gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and exemestane in human urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2006)

Anastrozole (2,2'-[5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1.3-phenylene]bis(2-methylpropionitrile)) and exemestane (6-methylenandrostan-1,4-diene-3,17-dione) are therapeutically used to treat hormone-sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. For doping purposes they may be used to counteract adverse effects of an extensive abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (gynaecomastia) and to increase plasma testosterone concentrations. Excretion study urine samples and spot urine samples from women suffering from metastatic breast cancer, being treated with anastrozole or exemestane, were collected and analyzed to develop/optimize a detection system for anastrozole and exemestane to allow the identification of athletes who do not comply with the internationally prohibited use of these cancer drugs. The assay was based on liquid-liquid extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis following liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Anastrozole, exemestane and its main metabolite (17-dihydroexemestane) were identified in urine by comparison of mass spectra and retention times with respective reference substances. An assay validation for the analysis of anastrozole and exemestane was performed regarding lower limits of detection (anastrozole: 0.02 ng/mL; exemestane: 3.1 ng/mL; dihydroexemestane: 0.5 ng/mL), interday precisions (6.6-11.1%, 4.9-9.1% and 5.6-8.3% for low [10 ng/mL], medium [50 ng/mL] and high [100 ng/mL] concentration) and recoveries (ranged from 85-97%).
Enhanced Heat Transfer in Biporous Wicks in the Thin Liquid Film Evaporation and Boiling Regimes (2012)

Biporous media consisting of microscale pin fins separated by microchannels are examined as candidate structures for the evaporator wick of a vapor chamber heat pipe. The structures are fabricated out of silicon using standard lithography and etching techniques. Pores which separate microscale pin fins are used to generate high capillary suction, while larger microchannels are used to reduce overall flow resistance. The heat transfer coefficient is found to depend on the area coverage of a liquid film with thickness on the order of a few microns near the meniscus of the triple phase contact line. We manipulate the area coverage and film thickness by varying the surface area-to-volume ratio through the use of microstructuring. Experiments are conducted for a heater area of 1 cm2 with the wick in a vertical orientation. Results are presented for structures with approximately same porosities, fixed microchannel widths w ≈ 30 μm and w ≈ 60 μm, and pin fin diameters ranging from d = 3–29 μm. The competing effects of increase in surface area due to microstructuring and the suppression of evaporation due to reduction in pore scale are explored. In some samples, a transition from evaporative heat transfer to nucleate boiling is observed. While it is difficult to identify when the transition occurs, one can identify regimes where evaporation dominates over nucleate boiling and vice versa. Heat transfer coefficients of 20.7 (±2.4) W/cm2-K are attained at heat fluxes of 119.6 (±4.2) W/cm2 until the wick dries out in the evaporation dominated regime. In the nucleate boiling dominated regime, heat fluxes of 277.0 (±9.7) W/cm2 can be dissipated by wicks with heaters of area 1 cm2, while heat fluxes up to 733.1 (±103.4) W/cm2 can be dissipated by wicks with smaller heaters intended to simulate local hot-spots.
Outlet Stream Splitting for Sample Concentration in Field-Flow Fractionation (1983)

Abstract Retention in field-flow fractionation is a result of a field-induced sample concentration in the vicinity of a channel wall. By splitting the channel flow at the exit, so that sample containing flow lines leave the channel at a different port than those free of sample, one may markedly enhance the detectability of a given sample. The enhancement is discussed for the cases of “ideal splitting,” where an obstacle inserted in the flow stream affects the split, and “nonideal splitting,” where the flow is caused to split at some level in the channel specified by the relative resistance to flow through the two outlets. The proposed increase in detector response through stream splitting is experimentally verified.
Freezing Injury and Phospholipid Degradation <i>in Vivo</i> in Woody Plant Cells (1979)

The subcellular localization of phospholipase D in homogenates of living bark tissues of the black locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was examined and found in both soluble and particulate fractions. At least some of the soluble enzyme was considered to be compartmentalized in vacuoles. Considerable amounts of phospholipase D seemed to be tightly bound on several membranes such as endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast, and a membrane associated with potassium-stimulated ATPase (pH 6.1). The mitochondrial fraction banding at the 40 to 43% (w/w) sucrose layer, however, had the lowest specific activity. The soluble and the particulate phospholipase D were considered to be similar in nature. It is possible that the particulate enzyme, as a part, may be derived from the coexisting nonvesiculated materials visualized in the electron micrograph of each membrane fraction. An involvement of the soluble or the presumed membrane-bound phospholipase D in phospholipid degradation in vivo during freezing at sublethal temperatures was discussed with special reference to freezing injury of plant cells.
Flow-loop Testing of Subsea Produced Water Quality Monitoring Sensor Prototypes (2015)

