gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct observation of multivalent states and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> charge transfer in Ce-doped yttrium iron garnet thin films (2017)

Due to their large magneto-optic responses, rare-earth-doped yttrium iron garnets, ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ (YIG), are highly regarded for their potential in photonics and magnonics. Here, we consider the case of Ce-doped YIG (Ce-YIG) thin films, in which substitutional $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{e}}^{3+}$ ions are magnetic because of their $4{f}^{1}$ ground state. In order to elucidate the impact of Ce substitution on the magnetization of YIG, we have carried out soft x-ray spectroscopy measurements on Ce-YIG films. In particular, we have used the element specificity of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism to extract the individual magnetization curves linked to Ce and Fe ions. Our results show that Ce doping triggers a selective charge transfer from Ce to the Fe tetrahedral sites in the YIG structure. This, in turn, causes a disruption of the electronic and magnetic properties of the parent compound, reducing the exchange coupling between the Ce and Fe magnetic moments and causing atypical magnetic behavior. Our work is relevant for understanding magnetism in rare-earth-doped YIG and, eventually, may enable a quantitative evaluation of the magneto-optical properties of rare-earth incorporation into YIG.
Transillumination Mapping Prior To Ambulatory Phlebectomy (1998)

Transillumination mapping significantly enhances the technique of ambulatory phlebectomy by more accurately visualizing the course of a varicose vein prior to extraction. Furthermore, sites for incisions or punctures are more accurately guided. As a result of this experience, it is now our routine practice to perform preoperative mapping for AP by transillumination in the horizontal position.
A patient with de novo 0.45 Mb deletion of 2p16.1: The role of <i>BCL11A</i>, <i>PAPOLG</i>, <i>REL</i>, and <i>FLJ16341</i> in the 2p15‐p16.1 microdeletion syndrome (2013)

The 2p15-p16.1 microdeletion syndrome is a novel, rare disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and other medical problems. We report here on an 11-year-old female showing clinical features consistent with the syndrome and carrying a de novo 0.45 Mb long deletion of the paternally derived 2p16.1 allele. The deleted region contains only three protein-coding RefSeq genes, BCL11A, PAPOLG, and REL, and one long non-coding RNA gene FLJ16341. Based on close phenotypic similarities with six reported patients showing typical clinical features of the syndrome, we propose that the critical region can be narrowed down further, and that these brain expressed genes can be considered candidates for the features seen in this microdeletion syndrome.
Human plasma albumin transports [13C]docosahexaenoic acid in two lipid forms to blood cells (1997)

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) decreases blood platelet function and is highly concentrated in the brain where its depletion leads to functional impairments. Because the platelets and blood brain barrier capillary endothelium cannot hydrolyze the complex lipids for fatty acid (FA) uptake, nonesterified FA (NEFA) bound to albumin are assumed to be the delivery route of FA to these cells. The supply of 13C-labeled 22:6 to blood cells by plasma albumin was studied in humans after a single ingestion of this FA esterified in a triglyceride (TG). The 22:6 13C/12C ratio, measured by gas chromatography combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was measured in lipid classes from albumin, platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes (taken as a tentative index of the brain uptake). Nonesterified [13C]22:6 bound to albumin was rapidly produced after ingestion, as a result of the hydrolysis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) plus chylomicron TG. We found that albumin carried another source of 22:6, lyso-phosphatidylcholines (lyso-PC), in which [13C]22:6 accumulated while the nonesterified [13C]22:6 reached its minimal plasma concentrations. Computation of the relative contribution of NEFA and lyso-PC for the [13C]22:6 delivery to platelets and erythrocytes showed that the [13C]22:6 supply to platelets occurred uniquely through NEFA, whereas this pool was weakly involved in the delivery to erythrocytes. In contrast, lyso-PC was uniquely concerned with the 22:6 delivery to erythrocytes and represented the major part of this supply. We conclude that plasma albumin carries 22:6 in two lipid forms that are involved differently in the delivery of this FA to target cells.
Purification of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from tuna oil with supercritical fluid chromatography (2000)

