gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing, Second Edition (2009)

A Comprehensive Guide to Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing
Thoroughly updated with cutting-edge technologies, this detailed resource offers proven methods for effectively evaluating, selecting, and implementing sensors and controls to ensure error-free manufacturing environments. Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing, Second Edition offers step-by-step guidance on applying sensors to measure product parameters, control manufacturing, develop precision manufacturing systems, and generate and control motion. Real-world examples are included throughout to demonstrate successful industrial applications. 
Coverage includes:
The latest sensor technologies, such as MEMS, photo-, bio-, nano-, and LED sensors Sensor classification and types, including photoelectric, inductive and capacitive proximity, confocal microscropy, and laser sensors Fiber optics in sensors and control systems Networking of sensors and control systems in manufacturing Sensors and control technology in computer-integrated manufacturing Advanced sensor technology in precision manufacturing applications Industrial sensors and control Sensors in flexible manufacturing systems Communications--indexing, transmission, and signal processing SpectRx(tm) sensing technology Manufacturing operation and control through financial planning

Table of contents
Chapter 1. Introduction – Traditional Sensors;Chapter 2. Establishing Sensors Strategy in Automated High Volume Production Environment; Chapter 3. Laser Sensors; Chapter 4. LED Sensing Technology; Chapter 5. Fiber Optics in Sensors and Control Systems; Chapter 6. Vision Sensing Technology in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Industries; Chapter 7. Networking of Sensors and Control Systems in Manufacturing; Chapter 8. The role of Sensors and Control Technology in Computer Integrated Manufacturing Technology; Chapter 9. Advanced Sensor Technology in Production Manufacturing Applications; Chapter 10. Medical and Biomedical Sensors; Chapter 11. Industrial Sensors and Control; Chapter 12. Sensors in Agile-Flexible Manufacturing Systems; Chapter 13. Communications; Chapter 14. Economic and Social Interest in Sensor Development and Manufacturing Business
Microwave Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System (2013)

In this paper, we present the concept of transmitting power without using wires i.e., transmitting power as microwaves from one place to another is in order to reduce the cost, transmission and distribution losses.This concept is known as Microwave Power transmission (MPT).We also discussed the technological developments in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) which are required for the improment .The components which are requiredfor the development of Microwave Power transmission(MPT)are also mentioned along with the performance when they are connected to various devices at different frequency levels .The advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and applications of WPT are also presented.
Modified expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase in human renal cell carcinoma (1999)

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a powerful tool to separate thousands of polypeptides and to highlight the modification of protein expression in malignant diseases. By applying 2-D PAGE to ten normal human kidney and ten homologous renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues, we found two peptides in all ten normal tissues but not in RCCs and, conversely, two peptides were detected in all RCCs but not in normal tissues. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and internal sequence analysis, the two first peptides were identified as two isoforms of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPxP). The two other peptides isolated in all RCCs but not in normal tissues were identified by N-terminal sequence analysis as multimeric forms of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). No multimeric Mn-SODs and only two monomeric forms were detected in normal tissues. GPxP and Mn-SOD are metallo-enzymes encoded on chromosome 5q32 and on chromosome 6p25, respectively. Their regions are within the locus 5q21 → qter and 6q21-6q27 on which deletions and translocations are described in some cytogenetic studies of RCC transformation. Therefore, our results might suggest a correlation between the modified expression of GPxP and Mn-SOD in tumor tissues and chromosomal modifications, and that the two proteins may be putative markers for diagnosis of RCC.*
How does your password measure up? the effect of strength meters on password creation (2012)

To help users create stronger text-based passwords, many web sites have deployed password meters that provide visual feedback on password strength. Although these meters are in wide use, their effects on the security and usability of passwords have not been well studied. We present a 2,931-subject study of password creation in the presence of 14 password meters. We found that meters with a variety of visual appearances led users to create longer passwords. However, significant increases in resistance to a password-cracking algorithm were only achieved using meters that scored passwords stringently. These stringent meters also led participants to include more digits, symbols, and uppercase letters. Password meters also affected the act of password creation. Participants who saw stringent meters spent longer creating their password and were more likely to change their password while entering it, yet they were also more likely to find the password meter annoying. However, the most stringent meter and those without visual bars caused participants to place less importance on satisfying the meter. Participants who saw more lenient meters tried to fill the meter and were averse to choosing passwords a meter deemed “bad ” or “poor. ” Our findings can serve as guidelines for administrators seeking to nudge users towards stronger passwords. 1
Upregulated expression of BCL-2 in multiple myeloma cells induced by exposure to doxorubicin, etoposide, and hydrogen peroxide (1996)

