gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leishmanin skin test lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine production after symptomatic or asymptomatic<i>Leishmania major</i>infection in Tunisia (1999)

Resistance to Leishmania parasite infection requires the development of a cellular immune response that activates macrophage leishmanicidal activity. In this study we have investigated the lymphoproliferative responses and in vitro cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals living in an endemic area for L. major infection in Tunisia. The results were compared with the DTH reaction of the leishmanin skin test (LST). Sixty-seven individuals were included in the study: 22 persons (age range 9-60 years) who developed, 2 years before the present study, a parasitologically confirmed localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) that healed spontaneously, and 45 individuals (age range 18-20 years) born and living in the same area, with no previous history of LCL. LST was positive (skin induration > or = 5 mm) in 20/22 cured cases of LCL and in 75% of healthy individuals without history of LCL. LST+ individuals expressed vigorous Leishmania-specific lymphoproliferative responses associated with in vitro production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but not IL-4. Interestingly, IL-10 was detected in parallel with the highest levels of IFN-gamma in PBMC supernatants from 3/20 cured LCL and 8/25 individuals without history of LCL. Our results showed a 98% concordance between the DTH reaction assessed by LST and the in vitro proliferative assay induced by soluble leishmanial antigens. Moreover, proliferative assays as well as cytokine analysis did not show any significant difference of the immune memory to parasite antigens developed by patients who had overt cutaneous leishmaniasis and those who had apparently asymptomatic infection.
Efficient Electrochemical Oxidation of Perfluorooctanoate Using a Ti/SnO<sub>2</sub>-Sb-Bi Anode (2011)

The electrochemical decomposition of persistent perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) with a Ti/SnO2-Sb-Bi electrode was demonstrated in this study. After 2 h electrolysis, over 99% of PFOA (25 mL of 50 mg·L(-1)) was degraded with a first-order kinetic constant of 1.93 h(-1). The intermediate products including short-chain perfluorocarboxyl anions (CF3COO-, C2F5COO-, C3F7COO-, C4F9COO-, C5F11COO-, and C6F13COO-) and F- were detected in the aqueous solution. The electrochemical oxidation mechanism was revealed, that PFOA decomposition first occurred through a direct one electron transfer from the carboxyl group in PFOA to the anode at the potential of 3.37 V (vs saturated calomel electrode, SCE). After that, the PFOA radical was decarboxylated to form perfluoroheptyl radical which allowed a defluorination reaction between perfluoroheptyl radical and hydroxyl radical/O2. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrum further confirmed that the oxidation of PFOA on the Ti/SnO2-Sb-Bi electrode proceeded from the carboxyl group in PFOA rather than C-C cleavage, and the decomposition processes followed the CF2 unzipping cycle. The electrochemical technique with the Ti/SnO2-Sb-Bi electrode provided a potential method for PFOA degradation in the aqueous solution.
Analysis of Benzylsuccinates in Groundwater by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Use for Monitoring In Situ BTEX Biodegradation (2002)

Benzylsuccinic acid (BS) and methylbenzylsuccinic acid (MeBS) isomers have been proposed as distinctive indicators of anaerobic toluene and xylene metabolism in fuel-contaminated aquifers; however, labor-intensive analytical procedures have limited their analysis at field sites. In this article, a rapid electrospray LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) method for benzylsuccinates is described that involves selected reaction monitoring, internal standard quantification with [ring-2H5]BS, small sample size (<1 mL), and no extraction/concentration steps. The highly selective LC/MS/ MS method was shown to be sensitive (detection limits ca. 0.3 microg/L), accurate, and precise. The method was used to characterize geographic and temporal distributions of BS and MeBS isomers in an anaerobic, hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer. BS was never detected, and MeBS isomers were detected in the three wells with the highest concentrations of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes); MeBS concentrations ranged from <0.3 to 205 microg/L. A strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.94; n = 12) was found between concentrations of total MeBS isomers and their parent compounds, xylenes, which suggests that anaerobic xylene metabolism at this site was probably first-order rather than zero-order. The novel LC/MS/MS method for BS and MeBS isomers is a promising technique for rapid and reliable monitoring of in situ bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated groundwater.
Properties and applications of Magnetorheological fluids (2012)

