gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poliovirus Vaccination Induces a Humoral Immune Response That Cross Reacts With SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

<b>Background:</b> Millions have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, but the severity of resultant infections has varied among adults and children, with adults presenting more serious symptomatic cases. Children may possess an immunity that adults lack, possibly from childhood vaccinations. This retrospective study suggests immunization against the poliovirus may provide an immunity to SARS-CoV-2. <b>Methods:</b> Publicly available data were analyzed for possible correlations between national median ages and epidemiological outbreak patterns across 100 countries. Sera from 204 adults and children, who were immunized with the poliovirus vaccine, were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of polio-immune serum on SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathology in cell culture were then evaluated. <b>Results:</b> Analyses of median population age demonstrated a positive correlation between median age and SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and death rates. Countries with effective poliovirus immunization protocols and younger populations have fewer and less pathogenic cases of COVID-19. Antibodies to poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2 were found in pediatric sera and in sera from adults recently immunized with polio. Sera from polio-immunized individuals inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero cell cultures. These results suggest the anti-D3-pol-antibody, induced by poliovirus vaccination, may provide a similar degree of protection from SARS-CoV-2 to adults as to children. <b>Conclusions:</b> Poliovirus vaccination induces an adaptive humoral immune response. Antibodies created by poliovirus vaccination bind the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein of both poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2, thereby preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest proteins other than "spike" proteins may be suitable targets for immunity and vaccine development.
Tafenoquine and NPC-1161B require CYP 2D metabolism for anti-malarial activity: implications for the 8-aminoquinoline class of anti-malarial compounds (2014)

The results reported here strongly suggest that metabolism of NPC-1161B and TQ by the CYP 2D enzyme class is essential for their anti-malarial activity. Furthermore, these results may provide a possible explanation for therapeutic failures for patients who do not respond to 8AQ treatment for relapsing malaria. Because CYP 2D6 is highly polymorphic, variable expression of this enzyme in humans represents a significant pharmacogenomic liability for 8AQs which require CYP 2D metabolic activation for efficacy, particularly for large-scale prophylaxis and eradication campaigns.
Fiber optic communication technologies: What's needed for datacenter network operations (2010)

In this article we review the growing trend of warehouse-scale mega-datacenter computing, the Internet transformation driven by mega-datacenter applications, and the opportunities and challenges for fiber optic communication technologies to support the growth of mega-datacenter computing in the next three to four years.
Stabilization and location of a four rotor helicopter applying vision (2006)

In this paper, we deal with the problem of local positioning and orientation of a rotorcraft in indoor flight using a simple vision system. We apply two different approaches to obtain a navigation system for the flying machine. The first approach is based on the perspective of n-points and the second one follows the plane-based pose technique. Our aim is to obtain a good estimate of variables that are difficult to measure using conventional GPS and inertial sensor in urban environment or indoor. We propose a method to measure translational speed as well as position and orientation in a local frame
Activated carbon improves effluent quality in refinery sludge process (1977)

<i>Candida albicans</i> is a heterozygous diploid yeast that is a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract and a prevalent opportunistic pathogen. Here, whole-genome sequencing was performed on multiple <i>C. albicans</i> isolates passaged both in vitro and in vivo to characterize the complete spectrum of mutations arising in laboratory culture and in the mammalian host. We establish that, independent of culture niche, microevolution is primarily driven by de novo base substitutions and frequent short-tract loss-of-heterozygosity events. An average base-substitution rate of ∼1.2 × 10<sup>-10</sup> per base pair per generation was observed in vitro, with higher rates inferred during host infection. Large-scale chromosomal changes were relatively rare, although chromosome 7 trisomies frequently emerged during passaging in a gastrointestinal model and was associated with increased fitness for this niche. Multiple chromosomal features impacted mutational patterns, with mutation rates elevated in repetitive regions, subtelomeric regions, and in gene families encoding cell surface proteins involved in host adhesion. Strikingly, de novo mutation rates were more than 800-fold higher in regions immediately adjacent to emergent loss-of-heterozygosity tracts, indicative of recombination-induced mutagenesis. Furthermore, genomes showed biased patterns of mutations suggestive of extensive purifying selection during passaging. These results reveal how both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors influence <i>C. albicans</i> microevolution, and provide a quantitative picture of genome dynamics in this heterozygous diploid species.
Involvement of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Apoptotic Signaling of Murine and Human Male Germ Cells after Hormone Deprivation (2006)

