gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bound-to-continuum and two-phonon resonance, quantum-cascade lasers for high duty cycle, high-temperature operation (2002)

Recent advances in quantum-cascade (QC) laser active-region design are reviewed. Based on a rate equation model of the active region, we show why new gain regions. based on a two-phonon resonance or a bound-to-continuum transition exhibit significantly better performance than the traditional design based on a three-quantum-well active region. Threshold current densities as low as 3 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at T=300 K, operation with a peak power of 90 mW at 425 K, single-mode high-power operation up to temperatures above 330 K at λ≈16 μm and continuous wave operation up to T=311 K are demonstrated. QC lasers able to operate at high duty cycles (50%) on a Peltier cooler were used in a demonstration of a 300-MHz free-space optical link between two buildings separated by 350 m.
A highly printable and biocompatible hydrogel composite for direct printing of soft and perfusable vasculature-like structures (2017)

Vascularization is one major obstacle in bioprinting and tissue engineering. In order to create thick tissues or organs that can function like original body parts, the presence of a perfusable vascular system is essential. However, it is challenging to bioprint a hydrogel-based three-dimensional vasculature-like structure in a single step. In this paper, we report a new hydrogel-based composite that offers impressive printability, shape integrity, and biocompatibility for 3D bioprinting of a perfusable complex vasculature-like structure. The hydrogel composite can be used on a non-liquid platform and is printable at human body temperature. Moreover, the hydrogel composite supports both cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Our results represent a potentially new vascularization strategy for 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering.
Monte Carlo Localization in Dense Multipath Environments Using UWB Ranging (2006)

For most outdoor applications, systems such as GPS provide users with accurate position estimates. However, reliable range-based localization using radio signals in indoor or urban environments can be a problem due to multipath fading and line-of-sight (LOS) blockage. The measurement bias introduced by these delays causes significant localization error, even when using additional sensors such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to perform outlier rejection. We describe an algorithm for accurate indoor localization of a sensor in a network of known beacons. The sensor measures the range to the beacons using an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signal and uses statistical inference to infer and correct for the bias due to LOS blockage in the range measurements. We show that a particle filter can be used to estimate the joint distribution over both pose and beacon biases. We use the particle filter estimation technique specifically to capture the non-linearity of transitions in the beacon bias as the sensor moves. Results using real-world and simulated data are presented.
Full text retrieval based on probabilistic equations with coefficients fitted by logistic regression (1993)

The experiments described here ara part of research program whose objective is to develop a full text retrieval methodology that is statistically sound and powerful, yet reasonably simple. The methodology is based on the use of a probabilistic model whose parameters ara fitted empirically to a learning set of relevance judgements by logistic regression. The method was applied to the TIPSTER data with optimally relativized frequencies of occurence of match stems as the regression variables. In a routing retrieval experiment, these were supplemented by other variables coresponding to sums of logodds associated with particular match stems
Nose to brain transport pathways an overview: potential of nanostructured lipid carriers in nose to brain targeting (2017)

Many of the therapeutics used for the treatment of brain disorders are not effective and not delivered to the brain due to the complex structure and its barriers. In recent years, many advanced approaches have emerged for the brain drug delivery. Intranasal drug delivery is one of non-invasive approach has gained interest because of direct transport of drugs circumventing the brain barriers through olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. Eventhough through these pathways the therapeutics have direct access to the brain, the main limitations of this approach are only limited drug absorption, and nasal permeability. To overcome the issues related to the brain targeting via nasal drug delivery encourage the development of novel drug delivery by combining with nanotechnology. This article will discuss pathways of drug transport form nose to brain, toxicity of nanoparticles role and need of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and recent advance in combination of NLCs with intranasal drug delivery for targeting the brain.
Secretion of Annexin II via Activation of Insulin Receptor and Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor (2003)

