gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NMR in Motion (2003)

Over the last decade, results from NMR wireline logs have added significant value to petrophysical analysis by providing total, free-fluid, and bound-fluid porosities, combined with fluid typing capabilities. With MRIL-WD 4 , an NMR-while-drilling tool, this information is now available during, or shortly after, the drilling operation (Prammer et al., 2000). Thus, by providing NMR results much earlier than previously possible, the time the wellbore needs to be kept without casing, and the associated risk, can be significantly reduced. Additionally, formation properties may be in a less disturbed state during a measurement taken right after bit penetration. A key to employing NMR in an LWD environment is motion-tolerant NMR measurements. This paper explains the tool's operating modes. It describes methods and algorithms for analysis and interpretation used in the field and during post-processing and interpretation. Recent MRIL-WD logging runs in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea helped to delineate and assess hydrocarbon-bearing zones. These examples demonstrate how NMR data can be acquired while drilling thus providing reliable, high quality measurements.
Shear-Velocity Measurement In The Logging-While- Drilling Environment: Modeling And Field Evaluations (2003)

In the logging while drilling (LWD) environment, the presence of the drill collar substantially influences the acoustic wave propagation characteristics. Measurement principles that are proven in wireline logging may suffer drawbacks or become invalid. Therefore, new LWD measurement approaches need to be investigated. This paper evaluates the LWD shear-wave velocity measurement using low-frequency monopole, dipole, and quadrupole acoustic sources. Theoretical analyses show that the LWD monopole and dipole acoustic waves contain strong tool waves traveling along the collar. Further, the LWD dipole-flexural wave, unlike its wireline counterpart, has a velocity that is significantly lower than the shear velocity of a slow formation. In comparison, the quadrupole wave is a better measurement candidate for two reasons. First, the tool quadrupole-wave contamination can be avoided by operating at low frequencies. Second, the formation quadrupole wave velocity is close to shear-wave velocity at low frequencies and can thus be used to measure it. A multipole LWD array acoustic tool has been constructed for the shear measurement. Several field measurements have been made in various fast and slow formations. In a frequency range of 2-10 kHz, the monopole acoustic data consist primarily of a collar (extensional) wave and Stoneley waves. The dipole data consist of both collar and formation flexural waves. The quadrupole data are least contaminated by the collar wave and comprise mostly the formation quadrupole wave. The characteristics of the measured multipole-wave data are found to be in good agreement with the modeling. Theoretical analysis and field evaluations demonstrate that the quadrupole acoustic measurement is a promising technology for determining an LWD shear-wave velocity.
3D Selection Techniques for Mobile Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays (2016)

We conducted a user study evaluating five selection techniques for augmented reality in optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs). The techniques we studied aim at supporting mobile usage scenarios where the devices do not need external tracking tools or special environments, and therefore we selected techniques that rely solely on tracking technologies built into conventional commercially available OST-HMDs [i.e. gesture trackers, gaze tracking and inertial measurement units (IMUs)]. While two techniques are based on raycasting using built-in IMU sensing, three techniques are based on a hand-controlled 3D cursor using gestural tracking. We compared these techniques in an experiment with 12 participants. Our results show that raycasting using head orientation (i.e. IMU on the headset) was the fastest, fatigueless and the most preferable technique to select spatially arranged objects. We discuss the implications of our findings for design of interaction techniques in mobile OST-HMDs.
A Monte Carlo simulation to determine minimal cut sets and system reliability (2002)

The authors describe an approach using Monte Carlo simulation from the reliability block diagram and the life distribution of each component. The minimal path sets are determined by tracing through the system from the input to the output components of the reliability diagram in a random manner. The system fails when all minimal path sets are broken. The components that fail prior to the system failure constitute a cut set. The frequencies of the minimal cut sets are tallied during the simulation to show their distribution. The system mean time to failure is calculated, the system failtime distribution is tabulated, and the cumulative failure rates are determined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-stage compressed sensing for millimeter wave channel estimation (2016)

In millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems, large antenna arrays are used to compensate high path loss. While the large array provides high beamforming gain, it also poses a challenge in channel estimation. Since mmWave channels are likely to be sparse in angular domain, the channel estimation can be converted into a sparse recovery problem, and compressed sensing (CS) can be leveraged for the channel estimation. However, conventional non-adaptive CS algorithms show poor recovery performance with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is common before beamforming in mmWave channels. Although recently developed adaptive CS schemes perform better in a low SNR regime, their excessive feedback requirement hinders practical usage. In this paper, we propose a two-stage CS scheme that requires one-time feedback and is robust to noise, which can be regarded as a compromise between the two approaches. Sufficient conditions for the support recovery with the proposed scheme are characterized, and its effectiveness is also shown numerically.
Redox-active quinones induces genome-wide DNA methylation changes by an iron-mediated and Tet-dependent mechanism (2013)

