gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) evaluation strategy for the efficient isolation of Raman spectra from extreme fluorescence interference (2015)

A biochemical characterization of pathologies in biological tissue can be provided by Raman spectroscopy. Often, the raw spectrum is severely affected by fluorescence interference. We report and compare various spectra‐processing approaches required for the purification of Raman spectra from heavily fluorescence‐interfered raw spectra according to the shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy method. These approaches cover the entire spectra‐processing chain from the raw spectra to the purified Raman spectra. In detail, we compared (1) area normalization versus z ‐score normalization, (2) direct reconstruction of the difference spectra versus reconstruction of zero‐centered difference spectra and (3) collective baseline correction of the reconstructed spectra versus piecewise baseline correction of the reconstructed spectra and, finally, (4) analyzed the influence of the shift of the excitation wavelength on the quality of the reconstructed spectra. Statistical analysis of the spectra showed that – in our experiments – the best results were obtained for the z ‐score normalization before subtraction of the normalized spectra, followed by zero‐centering of the difference spectra before reconstruction and a piecewise baseline correction of the pure Raman spectra. With our equipment, a wavelength shift from 784 to 785 nm provided reconstructed spectra of best quality. The analyzed specimens were different tissue types of pigs, tissue from the oral cavity of humans and a model solution of dye dissolved in ethanol. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Real Time Fitting of Hand‐Sketched Pressure Brushstrokes (1994)

Abstract A method is described for fitting the outline of hand‐sketched pressure brushstrokes with Bézier curves. It combines the brush‐trajectory model, in which a stroke is generated by dragging a brush along a given trajectory, with a fast curve fitting algorithm. The method has been implemented for a vector‐based drawing program in which the user draws with a cordless pressure‐sensitive stylus on a digitizing tablet. From the trajectory followed by the stylus, its associated pressure data, and a specified brush, a stroke of variable width is computed and displayed in real time. First, the digitized trajectory is fitted, thus removing noise. Then, from polygonal approximations of the fitted trajectory and the brush outline, a polygonal approximation of the stroke outline is computed. Working with polygonal approximations reduces computations to simple geometric operations and greatly simplifies the treatment of dynamic, pressure‐controlled brushes. Last, the polygonal approximation of the stroke outline is fitted. The result is a closed piecewise Bézier curve approximating the brushstroke outline to within an arbitrary error tolerance. Several examples of hand‐sketched drawings realized with this method are presented.
Extended lens model calibration of digital still cameras (1998)

Digital still cameras have been widely adopted for close range photogrammetry and machine vision applications. Due to the advantages of on board storage of digital images, portability and rapid data processing, digital still cameras have virtually replaced medium format film cameras for measurement tasks such as structural monitoring and industrial metrology. As for any photogrammetric application, the accuracy of the derived object data is dependent on the accuracy of the camera calibration, amongst many other factors. For photogrammetric applications in which accuracy is not of paramount importance or the object is larger than a few metres in size, use of a simple model of lens distortion in conjunction with the collinearity equations is sufficient. However, the combination of very close ranges and the large distortions typically associated with the lenses used with digital still cameras requires an extended lens model to account for variation of distortion within the object space. The fidelity of the calibration model becomes particularly important where stringent tolerances are set, for example in aerospace inspection tasks. This paper reviews previous research into distortion variation and outlines an investigation of the modelling of this systematic error. The calibration procedure, utilising a straight line calibration range, is described. Experimental results for Kodak DCS420 and DCS460 digital still cameras, including an assessment of the effect and repeatability of the distortion variation, are presented.
Comparison analysis of optical frequency comb generation with nonlinear effects in highly nonlinear fibers (2013)

We compare several schemes for broadband optical frequency comb (OFC) generation based on several nonlinear effects in highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Cascaded four wave mixing (CFWM) and self-phase modulation (SPM) processes in HNLF are proved to be effective ways for spectrum broadening. We investigate some parameters affecting the performance of the output OFC in detail. When only CFWM occurs in the HNLF, broadband OFC can be generated with poor power flatness. When only SPM occurs in the HNLF, we obtain a 10 GHz OFC of 103 comb lines within 5-dB power deviation. When both CFWM and SPM simultaneously occur in the HNLF, we obtain a 10 GHz OFC of 143 comb lines within 4.5-dB power deviation. All the OFC generation schemes have the advantages of tunability of central wavelength and repetition frequency.
Augmented Reality Based Navigation for Computer Assisted Hip Resurfacing: A Proof of Concept Study (2018)

