gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional characteristics and sites of gene expression of the alpha 1, beta 1, gamma 2-isoform of the rat GABAA receptor (1990)

GABAA receptors, the major synaptic targets for the neurotransmitter GABA, constitute gated chloride channels. By their allosteric, drug-induced modulation, they serve as control elements for the regulation of anxiety, vigilance, and epileptiform activity. The structural requirements of fully functional GABAA receptors in the mammalian brain have remained elusive so far. We report here on the cloning of the gamma 2-subunit cDNA of rat brain and its functional analysis by coexpression with the alpha 1- and beta 1-subunits in Xenopus oocytes, and on the sites of gene expression of the 3 subunits in the rat brain. The recombinant receptor displayed GABA-inducible currents (Imax = 6 microA; Ka = 75 microM) which were allosterically modulated by benzodiazepine receptor ligands (enhancement and inhibition by diazepam and methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, respectively). In the absence of GABA, pentobarbital elicited a maximal current amplitude similar to that of GABA. A minor population of channels is expressed which is open in the absence of GABA or pentobarbital. Mapping subunit gene expression by in situ hybridization histochemistry suggests that the alpha 1-, beta 1-, and gamma 2-subunits are likely receptor constituents in some neuronal populations, e.g., mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum.
(<i>E</i>)-5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine as a Chemical Actinometer for Germicidal UV Radiation (2005)

(E)-5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine (S) was examined for use as a chemical actinometer for germicidal UV radiation. Its photoproduct, 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2,7-dioxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (P), is strongly fluorescent with excitation and emission maxima at 330 and 385 nm, respectively. Experiments were conducted to characterize the dynamic behavior of aqueous solutions of S and P when subjected to UV radiation. UV sources used for these experiments included a low-pressure mercury lamp, a XeBr excimer lamp, and a KrCI excimer lamp; all three sources were mounted in collimating devices to provide incident beams that could be easily and accurately characterized by radiometry. These three sources each yielded essentially monochromatic outputwith characteristic wavelengths of 254, 282, and 222 nm, respectively. At practical concentrations, it was found that the absorbance of the actinometer solution was neither high enough to make the actinometer solutions optically opaque nor low enough to be optically transparent to UV. In addition, the photoproduct displayed a molar absorption coefficient that was similar in magnitude to that of the parent compound, thereby resulting in competitive absorption of UV energy between Sand Pduring irradiation. For purposes of evaluation of the results of irradiation, a mathematical model was developed to accountforthe nonideal optical characteristics of the system. The model is based on a description of local photochemical kinetics; predictions of overall reactor performance were developed by spatial and temporal integration of model results. The model was used to analyze the dynamic behavior of actinometer solutions during UV irradiation and to estimate the quantum yield for photoproduction of Pfrom S. This modeling approach is potentially applicable to other photochemical processes in which multiple compounds are present that absorb photoactive radiation; however, general application of this modeling approach to photochemical reactor systems will require inclusion of othertermsto describe relevanttransport behavior within the system.
Determination of absolute amounts of heparin and of dextran sulfate in plasma in microgram quantities. (1990)

