gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic El Tor-Like Hemolysin Produced by<i>Vibrio fluvialis</i> (2003)

The halophilic bacterium Vibrio fluvialis is an enteric pathogen that produces an extracellular hemolysin. This hemolysin was purified to homogeneity by using sequential hydrophobic-interaction chromatography with phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and gel filtration with Sephacryl S-200. It has a molecular weight of 63,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6, and its hemolytic activity is sensitive to heat, proteases, and preincubation with zinc ions. The hemolysin lyses erythrocytes of the eight different animal species that we tested, is cytotoxic against Chinese hamster ovary cells in tissue culture, and elicits fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Lysis of erythrocytes occurs by a temperature-dependent binding step followed by a temperature- and pH-dependent lytic step. Fourteen of the first 20 N-terminal amino acid residues (Val-Ser-Gly-Gly-Glu-Ala-Asn-Thr-Leu-Pro-His-Val-Ala-Phe-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Val-Asn-Arg) are identical to those of the El Tor hemolysin of Vibrio cholerae and the heat-labile hemolysin of Vibrio mimicus. This homology was further confirmed by PCR analysis using a 5' primer derived from the amino-terminal sequence of the hemolysin and a 3' primer derived from the El Tor hemolysin structural gene. The hemolysin also reacts with antibodies to the El Tor-like hemolysin of non-O1 V. cholerae.
The electromagnetic θ gun and tubular projectiles (1982)

Unlike the better known rail gun, the θ gun applies the propelling force along the length of its projectile. This is shown to allow much greater acceleration of high fineness ratio projectiles for a given barrel pressure, allowing much shorter barrels for military applications. A computer code which simulates performance of the θ gun is described and experimental results from a few simple, low energy experiments show close agreement with code predictions. Trajectories and aerodynamic heating for three candidate military projectiles are calculated for vertical and horizontal atmospheric launches where initial velocity is as high as 3 km/s. The calculations indicate that in some cases a thin layer of heatshield (ablator) will be required to control projectile heating.
Increased hyaluronidase levels in breast tumor metastases (1997)

Hyaluronidase, a matrix-degrading enzyme, was assayed in extracts from breast primary tumors and regional metastases using a pool of human sera as a standard. Optimal activities of tumor extracts and serum were found for concentrations of 0.15-0.20 M NaCl in pH 3.8-4.0 buffer. In evaluating contamination by serum due to vascular proliferation, we expressed our results as the ratio of the entire activity (mU/l extract) on serum albumin content of tumors (g/l). Median (interquartile range) activities were 9.02 (6.04-14.34) for primary tumors and 37.36 (24.06-99.63) mU/g albumin for metastases. The difference was significant. Zymographic analysis showed that 3 bands of activity were detected which corresponded to 68, 53 and 49 kDa for tumoral hyaluronidase. The same pattern was observed for cellular extracts of breast cancer cell line CAL51, demonstrating that hyaluronidase detected in tumor extracts had mainly a cellular origin. Our results suggest that hyaluronidase may be involved in the metastatic process.
Conceptual modeling of postmortem evaluation findings to describe dairy cow deaths (2010)

