gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The microarchitecture of the IBM eServer z900 processor (2002)

The recent IBM ESA/390 CMOS line of processors, from 1997 to 1999, consisted of the G4, G5, and G6 processors. The architecture they implemented lacked 64-bit addressability and had only a limited set of 64-bit arithmetic instructions. The processors also lacked data and instruction bandwidth, since they utilized a unified cache. The branch performance was good, but there were delays due to conflicts in searching and writing the branch target buffer. Also, the hardware data compression and decimal arithmetic performance, though good, was in demand by database and COBOL programmers. Most of the performance concerns regarding prior processors were due to area constraints. Recent technology advances have increased the circuit density by 50 percent over that of the G6 processor. This has allowed the design of several performance-critical areas to be revisited. The end result of these efforts is the IBM eServer z900 processor, which is the first high-end processor based on the new 64-bit z/Architecture™.
Cofilin plays a critical role in IL-8-dependent chemotaxis of neutrophilic HL-60 cells through changes in phosphorylation (2006)

Cofilin is a ubiquitous, actin-binding protein. Only unphosphorylated cofilin binds actin and severs or depolymerizes filamentous actin (F-actin), and the inactive form of cofilin is phosphorylated at Ser 3. We reported recently that cofilin plays a regulatory role in superoxide production and phagocytosis by leukocytes, and in the present study, we investigated the role of cofilin in the chemotaxis of neutrophilic HL-60 cells. IL-8 is a potent, physiological chemokine, and it triggers a rapid, transient increase in F-actin beneath the plasma membrane and rapid dephosphorylation and subsequent rephosphorylation of cofilin. In this study, cofilin phosphorylation was found to be inhibited by S3-R peptide, which consists of a peptide corresponding to part of the phosphorylation site of cofilin and a membrane-permeable arginine polymer. When S3-R peptide was introduced into the neutrophilic cells, their chemotactic activity was enhanced, whereas a control peptide that contained an inverted sequence of the phosphorylation site of cofilin had no enhancing effect. Cofilin small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased cofilin expression by about half and inhibited chemotaxis. In IL-8-stimulated cells, unphosphorylated cofilin accumulated around F-actin, and colocalization of F-actin and phosphorylated cofilin was observed, but these changes in cofilin localization were less prominent in cofilin siRNA-treated cells. The inhibitors of PI-3K wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited the chemotaxis and suppressed IL-8-evoked dephosphorylation and rephosphorylation of cofilin. These results suggested that unphosphorylated cofilin plays a critical role in leukocyte chemotaxis and that PI-3K is involved in the control of the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle of cofilin.
Users' satisfaction in recommendation systems for groups (2013)

A major difficulty in a recommendation system for groups is to use a group aggregation strategy to ensure, among other things, the maximization of the average satisfaction of group members. This paper presents an approach based on the theory of noncooperative games to solve this problem. While group members can be seen as game players, the items for potential recommendation for the group comprise the set of possible actions. Achieving group satisfaction as a whole becomes, then, a problem of finding the Nash equilibrium. Experiments with a MovieLens dataset and a function of arithmetic mean to compute the prediction of group satisfaction for the generated recommendation have shown statistically significant results when compared to state-of-the-art aggregation strategies, in particular, when evaluation among group members are more heterogeneous. The feasibility of this unique approach is shown by the development of an application for Facebook, which recommends movies to groups of friends.
A Lightweight Approach to NFS Replication (1994)

Under normal circumstances, NFS provides transparent access to remote file systems. Evertheless,a failure on a single file server compromises the operation of all clients, and thus various replication schemes have been devised to increase file system availability.The approach described in this paper is lightweight in the sense that it strives to make no changes to the NFS protocol nor to the standard NFS client and server code. Rather,a thin layer is introduced between the clients and the original server daemons, which intercepts all NFS requests and propagates the updates to the replicas. Replication is hidden under a primary-secondary update policy and an improved automounter. If the primary server fails, the automounters elect a new primary and remount the relevant file systems. Secondary server failures remain unnoticed by the clients. A prototype version is operational and preliminary result sunder the Andrew benchmark are presented.The figures obtained show that while read overhead is negligible, the performance of updates is severely impaired by the naive synchronous multi-server write operation.
Dynamic voltage and frequency management based on variable update intervals for frequency setting (2006)

