gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Lymphoma With Radiolabeled Antibody: Elimination of Tumor Cells Lacking Target Antigen (1990)

We have previously shown that 131I-labeled monoclonal antibodies against the Thy1.1 differentiation antigen can induce the regression of Thy1.1 antigen-positive (Thy1.1+) AKR/J SL2 T cell lymphoma nodules in AKR/Cum (Thy1.2+) mice. In this study, we examined the ability of 131I-labeled anti-Thy1.1 antibodies to eliminate tumor nodules containing variant lymphoma cells that do not express the Thy1.1 antigen (Thy1.1-). AKR/Cum mice were sc inoculated with mixtures of 1-2 X 10(7) AKR/J SL2 cells and varying amounts (0.3%-10%) of Lsp3, a Thy1.1 antigen-negative (Thy1.1-) subclone of the SL2. One week later, when an established tumor nodule was present, mice were treated with 1,500-1,700 microCi of 131I-labeled anti-Thy1.1 antibody. Complete regression of tumor was observed in 11 of 12 (92%) mice inoculated with tumor containing 0.3%-1% antigen-negative cells. In contrast, no complete regressions were observed in mice with only antigen-negative tumor cells treated with 131I-labeled anti-Thy1.1 antibody or in mice inoculated with antigen-positive tumor and treated with an 131I-labeled control antibody. Of the mice receiving mixtures containing 3%-10% antigen-negative cells, five of seven showed complete regression. These results demonstrate that radiolabeled antibodies can eliminate small numbers of antigen-negative tumor cells present within a tumor mass.
Mechanisms for very long electromigration lifetime in dual-damascene Cu interconnections (2001)

Electromigration in 0.27 μm wide Cu damascene interconnections has been investigated. The results show that the electromigration time to failure of Cu interconnections is greatly influenced by the thickness of the metal liner at the contact between the via and underlying line. A remarkably long lifetime was achieved when a 3 nm thick liner (at the via/metal line interface) was used, since the abrupt mass flux divergence at this interface normally seen is greatly diminished. Voids were found in the regions where there was no electric field and on the bamboo Cu grain structure. Void formation is explained by the effect of a vacancy wind.
Growth of Microorganisms in Propofol, Thiopental, and a 1 (1996)

To assess and compare the growth of four microorganisms in solutions of intravenous anesthetics, known quanta of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were inoculated into propofol, thiopental, a 1:1 mixture of propofol and thiopental, and normal saline. All microorganisms were taken from standard stock cultures and incubated for 24 h (48 h for C. albicans). Growth of microorganisms in each drug was compared by counting the number of colony forming units (CFUs) grown from a subculture of each inoculated anesthetic at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The study shows that propofol strongly supports the growth of E. coli and C. albicans but is bacteriostatic toward S. aureus and weakly bactericidal toward P. aeruginosa. In contrast, both thiopental and the 1:1 mixture of propofol and thiopental behaved differently, exhibiting markedly bactericidal properties toward E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa and a bacteriostatic effect on C. albicans. This finding supports recommendations that a strict aseptic technique should be used when handling propofol and that the contents of an ampoule should be used within 6 h of aspirating. The measured high pH of both thiopental and the 1:1 mixture of propofol and thiopental compared to propofol alone suggest pH to be a major factor in determining whether a given drug will support microbial growth. (Anesth Analg 1996;82:475-8)
Betulinic acid prevents alcohol-induced liver damage by improving the antioxidant system in mice (2014)

Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene, has a wide range of bioactivities. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of BA and the potential mechanism underlying the ability of this compound to prevent liver damage induced by alcohol in vivo. Mice were given oral doses of BA (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) daily for 14 days, and induced liver injury by feeding 50% alcohol orally at the dosage of 10 ml/kg after 1 h last administration of BA. BA pretreatment significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerides in a dose-dependent manner in the mice administered alcohol. Hepatic levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were remarkably increased, while malondialdehyde contents and microvesicular steatosis in the liver were decreased by BA in a dose-dependent manner after alcohol-induced liver injury. These findings suggest that the mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of BA might be due to increased antioxidant capacity, mainly through improvement of the tissue redox system, maintenance of the antioxidant system, and decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver.
Neurobiological Bases of Rhythmic Motor Acts in Vertebrates (1985)

The general principles governing the nervous control of innate motor acts in vertebrates are discussed. Particular consideration is given to the control of locomotion in both mammals and lower vertebrates. One in vitro model of the lamprey central nervous system has been developed. It can be maintained in vitro for several days and the motor pattern underlying locomotion can be elicited in isolated sections of the spinal cord. These findings now allow a detailed analysis of the underlying neural mechanisms. The hypothesis that different parts of the network controlling locomotion can be used in a variety of other motor acts, including learned ones, is reviewed.
Control of ion content and nitrogen species using a mixed chemistry plasma for GaN grown at extremely high growth rates &gt;9 <i>μ</i>m/h by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (2015)

