gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Characterization of the Surface of Iron Oxide Nanocrystals (2005)

The surface of highly monodisperse magnetic iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanocrystals was thoroughly investigated by FTIR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The nanocrystals were prepared by a thermal decomposition method now widely used for the preparation of magnetic metal and metal oxide nanocrystals. This method takes advantage of oleic acid as a means to passivate the surface and render the particles stable with respect to aggregation or grain growth and keeps them highly dispersed in a variety of organic media. The nature of this surface in terms of ligand structure and the role of oleic acid during the synthesis remained somewhat undetermined until this report. We provide spectroscopic evidence of an oleic acid ligand structural change during γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystal synthesis.
Analysis of complex cardiovascular flow with three‐component acceleration‐encoded MRI (2011)

Functional information regarding cardiac performance, pressure gradients, and local flow derangement are available from blood acceleration fields. Thus, this study examines a 2D and 3D phase contrast sequence optimized to efficiently encode three-directional, time-resolved acceleration in vitro and in vivo. Stenosis phantom acceleration measurements were compared to acceleration derived from standard velocity encoded phase contrast-magnetic resonance imaging (i.e., "velocity-derived acceleration"). For in vivo analysis, three-directional 2D acceleration maps were compared to velocity-derived acceleration using regions proximal and distal to the aortic valve in six healthy volunteers at 1.5 and 3.0 T (voxel size = 1.4 × 2.1 × 8 mm, temporal resolution = 16-20 ms). In addition, a 4D acceleration sequence was evaluated for feasibility in a healthy volunteer and postrepair biscuspid aortic valve patient with an ascending aortic aneurysm. The phantom magnetic resonance acceleration measurements were more accurate (nonturbulent root mean square error = 2.2 vs. 5.1 m/s(2) for phase contrast-magnetic resonance imaging) and 10 times less noisy (nonturbulent σ = 0.9 vs. 13.6 m/s(2) for phase contrast-magnetic resonance imaging) than velocity-derived acceleration. Acceleration mapping of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic arch exhibited signal voids colocated with complex flow events such as vortex formation and high order motion. 4D acceleration data, visualized in combination with the velocity data, may provide new insight into complex flow phenomena.
Synergistic Induction of T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Functionally Distinct Mutations in NOTCH1. (2005)

Abstract Recent observations that Notch1 mutations are present in more than 50% of human T-ALL patient samples indicate that Notch signals have a central role in the pathogenesis of T-ALL (Weng et al., 2004, Science, 306, 269–271). Notch1 mutations are of two types: i) mis-sense mutations in an extracellular heterodimerization (HD) domain; and ii) frameshift or stop codon mutations that result in deletion of an intracellular PEST destruction box. The likely effect(s) of these mutations is to i) cause heightened proteolytic activation of Notch1, an event that requires the enzyme gamma-secretase; and to ii) increase the duration of Notch1 signaling, respectively. To investigate the contribution of the HD and PEST domain mutations to the pathogenesis of human T-ALL, Notch1 alleles with common HD mutations were introduced retrovirally into hematopoietic progenitor cells, which were then transplanted into lethally irradiated mice. These mice developed transiently circulating abnormal CD4+CD8+ T cells, but failed to develop leukemia after 9 months of monitoring. Similar findings occurred when Notch1 alleles bearing only PEST mutations were introduced into mice, as previously noted by others (Feldman et al., 2000, Blood, 96, 1906–1913). However, when HD mutations were combined with a PEST mutation in cis, the mice developed persistent circulating CD4+CD8+ T cells, leukocytosis, and eventually T-ALL (median time, 18 weeks post-transplantation). These tumors infiltrated lymphoid organs, marrow, and viscera, were monoclonal or oligoclonal, and had intact proviral integrations. Cell lines derived from these tumors are susceptible to gamma-secretase inhibitor-mediated cell death, which indicates a continued reliance on Notch signaling for growth and survival. These results show the utility of the murine BMT assay to score Notch1 mutants found in human T-ALL with respect to leukemogenicity, and suggest that the level of signal that is necessary to induce and sustain Notch1-associated T-ALL is relatively high. It will be of interest to determine if HD domain mutations generally require PEST deletions in cis to induce T-ALL, or if weak and strong mutations of varying leukemogenic potential exist.
Induction of Apoptosis by Sindbis Virus Occurs at Cell Entry and Does Not Require Virus Replication (1999)

