gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. 1. Mechanisms. (1978)

The mechanism of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) was evaluated in 21 patients. Re-entry as the mechanism for VT was suggested by a) the reproducible initiation (19) and termination (15) of the arrhythmia by programmed stimulation. The rate, ventricle of origin, and stimulation site determined the method of termination. One VPD was usually required with VT rates less than 175/min and/or ventricle of origin ipsilateral to the stimulation site, while two VPDs were usually required for VT with faster rates originating in a contralateral ventricle. The proximal His-Purkinje system (HPS) was not required for initiation or maintenance of VT. Evidence localizing the site of re-entry to a small portion of the ventricles included: a) ventricular capture by ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) or pacing (VP) without terminating VT (5), b) sinus capture following VPDs and/or supraventricular fusions without terminating VT (12), and c) atrial pacing normalizing the QRS and H-V intervals without terminating VT (5).
Private company wins rights to Icelandic gene database (1999)

The Icelandic parliament has passed a bill that has critical implications for countries around the world. The bill, passed on December 17, makes it legal for a private company to obtain a comprehensive electronic database containing health information about the entire population of Iceland.

The bill will also allow deCODE Genetics, a privately funded company based in Reykjavik, to manage the database, enabling the company to add both genetic and genealogical information to medical details that will be taken from hospital records. The final vote was taken after months of political wrangling, and only one member of the 41 strong coalition government voted against it.

deCODE Genetics, which is largely funded by American investors, has already signed a deal with the Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffman-La Roche, giving them exclusive access to the database in order to establish the genetic origins of 12 diseases. Much of the growing opposition to the bill stems from the monopoly it clearly gives to a single company so that no other biotechnology or pharmaceutical company will have access to the data.

A significant …
A hydrogen-bond network at the active site of subtilisin BPN' (1970)

Abstract Further examination of the active site region in our X-ray crystallographic model of subtilisin BPN' reveals a hydrogen-bond network that bears a remarkable resemblance to the one found in a- chymotrypsin. It involves the side chains of the reactive Ser-221, His-64, Asp-32 and Ser-33. Otherwise the two enzymes have entirely different three-dimensional structures. This observation suggests that the common hydrogen bond network plays some essential role in the catalytic mechanism of serine proteases generally.
2.9 A Background calibration technique to control bandwidth in digital PLLs (2014)

The bandwidth of a phased-locked loop (PLL) is dependent on several analog parameters that are subject to process, temperature and voltage spreads, as well as to variations along the frequency-tuning range. Even in digital PLLs, which rely on a digital loop filter, the bandwidth still depends on the gains of two mixed-signal building blocks, namely the time/digital converter (TDC) and the digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO), that have conversion characteristics that are not well-controlled. The situation is even more cumbersome employing a singlebit TDC, often referred to as bang-bang phase detector (BBPD), where the linearized gain is inversely proportional to the input jitter [1]. An accurate and repeatable value of the PLL bandwidth, and in the general of the frequency response, is essential to meet several specifications, such as stability margin, settling time, jitter and spur level. When the PLL is operated as a direct frequency modulator with pre-emphasis of the modulation signal, the accuracy requirement of the frequency response is even more demanding [2]. Previously disclosed methods to control PLL bandwidth require a modulation signal to be injected into the loop [2], compensate the gain variations of just a single block (e.g., VCO [3] or BBPD [4]), or operate in the foreground [5]. This paper presents a digital PLL employing a digital background normalization of loop gain, which makes it independent of any analog variable (except for the reference frequency, which often is available from an accurate source). This method requires no injection of additional test signals and operates at a low rate, achieving low-noise and low-power operation, and also is suitable even for bangbang PLLs.
Citrate anticoagulation: Are blood donors donating bone? (2015)

