gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimum Er concentration for <i>in situ</i> doped GaN visible and infrared luminescence (2001)

GaN thin films have been doped with varying Er concentrations (0.01–10 at. %) during molecular-beam-epitaxy growth. As expected, the visible and infrared (IR) emissions, from photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL), are a strong function of Er concentration. We report on the determination of an optimum Er doping level for PL and EL intensity. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering measurements showed that the Er concentration in GaN increased exponentially with Er cell temperature. PL and EL intensity of green emission at 537 and 558 nm, due to Er 4f–4f inner shell transitions, exhibited a maximum at ∼1 at. % Er. IR PL intensity at 1.54 μm, due to another Er transition, revealed the same maximum for ∼1 at. % Er concentration. PL lifetime measurements at 537 nm showed that samples with Er concentration &lt;1 at. % had a lifetime of ∼5 μs. For Er concentration ⩾1 at. %, the lifetime decreased rapidly to values below 1 μs. This concentration quenching is believed to be due to a combination of Er cross relaxation and energy transfer to GaN defects, eventually followed by precipitation. This conclusion is supported by x-ray diffraction measurements. As a result, we have determined that the optimum Er doping concentration into GaN is ∼1 at. %.
Multilevel floorplanning/placement for large-scale modules using B*-trees (2003)

We present in this paper a multilevel floorplanning/placement framework based on the B*-tree representation, called MB*-tree, to handle the floorplanning and packing for large-scale building modules. The MB*-tree adopts a two-stage technique, clustering followed by declustering. The clustering stage iteratively groups a set of modules based on a cost metric guided by area utilization and module connectivity, and at the same time establishes the geometric relations for the newly clustered modules by constructing a corresponding B*-tree for them. The declustering stage iteratively ungroups a set of the previously clustered modules (i.e., perform tree expansion) and then refines the floorplanning/placement solution by using a simulated annealing scheme. In particular, the MB*-tree preserves the geometric relations among modules during declustering, which makes the MB*-tree an ideal data structure for the multilevel floorplanning/placement framework. Experimental results show that the MB*-tree obtains significantly better silicon area and wirelength than previous works. Further, unlike previous works, MB*-tree scales very well as the circuit size increases.
An analytical approach to migration velocity analysis (1997)

Abstract Prestack depth migration provides a powerful tool for velocity analysis in complex media. Both prominent approaches to velocity analysis--depth-focusing analysis and residual-curvature analysis, rely on approximate formulas to update velocity. Generally, these formulas are derived under the assumptions of horizontal reflector, lateral velocity homogeneity, or small offset. Therefore, the conventional methods for updating velocity lack accuracy and computational efficiency when velocity has large, lateral variations. Here, based on ray theory, I find the analytic representation for the derivative of imaged depths with respect to migration velocity. This derivative function characterizes a general relationship between residual moveout and residual velocity. Using the derivative function and the perturbation method. I derive a new formula to update velocity from residual moveout. In the derivation, I impose no limitation on offset, dip, or velocity distribution. Consequently, I revise the residual-curvature-analysis method for velocity estimation in the postmigrated domain. Furthermore, my formula provides sensitivity and error estimation for migration-based velocity analysis, which is helpful in quantifying the reliability of the estimated velocity. The theory and methodology in this paper have been tested on synthetic data (including the Marmousi data).
Stable, Tightly Confining Magnetic Trap for Evaporative Cooling of Neutral Atoms (1995)

We describe a new type of magnetic trap whose time-averaged, orbiting potential (TOP) supplies tight and harmonic confinement of atoms. The TOP trap allows for long storage times even for cold atom samples by suppressing the loss due to nonadiabatic spin flips which limits the storage time in an ordinary magnetic quadrupole trap. In preliminary experiments on evaporative cooling of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in the TOP trap, we obtain a phase-space density enhancement of up to 3 orders of magnitude and temperatures as low as 200 nK.
Front-of-pack nutrition labelling in New Zealand: an exploration of stakeholder views about research and implementation (2012)

