gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Silicon-Based Micro-Channels (2003)

Nucleate boiling heat transfer is of significant interest for the design of a compact evaporator. This work investigates experimentally the nucleate boiling heat transfer in silicon based triangular and trapezoid microchannels with hydraulic diameter of 36.1 μm and 41.3 μm, respectively. Bubble nucleation and interactions are clearly observed in the entrance region, while the two-phase flow pattern in the microchannels is dominated by slug flow with long Taylor bubbles or annular flow. The evaporation of the very thin liquid film is speculated to be the major mode of heat transfer. The two-phase pressure drop is very significant and the corresponding variation in the saturation temperature should be considered in the analysis.
Synthesis of CdS nanowire networks and their optical and electrical properties (2007)

High quality single-crystal CdS nanowire (NW) networks have been synthesized on Si(111) substrates via the chemical vapour deposition method. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction show that the NWs in the networks grow along the directions and their (0001) crystal planes are parallel to the Si(111) substrates. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of single CdS NWs in the networks are dominated by a near-band-edge emission and free from deep-level defect emissions. The PLs resulting from free-exciton and bound-exciton recombinations are detected at 77 K. The results of the electrical transport measurement on the CdS NW networks show that the current can flow through different NWs via the cross-junctions. The resistivity, electron concentration and electron mobility of single NWs in the networks are estimated by fitting the I–V curves measured on single NWs with the metal–semiconductor–metal model suggested by Zhang et al (2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 073102; 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. at press).
Effects of supplemental chromium on antibody responses of newly weaned feedlot calves to immunization with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 virus. (1994)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental dietary chromium (Cr) on antibody responses of feedlot calves. Fifty-five newly weaned calves were divided into two groups, 28 that received supplemental Cr and 27 that did not, and were immunized with a commercial vaccine against bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3(PI-3). Sera harvested from blood sampled preimmunization, and at days 14 and 28 postimmunization (PI), were assayed for anti-IBR and anti-PI-3 antibody titers. Individual calves were also scored as seroconverters if day 14 or 28 PI titers were > or = 3 times the value of the preimmunization titer. Thirty-five calves did not seroconvert to either antigen. Of 20 IBR seroconverters, 15 calves were from the Cr-supplemented group while only five calves were controls (p = 0.007). There was no treatment difference in the number of PI-3 seroconverters. Least squares analysis of actual antibody titers revealed that Cr supplementation increased the magnitude of the peak antibody response to the IBR (p = 0.003), but had no effect on anti-PI-3 antibody titers. These data confirmed and extended our previous observations that supplemental Cr can be immunomodulatory in cattle.
Switch-Mode Power Transformer in a Wave-Powered, Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant (2019)

Abstract In the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process, a salt water solution is pressurized to overcome the osmotic pressure across a semi-permeable membrane. A few groups have proposed that a wave energy converter (WEC) having a seawater based, hydraulic power take-off can could be used to pressurize the feedwater for an RO system. However, coupling the wave energy harvesting process and the RO desalination process imposes unique design constraints on the fluid power system, such as pressure limits of conventional RO system components. In this study, a fluid power circuit with a switch-mode power transformer is used to transfer power while keeping the pressure of the power take-off and RO processes relatively decoupled. The switch-mode power transformer studied herein adds fewer costly components and less significant loss mechanisms to the system than a conventional hydraulic transformer performing the same function. The switch-mode power transformer uses the inertia of a hydraulic motor driven electric generator and switching of the hydraulic motor inlet between high and low-pressure sources to decrease the pressure at which power is being transmitted to the RO process. This process is analogous to DC-DC switching power transformers in the electrical domain. This study seeks to demonstrate this unique switch-mode system as a potential solution for coupling the wave-energy harvesting process with the reverse osmosis process. The system is modeled and studied in the context that the transformer and RO system are onshore, 500 meters from the WEC. Power captured from the WEC is transmitted through a long pipeline to shore. A distributed parameter model is used to model the pipeline dynamics, simultaneously revealing the significance of these dynamics and the robustness with which the switch-mode transformer decouples the pressure dynamics at the RO feed from the pipeline dynamics. The switch-mode power transformer is estimated to be 76% efficient while the system, as a whole, is estimated to be 45% efficient.
Reasoning in Vector Space: An Exploratory Study of Question Answering (2015)