Sindbis virus (SV) is an alphavirus that causes encephalitis in mice and can lead to the apoptotic death of infected cells. To determine the step in virus replication during which apoptosis is triggered, we used UV-inactivated SV, chemicals that block virus fusion or protein synthesis, and cells that do and do not express heparan sulfate, the initial binding molecule for SV infection of many cells. In initial experiments, UV-inactivated neuroadapted SV (NSV) induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells lacking heparan sulfate in the presence of cycloheximide. When fusion of prebound UV-inactivated NSV was rapidly induced at the plasma membrane by exposure to acidic pH, apoptosis was induced in CHO cells with or without heparan sulfate in the presence or absence of cycloheximide in a virus dose-dependent manner. In N18 neuroblastoma cells, the relative virulence of the virus strain was an important determinant of apoptosis induced by UV-inactivated SV. Treatment of N18 cells with monensin to prevent endosomal acidification an hour before, but not 2 h after, exposure to live NSV blocked the induction of cell death, as did treatment with NH(4)Cl or bafilomycin A1. These studies indicate that SV can induce apoptosis at the time of fusion with the cell membrane and that virus replication is not required.
Effects of diltiazem on insulin level in rats (2000)

AIM The effects of calcium antagonist diltiazem on plasma insulin levels were investigated in rats. METHODS Plasma insulin was measured with radioimmunoassay method. RESULTS In the fasting rat, plasma insulin levels were significantly increased after ig diltiazem 10 mg·kg -1 and 100 mg·kg -1 , and the level of plasma insulin was increased by 131% 30 min after administration of diltiazem 100 mg·kg -1 in comparison with that of control group. Diltiazem increased the plasma insulin level markedly in glucose tolerance test of the rat. In the hyperglycemia rat induced by adrenaline, diltiazem 100 mg·kg -1 weakly increased the plasma insulin level only at 1 h after administration. CONCLUSION Diltiazem increases the plasma insulin levels in the fasting rat and glucose loaded rat. The increase of plasma insulin level induced by diltiazem is due to the hyperglycemic action of diltiazem and other effect, probably a direct or an indirect insulin release action on pancreas of the rat.
Application of keyhole imaging to interventional MRI: A simulation study to predict sequence requirements (1996)

A wide variety of techniques have been proposed recently to improve the temporal resolution of MRI. These include echo-planar imaging methods, wavelet encoding, singular value decomposition encoding, and k-space sharing methods known as "keyhole" imaging. In this work, we use a simulation study to investigate the phase-encoding ordering and data-sharing methods required for the application of keyhole imaging to interventional MRI (I-MRI). The advantages of keyhole imaging over other methods are its simplicity and the use of conventional phase encoding and Fourier transform reconstruction found on virtually all modern MR imagers. Our analysis has predicted that conventional keyhole methods that repeatedly acquire only the center portion of k space, and those that sequentially progress from the center of k space outward, will not meet the combination of temporal and spatial resolution required for tip localization during I-MRI needle insertion. Instead, acquisitions that acquire both high and low k-space data, in ranked order, should provide acceptable tip position and needle width accuracy in both temporal and spatial domains for use in I-MRI.
Pancreatic islet cell surface glycoproteins containing Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R identified by a cytotoxic monoclonal autoantibody. (1987)

