gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier for Delivering Drugs into the Brain by Using Adenosine Receptor Nanoagonist (2014)

The extremely low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses the greatest impediment in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Recent work indicated that BBB permeability can be up-regulated by activating A2A adenosine receptor (AR), which temporarily increases intercellular spaces between the brain capillary endothelial cells. However, due to transient circulation lifetime of adenosine-based agonists, their capability to enhance brain delivery of drugs, especially macromolecular drugs, is limited. In this work, a series of nanoagonists (NAs) were developed by labeling different copies of A2A AR activating ligands on dendrimers. In vitro transendothelial electrical resistance measurements demonstrated that the NAs increased permeability of the endothelial cell monolayer by compromising the tightness of tight junctions, the key structure that restricts the entry of blood-borne molecules into the brain. In vivo imaging studies indicated the remarkably up-regulated brain uptake of a macromolecular model drug (45 kDa) after intravenous injection of NAs. Autoradiographic imaging showed that the BBB opening time-window can be tuned in a range of 0.5-2.0 h by the NAs labeled with different numbers of AR-activating ligands. By choosing a suitable NA, it is possible to maximize brain drug delivery and minimize the uncontrollable BBB leakage by matching the BBB opening time-window with the pharmacokinetics of a therapeutic agent. The NA-mediated brain drug delivery strategy holds promise for the treatment of CNS diseases with improved therapeutic efficiency and reduced side-effects.
Simulated Regulator to Synthesize ZMP Manipulation and Foot Location for Autonomous Control of Biped Robots (2008)

An autonomous biped controller synthesizing the ZMP manipulation and the foot location is proposed; each of them has a strongly nonlinear property, so that they had been hard to be synthesized without referential trajectories given as functions of time. The former is equivalent to the partial indirect manipulation of the reaction force through the contact points with the environment to control the center of mass (COM) under the current supporting state. The latter means discontinuous relocation of grounding feet in order to deform the supporting region to include the desired but unachievable ZMP in the future. They run on an identical control system without any confliction, since they originate from the same simulated regulator in the sense that the feasible region of ZMP is not bounded. It is also shown that a cyclic walk is automatically generated without giving a walking period explicitly by coupling the support-state transition and the goal-state transition in a simulation.
Short-term traffic flow prediction with LSTM recurrent neural network (2017)

Accurate and timely short-term traffic flow prediction plays an important role in intelligent transportation management and control. Traffic flow prediction has a long history and is still a difficult problem due to intrinsically highly nonlinear and stochastic characteristics of complex transportation systems. In this paper, we employ the long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network to analyze the effects of various input settings on the LSTM prediction performances. Flow, speed, and occupancy at the same detector station are used as inputs to predict traffic flow. The results show that the inclusion of occupancy/speed information may help to enhance the performance of the model overall. Further, we include as inputs traffic variables from the upstream and/or downstream detector stations for traffic flow prediction. The evaluation of such spatial-temporal input interactions show that the inclusion of both downstream and upstream traffic information is useful in improving prediction accuracy.
High precision measurements of atomic number densities (1985)

A quick and simple technique for determining line of sight number densities in atomic vapor ovens will be presented. The technique is based on measuring the frequency-dependent distortion of interference fringe profiles which is produced when an absorbing vapor is placed in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In contrast to previous interferometric methods, in which only the peak intensity positions of the fringes are measured, this method relies on measuring the entire intensity profiles of the fringes. This is made possible by placing a 1024-channel diode array detector at the exit plane of a spectrograph. The density is then determined with a precision of 1 % or better by fitting the experimental data to a simple analytic expression.
Hyperspectral Imaging for Predicting the Internal Quality of Kiwifruits Based on Variable Selection Algorithms and Chemometric Models (2017)

We investigated the feasibility and potentiality of determining firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), and pH in kiwifruits using hyperspectral imaging, combined with variable selection methods and calibration models. The images were acquired by a push-broom hyperspectral reflectance imaging system covering two spectral ranges. Weighted regression coefficients (BW), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and genetic algorithm-partial least square (GAPLS) were compared and evaluated for the selection of effective wavelengths. Moreover, multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares regression and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) were developed to predict quality attributes quantitatively using effective wavelengths. The established models, particularly SPA-MLR, SPA-LS-SVM and GAPLS-LS-SVM, performed well. The SPA-MLR models for firmness (R <sub>pre</sub> = 0.9812, RPD = 5.17) and SSC (R <sub>pre</sub> = 0.9523, RPD = 3.26) at 380-1023 nm showed excellent performance, whereas GAPLS-LS-SVM was the optimal model at 874-1734 nm for predicting pH (R <sub>pre</sub> = 0.9070, RPD = 2.60). Image processing algorithms were developed to transfer the predictive model in every pixel to generate prediction maps that visualize the spatial distribution of firmness and SSC. Hence, the results clearly demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging has the potential as a fast and non-invasive method to predict the quality attributes of kiwifruits.
5‐Dimethylamino‐5′‐nitro‐2, 2′‐bithiophene—a New Dye with Pronounced Positive Solvatochromism (1993)

