gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linking genetic change to community evolution: insights from studies of bacteria and bacteriophage (2000)

A major goal of community ecology is to link biological processes at lower scales with community patterns. Microbial communities are especially powerful model systems for making these links. In this article, we review recent studies of laboratory communities of bacteria and bacteriophage (viruses that infect bacteria). We focus on the ecology and evolution of bacteriophage‐resistance as a case study demonstrating the relationship between specific genes, individual interactions, population dynamics, community structure, and evolutionary change. In laboratory communities of bacteria and bacteriophage, bacteria rapidly evolve resistance to bacteriophage infection. Different resistance mutations produce distinct resistance phenotypes, differing, for example, in whether resistance is partial or complete, in the magnitude of the physiological cost associated with resistance, and in whether the mutation can be countered by a host‐range mutation in the bacteriophage. These differences determine whether a mutant can invade, the effect its invasion has on the population dynamics of sensitive bacteria and phage, and the resulting structure of the community. All of these effects, in turn, govern the community’s response to environmental change and its subsequent evolution.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Diarrhea in Children Less than Five Years of Age in Central Java (1996)

A community-based prospective study was performed from December 1993 through March 31, 1994 in Indonesia in children less than five years of age. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identified in diarrheic stool by colony hybridization assay, using toxin probes, and this bacterium was isolated from 19% of 340 episodes of diarrhea. Sixty-one percent of ETEC produced heat-labile toxin (LT) only, 325 LT and heat-stable toxin (ST), and 75 ST only. The age-specific incidence rates of diarrhea among children 0-1 and 2-3 years of age were 77% and 61%, respectively, during the study period; ETEC was isolated from 26% of children 0-1 years of age versus 53% for children 2-3 years of age. As many as seven episodes of diarrhea were repeatedly experienced by a single child during the four-month study period; however, only two children had more than one episode of known ETEC-associated diarrheal disease during the period of observation.
Hypotensive responses to the putative adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor agonist N<sup>6</sup>‐2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐ethyladenosine in the rat (1993)

Abstract The hypotensive response to the putative adenosine A 3 receptor agonist, N 6 ‐2‐(4‐aminophenyl)ethyladenosine (APNEA), has been further investigated. In pithed rats with blood pressures maintained at normal values with angiotensin II, the hypotensive response to APNEA was resistant to blockade by 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) at a dose of 0.5 mg kg (1.7 μmol kg) iv, which abolished the bradycardia to APNEA and that to the prototype A 1 receptor agonist, N 6 ‐cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). The xanthine‐resistant hypotensive responses to APNEA were broadly similar in pithed animals whose blood pressures were maintained by phenylephrine, clonidine, or the inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, N G ‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME). The blocker of ATP‐dependent potassium (K ATP ) channels, glibenclamide, did not affect the hypotensive response to APNEA in animals infused with angiotensin II. Thus, the xanthine‐resistant hypotensive response to APNEA is not an effect dependent on a particular agonist‐receptor interaction. Neither the release of NO, newly synthesized from L‐arginine, nor activation of glibenclamide‐sensitive K ATP channels can explain the putative A 3 receptor‐mediated hypotensive response to APNEA. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Unusual Lipid Mixing in Cholesterol-Rich Phospholipid Bilayers:  The Long and the Short of It (2003)

Nearest-neighbor recognition studies have revealed that favored sterol-phospholipid associations can be reversed in a fluid bilayer that contains relatively long (high melting) and short (low melting) phospholipids, when the sterol content is sufficiently high; that is, like-lipids now become favored nearest-neighbors. A possible origin of this effect is briefly discussed.
Signal delay in RC mesh networks (1985)

Simple closed-form bounds for signal propagation delay in linear <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</tex> tree models for MOS interconnect were derived in [1]. This paper shows that these bounds are also valid for the more general class of linear networks known as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</tex> meshes, which are useful as models for portions of MOS logic circuits that cannot be represented as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</tex> trees.
Shape and surface modification of natural graphite particles by mechano-chemical method (2005)

