gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and current non‐pharmacological interventions (2014)

Dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease is associated with several unwanted effects, of which dyskinesia is the most disabling. The development of new therapeutic interventions to reduce the impact of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease is therefore a priority need. This review summarizes the key molecular mechanisms that underlie dyskinesia. The role of dopamine receptors and their associated signaling mechanisms including dopamine-cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen and stress-activated kinase-1 and Histone H3 are summarized, along with an evaluation of the role of cannabinoid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The role of synaptic plasticity and animal behavioral results on dyskinesia are also evaluated. The most recent therapeutic advances to treat Parkinson's disease are discussed, with emphasis on the possibilities and limitations of non-pharmacological interventions such as physical activity, deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic field stimulation and cell replacement therapy. The review suggests new prospects for the management of Parkinson's disease-associated motor symptoms, especially the development of dyskinesia. This review aims at summarizing the key molecular mechanisms underlying dyskinesia and the most recent therapeutic advances to treat Parkinson's disease with emphasis on non-pharmacological interventions such as physical activity, deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic field stimulation (TMS) and cell replacement therapy. These new interventions are discussed from both the experimental and clinical point of view, describing their current strength and limitations.
59Co and 55Mn NMR of CoMn alloys and multilayers (1996)

59Co and 55Mn NMR measurements have been made on a range of CoMn materials: dilute powder alloy, thin-film alloys, and multilayers. Our results suggest that in dilute alloys isolated atoms of Mn couple both ferro and antiferromagnetically to the Co host, with the latter producing a reduction in the magnitude of the Co hyperfine field of 17%. This reduction of hyperfine field appears similar for both the fcc and hcp phases of Co. NMR on Co/Mn sputtered multilayers shows large changes in the hyperfine field distribution between a film with Mn layers of 10 Å and Mn layers of 30 Å.
Oral antibody to interleukin-10 reduces growth rate depression due to Eimeria spp. infection in broiler chickens (2016)

Eimeria spp. must be controlled in floor-reared poultry to prevent the onset of coccidiosis. Here we use an oral antibody to chicken IL-10 to prevent growth depression due to Eimeria spp. infection. Egg antibody directed against an antigenic peptide of IL-10 was produced in laying hens and measured using an ELISA. In the first experiment, egg yolk powder containing antibody to chicken IL-10 (vlpramqt conjugate) (anti-IL-10 yolk powder) was fed at 3.4 g/kg feed to determine growth response following mixed Eimeria spp. challenge. Chicks were fed either anti-IL-10 antibodies or control antibodies and challenged (d3) with either sterile saline or a 10× attenuated Eimeria spp. vaccine. Control-fed and Eimeria-challenged chicks grew 8.8% slower than those challenged with saline (P < 0.04), whereas anti-IL-10-fed Eimeria challenged chicks were not different from untreated controls. In the second trial a dose response was performed with doses of either 0 (control antibody), 0.34-, or 3.4-g anti-IL-10 yolk powder/kg feed. Control-fed, Eimeria-challenged chicks grew 10.6% slower than control saline-challenged chicks (P < 0.05); however, anti-IL-10-fed chicks fed either dose of anti-IL-10 were not different from saline-challenged chicks. Finally, the effect of anti-IL-10 on acquired immunity was investigated. Chicks were fed control or anti-IL-10 yolk powder and vaccinated with a 1× dose of Eimeria vaccine at d 3. After 14 d, antibody was removed from the diet. Chicks were either saline or 10× Eimeria challenged at d 17. We found that the anti-IL-10-fed chickens did not show a reduction in growth due to challenge; hence anti-IL-10 does not appear to affect adaptive immunity during the primary immunization. Overall, use of an antibody to IL-10 is a novel method in preventing adverse effects of Eimeria spp. infection in poultry.
Feedback Controllers for the Simulation of Field Processes (2010)

Summary Control systems with feedback controllers are useful in reservoir simulation because they enable the maintenance of desired operating conditions of a field. This, in turn, helps to establish the value of implementing automated mechanisms in the field, and also in determining long-term field operating strategies. A generic controller framework is constructed within a reservoir simulator that enables the usage of different kinds of controller algorithms for managing a variety of field processes. In this study, three field processes are considered. First, average pressure within a reservoir region is maintained by adjusting the voidage-replacement ratio between a group of injectors and producers. Second, control systems are used for the prevention of gas/water coning for single and multiple wells. Finally, the average temperature within a reservoir region is maintained at a critical value by controlling flow into the formation, so as to operate with the desired mobility of heavy oil. Traditional proportional, integral, derivative (PID) controllers, as well as linear and nonlinear fuzzy controllers, are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the approaches are discussed. Tuning control systems is a difficult process in practice. Several methods for tuning the parameters of these controllers are investigated, and rule-of-thumb values are suggested in this study. Synthetic and real reservoir models are used.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and Related Genera Based on 16S rDNA Sequences (1998)

