gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallelizing loops in database programming languages (2002)

Database programming languages (DBPLs), fourth generation languages (4GLs) and embedded SQL all include the ability to iterate sequentially through a set/relation. Nested iterators can be used to express joins. Without program analysis, such joins must be evaluated using a tuple-at-a-time join algorithm at a central site, otherwise program semantics may be violated. This paper's analysis often allows parallel join algorithms to be used. Also, this paper's compile-time optimizations can produce better parallel code than a straightforward parallelization of the nested iterators. The transformations allow the compiler to identify parallelization opportunities that it could not detect in the original code. These techniques are important for aiding the migration from hand-optimized code on a sequential machine to system-optimized code on a parallel machine. Without such rewrites, moving to a parallel system may produce only meager performance improvements when porting legacy systems.
miRNA Profiling for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Biomarker Discovery and Identification of Potential Controls and Consequences of miRNA Dysregulation (2011)

Analysis showed that miRNAs are dysregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and may contribute to kidney cancer pathogenesis by targeting more than 1 key molecule. We identified mechanisms that may contribute to miRNA dysregulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Dysregulated miRNAs represent potential biomarkers for kidney cancer.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2: regulation of gene transcription during phorbol ester-mediated differentiation of U-937 human histiocytic lymphoma cells. (1987)

We have isolated and sequenced two cDNA clones coding for plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2). The cDNA was used to study the regulation of PAI-2 gene transcription by the tumor-promoting phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in the human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U-937. The tumor promoter caused a transient, 50-fold increase of PAI-2 gene transcription.
Electromigration Interconnect Lifetime under AC and Pulse DC Stress (1989)

A vacancy relaxation model which predicts the DC lifetime, pulse DC lifetime, and AC lifetime for all waveforms and all frequencies above 10 kHz is proposed. The AC lifetimes of aluminum interconnect are experimentally found to be more than 10/sup 3/ times larger than DC lifetime at the same current density. AC stress lifetimes have the same dependences on current magnitude and temperature, for T >
Loss of Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons From the Globus Pallidus in Animal Models of Parkinson Disease (2012)

The external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) in humans and the equivalent structure in rodents, the globus pallidus (GP), influence signal processing in the basal ganglia under normal and pathological conditions. Parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity defines 2 main neuronal subpopulations in the GP/GPe: PV-immunopositive cells that project mainly to the subthalamic nucleus and the internal segment of the GP and PV-negative cells that mainly project to the striatum. We evaluated the number of neurons in the GP/GPe in animal models of Parkinson disease. In rats, dopaminergic denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provoked a significant decrease in the number of GP neurons (12% ± 4%, p < 0.05), which specifically affected the PV subpopulation. A similar trend was observed in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys. Markers of GABAergic activity (GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA) were not different from those of controls in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for nondopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the basal ganglia of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and suggest that a similar loss may occur in the MPTP monkey. These data suggest that in patients with Parkinson disease, the loss of GABAergic neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus may contribute to the hyperactivity of this nucleus despite the absence of gross alterations in GAD mRNA expression.
The Minimal Repression Domain of MBD2b Overlaps with the Methyl-CpG-binding Domain and Binds Directly to Sin3A (2000)

Different mechanisms mediating methylation-dependent repression have been demonstrated. Two of these mechanisms play a role in the context of the granulocyte/macrophage-specific lysozyme gene: direct interference with DNA binding of the transcription factor GA-binding protein and deacetylation of histones. Besides enhancement in the unmethylated state, and transcriptional repression upon DNA methylation, the lysozyme downstream enhancer confers tissue-specific demethylation. Because both demethylation activity and repression ability have been attributed to the methyl-CpG-binding domain-containing protein MBD2, we analyzed this protein. The short form MBD2b binds to the methylated lysozyme enhancer and mediates transcriptional repression. MBD2b is capable of binding to the transcriptional repressor Sin3A. The interaction domain of Sin3A required for binding to MBD2b contains the paired amphipathic helix 3. We identified a minimal functional domain that confers both transcriptional repression as well as the interaction to Sin3A. In contrast to the functionally related proteins MeCP2 and MBD1, the repression domain of MBD2b overlaps with the methyl-CpG-binding domain.
LMIRA: list-mode iterative reconstruction algorithm for SPECT (2001)

