gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sliced Wasserstein Generative Models (2019)

In generative modeling, the Wasserstein distance (WD) has emerged as a useful metric to measure the discrepancy between generated and real data distributions. Unfortunately, it is challenging to approximate the WD of high-dimensional distributions. In contrast, the sliced Wasserstein distance (SWD) factorizes high-dimensional distributions into their multiple one-dimensional marginal distributions and is thus easier to approximate. In this paper, we introduce novel approximations of the primal and dual SWD. Instead of using a large number of random projections, as it is done by conventional SWD approximation methods, we propose to approximate SWDs with a small number of parameterized orthogonal projections in an end-to-end deep learning fashion. As concrete applications of our SWD approximations, we design two types of differentiable SWD blocks to equip modern generative frameworks---Auto-Encoders (AE) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). In the experiments, we not only show the superiority of the proposed generative models on standard image synthesis benchmarks, but also demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance on challenging high resolution image and video generation in an unsupervised manner.
Electrogram Signals Recorded from Acute and Chronic Pacemaker Implantation Sites in Pacemaker Patients (1998)

Electrogram signals recorded from typical pacemaker implantation sites may be useful for a variety of pacemaker system functions including pacemaker follow-up, atrial and ventricular sensing (event detection), and triggered electrogram storage. We quantified the electrical characteristics of pacemaker pocket electrograms using a subcutaneous electrode array (SEA) in a population of 48 patients undergoing initial or replacement pacemaker implantation. SEA recorded intrinsic R wave amplitudes measured peak to peak averaged 118 microV and 65 microV for the two recorded SEA electrograms and were significantly different (P < 0.001); paced R wave amplitudes averaged 180 microV and 110 microV. P wave amplitudes averaged 39 microV and 26 microV. No statistically significant difference in amplitudes were observed between acute versus chronic pacemaker pocket or indication for pacing (AV block, sick sinus syndrome). Signal to noise ratios, using R wave amplitude as signal, were lower in the SEA electrogram on average (11 dB) compared to the intracardiac electrogram (27 dB), but sufficient for diagnostic assessment. R wave/P wave ratios for SEA signals were lower than surface and intracardiac values 3.1 and 2.7 compared to a range of 6.2-9.8, indicating a relative enhancement of P waves to R waves in SEA signals. In summary, SEA electrograms are of sufficient amplitude and signal quality (signal to noise ratio) to hold promise for future implantable device features such as electrogram telemetry, enhanced sensing, and diagnostic data storage.
Gene-for-Genes Interactions Between Cotton<i>R</i>Genes and<i>Xanthomonas campestris</i>pv.<i>malvacearum avr</i>Genes (1993)

Six plasmid-borne avirulence (avr) genes were previously cloned from strain XcmH of the cotton pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. We have now localized all six avr genes on the cloned fragments by subcloning and Tn5-gusA insertional mutagenesis. None of these avr genes appeared to exhibit exclusively gene-for-gene patterns of interactions with cotton R genes, and avrB4 was demonstrated to confer avr gene-for-R genes (plural) avirulence to X. c. pv. malvacearum on congenic cotton lines carrying either of two different resistance loci, B1 or B4. Furthermore, the B1 locus appeared to confer R gene-for-avr genes resistance to cotton against isogenic X. c. pv. malvacearum strains carrying any one of three avr genes: avrB4, avrb6, or avrB102. Restriction enzyme, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequence analyses showed that the XcmH avr genes are all highly similar to each other, to avrBs3 and avrBsP from the pepper pathogen X. c. pv. vesicatoria, and to the host-specific virulence gene pthA from the citrus pathogen X. citri. The XcmH avr genes differed primarily in the multiplicity of a tandemly repeated 102-base pair motif within the central portions of the genes, repeated from 14 to 23 times in members of this gene family. The complete nucleotide sequence of avrb6 revealed that it is 97% identical in DNA sequence to avrB4, avrBs3, avrBsP, and pthA and that 62-bp inverted terminal repeats mark the boundaries of homology between avrb6 and all members of this Xanthomonas virulence/avirulence gene family sequenced to date. The terminal 38 bp of both inverted repeats are highly similar to the 38-bp consensus terminal sequence of the Tn3 family of transposons. Up to 11 members of the avr gene family appear to be present in North American strains of X. c. pv. malvacearum, including XcmH. The high level of homology observed among these avr genes and their presence in multiple copies may explain the gene-for-genes interactions and also the observed high frequencies (10(-3) to 10(-4) per locus) of X. c. pv. malvacearum race change mutations. Five spontaneous race change mutants of XcmH suffered avr locus deletions, strongly indicating intergenic recombination as the primary mechanism for generating new races in X. c. pv. malvacearum.
Einsatz perfluorierter Kationenaustauscher‐Membranen in Elektroyseverfahren, insbesondere bei der Chloralkali‐Elektrolyse (1981)

