gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Branched Polyethylene as a Plasticizing Additive to Modulate the Mechanical Properties of π-Conjugated Polymers (2019)

A new approach for improving the mechanical properties of semiconducting polymers was established via physical combination of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymer with a low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene (BPE). The influence of the BPE additive on the stretchability and mechanical properties of the conjugated polymer was studied at different scales, using various characterization techniques, including atomic force microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. At the micron scale, the BPE additive acts as a plasticizer and significantly reduces Young’s modulus of the conjugated polymer and increases the crack onset strain, reaching a maximum of a 75% strain elongation when 90 wt % of BPE is blended with the conjugated polymer. The introduction of BPE to the blended systems decreases the crack propagation of polymer thin films, making them softer and more ductile, with Young’s modulus of 112 MPa at 25 wt % of BPE before thermal annealing. At the nanoscale, the improvement of stretchability is shown by the reduction of the crack size under a 100% strain, going from 3100 to 600 nm at 0 and 90 wt % of BPE, respectively. The results obtained in this investigation confirm that an improvement in the mechanical properties and a modulation of the solid-state morphology of the semiconducting materials can be enabled by the physical mixing of conjugated polymers with a nontoxic, low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene, particularly favorable for the solution deposition of organic semiconductors.
Contribution of Facilitated Diffusion and Processive Catalysis to Enzyme Efficiency:  Implications for the <i>Eco</i>RI Restriction−Modification System (1996)

The contribution of nonspecific DNA to enzyme efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) is described for a sequence-specific DNA-modifying enzyme. Our investigation focuses on the EcoRI DNA methyltransferase which transfers a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine to the second adenine in the double-stranded DNA sequence GAATTC. k(cat)/K(m) increases 4-fold as DNA length increases from 14 to 429 base pairs and increases 2-fold as the distance from the site to the nearest end is increased from 29 to 378 base pairs. No changes in k(cat)/K(m) result from further increases in either case. A facilitated diffusion mechanism is proposed in which the methyltransferase scans an average of <400 base pairs prior to dissociation from a DNA molecule. The methyltransferase was found to methylate two sites on a single DNA molecule in a distributive rather than a processive manner, suggesting that the enzyme dissociates from the DNA prior to release of the reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine. A direct competition experiment with the EcoRI endonuclease shows the methyltransferase to be slightly more efficient at specific site location and catalysis. A rationale for the role of facilitated diffusion in this type II restriction-modification system is proposed.
Carboxyl-terminal-truncated apolipoprotein E4 causes Alzheimer's disease-like neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in transgenic mice (2003)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 increases the risk and accelerates the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. We previously found that apoE undergoes proteolytic cleavage in AD brains and in cultured neuronal cells, resulting in the accumulation of carboxyl-terminal-truncated fragments of apoE that are neurotoxic. Here we show that this fragmentation is caused by proteolysis of apoE by a chymotrypsin-like serine protease that cleaves apoE4 more efficiently than apoE3. Transgenic mice expressing the carboxyl-terminal-cleaved product, apoE4(Delta272-299), at high levels in the brain died at 2-4 months of age. The cortex and hippocampus of these mice displayed AD-like neurodegenerative alterations, including abnormally phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and Gallyas silver-positive neurons that contained cytosolic straight filaments with diameters of 15-20 nm, resembling preneurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic mice expressing lower levels of the truncated apoE4 survived longer but showed impaired learning and memory at 6-7 months of age. Thus, carboxyl-terminal-truncated fragments of apoE4, which occur in AD brains, are sufficient to elicit AD-like neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in vivo. Inhibiting their formation might inhibit apoE4-associated neuronal deficits.
Smurf1 Interacts with Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor through Smad7 and Induces Receptor Degradation (2001)

Smad7 is an inhibitory Smad that acts as a negative regulator of signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily proteins. Smad7 is induced by TGF-beta, stably interacts with activated TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaR-I), and interferes with the phosphorylation of receptor-regulated Smads. Here we show that Smurf1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for bone morphogenetic protein-specific Smads, also interacts with Smad7 and induces Smad7 ubiquitination and translocation into the cytoplasm. In addition, Smurf1 associates with TbetaR-I via Smad7, with subsequent enhancement of turnover of TbetaR-I and Smad7. These results thus reveal a novel function of Smad7, i.e. induction of degradation of TbetaR-I through recruitment of an E3 ligase to the receptor.
<title>Integrated wavelength tunable filters based on resonant Mach-Zender interferometer</title> (1995)

We present a novel wavelength tunable filter based on a resonant Mach-Zehnder interferometer using an electric thermo-optic phase shifter.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Process technology for radiation-hardened CMOS integrated circuits (1976)

