gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
And the band played on: 'music is to a city or nation's spirit what ammunition is to their army' (2013)

War is noise! Noise which can continue for hours and even days at a time. Unremitting, unrelenting noise. In World War 1 an 'orchestra' of men and munitions created the dreadful music of warfare: the booming bass of cannon underscored by the counterpoint staccato of lighter weaponry, by the strident trumpeting of an artillery barrage. The published reminiscences of AIF member Walter Downing, for example, described the tapping and chattering of hundreds of machine-guns in the lull between barrages as sounding 'like a leitmotif in Wagnerian music.'
SYNTHESIS AND CONTROLLED RELEASE OF BIOCOMPATIBLE PRODRUGS OF BETA -CYCLODEXTRIN LINKED WITH PEG CONTAINING IBUPROFEN OR INDOMETHACIN (2005)

rodrugs of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) conjugated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin were prepared under mild conditions by two different routs. In the first procedure, β-CD was either reacted with ibuprofencarboxy chloride or treated with ibuprofen in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Also conjugated β-CD-indomethacin was prepared via reacting of β-CD with indometacin in the presence of DCC. In the second procedure, acid terminated poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG, M w = 600) was connected to the β-CD in the presence of DCC and the resulted polymer reacted with ibuprofen. In the similar reactions, β-CD was linked to PEG then ibuprofen and indomethacin simultaneously reacted with resulted polymer. The hydrolysis of drug-polymers was carried out in the aqueous buffer solutions in pH 1, 7.4, and 8 at 37 o C. The quantity of hydrolyzed drugs was determined by using UV spectrophotometer.
Longitudinal study of the association between ABO phenotype and total serum cholesterol level in a Japanese cohort (1992)

The relationship between ABO blood phenotype and total serum cholesterol (TC) level was examined in a Japanese population to determine whether an elevated TC level is associated with phenotype A, as has been demonstrated in many West European populations. Such studies in nonwhite populations are scarce, and findings generally failed to demonstrate the relationship. Inconsistent results from cross-sectional studies of various racial groups with widely varying ages raised an age effect as a possible explanatory factor. It was also suggested that the ABO-TC association may not be apparent in populations with low fat intake or low mean cholesterol level. These hypotheses are addressed by examining long-term TC data collected serially from the unexposed controls of the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were participants of the Adult Health Study program at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission-Radiation Effects Research Foundation between 1958 and 1986. The statistical method of growth curve analysis, through the mixed effect model of Laird and Ware [1982], was used to model age-dependent changes in cholesterol levels within individuals. The effects of the ABO polymorphism in modifying the resultant growth curve are examined. We demonstrate that TC levels are elevated on average by about 4 mg/dl in phenotype A compared to non-A in the Japanese (P < 0.00001), and that this relationship is maintained from early to late adulthood, independent of sex, body mass index, cohort status, or city of residence. Thus, phenotype A individuals may be more predisposed to cardiovascular disease through one of its major risk factors. This is the first study of the ABO-cholesterol association in the Japanese, and the first based on a cohort with longitudinally collected TC data.
Chitosan/Fucoidan pH Sensitive Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery System (2011)

Abstract A rationally designed oral delivery carrier must overcome various significant barriers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract prior to delivery to the bloodstream. One of these barriers is the low pH of the gastric medium in the stomach. The aim of this study is to create pH‐sensitive nanoparticles for oral drug delivery to protect drugs from deterioration. The nanoparticles were prepared by the positively charged chitosan (CS) and negatively charged fucoidan (F) through the ionic‐gelation method. The structures of CS/F nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated that the CS/F nanoparticles were ionized to a diameter of 200‐300 nm at a pH of 1.2. The CS/F nanoparticles became larger and unstable as the pH increased. Curcumin (Cur), an antitumor drug, is encapsulated in CS/F NPs for in vitro release study. The encapsulated Cur was sustained released as the pH increased, especially when the weight ratio of chitosan to fucoidan was 1:1. According to the results mentioned above, CS/F nanoparticles are effective pH‐sensitive carriers, and they have a great potential application in an oral delivery system.
Carbon in molecular beam epitaxial GaAs (1981)

The carbon content of GaAs grown by the molecular beam epitaxial technique has been varied by varying the UHV pumping conditions and the growth temperature. The higher carbon content is evidenced by the increased conduction band to carbon acceptor transition observed in the 3.5-K photoluminescence spectrum. The GaAs specimen with highest carbon content is found to have a considerably reduced room-temperature mobility.
Message Encryption by Phase Modulation of a Chaotic Optical Carrier (2007)

