gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of single-/few-/multi-mode 850 nm VCSELs for optical OFDM transmission (2017)

For high-speed optical OFDM transmission applications, a comprehensive comparison of the homemade multi-/few-/single-transverse mode (MM/FM/SM) vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) chips is performed. With microwave probe, the direct encoding of pre-leveled 16-QAM OFDM data and transmission over 100-m-long OM4 multi-mode-fiber (MMF) are demonstrated for intra-datacenter applications. The MM VCSEL chip with the largest emission aperture of 11 μm reveals the highest differential quantum efficiency which provides the highest optical power of 8.67 mW but exhibits the lowest encodable bandwidth of 21 GHz. In contrast, the SM VCSEL chip fabricated with the smallest emission aperture of only 3 μm provides the highest 3-dB encoding bandwidth up to 23 GHz at a cost of slight heat accumulation. After optimization, with the trade-off set between the receiving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth, the FM VCSEL chip guarantees the highest optical OFDM transmission bit rate of 96 Gbit/s under back-to-back case with its strongest throughput. Among three VCSEL chips, the SM VCSEL chip with nearly modal-dispersion free feature is treated as the best candidate for carrying the pre-leveled 16-QAM OFDM data over 100-m OM4-MMF with same material structure but exhibits different oxide-layer confined gain cross-sections with one another at 80-Gbit/s with the smallest receiving power penalty of 1.77 dB.
Mask Contamination Induced by X-Ray Exposure (1998)

To investigate the growth of mask contamination induced by X-ray exposure, masks are exposed to X-rays using an X-ray stepper. Independent of the exposure conditions, and in the presence or absence of resist coating, the main component of the contaminant is the salt (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . On some resist-coated wafers, the contaminant growth is governed by the volume of sulfuric materials which evaporate during exposure. Contamination growth can be suppressed by applying a top coat to the resist, as using a resist that does not evaporate as a sulfuric out-gas. Gases were irradiated by X-rays in order to examine the change in environmental pollutants. In humid air, NO, NO 2 and NH 3 form rapidly up on X-ray irradiation. SO 2 also increases up on X-ray irradiation, and changes into H 2 SO 4 . H 2 SO 4 easily combines with NH 3 which is produced by X-ray irradiation in humid air, and turns into the salt (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Mask coating was introduced to suppress the contaminant growth. The mask coated with TiO 2 layer does not show contaminant growth, showing a drastic curtailment of contamination by the photocatalysis effect.
Using direct methods for terminal guidance of autonomous aerial delivery systems (2009)

This paper discusses the usage of direct methods of calculus of variations for real-time optimization of a final turn-into-the-wind maneuver for autonomous guided parafoil-based delivery systems. It reviews several approaches that are currently being pursued by different developers of such systems and discusses the necessity of usage and applicability of a direct method to optimize the final turn. The proposed approach seeks for an optimal solution within a certain class of parameterized inertial trajectories and further employs inverse dynamics to find the corresponding control. This approach has been successfully used in a variety of real-time applications already and proved to work well in a developed miniature aerial delivery system, Snowflake, as well. The paper presents the results of the most recent real drops and ends with a discussion of the developed algorithm as compared to another one, pursued by Draper Laboratory, where instead of parameterizing a reference trajectory the control itself is being parameterized. The paper ends with conclusions.
Potential therapeutic application of gold nanoparticles in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL): enhancing apoptosis (2007)

B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease predominantly characterized by apoptosis resistance. We have previously described a VEGF signaling pathway that generates apoptosis resistance in CLL B cells. We found induction of significantly more apoptosis in CLL B cells by co-culture with an anti-VEGF antibody. To increase the efficacy of these agents in CLL therapy we have focused on the use of gold nanoparticles (GNP). Gold nanoparticles were chosen based on their biocompatibility, very high surface area, ease of characterization and surface functionalization. We attached VEGF antibody (AbVF) to the gold nanoparticles and determined their ability to kill CLL B cells. Gold nanoparticles and their nanoconjugates were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the patient samples studied (N = 7) responded to the gold-AbVF treatment with a dose dependent apoptosis of CLL B cells. The induction of apoptosis with gold-AbVF was significantly higher than the CLL cells exposed to only AbVF or GNP. The gold-AbVF treated cells showed significant down regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and exhibited PARP cleavage. Gold-AbVF treated and GNP treated cells showed internalization of the nanoparticles in early and late endosomes and in multivesicular bodies. Non-coated gold nanoparticles alone were able to induce some levels of apoptosis in CLL B cells. This paper opens up new opportunities in the treatment of CLL-B using gold nanoparticles and integrates nanoscience with therapy in CLL. In future, potential opportunities exist to harness the optoelectronic properties of gold nanoparticles in the treatment of CLL.
<i>Escherichia coli</i>Type 1 Pili (2014)