Abstract Re-injection of produced water can be a cost-effective way of disposing produced water and improving hydrocarbon recovery for subsea production and processing systems in deeper water or with long tieback distances. Injecting produced water with high oil-in-water content and suspended solids into a well can be detrimental to relative permeability in the formation near the wellbore region causing loss of well injectivity over time. Monitoring re-injection water quality trends can provide an early indication of injectivity decline and potentially avoid loss of an injection well. As the industry moves closer to having a fully-functioning subsea production and processing system, there has been an increased effort in developing reliable in-line subsea Produced Water Quality Monitoring (PWQM) technologies. Such monitoring sensors can measure the quality of re-injection water in terms of oil and solids content (size and concentration) thereby facilitating performance monitoring of subsea separation and produced water treating systems by identifying upset conditions. Development efforts to meet subsea PWQM requirements for produced water re-injection application included: (1) development of subsea sensor concepts with active cleaning systems to enable long term operation without compromising performance, and (2) extension of the Oil-in-Water (OIW) measurement range significantly to support subsea production/processing and produced water reinjection applications. The new sensor designs that were developed primarily for subsea application for improved measurement performance and with self-cleaning functionality can also be used topsides. Two different PWQM sensor prototypes were developed to meet the subsea PWQM requirements. The measurement performance of both prototypes was verified in a flow-loop by comparing the measurement readings with known reference. The impact of variations introduced in test conditions such as changes in pressure, temperature, salinity, and flow velocity on the performance of the prototypes was also investigated. The active cleaning systems were also tested to examine their effectiveness under normal and simulated fouling conditions. The paper discusses the technical gaps in subsea PWQM technologies, flow-loop testing of the PWQM sensors prototypes and the key test results.
Application of the Oil Compatibility Model to Refinery Streams (1999)

The plugging of a fixed bed hydrotreater was determined to be caused by an incompatibility of the mixture of hydrotreater feeds. Insoluble asphaltenes coked a heat exchanger upstream of the hydrotreater, flaked off the heat exchanger, and plugged the catalyst bed. The Oil Compatibility Model and tests were expanded to include oils that contain no asphaltenes. As a result, the most insoluble asphaltenes were determined to be in the fluid catalytic cracker bottoms and the poorest solvent oils were the virgin gas oils. By maintaining the feed composition within the compatibility limits predicted by the Oil Compatibility Model, subsequent plugging of the hydrotreater was avoided.
The transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB-1 bind constitutively to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)DNA recognition site (1995)

The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was first described as a DNA binding activity that specifically recognizes an 8 bp motif known to be essential for hypoxia-inducible erythropoietin gene transcription. Subsequently HIF-1 activity has also been found in cell lines which do not express erythropoietin, suggesting that HIF-1 is part of a widespread oxygen sensing mechanism. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays HIF-1 DNA binding activity is only detectable in nuclear extracts of cells cultivated in a low oxygen atmosphere. In addition to HIF-1, a constitutive DNA binding activity also specifically binds the HIF1 probe. Here we report that CRE and AP1 oligonucleotides efficiently competed for binding of the HIF1 probe to this constitutive factor, whereas HIF-1 activity itself remained unaffected. Monoclonal antibodies raised against the CRE binding factors ATF-1 and CREB-1 supershifted the constitutive factors ATF-1 and CREB-1 supershifted the constitutive factor, while Jun and Fos family members, which constitute the AP-1 factor, were immunologically undetectable. Recombinant ATF-1 and CREB-1 proteins bound HIF1 probes either as homodimers or as heterodimers, indicating a new binding specificity for ATF-1/CREB-1. Finally, reporter gene assays in HeLa cells treated with either a cAMP analogue or a phorbol ester suggest that the PKA, but not the PKC signalling pathway is involved in oxygen sensing.
The Separation of Lithium Isotopes (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Separation of Lithium IsotopesGilbert N. Lewis and Ronald T. MacdonaldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 12, 2519–2524Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01303a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01303a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views606Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
GeneChip system from a bioinformatical point of view. (2002)