An estimated 2.4 million volunteer apheresis blood donation procedures were performed in the United States in 2010, and increases in the proportion of transfused blood products derived from apheresis blood collections have been consistently reported. Anticoagulation is required during apheresis and is achieved with citrate. Donor exposure to citrate causes an acute physiological response to maintain serum mineral homeostasis. Some data are available on the sequelae of this acute response in the days and weeks following exposure, raising questions about bone mineral density in regular apheresis donors. New research is emerging that addresses the potential long-term health outcomes of repeated citrate exposure. This article reviews the acute physiological response to citrate anticoagulation in volunteer blood donors, presents contrasting perspectives on the potential effects of citrate exposure on bone density, and identifies key knowledge gaps in our understanding of long-term health outcomes in apheresis donors. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:459-463, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rainfall retrieval with commercial microwave links in São Paulo, Brazil (2018)

Abstract. In the last decade there has been a growing interest from the hydrometeorological community regarding rainfall estimation from commercial microwave link (CML) networks. Path-averaged rainfall intensities can be retrieved from the signal attenuation between cell phone towers. Although this technique is still in development, it offers great opportunities for the retrieval of rainfall rates at high spatiotemporal resolutions very close to the Earth's surface. Rainfall measurements at high spatiotemporal resolutions are highly valued in urban hydrology, for instance, given the large impact that flash floods exert on society. Flash floods are triggered by intense rainfall events that develop over short time scales. Here, we present one of the first evaluations of this measurement technique for a humid subtropical climate. Rainfall estimation for subtropical climates is highly relevant, as many countries with few surface rainfall observations are located in such areas. The test bed of the current study is the Brazilian city of São Paulo. The open-source algorithm RAINLINK was applied to retrieve rainfall intensities from (power) attenuation measurements. The performance of RAINLINK estimates was evaluated for 145 of the 213 CMLs in the São Paulo metropolitan area for which we received data, for 81 days between October 2014 and January 2015. We evaluated the retrieved rainfall intensities and accumulations from CMLs against those from a dense automatic gauge network. Results were found to be promising and encouraging when it comes to capturing the city-average rainfall dynamics. Mixed results were obtained for individual CML estimates, which may be related to erroneous metadata.
Suppression and the upward spread of masking (1998)

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of suppression in the growth of masking when a signal is well above the masker in frequency (upward spread of masking). Classical psychophysical models assume that masking is primarily due to the spread of masker excitation, and that the nonlinear upward spread of masking reflects a differential growth in excitation between the masker and the signal at the signal frequency. In contrast, recent physiological studies have indicated that upward spread of masking in the auditory nerve is due to the increasing effect of suppression with increasing masker level. This study compares thresholds for signals between 2.4 and 5.6 kHz in simultaneous and nonsimultaneous masking for conditions in which the masker is either at or well below the signal frequency. Maximum differences between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous masking were small (< 6 dB) for the on-frequency conditions but larger for the off-frequency conditions (15-32 dB). The results suggest that suppression plays a major role in determining thresholds at high masker levels, when the masker is well below the signal in frequency. This is consistent with the conclusions of physiological studies. However, for signal levels higher than about 40 dB SPL, the growth of masking for signals above the masker frequency is nonlinear even in the nonsimultaneous-masking conditions, where suppression is not expected. This is consistent with an explanation based on the compressive response of the basilar membrane, and confirms that suppression is not necessary for nonlinear upward spread of masking.
Evaluation of Laminated Formations Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Resistivity Anisotropy Measurements (2001)

Abstract Laminated formations create two major evaluation problems for petrophysicists. First is the classic low resistivity pay problem as seen in vertical wells. Layers of fine-grained sand, silt, and clay distributed within a hydrocarbon bearing sand will significantly reduce the apparent resistivity measured by an induction or propagation tool. The fine-grained layers hold high volumes of irreducible water, the sand will produce water-free oil or gas, yet the oil company may not even attempt to complete the zone. Second is the high angle well evaluation problem. The same laminated formation, when measured by an induction or propagation tool at moderate-to-high relative dip, will exhibit an increase in apparent resistivity beyond that which was measured in the vertical well. Again, the accurate calculation of water saturation and hydrocarbon volume eludes the petrophysicist. Both of these classic problems can be solved with a common methodology that combines nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and resistivity anisotropy measurements. Case study wells are used to demonstrate two versions of this method. In the first version, horizontal resistivity (Rh) and vertical resistivity (Rv) are the initial inputs. With an assumption of the resistivity value of the silt-clay layers, we solve for the resistivity of the hydrocarbon bearing layers and the volume fraction of each layer. Water saturation (Sw) of each layer is calculated independently. Bulk volume hydrocarbon (BVH) of the entire formation is the sum of the products of the layer volume fractions and their respective BVH. The second version of the method uses the measurement of bound fluid volume from the NMR tool to determine the volume fraction of each layer. We then solve for the resistivities of both the silt-clay layers and the hydrocarbon bearing layers. The solution of BVH for the formation then proceeds as in the first method.
Effects of cigarette smoking on perception of thermal pain. (1995)

