gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk electronic structure of SrTiO3: Experiment and theory (2001)

Valence electron-energy loss spectroscopy (VEELS) in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope, vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry, and ab initio band structure calculations in the local density approximation have been used to determine the optical properties and the electronic structure of SrTiO3. Assignments of the interband transitions in the electronic structure of bulk SrTiO3 have been determined quantitatively by comparison of VEELS spectra with vacuum ultraviolet spectra and with the ab initio calculated densities of states. The experimentally determined indirect band gap energy is 3.25 eV, while the direct band gap energy is 3.75 eV. The conduction bands in SrTiO3 correspond to the bands composed of mainly Ti 3d t2g and eg states, followed at higher energies by the bands of Sr 4d t2g and eg states, and free electron like states dominating at energies above 15 eV. The upper valence band (UVB) contains 18 electrons in dominantly O 2p states, hybridized with Ti and Sr states, and has a bandwidth of 5 eV. The interband transitions from the UVB to the Ti 3d bands and to the Sr 4d bands give rise to the transitions spanning from the indirect band gap energy of 3.25 eV up to 15 eV. The lower valence band contains 12 electrons in Sr 4p and O 2s states which are separated by 2 eV, while having a bandwidth of 5 eV. The interband transitions from the Sr 4p to the Ti 3d and Sr 4d bands give rise to transition energies spanning from 15 to 24 eV. Interband transitions from the O 2s band to the conduction bands appear at 26 eV. A very narrow band at −33 eV below the top of the valence band is composed of Sr 4s and Ti 3p states and contains eight electrons.
Superoxide radical trapping and spin adduct decay of 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BocMPOThe acronym BocMPO will be used instead of BMPO to distinguish it from the BMPO which has already been assigned for 5-n-butyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (M. J. Turner and G. M. Rosen, J. Med. Chem., 1986, 29, 2439).): kinetics and theoretical analysis (2002)

Spin-trapping of oxygen-centered radicals such as superoxide radical is increasingly becoming important in the study of biological oxidations. Superoxide spin-trapping and decay kinetics in aqueous media of the new solid nitrone 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BocMPO) are reported and compared to those of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO). Superoxide spin-trapping by BocMPO is significantly slower than that by DEPMPO and DMPO, and the half-life of BocMPO–superoxide adduct is shorter than that of DEPMPO–superoxide adduct. The BocMPO spin-trapping ability and stability of its superoxide adducts are rationalized based on theoretical calculations.
SDP and RTSP Extensions Defined for 3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service and Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (2011)

The Packet-switched Streaming Service (PSS) and the Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) defined by 3GPP use SDP and RTSP
with some extensions. This document provides information about these
extensions and registers the RTSP and SDP extensions with IANA.
Characterization of Metabolites in the Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene with Anaerobic Sludge: Role of Triaminotoluene (1998)

The present study describes the biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (220 microM) by using anaerobic sludge (10%, vol/vol) supplemented with molasses (3.3 g/liter). Despite the disappearance of TNT in less than 15 h, roughly 0.1% of TNT was attributed to mineralization (14CO2). A combination of solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified two distinctive cycles in the degradation of TNT. One cycle was responsible for the stepwise reduction of TNT to eventually produce triaminotoluene (TAT) in relatively high yield (160 microM). The other cycle involved TAT and was responsible for the production of azo derivatives, e.g., 2,2',4,4'-tetraamino-6,6'-azotoluene (2,2',4, 4'-TA-6,6'-azoT) and 2,2',6,6'-tetraamino-4,4'-azotoluene (2,2',6, 6'-TA-4,4'-azoT) at pH 7.2. These azo compounds were also detected when TAT was treated with the anaerobic sludge but not with an autoclaved sludge, suggesting the biotic nature of their formation. When the anaerobic conditions in the TAT-containing culture medium were removed by aeration and/or acidification (pH 3), the corresponding phenolic compounds, e.g., hydroxy-diaminotoluenes and dihydroxy-aminotoluenes, were observed at room temperature. Trihydroxytoluene was detected only after heating TAT in water at 100 degrees C. When 13CH3-labeled TNT was used as the N source in the above microcosms, we were unable to detect 13C-labeled p-cresol or [13CH3]toluene, indicating the absence of denitration or deamination in the biodegradation process. The formation and disappearance of TAT were not accompanied by mineralization, suggesting that TAT acted as a dead-end metabolite.
Axial Divergence in a Conventional X-ray Powder Diffractometer. I. Theoretical Foundations (1998)