Enhanced expression of the antiapoptotic gene BCL-2 may participate in chemoresistance. To ascertain if multiple myeloma cells surviving exposure to chemotherapy alter their BCL-2 expression, we treated the myeloma cell lines 8226, IM-9, and U266 as well as a primary myeloma cell culture with various injurious agents. Doxorubicin, etoposide, and hydrogen peroxide consistently induced a concentration- and time- dependent upregulation of BCL-2 expression in all myeloma target cell types assayed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. In contrast, serum starvation, dexamethasone, and anti-fas antibodies had no effect on expression. Enhanced expression of BCL-2 was relatively selective as treatments had no effect on expression of Ig light chains, BCL-X, or actin. An reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay showed increased levels of BCL-2 RNA in 8226 cells as early as 4 hours after treatment with doxorubicin at a time when cell recoveries were not decreased. Thus, doxorubicin stimulates BCL-2 expression in individual 8226 cells rather than simply allowing a selected survival of high BCL- 2-expressing cells in culture. Doxorubicin-treated 8226 cells with upregulated BCL-2 expression were relatively resistant to a second exposure of doxorubicin. In addition, BCL-2-transfected IM-9 cells, with enhanced expression of BCL-2 which was comparable to that achieved by initial exposure to doxorubicin, were resistant to doxorubicin and etoposide cytotoxicity. These data suggest that exposure to chemotherapeutic agents may enhance BCL-2 expression in surviving myeloma cells and contribute to acquired chemoresistance.
Assessing the attack resilience capabilities of a fortified primary-backup system (2010)

Primary-Backup service replication does not constrain that the service be built as a deterministic state machine. It is meant to tolerate crashes, not intrusions. We consider an approach, called FORTRESS, for adding intrusion-resilience capability to a primary-backup server system. It involves using proxies that block clients from directly accessing servers, and periodically randomizing the executables of proxies and servers. We argue that proxies and proactive randomization can offer sound defense against attacks including de-randomization attacks. Using simulations, we then compare the attack resilience that FORTRESS adds to a primary-backup server system with that attainable through state machine replication (SMR) that is fit only for deterministic services. A significant observation is that FORTRESS emerges to be more resilient than an SMR system of four server replicas that are diversely randomized at the start and are subject to proactive recovery throughout.
Optical tolerances for the PICTURE-C mission: error budget for electric field conjugation, beam walk, surface scatter, and polarization aberration (2017)

The Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment - Coronagraph (PICTURE-C) mission will directly image debris disks and exozodiacal dust around nearby stars from a high-altitude balloon using a vector vortex coronagraph. Four leakage sources owing to the optical fabrication tolerances and optical coatings are: electric field conjugation (EFC) residuals, beam walk on the secondary and tertiary mirrors, optical surface scattering, and polarization aberration. Simulations and analysis of these four leakage sources for the PICTUREC optical design are presented here.
Chemical mechanical polish: The enabling technology (2008)

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has traditionally been considered an enabling technology. CMP was first used in the early 1990s for BEOL metallization to replanarize the wafer substrate thus enabling advanced lithography which was becoming ever more sensitive to wafer surface topography. Subsequent uses of CMP included density scaling via shallow trench isolation and interconnect formation via copper CMP. As silicon devices scale to 45 nm and beyond however, a large number of new uses of CMP are considered attractive options to enable new transistor technologies. These new uses will demand improved CMP performance (uniformity, topography, low defects) at lower cost which will in turn require breakthroughs in hardware, software, metrology and materials (slurry, pad, cleaning chemicals). This paper reviews the module level and integration challenges of applying traditional CMP steps to enable Hi-K metal gate for 45 nm technology and to advance Cu metallization from 65 nm to 45 nm node. These challenges are then considered with respect to new CMP applications considered for 32 nm and beyond.
Parametric Noise Injection: Trainable Randomness to Improve Deep Neural Network Robustness against Adversarial Attack (2018)

Recent development in the field of Deep Learning have exposed the underlying vulnerability of Deep Neural Network (DNN) against adversarial examples. In image classification, an adversarial example is a carefully modified image that is visually imperceptible to the original image but can cause DNN model to misclassify it. Training the network with Gaussian noise is an effective technique to perform model regularization, thus improving model robustness against input variation. Inspired by this classical method, we explore to utilize the regularization characteristic of noise injection to improve DNN's robustness against adversarial attack. In this work, we propose Parametric-Noise-Injection (PNI) which involves trainable Gaussian noise injection at each layer on either activation or weights through solving the min-max optimization problem, embedded with adversarial training. These parameters are trained explicitly to achieve improved robustness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that uses trainable noise injection to improve network robustness against adversarial attacks, rather than manually configuring the injected noise level through cross-validation. The extensive results show that our proposed PNI technique effectively improves the robustness against a variety of powerful white-box and black-box attacks such as PGD, C & W, FGSM, transferable attack and ZOO attack. Last but not the least, PNI method improves both clean- and perturbed-data accuracy in comparison to the state-of-the-art defense methods, which outperforms current unbroken PGD defense by 1.1 % and 6.8 % on clean test data and perturbed test data respectively using Resnet-20 architecture.
Photothermal optical modulation of ultra-compact hybrid Si-VO_2 ring resonators (2012)