The exceptionally large positive solvatochromism of the title compound 1 spans almost the whole visible spectrum. The absorption maxima of 1 give an excellent correlation with the π* values of Kamlet and Taft, which makes it an ideal reference compound for a π* scale that is based on only one indicator dye.
Bis(bioreductive) alkylating agents: synthesis and biological activity in a nude mouse human carcinoma model (1983)

Chemical investigations leading to the construction of bis(bioreductive) alkylating agents having both conformationally restricted and mobile spacer regions are described. Two targets having the conformationally mobile ethylene spacer group, namely, 2,2'-ethylenebis[6-(hydroxymethyl)-p-benzoquinone] diacetate (3b) and 2,2'-ethylenebis[6-(bromomethyl)-p-benzoquinone] (3c), were studied in vivo and in vitro using an established epithelial/Burkitt lymphoma hybrid cell line (D98/HR1) previously shown to induce carcinomas in nude mice. Inactivity of both test compounds in vitro, the relative resistance of these cells to test drugs in vitro, and the selective antitumor properties of the bis(bromomethyl) analogue in vivo lead to the proposal that this compound undergoes bioreduction to an alkylating species in the hypoxic core of the tumor, thereby exerting its action.
A Variable-Resolution Probabilistic Three-Dimensional Model for Change Detection (2011)

Given a set of high-resolution images of a scene, it is often desirable to predict the scene's appearance from viewpoints not present in the original data for purposes of change detection. When significant 3-D relief is present, a model of the scene geometry is necessary for accurate prediction to determine surface visibility relationships. In the absence of an a priori high-resolution model (such as those provided by LIDAR), scene geometry can be estimated from the imagery itself. These estimates, however, cannot, in general, be exact due to uncertainties and ambiguities present in image data. For this reason, probabilistic scene models and reconstruction algorithms are ideal due to their inherent ability to predict scene appearance while taking into account such uncertainties and ambiguities. Unfortunately, existing data structures used for probabilistic reconstruction do not scale well to large and complex scenes, primarily due to their dependence on large 3-D voxel arrays. The work presented in this paper generalizes previous probabilistic 3-D models in such a way that multiple orders of magnitude savings in storage are possible, making high-resolution change detection of large-scale scenes from high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery possible. Specifically, the inherent dependence on a discrete array of uniformly sized voxels is removed through the derivation of a probabilistic model which represents uncertain geometry as a density field, allowing implementations to efficiently sample the volume in a nonuniform fashion.
Semiconducting epitaxial films of metastable SrRu0.5Sn0.5O3 grown by pulsed laser deposition (1997)

Synthesis of the perovskite solid solution that forms between metallic SrRuO3 and insulating SrSnO3 is reported. This material is proposed as a conducting thin-film electrode/epitaxial-substrate material. While the bulk solid solution could not be formed, thin films of single-phase SrRu0.5Sn0.5O3 were grown on (001) KTaO3 single-crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. These films exhibit a commensurate in-plane lattice match with KTaO3 (a=3.989 Å); accordingly, the lattice constant of SrRu0.5Sn0.5O3 is larger than that of commonly used conducting-oxide thin-film electrodes (e.g., SrRuO3, LaNiO3, and YBa2Cu3O7−δ). The SrRu0.5Sn0.5O3 films were analyzed using x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, atomic force microscopy, Z-contrast transmission electron microscopy, and Hall effect measurements. The results revealed excellent atomic-scale structural properties, flat surfaces (13 Å rms roughness), and p-type conduction with a room-temperature resistivity of 16 mΩ cm.
Relaxing and Metabolic Actions of ACTH in Rabbit Colan (1971)

Abstract A ndersson , R., E. M ohme ‐L undholm , N. S vedmyr and N. V amos , Relaxing and metabolic actions of ACTH in rabbit colon . Acta physiol. scand. 1971. 81 . 11–17. ACTH in the dose range of 0.15–4.60 IU/ml relaxed the circular muscular layer of rabbit colon contracted by carbacholine. The content of cyclic AMP was doubled. There was an activation of phosphorylase a which gave the same dose‐effect and time‐effect curves as thc relaxing action. The hexose phosphate and creatine phosphate contents of the muscle also increased. The relaxing and metabolic actions of ACTH were completely blocked by an adrenergic β‐receptor blocking agent (sotalol). The type of inhibition was competive. The relaxing action of ACTH was potentiated by theophylline and puromycin, agents which inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis of cyclic AMP. The relaxing and metabolic actions of ACTH were similar to those of isoprenaline. They could be reproduced by cyclic AMP. In contrast to cyclic AMP and isoprenaline, ACTH did not decrease the adenosine triphosphate contcnt of thc muscle. It is suggested that the relaxing action of ACTH is mediated by thc adcnyl cyclase‐cyclic AMP system.
Silicone lymphadenopathy: a report of two cases, one with concomitant malignant lymphoma. (1982)

