gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Phase-Dispersion Interference Filter*† (1959)

A filter in which the two high-reflection elements are dielectric multilayers of the type that show a rapid wavelength variation of the phase change on reflection yields several pass bands, some of which are very narrow. The grouping of these bands, and their various widths, depend in a characteristic way on the order in which the individual layers of the multilayers are arranged on the two sides of the spacer. Fair quantitative agreement is obtained between the theoretical and observed positions and widths of the bands. For an asymmetrical arrangement of the layers the filter shows, at one particular wavelength, no splitting of the pass band into polarized components at non-normal incidence.
Angiogenic gene therapy strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. (2002)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are significant medical problems worldwide, and arguably the biggest medical problems in the developed world. Although substantial progress has been made in prevention as well as in the treatment of these diseases, particularly of CAD, there are a large number of patients, who despite maximal medical treatment, have substantial symptomatology, and who are not candidates for mechanical revascularization. Therapeutic angiogenesis represents a novel, conceptually appealing, treatment option for these patients. Consequently, there are several different products in clinical trials, looking at various angiogenic growth factors. A number of small, mostly open-labeled phase I or phase I/II studies have been conducted with adeno- and plasmid-based vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene constructs in CAD and PVD. Although these studies have provided intriguing indications that new vessel formation is possible, and that these new vessels could be functional, these studies have been too small to allow conclusions to be drawn about potential efficacy. A number of proof-of-concept studies are presently underway or planned with four different constructs Ad(GV)VEGF121.10 (BioByPass; GenVec Inc), ph-VEGF (St Elizabeth's Medical Center of Boston Inc), Ad5-FGF4 (Collateral Therapeutics Inc/Schering Inc) and NV1FGF (Aventis Pharma AG/Aventis Gencell), and should, upon completion, provide a better indication as to the potential therapeutic role of these treatment modalities in the armamentarium against atherosclerotic disease. This exciting new field is reviewed, with special emphasis on clinical trials.
Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen as an outcome predictor in colon cancer (2013)

Extrapolating the predictive value of certain preoperative CEA intervals to a continuous approach for use in a case-for-case basis is unjustified. Preoperative CEA may be a useful risk estimator but has limited significance for predictions of long-term outcomes in individual cases.
Long Term Stability and Performance of Platinum Resistance Thermometers for Use to 1063° C (1968)

The design and performance of platinum resistance thermometers are evaluated for periods of up to 5000 h exposure between 1050 °C and 1100 °C. These thermometers are designed as interpolation instruments for the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS). Long term stability and high temperature insulation resistance measurements were of particular interest, and after an initial 500 h of high temperature exposure, drift rates measured at 0 °C were as low as 0.002 °C per 100 h.
Kinetic Modeling of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis in a Single Step on a CuO−ZnO−Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst (2007)

A kinetic model has been proposed for the synthesis of dimethyl ether in a single reaction step from (H2 + CO) and (H2 + CO2), and the kinetic parameters have been calculated for a CuO−ZnO−Al2O3/γ-Al2O3 bifunctional catalyst. The kinetic model suitably fits the experimental results obtained in an isothermal fixed bed reactor within a wide range of operating conditions: 225−325 °C; 10−40 bar; space time, 1.6−57.0 (g of catalyst) h (mol H2)-1. The crucial steps for modeling are the synthesis of methanol from (H2 + CO)synthesis from (H2 + CO2) is not importantmethanol dehydration (very fast), and the water-shift reaction (in equilibrium). The inhibiting effect of water is also taken into account in the synthesis of methanol and the formation of hydrocarbons. The advantage of carrying out methanol dehydration in situ is noteworthy, given that it allows for attaining yields higher than 60% of carbon converted into DME and 5% into methanol, when (H2 + CO) is fed at 30 bar and 275 °C. At higher temperatures, hydrocarbons (mainly methane) are produced.
Preparation and Reaction Chemistry of Novel Silicon-Substituted 1,3-Dienes (2015)

