gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence of Fluorescein-Labeled Oligonucleotides Capped on Silver Nanoparticles (2005)

Tiopronin monolayer-protected silver nanoparticles with different core sizes (average diameter = 2, 5, 20 nm) were prepared by using different mole ratios of silver nitrate/tiopronin. Ligands on the silver particles were partially displaced by fluorescein-labeled thiolate single-stranded oligonucleotides or their complementary unlabeled oligonucleotides through ligand exchange. The fluorophores on silver particles showed a surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) dependent on the size of metallic cores. The particles could be coupled through hybridizations of oligonucleotides bound on the particles. The coupled particles were aggregated due to multiple displacements of oligonucleotides on each particle, resulting in stronger SEF. The dye-labeled oligonucleotides were assembled on the silver islands on the solid substrate, and the complementary oligonucleotide-displaced particles were coupled via oligonucleotide hybridization. The couplings between particles and islands resulted in an obvious fluorescence enhancement.
Cube-Root Color Coordinate System (1958)

A visually uniform color coordinate system, based upon simple mathematical formulas, is described. This system resembles the Adams chromatic-value system but replaces the quintic-parabola function with a cube-root function. For colors having reflectances greater than 0.5% the color spacing obtained agrees with Munsell spacing as closely as the modified Adams system. At lower reflectances an expanded color spacing over that of the Munsell system is provided. The cube-root equations can be solved directly for color coordinate differences in terms of simple functions of the difference in colorimeter readings or tristimulus values. The computation of color coordinates in this system is simpler and requires less computational precision than other visually uniform color coordinate systems. A simple slide rule for computing color differences in cube-root color coordinates is described. A modification of the cube-root color coordinate system which provides nearly perfect representation of the spacing of Munsell colors is described, and the appropriateness of the assumptions required to obtain this behavior is discussed.
Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the skin surface after ultrasound exposure (1997)

The removal of the stratum corneum and other alterations in hairless mouse and human skin by ultrasound may explain the enhancement of transdermal drug penetration. The effect on human skin was relatively minor compared with that on hairless mouse skin.
Hairpin-Shaped Heterometallic Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes for DNA Intercalative Recognition (2003)

Luminescent Ln-Pt2 metallohairpin complexes have been developed, and their intercalative recognition with DNA has been demonstrated with linear dichroism spectroscopy. The heterotrimetallic complexes were formed in a one-step reaction, by assembly of an aminopolycarboxylate ligand, a platinum terpyridine unit, and the lanthanide salt. The metallohairpin complexes bear a neutral lanthanide moiety and two positively charged platinum-containing intercalating units. The Nd(III) analogues are luminescent in the near infrared, and this near-IR luminescence is retained upon binding to DNA. The DNA recognition was demonstrated by linear dichroism spectroscopy. The linear dichroism spectra suggested that the complexes bind perpendicular to the DNA helical axis, confirming intercalative recognition accompanied by dramatic stiffening of DNA, which suggests bis-intercalation of the complex.
A Thin-Film Transistor Using a Reactive-Ion-Beam-Deposited Polycrystalline Silicon Film (1988)

A thin-film transistor (TFT) has been fabricated at a maximum temperature of 600degC using a reactive ion-beam-deposited polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) film. To improve TFT characteristics, the deposition conditions of polysilicon film have been investigated. It is found that polysilicon film crystallinity can be improved by controlling the energy of ionized species. X-ray diffraction spectra and reflective high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns indicate that (110)-preferred orientation dominates in the film. The deviation of the (110) textured axis becomes very small as ion energy increases. The field effect mobility of TFTs increases as ion energy increases.
Second-Harmonic Light Generation in Crystals with Natural Optical Activity (1968)

Whenever a circularly polarized laser beam propagates along an axis of threefold symmetry in a piezo-electric crystal, the second-harmonic polarization is circularly polarized in the opposite sense. Rabin and Bey have discussed the theory of second-harmonic generation in crystals with natural optical activity. We have observed this circular polarization and also the difference in coherence lengths for opposite senses of circular polarization, with both fundamental and second-harmonic beams propagating along the [111] direction in single crystals of NaCl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and NaBr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, belonging to the cubic class 23, for which the proper eigenmodes are circularly polarized waves. The nonlinear susceptibility of both NaCl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and NaBr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been measured and compared with the nonlinear susceptibility of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-quartz. The relative sign of the susceptibilities has been determined in second-harmonic interference experiments with the same laser beam traversing two crystals in succession. The interesting questions of the sign of the nonlinear susceptibility, piezoelectric constant, optical activity, and the absolute atomic configuration of the antipodes are discussed. The question of conservation of angular momentum is resolved by taking into account the crystal-line-field potential of threefold symmetry, which gives rise to a torque on the crystal lattice.
Metal−Organic Thin-Film Transistor (MOTFT) Based on a Bis(<i>o</i>-diiminobenzosemiquinonate) Nickel(II) Complex (2005)

