gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resveratrol derivatives: a patent review (2009 – 2012) (2013)

The ability of resveratrol to interact with a disparate array of subcellular targets is uncanny. Nonetheless, even though limited or no toxicity is apparent, the molecule is not a panacea due to lack of potency and issues with bioavailability. Thus, as witnessed by a number of patents, a large assortment of derivatives have been synthesized under the guise of having superior characteristics for treating or preventing various diseases or for use as neutraceutics and cosmetics. Some of these suppositions are probably correct, but evidence-based applications are essentially nil due to a lack of commitment in terms of investing the resources necessary for the conduct of obligatory clinical trials. Current usage is largely based on anecdotes and publicity. Hopefully, at some point in time, it will be possible to follow a standard protocol with a predicable outcome.
Development of SyneBrick Vectors As a Synthetic Biology Platform for Gene Expression in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (2017)

Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes that are able to assimilate CO<sub>2</sub> using solar energy and water. Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria has suggested the possibility of direct CO<sub>2</sub> conversion to value-added chemicals. However, engineering of cyanobacteria has been limited due to the lack of various genetic tools for expression and control of multiple genes to reconstruct metabolic pathways for biochemicals from CO<sub>2</sub>. Thus, we developed SyneBrick vectors as a synthetic biology platform for gene expression in <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC 7942 as a model cyanobacterium. The SyneBrick chromosomal integration vectors provide three inducible expression systems to control gene expression and three neutral sites for chromosomal integrations. Using a SyneBrick vector, LacI-regulated gene expression led to 24-fold induction of the eYFP reporter gene with 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducer in <i>S. elongatus</i> PCC 7942 under 5% (v/v) CO<sub>2</sub>. TetR-regulated gene expression led to 19-fold induction of the GFP gene when 100 nM anhydrotetracycline (aTc) inducer was used. Gene expression decreased after 48 h due to degradation of aTc under light. T7 RNA polymerase-based gene expression resulted in efficient expression with a lower IPTG concentration than a previously developed pTrc promoter. A library of T7 promoters can be used for tunable gene expression. In summary, SyneBrick vectors were developed as a synthetic biology platform for gene expression in <i>S. elongatus</i> PCC 7942. These results will accelerate metabolic engineering of biosolar cell factories through expressing and controlling multiple genes of interest.
Learning to Do Less with Less: The Hawai'i State Budget for Fiscal Year 2011 (2011)

The economic downturn in 2008 created budgetary problems for the state of Hawai'i through 2010. The 2009 biennial budget anticipated a shortfall of $2.1 billion. Tax increases, contract renegotiations, employee furloughs, and across-the-board cuts implemented in 2009 and continued in 2010, were not enough, and the governor and the legislature became locked in a struggle over priorities. For reasons unique to Hawai'i, certain departments and programs shouldered the brunt of these cuts while others remained relatively unscathed.
Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste (1991)

When nuclear fuel is irradiated in a power reactor a wide range of chemical elements is created by the fission of uranium and plutonium. These fission products include palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, and could in principle constitute a valuable source of these three metals. Their separation front the fuel during reprocessing operations is, however, a complex mutter. Various processes have been proposed and evaluated, mainly on a laboratory scale. To date none of them has been established as applicable on a commercial scale, but investigations with this aim are continuing in several countries. Even a complete separation of the platinum group metals from other nuclides would yield a radioactive product, because of the presence of active isotopes of the platinum group metals. These would be expected to restrict the practical utilisation of platinum group metals created by nuclear fission, unless an isotope separation technique can be developed, or the metals are stored until the radioactivity has decayed.
Utility of high doses of melatonin as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in a child with severe myoclonic epilepsy: Two years' experience (1997)