Heparin and dextran sulfates 8000 are separated from citrated plasma by absorption on epichlorohydrin triethanolamine cellulose columns followed by elution with 1.1 and 1.4 mol/L NaCl in 0.05 mol/L glycine-HCl buffer. The eluate is desalted with Sephadex G25-40, dried, and dissolved in water. A 1 microliters sample is applied to an agarose gel slide. After electrophoresis, the slide is fixed and stained with toluidine blue. The sulfated polysaccharide band(s) is identified by relative electrophoretic migration. The total amount of drug is estimated by matching its optical density with that of a band on one of a set of slides with graded amounts of heparin or dextran sulfate. The reaction with toluidine blue measures the total polyelectrolyte, not just the small proportion of the drug with anticoagulant activity. Pooled normal plasma showed a trace of chondroitin and no heparin. Recovery of heparin and hydrogenated dextran sulfate that was added to pooled normal plasma was complete (lowest concentration tested was 10 micrograms/ml); however, recovery for unhydrogenated dextran sulfate declined consistently by 9 micrograms/ml for concentrations below 50 micrograms/ml, setting a limit for its recovery. Plasma samples taken from patients for coagulation tests were examined by this procedure, and in so doing, steps were ascertained to improve the procedure for routine use. Results were compared with values for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin times obtained on the same samples by the clinical laboratory. Because the procedure provides an independent parameter for measurement in patients who have received heparin therapy, insight into different patient responses to the drug is therefore possible. With minor modifications, the procedure can be used for heparans, dermatans, and chondroitins, because it allows identification and microscale quantitation on the basis of charge, molecular weight, and carbohydrate structure.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE, HIGH-VOLUME CONSUMER MEMS GYROSCOPES (2010)

This paper discusses the challenges and success factors for creating the world's first integrated MEMS gyroscopes for the consumer electronics market. A disruptive MEMS processing platform called Nasiri-Fabrication is described which has enabled Motion Processing applications, creating the largest and fastest growing MEMS sensors market segment. The paper also presents the design challenges and methodology behind the creation of the world's smallest and best performing consumer grade gyroscope.
Absence of V599E <i>BRAF</i> mutations in desmoplastic melanomas (2005)

The relative importance of BRAF mutational activation in melanocytic tumorigenesis clearly was not the same across the various subtypes of melanoma, even for melanomas of cutaneous origin that are associated with sun exposure. In contrast to conventional cutaneous melanomas, the desmoplastic variant frequently did not harbor an activating mutation of BRAF. Accordingly, patients with melanomas should not be collectively regarded as a uniform group as new therapeutic strategies are developed that target specific genetic alterations.
Poly(benzyl-L-histidine)-b-Poly(ethylene glycol) Micelle Engineered for Tumor Acidic pH-Targeting, in vitro Evaluation (2008)

A polymeric micelle, based on the poly(benzyl-L-histidine)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (polyBz-His-b-PEG) diblock copolymer, was designed as a tumor-specific targeting carrier. The micelles (particle size: 67-80 nm, critical micelle concentration (CMC); 2-3 <TEX>$\mu$</TEX>g/mL) were formed from the diafilteration method at pH 7.4, as a result of self-assembly of the polyBz-His block at the core and PEG block on the shell. Removing benzyl (Bz) group from polyBz-His block provided pH-sensitivity of the micellar core; the micelles were physically destabilized in the pH range of pH 7.4-5.5, depending on the content of the His group free from Bz group. The ionization of His group at a slightly acidic pH promoted the deformation of the interior core. These pHdependent physical changes of the micelles provide the mechanism for pH-triggering anticancer drug (e.g., doxorubicin: DOX) release from the micelle in response to the tumor’s extracellular pH range (pH 7.2-6.5).
Developing better mouse models to study cisplatin-induced kidney injury (2017)

Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic used for the treatment of many types of cancer. However, its dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Patients who develop AKI have an increased risk of mortality and are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are no therapeutic interventions for the treatment of AKI. It has been suggested that the lack of therapies is due in part to the fact that the established mouse model used to study cisplatin-induced AKI does not recapitulate the cisplatin dosing regimen patients receive. In recent years, work has been done to develop more clinically relevant models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury, with much work focusing on incorporation of multiple low doses of cisplatin administered over a period of weeks. These models can be used to recapitulate the development of CKD after AKI and, by doing so, increase the likelihood of identifying novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
An Instrument for the Measurement of Oxygen Tension in Bone (1961)

