gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Characterization of Kerogen by X-ray and Solid-State <sup>13</sup>C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods (2007)

A combination of solid-state 13C NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) techniques are used to characterize organic oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species and carbon chemical/structural features in kerogens. The kerogens studied represent a wide range of organic matter types and maturities. A van Krevelen plot based on elemental H/C data and XPS derived O/C data shows the well established pattern for type I, type II, and type III kerogens. The anticipated relationship between the Rock−Eval hydrogen index and H/C is independent of organic matter type. Carbon structural and lattice parameters are derived from solid-state 13C NMR analysis. As expected, the amount of aromatic carbon, measured by both 13C NMR and XPS, increases with decreasing H/C. The correlation between aromatic carbon and Rock−Eval Tmax, an indicator of maturity, is linear for types II and IIIC kerogens, but each organic matter type follows a different relationship. The average aliphatic carbon chain length (Cn‘) decreases with an increasing amount of aromatic carbon in a similar manner across all organic matter types. The fraction of aromatic carbons with attachments (FAA) decreases, while the average number of aromatic carbons per cluster (C) increases with an increasing amount of aromatic carbon. FAA values range from 0.2 to 0.4, and C values range from 12 to 20 indicating that kerogens possess on average 2- to 5-ring aromatic carbon units that are highly substituted. There is basic agreement between XPS and 13C NMR results for the amount and speciation of organic oxygen. XPS results show that the amount of carbon oxygen single bonded species increases and carbonyl−carboxyl species decrease with an increasing amount of aromatic carbon. Patterns for the relative abundances of nitrogen and sulfur species exist regardless of the large differences in the total amount of organic nitrogen and sulfur seen in the kerogens. XPS and S-XANES results indicate that the relative level of aromatic sulfur increases with an increasing amount of aromatic carbon for all kerogens. XPS show that the majority of nitrogen exists as pyrrolic forms in comparable relative abundances in all kerogens studied. The direct characterization results using X-ray and NMR methods for nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and carbon chemical structures provide a basis for developing both specific and general average chemical structural models for different organic matter type kerogens.
The pharmacology of sheep tracheobronchial muscle: a relaxant effect of histamine on the isolated bronchi (1969)

1. Histamine contracted the tracheal and major bronchial muscles of sheep and relaxed the muscles of the lesser bronchi and bronchioles.2. The stimulant action of histamine on the trachea was antagonized by mepyramine, whereas the relaxant effect on the bronchial tree was not.3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine contracted the musculature from all parts of the respiratory tract-an effect which was specifically antagonized by both methysergide and atropine.4. Acetylcholine contracted all sheep tracheobronchial muscle and isoprenaline relaxed it.5. Bradykinin had a very weak stimulant action.6. It is concluded that histamine relaxes sheep bronchi by a direct excitation of histamine-sensitive receptors which are not blocked by mepyramine. No indirect components through autonomic nervous elements or by way of catecholamine release were evident. 5-Hydroxytryptamine seemed to have a dual mode of action in contracting sheep tracheobronchial muscle (a) directly on its own receptors and (b) indirectly through parasympathetic components.
Ultralow-intensity near-infrared light induces drug delivery by upconverting nanoparticles (2014)

Mesoporous silica coated upconverting nanoparticles are loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin and grafted with ruthenium complexes as photoactive molecular valves. Drug release was triggered by 974 nm light with 0.35 W cm(-2). Such low light intensity minimized overheating problems and prevented photodamage to biological samples.
Role of the Bötzinger complex in fastigial nucleus–mediated respiratory responses (1999)

We have reported that the phrenic neurogram (PN) is modulated by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum. The present study was undertaken to search for brainstem site(s) involved in the FN efferent pathway to modulate phrenic nerve activities. Experiments were performed on 35 anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, using the PN as the index of the respiratory motor output. Results showed that bilateral electrolytic lesions of the red nucleus (RN), the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN), or the pontine respiratory group (PRG) had little effect on the ability of FN stimulation to modulate the respiratory output. However, the modulation was abolished by bilateral electrolytic lesions of the Bötzinger complex (BötC). Further studies showed that bilateral chemical inactivation of BötC neurons produced by topical microinjection of kainic acid or cobalt chloride failed to abolish the modulation. We concluded that fibers of passage, not synapses or cell bodies in the BötC, were involved in the modulatory effect of FN stimulation on the PN. The RN, PRN, and PRG appear not to be important in the neural circuitry responsible for the FN modulation of the phrenic activity. Anat Rec 254:542–548, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Sixth Volume (1993)

Description The concepts and practices used in the designing oxygen systems, as well as the proper use of materials in oxygen-enriched environments. 26 peer-reviewed papers in 6 sections: • Development and Evaluation of Test Methods • Ignition and Combustion of Polymers • Ignition and Combustion of Metals • Analysis of Ignition Mechanisms • Structured Packing for Cryogenic Air Separation Plants • Miscellaneous
Latent inhibitors. Part 8. Synthesis and evaluation of some mechanism-based inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (1992)

