gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An adaptive silence deletion algorithm for compression of telephone speech (2002)

The ever-increasing volume of speech generated for transmission and storage motivates a continuing search for an improved cost-effective means to effectively compress speech. Earlier work by various researchers has resulted in various compression algorithms. Of particular interest to us are those waveform compression techniques utilizing the principle of silence deletion developed by Gan (1988) and by Rose (1991) which was implemented on good quality speech signals. We further modify, optimize and evaluate these waveform compression algorithms, and test their viability and performance on noisy speech from actual telephone circuits. The results show that up to 50% compression of continuous speech is achievable at an acceptable level of playback quality.
Biomass Gasification Combined Cycle Opportunities Using the Future Energy SilvaGas® Gasifier Coupled to Alstom’s Industrial Gas Turbines (2003)

The last two decades have seen a rapid increase in the use of land based gas turbines. To a large extent, this use has been a result of the availability of natural gas at low prices which has in turn facilitated the development of high efficiency low-cost turbines designed to utilize this high value, clean energy source. Recent fluctuations in fuel prices, however, have rekindled interest in alternatives to these natural gas based systems. Transforming solid fuels such as biomass into gas so that they can substitute for natural gas provides the opportunity to enhance the efficiency of biomass based power systems by allowing the solid fuels to be used in high efficiency power generation cycles such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) processes. This paper discusses the use of Future Energy Resources’s (FERCO’s) SilvaGas® biomass gasification process as the key element in an advanced biomass power system based integrated with Alstom’s small industrial gas turbines in an advanced gas turbine combined cycle system. Operating experience with the SilvaGas process at commercial scale is discussed along with projected IGCC process efficiencies utilizing a range of biomass materials.
An Experimental Study on Flow Structure inside a Display Cooler Using PIV Techniques (2007)

Flow structure inside a refrigerating compartment of a scale-down display cooler model was investigated experimentally by using PIV (particle image velocimetry) method, a reliable velocity field measurement technique, in the present study. In addition, we also carried out flow visualization regarding flow structure and particle movement inside a display cooler by using a tracer method. As a result, the mean velocity field measurement shows a large scale vortical flow structure inside a refrigerating compartment due to strong entrainment flow, going through a base plate open gaps.
<i>Pax8</i>, a murine paired box gene expressed in the developing excretory system and thyroid gland (1990)

Several mouse genes designated 'Pax genes' contain a highly conserved DNA sequence homologous to the paired box of Drosophila. Here we describe the isolation of Pax8, a novel paired box containing clone from an 8.5 day p.c. mouse embryo cDNA library. An open reading frame of 457 amino acids (aa) contains the 128 aa paired domain near the amino terminus. Another conserved region present in some other paired box genes, the octapeptide Tyr-Ser-Ile-Asn-Gly-Leu-Leu-Gly, is located 43 aa C-terminal to the paired domain. Using an interspecies backcross system, we have mapped the Pax8 gene within the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 2 in a close linkage to the surf locus. Several developmental mutations are located in this region. In situ hybridization was used to determine the pattern of Pax8 expression during mouse embryogenesis. Pax8 is expressed transiently between 11.5 and 12.5 days of gestation along the rostrocaudal axis extending from the myelencephalon throughout the length of the neural tube, predominantly in two parallel regions on either side of the basal plate. We also detected Pax8 expression in the developing thyroid gland beginning at 10.5 days of gestation, during the thyroid evagination. In the mesonephros and metanephros the expression of Pax8 was localized to the mesenchymal condensations, which are induced by the nephric duct and ureter, respectively. These condensations develop to functional units, the nephrons, of the kidney. These data are consistent with a role for Pax8 in the induction of kidney epithelium. The embryonic expression pattern of Pax8 is compared with that of Pax2, another recently described paired box gene expressed in the developing excretory system.
Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) Server Selection (2014)

A TURN client may discover multiple TURN servers. In such a case,
there are no guidelines that a client can follow to choose or prefer a
particular TURN server among those discovered. This document details
selection criteria, as guidelines, that can be used by a client to
perform an informed TURN server selection decision.
The Prevalence of Central Poststroke Pain according to the Integrity of the Spino-Thalamo-Cortical Pathway (2011)

