gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytically Highly Active Nanocomposite Films Consisting of TiO[sub 2] Particles and ZnO Whiskers Formed on Steel Plates (2000)

Nanocomposite films consisting of particles and Zn (thickness, 10 to 15 μm) were formed on steel plates by using an occlusion electrodeposition method. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that particles were incorporated throughout the film. The uptake increased significantly with addition of ions to the electrodeposition bath. A positive correlation was observed between the uptake and the photocatalytic activity for gas‐phase oxidation of . Postannealing of the sample in air at 673 K produced ZnO whiskers with a preferred orientation of plane, while the same treatment of the Zn/steel sample yielded granular ZnO polycrystals. The particles‐ZnO whiskers composite film exhibited a very high photocatalytic activity, which was greater than of the sample by a factor of 1.5. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
3-D topography simulator (3-D MULSS) based on a physical description of material topography (1997)

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) topography simulator (3-D MULSS), and its applications. We focus on the description of the material surface and the algorithm of the surface advancement. Then we propose a 3-D topography simulation algorithm, with consideration of the probe size of observation, and based on the integration formula of the balance equation. Next, we show the simulation results of the 3-D MULSS: (1) isotropic deposition; (2) Aluminum-sputter deposition; (3) isotropic etching; (4) anisotropic etching; and (5) sequential process steps. These results make the accuracy of the 3-D MULSS clear, and also show that it is possible to stably simulate the sequential process steps.
Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems (2007)

Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities.
Large-scale evaluation of automated clinical note de-identification and its impact on information extraction (2012)

NLP-based de-identification shows excellent performance that rivals the performance of human annotators. Furthermore, unlike manual de-identification, the automated approach scales up to millions of documents quickly and inexpensively.
Design and analysis of ultrasonic actuator in consideration of length reduction for a USDC (ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer) (2005)

Sample return and in-situ sampling and analysis is one of the major objectives of future NASA exploration missions. Existing drilling techniques are limited by the need for large axial forces, holding torques, and high power consumption. Lightweight robots and rovers have difficulties accommodating these requirements. To address these key challenges to the NASA objective of planetary in-situ rock sampling and analysis, a drilling technology called ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC) was developed. The USDC uses a novel driving mechanism, transferring ultrasonic vibration to sonic frequency impacts with the aid of a free-flying mass block (free-mass). The free mass then drives the drill bit. The actuator consists of a stack of piezoelectric disks with a horn that amplifies the induced vibration amplitudes. The standard USDC is a slender device, and some times its length is too long for specific NASA missions. It is of current interest to have novel designs that reduce the length of the device. For this purpose, two novel horn designs were examined analytically. One is the flipped horn, the other is the planar folded horn. The new designs of the horn were analyzed using finite element modeling and the results allow for the determination of the control parameters that can optimize the performance of the ultrasonic horn in terms of the tip displacement and velocity. The results of the modeling are described and discussed in this paper.
Deriving statistical fit contours and shape of an aerosol mask from 3D head scans (2011)

This paper deals with mask shape design to ensure a statistical fit for a given population represented by tessellated 3D head scans. The mask rim curve should contact the face without gaps. This work identifies corresponding points on the mask and facial landmarks. The landmarks define a coordinate frame which helps extract rim contours (mask contours) and facial midline contours (profile contours) from the 3D model. Bilateral symmetrisation procedures are used to correct mild asymmetry in the mask contours. The statistical distribution induced by the contours on a grid is used to derive percentile contour geometries. Mask shapes generated by stacking elliptic cross sections, scaling and convex hull have been explored. 5th, 50th and 85th percentile masks are used for visual fit evaluation on a set of representative faces. The procedure establishes that the landmark-based approach provides a systematic method not only for design but also for fit evaluation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRENGTH AND AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC POWER IN TRAINED CYCLISTS (1999)