Utilizing a modified nitrogen plasma source, plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) has been used to achieve higher growth rates in GaN. A higher conductance aperture plate, combined with higher nitrogen flow and added pumping capacity, resulted in dramatically increased growth rates up to 8.4 μm/h using 34 sccm of N2 while still maintaining acceptably low operating pressure. It was further discovered that argon could be added to the plasma gas to enhance growth rates up to 9.8 μm/h, which was achieved using 20 sccm of N2 and 7.7 sccm Ar flows at 600 W radio frequency power, for which the standard deviation of thickness was just 2% over a full 2 in. diameter wafer. A remote Langmuir style probe employing the flux gauge was used to indirectly measure the relative ion content in the plasma. The use of argon dilution at low plasma pressures resulted in a dramatic reduction of the plasma ion current by more than half, while high plasma pressures suppressed ion content regardless of plasma gas chemistry. Moreover, different trends are apparent for the molecular and atomic nitrogen species generated by varying pressure and nitrogen composition in the plasma. Argon dilution resulted in nearly an order of magnitude achievable growth rate range from 1 μm/h to nearly 10 μm/h. Even for films grown at more than 6 μm/h, the surface morphology remained smooth showing clear atomic steps with root mean square roughness less than 1 nm. Due to the low vapor pressure of Si, Ge was explored as an alternative n-type dopant for high growth rate applications. Electron concentrations from 2.2 × 1016 to 3.8 × 1019 cm−3 were achieved in GaN using Ge doping, and unintentionally doped GaN films exhibited low background electron concentrations of just 1–2 × 1015 cm−3. The highest growth rates resulted in macroscopic surface features due to Ga cell spitting, which is an engineering challenge still to be addressed. Nonetheless, the dramatically enhanced growth rates demonstrate great promise for the future of III-nitride devices grown by PAMBE.
Effect of pentobarbital on visual processing in man (2000)

To investigate the effect of sedative agents on visual processing in humans, we analysed the BOLD contrast signal response to a visual stimulation paradigm in 15 healthy, adult volunteers using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The subjects were tested during alert state and under sedation following intravenous administration of pentobarbital. The injection of pentobarbital not only significantly reduced the response signal strength but the reduction in BOLD contrast signal was related to the ratio of amount of sedative administered and the subject's body weight. The three subjects with the highest relative sedative dosage even displayed an inverted (negative) BOLD contrast signal. A significant reduction in the number of positively correlating pixels was found 15 min after administration of pentobarbital. All measured parameters returned to near pre-sedative levels by the end of the experimental session. The relative dosage dependence of the strength of the BOLD signal the negative BOLD signal in the three subjects with the highest relative sedative dosage indicates that pentobarbital had a more pronounced effect on cerebral blood flow than on cerebral oxidative metabolism.
Serum albumin leads to false-positive results in the XTT and the MTT assay (2007)

Tetrazolium salts like 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or sodium 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) that form formazans after reduction are widely used to investigate cell viability. Besides cellular enzymes, some constituents of cell media and other substances reduce tetrazolium salts, thereby interfering with these assays. We describe here that different preparations of serum albumin from bovine or human origin can lead to a concentration-dependent increase in the signals of the XTT assay; therefore leading to an overestimation of cell numbers and to an underestimation of potential cytotoxic effects of compounds to be tested. The same effect was seen in the MTT assay with human serum albumin (HSA). We demonstrate that this reductive activity cannot be inactivated by proteolytic digestion, but that it is due to the free cysteine residue in albumin, and is also observed when cysteine or glutathione (GSH) are used. Binding of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to the free cysteine residue leads to a decrease of the albumin interference in the XTT assay.
Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors for Gene Therapy (2005)

Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors possess a number of characteristics that make them attractive gene therapy vectors. These vectors are completely devoid of viral coding sequences and are able to mediate high-efficiency transduction in vivo to direct sustain high-level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review focuses on advances in helper-dependent adenoviral vector technology, selected examples of in vivo studies of particular interest, and the issue of vector-mediated acute toxicity.
Solar Energy by Photosynthesis (1974)

Photosynthesis, both natural and as a model process, is examined as a possible annually renewable resource for both material and energy. The conversion of carbohydrate from cane, beets and other sources through fermentation alcohol to hydrocarbon may soon again become economic in the light of increasing costs of recovery of hydrocarbon from fossil sources and improved fermentation technology. Even the direct photosynthetic production of hydrocarbon from known sources (Hevea, etc.) or newly bred ones seems possible.Finally, more distantly, synthetic systems constructed on the basis of growing knowledge of the photosynthetic processes, may produce both fuel and power.
Conditioned Medium from Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: An Original Strategy to Avoid Cell Transplantation (2013)

