gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys (1990)

Abstract This article is a compilation of the property data for standard grades of wrought copper and copper alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. The list for each alloy includes its commercial names, chemical composition, relevant specifications and standards, fabrication characteristics, mass characteristics, and applications.
Simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis (SESSA): a novel software tool for quantitative Auger‐electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2005)

Abstract A description of a new NIST database for quantitative Auger‐electron and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AES/XPS) is given: Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA). This database contains extensive sets of data for the physical quantities relevant to AES and XPS. The internal databases are linked to a user interface via a small expert system that allows a user to automatically retrieve data needed for a specific practical application. SESSA can simulate AES and XPS spectra for a multilayered thin‐film sample for measurement conditions specified by the user. Experimental information needed by SESSA is entered via an interface that matches the settings of AES/XPS instrumentation. The structure of SESSA is described together with information on special features, unique capabilities, and sources of the physical data. Examples of practical applications of SESSA for angle‐resolved XPS on Al and Si samples, determination of the depth distribution function in XPS, and the use of empirical peak shapes for spectrum simulation are given. These and other applications are contained in SESSA in the form of tutorial files with command‐language statements that can be loaded into SESSA and modified as necessary for similar simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template‐matching models of musical pitch and rhythm perception (1994)

Abstract The perception of familiar patterns in pitch and time may be modeled by template matching. Music‐perceptual templates may be represented graphically as sets of appropriately weighted template elements or features, defined relative to each other by fixed (but approximate) time or frequency ratios. The salience of a sensation arising from the recognition of a pattern may be estimated from the goodness of fit between a template and an incoming stimulus. The weights assigned to template elements reflect their perceptual importances. Musical templates are predominantly culture‐specific. In western music, meter templates (or profiles) may be used to model the perceptual determination of downbeat (Palmer & Krumhansl 1990), tonality templates (major and minor key profiles) to model the determination of the tonic (Krumhansl & Kessler 1982), and chord templates to model the determination of chord‐roots (Parncutt 1988). Culture‐specific meter, tonality, and chord templates may have “evolved” from universal pulse and tone templates. Pulse and tone templates enable the identification of periodic or repetitive sound sources in the everyday human environment, pulse templates (Parncutt 1987) for sources whose frequencies are relatively low (roughly 0.5 to 5 Hz), and tone templates (Goldstein 1973; Terhardt 1972) for sources whose frequencies are relatively high (roughly 50 to 2000 Hz). Pulse and tone templates may arise from exposure of the auditory system to universal patterns of sound: human footsteps, human heartbeats, and human voices. If so, it is not known whether such patterns are learned within the life‐span of an individual, or acquired over many generations of exposure to similar patterns. Yeston (1976) interpreted the perception of meter in western music (meter template) as involving the concurrent perception of consonant rhythmic strata. Rhythmic consonance is clearly a culture‐specific concept; rhythmic strata may nevertheless be determined largely by universal aspects of audition (pulse template). The perception of chord‐roots (chord template) is related to the perception of the pitch of a single tone (tone template) via the musical concept of octave equivalence. The perception of the tonic of a chord progression (tonality template) is related to the relative perceptual saliences of pitches evoked by individual chords in key‐defining progressions or cadences; the saliences of pitches perceived in chords may in turn be determined using tone or chord templates (Parncutt 1989).
A manufacturable and reliable low-k inter-metal dielectric using fluorinated oxide (FSG) (2003)

A manufacturable and reliable low-k intermetal dielectric (IMD) using FSG is demonstrated. Film properties such as thickness, refractive index, stress and fluorine content and their thermal stability have been characterized. Dependency of line-to-line capacitance, via contact resistance (R/sub c/), and hot carrier reliability on FSG based IMD schemes are compared. We conclude that a simple, full FSG IMD with lower F content (4.7%) without undoped oxide (USG) as under- or cap-layer is feasible to achieve best interconnect performance with excellent thermal stability. Various product reliability tests demonstrate that the FSG IMD is highly reliable.
Low-budget transient imaging using photonic mixer devices (2013)

Transient imaging is an exciting a new imaging modality that can be used to understand light propagation in complex environments, and to capture and analyze scene properties such as the shape of hidden objects or the reflectance properties of surfaces. Unfortunately, research in transient imaging has so far been hindered by the high cost of the required instrumentation, as well as the fragility and difficulty to operate and calibrate devices such as femtosecond lasers and streak cameras. In this paper, we explore the use of photonic mixer devices (PMD), commonly used in inexpensive time-of-flight cameras, as alternative instrumentation for transient imaging. We obtain a sequence of differently modulated images with a PMD sensor, impose a model for local light/object interaction, and use an optimization procedure to infer transient images given the measurements and model. The resulting method produces transient images at a cost several orders of magnitude below existing methods, while simultaneously simplifying and speeding up the capture process.
STRUCTURAL DIAGNOSTIC OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE LIQUID-PHASES BY AL-27 NMR (1990)

