-DC), serve as prototype DC to analyze the biology and biochemistry of DC, phenotypically distinct primary types of DC, including CD1c-DC, are present in peripheral blood (PB-DC). The composition of lysosomal proteases in PB-DC and the way their MHC class II-associated Ag-processing machinery handles a clinically relevant Ag are unknown. We show that CD1c-DC lack significant amounts of active cathepsins (Cat) S, L, and B as well as the asparagine-specific endopeptidase, the major enzymes believed to mediate MHC class II-associated Ag processing. However, at a functional level, lysosomal extracts from CD1c-DC processed the multiple sclerosis-associated autoantigens myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in vitro more effectively than MO-DC. Although processing was dominated by CatS, CatD, and asparagine-specific endopeptidase in MO-DC, it was dominated by CatG in CD1c-DC. Thus, human MO-DC and PB-DC significantly differ with respect to their repertoire of active endocytic proteases, so that both proteolytic machineries process a given autoantigen via different proteolytic pathways.