2-Silicon-substituted 1,3-dienes containing non transferrable groups known to promote transmetallation were prepared by Grignard chemistry and enyne metathesis. These dienes participated in one pot metathesis/Diels-Alder reactions in regio- and diastereoselective fashions. Electron-rich alkenes showed the fastest rates in metathesis reactions, and ethylene, a commonly used metathesis promoter slowed enyne metathesis. 2-Pyridyldimethylsilyl and 2-thienyldimethylsilyl substituted Diels-Alder cycloadducts participated in cross-coupling chemistry and the 2-thienyldimethylsilyl substituted cycloadducts underwent cross-coupling under very mild reaction conditions.
A Strain of <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (18C23) Inhibits Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> K88 to Porcine Small Intestine Mucus (2000)

Few studies, if any, have addressed the adhesion of enterococci to the intestinal mucosa and their interference with the adhesion of pathogens, although more than 60% of probiotic preparations in the market contain strains of enterococci. The objective of this study was to investigate if Enterococcus faecium 18C23 has the ability to inhibit the adhesion of Escherichia coli K88ac and K88MB to the small intestine mucus of piglets. Approximately 9% of E. faecium 18C23 organisms adhered to the small intestine mucus, and the adhesion was found to be specific. Living E. faecium 18C23 culture efficiently inhibited the adhesion of E. coli K88ac and K88MB to the piglet intestine mucus. Inhibition of the adhesion of E. coli K88ac to the small intestine mucus was found to be dose dependent. Inhibition of >90% was observed when 10(9) CFU or more of living E. faecium 18C23 culture per ml was added simultaneously with E. coli to immobilized mucus. The substances from both the 18C23 cells and the spent culture supernatant contributed to the inhibition of adhesion of E. coli K88 to the small intestine mucus receptors. The inhibiting effect was not solely a pH effect since considerable inhibitory action was demonstrated after neutralizing the mixture or spent culture supernatant to pH 7.0. Part of the inhibition of adhesion of E. coli K88ac by E. faecium 18C23 or its supernatant might occur through steric hindrance.
The physical topology discovery for switched ethernet based on connections reasoning technique (2006)

Accurate and up-to-date knowledge of topology serves as the base of a number of network management functions, such as performance monitoring and evaluation, fault detection and location, resource allocation and etc. Firstly the main achievements in topology discovery for LAN are introduced and the defects of those methods are pointed out in this paper. Then the basic theories for connections reasoning technique (CRT) based on the predication logic are proposed. This technique translates the topology discovery into a math problem of logic reasoning, so that topology of LAN can be studied by mathematic tools. A new algorithm for topology discovery based on this mechanism is proposed in this paper. Compared with current discovery algorithms, this method excels in: 1) making use of AFT more effectively in topology discovery, so the whole topology can be build up by just a part of AFTs; and 2) naturally resolving the problem of topology discovery for multiple subnet switched domain.
On the Transmit Signal Design at the Reader for RFID MIMO Systems (2012)

This paper discusses the reader's transmit signal design problem for RFID MIMO systems. First a mathematical model for this kind of system is developed from the viewpoint of signal processing. Then two spatial matching transmission schemes, namely matched to a fixed antenna at the tag or matched to a selected antenna at the tag, for the reader's signals are proposed. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed approaches can greatly improve the BER performance of RFID MIMO systems, compared to the uniform transmission policy.
CO2 emissions by the residential sector : environmental implications of inter-fuel substitution (1992)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for 55% of the buildup of greenhouse gases based on radiative equivalence and atmospheric residence time. The most important emitters of CO2 are fossil fuels and deforestation. Biomass fuels are mainly consumed in the LDCs and provide about 14% of the world's primary energy consumption. The paper focusses on the situation in sub-Saharan Africa because of the importance of the household sector on the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This is mainly due to the dominant role that biomass fuels play in the economies of these countries. Based on evidence of CO2 emissions from household stoves - the major end-use for biomass fuels - and taking into account the complete CO2 cycle for all of the fuels used, the paper finds that the incremental net volume of CO2 will usually be higher if LDC households substitute hydrocarbon fuels for biomass fuels, with the exception of charcoal. Only charcoal adds more CO2 than any other fuel and, therefore, should be substituted to the extent possible, based on environmental considerations. The paper concludes that there is a clear case to carry out so-called household energy strategies in all sub-Saharan countries. These strategies encompass: (a) management of woodfuels supply; (b) inter-fuel substitution; (c) energy demand management; (d) fuel pricing policies; and (e) appropriate institutional arrangements.
Alexandria Digital Library (1995)