Duke University Medical CenterThe effects of cigarette smoking on pain perception were evaluated in 18 healthy smokers. Thermalpain stimuli were used to assess pain detection threshold and tolerance and to collect subjectiveratings of the intensity and unpleasantness of painful stimuli. After overnight abstinence, painperception was evaluated before and after 3 experimental treatments. Participants smoked normalcigarettes, smoked denicotinized cigarettes, or remained abstinent. Smoking normal cigarettesproduced relative increases in pain tolerance compared with abstinence. Smoking denicotinizedcigarettes produced intermediate effects on tolerance not different from the other 2 treatments.Effects were not detected for pain threshold or subjective pain ratings. Results suggest thatcigarette smoking can have antinociceptive effects, which may depend both on nicotine and onother factors associated with smoking.
Brachylagus idahoensis (1980)

DIAGNOSIS. Body size is smaller than in any other North American leporid (Fig. Hind legs are very short; hind feet are comparatively broad and heavily haired. Ears are short, rounded and densely haired inside and out and are edged with buff . Vibrissae are black and white . Tail is small and inconspicuous, underside is buff rather than white as in cottontails (Sylvilagus) . Upper parts ar e buffy gray, nape and anterior surfaces oflegs are cinnamon buff. Rostrum is short and pointed (Fig. Postorbital extensions of supraorbitals, instead of tapering to blunt end as in species of Syloilagus, are broadest distally and this end is either truncate or slightly notched and elongate. The skull is small and braincase and auditory bullae are relatively large. Anterior palatine foram ina are broad (or rarely constricted) posteriorly; palatal bridge is short, usually with a posteromedian spine. Molariform teeth are relatively small ; anterior surface of first upper molariform tooth possesses but a single re-entrant angle ; posterior halves of the second to the fourth lower molariform teeth possess lateral diameters equal to about one-half of the lateral diameters of the anterior halves . The ridge of enamel separating individual molariform teeth into anterior and posterior sections la cks any crenulation (modified from
Fabrication and characterization of amorphous lithium electrolyte thin films and rechargeable thin-film batteries (1992)

Amorphous oxide and oxynitride lithium electrolyte thin films were synthesized by r.f. magnetron sputtering of lithium silicates and lithium phosphates in Ar, Ar + O2, Ar + N2, or N2. The composition, structure, and electrical properties of the films were characterized using ion and electron beam, X-ray, optical, photoelectron, and a.c. impedance techniques. For the lithium phosphosilicate films, lithium ion conductivities as high as 1.4 × 10−6 S/cm at 25 °C were observed, but none of these films selected for extended testing were stable in contact with lithium. On the other hand, a new thin-film lithium phosphorus oxynitride electrolyte, synthesized by sputtering Li3PO4 in pure N2, was found to have a conductivity of 2 × 10-6 S/cm at 25 °C and excellent long-term stability in contact with lithium. Thin-films cells consisting of a 1 μm thick amorphous V2O5 cathode, a 1 μm thick oxynitride electrolyte film, and a 5 μm thick lithium anode were cycled between 3.7 and 1.5 V using discharge rates of up to 100 μA/cm2 and charge rates of up to 20 μA/cm2. The open-circuit voltage of 3.6 to 3.7 V of fully-charged cells remained virtually unchanged after months of storage.
Sub-10 fs pulse characterization using spatially encoded arrangement for spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (2006)

