gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of optical projection tomography and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (2019)

We present a numerical analysis and experimental characterisation of spatial resolution in optical projection tomography (OPT) and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) using their 'standard' systems. Although both techniques provide spatial resolution at the micrometre scale for mesoscopic (millimetre to centimetre) samples, LSFM provides higher lateral (∼3 μm, ∼34% of OPT) but lower axial (∼25.8 μm, 295% of OPT) resolution as compared to OPT (∼8.75 μm, 100%) when imaging the same sample (∼2 mm). Moreover, OPT provides isotropic spatial resolution due to its rotational scanning which may reduce the ambiguity in 3D analysis, so it is more practically appropriate for relatively large samples. We also demonstrate the application performances of both techniques by imaging various biological tissues, illustrating their imaging ability at different spatial scales. LAY DESCRIPTION: Optical projection tomography (OPT) and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) are generally used to extract 3D information from relatively large biological tissues/organs/embryos or even some small animals. Both techniques have made a great progress in recent decades and have been widely applied in life science, medical research and so on. The different implementation features of these two techniques results in isotropic and anisotropic spatial resolution respectively, making a dilemma for the researchers to choose the appropriate system when imaging the samples with different size. So far, there is no study to numerically discuss the differences between their image formation properties and to adequately quantify their own strengths and limitations. In our work, we quantified the imaging behaviour in 'standard' OPT and LSFM using both numerical analysis and experimental characterisations, showing the relationship between spatial resolution and sample size in each system. We also demonstrated the detailed structure differences when imaging various biological tissues. We believe this work will be useful and can provide a reference for the 3D fluorescence-imaging-based researchers.
Measuring drop size distribution and kinetic energy of rainfall using a force transducer (2000)

The relatively high cost of commercially available raindrop spectrometers and disdrometers has inhibited detailed and intensive research on drop size distribution, kinetic energy and momentum of rainfall which are important for understanding and modelling soil erosion caused by raindrop detachment. In this study, an approach to find the drop size distribution, momentum and kinetic energy of rainfall using a relatively inexpensive device that uses a piezoelectric force transducer for sensing raindrop impact response is introduced. The instrument continuously and automatically records, on a time-scale, the amplitude of electrical pulses produced by the impact of raindrops on the surface of the transducer. The size distribution of the raindrops and their respective kinetic energy are calculated by analysing the number and amplitude of pulses recorded, and from the measured volume of total rainfall using a calibration curve. Simultaneous measurements of the instrument, a rain gauge and a dye-stain method were used to assess the performance of the instrument. Test results from natural and simulated rainfalls are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defects in <scp>GABA</scp> metabolism affect selective autophagy pathways and are alleviated by m <scp>TOR</scp> inhibition (2014)

Abstract In addition to key roles in embryonic neurogenesis and myelinogenesis, γ‐aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) serves as the primary inhibitory mammalian neurotransmitter. In yeast, we have identified a new role for GABA that augments activity of the pivotal kinase, Tor1. GABA inhibits the selective autophagy pathways, mitophagy and pexophagy, through Sch9, the homolog of the mammalian kinase, S6 K 1, leading to oxidative stress, all of which can be mitigated by the Tor1 inhibitor, rapamycin. To confirm these processes in mammals, we examined the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ( SSADH )‐deficient mouse model that accumulates supraphysiological GABA in the central nervous system and other tissues. Mutant mice displayed increased mitochondrial numbers in the brain and liver, expected with a defect in mitophagy, and morphologically abnormal mitochondria. Administration of rapamycin to these mice reduced m TOR activity, reduced the elevated mitochondrial numbers, and normalized aberrant antioxidant levels. These results confirm a novel role for GABA in cell signaling and highlight potential pathomechanisms and treatments in various human pathologies, including SSADH deficiency, as well as other diseases characterized by elevated levels of GABA .
Ventricular Oversensing: (2003)