The Redox polarimeter has been designed to detect the presence of anoxia in the femoral head after fracture. By directly measuring bone-oxygen tension, the Redox polarimeter helps the surgeon to evaluate femoral-head circulation and thus to choose the best procedure. In experimental animals and in surgical patients, the Redox polarimeter immediately revealed anoxia due to occluded blood flow. In nineteen hips operated on, seventeen showed positive correlation between the oxygen-tension measurement and results of microscopic study or roentgenographic examination six months after surgery. Further data on the applications of the Redox polarimeter in hip surgery are now being collected for statistical evaluation.
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function of specular surfaces with hemispherical pits (2002)

We derive the bidirectional reflectance distribution function for a class of opaque surfaces that are rough on a macroscale and smooth on a microscale. We model this type of surface as a distribution of spherical mirrors. Since our study concerns geometrical optics, it is only the aperture of the concavities that is relevant, not the dimension. The three-dimensional problem is effectively transformed into a much simpler two-dimensional one involving the possibly infinitely many reflections in a spherical mirror. We find that these types of surface show very strong backscattering when the pits are deep but forward scattering when the pits are shallow. Such surfaces also show spectral effects as a result of multiple reflections and polarization effects that are due to the orientation of the effective surface. Both this model and the locally diffuse thoroughly pitted surface model [Int. J. Comput. Vision 31, 129 (1999)] are superior to other models in that they allow for an exact treatment for physically realizable surface geometries.
Anti‐neurofascin antibody in combined central and peripheral demyelination (2013)

Abstract Neurofascin ( NF ), a cell adhesion molecule expressed in both the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ), plays important roles in developing and maintaining neural structures. There are several subtypes of NF resulting from post‐translational modifications: NF 155, 166, 180 and 186. Among them, NF 155 and NF 186 are expressed in the mature CNS / PNS . NF 155 is present on the oligodendroglial cell surface in the CNS and on the Schwann cell surface in the PNS at paranodes, where it tightly connects with contactin and caspr on the axonal surface of the paranode, and acts as a stabilizer of the nodes of Ranvier. NF 186 exists on the axonal surface at the nodes of Ranvier. NF 186 is associated with voltage‐gated Na channels (Nav), whereas both NF 186 and Nav are anchored by ankyrin G. NF 186 contributes to the clustering of Nav at the node. Combined central and peripheral demyelination ( CCPD ) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder affecting both the CNS and PNS tissues. Distinct mechanisms including multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy have been hypothesized to play a role in this condition on the basis of distinctive clinical and laboratory findings. We detected anti‐ NF 155 antibody by cell‐based assay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot in both the sera and cerebrospinal fluids of CCPD patients at high frequencies, but did not detect it in patients with other neurological disease or healthy controls. Herein, basic aspects and the clinical significance of NF as indispensable regulators and autoimmune target molecules are summarized.
Controlling the spatial distribution of ECM components in degradable PEG hydrogels for tissue engineering cartilage (2002)

In developing a scaffold to support new tissue growth, the degradation rate and mass loss profiles of the scaffold are important design parameters. In this study, hydrogels were prepared by copolymerizing a degradable macromer, poly(lactic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) endcapped with acrylate groups (PEG-LA-DA) with a nondegradable macromer, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). The resulting hydrogels exhibited a range of degradation behavior and mass loss profiles. Chondrocytes were photoencapsulated in gels formulated with 50:50, 25:75, and 15:85 (mol % PEGDM: mol % PEG-LA-DA) and cultured for 6 weeks in vitro. The neocartilaginous tissue formed was examined biochemically and histologically. After 6 weeks, the DNA content in gels with 75 and 85% degradable crosslinks was nearly twice that of the DNA content in the 50% gels. The total collagen content was significantly higher in the 85% gel [2.4 +/- 0.8% wet weight (ww)] compared to the 50% gel (0.22 +/- 0.29% ww). In examining the neocartilaginous tissue with immunohistochemistry, type II collagen was localized in the pericellular region in the 50% gel; however, when increased degradation was incorporated into the gel, type II collagen was found throughout the neotissue. In summary, the important role of hydrogel degradation in controlling and influencing the deposition and distribution of extracellular matrix molecules was demonstrated and quantified.
[Parkinsonism with a high vascular risk--Lechner-Ott syndrome]. (1986)

