gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic synthesis of trehalose from maltose. (1985)

Synthesis of trehalose from maltose by a coupled enzyme system with trehalose phosphorylase and maltose phosphorylase has been studied. Trehalose phosphorylase was partially purified from Euglena gracilis and maltose phosphorylase was obtained from Lactobacillus brevis. The optimum pH of the reaction was 6.5-7.0 and the reaction rate was faster in the rection mixture containing a low concentration of phosphate. The final ratio of conversion (the ratio of trehalose to maltose) in the pH range between 6.0 and 8.0 was about 60%. Immobilized maltose and trehalose phosphorylase in κ-carageenan could be used without any appreciable loss of activity for batch reactions at least 10 times.
Characterization of ? cells developed in vitro from rat embryonic pancreatic epithelium (1999)

The present study evaluates the development and functional properties of beta cells differentiated in vitro. The authors have previously demonstrated that when E12.5 rat pancreatic rudiments are cultured in vitro in the absence of mesenchyme, the majority of the epithelial cells differentiate into endocrine beta cells. Thus, depletion of the mesenchyme provokes the expansion of endocrine tissue at the expense of exocrine tissue. The potential use of this procedure for the production of beta cells led the authors to characterize the beta cells differentiated in this model and to compare their properties with those of the endocrine cells of the embryonic and adult pancreas. This study shows that the beta cells that differentiate in vitro in the absence of mesenchyme express the homeodomain protein Nkx6.1, a transcription factor that is characteristic of adult mature beta cells. Further, electron microscopy analysis shows that these beta cells are highly granulated, and the ultrastructural analysis of the granules shows that they are characteristic of mature beta cells. The maturity of these granules was confirmed by a double-immunofluorescence study that demonstrated that Rab3A and SNAP-25, two proteins associated with the secretory pathway of insulin, are strongly expressed. Finally, the maturity of the differentiated beta cells in this model was confirmed when the cells responded to stimulation with 16 mM glucose by a 5-fold increase in insulin release. The authors conclude that the beta cells differentiated in vitro from rat embryonic pancreatic rudiments devoid of mesenchyme are mature beta cells.
A RAPID AND SIMPLE ASSAY FOR IDENTIFYING LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED (1975)

A rapid, simple and reliable method for the identification of seed from low glucosinolate cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) was developed using a semi-quantitative, glucose-specific test paper containing glucose oxidase, peroxidase and the chromogen, o-tolidine. Glucose released from hydrolysis of the glucosinolates by the endogenous myrosinase in aqueous seed extracts was measured after removal of interfering substances with charcoal. Greater sensitivity at the lower end of the glucose test-paper range allowed identification of low glucosinolate seed from mixtures with normal glucosinolate seeds when the glucosinolate content of the mixture was double, or more, the content of the low glucosinolate seed. The stability of the reagents, sensitivity, simplicity and speed of the assay, approximately 5 min, suggest that it is suitable for the identification of low glucosinolate seed in commerce.
Metal bonded Sm2Fe17N3−δ magnets (1991)

Sm2Fe17N3−δ is a promising permanent magnet material but disproportionation above 650 °C means that only low-temperature processing can be considered. Sintering micron-size Sm2Fe17N3−δ powder with the soft, low-melting metals Zn, Bi, Sn, and Al has been investigated. Good results are obtained with zinc. A coercivity of 0.6 T and a maximum energy product of 84 kJ/m3 (10.5 MGOe) have been obtained. Zn7Fe3 is formed as a secondary phase.
Robots That Learn Language: A Developmental Approach to Situated Human-Robot Conversations (2007)

