gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of composite x-ray masks by micromilling (1996)

An important aspect for the development of micromanufactured components and systems is to reduce the time and cost required to reach the prototype stage. At present, this development typically spans several years. Any fabrication approach which would reduce the cost and time-to-prototype would allow for the more rapid development of design concepts and the more rapid evolution of the design cycle. Direct fabrication of masks for X-ray lithography, by mechanical micromilling, is one potential avenue for rapid, lower cost development. The key process requirements for the fabrication of a typical X-ray mask involves the selection of both substrate and absorber materials. The substrate must provide a mechanically stable support for the patterned absorber without introducing excessive attenuation of the X- ray flux that ultimately reaches the resist surface. Frame supported, thin membranes (such as SiC, C, Si<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>, Si) are most often used as well as low atomic number bulk materials (Be). The choice of elemental composition and thickness for the absorber will be largely determined by the resist sensitivity and the X-ray wavelength used. Many process steps are required in order to define the final absorber pattern geometry and will generally involve either additive or subtractive processes. Mechanical micromilling techniques may be used with either a single bulk material which serves the dual role of both substrate and absorber or with a composite structure consisting of a thin gold layer deposited on a thick, low atomic number bulk substrate. Single material masks of aluminum and graphite have been investigated. A composite mask of graphite with a thin layer of sputtered gold has also been investigated. The paper will report on the developmental work for both types of masks and will give results for synchrotron X-ray exposure using these masks. Problems associated with using micromilling as an X- ray mask fabrication method will also be presented.
Risk of End‐Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Lupus Nephritis, 1971–2015: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta‐Analysis (2016)

Risks of ESRD in lupus nephritis improved between the 1970s and the mid-1990s and then plateaued, with an increase in the late 2000s. This pattern suggests limitations in the effectiveness of, or access to, current treatments.
Nucleotide sequence of infectious bursal disease virus genome segment A delineates two major open reading frames (1989)

Journal Article Nucleotide sequence of infectious bursal disease virus genome segment A delineates two major open reading frames Get access U. Spies, U. Spies Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität GiessenFrankfurter Strasse 107, D-6300 Giessen, FRG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Müller, H. Müller Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität GiessenFrankfurter Strasse 107, D-6300 Giessen, FRG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Becht H. Becht Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität GiessenFrankfurter Strasse 107, D-6300 Giessen, FRG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 19, 11 October 1989, Page 7982, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.19.7982 Published: 11 October 1989 Article history Received: 01 September 1989 Published: 11 October 1989
Numerical simulation for meniscus shape and optical performance of a MEMS-based liquid micro-lens (2008)

It is very difficult to fabricate tunable optical systems having an aperture below 1000 micrometers with the conventional means on macroscopic scale. Krogmann et al. (J. Opt. A 8, S330-S336, 2006) presented a MEMS-based tunable liquid micro-lens system with an aperture of 300 micrometers. The system exhibited a tuning range of back focal length between 2.3mm and infinity by using the electrowetting effect to change the contact angle of the meniscus shape on silicon with a voltage of 0-45 V. However, spherical aberration was found in their lens system. In the present study, a numerical simulation is performed for this same physical configuration by solving the Young-Laplace equation on the interface of the lens liquid and the surrounding liquid. The resulting meniscus shape produces a back focal length that agrees with the experimental observation excellently. To eliminate the spherical aberration, an electric field is applied on the lens. The electric field alters the Young-Laplace equation and thus changes the meniscus shape and the lens quality. The numerical result shows that the spherical aberration of the lens can be essentially eliminated when a proper electric field is applied.
Processing of Monazite Sands (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProcessing of Monazite SandsJohn Barghusen and Morton SmutzCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1958, 50, 12, 1754–1755Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1958https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50588a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views320Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (284 KB) Get e-Alerts
Computing Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence (2004)

