gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Multiple Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells in Unconventional Gas Reservoirs (2013)

Accurate placement of multiple horizontal wells drilled from the same well pad plays a critical role in the successful economical production from unconventional gas reservoirs. However, there are high cost and uncertainty due to many inestimable and uncertain parameters such as reservoir permeability, porosity, fracture spacing, fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, gas desorption, and well spacing. In this paper, we employ response surface methodology to optimize multiple horizontal well placement to maximize Net Present Value (NPV) with numerically modeling multistage hydraulic fractures in combination with economic analysis. This paper demonstrates the accuracy of numerical modeling of multistage hydraulic fractures for actual Barnett Shale production data by considering the gas desorption effect. Six uncertain parameters, such as permeability, porosity, fracture spacing, fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, and distance between two neighboring wells with a reasonable range based on Barnett Shale information, are used to fit a response surface of NPV as the objective function and to finally identify the optimum design under conditions of different gas prices based on NPV maximization. This integrated approach can contribute to obtaining the optimal drainage area around the wells by optimizing well placement and hydraulic fracturing treatment design and provide insight into hydraulic fracture interference between single well and neighboring wells.
Involvement of Oxidative Stress and the JNK Pathway in Glucose Toxicity (2004)

The hallmark of type 2 diabetes is pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Normal beta-cells can compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion, but insufficient compensation leads to the onset of glucose intolerance. Once hyperglycemia becomes apparent, beta-cell function gradually deteriorates and insulin resistance becomes aggravated. Such phenomena are collectively called "glucose toxicity". Under diabetic conditions, oxidative stress is induced and the JNK pathway is activated, which is involved in "glucose toxicity". Activation of the JNK pathway suppresses insulin biosynthesis and interferes with insulin action. Indeed, suppression of the JNK pathway in diabetic mice improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Consequently, the JNK pathway plays a crucial role in the progression of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance and thus could be a potential therapeutic target for the "glucose toxicity" found in diabetes.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>origin of the insulating state in uranium dioxide: X-ray absorption experiments and first-principles calculations (2011)

We have performed x-ray absorption experiments on uranium dioxide (UO${}_{2}$) at the O $1s$, U $4d$, U $4f$, and U $5d$ edges. After comprehensive energy calibrations for O $1s$, U $4d$, and U $4f$ spectra, we have used the U $4d$ and $4f$ spectra to sort the energetic positions of the $5f$ and the $6d$ states in the unoccupied band unambiguously. This demonstrates conclusively that UO${}_{2}$ is an $f$-$f$ Mott-Hubbard insulator, where the electronic repulsion between $f$ electrons is responsible for the insulating state. Calculations performed within the U-corrected generalized gradient approximation of the optical response of UO${}_{2}$ permit direct comparison with the absorption spectra and confirm the experimental results.
Regulation of muscle GLUT-4 transcription by AMP-activated protein kinase (2001)

Skeletal muscle GLUT-4 transcription in response to treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), a known activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was studied in rats and mice. The increase in GLUT-4 mRNA levels in response to a single subcutaneous injection of AICAR, peaked at 13 h in white and red quadriceps muscles but not in the soleus muscle. The mRNA level of chloramphenicol acyltransferase reporter gene which is driven by 1,154 or 895 bp of the human GLUT-4 proximal promoter was increased in AICAR-treated transgenic mice, demonstrating the transcriptional upregulation of the GLUT-4 gene by AICAR. However, this induction of transcription was not apparent with 730 bp of the promoter. In addition, nuclear extracts from AICAR-treated mice bound to the consensus sequence of myocyte enhancer factor-2 (from -473 to -464) to a greater extent than from saline-injected mice. Thus AMP-activated protein kinase activation by AICAR increases GLUT-4 transcription by a mechanism that requires response elements within 895 bp of human GLUT-4 proximal promoter and that may be cooperatively mediated by myocyte enhancer factor-2.
Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report (2020)

Abstract In March 2020, the WHO declared a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 1 With >8.8 million cases and >450,000 deaths reported globally, a vaccine is urgently needed. We report the available safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded dose escalation study among healthy adults, 18-55 years of age, randomized to receive 2 doses, separated by 21 days, of 10 μg, 30 μg, or 100 μg of BNT162b1, a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified, mRNA vaccine that encodes trimerized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein RBD. Local reactions and systemic events were dose-dependent, generally mild to moderate, and transient. RBD-binding IgG concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers in sera increased with dose level and after a second dose. Geometric mean neutralizing titers reached 1.8-to 2.8-fold that of a panel of COVID-19 convalescent human sera. These results support further evaluation of this mRNA vaccine candidate.
Low-dose performance of wafer-scale CMOS-based X-ray detectors (2015)

