gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of Diaryliodonium Salts (1959)

The products of hydrolysis of some unsymmetrically substituted diphenyliodonium salts to phenols and aryl iodides have been identified and their distributions determined. The direction of cleavage has been found to be insensitive to the nature of the substituents, the solvent, catalysts, and the nature of the associated anion, fluoride, fluoroborate, p-toluenesulfonate or trifluoroacetate. A rate study has shown that hydrolysis is a complex reaction which is retarded by acid and catalyzed by cuprous copper and also by oxygen when dioxane-water is used as the solvent. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Synthesis of the First Poly(diaminosulfide)s and an Investigation of Their Applications as Drug Delivery Vehicles (2012)

This paper reports the first examples of poly(diaminosulfide)s that were synthesized by the reaction of a sulfur transfer reagent and several secondary diamines. The diaminosulfide group has the general structure of R(2)N-S-NR(2) and, although it has been used in the synthesis of small molecules, it has never been utilized in the synthesis of macromolecules until this report. A series of poly(diaminosulfide)s were synthesized at elevated temperatures, and the molecular weights of the polymers were as high as 12,400 g mol(-1) with conversions for the polymerization reaction up to 99%. The rate constants for the transamination reactions that lead to the polymers were measured in several solvents to provide an understanding the reaction conditions necessary to polymerize the monomers. The degradation of diaminosulfides were studied in D(2)O, C(6)D(6), CD(3)OD, CDCl(3), and DMSO-d(6)/D(2)O to demonstrate that they were very stable in organic solvents but degraded within hours under aqueous conditions. These results clearly demonstrated that diaminosulfides are very stable in organic solvents under ambient conditions. Poly(diaminosulfide)s have sufficient stabilities to be useful for many applications. The ability of these polymers to function as drug delivery vehicles were studied by the fabrication of nanoparticles of a water-insoluble poly(diaminosulfide) with a dye. The microparticles were readily absorbed into human embryonic 293 cells and possessed no measureable toxicity towards these same cells.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Activation Induces Vascular Permeability in Hyperstimulated Rats, and this Effect Is Prevented by Receptor Blockade (2002)

The existence of a vasoactive molecule released in response to hCG is believed to be the main feature in the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in women, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main candidate as the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) mediator. This study was conducted to investigate the role of VEGF in increasing vascular permeability (VP) in vivo, a characteristic of OHSS. We analyzed the source and specific isoforms of VEGF involved and developed strategies to reverse increased VP in hyperstimulated rats targeting the VEGF system. Ovarian hyperstimulation was induced with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin plus hCG. Time-course experiments analyzed VP and the expression of whole VEGF mRNA in the mesentery and the ovaries. VP and ovarian mRNA VEGF expression increased to peak values after 48 h. No significant change in expression was observed in the mesentery. To further prove the ovarian origin of VEGF, we showed that VP was not altered when ovariectomized rats were treated with gonadotropins. The ovary expressed VEGF(120) and VEGF(164) isoforms. Immunohistochemistry showed VEGF in granulosa and zona pellucida of preovulatory and atretic follicles and in granulosa-lutein and endothelial cells of whole corpus luteum. A specific VEGF receptor-2 inhibitor (SU5416) was administered in three different protocols: on a daily basis, every 48 h, or two injections after hCG. Increased VP was reversed when SU5416 was administered every 48 h or two injections after hCG. These results show that the ovary is the main source of VEGF(120) and VEGF(164), which act through the VEGF receptor-2 to increase VP, and provide new insights into the prevention of OHSS.
Clinical usage recommendations and analytic performance goals for total and free triiodothyronine measurements (1996)

The major clinical role for total triiodothyronine (TT3) and (or) free T3 (FT3) is the assessment of hyperthyroidism in patients with suppressed sensitive thyrotropin (sTSH) concentrations. The assays are particularly important in hyperthyroid patients with normal free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations to assess potential T3 thyrotoxicosis. Other specialized uses for T3 and FT3 measurements are monitoring thyroid hormone replacement therapy, the evaluation of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, and predicting outcome of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves hyperthyroidism. The roles of these tests in assessing heart function in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, evaluation of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, and monitoring of patients on anticonvulsant therapy are not well defined. These assays are not recommended for diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Analytic recommendations include CV < 5.2% for T3 and < 3.8% for FT3; < 0.2% cross-reactivity with L-T4; and < 1.0% cross-reactivity with D-T4, D-T3, and reverse T3.
Fluorographene: A Two‐Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon (2010)

