gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of plant population density and rectangularity on the growth and yield of poppies (<i>Papaver somniferum</i>) (1990)

SUMMARY Growth, yield and incidence of lodging of poppies were studied in Tasmania at 10–200 plants/m 2 and at nominal rectangularities (within-row: between-row spacing) ranging from 1:1 to 10:1. In 1983/84 and 1988/89, there were asymptotic relationships between plant population density and both total dry-matter production and total head (capsule plus seed) yield at maturity. In 1983/84, a season with above-average wind, the incidence of lodging increased as density increased to > 50 plants/m 2 ; morphine concentration decreased as density increased to > 100 plants/m 2 . This resulted in parabolic relationships between yield of erect (machine-harvestable) heads and yield of morphine from erect heads with plant density, the maximum morphine yield from erect heads being achieved at 70 plants/m 2 . In 1988/89, a season with below-average wind, the effects of lodging were less severe at high densities and the components of ‘erect’ yield were adequately fitted by an asymptotic function. Rectangularity of 1:1 gave higher total dry matter production, total head yield, yield of erect heads and morphine yield from erect heads than 4:1 and 10:1. Since calm conditions similar to those of 1988/89 occur only once in every 4 years, growers should be encouraged to establish c. 70 plants/m 2 . As most commercial crops in Tasmania are drilled in 150–175 mm rows, growing at 70 plants/m 2 to maximize the effect of plant density would also approximate to the ideal rectangularity (2:1 in this case).
30. Colchicine and related compounds. Part IX (1950)

J. W. Cook, G. T. Dickson, J. Jack, J. D. Loudon, J. McKeown, J. MacMillan and W. F. Williamson, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 139 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500000139
ECG-gated pinhole SPECT in mice (2003)

The authors have developed a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique for high resolution radiotracer imaging of mice where the object is rotated instead of the scintillation camera. The system uses a 21 cm focal length pinhole collimator with a 0.5 mm diameter aperture, resulting in magnification ranging from 7 to 10 and acquisition times from 60 to 90 minutes. This method employs a plastic mouse-holding tube designed to address specific problems associated with pinhole SPECT, including low count rates and correction for shift of the center of rotation. Images of a novel "mouse heart" phantom demonstrated good image quality, uniformity, and spatial resolution. A /sup 99m/Tc-sestamibi scan of a normal mouse, electrocardiogram-gated at over 400 beats per minute, allowed assessment of regional myocardial perfusion and evaluation of ventricular wall motion. An ungated perfusion scan produced images with millimeter spatial resolution and quality comparable to human images, allowing the visualization of the left and right ventricular myocardium.
Determination of uranium and thorium in geological materials using extraction chromatography (1999)

A procedure has been developed for the determination of uranium and thorium in geological samples using extraction chromatography. Following sample preparation, uranium and thorium are pre-concentrated by precipitation with iron(III) hydroxide and then separated using UTEVA resin. The separated uranium and thorium are electrodeposited onto stainless-steel discs and then measured by alpha spectrometry. The procedure was evaluated using uraninite ore, coral and granite reference materials. The uranium and thorium concentrations and the 234U/238U and 230Th/234U activity ratio values determined for the reference materials were in good agreement with the certified values. The presence of plutonium was found to interfere with the separation, but the inclusion of a reduction step using iron(II) sulfamate eliminated the problem. Chemical recoveries for the procedure are similar to those for an anion-exchange procedure, but the extraction-chromatography procedure provides a more rapid separation using less reagents.
Role of free carriers from two-photon absorption in Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides (2004)

We show experimentally that free carriers generated by two-photon-absorption in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides can introduce large losses which limit the usable pump power for Raman amplification at telecommunication wavelengths. The measured pump loss agreed with a theoretical model of the free-carrier absorption arising from two-photon-induced free carrier generation inside the waveguide.
Clinical Implementation of Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy (2011)

Intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) is a rotational approach to radiation therapy delivered on a conventional linear accelerator using a conventional multileaf collimator. There are 2 key advantages of IMAT. First, the rotational nature of the delivery provides great flexibility in shaping each dose distribution. As a result, IMAT can provide dosimetric advantages relative to fixed-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The second advantage is the highly efficient nature of the delivery. For centers with an active IMRT program, the clinical implementation of IMAT should be relatively straightforward. For clinical implementation of IMAT, it is important to fully characterize the accuracy of the dose model used, and the performance of the quality assurance equipment.
Developing Consultation: Some Managerial Implications of the Health and Safety at Work Act (1982)

