gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatically Detecting the Scopes of Source Code Comments (2018)

Comments which are an integral part of software development improve program comprehension and software maintainability. They convey useful information about the system functionalities and many text retrieval methods for software engineering tasks take comments as an important source for code semantic analysis. However, it is challenging to identify the relationship between the functional semantics of the code and its corresponding textual descriptions and apply it to automatic mining approaches in software engineering efficiently. In this paper, we use machine learning which utilizes features of code snippets and comments to detect the scopes of source code comments automatically in Java programs. Based on the dataset of comment-statement pairs from 4 popular open source projects, our method achieved a high accuracy of 81.15% in detecting the scopes of comments. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our comment scope detection method.
A Density Functional Theory Study of the Charge State of Hydrogen in Metal Hydrides (2010)

Density functional theory and Bader charge analyses were used to investigate the charge state of hydrogen in vanadium, niobium, tantalum, palladium, and niobium−palladium alloys. Over a range of concentrations and hydrogen-site configurations, it is found that hydrogen consistently acquires a net charge of between approximately −0.51e and −0.64e in the pure group 5 metals compared with a significantly smaller value of 0.3e in palladium. Although there is indirect evidence that the electronic charge plays a role in the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen in the group 5 metals, this is the first work to quantify the value of the charge. Hydrogen tends to migrate to regions of the metal lattice that minimize its overall charge density, which generally corresponds to the T-site in the bcc metals. It is found that the charge of hydrogen at the O-site of vanadium can be slightly lower due to lattice deformation and may explain the occupation of both T- and O-sites in vanadium hydrides.
How much pilocarpine contaminates pilocarpine‐induced tick saliva? (2004)

Pilocarpine is often applied or injected into ticks to induce salivation, and the resulting saliva used to test for various pharmacological, biochemical and immunological activities. To measure the amount of pilocarpine in pilocarpine-induced tick saliva, an HPLC-MS/MS method, based on capillary strong cation exchange chromatography online with an ion trap mass spectrometer, was used to measure pilocarpine in the pg to ng range. Results indicate large concentrations of pilocarpine in Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae) saliva, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. Due to the known effects of pilocarpine on smooth muscle and immune cells, appropriate controls are proposed and discussed for proper interpretation of results using this saliva preparation.
Reconstruction of Munsell color space by a five-layered neural network (1990)

A wine-glass-type five-layered neural network (81-10-3-10-81) has been constructed, and identity mapping has been realized on the set of surface spectral reflectance data of Munsell color chips by a backpropagation learning algorithm. The network is divided into two parts: encoder (81-10-3) and decoder (3-10-81). Surface spectral reflectance data as physical attributes of color are transformed nonlinearly in each part. After identity mapping learning was completed, the response pattern of the three hidden units in the middle layer was analyzed to obtain the internal representation of color information acquired by self-learning. As a result, it was found that each hidden unit responds to psychological color attributes, that is, one for the value and the other two units for the constant value plane of the Munsell color system which consists of the hue and chroma. The nonlinear analysis method using five-layered neural networks is shown to be an efficient method for elucidating the color information coding mechanisms in the visual system
Inhibitory effect of insulin-antisense-c-myb-PS-ODN on proliferation of rat aortic artery smooth muscle cells (2001)

PurposeThe aim is to investigate the inhibitory effect of a novel agent, insulin antisense c myb PS ODN on smooth muscle cell(SMC) proliferation in vitro. MethodsThe rat aortic artery SMCs were cultured in Dulbecco′s Modified Eagel′s Medium. SMC rapid proliferation was brought by stimulation of 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The novel agent of insulin conjugated to the antisense c myb PS ODN was obtained via incubation under certain conditions, such as reagents, pH, temperature, and ion concentration. The characterization and purification of the agent was performed throughre 48.3% and 29.5%, respectively. ConclusionThe insulin receptor targeted pathway may be a potential and specific therapeutic method for restenosis.
Analysis of Host-Inducing Proteome Changes in <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> NCC2705 Grown in Vivo (2007)