The semiconducting film based on bis(o-diiminobenzosemiquinonate) nickel(II) complex showed uniaxial orientation structure along the normal to the substrate and good p-type metal-organic thin-film transistor (MOTFT) character.
Integration and Packaging of Embedded Radial Micro-Channels for 3D Chip Cooling (2016)

This paper reports on the integration and packaging of embedded radial micro-channels for 3D chip cooling. A thermal demonstration vehicle (TDV) has been designed, fabricated and assembled. Radial micro-channels based on deep Si etching was integrated with a manifold chip to form a 2-layer chip stack, which has been assembled using a ceramic substrate and a Cu manifold. A test vehicle with an effective critical heat flux of 340 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and uniform cooling has been successfully demonstrated using a dielectric coolant (R1234ze).
A knowledge-based environment for modeling and simulating software engineering processes (1990)

The design and representation schemes used in constructing a prototype computational environment for modeling and simulating multiagent software engineering processes are described. This environment is called the articulator. An overview of the articulator's architecture identifying five principal components is provided. Three of the components, the knowledge metamodel, the software process behavior simulator, and a knowledge base querying mechanism, are detailed and examples are included. The conclusion reiterates what is unique to this approach in applying knowledge engineering techniques to the problems of understanding the statics and dynamics of complex software engineering processes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Learning visually guided grasping: a test case in sensorimotor learning (1998)

We present a general scheme for learning sensorimotor tasks, which allows rapid online learning and generalization of the learned knowledge to unfamiliar objects. The scheme consists of two modules, the first generating candidate actions and the second estimating their quality. Both modules work in an alternating fashion until an action which is expected to provide satisfactory performance is generated, at which point the system executes the action. We developed a method for off-line selection of heuristic strategies and quality predicting features, based on statistical analysis. The usefulness of the scheme was demonstrated in the context of learning visually guided grasping. We consider a system that coordinates a parallel-jaw gripper and a fixed camera. The system learns to estimate grasp quality by learning a function from relevant visual features to the quality. An experimental setup using an AdeptOne manipulator was developed to test the scheme.
Chemically Modified DNA Aptamers Bind Interleukin-6 with High Affinity and Inhibit Signaling by Blocking Its Interaction with Interleukin-6 Receptor (2014)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune and inflammatory responses, and its overproduction is a hallmark of inflammatory diseases. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling with the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab has provided some clinical benefit to patients; however, direct cytokine inhibition may be a more effective option. We used the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process to discover slow off-rate modified aptamers (SOMAmers) with hydrophobic base modifications that inhibit IL-6 signaling in vitro. Two classes of IL-6 SOMAmers were isolated from modified DNA libraries containing 40 random positions and either 5-(N-benzylcarboxamide)-2'-deoxyuridine (Bn-dU) or 5-[N-(1-naphthylmethyl)carboxamide]-2'-deoxyuridine (Nap-dU) replacing dT. These modifications facilitate the high affinity binding interaction with IL-6 and provide resistance against degradation by serum endonucleases. Post-SELEX optimization of one Bn-dU and one Nap-dU SOMAmer led to improvements in IL-6 binding (10-fold) and inhibition activity (greater than 20-fold), resulting in lead SOMAmers with sub-nanomolar affinity (Kd = 0.2 nm) and potency (IC50 = 0.2 nm). Although similar in inhibition properties, the two SOMAmers have unique sequences and different ortholog specificities. Furthermore, these SOMAmers were stable in human serum in vitro for more than 48 h. Both SOMAmers prevented IL-6 signaling by blocking the interaction of IL-6 with its receptor and inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells in vitro as effectively as tocilizumab. This new class of IL-6 inhibitor may be an effective therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from inflammatory diseases.
A 2 V, 600 mA, 1 GHz, BiCMOS super-regenerative receiver (2002)

The high-volume demand for wireless short-distance data exchange components, in applications such as home automation, robotics, computer peripherals or biomedicine, requires an electronic board with a small number of electronic components and an optimized cost for the receiver chip. The use of two batteries implies a 2 to 3.2 V operating voltage and a low-power consumption. Current solutions, generally based on conversion systems, like 0-IF or low-IF receivers, are penalized by power consumption, minimum operating voltage and the number of external components, especially expensive IF filters. This receiver is based on super-regeneration. Due to the simplicity of the circuit, a 2 V, 1.2 mW chip is integrated on a 6 GHz 0.8 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology, the external components being limited to two inductors and one varicap diode for center frequency control.
Connection of optical fibers embedded in aircraft composite components (2000)

