gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of various cytokines in mice and activation of the complement system in rats as a part of the mechanism of action of the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 immunomodulator (1992)

The capacity of the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 immunomodulator to induce in mice the formation of various cytokines IFN, IL-1, IL-2, α-TNF as well as to activate the complement system in rats was investigated. The results showed that P40 injected by the intravenous route was capable of inducing the formation of all four cytokines. High levels of IFN were measured 2 h after P40 stimulation and were still present at 24 h. The kinetic study of IL-1, IL-2 and α-TNF induction showed that it was a biphasic phenomenon. The patterns of IL-1 and α-TNF induction were quite comparable, whereas the release of IL-2 was delayed with respect to that of IL-1 and α-TNF. Oral administration of P40 to rats strongly activated the alternative pathway of the complement system. It was concluded that most of the non-specific effects of P40 on the immune system are likely to be mediated by its capacity to induce cytokine formation and to activate the complement system.
Hydrazine Production from Ammonia via Azine (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrazine Production from Ammonia via AzineHiromu Hayashi, Akihiko Kainoh, Masayoshi Katayama, Kengo Kawasaki, and Tatsuya OkazakiCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1976, 15, 4, 299–303Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360060a016https://doi.org/10.1021/i360060a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views495Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Tunable coupled inductor Q-enhancement for parallel resonant LC tanks (2003)

A tunable transformer-based Q-enhancement method for monolithic inductors used in parallel resonant LC tanks is presented. The Q of the inductor that forms the transformer primary is enhanced by cancelling the voltage drop across the series loss resistance of the primary with a voltage of opposite polarity that is induced by a current in the secondary. The circuit allows DC voltage control of Q-enhancement. Techniques to address stability issues associated with the positive feedback are described. The circuit was fabricated in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS and the performance was verified experimentally.
EpCAM Is Involved in Maintenance of the Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Phenotype (2009)

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule EpCAM is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on subsets of normal epithelia, numerous stem- and progenitor-type cells, and most carcinomas and highly overexpressed on cancer-initiating cells. The role of EpCAM in early development, particularly in stem-like cells, has remained unclear. Here, we show that the maintenance of self-renewal in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells depends on the high-level expression of EpCAM. Cultivation of ES cells under differentiation conditions in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) caused down-regulation of EpCAM along with decreased expression of cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc), Sex-determining region Y-Box 2, Octamer 3/4 (Oct3/4), and Stat3. As a consequence ES cells were morphologically differentiated and ceased to proliferate. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of EpCAM expression under self-renewal conditions resulted in quantitatively decreased proliferation, decreased Oct3/4, SSEA-1, and c-Myc expression, and diminished alkaline phosphatase activity. Conversely, exogenous expression of EpCAM partially compensated for the requirement of ES cells for LIF to retain a stem cell phenotype. Thus, murine EpCAM is a transmembrane protein, which is essential but by itself is not sufficient for maintenance of the ES cell phenotype.
Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy (2000)

Current evidence suggests LNG-20 IUS users are no more or less likely to have unwanted pregnancies than IUD >250mm2 and Norplant-2 users. The LNG-20 IUS was more effective in preventing either intrauterine or extrauterine pregnancies than IUDs <=250mm2. The contraceptive effectiveness of Progestasert was significantly better than non-medicated IUDs, but no difference was observed when compared to IUDs<=250mm2. Continuation of LNG-20 IUS use was similar to continuation of the non-hormonal IUDs and Norplant-2. Amenorrhoea was the main reason for the discontinuation for the LNG-20 IUS and women should be informed of this prior to starting this method.
Carbon/MnO<sub>2</sub>Double-Walled Nanotube Arrays with Fast Ion and Electron Transmission for High-Performance Supercapacitors (2014)

The novel carbon (C)/MnO2 double-walled nanotube arrays (DNTAs) are designed and fabricated via template-assisted electrodeposition. The unique DNTA architectures of C/MnO2 composites with high weight fraction of MnO2 allow high electrode utilization ratio and facilitate electron and ion transmission. In the half-cell test, the hybrid C/MnO2 DNTAs as electrodes show a large specific capacitance (Csp) of 793 F/g at the scan rate of 5 mV/s, high energy/power densities, and much enhanced long-term cycle stability. After 5,000 cycles, the Csp retention of C/MnO2 DNTAs keeps ∼97%, which is much larger than 69% of the MnO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs). The symmetrical supercapacitors (SSCs) composed of C/MnO2 DNTAs also show the predominant performance, such as large Csp of 161 F/g and high energy density of ∼35 Wh/kg, indicating that the C/MnO2 DNTAs is a potential electrode for supercapacitors. The high order pore passages, double-walled structures, hollow structures, and high conductivity are responsible for the superior performance of C/MnO2 DNTAs. Such hybrid C/MnO2 DNTAs may bring new opportunities for the development of supercapacitors with superior performance.
Induction of <i>labial</i> expression in the <i>Drosophila</i> endoderm: response elements for <i>dpp</i> signalling and for autoregulation (1992)

