gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: Possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in the angiogenesis of cirrhotic liver (1998)

As in other tumors, the assessment of microvessel density (MVD) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be essential to perform an effective anti-angiogenic therapy for this tumor. The relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and MVD of HCC as well as the surrounding liver remains to be elucidated. In 71 patients who had undergone curative hepatic resection for HCC, MVD and VEGF expressions were evaluated for HCC and the liver by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or immunostaining. The intensity and extent of VEGF immunoreactivity were evaluated using a computer image analyzer-cell analysis system (CAS). Angiographic data were re-evaluated and compared with MVD in 50 tumors. Tumoral MVD was significantly correlated with tumor capsule formation (t test, P = .0016). Small HCCs (< or = 2 cm) had a significantly lower MVD compared with moderate-sized HCCs (2-5 cm) (t test, P = .016), and the MVD of large HCCs was relatively lower than that of moderate tumors. Tumor vascularity on angiography was not correlated with the MVD. Neither VEGF mRNA levels nor protein expression in HCC were correlated with the tumoral MVD or any histopathological features of the tumor. However, cirrhotic livers had significantly higher MVD and VEGF expressions compared with noncirrhotic livers (t test, P = .0015 and P = .047, respectively). Only the MVD of tumor was significantly correlated with intrahepatic recurrence (t test, P = .0048) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates (log rank test, P = .0035). Moreover, the MVD was an independent predictor for DFS by multivariate analysis (chi2 test, P = .03). In conclusion, the MVD in HCC may be involved in the dismal prognosis of this tumor, and VEGF may be associated with the angiogenic process of the cirrhotic liver, but not with the angiogenesis of HCC.
Efficient CO Oxidation at Low Temperature on Au(111) (2006)

The rate of CO oxidation to CO2 depends strongly on the reaction temperature and characteristics of the oxygen overlayer on Au(111). The factors that contribute to the temperature dependence in the oxidation rate are (1) the residence time of CO on the surface, (2) the island size containing Au−O complexes, and (3) the local properties, including the degree of order of the oxygen layer. Three different types of oxygendefined as chemisorbed oxygen, a surface oxide, and a bulk oxideare identified and shown to have different reactivity. The relative populations of the various oxygen species depend on the preparation temperature and the oxygen coverage. The highest rate of CO oxidation was observed for an initial oxygen coverage of 0.5 monolayers that was deposited at 200 K where the density of chemisorbed oxygen is maximized. The rate decreases when two-dimensional islands of the surface oxide are populated and further decreases when three-dimensional bulk gold oxide forms. Our results are significant for designing catalytic processes that use Au for CO oxidation, because they suggest that the most efficient oxidation of CO occurs at low temperatureeven below room temperatureas long as oxygen could be adsorbed on the surface.
Branched‐Chain Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Cold Flow Improvers for Biodiesel (2015)

Abstract Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived mainly from the transesterification of plant oils with methanol or ethanol. This fuel is generally made from commodity oils such as canola, palm or soybean and has a number of properties that make it compatible in compression‐ignition engines. Despite its many advantages, biodiesel has poor cold flow properties that may impact its deployment during cooler months in moderate temperature climates. This work is a study on the use of skeletally branched‐chain‐fatty acid methyl esters (BC‐FAME) as additives and diluents to decrease the cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) of biodiesel. Two BC‐FAME, methyl iso‐oleate and methyl iso‐stearate isomers (Me iso‐C 18:1 and Me iso‐C 18:0 ), were tested in mixtures with fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of canola, palm and soybean oil (CaME, PME and SME). Results showed that mixing linear FAME with up to 2 mass% BC‐FAME did not greatly affect CP, PP or kinematic viscosity ( ν ) relative to the unmixed biodiesel fuels. In contrast, higher concentrations of BC‐FAME, namely between 17 and 39 mass%, significantly improved CP and PP without raising ν in excess of limits in the biodiesel fuel standard specification ASTM D 6751. Furthermore, it is shown that biodiesel/Me iso‐C 18:0 mixtures matched or exceeded the performance of biodiesel/Me iso‐C 18:1 mixtures in terms of decreasing CP and PP under certain conditions. This was taken as evidence that additives or diluents with chemical structures based on long‐chain saturated chains may be more effective at reducing the cold flow properties of mixtures with biodiesel than structures based on long‐chain unsaturated chains.
Long-term solar generation forecasting (2016)

The rapid growth of solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology has been very visible over the past decade. Such increase in the integration of solar generation has brought attention to the forecasting issues. This paper presents a new approach to tackle the long-term forecasting challenge and accordingly reduce the uncertainty of the PV forecast, which would accordingly help facilitate its integration into the electric power grid. The new method includes a set of pre- and post-processes that will be undertaken before the data is fed to the forecasting model and after the forecast is obtained. Using the proposed method, the historical solar PV radiation data, which is non-stationary, is converted to a set of stationary data which will accordingly allow utilization of a larger set of data for forecasting. Numerical simulations exhibit the performance of the proposed method.
Effects of Intravenously and Orally Administered Solifenacin Succinate (YM905) on Carbachol-Induced Intravesical Pressure Elevation and Salivary Secretion in Mice (2007)