Whilst there are potential benefits to be gained from the consultative approach to the management of health and safety at work required by recent legislation, the actual implementation of such consultation is not without its problems. In particular the process of developing effective consultation may actually lead to conflict between participants. The process of implementation calls for careful management if the advantages of consultation are to be achieved.
THE LAYERED NET SURFACE PROBLEMS IN DISCRETE GEOMETRY AND MEDICAL IMAGE SEGMENTATION (2007)

Efficient detection of multiple inter-related surfaces representing the boundaries of objects of interest in d-D images (d >/= 3) is important and remains challenging in many medical image analysis applications. In this paper, we study several layered net surface (LNS) problems captured by an interesting type of geometric graphs called ordered multi-column graphs in the d-D discrete space (d >/= 3 is any constant integer). The LNS problems model the simultaneous detection of multiple mutually related surfaces in three or higher dimensional medical images. Although we prove that the d-D LNS problem (d >/= 3) on a general ordered multi-column graph is NP-hard, the (special) ordered multi-column graphs that model medical image segmentation have the self-closure structures and thus admit polynomial time exact algorithms for solving the LNS problems. Our techniques also solve the related net surface volume (NSV) problems of computing well-shaped geometric regions of an optimal total volume in a d-D weighted voxel grid. The NSV problems find applications in medical image segmentation and data mining. Our techniques yield the first polynomial time exact algorithms for several high dimensional medical image segmentation problems. Experiments and comparisons based on real medical data showed that our LNS algorithms and software are computationally efficient and produce highly accurate and consistent segmentation results.
Polymer Grafting and Crosslinking (2008)

Introduction (Amit Bhattacharya and Paramita Ray). 2. Basic Features and Techniques (Amit Bhattacharya and Paramita Ray). 3. Mechanism and Kinetics (Chris Fellows). 4. Analytical Evidences (Amit Bhattacharya and Paramita Ray). 5. Broader Spectrum: Examples (Inderjeet Kaur and Paramita Ray). 6. In Biomedical Arena (Gauri Misra, Eun Gil, and Tao Lowe). 7. Application in Textiles (Mohammed Rahman). 8. In Automobiles (James Rawlin and Jeremy Swanson). 9. In Cable Technology (Achintya Sen). 10. Separation and purification (Mohamed Nasef). 11. Coatings, Adhesives, and Laminates (James Rawlin and Sharath K. Mendon). 12. In Commodity Plastics (James Rawlin and James Whittermore IV) Future Directions (Amit Bhattacharya).
Tunneling of a Wave Packet (1962)

Analytic expressions are given for the time spent by a particle tunneling through a potential barrier. The expressions are derived for an incident wave packet which is initially Gaussian, centered about a point an arbitrary distance away from a rectangular potential barrier and moving toward the barrier with constant average velocity. Upon collision with the barrier, the packet splits into a transmitted and a reflected packet. The resultant transmission time is positive, nonzero and in principle measurable. Although the transmission time becomes quite large as the incident kinetic energy becomes very small, in general, for nonzero incident momentum and finite potential barriers which are neither very thick nor very thin, the transmission times are less than the time that would be required for the incident particle to travel a distance equal to the barrier thickness. The transmission times for metal-insulator-metal thin film sandwiches, given approximately by δt3=ℏ/(Efφ)12, where Ef is the Fermi energy of the metal, and φ the vacuum work function, are of the order of 10−16 sec, compared to RC time constants of about 10−13 sec.
The Marker Channel: A Telemetric Diagnostic Aid (1984)

Interpretation of ECG records from patients who have sophisticated pacemakers is often difficult. To address this problem, radiofrequency telemetry of diagnostic data is now being provided in varying forms from such pacemakers. A particularly useful aid to ECG analysis is offered by transmission of a Marker Channel which provides detailed information regarding occurrence and timing of pacing and sensing events. Use of the Marker Channel in combination with an appropriate programmer makes it possible to obtain ECGs with fully diagrammed pacemaker operation in minutes, with sufficient detail to free the user from the need to memorize unique pacemaker characteristics. This system is described and sample records are discussed.
A formal structure for automatic icons (1989)

The paper presents a formal structure for describing icons and their relations to objects. Icons are mappings from icon space, which deals with representational properties, to object space, which deals with computational objects. The nature of this mapping is formally described. An extension called automatic icons is proposed. The automatic-icon model subsumes currently-used static and animated icons and gives powerful and flexible new tools we call automatic icons. Some applications of automatic icons, and a tool built by the authors to help system designers create automatic icons, are described. The processes outlined in this paper are the subject of a pending patent.
Exact reconstruction from periodic nonuniform samples (2002)