A process technology for radiation-hardened CMOS integrated circuits has been defined. Process parameters for the SiO/SUB 2/ gate insulator have been optimized for radiation hardness, and circuit latch-up due to parasitic p-n-p-n structures on the integrated circuits has been prevented by gold-doping the silicon substrate to reduce carrier lifetime. The device yields for the hardened technology have been evaluated and the reliability has been characterized by bias-temperature life testing.
Exchange Transfusion with Albumin-Heme as an Artificial O<sub>2</sub>-Infusion into Anesthetized Rats:  Physiological Responses, O<sub>2</sub>-Delivery, and Reduction of the Oxidized Hemin Sites by Red Blood Cells (1999)

Human serum albumin (HSA) incorporating synthetic hemes, the tetrakis(o-pivalamido)phenylporphinatoiron(II) derivative (FeP), is an artificial hemoprotein (HSA-FeP) which is able to reversibly bind and release dioxygen under physiological conditions (in aqueous media, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) like hemoglobin and myoglobin. Physiological responses to exchange transfusion with HSA-FeP solution [[HSA], 5 g/dL; FeP/HSA, 4 (mol/mol)] into rats after hemodilution and hemorrhage (Hct, about 10%) has been evaluated. The declined mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood flow after a 70% exchange with HSA and the further 40% bleeding of blood were significantly recovered up to about 90% of the baseline values by the injection of HSA-FeP. Furthermore, the renal cortical O(2)-tensions and skeletal tissue O(2)-tensions were also increased, indicating the in vivo O(2)-delivery of HSA-FeP. Autoxidation of ferrous Fe(II)P to ferric Fe(III)P was retarded in the blood stream; the half-lifetime of the dioxygenated FeP [tau(1/2)(O(2))] in vivo was 4.1 h [cf. 1.0 h (in vitro)]. It has been found that autooxidized Fe(III)P was certainly reduced in the whole blood suspension. Physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid continuously provided by red blood cells probably rereduces Fe(III)P, leading to the apparent long lifetime of the dioxygenated species of FeP.
In vivo Na‐23 MR imaging and spectroscopy of rat brain during TmDOTP<sup>5−</sup> infusion (1992)

In vivo sodium-23 and hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy of the rat brain during infusion of the shift reagent thulium DOTP5- (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra[methylene phosphonate] was performed to assign the various peaks observed during infusion and to evaluate the shift reagent in discriminating tissue compartments. Na-23 spectra collected during the infusion showed two shifted peaks that were assigned to intravascular Na+ and extracellular muscle Na+, respectively, and one unshifted peak assigned to intra- and extracellular brain Na+ and cerebrospinal fluid Na+. These assignments were validated with H-1 and Na-23 MR imaging and Na-23 chemical shift imaging (CSI). The H-1 and Na-23 images showed that a surface coil placed on a rat head can detect a substantial amount of signal from muscle surrounding the skull. Na-23 CSI spectra from successive 1-mm-thick coronal sections indicated that the shift reagent did not cross the blood-brain barrier. The study also showed that bulk susceptibility shifts are quite small with Tm-DOTP5-. This reagent may be useful in determining compartmental Na+ concentrations and blood flow kinetics in brain and in examining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
Simultaneous RGB lasing from a single-chip polymer device (2010)

This Letter describes the fabrication and operation of a single-chip white-laser device. The laser device has a multilayered structure consisting of three laser layers. Each laser layer comprises polymer claddings and a waveguide core doped with organic dye. In each laser layer, grating corrugations were fabricated by UV-nanoimprint lithography that act as distributed-feedback cavity structures. Under optical pumping, lasing output with red, green, and blue colors was simultaneously obtained from the sample edge.
Efficient Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical H<sub>2</sub> Production from Water by a Cobalt Dithiolene One-Dimensional Metal–Organic Surface (2015)

Solar-driven hydrogen evolution from water has emerged as an important methodology for the storage of renewable energy in chemical bonds. Efficient and practical clean-energy devices for electrochemical or photoelectrochemical splitting of water require the immobilization of stable and active hydrogen-evolving catalysts onto electrode or photocathode materials, which remains a significant challenge. Here we show that cobalt(II) reacts with benzene-1,2,4,5-tetrathiol in the presence of base to form a cobalt dithiolene polymer 1. The generated polymer is immobilized onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) to generate a metal-organic surface (MOS 1|GCE), which displays efficient H2-evolving activity and stability in acidic aqueous solutions. Moreover, the generated polymer is integrated with planar p-type Si to generate very efficient photocathode materials (MOS 1|Si) for solar-driven hydrogen production from water. Photocurrents up to 3.8 mA/cm(2) at 0 V vs RHE were achieved under simulated 1 Sun illumination. MOS 1|Si photocathodes operate at potentials 550 mV more positive than MOS 1|GCE cathodes to reach the same activity for H2 evolution from water (1 mA/cm(2)).
Low-frequency tube waves in permeable rocks (1988)

