gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of neu differentiation factor isoforms on neonatal oligodendrocyte function (1997)

Previous studies have suggested that neu differentiation factor (NDF), a member of the neuregulin (NRG) family of growth factors, may regulate the development of PNS and CNS glial cells. There is limited information concerning the potential role of NDF on the development of neonatal (immature) oligodendrocytes (OLG) into adult OLG. We now report the effect of the two major isoform families of NDF (NDF alpha and NDF beta) on the development of cultured rat neonatal OLG. Immunocytochemical and western blot analyses of neonatal OLG using anti-erb-B antibodies revealed that these immature OLG express all four members of NRG (erb-B) receptors. Treatment of neonatal OLG with varying concentrations of either NDF alpha or NDF beta did not have a mitogenic effect on cultured neonatal OLG. Pretreatment of immature OLG with either of the NDF isoforms also did not influence the subsequent mitogenicity of other known OLG mitogens. However, treatment of neonatal OLG with either isoform of NDF influenced the survival of these cells by protecting the cells from apoptosis. Additionally, treatment of neonatal OLG with either NDF alpha or NDF beta resulted in more extensive process formation compared to control, non-treated OLG.
Differential Effects of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Indole on <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Chemotaxis, Colonization, and Gene Expression (2007)

During infection in the gastrointestinal tract, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is exposed to a wide range of signaling molecules, including the eukaryotic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, and bacterial signal molecules such as indole. Since these signaling molecules have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phenotypes such as motility and virulence that are crucial for EHEC infections, we hypothesized that these molecules also govern the initial recognition of the large intestine environment and attachment to the host cell surface. Here, we report that, compared to indole, epinephrine and norepinephrine exert divergent effects on EHEC chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation, gene expression, and colonization of HeLa cells. Using a novel two-fluorophore chemotaxis assay, it was found that EHEC is attracted to epinephrine and norepinephrine while it is repelled by indole. In addition, epinephrine and norepinephrine also increased EHEC motility and biofilm formation while indole attenuated these phenotypes. DNA microarray analysis of surface-associated EHEC indicated that epinephrine/norepinephrine up-regulated the expression of genes involved in surface colonization and virulence while exposure to indole decreased their expression. The gene expression data also suggested that autoinducer 2 uptake was repressed upon exposure to epinephrine/norepinephrine but not indole. In vitro adherence experiments confirmed that epinephrine and norepinephrine increased attachment to epithelial cells while indole decreased adherence. Taken together, these results suggest that epinephrine and norepinephrine increase EHEC infection while indole attenuates the process.
Induction of alpha interferon by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human monocyte-macrophage cultures (1991)

The induction of interferon (IFN) by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in primary, nonstimulated monocyte-macrophage cultures was studied. HIV-1 infection, as confirmed by p24 antigen levels in the cell supernatant, led to the production of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) over 7 to 21 days following infection. In two of seven experiments, the IFN detected was acid labile. Coupled reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the induction of IFN-alpha mRNA in cells of HIV-1-infected cultures.
Engineering Amyloid Fibrils from β-Solenoid Proteins for Biomaterials Applications (2015)

Nature provides numerous examples of self-assembly that can potentially be implemented for materials applications. Considerable attention has been given to one-dimensional cross-β or amyloid structures that can serve as templates for wire growth or strengthen materials such as glue or cement. Here, we demonstrate controlled amyloid self-assembly based on modifications of β-solenoid proteins. They occur naturally in several contexts (e.g., antifreeze proteins, drug resistance proteins) but do not aggregate in vivo due to capping structures or distortions at their ends. Removal of these capping structures and regularization of the ends of the spruce budworm and rye grass antifreeze proteins yield micron length amyloid fibrils with predictable heights, which can be a platform for biomaterial-based self-assembly. The design process, including all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, purification, and self-assembly procedures are described. Fibril formation with the predicted characteristics is supported by evidence from thioflavin-T fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Additionally, we find evidence for lateral assembly of the modified spruce budworm antifreeze fibrils with sufficient incubation time. The kinetics of polymerization are consistent with those for other amyloid formation reactions and are relatively fast due to the preformed nature of the polymerization nucleus.
Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Pelargonium odoratissimum (2011)