This study investigates the role of p38 MAPK, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the intrinsic pathway signaling in male germ cell death in rats after hormonal deprivation by a potent GnRH antagonist treatment. Germ cell apoptosis, involving exclusively middle (VII-VIII) stages, was activated by d 5 after GnRH antagonist treatment. Initiation of germ cell apoptosis was preceded by p38 MAPK activation and induction of iNOS. p38 MAPK activation and iNOS induction were further accompanied by a marked perturbation of the BAX/BCL-2 rheostat, cytochrome c, and DIABLO release from mitochondria, caspase activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Concomitant administration of aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, significantly prevented hormone deprivation-induced germ cell apoptosis. Inhibitors of iNOS or p38 MAPK were also effective in preventing human male germ cell apoptosis induced by hormone-free culture conditions. Together, these results establish a new signal transduction pathway involving p38 MAPK and iNOS that, through activation of the intrinsic pathway signaling, promotes male germ cell death in response to a lack of hormonal stimulation across species.
Brazzein, a Small, Sweet Protein: Effects of Mutations on its Structure, Dynamics and Functional Properties (2005)

The demand for non-calorigenic protein-based sweeteners with favorable taste properties is high. The optimal design of such sweeteners requires knowledge about structure–function relationships and the identification of chemical entities that trigger the sweetness response. Among the known, naturally occurring, sweet-tasting proteins, brazzein has properties that make it particularly attractive as a potential economic sweetener. It is highly stable over wide temperature and pH ranges and has taste properties that resemble those of carbohydrate sweeteners. Brazzein is a single polypeptide of 54 standard amino acids and contains no carbohydrate. The brazzein protein originally was purified from the fruit of Pentadiplandra brazzeana, a climbing vine that grows in Gabon, Zaire and Cameroon (Ming and Hellekant, 1994). The fruit is consumed by the local population and is prized for its sweetness. Pure brazzein has been shown to elicit sweetness responses in humans by taste trials and in a non-human primate (rhesus monkey) as determined from electrophysiological recordings of signals from the chorda tympani (van der Wel et al., 1989). Recently receptor proteins have been discovered that are responsive to sweet ligands. The human receptor appears to be a heterodimer of two conventional seven-transmembrane-helix Gcoupled type receptors (T1R2/T1R3) but with unusually large ectodomains ((Nelson et al., 2001; Li et al., 2002); P. Jiang and M. Max, personal communication). Different sweet proteins interact with and activate the same heterodimeric receptor in somewhat different ways and tentative models for such interactions have been elaborated ((Temussi, 2002); M. Max, personal communication). The discovery of the sweet taste heteroreceptor opens up exciting new avenues for research on the mechanism of action of sweet substances. Brazzein is an excellent candidate for experimental investigations of the chemical and structural requirements for extracellular triggering of a sweet response in humans and for understanding the mechanism of the signal transduction.
Etodolic acid and related compounds. Chemistry and antiinflammatory actions of some potent di- and trisubstituted 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acids (1976)

A series of 37 1-ethyl- and 1-n-propyl-1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano[3, 4-b]indole-1-acetic acids bearing one, or two, substituents on the benzene ring has been synthesized via the acid-catalyzed condensation of a substituted tryptophol with ethyl propionylacetate or ethyl butyrylacetate. Antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic effects were examined and the results show that 1, 8-diethyl-1, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydropyrano[3, 4-b]indole-1-acetic acid (etodolic acid, USAN) is a potent agent, particularly active against a chronic rat model of inflammation (ED50 0.7 + 1-0.1 mg/kg po in the adjuvant arthritis model) and which has a relatively low acute ulcerogenic potential in the same species.
Expectation and purpose (2012)

Smartphone security research has produced many useful tools to analyze the privacy-related behaviors of mobile apps. However, these automated tools cannot assess people's perceptions of whether a given action is legitimate, or how that action makes them feel with respect to privacy. For example, automated tools might detect that a blackjack game and a map app both use one's location information, but people would likely view the map's use of that data as more legitimate than the game. Our work introduces a new model for privacy, namely privacy as expectations. We report on the results of using crowdsourcing to capture users' expectations of what sensitive resources mobile apps use. We also report on a new privacy summary interface that prioritizes and highlights places where mobile apps break people's expectations. We conclude with a discussion of implications for employing crowdsourcing as a privacy evaluation technique.
Optoelectronic phase-locking of microwave signals up to 18 GHz by a laser-diode-based GaAs:Cr photoconductive harmonic mixer (1992)

A GaAs:Cr photoconductive switch activated by 30-ps optical pulses from a gain-switched laser diode ( lambda =0.79 mu m) was used as a harmonic mixer to optoelectronically phase-lock microwave signals up to 18.01 GHz. The conversion loss of the harmonic mixer was 70 dB at 16.01 GHz. The phase noise degradation of the phase-locked 16.01-GHz signal at 5-kHz offset measured with respect to the 1.0-GHz synthesizer signal for driving the laser diode was 30 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reaction of 1,2-dioxetanes with heteroatom nucleophiles: adduct formation by nucleophilic attack at the peroxide bond (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of 1,2-dioxetanes with heteroatom nucleophiles: adduct formation by nucleophilic attack at the peroxide bondWaldemar Adam and Markus HeilCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 14, 5591–5598Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00040a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00040a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views480Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characteristics of Cotton Cellulose Depolymerized by a Brown-Rot Fungus, by Acid, or by Chemical Oxidants (1991)