The synthesis of two new pteridine-7-spirocyclopropanes that are time-dependent irreversible inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase is described. Several related compounds including a cyclopropyl substituted quinoxaline and 2-aminopteridine-4(3H),6(5H)-dione were also prepared but these compounds were not found to be time-dependent inhibitors. The inhibitors were assessed using several dihydrofolate reductases, Escherichia coli RT/39, two mutants of the E. coli enzyme, Lactobacillus casei, and chicken liver. Activity was found against all enzymes tested but most strongly against E. coli wild type enzyme.
Activity and Form of Sulfated Glycoprotein 2 (Clusterin) from Cultured Sertoli Cells, Testis, and Epididymis of the Rat1 (1994)

Sulfated glycoprotein 2 (SGP 2) is a 73-kDa highly glycosylated disulfide-linked heterodimer. It is a major secreted protein of Sertoli cells, is found in high abundance within the seminiferous tubule fluid (STF) and epididymal fluid (EPF), and can be found on the surface of spermatozoa. Due to its high abundance and location it is believed to play a major role in the development of spermatozoa; however, its specific function(s) within the reproductive tract is not known. Purified and renatured SGP 2 were found to have the ability to inhibit complement activity with a mean concentration of 66 mg/ml for 50% inhibition. Extraction of epididymal sperm with various reagents showed that a major fraction of the SGP 2 in EPF was free or was loosely associated with the spermatozoa whereas a smaller fraction was more tightly associated and disruption of the lipid bilayer was required for its complete removal. Ultracentrifugation techniques and gel permeation chromatography revealed that SGP 2 in plasma, STF, and EPF formed complexes with other proteins and/or lipids but was not specifically associated with the apolipoprotein-like particles containing apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1).
Prandtl number and thermoacoustic refrigerators (2002)

From kinetic gas theory, it is known that the Prandtl number for hard-sphere monatomic gases is 2/3. Lower values can be realized using gas mixtures of heavy and light monatomic gases. Prandtl numbers varying between 0.2 and 0.67 are obtained by using gas mixtures of helium-argon, helium-krypton, and helium-xenon. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effect of Prandtl number on the performance of a thermoacoustic refrigerator using gas mixtures. The measurements show that the performance of the refrigerator improves as the Prandtl number decreases. The lowest Prandtl number of 0.2, obtained with a mixture containing 30% xenon, leads to a coefficient of performance relative to Carnot which is 70% higher than with pure helium.
Pulmonary hypertension surveillance--United States, 1980-2002. (2005)

Increases in mortality from and hospitalization for pulmonary hypertension might reflect increased physician awareness and changes in diagnosing and reporting this chronic disease. Although pulmonary hypertension historically has been considered a disease of women of childbearing age, it affects all ages and racial populations. Older women represent the majority of patients and decedents with this condition. More research is needed concerning cause, prevention, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Public health initiatives should include increasing physician awareness that early detection is needed to initiate prompt, effective disease management. Additional epidemiologic initiatives also are needed to ascertain prevalence and incidence of various pulmonary hypertension disease entities such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Host Defensive Functions in a Family Manifesting Early‐Onset Periodontitis (1996)

Family case studies help us identify host risk factors in periodontal disease. In this study we examine a family consisting of a mother (40 years old, with rapidly progressive periodontitis), her elder daughter (14 years old, with localized juvenile periodontitis), and younger daughter (13 years old, with simple gingivitis). We examined 1) the peripheral neutrophil functions (chemotactic migration, phagocytosis, superoxide production); 2) lymphocyte functions (proliferative activity and cytokine productivity of T cells, immunoglobulin [Ig] M productivity of B cells when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen); 3) phenotypic analyses of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations; 4) serum IgG antibody titers against periodontopathic bacteria; and 5) serological type of HLA class II. All the subjects exhibited high T4/T8 ratios due to high percentage of CD4-positive cells, showed high IgG titers to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and had a HLA DQw1 in common. The mother showed a slight deficiency of neutrophil chemotactic migration to N-formyl methyonyl leucyl phenylalanin (fMLP), raised interleukin-2 productivity of T cell, and high levels of IgG titers to Porphyromonus gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Both daughters showed weak T cell proliferative response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and low IgM productivity. Low lymphocyte responsiveness may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease of these daughters; therefore, the lymphocyte dysfunctions shown should be considered in relation to the progression of periodontal disease.
Interleukin 2-Independent Interleukin 7 Activity Enhances Cytotoxic Immune Response of HIV-1-Infected Individuals (1994)

Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which kill virus-infected cells, are thought to be a major host defense against viral infections. The addition of interleukin 7 (IL-7) at the onset of mitogen-stimulated cultures resulted in a marked (up to threefold) augmentation of env-specific cytotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals (p < 0.001). Addition of IL-7 on day 3 or 5 produced a significant but lesser augmentation of CTL response as compared to day 0. The IL-7-induced proliferative response and augmentation of cytotoxic activity was time and dose dependent, with an optimal IL-7 concentration of 1000 U/ml. Cell surface phenotypic analysis of CTL effector cells indicates that IL-7 primarily affects the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) substantially inhibited the proliferative effect of IL-2, but did not affect the proliferative effect of IL-7. Endogenous IL-2-induced generation of cytotoxic T cells was blocked by MAbs to IL-2 or IL-2R. The addition of IL-7 restored the process of conversion of precursor CTLs (pCTLs) to mature CTLs (mCTLs) and significantly enhanced specific cytolytic activity. It appears that IL-7 is a potent regulatory cytokine capable of acting independently of IL-2 in mitogen-specific activation of pCTLs to mCTLs. These data suggest that IL-7 should be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in AIDS and other infectious diseases in which CTL response declines.
Essential oil constituents of somePiper species (1999)

The chemical compositions of essential oils of some Piper species were determined by capillary GC and capillary GC–MS. Elemol (11.5%) constituted the most abundant component of Piper nigrum leaf oil, β-Caryophyllene (13%) was the major constituent of P. attenuatum leaf oil, whereas β-cubebene (10%) was the major constituent of P. attenuatum berry oil. Cubebol (23.6%) was the major component of P. cubeba berry oil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulation of interleukin-6 production by endothelin in rat bone marrow-derived stromal cells (1994)

Endothelin (ET) produced by endothelial cells has recently been found to be a potent vasoconstricting hormone. In this report, ET is shown to be a potent stimulator of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by rat bone marrow (BM)-derived stromal cells. It was also shown that ET increased the level of mRNA for IL-6 in these cells. The two types of ET receptor (R), ETAR and ETBR, were shown to be expressed on both BM-derived stromal cells in culture and ex vivo in BM tissue, suggesting that ET works as a physiologic stimulator of IL-6 production in the BM. It was shown that ETAR is coupled to phospholipase C activation, leading to the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) as second messengers in BM-derived stromal cells. This was corroborated by data showing that IL-6 production in these cells was induced by combined stimulation with ionomycin and phorbol myristate acetate, thereby bypassing the effects of IP3 and DAG, respectively. This is the first report on the hormonal regulation of IL-6 production by BM stromal cells, indicating that hematopoiesis is subject to endocrinologic regulation under physiologic conditions. ET has recently been reported to be produced by macrophages in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120. These facts, taken together with our findings, raise the possibility that ET shares the same role of IL-1 as a local cytokine, mediating an intercellular signal between macrophages and BM stromal cells in response to bacterial or viral stimulation.
Integrin α <sub>V</sub> β <sub>3</sub> Binds to the RGD Motif of Glycoprotein B of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Functions as an RGD-Dependent Entry Receptor (2007)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) envelope-associated glycoprotein B (gB) is involved in the initial steps of binding to host cells during KSHV infection. gB contains an RGD motif reported to bind the integrin alpha(3)beta(1) during virus entry. Although the ligand specificity of alpha(3)beta(1) has been controversial, current literature indicates that alpha(3)beta(1) ligand recognition is independent of RGD. We compared alpha(3)beta(1) to the RGD-binding integrin, alpha(V)beta(3), for binding to envelope-associated gB and a gB(RGD) peptide. Adhesion assays demonstrated that beta(3)-CHO cells overexpressing alpha(V)beta(3) specifically bound gB(RGD), whereas alpha(3)-CHO cells overexpressing alpha(3)beta(1) did not. Function-blocking antibodies to alpha(V)beta(3) inhibited the adhesion of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells to gB(RGD), while antibodies to alpha(3)beta(1) did not. Using affinity-purified integrins and confocal microscopy, alpha(V)beta(3) bound to gB(RGD) and KSHV virions, demonstrating direct receptor-ligand interactions. Specific alpha(V)beta(3) antagonists, including cyclic and dicyclic RGD peptides and alpha(V)beta(3) function-blocking antibodies, inhibited KSHV infection by 70 to 80%. Keratinocytes from alpha(3)-null mice lacking alpha(3)beta(1) were fully competent for infection by KSHV, and reconstitution of alpha(3)beta(1) function by transfection with alpha(3) cDNA reduced KSHV infectivity from 74% to 55%. Additional inhibitory effects of alpha(3)beta(1) on the cell surface expression of alpha(V)beta(3) and on alpha(V)beta(3)-mediated adhesion of alpha(3)-CHO cells overexpressing alpha(3)beta(1) were detected, consistent with previous reports of transdominant inhibition of alpha(V)beta(3) function by alpha(3)beta(1). These observations may explain previous reports of an inhibition of KSHV infection by soluble alpha(3)beta(1). Our studies demonstrate that alpha(V)beta(3) is a cellular receptor mediating both the cell adhesion and entry of KSHV into target cells through binding the virion-associated gB(RGD).
Human Variant Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) with an Additional Carbohydrate Chain Has a Reduced Clearance Rate in Rabbit<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the specific plasma transport protein for sex steroid hormones in humans. Considerable variation in SHBG plasma concentration exists between individuals, irrespective of gender, body weight, or thyroid status. In the present work, the influence of carbohydrate chains on the half-life of human SHBG (hSHBG) was investigated using a rabbit model. A variant hSHBG, with a point mutation in exon 8 (GAC --> AAC) encoding an amino acid substitution (Asp327Asn), which introduces an additional consensus site for N-glycosylation, has recently been identified. This mutation suppresses a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Bbs-I, allowing the development of a simple restriction-fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) screening procedure. In a population of patients (272 female and 49 male) consulting in our Endocrinology Clinic, 48 patients (41 female and 7 male) were heterozygous for the variant hSHBG allele and 3 (2 female and 1 male) were homozygous. In this population, the total variant allele frequency was 0.083. The hSHBG genotype, as determined by RFLP, corresponded in all cases to the phenotype as determined by the migration profile of hSHBG by Western blot analysis. The influence of such an additional glycosylation site on the biological half-life of variant hSHBG was investigated. SHBG from serum of patients carrying one of the three hSHBG genotypes was purified and labeled with biotin, then injected into rabbits, as we have recently described for rabbit SHBG. Biotinylated hSHBG was captured from rabbit serum samples on tubes coated with an anti-hSHBG antibody and detected by luminometry with the streptavidine-alkaline phosphatase-dioxetane (AMPPD) system. The results showed that the half-life value was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for SHBG purified from homozygous variant serum (t1/2 beta = 51.43 +/- 1.15 and 63.63 +/- 3.92 h, for male and a female subjects SHBG respectively) than for SHBG purified from heterozygous variant serum (t1/2 beta = 40.19 +/- 0.12 h) or wild-type (t1/2 beta = 38.18 +/- 7.22 h). This study demonstrated that an additional carbohydrate chain on hSHBG decreases the clearance rate of this protein. The low frequency of this variant allele means that further study will be required to determine whether it is associated with higher serum SHBG concentration.
Treatment-resistant Depression (2013)