We present a numerical and experimental evaluation of message encryption by phase modulation, using a chaotic optical carrier generated by a laser subject to delayed optical feedback. This method offers better security than the conventional amplitude masking, where the signal is simply added to the chaotic waveform
The Optimum Piston Position for Wide-Band Coaxial-to-Waveguide Transducers (1953)

A coaxial line can be matched to a waveguide by means of a probe antenna located ahead of a short-circuiting plunger. An impedance match can usually be achieved by varying any two of the following three dimensions: (a) the off-center position of the probe, (b) the probe length, (c) the piston position. This paper points out that there is, theoretically, an optimum piston position for greatest bandwidth, and presents some evidence corroborating this theory. Bandwidths greater than ±10 per cent to the 1 db swr points have been realized by fixing the piston at its optimum position and varying (a) and (b) above to obtain a match.
Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and mechanisms of biological therapies (2018)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a multifactorial pathophysiology. Full comprehension of IBD pathology is still out of reach and, therefore, treatment is far from ideal. Nevertheless, components involved in IBD pathogenesis including environmental, genetic, microbial, and immunological factors are continuously being investigated and the improved knowledge contributes to the development of new therapies. In this article we review the aspects of the immunopathogenesis of IBD, with focus on mucosal immunity, and discuss mechanisms of action for current and emerging biological therapies.
Diode-pumped 17-W erbium 3-µm fiber laser (1999)

We report what is to our knowledge the first 3-mu;m fiber laser of the 1-W class. 1.7 W of output power and 17.3% slope efficiency (with respect to the launched pump power) at a wavelength of 2.71mum are demonstrated from a double-clad erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber diode pumped at 790 nm. Energy transfer from the Er(3+) lower laser level to a Pr(3+) codopant decreases ground-state bleaching and excited-state absorption, thus avoiding output-power saturation. This result represents more than an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous work of which we are aware. Advantages over current crystal-laser designs include nearly transverse-fundamental-mode operation, reduced thermal effects, and ease of use, e.g., in medical endoscopy.
Shape Memory of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymer Network/Poly(ethylene glycol) Complexes (2004)

Because of a large difference in storage modulus below and above the glass transition temperature, poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene glycol) (P(AA-co-MMA)/PEG) complexes show shape memory properties with a recovery ratio of nearly reach 99%. Before the shape memory testing, it was necessary to determine the conformational changes of the P(AA-co-MMA) gel induced by complexation with linear PEG. It was found that both the concentration and molecular weight of PEG have a strong effect on the complexation with P(AA-co-MMA) gel. In such a system the minimum molecular weight of PEG required for the complex formation lowers to 1000.
Sub-10<sup>−9</sup> Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> contact resistivity on p-SiGe achieved by Ga doping and nanosecond laser activation (2017)

We report record breaking values for PMOS source drain (S/D) contact resistivity, ρ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> < 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−9</sup> Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . These were obtained by shallow Ga ion implantation on Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.4</inf> Ge <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.6</inf> in combination with subsequent pulsed nanosecond laser anneal (NLA). Cross section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) shows the pc reduction mechanism is based on Ga and Ge segregation towards the surface.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Using Differential Evolution (2012)

The purpose of this study is to introduce and demonstrate a fully automated process for optimizing the airfoil cross-section of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT). The objective is to maximize the torque while enforcing typical wind turbine design constraints such as tip speed ratio, solidity, and blade profile. By fixing the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine, there exists an airfoil cross-section and solidity for which the torque can be maximized, requiring the development of an iterative design system. The design system required to maximize torque incorporates rapid geometry generation and automated hybrid mesh generation tools with viscous, unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software. The flexibility and automation of the modular design and simulation system allows for it to easily be coupled with a parallel differential evolution algorithm used to obtain an optimized blade design that maximizes the efficiency of the wind turbine.
Physics and applications of charged particle beam sources (1991)

The authors review the physics and a few applications of charged particle beam sources, most of which originate from, propagate through, or use as a target, a partially ionized plasma. The authors present the plasma phenomena and plasma conditions which are general to most of the charged particle sources, but also other approaches and the current status of the research. The authors describe the applications of charged particle beam sources using partially ionized plasmas in accelerators and ion implantation. The applications covered are those of accelerator sources and ion implantation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rate-distortion-based combined motion estimation and segmentation (2002)

