gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Traffic Modeling and Proportional Partial Caching for Peer-to-Peer Systems (2008)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing systems generate a major portion of the Internet traffic, and this portion is expected to increase in the future. We explore the potential of deploying proxy caches in different autonomous systems (ASes) with the goal of reducing the cost incurred by Internet service providers and alleviating the load on the Internet backbone. We conduct an eight-month measurement study to analyze the P2P traffic characteristics that are relevant to caching, such as object popularity, popularity dynamics, and object size. Our study shows that the popularity of P2P objects can be modeled by a Mandelbrot-Zipf distribution, and that several workloads exist in P2P traffic. Guided by our findings, we develop a novel caching algorithm for P2P traffic that is based on object segmentation, and proportional partial admission and eviction of objects. Our trace-based simulations show that with a relatively small cache size, a byte hit rate of up to 35% can be achieved by our algorithm, which is close to the byte hit rate achieved by an off-line optimal algorithm with complete knowledge of future requests. Our results also show that our algorithm achieves a byte hit rate that is at least 40% more, and at most triple, the byte hit rate of the common Web caching algorithms. Furthermore, our algorithm is robust in face of aborted downloads, which is a common case in P2P systems.
An inventory of 1152 expressed sequence tags obtained by partial sequencing of cDNAs from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i><sup>†</sup> (1993)

As part of the goal to generate a detailed transcript map for Arabidopsis thaliana, 1152 single run sequences (expressed sequence tags or ESTs) have been determined from cDNA clones taken at random in libraries prepared from different sources of plant material: developing siliques, etiolated seedlings, flower buds, and cultured cells. Eight hundred and ninety-five different genes could be identified, 32% of which showed significant similarity to existing sequences in Arabidopsis and an array of other organisms. These sequences in combination with their positioning on the Arabidopsis genetic map will not only constitute a new set of molecular markers for genome analysis in Arabidopsis but also provide a direct route for the in vivo analysis of their gene products. The sequences have been made available to the public databases.
Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. III. Preparation and characterization of surfactant‐free nanoparticles (2002)

Abstract Polymeric nanoparticles containing the fungicides tebuconazole and chlorothalonil were prepared by a simple, surfactant‐free method and found to have significantly smaller median particle diameters and more stable aqueous suspensions than their surfactant‐stabilized counterparts. These more stable suspensions were delivered into southern yellow pine and birch wood with greater efficiency than the equivalent surfactant‐stabilized nanoparticle suspensions. We found that the suspensions protected the treated wood against fungal attack by Gloeophyllum trabeum , a common brown rot wood decay fungus, and Trametes versicolor , a common white rot wood decay fungus, at low tebuconazole and chlorothalonil contents in the wood. Southern pine lost 5% or less of its mass after 55 days of exposure to G. trabeum when the tebuconazole or chlorothalonil content in the wood was only 0.4 kg/m 3 , while a tebuconazole or chlorothalonil content of 0.8 kg/m 3 in birch wood was sufficient to bring its mass loss to less than 5% after 55 days of exposure to T. versicolor . © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 615–621, 2002
Improving the Efficiency of Conventional Spark-Ignition Engines Using Octane-on-Demand Combustion. Part I: Engine Studies (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper is the first of a two part study which investigates the use of advanced combustion modes as a means of improving the efficiency and environmental impact of conventional light-duty vehicles. This first study focuses on the application of so-called Octane-on-Demand combustion, whereby the fuel anti-knock quality is customized to match the real-time requirements of an otherwise conventional spark-ignition engine. Methanol is utilized as the high octane fuel, while three alternative petroleum-derived fuels with Research octane numbers (RONs) ranging from 61 to 90 are examined as candidates for the lower octane fuel.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Experimental engine calibration maps are first developed to quantify the minimum amount of methanol that must be added to each lower octane fuel in order to reproduce the baseline engine performance attained on a market gasoline (RON 95). The properties of the lower octane fuel are shown to affect the engine performance significantly. In particular, the lower octane fuel indirectly defines the evolution of several key fuel properties with engine load. This synergistic relationship ultimately presents a trade-off between minimizing the fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, but can also be exploited to eliminate the traditional constraints on high load engine operation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Finally, the benefits and trade-offs associated with Octane-on-Demand are discussed in relation to powertrain design and emissions legislation. These benefits include several opportunities to simplify traditional aftertreatment systems, while also realizing higher pollutant conversion efficiencies. Overall, this work suggests that Octane-on-Demand can enable a degree engine performance and efficiency that is not possible with traditional gasolines, while simultaneously realizing the environmental benefits of lower octane petroleum-derived fuels that require less processing than those offered in the market today.</div></div>
Inhibition of Oxidation of Human Low-Density Lipoproteins by Phenolic Substances in Different Essential Oils Varieties (2000)