Summary Wood decay fungi of the brown-rot type destroy the strength of wood before significant weight loss occurs.This is due to extension depolymerization of the cellulose. Evidence indicates that enzymes cannot gainaccess to the cellulose in wood and that the depolymerizing agent might be oxidative. Our objectiveshere were to gain information about the nature of the agent by characterizing pure cellulose that hadbeen depolymerized by a brown-rot fungus (BR) and to compare its characteristics with those of cellulosedepolymerizcd by acid (A). by Fenton’s reagent (Fe 2+ + H 2 O 2 ) (F), or by periodic acid/bromine/water(P). All four types of depolymerized cellulose exhibited molecular size characteristics indicating that de-polymerization was due to cleavages within the noncrystalline regions. Carbonyl contents of the sampleswere similar, from 1.4 to 1.9 per cellulose molecule. Carboxyl contents were 0.44, 0.00, 0.24, and 7.38per molecule for samples BR, A, F, and P, respectively; uronic acids were absent except for a trace insample P. On complete acid hydrolysis the samples gave the expected amounts of glucose, except forsample P, which contained nonglucosyl moietics that did not contain carbonyl or carboxyl groups detectedby our analytical procedures. With theglucose in the acid hydrolysates we found glyceric, crythronic,ararbonic, and gluconic acids in samples BR and F, and crythronic acid in sample P. Our results indicatethat the brown-rotted cellulose resembles sample F more than samples A or P.
Inducible Metabolic Adaptation Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemia (2014)

HP-induced glycogen storage improves MSC survival and therapy in ischemic tissues. Thus, inducible metabolic adaptation in stem cells may be considered as a novel strategy for potentiating stem cell therapy for ischemia.
Expression and functions of annexins in the kidney (2005)

This review article summarizes current knowledge about the locations and possible functions of annexin family members in the kidney. Beginning with an introduction on common structural and biochemical features as well as general functional characteristics of annexins, the paper focuses on individual members with documented and/or proposed physiological relevance for renal development, structure, and functions. Three main aspects of annexin function in kidney epithelia emerge from the available experimental data. First, annexins are required for membrane organization and membrane transport events required for the establishment/maintenance of epithelial polarity. Second, there is accumulating evidence of an association of annexins with ion channels, as membrane-guiding auxiliary proteins or modulators of channel activity. Last but not least, some annexins seem to work as extracellular autocrine modulators of receptor function under different physiological conditions.
Crystalline and amorphous phases in the binary system water–raffinose (1997)

The melting points, glass transitions and enthalpies of fusion of crystalline hydrates in binary water–raffinose mixtures have been studied by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) over the accessible composition range. X-Ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline forms. From the liquidus and solidus curves and shapes of the DSC scans, a raffinose trihydrate has been identified, and lower hydrates are also believed to exist. The melting points and enthalpies of fusion of raffinose pentahydrate and trihydrate are 352.7±0.1 K, 88.0±0.4 kJ mol -1 and 358.4 K, 47.6 kJ mol -1 , respectively. In the phase coexistence curve at higher raffinose concentrations a minimum point is observed, which is thought to be the eutectic of trihydrate and a lower hydrate. The raffinose mole fraction of the eutectic is 0.347, and its melting point and enthalpy of fusion are 356.6 K and 51.4 J g -1 . The raffinose mole fraction of the ice–pentahydrate eutectic is 7.9×10 -3 , and its melting point and enthalpy of fusion are 270.4±0.2 K and 237.6±0.5 J g -1 , respectively. The glass-transition profile for the binary system has been measured over the experimentally accessible composition range and the data fitted to the Gordon–Taylor equation, from which the glass-transition temperature for anhydrous raffinose is obtained as 376.4 K. Rehydration and recrystallisation rates of anhydrous, amorphous raffinose taking place during storage over media of constant relative humidity have been studied by measurements of shifts in the glass-transition and melting temperatures. The kinetics of water uptake, and of the subsequent crystallisation of raffinose pentahydrate from the amorphous substrates, show a complex dependence on relative humidity and temperature, which requires further study.
Reections on \Improved Decoding of Reed-Solomon and Algebraic-Geometric Codes" (2002)

