gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystallization kinetics of cerium oxide nanoparticles formed by spontaneous, room-temperature hydrolysis of cerium(<scp>iv</scp>) ammonium nitrate in light and heavy water (2017)

A stable sol of cerium oxide nanoparticles forms spontaneously when cerium(iv) ammonium nitrate (CAN) is dissolved in room-temperature water at mM concentrations. Electron microscopy experiments reveal the formation of highly crystalline cerium oxide particles several nm in diameter and suggest that they are formed from amorphous particles that are similar in size. Under the low pH conditions of the experiments, the nanoparticles form a stable dispersion and show no evidence of aggregation, even many months after synthesis. The absence of particles large enough to scatter light significantly makes it possible to observe the crystallization kinetics through dramatic changes in the UV-visible absorption spectra that occur during solution aging. Measurements show that the cerium oxide nanocrystals are formed roughly an order of magnitude more slowly in D<sub>2</sub>O than in H<sub>2</sub>O solution. This large solvent kinetic isotope effect (k<sub>H</sub>/k<sub>D</sub> ∼ 10), which is reported here for the first time for the crystallization of a solid metal oxide phase, indicates a rate-determining proton transfer reaction, which is assigned to the conversion of hydroxy to oxo bridges. In D<sub>2</sub>O solution, the absorption per mole of cerium ions increases by over 400% at 290 nm as the weakly absorbing precursor phase is transformed into nanocrystalline cerium oxide. An isosbestic point is detected at 368 nm, and the absorption spectra can be modeled throughout aging by the sum of spectra of just two interconverting species. Preliminary ultrafast transient absorption experiments confirm that the optical properties of the amorphous precursors differ greatly from those of the final, nanocrystalline phase. Crystallization of CeO<sub>2</sub> from CAN in water has much in common with the crystallization of iron oxides from iron(iii) salts, including the importance of non-classical nucleation and growth pathways. It is an outstanding system for studying the poorly understood events that cause molecularly solvated ions to self-assemble into nanocrystals, following hydrolysis. At the same time, the strong susceptibility of CAN to spontaneously form CeO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals under the mildest of reaction conditions indicates that caution is needed when working with this common sacrificial oxidant.
3D point cloud downsampling for 2D indoor scene modelling in mobile robotics (2017)

Sensory perception and environment modelling are important for autonomous navigation in mobile robotics. 2D discrete grid representations such as the classic 2D occupancy grid maps are a widely used technique in scene representation because of the inherent simplicity and compact representation. In recent years, many 2.5D and 3D grid-based methods have been proposed however, as for the 2D case, a compromise between keeping a low computational bound and reliable sensor interpretation must be kept in order to perform real-world tasks. Assuming the input data in the form of a 3D point-cloud, in this paper we propose a 2D scene modelling approach which converts the 3D data to a 2.5D representation and then to a 2D grid map in an efficient and meaningful manner. The proposed approach incorporates a new rapidly exploring random tree inspired ground-plane detection (RRT-GPD), and an inverse sensor model (ISM) to correctly map 3D to 2.5D and then to 2D grid cells. Experiments were conducted in indoor scenarios with a robotic walker platform equipped with a Microsoft's Kinect One and a LeddarTech's Leddar IS16 sensor. Reported results show an improvement on the representation of non-trivial obstacles (stairs, floor outlets) over a ROS package solution, when applied to a 3D point cloud input.
Clinical Trials of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in Acute Ischaemic Syndromes (1997)

Unfractionated heparin is commonly used as standard therapy along with aspirin for the management of acute ischaemic syndromes. However, heparin has many limitations including a poor dose effect response and an inability to inactivate clot bound thrombin. Direct thrombin inhibitors inactivate clot bound thrombin and also prevent thrombin induced platelet aggregation. The prototypical direct thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, has been tested in the TIMI 9 and GUSTO II trials. These trials showed a 14% reduction in reinfarction at 30 days, but there was no effect on mortality or on the combined end point of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (10.8% heparin versus 10.0% hirudin). More moderate bleeding occurred with hirudin than with intravenous heparin. Hirulog has been shown to increase the rate of TIMI grade 3 patency (from 35% to 48%, p = 0.03) at 90 minutes after streptokinase administration, and this is now being tested in a large mortality trial. Further trials are necessary to further test whether patient care can be improved by appropriate doses of these agents administered for an appropriate duration.
Differences in smoking associated DNA methylation patterns in South Asians and Europeans (2014)

Differences in ethnic groups were identified in both single CpG sites and combined smoking score. The smoking score is a valuable tool for identification of true current smoking behaviour. Explanations for ethnic differences in DNA methylation in association with smoking may provide valuable clues to disease pathways.
Analysis of Identity Management Systems Using Blockchain Technology (2019)