Abstract The technical and economic feasibility of producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐ and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)‐ethyl ester concentrates from transesterified tuna oil using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was studied. A systematic experimental procedure was used to find the optimal values for process parameters and the maximal production rate. DHA ester concentrates up to 95 wt% purity were obtained in one chromatographic step with SFC, using CO 2 as the mobile phase at 65°C and 145 bar and octadecyl silane‐type reversed‐phase silica as the stationary phase. DHA ester, 0.85 g/(kg stationary phase · h) and 0.23 g EPA ester/(kg stationary phase · h) can be simutaneously produced at the respective purities of 90 and 50 wt%. The process for producing 1,000 kg DHA concentrate and 410 kg EPA concentrate per year requires 160 kg stationary phase and 2.6 tons/h carbon dioxide eluant recycle. The SFC operating cost is U.S. $550/kg DHA and EPA ethyl ester concentrate.
A review of financial ratio tools for predicting contractor insolvency (1996)

There is a variety of financial ratio analytical methodologies for evaluation of construction companies corporate performance and identifying potential insolvent contractors. These methodologies comprise traditional approaches, subjective index and ratio models. The shortcomings of the financial ratio analytical methods are highlighted and some approachesto improving their efficiency presented. It has been suggested that standardizing the assessment criteria of subjective index methods for the construction industry can reduce the variation in different expert evaluations and so lead to a more uniform assessment. Secondly, the transformation approach has been recommended as a means of improving the efficiency of ratio models.
Multispectral Deep Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detection (2016)

Multispectral pedestrian detection is essential for around-the-clock applications, e.g., surveillance and autonomous driving. We deeply analyze Faster R-CNN for multispectral pedestrian detection task and then model it into a convolutional network (ConvNet) fusion problem. Further, we discover that ConvNet-based pedestrian detectors trained by color or thermal images separately provide complementary information in discriminating human instances. Thus there is a large potential to improve pedestrian detection by using color and thermal images in DNNs simultaneously. We carefully design four ConvNet fusion architectures that integrate two-branch ConvNets on different DNNs stages, all of which yield better performance compared with the baseline detector. Our experimental results on KAIST pedestrian benchmark show that the Halfway Fusion model that performs fusion on the middle-level convolutional features outperforms the baseline method by 11% and yields a missing rate 3.5% lower than the other proposed architectures.
Fuzzy Techniques In Pattern Recognition by Abraham Kandel Wiley. New York. 1982. 356pp., £29. (1983)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Data retention characteristics of sub-100 nm NAND flash memory cells (2003)

In contrast to the conventional theories, we have revealed that the most distinguished mechanism in the data retention phenomenon after Fowler-Nordheim (FN) stress in sub-100 nm NAND Flash memory cells is the annihilation of interface states. Interface state generation rate increases rapidly as the channel width of NAND flash cell decreases. Comparison of interface states and stress-induced leakage current (SILC) component during retention mode shows that the annihilation of interface states strongly affects data retention characteristics of the programmed cells.
Methyl Chloride Transferase: a Carbocation Route for Biosynthesis of Halometabolites (1990)

Enzymatic synthesis of methyl halides through an S-adenosyl methionine transfer mechanism has been detected in cell extracts of Phellinus promaceus (a white rot fungus), Endocladia muricata (a marine red algae), and Mesembryanthemum crystallium (ice plant). This mechanism represents a novel pathway for the formation of halometabolites. The Michaelis constants for chloride and bromide ion and for S-adenosyl methionine in the reaction have been determined for the enzyme from E. muricata. A recent survey of marine algae indicates that there may be a broad distribution of this enzyme among marine algae.
Mechanism of ‘L’-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver. Evidence against phosphoenzyme formation (1977)

The "L"-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit liver does not catalyse exchange between phosphoenol[1-14C]pyruvate and pyruvate at either pH 8.5 or 6.2. Spectrophotometric experiments at pH 8.5 and 6;2 and gel-filtration experiments with [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate at pH 8,5 also fail to demonstrate phosphoenzyme formation. It is concluded that it is very unlikely that the enzyme has a phosphoenzyme mechanism.
Interobserver Reproducibility in the Diagnosis of Ductal Proliferative Breast Lesions Using Standardized Criteria (1992)