L'amélioration des procédés de soudage par plasma ou laser suppose une bonne connaissance des propriétés microscopiques du liquide constituant la zone fondue. Le développement de nouvelles sondes de résonance magnétique nucléaire permet d'atteindre cet objectif. L'analyse de la raie de résonance de 27Al dans des oxydes liquides alumineux montre un régime d'échange rapide entre des coordinences quatre, cinq et six et une dépendance de la position de cette raie en fonction de la composition du liquide.
<title>Stimulus representations that are invariant under invertible transformations of sensor data</title> (2001)

Humans have a remarkable ability to perceive the constancy of a stimulus even though its appearance has changed to factors that are extrinsic to it. This paper shows how sensory devices can invariantly represent stimuli, even though their sensor state may have been transformed by factors extrinsic to the stimuli. Such transformations may be caused by changes of observational conditions such as: 1) alterations of the device's sensory apparatus, 2) changes in the observational environment external to the sensory device and the stimuli, and 3) modifications of the presentation of the stimuli themselves. The stimulus representations are invariant because they describe certain relationships of each sensor state to the time series of recently encountered sensor states, and these relationships are unchanged by any invertible transformation of sensor states. This paper describes three analytic methods of creating such representations, utilizing tensor calculus, affine-connected differential geometry, respectively. These techniques may be useful for designing a representation engine that comprises the front end of an intelligent sensory device. It could create stimulus representations that are amenable to pattern analysis because they are not affected by many factors that are extrinsic to the stimuli.
L'<i>o</i>-nitrobenzylidènediméthylsulfuranne: synthèse, réactivité (1985)

In aqueous solution, o-nitrobenzyldimethylsulfonium bromide and the corresponding ylid give, depending upon the conditions, o-nitrobenzyl alcohol, o-nitrobenzylsulfide, or methyl o-hydroxymethylbenzyl sulfide. The o-nitrophenyloxiranes may be obtained by the reaction of nitrobenzylidenedimethylsulfurane with aldehydes in a two-phase aqueous sodium hydroxide/dichloromethane system.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Improves Outcomes After Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Mice (2011)

These results suggest that NO inhalation after CA and successful CPR improves outcome via soluble guanylate cyclase-dependent mechanisms.
A high-voltage interface circuit for MEMS vibratory gyroscope (2012)

In this paper, a high-voltage interface circuit has been designed and implemented for MEMS gyroscope. Continuous-time charge sensitive amplifier with chopping stabilization technique is used in the conversion stage to achieve low noise performance. A closed driving loop for MEMS gyroscope which applying multiple supply voltages is presented. The chip is fabricated in a 0.35um 5V/12V high-voltage process. The test of the chip is performed with a MEMS vibratory gyroscope. The result shows that the driving output of the ASIC can ensure a stable oscillation in the driving axis.
Growth and properties of radio frequency reactively sputtered titanium nitride thin films (1987)

Polycrystalline thin films of titanium nitride with a resistivity in the range 20–25 μΩ cm have been consistently produced on water-cooled silicon wafers by using reactive sputtering of a titanium target in Ar/N2 mixture. The variations of resistivity and the deposition rate as the functions of N2 partial pressure and applied substrate bias voltage are investigated. The N2 partial pressure as a function of nitrogen flow rate is plotted for various radio frequency (rf) power levels. The TiN films have been characterized by a wide variety of analytical techniques, such as Rutherford backscattering (RBS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and four-point probe. These films are golden yellow in color. RBS shows these films to be stoichiometric and AES shows them to be free of any measurable oxygen. Two multilayer metallization systems (Si/TiN/Al and Si/Ti/TiN/Al) were built to test the effectiveness of these films as a diffusion barrier. Preliminary results show that TiN films are an effective diffusion barrier between Si and Al up to 600 °C for 10 min. These films have very good step coverage, and show acceptable contact resistance to silicon after 450 °C anneal in the Si/Ti/TiN/Al metallization system.
Regioselective Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles from Ethynyl Ketones (2007)

Reaction of α,β-ethynyl ketones and hydrazine derivatives gives 1,3- and 1,5-disubstituted pyrazoles in good yield. ­Microwave irradiation in concentrated hydrochloric acid-methanol (1.5% v/v), with concurrent cooling at sub-ambient temperatures or at 120 °C, for 30 or 2 minutes, respectively, facilitates rapid heterocyclization and preferentially gives the 1,3-disubstituted regio­isomer.
Peripheral mucociliary clearance with high-frequency chest wall compression (1985)

