gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A General Strategy Toward Aromatic 1,2‐Ambiphilic Synthons: Palladium‐Catalyzed <i>ortho</i>‐Halogenation of PyDipSi‐Arenes (2010)

A general and efficient strategy to synthesize 1,2-ambiphilic aromatic and heteroaromatic synthons from haloarenes has been developed. The method involves installation of the PyDipSi directing group, and subsequent palladium-catalyzed directed ortho-halogenation of aryl silanes (see scheme; Py=2-pyridyl). The usefulness of these 1,2-ambiphilic building blocks was shown in their participation as both nucleophilic aryl silane and electrophilic aryl iodide moieties. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Survival of Human Dental Plaque Flora in Various Transport Media (1972)

Dental plaque samples from (i) subjects with no apparent oral disease, (ii) mentally retarded subjects with periodontal disease, and (iii) subjects with active caries were collected in three transport media viz. a dithiothreitol poised balanced mineral salt solution designated as reduced transport fluid (RTF), VMG II, and modified Stuart medium (SBL). The samples were dispersed by sonic treatment, diluted in the respective medium in which they were collected, and cultured on MM10 sucrose agar. The efficiency of the transport media in the survival of dental plaque flora was determined by comparing the quantitative recovery (expressed as percentage of the initial viable count) from the specimens stored for various lengths of time. The data showed a great variation in the recovery of the oral bacterial flora from the plaque samples. VMG II and SBL served better than RTF as storage media for non-disease-associated dental plaque cultured under strict anaerobic conditions. Recoveries of bacteria from periodontal plaque specimens stored in RTF were higher than SBL and VMG II under identical conditions. The organisms present in the carious plaque samples appeared to survive much better in RTF and VMG II than in SBL as determined by conventional anaerobic culturing technique. However, VMG II showed a higher recovery of organisms from these specimens with an increase in the storage period, suggesting multiplication of the plaque flora. RTF did not allow the growth of oral bacterial flora under all experimental conditions. On the basis of the relative performance of these media it is suggested that RTF is a satisfactory medium for the transport of oral bacteria present in the samples.
FLEXIBLE TACTILE SENSING ARRAYS FOR ROBOTICS: ARCHITECTURAL ROBUSTNESS AND YIELD CONSIDERATIONS (1986)

The Robot Skin project at Stanford is an attempt to create new tactile sensing technology for general-purpose robot manipulators. Such manipulators, designed to be functionally equivalent (at least) to the human hand, will require sensor arrays that fulfill several requirements: (1) many sensor elements (on the order of 64-256) to minimize tactile imaging time, (2) close spacing of small sensing elements for fine spatial discrimination, (3) ability to be molded to a convex fingertip surface for taction on concave surfaces, (4) ability to sense both force and temperature in order to fully mimic biological touch,(5) tolerance to over-scale forces without damage, and ( In addition to the above, which are considered requirements, several other characteristics are desirable. Foremost is the ability to sense shear forces, which provide information on actual or incipient slip of a grasped object. It also appears desirable for tactile sensor arrays to possess some local pattern-processing capability which can lower the transmission bandwidth required to the robot's central information processor. In order for such sensor arrays to be useful in practical systems, cost constraints must also be considered; such constraints argue for automated and/or batch fabrication of the arrays. Finally, given the differences between biology and various non-biological technologies, it may be possible to achieve functionality not available to biological touch, e.g., by including capacitive proximity sensing capability in such arrays. No tactile sensor array developed to date fills all, nor even most, of these requirements and desires well. Several investigators have recently developed tactile sensing arrays suitable for imaging shapes on hard, flat surfaces (e.g., Others have developed single tactile sensors suitable for incorporation into arrays (e.g., Still others have developed flexible capacitive arrays [5-6] suitable for use on curved surfaces but incapable of obtaining temperature or proximity data. The purpose of the present effort is to develop a technology base suitable to the achievement of all of the above goals, and to incrementally demonstrate useful steps toward those goals.
C. F. Powell (1969)