Implantation accuracy has a great impact on the outcomes of hip resurfacing such as recovery of hip function. Computer assisted orthopedic surgery has demonstrated clear advantages for the patients, with improved placement accuracy and fewer outliers, but the intrusiveness, cost, and added complexity have limited its widespread adoption. To provide seamless computer assistance with improved immersion and a more natural surgical workflow, we propose an augmented-reality (AR) based navigation system for hip resurfacing. The operative femur is registered by processing depth information from the surgical site with a commercial depth camera. By coupling depth data with robotic assistance, obstacles that may obstruct the femur can be tracked and avoided automatically to reduce the chance of disruption to the surgical workflow. Using the registration result and the pre-operative plan, intra-operative surgical guidance is provided through a commercial AR headset so that the user can perform the operation without additional physical guides. To assess the accuracy of the navigation system, experiments of guide hole drilling were performed on femur phantoms. The position and orientation of the drilled holes were compared with the pre-operative plan, and the mean errors were found to be approximately 2 mm and 2°, results which are in line with commercial computer assisted orthopedic systems today.
Complex formation between stage-specific oocyte factors and a <i>Xenopus</i> mRNA localization element (1996)

It is a long-standing proposal that localization of maternal factors in eggs can provide the basis for pattern formation in the early embryo. The localized information can be stored as RNA, one example being Vg1 RNA, which is localized exclusively to the vegetal hemisphere of Xenopus oocytes and eggs. Localization of Vg1 mRNA is directed by a 340-nt sequence element contained within its 3' untranslated region. To understand the mechanism of localization, I have tested whether factors from the oocyte interact specifically with the RNA localization sequence. Results presented here show that a set of oocyte proteins form complexes with the localization element both in vitro and in vivo. These proteins are specifically enriched in the stages of oogenesis during which localization occurs and recognize sub-elements of the RNA localization element that are essential for localization in vivo. These data suggest that formation of a localization-specific RNA-protein complex may be the first step in directing Vg1 mRNA to its subcellular destination.
Fusion of radar tracks, reports and plans (2000)

This paper suggests a method that utilizes non-real time information as an aid to improve maritime surveillance. Under certain conditions vessels move in accordance with preplanned routes and possibly also report their own position at certain positions or at certain times during the voyage. The method proposed consists of a statistical route model that describes the movement of the vessel, and includes refinement of the estimated movement based upon reports on the vessel. The estimated movement is then associated with radar tracks using multiple hypothesis techniques. This is due to the fact that the number of vessels with known route plans is small compared to the total number of vessels in an area. The associated radar tracks are also used to improve the estimated movement of the vessels. The problem of generating possible solutions and selecting the best hypothesis is formulated as a constraint satisfaction problem and implemented using a constraint programming technique.
Optimization and control of <i>V</i><sub>DD</sub> and <i>V</i><sub>TH</sub> for low-power, high-speed CMOS design (2002)

It is essential to control VDD and VTH for low-power, high-speed CMOS design. In this paper, it is shown that these two parameters can be controlled by designers as objectives of design optimization to find better trade-offs between power and speed. Quantitative analysis of trade-offs between power and speed is presented. Some of the popular circuit techniques and design examples to control VDD and VTH are introduced. A simple theory to compute optimum multiple VDD's and VTH's is described. Scaling scenarios of variable and/or multiple VDD's and VTH's is discussed to show future technology directions.
A study of hot-hole injection during programming drain disturb in flash memories (2006)

Program disturbs in NOR-type Flash arrays significantly degrade the tunnel oxide by hot-hole injection (HHI) induced by band-to-band tunneling at the drain overlap. This paper provides a comprehensive experimental and modeling analysis of HHI in Flash memories under program-disturb conditions. Carrier-separation measurements on arrays of Flash memories with contacted floating-gate (FG) allows for a direct investigation of hole-initiated impact ionization and HHI. A Monte Carlo (MC) model is used to simulate carrier multiplication and injection into the FG. After validating the MC model against experimental data for both secondary electron generation and HHI, the model is used to provide further insight into the hole-injection mechanism.
Optical generation of focus wave modes (2000)

Localized wave solutions of free-space wave equation can be used in numerous applications where the localized transmission of electromagnetic energy is of major importance. However, an optical implementation of localized wave fields has not been accomplished yet, except for an ultrashort version of the Bessel beams or the so called Bessel-X pulses. We propose an approach to constructing realizable optical schemes for generation of localized wave fields. We show that wavelength dispersion of the cone angle of axicons and circular diffraction gratings can be used to generate good approximation to focus wave modes.
Stereoisomers of Tocopherols – Syntheses and Analytics (1996)