The introduction of consistent, comprehensive front-of-pack nutrition labelling in New Zealand has the potential to assist in the effort to promote healthy eating. This research suggests agreement on front-of-pack labels may not be easy to achieve.
A Facile Synthesis of 1,2-Divinylcycloalkanols and Their Behavior in the Oxy-Cope Rearrangement (1980)

Abstract The reaction of 2-chlorocycloalkanones with vinylmagnesium chloride gives 1,2-divinylcycloalkanols. Divinylation proceeds via a rearrangement of initially formed 2-chloro-1-vinylcycloalkanols to 2-vinylcycloalkanones followed by further vinylation of 2-vinylcycloalkanones. Thermal sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,2-divinylcycloalkanols gives 5-cycloalken-1-ones in good yields. The influence of the size of rings on the reaction pathways is discussed.
Current Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 4.5 million people in the United States. The mainstays of current pharmacotherapy for AD are compounds aimed at increasing the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, thereby facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of the cholinesterases. These drugs, known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), were first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995 based on clinical trials showing modest symptomatic benefit on cognitive, behavioral, and global measures. In 2004 the FDA approved memantine, an NMDA antagonist, for treating dementia symptoms in moderate to severe AD cases. In clinical practice, memantine may be co-administered with an AChEI, although neither drug individually or in combination affects the underlying pathophysiology of dementia. Dementia in AD results from progressive synaptic loss and neuronal death. As knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration in AD increases, it is anticipated that neuroprotective drugs to slow or prevent neuronal dysfunction and death will be developed to complement current symptomatic treatments.
Detection of circulating antibodies against malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts in patients with alcohol-induced liver disease (2000)

Acetaldehyde and malonildialdehyde can form hybrid protein adducts, named MAA adducts that have strong immunogenic properties. The formation of MAA adducts in the liver of chronic alcohol-fed rats is associated with the development of circulating antibodies that specifically recognized these adducts. The aim of this study was to examine whether MAA adducts might participate in the immune response associated with human alcohol-induced liver disease. Circulating antibodies against MAA adducts were evaluated in 50 patients with alcohol-induced hepatitis or cirrhosis, in 40 patients with non-alcohol-induced liver disease, in 15 heavy drinkers without liver damage and in 40 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) reacting with MAA-modified proteins were significantly increased in the patients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis or hepatitis. The individual levels of anti-MAA IgG in those patients were associated with the severity of liver damage. Anti-MAA antibodies were also positively correlated with the levels of IgG recognizing epitopes generated by acetaldehyde and malonildialdehyde. However, competitive inhibition experiments indicated that the anti-MAA antibodies were unrelated to those against acetaldehyde- or malonildialdehyde-derived antigens and mainly recognized a specific, cyclic MAA epitope. Some degree of immune reactivity towards MAA adducts was also observed in patients with non-alcohol-induced liver injury. However, competitive ELISA showed that the antigens recognized by these sera were not the cyclic MAA adducts. Altogether, these results showed the formation of MAA antigens during alcohol-induced liver disease and suggest their possible contribution to the development of immunologic reactions associated with alcohol-related liver damage.
A silicon-on-silicon MCM for voice recognition/telephone answering device (2002)

We have built and demonstrated a silicon-on-silicon multichip module for use in a cellular telephone. This module performs speaker-dependent voice recognition and also serves as a telephone answering device. It takes advantage of the miniaturization possible with MCM technology. Other important factors in the use of this approach are the fast design and fabrication cycle and the ability to readily integrate specialized CMOS processes into a single package.
Boron Improves Growth, Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Content of Tomato (2003)