8.1 Sharing the risk of being misunderstood The experiments in learning a pragmatic capability illustrate the importance of sharing the risk of not being understood correctly between the user and the robot. In the learning period for utterance understanding by the robot, the values of the local confidence parameters changed significantly when the robot acted incorrectly in the first trial and correctly in the second trial. To facilitate learning, the user had to gradually increase the ambiguity of utterances according to the robot's developing ability to understand them and had to take the risk of not being understood correctly. In the its learning period for utterance generation, the robot adjusted its utterances to the user while learning the global confidence function. When the target understanding rate was set to 0.95, the global confidence function became very unstable in cases where the robot's expectations of being understood correctly at a high probability were not met. This instability could be prevented by using a lower value of , which means that the robot would have to take a greater risk of not being understood correctly. Accordingly, in human-machine interaction, both users and robots must face the risk of not being understood correctly and thus adjust their actions to accommodate such risk in order to effectively couple their belief systems. Although the importance of controlling the risk of error in learning has generally been seen as an exploration-exploitation trade-off in the field of reinforcement learning by machines (e.g., (Dayan & Sejnowski, 1996)), we argue here that the mutual accommodation of the risk of error by those communicating is an important basis for the formation of mutual understanding. 8.2 Incomplete observed information and fast adaptation In general, an utterance does not contain complete information about what a speaker wants to convey to a listener. The proposed learning method interpreted such utterances according to the situation by providing necessary but missing information by making use of the assumption of shared beliefs. The method also enabled the robot and the user to adapt such an assumption of shared beliefs to each other with little interaction. We can say that the method successfully
Palladium Nanoparticle-Enabled Ultrathick Tribofilm with Unique Composition (2018)

There is a consensus that savings of 1.0-1.4% of a country's gross domestic product may be achieved through lubrication R&D. Recent studies have shown great potential for using surface-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) as lubricant additives to enhance lubricating performance. NPs were reported with ability of producing a low-friction antiwear tribofilm, usually 20-200 nm in thickness, on the contact surface. In contrast, this study reports an unexpected 10 times thicker (2-3 μm) tribofilm formed by dodecanethiol-modified palladium NPs (core size: 2-4 nm) in boundary lubrication of a steel-cast iron contact. Adding 0.5-1.0 wt % such NPs to a lubricating oil resulted in significant reductions in friction and wear by up to 40 and 97%, respectively. Further investigation suggested that the PdNP core primarily was responsible for the improvement in both friction and wear, whereas the thiolate ligand only contributed to the wear protection but had little impact on the friction behavior. In addition, unlike most previously reported tribofilms that contain a substantial amount of metal oxides, this PdNP-induced tribofilm is clearly dominated by Pd/S compounds, as revealed by nanostructural examination and chemical analysis. Such a ultrathick tribofilm with unique composition is believed to be responsible for the superior lubricating behavior.
Implant-stabilized overdentures. (1997)

Implant-stabilized overdentures can be used successfully to restore the edentulous mouth, and there are many good reasons why this treatment should be selected in preference to using fixed dentures. However, as with any treatment, there must be a strong commitment to after care if the overdenture is to remain successful. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using implants to stabilize overdentures, examines their success rates and discusses the extent of after care.
Source Data-absent Unsupervised Domain Adaptation through Hypothesis Transfer and Labeling Transfer (2020)

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to transfer knowledge from a related but different well-labeled source domain to a new unlabeled target domain. Most existing UDA methods require access to the source data, and thus are not applicable when the data are confidential and not shareable due to privacy concerns. This paper aims to tackle a realistic setting with only a classification model available trained over, instead of accessing to, the source data. To effectively utilize the source model for adaptation, we propose a novel approach called Source HypOthesis Transfer (SHOT), which learns the feature extraction module for the target domain by fitting the target data features to the frozen source classification module (representing classification hypothesis). Specifically, SHOT exploits both information maximization and self-supervised learning for the feature extraction module learning to ensure the target features are implicitly aligned with the features of unseen source data via the same hypothesis. Furthermore, we propose a new labeling transfer strategy, which separates the target data into two splits based on the confidence of predictions (labeling information), and then employ semi-supervised learning to improve the accuracy of less-confident predictions in the target domain. We denote labeling transfer as SHOT++ if the predictions are obtained by SHOT. Extensive experiments on both digit classification and object recognition tasks show that SHOT and SHOT++ achieve results surpassing or comparable to the state-of-the-arts, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approaches for various visual domain adaptation problems. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/tim-learn/SHOT-plus}.
Quantum dots induced by strain from buried and surface stressors (1999)

