gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dependence of electron mobility on spatial separation of electrons and donors in Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As/GaAs heterostructures (1981)

Single-period modulation doped A1xGa1−x As/GaAs heterojunctions have been prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Heterojunctions with a Si-doped A1xGa1−x As layer grown on an unintentionally doped GaAs layer have exhibited enhanced mobility at 78 ° and 300 °K. The A1xGa1−x As, grown with x = 0.25 or x = 0.33, was doped to a level ND?3×1017 cm−3 resulting in a sheet-charge density of about 8×1011 cm−2. Maximum mobilities of 74 200 cm2/V s at 78 °K and 6930 cm2/V s at 300 °K were observed in different structures. This represents an improvement of more than a factor of 2 over the best previously reported results at 78 °K. These structures, if used for normally off and/or psuedonormally off FET channel layers in high-speed integrated circuits, can provide improved performance. These extremely high mobilities can lead to a power delay product improvement of about a factor of 2 at room temperature and a factor of more than 12 at liquid-nitrogen temperature as compared to conventional structures. This increase in mobility is the result of the virtual elimination of electron scattering by spacially separating the donors from the heterojunction interface.
In situ generation of indium catalysts to grow crystalline silicon nanowires at low temperature on ITO (2008)

In situ generation of indium catalyst droplets and subsequent growth of crystalline silicon nanowires on ITO by plasma-enhanced CVD are reported, and the wurtzite (Si–IV) phase is clearly evidenced in some wires.
The Quantification of Endurance Training Programs (1973)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, AND DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, BOWMAN GRAY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, WINSTON-SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA
Reduced complexity sequence detection for nonminimum phase intersymbol interference channels (1997)

Controlled intersymbol interference may be used to design bandwidth efficient coded modulation schemes. The performance of the optimum receiver depends only on the free distance of the code and is independent of its phase. Large reductions in receiver complexity are obtained by using reduced search detection techniques like the M-algorithm (MA). However, we show that MA detector performance depends critically on phase, and is characterized by the partial energy of the encoder or channel. The minimum phase encoder needs by far the least detector searching. We propose modifications to the receiver, so that the reduced search can operate on all nonminimum phase channels at this same low complexity.
Photodynamic therapy in dermatology – an update (2005)

Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality which has mainly shown to be effective for dermatooncologic conditions like actinic keratoses (AK), Bowen's disease, in situ squamous cell carcinoma and superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, a therapeutical benefit of PDT is also evident for inflammatory dermatoses like localized scleroderma, acne vulgaris and granuloma annulare. Recent work has been focused on the development and evaluation of topical photosensitizers like the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or its methyl ester (methyl aminolevulinate) inducing photosensitizing porphyrins. These drugs do not induce strong generalized cutaneous photosensitization like the systemically applied porphyrins or their derivatives. For dermatological purposes, incoherent lamps or light-emitting diode arrays can be used for light activation. Depending on the applied light dose and the concentration of the photosensitizer either cytotoxic effects resulting in tumor destruction or immunomodulatory effects improving the inflammatory conditions occur. Treating superficial oncologic lesions (tumor thickness <2-3 mm) cure rates achieved by PDT are equal to the cure rates of the respective standard therapeutic procedure. The benefits of PDT are the low level of invasiveness and the excellent cosmetic results after treatment.
Enhanced diffusion in ion implanted silicon (1970)

Abstract Concentration profiles of 20 keV ion implanted antimony into silicon single crystals are measured by radio-activation analysis and the enhanced diffusion of antimony is observed. The concentration profiles and the diffusion coefficient of antimony are found to be independent of temperature over the range between 500 and 800°C during ion implantation. The enhancement of diffusion during annealing after room temperature ion implantation is the same as that during high temperature ion implantation. The diffusion coefficient is estimated to be 1.1 × 10−15 cm2/sec for diffusion during high temperature ion implantation and that during annealing after room temperature ion implantation. The measured concentration profiles agree very well with the calculated concentration profiles. These results are explained on the basis of a vacancy mechanism.
Soluble forms of the interleukin-6 signal-transducing receptor component gp130 in human serum possessing a potential to inhibit signals through membrane-anchored gp130 (1993)