We found that the prevalence of CPSP in patients with partial injury of the STP was higher than that of patients with complete injury of the STP. Partial injury of the STP appears to be more vulnerable to development of CPSP than complete injury of the STP in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
Mapping Local Charge Recombination Heterogeneity by Multidimensional Nanospectroscopic Imaging (2012)

As materials functionality becomes more dependent on local physical and electronic properties, the importance of optically probing matter with true nanoscale spatial resolution has increased. In this work, we mapped the influence of local trap states within individual nanowires on carrier recombination with deeply subwavelength resolution. This is achieved using multidimensional nanospectroscopic imaging based on a nano-optical device. Placed at the end of a scan probe, the device delivers optimal near-field properties, including highly efficient far-field to near-field coupling, ultralarge field enhancement, nearly background-free imaging, independence from sample requirements, and broadband operation. We performed ~40-nanometer-resolution hyperspectral imaging of indium phosphide nanowires via excitation and collection through the probes, revealing optoelectronic structure along individual nanowires that is not accessible with other methods.
Ontogeny of Clara cell-specific protein and its mRNA: their association with neuroepithelial bodies in human fetal lung and in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. (1996)

Clara cell-specific 10-KD protein (CCSP) is an abundant product of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells in the lung. We have determined the temporal-spatial distribution of CCSP and its mRNA in developing human lung and in neonatal lung disease, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. CCSP immunoreactivity was found in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells from 12 weeks of gestation onward. Tracheal and bronchial epithelia showed positive immunoreactivity at each gestational week after 15 weeks and 14 weeks, respectively. CCSP mRNA was seen in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia from 16 weeks onward and was detected in the trachea from 19 through 23 weeks of gestation. CCSP immunoreactivity and mRNA were present in nonciliated single cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia in fetuses and in infants with and without lung disease. CCSP- and CCSP mRNA-containing epithelial cells also formed dusters around neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), especially at airway branch points, suggesting that NEBs and Clara cells might interact during development and during pulmonary regeneration. Because of evidence of overlapping of some but not all cells expressing CCSP, SP-A, and pro-SP-B during lung development, a common cell lineage is proposed, with subsequent divergence of phenotypes.
Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Strokes Compared (2009)

Strokes are generally more severe in patients with HS. Within the first 3 months after stroke, HS is associated with a considerable increase of mortality, which is specifically associated with the hemorrhagic nature of the lesion.
Effect of Doppler ambiguity on the measurement of turbulence spectra by laser Doppler velocimeter (1973)

For the measurement of turbulent flows, the effect of finite transit times of scatterers to cross the scattering region in a laser Doppler velocimeter is discussed. The result shows that in the measurement of the velocity spectrum, it is equivalent to a white spectrum noise with an amplitude inversely proportional to the average transit time. Theoretically, the noise becomes negligibly small when the wavelength of the laser light becomes very short.
Increased Availability and Open Probability of Single L-Type Calcium Channels From Failing Compared With Nonfailing Human Ventricle (1998)

Individual L-type calcium channels are fundamentally affected in severe human heart failure. This is probably important for the impairment of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
Soluble syndecan-1 promotes growth of myeloma tumors in vivo (2002)

Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate-bearing proteoglycan expressed by most myeloma plasma cells that regulates adhesion, migration, and growth factor activity. In patients with myeloma, shed syndecan-1 accumulates in the bone marrow, and high levels of syndecan-1 in the serum are an indicator of poor prognosis. To test the effect of soluble syndecan-1 on tumor cell growth and dissemination, ARH-77 B-lymphoid cells were engineered to produce a soluble form of syndecan-1. Controls included vector only (neo)-transfected cells and cells transfected with full-length syndecan-1 complementary DNA that codes for the cell surface form of syndecan-1. Assays reveal that all 3 transfectants have similar growth rates in vitro, but cells expressing soluble syndecan-1 are hyperinvasive in collagen gels relative to controls. When injected into the marrow of human bones that were implanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice, tumors formed by cells expressing soluble syndecan-1 grow faster than tumors formed by neo-transfected cells or by cells expressing cell surface syndecan-1. In addition, cells bearing cell surface syndecan-1 exhibit a diminished capacity to establish tumors within the mice as compared with both neo- and soluble syndecan-1-transfected cells. Tumor cell dissemination to a contralateral human bone is detected significantly more often in the tumors producing soluble syndecan-1 than in controls. Thus, high levels of soluble syndecan-1 present in patients with myeloma may contribute directly to the growth and dissemination of the malignant cells and thus to poor prognosis.
The Escherichia coli ldcC gene encodes another lysine decarboxylase, probably a constitutive enzyme. (1997)

A gene (designated ldcC) mapped at 4.6 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome codes for a protein of 713 amino acids (aa) that shows strong similarities in both size and amino-acid sequence (69% identical residues and 85% conserved residues) to lysine decarboxylase (LDC) from E. coli (CadA, acid-inducible LDC, 715 aa) or from Hafnia alvei (739 aa). A pUC18 derivative carrying the ldcC gene conferred high LDC activities on an E. coli strain devoid of the functional cadA gene, even when the bacteria were grown under non-inducing conditions at physiological pH. Thus, the gene encodes another lysine decarboxylase, probably a constitutively expressed enzyme, the presence of which was suggested from the previous observations that low LDC activities were detectable in cadA- mutant and non-induced wild-type cells.
A 1 V 0.8mW multi-GHz CMOS differential tunable image reject notch filter (2005)

This paper presents a new implementation of a CMOS differential image reject filter at 8 GHz, combined with a folded-cascode 5.8 GHz low-noise amplifier, aiming at implementing fully integrated heterodyne receiver frontends. The filter consumes 0.8 mW from a 1 V supply, while providing 58 dB of image rejection in a standard CMOS 0.18 /spl mu/m technology. Q-enhancement circuitry for on chip inductors are used to optimize the depth of image rejection.
Targeting the WEE1 kinase as a molecular targeted therapy for gastric cancer (2016)

Wee1 is a member of the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family and is a key regulator of cell cycle progression. It has been known that WEE1 is highly expressed and has oncogenic functions in various cancers, but it is not yet studied in gastric cancers. In this study, we investigated the oncogenic role and therapeutic potency of targeting WEE1 in gastric cancer. At first, higher expression levels of WEE1 with lower survival probability were determined in stage 4 gastric cancer patients or male patients with accompanied lymph node metastasis. To determine the function of WEE1 in gastric cancer cells, we determined that WEE1 ablation decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression of WEE1 increased these effects in gastric cancer cells. We also validated the clinical application of WEE1 targeting by a small molecule, AZD1775 (MK-1775), which is a WEE1 specific inhibitor undergoing clinical trials. AZD1775 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells, which was more effective in WEE1 high-expressing gastric cancer cells. Moreover, we performed combination treatments with AZD1775 and anti-cancer agents, 5- fluorouracil or Paclitaxel in gastric cancer cells and in gastric cancer orthotopic-transplanted mice to maximize the therapeutic effect and safety of AZD1775. The combination treatments dramatically inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and tumor burdens in stomach orthotopic-transplanted mice. Taken together, we propose that WEE1 is over-expressed and could enhance gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, we suggest that WEE1 is a potent target for gastric cancer therapy.
Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm for solar PV systems-modeling and simulation (2011)

The following paper validates an algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking using Perturb and Observe technique. The algorithm starts by setting the computed maximum power PMAX to an initial value (usually zero). Next the actual PV voltage and current are measured at specific intervals and the instantaneous value of PV power, PACT is computed. PMAX and PACT are compared. PMAX and PACT are compared. If PACT is greater than PMAX, it is set as the new value of PMAX. At every instant the PACT is calculated, and the comparison is continuously executed. Hence the final value of PMAX will be the point at which maximum power can be delivered to the load. For maximum power transfer across the load, the input impedance should be equal to the load impedance. Based on the mechanism of load matching the duty cycle of the converter is varied so that the output power will almost be equal to the input in practical systems. The system will be modelled with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
The Reactivity of Potassium Polyfluoroaryl-, Polyfluoroalkenyl-, and Perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborates and their Hydrocarbon Analogues towards Acids of Different Strength: A Systematic Study of the Hydrodeboration (2002)

