gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSIONS OF MATERIALS IN VACUUM OR CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (1960)

An apparatus for determining linear thermal expansion data up to 1350 deg C for materials that cannot be heated in air is described. Expansion is not measured directly, but is derived from the differential expansion between the material being tested and the materials of construction of the dilatometer. The apparatus is calibrated against published data on the linear thermal expansion of both fused silica and polycrystalline tungsten metal. It can be operated either as a high-vacuum or as a controlled-atmosphere apparatus. Recording of data is either fully automatic or manual. The percentage error is believed to be no greater than plus or minus 0.1 to 0.2%. Original data for linear thermal expansion of materials such as hot-pressed BeO, hafnium-free ZrC/sub 2/, zirconium-free HfO/sub 2/, INOR-8 alloy, siliconized silicon carbide, uranium dioxide, compositions of Be + BeO, and samples of CS 312 graphite, boron nitride, and tungsten metal. (auth)
Ferrocene-Appended Cyclodextrins. The Effects of Temperature, Organic Solvent, Length of Spacer, and Cavity Size on the Complexation Behavior (1993)

Abstract Inclusion phenomena of cyclodextrins (CyDs) bearing a ferrocene moiety, 1—4, which have different cavity sizes and spacer lengths, were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in pure ethylene glycol (EG) and 20% EG aqueous solution. β-CyD derivatives, 1 and 3, and a γ-CyD derivative, 4, form intramolecular complexes, including the ferrocene moiety in the CyD cavity with orientation similar to that in corresponding native CyD–ferrocene complexes, while another γ-CyD derivative, 2, which has no spacer alkyl chain, takes various conformations. The host–guest binding constants of 1—4 for several guests revealed that the ferrocene moiety of 1—4 depresses the guest binding, acting as an intramolecular inhibitor in guest binding. In particular, the depression was remarkable for 3 and 4 and the spacer alkyl chain was suggested to stabilize the intramolecular complexes. The ferrocene modified CyDs exhibit similar trends in guest selectivity to those of native CyDs. The effects of EG content on the binding constants of 1 and 2 revealed that hydrophobic effect operated in the guest accommodation. Thermodynamic parameters for the binding processes of 1 and 2 for 1-adamantanol were obtained from the temperature variations in binding constants, the values being −21.9 kJ mol−1 for ΔH° and 2.76 J mol−1 K−1 for ΔS° for 1 and −25.1 kJ mol−1 for ΔH° and −36.1 J mol−1 K−1 for ΔS° for 2. These values indicated that the complexation of 1 and 2 for 1-adamantanol was governed both by hydrophobic effect and van der Waals interaction, and the latter was especially important in the case of 1 and 1-adamantanol.
Evidence that the major oxysterols in human circulation originate from distinct pools of cholesterol: a stable isotope study (2001)

The major oxysterols in human circulation are 7 alpha-, 27-, and (24S)-hydroxycholesterol. Two unique experiments were performed to elucidate their origin and kinetics. A volunteer was exposed to (18)O(2)-enriched air. A rapid incorporation of (18)O in both 7 alpha- and 27-hydroxycholesterol and disappearance of label after exposure were observed. The half-life was estimated to be less than 1 h. Incorporation of (18)O in (24S)-hydroxycholesterol was not significant. In the second experiment a volunteer was infused with liposomes containing 10 g of [(2)H(6)]cholesterol. This resulted in an enrichment of plasma cholesterol with (2)H of up to 13%, and less than 0.5% in cerebrospinal fluid cholesterol. The content of (2)H in circulating 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol remained approximately equal to that of plasma cholesterol and decreased with a half-life of about 13 days. The (2)H content of circulating 27-hydroxycholesterol was initially lower than that of cholesterol but in the last phase of the experiment it exceeded that of cholesterol. No significant incorporation of (2)H in (24S)-hydroxycholesterol was observed. It is evident that 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol must originate from a rapidly miscible pool, about 80% of 27-hydroxycholesterol from a more slowly exchangeable pool, and more than 90% of (24S)-hydroxycholesterol from a nonexchangeable pool, presumably the brain. The results are discussed in relation to the role of oxysterols in cholesterol homeostasis and their use as markers for pathological conditions. - Meaney, S., M. Hassan, A. Sakinis, D. Lütjohann, K. von Bergmann, A. Wennmalm, U. Diczfalusy, and I. Björkhem. Evidence that the major oxysterols in human circulation originate from distinct pools of cholesterol: a stable isotope study. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 70;-78.
Design and VLSI implementation of mod-127 multiplier using cellular automaton-based data compression techniques (1991)