The 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for type strains of 21 Bifidobacterium species. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the determined sequences and sequences from DNA databases, which contain the sequences of 11 type strains of Bifidobacterium species and 11 strains of related genera. All species of the genus Bifidobacterium and Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 belonged to a cluster phylogenetically distinct from the other genera. The cluster was divided into two subclusters: subcluster 1 composed of most species of Bifidobacterium and G. vaginalis, and subcluster 2 consisting of two species, B. denticolens and B. inopinatum; both of which were isolated from human dental caries. In the genus Bifidobacterium, four groups of species are known to be moderately to highly related by DNA-DNA hybridization. The four groups of species exhibited more than 99% similarity among their 16S rDNA sequences within each group. These results indicated that species with around 99% or more similarity in their 16S rDNA sequences should be confirmed for species identities.
Limitations of Affinity Chromatography: Solvolytic Detachment of Ligands from Polymeric Supports (1974)

Abstract Ligands of the RNH 2 type which are covalently bound to agarose, cellulose, or cross‐linked dextranes by the conventional cyanogen bromide method are slowly detached from their supports by solvolytic processes occurring above pH 5 in aqueous surroundings. At pH values between 5 and 10, the free ligands, RNH 2 , appear in solution. Above about pH 10, the carbamyl derivative of the ligand, RNHCONH 2 , is the main product. Dilute ammonia releases iminocarbamyl derivatives, RNHC(NH)NH 2 . The latter type of compound has also been observed in tris(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane buffers at pH 8 and 9. Possible reaction mechanisms have been formulated on the basis of the structures suggested by Axén & Ernback for activated and substituted polysaccharides. Ligands attached to polyacrylamide gels ( A ) through amide bonds to carboxyl groups of the carrier, RNHCO·A, are released at slower rates and invariably as the free, unsubstituted ligand molecules. The release reaction appear to be general and independent of the particular ligand structure. We therefore advise caution with all experiments that can be adversely influenced by the presence of free ligands ( e.g. localization of hormone receptors on the cell surface). At pH5, sepharose‐bound 8‐(ϵ‐aminocaproyl‐β‐aminoethylthio)‐adenosine‐3′, 5′‐ cyclo ‐monophosphate removes cyclic 3′, 5′‐adenosine‐monophosphate‐binding proteins from their solutions, but the corresponding polyacrylamide derivative does not (pH 7).
Behaviour of tritium-labelled isopenicillin N and 6-aminopenicillanic acid as potential penicillin precursors in an extract of Penicillum chrysogenum (1975)

1. 3H was incorporated into solvent-soluble penicillin from isopenicillin N and 6-aminopenicillanic acid 3H-labelled in the 2beta-methyl group when the labelled compounds were incubated with a crude extract of Penicillum chrysogenum. 2. With a soluble protein fraction of the extract incorporation from isopenicillin N occurred on addition of phenyl-acetyl-CoA. 3. Labelled benzylpenicillin was isolated after incubation of the crude extract with phenylacetyl-CoA and isopenicillin and the addition of unlabelled benzylpenicillin as a carrier. 4. No incorporation of 3H into solvent-soluble penicillin was detected on incubation of these extracts with penicillin N.
Pulsed thruster thrust stand measurement evaluations (1998)

Abstract : This paper presents a numerical analysis of thrust stand response during pulsed thruster operation. The system model incorporates an underdamped displacement-type thrust stand under a periodic, impulsive load. Analytic and numerical methods are used to examine thrust stand measurement characteristics during simulated operation. Displacement oscillation characteristics as a function of damping coefficient (alpha) and the ratio (tau) between the time between thruster impulses and thrust stand natural period are presented. The effects of simulated thrust stand random displacement signal noise were quantified for a=0.3 with tau varying from 0.1 to 0.7. These results show that measurement uncertainty due to noise decreases when tau is increased. An analytic expression relating average thrust and average thrust stand displacement was derived. Using this expression, the effect of time-dependent, random thruster impulse variability was examined. Numerical simulations were used to estimate the dependence of thrust measurement uncertainty on the number of impulses used for averaging. These results also showed that measurement uncertainty due to impulse bit variability decreased when tau is increased. Integration of 10 impulses is adequate to achieve measurement uncertainty below 2% for a random 10% impulse bit variation.
The molecular analysis of leaf senescence – a genomics approach (2002)