Dairy cow mortality levels in the United States are excessive and increasing over time. To better define cause and effect and combat rising mortality, clearer definitions of the reasons that cows die need to be acquired through thorough necropsy-based postmortem evaluations. The current study focused on organizing information generated from postmortem evaluations into a monitoring system that is based on the fundamentals of conceptual modeling and that will potentially be translatable into on-farm relational databases. This observational study was conducted on 3 high-producing, commercial dairies in northern Colorado. Throughout the study period a thorough postmortem evaluation was performed by veterinarians on cows that died on each dairy. Postmortem data included necropsy findings, life-history features (e.g., birth date, lactation number, lactational and reproductive status), clinical history and treatments, and pertinent aspects of operational management that were subject to change and considered integral to the poor outcome. During this study, 174 postmortem evaluations were performed. Postmortem evaluation results were conceptually modeled to view each death within the context of the web of factors influencing the dairy and the cow. Categories were formulated describing mortality in terms of functional characteristics potentially amenable to easy performance evaluation, management oversight, and research. In total, 21 death categories with 7 category themes were created. Themes included specific disease processes with variable etiologies, failure of disease recognition or treatment, traumatic events, multifactorial failures linked to transition or negative energy balance issues, problems with feed management, miscellaneous events not amenable to prevention or treatment, and undetermined causes. Although postmortem evaluations provide the relevant information necessary for framing a cow's death, a restructuring of on-farm databases is needed to integrate this level of detail into useful monitoring systems. Individual operations can focus on combating mortality through the use of employee training related to postmortem evaluations, detailed forms for capturing necropsy particulars and other relevant information related to deaths, and standardized nomenclature and categorization schemes. As much as anything, the simple act of recognizing mortality as a problem might be the most fundamental step toward controlling its progression.
Strength Development at the Interface of Amorphous Polymers and Their Miscible Blends, below the Glass Transition Temperature (1998)

Bonding amorphous polystyrene (PS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) has been carried out in a broad range of temperatures and contact times (t), but always below the glass transition temperature (Tg), in a lap−shear joint geometry. Strength at the symmetric and asymmetric polymer/polymer interfaces develops with t1/4 and, hence, is diffusion controlled. The development of strength at the homopolymer/miscible blend interface below Tg can be simulated from data for homopolymer/homopolymer interfaces, taking into account the wetting (and “fast diffusion”) and diffusion contributions to the development of strength.
Practical noise assessment method (2010)

Noise assessment is important to image quality evaluation. It is also important to the criteria for terminating an iterative noise reduction process. To make a meaningful assessment among the distracting features throughout the images, we need to find a strategy to separate the pixels in featureless regions from the rest of the image. We proposed a concept of pseudo-standard deviation (PSD). We take the histogram of PSD with fine bins and calculate the moving average of the histogram. The window length of the moving average is obtained from a monotonical function of the maximum histogram peak location (PSD location). The first peak in filtered histogram gives the most representative noise measure as a desired approximation of true standard deviation. The calculated results compare well with the manually measured standard deviation values. Our method is simple and reliable. It is fully automatic, no need for user to specify the regions of interest. It is suited for batch processing or iterative noise reduction processes.
Angiotensin II receptor subtypes are coupled with distinct signal-transduction mechanisms in neurons and astrocytes from rat brain. (1991)

Both neurons and astrocytes contain specific receptors for angiotensin II (AII). We used selective ligands for the AT1 and AT2 types of AII receptors to investigate the expression of functional receptor subtypes in astrocyte cultures and neuron cultures from 1-day-old (neonatal) rat brain. In astrocyte cultures, competition of 125I-labeled AII (125I-AII) specific binding with AT1 (DuP753) or AT2 (PD123177, CGP42112A, [Phe(p-NH2)6]AII) selective receptor ligands revealed a potency series of AII greater than DuP753 much greater than CGP42112A greater than [Phe(p-NH2)6]AII greater than PD123177. These results suggest a predominance of the AT1 receptor subtype in neonatal astrocytes. Also, in astrocyte cultures, AII stimulated increases in inositolphospholipid hydrolysis that were significantly reduced by the AT1 receptor antagonist DuP753 but not altered by the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123177. In neonatal neuron cultures, competition of 125I-AII specific binding with the above ligands revealed a potency series of CGP42112A = AII greater than [Phe(p- NH2)6]AII greater than PD123177 much greater than DuP753. 125I-AII specific binding to neonate neuronal cultures was reduced 73-84% by 1 microM PD123177, and the residual 125I-AII specific binding was eliminated by DuP753. Also, in neuron cultures, AII induced decreases in basal cGMP that were completely blocked by PD123177 or CGP42112A but not by DuP753. Our results suggest that astrocyte cultures from neonatal rat brains contain predominantly AT1 receptors that are coupled to a stimulation of inositophospholipid hydrolysis. In contrast, neuron cultures from neonatal rat brain contain mostly AT2 receptors that are coupled to a reduction in basal cGMP levels, but a smaller population of AT1 receptors is also present in these neurons.
Efficacy of dietary antioxidants combined with a chemotherapeutic agent on human colon cancer progression in a fluorescent orthotopic mouse model. (2009)