Recent data indicate that melatonin inhibits brain glutamate receptors and nitric oxide production, thus suggesting that it may exert a neuroprotective and antiexcitotoxic effect. Melatonin has been seen to prevent seizures in several animal models and to decrease epileptic manifestations in humans. The lack of response to conventional anticonvulsants in an epileptic child led us to use melatonin in this case. A female child who began to have convulsive seizures at the age of 1.5 months and was diagnosed as having severe myoclonic epilepsy was unsuccessfully treated with different combinations of anticonvulsants, including valproic acid, phenobarbital, clonazepam, vigabatrin, lamotrigin, and clobazam. Melatonin was thus added to the treatment. Imaging studies (CT, SPECT, and MNR), EEG recordings, blood biochemical, and hematological analyses, including measures of the circadian rhythm of melatonin, were made. The child was initially treated with various anticonvulsants. Severe neurological and psychomotor deterioration combined with increased seizure activity showed a lack of response to the treatment. At the age of 29 mon the patient was in a pre-comatose stage at which time melatonin was added to treatment. After 1 month of melatonin plus phenobarbital therapy and for a year thereafter, the child's seizures were under control. On reducing the melatonin dose after this time, however, seizures resumed and the patient's condition was re-stabilized after restoring melatonin. Prior to our attempts to reduce melatonin, all analyses, including EEG recordings and SPECT, were normal. As far as the results of neurological examination are concerned, only mild hypotony without focalization remained. Changes in the therapeutic schedules during the second year of melatonin treatment, including the withdrawal of phenobarbital, did not result in the same degree of seizure control, although progressively the child became satisfactorily controlled. At the present moment the child continues to have mild hypotony and shows attention disorder and irritability. Melatonin has proven to be useful as adjunctive therapy in the clinical control of this case of severe infantile myoclonic epilepsy. The results suggest that melatonin may have a useful role in mechanisms of neuroprotection and also indicate its use in other cases of untreatable epilepsy. Further studies using more patients and placebo-treatment would be beneficial in understanding the potential use of melatonin as a co-therapy in some cases of seizures.
24 Gbit/s regenerating demultiplexer IC in silicon bipolar technology (1991)

A 1 : 2 regenerating demultiplexer IC has been realised in an advanced selfaligned silicon bipolar technology using 0.8 μm lithography. The circuit can be operated up to 24 Gbit/s at 5 V supply voltage. This is by far the highest data rate reported for a demultiplexer in any IC technology.
Phenotypic and Functional Effects of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibition on Dendritic Cell (2007)

The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) plays an important role in conformational regulation of cellular proteins and thereby cellular signaling and function. As Hsp90 is considered a key component of immune function and its inhibition has become an important target for cancer therapy, we here evaluated the role of Hsp90 in human dendritic cell (DC) phenotype and function. Hsp90 inhibition significantly decreased cell surface expression of costimulatory (CD40, CD80, CD86), maturation (CD83), and MHC (HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DP, DQ, DR) markers in immature DC and mature DC and was associated with down-regulation of both RNA and intracellular protein expression. Importantly, Hsp90 inhibition significantly inhibited DC function. It decreased Ag uptake, processing, and presentation by immature DC, leading to reduced T cell proliferation in response to tetanus toxoid as a recall Ag. It also decreased the ability of mature DC to present Ag to T cells and secrete IL-12 as well as induce IFN-gamma secretion by allogeneic T cells. These data therefore demonstrate that Hsp90-mediated protein folding is required for DC function and, conversely, Hsp90 inhibition disrupts the DC function of significant relevance in the setting of clinical trials evaluating novel Hsp90 inhibitor therapy in cancer.
Implants in dentistry : essentials of endosseous implants for maxillofacial reconstruction (1997)

Pretreatment Considerations: Dental Implants: An Historical Perspective. Resorption Patterns of the Residual Ridge. Medical Evaluation. Anatomic Considerations: A: Mandible B: Maxilla. Radiographic Planning for Dental Implants. Healing of Endosseous Implants. A: Biocompatibility and Biofunctionality. Materials. B: Biomechanics of Dental Implants. Restorative Considerations: Principles of Implant Prosthodontics. Implant Screw Mechanics. Overdentures. Hybrid Dentures. Fixed Prosthodontics. Development of the Occlusal Scheme in Implant Prosthodontics. Surgical Considerations: Anesthesia, Incision Design, Surgical Principles, Exposure Techniques. Placementof Implants Into Extraction Sites. Implants and Orthodontics. Inferior Nerve Considerations. A: Guided Bone Regeneration. B: The Use of Membrane Technique to Regenerate Bone with Endosseous Dental Implants. Maxillary Sinus Bone Grafting. Team Management of Atrophic Edentulism with Autogenous Inlay, Veneer, And Split Grafts with Endosseous Implants. Composite Grafting. Reconstruction of the Compromised Patient. Soft Tissue and Microbiological Considerations: Periodontal Considerationsfor Dental Implants. Microbiology of Dental Implants. Diagnosis and Treatment of the Failing Implant. Medical Legal Ramifications of Dental Implants.
Optical information processing by synthesis of the coherence function (1994)