To modify shape and surface of natural graphite particles, a relationship was experimentally investigated among operationalconditions of a mechano-fusion system, particle shape and powder characteristics. Consequently, for the raw material of low tapping density, the shape index, which is defined as a ratio of short to long axis of an approximated ellipse, was increased with the rotational speed and the treatment time. Whereas, for the graphite particles of high tapping density, the shape index was not affected so much by the operational conditions.The median size and the width of particle size distribution and the specific surface were hardly changed after treatment, but the R-value by Raman spectroscopy was increased with the treatment time to suggest the change in crystallinity of particle surface.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Processing Application (2005)

Scietice Applications Iiiteriiatioiial corporation (SAIC) has deveilopcd a software application for processing raw synthetic aperture radar (SAK) phase liistories. Tlic software allows efficicnt workstation processitig of satellite and aircraft data. The processor was origiiially ititelided as an aiialysis tool for testing SAR processing algorithms atid for iinproviiig image quality . These iiiiages have occaiiograpliic applications such as wave or ship wake enhaiicelncnt atid environmental monitoring. I. INTKOIILJCTION Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAII) is an all-weather remote sensing technique which achievcs high resolution and large swath widths (l). SAR uses a short chirped pulse and matched-filter processing to obtain fine range resolution. Fine azimuth resolution which is range-indepcndent is obtained by using the platform motion and coherent processing of (lie Doppler-shifted radx pulses to synlliesize a large antelma. The range and aziinulli resolution of the processed phase history data is a few incters for aircraft SAll's atid about 10 meters for satellite SAR's. Image swath widths of 100 kin square are obtained from satellites aiid 5-10 kin froin aircraft SAR's. During the 1990's four coininercial intcriiational satellite- based synthetic aperture radar systems - the European Space Agency's ERS-I, the Japanese JERS-1, the Canadian RADARSAT and Uie Soviet ALMA% satellites - will be operating. In addition, aircraft systems which include the Canadian CV-580, the NASA JPL DC-8, and the US Navy P3 SAR collect interfcroinetric, inulti-ch:inncl or multi- polarization data uscful for yuantitative remote scnsiiig analyses. Data from these systems have many applications such as moriitoring ice motions ;md oil slicks, rncasuring ocean wavcs and fronts, aiitl evaluating natural rcsot~rces. One disadvantage of SAli is a significant increase in thc amount of data and processing requirements for image formation. In the past, processed S AI< images have bcen provided by large data facilities with hardware dedicated to producing catalogued scenes. For example , the satellite scenes of the IJS imaged by EIiS-1 and JGRS-1 will be processed by the Alaska SAR Facility. I Iowever, even with dedicated hardware this facility is able to process only a fraction of the phase histories of hundreds of images received each day. SAR processing at these facilities is performed using automated standard processing. The fundamental assumption inade in the azimuth Doppler processing is that the scatterers in the scene are stationary. For oceanographic applications this assumption is not satisfied because the short-scale surface waves which are imaged by the radar are moving. Since this motion significantly degrades a conventionally processed S Ali image, specialized processing is required to obtain better resolution images for oceanographic applications.
Purification of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> 24‐hydroxylase from rat kidney mitochondria (1989)

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase was purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state (Mr = 53,000) from kidney mitochondria of female rats treated with vitamin D3.
Random‐Graft Polymer‐Directed Synthesis of Inorganic Mesostructures with Ultrathin Frameworks (2014)

A widely employed route for synthesizing mesostructured materials is the use of surfactant micelles or amphiphilic block copolymers as structure-directing agents. A versatile synthesis method is described for mesostructured materials composed of ultrathin inorganic frameworks using amorphous linear-chain polymers functionalized with a random distribution of side groups that can participate in inorganic crystallization. Tight binding of the side groups with inorganic species enforces strain in the polymer backbones, limiting the crystallization to the ultrathin micellar scale. This method is demonstrated for a variety of materials, such as hierarchically nanoporous zeolites, their aluminophosphate analogue, TiO2 nanosheets of sub-nanometer thickness, and mesoporous TiO2, SnO2, and ZrO2. This polymer-directed synthesis is expected to widen our accessibility to unexplored mesostructured materials in a simple and mass-producible manner.
Custirsen (OGX-011): a second-generation antisense inhibitor of clusterin for the treatment of cancer (2008)

