gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutathione and Homoglutathione Synthesis in Legume Root Nodules (1999)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used to study thiol metabolism in legume nodules. Glutathione (GSH) was the major non-protein thiol in all indeterminate nodules examined, as well as in the determinate nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), whereas homoglutathione (hGSH) predominated in soybean (Glycine max), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and mungbean (Vigna radiata) nodules. All nodules had greater thiol concentrations than the leaves and roots of the same plants because of active thiol synthesis in nodule tissue. The correlation between thiol tripeptides and the activities of glutathione synthetase (GSHS) and homoglutathione synthetase (hGSHS) in the nodules of eight legumes, and the contrasting thiol contents and activities in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves (98% hGSH, 100% hGSHS) and nodules (72% GSH, 80% GSHS) indicated that the distribution of GSH and hGSH is determined by specific synthetases. Thiol contents and synthesis decreased with both natural and induced nodule senescence, and were also reduced in the senescent zone of indeterminate nodules. Thiols and GSHS were especially abundant in the meristematic and infected zones of pea (Pisum sativum) nodules. Thiols and gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase were also more abundant in the infected zone of bean nodules, but hGSHS was predominant in the cortex. Isolation of full-length cDNA sequences coding for gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase from legume nodules revealed that they are highly homologous to those from other higher plants.
Summary Abstract: TiN formed by evaporation as diffusion barrier between Al and Si (1982)

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Formal Synthesis of (±)-Cycloclavine (2013)

An efficient formal synthesis of (±)-cycloclavine is achieved in seven steps and 27% overall yield from the known 2-(4-bromo-1-tosyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde. Key features include an iron(III)-catalyzed aza-Cope–Mannich cyclization and an intramolecular Heck reaction or a self-terminating 6-exo-trig aryl radical–alkene cyclization.
Bacteria Sorting by Field-Flow Fractionation. Application to Whole-Cell<i>Escherichia coli</i>Vaccine Strains (2002)

Sorting and quantification of deactivated bacteria is an important way of quality control for whole-cell bacterial vaccines. In general, surface features of deactivated bacteria used for whole-cell bacterial vaccines affect the immunoresponse to bacteria-associated antigens. Enumeration of bacteria is also an important process development parameter for these vaccines. Field-flow fractionation (FFF) was previously applied to the separation of bacteria. For the first time, FFF is used for sorting bacteria strains of the same species on the basis of differences in bacterial membrane characteristics. Two FFF techniques, gravitational FFF (GrFFF) and asymmetrical flow FFF (AsFIFFF), are shown to be able to fractionate, distinguish, and quantify different deactivated Escherichia coli strains used for vaccines. E. coli can differ in the presence of fimbriae on the bacterial membrane. Fimbriae affect E. coli pathology and thus the use of E. coli for vaccines. GrFFF and AsFIFFF are able to fractionate fimbriated/ nonfimbriated cells in mixtures of different strains. While GrFFF is characterized by low cost and simplicity, As-FIFFF shows a higher performance in size fractionation with a high-speed separation. Coupled, on-line UV/visible turbidimetry yields the relative numbers of fractionated cells and sample recovery. Scanning electron microscopy and quasi-elastic light scattering are employed as uncorrelated techniques for size and morphology analysis of the E. coli strains.
A Tribological Study of UHMWPE Ski Base Treated with Nano Ski Wax and its Effects and Benefits on Performance (2014)

In this work, the characteristics of two coatings and their contribution to a reduced coefficient of friction were studied. In addition, the structural changes of the ski base material due to the waxing process and subsequent skiing were also studied. The Fluorine content, both in the base material and the wax, was given special attention. Field and laboratory experiments on the ski base materials, both with and without waxes, were conducted, whereas the material characterization has been evaluated by using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and contact angle measurement of water droplets on the ski base materials. The friction properties of the ski running surfaces have been tested in outdoor gliding tests in which the ski running surfaces have been compared with each other, as well as to a reference ski. A tribometer was used in the lab tests to measure the coefficient of friction (COF), and it was found that the Fluorine content on the top surface is not directly comparable with the surface energy and the contact angle. On average, skiing performance improved significantly by 4% directly after the application of high fluorinated waxes, while the COF of the used ski base samples increased significantly by 55.4% and 96.3% after 34.1 km of skiing in free technique.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Chemistry and Artifical Enzymes: Catalysis by Design (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
THE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF ESTERS TO ALCOHOLS (1931)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF ESTERS TO ALCOHOLSHomer. Adkins and Karl. FolkersCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1931, 53, 3, 1095–1097Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1931Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1931https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01354a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01354a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1789Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Broadside-coupled multi-octave impedance transformer (2014)

