gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Membrane-Bound Electron Transfer Chain of the Thermohalophilic Bacterium <i>Rhodothermus marinus</i>:  A Novel Multihemic Cytochrome <i>bc</i>, a New Complex III (1999)

A novel multihemic cytochrome bc complex was isolated from the membranes of Rhodothermus marinus. It is a complex with a minimum of three subunits (43, 27, and 18 kDa), containing five low-spin heme centers of the B and C types, in a 1:4 ratio. All the C-type hemes are in the same subunit (27 kDa). Three distinct redox transitions, at 235, 80, and -45 mV, were observed by visible redox titrations. The first involves one B- and one C-type hemes, and in the other two transitions one and two C-type hemes are involved, respectively. Spectroscopic data strongly suggest that the two hemes intervening in the last transition are in van der Waals contact, yielding a split Soret band. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the oxidized complex show resonances of five low-spin ferric heme centers. Upon reduction with ascorbate, all these resonances vanish and a new one attributed to the last pair of hemes appears. A [3Fe-4S]1+/0 center copurifies with this complex, having a high reduction potential of +140 mV. No Rieske-type centers are detected in R. marinus and no effect is observed in the respiratory rates when the typical bc1 complex inhibitors are present, suggesting that such a complex is absent in R. marinus [Pereira et al. (1994) FEBS Lett. 352, 327-330]. The newly isolated cytochrome bc complex has quinol:cytochrome c or high-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) oxidoreductase activity, being a functional analogue of the canonical bc1 complexes; i.e., it is the complex III in R. marinus. This complex plays a central role in this bacterium's electron-transfer chain, coupling the electron transfer between the quinols reduced by the dehydrogenases and the HiPIP, the final electron donor to the terminal oxidases [Pereira, M. M., Carita, J. N., and Teixeira, M. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 1276-1283].
Analytic propagation matrix method for linear optics of arbitrary biaxial layered media (1999)

We present an analytic simplified form for the 4 × 4 propagation matrix of a general homogeneous biaxial layer. The expression is applicable to any linear homogeneous, absorbing, biaxial, gyrotropic, magneto-optic, arbitrarily oriented anisotropic structure. Its simple form speeds up the calculation of the optical properties of inhomogeneous anisotropic media and allows real-time analysis of ellipsometric experimental data. A simplified analytic expression for the propagation matrix is also derived for the case of mode degeneration such as for propagation at certain angles and for the isotropic case. Using this analytic method it is found that the time required for calculating the propagation matrix is shorter by a factor of two than that using direct numerical calculation.
The UB-Tree: Performance of Multidimensional Range Queries (1998)

We investigate the usability and performance of the UB-Tree (universal B-Tree) for multidimensional data, as they arise in all relational databases and in particular in datawarehousing and data-mining applications. The UB-Tree is balanced and has all the guaranteed performance characteristics of B-Trees, i.e., it requires linear space for storage and logarithmic time for the basic operations of insertion, retrieval and deletion. Therefore it can efficiently support OLTP. In addition the UB-Tree preserves clustering of objects with respect to Cartesian distance. Therefore, it shows its main strengths for multidimensional data. It has very high potential for parallel processing. A single UB-Tree can replace a large number of secondary indexes and join indexes including foreign column join indexes (FCJ). For updates this means that only one UB-Tree must be managed instead of several secondary indexes. This reduces runtime and storage requirements substantially. For retrieval the UB-Tree has multiplicative complexity with respect to the relative size of the ranges for range queries, resulting in a dramatic performance improvement over multiple secondary indexes which have additive range query complexity. Furthermore, using the Tetris-Algorithm the UB-Tree enables reading data in any arbitrary sort order without the necessity of external sorting. Thus data need to be read only once to perform most of the operations of the relational algebra, such as ordering, grouping, aggregation, projection and joining. Therefore, the UB-Tree can support OLAP very efficiently. It is useful for geometric databases, data-warehousing and data-mining applications, but even more for databases in general, where multiple secondary indexes on one relation or FCJ-indexes to join several relations are widespread, which can all be replaced by a single UB-Tree index. Therefore, the difficult index selection problem [GHRU97] largely disappears and the UB-Tree offers the potential to integrate OLAP with OLTP in the same processing environment. 1
Identification of Vaccine Candidates for Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis by Immunization with Sequential Fractions of a cDNA Expression Library (2000)