Although the categorization of proliferative breast lesions provides valuable information regarding subsequent risk of breast cancer, the ability of pathologists to classify such lesions in a reproducible fashion has not been adequately evaluated. To assess further interobserver reproducibility in the categorization of proliferative breast lesions, six pathologists each reviewed 24 proliferative ductal lesions and classified them as either usual hyperplasia (H), atypical hyperplasia (AH), or carcinoma in situ (CIS). Before evaluation of the study slides, all the participants were instructed to use the diagnostic criteria of Page and co-workers and were provided with both a written summary of these criteria and a set of teaching slides with representative examples of each type of lesion. Complete agreement among all six pathologists was seen in 14 cases (58%); five or more agreed in 17 cases (71%); and four or more arrived at the same diagnosis in 22 cases (92%). No pathologist consistently rendered more “benign” or “malignant” diagnoses than any other. After assigning numerical values for each diagnostic category (H = 1, AH = 2, CIS = 3), the scores for the group of 24 cases did not differ significantly by pathologist (p = 0.68; average score range, 1.7–2.0). Our results indicate that with the use of standardized criteria, interobserver concordance in the diagnosis of proliferative ductal breast lesions can be obtained in the majority of cases.
Improvement of the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells Using the Terthiophene-Pyran-Malononitrile (T3PM) as Electron Donor, through the use of a MoO3/CuI Anode Buffer Layer (2012)

We focus on the contact between the anode and the electron donor (ED) in organic photovoltaic cells with planar heterojunction configuration. While the fullerene was the electron acceptor (EA), the terthiophene-pyran-malonitrile (T3PM) has been used as electron donor (ED). The HOMO and LUMO of T3PM have been estimated by electrochemical characterization to be –3.5 eV and –5.5 eV, which shows that it can be used as electron donor in a heterojunction with fullerene. The ITO contact plays a critical role in determining device efficiency, and the introduction of a thin anode buffer layer (ABL) between the ITO and the ED induces a significant improvement of the device efficiency. Different ABL have been used, the well-known Au and MoO3 and a more original, CuI, alone or coupled with MoO3. The thicknesses were 0.5 nm, 3.5 nm and 3 nm for Au, MoO3 and CuI respectively. It is shown that the ABL improve the cells performances. The best results are achieved with the couple MoO3/CuI through an increase of the open circuit voltage (Voc). Such improvement has been attributed to an increase of the shunt resistance. The influence of the ABLs can be explained partly by the fact that it raises the anode work function. Nevertheless, a study of the structures T3PM/ABL/ITO shows that the T3PM films grown on CuI are the most homogeneous which can explain the rise of the shunt resistance and therefore of Voc.
Ghrelin modulates baroreflex-regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone in healthy humans (2012)

Ghrelin, a neuropeptide originally known for its growth hormone-releasing and orexigenic properties, exerts important pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. Growing evidence suggests that these effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. The present study aimed at elucidating the acute effect of ghrelin on sympathetic outflow to the muscle vascular bed (muscle sympathetic nerve activity, MSNA) and on baroreflex-mediated arterial blood pressure (BP) regulation in healthy humans. In a randomized double-blind cross-over design, 12 lean young men were treated with a single dose of either ghrelin 2 μg/kg iv or placebo (isotonic saline). MSNA, heart rate (HR), and BP were recorded continuously from 30 min before until 90 min after substance administration. Sensitivity of arterial baroreflex was repeatedly tested by injection of vasoactive substances based on the modified Oxford protocol. Early, i.e., during the initial 30 min after ghrelin injection, BP significantly decreased together with a transient increase of MSNA and HR. In the course of the experiment (>30 min), BP approached placebo level, while MSNA and HR were significantly lower compared with placebo. The sensitivity of vascular arterial baroreflex significantly increased at 30-60 min after intravenous ghrelin compared with placebo, while HR response to vasoactive drugs was unaltered. Our findings suggest two distinct phases of ghrelin action: In the immediate phase, BP is decreased presumably due to its vasodilating effects, which trigger baroreflex-mediated counter-regulation with increases of HR and MSNA. In the delayed phase, central nervous sympathetic activity is suppressed, accompanied by an increase of baroreflex sensitivity.
Immunoassay of Theophylline by Latex Particle Counting (1990)