1247 The purpose was to examine the relationship between strength and aerobic power (AP, VO2max) and anaerobic power [AnP, Wingate peak power (PP) and mean power (MP)] in competitive male cyclists. Subjects were ten, male Category-III or above (USCF) cyclists [VO2max 62.5 ± 5.66 mlkg−1min−1, PP 999.4 ± 108.6 W; MP 853.4 ± 74.4 W (Mean ± SD)]. Lower limb isokinetic extensor strength was measured at selected speeds [ankle plantar flexion (APF) at 0.52, 1.05. & 2.09 radssec−1; knee extension (KE) and hip extension (HE) at 1.05, 2.09, & 4.19 radssec−1]. Power measures were correlated with strength measures (r, p < 0.05) at slow, moderate and faster angular velocities. For all power variables, only APF at 0.52 radssec−1 was significantly related (VO2max, −0.76, p = 0.011; PP, 0.66, p = 0.038; MP 0.94, p = 0.0001). However, when p was adjusted for the number of measures used (p = 0.006), only the r for MP remained significant. Strength measures were converted into T scores for each joint and summed to create total limb strength values at low (TSLV), moderate (TSMV), and fast (TSFV) velocities. Significant rs were found for TSLV for AP (r = −0.76, p = 0.011) and MP (0.71, p = 0.021) and for TSMV and MP (r = 0.709, p = 0.022). No significant rs were found for TSFV. In this small sample of trained cyclists, strength does not appear to be strongly related to AP or AnP.
Accelerating Post-SELEX Aptamer Engineering Using Exonuclease Digestion (2020)

The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process enables the isolation of aptamers from random oligonucleotide libraries. However, it is generally difficult to identify the best aptamer from the resulting sequences, and the selected aptamers often exhibit suboptimal affinity and specificity. Post-SELEX aptamer engineering can improve aptamer performance, but current methods exhibit inherent bias and variable rates of success or require specialized instruments. Here, we describe a generalizable method that utilizes exonuclease III and exonuclease I to interrogate the binding properties of small-molecule-binding aptamers in a rapid, label-free assay. By analyzing an ochratoxin-binding DNA aptamer and six of its mutants, we determined that ligand binding alters the exonuclease digestion kinetics to an extent that closely correlates with the aptamer's ligand affinity. We then utilized this assay to enhance the binding characteristics of a DNA aptamer which binds indiscriminately to ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine. We screened 13 mutants derived from this aptamer against all these analogues and identified two new high-affinity aptamers that solely bind to adenosine. We incorporated these two aptamers directly into an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor, which achieved a detection limit of 1 μM adenosine in 50% serum. We also confirmed the generality of our method to characterize target-binding affinities of protein-binding aptamers. We believe our approach is generalizable for DNA aptamers regardless of sequence, structure, and length and could be readily adapted into an automated format for high-throughput engineering of small-molecule-binding aptamers to acquire those with improved binding properties suitable for various applications.
Management of hepatitis C: evaluating suitability for drug therapy. (2004)

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a common and serious disease. Although an estimated 2.7 million persons in the United States have this disease, most have not yet been diagnosed. Recent advances in treatment provide successful cure in 50 to 80 percent of cases. Current drug therapy consists of a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Although all patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection are potential candidates for treatment, pharmacologic therapy has a number of contraindications. Evaluation of suitability for treatment includes a thorough search for comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions that can be contraindications. Initial testing involves anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, but definitive diagnosis of active disease requires detection of viral RNA. Most patients require a liver biopsy to determine the amount of hepatic fibrosis and ongoing hepatocellular inflammation. Viral genotype also should be determined: type 1 requires 12 months of treatment and does not respond as well as types 2 and 3, which require only six months of treatment. Common side effects of drug therapy include anemia, anorexia, depression, fatigue, fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, and erythema at the injection site.
Delivery of Liposome-Encapsulated HIV Type 1 Proteins to Human Dendritic Cells for Stimulation of HIV Type 1-Specific Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses (1999)