This paper presents a novel structure for ultra broadband 4:1 broadside-coupled PCB impedance transformer. Analysis, simulations and measurements of the developed transformer are introduced and discussed. Three prototypes of the proposed structure are implemented at center frequencies 5.65 GHz, 4.35 GHz and 3.65 GHz, respectively with fractional bandwidth of greater than 180 %. The implemented transformers show an ultra broadband performance with a transmission loss less than 1 dB and return loss at least 10 dB across the desired bandwidth. During comparison, simulations and measurements are found very close to each other. To the author's best knowledge the achieved performance of the designed transformer is better than so far published state of the art results.
Subtask performance by redundancy resolution for redundant robot manipulators (1988)

The problem of selecting joint space trajectories for redundant manipulators is considered. Solutions which allow secondary tasks to be performed by the arm simultaneously with end-effector motions may be selected in a number of ways. An algorithm to accomplish this, by means of conditions on a scalar function of the joint variables, is introduced and analyzed. Problems inherent in schemes involving constraints in configuration space are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A High-Frame Rate High-Frequency Ultrasonic System for Cardiac Imaging in Mice (2007)

We report the development of a high-frequency (30-50 MHz), real-time ultrasonic imaging system for cardiac imaging in mice. This system is capable of producing images at 130 frames per second (fps) with a spatial resolution of less than 50 microm. A novel mechanical sector probe was developed that utilizes a magnetic drive mechanism and custom-built servo controller for high speed and accuracy. Additionally, a very light-weight (< 0.28 g), single-element transducer was constructed and used to reduce the mass load on the motor. The imaging electronics were triggered according to the angular position of the transducer in order to compensate for the varying speed of the sector motor. This strategy ensured the production of equally spaced scan lines with minimal jitter. Wire phantom testing showed that the system axial and lateral resolutions were 48 microm and 72 microm, respectively. In vivo experiments showed that high-frequency ultrasonic imaging at 130 fps is capable of showing a detailed depiction of a beating mouse heart.
Cystatin domains in alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein and fetuin (1988)

We have found that chain A of alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein contains two cystatin domains that show closest similarity to those of kininogen. Most likely, the two proteins diverged after the primary duplication of a single cystatin domain as the two cystatin domains of alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein are more similar, especially in disulfide bonding, to the corresponding domains of kininogen than to each other. We also propose that the carboxyl‐terminal (non‐cystatin) parts of kininogen and alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein contain homologous segments. We suggest that alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein may act as an inhibitor of the cysteine proteinases responsible for bone resorption. We have also found that fetuin is closely related to alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein.
Specific Inhibition of Bacterial β-Glucuronidase by Pyrazolo[4,3-<i>c</i>]quinoline Derivatives via a pH-Dependent Manner To Suppress Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Toxicity (2017)

The direct inhibition of bacterial β-glucuronidase (βG) activity is expected to reduce the reactivation of glucuronide-conjugated drugs in the intestine, thereby reducing drug toxicity. In this study, we report on the effects of pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolines acting as a new class of bacterial βG-specific inhibitors in a pH-dependent manner. Refinement of this chemotype for establishing structure-activity relationship resulted in the identification of potential leads. Notably, the oral administration of 3-amino-4-(4-fluorophenylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline (42) combined with chemotherapeutic CPT-11 treatment prevented CPT-11-induced serious diarrhea while maintaining the antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of 42 to E. coli βG was reduced as the pH decreased due to the various surface charges of the active pocket of the enzyme, which may make their combination more favorable at neutral pH. These results demonstrate novel insights into the potent bacterial βG-specific inhibitor that would allow this inhibitor to be used for the purpose of reducing drug toxicity.
Development of Surfactants for Chemical Flooding at Difficult Reservoir Conditions (2008)

Abstract The production and properties of two families of anionic surfactants (internal olefin sulfonates and branched C16, 17 alcohol-based alkoxy sulfonates) are described for chemical flooding of oil reservoirs at high temperatures and/or high salinities. Surfactant properties measured include oil/water micro-emulsion phase behaviour obtained using new glassware-based procedures appropriate for higher reservoir temperatures. The results obtained relate to oil/water interfacial tension behaviour and give the"operating window" of the surfactants in terms of their optimal salinity and ability to solubilise oil in the micro-emulsion. The phase tests also give information on the quality of the micro-emulsions obtained where low viscosity and absence of gels is desirable. The surfactants described are promising for EOR and can be produced in commercial quantities. Different IOS products are available with different carbon chain cuts (with range C15 to C28) allowing matching of the IOS to the temperature, salinity and crude oil type of reservoirs. In addition, both IO carbon chain (degree of branching) and the degree of sulfonation influence the surfactant properties of the IOS mixture formed which provides a means for tailoring an IOS surfactant for optimal performance.
Efficient nanocoax‐based solar cells (2010)

