gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Biofuel Cell with Electrochemically Switchable and Tunable Power Output (2003)

An electroswitchable and tunable biofuel cell based on the biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose is described. The anode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film on which the redox-relay pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor are covalently linked. Apo-glucose oxidase is reconstituted on the FAD sites to yield the glucose oxidase (GOx)-functionalized electrode. The cathode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film that provides the functional interface for the covalent linkage of cytochrome c (Cyt c) that is further linked to cytochrome oxidase (COx). Electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films (applied potential -0.5 V vs SCE) associated with the anode and cathode yields the conductive Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) matrixes that electrically contact the GOx-electrode and the COx/Cyt c-electrode, respectively. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the biofuel cell correspond to 105 microA (current density ca. 550 microA cm(-2)) and 120 mV, respectively, and the maximum extracted power from the cell is 4.3 microW at an external loading resistance of 1 kOmega. The electrochemical oxidation of the polymer films associated with the electrodes (applied potential 0.5 V) yields the nonconductive Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films that completely block the biofuel cell operation. By the cyclic electrochemical reduction and oxidation of the polymer films associated with the anode and cathode between the Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) and Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) states, the biofuel cell performance is reversibly switched between "ON" and "OFF" states, respectively. The electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer film to the Cu(0)-polymer film is a slow process (ca. 1000 s) because the formation and aggregation of the Cu(0)-clusters requires the migration of Cu(2+) ions in the polymer film and their reduction at conductive sites. The slow reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer films allows for the controlling of the content of conductive domains in the films and the tuning of the output power of the biofuel cell. The electron-transfer resistances of the cathodic and anodic processes were characterized by impedance spectroscopy. Also, the overall resistances of the biofuel cell generated by the time-dependent electrochemical reduction process were followed by impedance spectroscopy and correlated with the internal resistances of the cell upon its operation.
Behavioral Phenotypes of Mice Lacking Purinergic P2X<sub>4</sub> Receptors in Acute and Chronic Pain Assays (2009)

A growing body of evidence indicates that P2X receptors (P2XRs), a family of ligand-gated cation channels activated by extracellular ATP, play an important role in pain signaling. In contrast to the role of the P2X3R subtype that has been extensively studied, the precise roles of others among the seven P2XR subtypes (P2X1R-P2X7R) remain to be determined because of a lack of sufficiently powerful tools to specifically block P2XR signaling in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes of a line of mice in which the p2rx4 gene was disrupted in a series of acute and chronic pain assays. While p2rx4(-/-) mice showed no major defects in pain responses evoked by acute noxious stimuli and local tissue damage or in motor function as compared with wild-type mice, these mice displayed reduced pain responses in two models of chronic pain (inflammatory and neuropathic pain). In a model of chronic inflammatory pain developed by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), p2rx4(-/-) mice exhibited attenuations of pain hypersensitivity to innocuous mechanical stimuli (tactile allodynia) and also of the CFA-induced swelling of the hindpaw. A most striking phenotype was observed in a test of neuropathic pain: tactile allodynia caused by an injury to spinal nerve was markedly blunted in p2rx4(-/-) mice. By contrast, pain hypersensitivity to a cold stimulus (cold allodynia) after the injury was comparable in wild-type and p2rx4(-/-) mice. Together, these findings reveal a predominant contribution of P2X4R to nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia and, to the lesser extent, peripheral inflammation. Loss of P2X4R produced no defects in acute physiological pain or tissue damaged-induced pain, highlighting the possibility of a therapeutic benefit of blocking P2X4R in the treatment of chronic pain, especially tactile allodynia after nerve injury.
Fusobacterium Is Associated with Colorectal Adenomas (2013)

