gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Spin-Orbit Torque MRAMs (2014)

In this paper, we present two multilevel spin-orbit torque magnetic random access memories (SOT-MRAMs). A single-level SOT-MRAM employs a three-terminal SOT device as a storage element with enhanced endurance, close-to-zero read disturbance, and low write energy. However, the three-terminal device requires the use of two access transistors per cell. To improve the integration density, we propose two multilevel cells (MLCs): 1) series SOT MLC and 2) parallel SOT MLC, both of which store two bits per memory cell. A detailed analysis of the bit-cell suggests that the S-MLC is promising for applications requiring both high density and low write-error rate, and P-MLC is particularly suitable for high-density and low-write-energy applications. We also performed iso-bit-cell area comparison of our MLC designs with previously proposed MLCs that are based on spin-transfer torque MRAM and show 3-16× improvement in write energy.
The novel cytotoxic sponge metabolite peloruside A, structurally similar to bryostatin-1, has unique bioactivity independent of protein kinase C. (2002)

A novel secondary sponge metabolite, peloruside A (peloruside), isolated from the marine sponge Mycale sp. (New Zealand), was tested for its cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells in culture. The macrolide structure of peloruside is similar to that of the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, bryostatin-1 (bryostatin), both containing a pyranose ring adjacent to a gemdimethyl moiety. Peloruside is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation. Treatment of different mammalian cell lines with peloruside for 48-96 h gave IC50 values ranging from 4 to 15 nM, using the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) cell proliferation assay. Peloruside was shown to be both cytostatic and cytotoxic by trypan blue dye exclusion tests. Peloruside induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in murine (32D) and human (HL-60) myeloid cell lines, revealed by DNA laddering in agarose gels and flow cytometric analysis of annexin-V- and propidium iodide-stained cells. Treatment of HL-60 cells caused vacuolisation, partial substrate adherence, and the appearance of multi-lobed nuclei, suggesting the induction of a differentiation pathway. Vacuolisation was also observed in a human lung cancer cell line (H441). Opening of the pyranose ring of peloruside by sodium borohydride reduction increased the 48 h IC50 value by 26-fold in 32D cells, suggesting a similar active site to that proposed for bryostatin. However, unlike bryostatin, peloruside failed to bind to PKC in HL-60 cells and was unable to synergize with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, or with interleukin-2, to activate T-lymphocytes in culture. In summary, although structurally similar to bryostatin, peloruside is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, has apoptosis-inducing properties and has a unique mode of action independent of PKC.
Auctions: The Social Construction of Value. (1990)

Long the preferred method of exchange for antiques and horseflesh, auctions are used today to sell everything from bestselling books to real estate, government bonds to abandoned automobiles. As sociologist Charles Smith reveals, the mechanical law of supply and demand rarely governs the auction process. Rather value is determined by a complex social process combining both the beliefs and actions of the auction participants and the assumptions and practices on the auction floor. Based on years of participation in and observation of different types of auctions and interviews with hundreds of auctioneers, Smith gives us not only a theoretical understanding of the auction process but the sights and sounds as well.
Recombinant thyroid peroxidase-specific autoantibodies. II. Role of individual heavy and light chains in determining epitope recognition (1994)

