gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Time of Prenatal Immune Challenge Determines the Specificity of Inflammation-Mediated Brain and Behavioral Pathology (2006)

Disturbance to early brain development is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and mental retardation. Epidemiological studies have indicated that the risk of developing these disorders is enhanced by prenatal maternal infection, presumably as a result of neurodevelopmental defects triggered by cytokine-related inflammatory events. Here, we demonstrate that the effects of maternal immune challenge between middle and late gestation periods in mice are dissociable in terms of fetal brain cytokine responses to maternal inflammation and the pathological consequences in brain and behavior. Specifically, the relative expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the fetal brains in response to maternal immune challenge may be an important determinant among other developmental factors for the precise pathological profile emerging in later life. Thus, the middle and late gestation periods correspond to two windows with differing vulnerability to adult behavioral dysfunction, brain neuropathology in early adolescence, and of the acute cytokine responses in the fetal brain.
Estimating the Number of Clusters via System Evolution for Cluster Analysis of Gene Expression Data (2009)

The estimation of the number of clusters (NC) is one of crucial problems in the cluster analysis of gene expression data. Most approaches available give their answers without the intuitive information about separable degrees between clusters. However, this information is useful for understanding cluster structures. To provide this information, we propose system evolution (SE) method to estimate NC based on partitioning around medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm. SE analyzes cluster structures of a dataset from the viewpoint of a pseudothermodynamics system. The system will go to its stable equilibrium state, at which the optimal NC is found, via its partitioning process and merging process. The experimental results on simulated and real gene expression data demonstrate that the SE works well on the data with well-separated clusters and the one with slightly overlapping clusters.
Pyrolytic degradation studies of a coal-derived and a petroleum-derived aviation jet fuel (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyrolytic degradation studies of a coal-derived and a petroleum-derived aviation jet fuelChunshan Song, Semih Eser, Harold H. Schobert, and Patrick G. HatcherCite this: Energy Fuels 1993, 7, 2, 234–243Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00038a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00038a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views609Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Applicability Statement for IP Mobility Support (1996)

As required by [RFC 1264], this report discusses the applicability of Mobile IP to provide host mobility in the Internet. In particular, this document describes the key features of Mobile IP and shows how the requirements for advancement to Proposed Standard RFC have been satisfied.
Abortable and query-abortable objects and their efficient implementation (2007)

We introduce abortable and query-abortable objects, intended for asynchronous shared-memory systems with low contention. These objects behave like ordinary objects when accessed sequentially, but may abort operations when accessed concurrently. An aborted operation may or may not take effect, i.e., cause a state transition, and it returns no indication of which possibility occurred. Since this uncertainty is problematic, a query-abortable object supports a QUERY operation that each process can use to determine its last non-QUERY operation on the object that caused a state transition, and the response associated with this state transition. Query-abortable objects can easily implement obstruction-free objects (introduced by Herlihy, Luchangco and Moir) and pausable objects (introduced by Attiya, Guerraoui and Kouznetsov).
Secreted production of collagen‐inspired gel‐forming polymers with high thermal stability in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (2011)

Previously, we have shown that gel-forming triblock proteins, consisting of random coil middle blocks and trimer-forming (Pro-Gly-Pro)(9) end blocks, are efficiently produced and secreted by the yeast Pichia pastoris. These end blocks had a melting temperature (T(m)) of ∼41°C (at 1.1 mM of protein). The present work reveals that an increase of T(m) to ∼74°C, obtained by extension of the end blocks to (Pro-Gly-Pro)(16), resulted in a five times lower yield and partial endoproteolytic degradation of the protein. A possible cause could be that the higher thermostability of the longer (Pro-Gly-Pro)(16) trimers leads to a higher incidence of trimers in the cell, and that this disturbs secretion of the protein. Alternatively, the increased length of the proline-rich (Pro-Gly-Pro)(n) domain may negatively influence ribosomal translation, or may result in, for example, hydrophobic aggregation or membrane-active behavior owing to the greater number of closely placed proline residues. To discriminate between these possibilities, we studied the production of molecules with randomized end blocks that are unable to form triple helices. The codon- and amino acid composition of the genes and proteins, respectively, remained unchanged. As these nontrimerizing molecules were secreted intact and at high yield, we conclude that the impaired secretion and partial degradation of the triblock with (Pro-Gly-Pro)(16) end blocks was triggered by the occurrence of intracellular triple helices. This degradation was overcome by using a yapsin 1 protease disruptant, and the intact secreted polymer was capable of forming self-supporting gels of high thermal stability.
Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes by Singlet<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2003)

