gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for macrophage‐mediated myelin disruption in an animal model for Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy type 1A (2005)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT 1 A) is the most common inherited neuropathy in humans and is mostly caused by a 1.5-Mb tandem duplication of chromosome 17 comprising the gene for the peripheral myelin protein 22-kDa (PMP 22). Although there are numerous studies on the functional role of PMP 22, the mechanisms of myelin degeneration under PMP 22-overexpression conditions have not yet been fully understood. We have shown previously that in mouse mutants hetero- or homozygously deficient for two other myelin components, P0 and C x 32, respectively, immune cells contribute to the demyelinating neuropathy. To test this possibility for PMP 22 overexpression, we investigated a putative mouse model for CMT 1 A, i.e., the mouse strain C 6 1 mildly overexpressing human PMP 22 in peripheral nerves. Electron microscopic and electrophysiologic investigations revealed that this mouse strain develops pathologic features similar to those found in CMT 1 A patients. A novel finding, however, was the upregulation of CD8- and F4/80-positive lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively, in peripheral nerves. The observation that macrophages enter endoneurial tubes of the mutants and obviously phagocytose morphologically normal myelin strongly suggests that the myelin degeneration is mediated at least partially by these phagocytic cells. By gene array technology and quantitative RT-PCR of peripheral nerve homogenates from PMP 22 mutants, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; cc l2) could be identified as a putative factor to attract or activate macrophages that attack myelin sheaths in this model of CMT 1 A.
Broad gain bandwidth injectorless quantum-cascade lasers with a step well design (2011)

The authors present a broad gain bandwidth injectorless quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with a “short period superlattice” design which provides an equivalent GaInAlAs alloy quantum step well in each active module. Devices employing the proposed step well design demonstrate an ultrabroadband gain spectrum of 480 cm−1 (∼4 μm) around the threshold at room temperature in pulsed mode. The fabricated 30 μm wide and 4 mm long laser shows the lowest room temperature threshold current density of 1.1 kA/cm2 among the broad gain QCLs emitting at similar wavelengths and a high slope efficiency of 1.6 W/A at room temperature in pulsed mode.
Design of single-moded holey fibers with large-mode-area and low bending losses: the significance of the ring-core region (2007)

One of the major trends in optical fiber science is to be able to obtain fibers with large-mode-area (LMA), optimized for various applications such as high power delivery, fiber amplifiers, and fiber lasers. In order to ensure the high beam quality and the ultimate controllability of the damage threshold in the fiber's material, it is required to have a LMA property and of course to operate in a single mode fashion. While the conventional fibers have some difficulties in providing simultaneously LMA, single mode operation, as well as low macro-bending loss characteristics, all-silica holey fibers are highly attractive candidates for realizing LMA single-mode fibers with low bending losses. In this paper, we present a novel type of effectively single-mode holey fibers with effective mode area of about 1400 mum(2), small allowable bending radius as small as 5 cm, good beam quality factor of 1.15, and high confinement losses exceeding 1 dB/m for the higher-order mode at 1.064-mum wavelength.
The effect of solution pH and applied magnetic field on the electrodeposition of thin single-crystal films of cobalt (1964)

Electrodeposition of cobalt from a cobalt sulphate bath on to {001} and {110} copper single crystal surfaces has been carried out for a range of solution pH (1.5 to 4.0). Electron diffraction patterns from the deposits indicate that for solutions with pH <2.4 face-centred β-Co (normally stable above 425°C) was obtained in parallel growth with the face-centred cubic copper substrate. For solutions with pH >2.9 epitaxial growth of the close-packed hexagonal α-Co was observed. In the pH range 2.4 to 2.9 the deposits consisted of varying proportions of hexagonal and cubic phases.
Magnetically assembled carbon nanotube tipped pipettes (2007)