A general model for the axial divergence aberration function has been developed for a conventional X-ray powder diffractometer equipped with either incident-beam and/or diffracted-beam Soller slits. In this model, the axial divergence function is generated from the geometrical dimensions of the diffractometer system, which include the axial lengths of the X-ray source, sample and receiving slit as well as the angular apertures of the incident-beam and diffracted-beam Soller slits. The paper describes how the diffractometer design and the extent of the axial divergence influence the shape of the axial divergence aberration function. The model is developed in three stages starting with analytical profile shapes for a single-ray incident X-ray beam. The single-ray results are then generalized to represent a line X-ray source and a specimen with axial length. In the third stage, the effects of the Soller slits in the beam path are incorporated by considering them as angular selective filters in the incident and diffracted beams. A general discussion is presented on the axial divergence aberration function with 2θ for a range of standard instrument configurations. This work forms the basis of an accurate fundamental parameters approach to profile analysis and Rietveld refinement.
Democracy and Economic Growth: A Perspective of Cooperation (2013)

Does democracy cause higher economic growth? We build a model taking culture and interpersonal cooperation into account and find that democracy increases economic productivity through giving people more equal rights, which allows people to build a larger interpersonal network so that they can reduce investment risk and employ high-productivity (high-risk) methods in production.
The Effect of Thermal Exposure on the Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Alloys Intended for Elevated Temperature Service (1997)

Because of their ease of fabricability, durability, and good specific properties, precipitation-hardened aluminum alloys have been the materials of choice for subsonic aircraft for over 50 years. At the present time, precipitation-hardening alloys are being evaluated for use in elevated temperature applications such as supersonic transport aircraft. These applications require stability of mechanical properties, implying stable microstructures. In this study, it has been shown that for three materials of interest, microstructural evolution at relatively low temperatures may result in complex changes in mechanical properties with fracture resistance being a salient example. Changes in amounts and kinds of grain boundary fracture, probably related to growth of grain boundary precipitate phases or segregation of embrittling species to the boundaries, appear to dominate the behavior.
Synthetic images by subspace transforms I. Principal components images and related filters (1994)

The principal component (PC) approach offers compressions of an image sequence into fewer images and noise suppressing filters. Multiple MR images of the same tomographic slice obtained with different acquisition parameters (i.e., with different TR, TE, and flip angles), time sequences of images in nuclear medicine, and cardiac ultrasound image sequences are examples of such input image sets. In this paper noise relationships of original and linearly transformed image sequences in general, and specifically of original, PC, and PC-filtered images are discussed. As the spinoff, it introduces locally weighted PC transforms and filters, nonlinear PC's, and a single-image based filter for suppression of noise. Examples illustrate increased perceptibility of anatomical/functional structures in PC images and PC-filtered images, including extraction of physiological functional information by PC loading curves. Generally, the more correlated the original images are, the more effective is the PC approach.
Kinetics and mechanism of methanolysis and cyclization of 1‐acyl‐3‐(2‐halo‐5‐nitrophenyl)thioureas (2001)

Abstract The kinetics of methoxide ion‐catalysed solvolysis of 1‐acyl‐3‐(2‐halo‐5‐nitrophenyl)thioureas and cyclization of fluoro derivatives were studied in methanol at 25 °C. The cyclization involved the substitution of fluorine by sulphur anion of thiourea and proceeded in two steps. With the acetyl derivative, the first step is methanolysis and the second step is much slower cyclization of the 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrophenylthiourea anion formed to give 2‐amino‐5‐nitro‐1,3‐benzothiazole. With the benzoyl derivative, the first step involves parallel methanolysis of the benzoyl group and cyclization to 2‐benzoylamino‐5‐nitro‐1,3‐benzothiazole. At concentrations of sodium methoxide higher than ca 0.01 mol l −1 the rates of solvolyses of all the acyl halothioureas decreased and at concentrations higher than ca 0.4 mol l −1 there was an increase in the formation of other product(s) than the product of cyclization. After the addition of 18‐crown‐6, the side products were not formed and the cyclizations of fluoro derivatives were considerably accelerated. The slowing of the solvolytic reaction and acceleration of the cyclization reaction are most probably due to the formation of dianions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An objective and automated method for assessing surgical skill in endoscopic sinus surgery using eye‐tracking and tool‐motion data (2012)

We present an objective and unbiased method for assessing the skill of endoscopic sinus surgeons. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully identifies the skill levels of both expert and novice surgeons.
Feedback control of processing temperature in laser beam hardening of production dies (2011)