Chemisorption of singlet (1)Delta(g) O2 on single-walled carbon nanotubes is reexamined by first principles calculations, and the reaction barrier is substantially lower than previously reported when the spin on O2 is correctly treated. The process is initiated by the cycloaddition of a singlet O2 on top of a C-C bond and ended with an epoxy structure with each of the two oxygen atoms occupying a bridge position. The overall process is exothermic, with an activation barrier as low as 0.61 eV for the (8, 0) tube. Our results raise the possibility that carbon nanotubes with small diameters could be degraded after exposure to air and sunlight, similar to the degradation of natural rubber and synthetic plastics.
Cytokinins: Metabolism and Biological Activity of N<sup>6</sup>-(Δ<sup>2</sup>-Isopentenyl)adenosine and N<sup>6</sup>-(Δ<sup>2</sup>-Isopentenyl)adenine in Tobacco Cells and Callus (1977)

The cytokinin, N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine, is found to be at least 3.3 times as active as N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine in promoting the growth of cytokinin-requiring tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) callus. Absorption rates of N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine by tobacco cells in liquid suspension do not differ significantly. In these cells, N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine-5'-monophosphate, di-, and triphosphate are synthesized in both cases, but 7-glucosylation occurs significantly only with N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine, protecting thereby its N(6)-isopentenyl side chain from cleavage. Degradation by N(6)-side chain removal appears to be intense, leading to the formation of adenine, adenosine, and adenylic nucleotides. Thus, it is suggested that N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine-7-glucoside is a protected or storage form of the cytokinin which could account for the higher biological activity of N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine than of N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine.
Digital ecosystems in the clouds: Towards community cloud computing (2009)

Cloud Computing is rising fast, with its data centres growing at an unprecedented rate. However, this has come with concerns of privacy, efficiency at the expense of resilience, and environmental sustainability, because of the dependence on Cloud vendors such as Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. Community Cloud Computing makes use of the principles of Digital Ecosystems to provide a paradigm for Clouds in the community, offering an alternative architecture for the use cases of Cloud Computing. It is more technically challenging to deal with issues of distributed computing, such as latency, differential resource management, and additional security requirements. However, these are not insurmountable challenges, and with the need to retain control over our digital lives and the potential environmental consequences, it is a challenge we must pursue.
Quantitation of mRNA species by RT-PCR on total mRNA population. (1994)

PCR is commonly used for mRNA quantitation. Previously described procedures are applied to one or a few specific mRNA sequences. We show here that methods used for amplifying heterogeneous cDNA populations can be applied to the quantitation of many mRNA species. This quantitation is achieved by dot blotting and hybridization with the corresponding probes after amplifying a bulk mRNA population. Only a single, two-round-amplification assay is required for quantitation of a whole set of mRNA species. The proportionality of input molecules to output signal was shown by performing a series of control experiments. We applied this technique to measure the relative variations of the MBP, Po, and MAG mRNA sequences in the normal trembler mouse model. The results were consistent with previously described Northern blot data. This quantitative PCR method provides a rapid and reliable way to quantify relative amounts of mRNA species in small amounts of total RNA by using internal controls.
Calcium Microdomain Formation at the Perisynaptic Cradle Due to NCX Reversal: A Computational Study (2019)

It has recently been proposed using a multi-compartmental mathematical model that negatively fixed charged membrane-associated sites constrain the flow of cations in perisynaptic astroglial processes. This restricted movement of ions between the perisynaptic cradle (PsC), principal astroglial processes and the astrocyte soma gives rise to potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) and sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) microdomains at the PsC. The present paper extends the above model to demonstrate that the formation of an Na<sup>+</sup> microdomain can reverse the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger (NCX) thus providing an additional source of calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) at the PsC. Results presented clearly show that reversal of the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger is instigated by a glutamate transporter coupled increase in concentration of cytoplasmic [Na<sup>+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> at the PsC, which and instigates Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the NCX. As the flow of Ca<sup>2+</sup> along the astrocyte process and away from the PsC is also constrained by Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding proteins, then a Ca<sup>2+</sup> microdomain forms at the PsC. The paper also serves to demonstrate that the EAAT, NKA, and NCX represent the minimal requirement necessary and sufficient for the development of a Ca<sup>2+</sup> microdomain and that these mechanisms directly link neuronal activity and glutamate release to the formation of localized Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> microdomains signals at the PsC. This local source of Ca<sup>2+</sup> can provide a previously underexplored form of astroglial Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling.
Apoptosis in Parkinson's disease: Signals for neuronal degradation (2003)