The authors have developed a biological probe at the nanoscale with a magnetic carbon nanotube (mCNT) tip that has the ability to transfer fluids. Fabrication is performed by injection of mCNTs into micropipettes, which are then positioned as probe tips via magnetophoresis, and affixed with polymeric adhesive. In this letter the authors discuss the magnetic fabrication process and demonstrate the versatility of this probe.
Development of a SNP resource and a genetic linkage map for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (2010)

These SNPs represent powerful tools to accelerate the genetic improvement of cod aquaculture. They have been used to build a genetic linkage map that can be applied to quantitative trait locus (QTL) discovery. Since these SNPs were generated from ESTs, they are linked to specific genes. Genes that map within QTL intervals can be prioritized for testing to determine whether they contribute to observed phenotypes.
Appraisal of BiCMOS from circuit voltage and delay time (1990)

The authors present a general appraisal of voltage-dependent speed degradation for three kinds of BiCMOS logic circuits from the viewpoints of (1) essential delays without parasitic capacitances, (2) practical delays with parasitics, (3) full-swing (power to ground) mode operation, and (4) partial-swing operation. The essential delay times of the three circuits are analytically derived and effects of parasitic capacitances are discussed. The degradation of delay time is shown to depend significantly on whether the input signal swings fully or partially. For partial-swing operation, it has been found that an emitter follower circuit with bias diodes is effective. In general, full-swing operation can be achieved by inserting resistors
Comparative studies of the granulopoietic enhancing effects of biosynthetic human insulin‐like growth factors I and II (1993)

The effect of biosynthetic human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II on the in vitro growth of human marrow myeloid progenitors in the presence of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (rhGM-CSF), or interleukin-3 (rhIL-3), was investigated. IGF-I and IGF-II similarly enhanced the growth of myeloid progenitors in cultures stimulated with any of the above hemopoietic regulators. Analysis of colony composition showed an increase in the numbers of granulocyte colonies, but no alteration in the numbers of macrophage or granulocyte/macrophage colonies. IGF-I induced an increase of 62 +/- 16%, 84 +/- 13%, and 107 +/- 18% in granulocyte colony numbers in the presence of G-CSF, GM-CSF, or IL-3, respectively. The values for IGF-II were 66 +/- 13%, 96 +/- 12%, and 91 +/- 12%. Similar enhancement of myeloid colony formation by both peptides was also detected in G-CSF and GM-CSF-stimulated cultures of marrow cells that had been depleted of accessory cells, while neither peptide exerted any effect in the presence of IL-3 in such cultures. The growth-promoting effects of IGF-I and IGF-II were completely abrogated by monoclonal antibodies directed against the IGF-I (Type I) membrane receptor. IGF-I and IGF-II thus appear to exert their effects on human marrow myeloid progenitors via a direct mechanism involving the Type I receptor.
Agonist-Induced Conformational Changes in Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Type I:  Disulfide Cross-Linking and Molecular Modeling Approaches (2005)

The conformational changes at the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane helices 5 and 6 (TMH5 and TMH6) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor type I (TRH-R1) during activation were analyzed by cysteine-scanning mutagenesis followed by disulfide cross-linking and molecular modeling. Sixteen double cysteine mutants were constructed by substitution of one residue at the cytoplasmic end of TMH5 and the other at that of TMH6. The cross-linking experiments indicate that four mutants, Q263C/G212C, Q263C/Y211C, T265C/G212C, and T265C/Y211C, exhibited disulfide bond formation that was sensitive to TRH occupancy. We refined our previous TRH-R1 models by embedding them into a hydrated explicit lipid bilayer. Molecular dynamics simulations of the models, as well as in silico double cysteine models, generated trajectories that were in agreement with experimental results. Our findings suggest that TRH binding induces a separation of the cytoplasmic ends of TMH5 and TMH6 and a rotation of TMH6. These changes likely increase the surface accessible area at the juxtamembrane region of intracellular loop 3 that could promote interactions between G proteins and key residues within the receptor.
Telluric anomalies associated with isolated reefs in the Midland Basin, Texas (1973)