Phenolics antioxidant phytochemicals have been recently implicated for the lower rates of cardiac disease mortality among people consuming a Mediterranean diet. Essential oils are natural products extracted from vegetable materials, which can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidants, and anti-carcinogenic agents or to preserve and give specific flavors to foods. The activities of 23 selected essential oils in inhibiting the copper-catalyzed oxidation of human-low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were determined in vitro. LDL oxidation was inhibited between 6, 2, and 83% by 2 microM (GAE) total phenolics. The relative inhibition of LDL oxidation was used to categorize the essential oils into four groups below 2% when they contained methylchavicol, anethol, p-cymen, apiole, cinnamic ether; 6-10% if they possessed a majority of carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, or vanillin; 10-50% for moderate amounts of thymol, carvacrol, cuminol, or eugenol; and 50-100% when eugenol is the major component. Total phenol content of essential oils gave a correlation with LDL antioxidant activity of r = 0.75. The Activity of each phenolics compound could play a role in protecting LDL against oxidation if the substance is absorbed by the body.
RECENT TRENDS IN NANOBIOSENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS - A REVIEW (2014)

Nanotechnology plays an important role in the development of biosensors. The sensitivity and performance of biosensors are improved by using nanomaterials through new signal transduction technologies. The development of tools and processes used to fabricate, measure and image nanoscale objects, has led to the development of sensors that interact with extremely small molecules that need to be analyzed. These advances are particularly exciting in the context of biosensing, where the demands are for low concentration detection and high specificity. The use of biomolecule-functionalized surfaces can drastically boost the specificity of the detection system, but may also pose reproducibility problems and increased complexity. Several nanobiosensor architecture-based mechanical devices, optical resonators, functionalized nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanofibers have been in use. As nanobiosensor technology becomes more refined and reliable, it will eventually make lab-on-a-chip devices for rapid screening of a wide variety of analyses at low cost. In particular, nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots have been actively investigated for their applications in biosensors, which have become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science. This paper reviews the status of the various nanostructure-based biosensors and their applications.
Ethics, Institutional Review Boards, and the Changing Face of Educational Research (1993)

Educational research has enjoyed special exemptions from formal ethical oversight of research on human subjects since the original mandate from the federal government that such oversight must occur. Although interpreting these exemptions has always been a potential source of controversy and conflict for university Institutional Review Boards, the burgeoning use of qualitative methods has further complicated matters. This article discusses the original rationale for special exemptions for educational research and then examines which varieties of qualitative educational research are consistent with it and which varieties are not. The article also examines the formal ethical oversight of student research practica, an issue also complicated by the advent of qualitative methods. Specific policies are offered both for determining which varieties of qualitative research should qualify for the special educational exemptions and for formally overseeing student research practica.
RPGRIP1 is Mutated in Leber Congenital Amaurosis: A Mini-Review (2005)

RPGRIP1 encodes the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase interacting protein 1 and interacts with RPGR, the latter represents the major X-linked RP (XRRP) gene, as it accounts for 70-80% of the XRRP patients and up to 13% of all RP patients. RPGRIP1 contains a C-terminal RPGR interacting domain (RID) and a coiled-coil (CC) domain, which is homologous to proteins involved in vesicular trafficking. The interactions between the two proteins is between the RCC1-homologous domain of RPGR (RHD) and the RPGR-interacting domain of RPGRIP1 (RID). Both proteins co-localize to the photoreceptor connecting cilium and RPGRIP1 appears to be a structural component of the ciliary axoneme of the connecting cilium (which connects the inner to the outer segment of the photoreceptors) of both rods and cones and functions to anchor RPGR within the cilium.RPGRIP1 loci encode several different isoforms, which have distinct cellular, sub cellular and biochemical properties. RPGRIP1 is uniquely expressed in amacrine cells of the inner retina. Knockout mice studies have shown that RPGRIP1 is required for disc morphogenesis of the outer segments in the mouse, perhaps by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus far RPGRIP1 appears to be only mutated in LCA and is associated with 6% of LCA in two series. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of RPGRIP1 function in normal and diseased retinas.
A pilot-based frequency offset tracking scheme in OFDM systems (2002)

In this paper, a new carrier frequency offset detection scheme is introduced. Compared to previously proposed schemes that utilize the phase offset due to carrier frequency offset, this new scheme utilizes the change of amplitude of received signal by transmitting a pilot symbol through the channel. To enhance the amplitude variation due to carrier frequency offset, a special pilot pattern is designed. The performance of this proposed scheme is investigated with computer simulation and compared with existing amplitude-detect scheme in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath channels. In both cases, significant performance gain over the conventional amplitude-detect scheme is observed. This proposed scheme is suitable to be used to track the carrier frequency offset.
Decentralized GIS Web Services on Grid (2002)