The human gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a player in colorectal cancer (CRC). While particular imbalances in the gut microbiota have been linked to colorectal adenomas and cancer, no specific bacterium has been identified as a risk factor. Recent studies have reported a high abundance of Fusobacterium in CRC subjects compared to normal subjects, but this observation has not been reported for adenomas, CRC precursors. We assessed the abundance of Fusobacterium species in the normal rectal mucosa of subjects with (n = 48) and without adenomas (n = 67). We also confirmed previous reports on Fusobacterium and CRC in 10 CRC tumor tissues and 9 matching normal tissues by pyrosequencing. We extracted DNA from rectal mucosal biopsies and measured bacterial levels by quantitative PCR of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Local cytokine gene expression was also determined in mucosal biopsies from adenoma cases and controls by quantitative PCR. The mean log abundance of Fusobacterium or cytokine gene expression between cases and controls was compared by t-test. Logistic regression was used to compare tertiles of Fusobacterium abundance. Adenoma subjects had a significantly higher abundance of Fusobacterium species compared to controls (p = 0.01). Compared to the lowest tertile, subjects with high abundance of Fusobacterium were significantly more likely to have adenomas (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.37-9.74, p-trend 0.005). Cases but not controls had a significant positive correlation between local cytokine gene expression and Fusobacterium abundance. Among cases, the correlation for local TNF-α and Fusobacterium was r = 0.33, p = 0.06 while it was 0.44, p = 0.01 for Fusobacterium and IL-10. These results support a link between the abundance of Fusobacterium in colonic mucosa and adenomas and suggest a possible role for mucosal inflammation in this process.
Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio of Pond-Raised Hybrid Catfish Harvested at Different Sizes (2014)

Abstract A study was conducted to examine growth and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) of pond-raised hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus×Blue Catfish I. furcatus) harvested at different sizes. Fingerling hybrid catfish (initial weight per fish, mean±SD = 62±2.0 g) were stocked into 25 earthen ponds (0.04 ha each) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a commercial 28% protein feed. When fish reached a predetermined weight (0.454, 0.680, 0.907, 1.361, or 1.814 kg/fish), they were harvested. Fish grown to 0.46 kg and 0.70 kg during the first season had FCRs of 1.61 and 1.59, respectively. Fish carried over for a second season of growth were harvested at mean weights of 0.85, 1.43, and 2.01 kg/fish, respectively. The FCRs of these fish, 1.97, 2.10, and 1.93, respectively, were significantly higher than those of fish harvested in first season. These results suggest it is generally more cost effective to harvest food-size hybrid catfish after one season because of their increased FCR the following year. However, if fish are raised to be marketed for large fillets, hybrid catfish appear to be a good choice because they continue to grow and utilize feed relatively well in a second season.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Plasma Etch Emission Endpoint (1987)

As dry etch requirements become more severe, the trend is toward greater automation of the etch process. Automated endpoint detection is desireable to prevent excessive substrate damage and to increase etch reproduceability. The challenge in designing an automated endpoint detector is to provide a unit with sufficient intelligence to correctly recognize etch completion despite wafer non-uniformity and wafer to wafer variations. In this paper a simple, easy to implement simulation program based on Monte Carlo techniques is described which can be used to study the effect of wafer thickness and etch rate uniformity on the emission endpoint transition. A version of the program which incorporates loading effects is also demonstrated. The loading effect is shown to increase the abruptness of the endpoint transition. The simulation is compared with actual emission data for nitride and polysilicon etching in a commercial single wafer plasma etcher.
In Vitro Screening of Exogenous Factors for Human Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation Using Measurement of Total ATP Content in Viable Cells (2005)

One of the newest and most promising methods for treating intractable neuronal diseases and injures is the transplantation of ex vivo-expanded human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Human NSPCs are selectively expanded as free-floating neurospheres in serum-free culture medium containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF); however, the culture conditions still need to be optimized for performance and cost before the method is used clinically. Here, to improve the NSPC culture method for clinical use, we used an ATP assay to screen the effects of various reagents on human NSPC proliferation. Human NSPCs responded to EGF, FGF2, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a dose-dependent manner, and the minimum concentrations eliciting maximum effects were 10 ng/ml EGF, 10 ng/ml FGF2, and 5 ng/ml LIF. EGF and LIF were stable in culture medium without NSPCs, although FGF2 was degraded. In the presence of human NSPCs, however, FGF2 and LIF were both degraded very rapidly, to below the estimated minimum concentration on day 3, but EGF remained above the minimum concentration for 5 days. Adding supplemental doses of each growth factor during the incubation promoted human NSPC proliferation. Among other supplements, insulin and transferrin promoted human NSPC growth, but progesterone, putrescine, selenite, D-glucose, and lactate were not effective and were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. Supplementing with conditioned medium from human NSPCs significantly increased human NSPC proliferation, but using a high percentage of the medium had a negative effect. These findings suggest that human NSPC culture is regulated by a balance in the culture medium between decreasing growth factor levels and increasing positive or negative factors derived from the NSPCs. Thus, in designing culture conditions for human NSPCs, it is useful to take the individual properties of each factor into consideration.
XStorM: A Scalable Storage Mapping Scheme for XML Data. (2001)