Extracellular signal proteins induce the homeotic gene labial (lab) to high levels of localised expression in the endoderm of Drosophila embryos. We aimed to identify cis-regulatory elements within the lab gene that respond to this induction by analysing the activity of stably integrated reporter gene constructs. Dissection of lab 5' flanking sequences reveals two types of response elements. One of these mediates lab dependent activity, providing evidence that lab induction in the endoderm is autoregulatory. The other element, to a large extent independent of lab function, responds to decapentaplegic (dpp), a signal molecule related to mammalian TGF-beta. Our evidence suggests that lab induction in the endoderm reflects coordinate action of two distinct factors one of which may be lab protein itself, and another whose localised activity or expression in the midgut depends on the dpp signal.
Low-power electro-optical switch based on a III-V microdisk cavity on a silicon-on-insulator circuit (2009)

We introduce a compact, low-power electro-optical switch on a silicon-on-insulator circuit through heterogeneous integration. A 10μm diameter III-V microdisk cavity is employed as the switching element. Switching of a 10Gbps optical signal is demonstrated by sweeping the bias between -1.1V and +0.9V with 15dB extinction ratio and 1.2ns switching speed.
Some aspects of reduced quinoline chemistry (1998)

Abstract Different synthetic paths that produce the reduced quinoline cycle are discussed: among them intramolecular cyclization, intra‐ and inter [4+2] cycloaddition reactions and other methods. Some chemical properties of tetrahydroquinolines are also analyzed.
Role of Glycine N-Methyltransferase in the Regulation of T-Cell Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2014)

Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is known for its function as a tumor suppressor gene. Since 100% of female Gnmt(-/-) mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma, we hypothesized that Gnmt(-/-) mice may have defective immune surveillance. In this study, we examined the immune modulation of GNMT in T-cell responses using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results showed that EAE severity was reduced significantly in Gnmt(-/-) mice. Pathological examination of the spinal cords revealed that Gnmt(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination than the wild-type mice. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A, were much lower in the spinal cord of Gnmt(-/-) than in that of wild-type mice. Accordingly, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific T-cell proliferation and induction of T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells were markedly suppressed in MOG(35-55)-induced Gnmt(-/-) mice. Moreover, the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells was increased significantly in these mice. When the T-cell receptor was stimulated, the proliferative capacity and the activation status of mTOR-associated downstream signaling were decreased significantly in Gnmt(-/-) CD4(+) T cells via an IL-2- and CD25-independent manner. Moreover, GNMT deficiency enhanced the differentiation of Treg cells without affecting the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. Furthermore, the severity of EAE in mice adoptive transferred with GNMT-deficient CD4(+) T cells was much milder than in those with wild-type CD4(+) T cells. In summary, our findings suggest that GNMT is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE and plays a crucial role in the regulation of CD4(+) T-cell functions.
Dust transport into Martian polar latitudes (1992)

The presence of suspended dust in the Martian atmosphere, and its return to the planet's surface, is implicated in the formation of the polar layered terrain and the dichotomy in perennial CO2 polar cap retention in the two hemispheres. A three dimensional model was used to study Martian global dust storms. The model accounts for the interactive feedbacks between the atmospheric thermal and dynamical states and an evolving radiatively active suspended dust load. Results from dust storm experiments, as well as from simulations in which there is interest in identifying the conditions under which surface dust lifting occurs at various locations and times, indicate that dust transport due to atmospheric eddy motions is likely to be important in the arrival of suspended dust at polar latitudes. The layered terrain in both polar regions of Mars is interpreted as the reality of cyclical episodes of volatile (CO2, H2O) and dust deposition.
Elites and suppression (1986)

To speak of "suppression of intellectual dissent" usually assumes the following context. First, there is a power structure of some kind, with some groups having vested interests in their power and privilege. Such groups are responsible for most suppression. Second, there is some set of ideas or practices from which intellectual dissent is possible. Third, there is some alternative source of power, or other potential threat to the powerful and privileged groups, to which the dissent may appeal.
From Bugs to Bioplastics: Total (+)‐Dihydrocarvide Biosynthesis by Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2018)