This overview begins with the issue of definitions of treatment-resistant depression. From the most common definition of ”failure to respond to at least two treatment trials that were delivered at adequate dose and for an adequate duration of time,” the author has advanced the idea that treatment-resistant depression could be defined as a first treatment failure to one adequate treatment trial. The outcomes in patients with complicated treatment-resistant major depression are presented first. The major portion of this overview is devoted to the descriptions of various strategies from switching antidepressants to augmenting existing antidepressant with another psychotropic drug. Neuromodulating techniques (transcranial magnetic stimulation and Vagus nerve stimulation) as well as the issue of treatment resistant bipolar depression are also covered at the end of the overview.
Multi-mode resonant gradient coil circuit for ultra high speed NMR imaging (1991)

A multi-mode resonant gradient circuit is described for use in ultra high speed imaging techniques like echo-planar and echo-volumar imaging. The circuit behaves overall in a series resonant manner, but at a fixed number of discrete frequencies. By choosing the number of resonant modes, the circuit can be used to generate approximations to a square wave or a trapezoidal waveform. It it shown that trapezoidal waveforms of a given rise time may be described by a more convergent series expansion involving fewer harmonic components. Because the circuit exploits energy conserving principles, much faster current rise times can be achieved with a given driver amplifier and gradient coil than can be achieved by direct coil drive. Expressions are given for the choice of passive circuit components required to accommodate all odd harmonics up to seventh order.
Fourier optics described by operator algebra (1980)

Fresnel diffraction is described by replacing the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, the lens transfer factor, and other operations by operators. The resulting operator algebra leads to the description of Fourier optics in a simple and compact way, bypassing the cumbersome integral calculus. Aberration effects and Gaussian beam illumination are also treated as a simple extension of the present theory.
Design and modeling of laser-controlled erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (1997)

This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) which use lasing to achieve automatic gain control. We have derived, for the first time, the explicit analytical expressions for the calculation of optical gain and noise spectra, critical input signal power, and optimum amplifier length for the laser-controlled EDFAs. Based on these expressions, the design of this type of EDFA becomes a simple and straight-forward task. Two amplifier design criteria, one maximizing the critical input signal power and the other optimizing gain spectra flatness, are discussed. Two examples are given to illustrate the design of gain controlled amplifiers with maximum critical input power and optimum gain spectra flatness, respectively.