gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurotrophins facilitate neuronal differentiation of cultured neural stem cells via induction of mRNA expression of basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors Mash1 and Math1 (2002)

Neurogenesis is promoted by basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors Mash1, Math1, or NeuroD but suppressed by another set, Hes1 and Hes5. It remains unknown what kinds of extracellular signals are involved in their regulation; therefore, the effects of neurotrophins on the expression of bHLH factors and neuronal differentiation were investigated by the use of cultured mouse neural stem cells. Each neurotrophin increased Mash1 and Math1 mRNAs of the stem cells growing in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), but did not alter Hes1, Hes5, or NeuroD mRNA levels. Simultaneously, most of the cells expressed nestin but not microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and remained undifferentiated. FGF-2 removal from the medium reduced the levels of Hes1 and Hes5 mRNAs and increased those of Mash1, Math1, and NeuroD mRNAs, resulting in substantial neuronal differentiation. When the cells were pretreated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a neurotrophin, FGF-2 removal enhanced earlier NeuroD expression and generated many more MAP2-positive cells. The high level of Mash1 and Math1 that had been elevated at FGF-2 withdrawal accelerated NeuroD expression in cooperation with the reduced Hes1 and Hes5 expression. Our present results suggest that neurotrophins stimulate neuronal differentiation by altering the balance of expression of various bHLH transcription factors.
Pertuzumab: development beyond breast cancer. (2014)

Pertuzumab (Perjeta®) represents the first monoclonal antibody in a new class of agents known as dimerization inhibitors. Pertuzumab was recently approved for the treatment of Human Epidermal Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer in the metastatic and neo-adjuvant setting. This approval for first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer was based on the results of a large randomized multicenter phase III trial showing a significant improvement in overall survival when pertuzumab was combined with trastuzumab and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. In the neoadjuvant setting, dual HER2 blockade by trastuzumab and pertuzumab improved the complete pathological response rate. However, pertuzumab development was not confined to breast cancer and in the present article, we focus on pertuzumab data for solid tumors other than breast cancer, and review the biological rationale for its use, the published pre-clinical and clinical evidence, as well ongoing trials.
Resource utilisation of Norwegian salmon farming in 2012 (2014)

This report follows up the work on resource utilisation and eco-efficiency of Norwegian salmon production in 2010 and contains a resource budget for the Norwegian salmon production in 2012 showing the flow of major nutrients from feed to whole body and edible product. The retention in whole body and fillet of protein, fat and energy as well as the retention of the essential ω 3 fatty acids EPA and DHA and phosphorus, are calculated. The marine sustainability indicators often used to evaluate aquaculture productions (FIFO, marine protein dependency ratio, forage fish dependency ratio) is also calculated for the Norwegian salmon production in 2012 and 2013.\nIn 2012, 1.27 million tons of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was slaughtered in Norway. The salmon industry has been criticized for the use of fish meal and oil in the production of salmon feed. At present, 20 % of the global fish meal production and 53 % (FAO 2012) of the fish oil production is used in feed for salmonids worldwide. Two decades ago, the main ingredients for Norwegian salmon feed were fish meal and fish oil. However, in 2013 only 30% of the ingredients were of marine origin, and the remaining 70% of plant origin. The content of marine ingredients in the diet decreased by 15 % between 2010 and 2013. The forage fish dependence ratio (FFDR) is the amount of forage fish used to produce the amount of fish oil and meal required to produce 1 kg of salmon. This ratio has decreased from 7.2 to 1.75 for fish oil and from 4.4 to 0.73 for fish meal between 1990 and 2013. \nInformation of ingredients used for feed production in 2012 was provided by BioMar, Ewos and Skretting. Lerøy Seafood provided data on nutrient content in salmon fed diets from Biomar, Skretting and EWOS in 2012. Based on this information, the flow of energy, protein, dry matter, phosphorous and the important marine fatty acids EPA and DHA in Norwegian salmon farming was estimated. In 2012, Norwegian salmon farming used 1.63 million tons of feed resources, with an energy content close to 35 million GJ, and 577 000 tons of protein and x tons of lipid were used in the feed production. In total, 820 000 tons of salmon fillet, containing 9.45 million GJ, and 156 000 tons of protein was produced. Salmon is an important source of the nutritionally important fatty acids EPA and DHA, and of the 49 373 tons of EPA+DHA in the feed, 12 909 tons were retained in the edible part. This amount is sufficient to cover the recommended daily intake of EPA and DHA of more than 120 million people for a whole year (recommended intake by ESFA, 0,25 g per day). The retention of EPA and DHA was 58% in the whole body and 26% in the fillet. The retention of protein and energy were 27 and 23% in the edible part, respectively. The retention data obtained in the present study can however not be compared to single productions or controlled studies, since all losses during the production of feed and salmon are included in the data.
Cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase. Distinct forms in human lymphocytes and monocytes. (1976)

Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) phosphodiesterase activity of normal human peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions containing 90% lymphocytes and 10% monocytes showed anomalous kinetic behavior indicative of multiple enzyme forms. Kinetic analyses of purified lymphocyte (99%) or monocyte preparations (95%) indicated that only one type of phosphodiesterase was present in each cell type. None of the preparations contained any detectable guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) hydrolytic activity. The lymphocyte enzyme had an apparent Km congruent to 0.4 muM for cyclic AMP and Vmax congruent to 0.5 picomoles/min/10(6) cells. These kinetic parameters were confirmed by several cell purification techniques used alone and sequentially. Sedimentation velocity analyses indicated that the higher Km monocyte enzyme had a molecular weight near 45,000 and that the lower Km lymphocyte enzyme most likely had a molecular weight near 98,000. A variety of procedures led to a loss of the higher molecular weight, high affinity enzyme leaving only the enzyme of 45,000 daltons with a much lower substrate affinity. A long term, stable human lymphoblastoid cell line had cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity that was similar to the lymphocyte enzyme by both physical and kinetic criteria. Lymphocyte cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase appears to be a soluble enzyme whose pH and temperature optima and cationic requirements are similar to those of other mammalian phosphodiesterases. The distinct cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase forms of these cells may possibly represent the basic, active subunit of mammalian cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. We hypothesize that the extremely high affinity cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of normal lymphocytes plays an important role in the regulation of normal function in these cells, and also in the rapid proliferative responses characteristic of the stimulated lymphocyte.
Database Cracking: Towards Auto-tuning Database Kernels (2010)

Indices are heavily used in database systems in order to achieve\nthe ultimate query processing performance.\nIt takes a lot of time to create an index and the system needs to reserve extra storage\nspace to store the auxiliary data structure.\nWhen updates arrive, there is also the overhead of maintaining the index.\nThis way, \\emph{which} indices to create and \\emph{when} to create them\nhas been and still is one of the most important research topics over the last decades.\n\nIf the workload is known up-front or it can be predicted and if there is enough idle time to spare,\nthen we can a priori create all necessary indices and exploit them when queries arrive.\nBut what happens if we do not have this knowledge or idle time?\nSimilarly, what happens if the workload changes often, suddenly and in an unpredictable way?\nEven if we can correctly analyze the current workload, it may well be that by the time we finish our\nanalysis and create all necessary indices, the workload pattern has changed.\n\nHere we argue that a database system should just be given the data and queries in a declarative\nway and the system should internally take care of finding not only the proper\nalgorithms and query plans but also the proper physical design to match the\nworkload and application needs.\nThe goal is to\nremove the role of database administrators, leading to systems that can completely\nautomatically self-tune and adapt even to dynamic environments.\nDatabase Cracking implements the first adaptive kernel\nthat automatically\nadapts to the access patterns by selectively and adaptively optimizing the data\nset purely for the workload at hand.\nIt continuously reorganizes input data on-the-fly as a side-effect of\nquery processing using queries as an advice of how data should be stored.\nEverything happens within operator calls during query processing\nand brings knowledge to the system that future operators in future queries can exploit.\nEssentially, the necessary indices are built incrementally as the system gains more and more knowledge\nabout the workload needs.
A Scheme for the Generation of Strong ICMetrics Based Session Key Pairs for Secure Embedded System Applications (2013)

