gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Exposure to Low Doses of Bisphenol A Alters the Periductal Stroma and Glandular Cell Function in the Rat Ventral Prostate1 (2001)

Environmental estrogens (xenoestrogens) are chemicals that bind to estrogen receptor, mimic estrogenic actions, and may have adverse effects on both human and wildlife health. Bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate has estrogenic activity. In male rodents prenatal exposure to BPA resulted in modifications at the genital tract level. Our objective was to examine the effects of in utero exposure to low, environmentally relevant levels, of the xenoestrogen BPA on proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and stromal cells on the prepubertal rat ventral prostate. To characterize the periductal stromal cells phenotype the expression of vimentin and smooth muscle alpha-actin was evaluated. Androgen receptor (AR) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) expression were also evaluated in epithelial and stromal compartments. Prenatal exposure to BPA increases the fibroblastic:smooth muscle cells ratio and decreases the number of AR-positive cells of periductal stroma of the ventral prostate. In contrast, no differences in AR expression were observed in epithelial cells between control and BPA-treated groups. No changes in proliferation patterns were observed in epithelial and stromal compartments; however, the expression of PAP was diminished in prostate ductal secretory cells of rats in utero exposed to BPA. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA altered the differentiation pattern of periductal stromal cells of the ventral prostate. These findings are significant in light of the data on human prostate cancers where alterations in the stroma compartment may enhance the invasive and/or malignant potential of the nascent tumor.
Development of Autonomic Dysreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury Is Associated with a Lack of Serotonergic Axons in the Intermediolateral Cell Column (2010)

Autonomic dysreflexia consistently develops in patients and in rats after severe upper thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) as a result of exaggerated spinal sympathetic excitation. In this study we induced episodic hypertension in rats after varying degrees of SCI severity to investigate the contribution of serotonergic bulbospinal axons to the development of autonomic dysreflexia after SCI. Female Wistar rats (250-300 g) were used in all experiments in the following groups: (1) uninjured, (2) clip compression at T4 of 20, 35, or 50 g, (3) spinal cord transection at T4, and (4) intrathecal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (5,7-DHT). Immunohistochemistry for choline acetyl transferase and serotonin (5-HT) was performed on T8-T12 spinal segments to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and to assess 5-HT-containing axons in the intermediolateral cell column (IMLC), respectively. Testing for autonomic dysreflexia was conducted by measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest and after colon distension-induced hypertension. We observed that the magnitude of the pressor response seen after colon distension correlated with SCI severity and density of 5-HT-immunoreactive axons in the IMLC. Intrathecal administration of the 5-HT(2A) agonist dimethoxy-4-iodamphetamine increased resting MAP and blocked colon distension-induced hypertension, whereas the 5-HT(2A) antagonist ketanserin decreased resting MAP and was permissive to the colon distension-induced pressor response in SCI rats. These results suggest that the SCI-induced loss of serotonergic inputs into the spinal cord IMLC is proportional to the pathogenesis of autonomic dysreflexia and hypotension seen after SCI. We thus conclude that sparing of serotonergic axons beyond a critical threshold preserves cardiovascular regulation and prevents the development of autonomic dysreflexia.
Induction of Interferons (IFNs) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) in Mice by a Novel Glycolipid Trehalose 2,3,6′‐Trimycolate from <i>Rhodococcus aurantiacus (Gordona aurantiaca)</i> (1990)

The immunomodifying activity of a novel mycoloyl glycolipid, trehalose 2,3,6'-trimycolate (GaGM), from a unique psychrophilic acid-fast bacterium, Rhodococcus aurantiacus, was examined. ICR mice were primed intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with liposomes containing GaGM (300 micrograms/mouse), and were administered LPS dissolved in saline (25 micrograms/mouse, i.v.) 2 weeks later. Two hours after injection of LPS, interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were induced significantly in mice sera. The increase in activities of IFNs and TNF was approximately paralleled with granuloma formation in spleen of mice primed with GaGM. However, IFNs and TNF were not induced either in mice primed with GaGM but not elicited with LPS, or in those primed with GaGM and elicited by GaGM. Both activities induced were lower in mice primed with trehalose mono- or dimycolate from R. aurantiacus (GaTMM, GaTDM) or TDM from Nocardia rubra than in GaGM-primed mice. Time course study showed that the maximum activity of each interferon (alpha, beta, or gamma) was observed at different stages after LPS administration; IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma appeared 3, 2, and 6 hours most abundantly after LPS administration, respectively.
Testability measurement and software dependencies (2002)