Spinal cord injury triggers irreversible loss of motor and sensory functions. Numerous strategies aiming at repairing the injured spinal cord have been studied. Among them, the use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is promising. Indeed, these cells possess interesting properties to modulate CNS environment and allow axon regeneration and functional recovery. Unfortunately, BMSC survival and differentiation within the host spinal cord remain poor, and these cells have been found to have various adverse effects when grafted in other pathological contexts. Moreover, paracrine-mediated actions have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of BMSC transplantation after spinal cord injury. We thus decided to deliver BMSC-released factors to spinal cord injured rats and to study, in parallel, their properties in vitro. We show that, in vitro, BMSC-conditioned medium (BMSC-CM) protects neurons from apoptosis, activates macrophages and is pro-angiogenic. In vivo, BMSC-CM administered after spinal cord contusion improves motor recovery. Histological analysis confirms the pro-angiogenic action of BMSC-CM, as well as a tissue protection effect. Finally, the characterization of BMSC-CM by cytokine array and ELISA identified trophic factors as well as cytokines likely involved in the beneficial observed effects. In conclusion, our results support the paracrine-mediated mode of action of BMSCs and raise the possibility to develop a cell-free therapeutic approach.
Skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum contains a NADH-dependent oxidase that generates superoxide (2003)

Skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is shown to contain an NADH-dependent oxidase (NOX) that reduces molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. Its activity is coupled to an activation of the Ca2+ release mechanism, as evident by stimulation in the rate of high-affinity ryanodine binding. NOX activity, coupled to the production of superoxide, is not derived from the mitochondria but is SR in origin. The SR preparation also contains a significant NADH oxidase activity, which is not coupled to the production of superoxide and appears to be mitochondrial in origin. This mitochondrial component is preferentially associated with the terminal cisternae region of the SR. Its activity is inhibited by diphenylene iodonium (10 microM), antimycin A (200 nM), and rotenone (40 nM) but is not coupled to the generation of superoxide or the stimulation of the ryanodine receptor. The rate of superoxide production per milligram of protein is larger in SR than in mitochondria. This NOX may be a major source of oxidative stress in muscle.
Development of p[sup +], p, i, n, and n[sup +]-Type CuInGaSe[sub 2] Layers for Applications in Graded Bandgap Multilayer Thin-Film Solar Cells (2007)

Copper indium gallium diselenide layers with p(+), p, i, n, and n(+)-type electrical conduction, as predetermined, have been electrodeposited from aqueous solutions in a single bath. The photoelectrochemical cell has been used as the key analytical tool to determine the electrical conduction type, and X-ray fluorescence has been used to determine the stoichiometry of the corresponding layers. Optical absorption, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy have been used to investigate the bandgap, bulk structure, and surface morphology of the material layers, respectively. It has been found that the bandgaps of these layers can be varied in the range 1.10-2.20 eV. A four-layer n-n-i-p solar cell structure was fabricated and a corresponding energy band diagram for the device constructed. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements were carried out to assess the devices, and these parameters (V-oc approximate to 570 mV, J(sc)approximate to 36 mA cm(-2), and FF approximate to 0.40) indicate encouraging characteristics enabling further development of multilayer thin-film solar cells based on CuInGaSe2. The addition of a p(+) layer to the structure improved device parameters as expected due to improvements at the metal contact to the p(+) surface of the n-n-i-p-p(+) structure. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
Age-Dependent Acquired Protection against Plasmodium Falciparum in People Having Two Years Exposure to Hyperendemic Malaria (1991)

An epidemiologic study of susceptibility to frequent and high-grade parasitemia by Plasmodium falciparum revealed that age-dependent acquired protection developed within a two-year period of exposure to hyperendemic infection pressure. The study was conducted in a single village in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia, where half the residents were native to the province and the other half were transmigrants from areas of Java, where there is little or no malaria transmission. Five separate measures of susceptibility to the asexual parasitemia of falciparum malaria were derived from results of four months of biweekly surveillance of 240 volunteers. Increasing protection as a function of age among the Javanese was a consistent pattern among the five estimates of susceptibility. These age-dependent functions of protection were quantitatively parallel to those among life-long residents of Irian Jaya. When humoral immune responsiveness to ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) was measured by ELISA, a similar pattern emerged; the relative level of antibody to RESA increased as parallel functions of age among the two subpopulations. Acquired protective immunity against P. falciparum was not the cumulative product of many years of heavy exposure to antigen. Instead, the full benefit of protection appeared to develop quickly. The degree of protection was governed by recent exposure and age, independent of history of chronic heavy exposure.
Multiresolution Representation of Data: A General Framework (1996)