Professor C. F. Powell, Hon FInst P, FRS, died on holiday in Italy on 9 August 1969, aged 65, very shortly after his retirement from the Directorship of the H. H. Wills Physical Laboratory at the University of Bristol. A research student of C. T. R. Wilson at Cambridge, he had been at Bristol since 1928, initially as Research Assistant to Prof. A. M. Tyndall, becoming Melville Wills Professor of Physics in 1948 and Henry Overton Wills Professor and Head of the Physics Department in 1964.
C5a, A Complement Activation Product, Is a Useful Marker in Predicting the Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (2011)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common neonatal gastrointestinal emergency, predominantly affecting low-birth weight, premature infants. Early clinical signs of NEC are nonspecific and the laboratory findings are not fully reliable. Its severe morbidities and rapid progression require the application of new biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention. The complement activation product, C5a (anaphylatoxin) has been reported to be a contributing factor leading to mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury which is a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of NEC. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of serial C5a measurements in the diagnosis and follow-up of NEC. Preterm infants, whose gestational age and weight matched each other, were grouped as controls (n = 23) and NEC (n = 22). Serum levels of C5a, serum amyloid-A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured on the third day of life for the control group and on the day of diagnosis (1st day), 3rd and 7th days of the NEC group. C5a, SSA, CRP, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the NEC patients compared to the control group (P < 0.05) in the follow-up. Additionally, serum levels of C5a were found to be more accurate than the other parameters for the prediction of death and requirement for surgery at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.05). In conclusion, C5a may be useful as a new marker for both diagnosis and follow-up of infants with NEC in combination with clinical and radiographical findings.
Contactless Rotary Electrical Couplings (2003)

Rotary electrical couplings based on induction (transformer action) rather than conduction between rotating and stationary circuitry have been invented. These couplings provide an alternative to slip rings and contact brushes. Mechanical imperfections of slip-ring and brush contact surfaces and/or dust particles trapped between these surfaces tend to cause momentary interruptions in electrical contact and thereby give rise to electrical noise. This source of noise can be eliminated in the inductive rotary couplings because no direct contact is necessary for transformer action.
Salt-Induced Charge Screening and Significant Conductivity Enhancement of Conducting Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) (2009)

This article reports a novel method to significantly enhance the conductivity of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films through a treatment with aqueous solutions of various salts, such as copper(II) chloride. Conductivity enhancement by a factor of about 700 was observed. Many salts were investigated, and the conductivity enhancement depended on the softness parameter of cations and the concentration of the salts in solution. A salt like copper(II) chloride or indium chloride, whose cation has positive softness parameter, could enhance the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film by 2 orders in magnitude, while other salt like sodium chloride or magnesium chloride, whose cation has negative softness parameter, gave rise to negligible effect on the conductivity. The mechanism for the conductivity enhancement was studied by various characterizations. It is attributed to PSS loss from the PEDOT:PSS film, and conformational change of PEDOT chains resulted from the salt-induced charge screening between PEDOT and PSS.
Throwing Bricks at a Brick Wall: The G20 and the Antinomies of Protest (2012)

In “Throwing Bricks at a Brick Wall: The G20 and the Antinomies of Protest,” an examination of the protests against the June 2010 G20 meetings, Chris Samuel argues that debate about the appropriateness of the protestors’ tactics has missed the central question: what impact can oppositional movements have in the current political-economic climate? Samuel posits that it is impossible to adopt the “right” form of political protest in a political field in which there was no opportunity to influence the negotiations. Using Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic power, he argues that the construction of violence “forced protestors to decide between ineffectual marches and marginalizing vandalism.”
[Investigation of the anti-terminal maturation effects of parathyroid hormone on human osteoarthritis chondrocytes]. (2012)

PTH has a role of inhibition of terminal differentiation of human osteoarthritis chondrocytes.
Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution by a Synthetic Iron(III)−Aluminum(III) Mixed Oxide (2007)

This paper presents the synthesis of iron(III)−aluminum(III) mixed oxide with some of its physicochemical characteristics and fluoride adsorption behavior thereon. Results showed that the optimum initial pH for fluoride adsorption is 4.0−10.0, and the equilibrium time required is 1.5 h. The isotherm data follow the order Redlich−Peterson ≥ Langmuir > Freundlich > Temkin. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is determined to be 17.73 mg/g, which is higher than that of either of the pure oxides. The enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) for the adsorption reaction are +29.31 kJ/mol and +116.75 J mol-1 K-1, respectively. The adsorption is endothermic in nature. The kinetics follows a pseudo-second-order rate equation, and the reaction rate is a multistage-controlled diffusion process. The activation energy for this adsorption reaction is 6.35 kJ/mol.
Cica‐clamp technique: a method for quantifying parathyroid hormone secretion: a sequential citrate and calcium clamp study (1993)

