gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>@C Spheres as an Excellent Catalyst for Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis (2009)

We demonstrate a one-pot hydrothermal cohydrolysis-carbonization process using glucose and iron nitrate as starting materials for the fabrication of carbonaceous spheres embedded with iron oxide nanoparticles. It is verified by TEM, (57)Fe Mossbauer, and Fe K-edge XAS that iron oxide nanoparticles are highly dispersed in the carbonaceous spheres, leading to a unique microstructure. A formation mechanism is also proposed. This route is also applicable to a range of other naturally occurring saccharides and metal nitrates. A catalytic study revealed the remarkable stability and selectivity of the reduced Fe(x)O(y)@C spheres in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which clearly exemplifies the promising application of such materials.
Analysis of Timing Requirements for Intrusion Detection and Prevention using Fault Tree with Time Dependencies (2011)

In-depth analysis of an attack strategy enables p o s s i b i l i t y t o p r e v e n t i t o r w h en it i s inevitable to minimize its adverse effects. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) base their operation on the built-in patterns of various attack strategies. Aforementioned strategies can be represented by different means like: augmented goal-tree [6], attack trees In augmented goal tree representation [6], the attack is expressed by sequences of logically related steps. The root of this tree is the goal of the attack, e.g., "Modification of a file". The sub-goals are associated with the roots of the sub-trees. The basic constructs are the OR, AND, Ordered-AND constructs. For example, in order to achieve the sub-goal represented as the root of the Ordered-AND construct, all sub-sub-goals have to be reached in required order. Fault tree analysis (FTA) The FTA is the backward approach. In the fault tree, the root is associated with the top event being the hazard, e.g. "The Intrusion takes control over the Victim". Then direct causes of the hazard are considered. Next, the causes of the above causes are analyzed. Hence, different ways in which the hazard can occur are investigated. The FTA can be used to determine the following: minimal cut sets of faults that cause a hazard, probabilities of the hazard and faults. Therefore, the FTA can be used in identification which events are critical and should therefore be subjected to monitoring. Traditional Fault Trees (FT) are widely criticized [14] due to many, widely known drawbacks, like inability to model multiple attack attempts, time dependencies, or access controls as well as for luck of modeling cycles. In the attacks graphs [14], nodes symbolize the class of machines the attacker accessed and as well user level of privileges. The arcs are labeled by attackers' activities. By assigning probabilities of success on the arcs, one can identify the attack paths with the highest probability of success. Augmented software fault trees In this approach, a trust, a context, and temporal orderings can be defined. The trust relationship expresses that some members of a distributed system trust other members of the system. Context describes which subsets of intrusive events occur in www.intechopen.
Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on age at onset of chronic lymphoid leukaemia (1996)

The major histocompatibility complex is one of the interactive factors in the multifactorial model of carcinogenesis. Its main influence in experimental models is on the age at onset of malignancies. We have previously shown a similar effect of homozygosity for HLA-DR53 in CML. In the present study, we investigated 79 patients with CLL and 329 local controls from Germany. In addition to full serotyping, all patients and 116 of controls were also typed by HLA-DRB PCR analysis. The homozygosity rates for DR53 in patients under and over the median age (60 years) were 18.6% and 2.9%, respectively (p = 0.03). Eight of the 9 homozygous patients were under the median age. The sex ratio in the DR53 homozygous group was reversed in favour of females. The homozygosity rates for DR53 were different in the overall groups of patients and controls, yielding a relative risk (RR) of 2.4 (p = 0.03). This association was stronger in the early-onset group compared to age-matched controls (RR = 4.4; p = 0.008) and for females with an early onset compared to age- and sex-matched controls (RR = 17.9; p = 0.0008). The simultaneous occurrence of the alleles of the haplotype A2B62DR4 showed a strong association with CLL (RR = 4.1; p = 0.002). This was probably the reason behind the association with HLA-DRB1*0401 (RR = 2.4; p = 0.009). Compared to the accelerating effect of HLA-DR53, HLA-DR52 showed a significant delaying effect on the onset of CLL. These findings confirmed the influence of the HLA complex on the development of another leukaemia.
ABSORPTION BANDS OF ALKALI ATOMS IN THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN GASES:REMARKS ON CHEN'S RAPER ~1 (1945)

The recent suggestion of Chen that the diffused hands appearing on the short wave-longth side of the principal series lines of the alkali atoms in the presonce of foreign gases are due to the increase ia the energy of the optical electron in the npper state through colliaiona with a foreign atom is examined. Serious objections enoountered in this theory are pointed out in this note.
Galectin-3 Activates the NADPH-Oxidase in Exudated but not Peripheral Blood Neutrophils (1998)

Galectin-3, a lactose-binding mammalian lectin that is secreted from activated macrophages, basophils, and mast cells, was investigated with respect to its ability to activate the human neutrophil NADPH-oxidase. The galectin-3-induced activity was determined with in vivo exudated cells (obtained from a skin chamber) and compared with that of peripheral blood neutrophils. Galectin-3 was found to be a potent activator of the NADPH-oxidase only in exudated neutrophils and the binding of galectin-3 to the surface of these cells was increased compared with peripheral blood cells. Different in vitro priming protocols resulting in degranulation were used to mimic the exudation process in terms of increasing the receptor exposure on the cell surface. Galectin-3 could induce an oxidative response similar to that in exudated cells only after a significant amount of the intracellular organelles had been mobilized. This increase in oxidative response was paralleled by an increased binding of galectin-3 to the surface of the cells. The major conclusion of the study is that galectin-3 is a potent stimulus of the neutrophil respiratory burst, provided that the cells have first experienced an extravasation process. The results also imply that the neutrophil response to galectin-3 could be mediated through receptors mobilized from intracellular granules, and we report the presence of galectin-3-binding proteins in such organelles.
Cholesterol and Sphingolipid Enhance the Triton X-100 Insolubility of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins by Promoting the Formation of Detergent-insoluble Ordered Membrane Domains (1998)

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins can be isolated from both cells and sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich liposomes (SCRLs) in association with detergent-insoluble membranes. We found previously that detergent insolubility of lipids was characteristic of phases in which lipid acyl chains are ordered. We presented evidence that GPI-anchored proteins are insoluble because they associate with cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid domains with properties similar to the liquid-ordered phase. Here, this model was tested by a variety of approaches. First, we demonstrated that saponin, which removes cholesterol from cell membranes and allows solubilization of GPI-anchored proteins by Triton X-100, had the same effect on the GPI-anchored protein alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in SCRLs of appropriate lipid composition. The similarity of saponin action in cells and simple liposomes suggests that the compound disrupts protein-lipid interactions. However, direct interactions between PLAP and cholesterol were not needed for insolubility, because the protein was also insoluble in cholesterol-free liposomes containing lipid in an ordered phase. Instead, cholesterol acted by greatly enhancing the formation of a detergent-insoluble phase by sphingolipids, which have a tendency to form ordered phases. We propose that saponin solubilizes GPI-anchored proteins because the lipid composition of cell membranes (and the SCRLs used above) supports ordered phase formation in the presence but not the absence of cholesterol. Supporting this model, saponin did not promote Triton X-100 solubilization of PLAP in SCRLs with sphingolipid levels high enough to allow ordered phase formation in the absence of cholesterol. We also showed that two additional GPI-anchored proteins are detergent-insoluble in SCRLs and that detergent does not artifactually create ordered domains or cause components of solubilized membranes to associate with detergent-resistant membranes present in separate bilayers in the same lysate. We conclude that the ordered domain model explains the behavior of detergent-resistant membranes in liposomes and cells.
Barometric Pressure and Triaxial Accelerometry-Based Falls Event Detection (2010)

Falls and fall related injuries are a significant cause of morbidity, disability, and health care utilization, particularly among the age group of 65 years and over. The ability to detect falls events in an unsupervised manner would lead to improved prognoses for falls victims. Several wearable accelerometry and gyroscope-based falls detection devices have been described in the literature; however, they all suffer from unacceptable false positive rates. This paper investigates the augmentation of such systems with a barometric pressure sensor, as a surrogate measure of altitude, to assist in discriminating real fall events from normal activities of daily living. The acceleration and air pressure data are recorded using a wearable device attached to the subject's waist and analyzed offline. The study incorporates several protocols including simulated falls onto a mattress and simulated activities of daily living, in a cohort of 20 young healthy volunteers (12 male and 8 female; age: 23.7 ±3.0 years). A heuristically trained decision tree classifier is used to label suspected falls. The proposed system demonstrated considerable improvements in comparison to an existing accelerometry-based technique; showing an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 96.9%, 97.5%, and 96.5%, respectively, in the indoor environment, with no false positives generated during extended testing during activities of daily living. This is compared to 85.3%, 75%, and 91.5% for the same measures, respectively, when using accelerometry alone. The increased specificity of this system may enhance the usage of falls detectors among the elderly population.
Self Psychology`s Implicit Contribution to Spiritual Development: Empathy and Grace (2010)

Abstract Spirituality has been a popular theme not only in pastoral counseling and ministry but also even in the public sphere. However, it is difficult to find an effective theory and model of spiritual development. This essay is intended to provide some information about self psychology`s implicit contribution to spiritual development. Self psychology contributes to spiritual development in four major areas: 1) the self-selfobject relationship model as an ideal human-divine and human-human dynamic model for spiritual development, 2) transmuting internalization as the process of spiritual development, 3) implicit understanding of religion and spirituality, as well as the active role of divine grace for spiritual development, and 4) a developmental-stage-like process of spiritual development. Self psychology provides not only the particular process of spiritual development but also implicit ideas about the inner change of human beings and the content of spiritual development.
Wind‐driven and steric fluctuations of sea surface height in the southwest Pacific (2006)

Large fluctuations in sea surface height (SSH) occurred in the southwest Pacific between New Zealand and Fiji in the late 1990s. A model of SSH including steric heating and wind‐driven Rossby waves explains more than 40% of the observed SSH variance in the region over the 12 years of satellite measurements. The modelled SSH also agrees with dynamic height calculated from subsurface temperatures measured along an expendable bathythermograph (XBT) line between New Zealand and Fiji. The model simulations show a large high in SSH was created by anomalous downward Ekman pumping during 1998 when the seasonal change to upwelling failed to occur. The 50‐year wind record shows other downwelling events have occurred in the region predominantly during El Niño conditions.
Improved Protection against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis by Genetic Engineering of a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus (1998)

An improved vaccine is needed against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus because the existing live attenuated vaccine, TC-83, causes a high incidence of adverse effects, and the Formalin-inactivated vaccine, C-84, does not protect against airborne infection. A recombinant vaccine had previously been constructed in which the VEE structural proteins were expressed by vaccinia virus. Although protection against subcutaneous challenge with VEE was achieved, the vaccine had limited efficacy against aerosolized virus. We made a similar construct (WR100) and compared its performance with that of a recombinant vaccinia virus which had been altered in two ways (WR103) in order to improve its performance as a vaccine: a synthetic promoter was inserted upstream of the VEE coding sequence to increase the amount of VEE proteins produced, and a single nucleotide in the E2 glycoprotein gene was altered to enhance immunogenicity. The WR103 virus expressed greater amounts of VEE proteins on the surface of infected cells than did WR100, and this difference was found to correspond to a 3.5-fold increase in VEE protein production. Sera from mice immunized with WR103 contained elevated levels of antibody to VEE, and enhanced protection against subcutaneous challenge with the pathogenic Trinidad donkey strain was achieved. This altered construct could form the basis for a better vaccine against VEE.
Super Star: a new optimally fault tolerant network architecture (2002)

An interconnection topology that can be used to design communication architecture for distributed systems with an arbitrary number of computing nodes is proposed. The design is based on a novel generalization of the concept of star graphs. The proposed topology is shown to be incrementally extensible in steps of 1, optimally fault tolerant, and its diameter is sublogarithmic in the number of nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phantom limb syndrome: a review. (2007)

Phantom limb syndrome is a condition in which patients experience sensations, whether painful or otherwise, in a limb that does not exist. It has been reported to occur in 80-100% of amputees, and typically has a chronic course, often resistant to treatment. Risk factors include the presence of preoperative pain, traumatic amputation, and the type of anesthetic procedure used during amputation. Several pathophysiologic theories have been proposed, including spinal mechanisms, central sensitization, and somatosensory cortical rearrangements, and while recent studies have shed light on some interesting and significant data, a lot remains to be understood. Treatments include pharmacologic, mechanical, and behavioral modalities, but substantial efficacy in well-designed, randomized controlled trials has yet to be demonstrated. Phantom limb syndrome continues to be a difficult condition to both understand and treat.
Replacing Trans Fat (2012)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTReplacing Trans FatView Author Information C&EN Northeast News BureauCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2012, 90, 11, 30–32Publication Date (Print):March 12, 2012Publication History Published online29 March 2013Published inissue 12 March 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09011-bus1https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09011-bus1newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views20Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Food,Lipids,Plant derived food Get e-Alerts
Self-mode locking of solid-state lasers without apertures (1993)

Numerical simulations that take into account propagation, self-focusing, and gain saturation in solid-state lasers reveal that self-mode locking can take place in such lasers even in the absence of apertures. The combination of self-focusing and gain saturation produces a differential gain that favors the growth of short pulses and eliminates cw oscillations. Nonsymmetrical cavities can provide a substantial differential gain when they are operated near a stability limit.
<title>Digital holography: methods and applications</title> (1998)

Fresnel or Fraunhofer holograms recorded on CCD arrays can be numerically reconstructed either by the discrete finite Fresnel transform or by solving the diffraction integral using the convolution theorem. Applications in holographic interferometric deformation measurement with effective digital filtering to enhance the interference phase are presented. The detection, location, and size determination in holographic particle analysis can use reconstructed images which are orthogonally oriented with respect to the hologram plane or employ different angular views reconstructed from a single hologram in a tomographic approach.
Evaluation of Pictorial Assembly Instructions for Young Children (2008)

This research provides pictorial assembly instruction guidelines to inform instruction designers and describes performance and look-time benchmarks for future usability studies.
Application of granular semiconductors to photothermal conversion of solar energy (1976)

A novel selective solar absorber, consisting of a dispersion of semiconductor grains in a low-dielectric-constant insulator is proposed. Calculations based on Maxwell-Garnett theory show that because of its lower reflectivity for λ&lt;1.5 μm this material is about 60% more efficient than silicon in converting solar energy to heat. Reflectivity measurements for Ge-Al2O3 films on aluminum agree with the predictions of the Maxwell-Garnett theory. The problems associated with the reduction to practice are discussed.
Pericardial Trauma and Adhesions in Relation to Reoperative Cardiac Surgery (1995)

In an attempt to appreciate the changes that favour adhesion formation we compared the morphological and fibrinolytic changes that occur in human primary and reoperative pericardium. Ten patients undergoing primary elective open heart surgery and ten undergoing first time reoperative open heart surgery were studied. Pericardial samples were taken at four time points. At 0 (time A) and 30 (time B) minutes from the time of pericardiotomy (before the commencement of CPB), 30-50 minutes (time C) after the commencement of CPB, and then finally 10 minutes (time D) after the patient had been rewarmed. The fibrinolytic activity, as measured by the plasminogen activating activity (PAA), in the pericardial samples of the ten primary cases was compared with that in 5 of the reoperative cases. For the primary group, the PAA after 30 minutes of exposure (median 6.65 IU/cm2, range 3.85-11.89 IU/cm2, p = 0.14, n = 10) was not significantly reduced when compared to the initial activity (median 8.74 IU/cm2, range 2.22-17.68 IU/cm2, n = 10). After 30-50 minutes CPB the PAA was significantly reduced (median 3.93 IU/cm2, range 1.5-13.24 IU/cm2, p = 0.028, n = 10) and still reduced after rewarming for 10 minutes (median 3.12 IU/cm2, range 0.88-19.93 IU/cm2, p = 0.047, n = 10). The simultaneous plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator activity showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase after 30-50 minutes bypass with a later decline. The changes in the reoperative pericardial PAA were similar. In addition, the degree of PAA in reoperative pericardium was consistently lower than that observed in primary tissue. The extent of primary pericardial mesothelial damage at times B, C, and D compared with that at time A showed a significant (p < 0.01 for times B, C, and D) increase. Similarly there was a significant worsening of the degree of inflammation. Compared with primary pericardium, the reoperative samples showed a significant (p < 0.01 for times A, B, and C) preponderance of damaged mesothelium at the earlier stages of the operation. It appears that, following the initial bypass surgery, the processes that cause pericardial and mesothelial healing with recovery of PAA compete with those leading to pericardial adhesions and fibrosis. The histological and biochemical outcome seen in reoperative pericardium is the result of these competitive actions.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Guidance of Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization During Radiofrequency Ablation of Left‐Sided Accessory Pathways in Humans (1996)

TEE safely guides transseptal puncture in patients undergoing RFA of left-sided accessory pathways. TEE markers of the fossa ovalis facilitate puncture and may reduce the risk of cardiac perforation particularly in patients with a normal size left atrium. TEE may be especially valuable for identifying thrombus during transseptal puncture.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Novel Ruthenium(II) Phenolate Complexes (2005)

Reaction of Ru(η6-cot)(dmfm)2 (1) [cot = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, dmfm = dimethyl fumarate] with phenol was investigated. At 110 °C, a novel ruthenium(II) phenolate complex, Ru(η5-C6H5O)(η5-C8H11) (2), was obtained by the reaction of 1 with phenol in an isolated yield of 52% (74% by NMR). When the reaction was carried out at 130 °C, further dehydrogenative ring-closure in an η5-cyclooctadienyl ligand occurred to give Ru(η5-C6H5O)(η5-C8H9) (3) in an isolated yield of 61% (76% by NMR). For both complexes, the η5-oxocyclohexadienyl bonding mode of a phenoxo ligand was clearly shown by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculation. Complex 2 was smoothly transformed into complex 3 in the presence of dmfm at 130 °C for 3 h. Selective O-methylation of an η5-oxocyclohexadienyl ligand in complex 3 proceeded with methyl p-toluenesulfonate to give a novel cationic ruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(η6-C6H5OMe)(η5-C8H9)]+OTs- (4), in an isolated yield of 74%.