The goal of the Alexandria Digital Library Project is to develop a distributed system that provides a comprehensive range of library services for collections of spatially indexed and graphical information. While such collections include digitized maps and images as important special components, the Alexandria Digital Library will involve a very wide range of graphical materials and will include textual materials. Users of the Alexandria Digital Library will range from school children to academic researchers to members of the general public. They will be able to retrieve materials from the library on the basis of information content as well by reference to spatial location.
The clay-catalysed dimerisation of oleic acid (1968)

8.3 n-d-M-ring analyses of monomer, dimer and trimer 89 8.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra 94 8. 5 Conclusions 95 9. THE REACTION MODEL 9.1 Introduetion 96 9.2 Isomerisation and hydragen transfer 96 9.3 Dimerisation and polymerisation 99 9.4 Other reactions 10.TEST OF THE REACTION MODEL BY MEANS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH PURE OLEIC ACID 1 0. 1 Introduetion OS 10.2 Experimental procedure for vibrating reactors 10.3The effect of temperature on the optimum water content 10.4The effect of the vibration frequency 10.5 The effect of reaction time and temperature 10.5.1 Corrections neglects and assumptions 10.5.2 Experimental results 10.5.2.1 Experiments with pure oleic acid 10.5.2.2 Experiments with pure elaidic acid 10.5.3 Testing of the reaction model on the analogue computer 10.5.3.1 The formation of D, E and F considered reversible 10.5.3.2The formation of D, E and F considered irreversible 10.5.4The activation energy 10.6 The effect of treatment of the catalyst with hydragen chloride or lithium hydroxide 10.7 Conclusions 11.THE ROLE OF MONTMORILLONITE AND THE FUNCTION OF THE WATER 1 L 1 Introduetion 11.2The amount of water at the catalyst surface under reaction conditions 11.3 The functions of the water 11.4The mechanism of the reactions 11.5 Concluslons
Using interference in the frequency domain for precise determination of thickness and refractive indices of normal dispersive materials (1995)

We present an experimental demonstration of the spectral interference phenomenon, using a spectrally broad white-light source in a Michelson interferometer configuration. We also present a theoretical analysis of the spectral interference law for the general case of amplitude-division interferometers. When a dispersive medium is introduced into one of the arms of the interferometer, the spectral interference pattern changes drastically, with a change in the frequency modulation corresponding to the dispersive nature of the medium. A zero-order fringe appears at a wavelength where the net path difference between the two arms of the interferometer is zero. We relate the thickness of the dispersive medium to the width of the zero-order fringe. From the experimental data over the entire visible region of the spectrum we obtain the refractive index n(λ) and the thickness t of the dispersive medium, calculated to an accuracy of the order of 10−5.
Edge detection for magnetooptical data storage (1991)

The polarization sensitive optical heterodyne methods used to detect polarization rotations in conventional magnetooptic data storage systems can be altered to produce nonzero electronic signals only when the polarization rotation changes. Such systems detect the edges of the magnetic domains optically and produce signals similar to conventional inductive magnetic recording channels. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that optimized edge detection systems can have a performance comparable with present level detection systems but with less complexity. The maximum carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) occurs for domains 1.3 microm in length when edge detection is used, and the CNR found experimentally at this maximum is 47 dB, comparable to level detection for this size domain.
DNA methylation and globin gene expression in patients treated with 5-azacytidine. (1983)

