gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Fast Capillary Electrophoresis Peptide and Protein Separations Using Electrospray Ionization With a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (1996)

Fast capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations on bare and coated fused silica have been detected on-line using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer which is capable of acquiring spectra at a rate suitable for the narrow peaks generated by CE. Protein and peptide separations producing peaks 1-2 s in width have been detected with an integration time of 0.125 s/spectrum, each spectrum being the sum of 1024 complete m/z range scans. The effects of the liquid sheath flow rate, electric field strength, and integration time on sensitivity and peak shape have been examined. A sensitivity limit of 8 fmol has been established for leucine enkephalin.
Evidence of determinant spreading in the antibody responses to prostate cell surface antigens in patients immunized with prostate-specific antigen. (2002)

PSA vaccine constructs are immunogenic and induce antibody responses to a multitude of surface antigens on prostate tumor cell lines by epitope or determinant spreading after stimulation of the immune system by PSA immunization.
Ultrafast, cross-correlated harmonic imaging through scattering media (2001)

A simple upconversion scheme utilizing 40-fs pulses is shown to permit high-contrast imaging of objects obscured by a highly scattering medium when no ballistic component is evident in the scattered light and imaging is performed with any portion of the scattered light pulse. We present a time-gated, inherently low-pass spatially filtered imaging method that minimizes signal-averaging requirements and greatly facilitates imaging under severe scattering (turbid) conditions.
Detection of low-enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains (1987)

Culture supernatant fluids from 26 (23.6%) monkey feeding test-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains, negative for enterotoxins by gel diffusion, were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for one or more of the identified enterotoxins. Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) was produced by 23 (88.5%) strains, SED and SEA were produced in two strains, and SED and SEC were produced in one strain. One strain produced only SEA, and two strains produced only SEC.
Cooperative multi-catalyst systems for one-pot organic transformations (2004)

One-pot co-catalyst systems are covered in this tutorial review. It is divided into three sections according to the reaction types: i) one catalyst performs a desired reaction as the second catalyst restores the first catalytic species back into its original state for the next catalytic cycles, ii) two catalysts carry out sequential organic transformations, in which the first step is carried out by one catalyst to afford certain intermediates being to be subjected to the second catalyst for the next step, and iii) cooperative catalytic actions on both substrates by suitable catalysts proceed in a substrate-selective manner followed by the subsequent coupling of the two activated adducts providing the desired products.
Electrical Detection of Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by a Thin Film Resistor (2005)

The build up of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) was observed by a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based thin film resistor. Differently charged polyelectrolytes adsorbing to the sensor surface result in defined potential shifts, which decrease with the number of layers deposited. We model the response of the device assuming electrostatic screening of polyelectrolyte charges by mobile ions within the PEMs. The Debye screening length inside the PEMs was found to be increased compared to the value corresponding to the bulk solution. Furthermore the partitioning of mobile ions between the bulk phase and the polyelectrolyte film was employed to calculate the dielectric constant of the PEMs and the concentration of mobile charges.
Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy (2001)

Antigen presentation is a critical regulatory element for the induction of cellular immune responses. Thus, one of the principal current goals of tumor immunotherapy is to control and enhance tumor antigen presentation. In this respect, dendritic cells (DC) are now being widely investigated as immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of disseminated malignancies. At present, numerous ways to employ DCs for tumor immunotherapy are being tested, ranging from direct in situ expansion and activation of DCs to adoptive transfer of ex vivo generated DCs, and numerous techniques have been designed to optimize DC activation, tumor antigen delivery to DCs, and induction of tumor-specific, as well as helper immune responses, in vivo. However, the results of recent preclinical studies and the diversity of the clinical phase I trials that are currently underway indicate that little is still known about the exact mechanisms by which DCs modulate tumor immunity and pose the concern that premature clinical trials might not yield the desired results and might be harmful to, rather than promote, the concept of DC-based tumor immunotherapy. This review summarizes some of the current approaches to induce tumor immunity by DC-based vaccination and discusses their advantages and concerns.
Computer aided ultra-precision micro-machining of metallic materials (2002)