This paper presents a scheme for the generation of strong session based ICMetrics key pairs for security critical embedded system applications. ICMetrics generates the security attributes of the sensor node based on measurable hardware and software characteristics of the integrated circuit. In the proposed scheme a random session ID is assigned by a trusted party to each participating network entity, which remains valid for a communication session. Our work is based on the design of a key derivation function that uses an ICMetrics secret key and a session token assigned by the trusted party to derive strong cryptographic key pairs for each entity. These session tokens also serve the purpose of identification/authentication between the trusted parties and the respective nodes in each network. The main strength of our proposed scheme rests on the randomness feature incorporated via the random session ID's, which makes the generated strong private/public key pair highly resistant against exhaustive search and rainbow table attacks. Our proposed approach makes use of key stretching using random session tokens via SHA-2 and performs multiple iterations of the proposed key derivation function to generate strong high entropy session key pairs of sufficient length. The randomness of the assigned ID's and the session based communication hinders the attacker's ability to launch various sorts of cryptanalytic attacks, thereby making the generated keys very high in entropy. The randomness feature has also been very carefully tuned according to the construction principles of ICMetrics, so that it doesn't affect the original ICMetrics data. The second part of the proposed scheme generates a corresponding public session key by computing the Hermite Normal Form of the high entropy private session key.
Fasudil reduces monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: comparison with bosentan and sildenafil (2010)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) still cannot be cured, warranting the search for novel treatments. Fasudil (a Rho kinase inhibitor) was compared with bosentan (an endothelin receptor blocker) and sildenafil (a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor), with emphasis on right ventricular (RV) function, in a reversal rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. In addition, the effects of combining bosentan or sildenafil with fasudil were studied. MCT (40 mg·kg body weight(-1)) induced clear PAH in male Wistar rats (n = 9). After 28 days, echocardiography, RV catheterisation and histochemistry showed that cardiac frequency, stroke volume and RV contractility had deteriorated, accompanied by RV dilatation and hypertrophy, and marked pulmonary arterial wall thickening. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly compared to healthy rats (n = 9). After 14 days, MCT-treated rats received a 14-day oral treatment with bosentan, sildenafil, fasudil or a combination of fasudil with either bosentan or sildenafil (all n = 9). All treatments preserved cardiac frequency, stroke volume and RV contractility, and reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and RV dilatation. Fasudil lowered RV systolic pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure significantly, by reducing pulmonary arterial remodelling, which reduced RV hypertrophy. Combining bosentan or sildenafil with fasudil had no synergistic effect. Fasudil significantly improved PAH, to a greater degree than did bosentan and sildenafil.
Ternary systems: A numerical method for calculation of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data from total pressure measurements (1970)

Abstract A numerical method for calculation of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for ternary systems, from total pressure measurements, is developed. The proposed method is applied to the ternary systems benzene‐n heptane‐n propanol and acetone‐methanol‐water.
The Design of a Thrust Anemometer for Drifting Buoy (1981)

The design of an anemometer for a drifting buoy is presented. The force of the wind on a sphere causes the deflection of a diaphragm which is measured by an optoelectronic system. Preliminary laboratory tests of sensitivity and temperature dependance have been made and a prototype is ready for field trials.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Glycine Derivatives under Copper Catalysis (2011)

Coppertunity knocks: An inexpensive, practical, and environmentally benign procedure for the enantioselective addition of glycine derivatives to α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed (see scheme). By modifying the workup, the conjugate addition product or a cyclic imine can be accessed. The solution structure of the catalyst–substrate complex is shown to be key to the overall reaction selectivity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound: Effectiveness Studies (2001)

There was little evidence that active therapeutic ultrasound is more effective than placebo ultrasound for treating people with pain or a range of musculoskeletal injuries or for promoting soft tissue healing. The few studies deemed to have adequate methods examined a wide range of patient problems. The dosages used in these studies varied considerably, often for no discernable reason.
The dynamic mean-field density functional method and its application to the mesoscopic dynamics of quenched block copolymer melts (1997)

In this paper we discuss a new generalized time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory for the numerical calculation of polymer phase separation kinetics in 3D. The thermodynamic forces are obtained by a mean-field density functional method, using a Gaussian chain as a molecular model. The method is especially aimed at describing the formation kinetics of the irregular morphologies which are typical for many industrial systems. As proof of concept we present the formation of irregular morphologies in quenched symmetric and asymmetric block copolymer melts.
[Metabolic effects of ring-substituted arylalkylguanidines on insulin-sensitive systems. I. Amino-substituted benzylguanidines]. (1985)

The synthesis of benzylguanidines carrying amino groups and their influence on insulin-sensitive metabolic systems are described. All substances show hypoglycemic activity in mice with intact metabolism. (3-Acetamido-benzyl)guanidine is most effective; the blood glucose concentration is lowered by 55%, accompanied by only a weak increase in serum lactate concentration; the glucose oxidation of epididymal fat cells of the rat remains unaffected.
Effect of clonidine on responsiveness of venous smooth muscle to sympathetic neurotransmitter (1983)

Abstract The presence of both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle makes the canine accessory cephalic vein a sensitive preparation for the evaluation of venomotor activity. Infusion of clonidine (10 μg/kg) into this intact, peripheral vein results in transient, localized venoconstriction and prolonged arterial hypotension. Bradycardia, paralleling the hypotension in onset and duration, is a consistent concomitant. Exposure of the test vein smooth muscle to clonidine diminishes responsiveness of this vein to subsequent close injections of norepinephrine. This inhibition, though pronounced, is short‐lived and usually abates within an hour.
The role of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) expression in multidrug resistance (1997)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hindrance to the successful treatment of neoplastic disease. The development of resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs is a complex phenomenon which has been described in both tumor cell lines and human cancers. To date, two mechanisms associated with overexpression of membrane glycoproteins that function as energy-dependent efflux pumps to reduce intracellular drug levels have been identified for MDR. The first described was the product of the MDR1 gene, P-glycoprotein. The second mechanism is mediated by overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). While these proteins both belong to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transporters, they are only distantly related. Despite this low homology, they mediate resistance to a similar range of chemotherapeutic drugs. While P-glycoprotein has been well described in the literature, much less is known about the recently identified MRP. This review gives an overview of the characteristics of MRP at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels, and discusses its possible relevance in drug-refractory cancer.
THE SENSITIVITY OF THE NEURAMINOSIDIC LINKAGE IN MUCOSUBSTANCES TOWARDS ACID AND TOWARDS NEURAMINIDASE (1963)