GeneChip (Affymetrix, Inc., USA) employs a specific method for spotting DNA probes on chips, which is different from any other DNA chips, and can complete the whole process from sample preparation to data construction and analysis. The GeneChip system can be applied to both gene expression analysis and genomic mutation analysis, which would play an important role in human genome analysis in the future. Techniques for data construction ("wet" experimental techniques), which are the major components in the GeneChip system, are generally established as routine work in the first screening process in most laboratories worldwide. The most important point would be how we exchange experimental data produced by researchers and gene/genome information available both on the public and the commercial bases so that we reduce useful information on gene expression. Recently, the center of the research has been shifting to computing technology for data processing ("bioinformatics"). This article separately deals with gene expression analysis and genomic analysis, with emphasis on bioinformatics. We describe the data on gene expression screening, the gene targeting process, the analysis of genomic DNA mutations using the P53 probe array, and the HuSNP mapping assays, by presenting our experimental examples.
On the Destructive Action of Cavitation (1944)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation M. Kornfeld, L. Suvorov; On the Destructive Action of Cavitation. J. Appl. Phys. 1 June 1944; 15 (6): 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707461 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioJournal of Applied Physics Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Impact of extrinsic base process on NPN HBT performance and polysilicon resistor in integrated SiGe HBTs (2002)

We have explored the process window for polysilicon resistor in the self-aligned epi-base HBT process utilizing various structure and implant conditions. We have performed a systematic study on the effects of implant energy, dosage, and polysilicon structure on the polysilicon resistor, p-i-n diode, and NPN performance. We find that the properties of this resistor can be controlled via the implant conditions, while leaving key HBT figures of merit such as f/sub T/, f/sub max/ virtually unchanged. We also demonstrate conditions resulting in a precision, low TCR resistor.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticle/Nanowire Composites (2006)

Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated based on the composites of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and single crystalline anatase TiO2 nanowires. Nanoparticle/nanowire composites can possess the advantages of both building blocks, i.e., the high surface area of nanoparticle aggregates and the rapid electron transport rate and the light scattering effect of single-crystalline nanowires. Three different composites were prepared with 5 wt %, 20 wt %, and 77 wt % nanowires, respectively. The performances of composite solar cells were compared with pure nanoparticle cells at a series of film thickness. With low nanowire concentrations (5 wt % and 20 wt %), the composite films maintain similar specific surface area as the pure nanoparticle films, while the composite cells show higher short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage. An enhancement of power efficiency from 6.7% for pure nanoparticle cells to 8.6% for the composite cell with 20 wt % nanowires has been achieved under 1 Sun AM1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm2). For the composite film with 77 wt % nanowires, the nanowires became the major phase. Their less compact packing resulted in significant decrease of the specific surface area, and thus the current density. However, with the increase of film thickness, the current density showed a continuous increase in the whole thickness range up to 17 microm, indicating the improved electron diffusion length due to the formed nanowire network. The nanowires also helped to preserve crack-free thick films. These results show that employing nanoparticle/nanowire composites represents a promising approach for further improving the efficiencies of sensitized solar cells.
Highly Active Porous Carbon-Supported Nonprecious Metal−N Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in PEM Fuel Cells (2010)

As an alternative for platinum to reduce the cost, nonprecious catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were synthesized by deposition of an Fe/Co−Nx composite onto nanoporous carbon black with ethylenediamine (EDA) as a nitrogen precursor. Two different nanoporous carbon supports, Ketjen Black EC300J (KJ300) and EC600JD (KJ600), were used as catalyst supports for the nonprecious catalysts. Rotating ring disk electrode measurements were carried out to investigate the ORR activity and selectivity of these catalysts. The results obtained from the optimized FeCo/EDA-carbon catalyst, using KJ600 as the support, showed improved onset and half-wave potentials and superior selectivity than that of the KJ300. Similarly, the catalyst showed good performance in the hydrogen−oxygen PEM fuel cell. At a cell voltage of 0.6 V, the fuel cell managed to produce 0.37 A/cm2 with a maximum power density of 0.44 W/cm2. A fuel cell life test at a constant voltage of 0.40 V demonstrated promising stability up to 100 h. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterizations indicated that pyridinic-type nitrogen of the nonprecious metal catalysts is critical for ORR catalytic activity and selectivity. These results suggest that a higher pore volume and surface area of the carbon support could lead to a higher nitrogen content, providing more active sites for ORR, and this type of catalyst has great potential used as a nonprecious PEM fuel cell catalyst.
Prediction of Colorectal Neoplasia by Quantitative Methylation Analysis of <i>Estrogen Receptor</i> Gene in Nonneoplastic Epithelium from Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (2005)

These results suggest that the analysis of ER gene methylation in nonneoplastic colorectal epithelium could have the potential to be a useful adjunct for identifying individuals with longstanding and extensive UC who are at increased risk of neoplasia and contribute to more effective cancer surveillance.
Efficient Compression of Generic Function Dispatch Tables (2001)