Controversy has surrounded a role for apoptosis in the loss of neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although a variety of evidence has supported an apoptotic contribution to PD neuronal loss particularly in the nigra, two factors have weighed against general acceptance: (1) limitations in the use of in situ 3' end labeling techniques to demonstrate nuclear DNA cleavage; and (2) the insistence that a specific set of nuclear morphological features be present before apoptotic death could be declared. We first review the molecular events that underlie apoptotic nuclear degradation and the literature regarding the unreliability of 3' DNA end labeling as a marker of apoptotic nuclear degradation. Recent findings regarding the multiple caspase-dependent or caspase-independent signaling pathways that mediate apoptotic nuclear degradation and determine the morphological features of apoptotic nuclear degradation are presented. The evidence shows that a single nuclear morphology is not sufficient to identify apoptosis and that a cytochrome c, pro-caspase 9, and caspase 3 pathways is operative in PD nigral apoptosis. BAX-dependent increases in mitochondrial membrane permeability are responsible for the release of mitochondrial factors that signal for apoptotic degradation, and increased BAX levels have been found in a subset of PD nigral neurons. Studies using immunocytochemistry in PD postmortem nigra have begun to define the premitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathways in the disease. Two, possibly interdependent, pathways have been uncovered: (1) a p53-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-BAX pathway; and (2) FAS receptor-FADD-caspase 8-BAX pathway. Based on the above, it seems unlikely that apoptosis does not contribute to PD neuronal loss, and the definition of the premitochondrial signaling pathways may allow for the development and testing of an apoptosis-based PD therapy.
Iridium Porphyrin Catalyzed N–H Insertion Reactions: Scope and Mechanism (2013)

Ir(TTP)CH3 catalyzed N–H insertion reactions between ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) or methyl phenyldiazoacetate (MPDA) and a variety of aryl, aliphatic, primary, and secondary amines to generate substituted glycine esters with modest to high yields. Aniline substrates generally gave yields above 80%, with up to 105 catalyst turnovers, and without slow addition of the diazo reagent. Good yields were also achieved with aliphatic amines, though higher catalyst loadings and slow addition of the amine were necessary in some cases. Primary amines reacted with EDA to generate both single- and double-insertion products, either of which could be produced selectively in high yield with the proper choice of stoichiometric ratios and reaction temperature. Notably, mixed trisubstituted amines, RN(CH2CO2Et)(CHPhCO2Me), were generated from the insertion of 1 equiv of EDA and 1 equiv of MPDA into primary amines. The N–H insertion mechanism was examined using substrate competition studies, trapping experiments, and multiple spectroscopic techniques. Substrate competition studies using pairs of amines with EDA or MPDA revealed Hammett correlations with respective slopes of ρ = 0.15 and ρ+ = −0.56 as well as kinetic isotope ratios of kH/kD = 1.0 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.2. Competitive amine binding to the iridium center was demonstrated by kinetics and equilibrium binding studies. Equilibrium binding constants ranged from 102 to 105. Monitoring the reaction by absorption spectroscopy revealed a transient metalloporphyrin complex. The lifetime of this species was dependent on the nature of the amine substrate, which suggests that the catalytic cycle proceeds through a metal–ylide intermediate.
Measures of Classroom Quality in Prekindergarten and Children’s Development of Academic, Language, and Social Skills (2008)

This study examined development of academic, language, and social skills among 4-year-olds in publicly supported prekindergarten (pre-K) programs in relation to 3 methods of measuring pre-K quality, which are as follows: (a) adherence to 9 standards of quality related to program infrastructure and design, (b) observations of the overall quality of classroom environments, and (c) observations of teachers' emotional and instructional interactions with children in classrooms. Participants were 2,439 children enrolled in 671 pre-K classrooms in 11 states. Adjusting for prior skill levels, child and family characteristics, program characteristics, and state, teachers' instructional interactions predicted academic and language skills and teachers' emotional interactions predicted teacher-reported social skills. Findings suggest that policies, program development, and professional development efforts that improve teacher-child interactions can facilitate children's school readiness.
Electrical, Thermal, and EMI Designs of High-Density, Low-Profile Power Supplies (1998)

