gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies for High Transparency Acrylate Resists for 157 nm Lithography (2003)

Several strategies were employed to improve the transparency and etch resistance of the acrylate-based 157 nm photoresists. (1) α-Fluorinated acrylates were synthesized and polymerized using radical initiation. The homopolymer of 2-[4-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroisopropyl)cyclohexane]hexafluoro isopropyl-α-monofluoroacrylate (FA) showed high transparency at 157 nm (A = 1.7 μm-1), and its copolymer with norbornene hexafluoroalcohol and α-fluoro-tert-butylacrylate shows good 248 nm lithographic performance. (2) Selected acrylates containing hexafluoroisopropyl groups and hydrogenated single ring and multi-ring systems were prepared to address etch resistance. Homopolymers of acrylic versions of FA with different alicyclic moieties such as 1,3-cyclohexane, hydrogenated diphenyl ether and decaline showed very good transparency at 157 nm (A = 1.8 μm-1, 2.4 μm-1, 2.6 μm-1, respectively). Tg values for these homopolymers were determined to be in the range of 91-95°C. (3) The POSS group was also used to improve etch resistance. POSS-containing non-fluorinated acrylate copolymers showed absorbances of 3.0-3.3 μm-1 at 157 nm. POSS containing α-trifluoromethylacrylate polymers are expected to have lower absorbance. (4) To utilize an alternating copolymerization scheme, new fluorinated monomers containing both electron-rich and electron-deficient double bonds in one molecule were synthesized. The monomers were designed to undergo cyclopolymerization to generate polymers for improved transparency, etch resistance and outgassing properties.
An Improved Intra-oral Enamel Demineralization Test Model for the Study of Dental Caries (1992)

The intra-oral enamel demineralization test (IEDT) was introduced by Brudevold et al. (1984). This caries model involves human subjects wearing palatal appliances each holding eight bovine enamel blocks covered by a bacterial cell layer prepared by the harvesting of cultures of Streptococcus mutants (test plaque). The original model used the iodide permeability test for assessment of the extent of demineralization of bovine enamel blocks resulting from acid production by the test plaque after dietary substrate challenge. The IEDT model has been expanded and improved by us in the following ways: (1) Based on encouraging findings from an in vitro study (Zero et al., 1990), the surface microhardness test has been adopted to measure the extent of demineralization occurring at three sites on the enamel blocks corresponding to an area over which the effective plaque thickness is 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm; (2) intra-oral pH of the test plaque is measured by means of a Beetrode miniature pH electrode at baseline, then at five, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min after the start of a test; (3) plaque samples are collected at the end of a test and analyzed for organic acid content by means of HPLC; (4) the bacterial test challenge has been expanded to include different cariogenic bacteria which are grown under various growth conditions. The improved model has the capability of studying fundamental aspects of the caries process, namely, the relationships among dietary substrate challenge, plaque pH change, plaque organic acid profiles, microbial virulence properties, and enamel demineralization. Furthermore, the model has the potential for use in more applied research on caries-preventive agents such as fluoride.
Structure‐based engineering of streptavidin monomer with a reduced biotin dissociation rate (2013)

ABSTRACT We recently reported the engineering of monomeric streptavidin, mSA, corresponding to one subunit of wild type (wt) streptavidin tetramer. The monomer was designed by homology modeling, in which the streptavidin and rhizavidin sequences were combined to engineer a high affinity binding pocket containing residues from a single subunit only. Although mSA is stable and binds biotin with nanomolar affinity, its fast off rate ( k off ) creates practical challenges during applications. We obtained a 1.9 Å crystal structure of mSA bound to biotin to understand their interaction in detail, and used the structure to introduce targeted mutations to improve its binding kinetics. To this end, we compared mSA to shwanavidin, which contains a hydrophobic lid containing F43 in the binding pocket and binds biotin tightly. However, the T48F mutation in mSA, which introduces a comparable hydrophobic lid, only resulted in a modest 20–40% improvement in the measured k off . On the other hand, introducing the S25H mutation near the bicyclic ring of bound biotin increased the dissociation half life ( t ½ ) from 11 to 83 min at 20°C. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that H25 stabilizes the binding loop L3,4 by interacting with A47, and protects key intermolecular hydrogen bonds by limiting solvent entry into the binding pocket. Concurrent T48F or T48W mutation clashes with H25 and partially abrogates the beneficial effects of H25. Taken together, this study suggests that stabilization of the binding loop and solvation of the binding pocket are important determinants of the dissociation kinetics in mSA. Proteins 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast Marching Methods and Level Set Methods: An Implementation (2010)

