gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skeleton-based hierarchical shape segmentation (2006)

We present an effective framework for segmenting 3D shapes into meaningful components using the curve skeleton. Our algorithm identifies a number of critical points on the curve skeleton, either fully automatically as the junctions of the curve skeleton, or based on user input. We use these points to construct a partitioning of the object surface using geodesics. Because it is based on the curve skeleton, our segmentation intrinsically reflects the shape symmetry and topology. By using geodesics we obtain segments that have smooth, minimally twisting borders. Finally, we present a hierarchical segmentation of shapes which reflects the hierarchical structure of the curve skeleton. We describe a voxel-based implementation of our method which is robust and noise resistant, computationally efficient, able to handle shapes of complex topology, and which delivers level-of-detail segmentations. We demonstrate the framework on various real-world 3D shapes.
Methanol Synthesis (2008)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Thermodynamics Methanol Synthesis Catalysts Introduction Zn O / Cr 2 O 3 Catalyst Copper‐Based Catalysts Cu / Zn O + Element ( Al , Cr , … ) Promotion of Cu / Zn O / MOx Catalysts Cu / Zr O 2 Other Cu , Cu / Me , Cu / Me Ox Catalysts Pd ‐Based Catalysts Sulfide Catalysts Other Catalysts Activation of Cu / Zn Catalyst Activity as a Function of the Nature of Copper‐Based Catalysts Catalyst Deactivation Sintering Sulfur Poisoning Other Poisons By‐Product Formation Reaction Mechanism(s) and Active Sites Cu + in a Zn O Matrix as the Active Center The S chottky Junction Theory Partly Oxidized Copper Independent of Support as Active Sites Metallic Copper in Dynamic Interaction with the Support Cu –Zinc Surface Alloy Model Water Gas Shift Reaction Kinetics Reaction Rate Equations Diffusion Restrictions Kinetics in Slurry Phase Methanol Synthesis Methanol Synthesis Technology Synthesis Gas Preparation Natural Gas Reforming Adiabatic Pre‐Reforming Tubular, Fired Reforming Autothermal Reforming and Oxygen‐Fired Secondary Reforming Gasification of Heavy Oil, Coal or Biomass Coproduction in Ammonia Plants and Use of Off‐gases Economics of Synthesis Gas Preparation Reactor Systems and Synthesis Loop Layout Slurry Phase Reactor Types Methanol Purification Concepts Circumventing the Equilibrium Limitations Other Methanol Synthesis Routes and Technologies Methanol Synthesis by Methane Activation Conclusion
Lateral epitaxy by seeded solidification for growth of single-crystal Si films on insulators (1980)

By using a new method, which we have named the LESS technique (lateral epitaxy by seeded solidification), single‐crystal Si films have been grown over insulating layers on single‐crystal Si substrates. An amorphous or polycrystalline Si film is deposited on the insulating layer, in which narrow stripes have been opened to expose the substrate. By using two carbon strip heaters, one of which is movable, the Si film is melted and frozen in such a manner that solidification begins within the stripe openings, where it is seeded by the substrate. The resulting single‐crystal regions in turn seed lateral single‐crystal growth over the adjacent insulating layer. Continuous single‐crystal Si films have been obtained over SiO2 layers with openings spaced 50 or 500 mm apart, and single‐crystal growth extending as far as 4 mm over Si3N4 has been observed.
Scale‐Up, Stirred Tank Reactors (2010)

