gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel rule-based fuzzy inference on mesh-connected systolic arrays (1989)

The authors describe a scheme for performing fuzzy-reasoning and fuzzy-inference operations in parallel on mesh-connected array processors such as the geometric arithmetic parallel processor (GAPP) and the advanced systolic array processor (ASAP). The reasoning mechanism is a general, fuzzy, rule-based inference network. The array is configured into stages, and the scheme operates in a pipeline configuration, where different sets of data move sequentially between the stages. The authors investigated the tradeoff between space and time complexity of the proposed technique and achieved a fast, space-efficient implementation of the approach. Before presenting the proposed system, they review briefly the concepts of inexact reasoning, fuzzy inference, and mesh-connected fine-grain parallel computer architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computational methods in drug discovery (2016)

The process for drug discovery and development is challenging, time consuming and expensive. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) tools can act as a virtual shortcut, assisting in the expedition of this long process and potentially reducing the cost of research and development. Today CADD has become an effective and indispensable tool in therapeutic development. The human genome project has made available a substantial amount of sequence data that can be used in various drug discovery projects. Additionally, increasing knowledge of biological structures, as well as increasing computer power have made it possible to use computational methods effectively in various phases of the drug discovery and development pipeline. The importance of in silico tools is greater than ever before and has advanced pharmaceutical research. Here we present an overview of computational methods used in different facets of drug discovery and highlight some of the recent successes. In this review, both structure-based and ligand-based drug discovery methods are discussed. Advances in virtual high-throughput screening, protein structure prediction methods, protein-ligand docking, pharmacophore modeling and QSAR techniques are reviewed.
Wave Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides with Symmetrically Placed Tapered Ridges (1984)

This paper is concerned with the determination of the cutoff wavelength and field components of the dominant TE mode propagating in rectangular waveguides with single- and double-tapered ridges placed symmetrically about the guide axis. The tapering is in the direction of wave propagation. Evaluations of cutoff wavelength and of values of field components along the central axis are carried out. Different configurations of tapered-ridges are investigated. Curves of cutoff wavelength and field components of the dominant TE mode are plotted as a function of position along the axis, with the tapering angle as a variable parameter. The field components are determined for a generated frequency of 2.45 GHz. The illustrated data are quite useful in designing ridge waveguide applicators of microwave heating and drying systems.
An Optoelectronic Sensor for Monitoring Small Movements in Insects (2001)

Optical movement detectors are often used in laboratory studies of insect behavior. They offer advantages of time resolution and ease of analysis compared with video. However, design and construction have rarely been described in enough detail to allow the devices to be built easily by others. We describe a simple optoelectronic system for measuring rapid movements in one dimension, such as the protraction of an insect leg. The leg casts a bar-shaped shadow onto a photodiode chip that is masked to expose a triangular area. Movement of the leg changes the total area of the triangle that is shaded. A preamplifier converts the change in photoelectric current to a voltage signal. The preamplifier includes an optional circuit for removing 120 Hz ripple resulting from AC-powered light sources by subtracting the output of a second, reference photodiode. We have used the system to quantify leg movements in an acoustic startle response of a field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus LeGuillou). This system could be adapted for a wide range of other applications in laboratory and field research.
Bloom syndrome protein restrains innate immune sensing of micronuclei by cGAS (2019)

Cellular innate immune sensors of DNA are essential for host defense against invading pathogens. However, the presence of self-DNA inside cells poses a risk of triggering unchecked immune responses. The mechanisms limiting induction of inflammation by self-DNA are poorly understood. BLM RecQ-like helicase is essential for genome integrity and is deficient in Bloom syndrome (BS), a rare genetic disease characterized by genome instability, accumulation of micronuclei, susceptibility to cancer, and immunodeficiency. Here, we show that BLM-deficient fibroblasts show constitutive up-regulation of inflammatory interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, which is mediated by the cGAS-STING-IRF3 cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Increased DNA damage or down-regulation of the cytoplasmic exonuclease TREX1 enhances ISG expression in BLM-deficient fibroblasts. cGAS-containing cytoplasmic micronuclei are increased in BS cells. Finally, BS patients demonstrate elevated ISG expression in peripheral blood. These results reveal that BLM limits ISG induction, thus connecting DNA damage to cellular innate immune response, which may contribute to human pathogenesis.
SPOT REGION OF INTEREST IMAGING: A NOVEL FUNCTIONALITY AIMED AT X-RAY DOSE REDUCTION IN NEUROINTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES (2019)