Boron deficiency in fresh-market tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a widespread problem that reduces yield and fruit quality but is often not recognized by growers. Tomatoes were grown in field and hydroponic culture to compare the effects of foliar and soil applied B on plant growth, fruit yield, fruit quality, and tissue nutrient levels. Regardless of application method, B was associated with increased tomato growth and the concentration of K, Ca, and B in plant tissue. Boron application was associated with increased N uptake by tomato in field culture, but not under hydroponic culture. In field culture, foliar and/or soil applied B similarly increased fresh-market tomato plant and root dry weight, uptake, and tissue concentrations of N, Ca, K, and B, and improved fruit set, total yields, marketable yields, fruit shelf life, and fruit firmness. The similar growth and yield responses of tomato to foliar and root B application suggests that B is translocated in the phloem in tomatoes. Fruit from plants receiving foliar or root applied B contained more B, and K than fruit from plants not receiving B, indicating that B was translocated from leaves to fruit and is an important factor in the management of K nutrition in tomato.
Analysis of rural household employment structure in northwest Pakistan (2011)

espanolEste trabajo intenta identificar las tendencias en los patrones de empleo domestico asi como los factores que determinan las opciones de trabajo domestico en zonas rurales del noroeste de Pakistan. Un analisis comparativo de la estructura del empleo con las encuestas realizadas en 1967-68 y 1986-87 revela que ha habido un crecimiento importante en las actividades no agricolas en las ultimos cuatro decadas con la participacion exclusivamente del sector agropecuario se redujo del 31% en 1967-68 a solo el 8% en 2005-06. Del mismo modo la participacion de la agricultura familiar combinada con las actividades no agricolas tambien se reduce al 16%. En la actualidad, en el sector no agricola el 27% de los hogares se dedican a actividades empresariales relacionadas, mientras que aproximadamente el 50% encuentra su sustento en el sector salarios. Este desarrollo se debe a un gran aumento de la poblacion, asi como la reduccion de las oportunidades de empleo en el sector agricola. Del mismo modo, los resultados del modelo logit multinomial revelan que el tamano del hogar, el acceso de los trabajadores domesticos jovenes, miembros adicionales de trabajo, y el ingreso per capita, son importantes factores determinantes en la eleccion del empleo domestico. El articulo concluye que con el fin de elevar las zonas rurales, se le debe dar al sector no agricola su debida importancia en las politicas nacionales de desarrollo. EnglishThis paper attempts to identify the trends in household employment patterns as well as factors determining household occupational choices in rural northwest Pakistan. A comparative analysis of the employment structure with surveys conducted in 1967-68 and 1986-87 reveals that there has been a major growth in non-farm activities over the past four decades with the share of exclusively farming sector reduced from 31% in 1967-68 to just 8% in 2005-06. Similarly the share of household combing farming with non-farm activities also reduced to 16%. At present, within non-agricultural sector 27% of the households are engaged in business related activities while about 50% find their livelihood in wage-salary sector. This development is caused by a large increase in population as well as shrinking of the employment opportunities in the farming sector. Likewise, results from the multinomial logit model reveal that household size, access number of young household workers, additional working members, and per capita income, are important determinants of a household employment choice. The paper concludes that in order to uplift rural areas, non-farm employment sector may be given due importance in the national development policies.
The Effect of Type of Oil or Gas Condensate on Carbonic Acid Corrosion (1991)

Corrosion rates to be expected on carbon steel in oil and gas production are often estimated using the De Waard and Milliams equation, which is based on experimental corrosion data obtained in CO2-containing saline water only, in the absence of liquid hydrocarbons (crude or gas condensate). Under certain conditions, liquid hydrocarbons may greatly reduce corrosion. Then the use of the original nomogram is to be regarded as a worst case approximation. The aim of this study is to quantify the extent to which liquid hydrocarbons can decrease corrosion, with specific reference to the hydrocarbon composition. The hydrocarbon can be classified on the basis of its “kerogen” type, with “maturity” expressed in terms of density. Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and coupon mass loss were used to estimate corrosion under static and dynamic conditions. At lower water cuts (up to some 45 wt%) in fully dispersed mixtures with liquid hydrocarbons, corrosion is fully suppressed, regardless of the type of hydrocarbon. At higher water content, however, the reduction in corrosion depends on the type of oil, and on its geological history in terms of time, temperature, and pressure (thermal gradient). Apparently, the “immature” oils behave as if they contain natural corrosion inhibitors.
DHDMIQK(KAP): a novel nano-delivery system of dihydroxyl-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and KPAK towards the thrombus (2016)

