gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Smartphone applications for melanoma detection by community, patient and generalist clinician users: a review (2015)

Smartphone health applications ('apps') are widely available but experts remain cautious about their utility and safety. We reviewed currently available apps for the detection of melanoma (July 2014), aimed at general community, patient and generalist clinician users. A proforma was used to extract and assess each app that met the inclusion criteria, and we undertook content analysis to evaluate their content and the evidence applied in their development. Thirty-nine apps were identified with the majority available only for Apple users. Over half (n = 22) provided information or education about melanoma, ultraviolet radiation exposure prevention advice, and skin self-examination strategies, mainly using the ABCDE (A, Asymmetry; B, Border; C, Colour; D, Diameter; E, Evolving) method. Half (n = 19) helped users take and store images of their skin lesions either for review by a dermatologist or for self-monitoring to identify change, an important predictor of melanoma; a similar number (n = 18) used reminders to help users monitor their skin lesions. A few (n = 9) offered expert review of images. Four apps provided a risk assessment to patients about the probability that a lesion was malignant or benign, and one app calculated users' future risk of melanoma. None of the apps appeared to have been validated for diagnostic accuracy or utility using established research methods. Smartphone apps for detecting melanoma by nonspecialist users have a range of functions including information, education, classification, risk assessment and monitoring change. Despite their potential usefulness, and while clinicians may choose to use apps that provide information to educate their patients, apps for melanoma detection require further validation of their utility and safety.
Grading and surgical planning for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (2001)

The treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has evolved over the last 40 years. These complex vascular lesions remain among the most difficult lesions to treat. Successful treatment of AVMs of the brain includes extensive preoperative planning, multimodality treatment options, and modern postoperative surgical care. The advent of new technologies, including interventional neuroradiology and radiosurgery, has expanded the range of malformations that can be treated effectively and has had a significant impact on those individuals who manifest this disease process. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current grading technique used by the authors and to explore the preoperative treatment and planning that leads to successful surgical obliteration of these lesions. Some description of preoperative interventions, including radiosurgery and interventional procedures will be mentioned; however, only in the context of how they impact on the surgical treatment of these lesions. In other articles in this edition of Neurosurgical Focus interventional procedures and radiosurgery as treatment adjuncts and as primary therapies will be discussed in greater detail.
Blind adaptive scheme for joint frequency offset and channel estimation in OFDM systems (2010)

OFDM systems are very sensitive to frequency offset. This frequency offset results in inter-carrier interference (ICI) and, as a result, the performance of the OFDM system degrades drastically. In this paper, a blind adaptive method for joint frequency offset and channel estimation is proposed to reduce ICI effects and estimate frequency offset and channel. Adaptive technique is used to suppress these ICI effects. The channel impulse response (CIR) affected by frequency offset is tracked by a channel tracker in frequency domain. The result of the tracker is used to estimate the frequency offset and the channel. Then the frequency offset estimate is feedback to compensate the receipt signal. A blind estimation method is used, in consequence the efficiency and security of system are not reduced. The simulated results show that this scheme can reduce ICI effects significantly and the frequency and channel can be estimated effectually.
Notiz zur Darstellung substituierter Zimtaldehyde The Synthesis of Substituted Cinnamyl Aldehydes (1983)

Abstract Für Untersuchungen an ω‐Arylalkadienonen und deren Oximen 1) benötigten wir als Edukte substituierte Zimtaldehyde. Diese sind zwar u.a. aus den zugehörigen Benzaldehyden und Acetaldehyd durch Aldolkondensation darzustellen 2) , jedoch ist dabei die Ausbeute oft unbefriedigend.
Dislocation impact on resistive switching in single-crystal SrTiO3 (2013)

