gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Will I Pass the Bar Exam? Predicting Student Success Using LSAT Scores and Law School Performance (2017)

Texas Tech University School of Law has undertaken a statistical analysis of its recent alumni, comparing their performance in law school with their success on the Texas bar exam. The authors conclude that LSAT predicts bar exam success while undergraduate GPA does not. The study also replicates findings in previous literature that both 1L and final law school GPA predict bar exam success. Going beyond existing literature, this study also conducted more specific analysis of how student performance in specific courses can predict success on affiliated subcomponents of the bar exam; the Article identifies which courses have significant impact on bar exam performance and which do not. Additionally, the article reports a completely new analysis of whether student participation in curricular student engagement activities (such as journal, clinic, and advocacy competitions) predicts bar exam success.
Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-Deoxy-D-Mannose Analogues as Potential Inhibitors of Sialic Acid Biosynthesis (1991)

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Anomeric deoxygenation of D-glucopyranoside derivatives afforded suitable starting compounds for the synthesis of protected 2-azido-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-mannitols. The latter intermediates were converted after removal of the protecting groups, into the following analogues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose: i.e. 2-acetamido-1,5-anhydro-2,6-dideoxy-D-mannitol, 2-acetamido-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-mannitol, 2-acetamido-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-mannitol 6-(disodium phosphate) and 2-acetamido-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-mannitol 6-(hexadecyl sodium phosphate).
Introduction (2008)

The ‘Introduction’ sets out questions relevant to this VSI: Are the Scots really just a sort of English? Is Scotland a distinctive entity within Britain? What things do Scotland and England share, and what aspects of their societies are different? How has history shaped Scottish attitudes and culture? The four themes that run through this VSI are elucidated: the geographic, linguistic, religious, and social differences that can be found in Scotland; Scotland's civil society and its role in creating homogeneity of vision, notably in ideas about education and common humanity; the origins of Scotland's sense of national identity; and what it means to be both Scottish and
Adsorption and Desorption of Methylene Blue on Porous Carbon Monoliths and Nanocrystalline Cellulose (2013)

The dynamic batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB), a widely used and toxic dye, onto nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and crushed powder of carbon monolith (CM) was investigated using the pseudo-first- and -second-order kinetics. CM outperformed NCC with a maximum capacity of 127 mg/g compared to 101 mg/g for NCC. The Langmuir isotherm model was applicable for describing the binding data for MB on CM and NCC, indicating the homogeneous surface of these two materials. The Gibbs free energy of -15.22 kJ/mol estimated for CM unravelled the spontaneous nature of this adsorbent for MB, appreciably faster than the use of NCC (-4.47 kJ/mol). Both pH and temperature exhibited only a modest effect on the adsorption of MB onto CM. The desorption of MB from CM using acetonitrile was very effective with more than 94 % of MB desorbed from CM within 10 min to allow the reusability of this porous carbon material. In contrast, acetonitrile was less effective than ethanol in desorbing MB from NCC. The two solvents were incapable of completely desorbing MB on commercial granular coal-derived activated carbon.
Anodic film formation on sputter-deposited amorphous Al-Zr alloys (1995)

The anodic oxidation of amorphous Al-32 at% Zr alloy films at high current efficiency results in amorphous anodic films, comprising a mixture of Al2O3 and ZrO2 units, of uniform composition and thickness. The use of an immobile xenon marker reveals that the films develop, under the high field, at the alloy/film and film/electrolyte interfaces by the inward transport of O2- and OH- ions and the outward transport of cations respectively. This mechanism is typical of growth of amorphous anodic films involving the cooperative transport of cations and anions. The total transport number of cations is about 0.35. Zirconium and aluminium are incorporated into the anodic films, in their alloy proportions, without the development of significant enrichments or depletions of zirconium at the alloy/film interface. Zr4+ ions, Which are immobile in the usual crystalline anodic zirconia, migrate outwards at about the same rate as Al3+ ions. Boron species, incorporated into the films from the electrolyte, are immobile and are distributed uniformly in the film material formed at the film/electrolyte interface by outward migration of cations.
Damage Detection in Composite Plate Armor Using Ultrasonic Techniques (2009)

Abstract : A method for crack and damage detection in ceramic composite plate armors is presented. The method uses embedded piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers to characterize the vibrational modes of composite armor plates. The amplitudes of the vibrational modes of damaged and undamaged plates are shown to be distinct. The differences in the vibration modes can be exploited to detect cracks and damage. Composite armor plates for testing are damaged by impact with a certain caliber round. Data from these tests can be used to design a vehicle based system for the nondestructive testing (NDT) and health monitoring of the armor plate structural integrity.
Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationship, and Evaluation of SR141716 Analogues:  Development of Central Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands with Lower Lipophilicity (2003)