In this paper we explore the relationship between computers and productivity growth at the firm level. We apply standard productivity and growth accounting techniques to data from 600 large US firms over 1987-1994. While we find that computer make a positive and significant contribution to output growth in the short term (using 1 year differences), the implied returns to computers are two to five times greater when differences are taken over seven years instead of one year. Our results challenge the conclusions drawn from aggregate data on computers and productivity, but are consistent with case evidence that the combination of computers and organizational co-investments make a substantial contribution to growth.
Molecular Characterization of hCTR1, the Human Copper Uptake Protein (2002)

We have expressed hCTR1, the human copper transporter, in Sf9 cells using a baculovirus-mediated expression system, and we observed greatly enhanced copper uptake. Western blots showed that the protein is delivered to the plasma membrane, where it mediates saturable copper uptake with a K(m) of approximately 3.5 microm. We also expressed functional transporters where the N-linked glycosylation sites were substituted, and we provided evidence for the extracellular location of the amino terminus. Accessibility of amino-terminal FLAG epitope to antibody prior to permeabilization and of carboxyl-terminal FLAG only after permeabilization confirmed the extracellular location of the amino terminus and established the intracellular location of the carboxyl terminus. Tryptic digestion of hCTR1 occurred within the cytoplasmic loop and generated a 10-Da carboxyl-terminal peptide; cleavage was prevented by the presence of copper. hCTR1 mutants where Cys-161 and Cys-189, the two native cysteines, were replaced with serines also mediated copper uptake, indicating that neither cysteine residue was essential for transport. However, the mutants provided evidence that these residues may stabilize hCTR1 oligomerization. Western blots of hCTR1 in Sf9 cells showed expression levels 100-fold higher than in mammalian (HepG2) cells. The high level of functional expression and the low level of endogenous copper uptake will enable future structure-function analysis of this important protein.
Security advances and challenges in 4G wireless networks (2010)

This paper presents a study of security advances and challenges associated with emergent 4G wireless technologies. The paper makes a number of contributions to the field. First, it studies the security standards evolution across different generations of wireless standards. Second, the security-related standards, architecture and design for the LTE and WiMAX technologies are analyzed. Third, security issues and vulnerabilities present in the above 4G standards are discussed. Finally, we point to potential areas for future vulnerabilities and evaluate areas in 4G security which warrant attention and future work by the research and advanced technology industry.
DSM‐IV Related ADHD Symptom Ratings by Professional Caretakers in Residential Treatment Centres (2001)

In this study the factorial validity and the reliability of DSM-IV related ADHD symptom ratings made by care professionals working in residential treatment centres were determined in a sample of 412 residential youngsters. Three concurrent models of the ADHD disorder were investigated, a one-factor model comprising all 18 symptoms, a two-factor model with the Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity symptoms, respectively, combined and a three-factor model comprising Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity symptoms, respectively. An analysis of the covariance structure shows acceptable fits for both the two- and the three-factor models, slightly favouring the three-factor model. The internal consistencies, the test-retest reliabilities, and the inter-rater reliabilities turned out to be good to excellent for all scales based on each of the three concurrent models.
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly (2003)

Participation in leisure activities is associated with a reduced risk of dementia, even after adjustment for base-line cognitive status and after the exclusion of subjects with possible preclinical dementia. Controlled trials are needed to assess the protective effect of cognitive leisure activities on the risk of dementia.
Topical phenytoin for wound healing (2004)

Oral phenytoin is used widely for the treatment of convulsive disorders and about half the patients treated develop gingival overgrowth as a side effect. The apparent stimulatory effect has prompted its assessment in wound healing. Studies have shown topical phenytoin to promote healing of decubitus ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, diabetic ulcers, traumatic wounds, burns, and leprosy trophic ulcers. The mechanism of action has been postulated to be multifactorial. The present literature indicates that topical phenytoin deserves further investigation as a wound-healing agent in controlled dose-finding clinical trials.
Lung Nodule Segmentation through Unsupervised Clustering Models (2012)