Spot ROI is a promising dose-saving technology that can be applied in fluoroscopy and acquisition. The biggest benefit of Spot ROI is its ability to keep the entire FOV information always visible.
Study of Network Security Situation Assessment Based on NetFlow Technology (2011)

In allusion to the current situation of network security assessment which is hard to be quantified,a network security situation assessment model based on NetFlow is proposed after considering many factors that affect network security.Proceeding from the attacks to network services,the hierarchical assessment strategy was adopted,and the risk value of each service,the host security index and defense index were obtained by model through the quantization calculation of different threatening elements.Meanwhile the problem mentioned above was solved and the evaluation of the security situation for the entire network was realized.Two comparative results are offered according to a simulation experiment.The results show that the method to consider the defense index can better reflect the network security situation and assist the security administrator to make correct decisions.
An Experimental Study of the Congestion Control of Packet CommunicationNetworks (1980)

An experimental study was conducted using a network simulator to investigate the performance of packet communication networks as a function of: the network resource capacities (channels, buffers), the network load (number of virtual channels, virtual channel loads), protocols (flow control, congestion control, routing) and protocol parameters (virtual channel window size, input buffer limits). Performance characteristics are shown and the design of input buffer limits for network congestion control, virtual channel window size and nodal buffer capacity addressed. Network design strategies for the control of load fluctuations are proposed and discussed. 1.
Distributing internet services to the network's edge (2003)

In the context of industrial information technology, the Internet and World Wide Web increasingly are seen as a solution to the problem of providing "anywhere, anytime" services. In the classical view of an Internet-enabled IT infrastructure, services are requested and consumed by a user (e.g., a human requesting plant production data from his or her desktop) and data are provided by an origin server (e.g., a Web server located in a plant that can authenticate users, implement encryption, serve data, and source multimedia streams). This rather simplistic view works well if the number of users is small, the complexity of services required is modest, and the real-time response requirements are lax. However, it fails to scale when one accounts for the complexities of modern networking: many simultaneous users, potentially operating in multiple languages; many complex data types, including incompatible display formats; many differing schemes for implementing privacy and security through many combinations of authentication and encryption. In this paper we propose an alternative-a client/edge server/origin server architecture that can distribute some complex data processing and device interface tasks to a network edge device, the NetEdge. We show how this device can support services thought to be useful to the industrial environment, such as language translation, image transcoding, access device adaptation, virus scanning, content assembly, local content insertion, and caching. The proposal is a win-win situation for all participants: industrial content providers need maintain only one copy of their content, yet consumers are provided with richer services and device-independent interfaces. Although the services provided define the utility of the product, the heart of the NetEdge is its rule engine. Rules specify which service requests, crossing specified processing points, invoke which service callouts. We explore how a proxylet interface connects the rule engine, through Java and C APIs, to the callout engine. We close with performance measurements of the NetEdge throughput and latency characteristics.
Inheritance of Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat Cultivars Used to Differentiate Races of<i>Puccinia striiformis</i>in North America (1992)

Inheritance of stripe rust resistance in 13 wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis in North America was determined using nine North American races of the pathogen. The differential cultivars, which were resistant to specific races, were crossed with cultivars susceptible to the specific races. We found that Lemhi, Chinese 166, Riebesel 47/51, and Tyee each have a single resistance gene; Heines VII, Moro, Druchamp, Produra, Stephens, Lee, and Fielder each have two resistance genes; and Paha and Yamhill each have three resistance genes (...)
Optical heterodyne polarimeter for measuring the chiral parameter and the circular refraction indices of optical activity (1993)

