gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Fate of Cholesterol Exiting Lysosomes (1997)

Cholesterol released from ingested low density lipoproteins in lysosomes moves both to the plasma membrane and to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is re-esterified. Whether cholesterol can move directly from lysosomes to ER or first must traverse the plasma membrane has not been established. To examine this question, the endocytic pathway of rat hepatoma cells was loaded at 18 degrees C with low density lipoproteins (LDL) labeled with [3H]cholesteryl linoleate, and the label then was chased at 37 degrees C. The hydrolysis of the accumulated ester proceeded linearly for several hours. Almost all of the released [3H]cholesterol moved to the plasma membrane rapidly and without a discernable lag. In contrast, the re-esterification in the ER of the released [3H]cholesterol showed a characteristic lag of 0.5-1 h. These data are inconsistent with direct cholesterol transfer from lysosomes to ER; rather, they suggest movement through the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that progesterone, imipramine and 3-beta-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one (U18666A) strongly inhibited the re-esterification of lysosomal cholesterol in the ER. However, contrary to previous reports, they did not block transfer of [3H]cholesterol from lysosomes to the cell surface. Therefore, the site of action of these agents was not at the lysosomes. We suggest instead that their known ability to block cholesterol movement from the plasma membrane to the ER accounts for the inhibition of lysosomal cholesterol esterification. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cholesterol released from lysosomes passes through the plasma membrane on its way to the ER rather than proceeding there directly. As a result, ingested cholesterol is subject to the same homeostatic regulation as the bulk of cell cholesterol, which is located in the plasma membrane.
Digital control for switching converters (2002)

In this paper, several different techniques for designing discrete controllers for switching power converter applications are presented. Simulation results are also provided for illustration purposes.
Improved line-based image coding by exploiting long-distance correlations (2010)

Line-based coding has shown its potential in improving the coding efficiency of intra-frame/image coding due to its flexibility in prediction. In our previous work we proposed an efficient line-based image coding method (LIC) by adaptive line-by-line prediction (ALP) and adaptive residue coding. In this paper we further improve this line-based coding scheme by exploiting long-distance correlations in prediction. Line-by-line template matching (LTM) is introduced to perform the long-distance prediction. Experiments in the KTA software show that the LTM scheme can effectively improve the performance of LIC at low bitrates and also brings some improvement at high bitrates. Up to 1db gain is achieved compared to previous LIC and 1.5db compared to KTA on images with regular patterns or strong edges. Up to 20% rate reduction over KTA is also achieved on some standard video sequences with different resolutions.
A low temperature surface modification assisted method for bonding plastic substrates (2008)

A low cost, low temperature process for sealing microfluidic devices composed of at least one organic polymeric substrate is presented. The process is based on the surface modification of the organic substrate by means of a silane solution, resulting in irreversible bonding. It is a generic method of bonding polymeric/plastic substrates, bare or structured ones, such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) or epoxy-type polymers, to Si-containing substrates, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), Si and glass. In the case that bonding between organic polymer (PMMA, PS, etc) substrates is desired, an intermediate thin PDMS layer is required.
An Investigation Of A Hemolytic Toxin From Histoplasma Capsulatum. (1956)

PhD
High mobility group HMGI(Y) protein expression in human colorectal hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases (2001)

HMGI(Y) proteins are overexpressed in experimental and human malignancies, including colon, prostate and thyroid carcinomas. To determine at which step of the carcinogenic process HMGI(Y) induction occurs, we analysed the expression of the HMGI(Y) proteins in hyperplastic, preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues of colorectal origin by immunohistochemistry. All the colorectal carcinomas were HMGI(Y)-positive, whereas no expression was detected in normal colon mucosa tissue. HMGI(Y) expression in adenomas was closely correlated with the degree of cellular atypia. Only 2 of the 18 non-neoplastic polyps tested were HMGI(Y)-positive. These data indicate that HMGI(Y) protein induction is associated with the early stages of neoplastic transformation of colon cells and only rarely with colon cell hyperproliferation.
Structural relations among cytotoxic and antitumor benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivatives (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural relations among cytotoxic and antitumor benzophenanthridine alkaloid derivativesFrank R. Stermitz, Kenneth A. Larson, and Don K. KimCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1973, 16, 8, 939–940Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00266a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00266a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Avoiding the Intervention Paradox (2004)