DNA methylation has been proven to be a critical epigenetic mark important for various cellular processes. Here, we report that redox-active quinones, a ubiquitous class of chemicals found in natural products, cancer therapeutics and environment, stimulate the conversion of 5 mC to 5 hmC in vivo, and increase 5 hmC in 5751 genes in cells. 5 hmC increase is associated with significantly altered gene expression of 3414 genes. Interestingly, in quinone-treated cells, labile iron-sensitive protein ferritin light chain showed a significant increase at both mRNA and protein levels indicating a role of iron regulation in stimulating Tet-mediated 5 mC oxidation. Consistently, the deprivation of cellular labile iron using specific chelator blocked the 5 hmC increase, and a delivery of labile iron increased the 5 hmC level. Moreover, both Tet1/Tet2 knockout and dimethyloxalylglycine-induced Tet inhibition diminished the 5 hmC increase. These results suggest an iron-regulated Tet-dependent DNA demethylation mechanism mediated by redox-active biomolecules.
Ultrasound-induced surface hardening of dislocation-free silicon (2000)

The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the microplastic properties of a near-surface layer in dislocation-free silicon single crystals was studied using [111]-oriented p-Si samples with artificial dislocation rosettes. The ultrasonic processing resulted in the formation of an approximately 100-µm-thick hardened near-surface layer and the emergence of point-defect pileups of the vacancy and/or vacancy-impurity cluster type on the sample surface. Possible mechanisms of the observed phenomena are discussed.
Comparison of Green Versus Blue Fundus Autofluorescence in<i>ABCA4</i>-Related Retinopathy (2018)

The high interreader agreement qualifies the use of DDAF progression in GAF and BAF imaging as potential morphologic outcome measure for interventional clinical trials and disease monitoring.
Studies on the Reduction of Terpenes with Sodium in Aqueous Ammonia (1960)

On the reduction of the condensation product of mesityloxide with methylvinylketone by treatment with sodium in aqueous ammonia, the main product was (±)-menthol and (±)-isomenthol, which were isolated in pure state. This experimental result suggests the possibility of menthol synthesis from acetone and formaldehyde.
Hello Edge: Keyword Spotting on Microcontrollers (2017)

Keyword spotting (KWS) is a critical component for enabling speech based user interactions on smart devices. It requires real-time response and high accuracy for good user experience. Recently, neural networks have become an attractive choice for KWS architecture because of their superior accuracy compared to traditional speech processing algorithms. Due to its always-on nature, KWS application has highly constrained power budget and typically runs on tiny microcontrollers with limited memory and compute capability. The design of neural network architecture for KWS must consider these constraints. In this work, we perform neural network architecture evaluation and exploration for running KWS on resource-constrained microcontrollers. We train various neural network architectures for keyword spotting published in literature to compare their accuracy and memory/compute requirements. We show that it is possible to optimize these neural network architectures to fit within the memory and compute constraints of microcontrollers without sacrificing accuracy. We further explore the depthwise separable convolutional neural network (DS-CNN) and compare it against other neural network architectures. DS-CNN achieves an accuracy of 95.4%, which is ~10% higher than the DNN model with similar number of parameters.
Extracellular vesicles: An overview of biogenesis, function, and role in breast cancer (2017)

Extracellular vesicles have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication and play an active role in cancer, including breast cancer. Despite limited studies, initial observations suggest that these vesicles are important in breast physiology and pathophysiology. We here, in brief, describe their potential use as future biomarkers and therapeutic agents in breast cancer. Extracellular vesicles in blood and breast fluid may have a great potential to detect and predict the presence of breast cancer, and extracellular vesicles modulation may emerge as a therapeutic approach in cancer therapy.
Why people need to be counted in (2000)

This month, Maths Year 2000 focuses on ‘maths and people’. Stephanie Cooper has, as usual, plenty of ideas for activities to try out with your class.
[Contrast material with oxygenated Fluosol-DA, 20 for the protection against complications of catheter cerebral angiography]. (1984)

