gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microscale ion driven air flow (2004)

Ion-driven air flow is a novel method of pumping air at microscale dimensions using the concept of ion drag. Ions are generated in air using low voltage cold-cathode electron emitters that inject electrons into the air. Once in the air, the electrons generate ions by collision reactions. The ions are moved by a series of micro-fabricated electrodes that generate strong electric fields to pump ions through air. Ions collide repeatedly with neutral molecules, thus generating bulk motion of the gas. Meso-scale motion, flow on the order of millimeters, is obtained using a traveling electric field which is established by an array of electrodes. One application of this technology involves generation of air flow through microchannels or other micro-featured surfaces to create compact, high-flux heat sinks for electronics cooling. Analytical and numerical models of the fluid-ion-electric field interactions have been developed in the present work. First order analyses demonstrate the feasibility of implementing this concept into a heat sink with cooling rates as high as 40 W/cm2. More detailed models illustrate the basic mechanisms behind microscale ion driven air flow (MIDAF). Model results describe the body force interaction of the ions with the fluid, the location of the body force, the resulting velocity profiles, the stability of ion clouds and the important parameters that affect this flow. Experimental verification of the MIDAF concept is demonstrated by means of ion current measurements. Ion currents, as high as 50 nA, were established over a flat test section with pumping electrode spaced apart by 30 μm, operating at potentials of 0 to 35 V, and switching at a frequency of 1.4 MHz.
An Adaptive Framework for Multi-Vehicle Ground Speed Estimation in Airborne Videos (2019)

With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), UAV-based intelligent airborne surveillance systems represented by real-time ground vehicle speed estimation have attracted wide attention from researchers. However, there are still many challenges in extracting speed information from UAV videos, including the dynamic moving background, small target size, complicated environment, and diverse scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive framework for multi-vehicle ground speed estimation in airborne videos. Firstly, we build a traffic dataset based on UAV. Then, we use the deep learning detection algorithm to detect the vehicle in the UAV field of view and obtain the trajectory in the image through the tracking-by-detection algorithm. Thereafter, we present a motion compensation method based on homography. This method obtains matching feature points by an optical flow method and eliminates the influence of the detected target to accurately calculate the homography matrix to determine the real motion trajectory in the current frame. Finally, vehicle speed is estimated based on the mapping relationship between the pixel distance and the actual distance. The method regards the actual size of the car as prior information and adaptively recovers the pixel scale by estimating the vehicle size in the image; it then calculates the vehicle speed. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we carry out a large number of experiments on the AirSim Simulation platform as well as real UAV aerial surveillance experiments. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the simulation results and real experiments, we verify that the proposed system has a unique ability to detect, track, and estimate the speed of ground vehicles simultaneously even with a single downward-looking camera. Additionally, the system can obtain effective and accurate speed estimation results, even in various complex scenes.
The <i>Drosophila</i> <i>saxophone</i> Gene: a Serine-Threonine Kinase Receptor of the TGF-β Superfamily (1994)

The Drosophila decapentaplegic (dpp) gene encodes a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-like protein that plays a key role in several aspects of development. Transduction of the DPP signal was investigated by cloning of serine-threonine kinase transmembrane receptors from Drosophila because this type of receptor is specific for the TGF-beta-like ligands. Here evidence is provided demonstrating that the Drosophila saxophone (sax) gene, a previously identified female sterile locus, encodes a TGF-beta-like type I receptor. Embryos from sax mothers and dpp embryos exhibit similar mutant phenotypes during early gastrulation, and these two loci exhibit genetic interactions, which suggest that they are utilized in the same pathway. These data suggest that sax encodes a receptor for dpp.
Improving join performance for skewed databases (2008)

The largest queries in data warehouses and decision support systems use hybrid hash join to relate information in multiple tables. Hybrid hash join functions independently of the data distributions of the join relations. Real-world data sets are not uniformly distributed and often contain significant skew. Although partition skew has been studied for hash joins, no prior work has examined how exploiting data skew can improve performance. In this paper, we present histo join, a join algorithm that uses histograms to identify data skew and improve join performance. Experimental results show that for skewed data sets histo join performs significantly fewer I/O operations and is faster by 20 to 60% than hybrid hash join.
Some Causes of Variation in the Quality of Raw Rubber and Latex. The Sol: Gel Ratio in Relation to the Ultimate Physical Properties of Rubber (1940)