5-Azacytidine, a cytidine analog, stimulated fetal hemoglobin synthesis in five patients who had either severe beta-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia. After treatment, a reduction in the frequency of methylated cytosine residues was observed at all Hpa II sites examined. Despite causing "global" hypomethylation, 5-azacytidine augmented the synthesis of gamma-globin only. Although gamma-gene hypomethylation and increased gamma-gene expression seem to be linked, hypomethylation near other genes was not sufficient to activate transcription. These data suggest that the gamma genes lie in a unique "preactivational" state responsive to hypomethylation, and that other genes are repressed in bone marrow cells by different mechanisms. DNA hypomethylation and an increased concentration of gamma-mRNA were observed in bone marrow cells 2 days after initiation of treatment, indicating that 5-azacytidine may act directly on differentiated erythroid precursors. This compound probably affects early erythroid progenitors as well, since an increased level of gamma-globin synthesis persists for 1-2 weeks after the drug is stopped. A direct effect on erythroid progenitors was also suggested by in vitro assays: Erythroid colonies derived from progenitor cells obtained on day 2 of treatment produced more Hb F than colonies derived from progenitors obtained before 5-azacytidine was given.
Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy�filling in the potholes that lie ahead (2013)

Antibody-Drug Conjugates, composed of a cytotoxic drug conjugated to a tumour cell targeting antibody are being extensively studied and tested for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Antibody-Drug Conjugate systems hold the promise of more selective drug therapy compared to traditional chemotherapy, with fewer side effects. These important advantages have stimulated exciting developments in various aspects of Antibody-Drug Conjugate technology. Although several AntibodyDrug Conjugates have now entered the clinic, a number of biological and technical pitfalls exist that will need to be overcome if AntibodyDrug Conjugates are to fulfil their full therapeutic potential. This paper will discuss the more important of these challenges.
Induction chemotherapy (CT) with weekly paclitaxel, carboplatin, and cetuximab for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HN) (2006)

5520 Background: To further determine the potential efficacy of combining cetuximab with chemotherapy, we conducted a phase II trial with induction CT consisting of 6 weekly cycles of paclitaxel 135 mg/m 2 , carboplatin auc 2 and cetuximab 400 mg/m 2 week 1 then 250 mg/m 2 weekly. Methods: Patients (pts) were treatment-naïve with staging T0–4, N2b/c/3, M0; PS 0/1; with any HN primary site; and evaluated for clinico-radiographic complete response (CR). Pathway signaling biomarkers and genomic profiling are planned. Following CT, patients underwent “risk-based” local therapy. Choice of surgery ± postoperative radiotherapy (RT), RT, or concomitant chemoRT was based upon tumor stage and site at diagnosis. Results: Patient entry (2/05–11/05) has concluded with 47 patients (33 m, 14 f), median age 53 years and range 21–78. Two patients are too early for response analysis. Oropharynx was the dominant primary site, N = 42, with staging: Tx N2b - 4, Tx N3 - 1; T1 N2b - 5, T1 N2c - 6, T1 N3 - 3; T2 Nx - 1, T2 N2b - 10, T2 N3 - 3; T3 N2b - 5, T3 N2c - 3, T3 N3 - 1; T4 N2b - 2 and T4 N2c - 3. Toxicity was acceptable. Sixteen (34%) pts had grade 3/4 leukopenia; 22 (47%) grade 3 folliculitis (median 5 cycles of cetuximab administered); and 2 (4%) serious hypersensitivity. All 41 evaluable pts achieved a response in the primary site, 7 (17%) PR and 34 (83%) CR. Forty-three of 44 evaluable patients achieved a nodal response, 31 (70%) PR and 12 (27%) CR. Overall, 11 of 45 (24%) pts were disease-free after CT. At this early point, 3 pts have had 4 tumor recurrences, 2 local and 2 distant. Conclusions: CT administered over 6 wks, with cetuximab, was feasible and highly active with all patients achieving a tumor response. Severe skin rash affected nearly 50% of pts. Preliminary survival data, and correlation of surrogate biomarkers with tumor response are to be presented. Supported by: Bristol Myers Squibb Oncology and Imclone Systems Grant #CS 2004–00011435 WC. [Table: see text]
Targeted recombination in plants using <i>Agrobacterium</i> coincides with additional rearrangements at the target locus (1995)