Automotive draw and line dies are often subject to high wear and tear in the areas with convex radii during volume production and require heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties in these areas in order to increase the operating life of the die. Laser beam transformation hardening has been proven to be a viable technology for such type of heat treatment. It has been demonstrated that laser hardening process provides better overall hardness and more consistent levels of quality compared to conventional heat treatment processes. Experimental results show that the processing temperature during laser beam hardening is one of main key factors in achieving the highest hardness on the die surface. At Magna, a laser processing system has been integrated for implementation of laser beam hardening of dies, which includes expanded beam spot, precise processing temperature control, as well as off-line programming and automatic tool path generation. This paper describes the practice of laser hardening dies, including influence on the process of different types of material, analysis of laser hardened materials, the effect of the geometry of processing area on the processing temperature and the requirement for temperature control in process.
Recent Developments of Structure Based &#946;-Secretase Inhibitors for Alzheimers Disease (2005)

The amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide is the principal components of the senile plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The poorly soluble 40-42 amino acid peptide, formed from the cleavage of the Abeta precursor protein (APP) by two proteases, is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. Beta-secretase (memapsin 2, BACE1), a membrane-anchored aspartic protease, is responsible for the initial step of APP cleavage leading to the generation of Abeta. Identification and structural determination of beta-secretase have established it to be a primary drug target for AD therapy and stimulated active studies on the inhibitors of this protease. Here we review more recent developments in the design and testing of structure-based beta-secretase inhibitors.
The Role of Agreement in the Expression of Arguments (2006)

Abstract Agreement is the linguistic phenomenon in which particular features of one element in a clause (the ‘controller’) determine the morphological shape of another element (the ‘target’). Agreement comes in many forms: there are many elements that can act as the controller and target in an agreement relation, and there is also considerable cross-linguistic variation in the amount and types of features for which agreement relations can be established (see Corbett 1994 for an overview).
Histamine regulates lymphocyte mitogenic responses through activation of specific H1 and H2 histamine receptors. (1980)

In previous studies we have reported that patients with mild atopic eczema have enhanced lymphocyte mitogenesis while those with severe disease have markedly suppressed responses. Similarly, histamine in low concentrations enhanced mitogenesis while higher levels inhibit mitogen stimulated thymidine uptake. In the present study, we investigated the kinetics of this response and the interaction of histamine with its cell-surface receptors on lymphocytes. Histamine (10(-3) M) markedly inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation to 27% of control levels when added at the beginning of a 72 h culture period. When added after 24 and 48 h of culture, however, the suppression was much less (62 and 88% of control). Lymphocyte cultures pulsed for 1 h with histamine, washed free of the agent and then cultured with mitogen also showed marked suppression of [3H]-thymidine uptake. The kinetics of the response suggest that histamine acts to inhibit initial processing or recruitment steps in the mitogenic assay. Cimetidine, an H2-receptor blocking agent, prevented the suppressive effect of high levels of histamine while diphenhydramine, an H1 blocker, abolished the enhancement observed with low levels. Pre-incubation of mononuclear cell suspensions, which has been shown to decrease suppressor activity, resulted in a decreased response to added histamine. This change in histamine responsiveness was associated with an alteration in H1:H2 histamine binding as determined with a radiolabelled ligand-binding assay. Histamine suppression of mitogenesis was associated with an increase in cellular cAMP levels while enhancement was accompanied by a small increase in cGMP. These data suggest that lymphocyte function may be regulated, in part, by histamine receptor bearing cells with H1 stimulation having a role in enhancement of mitogenesis and H2 stimulation resulting in normal suppressor activity.
A Three-Part Framework for Analysis (2007)

Abstract This chapter focuses on three kinds of moral element found in any criminal offense: (1) mens rea (or omission of mens rea), (2) harmfulness, and (3) moral wrongfulness. This three-part framework is used as an analytical framework for describing white-collar crime's moral complexity.
Nitric oxide and inflammatory bowel diseases (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) production, as detectable by indirect and direct methods, as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the intestinal mucosa appear to be enhanced in active ulcerative colitis and, when in excess, to play a proinflammatory role in the disease. Despite some conflicting data, there is evidence that NO production is also increased in Crohn's disease. Many inflammatory features of inflammatory bowel disease are in keeping with the physiological properties of NO, and toxic megacolon, a complication of chronic colitis characterized by acute colonic dilatation, is associated with an enhanced intestinal synthesis of NO. The drugs currently used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (steroids, salicylates) do not seem to exert substantial effects on intestinal NO synthesis. The possible therapeutic role of selective iNOS inhibitors is still under investigation.
Investigating Backtranslation in Neural Machine Translation (2018)

