gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptations of the A* algorithm for the computation of fastest paths in deterministic discrete-time dynamic networks (2002)

This paper extends the A* methodology to shortest path problems in dynamic networks, in which arc travel times are time dependent. We present efficient adaptations of the A* algorithm for computing fastest (minimum travel time) paths from one origin node to one destination node, for one as well as multiple departure times at the origin node, in a class of dynamic networks the link travel times of which satisfy the first-in-first-out property. We summarize useful properties of dynamic networks and develop improved lower bounds on minimum travel times. These lower bounds are exploited in designing efficient adaptations of the A* algorithm to solve instances of the one-to-one dynamic fastest path problem. The developed algorithms are implemented and their computational performance is analyzed experimentally. The performance of the computer implementations of the adaptations of the A* algorithm are compared to a dynamic adaptation of Dijkstra's algorithm, stopped when the destination node is selected. Comparative computational results obtained demonstrate that the algorithms of this paper are efficient. Using a network containing 3000 nodes, 10 000 links, and 100 time intervals, the dynamic adaptations of the A* led to a savings ratio of 11, in terms of number of nodes selected, and to a savings ratio of five in terms of computation time. The effect of the network size on the performance of these adaptations is also studied. It is shown that the computational savings in term of both the number of nodes selected and the computation time, increase with the size of the network topology.
Human Pregnancy Serum Contains at Least Two Distinct Proteolytic Activities with the Ability To Degrade Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (1997)

The presence of a proteolytic activity in sera from pregnant humans and rodents capable of degrading insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been known for some time. However, the identity of this activity has remained elusive. We have attempted to purify the IGFBP-3 protease activity from pregnant human serum (PHS) using the degradation of 125I-IGFBP-3 as a marker. Following ammonium sulfate precipitation of PHS and further enrichment of active fractions by ion-exchange, protein-A Sepharose, and size-exclusion chromatography, a protease of approximately 70–90 kDa was isolated and subjected to N-terminal analysis. The N-terminal sequence was consistent with plasminogen, a known fibrinolytic enzyme. To further characterize the IGFBP-3 protease activities in both PHS and nonpregnant human serum (NHS), aliquots of serum were first enriched by polyethylene glycol-precipitation and subjected to size-exclusion chromatography. The size-separated fractions were then incubated with 125I-IGFBP-3, and proteolytic activity was measured. PHS contained two separate proteases (>150 kDa and 70–90 kDa), whereas NHS contained only one (70–90 kDa) that had a inhibitor profile similar to plasmin. However, inhibitors of plasmin had no effect on the activity of the >150-kDa protease. Plasminogen activators (PAs) greatly increased the activity of the 70- to 90-kDa protease, but had little effect on the >150-kDa protease activity. Addition of PAs greatly increased the ability of NHS to proteolyze IGFBP-3. In contrast, the ability of plasminogen-depleted plasma to degrade 125I-IGFBP-3 was not affected by the addition of PAs. Both urokinase and tissue-type PA had the ability to proteolyze IGFBP-3 and were, in contrast to the >150-kDa protease activity, inhibited by the specific PA inhibitor D-PHE-PRO-ARG chloromethyl ketone. The present data suggest that sera has the ability to proteolyze IGFBP-3, and that this ability, as demonstrated by NHS, can be regulated by protease inhibitors and PAs. In addition, PHS does indeed contain an unique IGFBP-3 protease activity that is not present in NHS, and its identity is unknown at this time.
ChemInform Abstract: High Surface Area Mo<sub>2</sub>C and WC Prepared by Alkalide Reduction. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electron transport in heavily doped bases of InP/GaInAs HBT's probed by magneto transport experiments (1996)

Magneto transport experiments were carried out to study electron transport in the p-type base of InP/GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's). Electron minority carrier mobility was measured in the /spl deg/K for two dopant concentrations in the base. The experimentally obtained mobility is compared to the theoretically predicted one. The scattering mechanisms considered in the calculations are screened ionized impurity scattering, alloy scattering, and coupled plasmon polar optical phonon scattering. The latter is calculated in the random phase approximation. The Boltzman transport equation (BTE) is solved to obtain the ratio between the measured mobility and the drift mobility. Good agreement was obtained between the measured results and the calculated ones for temperatures above 100 /spl deg/K. At lower temperatures the calculated results differ from the experimental ones, probably due to hot electron effects.
First steps towards tissue engineering of small‐diameter blood vessels: Preparation of flat scaffolds of collagen and elastin by means of freeze drying (2005)

