gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of variance in experimental studies: A challenge to conventional interpretations. (1988)

The presence of heterogeneity of variance across groups indicates that the standard statistical model for treatment effects no longer applies. Specifically, the assumption that treatments add a constant to each subject's development fails. An alternative model is required to represent how treatment effects are distributed across individuals. We develop in this article a simple statistical model to demonstrate the link between heterogeneity of variance and random treatment effects. Next, we illustrate with results from two previously published studies how a failure to recognize the substantive importance of heterogeneity of variance obscured significant results present in these data. The article concludes with a review and synthesis of techniques for modeling variances. Although these methods have been well established in the statistical literature, they are not widely known by social and behavioral scientists. Psychological researchers have tended historically to view heterogeneity of variance as a methodological nuisance, an unwelcome obstacle in the pursuit of inferences about the effects of treatments on means. In their discussion of variance heterogeneity, standard texts concentrate on identifying conditions under which such heterogeneity can safely be ignored so that standard analyses of means may proceed. It is usually argued that heterogeneity can be ignored when statistical tests for means are robust to violation of the homogeneity assumption
Characterization of iron-mediated peroxidative injury in isolated hepatic lysosomes. (1985)

Peroxidative degradation of the lysosomal membrane and the resultant release of hydrolytic enzymes may be responsible for hepatocellular injury in iron toxicity. In this study, highly purified hepatic lysosomes were exposed to iron salts in vitro; the nature of this iron-mediated process of injury and the susceptibility of the lysosomal integrity were studied. Native hepatic lysosomes from rats were isolated by free flow electrophoresis. Incubation of the lysosomes at 37 degrees C with Fe3+-ADP in the presence of ascorbate resulted in rapid generation of malondialdehyde, which approached a plateau at 20 min. Subsequently, the loss of lysosomal latency, determined as an increased percentage free activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, also occurred and reached a maximum loss at 30 min. The half-maximal level of ascorbate, required to promote the Fe3+-ADP mediated lysosomal peroxidation, was approximately 10 microM; high concentrations of ascorbate were inhibitory and half-maximal inhibition was achieved at a concentration of 2 mM. The iron-mediated lysosomal peroxidation was not inhibited by most active oxygen scavengers and appeared to depend solely on the generation of Fe2+ species. When a fresh solution of Fe2+ was incubated with the lysosomes, both the extent of lipid peroxidation and the degree of latency loss increased as a function of increasing Fe2+ concentration. High concentrations of Fe2+ stimulated lysosomal lipid peroxidation instantaneously and reached the highest level within 10 min; whereas the subsequent maximum loss of latency was achieved within 20 min. Both the MDA formation and the loss of latency in either the Fe3+-ADP + ascorbate or the Fe2+ system were effectively prevented by the presence of vitamin A or vitamin E.
Mixed-Mode Operation of Hybrid Phase-Change Nanophotonic Circuits (2016)

Phase change materials (PCMs) are highly attractive for nonvolatile electrical and all-optical memory applications because of unique features such as ultrafast and reversible phase transitions, long-term endurance, and high scalability to nanoscale dimensions. Understanding their transient characteristics upon phase transition in both the electrical and the optical domains is essential for using PCMs in future multifunctional optoelectronic circuits. Here, we use a PCM nanowire embedded into a nanophotonic circuit to study switching dynamics in mixed-mode operation. Evanescent coupling between light traveling along waveguides and a phase-change nanowire enables reversible phase transition between amorphous and crystalline states. We perform time-resolved measurements of the transient change in both the optical transmission and resistance of the nanowire and show reversible switching operations in both the optical and the electrical domains. Our results pave the way toward on-chip multifunctional optoelectronic integrated devices, waveguide integrated memories, and hybrid processing applications.
Capacitor Clamped Current-Sharing Circuit for Multistring LEDs (2013)