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani is a significant public health problem in many regions of the world. Because of its large genome and complex biology, developing a vaccine for this pathogen has proved to be a challenging task and, to date, protective recombinant vaccine candidates have not been identified. To tackle this difficult problem, we adopted a reductionist approach with the intention of identifying cDNA sequences in an L. donovani amastigote cDNA library that collectively or singly conferred protection against parasite challenge in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. We immunized BALB/c mice with plasmid DNA isolated and pooled from 15 cDNA sublibraries ( approximately 2,000 cDNAs/sublibrary). Following systemic challenge with L. donovani, mice immunized with 6 of these 15 sublibraries showed a significantly reduced (35- to 1,000-fold) hepatic parasite burden. Because of the complexity and magnitude of the sequential fractionation-immunization-challenge approach, we restricted our attention to the two sublibraries that conferred the greatest in vivo protection. From one of these two sublibraries, we identified several groups of cDNAs that afforded protection, including a set of nine novel cDNAs and, surprisingly, a group of five cDNAs that encoded L. donovani histone proteins. At each fractionation step, the cDNA sublibraries or the smaller DNA fractions that afforded in vivo protection against the parasite also induced in vitro parasite-specific T helper 1 immune responses. Our studies demonstrate that immunization with sequential fractions of a cDNA library is a powerful strategy for identifying anti-infective vaccine candidates.
Laser isotope purification of lead for use in semiconductor chip interconnects (1996)

Lead, used throughout the electronics industries, typically contains small amounts of radioactive {sup 210}Pb (a daughter product of the planet`s ubiquitous {sup 210}U) whose {sup 210}Po daughter emits and {alpha}-particle that is known to cause soft errors in electronic circuits. The {sup 210}Pb is not easily separable by chemical means. This paper describes the generic Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) process developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) over the last 20 years, with particular emphasis on recent efforts to develop the process physics and component technologies required to remove the offending {sup 210}Pb using lasers. We have constructed a developmental facility that includes a process laser development area and a test bed for the vaporizer and ion and product collectors. We will be testing much of the equipment and demonstrating pilot-scale AVLIS on a surrogate material later this year. Detection of the very low alpha emission even from commercially available low-alpha lead is challenging. LLNL`s detection capabilities will be described. The goal of the development of lead purification technology is to demonstrate the capability in FY97, and to begin filling orders of up to several MT/y of isotopically purified material in FY98.
TV broadcast macro-segmentation (2007)

In this paper, we study different approaches for TV broadcast macro-segmentation. This is needed in many novel services such as TV-on-Demand. TV broadcast macro-segmentation can be performed using either the metadata associated with the stream or by directly analyzing the audiovisual stream. This paper presents both approaches and analyzes their advantages and limitations with respect to applications. It then presents an experimental study. This study has been conducted on real data of more than 5 months of broadcasting. Two types of metadata have been considered and a video identification technique has been developed. The obtained results show in particular, the effectiveness of content-based solution and also highlight imprecision and limitations of metadata. They show in particular that over a 24 hour broadcast, more than 40% of the programs start more than 5 minutes earlier or later than that expected in the metadata.
Distinct ankyrin isoforms at neuron cell bodies and nodes of Ranvier resolved using erythrocyte ankyrin-deficient mice. (1991)