This paper describes a manufacturing technique for embedding standard fiber-optic connection hardware in aircraft composite components. Three different concepts for detachable edge connections are presented. Embedding the fiber-optic connection hardware at the edges of the composite components is favorable since it entails easy manufacturing and maintenance. Carbon fiber/epoxy laminates were manufactured with embedded MT-ferrules and FC-ferrules. Using dummies in the manufacturing step solved the difficulty with laminate edge trim, which generally is a problem with edge connectors. The dummies were manufactured by polytetrafluoroethylene and had similar shape and dimensions as the embedded ferrules. The dummies could easily be removed after laminate curing and edge trimming, leaving embedded ferrules at the laminates edges, ready for connection. The manufacturing technique and fiber- optic connection were evaluated by manufacturing and loading a laminate with embedded MT-ferrule and optical fibers with Bragg grating sensors. The fiber-optic connection was confirmed and the strains measured by the Bragg grating sensors were in close agreement with the strains measured by strain gauges.
The duration of phorbol-inducible ErbB2 tyrosine dephosphorylation parallels that of receptor endocytosis rather than threonine-686 phosphorylation: implications for the physiological role of protein kinase C in growth factor receptor signalling (1998)

Tumour cell growth may be accelerated by protein kinase C (PKC) agonists such as phorbol esters and receptor tyrosine kinases, but receptor tyrosine kinases are in turn desensitized to growth factors by PKC agonists. To clarify this apparent PKC bifunctionality, we have used phosphoantibodies to determine the relationship between PKC-dependent phosphorylation events affecting the ErbB2 oncoprotein in G8/DHFR 3T3 cells. Neither the kinetics nor the extent of phorbol-induced juxtamembrane domain (Thr686) phosphorylation vary directly with C-terminal (Tyr1222) dephosphorylation, with Tyr1222 continuing to be dephosphorylated long after Thr686 phosphorylation has also declined. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) mimics the short-term effects of phorbol on Thr686 and Tyr1222 phosphorylation, and confocal microscopy reveals that both of these PKC agonists induce rapid internalization of PKC-modified ErbB2. Phorbol causes sustained cytoplasmic accumulation of PKC-phosphorylated receptors, however, whereas PDGF triggers the appearance of this ErbB2 subset only briefly. Metabolic labelling and co-precipitation studies fail to implicate heterologous molecules in either the tyrosine dephosphorylation or internalization of PKC-modified ErbB2. Taken in the context of earlier juxtamembrane domain mutagenesis studies, these findings indicate that phorbol-activated PKC may desensitize growth factor receptors to extracellular ligands solely by triggering sustained receptor internalization. We submit that PKC-dependent juxtamembrane domain phosphorylation represents a physiological mechanism for shortening the duration and enhancing the specificity of growth factor signalling by promoting internalization of liganded and unliganded receptors, respectively.
The research of acoustic wave non-destructive examination technology for anchoring quality of anchored bolt (2010)

The key factor to the evaluation of bolt performance is its length embedded in cement mortar and the saturation between the bolt and mortar. Therefore, the main task of testing the quality of anchored bolt is to evaluate these two technical specifications. The earlier means of anchoring test is to test the anchor pullout resistance. But there are many flaws in this approach, such as destructive, not fully reflecting the quality of the anchor bolt, the situation for cement mortar to package the reinforced bar can not be detected, and the actual length of anchor can not be detected, too. In view of this, in this paper, the technology of wave nondestructive examination of anchoring quality is employed. This technology determines quickly and accurately the anchor construction conditions, and also reduces the damage to the existing structures. The theoretical basis is the acoustic wave propagation in the anchor. Mortar saturation detection is based on the theory of wave propagation in the bar. It consists of exciting at the exposed end of the bolt, which results in elastic stress wave propagating along the bar and a reflected signal when the medium at the bottom or around the bar changes. We can determine the density of anchor position in cement mortar by the reflected signals from the sensor attached to the end of the steel. From waveform analysis, we can calculate the position of non-dense based on the two adjacent points of reflected wave. While, in the premise of fixed excitation energy, calculation of the mean square root of the amplitude of waveform behind reflex points can determine the density of cement mortar situation. It is proved by theoretical analysis and practical application that this technology is a very effective method for nondestructive testing of bolt.
Investigation of Optimum Operating Range for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-IC Engine Hybrid System (2006)

