gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Italian type of deletional hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (1986)

We report a new type of deletion of the beta globin gene cluster in the Italian population that confers a phenotype of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) to the carriers. This deletion begins approximately 5 kilobases (kb) 5' to the delta globin gene and ends approximately 30 kb 3' to the beta globin gene, in close proximity to the 3' end of an Indian HPFH. In all four previously described HPFH, a repetitive Alu I region 5' to the delta globin gene is largely or completely deleted; the 5' end of the new HPFH is consistent with this common feature. In addition, the finding that Italian and Indian HPFHs, as reported for other groups of deletions, have very close 3' ends, strengthens the idea that common mechanisms may operate in generating these deletions. Finally, we show that, in spite of similar 5' breakpoints, the deletion of Spanish delta beta(0)-thalassemia is at least 8 kb longer than that of Negro HPFH type I, thus ruling out the hypothesis that the overall extent of the deletion might influence the level of gamma globin chain synthesis.
Insulin administration protects neurologic function in cerebral ischemia in rats. (1988)

Hyperglycemia exacerbates neurologic damage in clinical and experimental central nervous system ischemia. The purpose of our study was to determine if insulin administration before significantly alters neurologic deficit and survival after ischemia using a newly developed rat cerebral ischemia model. One hour before the onset of ischemia, 40 200-300-g Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of either 1 ml normal saline or 0.4, 0.5, or 0.6 units regular insulin in 1 ml normal saline. Rats were then intubated and ventilated with 1-1.5% halothane. The aortic arch was exposed, and snares were placed on the innominate, left carotid, and left subclavian arteries. A 20-minute occlusion was begun, and anesthesia was discontinued. Baseline plasma glucose concentration was similar (p = 0.48, Student's t test) in both groups, but it subsequently was significantly lower in the 0.4 unit insulin-treated group up to 4 hours after occlusion (p less than or equal to 0.0035, Student's t test). Neurologic deficit was scored on a 50-point scale (0 = normal, 50 = severe deficit) 1, 4, 18, and 24 hours after occlusion. In the 0.4 unit insulin-treated group the neurologic deficit score was significantly lower than in the saline-treated group 1, 4, 18, and 24 hours after occlusion (p less than or equal to 0.005, Student's t test). Survival was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the 0.4 unit insulin-treated (1.7 unit/kg dose) group than in the saline-treated group. No rats died when preocclusion plasma glucose concentration was between 65 and 175 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spontaneous emission factor of a microcavity DBR surface-emitting laser (1991)

The spontaneous emission factor (SEF) of a microcavity distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) surface-emitting laser has been obtained theoretically to investigate the possibility of the thresholdless lasing operation. Formulas expressing the spontaneous emission in a three-dimensional microcavity were obtained. By introducing the distribution of mode density in wavevector space, it is shown that the radiation pattern of spontaneous emission is deeply modified by the microcavity and is different from that in free space. Based on this result, the SEF and the emission lifetime are calculated as a function of emission spectral width and the size of the active region. It is found that the SEF exceeds 0.1, even though the spectral width is as large as 30 nm when the transverse size is smaller than 0.5 mu m and the DBR reflectivity is larger than 90%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-frequency surface acoustic wave device based on thin-film piezoelectric interdigital transducers (2004)

Using high-quality epitaxial c-axis Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 films grown by off-axis magnetron sputtering onto metallic (001) Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates, a nonconventional thin-film surface acoustic wave device based on periodic piezoelectric transducers was realized. The piezoelectric transducers consist of a series of ferroelectric domains with alternating polarization states. The artificial modification of the ferroelectric domain structure is performed by using an atomic force microscope tip as a source of electric field, allowing local switching of the polarization. Devices with 1.2 and 0.8μm wavelength, defined by the modulation period of the polarization, and corresponding to central frequencies in the range 1.50–3.50GHz have been realized and tested.
Ionomer Degradation in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (2010)

The structural degradation of the polymer electrolyte in both the bulk membrane and the cathode catalyst layer (CL) was investigated. An accelerated stress test (AST) was developed to degrade the ionomer in two membrane electrode assembly (MEA) designs, with cathode catalyst structures comprised of 23 and 33 wt % Nafion, respectively. During the AST the air cathode potential was held at (where RHE is reference hydrogen electrode) at and 100% relative humidity for up to 440 h. The MEA with 33 wt % Nafion had a greater platinum content in the membrane and a higher fluoride washout rate, suggesting the higher ionomer content in the cathode CL facilitated the mass transfer of contaminants (such as dissolved platinum) into the membrane. It is proposed that was produced at the anode, diffused into the membrane, and decomposed at the platinum and iron sites bound in the membrane structure. The decomposition products attacked the ionomer both in the bulk phase and CL, causing (i) membrane thinning, which exacerbated the crossover, (ii) lower membrane conductivity, and (iii) CL structure degradation manifested by enhanced reaction penetration depth into the CL and decreased effective oxygen diffusivity due to the changes in CL water content. These effects acting in synergy had profound negative repercussions on the fuel cell polarization for the MEA with 33 wt % Nafion in the cathode CL.
In Vitro Studies with Liposomal Cryptolepine (1996)

