gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of exposure to natural light in the workplace on the health and productivity of office workers: a systematic review protocol (2010)

Review question/objective The objectives of this review are to examine studies that evaluate offices with windows to the external environment which permit the entry of natural light on the health and productivity of the workers as monitored by output, staff turnover, sickness and absence from work and measures of their health status. The specific question to be answered: • Do office workers with exposure to daylight experience better general health? • Do office workers with exposure to daylight demonstrate a higher productivity of work output? Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include adults who work in an office environment. It is anticipated that all study participants will be over 18 years of age and regularly working in an office or office-like environment. Studies considering effects on night-shift office workers will be included with outcomes considered separately from day-time office workers. Studies that consider regular part-time or full-time workers will be included in the review. This review will consider studies including males and females regardless of any pre-existing medical conditions. However, participants with pre-existing medical conditions will be examined in a sub-group analysis. Types of intervention For the purpose of this the office environment is considered to be an administrative work place as opposed to a factory, school or retail facility. Office workers within other facilities may be included, however this population must be able to be considered discretely. The review will consider studies that evaluate office space with windows, skylights, atria or any facility allowing exposure to daylight from the external environment with our without a nature view compared to office space without facility to allow exposure to daylight and having lighting provided exclusively by electric light sources. i.e. • Intervention: office space with windows, skylights, atria or any facility allowing exposure to daylight from the external environment with our without a nature view • Comparator: office space without facility to allow exposure to daylight and having lighting provided exclusively by electric light sources. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include health and work productivity outcome measures TRUNCATED AT 350 WORDS
Unsupervised and Efficient Vocabulary Expansion for Recurrent Neural Network Language Models in ASR (2018)

In automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, recurrent neural network language models (RNNLM) are used to rescore a word lattice or N-best hypotheses list. Due to the expensive training, the RNNLM's vocabulary set accommodates only small shortlist of most frequent words. This leads to suboptimal performance if an input speech contains many out-of-shortlist (OOS) words. An effective solution is to increase the shortlist size and retrain the entire network which is highly inefficient. Therefore, we propose an efficient method to expand the shortlist set of a pretrained RNNLM without incurring expensive retraining and using additional training data. Our method exploits the structure of RNNLM which can be decoupled into three parts: input projection layer, middle layers, and output projection layer. Specifically, our method expands the word embedding matrices in projection layers and keeps the middle layers unchanged. In this approach, the functionality of the pretrained RNNLM will be correctly maintained as long as OOS words are properly modeled in two embedding spaces. We propose to model the OOS words by borrowing linguistic knowledge from appropriate in-shortlist words. Additionally, we propose to generate the list of OOS words to expand vocabulary in unsupervised manner by automatically extracting them from ASR output.
Interactive image matting for multiple layers (2008)

Image matting deals with finding the probability that each pixel in an image belongs to a user specified dasiaobjectpsila or to the remaining dasiabackgroundpsila. Most existing methods estimate the mattes for two groups only. Moreover, most of these methods estimate the mattes with a particular bias towards the object and hence the resulting mattes do not sum up to 1 across the different groups. In this work, we propose a general framework to estimate the alpha mattes for multiple image layers. The mattes are estimated as the solution to the Dirichlet problem on a combinatorial graph with boundary conditions. We consider the constrained optimization problem that enforces the alpha mattes to take values in [0; 1] and sum up to 1 at each pixel. We also analyze the properties of the solution obtained by relaxing either of the two constraints. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed method can be used to extract accurate mattes of multiple objects with little user interaction.
Wiener restoration of defocused partially coherent images (1980)

Wiener filters are developed for the restoration of images that are distorted by diffraction and defocusing under conditions of partially coherent illumination. Performance of the restoration filter is assessed by the reduction of mean square error and the improvement of two-point resolution.
A Multicriteria Decision Model Application for Managing Group Decisions (1994)

This paper demonstrates how a multicriteria decision model (MCDM) using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) can overcome the difficulties arising from the complexity, subjectivity and lack of group consensus in the evaluation of advertising agency selection criteria. The model was applied to a publishing house reviewing their selection procedures, providing a list of prioritized values of agency criteria, which ultimately influence agency selection. It was discovered how the level of potential decision making influence, or power, affects the overall group priorities and rankings of criteria by comparing three computer simulations for allocating power amongst the group using Expert Choice Software. The findings suggested that dominant power may not always be critical in affecting group rankings. Any critical level of dominance was subsequently identified using sensitivity analysis. By encouraging reflection and revision, the technique has much potential for improving contributions amongst the group, and restraining critical levels of dominance.
High accuracy fuel flowmeter. Phase 2C and 3: The mass flowrate calibration of high accuracy fuel flowmeters (1992)