(1) ventricular oversensing is a common problem occurring in up to 25% of patients with dual chamber ICDs; (2) P wave oversensing is a ventricular sensing problem affecting function of 11% of dual chamber devices with IB lead systems; (3) IB leads are significantly more susceptible to T wave and P wave oversensing than DB leads; and (4) patients with cardiomyopathies are more prone to oversensing than patients with other heart diseases.
Preparation and Properties of Manganese Oxide/Carbon Composites by Reduction of Potassium Permanganate with Acetylene Black (2006)

Amorphous manganese oxide/carbon composites were synthesized by directly reducing potassium permanganate with acetylene black (AB) as a cheap reducing agent. A reaction is postulated and confirmed by checking the evolved gas and other species such as and left in the mother liquor. All the composites were characterized by scanning electron micrograph, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric/diffenential thermal analysis techniques. The electrochemical performances of the composites were also investigated and one composition delivered a discharge capacity as high as at a current density of and its electrochemical performance at high rate was excellent. All results suggested that the reaction is suitable for preparing a composite cathode material and these composite materials could be developed as a potential cathode material for rechargeable Li batteries with high power. The intercrystalline water, affecting the behavior of our composites, was also discussed.
Photoelectrochemical Undercut Etching of m-Plane GaN for Microdisk Applications (2009)

Undercut etching is a necessary technique for a variety of device applications, including microdisk lasers. We have explored bandgap-selective photoelectrochemical etching of nonpolar -plane GaN for undercut etching applications, including microdisks. These nonpolar optical devices are not limited by the quantum-confined Stark effect that hampers the performance of polar -plane GaN devices. We discuss the dependence of undercut quality on etchant concentration, illumination intensity, masking material, and epitaxial structure and use this technique to fabricate -plane microdisks. In these nonpolar microdisks, the in-plane polarization fields have a dramatic effect on the symmetry of the etching in both the undercut etching and in the unwanted etching of the GaN disk layer. With a careful balance of etchant concentration and illumination intensity and a well-designed epitaxial structure, we have achieved smoother optical cavities than were possible in -plane GaN.
Biochemical signatures of<i>in vitro</i>radiation response in human lung, breast and prostate tumour cells observed with Raman spectroscopy (2011)

This work applies noninvasive single-cell Raman spectroscopy (RS) and principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze and correlate radiation-induced biochemical changes in a panel of human tumour cell lines that vary by tissue of origin, p53 status and intrinsic radiosensitivity. Six human tumour cell lines, derived from prostate (DU145, PC3 and LNCaP), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) and lung (H460), were irradiated in vitro with single fractions (15, 30 or 50 Gy) of 6 MV photons. Remaining live cells were harvested for RS analysis at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-irradiation, along with unirradiated controls. Single-cell Raman spectra were acquired from 20 cells per sample utilizing a 785 nm excitation laser. All spectra (200 per cell line) were individually post-processed using established methods and the total data set for each cell line was analyzed with PCA using standard algorithms. One radiation-induced PCA component was detected for each cell line by identification of statistically significant changes in the PCA score distributions for irradiated samples, as compared to unirradiated samples, in the first 24-72 h post-irradiation. These RS response signatures arise from radiation-induced changes in cellular concentrations of aromatic amino acids, conformational protein structures and certain nucleic acid and lipid functional groups. Correlation analysis between the radiation-induced PCA components separates the cell lines into three distinct RS response categories: R1 (H460 and MCF7), R2 (MDA-MB-231 and PC3) and R3 (DU145 and LNCaP). These RS categories partially segregate according to radiosensitivity, as the R1 and R2 cell lines are radioresistant (SF(2) > 0.6) and the R3 cell lines are radiosensitive (SF(2) < 0.5). The R1 and R2 cell lines further segregate according to p53 gene status, corroborated by cell cycle analysis post-irradiation. Potential radiation-induced biochemical response mechanisms underlying our RS observations are proposed, such as (1) the regulated synthesis and degradation of structured proteins and (2) the expression of anti-apoptosis factors or other survival signals. This study demonstrates the utility of RS for noninvasive radiobiological analysis of tumour cell radiation response, and indicates the potential for future RS studies designed to investigate, monitor or predict radiation response.
Targeted disruption of the CREB coactivator Crtc2 increases insulin sensitivity (2010)