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of Bifidobacterium longum to the intestinal tract, we utilized a new model for rabbit intestinal culture of B. longum and reported the changes in proteomic profiles after incubation in the in vivo environment. By 2D-PAGE coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and/or electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) analyses, proteomic profiles of B. longum strain NCC2705 grown in the in vivo and in vitro environments were compared. Confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, which exhibited at least a 3-fold change or greater, 19 up-regulated proteins, 14 down-regulated proteins, and 4 proteins with mobility changes were identified during intestinal growth. These identified proteins include key stress proteins, metabolism-related proteins, and proteins related to translation. Our results indicate that some useful proteins are expressed at higher levels in cells during intestinal growth. These proteins reflected the adaptation of B. longum NCC2705 to the intestine, such as EF-Tu which contributes to the retention or attachment as a Bifidobacterium adhesin-like factor, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) which might play an important role in the molecular mechanisms for the initial interaction of probiotic with the intestinal environment, and stress proteins which defend B. longum against the action of bile salts and other harmful ingredients of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The most striking fact of our observation was that four proteins GlnA1, PurC, LuxS, and Pgk exhibit clear post-translational modification. Western blot (WB) analysis and Pro-Q Diamond staining revealed that substances of the GIT trigger Pgk and LuxS phosphorylation at Ser/Thr residues for bacteria grown in vivo. These proteins were identified for the first time as bifidobacterial phosphoproteins. Our data suggest that the phosphorylated autoinducer-2 production protein LuxS of B. longum NCC2705 (LuxS-P) is the active form of LuxS and that LuxS-P may play a key role in the regulation of quorum sensing.
Effects of long-term heat disinfection on Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses. (1980)

Soflens (polymacon) contact lenses were subjected to long-term heat disinfection in a carefully controlled laboratory study and in a patient clinical study. No adverse effects were observed on the physical or chemical properties of the lenses other than the deposition of some tear components in a portion of the patient-worn lenses. This was not unexpected since no enzyme or surfactant cleaners were used.
Powers of <i>x</i> (1982)

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A technique for cleaning hot-wires used in anemometry (1953)

When a hot-wire is exposed to an air-stream near an industrial area, it collects a deposit consisting of particles of soot and tar. The deposit, by changing the heat-loss from the wire, can decrease the sensitivity by as much as 20%. Even in cleaned air, the useful life of a hot-wire may be no more than 2 hours. It has been found that repeated measurements of turbulent velocity, under the same conditions but using different wires, differ from one another by 4% or more. A technique has therefore been developed for cleaning hot-wires, so that a single wire can be used repeatedly; the sensitivity then remains constant to within 2%. Making use of this technique, measurements of turbulent velocity have been reproduced to within ½%.
Optimization of direct current controlled multilevel inverters under distorted conditions (2016)

Current controlled inverters need to be dynamic and robust even under grid disturbances and different grid faults. Besides a robust control method the requirements for synchronization of the system become more and more important especially when multilevel inverter topologies are used. The combination of direct current control methods and advanced grid synchronization techniques promise excellent working behavior even under abnormal conditions within the hardware and control system.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding Menstrual Hygiene amongAdolescent Girls in Selected Schools, Jalandhar (Punjab) (2020)

Every human being passes through various stages of life from infancy to childhood, childhood to adult, and from adulthood to old age. Adolescence is a “period of transition from childhood to adulthood”. It is 10–17 years. This period of life is important for women, as various changes take place in our body in puberty period. Puberty is the maturation of reproductive organs and changes occur in physical and psychological status . A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and practices related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in selected school of Jalandhar. The objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls; to assess the practices related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls; to find out correlation between knowledge and practices related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls; andto find out the association of knowledge and practices to be performed related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. The conceptual framework of the study was based on Orem theory as postulated by Dorthea Orem. The total sample size was 60 adolescent girls in selected schools of Jalandhar. Purposive sampling techniques were used. A structured knowledge questionnaire tool comprising a total of 20 items to assess knowledge and 10 items to assess practices level of adolescent girls regarding menstrual hygiene. The findings show that, out of 60 adolescent girls, 90% (54) have moderate knowledge, 8.33% (5) have adequate knowledge, and only 1.7% (1) inadequate knowledge. The 100% (60) adolescent girls have good practice related to menstrual hygiene and no one has poor practice; hence the result concluded that all the girls have good practice regarding menstrual hygiene related to socio-demographic variables, i.e. age, education, mother’s education, residence, religion, family income, type of family and source of information.
Synthesis and characterization of cross-linked chitosan microspheres for drug delivery applications (2003)