Abstract Scale‐up is best approached by considering the need to provide the optimum environment for the cell. It is inevitably a compromise and needs appropriate small‐scale data as discussed here. However, arbitrary and inflexible “scale‐up rules” are not useful. The most critical aspects of scale‐up are oxygen and carbon dioxide mass transfer and their concentration in the broth, all of which depend on the air sparge rate and power input from the selected impeller(s). The Rushton turbine is discussed followed by the now‐preferred hollow‐blade and up‐pumping, high solidity ratio hydrofoils. Bulk blending/homogeneity (especially at the high aspect ratios found on the commercial scale), holdup, and foaming and heat transfer in turbulent conditions as found with small‐sized microorganisms are considered, followed by the additional complexity that arises with these parameters when dealing with high viscosity, rheologically complex broths with mycelial and biopolymer fermentations. The impact of scale‐up on two aspects of bioperformance is considered, namely, mechanical stress from agitation and stresses from the inevitable poorer homogeneity. It is concluded that mechanical stresses are only important with mycelial fermentations and the impact depends on the organism. Stresses due to spatial differences in dO 2 and in pH batch fermentations, as well as nutrients in fed batch, cause a poorer performance at the commercial scale. Such information is vital for enabling a realistic appreciation beforehand of the likely large‐scale bioperformance, and for guiding design. Finally, with the present understanding of the physical and biological aspects of bioprocesses, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is unlikely to be able to significantly improve it.
Incorporation of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside analogues into DNA of a thymidylate synthetase-deficient murine FM3A carcinoma cell line. (1985)

Various 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (araU) and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) analogues have been investigated for their stimulatory effect on the growth of a thymidylate (dTMP) synthetase-deficient murine mammary carcinoma cell line (FM3A/TS-) that is auxotrophic for thymidine (dThd). Such stimulatory effect may be considered as indicative for the incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into host cell DNA. Based on this premise, several dUrd analogues were found to be incorporated into FM3A/TS- cell DNA (in decreasing order of incorporation): 5-bromo-dUrd greater than 5-chloro-dUrd greater than 5-(3-hydroxy-1-propynyl)-dUrd greater greater than 5-(1-pentynyl)-dUrd approximately 5-(1-propynyl)-dUrd approximately 5-iodo-dUrd greater than 5-(5-carboxy-1-hexenyl)-dUrd greater than 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl)-dUrd greater than 5-ethyl-dUrd greater than 5-(5-chloro-1-pentynyl)-dUrd greater than 5-ethynyl-dUrd approximately 5 vinyl-dUrd greater than 5-phenylethynyl-dUrd greater than 5-(5-cyano-1-pentenyl)-dUrd greater than 5-(1-propenyl)-dUrd greater than 5-(1-hexynyl)-dUrd greater than 5-(5-hexyn-1-enyl)-dUrd. Among the 5-substituted dCyd analogues, 5-methyl-dCyd, 5-chloro-dCyd, 5-bromo-dCyd and 5-iodo-dCyd were also found to stimulate cell growth, and are therefore assumed to be incorporated into FM3A/TS- cell DNA. Since the stimulatory effects of these compounds on FM3A/TS- cell proliferation were suppressed in the presence of a Cyd deaminase inhibitor (tetrahydrouridine) or dCMP deaminase inhibitor (2'-deoxytetrahydrouridine), it is surmised that the dCyd analogues are first deaminated to the corresponding dUrd analogues before they are incorporated into DNA. None of the 5-substituted araU or araC analogues tested were able to sustain the growth of FM3A/TS- cells. It is postulated, therefore, that these araU or araC analogues are not incorporated to any appreciable extent into the DNA of FM3A/TS- cells, or, if they are incorporated, prevent cell growth. Thus, the dTMP synthetase-deficient FM3A/TS- cell line represents a unique system to distinguish those pyrimidine nucleoside analogues that are able to sustain cell growth and, therefore, assumed to be incorporated into the host cell DNA from those pyrimidine nucleoside analogues that are not.
Nitrofurans as radiosensitizers of hypoxic mammalian cells. (1972)