Question answering tasks have shown remarkable progress with distributed vector representation. In this paper, we investigate the recently proposed Facebook bAbI tasks which consist of twenty different categories of questions that require complex reasoning. Because the previous work on bAbI are all end-to-end models, errors could come from either an imperfect understanding of semantics or in certain steps of the reasoning. For clearer analysis, we propose two vector space models inspired by Tensor Product Representation (TPR) to perform knowledge encoding and logical reasoning based on common-sense inference. They together achieve near-perfect accuracy on all categories including positional reasoning and path finding that have proved difficult for most of the previous approaches. We hypothesize that the difficulties in these categories are due to the multi-relations in contrast to uni-relational characteristic of other categories. Our exploration sheds light on designing more sophisticated dataset and moving one step toward integrating transparent and interpretable formalism of TPR into existing learning paradigms.
Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by a new class of isoindole derivatives: drug synergism with cytarabine (Ara-C) and induction of cellular apoptosis. (1999)

The hydroxyisoindole dione derivatives ISID and MISID are new compounds with structures resembling purines and possessing a hydroxamic acid moiety which is the pharmacophore of hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR). ISID and MISID exhibited 100- to 500-fold higher cytotoxicity as compared to HU against cell lines sensitive (CEM/0) or resistant to ara-C (CEM/ara-C/7A; CEM/dCk[-]). Both MISID and ISID showed significant inhibitory activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RR). Treatment of CEM/0 cells with 10 microM ISID showed a linear decrease in all the dNTPs leading to a complete depletion by 4 hours with no recovery of enzymatic activity of RR up to 48 hours in the presence of the drug, suggesting an irreversible inhibition of this enzyme. However, 10 microM MISID caused a significant time dependent, but reversible inhibition of RR in a whole cell assay in CEM/0 cells. Pretreatment of CEM/0 cells with 10 microM MISID for 1 hour increased cellular ara-CTP concentrations approximately 2-fold as compared to untreated controls. However, a reduction in intracellular ara-CTP concentration was observed following a commensurate depletion of ATP in these cells after 4 hrs of ISID pretreatment. Similarly, the ara-CTP concentration was augmented by 1.6-fold following pretreatment of CEM/0 cells with 10 microM MISID for 4 hours. Significant apoptotic cell death was detected in CEM/0 cells treated with ara-C, ISID or MISID alone or in combination. Ara-C treatment induced HMW (high molecular weight) DNA fragmentation at earlier times which subsequently led to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation by 48 hrs. The sequential treatment of CEM/0 cells with MISID followed by ara-C resulted in increased DNA fragmentation in the 2.0 to 4.0 Kb range in comparison to those cells treated with either ara-C or MISID alone. The increased apoptotic cell death explained the synergistic cytotoxicity of the combination of ara-C and MISID against CEM/0 cells observed earlier. We conclude that the inhibition of RR by these agents induces leukemic cell apoptosis, a mechanism which is further potentiated when these RR inhibitors are combined with ara-C. Since new compounds do not require activation, as do other clinically useful RR inhibitors, further studies for their potential use against leukemias and solid tumors are warranted.
Brain alkaline intracellular pH after neonatal encephalopathy (2002)

