gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A simple method for acquiring the conducting angle in a multilevel cascaded inverter using step pulse waves (2005)

In recent years, the multilevel inverter synthesising the output voltage with a step pulse, has been widely used in high power and high voltage applications. To acquire the conducting angles of switches, the conventional method needs to solve simultaneous equations, corresponding to the fundamental and harmonic components, by the use of a Fourier series. Since they are calculated by an iterative method, the process is requires with a large amount of calculation and time. Moreover, they are calculated by means of an off-line operation. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper proposes a simple method of obtaining the conducting angles. This method reduces the amount of calculation needed to obtain the conducting angles and determines them through an on-line operation. It makes use of the voltage-second areas of the divided reference voltage according to the output voltage levels of the inverter. It does not solve the set of nonlinear transcendental equations, but calculates several trigonometric functions. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated according to each modulation index through simulation and experiment results. The results indicate that the harmonic components obtained by the proposed method are similar to those from the conventional one in the high modulation index. However, in the low modulation index, the proposed method includes more harmonics than the conventional one.
Generation and transmission of DPSK signals using a directly modulated passive feedback laser (2012)

The generation of differential-phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals is demonstrated using a directly modulated passive feedback laser at 10.709-Gb/s, 14-Gb/s and 16-Gb/s. The quality of the DPSK signals is assessed using both noncoherent detection for a bit rate of 10.709-Gb/s and coherent detection with digital signal processing involving a look-up table pattern-dependent distortion compensator. Transmission over a passive link consisting of 100 km of single mode fiber at a bit rate of 10.709-Gb/s is achieved with a received optical power of -45 dBm at a bit-error-ratio of 3.8 × 10(-3) and a 49 dB loss margin.
Ethical implications of standardization of ICU care with computerized protocols. (1994)

Ethical issues related to the use of computerized protocols to control mechanical ventilation of patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are identical to the ethical issues surrounding the use of any therapy or intervention. Four ethical principles must be considered: nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and distributed justice. The major ethical challenges to computerized protocol use as a specific application of clinical decision support tools are found within the principles of nonmaleficence and of beneficence. The absence of credible outcome data on which ARDS patient survival probabilities with different therapeutic options could be based is a constraint common to most ICU clinical decision making. Clinicians are thus deprived of the knowledge necessary to define benefit and are limited to beneficent intention in clinical decisions. Computerized protocol controlled decision making for the clinical management of mechanical ventilation for ARDS patients is ethically defensible. It is as well supported as most ICU therapy options.
Coupled hidden Markov models for biosignal interaction modelling (2000)

Analysis of physiological systems frequently involves studying the interactions between them. In fact, the interactions themselves can give us clues about the state of health of the patient. For instance, interactions between cardio-respiratory variables are known to be abnormal in autonomic neuropathy. Conversely, if the type of interaction is known a departure from this state is, by definition, an anomaly. For instance, in multichannel EEG analysis we would expect coupling between the channels. If the states of the channels are divergent one may suspect some recording error (electrode failure). Traditionally, such interactions would be measured using correlation or, more generally, mutual information measures. There are, however, major limitations associated with correlation, namely, the linearity and stationarity assumptions. Mutual information, on the other hand, can handle nonlinearity. However, it is unable to infer anti-correlation and it also assumes stationarity (for the density estimation). Some recent work has focused on hidden Markov models (HMM) in order to avoid some of the stationarity assumptions (the chain is still assumed to be ergodic) and model the dynamics explicitly. HMMs handle the dynamics of the time series through the use of a discrete state-space. The paper discusses coupled HMM for biosignal interaction modeling.
POESIA & SOM: NOS ACORDES DA LÍRICA PESSOANA (2017)

Neste artigo, pretende-se discorrer, em dois poemas da coletânea Cancioneiros , de Fernando Pessoa, aquilo que o critico Jose Augusto Seabra (1991) chamara casamento entre a musica das ideias e a musica das emocoes. O foco deste estudo, portanto, recaira sob um vies de leitura que pretende apontar como as emocoes evocadas pelos poemas – a primeira vista, aparentemente lugares comuns visitados por varios poetas da tradicao portuguesa –, sao reelaboradas atraves de uma estrutura ritmica e formal complexa, que atraves de tensoes dialeticas, criacao de imagens simbolicas, metrificacoes, evidenciam um elaborado trabalho intelectual da emocao, convertida em pensamento-emocao.
Formal Synthesis of Actin Binding Macrolide Rhizopodin (2014)