In this paper we present a general framework for a multiresolution representation of data which is obtained by the discretization of mappings. This framework, which can be viewed as a generalization of the theory of wavelets, includes discretization corresponding to unstructured grids in several space dimensions, and thus is general enough to enable us to embed most numerical problems in a multiresolution setting. Furthermore, this framework allows for nonlinear (data-dependent) multiresolution representation schemes and thus enables us to design adaptive data-compression algorithms. In this paper we also study the stability of linear schemes for a multiresolution representation and derive sufficient conditions for existence of a multiresolution basis.
Internet access to data for scintillation compounds (1995)

Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening for fetal neural tube defects (NTD) was used as a part of routine antenatal care in three hospitals over a 26 month period. Blood samples were obtained for plasma AFP measurement at 15 to 20 weeks gestation from 6377 women, representing 79 per cent of antenatal bookings. The outcome of pregnancy was ascertained in 96 per cent of patients: 13 cases of anencephaly and 7 of open spina bifida were detected by plasma screening and a further 3 cases of open NTD through the mother's previous medical history and amniotic fluid determination. Four fetuses with open NTDs and four with closed NTDS were not detected by plasma AFP measurement and the detection efficiency for open NTDs was thus 83 per cent. Integration of screening into the existing pattern of antenatal care required only minor alterations in clinic schedules. Some extra time was needed for explanation of the objectives of the study, for ultrasound examination and for amniocentesis. Eight patients declined the offer of a plasma test, while only one refused an amniocentesis.
Multilineage Cells from Apical Pulp of Human Tooth with Immature Apex (2006)

Abstract The human tooth with immature apex is a developing organ available for investigation. In this tooth, especially in the apical pulp, the proliferation and differentiation of various cells are activated to make a complete tooth. We investigated the notion that unique cells are included in the apical pulp of human tooth with immature apex. Human impacted third molars with immature apex freshly extracted for orthodontic reasons or treatment were obtained. Histological analyses revealed that BrdU‐incorporating cells and cells positive for the mesenchymal stem cell markers SH2 and SH3 were located in the same region. The cells from the apical pulp of a human tooth with immature apex, designated here as apical pulp‐derived cells (APDCs), can be cultured easily in vitro under ordinary serum‐supplemented culture condition. The expression of surface markers of expanded APDCs is similar to that of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, except for CD49d (α4‐integrin). APDCs differentiated into mineralized cells, adipocytes, chondroblasts and neural cells in vitro . APDCs have a high capacity for proliferation and multilineage potential in vitro . Our results indicate that human tooth with immature apex is a precious tissue source for the research of human adult stem cells and for the advancement of dental and regenerative medicine.
The relation between brain iron and NMR relaxation times: An in <i>vitro</i> study (1996)

T1 and T2 relaxation times and iron concentrations were measured in 24 specimens of gray matter from fresh human and monkey brains at magnetic fields from 0.05 to 1.5 Tesla. Three different effects were found that correlate with iron content: a T1-shortening that falls off somewhat at high fields, a T2-shortening that is field-independent and thus important at low fields, and a contribution to 1/T2 that increases linearly with field strength. This linear field dependence has been seen only in ferritin and other ferric oxyhydroxide particles. Our results are in agreement with in vivo MRI studies and are generally consistent with values for ferritin solution, except for differences such as clustering of ferritin in tissue. A cerebral cavernous hemangioma specimen showed similar T2-shortening, but with a 2.7 times larger magnitude, attributed to larger clusters of hemosiderin in macrophages. The dependence on interecho time 2 tau was measured in three brains; 1/T2 increased significantly for tau up to 32 ms, as expected from the size of the ferritin clusters. These findings support the theory that ferritin iron is the primary determinant of MRI contrast in normal gray matter.
Evaluation of Servo-Controllers for Machine Tools (1992)

To achieve the high precision required in future contouring machining applications, accurate servo-controllers are needed. This paper summarizes existing servo-controllers for contouring applications and presents an evaluation of three basic types of controllers: feedback controllers, feedforward controllers, and cross-coupling controllers. The evaluation of servo-controllers includes: (1) their abilities in eliminating different error sources, and (2) their practical limitations in machine-tool control. The evaluation is supported by simulation and experimental results.
The Sizes of Atoms and the Study of Elementary Mineralogy (1951)

(1951). The Sizes of Atoms and the Study of Elementary Mineralogy. Journal of Geological Education: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 16-40.