After an introduction summarizing the relevance of vitamin-E-active compounds, a short overview about the work done at Roche (in Basel and Nutley, USA) from the early 1960s to the 1990s is given. Selected research activities of the Basel group during recent years on the synthesis and stereochemical analysis of tocopherols and building blocks are described in more detail.
Guided mode resonance filters using polymer films (1997)

Guided-mode resonance optical filters are made from thin-film structures which consist of azopolymer films deposited on top of slab waveguides. Surface relief gratings can be optically induced on the azopolymer films. The transmission and reflection spectra as a function of the angle of incidence of the probe beam exhibit very sharp resonance features which correspond to coupling into the waveguide modes. Coupling into the overlying azopolymer film is also observed.
Non-Newtonian viscous shear thinning in ionic liquids (2010)

We have studied the shear thinning of several protic and aprotic ionic liquids (ILs) by stress-controlled rheometry, which indicated that some ILs exist as liquid phase aggregates that can be disrupted or broken at high shear rates. Increasing the temperature shifted the onset of shear thinning to higher frequency and indicated that a smaller or less cohesive aggregate was formed. However, upon application of a sufficiently high temperature, the sample resumed the characteristics of a Newtonian fluid. (HOEt)2NH.AcOH was selected as an example of a protic ionic liquid (PIL) to probe concentration effects on liquid ordering. At water concentrations lower than one equivalent per PIL component pair, the viscosity rapidly decreased, although the onset frequency of shear thinning remained constant. The shear thinning and low viscosity regime remained until approximately 3–4 equivalents of water were added and the PIL behaved as a Newtonian fluid. The effect of water on the shear thinning of (HOEt)2NH.AcOH indicated that small dilution volumes did not alter the aggregate structure, but instead reduced the number of aggregates. Both the temperature and additive water strongly suggested that the IL aggregates were due to intermolecular hydrogen bond networks.
Development of Autonomous Car—Part I: Distributed System Architecture and Development Process (2014)

An autonomous car is a self-driving vehicle that has the capability to perceive the surrounding environment and navigate itself without human intervention. For autonomous driving, complex autonomous driving algorithms, including perception, localization, planning, and control, are required with many heterogeneous sensors, actuators, and computers. To manage the complexity of the driving algorithms and the heterogeneity of the system components, this paper applies distributed system architecture to the autonomous driving system, and proposes a development process and a system platform for the distributed system of an autonomous car. The development process provides the guidelines to design and develop the distributed system of an autonomous vehicle. For the heterogeneous computing system of the distributed system, a system platform is presented, which provides a common development environment by minimizing the dependence between the software and the computing hardware. A time-triggered network protocol, FlexRay, is applied as the main network of the software platform to improve the network bandwidth, fault tolerance, and system performance. Part II of this paper will provide the evaluation of the development process and system platform by using an autonomous car, which has the ability to drive in an urban area.
Chemotherapy-mediated p53-dependent DNA damage response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: role of the mTORC1/2 and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways (2013)

The DNA-damaging agent camptothecin (CPT) and its analogs demonstrate clinical utility for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, and CPT-based nanopharmaceuticals are currently in clinical trials for advanced kidney cancer; however, little is known regarding the effects of CPT on hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) accumulation and activity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we assessed the effects of CPT on the HIF/p53 pathway. CPT demonstrated striking inhibition of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α accumulation in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-defective ccRCC cells, but surprisingly failed to inhibit protein levels of HIF-2α-dependent target genes (VEGF, PAI-1, ET-1, cyclin D1). Instead, CPT induced DNA damage-dependent apoptosis that was augmented in the presence of pVHL. Further analysis revealed CPT regulated endothelin-1 (ET-1) in a p53-dependent manner: CPT increased ET-1 mRNA abundance in VHL-defective ccRCC cell lines that was significantly augmented in their VHL-expressing counterparts that displayed increased phosphorylation and accumulation of p53; p53 siRNA suppressed CPT-induced increase in ET-1 mRNA, as did an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling, suggesting a role for ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 in the induction of ET-1. Finally, we demonstrate that p53 phosphorylation and accumulation is partially dependent on mTOR activity in ccRCC. Consistent with this result, pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1/2 kinase inhibited CPT-mediated ET-1 upregulation, and p53-dependent responses in ccRCC. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insight into the action of CPT in ccRCC, identify ET-1 as a p53-regulated gene and demonstrate a requirement of mTOR for p53-mediated responses in this tumor type.
Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review (2013)