Micro-machining technology is in general well known in the field of lithography, where most of the materials used have been brittle ones such as silicon-oxide. However, the requirement of producing micro-machine and/or micro-mechanism with metallic materials is increasing since a variety of workpiece configurations can be easily made. Thus, this study deals with the micro-machining of metallic workpieces with sculptured surface by use of a newly developed ultra-precision milling machine. This lathe-type ultra-precision milling machine, consisting of an z-motion table, a positionable spindle as c-rotational axis and x-motion table, is equipped with a pseudo-ball-endmill composed of a single crystal diamond tool mounted at the top of a high speed air spindle on the x-table. A control program has been developed to carry out 3-axis control micromachining. The 3-axis control program enables the tool to produce a human face-like surface with the surface roughness of 77 nm (Rmax) within a circular area of 3 mm in diameter. As a result, the possibility of generating ultraprecision sculptured metal workpieces is experimentally confirmed.
Saccharomicins, Novel Heptadecaglycoside Antibiotics Produced by <i>Saccharothrix espanaensis</i> : Antibacterial and Mechanistic Activities (2000)

Saccharomicins A and B, two new heptadecaglycoside antibiotics, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the rare actinomycete Saccharothrix espanaensis. They represent a novel class of bactericidal antibiotics that are active both in vitro and in vivo against bacteria and yeast (MICs: Staphylococcus aureus, <0.12 to 0. 5; vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 0.25 to 16; gram-negative bacteria, 0.25 to >128; and yeast, >128 microg/ml), including multiply resistant strains. Saccharomicins protected mice from lethal challenges by staphylococci (subcutaneous 50% effective dose range of 0.06 to 2.6 mg/kg of body weight, depending on the S. aureus strain). The 50% lethal dose by the subcutaneous route was 16 mg/kg. Mechanistic studies with Escherichia coli imp and Bacillus subtilis suggested complete, nonspecific inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis within 10 min of drug treatment. Microscopic examination of drug-treated cells also suggested cell lysis. These data are consistent with a strong membrane-disruptive activity. The antibacterial activities of the saccharomicins against gram-positive bacteria were unaffected by the presence of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+), but activity against gram-negative bacteria was substantially reduced.
Detailed Investigation into Torrefaction of Wood in a Two-Stage Inclined Rotary Torrefier (2016)

A two-stage, inclined continuous rotary torrefier with novel flights has been developed in the Biomass Conversion Laboratory at Dalhousie University for improving biomass torrefaction processes. Experimental work on torrefaction of small poplar wood particles (0.5–1.0 mm) in the torrefier was undertaken for a deeper understanding of the working of such torrefiers where the volatile gas released was used as the torrefaction medium instead of nitrogen. The rotary torrefier is operated under different operating conditions by varying its rotational speed, tilt angle and temperature. Measured chemical and physical properties of the torrefied products included ultimate and proximate analysis, structural analysis, energy density, mass yield, energy yield, and bulk density. A novel probe was developed to collect samples of biomass and measure temperature at different interior points along the length of the rotary torrefaction reactor while the biomass was being progressively torrefied in it. Axial temperature distribution of the rotary torrefier showed a parabolic profile but the fixed carbon content, volatile, and energy density of biomass undergoing torrefaction varied linearly along the length of the torrefier. For torrefaction at 300 °C and 5 rpm and 1° of tilt angle the change in heating value was 40%, while the mass yield and energy yield of torrefied biomass were 34% and 48%, respectively. Results showed that temperature is the most important parameter in this torrefaction process.
Topographic Mapping of the Quantum Hall Liquid Using a Few-Electron Bubble (2000)

A scanning probe technique was used to obtain a high-resolution map of the random electrostatic potential inside the quantum Hall liquid. A sharp metal tip, scanned above a semiconductor surface, sensed charges in an embedded two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. Under quantum Hall effect conditions, applying a positive voltage to the tip locally enhanced the 2D electron density and created a "bubble" of electrons in an otherwise unoccupied Landau level. As the tip scanned along the sample surface, the bubble followed underneath. The tip sensed the motions of single electrons entering or leaving the bubble in response to changes in the local 2D electrostatic potential.
Targeting Negative and Positive Immune Checkpoints with Monoclonal Antibodies in Therapy of Cancer (2019)

The immune checkpoints are regulatory molecules that maintain immune homeostasis in physiological conditions. By sending T cells a series of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals via receptors, immune checkpoints can both protect healthy tissues from adaptive immune response and activate lymphocytes to remove pathogens effectively. However, due to their mode of action, suppressive immune checkpoints may serve as unwanted protection for cancer cells. To restore the functioning of the immune system and make the patient's immune cells able to recognize and destroy tumors, monoclonal antibodies are broadly used in cancer immunotherapy to block the suppressive or to stimulate the positive immune checkpoints. In this review, we aim to present the current state of application of monoclonal antibodies in clinics, used either as single agents or in a combined treatment. We discuss the limitations of these therapies and possible problem-solving with combined treatment approaches involving both non-biological and biological agents. We also highlight the most promising strategies based on the use of monoclonal or bispecific antibodies targeted on immune checkpoints other than currently implemented in clinics.
Towards Automatic Error Analysis of Machine Translation Output (2011)