Two cases of axillary lymphadenopathy induced by foreign body reaction to silicone particles are presented. Both were patients with longstanding arthritis who had silastic metacarpophalangeal joint implants; one patient also had concomitant lymphoma. The material was conclusively identified as silicone by electron microprobe analysis. With currently increasing numbers of silastic finger joint arthroplasties performed for rheumatoid arthritis, silicone lymphadenopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of axillary node enlargement in these patients. A history of previous silastic arthroplasty may not always be made available to the pathologist but the histological appearances are sufficiently characteristic, in our opinion, to warrant this history being sought.
Backilluminated GaN/AlGaN heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector with high internal gain (2002)

We report on a backilluminated GaN/Al0.18Ga0.82N heterojunction ultraviolet (UV) photodetector with high internal gain based on metal-semiconductor-metal structures. A narrow band pass spectral response between 365 and 343 nm was achieved. When operating in dc mode, the responsivity reaches up to the order of 102 A/W under weak UV illumination, which is due to enormous internal gain up to 103. The linear dependence of photocurrent on bias and its square root dependence on optical power are found and explained by a trapping and recombination model. The high photocurrent gain is attributed to trapping and recombination centers with an acceptor character induced by dislocations in GaN.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a geological tool for field planetary analogue research (2009)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic technique for analysis of the elemental composition of condensed and gaseous media. LIBS has demonstrated high potential in many areas, including space exploration. The main technology challenge remains retrieval of quantitative information from measured spectra. In this work, we consider analysis of LIBS spectra based on an artificial neural network (ANN) analytical method recently developed at the Canadian Space Agency. The ANN method has demonstrated in the laboratory a capability to retrieve real-time concentrations of chemical elements with acceptable precision in mineral samples. Future research should include testing and validation of the ANN-LIBS technique with field measurements on Earth analogues of planetary sites.
RF multi-channel head coil design with improved B<inf>1</inf><sup>+</sup> Fields uniformity for high field MRI systems (2012)

In ultra high field MRI systems (7 tesla and higher), the wavelength inside the body is short and smaller than the human anatomy at the Larmor frequency. At these shorter wavelengths, interference effects appear; the uniformity of the RF excitation B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> field over the whole subject becomes inhomogeneous. The RF B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> field generated by the RF coil is a maximum in the center along the length of the coil microstrip element and falls off towards both ends of the coil element and it leads to anomalous contrast in the MR images. In this study, double trapezoid-like shape along the length of the microstrip resonator is proposed to obtain gradual impedance variation and flatten transmission near-field profile along the length of the coil. The conventional and proposed 8 channel head coils were investigated with a phantom in a 7 tesla MRI scanner. The results show very flat field distribution with about 35% increased local transmission magnetic field strengths at the end sides as well as about 13% improvement at the center and the Q (quality factor) ratio between unloaded and loaded is also increased about 45% (from 1.46 to 2.13) compared to the conventional structure.
Enhancing recognition of lesions in radiographic images using perceptual feedback (1998)

When radiologists search a medical x-ray image for an abnor- mality, their eyes often fixate and refixate the true target, dwelling on it for prolonged times, often without recognizing that they have discovered the object of search. Monitoring the eye position of the radiologist pro- vides the x and y coordinates of the dwelling location. This location can be superimposed on the image and dynamically fed back to the radiolo- gist for reevaluation. When this is done, the probability of recognizing and reporting an abnormality is shown to be enhanced significantly. An increase of 20% in observer performance is observed for radiologists searching chest images for tumors after receiving perceptual feedback compared to a second look without perceptual feedback. The true- positive rate increased and the false-positive rate decreased. Perceptual feedback represents a potentially significant technique for enhancing le- sion recognition in radiology. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation En- gineers. (S0091-3286(98)00203-7) Subject terms: observer performance; visual dwell; perceptual feedback; lesion recognition.
Proposal of an open-electric-energy-network (OEEN) to realize cooperative operations of IOU and IPP (2002)

After deregulation, there are many entities, such as IOUs (investor owned utilities) IPPs, marketers, aggregators, ISO and security coordinator in power industries. This paper discusses two topics of cooperative operations among IOUs and IPPs. One is an ecological model to simulate the market power of IOU and IPP based on Lotka-Volterra competition model. We can demonstrate the share competition of IOU and LPP by using this model. The co-evolution model of electricity price among IOU and IPP is also introduced. Another is a supplementary power network which makes it possible for many types of dispersed generation plants to generate effectively and to participate in a market circumstance without disadvantages of existing power utilities. This power network is called OEEN (open electric energy network) because the network is open to the many entities with respect to the small scale transactions. Elements of OEEN system are dispersed energy storage devices, load controllers and a data communication link. In OEEN system, a transaction power is treated as an energy package wrapped with an information tag. We call this concept as an electricity-power-packet (EPP). These concepts are discussed in the paper.
Apparent superoxide dismutase-like activity of immunoglobulin (1996)

