gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin resistance and pancreatic   cell failure (2006)

It is now well accepted that diabetes mellitus is one of the main threats to human health in the twenty-first century. The total number of people with diabetes worldwide was estimated at between 151 million and 171 million in 2000 and is projected to increase to 221 million in 2010 and to 366 million in 2030. Needless to say, the increase in the number of people with diabetes will be accompanied by an increase in the number of those with diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and atherosclerosis. The global mortality attributable to diabetes in the year 2000 was estimated at 2.9 million deaths, a number that will also increase. Given that type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of cases of diabetes worldwide, it is important that we understand the pathogenesis of this condition and develop new approaches to its prevention and treatment.
Atomic Force Microscopy Deposition of Poly-<scp>l</scp>-lysine Structures onto Lipid Bilayers Supported by Mica (2000)

Creating patterns of microstructured arrays of functional material is of interest in many areas of current surface science and microsensing techniques. We have used the atomic force microscope to create micrometer-sized structures of poly-l-lysine on lipid bilayers. The entire process was performed in aqueous solution. The created structures were 0.8 ± 0.1 nm high and as small as 100 nm in diameter. Our results suggest that at least part of the poly-l-lysine molecules in these structures are anchored to the mica surface below the lipid bilayer. Thus, the presented method might also be used to design structures of poly- l-lysine and other biomolecules on mica.
Blow the dust off that bright idea about transforming your local primary care services (1997)

COMMUNITY nurses as purchasers of secondary services for their patients and clients; nurses employing salaried GPs; do such ideas sound like fantasies? Perhaps, but such initiatives could become a reality in a brave new primary healthcare world if nurses take the opportunities being offered by the government’s pilot proposals under the Primary Care Act.
A Controlled Field Test of Surfactant‐Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (1996)

Abstract The presence of dense nonaqueous phase liquids is one of the principal problems associated with current ground‐water remediation efforts. Standard pump‐and‐treat methods are ineffective largely because of the low aqueous solubilities of DNAPL components. Surfactants can increase DNAPL solubility and hence have the potential for increasing the rate of DNAPL dissolution in pump‐and‐treat systems. To test the effectiveness of surfactants under field conditions, a controlled field test at Canadian Forces Base Borden was undertaken. Results indicate surfactant‐enhanced aquifer remediation can rapidly remove the majority of DNAPL using simple modifications of a pump‐and‐treat system. As in all pump‐and‐treat systems, the efficiency is a function of the hydraulic conductivity. The persistence of high DNAPL concentrations at specific elevations within the aquifer throughout the test indicates that little vertical movement of DNAPL occurred as a result of the introduction of the surfactant. Since the test was stopped when small amounts of DNAPL still remained, the limit of removal was not investigated.
AN EXACT TEST FOR POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION (1995)

Journal Article AN EXACT TEST FOR POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION Get access Michel Raymond, Michel Raymond Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, URA CNRS 327, Laboratoire de Génétique et Environnement CC 065, USTL, Place E. Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar François Rousset François Rousset Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, URA CNRS 327, Laboratoire de Génétique et Environnement CC 065, USTL, Place E. Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 49, Issue 6, 1 December 1995, Pages 1280–1283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04456.x Published: 01 December 1995 Article history Received: 11 March 1994 Accepted: 19 September 1994 Published: 01 December 1995
Thermoset Siloxane-Urethane Fouling Release Coatings (2007)

The exploration of numerous variables involved in the design of novel crosslinked siloxane-urethane coatings was carried out using combinatorial methods. Libraries of coatings that explored the effect of siloxane level, solvent, and other variables were prepared and characterized for their surface energy and pseudobarnacle pull-off adhesion. Stability o f the coatings was determined by measuring the surface energy after aging the coatings in water and re-meauring the surface energy. Coating compositions and formulations were identified that had stable hydrophobic surfaces and also had low pseudobarnacle adhesion values.
Direct Electrical Transduction of Antibody Binding to a Covalent Virus Layer Using Electrochemical Impedance (2008)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to detect the binding of a 148.2 kDa antibody to a "covalent virus layer" (CVL) immobilized on a gold electrode. The CVL consisted of M13 phage particles covalently anchored to a 3 mm diameter gold disk electrode. The ability of the CVL to distinguish this antibody ("p-Ab") from a second, nonbinding antibody ("n-Ab") was evaluated as a function of the frequency and phase of the measured current relative to the applied voltage. The binding of p-Ab to the CVL was correlated with a change in the resistance, reducing it at low frequency (1-40 Hz) while increasing it at high frequency (2-140 kHz). The capacitance of the CVL was virtually uncorrelated with p-Ab binding. At both low and high frequency, the electrode resistance was linearly dependent on the p-Ab concentration from 20 to 266 nM but noise compromised the reproducibility of the p-Ab measurement at frequencies below 40 Hz. A "signal-to-noise" ratio for antibody detection was computed based upon the ratio between the measured resistance change upon p-Ab binding and the standard deviation of this change obtained from multiple measurements. In spite of the fact that the impedance change upon p-Ab binding in the low frequency domain was more than 100 times larger than that measured at high frequency, the S/N ratio at high frequency was higher and virtually independent of frequency from 4 to 140 kHz. Attempts to release p-Ab from the CVL using 0.05 M HCl, as previously described for mass-based detection, caused a loss of sensitivity that may be associated with a transition of these phage particles within the CVL from a linear to a coiled conformation at low pH.
Experimental noise-resistant Bell-inequality violations for polarization-entangled photons (2006)