Formal synthesis of an actin binding macrolide rhizopodin was achieved in 19 longest linear steps. The key features of the synthesis include a stereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction, dual role of a Nagao auxiliary (first, as a chiral auxiliary of choice for installing hydroxy centers and, later, as an acylating agent to form an amide bond with an amino alcohol), late stage oxazole formation, and Stille coupling reactions.
Evaluation of Glucose Determinations in Untreated Serum Samples (1958)

Abstract Serum without the use of an antiglycolytic agent is inadequate for glucose determinations unless the delay between collection and processing is minimum. Fluoride-treated samples should be used when delay of an hour or more is unavoidable.
HD DVD Video Player (2006)

The new HD DVD-video player, specified from the DVD forum, has a new comprehensive software architecture that introduces a new interactive navigation system while still allowing the legacy DVD navigating system. This new software architecture allows for synchronization of picture in picture, HD graphics, menus, games, streaming network multimedia and HD video. The new HD DVD players includes network connectivity and persistent storage that allows a user to play network synchronized games, dynamically download new HD theater trailers and to save those trailers, game scores and other personalized information to internal persistent storage
Islet autoimmunity in phenotypic type 2 diabetes patients (2013)

Historically, type 2 diabetes (T2D) was considered a metabolic disease of ageing. However, recent discoveries have demonstrated the role of chronic systemic inflammation in the development of insulin resistance and subsequent progression to T2D. Over the years, investigations into the pathophysiology of T2D have identified the presence of islet-specific T cells and islet autoimmune disease in T2D patients. Moreover, the cell-mediated islet autoimmunity has also been correlated with the progressive loss of β-cell function associated with T2D disease pathogenesis. In this manuscript, the involvement of cell-mediated islet autoimmune disease in the progression of T2D disease and the similarities in islet-specific T-cell reactivity between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D are discussed.
Image compression based on optimal subband decomposition and vector quantization (2002)

A novel image coding scheme is presented which is based on optimal filter design for subband coding followed by vector quantization. The optimal filter design is based on minimization of Shannon's entropy which is considered as the cost function. The upper bound of the entropy of the decomposed image is obtained in terms of the filter response with the assumption that the p.d.f. of the pixel values of the image is Gaussian. The filter minimizes this upper bound of entropy in one of the subbands using steepest descent algorithm. The subband for which the entropy is minimized is discarded and the rest of the three subbands are coded using vector quantization with varying bit assignment for each subband. A significant compression ratio of 41.72 is achieved. Filter design and coding scheme is discussed and presented in detail in the paper along with the results.
Human endogenous retroviruses: nature, occurrence, and clinical implications in human disease. (1996)

Retroviral diagnostics have become standard in human laboratory medicine. While current emphasis is placed on the human exogenous viruses (human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell leukemia virus), evidence implicating human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in various human disease entities continues to mount. Literature on the occurrence of HERVs in human tissues and cells was analyzed. Substantial evidence documents that retrovirus particles were clearly demonstrable in various tissues and cells in both health and disease and were abundant in the placenta and that their occurrence could be implicated in some of the reproductive diseases. The characteristics of HERVs are summarized, mechanisms of replication and regulation are outlined, and the consistent hormonal responsiveness of HERVs is noted. Clear evidence implicating HERV gene products as participants in glomerulonephritis in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is adduced. Data implicating HERVs as etiologic factors in reproductive diseases, in some of the autoimmune diseases, in some forms of rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue disease, in psoriasis, and in some of the inflammatory neurologic diseases are reviewed. The current major needs are to improve methods for HERV detection, to identify the most appropriate HERV prototypes, and to develop diagnostic reagents so that the putative biologic and pathologic roles of HERVs can be better evaluated.
Broadening of Operating Frequency Band of Magnetic-Type Radio Absorbers by FSS Incorporation (2010)