Geographical data is typically generated and stored locally which is then processed by a limited number of specialized computations or services on that site. Nonetheless, to get a global view, one needs to gather information from various locations and process them by using different specific services. Since each location does not contain all the required services, we normally gather data from those locations to be processed on a central server that has all the services. This centralized server paradigm contains some drawbacks such as single point of failure, network congestion, data inconsistency and others. Furthermore, in some real time applications, e.g., traffic control, pollution modeling etc., these problems must be solved.
Reagent approaches for improved detection of chlorate and perchlorate salts via thermal desorption and ionization (2015)

Several methods of acidification were demonstrated for enhanced vaporization and detection of chlorates and perchlorates. For applications where rapid surface collection and analysis for chlorates and perchlorates are desired, the solid-state approaches offer the simplest means to integrate the reagent chemistry into MS or IMS detection.
Electric Field Controlled Self‐Assembly of Hierarchically Ordered Membranes (2011)

Self-assembly in the presence of external forces is an adaptive, directed organization of molecular components under nonequilibrium conditions. While forces may be generated as a result of spontaneous interactions among components of a system, intervention with external forces can significantly alter the final outcome of self-assembly. Superimposing these intrinsic and extrinsic forces provides greater degrees of freedom to control the structure and function of self-assembling materials. In this work we investigate the role of electric fields during the dynamic self-assembly of a negatively charged polyelectrolyte and a positively charged peptide amphiphile in water leading to the formation of an ordered membrane. In the absence of electric fields, contact between the two solutions of oppositely charged molecules triggers the growth of closed membranes with vertically oriented fibrils that encapsulate the polyelectrolyte solution. This process of self-assembly is intrinsically driven by excess osmotic pressure of counterions, and the electric field is found to modify the kinetics of membrane formation, and also its morphology and properties. Depending on the strength and orientation of the field we observe a significant increase or decrease of up to nearly 100% in membrane thickness, as well as the controlled rotation of nanofiber growth direction by 90 degrees, resulting in a significant increase in mechanical stiffness. These results suggest the possibility of using electric fields to control structure in self-assembly processes involving diffusion of oppositely charged molecules.
Developmental Regulation of a Plasma Membrane Arabinogalactan Protein Epitope in Oilseed Rape Flowers. (1991)

We have identified and characterized the temporal and spatial regulation of a plasma membrane arabinogalactan protein epitope during development of the aerial parts of oilseed rape using the monoclonal antibody JIM8. The JIM8 epitope is expressed by the first cells of the embryo and by certain cells in the sexual organs of flowers. During embryogenesis, the JIM8 epitope ceases to be expressed by the embryo proper but is still found in the suspensor. During differentiation of the stamens and carpels, expression of the JIM8 epitope progresses from one cell type to another, ultimately specifying the endothecium and sperm cells, the nucellar epidermis, synergid cells, and the egg cell. This complex temporal sequence demonstrates rapid turnover of the JIM8 epitope. There is no direct evidence for any cell-inductive process in plant development. However, if cell-cell interactions exist in plants and participate in flower development, the JIM8 epitope may be a marker for one set of them.
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Major Excrement Allergens of House Dust Mite Species <i>D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae</i> and <i>D. microceras</i> (1986)

Species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for major excrement allergens (Dp42, Df6 and Dm6) of D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and D. microceras in house dust were established, using immunoabsorbed, monospecific rabbit antibodies, coupled to horse radish peroxidase. The limit of detection was 13, 4 and 38 ng/ml, respectively. The coefficient of variation for the entire procedure, including dust sieving (212 micron) and extraction was 5-16% for allergen levels above 1000 ng/g dust. Allergen concentration by ELISA correlated well with the number of mite bodies identified and counted by microscopy in 31 dusts (r = 0.88, 0.86 and 0.82 for combined Dermatophagoides sp., D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae group, resp.) Dermatophagoides allergen was recorded in 21/22 mattress dusts (median: 26,000 ng/g; maximum: 290,000 ng/g). D. pteronyssinus allergen occurred in largest amounts (median 7,500 ng/g) followed by D. microceras (median 650 ng/g) and D. farinae (median 240 ng/g).
The Reverse Mirage Effect: Catching the Thermal Wave at the Solid/Liquid Interface (1987)

Detection of species at the solid/liquid interface using infrared spectroscopy is severely limited by the opacity of most liquids to the infrared beam. In this work we use a variant of the photothermal beam deflection (“mirage effect”) method to avoid this problem. With this variant of the method (the “reverse mirage effect”), the IR beam passes through a transparent solid first, and then is absorbed by a liquid medium or by chromophoric species at the solid/liquid interface. The probe laser beam grazes the nonilluminated (back) surface of the solid and is deflected by the thermal gradient in the liquid. Results are presented that were obtained with the use of the reverse mirage technique with single-crystal silicon as the transparent solid and the use of pure acetonitrile as the absorbing sample and beam deflection medium. Studies of the position of the laser probe beam center with respect to the Si/CH 3 CN interface reveal interesting qualities about photothermal detection within the absorbing medium. The resulting spectra are analyzed in terms of the Rosencwaig-Gersho model.
Inhibitory Effects of Water First Extractions of Tea on Digestive Bacteria (2009)