This brief introduction describes the mechanical, rheological and magnetic properties of the magnetorheological (MR) fluids for feasible engineering applications. The typical modes of exploiting this technology are shown and discussed. An increasing number of industrial applications illustrate how the MR fluids peculiar properties may be used to provide optimal performance in semi active damping and dissipative devices.
Phosphate Adsorption by Ferrihydrite‐Amended Soils (2005)

New technology and approaches for reducing P in runoff from high sediment yield areas are essential due to implementation of increasingly rigorous water quality standards. The objectives of this research were to characterize ferrihydrite (Fe(5)HO(8).4H(2)O) in terms of its ability to adsorb P from soil solutions and relate its P adsorptive capacity to several soil properties that influence P mobility. A naturally occurring ferrihydrite, collected as an Fe oxide sludge by-product from a water treatment facility, was equilibrated with soil samples at equivalent rates of 0, 0.34, 3.36, 16.80, and 33.60 Mg ha(-1) for a 60-d period. Individual 2-g subsamples of each soil were then equilibrated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg(-1) P in 20 mL of 0.01 M CaCl(2) on a reciprocating shaker for 24 h. After 24 h, P in solution was measured by colorimetric methods, and designated as final P concentrations. The data indicated that the unamended soils with a pH of <6.0 adsorbed, in some cases, 50 times more P than soils with a pH of >7.0. The final P concentrations, averaged for all initial P concentrations and ferrihydrite rates, ranged from 0.09 to 4.63 mg kg(-1), and were most highly correlated with pH (r = 0.844; P < or = 0.01), oxalate-extractable Fe (r = -0.699; P < or = 0.10), and dithionite-extractable Fe (r = -0.639; P < or = 0.10) contents of the unamended soils. In terms of individual soils, correlation coefficients (r) for final P concentrations versus ferrihydrite amendment rates indicated a statistically significant (P < or = 0.001) negative relationship at all initial P concentrations for most A horizons. The r values for the high Fe oxide content B horizon soils did not show a statistically significant response to ferrihydrite additions. The results indicate that P adsorption, in soils amended with ferrihydrite, will be greatest under acid pH conditions below the ferrihydrite zero point of charge (pH 5.77), and low incipient Fe oxide contents.
Selection of a nonconsensus branch point is influenced by an RNA stem-loop structure and is important to confer stability to the herpes simplex virus 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript (1997)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 latent infection in sensory neurons is characterized by the highly restricted transcription of viral genes. The latency-associated transcripts (LAT) family members are the only transcripts that can be identified in large amounts in latently infected cells. The most abundant LAT species is a 2-kb RNA that results from splicing of a rare primary transcript. Analysis of a LAT mutant virus (TB1) in cell culture revealed an aberrant splicing pattern and production of a stable small (0.95-kb) LAT intron. A panel of deletion constructs expressing truncated LAT in transiently transfected cells mapped the region influencing stability to the 3' end of the LAT intron. This region encompasses the branch point and a putative stable stem-loop hairpin structure immediately upstream of the splice acceptor consensus polypyrimidine tract. Mutagenic analysis of the sequence in this region confirmed our hypothesis that the stem-loop structure is important for efficient splicing by influencing the selection of a nonconsensus branch point. Changes in this structure correlate with changes in branch point selection and production of an unstable 2-kb LAT.
Effect of Microencapsulation of Dietary Oil on Postprandial Lipemia (2006)