Testability is an important quality characteristic of software. A lack of testability contributes to a higher test and maintenance effort. Metrics can be used locate parts of a program which contribute to a lack of testability. In this paper we present a new approach to define metrics for software dependencies. We use this approach in the context of testability to identify test-critical dependencies, i.e. those dependencies within a system that are critical for test complexity. The results of four case studies show that 1) a small subset of the dependencies within a system has an exceedingly high impact on particular testability metrics, 2) conventional coupling metrics are not good predictors of these test-critical dependencies, 3) dependencies automatically identified to be test-critical are good indicators of design that needs improvement.
Supercritical Water as a Solvent (2005)

Water is not restricted to moderate temperatures and low pressures, but can exist up to very high temperatures, far above its critical point at 647 K. In this supercritical regime, water can be gradually compressed from gas-like to liquid-like densities. The resulting dense supercritical states have extraordinary properties which can be tuned by temperature and pressure, and form the basis for innovative technologies. This Review covers the current knowledge of the major properties of supercritical water and its solutions with nonpolar, polar, and ionic compounds, and of the underlying molecular processes.
The Conformational and Dynamic Basis for Ligand Binding Reactivity in Hemoglobin Ypsilanti (β99 Asp→Tyr):  Origin of the Quaternary Enhancement Effect (1999)

Hemoglobin Ypsilanti (HbY) is a stable tetrameric hemoglobin that binds oxygen with little or no cooperativity and with high affinity [Doyle, M. L., et al. (1992) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 14, 351-362]. It displays an especially large quaternary enhancement effect. An X-ray crystallographic study [Smith, F. R., et al. (1991) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 10, 81-91] of the carboxy derivative of this hemoglobin (COHbY) revealed a new quaternary structure that partially resembles the recently described R2 structure [Silva, M. M., et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17248-17256]. Very little is known about either the solution phase conformations of the liganded and deoxy forms of HbY or the molecular basis for the large quaternary enhancement effect (Doyle et al., 1992). In this study, near-IR absorption, Soret-enhanced Raman, and UV (229 nm) resonance Raman spectroscopies are used to probe the liganded and deoxy derivatives of HbY in solution. Nanosecond time-resolved near-IR absorption measurements are used to expose the relaxation properties of the photoproduct of COHbY. Time-resolved (Soret band) absorption is used to generate the geminate and solvent phase ligand rebinding curves for photodissociated COHbY. The spectroscopic results indicate that COHbY has an R-like conformation with respect to both the proximal heme pocket and the hinge region of the alpha 1 beta 2 interface. The deoxy derivative of HbY has spectroscopic features that are very similar to those observed for species assigned to the deoxy R or half-liganded R conformations of human adult hemoglobin (HbA). The 10 ns to 100 micros relaxation properties of the photoproduct of COHbY are distinctly different from those of HbA in that for HbY, little if any tertiary or quaternary relaxation is observed. The near-absence of relaxation in the HbY photoproduct explains the differences in the geminate and solvent phase CO recombination between HbA and HbY. The impact of the conformational and relaxation properties of HbY on the geminate rebinding process forms the basis of a model that accounts for the large quaternary enhancement effect reported for HbY (Doyle et al., 1992). In addition, the spectroscopic data and the X-ray crystallographic results explain the slow relaxation for HbY and the near-absence of cooperative ligand binding for this protein based on the behavior of the penultimate tyrosines.
Membrane topology distinguishes a subfamily of the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters (1997)

