gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensory and Sympathetic Nerve Sprouting in the Rat Cornea Following Neonatal Administration of Capsaicin (1993)

Corneal sensory and sympathetic nerves exert opposing actions on corneal mitogenesis and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these nerves exert their actions are unknown; however, the release of axonally transported neuropeptides has been postulated. In the present study, we investigated changes in innervation densities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-)immunoreactive (IR) nerves of the rat cornea following neonatal capsaicin administration, and the relationships between these changes and the development of neuroparalytic keratitis. Newborn rats were injected with capsaicin on each of the first 3 days of life. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, corneal CGRP immunostaining had totally disappeared from the cornea, whereas TH immunostaining was relatively unaffected. Over the next several weeks, a dramatic reinnervation of the cornea took place. By 6-8 weeks both the CGRP- and TH-IR corneal innervation density in the capsaicin-treated animals exceeded that of age-matched control or normal animals; that is, the corneas had become "hyper-reinnervated." The pattern of innervation that returned was grossly abnormal and was characterized by the presence of a bizarre subepithelial plexus of fine stromal sprouts; an abundance of myelinated axons; and complex, atypical, epithelial leash morphologies. Retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) from the central cornea in control and capsaicin-treated adult animals labeled an average of 143 and 47 trigeminal ganglion cells, respectively (with mean diameters of 25.7 +/- 0.49 microns and 34.3 +/- 0.72 microns), suggesting a 67% decrease in corneal afferent neurons in the capsaicin-treated animals. Transection of the ophthalmomaxillary nerve in adult capsaicin-treated animals completely eliminated corneal CGRP-IR staining, and extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in the loss of 70-80% of corneal TH-IR nerves, thus demonstrating the sensory and predominantly sympathetic origins, respectively, of these fiber populations. Chronic keratitis and neovascularization developed in the capsaicin-treated animals by approximately 3 weeks of age, achieved a maximum intensity between 4 and 6 weeks, and showed some gradual improvement thereafter. However, the keratitis never completely disappeared, even after 13 months. In conclusion, these data show that corneal sensory (CGRP-IR) and sympathetic (TH-IR) nerve fibers undergo extensive sprouting following partial corneal sensory denervation with the neurotoxin capsaicin. However, the resultant "hyper-reinnervation" is morphologically abnormal and, for reasons unknown, functionally incapable of preventing or totally reversing the keratitis.
Thioctic Acid and Dihydrolipoic Acid are Novel Antioxidants Which Interact With Reactive Oxygen Species (1991)

Thioctic acid (TA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) have recently gained some recognition as useful biological antioxidants. In particular, the ability of DHLA to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been reported. In the present study, the effects of TA and DHLA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the aqueous phase have been investigated. Xanthine plus xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide radicals (O2-), detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) using DMPO as a spin trap, were eliminated by DHLA but not by TA. The sulfhydryl content of DHLA, measured using Ellman's reagent decreased subsequent to the incubation with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase confirming the interaction between DHLA and O2-. An increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration accompanied the reaction between DHLA and O2-, suggesting the reduction of O2- by DHLA. Competition of O2- with epinephrine allowed us to estimate a second order kinetic constant of the reaction between O2- and DHLA, which was found to be a 3.3 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. On the other hand, the DMPO signal of hydroxyl radicals (HO.) generated by Fenton's reagent were eliminated by both TA and DHLA. Inhibition of the Fenton reaction by TA was confirmed by a chemiluminescence measurement using luminol as a probe for HO.. There was no electron transfer from Fe2+ to TA or from DHLA to Fe3+ detected by measuring the Fe(2+)-phenanthroline complex. DHLA did not potentiate the DMPO signal of HO. indicating no prooxidant activity of DHLA. These results suggest that both TA and DHLA possess antioxidant properties. In particular, DHLA is very effective as shown by its dual capability by eliminating both O2- and HO..
Hydrogenolysis of [PhBP<sub>3</sub>]Fe⋮N-<i>p</i>-tolyl:  Probing the Reactivity of an Iron Imide with H<sub>2</sub> (2004)