A stoichiometric derivative of graphene with a fluorine atom attached to each carbon is reported. Raman, optical, structural, micromechanical, and transport studies show that the material is qualitatively different from the known graphene-based nonstoichiometric derivatives. Fluorographene is a high-quality insulator (resistivity >10(12) Ω) with an optical gap of 3 eV. It inherits the mechanical strength of graphene, exhibiting a Young's modulus of 100 N m(-1) and sustaining strains of 15%. Fluorographene is inert and stable up to 400 °C even in air, similar to Teflon.
Pulse-modulated polar transmitters for spectrum-efficient wireless applications (2014)

The pulse-modulated polar transmitters have been developed to answer the call for the need of linear and efficient power amplification for wireless applications. The envelope of the modulated RF signal is converted into the pulse train by means of pulse width modulation or delta-sigma modulation. The power amplification of the pulse train can be performed by the highly efficient power amplifiers without the constraint of linearity. The modulated RF signal are restored by low-pass or band-pass filtering of the amplified pulse train. With both high linearity and high efficiency, the pulse-modulated polar transmitter is an excellent candidate for spectrum efficient wireless applications.
Approximate theory and characteristics of laser doppler velocimeter using self—mixing effect of semiconductor laser diode (1989)

Abstract To explain the experimental characteristics of a laser Doppler velocimeter using the self‐mixing effect of a semiconductor laser diode (LDV) with a rotating disc as a target, a theoretical analysis of a Doppler beat waveform was carried out, and its approximate solution was obtained by using the perturbation method. The theoretical characteristics based on this solution agreed fairly well with the experimental ones. The operating conditions of the LDV required for forming the beat wave into a sawtooth waveform, and the reasons why the sawtooth wave is transformed into a mirror image depending on the sign of the Doppler frequency were found, i.e., the phase angles of the second and third higher harmonics of the beat wave are inverted by the inversion of the direction of rotation. The upper limit of the Doppler frequency and the range of R parameter of the LD were estimated theoretically.
Gelation of casein and soybean globulins by transglutaminase. (1985)

Guinea pig liver transglutaminase is a Ca2+ dependent enzyme which catalyzes the formation of inter- and intramolecular ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl cross-links between protein molecules. We have found that solutions of several proteins (αs1-casein, and soybean 11S and 7S globulins) were gelatinized firmly by transglutaminase. The gel formation depended on the protein concentration. In the case of αs1-casein, a reaction mixture containing below 2% was incapable of gelation. However, above 3%, a firm gel was formed by transglutaminase. As to soybean 11S and 7S globulins, reaction mixtures containing below 5% did not form gels, while, above 8%, firm gels were formed. The protein solutions in the presence of EDTA, an inhibitor of transglutaminase, were not gelatinized on treatment with transglutaminase. Thus, transglutaminase and a higher concentration of a substrate protein are indispensable for firm gel formation. It is supposed that the protein gels are formed through covalent bonds with transglutaminase.
Applications of genomics and proteomics for analysis of bacterial biological warfare agents (2003)

In this volume, genomic and proteomics advances as applied to Bacillus anthracis, Brucella species, Yersina pestis, Francisella tularensis and Coxiella burnetti are presented. Emerging technologies for rapid detection as well as fingerprinting based on genomics and proteomics information are described. Also discussed are the history and current research on new human vaccines against anthrax and brucellosis. Epidemiology of antibiotic resistant bacteria, potential biomarkers and design of future generation of antimicrobials are presented by experts from many different countries.
<i>In vivo</i> dynamics of antigen-specific regulatory T cells not predicted from behavior <i>in vitro</i> (2003)

Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells was used to analyze the stability of their phenotype, their behavior after immunization, and their mode of suppressing cotransferred naive T cells in vivo. We found that regulatory T cells maintained their phenotype in the absence of antigen, were not anergic in vivo, and proliferated as extensively as naive CD4+ T cells after immunization without losing their suppressive function in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, the expansion of cotransferred naive T cells was suppressed relatively late in the response such that regulatory T cells expressing mostly IL-10 but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma represented the dominant subset of cells. Our results reveal properties of regulatory T cells that were not predicted from in vitro studies.
Electron wave diffraction by nanometer grating and its application for high-speed transistors (1988)