Abstract Die durch Aufbau, Strukturierung und evtl. Nachbehandlung variierenden Eigenschaften der perfluorierten Kationenaustauscher‐Membranen beschränken ihren Einsatz vornehmlich auf Elektrolysen in wäßrigen Lösungen und indirekte organische Synthesen. Apparativ erlauben die Membranen über die konventionelle Zwei‐ und Mehrkammerzelle hinaus neue Techniken, die unter der Bezeichnung Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolysis (SPE) und Sauerstoff‐Verzehrkathode (SVK) bekannt geworden sind. Anwendungsbereiche der gegen oxidierende sauere und alkalische Medien beständigen Membranen werden an den Beispielen Chloralkali‐Elektrolyse, Soda‐Herstellung, Wasser‐Zersetzung, Salzsäure‐Elektrolyse und elektrochemische Propylenoxid‐Synthese erläutert. Um Membranzellen wirtschaftlich zu betreiben, sind insbesondere Vorstellungen über die Zusammenhänge bei der OH − ‐Ionen‐Wanderung durch die Membran und die dadurch auftretenden Probleme unumgänglich. Erst so wird es möglich, die Wahl der Betriebsbedingungen jeweils optimal einzustellen und durch verfahrenstechnische Varianten der Reaktionsführung, wie z. B. eine Kaskadenschaltung nach dem Gegenstromprinzip, die konzentrationsabhängigen spezifischen Eigenschaften der Membranen voll auszuschöpfen. Die Vorteile der Membran‐Apparaturen gegenüber konventionellen Prozessen liegen je nach Verfahren bei vergleichbarer Wirtschaftlichkeit in geringerer Umweltbelastung und u. U. erheblich niedrigerem Energie‐Bedarf, der jedoch meist durch zusätzliche Investitionsaufwendungen erkauft wird. Allerdings stehen diesen Vorzügen z. Z. noch der schädliche Fremdionengehalt der Elektrolyte, mitunter geringe Stromdichte, unerwünschte Nebenproduktbildung, Rückdiffusionsvorgänge, beschränkte Lebensdauer verbunden mit hohem Preis der Membranen und geringe Maximalfläche der Einzelzelle gegenüber, Probleme, deren Lösung weitere Verbesserungen erwarten lassen.
Exploiting Loop-Carried Stream Reuse for Scientific Computing Applications on the Stream Processor (2010)

Compared with other stream applications, scientific stream programs are usually bound by memory accesses. Reusing streams across different iterations, i.e. loop-carried stream reuse, can effectively improve the SRF locality, thus reducing memory accesses greatly. In the paper, we first present the algorism identifying loop-carried stream reuse and that exploiting the reuse after analyzing scientific computing applications. We then perform several representative microbenchmarks and scientific stream programs with and without our optimization on Isim, a cycle-accurate stream processor simulator. Experimental results show that our algorithms can effectively exploit loop-carried stream reuse for scientific stream programs and thus greatly improve the performance of memory-bound scientific stream programs.
New distributed algorithm for connected dominating set in wireless ad hoc networks (2003)