With the increasing ubiquity of XML, an eXtensible Markup Language, the industry is racing to provide XML infrastructure for e-commerce, information interchange, effective query of diverse sources and yet more integration of diverse data. It is anticipated that large volumes of XML data will be created manually from HTML documents or generated using some WWW tools and electronic data interchange (EDI). In this paper, we examine how large amounts of XML data can be stored in a relational database. Our scheme considers the unique irregular features of XML, including missing elements or multiple occurrences of the same element, and elements which may have atomic values in some data items and structured values in others. A detailed experimental study demonstrates good query performance, effective space utilization and scalability.
Statistical performance analysis of superresolution image reconstruction (2005)

Recently, there has been much work developing super-resolution algorithms for combining a set of low quality images to produce a set of higher quality images. In most cases, such algorithms must first register the collection of images to a common sampling grid and then reconstruct the high resolution image. While many such algorithms have been proposed to address each one of these subproblems, no work has addressed the overall performance limits for this joint estimation problem. In this paper, we analyze the performance limits from statistical first principles using the Cramer-Rao bound. We offer insight into the fundamental bottlenecks limiting the performance of multiframe image reconstruction algorithms and hence super-resolution.
Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Destabilizes Mycn Protein and Blocks Malignant Progression in Neuroblastoma (2006)

Amplification of MYCN occurs commonly in neuroblastoma. We report that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition in murine neuroblastoma (driven by a tyrosine hydroxylase-MYCN transgene) led to decreased tumor mass and decreased levels of Mycn protein without affecting levels of MYCN mRNA. Consistent with these observations, PI3K inhibition in MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cell lines resulted in decreased levels of Mycn protein without affecting levels of MYCN mRNA and caused decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. To clarify the importance of Mycn as a target of broad-spectrum PI3K inhibitors, we transduced wild-type N-myc and N-myc mutants lacking glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation sites into human neuroblastoma cells with no endogenous expression of myc. In contrast to wild-type N-myc, the phosphorylation-defective mutant proteins were stabilized and were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of PI3K inhibition. Our results show the importance of Mycn as a therapeutic target in established tumors in vivo, offer a mechanistic rationale to test PI3K inhibitors in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, and represent a therapeutic approach applicable to a broad range of cancers in which transcription factors are stabilized through a PI3K-dependent mechanism.
Wavevector mapping for antenna emission by Fourier transform of complex electrooptic images (2013)

A unique approach has been proposed and demonstrated for experimental analyses of electromagnetic emission from planar antennas; their emission wavevectors are mapped in a wavenumber space. The proposed method consists of (a) the live electrooptic imaging technique visualizing their near fields in real time and (b) the two-dimensional Fourier transform of complex electrooptic images providing power spectra of emission. A proof-of-principle demonstration has been performed successfully for an 18-GHz wave emitted from a 2×2 patch array and its manipulation by dielectric loading.
The Gordon Wilson lecture. Understanding vascular endothelium: a pilgrim's progress. Endothelial dysfunction, biomechanical forces and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. (2010)

These are exciting times for the biomedical sciences, in general, and, in particular, for those who strive to understand the origins of complex human diseases, as we begin to focus with increasing precision on disease mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. Armed with the high-through-put technologies of the Post-Genomic Era, we now face the challenge of understanding biological systems at the level of their complex integration, and this will truly bring meaning to the concept of Systems Biology.
Daily rhythm of circulating fat soluble vitamin concentration (A, D, E and K) in the horse (2004)

BACKGROUND: Many physiological processes of mammalian species exhibit daily rhythmicity. An intrinsic relationship exists between fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and several body functions. Few investigations on the rhythmic pattern of vitamins in domestic animals have been carried out. The present study evaluated the circadian rhythmicity of fat soluble vitamins in the horse. METHODS: Blood samples from 5 Thoroughbred mares were collected at four-hour intervals over a 48-hour period (starting at 8:00 hours on day 1 and finishing at 4:00 on day 2) via an intravenous cannula inserted into the jugular vein. Fat soluble vitamin concentration in the serum (A, D, E and K) was measured by HPLC. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: ANOVA showed a highly significant effect of time in all the horses for the vitamins studied (p < 0.0001). The application of the periodic model and the statistical analysis of the "Cosinor" enabled us to define the periodic parameters and their acrophases (expressed in hours) during the 2 days of monitoring: all the studied vitamins showed diurnal acrophases with values between 15:16 and 18:08 hours. CONCLUSION: Fat soluble vitamins exhibit daily rhythmicity with diurnal peak. Further investigations could help optimize the use of these substances according to their circadian (or other) rhythms.
Sparsity-based image denoising via dictionary learning and structural clustering (2011)