The use of Agrobacterium for gene targeting in plants has been investigated. Leaf protoplasts of five transgenic tobacco lines, containing a T-DNA insertion with a defective npt-II gene at different positions in the plant genome, were transformed via Agrobacterium with a T-DNA containing a npt-II repair gene. After selection for kanamycin resistance and PCR analysis six recombinants were derived from four of the target lines. The recombination frequencies were similar for the different target lines with one recombinant from approximately 3 x 10(5) transformants. Apparently gene targeting is more or less independent of the location of the target construct in the plant genome. Molecular analysis revealed that gene targeting had occurred in five of the six recombinant lines. However precise recombination had occurred in only one line, while in the other four lines restoration of the npt-II gene was accompanied by a deletion of part of the target locus. The sixth recombinant line showed restoration of the npt-II gene of the incoming T-DNA construct which was inserted in the plant genome at a position closely linked to the target locus. The different recombination products favour a model in which recombination is via gene conversion followed by reintegration of the synthesized DNA via homologous or illegitimate recombination rather than a reciprocal exchange of DNA between two cross-overs.
Diurnal Patterns of Plasma Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Endogenous (Type IV) Hyperlipoproteinemia (1971)

Controlled dietary studies with formula diets in normal subjects and in patients with type IV hyperglyceridemia were performed, comparing high fat (65% of total calories) with high carbohydrate (80% of total calories) diets. In spite of &#8216;carbohydrate-accentuation&#8217; on the latter diet, as judged from fasting triglyceride values, all-day triglyceride levels were higher with 65% fat formula, particularly in the patient group. Since all-day free fatty acid levels showed similar behaviour, it is suggested that control of endogenous hyperlipidemia may require a properly balanced diet rather than extreme carbohydrate restriction and fat supplementation.
<i>T</i><sub>2</sub> shuffling: Sharp, multicontrast, volumetric fast spin‐echo imaging (2016)

Purpose A new acquisition and reconstruction method called T 2 Shuffling is presented for volumetric fast spin‐echo (three‐dimensional [3D] FSE) imaging. T 2 Shuffling reduces blurring and recovers many images at multiple T 2 contrasts from a single acquisition at clinically feasible scan times (6–7 min). Theory and Methods The parallel imaging forward model is modified to account for temporal signal relaxation during the echo train. Scan efficiency is improved by acquiring data during the transient signal decay and by increasing echo train lengths without loss in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). By (1) randomly shuffling the phase encode view ordering, (2) constraining the temporal signal evolution to a low‐dimensional subspace, and (3) promoting spatio‐temporal correlations through locally low rank regularization, a time series of virtual echo time images is recovered from a single scan. A convex formulation is presented that is robust to partial voluming and radiofrequency field inhomogeneity. Results Retrospective undersampling and in vivo scans confirm the increase in sharpness afforded by T 2 Shuffling. Multiple image contrasts are recovered and used to highlight pathology in pediatric patients. A proof‐of‐principle method is integrated into a clinical musculoskeletal imaging workflow. Conclusion The proposed T 2 Shuffling method improves the diagnostic utility of 3D FSE by reducing blurring and producing multiple image contrasts from a single scan. Magn Reson Med 77:180–195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taurine Update (1987)

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Simultaneous Occurrence of Structure-Directed and Particle-Resonance-Induced Phononic Gaps in Colloidal Films (2008)

We report on the observation of two hypersonic phononic gaps of different nature in three-dimensional colloidal films of nanospheres using Brillouin light scattering. One is a Bragg gap occurring at the edge of the first Brillouin zone along a high-symmetry crystal direction. The other is a hybridization gap in crystalline and amorphous films, originating from the interaction of the band of quadrupole particle eigenmodes with the acoustic effective-medium band, and its frequency position compares well with the computed lowest eigenfrequency. Structural disorder eliminates the Bragg gap, while the hybridization gap is robust.