The monoterpenoid lactone derivative (+)-dihydrocarvide ((+)-DHCD) can be polymerised to form shape-memory polymers. Synthetic biology routes from simple, inexpensive carbon sources are an attractive, alternative route over chemical synthesis from (R)-carvone. We have demonstrated a proof-of-principle in vivo approach for the complete biosynthesis of (+)-DHCD from glucose in Escherichia coli (6.6 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ). The pathway is based on the Mentha spicata route to (R)-carvone, with the addition of an 'ene'-reductase and Baeyer-Villiger cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Co-expression with a limonene synthesis pathway enzyme enables complete biocatalytic production within one microbial chassis. (+)-DHCD was successfully produced by screening multiple homologues of the pathway genes, combined with expression optimisation by selective promoter and/or ribosomal binding-site screening. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthetic biology approaches in the development of truly sustainable and renewable bioplastic monomers.
The Ring of Gyges (2016)

Thanks to their anonymity (pseudonymity) and elimination of trusted intermediaries, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have created or stimulated growth in many businesses and communities. Unfortunately, some of these are criminal, e.g., money laundering, illicit marketplaces, and ransomware. Next-generation cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum will include rich scripting languages in support of smart contracts, programs that autonomously intermediate transactions. In this paper, we explore the risk of smart contracts fueling new criminal ecosystems. Specifically, we show how what we call criminal smart contracts (CSCs) can facilitate leakage of confidential information, theft of cryptographic keys, and various real-world crimes (murder, arson, terrorism).
The Determination of Methadone and Metabolites in Human Urine by HPLC with Ultraviolet, and Particle Beam Mass Spectrometric Detection (1994)

Abstract Liquid chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry has been used to identify and quantitate methadone and two of its metabolites following a normal phase separation on a cyano-phase column. Solvent extraction was used to recover the target compounds from urine at the optimal pH of 10, (recovery: 88%, methadone; 75%, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). Routine analysis may be performed using UV detection at 290 nm. However, for greater selectivity and identification of eluates mass spectrometry is preferred. In the urine samples studied the methadone/EDDP ratio varied from 1:1 to 1:10. Two samples showed evidence for the presence of 1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidone (DDP). Methadone may be detected selectively at m/z = 223 but the ion abundance is weak. Detection using the base peak m/z = 72 is preferred because of the increased sensitivity it confers although selectivity of detection is lost.
Immunoregulation of macrophages by dynamic ligand presentation via ligand–cation coordination (2019)

Macrophages regulate host responses to implants through their dynamic adhesion, release, and activation. Herein, we employ bisphosphonate (BP)-coated gold nanoparticle template (BNP) to direct the swift and convertible formation of Mg<sup>2+</sup>-functional Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP nanoparticle (NP) on the BP-AuNP surface via reversible Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP coordination, thus producing (Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP)-Au dimer (MgBNP). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-based Mg<sup>2+</sup> chelation facilitates the dissolution of Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP NP, thus enabling the reversion of the MgBNP to the BNP. This convertible nanoassembly incorporating cell-adhesive Mg<sup>2+</sup> moieties directs reversible attachment and detachment of macrophages by BP and EDTA, without physical scraping or trypsin that could damage cells. The swift formation of RGD ligand- and Mg<sup>2+</sup>-bifunctional RGD-Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP NP that yields (RGD-Mg<sup>2+</sup>-BP)-Au dimer (RGDBNP) further stimulates the adhesion and pro-regenerative M2-type polarization of macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo, including rho-associated protein kinase. This swift and non-toxic dimer formation can include diverse bio-functional moieties to regulate host responses to implants.
Uninformed Students: Student-Teacher Anomaly Detection With Discriminative Latent Embeddings (2020)

We introduce a powerful student-teacher framework for the challenging problem of unsupervised anomaly detection and pixel-precise anomaly segmentation in high-resolution images. Student networks are trained to regress the output of a descriptive teacher network that was pretrained on a large dataset of patches from natural images. This circumvents the need for prior data annotation. Anomalies are detected when the outputs of the student networks differ from that of the teacher network. This happens when they fail to generalize outside the manifold of anomaly-free training data. The intrinsic uncertainty in the student networks is used as an additional scoring function that indicates anomalies. We compare our method to a large number of existing deep learning based methods for unsupervised anomaly detection. Our experiments demonstrate improvements over state-of-the-art methods on a number of real-world datasets, including the recently introduced MVTec Anomaly Detection dataset that was specifically designed to benchmark anomaly segmentation algorithms.
Visible light selective photocatalytic conversion of glucose by TiO2 (2016)

