gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and Cs<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Mixed Crystals (1978)

The ferroelectric phase transition of mixed crystal systems of Rb 2 SO 4 –(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and CS 2 SO 4 –(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was studied by measuring the lattice constants, the dielectric constant, the spontaneous polarization and the proton spin-lattice relaxation time with functions of temperature and concentration of Rb + ion and Cs + ion. With the increase in the concentration of the ions in both mixed crystal systems, the following changes occur. (1) The ferroelectric phase transition temperature increases a few degrees until it reaches a certain concentration and decreases sharply. (2) The Curie-Weiss constant increases. (3) The phase transition changes from the first order to the second order at the certain concentration. (4) The maximum value of the spontaneous polarization increases about 10% until it reaches the certain concentration and decreases gradually. The results are discussed with a two-nonequivalent sublattice model.
Evaluation of Chemical Derivatization Agents for the Gas Chromatographic-isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometric Determination of Morphine and Codeine in Urine (2004)

With the aid of gas chromatography (GC)-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MS) and an ion-trap GC-MS instrument, twelve chemical derivatization (ChD) agents which showed different potentials in derivatizing morphine (Mo) and codeine (Co) were further evaluated in terms of ease and efficiency of the ChD, analyte-internal standard (IS) ion cross contribution, shelf-life of the derivative, and experimental conditions of the ChD to see which ChD agent was best suited for the title drug urinalysis. It turned out to be N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), a silylation agent. Thus, optimum data quality of the total analysis was achieved starting with 100L BSA plus 100L ethyl acetate being added to the extracts previously obtained upon the automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) of the urine specimen, and followed by incubation at 100 for 30 min. The GC-MS qualifier ions for Mo-BSA were m/z 401, 414 and 429, with m/ z 429 being the quantifier ion; the qualifier ions for Co-BSA were m/z 234, 343 and 371, with m/z 371 being the quantifier ion. Under optimal experimental conditions, the average recovery of Mo and Co as their BSA-derivatives from five serial spikes was 73.5%, with all individual recoveries exceeding 60%. The regression calibration curves for urinary spikes were typically linear within 50-1000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients consistently exceeding 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) for electron impact (EI), positive ion chemical ionization (PCI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) mode analyses were exclusively below 50 ng/mL no matter which definitions of the limits were adopted; that is, all were much lower than the legal cutoff, 300 ng/mL. The coefficients of variance (CVs) calculated for the triplicate quantitations of four BQC (blind quality control) samples ranged 6.8-14.2% for Mo, and 5.0-9.2% for Co. The precisions calculated for triplicate quantitations of a real-case specimen which TDx has screened as opiates-high were 7.0% for Mo and 7.1% for Co.
A Graph-Based Scheme for Distributed Interference Coordination in Cellular OFDMA Networks (2008)

Wireless systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) multiplex different users in time and frequency. One of the main problems in OFDMA-systems is the inter-cell interference. A promising approach to solve this problem is interference coordination (IFCO). In this paper, we present a novel distributed IFCO scheme, where a central coordinator communicates coordination information in regular time intervals. This information is the basis for a local inner optimization in every basestation. The proposed scheme achieves an increase of more than 100% with respect to the cell edge throughput, and a gain of about 30% in the aggregate spectral efficiency compared to a reuse 3 system.
Effects of Phase Separating Systems on Lyophilized Hemoglobin (1996)

Polymer liquid-liquid two-phase systems offer a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms of protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the structural integrity of recombinant hemoglobin frozen and lyophilized in the separated phases of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-dextran system. Protein in each phase of an equilibrated biphasic PEG-dextran system experiences similar levels of structural protection against freezing stresses despite large differences in polymer concentration. This result further demonstrates previous suggestions that proteins are protected during freezing by the preferential exclusion mechanism. There are, however, distinct differences in the level of structural protection that polymers in equilibrium phases provide to proteins during lyophilization, emphasizing that the mechanisms of protein protection during freezing and drying are fundamentally different. In addition, we provide evidence that phase separation per se occurring during the course of the lyophilization cycle can be detrimental to the structural stability of a protein.
Computer‐aided diagnosis in high resolution CT of the lungs (2003)

A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system is presented to automatically distinguish normal from abnormal tissue in high-resolution CT chest scans acquired during daily clinical practice. From high-resolution computed tomography scans of 116 patients, 657 regions of interest are extracted that are to be classified as displaying either normal or abnormal lung tissue. A principled texture analysis approach is used, extracting features to describe local image structure by means of a multi-scale filter bank. The use of various classifiers and feature subsets is compared and results are evaluated with ROC analysis. Performance of the system is shown to approach that of two expert radiologists in diagnosing the local regions of interest, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.862 for the CAD scheme versus 0.877 and 0.893 for the radiologists.
High frequency power LDMOS technologies for base station applications status, potential, and benchmarking (2006)