Most thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies in man recognize closely associated epitopes in two domains (A and B) on TPO. These epitopes were defined by recombinant monoclonal human autoantibodies expressed as antigen-binding fragments [F(ab)]. Only five heavy (H) and light (L) chain gene combinations encoded 34 F(ab), all of which have high affinity (Kd, approximately 10(-10) M) for TPO. We, therefore, investigated the roles of H and L chain genes in TPO domain recognition in two ways. First, we created hybrid F(ab) by forced recombination of H and L chain genes from 4 F(ab) recognizing the A or B domains. These hybrid F(ab) proteins, expressed in bacteria, bound extremely poorly (or not at all) to TPO, even at concentrations more than 100-fold higher than those required for detection of TPO binding by the original F(ab). Nucleotide sequencing of the cDNA as well as gel electrophoresis of the expressed proteins confirmed that poor hybrid F(ab) binding to TPO was not the result of cloning artifacts. Therefore, contrary to prevailing views on combinatorial libraries, we found no tolerance for H and L chain cross-combinations in high affinity TPO binding. These observations strengthen the likelihood that the H and L chain combinations from combinatorial libraries reflect those of TPO autoantibodies in vivo. In a second approach to examine the roles of H and L chains in TPO binding, we focused on three original F(ab) with similar L chains (encoded by KL012-like germline genes) and similar H chains (encoded by V1-3B-like germline genes), but different diversity (D) regions. All F(ab) bound predominantly to TPO domain A, as observed previously for a F(ab) with a KL012 L chain and a different H chain. Conversely, a F(ab) with a V1-3B-like H chain but a different L chain (A') bound to TPO domain B. These data indicate that the L chain plays a major role in defining TPO epitope recognition.
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. XI. Phosphamidase studies. I. Unsubstituted amides (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphorus-nitrogen compounds. XI. Phosphamidase studies. I. Unsubstituted amidesLindley A. CatesCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1970, 13, 2, 301–302Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00296a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00296a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Exploiting the Conditional Density in Estimating the Term Structure: An Application to the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross Model (1994)

ABSTRACT We propose an empirical method that utilizes the conditional density of the state variables to estimate and test a term structure model with known price formulae, using data on both discount and coupon bonds. The method is applied to an extension of a two‐factor model due to Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985 ; CIR). Our results show that estimates based on only bills imply unreasonably large price errors for longer maturities. We reject the original CIR model using a likelihood ratio test, and conclude that the extended CIR model also fails to provide a good description of the Treasury market.
Use of Verapamil for the Symptomatic Treatment of Microscopic Colitis (2001)

This therapy was convenient and well tolerated.
Cloning and Expression of a Single-Chain Antibody Fragment Specific for a Monomorphic Determinant of Class I Molecules of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (1995)

B9.12.1 is a monoclonal antibody specific for a monomorphic determinant of human MHC class I molecules. It is currently used for cell typing and is useful for targeting infection of human cells by murine ecotropic retroviruses. We have cloned and expressed it in the form of a single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) that recognizes the same epitope as the parental antibody. Through genetic engineering, this ScFv may be used for developing new cell-typing probes and new retroviral targeting approaches.
Synthesis and identification of proposed biosynthetic intermediates of saxitoxin in the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis (TA04) and the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Axat-2) (2014)

Here, we describe the synthesis of the genetically predicted biosynthetic intermediates of the neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX) (1), 2, 6 and 7, and identification of 2 and 6 in toxin-producing microorganisms. This is the first chemical evidence supporting the genetically predicted biosynthetic route toward 1.
Effects of a water‐soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose/insulin concentrations in KK mice (2002)

FXM, a natural extract obtained from maitake mushroom, favourably influences glucose/insulin metabolism in insulin-resistant KK mice. The lowering of both circulating glucose and insulin concentrations suggests that FXM works primarily by enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity.
Route Planning for Automatic Indoor Driving of Smart Cars (2020)

While various types of traffic navigation maps play an important role in our life, the complex layout of large number of buildings in the city makes it difficult for people to find destinations and walking routes indoors. Since GPS does not work very accurately inside the buildings, for indoor navigation problem we still have to depend on the traditional front desk human resource consultation. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has made it possible for smart car navigation instead of the manual consultation. Not only that, smart cars can even handle short-distance goods transportation. Combining indoor positioning technology with different video signals or any other non-GPS satellite positioning technology for directing the smart car to the designated position is a hot research direction these days. In this paper, we mainly study the realization and application of a smart car in the indoor automated driving system. Our proposed smart car, built using the Raspberry Pi 3, uses a series of famous path planning algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm, Best priority search and A*(A star) algorithm to plan the driving path of the car's automatic driving. Finally, the real-time obstacle avoidance function is also realized by using ultrasonic ranging, infrared ranging and pan-tilt camera. Several experiments were conducted to compare the efficiency of using different path finding algorithms and the results of using infrared ranging and ultrasonic ranging during obstacle avoidance.
A Rotationally-Invariant Convolution Module by Feature Map Back-Rotation (2018)

Despite breakthroughs in image classification due to the evolution of deep learning and, in particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), state-of-the-art models only possess a very limited amount of rotational invariance. Known workarounds include artificial rotations of the training data or ensemble approaches, where several models are evaluated. These approaches either increase the workload of the training or inflate the number of parameters. Further approaches add rotational invariance by globally pooling over rotationally equivariant features. Instead, we propose to incorporate rotational invariance into the feature-extraction part of the CNN directly. This allows to train on unrotated data and perform well on a rotated test set. We use rotational convolutions and introduce a rotational pooling layer that performs a pooling over the back-rotated output feature maps. We show that when training on the original, unrotated MNIST training dataset, but evaluating on rotations of the MNIST test dataset, the error rate can be reduced substantially from 58.20% to 12.20%. Similar results are shown for the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets.
Transformer Inrush Current Reduction by Power Frequency Low Voltage Signal Injection to the Tertiary Winding (2007)

When transformers are energized under no-load or lightly loaded condition, inrush currents may flow in the primary circuit. These currents are high-magnitude, harmonic-rich currents generated when transformer cores are driven into saturation. Inrush currents have an adverse effect on the security and stability of power systems. In this paper, a new simple and efficient technique for inrush current reduction is proposed. It is based on injecting a low voltage power frequency signal into the tertiary winding, thus arresting the core flux entering into deep saturation. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is established both through computer simulations and laboratory experiments. The investigations indicate that the method reduces magnetizing inrush currents significantly.
A unified design methodology for CMOS tapered buffers (1995)

In this paper, the various disparate approaches to CMOS tapered buffer design are unified into an integrated design methodology. Circuit speed, power dissipation, physical area, and system reliability are the four performance criteria of concern in tapered buffers, and each places a separate, often conflicting, constraint on the design of a tapered buffer. Enhanced short-channel tapered buffer design equations are presented for propagation delay and power dissipation, as well as a new split-capacitor model of hot-carrier reliability of tapered buffers and a two-component physical area model. Each performance criterion is individually investigated and analyzed with respect to the number of stages and tapering factor, and the interaction of the four criteria is examined to develop both a qualitative and a quantitative understanding of the various design tradeoffs. The creation of process dependent look-up tables for optimal buffer design is described, and a methodology to apply these look-up tables to application-specific tapered buffers for both unconstrained and constrained systems is developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy and its combination with an orientation-independent polarization system (2008)

We describe a combined orientation-independent differential interference contrast OI-DIC and polarization microscope and its biological applications. Several conventional DIC images were recorded with the specimen oriented in different directions followed by digital alignment and processing of the images. Then the obtained images are used for computation of the phase gradient magnitude and azimuth distribution and, further, the phase image. The OI-DIC images were obtained using optics having numerical aperture (NA) 1.4, thus achieving a level of resolution not previously achieved with phase contrast or interference microscope. The combined system yields two complementary phase images of thin optical sections of the specimen: distribution of refractive index and distribution of birefringence due to anisotropy of the cell structure. For instance, in a live dividing cell, the OI-DIC image clearly shows the detailed shape of the chromosomes, while the polarization image quantitatively depicts the distribution of birefringent microtubules in the spindle, both without any need for staining or other modifications of the cell. We present pseudo-color combined images of a crane fly spermatocyte at diakinesis and metaphase of meiosis I. Those images provide clear evidence that the proposed technique can reveal fine architecture and molecular organization in live cells without perturbation associated with staining or fluorescent labeling.
Chlorine trifluoride dioxide. Vibrational spectrum, force constants, and thermodynamic properties (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChlorine trifluoride dioxide. Vibrational spectrum, force constants, and thermodynamic propertiesKarl O. Christie and E. C. CurtisCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1973, 12, 10, 2245–2251Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50128a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50128a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Applications for Surface Engineering Using Atomic Layer Etching - Invited Paper (2016)