Compared to published amorphous-silicon (TFT) based X-ray detectors, crystalline silicon CMOS-based active-pixel detectors exploit the benefits of low noise, high speed, on-chip integration and featuring offered by CMOS technology. This presentation focuses on the specific advantage of high image quality at very low dose levels. The measurement of very low dose performance parameters like Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) and Noise Equivalent Dose (NED) is a challenge by itself. Second-order effects like defect pixel behavior, temporal and quantization noise effects, dose measurement accuracy and limitation of the x-ray source settings will influence the measurements at very low dose conditions. Using an analytical model to predict the low dose behavior of a detector from parameters extracted from shot-noise limited dose levels is presented. These models can also provide input for a simulation environment for optimizing the performance of future detectors. In this paper, models for predicting NED and the DQE at very low dose are compared to measurements on different CMOS detectors. Their validity for different sensor and optical stack combinations as well as for different x-ray beam conditions was validated.
Visible Cavitation in Liquid Helium (1966)

Visible cavitation has been obtained readily in liquid helium using a barium titanate cylinder resonant at about 46 kc/sec. The nature of the cavitation changes in various temperature régimes, and these changes are reflected by changes in the threshold, as measured by the driving voltage of the transducer. Below about 2.13°K, the threshold for visible cavitation is an order of magnitude higher than the threshold for noise; but between 2.13°K and the λ point the visibility threshold drops and becomes comparable to the noise threshold. Static pressure has a much greater effect on the visibility threshold than on the noise threshold. The results are discussed and the conclusion is reached that the information obtained is more pertinent to the dynamics of the cavities than their nucleation.
Site-specific covalent labeling of His-tag fused proteins with a reactive Ni(ii)–NTA probe (2009)

A new method for covalent labeling of a His-tag fused protein with a small reactive probe was developed; this method is based on the complementary interaction between the His-tag and Ni(II)-NTA, which facilitates a nucleophilic reaction between a histidine residue of the tag and the electrophilic tosyl group of the Ni(II)-NTA probe by the proximity effect.
Iodine—Champagne in a Tin Cup (1982)

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Evaluation of Pluronic F127-Based Sustained-Release Ocular Delivery Systems for Pilocarpine using the Albino Rabbit Eye Model (1998)

The overall objective of this study was to develop Pluronic F127 (PF127)-containing formulations of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PHCL) which can be used for sustained-release ocular delivery of PHCL. The PF127 formulations of PHCL containing methylcellulose (MC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as an additive had previously exhibited the slowest dissolution rates and released the drug the slowest in vitro. This study was performed to assess the in vivo performance of these two formulations using miosis in the albino rabbit eye produced by PHCL as a measure of ocular bioavailability. The PF127MC formulation (20 microL) had a significantly greater intensity of miosis compared to the same volume of an isotonic solution of PHCL. The duration and the intensity of the miotic response increased significantly as the instilled volume of the PF127MC gel formulation increased. The miotic response, expressed as % bioactivity by assigning a value of 100% to the 20 microL PF127MC treatment, was increased as the volume instilled was reduced from 60 to 20 microL. However, no difference in bioactivity between the 60 and 100 microL volumes was observed. In addition, the 100 microL volumes of both the PF127MC and PF127HPMC gel formulations exhibited bioactivity equivalent to 20 microL of an isotonic PHCL solution. Thus, for a given instilled concentration, the larger the volume instilled the greater the amount of drug present in tear fluid and thus the higher the concentration delivered to the iris sphincter muscle and hence the greater the miotic response. However, the fraction of the dose reaching the iris sphincter muscle was greater for the smaller instilled volume. On the basis of these findings and previous in vitro results, the PF127 formulations of PHCL having MC or HPMC as an additive showed considerable potential as sustained-release ocular delivery systems for PHCL. This conclusion was based upon their ability to provide a substantial prolongation of drug action and an improvement in the ocular bioavailability of pilocarpine compared to conventional eye drops and previously utilized PF127 formulations of PHCL. It appears that ocular bioavailability can be increased more readily by altering both the rheological characteristics of the delivery system and by using a smaller dose volume.
Trends in operating department nursing. The role of the patient advocate. (1995)