Problems of the theory of radio absorbers (RAs) involving frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are considered. A design procedure for these RAs is described that takes into account the multiparameter character of the problem and allows one to determine the optimal characteristics of an FSS that provide the maximal operating bandwidth. RAs for a range of 1-17 GHz are obtained on the basis of polymer composites filled with carbonyl iron and Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Z ferrite, into which an FSS in the form of a biperiodic array of thin metal rings is embedded. It is shown that the application of such an FSS allows one to increase the operating frequency bandwidth of a magnetic-type RA by a factor of more than 1.5 virtually almost without increasing the thickness of the absorber. Substantially, several types of FSS-based layered magnetodielectric RAs have been produced by compressing molding technique, including a 3-mm-thick RA with an operating bandwidth of 1.05-2.7 GHz, a 2-mm-thick RA with an operating bandwidth of 1.7-4.4 GHz, and a 1.6-mm-thick RA with an operating bandwidth of 6.7-16.1 GHz.
Response of bubbles to diagnotic ultrasound:a unifying theoretical approach (1998)

The scattering of ultrasound from bubbles of micrometer-sized radius, such as used in contrast enhancers for ultrasound diagnostics, is studied. We show that sound scattering and ``active'' emission of sound from oscillating bubbles are not contradictory, but are just two different aspects derived from the same physics. Treating the bubble as a nonlinear oscillator, we arrive at general formulas for scattering and absorption cross sections. We show that several well-known formulas are recovered in the linear limit of this ansatz. In the case of strongly nonlinear oscillations, however, the cross sections can be larger than those for linear response by several orders of magnitude. The major part of the incident sound energy is then converted into emitted sound, unlike what happens in the linear case, where the absorption cross sections exceed the scattering cross sections.
Wave Equation for Dark Coherence in Three-Level Media (2002)

We report the derivation of a wave equation for coherence in "dark state" two-photon-resonance spectroscopy. One of its consequences is a dark state area theorem. The dark area theorem is a single ordinary differential equation which is globally equivalent, in a way we describe, to the full set of five coupled nonlinear partial differential equations that govern space-time evolution of two-pulse coherence in a lambda medium. The predictions of the dark area theorem are open to test via laser spectroscopy in dilute vapors and inhomogeneously broadened solids.
Nuclear Receptor NR4A2 Orchestrates Th17 Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Inflammation via IL-21 Signalling (2013)

IL-17-producing CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cells are pathogenic in a range of human autoimmune diseases and corresponding animal models. We now demonstrate that such T cells infiltrating the target organ during the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) specifically express NR4A2. Further, we reveal a critical involvement of NR4A2 in Th17 cell functions and Th17 cell-driven autoimmune diseases. When NR4A2 expression was blocked with siRNA, full Th17 differentiation was prevented in vitro: although cells expressed the master Th17 regulator, RORγt, they expressed reduced levels of IL-23R and were unable to produce IL-17 and IL-21. Notably, Th17 differentiation in the absence of NR4A2 was restored by exogenous IL-21, indicating that NR4A2 controls full maturation of Th17 cells via autocrine IL-21 signalling. Preventing NR4A2 expression in vivo by systemic treatment with NR4A2-specific siRNA also reduced Th17 effector responses and furthermore protected mice from EAE induction. In addition, the lack of disease was associated with a reduction in autocrine IL-21 production and IL-23R expression. Similar modulation of NR4A2 expression was also effective as an intervention, reversing established autoimmune responses and ameliorating clinical disease symptoms. Thus, NR4A2 appears to control Th17 differentiation and so plays an essential role in the development of Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. As NR4A2 is also upregulated during human autoimmune disease, targeting NR4A2 may provide a new therapeutic approach in treating autoimmune disease.
The Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>Exchanger Regulatory Factor Stabilizes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors at the Cell Surface (2004)