The interleukin-6 (IL-6) signal is transduced through membrane-anchored gp130, which is associated with IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in the presence of IL-6. Soluble forms of gp130 (sgp130) with molecular weights of 90 and 110 Kd were found in human serum. In the presence of recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6), serum sgp130 were capable of associating with serum sIL-6R. By the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, healthy human sera was shown to contain 390 +/- 72 ng/mL of sgp130. A mouse pro-B-cell line-derived transfectant, BAF-130, expressing human gp130 was used to examine the function of serum sgp130. When supplemented with rIL-6, human serum induced DNA synthesis in BAF-130 cells, whereas the serum deprived of sIL-6R did not. In contrast, the DNA synthesis induced in BAF-130 cells by rIL-6-supplemented serum was increased when the serum was deprived of sgp130. These results indicated that serum sgp130 could negatively regulate the IL-6 signal. Recently, gp130 has been shown to be involved in the signaling processes of oncostatin M, leukemia inhibitory factor, and ciliary neurotropic factor, in addition to those of IL-6. Recombinant sgp130 showed inhibitory effect on the biologic function of such cytokines. This work implies physiologic roles of naturally produced serum sgp130 in modulating signals through gp130.
Expanding the Scope and Orthogonality of PNA Synthesis (2008)

Abstract Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) hybridize to natural oligonucleotides according to Watson and Crick base‐pairing rules. The robustness of PNA oligomers and ease of synthesis have made them an attractive platform to encode small or macromolecules for microarraying purposes and other applications based on programmable self assembly. A cornerstone of these endeavors is the orthogonality of PNA synthesis with other chemistries. Herein, we present a thorough investigation of six types of protecting groups for the terminal nitrogen atom (Alloc, Teoc, 4‐N 3 Cbz, Fmoc, 4‐OTBSCbz, and Azoc) and five protecting groups on the nucleobases (Cl‐Bhoc, F‐Bhoc, Teoc, 4‐OMeCbz, and Boc). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Association of nonsyndromic Wilms tumor with premature centromere division (PCD) (2002)

Wilms tumor was discovered in a 22-month-old otherwise healthy girl. Her pretreatment karyotype proved to be normal 46,XX with total premature division (PCD) in 21% of her lymphocyte mitoses. This phenomenon was not seen in the parents. PCD was found in less than 4% of lymphocyte mitoses of five other children with Wilms tumor. The individual finding provides further evidence for a relation of PCD to tumorigenesis; however, elucidation of the question needs further systematic studies.
A low dropout regulator for SoC with high power supply rejection and low quiescent current (2009)

A CMOS low dropout regulator (LDR) with high power supply rejection (PSR) and without large output capacitor is proposed for system-on-chip (SoC) power management applications. By cascoding a power NMOS with the PMOS pass transistor, high PSR over a wide frequency range is achieved. The gate drive of the cascode NMOS is controlled by an auxiliary LDR that draws only 1μA from a small charge pump, leading to a very low quiescent current. A prototype LDR is fabricated using a standard 0.35μm CMOS process, occupying an active area of 0.066mm<sup>2</sup>. The input is 1.6V and the output is 1.2V with a maximum load current of 10mA. The measured worst-case PSR at full load without using large output capacitor is -22.7dB up to 60MHz. The line and load regulations are 0.25mV/V and 0.32mV/mA respectively.
Analysis and Optimization of a Regional Blood Bank Distribution Process (1972)

