gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CO<sub>2</sub> permeability and bicarbonate transport in microperfused interlobular ducts isolated from guinea‐pig pancreas (2000)

Permeabilities of the luminal and basolateral membranes of pancreatic duct cells to CO2 and HCO3- were examined in interlobular duct segments isolated from guinea-pig pancreas. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured by microfluorometry in unstimulated, microperfused ducts loaded with the pH-sensitive fluoroprobe 2'7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). When HCO3-/CO2 was admitted to the bath, pHi decreased transiently as a result of CO2 diffusion and then increased to a higher value as a result of HCO3- uptake across the basolateral membrane by Na+-HCO3- cotransport. When HCO3-/CO2 was admitted to the lumen, pHi again decreased but no subsequent increase was observed, indicating that the luminal membrane was permeable to CO2 but did not allow HCO3- entry to the cells from the lumen. Only when the luminal HCO3- concentration was raised above 125 mM was HCO3- entry detected. The same was true of duct cells stimulated with forskolin. Recovery of pHi from an acid load, induced by exposure to an NH4+ pulse, was dependent on basolateral but not luminal Na+ and could be blocked by basolateral application of methylisobutylamiloride and H2DIDS. This indicates that the Na+-H+ exchangers and Na+-HCO3- cotransporters are located exclusively at the basolateral membrane. In the presence of HCO3-/CO2, substitution of basolateral Cl- with glucuronate caused larger increases in pHi than substitution of luminal Cl-. This suggests that the anion exchanger activity in the basolateral membrane is greater than that in the luminal membrane. We conclude that the luminal and basolateral membranes are both freely permeable to CO2, but while the basolateral membrane has both uptake and efflux pathways for HCO3-, the luminal membrane presents a significant barrier to the re-entry of secreted HCO3-, largely through the inhibition of the luminal anion exchanger by high luminal HCO3- concentrations.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFUR MUSTARD–INDUCED TOXICITY BY ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY IN PORCINE SKIN (2000)

The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) has been validated as an invitro model to study the cutaneous toxicology of numerous compounds, including sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; HD). Enzyme histochemistry of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and nonspecific esterase (NSE) was performed on skin dosed with HD from the IPPSF. Flaps from the dose response study were treated with 10.0 (n = 5), 5.0 (n = 4), 2.5 (n = 4), 1.25 (n = 3), 0.5 (n = 3), and 0.2 (n = 4) mg/mL HD in absolute ethanol (EtOH) and perfused for 8 h. Flaps from the time response study were treated with 10.0 mg/mL HD in EtOH or the EtOH vehicle and perfused for 1 (n = 4), 3 (n = 4), 5 (n = 4), and 8 h (n = 3). In the time response study, significant differences (SD) (p <. 05) were found in the stratum basale with ALP (3 h HD SD from the 3 h EtOH; 3 h HD SD from the 8 h HD), ACP (3 h HD SD from the 3 h EtOH), and NSE (8 h HD SD from the 8 h EtOH); in the stratum spinosum with NSE (1 h HD SD from the 1 h EtOH; 8 h HD SD from the 8 h EtOH); and in the dermis with NSE (1 h HD SD from the 1 h EtOH). ALP staining was found to be the most sensitive of the enzyme biomarkers in this study, since its intensity increases in response to mild insult and decreases in response to a more severe exposure.
Based on the movement of the WPF effect evaluation system (2015)

In our country, the evaluation system of athletes' movement effect is an essential task to develop. The system should be an important module of modern informationization, nevertherless, the development of the system based on software were lacking.The current situation,of which the information management system for our country's athletes develops, concerns us the demand to push forward the development of the system.We find a promising system based on WPF programming language to evaluate the sports' effect. The system is fundential to manage daily information, assess movement effect, and evaluate the injury rehabilitation.Our discorvory provides opportunities for the future development of the assessment system.
VLSI architectures of sparse distributed memory (1991)