Summary Our studies showed that various nitrofuran derivatives have excellent radiosensitizing properties in hypoxic Chinese hamster cells at concentrations at which there is no effect on plating efficiency. The radiosensitizing effect is primarily a dose-modifying effect, with nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, and nifuroxime (each at 500 µm) in complete medium giving enhancement ratios of 1.65, 2.0, and 2.2, respectively. In parallel studies, the radiosensitizing effect of molecular oxygen (air-saturated conditions) was found to be dose modifying, with an enhancement ratio of ∼2.9. Selective radiosensitization in hypoxia has been demonstrated in proliferating populations of cells in every phase of the cell cycle, as well as in nonproliferating populations which were contact inhibited at the time of irradiation. In all cell populations tested, these compounds did not alter radio-sensitivity in air-saturated conditions. The permeability of phospholipid membranes to nitrofurazone in 0.1 m NaCl has been measured, and a permeability constant (K) of 1.5 (± 0.7) × 10 -5 cm/sec obtained. No diffusion time lag was observed. In the presence of 0.1 m NaCl and 0.5 mm MgCl 2 , the permeability constant was increased to 2.5 (± 0.4) × 10 -5 cm/sec, and a diffusion lag time of 12 ± 3 min was obtained. Comparison of this constant with permeability constants for other molecules suggests that the phospholipid membrane presents no great barrier to the penetration of this compound. Hypoxia is shown to enhance the rate of radiation-induced binding of the label from nitrofurazone- 14 C to bovine serum albumin, DNA, polynucleotides, and Chinese hamster cells. Mechanisms of radiosensitization are discussed in relation to the observed binding and the antibacterial mode of action of the nitrofurans. The potential application of this class of compounds in the radiotherapy of tumors in which hypoxia is suspected is discussed in relation to their known pharmacological properties and current clinical usage.
Purification and characterization of cytosolic aconitase from beef liver and its relationship to the iron-responsive element binding protein. (1992)

In recent reports attention has been drawn to the extensive amino acid homology between pig heart, yeast, and Escherichia coli aconitases (EC 4.2.1.3) and the iron-responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP) of mammalian cells [Rouault, T. A., Stout, C. D., Kaptain, S., Harford, J. B. & Klausner, R. D. (1991) Cell 64, 881-883.; Hentze, M. W. & Argos, P. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 1739-1740.; Prodromou, C., Artymiuk, P. J. & Guest, J. R. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 599-609]. Iron-responsive elements (IREs) are stem-loop structures located in the untranslated regions of mRNAs. IRE-BP is required in the posttranscriptional regulation of ferritin mRNA translation and stabilization of transferrin receptor mRNA. In spite of substantial homology between the amino acid sequences of mammalian mitochondrial aconitase and IRE-BP, the mitochondrial protein does not bind IREs. However, there is a second aconitase, found only in the cytosol of mammalian tissues, that might serve as an IRE-BP. To test this possibility, we have prepared sufficient quantities of the heretofore poorly characterized beef liver cytosolic aconitase. This enzyme is isolated largely in its active [4Fe-4S] form and has a turnover number similar to that of mitochondrial aconitase. The EPR spectra of the two enzymes are markedly different. The amino acid composition, molecular weight, isoelectric point, and the sequences of six random peptides clearly show that these physicochemical and structural characteristics are identical to those of IRE-BP, and that c-aconitase is distinctly different from m-aconitase. In addition, both cytosolic aconitase and IRE-BP can have aconitase activity or function as IRE-BPs, as shown in the following paper and elsewhere [Zheng, L. Kennedy, M. C., Blondin, G. A., Beinert, H. & Zalkin, H. (1992) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., in press]. This leads us to the conclusion that cytosolic aconitase is IRE-BP.
A new cluster-based distributed video recorder server (2003)

In this paper, we propose and implement a new scalable video server with distributed recording services using intelligent network attached storage based on cluster architectures. For this recording server, we propose a new distributed recording protocol. The recorder can also provide video-on-demand streaming services. With this facility, clients can access media data being recorded randomly, which are distributed on all selected storage nodes of the cluster. Compared with other recording servers, the system has better load balance performance and clients have better interactivities.
Helper Component Proteinase of the Genus Potyvirus Is an Interaction Partner of Translation Initiation Factors eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E and Contains a 4E Binding Motif (2011)