Porous scaffolds composed of collagen or collagen and elastin were prepared by freeze drying at temperatures between -18 and -196 degrees C. All scaffolds had a porosity of 90-98% and a homogeneous distribution of pores. Freeze drying at -18 degrees C afforded collagen and collagen/elastin matrices with average pore sizes of 340 and 130 mum, respectively. After 20 successive cycles up to 10% of strain, collagen/elastin dense films had a total degree of strain recovery of 70% +/- 5%, which was higher than that of collagen films (42% +/- 6%). Crosslinking of collagen/elastin matrices either in water or ethanol/water (40% v/v) was carried out using a carbodiimide (N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC) in combination with a succinimide (N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS) in the presence or absence of a diamine (J230) or by reaction with butanediol diglycidylether (BDGE), followed by EDC/NHS. Crosslinking with EDC/NHS or EDC/NHS/J230 resulted in matrices with increased stiffness as compared to noncrosslinked matrices, whereas sequential crosslinking with the diglycidylether and EDC/NHS yielded very brittle scaffolds. Ethanol/water was the preferred solvent in the crosslinking process because of its ability to preserve the open porous structure during crosslinking. Smooth muscle cells were seeded on the (crosslinked) scaffolds and could be expanded during 14 days of culturing.
The numerical computation of three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers (1982)

The governing equations for compressible three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers in a general coordinate system are given. Methods for the solution of these equations and their integral counterparts are descibed and compared. The available finite difference techniques are discussed in detail. (Author)
Comparison of Motion Blur Measurement Methods (2008)

Motion blur is a significant display property for which accurate, valid measurement methods are needed. Recent measurements of a set of eight displays by a set of six measurement devices provide an opportunity to evaluate techniques of measurement and of the analysis of those measurements.
Sulfonamide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: DNA sequence of the gene encoding dihydropteroate synthase and characterization of the enzyme (1987)

A chromosomal gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae carrying a spontaneous mutation to sulfonamide resistance was identified. Comparison of its DNA sequence with the wild-type sequence showed that the mutation, sul-d, consisted of an insert of 6 base pairs, a repeat of an adjacent 6-base-pair segment. The gene encoded a 34-kilodalton polypeptide, SulA, which as a dimer or trimer constituted the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. This was shown by enzyme activity measurements, expression in minicells of Bacillus subtilis, and the amino-terminal sequence of the polypeptide product. Subcloning of the gene in an Escherichia coli expression vector allowed purification of the enzyme to 80% homogeneity in a single step and at high yield. Although a deleted plasmid, pLS83, produced the mutant dihydropteroate synthase, it did not confer sulfonamide resistance in vivo. It is suggested that the SulA polypeptide is also a component of an enzyme that acts in another step of folate biosynthesis and that this step is inhibited in vivo by either free or conjugated sulfonamides.
Using global unique identifiers to link autism collections (2010)

Generic unique identifiers have the potential to link collections of research data, augment the amount and types of data available for individuals, support detection of overlap between collections, and facilitate replication of research findings.
Two different Escherichia coli capsular polysaccharide depolymerases each associated with one of the coliphage φK5 and φK20 (1991)

The Escherichia coli capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) K5 and K20 are known as primary receptors for the coliphage phi K5 and phi K20, respectively. A host range study of the phage revealed that E. coli K5 strains were not only lysed by phi K5 but also by phi K20, and furthermore that the E. coli K95 test strain was attacked by phi K5 in addition to K5 strains. In order to find out whether the phage can degrade the K antigens, the interaction of the phage with isolated polysaccharides was studied. It could be demonstrated that phi K5 was able to depolymerize the K5 and K95 polysaccharides and that phi K20 showed degrading activity towards the antigens K20 and K5. Obviously, each of the phages was associated with two different enzyme systems which enabled them to recognize and depolymerize chemically unrelated polysaccharides.
Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation (1986)