This paper describes a new phenomenon about the diffraction of the ballistic electron by a transverse grating in the semiconductor. As a theoretical result, the diffraction efficiency changes almost between one and zero owing to a slight change in the average potential energy of the grating. For the grating of a 19-nm pitch in GaInAs, we can change the diffraction efficiency between 0.88 and 0.001 by 0.1 V in the grating layer voltage. Applying this phenomenon to control of the electron transport, a new type of transistor is described.
L. T. P. field (1965)

The L.T.P. Field, Ness Co., Kans., produces from a structural trap in the Mississippian-Warsaw dolomite and a stratigraphic trap in the Cherokee sandstone. In the Cherokee sandstone productive area approximately 360 productive acres are being drained by 4 producing wells. In the Mississippian-Warsaw dolomite, approximately 40 productive areas are being drained by one pumping well. Pay zone of the Cherokee sandstone is a sandstone consisting of fine, well-sorted, friable, subrounded, frosted sand grains in a sometimes calcareous or argillaceous matrix. Thickness ranges from 10-37 ft in the 4 producing wells. Average thickness is 15 ft. In the Mississippian-Warsaw dolomite, pay zone is a vuggy, finely crystalline, fossiliferous dolomite. Porosities appear to be secondarily induced via solution activity immediately prior to Pennsylvanian deposition.
Long‐term exposure to the new nicotinic antagonist 1,2‐bis<i>N</i>‐cytisinylethane upregulates nicotinic receptor subtypes of SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (2005)

Nicotinic drug treatment can affect the expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) both in vivo and in vitro through molecular mechanisms not fully understood. The present study investigated the effect of the novel cytisine dimer 1,2-bisN-cytisinylethane (CC4) on nAChR natively expressed by SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in culture. CC4 lacked the agonist properties of cytisine and was a potent antagonist (IC50=220 nM) on nAChRs. Chronic treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 1 mM CC4 for 48 h increased the expression of 3H-epibatidine (3H-Epi; 3-4-fold) or 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-alphaBgtx; 1.2-fold) sensitive receptors present on the cell membrane and in the intracellular pool. Comparable data were obtained with nicotine or cytisine, but not with carbamylcholine, d-tubocurarine, di-hydro-beta-erythroidine or hexametonium. Immunoprecipitation and immunopurification studies showed that the increase in 3H-Epi-binding receptors was due to the enhanced expression of alpha3beta2 and alpha3beta2beta4 subtypes without changes in subunit mRNA transcription or receptor half-life. The upregulation was not dependent on agonist/antagonist properties of the drugs, and did not concern muscarinic or serotonin receptors. Whole-cell patch clamp analysis of CC4-treated cells demonstrated larger nicotine-evoked inward currents with augmented sensitivity to the blockers alpha-conotoxin MII or methyllycaconitine. In conclusion, chronic treatment with CC4 increased the number of nAChRs containing beta2 and alpha7 subunits on the plasma membrane, where they were functionally active. In the case of beta2-containing receptors, we propose that CC4, by binding to intracellular receptors, triggered a conformational reorganisation of intracellular subunits that stimulated preferential assembly and membrane-directed trafficking of beta2-containing receptor subtypes..
c- <i>myc</i> in Vasculoproliferative Disease (1995)

Antisense oligonucleotides to genes central to cellular proliferation have suppressed smooth muscle cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We now report that although the response of cultured smooth muscle cells to antisense oligonucleotides to c-myc and c-myb is identical, the response of the injured arterial wall to these oligomers depends on the kinetics of gene expression and oligonucleotide delivery. Two different antisense oligonucleotides to each oncogene were administered to the perivascular aspect of injured rat carotid arteries via polymer-based delivery systems. The acute release of antisense oligonucleotides from the Pluronic gels reduced in vitro cell growth 54.8% with c-myc and 56.9% with c-myb. The more sustained release from ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) matrices was slightly less efficient, inhibiting proliferation 47.3% and 43.3%, respectively. However, although both EVAc and Pluronic release of c-myb antisense oligonucleotide sequences inhibited intimal hyperplasia 2 weeks after injury, only the more prolonged EVAc matrix release of antisense oligonucleotide to c-myc was effective. The failure of the short course of c-myc oligomer release from Pluronic gels stemmed from early successful suppression with late loss of regulation and not from inactivation of the antisense oligonucleotide within the polymeric gel. Within 24 hours of injury, Pluronic-based release of c-myc antisense oligomers reduced mRNA levels in the tunica media 2.5-fold and immunocytochemical identification of c-myc expression by 98.8%. As a result, the number of proliferating cells was decreased 6.5-fold 3 days after injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Securing DNSSEC Last Mile with DTLS (2015)