The antifungal activity of cryptolepine when encapsulated in liposomes was compared with free cryptolepine. Multilamellar and unilamellar liposomes with positive and negative charge on their surface were prepared and extruded through polycarbonate membranes to obtain a liposome size of 400 nm. Cryptolepine liposomes were then tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. albicans, U. maydis and S. cerevisiae. Results showed that negatively charged cryptolepine liposomes were at least 2-4 times more active than free cryptolepine whereas positively charged liposomes were comparable to the activity of free cryptolepine. However, none of the liposome preparations were superior to amphotericin B in their antifungal activity.
Cutting the electric bill for internet-scale systems (2009)

Energy expenses are becoming an increasingly important fraction of data center operating costs. At the same time, the energy expense per unit of computation can vary significantly between two different locations. In this paper, we characterize the variation due to fluctuating electricity prices and argue that existing distributed systems should be able to exploit this variation for significant economic gains. Electricity prices exhibit both temporal and geographic variation, due to regional demand differences, transmission inefficiencies, and generation diversity. Starting with historical electricity prices, for twenty nine locations in the US, and network traffic data collected on Akamai's CDN, we use simulation to quantify the possible economic gains for a realistic workload. Our results imply that existing systems may be able to save millions of dollars a year in electricity costs, by being cognizant of locational computation cost differences.
Online Estimation of Subsynchronous Voltage Components in Power Systems (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, the problem of online estimation of subsynchronous frequency components in the measured grid voltage is treated. Two estimation methods, one based on the use of lowpass filters and a recursive least square algorithm, are investigated and compared. In particular, due to its higher degree of freedom in the design, the lowpass filters-based estimation method is found to be the most appropriate and accordingly further analyzed. The method is improved to cope with inaccurate knowledge of the subsynchronous frequency. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the investigated method both for the ideal and the disturbed case. </para>
Concept Acquisition Modeling for E-commerce Ontology (2011)

To bolster the interoperability of agent-based commerce systems, trading agents are expected to adopt a set of common ontologies. Although there are extant general-purpose ontologies and approaches of engineering them, there seem to be no ontology that is specific for e-commerce or the methodologies for constructing e-commerce ontology. This chapter presents a concept acquisition modeling approach to facilitate the acquisition, classification and representation of e-commerce concepts. It proposes a systematic way to make comparisons between concepts based upon some understanding of their semantics. The process is comprised of classification criteria, questions scheme, rules for classifying relations and optimization, and concept representation for the e-commerce based ontology. Of particular interest is the use of context-dependent and language-independent classification knowledge. The explicit representation nature of the approach enables the development of shared ontologies and its reuse in other ontologies and applications.
Neural Stem Cells Rescue<i>nervous</i>Purkinje Neurons by Restoring Molecular Homeostasis of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Downstream Targets (2006)

Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer special therapeutic prospects because they can be isolated from the CNS, expanded ex vivo, and re-implanted into diseased CNS where they not only migrate and differentiate according to cues from host tissue but also appear to be capable of affecting host cells. In nervous (nr) mutant mice Purkinje neuron (PN) mitochondria become abnormal by the second postnatal week, and a majority of PNs die in the fourth to fifth weeks. We previously identified in nr cerebellum a 10-fold increase in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as a key component of the mechanism causing nr PN death. Here we report that undifferentiated wild-type murine NSCs, when transplanted into the newborn nr cerebellar cortex, do not replace host PNs but contact imperiled PNs and support their mitochondrial function, dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis, subsequently leading to the rescue of host PNs and restoration of motor coordination. This protection of nr PNs also is verified by an in vitro organotypic slice model in which nr cerebellar slices are cocultured with NSCs. Most importantly, the integrated NSCs in young nr cerebellum rectify excessive tPA mRNA and protein to close to normal levels and protect the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and neurotrophins, downstream targets of the tPA/plasmin proteolytic system. This report demonstrates for the first time that NSCs can rescue imperiled host neurons by rectifying their gene expression, elevating somatic stem cell therapeutic potential beyond solely cell replacement strategy.
Heterogeneity in the mutations responsible for X chromosome-linked Kallmann syndrome (1993)

