gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamical evidence of critical fields in Josephson junctions (1997)

We study the dynamical stability of phase configurations generated by an external magnetic field in long Josephson junctions. Depending on the value of the field, the penetration of the vortex lines through the boundary of the junctions gives rise to different dynamical regimes whose nature is characterized by measurements of Fiske singularities in the current-voltage characteristics of the junctions. The magnetic-field dependence of the height of these singularities is compared with numerical simulations of the sine-Gordon equation and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of the junctions is performed in order to validate the dynamical patterns. For all the junctions that we have investigated, given their maximum pair current density ${j}_{c}$ and the Josephson penetration depth ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{j},$ we find that the external magnetic field that equals the critical value ${H}_{0}=2{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{j}{j}_{c},$ responsible for the trapping of a single static flux-quantum in the junction, plays a dominant role in establishing dynamical phase configurations. Both simulations and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy show complete analogy between the dynamical patterns of long and small-area junctions when ${H}_{0}$ is exceeded.
Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of novel bicyclic nucleoside analogues restricted to an S-type conformation (2000)

(1S,3R,4S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-1-(uracil-1-yl)-2,5-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 9 and the corresponding cytosine derivative 10, nucleoside analogues with a novel bicyclic nucleoside structure 3, were synthesized in a few steps from the known 1-(3′-deoxy-β-D-psicofuranosyl)uracil 4. NOE experiments verified the bicyclic nucleosides to be restricted to the expected S-type furanose conformation while the nucleobase is in an anti-conformation. Both nucleosides proved to be devoid of anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells, which further supports the hypothesis that conformational flexibility of the furanose ring in a nucleoside analogue is necessary to obtain both intracellular 5′-triphosphorylation and inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Redox Regulation of Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Activity (2014)

Protein translation is initiated with methionine in eukaryotes, and the majority of proteins have their N-terminal methionine removed by methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP1 and MetAP2) prior to action. Methionine removal can be important for protein function, localization, or stability. No mechanism of regulation of MetAP activity has been identified. MetAP2, but not MetAP1, contains a single Cys(228)-Cys(448) disulfide bond that has an -RHStaple configuration and links two β-loop structures, which are hallmarks of allosteric disulfide bonds. From analysis of crystal structures and using mass spectrometry and activity assays, we found that the disulfide bond exists in oxidized and reduced states in the recombinant enzyme. The disulfide has a standard redox potential of -261 mV and is efficiently reduced by the protein reductant, thioredoxin, with a rate constant of 16,180 m(-1) s(-1). The MetAP2 disulfide bond also exists in oxidized and reduced states in glioblastoma tumor cells, and stressing the cells by oxygen or glucose deprivation results in more oxidized enzyme. The Cys(228)-Cys(448) disulfide is at the rim of the active site and is only three residues distant from the catalytic His(231), which suggested that cleavage of the bond would influence substrate hydrolysis. Indeed, oxidized and reduced isoforms have different catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis of MetAP2 peptide substrates. These findings indicate that MetAP2 is post-translationally regulated by an allosteric disulfide bond, which controls substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency.
Control and placement of molecules via self-assembly (2001)

We use self- and directed assembly to pattern organic monolayers on the nanometre scale. The ability of the scanning tunnelling microscope to obtain both nanometre-scale structural and electronic information is used to characterize patterning techniques, to elucidate the intermolecular interactions that drive them and to probe the structures formed. We illustrate three successful approaches: (1) phase separation of self-assembled monolayers by terminal and internal functionalization, (2) phase separation of self-assembled monolayers induced by post-adsorption processing and (3) control of molecular placement by insertion into a self-assembled monolayer. These methods demonstrate the possibilities of patterning films by exploiting the intrinsic properties of the molecules. We employ these methods to prepare matrix-isolated samples to probe molecular electronic properties of single and bundled molecules.
The glass box user model for filtering (1994)