This paper describes the reductive hydrogenolysis of a low-spin (S = 1/2) iron(III) imide. Pseudotetrahedral [PhBP3]FeIIIN-p-tolyl is reduced by hydrogen at ambient temperature and pressure in benzene solution. The reduction appears to proceed in a stepwise fashion. An intermediate S = 2 iron(II) anilide, [PhBP3]Fe(N(H)-p-tolyl), is observed and has been independently generated and structurally characterized. Prolonged hydrogenolysis in benzene results in the complete hydrogenolysis of the Fe-N linkage to release H2N-p-tolyl. The major iron-containing product formed from this step is the diamagnetic cyclohexadienyl complex, [PhBP3]Fe(eta5-cyclohexadienyl), which has also been independently prepared and structurally characterized. Evidence is presented to suggest that the final [PhBP3]Fe(eta5-cyclohexadienyl) product is formed via benzene insertion into a reactive [PhBP3]FeII-H intermediate.
Matrix Assisted Synthetic Transformations:  A Mosaic of Diverse Contributions. I. The Pattern Emerges (1999)

This Perspective is the first of two parts compiled from contributions elicited from many of the originators of different matrices which have been used for synthetic transformations. The idea has been to include personal recollections not normally encouraged in traditional reviews, incidentally bringing to the reader's attention the varied connections which bind all together.
Diaminomethylen‐sulfonamide und Acetale von Sulfonylisocyanaten (1967)

Abstract Es werden einige Diaminomethylensulfonamide und S,S‐ bzw. S,O‐Acetale von N‐Sulfonylisocyanaten beschrieben, ihr Bildungsmechanismus diskutiert sowie die bei der Herstellung von O,O‐Acetalen der Sulfonylisocyanate beobachtete Umlagerung aufgeklärt.
Characterization of the effects of lithium on phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle activity in human muscarinic ml receptor‐transfected CHO cells (1993)

1. The effects of lithium on [3H]-inositol and [3H]-cytidine incorporation into [3H]-inositol monophosphates ([3H]-InsP1) and [3H]-cytidine monophosphorylphosphatidate ([3H]-CMP-PA), respectively, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) mass were studied in carbachol-stimulated human m1 muscarinic receptor-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells (m1 CHO cells). 2. Lithium alone (10 mM) had no appreciable effects on any of the four parameters measured; it was only in carbachol-stimulated cells that the effects of lithium became apparent. 3. In the presence of carbachol (1 mM), lithium (10 mM) caused a relatively rapid (within 5 min) accumulation of [3H]-InsP1 and [3H]-CMP-PA which continued up to about 20-30 min, after which accumulation slowed down. On the other hand, the elevation in InsP3 and InsP4 levels produced by carbachol was not altered by lithium in the short-term and only at later times (> 20-30 min) was the response attenuated, with InsP3 and InsP4 levels approaching basal. 4. The effects of lithium on carbachol-stimulated [3H]-InsP1 and [3H]-CMP-PA accumulation and the attenuation of the carbachol-induced elevation of InsP3 and InsP4 were all dose-dependent, with EC50s in the region of 1 mM. 5. The lithium-induced effects on [3H]-CMP-PA and InsP3 and InsP4 in carbachol-stimulated cells could be reversed, in a dose-dependent manner, by preincubation with exogenous myo-inositol (EC50 = 2-3 mM) but not by the inactive analogue scyllo-inositol, indicating that these effects occur as a consequence of depletion of inositol. 6. The temporal effects of lithium are consistent with lithium inhibiting inositol monophosphatase,causing accumulation of InsP1, resulting in lower free inositol levels. This leads to accumulation of CMP-PA and reduced PI synthesis which, once agonist-linked membrane inositol phospholipids are depleted, produces attenuated InsP3 and InsP4 responses.7. These results in ml CHO cells support the hypothesis that lithium affects the PI cycle cell signalling pathway by depletion of inositol due to inhibition of inositol monophosphatase.
Security over Voice Controlled Android Applications for Home IoT Systems (2019)