We investigated the effects of high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC) on peripheral and tracheal mucus clearance in anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. HFCWC was achieved by oscillating the pressure in a thoracic cuff with a piston pump. Regional lung retention of a technetium-99m sulfur colloid aerosol was monitored with a gamma camera. A peripheral mucus clearance index (PMCI) was defined for each region of interest. The tracheal mucus clearance rate (TMCR) was determined by bronchoscopic visualization of marker particle transport. Phase I: In seven dogs, 30 min of HFCWC at 13 Hz with peak cuff pressure (Pcuff) 100-120 cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in regions immediately under the cuff. (delta PMCI = 24.4 +/- 4.6 in the basal peripheral region.) Phase II: Because of subpleural hemorrhage in phase I, the effect of HFCWC on TMCR at various Pcuff levels was studied in five dogs. The enhancement of TMCR by HFCWC reached a plateau level at Pcuff = 50 cmH2O. Phase III: HFCWC at 13 Hz with Pcuff = 50-60 cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in five dogs without the consequence of hemorrhage. Correlations were found between the enhancement of PMCI and TMCR by HFCWC. These results demonstrate that HFCWC is effective in enhancing both peripheral and central mucus clearance in dogs and safe when moderate pressures are applied.
Le phénomène de superparamagnétisme (1981)

Une revue sur le magnétisme des très petites particules, le superparamagnétisme, est effectuée. Dans l'introduction, un bref historique des mesures mettant en évidence le phénomène et une rapide revue des domaines où son étude peut apporter des renseignements importants sont faits. La première partie est consacrée à la théorie du phénomène. Il est examiné en détail les modèles de Néel et de Brown et comparé les valeurs asymptotiques du temps de relaxation aux valeurs numériques calculées par Aharoni. Des développements particuliers sont consacrés aux énergies d'anisotropie et leurs effets sur les énergies de barrières et les temps de relaxation, aux particules de plus grand diamètre où le mode de rotation des spins devient complexe et aux particules antiferromagnétiques. La deuxième partie de cette revue porte sur les mesures expérimentales. Après un exposé des problèmes concernant l'ensemble des mesures, telles les notions de temps de mesure et de température de blocage, tels les effets d'une répartition des volumes des particules..., il est examiné en détail, aussi bien du point de vue théorique qu'expérimental, les conséquences du phénomène du superparamagnétisme sur l'aimantation, l'aimantation rémanente, le cycle d'hystérésis, la susceptibilité en continu et en alternatif, la magnétorésistance, sur les mesures de spectroscopie Môssbauer et de résonance ferromagnétique.
Outgassing behavior of carbon-bonded carbon-fiber thermal insulation (1979)

A carbon-bonded carbon-fiber (CBCF3) thermal insulation has been developed and has demonstrated acceptable strength, thermal conductivity, and outgassing properties for the Selenide Isotope Generator. Primary outgassing at 1350/sup 0/C and 0.1 mPa (10/sup -6/ torr) for 70 h seems satisfactory because reabsorption during exposure to argon or air is minimal and the total weight loss during secondary outgassing is also very small. The total outgassing of CBCF3 insulation during generator start-up and operation is equivalent to the weight loss during secondary outgassing, (i.e., 0.08 mg per gram of CBCF3 insulation). The dominating gaseous species of secondary outgassing are CO and CO/sub 2/. Primary outgassing (1350/sup 0/C at 0.1 mPa (10/sup -6/ torr) for 70 h) causes no increases in the thermal conductivity of CBCF3 insulation. Specimen size affects the first few hours of primary outgassing and thus the fraction of total amount of volatile species being driven off at the end of primary outgassing. However, the time required to outgas a large specimen does not vary with the square of specimen size because diffusion in each fiber or bond is the rate-determining step of primary outgassing.
Taxanes in the Adjuvant Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Emerging Consensus and Unanswered Questions (2009)

Anthracyclines were standard chemotherapy agents in the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. Taxanes are newer tubulin-targeting agents that have little cross-resistance and limited overlapping toxicities with anthracyclines. In the past decade, large number of randomized phase-III clinical trials has been conducted worldwide to determine if the addition of taxanes to anthracyclines would improve the disease-free or overall survival of patients with early breast cancer. Many of these first-generation taxane trials are now mature with available survival data. Pooled analyses from these trials consistently demonstrated survival advantage when taxanes were added to anthracyclines or nonanthracycline regimen. The second-generation taxane trials are focusing on how to optimally combine taxanes with the anthracyclines, sequentially, or concurrently, dosing and frequency of administration, duration of therapy and measures to reduce the taxane toxicity. The future direction of clinical research on taxanes or third-generation taxane trials involves identification of predictive markers for response to taxanes, application of novel taxanes and combination of taxanes to other biological agents in order to offer taxanes to selected patients with early breast cancer to increase the efficacy and minimize the toxicity. While many of the second-generation taxane trials are still ongoing, the choice of specific taxane regimen should be based on evidence from the published clinical trials and tailoring to the particular needs of individual patient.
Study of antibiotic resistance pattern in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus with special reference to newer antibiotic (2015)