Abstract When raw rubber is treated with solvents such as benzene or ether, dissolution is gradual and never complete; a swollen residue remains which disperses extremely slowly, if at all. The soluble portion is generally called the “sol”, and the insoluble the “gel”, and although these need not be considered as two distinct components, it is convenient, in view of the existing state of our knowledge regarding them, to continue to use this terminology. The nature of the gel fraction of raw rubber has long been under discussion. Gladstone and Hibbert were inclined to regard the less soluble modification as a product produced by heat during the drying of the latex and rubber, whereas Fessenden and Seeligman came to the conclusion that the two components were isomerides, a view which has long persisted. Weber, as the result of studies of the gel fraction of Para rubber, contended that the soluble and insoluble fractions were not identical in composition. Later it was shown by one of us that the gel fraction contained proteins which could be removed only by suitable treatment of the latex before coagulation or by digestion of the rubber in presence of acids or alkali. These early observations and records are of more than historical interest, as they foreshadow in large measure almost all that has been made known regarding the origin and nature of the gel fraction in raw rubber. The vast array of recent literature on this subject is admirably reviewed in the English edition of Memmler's “Handbuch der Kautschukwissenschaft”.
Novel synthesis of benzyl amines from benzaldehydes (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel synthesis of benzyl amines from benzaldehydesGeorge P. RizziCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 12, 1710–1711Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00811a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00811a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views253Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sensitivity of Seven Diverse Species to Blue and Green Light: Interactions with Photon Flux (2016)

Despite decades of research, the effects of spectral quality on plant growth, and development are not well understood. Much of our current understanding comes from studies with daily integrated light levels that are less than 10% of summer sunlight thus making it difficult to characterize interactions between light quality and quantity. Several studies have reported that growth is increased under fluorescent lamps compared to mixtures of wavelengths from LEDs. Conclusions regarding the effect of green light fraction range from detrimental to beneficial. Here we report the effects of eight blue and green light fractions at two photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF; 200 and 500 μmol m-2 s-1; with a daily light integral of 11.5 and 29 mol m-2 d-1) on growth (dry mass), leaf expansion, stem and petiole elongation, and whole-plant net assimilation of seven diverse plant species. The treatments included cool, neutral, and warm white LEDs, and combinations of blue, green and/or red LEDs. At the higher PPF (500), increasing blue light in increments from 11 to 28% reduced growth in tomato, cucumber, and pepper by 22, 26, and 14% respectively, but there was no statistically significant effect on radish, soybean, lettuce or wheat. At the lower PPF (200), increasing blue light reduced growth only in tomato (41%). The effects of blue light on growth were mediated by changes in leaf area and radiation capture, with minimal effects on whole-plant net-assimilation. In contrast to the significant effects of blue light, increasing green light in increments from 0 to 30% had a relatively small effect on growth, leaf area and net assimilation at either low or high PPF. Surprisingly, growth of three of the seven species was not reduced by a treatment with 93% green light compared to the broad spectrum treatments. Collectively, these results are consistent with a shade avoidance response associated with either low blue or high green light fractions.
Fluorapatite Enhances Mineralization of Mesenchymal/Endothelial Cocultures (2013)

In addition to the widely used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells appear to be a favorable cell source for hard tissue regeneration. Previously, fluorapatite was shown to stimulate and enhance mineralization of MSCs. This study aims to investigate the growth of endothelial cells on synthesized ordered fluorapatite surfaces and their effect on the mineralization of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) through coculture. Endothelial cells were grown on fluorapatite surfaces and characterized by cell counting, flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cells were then cocultured with ASCs and stained for alkaline phosphatase and mineral formation. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway perturbation and basic FGF (bFGF) treatment of the ASCs were also conducted to observe their effects on differentiation and mineralization of these cells. Fluorapatite surfaces showed good biocompatibility in supporting endothelial cells. Without a mineralization supplement, coculture with endothelial cells induced osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, which was further enhanced by the fluorapatite surfaces. This suggested a combined stimulating effect of endothelial cells and fluorapatite surfaces on the enhanced mineralization of ASCs. Greater amounts of bFGF release by endothelial cells alone or cocultures with ASCs stimulated by fluorapatite surfaces, together with FGF pathway perturbation and bFGF treatment results, suggested that the FGF signaling pathway may function in this process.
Steroid and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation of luteinizing hormone and GnRH receptor in a novel gonadotrope cell line. (1996)