Ligand binding to cell surface receptors initiates both signal transduction and endocytosis. Although signaling may continue within the endocytic compartment, down-regulation is the major mechanism that controls the concentration of cell surface receptors, their ability to receive environmental signals, and the ultimate strength of biological signaling. Internalization, recycling, and trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the endosome compartment are each regulated to control the overall process of down-regulation. We have identified the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) as an important molecular component that stabilizes epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) at the cell surface to restrict receptor down-regulation. The NH(2)-terminal PDZ domain (PDZ 1) of NHERF specifically binds to an internal peptide motif located within the COOH-terminal regulatory domain of EGFR. Expression of NHERF slows the rate of EGF-induced receptor degradation. A point mutation that abolishes the PDZ 1 recognition sequence of EGFR enhances the rate of ligand-induced endocytosis and down-regulation of EGFR. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutant of NHERF enhances EGF-induced receptor down-regulation. In contrast to beta-adrenergic receptors where NHERF enhances recycling of internalized receptors, NHERF stabilizes EGFR at the cell surface and slows the rate of endocytosis without affecting recycling. Although the mechanisms differ, for both RTKs and G protein-coupled receptors, the overall effect of NHERF is to enhance the fraction of receptors present at the cell surface.
In‐plane permeability measurements on fiber reinforcements by the multi‐cavity parallel flow technique (1999)

Abstract This report discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the multi‐cavity parallel flow technique for permeability measurements. An experimental series with repeated measurements on material from the same roll shows that the repeatability of the technique is very good considering the manufacturing variability of the fabric. The measured standard deviation in the repeatability study is about 10%. It is, however, shown that the permeability can vary considerably‐ between reinforcements of similar geometry. Furthermore, computer simulations were used to estimate the errors when highly anisotropic materials are oriented at an angle to the material principal direction in the parallel flow technique. The conclusion based on the simulations is that the length to width ratio of the cavity should be larger than the anisotropy of the reinforcement for an acceptable error.
Pyridine Derivatives. I. Preparation of 3-Chloro-2-pyridone and 6-Chloro-2-pyridone (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyridine Derivatives. I. Preparation of 3-Chloro-2-pyridone and 6-Chloro-2-pyridoneM. P. CAVA and N. K. BHATTACHARYYACite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 9, 1287–1289Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01103a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01103a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views529Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Defect characterization using ultrasonic arrays (2008)

There has been a massive increase in the use of ultrasonic arrays for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) in recent years.
However, much of this technology is either based on medical ultrasound imaging or is designed simply to mimic
traditional NDE inspections performed with monolithic transducers. This paper addresses the issue of array system
design and data processing specifically for quantitative NDE. It is shown that arrays offer huge potential for defect
characterization in NDE beyond that currently exploited and possible directions are discussed. In particular, it is shown
that obtaining all the time-domain signals from every transmitter receiver combination combined with post-processing is
the preferable strategy for NDE. Not only can information in the full data-set provide the highest possible resolution
image, but that it can also be exploited to perform sub-wavelength reflector characterization by extracting portions of the
reflector scattering matrix. Experimental results on artificial defects are used to illustrate this point.
The microbiology of phosphorus removal in activated sludge processes-the current state of play (2008)

This review discusses critically what we know and would like to know about the microbiology of phosphorus (P) removal in activated sludge systems. In particular, the description of the genome sequences of two strains of the polyphosphate accumulating organism found in these processes, Candidatus 'Accumulibacter phosphatis', allows us to address many of the previously unanswered questions relating to how these processes behave, and to raise new questions about the microbiology of P removal. This article attempts to be deliberately speculative, and inevitably subjective, but hopefully at the same time useful to those who have an active interest in these environmentally very important processes.
Insect Chemosterilants. III. 1-Aziridinylphosphine Oxides<sup>1</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInsect Chemosterilants. III. 1-Aziridinylphosphine Oxides1Alexej B. BoŘkovec, Charles W. Woods, and Richard T. BrownCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1966, 9, 4, 522–526Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00322a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00322a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hepatic Gene Therapy Using Adeno-associated Virus Vectors (1999)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors have been shown to safely transduce a number of tissues in preclinical animal studies. The level of gene transfer is sufficient to successfully treat a large number of medical disorders. Moreover, the long-term persistence of the vector sequences in animals makes it likely that this vector will be useful for genetic diseases requiring life-long therapy. This review outlines the biological principles of the vector, as well as its advantages and current limitations as it relates to use in hepatic gene therapy.