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L'Hér., Geraniaceae, was determined and the antimicrobial activities against the Aspergillus flavus CML 1816, Aspergillus carbonarius CML1815 and Aspergillus parasiticus CMLA 817 fungi, as well the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25 992 bacteria were evaluated. The essential oil was isolated by steam distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus, and its constituents were identified and quantified by GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. In vitro bioanalytical testing was performed using a completely randomized design. The concentrations of essential oil employed ranged from 0.1 to 2 μL.mL-1 (in dimethyl sulfoxide) for the fungus species and from 1 to 500 μL.mL-1 for the bacteria. The diameters of the inhibition zones formed for bacteria and the mean diameters of mycelial growth in perpendicular directions for fungi were measured, followed by calculation of the percentage of inhibition. The essential oil from the leaves of P. odoratissimum furnished methyleugenol (96.80%), a phenylpropanoid. This essential oil inhibited the growth of fungi (100% inhibition) and exhibited a small effect on the bacteria at the concentrations tested.
Effect of Clean Air Core Geometry on Fine Particle Contamination And Calibration of a Virtual Impactor (1997)

The optimum diameter and position of the clean air core in a clean air core virtual impactor were experimentally determined.It was found that the clean air core diameter should be at least twice as large as the converging nozzle diameter and that the clean air core should be positioned so that the ratio of the clean air flow velocity to the aerosol flow velocity ranges from 1.5 to 5.0 at the outlet of the clean air tube.Use of a laminator in a virtual impactor was found to increase the particle loss while maintaining almost the same collection efficiency curve.
A 2.4 GHz four port mixer for direct conversion used in telemetering (2002)

In telemetering systems, there is a strong desire for low power, low cost and monolithic integrated transceiver. Direct conversion has been found to be suitable for these needs. However, challenges arise in the design of mixers for direct conversion due to the poor RF-LO isolation. Without a careful design, the undesirable DC offset may seriously handicap the direct conversion technique. This paper presents a 0.35 /spl mu/m 2.4 GHz CMOS four port mixer for up and down conversion. The mixer designed is based on Gilbert cell but employs current injection for up conversion input with improved linearity. With the use of an additional mixer port in the proposed transceiver architecture, it provides a capability to combine the up and down converter in the same circuit with better performance. The mixer is powered at 2V and drains 5 mA. The IIP3 and single side band noise figure is 5 dBm and 18dB@2MHz. The conversion gain of the mixer is 9 dB for down conversion and the conversion loss is 18 dB for up conversion.
Phase variation in Xenorhabdus luminescens: cloning and sequencing of the lipase gene and analysis of its expression in primary and secondary phases of the bacterium (1993)

The phenomenon of phase variation in the insect-pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus luminescens was investigated. Differential activity of the lipase enzyme (EC 3.1.1.3) was observed between the two phases of the bacteria. The enzyme was found to be secreted into the culture medium, and about five to six times greater specific activity was secreted by the primary phase than by the secondary form. The lipase gene (lip-1) was cloned and sequenced. The data imply that there is only a single Tween 80-utilizing lipase gene in X. luminescens K122. The sequence revealed a translation product of 645 amino acids, from which a hydrophobic leader sequence of 24 amino acids is removed during processing. The structure of the gene was shown to be the same in the primary and secondary forms of X. luminescens. In addition, transcription was found to start at the same position, 169 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon, in the two forms of the bacteria. Equal amounts of lipase RNA accumulated in the two forms, and at least as much lipase protein was secreted by the secondary form as by the primary. This suggests that the difference in specific activity between the enzymes secreted by the two phases probably arises from a posttranslational type of regulation.
Total synthesis of an anticancer norsesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from the fungus Flammulina velutipes (2014)

The first total synthesis of a norsesquiterpene alkaloid (R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl-7,8-dihydrocyclopenta[e]isoindole-1,3(2H,6H)-dione, isolated from the mushroom-forming fungus Flammulina velutipes, in both racemic and enantiomeric pure forms, is reported. The (-)-enantiomer of the natural product has been synthesized from the D-(-)-pantolactone chiral pool. The synthesis features a one-pot, three-step reaction sequence comprising an enyne RCM/Diels-Alder/aromatization to construct the desired indane skeleton present in the natural product. Our synthesis further confirms the assigned structure and absolute configuration of the natural product.
Intravenous administration of auto serum-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells in stroke (2011)

Transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells has been shown to reduce infarct size and improve functional outcome in animal models of stroke. Here, we report a study designed to assess feasibility and safety of transplantation of autologous human mesenchymal stem cells expanded in autologous human serum in stroke patients. We report an unblinded study on 12 patients with ischaemic grey matter, white matter and mixed lesions, in contrast to a prior study on autologous mesenchymal stem cells expanded in foetal calf serum that focused on grey matter lesions. Cells cultured in human serum expanded more rapidly than in foetal calf serum, reducing cell preparation time and risk of transmissible disorders such as bovine spongiform encephalomyelitis. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells were delivered intravenously 36-133 days post-stroke. All patients had magnetic resonance angiography to identify vascular lesions, and magnetic resonance imaging prior to cell infusion and at intervals up to 1 year after. Magnetic resonance perfusion-imaging and 3D-tractography were carried out in some patients. Neurological status was scored using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scores. We did not observe any central nervous system tumours, abnormal cell growths or neurological deterioration, and there was no evidence for venous thromboembolism, systemic malignancy or systemic infection in any of the patients following stem cell infusion. The median daily rate of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale change was 0.36 during the first week post-infusion, compared with a median daily rate of change of 0.04 from the first day of testing to immediately before infusion. Daily rates of change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores during longer post-infusion intervals that more closely matched the interval between initial scoring and cell infusion also showed an increase following cell infusion. Mean lesion volume as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging was reduced by >20% at 1 week post-cell infusion. While we would emphasize that the current study was unblinded, did not assess overall function or relative functional importance of different types of deficits, and does not exclude placebo effects or a contribution of recovery as a result of the natural history of stroke, our observations provide evidence supporting the feasibility and safety of delivery of a relatively large dose of autologous mesenchymal human stem cells, cultured in autologous human serum, into human subjects with stroke and support the need for additional blinded, placebo-controlled studies on autologous mesenchymal human stem cell infusion in stroke.
Skin Surface pH, Stratum Corneum Hydration, Trans-epidermal Water Loss and Skin Roughness Related to Atopic Eczema and Skin Dryness in a Population of Primary School Children: Clinical Report (2000)

Non-invasive investigations of skin morphology and function are standard tools to study the pathophysiology of several cutaneous disorders, yet they have not been used in population-based epidemiological studies. Here we examined skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin roughness by profilometry in a study population comprising 377 primary school children (8-9 years old) as part of a multicentre survey on risk factors for allergic diseases in school children. Skin surface pH showed significant higher values (p=0.029) in the group with atopic eczema (n=45) compared with the group without atopic eczema; all other parameters did not differ significantly between children with and without atopic eczema. With increasing skin dryness there was a significant increase in pH values (p=0.004). Stratum corneum hydration showed a significant decrease with increasing dryness (p<0.001). Measurement of skin roughness also revealed a significant linear relationship with skin dryness (p=0.02). It is concluded that measurement of skin surface pH, corneometry and profilometry are useful non-invasive techniques to objectively assess skin dryness in epidemiological studies regarding atopic skin disease.
The Emergence of a New Social Movement: Social Networks and Collective Action on Water Issues in Guelph, Ontario (2009)

For new social movement theorists, changes in Western capitalist societies brought about by the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial era are fundamental to understanding the formation, structure, and operation of new social movements. Using observational and interview data from a 2008 World Water Day rally, this article draws on and examines theoretical contributions of New Social Movement theorists Alain Touraine, Alberto Melucci, and Claus Offe to inform an exploration and analysis of growing collective action on water issues in Guelph, Ontario. The authors argue that growing citizen engagement in water issues in Guelph and area, operating primarily through loosely organized informal social networks, represents growing collective action that constitutes a vibrant New Social Movement. So conceptualized, the authors discuss implications for theoretical understandings of citizen mobilization in general and for the strengthening of collective action on water itself.
Deficiency of the Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor System Associated with Inactivation of the Acid-Labile Subunit Gene (2004)

he growth-promoting actions of growth hormone were originally hypothesized to be mediated through a circulating liver-generated sulfation factor that later came to be known as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). 1 This growth factor is produced in almost every tissue in the body. 2 In the cartilage growth plate, growth hormone-induced IGF-I 3 acts locally through autocrineparacrine mechanisms. 4 Some 80 to 85 percent of IGF-I circulates as a 150-kD ternary complex that includes the ligand itself, IGF-binding protein 3, and an acid-labile subunit. 5 The acid-labile subunit is a glycoprotein found almost exclusively in the circulation and produced in the liver under growth hormone stimulation. 6,7 This subunit stabilizes the IGF-IGF-binding protein 3 complex, reduces the passage of IGF-I to the extravascular compartment, and extends its half-life. 8 Recently, the role of circulating IGF-I in growth has been challenged by the finding that specific disruption of the hepatic igf1 gene in mice, the main source of circulating IGF-I, 9,10 or the inactivation of the gene encoding the acidlabile subunit protein ( igfals ) in mice 11 has a minor effect on growth, despite causing a profound reduction in the serum IGF-I level.
Lab on a chip for continuous-flow magnetic cell separation (2014)