A wide variety of problems can be formulated as an interface propagation. Some examples are burning flames, waves in water and physical boundaries. The fast marching methods and narrow band level set method are useful for finding a solution to these problems. The fast marching method is associated with the boundary value problem, and as such can only be used for a propagation which strictly expands or contracts. It is in contrast with the narrow band level set method, which is associated with the initial value formulation; it can be used for the propagation of interfaces which both expand and contract. There is a parallel of both of these problems to general wave equations. Thus, by solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with an appropriate flux function, numerical approximation schemes for both propagation methods can be naturally formulated in a way such that the correct solution is obtained. The final formulation of the two algorithms proves to be both robust and efficient, although they do not produce a very accurate solution using first order approximations.
Reduced bile acid-induced apoptosis in "normal" colorectal mucosa: a potential biological marker for cancer risk. (1996)

Dietary factors, including bile acids, are important in the causation of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously shown that in vitro exposure of colorectal mucosal biopsies to low concentrations of bile acids produces apoptosis selectively in goblet cells. Apoptosis is an important mechanism for clearing DNA-damaged cells. Inhibition of apoptosis would result in increasing accumulation of DNA-damaged cells, resulting in increased cancer risk. We compared the percentage of apoptosis induced by bile acids in mucosal biopsies from CRC patients with that of noncancer subjects. Mucosal biopsies from 15 to 20 cm from the anal verge were incubated in 1 mM sodium deoxycholate, and the percentage of goblet cells undergoing apoptosis was quantitated. Seven patients with a history of CRC within the previous 5 years were compared with 18 noncancer subjects [4 neoplasia free and 14 with small (< or = 9 mm) polyps only]. The CRC patients had a significantly lower percentage of apoptosis than noncancer subjects; the mean for CRC was 10.7% (range, 0.9-26%) and for noncancer subjects was 55.9% (range, 20.3-71%; P < or = 0.001). Two other noncancer patients had very high-risk lesions, i.e., large villous adenomas and multiple large polyps during several colonoscopies over the previous 6 years. Their percentage of apoptosis was in the cancer range, i.e., 6.2 and 10.7%. Reduced apoptotic ability may imply increased cancer risk. By applying a quantitative bile acid-induced apoptosis assay to colorectal mucosal biopsies, the percentage of apoptosis was found to be significantly reduced in CRC patients. This assay may prove to be a useful intermediate biological marker for identifying subjects at increased risk of cancer.
Estrogen Receptor Alpha: Impact of Ligands on Intracellular Shuttling and Turnover Rate in Breast Cancer Cells (2006)

Estrogen receptors (alpha and beta) are members of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptors superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Impact of the alpha isoform of estrogen receptor (ER) on breast cancer etiology and progression is now well established. Current therapeutic strategy to treat ER-positive breast cancer relies on the blockade of ER trancriptional activity by antiestrogens. Data accumulated during the last five years on the mechanism of action of ER enable one to foresee new strategies. These data indeed reveal that ER is not statically bound to DNA at promoter sites of genes regulating cell proliferation and/or differentiation, but rather behaves as a very mobile protein continuously shuttling between targets located within various cellular compartments (i.e. membrane, microsomes, nucleus...). This allows the receptor to generate both non-genomic and genomic responses. Ligands, growth factors and second messengers produced downstream of activated membrane receptors modulate ER-mediated responses by interfering with the traffic patterns of the receptor, as well as by locally blocking its transient anchorage. Changes in ER turnover rate associated with these regulatory processes seem also to strongly influence the ability of the receptor to mediate gene transactivation. The present paper surveys these biological data and analyzes how they may be integrated into new drug design programs aimed at expanding our therapeutic armamentarium against breast cancer.
Pilot signal cancellation for an IS-95 downlink SIC receiver (2001)

During the last several years, numerous multiuser detectors have been proposed for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. The successive interference canceler (SIC) is one such detector that is relatively simple to implement. The basic principle behind the SIC is that a weaker user can be detected with improved performance when stronger users are successively detected, reconstructed, and canceled from the received signal. In this paper, we seek to increase the detection accuracy of the SIC for all users by performing pilot signal cancellation using a parallel interference canceler (PIC). This PIC is incorporated in the initial stage of the SIC, resulting in a hybrid interference canceler (HIC) architecture. Because the pilot signal data are known, the pilot signal can be accurately reconstructed for a wide range of channel conditions. Computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the HIC architecture compared to a conventional SIC receiver.
A polymeric microchip with integrated tips and in situ polymerized monolith for electrospray mass spectrometry (2005)