Filamentary conduction via dislocations has been considered to be a mechanism driving resistive switching in SrTiO3 single-crystals. This possible mechanism is further investigated by fabricating Pt-SrTiO3-Pt lateral devices on high dislocation density areas as well as dislocation-free areas of single-crystal SrTiO3, and using electron channeling contrast imaging and dislocation-selective wet chemical etching to track pre-existing dislocations and dislocations nucleated during electrical biasing. Device size, compliance levels, and vacancy concentration were observed to impact dislocation formation. The susceptibility of SrTiO3 to dislocation formation and strategies to avoid it by reducing power dissipation are discussed. The presence of dislocations is found to have a negligible effect on the device resistive switching behavior. Dislocation-free resistive switching devices are demonstrated for reduced single-crystalline SrTiO3.
Upwind unstructured scheme for three-dimensional combusting flows (1996)

As an interim step towards the development of a hybrid upwind structured/unstructured solver for combusting/multiphase flowfields, the TRI3D unstructured code of Barth has been extended to analyze multicomponent combusting flows. The extensions mimic the Roe/total variation diminishing (TVD) based thermochemical extensions in the structured solver, CRAFT, and entail a strong coupling of chemical species equations and complete linearization of the chemical source term, treated hi a fully implicit manner. Issues regarding the quality of solutions obtained using locally one-dimensional Riemann flux procedures and TVD limiters are more pronounced in unstructured formulations and are dealt with in depth in this article. Comparative studies of structured and unstructured analyses of laminar premixed flames, ducted shock-induced combustion, and blunt-body shock-induced combustion serve to delineate these issues and the need for solution adaptive gridding and unproved flux limiters to capture flame zones properly.
Compact MR fluid clutch device for human-friendly actuator (2009)

In this paper, we describe a design method and experimental results of a newly developed MR Fluid clutch which has a multi-layered disks and micro-size (50 micro meters) gaps of MR Fluid. The micro-size gap works for the reduction of magnetic resistance, amount of power supply and size of the total system. Static torques of the device was predictable with conventional magnetostatic analyses. Additionally, dynamic test shows that its response time is about 20 milliseconds.
13C-Tracer and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analyses Reveal Metabolic Flux Distribution in the Oleaginous Microalga<i>Chlorella protothecoides</i>        (2010)

The green alga Chlorella protothecoides has received considerable attention because it accumulates neutral triacylglycerols, commonly regarded as an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. In order to gain a better understanding of its metabolism, tracer experiments with [U-(13)C]/[1-(13)C]glucose were performed with heterotrophic growth of C. protothecoides for identifying the metabolic network topology and estimating intracellular fluxes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis tracked the labeling patterns of protein-bound amino acids, revealing a metabolic network consisting of the glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle with inactive glyoxylate shunt. Evidence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and malic enzyme activity was also obtained. It was demonstrated that the relative activity of the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis under nitrogen-limited environment increased, reflecting excess NADPH requirements for lipid biosynthesis. Although the growth rate and cellular oil content were significantly altered in response to nitrogen limitation, global flux distribution of C. protothecoides remained stable, exhibiting the rigidity of central carbon metabolism. In conclusion, quantitative knowledge on the metabolic flux distribution of oleaginous alga obtained in this study may be of value in designing strategies for metabolic engineering of desirable bioproducts.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC‐CONDENSED S‐TRIAZINES (1974)

Abstract Die durch Aluminiumchlorid katalysierte Addition der heterocyclischen Amine (I) an Benzonitrile (II) führt zu Amidinen (III), die mit Phosgen unter Ringschluß zu s‐Triazinen (IV) reagieren.
N-Type Calcium Channel α<sub>1B</sub>Subunit (Ca<sub>V</sub>2.2) Knock-Out Mice Display Hyperactivity and Vigilance State Differences (2003)

Differential properties of voltage-dependent Ca 2 + channels have been primarily ascribed to the α 1 subunit, of which 10 different subtypes are currently known. For example, channels that conduct the N-type Ca 2 + current possess the α 1B subunit (Ca v 2.2), which has been localized, inter alia , to the piriform cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, thalamic nuclei, and granular layer of the cortex. Some of these regions have been previously implicated in metabolic and vigilance state control, and selective block of the N-type Ca 2 + channel causes circadian rhythm disruption. In this study of Ca v 2.2 - / - knock-out mice, we examined potential differences in feeding behavior, spontaneous locomotion, and the sleep-wake cycle. Ca v 2.2 - / - mice did not display an overt metabolic phenotype but were hyperactive, demonstrating a 20% increase in activity under novel conditions and a 95% increase in activity under habituated conditions during the dark phase, compared with wild-type littermates. Ca v 2.2 - / - mice also displayed vigilance state differences during the light phase, including increased consolidation of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep and increased intervals between non-REM (NREM) and wakefulness episodes. EEG spectral power was increased during wakefulness and REM sleep and was decreased during NREM sleep in Ca v 2.2 - / - mice. These results indicate a role of the N-type Ca 2 + channel in activity and vigilance state control, which we interpret in terms of effects on neurotransmitter release.
Isoprene polymerization <i>via</i> reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (2007)