A double-loop optical heterodyne polarized interferometer is set up to measure the optical rotation power and the circular refraction indices of optical activity. The system accuracy in the measurement of both the rotation angle and the chiral parameter is 10(-4) within the +/-2 degrees phase detection sensitivity of the system. The circular refraction indices of quartz activity were successfully demonstrated.
An electromyographic study of elbow motion during postexercise muscle soreness (1985)

Postexercise muscle soreness was induced in the elbow flexors of human volunteer subjects through the use of a regimen of eccentric contractions. Physical examination before and 48 h after the exercise included measurements of range of elbow motion at the elbow and of arm diameter. Electromyographic (EMG) observations, utilizing fine wire electrodes introduced into each of the elbow flexors, were carried out before and 48 h after the exercise. These observations included resting EMG levels, EMG activity under various isometric loads, and activity during active and passive extensions. The soreness induced was accompanied by a reduction in resting elbow angle while the subjects stood with arms relaxed at their sides, decreased range of both flexion and extension of the elbow, and swelling of the arm. EMG measurements showed no increase in EMG activity as the sore arms were extended passively at the elbow, indicating that the extra resistance to extension associated with the soreness was not a result of stretch receptor-induced activity in the flexors. The results rule out the possibility that neuromuscular activity is responsible for the restriction of motion and are consistent with the idea that edematous changes within the perimuscular connective tissue alter the elastic behavior of the muscles and cause restriction of motion.
PTEN in liver diseases and cancer (2010)

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt axis is a key signal transduction node that regulates crucial cellular functions, including insulin and other growth factors signaling, lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as cell survival and apoptosis. In this pathway, PTEN acts as a phosphoinositide phosphatase, which terminates PI3K-propagated signaling by dephosphorylating PtdIns(3,4)P(2) and PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3). However, the role of PTEN does not appear to be restricted only to PI3K signaling antagonism, and new functions have been recently discovered for this protein. In addition to the well-established role of PTEN as a tumor suppressor, increasing evidence now suggests that a dysregulated PTEN expression and/or activity is also linked to the development of several hepatic pathologies. Dysregulated PTEN expression/activity is observed with obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus infections, and abusive alcohol consumption, whereas mutations/deletions have also been associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it appears that alterations of PTEN expression and activity in hepatocytes are common and recurrent molecular events associated with liver disorders of various etiologies. These recent findings suggest that PTEN might represent a potential common therapeutic target for a number of liver pathologies.
Increased IgG molecules bound to the surface of red blood cells of patients with sickle cell anemia (1984)

We have used the complement-fixing antibody consumption ( CFAC ) test to detect small concentrations of IgG on red blood cells from patients with hemolytic anemias that are not thought to be caused by an immune mechanism. Although patients with hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and mechanical hemolytic anemias generally had normal concentrations of IgG bound to their red cells (less than 25 molecules IgG per red cell), we found that 39/62 (63%) patients with sickle cell anemia had elevated values. These 39 patients had a mean of 195 and a maximum of 890 molecules of IgG per red cell. None of the patients had been transfused within the previous 90 days, and some had never been transfused. Direct antiglobulin tests were positive in only two instances and autoantibodies were not found in the serum of any patient. However, eluates from the red cells of 6 of 23 patients demonstrated antibody activity against all of a panel of normal red cells by the indirect antiglobulin test. There was no correlation between the number of IgG molecules on patients' red cells and the severity of their anemia, the incidence of painful sickle cell crises, the reticulocyte count, or with blood transfusion history. We conclude that further study of immunohematologic abnormalities in patients with sickle cell anemia is warranted, especially in view of previous reports in this population of patients with red cell autoantibodies, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic transfusion reactions without detectable alloantibodies, and an association of some episodes of pain crises with immunologically mediated red cell destruction.
Riboflavin deficiency and preeclampsia (2000)

Riboflavin deficiency should be considered a possible risk factor for preeclampsia. Insufficient concentrations of the riboflavin-derived cofactors flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine mononucleotide could contribute to the established pathophysiologic changes including mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced oxidative stress, and disturbances in nitric oxide release.
Study of a Standardized Taurocholate– Lecithin Powder for Preparing the Biorelevant Media FeSSIF and FaSSIF (2010)

The properties of taurocholate-lecithin powder (SIF Powder) and the biorelevant media FeSSIF and FaSSIF prepared from the powder were investigated using various techniques. The powder is stable and shows no change in the physical or chemical characteristics for at least 12 months in the original container stored at 2-8 C. FeSSIF and FaSSIF were stable with respect to hydrolysis for at least 48 h at 37 C. Oxidation in FeSSIF was detected at a very low level and to an even lower extent in FaSSIF. FaSSIF comprises a complex mixture of colloidal aggregates including rod-like, spherical, disc-like mixed micelles and vesicles. Consistent particle size was achieved by equilibrating the medium at room temperature (RT) after preparation. In comparison, FeSSIF only comprises smaller mixed micelles and requires no equilibration. The dissolution rates of three poorly water-soluble model drugs tested in FaSSIF media differing in average particle size controlled at 30 nm and 50 nm were not statistically different. However, differences in the average particle size can affect visual clarity: FaSSIF is generally slightly opalescent above an average size of approximately 50 nm and appears clear below approximately 50 nm. Challenge tests showed that FaSSIF is more susceptible to microbial spoilage than FeSSIF. Reproducible FeSSIF and FaSSIF can be made conveniently from the powder by employing standard preparation methods at RT.
Revisiting the long-chain branch formation mechanism in metallocene catalyzed polyethylenes (2013)

The effect of polymerization parameters, such as pressure (ethylene concentration), temperature and comonomer type and concentration, on several long-chain branched (LCB) ethylene homopolymers and ethylene/α-olefin copolymers was investigated with respect to their degree of long-chain branching. Common long-chain branched metallocene polyethylenes (LCB-mPEs) and comb-like LCB-PEs, which have high viscosity and significantly differ from conventional LCB-mPEs, have been used to evaluate different proposed mechanisms for LCB-formation based on available characterization methods. The correlations between polymerization parameters and degree of long-chain branching were compared with the correlations predicted by different formation mechanisms (intermolecular auto-copolymerization by re-incorporation of β-hydride terminated chains, intramolecular insertion of stored vinyl terminated chains, chain walking and σ-bond metathesis reactions) to elucidate which of these mechanisms is the correct one. The intermolecular auto-copolymerization mechanism was found to be the predominant mechanism behind LCB-formation in slurry phase polymerization. However, σ-bond metathesis reactions cannot be entirely ignored.
评《自由选择》一书 (1980)

弗里德曼教授和他的夫人合著的《自由选择》一书,是继J·加尔布雷斯的《不确定的时代》之后出版的一本针锋相对的著作。加尔布雷斯教授常常注意市场体制的缺陷,而弗里德曼夫妇却赞扬市场体制的成功之处和优点所在。作者力图引用亚当·斯密和托马斯·杰佛逊的话作依据,认为,“经济自由是政治自由的必要条件。”弗里德曼夫妇对价格体制发挥的重要作用大加赞赏。在经济学家中间,无论其思想观点如何,都很少有人对价格体制的优点提出异议。只有一些“狂人”会认为,一种复杂的社会秩序能够取代价格体制的作用。至于价格体制在大公司和商品供应垄断时期的效能如何,却产
From Micromolar to Nanomolar Affinity:  A Systematic Approach To Identify the Binding Site of CGRP at the Human Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide 1 Receptor (1998)