Kallmann syndrome represents the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Three modes of transmission, X chromosome-linked, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant, have been described. The KAL gene, responsible for the X-linked form of the disease, has been isolated and its intron-exon organization recently determined. We have searched for mutations of the KAL gene in 21 unrelated males affected by familial Kallmann syndrome. In these families, segregation of the disease was suggestive of the X-linked mode of transmission. In 2 families, large Xp22.3 deletions, both including the entire KAL gene, have been detected by Southern blot analysis. Here we report the sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the KAL gene in the 19 remaining patients. The approach consisted of sequencing each of the 14 coding exons and splice site junctions. Each exon was amplified by PCR on the genomic DNA, using oligonucleotides from the flanking intronic sequences as specific primers. Nine point mutations were identified at separate locations in four exons and one splice site, providing strong evidence for heterogeneity in mutations responsible for the X-linked Kallmann syndrome. In addition, the high frequency of unilateral renal aplasia in X-linked Kallmann patients (6 out of 11 males with identified alterations of the KAL gene) should be emphasized.
Synthesis of Multistable Equilibrium Compliant Mechanisms. (2008)

Whenever an engineering system operates far from its equilibrium position, the control and actuation scheme can become excessively complicated and power consuming. However, in a multistable compliant mechanism (MSCM), a passive subsystem can be integrated to afford discrete adaptability in function by providing additional equilibria thereby simplifying the actuation and control scheme. This dissertation explores the design and application of devices that exhibit multistability by exploiting compliance in design. MSCMs have the essential advantages of compliant mechanisms including reduced part-count, assembly time, wear, and increased precision, durability and reliability. However, there is no systematic method to design MSCMs and the majority of prior research is limited to design of specific types of bistable mechanisms. This is due to the fact that design of MSCMs is not intuitive and it requires enormous computational time to overcome the complexity of nonlinear behaviors. This study is motivated by the need to design MSCMs systematically without excessive computational time and complexity. The design methodology developed in this dissertation has two major components: (i) generalized methods for synthesizing bistable mechanisms and (ii) synthesis of multistable mechanisms by combining multiple bistable mechanisms. A mathematical formalism to ensure bistable behavior is first introduced. Two methods for synthesizing bistable mechanism are developed (i) by choosing “buckled” shape as initial configuration and (ii) by utilizing a reverse-lateral deformation of a clamped-pinned beam to provide bistability. Each bistable compliant mechanism works as a building block, providing either one or two additional stable states. A simplified mathematical scheme is introduced to capture essential parameters of bistable behaviors to aid in synthesis of more sophisticated multistable mechanisms. The methodology enables designers to capture design requirements mathematically, decompose the problem into feasible sub-problems, synthesize the desired MSCMs from pre-compiled combination libraries, and efficiently evaluate the designs without computationally intensive nonlinear FEA. The method also yields robust designs that are insensitive to manufacturing and other imperfections. The synthesis methodology can benefit a variety of applications including MEMS, space mechanisms, ergonomic devices, and general product design. Several novel designs and working prototypes of MSCMs are developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the synthesis methods.
Quantum coherence in biological systems (2011)

This paper reviews the role of quantum mechanics in biological systems, and shows how the interplay between coherence and decoherence can strongly enhance quantum transport in photosynthesis.
Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma line Capan-1 in tissue culture and the nude mouse: morphologic, biologic, and biochemical characteristics. (1982)

Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma line Capan-1 was studied in tissue culture and the nude mouse. In tissue culture, the neoplastic cells grew as large epithelial-like mucin-producing cells. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal transplantation of neoplastic cells into nude mice resulted in tumor formation characterized by marked invasiveness and distant metastases. Histologically, the tumor appeared as a well-differentiated mucin-producing adenocarcinoma morphologically resembling the tumor of origin. Chromosomal analysis showed a human karyotype with a chromosome number between 51-61. Lactate dehydrogenase and beta 2-microglobulin used as tumor markers were present in both tissue culture and the serum of tumor-bearing mice. The neoplasm, which was characterized by an increased level of cAMP, had lost completely the ability to respond to secretin stimulation. The tumor grown in the nude mouse was resistant to treatment with 5-fluorouracil, behavior identical to that of the original tumor. Diphtheria toxin resulted in complete tumor destruction. Because Capan-1 tumor grown in the nude mouse shows morphologic, biologic, and biochemical characteristics similar to the tumor of origin, it may be an invaluable tool in furthering understanding of the biology of human pancreatic cancer.
The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the PGE<sub>2</sub>‐induced inhibition of potassium currents in rat sensory neurones (1999)