A t-error-correcting code over a q-ary alphabet Fq is a set C ⊆ Fq such that for any received vector r ∈ Fq there is at most one vector c ∈ C that lies within a Hamming distance of t from r. The minimum distance of the code C is the minimum Hamming distance between any pair of distinct vectors c1, c2 ∈ C. In his seminal work introducing these concepts, Hamming pointed out that a code of minimum distance 2t+ 1 is a t-error-correcting code. It also pointed out the obvious fact that such a code is not a t′-error-correcting code for any t′ > t. We conclude that a code can correct half as many errors as its distance and no more. The mathematical correctness of the above statements are indisputable, yet the interpretation is quite debatable. If a message encoded with a t-error-correcting code ends up getting corrupted in t′ > t places, the decoder may simply throw it hands up in the air and cite the above paragraph. Or, in an alternate notion of decoding, called list decoding, proposed in the late 1950s by Elias [10] and Wozencraft [43], the decoder could try to output a list of codewords within distance t′ of the received vector. If t′ is not much larger than t and the errors are caused by a probabilistic (non-malicious) channel, then most likely this list would have only one element — the transmitted codeword. Even if the errors are caused by a malicious jammer, the list cannot contain too many codewords provided t′ is not too much larger than t. Thus, in either case, the receiver is in a better position to recover the transmitted codeword under the model of list decoding. List decoding was initiated mainly as a mathematical tool that allowed for a better understanding of some of the classical parameters of interest in information and coding theory. Elias [10] used this notion to get a better handle on the error-exponent in the strong forms of Shannon’s coding theorem. The notion also plays a dominant role in the Elias-Bassalygo [34, 4] upper bound on the rate of a code as a function of its relative distance. Through the decades the notion has continued to be investigated in a combinatorial context; and more recently has seen a spurt of algorithmic results. The paper being reflected on [23] was motivated by a gap between the combinatorial understanding of Reed-Solomon codes, and the known algorithmic performance. Below we summarize the combinatorial state of knowledge, and describe the main result of [23], and also use the opportunity to survey some of the rich body of algorithmic results on list decoding that have emerged in the recent past. We also muse upon some useful asymptotic perspectives that eased the way for some of this progress, and reflect on some possibilities for future work.
The phylogeny of the common peptides (Chairman’s address) (1980)

Abstract The cellular localization of peptides, the detection of peptidergic pathways and the regulation and release of putative neurotransmitters, the three subjects dealt with in this session, are all of paramount interest and importance. They hardly require a Chairman’s address, however, and since there is no time for what Professor Schwyzer calls a sychnology, I offer instead a brachylogy on the phylogeny of the common peptides, the common neuroactive peptides, that is. The common peptides are those 20 or so biologically active peptides found, on the one hand, in the cells and processes of the central and peripheral divisions of the nervous system and, on the other, in the cells and processes of the central and peripheral divisions of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. In brief, they are common to brain and gut.
Reducing misspeculation overhead for module-level speculative execution (2005)

Thread-level speculative execution is a technique that makes it possible for a wider range of single-threaded applications to make use of the processing resources in a chip multiprocessor.We consider module-level speculation, i.e., speculative threads executing the code after a module (i.e., a procedure, function, or method) call. Unfortunately, previous studies have shown that indiscriminate module-level speculation results in significant overheads, mainly due to frequent misspeculations. In addition to hurting performance, excessive overhead is harmful from a resource usage and energy efficiency standpoint. We show that the overhead when spawning speculative threads for all module continuations is on average three times as big as the time spent on useful execution on our baseline 8-way chip multiprocessorIn this paper, we present and make a detailed evaluation of a technique that aims at reducing the overhead associated with misspeculations. History-based prediction is used in an attempt to prevent speculative threads from being spawned when they are expected to cause misspeculations. We find that the overhead can be reduced with a factor of six on average compared to indiscriminate speculation. The impact on speedup is small for most applications, but in several cases speedup is slightly improved.
Enhancement of mycinamicin production by dotriacolide in Micromonospora griseorubida (1998)

Production of macrolide antibiotic mycinamicin was greatly increased by addition of sulfate ion into the culture medium of Micromonospora griseorubida. An O-sulfate ester compound, also produced by the strain, was shown to be dotriacolide. In an M. griseorubida dotriacolide non-producing strain, the production level of mycinamicin remained low, but increased to the level of dotriacolide producing strain by the addition of dotriacolide. Dotriacolide enhanced mycinamicin production in M. griseorubida by the formation of micelles with mycinamicin. As a result, dotriacolide played a critical role in mycinamicin production in M. griseorubida.
Computation of the Fast Walsh-Fourier Transform (1969)

The discrete, orthogonal Walsh functions can be generated by a multiplicative iteration equation. Using this iteration equation, an efficient Walsh transform computation algorithm is derived which is analogous to the Cooley-Tukey algorithm for the complex-exponential Fourier transform.