LDMOS technologies based in G. Ma et al. (1996) and H. Brech et al. (2003) have been in dominate position in wireless base station applications for frequencies ranging from 450MHz to 2.7GHz for the last 10 years due to performance, cost, reliability, and power capability advantages. This paper reviews the leading edge LDMOS development at Infineon and discusses future potential and limitation for LDMOS technologies in general; benchmarking with alternative technologies is also presented
Spurious removal in satellite output multiplexer power filters (2007)

By using optimized Bragg reflection concepts, it has been possible to design a Ku-band high-power low-pass filter with spurious band suppression up to 40 GHz in rectangular waveguide technology. The new prototype consists of a classical E-plane corrugated high-power low-pass filter cascaded with a quasi-periodic structure optimized to reject the out of band spurious signals. An interesting feature of this structure is that it does not impose limitations on the gap aperture of the original E- plane corrugated high-power low-pass filter. Experimental results confirm the potential of this new design as a possible candidate for future satellite communications output multiplexer low-pass filters.
Taxonomic Study of Anaerobic, Gram-Negative, Rod-Shaped Bacteria from Breweries: Emended Description of Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Description of Pectinatus frisingensis sp. nov., Selenomonas lacticifex sp. nov., Zymophilus raffinosivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Zymophilus paucivorans sp. nov. (1990)

A collection of 47 strains of obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that were isolated mainly from spoiled beer and pitching yeast was studied to learn more about their taxonomic positions. A new species of the genus Pectinatus, Pectinatus frisingensis, a new species of the genus Selenomonas, Selenomonas lacticifex, and a new genus comprising two species, Zymophilus raffinosivorans and Zymophilus paucivorans, are described. All of the strains contained directly cross-linked meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing peptidoglycan and in addition the diamine cadaverine or (rarely) putrescine. The diamine was covalently linked to the alpha-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan. Lipid F was also found as a characteristic cellular compound. The phylogenetic relationships of members of these new species were examined by reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA or by DNA-DNA hybridization studies or both. All of the organisms belong to the subdivision containing species with gram-negative cell walls within the phylum of gram-positive bacteria. This finding is in good agreement with the presence of a peptidoglycan that contains diamine.
Ethylbenzene Transformation over a ZSM-5-Based Catalyst in a Riser Simulator (2009)

The transformation of ethylbenzene has been studied over a ZSM-5-type catalyst in a riser simulator that mimics the operation of a fluidized-bed reactor. The study was conducted at 350, 375, 400, 450, and 500 °C for reaction times of 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and 15 s. The effect of reaction conditions on the ratio of cracking to disproportionation products (C/D), the distribution of diethylbenzene (DEB) isomers (m-DEB and p-DEB), and the ratio of benzene/diethylbenzenes (B/DEB) are reported. The experimental results were modeled using quasi-steady-state approximation. Disproportionation was determined to dominate at low temperatures (350−400 °C), while cracking reaction becomes significant as higher temperatures (>400 °C). Thus, two mechanisms were postulated to represent the disappearance of ethylbenzene during the transformation reaction (one mechanism for low temperature, and another for the complete temperature range considered). Kinetic parameters that were used for the disappearance of ethylbenzene during the transformation reaction, and in its conversion into cracking and disproportionation products, were calculated using the catalyst activity decay function, based on the time-on-stream (TOS). The apparent activation energies were determined to decrease: Ecracking > Edisproportionation.
SMS overexpression and knockdown: impact on cellular sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol metabolism, and cell apoptosis (2007)

Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), the last enzyme in the sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthetic pathway, uses ceramide and phosphatidylcholine as substrates to produce SM and diacylglycerol (DAG). To evaluate the role of SMS in apoptosis, we generated Chinese hamster ovary cells that stably express human SMS1 or SMS2. We found that SMS1 or SMS2 overexpression results in a significant increase in cellular levels of SM (24% or 20%) and DAG (35% or 31%), respectively, compared with controls. Cells overexpressing SMS1 or SMS2 were more likely to undergo lysis mediated by lysenin (a protein that causes lysis through its affinity with SM-rich microdomains in the plasma membrane) than were controls, indicating SM enrichment of the plasma membrane. SMS1 and SMS2 overexpression also led to higher retention of DiIC16 fluorescence compared with wild-type cells, indicating an increased number of detergent-insoluble microdomains and significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis. To further evaluate the relationship between SMS activity and cell apoptosis, we used SMS1 and SMS2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down their mRNA in THP-1-derived macrophages. We found that SMS1 or SMS2 siRNA significantly reduces intracellular SM (by 20% or 23%), plasma membrane SM (as indicated by the rate of lysenin-mediated cell lysis), and DAG levels (24% or 20%), respectively, while significantly reducing lipopolysaccharide-mediated apoptosis compared with controls. These results indicate that SMS1 and SMS2 are key factors in the control of SM and DAG levels within the cell and thus influence apoptosis.
The business school in a busy world (1995)