Abstract Until recently, the primary living radical polymerization method available for preparing polyisoprene was nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization, with reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization being applied only in a few cases within the last couple of years. We report here the preparation of polyisoprene by RAFT in the presence of the trithiocarbonate transfer agent S ‐1‐dodecyl‐ S ′‐( r , r ′‐dimethyl‐ r ′′‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate and t ‐butyl peroxide as the radical initiator. The kinetics of this polymerization at an optimized temperature of 125 °C and radical initiator concentration of 0.2 equiv relative to transfer agent have been studied in triplicate and demonstrate the living nature of the polymerization. These conditions resulted in polymers with narrow polydispersity indices, on the order of 1.2, with monomer conversions up to 30%. Retention of chain‐end functionality was demonstrated by polymerizing styrene as a second block from a polyisoprene macrotransfer agent, resulting in a block copolymer presenting a unimodal gel permeation chromatogram, and narrow molecular weight distribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4100–4108, 2007
Understanding and enhancing polarization in complex materials (2004)

Recent advances in theoretical methods and high-performance computing allow for reliable first-principles investigations of complex materials. This article focuses on calculating and predicting the properties of piezoelectrics and "designing" new materials with enhanced piezoelectric responses. This paper considers two systems: boron-nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and polymers in the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) family.
Application of High Level Waste-Glass Technology to the Volume Reduction and Immobilization of TRU, Low Level, and Mixed Wastes (2024)

The EPA has designated vitrification as the Best Developed Available Technology'' for immobilization of high-level nuclear waste. Recent republic pronouncements and private conversations with the EPA indicate that the agency is considering long-term waste immobilization as a preferred mode of treatment for many types of hazardous waste. It is concluded that a program for adaptation of HLW vitrification technology to other wastes is clearly needed, and would have a high confidence of making major beneficial impact on the safe and efficient disposal of mixed and transuranic wastes.
A new technique for imaging hard tissue by photothermal radiometric microscopy (1989)

Abstract Thermal wave imaging of hard tissue is demonstrated for the first time using a technique described as photothermal radiometric (PTR) microscopy. Images of human bone and whale dentine suggest that the thermal wave image reveals variations in tissue density and can provide similar information to microradiography or backscattered electron imaging, to which it is now an alternative requiring a minimum of sample preparation.
The ALMA photonic local oscillator system (2012)

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Photonic Local Oscillator (PLO) is an advanced photonics system that generates and distributes all of the Local Oscillator (LO) and timing references for the ALMA radio telescope array. These LO and timing references are used by the receivers and electronics at the antennas, and by the Correlator in the central building. Due to the unprecedented combination of high sky frequencies (up to 950 GHz) and long baseline lengths of up to 15 kilometers, the ALMA 1<sup>st</sup> LO requirement is particularly stringent, with extremely precise timing and synchronization needed down to the ~10 femtosecond level.
Generative Modeling of Pseudo-Whisper for Robust Whispered Speech Recognition (2016)