Domain Name System Security Extension (DNSSEC) is a promising technology to handle weaksecurity issues in old DNS system. The deployment of DNSSEC seems to be going well andmore zones are getting signed to provide secure and authenticated DNS records to the end users.Datagram TLS is a widely used version of TLS that provides UDP based mechanism to securethe datagram. In the present work, the confidentiality and security of the DNSSEC protocol areinvestigated at the last mile. The benefits of protecting the DNSSEC traffic using DTLS at thisportion of the path are also investigated and evaluated. DTLS was implemented in small scalednetwork to measure influences caused by DTLS on the end user's queries and responses.
Catalytic and structural studies of the rhodium(I) complexes of the norphos and renorphos ligands (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic and structural studies of the rhodium(I) complexes of the norphos and renorphos ligandsEvan P. Kyba, Raymond E. Davis, Pedro N. Juri, and Kathleen R. ShirleyCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1981, 20, 11, 3616–3623Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50225a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50225a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views182Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Myelin‐associated glycoprotein and its axonal receptors (2009)

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is expressed on the innermost myelin membrane wrap, directly apposed to the axon surface. Although it is not required for myelination, MAG enhances long-term axon-myelin stability, helps to structure nodes of Ranvier, and regulates the axon cytoskeleton. In addition to its role in axon-myelin stabilization, MAG inhibits axon regeneration after injury; MAG and a discrete set of other molecules on residual myelin membranes at injury sites actively signal axons to halt elongation. Both the stabilizing and the axon outgrowth inhibitory effects of MAG are mediated by complementary MAG receptors on the axon surface. Two MAG receptor families have been described, sialoglycans (specifically gangliosides GD1a and GT1b) and Nogo receptors (NgRs). Controversies remain about which receptor(s) mediates which of MAG's biological effects. Here we review the findings and challenges in associating MAG's biological effects with specific receptors.
Molecular cloning of insect pro-phenol oxidase: a copper-containing protein homologous to arthropod hemocyanin. (1995)

Pro-phenol oxidase [pro-PO; zymogen of phenol oxidase (monophenol, L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1)] is present in the hemolymph plasma of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Pro-PO is a heterodimeric protein synthesized by hemocytes. A specific serine proteinase activates both subunits through a limited proteolysis. The amino acid sequences of both subunits were deduced from their respective cDNAs; amino acid sequence homology between the subunits was 51%. The deduced amino acid sequences revealed domains highly homologous to the copper-binding site sequences (copper-binding sites A and B) of arthropod hemocyanins. The overall sequence homology between silkworm pro-PO and arthropod hemocyanins ranged from 29 to 39%. Phenol oxidases from prokaryotes, fungi, and vertebrates have sequences homologous to only the copper-binding site B of arthropod hemocyanins. Thus, silkworm pro-PO DNA described here appears distinctive and more closely related to arthropod hemocyanins. The pro-PO-activating serine proteinase was shown to hydrolyze peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of arginine in the sequence-Asn-49-Arg-50-Phe-51-Gly-52- of both subunits. Amino groups of N termini of both subunits were indicated to be N-acetylated. The cDNAs of both pro-PO subunits lacked signal peptide sequences. This result supports our contention that mature pro-PO accumulates in the cytoplasm of hemocytes and is released by cell rupture, as for arthropod hemocyanins.
Phaeoacremonium gen. nov. Associated with Wilt and Decline Diseases of Woody Hosts and Human Infections (1996)

A new hyphomycete genus, Phaeoacremonium, is proposed for five new species, P. aleophilum, P. angustius, P. chlamydosporum, P. inflatipes, P. rubrigenum, and the type species, P. parasiticum, which was formerly accommodated in Phialophora. Morphologically, the genus is intermediate between Acremonium and Phialophora. It is distinguished from Phialophora by its aculeate conidiogenous cells and inconspicuous collarettes, and from Acremonium by its pigmented vegetative hyphae and conidiophores. Because species of Phaeoacremonium have been associated with human infections and disease symptoms of several woody hosts, this new genus is considered to represent an ecologically important group of fungi.
On-line connector for microcolumns: application to the on-column o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization of amino acids separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn-line connector for microcolumns: application to the on-column o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization of amino acids separated by capillary zone electrophoresisStephen L. Pentoney, Xiaohua. Huang, Dean S. Burgi, and Richard N. ZareCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 23, 2625–2629Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00174a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00174a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts