gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA by PCR using an electrochemiluminescence-tagged probe (1995)

We have developed a rapid, pseudohomogeneous assay for the detection of PCR amplicons, based on the use of electrochemiluminescence generated from a Tris-bipyridine ruthenium(II) label. PCR amplification of highly conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag gene sequences was performed with SK38 and SK39 primers, the latter of which was 5' biotinylated. Post-PCR reaction mixtures were combined with 10(12) copies of the SK19 probe-Tris-bipyridine ruthenium(II) conjugate, denatured by heating at 100 degrees C for 5 min, and hybridized at 55 degrees C for an additional 15 min. Hybridization to the biotinylated strand of the amplified DNA was determined by the addition of streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles and analyzed by using an Origen-1 electrochemiluminescence analyzer. Our results demonstrated a sensitivity of fewer than five copies of HIV-1 (pre-PCR), by using either purified plasmid DNA containing one complete copy of the HIV-1 cDNA genome or lysed, proteinase K-treated 8E5 cells as the starting material. In an evaluation of actual clinical specimens (peripheral blood monocytes from both healthy and HIV-1-infected children), the electrochemiluminescent detection assay correlated 100% with both our standard method (solution hybridization with a radiolabeled probe followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [PAGE] and autoradiography) and a commercial method (Roche Amplicor). The electrochemiluminescent method was substantially easier to perform than either the PAGE or microtiter plate assays and was considerable faster to perform than either of these alternative formats.
Tracking unstable orbits in chaos using dissipative feedback control (1994)

Using a form of linear feedback we call dissipative feedback control, we show how to use external forcing to control a chaotic dynamical system to a fixed point or an unstable periodic orbit when the location of the fixed point or unstable periodic orbit may change slowly with time. The ability to follow a desired state of the system by an external control even when that state is slowly varying in time we call tracking. This slow ``drift'' of states is the usual situation in actual experimental realizations of chaotic systems in nonlinear circuits and other physical manifestations, and this drift can be accounted for by providing a slow dynamics for the location of the fixed point or periodic orbit. We discuss the theoretical aspects of this idea and show its feasibility in some experiments with nonlinear circuits with chaotic behavior.
On diamond windows for high power synchrotron x ray beams (1991)

Recent advances in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology has made available thin, free-standing polycrystalline diamond foils that can be used as the window material on high heat load synchrotron x-ray beamlines. Diamond windows have many advantages that stem from the exceptionally attractive thermal, structural, and physical properties of diamond. Numerical simulations indicate that diamond windows can offer an attractive and at times the only alternative to beryllium windows for use on the third generation x-ray synchrotron radiation beamlines. Utilization, design, and fabrication aspects of diamond windows for high heat load x-ray beamlines are discussed, and analytical and numerical results are presented to provide a basis for the design and testing of such windows.
Doping of organic semiconductors (2012)

Abstract The understanding and applications of organic semiconductors have shown remarkable progress in recent years. This material class has been developed from being a lab curiosity to the basis of first successful products as small organic LED (OLED) displays; other areas of application such as OLED lighting and organic photovoltaics are on the verge of broad commercialization. Organic semiconductors are superior to inorganic ones for low‐cost and large‐area optoelectronics due to their flexibility, easy deposition, and broad variety, making tailor‐made materials possible. However, electrical doping of organic semiconductors, i.e. the controlled adjustment of Fermi level that has been extremely important to the success of inorganic semiconductors, is still in its infancy. This review will discuss recent work on both fundamental principles and applications of doping, focused primarily to doping of evaporated organic layers with molecular dopants. Recently, both p‐ and n‐type molecular dopants have been developed that lead to efficient and stable doping of organic thin films. Due to doping, the conductivity of the doped layers increases several orders of magnitude and allows for quasi‐Ohmic contacts between organic layers and metal electrodes. Besides reducing voltage losses, doping thus also gives design freedom in terms of transport layer thickness and electrode choice. The use of doping in applications like OLEDs and organic solar cells is highlighted in this review. Overall, controlled molecular doping can be considered as key enabling technology for many different organic device types that can lead to significant improvements in efficiencies and lifetimes.
Desensitization of enucleated cells to hormones and role of cytoskeleton in control of normal hormonal response. (1980)