Abstract Low-frequency tube waves in permeable boreholes are of interest because their propagation depends upon in-situ rock permeability. In this paper, we use low-frequency asymptotics to unify two approaches that both describe tube waves. The first approach is due to White, in which the low-frequency tube-wave velocity and attenuation are expressed explicitly as functions of frequency. The expressions include contributions from three factors: the borehole fluid compressibility, the wall rigidity, and the wall impedance due to the permeability of the solid. The second approach is the full solution of tube-wave properties based on Biot theory and the appropriate boundary conditions between the fluid and the porous solid. By taking the low-frequency approximations to the full solution, we derive an explicit expression for the tube-wave properties, similar to White's expression. White's formulation is hereby corrected to include the elasticity of the solid frame around the borehole. For a 20 cm diameter borehole, the corrected low-frequency expression is quite accurate below 300 Hz for the four cases shown, when compared with the full solution. Above that frequency, one should use the full solution to obtain an accurate expression of tube-wave properties in permeable rocks.
Decoding non-random mutational signatures at Cas9 targeted sites (2018)

The mutation patterns at Cas9 targeted sites contain unique information regarding the nuclease activity and repair mechanisms in mammalian cells. However, analytical framework for extracting such information are lacking. Here, we present a novel computational platform called Rational InDel Meta-Analysis (RIMA) that enables an in-depth comprehensive analysis of Cas9-induced genetic alterations, especially InDels mutations. RIMA can be used to quantitate the contribution of classical microhomology-mediated end joining (c-MMEJ) pathway in the formation of mutations at Cas9 target sites. We used RIMA to compare mutational signatures at 15 independent Cas9 target sites in human A549 wildtype and A549-POLQ knockout cells to elucidate the role of DNA polymerase θ in c-MMEJ. Moreover, the single nucleotide insertions at the Cas9 target sites represent duplications of preceding nucleotides, suggesting that the flexibility of the Cas9 nuclease domains results in both blunt- and staggered-end cuts. Thymine at the fourth nucleotide before protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) results in a two-fold higher occurrence of single nucleotide InDels compared to guanine at the same position. This study provides a novel approach for the characterization of the Cas9 nucleases with improved accuracy in predicting genome editing outcomes and a potential strategy for homology-independent targeted genomic integration.
Inhibition of mTOR Prevents ROS Production Initiated by Ethidium Bromide-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Depletion (2014)

The regulation of mitochondrial mass and DNA content involves a complex interaction between mitochondrial DNA replication machinery, functional components of the electron transport chain, selective clearance of mitochondria, and nuclear gene expression. In order to gain insight into cellular responses to mitochondrial stress, we treated human diploid fibroblasts with ethidium bromide at concentrations that induced loss of mitochondrial DNA over a period of 7 days. The decrease in mitochondrial DNA was accompanied by a reduction in steady state levels of the mitochondrial DNA binding protein, TFAM, a reduction in several electron transport chain protein levels, increased mitochondrial and total cellular ROS, and activation of p38 MAPK. However, there was an increase in mitochondrial mass and voltage dependent anion channel levels. In addition, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, as judged by p70S6K targets, was decreased while steady state levels of p62/SQSTM1 and Parkin were increased. Treatment of cells with rapamycin created a situation in which cells were better able to adapt to the mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in decreased ROS and increased cell viability but did not prevent the reduction in mitochondrial DNA. These effects may be due to a more efficient flux through the electron transport chain, increased autophagy, or enhanced AKT signaling, coupled with a reduced growth rate. Together, the results suggest that mTOR activity is affected by mitochondrial stress, which may be part of the retrograde signal system required for normal mitochondrial homeostasis.
The bactericidal effect of ultraviolet and visible light on <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2007)

The bactericidal radiation dosages at specific wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrum are not well documented. Such information is important for the development of new monochromatic bactericidal devices to be operated at different wavelengths. In this study, radiation dosages required to cause mortality of an Escherichia coli strain, ATCC 25922, at various wavelengths between 250 and 532 nm in the UV and visible spectrum were determined. Radiation at 265 nm in the UV region was most efficient in killing the E. coli cells and 100% mortality was achieved at a dose of 1.17 log mJ/cm(2). In the visible spectrum, the radiation dosages required for a one-log reduction of the E. coli cell density at 458 and 488 nm were 5.5 and 6.9 log mJ/cm(2), respectively. However, at 515 and 532 nm, significant killing was not observed at radiation dosage up to 7 log mJ/cm(2). Based on the cell survival data at various radiation dosages between 250 and 488 nm, a predictive equation for the survival of E. coli cells is derived, namely log(S/S(0)) = -(1.089 x 10(7) e(-0.0633lambda))D. The symbols, S(0), S, lambda, and D, represent initial cell density, cell density after irradiation, wavelength of the radiation and radiation dosage, respectively. The proportion of the surviving E. coli cells decreases exponentially with the increase in radiation dosage at a given wavelength. In addition, the radiation dose required for killing a certain fraction of the E. coli cells increases exponentially as the wavelength of radiation increases.
Spin Polarization of Electrons Field Emitted from Single-Crystal Iron Surfaces (1978)