Experimental studies demonstrate an alkaline shift in brain intracellular pH (pH(i)) after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In infants with neonatal encephalopathy after HI, our aims were to assess (1) brain pH(i) during the first 2 weeks after birth in infants categorized according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during the first 2 weeks after birth and at more than 3 months of age, and neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year; (2) the relationship between brain pH(i) and lactate/creatine; and (3) duration of alkaline brain pH(i). Seventy-eight term infants with neonatal encephalopathy were studied using MR techniques. One hundred and fifty-one studies were performed throughout the first year including 56 studies of 50 infants during the first 2 weeks after birth. pH(i) was calculated using phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy and lactate/creatine was measured using proton MRS. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) brain pH(i) during the first 2 weeks after birth in infants with severely abnormal versus normal MRI was 7.24 (SD, 0.17) versus 7.04 (SD, 0.05; p < 0.001); in infants who subsequently developed cerebral atrophy versus those who did not: 7.23 (SD, 0.17) versus 7.06 (SD, 0.06; p < 0.05); in infants who died or had a severe neurodevelopmental impairment versus normal outcome: 7.28 (SD, 0.15) versus 7.11 (SD, 0.09; p < 0.05). Brain alkalosis was associated with increased brain lactate/creatine (p < 0.001). pH(i) remained more alkaline in the severe outcome group up to 20 weeks after birth (p < 0.05).
Effects of pinacidil on serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. (1990)

Twenty-two patients with mild to moderate hypertension received 20 mg of pinacidil daily for six weeks, followed by 40 mg daily for another six weeks. Levels of serum triglyceride and apolipoproteins C-II and C-III decreased significantly; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly during treatment. These changes were more prominent in patients with total triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dl or over. The results suggest that pinacidil has a preferential action on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism.
Magnetization structures in thin-film recording media (1991)

A computer simulation study of magnetization configurations in planar isotropic thin-film recording media and their transient behavior during magnetization reversal is presented. Magnetization structures formed during magnetization reversal are characterized for various medium parameters. It is found that a reversed region nucleates by formation of a magnetization vortex. Multiple vortex formation yields elongated reverse domains in the applied field direction. Randomly oriented crystalline easy axes provide natural sites for vortex formation, which are facilitated by magnetostatic interactions. Intergranular exchange coupling significantly enhances vortex motion through which domains expand. Large-size domains occur in exchange coupled films. During a domain expansion, vortex-crosstie pairs can be generated and annihilated. Annihilation of vortices, vortex-crosstie pairs, or vortex-vortex pairs completes local magnetization reversal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TP53 mutation spectra and load: a tool for generating hypotheses on the etiology of cancer. (2004)

Among genetic alterations, the activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes in affected cells are considered to be the core molecular events that provide a selective growth advantage and clonal expansion during the multistep process of carcinogenesis. The TP53 tumour suppressor gene is mutated in about half of all human cancer cases. The p53 protein modulates multiple cellular functions, such as gene transcription, DNA synthesis and repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. Mutations in the TP53 gene can abrogate these functions, leading to genetic instability and progression to cancer. The molecular archaeology of the TP53 mutation spectrum generates hypotheses concerning the etiology and molecular pathogenesis of each type of cancer. The spectrum of somatic mutations in the TP53 gene, of which 75% are missense mutations, implicates environmental carcinogens and endogenous processes in the etiology of human cancer. The presence of a characteristic TP53 mutation can also manifest a molecular link between exposure to a particular carcinogen and a specific type of human cancer, e.g. exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and codon 249 mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma; exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and C:C-->T:T tandem mutations in skin cancer; and cigarette smoking and the prevalence of G-->T transversions in lung cancer. Although exogenous carcinogens have been shown to target p53 selectively, evidence supporting the endogenous insult of TP53 from oxyradicals and nitrogen-oxyradicals is also accumulating. TP53 mutations can be a biomarker of carcinogen effect. Determining the characteristic TP53 mutation load in non-tumorous tissue, using a highly sensitive mutation assay, can indicate exposure to a specific carcinogen and may also help in identifying individuals at an increased risk of cancer.
[Effect of bromdomain protein 4 inhibitor GSK525762A on the proliferation and apoptosis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and its mechanism]. (2014)

GSK525762A can inhibit the proliferation of RS4; 11 cells and promoted cells apoptosis. The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon might be achieved via downregulation of Bcl-2 protein induced apoptosis of leukemia cells.
Purification, Characterization, and Cloning of a Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase That Hydrolyzes Terminal N-Acetylglucosamine on the N-Glycan Core (2006)

Paucimannosidic glycans are often predominant in N-glycans produced by insect cells. However, a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase responsible for the generation of paucimannosidic glycans in lepidopteran insect cells has not been identified. We report the purification of a beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the culture medium of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells (Sfhex). The purified Sfhex protein showed 10 times higher activity for a terminal N-acetylglucosamine on the N-glycan core compared with tri-N-acetylchitotriose. Sfhex was found to be a homodimer of 110 kDa in solution, with a pH optimum of 5.5. With a biantennary N-glycan substrate, it exhibited a 5-fold preference for removal of the beta(1,2)-linked N-acetylglucosamine from the Man alpha(1,3) branch compared with the Man alpha(1,6) branch. We isolated two corresponding cDNA clones for Sfhex that encode proteins with >99% amino acid identity. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that Sfhex is an ortholog of mammalian lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases. Recombinant Sfhex expressed in Sf9 cells exhibited the same substrate specificity and pH optimum as the purified enzyme. Although a larger amount of newly synthesized Sfhex was secreted into the culture medium by Sf9 cells, a significant amount of Sfhex was also found to be intracellular. Under a confocal microscope, cellular Sfhex exhibited punctate staining throughout the cytoplasm, but did not colocalize with a Golgi marker. Because secretory glycoproteins and Sfhex are cotransported through the same secretory pathway and because Sfhex is active at the pH of the secretory compartments, this study suggests that Sfhex may play a role as a processing beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase acting on N-glycans from Sf9 cells.
Sulcal thickness as a vulnerability indicator for schizophrenia (2007)

Cingulate and superior temporal sulcal thickness abnormalities may reflect neural abnormalities associated with the genetic liability to schizophrenia. Cortical thinning in these regions suggests that liability genes affect the dendrites, synapses or myelination process during the neurodevelopment of the cortical mantle.
IgG Induction of IL‐1 Receptor Antagonist Production by Human Monocytes (1994)

In summary, IL-1ra is a unique cytokine that binds avidly to cell surface receptors for IL-1 without inducing any detectable intracellular responses. Adherent IgG and LPS induce IL-1ra production in human monocytes through different mechanisms. IL-1ra has been shown to be an effective competitive inhibitor of IL-1 both in vitro and in vivo (Arend 1993). The possibility exists that stimulation or enhancement of endogenous IL-1ra production may be an efficacious therapeutic approach in human diseases where local IL-1 may play an important role in pathophysiology. Our studies have demonstrated that IL-1ra production is induced in human monocytes in vitro by either culture on adherent IgG or culture with i.v.Ig preparations. Our initial studies failed to show increased IL-1ra levels in the peripheral circulation of patients with Kawasaki's Disease after i.v.Ig administration. However, our preliminary approaches may not have been sufficiently complete and a more extensive examination of the effects of i.v.Ig on IL-1ra production in vivo is warranted.
Characterization and expression analysis of the aspartic protease gene family of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> L. (2007)