Custirsen is well tolerated in humans and biologically active in inhibiting expression of clusterin in patients with cancer. Randomized trials of custirsen in combination with chemotherapy are planned in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Elevated levels of a somatomedin-binding protein PP12 in patients with ovarian cancer (1986)

The circulating levels of placental protein 12 (PP12), a somatomedin-binding protein, were measured by radioimmunoassay in 37 postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors. Elevated levels (above 47 micrograms/l) were observed in 16 of 25 patients (64%) with malignant and 2 of 12 patients (17%) with benign tumors. Elevated levels were more frequent and higher in patients with advanced disease. Within 1 week of surgery, the levels fell in 13 of 17 cases (77%). In addition to clinical interest, these results contribute to our knowledge of carrier proteins of growth factors in patients bearing malignant ovarian neoplasms.
Quadratic Programming Applied to Modern Portfolio Selection (2001)

The mean-variance formulation by Markowitz in 1956 and its efficient solution by Wolfe in 1959 paved a foundation for modern portfolio selection. In this work we start reviewing basic concepts about portfolio selection, showing one starting solution and then the mean-variance analysis proposed by Markowitz. We show an algorithm for efficient frontier derivation, proposed by Wolfe, and analyze the performance of 24 portfolios generated by our implementation of this method, 12 of then in a bull market and the other 12 in a bear market. After that we finish our work presenting some limitations of this formulation and recent studies where preference for skewness is introduced. Another nonlinear models are also suggested. Key Words: Quadratic Programming, Portfolio Selection, Utility Function, Skewness.
Facile synthesis of substituted diaryliodonium tosylates by treatment of aryltributylstannanes with Koser’s reagent (1999)

A facile synthesis of substituted diaryliodonium tosylates (toluene-p-sulfonates) was developed, based on the treatment of substituted aryltributylstannanes with Koser’s reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene]. In this manner, several new diaryliodonium salts, bearing one or more substituents on one aryl ring, were prepared in useful yields under mild conditions (dichloromethane, room temperature, 2 h).
Chemo- and Diastereoselectivity in the Dimethyldioxirane Oxidation of 2,3-Dihydro-4<i>H</i>-1-benzothiopyran-4-ones and 4<i>H</i>-1-Benzothiopyran-4-ones. Unusual Reactivity of 4<i>H</i>-1-Benzothiopyran-4-one 1-Oxides<sup>1</sup> (2001)

The oxidation of the 1-thiochromanones 1-3 by dimethyldioxirane (DMD) produced the corresponding sulfoxides 4-6 or sulfones 7-9; their relative amounts depended on the amount of oxidant used. A low diastereoselectivity was observed in the sulfoxidation of the 2-substituted 1-thiochromanones 2 and 3, due to the small steric differentiation during the DMD attack. An unusual reactivity pattern was found in the DMD oxidation of the 1-thiochromones 10-12, in that the sulfoxides 13-15 were more reactive toward the electrophilic oxidizing agent than the corresponding sulfides. The observed anomaly may be explained in terms of transannular stabilization of the transition structure (TS) for the sulfone formation, promoted through favorable conformational effects in the sulfoxide. Higher sulfoxide/sulfone ratios were found in solvents of greater hydrogen bond donor capacity, which is in accordance with the postulated stabilizing effect.
Approximate formulae for numerical inversion of Laplace transforms (1998)

Most methods for the numerical calculation of inverse Laplace transformations f(t) = L−1[F(s)] have serious limitations concerning the class of functions F(s) that can be inverted or the achievable accuracy. The procedures described in the paper can be used to invert rational as well as irrational or transcendental functions of the complex variable s. The required accuracy of the results can be enhanced without changing the algorithm, only at the cost of a longer computation time. The described methods were verified with many examples including transients in lumped/distributed systems with sections of lossy multiconductor transmission lines or with distributed RC elements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Make — a program for maintaining computer programs (1979)