Evaluation and error analysis of machine translation output are important but difficult tasks. In this article, we propose a framework for automatic error analysis and classification based on the identification of actual erroneous words using the algorithms for computation of Word Error Rate (WER) and Position-independent word Error Rate (PER), which is just a very first step towards development of automatic evaluation measures that provide more specific information of certain translation problems. The proposed approach enables the use of various types of linguistic knowledge in order to classify translation errors in many different ways. This work focuses on one possible set-up, namely, on five error categories: inflectional errors, errors due to wrong word order, missing words, extra words, and incorrect lexical choices. For each of the categories, we analyze the contribution of various POS classes. We compared the results of automatic error analysis with the results of human error analysis in order to investigate two possible applications: estimating the contribution of each error type in a given translation output in order to identify the main sources of errors for a given translation system, and comparing different translation outputs using the introduced error categories in order to obtain more information about advantages and disadvantages of different systems and possibilites for improvements, as well as about advantages and disadvantages of applied methods for improvements. We used Arabic–English Newswire and Broadcast News and Chinese–English Newswire outputs created in the framework of the GALE project, several Spanish and English European Parliament outputs generated during the TC-Star project, and three German–English outputs generated in the framework of the fourth Machine Translation Workshop. We show that our results correlate very well with the results of a human error analysis, and that all our metrics except the extra words reflect well the differences between different versions of the same translation system as well as the differences between different translation systems.
High resolution optical time domain reflectometry for the investigation of integrated optical devices (1988)

The authors report on a OTDR system using an infrared subpicosecond pulse source in conjunction with balanced heterodyne detection. Experimental results show a sensitivity of more than 100 dB and a resolution of 60 &mu;m in air
Recent Developments in LC Detector Technology (1992)

Journal Article Recent Developments in LC Detector Technology Get access P.R. Fielden P.R. Fielden Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 30, Issue 2, February 1992, Pages 45–52, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/30.2.45 Published: 01 February 1992 Article history Received: 06 December 1991 Published: 01 February 1992
Hysterersis Compensation in SMA Actuators Through Numerical Inverse Preisach Model Implementation (2005)

The aim of this paper is to compensate hysteresis phenomena in Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators by using numerical inverse Preisach model. This is used to design a controller that correct hysteresis effects and improve accuracy for the displacement of SMA actuators. Firstly, hysteresis is identified by numerical Preisach model implementation. The geometrical interpretation from first order transition curves is used for hysteresis modeling. Secondly, the inverse Preisach model is formulated and incorporated in open-loop control system in order to obtain desired input- output relationship with hysteresis reducing. The experimental results for hysteresis compensation by using this method are also shown in this paper.
Identification of a Circulating MicroRNA Signature for Colorectal Cancer Detection (2014)

Prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally poor because of the lack of simple, convenient, and noninvasive tools for CRC detection at the early stage. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their different expression profiles among different kinds of diseases has opened a new avenue for tumor diagnosis. We built a serum microRNA expression profile signature and tested its specificity and sensitivity as a biomarker in the diagnosis of CRC. We also studied its possible role in monitoring the progression of CRC. We conducted a two phase case-control test to identify serum miRNAs as biomarkers for CRC diagnosis. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, we tested ten candidate miRNAs in a training set (30 CRCs vs 30 controls). Risk score analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the serum miRNA profiling system. Other independent samples, including 83 CRCs and 59 controls, were used to validate the diagnostic model. In the training set, six serum miRNAs (miR-21, let-7g, miR-31, miR-92a, miR-181b, and miR-203) had significantly different expression levels between the CRCs and healthy controls. Risk score analysis demonstrated that the six-miRNA-based biomarker signature had high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing the CRC samples from cancer-free controls. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the six-miRNA signature profiles were 0.900 and 0.923 for the two sets of serum samples, respectively. However, for the same serum samples, the areas under the ROC curve used by the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) were only 0.649 and 0.598, respectively. The expression levels of the six serum miRNAs were also correlated with CRC progression. Thus, the identified six-miRNA signature can be used as a noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC, with relatively high sensitivity and specificity.
A new high-frequency horn (1963)