Exploration of the central CB1 cannabinoid receptors using positron emission tomography (PET) will allow for an understanding of the pharmacological and physiological role played by these receptors in the CNS. Current tracers are highly lipophilic compounds that exhibit very high nonspecific to specific binding ratios and as a result are inapt for use in humans. We have synthesized a series of less lipophilic analogues of SR141716 to serve as potential radioligands. Binding affinities of the series and a functional electrophysiological assay of three of our compounds have been presented.
Interactive and guided architectural refactoring with search-based recommendation (2016)

Architectural refactorings can contain hundreds of steps and experienced developers could carry them out over several weeks. Moreover, developers need to explore a correct sequence of refactorings steps among many more incorrect alternatives. Thus, carrying out architectural refactorings is costly, risky, and challenging. In this paper, we present Refactoring Navigator: a tool-supported and interactive recommendation approach for aiding architectural refactoring. Our approach takes a given implementation as the starting point, a desired high-level design as the target, and iteratively recommends a series of refactoring steps. Moreover, our approach allows the user to accept, reject, or ignore a recommended refactoring step, and uses the user's feedback in further refactoring recommendations. We evaluated the effectiveness of our approach and tool using a controlled experiment and an industrial case study. The controlled experiment shows that the participants who used Refactoring Navigator accomplished their tasks in 77.4% less time and manually edited 98.3% fewer lines than the control group. The industrial case study suggests that Refactoring Navigator has the potential to help with architectural refactorings in practice.
DNA methylation pattern of brain stem pilocytic astrocytomas in children (2009)

10021 Background: Pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I) comprises the most frequent brain tumor in childhood. We were recently able to identify BRAF as a centrally important oncogene in these tumors showing duplication or activation in a majority of cases. Although histologically indistinguishable, tumors with brain stem location have a particularly poor prognosis. It is not well established, whether this is due to their close proximity to pivotal anatomic sites or due to distinct biological characteristics. Methods: To identify novel genes involved in astrocytoma pathogenesis, we performed a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of 78 pilocytic astrocytoma samples from different tumor locations (diencephalic, cerebral, cerebellar, brain stem). BeadChip methylation technology was used to identify genes showing differential promoter methylation among tumors. Two CpG sites were analyzed for each of a total of 14.000 promoters per sample. Clinical and molecular subgroups were compared using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). Results: In this genome-wide approach, we identified an 11-gene signature that was able to correctly separate all brain stem tumors (n = 8) from the majority of tumors from other locations (56/70). Moreover, from 14 tumors clustering together with the brain stem tumors, 5 patients experienced disease recurrence (38%) as opposed to 20% in the remaining group. Genes contained in the signature most interestingly included three homeobox family genes (HOXB1, HOXD3, and HOXD4), and NES, a tumor stem cell marker. Conclusions: These data suggest that brain stem pilocytic astrocytomas display biologic features different from most tumors of other locations and share a methylation signature with tumors prone to disease recurrence from other locations. We provide first evidence for a role of differentially methylated homeobox family genes in the pathogenesis of pilocytic astrocytoma. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Recent Trends in Foodborne Infections in Europe and North America (1994)

The frequency of reporting of foodborne infections of animal origin, in particular salmonella, campylobacter and Escherichia coli (VTEC) has increased in recent years due to changes in food production and processing methods in parallel with changes in eating habits and other social factors such as mass catering and the use of convenience foods. In contrast infections, primarily of human origin, in particular typhoid, paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery, are nowadays much less frequently associated with foodborne spread. Meanwhile, other “emerging” micro‐organisms of bacterial, viral and protozoal origin have increasingly frequently been reported with evidence of food or waterborne spread. Foodborne disease has also taken on an international dimension, highlighted by outbreaks associated with imported foods (e.g. cheese, chocolate, pate, etc.) and tourist groups. Presents a review of recent trends in foodborne infections.
NASA Technology Transfer System (2011)

