gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion-Transfer Electrochemistry at Arrays of Nanointerfaces between Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions Confined within Silicon Nitride Nanopore Membranes (2010)

Ion transfer across interfaces between immiscible liquids provides a means for the nonredox electrochemical detection of ions. Miniaturization of such interfaces brings the benefits of enhanced mass transport. Here, the electrochemical behavior of geometrically regular arrays of nanoscale interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES arrays) is presented. These were prepared by supporting the two electrolyte phases within silicon nitride membranes containing engineered arrays of nanopores. The nanoITIES arrays were characterized by cyclic voltammetry of the interfacial transfer of tetraethylammonium cation (TEA(+)) between the aqueous phase and the gelled organic phase. Effects of pore radius, pore center-to-center separation, and number of pores in the array were examined. The ion transfer produced apparent steady-state voltammetry on the forward and reverse sweeps at all experimentally accessible scan rates and at all nanopore array designs. However, background-subtraction of the voltammograms revealed the evolution of a peak-shaped response on the reverse sweep with increasing scan rate, indicative of pores filled with the organic phase to a certain extent. The steady-state voltammetric behavior at the nanoITIES arrays on the forward sweep for arrays with significant diffusion zone overlap between adjacent nanoITIES is indicative of the dominance of radial diffusion to interfaces at the edge of the arrays over linear diffusion to interfaces within the arrays. This implies that nanoITIES arrays, which occupy an overall area of micrometer dimensions, behave like a single microITIES of corresponding area to the nanoITIES array.
Sequence Folding, Lattice Tiling, and Multidimensional Coding (2009)

Folding a sequence $S$ into a multidimensional box is a well-known method which is used as a multidimensional coding technique. The operation of folding is generalized in a way that the sequence $S$ can be folded into various shapes and not just a box. The new definition of folding is based on a lattice tiling for the given shape $\cS$ and a direction in the $D$-dimensional integer grid. Necessary and sufficient conditions that a lattice tiling for $\cS$ combined with a direction define a folding of a sequence into $\cS$ are derived. The immediate and most impressive application is some new lower bounds on the number of dots in two-dimensional synchronization patterns. This can be also generalized for multidimensional synchronization patterns. The technique and its application for two-dimensional synchronization patterns, raise some interesting problems in discrete geometry. We will also discuss these problems. It is also shown how folding can be used to construct multidimensional error-correcting codes. Finally, by using the new definition of folding, multidimensional pseudo-random arrays with various shapes are generated.
An efficient total synthesis of (±)-pregabalin (2012)

3-Aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid 1 (pregabalin), is a structural derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA 1 . More recently, pregabalin was found to exhibit analgesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sleep modulating activities 2-4 . These observations have stimulated interest in the synthesis of pregabalin and related compounds. Many syntheses of pregabalin have been reported not only at the industrial level but also at the academic level 5-13 . In search of an efficient route for the synthesis of pregabalin, herein is reported an efficient synthesis of (±)-pregabalin applying oxidation-reduction strategy.
Clinical Application of Left Ventricular Assist Devices (1987)

In Japan, 32 patients have had application of monoventricular and biventricular assist devices during the past three years. Five of the 32 patients treated by the Fall of 1986 have successfully achieved long-term survival. In this paper we describe our experience with the Tomasu and Pierce VAD in a total of four and two patients, respectively. Four of the six patients could be successfully weaned from the VAD and two of them were long-term survivors. Nonsynchronizing pumping of the VADs was effective, as well as synchronizing pumping. Anticoagulant therapy is highly recommended during the use of the VAD although there was no significant incidence of thromboembolism or thrombus in the devices in this clinical series.
Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for volatile lipid oxidation compounds in soybean oil (1988)

Abstract To develop new knowledge on undesirable flavors affecting the quality of foods containing polyunsaturated lipids, we investigated the volatiles in soybean oil oxidized at different conditions by three capillary gas chromatographic methods: (a) direct injection (5 min heating at 180 C); (b) static headspace (20 min heating at 180 C, pressurizing for one min), and (c) dynamic headspace (purging 15 min at 180 C onto a porous polymer trap, desorbing from trap for five min). A fused silica column was used with bonded polymethyl and phenyl siloxane phase. At peroxide values between 2 and 10, the major volatile products found in soybean oil by the three methods were pentane, hexanal, 2‐heptenal, 2,4‐heptadienal and 2,4‐decadienal. The intensities of each volatile compound varied with the analytical methods used.
Proton enhanced dynamic battery chemistry for aprotic lithium–oxygen batteries (2017)