We examine the problem of reconstructing a discrete-time signal given only n of its M-phase components. Borrowing analysis from the field of perfect reconstruction filter banks enables us to derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which reconstruction is possible. Essentially, in a perfect reconstruction system, the conditions required to reconstruct from partial information are equivalent to the conditions needed to ensure that the rest of the information does not contribute to the reconstructed signal. This allows us to reconstruct multiband signals which have an overall bandwidth of no more than B, yet cannot be reconstructed from uniformly spaced samples at the minimum rate of B/2/spl pi/.
Depth imaging and regional exploration in Northeast Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico (2006)

Since 2002, Kerr-McGee has been using regional (several hundred OCS blocks) 3D prestack depth migrations for exploration in Northeast Garden Banks, located in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1). Advances in prestack depth imaging technology, as well as the experience learned in subsalt imaging in the Gulf of Mexico, have impacted ways we evaluate and explore in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico in the past few years. The regional 3D prestack depth migration provided better understanding of the petroleum systems (salt tectonics, sediment fairways, traps, etc.) and reduced exploration risks.
In situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in butterfly wings for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (2013)

Recently, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely studied for chemical and biological sensing. SERS substrates combined with photonic architectures have attracted more and more attention. Photonic architectures in butterfly wings are too complicated to fabricate with either "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Herein, we developed a simple, reproducible, inexpensive and green method to fabricate SERS substrates from different butterfly wings where the component chitosan/chitin was utilized as in situ reducer to synthesize gold nanoparticles in natural 3D photonic architectures. The SERS performances of three butterfly wings are compared. And the results show that a SERS substrate based on M. menelaus is better than the other three substrates, which could detect 10<sup>-9</sup> M 4-ATP and has the lowest RSD and moderate SNR. In situ synthesis of AuNPs in butterfly wings with photonic architectures paves the way for fabricating multiple SERS substrates based on natural materials.
A Membrane-Proximal Region of the Interleukin-2 Receptor γ <sub>c</sub> Chain Sufficient for Jak Kinase Activation and Induction of Proliferation in T Cells (1996)

The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) consists of three distinct subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma c) and regulates proliferation of T lymphocytes. Intracellular signalling results from ligand-mediated heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the beta and gamma c chains. To identify the residues of gamma c critical to this process, mutations were introduced into the cytoplasmic domain, and the effects on signalling were analyzed in the IL-2-dependent T-cell line CTLL2 and T-helper clone D10, using chimeric IL-2R chains that bind and are activated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Whereas previous studies of fibroblasts and transformed T cells have suggested that signalling by gamma c requires both membrane-proximal and C-terminal subdomains, our results for IL-2-dependent T cells demonstrate that the membrane-proximal 52 amino acids are sufficient to mediate a normal proliferative response, including induction of the proto-oncogenes c-myc and c-fos. Although gamma c is phosphorylated on tyrosine upon receptor activation and could potentially interact with downstream molecules containing SH2 domains, cytoplasmic tyrosine residues were dispensable for mitogenic signalling. However, deletion of a membrane-proximal region conserved among other cytokine receptors (cytoplasmic residues 5 to 37) or an adjacent region unique to gamma c (residues 40 to 52) abrogated functional interaction of the receptor chain with the tyrosine kinase Jak3. This correlated with a loss of all signalling events analyzed, including phosphorylation of the IL-2R beta-associated kinase Jak1, expression of c-myc and c-fos, and induction of the proliferative response. Thus, it appears in T cells that Jak3 is a critical mediator of mitogenic signaling by the gamma c chain.
Optimal halftoning over hexagonal grids (2006)

Halftoning approaches to image rendering on binary devices have traditionally relied on rectangular grids for dot placement. This practice has been followed mainly due to restrictions on printer hardware technology. However, recent advances on printing devices coupled with the availability of efficient interpolation and resampling algorithms are making the implementation of halftone prints over alternate dot placement tessellations feasible. This is of particular interest since blue noise dithering principles indicate that the visual artifacts at several tone densities, which appear in rectangular-grid halftones, can be overcome through the use of hexagonal tessellations. While the spectral analysis of blue noise dithering provides the desired spectral characteristics one must attain, it does not provide the dithering structures needed to achieve these. In this paper, these optimal dithering mechanisms are developed through modifications of the Direct Binary Search (DBS) algorithm extensively used for rectangular grids. Special attention is given to the effects of the new geometry on the Human Visual System (HVS) models and on the efficient implementation of the hexagonal-grid DBS. This algorithm provides the best possible output at the expense of high computational complexity, and while the DBS algorithm is not practical in most applications, it provides a performance benchmark for other more practical algorithms. Finally, a tone-dependent, hexagonal-grid, error-diffusion algorithm is developed, where the DBS algorithm is used to optimize the underlying filter weights. The characteristics of the HVS are thus implicitly used in the optimization. Extensive simulations show that hexagonal grids do indeed reduce disturbing artifacts, providing smoother halftone textures over the entire gray-scale region. Results also show that tone-dependent error-diffusion can provide comparable results to that of the DBS algorithms but at a significantly lower computational complexity.
Question-Generation In Constraint-Based Expert Systems (2002)