The goal of this project is to investigate a new method for using list-mode data instead of binned projection data for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reconstruction. List-mode acquisition was once standardly available for planar scintigraphy and is now becoming available for SPECT acquisition. The authors implemented maximum-likelihood iterative reconstruction with list-mode data for SPECT using a new projector/backprojector pair, which employs an intermediate stage to separate the source and camera specific components. In two dimensions, the intermediate stage is a circle surrounding the object. An emission radiance distribution is calculated at the circle from the estimate of the source distribution in the object. This leads to the probability that a photon, coming from the source distribution, leaves the circle surrounding the object at a certain point, going in a specific direction. The algorithm uses the emission radiance distribution to obtain the probabilities used in the iterative reconstruction method. The model takes into account distance-dependent resolution and nonuniform attenuation. Results illustrate how the individual steps of the algorithm work. The list-mode iterative reconstruction algorithm is compared to the standard MLEM iterative reconstruction method, which employs binned data. It is concluded that the finer sampling provided by list-mode data results in superior image quality. By using the intermediate stage, the authors obtained a structure that can very easily be adapted to different types of collimators and acquisition protocols.
Ultrahigh Strength Single Crystalline Nanowhiskers Grown by Physical Vapor Deposition (2009)

The strength of metal crystals is reduced below the theoretical value by the presence of dislocations or by flaws that allow easy nucleation of dislocations. A straightforward method to minimize the number of defects and flaws and to presumably increase its strength is to increase the crystal quality or to reduce the crystal size. Here, we describe the successful fabrication of high aspect ratio nanowhiskers from a variety of face-centered cubic metals using a high temperature molecular beam epitaxy method. The presence of atomically smooth, faceted surfaces and absence of dislocations is confirmed using transmission electron microscopy investigations. Tensile tests performed in situ in a focused-ion beam scanning electron microscope on Cu nanowhiskers reveal strengths close to the theoretical upper limit and confirm that the properties of nanomaterials can be engineered by controlling defect and flaw densities.
Use of Lithium Aluminum Hydride in the Study of Surface Chemistry of Carbon Black (1963)

Abstract Considerable interest has been focused in recent years on the effects of carbon black surface chemistry on its properties in rubber and other polymer systems. Methods have been developed in our laboratory for the quantitative characterization and description of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks. The total surface acidity as given by the active (acidic) hydrogen is determined by reaction with strongly basic lithium aluminum hydride in diethyl carbitol, or by equilibration with aqueous alkali under nitrogen. Exclusion of oxygen is essential since carbon blacks readily undergo base catalyzed oxidation. Selective neutralization techniques are employed to further differentiate between strong and weak surface acids. For example, using aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, only those acids stronger than carbonic acid will be neutralized. Strong acids, as determined by bicarbonate neutralization, are shown to be aromatic carboxyl groups, while weak acids determined by difference between total acidity and strong acid content are phenols and hydroquinone derivatives. Neutral quinone and lactone surface groups are quantitatively determined by chemical reduction with lithium aluminum hydride, or alternatively by analysis of their thermal decomposition products (carbon monoxide and dioxide, hydrogen, and water) obtained on vacuum pyrolysis of carbon black. The distribution of neutral and acidic surface groups on representative channel, furnace, and thermal black is discussed in terms of the state of oxidation of the individual carbons.
A CMOS Integrated Power Detector for UWB (2007)

An integrated CMOS RF power detector for wideband systems that does not require additional processing steps is presented. The received signal modulates the resistance of a MOSFET biased in triode to produce a DC current at the input of a transimpedance amplifier proportional to the received power. The resulting voltage is applied to an auto-zeroed logarithmic amplifier that provides offset cancellation without lowpass filtering. Simulation shows that the detector is capable of resolving a 40dB input dynamic range across the 3-10GHz UWB spectrum while dissipating less than 8mW.
Toxoplasma-like Encephalomyelitis in the Horse (1974)

Eight horses with progressive neurologic signs had encephalomyelitis associated with toxoplasma-like protozoan bodies. There were scattered hemorrhagic, malacic lesions in white and grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically there was malacia, mononuclear cell infiltration, especially perivascularly, gliosis, and various degrees of necrosis and hemorrhage. Other tissues were normal, except for the lung of one horse that had focal bronchopneumonia. The cerebrospinal fluid did not contain measurable amounts of IgM, IgG, or IgA. Serum from one horse was negative at 1:64 by the hemagglutination-inhibition test for toxoplasma antibodies.
Detection of estrogen binding in human mammary carcinoma by immunofluorescence: a new technic utilizing the binding hormone in a polymerized state. (1976)

Winthrop Murray Crane has been in an accident and President Roosevelt inquires about his condition.
Diarrhea associated with afatinib: an oral ErbB family blocker (2013)

Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are frequently observed in patients receiving EGF receptor (EGFR; also known as HER1 or ErbB1) tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. GI AEs are among the most common and most impactful on a patient's quality of life. Severe diarrhea can result in fluid and electrolyte losses, leading to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and renal insufficiency. Afatinib is an irreversible, oral, ErbB family blocker, inhibiting EGFR (ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2) and ErbB4 receptor kinases. It also inhibits transphosphorylation of ErbB3. Similar to reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR, GI AEs - in particular, diarrhea - have frequently been observed in afatinib-treated patients. This article summarizes current data on afatinib-associated diarrhea and provides strategies for its management. Patient education, early identification, timely management and ongoing assessment will help to prevent aggravation, afatinib dose reductions or therapy discontinuation, encouraging patient compliance and allowing patients to obtain the maximum therapeutic benefit from this agent.
LCD Motion Blur Reduction: A Signal Processing Approach (2008)

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have shown great promise in the consumer market for their use as both computer and television displays. Despite their many advantages, the inherent sample-and-hold nature of LCD image formation results in a phenomenon known as motion blur. In this work, we develop a method for motion blur reduction using the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm in concert with motion vector information from the scene. We further refine our approach by introducing a perceptual significance metric that allows us to weight the amount of processing performed on different regions in the image. In addition, we analyze the role of motion vector errors in the quality of our resulting image. Perceptual tests indicate that our algorithm reduces the amount of perceivable motion blur in LCDs.
Streaming scratchpad memory organisation for video applications. (2004)

To address the high data bus bandwidth requirements, the principle of locality of reference is exploited in the vast majority of video processing algorithms. Especially, for application’s kernels based on motion estimation, it is inevitable to fetch the pixel data from a local storage. However, the video application kernel requirements can vary significantly. The technique of data re-organization and folding (extensively used in software to map operations of same type to a single resource in a time-multiplexed fashion) are presented in the context of the design of customized streaming video scratchpad memories. These techniques transform one scratchpad organization into the another in order to best satisfy the kernel’s requirements and physical design constraints. Three instances of streaming scratchpads suiting different kernel types are designed. Based on the RTL and netlist level simulations, their differences in performance, power dissipation and silicon area are stated.
Study of femtosecond-laser-written waveguides in glasses (2002)

Mechanisms of the femtosecond-laser-induced refractive-index change (Δn) were investigated for fused silica and a borosilicate glass. Experiments were based on two exposure situations: (a) high repetition rate and low pulse energy and (b) low repetition rate and high pulse energy. The calculated temperature rise based on model (b) was above 1000 °C, whereas for situation (a) it was negligible. The results do not support a thermal origin of the induced Δn; rather, heat may limit the magnitude of the change. Correlation between color-center formation and Δn in both glasses suggests that defects contribute substantially to the index increase. However, annealing studies have shown that the induced Δn persisted beyond the disappearance of the color centers. Analysis of the induced stress showed that densification plays a small role in this change.
The ChARM tool for tuning embedded systems (1997)

ChARM is a simulation tool for tuning ARM-based embedded systems that include cache memories. ChARM provides a parametric, trace-driven simulation for tuning system configuration. A designer can observe performance while varying the timing, the architectural features, and the management policies of the system components. Designers can therefore evaluate the execution time of the program, the time spent in memory accesses, miss ratio, code miss ratio, and data miss ratio, and the number of burst-read operations. They can also evaluate the number of write operations for write-through cache models and burst-write operations for copy-back cache models. finally, ChARM's program locality analysis illustrates the sequentiality, temporality, and loops of a program in easy-to-read three dimensional graphs. These graphs, together with the graphs showing the distribution of the replacement conflicts in cache, help designers understand how a program works and how it stresses the memory hierarchy.
Crystal Structures and Solution Conformations of the Meso and Racemic Isomers of (Ethylenebis(1-indenyl))zirconium Dichloride (1995)

The crystal and molecular structures of the C-2 symmetric rac-(EBI)ZrCl2 (1r) [monoclinic, space group I2/c, No. 15, a = 11.957(1) Angstrom, b = 10.627(1) Angstrom, c = 13.775(2) Angstrom, beta = 106.06(1)degrees] and of its meso isomer (1m) [monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, No. 14, a = 11.119(3) Angstrom, b = 10.467(1) Angstrom, c = 14.949(2) Angstrom, beta = 100.94(2)degrees] have been solved. 1r is in the indenyl-forward (II) conformation, as is the case for most of the chiral ansa ethylene-bridged bisindenyl-type metallocenes. In solution however, already at room temperature there is a rapid (NMR time scale) interconversion between the two II and Y (indenyl-backward) conformations, as shown by conformational analysis on the proton spectra of the bridge methylenes. This equilibrium is shifted toward the lower energy conformation delta at lower temperatures and is influenced by both the solvent and the sigma-ligands. The solid state structure of Im shows that this meso form is actually in a chiral conformation (C-1 symmetry) because of the staggered placement of the two indenyl ligands (Ind boolean AND Ind = 10.0 degrees). In solution this aspecific zirconocene gives a perfectly symmetric H-1 NMR spectrum, indicating that, as in the case of the rac-isomer, there is a rapid interconversion between the two equienergetic, mirror-image limit conformations.
Point-by-point written fiber-Bragg gratings and their application in complex grating designs (2010)