A new technique for the design and VLSI implementation of a mod-127 multiplier based on two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) is presented in this paper using two-micrometre CMOS design rules. This technique uses the data compression capabilities of CA, which arise due to the availability of symmetrical global states, to reduce the silicon area required for these modulo arithmetic units by about 90%. The reduction in silicon area is achieved by using two identical triangular CA, each comprising 15 cells and an overflow bit, which are subjected to specific initial and boundary conditions. Encoding and decoding is performed on-chip and the complexity of the latter is significantly reduced by observing only a few critical cells that provide the signature for ascertaining the states of the CA. The silicon area occupied by the chip is 2.4 × 2.2 mm2 and it can operate with a clock frequency of 25 MHz with calculations requiring between 1 and 126 clock cycles to perform. VLSI complexity of the new approach is also compared with that of conventional ones. The paper has demonstrated the flexibility of the CA array architecture, in terms of modularity and parallelism, which is particularly well suited to implementation using VLSI.
Unraveling the Genetics of Human Obesity (2006)

The use of modern molecular biology tools in deciphering the perturbed biochemistry and physiology underlying the obese state has proven invaluable. Identifying the hypothalamic leptin/melanocortin pathway as critical in many cases of monogenic obesity has permitted targeted, hypothesis-driven experiments to be performed, and has implicated new candidates as causative for previously uncharacterized clinical cases of obesity. Meanwhile, the effects of mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene, for which the obese phenotype varies in the degree of severity among individuals, are now thought to be influenced by one's environmental surroundings. Molecular approaches have revealed that syndromes (Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl) previously assumed to be controlled by a single gene are, conversely, regulated by multiple elements. Finally, the application of comprehensive profiling technologies coupled with creative statistical analyses has revealed that interactions between genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the common obesity currently challenging many Westernized societies. As such, an improved understanding of the different "types" of obesity not only permits the development of potential therapies, but also proposes novel and often unexpected directions in deciphering the dysfunctional state of obesity.
Paired NK cell receptors controlling NK cytotoxicity (2010)

Human natural killer (NK) cells possess an arsenal of receptors programmed to regulate the NK cell functions, once encountering a target cell. In general, the activating receptors mediate cytotoxicity when engaged by their tumor specific, stress induced, virally encoded, or rarely, self ligands. Whereas, the inhibitory receptors bind self molecules, mostly MHC class I, presented on all normal and healthy nucleated cells. However, NK cells also possess numerous, highly homologous, pairs of receptors that sometimes even share the same ligands but display divergent functions. In this review we describe the NK cell repertoire of paired receptors and discuss questions regarding their function and mode of action. We focus primarily on the three PVR-binding receptors; the co-stimulatory DNAM1 and CD96 and the inhibitory TIGIT.
A Small Family of <i>MYB</i> -Regulatory Genes Controls Floral Pigmentation Intensity and Patterning in the Genus <i>Antirrhinum</i> (2006)