Although computed tomography may change the criteria of cerebral angiography in neurosurgery, the neurosurgeon still requires angiographic confirmation of vascular anatomy at the operative sites, and catheterization for intra-luminal constructive surgery is also seeing progress. Cerebral angiography is a rather safe procedure; however, persistent serious neurological deficits and fatal complications are occasionally reported. The mechanisms of these complications are considered to be due to mechanically dislodged fragments of clots and/or atheroma, or direct endothelial damage by the catheter, contrast agents toxicity to brain tissue, anoxic neurocytologic injury due to the disturbance of the blood flow. Fluosol-DA (a type of perfluorochemical) has a potent oxygen-carrying capacity and has been safely used in humans as an artificial blood substitute. Meglumine diatrizoate (65% Angiografin) has not lost the x-ray opacification faculty in cerebral angiography by mixing with oxygenated Fluosol-DA, 20 up to 30 vol % of the latter in clinical use. In animal experiments, from 0.25 to 4 ml/kg of Angiografin-65 or Angiografin-65 with oxygenated Fluosol-DA, 20 were injected into the internal carotid artery of mongrel dogs. When 2.0 ml/kg of Angiografin-65 was injected into the carotid artery, remarkable arrhythmia was observed for 7.5 seconds. Blood pressure dropped 28.3 mmHg for 20.2 seconds; thereafter, it increased 25 mmHg in rebound for 15 seconds. Intracranial pressure increased 5 mmHg for 35 seconds, respiratory disturbance continued for 22.6 seconds. When a 20 vol % mixture of Fluosol-DA, 20 with Angiografin-65 was applied, these adverse reactions were markedly reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Enhanced Secrecy in Stochastic Wireless Networks: Artificial Noise With Secrecy Protected Zone (2014)

Recently, the use of artificial noise has attracted considerable attention in enhancing the physical-layer security of wireless systems. However, the interaction between artificially generated noise and the inherent network interference can significantly affect the level of secrecy. In this paper, we consider the additional secrecy enhancement with artificial noise and secrecy protected zone in the presence of eavesdroppers and interferers with unknown locations. Specifically, we derive the secrecy transmission rate and investigate the relationship between artificial noise and various system parameters like secrecy protected zone radius and intensity of interferers and eavesdroppers on the secrecy transmission rate. In interference-limited networks, we derive the optimal power allocation between the information-bearing signal and artificial noise to maximize the achievable secrecy transmission rate subject to connection and secrecy outage probabilities. Numerical results show that artificial noise is still beneficial in the presence of inherent network interference to improve secrecy transmission rate and provide rules of thumb to quantify when optimal power allocation is useful.
Human papillomavirus immunology and vaccine prospects. (1996)

As a result of several recent advances in molecular biology, the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer has been firmly established and the oncogenic potential of certain HPV types has been clearly demonstrated. These observations provide the impetus for the development of novel vaccines to prevent or treat HPV-associated cervical cancer. Because there is no effective culturing system to propagate HPV, traditional approaches for studying HPV and developing vaccines have been hampered. However, recent studies using recombinant subunit preparations in animals have yielded promising results and encourage their investigation in human trials. Strategies currently under investigation focus on the induction of effective humoral immune responses for prophylaxis against subsequent HPV infection; for the treatment of existing HPV infections, techniques to improve cell-mediated immunity by enhancing viral antigen recognition are being studied. Small-scale human trials using several different vaccine approaches should be completed within the next few years and field trials of the most promising one(s) could begin within a decade. The development of successful therapeutic and/or prophylactic vaccines offers an attractive alternative to existing screening and treatment programs for cervical cancer and may result in a substantial reduction in the worldwide morbidity from this disease.
Phosphopeptide analysis (2000)

In this chapter we review the various methods available to the experimenter to analyse phosphorylated peptides. The initial steps in such an analysis involve the isolation of the phosphopeptides for analysis, and we outline the various current methods such as immobilised metal affinity chromatography, anti-phosphoamino acid antibodies as well as HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography). The isolated peptides can be analysed by chemical modification followed by Edman degradation or by mass spectrometry (MS). We focus on MS methods and give examples illustrating the selective detection and sequencing of phosphopeptides.
A fast CU decision using image variance in HEVC intra coding (2013)

As the next generation standard of video coding, high efficiency video coding (HEVC) achieves high coding efficiency. The coding unit (CU) was adopted as the processing unit for HEVC to improve the coding efficiency. However, determining the optimal distribution of CU sizes requires lengthy calculation. To reduce the calculation time in intra prediction processing, we developed a method that determines the CU sizes using the variance value of the input image. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces encoding time by about 40-70% compared to that of a conventional HEVC test model.
Selection and Characterization of Human Serum Albumin-specific Porcine scFv Antibodies Using a Phage Display Library (2014)