The first requirement on an interactive system in a domain such as information filtering is to be an interface to knowledge, rather than just a knowledgeable interface. We borrow the computation instruction metaphor of a system as &quot;a black box in a glass box&quot; as a means to conceptualize the problem of giving a user control over the actions of an interactive system. The application domain we work in is that of information filtering. In the &quot;black box&quot;, we hide complex knowledge of the domain objects such as facts and assumptions about text genre identification, while the &quot;glass box&quot;, which is what the user sees, only shows the neat top level knowledge of the domain conceptual categories such as e.g. categorization rules. Introduction Filtering software is recognized as one way of helping a user to manage large information flows - a problem that is becoming increasingly relevant in the emerging information society. The design of such filters involves two problems: one is finding good c...
D113 Effects of Bubble Size on the Skin Friction Reduction in the Microbubble-Laden Turbulent Channel Flow (2006)

The phenomenon of skin friction reduction with micro bubble has been studied experimentally. We reveal the relation between drag reduction and the bubble size, using two different types of bubble. One is large bubble of millimeter order by porous plate ; and the other is small bubble of micrometer order made by mixing air and water under high pressure. Bubble diameter is calculated from images captured by high speed camera and the shear stress is measured by shear stress sensor. The experiments have been carried out for large bubble flow conditions with Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 50,000 ; void fraction up to 0.04 and small bubble flow with Reynolds number ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 ; void fraction less than 0.01. In the case of large bubble flow for Re>30,000, drag has been reduced up to 10%. In contrast, small bubbles hardly contribute to reduce shear stress due to dispersion of bubbles in turbulent channel flow.
Multiple functions of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (2012)

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) was first identified as a major cellular protein capable of transferring neutral lipids between membrane vesicles. Its role as an essential chaperone for the biosynthesis of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was established after the realization that abetalipoproteinemia patients carry mutations in the MTTP gene resulting in the loss of its lipid transfer activity. Now it is known that it also plays a role in the biosynthesis of CD1, glycolipid presenting molecules, as well as in the regulation of cholesterol ester biosynthesis. In this review, we will provide a historical perspective about the identification, purification and characterization of MTP, describe methods used to measure its lipid transfer activity, and discuss tissue expression and function. Finally, we will review the role MTP plays in the assembly of apoB-lipoprotein, the regulation of cholesterol ester synthesis, biosynthesis of CD1 proteins and propagation of hepatitis C virus. We will also provide a brief overview about the clinical potentials of MTP inhibition.
Just ourselves - the strange search for Australian identity (1995)

Patrick White invented the myth that all his life critics praised his work abroad while he remained the victim, novel by novel, of malicious attacks at home. This was myth, though enough truth lay within its simple lines to give the myth its lasting potency. There are some who believe it still. White believed it until his death.
Validation of electronic medical record-based phenotyping algorithms: results and lessons learned from the eMERGE network (2013)

Despite the diverse structure of the five EMRs of the eMERGE sites, we developed, validated, and successfully deployed 13 electronic phenotype algorithms. Validation is a worthwhile process that not only measures phenotype performance but also strengthens phenotype algorithm definitions and enhances their inter-institutional sharing.
James Webb Space Telescope microshutter arrays and beyond (2017)

Microshutter array (MSA) subsystems were developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as multiobject selectors for the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The subsystem will enable NIRSpec to simultaneously obtain spectra from >100 targets, which, in turn, increases instrument efficiency 100-fold. This system represents one of the three major innovations on the JWST that is scheduled to be launched in 2018 as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Featuring torsion hinges, light shields, magnetic actuation, and electrostatic latching and addressing, microshutters are designed for the selective transmission of light with high efficiency and contrast. Complete MSA assemblies consisting of 365×171 microshutters were successfully fabricated and tested, and passed a series of critical reviews for programmable 2-D addressing, life tests, and optical contrast tests. At the final stage of the JWST MSA fabrication, we began to develop the next generation microshutter arrays (NGMSA) for future telescopes. These telescopes will require a much larger field of view than JWSTs. We discussed strategies for fabrication of a proof-of-concept NGMSA that will be modular in design and electrostatically actuated. The details of NGMSA development will be discussed in a follow-up paper.
Aligning a Performance-based Observation Rubric to Support a Teacher Performance Assessment (2017)