The Rosea1, Rosea2, and Venosa genes encode MYB-related transcription factors active in the flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Analysis of mutant phenotypes shows that these genes control the intensity and pattern of magenta anthocyanin pigmentation in flowers. Despite the structural similarity of these regulatory proteins, they influence the expression of target genes encoding the enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthesis with different specificities. Consequently, they are not equivalent biochemically in their activities. Different species of the genus Antirrhinum, native to Spain and Portugal, show striking differences in their patterns and intensities of floral pigmentation. Differences in anthocyanin pigmentation between at least six species are attributable to variations in the activity of the Rosea and Venosa loci. Set in the context of our understanding of the regulation of anthocyanin production in other genera, the activity of MYB-related genes is probably a primary cause of natural variation in anthocyanin pigmentation in plants.
The Evolution of a Spiral Galaxy : The Galaxy (1991)

The evolution of the Galaxy is examined by the halo-disk model, using the time-dependent bimodal IMF and contraints such as cumulative metallicity distribution, differential metallicity distribution and PDMF of main sequence stars. The time scale of the Galactic halo formation is about 3Gyr during which the most of halo stars and metal abundance are formed and of the initial halo mass falls to the disk. The G-dwarf problem could be explained by the time-dependent bimodal IMF which is suppressed for low mass stars at the early phase (t The observational distribution of abundance ratios of C, N, O elements with respect to [Fe/H] could be reproduced by the halo-disk model, including the contribution of iron product by SNIs of intermediate mass stars. The initial enrichment of elements in the disk could be explained by the halo-disk model, resulting in the slight decrease and then the increase in the slopes of the [N/Fe]- and [C/Fe]-distributions with increasing [Fe/H] in the range of [Fe/H]
Efficacy and safety of dietary supplements containing CLA for the treatment of obesity (2003)

Dietary supplements containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are widely promoted as weight loss agents available over the counter and via the Internet. In this review, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of CLA supplementation based on peer-reviewed published results from randomized, placebo-controlled, human intervention trials lasting more than 4 weeks. We also review findings from experimental studies in animals and studies performed in vitro. CLA appears to produce loss of fat mass and increase of lean tissue mass in rodents, but the results from 13 randomized, controlled, short-term (<6 months) trials in humans find little evidence to support that CLA reduces body weight or promotes repartitioning of body fat and fat-free mass in man. However, there is increasing evidence from mice and human studies that the CLA isomer trans-10, cis-12 may produce liver hypertrophy and insulin resistance via a redistribution of fat deposition that resembles lipodystrophy. CLA also decreases the fat content of both human and bovine milk. In conclusion, although CLA appears to attenuate increases in body weight and body fat in several animal models, CLA isomers sold as dietary supplements are not effective as weight loss agents in humans and may actually have adverse effects on human health.
Risk management in customs : benefits of customs reform - the evidence from Albania (2015)

Research into the economic impact of a customs reform in Albania shows the promise of the broader trade facilitation reform efforts that are gaining momentum in developing countries worldwide. The research summarized in this note finds that significantly reduced rates of physical inspection of import shipments in Albania reduced the length and variability of customs clearance times and increased import flows. Moreover, the reforms induced changes in the composition of trade and favored imports from preferential trading partners in the European Union.
Detection of exhaled hydrogen sulphide gas in healthy human volunteers during intravenous administration of sodium sulphide (2010)

Exhaled H(2)S represents a detectable route of elimination after parenteral administration of Na(2)S.
Benzylideneacetone Derivatives Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis and Activate Osteoblastogenesis Independently Based on Specific Structure–Activity Relationship (2019)

(<i>E</i>)-3,4-Dihydroxybenzylideneacetone (compound <b>1</b>) inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis of C57BL/6 bone marrow monocyte/macrophages with IC<sub>50</sub> of 7.8 μM (IC<sub>50</sub> of alendronate, 3.7 μM) while stimulating the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, accompanied by the induction of Runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. (<i>E</i>)-4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (compound <b>2c</b>) showed a dramatically increased osteoclast-inhibitory potency with IC<sub>50</sub> of 0.11 μM while sustaining osteoblast-stimulatory activity. (<i>E</i>)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (compound <b>2g</b>) stimulated alkaline phosphatase production 2-fold at 50 μM without changing osteoclast-inhibitory activity, compared with compound <b>1</b>. Oral administration of compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2c</b>, and <b>2g</b> prevented ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in ddY mice to a degree proportional to their osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory potencies. The administration of 1 (mg/kg)/d compound <b>2c</b> ameliorated histomorphometry of osteoporotic bone to a degree comparable with 10 (mg/kg)/d alendronate. Conclusively, the in vitro capacity of a few benzylideneacetone derivatives to inhibit osteoclastogenesis supported by independent osteoblastogenesis activation was convincingly reflected in in vivo management of osteoporosis, suggesting a potential novel therapeutics for osteopenic diseases.
Towards a Vaccine Against Rheumatic Fever (2006)