To investigate the autoimmune pathogenesis of spontaneously occurring diabetes mellitus in BB rats, spleen cells of newly diagnosed diabetic BB rats were fused with mouse myeloma cells. Hybridoma supernatants were screened for antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and by 51Cr-release assays using the RINm5F rat insulinoma cell line. One clone, E5C2, produced an IgM kappa antibody that was cytotoxic for RINm5F cells, but not for other rat cell lines nor for primary rat islet cells. However, treatment of primary rat islet cells with neuraminidase exposed surface antigens and rendered the cells susceptible to complement-mediated lysis by antibody E5C2. Using immunostaining of glycolipids separated by thin-layer chromatography, hapten inhibition assays with defined carbohydrates, and Western blots, the antigens recognized by E5C2 on RINm5F cells were identified as glycoproteins with molecular weights of 60,000 and 68,000. The antibody recognizes a carbohydrate antigen containing the sequence Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, which on RINm5F cells is predominantly hidden by covalently bound sialic acid. These studies raise the possibility that hidden antigenic determinants on islet cells exposed by a variety of means may be the target of autoimmune attack.
IgG subclass co‐expression brings harmony to the quartet model of murine IgG function (2016)

A model of murine IgG function is presented in which the co-expression of the IgG subclasses is a central feature, class switching occurs before the commencement of somatic hypermutation, and there is little switching between subclasses. It is named the quartet model to emphasize the harmony that comes from the simultaneous presence of the four subclasses. In this model, IgG3 and IgG2b antibodies are particularly important early in the response, when T-cell help may be limiting. IgG3 initiates inflammation through complement fixation, whereas IgG2b provides early FcγR-mediated effector functions. As T-cell help strengthens, IgG2a antibodies increase the power of the response, whereas IgG1 production helps limit the inflammatory drive and limits immunopathology. The model highlights the fact that murine IgG subclasses function quite differently to human IgG subclasses. This allows them to serve the special immunological needs of a species that is vulnerable because of its small size.
The effect of nociceptin on Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel current and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line (1996)

The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y expresses the 'orphan' opioid receptor (ORL1). We have demonstrated that nociceptin, the putative endogenous ligand for ORL1, produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of the N-type calcium channel current in these cells (IC50 42 nM). In addition, in the presence of carbachol, nociceptin increased the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ (EC50 60 nM). Both effects of nociceptin were blocked by pertussis toxin pretreatment but not by the opioid antagonists CTAP (1 microM), naltrindole (1 microM) and naloxone (10 microM).
Prime Sample Attention in Object Detection (2019)

It is a common paradigm in object detection frameworks to treat all samples equally and target at maximizing the performance on average. In this work, we revisit this paradigm through a careful study on how different samples contribute to the overall performance measured in terms of mAP. Our study suggests that the samples in each mini-batch are neither independent nor equally important, and therefore a better classifier on average does not necessarily mean higher mAP. Motivated by this study, we propose the notion of Prime Samples, those that play a key role in driving the detection performance. We further develop a simple yet effective sampling and learning strategy called PrIme Sample Attention (PISA) that directs the focus of the training process towards such samples. Our experiments demonstrate that it is often more effective to focus on prime samples than hard samples when training a detector. Particularly, On the MSCOCO dataset, PISA outperforms the random sampling baseline and hard mining schemes, e.g., OHEM and Focal Loss, consistently by around 2% on both single-stage and two-stage detectors, even with a strong backbone ResNeXt-101.
Dyeing with enzymatically treated bleaching effluents (2001)

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used bleaching agent for textiles. Dyeing after bleaching requires repeatedly rinsing the textile material to remove any residue of peroxide that might be harmful to the dyes either in solution or on the fabric. 1 , 2 Even this washing process cannot guarantee the complete removal of the peroxide. Contemporary biotechnology offers the opportunity to reduce the large water consumption required for washing by the use of catalases for peroxide decomposition. Catalase is known for its ability to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and gaseous oxygen. 3 , 4 There are two possible approaches for applying this enzyme prior to dyeing-draining off the bleach bath and refilling it with water containing the enzyme or adding the enzyme directly to the bleaching liquor and then reusing it for dyeing. The first approach was adopted in the textile industry and all catalase-based commercial products have been applied in that way. 5 The second approach represents a new, unconventional dyeing technique; e.g., dyeing in the bleach bath, which may ensure efficient reduction of water and energy consumption.
Inflammatory bowel diseases: a new wave of therapy (1998)