Water contamination is generally considered to be detrimental to the performance of aprotic lithium-air batteries, whereas this view is challenged by recent contrasting observations. This has provoked a range of discussions on the role of water and its impact on batteries. In this work, a distinct battery chemistry that prevails in water-contaminated aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries is revealed. Both lithium ions and protons are found to be involved in the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, and lithium hydroperoxide and lithium hydroxide are identified as predominant discharge products. The crystallographic and spectroscopic characteristics of lithium hydroperoxide monohydrate are scrutinized both experimentally and theoretically. Intriguingly, the reaction of lithium hydroperoxide with triiodide exhibits a faster kinetics, which enables a considerably lower overpotential during the charging process. The battery chemistry unveiled in this mechanistic study could provide important insights into the understanding of nominally aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries and help to tackle the critical issues confronted.
Planar Fourier transforms and Diophantine approximation (1973)

The radial behavior of its Fourier-Stieltjes transform in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper R squared"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{R^2}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is related to the modulus of continuity of a measure; in certain cases the Hausdorff dimension of an exceptional set of lines can be estimated. Converse results use the theory of Diophantine approximation established by Besicovitch and Jarník.
Delivery approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics <i>in vivo</i>: advances and challenges (2018)

This review focuses on the challenges to efficacy for various delivery formats, with specific emphasis on overcoming these challenges through the development of carrier vehicles for transient approaches to CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vivo.
Unprecedented Syndioselectivity and Syndiotactic Polyolefin Melting Temperature:  Polypropylene and Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) from a Highly Active, Sterically Expanded η-Fluorenyl−η<sup>1</sup>-Amido Zirconium Complex (2005)

The structurally unique, sterically expanded eta1-fluorenyl-eta1-amido single-site precatalyst, Me2Si(eta1-N-tBu)(eta1-C29H36)ZrCl2.OEt2 (3), upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), is remarkably active and constitutes the most syndioselective alpha-olefin polymerization catalyst system yet reported. 3/MAO affords as-prepared syndiotactic polypropylene with [rrrr] > 99% and unprecedented melting temperatures for the unannealed (165 degrees C) and annealed (174 degrees C) polymers. The activity of this system is 4 times that of the prototypical syndioselective catalyst Me2C(eta5-C5H4)(eta5-C13H8)ZrCl2/MAO. The high activity and syndioselectivity of 3/MAO can be extended to the production of syndiotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) with a record melting temperature of 215 degrees C and [rrrr] = 97%.
Laser illumination and EO systems for covert surveillance from NIR to SWIR and beyond (2016)

One of the most important factor of success in battlefield is the ability to remain undetected by the opposing forces while also having an ability to detect all possible threats. Illumination and pointing systems working in NIR and SWIR bands are presented. Wavelengths up to 1100 nm can be registered by newest generation image intensifier tubes, CCD and EMCCD sensors. Image intensifier tubes of generation III or older are only limited up to wavelength of ~900 nm [1]. Longer wavelengths of 1550 nm and 1625 nm are designed to be used with SWIR electro-optical systems and they cannot be detected by any standard night vision system. Long range SWIR illuminators and pointers have beam divergences down to 1 mrad and optical powers up to 1.5 W. Due to lower atmospheric scattering SWIR illuminators and pointers can be used at extremely long distances up to 10s of km and even further during heavy weather conditions. Longer wavelengths of 2100 nm and 2450 nm are also presented, this spectrum band is of great interest for direct infrared countermeasure (DIRCM) applications. State-of-the-art SWIR and LWIR electro-optical systems are presented. Sensitive InGaAs sensors coupled with “fast" (low F/#) optical lenses can provide complete night vision, detection of all NIR and SWIR laser lines, penetration through smoke, dust and fog. Finally beyond-state-of-the-art uncooled micro-bolometer LWIR systems are presented featuring ultra-high sensor sensitivities of 20 mK.
Genetic medicine at the RNA level: modifications of the genetic repertoire for therapeutic purposes by pre-mRNA trans-splicing (2004)