We propose an optical parallel information processing technique adopting synthesis of the optical coherence function by using direct frequency modulation of a laser diode. The optical coherence function having a delta-function-like shape can be synthesized by modulating the laser frequency with an appropriate waveform. In this optical parallel information processing system, selective extraction of two-dimensional information from a three-dimensional semitransparent object, and other operations between two-dimensional information, can be carried out. This manner has no mechanical moving part, and there is no need for calculation by combining with holographic method. In this paper, the method to synthesize the optical coherence function is studied in detail. The manner to improve the suppression ratio of unnecessary subpeaks in the delta-function-like coherence function is studied both in theory and experiments. Moreover, notch-shaped optical coherence function is also studied. Selective extraction and selective masking of a two-dimensional information from a three-dimensional object was successfully performed in basic experiments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Linearity analysis of CMOS for RF application (2003)

The linearity of CMOS is analyzed. Transconductance and output conductance are two dominant nonlinear sources of CMOS. Capacitances and substrate leakage network do not generate any significant distortions. But they reduce the output impedance for the best linearity and the power in at a high frequency and the output conductance nonlinearity is significantly at a high frequency. Up to a few GHz, the output conductance is the dominant nonlinear source, and at a higher frequency, the transconductance is the dominant nonlinearity source. OIP3 is reduced by the effects of those components. OIP3s are calculated for various gate length processes. CMOS linearity is dependent only on current density and drain bias voltage but is not dependent on gate length.
Preparation and Tribological Behaviors of an Amide-Containing Stratified Self-Assembled Monolayers on Silicon Surface (2007)

An amide-containing stratified self-assembled film is grafted on a silicon surface by a simple two-step method. First, N-[3-(trimethoxylsilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DA) molecules are self-assembled on silicon surfaces followed by deriving with stearoyl chloride (STC) through a surface coupling reaction. The films are characterized by means of contact angle measurement, ellipsometry, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. STC forms an ordered and hydrophobic film over the DA layer with a water contact angle of nearly 110 degrees. A microtribological study of the films is carried out on an atomic force microscope (AFM), and the wear-resistant property is tested on a ball-on-plate tribometer. Compared to the films in our previous study, the friction-reducing and load-affording abilities of the film are greatly improved. We contribute the improvements to the existence of two layers of hydrogen bonds, which can enhance the stability of the film by double in-plane cross-linking.
The Link between Phylogeny and Virulence in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Extraintestinal Infection (1999)

Previous studies suggesting a link between Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups and extraintestinal virulence have been hampered by the difficulty in establishing the intrinsic virulence of a bacterial strain. Indeed, unidentified virulence factors do exist, and the susceptibility of the host to infection is highly variable. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a mouse model of extraintestinal virulence to test the virulence of the strains under normalized conditions. We then assessed the phylogenetic relationships compared to the E. coli reference (ECOR) collection, the presence of several known virulence determinants, and the lethality to mice of 82 human adult E. coli strains isolated from normal feces and during the course of extraintestinal infections. Commensal strains belong mainly to phylogenetic groups A and B1, are devoid of virulence determinants, and do not kill the mice. Strains exhibiting the same characteristics as the commensal strains can be isolated under pathogenic conditions, thus indicating the role of host-dependent factors, such as susceptibility linked to underlying disease, in the development of infection. Some strains of phylogenetic groups A, B1, and D are able to kill the mice, their virulence being most often correlated with the presence of virulence determinants. Lastly, strains of the B2 phylogenetic group represent a divergent lineage of highly virulent strains which kill the mice at high frequency and possess the highest level of virulence determinants. The observed link between virulence and phylogeny could correspond to the necessity of virulence determinants in a genetic background that is adequate for the emergence of a virulent clone, an expression of the interdependency of pathogenicity and metabolic activities in pathogenic bacteria.
An automated integration approach for semi-structured and structured data (2002)

As data access beyond the traditional intranet boundary is popular on the Internet these days, the demand for an integrated and uniform method for accessing Web data sources that are different in structures and semantics is increasing. This demand is partly driven by users who want to access more diverse information, such as up-to-date information on stock market, entertainment, news, and science. The demand is also partly driven by information providers who provide information service to customers on the Web. The authors present an approach to integrate semi-structured data sources and structured data sources by using an automated structure resolution approach. The structure resolution approach can easily be adopted to i) integrate existing relations in the relational database model into semi-structured data sources, and ii) merge sets of semi-structured data that have different structures with no human intervention. The integration of multiple data sources by using our approach results in the unified view (UV) of the data sources, which is presented in an XML DTD format. UV can be used for query optimization on heterogeneous data sources.
Development of the transistor (1990)