This review focuses on recent advances in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and current developments in claimed patents for the management of these diseases. These are developed in the hope of replacing conventional corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylic acids (5-ASA) and immunosuppressants which have been the mainstay of therapy for decades. These patents represent a change in direction to more specific therapies to block a host of inflammatory mediators, either at their synthesis level or blocking binding to their designated receptors. The changes also represent a shift from synthetic inhibitors to biologicals for which the in vivo efficacy and side-effects need to be evaluated. These advancements represent a new wave of therapy to treat these debilitating diseases.
Flotation of niobite, fersmite, and ilmenorutile (2009)

铌铁矿， fersmite，和 ilmenorutile 的筹款与各种各样的集中和肉 pH 用 3 个收集者被学习。不同代表性的收集者的收集的性质被调查。试验性的结果证明 diphosphonic 酸是为珍贵包含铌的矿物质的一个有效收集者。筹款恢复 90.87%91.7% 在 pH 与 75 mg/L diphosphonic 酸被获得 2 4。这上的 diphosphonic 酸的化学吸附 3 矿物质的表面可能导致矿物质的高恢复效率，它被红外和 X 光检查光电子光谱学系列证明。
Direct and Inverse Inference in Music Databases: How to Make at Song Funk? (2008)

We propose an algorithm for exploiting statistical properties of large-scale metadata databases about music titles to answer musicological queries. We introduce two inference schemes called “direct” and “inverse” inference, based on an efficient implementation of a kernel regression approach. We describe an evaluation experiment conducted on a large-scale database of finegrained musical metadata. We use this database to train the direct inference algorithm, test it, and also to identify the optimal parameters of the algorithm. The inverse inference algorithm is based on the direct inference algorithm. We illustrate it with some examples.
Biomagnetism (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Magnetoencephalography Introduction MEG Signals Whole-Cortex MEG Systems Preface MEG System Description MEG and EEG MEG Peripherals Sensor Types for MEG Introduction Baseline Optimization for Radial Devices Radial and Planar Gradiometers Radial and Vector Magnetometers Comparison of Various Devices in the Presence of Environmental Noise Fetal MEG Systems Introduction Design Philosophy Construction of fMEG System MEG Data Analysis General Principles MEG Data Interpretation (MEG Source Imaging) Examples of MEG and fMEG Results Clinical MEG Conclusions and Outlook Magnetocardiography Introduction Sources of MCG Signals Cardiomagnetic Instrumentation General System Description and Sensor Array Configurations Multichannel Low-Temperature Systems Systems Operating Outside Magnetically Shielded Rooms High-Temperature SQUIDs Multichannel High-Tc Systems Comparisons of Sensor Types Sensitivity Axial and Planar Sensors Vector Magnetometers Conversion of Signals from Different Sensor Arrays Applications of MCG Introduction Arrhythmia Risk Stratification Studies on Myocardial Ischemia Cardiac Source Imaging Fetal MCG Discussion Statistical Validation of MCG Results Improvement of Clinical Applicability Conclusion and Outlook Quasistatic Field Magnetometry Opening the Near-dc Window Quasistatic Field Magnetometer Applications Magnetoneurography The Long History of Measuring Signal Propagation in Nerves Measurement Technique and Signal Processing Source Modeling for Magnetoneurography Clinical Perspective Liver Susceptometry Incorporated Magnetism as a Source of Diagnostic Information Measurement Technique Applications Outlook Gastromagnetometry Magnetogastrography (MGG) and Magnetoenterography (MENG) Magnetic Marker Monitoring (MMM) Magnetic Relaxation Immunoassays Immunoassays and Superparamagnetic Particles MARIA Instrumental Developments Applications
The role of bone marrow transplantation following nuclear accidents. (1987)

Hematopoietic stem cells are extremely sensitive to damage by ionizing radiation. At high doses of radiation, toxicity to the bone marrow may be operationally irreversible. Insufficient functional hematopoietic stem cells remain or irradiated individuals cannot survive sufficiently long enough for functional stem cell recovery. Both situations can be approached by bone marrow transplantation. This review considers the possible uses and limitations of bone marrow transplantation following nuclear accidents.
Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Ferroquine. Relationship between Physicochemical Properties and Antiplasmodial Activity (2005)