This paper unifies the problems of variable block size motion estimation (VBSME) and region-based segmentation using a quadtree approach. The quadtree's nodes are each labeled providing region-based segmentation, and the same quadtree is also used for block motion estimation. The Lagrange multiplier method and a tree pruning technique are used to find the optimal tree which achieves the joint optimization of VBSME and the segmentation representation in the rate distortion sense. Perceptually-based bit allocation is achieved with a region-weighted distortion measure. A video coder employing this technique results 0.1-0.7 dB gains over MPEG-2. Moreover, the proposed coder combined with perceptual weighting achieves uniform visual quality across each frame. The proposed approach can be easily adapted to MPEG-4 based coders.
MODELLING FREIGHT DEMAND AND SHIPPER BEHAVIOUR: STATE OF THE ART, FUTURE DIRECTIONS. IN: TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH. THE LEADING EDGE (2001)

The paper recognizes the need for freight demand models that represent urban goods movements to consider international freight flows as well as shipper/carrier behavior. The focus of this paper is to review key research in freight demand modelling and shipper behavior separately and then address some key topics for the future. Several different approaches to model the freight demand phenomenon are presented along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Rat amylin-(8—37) enhances insulin action and alters lipid metabolism in normal and insulin-resistant rats (1997)

To clarify roles of amylin, we investigated metabolic responses to rat amylin-(8-37), a specific amylin antagonist, in normal and insulin-resistant, human growth hormone (hGH)-infused rats. Fasting conscious rats were infused with saline or hGH, each with and without amylin-(8-37) (0.125 mumol/h), over 5.75 h. At 3.75 h, a hyperinsulinemic (100 mU/l) clamp with bolus 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose and [14C]glucose was started. hGH infusion led to prompt (2- to 3-fold) basal hyperamylinemia (P < 0.02) and hyperinsulinemia. Amylin-(8-37) reduced plasma insulin (P < 0.001) and enhanced several measures of whole body and muscle insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) in both saline- and hGH-infused rats. Amylin-(8-37) corrected hGH-induced liver insulin resistance, increased basal plasma triglycerides and lowered plasma nonesterified fatty acids in both groups, and reduced muscle triglyceride and total long-chain acyl-CoA content in saline-treated rats (P < 0.05). In isolated soleus muscle, amylin-(8-37) blocked amylin-induced inhibition of glycogen synthesis but had no effect in the absence of amylin. Thus 1) hyperamylinemia accompanies insulin resistance induced by hGH infusion; 2) amylin-(8-37) increases whole body and muscle insulin sensitivity and consistently reduces basal insulin levels in normal and hGH-induced insulin resistant rats; and 3) amylin-(8-37) elicits a significant alteration of in vivo lipid metabolism. These findings support a role of amylin in modulating insulin action and suggest that this could be mediated by effects on lipid metabolism.
A Neuro Fuzzy-Based Gait Trajectory Generator for a Biped Robot Using Kinect Data (2016)

Generating gait trajectories is an important step in biped motion control. So, in this paper, a neuro fuzzy (ANFIS)-based gait trajectory generator for a normal walking of a biped robot during the single support phase is developed. Since human sensorimotor controls are done in an optimal way following the principle of optimality, gait trajectories data of human subjects of different hip heights, and accordingly different steps, are captured by Kinect sensor and then used for training the developed ANFIS-based gait generator. In this context, for each subject, the hip and swing limb ankle trajectories are captured, filtered and averaged over steps. The averaged trajectories are approximated using least square fitting with polynomial functions whose coefficients are used as ANFIS outputs and hip heights as inputs. Additionally, constraint equations are obtained for those trajectories and compared with hypothetical constraints in literature to prove that the latter constraints are not consistent with the naturally obtained ones. Furthermore, the averaged trajectories are generalized in terms of the step length and maximum step elevation. The results prove the effectiveness of the approach to generate gait trajectories, which are optimal, for a biped robot.
Power Normalization for Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis and Analytical Method Assessment (2016)

Biomarker profiling using mass spectrometry plays an essential role in biological studies and is highly dependent on the data analysis for sample classification. In this study, we introduced power nomination of the mass spectra as a method for systematically altering the weights of peaks at different intensity levels. In combination with the use of support vector machine method (SVM), the impact on the sample classification has been characterized using data in four studies previously reported, including the distinctions of anomeric configurations of sugars, types of bacteria, stages of melanoma, and the types of breast cancer. Comprehensive analysis of the data with normalization at different power normalization index (PNI) was developed and analysis tools, including error-PNI plots, reference profiles, and error source profiles, were used to assess the potential of the analytical methods as well as to find the proper approaches to classify the samples.
A firmware monitor to support vertical migration decisions in the UNIX operating system (1982)

