gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration (2006)

Critical-size bone defects usually require the insertion of autogenous bone graft to heal. Harvesting of bone is traumatic and results in high morbidity at the donor site. A potential alternative to bone graft may be a bone substitute with adequate biocompatibility and biological properties produced from ceramics or bioresorbable/biodegradable polymers. In the present study, new elastomeric biodegradable polyurethanes with an enhanced affinity toward cells and tissues were synthesized using aliphatic diisocyanate, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol, and biologically active 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-sorbitol (isosorbide diol) as chain extender. The polymers were processed into 3D porous scaffolds by applying a combined salt leaching-phase inverse process. The critical parameters controlling pore size and geometry were the solvents and nonsolvents used for scaffold preparation and the sizes of the solid porogen crystals. Scaffolds prepared from the polymer solution in solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide or methyl-2-pyrrolidone did not have a homogenous pore structure. Many pores were interconnected, but numerous pores were closed. Irrespective of the high pore-to-volume ratio (75%), the scaffolds showed poor water permeability. The best solvent for the preparation of scaffolds from the polyurethane used in the study was dimethylformamide (DMF). The type of nonsolvent admixed to the polymer solution in DMF strongly affected the scaffolds' pore structure. The elastomeric polyurethane scaffold prepared from the optimal solvent-nonsolvent mixture had regular interconnected pores, high water permeability, and a pore-to-volume ratio of 90%. The osteoconductive properties of the 3D porous polyurethane scaffolds can be additionally promoted by loading them with calcium phosphate salts such as hydroxyapatite or tricalcium phosphate, thus making them promising candidates for bone graft substitutes.
The Civil-military Fabric of Weimar Foreign Policy. By Gaines Post, Jr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. x, 398 pp. $16.00. (1974)

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Faraday isolators for high average power fundamental mode radiation (2010)

The basic principles of faraday isolation and thermal effects in the rod geometry under high power operation have been reviewed. The temperature dependency of the verdet-constant and the magnetization of NdFeB have been identified as the limiting factor of isolation ratio for an unchilled high power isolator device. The focal shift due to the isolator with rod-geometry is independent from beam diameter and strongly depending on beam quality. A highly compact isolator for unpolarized radiation up to 400 W fundamental mode for industrial application surrounding with minimal thermal lensing has been developed. At 400 W and 10-40 °C a transmission of 95-97 %, an isolation larger 20 dB, a thermal focus shift of less than 2 rayleigh ranges and a M<sup>2</sup> smaller than 1.2 have been achieved.
Lamb wave Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) validation study (2010)

Our group has been investigating the use of Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) for quantifying viscoelasticity of the myocardium. The primary aim of this study is the design and testing of viscoelastic materials suitable for validation of the Lamb wave model in the heart. The Lamb wave SDUV method was used to measure shear wave velocity dispersion of gelatin and urethane rubber plates in the range 40-500 Hz and estimate the material properties. A finite element model (FEM) of a viscoelastic plate submerged in water was used to study the appropriateness of the Lamb wave dispersion equations. An embedded sphere method was used as an independent measurement of viscoelasticity. The FEM wave velocity dispersion data were in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Elasticity and viscosity of urethane and gelatin obtained using the Lamb wave SDUV and embedded sphere methods agree within one standard deviation.
Model-driven planning and monitoring of long-term software product line evolution (2013)

In order to increase the level of efficiency and automation, we propose a conceptual model and corresponding tool support to plan and manage the systematic evolution of software-intensive systems, in particular software product lines (SPL). We support planning on a high abstraction level using decision-making concepts like goals, options, criteria, and rationale. We extend earlier work by broadening the scope in two dimensions: 1) in time, supporting continuous planning over long periods of time and many releases, and 2) in space, supporting traces from high-level decisions down to the implementation. We present a metamodel which allows to represent these concepts, corresponding prototypical tool support, and a first example case using data extracted from an open-source project, Eclipse SWT.
Isolation of variant lymphoma cells with reduced growth requirements for extracellular calcium and magnesium and enhanced oncogenicity (1976)

