gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Industrially Feasible Approach to Transparent, Flexible, and Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films: Cellulose-Assisted Film Deposition Followed by Solution and Photonic Processing (2013)

We report that single-walled nanotube (SWNT) films with precisely controlled thicknesses and transmittances can be produced through the doctor-blade method using SWNT–polymer inks. The matrix polymer around SWNTs were successfully removed by either solution curing or photonic curing at room temperature, which are advantageous processes enabling direct film formation on plastic substrates. Sheet resistances as low as 68–240 Ω/sq at T=89–98% were obtained. Furthermore, the SWNT film on poly(ethylene naphthalate) exhibited superior flexibility and stability in a flexure endurance test. The method may open a wide range of opportunities for flexible electrical devices.
MobileOne Ltd (M1) (2004)

The present case documents how a young mobile phone company was built from scratch. A number of contingency factors contributed to the successful founding and growth of M1, including leadership, competitive strategy, technological development, customer service, shareholders' commitment, employee quality, community involvement, and industry regulation. Following M1's successful initial public offering in December 2002, management had to find new ways to sustain the M1 miracle. A number of new trends presented M1 with threats and opportunities, including new customer demands, 3G technology, and intertelco rivalry for the existing set of customers. This case is useful for assessing the conditions for successful start-up as well as examining strategies to maintain growth.
Physical Architecture of Vlsi Systems (1994)

The Physical Architecture of Electronic Systems Semiconductor Packaging Interconnect Substrate Technologies Electronic Module Technology Interassembly and Intersystem Interconnect Manufacturing Multichip Modules Electronic Systems Topology and Design Electrical Design of Packaging Systems Thermal Design and Control Vibration and Shock Analysis Mechanical Design Methodologies in Electronic Packaging Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties Reliability Issues.
Gait enhancing mobile shoe (GEMS) for rehabilitation (2009)

Individuals with certain types of central nervous system damage, such as stroke, have an asymmetric walking gait. Using a split-belt treadmill, where each leg walks at a different speed, has been shown to help rehabilitate walking impaired individuals, but there is one distinct drawback; the corrected gait does not transfer well to walking over ground. To increase the gait transference to another environment, we designed and built a passive shoe that admits a motion similar to that felt when walking on a split-belt treadmill. Our gait enhancing mobile shoe (GEMS) alters the wearer's gait by causing one foot to move backward during the stance phase while walking over ground. No external power is required since the shoe mechanically converts the wearers downward and horizontal forces into a backward motion. This shoe would allow a patient to walk over ground while experiencing the same gait altering effects as felt on a split-belt treadmill, which should aid in transferring the corrected gait to walking in natural environments.
The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. (1979)

1. The velocity of shortening at zero load was studied during fused tetanic contractions and single twitches in isolated skeletal muscle fibres of Rana temporaria. 2. The technique used for determination of the speed of unloaded shortening consisted of a series of quick releases of different amplitudes applied at a given instant during activity. The time, delta t, needed for the fibre to take up the slack was plotted against the amplitude of release, delta L. The slope of the straight line relating delta t-delta L provided a measure of the velocity of shortening at zero load, V0. 3. V0 was compared with force-velocity data obtained at finite loads (load-clamp recordings). The predicted velocity of shortening at zero load, derived by hyperbolic extrapolation from velocities at low and intermediate loads, was not significantly different from V0. 4. The temperature dependence of isometric force and of shortening velocity was investigated between 2 and 12 degrees C in the same fibres. Q10 was 2.67 +/- 0.07 (S.E. of mean, n = 6) for V0 and 1.24 +/- 0.01 for tetanic force. 5. The velocity of unloaded shortening was determined at different sarcomere lengths in the range 1.4--3.1 microns. V0 was constant between 1.65 microns and approximately 2.7 microns. It decreased below 1.65 microns and increased above 2.7 microns. 6. The decrease in velocity at short sarcomere lengths probably reflects an increase of the passive resistance to shortening. The increase in velocity at long sarcomere lengths can be accounted for by the passive compressive force that is produced by the parallel elastic elements of the prestretched fibre. 7. V0 was determined at the peak of the twitch and during the plateau of the fused tetanus in the same fibre. Whereas the peak twitch force varied between 38 and 85% of the tetanic tension in the different fibres (mean: 71 +/- 5%, n = 8), V0 during the twitch was 99 +/- 2% of the value recorded during the tetanus. Depression of the isometric twitch amplitude to 10% of the control value by dantrolene did not cause any significant reduction of V0.
Regulation of the human β-actin promoter by upstream and intron domains (1989)