Properties of a pituitary gonadotrope include the capacity to regulate gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in response to a GnRH signal. Progress in identifying the steps involved in these processes has been impeded by the lack of a homogeneous in vitro model of gonadotropes. This paper presents functional characterization of a L beta T2 gonadotrope cell line generated by tumorigenesis in transgenic mice carrying the rat LH beta-subunit regulatory region linked to the SV40 T-antigen oncogene. This cell line expresses LH beta, alpha-subunit, and GnRH-receptor (GnRH-R) mRNAs (though not FSH beta), responds to glucocorticoid treatment with a reversible dampening of proliferation, and responds to pulsatile, concentration-dependent GnRH administration with LH secretion. L beta T2 cells presented with four GnRH pulses (10 nM, 90-min interpulse interval) on each of 4 days respond with incremental increases in LH secretion on successive days. This increase was greatest (15-fold) in the presence of estradiol and dexamethasone. Part of the enhanced responsiveness is apparently due to an increase in GnRH-R; pulsatile GnRH treatment alone as well as steroid treatment alone led to an increase in GnRH-R mRNA levels. When secretion was stimulated on day 4 with 54 mM [K+] pulses, bypassing the GnRH-R, the LH-secretory response indicated that the GnRH pulse history as well as estradiol and dexamethasone have actions on L beta T2-secretory capacity distinct from changes in the GnRH-R. This increase can be explained in part by the marked up-regulation of LH beta, but not alpha-subunit, mRNA observed in GnRH-pulsed cells. In summary, L beta T2 clonal gonadotropes exhibit functional characteristics consistent with those of normal pituitary gonadotropes such as LH secretion via a regulated pathway and changes in GnRH-R and LH beta gene expression in response to signaling by GnRH and steroid hormones and therefore should be a useful tool for dissecting the cellular and molecular events involved in these fundamental gonadotrope properties.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of Maternal Seed Tissues of Soybean in Relation to the Import of Photosynthate (1981)

Cytological observations were made on developing seeds of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Amsoy 71") using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Attention was focused on the maternal tissues of the seed coat and embryo sac. An hypothesis of photosynthate import, unloading, and movement to the embryo is presented based on the results of these studies.
Stress-response pathways are altered in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholics (2013)

The chronic high-level alcohol consumption seen in alcoholism leads to dramatic effects on the hippocampus, including decreased white matter, loss of oligodendrocytes and other glial cells, and inhibition of neurogenesis. Examining gene expression in post mortem hippocampal tissue from 20 alcoholics and 19 controls allowed us to detect differentially expressed genes that may play a role in the risk for alcoholism or whose expression is modified by chronic consumption of alcohol. We identified 639 named genes whose expression significantly differed between alcoholics and controls at a False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.20; 52% of these genes differed by at least 1.2-fold. Differentially expressed genes included the glucocorticoid receptor and the related gene FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), urea transporter (SLC14A1), zinc transporter (SLC39A10), Interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), and many metallothioneins. Pathways related to inflammation, hypoxia, and stress showed activation, and pathways that play roles in neurogenesis and myelination showed decreases. The cortisol pathway dysregulation and increased inflammation identified here are seen in other stress-related conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder and most likely play a role in addiction. Many of the detrimental effects on the hippocampus appear to be mediated through NF-κB signaling. Twenty-four of the differentially regulated genes were previously identified by genome-wide association studies of alcohol use disorders; this raises the potential interest of genes not normally associated with alcoholism, such as suppression of tumorigenicity 18 (ST18), BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), and von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Semantics support for personalized multimedia content (2008)