We describe the integration of a cyclo-olefin polymer based microchip with a sheathless capillary tip for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The microchip was fabricated by hot embossing and thermal bonding. Its design includes a side channel for adjusting the composition of the electrospray solution so that analytes in 100% water can be analyzed. The fused silica capillaries, used for sample introduction, and the electrospray tips for MS coupling were directly inserted into the microchannel before thermal bonding of the device. A microfabricated on-chip gold microelectrode was used to apply the electrospray voltage. Annealing the device after thermal bonding increased the pressure resistance of the microchip. The cross section of the microchannel was imaged by scanning electron microscopy to estimate the effects of the annealing step. The relationship between the applied electrospray voltages and MS signal was measured at different flow rates by coupling the device to an ion trap mass spectrometer. The performance of the microchip was evaluated by MS analysis of imipramine in ammonium acetate buffer solution by direct infusion. An alkylacrylate based monolith polymer bed for on-chip sample pretreatment and separation was polymerized in the microchannel and tested for ESI-MS applications.
A Fast Density-Based Clustering Algorithm for Real-Time Internet of Things Stream (2014)

Data streams are continuously generated over time from Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The faster all of this data is analyzed, its hidden trends and patterns discovered, and new strategies created, the faster action can be taken, creating greater value for organizations. Density-based method is a prominent class in clustering data streams. It has the ability to detect arbitrary shape clusters, to handle outlier, and it does not need the number of clusters in advance. Therefore, density-based clustering algorithm is a proper choice for clustering IoT streams. Recently, several density-based algorithms have been proposed for clustering data streams. However, density-based clustering in limited time is still a challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a density-based clustering algorithm for IoT streams. The method has fast processing time to be applicable in real-time application of IoT devices. Experimental results show that the proposed approach obtains high quality results with low computation time on real and synthetic datasets.
Regioselective ortho-Lithiation of Halopyridines. Syntheses of ortho-Disubstituted Pyridines and a Convenient Generations of 3,4-Pyridyne (1993)

me regioselective onho-lithiation of 3-chlm (4), 3-fluoro-(7).3 -h m o -(lo), 2chloro (22).and 4-chlmpyridine (25) with lithium diisopropylamide affords, after quenching with various electrophiles, the corresponding onho-disubstih~ted pyridines in yields from 16-9696.Halogen-metal exchange between 4-i&3-chlmpyridine (6a) and ten-butyllithium or n-butyllithium provides a wnvenient generation of 3.4-pyridyne (1).which is trapped in a Diels-Alder reaction with furan and 2.5-dimethylfuran to give 31 and 32 (2438%).Heteroatom-facilitated metalation reactions have had a major impact on the design and execution of organic synthesis over the past decade, particularly those reactions involving aromatic and heternaromatic subsh'ates.'.'In co~ection with a synthetic approach to the ellipticine (6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbmle) family of antitumor alkaloids, we desired to generate and uap 3,4-pyridyne (1) in a Diels-Alder reaction.3At that time, the only two techniques for generating and efficiently trapping 1 with dienes (e.g., fwan) involved tedious, multi-step syntheses of 33pyridyne precursorsf 5 Following the completion of the present research, there have appeared in the literature several other good methods for the generation of 3,dpyridyne (1)6 t~his papx is dedicated lo Professor Ted Taylor in celebration of his 70th birthday, with affection and admimion from a fellow Vermonter.
Computer Aided Design Made-to-Measure System Evaluation (1997)

Abstract : Evaluation of the capabilities of commercially available Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems for made to measure on Army and Air Force Men's Dress Coats. This report reviews the characteristics of commercially available CAD systems applicability to special measure programs. The results showed that all the objectives of computerized patterns were achievable: correct patterns could be generated quickly; cut files could be generated and garments cut; and the sewing staff could produce the garments without any additional problems.
Rapid Prototyping of Embedded Microelectronics by Laser Direct-Write (2011)

For commercial, aerospace and military applications, miniaturization and functionality are key factors. In all these applications, the driving force is the need to achieve higher functionality in increasingly smaller volumes. As a result, traditionally packaged electronic components such as integrated circuits (ICs) and surface mount devices (SMDs) are reaching the point where their individual packaged size is too large to achieve the required device density on the available circuit board surface. There are various ways to address these limitations: for instance, application-specific ICs or ASICs, which eliminate the need for individual components, can be designed to replace an entire microelectronic circuit board. With ASICs, the entire circuit is fabricated in one fell swoop, and then packaged. However, development of these single-chip designs is costly and time consuming, and once their designs are completed, very difficult to change. In other words, none of the solutions currently available are capable of rapid prototyping customized circuits at a reasonable cost and in a limited amount of time. A better solution is to be able to place unpackaged devices and components inside the circuit board in order to achieve higher component densities. This approach, known as embedding, is used in some applications with passive devices, but has had limited success when applied to unpackaged or bare die semiconductor devices. This is because bare dies are very fragile and tend to be easily damaged by the robotic systems, known as tools, used to mount the devices on a circuit board. Furthermore, pick-and-place tools are ineffective when handling small or very thin ( 10 devices/sec). Therefore, the implementation of embedded electronic circuits comprising SMDs, interconnects and IC’s in bare die form promises to make possible levels of miniaturization well beyond the capabilities of current circuit manufacturing techniques. By burying or embedding the various circuit elements under the surface, significant reduction in weight and volume can be achieved for a given circuit board design. Embedded semiconductor bare dies are a good example of the advantages provided by this approach, since an embedded die occupies a fraction of the volume required by the same IC when packaged and wired using surface mount techniques. In order to realize these gains, novel approaches to the assembly and interconnection of embedded bare dies need to be considered. Laser direct-write processes and techniques, also known as LDW offer numerous advantages to the rapid prototyping of embedded microelectronic circuits (Pique & Chrisey, 2002a). Laser 12
Detection of human adaptation during the past 2000 years (2016)