Abstract Strong but irregular positive anomalies, dipole resistivity sounding, E-log analyses, post-reef sediments, two-dimensional modeling
A 7-nm 6R6W Register File With Double-Pumped Read and Write Operations for High-Bandwidth Memory in Machine Learning and CPU Processors (2018)

A 7-nm register file (RF) with a 16-transistor (16T) 3-read and 3-write (3R3W) bitcell double pump or time multiplexes the read and write access ports twice per clock cycle to achieve 6-read and 6-write (6R6W) operations per cycle for high-bandwidth (BW) on-die memory in high-performance machine learning and CPU processors. From silicon test-chip measurements at 0.9 V, the double-pumped (DP) 6R6W RF trades off a 19% lower maximum clock frequency (F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> ) for 2× the number of read and write operations per cycle, resulting in a 62% higher memory BW compared to a conventional single-access (SA) 3R3W RF.
Epigenetic silencing of the <i>MGMT</i> gene in cancer (2005)

Silencing of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, a key to DNA repair, plays a critical role in the development of cancer. The gene product, functioning normally, removes a methyl group from mutagenic O6-methylguanine, which is produced by alkylating agents and can make a mismatched pair with thymine, leading to transition mutation through DNA replication. MGMT is epigenetically silenced in various human tumors. It is well known that DNA hypermethylation at the promoter CpG island plays a pivotal role in the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. MGMT silencing, however, occurs without DNA hypermethylation in some cancer cells. Dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and binding of methyl-CpG binding proteins are common and essential in MGMT-silenced cells. Silencing of MGMT has been shown to be a poor prognostic factor but a good predictive marker for chemotherapy when alkylating agents are used. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the silencing of MGMT and its role in carcinogenesis; epigenetic mechanisms; and clinical implications.
Hypoxia and hyperglycaemia determine why some endometrial tumours fail to respond to metformin (2019)

Understanding the metabolic adaptations of endometrial tumours may identify patients likely to derive clinical benefit from metformin.
The design of an integrated, interactive and incremental programming environment (1982)

We are currently implementing a system to help experienced programmers during the development, implementation and debugging of their programs. This system, built on top of a screen oriented structural editor, offers possibilities of attaching descriptors to every portion of the program and to maintain - simultaneously - different versions of the program being written, including tentative hypothetical versions. It comprises a mecanism to maintain minimal consistency between modified parts of code, the non-modified parts of code and the attached descriptors, as well as an evaluation module functioning in different modes : normal evaluation, symbolic evaluation and checking evaluation.The standard programming aids, such as indexors, pretty printers, trace packages, undo- and history-facilities are generalized to handle the descriptors and unfinished programs as well.
Crosstalk and power penalty due to fiber four-wave mixing in multichannel transmissions (1994)

The influence of fiber four-wave mixing on multichannel transmissions is investigated. We present strict and approximate theoretical treatments for evaluating power penalty with intensity-modulated/direct-detection (IM/DD) and FSK/direct detection. A comparison of calculations shows that both methods yield the same result in the small penalty region. Using these treatments, power penalty and allowable fiber input power are derived for various system conditions. It is shown that the power penalty is not uniquely determined by the crosstalk level for CW lights, depending on the demodulation scheme and channel spacing, especially in the zero-dispersion wavelength region.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
1.16 GHz dual-modulus 1.2 μm CMOS prescaler (2002)

The authors have designed a dual-modulus prescaler dividing either by 8 or 9 in a 1.2 /spl mu/m industrial CMOS process. With the use of advanced dynamic circuit techniques, a maximum frequency of 1.16 GHz has been reached at a supply of 5 V and 9 mA. With a reduced supply voltage of 3 V, operation at up to 654 MHz requiring 3.2-mA supply current is achieved. To simplify testing, a VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator), covering a frequency range of 600 to 1050 MHz, has been included on-chip. Two VCO-prescalar combinations, two isolated prescalers, and a VCO have been designed, integrated, and tested.
Ranking Metrics and Search Guidance for Learning Object Repository (2010)