ABSTRACT: Microencapsulation is increasingly applied to dietary oils, but only limited information is available about the effect on bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of microencapsulated vegetable oil from a liquid food product in a clinical trial. Another aim was to compare the suitability of sodium octenyl succinate starch (SOSS) and oat starch aggregate (OSA) in sustained release of a vegetable oil. Twenty‐four healthy young men were recruited and randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups (A, B, C). All subjects consumed 2 liquid test meals, which differed only with respect to microencapsulation. Groups A and B consumed berry juice or fermented oat drink, respectively, containing either non‐encapsulated or SOSS‐encapsulated blackcurrant seed oil (BCO). Group C received sea buckthorn oil (SBO) encapsulated with SOSS or OSA. Blood samples were collected at 0,30,60,90,180,270, and 360 min after the meal, and chylomicron‐rich (CM‐rich) fraction was separated for subsequent triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis. Microencapsulation increased the glycemic response. SOSS‐encapsulated BCO resulted in a similar CM‐rich TAG response as non‐encapsulated BCO, indicating that the SOSS‐encapsulated oil was fully bioavailable. OSA‐encapsulation had a similar bioavailability. The lipemic response of subjects who consumed the oil mixed in the fermented oat drink was higher than that of other subjects. This most likely resulted from the slightly higher fat and energy content of the fermented oat drink compared with berry juice. Contrary to expectations, the use of OSA in microencapsulation did not result in sustained release.
BATF2 Deficiency Promotes Progression in Human Colorectal Cancer via Activation of HGF/MET Signaling: A Potential Rationale for Combining MET Inhibitors with IFNs (2015)

Together, these novel findings suggest that BATF2, a tumor suppressor gene, is a potent negative regulator of HGF/MET signaling in colorectal cancer and may serve as a prognostic tumor marker. Furthermore, these results provide a rationale for combining MET inhibitors with IFNs in preclinical trials.
Embedding evolutionary game theory into an optimal control framework for drug dosage design (2009)

In this paper, we show how evolutionary game theory can be embedded into a traditional optimal control framework in order to predict strategies for time-dependent drug dosages in the context of a growing pathogen population that exhibits the capacity to evolve in direct response to the level of applied drug. To illustrate our method for integrating evolutionary games with optimal control systems, we consider a simplified model that describes a generic trade-off between viral replication rate and drug resistance. The technique that we outline, however, is readily extendable to more complicated models that account, in more detail, for the specific biology of a particular pathogen of interest.
Photoinduced Heating of Nanoparticle Arrays (2013)

The temperature distribution throughout arrays of illuminated metal nanoparticles is investigated numerically and experimentally. The two cases of continuous and femtosecond-pulsed illumination are addressed. In the case of continuous illumination, two distinct regimes are evidenced: a temperature confinement regime, where the temperature increase remains confined at the vicinity of each nanosource of heat, and a temperature delocalization regime, where the temperature is uniform throughout the whole nanoparticle assembly despite the heat sources' nanometric size. We show that the occurrence of one regime or another simply depends on the geometry of the nanoparticle distribution. In particular, we derived (i) simple expressions of dimensionless parameters aimed at predicting the degree of temperature confinement and (ii) analytical expressions aimed at estimating the actual temperature increase at the center of an assembly of nanoparticles under illumination, preventing heavy numerical simulations. All these theoretical results are supported by experimental measurements of the temperature distribution on regular arrays of gold nanoparticles under illumination. In the case of femtosecond-pulsed illumination, we explain the two conditions that must be fulfilled to observe a further enhanced temperature spatial confinement.
3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine as electrochemical substrate for horseradish peroxidase based enzyme immunoassays. A comparative study (1998)

The use of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as an electrochemical substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was investigated. HRP activity has been detected using flow injection analysis at a glassy carbon working electrode polarised at +100 mV versus Ag/AgCl in 0.1 mol l–1 citrate–phosphate buffer (pH 5.0). The optimum concentrations were 2 × 10–4 mol l–1 TMB and 10–3 mol l–1 H2O2. The detection limit obtained after 15 min of incubation was 8.5 × 10–14 mol l–1 HRP with the amperometric method. This limit was lower than that obtained using hydroquinone as HRP substrate and comparable to that with the p-aminophenyl phosphate–alkaline phosphatase system. Better performance was achieved with amperometric than spectrophotometric detection using TMB in a competitive ELISA for rabbit immunoglobulin G as a model analyte.
Expression of the Histamine H4 Receptor in Human Tissue (2012)