Detection of recent natural selection is a challenging problem in population genetics. Here we introduce the singleton density score (SDS), a method to infer very recent changes in allele frequencies from contemporary genome sequences. Applied to data from the UK10K Project, SDS reflects allele frequency changes in the ancestors of modern Britons during the past ~2000 to 3000 years. We see strong signals of selection at lactase and the major histocompatibility complex, and in favor of blond hair and blue eyes. For polygenic adaptation, we find that recent selection for increased height has driven allele frequency shifts across most of the genome. Moreover, we identify shifts associated with other complex traits, suggesting that polygenic adaptation has played a pervasive role in shaping genotypic and phenotypic variation in modern humans.
Atmospheric pressure microwave-powered microplasma source based on strip-line structure (2013)

Summary form only given. Portable low cost microplasma sources are of interest for various applications such as materials processing, treatment of biomedical materials, chemical analysis and optical radiation sources. Microplasma sources are especially of interest for atmospheric pressure operation because they do not require a vacuum system. Further, by using higher frequency energy (microwave) to power the microplasma discharge, erosion of electrodes is reduced or essentially eliminated. Another feature of microplasmas is the high power density and plasma density of the discharges. Additionally, the gas temperature of microdischarges is lower than larger plasmas at atmospheric pressure. In this investigation a microwave powered microplasma system based on a double-strip-line structure is developed for the generation of atmospheric pressure plasmas with various feed-gases and feed-gas mixtures. The microplasma system is constructed with the top and bottom copper strip-lines separated by a dielectric material. The strip-line structure is powered at one end and the plasma is formed at the other end where the two copper strip-lines are brought together to a gap with 250 microns separation. The feed-gas is flowed through a channel in the dielectric such that it exits with the feed-gas flowing into the gap created by the two strip-lines. The gas flow channel in the dielectric is 250 microns high by 6 mm wide. The flow rate is varied from 900-2400 sccm. Argon and argon-oxygen microplasma discharges are formed in the gap between the two copper strip-lines. In argon-oxygen plasmas investigated, the oxygen percentage is varied from 1% up to 5%. The microwave power used for the discharges varies from 5 to 60 Watts. Images of the plasma are taken to show the shape, volume and intensity of the microplasmas. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to diagnose the discharges. The emissions from selected excited atomic and molecular oxygen species are measured. Other properties of the microplasma including gas temperature and electron temperature are also measured. Some experiments of etching diamond with argon-oxygen microdischarges will be presented.
The Study on the Conductivity Performance and Shielding Effectiveness of Electro-magnetic Radiation of Polyethylene Film with Different Content of Carbon Black Particles (2004)

With the help of the testing apparatus made by ourselves for shielding electromagnetic radiation, the electric conductivity and shielding effectiveness of electromagnetic radiation of polyethylene film contained different content of carbon particles was systematically studied in this paper. The results indicate that the electric conductivity and shielding effectiveness of electromagnetic radiation of polyethylene /carbon film have closely relations with content of carbon black particles, which exists a critical content value as 14%～30% and its properties will have a tremendous change.
Natural Organic UV-Absorbent Coatings Based on Cellulose and Lignin: Designed Effects on Spectroscopic Properties (2012)

Novel nanocomposite coatings composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and lignin (either synthetic or fractionated from spruce and corn stalks) were prepared without chemical modification or functionalization (via covalent attachment) of one of the two biopolymers. The spectroscopic properties of these coatings were investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. When using the appropriate weight ratio of CNC/lignin (R), these nanocomposite systems exhibited high-performance optical properties, high transmittance in the visible spectrum, and high blocking in the UV spectrum. Atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated that these coatings were smooth and homogeneous, with visible dispersed lignin nodules in a cellulosic matrix. It was also demonstrated that the introduction of nanoparticles into the medium increases the weight ratio and the CNC-specific surface area, which allows better dispersion of the lignin molecules throughout the solid film. Consequently, the larger molecular expansion of these aromatic polymers on the surface of the cellulosic nanoparticles dislocates the π-π aromatic aggregates, which increases the extinction coefficient and decreases the transmittance in the UV region. These nanocomposite coatings were optically transparent at visible wavelengths.