VLSI hardware architectures of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory are described. These architectures are designed for high-speed parallel processing with modular expandability. Architectures for an analog address comparator and a systolic array have been developed with advanced structures. Parallel shift register architecture and parallel comparator architecture with binary tree adders have been studied from an effective VLSI implementation point of view. The realization and performance estimations for each architecture are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neuroprotective Effects of Lipoxin A4 in Central Nervous System Pathologies (2014)

Many diseases of the central nervous system are characterized and sometimes worsened by an intense inflammatory response in the affected tissue. It is now accepted that resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by a group of mediators that can act in synchrony to switch the phenotype of cells, from a proinflammatory one to another that favors the return to homeostasis. This new genus of proresolving mediators includes resolvins, protectins, maresins, and lipoxins, the first to be discovered. In this short review we provide an overview of current knowledge into the cellular and molecular interactions of lipoxins in diseases of the central nervous system in which they appear to facilitate the resolution of inflammation, thus exerting a neuroprotective action.
Susceptibility to Deterioration of Mobility Long-Term After Stroke (2005)

Mobility decline is an essential concern in chronic stroke patients, especially because it might lead to activities of daily living dependence and affects social reintegration. Early recognition of prognostic factors in patients at risk may guide clinicians to apply interventions aimed to prevent deterioration of mobility status in chronic stroke.
Fast, Sub‐pixel Antialiased Shadow Maps (2009)

Abstract Solving aliasing artifacts is an essential problem in shadow mapping approaches. Many works have been proposed, however, most of them focused on removing the texel‐level aliasing that results from the limited resolution of shadow maps. Little work has been done to solve the pixel‐level shadow aliasing that is produced by the rasterization on the screen plane. In this paper, we propose a fast, sub‐pixel antialiased shadowing algorithm to solve the pixel aliasing problem. Our work is based on the alias‐free shadow maps, which is capable of computing accurate per‐pixel shadow, and only incurs little cost to extend to sub‐pixel accuracy. Instead of direct supersampling the screen space, we take facets to approximate pixels in shadow testing. The shadowed area of one facet is rapidly evaluated by projecting blocker geometry onto a supersampled 2D occlusion mask with bitmasks fusion. It provides a sub‐pixel occlusion sampling so as to capture fine shadow details and features. Furthermore, we introduce the silhouette mask map that limits visibility evaluation to pixels only on the silhouette, which greatly reduces the computation cost. Our algorithm runs entirely on the GPU, achieving real‐time performance and is an order of magnitude faster than the brute‐force supersampling method to produce comparable 32× antialiased shadows.
Glibenclamide-induced blockade of ischemic preconditioning is time dependent in intact rat heart (1997)

The ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel has been demonstrated to be a potential mediator of ischemic preconditioning (PC) in most species, with the exception of the rat. This conclusion is based on the failure of the KATP channel antagonist glibenclamide (Glib) to block PC in this species. However, previous studies did not take into consideration the kinetic properties of Glib binding to its receptor in the rat myocardium. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ischemic PC is mediated by the myocardial KATP channel in the rat and that blockade of PC by Glib is a time-dependent phenomenon. Barbiturate-anesthetized, open-chest male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 min of occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. Ischemic PC was elicited by three 5-min occlusion periods interspersed with 5 min of reperfusion. Infarct size (IS) as a percentage of the area at risk (AAR; IS/AAR) was determined with triphenyltetrazolium staining. PC and the KATP channel opener nicorandil (50 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) resulted in marked reductions in IS/AAR from 53 +/- 3% to 8 +/- 1% and 17 +/- 5%, respectively (P < 0.05). Two doses of Glib (1 or 0.3 mg/kg i.v.) given 30 min before PC abolished the protective effect of PC; however, Glib (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) given 5 min before PC failed to block the effect. Glib administered 30 min before the 15-min nicorandil infusion blocked the cardioprotective effect of NC but did not block its transient hypotensive effect. These results demonstrate that the KATP channel is involved in ischemic PC in the intact rat heart and that the inhibitory effect of Glib to block PC is time dependent.
Financial Modeling, 2nd Edition (2000)