Isoforms of ankyrin (ankyrinsR) immunologically related to erythrocyte ankyrin (ankyrinRo) are associated with distinct neuronal plasma membrane domains of functional importance, such as cell bodies and dendrites, axonal hillock and initial segments, and nodes of Ranvier. AnkyrinRo is expressed in brain, and accounts for at least one of the ankyrinR isoforms. Another ankyrin isoform of brain, ankyrinB, is encoded by a distinct gene and is immunologically distinct from ankyrinsR. Mutant mice with normoblastosis (nb/nb) constitute the first described genetic model of ankyrin deficiency: they display a severe hemolytic anemia due to a significantly reduced expression of the ankyrinRo gene in reticulocytes as well as brain (Peters L. L., C. S. Birkenmeier, R. T. Bronson, R. A. White, S. E. Lux, E. Otto, V. Bennett, A. Higgins, and J. E. Barker. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 114:1233-1241). In the present report, we distinguish between ankyrinRo and other ankyrinR isoforms using immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence localization of ankyrinsR throughout the nervous system (forebrain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve) of nb/nb and normal mice. This is the first immunocytochemical characterization of the neurological component of the nb mutation and shows the following. (a) The isoform of ankyrin at the nodes of Ranvier and initial axonal segments is present in the nb/nb mice and does not cross-react with an ankyrinRo-specific antibody; this isoform, therefore, is distinct from both ankyrin isoforms identified in brain, ankyrinRo and ankyrinB, and is probably the product of a distinct gene and a unique component of the specialized membrane skeleton associated with nodes of Ranvier. (b) AnkyrinRo missing from nb/nb mice is selectively associated with neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, excluded from myelinated axons, and displays a selective pattern of expression in the nervous system whereby expression is almost ubiquitous in neurons of the cerebellum (Purkinje and granule cells) and spinal cord, and restricted to a very minor subset of neurons in hippocampus and neocortex of forebrain.
[Evaluation of erythrocyte survival by the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin. Clinical value]. (1985)

In normoglycaemic subjects the haemoglobin glycosylation rate primarily depends on duration of erythrocyte life. Measurements of glycosylated haemoglobin therefore can be used to evaluate erythrocyte life. Indeed, glycosylated haemoglobin is significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) in patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia or Minkowski-Chauffard syndrome as compared with patients with non-haemolytic anaemia. In addition, there is a strong correlation (r = 0.92) in non-diabetic subjects between the level of glycosylated haemoglobin and the percentage of daily haemolysis, as determined by a method using 51 Cr-labelled antologous red cells.
Synthesis of <scp>N</scp> ‐( <i> <scp>tert</scp> </i> ‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐β‐Iodoalanine Methyl Ester: A Useful Building Block in the Synthesis of Nonnatural α‐Amino Acids via Palladium Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions (2004)

Abstract N‐(tert‐ Butoxycarbonyl)‐L‐serine methyl ester N‐(tert‐ Butoxycarbonyl)‐beta‐iodoalanine methyl ester N ‐( tert‐ Butoxycarbonyl)‐beta‐4‐(methoxycarbonyl)phenylalanine methyl ester 4‐Diaminopyridine Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium
Waterhouse (2009)

We present Waterhouse, a system for sending and receiving cryptographically protected electronic mail ("secure e-mail"). We show how an existing e-mail interface can be modified to make exchanging secure e-mail nearly effortless. Our system integrates with social networking services (such as Facebook) to automatically exchange cryptographic keys between friends. When a user sends a message to a friend, our system automatically encrypts the contents to thwart eavesdroppers. When a user receives a message from a friend, Waterhouse uses the recipient's social network to verify the sender's identity. Our prototype shows senders' photos as an intuitive indicator of message authenticity. We describe our planned user study and conclude with directions for future work.
Thermo-Responsive Devices Using Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Hydrogels (1993)