Under fasting conditions, increases in circulating concentrations of pancreatic glucagon maintain glucose homeostasis through induction of gluconeogenic genes by the CREB coactivator CRTC2. Hepatic CRTC2 activity is elevated in obesity, although the extent to which this cofactor contributes to attendant increases in insulin resistance is unclear. Here we show that mice with a knockout of the CRTC2 gene have decreased circulating glucose concentrations during fasting, due to attenuation of the gluconeogenic program. CRTC2 was found to stimulate hepatic gene expression in part through an N-terminal CREB binding domain that enhanced CREB occupancy over relevant promoters in response to glucagon. Deletion of sequences encoding the CREB binding domain in CRTC2 (-/-) mice lowered circulating blood glucose concentrations and improved insulin sensitivity in the context of diet-induced obesity. Our results suggest that small molecules that attenuate the CREB-CRTC2 pathway may provide therapeutic benefit to individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Upgrade the Competitiveness of China＇s Petroleum Equipment Manufacturing Industry (2005)

For the petroleum (petrochemical) equipment manufacturing industry, the current circumstance offers a great opportunity to improve its international competitiveness.
Household magnets can change the programmable shunt valve in hydrocephalus patients (2005)

We found that external household magnets can change the pressure settings of programmable shunt valves. We compare two popular, adjustable, shunt valves used to regulate the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) of hydrocephalus patients: the Codman/spl reg/Hakim/spl trade/ Programmable Valve (CHPV), and the PS Medical/spl reg/STRATA/spl trade/ Valve. We measured the threshold magnetic fields required to change the settings of these two valves at different initial settings. Both types were susceptible to setting changes, with the actual threshold magnetic field strength needed depending on the valve setting and also having some valve variability. The magnetic fields required to increase the valve settings were similar for the two valves, but the fields required for reducing the settings were lower for the STRATA valve than for the CHPV.
Structural Control in ATRP Synthesis of Star Polymers Using the Arm-First Method (2006)

Star polymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the “arm-first” method. First, linear poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (polytBA) precursors were prepared, and subsequently divinylbenzene (DVB) was added as cross-linker at certain tBA conversion. Several experimental parameters, including the polytBA arm length, the amount of cross-linker, the monomer conversion at which DVB was added, and the chemical composition of the star core (fraction of tBA units in the star core), were systematically varied. For example, the degree of polymerization of the polytBA arm was typically 40 and was varied from 20 to 90. The molar ratio of DVB to the macroinitiator was varied from 1.5 to 15, and DVB was added at 60%, 80%, and 90% tBA conversions. The influence of these factors on the structures of the star polymers was studied. Employing shorter arm lengths and using more cross-linker produced star polymers in higher yield, with higher molecular weight, with more arms per star, and with a more compact structure. The addition of DVB at lower tBA conversion caused the incorporation of more monovinyl monomer into the star core, which decreased the cross-link density of the core, facilitated incorporation of more arms into each star molecule, and increased the star size and star yield.
POLYMER FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES: STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF RESINS DERIVED FROM DIAZOTIZED CARDANOL–FORMALDEHYDE–ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (2000)

Cardanol, the major constitutent of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is extracted from CNSL by vacuum distillation at 3–4 mm pressure of mercury and at 230–240°C. Then, it is diazotized by the process of diazotization with a number of different aromatic amines. A number of resins have been synthesized by condensing diazotized cardanol with formaldehyde and with selective organic compounds in the presence of acid as the catalyst. The diozotized cardanol and resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Solvent absorptivity of the resins have been studied by taking toluene and dimethyl formamide as solvents. These are also characterized by 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectral analysis. The thermal behavior of the resin has been studied.
Gas Cylinder Safety (2013)