We have identified three regulatory domains of the complex human beta-actin gene promoter. They span a region of about 3000 bases, from not more than -2011 bases upstream of the mRNA cap site to within the 5' intron (832 bases long). A distal upstream domain contains at least one enhancer-like element. A proximal upstream domain, with a CArG [for CC(A + T rich)6GG] motif found in all known mammalian actin genes, seems to confer serum, but not growth factor, inducibility. The third domain is within the evolutionarily conserved 3' region of the first intron and contains a 13 base-pair sequence, identical to the upstream sequence with the CArG motif. This domain also contains sequences that are both serum and fibroblast growth factor inducible.
Targeting of a foreign protein into the thylakoid lumen of pea chloroplasts (1989)

A chimaeric gene was constructed which encodes the pre‐sequence of the 33 kDa protein of the oxygen‐evolving complex, a thylakoid lumen protein, linked to dihydrofolate reductase, a cytoplasmic protein. The encoded fusion protein is transported into the thylakoid lumen of isolated pea chloroplasts, with concomitant removal of the pre‐sequence.
The Sequence of a 8 kb Segment on the Right Arm of Yeast Chromosome VII Identifies Four New Open Reading Frames and the Gene For yTAFII145 (1997)

We report the sequence of a 8,061 bp fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. Five open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 amino acids were identified. Three show similarities to the amino-acid sequence of known gene products. ORF G9374 corresponds to the gene coding for the yTAFII145 protein: a TBP-associated factor whose amino-acid sequence was previously reported (Reese et al., 1994). The remaining ORF does not display similarities to known sequences.
Aging-Associated Cognitive Decline (1994)

In 1962, based on a study of nursing home residents, Kral suggested a distinction between benign and malignant senescent forgetfulness, the latter evolving to dementia and early death and the former remaining relatively static. Although this concept was never operationally described or validated, it clearly rang true with those working with the nascent specialty of geriatric psychiatry and rapidly entered standard textbooks on the subject. The burgeoning of interest in the elderly and the massive expansion of clinical and research work in the field of dementia in the eighties led to a widely expressed need for the development of criteria to categorize a group of subjects with memory problems falling short of dementia. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) responded with the formation of a working group that published its suggested criteria for what Crook et al. (1986) called “age-associated memory impairment” (AAMI). Although some of the detailed components of these criteria have proved controversial, the term has been increasingly quoted in relevant literature and has given rise to specific studies. It has led to wide discussion, and related entities have been incorporated both in the draft of DSM-IV (as “aging-associated cognitive decline [AACD]” [American Psychiatric Association, 1993], an “additional condition that may be the focus of clinical attention”) and in the research criteria for ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1993), where it is potentially classifiable under FO6.7 Mild Cognitive Disorder, although this does not specifically give aging as a cause. In arriving at our provisional criteria we have drawn to a great degree on these and other related publications that we are pleased to acknowledge.
Enhanced electrochemical detection of multi-heavy metal ions using a biopolymer-coated planar carbon electrode (2018)

In this study, a chitosan biopolymer-coated planar carbon electrode was developed for in situ determination of heavy metals (Zn <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> and Pb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> ) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The experimental conditions were optimized with respect to deposition time, amplitude and frequency. With 300 s deposition time, the heavy metal stripping was conducted at 0.05 V pulse amplitude, 20 Hz pulse frequency, and 0.004 V square wave step voltage in 0.1M acetate buffer at pH 4.6. Two distinguished peaks were observed at -0.86 and -0.37V, which are associated with the stripping of Zn <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> and Pb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> , respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 and 1 ppb for Zn <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> and Pb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> , respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) for repetitive measurements of Zn <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> and Pb <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> were in the range of 4.8-5.4 % (n=30 with two identical electrodes). Overall, the developed biopolymer-coated carbon electrode exhibited excellent representativeness and reproductivity for in situ multi heavy metal ions detection in spiked samples, holding a great promise for on-site testing of heavy metals in drinking water.
Simultaneous confocal recording of multiple fluorescent labels with improved channel separation (1994)

Confocal microscopes are often used to study specimens labelled with fluorophores. A commonly used method for simultaneous recording of the distribution of multiple fluorophores is to divide the fluorescent light emitted by the specimen into different wavelength regions using dichroic and bandpass filters. These different wavelength regions are then distributed to multiple detectors. However, the broad and overlapping spectra of commonly used fluorophores often result in considerable crosstalk between channels. A new technique, intensity-modulated multiple-beam scanning (IMS) microfluorometry, can be used to reduce this cross-talk substantially. The IMS technique is implemented with two laser beams of different wavelengths, intensity-modulated at different frequencies, which illuminate the specimen simultaneously. The two laser wavelengths predominantly excite one fluorophore each. Fluorescent light from the specimen is divided into two wavelength regions (red and green) which are detected by two photomultiplier tubes. The output signals from the photomultiplier tubes are connected to lock-in amplifiers. The effect of using modulated laser beams, in combination with lock-in amplifiers, is strongly to reduce cross-talk between the channels. The performance of the IMS technique using various types of specimen is compared with the results obtained using the conventional multi-detector method.
Sensing hypoxia in the carotid body: from stimulus to response (2007)