A facility for the precise calibration of mass fuel flowmeters and turbine flowmeters located at AMETEK Aerospace Products Inc., Wilmington, Massachusetts is described. This facility is referred to as the Test and Calibration System (TACS). It is believed to be the most accurate test facility available for the calibration of jet engine fuel density measurement. The product of the volumetric flow rate measurement and the density measurement, results in a true mass flow rate determination. A dual-turbine flowmeter was designed during this program. The dual-turbine flowmeter was calibrated on the TACS to show the characteristics of this type of flowmeter. An angular momentum flowmeter was also calibrated on the TACS to demonstrate the accuracy of a true mass flowmeter having a 'state-of-the-art' design accuracy.
Superior Performance of Ablative Glass Coatings Containing Graphene Nanosheets (2016)

Glass compositions in the Y 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 ( YAS ) system are envisaged as promising coatings for high‐temperature protection, in particular for the thermal protection systems ( TPS ) looked for aerospace applications. Recently, thermally sprayed YAS hybrid coatings containing a small amount of graphene nanoplateletes ( GNP s) showed enhanced performance as compared to the blank YAS coating, demonstrated by the occurrence of unusual electrical conductivity for these glasses and the development of better mechanical compliance, both phenomena associated with the presence of GNP s. Nevertheless, a crucial issue is to demonstrate if these kinds of coatings would also have superior behavior under ablation conditions, particularly regarding the mentioned TPS applications. This work goes far beyond, exploring the ablative behavior of new YAS / GNP s coatings flame sprayed over SiC substrates. These essential tests were carried out under laboratory conditions, reaching limit temperatures of 1350°C while blowing gas. Results evidence that hybrid coatings having just 1.05 vol% GNP s show enhanced ablation resistance, actually withstanding up to 30 thermal cycles (between 200°C and 1350°C) without apparent damage. This satisfactory performance is linked to the benefits of the GNP additions, and fundamentally to the higher emissivity and the directional thermal conduction characteristics of the hybrid coatings—produced by the formation of a GNP network with a preferential surface parallel arrangement—that preclude the creation of hot spots and also hinder heat propagation toward the substrate; accordingly, coating degradation is constrained to the uppermost layer of these coatings.
Facile S<sub>N</sub>2 Reaction in Protic Solvent:  Quantum Chemical Analysis (2007)

We study the effects of protic solvent (water, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butyl alcohol) and cation (Na+, K+, Cs+) on the unsymmetrical SN2 reaction X- + RY --> RX + Y- (X = F, Br; R = CH3,C3H7;Y = Cl, OMs). We describe a series of calculations for the S(N)2 reaction mechanism under the influence of cation and protic solvent, presenting the structures of pre- and postreaction complexes and transition states and the magnitude of the activation barrier. An interesting mechanism is proposed, in which the protic solvent molecules that are shielded from the nucleophile by the intervening cation act as a Lewis base to reduce the unfavorable Coulombic influence of the cation on the nucleophile. We predict that the reaction barrier for the S(N)2 reaction is significantly lowered by the cooperative effects of cation and protic solvent. We show that the cation and protic solvent, each of which has been considered to retard the SN2 reactivity of the nucleophile, can accelerate the reaction tremendously when they interact with the fluoride ion in an intricate, combined fashion. This alternative S(N)2 mechanism is discussed in relation to the recently observed phenomenal efficiency of fluorination in tert-alcohol media [Kim, D. W.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16394].
Potential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 10. Base- and amino acid modified analogs of S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine (1985)

A series of base- and amino acid modified analogues of S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine, a carbocyclic nucleoside, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, including catechol O-methyltransferase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and histamine N-methyltransferase. The base-modified analogues (8-azaadenine, 3-deazaadenine, and N6-methyladenine) were prepared by reaction of the corresponding carbocyclic 5'-chloro-5'-deoxynucleosides with the anion of homocysteine generated in situ either from L-homocystine or S-benzyl-L-homocysteine in Na/liquid NH3 or with DL-homocysteine thiolactone in alkaline solution. S-Aristeromycinyl-D-homocysteine was prepared with use of D-homocystine in the Na/liquid NH3 reaction. The sulfoxide and sulfone analogues were prepared by oxidation of S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine. The various base- and amino acid modified analogues of S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine were inactive as inhibitors of catechol O-methyltransferase. In contrast, the 3-deaza analogue was a good inhibitor (Ki = 20.5 +/- 1 microM) of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase whereas S-aristeromycinyl-D-homocysteine was an excellent inhibitor (Ki = 10.4 +/- 2.4 microM) of histamine N-methyltransferase. On the basis of these results, it would appear that the structural requirements for the binding S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine are similar to those for binding S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Therefore, these carbocyclic analogues have the potential of being better inhibitors in vivo, because they should be more stable to metabolism than the ribosyl analogues.
Studies of magnetooptical effects in garnets thin film waveguides. [Gd/sub y/ Y/sub 3-y/ Fe/sub 5-x/ Ga/sub x/ O/sub 12/] (1976)