Vascular thrombosis is a major risk of the onset of stroke and so novel therapeutic candidates have been attracting interest. In this context, here docking based computer assisted screening and mesoscale simulation were used to design N-[(S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carbonyl]-Lys(Pro-Ala-Lys), DHDMIQK(KAP), for inhibiting P-selectin expression. In vitro, 1 nM of DHDMIQK(KAP) effectively down-regulated P-selectin expression. In water, in rat plasma and in the solid state DHDMIQK(KAP) formed nanoparticles of a size capable of suitable delivery in the blood circulation. FT-MS and NOESY 2D NMR spectra showed DHDMIQK(KAP) formed hexamers, identified the intermolecular interactions of the hexamer, and assigned the hexamer a butterfly like conformation. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaged DHDMIQK(KAP) forming size-suitable nanoparticles for safe delivery in the blood circulation. In particular, AFM images showed that the nanoparticles effectively adhered onto the surfaces of the platelets. In vivo DHDMIQK(KAP) lysed the thrombus and inhibited thrombosis with a minimal effective dose of 0.01 nmol kg<sup>-1</sup>. FT-MS spectrum analyses defined a specific distribution of DHDMIQK(KAP) in the thrombus, but not in the blood and vital organs. Therefore, DHDMIQK(KAP) should be a novel nano-delivery system of 6,7-dihydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and KPAK to target the thrombus.
Overshoot suppression in Adaptive Delta Modulator links for video transmission (1973)

We measured soluble Fas-ligand (sFas-L) and soluble Fas (sFas) levels by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbeny assay and compared them among (1) healthy controls (n = 11), (2) children with hemorrhagic colitis (HC) caused by a non-verotoxin-producing pathogen (n = 23), (3) patients with uncomplicated Escherichia coli O157:H7 HC (n = 14), and (4) children with O157:H7-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (n = 24). Children with uncomplicated E coli O157:H7 HC and HUS were matched for duration of enteric prodrome before blood sample collection. We also compared sFas-L and sFas levels among patients with HUS according to severity of renal dysfunction; abnormally increased sFas-L levels were noted in only 4% of the children (n = 3). Abnormally high concentrations of sFas were noted in 9% of the children with HC caused by a non-verotoxin-producing pathogen, 29% of the patients with uncomplicated E coli O157:H7 HC, and 69% of the children with O157:H7-associated HUS. Compared with healthy controls, patients with HUS had twofold greater concentrations of sFas (P: < 0.0001). Levels of sFas were not statistically different between 14 patients with uncomplicated O157:H7 HC and 14 children with HUS (8.2 +/- 4.7 versus 11.0 +/- 4.6 U/mL, respectively; P: < 0.07) when matched for time after onset of enteritis (7.0 +/- 3.7 versus 7.3 +/- 3.8 days, respectively). Greater concentrations of sFas were noted in patients with HUS who developed oligoanuria (n = 10; P: < 0.007), required peritoneal dialysis (n = 10; P: < 0.007), or had a decreased glomerular filtration rate (n = 5; P: < 0.002) 1 year later. Our data show that plasma concentrations of sFas but not sFas-L are abnormally increased in children with O157:H7 infections. Levels of sFas are associated with severity of renal dysfunction during HUS. Further studies are needed to clearly determine the role and origin of circulating sFas among children with infections caused by E coli O157:H7.
Surgical treatment of cervical disc herniation (2012)