1. The role of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) transduction cascade in mediating the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced decrease in potassium current (IK) was investigated in isolated embryonic rat sensory neurones using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. 2. Exposure to 100 microM chlorophenylthio-adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cpt-cAMP) or 1 microM PGE2 caused a slow suppression of the whole-cell IK by 34 and 36 %, respectively (measured after 20 min), without a shift in the voltage dependence of activation for this current. Neither of these agents altered the shape of the voltage-dependent inactivation curve indicating that the suppression of IK did not result from alterations in the inactivation properties. 3. To determine whether the PGE2-mediated suppression of IK depended on activation of the cAMP pathway, cells were exposed to this prostanoid in the presence of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, PKI. The PGE2-induced suppression of IK was prevented by PKI. In the absence of PGE2, PKI had no significant effect on the magnitude of IK. 4. Results obtained from protocols using different conditioning prepulse voltages indicated that the extent of cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-mediated suppression of IK was independent of the prepulse voltage. The subtraction of control and treated currents revealed that the cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-sensitive currents exhibited little time-dependent inactivation. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulated currents may be delayed rectifier-like IK. 5. Exposure to the inhibitors of IK, tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), reduced the control current elicited by a voltage step to +60 mV by 40-50 %. In the presence of 10 mM TEA, treatment with cpt-cAMP did not result in any further inhibition of IK. In contrast, cpt-cAMP reduced IK by an additional 25-30 % in the presence of 1 mM 4-AP. This effect was independent of the conditioning prepulse voltage. 6. These results establish that PGE2 inhibits an outward IK in sensory neurones via activation of PKA and are consistent with the idea that the PGE2-mediated sensitization of sensory neurones results, in part, from an inhibition of delayed rectifier-like IK.
Cytokines as Antimicrobial Therapy for the T Cell-Deficient Patient: Prospects for Treatment of Nonviral Opportunistic Infections (1993)

Patients rendered T cell-deficient by advanced disease due to human immunodeficiency virus, an underlying neoplastic disorder, or immunosuppressive therapy are vulnerable to a select group of opportunistic infections. These infections, which often fail to respond to conventional therapy, provide the clinical setting in which the efficacy of treatment with cytokines can be tested. Particularly pertinent cytokines are those that activate macrophages and monocytes or enhance T-cell function. Experimental observations and emerging data from patients with intact T-cell function suggest that treatment with at least three cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may be of benefit. Each of these cytokines is already in clinical use, and each has therapeutic potential in a variety of different infectious disease. Patients with infections caused by opportunistic intracellular pathogens appear to be the most appropriate candidates for adjunctive cytokine therapy.
Grating based hybrid silicon lasers (2009)

Single wavelength hybrid silicon evanescent lasers are described based on wafer bonding III-V multiple quantum wells to gratings patterned on a silicon waveguide. Distributed Bragg feedback and distributed Bragg reflector lasers are demonstrated integrated with passive silicon waveguides showing thresholds as low as 25mA and output powers as high as 11mW around 1600nm wavelength.
End to end QoS provisioning multimedia wireless/mobile networks using an adaptive framework (1997)

This article presents a framework for multimedia networking in a wireless and mobile environment. We consider both multimedia application needs as well as networking requirements, and try to bridge these paradigms using an adaptive framework. Central to this framework is the concept of representing a multimedia connection in terms of multiple substreams each with their own specified QoS requirement and making network elements (switching and access points), services, and protocols (signaling, control, routing) aware of the QoS requirements of such substreams. As resource availability in the wireless and mobile network fluctuates, the network selects and schedules substreams in order to present the information content with an acceptable quality at a receiver (or each receiver in case of multicast connections). This is done while achieving a reasonable utilization efficiency of network resources and sharing them in a fair manner.
ChemInform Abstract: On the First One‐Pot General Synthesis of Novel 3‐Benzal‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐(1)benzopyran‐4‐ones. (1989)

Abstract The base‐catalyzed Claisen‐Schmidt condensation between the acetophenone (I) and aryl aldehydes gives the corresponding chalcones and flavanones as the products and not, as was reported by other authors, the 3‐arylideneflavanones.
Reactive N+2 ion bombardment of GaAs{110}: A method for GaN thin film growth (1992)

We have measured using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy the surface composition, chemical state, and band bending of a GaAs{110} surface exposed to medium energy (0.5 and 3.0 keV) reactive N+2 ion bombardment at room temperature as a function of ion dose. Thermally stable, thin GaN films are formed at a rate is limited by ion-induced physical desorption of the surface layer. After annealing the sample, a small band bending shift toward higher kinetic energy (0.15 eV) is observed which results from the ion-induced formation of midgap charge acceptor states. The implication of these results on the use of GaN thin films for surface passivation of GaAs in device applications is described.
Designing Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease with Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Transgenes (2003)

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Alzheimer's disease are irrevocably linked, as APP is cleaved to form the Aβ peptides that are the major components of amyloid plaques. One of the most resilient hypotheses about the cause of AD centers on the Aβ peptide; all genetic causes and risk factors can be fitted into a general "amyloid cascade hypothesis," which maintains that all pathology is initiated by an abnormal accumulation of Aβ amyloid (1).