By exposing an established cell line of malignant mouse lymphocytic cells (L5178Y) to a culture environment low in calcium and magnesium, we have isolated and maintained in continuous culture a variant population with reduced growth requirements for the cations. The variant cells are larger, have enhanced aggregability, tend to form dispersed colonies in semisolid medium, and have increased oncogenicity. Variants and their progenitors share similar morphology, maximum proliferative rate, and stability of phenotype. The significance of these findings is discussed and an analogy suggested between the selective influence of calcium and magnesium deprivation in vitro and the evolution of thymic dysplasias in divalent cation- deprived rodents.
Antibacterial Effect of Cysteine-Nitrosothiol and Possible Percursors Thereof (1974)

The postulated intermediate of nitrite-myoglobin reaction, cysteine-nitrosothiol, was prepared and its antibacterial effect was tested on Salmonella strains, Streptococcus faecium, and spores and vegetative cells of Clostridium sporogenes. Cysteine-nitrosothiol showed a higher inhibitory effect than nitrite. Preliminary results on the effect of simultaneous use of nitrite and cysteine on Clostridium sporogenes spores were also presented.
Improving the Health of the Global Poor (2002)

We analyzed the technical basis for a major global program to reduce disease among the poor. Effective interventions exist against the few diseases which most account for excess mortality among the poor. Achieving high coverage of effective interventions requires a well-functioning health system, as well as overcoming a set of financial and nonfinancial constraints. The annual incremental cost would be between $40 billion and $52 billion by 2015 in 83 low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. Such a program is feasible and would avoid millions of child, maternal, and adult deaths annually in poor countries.
Facile Preparation of 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and 3,7,10-Triheterocyclic [3.3.3]Propellane Ring Systems from 1,5-Diazacyclooctane 3,7-Derivatives<sup>1</sup> (1996)

The cyclodimerization of p-toluenesulfonamide and 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propene to prepare N,N'-bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-bis(methylene)-1,5-diazacyclooctane (1a) and its ozonation to the corresponding 3,7-dione 2a are reported. Unusual transannular cyclizations initiated by lithium aluminum hydride treatment or bromination of 1a and oxidative coupling of the dioxime derived from 2a are described. These reactions lead, respectively, to the following derivatives of the little-studied 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane ring system: 1,5-dimethyl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (5), N,N'-bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,5-bis(bromomethyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (8), and N,N'-bis(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,5-dinitro-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, (12). Acid-catalyzed hydration of 1a, in contrast, gives the expected 5-methyl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-1-ol (10). Reaction of the dibromide 8 with the nucleophiles, sodium sulfide, sodium oxide, and sodium p-toluenesulfonamide conveniently delivers the corresponding novel 3,7,10-triheterocyclic [3.3.3]propellanes.
Der Weg zu Fludelon: ein Tumortherapeutikum mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften (2005)

Abstract Ein Prinzip der Biosynthese von niedermolekularen Naturstoffen ist die Optimierung ihrer Fähigkeit, an bestimmte Proteine oder andere Zielmoleküle zu binden. Die Rahmenbedingungen, innerhalb derer ein zu synthetisierender Wirkstoff funktionieren muss, mögen letztlich ganz anders aussehen – dennoch kann der Einsatz solcher Naturstoffe als Leitsubstanzen zu einem signifikanten Vorsprung bei der Suche nach neuen, klinisch relevanten Wirkstoffen führen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir, wie die chemische Synthese zu wirksameren Epothilonderivaten führte und wie dies wiederum die Entwicklung neuer Synthesewege inspirierte. Dies demonstriert den Nutzen von zielgerichteten Totalsynthesen bei der Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen.
Noise measurements of series SQUID arrays (1993)