Where does the sparsity in image signals come from? Local and nonlocal image models have supplied complementary views toward the regularity in natural images - the former attempts to construct or learn a dictionary of basis functions that promotes the sparsity; while the latter connects the sparsity with the self-similarity of the image source by clustering. In this paper, we present a variational framework for unifying the above two views and propose a new denoising algorithm built upon clustering-based sparse representation (CSR). Inspired by the success of l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -optimization, we have formulated a double-header l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -optimization problem where the regularization involves both dictionary learning and structural structuring. A surrogate-function based iterative shrinkage solution has been developed to solve the double-header l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -optimization problem and a probabilistic interpretation of CSR model is also included. Our experimental results have shown convincing improvements over state-of-the-art denoising technique BM3D on the class of regular texture images. The PSNR performance of CSR denoising is at least comparable and often superior to other competing schemes including BM3D on a collection of 12 generic natural images.
Overloaded array processing with spatially reduced search joint detection (2001)

An antenna array is overloaded when the number of cochannel signals in its operating environment exceeds the number of elements. This paper proposes an iterative joint detection technique, spatially reduced search joint detection (SRSJD), that well approximates the joint maximum likelihood (JML) receiver, while reducing its computational complexity by several orders of magnitude. This complexity reduction is achieved by first exploiting the spatial separation between interfering signals with a linear preprocessing stage, and second, performing iterative joint detection with a reduced-state trellis formed over space instead of time. These novel joint detection trellises are possibly tail-biting and vary in structure from stage to stage. Through simulation, SRSJD is shown to demodulate over 2M synchronous quaternary phase-shift keying signals of zero excess bandwidth with an M element circular array. The channels of all users are assumed known.
Type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases are differentially phosphorylated in mammary carcinoma and differentially associated with steroid receptors. (1996)

The neu/erbB-2/HER-2 proto-oncogene is amplified and/or overexpressed in up to 30% of mammary carcinomas and has been variably correlated with poor prognosis. The signaling activity of the encoded receptor tyrosine kinase is regulated by interactions with other type 1 receptors and their ligands. We have used a novel approach, phosphorylation-sensitive anti-Neu antibodies, to quantify signaling by Neu and epidermal growth factor receptor in a panel of frozen sections of mammary carcinoma specimens. We also determined the relationship of Neu, phosphorylated Neu (and epidermal growth factor receptor), and phosphotyrosine to the expression of Neu-related receptors (epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-3, and HER-4) and to prognostic factors (estrogen and progesterone receptor). We found that tyrosine phosphorylation of Neu (and hence signaling activity) is highly variable among mammary carcinomas. Neu and HER-4 were associated with divergent correlates, suggesting that they have profoundly different biological activities. These results have implications for etiology of mammary carcinoma for clinical evaluation of mammary carcinoma patients, and for development of Neu-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Remaining Useful Life Prognosis Based on Ensemble Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (2020)

Remaining useful life (RUL) prognosis is of great significance to improve the reliability, availability, and maintenance cost of an industrial equipment. Traditional machine learning method is not fit for dealing with time series signals and has low generalization and stability in prognostic. In this article, a novel ensemble long short-term memory neural network (ELSTMNN) model for RUL prediction is proposed to enhance the RUL prognosis accuracy and improve the adaptive and generalization abilities under different prognostic scenarios. The ELSTMNN contains a series of long short-term memory neural networks (LSTMNNs), each of which is trained on a unique set of historical data. A novel ensemble method is first proposed using Bayesian inference algorithm to integrate multiple predictions of the LSTMNNs for the optimal RUL estimation. The effectiveness of the ELSTMNN-based RUL prognosis method is validated using two characteristically different turbofan engine data sets. The experimental results show a competitive performance of the ELSTMNN in comparison with other prognostic methods.