The multifunctional helper component proteinase (HCpro) of potyviruses (genus Potyvirus; Potyviridae) shows self-interaction and interacts with other potyviral and host plant proteins. Host proteins that are pivotal to potyvirus infection include the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and the isoform eIF(iso)4E, which interact with viral genome-linked protein (VPg). Here we show that HCpro of Potato virus A (PVA) interacts with both eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E, with interactions with eIF(iso)4E being stronger, as judged by the data of a yeast two-hybrid system assay. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay on leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana showed that HCpro from three potyviruses (PVA, Potato virus Y, and Tobacco etch virus) interacted with the eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum); interactions with eIF(iso)4E and eIF4E of potato (Solanum tuberosum) were weaker. In PVA-infected cells, interactions between HCpro and tobacco eIF(iso)4E were confined to round structures that colocalized with 6K2-induced vesicles. Point mutations introduced to a 4E binding motif identified in the C-terminal region of HCpro debilitated interactions of HCpro with translation initiation factors and were detrimental to the virulence of PVA in plants. The 4E binding motif conserved in HCpro of potyviruses and HCpro-initiation factor interactions suggest new roles for HCpro and/or translation factors in the potyvirus infection cycle.
RealSense = real heart rate: Illumination invariant heart rate estimation from videos (2016)

Recent studies validated the feasibility of estimating heart rate from human faces in RGB video. However, test subjects are often recorded under controlled conditions, as illumination variations significantly affect the RGB-based heart rate estimation accuracy. Intel newly-announced low-cost RealSense 3D (RGBD) camera is becoming ubiquitous in laptops and mobile devices starting this year, opening the door to new and more robust computer vision. RealSense cameras produce RGB images with extra depth information inferred from a latent near-infrared (NIR) channel. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, that heart rate can be reliably estimated from RealSense near-infrared images. This enables illumination invariant heart rate estimation, extending the heart rate from video feasibility to low-light applications, such as night driving. With the (coming) ubiquitous presence of RealSense devices, the proposed method not only utilizes its near-infrared channel, designed originally to be hidden from consumers; but also exploits the associated depth information for improved robustness to head pose.
Effect of preventive antioxidant supplementation on lung function, airway inflammation and pulmonary 8-epi-PGF2 of calves exposed to ozone (2001)

peer reviewed
A sensing chair using pressure distribution sensors (2001)

The sensing chair project enables an ordinary office chair to become aware of its occupant's actions and needs. Surface-mounted pressure distribution sensors are placed over the seatpan and backrest of the chair for real time capturing of contact information between the chair and its occupant. Given the similarity between a pressure distribution map and a gray-scale image, pattern recognition techniques commonly used in computer and robot vision, such as principal components analysis, were successfully applied to solving the problem of sitting posture classification. The current static posture classification system operates in real time with an overall classification accuracy of 96% and 79% for familiar and unfamiliar users, respectively. The results obtained form important stepping stones toward an intelligent chair that can find applications in many areas including multimodal interfaces, intelligent environment, and safety of automobile operations.
Bradykinin metabolism in the isolated perfused rabbit heart (2001)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme fully accounts for the metabolism of [3H]bradykinin in the rabbit coronary circulation. This result contrasts with data obtained using rat heart, which demonstrated a prominent role for aminopeptidase P in bradykinin metabolism in this species.
Partial Cross-Correlation Analysis Resolves Ambiguity in the Encoding of Multiple Movement Features (2005)

A classical question in neuroscience is which features of a stimulus or of an action are represented in brain activity. When several features are interdependent either at a given point in time or at distinct points in time, neural activity related to one feature appears to be correlated with other features. Thus techniques that simultaneously consider multiple features cannot account for delayed interdependencies between features. The result is an ambiguity with respect to the encoded features. Here, we resolve this ambiguity by applying a novel statistical method based on partial cross-correlations. The method yields estimates of linear correlations between neural activity and a given feature that are not affected by linear correlations with other features at multiple time delays. The method also provides a graphical output measured on a scale that allows for comparisons between different features, neurons, and experiments. We use real movement data and neural activity simulated according to a wide range of tuning models to illustrate the method. When applied to real neural activity, the procedure yields results that indicate which of the considered features the neural activity is related to and at what time delays.
Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of maize leaf sucrose‐phosphate synthase (1987)