Connected dominating set (CDs) has been proposed as virtual backbone or spine of wireless ad hoc networks. Three distributed approximation algorithms have been proposed in the literature for minimum CDS. We first reinvestigate their performances. None of these algorithms have constant approximation factors. Thus these algorithms can not guarantee to generate a CDs of small size. Their message complexities can be as high as O(n/sup 2/), and their time complexities may also be as large as O(n/sup 2/) and O(n/sup 3/). We then present our own distributed algorithm that outperforms the existing algorithms. This algorithm has an approximation factor of at most 8, O(n) time complexity and O(n log n) message complexity. By establishing the /spl Omega/(n log n) lower bound on the message complexity of any distributed algorithm for nontrivial CDs, our algorithm is thus message-optimal.
Multiple-antenna capacity in the low-power regime (2003)

This paper provides analytical characterizations of the impact on the multiple-antenna capacity of several important features that fall outside the standard multiple-antenna model, namely: (i) antenna correlation, (ii) Ricean factors, (iii) polarization diversity, and (iv) out-of-cell interference; all in the regime of low signal-to-noise ratio. The interplay of rate, bandwidth, and power is analyzed in the region of energy per bit close to its minimum value. The analysis yields practical design lessons for arbitrary number of antennas in the transmit and receive arrays.
Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple cell types and siblings are widely dispersed (1996)

The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus of the vertebrate central nervous system are derived from the embryonic diencephalon. These regions of the nervous system function as major relays between the telencephalon and more caudal regions of the brain. Early in development, the diencephalon morphologically comprises distinct units known as neuromeres or prosomeres. As development proceeds, multiple nuclei, the functional and anatomical units of the diencephalon, derive from the neuromeres. It was of interest to determine whether progenitors in the diencephalon give rise to daughters that cross nuclear or neuromeric boundaries. To this end, a highly complex retroviral library was used to infect diencephalic progenitors. Retrovirally marked clones were found to contain neurons, glia and occasionally radial glia. The majority of clones dispersed in all directions, resulting in sibling cells populating multiple nuclei within the diencephalon. In addition, several distinctive patterns of dispersion were observed. These included clones with siblings distributed bilaterally across the third ventricle, clones that originated in the lateral ventricle, clones that crossed neuromeric boundaries, and clones that crossed major boundaries of the developing nervous system, such as the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These findings demonstrate that progenitor cells in the diencephalon are multipotent and that their daughters can become widely dispersed.
Direct and Remarkably Efficient Conversion of Methane into Acetic Acid Catalyzed by Amavadine and Related Vanadium Complexes. A Synthetic and a Theoretical DFT Mechanistic Study (2007)

Vanadium(IV or V) complexes with N,O- or O,O-ligands, i.e., [VO{N(CH2CH2O)3}], Ca[V(HIDPA)2] (synthetic amavadine), Ca[V(HIDA)2], or [Bu4N]2[V(HIDA)2] [HIDPA, HIDA = basic form of 2,2'-(hydroxyimino)dipropionic or -diacetic acid, respectively], [VO(CF3SO3)2], Ba[VO(nta)(H2O)]2 (nta = nitrilotriacetate), [VO(ada)(H2O)] (ada = N-2-acetamidoiminodiacetate), [VO(Hheida)(H2O)] (Hheida = 2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetate), [VO(bicine)] [bicine = basic form of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine], and [VO(dipic)(OCH2CH3)] (dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate), are catalyst precursors for the efficient single-pot conversion of methane into acetic acid, in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) under moderate conditions, using peroxodisulfate as oxidant. Effects on the yields and TONs of various factors are reported. TFA acts as a carbonylating agent and CO is an inhibitor for some systems, although for others there is an optimum CO pressure. The most effective catalysts (as amavadine) bear triethanolaminate or (hydroxyimino)dicarboxylates and lead, in a single batch, to CH3COOH yields > 50% (based on CH4) or remarkably high TONs up to 5.6 x 103. The catalyst can remain active upon multiple recycling of its solution. Carboxylation proceeds via free radical mechanisms (CH3* can be trapped by CBrCl3), and theoretical calculations disclose a particularly favorable process involving the sequential formation of CH3*, CH3CO*, and CH3COO* which, upon H-abstraction (from TFA or CH4), yields acetic acid. The CH3COO* radical is formed by oxygenation of CH3CO* by a peroxo-V complex via a V{eta1-OOC(O)CH3} intermediate. Less favorable processes involve the oxidation of CH3CO* by the protonated (hydroperoxo) form of that peroxo-V complex or by peroxodisulfate. The calculations also indicate that (i) peroxodisulfate behaves as a source of sulfate radicals which are methane H-abstractors, as a peroxidative and oxidizing agent for vanadium, and as an oxidizing and coupling agent for CH3CO* and that (ii) TFA is involved in the formation of CH3COOH (by carbonylating CH3*, acting as an H-source to CH3COO*, and enhancing on protonation the oxidizing power of a peroxo-VV complex) and of CF3COOCH3 (minor product in the absence of CO).
Accelerated Continuous Conditional Random Fields For Load Forecasting (2015)