A system model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and internal combustion (IC) engine is developed. The main load on the system is shared by both the fuel cell and the IC engine. Exhausts from the fuel cell are fed into the IC Engine. The performance of the system is studied at various load conditions depending on the amount of hydrogen injected into the IC engine. The optimum range for operation of the fuel cell and IC engine is studied. Results indicate an improvement in efficiency as compared to a conventional diesel engine of similar configuration. The model gives an indication of amount of dilution required in order to prevent NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> formation and engine knocking.
Factors Affecting Copper Filling Process Within High Aspect Ratio Deep Vias for 3D Chip Stacking (2006)

Through-silicon-via (TSV) copper electrodes can provide shortest-length and highest-density connections with reduced signal delay and power consumption. The issues involved with making TSV processes manufacturable include: (a) via shape and angle control; (b) insulator, barrier, and seed deposition with good conformality and adhesion; (c) void-free via filling with copper; (d) metal removal by CMP; (e) wafer thinning with small total-thickness-variation and with no critical defects; (f) via rerouting in the case of stacking heterogeneous chips; and (g) cost-effective wafer bonding. Copper deposition within high aspect ratio vias is one of the key technologies. We investigated the impacts of varying deposition conditions on the copper filling within a high aspect ratio via (AR > 8). We found that reducing current crowding at the via mouth and mass transfer limitations at the via bottom by optimizing deposition conditions is critical in achieving void-free, bottom-up filling. Bath composition and waveform have a significant influence on the filling profile at a fixed average current density. This study found that the plating bath requires a high metal concentration and a strong super-conformal capability. For a wide range of bath compositions (i. e., inorganic and organic concentrations), pulse reverse waveforms with the proper waveform parameters are required for reducing overhang and assisting bottom-up filling within a high aspect ratio via. With increasing average current density and all other process variables fixed, deposit profiles change significantly, which leads to higher tendency of overhang at the via mouth. This is attributed to current crowding at the via mouth and mass-transfer limitations at the via bottom. With optimized deposition conditions, we demonstrated void-free, bottom-up filling with a variety of via dimensions. Currently we are working on achieving higher filling rates. Initial tests with a modified bath composition showed that we may achieve at least two times faster filling rate with direct current.
On combinatorial design spaces for the configuration design of product families (2001)

For typical optimization problems, the design space of interest is well defined: It is a subset of R n , where n is the number of (continuous) variables. Constraints are often introduced to eliminate infeasible regions of this space from consideration. Many engineering design problems can be formulated as search in such a design space. For configuration design problems, however, the design space is much more difficult to define precisely, particularly when constraints are present. Configuration design spaces are discrete and combinatorial in nature, but not necessarily purely combinatorial, as certain combinations represent infeasible designs. One of our primary design objectives is to drastically reduce the effort to explore large combinatorial design spaces. We believe it is imperative to develop methods for mathematically defining design spaces for configuration design. The purpose of this paper is to outline our approach to defining configuration design spaces for engineering design, with an emphasis on the mathematics of the spaces and their combinations into larger spaces that more completely capture design requirements. Specifically, we introduce design spaces that model physical connectivity, functionality, and assemblability considerations for a representative product family, a class of coffeemakers. Then, we show how these spaces can be combined into a “common” product variety design space. We demonstrate how constraints can be defined and applied to these spaces so that feasible design regions can be directly modeled. Additionally, we explore the topological and combinatorial properties of these spaces. The application of this design space modeling methodology is illustrated using the coffeemaker product family.
CalFluors: A Universal Motif for Fluorogenic Azide Probes across the Visible Spectrum (2015)

Fluorescent bioorthogonal smart probes across the visible spectrum will enable sensitive visualization of metabolically labeled molecules in biological systems. Here we present a unified design, based on the principle of photoinduced electron transfer, to access a panel of highly fluorogenic azide probes that are activated by conversion to the corresponding triazoles via click chemistry. Termed the CalFluors, these probes possess emission maxima that range from green to far red wavelengths, and enable sensitive biomolecule detection under no-wash conditions. We used the CalFluor probes to image various alkyne-labeled biomolecules (glycans, DNA, RNA, and proteins) in cells, developing zebrafish, and mouse brain tissue slices.
Triple‐band GPS trap‐loaded inverted L antenna array (2003)

Abstract Modernization of the GPS system that is currently underway will require future GPS antennas to operate at three separate frequency bands centered around 1176 MHz (L 5 band), 1227 MHz (L 2 band), and 1575 MHz (L 1 band). A compact, low‐profile, right‐hand circularly polarized (RHCP), four‐element antenna array of trap‐loaded inverted L elements, capable of providing good gain coverage at all three frequency bands over the required bandwidth, is described in this paper. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 35–37, 2003