Annexin II is secreted into the extracellular environment, where, via interactions with specific proteases and extracellular matrix proteins, it participates in plasminogen activation, cell adhesion, and tumor metastasis and invasion. However, mechanisms regulating annexin II transport across the cellular membrane are unknown. In this study, we used coimmunoprecipitation to show that Annexin-II was bound to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors in PC12 cells and NIH-3T3 cells overexpressing insulin (NIH-3T3(IR)) or IGF-1 receptor (NIH-3T3(IGF-1R)). Stimulation of insulin and IGF-1 receptors by insulin caused a temporary dissociation of annexin II from these receptors, which was accompanied by an increased amount of extracellular annexin II detected in the media of PC12, NIH-3T3(IR), and NIH-3T3(IGF-1R) cells but not in that of untransfected NIH-3T3 cells. Activation of a different growth factor receptor, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, did not produce such results. Tyrphostin AG1024, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of insulin and IGF-1 receptor, was shown to inhibit annexin II secretion along with reduced receptor phosphorylation. Inhibitors of a few downstream signaling enzymes including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, pp60c-Src, and protein kinase C had no effect on insulin-induced annexin II secretion, suggesting a possible direct link between receptor activation and annexin II secretion. Immunocytochemistry revealed that insulin also induced transport of the membrane-bound form of annexin II to the outside layer of the cell membrane and appeared to promote cell aggregation. These results suggest that the insulin receptor and its signaling pathways may participate in molecular mechanisms mediating annexin II secretion.
High quality crystalline silicon surface passivation by combined intrinsic and n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (2011)

We investigate the influence of thermal annealing on the passivation quality of crystalline silicon (c-Si) surfaces by intrinsic and n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films. For temperatures up to 255 °C, we find an increase in surface passivation quality, corresponding to a decreased dangling bond density. Due to the combined chemical and field effect passivation of the intrinsic/n-type a-Si:H layer stack, we obtained minority carrier lifetimes with a value as high as 13.3 ms at an injection level of 1015 cm−3. For higher annealing temperatures, a decreased passivation quality is observed, which is attributed to hydrogen effusion.
Microplate-based high throughput screening procedure for the isolation of lipid-rich marine microalgae (2011)

We describe a new selection method based on BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) staining, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and microplate-based isolation of lipid-rich microalgae from an environmental sample. Our results show that direct sorting onto solid medium upon FACS can save about 3 weeks during the scale-up process as compared with the growth of the same cultures in liquid medium. This approach enabled us to isolate a biodiverse collection of several axenic and unialgal cultures of different phyla.
Epigenetic Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta in Renal Cancer (2014)

Thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) gene is commonly deregulated in cancers and, as strengthened by animal models, postulated to play a tumor-suppressive role. Our previous studies revealed downregulation of THRB in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the culpable mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Since epigenetic regulation is a common mechanism influencing the expression of tumor suppressors, we hypothesized that downregulation of THRB in renal cancer results from epigenetic aberrances, including CpG methylation and microRNA-dependent silencing. Our study revealed that ccRCC tumors exhibited a 56% decrease in THRB and a 37% increase in DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression when compared with paired non-neoplastic control samples. However, THRB CpG methylation analysis performed using BSP, SNaPshot and MSP-PCR consistently revealed no changes in methylation patterns between matched tumor and control samples. In silico analysis resulted in identification of four microRNAs (miR-155, miR-425, miR-592, and miR-599) as potentially targeting THRB transcript. Luciferase assay showed direct binding of miR-155 and miR-425 to 3'UTR of THRB, and subsequent in vivo analyses revealed that transfection of UOK171 cell line with synthetic miR-155 or miR-425 resulted in decreased expression of endogenous TRHB by 22% and 64%, respectively. Finally, real-time PCR analysis showed significant upregulation of miR-155 (354%) and miR-425 (162%) in ccRCC when compared with matched controls. Moreover, microRNA levels were negatively correlated with the amount of THRB transcript in tissue samples. We conclude that CpG methylation is not the major mechanism contributing to decreased THRB expression in ccRCC. In contrast, THRB is targeted by microRNAs miR-155 and miR-425, whose increased expression may be responsible for downregulation of THRB in ccRCC tumors.
Audio-Visual Sound Separation Via Hidden Markov Models (2001)

It is well known that under noisy conditions we can hear speech much more clearly when we read the speaker&apos;s lips. This suggests the utility of audio-visual information for the task of speech enhancement. We propose a method to exploit audio-visual cues to enable speech separation under non-stationary noise and with a single microphone. We revise and extend HMM-based speech enhancement techniques, in which signal and noise models are factorially combined, to incorporate visual lip information and employ novel signal HMMs in which the dynamics of narrow-band and wide band components are factorial. We avoid the combinatorial explosion in the factorial model by using a simple approximate inference technique to quickly estimate the clean signals in a mixture. We present a preliminary evaluation of this approach using a small-vocabulary audio-visual database, showing promising improvements in machine intelligibility for speech enhanced using audio and visual information.
Comparison of Candidate Architectures for Future Distributed Propulsion Aircraft (2016)