We demonstrate an extremely accurate method for measuring ultrabroadband, sub-10 fs pulses even if they exhibit a highly modulated spectrum, space-time coupling, or both. The method uses a spatially encoded arrangement for spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction, which allows a zero additional phase measurement to be performed with a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio in real time and single shot.
Roentgenographic Changes Following the Introduction of Mineral Oil in the Lung (1936)

MINERAL oil has been used for many years in the treatment of certain of the diseases of the respiratory tract but only within the past ten years has attention been directed to the possibility of pathologic sequelæ to oil within the lungs. The earlier reports of lung injuries were those in which accidental aspiration of oils had occurred in young and debilitated infants. Cases of this nature have been reported by Goodwin (14), Grayzel and Du Mortier (15), Laughlen (22), Pinkerton (27), Rabinovitch and Lederer (30) and by Pollak and Potter (29). Most of their cases had been diagnosed clinically as bronchopneumonia, the correct diagnosis having been made at autopsy. The fundamental pathologic process was found to have been the presence of numerous large mononuclear phagocytes containing oil droplets and the marked proliferation of the connective tissue in the alveolar walls. The type and the degree of the reaction varied, depending on the amount and the duration of the oil in the lung prior to autopsy. Up to the present time only five instances of fatal lung injury in adults, due to oil, have been reported in the literature. One patient (33) had aspirated butter fat because of cardiospasm; in another (19) the source of the oil was not determined; Laughlen's patient (22), who had a laryngeal paralysis, was given naso-pharyngeal instillations of mineral oil. In the remaining two cases (4, 10), the condition followed prolonged use of large amounts of mineral oil in the nose. In all of these cases the secondary fibrosis was the most significant part of the pathologic findings. Pinkerton (28), in a series of experiments on dogs and rabbits, definitely proved that the intratracheal instillation of mineral oil produced marked pulmonary changes, consisting of fibrosis of the alveolar walls together with the presence of large numbers of greatly swollen phagocytes, each of which contained numerous small droplets of oil. Pinkerton found that the vegetable oils produced but little reaction in the lung although in some of his animals the oil had been in the lung for several months before autopsy was done. Iodized vegetable oils occasionally caused minute abscesses, especially in areas in which there had been bronchial obstruction, but in most of his animals produced no changes. In the x-ray laboratory at St. Vincent's Hospital we have observed three cases in which there were noted pulmonary changes following prolonged or intensive use of mineral oil in the respiratory tract. In all of these cases oil droplets were found in the sputum. In one of the cases, which went to autopsy, large amounts of oil were found in the lung, the oil being identified as mineral oil by chemical tests. This patient had had no oil administered for a period of six years and eight months prior to the autopsy. From the study of these cases we believe that a rather characteristic roentgenographic picture is produced when an excessive amount of mineral oil is placed in the lung.
Utilizing Hopfield neural networks and an improved simulated annealing procedure for design optimization of electromagnetic devices (1993)

A new method for the design optimization of electromagnetic devices is presented. Improved simulated annealing (SA) is used along with the Hopfield neural network (HN) to optimize a solution obtained from a trained multilayered perceptron (MLP). This results in an overall increase in the speed of optimization. Results are presented for two examples which show the effectiveness of the proposed method in obtaining a near optimal solution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Working with real-world datasets (2005)