In line with the popularity of the Internet and the development of search engine, users request information through web-based services. Although general-purpose searching such as one provided by Google is powerful, searching mechanism for specific purposes could rely on metadata. In distance learning (or e-learning), SCORM provides an efficient metadata definition for learning objects to be searched and shared. To facilitate searching in a federated repository, CORDRA provides a common architecture for discovering and sharing Learning Objects. We followed SCORM and CORDRA specifications to develop a registry system, called the MINE Registry, for storing and sharing 20,738 Learning Objects created in the past five years. As a contribution, we propose the concept of “Reusability Tree” to represent the relationships among relevant Learning Objects and enhance CORDRA. We further collect relevant information, while users are utilizing Learning Objects, such as citations and time period persisted. The feedbacks from the user community are also considered as critical elements for evaluating significance degree of Learning Objects. Through theses factors, we propose a mechanism to weight and rank Learning Objects in the MINE Registry, in addition to other external learning objects repositories. As a practical contribution, we provide a tool called “Search Guider” to assist users in finding relevant information in Learning Objects based on individual requirements.
MOOSE FATALITY RESULTING FROM OVEREXTENSION OF RANGE (1972)

A 2-year-old male moose (Alces alces) attempted to winter 500 km north of the tree line, outside of moose range, and died as a result. The dead moose was found in May near the Kazan River at 63°53′N, 95°36′W, Northwest Territories. Analysis of the marrow from the right legs yielded lipid values ranging from 1.12–16.9%. Sedges (Carex sp.) and willow (Salix sp.) were the only components of the rumen contents. Comparison of weather data and the use of wind chill factors and basal metabolic rate demonstrate the physiological improbability of a moose surviving the winter on the open tundra.
A two‐dimensional model of stratospheric chemistry and transport (1981)

A two‐dimensional chemical model of the atmosphere is described. The model includes the major features associated with advanced one‐dimensional models: 30 active chemical species and all the important chemical reactions connecting them, diurnal effects, and Rayleigh scattering. The species are transported and calculated separately, with the exception of the odd oxygen family [O 3 , O( 3 P ), O( 1 D )] and H and N atoms. The transport scheme contains both diffusive and advective terms, with the advective circulation field of Murgatroyd and Singleton (appropriately scaled) used to approximate the Lagrangian mean flow. Comparison of the model predictions with atmospheric observations of long‐lived trace species such as O 3 , N 2 O, CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3 , and CH 4 suggests that the transport parameterization gives a good representation of actual trace species motions. For constituents which are more active or whose chemistry is less well known, the model is a useful diagnostic tool for assessing our current understanding of atmospheric chemistry. A number of significant discrepancies between experiment and theory are highlighted, the most important being in the Cl x and NO y families.
Robust control of a flexible-hull propulsion system (1998)

Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.
Effects of Prostaglandin F2α, lndomethacin, and Estradiol on Ovum Transport and Pregnancy in the Golden Hamster (1980)

The hypothesis that alterations in oviducal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis are responsible for the well known effects of exogenously administered estrogens on ovum transport was tested by various treatments of mated hamsters with PGF2α, indomethacin, or estradiol. The animals were treated in groups of 5–11 hamsters. Autopsy was performed at several intervals on pregnancy Day 2, 3, or 4. Ovum transport was measured by calculating the percentages of ova recovered from oviducts and uteri of hamsters. PGF2α was injected either subcutaneously (s.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) on Day 1 or 2 of pregnancy. Administration of PGF2α s.c. had no effect on normal ovum transport, whereas injections of PGF2α i.p. significantly accelerated this process. More pronounced effects were observed when PGF2α was given on Day 2 than after treatment on Day 1 postcoitum (p.c.). Termination of pregnancy was established when implantation sites were absent on Day 6 p.c. This was observed in 6 of 36 hamsters following s.c. injection of PGF2α on Day 1 or 2 of pregnancy. When equal dosages of the drug were administered by i.p. injection on one of these days, pregnancy terminated in 12 of the 32 animals. In four of six groups of treated hamsters, a significantly lower number of embryos was observed on Day 6 of pregnancy. The s.c. administration of estradiol prior to ovulation caused a complete arrest of oviducal ova on Day 3. Combined treatment with orally administered indomethacin and s.c. injected estradiol did not alter the pattern of tube-locking induced by estrogens alone. Finally, indomethacin administration in the evenings of 3 consecutive days did not change the pattern of normal ovum transport. It is concluded that PGF2α affects ovum transport and pregnancy in the golden hamster when injected i.p. on Day 1 or 2 p.c.
Effects of tamoxifen on the fertility of male rats (1993)

The effects of oral administration of tamoxifen (a synthetic non-steroidal anti-oestrogen) at doses of 40, 200 or 400 micrograms kg-1 day-1 on the circulating concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol, weights of pituitary, testes, secondary sex organs and the fertility of adult male rats were determined. The drug was administered per os daily, for up to 90 days. The fertility of rats treated with tamoxifen for 60, 70, 80 or 90 days was assessed by allowing them to mate with normal female rats of proven fertility. Tamoxifen at 40 micrograms kg-1 day-1 reduced concentrations of testosterone in plasma but had no affect on LH, FSH, prolactin and oestradiol concentrations, and the weights of pituitary, testes, epididymides, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. Tamoxifen at 40 micrograms kg-1 day-1 reduced potency, fecundity, the number of implantation sites, the fertility index and litter size. Tamoxifen at 200 and 400 micrograms kg-1 day-1 reduced the concentrations of LH and testosterone in plasma and the weights of testes and secondary sex organs compared with controls. Tamoxifen at 400 micrograms kg-1 day-1 was most effective in reducing the number of viable pups, the litter size (< or = 1) and the fecundity (20%). The potency of treated rats (a measure of the presence of an ejaculate) was significantly decreased when compared with controls, but copulation was apparently not affected as mated female rats showed a constant dioestrous phase. Histology of the testes revealed disorganization of the cytoarchitecture of the tubules with obliterated lumen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A New Molecular Scaffold for the Formation of Supramolecular Peptide Double Helices:  The Crystallographic Insight (2007)

[structure: see text]. A series of water-soluble synthetic dipeptides (1-3) with an N-terminally located beta-alanine residue, beta-alanyl-l-valine (1), beta-alanyl-l-isoleucine (2), and beta-alanyl-l-phenylalanine (3), form hydrogen-bonded supramolecular double helices with a pitch length of 1 nm, whereas the C-terminally positioned beta-alanine containing dipeptide (4), l-phenylalanyl-beta-alanine, does not form a supramolecular double helical structure. beta-Ala-Xaa (Xaa = Val/Ile/Phe) can be regarded as a new motif for the formation of supramolecular double helical structures in the solid state.
Motion compensated in-band prediction for wavelet-based spatially scalable video coding (2003)

A wavelet-based spatially scalable video coding scheme with in-band prediction is investigated in combination with JPEG 2000 quantization and arithmetic coding. The wavelet decomposition of each frame of the video data is succeeded by the computation of a blockwise motion compensated prediction for the individual subbands. To achieve half-pixel motion vector accuracy, the shift-invariant overcomplete wavelet transform is exploited. Higher accuracy is obtained by additional interpolation of the overcomplete subbands to maintain spatial scalability. A blockwise decision is made between coding of the motion compensated prediction error (inter mode) or the wavelet coefficients (intra mode). The concept of in-band prediction can be easily combined with a conventional intra-frame wavelet coder. In this approach, JPEG 2000 arithmetic coding is applied to the resulting prediction error.