Summary Senescence in green plants is a complex and highly regulated process that occurs as part of plant development or can be prematurely induced by stress. In the last decade, the main focus of research has been on the identification of senescence mutants, as well as on genes that show enhanced expression during senescence. Analysis of these is beginning to expand our understanding of the processes by which senescence functions. Recent rapid advances in genomics resources, especially for the model plant species Arabidopsis , are providing scientists with a dazzling array of tools for the identification and functional analysis of the genes and pathways involved in senescence. In this review, we present the current understanding of the mechanisms by which plants control senescence and the processes that are involved.
Lymphomas resembling lymphoid leukosis in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (1979)

Chickens inoculated as embyros or at hatching with the chick syncytial strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus developed a high incidence of lymphoid neoplasms between the 17th and 43rd weeks of age, involving principally the liver and bursa of Fabricius. On the basis of organ distribution, latent period, pathology and surface IgM production, the lymphomas closely resembled those of lymphoid leukosis. One inoculated chicken developed a myxosarcoma. No tumors were observed in uninoculated controls. The tumor-bearing chickens were free of infection with Marek's disease virus and exogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) of subgroups A, B, C or D. However, the chickens were known to express endogenous ALV genes to varying degrees.
Free Radical Generation by Ultrasound in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions (1985)

The physical principles underlying the oscillatory behavior of minute gas bubbles in liquids exposed to ultrasound are reviewed. Results from mathematical analyses suggest that these oscillations sometimes become unstable leading to transient cavitation in which a bubble violently collapses during a single acoustic half-cycle producing high temperatures and pressures. The role that micronuclei, resonant bubble size, and rectified diffusion play in the initiation of transient cavitation is explained. Evidence to support these theoretical predictions is presented with particular emphasis on sonoluminescence which provides some non-chemical evidence for the formation of free radicals. Acoustic methods for conducting sonochemical investigations are discussed. In aqueous solutions transient cavitation initially generates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals which may recombine to form hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide or may react with solutes in the gas phase, at the gas-liquid boundary or in the bulk of the solution. The analogies and differences between sonochemistry and ionizing radiation chemistry are explored. The use of spin trapping and electron spin resonance to identify hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals conclusively and to detect transient cavitation produced by continuous wave and by pulsed ultrasound is described in detail. The study of the chemical effects of cavitation in organic liquids is a relatively unexplored area which has recently become the subject of renewed interest. Examples of the decomposition of solvent and solute, of ultrasonically initiated free-radical polymerization and polymer degradation are presented. Spin trapping has been used to identify radicals in organic liquids, in polymer degradation and in the decomposition of organometallic compounds.
Support Vector Machines for Classification and Regression (1998)

The problem of empirical data modelling is germane to many engineering applications.\nIn empirical data modelling a process of induction is used to build up a model of the\nsystem, from which it is hoped to deduce responses of the system that have yet to be observed.\nUltimately the quantity and quality of the observations govern the performance\nof this empirical model. By its observational nature data obtained is finite and sampled;\ntypically this sampling is non-uniform and due to the high dimensional nature of the\nproblem the data will form only a sparse distribution in the input space. Consequently\nthe problem is nearly always ill posed (Poggio et al., 1985) in the sense of Hadamard\n(Hadamard, 1923). Traditional neural network approaches have suffered difficulties with\ngeneralisation, producing models that can overfit the data. This is a consequence of the\noptimisation algorithms used for parameter selection and the statistical measures used\nto select the ’best’ model. The foundations of Support Vector Machines (SVM) have\nbeen developed by Vapnik (1995) and are gaining popularity due to many attractive\nfeatures, and promising empirical performance. The formulation embodies the Structural\nRisk Minimisation (SRM) principle, which has been shown to be superior, (Gunn\net al., 1997), to traditional Empirical Risk Minimisation (ERM) principle, employed by\nconventional neural networks. SRM minimises an upper bound on the expected risk,\nas opposed to ERM that minimises the error on the training data. It is this difference\nwhich equips SVM with a greater ability to generalise, which is the goal in statistical\nlearning. SVMs were developed to solve the classification problem, but recently they\nhave been extended to the domain of regression problems (Vapnik et al., 1997). In the\nliterature the terminology for SVMs can be slightly confusing. The term SVM is typically\nused to describe classification with support vector methods and support vector\nregression is used to describe regression with support vector methods. In this report\nthe term SVM will refer to both classification and regression methods, and the terms\nSupport Vector Classification (SVC) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) will be used\nfor specification. This section continues with a brief introduction to the structural risk
Adhesion of Electrolytic Copper Deposits (1934)