This chapter concentrates on what the author thinks are the essential features of Escherichia coli type 1 pili as models of host-pathogen interactions, gene regulation, supramolecular assembly, and receptor binding. The majority of E. coli strains fell into group 1, which had the structures that were to become known as type 1 pili. Type 1 pili grow from the base. That is, new pilin monomers (fimA gene products) are added to the bottom of the growing fiber rather than at the tip. There are only two additional gene products required for this polymerization process. These are the products of the fimC and fimD genes. A chaperone molecule is believed to be necessary in order to keep the pilin molecules from aggregating prematurely and to stabilize the minor pilus components during their time in the periplasm. Type 1 pili have provided paradigms for a number of central biological processes including host-pathogen interactions, gene regulation, assembly of supramolecular structures, and receptor-ligand interactions. The chapter highlights areas that still present interesting challenges to understanding of type 1 pili structures and their function.
Performance and Evolution of Stationary Plasma Thruster Electric Propulsion for Large Communications Satellites (2010)

Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) has extensive experience with electric propulsion dating back to the early 1990s when an agreement was made to develop the newly available Russian manufactured Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT-100) for use on western communications satellites. The western qualification and integration of the SPT-100 subsystem onto SS/L spacecraft was completed in 2001 with the first flight in 2004. SS/L has now launched six spacecraft with SPT-100 electric propulsion subsystems, with ten more satellites under construction. The SPT-100 subsystem provides impulse for on-orbit inclination management (north-south stationkeeping), eccentricity control, and momentum wheel unloads, as well as orbit raising capability when desired. It enables a large reduction of on-orbit propellant mass and thereby significant increases in communications payload mass and capability. The SPT subsystem now has more than thirteen years of cumulative on orbit experience, with a single thruster accumulating over 6 years of near-daily operation in orbit. This paper summarizes SS/L’s experience from the western qualification of the SPT-100 subsystem through successful deployment and operation on orbit. The evolution of the subsystem building on this experience is described, including an already flight-proven universal thruster module and the qualification of the higherthrust SPT-140 subsystem. These advancements will further capitalize on the benefits of electric propulsion, including significant electric orbit raising as well as orbit control of very large spacecraft to support ever more complex and capable communications payloads.
The SRY protein, like HMG 1, recognizes (CA)n sequences, an abundant repeat sequence in vertebrates. (1995)

The sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene, sry is expressed in the foetal mouse for a brief period, just before testis differentiation, which could be consistent with negative autoregulation. SRY is a DNA binding protein which can bind to cruciform DNA and to linear DNA with a sequence specificity. We have examined if the Sry gene contain DNA binding sites for the SRY protein itself. We have found that in an in vitro assay, the SRY protein binds to several sites of the Sry gene and especially to a (CA)25 sequence and to a (CAG)30 repeat. These binding suggest that the function of SRY and in a general way HMG-box proteins may be mediated by an interaction with repeat sequences.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides with Ammonium Salts (2014)

We report the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with ammonia and gaseous amines as their ammonium salts. The coupling of aryl chlorides and ortho-substituted aryl bromides with ammonium sulfate forms anilines with higher selectivity for the primary arylamine over the diarylamine than couplings with ammonia in dioxane. The resting state for the reactions of aryl chlorides is different from the resting state for the reactions of aryl bromides, and this change in resting states is proposed to account for a difference in selectivities for reactions of the two haloarenes.
Attachment Assessment in treatments, prevention and intervention programs (2015)

Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a pioneering approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly research is managed.The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have an equal opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge.Frontiers provides immediate and permanent online open access to all its publications, but this alone is not enough to realize our grand goals.
Online Detection of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: A Performance Characterization (2009)

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common gait deficit in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). It is often a cause of falls, interferes with daily activities and significantly impairs quality of life. PD patients can be assisted by auditory cueing. In daily life cueing should be automatic during gait freeze.
Data and Analysis (2012)

R& D expenditures accounts for 1.49% of GDP. The Chinese R&D expenditures have been rapidly increasing in absolute terms and in relation to GDP. R&D expenditures relative to GDP more than doubled in the nine years from 1998 to 2007, but is still lower than that of many developed countries, such as the United States (2.62%, 2006 figure), Japan (3.39%, 2006 figure), and South Korea (3.23%, 2006 figure).
Occupancy measurement in commercial office buildings for demand-driven control applications—A survey and detection system evaluation (2015)