Voice-controlled Assistants offer numerous benefits by assisting users to operate different components in Home IoT Systems. However, these assistants are vulnerable to notorious cyber threats such as Dolphin attacks. These attacks involve attackers hiding commands with malicious intent and high frequencies that are audible to the assistants but not to the human ears. Thus there exists a need for securing voice communications that are resilient to Dolphin attacks. This work develops a machine learning based approach to authenticating voice controlled Android applications for Home IoT Systems. In particular, we develop a speaker identification model that uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to authenticate voice commands in Home IoT Systems. Our approach is user-aware and generic in that it can be applied to diverse voice samples across numerous assistants. Evaluation of the proposed system shows that our approach achieves an accuracy of 88%.
Bonding to caries-affected dentin using self-etching primers. (1999)

Clearfil Liner Bond 2 and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V produced high bond strengths to normal dentin, but significantly lower bonds than to caries-affected dentin. (P < 0.05). For A.R.T. Bond, there was no statistically significant difference between types of dentin. All three bonding systems produced thin (+/- 0.5-1.5 microns) hybrid layers in normal dentin. When used on caries-affected dentin, all self-etching primer systems produced hybrid layers that were twice as thick as those produced in normal dentin.
Structurally well‐defined macrophage activating factor derived from vitamin D<sub>3</sub>‐binding protein has a potent adjuvant activity for immunization (1998)

Freund's adjuvant produced severe inflammation that augments development of antibodies. Thus, mixed administration of antigens with adjuvant was not required as long as inflammation was induced in the hosts. Since macrophage activation for phagocytosis and antigen processing is the first step of antibody development, inflammation‐primed macrophage activation plays a major role in immune development. Therefore, macrophage activating factor should act as an adjuvant for immunization. The inflammation‐primed macrophage activation process is the major macrophage activating cascade that requires participation of serum vitamin D 3 ‐binding protein (DBP; human DBP is known as Gc protein) and glycosidases of B and T lymphocytes. Stepwise incubation of Gc protein with immobilized β‐galactosidase and sialidase efficiently generated the most potent macrophage activating factor (designated GcMAF) we have ever encountered. Administration of GcMAF (20 or 100 pg/mouse) resulted in stimulation of the progenitor cells for extensive mitogenesis and activation of macrophages. Administration of GcMAF (100 pg/mouse) along with immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) produced a large number of anti‐SRBC antibody secreting splenic cells in 2–4 days. Thus, GcMAF has a potent adjuvant activity for immunization. Although malignant tumours are poorly immunogenic, 4 days after GcMAF‐primed immunization of mice with heat‐killed Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, the ascites tumour was no longer transplantable in these mice.
Design of a Shear-Stress Sensor Load Cell for Liquid Flows (2007)

ME450 Capstone Design and Manufacturing Experience: Fall 2007
Translation research: from accurate diagnosis to appropriate treatment (2004)

This review article focuses on the various aspects of translational research, where research on human subjects can ultimately enhance the diagnosis and treatment of future patients. While we will use specific examples relating to the asbestos related cancer mesothelioma, it should be stressed that the general approach outlined throughout this review is readily applicable to other diseases with an underlying molecular basis. Through the integration of molecular-based technologies, systematic tissue procurement and medical informatics, we now have the ability to identify clinically applicable "genotype"-"phenotype" associations across cohorts of patients that can rapidly be translated into useful diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review will touch on the various steps in the translational pipeline, and highlight some of the most essential elements as well as possible roadblocks that can impact success of the program. Critical issues with regard to Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance, data standardization, sample procurement, quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA), data analysis, preclinical models and clinical trials are addressed. The various facets of the translational pipeline have been incorporated into a fully integrated computational system, appropriately named Dx2Tx. This system readily allows for the identification of new diagnostic tests, the discovery of biomarkers and drugable targets, and prediction of optimal treatments based upon the underlying molecular basis of the disease.
Low concentrations of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion induce caspase-mediated apoptosis in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (2001)