The present study deals with the synthesis and characterization of cross-linked chitosan microspheres containing an hydrophilic drug, hydroquinone. The microspheres were prepared by the suspension cross-linking method using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent of the polymer matrix. Perfectly spherical cross-linked hydrogel microspheres loaded with hydroquinone were obtained in the size range of 20–100 μm. The effect of the degree of polymer cross-linking, chitosan molecular weight, chitosan concentration and amount of the encapsulated drug on the hydroquinone release kinetics was extensively investigated. It was found that slower drug release rates were obtained from microspheres prepared by using a higher initial concentration of chitosan, a higher molecular weight of chitosan or/and a lower drug concentration. Most importantly, it was shown that the release rate of hydroquinone was mainly controlled by the polymer cross-linking density and, thus, by the degree of swelling of the hydrogel matrix.
High Glucose Suppresses Human Islet Insulin Biosynthesis by Inducing miR-133a Leading to Decreased Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein-Expression (2010)

Prolonged high-glucose exposure down-regulates PTB levels and insulin biosynthesis rates in human islets by increasing miR-133a levels. We propose that this mechanism contributes to hyperglycemia-induced beta-cell dysfunction.
Modeling and Inverse Compensation of Temperature-Dependent Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite Sensor Dynamics (2010)

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) have intrinsic sensing capabilities. Like many other sensing materials, however, IPMC sensors demonstrate strong temperature-dependent behaviors. In this paper, we present the first systematic studies on temperature-dependent IPMC sensing dynamics. A cantilevered IPMC beam, soaked in a water bath with controlled temperature, is excited mechanically at its tip. The empirical frequency response of the sensor, with the tip displacement as an input and the short-circuit current as an output, shows a clear dependence on the bath temperature. The sensing dynamics is modeled with a transfer function with temperature-dependent coefficients. By fitting the values of the coefficients at a set of test temperatures, we capture the temperature dependence of the coefficients with polynomial functions, which can be used to predict the sensing dynamics at other temperatures. We also investigate the inversion of the sensing dynamics, for extracting the mechanical signal given the sensor output. A stable but noncausal inversion algorithm is applied to deal with the unstable zeros of the original sensing dynamics. Inversion with finite preview time is further explored to achieve near real-time decoding of the sensor output. Experimental results with both harmonic stimuli and free vibrations have validated the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and inversion schemes for IPMC sensors under different temperatures.
Performance of WDMA networks with baseband data packets and subcarrier multiplexed control channels (1993)

The use of subcarrier multiplexed control channels for wavelength-division multiple access (WDMA) networks transporting baseband data packets is investigated. The contention problem is analyzed, and general expressions are derived for the throughput of slotted and random-arrival networks with N access nodes and Q subcarriers. The throughput of the networks is significantly increased by using multiple subcarriers for control channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Crossmatch testing in kidney transplantation: patterns of practice and associations with rejection and graft survival. (2009)

Methods of crossmatch testing prior to kidney transplantation are not standardized and there are limited large-scale data on the use and outcomes implications of crossmatch modality. Data describing the most sensitive crossmatch modality for crossmatch-negative kidney transplants were drawn from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network Registry. Within the cohort transplanted in 1999-2005, we identified patient and transplant characteristics predictive of each testing modality by multivariate logistic regression. We assessed associations of crossmatch modality with rejection risk by logistic regression and with graft survival by Cox's hazards analysis. Among 230,995 transplants, use of flow cytometry with T-and B-lymphocytes (T&B FC) increased progressively in 1987-2005. Among the recent transplants performed in 1999-2005 (n=64,320), negative T&B FC crossmatch was associated with 15% lower relative risk of first-year acute rejection (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.89) compared to negative T-antihuman-globulin and B-National Institutes of Health/Wash (T AHG &B) crossmatch. Five-year graft survival after transplant with negative T&B FC (82.6%) was modestly better than after negative T AHG &B (81.4%, P= 0.008) or T AHG crossmatch (81.1%, P 0.0001), but on adjusted analysis was significantly different only among recipients from deceased donors and patients aged > 60 years. Many subgroups for whom negative T&B FC crossmatch predicted lower rejection risk (Caucasians, deceased donor recipients, re-transplants) were not more likely to be crossmatched by this method. We conclude that current practice patterns have not aligned utilization of T&B FC crossmatch with associated benefits. Prospective evaluation of the relationship of crossmatch modality with outcomes is warranted.
Vacuum emission of hot and ballistic electrons from GaAs (1996)

Intrinsic GaAs layers of 1 and 3 μm thickness on a highly doped n++-substrate, were covered with very thin Au layers (10 nm) in order to manufacture planar field emission cathodes. At nearly the tenfold Gunn field of about 50 kV/cm we observe the beginning of hot and ballistic electron emission into vacuum. The energy distributions span several eV, exceeding even 10 eV for thick samples. We have started to describe this high energy transport by means of Monte Carlo calculations including acoustic and optical phonon interaction of electrons, intervalley scattering, and impact ionization of valence band electrons. In earlier work we have done vacuum emission experiments, electron beam induced conductivity and Monte Carlo calculations to examine and analyze high field transport in ZnS and SiO2.
Smith predictor based pi controller design for a batch distillation column (2018)