This paper proposes a simple capacitor clamped current-sharing circuit including linear and loop types according to the connection of capacitors for multistring light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The proposed circuit employs interleaved turn-on switches and multicapacitor charge conservation to solve the current imbalance problem caused by voltage drop tolerance and the negative temperature coefficient of LEDs. The operating principle and parameter design of the topologies are analyzed in detail. Based on this analysis, a three-string current-sharing topology has been validated by experiments. Experimental waveforms show that the proposed circuit does not only have good effect on current sharing while the effect is not affected by individual LED short but also has the advantages of low voltage stress, nonmagnetic components, ease of integration, and simple control.
Protective effects of a chalcone derivative against Aβ-induced oxidative stress and neuronal damage (2011)

Amyloid Β-peptide (AΒ-peptide)-induced oxidative stress is thought to be a critical component of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). New chalcone derivatives, the Chana series, were recently synthesized from the retrochalcones of licorice. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of the Chana series against neurodegenerative changes in vitro and in vivo. Among the Chana series, Chana 30 showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (90.7%) in the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl assay. Chana 30 also protected against AΒ-induced neural cell injury in vitro. Furthermore, Chana 30 reduced the learning and memory deficits of AΒ(1-42)-peptide injected mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Chana 30 may be a promising candidate as a potent therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative diseases. [BMB reports 2011; 44(11): 730-734].
Allogeneic transplantation of blood-derived, T cell-depleted hemopoietic stem cells after myeloablative treatment in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (1989)

This report describes an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant in a patient who had received marrow ablative therapy. The patient was an 18-year-old white male with acute lymphocytic leukemia in third remission for whom an allogeneic bone marrow transplant was recommended. His HLA-identical sibling preferred to donate peripheral blood stem cells rather than marrow. The donor cells were collected with 10 apheresis procedures and depleted of T lymphocytes to prevent excessive graft-versus-host disease. Nine collections were cryopreserved. The patient received high-dose cytosine arabinoside and 12 Gy of total body irradiation, followed by infusion of all cryopreserved donor cells. A portion of the tenth apheresis product collected on the day of transplant containing 1.8 x 10(9) T lymphocytes was infused without further processing to approximate the number of T lymphocytes given in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant; the remainder was T lymphocyte depleted and infused. More than 1 x 10(9)/l granulocytes were present on day +11. A bone marrow biopsy on day +27 showed trilineage engraftment. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated that the recipient's marrow and peripheral blood were populated exclusively with donor cells. Allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation produced an early hematopoietic engraftment. Since the patient died on day +32, sustained engraftment could not be evaluated.
The MODIS 2.1-μm channel-correlation with visible reflectance for use in remote sensing of aerosol (1997)

A new technique for remote sensing of aerosol over the land and for atmospheric correction of Earth imagery is developed. It is based on detection of dark surface targets in the blue and red channels, as in previous methods, but uses the 2.1 /spl mu/m channel, instead of the 3.75 /spl mu/m for their detection. A 2.1-/spl mu/m channel is present on ADEOS OCTS and GLI and planned on EOS-MODIS and EOSP, and a similar 2.2-/spl mu/m channel is present on Landsat TM. The advantage of the 2.1-/spl mu/m channel over the 3.75-/spl mu/m channel is that it is not affected by emitted radiation. The 2.1-/spl mu/m channel is transparent to most aerosol types (except dust) and therefore can be used to detect dark surface targets. Correlation between the surface reflection in the blue (0.49 /spl mu/m), red (0.66 /spl mu/m), and 2.1 /spl mu/m is established using atmospherically corrected Landsat TM and AVIRIS aircraft images collected over the Eastern United States, Maine, and California and spectral data obtained from the ground and light aircraft near San Diego, CA. Results from a variety of surface covers show that the surface reflectance at 0.49 /spl mu/m (/spl rho//sub 0.49/) and 0.66 /spl mu/m (/spl rho//sub 0.66/) can be predicted from that at 2.2 /spl mu/m (/spl rho//sub 2.2/) within /spl Delta//spl rho/=/spl plusmn/0.06 for /spl rho//sub 2.2//spl les/0.10, using /spl rho//sub 0.49/=/spl rho//sub 2.2//4 and /spl rho//sub 0.66/=/spl rho//sub 2.2//2. Error in surface reflectance of 0.006 corresponds to an error in remote sensing of aerosol optical thickness, /spl tau/, of /spl Delta//spl tau//spl sim//spl plusmn/0.06. These relationships were validated using spectral data taken close to the surface over vegetated areas in a different biome. This method expends application of dark targets for remote sensing of aerosol to brighter, nonforested vegetation. The higher reflection of the surface at 2.2 /spl mu/m than that of 3.75 /spl mu/m may even enable remote sensing of dust above surfaces with reflectivity /spl rho//sub 2.2/=0.15/spl plusmn/0.05. For this reflectivity range the dust radiative effect at 2.2 /spl mu/m is small, and the surface reflectance in the blue and red channels can be retrieved.
Different prooxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. The role of intracellular polyamines. (1994)

