Synthesis of Chiral α‐Fluoroketones through Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylation (2005)

A conceptually new approach affords optically active α-fluoroketones 3 in high yields with up to 99 % ee from racemic α-fluoro-β-ketoesters 1 in the presence of a chiral phosphinooxazoline ligand 2. The palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation/allylation reaction also allows the highly enantioselective construction of an all-carbon quaternary center. dba=dibenzylideneacetone. A number of biologically active compounds bear secondary stereogenic centers next to a carbonyl group as a key structural feature, which are often susceptible to racemization during manipulation, storage, synthesis, or under physiological conditions under which they are expected to exhibit useful functions. Optically active α-fluoroketones could serve as nonracemizable surrogates of these compounds and have received much attention in medicinal chemistry.1, 2 Interest in their synthesis therefore resulted in several recent reports on the enantioselective synthesis of α-fluorinated carbonyl compounds from the corresponding α-protio precursors,3 but the scope of the known fluorination methods is still limited.4 We report herein a new alternative synthetic strategy in which racemic α-fluoroketones are converted into optically active ketones through enantioselective CC bond reorganization. A racemic α-fluoro-β-ketoester 1 was converted into the corresponding optically active α-fluoroketone 2 by palladium-catalyzed extrusion of carbon dioxide (Table 1). On the basis of the original Tsuji reaction mechanism, we surmised that the reaction possibly proceeds first through the formation of a palladium enolate, through which the new chirality is introduced under the influence of a chiral ligand.5 This palladium enolate, which is tetrasubstituted and bears a fluorine substituent cis to the carbonyl oxygen atom,5b is probably related to that generated by palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation of the corresponding enol allyl carbonate reported recently by the groups of Stoltz and Trost.6 Investigation of the reaction conditions by using [Pd2(dba)3] as a catalyst precursor and a variety of chiral ligands (1.25 equiv relative to Pd) gave us some insight into the nature of the catalytic process. A comparison of entry 1 of Table 1 with the remaining entries shows that the reaction is vastly accelerated by the phosphine ligands 3–7. After screening of a variety of ligands7 including binap (3),8 which gave low selectivity (Table 1, entry 2), we found that chiral phosphinooxazolines 4–69 were suitable for the reaction. The enantioselectivity is very sensitive to the substituent on the oxazoline ring: phenyl-substituted ligand 4 led to only 11 % ee, whereas the selectivities improved greatly with the isopropyl- 5 (83 % ee) and the tert-butyl-substituted 6 analogues (96 % ee) (Table 1, entries 3–5). The catalyst loading can be decreased to 1 mol % at the expense of reaction rate, but without erosion of yield and selectivity (Table 1, entries 5–7). The choice of solvent is very important, as seen in the significant decrease in the selectivity when the reaction was carried out in dichloromethane (25 % ee; Table 1, entry 9) instead of in THF or diethyl ether (96 % ee; Table 1, entry 8). A decrease in the reaction temperature from 25 to 0 °C did not change the performance of the reaction (Table 1, entry 10). The chiral bisphosphine ligand 7, which gave good results in the related decarboxylative allylation reaction of allyl enol carbonates,6b was ineffective in the present reaction (Table 1, entry 11). Entry Ligand t [h] Solvent [Pd2(dba)3][b] [mol %] Yield [%][c] ee [%][d] 1 none 24 THF 5 0 – 2 3 5 THF 5 83 11 3 4 3 THF 5 91 11 4 5 3 THF 5 94 83 5 6 3 THF 5 95 96 6 6 4 THF 2.5 95 96 7 6 10 THF 1 93 94[e] 8 6 4 Et2O 5 93 96 9 6 5 CH2Cl2 5 89 25 10 6 4 THF 2.5 94 96[f] 11 7 10 THF 5 9 n.d.