Using various superoxide generating systems and nitroblue tetrazolium or cytochrome c as superoxide detector molecules it is possible to assess the superoxide dismutase activity of proteins. Intact antibodies raised to different antigens, the Fab' fragment of anti-TNF [M632] and well-characterized recombinant Fv fragments of the murine antibody NQ11.7.22 appear to possess superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. Kinetic characteristics of the SOD-like activity of NQ11.7.22-Fv fragments suggest an enzymatic property and these fragments behave in an analogous manner to human erythrocyte Cu-Zn SOD. Furthermore, the SOD-like activity of the NQ11.7.22-Fv fragment is affected by certain single-point mutations in the amino acid composition and has a pH optimum of 6.2-6.6 which is unlike Cu-Zn SOD (pH 7.8-8.2). A change in tyrosine at the 32 position in the heavy chain and histidine at position 27 of the light chain of the NQ11.7.22-Fv fragment results in a profound reduction in SOD-like activity. Tyrosine at the 32 position in the heavy chain is known to play a significant role in antigen binding suggesting that the SOD-like activity occurs at the antigen-binding site itself. Single-point mutations at the periphery of the antigen combining site on the NQ11.7.22-Fv fragment had little or no effect on SOD-like activity. Further studies show that immunoglobin (lgG-1), a commercially available murine monoclonal antibody, can also enhance the generation of hydrogen peroxide, the product of superoxide dismutation, when present in superoxide producing systems. The generation of hydrogen peroxide was increased by low pH (pH 6.25) with lgG-1 but reduced with Cu-Zn SOD.
Improving Packet Delivery Performance of Publish/Subscribe Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (2013)

MQTT-S and CoAP are two protocols able to use the publish/subscribe model in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The high scalability provided by the publish/subscribe model may incur a high packet loss and therefore requires an efficient reliability mechanism to cope with this situation. The reliability mechanism of MQTT-S and CoAP employs a method which defines a fixed value for the retransmission timeout (RTO). This article argues that this method is not efficient for deploying publish/subscribe in WSN, because it may be unable to recover a packet, therefore resulting in a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR) at the subscriber nodes. This article proposes and evaluates an adaptive RTO method, which consists in using a Smooth Round-trip Time and multiplying it by a constant parameter (K). Thanks to this method, the reliability mechanism of MQTT-S and CoAP would be able to react properly to packet loss and would also be lightweight in terms of energy, memory and computing for sensor nodes where these resources are critical. We present a detailed evaluation of the effects of the K value on the calculation of the adaptive RTO method. We also establish the setting for obtaining the highest PDR on the subscriber nodes for single-hop and multi-hop scenarios. The results for single-hop scenario show that use of the appropriate K value for the adaptive RTO method increases the PDR up to 76% for MQTT-S and up to 38% for CoAP when compared with the use of fixed RTO method for both protocols, respectively. Meanwhile the same comparison for multi-hop scenario, the adaptive RTO method increases the PDR up to 36% for MQTT-S and up to 14% for CoAP.
Project Hope and the Hope School System in China: A Re-evaluation (1999)

I investigate the creation, development, contributions and limits of Project Hope, a huge government-endorsed education project seeking non-governmental contributions to overcome educational inadequacy in poverty-stricken rural communities in transitional China. By reexamining the composition of sponsored students, the locations of Hope Primary Schools and non-educational orientations for building and expanding schools, I argue that Project Hope and its Hope School system have not contributed to educational access, equality, equity, efficiency and quality as it should have. Poverty-reduction-oriented curriculum requirements in Hope Primary Schools are theoretically misleading and realistically problematic.
Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression with binary interaction (2007)

There is no consensus on what test to use as the basis for sample size determination and power analysis. Some authors advocate the Wald test and some the likelihood-ratio test. We argue that the Wald test should be used because the Z-score is commonly applied for regression coefficient significance testing and therefore the same statistic should be used in the power function. We correct a widespread mistake on sample size determination when the variance of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is estimated at null value. In our previous paper, we developed a correct sample size formula for logistic regression with single exposure (Statist. Med. 2007; 26(18):3385-3397). In the present paper, closed-form formulas are derived for interaction studies with binary exposure and covariate in logistic regression. The formula for the optimal control-case ratio is derived such that it maximizes the power function given other parameters. Our sample size and power calculations with interaction can be carried out online at www.dartmouth.edu/ approximately eugened.