The article presents a design and implementation of decentralized Proportional Integral (PI) controller with decoupler based on Smith Predictor for a Batch Distillation Column. Decoupler is used to minimize the interaction combining it with decentralized control algorithm. To minimize the loop interaction between the loops, an ideal decoupling technique is implemented on a First Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model. The PI controller is designed
using Smith Predictor method. The simulation of Smith
Predictor technique has been adopted to study the main
effect and the interaction effect of the Batch Distillation
Column. The controller is designed and implemented
on a Batch Distillation Column.
Structures from Anomalous Diffraction of Native Biological Macromolecules (2012)

Crystal structure analyses for biological macromolecules without known structural relatives entail solving the crystallographic phase problem. Typical de novo phase evaluations depend on incorporating heavier atoms than those found natively; most commonly, multi- or single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD or SAD) experiments exploit selenomethionyl proteins. Here, we realize routine structure determination using intrinsic anomalous scattering from native macromolecules. We devised robust procedures for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in the slight anomalous scattering from generic native structures by combining data measured from multiple crystals at lower-than-usual x-ray energy. Using this multicrystal SAD method (5 to 13 equivalent crystals), we determined structures at modest resolution (2.8 to 2.3 angstroms) for native proteins varying in size (127 to 1148 unique residues) and number of sulfur sites (3 to 28). With no requirement for heavy-atom incorporation, such experiments provide an attractive alternative to selenomethionyl SAD experiments.
Does the Evolution of International Criminal Law End with the ICC - The Roaming ICC: A Model International Criminal Court for a State-Centric World of International Law (2020)

If women, children, and old people would be murdered a hundred miles from here ... wouldn 't you run to help?Then why do you stop this decision of your heart when the distance is 3,000 miles instead of a hundred?" Raphael Lemkin 1 I. INTRODUCTIONGetting the world to agree on any issue of global importance is an extremely arduous task. 2 Almost all international agreements require years of negotiations,
Electromagnetic Modeling of RFID-Modulated Scattering Mechanism. Application to Tag Performance Evaluation (2010)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology relies on the modulated scattering technique (MST) as a means to convey the information from the tag to the reader. The interaction mechanism between the reader and the tag is described in a physically meaningful way by the reciprocity theorem which is deeply rooted into Maxwell equations. This approach provides a simple and yet complete formulation that allows to fully describe the interaction between the reader and the tag, even in complex environments. From this formulation, a clear understanding is derived on how the different design tradeoffs affect system performance. Based on this approach, the paper is focused on several issues of practical relevance for antenna tag design such as maximum power transfer, maximum sensitivity, and nonlinearity effects.
Vibrating Microcantilever used as Viscometer and Microrheometer (2006)

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that vibrating microcantilevers can be used (1) to measure the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid for a wide range of viscosities and (2) to determine the viscoelastic properties of a Maxwellian fluid. To widen the viscosity measurement range of more classical microcantilever-based viscometers, the frequency spectrum of a vibrating microcantilever is studied instead of restricting the focus to shifts in resonant frequency and quality factor measurements. Results of experiments are presented to validate that, even if no resonant phenomenon occurs, viscosity measurements are possible. The same approach can be used for the determination of viscoelastic properties of complex fluids. To this end, a new analytical model has been developed and the preliminary measurements are encouraging for the development of a microrheometer on a chip.
From rooms to Cyberspace: models of interaction in large virtual computer spaces (1993)

Room metaphors have become increasingly popular as a basis for CSCW systems. The paper describes how such metaphors might be extended to support large scale communication through the introduction of a spatial model for mediating conversations in virtual computer spaces. The model is described in terms of an abstract mathematical framework and the paper then outlines how this might be applied to various kinds of CSCW system. As a next step, the combination of rooms into larger virtual structures is considered and this results in proposals for structuring, navigating and mapping a large virtual Cyberspace for cooperation. Finally, the paper describes a current prototype application and reflects on some of the architectural issues involved in its realisation as a distributed system.
Induction and characterization of lysogenic bacteriophages from<i>Streptococcus iniae</i> (2013)

This is the first description and characterization of lysogenic phages from Strep. iniae. These phages are candidates for research and diagnosis of the bacterium and their identification should accelerate the discovery of lytic phages to be trialled against Strep. iniae infections in fish.