If-then rules are the core knowledge representation technology in currently deployed expert systems. However, if we replace rules by constraints, we can greatly extend both the expressive and reasoning functionality of such systems. An open issue, however, is how best should constraint-based expert systems decide which questions to ask their users during a consultation -- how can an interactive constraint-based expert system extract needed data from its users while imposing the smallest possible burden on those users. In this paper we consider three types of approach to the task.
Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection, and strychnine (1990)

The lumbar and cervical spinal dorsal horns of adult rats with a chronic (8 days) constriction injury of the sciatic nerve on one side (and a sham operation on the other) were examined for signs of transsynaptic degeneration. The incidence of neurons with signs of degeneration (pyknosis and hyperchromatosis; 'dark neurons') was significantly increased in the lumbar dorsal horn on both sides. The ipsilateral lumbar increase was significantly greater than the contralateral increase. There was no increase in the incidence of dark neurons in the cervical dorsal horns of the same rats. The distribution of lumbar dark neurons was similar bilaterally. The majority of the dark neurons were found in the sciatic nerve's territory in laminae I-II. A second group of rats received the same surgery but in addition received a series of 7 daily subconvulsive doses of strychnine. Dark neurons were again found bilaterally (with ipsilateral predominance) in the sciatic nerve's territory in lumbar laminae I-II, but the incidence was significantly greater than that found in the group that did not receive strychnine. The same result was obtained in a third group of strychnine-treated rats when the sham operation was omitted. Thus the appearance of contralateral dark neurons is not dependent on unintentional nerve damage created by the sham procedure. An additional group of rats was sacrificed 8 days after receiving a unilateral sciatic nerve transection, a contralateral sham operation, and the 7 daily strychnine injections. There was no increase in the incidence of dark neurons in any of these rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isoprenylation masks a conformational epitope and enhances trans-dominant inhibitory function of the large hepatitis delta antigen (1994)

Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) consists of two species, large (LHDAg) and small (SHDAg), which are identical in sequence except that the large form contains 19 extra amino acids at the C terminus. The large form is prenylated on the Cxxx motif. The small form can trans activate HDV RNA replication, while the large form inhibits it. To determine the molecular basis for their differential functions, we examined the effects of prenylation on the conformation and function of HDAg. We show that the presence of prenylates masks a conformational epitope which is present in SHDAg but hidden in wild-type LHDAg; this epitope becomes exposed in all of the nonprenylated mutant LHDAgs. Prenylation also plays a major role in conferring the trans-dominant negative inhibitory activity of LHDAg, since the loss of prenylation in LHDAg reduced its inhibitory activity. The primary amino acids of the C-terminal sequence also contributed to the maintenance of the HDAg protein conformation; a prenylated LHDAg mutant with a five-amino-acid deletion had an exposed C-terminal epitope. By examining LHDAg mutants which have deletions of various extents of C-terminal sequence, with or without the prenylation motif, we have further shown that all of the prenylated mutants have much higher levels of trans-dominant suppressor activities than do the corresponding nonprenylated mutants. Surprisingly, a few nonprenylated LHDAg mutants were able to trans activate HDV RNA replication, while all of the prenylated ones lost this function. These results suggest that isoprenylates cause the masking of a conformational epitope of HDAg and that conformational differences between the large and small HDAgs account for the differences in their trans-activating and trans-dominant inhibitory biological activities.
Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Estrogen-Related Receptor-γ Inverse Agonists To Restore the Sodium Iodide Symporter Function in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (2019)

An inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor-γ (ERRγ), an orphan nuclear receptor encoded by E srrg, enhances sodium iodide symporter-mediated radioiodine uptake in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells, thereby facilitating responsiveness to radioiodine therapy in vitro. We synthesized potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ERRγ-inverse agonists and evaluated their activity by analyzing in vitro pharmacology and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profiles. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the ligand and ERRγ complex showed that 35 completely binds to the target protein (PDB 6A6K ). Our results showed improved radioiodine avidity in ATC cells through compound 35-mediated upregulation of iodide-handling genes, leading to enhanced responsiveness to radioiodine therapy in vitro. Importantly, in vivo <sup>124</sup>I-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed that 35 increases radioiodine avidity in CAL62 tumors. Collectively, these results demonstrated that 35 can be developed as a promising treatment for ERRγ-related cancer in the future.