We report here the efficacy of dietary antioxidants in combination with chemotherapy on tumor growth in the orthotopic COLO-205-green fluorescent protein (GFP) human colon cancer mouse model. The orthotopically-transplanted nude mice used for the study were randomly divided into 5 groups (A-E) after surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) of tumor tissue. The following diets were given: Diet A, modified AIN-93M mature rodent diet with 4% fish oil; Diet B, modified AIN-93M which contains added antioxidants vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium at levels present in the standard AIN-93M diet; Diet C, Diet A without added antioxidants vitamin A, vitamin E, or selenium; Diet D, Diet A with 5 times the amount of added antioxidants vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium present in Diet B. Cisplatin, 7 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally on day 16 after SOI. Throughout the course of treatment, noninvasive whole-body imaging, based on the GFP expression of the tumor, permitted visualization of tumor progression. At sacrifice, the mean tumor weights showed significant statistical differences in all of the treated groups compared to the negative control (no cisplatin treatment) (p <or=0.001). The mean tumor weight showed a significant statistical difference between the Diet D combined with the cisplatin group compared to Diet B combined with cisplatin (p=0.038). Thus, we have demonstrated that Diet D is effective against tumor growth in combination with cisplatin in the fluorescent mouse model of colon cancer COLO-205 GFP. The results of the present study therefore indicate enhancement of cisplatin efficacy by high-dose antioxidants in combination with fish oil for colon cancer progression and suggests the design of clinical trials for this regimen.
New Insights into the Mechanism of Notch Signalling in Fibrosis (2012)

The Notch pathway is an evolutionary conserved signalling mechanism that regulates cellular fate and development in various types of cells. The full spectrum of Notch effects has been well studied over the last decade in the fields of development and embryogenesis. But only recently several studies emphasized the involvement of the Notch signalling pathway in fibrosis. This review summarizes the structure and activation of the Notch family members, and focuses on recent findings regarding the role of Notch in organ fibrogenesis, in humans and in animal models.
Coexpression of the human TNF receptors TR60 and TR80 in insect cells: analysis of receptor complex formation. (1994)

For investigation of a possible physical interaction between the two human tumor necrosis factor receptors, TR60 (type I) and TR80 (type II), the baculovirus expression system was used. Each of the receptors was expressed as a membrane-integrated protein in insect cells, able to specifically bind the two ligands, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT alpha). Typically, about 150,000 membrane receptors per cell could be detected 40 h after infection, exerting high affinity ligand binding capacity with Kd values virtually identical to that of human cell lines. The baculovirus system allowed coexpression of both TNF membrane receptors at very high and about equal numbers to investigate the existence of heteromultimeric receptor complexes, either formed spontaneously or ligand induced. Neither saturation binding studies nor immunoprecipitation experiments gave an indication for the existence of TNF receptor heteromers. These data are in accordance with the current view of TNF signaling, in which homonultimerization, rather than heteromer formation of TNF receptors is the initial activating event.
Real and Nominal Interest Rates: A Discrete-Time Model and Its Continuous-Time Limit (1992)