A prerequisite for training corpus-based machine translation (MT) systems – either Statistical MT (SMT) or Neural MT (NMT) – is the availability of high-quality parallel data. This is arguably more important today than ever before, as NMT has been shown in many studies to outperform SMT, but mostly when large parallel corpora are available; in cases where data is limited, SMT can still outperform NMT. Recently researchers have shown that back-translating monolingual data can be used to create synthetic parallel corpora, which in turn can be used in combination with authentic parallel data to train a high-quality NMT system. Given that large collections of new parallel text become available only quite rarely, back-translation has become the norm when building state-of-the-art NMT systems, especially in resource-poor scenarios. However, we assert that there are many unknown factors regarding the actual effects of back-translated data on the translation capabilities of an NMT model. Accordingly, in this work we investigate how using back-translated data as a training corpus – both as a separate standalone dataset as well as combined with human-generated parallel data – affects the performance of an NMT model. We use incrementally larger amounts of back-translated data to train a range of NMT systems for German-to-English, and analyse the resulting translation performance.
A Sensitive Small-Volume UV/Vis Flow Cell and Total Absorbance Detection System for Micro-HPLC (2001)

An optical multichannel absorbance detection system suitable for micro-HPLC is described. The detection system includes a flow cell with detection volume of 30 nL and path length of 12 mm. A fiber optic spectrometer with charge-coupled device array is used to collect spectral information at 1 Hz frequency. Signal-to-noise ratios are enhanced through the use of large bandwidth total absorbance signals, while linearity and spectral resolution are maintained. Theoretical predictions of bandwidth dependent signal-to-noise ratios of the total absorbance signal are compared to experimental observations, showing that optimum total absorbance signal bandwidths occur at 2.8 σabs for a Gaussian absorption band under light noise limited conditions. This bandwidth is much larger than bandwidths used in most commercial detectors. The detection system is applied to the separation of 2,4-dinitophenylhydrazones of organic carbonyls sampled from tropospheric air samples. For these hydrazones, a bandwidth of 181 nm is used for detection and calibration, which results in more universal hydrazone detection.
Flavinylation of Monoamine Oxidase B (1995)

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines. The oxidative step is coupled to the reduction of an obligatory cofactor, FAD, which is covalently linked to the enzyme at Cys397. In this study, we developed a novel riboflavin-depleted (Rib-) COS-7 cell line to study the flavinylation of MAO B. ApoMAO B can be obtained by expressing MAO B cDNA in these cells. We found that MAO B is expressed equally in the presence or absence of FAD and that apoMAO B can be inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Flavinylation of MAO B was achieved by introducing MAO B cDNA and different flavin derivatives simultaneously into Rib- COS-7 cells via electroporation. Since the addition of riboflavin, FMN, or FAD resulted in equal levels of MAO B activity, we conclude that the flavin which initially binds to apoMAO B is FAD. In our previous work, we used site-directed mutagenesis to show that Glu34 in the dinucleotide-binding motif of MAO B is essential for MAO B activity, and we postulated that this residue is involved in FAD binding. In this study, we tested the role of residue 34 in flavin binding by expressing wild-type or mutant MAO B cDNA in Rib- COS-7 cells with the addition of [14C]FAD. We found that Glu34 is essential for both FAD binding and catalytic activity. Thus, FAD binds to MAO B in a dual manner at Glu34 noncovalently and Cys397 covalently. We conclude that Glu34 is critical for the initial non-covalent binding of FAD and is instrumental in delivering FAD to the covalent attachment site at Cys397.
Experimental investigation of droplet formation mechanisms by electrostatic dispersion in a liquid-liquid system (1997)

Droplets having high uniformity and a widely controllable size range (from millimeters to micrometers) were obtained by means of electrostatic dispersion in an oil-in-water system, as reported previously by the authors. In liquid in-gas systems, many studies reported that the electrostatic force acting on the liquid due to the surface charge seemed to be the main factor affecting the atomization. However, using distilled water as a continuous-phase liquid causes the theoretical analysis to be very difficult, because distilled water has high conductivity and permittivity. Therefore, in the present study, experimental work is carried out on dispersion mechanisms in an oil-in-water system. The main factor affecting the atomization is considered to be electrohydrodynamic flow of continuous-phase liquid (distilled water) around the capillary nozzle tip. The amount of electric charge on the dispersed-phase liquid (kerosene) is considered to be negligible because of the very short relaxation time of the surrounding continuous-phase liquid. It is suggested that the droplet size and frequency distribution can be controlled by adjusting the operating conditions (applied voltage) and design parameters (nozzle shape).
Performance Enhancement of On-Chip Inductors With Permalloy Magnetic Rings (2010)

We demonstrate spiral inductors with continuous Permalloy ring structure at 100- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> scale, which achieve enhancements of sixfold in inductance and threefold in quality factor at frequencies as high as 200 MHz. The roll-off frequency is due to the eddy current loss in the conductive magnetic material. To reduce such loss and tune the permeability, the Permalloy film is laminated and split into bars. The dependence of the inductance and quality factor on permeability is further investigated. Different types of spiral inductors were fabricated with magnetic rings, helping shed light on optimization strategy.