gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Study of Low-k SiCOH TDDB Phenomena and Its Reliability Lifetime Model Development (2006)

In the course of Cu/low-k technology development and qualification, low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is rapidly becoming one of the most important reliability issues. In order to accurately predict low-k TDDB reliability, it is crucial to clarify the electric field dependence and temperature dependence of time-to-breakdown. In this study, bias-temperature stresses of CVD low-k SiCOH dielectric at the 65nm technology node were conducted over a wide range of fields and temperatures. Based on the extensive long-term test results (longer than one year), it was found that the "square-root of E" (radicE) dependence seems to be the best choice for modeling field dependent TDDB data. It was also determined that the TDDB activation energy is dependent on electric field, and that the field acceleration parameter for the radicE model decreases with increasing temperature. The physical mechanism behind radicE and the role of Cu diffusion during bias-temperature-stress are discussed, and an electron-fluence-driven, Cu-catalyzed SiCOH breakdown model is introduced. Finally, it is emphasized that great care must be taken in evaluating low-k dielectric TDDB when different stress fields and temperatures are used for chip operational lifetime projections
Allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by herpes simplex virus type-1 infection in mice (2000)

Human subjects infected with herpes or varicella-zoster viruses complain of pain, such as allodynia, in or near the region with vesicles. However, the mechanisms of the pain are unclear. We show for the first time that infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice. When HSV-1 was inoculated on the hind paw of the mouse, eruption appeared on the back on day 5 post-inoculation, and zosteriform skin lesions were developed on the inoculated side. Allodynia and hyperalgesia became apparent in the hind paw on the inoculated side on day 5 and persisted until at least day 8. HSV-1 DNA was detected in the dorsal root ganglia from days 2 to 8 post-inoculation, with a peak effect on day 5. The application of heat-inactivated HSV-1 induced no allodynia, hyperalgesia and skin lesion. When started from days 0 or 2, repeated treatment with acyclovir, anti-HSV-1 agent, inhibited the appearance of allodynia, hyperalgesia, eruption and the viral proliferation in the dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, when started from days 5 or 6, acyclovir treatment slightly inhibited the development of skin lesions and the viral proliferation, but not allodynia and hyperalgesia. These results suggest that the propagation of HSV-1 in the dorsal root ganglia produces allodynia and hyperalgesia as a result of functional abnormality of the sensory neurons in mice. This may be a useful model for studying the mechanisms of herpetic pain.
BETAINE AS AN EFFECTIVE ACID CAPTOR: A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXAMIDES (1976)

Abstract The equimolar reactions of carboxylic acids and amines with 1-methyl-2-fluoro or 2-chloropyridinium salt by the successive use of 1 mol of tri-n-butylamine and the betaine, (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-one (I)), afforded the corresponding carboxamides in good yields.
A Variant of Jansky-Bielschowsky Disease (1982)

A series of 18 patients with Jansky-Bielschowsky disease is presented. Two children only showed the classical features of the disorder, whereas the remaining 16 differed from the cases previously published in the following respects. Clinically: later onset of age, early onset of visual failure and an intermediate course of the disease. Neurophysiologically: spikes in response to intermittent stimulation appeared by the age of 7-8 years and disappeared after 11 years. The visual evoked response was extinct at an advanced stage of the disorder. Morphologically: accumulation of cytosomes with curvi-linear and fingerprint profiles in solid tissues, but lymphocytes showed no storage material. Electron microscopy of the lymphocytes revealed nothing abnormal.
Chronic effects of early started angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin AT1-receptor subtype blockade in rats with myocardial infarction: role of bradykinin (1998)

Treatments starting 30 min after coronary artery ligation, with either quinapril or losartan, reduced preload only in rats with large MI. Despite this unloading of the heart, structural dilatation was not prevented by this early treatment. Only quinapril improved cardiac performance and reduced left ventricular weight and this effect was abolished by cotreatment with Hoe-140, suggesting an angiotensin II blockade-independent, but bradykinin potentiation-dependent, mechanism.
Effects of speckle on the range precision of a scanning lidar (1992)

The dynamic speckle generated by a scanning lidar is a major contributor to the range precision for long transmitter pulses, such as those for a linear frequency-modulation-chirp waveform. The linear portion of the speckle-phase variations is automatically compensated, and the range precision is significantly improved, when an upchirp and downchirp pair is transmitted simultaneously, combined with a proper demodulation process. This concept was verified through a laboratory demonstration. The effect of speckle-amplitude variations on the compressed-pulse waveform is also investigated.
Filamentation and restoration of normal growth in Escherichia coli using a combined CRISPRi sgRNA/antisense RNA approach (2018)

CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) using dCas9-sgRNA is a powerful tool for the exploration and manipulation of gene functions. Here we quantify the reversible switching of a central process of the bacterial cell cycle by CRISPRi and an antisense RNA mechanism. Reversible induction of filamentous growth in E. coli has been recently demonstrated by controlling the expression levels of the bacterial cell division proteins FtsZ/FtsA via CRISPRi. If FtsZ falls below a critical level, cells cannot divide. However, the cells remain metabolically active and continue with DNA replication. We surmised that this makes them amenable to an inducible antisense RNA strategy to counteract FtsZ inhibition. We show that both static and inducible thresholds can adjust the characteristics of the switching process. Combining bulk data with single cell measurements, we characterize the efficiency of the switching process. Successful restoration of division is found to occur faster in the presence of antisense sgRNAs than upon simple termination of CRISPRi induction.
Boosting single-thread performance in multi-core systems through fine-grain multi-threading (2009)

Industry has shifted towards multi-core designs as we have hit the memory and power walls. However, single thread performance remains of paramount importance since some applications have limited thread-level parallelism (TLP), and even a small part with limited TLP impose important constraints to the global performance, as explained by Amdahl's law.
Thermal stability of the power SiGe HBT with non-uniform finger length (2008)

A 20-finger power SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with non-uniform emitter finger length is fabricated to improve the thermal stability. For comparison, a SiGe HBT with traditional uniform emitter finger length is also fabricated. The thermal resistance (R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> ) and the regression loci of two types of HBTs at different biases are measured and compared. Experimental results show that the thermal stability of the HBT with non-uniform emitter finger length is always superior to that of the uniform one over a wide biasing range. The ability to improve R <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</inf> is strengthened from low to high collector current. At the same time, the power level for thermal regression is increases by 48.1%. Furthermore, the measurements of two-dimensional temperature profiles in two types of HBTs are performed to directly prove the improvement of the thermal stability and the peak temperature in the device with non-uniform finger length. Because of the decrease in peak temperature and the improvement of thermal stability, power SiGe HBT with non-uniform finer length can operate at higher bias and hence has higher power handling capability.
Retrovirus-induced feline pure red cell aplasia. Hematopoietic progenitors are infected with feline leukemia virus and erythroid burst-forming cells are uniquely sensitive to heterologous complement. (1987)

Feline leukemia virus subgroup C/Sarma (FeLV-C) induces pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) in cats. Just before the onset of anemia, erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E) become undetectable in marrow culture, yet normal frequencies of erythroid burst-forming cells (BFU-E)- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) persist. To determine if erythroid progenitors were uniquely infected with retrovirus, marrow mononuclear cells from cats viremic with FeLV-C were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to gp70 and then analyzed with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Both erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors were among cells sorting positively, suggesting that infection of BFU-E alone did not result in PRCA. The results were confirmed by complement (C') lysis studies using baby rabbit or guinea pig sera as sources of C'. These studies also suggested that BFU-E from cats with PRCA were unusually sensitive to C' alone, without the addition of antibody. In further studies, we demonstrated that C' activation was via the classical pathway and that C' sensitivity was unique to BFU-E and not a property of CFU-E, CFU-GM, or progenitors that were capable of giving rise to BFU-E in suspension culture. As BFU-E from cats viremic with FeLV-A/Glasgow-1 or the Rickard strain of feline leukemia virus were not sensitive to C', this finding may relate to the pathogenesis of feline PRCA. We hypothesize that, in cats viremic with FeLV-C, the abnormal C' sensitivity of BFU-E leads to the absence of CFU-E and anemia.
Inhibitory Effect of Immediate-Type Allergic Reaction by Magnoliac flos (1999)

The mast cell plays a pivotal role in initiating allergic response by secreting intracytoplasmic granular mediators such as histamine. Magnoliae flos has been used for treatment of allergic disease in Korea. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. The present report describes an inhibitory effect of Magnoliae flos on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Topical application of compound 48/80 can induce an ear swelling response in normal() mice but not in the congenic mast cell-deficient mice. Magnoliae flos inhibited concentration-dependently mast cell-dependent ear swelling response induced by compound 48/80 by topical application. Magnoliae flos inhibited concentration-dependently passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE in rats by topical application. Magnoliae flos also inhibited concentration-dependently the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, Magnoliae flos had a significant inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reaction. These results indicate that Magnoliae flos inhibits immediate-type allergic reactions by inhibition of mast cell degranulation in vivo and in vitro.
The effects of trimetazidine on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice (2011)

The effects of trimetazidine, a novel anti-ischemic agent, on the development of oxidative stress induced in mice with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin were investigated. The drug was administered orally once daily at doses of 1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 mg/kg for two days prior to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide E (200 μg/kg) and at time of endotoxin administration. Mice were euthanized 4 h after administration of the lipopolysaccharide. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) concentrations were measured in brain and liver. The administration of lipopolysaccharide increased oxidative stress in both the brain and liver tissue. MDA increased by 33.9 and 107.1 %, GSH decreased by 23.9 and 84.3 % and nitric oxide increased 70.3 and 48.4 % in the brain and liver, respectively. Compared with the lipopolysaccharide control group, brain MDA decreased by 26.2 and 36.7 %, while GSH increased by 18.2 and 25.8 % after the administration of trimetazidine at 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg, respectively. Brain nitric oxide decreased by 45.3, 50.8 and 57.0 % by trimetazidine at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the liver, MDA decreased by 18.7, 30.7 and 49.4 % and GSH increased by 150.3, 204.8 and 335.4 % following trimetazidine administration at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg. Meanwhile, nitric oxide decreased by 17.3 % by 7.2 mg/kg of trimetazidine. These results indicate that administration of trimetazidine in the presence of mild systemic inflammatory response alleviates oxidative stress in the brain and liver.
GITR engagement preferentially enhances proliferation of functionally competent CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (2010)

Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) express high levels of glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR). However, studies of the role of GITR in Treg biology has been complicated by the observation that upon activation effector CD4(+) T (Teff) cells also express the receptor. Here, we dissect the contribution of GITR-induced signaling networks in the expansion and function of FoxP3(+) Treg. We demonstrate that a high-affinity soluble Fc-GITR-L dimer, in conjugation with alphaCD3, specifically enhances in vitro proliferation of Treg, which retain their phenotypic markers (CD25 and FoxP3) and their suppressor function, while minimally affecting Teff cells. Furthermore, Fc-GITR-L does not impair Teff susceptibility to suppression, as judged by cocultures employing GITR-deficient and GITR-sufficient CD4(+) T-cell subsets. Notably, this expansion of Treg could also be seen in vivo, by injecting FoxP3-IRES-GFP mice with Fc-GITR-L even in the absence of antigenic stimulation. In order to test the efficacy of these findings therapeutically, we made use of a C3H/HeJ hemophilia B-prone mouse model. The use of liver-targeted human coagulation factor IX (hF.IX) gene therapy in this model has been shown to induce liver toxicity and the subsequent failure of hF.IX expression. Interestingly, injection of Fc-GITR-L into the hemophilia-prone mice that were undergoing liver-targeted hF.IX gene therapy increased the expression of F.IX and reduced the anticoagulation factors. We conclude that GITR engagement enhances Treg proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and that Fc-GITR-L may be a useful tool for in vivo tolerance induction.
A 12-Week, Open Trial of Donepezil Hydrochloride in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Associated Cognitive Impairments (2000)

Cognitive dysfunction occurs in up to 65% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is no effective treatment for the symptoms. The authors conducted a 12-week, open-pilot study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of donepezil HCl administered in patients with MS and cognitive impairment. Seventeen patients at a long-term care facility with Mini-Mental State Examination scores of < or = 25 received 5 mg of donepezil HCl for a 4-week period, followed by 8 weeks of 10 mg of donepezil HCl. Cognitive, neurologic, functional, and behavioral assessments were conducted at baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks. Statistically significant improvement was observed in several cognitive domains including attention, memory, and executive functioning, as well as different aspects of behavior. These data suggest that donepezil HCl merits further study as a potentially viable treatment option for patients with cognitive impairment associated with MS.
Advances in Pressure Swing Adsorption for Gas Separation (2012)

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a well-established gas separation technique in air separation, gas drying, and hydrogen purification separation. Recently, PSA technology has been applied in other areas like methane purification from natural and biogas and has a tremendous potential to expand its utilization. It is known that the adsorbent material employed in a PSA process is extremely important in defining its properties, but it has also been demonstrated that process engineering can improve the performance of PSA units significantly. This paper aims to provide an overview of the fundamentals of PSA process while focusing specifically on different innovative engineering approaches that contributed to continuous improvement of PSA performance.
Statistical model based iterative reconstruction in myocardial CT perfusion: exploitation of the low dimensionality of the spatial-temporal image matrix (2015)

Time-resolved CT imaging methods play an increasingly important role in clinical practice, particularly, in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases. In a time-resolved CT imaging protocol, it is often necessary to irradiate the patients for an extended period of time. As a result, the cumulative radiation dose in these CT applications is often higher than that of the static CT imaging protocols. Therefore, it is important to develop new means of reducing radiation dose for time-resolved CT imaging. In this paper, we present a novel statistical model based iterative reconstruction method that enables the reconstruction of low noise time-resolved CT images at low radiation exposure levels. Unlike other well known statistical reconstruction methods, this new method primarily exploits the intrinsic low dimensionality of time-resolved CT images to regularize the reconstruction. Numerical simulations were used to validate the proposed method.
Evolution, Detection and Analysis of Malware for Smart Devices (2013)