We demonstrate photothermally induced optical switching of ultra-compact hybrid Si-VO₂ ring resonators. The devices consist of a sub-micron length ~70 nm thick patch of phase-changing VO₂ integrated onto silicon ring resonators as small as 1.5 μm in radius. The semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) of VO₂ is triggered using a 532 nm pump laser, while optical transmission is probed using a tunable cw laser near 1550 nm. We observe optical modulation greater than 10dB from modest quality-factor (~10³) resonances, as well as a large -1.26 nm change in resonant wavelength Δλ, resulting from the large change in the dielectric function of VO₂ in the insulator-to-metal transition achieved by optical pumping.
Beef Carcass Length and Yields of Boneless Retail Cuts (1973)

Weight and percent of boneless retail cuts from the round, rump, loin, rib and chuck were obtained from 100 beef carcasses that were selected to vary widely in carcass length. Three carcass length groups (short = 106 to 114 cm; intermediate = 114 to 122 cm and long = 122 to 130 cm) were identified. Carcass length was not significantly related to percent boneless retail cuts. Differences in the weight of boneless retail cuts between short, intermediate length and long carcasses were not significant when carcass weight was held constant. When fat thickness and conformation were simultaneously held constant, long carcasses were heavier in weight and, correspondingly, yielded higher (P < .05) weights of boneless retail cuts than short carcasses. Long and intermediate length carcasses had higher percents of boneless loin and total boneless retail cuts than short carcasses when carcass weight was held constant. When fat thickness and conformation were held constant, short and intermediate length carcasses had higher percents of boneless loin than long carcasses; and short carcasses had higher percents of boneless round than intermediate length and long carcasses. Carcass length was of very limited value in regression equations designed to predict either percent or weight of boneless retail cuts. It is possible that, among cattle of equivalent fatness and conformation, short carcasses have an advantage over long carcasses in proportionate yields of cuts from the hindquarter. However, these data suggest that selection for longer-bodied cattle will have little effect on the ultimate retail yield of beef carcasses.
Characterization of 4 K CMOS Devices and Circuits for Hybrid Josephson-CMOS Systems (2005)

Characterization and modeling of CMOS devices at 4.2 K are carried out in order to simulate low-temperature operation of CMOS circuits for Josephson-CMOS hybrid systems. CMOS devices examined in this study have been fabricated by using 0.18 /spl mu/m, 0.25 /spl mu/m, and 0.35 /spl mu/m commercial CMOS processes. Their static I-V characteristics and capacitances are measured at 4.2 K to establish the low-temperature device model based on the BSIM3 SPICE model. The propagation delays of CMOS inverters measured by using ring oscillators agree well with the simulation results. The experimental results indicate about 40% speedup from 300 K to 4.2 K. A three-transistor DRAM cell for a Josephson-CMOS hybrid memory is also investigated at low temperature. The temperature dependence of the retention time shows an exponential increase at low temperatures. Based on the low-temperature CMOS device model, we have developed short-delay CMOS amplifiers, which would amplify a 40 mV voltage input to CMOS voltage level with the propagation delay of about 100 ps, assuming the use of a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. We have measured the propagation delay of the CMOS amplifier by using a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) delay measurement system. This is a complete demonstration of the signal exchanges between SFQ and CMOS circuits at 4.2 K.
Process variation in silicon photonic devices (2013)

An array of passive silicon-on-insulator optical devices is laid out in repeating patterns on four foundry-fabricated wafers. The physical and optical characterization of these microrings, racetrack resonators, and directional couplers are found to exhibit significant variation in optical response. A device-heating experiment carried out on a number of different devices demonstrates that thermal effects are independent of the device's location on the wafer. An analysis of the variation of the optical responses of the room-temperature devices is used to determine the process variation. We find that if we form successive arrays of the values of a quantity of interest (the peak wavelength of a transfer function) at a single device at some point on the wafer, and then increase the size of the array by including the values of the devices at ever greater distances from the original, then the variance of the values of the successive arrays increases linearly with the linear extent of the sample. That is, the process variation exhibits "random walk" pattern with spatial extent. We express the process variation in units of variance per length and find that our measured values agree with others in the literature; that is, the process variation is approximately 1 nm2/cm.
Reduction of Physiological Stress Using Fractal Art and Architecture (2006)