Discusses management education and development – and in particular the role of business schools. Outlines some personal views on how and why business schools have evolved, and how they will do so in the future. Offers a simple, general model to describe evolution to date and to set the scene for the future. Examines certain aspects of future business school development in more detail in order to try to identify a distinctive and valuable role for such institutions in a changed world.
Differential effects of new‐generation H<sub>1</sub>‐receptor antagonists in pruritic dermatoses (1998)

In search of an improved treatment of pruritic dermatoses, we have studied azelastine, a novel H1-receptor antagonist, during a 2-week treatment period, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The potent H1-antagonist cetirizine was used for comparison. Symptoms were recorded daily by the patients on a diary card, using a 4-point scale. The same parameters and adverse events were evaluated at weekly intervals, and global improvement was evaluated at the end of treatment. In all 230 evaluable patients with moderate to severe itching, azelastine caused an overall significant improvement in comparison to placebo (P = 0.02), with significance also for pruritus (P = 0.01 after 1 week and P = 0.02 after 2 weeks). Both drugs reduced itching more effectively in urticaria than in atopic eczema. Azelastine was superior to cetirizine in reducing pruritus, whereas cetirizine caused a more marked reduction of whealing. Both drugs rarely caused fatigue and dry mouth, but taste perversion occurred only in azelastine-treated patients (9.7%) and headaches only with cetirizine (10.4%). Therefore, the two H1-blockers exert differential effects on pruritus verses whealing and a distinctive adverse events pattern. The data also underline the low efficacy of antihistamines in atopic eczema, compared to urticaria.
Remote sensing of the thickness of hollow cylinders from optical excitation and detection of Lamb waves (2003)

The probe is a laser beam focused on a point diametrically opposite to the source. Each optical pulse launches acoustic waves that propagate in the form of a slightly dispersive symmetric mode and of a strongly dispersive antisymmetric mode (Lamb waves). At low frequencies the instantaneous-phase phi is a linear function of 1/t. The slope of the curve phi (1/t) for large times, i.e. for low frequencies, provides the thickness of the hollow cylinder. Experiments have been carried out with a YAG laser (pulse of 80 ns. 8 mJ, source length of 15 mm), a heterodyne interferometric probe, and hollow cylinders in duraluminum of inner diameter 20 mm and nominal thicknesses 0.16, 0.45, and 0.98 mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new apparatus for detecting flaws of a seam in a shielded enclosure (2002)

A prototype flaw detector was designed and constructed, with results showing the apparatus's promising applicability in detecting flaws of a seam in a shielded enclosure without exciting the seam from the opposite side. The apparatus provides a convenient means to check a seam formed between two contact surfaces of metallic conductors from DC to over 1 GHz. The apparatus can be designed so that it can be used on various types of beams. The prototype flaw detector is designed to be used on a flat or bilevel surface, but a fairly simple design change will allow the apparatus to be used on seams at a curved surface or at a right angle. Preliminary test results on the performance of the flaw detector are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cooperative transmission in wireless networks with delay constraints (2004)

By using distributed antennas, the cooperative transmission strategy provides powerful benefits of multiantenna systems without the need for physical arrays. In this paper, network nodes are fed by bursty data sources and the delay constraints of data services are considered. The time-varying fading channel is modelled as a Markov process to characterize the channel correlation. Utilizing an orthogonal space-time coding scheme, we propose a cooperative scheduling protocol for buffer management and packet transmission. Two scenarios are discussed where either no channel state information (CSI) or quantized CSI is available at the transmitters. The optimal protocol minimizes the average transmit power while guaranteeing the delay requirements. The contribution of this work is to examine the impacts of the temporal variation of fading channels and the delay sensitivity of data sessions on the performance of the cooperative protocols. Results show that the benefits provided by cooperative protocols diminish with strict delay constraints or with fast-varying channels.
Automatic optimization of IGBT gate driving waveform using simulated annealing for programmable gate driver IC (2016)

Optimizing the gate driving waveform of power devices for energy loss and noise per switching has been attracting attention. This paper proposes a systematic method to automatically optimize the gate waveform by dynamically combining real measurements and software optimization loop based on simulated annealing algorithm. The method is applied to the turn-on and turn-off process of an IGBT double pulse test setup. A gate driving waveform with four time segments is employed for the optimization, which is realized by a help of a programmable gate driver IC. The machine-based optimization finishes within one and half hours and with the resultant optimized waveform, 59% energy loss decrease and 57% voltage overshoot reduction are achieved for the case of the IGBT turn-off compared with a simple single-step gate driving waveform.
Preparation and Properties of the Boron Phosphides (1964)