other moving faster (mobility 0.52). This suggested incomplete cleavage at the second stage, resulting in the production of CPOb2 together with CPO13 at the third stage. Cleavage appeared to be com- plete at all subsequent stages, although two peptides were always obtained, owing to the incomplete cleavage of the second stage. The DNS-CPO04 (mobility 0.56) and DNS-CPO,5 (mobility 0 78) were obtained in reasonable yield. The DNS- CPOf6 was identified as a very weak band (mobility 0 94), moving in the tail of the dimethylaminonaphthalenesulphonic acid band. Subsequent stages were unsuccessful, since labelling was inhibited by the presence of an accumulation of oxidized pyridine products.
Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Heck-Type Reaction to Construct Chiral Sulfonamide Rings (2007)

The first example of enantioselective intramolecular Heck-type reaction to construct chiral quaternary carbon centers of sulfonamide rings is reported.The reaction provides the expected Heck products along with the unexpected olefin reduction products.We discovered the catalyst prepared from (S,S)-chiraphos and Pd 2 dba 3 to afford the products in high yields and enantioselectivities up to 86% ee at room temperature.Deuterated solvent and base are also examined to elucidate the mechanism of reduction of olefin.Pd hydride species produced from β-elimination are responsible for olefin reduction.
Displacements of the resonant peaks of a long-period fiber grating induced by a change of ambient refractive index (1997)

We present a graphic method of analyzing the spectral displacements of a long-period fiber grating as a function of ambient index. Mode dependence of the maximum displacement, disappearance of a particular resonance peak, and spectral behavior when the ambient index is larger than that of the cladding material are investigated and compared with experimental results.
Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>-Based Production of Fullerene Nanoparticles (2000)

Fullerene nanoparticles have potential uses in a variety of applications including pharmaceuticals, lubricants, composite materials, specialized coatings, and interfacing membrane surfaces. In this study, the supercritical antisolvent process is used to reduce fullerene particle size from 40 μm to as low as 29 nm. C60 dissolved in toluene is injected into supercritical CO2, causing precipitation of C60 as fine particles. Because of the high diffusivity of CO2 in toluene, a rapid supersaturation is achieved, which results in the formation of C60 nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. The effect of pressure, temperature, and jet velocity on particle size and morphology is studied. The particle size increases linearly with the density of supercritical CO2. A high jet velocity yields spherical particles whereas a lower jet velocity yields both spherical and rodlike particles. In most cases, a uniform thin film of the particles is obtained on the collection plate.
Superantigen responses and co-stimulation: CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on T cell expansion <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (1996)

Co-stimulation via the CD28/CTLA-4 system appears critical for T cell proliferation to peptide antigens presented in association with MHC. In this study, we examine the roles of CD28 and CTLA-4 in the response of murine T cells to the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In vitro, antibodies against B7-1/B7-2 or Fab fragments of anti-CD28 antibodies significantly inhibit the response of splenocytes to SEB. Conversely, Fab fragments of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies augment the proliferative response. Further, addition of blocking antibodies directed against B7-1/B7-2 augment proliferation co-stimulated by intact anti-CD28 antibodies. These data support the hypothesis that CD28 and CTLA-4 exert opposing effects upon early T cell activation. In vivo, intact anti-CD28 antibodies and non-stimulatory Fab fragments of anti-CD28 appear to have similar inhibitory effects upon the expansion of V beta 8+ T cells. In contrast, both intact and Fab fragments of anti-CTLA-4 appear to amplify this expansion. We conclude that the SEB response is significantly augmented by CD28-derived signaling and this in turn may be attenuated by signals through CTLA-4.
Stateless Application-Level Multicast for Dynamic Group Communication (2004)

Group communication in large-scale interactive applications such as real-time conferencing and collaboration, networked virtual environments (e.g. massively multi-player games) requires efficient, low-overhead group communication mechanisms. In this paper we consider the application-level (or end-system) multicast and propose a stateless group communication mechanism together with its tree building algorithms. Stateless multicast reduces the control signaling of dynamic multicast groups linearly with the group size. To support interactive applications involving a large number of dynamic multicast groups, the application level multicast uses stateless forwarding within clusters of network nodes and hierarchical aggregation of multicast group membership. We show that dynamic tree construction achieve low computation overhead with a controlled degradation of the end-to-end data path performance.