The emergence of Blockchain technology as the biggest innovations of the 21 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> century, has given rise to new concepts of Identity Management to deal with the privacy and security challenges on the one hand, and to enhance the decentralization and user control in transactions on Blockchain infrastructures on the other hand. This paper investigates and gives analysis of the most popular Identity Management Systems using Blockchain: uPort, Sovrin, and ShoCard. It then evaluates them under a set of features of digital identity that characterizes the successful of an Identity Management solution. The result of the comparative analysis is presented in a concise way to allow readers to find out easily which systems satisfy what requirements in order to select the appropriate one to fit into a specific scenario.
First Flight of a New Balloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Imaging Telescope (1987)

The first flight of a new balloon-borne gamma-ray imaging payload (GRIP)\noccurred on Oct. 15 and 16, 1986 from Palestine, Texas. Observations included the\nquasar 3C273, the galactic center, and the Crab and Cygnus regions. We discuss the\ninstrument performance and present images of the Crab and Cygnus regions with 0.6\ndegree resolution over a 20 degree field of view.\n
Robust traffic matrix estimation with imperfect information (2006)

Estimation of traffic matrices, which provide critical input for network capacity planning and traffic engineering, has recently been recognized as an important research problem. Most of the previous approaches infer traffic matrix from either SNMP link loads or sampled NetFlow records. In this work, we design novel inference techniques that, by statistically correlating SNMP link loads and sampled NetFlow records, allow for much more accurate estimation of traffic matrices than obtainable from either information source alone, even when sampled NetFlow records are available at only a subset of ingress. Our techniques are practically important and useful since both SNMP and NetFlow are now widely supported by vendors and deployed in most of the operational IP networks. More importantly, this research leads us to a new insight that SNMP link loads and sampled NetFlow records can serve as "error correction codes" to each other. This insight helps us to solve a challenging open problem in traffic matrix estimation, "How to deal with dirty data (SNMP and NetFlow measurement errors due to hardware/software/transmission problems)?" We design techniques that, by comparing notes between the above two information sources, identify and remove dirty data, and therefore allow for accurate estimation of the traffic matrices with the cleaned dat.We conducted experiments on real measurement data obtained from a large tier-1 ISP backbone network. We show that, when full deployment of NetFlow is not available, our algorithm can improve estimation accuracy significantly even with a small fraction of NetFlow data. More importantly, we show that dirty data can contaminate a traffic matrix, and identifying and removing them can reduce errors in traffic matrix estimation by up to an order of magnitude. Routing changes is another a key factor that affects estimation accuracy. We show that using them as the a priori, the traffic matrices can be estimated much more accurately than those omitting the routing change. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to offer a comprehensive solution which fully takes advantage of using multiple readily available data sources. Our results provide valuable insights on the effectiveness of combining flow measurement and link load measurement.
Magnetic Field Mitigation in Large Commercial Buildings (2002)

Magnetic environment in large commercial buildings is getting worse as the demand on power and energy is ever increasing. In this paper, characteristics of magnetic field sources are described, together with the method of numerical computation. The strategies for magnetic field mitigation in commercial buildings are identified, and principles of magnetic field mitigation are discussed. To achieve a compatible magnetic environment, good practices of electrical installations are illustrated with practical examples. Finally, guidance for applying mitigation measures in commercial buildings is provided.
Increased B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Level is a Strong Predictor for Cardiac Dysfunction in Intensive Care Unit Patients (2003)

Patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) frequently have underlying cardiac dysfunction. Early interventions are sometimes difficult to initiate because of diagnostic uncertainty as to whether cardiac failure is present As B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been shown to be increased in cardiac dysfunction, we sought to demonstrate whether BNP can be used as a screening tool for cardiac dysfunction in patients admitted to ICU. All patients admitted to a combined medical and surgical ICU over a four-week period were included in the study. BNP was measured on the point of admission using a hand-held meter. Clinicians were blinded from the measurement when diagnoses were made as to whether or not the patients had clinically significant cardiac dysfunction. Patients with cardiac dysfunction had a significantly higher level of BNP when compared to the non-cardiac dysfunction group: 516 +/- 385 pg/ml (n = 26) v 67 +/- 89 pg/ml (n = 58) (P < 0.0001) A BNP cut-off value at 144 pg/ml exhibited a 92% sensitivity, 86% specificity and 96% negative predictive value. The sensitivity improved to 96% when the analysis was confined to patients > or = 55 years. At this cut-off value, BNP is a strong predictor of cardiac dysfunction. BNP measurement offers a rapid and affordable way to screen for cardiac dysfunction in patients admitted to ICU. An increased BNP level warrants further cardiac investigations so as to implement early interventions for cardiac decompensation in ICU patients.
Using Extremes to Design Products and Segment Markets (1995)