Quantum dots can be induced in a quantum well by strain from a buried, self-assembled dot or from a stressor on the surface. The elastic fields are shown to be significantly different in their ability to trap carriers. There is no dilation around a buried dot, which therefore has no effect on electrons, and the axial strain repels both holes and excitons. A stressor on the surface, in contrast, produces dilation that can confine all carriers. In both cases, the piezoelectric potential may trap electrons and holes separately in space, storing long-lived spatially indirect excitons.
Treatment of melanoma cells with the synthetic retinoid CD437 induces apoptosis via activation of AP-1 in vitro, and causes growth inhibition in xenografts in vivo. (1996)

Human malignant melanoma is notoriously resistant to pharmacological modulation. We describe here for the first time that the synthetic retinoid CD437 has a strong dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on human melanoma cells (IC50: 5 x 10(-6) M) via the induction of programmed cell death, as judged by analysis of cell morphology, electron microscopical features, and DNA fragmentation. Programmed cell death was preceded by a strong activation of the AP-1 complex in CD437-treated cells as demonstrated by gel retardation and chloramphenicol transferase (CAT) assays. Northern blot analysis showed a time-dependent increase in the expression of c-fos and c-jun encoding components of AP-1, whereas bcl-2 and p53 mRNA levels remained constant. CD437 also exhibited a strong growth inhibitory effect on MeWo melanoma cells in a xenograft model. In tissue sections of CD437-treated MeWo tumors from these animals, apoptotic melanoma cells and c-fos overexpressing cells were colocalized by TdT-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and in situ hybridization. Taken together, this report identifies CD437 as a retinoid that activates and upregulates the transcription factor AP-1, leading eventually to programmed cell death of exposed human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether synthetic retinoids such as CD437 represent a new class of retinoids, which may open up new ways to a more effective therapy of malignant melanoma.
Mutation Detection in an Antibody-Producing Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line by Targeted RNA Sequencing (2016)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been used widely in the pharmaceutical industry for production of biological therapeutics including monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The integrity of the gene of interest and the accuracy of the relay of genetic information impact product quality and patient safety. Here we employed next-generation sequencing, particularly RNA-seq, and developed a method to systematically analyze the mutation rate of the mRNA of CHO cell lines producing a mAb. The effect of an extended culturing period to mimic the scale of cell expansion in a manufacturing process and varying selection pressure in the cell culture were also closely examined.
Primary Control by ON/OFF Demand-Side Devices (2013)

We consider an aggregator managing a portfolio of ON/OFF demand-side devices. The devices are able to shift consumption in time within certain energy limitations; moreover, the devices are able to measure the system frequency and switch ON and OFF accordingly. We show how the aggregator can manage the portfolio of devices to collectively provide a primary reserve delivery in an unbundled liberalized electricity market setting under current regulations. Furthermore, we formulate a binary linear optimization problem that minimizes the aggregator's cost of providing a primary reserve delivery of a given volume, and demonstrate this method on numerical examples.
Cyclosporin A Loaded PLGA Nanoparticle: Preparation, Optimization, In-Vitro Characterization and Stability Studies (2010)