The Extraction System utilizes heat transferred from the geothermal fluids into a closed combined Heat Pipe/Organic Rankine Cycle. The system overcomes problems of reinjection, two phase fluid movement and environmental pollution by bringing a clean secondary fluid to the surface. Reservoir fracturing and primary fluid movement will also be covered.
Drug Discovery from Floridian Mangrove Endophytes (2012)

The wide dissemination and expanding applications of functional MRI have not escaped the attention of the media or discussion in the wider public arena. From the bench to the bedside, this technology has introduced substantial ethical challenges. Are the boundaries of what it can and cannot achieve being communicated to the public? Are its limitations understood? And given the complexities that are inherent to neuroscience, are current avenues for communication adequate?
1,2,3-Triazole analogues of 2-aminobenzylamine (1970)

4-Amino-5-aminomethyl-1,2,3-triazoles, further substituted in the 1-, 2-, or 3-position by a methyl- or benzyl-group, were made by reducing the corresponding 4-amino-5-cyanotriazoles, obtained by the reaction of 4-amino-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamides with phosphoryl chloride in dimethylformamide [4-dimethylaminomethyleneamino-analogues, e.g.(III), were isolated as intermediates].
Identification of active phases in Au–Fe catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation (1999)

In the light of a recent study which identified the beneficial influence of poorly crystallised ferrihydrite Fe5HO8·4H2O on the activity of CO conversion catalysts comprising gold nanoparticles on oxidic iron, we have investigated three series of ferrihydrite-rich samples prepared by coprecipitation. The samples were structurally and chemically characterised using X-ray diffraction and both 57Fe and 197Au Mössbauer spectroscopy, and tested for CO oxidation at room temperature using a microreactor with on-line GC. The highest activity, 100% conversion after 20 min on line, was observed in a dried sample that contained ferrihydrite and a non-crystalline and possibly hydrated gold oxyhydroxide phase, AuOOH·xH2O. The activity of the same materials after calcination, where the gold was transformed to 3–5 nm Au metal particles and the ferrihydrite to hematite, was less than ca. 7%. This is the first report of a synergistic interaction between AuOOH·xH2O and ferrihydrite resulting in an active catalyst for room temperature CO oxidation, and contrasts with previous work which has been interpreted in terms of the requirement for metallic Au nanoparticles.
Characterizations of six ethanolamine sphingophospholipids from Paramecium cells and cilia. (1984)

Six ethanolamine sphingophospholipids from axenically cultured Paramecium tetraurelia were isolated from cells and purified ciliary fractions, and were characterized. The sphingolipids comprised 10.7% of whole cell and 32.5% of ciliary ethanolamine phospholipid fractions purified by ion exchange column chromatography. The individual sphingolipids were characterized by thin-layer chromatographic analyses of parent compounds and the polar head group and long chain base moieties, gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry of amide-linked fatty acids and long chain bases, and nuclear magnetic resonance of the compounds. Colorimetric assays of differential hydrolysis products and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance were used to determine the nature of phosphorus linkages. The sphingolipids were identified as N-acyl-trans-4-hydroxy-sphinganine-1- phosphonoethanolamine , N-acyl-trans-4-hydroxy-sphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine, N-acyl-sphingenine-1- phosphonoethanolamine , N-acyl-sphingenine-1-phosphoethanolamine, N-acyl-sphinganine-1- phosphonoethanolamine and N-acyl-sphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine. All six had greater than 90% saturated fatty acids. These sphingolipids were quantified by radioisotope methods and plate densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Changes in the relative amounts of each species were detected in cells grown in different culture media as well as in cells at different culture ages.
Dominant-Negative Effects of a Novel Mutated <i>Ins2</i> Allele Causes Early-Onset Diabetes and Severe β-Cell Loss in Munich <i>Ins2</i>C95S Mutant Mice (2007)