Prostaglandin E1 and the beta-adrenergic hormone l-isoproterenol stimulated cyclic AMP formation in both nucleated and enucleated myeloid leukemic cells that could be induced to differentiate normally to mature cells by the macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI (MGI+D+ cells). Enucleated as well as nucleated MGI+D+ cells also desensitized to these hormones, indicating that this desensitization is an extranuclear process. Nucleated or enucleated mutant myeloid leukemic cells that are not induced to differentiate (MGI-D- cells) were not desensitized to these hormones. The antitubulin alkaloids colchicine and vinblastine, but not the antimicrofilament compound cytochalasin B, increased the maximal hormone-induced formation of cyclic AMP in nucleated MGI+D+ cells but not in the MGI-D- cells. These alkaloids also inhibited the development of desensitization to l-isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 in enucleated MGI+D+ cells. The results indicate that in MGI+D+ cells the cytoskeletal system puts constraints on the cells' ability to respond to these hormones and that these constraints are absent in the mutant MGI-D- cells. Because MGI+D+ but not MGI-D- cells can be induced to differentiate by the macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein, cytoskeletal constraints, which are also found in normal myeloid cells, may be necessary for cell competence to differentiate. The results support the suggestion that membrane cytoskeletal constraints generate may control the normal response and desensitization to membrane-mediated cell inducers.
Some Effects of Pyrophosphate and Citrate Ions Upon the Colloidal Caseinate-Phosphate Micelles and Ultrafiltrate of Raw and Heated Skimmilk (1967)

The effect of added pyrot~hosphate (TSPP) ions, citrate ions, and heat upon the following properties of skimmilk were investigated: a) apparent size and chemical composition of the eoIloidsl easeinatephosphate micelles, b) chemical composition and Sephadex gel filtration properties of the resulting ultrafiltrate, and c) ultracentrifugal sedimentation characteristics of easeinate-phosphate micelles dispersed in phosphate buffer, treated with oxalate, or dialyzed against TSPP.
Aging activates adipogenic and suppresses osteogenic programs in mesenchymal marrow stroma/stem cells: the role of PPAR‐γ2 transcription factor and TGF‐β/BMP signaling pathways (2004)

Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common progenitor, which arises from bone marrow mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (mMSC). Aging causes a decrease in the number of bone-forming osteoblasts and an increase in the number of marrow adipocytes. Here, we demonstrate that, during aging, the status of mMSC changes with respect to both their intrinsic differentiation potential and production of signaling molecules, which contributes to the formation of a specific marrow microenvironment necessary for maintenance of bone homeostasis. Aging causes a decrease in the commitment of mMSC to the osteoblast lineage and an increase in the commitment to the adipocyte lineage. This is reflected by changes in the expression of phenotype-specific gene markers. The expression of osteoblast-specific transcription factors, Runx2 and Dlx5, and osteoblast markers, collagen and osteocalcin, is decreased in aged mMSC. Conversely, the expression of adipocyte-specific transcription factor PPAR-gamma2, shown previously to regulate osteoblast development and bone formation negatively and to regulate marrow adipocyte differentiation positively, is increased, as is a gene marker of adipocyte phenotype, fatty acid binding protein aP2. Furthermore, production of an endogenous PPAR-gamma activator(s) that stimulates adipocyte differentiation and production of autocrine/paracrine factor(s) that suppresses the osteoblastic phenotype are also increased. In addition, expression of different components of TGF-beta and BMP2/4 signaling pathways is altered, suggesting that activities of these two cytokines essential for bone homeostasis change with aging.
A novel host containing both binding site and nucleophile prepared by attachment of .beta.-cyclodextrin to poly(ethylenimine) (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA novel host containing both binding site and nucleophile prepared by attachment of .beta.-cyclodextrin to poly(ethylenimine)Junghun Suh, Sang Hee Lee, and Kyung Duk ZohCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7916–7917Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00046a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views370Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Design and Application of Microfluidic Systems for In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Drug Candidates (2009)

One of the fundamental challenges facing the development of new chemical entities within the pharmaceutical industry is the extrapolation of key in vivo parameters from in vitro cell culture assays and animal studies. Development of microscale devices and screening assays incorporating primary human cells can potentially provide better, faster and more efficient prediction of in vivo toxicity and clinical drug performance. With this goal in mind, large strides have been made in the area of microfluidics to provide in vitro surrogates that are designed to mimic the physiological architecture and dynamics. More recent advancements have been made in the development of in vitro analogues to physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models - a mathematical model that represents the body as interconnected compartments specific for a particular organ. In this review we highlight recent advancements in human hepatocyte microscale culture, and describe the next generation of integrated devices, whose potential allows for the high throughput assessment of drug metabolism, distribution and pharmacokinetics.
Framed Recessed Oxide Scheme for Dislocation‐Free Planar Si Structures (1978)

