gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel Algorithms for Real-time Motion Planning (2011)

For decades, humans have dreamed of making cars that could drive themselves, so that travel would be less taxing, and the roads safer for everyone. Toward this goal, we have made strides in motion planning algorithms for autonomous cars, using a powerful new computing tool, the parallel graphics processing unit (GPU). We propose a novel five-dimensional search space formulation that includes both spatial and temporal dimensions, and respects the kinematic and dynamic constraints on a typical automobile. With this formulation, the search space grows linearly with the length of the path, compared to the exponential growth of other methods. We also propose a parallel search algorithm, using the GPU to tackle the curse of dimensionality directly and increase the number of plans that can be evaluated by an order of magnitude compared to a CPU implementation. With this larger capacity, we can evaluate a dense sampling of plans combining lateral swerves and accelerations that represent a range of effective responses to more on-road driving scenarios than have previously been addressed in the literature. We contribute a cost function that evaluates many aspects of each candidate plan, ranking them all, and allowing the behavior of the vehicle to be fine-tuned by changing the ranking. We show that the cost function can be changed on-line by a behavioral planning layer to express preferred vehicle behavior without the brittleness induced by top-down planning architectures. Our method is particularly effective at generating robust merging behaviors, which have traditionally required a delicate and failure-prone coordination between multiple planning layers. Finally, we demonstrate our proposed planner in a variety of on-road driving scenarios in both simulation and on an autonomous SUV, and make a detailed comparison with prior work.
Gearbox condition monitoring using self-organizing feature maps (2004)

This paper proposes a novel technique for the condition monitoring of gearboxes based on a self-organizing feature maps (SOFM) network. In order to visualize the learned SOFM results more clearly, an improved method based on the unified distance matrix (U-matrix) method is presented, in which the overall topological information condensed into the map units is considered so as to project the high-dimensional input vectors into a two-dimensional space and give a better picture of their intrinsic structure than the original U-matrix method. The feature data extracted from industrial gearbox vibration signals measured under different operating conditions are analysed using the proposed technique. The results show that trained with the SOFM network and visualized with the improved method, the feature data are mapped into a two-dimensional space and formed clustering regions, each indicative of a specific gearbox condition. Therefore, the gearbox operating condition with a fatigue crack or broken tooth compared with the normal condition is identified clearly. Furthermore, with the trajectory of the image points for the feature data in two-dimensional space, the variation of gearbox conditions is observed visually, and the development of gearbox early-stage failures is monitored in time.
Extracting shared subspace for multi-label classification (2008)

Multi-label problems arise in various domains such as multi-topic document categorization and protein function prediction. One natural way to deal with such problems is to construct a binary classifier for each label, resulting in a set of independent binary classification problems. Since the multiple labels share the same input space, and the semantics conveyed by different labels are usually correlated, it is essential to exploit the correlation information contained in different labels. In this paper, we consider a general framework for extracting shared structures in multi-label classification. In this framework, a common subspace is assumed to be shared among multiple labels. We show that the optimal solution to the proposed formulation can be obtained by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem, though the problem is non-convex. For high-dimensional problems, direct computation of the solution is expensive, and we develop an efficient algorithm for this case. One appealing feature of the proposed framework is that it includes several well-known algorithms as special cases, thus elucidating their intrinsic relationships. We have conducted extensive experiments on eleven multi-topic web page categorization tasks, and results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed formulation in comparison with several representative algorithms.
Renal extraction, filtration, absorption, and catabolism of growth hormone (1977)

Renal handling of homologous labeled rat growth hormone (125I-rGH) was studied in the intact rat and in a filtering and nonfiltering isolated perfused rat kidney preparation. Plasma disappearance rate, renal accumulation, renal clearance (C), glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC), absorption rates, and fate of absorbed hormones were determined. 125I-rGH is extensively filtered (GSC approximately 0.6) and subsequently absorbed by the tubular epithelium (C/GRF less than 1%). The absorption process of 125I-rGH has a high capacity and is inhibited by iodoacetate. Absorbed 125I-rGH is catabolized and a detectable product of catabolism (125I-monoiodotyrosine) is returned to the circulation. A nonfiltering kidney preparation with adequate renal perfusate flow was developed to study the contribution of the peritubular side to the renal handling of small proteins. Experiments in the nonfiltering kidney show that renal accumulation, extraction, and catabolism of 125I-rGH from the peritubular side is minimal when compared to that occurring from the luminal side. The ratio of the renal extraction rate of 125I-rGH in the isolated kidney and the mean plasma disappearance rate of 125I-rGH in the intact rat was 0.67, demonstrating that the kidneys account for the major fraction of the total plasma turnover of GH in the rat.
The challenges of transvenous lead extraction (2011)

Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) has undergone an explosive evolution since its inception as a rudimentary skill with limited technology and therapeutic options. Early techniques involved simple manual traction that frequently proved ineffective for chronically implanted leads and carried a significant risk of myocardial avulsion, tamponade, and death.1 2 The significant morbidity and mortality associated with these early extraction techniques limited their application to life threatening situations such as infection and sepsis. The past 30 years have witnessed significant advances in lead extraction technology resulting in safer and more efficacious techniques and tools, providing the skilled extractor with a well equipped armamentarium. With the development of the discipline, we have witnessed a growth in the community of TLE experts coincident with a pronounced decline in the incidence of procedure related morbidity and mortality, with more recent registries at high volume centres reporting high success rates with exceedingly low complication rates (figure 1).3–6 Future developments in lead extraction are likely to focus on new tools that will allow us to provide comprehensive device management, alternative systems for extraction training, and the design of new leads conceived to facilitate future extraction.



Figure 1 
Success, morbidity and mortality in large series. Graphic representation of complete success as a function of time, represented by black columns. Secondary y axis represents percentage morbidity (orange) and mortality (red). Timeline of extraction techniques and tools commensurate with reported trials is at the top of the figure. Values below the graph represent the number of leads (N) extracted in each study. Composite major complication (MC) and mortality (M) rate was calculated. Only studies with ≥50 leads extracted and data regarding mortality and major complications were included.



The challenges and risks of TLE are principally related to the body's foreign body response to a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED). This …
Oral Spore Vaccine Based on Live Attenuated Nontoxinogenic <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Expressing Recombinant Mutant Protective Antigen (2005)

An attenuated nontoxinogenic nonencapsulated Bacillus anthracis spore vaccine expressing high levels of recombinant mutant protective antigen (PA), which upon subcutaneous immunization provided protection against a lethal B. anthracis challenge, was found to have the potential to serve also as an oral vaccine. Guinea pigs immunized per os with the recombinant spore vaccine were primed to B. anthracis vegetative antigens as well as to PA, yet only a fraction of the animals (30% to 50%) mounted a humoral response to all of these antigens. Protective immunity provided by per os immunization correlated with a threshold level of PA neutralizing antibody titers and was long-lasting. Protection conferred by per os immunization was attained when the vaccine was administered in the sporogenic form, which, unlike the vegetative cells, survived passage through the gastrointestinal tract. A comparison of immunization of unirradiated spores with immunization of gamma-irradiated spores demonstrated that germination and de novo synthesis of PA were prerequisites for mounting an immune protective response. Oral immunization of guinea pigs with attenuated B. anthracis spores resulted in a characteristic anti-PA immunoglobulin isotype profile (immunoglobulin [G1 IgG1] versus IgG2), as well as induction of specific anti-PA secretory IgA, indicating development of mucosal immunity.
Heart failure depresses endothelium-dependent responses in canine femoral artery (1989)

Vascular responses to many physiological stresses are abnormal in heart failure. Increased peripheral resistance and a reduction in the vasodilator response to exercise and ischemia are examples of this abnormal vascular control. Such abnormal vascular control in heart failure is a result of interplay between neural, hormonal, and local vascular factors. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a specific local mechanism, endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh), is depressed in experimental heart failure. Experiments were performed on 11 purebred beagles. Experimental heart failure was induced by rapid ventricular pacing for approximately 30 days. Femoral artery diameter was measured by sonomicrometry, and dose-response relationships to ACh, norepinephrine (NE), and nitroglycerin (NTG) were done before and after inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin. Heart failure resulted in a significant depression of ACh relaxation at all concentrations. In dogs with heart failure, indomethacin enhanced the dilation response to low concentrations of ACh. Constriction to NE and dilation to NTG were unchanged by heart failure. These data demonstrate that in the canine femoral artery endothelium-dependent dilation to ACh is depressed in experimental heart failure. Depression of endothelium-dependent vasodilation represents one local mechanism for abnormal control of the vasculature in congestive heart failure.
A Bochner Theorem for Dunkl Polynomials (2011)

We establish an analogue of the Bochner theorem for first order operators of Dunkl type, that is we classify all such operators having polynomial solutions. Under natural conditions it is seen that the only families of orthogonal polynomials in this category are limits of little and big q-Jacobi polynomials as q = -1.
Urinary 8-iso-Prostaglandin F <sub>2α</sub> as a Risk Marker in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (2004)

8-iso-PGF2alpha is a sensitive and independent risk marker of CHD.
Comparison of an indirect fluorescent-antibody test with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological studies of Lyme disease (1984)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was compared with an indirect fluorescent antibody test for its ability to detect antibodies to the Lyme disease spirochete in sera of naturally infected humans, dogs, and white-footed mice and experimentally infected Swiss mice. Ninety-five percent of the total 123 sera analyzed reacted similarly in both tests. For 36 human sera, the correlation coefficient (r = 0.47) for logarithmic transformations of indirect fluorescent antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers was significant at P less than 0.01. Within each mammalian species, mean titers for indirect fluorescent antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies were within three-fold. Comparisons of different naturally infected mammals revealed relatively higher average titration endpoints in both tests for patients with Lyme disease. Human sera also had the widest range of titers. Both methods proved satisfactory for serological confirmation of prior spirochetal infections.
IgG subclasses of specific antibodies in Ixodes ricinus-borne borreliosis. (1987)

Ixodes ricinus-borne borreliosis may run a protracted course. In this study we investigated the different IgG subclasses of antibodies to borreliae at different stages of the disease. In addition to the dominant subclass IgG1 and IgG3 response was found in most cases. This antibody subclass pattern with contributions of IgG2 often persists into the late stage of the disease and may last for decades. The IgG subclass response elicited by this spirochaetosis does not conform to the expected IgG4 restricted response after chronic antigenic stimulation.
A Programmable Magnetic Field Mass Spectrometer with On-Line Data Processing (1969)

A single focusing, 30.48 cm radius, 60° sector magnet mass spectrometer was constructed with symmetric conjugate foci calculated from fringe field data and corresponding to a beam deflection of 68°. Experimental and calculated optical characteristics agree well. A rotating coil probe and a rate coil are employed as field sensors for a nulling device and for field scanning. The magnetic field can be set to 27 values corresponding to the center of spectral lines and zero lines on both sides of each peak. The automatic scanning consists of: (1) rapid field change between adjacent field values (∼500 G/sec); (2) locking in at the preset field values (∼0.3 sec); (3) remaining in a channel for a preset time during which the ion beam current is integrated and the data digitized. Repeated arbitrary excursions between channels do not cause effective field variations of more than |ΔB/B| = 2×10−5. For 0.2 mm source and 0.64 mm collector slit settings, a typical peak at mass 88 is flat for 2.7 G to 0.01% at a 14 kV accelerating potential. Data consist of channel intensity, scale factors, and internally provided clock time; data signals drive a typewriter and tape punch. A cyclic scan of five isotopes including background requires 35 sec. A segment of data (∼10 cycles) is processed by the computer and the results returned to the operator.
Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease (2009)

These results suggest a protective benefit of H. pylori infection against the development of IBD. Heterogeneity among studies and the possibility of publication bias limit the certainty of this finding. Further studies investigating the effect of eradication of H. pylori on the development of IBD are warranted. Because environmental hygiene and intestinal microbiota may be strong confounders, further mechanistic studies in H. pylori mouse models are also necessary to further define the mechanism of this negative association.
The intelligent fault diagnosis of wind turbine gearbox based on artificial neural network (2008)

The vibration test system for the gearbox of wind turbine , the wavelet denoising method , the artificial neural networkpsilas essential principles and its features, BP network structures model in the gearbox fault diagnosis are discussed. Tested vibration signals are disposed by the method of wavelet denoising and than as the inputs of BP neural network. By using classical BP neural network, four kinds of typical patterns of gearbox faults have been studied and diagnosed ,and satisfied results have been acquired. The research results indicate that BP neural network have the excellent abilities of parallel distributed processing, self-study, self-adaptation, self-organization, associative memory , and simultaneously its highly non-linear pattern recognition technology is an efficient and feasible tool to solve complicated state identification problems in the gearbox fault diagnosis.
Laser-diode distance meter in a KERN DKM 3A theodolite (1984)

In this paper, we describe a laser–diode distance meter, built into a theodolite, and working on the principle of light intensity modulation (1.75–1.8 GHz) and phase detection. The accuracy of absolute distance measurements in the 3–20-m range is ~1/(1,000,000) rms.
Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cells using AC Electrokinetic-based Microfluidic Platform: A Review of Recent Advances (2020)

Cell dielectric properties, a type of intrinsic property of cells, can be used as electrophysiological biomarkers that offer a label-free way to characterize cell phenotypes and states, purify clinical samples, and identify target cancer cells. Here, we present a review of the determination of cell dielectric properties using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic-based microfluidic mechanisms, including electro-rotation (ROT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The review covers theoretically how ROT and DEP work to extract cell dielectric properties. We also dive into the details of differently structured ROT chips, followed by a discussion on the determination of cell dielectric properties and the use of these properties in bio-related applications. Additionally, the review offers a look at the future challenges facing the AC electrokinetic-based microfluidic platform in terms of acquiring cell dielectric parameters. Our conclusion is that this platform will bring biomedical and bioengineering sciences to the next level and ultimately achieve the shift from lab-oriented research to real-world applications.
A Novel Data-Driven Specific Emitter Identification Feature Based on Machine Cognition (2020)