The spin polarization of electrons field emitted from single-crystal iron surfaces was observed to be (+25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)% for emission along [100], (+25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)% along [111], and (-5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)% along [110] (the polarization is positive for majority-spin electrons). These results correlate qualitatively with expectations from the bulk band model. However, quantitative calculations with bulk wave functions gave strongly parameter-dependent results. For meaningful calculations the effect of the surface on the wave functions must be included.
Real Time Implementation of Optical Character Recognition Based TTS System using Raspberry pi (2017)

Thetext to speech (TTS) conversion technology is proposed to help the blind people and people with poor vision. According to survey done by World Health Organization (WHO) there are about 286 million blind people in this world and about 91% of them reside in developing countries. So there is necessity of portable TTS converter which should be affordable to help the blinds. To help the blind community a smart reader is proposed in this paper. It includes a web cam to capture input text page which is then processed by TTS unit installed in raspberry pi and the output is then amplified by audio and given out on speaker.
Increase of acetone and ammonia in urine headspace and breath during ovulation quantified using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (2003)

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used for a detailed study of the daily variations in the acetone and ammonia content of the headspace above urine from a healthy female subject over the course of three separate menstrual cycles. Midstream urine samples were taken every morning prior to any food intake and the headspace subsequently analysed for a number of metabolites. Concurrent with the time of ovulation, a 3-to- 12-fold increase in the level of acetone in the urine headspace was observed. The successive peaks in acetone level and the subsequent return to baseline values were mirrored by similar increases in the ammonia levels, but these were a day out of phase. Interestingly, parallel breath analyses at ovulation showed no great increase in either acetone or ammonia above their normal morning levels, suggesting that these metabolites had been removed from the body during the night by the usual metabolic and physiological processes. The results of this study reveal what may be an important phenomenon at the time of ovulation and illustrate the potential and power of online SIFT-MS analysis in this area of research.
RADIO FREQUENCY-FREE ARC STARTING IN GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (1986)

Computers and computer-controlled equipment in a welding environment must be protected from high-current transients. This paper discusses the development of techniques for solving computer interference problems resulting from the high-frequency current used to initiate gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Problems had been encountered in a computer-based data retrieval and analysis system directly connected to plates to be welded, and in adjacent but completely unconnected microprocessor-controlled equipment. Radio frequency interference phenomena (particularly in GTAW arc starting) and arc-starting methods in general are discussed, and the experimental investigation of several RF-free arc-starting methods is described. It was found that, of the many variations for starting the welding arc without high-frequency or pulse energy, three methods stood out above the others. These three, in descending order of merit, were (1) Auxiliary electrode arc energised by welding power supply; (2) Twin-electrode arc; and (3) Plasma needle arc. All three methods can be automated for use with mechanised GTAW and can be adapted for manual GTAW. Their advantages and features are discussed.
Affinity purification and biochemical characterization of histolysin, the major cysteine proteinase of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> (1988)

We report a one-step method for the purification to homogeneity of a cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica (histolysin) by affinity chromatography of the soluble extract of the parasite on immobilized phenylalanyl(2-phenyl)aminoacetaldehyde semicarbazone. The enzyme has an apparent Mr of 26,000 by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 29,000 by gel chromatography. Its pH optimum varies widely, from 5.5 with azocasein to approx. 7 with other protein substrates and benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanyl-L-citrullylaminomethylcourmarin++ + (Z-Phe-Cit-NHMec), and to 9.5 with benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylarginylaminomethylcoumarin (Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec) and benzyloxycarbonylarginylarginylaminomethylcourmarin (Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec). Values of Km, kcat. and kcat/Km are 1.5 microM, 130 s-1 and 87 X 10(6) M-1.s-1 for Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec, and 32 microM, 0.4 s-1 and 0.012 x 10(6) M-1.s-1 for Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec, respectively, at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. The enzyme is inhibited by leupeptin and such inhibitors of cysteine proteinases as L-transepoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-4-(guanidino)butane, peptidyldiazomethanes, iodoacetic acid and chicken cystatin. The tentative N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme closely resembles that of papain. Histolysin does not degrade type I collagen or elastin, but it is active against cartilage proteoglycan and kidney glomerular basement-membrane collagen. It also detaches cells from their substratum in vitro, and could well play a role in tissue invasion.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HYPOLIPIDEMIC SILYBIN ANALOG 3′,4′‐ETHYLENEDIOXYFLAVONOIDS (1985)

Abstract Als Silybin‐Analoga werden 3′,4′‐Ethylendioxyflavonoide hergestellt.