We set up an immunoassay by particle counting for theophylline. Theophylline concentration is assayed by its capacity to inhibit the agglutination of theophylline coated latex particles by a specific monoclonal antibody, the agglutination being enhanced by a rabbit anti-mouse IgG antiserum. The dose range is 2-64 mg/L. The cross-reactions observed with caffeine (0.3%), theobromine (0.2%), 3-methylxanthine (0.7%) and 8-chlorotheophylline (2%) are very good when compared with other published methods. Within and between-run precisions measured at low, medium and high level of the calibration curve show coefficients of variation ranging from 3.9% to 9.5%. Our assay was correlated with the Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) and a correlation coefficient of 0.96 was determined for 89 samples.
Problemstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit (1987)

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines verhaltenswissen—schaftlichen Ansatzes zur Erklärung atmosphärischer Ladenwirkungen.Der theoretische Ansatz wird in einer Feldstudie empirisch getestet . Aus den Ergebnissen sollen praktische Verbesserungsvorschläge für das Marketing am Einkaufsort — konkret: die Gestaltung einer verkaufsfördernden Ladenatmosphäre — abgeleitet werden.
Ischemic Preconditioning Potentiates the Protective Effect of Stem Cells through Secretion of Exosomes by Targeting Mecp2 via miR-22 (2014)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential application for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. Besides differentiation properties, MSCs protect ischemic cardiomyocytes by secretion of paracrine factors. In this study, we found exosomes enriched with miR-22 were secreted by MSCs following ischemic preconditioning (Exo(IPC)) and mobilized to cardiomyocytes where they reduced their apoptosis due to ischemia. Interestingly, by time-lapse imaging, we for the first time captured the dynamic shedding of miR-22 loaded exosomes from cytosol to extracellular space. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effect of miR-22 was mediated by direct targeting of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2). In vivo data showed that delivery of Exo(IPC) significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis. Our data identified a significant benefit of Exo(IPC) for the treatment of cardiac diseases by targeting Mecp2 via miR-22.
Enhancement of VCML Player (2002)

This paper describes enhancement of the "VCML Player" and its time alignment module. "Video Caption Markup Language (VCML)" is a language to control caption information on video data. Based on the VCML document "VCML Player" displays video with captions time by time. The caption display timing information is one of the most important parts of the VCML document and is generated by the time alignment module. The Voice-Pause method is proposed for the alignment module. This method can be applied on long duration voice data and requires less processing time and memory size.
Characteristics and crosstalk of optical waveguides fabricated in polymethyl methacrylate polymer circuit board (2016)

Electro-optical circuit boards should provide simple and cost-effective coupling techniques and crosstalk levels of less than -30 dB. A dicing saw was used to create waveguide grooves with a surface roughness of less than 183 nm in a 1.6-mm-thick polymethyl methacrylate polymer (PMMA) substrate. The buried optical waveguides were made from SU-8 in a PMMA substrate covered with a 1-mm PMMA sheet. The propagation loss for a 500 μm×570 μm straight waveguide was 0.9 dB/cm at 1310 nm. The coupling between parallel waveguides was measured at separation distances from 45 to 595 μm. The crosstalk was less than -40 dB for 65-mm-long waveguides. This fabrication method shows potential for dense optical interconnects with very low crosstalk.
Sera of children with renal tumours contain low‐molecular‐mass hyaluronic acid (1989)