Abstract Good programmers break their projects into a number of pieces, each to be processed or compiled by a different chain of programs. After a set of changes is made, the series of actions that must be taken can be quite complex, and costly errors are frequently made. This paper describes a program that can keep track of the relationships between parts of a program, and issue the commands needed to make the parts consistent after changes are made. Make has been in use on UNIX UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. systems since 1975. The underlying idea is quite simple and can be adapted to many other environments.
PHARMACOKINETIC DRUG INTERACTION WITH GRAPEFRUIT JUICE (1997)

Simultaneous intake of grapefruit juice, but not other fruit beverages, is now known to alter pharmacokinetics and efficacies of various drugs.. Although drugs described above do not relate structurally with each other, a form of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, is shown to be responsible for the metabolisms of these drugs. The exact mechanism of this interaction remains yet unclear, but the suppression of drug metabolisms has been suggested as a major mechanism. We have isolated four components from grapefruit juice that inhibit human CYP3Amediated drug oxidation. The structures of these components were identified as furocoumarin derivatives by absorption spectra, APCI-LC/MS/MS and NMR after their purification by a reversed-phase HPLC. These furocoumarins are strong candidates for causative agents of grapefruit juice-mediated drug interaction, because of their inhibition equal or stronger than did a typical CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, on microsomal testosterone 6β-hydroxylation in human livers.
Simultaneous Source Separation Using Wave Field Modeling and PEF Adaptive Subtraction (2009)

The acquisition of n-shots, more or less simultaneously, increases acquisition efficiency and collects a wider range of information for imaging and reservoir characterisation. Its success relies critically on the ability to separate n-shots from one recording. Using a difficult data example we show that a PEF-based adaptive subtraction of the estimated wavefield due to a secondary source provides an effective separation of the sources.
Physical Vapor Transport Growth and Properties of SiC Monocrystals of 4H Polytype (1997)

The physical vapor transport technique can be employed to fabricate large diameter silicon carbide crystals (up to 50 mm diameter) exhibiting uniform 4H-polytype over the full crystal volume. Crystal growth rate is controlled to first order by temperature conditions and ambient pressure. 4H-polytype uniformity is controlled by polarity of the seed crystal and the growth temperature. 4H-SiC crystals exhibit crystalline defects mainly in the form of dislocations with densities in the 104 cm—2 range and micropipe defects, the latter having densities as low as 10 cm—2 in best crystals. Electrical conductivity in 4H-SiC bulk crystals ranges from <10—2 Ω cm, n-type, to insulating (>1015 Ω cm) at room temperature.
An optimal data propagation algorithm for maximizing the lifespan of sensor networks (2006)

Abstract. We consider the problem of data propagation in wireless sen-sor networks and revisit the family of mixed strategy routing schemes. We show that maximizing the lifespan, balancing the energy among in-dividual sensors and maximizing the message flow in the network are equivalent. We propose a distributed and adaptive data propagation al-gorithm for balancing the energy among sensors in the network. The mixed routing algorithm we propose allows each sensor node to either send a message to one of its immediate neighbors, or to send it directly to the base station, the decision being based on a potential function depending on its remaining energy. By considering a simple model of the network and using a linear programming description of the message flow, we prove the strong result that an energy-balanced mixed strategy beats every other possible routing strategy in terms of lifespan maximiza-tion. Moreover, we provide sufficient conditions for ensuring the dynamic stability of the algorithm. The algorithm is inspired by the gradient-based routing scheme but by allowing to send messages directly to the base station we improve considerably the lifespan of the network. As a matter of fact, we show experimentally that our algorithm is close to optimal and that it even beats the best centralized multi-hop routing strategy. 1
Sunscreens' photochemical behaviour: in vivo evaluation by the stripping method (1997)

