gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A DNA-Based Method to Assay Total and Infectious Particle Contents and Helper Virus Contamination in High-Capacity Adenoviral Vector Preparations (2002)

High-capacity adenoviral (HC-Ad) vectors are devoid of all viral genes. Therefore, these vectors feature reduced toxicity, immunogenicity, and increased capacity for foreign DNA. HC-Ad vectors are produced in E1-transformed cell lines in the presence of an E1-deleted helper virus that provides in trans all viral functions necessary for vector production. By cre/loxP- or FLPe/Frt-mediated recombination the packaging signal of the helper virus is excised during vector production resulting in nonpackagable helper virus genomes. Although recombinase-mediated excision of the packaging signal from the helper virus genome is highly efficient, a small number of helper virus genomes with retained packaging signals are still packaged into capsids. For clinical trials, HC-Ad vector preparations have to be characterized accurately with respect to the number of (1) total HC-Ad vector particles, (2) infectious HC-Ad vector particles, and (3) the number of contaminating helper virus particles. We describe a fast and versatile DNA-based biologic assay for determination of these three parameters by standard laboratory methods. This assay is a useful tool for determining bioactivity data of adenoviral vector preparations and, importantly, allows their comparison among different studies.
Effect of Foam Layer on Gas Holdup in a Bubble Column. (1995)

Axial distribution of gas holdup was measured by static pressure difference and a void sensor in a square bubble column. There were three regions—the entrance region, the bulk region and the foam layer—in the bubble column.εe, gas holdup in the entrance region, was almost zero and εb, gas holdup in the bulk region, was axially constant. Gas holdup in the foam layer increased with height above the gas spargers. The clear liquid height and kind of gas sparger had no influence on the form of the axial distribution of static pressure and gas holdup. The thickness of the foam layer and the entrance region was correlated. The effect of the foam layer on the gas holdup was large and was correlated.
Sputter‐Etching Planarization for Multilevel Metallization (1983)

A simple process of sputter‐etching planarization was developed for multilevel metallization, which utilized an angular dependence of sputter yield. Silicon nitride and phosphosilicate glass as interlevel insulators were planarized to a slope angle of 45° by using rf sputter etching with an argon gas. The surface topology was well predicted by computer simulation. The sputter‐etching planarization was successfully applied to three‐level metallization, resulting in very high yields of interconnection continuity, interlevel insulation, and via holes.
Small centrifuge test methods and operations: a primer-reader with historical anecdotes (1986)

An evolutionary process in linear acceleration test methods and test doctrine began about 1960 in Sandia's development test laboratories. This evolution is traced over the years with highlights given to the more significant test methods used to test inertial devices on small centrifuges. The fundamental physical equations needed to understand the centrifuge are derived and the relationships between the fundamentals, test system hardware, and test accuracy are examined in detail. This paper is intended to explain to the beginner some of the more important test centrifuge characteristics.
One New Method for the Design of Engineering Dewatering (2000)

This paper puts forward the new method-efficiency radius method of the engineering dewatering in according the practice of author’s engineering lowering water level on the basis of the analysis of general groundwater dynamics methods used to the design of dewatering engineering. The method is in accordance with four basic principles, uses the efficiency radium of single well with the different drawdowns of groundwater level to calculate distances and number of wells. On the basis, the optimal of dewatering plans will be carried out by computer to determine the optimal planning. The paper carries three dewatering plans optimal programming for example of the oil bank of the garage of Changchun University of Science and Technology. In result, the second plan is determined as using plan. It is the optimal plan through practice. The method was used in several dewatering engineerings with the soil in the city of Changchun to obtain the better efficiency.
The Role of Cystine Knots in Collagen Folding and Stability, Part I. Conformational Properties of (Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)<sub>5</sub> and (Pro‐(4<i>S</i>)‐FPro‐Gly)<sub>5</sub> Model Trimers with an Artificial Cystine Knot (2003)