Mode conversion in Gd-Ga substituted YIG films grown on GGG are studied for guided light at 1.15 ..mu..m. The films are magnetized either parallel or perpendicular to propagation, so that conversion is obtained through the Faraday or the Cotton-Mouton effect. Depending on the substitution ratio in YIG, easy in-plane or bubble films are obtained. For easy in-plane films, the birefringence induced by epitaxy is found to favor the mode conversion. In this case, conversion ratios of 75 and 50 percent were obtained for the Faraday and Cotton-Mouton configuration, respectively. These two kinds of mode converters could be used to build a nonreciprocal integrated optical device.
Cholecystokinin Stimulation Leads to Increased Oxytocin Secretion in Women (2002)

Both corn oil and injection of CCK led to an increased CCK concentration in plasma. Oxytocin was secreted in response to endogenous as well as exogenous CCK stimulation. There was no difference between healthy and constipated women in either parameter analysed.
PATHOLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MELANOMA (1998)

Significant progress has been made in the last 10 years on the identification of histologic parameters that are independent predictors of melanoma prognosis, immunohistochemical markers of cells of melanocytic origin and changes in adhesion molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, growth factor receptors, cell signaling, and nuclear proliferation proteins associated with tumor progression. Histologic criteria may never be completely sufficient to predict behavior accurately, because the fundamental change that renders a cell aggressive may not be morphologically reflected and may require immunohistochemical or other molecular markers to establish behavior. To date, it is humbling that no immunohistochemical or molecular marker provides a greater predictable value for aggressive behavior than does the simple calibrated ocular micrometer to measure tumor thickness. Nevertheless, development of multiple histologic parameters with the concept of nontumorigenic RGP and tumorigenic VGP provides a reliable statistical model to predict metastases. Fortunately, nontumorigenic RGP melanomas with greater than 75% regression are rare. Thus, individual patients with melanoma without regression and without the tumorigenic VGP can be given reasonable assurance of 100% survival. Nevertheless, this assurance is based on a statistical model with a finite population studied. Additional studies are needed to confirm this model, as well as more definitive markers to precisely predict outcome for those individuals with tumorigenic VGP melanoma.
Rate Coefficients for Reactions of NO<sub>3</sub> with a Few Olefins and Oxygenated Olefins (1996)

The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO3 with 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol (methyl butenol, MBO, k1), 1-butene (k2), trans-2-butene (k3), methacrolein (MACR, k4), and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK, k5) were measured directly using a flow tube coupled to a diode laser absorption system where NO3 was measured. The measured values of the rate coefficients are k1 = 4.6 × 10-14 exp(−400/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, k2 = 5.2 × 10-13 exp(−1070/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, k3(298 K) = (4.06 ± 0.36) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, k4(298 K) ≤ 8 × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, and k5(298 K) ≤ 1.2 × 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The observed reactivity trends are correlated in terms of the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents, which reduces the reactivity of alkenes toward NO3 addition to the double bond. The contribution of NO3 reactions to determining the tropospheric lifetimes of these compounds are also calculated.
Relationship Between Lignin Degradation and Production of Reduced Oxygen Species by <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> (1983)

The relationship between the production of reduced oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide (O 2 ∸ ), and hydroxyl radical (·OH), and the oxidation of synthetic lignin to CO 2 was studied in whole cultures of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. The kinetics of the synthesis of H 2 O 2 coincided with the appearance of the ligninolytic system; also, H 2 O 2 production was markedly enhanced by growth under 100% O 2 , mimicking the increase in ligninolytic activity characteristic of cultures grown under elevated oxygen tension. Lignin degradation by whole cultures was inhibited by a specific H 2 O 2 scavenger, catalase, implying a role for H 2 O 2 in the degradative process. Superoxide dismutase also inhibited lignin degradation, suggesting that O 2 ∸ is also involved in the breakdown of lignin. The production of ·OH was assayed in whole cultures by a benzoate decarboxylation assay. Neither the kinetics of ·OH synthesis nor the final activity of its producing system obtained under 100% O 2 correlated with that of the lignin-degrading system. However, lignin degradation was inhibited by compounds which react with ·OH. It is concluded that H 2 O 2 , and perhaps O 2 ∸ , are involved in lignin degradation; because these species are relatively unreactive per se, their role must be indirect. Conclusions about a role for ·OH in ligninolysis could not be reached.
Structural Features for Recognition of Hand Written Kannada Character Based on SVM (2015)