This study shows the influence of a water-in-oil emulsion and an oil-in-water emulsion on the photochemical behaviour of four sunscreen preparations containing various amounts of three UV filters: octyl methoxycinnamate, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. With the stripping method in vivo, skin-product interactions were evaluated after topical application and ultra-violet exposure. Evaluations were also made under the same operating conditions as in determining sun protection factor in vivo. Results showed that each sunscreen preparation has a particular photochemical behaviour related to filter mixture and emulsion type. When developing a sunscreen preparation the choice of the emulsion type and filters is relevant for achieving optimum efficacy and spectral stability.
Ueber die Constitution der Isonitramine (1895)

Dass der vorliegende Kiirper wirklich das 1,4,8 -Trioxyterpan ist, geht aus dem Verhalten gegen Bromwasserstoff hervor.Lasst man ihn iiber Nacbt mit Eisessigbromwasserstoff stehen, so scheidet sich eine reichliche Menge von Erystallen aus, die durch den Schmelzpunkt 110-1 11 O, durch die Ueberfiihrung in das 44,8-Terpenolacetat iind das blaue Nitrosochlorid als identisch mit dem W a l l a c h ' s c h e n Tribromid erkannt wurden.Eisessigchlorwasserstoff lieferte nur ein Oel, Eisessigjodwasserstoff dagegen Rrystalle.Kocht man das Trioxyterpan mit verdiinnter Schwefelsaure, so bildet sich neben ungesattigten sauerstoff haltigen Producten ein gegen Permanganat bestandiger Kohlenwasserstoff vom Siedepunkt 175O, der wohl unzweifelhaft Cymol ist.Es ist dies ein neuer Beweis
Fuzzy Logic Unmanned Air Vehicle Motion Planning (2012)

There are a variety of scenarios in which the mission objectives rely on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) being capable of maneuvering in an environment containing obstacles in which there is little prior knowledge of the surroundings. With an appropriate dynamic motion planning algorithm, UAVs would be able to maneuver in any unknown environment towards a target in real time. This paper presents a methodology for two-dimensional motion planning of a UAV using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy inference system takes information in real time about obstacles (if within the agent's sensing range) and target location and outputs a change in heading angle and speed. The FL controller was validated, and Monte Carlo testing was completed to evaluate the performance. Not only was the path traversed by the UAV often the exact path computed using an optimal method, the low failure rate makes the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) feasible for exploration. The FLC showed only a total of 3% failure rate, whereas an artificial potential field (APF) solution, a commonly used intelligent control method, had an average of 18% failure rate. These results highlighted one of the advantages of the FLC method: its adaptability to complex scenarios while maintaining low control effort.
Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Time Series Prediction (2014)

Ability of deep networks to extract high level features and of recurrent networks to perform time-series inference have been studied. In view of universality of one hidden layer network at approximating functions under weak constraints, the benefit of multiple layers is to enlarge the space of dynamical systems approximated or, given the space, reduce the number of units required for a certain error. Traditionally shallow networks with manually engineered features are used, back-propagation extent is limited to one and attempt to choose a large number of hidden units to satisfy the Markov condition is made. In case of Markov models, it has been shown that many systems need to be modeled as higher order. In the present work, we present deep recurrent networks with longer backpropagation through time extent as a solution to modeling systems that are high order and to predicting ahead. We study epileptic seizure suppression electro-stimulator. Extraction of manually engineered complex features and prediction employing them has not allowed small low-power implementations as, to avoid possibility of surgery, extraction of any features that may be required has to be included. In this solution, a recurrent neural network performs both feature extraction and prediction. We prove analytically that adding hidden layers or increasing backpropagation extent increases the rate of decrease of approximation error. A Dynamic Programming (DP) training procedure employing matrix operations is derived. DP and use of matrix operations makes the procedure efficient particularly when using data-parallel computing. The simulation studies show the geometry of the parameter space, that the network learns the temporal structure, that parameters converge while model output displays same dynamic behavior as the system and greater than .99 Average Detection Rate on all real seizure data tried.