Gene therapy is conventionally carried out by transferring genetic material to the target cell where the exogenous gene is expressed using the endogenous transcription and translation machinery in parallel with the target cell genome. This review focuses on a new paradigm of gene therapy, the use of trans-splicing to modify the genetic repertoire at the pre-mRNA level to treat genetic and acquired disorders. Therapeutic trans-splicing can be used to alter coding domains, to create novel fusion proteins, to direct gene products to various cellular compartments, and to overcome some of the limitations to vector-derived gene transfer technology, including gene therapy with large genes or with genes coding for toxic proteins. To demonstrate the potential of therapeutic trans-splicing, eukaryotic cis-splicing and trans-splicing are reviewed, followed by a discussion of strategies of therapeutic pre-mRNA trans-splicing directed by exogenous gene transfer.
High-Sensitivity Stable-Isotope Probing by a Quantitative Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Protocol (2011)

Stable-isotope probing (SIP) has proved a valuable cultivation-independent tool for linking specific microbial populations to selected functions in various natural and engineered systems. However, application of SIP to microbial populations with relatively minor buoyant density increases, such as populations that utilize compounds as a nitrogen source, results in reduced resolution of labeled populations. We therefore developed a tandem quantitative PCR (qPCR)-TRFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) protocol that improves resolution of detection by quantifying specific taxonomic groups in gradient fractions. This method combines well-controlled amplification with TRFLP analysis to quantify relative taxon abundance in amplicon pools of FAM-labeled PCR products, using the intercalating dye EvaGreen to monitor amplification. Method accuracy was evaluated using mixtures of cloned 16S rRNA genes, DNA extracted from low- and high-G+C bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus, Variovorax, and Microbacterium), and DNA from soil microcosms amended with known amounts of genomic DNA from bacterial isolates. Improved resolution of minor shifts in buoyant density relative to TRFLP analysis alone was confirmed using well-controlled SIP analyses.
Chipless RFID tag with integrated sensor (2010)

A chipless tag based on multiresonators with integrated temperature sensor is presented. The tag consists of a UWB monopole antenna loaded with multiple cascaded spiral EBGs which have a 1:1 correspondence with data bits. The data bits are encoded into the spectrum hence the tag has a unique spectral signature. The chipless tag is less sensitive to tag orientation and has smaller size than earlier generations of the tag. The temperature sensor is a NTC thermistor which changes the radar cross-section of the tag antenna. The change in radar cross-section is used to determine the temperature while the spectral signature is used to identify the tag's unique ID. A proof-of-concept tag is developed and tested which has 6-bits and operates between 2-2.6 GHz. The chipless RFID tag is designed for ultra-low cost sensing applications.
Estimation and Measurement of Junction Temperatures in a Three-Level Voltage Source Converter (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The design of a power converter must guarantee that the operating junction temperatures <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\vartheta_{j}$</tex></formula> of all devices do not exceed their limits under all specified operating conditions. Usually, this is ensured by a simulative or analytical junction temperature estimation based on simple electrical and thermal models and semiconductor datasheet values. This paper discusses the difficulties and quantifies the limitations of this approach on the example of a three-level neutral point clamped voltage source converter (NPC VSC) with insulated gate bipolar transistors. The calculations are compared to the results of direct junction temperature measurements with an infrared camera. The paper also provides the experimental proof for the unequal loss and junction temperature distribution in the three-level NPC VSC. </para>
Fabrication of nanostructures using scanning probe microscopes (1995)

We present nanostructure fabrication techniques using field evaporation and local heating in scanning probe microscopes, especially the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and the scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). The detachment of sulfur atoms from the surface of cleaved MoS2 and atomic scale fabrication were demonstrated with a field evaporation in STM. Field evaporation in AFM forms nanometer-sized gold dots on a SiO2/Si substrate. Local heating with SNOM changes a phase of the GeSbTe recording film from amorphous to crystalline, and forms high reflectivity domains 60 nm in diameter. Moreover, we discuss these applications to a semiconductor process and data storage.
Evolution of Type C Viral Genes: I. Nucleic Acid from Baboon Type C Virus as a Measure of Divergence among Primate Species (1974)

Hybridization studies with a [(3)H]DNA probe from an endogenous baboon type C virus were used to detect nucleic acid sequences of type C virus in primate cellular DNA. Sequences related to those of the baboon type C virus are found in all other Old World monkey species, higher apes, and man.
Contributions to lightning research for transmission line compaction (1988)

Research on lightning performance of compact transmission lines is presented. Various parameters affecting the tripout rate are described, particularly when reduced dielectric clearances are considered. By means of a series of laboratory impulse tests on a geometric scale guyed type structure, the critical flashover voltage of a compact inverted delta configuration is obtained. This parameter is used as an input of a digital program which estimates the lightning tripout rate expected for this type of tower. The compact design of a 400 kV transmission line is proposed and the requirements for future research work are anticipated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impact of a baseline polymorphism on the emergence of resistance to the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5a replication complex inhibitor, BMS-790052 (2012)