Aqueous solution of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) shows phase transition around 38°C. PVME hydrogel cross-linked by γ-ray irradiation is also a thermally responsive hydrogel and undergoes volume change at the same temperature; it swells below and shrinks above 38°C. PVME hydrogel prepared near phase transition temperature has heterogeneous and macroporous structure. The volume change of the macroporous hydrogel takes place rapidly with changing temperature. An attempt has been made to develop thermally activated chemomechamcal devices such as an artificial muscle model, an automatic separation system, an artificial finger model, and a photo-responsive device.
Haptically Annotated Movies: Reaching Out and Touching the Silver Screen (2006)

The film industry consistently strives to make the movie-going experience more immersive and more captivating, through larger screens, higher-quality images, and increasingly sophisticated speaker systems. Currently, however, presentation of movies is limited to the visual and auditory senses. Haptics provides significant potential for augmenting the theater experience beyond those sensory modalities. In this paper and the accompanying demo, we present a system for recording and annotating haptic information that is time-referenced to a movie, then replaying the recorded haptic information to a user. We discuss several user interface issues that we addressed and several scenarios that are augmented by this system.
The maximum group delay in a resonator: an unconventional approach (2007)

We introduce a definition of group velocity for a system with a discreet spectrum and apply it to a linear resonator. We show that a positive, negative, or zero group velocity can be obtained for light propagating in the whispering gallery modes of a microspherical resonator. The associated group delay is practically independent of the ring-down time of the resonator. We demonstrate "stopped light" in an experiment with a fused silica microsphere.
Microwave ion source for ultra clean ion implanters (2003)

An advanced microwave ion source has been developed in order to achieved high purity ion beams and long source life. The source generates no metallic contamination as the plasma chamber is made of a chemically stable sure ceramic. The source life is also extended be on order of magnitude as the source materials fed into the chamber are directly ionized without using cathodes. The ion source has a unique feature of controlling the magnetic field profile across the plasma chamber by the use of a closed magnetic circuit and the shaped magnet poles. This feature, combined with the low ripple microwave generator, made it possible to achieve a wide dynamic range of plasma density (1*10/sup 15/-1*10/sup 19/ ion/cm/sup 3/). The source can be operated in either ECR or Off ECR mode in order to adjust the level of ionization, which is extremely useful when extracting ions form molecular source materials. This paper discusses the structure and the characteristics of the microwave ion source in terms of magnetic field profile, microwave propagation, plasma density, level of ionization and the dynamic range of beam current. The ion source was operated on an Applied Materials xR80 Ion Implanter.
<title>Polarization-based all-optical bistable element</title> (1991)

Theoretical studies are given for a nonlinear Fabry-Perot resonator filled with a birefringent medium or a gyrotropic medium. The results mapped onto Poincare's spheres show the changes of the output polarization states due to the changing input intensities.
Splaced out! Social entrepreneurial learning in accelerators (2015)

In today’s globalised world, societies face significant social and environmental challenges. Governments find it difficult to address these issues effectively and are seeking help from other sectors of society, including business and the ‘third’ sector. Social entrepreneurship has been identified as an important tool for developing innovative and sustainable solutions to societal problems. Consequently, governments are eager to stimulate and support the development of effective social ventures (EESC, 2014). Many institutes of further education are therefore extending programmes of entrepreneurship education to including courses that introduce students to social entrepreneurship (Kickul et al., 2012). Practicing social entrepreneurs are also supported by a larger number of incubators and training programmes that cater for their particular needs (Casasnovas and Bruno, 2013). In some regions social entrepreneurs participate in a type of intensive training programme that has gained traction as an enterprise development tool for traditional, for-profit ventures. These programmes, known as accelerators, recruit cohorts of entrepreneurs and provide them with an intense experience of networking, education and practical work for periods of eight to sixteen weeks (Miller and Bound, 2011). Examples of accelerators for social ventures include Echoing Green and the Unreasonable Institute, both in the United States. Despite initiatives such as these, little is known about the learning of social entrepreneurs in these programmes. This lack of knowledge is linked to several gaps in the scholarly literature. Firstly, little research has been conducted on accelerators (AoM, 2013; Hallen et al., 2013). Secondly, scholars tend to discuss entrepreneurs’ learning in informal learning environments (i.e.: their workplaces and similar environments), as opposed to in non-formal and formal contexts – despite the fact that many entrepreneurs participate in venture-oriented training. A limited number of scholars discuss entrepreneurs’ learning in incubators and accelerators (for example: Cohen, 2013; Hjorth, 2013; Hallen et al., 2013), but do not go into detail with regards to the learning process. Hjorth (ibid.) for example, writing in the context of incubators, argues that scholars need to emphasise psychological “space” – as opposed to physical place – with regards to learning, but focuses more on key ingredients than on process. Furthermore, regardless of context, entrepreneurial learning tends to be discussed in a manner that emphasises the role of human actors, while downplaying – or ignoring – the impact of non-human, “material” factors (Erdelyi, 2010). A final reason relates to the low number of studies that discuss the learning of social entrepreneurs, that is: social entrepreneurial learning.
Color Contrast Detection in Spatial Chromatic Noise (2002)