Over the course of the past few years, the semiconductor industry has continued to invent and innovate profoundly to adhere to Moore’s Law and Dennard scaling. At each of the technology nodes starting with 45nm, new materials and integration techniques, such as high-K & metal gates, double patterning techniques, and now 3D FinFet / Trigate device geometries are being introduced in order to maintain device performance. This places a large burden on unit process development to accommodate and deliver advanced process capability and is growing the need for the ultimate etch solution: etching with atomic layer precision. Atomic layer etching is a promising path to answer the processing demands of thin high mobility channel devices on the angstrom scale. Self-limiting reactions, discrete reaction & activation steps, or extremely low ion energy etch plasmas are some of the pathways being pursued for precise sub-nanometer material removal. In this invited paper, previously published in SPIE, the ability to achieve atomic layer etch precision is reviewed in detail for a variety of material sets and implementation methods. For a cyclic approach most similar to a reverse ALD scheme, the process window to achieve a truly self-limited atomic layer etch process is identified and the limitations as a function of controlling the adsorption step, the irradiation energy, and the reaction process are examined. Alternative approaches, including processes to enable pseudo-ALE precision, are then introduced and results from their application investigated. While these new plasma-enhanced atomic layer etch (PE-ALE) processes show encouraging results, most patterning applications are best realized by optimizations through discharge chemistry and/or plasma parameters. Significant improvements however were obtained when applying PE-ALE approaches to small pitch patterns. In particular the increased selectivity to OPL seems to offer a potential benefit for patterning high aspect ratio features.
Hypoxia Induces High-Mobility-Group Protein I(Y) and Transcription of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene in Human Vascular Endothelium (1998)

Cyclooxygenases catalyze a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of vascular endothelial prostaglandins. Expression of the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene is increased by hypoxia in human vascular endothelial cells via the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p65 transcription factor, which is necessary but not sufficient to fully induce COX-2 transcription in response to hypoxia. After finding that cytoplasmic NF-kappaB p65 and IkappaBalpha (an inhibitory protein that binds NF-kappaB p65 precursors) levels are not changed by hypoxia, we hypothesized that other factors might play a role in regulating the COX-2 promoter, like the high-mobility-group (HMG) I(Y) family of proteins, which features multiple A.T hooks and is associated with NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation. Nuclear protein obtained from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was supplemented with HMG I(Y) during electrophoretic mobility shift assays using an NF-kappaB-3' element probe. These data suggested that HMG I(Y) proteins interact with NF-kappaB p65 to induce COX-2 promoter activity. We also found that TATA-box DNA demonstrated increased electrophoretic shifting indicative of DNA binding after incubation with either hypoxic HUVEC nuclear protein or normoxic nuclear protein supplemented with HMG I(Y). Transfection of HUVECs with an expression vector containing the COX-2 promoter ligated to HMG I(Y) cDNA demonstrated positive feedback on COX-2 promoter activity in hypoxia. We confirmed that COX-2 is transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia using a nuclear runoff assay. Hypoxia increased steady-state cellular levels of HMG I(Y) mRNA as an early event, corresponding with increases in HMG I(Y) protein. Overexpression of HMG I(Y) was associated in a dose-response relationship with increasing prevalence of the COX-2 protein in hypoxic HUVECs. Furthermore, sense (and antisense) HMG I(Y) overexpression caused stimulation (or inhibition) of COX-2 promoter activity as measured by luciferase reporter gene expression. The physiological significance of these findings was demonstrated by cyclooxygenase-dependent release of prostaglandin E2 by HUVECs in hypoxia. We concluded that hypoxia increases expression of HMG I(Y) proteins while facilitating transactivation of the COX-2 promoter. The HMG I(Y) family of proteins may therefore function as part of a hypoxia-induced enhanceosome that helps to promote transcription of COX-2.
An implementation of the conductor-like screening model of solvation within the Amsterdam density functional package — Part II. COSMO for real solvents (2009)

The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) has been implemented in the Amsterdam density functional program. The surface building routines now allow for finer discretization of the GEPOL-based surfaces, and an additional surface due to Delley has been incorporated. One problem identified is the need for accurate density fitting in the region of the surface points. Another difficulty is the need to explicitly state for which atoms the hydrogen-bonding term applies. We present some vapour–liquid equilibrium curves of binary solvent systems to demonstrate the utility of the method.