Objectives of the present study were to establish and investigate a standardized method for quantifying of intact parathyroid hormone secretion during sequential induction of hypo- and hypercalcaemia, and to explore the applicability to these data of a mathematical model derived from in vitro studies as presented in the literature. Twenty-two healthy volunteers aged 20-80 years participated in one or more experiments. The experiments comprised three different protocols of sequential induction of a regular hypocalcaemic (citrate) clamp followed by increases in blood ionized calcium, ending in a regular hypercalcaemic (calcium) clamp. During protocol I, the induction of hypocalcaemia, blood ionized calcium 0.21 mmol l-1 (SD 0.01, n = 76) below baseline, the release of serum parathyroid hormone rapidly increased to a concentration of four to seven times above baseline. The serum parathyroid hormone declined gradually to a steady state of about two to three times above baseline. During stepwise increases in blood ionized calcium, the serum parathyroid hormone rapidly declined to new steady state concentrations. When a hypercalcaemia of 0.20 mmol l-1 (SD 0.02, n = 76) above baseline was reached, serum parathyroid hormone was suppressed to about one-fourth of baseline concentration. Protocol II, the Cica-clamp, and protocol III, are short versions of protocol I using a slow and gradual increase in blood ionized calcium from hypo- to hypercalcaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A torque controlled high speed flywheel energy storage system for peak power transfer in electric vehicles (2002)

This paper provides a design outline and implementation procedure for a flywheel energy storage system using a high speed interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, torque-controlled through the use of a vector control algorithm. The proposed flywheel energy storage system can be used to meet the peak energy requirements of an electric vehicle during both acceleration and regenerative braking. By supplying the peak energy requirements from a secondary source, the life cycle of the electric vehicle's batteries may be extended considerably, A torque control algorithm is presented and preliminary implementation through a commercially available microcontroller is described. Preliminary testing of the proposed system has been very promising and has proven that bidirectional peak power transfer can be rapidly accomplished.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Murine IgG Subclass Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Polypeptides (1988)

The antibody response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is complex and involves antibody to at least 33 virus-induced polypeptides. Serum IgG contains four isotypes in mice and it is known that the isotypes differ in their biological functions and that individual antigenic proteins may preferentially elicit restricted isotype responses. We therefore examined the anti-polypeptide isotypes induced in immune mouse serum. By ELISA, we found that the total serum virus-specific antibody activity was 51% IgG1, 39% IgG2a, 11% IgG2b and 1% IgG3 in immune ICR strain mice and 51%, 45%, 4% and 0.4% respectively in strain BALB/c mouse immune serum. These proportions are significantly different from those reported for other virus infections. Sepharose-Protein A affinity-purified isotypes were also studied and showed IgG1 greater than IgG2a greater than or equal to IgG2b much greater than IgG3 activity per microgram of isotype, indicating that competition between isotypes present in high concentrations did not significantly alter the results. Immunoblotting studies of the purified isotypes showed that the major immunogenic HSV-1 proteins (VP155, gC, gB, pgB, gD and nucleocapsid proteins 42K and 44K) induced all isotypes. However, the isotype responses were not uniform among the glycoproteins and some other proteins. In addition neutralization assays of the purified isotypes indicated that IgG2a and IgG2b had significantly greater neutralizing capacity than IgG1, suggesting that less of the IgG1 was directed against neutralizing virion epitopes. These data are discussed with respect to the biological implications in host defence.
One-point contact measurement of spherical resonances (1993)

Ceramic bearing balls are desirable for use in high-temperature and nonlubricative environments because of their ability to retain high mechanical strength and reduced wear. However, because ceramics are brittle, it is very important to inspect ceramic parts for the existence of small (1–10 μm) surface defects. The contact–contact resonant sphere technique has been shown to be able to detect the presence of surface defects in spherical objects. This technique, however, has certain limitations that are especially important when inspecting small spheres. In this letter we present a true one-point-contact technique to circumvent these limitations. We excite resonances of spheres at both low and high frequencies. Resonances are generated by forming a one-point Hertzian contact between the sphere and a spherical depression in a buffer rod with a transducer. The resonance spectrum is detected from the opposite pole of excitation using an optical interferometer. At low frequencies, bulk resonances of the sphere are excited, and material properties are determined. At high frequencies, surface-wave resonances of the sphere are excited, and the dispersion relation of the waves is measured. The measured dispersion relation of the sphere is correlated to the surface wave velocity on the sphere and to the presence of surface defects.
Five-year predictors of physical activity decline among adults in low-income communities: a prospective study (2007)

These results highlight the fact that a variety of variables play a role in determining activity level, from demographic variables such as age and sex, to psychosocial and environmental variables. In addition, these results highlight the important role that other health-related variables may play in predicting physical activity level, in particular the observed association between baseline BMI and the increased risk of becoming inactive over time. Lastly, these results demonstrate the need for multi-component interventions in low-income communities, which target a range of issues, from psychosocial factors, to features of the physical environment.
Electrodeposition of Coatings (1973)

In the electrodeposition of paint, part of the substrate becomes an integral part of the deposited film and can influence the coating properties. This paper covers the effect on paint quality of the cleaning of the metal surface, formation of the conversion coating, post treatment, deionized water rinsing, and dryoff conditions. The system is evaluated for salt spray and humidity resistance, adhesion, filiform corrosion, detergent resistance, and uniformity of paint film. For maximum selectivity of paint, the proper conversion coating, a reactive post treatment, and the dryoff oven should be used. By carefully matching the paint formulation with the conversion coating, quality finishes can result, even if post treatment and the dryoff oven are eliminated. Electrodeposited paints require a more uniform and complete coating than conventionally deposited paints.
Locating a small change in a multiple scattering environment (2010)

This article presents an imaging technique to locate a weak perturbation in a multiple scattering environment. We derive a formula to predict the spatiotemporal decorrelation of diffuse coda waves induced by an extra scatterer. Locating this new defect is formulated as an inverse problem which is solved by a maximum likelihood approach. Using elastic waves in the 50–400 kHz frequency band, we recover the position of a millimetric hole drilled in a concrete sample with a precision of a few centimeter. Note that the size of the defect is comparable to the size of the myriads of heterogeneities constituting the sample.
Use of opposition method in the test of high-power electronic converters (2006)

The test and the characterization of medium or high-power electronic converters, under nominal operating conditions, are made difficult by the requirement of high-power electrical source and load. In addition, the energy lost during the test may be very significant. The opposition method, which consists of an association of two identical converters supplied by the same source, one operating as a generator, the other as a receptor, can be a better way to do these test. Another advantage is the possibility to realize accurate measurements of the different losses in the converters under test. In the first part of this paper, the characteristics of the method concerning loss measurements are compared to those of the electrical or calorimetric methods, then it is shown how it can be applied to different types of power electronic converters, choppers, switched mode power supplies, and pulsewidth modulation inverters. In the second part, different examples of studies conducted by the authors, and using this method, are presented. They have varying goals, from the test of soft-switching inverters to the characterization of integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) devices mounted into 2-MW choppers.
Quercetin Prevents Unloading-Derived Disused Muscle Atrophy by Attenuating the Induction of Ubiquitin Ligases in Tail-Suspension Mice (2010)

The effects of quercetin (1) were investigated on disused muscle atrophy using mice that underwent tail suspension. Periodic injection of 1 into the gastrocnemius muscle suppressed muscle weight loss and ubiquitin ligase expression. Compound 1 reduced the enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the muscle. Injection of N-acetyl-l-cysteine, but not flavone (2), also prevented muscle weight loss and enhancement of lipid peroxidation. These findings demonstrate that 1 can prevent disused muscle atrophy by attenuating the expression of ubiquitin ligases and that such prevention originates from its antioxidant activity.
Context-Specific Metabolic Networks Are Consistent with Experiments (2008)

Reconstructions of cellular metabolism are publicly available for a variety of different microorganisms and some mammalian genomes. To date, these reconstructions are "genome-scale" and strive to include all reactions implied by the genome annotation, as well as those with direct experimental evidence. Clearly, many of the reactions in a genome-scale reconstruction will not be active under particular conditions or in a particular cell type. Methods to tailor these comprehensive genome-scale reconstructions into context-specific networks will aid predictive in silico modeling for a particular situation. We present a method called Gene Inactivity Moderated by Metabolism and Expression (GIMME) to achieve this goal. The GIMME algorithm uses quantitative gene expression data and one or more presupposed metabolic objectives to produce the context-specific reconstruction that is most consistent with the available data. Furthermore, the algorithm provides a quantitative inconsistency score indicating how consistent a set of gene expression data is with a particular metabolic objective. We show that this algorithm produces results consistent with biological experiments and intuition for adaptive evolution of bacteria, rational design of metabolic engineering strains, and human skeletal muscle cells. This work represents progress towards producing constraint-based models of metabolism that are specific to the conditions where the expression profiling data is available.