A new single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was generated and human serum albumin (HSA)-specific clones were characterized to investigate the usefulness of porcine antibodies. Phage libraries were developed from pigs immunized with the model antigen HSA. The library size was 1.5 × 10(7) for kappa (VL) and 1.4 × 10(7) for lambda fragments. Eight HSA-specific clones from the kappa library and one clone from the lambda library were isolated using affinity selection. The binding specificity of these clones was confirmed using a phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The scFvs were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from the periplasm fraction for further investigation. Based on the results of ELISA and Western blot analysis, four scFv clones with high activity and high yield were selected and purified. The purified scFvs from four of the nine clones exhibited an approximate KD of 10(-8) M. This is the first report describing isolation of HSA-specific porcine scFv antibodies from an antibody phage library and characterization of their binding properties.
<title>Multiband E/O color fusion with consideration of noise and registration</title> (2000)

Sensor fusion of up to three disparate imagers can readily be achieved by assigning each component video stream to a separate channel any standard RBG color monitor such as with television or personal computer systems. Provided the component imagery is pixel registered, such a straightforward systems can provide improved object-background separation, yielding quantifiable human-factors performance improvement compared to viewing monochrome imagery of a single sensor. Consideration is given to appropriate dynamic range management of the available color gamut, and appropriate color saturation in the presence of imager noise.
A 2400-Bit/s Microprocessor-Based Modem (1981)

This paper describes the main characteristics of a new microprocessor-implemented 2400-bit/s data modem, the IBM 3863. In addition to the execution of signal processing tasks, the microprocessor provides a variety of other significant functions such as diagnostics and aids in network problem determination. The lack of hardware multiplication capability imposes certain constraints in the design of the signal processing algorithms. The analytical approach and computational techniques, based on the processing of signals in polar coordinates, which are used to circumvent these constraints, are described. It is shown in particular that timing phase control, carrier recovery, and adaptive equalization can be achieved at the receiver by processing only the phase of the sampled signal. Additionally, experimental results are presented which demonstrate the superiority of this design over conventional coherent demodulators.
Counting inversions in lists (2003)

In a recent paper, Ajtai et al. [1] give a streaming algorithm to count the number of inversions in a stream Le[m]n using two passes and O(e−1-√n log n(log m + log n)) space. Here, we present a simple randomized streaming algorithm for the same problem that uses one pass and O(e−3 log2n log m) space. Our algorithm is based on estimating quantiles of the items already seen in the stream, and using that to estimate the number of inversions involving each element.
Heparin release from thermosensitive polymer coatings: <i>in vivo</i> studies (1995)

Biomer/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/[poly(NiPAAm)] thermosensitive polymer blends were prepared and their application as heparin-releasing polymer coatings for the prevention of surface-induced thrombosis was examined. The advantage of using poly (NiPAAm)-based coatings as heparin-releasing polymers is based on the unique temperature-dependent swelling of these materials. At room temperature, i.e., below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly (NiPAAm), the Biomer/(poly(NiPAAm) coatings are highly swollen. The high swelling enables fast loading of hydrophilic macromolecules (e.g., heparin) into the coating by a solution sorption technique. At a body temperature, i.e., above the LCST of poly (NiPAAm) the coatings are in a deswollen state and the absorbed macromolecules may be slowly released from a dense coating via a diffusion controlled mechanism. Biomer/poly(NiPAAm) coatings were obtained by blending and coprecipitation of the two linear polymers, Biomer and (poly(NiPAAm). The structure and water-swelling properties of the coatings were examined. Significant differences in water swelling at room temperature (RT) and 37 degrees C were observed as a result of the thermosensitivity of poly (NiPAAm). The surface structure of the coatings in dry and swollen states at RT and 37 degrees C was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Heparin was loaded into the coatings via a solution sorption at room temperature. Kinetic studies of heparin loading demonstrated that maximum loading was obtained within 1 h. The in vitro (37 degrees C) release profiles were characterized by a rapid initial release due to the squeezing effect of the collapsing polymer network, followed by a slower release phase controlled by heparin diffusion through the dense coating. The short-term antithrombogenicity of intravenous polyurethane catheters coated with heparin-releasing Biomer/poly(NiPAAm) thermosensitive coating was evaluated in a canine animal model. The results show that the heparin release from Biomer/poly(NiPAAm)-coated surfaces resulted in a significant reduction of thrombus formation on test surfaces in contact with venous blood as compared to control surfaces.