Current marketing methodologies used to study consumers are inadequate for identifying and understanding respondents whose preferences for a product offering are most extreme. These “extreme respondents” have important implications for product design and market segmentation decisions. The authors develop a hierarchical Bayes random-effects model and apply it to a conjoint study of credit card attributes. Their proposed model facilitates an in-depth study of respondent heterogeneity, especially of extreme respondents. The authors demonstrate the importance of characterizing extremes in identifying product attributes and predicting the success of potential products.
Expression of the kinetochore protein Hec1 during the cell cycle in normal and cancer cells and its regulation by the pRb pathway (2010)

Highly Expressed in Cancer protein 1 (Hec1) is a subunit of the Ndc80 complex, a constituent of the mitotic kinetochore. HEC1 has been shown to be overexpressed in many cancers, suggesting that HEC1 upregulation is involved in the generation and/or maintenance of the tumour phenotype. However, the regulation of Hec1 expression in normal and tumour cells and the molecular alterations promoting accumulation of this protein in cancer cells are still unknown. Here we show that elevated Hec1 protein levels are characteristic of transformed cell lines of different origins and that kinetochore recruitment of this protein is also increased in cancer cell lines in comparison with normal human cells. Using different cell synchronization strategies, Hec1 expression was found to be tightly regulated during the cell cycle in both normal and cancer cells. A limited proteasome-dependent degradation of Hec1 cellular content was observed at mitotic exit, with no evident differences between normal and cancer cells. Interestingly, increased expression of HEC1 mRNA and Hec1 protein was observed after transient silencing of the retinoblastoma gene by siRNA or following microRNA-mediated permanent depletion of the retinoblastoma protein in HCT116 cells. Our data provide evidence for a functional link between Hec1 expression and the pRb pathway. These observations suggest that disruption of pRb function may lead to chromosome segregation errors and mitotic defects through Hec1 overexpression. This may importantly contribute to aneuploidy and chromosomal instability in RB-defective cancer cells.
Quantum Teleportation of Optical Quantum Gates (2003)

We show that a universal set of gates for quantum computation with optics can be quantum teleported through the use of EPR entangled states, homodyne detection, and linear optics and squeezing operations conditioned on measurement outcomes. This scheme may be used for fault-tolerant quantum computation in any optical scheme (qubit or continuous-variable). The teleportation of nondeterministic nonlinear gates employed in linear optics quantum computation is discussed.
Adaptive object management for a reconfigurable microkernel (2002)

Generic mechanisms and policies provided by the existing operating system kernels cannot satisfy requirements of the current and future applications especially in mobile system environments. An operating system kernel needs to be adaptable, customizable, and extensible to cope with the changes of a computation environment and requirements from applications. This paper introduces a DKM (Dynamic Kernel Module) as a mechanism and the DKM server as a service to reconfigure RT-Mach. A DKM is an extension of a LKM (Loadable Kernel Module), which is provided by UNIX kernels to extend their functionality dynamically. The DKM server manages their load and detachment. It must be programmable not to lose the flexibility of their management but to be reconfigurable to cope with a variety of applications and systems.
Halofuginone Stimulates Adaptive Remodeling and Preserves Re-Endothelialization in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries (2014)

Periadventitial delivery of halofuginone dramatically increased lumen patency via adaptive remodeling and selective inhibition of IH without affecting endothelium recovery. Halofuginone is the first reported small molecule that has favorable effects on all 3 major processes involved in restenosis.
Loss characteristics of silicon substrate with different resistivities (2006)

Abstract In the design of high‐speed and high frequency IC's, the influence of the substrate on the circuit performance must be considered carefully. This work investigates the loss characteristic of silicon substrate with different resistivities and distinguishes theoretically and experimentally the dielectric losses into the intrinsic loss of silicon (tan δ D ) and the extrinsic substrate leakage loss (tan δ L ) caused by the finite conductivity of the substrate. The dielectric relaxation (cut off) frequency as a function of silicon substrate resistivity are calculated as considering the conditions of substrate noise isolation and RF passive device design. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1773–1776, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21786
Square-Dancing Antibodies (2007)

Perplexity as a provocation: revisiting the role of metaphor as a 'place holder' for the potential of COVID-19 antibodies,
Fluctuation mechanism for biquadratic exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers (1991)

We show how spatial fluctuations of chromium thickness amounting to one atomic monolayer account phenomenologically for the biquadratic magnetic coupling recently reported in epitaxial Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers. Corresponding fluctuations of the short-period oscillatory term of conventional exchange coupling induce static waves of magnetization whose energy has the observed biquadratic form. An existing calculation of conventional exchange and its recent direct measurements in highly ordered trilayers support our interpretation.
Stochastic tree-adjoining grammars (1992)