A group of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including the yeast cadmium transporter (YCF1), the mammalian multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), the multispecific organic anion transporter and its congener (MOAT and EBCR), as well as the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR), group into a subfamily by sequence comparison. We suggest that these MRP-related proteins are also characterized by a special, common membrane topology pattern. The most studied ABC transporters, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, were shown to contain a tandem repeat of six transmembrane helices, each set followed by an ATP-binding domain. According to the present study, in contrast to various membrane topology predictions proposed for the different MRP-related proteins, they all seem to have a CFTR/MDR-like core structure, and an additional, large, N-terminal hydrophobic region. This latter domain is predicted to contain 4-6 (most probably 5) transmembrane helices, and is occasionally glycosylated on the cell surface. Since all the MRP-related transporters were shown to interact with anionic compounds, the N-terminal membrane-bound domain may have a key role in these interactions.
Thermoacoustic Emission by Deeply Penetrating Microwave Radiation (1984)

Thermoacoustic emissions were induced in phantoms inside a microwave cavity by pulses from a 2450 MHz magnetron. These phantoms consisted o f graphite and lucite plates acting as interfaces in a small water tank and also of three components of tissue-simulatin g material. The acoustic emissions were received by an a irbacked 1-MHz resonant PZT5 transducer with two quarter-wave transformers for broadened bandwidth and increased e fficiency. The transducer's output was amplified by a very low noise amplifier and signal averaged by using a signal averager and microcomputer under CAMAC control. The results support the f easibility of thermoacoustic imaging of soft tissue by a transducer-ampli fieraveraging s ystem optimized for this application which might give information complementary to conventional imaging systems.
<i>ASH1</i> Gene Is a Specific Therapeutic Target for Lung Cancers with Neuroendocrine Features (2005)

Lung cancers with neuroendocrine features are usually aggressive, although the underlying molecular mechanisms largely remain to be determined. The basic helix-loop-helix protein, achaete-scute complex-like 1/achaete-scute homologue 1 (ASH1), is expressed in normal fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and lung cancers with neuroendocrine elements and is suggested to be involved in lung carcinogenesis. In the present study, we show inhibition of ASH1 expression by plasmid-based RNA interference (RNAi) to significantly suppress growth of lung cancer cells with ASH1 expression through G2-M cell cycle arrest and accumulation of sub-G1 populations, possibly linked to cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-7. However, lung cancer cell lines without ASH1 expression and immortalized normal BEAS2B bronchial epithelial cells were not affected. The RNAi-resistant mutant ASH1 clearly induced rescue from G2-M arrest, suggesting a target-specific effect of RNAi. An ASH1-RNAi adenovirus was also established and significantly inhibited not only in vitro cell proliferation but also in vivo xenograft growth of ASH1-positive NCI-H460 cells. Elevated levels of apoptosis were also observed in NCI-H460 xenografts with the ASH1-RNAi adenovirus. The present study therefore suggests that ASH1 plays a crucial role in lung cancer development and may be an effective therapeutic target in lung cancers with neuroendocrine features.
Passive acoustic sensing for tracking knocks atop large interactive displays (2003)

Describes a system that locates the position of knocks and taps atop a large sheet of glass. Our current setup uses four contact piezoelectric pickups located near the sheet's corners to record the acoustic wavefront coming from the impacts. A digital signal processor extracts relevant characteristics from these signals, such as amplitudes, frequency components, and differential timings, which are used to estimate the location of the hit and provide other parameters, including the rough position resolution, the nature of each hit (e.g., knuckle knock, metal tap, or fist bang), and the strike intensity. As this system requires only simple hardware, it needs no special adaptation of the glass pane, and allows all transducers to be mounted on the inner surface, hence it is quite easy to deploy as a retrofit to existing windows. This opens many applications, such as an interactive storefront, with content controlled by knocks on the display window.
Small RNA Viruses Co-infecting the Pine Emperor Moth (Nudaurelia cytherea capensis) (1985)