There is growing evidence that apoptotic mechanisms underlie the neurodegeneration leading to Parkinson's disease. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)), the active metabolite of the parkinsonism-inducing drug MPTP, induced apoptosis in cultures of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Nuclear fragmentation, DNA laddering, and a 20% decrease in viability were seen after a 4-day incubation with 5 microM MPP(+). Cell viability decreased by 40% at 100 microM MPP(+), but the degree of apoptosis was not correlatively increased. The MPP(+)-induced apoptosis was completely prevented by the broad caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk but not by the caspase-8 inhibitor IETD.fmk. Furthermore, MPP(+) had no effect on the levels of Fas or Fas-L, suggesting lack of activation of the Fas-L/Fas/caspase-8 pathway of apoptosis. There was no evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction at 5 microM MPP(+): No differences were seen in transmembrane potential or in cytochrome c release from controls. At 100 microM MPP(+), the mitochondrial potential decreased, and cytoplasmic cytochrome c and caspase-9 activation increased slightly. At both low and high concentrations of MPP(+), VDVADase and DEVDase activities increased. We conclude that MPP(+) can induce caspase-mediated apoptosis, which is prevented by caspase inhibition, at concentrations lower than those needed to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and closer to those found in the brains of MPTP-treated animals.
Regulation of UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GalNAc-R beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc to GalNAc) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (1993)

UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 3GalNAc-R (GlcNAc to GalNAc) beta 1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (i.e. core 2 GlcNAc-T) of the O-linked oligosaccharide pathway is developmentally regulated in human T cells, and changes in its activity have been associated with malignancies and the Wiskott-Aldrich immunodeficiency syndrome. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells normally express low levels of core 2 GlcNAc-T activity (8-12 pmol/mg/h) which can be accurately measured with a two-step assay employing purified bovine beta 1-4Gal-T and high specific activity UDP-[3H]Gal to radiolabel the core 2 reaction product. CHO cells treated with 2 mM sodium butyrate for 24 h exhibited a 16-fold increase in core 2 GlcNAc-T activity, whereas several other differentiating agents including dimethyl sulfoxide, retinoic acid, phorbol ester, and cholera toxin had no effect on activity. The addition of butyrate, cholera toxin, or dimethyl sulfoxide to CHO cells slowed cell proliferation and induced changes in cell morphology characteristic of cell differentiation. Induction of core 2 GlcNAc-T by butyrate was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Butyrate treatment also elevated cytosolic cAMP levels with a time course which paralleled, but preceded, induction of core 2 GlcNAc-T activity by approximately 8 h. The protein kinase inhibitors H-7 and H-8 blocked butyrate-dependent induction of enzyme activity, whereas the inactive analogue H1004 had no effect. Core 2 GlcNAc-T showed a change in Km for UDP-GlcNAc, from 0.50 mM in untreated cells to 4.54 mM in butyrate + cholera toxin treated CHO cells, but no changes in Km for the synthetic acceptor, Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha-para-nitrophenyl. Despite the 9-fold increase in Km for sugar nucleotide, Vmax/Km was 8.8-fold greater in treated compared with untreated cells. These observations suggest that in CHO cells induction of core 2 GlcNAc-T by butyrate treatment requires de novo gene transcription/translation, activation of protein kinase(s), and is associated with changes in the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Roles of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 5A2 in Human Cancer (2013)

Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), the only known cellular protein containing the amino acid hypusine, is an essential component of translation elongation. eIF5A2, one of the two isoforms in the eIF5A family, is reported to be a novel oncogenic protein in many types of human cancer. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that eIF5A2 could initiate tumor formation, enhance cancer cell growth, and increase cancer cell motility and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Accumulatied evidence suggests that eIF5A2 is a useful biomarker in the prediction of cancer prognoses and serves as an anticancer molecular target. In this review, we will focus on updating current knowledge of the EIF5A2 gene in human cancers. The molecular mechanisms of EIF5A2 related to tumorigenesis will also be discussed.
Effective bioprinting resolution in tissue model fabrication (2019)