The hydrodeboration of the (fluoroorgano)trifluoroborates K [RFBF3] [RF = C6F5, XCF=CF (X = F, cis- and trans-Cl, C3F7O, cis-C2F5, trans-C4F9, -C4H9) and C6F13] and of the organotrifluoroborates K [RBF3] (R = C6H5, cis- and trans-C4H9CH=CH, C4H9 and C8H17) with CH3CO2H (100 %), CF3CO2H (100 %), aqueous HF and anhydrous HF was investigated. In the alkenyltrifluoroborates K [R'CF=CFBF3] the formal replacement of BF3 by a proton occurred stereospecifically under retention of the configuration. The 19F NMR spectra of K [RFBF3] in acids indicate strong interactions of the BF3 group with protons or acid molecules. (Fluororgano)fluorborane und -fluoroborate. 6 [1] Die Reaktivität von Kaliumpolyfluoraryl-, polyfluoralkenyl- und perfluoralkyltrifluoroboraten und deren Kohlenwasserstoff Analoga gegenüber Säuren unterschiedlicher Stärke: Eine systematische Studie zur Hydrodeborierung Die Hydrodeborierung der (Fluororgano)trifluoroborate K [RFBF3] [RF = C6F5, XCF=CF (X = F, cis- and trans-Cl, -C3F7O, cis-C2F5, trans-C4F9, -C4H9) und C6F13] und der Organotrifluoroborate K [RBF3] (R = C6H5, cis- und trans-C4H9CH=CH, C4H9 und C8H17) mit CH3CO2H (100 %), CF3CO2H (100 %), wässeriger HF und wasserfreier HF wurde untersucht. In den Alkenyltrifluoroboratsalzen K [R'CF=CFBF3] erfolgte formal die stereospezifische Substitution von BF3 durch ein Proton. Die 19F-NMR Spektren der Lösungen von K [RFBF3] Salzen in Säuren weisen auf starke Wechselwirkungen der BF3-Gruppe mit Protonen oder Säuremolekülen hin.
The effects of non‐host plant essential oil volatiles on the behaviour of the pollen beetle <i>Meligethes aeneus</i> (2005)

Abstract The use of semiochemicals for manipulation of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is being investigated for potential incorporation into a push‐pull control strategy for this pest, which damages oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), throughout Europe. The response of M. aeneus to non‐host plant volatiles was investigated in laboratory assays to establish whether they have any effect on host plant location behaviour. Two approaches were used. First a novel, moving‐air bioassay using air funnels was developed to compare the response of M. aeneus to several non‐host plant essential oils. The beetles avoided the host plant flowers in the presence of non‐host volatiles, suggesting that M. aeneus uses olfactory cues in host location and/or acceptance. The results were expressed as ‘repellency values’ in order to compare the effects of the different oils tested. Lavender ( Lavendula angustifolia Miller) (Lamiaceae) essential oil gave the highest repellency value. In addition, a four‐arm olfactometer was used to investigate olfactory responses, as this technique eliminated the influence of host plant visual and contact cues. The attraction to host plant volatiles was reduced by the addition of non‐host plant volatiles, but in addition to masking the host plant volatiles, the non‐host volatiles were avoided when these were presented alone. This is encouraging for the potential use of non‐host plants within a push‐pull strategy to reduce the pest colonisation of crops. Further testing in more realistic semi‐field and field trials is underway.
Genomic simple repetitive DNAs are targets for differential binding of nuclear proteins (1996)