Solifenacin succinate is a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist used for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). We investigated the effects of solifenacin by oral and intravenous administration on carbachol (CCh)-induced intravesical pressure (IVP) elevation and compared its efficacy with that on CCh-induced salivary secretion in anesthetized mice. Additionally, we also investigated the change in effects between single and repeated oral administration of solifenacin on CCh-induced IVP elevation. Results showed that intravenous administration of solifenacin dose-dependently inhibited the IVP elevation and salivary secretion. The ratio of bladder response to salivary response (ratio of ID(50) values) was 2.1. Oral administration of solifenacin (0.3-30 mg/kg) also inhibited CCh-induced IVP elevation and salivary secretion. Although inhibition of these responses by solifenacin (10, 30 mg/kg) was comparable at early time points (0.5 and 1 h after administration at 10 mg/kg and 0.5 to 2 h after administration at 30 mg/kg), inhibition of CCh-induced IVP elevation was stronger at later time points (2 to 8 h after administration at 10 mg/kg and 4 to 24 h after administration at 30 mg/kg). No significant difference in ID(50) values for IVP elevation was observed between single and repeated (11 d) oral administration of solifenacin (1-30 mg/kg), suggesting no change in efficacy on chronic administration. In conclusion, intravenous and oral solifenacin inhibits CCh-induced IVP elevation more potently than salivary secretion. These results provide further evidence for the clinical use of solifenacin as a promising therapeutic drug for OAB with a low incidence of dry mouth.
Closely diffusing O–H, amide N–H and methylene C–H oscillators quench the excited state of europium comlexes in solution (1996)

In octadentate complexes of europium(III) based on 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, deuteriation studies and measurements of excited state lifetimes in solution reveal that amide N–H and methylene C–H oscillators afford an intramolecular vibronic deactivation pathway of the excited Eu 5D0 emissive state which, coupled with a reassessment of the effect of intermolecular OH oscillator quenching, allows more accurate estimates of complex solvation state, q, to be made.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION (1934)

These experiments indicate that, in dogs at least, ischemia localized to the kidneys is a sufficient condition for the production of persistently elevated systolic blood pressure. When the constriction of both main renal arteries is made only moderately severe in the beginning, the elevation of systolic blood pressure is unaccompanied by signs of materially decreased renal function. In this respect the hypertension in these animals resembles the hypertension which is associated with so called benign nephrosclerosis in man. Subsequent increase of the constriction of the main renal arteries does not materially damage renal function, probably because of adequate development of accessory circulation. More delicate methods for detecting a change may yet prove that some damage does occur. Almost complete constriction of both main renal arteries, from the beginning, results in great elevation of systolic blood pressure which is accompanied by severe disturbance of renal function and uremia. This resembles the type of hypertension which is associated with so called malignant nephrosclerosis, in the sense of Fahr (17). In several of the animals with persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure, anatomical changes were observed in the glomeruli, vessels and parenchyma of the kidneys which are most probably directly referable to the ischemia. It is hoped that these investigations will afford a means of studying the pathogenesis of hypertension that is associated with renal vascular disease.
Program comprehension in multi-language systems (1998)

This paper presents an approach to program comprehension in multi-language systems. Such systems are characterized by a high amount of source codes in various languages for programming, database definition and job control. Coping with those systems requires the references crossing the language boundaries to be analyzed. Using the EER/GRAL approach to graph-based conceptual modeling, models representing relevant aspects of single language are built and integrated into a common conceptual model. Since conceptual modeling focusses on specific problems, the integrated model presented here is especially tailored to multi-language aspects. Software systems are parsed and represented according to this conceptual model and queried by using a powerful graph query mechanism. This allows multi-language cross references to be easily retrieved. The multi-language conceptual model and the query facilities have been developed in cooperation with the maintenance programmers at an insurance company within the GUPRO project.
A <i>Wnt5a</i> pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo (1999)

Morphogenesis depends on the precise control of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt5a may regulate these processes since it is expressed in a gradient at the caudal end of the growing embryo during gastrulation, and later in the distal-most aspect of several structures that extend from the body. A loss-of-function mutation of Wnt5a leads to an inability to extend the A-P axis due to a progressive reduction in the size of caudal structures. In the limbs, truncation of the proximal skeleton and absence of distal digits correlates with reduced proliferation of putative progenitor cells within the progress zone. However, expression of progress zone markers, and several genes implicated in distal outgrowth and patterning including Distalless, Hoxd and Fgf family members was not altered. Taken together with the outgrowth defects observed in the developing face, ears and genitals, our data indicates that Wnt5a regulates a pathway common to many structures whose development requires extension from the primary body axis. The reduced number of proliferating cells in both the progress zone and the primitive streak mesoderm suggests that one function of Wnt5a is to regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells.
Control of epithelial immune-response genes and implications for airway immunity and inflammation. (1998)