Cardosin A and cardosin B are two aspartic proteases mainly found in the pistils of cardoon Cynara cardunculus L., whose flowers are traditionally used in several Mediterranean countries in the manufacture of ewe's cheese. We have been characterizing cardosins at the biochemical, structural and molecular levels. In this study, we show that the cardoon aspartic proteases are encoded by a multigene family. The genes for cardosin A and cardosin B, as well as those for two new cardoon aspartic proteases, designated cardosin C and cardosin D, were characterized, and their expression in C. cardunculus L. was analyzed by RT-PCR. Together with cardosins, a partial clone of the cyprosin B gene was isolated, revealing that cardosin and cyprosin genes coexist in the genome of the same plant. As a first approach to understanding what dictates the flower-specific pattern of cardosin genes, the respective gene 5' regulatory sequences were fused with the reporter beta-glucuronidase and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. A subsequent deletion analysis of the promoter region of the cardosin A gene allowed the identification of a region of approximately 500 bp essential for gene expression in transgenic flowers. Additionally, the relevance of the leader intron of the cardosin A and B genes for gene expression was evaluated. Our data showed that the leader intron is essential for cardosin B gene expression in A. thaliana. In silico analysis revealed the presence of potential regulatory motifs that lay within the aforementioned regions and therefore might be important in the regulation of cardosin expression.
Evidence of Isoprenoid Precursor Toxicity in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2011)

The mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis both culminate in the production of the two-five carbon prenyl diphosphates: dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). These are the building blocks for higher isoprenoids, including many that have industrial and pharmaceutical applications. With growing interest in producing commercial isoprenoids through microbial engineering, reports have appeared of toxicity associated with the accumulation of prenyl diphosphates in Escherichia coli expressing a heterologous MVA pathway. Here we explored whether similar prenyl diphosphate toxicity, related to MEP pathway flux, could also be observed in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. After genetic and metabolic manipulations of the endogenous MEP pathway in B. subtilis, measurements of cell growth, MEP pathway flux, and DMAPP contents suggested cytotoxicity related to prenyl diphosphate accumulation. These results have implications as to understanding the factors impacting isoprenoid biosynthesis in microbial systems.
Catching up with the Data: Research Issues in Mining Data Streams. (2001)

In many domains, data now arrives faster than we are able to mine it. To avoid wasting this data, we must switch from the traditional &quot;one-shot&quot; data mining approach to systems that are able to mine continuous, high-volume, open-ended data streams as they arrive. In this paper we identify some desiderata for such systems, report on our recent work realizing them, and outline a number of directions for future research.
Short‐beam Shear Method for Assessment of Stress–Strain Curves for Fibre‐reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (2013)

ABSTRACT This work presents a thorough description of a short‐beam shear (SBS) test method coupled with digital image correlation (DIC) for the measurement of shear stress–strain curves of polymer matrix composites. The method provides a time‐ and cost‐effective alternative to established methods, and the authors hope this work can serve as a starting point for discussions on the developments of new standards for the characterisation of shear stress–strain curves for composites. The experimental set‐up, including several modifications to the American Society of Testing and Materials current standard configuration, is described. Implementation of the DIC technique to obtain accurate surface strain in the SBS specimens is also presented. Accuracy of beam theory‐based shear stress calculation is assessed using a non‐linear finite element model (FEM). A simple means to improve the accuracy of the closed‐form shear stress approximation is provided. Glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composite material systems are used to demonstrate the developed method. Strain surveys are conducted to compare the experimentally generated and FEM‐computed strain fields and verify the accuracy of the shear stress–strain curves. Shear stress–strain response generated from SBS tests is also compared with V‐notched beam test results for further verification.
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathies (1987)

Diabetic peripheral neuropathies are a group of heterogeneous syndromes with considerable morbidity. At least 50% of diabetic patients develop one or several of these neuropathies within 25 years after the diagnosis. In recent years several pathogenetic mechanisms have been proposed, with the newest findings suggesting a link between several of these hypotheses. The hypoxic hypothesis has revived the role of vascular factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathies. Although the exact role of hyperglycemia in the development of peripheral neuropathy is not known, the balance of evidence indicates that attainment and maintenance of normal blood glucose remains the cornerstone of treatment of diabetes and diabetic neuropathies. There is no convincing evidence that any of the treatments devised to correct the metabolic derangements in nerve are of sufficient value or safety to be recommended for routine use.