In analogy to the cystine knots present in natural collagens, a simplified disulfide cross-link was used to analyse the conformational effects of a C-terminal artificial cystine knot on the folding of collagenous peptides consisting of solely (Pro-Hyp-Gly) repeating units. Assembly of the alpha chains into a heterotrimer by previously applied regioselective disulfide-bridging strategies failed because of the high tendency of (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(5) peptides to self-associate and form homotrimers. Only when side-chain-protected peptides were used, for example in the Hyp(tBu) form, and a new protection scheme was adopted, selective interchain-disulfide cross-linking into the heterotrimer in organic solvents was successful. This unexpected strong effect of the conformational properties on the efficiency of well-established reactions was further supported by replacing the Hyp residues with (4S)-fluoroproline, which is known to destabilise triple-helical structures. With the related [Pro-(4S)-FPro-Gly](5) peptides, assembly of the heterotrimer in aqueous solution proceeded in a satisfactory manner. Both the intermediates and the final fluorinated heterotrimer are fully unfolded in aqueous solution even at 4 degrees C. Conversely, the disulfide-crossbridged (Pro-Hyp-Gly)(5) heterotrimer forms a very stable triple helix. The observation that thermal unfolding leads to scrambling of the disulfide bridges was unexpected. Although NMR experiments support an extension of the triple helix into the cystine knot, thermolysis is not associated with the unfolding process. In fact, the unstructured fluorinated trimer undergoes an equally facile thermodegradation associated with the intrinsic tendency of unsymmetrical disulfides to disproportionate into symmetrical disulfides under favourable conditions. The experimental results obtained with the model peptides fully support the role of triple-helix nucleation and stabilisation by the artificial cystine knot as previously suggested for the natural cystine knots in collagens.
The Role of Osteoblasts in the Hematopoietic Microenvironment (1998)

Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation occurs in direct proximity to osteoblasts within the bone marrow cavity. Despite this striking affiliation, surprisingly little is known about the precise cellular and molecular impact of osteoblasts on the bone marrow microenvironment. Recently, it has been proposed that human osteoblasts support the growth of primitive human hematopoietic cells in vitro and possibly in vivo. Evidence to support this hypothesis is reviewed as follows: the influence of osteoblasts on osteoclast development; the participation of osteoblasts in long-term bone marrow cultures; the production of positive hematopoietic regulatory molecules by osteoblasts; the production of cell-cycle inhibitory factors by osteoblasts, and cell-cell interactions between early hematopoietic cells and osteoblasts.
Learning DFA: evolution versus evidence driven state merging (2003)

Learning deterministic finite automata (DFA) is a hard task that has been much studied within machine learning and evolutionary computation research. This paper presents a new method for evolving DFAs, where only the transition matrix is evolved, and the state labels are chosen to optimize the fit between final states and training set labels. This new procedure reduces the size and in particular, the complexity, of the search space. We present results on the Tomita languages, and also on a set of random DFA induction problems of varying target size and training set density. The Tomita set results show that we can learn the languages with far fewer fitness evaluations than previous evolutionary methods. On the random DFA task we compare our methods with the evidence driven state merging (EDSM) algorithms, which is one of the most powerful known DFA learning algorithms. We show that our method outperforms EDSM when the target DFA is small (less than 32 states) and the training set is sparse.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Phenol Acid Rutinosides Using Rutinase and Their Antiviral Activity in Vitro (2013)

Novel rutinosides of vanillic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid were prepared via a rutinase-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction. Reaction mixtures containing rutin, phenolic acid, and rutinase derived from tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ) seeds were incubated in 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at 40 °C. The resulting rutinoside of each phenolic acid was purified by HPLC, and the structure was determined by NMR and FAB-MS analysis. Antiviral activity was determined using feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9, which is a typical norovirus surrogate. It was found that rutinosylation of the phenolic acids increased their antiviral activity against FCV, with the sinapic acid rutinoside being the most effective. These results will contribute to the development of antiviral agents against noroviruses.
A 2-Axis Optical Force–Torque Fingertip Sensor for Dexterous Grasping Using Linear Polarizers (2012)

This paper presents a two-axis force/torque sensor (one force and one torque) that uses light-intensity modulation techniques to measure the contact force and torque between a robotic finger and an object. The sensor has a diameter of 9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> m and a height of 10 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> m. The sensor incorporates linearly aligned fiber-optic cables, linear polarizers, and nitinol wire strips into a rigid structure made of plastic. The nitinol wire strips allow certain parts of the structure to deform under applied forces. A model of the sensor is presented, and calibration experiments were conducted, validating the model. The sensor was also incorporated into the fingertip of a Barrett Hand, and experiments were conducted on three objects, i.e., a power adapter, a partially filled plastic bottle, and a curved paper punch to identify the sensor's response to different surface profiles. The sensor's data are also compared with data from a Nano17 force and torque sensor, and the results from the two sensors are discussed.
Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice (2017)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been commonly accepted to drain through arachnoid projections from the subarachnoid space to the dural venous sinuses. However, a lymphatic component to CSF outflow has long been known. Here, we utilize lymphatic-reporter mice and high-resolution stereomicroscopy to characterize the anatomical routes and dynamics of outflow of CSF. After infusion into a lateral ventricle, tracers spread into the paravascular spaces of the pia mater and cortex of the brain. Tracers also rapidly reach lymph nodes using perineural routes through foramina in the skull. Using noninvasive imaging techniques that can quantify the transport of tracers to the blood and lymph nodes, we find that lymphatic vessels are the major outflow pathway for both large and small molecular tracers in mice. A significant decline in CSF lymphatic outflow is found in aged compared to young mice, suggesting that the lymphatic system may represent a target for age-associated neurological conditions.
Bladder intracavitary hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy for the prevention of recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection (2017)

Preventing the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) post-transurethral resection (TUR) remains challenging. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of bladder intracavitary hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy (BHPC) for prevention of NMIBC recurrence post-TUR. Between December 2006 and December 2014, 53 patients with NMIBC who underwent TUR were randomly assigned to receive BHPC (BHPC group, 28 patients) or intravesical chemotherapy alone (chemotherapy group, 25 patients) at the Intracelom Hyperthermic Perfusion Therapy Center of Guangzhou Medical University Cancer Hospital (Guangzhou, China). BHPC was performed by combining perfusion-based hyperthermia with chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C (MMC) in the bladder, and the chemotherapy group of patients received bladder MMC perfusion. The concentration of MMC in the perfusion fluid and serum were assessed at different time-points. Tumor recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and side-effects were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. Results revealed that BHPC was performed smoothly, at ~44̊C in the bladder cavity. Patients tolerated BHPC, and no side-effects were observed. Both BHPC and intravesical chemotherapy achieved a high MMC concentration in the bladder perfusion liquid, but low MMC concentration in the serum, although serum MMC concentrations in the BHPC group were significantly higher (P<0.05). The tumor recurrence rate was significantly lower (10.7 vs. 28.0%; P=0.02) and the DFS period was significantly longer (37±1.2 vs. 19±0.9 months; P=0.001) in the BHPC group than in the chemotherapy group. Our results demonstrated that BHPC is safe and effective for preventing NMIBC recurrence post-TUR and prolongs DFS.
A novel tetrasaccharide, with a structure similar to the terminal sequence of an arabinogalactan‐protein, accumulates in rice anthers in a stage‐specific manner (1996)

Analysis of free sugars in developing rice anthers by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) showed that a very high concentration of a novel oligosaccharide accumulated specifically during microsporogenesis. Structural analysis of the purified oligosaccharide by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed its structure to be beta-L- Ara(f)-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Ara(f)-(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal(p)-(1-->6)-D-Gal, which is closely related to a tetrasaccharide unit found in the glycan chain of a plant cell surface proteoglycan, the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP). Chilling treatment (12 degrees C, 4 days), which injures rice anthers during microsporogenesis, decreased the concentration of the tetrasaccharide, but the sucrose level increased. This effect was especially evident in a chilling-sensitive mutant line, YM56-1. These results suggest that this unique tetrasaccharide may play an important role in both the development of the rice anther and its response to chilling.
An integrated technology CAD system for process and device designers (1993)

A workstation-based integrated system with a highly interactive X/Motif user interface is discussed. At present, TSUPREM3, TSUPREM4 and TPISCES have been integrated into this system. The components of the integrated TCAD system include a generic process recipe editor, a mask editor, a 2-D wafer structure builder (using 1-D/2-D process simulation profiles), a mesh generator for 2-D device simulation, a device simulation recipe editor, and graphical postprocessors for both process and device analysis. The user of this system inputs the specification of a process recipe and the layout of the device structure to be fabricated. The system then runs process and device simulation using incremental and shared simulation strategies to generate wafer structure and electrical device characteristics. An interactive user interface guides the user through the process and device simulation flow. thereby aiding what-if analysis of process and device tradeoffs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Betulinic acid sensitization of low pH adapted human melanoma cells to hyperthermia (2002)

Betulinic acid is a known inducer of apoptosis in human melanoma that is most effective under conditions of low pH. It was hypothesized that betulinic acid, in combination with acute acidification and/or hyperthermia, would induce higher levels of apoptosis and cytotoxicity in low pH-adapted human melanoma cells than in cells grown at pH 7.3. DB-1 human melanoma cells, adapted to a tumour-like growth pH of 6.7, were exposed to hyperthermia (2h at 42 degrees C) and/or betulinic acid (4-10 microg/ml) and compared with cells grown at a physiological pH of 7.3 or after acute acidification from pH 7.3-6.3 or pH 6.7-6.3. Betulinic acid induced higher levels of apoptosis and cytotoxicity in low pH-adapted cells than in cells grown at pH 7.3, as measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) DNA fragmentation assay (TUNEL), the MTS cell viability assay, and single cell survival. Acute acidification of low pH adapted cells rendered them more susceptible to betulinic acid-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. In the presence of hyperthermia at 42 degrees C for 2 h, cells grown at pH 7.3 were not sensitized to heat killing by betulinic acid, whereas cells grown at pH 7.3 and acutely acidified to pH 6.3, cells adapted to growth at pH 6.7 and cells adapted to growth at pH 6.7 and acutely acidified to pH 6.3 were all similarly sensitized to heat killing by betulinic acid, with survival values of 5, 9 and 2%, respectively. It is concluded that betulinic acid may be useful in potentiating the therapeutic efficacy of hyperthermia as a cytotoxic agent in acidotic areas of tumours with minimal effect in normal tissues growing at pH 7.3.
CI-1007, a dopamine partial agonist and potential antipsychotic agent. I. Neurochemical effects. (1995)

The receptor binding and biochemical effects of the putative dopamine (DA) partial agonist CI-1007 ([R(+)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl- 1-[(3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl]pyridine] maleate) and potential antipsychotic were evaluated with a variety of biochemical methods. In receptor binding studies, CI-1007 bound to rat striatal DA receptors exhibiting a Ki of 3 nM as assessed by inhibition of [3H]N-propylnorapomorphine binding. CI-1007 also exhibited high affinity for cloned human D2L (Ki = 25.5 nM) and D3 (Ki = 16.6 nM) receptors with less affinity for D4.2 receptors (Ki = 90.9 nM). The affinity for serotonin-1A (5-HT-1A), alpha-2 adrenergic and 5-HT-2 receptors was moderate (submicromolar range) and slight or negligible for alpha-1, DA D1 and various other receptors. Unlike dopamine, the inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding was monophasic for CI-1007 and only slightly affected by the addition of Gpp-(NH)p. In vitro CI-1007 antagonized the forskolin-induced increases in cyclic AMP levels in GH4C1 cells expressing the human D2L receptor, having an intrinsic activity of 53% of that seen with the full agonist quinpirole. In vivo CI-1007 antagonized the gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)-induced accumulation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in striatum and mesolimbic regions of rat brain, causing a maximal 64% reversal in striatum, consistent with a partial agonist profile. In microdialysis studies it decreased DA overflow in both striatum and nucleus accumbens, indicating decreased release of DA. CI-1007 also reduced brain DA synthesis (DOPA accumulation), metabolism (DOPAC and HVA) and utilization (after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine). CI-1007 did not affect striatal acetylcholine levels indicating lack of potent postsynaptic DA actions. CI-1007 seemed to be selective for DA neurons as it did not alter rat brain norepinephrine (NE) synthesis in the NE-enriched brainstem or NE utilization in the mesolimbic region. In addition, it did not affect in general 5-HT synthesis and metabolism in striatum and mesolimbic regions. These neurochemical results demonstrate that CI-1007 is a selective potent brain dopamine partial agonist with limited agonist activity at postsynaptic DA receptors.
Isolation of Telomere DNA from <i>Neurospora crassa</i> (1987)

The most distal known gene on Neurospora crassa linkage group VR, his-6, was cloned. A genomic walk resulted in isolation of the telomere at VR. It was obtained from a library in which the endmost nucleotides of the chromosome had not been removed by nuclease treatment before being cloned, and mapping indicates that the entire chromosome end has probably been cloned. Sequences homologous to the terminal 2.5 kilobases of DNA from VR from these Oak Ridge N. crassa strains are found at other sites in the genome. To characterize these sites, I crossed an Oak Ridge-derived his-6 strain with a wild-type strain of different genetic background (Mauriceville) and characterized the hybridization patterns seen in the progeny. It appears that the sequences homologous to the VR terminus are found at genetically different sites in the two parental strains, and no hybridization to the VR telomere from Mauriceville was detected. The other genomic copies identified in the Oak Ridge parent were not telomeres. I suggest that any repeating sequence blocks found immediately adjacent to the VR terminus in Oak Ridge strains must be small and that the repeating element identified in that background may be an N. crassa transposable element integrated near the the chromosome end at VR.
Ligand and solvent effects in the nonaqueous synthesis of highly ordered anisotropic tungsten oxide nanostructures (2006)

Tungsten oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a nonaqueous sol–gel process involving the reaction of tungsten chloride either with benzyl alcohol in the presence of various catechol ligands like 4-tert-butylcatechol, pyrocatechol and nordihydroguaiaretic acid or with 4-tert-butylbenzyl alcohol only. Dependent on the reaction system, organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructures with various morphologies were found, including short-range ordered lamellar structures as well as highly organized anisotropic stacks of tungstite nanoplatelets. In the case of 4-tert-butylbenzyl alcohol, the self-organization reaches two hierarchical levels, where the inorganic nanobuilding blocks, just a few Ångstroms in thickness, form nanocolumns perfectly arranged over a length scale of up to 10 microns. Several of these stacks assemble laterally into polydisperse bundles. The structural details as well as a potential formation mechanism are provided by a combination of XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and IR spectroscopy investigations.