Series arrays of 50 gradiometer superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS) and 100 magnetometer SQUIDs have been fabricated using Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb junctions with a planarized all-refractory technology for superconductivity (PARTS), the white noise of these arrays has been measured. The individual devices are 50-pH, 2-hole and 100-pH, 1-hole SQUIDs with integrated single turn input coils, 1- mu m/sup 2/ and 0.5- mu m/sup 2/ junctions, and PtRh shunt resistors. The input coil inductance of 10 nH will effectively match with a wide bandwidth to miniature pick-up loop structures for various experiments. Ideally, the coupled energy sensitivity should remain constant as devices are added in series, while the output impedance rises to a level practical for direct coupling to room-temperature electronics. The output impedance of the arrays is 250-1000 Omega . The white noise was measured directly with an ultra low noise preamplifier at room temperature. The best result was Phi /sub N/=0.12 mu Phi /sub 0// square root Hz with a corresponding coupled energy sensitivity of 56 h.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Changes to the Intestinal Microbiome With Parenteral Nutrition (2015)

Parenteral nutrition (PN) dependence, while life sustaining, carries a significant risk of septic complications associated with epithelial barrier dysfunction and translocation of gut-derived microbiota. Increasing evidence suggests that PN-associated changes in the intestinal microbiota play a central role in the breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This review outlines the clinical and experimental evidence of epithelial barrier dysfunction with PN, the role of gut inflammatory dysregulation in driving this process, and the role of the intestinal microbiome in modulating inflammation in the gut and systemically. The article summarizes the most current work of our laboratory and others and describes many of the laboratory findings behind our current understanding of the PN enteral environment. Understanding the interaction between nutrient delivery, the intestinal microbiome, and PN-associated complications may lead to the development of novel therapies to enhance safety and quality of life for patients requiring PN.
Examination of the Interaction of Chitosan and Oil-in-Water Emulsions Under Conditions Simulating the Digestive System Using Confocal Microscopy (2008)

ABSTRACT Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer that has been used extensively in dietary supplements to reduce fat absorption in the fight against obesity. The mechanism of fat binding of chitosan is still not fully understood and has been the subject of controversy. This study was designed to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism by investigating the interaction of chitosan with oil-in-water emulsion droplets. Our results indicated that (0.1% w/w) chitosan adsorbed to a 20% w/w phosphatidylcholine-stabilized anionic primary emulsion to form a secondary cationic emulsion by electrostatic attraction forces under conditions resembling the stomach (pH 2). Bile salts (6 mM) were added to simulate secretion in the small intestine and pH increase. Bile salts adsorbed to the chitosan secondary emulsion, which resulted in aggregation of oil droplets followed by coalescence due to close packing of droplets. Increased viscosity (267–2531 cp) and increased degree of deacetylation (40–92% DDA) of chitosan enhanced emulsion breakdown. Increasing the pH to 7.5 without addition of bile salts yielded little aggregation. Pronounced aggregation is thought to decrease the accessibility of lipase to the oil resulting in lower bioavailability and reduced caloric intake. Understanding how chitosan interacts with oil droplets in the digestive tract is vital to developing a comprehensive model of the influence of chitosan on the bioavailability of dietary lipids. The information gained in this study may be useful for the interpretation and experimental design of animal and human feeding studies and for the rational design of chitosan-based functional foods for fat reduction. KEYWORDS: Chitosanconfogal microscopylipid interactionobesity This study was supported by the AVS R&D Fund of the Ministry of Fisheries in Iceland, the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (MAS 831 & 911), and NRI grants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (2005-33503 & 2005-01357). We also thank Primex (Siglufjordur, Iceland) for their support.
Top Comment or Flop Comment? Predicting and Explaining User Engagement in Online News Discussions (2020)