A new horn was designed with reduced taper rate and mouth size as compared to an existing horn. Low-frequency response was improved by adding a flange or baffle. Comparison with the existing unflanged horn of similar length shows ability to radiate a wavelength 20 per cent longer. The reduced exit angle provided an unexpected gain in high-frequency range and smoothness of response. With a new wide-range driver, the horn produces smooth response at frequencies more than an octave higher than the old horn and driver. Thus, the bulkier horn with 500-5000 cps response and a tweeter may be replaced with a single horn having 260-17,000 cps response.
An overhead analysis of Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) in hotspot 2.0 Wi-Fi networks (2013)

With the increasing popularity of WI-FI CERTIFIED Passpoint(TM) program many hotspot owners look forward to installing new Hotspot 2.0 equipment into their networks. Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) is used by a subscriber station (SS) in Hotspot 2.0 technology for selecting the network before association with an access point (AP). It simplifies the network selection and discovery mechanisms from the user's point of view. On the other hand this technology uses some new management frame elements, which cause additional airtime overhead in Wi-Fi network. This paper analyzes the overhead caused by new elements in Beacon and Probe Response frames. It shows the increasing airtime as a measure of Hotspot 2.0 protocol overhead. It also describes some dependencies between the airtime overhead and number of co-located wireless local area networks (WLAN), number of virtual service set identifiers (SSID), management frames transmission rate.
A URL address aware classification of malicious websites for online security during web-surfing (2017)

On the Internet, users often visit unknown websites. However, malicious websites are a significant threat to the Internet users. Malicious websites implant malwares into users computers without their knowledge, through drive-by-downloads technology. A naive user could easily fall victim of such attack. With increased use of internet browsing, web security is an important issue and an important research topic. The motivation of this study is to classify malicious web-sites from benign ones from their URL features. If it could be done with high precision, especially with low false accept rate, automatic blocking of suspicious URL at the user site will be possible. We collect URL data for a large number of known benign as well as malicious websites. URL data has many characteristics. Some of them are relevant to classify the site as malicious and others are not. Many characteristic features are textual. We first converted all such features into suitable numeric data relevant to that feature, so that the numeric values truly represent the information of the original feature. We then select the relevant features for our classification task, by using two methods: (1) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and (2) Multi-objective Pareto Genetic algorithm (MOGA). Finally, the data consisting of selected features is used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. A ten-fold validation is used to estimate the performance. Performances of two feature selection methods as well as another recently published report were compared. By feature selection using Pareto GA, we could achieve more than 95% classification accuracy and F-score with least number of features.
Space station full-scale docking/berthing mechanisms development (1988)

One of the most critical operational functions for the space station is the orbital docking between the station and the STS orbiter. The program to design, fabricate, and test docking/berthing mechanisms for the space station is described. The design reflects space station overall requirements and consists of two mating docking mechanism halves. One half is designed for use on the shuttle orbiter and incorporates capture and energy attenuation systems using computer controlled electromechanical actuators and/or attenuators. The mating half incorporates a flexible feature to allow two degrees of freedom at the module-to-module interface of the space station pressurized habitat volumes. The design concepts developed for the prototype units may be used for the first space station flight hardware.
Optical interconnects for disaggregated resources in future datacenters (2014)

In future datacenters with disaggregation, dynamic allocation and reconfiguration of resources, I/O and networks will become both enabling elements - and bottlenecks. We discuss latency in optical data transmission and photonics integration and packaging, which will become particularly critical.
Limited Proteolysis in Microorganisms (1978)

Phyllis Braun (with R.A. Calderone) is a contributing author, "Proteolytic regulation of chitin synthetase in hyphal and yeast forms of Candida albicans", pp. 135-138.
Estimation of Time-Varying Room Impulse Responses of Multiple Sound Sources from Observed Mixture and Isolated Source Signals (2018)

This paper proposes a method for online estimation of time-varying room impulse responses (RIR) between multiple isolated sound sources and a far-field mixture. The algorithm is formulated as adaptive convolutive filtering in short-time Fourier transform (STFT) domain. We use the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm for estimating the filter parameters due to its fast convergence rate, which is required for modeling rapidly changing RIRs of moving sound sources. The proposed method allows separation of reverberated sources from the far-field mixture given that their close-field signals are available. The evaluation is based on measuring unmixing performance (removal of reverberated source) using objective separation criteria calculated between the ground truth recording of the preserved sources and the unmixing result obtained with the proposed algorithm. We compare online and offline formulations for the RIR estimation and also provide evaluation with blind source separation algorithm only operating on the mixture signal.