The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is the most recently identified of the four histamine receptors (H1R–H4R), and belongs to the same G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. The amino acid sequence of H4R shares approximately 26%, 27%, and 58% homology with H1R, H2R, and H3R, respectively, in the transmembrane regions (Nguyen et al., 2001). Furthermore, H4R couples to Gi/o proteins and shows 103to 104-fold higher ligand affinity than H1R and H2R (Thurmond et al., 2008). Several organs express H4R, and immune tissues such as the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and leukocytes have a wide range of expression levels (Oda et al., 2000). It has been reported that chemotaxis of mast cells and eosinophils is stimulated by histamine via H4R; the receptor is therefore attractive as a new target of research into allergic diseases (de Esch et al., 2005).
Resolution of component proteins in an enzyme complex from Methanosarcina thermophila catalyzing the synthesis or cleavage of acetyl-CoA. (1991)

An enzyme complex was isolated from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila that oxidized CO and catalyzed the synthesis or cleavage of acetyl-CoA. The complex consisted of five subunits (alpha1beta1gamma1delta1epsilon1) of 89, 71, 60, 58, and 19 kDa. The complex contained nickel, iron, acid-labile sulfide, and cobalt in a corrinoid cofactor. Two components were resolved by anion-exchange chromatography of the complex in the presence of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X-100: a 200-kDa nickel/iron-sulfur protein with the 89- and 19-kDa (alpha2epsilonx) subunits and a 100-kDa corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein with the 60- and 58-kDa subunits (gamma1delta1). The nickel/iron-sulfur component contained 0.21 Ni, 2.7 Zn, 7.7 Fe, and 13.2 acid-labile sulfide (per alpha1epsilon1). The corrinoid/iron-sulfur component contained 0.7 Co, 0.7 factor III [Coalpha-[alpha-(5-hydroxybenzimidazolyl)]-Cobeta-cyanocobamide], 3.0 Fe, and 2.9 acid-labile sulfide (gamma1delta1). Both components contained iron-sulfur centers. The nickel/iron-sulfur component oxidized CO and reduced methyl viologen or a ferredoxin isolated from M. thermophila. The nickel/iron-sulfur component also oxidized CO and transferred electrons to the corrinoid/iron-sulfur component, reducing the iron-sulfur and Co centers. UV-visible spectroscopy indicated that the reduced corrinoid/iron-sulfur component could be methylated with CH3I. The results suggest that the enzyme complex from M. thermophila contained at least two enzyme components, each with a specific function. The properties of the component enzymes support a mechanism proposed for acetyl-CoA synthesis (or cleavage) by the enzyme complex.
Bending Dynamics and Directionality Reversal in Liquid Crystal Network Photoactuators (2008)

Liquid crystalline photoactuators typically bend toward the light source, driven by the isomerization of azobenzene. In samples with a relatively large thickness and high azobenzene loading such as LC photoactuators, intense optical beams are seen to be absorbed in spatially nonexponential ways. Here we show that the dynamics of the related mechanical behavior is also strongly nonlinear, where the actuator reaches a maximum bend before unbending again to its equilibrium deformed state. The effect is amplified when combined with actuators with an internal composition gradient, leading to a reversal of the bending direction away from the light source.
Cleavage of alkyl aryl ethers with lithium iodide (1969)

Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved by lithium iodide to yield the corresponding phenol.
The Location of Sources of Field Resistance to <i>Bremia lactucae</i> in Wild <i>Lactuca</i> Species (1990)

Abstract Thirty‐one accessions of four Lactuca species ( L. serriola, L. saligna, L. aculeata, L. squarrosa ) and one L. serriola × L. sativa hybrid were screened for field resistance to Bremia lactucae. In the L. serriola group, significant differences in the level of field resistance were distinguished. The accessions PI 281876 and PI 253467 were free of infection. Moreover, all L. saligna accessions tested were totally free from disease during three‐year‐investigation.
Pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, and feasibility study of oral vinorelbine in patients with solid tumors. (1994)

The oral administration of vinorelbine, specifically as a liquid-filled, soft gelatin capsule, is a feasible route of administration. Weekly oral dosing at 100 mg/m2 induces a consistent degree of myelosuppression, but the high frequency of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, albeit brief and uncomplicated, warrants the recommendation of a slightly lower starting dose, ie, 80 mg/m2/d, for subsequent phase II evaluations, especially in heavily pretreated patients.
Fast radix 2<sup>K</sup> dividers for FPGAs (2009)