The novel diabetic mouse model Munich Ins2(C95S) was discovered within the Munich N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mouse mutagenesis screen. These mice exhibit a T-->A transversion in the insulin 2 (Ins2) gene at nucleotide position 1903 in exon 3, which leads to the amino acid exchange C95S and loss of the A6-A11 intrachain disulfide bond. From 1 month of age onwards, blood glucose levels of heterozygous Munich Ins2(C95S) mutant mice were significantly increased compared with controls. The fasted and postprandial serum insulin levels of the heterozygous mutants were indistinguishable from those of wild-type littermates. However, serum insulin levels after glucose challenge, pancreatic insulin content, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) beta-cell indices of heterozygous mutants were significantly lower than those of wild-type littermates. The initial blood glucose decrease during an insulin tolerance test was lower and HOMA insulin resistance indices were significantly higher in mutant mice, indicating the development of insulin resistance in mutant mice. The total islet volume, the volume density of beta-cells in the islets, and the total beta-cell volume of heterozygous male mutants was significantly reduced compared with wild-type mice. Electron microscopy of the beta-cells of male mutants showed virtually no secretory insulin granules, the endoplasmic reticulum was severely enlarged, and mitochondria appeared swollen. Thus, Munich Ins2(C95S) mutant mice are considered a valuable model to study the mechanisms of beta-cell dysfunction and death during the development of diabetes.
New Method for the Preparation and Stabilization of Nanoparticulate <i>t</i> ‐ZrO <sub>2</sub> by a Combined Sol–Gel and Solvothermal Process (2007)

Nonstabilized and silica‐stabilized zirconia (ZrO 2 ) crystallites with sizes between 3 and 4 nm were synthesized by a novel combined sol–gel and solvothermal process. After adding zirconium n ‐propoxide to a solution of isobutanol, propionic acid, and water, a transparent nanoparticulate sol was synthesized by a sol–gel process. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the amorphous ZrO 2 nanoparticles was approximately 5 nm. A following solvothermal process led to a crystalline fraction of the powder consisting of 31 wt% tetragonal ( t ) phase ZrO 2 . This fraction was doubled to 61 wt% by adding 10 mol% 3‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTS) and increased to 96 wt% by a subsequent calcination at 800°C. The crystallite sizes were also confirmed by means of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Male Sterility in Tomato (1997)

Abstract Male sterility research has been directed toward two goals: identifying genes required for the pollen development pathway and, more practically, identifying genetically stable lines that can be used in hybrid seed-breeding programs. The present resurgence of interest in male sterility remains true to these goals, but in addition seeks a molecular understanding of pollen development in order to genetically engineer controllable male sterility for hybrid seed production. In this review, we discuss the genetic and histochemical studies of tomato male sterile mutants that were conducted prior to 1970 in the context of gene expression and interaction. We also examine the use of molecular biological techniques in recent studies of male sterility and report on the current strategies being used for hybrid seed production.
OpenMP Language Features (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction, Terminology, Parallel Construct, Sharing the Work among Threads in an OpenMP Program, Clauses to Control Parallel and Work-Sharing Constructs, OpenMP Synchronization Constructs, Interaction with the Execution Environment, More OpenMP Clauses, Advanced OpenMP Constructs, Wrap-Up
Patients with Refractory Seizures (1999)

In the United States, epilepsy affects approximately 0.6 percent of the population (1.6 million persons) and has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 3 percent (and will thus affect 7.2 million persons).1 For the majority of patients, epileptic seizures are controlled with a single antiepileptic drug, which may be withdrawn when the patient has been without seizures for two years.2 Some patients, however, do not become completely free of seizures even though they comply scrupulously with the prescribed regimen. Aside from having deleterious effects on health, persistent epileptic seizures have psychosocial, behavioral, and cognitive consequences and often impose a financial burden. . . .
Control of T cell metabolism and regulatory T cell generation by a DRAK2/p70S6K1 signaling axis (113.19) (2011)