Turbine-engine-driven distributed electrical aircraft power systems [also referred to as turboelectric distributed propulsion (TeDP)] are proposed for providing thrust for future aircraft with superconducting components operating at 77 K, in order for performance and emission targets to be met. The proposal of such systems presents a radical change from current state-of-the-art aeroelectrical power systems. Central to the development of such power systems are architecture design trades which must consider system functionality and performance, system robustness, and fault ridethrough capability, in addition to the balance between mass and efficiency. This paper presents a quantitative comparison of the three potential candidate architectures for TeDP electrical networks. This analysis provides the foundations for establishing the feasibility of these different architectures subject to design and operational constraints. The findings of this paper conclude that a purely ac synchronous network performs best in terms of mass and efficiency, but similar levels of functionality and controllability to an architecture with electrical decoupling via dc cannot readily be achieved. If power electronic converters with cryocoolers are found to be necessary for functionality and controllability purposes, then studies show that a significant increase in the efficiency of solid-state switching components is necessary to achieve specified aircraft performance targets.
Mode behaviour in a tapered multimode fibre (1976)

A derivation based on ray tracing and the local plane-wave approximation is used to show the behaviour of waveguide modes in a linearly tapered multimode fibre having a step-index profile. The azimuthal mode order l is invariant through the taper, and, for suitably designed tapers, the changes in the radial mode order m and the lateral component u are negligible. A formula for designing such tapers is presented.
Panchromatic Ru(<scp>ii</scp>) sensitizers bearing single thiocyanate for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells (2014)

We report on a new series of Ru(<sc>ii</sc>) sensitizers <bold>PRT-21–PRT-24</bold> suitable for high performance dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs).
Performance driven spacing algorithms using attractive and repulsive constraints for submicron LSI's (1995)

This paper proposes one-dimensional spacing algorithms that minimize [maximize] the degree of separation [proximity] among the specified elements of a given integrated circuit layout. Number of problems on chip and MCM systems such as poor performance, higher crosstalk, lower yield etc. are related to the degree of separation [proximity]. The proposed algorithms utilize the attractive [repulsive] constraints to shrink [expand] the distances among the specified elements while keeping the layout free of any design rule errors. The spacing problem is reduced to a parametric linear programming problem and a network simplex algorithm is proposed for solving it. The proposed algorithms are implemented into a system called PERFECT for performance enhancement and crosstalk reduction. Given a routed design, PERFECT minimizes delay due to the coupled capacitance, which could contribute as much as 50-75% to the interconnect delay in near future. PERFECT utilizes the repulsive constraints between interconnect segments for the purpose. The experimental results show a significant delay improvement and the crosstalk reduction for submicron technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Survey (2021)

Ensuring proper punctuation and letter casing is a key pre-processing step towards applying complex natural language processing algorithms. This is especially significant for textual sources where punctuation and casing are missing, such as the raw output of automatic speech recognition systems. Additionally, short text messages and micro-blogging platforms offer unreliable and often wrong punctuation and casing. This survey offers an overview of both historical and state-of-the-art techniques for restoring punctuation and correcting word casing. Furthermore, current challenges and research directions are highlighted.
Influence of 5‐hydroxytryptamine and the effect of a new serotonin receptor antagonist (sarpogrelate) on detrusor smooth muscle of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus in the rat * (2000)

These results suggest that the increased contractile response to 5-HT in diabetic rats' bladder is related to smooth muscle hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and indicate that this effect is mediated by activation of 5-HT2A receptors.
All-Digital Circuits for Measurement of Spatial Variation in Digital Circuits (2010)

Increased variation in CMOS processes due to scaling results in greater reliance on accurate variation models in developing circuit methods to mitigate variation. This paper investigates spatial variation in digital circuit performance: we describe a test-chip in 90 nm CMOS containing all-digital measurement circuits capable of extracting accurate variation data. Specifically, we use replicated 64-bit Kogge-Stone adders, ring oscillators (ROs) of varying gate type and stage length and an all-digital, sub-picosecond resolution delay measurement circuit to provide this data. Measurement data from the test-chips indicate that 1) relative variation is significantly larger in low-voltage domains, 2) within-die variation is spatially uncorrelated, and 3) die-to-die (or global) variation is strongly correlated, but degrades toward uncorrelated as the power-supply voltage is lowered. Lastly, extended analysis of the data reveals that systematic effects such as layout pattern dependencies or circuit structure can be misinterpreted as random but spatially-correlated variation. This suggests that circuit designers will reap more benefit from design tools capable of modeling systematic, position-dependent variation rather than spatially correlated, distance-dependent variation.
Liposomal Subunit Vaccines: Effects of Lipid A and Aluminum Hydroxide on Immunogenicity (1996)