We experimentally demonstrate that violations of Bell's inequalities for two-photon polarization-entangled states with colored noise are extremely robust, whereas this is not the case for states with white noise. Controlling the amount of noise by using the timing compensation scheme introduced by Kim et al. [Phys. Rev. A 67, 010301(R) (2003)], we have observed violations even for states with very high noise, in excellent agrement with the predictions of Cabello et al. [Phys. Rev. A 72, 052112 (2005)].
The radiation field wave forms produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes (1979)

The large‐amplitude radiation field pulses produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes have been recorded with submicrosecond time resolution. The wave forms are distinctly different from those produced by return strokes in cloud‐to‐ground lightning, yet they are surprisingly alike within a discharge and in different discharges. The shapes tend to be bipolar, with two or three narrow, fast‐rising pulses superimposed on the initial half cycle. Pulses with a positive initial polarity are usually produced in the several tens of milliseconds prior to the first return stroke in a cloud‐to‐ground discharge. Positive pulses tend to occur at regular intervals and have a mean full width of about 40±13 μs. Negative pulses are usually produced during isolated cloud discharges at more random intervals and have shapes similar to the positive pulses but with more variability. The implications of the field shapes and polarities for the physics of intracloud discharge processes are discussed.
Sensing as a Service and Big Data (2013)

Internet of Things (IoT) will comprise billions of devices that can sense, communicate, compute and potentially actuate. Data streams coming from these devices will challenge the traditional approaches to data management and contribute to the emerging paradigm of big data. This paper discusses emerging Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, large scale sensor network applications, federating sensor networks, sensor data and related context capturing techniques, challenges in cloud-based management, storing, archiving and processing of sensor data.
Compounds for imaging amyloid-β deposits in an Alzheimer’s brain: a patent review (2015)

Despite achievements in Aβ imaging, there is still a need to develop innovative compounds with selectivity and high affinity to Aβ. Positron emission tomography imaging agents will still be the trend in the field in the short term. Due to the low costs for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and the excellent nuclear properties of (99m)Tc, substantial research should be conducted on the development of the probes for SPECT. Refining the current imaging techniques and in the meantime developing new efficient imaging multimodality and compounds would be a promising approach to imaging Aβ.
A broadband microstrip-to-waveguide transition using planar technique (2002)

This paper presents a novel methodology, which employs a multi-layer structure to act as an interconnection between a microstrip and a rectangular waveguide. A Ka-band microstrip-to-waveguide transition consisting of two back-to-back mode converters are designed and implemented on a microwave printed circuit board. The field-matching between the microstrip and the partially filled rectangular waveguide can obtain excellent scattering characteristics of over 40% bandwidth and low transmission loss of -0.28 dB. These attractive performances indicate that the proposed microstrip-to-waveguide transition can provide a feasible approach to integrate all the RF front-end components in one module by using a conventional PCB (printed circuit board) fabrication process.
Historically underserved students: What we know, what we still need to know (2006)

Abstract Community colleges educate many traditionally underserved students, including students of color, first‐generation students, and low‐income students. This chapter discusses what we know about these students, how they have fared in college transitions, how educational pipeline and deficit models have helped or hindered their progress, and what community college educators should seek to understand about this diverse population of students.
Selective formation of tungsten nanowires (2011)

We report on a process for fabricating self-aligned tungsten (W) nanowires with polycrystalline silicon core. Tungsten nanowires as thin as 10 nm were formed by utilizing polysilicon sidewall transfer technology followed by selective deposition of tungsten by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using WF6 as the precursor. With selective CVD, the process is self-limiting whereby the tungsten formation is confined to the polysilicon regions; hence, the nanowires are formed without the need for lithography or for additional processing. The fabricated tungsten nanowires were observed to be perfectly aligned, showing 100% selectivity to polysilicon and can be made to be electrically isolated from one another. The electrical conductivity of the nanowires was characterized to determine the effect of its physical dimensions. The conductivity for the tungsten nanowires were found to be 40% higher when compared to doped polysilicon nanowires of similar dimensions.
Multi-User Signal and Spectra Coordination for Digital Subscriber Lines (2004)