Recent advancements in bioprinting techniques have enabled convenient fabrication of micro-tissues in organ-on-a-chip platforms. In a sense, the success of bioprinted micro-tissues depends on how close their architectures are to the anatomical features of their native counterparts. The bioprinting resolution largely relates to the technical specifications of the bioprinter platforms and the physicochemical properties of the bioinks. In this article, we compare inkjet, extrusion, and light-assisted bioprinting technologies for fabrication of micro-tissues towards construction of biomimetic organ-on-a-chip platforms. Our theoretical analyses reveal that for a given printhead diameter, surface contact angle dominates inkjet bioprinting resolution, while nozzle moving speed and the nonlinearity of viscosity for bioinks regulate extrusion bioprinting resolution. The resolution of light-assisted bioprinting is strongly affected by the photocrosslinking behavior and light characteristics. Our tutorial guideline for optimizing bioprinting resolution would potentially help model the complex microenvironment of biological tissues in organ-on-a-chip platforms.
Adrenaline in the Acute Treatment of Anaphylaxis (2018)

The immediate treatment of patients with anaphylaxis is held to be ad- equate, yet major deficiencies remain in their further diagnostic evaluation, in the prescribing of emergency medications, and in patient education. Further research is needed on cardiovascular involvement in anaphylaxis and on potential new thera- peutic approaches.
Non-homologous recombination mediated by Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I. Evidence supporting a copy choice mechanism (1998)

RT-PCR amplification of P450 2C6 from rat liver, using primers in opposite orientations of exon 6, resulted in PCR products containing segments of exons joined at non-consensus splice sites. Moreover, many of the PCR products identified were composed of not only a single region containing exonic segments joined at non-consensus splice sites but, instead, of several repeats of the non-canonically joined region. To investigate whether these PCR products represent pre-existing molecules or are generated during the amplification process, the liver cDNA template was replaced by a plasmid containing the P450 2C6 cDNA. Surprisingly, PCR products containing repeats of non-canonically joined exonic segments were again revealed. In some cases the position of this non-canonical joining was a sequence of one or two identical nucleotides; however, there were also a number of products lacking any nucleotide identity at the position of joining. DNA nicking and/or DNA damage is thought to favour recombination during PCR, probably by misalignment of incomplete DNA strands; however, the presence of multiple repeats of the recombined region in the PCR products identified suggests a certain repetitiveness of the underlying mechanism. It is therefore proposed that these products result from a template switching event that occurs several times during a single polymerization step, following a rolling circle model of DNA synthesis.
A study of relevant parameters in collisional‐activation of ions in the ion‐trap mass spectrometer (1990)

Abstract Variously substituted aryl ketones served as models to gain insight into the collisional‐activation process in an ion‐trap mass spectrometer. The effects of different targets (helium, argon) at different pressures were examined. The investigation also involved the comparison of the results of tandem mass spectrometry experiments in the ion trap with those obtained in high‐energy collision and mass‐analysed ion kinetic energy experiments in a sector instrument. Use of argon and low helium pressures in the ion trap results in both an increase of the average internal energy of the activated ion and, presumably, a less broad energy deposition profile. The results indicate that the maximum value of internal energy achieved by an ion through multiple collisions in the ion‐trap mass spectrometer is limited by the presence of low‐energy reaction channels.
Forward RTO-Recovery (F-RTO): An Algorithm for Detecting Spurious Retransmission Timeouts with TCP and the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) (2005)

Spurious retransmission timeouts cause suboptimal TCP performance because they often result in unnecessary retransmission of the last window of data. This document describes the F-RTO detection algorithm for detecting spurious TCP retransmission timeouts. F-RTO is a TCP sender-only algorithm that does not require any TCP options to operate. After retransmitting the first unacknowledged segment triggered by a timeout, the F-RTO algorithm of the TCP sender monitors the incoming acknowledgments to determine whether the timeout was spurious. It then decides whether to send new segments or retransmit unacknowledged segments. The algorithm effectively helps to avoid additional unnecessary retransmissions and thereby improves TCP performance in the case of a spurious timeout. The F-RTO algorithm can also be applied to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
Rare earth stabilization of mesoporous alumina molecular sieves assembled through an N○I○ pathway (1998)

The incorporation of 1.0–5.0 mol% Ce3+ or La3+ ions in MSU-X alumina molecular sieves, prepared through an N○I○ assembly pathway, dramatically improves their thermal stability without altering the mesopore size or the wormhole channel motif.