An efficient adaptive method to perform dynamic voltage and frequency management (DVFM) for minimizing the energy consumption of microprocessor chips is presented. Instead of using a fixed update interval, the proposed DVFM system makes use of adaptive update intervals for optimal frequency and voltage scheduling. The optimization enables the system to rapidly track the workload changes so as to meet soft real-time deadlines. The method, which is based on introducing the concept of an effective deadline, utilizes the correlation between consecutive values of the workload. In practice because the frequency and voltage update rates are dynamically set based on variable update interval lengths, voltage fluctuations on the power network are also minimized. The technique, which may be implemented by simple hardware and is completely transparent from the application, leads to power savings of up to 60% for highly correlated workloads compared to DVFM systems based on fixed update intervals.
The role of cytokines in the development of atherosclerosis (2016)

Atherosclerosis contributes to the development of many cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries. It is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a key factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Cells involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were shown to be activated by soluble factors, cytokines, that strongly influence the disease development. Pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the role of cytokines in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Geotechnical Tests of Sands Following Bioinduced Calcite Precipitation Catalyzed by Indigenous Bacteria (2012)

Recent experiments have shown that exogenous bacteria can be introduced into soil for the purpose of inducing calcite precipitation. A series of tests are documented in this paper that demonstrate that natural indigenous bacteria can also be stimulated to induce calcite precipitation with measurable changes in geotechnical properties. Tests reported in this paper include a microcosm experiment with cone-penetration testing and cyclic triaxial shear tests. These experiments demonstrate that indigenous bacteria can induce significant quantities of calcite precipitation, that calcite precipitation can result in measurable changes to geotechnical soil properties, and that the cyclic resistance ratio can be increased substantially with moderate levels of calcite precipitation. Using indigenous bacteria to modify soil properties is a significant step in making biomodification of soils economically viable.
Factors Affecting the Utilization of Food by Dairy Cows (1950)

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Chopper Stabilized Low Resistance Comparator (2009)

The paper describes an improvement of the chopper method for elimination of parasitic voltages in a low resistance comparison and measurement procedure. The basic circuit diagram along with a short description of the working principle are presented and the appropriate low resistance comparator prototype was designed and realized. Preliminary examinations confirm the possibility of measuring extremely low voltages. Very high accuracy in resistance comparison and measurement is achieved (0.08 ppm for 1,000 attempts). Some special critical features in the design are discussed and solutions for overcoming the problems are described.
Regulation of SRC-3 (pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/TRAM-1) Coactivator Activity by IκB Kinase (2002)

In the past few years, many nuclear receptor coactivators have been identified and shown to be an integral part of receptor action. The most frequently studied of these coactivators are members of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family, SRC-1, TIF2/GRIP1/SRC-2, and pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/TRAM-1/SRC-3. In this report, we describe the biochemical purification of SRC-1 and SRC-3 protein complexes and the subsequent identification of their associated proteins by mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, we found association of SRC-3, but not SRC-1, with the I kappa B kinase (IKK). IKK is known to be responsible for the degradation of I kappa B and the subsequent activation of NF-kappa B. Since NF-kappa B plays a key role in host immunity and inflammatory responses, we therefore investigated the significance of the SRC-3-IKK complex. We demonstrated that SRC-3 was able to enhance NF-kappa B-mediated gene expression in concert with IKK. In addition, we showed that SRC-3 was phosphorylated by the IKK complex in vitro. Furthermore, elevated SRC-3 phosphorylation in vivo and translocation of SRC-3 from cytoplasm to nucleus in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha occurred in cells, suggesting control of subcellular localization of SRC-3 by phosphorylation. Finally, the hypothesis that SRC-3 is involved in NF-kappa B-mediated gene expression is further supported by the reduced expression of interferon regulatory factor 1, a well-known NF-kappa B target gene, in the spleens of SRC-3 null mutant mice. Taken together, our results not only reveal the IKK-mediated phosphorylation of SRC-3 to be a regulated event that plays an important role but also substantiate the role of SRC-3 in multiple signaling pathways.
Dead leaves model for measuring texture quality on a digital camera (2009)

We describe the procedure to evaluate the image quality of a camera in terms of texture preservation. We use a stochastic model coming from stochastic geometry, and known as the dead leaves model. It intrinsically reproduces occlusions phenomena, producing edges at any scale and any orientation with a possibly low level of contrast. An advantage of this synthetic model is that it provides a ground truth in terms of image statistics. In particular, its power spectrum is a power law, as many natural textures. Therefore, we can define a texture MTF as the ratio of the Fourier transform of the camera picture by the Fourier transform of the original target and we fully describe the procedure to compute it. We will compare the results with the traditional MTF (computed on a slanted edge as defined in the ISO 12233 standard) and will show that the texture MTF is indeed more appropriate for describing fine detail rendering.
Azithromycin Polarizes Macrophages to an M2 Phenotype via Inhibition of the STAT1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways (2019)

Azithromycin is effective at controlling exaggerated inflammation and slowing the long-term decline of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that the drug shifts macrophage polarization toward an alternative, anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this study we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanism of azithromycin through its alteration of signaling via the NF-κB and STAT1 pathways. J774 murine macrophages were plated, polarized (with IFN-γ, IL-4/-13, or with azithromycin plus IFN-γ) and stimulated with LPS. The effect of azithromycin on NF-κB and STAT1 signaling mediators was assessed by Western blot, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay, nuclear translocation assay, and immunofluorescence. The drug's effect on gene and protein expression of arginase was evaluated as a marker of alternative macrophage activation. Azithromycin blocked NF-κB activation by decreasing p65 nuclear translocation, although blunting the degradation of IκBα was due, at least in part, to a decrease in IKKβ kinase activity. A direct correlation was observed between increasing azithromycin concentrations and increased IKKβ protein expression. Moreover, incubation with the IKKβ inhibitor IKK16 decreased arginase expression and activity in azithromycin-treated cells but not in cells treated with IL-4 and IL-13. Importantly, azithromycin treatment also decreased STAT1 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was reversed with IKK16 treatment. We conclude that azithromycin anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve inhibition of the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways through the drug's effect on p65 nuclear translocation and IKKβ.
A Cooperative Downlink Power Setting Scheme for CA-Based Femtocells (2012)

Carrier Aggregation (CA) adds a new scheduling domain which makes the radio resource management more flexible for future LTE-Advanced system, and also provides a new path to solve the intra-tier interference among femtocells. This paper proposes a Cooperative Power Setting Scheme to mitigate the intra-tier interference among CA-based femtocells. In the proposed scheme the impact of transmission power is considered, and femtocells cooperatively adjust their transmission power to optimize the total throughput on each Component Carrier. Simulation proves that the proposed scheme is effective and compensates for the deficiency of existing researches. The advantage of the proposed scheme is obvious especially when the deployment of femtocells is dense.
From catalytic asymmetric synthesis to the transcriptional regulation of genes: In vivo and in vitro evolution of proteins (2001)

This chapter focuses on the laboratory use of molecular evolution and discusses the selection to shape the novel proteins of defined function. The chapter discusses the types of function that involve the antibody/antigen interactions of the classical type (simple binding), the nonclassical type (catalysis), and the molecular recognition of long DNA addresses in complex genomes. The ability to manipulate the expression of specific endogenous genes would have wide-ranging applications in medicine and experimental and applied biology. In the therapy of cancer, for example, oncogenes, angiogenic factors, metastatic factors, and drug resistance genes are all potential targets for down regulation, while tumor suppressors, immunostimulants, and apoptotic factors could be targets for specific up regulation. Transcription factors are modular proteins consisting typically of a DNA-binding domain that provides for localization of the protein to a specific DNA address, and an effector domain that directs the type of activity to take place at the site. The wide range of effector activities available provide significant advantages over other proposed technologies.
Redox Reactions without Direct Contact of the Reactants. Electron and Ion Coupled Transport through Polyaniline Membrane (2005)

It is demonstrated that Fe3+ in one solution can be reduced to Fe2+ by ascorbic acid in another solution when both aqueous solutions are separated by polyaniline membrane. This transmembrane redox process is possible due to electron/anion coupled counter transport through polyaniline membrane. It was demonstrated that at least one of the solutions must have acidic pH to initiate the transmembrane redox reaction. Both redox processes on the solution/membrane interfaces and the electron/ion coupled transport through the membrane play important role in determining the rate of transmembrane reaction. Possible kinetic mechanism is proposed. Apparent "diffusion coefficients" for redox equivalents inside polyaniline membrane and the rate constants of redox reactions on both solution/membrane interfaces are estimated. Maximal transmembrane reaction rate is 2 x 10(-9) mol/(s cm2) in terms of transport of redox equivalents through the membrane and formation of Fe2+. This value is much higher than the typical values of the rates of respiration in mitochondria expressed in the same units. For thin membranes, the rates of transmembrane redox reactions are determined by interface processes and characteristic times are comparable to those in biomembranes.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar and imaging: degrees of freedom and resolution (2004)

In this paper, radar is discussed in the context of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system model. A comparison is made between MIMO wireless communication and MIMO radar. Examples are given showing that many traditional radar approaches can be interpreted within a MIMO context. Furthermore, exploiting this MIMO perspective, useful extensions to traditional radar can be constructed. Performance advantages in terms of degrees of freedom and resolution are discussed. Finally, a MlMO extension to space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is introduced as applied to ground moving-target indication (GMTI).
Molecular and Functional Analysis of the Large 5′ Promoter Region of CFTR Gene Revealed Pathogenic Mutations in CF and CFTR-Related Disorders (2013)

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) manifest a multisystemic disease due to mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); despite extensive testing of coding regions, a proportion of CF alleles remains unidentified. We studied 118 patients with CF and CFTR-related disorders, most with one or both unknown mutations after the scanning of CFTR coding regions, and a non-CF control group (n = 75) by sequencing the 6000-bp region at the 5' of the CFTR gene. We identified 23 mutations, of which 9 were novel. We expressed such mutations in vitro using four cell systems to explore their functional effect, relating the data to the clinical expression of each patient. Some mutations reduced expression of the gene reporter firefly luciferase in various cell lines and may act as disease-causing mutations. Other mutations caused an increase in luciferase expression in some cell lines. One mutation had a different effect in different cells. For other mutations, the expression assay excluded a functional role. Gene variants in the large 5' region may cause altered regulation of CFTR gene expression, acting as disease-causing mutations or modifiers of its clinical phenotype. Studies of in vitro expression in different cell systems may help reveal the effect of such mutations.
Comparative study on polyimides from isomeric 3,3′‐, 3,4′‐, and 4,4′‐linked bis(thioether anhydride)s (2011)

Abstract Three isomeric bis(thioether anhydride) monomers, 4,4′‐bis(2,3‐dicarboxyphenylthio) diphenyl ketone dianhydride (3,3′‐PTPKDA), 4,4′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenylthio) diphenyl ketone dianhydride (4,4′‐PTPKDA), and 4‐(2,3‐dicarboxyphenylthio)‐4′‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenylthio) diphenyl ketone dianhydride (3,4′‐PTPKDA), were prepared through multistep reactions. Their structures were determined via Fourier transform infrared, NMR, and elemental analysis. Three series of polyimides (PIs) were prepared from the obtained isomeric dianhydrides and aromatic diamines in N ‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) via the conventional two‐step method. The PIs showed excellent solubility in common organic solvents such as chloroform, N,N ‐dimethylacetamide, and NMP. Their glass‐transition temperatures decreased according to the order of PIs on the basis of 3,3′‐PTPKDA, 3,4′‐PTPKDA, and 4,4′‐PTPKDA. The 5% weight loss temperatures ( T 5% ) of all PIs in nitrogen were observed at 504–519 °C. The rheological properties of isomeric PI resins based on 3,3′‐PTPKDA/4,4′‐oxydianiline/phthalic anhydride showed lower complex viscosity and better melt stability compared with the corresponding isomers from 4,4′‐ and 3,4′‐PTPKDA. In addition, the PI films based on three isomeric dianhydrides and 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine had a low moisture absorption of 0.27–0.35%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Mechanism of Cis-Dihydroxylation and Epoxidation of Alkenes by Highly H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Efficient Dinuclear Manganese Catalysts (2007)

In the presence of carboxylic acids the complex [Mn(IV)2(micro-O)3(tmtacn)2]2+ (1, where tmtacn = N,N',N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) is shown to be highly efficient in catalyzing the oxidation of alkenes to the corresponding cis-diol and epoxide with H2O2 as terminal oxidant. The selectivity of the catalytic system with respect to (w.r.t.) either cis-dihydroxylation or epoxidation of alkenes is shown to be dependent on the carboxylic acid employed. High turnover numbers (t.o.n. > 2000) can be achieved especially w.r.t. cis-dihydroxylation for which the use of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid allows for the highest t.o.n. reported thus far for cis-dihydroxylation of alkenes catalyzed by a first-row transition metal and high efficiency w.r.t. the terminal oxidant (H2O2). The high activity and selectivity is due to the in situ formation of bis(micro-carboxylato)-bridged dinuclear manganese(III) complexes. Tuning of the activity of the catalyst by variation in the carboxylate ligands is dependent on both the electron-withdrawing nature of the ligand and on steric effects. By contrast, the cis-diol/epoxide selectivity is dominated by steric factors. The role of solvent, catalyst oxidation state, H2O, and carboxylic acid concentration and the nature of the carboxylic acid employed on both the activity and the selectivity of the catalysis are explored together with speciation analysis and isotope labeling studies. The results confirm that the complexes of the type [Mn2(micro-O)(micro-R-CO2)2(tmtacn)2]2+, which show remarkable redox and solvent-dependent coordination chemistry, are the resting state of the catalytic system and that they retain a dinuclear structure throughout the catalytic cycle. The mechanistic understanding obtained from these studies holds considerable implications for both homogeneous manganese oxidation catalysis and in understanding related biological systems such as dinuclear catalase and arginase enzymes.