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an autoimmune disease which affects more than 20 million children in developing countries. It is triggered by Streptococcus pyogenes throat infection in untreated susceptible individuals. Carditis, the most serious manifestation of the disease, leads to severe and permanent valvular lesions, causing chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD). We have been studying the mechanisms leading to pathological autoimmunity in RF/RHD for the last 15 years. Our studies allowed us a better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of RHD, paving the way for the development of a safe vaccine for a post-infection autoimmune disease. We have focused on the search for protective T and B cell epitopes by testing 620 human blood samples against overlapping peptides spanning 99 residues of the C-terminal portion of the M protein, differing by one amino acid residue. We identified T and B cell epitopes with 22 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively. Although these epitopes were from different regions of the C-terminal portion of the M protein, they showed an identical core of 16 amino acid residues. Antibodies against the B cell epitope inhibited bacterial invasion/adhesion in vitro. Our results strongly indicated that the selected T and B cell epitopes could potentially be protective against S. pyogenes.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylic acid (2008)

By means of adjusting the pH value of reaction system,poly(acrylic-acid) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization,whose molecular weight was measured by viscosity method.The results showed that the pH value imposes a great influence on the validity of this method and molecular weight of poly(acrylic acid).
Tex: The Program (1985)

The Tex: The Program is the second in a five-volume series on Computers and Typesetting, all authored by Donald E. Knuth.
Fast and Simple Mixture of Softmaxes with BPE and Hybrid-LightRNN for Language Generation (2018)

Mixture of Softmaxes (MoS) has been shown to be effective at addressing the expressiveness limitation of Softmax-based models. Despite the known advantage, MoS is practically sealed by its large consumption of memory and computational time due to the need of computing multiple Softmaxes. In this work, we set out to unleash the power of MoS in practical applications by investigating improved word coding schemes, which could effectively reduce the vocabulary size and hence relieve the memory and computation burden. We show both BPE and our proposed Hybrid-LightRNN lead to improved encoding mechanisms that can halve the time and memory consumption of MoS without performance losses. With MoS, we achieve an improvement of 1.5 BLEU scores on IWSLT 2014 German-to-English corpus and an improvement of 0.76 CIDEr score on image captioning. Moreover, on the larger WMT 2014 machine translation dataset, our MoS-boosted Transformer yields 29.5 BLEU score for English-to-German and 42.1 BLEU score for English-to-French, outperforming the single-Softmax Transformer by 0.8 and 0.4 BLEU scores respectively and achieving the state-of-the-art result on WMT 2014 English-to-German task.
Merkle Hash Tree based Techniques for Data Integrity of Outsourced Data (2015)

One of the problems associated with outsourcing data to cloud service providers is the data integrity of outsourced data. In this paper we present data integrity techniques for the outsourced data. Data integrity encompasses the completeness, correctness and freshness of the data. This paper focuses on the Merkle Hash Tree based data integrity techniques. It also presents the techniques for storage and retrieval of Merkle Hash Tree based authentication data to and from cloud data service provider. Critical analysis of the Radix Path Identifiers, a technique for storage of Merkle Hash Trees in the databases, is presented in this paper.
Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry (2010)