Exogenous cannabinoids are structurally and pharmacologically diverse compounds that are widely used. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the data characterizing the potential for these compounds to act as substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes, with the aim of clarifying the significance of these properties in clinical care and drug interactions. In vitro data were identified that characterize cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzymes as potential significant contributors to the primary metabolism of several exogenous cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; CYPs 2C9, 3A4); cannabidiol (CBD; CYPs 2C19, 3A4); cannabinol (CBN; CYPs 2C9, 3A4); JWH-018 (CYPs 1A2, 2C9); and AM2201 (CYPs 1A2, 2C9). CYP-450 enzymes may also contribute to the secondary metabolism of THC, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases have been identified as capable of catalyzing both primary (CBD, CBN) and secondary (THC, JWH-018, JWH-073) cannabinoid metabolism. Clinical pharmacogenetic data further support CYP2C9 as a significant contributor to THC metabolism, and a pharmacokinetic interaction study using ketoconazole with oromucosal cannabis extract further supports CYP3A4 as a significant metabolic pathway for THC and CBD. However, the absence of interaction between CBD from oromucosal cannabis extract with omeprazole suggests a less significant role of CYP2C19 in CBD metabolism. Studies of THC, CBD, and CBN inhibition and induction of major human CYP-450 isoforms generally reflect a low risk of clinically significant drug interactions with most use, but specific human data are lacking. Smoked cannabis herb (marijuana) likely induces CYP1A2 mediated theophylline metabolism, although the role of cannabinoids specifically in eliciting this effect is questionable.
Photoacoustic probing of fluorophore excited state lifetime with application to oxygen sensing (2008)

A new method is developed to perform local measurements of fluorophore excited state lifetimes in turbid media without collecting the fluorescence emission. The method is based on a pump-probe approach where a first laser pulse excites the dye and then a second laser pulse is used for photoacoustic probing of the transient absorption. The photoacoustic response generated by the probe pulse is recorded by an ultrasound receiver. Repeating the measurement for increasing pump-probe time delays yields a series of photoacoustic signals that are used to extract the lifetime of the excited state. The method is validated by measuring the lifetime of an oxygen sensitive dye solution at different concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The dye is pumped with a 532-nm pulsed laser and the transient absorption at 740 nm is probed using a second pulsed laser system. The photoacoustic-based results are in close agreement with those obtained from time-dependent fluorescent measurements. The method can be extended to photoacoustic lifetime imaging by using a receiver array instead of a single receiver. Potential applications of this method include tissue oxygen imaging for cancer diagnostics and mapping molecular events such as resonant energy transfer and ion collisions in a biological environment.
The optimal linear receiving filter for digital transmission over nonlinear channels (1989)

The filter minimizes the mean-square error between the sampled input to the decision device and the corresponding transmitted symbols. It is shown that the structure of this optimal receiving filter corresponds to a bank of matched filters, each followed by a linear transversal filter. Applications of this theory cover nonlinear channels with memory, linearly or nonlinearly modulated signals, and disturbances other than Gaussian noise (e.g. interference from other data sources).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 20-Gb/s 256-Mb DRAM With an Inductorless Quadrature PLL and a Cascaded Pre-emphasis Transmitter (2005)

A 20-Gb/s 256-Mb DRAM with the proposed PLL and transmitter schemes has been designed and fabricated using an 80-nm CMOS process. An inductorless tetrahedral oscillator generates inherent quadrant phases combined with cascaded pre-emphasis transmitter achieves 10-Gb/s/pin data rate.
Emotional signals from faces, bodies and scenes influence observers' face expressions, fixations and pupil-size (2013)

We receive emotional signals from different sources, including the face, the whole body, and the natural scene. Previous research has shown the importance of context provided by the whole body and the scene on the recognition of facial expressions. This study measured physiological responses to face-body-scene combinations. Participants freely viewed emotionally congruent and incongruent face-body and body-scene pairs whilst eye fixations, pupil-size, and electromyography (EMG) responses were recorded. Participants attended more to angry and fearful vs. happy or neutral cues, independent of the source and relatively independent from whether the face body and body scene combinations were emotionally congruent or not. Moreover, angry faces combined with angry bodies and angry bodies viewed in aggressive social scenes elicited greatest pupil dilation. Participants' face expressions matched the valence of the stimuli but when face-body compounds were shown, the observed facial expression influenced EMG responses more than the posture. Together, our results show that the perception of emotional signals from faces, bodies and scenes depends on the natural context, but when threatening cues are presented, these threats attract attention, induce arousal, and evoke congruent facial reactions.