Sucrose‐phosphate synthase SPS; (EC 2.4.1.14) from maize (Zea mays L. cv. Pioneer 3184) leaves was partially purified and kinetically characterized. Maize SPS was activated by glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) due to an increase in Vmax and a decrease in the Km for UDP‐glucose. The UDP‐glucose saturation profile was biphasic; thus two Km values for UDP‐glucose were calculated. Inhibition by inorganic phosphate was observed only in the presence of G‐6‐P. Chromatography of partially purified maize leaf extracts on hydroxyapatite resolved two forms of SPS activity, which differed in their affinity for UDP‐glucose and in the degree of activation by G‐6‐P. SPS was partially purified from maize leaves that were harvested in the light and in the dark. The light enzyme had a higher specific activity than the enzyme isolated from dark harvested leaves, and this difference persisted during enzyme purification. The apparent molecular weight (Stokes radius) of the light enzyme was 547 kDa, which was greater than that of the dark enzyme (457 kDa). Light and dark SPS differed in their affinities for UDP‐glucose in the absence G‐6‐P. Both the light and the dark SPS were activated by G‐6‐P; the Km for UDP‐glucose of the light enzyme was lowered by G‐6‐P, while the Km for UDP‐glucose for the dark enzyme remained unchanged. These results suggest that light activation involves a conformational change that results in differences in maximum velocity, substrate affinities and regulation by metabolites. Chromatography of either the light or dark SPS on hydroxyapatite yielded two peaks of enzyme activity, suggesting that the occurrence of the two activity peaks was not due to an interconversion of the light and dark forms.
Clustering word category based on binomial posteriori co-occurrence distribution (2002)

This paper describes a word clustering technique for stochastic language modeling and reports experimental evidence for its validity. The binomial posteriori distribution (BPD) distance measurement between words is introduced. It is based on word co-occurrency and reliability. We plan to consider a practical application of this clustering technology by utilizing each cluster as a Markov state in the construction of a word prediction model.
Three Type-B Response Regulators, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12, Play Essential but Redundant Roles in Cytokinin Signal Transduction Throughout the Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana (2007)

Arabidopsis thaliana has 11 members belonging to the typical type-B ARR (authentic response regulator) family. Among them, seven highly homologous members appear also to be conserved in rice (Oryza sativa), but others are not. It was suggested that these seven ARRs are commonly implicated as DNA-binding transcription factors in the phosphorelay-mediated cytokinin signal transduction network in higher plants. To gain an insight into the functions of the cytokinin-associated type-B ARRs, we previously investigated an arr1 arr10 arr12 triple mutant and reported that it exhibited stunted growth and abnormality in vascular development. Based on this fact, here we attempted to characterize the mutant intensively with reference to cytokinin-associated phenotypes through the life cycle. We showed that the observed cytokinin-associated phenotypes of arr1 arr10 arr12 were very severe and highly analogous to those observed for certain ahk2 ahk3 ahk4/cre1 triple mutants, which have virtually no cytokinin receptor to propagate the phosphorelay signal transduction network. Among the seven ARR members belonging to the cytokinin-associated type-B ARR subfamily, it was thus suggested that ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12 together play essential (or general) roles in cytokinin signal transduction. It is therefore conceivable that the other type-B ARRs (ARR2, ARR11, ARR14 and ARR18) might play more specific roles spatially and temporally in plants.
Bounds on the area under the ROC curve (1999)

Upper and lower bounds are derived for the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve of binary hypothesis testing. These results are compared with the area-under-the-curve (AUC) approximation and the AUC lower bound recently reported by Barrett et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am A15, 1520 (1998)].