Graphene, as the fundamental 2D carbon structure with exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, has emerged as a rapidly rising star in the field of material science. Its sudden discovery in 2004 led to an explosion of interest in the study of graphene with respect to its unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, opening up a new research area for materials science and condensed-matter physics, and aiming for wide-ranging and diversified technological applications. In this critical review, we will describe recent advances in the development of graphene-based materials from the standpoint of electrochemistry. To begin with, electron transfer properties of graphene will be discussed, involving its unusual electronic structure, extraordinary electronic properties and fascinating electron transport. The next major section deals with the exciting progress related to graphene-based materials in electrochemistry since 2004, including electrochemical sensing, electrochemiluminescence, electrocatalysis, electrochemical energy conversion and FET devices. Finally, prospects and further developments in this exciting field of graphene-based materials are also suggested (224 references).
<i>Ab Initio</i> Calculations of Intrinsic Defects in Rutile TiO <sub>2</sub> (2005)

This paper presents the results of density functional theory calculations of the defect formation enthalpies of Frenkel and Schottky defects in rutile TiO 2 . The calculations are performed within the generalized gradient, supercell, and pseudopotential approximations and predict that Frenkel defects are more energetically favorable in TiO 2 than Schottky defects. The calculations also indicate that both Frenkel and Schottky defects prefer to cluster together rather than spread out across the unit cell. Possible diffusion routes for interstitial Ti atoms are investigated and strong anisotropy in interstitial diffusion in TiO 2 is supported by the results.
Preterm Birth and Periodontal Disease (2006)

Preterm births (those occurring before 37 weeks of gestation) make up 12.5% of births in the United States. They account for 70% of perinatal deaths and nearly half of all long-term neurologic complications — the most important adverse outcomes of pregnancy.1 The earliest preterm births account for a disproportionate number of such adverse outcomes. Over the past several decades, despite extensive research and intensive medical and public health efforts, the rate of preterm birth has risen. Preterm birth may follow spontaneous preterm labor (in 50% of cases), membrane rupture (in 25% of cases), or the induction of labor or cesarean . . .
Ammonia synthesis at low temperatures (2000)

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of reaction paths and energies for the industrial and the biological catalytic ammonia synthesis processes are compared. The industrial catalyst is modeled by a ruthenium surface, while the active part of the enzyme is modeled by a MoFe6S9 complex. In contrast to the biological process, the industrial process requires high temperatures and pressures to proceed, and an explanation of this important difference is discussed. The possibility of a metal surface catalyzed process running at low temperatures and pressures is addressed, and DFT calculations have been carried out to evaluate its feasibility. The calculations suggest that it might be possible to catalytically produce ammonia from molecular nitrogen at low temperatures and pressures, in particular if energy is fed into the process electrochemically.
Coordinate Attention for Efficient Mobile Network Design (2021)

Recent studies on mobile network design have demonstrated the remarkable effectiveness of channel attention (e.g., the Squeeze-and-Excitation attention) for lifting model performance, but they generally neglect the positional information, which is important for generating spatially selective attention maps. In this paper, we propose a novel attention mechanism for mobile networks by embedding positional information into channel attention, which we call "coordinate attention". Unlike channel attention that transforms a feature tensor to a single feature vector via 2D global pooling, the coordinate attention factorizes channel attention into two 1D feature encoding processes that aggregate features along the two spatial directions, respectively. In this way, long-range dependencies can be captured along one spatial direction and meanwhile precise positional information can be preserved along the other spatial direction. The resulting feature maps are then encoded separately into a pair of direction-aware and position-sensitive attention maps that can be complementarily applied to the input feature map to augment the representations of the objects of interest. Our coordinate attention is simple and can be flexibly plugged into classic mobile networks, such as MobileNetV2, MobileNeXt, and EfficientNet with nearly no computational overhead. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our coordinate attention is not only beneficial to ImageNet classification but more interestingly, behaves better in down-stream tasks, such as object detection and semantic segmentation. Code is available at https://github.com/Andrew-Qibin/CoordAttention.