Recessed oxide isolation is widely used to reduce defects and increase packing density in Si integrated circuits. Unfortunately, the use of layers to mask the Si during the formation of the recessed oxide creates an unevenness in the surface, known as bird's‐head, and the lateral oxidation due to the under the layer creates bird's‐beak. Bird's‐head and bird's‐beak limit packing density and performance. In the framed recessed oxide‐isolation process presented in this paper, the is allowed to cover the Si surface in narrow stripes to define the recessed oxide boundary; thus both limitations are avoided. The samples were analyzed by Sirtl etch and TEM methods. For a layer 500Å thick, no induced crystal defects were present, probably because of partial stress relief within the narrow stripes. For a layer more than 1000Å thick, dislocations appeared along the edges. The dislocations, which are of the 60° type on (111) slip planes with alternate Burger's vectors, relieve part of the intrinsic tensile stress of the.
Application of ink jet technology on photovoltaic metallization (1988)

Computer-controlled ink-jet assisted metallization of the grid pattern of solar cells with metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) silver inks offers a maskless alternative method to conventional photolithographic thin-film technology and screen-printing technology. This method can provide low-cost, fine-resolution reduction in process complexity by direct ink-jet patterning, avoidance of degradation of p-n junctions by firing at low temperature (350 degrees C), and uniform line film on rough-surface solar cells (unpolished solar cells for low-cost purposes). The metallization process involves jet-printed metallo-organic inks, belt furnace firing, and thermal spiking. With titanium thin-film underlayer as an adhesion promoter and multilayer ink jet printing, solar cells of 8.08% average efficiency without AR coating can be obtained. This efficiency value is approximately equal to that of thin-film metallized solar cells of the same lot.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A tri-modal 20Gbps/link differential/DDR3/GDDR5 memory interface (2011)

An improved asymmetric bidirectional memory interface [1] implemented in 40-nm CMOS process achieves 20Gbps per data link, and can also communicate with DDR3 and GDDR5 DRAM at 1.6Gbps and 6.4Gbps, respectively. The low-power tri-modal high-speed interface is enabled by a continuous 1.6GHz to 10GHz clock generation mechanism, and substantial reuse of the circuit elements between the signaling modes, particularly at the driver output stage. In the high speed differential mode, the system utilizes a 1-tap transmit equalizer during a WRITE to the memory, while in memory READ it uses a linear equalizer (LEQ) with 3dB of peaking as well as a calibrated 1-tap predictive decision feedback equalizer (prDFE). The interface consisting of 16 data links achieves efficiency of better than 5.3mW/Gbps.
Toxicity of synthetic piperonyl compounds to leaf‐cutting ants and their symbiotic fungus (2001)

The development of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, the fungus cultured by the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens was inhibited in vitro by synthetic compounds containing the piperonyl group. In addition, worker ants that were fed daily on an artificial diet to which these compounds were added had a higher mortality rate than the controls. The inhibition of the fungal growth increased with the size of the carbon side chain ranging from C1 through C8 and decreasing thereafter. 1-(3,4-Methylenedioxybenzyloxy)octane (compound 5) was the most active compound and inhibited the fungal development by 80% at a concentration of 15 µg ml−1. With worker ants the toxic effects started with compound 5 and increased with the number of carbons in the side chain. Thus, for the same concentration (100 µg ml−1) the mortality rates observed after 8 days of diet ingestion were 82%, 66% and 42%, for 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyloxy)decane, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyloxy)dodecane and compound 5, respectively, whereas with commercial piperonyl butoxide the mortality was 68%. The latter compound, which is known as a synergist insecticide, was as inhibitory to the symbiotic fungus as the synthetic compound 5. The possibility of controlling these insects in the future using compounds that can target simultaneously both organisms is discussed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A “Nanonecklace” Synthesized from Monofunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles (2005)

Gold nanoparticles with a single carboxylic acid group on the surface were prepared from a solid phase place exchange reaction and then coupled to polylysine using an in situ activation agent, diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIPCDI). The covalent amide bond linkage between the nanoparticles and polylysine and the ring closure of the polylysine chain have led to the formation of a nanoparticle/polymer hybrid material with "nanonecklace" structures.
CD133‐Positive Hematopoietic Stem Cell “Stemness” Genes Contain Many Genes Mutated or Abnormally Expressed in Leukemia (2005)