Comment sections below online news articles enjoy growing popularity among readers. However, the overwhelming number of comments makes it infeasible for the average news consumer to read all of them and hinders engaging discussions. Most platforms display comments in chronological order, which neglects that some of them are more relevant to users and are better conversation starters. In this paper, we systematically analyze user engagement in the form of the upvotes and replies that a comment receives. Based on comment texts, we train a model to distinguish comments that have either a high or low chance of receiving many upvotes and replies. Our evaluation on user comments from TheGuardian.com compares recurrent and convolutional neural network models, and a traditional feature-based classifier. Further, we investigate what makes some comments more engaging than others. To this end, we identify engagement triggers and arrange them in a taxonomy. Explanation methods for neural networks reveal which input words have the strongest influence on our model's predictions. In addition, we evaluate on a dataset of product reviews, which exhibit similar properties as user comments, such as featuring upvotes for helpfulness.
Energy balance and colon cancer--beyond physical activity. (1997)

Low levels of physical activity and high levels of energy intake and body mass have all been directly associated with colon cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine how physical inactivity interacts with other components of energy balance (energy intake and body mass) in determining colon cancer risk. Data were obtained from 2073 first primary cases of colon cancer and 2466 age- and sex-matched controls identified from 8 counties in Utah, the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, and the Twin Cities metropolitan area in Minnesota. Recent and lifetime physical activity was assessed by intensity of activities performed at home, leisure, and at work; energy intake was estimated from an extensive diet history questionnaire; and body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height at the time of interview and reported weight for the referent year. For both men and women, lack of lifetime vigorous leisure-time activity was associated with increased risk of colon cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.63 and 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26-2.12 for men and OR, 1.59 and 95% CI, 1.21-2.10 for women, comparing the lowest to highest level of activity]. There were no differences in risk associated with physical activity by tumor site within the colon or by age at diagnosis. High levels of energy intake were also associated with increased risk of colon cancer in men and women (OR, 1.74 and 95% CI, 1.14-2.67 for men and OR, 1.70 and 95% CI, 1.07-2.70 for women). A large BMI was more associated with increased risk in men (OR, 1.94 and 95% CI, 1.49-2.54) than in women (OR, 1.45 and 95% CI, 1.08-1.94). Those at greatest risk of colon cancer were those who had the most unfavorable energy balance in that they were physically inactive, had high energy intakes, and had a large BMI (OR, 3.35 and 95% CI, 2.09-5.35). However, when physical activity was high, having a high energy intake and large BMI resulted in a nonsignificant increased colon cancer risk (OR, 1.28 and 95% CI, 0.81-2.03). This pattern was consistent between the sexes, but there was some evidence that men may be at higher risk than women, especially older women, as a result of unfavorable energy balance. These results support previous findings that physical inactivity, high energy intake, and large body mass are associated with increased risk of developing colon cancer. However, energy balance as a whole seems to be associated with risk of colon cancer. These findings suggest systemic metabolic influences on carcinogenesis and have important implications for prevention.
Ergebnisse der Zweiguntersuchungen auf Schädlingseier tm niederelbischen Obstanbaugebiet und die sich daraus ergebenden Folgerungen für die Obstbaumspritzung (1952)

Im Obstanbaugebiet an der Niederelbe wurden 5 Jahre hindurch {von 1947 bis 1952) Zweigproben aus den Hofen der Obstbauern genommen und die Eiablagen von Psylla mali, Doralis pomi, Paratetranychus pilosus und Cheimatobia brumata ausgezahlt. Dabei konnte bei Psylla mali und Cheimatobia brumata eine deutliche Dauerwirkung der Winterspritzungen mit Gelbkarbolineen festgestellt werden. Das Gebiet ist heute so weit von diesen Schadlingen frei, das ihretwegen die Winterspritzung wegfallen konnte. Bei Doralis pomi ist die Dauerwirkung in den geschlossenen Betrieben des eigentlichen Alten Landes auch zu spuren, dagegen in Kehdingen und auf der Geest, wo Zuzug von anderen Geholzen aus moglich ist, nicht gegeben.
Eine deutliche Korrelation besteht zwischen der Sorgfalt der Winterspritzung· und der Vermehrung von Paratetranychus pilosus. Je grundlicher die Winterspritzung vorgenommen wird, was sich am besten am Ruckgang von Psylla mali feststellen last, desto starker tritt Paratetranychus pilosus auf. Ja, wo noch viel Blattsaugereier gezahlt werden, finden sich wenig Eier der Obstbaumspinnmilbe und umgekehrt. Damit konnte einwandfrei festgestellt werden, das die regelmasige Winterspritzung der Vermehrung der Obstbaumspinnmilbe nicht nur nicht Einhalt geboten, sondern im Gegenteil ihr Auftreten - wahrscheinlich durch Abtotung ihrer Feinde - direkt gefordert hat. Wo ahnliche Verhaltnisse herrschen, wird man sich also die weitere Beibehaltung der Winterspritzung mit teerol- und dinitrohaltigen Mitteln uberlegen mussen.
UNSUPERVISED AUTOMATED LEARNING-BASED SPATIO-TEMPORAL VEHICLE TRACKING AND INDEXING FOR TRANSPORTATION MULTIMEDIA DATABASE SYSTEM (2002)