Too often, finance courses stop short of making a connection between textbook finance and the problems of real-world business. Financial Modeling bridges this gap between theory and practice by providing a nuts-and-bolts guide to solving common financial models with spreadsheets. Simon Benninga takes the reader step by step through each model, showing how it can be solved using Microsoft Excel®. In this sense, this is a finance "cookbook, " providing recipes with lists of ingredients and instructions. Areas covered include computation of corporate finance problems, standard portfolio problems, option pricing and applications, and duration and immunization. The second edition contains six new chapters covering financial calculations, cost of capital, value at risk (VaR), real options, early exercise boundaries, and term structure modeling. A new technical chapter contains a potpourri of tips for using Excel®. Although the reader should know enough about Excel® to set up a simple spreadsheet, the author explains advanced Excel® techniques used in the book. The book includes chapters dealing with random number generation, data tables, matrix manipulation, and VBA programming. It also comes with a CD-ROM containing Excel® worksheets and solutions to end-of-chapter exercises.
Survey of expert systems for fault detection, test generation and maintenance (1986)

Abstract: The use of knowledge engineering in diagnostic systems, is aimed primarily at exploiting procedural knowledge (about: systems operations, configuration, observations, calibration, maintenance), in connection with failure detection and test generation tasks. Next, the goal is to devise knowledge representation schemes whereby the failure events can be analyzed by merging highly diverse sources of information: analog/digital signals, logical variables and test outcomes, text from verbal reports, and inspection images. The final goal is to ease the operator workload when interfacing with the system under test and/or the test equipment, or with reliability assessment software packages. The paper will present key notions, methods and tools from: knowledge representation, inference procedures, pattern analysis. This will be illustrated by reference to a number of current and potential applications for e.g.: electronics failure detection, control systems testing, analysis of intermittent failures, false alarm reduction, test generation, maintenance trainers.
Performance evaluation of static security analysis methods (1994)

This paper describes a method for static security analysis based on a coordinated combination of PI methods, subnetwork solutions, compensation methods and sparse vector methods. The method is hybrid utilizing PI methods and contingency screening/analysis methods. This paper focuses on the contingency screening/analysis method. It is capable of efficiently handling PV/PQ bus type conversions and islanding conditions caused by contingencies. It also features an "optimal" combination of computational procedures which yields the least execution time for a specified level of accuracy. The performance of the method is statistically evaluated on large power systems. The results clearly illustrate the superior performance of the method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Requirement for the Kinase Activity of Human DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit in DNA Strand Break Rejoining (1999)

The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is an enormous, 470-kDa protein serine/threonine kinase that has homology with members of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase superfamily. This protein contributes to the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by assembling broken ends of DNA molecules in combination with the DNA-binding factors Ku70 and Ku80. It may also serve as a molecular scaffold for recruiting DNA repair factors to DNA strand breaks. This study attempts to better define the role of protein kinase activity in the repair of DNA DSBs. We constructed a contiguous 14-kb human DNA-PKcs cDNA and demonstrated that it can complement the DNA DSB repair defects of two mutant cell lines known to be deficient in DNA-PKcs (M059J and V3). We then created deletion and site-directed mutations within the conserved PI 3-kinase domain of the DNA-PKcs gene to test the importance of protein kinase activity for DSB rejoining. These DNA-PKcs mutant constructs are able to express the protein but fail to complement the DNA DSB or V(D)J recombination defects of DNA-PKcs mutant cells. These results indicate that the protein kinase activity of DNA-PKcs is essential for the rejoining of DNA DSBs in mammalian cells. We have also determined a model structure for the DNA-PKcs kinase domain based on comparisons to the crystallographic structure of a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This structure gives some insight into which amino acid residues are crucial for the kinase activity in DNA-PKcs.
Laser induced short plane acoustic wave focusing in water (2007)

Laser induced high frequency acoustic wave generation, propagation, and focusing in water are studied. A large area, flat, and short duration acoustic wave was generated by the thermoelastic interaction of a homogenized short pulsed laser beam with the liquid-solid interface and propagated at the speed of sound. Laser flash Schlieren photography was used to visualize the transient interaction of the flat acoustic wave with a cylindrical concave lens and the subsequent acoustic wave focusing. Numerical simulations showed the acoustic wave could be focused to several tens of microns in size and 7bars in pressure.
Plasma Contamination and Wall Erosion in Thermonuclear Reactors (1971)

Plasma radiations striking the vacuum walls of fusion reactors may (a) seriously damage and erode the wall and (b) release major quantities of gas which will contaminate the plasma. The influence of various secondary particle-emission contributing to these two processes will be reviewed; special emphasis will be given to radiation blistering, sputtering, and the release of gaseous particles by energetic photon impact. From the best estimates of the yields of some of these processes, the lifetimes of walls made for example of Nb or Mo will be estimated.
Recent Advances of the Study on Milk Oligosaccharides of Domestic Farm Animals Including Cows (2012)

人乳にはラクトース以外のミルクオリゴ糖が初乳で22～24 g/L，常乳で12～13 g/L含まれ，これまでに115種類もの構造が解析されている．一方でウシでは分娩直後の初乳で1 g/L以上のミルクオリゴ糖が含まれ，そのうちの70%は3'-シアリルラクトースなどの酸性オリゴ糖が占めるが，とくに酸性オリゴ糖の含有量は分娩後48時間以降の乳では急減し，常乳中にはごく少量しか含まれていない．ウシミルクオリゴ糖の構造研究は，含まれる量がごく少量であることが原因でヒトミルクオリゴ糖の構造研究に比べて著しく遅れていたが，近年親水性相互作用高速液体クロマトグラフィーやエキソグリコシダーゼ消化、質量分析の組み合わせによる構造解析方法の進歩によって微量での解析が可能となった．一方で，新たな各ウシミルクオリゴ糖の定量分析方法も開発された．本解説では，ウシを中心とする家畜ミルクオリゴ糖構造研究の歴史的な展開，新たな構造情報や定量分析方法・定量分析値，ならびにウシミルク糖タンパク質糖鎖の解析方法・構造情報を紹介するとともに，将来的な家畜ミルクオリゴ糖やミルク複合糖質の産業面での利用可能性について展望する．
Demonstration of technologies to remove contamination from groundwater (1989)

The Westinghouse Hanford Company has been testing various technologies for decontaminating groundwaters and liquid effluents. The results of preliminary testing of three technologies are reported. The technologies are iron coprecipitation/filtration, supported liquid membranes, and reverse osmosis. The processes were tested to determine their capability to remove uranium, chromium, nitrates, and technetium. All processes removed contaminants to less than maximum contaminant limits. The secondary waste volumes were estimated for each process. The supported liquid membranes secondary waste volume was the smallest, followed by iron coprecipitation, and the largest volume was created by the reverse osmosis process. 5 refs., 7 tabs.
Heightened response of eosinophilic asthmatic patients to the <scp>CRTH</scp>2 antagonist <scp>OC</scp>000459 (2014)

OC000459 is a safe and effective oral anti-inflammatory agent, which achieved clinically meaningful improvements in lung function and asthma control in allergic asthmatics with an eosinophil-dominant form of the disease. A dose of 25 mg given once daily was as effective as the higher doses studied.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor α and β on resorption of human articular cartilage and production of plasminogen activator by human articular chondrocytes (1990)

We examined the effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on human articular cartilage and chondrocytes in culture. Both TNF alpha and TNF beta stimulated cartilage matrix breakdown during prolonged culture and elevated the levels of plasminogen activator (PA) activity in both the supernatants and cell layers of cultured chondrocytes. Characterization of the PA activities by immunochemistry and by zymography following gel electrophoresis indicated that human chondrocytes produce both urokinase-type PA and tissue-type PA in response to TNF. The addition of both interleukin-1 and TNF alpha or TNF beta to chondrocyte cultures demonstrated a synergism between these cytokines in the generation of PA activity in the culture supernatants and cell layers. Our results suggest that both activated lymphocytes and monocytes may contribute to the cartilage destruction of inflammatory arthritis through their stimulation of chondrocytes with TNF beta and TNF alpha, respectively. Since PA is the only neutral proteinase reported to be elevated in TNF-stimulated chondrocyte cultures, it could have an important role in TNF-mediated cartilage destruction.
Testosterone Decreases House Dust Mite–Induced Type 2 and IL-17A–Mediated Airway Inflammation (2018)