The development of the transistor may be conveniently considered to have occurred in two phases. Firstly, the decade 1952-1962 encompassed the period from the invention of the grown junction transistor to the advent of the planar process and was one of rapid technical transition. During this time, a wide variety of methods of construction followed each other in rapid succession. Furthermore, improvements in import ant electrical parameters such as reverse junction breakdown voltage, frequency response and power handling capacity established the transistor as a viable alternative to the thermionic valve, which, in spite of further miniaturisation, began to be replaced over an increasingly wide range of applications. A fundamentally important development which occurred was the replacement of germanium by silicon as the basic semiconductor material for device manufacture. This change was made principally because of the ability of silicon to operate over a much wider temperature range, this factor being of particular interest to the military. The introduction of the planar transistor towards the end of the decade gave a further stimulus to the use of silicon. This was because the planar process could not be adapted to the fabrication of germanium devices. The second phase began with the development of planar technology which established the basis for the development and manufacture of the integrated circuit, and already by the latter period of the decade was being used for the construction of both bipolar and field-effect transistors. It was at the end of this period, therefore, that the basic technology was developed upon which subsequent improvements in semiconductor manufacture have been made. What follows is an account of the major advances in device technology, starting with the grown junction transistor and leading to the development of the silicon integrated circuit. Next, a brief survey outlines further developments which have arisen as a consequence of the impact of the integrated circuit. The three final sections of this chapter consider the evolution of the small signal semiconductor diode, the power rectifier and the thyristor.
Predicting Failures of Vision Systems (2014)

Computer vision systems today fail frequently. They also fail abruptly without warning or explanation. Alleviating the former has been the primary focus of the community. In this work, we hope to draw the community's attention to the latter, which is arguably equally problematic for real applications. We promote two metrics to evaluate failure prediction. We show that a surprisingly straightforward and general approach, that we call ALERT, can predict the likely accuracy (or failure) of a variety of computer vision systems - semantic segmentation, vanishing point and camera parameter estimation, and image memorability prediction - on individual input images. We also explore attribute prediction, where classifiers are typically meant to generalize to new unseen categories. We show that ALERT can be useful in predicting failures of this transfer. Finally, we leverage ALERT to improve the performance of a downstream application of attribute prediction: zero-shot learning. We show that ALERT can outperform several strong baselines for zero-shot learning on four datasets.
Generation of multipotent cell lines from a distinct population of male germ line stem cells (2008)

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) maintain spermatogenesis by self-renewal and generation of spermatogonia committed to differentiation. Under certain in vitro conditions, SSCs from both neonatal and adult mouse testis can reportedly generate multipotent germ cell (mGC) lines that have characteristics and differentiation potential similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, mGCs generated in different laboratories showed different germ cell characteristics, i.e., some retain their SSC properties and some have lost them completely. This raises an important question: whether mGC lines have been generated from different subpopulations in the mouse testes. To unambiguously identify and track germ line stem cells, we utilized a transgenic mouse model expressing green fluorescence protein under the control of a germ cell-specific Pou5f1 (Oct4) promoter. We found two distinct populations among the germ line stem cells with regard to their expression of transcription factor Pou5f1 and c-Kit receptor. Only the POU5F1+/c-Kit+ subset of mouse germ line stem cells, when isolated from either neonatal or adult testes and cultured in a complex mixture of growth factors, generates cell lines that express pluripotent ES markers, i.e., Pou5f1, Nanog, Sox2, Rex1, Dppa5, SSEA-1, and alkaline phosphatase, exhibit high telomerase activity, and differentiate into multiple lineages, including beating cardiomyocytes, neural cells, and chondrocytes. These data clearly show the existence of two distinct populations within germ line stem cells: one destined to become SSC and the other with the ability to generate multipotent cell lines with some pluripotent characteristics. These findings raise interesting questions about the relativity of pluripotency and the plasticity of germ line stem cells.
Navigating Extracted Data with Schema Discovery. (2007)

Open Information Extraction (OIE) is a recently-introduced type of information extraction that extracts small individual pieces of data from input text without any domainspecific guidance such as special training data or extraction rules. For example, an OIE system might discover the triple Frenzy, year, 1972 from a set of documents about movies. Because OIE is domain-independent, it promises to help users when they have a corpus of structured data, but that structure is unknown, such as when browsing a novel domain or formulating a query. We can describe the structure to the user by displaying a relational schema that fits the extracted data. Unfortunately, the extractions do not carry full schema information: we have extracted values, but not the correct relations, their rows, or their columns. In response we propose TGen, an algorithm for schema discovery, which automatically derives a high-quality relational schema for the extracted data. Different applications have different schema-design requirements, which can be encoded as input to TGen. We show that our data-mining approach runs in minutes on millions of documents while still resulting in schemas that are useful for exploring unfamiliar data or for composing queries over extracted data. 1.