Abstract The power conversion efficiency of most thin film solar cells is compromised by competing optical and electronic constraints, wherein a cell must be thick enough to collect light yet thin enough to efficiently extract current. Here, we introduce a nanoscale solar architecture inspired by a well‐known radio technology concept, the coaxial cable, that naturally resolves this “thick–thin” conundrum. Optically thick and elec‐ tronically thin amorphous silicon “nanocoax” cells are in the range of 8% efficiency, higher than any nanostructured thin film solar cell to date. Moreover, the thin nature of the cells reduces the Staebler–Wronski light‐induced degradation effect, a major problem with conventional solar cells of this type. This nanocoax represents a new platform for low cost, high efficiency solar power. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wafer-Level Heterogeneous Integration for MOEMS, MEMS, and NEMS (2011)

Wafer-level heterogeneous integration technologies for microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) enable the combination of dissimilar classes of materials and components into single systems. Thus, high-performance materials and subsystems can be combined in ways that would otherwise not be possible, and thereby forming complex and highly integrated micro- or nanosystems. Examples include the integration of high-performance optical, electrical or mechanical materials such as monocrystalline silicon, graphene or III-V materials with integrated electronic circuits. In this paper the state-of-the-art of wafer-level heterogeneous integration technologies suitable for MOEMS, MEMS, and NEMS devices are reviewed. Various heterogeneous MOEMS, MEMS, and NEMS devices that have been described in literature are presented.
Mercury Adaptation among Bacteria from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent (2005)

Since deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids are enriched with toxic metals, it was hypothesized that (i) the biota in the vicinity of a vent is adapted to life in the presence of toxic metals and (ii) metal toxicity is modulated by the steep physical-chemical gradients that occur when anoxic, hot fluids are mixed with cold oxygenated seawater. We collected bacterial biomass at different distances from a diffuse flow vent at 9 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise and tested these hypotheses by examining the effect of mercuric mercury [Hg(II)] on vent bacteria. Four of six moderate thermophiles, most of which were vent isolates belonging to the genus Alcanivorax, and six of eight mesophiles from the vent plume were resistant to >10 microM Hg(II) and reduced it to elemental mercury [Hg(0)]. However, four psychrophiles that were isolated from a nearby inactive sulfide structure were Hg(II) sensitive. A neighbor-joining tree constructed from the deduced amino acids of a PCR-amplified fragment of merA, the gene encoding the mercuric reductase (MR), showed that sequences obtained from the vent moderate thermophiles formed a unique cluster (bootstrap value, 100) in the MR phylogenetic tree, which expanded the known diversity of this locus. The temperature optimum for Hg(II) reduction by resting cells and MR activity in crude cell extracts of a vent moderate thermophile corresponded to its optimal growth temperature, 45 degrees C. However, the optimal temperature for activity of the MR encoded by transposon Tn501 was found to be 55 to 65 degrees C, suggesting that, in spite of its original isolation from a mesophile, this MR is a thermophilic enzyme that may represent a relic of early evolution in high-temperature environments. Results showing that there is enrichment of Hg(II) resistance among vent bacteria suggest that these bacteria have an ecological role in mercury detoxification in the vent environment and, together with the thermophilicity of MR, point to geothermal environments as a likely niche for the evolution of bacterial mercury resistance.
Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile (1982)

Isolation of Clostridium difficile from fecal specimens has been facilitated by the development of a selective and differential medium, cefoxitin-cycloserinefructose agar (CCFA). We substituted 0.1% sodium taurocholate for the 2.5% egg yolk in CCFA and compared the growth of 15 isolates of C. difficile on the resulting medium with growth on conventional CCFA. The taurocholate-containing medium (TCCFA) quantitatively recovered vegetative forms of C. difficile in the same numbers as CCFA medium. Recovery of spores was a mean 1.7 log(10) higher on TCCFA than on CCFA. Thirty-six of 60 patient stool specimens growing C. difficile gave a heavier growth on TCCFA than on CCFA, and 9 failed to yield C. difficile on CCFA. TCCFA detected spores of 75 colony-forming units per ml from artificially inoculated fecal specimens when conventional stool culturing techniques were used. Fluorescence of colonies of C. difficile was more intense on TCCFA than on CCFA. TCCFA was simpler to prepare and, overall, was more sensitive than CCFA.
A Functional Optimization Based Approach for Continuous 3D Retargeted Touch of Arbitrary, Complex Boundaries in Haptic Virtual Reality (2018)