A major goal of our research is to understand how immune cells (especially T cells) infiltrate the pulmonary airway during host defense and inflammatory disease (especially asthma). In that context, we have proposed that epithelial cells lining the airway provide critical biochemical signals for immune-cell influx and activation and that this epithelial-immune cell interaction is a critical feature of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. In this brief report, we describe our progress in defining a subset of epithelial immune-response genes the expression of which is coordinated for viral defense both directly in response to replicating virus and indirectly under the control of a specific interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway featuring the Stat1 transcription factor as a critical relay signal between cytoplasm and nucleus. Unexpectedly, the same pathway is also activated during asthmatic airway inflammation in a setting where there is no apparent infection and no increase in interferon-gamma levels. The findings provide the first evidence of an overactive Stat1-dependent gene network in asthmatic airways and a novel molecular link between mucosal immunity and inflammation. The findings also offer the possibility that overactivity of Stat1-dependent genes might augment a subsequent T helper cell (Th1)-type response to virus or might combine with a heightened Th2-type response to allergen to account for more severe exacerbations of asthma.
Epithelial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies of possible viral origin in clinically early ulcerative colitis (1959)

Conclusions A small series of 12 cases of ulcerative colitis in a clinically early acute stage was studied for the presence of desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Inclusions were present in approximately 57 per cent of the cases. This percentage is almost identical with that found in a previous study of unselected but predominantly longstanding cases. The possibility of these inclusions being of viral origin and etiologic significance in ulcerative colitis and cancer of the colon and rectum is discussed.
Renal expression of novel Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>exchanger isoform NHE8 (2003)

Although Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) mediates most Na(+)/H(+) exchange in the proximal tubule, studies of NHE3/NHE2 null mice suggest residual Na(+)-dependent proton secretion (Choi JY, Shah M, Lee MG, Schultheis PJ, Shull GE, Muallem S, and Baum M. J Clin Invest 105: 1141-1146, 2000). To characterize additional NHE isoforms that might be expressed in the kidney, we identified the partial sequence of a novel NHE. PCR was used to define the 5'- and 3'-ends, and a cDNA encoding the complete open reading frame was amplified from mouse kidney. The predicted protein of 576 amino acids, which we have named NHE8, has 30-35% amino acid identity to known mammalian isoforms (NHE1-7) but has >50% identity to Drosophila melanogaster "NHE1," suggesting it is the mammalian ortholog of this ancient invertebrate isoform. Northern blot of mouse tissues revealed ubiquitous expression. Western blot using anti-NHE8 antibodies demonstrated protein expression in apical membranes purified from rat renal cortex by divalent cation precipitation. In situ hybridization revealed that NHE8 message was present in both cortex and medulla. In the cortex, NHE8 was present in the majority of cortical tubules, consistent with proximal tubule (S1 and S2) localization. In the medulla, NHE8 message was most highly expressed in the proximal tubules (S3) of the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Thus NHE8 is expressed in the proximal tubule, where it may contribute to apical membrane ion transport.
Beyond VHDL: textual formalisms, visual techniques, or both? (1996)

Since a couple of years VHDL is the dominating hardware description language. There are very good reasons far this and simply the existence of VHDL as standardized language had a major impact on the advance of high level design techniques. In this paper some ideas about specification and modelling techniques beyond VHDL currently carried out in the author's research group are discussed. One approach is to integrate formal specification techniques like evolving algebras (EA) and Z into a VHDL-oriented design environment. Other approaches concentrate on the potential of visual modelling techniques. Here techniques based on parallel logic programming like Pictorial Janus (PJ) or such ones based on higher order Petri Nets are under investigation.
Homochiral Supramolecular Polymerization of an “<i>S</i>”-Shaped Chiral Monomer:  Translation of Optical Purity into Molecular Weight Distribution (2002)

An "S"-shaped chiral motif of a p-xylylene-bridged bis(cyclic dipeptide) (1), having four hydrogen-bonding amide functionalities, formed a homochiral supramolecular polymer in solution. X-ray crystallography of a slightly modified version of 1 for an enhanced crystallinity showed one-dimensional columnar assemblies via four double hydrogen-bonding interactions. Model studies with half-protected analogues of 1 indicated a nearly perfect enantioselectivity in hydrogen-bonding dimerization. When 1 was not racemic but enriched in either of the enantiomers, a supramolecular polymer with a bimodal molecular weight distribution resulted, due to the formation of two homochiral polymers with different molecular weights. By taking advantage of this, separation of optically pure 1 from an enantiomerically unbalanced mixture was possible by means of size-exclusion chromatography.
Mechanism and Regulation of Natural Cytotoxicity (1985)