An important aspect of vaccine development involves delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells for the induction of potent antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses. We investigated the effect of a cationic liposome, lipofectin, on delivery of whole proteins to human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from blood mononuclear cells by culture in interleukin 4 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor for stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Delivery of HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Env proteins to DCs by lipofectin stimulated greater anti-HIV-1 memory CTL responses in cells from HIV-1-infected subjects than those induced by DCs loaded with protein alone. The CTLs were CD8+ and HLA class I restricted. Antigen presentation was enhanced by chloroquine, but blocked by brefeldin A and peptide aldehyde inhibitors of proteasomes, indicating that the classic MHC class I cytosolic pathway was used for processing and presentation of HIV-1 protein by the DCs. Stimulation of anti-HIV-1 CTLs by this safe, inexpensive, and broadly applicable approach may be used in DC-based therapies for HIV-1 infection.
Poly(ethylene oxide)‐grafted thermoplastic membranes for use as cellular hybrid bio‐artificial organs in the central nervous system (1994)

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl chloride) (PAN/VC) anisotropic membranes were chemically modified with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (5000 and 20,000 g/mol) by one of two aqueous reactions: (a) acid hydrolysis of the nitrile group to a carboxylic acid with which amine-terminated PEO (PEO-NH(2)) reacted or (b) base reduction of the nitrile group to an amine with which PEO-succinimide (PEO-SC) reacted. Approximately 1.3% of the bulk material was modified with PEO-NH(2) whereas 1.8 to 3.5% was modified with PEO-SC as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectra. Approximately 50 to 75% less bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed to PEO-grafted single skin fibers than to unmodified PAN/VC. Transport properties of modified and unmodified fibers were compared by passive diffusion, convective nominal molecular weight cutoff, and hydraulic permeability. Neither hydraulic permeability nor nominal molecular weight cutoff of BSA changed appreciably after surface modification with PEO indicating that pore structure was not adversely affected by the chemistry involved in grafting poly(ethylene oxide). However, in the absence of any membrane conditioning, the apparent diffusion of alpha-chymotrypsinogen (24,000 g/mol) was enhanced in PEO-grafted PAN/VC fibers possibly as a result of reduced sorption of the permeating protein. In vivo biocompatibility in the brain tissue of rats was judged by histological assessment of the host's cellular response to fibers implanted for 30 days; biocompatibility of both PAN/VC and PAN/VC-g-PEO was satisfactory but improved slightly with PEO grafting. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dominant-Negative <i>KvLQT1</i> Mutations Underlie the LQT1 Form of Long QT Syndrome (1997)

In LQTS-affected individuals these mutations would be predicted to result in a diminution of the cardiac I(Ks) current, subsequent prolongation of cardiac repolarization, and an increased risk of arrhythmias.
Control of the Thickness of Evaporated Layers During Evaporation (1959)

A method is given with which the progress of evaporation can be checked at any moment simply by counting the number of interference fringes on a control plate located in the vicinity of the target.
Limited immune restoration after 3 years’ suppression of HIV-1 replication in patients with moderately advanced disease (2002)

Immune restoration was incomplete in patients who started HAART with moderately advanced HIV-1 disease and most changes occurred during the first year. These data suggest that this degree of suppression of HIV-1 replication alone will not suffice to restore immune competence. The clinical significance of incomplete reconstitution of CD4 lymphocyte number, phenotype, and proliferative function in HIV-1 infection remains to be determined.
Elevated Concentrations of Soluble E-Selectin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in NIDDM: Effect of intensive insulin treatment (1998)

In poorly controlled NIDDM patients, sE-selectin levels are increased and significantly fall to normal after short-term improvement of glycemic control. This suggests that assaying sE-selectin makes it possible to detect endothelium activation and to follow its reversal with euglycemia.
Precise measurement of wavelengths in infrared spectra (1955)