The author aims to show that there are possible models of time for which the Intervention Paradox is not a barrier to the possible existence of a type of precognition in which the event precognised is avoided or changed. Two different configurations of the 'block model' of space-time are used to show how this could be done: one with multiple futures and one with another time dimension.
Prerigor and postrigor changes in tenderness of ovine longissimus muscle2 (1994)

A novel approach was used to measure the tenderness of prerigor ovine longissimus thoracis et lumborum by avoiding the confounding effects of heat-induced shortening resulting from cooking prerigor meat. The objective was to determine the tenderness of the muscle at the time of slaughter and to monitor changes in tenderness during rigor development and postmortem aging. Nine Romanov and 12 Finnsheep rams were slaughtered at 49.3 kg live weight. Samples of longissimus thoracis et lumborum were removed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 72, or 336 h after exsanguination. Five of the eight sample times were represented in each carcass and all carcasses were sampled at 0, 12, and 24 h. Prerigor muscle samples (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h) were clamped between two metal plates before excision to prevent shortening. The samples were frozen at -30 degrees C then stored at -5 degrees C for 10 d to allow glycolysis to proceed to completion, and thus ultimate pH and complete rigor mortis were attained. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum was then cut into chops and cooked and shear force was determined. Sarcomere length decreased through 24 h postmortem, then increased slightly through 336 h postmortem. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were 5.1 kg at 0 and 3 h, increased to 8.3 kg from 3 to 9 h, and then declined to 3.1 kg from 24 to 336 h postmortem. These data imply that longissimus thoracis et lumborum at slaughter is intermediate in tenderness, rigor shortening toughens the meat, and proteolysis tenderizes the meat, resulting in more tender meat after 14 d of aging than at slaughter.
A Mixed Alkali Metal Titanate with the Lepidocrocite-like Layered Structure. Preparation, Crystal Structure, Protonic Form, and Acid−Base Intercalation Properties (1998)

A mixed alkali metal titanate of composition AxTi2-x/3Lix/3O4 (A = K, Rb, Cs) has been prepared and its ion-exchange/intercalation properties have been explored. Solid-state calcination of appropriate mixtures of TiO2 and alkali metal carbonates produced the titanate at a stoichiometry of x = 0.80 for A = K, 0.75 for Rb, and 0.70 for Cs. Rietveld refinement on neutron diffraction data confirmed that the orthorhombic structure is comprised of lepidocrocite-related host layers of Ti2-x/3Lix/3O4 and charge-balancing A ions in the interlayer domain. Complete extraction of both alkali metal ions was achieved by acid-leaching, producing a new protonic titanate of H4x/3Ti2-x/3O4·H2O. This phase is distinguished from isomorphous related compounds in terms of high proton content as a consequence of exchangeable Li ions located in the host framework. The material took up alkali metal ions and organoammonium ions from aqueous media. These ion-exchange and intercalation reactions brought about expansion/contraction of the gallery height and lateral displacement of the layers. The resulting various types of layer sequence can be understood in terms of the nature of the interlayer species.
Disparities in Incidence of Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease According to Race and Type of Diabetes (1989)

The incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus is reportedly higher among blacks than among whites. This finding may be explained by the greater prevalence of diabetes among blacks. The relation of the type of diabetes to the risk of diabetic end-stage renal disease is largely unstudied. We addressed these issues in a study of all the black and white diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (470 blacks and 861 whites) reported to the Michigan Kidney Registry who began treatment during 1974 through 1983. We also reviewed the medical records of a subpopulation of such patients (284 blacks and 310 whites) who were less than 65 years of age at the start of treatment for end-stage renal disease to determine what type of diabetes they had. In this study, we made use of national data on the prevalence of diabetes. We found that the incidence of diabetic end-stage renal disease was 2.6-fold higher (P less than or equal to 0.0001) among blacks after we adjusted for the higher prevalence of diabetes among blacks, with the excess risk occurring predominantly among blacks with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Most black patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease had NIDDM (77 percent), whereas most white patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (58 percent) (P less than or equal to 0.0005 for the difference between the races). For both races combined, the risk of diabetic end-stage renal disease during the 10-year period we studied was markedly greater for patients with IDDM (5.8 percent) than for those with NIDDM (0.5 percent). Our results indicate an increased risk of diabetic end-stage renal disease among blacks as compared with whites, particularly blacks with NIDDM. Although the risk of diabetic end-stage renal disease is higher in patients with IDDM, the majority of patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease in the population we studied had NIDDM.
Differential Regulation of <i>ftsZ</i> Transcription during Septation of <i>Streptomyces griseus</i> (2001)