In this paper a learning-based automatic framework is proposed to support the multimedia data indexing and querying of spatio-temporal relationships of vehicle objects in a traffic video sequence. The spatio-temporal relationships of vehicle objects are captured via the proposed unsupervised image/video segmentation method and object tracking algorithm, and modeled using a multimedia augmented transition network (MATN) model and multimedia input strings. An efficient and effective background learning and subtraction technique is employed to eliminate the complex background details in the traffic video frames. It substantially enhances the efficiency of the segmentation process and the accuracy of the segmentation results to enable more accurate video indexing and annotation. The paper uses a real-life traffic video sequence from a road intersection in the study experiments. The results show that the proposed framework is effective in automating data collection and access for complex traffic situations
The Original Michaelis Constant: Translation of the 1913 Michaelis–Menten Paper (2011)

Nearly 100 years ago Michaelis and Menten published their now classic paper [Michaelis, L., and Menten, M. L. (1913) Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung. Biochem. Z. 49, 333-369] in which they showed that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex predicted by the Michaelis-Menten equation. Because the original text was written in German yet is often quoted by English-speaking authors, we undertook a complete translation of the 1913 publication, which we provide as Supporting Information . Here we introduce the translation, describe the historical context of the work, and show a new analysis of the original data. In doing so, we uncovered several surprises that reveal an interesting glimpse into the early history of enzymology. In particular, our reanalysis of Michaelis and Menten's data using modern computational methods revealed an unanticipated rigor and precision in the original publication and uncovered a sophisticated, comprehensive analysis that has been overlooked in the century since their work was published. Michaelis and Menten not only analyzed initial velocity measurements but also fit their full time course data to the integrated form of the rate equations, including product inhibition, and derived a single global constant to represent all of their data. That constant was not the Michaelis constant, but rather V(max)/K(m), the specificity constant times the enzyme concentration (k(cat)/K(m) × E(0)).
V-Grooved Substrate Buried Heterostructure InGaAsP/lnP Laser Emitting at 1.3 µm Wavelength (1982)

Details of the fabrication, optimization of the dimensions of the active region, characteristics, and the aging results of the V-grooved substrate buried heterostructure (VSB) InGaAsP/InP laser are described. It is shown that the VSB laser can be fabricated in one-step epitaxy as well as two-step epitaxy. The active region width below 2.5 µm and the thickness of 0.15-0.2 µm are shown to give stable fundamental mode operation and good temperature characteristics. The fundamental mode operation up to the optical output of 20 mW/facet at 25°C and the CW operation above 100°C are obtained. The pulse response showed the strongly damped relaxation oscillation with a frequency as high as 4.5 GHz. The spectral width under the modulation of 400 Mbit/s RZ single is as narrow as 25 A in full width at half maximum. Highly stable aging characteristics at an elevated temperature of 50°C are obtained in both two-step epitaxy lasers and one-step epitaxy lasers.