Whisper is a common means of communication used to avoid disturbing individuals or to exchange private information. As a vocal style, whisper would be an ideal candidate for human-handheld/computer interactions in open-office or public area scenarios. Unfortunately, current speech technology is predominantly focused on modal (neutral) speech and completely breaks down when exposed to whisper. One of the major barriers for successful whisper recognition engines is the lack of available large transcribed whispered speech corpora. This study introduces two strategies that require only a small amount of untranscribed whisper samples to produce excessive amounts of whisper-like (pseudo-whisper) utterances from easily accessible modal speech recordings. Once generated, the pseudo-whisper samples are used to adapt modal acoustic models of a speech recognizer toward whisper. The first strategy is based on Vector Taylor Series (VTS) where a whisper “background” model is first trained to capture a rough estimate of global whisper characteristics from a small amount of actual whisper data. Next, that background model is utilized in the VTS to establish specific broad phone classes' (unvoiced/voiced phones) transformations from each input modal utterance to its pseudo-whispered version. The second strategy generates pseudo-whisper samples by means of denoising autoencoders (DAE). Two generative models are investigated-one produces pseudo-whisper cepstral features on a frame-by-frame basis, while the second generates pseudo-whisper statistics for whole phone segments. It is shown that word error rates of a TIMIT-trained speech recognizer are considerably reduced for a whisper recognition task with a constrained lexicon after adapting the acoustic model toward the VTS or DAE pseudo-whisper samples, compared to model adaptation on an available small whisper set.
Fast n-Fold Cross-Validation for Regularized Least-Squares (2006)

Kernel-based learning algorithms have recently become the state-of-the-art machine learning methods of which the support vector machines are the most popular ones. Regularized least-squares (RLS), another kernel-based learning algorithm that is also known as the least-squares support vector machine, is shown to have a performance comparable to that of the support vector machines in several machine learning tasks. In small scale problems, RLS have several computational advantages as compared to the support vector machines. Firstly, it is possible to calculate the cross-validation (CV) performance of RLS on the training data without retraining in each CV round. We give a formal proof for this claim. Secondly, we can compute the RLS solution for several different values of the regularization parameter in parallel. Finally, several problems on the same data set can be solved in parallel provided that the same kernel function is used with each problem. We consider a simple implementation of the RLS algorithm for the small scale machine learning problems that takes advantage of all the above properties. The implementation is done via the eigen decomposition of the kernel matrix. The proposed CV method for RLS is a generalization of the fast leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method for RLS which is widely known in the literature. For some tasks, the LOOCV gives a poor performance estimate for the learning machines, because of the dependencies between the training data points. We demonstrate this by experimentally comparing the performance estimates given by LOOCV and CV in a ranking task of dependency parses generated from biomedical texts.
On-board video based system for robust road modeling (2008)

In this paper, a novel road modeling strategy is proposed, defining an accurate and robust system that operates in real-time. The strategy aims to find a trade-off between computational requirements of real systems and accuracy and robustness of the results. The basis of the strategy is an adaptive road segmentation technique which ensures robust detections of lane markings and vehicles. A multiple lane model of the road is obtained by asserting hypotheses of lanes geometry based on perspective analysis and stochastic filtering. This multiple lane approach significantly improves vehicle location compared to other video-based works, as detected vehicles are accurately located within lanes. Tests show the adaptability, robustness and accuracy of the system in daylight situations with severe illumination changes, non-homogeneous color of the pavement of the road, lane markings occlusions, shadows, variable traffic conditions, etc., performing in real-time in all cases.
Cre-stimulated recombination at<i>loxP</i>-containing DNA sequences placed into the mammalian genome (1989)