The point-by-point technique of fabricating fibre-Bragg gratings using an ultrafast laser enables complete control of the position of each index modification that comprises the grating. By tailoring the local phase, amplitude and spacing of the grating's refractive index modulations it is possible to create gratings with complex transmission and reflection spectra. We report a series of grating structures that were realized by exploiting these flexibilities. Such structures include gratings with controlled bandwidth, and amplitude- and phase-modulated sampled (or superstructured) gratings. A model based on coupled-mode theory provides important insights into the manufacture of such gratings. Our approach offers a quick and easy method of producing complex, non-uniform grating structures in both fibres and other mono-mode waveguiding structures.
Growth of epitaxial CaSi2 films on Si(111) (1988)

The growth of single-crystal epitaxial CaSi2 films on Si(111) is described along with a determination of the silicide atomic structure. Films were prepared using standard ultrahigh vacuum evaporation techniques in a silicon molecular beam epitaxy system. Cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs of atomically abrupt step-free interfaces extending well over 500 Å are presented. These films constitute the first example of an epitaxial non-transition-metal silicide. The lack of d electrons and the large difference in electronegativity between Ca and Si provide a new single-crystal metal/silicon interface with significantly different characteristics from the thoroughly studied transition-metal silicides.
On the origins of the tetraploid<i>Bromus</i>species (section<i>Bromus</i>, Poaceae): insights from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (1997)

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA from 22 diploid and tetraploid annual Bromus species of section Bromus (Poaceae) and three species belonging to other Bromus sections, Bromus catharticus (section Ceratochloa), Bromus anomalus (section Pnigma), and Bromus sterilis (section Genea), were investigated by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. The length of the ITS-1 region varied from 215 to 218 bp, and that of the ITS-2 region from 215 to 216 bp, in the species analyzed. ITS-1 was more variable and provided more informative sites (49) than ITS-2 (32). No variation was encountered within species. In pairwise comparison among species of section Bromus, sequence divergence ranged from 0.0 to 8.0% for the combined ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. Parsimony analysis using Avena longiglumis and Hordeum vulgare as outgroups resulted in well-resolved phylogenetic trees and showed that section Bromus is monophyletic according to the species analyzed outside of the section. The analysis clarified the phylogenetic relationships among monogenomic (diploid) species. Introduction of the allotetraploid species did not change the general topology of the trees obtained using only the diploid species. Although some tetraploid-diploid species relationships will have to be clarified with faster evolving markers, the ITS sequences are shown to be useful for assessing evolutionary relationships among closely related Bromus species, as well as for clarifying taxonomic problems in previously controversial cases (e.g., Bromus alopecuros and Bromus caroli-henrici). New hypotheses are proposed concerning the origin of several allotetraploid species. For example, it is shown that the tetraploid Bromus hordeaceus diverged earlier than all other species of section Bromus, excluding the diploid B. caroli-henrici, which is found to be basal in this group. The tetraploid Bromus arenarius, which was considered a hybrid between sections Bromus and Genea, and the tetraploid Bromus adoensis are sister taxa within section Bromus; they belong in a weakly differentiated clade with the diploids Bromus brachystachys, Bromus japonicus, Bromus squarrosus, Bromus arvensis, and Bromus intermedius.
Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cerebral circulation and stroke (2012)

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are an independent cardiovascular risk factor and are thought to contribute to hypertension, a major risk factor for stroke. Evidence from both experimental and human studies supports a role for aldosterone and/or the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in contributing to detrimental effects in the cerebral vasculature and to the incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the evidence, including the protective effects of MR antagonism. Specifically, the effects of aldosterone and/or MR activation on cerebral vascular structure and on immune cells will be reviewed. The existing evidence suggests that aldosterone and the MR contribute to cerebral vascular pathology and to the incidence and outcome of stroke. We suggest that further research into the signaling mechanisms underlying the effects of aldosterone and MR activation in the brain and its vasculature, especially with regard to cell-specific actions, will provide important insight into causes and potential treatments for cerebrovascular disease and stroke.
Heterocyclic ring scaffolds as small-molecule cholesterol absorption inhibitors (2005)

Enantio- and diastereoselective syntheses of a substituted oxazolidinone, isoxazoline and pyrazoline as beta-lactam surrogates are described. The substituted heterocycles were designed to incorporate side chains closely resembling those found in the beta-lactam cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe (1). Additionally, the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of the novel compounds as cholesterol absorption inhibitors is reported using a brush border membrane vesicle assay.