I provide a general equilibrium theory of the term structure of real interest rates in a discrete-time economy. I derive the prices for one-period and two-period real bonds and a simple recursive formula for general |$k$|-period bonds, and prove that the price formula with appropriately specified parameters converges to that of the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross model (1985). In addition, I consider the behavior of nominal bond prices in a partial equilibrium setting in which an exogenous price level process is correlated with the real economy. Finally, I provide an illustrative empirical investigation of the model. The results indicate a significant correlation between the price level and the growth rate of consumption, which does not support the "money neutrality" assumption underlying Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross's nominal bond prices and related empirical studies, such as Gibbons and Ramaswamy (1992), Heston (1991), and Pearson and Sun (1991).
The Significance of Advanced Structural Fabrication Techniques on Aircraft Lightning Protection (1968)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The basic electromagnetic shielding of conventional riveted aluminum aircraft construction provides inherent protection to the aircraft systems and occupants against the hazards of lightning discharges. The increased use of adhesively bonded construction techniques on structures of future aircraft indicates a potential reduction in the basic electrical continuity of the airframe. The significance of the conductivity reduction on aircraft lightning protection will be evaluated for various proposed construction techniques, including: bonded honeycomb skin panels, bonded skin joints, bonded basic structure, and different types of monocoque construction. The discussion examines related problems that have been encountered in designing protection for aluminum aircraft.</div>
Effect of calcitonin on serum glucose concentration in rats. (1977)

Calcitonin (CT) administered subcutaneously to intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats caused a significant decrease in the serum calcium, while the serum glucose concentration increased. The maximal response was obtained with 80 MRC mU/100 g body weight. The lowest dose of CT which produces a detectable effect was approximately 20 MRC mU. Glucagon (5 μg/100 g) caused a rapid elevation in the serum glucose, reaching a maximum level within 15 min, whereas CT caused a more gradual increase in the serum glucose, reaching a maximum after 60 min. Administration of CT to fasted rats caused a significant increase in the serum glucose. Liver glycogen levels were relatively decreased by CT administration. Administration of CT produced the accumulation of calcium in liver cells and significantly elevated glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphorylase activities in liver homogenate. These results suggest that a rise in the serum glucose concentration produced by CT may involve the production of glucose in the liver.
Osteogenic oxysterol, 20(<i>S</i>)-hydroxycholesterol, induces notch target gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells (2009)

We previously reported that specific oxysterols stimulate osteogenic differentiation of pluripotent bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) through activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling and may serve as potential future therapies for intervention in osteopenia and osteoporosis. In this study we report that the osteogenic oxysterol 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20S) induces the expression of genes associated with Notch signaling. Using M2-10B4 (M2) MSCs, we found that 20S significantly induced HES-1, HEY-1, and HEY-2 mRNA expression compared with untreated cells, with maximal induction after 48 hours, whereas the nonosteogenic oxysterols did not. Similar observations were made when M2 cells were treated with sonic hedgehog (Shh), and the specific Hh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine blocked 20S-induced Notch target gene expression. 20S did not induce Notch target genes in Smo(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, further confirming the role of Hh signaling in 20S-induced expression of Notch target genes. Despite the inability of liver X-receptor (LXR) synthetic ligand TO901317 to induce Notch target genes in M2 cells, LXR knockdown studies using siRNA showed inhibition of 20S-induced HEY-1 but not HES-1 expression, suggesting the partial role of LXR signaling in MSC responses to 20S. Moreover, 20S-induced Notch target gene expression was independent of canonical Notch signaling because neither 20S nor Shh induced CBF1 luciferase reporter activity or NICD protein accumulation in the nucleus, which are hallmarks of canonical Notch signaling activation. Finally, HES-1 and HEY-1 siRNA transfection significantly inhibited 20S-induced osteogenic genes, suggesting that the pro-osteogenic effects of 20S are regulated in part by HES-1 and HEY-1.
QUALITY EVALUATION OF WATERMELON VARIETIES (<i>CITRULLUS VULGARIS</i> S.) (1997)

ABSTRACT The physical‐chemical quality (pulp firmness, soluble solid content, sucrose, D‐glucose and D‐fructose concentrations and color measured by tristimulus colorimetry) and sensory quality (flavor, texture and color) of thirteen varieties of watermelon were studied. Quantitative differences were established between the varieties as was the relation between the instrumental and sensorial determinations. Thetriploid (3n) varieties, Apirena, AR‐3404 and AR‐3406, and the diploid (2n), Sugar Baby, showed the highest soluble solids and total sugar values, although the first group was preferred by consumers as regards the three attributes studied. Instrumental analysis of color made it possible to separate clearly the varieties.
Control designs for low-loss active magnetic bearings (2006)