Increasingly, aiming to contain their rapidly growing energy expenditures, commercial buildings are equipped to respond to utility's demand and price signals. Such smart energy consumption, however, heavily relies on accurate short-term energy load forecasting, such as hourly predictions for the next n (n ≥ 2) hours. To attain sufficient accuracy for these predictions, it is important to exploit the relationships among the n estimated outputs. This paper treats such multi-steps ahead regression task as a sequence labeling (regression) problem, and adopts the continuous conditional random fields (CCRF) to explicitly model these interconnected outputs. In particular, we improve the CCRF's computation complexity and predictive accuracy with two novel strategies. First, we employ two tridiagonal matrix computation techniques to significantly speed up the CCRF's training and inference. These techniques tackle the cubic computational cost required by the matrix inversion calculations in the training and inference of the CCRF, resulting in linear complexity for these matrix operations. Second, we address the CCRF's weak feature constraint problem with a novel multi-target edge function, thus boosting the CCRF's predictive performance. The proposed multi-target feature is able to convert the relationship of related outputs with continuous values into a set of “sub-relationships”, each providing more specific feature constraints for the interplays of the related outputs. We applied the proposed approach to two real-world energy load prediction systems: one for electricity demand and another for gas usage. Our experimental results show that the proposed strategy can meaningfully reduce the predictive error for the two systems, in terms of mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error, when compared with three benchmarking methods. Promisingly, the relative error reduction achieved by our CCRF model was up to 50 percent.
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of SO2 Vapor (1968)

Stern–Volmer constants for SO2 fluorescence [Ã(1B1)→X̃1A1] for six optically exciting wavelengths (3130, 3020, 2960, 2850, 2750, and 2650 Å) show a regular decrease in going to shorter exciting wavelengths in the pressure range 1–1000 μ Hg. Due to earlier work by Douglas, it is inferred that the principal change is occurring in the fluorescence lifetime, which decreases accordingly. If electronic quenching takes place at every gas–kinetic collision, then any amount of vibrational relaxation which occurs prior to emission has a larger-than-gas–kinetic cross section. The fluorescence yields (Qf)λ go to unity at zero pressure, within liberal error limits, for all exciting wavelengths. The phosphorescence [ã(3B1)→X̃1A1] essentially disappears at pressures below 10 μ and does not originate from vibrationally excited triplet levels even at low pressures. The phosphorescence yields (Qp)λ pass through a minimum at an exciting wavelength of 2850 Å, and the corresponding values at the exciting wavelength extreme are about the same.
Persistent and Stable Radicals of the Heavier Main Group Elements and Related Species (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPersistent and Stable Radicals of the Heavier Main Group Elements and Related SpeciesPhilip P. PowerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaDavis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 3, 789–810Publication Date (Web):February 22, 2003Publication History Received19 July 2002Published online22 February 2003Published inissue 1 March 2003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020406pCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6141Altmetric-Citations453LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (363 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Anions,Boron,Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy,Elements,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Crystallization of Bulk Samples of Partially Amorphous Spray-Dried Lactose (1998)