Support for personalized multimedia content has become a crucial aspect of today&apos;s multimedia applications. We ®nd many different systems and approaches that provide mul-timedia content tailored to the speci®c needs and require-ments of the users. These systems and approaches exploit semantically-rich information for the multimedia content creation task. However, once the content is created, this very valuable source of information is thrown away. Thus, it is lost for any further processing of the created multi-media presentations. Systems that analyze such presenta-tions can only revive a very limited amount of the semantic information that was initially available and used. Conse-quently, we present with the SemanticMM4U framework an approach that enhances the state-of-the-art by provid-ing support for deriving semantics at any point in time dur-ing the assemble process and integrating it into the syntax of the ®nal presentation formats. By this, the semantics is made machine-readable and machine-processable. It al-lows for a better indexing, retrieval, and processing of the multimedia presentations.
Migration of Web Applications with Seamless Execution (2015)

Web applications (apps) are programmed using HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript, and are distributed in the source code format. Web apps can be executed on any devices where a web browser is installed, allowing one-source, multi-platform environment. We can exploit this advantage of platform independence for a new user experience called app migration, which allows migrating an app in the middle of execution seamlessly between smart devices. This paper proposes such a migration framework for web apps where we can save the current state of a running app and resume its execution on a different device by restoring the saved state. We save the web app's state in the form of a snapshot, which is actually another web app whose execution can restore the saved state. In the snapshot, the state of the JavaScript variables and DOM trees are saved using the JSON format. We solved some of the saving/restoring problems related to event handlers and closures by accessing the browser and the JavaScript engine internals. Our framework does not require instrumenting an app or changing its source code, but works for the original app. We implemented the framework on the Chrome browser with the V8 JavaScript engine and successfully migrated non-trivial sample apps with reasonable saving and restoring overhead. We also discuss other usage of the snapshot for optimizations and user experiences for the web platform.
Local Electric Field and Scattering Cross Section of Ag Nanoparticles under Surface Plasmon Resonance by Finite Difference Time Domain Method (2003)

Local electric field and scattering cross section on Ag nanoparticles were evaluated by the FDTD (finite difference time domain) method with respect to single-molecule sensitivity (SMS) in SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering). As a result, (1) vast enhancement of >300-fold (in amplitude enhancement) in the SMS level was obtained at a junction between two connecting Ag particles with various shapes and sizes in addition to an edge of isolated triangular cylinders. Other sites of the connecting particles and of isolated circular and ellipsoidal cylinders gave only modest enhancement of ca. 20−30-fold. (2) The enormously large electric field at the junction rapidly decays with increasing gap sizes <1 nm, irrespective of particle size or shape. In contrast, the LSP (localized surface plasmon) extinction spectra from connecting particles gradually shift toward those from isolated particles with the gap. Thus, in addition to the dipole LSP excitation, nanostructures such as sharp edges, which yield higher order surface modes, are crucial for the vast enhancement. Two-dimensional ordered structures do not yield any additional enhancement concerning SMS−SERS. (3) A red shift of the LSP extinction peak with decreasing height of Ag particles was reproduced only by use of three-dimensional simulation, while broadening and larger extinction at longer wavelength are given by two-dimensional calculation. (4) Blinking of SERS signal observed for dye and DNA base is most probably due to thermal diffusion of adsorbates between the junction with vast enhancement and ordinary sites with modest enhancement, which was supported by the numerical simulation and also experimentally evidenced by suppression of the phenomena at low temperature.
QDR 4500A DXA overestimates fat-free mass compared with criterion methods (2003)

This study evaluated the accuracy with which the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic QDR 4500A) measured fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and hydration of FFM. In a study of 58 men and women (ages 70-79 yr), the QDR 4500A was found to provide a systematically higher estimate of FFM and lower estimate of FM than a four-component model of body composition. A correction factor from this study was developed and applied to two other samples (n = 13 and 37). We found mean corrected levels of FFM and FM to be equivalent to that obtained by the four-component model or total body water. In addition, the hydration of the corrected FFM was closer to the established hydration level in adult samples and that obtained from the four-component model. These findings suggest that the current calibration of the fan-beam system of the Hologic QDR 4500A provides an overestimate of FFM and underestimate of FM compared with reference methods.