The appetite amongst consumers for ever higher data-rates seems insatiable. This booming market presents a huge opportunity for telephone and cable operators. It also presents a challenge: the delivery of broadband services to millions of customers across sparsely populated areas. Fully fibre-based networks, whilst technically the most advanced solution, are prohibitively expensive to deploy. Digital subscriber lines (DSL) provide an alternative solution. Seen as a stepping-stone to a fully fibre-based network, DSL operates over telephone lines that are already in place, minimizing the cost of deployment. The basic principle behind DSL technology is to increase data-rate by widening the transmission bandwidth. Unfortunately, operating at high frequencies, in a medium originally designed for voice-band transmission, leads to crosstalk between the different DSLs. Crosstalk is typically 10-15 dB larger than the background noise and is the dominant source of performance degradation in DSL. This thesis develops practical multi-user techniques for mitigating crosstalk in DSL. The techniques proposed have low complexity, low latency, and are compatible with existing customer premises equipment (CPE). In addition to being practical, the techniques also yield near-optimal performance, operating close to the theoretical multi-user channel capacity. Multi-user techniques are based on the coordination of the different users in a network, and this can be done on either a spectral or signal level.
Stabilization of α-Synuclein Secondary Structure upon Binding to Synthetic Membranes (1998)

alpha-Synuclein is a highly conserved presynaptic protein of unknown function. A mutation in the protein has been causally linked to Parkinson's disease in humans, and the normal protein is an abundant component of the intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies) characteristic of the disease. alpha-Synuclein is also the precursor to an intrinsic component of extracellular plaques in Alzheimer's disease. The alpha-synuclein sequence is largely composed of degenerate 11-residue repeats reminiscent of the amphipathic alpha-helical domains of the exchangeable apolipoproteins. We hypothesized that alpha-synuclein should associate with phospholipid bilayers and that this lipid association should stabilize an alpha-helical secondary structure in the protein. We report that alpha-synuclein binds to small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids, but not to vesicles with a net neutral charge. We further show that the protein associates preferentially with vesicles of smaller diameter (20-25 nm) as opposed to larger (approximately 125 nm) vesicles. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in alpha-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%. These observations are consistent with a role in vesicle function at the presynaptic terminal.
Possible defect in xenobiotic activation before glycine conjugation in protein-energy malnutrition (1982)

1. [14C]Benzoic acid administered to rats fed a normal diet was excreted mainly (99% of 24h excretion) as hippuric acid. 2. In protein-energy malnourished rats, only about 74% of [14C]benzoic acid administered was excreted as hippuric acid. The remainder was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate. 3. The oxidative phosphorylation capacity of liver mitochondria of malnourished rats was 30% less than that of normal rat liver mitochondria. 4. The decreased rate in oxidative phosphorylation is discussed in relationship to the observed decrease in glycine conjugation.
N region diversity of a transgenic substrate in fetal and adult lymphoid cells. (1992)

The rearrangement of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes requires the activity of an as yet undefined V(D)J recombinase. One component of the recombinase appears to be a terminal transferase which may be involved in the addition of untemplated nucleotides (N regions) to the V(D)J joints. It has been observed that rearranged Ig and TCR genes isolated from fetal liver have few if any N regions, whereas in the adult mouse, these genes have a large number of untemplated nucleotides. The presence of N regions greatly alters the composition of the third hypervariable, complementarity determining region of the respective proteins, thus playing a major role in the conformation of the binding site. It was possible that, for functional reasons, N region-containing Ig and TCR genes were not permissible at the fetal stage of development. We have produced transgenic mice with a rearrangement test gene which, after V-J recombination, does not result in the production of functional Ig or TCR proteins. We report here that the rearrangement products have no N regions in fetal liver, but that the majority of joints in adult lymphoid tissues have N additions. The study is also an interesting demonstration of the randomness of rearrangements and the enormous variability that can be created from a single pair of V and J sequences.
Genome Scan Among Nigerians Linking Blood Pressure to Chromosomes 2, 3, and 19 (2002)