The worldwide epidemic of antibiotic resistance is in danger of ending the golden age of antibiotic therapy. Resistance impacts on all areas of medicine, and is making successful empirical therapy much more difficult to achieve. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrates a unique ability to quickly respond to each new antibiotic with the development of a resistance mechanism, starting with penicillin, until the most recent, linezolid and daptomycin. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become endemic today in hospitals worldwide. Resistance to the newer antimicrobial-agents - linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin are been reported and also the fear of pandrug-resistance. This study was carried out to know the antimicrobial resistant pattern of MRSA to newer antibiotic, to know any isolates are extensively-drug resistant (XDR)/pandrug resistant (PDR), inducible macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (iMLSB), and mupirocin resistance. Thirty-six MRSA isolates resistant to the routinely tested antibiotic were further tested for list of antibiotic by a group of international experts. Isolates were tested for iMLSB and mupirocin resistance by the disk diffusion method. Of 385 MRSA, 36 (9.35%) isolates of MRSA were resistant to the routinely tested antibiotic. Among these 36 MRSA isolates, none of our isolates were XDR/PDR or showed resistant to anti-MRSA cephalosporins (ceftaroline), phosphonic acids, glycopeptides, glycylcyclines, and fucidanes. Lower resistance was seen in oxazolidinones (2.78%), streptogramins (5.56%), lipopeptide (5.56%). Thirty-four (94.44%) isolates showed constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) resistance and two (5.56%) iMLSB phenotypes. High- and low-level mupirocin resistance were seen in 13 (36.11%) and six (16.67%), respectively. In our study, none of our isolates were XDR or PDR. No resistance was observed to ceftaroline, telavancin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin; but the presence of linezolid resistance (1, 2.28%) and daptomycin resistance (2, 5.56%) in our rural set-up is a cause of concern.
Tracing Information Flows Between Ad Exchanges Using Retargeted Ads (2016)

Numerous surveys have shown that Web users are concerned about the loss of privacy associated with online tracking. Alarmingly, these surveys also reveal that people are also unaware of the amount of data sharing that occurs between ad exchanges, and thus underestimate the privacy risks associated with online tracking. In reality, the modern ad ecosystem is fueled by a flow of user data between trackers and ad exchanges. Although recent work has shown that ad exchanges routinely perform cookie matching with other exchanges, these studies are based on brittle heuristics that cannot detect all forms of information sharing, especially under adversarial conditions. In this study, we develop a methodology that is able to detect clientand server-side flows of information between arbitrary ad exchanges. Our key insight is to leverage retargeted ads as a tool for identifying information flows. Intuitively, our methodology works because it relies on the semantics of how exchanges serve ads, rather than focusing on specific cookie matching mechanisms. Using crawled data on 35,448 ad impressions, we show that our methodology can successfully categorize four different kinds of information sharing behavior between ad exchanges, including cases where existing heuristic methods fail. We conclude with a discussion of how our findings and methodologies can be leveraged to give users more control over what kind of ads they see and how their information is shared between ad exchanges.
1000 songs for emotional analysis of music (2013)

Music is composed to be emotionally expressive, and emotional associations provide an especially natural domain for indexing and recommendation in today's vast digital music libraries. But such libraries require powerful automated tools, and the development of systems for automatic prediction of musical emotion presents a myriad challenges. The perceptual nature of musical emotion necessitates the collection of data from human subjects. The interpretation of emotion varies between listeners thus each clip needs to be annotated by a distribution of subjects. In addition, the sharing of large music content libraries for the development of such systems, even for academic research, presents complicated legal issues which vary by country. This work presents a new publicly available dataset for music emotion recognition research and a baseline system. In addressing the difficulties of emotion annotation we have turned to crowdsourcing, using Amazon Mechanical Turk, and have developed a two-stage procedure for filtering out poor quality workers. The dataset consists entirely of creative commons music from the Free Music Archive, which as the name suggests, can be shared freely without penalty. The final dataset contains 1000 songs, each annotated by a minimum of 10 subjects, which is larger than many currently available music emotion dataset.
KRYPTONATES: Kr$sup 85$ BECOMES A UNIVERSAL TRACER (1963)

Techniques for introducing krypton into solids forming kryptonates, in which the Kr/sup 85/ can be used as a tracer, were developed. Krypton was perfused into solids at high pressure and temperature and was ionized and impelled into solids under a potential drop. The kryptonates are stable and radioactively, safe. Kr/sup 85/ is therefore a universal tracer and some of its uses are described. (D.C.W.)