Passive or actuated physical props can provide haptic feedback, leading to a satisfying sense of presence and realism in virtual reality. However, the mismatch between the physical and virtual surfaces (boundaries) can diminish user experience. Haptic retargeting can overcome this limitation by utilizing visio-haptic effects. Previous investigations in haptic retargeting have focused on methods for point based position retargeting and techniques for remapping 2D shapes or simple 3D shape changes. Our approach extends haptic retargeting to complex, arbitrary shapes that provide a continuous mapping across all points on a boundary. This new approach also allows for multi-finger interaction. We describe a functional optimization to find the ideal spatial warping function with different goals: a maximum mapping smoothness, a minimum mismatch between the real and virtual world, or the combination of the two. We report on a preliminary user study of different optimization goals and elaborate potential applications through a set of demonstrations.
Preparation of gel‐silica/ammonium polyphosphate core‐shell flame retardant and properties of polyurethane composites (2010)

Abstract A novel intumescent gel‐silica/ammonium polyphosphate core‐shell flame retardant (MCAPP), which contains silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, has been prepared by in situ polymerization. The structure of MCAPP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The properties of MCAPP were investigated by water solubility, hydrophilicity, and morphological determination. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyurethane (PU) composite with MCAPP were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, cone calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that MCAPP could decrease the heat release rate (HRR) and increase the thermal stability of PU materials greatly. Finally, water‐resistant properties of PU/FR composites were also studied. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass Spectrometry in Biomarker Applications: From Untargeted Discovery to Targeted Verification, and Implications for Platform Convergence and Clinical Application (2011)

It has really been only in the last 10 years that mass spectrometry (MS)2 has had a truly important (but still small) impact on biomedical research. Much of this impact can be attributed to proteomics and its more basic applications. Early biomedical applications have included a number of efforts aimed at developing new biomarkers; however, the success of these endeavors to date have been quite modest—essentially having been confined to preclinical applications—and have often suffered from combinations of immature technology and hubris. Now that MS-based proteomics is reaching adolescence, it is appropriate to ask if and when biomarker-related applications will extend to the clinical realm and what developments will be essential for this transition.

Biomarker development can be described as a multistage process consisting of discovery, qualification, verification, research assay optimization, validation, and commercialization (1). From a MS perspective, it is possible to “bin” measurements into 1 of 2 categories—those aimed at discovering potential protein biomarkers and those seeking to verify and validate biomarkers. Approaches in both categories generally involve digesting proteins (e.g., with trypsin) as a first step to yield peptides that can be effectively detected and identified with MS. Discovery-based approaches use broad “unbiased” or “undirected” measurements that attempt to cover as many proteins as possible in the hope of revealing promising biomarker candidates. A key challenge with this approach stems from the extremely large dynamic range (i.e., relative stoichiometry) of proteins of potential interest in biofluids such as plasma and the expectation that biomarker proteins of the greatest clinical value for many diseases may very well be present at low relative abundances (2). Protein concentrations in plasma extend from approximately 1010 pg/mL for albumin to approximately 10 pg/mL and below for interleukins and other cytokines. Proteins secreted or leaking into the blood from specific early-stage …
Adaptive Filtering for Efficient Record Linkage (2004)

The process of identifying record pairs that represent the same real-world entity in multiple databases, commonly known as record linkage, is one of the important initial steps in many data mining applications. Record linkage of millions of records is a computationally expensive task. Various blocking methods have been used in record linkage systems to reduce the number of record pairs for comparison. A good blocking key is critical to the success of a blocking method and will ideally result in lot of small blocks. However, in practice, there are almost always large blocks no matter how good the blocking key is. For example, when blocking on surname for an Anglo-Celtic population, ‘Smith’ and ‘Taylor’ are populous and result in very large block sizes. The efficiency of a blocking method is hindered by these large blocks since the resulting number of record pairs is dominated by the sizes of these large blocks. In this paper, we present an adaptive filtering algorithm to post-process large blocks to enhance the blocking efficiency. Experimental results show that our filtering algorithm can reduce the number of record pairs produced by the standard blocking method by 88% on a small real-world data set. The algorithm also reduces the number of record pairs generated by a 3-pass standard blocking method by 50% on several synthetic test data sets, with minimal loss of accuracy.