The preci e measurement of infrared absorp tion sp ectra has been accomplish ed by using the " "hi te-light frin ges of a Fabry-Perot interferometer in conjunctie n w ith atomic sp cctrall in es. \\Tayelengths from the first spectra of neon, argon, krypton, a nd xenon were uscd for calibrating t he fringcs. The absorption spectra and the fringe systcm ar e reco rded simultaneously by a two-pen r ecorder. One pen records t he higher orders of the frin ge system of visible ligh t as detected by a IP28 photomultiplier. The other p en r ecords the infrared a bsorption p ec trulll, which is detected by a PbTe cell. A measurement of t he distance from the ce nter of the absorption line to t he neighboring maxima of t he fringe system d etermi nes t he line pos ition to a high precision. ' Vavelengths of infrared Jines can bc rn easured with a n error of one part i n 500,000. Eight infl'arcd lines of mercury, seventeen lines of krypton, and fi ' "C lines of xeno n have been measured by this method. Tablcs are g iven of v is ible a nd in frared lin es of the noble gases, which are useful for calibration.
Human Biomaterials Applications (1996)

Nineteen cutting-edge articles by leading practitioners review critical issues concerning biocompatible materials-polymers, metals, and other materials-used in or on the human body. Topics range from
Cutaneous defenses against dermatophytes and yeasts (1995)

Predispositions to the superficial mycoses include warmth and moisture, natural or iatrogenic immunosuppression, and perhaps some degree of inherited susceptibility. Some of these infections elicit a greater inflammatory response than others, and the noninflammatory ones are generally more chronic. The immune system is involved in the defense against these infections, and cell-mediated immunity appears to be particularly important. The mechanisms involved in generating immunologic reactions in the skin are complex, with epidermal Langerhans cells, other dendritic cells, lymphocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, and the keratinocytes themselves all participating in one way or another. A variety of defects in the immunologic response to the superficial mycoses have been described. In some cases the defect may be preexistent, whereas in others the infection itself may interfere with protective cell-mediated immune responses against the organisms. A number of different mechanisms may underlie these immunologic defects and lead to the development of chronic superficial fungal infection in individual patients. Although the immunologic defects appear to be involved in the chronicity of certain types of cutaneous fungal infections, treatment of these defects remains experimental at the present time.
Carboxyl-Functionalized and Bio-Conjugated Silica-Coated Quantum Dots as Targeting Probes for Cell Imaging (2010)

We report the synthesis of carboxyl-functionalized silica-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) via a reverse microemulsion approach. This facile method does not need to change the solvent phase of the nanoparticles during the synthesis process, and requires no other reaction condition such as high temperature or inertia atmosphere. The synthesized nanoparticles have many advantages, such as mono-dispersed and stable in aqueous solution, minimal non-specific targeting, and more direct and cost-effective for bio-conjugation. The carboxyl functionalized nanoparticles were further conjugated with apo-transferrin for receptor-mediated targeting in cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments have revealed that the cellular uptake of Tf-conjugated nanoparticles was significantly higher than that of (only-)carboxyl functionalized nanoparticles in HeLa cells, which are well known to overexpress the transferrin-receptor. The bio-conjugated nanoparticles are potentially useful as efficient probes for bio-diagnosis, both in vitro and in vivo.
A completely on-chip voltage regulation technique for low power digital circuits (2003)

This paper describes a completely on-chip voltage regulation technique for locally generating an adaptive low voltage power supply rail from a given higher voltage power supply without requiring any external component. The on-chip regulator, based on delay servoing, primarily comprises of a critical path replica, charge pump and a high performance voltage buffer which is the most critical component of the design. Simulation results for a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process demonstrate that the buffer offers a low DC output impedance, a high degree of voltage regulation (output ripple of 12% of Vdd) and a superior line regulation (up to the maximum clock frequency of 50 MHz) even under strongly varying load conditions. The regulator response for a typical worst case load exhibits a maximum voltage fluctuation of 4% of Vdd with a reasonably fast response time.
Gustave Flaubert, <i>Madame Bovary</i> (1857) (2010)

Before her wedding-day, she had thought she was in love; but since she lacked the happiness that should come from that love, she must have been mistaken, she fancied. And Emma sought to find out exactly what was meant in real life by the words felicity, passion and rapture, which had seemed so fine on the pages of books.Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary (1857)
Synthesen in der Pyranreihe, II. Mitteil.<sup>1)</sup>: Zur Kenntnis der Oxymethylenlacton‐Umlagerung (1955)

Abstract Die Umlagerung von α‐Oxymethylen‐Δ‐lactonen in absol. Methanol führt in Gegenwart von H⊕ in guter Ausbeute zu substitutierten 2‐Methoxy‐tetrahydropyran‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐estern. Daneben entstehen zu 15–20% Ester der 5.6‐Dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐carbonsäuren‐(3). Die Reindarstellung der 2‐Methoxy‐tetrahydropyran‐carbonsäuren‐(3) und die Reaktionen der 3‐Carbomethoxy‐5.6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrane werden beschrieben.
Adsorption of cesium on clay minerals (1962)

A study was made of the exchange adsorption of cesium on the clay minerals kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, and "illite." The amount of cesium adsorbed by clay minerals was measured in equilibrium solutions in which the cesium concentration ranged from 10"1 to 10~10 N, and either sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium ions were present in various concentrations. The results obtained in these experiments were used to calculate the distribution coefficients for the adsorption of cesium on clay minerals.
Response Heterogeneity of EGFR and HER2 Exon 20 Insertions to Covalent EGFR and HER2 Inhibitors (2017)

Insertion mutations in EGFR and HER2 both occur at analogous positions in exon 20. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with tumors harboring these mutations seldom achieve clinical responses to dacomitinib and afatinib, two covalent quinazoline-based inhibitors of EGFR or HER2, respectively. In this study, we investigated the effects of specific EGFR and HER2 exon 20 insertion mutations from NSCLC patients that had clinically achieved a partial response after dacomitinib treatment. We identified Gly770 as a common feature among the drug-sensitive mutations. Structural modeling suggested that this mutation may facilitate inhibitor binding to EGFR. Introduction of Gly770 into two dacomitinib-resistant EGFR exon 20 insertion mutants restored sensitivity to dacomitinib. Based on these findings, we used afatinib to treat an NSCLC patient whose tumor harbored the HER2 V777_G778insGSP mutation and achieved a durable partial response. We further identified secondary mutations in EGFR (T790M or C797S) and HER2 (C805S) that mediated acquired drug resistance in drug-sensitive EGFR or HER2 exon 20 insertion models. Overall, our findings identified a subset of EGFR and HER2 exon 20 insertion mutations that are sensitive to existing covalent quinazoline-based EGFR/HER2 inhibitors, with implications for current clinical treatment and next-generation small-molecule inhibitors. <i>Cancer Res; 77(10); 2712-21. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Competitive Inhibition of Ferrous Iron Oxidation by <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> by Increasing Concentrations of Cells (1989)

The oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe) to ferric iron (Fe) with dioxygen (O(2)) by various strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied by measuring the rate of O(2) consumption at various Fe concentrations and cell concentrations. The apparent K(m) values for Fe remained constant at different cell concentrations of laboratory strains ATCC 13661 and ATCC 19859 but increased with increasing cell concentrations of mine isolates SM-4 and SM-5. The latter results are explained by the competitive inhibition of the Fe-binding site of a cell by other cells in the reaction mixture. Possible mechanisms involving cell surface properties are discussed.
Pyrophoricity of Fine Metal Powders (1976)

AbstractAbstractFacilities exist at AERE Harwell for the preparation and handling under inert atmospheres of fine metal powders in sizes down to 0·1 μm. Such powders may however require handling in air at some stage and in order to avoid the risk of violent oxidation a test for pyrophoricity of the powder is necessary. Since existing techniques relate only to the case of powders dispersed in air, a simple calorimetric test to determine ignition temperature has been devised. The results can be correlated with particle size for powder prepared by a given route or with the extent of surface oxidation used to passivate an otherwise reactive powder. Some examples of powder preparation and handling are described, in particular the use of a hydride route for fine powder preparation and the relevance of particle size to the behaviour of the powder.