Using data collected by an automated blood inventory and information system, an in‐depth description of the functioning of a 31‐hospital regional blood bank system for a 10‐month period is presented. A total of 43,514 units of blood were included in this analysis. The following factors which affect the blood distribution process were studied: (1) recycling of blood units; (2) blood types; and (3) hospital inventory levels. It was found that blood recycling allows management flexibility and apparently is important in reducing blood outdating. It was shown that rare blood types are utilized differently from other types and consequently require special management practices for effective use. Ordering and recycling in the system differed greatly from hospital to hospital. The ratio of average daily inventory/average daily transfusions, was used to evaluate efficiency of hospital blood banks. In addition to analyzing those factors associated with the blood distribution process in a regional system, this study demonstrated types of information that can be derived from an automated data acquisition system.
Robust estimation of mean Doppler frequency for the measurement of average wind velocity in a weather radar (2002)

In a Doppler weather radar, high resolution windspeed profile measurements are needed to provide reliable detection of a hazardous weather condition. For this purpose, the pulse pair method is generally considered to be the most efficient estimator. However, this estimator has some bias errors due to nonsymmetric spectra and may yield meaningless results in the case of a multimodal return spectrum. The bias errors were analyzed and an improved method was suggested to reduce these errors. For the case of a multimodal or seriously skewed spectrum, the modes of the spectrum may provide more reliable information than the statistical mean. Therefore, the idea of a relatively simple mode estimator is also developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multilayer film substrates with 30 μm vias for MCM applications (2002)

Recently, a new technology for the production of flexible multilayer substrates was been (Fach et al, Proc. FLEXCON, 1997). In this technology, multilayer circuits were fabricated on ceramic or glass substrates (6/spl times/6 inch) by using conventional thin film techniques. After finishing the multilayer structure, the layer stacks were removed from the reusable rigid carrier substrate by a previously deposited separation layer without applying force. This results in highly flexible foil-like objects with excellent mechanical and electrical properties. It is also possible to assemble and bond the components and to test the circuit while the film is still stuck to the rigid carrier substrate, avoiding the handling problems of conventional flexprints. The production steps for the multilayer substrates are largely compatible with those of known production processes for multichip modules (MCM-D). The unique combination of a flexible material with the properties of a MCM-D offers new applications in the broad field of electronic interconnect technologies, as well as in the worlds of sensors and microsystems. This paper is focused on the use of the new multilayer film substrates in multichip modules.
New travelling-wave electrode Mach-Zehnder optical modulator with 20 GHz bandwidth and 4.7 V driving voltage at 1.52 μm wavelength (1989)

A wideband and low-driving voltage Ti:LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder optical modulator of nearly 50 Ω characteristic impedance has been developed employing a shielded-phasevelocity-matching travelling-wave (TW) electrode. Both wide modulation bandwidth of 20 GHz (3 dB optical) and low driving voltage of 4.7 V were attained at 1.52 μm wavelength.
Binding of salivary agglutinin to IgA (2004)

SAG (salivary agglutinin), which is identical to gp-340 (glycoprotein-340) from the lung, is encoded by DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumours 1). It is a member of the SRCR (scavenger receptor cysteine-rich) superfamily and contains 14 SRCR domains, 13 of which are highly similar. SAG in saliva is partially complexed with IgA, which may be necessary for bacterial binding. The goal of the present study was to characterize the binding of purified SAG to IgA. SAG binds to a variety of proteins, including serum and secretory IgA, alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgGs originating from rabbit, goat, swine and mouse, and lactoferrin and albumin. Binding of IgA to SAG is calcium dependent and is inhibited by 0.5 M KCl, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are involved. Binding of IgA was destroyed after reduction of SAG, suggesting that the protein moiety is involved in binding. To pinpoint further the binding domain for IgA on SAG, a number of consensus-based peptides of the SRCR domains and SRCR interspersed domains were designed and synthesized. ELISA binding studies with IgA indicated that only one of the peptides tested, comprising amino acids 18-33 (QGRVEVLYRGSWGTVC) of the 109-amino-acid SRCR domain, exhibited binding to IgA. This domain is identical to the domain of SAG that is involved in binding to bacteria. Despite this similar binding site, IgA did not inhibit binding of Streptococcus mutans to SAG or peptide. These results show that the binding of IgA to SAG is specifically mediated by a peptide sequence on the SRCR domains.
Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS (2018)