Objective To study the pathology,clinical classification and surgical treatment of cervical disc herniation.Methods The clinical data of patients of cervical disc herniation from January 1999 to October 2010 were collected.Results All the 128 cases of cervical disc herniation were surgically treated.Among the 128 cases,96 cases with myelopathy,22 cases with radiculopathy and 10 cases with both.JOA and VSA scores were used to evaluate the surgical effectiveness respectively for myelopathy and radiculopathy.JOA score was improved from 12.30 ± 1.05 before to 16.70 ± 1.11after operation.VSA score was improved from 8.10 ± 1.37 before to 0.30 ±0.19 after operation.Conclusions The high safety and effectiveness of surgery for cervical disc herniation could be achieved both by the awareness of the pathological characteristics of how the sequestrated disc materical relates to the nerve structure in the canal and by paying attention to specific operation details.

Key words: 
Cervical disc herniation; Posterior longitudinal ligament; Surgical treatment
Thermodynamic Assessment of Microencapsulated Sodium Carbonate Slurry for Carbon Capture (2014)

Micro-encapsulated Carbon Sorbents (MECS) are a new class of carbon capture materials consisting of a CO2- absorbing liquid solvent contained within solid, CO2-permeable, polymer shells. MECS enhance the rate of CO2 absorption for solvents with slow kinetics and prevent solid precipitates from scaling and fouling equipment, two factors that have previously limited the use of sodium carbonate solution for carbon capture. Here, we examine the thermodynamics of sodium carbonate slurries for carbon capture. We model the vapour-liquid-solid equilibria of sodium carbonate and find several features that can contribute to an energy-efficient capture process: very high CO2 pressures in stripping conditions, relatively low water vapour pressures in stripping conditions, and good swing capacity. The potential energy savings compared with an MEA system are discussed.
UV Spectrophotometry as a Non-parametric Measurement of Water and Wastewater Quality Variability (2005)

Abstract The composition of water and wastewater, varying temporally and spatially, depends on factors such as environmental context, types of pollution sources, weather conditions leading to dilution or solids transportation, length of sewer network, etc. Because quantitative parameters are often not adapted for the characterization of wastewater quality variability, a non-parametric measurement is proposed, based on comparison of the UV absorption spectra of samples. The presence of isosbestic points, occurring in the set of spectra either directly or indirectly after normalization, allows quantification of the variability of a given water or effluent. A normalization step is used when dilution exists in the case of a mixture of water types (discharge or rain). Several examples show how to calculate the variability or to estimate the dilution factor from UV spectra data, even without results of physicochemical parameters.
Ex vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance measurements of right and left ventricular mass compared with direct mass measurement in excised hearts after transplantation: a first human SSFP comparison (2014)

SSFP-CMR accurately determines total myocardial, LV and RV mass as compared to pathology weighed explanted hearts despite variable surgical removal of instrumentation (left and right ventricular assist devices, AICD and often apical core removals). Thus, this becomes the first-ever human CMR confirmation for SSFP now validating the distinction of 'gold standard'.
A Novel Approach of Protein Immobilization for Protein Chips Using an Oligo-Cysteine Tag (2006)

Protein chip technology is essential for high-throughput functional proteomics. We developed a novel protein tag consisting of five tandem cysteine repeats (Cys-tag) at termini of proteins. The Cys-tag was designed to allow covalent attachment of proteins to the surface of a maleimide-modified, diamond-like, carbon-coated silicon substrate. As model proteins, we created an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and an EGFP-stathmin fusion protein, both of which contained a Cys-tag. We also included an oligo-histidine tag to allow its purification by the use of Ni beads, and we expressed the protein in Escherichia coli. The purified Cys-tagged EGFP could be captured on the maleimide-coated substrate efficiently so that 50 pg of the fusion protein was detected by fluorescence, and as little as 5 pg was immunodetected by combination with enhanced chemiluminescence. This highly sensitive immunodetection may be due to the strong covalent binding of the Cys-tag to the substrate combined with efficient exposure of the protein to the surrounding solution. Thus, the Cys-tag should be useful for developing a novel protein printing method for protein chips that requires very low amounts of protein and can be used for high-performance analysis of protein-ligand interactions.