OBJECTIVE To study the inhibitory effects of the water extractions from ordinary green tea,black tea,chrysanthemum tea,oolong tea and Puer tea on digestive tract bacteria.METHODS Incubating plate with foveolae was used to study the inhibitory effect on Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Escherichia coli,Salmonella and Shigella with the water extractions of the tea.RESULTS It is showed inhibitory effect on V.parahaemolyticus by the first water extraction from ordinary green tea,black tea,chvysanthemum tea,oolong tea and Puer tea.Same effect was also observed to E.coli,Salmonella and Shigella.The green tea and Puer tea showed best inhibitory effects on V.parahaemolyticus,and the inhibitory zone diameter of the first water extraction of 2.5mg/ml teas were 10.6mm and 12.3mm,respectively.CONCLUSIONS The first water extraction of many kinds of the tea showes inhibitory effects on the digestive bacteria.
Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der Virusresistenzzüchtung bei Gemüseerbse (Pisum sativum L.), Spinat (Spinacia oleracea L.) und Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (1980)

Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der Virusresistenzzüchtung bei Gemüseerbse (Pisum sativum L.), Spinat (Spinacia oleracea L.) und Tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was published in Band 16, Heft 2 on page 77.
Can we determine the filament chirality by the filament footpoint location or the barb-bearing？ (2016)

We attempt to propose a method for automatically detecting the solar filament chirality and barb bearing. We first introduce the concept of an unweighted undirected graph and adopt the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm to recognize the filament spine. Then, we use the polarity inversion line(PIL) shift method for measuring the polarities on both sides of the filament, and employ the connected components labeling method to identify the barbs and calculate the angle between each barb and the spine to determine the bearing of the barbs, i.e., left or right. We test the automatic detection method with Hα filtergrams from the Big Bear Solar Observatory(BBSO) Hα archive and magnetograms observed with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager(HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO). Four filaments are automatically detected and illustrated to show the results. The barbs in different parts of a filament may have opposite bearings. The filaments in the southern hemisphere(northern hemisphere) mainly have left-bearing(rightbearing) barbs and positive(negative) magnetic helicity, respectively. The tested results demonstrate that our method is efficient and effective in detecting the bearing of filament barbs. It is demonstrated that the conventionally believed one-to-one correspondence between filament chirality and barb bearing is not valid.The correct detection of the filament axis chirality should be done by combining both imaging morphology and magnetic field observations.
A screen for dominant mutations applied to components in the <i>Drosophila</i> EGF-R pathway (2002)

The Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) controls many critical cell fate choices throughout development. Several proteins collaborate to promote localized EGF-R activation, such as Star and Rhomboid (Rho), which act sequentially to ensure the maturation and processing of inactive membrane-bound EGF ligands. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying Rho and Star function, we developed a mutagenesis scheme to isolate novel overexpression activity (NOVA) alleles. In the case of rho, we isolated a dominant neomorphic allele, which interferes with Notch signaling, as well as a dominant-negative allele, which produces RNA interference-like flip-back transcripts that reduce endogenous rho expression. We also obtained dominant-negative and neomorphic Star mutations, which have phenotypes similar to those of rho NOVA alleles, as well as dominant-negative Egf-r alleles. The isolation of dominant alleles in several different genes suggests that NOVA mutagenesis should be widely applicable and emerge as an effective tool for generating dominant mutations in genes of unknown function.
Long Noncoding RNAs as New Architects in Cancer Epigenetics, Prognostic Biomarkers, and Potential Therapeutic Targets (2015)

Recent advances in genome-wide analysis have revealed that 66% of the genome is actively transcribed into noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) while less than 2% of the sequences encode proteins. Among ncRNAs, high-resolution microarray and massively parallel sequencing technologies have identified long ncRNAs (>200 nucleotides) that lack coding protein function. LncRNAs abundance, nuclear location, and diversity allow them to create in association with protein interactome, a complex regulatory network orchestrating cellular phenotypic plasticity via modulation of all levels of protein-coding gene expression. Whereas lncRNAs biological functions and mechanisms of action are still not fully understood, accumulating data suggest that lncRNAs deregulation is pivotal in cancer initiation and progression and metastatic spread through various mechanisms, including epigenetic effectors, alternative splicing, and microRNA-like molecules. Mounting data suggest that several lncRNAs expression profiles in malignant tumors are associated with prognosis and they can be detected in biological fluids. In this review, we will briefly discuss characteristics and functions of lncRNAs, their role in carcinogenesis, and their potential usefulness as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.