Increasing concentrations (1-100 microM) of the redox cycling quinone, 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), stimulated growth, triggered apoptosis, or caused necrosis of pancreatic RINm5F cells, depending on the dose and duration of the exposure. Following the exposure of RINm5F cells to 10 microM DMNQ, ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine biosynthesis increased. This was accompanied by enhanced cell proliferation. Conversely, exposure to 30 microM DMNQ for 3 h resulted in the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase, intracellular polyamine depletion, and apoptotic cell killing. Pretreatment of the cultures with the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, restored polyamine levels and prevented apoptosis. Exposure to the same DMNQ concentration for only 1 h, with subsequent re-incubation in growth medium, neither caused polyamine depletion nor resulted in apoptosis. Finally, exposure to an even higher DMNQ concentration (100 microM) for either 1 or 3 h caused rapid intracellular Ca2+ overload, ATP, NAD+, and glutathione depletion, and extensive DNA single strand breakage, which resulted in necrotic cell death. Our results show that a disturbance of polyamine biosynthesis occurred prior to cell growth or apoptosis elicited by oxidative stress. In addition, we show that effects as opposite as cell proliferation and deletion, by either apoptosis or necrosis, can be induced, in the same system, by varying the exposure to a prooxidant.
POG1, a Novel Yeast Gene, Promotes Recovery From Pheromone Arrest via the G1 Cyclin CLN2 (1999)

In the absence of a successful mating, pheromone-arrested Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells reenter the mitotic cycle through a recovery process that involves downregulation of the mating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. We have isolated a novel gene, POG1, whose promotion of recovery parallels that of the MAPK phosphatase Msg5. POG1 confers alpha-factor resistance when overexpressed and enhances alpha-factor sensitivity when deleted in the background of an msg5 mutant. Overexpression of POG1 inhibits alpha-factor-induced G1 arrest and transcriptional repression of the CLN1 and CLN2 genes. The block in transcriptional repression occurs at SCB/MCB promoter elements by a mechanism that requires Bck1 but not Cln3. Genetic tests strongly argue that POG1 promotes recovery through upregulation of the CLN2 gene and that the resulting Cln2 protein promotes recovery primarily through an effect on Ste20, an activator of the mating MAPK cascade. A pog1 cln3 double mutant displays synthetic mutant phenotypes shared by cell-wall integrity and actin cytoskeleton mutants, with no synthetic defect in the expression of CLN1 or CLN2. These and other results suggest that POG1 may regulate additional genes during vegetative growth and recovery.
Playwriting and Flow: The Interconnection Between Creativity, Engagement and Skill Development (2017)