A syndrome described as Parkinsonism with high hemodynamic risk was represented. The clinical symptomatology was characterized by late onset, high incidence of diabetes mellitus, increased blood viscosity, enhanced platelet aggregation spontaneously as well as induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The EEG shows reduction of alpha frequency and appearance of slow waves in the theta range located in the temporal region. A reduced in cerebral blood flow and a poor respond to L-Dopa treatment was observed. Focal changes was demonstrable in Computertomography and magnetic resonance imaging as well.
Alternative splicing of PSP94 (prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids) mRNA in prostate tissue. (1995)

While performing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of total mRNA from prostate cancer specimens, two forms of PSP94 cDNA were detected. RT-PCR products were analysed by Southern blotting and probing with exon-specific oligonucleotides. In the short form of PSP94 mRNA, designated as PSP57, exon III was found to be deleted. The two mRNA forms were confirmed by cloning and sequencing of the RT-PCR products and were found to result from alternative splicing. The alternatively spliced form, PSP57, was characterized by sequence analysis. PSP94 and PSP57 possess identical exons I and II, including identical secretion signal peptide and the 5' untranslated sequences. PSP57 has a frame-shifted exon IV and encodes a putative 57 amino acid protein with a novel, highly basic C-terminus of 41 amino acids. PSP57 mRNA was detected in other urogenital tissues (kidney, bladder) and in most tumor cell lines tested, but was not detectable in other tissues such as breast and lung. In prostate tumor cell lines, PSP57 mRNA was aberrantly spliced and localized in the nuclear fraction of the cell. Our results suggest the possible existence of a novel PSP protein that originates from alternative splicing of PSP94 mRNA in urogenital tissues.
Neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells (2005)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells provide a promising supply of specific cell types for transplantation therapy. We presented here the method to induce differentiation of purified neural precursors from hES cells. hES cells (Line PKU-1 and Line PKU-2) were cultured in suspension in bacteriological Petri dishes, which differentiated into cystic embryoid bodies (EBs). The EBs were then cultured in N2 medium containing bFGF in poly-L-lysine-coated tissue culture dishes for two weeks. The central, small cells with 2-3 short processes of the spreading outgrowth were isolated mechanically and replated. The resulting neurospheres were cultured in suspension for 10 days, then dissociated into single cell suspension with a Pasteur pipette and plated. Cells grew vigorously in an attached way and were passed every 4-5 days. Almost all the cells were proved nestin positive by immunostaining. Following withdrawal of bFGF, they differentiated into neurons expressing beta-tubulin isotype(III), GABA, serotonin and synaptophysin. Through induction of PDGF-AA, they differentiated into astrocytes expressing GFAP and oligodendrocytes expressing O4. The results showed that hES cells can differentiate into typical neural precursors expressing the specific marker nestin and capable of generating all three cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) in vitro.
Muscles, misery and the elderly diabetic (1993)

Muscle weakness and wasting is common in old age and reduces functional reserve. Chronic disease, trauma, intercurrent illness and adverse life events are also common in the elderly and may quickly render a person immobile, causing further weakness and wasting through disuse. Elderly diabetics have a poor quality of life compared with their nondiabetic peers, with problems of physical mobility being particularly prevalent. This cannot be explained purely on the basis of diabetes-related complications. Factors such as depression and cognitive impainnent may contribute, but unidentified physical factors may also operate within the elderly diabetic population. Much of what is known about muscle function in diabetes is anecdotal and dismissed as a consequence of peripheral neuropathy. Age-related changes in muscle function may be accelerated in diabetes and contribute to disability within this population. There are possible therapeutic implications, since new electrotherapeutic and humoral mechanisms of rebuilding wasted muscle are currently under review. This article discusses the interface between age, muscle function and diabetes and outlines possible therapeutic interventions.
High-Frequency Magnetic Recording Using a Dual Write Head (2015)