Affymetrix human Hu133A oligonucleotide arrays were used to study the expression profile of CD133+ cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) using CD133 cell-surface marker. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 14,025 valid probe sets showed a clear distinction between the CD133+ cells representing the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population and CD133-differentiated cells. Two hundred forty-four genes were found to be upregulated by at least twofold in the CD133-positive cells of both CB and PB compared with the CD133-negative cells. These genes represent the hematopoietic "stemness," whereas the 218 and 304 upregulated genes exclusively in PB and CB, respectively, represent tissue specificity. Some of the stemness genes were also common to HSC genes found to be upregulated in several recently published studies. Among these common stemness genes, we identified several groups of genes that have an important role in hematopoiesis: growth factor receptors, transcription factors, genes that have an important role in development, and genes involved in cell growth. Sixteen selected stemness genes are known to be mutated or abnormally regulated in acute leukemias. It can be suggested that key hematopoietic stemness machinery genes may lead to abnormal proliferation and leukemia upon mutation or change of their expression.
Automatically Harvesting Katakana-English Term Pairs from Search Engine Query Logs. (2001)

This paper describes a method of extracting katakana words and phrases, along with their English counterparts from non-aligned monolingual web search engine query logs. The method employs a trainable edit distance function to find &lt;katakana, English&gt; pairs that have a high probability of being equivalent. These pairs can then be used to further bootstrap training of the edit distance function, resulting in improved back-transliteration from katakana to English. In addition, this is an effective method for mining large numbers of katakana strings to enhance a bilingual lexicon. The improved edit distance function and enhanced lexicon can be used for more accurate alignment of bitexts, and for application during runtime MT and multilingual IR.
Intralesional rose bengal in melanoma elicits tumor immunity<i>via</i>activation of dendritic cells by the release of high mobility group box 1 (2016)

Intralesional (IL) therapy is under investigation to treat dermal and subcutaneous metastatic cancer. Rose bengal (RB) is a staining agent that was originally used by ophthalmologists and in liver function studies. IL injection of RB has been shown to induce regression of injected and uninjected tumors in murine models and clinical trials. In this study, we have shown a mechanism of tumor-specific immune response induced by IL RB. In melanoma-bearing mice, IL RB induced regression of injected tumor and inhibited the growth of bystander lesions mediated by CD8+ T cells. IL RB resulted in necrosis of tumor cells and the release of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), with increased dendritic cell (DC) infiltration into draining lymph nodes and the activation of tumor-specific T cells. Treatment of DC with tumor supernatants increased the ability of DCs to stimulate T cell proliferation, and blockade of HMGB1 in the supernatants suppressed DC activity. Additionally, increased HMGB1 levels were measured in the sera of melanoma patients treated with IL RB. These results support the role of IL RB to activate dendritic cells at the site of tumor necrosis for the induction of a systemic anti-tumor immune response.
Nitramine, 12. Mitt. Fluormethyl‐ und Azidomethyl‐alkylnitramine (1979)

Abstract Die Chlormethyl‐alkylnitramine 1 lassen sich mit Kaliumfluorid und 18‐Crown‐6 in die instabilen Fluormethyl‐alkylnitramine 2 überführen, mit Natriumazid ergeben sie die stabilen Azidomethyl‐alkylnitramine 3 . Diese cyclisieren mit Alkinen zu 1,2,3‐Triazolen, die näher untersucht werden.
Removal of arsenic from geothermal fluids by adsorptive bubble flotation with colloidal ferric hydroxide (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval of arsenic from geothermal fluids by adsorptive bubble flotation with colloidal ferric hydroxideEric. Heinen de Carlo and Donald M. ThomasCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 6, 538–544Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00136a009https://doi.org/10.1021/es00136a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views214Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plasma particulate contamination control. I. Transport and process effects (1991)

The transport and behavior of particulates during plasma processing is imaged in real time using rastered laser light scattering combined with video detection. Results show the distribution of particles is highly ordered and predictable. Two effects have major influence on the distribution and location of particles: feed gas drag and electrostatic traps. Particle traps form from plasma disturbances and design properties of the electrode and the tooling. These results are confirmed in normal plasma conditions used in microelectronics fabrication. A strategy is presented for plasma contamination control. Complete elimination of trapping effects is not feasible. Instead, process techniques are used to minimize or defeat the attractive nature of the traps. Several examples are discussed.