[g] The scope of the reaction was examined and representative results are shown in Table 2. The α-fluorinated ketoester starting materials were readily obtained from the corresponding α-protio compounds in quantitative yields through standard methods.11 Results obtained with α-alkyl- and α-alkenyl-β-ketoesters instead of α-fluoro compounds are also included (Table 2, entries 10–12). Entry Substrate Product Yield [%][b] ee [%][c] 1 1 2 95 96 2[d] 1 1 96 99 3 95 97 4 1 1 92 96 5 1 1 94 91 6 1 1 94 93 7 1 1 82[e] 85 8 1 1 89 51 9 1 1 91 55 10 1 1 94 95 11 1 1 87[e] 84 12 1 1 89 39 The decarboxylation reaction of a methallyl tetralone compound (Table 2, entry 3) gave almost the same level of selectivity as the allyl analogue. The selectivity improved to 99 % ee when the catalyst loading was doubled (Table 2, entries 2 and 3), which suggests that there are ligand-independent racemic pathways operating along with the desired enantioselective catalytic process. Methoxy substitution on the aromatic ring of tetralone that may exert certain conjugation electronic effects on the reaction did not affect the selectivity (Table 2, entry 4). Modification of the saturated ring of the tetralone structure affects the enantioselectivity (Table 2, entries 5 and 6), which suggests that the steric environment has larger impact on the selectivity. The aromatic moiety of the tetralone is not required for high enantioselectivity, as can be seen in the example of the cyclopentane analogue (Table 2, entry 7). However, the selectivity was slightly lower. This example shows that the decarboxylative mechanism dictates the regioselective formation of the more-substituted α-fluoro ketone. The reaction can also be applied to acyclic ketones but the selectivity is moderate (Table 2, entries 8 and 9). This seems reasonable because an E/Z mixture of the palladium enolate may form in situ and lead to lower selectivity. This issue is related to the reaction mechanism and needs further studies. The reaction could be a viable method for the creation of nonracemic all-carbon quaternary centers (Table 2, entries 10 and 11).12 This reaction seems to be related to that reported recently by the Trost and Stoltz groups,6 but is different in practice as the method creates a quaternary carbon center from synthetically more-readily accessible β-ketoesters rather than from allyl enol carbonates. A few characteristics are noteworthy: The new chirality is also generated at a palladium enolate. The putative tetrasubstituted enolate intermediate bears three alkyl groups and one oxygen atom rather than a fluorine substituent, but the enantioselectivity was still found to be high (Table 2, entry 10). However, the selectivity decreases when the ketone is part of a five-membered ring (Table 2, entry 11) and when the substrate bears an α-alkenyl group (Table 2, entry 12).13 The intermediate in this case is a conjugated dienolate of palladium instead of a simple palladium enolate. The undesirable effect of the conjugation is apparent, in contrast to the slightly positive effect of the highly electron withdrawing fluorine atom (Table 2, entries 3 and 10). Interestingly, the reaction still results in CC bond formation at the α-carbon atom rather than at the distal carbon atom (which would produce a more-stable α,β-unsaturated ketone product). In summary, we have developed a new class of enantioselective CC bond-forming reactions that is useful for regio- and enantioselective synthesis of α-allyl-α-fluoro ketones as well as ketones that bear an α-quaternary center. The reaction is mechanistically different to the recently reported enantioselective synthesis of α-fluoro carbonyl compounds and appears to involve intriguing mechanistic details that are as yet to be explored by theory and experiments. A 50-mL two-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar was flame dried in vacuo, cooled to room temperature, and charged with [Pd2(dba)3] (22.9 mg, 0.025 mmol, 0.025 equiv) and ligand 6 (24.2 mg, 0.0625 mmol, 0.0625 equiv) under argon. The system was evacuated slowly and flushed with argon three times. THF (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 30 min, and ketoester 1 (248 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise through a syringe to the reaction mixture. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 25 °C (full conversion checked by TLC and GC), and the solvent was then evaporated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: Et2O/hexane 5:95) gave the fluoroketone 2 (193.9 mg, 95 % yield) as a colorless oil. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z502703_s.pdf or from the author. 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