gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on the Kölbel-Engelhardt Reaction over an Iron Oxide Catalyst (1984)

Abstract The yield and selectivity to hydrocarbons in the Kölbel-Engelhardt (KE) reaction over a Fe2O3 catalyst at 548–593 K under atmospheric pressure were as low as 0.6–2.2% and 2.0–3.8%, respectively, but the observed four characteristic features of the reaction, i.e., the distribution of produced hydrocarbons following the Schulz-Flory plot, the decrease in propagation probability with increasing reaction temperature, nearly the same value of propagation probability irrespective of a great change in contact time of the reaction, and the remarkable decrease in the yield ratio of olefins to paraffins with increasing contact time of the reaction agreed with the common features of the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The catalyst was composed of Fe3O4 with a low concentration of χ-type carbide (Fe5C2) during the KE reaction, and the results of the effect of contact time on the reaction revealed that formation of hydrocarbons took place following the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. Furthermore, both the rates of formation of hydrocarbons in the reactions of carbided iron catalyst (Fe5C2) with H2O and with H2 at 573 K were smaller by a factor of &gt;5 than the rate of formation of hydrocarbons in the KE reaction at a steady state at 573 K. Thus, it is concluded that a much greater portion of hydrocarbons produced in the KE reaction was via a sequential reaction pathway involving the WGS reaction followed by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, not via the decomposition of carbided iron catalyst with H2O and its reduction with H2. Based on the observed increase in the catalytic activity of Fe2O3 upon addition of a small amount of such metal oxides as Cu, Pt, Co, Ni, and Rh oxides, the mechanical mixture of a WGS reaction catalyst and a Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalyst is proposed to be an effective catalyst for the production of hydrocarbons and one illustration of this view is presented.
Mil e uma palavras visíveis e invisíveis: a fotografia como arte e informação: (2019)

Este artigo pretende discutir o papel da fotografia como arte e como fonte de informacao, a partir de conceitos elaborados por Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Henry Cartier-Bresson e de outros pensadores ligados a fotografia e a semiotica.
Gram-Scale Preparation of Surfactant-Free, Carboxylic Acid Groups Functionalized, Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solution (2009)

We report a simple method to prepare individual electric arc-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aqueous solution on a large scale through three steps of processing: refluxing in concentrated HNO(3), low speed centrifugation, and high speed centrifugation. The bulk production (10 g of starting SWNTs) results in a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL individual SWNTs stably dispersed in DI-H(2)O without any external protection. The atomic force microscopy images show that the aqueous dispersion contained approximately 80% individual SWNTs with lengths ranging from 500 nm to 1 micrometer. It is found that the stable individual SWNT dispersion has an absolute zeta potential value of approximately 72 mV with a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL at pH 5. We believe that it is this high zeta potential resulting from an electrical double layer which produces the repulsion to overcome the van der Waals attraction thereby keeping the SWNTs individually dispersed. The free-standing film prepared from the individual SWNT dispersion exhibits a 4-probe electrical conductivity of approximately 2000 S/cm and a transmittance of 60% at 550 nm.
Genetic instability in cancer cells by impaired cell cycle checkpoints (2006)

Cells continuously encounter DNA damage caused either by damaging agents, including oxygen radicals and DNA replication errors caused by stalled replication forks, or by extracellular environments such as ultraviolet or ionizing irradiation. Such DNA damage poses a great threat to genome stability, potentially leading to loss or amplification of chromosome activity, which may result in cellular senescence, cancer or apoptosis. The DNA damage checkpoints coordinate an arrest in cell cycle progression with the DNA repair process, suppressing either mitotic catastrophe or proliferation of cells with damaged DNA. Numerous key players have been identified in terms of damage sensor proteins, transducer kinases and effectors, but their coordination and interconnectedness in damage control have only recently become evident. In this review, we discuss changes in chromatin structure, recruitment of mediator proteins and activation of transducer kinases in response to DNA damage. These cellular responses are important for determining the potential effects of current cancer therapies in terms of toxicity and efficacy.
S-ToPSS: Semantic Toronto Publish/Subscribe System (2003)

The increase in the amount of data on the Internet has led to the development of a new generation of applications based on selective information dissemination where, data is distributed only to interested clients. Such applications require a new middleware architecture that can efficiently match user interests with available information. Middleware that can satisfy this requirement include event-based architectures such as publish-subscribe systems. In this demonstration paper we address the problem of semantic matching. We investigate how current publish/subscribe systems can be extended with semantic capabilities. Our main contribution is the development and validation (through demonstration) of a semantic pub/sub system prototype S-ToPSS (Semantic Toronto Publish/Subscribe System).
Electrocorticographic amplitude predicts finger positions during slow grasping motions of the hand (2010)