This paper discusses the modern approach of the implementation of Software as a Service (SaaS) for NASA as a way to reduce cost and increase efficiency. The Grid XML Datastore Framework is an extension of SaaS framework based on eXtensible Database technology (XDB). This is implemented to support the Innovative Partnership Program (IPP) for its Technology Transfer System (NTTS) project. NTTS supports NASA's entire technology transfer process and is the agency's one system with all of its technological assets. NTTS is the primary IT backbone that supports the entire technology transfer process for NASA, which includes Invention Disclosure, Intellectual Property Management, Awards Management and Payment, Software Release Management, Agreements & Partnerships Management, Success Stories Management and Leads Development. The system is intended to have three interfaces serving three distinct communities, mainly agency-wide, center specific and the public. The SaaS implementation deploys the software as an application hosted as a NASA service, which is provided across the Internet. By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer's burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Using SaaS can also reduce the up-front expense of software purchases, through less costly, on-demand pricing. From a NASA software acquisition perspective, NASA pays one time for the database and storage and thus third-party application plug in on demand. This paper describes how NTTS utilizes and benefits Grid XML Datastore Framework (GXD Framework), an open and extensible database architecture that supports efficient and flexible integration of heterogeneous and distributed information resources. GXD Framework provides a novel "schema-less" database approach using a document-centered object-relational XML database mapping. This enables structured, unstructured, and semi-structured information to be integrated without requiring document schemas or translation tables. GXD Framework utilizes existing international protocol standards of the World Wide Web Consortium Architecture Domain and the Internet Engineering Task Force, primarily HTTP, XML and WebDAV. Through a combination of these international protocols, universal database record identifiers, and physical address data types, GXD enables an unlimited number of desktops and distributed information sources to be linked seamlessly and efficiently into an information grid. GXD Framework has been used to create a powerful set of novel information management systems for a variety of scientific and engineering applications.
Activated Glutathione Metabolism Participates in Protective Effects of Carnosic Acid against Oxidative Stress in Neuronal HT22 Cells (2009)

In our previous studies, we have reported that carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS) originating from rosemary protects cortical neurons by inducing phase 2 enzymes, the induction of which was initiated by activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway , , . In the present study we address the nature of the effector of these neuroprotective effects downstream of the phase 2 enzyme induction. From our results we conclude that activated glutathione (GSH) metabolism may participate in these protective effects. First, we performed cDNA microarray analysis in order to identify the gene(s) responsible for the actions and found that various enzymes involved in the metabolism of GSH (glutathione S-transferase, alpha 4; glutathione S-transferase, alpha 2; and formylglutathione hydrolase) constituted 3 of the top 5 CA-induced genes. The other 2 genes encoded phase 2 enzymes [NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase1and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3, subfamily A1]. Next, we compared the physiologically-active compounds originating from rosemary (CA, CS, luteolin, genkwanin, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and verbenone) by 3 criteria (enhancement of total glutathione levels, transcriptional activation, neuroprotective effects). By all of these criteria, CA and CS were the most active. In contrast, the other compounds were only weakly active or totally inactive. These results suggest that pro-electrophilic compounds such as CA and CS may protect cortical neurons by causing the following sequential events: S-alkylation --> activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway --> transcriptional activation --> induction of phase 2 enzymes --> activation of GSH metabolism --> neuroprotection.
L-arginine reduces heart collagen accumulation in the diabetic db/db mouse. (1994)

Our findings clearly indicate that L-arginine reduced total heart collagen and increased acid solubility of heart collagen. Both findings are compatible with the cross-linking hypothesis. The data for carboxymethyllysine, O-tyrosine, and glutathione would rule out the glycoxidation hypothesis and, therefore, free radical cross-linking. The postulated mechanism of action is most likely the blocking of reactive carbonyl functions by L-arginine in analogy to aminoguanidine activity. Correlations of collagen with glycemic control, however, point to an association of glucose with collagen metabolism, a phenomenon documented in cell cultures at the transcriptional level.
Reevaluation and Reduction of a PCR Bias Caused by Reannealing of Templates (2004)

ABSTRACT We reevaluated the bias toward a 1:1 ratio of products in multitemplate PCR used in ecological studies and showed that the template reannealing at the annealing step would not cause the bias; however, the preferential homoduplex formation during temperature decrease from denaturation to annealing step would cause the bias.
The Robutler: a Vision-Controlled Hand-Arm System for Manipulating Bottles and Glasses (2004)

We present an experimental service robot, a handarm system with anthropomorphic features as well as some capability for autonomous behavior. The system integrates lightweight construction principles of the arm and an articulated dexterous four-finger hand with real-time scene analysis by stereo vision, compliant torque control, and an intuitive man-machine interface. It thus comprises many of the key features required to realize the vision of a robotic servant that acts and interacts in a human environment. The task we consider here is manipulation of bottles and glasses as required for preparing and serving drinks. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive view of the whole system, revealing the synergies between its components that lead to real-world performance within the addressed problem domain.
Grain-size dependence of piezoelectric properties in thermally annealed BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics (2018)