Streptomyces has been known to form two types of septa. The data in this research demonstrated that Streptomyces griseus forms another type of septum near the base of sporogenic hyphae (basal septum). To understand the regulation of the septation machinery in S. griseus, we investigated the expression of the ftsZ gene. S1 nuclease protection assays revealed that four ftsZ transcripts were differentially expressed during morphological differentiation. The vegetative transcript (emanating from P(veg)) is present at a moderate level during vegetative growth, but is switched off within the first 2 h of sporulation. Two sporulation-specific transcripts predominantly accumulated, and the levels increased by approximately fivefold together shortly before sporulation septa begin to form. Consistently, the sporulation-specific transcripts were expressed much earlier and more abundantly in a group of nonsporulating mutants that form their sporulation septa prematurely. Promoter-probe studies with two different reporter systems confirmed the activities of the putative promoters identified from the 5' end point of the transcripts. The levels and expression timing of promoter activities were consistent with the results of nuclease protection assays. The aseptate phenotype of the P(spo) mutant indicated that the increased transcription from P(spo) is required for sporulation septation, but not for vegetative or basal septum formation.
Essential role of Helicobacter pylori urease in gastric colonization: definite proof using a urease-negative mutant constructed by gene replacement. (1994)

H. pylori urease is essential for colonization of the nude mouse stomach.
Particle Swarm Optimization: Technique, System and Challenges (2011)

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a biologically inspired computational search and optimization method developed in 1995 by Eberhart and Kennedy based on the social behaviors of birds flocking or fish schooling. A number of basic variations have been developed due to improve speed of convergence and quality of solution found by the PSO. On the other hand, basic PSO is more appropriate to process static, simple optimization problem. Modification PSO is developed for solving the basic PSO problem. The observation and review 46 related studies in the period between 2002 and 2010 focusing on function of PSO, advantages and disadvantages of PSO, the basic variant of PSO, Modification of PSO and applications that have implemented using PSO. The application can show which one the modified or variant PSO that haven't been made and which one the modified or variant PSO that will be developed.
AuI: an alternative and potentially better precursor than AuIII for the synthesis of Au nanostructures (2010)

This article provides an overview of current developments with regard to the use of AuI compounds as precursors in the synthesis of Au nanostructures with controlled shapes or morphologies. We begin with a brief description of the difference between AuI and AuIII compounds, followed by a discussion on how the solubility and stability of a AuI compound can be improved by forming a coordination complex with a ligand (X). We then focus on a range of recent studies that have been directed towards the use of AuI-X complexes as precursors to elemental Au, in an effort to produce Au nanostructures with a variety of shapes, including icosahedral nanoparticles, truncated decahedrons, nanowires or nanorods, branched nanostructures, hybrid nanostructures, nanoboxes, nanocages, and nanoframes. In these syntheses, the AuI-X complexes offer a number of attractive features for generating Au nanostructures as compared to the conventional AuIII compounds, mostly due to their differences in oxidation state and aurophilic effect. The ability to control AuI chemistry therefore provides a great opportunity to systematically investigate the syntheses, physical properties, and applications of Au nanostructures.
The molecular genetics of basement membrane diseases (1993)

<h3>Background:</h3> Keratin filaments, hemidesmosomes, anchoring filaments, the lamina densa, and anchoring fibrils each function to maintain different levels of basement membrane cohesion. <h3>Observations:</h3> Keratin 5 or 14 mutations are present in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa is characterized by defects of the anchoring filament protein kalinin (alternatively known as nicein). Mutations of the type VII collagen gene appear to be the primary cause of dominant and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Two hemidesmosomal components are the bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigens: BP230 shows homology to desmoplakin, a desmosomal component; BP180 contains extracellular collagen domains. The autoantigens in cicatricial pemphigiod and IgA-mediated autoimmune diseases are less well understood. Type IV collagen chains are affected in Alport's and Goodpasture's syndromes. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> New diagnostic and therapeutic techniques based on these genetic/biochemical advances are currently being developed.
Coupon characteristics and redemption intentions: A segment-level analysis (1998)

The authors investigate how different segments of consumers react to different coupon characteristics, such as face value and method of distribution. They utilize a latent segmentation approach to identify the underlying segments. The empirical analysis suggests that different segments of consumers place varying emphasis with regard to economic benefits, psychic benefits, effort costs, and substitution costs. A further examination of the derived segments with respect to consumer correlates such as psychological, attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic characteristics reveals that coupon-related consumer characteristics, rather than demographics, exhibit significant and meaningful differences across these segments. Implications of the segment-level analysis for evaluating coupon drops and managing promotional expenditures are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cell density and mobility protect swarming bacteria against antibiotics (2010)