From a methodological point of view vertical migration involves the following four steps: identification of migration objects, prediction of expected system improvements, implementation, and verification of the results. In this paper a firmware monitor is presented as a support tool for the first and fourth step. The application environment for this monitor is a PDP-11/60 with writable control store running the UNIX operating system. Based upon a UNIX system model the requirements for the monitor are defined in terms of objects and their parameters to be measured. Afterwards the hierarchical structure and the components of the firmware monitor are presented. Furthermore the monitor handling and its influence on the operating system are discussed.
An object-oriented view onto public, heterogeneous text databases (2002)

Even though companies maintain highly-structured traditional business data in relational databases, large amounts of information are available in semi-structured text sources such as indexed online newspapers, patent information, literature citations, or business profiles. This information is offered by commercial providers who maintain complete control over access language, schemas and update capabilities. One way to unify access to all of this material is to make it look like a collection of objects in an object-oriented database. Such a view has been prototyped on an information service that provides some 400 full-text, bibliographic and numeric databases. The authors explain how the illusion of object-orientedness is put together and how it is maintained in queries. They also know how the object-oriented approach is used to handle some classes of schema heterogeneity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of Microwave Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Transmission Lines Incorporating Tunnel Diodes (2012)

We investigate microwave active metamaterial transmission lines incorporating gain devices to provide effective negative resistance. Our simulation and experimental results show that by inserting semiconductor tunnel diode at the unit-cell level, the negative phase constant of this kind of transmission line is maintained (i.e., left-handedness kept) while gain can be obtained (negative attenuation constant of transmission line) simultaneously. Important design aspects of the active metamaterial transmission lines are discussed. As a potential application, the performances of passive and active versions of a single unit-cell zeroth-order resonator antenna based on composite right-handed/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) is also compared.
Dinitrogen Cleavage and Hydrogenation by a Trinuclear Titanium Polyhydride Complex (2013)

Both the Haber-Bosch and biological ammonia syntheses are thought to rely on the cooperation of multiple metals in breaking the strong N≡N triple bond and forming an N-H bond. This has spurred investigations of the reactivity of molecular multimetallic hydrides with dinitrogen. We report here the reaction of a trinuclear titanium polyhydride complex with dinitrogen, which induces dinitrogen cleavage and partial hydrogenation at ambient temperature and pressure. By (1)H and (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray crystallographic, and computational studies of some key reaction steps and products, we have determined that the dinitrogen (N2) reduction proceeds sequentially through scission of a N2 molecule bonded to three Ti atoms in a μ-η(1):η(2):η(2)-end-on-side-on fashion to give a μ2-N/μ3-N dinitrido species, followed by intramolecular hydrogen migration from Ti to the μ2-N nitrido unit.
Gaussian Behavior of the Electroencephalogram: Changes during Performance of Mental Task (1969)

The probability distribution of the amplitude of scalp electroencephalogram has been investigated in an adult subject in the idle state, and during performance of a mental arithmetic task. Based on a large sample, the electroencephalogram in this subject in the idle state follows a Gaussian (normal) probability function 66 percent of the time. During performance of the arithmetic task, the portion of Gaussian electroencephalogram decreases to 32 percent. The probability function characterizing gross electroencephalographic activity is determined by the degree of mutual interaction of individual cellular generators of wave activity in the tissue underneath the recording electrode. The data imply an increase in the cooperative activity of cortical neuronal elements during performance of a mental task.
CMOS‐Technology‐Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Internet of Everything Applications (2015)

Flexible and stretchable electronics can dramatically enhance the application of electronics for the emerging Internet of Everything applications where people, processes, data and devices will be integrated and connected, to augment quality of life. Using naturally flexible and stretchable polymeric substrates in combination with emerging organic and molecular materials, nanowires, nanoribbons, nanotubes, and 2D atomic crystal structured materials, significant progress has been made in the general area of such electronics. However, high volume manufacturing, reliability and performance per cost remain elusive goals for wide commercialization of these electronics. On the other hand, highly sophisticated but extremely reliable, batch-fabrication-capable and mature complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based technology has facilitated tremendous growth of today's digital world using thin-film-based electronics; in particular, bulk monocrystalline silicon (100) which is used in most of the electronics existing today. However, one fundamental challenge is that state-of-the-art CMOS electronics are physically rigid and brittle. Therefore, in this work, how CMOS-technology-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics can be developed is discussed, with particular focus on bulk monocrystalline silicon (100). A comprehensive information base to realistically devise an integration strategy by rational design of materials, devices and processes for Internet of Everything electronics is offered.