The reactions between boron and phosphorus to form the boron phosphides are described. The elements were compacted into pellets and dropped into a preheated reaction zone. The reaction between zinc phosphide and boron also resulted in the formation of the boron phosphides and the complete removal of zinc in the vapor phase. Cubic BP formed initially and decomposed into the rhombohedral B 13 P 2 above 1130°C. The formation of B 13 P 2 by decomposition of BP was rapid and complete at 1600°C. Some properties of BP and B13P2 are summarized. The B 13 P 2 formed by decomposition was a very fine powder and large crystals were grown in metallic melts.
Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms (1992)

We describe a method for the automatic acquisition of the hyponymy lexical relation from unrestricted text. Two goals motivate the approach: (I) avoidance of the need for pre-encoded knowledge and (ii) applicability across a wide range of text. We identify a set of lexico-syntactic patterns that are easily recognizable, that occur frequently and across text genre boundaries, and that indisputably indicate the lexical relation of interest. We describe a method for discovering these patterns and suggest that other lexical relations will also be acquirable in this way. A subset of the acquisition algorithm is implemented and the results are used to augment and critique the structure of a large hand-built thesaurus. Extensions and applications To areas such as information retrieval are suggested.
Structure and texture filling-in of missing image blocks in wireless transmission and compression (2003)

An approach for filling-in blocks of missing data in wireless image transmission is presented in this paper. When compression algorithms such as JPEG are used as part of the wireless transmission process, images are first tiled into blocks of 8/spl times/8 pixels. When such images are transmitted over fading channels, the effects of noise can kill entire blocks of the image. Instead of using common retransmission query protocols, we aim to reconstruct the lost data using correlation between the lost block and its neighbors. If the lost block contained structure, it is reconstructed using an image inpainting algorithm, while texture synthesis is used for the textured blocks. The switch between the two schemes is done in a fully automatic fashion based on the surrounding available blocks. The performance of this method is tested for various images and combinations of lost blocks. The viability of this method for image compression, in association with lossy JPEG, is also discussed.
Analysis of bacterial isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (1984)

We set out to determine the frequency of occurrence of contamination of cerebrospinal fluid with bacteria, seeking also to identify aids to differentiating contaminants from etiologically significant isolates. From 2,091 specimens, 182 bacterial isolates were obtained from 129 patients. Meningitis was the source of 81 isolates (32 patients); contamination yielded 101 isolates (97 patients). The cell counts and protein and glucose concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly more often abnormal in specimens from patients with meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae and enteric gram-negative bacilli were usually cause for meningitis, whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common contaminant. In view of the reported high rate of procedural error in carrying out lumbar puncture, a program aimed at teaching proper technique is recommended to decrease the frequency of false-positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid.
Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SI-SECM) of Photoelectrochemistry at a W/Mo-BiVO<sub>4</sub> Semiconductor Electrode: Quantification of Hydroxyl Radicals during Water Oxidation (2013)

Reaction kinetics and surface coverage of water oxidation intermediates at a W/Mo-BiVO4 photoanode were studied using surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI-SECM). Adsorbed hydroxyl radicals (OH•) were produced during water oxidation at the semiconductor surface under UV–visible irradiation and were subsequently electrochemically titrated by tip-generated reductant without irradiation. The IrCl62–/3– redox couple was used to determine the surface concentration of OH• in acidic solution. On W/Mo-BiVO4, ∼6% of the absorbed photons generate surface OH• with a coverage of 5.8 mC cm–2. Less than 1% of the irradiated photons were eventually used for water oxidation under high intensity irradiation (∼1 W cm–2) at the photoanode. Assuming that the primary decay mechanism of the adsorbed OH• on W/Mo-BiVO4 is dimerization to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the rate constant was determined to be 4 × 103 mol–1 m2 s–1. A faster decay rate of OH• was observed in the presence of excess methanol (a radical scavenger) in aqueous solution. In addition, quantitative analysis of the water oxidation processes at W/Mo-BiVO4 along with the quantum efficiency for the oxygen evolution reaction was determined using SECM.
Radioreceptor assay analysis of tamsulosin and terazosin pharmacokinetics (1998)

We conclude that alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist pharmacokinetics can be monitored by radioreceptor assays in a subtype-selective manner. Tamsulosin and terazosin exhibit subtype selective receptor binding ex vivo. The discordance between terazosin blood levels as determined by h.p.l.c. and radioreceptor assay at late time points indicates the possible involvement of metabolites in in vivo terazosin effects.