Image processing is an essential technique for analyzing images. The important part of image processing is image segmentation. Segmentation is a task of grouping pixels based on similarity. In medical image analysis, segmentation is very important phase. In this paper Possibilistic Clustering models, Fuzzy Clustering models and a new approach called Possibilistic-Fuzzy based clustering model are discussed. Experiments are carried out on bench mark medical images to examine the performance of the above techniques. The results are compared with various validation measures to explore the accuracy of our proposed approach.
Extended Reach Drilling From Platform Irene (1990)

ABSTRACT Two wells extending out over two miles have been drilled by Union Oil Company of California (Unocal) from Platform Irene in the Pt. Pedernales Field, offshore California. These wells hold the record for the two longest reach wells on the West Coast. Several wells around the world have been drilled beyond two miles, but none have accomplished this feat at such shallow, true vertical depths. The average angles (from rotary table to TD) for Platform Irene wells A-16 and A-17 are 70.9° and 68.2°, respectively. This paper will present to the industry the concepts of a "Negative Weight Well" and "Drag Risk Analysis", and will focus on the innovative technology used to drill and complete a high drag well. The successful drilling and completion of these wells has enabled the future recovery of millions of barrels of oil originally expected to be produced from a second platform. INTRODUCTION Unocal and its partners, Gulf (now Chevron) and Superior (now Mobil), acquired Federal Lease OCS P-0441 in OCS Sale #53 in May, 1981. The Pt. Pedernales field was discovered in November, 1982 with the drilling of Unocal OCS P-0441 #1. Platform Irene was set in August, 1985 and the first well was spud in April, 1986. In March, 1987, tracts P-0437, P-0438, P-0440, P-0441, P-0444, and P-0510 were combined to form the Pt. Pedernales Unit consisting of seven partners. Platform Irene is located in 242' of water approximately 4.5 miles from nearest land and 60 miles west-northwest of Santa Barbara, California. Figure 1 depicts Platform Irene's location relative to the California coastline. FIELD DEVELOPMENT A viscous 15.8° API crude oil and gas are produced from the Miocene Monterey formation. The Monterey varies several hundred feet in thickness and consists of vertically fractured, thin-bedded and interlaminated cherts, dolomites, and shales. Production was initiated in April, 1987 at the rate of 10,500 BOPD, 0% cut. Peak production of 23,500 BOPD was achieved in August, 1987 after eleven development wells were acidized. It was originally intended to develop the south-east portion of the reservoir with Platform Irene and set another structure, Platform Iris, approximately two miles to the north-west, to develop the rest of the field. The setting of Platform Iris became uneconomic s oil prices plummeted. OBJECTIVES By drilling the high angle, extended reach wells from Platform Irene, it was hoped that the following objectives would be achieved:The need for the high capital costs of a second platform would be eliminated.The near-horizontal well bores would intersect more vertical fractures and cut more formation.Prove that not only could a "Negative Weight Well" be drilled and completed, but that it could be accomplished in an economic manner.
An MMSE-SIC Receiver Assisted Pairing Scheduling Strategy for VMIMO Systems (2008)

Based on minimum mean square error-successive interference cancel(MMSE-SIC)receiver, a fairness adjustable grouping pairing scheduling algorithm is proposed in virtual multiple input multi- ple output(VMIMO)systems.This algorithm makes use of the proportional fair(PF)scheduling to select the primary user,and applies grouping as well as adjustable metric criterion designed to select the paring user.The comparison simulation results show that the scheme exploits the multiuser diver- sity gain,meantime,improves the service quality of the users at the cell edge.Furthermore,the tradeoff between the system throughput and user fairness can be achieved by varying an adjusting coef- ficient in the algorithm.
Asymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-alkyl-.alpha. amino acids from chromium-carbene-complex-derived .beta.-lactams (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-alkyl-.alpha. amino acids from chromium-carbene-complex-derived .beta.-lactamsPierre Jean Colson and Louis S. HegedusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 22, 5918–5924Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00074a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1024Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (985 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Bi(hetero)aryls via Sequential Oxidation and Decarboxylation of Benzylamines in a Batch/Fully Automated Continuous Flow Process (2018)