Datenanalyse mit Computer-Unterstützung ist bereits heute ein Thema von hoher Relevanz, mit Anwendungen in vielfältigen Gebieten wie Börsenkursanalyse, Bioinformatik, Sprachverarbeitung, oder Customer Relationship Management. Die Wichtigkeit nimmt in dem Maße weiter zu, in dem auch der Umfang der gesammelten und zu analysierenden Daten wächst. Aus diesem umfangreichen Gebiet werden hier drei Themen herausgegriffen. Zuerst wird ein konkretes Anwendungsproblem untersucht: Im Bereich Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals werden Verfahren gesucht, die neuronale Aktivitätsmuster aus hochgradig verrauschten und mit anderen Signalen überlagerten Bildsequenzen extrahieren. Ein bereits erfolgreich auf solche Daten angewandter Algorithmus der blinden Quellentrennung (Extended Spatial Decorrelation) wird mittels eines Regularisierungsansatzes erweitert, um Vorwissen über den Zeitverlauf des interessierenden Signals einbringen zu können. Ein Vergleich verschiedener Varianten dieses Algorithmus zeigt, dass die Extraktion der gesuchten Quelle zuverlässiger wird. Zwei Herausforderungen für Klassifikation und Regression sind fehlende Werte und heterogene Merkmale. Ein Großteil der Literatur zu fehlenden Werten setzt sich hauptsächlich mit der Qualität von Parameterschätzungen für statistische Modelle auseinander. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit liegt der Schwerpunkt dagegen auf Ansätzen, die für die Vorhersage von Zielmerkmalen geeignet sind. Verfahren, die für die eine Sichtweise sinnvoll erscheinen, müssen dies nicht notwendigerweise auch für die andere sein. Eine Einführung in dieses Thema bietet einen Überblick veröffentlichter Ansätze. Weiterhin werden zwei Methoden vorgestellt, die direkt, d.h. ohne Vorverarbeitung der Daten, den Umgang mit fehlenden Werten erlauben. Zum einen werden dazu Support-Vektor Maschinen mit Gauß-Kernen erweitert, zum anderen wird ein auf Entropie-Maximierung basierendes statistisches Modell (Approximate Maximum Entropy, AME) präsentiert und weiterentwickelt. Beide können die Vorhersagequalität für unvollständige Datensätze verbessern (gegenüber Standardverfahren zur Behandlung fehlender Werte, bzw. gegenüber konkurrierenden Lernverfahren). Fälle, für die dies zu erwarten ist, werden diskutiert. Viele Algorithmen zur Datenanalyse setzen eine gewisse Interpretation von Merkmalswerten als diskret oder kontinuierlich voraus. Trifft das nicht zu, kann dies für solche Algorithmen zum Problem werden. Eine Einführung diskutiert dies und behandelt bekannte Ansätze zum Umgang damit. In solchen Situationen erscheinen insbesondere statistische Modellesinnvoll, deren Verteilungen flexibel sind, d.h. sowohl für diskrete als auch für kontinuierliche Daten geeignet. Das im weiteren Verlauf vorgestellte AME Modell ist ein Beispiel für ein solches. Durch die Wahl der von diesem Modell gelernten Nebenbedingungen kann es flexibel an die Struktur der vorhandenen Daten angepasst werden. Ein Vergleich mit Support Vektor Maschinen und Multilagen-Perzeptrons zeigt Fälle auf, für die ein solches Modell von Vorteil sein kann.
Microporous Carbon-Based Electrical Double Layer Capacitor Operating at High Temperature in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte (2011)

N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14-TFSI) ionic liquid has been used as electrolyte for high temperatures electrochemical capacitor working at 100°C, in combination with microporous Carbide Derived Carbons (CDC). When the carbon pore size is in the same range as the ion size of the electrolyte, cyclic voltammograms exhibit an ideal capacitive behavior and the capacitance reaches a maximum at 130 F.g−1. These results show that high energy density, high-temperature (100°C) supercapacitors can be developed by adjusting the pore size of carbon to match the specific ionic liquid electrolyte.
System architecture for the digital recovery of shredded documents (2005)

In this paper a general architecture for the computer-aided reconstruction of strip-cut shredded documents is presented. The matching of the remnants is performed on the base of the visual content of the strips, described by means of automatically extracted numerical features. A clustering approach is adopted in order to reduce progressively the dimension of the sets of remnants in which the exhaustive search for the matching need to be performed.
Voltage readout of a temperature-controlled thin film thickness monitor (1977)

A temperature-controlled crystal oscillator installed in a vacuum chamber can be stabilised to within +or-0.05 degrees C at a preset temperature. The frequency shift of the oscillator due to film deposition is detected by a digital mixer implemented by application of AND and NOR gates and is then converted to a voltage by a transistor-diode pump. A linear dependence of voltage readout on film thickness to within 1% of linearity can be obtained.