This course, Gas Cylinder Safety (#9518), presents an overview of the hazards and controls associated with handling, storing, using, and transporting gas cylinders. Standard components and markings of gas cylinders are also presented, as well as the process for procurement, delivery, and return of gas cylinders at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).
A Digital Echo Suppressor for Satellite Circuits (1972)

An echo suppressor that is composed solely of digital logic circuits and based on a digital voice detector [1] has been designed. The unit is simple and requires no adjustment. Its basic application is to the SPADE [2] PCM channel, although it can be adapted to work with other systems. Results of initial subjective tests are included.
Effects of TENS frequency, intensity and stimulation site parameter manipulation on pressure pain thresholds in healthy human subjects (2003)

The role of TENS frequency, intensity and site are pivotal to achieving optimal hypoalgesic effects, during and after stimulation. Clinical applications of these parameter combinations require further investigations.
On Web-based Domain-Specific Language for Internet of Things (2015)

This paper discusses the challenges of the Internet of Things programming. Sensing and data gathering from the various sources are often the key elements of applications for Smart Cities. So, the effective programming models for them are very important. In this article, we discuss system software models and solutions, rather than network related aspects. In our paper, we present the web-based domain-specific language for Internet of Things applications. Our goal is to present the modern models for data processing in Internet of Things and Smart Cities applications. In our view, the use of this kind of tools should seriously reduce the time to develop new applications.
Astasia and gait failure with damage of the pontomesencephalic locomotor region (1994)

Although there is evidence in experimental animals of the importance of the pedunculopontine area in locomotion, clinical lesion reports are lacking. An 83-year-old woman became unable to stand and to generate stepping movements after a hemorrhage at the pontomesencephalic junction involving the right pedunculopontine area. Her deficit resembled the gait failure present in some elderly individuals.
Extended spectral coverage of BWO combined with frequency multipliers (2010)

Solid state frequency multipliers extend the operating frequency range of millimeter wave Backward Wave Oscillators (BWOs) to 2.2 THz, enabling continuously tunable, narrow linewidth THz sources across the 0.1- 2.2 THz range. Power conversion efficiency of frequency multipliers can be improved substantially by optimizing impedance matching between the BWOs and multipliers. This impedance matching helps to extract more THz power out of BWOs coupled to frequency multipliers, than is emitted from BWOs radiating into free space.
TATTOO REMOVAL BY SUPERFICIAL DERMABRASION (1975)

A 5-year clinical experience using superficial dermabrasion to remove tattoos is presented. This procedure can be done quickly in the office with low patient risk. Good pigment removal is obtained with little or no scar formation. Cases are presented which are typical of the 250 tattoos removed in the last 5 years.
Globally optimal fuzzy decision trees for classification and regression (1999)

A fuzzy decision tree is constructed by allowing the possibility of partial membership of a point in the nodes that make up the tree structure. This extension of its expressive capabilities transforms the decision tree into a powerful functional approximant that incorporates features of connectionist methods, while remaining easily interpretable. Fuzzification is achieved by superimposing a fuzzy structure over the skeleton of a CART decision tree. A training rule for fuzzy trees, similar to backpropagation in neural networks, is designed. This rule corresponds to a global optimization algorithm that fixes the parameters of the fuzzy splits. The method developed for the automatic generation of fuzzy decision trees is applied to both classification and regression problems. In regression problems, it is seen that the continuity constraint imposed by the function representation of the fuzzy tree leads to substantial improvements in the quality of the regression and limits the tendency to overfitting. In classification, fuzzification provides a means of uncovering the structure of the probability distribution for the classification errors in attribute space. This allows the identification of regions for which the error rate of the tree is significantly lower than the average error rate, sometimes even below the Bayes misclassification rate.
Stress Related Shift Toward Inflammaging in Cosmonauts After Long-Duration Space Flight (2019)