Abstract The delicate balance between effector T cells (Teff cells) and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is crucial for preventing autoimmunity while maintaining efficient immune function. Mice deficient in the serine/threonine kinase, Dap Related Apoptosis inducing Kinase 2 (DRAK2), are resistant to T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune diseases yet retain antiviral immunity. Here we show that DRAK2 dictates the fate of a naïve T cells by regulating their metabolism. This is achieved through amplifying the activity of p70S6K1 in a parallel manner to mTORC1, which leads to an increase in glycolytic metabolism, a process required for Teff cell survival. In addition, we find that the inhibition of the DRAK2/p70S6K1 axis promotes the generation of Treg cells similar to mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin. By regulating T cell metabolism and Treg cell generation, the DRAK2/p70S6K1 signaling axis orchestrates the balance between Teff cells and Treg cells. Blockade of DRAK2, which is most highly expressed in lymphocytes, may offer an alternative and selective approach vs. rapamycin in the suppression of autoimmunity.
Human neutrophils uniquely release TIMP-free MMP-9 to provide a potent catalytic stimulator of angiogenesis (2007)

Several lines of evidence have implicated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as a protease inducing an angiogenic switch critical for tumor progression. Among MMP-9-expressing cell types, including cancer cells and tumor-associated leukocytes, inflammatory neutrophils appear to provide an important source of MMP-9 for tumor angiogenesis. However, delivery of MMP-9 by neutrophils has not been mechanistically linked to its catalytic activity at the angiogenic site. By using a modified angiogenic model, allowing for a direct analysis of exogenously added cells and their products in collagen onplants grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo, we demonstrate that intact human neutrophils and their granule contents are highly angiogenic. Furthermore, purified neutrophil MMP-9, isolated from the released granules as a zymogen (proMMP-9), constitutes a distinctly potent proangiogenic moiety inducing angiogenesis at subnanogram levels. The angiogenic response induced by neutrophil proMMP-9 required activation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-free zymogen and the catalytic activity of the activated enzyme. That the high angiogenic potency of neutrophil proMMP-9 is associated with its unique TIMP-free status was confirmed when a generated and purified stoichiometric complex of neutrophil proMMP-9 with TIMP-1 failed to induce angiogenesis. Recombinant human proMMP-9, operationally free of TIMP-1, also induced angiogenesis at subnanomolar levels, but lost its proangiogenic potential when stoichiometrically complexed with TIMP-1. Similar proMMP-9/TIMP-1 complexes, but naturally produced by human monocytic U937 cells and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, did not stimulate angiogenesis. These findings provide biochemical evidence that infiltrating neutrophils, in contrast to other cell types, deliver a potent proangiogenic moiety, i.e., the unencumbered TIMP-free MMP-9.
Addition of Spironolactone in Patients With Resistant Arterial Hypertension (ASPIRANT) (2011)

There is currently limited data on which drug should be used to improve blood pressure (BP) control in patients with resistant hypertension. This study was designed to assess the effect of the addition of 25 mg of spironolactone on BP in patients with resistant arterial hypertension. Patients with office systolic BP >140 mm Hg or diastolic BP >90 mm Hg despite treatment with at least 3 antihypertensive drugs, including a diuretic, were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. One hundred seventeen patients were randomly assigned to receive spironolactone (n=59) or a placebo (n=58) as an add-on to their antihypertensive medication, by the method of simple randomization. Analyses were done with 111 patients (55 in the spironolactone and 56 in the placebo groups). At 8 weeks, the primary end points, a difference in mean fall of BP on daytime ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), between the groups was -5.4 mm Hg (95%CI -10.0; -0.8) for systolic BP (P=0.024) and -1.0 mm Hg (95% CI -4.0; 2.0) for diastolic BP (P=0.358). The APBM nighttime systolic, 24-hour ABPM systolic, and office systolic BP values were significantly decreased by spironolactone (difference of -8.6, -6.6, and -6.5 mm Hg; P=0=0.011, 0.004, and 0.011 [corrected]), whereas the fall of the respective diastolic BP values was not significant (-3.0, -1.0, and -2.5 mm Hg; P=0.079, 0.405, and 0.079). The adverse events in both groups were comparable. In conclusion, spironolactone is an effective drug for lowering systolic BP in patients with resistant arterial hypertension.