Swarming bacteria move in multicellular groups and exhibit adaptive resistance to multiple antibiotics. Analysis of this phenomenon has revealed the protective power of high cell densities to withstand exposure to otherwise lethal antibiotic concentrations. We find that high densities promote bacterial survival, even in a nonswarming state, but that the ability to move, as well as the speed of movement, confers an added advantage, making swarming an effective strategy for prevailing against antimicrobials. We find no evidence of induced resistance pathways or quorum-sensing mechanisms controlling this group resistance, which occurs at a cost to cells directly exposed to the antibiotic. This work has relevance to the adaptive antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms.
(3<i>S</i>,6<i>S</i>)-3-Isopropyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[4.4.0]decane-2,5-dione, C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>18</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: Bayesian statistics in data analysis (1991)

C 11 H 18 N 2 O 2 cristallise dans P2 1 avec a=10,503, b=10,464, c=11,012 A, β=110,74 o , Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,102. Les deux cycles du compose sont condenses cis. La maille contient deux molecules A et B independantes symetriquement. Des chaines infinies, comportant exclusivement soit des molecules de type A soit des molecules de type B, sont reliees par des liaisons intermoleculaires N(4)―H...O(1). Affinement base sur la statistique bayesienne
Identifying novel constrained elements by exploiting biased substitution patterns (2009)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Type II Collagen Mutations in Rare and Common (1994)

Cartilage diseases include a wide variety of clinical phenotypes from common osteoarthrosis to several different types of chondrodysplasias, i.e. 'disorders of cartilage', of which more than 100 different have been described. Patients frequently suffer from various symptoms affecting their joints and/or the growth of their long bones. The amount of hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces is often diminished and structurally abnormal. The surface of the cartilage may have an irregular appearance with defects extending into the subchondral bone. The major constituents of this hyaline cartilage are collagens and proteoglycans, the most abundant protein being type II collagen. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha-chains, which are encoded by a single gene on human chromosome 12. The gene for type II collagen therefore became a likely candidate for some forms of chondrodysplasias and cartilage degeneration. Recently, both linkages and exclusions between this gene and various cartilage diseases have been reported and a growing number of mutations within the gene have also been identified.
Human drug abuse liability assessment: opioids and analgesics (1991)

Methods are described for assessment of the abuse liability of opioids and analgesics. The methods developed by the USPHS Addiction Research Center for assessment of opioid abuse liability have served as the prototype for most currently used abuse liability assessment approaches. The general method is that of comparing the profile of effects of a test drug to the profiles of placebo and of a known drug of abuse. Drugs with profiles of activity similar to the known drug of abuse are considered pharmacologically equivalent and of similar abuse liability. Specific methods, including the Addiction Research Inventory, adjective- and visual analog rating scales, are described, as are methodological developments that have been introduced to improve the sensitivity of the procedures and to adapt them to modern circumstances. It is concluded that the profile-of-effects methodology has proven extremely useful and should remain a basic element in abuse liability assessments.
Life after a mean free path (1990)

The history of natural science contains many instances in which a certain branch, considered dead for a long time, suddenly rises from its ashes like a phoenix. Researchers who move to different areas to escape boredom characterise the lethargic state of the field they have just abandoned with cynical expressions: the field is supposed to be mature, ripe or aged. However, unexpected new scientific discoveries and/or new technologies may suddenly open up these outmoded fields and even cause some remigration. Currently, fascinating developments are causing this change in linear classical optics – even this dull field is roaring again.
Personal Does Not Always Equal "Private": The Constitutionality of Requiring DNA Samples from Convicted Felons and Arrestees (2001)

In the past couple of decades, the use of DNA testing has become a major debate in criminal law. Many Americans have called for regular use of DNA testing in criminal cases, particularly in the aftermath of the O.J. Simpson murder trial. While these tests can potentially help better ensure justice conducting DNA tests raises fundamental personal privacy concerns. This Note analyzes the development of DNA testing throughout the United States, giving a historical account of how the courts and local police departments have dealt with this testing Finally, the Note argues that the government's interest in mandatory testing of all those arrested outweighs individuals' privacy interests, therefore making DNA 'fingerprints" a substitute for traditional fingerprints.