The carotid body is a peripheral sensory organ that can transduce modest falls in the arterial PO(2) (partial pressure of oxygen) into a neural signal that provides the afferent limb of a set of stereotypic cardiorespiratory reflexes that are graded according to the intensity of the stimulus. The stimulus sensed is tissue PO(2) and this can be estimated to be around 50 mmHg during arterial normoxia, falling to between 10-40 mmHg during hypoxia. The chemoafferent hypoxia stimulus-response curve is exponential, rising in discharge frequency with falling PO(2), and with no absolute threshold apparent in hyperoxia. Although the oxygen sensor has not been definitely identified, it is believed to reside within type I cells of the carotid body, and presently two major hypotheses have been put forward to account for the sensing mechanism. The first relies upon alterations in the cell energy status that is sensed by the cytosolic enzyme AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) subsequent to hypoxia-induced increases in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio during hypoxia. AMPK is localized close to the plasma membrane and its activation can inhibit both large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) and background, TASK-like potassium channels, inducing membrane depolarization, voltage-gated calcium entry and neurosecretion of a range of transmitter and modulator substances, including catecholamines, ATP and acetylcholine. The alternative hypothesis considers a role for haemoxygenase-2, which uses oxygen as a substrate and may act to gate an associated BK channel through the action of its products, carbon monoxide and possibly haem. It is likely however, that these and other hypotheses of oxygen transduction are not mutually exclusive and that each plays a role, via its own particular sensitivity, in shaping the full response of this organ between hyperoxia and anoxia.
Purification and Characterization of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase from <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i> T71 (1998)

Oxygen-sensitive gallic acid decarboxylase from Pantoea (formerly Enterobacter) agglomerans T71 was purified from a cell extract after stabilization by reducing agents. This enzyme has a molecular mass of approximately 320 kDa and consists of six identical subunits. It is highly specific for gallic acid. Gallic acid decarboxylase is unique among similar decarboxylases in that it requires iron as a cofactor, as shown by plasma emission spectroscopy (which revealed an iron content of 0.8 mol per mol of enzyme subunit), spectrophotometric analysis (absorption shoulders at 398 and 472 nm), and inhibition of the enzyme activity by 2,2'-bipyridyl, o-phenanthroline, and EDTA. Another interesting feature of this strain is the fact that it contains a tannase, which is used together with the gallic acid decarboxylase in a two-enzyme resting cell bioconversion to synthesize valuable pyrogallol from readily available tannic acid.
Elution characteristics of vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin and clindamycin from calcium sulphate beads (2001)

The in vitro release of vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin and clindamycin from biodegradable calcium sulphate (CaSO(4)) carrier beads is described. All antibiotics showed prolonged release from the carrier beads, which was elevated during the first 24 h, with peak levels exceeding 2500 microg/bead. Doubling the antibiotic load of the beads revealed a more prolonged elution and a two-fold increase in antibiotic release. Local carrier-associated antibiotic treatment with CaSO(4) beads may prove to be effective in the management of chronic bone infections.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treatment ofPain in a Patient with Post Thoracotomy PainSyndrome (2011)

Post Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome (PTPS) is defined as pain that occurs or persists in the area of the thoracotomy incision for at least 2 months following the initial procedure. The true incidence of PTPS is hard to define as literature reports a wide range of occurrence from 5% to 90%. Thoracotomy is associated with a high risk of severe chronic postoperative pain. Presenting symptoms include both neuropathic pain in the area of the incision, as well as myofascial pain commonly in the ipsilateral scapula and shoulder. Pain management can be challenging in these patients. Multiple treatments have been described including conservative treatments with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); topically applied, peripherally acting drugs; neuromodulating agents; physical therapy; transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as well as more invasive treatments including intercostal nerve blocks, trigger point steroid injections, epidural steroid injections, radiofrequency nerve ablation, cryoablation, and one case report of spinal cord stimulation. Unfortunately, a portion of these patients will have persistent pain in spite of multiple treatment modalities, and in some cases will experience worsening of pain. This case report describes the novel utility and complete resolution of symptoms with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in treatment of a patient with persistent PTPS. In the operating room, a percutaneous octet electrode lead was placed using sterile technique under fluoroscopic guidance and loss-of-resistance technique. The octet electrode lead was subsequently advanced with the aid of fluoroscopy to the level of the T3 superior endplate just right of midline. The patient's pain distribution was captured optimally with stimulation at this level. With the assistance of a neurosurgeon, the lead was anchored, tunneled, and connected to a generator, which was implanted over the right iliac crest. The patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications. We report the successful use of SCS as well as complete resolution of symptoms at 4 months follow-up, in a patient with persistent PTPS, which was resistant to other modalities. In conclusion, studies designed to evaluate the effectiveness of SCS for PTPS may be warranted.
Plasmonic Materials (2007)

