gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Investigation of PRRS Virus Infection in Three Swine Herds (1993)

Late in 1991, an enveloped RNA virus (now called porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome [PRRS] virus) was identified as the etiologic agent for mystery swine disease. In 1992, laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of this disease evolved rapidly, and veterinary diagnosticians started applying these tests to field cases. This report is written from the perspective of veterinary laboratory diagnosticians and utilizes 3 case studies to define the advantages and disadvantages of the various available diagnostic laboratory PRRS test procedures in different clinical situations. The diagnostic procedures currently used in our laboratory for investigating PRRS are pathologic examination, serologic testing, fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, and virus isolation. Interstitial pneumonia, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of alveolar walls with normal airway epithelium, is a hallmark lesion for the disease, especially in neonatal pigs with respiratory distress. Interstitial pneumonia is not a specific lesion and must be coupled with other tests to verify PRRS virus infection. Demonstration of seroconversion is helpful, especially in sows that have experienced reproductive failure. The indirect FA test detects antibody sooner than the serum neutralization test and will likely become the serologic test of choice. The direct FA test on fresh tissue utilizes monoclonal antibody and is useful for investigating PRRS virus-associated pneumonia. Virus isolation utilizing swine alveolar macrophages has also been a useful diagnostic procedure. All of the above tests have been universally unrewarding when applied to aborted, mummified, or stillborn piglets.
tpr-met oncogene product induces maturation-producing factor activation in Xenopus oocytes. (1991)

tpr-met, a tyrosine kinase oncogene, is the activated form of the met proto-oncogene that encodes the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. The tpr-met product (p65tpr-met) was tested for its ability to induce meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. While src and abl tyrosine kinase oncogene products have previously been shown to be inactive in this assay, p65tpr-met efficiently induced maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activation and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) together with the associated increase in ribosomal S6 subunit phosphorylation. tpr-met-mediated MPF activation and GVBD was dependent on the endogenous c-mosxe, while the increase in S6 protein phosphorylation was not significantly affected by the loss of mos function. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine inhibits tpr-met-mediated GVBD at concentrations that prevent insulin- but not progesterone-induced oocyte maturation. Moreover, maturation triggered by tpr-met is also inhibited by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This is the first demonstration that a tyrosine kinase oncogene product, p65tpr-met, can induce meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes and activate MPF through a mos-dependent pathway, possibly the insulin or insulinlike growth factor 1 pathway.
Electronic structure and impurity-limited electron mobility of silicon superlattices (1985)

With the utilization of a new complex-band-structure technique, the electronic structure of [100]-oriented model Si-${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ and metal-oxide-silicon superlattices have been obtained over a wide range of layer thickness l (11\ensuremath{\le}l\ensuremath{\le}110 A\r{}), complementing previous results obtained for very thin layer systems (l\ensuremath{\le}11 A\r{}). For l\ensuremath{\ge}44 A\r{}, it is found that these systems exhibit a direct fundamental band gap, produced in large part by the Brillouin-zone folding of the bulk conduction-band edges. In the same range, the transverse band-edge electron effective mass is reduced to a limiting value of 0.73 of the bulk conductivity effective mass, supporting our previous suggestion that a band-structure-driven enhancement in transverse electron mobility over bulk silicon may be possible. Simple effective-mass scaling yields an enhancement of about 1.2 in the (low-temperature) impurity-scattering limit and about 2.2 in the (high-temperature) phonon-scattering limit. Detailed consideration is made of the simpler of the two cases, impurity-scattering-limited electron mobility, with the result that enhanced mobility is indeed predicted for sufficiently high carrier concentrations.
CMOS Distributed Active Power Combiners and Splitters for Multi-Antenna UWB Beamforming Transceivers (2007)

This paper presents the design of the first CMOS distributed active power combiners and splitters with wideband variable delay and gain. These circuits are the key components for use in multi-antenna (MA) ultra-wideband (UWB) point-to-point beamforming communication systems with multiple transmit and receive antennas. Two broadband circuit topologies for each active power combiner and splitter are proposed, one of which being fabricated in a 0.13-mum CMOS process. The proposed fabricated distributed active power combiner and splitter operate across wide range of frequencies that cover the UWB frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The gain of each RF path of the power combiner and splitter is independently controllable from -15 to 6 dB and from -16 to 9.5 dB, respectively. The wideband variable delay of each RF path varies from 32 to 42 ps for the two-stage power combiner, and from 43 to 53 ps for the three-stage power splitter across the UWB frequency range. Supplied from 1.8-V DC voltage, the power combiner and splitter consume 8.5 mA and 11.4 mA, respectively.
Modeling Phasic Insulin Release (2002)

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin secretion are being intensively investigated, yet most researchers are seemingly unaware of the complexity of the dynamic regulation of the secretion. In this article, we summarize studies of the physiology of insulin secretion performed over several decades. The insulin response of perifused islets of rats, perfused rat pancreas, or that of a human, to a square-wave glucose stimulus is biphasic, a transient first-phase response of 4- to 10-min duration followed by a gradual rise in secretion rates (second-phase response). Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the phasic nature of insulin secretion; they are briefly discussed in this review. We have favored the hypothesis that nutrient stimulators such as glucose, in addition to a primary and almost immediate secretory signal, with time induce both stimulatory and inhibitory messages in the beta-cell, and those messages modulate the primary insulinogenic signal. Indeed, studies in the rat pancreas and in humans have demonstrated that short stimulations with glucose generate a state of refractoriness of the insulin secretion, which we have termed time-dependent inhibition (TDI). Nonnutrient secretagogues such as arginine induce strong TDI independent of the duration of stimulation. Once the agent is removed, TDI persists for a considerable period. In contrast, prolonged stimulations with glucose (and other nutrients) lead to the amplification of the insulin response to subsequent stimuli; this can be demonstrated in the perfused rat pancreas, in perifused islets from several rodents, and in humans. We have termed this stimulatory signal time-dependent potentiation (TDP). The generation of TDP requires higher glucose concentrations and prolonged stimulation; the effect is retained for some time after cessation of the stimulus. Of major interest is the observation that, while the acute insulin response to glucose is severely reduced in glucose-intolerant animals and humans, TDP seems to be intact. The cellular mechanisms of TDI and TDP are poorly understood, but data reviewed here suggest that they are distinct from those that lead to the acute insulin response to stimuli. A model is proposed whereby the magnitude and kinetics of the insulin response to a given stimulus reflect the balance between TDP and TDI. Researchers studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin release are urged to take into consideration these complex and opposing factors which regulate insulin secretion.
F22参加“北方边境”演习 (2007)

2006年夏，F-22参加了服役以来的第一次大规模演习——在阿拉斯加州举行的“北方边境”演习。演习中，F-22不仅取得了优异的空战成绩，还验证在空中预警、电子战等方面的出色能力，给人留下了深刻的印象。
Diversity of rangeland bird populations (1995)

Most discussion and management of biological diversity occurs at the local population level, which can be defined as that group of organisms of one species that live in a specific area and that tend to interact more frequently with each other than with individuals from other populations. Loss of diversity always occurs first with the extinction of local populations, and, if the process continues long enough, will ultimately lead to extinction at the regional and global scales. Among animals, most changes in the biological diversity of western rangelands have involved local extinctions, and I summarize the general factors that determine whether a population will either persist through time or decline in numbers to local extinction. These include not only events that directly impact local birth and death rates, but also the ability of individual to move between populations. I then discuss the changes that have occurred in the diversity of the bird community in a riparian area along the Lower Truckee River in west-central Nevada that was studied by Ridgeway in 1868 and over a century later by Klebenow and Oakleaf in 1972-76. A comparison of the species that were located in each study indicates that nearly half of the avian diversity that was originally present in this habitat has now disappeared. An analysis of the birds that are now locally extinct suggests four changes in the environment have been important: (1) loss of the total amount of habitat or subhabitats, such as marshy areas near the river; (2) loss of specific resources within the habitat, such as many native fish; (3) changes in the structure of the remaining habitat, such as a loss of ground cover needed by ground-nesting species to protect their young from predators; and (4) loss of connectivity between remaining habitat patches. Restoration of local biological diversity in riparian habitats, for both birds and other animals, will require management actions to address each of these factors.
Transcription factor KLF4 regulates microRNA-544 that targets YWHAZ in cervical cancer. (2015)