An understanding of the genetic influences on hypertension would help unravel the pathophysiology of this complex disorder and improve our understanding of causal mechanisms. Contemporary technology makes it possible to examine enough genetic markers to support a generalized search across the entire genome for candidate regions. In the present study, a family set was recruited from southwest Nigeria, and 378 microsatellite markers were typed on 792 individuals in 196 families. Multipoint variance component analysis identified linkage signals (logarithm of the odds [LOD] 1.74, P<0.0023) for systolic blood pressure on 19p (D19S714) and 19q (D19S246), whereas for diastolic blood pressure, linkage was observed on 2p (D2S1790), 3p (D3S1304), 5q (D5S1462), 7p (D7S3046), 7q (D7S821), and 10q (D10S1221). Other regions of interest (1.18<LOD<1.74, 0.0023<P<0.01) were found on chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 9, and 11. These results provide additional evidence of linkage between blood pressure and several genomic regions reported in previous studies. Some of these regions additionally harbor hypertension candidate genes. Although evidence of linkage for blood pressure has been very slow to accumulate, even in comparison to other complex traits, the sum of current evidence appears to implicate, in particular, 2p, 3p, and 19p. Study designs that make it possible to confirm these results with association analysis and narrow the genomic interval are needed in order to make progress in this field.
A universal model for flexible item selection in conversational dialogs (2015)

Human-computer interaction and statistical natural language understanding has changed with the addition of a visual display screen in modern mobile devices, as visual rendering is used to communicate the dialog system's response. Onscreen item identification and resolution when interpreting the user utterances is one critical problem to achieve the natural and accurate human-machine communication. This problem, also called Flexible Item Selection (FIS), has been posed as a classification task to correctly identify intended on-screen item(s) from user utterances. This paper presents a universal FIS model that can be applied to dialog systems developed in different languages. We design a set of input features for the FIS model that makes it largely language-independent. We demonstrate that a single universal FIS model can be used in place of language specific FIS models with no loss in accuracy. We also show that such a model can generalize well to new unseen languages with minimal loss in accuracy on held out languages including English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Chinese. Eliminating the need for building and maintaining a separate FIS model for each new language, the universal FIS model helps scaling an existing dialogue system to new languages faster at a lower development cost.
Collaborative Hierarchical Caching over 5G Edge Computing Mobile Wireless Networks (2018)

Edge computing techniques have been developed to support the exponentially increasing service demands in the fifth generation (5G) networks by bringing the data contents and their corresponding computations/communications to the edge of the wireless networks, which is the area near to mobile users. As one of the promising and enabling techniques in edge computing wireless networks, in- network caching stores the data contents close to mobile users to efficiently reduce the transmission delay for time-sensitive multimedia data contents. However, one of the main challenges for implementing in-network caching techniques lies in how to develop the collaborative caching mechanisms among all caches in the edge of wireless networks to upper-bound the data transmission delay while maximizing the cache hitting rate. In this paper, we propose the inter-tier and intra-tier collaborative hierarchical caching mechanisms over 5G edge computing multimedia mobile wireless networks, where the popular multimedia data contents are selectively cached at different wireless network caching tiers (e.g., at routers, cellular- base stations/WiFi-access-point, and mobile devices, respectively). The inter-tier collaborative hierarchical caching minimizes the average number of hops (including wireless hops and wireline hops) through the collaborative caching across three wireless network caching tiers, and the intra-tier collaborative hierarchical caching maximizes the overall cache hitting rate within the same wireless network caching tier. To optimize the intra-tier collaborative hierarchical caching mechanism, we derive the upper-bound and lower- bound of maximum numbers of device-to-device (D2D) pairs at the bottom tier of wireless network caching. Finally, we use numerical analyses to evaluate and validate our proposed collaborative hierarchical caching mechanisms over edge computing mobile wireless networks.
The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination (2019)

Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but it confers incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB in humans and bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Insights into the immune response induced by BCG offer an underexploited opportunity to gain knowledge that may inform the design of a more efficacious vaccine, which is urgently needed to control these major global epidemics. Humoral immunity in TB and bTB has been neglected, but recent studies supporting a role for antibodies in protection against TB has driven a growing interest in determining their relevance to vaccine development. In this manuscript we review what is known about the humoral immune response to BCG vaccination and re-vaccination across species, including evidence for the induction of specific B cells and antibodies; and how these may relate to protection from TB or bTB. We discuss potential explanations for often conflicting findings and consider how factors such as BCG strain, manufacturing methodology and route of administration influence the humoral response. As novel vaccination strategies include BCG prime-boost regimens, the literature regarding off-target immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on non-specific humoral immunity is also reviewed. Overall, reported outcomes to date are inconsistent, but indicate that humoral responses are heterogeneous and may play different roles in different species, populations, or individual hosts. Further study is warranted to determine whether a new TB vaccine could benefit from the targeting of humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity.