gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Harnessing natural product assembly lines: structure, promiscuity, and engineering (2015)

Many therapeutically relevant natural products are biosynthesized by the action of giant mega-enzyme assembly lines. By leveraging the specificity, promiscuity, and modularity of assembly lines, a variety of strategies has been developed that enables the biosynthesis of modified natural products. This review briefly summarizes recent structural advances related to natural product assembly lines, discusses chemical approaches to probing assembly line structures in the absence of traditional biophysical data, and surveys efforts that harness the inherent or engineered promiscuity of assembly lines for the synthesis of non-natural polyketides and non-ribosomal peptide analogues.
Size tailoring of aqueous germanium nanoparticle dispersions (2014)

We demonstrate a practical route to synthesize Ge nanoparticles (NPs) in multi-gram quantities via the laser pyrolysis of GeH4 gas. The size of the as-produced Ge NPs can be precisely controlled in the range of 19.0 to 65.9 nm via a subsequent etching procedure using a dilute H2O2 solution. Stable water dispersions of Ge NPs yield particles with a Ge/GeO2 core-shell structure, however, the oxide shell can easily be removed and passivated by treatment with HCl. The feed materials used in this process are readily available and lead to non-toxic, water-based dispersions of Ge NPs. The scalability and convenience of this procedure make it attractive as a method to obtain Ge NP dispersions for use in applications such as optoelectronic devices and biosensors.
Determination of moniliformin by high-performance liquid chromatography. (1991)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated as a technique for determination of moniliformin, a toxic secondary metabolite of various Fusarium species. Two HPLC procedures gave satisfactory results. In the first procedure, separation was achieved on a strong anion exchange column (10 microns, 4 mm id x 25 cm) with an eluting solvent consisting of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 5.0) and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The second procedure made use of paired ion chromatography on a reverse phase column (10 microns, 4 mm id x 25 cm). Elution was done at 2 mL/min with 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate in a mixture containing 8% methanol and 92% 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Moniliformin was detected in both procedures by ultraviolet absorbance at 229 nm. The lower detection limit of pure moniliformin was 1 ng per injection. Water extraction of moniliformin from dried Fusarium cultures grown on maize was found to be efficient, giving a 95% recovery from a spiked sample. Peak height and retention time reproducibility was good for both procedures. In the analysis of maize containing on the order of 1 mg/kg moniliformin, background interference made interpretation of chromatograms difficult. The cleanup procedure giving the most promising results is described. HPLC methods have been applied successfully in screening fungal cultures for moniliformin production and for monitoring the steps in isolating moniliformin from mold material.
Wavelet based real-time smoke detection in video (2005)

A method for smoke detection in video is proposed. It is assumed the camera monitoring the scene is stationary. Since the smoke is semi-transparent, edges of image frames start loosing their sharpness and this leads to a decrease in the high frequency content of the image. To determine the smoke in the field of view of the camera, the background of the scene is estimated and decrease of high frequency energy of the scene is monitored using the spatial wavelet transforms of the current and the background images. Edges of the scene are especially important because they produce local extrema in the wavelet domain. A decrease in values of local extrema is also an indicator of smoke. In addition, scene becomes grayish when there is smoke and this leads to a decrease in chrominance values of pixels. Periodic behavior in smoke boundaries and convexity of smoke regions are also analyzed. All of these clues are combined to reach a final decision. 1.
Synthesis of Differently Protected α-Aminoglycines and Their Peptide Derivatives (1994)

Compatibly protected α-aminoglycine and di- and tripeptides containing it are prepared from the corresponding α-hydroxyglycines.
Long-distance propagation of intense short laser pulse in air (2004)

Long-distance propagation of intense laser pulse in air is reconsidered analytically by generalizing the analogy between the laser spotsize and the orbit of a classical particle. It is shown that multiphoton ionization introduces unique features to the laser-air interaction, thereby enabling the long-distance behavior. Several interesting characteristics of the latter are pointed out.
The localization of a new antithrombotic agent, cilostazol, in CHO-K1 cells as demonstrated by autoradiography. (1985)

Cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- qui nolinone, OPC-13013), a new antithrombotic agent, has a potent inhibitory action on platelet aggregation. The cellular and subcellular distribution of this compound was investigated. Autoradiographic studies using tritiated cilostazol showed that this compound penetrates the cell membrane of Chinese hamster ovary cells, clone K1 (CHO-K1 cells) and is distributed mainly in the cytoplasma. These results suggest that this compound exhibits its pharmacological action through specific inhibition of cytoplasmic cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.
Critical behavior of a site-diluted three-dimensional Ising magnet (1983)

The critical behavior of the site-diluted three-dimensional Ising antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ has been studied with the use of neutron scattering and linear birefringence techniques. The neutron scattering measurements were performed on a crystal with $x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.5$ and ${T}_{N}=42.50$ K. The critical scattering has a Lorentzian profile both above and below ${T}_{N}$. The staggered susceptibility and correlation length exhibit power-law divergences over the reduced-temperature range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ with critical exponents $\ensuremath{\gamma}={\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, respectively. From the linear birefringence $\ensuremath{\Delta}n$, the critical behavior of the magnetic heat capacity was determined on a crystal with $x=0.4$ and ${T}_{N}=47.05$ K. $\frac{d(\ensuremath{\Delta}n)}{\mathrm{dT}}$ clearly exhibits cusplike behavior rather than a power-law divergence over the reduced-temperature range 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ with exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The correlation-length and heat-capacity critical indices satisfy the hyperscaling relation $3\ensuremath{\nu}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}2=0$ to within the experimental errors. Since all measured exponents differ markedly from the pure Ising values, this strongly suggests that random -exchange Ising behavior has been observed. The results are consistent with recent theoretical predictions for the random-exchange Ising fixed point by Newman and Riedel.
Magnetic separation of submicron particles (1983)

The application of high gradient magnetic separation to the capture of submicron-sized particles is studied. The steady state solution of the diffusion equation applicable to diffusion processes taking place under the influence of external forces is obtained. The relevance of the critical particle size to the phenomena of dynamic and static capture is discussed for various materials ranging from ferromagnetic to diamagnetic. The experimental results obtained are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Dynamic behavior of a liquid marble based accelerometer (2010)

This paper reports dynamic behavior of a liquid-state accelerometer prototype, which uses a liquid marble as the inertial proof mass. The governing equation is developed in comparison with the solid-state proof mass in a conventional accelerometer. Numerical analysis and experimental validation show that with appropriate parameters, resonance frequency of the sensor can be designed below 10 Hz, which falls into the range of low frequency body motion. The work provides the basis for development of a new paradigm of motion sensing with reduced fabrication and assembly complexity, which is promising for next generation accelerometers for low frequency motion detection.
A comprehensive trust model for component software (2008)

The growing importance of component software introduces special requirements on trust due to the nature of applications they provide, in particular when the system supports dynamic component deployment. This paper presents a comprehensive trust model in order to specify, evaluate and manage various trust relationships that exist among entities in a component software system. It contains a sub-model to present trust relationships among system entities, a sub-model to specify the information related to trust management for a software component, a sub-model for trust evaluation and a sub-model for trust management. This trust model supports trust management based on trust evaluation both at component download time and runtime.
Starch synthesis in tomato remains constant throughout fruit development and is dependent on sucrose supply and sucrose synthase activity (1999)

Studies designed to investigate the cellular pathway of phloem unloading were conducted on two tomato lines with either high or low fruit invertase activities. Experiments were based on determination of the degree to which 3H label from [3H]-(fructosyl)-sucrose was randomized between fructose and glucose following exposure of excised fruit to a pulse of labelled sucrose delivered through the pedicels. Fruit from the low invertase line harvested 10, 20 and 40 d after anthesis had similar sucrose uptake kinetics to the high invertase line. A positive correlation was found between sucrose synthase activity and sucrose uptake in both low and high invertase lines. In contrast, no correlation was observed between acid or neutral invertase activities and sucrose uptake. Within the putative apoplasmic sap collected from fruit, label in [3H]-(fructosyl)-sucrose was randomized between the free hexoses and sucrose hexose moieties. Label asymmetry was retained in sucrose on arrival within the tissues. Randomization patterns were similar in both the low and high acid invertase lines. These data support the view that sucrose imported into the fruit was not exposed to extracellular hydrolysis. This suggests that movement from the phloem is likely to occur predominantly through a symplastic pathway. About 25% of the sucrose taken up by the fruit was converted into starch regardless of fruit age, suggesting that starch turnover remains constant throughout fruit development and that starch synthesis was dependent on sucrose supply.
Interleukin 10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced survival and cytokine production by human peripheral blood eosinophils. (1994)

In this study we have investigated the effects of interleukin 10 (IL-10) on human peripheral blood eosinophils stimulated with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that LPS was able to enhance eosinophil survival in a dose-dependent manner, as well as release of the cytokines GM-CSF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-8. LPS-induced eosinophil survival was largely inhibited by an anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibody and completely blocked by polymyxin B, suggesting GM-CSF involvement in the survival enhancing mechanism and LPS specificity, respectively. IL-10 significantly inhibited survival of, and cytokine production from, eosinophils induced by LPS, but did not inhibit the survival induced by GM-CSF. These observations suggest a novel activation mechanism of eosinophils and, also, that IL-10 may participate in the regulation of diseases characterized by eosinophil infiltration.
Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: challenges and management strategies (2014)