Four human subjects undergoing subdural electrocorticography for epilepsy surgery engaged in a range of finger and hand movements. We observed that the amplitudes of the low-pass filtered electrocorticogram (ECoG), also known as the local motor potential (LMP), over specific peri-Rolandic electrodes were correlated (p < 0.001) with the position of individual fingers as the subjects engaged in slow and deliberate grasping motions. A generalized linear model (GLM) of the LMP amplitudes from those electrodes yielded predictions for positions of the fingers that had a strong congruence with the actual finger positions (correlation coefficient, r; median = 0.51, maximum = 0.91), during displacements of up to 10 cm at the fingertips. For all the subjects, decoding filters trained on data from any given session were remarkably robust in their prediction performance across multiple sessions and days, and were invariant with respect to changes in wrist angle, elbow flexion and hand placement across these sessions (median r = 0.52, maximum r = 0.86). Furthermore, a reasonable prediction accuracy for grasp aperture was achievable with as few as three electrodes in all subjects (median r = 0.49; maximum r = 0.90). These results provide further evidence for the feasibility of robust and practical ECoG-based control of finger movements in upper extremity prosthetics.
Changes in the Active, Dead, and Dormant Microbial Community Structure across a Pleistocene Permafrost Chronosequence (2019)

Permafrost hosts a community of microorganisms that survive and reproduce for millennia despite extreme environmental conditions, such as water stress, subzero temperatures, high salinity, and low nutrient availability. Many studies focused on permafrost microbial community composition use DNA-based methods, such as metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. However, these methods do not distinguish among active, dead, and dormant cells. This is of particular concern in ancient permafrost, where constant subzero temperatures preserve DNA from dead organisms and dormancy may be a common survival strategy. To circumvent this, we applied (i) LIVE/DEAD differential staining coupled with microscopy, (ii) endospore enrichment, and (iii) selective depletion of DNA from dead cells to permafrost microbial communities across a Pleistocene permafrost chronosequence (19,000, 27,000, and 33,000 years old). Cell counts and analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from live, dead, and dormant cells revealed how communities differ between these pools, how they are influenced by soil physicochemical properties, and whether they change over geologic time. We found evidence that cells capable of forming endospores are not necessarily dormant and that members of the class <i>Bacilli</i> were more likely to form endospores in response to long-term stressors associated with permafrost environmental conditions than members of the <i>Clostridia</i>, which were more likely to persist as vegetative cells in our older samples. We also found that removing exogenous "relic" DNA preserved within permafrost did not significantly alter microbial community composition. These results link the live, dead, and dormant microbial communities to physicochemical characteristics and provide insights into the survival of microbial communities in ancient permafrost.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Permafrost soils store more than half of Earth's soil carbon despite covering ∼15% of the land area (C. Tarnocai et al., Global Biogeochem Cycles 23:GB2023, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003327). This permafrost carbon is rapidly degraded following a thaw (E. A. G. Schuur et al., Nature 520:171-179, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14338). Understanding microbial communities in permafrost will contribute to the knowledge base necessary to understand the rates and forms of permafrost C and N cycling postthaw. Permafrost is also an analog for frozen extraterrestrial environments, and evidence of viable organisms in ancient permafrost is of interest to those searching for potential life on distant worlds. If we can identify strategies microbial communities utilize to survive in permafrost, it may yield insights into how life (if it exists) survives in frozen environments outside of Earth. Our work is significant because it contributes to an understanding of how microbial life adapts and survives in the extreme environmental conditions in permafrost terrains.
Neurogenin3 triggers beta-cell differentiation of retinoic acid-derived endoderm cells (2003)

Neurogenin3 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix ('bHLH') family of transcription factors. It plays a crucial role in the commitment of embryonic endoderm into the pancreatic differentiation programme. This factor is considered to act upstream of a cascade of other transcription factors, leading to the fully differentiated endocrine phenotype. Direct observation of the sequential activation of these factors starting from Neurogenin3 had never been demonstrated. By using retinoic acid-derived-endoderm F9 cells as a model, the present study indicates that the ectopic expression of Neurogenin3 is able to start the differentiation pathway of endocrine pancreas. Neurogenin3 triggers the expression of several pancreatic transcription factors following a well defined temporal activation sequence. By reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemistry and RIA, it is shown that stable transfected cells are able to form embryod bodies that produce insulin in response to glucose stimulation. This is the first report of a differentiation event induced by the ectopic expression of a transcription factor in embryonic pluripotent stem cells.
A simple method to measure the thickness and order number of a wave plate (2013)