Separation of cells is a key application area of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. Among the various methods, magnetic separation of cells utilizing microfluidic devices offers the merits of biocompatibility, efficiency, and simplicity. This review discusses the fundamental physics involved in using magnetic force to separate particles, and identifies the optimisation parameters and corresponding methods for increasing the magnetic force. The paper then elaborates the design considerations of LOC devices for continuous-flow magnetic cell separation. Examples from the recently published literature illustrate these state-of-the-art techniques.
A Summary Civil Remedy for Trade-Name Infringement: The New York Experience (1962)

At a time when most legal relief is slow in coming, expensive, and subject to many esoteric considerations, there must be something delight fully refreshing to a layman in an acceptable drumhead proceeding in which he can have his rights vindicated against a malcreant.In 1937, New York supplied just such relief against persons guilty of deceptive trade name infringement by passage of Section 964 of the Penal Law.lIn the intervening two and a half decades, the courts of New York, in applying the statute's rather novel provisions, have shed a good deal of light on the nature of the sumary remedy.The following discussion is intended not only to summarize the judicial experience, but also to extrapolate from this experience some conclusions about the nature of any similar summary civil remedy.
Predictive Self-Assembly of Polyhedra into Complex Structures (2012)

Predicting structure from the attributes of a material's building blocks remains a challenge and central goal for materials science. Isolating the role of building block shape for self-assembly provides insight into the ordering of molecules and the crystallization of colloids, nanoparticles, proteins, and viruses. We investigated 145 convex polyhedra whose assembly arises solely from their anisotropic shape. Our results demonstrate a remarkably high propensity for thermodynamic self-assembly and structural diversity. We show that from simple measures of particle shape and local order in the fluid, the assembly of a given shape into a liquid crystal, plastic crystal, or crystal can be predicted.
Space charge effects in linear quadrupole ion traps (2015)

Space charge effects in a linear quadrupole ion trap operated with mass selective axial ejection have been investigated. If too many ions are confined in an ion trap, the Coulomb repulsion between ions, or from "space charge", causes ions to shift towards higher apparent mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a mass spectrum. This phenomenon, called "mass shifts", can be described by a model with the assumption that the trapped ions have a Boltzmann or thermal distribution of positions in an effective potential. The two parameters in this model, the ion temperature and the effective potential, are determined in this thesis, allowing improved modelling of space charge effects with well determined parameters. Space charge effects were also studied experimentally, including the simplest case (self-space charge) and the most difficult case (space charge from a heavy ion species of high abundance). A new technique to lower mass shifts, dual-frequency excitation, was introduced and optimized. As a result, the instrument performance of linear quadrupole ion trap mass analyzers, including the intensity, limits of detection and the trap capacity, can be improved.
SAT-based Verification for Analog and Mixed-signal Circuits (2012)

The wide application of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) designs makes the verification of AMS circuits an important task. However, verification of AMS circuits remains as a significant challenge even though verification techniques for digital circuits design have been successfully applied in the semiconductor industry.\n\nIn this thesis, we propose two techniques for AMS verification targeting DC and transient verifications, respectively. The proposed techniques leverage a combination of circuit modeling, satisfiability (SAT) and circuit simulation techniques.\n\nFor DC verification, we first build bounded device models for transistors. The bounded models are conservative approximations to the accurate BSIM3/4 models. Then we formulate a circuit verification problem by gathering the circuit's KCL/KVL equations and the I-V characteristics which are constrained by the bounded models. A nonlinear SAT solver is then recursively applied to the problem formula to locate a candidate region which is guaranteed to enclose the actual DC equilibrium of the original circuit. In the end, a refinement technique is applied to reduce the size of candidate region to a desired resolution. To demonstrate the application of the proposed DC verification technique, we apply it to locate the DC equilibrium points for a set of ring oscillators. The experimental results show that the proposed DC verification technique is efficient in terms of runtime.\n\nFor transient verification, we perform reachability analysis to verify the dynamic property of a circuit. Our method combines circuit simulation SAT to take advantage of the efficiency of simulation and the soundness of SAT. The novelty of the proposed transient verification lies in the fact that a significant part of the reachable state space is discovered via fast simulation while the full coverage of the reachable state space is guaranteed by the invoking of a few SAT runs. Furthermore, a box merging algorithm is presented to efficiently represent the reachable state space using grid boxes. The proposed technique is used to verify the startup condition of a tunnel diode oscillator and the phase-locking of a phase-locked loop (PLL). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed transient verification technique can perform reachability analysis for reasonable complex circuits over a great number of time steps.
FILTER PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS OF PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID (1952)

When purified diphtheria toxoid was subjected to filter paper electrophoresis a separation was achieved under certain conditions. The flocculating activity of the toxoid would appear to be localized in only one of the four fractions obtained. This fraction represented about one-third of the material used (0.05 ml.), thus indicating the relative impurity of a highly purified material.