Abstract Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of stable compounds widely used in diverse applications. These emerging contaminants have unique properties due to carbon–fluorine (C–F) bonds, which are some of the strongest bonds in chemistry. High energy is required to break C–F bonds, which results in this class of compounds being recalcitrant to many degradation processes. Many technologies studied that have shown treatment effectiveness for PFAS cannot be implemented in situ . Chemical oxidation is a demonstrated remediation technology for in situ treatment of a wide range of organic environmental contaminants. An overview of relevant literature is presented, summarizing the use of single or combined reagent chemical oxidation processes that offer insight into oxidation–reduction chemistries potentially capable of PFAS degradation. Based on the observations and results of these studies, bench‐scale treatability tests were designed and performed to establish optimal conditions for the formation of specific free radical species, including superoxide and sulfate radicals, via various combinations of oxidants, catalysts, pH buffers, and heat to assess PFAS treatment by chemical oxidants. The study also suggests the possible abiotic transformations of some PFAS when chemical oxidation is or was used for treatment of primary organic contaminants (e.g., petroleum or chlorinated organic compounds) at a site. The bench‐scale tests utilized field‐collected samples from a firefighter training area. Much of the available data related to chemical oxidation of PFAS has only been reported for one or both of the two more commonly discussed PFAS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and/or perfluorooctanoic acid). In contrast, this treatability study evaluates oxidation of a diverse list of PFAS analytes. The results of this study and published literature conclude that heat‐activated persulfate is the oxidation method with the best degradation of PFAS. Limited reduction of reported PFAS concentrations in this study was observed in many oxidation reactors; however, unknown mass of PFAS (such as precursors of perfluoroalkyl acids) that cannot be identified in a field collected sample complicated quantification of how much oxidative destruction of PFAS actually occurred.
Core-shell polymers from styrene and vinyl acetate for use as wood adhesives. (2000)

Techniques to produce core-shell morphology have been applied to the creation of poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions for use as wood adhesives. These strategies have been used to investigate the molecular origins of some of the shortcomings of poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives, and also to attempt to enhance the properties of these widely used adhesives. A model is presented to predict the incidence of particle formation, which was used to accurately predict that the polymerisation of vinyl acetate in the presence of large polystyrene seed particles would not be possible without the formation of secondary particles. Numerous attempts were made to reduce the incidence of secondary particle formation using the mechanistic basis of the model as a guide, without success. As a result, the inverse route to core-shell morphology was used to create the desired morphology. Microscopic characteristics that favoured the formation of particles containing one centrally located polystyrene core were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy techniques were developed to allow characterisation of the morphology produced in two-stage styrene-vinyl acetate polymerizations Latices having a range of morphologies, including the desired core-shell, were subjected to a range of physical tests to evaluate their performance as wood adhesives. The information gained from this testing was used to correlate performance between tests. The results have also been explained on the basis of microscopic structure.
Halothane modulation of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors: dependence on Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and ATP (2008)