Research in image processing involves many active areas, of these Recognition of Handwritten character holds lots of promises and is challenging one .The idea is to enable the computer to be able to recognize intelligibly hand written inputs In this paper, a new method that uses structural features and support vector Machine (SVM) classifier for recognition of Handwritten Kannada characters is presented. On an average recognition accuracy of 89.84 % and 85.14% for handwritten Kannada vowels and Consonants obtained with this proposed method, inspite of inherent variations.
LPCAT1 regulates surfactant phospholipid synthesis and is required for transitioning to air breathing in mice (2010)

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which is the leading cause of death in premature infants, is caused by surfactant deficiency. The most critical and abundant phospholipid in pulmonary surfactant is saturated phosphatidylcholine (SatPC), which is synthesized in alveolar type II cells de novo or by the deacylation-reacylation of existing phosphatidylcholine species. We recently cloned and partially characterized a mouse enzyme with characteristics of a lung lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1) that we predicted would be involved in surfactant synthesis. Here, we describe our studies investigating whether LPCAT1 is required for pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. To address this issue, we generated mice bearing a hypomorphic allele of Lpcat1 (referred to herein as Lpcat1GT/GT mice) using a genetrap strategy. Newborn Lpcat1GT/GT mice showed varying perinatal mortality from respiratory failure, with affected animals demonstrating hallmarks of respiratory distress such as atelectasis and hyaline membranes. Lpcat1 mRNA levels were reduced in newborn Lpcat1GT/GT mice and directly correlated with SatPC content, LPCAT1 activity, and survival. Surfactant isolated from dead Lpcat1GT/GT mice failed to reduce minimum surface tension to wild-type levels. Collectively, these data demonstrate that full LPCAT1 activity is required to achieve the levels of SatPC essential for the transition to air breathing.
Using multiple windows to track concept drift (2004)

In this paper we present a multiple window incremental learning algorithm that distinguishes between virtual concept drift and real concept drift. The algorithm is unsupervised and uses a novel approach to tracking concept drift that involves the use
The Outer Core Lipopolysaccharide of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhi Is Required for Bacterial Entry into Epithelial Cells (2006)

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever in humans. Central to the pathogenicity of serovar Typhi is its capacity to invade intestinal epithelial cells. The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the invasion process of serovar Typhi is unclear. In this work, we constructed a series of mutants with defined deletions in genes for the synthesis and polymerization of the O antigen (wbaP, wzy, and wzz) and the assembly of the outer core (waaK, waaJ, waaI, waaB, and waaG). The abilities of each mutant to associate with and enter HEp-2 cells and the importance of the O antigen in serum resistance of serovar Typhi were investigated. We demonstrate here that the presence and proper chain length distribution of the O-antigen polysaccharide are essential for serum resistance but not for invasion of epithelial cells. In contrast, the outer core oligosaccharide structure is required for serovar Typhi internalization in HEp-2 cells. We also show that the outer core terminal glucose residue (Glc II) is necessary for efficient entry of serovar Typhi into epithelial cells. The Glc I residue, when it becomes terminal due to a polar insertion in the waaB gene affecting the assembly of the remaining outer core residues, can partially substitute for Glc II to mediate bacterial entry into epithelial cells. Therefore, we conclude that a terminal glucose in the LPS core is a critical residue for bacterial recognition and internalization by epithelial cells.
LASER POWER STABILIZATION BY MEANS OF NONLINEAR ABSORPTION (1967)

If a medium with an absorption constant that increases with light intensity is placed within a laser interferometer, then fluctuations in the power output of the laser can be decreased. In this manner the typical spiking behavior of a pulsed, solid-state laser can be essentially reduced to a constant output power as a function of time. A material that has the desired property is one that is Rayleigh active, for once threshold is reached for the stimulated Rayleigh effect the absorption at the pump frequency increases with intensity. The threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh effect is low because most of the gain is provided by the laser medium. Spike suppression has been achieved for a pulsed ruby laser by placing a cell containing benzene within the laser interferometer.
An increase of the electromigration reliability of ohmic contacts by enhancing backflow effect (1995)

A novel multi-layered contact metallization structure is proposed, in which the backflow effect is intentionally enhanced to restrain electromigration in contact metallization. Under accelerated conditions of constant and pulsed DC, including current, frequency and temperature ramps, the experiments indicate an evident improvement for the novel backflow-hardened contacts over the traditional structures in the dependence of electromigration on current density, frequency, duty factor and temperature.
Tools for biomechanical analysis of the foot. (1986)

This article provides a brief overview of the major types of instrumentation that are available for use in performing biomechanical analysis of the foot. Basic principles of operation, as well as the major strengths and weaknesses of each type of instrument, are provided.