Highly efficient electromechanical flywheel batteries (FWBs) require the use of low-loss active magnetic bearings (AMBs). Since the losses in the FWB, and in AMB itself, are proportional to the square of the electromagnet flux, it is imperative to minimize the bias flux (or current) customarily used in the AMB control design. The low-bias requirement impacts the control design in two ways: (1) the constraint imposed between the electromagnets which compose an AMB control axis must be modified to handle zero-bias operation (2) the standard (necessarily nonlinear) control laws used for voltage-mode low-loss AMB operation' must be modified to avoid control algorithm singularities. This paper illustrates the experimental implementation of a generalized complementary flux constraint to address the first impact. This constraint relies on a DC flux estimation technique that does not use unwieldy Hall-effect sensors. Furthermore, passivity theory is used to remove the zero-bias control law singularity. Experimental evidence supports this claim from a time and frequency domain perspective
Two micron pixel pitch magneto-optical spatial light modulator (2017)

A magneto-optical (MO) spatial light modulator (SLM) with submicron pixel sizes that is driven by spin transfer switching (spin-SLM) has been proposed and developed for displaying 3D holographic movies with wide viewing zone [1].
The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, method, and research. (1995)

Although much has been learned from cross-sectional research on marriage, an understanding of how marriages develop, succeed, and fail is best achieved with longitudinal data. In view of growing interest in longitudinal research on marriage, the authors reviewed and evaluated the literature on how the quality and stability of marriages change over time. First, prevailing theoretical perspectives are examined for their ability to explain change in marital quality and stability. Second, the methods and findings of 115 longitudinal studies--representing over 45,000 marriages--are summarized and evaluated, yielding specific suggestions for improving this research, Finally, a model is outlined that integrates the strengths of previous theories of marriage, accounts for established findings, and indicates new directions for research on how marriages change.
Experimental Results for Heat Gain and Radiant/Convective Split from Equipment in Buildings. (1999)

MTHFR gene-specific methylation can significantly increase the risk of RSA.
Appetitive behavior, compulsivity, and neurochemistry in Prader-Willi syndrome (2000)

Advances in genetic research have led to an increased understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. Excessive eating and weight gain characteristic of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have been the understandable focus of much of the research. The intense preoccupation with food, lack of satiation, and incessant food seeking are among the most striking features of PWS. It has become increasingly clear that the behavioral phenotype of PWS also includes symptoms similar to obsessive compulsive disorder, which in all probability interact with the incessant hunger and lack of satiation to engender the intense preoccupation and food seeking behavior that is characteristic of this disorder. Several lines of evidence suggest that genetic material on chromosome 15 may alter synthesis, release, metabolism, binding, intrinsic activity, or reuptake of specific neurotransmitters, or alter the receptor numbers and/or distribution involved in modulating feeding. Among the likely candidates are GABAnergic, serotonergic, and neuropeptidergic mechanisms. This review summarizes what is known about the appetitive behavior and compulsivity in PWS and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying these behaviors. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:125-130.
Designing and Developing a Constructivist National Social Studies Curriculum: An Example from New Zealand (2000)

This paper describes the design and development of an integrated national social studies curriculum for all New Zealand primary and secondary school students. The development process began in 1995 and the final version of the curriculum was issued to schools at the end of 1997. Design problems were both ideological and pedagogical. Those who favoured a traditional liberal education lobbied for a return to history and geography; post modernists advocated a reconstructionist curriculum which emphasised process rather than product. The design teams needed to satisfy both groups and design a curriculum which emphasised ideas rather than facts, and incorporated thinking, valuing and decision-making in a way which made it easy for teachers to implement these skills in their classrooms.