SUMMARY Larvae of the pine emperor moth, Nudaurelia cytherea capensis, naturally infected with Nudaurelia β virus (NβV), contained a second serologically unrelated virus which we have called Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV). NωV had a buoyant density of 1.285 g/ml in CsCl and yielded a single major polypeptide of 65000 daltons on gel electrophoresis. The particles of NωV were morphologically distinguishable from those of Nudaurelia viruses described by others, and tryptic peptide analyses indicated that NωV protein was distinct from that of NβV and NɛV. Both NωV and NβV contained a small stable fraction of particles with buoyant densities of about 1.33 g/ml.
Single vs. double acoustic reflectometry tracings (1989)

Impedance tympanometry and acoustic reflectivity tests were obtained on 503 infants and children ranging from 3 months to 12 years of age during a 6-week period in a solo primary care practice. One hundred eighty-five of 1005 tracings from the acoustic otoscope with recorder demonstrated 2 reflectivities. This phenomenon occurred more commonly in infants than in older children and was not seen with reflectivities higher than 7 units. One hundred thirty-eight of the 185 double reflectivity tracings were associated with abnormal impedance tympanometry. The double reflectivity phenomenon may be important in helping to explain the false negative results occasionally seen with this technology in low and intermediate reflectometry scores. Future clinical research involving acoustic reflectometry should utilize the recording device and single and double reflectivity tracings should be handled separately in any analysis of data. Use of the recorder will also prevent false positive errors in the interpretation of some intermediate reflectivities.
Plumbing in the Brain (2010)

Superficial similarities of vasculature in different parts of the body may mask organ-specific developmental nuances. The vasculature of the brain uniquely has to insulate the organ from insults that the rest of the body must tolerate. Kuhnert et al. (p. [985][1]) analyzed the developmental
Usp18 Driven Enforced Viral Replication in Dendritic Cells Contributes to Break of Immunological Tolerance in Autoimmune Diabetes (2013)

Infection with viruses carrying cross-reactive antigens is associated with break of immunological tolerance and induction of autoimmune disease. Dendritic cells play an important role in this process. However, it remains unclear why autoimmune-tolerance is broken during virus infection, but usually not during exposure to non-replicating cross-reactive antigens. Here we show that antigen derived from replicating virus but not from non-replicating sources undergoes a multiplication process in dendritic cells in spleen and lymph nodes. This enforced viral replication was dependent on Usp18 and was essential for expansion of autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells. Preventing enforced virus replication by depletion of CD11c⁺ cells, genetically deleting Usp18, or pharmacologically inhibiting of viral replication blunted the expansion of autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells and prevented autoimmune diabetes. In conclusion, Usp18-driven enforced viral replication in dendritic cells can break immunological tolerance and critically influences induction of autoimmunity.
Beta 2-integrin/intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) expression in the normal human intestine. (1996)

The beta 2-integrin family of adhesion molecules and their ligands, the ICAM molecules, probably have an important role to play in the intestinal immune response. To date, any data published regarding the intestinal expression of beta 2-integrins and ICAMs have mostly described only mucosal expression. The presence in the intestine of alpha d, a newly described beta 2-integrin molecule, has not yet been determined. To understand further the expression of these molecules in all layers of the intestine, a comprehensive study was undertaken in both normal colon and normal small intestine specimens from 15 patients (colon n = 15, and ileum n = 6) who underwent surgical resections. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD18, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, alpha d, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and ICAM-3. The colon and small intestine cases were grouped separately and each of the mucosal, submucosal, muscle and adventitial layers were scored for expression. The beta 2-integrin molecules were expressed by mononuclear cells in all layers of the bowel, predominantly in the mucosa and adventitia. CD11a showed the greatest mucosal expression and CD11b showed the greatest adventitial expression. alpha d exhibited expression in all bowel layers, as well, with most intense expression in the mucosa and adventitia. CD11c exhibited the least expression of all alpha subunit molecules. The expression of these alpha-chains at times appeared to be greater than that seen for CD18 (beta 2), raising the possibility of non-beta 2-containing complexes (i.e. alpha-chains associating with an alternate beta-chain). ICAM-1 was expressed on endothelium, particularly in the mucosa and rarely on mucosal mononuclear cells. ICAM-2 was predominantly on submucosal endothelium and rarely expressed in colon mucosa and never expressed in ileal mucosa. ICAM-3 was expressed by mononuclear cells throughout the bowel wall, but also on adventitial endothelium in selected cases. In summary, we are reporting a comprehensive immunohistochemical study of the differential expression of beta 2-integrins, including the newly described alpha d molecule, and the ICAM molecules in all layers of normal human colon and ileum. We raise the possibility that a second beta 2-integrin beta subunit may exist, and we report that ICAM-3 is expressed on endothelium, particularly in the adventitial layer.
Pulmonary vascular effects of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide in conscious newborn lambs (1983)