Commercial office buildings represent the largest in floor area in most developed countries and utilize substantial amount of energy in the provision of building services to satisfy occupants’ comfort needs. This makes office buildings a target for occupant-driven demand control measures, which have been demonstrated as having huge potential to improve energy efficiency. The application of occupant-driven demand control measures in buildings, most especially in the control of thermal, visual and indoor air quality providing systems, which account for over 30% of the energy consumed in a typical office building is however hampered due to the lack of comprehensive fine-grained occupancy information. Given that comprehensive fine-grained occupancy information improves the performance of demand-driven measures, this paper presents a review of common existing systems utilized in buildings for occupancy detection. Furthermore, experimental results from the performance evaluation of chair sensors in an office building for providing fine-grained occupancy information for demand-driven control applications are presented.
Biosynthesis of yatein in Anthriscus sylvestrisA part of this work was performed as a part of the R & D Project of Industrial Science and Technology Frontier Program supported by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization). (2003)

Little is known about the biosynthesis of yatein, in spite of its importance as a typical heartwood lignan and a key biosynthetic intermediate of the antitumor lignan podophyllotoxin. The present study, based on individual administration of [13C]phenylalanine and deuterium labelled lignans and simultaneous administration of two distinct lignans labelled with deuterium atoms to Anthriscus sylvestris, established the two independent branch pathways from matairesinol, one to afford yatein via thujaplicatin, 5-methylthujaplicatin, and 4,5-dimethylthujaplicatin and the other to bursehernin via pluviatolide. The latter pathway did not lead to yatein, eliminating the presence of a metabolic grid from matairesinol to yatein.
Transgenic Expression of Fas Ligand on Thyroid Follicular Cells Prevents Autoimmune Thyroiditis (2000)

"Immune privilege" is defined as tissue resistance to aggression by specifically activated lymphocytes, and involves the interaction between Fas expressed on infiltrating cells and Fas ligand (FasL) constitutively expressed on the target tissue. To test whether ectopic expression of FasL on thyrocytes could prevent autoimmune aggression of the thyroid by activated lymphoid cells, three lines of transgenic mice expressing low, intermediate, and high levels of functional FasL on thyroid follicular cells were generated. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis was induced by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin. In all of the experiments, the effects were dependent on the level of FasL expression. Low and intermediate expression had no or only weak preventive effects, respectively, whereas high FasL expression strongly inhibited lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. Anti-mouse thyroglobulin-proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses, as well as autoantibody production, were diminished in transgenic mice expressing high levels of FasL relative to controls. Furthermore, in these latter mice Th1 responses to mouse thyroglobulin were profoundly down-regulated, uncovering a new potential role for FasL in peripheral tolerance to organ-specific Ags. In sum, the prevention of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by FasL on thyrocytes is dependent on the level of FasL expression.
New application of silane coupling agents for covalently binding antibodies to glass and cellulose solid supports (1993)

Bifunctional silane reagents (3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane (1), (gamma-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (2), and [1-(trimethoxysilyl)-2-(m- (or p-)chloromethyl)phenyl]ethane (3) were used to covalently link goat anti-mouse (GAM) antibodies (Ab) to glass microbeads and cuprammonium rayon hollow-fiber dialyzers. An average of 0.79 and 0.83 microgram of GAM Ab/cm2 was immobilized on the hollow-fiber dialyzers and the glass beads, respectively. The antibodies immobilized on glass microbeads or on hollow-fiber dialyzers were then used to selectively deplete CD34+ cells or CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), respectively. Glass microbeads depleted 80% CD34+ cells with good selectivity, and the hollow-fiber dialyzers depleted an average of 81% CD4+ PBMC.
Monolithic Integration of GaN Transistors for Higher Efficiency and Power Density in DC-DC Converters (2015)

Power converters are constantly trending towards higher output power, higher efficiency, and higher power density. To provide improved performance better power devices are required. For silicon (Si) power devices, the gains in performance have slowed as the technology has matured and approaches its theoretical limits. Gallium nitride (GaN) devices have emerged as a possible replacement for silicon devices in various power conversion applications and as an enabler of new applications not previously possible. In this paper we will discuss the latest eGaN(r) FETs developments, including a major improvement with the latest generation of discrete devices and introduce a new family of monolithic half bridge ICs offering unmatched high frequency performance. These new families of eGaN FETs are widening the performance gap with the aging power MOSFET in high frequency power conversion by providing significant gains in key switching figures of merit, continued reductions of performance limiting in-circuit parasitics, and improved thermal performance.
Evaluating and visualizing the quality of surface points determined from computed tomography volume data (2015)