Ultrashort magnetic field pulses of tens of picoseconds duration are able to reverse the magnetization of a particle if the applied field is perpendicular to the initial magnetization vector. Here, a dual write head structure combining ring and single pole type (SPT) heads is proposed to generate such fields in a recording medium in order to increase the rate at which data can be written. Using such a head, the magnetization reversal time can be reduced to 1/2-1/3 of that when using an SPT head.
Suppressing the unwanted reflections of the full wave equation (1987)

Abstract In many instances in exploration geophysics we are interested in the so-called one-way wave equation. This equation allows the wave fields to propagate in the positive depth direction, but not in the reverse (-Z) direction. Some modeling and migration methods, such as the f-k method (Stolt, 1978) and the phase-shift method (Gazdag, 1978), produce in a natural way the one-way wave equation. The main advantage of the one-way wave equation is that it does not give rise to multiples or interlayer reverberations and enables the observation of primary events only.
Piezo1-Sensitive Biomechanical Pulsation Stimulates Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cell Formation (2018)

Abstract The birth and development of hemat\opoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain a mystery. During fetal development, a subset of endothelial cells transitions to become HSCs in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Blood flow-mediated shear stress and activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were demonstrated to stimulate the endothelial-to-HSC transition in the AGM. However, we showed that malbec (mlbbw306), a zebrafish mutant for cadherin 5, produces HSCs despite circulation arrest and the inhibition of NOS, suggesting that other biomechanical forces, mechanosensation pathways, or epigenetic mechanisms might regulate HSC formation and could have utility in developing HSCs. Using zebrafish, murine, and human models, we show that Piezo1-sensitive biomechanical stretching of hemogenic endothelial cells enhances Dnmt3b expression for long-term (LT)-HSC formation. Our microangiography and time-lapse confocal imaging established that cdh5-MO embryos have a heartbeat and pulsation in blood vessels despite the absence of blood flow. We also employed light sheet and time-lapse confocal microscopy followed by Fourier transform analyses to establish that although pulsation is independent of blood flow in the AGM, it is concurrent with the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. To establish the functional link between pulsation and HSC formation, we developed a bioreactor simulating the pulsating blood vessel conditions. We found that the biomechanical stretching of hemogenic endothelial cells or the pharmacological activation of Piezo1 yields three times higher amounts of LT-HSC formation; which reconstitute to normal multi-lineage adult blood even upon serial transplantation. Our gene-silencing, time-lapse imaging, explant culture, and computational analyses further demonstrated that biomechanical stretching activates Piezo1; which enhances epigenetic regulator Dnmt3b expression to stimulate the endothelial-to-HSC transition. Our results demonstrate how pulsation-mediated biomechanical forces stimulate cell-fate transitions and stem cell formation by activating mechanosensitive channels as well as epigenetic machinery. We present a model that addresses major challenges in HSC transplantation and cellular therapies for treating blood and bone marrow diseases. In addition, we report a scalable bioreactor with potential widespread use and a pharmacological target to develop and expand LT-HSCs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Nonclassical behavior of energy transfer from molecules to metal surfaces: Biacetyl(3<i>n</i>π*)/Ag(111) (1985)

The distance dependent lifetime of biacetyl separated from a Ag(111) crystal by NH3 spacer layers ranging in thickness from 28 to 457 Å has been measured. We extended previous work, where the molecular emission was resonant with the silver interband/plasmon transition, to the case where the emission is below the interband transition. The modulation of the radiative rate is described inadequately by the classical theory for our experimental geometry. At short distances where nonradiative energy transfer to the metal is important, the classical prediction deviates from the data as well. These observations are consistent with a model in which energy is transferred to electrons localized at the metal surface but might also be explained by an inability of the classical theory to model the radiative rate properly.