In this paper we present radix r = 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sup> divider for fixed-point operands. The divider divides in a radix r = 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sup> , producing k bits at each iteration. The proposed digit recurrence algorithm has two different architectures, a first one for general hardware implementation, and the second one is optimized for configurable logic (FPGAs). Results show a speedup greater to three times respect to a classical non-restoring division implemented in Xilinx Devices. Additionally a throughput-latency-area comparison of pipelined and sequential dividers implementation is disclosed.
Second-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and the relationship of maternal serum biochemical markers to pregnancy complications with adverse outcome (2000)

In a group of 26 524 control pregnancies and a group of 3728 pregnancies affected by one or more of the pregnancy complications of low birthweight, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery and stillbirth, I have compared the relative risk of occurrence of these complications in pregnancies which had a raised maternal serum AFP (>2.0 MoM), raised maternal serum free beta-hCG (>2.0 MoM), low AFP (<0.5 MoM), low free beta-hCG (<0.5 MoM), combined raised AFP and free beta-hCG (>2.0 MoM), and in those with an increased Down syndrome risk (1 in 250 or greater). In the low birthweight group, only an increased AFP and decreased free beta-hCG showed significance with relative risks of 1.6 and 2.1. In the IUGR group, also only an increased AFP and decreased free beta-hCG showed significance with relative risks of 1.6 and 2.3. In the preterm delivery group, raised AFP, reduced free beta-hCG, and combined elevated AFP and free beta-hCG showed significance with relative risks of 3.8, 1.8 and 6.2. In the stillbirth group, raised AFP, reduced free beta-hCG, and combined elevated AFP and free beta-hCG showed significance with relative risks of 4.5, 2,4 and 7.2. An isolated raised free beta-hCG or an increased Down syndrome risk were not associated with an increased relative risk for any of the pregnancy complications investigated. However, apart from the six to seven-fold increased risk when both AFP and free beta-hCG are above 2.0 MoM, suggesting increased risk of preterm delivery or impending fetal death, the clinical utility of such significant differences is probably poor.
Imaging the Earliest Stages of Alzheimers Disease (2006)

Historical progress in medicine can be charted along the lines of technical innovations that have visualized the invisible. One hundred years ago, Alois Alzheimer exploited newly developed histological stains to visualize his eponymonous disease in dead tissue under the microscope. Now, as we are entering the second century of Alzheimer's disease research, technical innovation has endowed us with a range of in vivo imaging techniques that promise to visualize Alzheimer' disease in living people. The earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cell-sickness, not cell-death, and can occur before the deposition of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. In principle, 'functional' imaging techniques might be able to detect this early stage of the disease, a stage that was invisible to Alzheimer himself. Here, we will first define the neurobiological meaning of 'function' and then review the different approaches that measure brain dysfunction in Alzheimer' disease.
Efficient querying of inconsistent databases with binary integer programming (2013)

An inconsistent database is a database that violates one or more integrity constraints. A typical approach for answering a query over an inconsistent database is to first clean the inconsistent database by transforming it to a consistent one and then apply the query to the consistent database. An alternative and more principled approach, known as consistent query answering, derives the answers to a query over an inconsistent database without changing the database, but by taking into account all possible repairs of the database. In this paper, we study the problem of consistent query answering over inconsistent databases for the class for conjunctive queries under primary key constraints. We develop a system, called EQUIP, that represents a fundamental departure from existing approaches for computing the consistent answers to queries in this class. At the heart of EQUIP is a technique, based on Binary Integer Programming (BIP), that repeatedly searches for repairs to eliminate candidate consistent answers until no further such candidates can be eliminated. We establish rigorously the correctness of the algorithms behind EQUIP and carry out an extensive experimental investigation that validates the effectiveness of our approach. Specifically, EQUIP exhibits good and stable performance on conjunctive queries under primary key constraints, it significantly outperforms existing systems for computing the consistent answers of such queries in the case in which the consistent answers are not first-order rewritable, and it scales well.