In this report, higher order color mechanisms for the detection of spatial distributions of color are investigated. The objective of this work is to understand which are the visual mechanisms involved in chromatic detection tasks and to dene the properties of such mechanisms. Despite great investigation eorts, human color vision is far from being satisfactorily explained. It is still not clear which mechanisms, at a post-receptoral level, mediate color detection. Recently, psychophysical studies have argued that the cone-opponent signals are further processed by higher order chromatic mechanisms, sort of multiple channels tuned to a variety of directions in the color space. A better understanding of chromatic detection mechanisms could enable the development of perceptual image quality metrics and the evaluation of chromatic noise masking eects. The mechanisms responsible for the detection of monochromatic signals have been described developing a psychophysical experiment. Such mechanisms have been characterized estimating contrast thresholds for the detection of a chromatic signal within a color spatial distribution using a sectored noise masking technique. The experiment was designed in the DKL color space, thus both signal and noise mask were dened in that space. Sectored noise draws samples from a sector of variable width in an equiluminant plane of the DKL color space. Such a sector is oriented along the same chromatic axis of the signal. Sector amplitude and width and test color direction were under experimental control. Observers were asked to detect a signal, a monochromatic Gaussian pulse, within a sectored noise. Contrast thresholds for the detection of red, light reddish, orange and yellow signals were measured. Estimating the potency of noise masking as a function of noise sector width, it is possible to distinguish directly between detection mechanisms that combine the photoreceptoral inputs in a linear or nonlinear fashion. In fact, a mechanism tuned to a certain color direction that combines the cone signals linearly is not inuenced by the noise components orthogonal to such a direction, that is, by the width of the noise sector. On the other hand, nonlinear mechanisms should be aected by the variation of sector width. In this report we carefully detail all the steps followed to develop our psychophysical experience. In our experiment, thresholds were found not to depend on noise sector width, consistently with the hypothesis of linear mechanisms operating for the detection of specic colors.
Phosphoglycerate mutase, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase, creatine kinase and enolase activity and isoenzymes in breast carcinoma (2000)

We have compared the levels of phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1), 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.13), creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) activities and the distribution of their isoenzymes in normal breast tissue and in breast carcinoma. Tumour tissue had higher phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase activity than normal tissue. Creatine kinase activity was higher in seven out of 12 tumours. In contrast 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity was lower. Phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase presented greater changes in the oestrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative breast carcinomas than in the steroid receptor-positive tumours. Determined by electrophoresis, type BB phosphoglycerate mutase, type BB creatine kinase and alpha alpha-enolase were the major isoenzymes detected in normal breast tissue. Types alpha gamma and gamma gamma enolase, types MB and MM phosphoglycerate mutase were detected in much lower proportions. In tumours a decrease of phosphoglycerate mutase isoenzymes possessing M-type subunit and some increase of enolase isoenzymes possessing gamma-type subunit was observed. No detectable change was observed in the creatine kinase phenotype.