This work presents the analyses and designs of high-density, low-profile power supplies, including the electrical, thermal, and EMI aspects. Emphasis is placed on forward and flyback converters. The efficiency improvements of employing synchronous rectification are theoretically derived and experimentally verified in forward and flyback converters. The performances of synchronous rectifiers in forward converters are analyzed with regards to transformer reset and SR driven method. The effectiveness of synchronous rectification in flyback converters is evaluated in various operation modes and control schemes. The paralleling techniques utilized to realize high-density, low-profile power conversion are presented. Current sharing in transformer paralleling is addressed and evaluated in forward topology. The performance and the operation principles of one-choke and two-choke interleaved forward converters are analyzed. The thermal management of high-density power supplies in sealed enclosures is optimized using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The theoretical limit of power density due to thermal constraint is determined. In addition, the thermal-design optimization guidelines are given and verified experimentally. A systematic methodology is developed to facilitate the analysis and design of conducted EMI problems in high-density power supplies. Partial element equivalent circuit method is employed for parasitic parameter extraction. Layout and packaging are optimized to minimize conducted EMI noises. Noise predictions by Saber simulations are confirmed by experimental measurements.
Accumulation and inactivation of adenosine by fat cells from hypothyroid rats (1984)

It has been suggested that the deficient lipolytic response to catecholamines in hypothyroidism may be due to an increased sensitivity to adenosine and/or increased adenosine levels in this condition. We confirmed that the addition of adenosine deaminase enhanced the lipolytic response of hypothyroid fat cells, but the stimulation was at least as large in euthyroid cells. Adenosine analogs were more potent as antagonists of NA-induced lipolysis in hypothyroid than in euthyroid fat cells, but the difference could be explained by a decreased response to NA. Suspensions of hypothyroid cells accumulated more purine nucleosides (115 +/- 20) than did euthyroid cells (48 +/- 8 pmol/30 min/10(5) cells; p less than 0.01). This difference could not be explained by a lower rate of adenosine elimination, which occurred by three different pathways: uptake followed by phosphorylation, uptake followed by deamination and deamination by the serum albumin preparation. Under certain circumstances the latter pathway is of overwhelming importance. Fat cells from mature rats (460-480 g) behaved similarly as cells from young control rats. Thus, the changes induced by hypothyroidism was not due to a developmental change. The results are discussed in relation to earlier findings on the alterations in catecholamine responsiveness in hypothyroidism. It is concluded that an increased influence of adenosine could possibly explain some aspects of altered catecholamine responsiveness. If it does the mechanism is likely to involve an enhanced amount of adenosine rather than an increased sensitivity to adenosine.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study Polyplex‐Glycoaminoglycan Interactions (2005)

Abstract Summary: This article reports the application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to monitor the interaction between polymer‐DNA complexes and glycoaminoglycans (GAG). The GAG selected was hyaluronic acid (HA). First a HA derivative containing a disulfide linkage was synthesized, enabling chemisorption onto a gold surface. Next, the interaction between different complexes (prepared using PEI or PDMAEMA) and HA was studied using SPR. This study clearly indicates that GAG‐polyplex interactions depend on the type of polymer selected and on the charge ratio of the polyplexes prepared. The derivative developed opens up new perspectives in the field of nonviral gene delivery. magnified image The derivative developed opens up new perspectives in the field of nonviral gene delivery.
Reinfection of Tall Fescue Cultivars with Non‐Ergot Alkaloid–Producing Endophytes (2002)

For tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in the southeastern USA, persistence and yield are directly related to infection with a fungal endophyte [ Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones & Gams.) Glenn, Bacon, & Hanlin comb. nov.]. However, most endophyte‐infected (E+) tall fescue cultivars produce toxic ergot alkaloids resulting in poor weight gain and reproduction in grazing livestock. The objective of this paper was to assess the strategy of reinfecting ‘Jesup’ and ‘Georgia 5’ tall fescue with non‐ergot alkaloid–producing endophyte strains. Different cultivar–strain combinations were tested against the E+ and endophyte‐free (E−) versions of the same cultivars for stand survival and dry matter yield; in separate experiments, they were assessed for toxicity in lambs ( Ovis aries ). Most cultivar–strain combinations produced no ergot alkaloids but varied in ability to transmit through seed. The best combination, Jesup (AR542), possessed yield and stand survival better ( P < 0.05) than the E− checks and equivalent ( P < 0.05) to the E+ checks. Lambs gained an average of 124 g/d on both cultivars containing AR542, which was equivalent to gains on E− forage but approximately 57% greater than gains on E+ forage. Animals consuming forage from E− or non‐ergot‐producing strains did not exhibit depressed serum prolactin or elevated body temperatures of animals on E+ forage. The strategy of reinfecting tall fescue cultivars with naturally occurring, non‐ergot‐producing endophytes appears promising for removing toxicity symptoms and retaining agronomic performance, but intense screening is needed to identify the best cultivar–strain combinations.
Exercise and Respiratory Training Improve Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients With Severe Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension (2006)

This study indicates that respiratory and physical training could be a promising adjunct to medical treatment in severe PH. The effects add to the beneficial results of modern medical treatment.