The author reviews visual perception studies showing that fractal patterns possess an aesthetic quality based on their visual complexity. Specifically, people display an aesthetic preference for patterns with mid-range fractal dimensions, irrespective of the method used to generate them. The author builds upon these studies by presenting preliminary research indicating that mid-range fractals also affect the observer's physiological condition. The potential for incorporating these fractals into art and architecture as a novel approach to reducing stress is also discussed.
The Interface of Functional Biotribology and Regenerative Medicine in Synovial Joints (2008)

Biotribology is the science of biological surfaces in sliding contact encompassing the concepts of friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces. This bioscience field has emerged from the classical field of tribology and is of paramount importance to the normal function of numerous tissues, including articular cartilage, blood vessels, heart, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Surprisingly, relatively little attention has been given to the restoration of surface characteristics in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine-the science of design and manufacture of new tissues for the functional restoration of impaired or diseased organs that depend on inductive signals, responding stem cells, and extracellular matrix scaffolding. Analogous to ancient civilizations (c. 3000 B.C.) that introduced wheeled vehicles, sledges for transporting heavy blocks, and lubricants, modern biotribologists must aim to restore surface characteristics to regenerated tissues and develop novel biomaterials with optimal tribological properties. The objective of this article is to highlight the significance of functional biotribology in the physiology of body surfaces and provide a comprehensive overview of unresolved issues and controversies as it relates to regenerative medicine. Specific attention is placed on the molecular basis of lubrication, mechanical and biochemical regulation of lubricating molecules, and the need to study wear processes in articular cartilage, especially in light of degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis. Surface engineering of replacement tissues exhibiting low friction and high wear resistance is examined using articular cartilage as an illustrative model system.
Towards the design of a new humanoid robot for domestic applications (2014)

Robots that possess the ability to undertake everyday tasks in domestic environments have the potential to provide unprecedented independence to disabled and elderly people who are currently reliant on other people to do these jobs for them. In addition to the ability to perform basic tasks, it is desirable that such robots possess some form of social interface such that users can interact with them in a natural manner. While many robot platforms have been developed to perform everyday tasks, few systems possess high levels of mechanical efficiency, system stability, practical functionality and a dynamic social interface. This work presents the novel design of a humanoid robot that uses wheels for locomotion and the combination of an actuated stabilizer and a self-balancing control algorithm to maintain stability. To validate some of the basic concepts in this design, a full scale working prototype was built and its performance was tested. It was found that despite being the first prototype of its type, it was capable of robust locomotion in indoor environments and was capable of traversing small bumps with relative ease. It was also very efficient at picking up small items that from the ground.
An a-Si:H/a-Si,Ge:H bulk barrier phototransistor with a-SiC:H barrier enhancement layer for high-gain IR optical detector (1993)

The design and fabrication of a high-gain amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon germanium (a-Si:H/a-Si,Ge:H) bulk barrier phototransistor for infrared light detection applications are reported. The a-Si,Ge:H material featured a lower energy gap and is suitable for the absorption of longer wave light, but it also leads to a low breakdown voltage and high dark current. An additional a-SiC:H thin-film layer was used at the collector/base interface in the conventional amorphous bulk barrier phototransistor to enhance the function of the bulk barrier and obtain high optical gain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ANTI-DIARRHOEL EVALUATION OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA RHIZOME EXTRACT (1995)

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of methanolic extract of rhizomes of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (FINN) for its antidiarrhoeal potential against several experimental models of diarrhoea in rats. RNN treated animals showed significant inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea and inhibited significantly PGE, induced enteropooling in rats. It also showed significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility following charcoal meal in rats. The results obtained establish the efficacy of RNN as an antidiarrhoeal agent.
Cell-free translation and identification of the replicative form of Nudaurelia beta virus RNA (1991)

Larvae of the pine emperor moth, Nudaurelia cytherea capensis, infected with Nudaurelia beta virus (N beta V) consistently contained one species of dsRNA. This dsRNA was the correct size to be the replicative form of the N beta V genome and, in Northern blots, it hybridized with 32P-end-labelled virion RNA. Other smaller dsRNAs were obtained in a non-reproducible manner but these had no sequences in common with the genomic probe; no dsRNAs were observed in extracts from virus-free larvae. Cell-free translation of N beta V RNA resulted in the synthesis of only one major polypeptide, of Mr about 71,000, which could not be precipitated by an anti-N beta V serum.