The notion of stochastic lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (SLTAG) is defined and basic algorithms for SLTAG are designed. The parameters of a SLTAG correspond to the probability of combining two structures each one associated with a word. The characteristics of SLTAG are unique and novel since it is lexically sensitive (as N-gram models or Hidden Markov Models) and yet hierarchical (as stochastic context-free grammars). An algorithm for computing the probability of a sentence generated by a SLTAG is presented. Then, an iterative algorithm for estimating the parameters of a SLTAG given a training corpus is introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐NUCLEOSIDE SYNTHESIS. V. A CONVENIENT ROUTE TO 5′‐MODIFIED PSEUDOISOCYTIDINES AND 2‐THIOPSEUDOURIDINES (1979)

Abstract In drei Schritten werden die Dimethylaminomethylenlactone (II) in regiospezifischer Weise aus den oxabicyclischen Ketonen (I) dargestellt und auf den im Formelschema beschriebenen Wegen in die Pseudoisocytidine (IV) und Thiopseudouridine (VI) übergeführt.
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER HYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVE (1999)

Our development program fabricated a proportional control valve that exclusively uses water as its working fluid. The valve is equipped with a spool, and the spool is directly driven by a proportional solenoid that is modified for water use. Characteristics of the proportional solenoid are described first in this report while proving its performances similar to those of the conventional oil hydraulics.Following, structural characteristics of the water hydraulic proportional control valve are discussed. Water, the valve's working fluid, is low in lubricity and viscosity; therefore, hydrostatic bearings that support the spool are installed in the valve. In addition, to stabilize movement of the spool, damping orifices are provided. Particularly, the hydrostatic bearing portion is designed such that it minimizes the total leakage including bearing flow while obtaining load carrying capacity. The constant flow from the hydrostatic bearings prevents water from decaying in the valve. Lastly, the paper introduces experimental results of cylinder positioning controlled by the developed water hydraulic proportional control valve to verify its satisfactory performances as a control valve.
Practical resolution enhancement effect by new complete antireflective layer in KrF excimer laser lithography (1993)

A new complete anti-reflective layer (ARL) for KrF excimer laser lithography, which becomes an excimer laser lithography to a practical mass production tool beyond 0.35 micrometers rule devices, is developed. This new ARL, whose material is a type of hydro silicon oxynitride film (SiOxNy:H), can be applied to tungsten silicide (W-Si) and even to aluminum silicon (Al- Si) substrates by controlling deposition conditions in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition systems. Using this SiOxNy:H film with 30 nm and 25 nm thicknesses on W-Si and Al-Si substrates respectively, critical dimension variations for both substrates are drastically reduced to within 0.02 micrometers for 0.30 micrometers imaging. On actual device structures, with these SiOxNy:H film as an ARL, notching effects by halation are completely reduced. Moreover, these SiOxNy:H film can not only be deposited with topographical uniformity but also etched with conventional SiO<SUB>2</SUB> etching conditions. Another advantage with ARL is a depth of focus enhancement effect. With a SiOxNy:H film depth of focus for the critical dimension is enlarged more than 23% for 0.35 micrometers line and space patterns. Accordingly, practical resolution is enhanced. From the above effect, the limitations of KrF excimer laser lithography for ideal substrate conditions are considered from the point of view of optimal projection lens NA for various feature sizes.
Deblurring subject to nonnegativity constraints when known functions are present with application to object-constrained computerized tomography (2001)

The reconstruction of tomographic images is often treated as a linear deblurring problem. When a high-density, man-made metal object is present somewhere in the image field, it is a deblurring problem in which the unknown function has a component that is known except for some location and orientation parameters. We first address general linear deblurring problems in which a known function having unknown parameters is present. We then show how the resulting iterative solution can be applied to tomographic imaging in the presence of man-made foreign objects, and we apply the result, in particular, to X-ray computed tomography imaging used in support of brachytherapy treatment of advanced cervical cancer.
Composition of Tunisian Pistachio Hull Essential Oil during Fruit Formation and Ripening (2008)

Abstract The Anacardiaceae family is known for its species producing essential oil, such as Pistacia genus. As for pistachio tree (Pistacia vera), its fruit is composed by a fleshy and odorant envelope or hull (mesocarp + epicarp) covering the hard shell (endocarp) containing an edible seed. We aimed to characterize the oils of pistachio hulls (Pistacia vera L.) during fruit development. Fruits were sampled in the region of Kairouan (Middle of Tunisia). Yields generally increased and ranged between 0.1–0.4% on a dry weight basis. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly represented by alpha-pinene (15.0–47.4%) and terpinolene (32.2–51.1%) were prominent during all fruit development, reaching 90.3% of the oil at full ripeness.