Smart devices equipped with powerful sensing, computing and networking capabilities have proliferated lately, ranging from popular smartphones and tablets to Internet appliances, smart TVs, and others that will soon appear (e.g., watches, glasses, and clothes). One key feature of such devices is their ability to incorporate third-party apps from a variety of markets. This poses strong security and privacy issues to users and infrastructure operators, particularly through software of malicious (or dubious) nature that can easily get access to the services provided by the device and collect sensory data and personal information. Malware in current smart devices -mostly smartphones and tablets- have rocketed in the last few years, in some cases supported by sophisticated techniques purposely designed to overcome security architectures currently in use by such devices. Even though important advances have been made on malware detection in traditional personal computers during the last decades, adopting and adapting those techniques to smart devices is a challenging problem. For example, power consumption is one major constraint that makes unaffordable to run traditional detection engines on the device, while externalized (i.e., cloud-based) techniques rise many privacy concerns. This article examines the problem of malware in smart devices and recent progress made in detection techniques. We first present a detailed analysis on how malware has evolved over the last years for the most popular platforms. We identify exhibited behaviors, pursued goals, infection and distribution strategies, etc. and provide numerous examples through case studies of the most relevant specimens. We next survey, classify and discuss efforts made on detecting both malware and other suspicious software (grayware), concentrating on the 20 most relevant techniques proposed between 2010 and 2013. Based on the conclusions extracted from this study, we finally provide constructive discussion on open research problems and areas where we believe that more work is needed.
Design of network access arrangements (1976)

This paper describes the design parameters and the approaches used in the construction of a Network Access Arrangement (NAA). The NAA connects a network node (host) to the communications medium. The details of the design and implementation are presented, along with some rationale for the design choices. The design is biased towards implementation in Large Scale Integration (LSI) , and allows variation in message format and transmission protocol.This freedom is explored in regard to building both ring networks, such as the Distributed Computer System (DCS) [1], and contention nets, such as Ethernet [2]. The NAA will initially be used to implement access to a ring network, similar to the DCS at the University of California, Irvine. This application is examined in detail.
Analysis of Neurons Created from Wild-Type and Alzheimer's Mutation Knock-In Embryonic Stem Cells by a Highly Efficient Differentiation Protocol (2003)

It is impossible to obtain and amplify live neurons from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. To establish the neurons harboring AD abnormality, we constructed mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, in which the AD-causative V642I mutation was introduced to the endogenous amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) gene, in combination with a protocol to efficiently differentiate ES cells into postmitotic neurons without using a cell sorter. By this protocol, ES cells differentiated into >90% of the central type of adult postmitotic neurons. Neurons derived from V642I–APP knock-in ES cells were indistinguishable from wild-type ES-derived neurons, as determined by the expression of various markers for neuronal differentiation. Notably, V642I–APP knock-in ES cell-derived neurons exhibited significantly increased secretion of Aβ42 without AD-related hyperphosphorylation of tau, indicating that the direct output of the AD-causative mutation is increased Aβ42 secretion. In this study, we analyze created neurons with wild-type and AD genotypes and propose a new strategy for generating neurons for any dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases. The strategy can be applied to create human neurons with AD or any other neurodegenerative disease by using human ES cells.
Solution Processing and Resist‐Free Nanoimprint Fabrication of Thin Film Chalcogenide Glass Devices: Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Photonic Integration (2014)

Organic polymer materials are widely credited with extreme versatility for thin film device processing. However, they generally lack the high refractive indices of inorganic semiconductors essential for tight optical confinement in planar integrated photonic circuits. Inorganic–organic hybrid photonic systems overcome these limits by combining both types of materials, although such hybrid integration remains challenging given the vastly different properties of the two types of materials. In this paper, a new approach is used to realize inorganic–organic hybrid photonics using chalcogenide glass (ChG) materials. Known as an amorphous semiconductor, the glass possesses high refractive indices, and can be prepared in a thin film form through solution deposition and patterned via direct thermal nanoimprinting, processing methods traditionally exclusive to polymer materials only. Sub‐micrometer waveguides, microring resonators, and diffraction gratings fabricated from solution processed (SP) ChG films can be monolithically integrated with organic polymer substrates to create mechanically flexible, high‐index‐contrast photonic devices. The resonators exhibit a high quality factor (Q‐factor) of 80 000 near 1550 nm wavelength. Free‐standing, flexible ChG gratings whose diffraction properties can be readily tailored by conformal integration on nonplanar surfaces are also demonstrated.