Thickness and order number are important parameters for a wave plate in optical experiments. However, the encapsulation of the wave plate makes its thickness difficult to measure directly. In this paper, we propose an indirect measurement method to obtain the thickness and order number of a uniaxial crystal wave plate. With this method only the maximum and minimum values of the optical power of the transmitted light through the wave plate are measured in the experiment by rotating the wave plate around its optical axis. This simple method is easy to realize in the college physics laboratory, and it is also of importance for students to further understand the underlying physics of the wave plates.
KRAS gene mutations are more common in colorectal villous adenomas and in situ carcinomas than in carcinomas. (2013)

We have evaluated the frequency of KRAS gene mutations during the critical transition from villous adenoma to colorectal carcinoma to assess whether the adenomas contain a KRAS mutation more frequently than carcinomas. We analyzed sporadic villous and tubulovillous adenomas, in situ carcinomas, and primary colorectal carcinomas from multiple patients. The cancers were further evaluated for mucinous status and microsatellite instability. Standard PCR molecular techniques were used for KRAS and microsatellite analyses. A KRAS mutation was found in 61.9% of 134 adenomas, 67.8% of 84 in situ carcinomas, and just 31.6% of 171 carcinomas. Our study clearly demonstrates that tubulovillous and villous adenomas, as well as both the benign and malignant parts of in situ carcinomas, are statistically more likely to contain a somatic KRAS gene mutation than colorectal carcinomas. This difference is confined to the non-mucinous and the microsatellite stable tumors. Our data support the possibility that non-mucinous and microsatellite stable carcinomas with wild-type KRAS gene may have had a mutation in the KRAS gene during their earlier stages, with the mutation lost during further growth.
Unusual presentations of carcinoma of the right colon (1979)

Two unusual presentations of carcinoma of the right colon are described. One of the two patients presented with a right gluteal abscess and the other presented with a colocutaneous fistula to the anterior abdominal wall at the site of a previous appendectomy scar. Despite extensive local tumor invasion of adjacent structures in both cases, all the regional lymph nodes were free of cancer and the tumors were of low-grade malignancy. A review of the literature indicates that bulky colonic tumors with extensive local invasion and negative mesenteric lymph nodes have a relatively good prognosis if adequate resection is performed.
Automated Recognition of Test-Driven Development with Zorro (2007)

Zorro is a system designed to automatically determine whether a developer is complying with an operational definition of test-driven development (TDD) practices. Automated recognition of TDD can benefit the software development community in a variety of ways, from inquiry into the "true nature" of TDD, to pedagogical aids to support the practice of test-driven development, to support for more rigorous empirical studies on the effectiveness of TDD in both laboratory and real world settings. This paper introduces the Zorro system, its operational definition of TDD, the analyses made possible by Zorro, and our ongoing efforts to validate the system.
3D Interaction Techniques for 6 DOF Markerless Hand-Tracking (2009)

Recently, stable markerless 6 DOF video based hand-tracking devices became available. These devices track the position and\norientation of the user’s hand in different postures with at least 25 frames per second. Such hand-tracking allows for using the\nhuman hand as a natural input device. However, the absence of physical buttons for performing click actions and state changes\nposes severe challenges in designing an efficient and easy to use 3D interface on top of such a device. In particular, solutions\nhave to be found for clicking menu items, selecting objects and coupling and decoupling the object’s movements to the user’s\nhand (i.e. grabbing and releasing). In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for grabbing and releasing objects, an efficient\nclicking operation for selection purposes and last but not least a novel visual feedback in order to support the ease of using\nthis device. All techniques are integrated in a novel 3D interface for virtual manipulations. Several user experiments were\nperformed, which show the superior applicability of this new 3D interface.
Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Tuned Guided Waves (2011)

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are lightweight and inexpensive transducers that enable a large class of structural health monitoring (SHM) applications such as: (a) embedded guided wave ultrasonics, i.e., pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased arrays; (b) high-frequency modal sensing, i.e., the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance method; and (c) passive detection (acoustic emission and impact detection). The focus of this paper is on the challenges posed by using PWAS transducers in the composite structures as different from the metallic structures on which this methodology was initially developed. After a brief introduction, the paper reviews the PWAS-based SHM principles. It follows with a discussion of guided wave propagation in composites and PWAS tuning effects. Then, it discusses damage modes in composites. Finally, the paper presents some experimental results with damage detection in composite specimens. Hole damage and impact damage were detected using pitch-catch method with tuned guided waves being sent between a transmitter PWAS and a received PWAS. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) damage index (DI) were shown to correlate well with hole size and impact intensity. The paper ends with summary and conclusion; suggestions for further work are also presented.
The Conjugation-Specific Die5 Protein Is Required for Development of the Somatic Nucleus in both Paramecium and Tetrahymena (2010)