Space flight exerts a specific conglomerate of stressors on humans that can modulate the immune system. The mechanism remains to be elucidated and the consequences for cosmonauts in the long term are unclear. Most of the current research stems from short-term spaceflights as well as pre- and post-flight analyses due to operational limitations. Immune function of 12 cosmonauts participating in a long-duration (>140 days) spaceflight mission was monitored pre-, post-, and on two time-points in-flight. While the classical markers for stress such as cortisol in saliva where not significantly altered, blood concentrations of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) were found to be highly increased in-flight indicating a biological stress response. Moreover, subjects showed a significant rise in white blood cell counts. Neutrophils, monocytes and B cells increased by 50% whereas NK cells dropped by nearly 60% shortly after landing. Analysis of blood smears showed that lymphocyte percentages, though unchanged pre- and post-flight were elevated in-flight. Functional tests on the ground revealed stable cellular glutathione levels, unaltered baseline and stimulated ROS release in neutrophils but an increased shedding of L-selectin post-flight. <i>In vitro</i> stimulation of whole blood samples with fungal antigen showed a highly amplified TNF and IL-1β response. Furthermore, a significant reduction in CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>low</sup> regulatory T cells was observed post-flight but returned to normal levels after one month. Concomitantly, high in-flight levels of regulatory cytokines TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-1ra dropped rapidly after return to Earth. Finally, we observed a shift in the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell repertoire toward CD8<sup>+</sup> memory cells that lasted even one month after return to Earth. <b>Conclusion:</b> Long-duration spaceflight triggered a sustained stress dependent release of endocannabinoids combined with an aberrant immune activation mimicking features of people at risk for inflammation related diseases. These effects persisted in part 30 days after return to Earth. The currently available repertoire of in-flight testing as well as the post-flight observation periods need to be expanded to tackle the underlying mechanism for and consequences of these immune changes in order to develop corresponding mitigation strategies based on a personalized approach for future interplanetary space explorations.
Nanoscale imaging and control of domain-wall hopping with a nitrogen-vacancy center microscope (2014)

The control of domain walls in magnetic wires underpins an emerging class of spintronic devices. Propagation of these walls in imperfect media requires defects that pin them to be characterized on the nanoscale. Using a magnetic microscope based on a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, we report domain-wall imaging on a 1-nanometer-thick ferromagnetic nanowire and directly observe Barkhausen jumps between two pinning sites spaced 50 nanometers apart. We further demonstrate in situ laser control of these jumps, which allows us to drag the domain wall along the wire and map the pinning landscape. Our work demonstrates the potential of NV microscopy to study magnetic nano-objects in complex media, whereas controlling domain walls with laser light may find an application in spintronic devices.
Stability of Heat Pipes in Vapor-Dominated Systems (1999)

Abstract We study the linear stability of a two-phase heat pipe zone (vapor-liquid counterflow) in a porous medium, overlying a superheated vapor zone. The competing effects of gravity, condensation and heat transfer on the stability of a planar base state are analyzed in the linear stability limit. The rate of growth of unstable disturbances is expressed in terms of the wave number of the disturbance, and dimensionless numbers, such as the Rayleigh number, a dimensionless heat flux and other parameters. A critical Rayleigh number is identified and shown to be different than in natural convection under single phase conditions. The results find applications to geothermal systems, to enhanced oil recovery using steam injection, as well as to the conditions of the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. This study complements recent work of the stability of boiling by Ramesh and Torrance (1993).
Spatial and Temporal Information Measures for Video Quality (1992)

Presents an overview of metrics that can be used to quantify the amount of spatial and temporal information in a video sequence. By applying the metrics to the input and output video, the amount of spatial and temporal information that is lost by the digital video transmission system can be obtained. The spatial metrics are based on the Fourier transform of the image and the temporal metrics are based on the motion difference image.