The National Education Association (NEA, 2010) state that the purpose of teacher assessment and evaluation should be to strengthen the knowledge, skills, dispositions and classroom practices of professional educators. Preparing teacher candidates to become effective and reflective practitioners, the student teaching experience must be designed to guide candidates in applying the knowledge, theories and concepts acquired during their course of study. In addition, the experience should be aligned with the pedagogical knowledge, competence and dispositions that are evaluated through observations and performance-based assessments. This analysis reviewed the components of a student teaching practicum rubric used in a teacher preparation program to determine if the performance-based assessment supported the expectations and requirements of a teacher performance assessment. The results indicated that the observation rubric used by field supervisors to rate teacher candidates aligned with the cycle of teaching effectiveness identified in the teacher performance assessment. The analysis from this study suggest that early childhood teacher preparation programs should continuously examine how faculty and course instructors are utilizing performance-based assessment and evaluation instruments in their courses, fieldwork and student teaching experiences to support the professional preparation of teacher candidates.
Model for piano hammers: Experimental determination and digital simulation (1988)

To explain the clearly nonlinear character of the interaction between a piano hammer and the strings it hits, a model for the hammer is proposed consisting of a point mass and a nonlinear, hysteretic spring that describes the action of the felt. Experimental determinations of force are fitted with an expression of generic form F=a(Δy)α, where α takes values such as 2.1, 3.5, and 5. Numerical simulations of hammer and string motions based on this model are found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Oxidative coupling of cis-3,N-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-N-norreticuline. An approach to the asymmetric synthesis of morphine alkaloids (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidative coupling of cis-3,N-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-N-norreticuline. An approach to the asymmetric synthesis of morphine alkaloidsMartin A. Schwartz and Pham Phuong Thi KimCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 10, 2318–2322Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00245a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00245a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views924Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Acetoin is a precursor to diacetyl in e-cigarette liquids (2019)

Use of the e-liquid flavourings diacetyl and acetyl propionyl has raised concerns that they might cause respiratory diseases amongst vapers. Product surveys show that these compounds, plus a less toxic alternative, acetoin, are widely used in e-liquids. We have investigated the chemistry of acetoin, acetyl propionyl and diacetyl in e-liquids. They are reactive, with concentrations falling substantially over time. Acetyl propionyl is the most reactive, diacetyl less so, and acetoin significantly more stable. Their reactivity is pH-enhanced when nicotine is present in the e-liquid. Of major concern, we found that acetoin generates diacetyl in e-liquids. We found diacetyl formation in all acetoin-containing e-liquids, but it is not an acetoin-contaminant. Diacetyl concentrations were proportional to acetoin content, grew over time, and formation was accelerated by nicotine. E-liquids stored for up to 18 months contained significant diacetyl, and reduced acetoin levels, showing that acetoin is a long-term diacetyl source. Other reaction pathways operate, and we advance mechanisms to explain this area of e-liquid chemistry. Acetoin use in e-liquids is an inevitable source of diacetyl exposure for e-cigarette users. Acetoin, acetyl propionyl and diacetyl are avoidable hazards for vapers, and we recommend e-liquid manufacturers move away from their use in e-liquid formulations.
Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome: Epidemiology, Virology, and Immunology (1985)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome indicates opportunistic infection or unusual malignancy associated with a marked deficiency of cell mediated immunity in the absence of any other cause of the immune defect. This review examines epidemiology, virology, and immunology associated with this disorder. The syndrome appears to be caused by infection of at-risk individuals by a retrovirus that has tropism for a specific population of T lymphocytes.
Sol-Gel Processing of Infrared Transparent Mullite (1988)

It was shown that infrared transparent, dense mullite can be prepared by using sol-gel processing techniques at temperatures as low as 1,250{degree}C. The molecular structure of the gel and the packing of the particles and particle domains are the key processing parameters that control viscous phase sintering. Heat treatment above 1,280{degree}C depleted the viscous phase through mullite formation, leading to fully dense, crack-free bodies.
Ion Dynamics in Porous Carbon Electrodes in Supercapacitors Using in Situ Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry (2013)

Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), or supercapacitors, rely on electrosorption of ions by porous carbon electrodes and offer a higher power and a longer cyclic lifetime compared to batteries. Ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes can broaden the operating voltage window and increase the energy density of EDLCs. Herein, we present direct measurements of the ion dynamics of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide in an operating EDLC with electrodes composed of porous nanosized carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) and nonporous onion-like carbons (OLCs) with the use of in situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry. For CDC electrodes, IL ions (both cations and anions) were directly observed entering and exiting CDC nanopores during charging and discharging of the EDLC. Conversely, for OLC electrodes, IL ions were observed in close proximity to the OLC surface without any change in the bulk electrolyte concentration during charging and discharging of the EDLC. This provides experimental evidence that charge is stored on the surface of OLCs in OLC EDLCs without long-range ion transport through the bulk electrode. In addition, for CDC EDLCs with mixed electrolytes of IL and propylene carbonate (PC), the IL ions were observed entering and exiting CDC nanopores, while PC entrance into the nanopores was IL concentration dependent. This work provides direct experimental confirmation of EDLC charging mechanisms that previously were restricted to computational simulations and theories. The experimental measurements presented here also provide deep insights into the molecular level transport of IL ions in EDLC electrodes that will impact the design of the electrode materials' structure for electrical energy storage.
HIV infection in pregnancy: epidemiology and clinical management. (1991)

This article will briefly review the epidemiology of vertically transmitted HIV infection and describe the medical and social care services required for the HIV-infected mother and her newborn infant
The ABCD system of melanoma detection (1999)

Information provided by TS substantially validates the importance of the ABCD clinical guide and suggests that color is the most important parameter in discriminating melanoma from nevi. In particular, melanoma appears darker than other pigmented lesions.
Solvent effects in catalysis: rational improvements of catalysts via manipulation of solvent interactions (2016)

The interactions of solvents with catalysts, substrates and products all influence the rate and selectivity of reactions and should be considered to ensure a reaction is run under optimum conditions.
Auto-cassette : (the automatic clipping service for TV news) (1986)

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1986.
Wild-Type N-Ras, Overexpressed in Basal-like Breast Cancer, Promotes Tumor Formation by Inducing IL-8 Secretion via JAK2 Activation (2015)

Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) are aggressive, and their drivers are unclear. We have found that wild-type N-RAS is overexpressed in BLBCs but not in other breast cancer subtypes. Repressing N-RAS inhibits transformation and tumor growth, whereas overexpression enhances these processes even in preinvasive BLBC cells. We identified N-Ras-responsive genes, most of which encode chemokines; e.g., IL8. Expression levels of these chemokines and N-RAS in tumors correlate with outcome. N-Ras, but not K-Ras, induces IL-8 by binding and activating the cytoplasmic pool of JAK2; IL-8 then acts on both the cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. Thus, BLBC progression is promoted by increasing activities of wild-type N-Ras, which mediates autocrine/paracrine signaling that can influence both cancer and stroma cells.
Stability of Anthocyanins from Sweet Potatoes in a Model Beverage (1987)

ABSTRACT Model beverages containing a citrate‐phosphate buffer at pH 2.8, 13% sucrose, and a colorant were stored at room temperature for 1 yr in the dark. The colorants consisted of pigment extracts from red sweet potatoes, the same extract with the acyl groups removed, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside from blackberries, and a commercial sample of enocyanin from grapes. The sweet potato pigments were the most stable, closely followed by those from blackberries. The deacylated samples and those containing enocyanin were much less stable, as judged by color measurements and pigment analyses.
Anti-inflammatory effects of <i>Saururus chinensis</i> aerial parts in murine macrophages via induction of heme oxygenase-1 (2015)

Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. is a perennial plant distributed throughout Northeast Asia and its roots have been widely used as a traditional medicine for hepatitis, asthma, pneumonia, and gonorrhea. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of S. chinensis of the aerial parts (rather than the root), and the signaling pathway responsible for this effect in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. The subfraction 4 (SCF4) from the n-hexane layer of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of S. chinensis exhibited the highest nitrite-inhibitory activity. SCF4 significantly inhibited the production of nitrite and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via heme oxygenase-1 upregulation. SCF4 caused significant phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Akt, which subsequently induced the nuclear translocation of p-p65 nuclear factor-κB and Nrf2. SCF4 also suppressed the phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (p-STAT1). The heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin attenuated the inhibitory effect of SCF4 on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitrite production and expression of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and p-STAT1. We identified sauchinone as the active compound in S. chinensis extract and SCF4. Sauchinone was shown to significantly inhibit nitrite production and inflammatory mediators expression via heme oxygenase-1 upregulation. These results suggest that S. chinensis extract, SCF4, and its active compound, sauchinone, could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.