Machine learning becomes increasingly promising in specific emitter identification (SEI), particularly in feature extraction and target recognition. Traditional features, such as radio frequency (RF), pulse amplitude (PA), power spectral density (PSD), and etc., usually show limited recognition effects when only a slight difference exists in radar signals. Numerous two-dimensional features on transform domain, like various time-frequency representation and ambiguity function are used to augment information abundance, whereas the unacceptable computational burden usually emerges. To solve this problem, some artfully handcrafted features in transformed domain are proposed, like representative slice of ambiguity function (AF-RS) and compressed sensing mask (CS-MASK), to extract representative information that contributes to machine recognition task. However, most handcrafted features only utilizing neural network as a classifier, few of them focus on mining deep informative features from the perspective of machine cognition. Such feature extraction that is based on human cognition instead of machine cognition may probably miss some seemingly nominal texture information which actually contributes greatly to recognition, or collect too much redundant information. In this paper, a novel data-driven feature extraction is proposed based on machine cognition (MC-Feature) resort to saliency detection. Saliency detection exhibits positive contributions and suppresses irrelevant contributions in a transform domain with the help of a saliency map calculated from the accumulated gradients of each neuron to input data. Finally, positive and irrelevant contributions in the saliency map are merged into a new feature. Numerous experimental results demonstrate that the MC-feature can greatly strengthen the slight intra-class difference in SEI and provides a possibility of interpretation of CNN.
Basic Documents in International law. Edited by Ian Brownlie. [Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, 1967, 243 pp. 25s.] (1969)

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Lovastatin inhibits the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway in immortalized rat brain neuroblasts (2006)

We have shown previously that lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl- glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in spontaneously immortalized rat brain neuroblasts. In the present study, we analysed the intracellular signal transduction pathways by which lovastatin induces neuroblast apoptosis. We showed that lovastatin efficiently inhibited Ras activation, which was associ-ated with a significant decrease in ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) phosphorylation. Lovastatin also decreased CREB phosphorylation and CREB-mediated gene expression. The effects of lovastatin on the Ras/ERK1/2/CREB pathway were time- and concentration-dependent and fully prevented by meva-lonate. In addition, we showed that two MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK kinase] inhibitors, PD98059 and PD184352, were poor inducers of apoptosis in serum-treated neuroblasts. However, these inhibitors significantly increased apop-tosis induced by lovastatin treatment. Furthermore, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of both MEK and phosphoinos-itide 3-kinase activities was able to induce neuroblast apoptosis with similar efficacy as lovastatin. Our results suggest that lovast-atin triggers neuroblast apoptosis by regulating several signalling pathways, including the Ras/ERK1/2 pathway. These findings might also contribute to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms involved in the central nervous system side effects associated with statin therapy.
Intuitive Surgical Navigation System for Dental Implantology by Using Retinal Imaging Display (2011)

As dental implants have become an established treatment, their application to aggressive cases with insufficient quantity and quality of bone has increased. To perform safe and precise surgery, overcoming these difficulties, computer-assisted systems have been developed (Jabero et al., 2006). There are two major classes of these systems, that is, a computer-guided (static) system (Schneider et al., 2009) and a computer-navigated (dynamic) system (Jung et al., 2009). The computer-guided system such as SimPlant software and SurgiGuide (Materialize Dental Inc., USA), NobelGuide (Nobel Biocare Management AG, Sweden), and 10DR (10DR JAPAN Co., Ltd., Japan) are a surgical template based system which can simulate an optimal implant location, angle, direction, depth and size pre-operatively. Our system, BoneNavi (Bionic Inc., Japan), has also been developed to simulate implant placement and the surgical template fabrication for dental implant surgery (Ohtani et al., 2009) and applied in more than 200 clinical cases in Japan (Sohmura et al., 2009). On the other hand, the computer-navigated system such as IGI system (Image Navigation Ltd., USA) offers freehand implant navigation empowered by highly accurate motion tracking technology that tracks the positions of the dental drill and patient throughout the surgery (Casap et al., 2004). It has also already been applied in clinical cases (Casap et al., 2005 & 2008). Advantages and disadvantages of the computerguided system and the computer-navigated system are shown in Table 1. Unlike an open chest surgery and an open abdominal surgery, looking away from the oral cavity (narrow space (Fig.1)) intra-operatively involve a risk of operation errors in case of a dental implant surgery. However, with conventional systems, surgeons have to manipulate instruments in the patient’s oral cavity while watching a surgical monitor as shown in Fig.2(a) and they feel anxious during operations. To overcome this problem, we have been developed a novel surgical navigation system by combining the retinal imaging display (RID) and the augmented reality (AR) techniques