The molecular mass of hyaluronic acid (HA) rather than its serum concentration alone may be a hallmark of certain types of malignancy. A radiometric assay was used to measure HA levels in 35 children with renal tumours [33 Wilms' tumours and 2 bone metastasizing renal tumours of childhood (BMRTC)] and 20 normal siblings of children with cancer. The HA level in the sera of normal children was barely detectable and had a molecular mass of 1-5 x 10(5). In both Wilms' and BMRTC patients, very high levels of HA were found in preoperative serum samples; these fell dramatically following surgical excision of the tumours. A novel finding of our study was the presence of low-molecular-mass HA (similar to the angiogenic fragments of HA) in the sera of BMRTC patients. In contrast, high-molecular-mass HA (which is not angiogenic) was found in the sera of Wilms' patients (2 x 10(6) kDa). Following surgery in BMRTC patients, not only did serum HA levels fall to a value within normal ranges, but also the HA which remained was of high molecular mass.
Discovering Conformational Sub-States Relevant to Protein Function (2011)

Overall, QAA provides a novel framework to intuitively understand the biophysical basis of conformational diversity and its relevance to protein function.
Lipopolysaccharide Injection Induces Relapses of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Nontransgenic Mice via Bystander Activation of Autoreactive CD4+ Cells (2005)

Infections sometimes associate with exacerbations of autoimmune diseases through pathways that are poorly understood. Ag-specific mechanisms such as cross-reactivity between a microbial Ag and a self-Ag have received no direct support. In this study, we show that injection of LPS induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in TCR-transgenic mice and relapse of encephalomyelitis in normal mice. This form of treatment induces proliferation and cytokine production in a fraction of effector/memory Th lymphocytes in vitro via physical contact of Th cells with CD4(-) LPS-responsive cells. TCR-mediated signals are not necessary; rather what is required is ligation of costimulatory receptors on Th cells by costimulatory molecules on the CD4(-) cells. This form of bystander activation provides an Ag-independent link between infection and autoimmunity that might fit the clinical and epidemiological data on the connection between infection and autoimmunity better than the Ag-specific models.
Survival from cancer of the breast in women in England and Wales up to 2001 (2008)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide (Parkin, 2001). In England and Wales at the end of the 1990s, approximately 36 000 new cases were diagnosed each year, representing 30% of the annual total of 120 000 cases. The number of cases exceeds the combined total for the second and third most common cancers in women, those of the large bowel (14 700 cases, 12%) and lung (12 600 cases, 10%). Breast cancer in men is comparatively uncommon, and is not considered further here.

During the 1970s and 1980s, age-standardised incidence increased on average by approximately 2% each year (Quinn et al, 2001). The NHS breast-screening programme began in 1988, covering women aged 50–64 years and using single mediolateral oblique view mammography and a 3-year interval between screens. During the prolonged prevalence round, overall breast cancer incidence increased by approximately 20%; it subsequently declined, but then rose again, and by the late 1990s, incidence was some 7% higher than at the peak in the early 1990s (Office for National Statistics, 2003). Part of the increase, possibly as much as 20% in post-menopausal women, may have resulted from the increasing use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the 1990s (Beral et al, 1997).

After the exclusion of in situ tumours, we analysed the data for 382 277 women diagnosed with a first, primary, malignant neoplasm of the breast in England and Wales during the 14-year period 1986–1999 and followed up to 31 December 2001, some 89% of those eligible for analysis. Approximately 6.1% of women who were otherwise eligible were excluded with zero recorded survival (date of diagnosis same as date of death): most of these women will have been registered from a death certificate only (DCO), and their duration of survival is unknown, but they could not be reliably distinguished in these data from women with true zero survival. The proportion of women excluded from analysis as DCO records was very similar in all socioeconomic groups. A further 2.4% of women were excluded because it was not their first primary cancer: for one-third of these women, the previous cancer was also a breast cancer, diagnosed before 1986.

Major shifts in the morphological distribution of breast cancers have occurred over the last 30 years. The proportion described as an adenocarcinoma has been falling steadily, from 36% in the early 1970s (Coleman et al, 1999) to 6% in these data by the late 1990s. In the early 1970s, ductal, lobular and medullary tumours comprised less than 10% of all breast cancers, but by the late 1990s this figure had reached 75%, ductal carcinomas alone comprising 60% of all breast cancers. The proportion of tumours with unspecified morphology has continued to fall, from 47% in 1971–1975 to 30% in 1986–1990 and less than 5% in 1996–1999. Even this massive improvement in data quality cannot account for the overall increase in ductal, lobular and medullary tumours.