Nonadherence with medication occurs in all chronic medical disorders. It is a particular challenge in schizophrenia due to the illness's association with social isolation, stigma, and comorbid substance misuse, plus the effect of symptom domains on adherence, including positive and negative symptoms, lack of insight, depression, and cognitive impairment. Nonadherence lies on a spectrum, is often covert, and is underestimated by clinicians, but affects more than one third of patients with schizophrenia per annum. It increases the risk of relapse, rehospitalization, and self-harm, increases inpatient costs, and lowers quality of life. It results from multiple patient, clinician, illness, medication, and service factors, but a useful distinction is between intentional and unintentional nonadherence. There is no gold standard approach to the measurement of adherence as all methods have pros and cons. Interventions to improve adherence include psychoeducation and other psychosocial interventions, antipsychotic long-acting injections, electronic reminders, service-based interventions, and financial incentives. These overlap, all have some evidence of effectiveness, and the intervention adopted should be tailored to the individual. Psychosocial interventions that utilize combined approaches seem more effective than unidimensional approaches. There is increasing interest in electronic reminders and monitoring systems to enhance adherence, eg, Short Message Service text messaging and real-time medication monitoring linked to smart pill containers or an electronic ingestible event marker. Financial incentives to enhance antipsychotic adherence raise ethical issues, and their place in practice remains unclear. Simple pragmatic strategies to improve medication adherence include shared decision-making, regular assessment of adherence, simplification of the medication regimen, ensuring that treatment is effective and that side effects are managed, and promoting a positive therapeutic alliance and good communication between the clinician and patient. These elements remain essential for all patients, not least for the small minority where vulnerability and risk issue dictate that compulsory treatment is necessary to ensure adherence.
Skeletal Changes Associated with Chronic Isotretinoin and Etretinate Administration (1987)

The skeletal changes associated with systemic retinoid therapy reflect the influence of retinoids on differentiating systems. Although skin is usually the intended target, treatment with retinoids often results in abnormalities of ossification and calcification. The effects of retinoids on bone may be profound and include progressive calcification of ligaments and tendon insertions, premature fusion of epiphyses, modeling abnormalities of long bones, and perhaps osteoporosis. Although it has been known since 1933 that vitamin A cause bone abnormalities, the mechanism of this effect has been elusive. Recent work suggests a possible relationship of the retinoids with several cytokines, which results in enhanced maturation of the preosteoclast. The increasing number of significant bone changes, including posterior lumbar vertebral osteophytosis, make skeletal toxicity the principle risk factor of chronic systemic retinoid therapy.
Macrophage production by the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice. (1972)

Summary Macrophage colony production in vitro by bone marrow cells was studied at intervals after the implant of a syngeneic mammary tumor into C3H female mice. Between 4 days and 2 weeks of progressive tumor growth, there was a significantly increased production of macrophage colonies from the tumor-bearing animals when compared with three types of controls. After 2 weeks, the colony production returned to normal. The implications of this relative to the response of the host to tumor are discussed.
Microprocessors in perspective (1974)

The technology available to the circuit designer covers a wide range of performance and application. Microprocessors offer a general solution; other methods are more particular. Which method should he use?
A and C Genome Distinction and Chromosome Identification in<i>Brassica napus</i>by Sequential Fluorescence<i>in Situ</i>Hybridization and Genomic<i>in Situ</i>Hybridization (2008)

The two genomes (A and C) of the allopolyploid Brassica napus have been clearly distinguished using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) despite the fact that the two extant diploids, B. rapa (A, n = 10) and B. oleracea (C, n = 9), representing the progenitor genomes, are closely related. Using DNA from B. oleracea as the probe, with B. rapa DNA and the intergenic spacer of the B. oleracea 45S rDNA as the block, hybridization occurred on 9 of the 19 chromosome pairs along the majority of their length. The pattern of hybridization confirms that the two genomes have remained distinct in B. napus line DH12075, with no significant genome homogenization and no large-scale translocations between the genomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-with 45S rDNA and a BAC that hybridizes to the pericentromeric heterochromatin of several chromosomes-followed by GISH allowed identification of six chromosomes and also three chromosome groups. Our procedure was used on the B. napus cultivar Westar, which has an interstitial reciprocal translocation. Two translocated segments were detected in pollen mother cells at the pachytene stage of meiosis. Using B. oleracea chromosome-specific BACs as FISH probes followed by GISH, the chromosomes involved were confirmed to be A7 and C6.
Reproducibility of 3D proton spectroscopy in the human brain (2002)