Development in ciliated protozoa involves extensive genome reorganization within differentiating macronuclei, which shapes the somatic genome of the next vegetative generation. Major events of macronuclear differentiation include excision of internal eliminated sequences (IESs), chromosome fragmentation, and genome amplification. Proteins required for these events include those with homology throughout eukaryotes as well as proteins apparently unique to ciliates. In this study, we identified the ciliate-specific Defective in IES Excision 5 (DIE5) genes of Paramecium tetraurelia (PtDIE5) and Tetrahymena thermophila (TtDIE5) as orthologs that encode nuclear proteins expressed exclusively during development. Abrogation of PtDie5 protein (PtDie5p) function by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing or TtDie5p by gene disruption resulted in the failure of developing macronuclei to differentiate into new somatic nuclei. Tetrahymena DeltaDIE5 cells arrested late in development and failed to complete genome amplification, whereas RNAi-treated Paramecium cells highly amplified new macronuclear DNA before the failure in differentiation, findings that highlight clear differences in the biology of these distantly related species. Nevertheless, IES excision and chromosome fragmentation failed to occur in either ciliate, which strongly supports that Die5p is a critical player in these processes. In Tetrahymena, loss of zygotic expression during development was sufficient to block nuclear differentiation. This observation, together with the finding that knockdown of Die5p in Paramecium still allows genome amplification, indicates that this protein acts late in macronuclear development. Even though DNA rearrangements in these two ciliates look to be quite distinct, analysis of DIE5 establishes the action of a conserved mechanism within the genome reorganization pathway.
Overview on design techniques for printed circuit board layout used in high technology products (2002)

Computers used in current information technology equipment generate higher clock speeds than similar state-of-the-art products developed only a few years ago. Design techniques commonly used in the past have become insufficient for suppression of electromagnetic interference (EMI) at the printed-circuit level and, perhaps, for basic functional signal quality as well. An overview using a hands-on approach to solving radio frequency (RF) emissions on printed circuit boards is presented. Implementing the items presented will help reduce RF generated on the printed circuit board. Suppression of RF energy at the printed-circuit-board level minimizes costly containment schemes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Spectrum of Vasculitis (1978)

Vasculitis is a clinicopathologic process characterized by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels. Certain disorders have vasculitis as the predominant and most obvious manifestation, whereas others have various degrees of vasculitis in association with other primary disorders. Within the entire spectrum of vasculitis virtually any size or type of blood vessel in any organ system can be involved. Most of the vasculitides can be associated directly or indirectly with immunopathogenic mechanisms. In this regard, immune complex mediation is being increasingly recognized as the underlying mechanism in several of the vasculitides. With clinical, pathologic, and immunologic criteria, certain vasculitic disorders can be clearly recognized and categorized as distinct entities, whereas in others there is an overlap of different diseases within a broader category. In recent years, several of the more serious vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis and the systemic necrotizing vasculitides of the polyarteritis nodosa group, which formerly had extremely poor prognoses, have been shown to be extraordinarily responsive to chronic low-dose cytotoxic therapy, particularly cyclophosphamide.
Effects of the Presence of Organic Listing in Search Advertising (2012)

This paper analyzes how the presence of organic listing as a competing information source affects advertisers' sponsored bidding and the equilibrium outcomes in search advertising. We consider a game-theoretic model in which two firms bid for sponsored advertising slots provided by a monopolistic search engine and then compete for consumers in price in the product market. Firms are asymmetrically differentiated in market preference and are given different exposure in organic listing aligned with their market appeal. We identify two aspects of a firm's sponsored bidding incentive, namely, the promotive and the preventive incentives. The presence of organic listing alters firms' sponsored bidding incentives such that the stronger firm has primarily preventive incentive, whereas the weaker has mainly promotive incentive. We show that the preventive incentive decreases and the promotive incentive increases as the difference in firms' market appeal decreases, and as a result, even the weaker firm may outbid the stronger competitor under such a co-listing setting. We further examine how the presence of organic listing affects the equilibrium outcomes by comparing it with a benchmark case in which there is only a sponsored list. We show that the differentiated exposure in the organic list gives the weaker advertiser chances to win a better sponsored position, which improves the overall information structure the search engine provides. As a result, the equilibrium social welfare, sales diversity, and consumer surplus increase. Although the presence of the free exposure from the organic list may reduce advertisers' sponsored bidding incentive per se, the overall effect benefits the search engine's growth in the long run.