Catalytic dehydrogenative cross‐coupling of two C–H bonds represents a green strategy in view of the atom‐ and step‐economy. However, the challenge is to discover a new innovative bond strategy, especially for the direct coupling between Csp 2 –H and benzylamines (BzAs). A series of biaryls and bi(hetero)aryls were prepared from commercially available substituted BzAs, AgNO 3 , cheap K 2 S 2 O 8 as an oxidant, and benzene/pyridines as the coupling source in batch and flow processes. The batch reaction is somewhat problematic in terms of safety (peroxides, high temperature, high pressure, toxic pyridines), we have chosen an automated flow setup to perform the reaction in a controlled and safe manner in one pot for the synthesis of biaryls. The mechanistic studies revealed that the current protocol involves radical initiation, multi‐step BzA oxidation, and subsequent decarboxylative coupling for the generation of biaryls.
Optical Flow Based Anomaly Detection in Traffic Scenes (2017)

Anomaly is any abnormality in a scene that largely differs from the regular pattern. In Indian traffic scenarios we will find this anomalous behavior of vehicles in a larger scale. In this paper we consider three specific kinds of anomalies that occur on the road, viz. vehicles crossing road, pedestrian crossing roads, and change in motion patterns of vehicles on road. Proposed method can assist the driver as a part of ADAS. Traditional camera based methods detect abnormal motion using orientation only of the optical flow. Our method fuses both magnitude and orientation information. Performance obtained on benchmark ITS dataset is presented and analyzed. An average accuracy of 75.33% was obtained with this method.
The Reduction of Estrone and Estrogen Esters (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reduction of Estrone and Estrogen EstersJohn H. BielCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 2, 847–848Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01146a503https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01146a503research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views218Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Einleitung (1992)

Die Theorie internationaler Politik hat dieselben Aufgaben zu erfüllen und steht vor denselben Problemen wie andere sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien auch. Ihre zentrale Aufgabe besteht nach K. R. Popper somit darin, die nicht-intendierten, also ungewollten Konsequenzen von intentionalen, also absichtsvollen menschlichen Handlungen aufzuspüren und dabei „vieles“ mit „wenigem“ zu erklären. Es gibt jedoch immer wieder Versuche der Theoriebildung in den Internationalen Beziehungen1, die entgegen dem Popperschen Postulat ungewollte Konsequenzen sozialen Handelns auf Kräfte, die unabhängig von den Intentionen der Entscheidungsträger wirken, zurückführen. So erklären Analytiker2 den Krieg als Resultat wirkungsmächtiger Triebkräfte der Geschichte oder als unabdingbar für die Reproduktion der bestandsnotwendigen Hierarchie des internationalen Systems. Derartige Erklärungsversuche beruhen ebenfalls auf fest etablierten sozialwissenschaftlichen Weltbildern. Generell kann zwischen drei sozialwissenschaftlichen Weltbildern unterschieden werden, die sich durch einen jeweils eigenen Erklärungsmodus auszeichnen.
Exploiting Deep Generative Prior for Versatile Image Restoration and Manipulation (2021)

Learning a good image prior is a long-term goal for image restoration and manipulation. While existing methods like deep image prior (DIP) capture low-level image statistics, there are still gaps toward an image prior that captures rich image semantics including color, spatial coherence, textures, and high-level concepts. This work presents an effective way to exploit the image prior captured by a generative adversarial network (GAN) trained on large-scale natural images. As shown in Fig. 1, the deep generative prior (DGP) provides compelling results to restore missing semantics, e.g., color, patch, resolution, of various degraded images. It also enables diverse image manipulation including random jittering, image morphing, and category transfer. Such highly flexible restoration and manipulation are made possible through relaxing the assumption of existing GAN inversion methods, which tend to fix the generator. Notably, we allow the generator to be fine-tuned on-the-fly in a progressive manner regularized by feature distance obtained by the discriminator in GAN. We show that these easy-to-implement and practical changes help preserve the reconstruction to remain in the manifold of nature images, and thus lead to more precise and faithful reconstruction for real images. Code is available at https://github.com/XingangPan/deep-generative-prior.