A generic function is similar to an overloaded operator, but provides a way to select an appropriate behavior at run-time instead of compiletime. Dujardin and colleagues have proposed an algorithm for building and compressing generic function dispatch tables. We present several modifications to their algorithm, including an improvement to Pseudo-Closest-Poles and two new algorithms for compressing pole tables. The two new compression algorithms are simple and fast, and one produces smaller output than the original. 1
Experimentally Quantifying the Advantages of Weak-Values-Based Metrology (2015)

We measure optical beam deflections both using a weak-values technique and by focusing. By introducing controlled modulations, the WVT outperforms focusing. Post-selecting on 1\% of the photons, we obtain 99\% of the available Fisher information.
Performance and environment monitoring for continuous program optimization (2006)

Our research is aimed at characterizing, understanding, and exploiting the interactions between hardware and software to improve system performance. We have developed a paradigm for continuous program optimization (CPO) that assists in and automates the challenging task of performance tuning, and we have implemented an initial prototype of this paradigm. At the core of our implementation is a performance- and environment-monitoring (PEM) component that vertically integrates performance events from various layers in the execution stack. CPO agents use the data provided by PEM to detect, diagnose, and alleviate performance problems on existing systems. In addition, CPO can be used to improve future architecture designs by analyzing PEM data collected on a whole-system simulator while varying architectural characteristics. In this paper, we present the CPO paradigm, describe an initial implementation that includes PEM as a component, and discuss two CPO clients.
Pressure-tunable guided-mode resonance sensor for single-wavelength characterization (2010)

A method of tuning a one-dimensional guided-mode resonance grating through the use of an air-pressure-responsive membrane is demonstrated here using finite-element method simulation. The device consists of a titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) grating structure embedded in a flexible polydimethylsiloxane membrane. This grating has a resonant response to TM-polarized light at a wavelength dependent upon the refractive index of the surrounding medium. By varying the pressure by 5500 Pa, lateral strain may be applied to the grating; this allows resonances to be produced for medium refractive indices ranging from 1.33 to 1.50 for a fixed-wavelength 850 nm light source.
Systemic Delivery of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Using a New Strategy of Direct Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Transfer to Skeletal Muscle Capillary Endothelium in the Isolated Rat Hindlimb (1996)

Current gene therapy strategies using adenoviral vectors to target the lung or liver have been complicated by an acute inflammatory response that can result in loss of transgene expression as well as tissue injury and necrosis. Skeletal muscle comprises 40% of total body weight; it possesses a high density, accessible capillary network that is resistant to injury and thus may be a logical target for adenoviral vectors. We hypothesized that adenoviral transduction of the rat skeletal muscle capillary bed during vascular isolation would achieve efficient gene transfer sufficient to achieve systemic serum levels of a recombinant protein without significant tissue injury. During vascular isolation of the hindleg, a replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad) encoding for either the marker gene, human placental alkaline phosphatase (hpAP), or interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was infused and subsequently flushed from the circulation after a 30-min dwell period. Gene transfer over a 10(9)-10(12) particle/ml range to the gastrocnemius capillary endothelium and muscle fibers was highly efficient and titer-dependent, reaching maximum transduction rates of 71 +/- 7% and 25 +/- 5%, respectively, 5 days after gene transfer (n = 3-8 rats/group, p < 0.05). hpAP transgene expression was barely detectable at 14 days. No significant tissue injury or necrosis of the skeletal muscle was observed at 5 and 14 days, and distant organ gene transfer was minimal or absent. Gastrocnemius muscle from rats (n = 4) given Ad-IL-1ra had 241 +/- 66 pg IL-1ra/mg protein at 5 days, while those given Ad-hpAP, negative control (n = 3) had 35 +/- 14 pg IL-1ra/mg protein (p < 0.05). Ad-IL-1ra rats (n = 4) had serum levels of 185 +/- 20 pg/ml IL-1ra at 5 days whereas Ad-hpAP control rats (n = 5) had no IL-1ra detectable (p < 0.0001). Athymic rats given Ad-IL-1ra (n = 6) had serum levels of 493 +/- 62 pg/ml IL-1ra 14 days after transduction, and IL-1ra was detected for up to 98 days. Sera from Ad-IL-1ra athymic rats significantly inhibited IL-1 beta-induced (1 ng/ml) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from cultured endothelial cells by 82 +/- 2% (p < 0.001). Thus, this gene transfer strategy is the first to result in substantial transduction of both skeletal muscle capillary endothelium and fibers, sufficient to achieve pharmacologic levels of IL-1ra. Although no acute tissue injury or necrosis was observed, persistence of transgene expression in athymic rats suggests that loss of expression in normal rats was by an immune-mediated mechanism.