Within the operating department the nurse is seen to take on the traditional role as a member of an integrated theatre team. A team can be defined as group of two or more people who recognise common goals and co-ordinate their efforts to achieve them. The operating department team's shared goal is: "the efficient and effective delivery of care with minimal trauma to the individual patient for the relief of suffering, the restoration of bodily function, a favourable post-operative outcome, contributing to the patient's optimal health and return to society, or death with dignity".
Validation of a competitive ELISA and a virus neutralization test for the detection and confirmation of antibodies to <i>Senecavirus A</i> in swine sera (2017)

Senecavirus A (SVA; family Picornaviridae) is a nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA virus associated with idiopathic vesicular disease (IVD) in swine. SVA was detected in pigs with IVD in Brazil, United States, Canada, and China in 2015, triggering the need to develop and/or validate serologic assays for SVA. Our objective was to fully validate a previously developed competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) as a screening test for antibodies to SVA. Additional objectives included the development and validation of a virus neutralization test (VNT) as a confirmatory test for SVA antibody detection, and the comparison of the cELISA, VNT, and an existing immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the detection of SVA antibodies in serial bleeds from SVA outbreaks. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 98.2% (97.2-98.9%) and 96.9% (94.5-98.4%) for the cELISA, and 99.6% (99.0-99.9%) and 98.2% (95.8-99.4%) for the VNT, respectively. There was strong agreement among cELISA, VNT, and IFAT when compared based on kappa coefficient. Based on these performance characteristics, these tests are considered suitable for serologic detection of SVA in pigs.
Design Rationale behind the Identity Metasystem Architecture (2007)

Many of the problems facing the Internet today stem from the lack of a widely deployed, easily understood, secure identity solution. Microsoft’s “InfoCard” project and the Identity Metasystem vision underlying it are aimed at filling this gap using technology all can adopt and solutions all can endorse, putting users in control of their identity interactions on the Internet. The design decisions presented in this paper are intended to result in a widely accepted, broadly applicable, inclusive, comprehensible, privacyenhancing, securityenhancing identity solution for the Internet. We present them and the rationale behind them to facilitate review of these design decisions by the security, privacy, and policy communities, so that people will better understand Microsoft’s implementations, and to help guide others when building interoperating implementations.
How to Apply DC-to-DC Step-Down (Buck) Regulators Successfully (2011)

Figure 1 shows a typical low-power system operating with a Li-Ion battery. The battery’s usable output varies from 3 V to 4.2V, while the ICs require 0.8 V, 1.8 V, 2.5 V, and 2.8 V. A simple way to reduce the battery voltage to a lower dc voltage is to use a lowdropout regulator (LDO). Unfortunately, power not delivered to the load is lost as heat, making LDOs inefficient when VIN is much greater than VOUT. A popular alternative, the switching converter, alternately stores energy in an inductor’s magnetic field, and releases the energy to the load at a different voltage. Its reduced losses make it a better choice for high efficiency. Buck, or step-down
Remote sensing of water vapor in the near IR from EOS/MODIS (1992)

The LOWTRAN-7 code was used to simulate remote sensing of water vapor over 20 different surface covers. The simulation was used to optimize the water vapor channel selection and to test the accuracy of the remote sensing method. The channel selection minimizes the uncertainty in the derived water vapor due to variations in the spectral dependence of the surface reflectance. The selection also minimizes the sensitivity of the selected channels to possible drift in the channel position. The use of additional MODIS channels reduces the errors due to the effect of haze, subpixel clouds and uncertainties in the temperature profile. Remote sensing of the variation of water vapor from day to day will be more accurate, because the surface reflectances vary slowly with time. The method was applied to Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Timing synchronization algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems with distributed antennas (2010)

For the inaccuracy of symbol timing estimation in the existing timing synchronization algorithms,a novel algorithm is proposed for multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)systems with distributed antennas.A set of orthogonal variable-period(OVP)sequences is designed for this algorithm.The preamble used for timing synchronization of a transmitting antenna consists of several identical training sequences which are taken from the sequence set.At the receiver,the orthogonality and period variability among training sequences are used to design the metric functions for frame capturing and symbol timing.This method can accurately estimate the time offset matrix and greatly improve the performance of timing synchronization in multi-path channel.Simulation results show that no matter in AWGN channel or in multi-path channel,the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional methods in estimating time offset of each antenna element and the inter transmitter delay(ITD).It effectively solves the problem of symbol timing synchronization in MIMO-OFDM systems with distributed antennas.
Removal of Gasoline Vapors from Air Streams by Biofiltration (1994)