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility is a genetic disorder of skeletal muscle associated with mutations in the ryanodine receptor isoform 1 (RyR1) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In MH-susceptible skeletal fibers, RyR1-mediated Ca(2+) release is highly sensitive to activation by the volatile anesthetic halothane. Indeed, studies with isolated RyR1 channels (using simple Cs(+) solutions) found that halothane selectively affects mutated but not wild-type RyR1 function. However, studies in skeletal fibers indicate that halothane can also activate wild-type RyR1-mediated Ca(2+) release. We hypothesized that endogenous RyR1 agonists (ATP, lumenal Ca(2+)) may increase RyR1 sensitivity to halothane. Consequently, we studied how these agonists affect halothane action on rabbit skeletal RyR1 reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. We found that cytosolic ATP is required for halothane-induced activation of the skeletal RyR1. Unlike RyR1, cardiac RyR2 (much less sensitive to ATP) responded to halothane even in the absence of this agonist. ATP-dependent halothane activation of RyR1 was enhanced by cytosolic Ca(2+) (channel agonist) and counteracted by Mg(2+) (channel inhibitor). Dantrolene, a muscle relaxant used to treat MH episodes, did not affect RyR1 or RyR2 basal activity and did not interfere with halothane-induced activation. Studies with skeletal SR microsomes confirmed that halothane-induced RyR1-mediated SR Ca(2+) release is enhanced by high ATP-low Mg(2+) in the cytosol and by increased SR Ca(2+) load. Thus, physiological or pathological processes that induce changes in cellular levels of these modulators could affect RyR1 sensitivity to halothane in skeletal fibers, including the outcome of halothane-induced contracture tests used to diagnose MH susceptibility.
Fluorescence Quenching-Based Assays for Hydrolyzing Enzymes. Application of Time-Resolved Fluorometry in Assays for Caspase, Helicase, and Phosphatase (2004)

We have developed assay technologies to measure hydrolyzing enzymes based on homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TruPoint). High sensitivity was obtained using fluorescent europium chelates as labels, internally quenched by suitable quenchers and released upon enzymatic reaction. This approach allows robust and sensitive monitoring of low enzyme activities. The assay technology and the choice of donor-acceptor pairs were evaluated in three different enzymatic assays, a protease related to apoptosis, helicase involved in DNA unwinding, and phosphatase having an important role in cellular signaling cascades. All the assays produced an increasing signal, were sensitive, and had a good dynamic range. There were significant differences in optimized quenchers for each of the assays depending on the size, flexibility, and rigidity of the substrates. Also, clear differences in the energy-transfer reactions, their requirements for spectral overlapping, ionic interactions, and energy-transfer distances were found. Each of the enzymatic assays was briefly tested in a high-throughput screening environment by analyzing signal dynamics and statistical relevance as Z' factors.
Subchronic Studies of Chlorotrifluorethylene (1989)

Abstract : A single application of CTFE (3.1 oil) to intact rabbit skin produced no signs of irritation, however, continued skin contact did produce a mild allergic response in guinea pigs. The fluid produced mild conjunctival redness in rabbit eyes one hour following application but this was resolved by 24 hours. It can be assumed that the fluid not be irritating to human skin but would be irritating upon accidental eye contact. Washing eyes immediately after contact does not preclude the transient irritating effects. Repeated inhalation of CTFE vapors and aerosol, 6 hrs/d, 5 d/wk, 90 d resulted in treatment-related depression of body weight gains throughout the study, particularly in the male rat groups. The depression in body weight gain of the treated male rats was greatest during the 22-71 day period. Alkaline phosphatase, AST, and ALT values examined at the conclusion of the study indicated a treatment-response effect in the male test rats but not in the female test rats. Relative kidney and liver weights of test male and female rats were significantly elevated when compared to the respective control groups. The primary target organ of CTFE was the liver. Gross liver hypertrophy and microscopic hepatocytomegaly were the principal manifestations of CTFE-induced hepatotoxicity. Dose-response data from these studies indicated the need for additional exposures at lower concentrations to identify a no-effect level.
A computing microphotometer for cell analyses (1955)

A scanning and printing computing microphotometer for analyses of large quantities of tissue cells and cell structures is described. One pertinent problem in quantitative cytology using microspectrography within some range of the spectrum, is the time it takes to obtain quantitative data on specific substances from many measurements on each cell and then to repeat them on many cells in order to get statistically significant results. Every problem on differentiation, cell growth or function involves this difficulty, when the specimen is a section through a number of cells. With the apparatus 12000 measurements can be made on an area 30 × 36 mm and the results are automatically computed and recorded in numbers point by point as they occur in the specimen. The area of the specimen covered by a single measurement is usually 3μ2, and an ultimate resolution of 1μ is possible. Due to a special control system every detail within the microscopic image can be localized and measured separately.