BaTiO3 ceramics with grain sizes of 4.7–26.1 µm were fabricated using 100 and 300 nm BaTiO3 powders by employing a two-step sintering (TSS) or conventional one-step sintering (CS) method. Polished and cut BaTiO3 samples were annealed for the recovery and relaxation of mechanical-processing-induced surface damage and lattice strain, and the piezoelectric properties were investigated. TSS-BaTiO3 ceramics annealed at 1000°C for 1 h with a grain size of 4.9 µm exhibited an excellent piezoelectric property of d33 = 529 pC/N, while the d33 value of CS-BaTiO3 ceramics annealed at 1200°C for 8 h with a grain size of 26.1 µm was 272 pC/N. Besides the excellent piezoelectric properties of the fine-grained BaTiO3 ceramics, the performance of the coarse-grained ceramics was higher than previously reported. The observed superior piezoelectric and electromechanical properties in annealed samples despite the increase in grain size suggested that the effect of annealing was more crucial than that of grain size.
Reversible inhibition of the glycine transporter <scp>GlyT2</scp> circumvents acute toxicity while preserving efficacy in the treatment of pain (2013)

Our pharmacological comparison of two closely related GlyT2 inhibitors with different modes of inhibition provides important insights into their safety and efficacy profiles, uncovering that in the presence of a GlyT2 mechanism-based toxicity, reversible inhibitors might allow a tolerable balance between efficacy and toxicity. These findings shed light into the drawbacks associated with the early GlyT2 inhibitors and describe a new mechanism that might serve as the starting point for new drug development.
Genus Level Identification of Mycobacteria from Clinical Specimens by Using an Easy-To-Handle <i>Mycobacterium</i> -Specific PCR Assay (1998)

An easy-to-handle Mycobacterium-specific PCR assay for detection of the presence of a wide range of mycobacterial species in clinical samples was evaluated. The performance of the genus probe was compared with the performance of probes specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium and with that of standard culture. In addition, the utility of an internal control in monitoring amplification inhibitors was studied. Of 545 respiratory and 325 nonrespiratory specimens (a total of 870 specimens), 58 (6.7%) showed the presence of amplification inhibitors, as determined by a negative result for the internal control. Of these 58 specimens, 31 (53%) were stool specimens; other material, even citrate blood after lysis of erythrocytes, did not pose a problem with regard to inhibition of PCR amplification. Eighty-one of the remaining 812 specimens had a positive Mycobacterium culture result. Of these culture-positive specimens, 58 (71.6%) showed a positive result with the Mycobacterium genus-specific probe. Seventy-two samples had a positive result with the Mycobacterium-specific probe but a negative culture result. Of these 72 samples, 26 samples were regarded as true positive, either because the M. tuberculosis- or M. avium-specific probe was also positive at the same time or because other specimens from the same patient taken at the same time were culture positive. The sensitivity of the Mycobacterium-specific probe was 78.5% and the specificity was 93.5%. This study showed that pretesting of clinical specimens for mycobacteria to the genus level with a Mycobacterium-specific probe offers the routine clinical laboratory the possibility of detecting tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacteria with one test. Furthermore, specimens testing positive with the genus-specific probe can be immediately identified with species-specific probes.
Plasma malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in age related macular degeneration (2001)

The results may support involvement of oxidative damage and vascular theory in the pathogenesis of ARMD as part of the ageing process.
A Small "Cold-Cathode" High-Intensity Cyclotron Ion Source (1967)

High beam currents have been achieved with a radial source which fits into the 2-inch gap of a 30-inch cyclotron. The geometry is that of a cold-cathode or P. I. G. source. However, the cathodes are heated to thermionic temperatures by ion bombardment rather than a conventional high-current heated filament. The source is now in use and produces intense beams of H+, D+, He3, and alpha particles. Internal beams of H+ or D+ of more than one mA are obtained routinely at extraction radius. In addition, 30 μA of H- or D- are obtained at a stripping foil by merely reversing the magnetic field of the cyclotron.
Capturing and using CO<sub>2</sub>as feedstock with chemical looping and hydrothermal technologies (2014)

Chemical looping technology for capturing and hydrothermal processes for conversion of carbon are discussed with focused and critical assessments. The fluidized and stationary reactor systems using solid, including biomass, and gaseous fuels are considered in chemical looping combustion, gasification, and reforming processes. Sustainability is emphasized generally in energy technology and in two chemical looping simulation case studies using coal and natural gas. Conversion of captured carbon to formic acid, methanol, and other chemicals is also discussed in circulating and stationary reactors in hydrothermal processes. This review provides analyses of the major chemical looping technologies for CO2 capture and hydrothermal processes for carbon conversion so that the appropriate clean energy technology can be selected for a particular process. Combined chemical looping and hydrothermal processes may be feasible and sustainable in carbon capture and conversion and may lead to clean energy technologies using coal, natural gas, and biomass. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.