CGRP Y0-28-37 is known as a selective CGRP1 receptor antagonist. In order to elucidate the essential requirements for its receptor interaction, we performed a variety of systematic approaches by modifying the C-terminal segments CGRP Y0-28-37 and CGRP 27-37. N-Terminal and C-terminal segments have been synthesized, as well as chimeras which combine segments of CGRP, adrenomedullin, and amylin. Furthermore, we carried out an Ala scan, a Phe scan, a D-amino acid scan and a Pro scan of CGRP 27-37. Additionally, single amino acids were replaced by those with similar biophysical properties. Receptor binding studies of all analogs were performed at human neuroblastoma cells SK-N-MC, which selectively express the hCGRP1 receptor. On the basis of the obtained results, we synthesized a series of ligands with multiple amino acid replacements in order to optimize the exchange at each position. This approach yielded to a series of high affinity ligands, including [D31,P34,F35] CGRP 27-37 which exhibits a 100-fold increased affinity compared to the unmodified segment. So far, this is the smallest CGRP analog that shows affinity in the nanomolar range.
Green high-power tunable external-cavity GaN diode laser at 515  nm (2016)

A 480 mW green tunable diode laser system is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. The laser system is based on a GaN broad-area diode laser and Littrow external-cavity feedback. The green laser system is operated in two modes by switching the polarization direction of the laser beam incident on the grating. When the laser beam is p-polarized, an output power of 50 mW with a tunable range of 9.2 nm is achieved. When the laser beam is s-polarized, an output power of 480 mW with a tunable range of 2.1 nm is obtained. This constitutes the highest output power from a tunable green diode laser system.
Sialidase Assay by Luminescence in the Low Picomole-Range of Sialic Acid. Its Application to the Measurement of this Activity in Influenza Virus (1984)

A new procedure for a sialidase assay, by bioluminescence, has been developed. The substrate, N- acetylneuraminyllactose (sialyllactose), hydrolysed by the sialidase activity, releases lactose. This lactose is hydrolysed with beta-galactosidase. The released galactose is oxidized with galactose dehydrogenase and NAD. The NADH produced in the last step is measured by a luminescence system, coupling two enzymes, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (FMN) and luciferase. This microassay, which is specific, rapid, simple and ultra-sensitive, is a measure for amounts as little as (at least) 5 pmol of N-acetylneuraminic acid (corresponding to 0.15 ng of the released sialic acid). It uses commercialized reagents (non-radioisotopic) and avoids interferences common in other procedures. This method has been used for measuring sialidase activity directly on intact virus, avoiding inconvenient modifications produced in the extraction of the enzyme. The specific activity of sialidase of influenza virus X31 (H3N2), determined by this procedure, is 0.65 U/mg of total virus protein.
Experimental induction of cerebral aneurysms in monkeys (1987)

Saccular cerebral aneurysms were successfully induced in two monkeys treated with ligation of the common carotid artery, experimental hypertension, and beta-aminopropionitrile feeding. The cerebral aneurysms developed on the large arteries at the base of the brain, such as the anterior communicating artery and the internal carotid artery at the origin of the posterior communicating artery. Because of the similarity of the monkey to man as a species, the present results strongly suggest the significance of postnatal aggravating factors in the development of cerebral aneurysms in man.
Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions. 4. Estimation of the Demulsifier Surfactant Performance To Destabilize the Asphaltenes Effect (2011)

Surfactant molecules are tested as water-in-crude emulsion breakers to attain the quickest separation rate in the so-called “proportional regime”. A concept of demulsifier performance is proposed on the basis of the required demulsifier concentration to offset the effect of a given amount of asphaltenes. The experimental evidence allows one to rank the tested products and relate their performance to their hydrophilicity and molecular weight. Some evidence indicates that the presence of acids in the crude makes it easier to break emulsions and suggests that so-called “extended surfactants” can significantly shorten the demulsifying process.
External Work (1990)

Work on the outside of building will, at some time, need to be carried out from a scaffold. On houses, you can expect to find a scaffold has already been erected for you, by the builder. Do not take it for granted that the scaffold has been left in a safe condition.