Research was performed to develop a biofilter for the biodegradation of gasoline vapors. The overall goal of this effort was to provide information necessary for the design, construction and operation of a commercial gasoline vapor biofilter. Experimental results indicated relatively high amounts of gasoline vapor adsorption can occur during initial exposure of the biofilter bed medium to gasoline vapors. Biological removal occurred over a 22 to 40°C temperature range with removal being completely inhibited at 54°C. The addition of fertilizer to the bed medium did not increase rates of gasoline removal in short term experiments in the relatively fresh bed medium used. Microbiological analyses indicated that high levels of gasoline degrading microbes were naturally present in the bed medium and that additional inoculation with hydrocarbon degrading cultures did not appreciably increase gasoline removal rates. At lower gasoline concentrations the vapor removal rates were considerably lower than those at higher gasoline concentrations indicating that substrate availability (i.e. transport) was limiting in the system. This implies that system design facilitating gasoline transport to the microorganisms could substantially increase gasoline removal rates at lower gasoline vapor concentrations. Preliminary results from tests of a field scale prototype biofiltration system showed volumetric productivity (i.e. average rate of gasoline degradation per unit bed volume) values consistent with those obtained with the columns at similar inlet gasoline concentrations. In addition, total BTEX removal over the operating conditions employed was 50-55%. Removal of benzene was approximately 10-15% while removal of the other members of the BTEX group was much higher, typically > 80%.
A parallel hash join algorithm for managing data skew (1993)

Presents a parallel hash join algorithm that is based on the concept of hierarchical hashing, to address the problem of data skew. The proposed algorithm splits the usual hash phase into a hash phase and an explicit transfer phase, and adds an extra scheduling phase between these two. During the scheduling phase, a heuristic optimization algorithm, using the output of the hash phase, attempts to balance the load across the multiple processors in the subsequent join phase. The algorithm naturally identifies the hash partitions with the largest skew values and splits them as necessary, assigning each of them to an optimal number of processors. Assuming for concreteness a Zipf-like distribution of the values in the join column, a join phase which is CPU-bound, and a shared nothing environment, the algorithm is shown to achieve good join phase load balancing, and to be robust relative to the degree of data skew and the total number of processors. The overall speedup due to this algorithm is compared to some existing parallel hash join methods. The proposed method does considerably better in high skew situations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An atlas of mortality from selected diseases (1981)

The basic data for this atlas were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics.
A study of magnetic recording media on glass substrates (1994)

Magnetic media deposited on glass substrates with metal seedlayer, Cr underlayer and CoCrPtTa alloy were studied. Within each group of samples, although the bulk magnetic properties were made to be similar, the media noise differed significantly; microstructural study indicated that the grain sizes of the magnetic layers were similar. X-ray diffraction study indicated that the magnetic layer was mostly {10.0} textured, with some [00.2] and [10.1] oriented grains also present. A correlation was observed between stronger CoCrPtTa {00.2} diffraction peak and lower media noise; the Cr {200} peak in the lower noise media was also much weaker. The different crystallographic texture is likely promoted by the surface condition of the seedlayer; larger number of [00.2] grains within the mostly {10.0} textured magnetic layer may suppress the formation of large coherently-magnetized regions in the zig-zag transitions, which mould result in lower media noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MARKOV PROCESSES AND POTENTIAL THEORY (1969)

Edited By Joshua Chover: pp. x, 235 75s. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1967).235
<title>Interferometric Phase Measurement Using Spatial Synchronous Detection</title> (1983)

A family of three phase measurement techniques are described that are spatial analogs of the popular temporal phase-shift methods. For these spatial techniques, the need for an active element such as a piezoelectric translator or an electro-optic crystal is eliminated simply by adding tilt to the fringe pattern. Measurements are obtained over a uniform grid with an accuracy comparable to temporal phase-shift interferometry. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Practical Handbook of Materials Science (1989)

CRC Practical Handbooks are a series of single-volume bench manuals that feature a synthesis of frequently used, basic reference information. These highly abridged versions of existing CRC multi-volume Handbooks contain largely tabular and graphic data. They provide extensive coverage in a scientific discipline and enable quick, convenient access to the most practical reference information...on the spot! Leading professionals in their respective fields collaborated to provide individuals and institutions with an economical and easy-to-use source of classic reference information. Practical Handbook of Materials Science is a concise reference for the physical properties of solid state and structural materials. This work is interdisciplinary in approach and content, and it covers a variety of types of materials, including materials of present commercial importance, plus new biomedical, composite, and nuclear materials.Research scientists and practicing engineers in the fields of materials science and engineering, civil engineering, chemistry, physics, and nuclear chemists and engineers will benefit from this economical desktop reference. It also has a large interdisciplinary market for students at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels in science and engineering.