The inter- and intrasubject reproducibility of the metabolite levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho), obtained with three-dimensional (3D) multivoxel proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS), was analyzed in eight healthy volunteers. Serial, back-to-back measurements on a phantom showed the methodology and instrumentation to be highly reproducible, with a median coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.8%. In the human brain, the metabolite levels' variability was larger, with intrasubject median CVs for a total of 1876 signal voxels of 13.8%, 18.5%, and 20.1% for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. These variations possibly arise from small, unavoidable, +/-1-2 mm volume-of-interest (VOI) repositioning uncertainties, which vary each 0.75-cm(3) voxel's partial fluid/gray/white-matter fractions. Comparing the CVs between eight subjects in a total of 324 selected voxels gave total interindividual CVs of 15.6%, 23.3%, and 24.4%, compared with intraindividual CVs in the same voxels of 14.4%, 14.8%, and 15.3%, for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. Replacing the signal(s) from each voxel by the average of itself with its six canonical neighbors reduces the intrasubject median CVs to 8.3%, 9.5%, and 9.7%. The measurement uncertainties can be reduced at a cost of either spatial resolution (by using larger voxels) or time (by performing serial follow-ups).
35.5L: <i>Late‐News Paper</i> : A Direct‐View MEMS Display for Mobile Applications (2007)

Abstract With the continued proliferation of display intensive applications for portable electronics devices, the need for lower power, higher image quality video displays has never been greater. Pixtronix is uniquely able to meet these requirements through its MEMS (micro‐electo‐mechanical system) display technology, which enables the development of direct view displays with breakthrough optical transmission over 60%, color gamut over 100% (of NTSC, CIE 1931), 1,000:1 contrast ratio and wide view angles.
Investigation of hive-mounted devices for the dissemination of microbiological preparations by Bombus terrestris (2005)

Two types of hive-mounted devices for the dissemination of fungal antagonists (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Gliocladium virens Miller, Giddens, Foster) of Botrytis cinerea Persoon: Fries were applied to Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera Apidae) hives. Their efficacy in contaminating worker bees was assessed. It was also verified whether the amount of inoculum delivered onto tomato flowers by bumblebees was comparable to that delivered by spray treatments. The first device (SSP-dispenser) consisted of two distinct passageways arranged side by side, one for exiting and one for entering bumblebees; the exit passageway had oblique barriers forcing exiting workers to follow a zig-zag route. The second device (OP-dispenser) had an exit corridor constituted of two tube-like, partially overlapping passageways with a hole in the overlapping sections; to enter the hive, the bumblebees passed through a hole adjacent to the device. The OP-dispenser proved to be the most effective in bee contamination: 100.0% of the captured bumblebees were contaminated, and carried a mean inoculum load of 4.3x10 4 CFU/bee, while only 12.5% of the bees captured at the exit of the SSP-dispenser were contaminated, and carried a mean inoculum load of 1.4x10 2 CFU/bee. Irrespective of the type of dispenser used, in the greenhouses, where the antagonist was transferred onto the flowers by the bees, inoculum density on flowers was always significantly lower than in those treated with the spray. When the OP-dispenser was used, in the greenhouse treated with bumblebees, a significant negative correlation was observed between the inoculum density on flowers of the sample plants and their distance from the hive.
Epstein-Barr virus-latent gene expression and tumor cell phenotype in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Correlation of lymphoma phenotype with three distinct patterns of viral latency. (1993)

We investigated 49 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomas (ARLs) for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by Southern blotting and in situ hybridization and, in positive cases, used cryostat immunohistology to compare EBV-latent gene expression (EBV encoded small RNA-1 [EBER-1], EBV nuclear antigen-2 [EBNA-2], latent membrane protein-1 [LMP-1] and host cell immunophenotype (CD11a, CD18, CD54, CD58, CD21, CD23, CD30, CD39, CDw70, immunoglobulin) patterns with those reported in other EBV infections. EBV+ immunoblast-rich/large cell ARLs (n = 22) showed three patterns of latency: broad (EBER+EBNA-2+/LMP-1+; n = 9), reminiscent of a lymphoblastoid cell line phenotype; restricted (EBER+/EBNA-2-/LMP-1-; n = 6), similar to endemic Burkitt's lymphoma; and intermediate (EBER+/EBNA-2-/LMP-1+; n = 7), a pattern rarely described in vitro but seen in certain EBV-related malignancies. EBNA-2 expression was associated with extranodal lymphomas. EBV+ Burkitt-type ARLs (n = 11) usually showed the restricted latency pattern (n = 8), but some expressed the intermediate form (n = 3). Adhesion (CD54, CD58) and activation (CD30, CD39, CDw70) molecule expression varied with morphology (immunoblast-rich/large cell versus Burkitt-type), but was not independently correlated with EBV-positivity. CD30 and LMP-1 expression were associated. ARLs show heterogeneity regarding both the presence of EBV and latency pattern. Comparison of these phenotypically distinct lymphoma groups with known forms of EBV infection provides clues to their possible pathogenesis.