Present study reports optimal conditions for the preparation of cyclosporin A loaded PLGA nanoparticles with a diameter < 200nm. In a systematic approach, various process variables such as homogenization/sonication, choice of suitable stabilizer and its concentration, drug loading etc. were optimized to achieve maximum drug loading and desired particle size ( < 200nm) and the optimized formulation was further characterized for shape and morphology by atomic forced microscopy (AFM), nature of drug inside the nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) analysis and in-vitro drug release. A step wise freeze drying cycle was developed and suitable lyoprotectants were screened for long term shelf storage of the formulation in dried form. Accelerated stability testing was also carried out to determine the change in physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles during storage. Nanoparticles were successfully prepared with high encapsulation efficiency ( > 85%w/w) and low particle size (163 nm) using 2% w/v PVA as surfactant with probe sonication technique. AFM images confirmed the spherical shape and smooth surface of the particles and drug was found to be molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix of nanoparticles as revealed by XRD analysis. Developed formulation showed a zero order in vitro release pattern up to 20 days with no initial burst release when carried out using a cellulose dialysis bags with a molecular mass cut-off of 12000 Da. Step wise freeze drying was successfully carried out using relatively low concentration (2.5%w/v) of dextrose and mannitol as lyoprotectants with insignificant changes in particle size and entrapment efficiency. No significant changes in characteristics of nanoparticles were observed after 3 months of storage in accelerated stability conditions. The developed formulation can be successfully used as potential delivery vehicle for delivery of cyclosporin A through oral/topical routes for possible systemic or dermatological applications. The nanoparticles would be loaded into a gel for possible topical application and such studies are underway in our laboratory.
IEEE 802.11 Handovers Assisted by GPS Information (2006)

IEEE 802.11 networks are now very common and are present in various locations. While roaming through access points, a mobile node is often required to perform a link layer handover. This mechanism causes user-interceptable connection loss and breaks in time-sensitive communication, especially if a network layer handover follows the link layer handover. Many solutions attempting to improve this process have been proposed but only a few use geolocation systems in the management of the handover. In this article, we present a new method to enhance both link layer and network layer handovers using geolocation information provided by a GPS system. The idea behind our algorithm is to predict the next mobile node point of attachment and the associated sub-network using the position of the mobile nodes. This method has been implemented using the new Mobile IP daemon for GNU/Linux operating system and evaluated through two scenarios
A set of transformations for lossless image compression (1995)

Based on the property of binary arithmetic operations and the spatial probability distribution of the prediction error, a set of transformations is proposed for the lossless image compression. The bit plane coding technique is used in the transformed image. The transformations are easily implementable. Experimental results show that these transformations are useful.
Ser o no ser primordialista. L’aportació de Clifford Geertz a les teories del nacionalisme (2006)

Aquest text preten fer una aproximacio a una de les parts menys conegudes de l’obra de Geertz dins de la propia disciplina antropologica: la seva aportacio a les teories del nacionalisme i l’etnicitat. Contraposat, com en molts altres temes, a l’obra de Gellner (del qual ha estat ampliament reconeguda la seva aportacio a les teories modernistes del nacionalisme), Geertz ha estat erigit com el principal representant de l’anomenada perspectiva primordialista de l’etnicitat. Despres d’esbossar una breu comparativa biografica i intel•lectual entre ambdos antropolegs, el text es centra en mostrar quina fou exactament l’aportacio de Geertz a les teories del nacionalisme i proposa una interpretacio al debat que s’ha creat al voltant de si realment els seus arguments sobre l’etnicitat son primordialistes o no. Coneixer aquesta part de l’obra de Geertz ens permetra completar el retrat que tenim d’un autor, sens dubte polemic, pero que innegablement ha esdevingut una figura clau de l’antropologia contemporania.
Synthesis and antimalarial activities of structurally simplified 1,2,4‐trioxanes related to artemisinin (1995)

Abstract Eleven derivatives of the clinically useful, antimalarial, 1,2,4‐trioxane artemisinin have been synthesized in only several steps from commercial cyclohexanones. Of these simple, tricyclic 1,2,4‐trioxanes, 10 showed considerable in vitro antimalarial activity, with one being as potent as artemisinin. Some structure‐activity relationship generalizations are made from this series of artemisinin analogs. Triethylsilyl hydrotrioxide (Et 3 SiOOOH), prepared in situ from ozone and triethylsilane, is shown to be a mild, fastacting, and effective dioxetane‐forming reagent with vinyl ethers and with a vinyl thioether on relatively small (50–100 mg) scale.
Supporting content-based queries over images in MARS (1997)

While advances in technology allow us to generate, transmit and store large amounts of digital images, video and audio, research in the indexing and retrieval of multimedia information is still at its infancy. To address the challenges in building an effective multimedia database system, we have built the Multimedia Analysis and Retrieval System (MARS) prototype. This paper summarises the retrieval subsystem of MARS and its support for content-based queries over image features. Content-based retrieval techniques have been extensively studied for textual documents in the area of automatic information retrieval. Our objective in MARS is to exploit these existing techniques for content-based retrieval over images and multimedia databases.
A NEW-TYPE ULTRAVIOLET SHG CRYSTAL——β-BaB 2 O 4 (1985)

On the basis of our work An anionic group theory of electro-optical and nonlinear optical effects of the crystals, we first proposed the possibility of searching for new-type SHG crystals among the inorganic materials possessing planar ring groups. Since then, a new-type ultraviolet StIG crystal—β-BaB2O4 has been developed, a crystal with excellent optical homogeneity, anti-deliquescence and easy-working mechanical properties. Various measurements have been made thereupon of its powder sample tests, phase diagram, structural determination and other performance tests. The following parameters of β-BaB2O4 have thus been determined: space group at room temperature R3, melting point 1095℃, phase transition temperature 925±5℃, transparent band range 190—2500mμ, phase matching angle at 539—270mμ 47°, and radiation damage threshold 2GW/em2. Its effective SHG coefficient is 3—6 times larger than that of ADP (at different wavelengths). It is expected that this new crystal will find wide and extensive applications in ultraviolet and near infrared regions.
A rapid and efficient, nonradioactive method for screening recombinant DNA libraries. (1994)

In this report we present a rapid and inexpensive PCR-based method to screen recombinant DNA libraries. The efficiency of this method was demonstrated by the isolation of clones of interest from three different libraries using different vector systems. This method is nonradioactive and makes it easier to handle a large number of samples since there is no need for DNA extraction. The advantages and applications of the method are discussed.
Functional morphology of the prosoma of Baltoeurypterus tetragonophthalmus (Fischer) (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) (1981)

Abstract The prosomal morphology of Baltoeurypterus tetragonophthalmus (Fischer) from the Baltic Silurian is redescribed and reconstructed. The first eurypterid labrum and new secondary sexual characters of Baltoeurypterus are described. The radially-arranged coxae of Baltoeurypterus were capable of adduction and abduction for food mastication, but not promotor-remotor movements for locomotion. Joint diagrams are presented for the first time for an extinct arthropod. Promotion and remotion of the limbs occurred about subvertical trochanteral pivots, as in all other chelicerates except xiphosurans. Baltoeurypterus probably walked in a &ldquo;slow&rdquo; gait; a method of choosing possible gaits for extinct arthropods is outlined. Swimming in Baltoeurypterus was effected by means of a rowing action of the posterior limb pair, which is provided with complex joints for collapsing the paddle during the recovery stroke. The limb arrangement and joint mechanisms of Baltoeurypterus are intermediate between those of the xiphosurans and the arachnids. It is possible that a sister relationship exists between the eurypterids and some arachnid groups, which would render Merostomata and Arachnida unnatural assemblages.
Evaluation of colloidal chitosan against diamond back moth Plutella xylostella L. on cauliflower (2022)

An ecofriendly colloidal chitosan byproduct synthesized from crude chitosan was evaluated for its chronic toxicity against second instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L. by leaf dip bioassay. The consumption of 10000 ppm colloidal chitosan treated leaf caused 100% mortality after the 4th day, with least larval weight (0.02 mg). Whereas, the consumption of 8000 ppm treated leaves reduced the larval (0.65 mg), pupal (1.26 mg), and adult weights (0.75 mg), with 10% adult malformation and extended larval duration. This is compared to untreated larval duration of 10.66 days. Thus, colloidal chitosan exhibits chronic toxicity and growth inhibition effect on P. xylostella larvae.