The visible-light mediated selective photo-oxidation of glucose using unmodified TiO2 as a catalyst is reported for the first time. The effect of the catalyst to substrate ratio, lamp power and TiO2 crystalline phases on the conversion and product distribution under both visible and UVA light is explored. Higher conversions were obtained under UVA light but as a result of substantial mineralization through an unselective pathway. Optimization of the reaction conditions resulted in 42% glucose conversion under visible light with 7% selectivity to gluconic acid and 93% selectivity to other partial oxidation products with the total suppression of a mineralization pathway to CO2. It is also shown that selective glucose conversion can occur under natural sunlight light after 7 h exposure. In this systematic study, we prove that it is indeed possible to use TiO2 as a photocatalyst to upgrade biomass derivatives selectively by tailoring the reaction conditions. Most importantly, we find the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer effect as a result of glucose adsorption to the surface of TiO2 determinant in the photo-activity observed under visible light irradiation. Knowledge of this effect along with the careful control of reaction conditions means that the selective photo-catalytic conversion of other biomass derived carbohydrates under visible light is a viable route to higher value chemicals.
Heme Deficiency Selectively Interrupts Assembly of Mitochondrial Complex IV in Human Fibroblasts (2001)

Heme deficiency was studied in young and old normal human fibroblasts (IMR90). Regardless of age, heme deficiency increased the steady-state level of oxidants and lipid peroxidation and sensitized the cells to fluctuations in intracellular Ca(2+). Heme deficiency selectively decreased the activity and protein content of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) by 95%, indicating a decrease in successful assembly. Complexes I-III and catalase remained intact under conditions of heme deficiency, whereas ferrochelatase was up-regulated. Complex IV is the only hemeprotein in the cell that contains heme a, which may account for its susceptibility. The rate of removal and assembly of complex IV declines with age. These findings are relevant to worldwide iron deficiency in women and children and to an age-related decline in complex IV in Alzheimer's disease patients.
Synergistic Effect of <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> and Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species <i>in Vitro</i> (2004)

Scutellaria baicalensis (SbE) is a commonly used Chinese herb medicine and grape seed proanthocyanidins is a popular herbal supplement in the United States. Both herbs have been shown to possess potent antioxidant effects. Using an in vitro model to produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (H2O2/FeSO4 for hydroxyl radicals, xanthine/xanthine oxidase for suproxide), we observed that Scutellaria baicalensis and grape seed proanthocyanidins acted synergistically to scavenge ROS. Our data suggest that a combination of these two herbs can potentially enhance their antioxidant efficacy, allowing lower dosages of each drug to be used. This has the advantage of avoiding possible side effects that may arise when higher doses of a single herb are used in an attempt to achieve a maximum degree of antioxidant activity.
Crystal Structures of Human Choline Kinase Isoforms in Complex with Hemicholinium-3 (2010)

Human choline kinase (ChoK) catalyzes the first reaction in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and exists as ChoKalpha (alpha1 and alpha2) and ChoKbeta isoforms. Recent studies suggest that ChoK is implicated in tumorigenesis and emerging as an attractive target for anticancer chemotherapy. To extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism of ChoK inhibition, we have determined the high resolution x-ray structures of the ChoKalpha1 and ChoKbeta isoforms in complex with hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a known inhibitor of ChoK. In both structures, HC-3 bound at the conserved hydrophobic groove on the C-terminal lobe. One of the HC-3 oxazinium rings complexed with ChoKalpha1 occupied the choline-binding pocket, providing a structural explanation for its inhibitory action. Interestingly, the HC-3 molecule co-crystallized with ChoKbeta was phosphorylated in the choline binding site. This phosphorylation, albeit occurring at a very slow rate, was confirmed experimentally by mass spectroscopy and radioactive assays. Detailed kinetic studies revealed that HC-3 is a much more potent inhibitor for ChoKalpha isoforms (alpha1 and alpha2) compared with ChoKbeta. Mutational studies based on the structures of both inhibitor-bound ChoK complexes demonstrated that Leu-401 of ChoKalpha2 (equivalent to Leu-419 of ChoKalpha1), or the corresponding residue Phe-352 of ChoKbeta, which is one of the hydrophobic residues neighboring the active site, influences the plasticity of the HC-3-binding groove, thereby playing a key role in HC-3 sensitivity and phosphorylation.
Gate arrays using gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers (2003)

Gate arrays using gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers have been successfully implemented in optical cross-connects for wavelength-division multiplexing routing applications as well as in fast optical packet switching experiments. Recent achievements on these devices will be reviewed.
[Some problems in the history of population development in Sichuan Province]. (1980)

The history of population trends in Sichuan Province, which has been the most populous province in China since 1850, is described. Estimates of the province's population in 1796 and 1937 are presented, including estimates of minority ethnic groups. A brief discussion of historical migration into Sichuan is included.