As adults, women are twice as likely as men to have asthma; however, the mechanisms explaining this sexual dimorphism remain unclear. Increased type 2 cytokines and/or IL-17A, leading to increased airway eosinophils and neutrophils, respectively, are associated with asthma. Previous studies showed that testosterone, signaling through the androgen receptor (AR), decreased Th2-mediated allergic inflammation and type 2 innate immune responses during allergic inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that testosterone and AR signaling attenuate type 2 and IL-17A-mediated airway inflammation. To test our hypothesis, sham-operated and gonadectomized female and male mice were intranasally challenged with house dust mite (HDM) or vehicle (PBS) for 3 wk. Testosterone decreased and ovarian hormones increased HDM-induced eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation, IgE production, and airway hyperresponsiveness, as well as decreased the numbers of IL-13<sup>+</sup> CD4 Th2 cells and IL-17A<sup>+</sup> CD4 Th17 cells in the lung. Next, using wild-type male and female mice and AR<sup>tfm</sup> male mice that are unable to signal through the AR, we determined AR signaling intrinsically attenuated IL-17A<sup>+</sup> Th17 cells but indirectly decreased IL-13<sup>+</sup> CD4 Th2 cells in the lung by suppressing HDM-induced IL-4 production. In vitro Th2 and Th17 differentiation experiments showed AR signaling had no direct effect on Th2 cell differentiation but decreased IL-17A protein expression and IL-23R mRNA relative expression from Th17 cells. Combined, these findings show AR signaling attenuated type 2 and IL-17A inflammation through different mechanisms and provide a potential explanation for the increased prevalence of asthma in women compared with men.
A novel fluorescent probe for Au(<scp>iii</scp>)/Au(<scp>i</scp>) ions based on an intramolecular hydroamination of a Bodipy derivative and its application to bioimaging (2011)

A novel fluorescent probe for gold ions (Au(3+)/Au(+)) is reported through blocking photoinduced electron transfer, in which a boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) derivative reveals high selectivity and sensitivity in a gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination, and is successfully applied to fluorescence imaging of Au(3+) in living cells.
Modulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species (2006)

Modulation of signaling in vascular cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects many aspects of cellular function, including growth, migration, and contraction. NADPH oxidases, important sources of ROS, regulate many growth-specific and migration-related signaling pathways. Identifying the precise intracellular targets of ROS enhances understanding of their role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.
Self-Folding Single Cell Grippers (2014)

Given the heterogeneous nature of cultures, tumors, and tissues, the ability to capture, contain, and analyze single cells is important for genomics, proteomics, diagnostics, therapeutics, and surgery. Moreover, for surgical applications in small conduits in the body such as in the cardiovascular system, there is a need for tiny tools that approach the size of the single red blood cells that traverse the blood vessels and capillaries. We describe the fabrication of arrayed or untethered single cell grippers composed of biocompatible and bioresorbable silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide. The energy required to actuate these grippers is derived from the release of residual stress in 3-27 nm thick films, did not require any wires, tethers, or batteries, and resulted in folding angles over 100° with folding radii as small as 765 nm. We developed and applied a finite element model to predict these folding angles. Finally, we demonstrated the capture of live mouse fibroblast cells in an array of grippers and individual red blood cells in untethered grippers which could be released from the substrate to illustrate the potential utility for in vivo operations.
Müller Cell Cone, an Overlooked Part of the Anatomy of the Fovea Centralis (1999)

Poorly recognized by anatomists and pathologists is the cone-shaped zone of Müller cells that composes the central and inner part of the fovea centralis. The importance of these cells in the structural integrity of the macula, as a repository for xanthophyll, and in the pathogenesis of macular diseases, particularly regarding idiopathic macular hole and foveomacular schisis, is hypothesized.