Understanding, encouraging and developing creativity in the classroom is an international priority (Craft, 2011). This article outlines the findings of research into playwriting pedagogy. It interrogates the conceptual assumptions that surround teaching and learning for creativity, and how these ideas influence teacher practice and student experience. It argues that student engagement and creativity are fundamentally and reciprocally linked. To better understand how to teach and foster creativity in a classroom, teachers' views on creativity and creative processes are explored through Csikszentmihalyi's (2008) theory of 'flow' and the lessons this provides for understanding engagement. The article argues that the teachers' views of creativity and creative processes are of fundamental importance to understanding the teaching and learning experience and that student disengagement can be addressed by increasing student's skills and knowledge both in creativity processes and playwriting proficiency.
Removal of a cryptic intron and subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein are required to mark transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants brightly (1997)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria is finding wide use as a genetic marker that can be directly visualized in the living cells of many heterologous organisms. We have sought to express GFP in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, but have found that proper expression of GFP is curtailed due to aberrant mRNA processing. An 84-nt cryptic intron is efficiently recognized and excised from transcripts of the GFP coding sequence. The cryptic intron contains sequences similar to those required for recognition of normal plant introns. We have modified the codon usage of the gfp gene to mutate the intron and to restore proper expression in Arabidopsis. GFP is mainly localized within the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of transformed Arabidopsis cells and can give rise to high levels of fluorescence, but it proved difficult to efficiently regenerate transgenic plants from such highly fluorescent cells. However, when GFP is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, transformed cells regenerate routinely to give highly fluorescent plants. These modified forms of the gfp gene are useful for directly monitoring gene expression and protein localization and dynamics at high resolution, and as a simply scored genetic marker in living plants.
Nicotine dependence criteria of the DIS and DSM-III-R : A factor analysis (2004)

This paper reports a factor analysis of the symptoms of nicotine dependence that were determined in an assessment of 821 current cigarette-smoking research volunteers, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised (DSM-III-R) of the American Psychiatric Association as well as an analysis of a subset who unsuccessfully attempted to quit (n=636). In the total sample, two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 accounted for 62.7% of the variance. When the factor analysis was repeated with the subset of research volunteers who unsuccessfully attempted to quit, only one DSM-III-R nicotine dependence symptom loaded on the second factor. This finding suggests that the two-factor structure found in this and a previous factor analysis study of the nicotine dependence segment of the DSM-III-R may be an artifact of the skipout pattern of the DSM-III-R, which assumes that smokers who have not attempted to quit have not experienced withdrawal symptoms or used tobacco to avoid these symptoms. Goodness-of-fit measures suggested that the two-factor structure is a better fit than the one-factor structure for both the total population and the subset who unsuccessfully attempted to quit or cut down. Our sample of current smokers who had not attempted to quit (n=185) was too small to permit factor analyses. Further work with other large samples from the general population of current smokers who have unsuccessfully attempted to quit as well as those who have not attempted to quit will enhance our understanding of the factor structure of the nicotine dependence segment of the DSM-III-R and clarify the effect of the skipout pattern on its factor structure.
Sensor effectiveness coefficients for piezoelectric materials (2005)

Two piezoelectric sensor effectiveness coefficients that provide a quantitative measure of effectiveness for piezoelectric materials which are being used for sensing strain (voltage sensor), or strain-rate (current sensor) are introduced. The use of these coefficients for selecting sensor materials is illustrated through a numerical example.
Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation (2012)