The deregulation of microRNAs has been demonstrated in various tumor processes. Here, we report that microRNA-544 (miR-544) is decreased in cervical cancer tissues compared with normal cervical tissues. To identify the mechanisms involved in miR-544 deregulation, we studied the regulation of miR-544 expression at the transcriptional level. We first identified the transcriptional start site of miR-544 by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and subsequently determined the miR-544 promoter. We discovered that the transcription factor Krueppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is involved in the transcriptional regulation of miR-544 through interaction with the miR-544 promoter. In addition, we found that miR-544 directly targets the YWHAZ oncogene and functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer cells. miR-544 is involved in cell cycle regulation and suppresses cervical cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in a manner associated with YWHAZ downregulation. In summary, our findings demonstrate that KLF4 upregulates miR-544 transcription by activating the miR-544 promoter and that miR-544 functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting YWHAZ. Therefore, miR-544 may be a potential novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker for cervical cancer.
Targeting Cyclooxygenase-2 in Hematological Malignancies: Rationale and Promise (2008)

There is much interest in the potential use of Cox-2 selective inhibitors in combination with other cancer therapeutics. Malignancies of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin often have increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), a key modulator of inflammation. For example, hematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma often highly express Cox-2, which correlates with poor patient prognosis. Expression of Cox-2 enhances survival and proliferation of malignant cells, while negatively influencing anti-tumor immunity. Hematological malignancies expressing elevated levels of Cox-2 potentially avoid immune responses by producing factors that enhance angiogenesis and metastasis. Cellular immune responses regulated by natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and T regulatory cells are also influenced by Cox-2 expression. Therefore, Cox-2 selective inhibitors have promising therapeutic potential in patients suffering from certain hematological malignancies.
Spacetime and electromagnetism: an essay on the philosophy of the special theory of relativity (1991)

The unification of space and time Relative to what? Causal approaches The communication argument Derivations of the Lorentz transformation Four-vector transformations Counterparts, parity, conservation, and symmetry Retrospect and review Relativity and reality The rationality of physics
A Digital BIST for Phase-Locked Loops (2008)

This paper presents a conceptual implementation of a jitter measurement circuit with several BIST (built-in self test) features for embedded phase-locked loops. We demonstrate a fully functional jitter measurement circuit capable of detecting cycle-to-cycle jitter. Proposed BIST logic provides additional information such as MAX jitter value, programmable threshold detection and most recent jitter result with low processing overhead.
Effects of External Transport on Discrimination Between Perfect and Mismatch Duplexes on Gel-Based Oligonucleotide Microchips (2007)

Using hydrogel-based oligonucleotide microchips developed previously for the choice of drugs during leukemia treatment and the other diseases, it is shown that the acceleration of external transport by mixing buffer solution with peristaltic pump not only enhances the observable fluorescence signals, but also improves significantly the discrimination between perfect and mismatch duplexes at the intermediate stage of hybridization on the oligonucleotide microchips. The discrimination efficiency for a given hybridization time grows monotonously with the frequency of flow pulsations. The mixing with frequency 10 Hz accelerates the hybridization rate approximately thrice and improves the discrimination efficiency 1.5-2.5 times higher for overnight hybridization. To study these effects, we have developed the special peristaltic pump mixing solution in a hybridization chamber of 35 mul in volume (area approximately 1 x 1 cm(2) and height 0.3 mm). We present also the brief theoretical summary for the interpretation and assessment of the observed experimental features.
Digital Certificates: Applied Internet Security (1998)

Preface. I. SECURITY, CRYPTOGRAPHY, AND DIGITAL CERTIFICATES. 1. Security and the Internet. 2. Cryptography. 3. Digital Certificates, Certification Authorities, and Public-Key Infrastructures. II. APPLIED INTERNET SECURITY. 4. Browser Security and Trust-Based Software Management. 5. Secure Messaging and S/MIME. 6. Web Server Security, Certificates, and Access Control. 7. Integrity and Open Standards. III. SECURITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICE. 8. Security Management Solutions. 9. Certification Services. 10. Local Registration Authorities (LRAs). IV. THE TRUST DILEMMA. 11. Certificate Policy & Certification Practice. 12. Secure Electronic Commerce. 13. Computer Security Management. V. WEB SECURITY AND CERTIFICATES. 14. Secure Web Communications n Server Authentication. 15. Secure Web Communications n Client Authentication. 16. Microsoft Certificate Server n The Architecture. VI. MICROSOFT CERTIFICATE SERVER. 17. Programming Microsoft Certificate Server n The Policy Module and Extension Handlers. 18. Programming Microsoft Certificate Server n The Exit Module. 19. Programming Microsoft Certificate Server n Certificate Clients and Intermediaries. 20. Programming Microsoft Certificate Server n Admin Programs. Appendix A. Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1). Appendix B. Structuring X.509 Certificate for Use with Microsoft Products. Index. 0201309807T04062001
Growth suppression of normal mammary epithelial cells by wild-type p53. (1994)

p53 mutations are frequent in human breast cancer. In order to understand the role of p53 in the context of the accumulation of mutations in breast cancer, a model of non transformed mammary cells was sought. The HC11 cells are immortalized, non transformed rodent mammary epithelial cells which synthesize milk proteins following stimulation with lactogenic hormones. p53 protein was readily detected in HC11 protein extracts with the PAb421 antibody. Two mutations were identified in the p53 cDNA from HC11 cells: a missense mutation at codon 138, substituting Trp for Cys, and a microdeletion, codon 123 to 130, of exon 5. The latter results from an intronic mutation of the splice acceptor site at the intron 4/exon 5 junction. The mutations affect separate p53 alleles, and no wt allele was found. Wt p53 was introduced into HC11 cells by means of a retroviral vector, under the control of a Cd(++)-inducible promoter. In the presence of CdSO4 a dramatic growth inhibition was observed. A temperature-sensitive mutant p53 gene was also transfected into HC11 cells. This resulted in a marked inhibition of cells growth at 32 degrees C, when the p53 is in the wt conformation, while no effect was observed at 37 degrees C, when the mutant conformation is predominant. wt p53-mediated inhibition of monolayer growth does not involve induction of programmed cell death and does not activate de novo synthesis of differentiation-specific milk proteins. We conclude that mutations in the p53 gene likely played a role in their immortalization. The HC11 cells provide a model for assessing the cooperative action of other mutations in mammary tumorigenesis.
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis (2012)

Die Normannen, in den zeitgenössischen Quellen als «Nordmänner» bezeichnet, haben die Geschichte des Mittelalters vielfältig geprägt. Ausgehend von den Wikingern beschreibt Hubert Houben die Ansiedlung von Normannen in Nordfrankreich, aus der das Herzogtum Normandie hervorging, und zeichnet die normannischen Expansionen des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts nach. Mit der Eroberung Englands 1066 wurde nicht nur die Herrschaft der Angelsachsen abgelöst, sondern auch die Herausbildung einer neuen englischen Identität ermöglicht. Im Süden Italiens schufen die Normannen durch die Zurückdrängung des byzantinischen Einflusses in Apulien und Kalabrien und die Eroberung des muslimisch geprägten Sizilien die Voraussetzungen für die Entstehung eines neuen Königreichs, das in seiner kulturellen Bedeutung nur mit dem Maurischen Spanien zu vergleichen ist. Zudem begründeten die Normannen im Umfeld des 1. Kreuzzugs das Kreuzfahrerfürstentum Antiochia im Vorderen Orient. Abschließend behandelt das Buch die Anpassungs- und Integrationsfähigkeit der Normannen, die Existenz einer normannischen Identität sowie die Gründe für ihren nachhaltigen Erfolg.
All the small things: How virus‐like particles and liposomes modulate allergic immune responses (2019)

Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the range of applications of virus-like nanoparticle (VNP)- and liposome-based antigen delivery systems for the treatment of allergies. These platforms rely on a growing number of inert virus-backbones or distinct lipid formulations and intend to engage the host's innate and/or adaptive immune system by virtue of their co-delivered immunogens. Due to their particulate nature, VNP and liposomal preparations are also capable of breaking tolerance against endogenous cytokines, Igs, and their receptors, allowing for the facile induction of anti-cytokine, anti-IgE, or anti-FcεR antibodies in the host. We here discuss the "pros and cons" of inducing such neutralizing autoantibodies. Moreover, we cover another major theme of the last years, i.e., the engineering of non-anaphylactogenic particles and the elucidation of the parameters relevant for the specific trafficking and processing of such particles in vivo. Finally, we put the various technical advances in VNP- and liposome-research into (pre-)clinical context by referring and critically discussing the relevant studies performed to treat allergic diseases.
Estrogen interacts with the IGF‐1 system to protect nigrostriatal dopamine and maintain motoric behavior after 6‐hydroxdopamine lesions (2003)

The most prominent neurochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). Animal models of PD have concentrated on depleting DA and therapies have focused on maintaining or restoring DA. Within this context estrogen protects against 6-hydroxdopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesions of the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Present studies tested the hypothesis that neuroprotective estrogen actions involve activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. Ovariectomized rats were treated with either a single subcutaneous injection of 17beta-estradiol benzoate or centrally or peripherally IGF-1. All rats were infused unilaterally with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to lesion the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry confirmed that rats injected with 6-OHDA had a massive loss of TH immunoreactivity in both the ipsilateral substantia nigra compacta (60% loss) and the striatum (>95% loss) compared to the contralateral side. Loss of TH immunoreactivity was correlated with loss of asymmetric forelimb movements, a behavioral assay for motor deficits. Pretreatment with estrogen or IGF-1 significantly prevented 6-OHDA-induced loss of substantia nigra compacta neurons (20% loss) and TH immunoreactivity in DA fibers in the striatum (<20% loss) and prevented the loss of asymmetric forelimb use. Blockage of IGF-1 receptors by intracerebroventricular JB-1, an IGF-1 receptor antagonist, attenuated both estrogen and IGF-1 neuroprotection of nigrostriatal DA neurons and motor behavior. These findings suggest that IGF-1 and estrogen acting through the IGF-1 system may be critical for neuroprotective effects of estrogen on nigrostriatal DA neurons in this model of PD.
Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis: A Comprehensive Review (2017)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by periods of remission and periods of relapse. Patients often present with symptoms such as rectal bleeding, diarrhea and weight loss, and may require hospitalization and even colectomy. Long-term complications of UC include decreased quality of life and productivity and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Mucosal healing (MH) has gained progressive importance in the management of UC patients. In this article, we review the endoscopic findings that define both mucosal injury and MH, and the strengths and limitations of the scoring systems currently available in clinical practice. The basic mechanisms behind colonic injury and MH are covered, highlighting the pathways through which different drugs exert their effect towards reducing inflammation and promoting epithelial repair. A comprehensive review of the evidence for approved drugs for UC to achieve and maintain MH is provided, including a section on the pharmacokinetics of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α drugs. Currently approved drugs with proven efficacy in achieving MH in UC include salicylates, corticosteroids (induction only), calcineurin inhibitors (induction only), thiopurines, vedolizumab and anti-TNFα drugs (infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab). MH is of crucial relevance in the outcomes of UC, resulting in lower incidences of clinical relapse, the need for hospitalization and surgery, as well as reduced rates of dysplasia and colorectal cancer. Finally, we present recent evidence towards the need for a more strict definition of complete MH as the preferred endpoint for UC patients, using a combination of both endoscopic and histological findings.