Our data show that a BL polymorphism with minimal effect on the anti-HCV effect of BMS-790052 can affect the emergence of resistance and significantly affect clinical outcome. This work establishes a clear, systematic approach to monitor resistance to NS5A inhibitors in the clinic.
Efficient Large‐Scale Synthesis of Picolinic Acid‐Derived Nickel(<scp>II</scp>) Complexes of Glycine (2003)

Abstract An efficient, large‐scale method for the preparation of 2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]acetophenone (PAAP) and 2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (PABP), the hitherto unknown 4‐methyl‐2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (4‐Me‐PABP) and 4‐nitro‐2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (4‐NO 2 ‐PABP), and their corresponding Ni II complexes with glycine is described. The key step of the method is the formation of the mixed anhydrides derived from o ‐picolinic acid and ethyl chloroformate or p ‐toluenesulfonyl chloride. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5--A Neuronal Killer? (2003)

In dividing cells, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are cell cycle-associated protein kinases that regulate proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. In neurons that no longer divide, deregulation of Cdks, especially Cdk5, occurs in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cdk5 is a unique member of the Cdk family because it does not play a critical role in cell cycle progression, and it is not activated by a cyclin. Instead, Cdk5 normally is activated by the regulatory protein p35. This Cdk5/p35 activity has emerged as an important regulator of proper development of the mammalian central nervous system. In vitro studies suggest that aberrant activation of Cdk5 by an endogenous truncated version (p25) of p35 might be a key event in the process of neurodegeneration. One enzyme responsible for cleavage of p35 to form p25 is calpain, a calcium-activated protease that has been shown to be involved in neuronal cell death. Recent studies provided important in vivo evidence that hyperactivation and redistribution of Cdk5 by p25 plays an essential role in the phosphorylation of "pathological" substrates (such as tau) and the cell death of neurons in experimental models of AD and PD. Because amyloid beta peptide, the primary neurotoxic component of amyloid plaques in AD, has been shown to increase the conversion of p35 to p25, aberrant activation of Cdk5 by p25 might be a pathway connecting amyloid beta toxicity to tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
Hematopoietic Growth Factors Signal Through the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (1999)

Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) stimulate growth, differentiation, and prevent apoptosis of progenitor cells. Each growth factor has a specific cell surface receptor, which activates both unique and shared signal transduction pathways. We found that several HGFs, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), steel factor (SF), and thrombopoietin (TPO) induce a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in quiescent cells. In an effort to understand the potential biochemical and biological consequences of increased ROS in these cells, we exposed growth factor-deprived cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations that increased intracellular ROS. H2O2 induced a dose-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation, including increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the GM-CSF receptor beta chain (betac), STAT5, and other signaling proteins. H2O2 also induced expression of the early response gene c-FOS, and G1- to S-phase transition, but not S- to G2/M-phase transition of MO7e cells. The cell permeable antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) decreased the intracellular levels of ROS and inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation induced by GM-CSF in MO7e cells, suggesting that ROS generation plays an important role in GM-CSF signaling. Consistent with this notion, PDTC and two other antioxidants, N-acetyl cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol, reduced growth and viability of MO7e cells. These results suggest that generation of ROS in response to HGFs may contribute to downstream signaling events, especially those involving tyrosine phosphorylation.
Lipotoxicity disrupts incretin-regulated human β cell connectivity (2013)

Pancreatic β cell dysfunction is pathognomonic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is driven by environmental and genetic factors. β cell responses to glucose and to incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are altered in the disease state. While rodent β cells act as a coordinated syncytium to drive insulin release, this property is unexplored in human islets. In situ imaging approaches were therefore used to monitor in real time the islet dynamics underlying hormone release. We found that GLP-1 and GIP recruit a highly coordinated subnetwork of β cells that are targeted by lipotoxicity to suppress insulin secretion. Donor BMI was negatively correlated with subpopulation responses to GLP-1, suggesting that this action of incretin contributes to functional β cell mass in vivo. Conversely, exposure of mice to a high-fat diet unveiled a role for incretin in maintaining coordinated islet activity, supporting the existence of species-specific strategies to maintain normoglycemia. These findings demonstrate that β cell connectedness is an inherent property of human islets that is likely to influence incretin-potentiated insulin secretion and may be perturbed by diabetogenic insults to disrupt glucose homeostasis in humans.