Abstract We provide an overview of the way in which different approaches to nanostructuring metals can lead to a wealth of interesting optical properties and functionality through manipulation of the plasmon modes that such structures support, a field known as plasmonics . The increasing interest in plasmonics derives in large measure from the interplay between better fabrication techniques and an awareness of the potential that controlled plasmon modes have to offer. The combination of nanometer‐scale fabrication techniques and increasingly sophisticated numerical modeling capabilities thus enables a significant advance in our understanding of the science underlying plasmonics. Here, we survey some of the different structures that have been explored. We hope that this Review will spur others to continue the exploration of this fascinating topic.
Effect of strain on whisker growth in matte tin (2008)

Purpose To evaluate the role of imposed strain on whisker growth in matte tin, and to identify the appropriate deformation states and environments that will facilitate the development of a reliable, accelerated test methodology to provide results representative of whisker growth under long‐term service conditions. Design/methodology/approach Whisker growth in matte tin coated strips and wires of copper subjected to various outer fibre strains was characterized at three different temperatures under different humidity conditions. Findings This study presents findings of the influence of imposed strain and temperature on whisker growth in a matte tin layers present on a copper substrate. A decrease in incubation time and accelerated growth of whiskers occur with critical imposed strain and specific environmental temperature. Originality/value Whisker growth in tin coatings is becoming a major reliability concern in modern microelectronics. Immersion coating that produces a matte tin layer is being used extensively in electronic applications. The findings of this study facilitate the development of accelerated tests which represent events that occur over long periods of time during service so that suitable mitigation strategies can be evaluated in a reasonable time period.
A randomized comparison of microtip and air-charged catheter for the measurement of maximum urethral closure pressure. (2012)

Air-charged catheters give lower readings for MUCP than microtip catheters with a good agreement between the two catheters.
Proton‐enhanced <sup>13</sup>C imaging/spectroscopy by polarization transfer (1990)

Carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy (CMRI/S) was performed using polarization transfer techniques where sensitivity of the carbon signal was enhanced by transferring the proton spin order to the carbon nuclei. The experimental feasibility of using polarization transfer techniques at 2.0 T was demonstrated with a phantom and an intact chicken egg. The potential clinical applications of CMRI/S with polarization transfer include the assessment of prostate cancer. Preliminary results using human prostate specimens are presented.
Asymmetric Bioreduction of Ethyl 3-Halo-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoate by <i>Saccharomyces </i><i>c</i><i>erevisiae</i> Immobilized in Ca-Alginate Beads with Double Gel Layer (2006)

The asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl 3-halo-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoate was studied for several microorganisms and especially for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highest chemical yield (90%), de (70%) and ee (96−99%) were obtained with S. cerevisiae immobilized in calcium alginate beads with double gel layers, and reaction conditions were optimized by changing matrix of immobilization, concentration of substrate, and feeding with glucose as electron donor. The entrapment of cells with double gel layers was fundamental to achieve high enantio- and diastereoselectivity.
Always-On Sub-Microwatt Spiking Neural Network Based on Spike-Driven Clock- and Power-Gating for an Ultra-Low-Power Intelligent Device (2021)

This paper presents a novel spiking neural network (SNN) classifier architecture for enabling always-on artificial intelligent (AI) functions, such as keyword spotting (KWS) and visual wake-up, in ultra-low-power internet-of-things (IoT) devices. Such always-on hardware tends to dominate the power efficiency of an IoT device and therefore it is paramount to minimize its power dissipation. A key observation is that the input signal to always-on hardware is typically sparse in time. This is a great opportunity that a SNN classifier can leverage because the switching activity and the power consumption of SNN hardware can scale with spike rate. To leverage this scalability, the proposed SNN classifier architecture employs event-driven architecture, especially fine-grained clock generation and gating and fine-grained power gating, to obtain very low static power dissipation. The prototype is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS and occupies an area of 1.99 mm<sup>2</sup>. At 0.52 V supply voltage, it consumes 75 nW at no input activity and less than 300 nW at 100% input activity. It still maintains competitive inference accuracy for KWS and other always-on classification workloads. The prototype achieved a power consumption reduction of over three orders of magnitude compared to the state-of-the-art for SNN hardware and of about 2.3X compared to the state-of-the-art KWS hardware.