A growing body of anatomic findings has led investigators to suggest that peptide-containing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells may control pulmonary vascular tone. One such peptide, bombesin, has been found in increased quantities in the lungs of infants with pulmonary disorders that cause pulmonary hypertension. Therefore we studied the effect on pulmonary vascular tone of bombesin, and its C-terminal analog, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Normoxic and hypoxic unsedated newborn lambs with chronically implanted flow probes around the right and left pulmonary arteries were used. Bombesin and GRP were injected into one pulmonary artery only, and direct effects of these peptides were determined by comparing the flow changes in the injected vs. the uninjected lung. Bombesin had no measurable effect on pulmonary vascular resistance under any condition or at any dose (0.1-60 micrograms/kg). Systemic blood pressure increased significantly (12%) after a 10-micrograms/kg dose. GRP was devoid of any measurable hemodynamic effects, even at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg. If pulmonary neuroendocrine cells help regulate vascular resistance, bombesin does not appear to play a role.
DeNovoND: Efficient Hardware for Disciplined Nondeterminism (2014)

Recent research in disciplined shared-memory programming models presents a unique opportunity for rethinking the multicore memory hierarchy for better efficiency in terms of complexity, performance, and energy. The DeNovo hardware system showed that for deterministic programs written using such disciplined models, hardware can be much more efficient than the current state of the art. For DeNovo to be adopted by commercial systems, however, it is necessary to extend it to support nondeterministic applications as well; for example, applications using lock synchronization. This article proposes DeNovoND, a system that provides support for disciplined nondeterministic codes with locks while retaining the simplicity, performance, and energy benefits of DeNovo. The authors designed and implemented simple memory consistency semantics for safe nondeterminism using distributed queue-based locks and access signatures. The resulting protocol avoids transient states, invalidation traffic, directory sharer-lists, and false sharing, which are all significant sources of inefficiency in existing protocols. Their experiments showed that DeNovoND provides comparable or better execution time for applications designed for lock synchronization. In addition, it incurs 33 percent less network traffic on average relative to a state-of-the-art invalidation-based protocol, which directly translates into energy savings.
Non-conventional structures : proceedings of the International Conference on the Design and Construction of Non-conventional Structures (1988)

The proceedings include papers concerning: Architectural Design: Professional and Contractual Issues Steel Structures Concrete Structures Timber Structures Space Structures: Architectural Design: Space and Grid Structures Shell and Plate Structures Lattice Shell Structures Lightweight Structures Wind Loading Membrane Structures Cable Stuctures Tensegrity Systems Cable Stayed Bridges Computer Aided Design and Analysis Stadium and Grandstand Design Folding Structures Structures Designed to Special Criteria Use of Materials and Special Techniques for Maintenance, Renovation and Repair.
FIFS: a framework for implementing user-mode file systems in windows NT (1999)

This paper presents FIFS, a framework that facilitates file system research under Windows NT. FIFS addresses the high cost of file system development under Windows NT by providing a simple user-mode development environment. The environment is a Common Internet File System (CIFS) loopback server that seamlessly integrates with NT's Installable File System (IFS) architecture via the CIFS client included in the operating system. As such, it can provide full NT remote file system semantics. Initial performance measurements of the prototype FIFS implementation show FIFS capable of achieving good performance. Our prototype non-caching user-mode NFS implementation performs at about 70% the speed of a commercial non-caching kernel-mode NFS implementation.