The cre gene of coliphage P1 encodes a 38 kDa protein which efficiently promotes both intra- and intermolecular recombination at specific 34 bp sites called loxP. To demonstrate that the Cre protein can promote DNA recombination at loxP sites resident on a mammalian chromosome, a mouse cell line was constructed containing two directly repeated loxP sites flanking a 2.5 kb yeast DNA fragment and inserted between the SV40 promoter and the neo structural gene to disrupt expression of the neo gene. Expression of the cre gene in this cell line results in excision of the intervening yeast DNA and thus permits sufficient expression of the neo gene to allow cell growth in high concentrations of G418. Southern analysis indicated that Cre-mediated excision occurred at the loxP sites. In the absence of the cre gene such excisive events are quite rare. Cre-mediated recombination should thus be quite useful in effecting a variety of genomic rearrangements in eukaryotic cells.
A Novel Glucose-Sensing Mechanism Contributing to Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion From the GLUTag Cell Line (2003)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion from intestinal L-cells is triggered by luminal nutrients. We reported previously that glucose-triggered GLP-1 release from the L-cell model GLUTag involves closure of ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels. We show here that GLP-1 secretion and electrical activity of GLUTag cells is triggered not only by metabolizable sugars (glucose or fructose) but also by the nonmetabolizable monosaccharide methyl-alpha-glucopyranoside. Responses to glucose and methyl-alpha-glucopyranoside were impaired by the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitor phloridzin. SLGT1 and 3 were detected in GLUTag cells by RT-PCR. Whereas fructose closed K(ATP) channels, methyl-alpha-glucopyranoside increased the membrane conductance and generated an inward current. Low concentrations of glucose and methyl-alpha-glucopyranoside also triggered small inward currents and enhanced the action potential frequency. We conclude that whereas low concentrations of metabolizable sugars trigger GLP-1 secretion via K(ATP) channel closure, SGLT substrates generate small inward currents as a result of the electrogenic action of the transporter. This transporter-associated current can trigger electrical activity and secretion when the concentration of substrate is high or when outward currents are reduced by metabolic closure of the K(ATP) channels. Electrogenic sugar entry via SGLTs provides a novel mechanism for glucose sensing by neuroendocrine cells.
Permeation of polymers — a computational approach (1994)

Abstract This article reviews the progress that has been made in recent years in computer modelling of the transport of small atoms, molecules and ions through synthetic polymers. We discuss the physical concepts behind phenomena such as sorption, diffusion, permeation and ionic conductivity and the techniques to study them by computer simulation: molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation with atomistically detailed force fields as well as coarse‐grained lattice models. Important results have been obtained at both the qualitative and quantitative level. The mechanisms underlying the diffusion of gas molecules and the mobility of ions could be observed in simulations and are now unambiguously established. Short‐time irregularities in the motion such as anomalous diffusion have been found. Some quantities can be calculated very accurately (e.g.gas diffusion coefficients for low‐barrier polymers), where for others only trends and relative orderings can be estimated (e.g.gas solubilities, ionic conductivities) at a semiquantitative level. Where possible, the range of applicability of various methods is indicated. Coarse‐grain approaches are presented which extend the results obtained by atomistic models to longer length scales and thereby allow the treatment of heterogeneous materials such as semicrystal‐line or filled polymers. We believe that computer simulation has enough to offer to make it a useful tool when studying or designing polymer membranes.
New development of inorganic ion exchanger: Synthesis and Ion Exchange Properties of Magnesium-Iron (III) and -Aluminum hydrotalcite like compounds (2005)

Fe-Mg系ハイドロタルサイト様化合物 (以下Fe-Mg-HT) はMgCl2とFeCl3の各酸性水溶液を混合した後, アンモニア水を加え沈澱を生成させた。これを一夜熟成させた後, 水洗し, 風乾したものを粗製試料とした。Al-Mgハイドロタルサイト様化合物 (以下Al-Mg-HT) はMg (NO3) 2水溶液とAl (NO3) 3水溶液を混合し, Na2CO3を含むNaOH溶液を加え沈澱を生成させた。これを一晩熟成させた後, 水洗を行い風乾した。次に, この粗製試料をカラムに詰め, カラムに1.0mol・dm-3の塩化ナトリウム水溶液を通してC1-形したのち, 水洗ならびに風乾して試料とした。得られた試料について, XRD, DTA・TG, (DTA-MASS) , IR等で同定した。[CH3 (CH2) nCOOH] のインターカレーションの有無を検討した結果, Fe-Mg-HTにおけるinterlayerspacingはnに対して直線的に増加することがわかった。NaCl溶液中で微量NO3-, Br-およびI-の分布係数を測定した結果, log Kdvs.log [Cl-] の関係は傾斜一1の直線となり, イオン交換平衡が支配的であることがわかった。選択性の順序は両試料ともNO3->Br->I-であった。貫流交換容量はFe: Mg=2: 8のものが最も大きくNO3->Br->I-およびI-の分布係数も最大であった。