Protein and peptide antigens frequently are only slightly immunogenic when utilized alone in vaccines. Formulation of these antigens in a carrier vehicle, particularly when an adjuvant is included, often results in markedly enhanced immune responses. Encapsulation of peptide and protein antigens in liposomes generally results in a relatively slight enhancement of antibody production compared with that observed with the antigen alone. However, when lipid A is included in the liposomes, immunogenicity is markedly increased compared both with antigen alone and with antigen encapsulated in liposomes lacking lipid A. The enhancement of the immune response caused by lipid A is dependent on the liposomal lipid A dose. Aluminum salts, such as aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, act as adjuvants for some antigens and are used in a variety of human vaccines. When liposomes containing encapsulated protein or peptide antigens were adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide, an enhancement of the antibody response was observed with some antigens, whereas with other antigens the presence of aluminum hydroxide either had no effect or resulted in a diminished antibody response. Immunogenicity of protein and peptide antigens can be enhanced by formulation in liposomes containing lipid A and, depending on the antigen, can be enhanced further by adsorption of the liposomal antigen formulation with aluminum salts.
Birefringence in ordered (Al)GaInP (1997)

We report on a way to examine the birefringence introduced by chemical ordering in (Al)GaInP using waveguide structures. We find that ordered (Al)GaInP is positively birefringent far below the band gap, while approaching the band gap it becomes negatively birefringent. The dispersion of the measured birefringence is compared with calculations that take into account the strongly anisotropic absorption at the band gap due to the splitting of the valence bands. We will show how the polarization state of light traveling along the [011] direction in chemically ordered (Al)GaInP waveguides is affected by the reduced crystal symmetry introduced by ${\mathrm{CuPt}}_{\mathrm{B}}$-type ordering. Birefringence leads to a conversion of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light within 60 \ensuremath{\mu}m. This can be understood due to new modes in the waveguide, the ``supermodes,'' with an orientation tilted with respect to the TE/TM orientation. In the [01-bar1] direction, the common TE/TM modes stay unchanged. With a simple theory of mode coupling, it is possible to understand the observed polarization behavior. A transfer-matrix method for anisotropic planar waveguides is used to achieve a more detailed analysis. Consequences and possibilities for applications are considered.
Universal Lossless Source Coding Techniques for Images and Short Data Sequences (2001)

In this thesis various topics in universal lossless source coding are discussed and analyzed. The main focus in this work is on lossless data compression of grayscale still images. Such images are, for example, frequently occurring in medical imaging. Based on theoretical considerations and empirical observations new compression algorithms are presented that are, in terms of compression performance, efficient compared to traditional methods. This work includes research on how to use the Context Tree Weighting algorithm, linear prediction and probability assignment techniques in lossless data compression. The performance of these algorithms/methods is studied both asymptotically and for usage on short data sequences. The presented techniques can be used separately or together when designing efficient lossless data compression systems.
Correlation Between Measurement and Simulation of Thermal Warpage in PBGA With Consideration of Molding Compound Residual Strain (2008)

The objective of this study is to experimentally and numerically investigate thermal and residual deformation of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package and assembly. Shadow moire was used to measure their real-time out-of-plane deformations (warpages) during heating and cooling conditions. A finite element model with material properties characterized by dynamic mechanical analyzer and thermomechanical analyzer was established to simulate the thermally-induced deformations of test specimens for understanding mechanics. The full-field warpages of the PBGA package and assembly were measured during the temperature cycling. The results show that a maximum warpage with a concave (smiling) shape in both package and assembly occurred at the neighborhood of 155degC during the thermal cycling, rather than with a convex (crying) shape at room temperature by assuming the warpage-free (or stress-free) temperature is at 175degC of molding. This issue has been resolved through the finite element analyses by cooperating into the residual strain (stress) in the epoxy molding compound (EMC) of the package, which is obtained by measuring the residual and thermal deformations of the detached EMC/die bi-material structure. This residual strain of the EMC maybe comes either from the chemical shrinkage of the EMC curing, or possible from stress relaxation of the EMC during the first solder reflow of attaching the solder balls. Furthermore, the consistency of thermal deformations for both the package and assembly obtained from the finite element models indicates that the maximum warpage occurs at the corner of the substrate at near 155degC, rather than at the room temperature, due to the glass transition temperature (Tg) and residual strains of the EMC. This maximum warpage can be mitigated by lowering the residual shrinkage strain. And the warpage of the PBGA assembly coincides with the package at the temperature beyond 155degC (highly resulting from apparent creep of the solder balls), but is larger than that of the package below 155degC, due to constraint of the printed circuit board through less-pronounced creep solder balls.