The biological meaning of abundant simple repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryote genomes is obscure. Therefore, (GAA)n, (GT)n, and composite (GT)n(GA)m, blocks were characterized for protein binding in the repeat and flanking sequences of cloned genomic DNA fragments. In gel mobility shift and competition assays the binding of nuclear proteins to the repeats was specific (including some flanking single copy sequences). DNase footprinting revealed the target sequences within and adjacent to the repeats. Chemical modifications (OsO4, DEPC) demonstrated non-B DNA structures in the polypurine blocks. The binding of nuclear proteins in and around simple repeat sequences refute biological insignificance of all of these ubiquitously interspersed elements.
ZnO Particulate Matter Requires Cell Contact for Toxicity in Human Colon Cancer Cells (2010)

There is ongoing concern regarding the toxicity of nanoparticles with sizes less than 100 nm as compared to larger particles of the same nominal substance. Two commercial ZnO types, one sold as a 8-10 nm powder and the other described as -325 mesh (<44 mum) powder, were evaluated in human colon-derived RKO cells. The powders had a volume-to-surface area ratio equivalent to 40 and 330 nm spheres, respectively. Both materials formed micrometer-sized agglomerates in cell culture media. The nanosized ZnO was more cytotoxic than the micrometer-sized ZnO with LC(50) values of 15 +/- 1 and 29 +/- 4 mug/cm(2), respectively. Transfer of Zn from the solid phase to the cell culture media in the presence of RKO cells was time- and concentration-dependent. However, direct particle-cell contact was required for RKO cell cytotoxicity, and the toxicity of particles was independent of the amount of soluble Zn in the cell culture media. The mechanism of cell death includes the disruption of mitochondrial function. Robust markers of apoptosis, Annexin V staining, loss of mitochondrial potential, and increased generation of superoxide were observed when cells were treated with ZnO particulate matter but not when treated with comparable concentration of a soluble Zn salt. Both ZnO samples induced similar mechanisms of toxicity, but there was a statistically significant increase in potency per unit mass with the smaller particles.
Fabrication of complex micro-optic components using photo-sculpting through halftone transmission masks (1994)

This paper describes the results of nearly a decade of work undertaken at GEC-Marconi Infra-Red Limited (GMIRL), formerly Philips Infrared Defence Components into the fabrication of micro-optic arrays for a variety of applications. The activity has included the methods for creating refractive lens shapes in positive photo-resist and the transfer of these shapes into optical material. For more complex lens shapes, recent work has resulted in the design and production of a practical mask system which can spatially control the intensity of transmitted radiation during the exposure of the photo-resist. The model for this system is historical and can be found in the halftone reproduction process where a range of grey tones can be represented by printed black dots of varying size. Combining this mask system with layers of thick resist has produced photo-resist micro-reliefs of great complexity in a single exposure. This negates the need for repeated iteration of the exposure and processing stages, as used in other reported methods. Unlike these techniques, the new surfaces are smooth, free of digitized contours and have no alignment errors.
A spatial indexing method for the hexagon discrete global grid system (2010)

With the development of remote sensing technologies, computer friendly systems for the display and analysis of global geospatial information become more and more important. This paper concerns a method for computer representation and manipulation of global data based on multi-resolution subdivisions of regular polyhedra. A simple and efficient indexing of the cells of such a subdivision, called A3-coordinates, is introduced. These can be used to encode the 18 · 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n+1</sup> - 32 cells at the nth level of resolution of the octahedral aperture 4 hexagonal discrete global grid using 2n + 3 bits.
Formulation of Optimal Conditions for an Immunonephelometric Assay (1980)

A method is described for establishing the optimal conditions for an immunonephelometric protein assay. This method has been derived for use on the Hyland PDQ (Travenol Laboratories, Thetford, UK) and Kallestad (Kallestad Laboratories Inc, Chaska, Mn, USA) nephelometers. We have also found it applicable to the Behring nephelometer (Hoechst, London, UK). Using this approach, it is possible to establish an assay on these instruments for any serum protein with a concentration above about 10 mg/l for which a suitable antiserum is available. This method has also proved suitable for developing methods for proteins in urine, CSF, saliva, and amniotic fluid. Proteins in urine may be measured at concentrations as low as 1 mg/l.