Ferroquine (FQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial which contains a quinoline nucleus similar to chloroquine, but a novel ferrocenic group in its side chain. Previous work has demonstrated that this compound has excellent activity against malaria parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, with especially good activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites, but details of its mechanism of action have not previously been reported. In this study, we have investigated the physicochemical properties of FQ for comparison with chloroquine (CQ). Like CQ, FQ forms complexes with hematin in solution (log K = 4.95 +/- 0.05). FQ is an even stronger inhibitor of beta-hematin formation than CQ (IC(50) = 0.78 equiv relative to hematin for FQ vs 1.9 for CQ). These data suggest that the mechanism of action of FQ is likely to be similar to that of CQ and probably involves hematin as the drug target and inhibition of hemozoin formation. However, both the basicity and lipophilicity of FQ are significantly different from those of CQ. The lipophilicity of FQ and CQ are similar when protonated at the putative food vacuole pH of 5.2 (log D = -0.77 and -1.2 respectively), but differ markedly at pH 7.4 (log D = 2.95 and 0.85 respectively). In addition, the pK(a) values of FQ are lower (pK(a1) = 8.19 and pK(a2) = 6.99) than those of CQ (10.03 and 7.94, respectively). This suggests that there will be somewhat less vacuolar accumulation of FQ compared with CQ. Single crystal structure determination of FQ shows the presence of a strong internal hydrogen bond between the 4-amino group and the terminal N atom. This, together with the electron donating properties of the ferrocene moiety, probably explains the decreased pK(a). Interestingly, the decreased accumulation arising from the less basic behavior of this compound is partly compensated for by its stronger beta-hematin inhibition. Increased lipophilicity, differences in geometric and electronic structure, and changes in the N-N distances in FQ compared to CQ probably explain its activity against CQ-resistant parasites.
Sealed-interface local oxidation technology (1981)

A new regime of local oxidation, dubbed SILO for Sealed-Interface Local Oxidation, is explored. In SILO processing, a of silicon nitride is in intimate contact with the silicon surface. The ubiquitous native oxide is effectively eliminated by using nitrogen ion implantation into silicon or plasma-enhanced nitridation to form a film of approximately 100 A in thickness. The oxidation rate of both types of films is characterized and found to be nearly equivalent. A 100-A can mask the growth 0f 7000 A of oxide in wet oxygen at 950° C. With a sealed interface it is found that the usual beak formation is completely suppressed in local oxidation. An approximate theoretical analysis shows that even a very thin interfacial oxide, acting as a lateral diffusion path for the oxidant species, can lead to a significant bird's beak. With a sealed interface using a 90-A film, the thick-oxide to bare-silicon transition region is chisel shaped, with approximately 45° slopes. The transition region is even more abrupt if a conventional LPCVD nitride is deposited on the sealing before patterning. However, for total nitride thicknesses greater than about 300 A, defects are generated along the pattern edges aligned in [110] directions. Crystal damage generated during oxidation is found to be due to the intrinsic stress in the LPCVD nitride film. Argon-ion implantation into LPCVD nitride is found to be effective in reducing the defect density. A defect-free abrupt profile is produced by combining SILO with a nitride-oxide sandwich.
Nondestructive profile measurements of annealed shallow implants (2000)

This article demonstrates the capabilities of a new noncontact optical technique for measuring active doping depth of shallow implants. Employing a 2 μm spot size, it provides a fast, nondestructive measurement in dimensions approaching those of individual devices. The method can be used to map micron- and wafer-scale regions, and does not require an edge exclusion zone. Data are presented showing performance on layers varying in depth from 200 to 1200 Å using rapid thermal annealing activated low-energy B11 implants. Center-to-edge diameter scans on 200 mm wafers are presented. In many cases these show edge effects in the outermost centimeter, indicating the importance of minimizing the edge exclusion zone. Measurements are validated through correlation to spreading resistance profiles, and show a depth resolution of better than 3 Å.