The crystallization of partially amorphous spray-dried lactose was studied as a function of sample size. Crystallization occurred gradually over a period of 80 hr for a 95-g sample. The water content during crystallization was lower than that needed to cause crystallization if it had been distributed evenly throughout the bed, thus the absorbed water must have been unevenly distributed. The weight of the sample continued to change for days after crystallization was completed, because of the slow desorption of condensed water and the very slow formation of the hydrate form. Surprisingly, all samples with a weight between 42 and 95 g were found to take up the same mass (not percent) of water at the same time. This provides further evidence that the water was not evenly distributed throughout the sample. Water loss after this peak differed in the different weight samples, with the largest weights resulting in the lowest residual weight after 2 weeks. Only the sample of 22 g load had a different peak weight and a much lower weight loss after crystallization. This study provides detail of how partially amorphous bulk samples crystallize.
Thermochemical hydrogen sensor based on chalcogenide nanowire arrays (2015)

The hydrogen gas-sensing properties have been investigated of two types of thermochemical hydrogen (TCH) sensors composed of thermoelectric layers based on chalcogenide nanowire arrays and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. The monomorphic-type TCH sensor, which had only Bi2Te3 nanowire arrays, showed an output signal of 23.7 μV in response to 5 vol% hydrogen gas at room temperature, whereas an output signal of 215 μV was obtained from an n-p junction-type TCH sensor made of connected Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 nanowire arrays in an AAO template. Despite its small deposition area, the output signal of the n-p sensor was more than nine times that of the monomorphic sensor. This observation can be explained by the difference in electrical connections (parallel and serial conversions) in the TCH sensor between each type of nanowire array. Also, our n-p sensor had a wide detection range for hydrogen gas (from 400 ppm to 45 vol%) and a fast response time of 1.3 s at room temperature without requiring external power.
Journal and Proceedings of The Royal Society of New South Wales (1981)

v.15 (1881)
MICROVASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE HUMAN LARGE INTESTINE: MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF VASCULAR PARAMETERS IN CORROSION CASTS (1998)

The microvascularization of 19 human colonic segments was studied quantitatively by means of scanning electron microscopy of microvascular corrosion casts. In total, four caecums, two ascending and four descending colons, six sigmoidal colons and four rectums were examined. In order to describe quantitatively the microvascular unit, three parameters were assessed: (1) intercapillary distances, (2) interbranching distances and (3) branching angles. All parameters were measured in stereo pairs of microvascular corrosion casts using an interactive image analyzing system. Examination of microvascular corrosion casts showed the mucosal capillary network arranged in a honeycomb pattern around the mucosal glands. This meshwork is supplied by arterioles and subepithelial capillaries and drained by venules which merge to submucosal veins. The average value for the intercapillary distances is 107.2 ± 27.6 µm, for the interbranching distances 51.3 ± 28.5 µm and for the branching angles 87.4 ± 29.2°. Comparisons of the quantified parameters within a given segment as well as group comparisons of all segments did not reveal any significant inter-individual difference.
Immunization of rainbow trout, <i>Salmo gairdneri</i> Richardson, against vibriosis: comparison of an extract antigen with whole cell bacterins by oral and intraperitoneal routes (1983)

Abstract. An extract vaccine against Vibrio anguillarum was compared with other vaccine preparations when administered to rainbow trout intraperitoneally or orally on food. Intraperitoneal vaccination resulted in virtually 100% protection within two weeks whereas oral vaccination gave a maximum protection of 50–70% after eight weeks. When administered intraperitoneally the extract performed better than formalin killed cells but when administered orally formalin killed cells were better. The addition of alum as adjuvant enhanced the response to antigen administered by both routes. Serum agglutinin litres after oral vaccination were low and variable but after intraperitoneal injection they reached a consistent peak of 64. As the response to oral vaccination was so low it was not possible to relate agglutinin titre to protection in a quantitative relationship.