Natural killer (NK) cells comprise a heterogeneous population of effector cells functionally and phenotypically distinct from B cells and mature antigen-sensitive T cells, with the capacity to spontaneously lyse target cells of widely different tissue provenance in a genetically unrestricted fashion. As such they have been widely implicated in immunosurveillance against neoplastic and virus-infected cells, as well as in the homeostasis of haematopoietic differentiation and regulation of immune function. In common with cytotoxic T cells, the lytic mechanism may be resolved into several discrete stages. Target cell recognition appears to involve several chemical entities, while susceptibility is also influenced by a multiplicity of factors operative at post-recognition stages of the lytic process. NK activity is subject to both positive and negative regulation. The potentiating effects of interferons and interleukin-2, products of activated T cells, indicate a possible pathway by which adaptive immune responses may augment natural cytotoxicity under local physiological conditions. Negative regulation is mediated by certain prostaglandins and a variety of cell types including macrophages, granulocytes and thymocytes as well as subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Effects of mechanical strain on the performance of amorphous silicon triple-junction solar cells (2003)

Amorphous silicon triple-junction solar cells were tested in tension and compression. The production cells had the structure: stainless steel (125 /spl mu/m)/Al/ZnO/n/sub 1/i/sub 1/p/sub 1/n/sub 2/i/sub 2/p/sub 2/n/sub 3/i/sub 3/p/sub 3//ITO/grid, where i/sub 1/ and i/sub 2/ are a-SiGe:H and i/sub 3/ is a-Si:H. We bent the solar cells to strains as high as 2%. The I-V characteristics of the cells were tested before, during and after bending. We found that there was little deterioration in cell performance under compression up to 1.7% strain, which is the physical limit of our experiment. In tension, some cell characteristics began to degrade at strains of 0.75%. Plastic deformation was observed at strains of 0.2% and higher.
Development of an Integrated Driving Path Estimation Algorithm for ACC and AEBS Using Multi-Sensor Fusion (2012)

This paper presents an integrated driving path estimation algorithm for adaptive cruise control system and advanced emergency braking system using multi-sensor fusion. This algorithm is developed to predict the ego-vehicle's path accurately and improve primary target detection rate. The path prediction is consisted of two prediction process; one is based on vehicle states and the other is based on vision data. For application to dynamic maneuvering situation, the driving mode index which allows a detection of the driver maneuver intention is proposed. In accordance with the driving mode, the two types of driving path information are integrated finally. The proposed driving path estimation algorithm has been investigated via closed-loop simulation. It has been shown that the proposed driving path estimation algorithm enhance the capabilities of adaptive cruise control and advanced emergency braking system functions by providing the ego-vehicles path accurately, especially in dynamic maneuvering situation.
Automatic Moderation of Online Discussion Sites (2011)

Abstract Online discussion sites are plagued with various types of unwanted content, such as spam and obscene or malicious messages. Prevention and detection-based techniques have been proposed to filter inappropriate content from online discussion sites. But, even though prevention techniques have been widely adopted, detection of inappropriate content remains mostly a manual task. Existing detection techniques, which are divided into rule-based and statistical techniques, suffer from various limitations. Rule-based techniques usually consist of manually crafted rules or blacklists of key words. Both are time-consuming to create and tend to generate many false-positives and false-negatives. Statistical techniques typically use corpora of labeled examples to train a classifier to tell "good" and "bad" messages apart. Although statistical techniques are generally more robust than rule-based techniques, they are difficult to deploy because of the prohibitive cost of manually labeling examples. In this paper we describe a novel classification technique to train a classifier from a partially labeled corpus and use it to moderate inappropriate content on online discussion sites. Partially labeled corpora are much easier to produce than completely labeled corpora, as they are made up only with unlabeled examples and examples labeled with a single class (e.g., "bad"). We implemented and tested this technique on a corpus of messages posted on a stock message board and compared it with two baseline techniques. Results show that our method outperforms the two baselines and that it can be used to significantly reduce the number of messages that need to be reviewed by human moderators. Keywords: automatic classifiersautomatic moderationcontent filteringonline discussion sitespartially labeled corpora
Intracytoplasmic inclusions in benign prostatic epithelium. (1994)

Prostatic glandular tissue in man is associated with varying forms of acellular structures. These include corpora amylacea, as well as more recently described prostatic crystalloids. We describe, for the first time to our knowledge, intracytoplasmic inclusions in benign prostatic epithelial cells of the central and transition zones of the prostate gland. Despite extensive histochemical, immunohistologic, and electron microscopic investigation, the exact nature of these inclusions remains obscure.