In the past 10 years renewed interest has centered on non-invasive transcutaneous weak direct currents applied over the scalp to modulate cortical excitability ("brain polarization" or transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS). Extensive literature shows that tDCS induces marked changes in cortical excitability that outlast stimulation. Aiming at developing a new, non-invasive, approach to spinal cord neuromodulation we assessed the after-effects of thoracic transcutaneous spinal DC stimulation (tsDCS) on somatosensory potentials (SEPs) evoked in healthy subjects by posterior tibial nerve (PTN) stimulation. Our findings showed that thoracic anodal tsDCS depresses the cervico-medullary PTN-SEP component (P30) without eliciting adverse effects. tsDCS also modulates post-activation H-reflex dynamics. Later works further confirmed that transcutaneous electric fields modulate spinal cord function. Subsequent studies in our laboratory showed that tsDCS modulates the flexion reflex in the human lower limb. Besides influencing the laser evoked potentials (LEPs), tsDCS increases pain tolerance in healthy subjects. Hence, though the underlying mechanisms remain speculative, tsDCS modulates activity in lemniscal, spinothalamic, and segmental motor systems. Here we review currently available experimental evidence that non-invasive spinal cord stimulation (SCS) influences spinal function in humans and argue that, by focally modulating spinal excitability, tsDCS could provide a novel therapeutic tool complementary to drugs and invasive SCS in managing various pathologic conditions, including pain.
Learning CPG-based Biped Locomotion with a Policy Gradient Method: Application to a Humanoid Robot (2008)

In this paper we describe a learning framework for a central pattern generator (CPG)-based biped locomotion controller using a policy gradient method. Our goals in this study are to achieve CPG-based biped walking with a 3D hardware humanoid and to develop an efficient learning algorithm with CPG by reducing the dimensionality of the state space used for learning. We demonstrate that an appropriate feedback controller can be acquired within a few thousand trials by numerical simulations and the controller obtained in numerical simulation achieves stable walking with a physical robot in the real world. Numerical simulations and hardware experiments evaluate the walking velocity and stability. The results suggest that the learning algorithm is capable of adapting to environmental changes. Furthermore, we present an online learning scheme with an initial policy for a hardware robot to improve the controller within 200 iterations.
Tactical network demonstration with free space lasercomm (2011)

As military sensors and systems become more sophisticated, tactical situations will require reliable, high data rate communications. The current RF communication systems are increasingly competing for the limited amount of RF spectrum and bandwidth. One possible way to augment the current RF communication systems is by the use of free space lasercomm in tactical networks for links in which direct line of sight is possible. Free space lasercomm has been demonstrated over horizontal distances greater than 10 nautical miles and at data rates greater than 1 gigabit/sec. Lasercomm links do not require any RF frequency allocation, nor do they have an RF signature. They are inherently low probability of intercept and detection and they are very difficult to jam due to the very narrow divergence of the communication beams and the very narrow acceptance angle of the receivers.<sup>1-6</sup> The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has demonstrated the use of free space lasercomm in tactical networks at Trident Spectre 2009 and Empire Challenge 2010. This paper will discuss these lasercomm demonstrations and present packet error rate test data captured at both.
Effects of Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate on Survival, Behavior, and Egg Viability of Adult Muscoid Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) (1992)

Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Na2B8O13(.)4H2O) was mixed with sugar and fed to adult Musca domestica L. and Fannia canicularis (L.) to determine concentration-mortality relationships. LC50s (48-h exposure) were 5.7% for M. domestica and 1.0% for F. canicularis. Rates of 1 and 2% were used to test effects on M. domestica mortality and egg hatch over an 8-d period. Reduced egg hatch was evident after 1 d of feeding on the treated mixtures and was greatest (less than 10% egg hatch) after flies fed only on treated mixtures for 2 d. A partial rebound in egg hatch occurred after 3-4 d of feeding on treated diet. Sperm motility in females fed treated sugar was apparently normal. Fertile egg placed on treated poultry manure did not hatch, indicating embryonic death, which also may have been involved in the low hatch of eggs observed from treated flies. When flies were exposed to treated sugar for 2 d then returned to untreated diet, delayed mortality effects and reduced egg hatch persisted for at least 3 d. Behavioral assays (feeding) with M. domestica demonstrated that flies rejected borate-sugar mixtures in favor of sugar alone when the concentration of borate was greater than 2%. Given a choice of treated and untreated poultry manure for oviposition, flies also rejected the treated manure. The potential of borates in adult bait formulations or applied to developmental substrates for fly control is discussed.