The ongoing progress of manufacturing metrology makes it possible to carry out dimensional measurements in volume datasets obtained by X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) with increasing accuracy, but high quality volume data is a basic prerequisite for this. However, data artefacts (for example stripe artefacts caused by beam hardening or increased noise due to long penetration lengths) or rounded edges (due to the limited resolution of the CT system) may lead to a locally reduced quality of the extracted surface points. As a result, the single point uncertainty varies locally. To facilitate a correct interpretation of the measurement results, it is crucial to identify the regions containing surface points of reduced accuracy. By evaluating the volume data in the proximity of a surface point, a Local Quality Value (LQV) is calculated for each surface point of a CT measurement. For an ideal volume dataset, a sharp, high-contrast, symmetric and noise-free transition from low to high gray values perpendicular to the surface is expected. Any deviation from this ideal behaviour complicates the extraction of the surface point and therefore is judged as decreasing the quality of the surface point. The method allows it to identify artefacts automatically and reliably, without the need for any additional information like a CAD model. A colour-coded representation of the LQV allows a clear and comprehensive depiction of areas with increased single point uncertainty.
Observations on Religion and Atheism in Soviet Society (1972)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeRésumé/SummaryCet article traite des relations entre la religion et la société en Union Soviétique et non des relations entre la religion et l’état. Bien que les deux sujets se chevauchent, une distinction très nette est établie ici entre eux. L’article ne traite pas non plus des règlements légaux imposés à la religion ni des pressions administratives exercées par l’État et le Parti sur les croyants de toute dénomination religieuse — on doit cependant noter que la discrimination religieuse a été continuelle depuis la Révolution Bolchévique et qu’elle a souvent été accompagnée de cruelles persécutions.On ne peut vraiment comprendre l’union Soviétique sans une connaissance des influences religieuses qui se sont exercées sur la société Soviétique. Le Marxisme en tant que pseudo-religion, tire à sa fin en URSS. Seule une faible minorité des membres du Parti continue de prendre l’idéologie Marxiste au sérieux. Par contre les croyants de toutes dénominations religieuses se chiffrent par millions. Le nombre des croyants Chrétiens en URSS est supérieur à celui des croyants Marxistes. Le Marxisme en tant que système éthique ne s’est jamais vraiment implanté. 11 est donc nécessaire de connaître l’héritage moral Chrétien, Musulman et Juif du citoyen Soviétique si l’on veut comprendre la moralité et l’éthique Soviétiques.
Exploring photobios (2011)

We present an approach for generating face animations from large image collections of the same person. Such collections, which we call photobios , sample the appearance of a person over changes in pose, facial expression, hairstyle, age, and other variations. By optimizing the order in which images are displayed and cross-dissolving between them, we control the motion through face space and create compelling animations (e.g., render a smooth transition from frowning to smiling). Used in this context, the cross dissolve produces a very strong motion effect; a key contribution of the paper is to explain this effect and analyze its operating range. The approach operates by creating a graph with faces as nodes, and similarities as edges, and solving for walks and shortest paths on this graph. The processing pipeline involves face detection, locating fiducials (eyes/nose/mouth), solving for pose, warping to frontal views, and image comparison based on Local Binary Patterns. We demonstrate results on a variety of datasets including time-lapse photography, personal photo collections, and images of celebrities downloaded from the Internet. Our approach is the basis for the Face Movies feature in Google's Picasa.
(C-11)-thymidine PET imaging as a measure of DNA synthesis rate: A preliminary quantitative study of human brain glioblastoma (1994)

(C-11)-Thymidine (TdR) PET imaging can potentially be used to measure the tumor proliferation in-vivo and monitor treatment. Twenty-four stereotactic brain biopsies (SBB) following in-vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) under MRI guidance were obtained to correlate with TdR PET imaging of primary glioblastoma in human brain. Following data acquisition, standard 4 by 4 pixel (2mm/pixel) regions of interest (ROIs) were placed over the tumor site based on SBB and the corresponding homologous region of contralateral normal cortices. After correcting input function for major metabolites and subtracting TdR activity in the normal side from the tumor side of the brain, 2- and 3- compartmental analysis was performed for all the ROIs. Akaike :(AIC) and Bayes (BIC) information criteria was calculated to compare these 2 kinetic models for differentiating pure blood pool effects from TdR incorporation into DNA. Of 24 SBB regions, 20 non-overlapping and corresponding ROIs in PET were identified and quantified. Eight ROIs were selected based on the AIC, BIC and root-mean-square errors (RMSE < 0.1) (4 couldn`t be modelled and 8 most likely represented blood flow effects). The percentage (%) of BUDR per high power field area %BUDR labelling. The k3, the forward phosphorylation rate (hence an index of DNA synthesis), wasmore » categorized into 2 groups according to a threshold value of %BUDR/hpfa - 5%. The tumor regions with low proliferative index (%BUDR/hpfa<5%) have significantly lower k3 than those with high proliferative index (p<0.005). We also find that k4 is at least an order less than k3, suggesting minimal effects of dephosphorylation and efflux of metabolites. We conclude that 3-compartmental, 4-parameter modeling is adequate for TdR PET studies and k3 correlates with DNA synthesis rate.« less