Certain hydrophilic colloids (proteins and their disintegration products) form adsorption films on metal surfaces (copper, nickel, iron, platinum), and these films materially reduce the adhesion of electrolytic deposits to such surfaces. On the basis of the adsorption phenomenon, we have evolved a method for the determination of the degree of adhesion of electrodeposits on any basis metal. As a rule, results are reproducible to about 10 to 20 per cent. The measurements are limited by the distortion of the deposit, this limit being a function of the thickness of the deposit. For copper deposited on nickel, a thickness of 0.30 mm. (12 mil.) is sufficient for the study of the effect of various factors on the degree of adhesion of electrodeposit to basis metal. The less the mechanical strain developed in the copper plate during deposition, the better will it adhere to the nickel. During the operation of an acid copper sulfate bath a gradual but continuous change in the composition of the bath takes place. This ageing of the bath is indicated by the determinations of the degree of strain developed in the successive deposits from the same bath. The ageing of the bath has a marked effect on the adhesion of the copper to the nickel. The ageing appears to be due to a progressive enrichment of the electrolyte in cuprous ions. For strongly adherent deposits it has been shown by two chemical tests, H 2 S and K 4 Fe(CN) 6 , that after pulling off the copper deposits from the basis nickel surface, a copper layer or residual film remains on the nickel surface, nearly always continuous. Thus the force necessary to detach the copper deposit from the basis metal does not correspond to the true adhesion of the deposit, but represents what might be called a shearing stress of the copper. When copper is deposited from a copper bath with a very low content of free sulfuric acid, the true adhesion of the deposit seems to be very high, but the shearing stress is relatively low. This fact might be explained by the presence of a certain quantity of cuprous oxide in the metal. The physical state of the basis nickel surface has a great effect on the adhesion of the electrolytic copper : The adhesion is very poor on emery scratched surfaces. As a rule, it is better on polished nickel surfaces than on roughened electrolytic ones.
DIRECT: a query facility for multiple databases (1994)

The subject of this research project is the architecture and design of a multidatabase query facility. These databases contain structured data, typical for business applications. Problems addressed are: presenting a uniform interface for retrieving data from multiple databases, providing autonomy for the component databases, and defining an architecture for semantic services. DIRECT is a query facility for heterogeneous databases. The databases and their definitions can differ in their data models, names, types, and encoded values. Instead of creating a global schema, descriptions of different databases are allowed to coexist. A multidatabase query language provides a uniform interface for retrieving data from different databases. DIRECT has been exercised with operational databases that are part of an automated business system.
Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells (2015)

Purpose of Review
Methods to isolate endothelial cells from murine and human pluripotent stem cells continue to evolve and increasingly diverse endothelial cell populations have been generated. This review provides an update of key papers published within the past year that report on some of those advances.
Cadence, Energy Expenditure, and Gait Symmetry During Music-Prompted and Self-Regulated Walking in Adults With Unilateral Transtibial Amputation (2014)

This is the first study to investigate the utility of walking cadence for monitoring and regulating walking intensity in adults with lower limb prosthesis. Cadence has similar or superior accuracy as an indicator of walking intensity in this population, compared with the general population, and adults with a unilateral TTA are capable of walking at moderate intensity and above for meaningful bouts of time.
The Relationship Between Speech-Language Impairments and Reading Disabilities (1993)

A group of children with speech-language impairments was identified in kindergarten and given a battery of speech-language tests and measures of phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Subjects were followed in first and second grades and administered tests of written word recognition and reading comprehension. The children with speech-language impairments were found to perform less well on reading tests than a nonimpaired comparison group. Subjects' performance on standardized measures of language ability in kindergarten was observed to be closely related to reading outcome, especially reading comprehension. Measures of phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming, on the other hand, were found to be the best predictors of written word recognition. The implications of these findings for the early identification and remediation of reading disabilities are discussed.
Digital Control of a White Light Interrogation System for Optical Fiber Interferometers (2011)

A system to interrogate optical fiber interferometric sensors with digital control is presented. The system is based on a receiving white light Mach-Zehnder interferometer and is capable of operating with four distinct synthetic and pseudo-heterodyne signal detection schemes. A differential phase detection scheme was implemented and system performance with the different processing schemes was compared using fiber Bragg grating based Fabry-Pérot cavity strain sensors. With a lock-in time constant of 1 s, most digital techniques were able to nearly match the performance of a standard hardware system, demonstrating the feasibility of low-cost high-resolution interferometric systems operated with virtual instrumentation.