gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of chlorine monoxide (dichlorine monoxide) (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe chemistry of chlorine monoxide (dichlorine monoxide)J. J. Renard and H. I. BolkerCite this: Chem. Rev. 1976, 76, 4, 487–508Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60302a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60302a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views774Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Distributed Computation as an Economic System (1995)

As computer networks grow and blanket the planet, they become a community of concurrent processes, which, in their interactions, strategies, and lack of perfect knowledge, become analogous to human market economies. Economics may thus offer new ways of designing and understanding the behavior of distributed computer systems.
Performance Data of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using  H 2 /  CO  as Fuel Gas (1996)

The performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was evaluated at 80°C in with defined amounts of CO (25 to 250 ppm) and pure oxygen. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were made using Nafion™ 117 with carbon‐supported dispersed Pt, , and as anode catalysts, and Pt as a cathode catalyst. For comparison the MEAs were first characterized in . In steady‐state current‐voltage curves were obtained after a poisoning period. It was found that the performance of the cell depends strongly on the CO concentration and the anode catalyst used. For as anode catalyst, the maximum power density in was enhanced by a factor of four compared with a Pt anode catalyst. Using no difference in power density was found between pure and /100 ppm CO up to current densities of about .
Exohedral sidewall reactions of single walled carbon nanotubes (2001)

For the study of sidewall reactivity, pristine SWNTs in high purity are required. This can be achieved by dispersing the raw material, prepared by arc discharge, in a laurylsulfate (SDS) solution and subsequent centrifugation [1]. To remove the SDS, the supernatant suspension has to be washed with ethanol. After drying, the SWNTs can be re-suspended in different organic solvents, such as tetrachloroethane (TCE) or THF. These mixtures are suitable for reactions of azides, carbenes and radicals with the SWNT sidewall. A large excess of an alkyloxycarbonyl azide was added to a SWNT/TCE suspension in order to react with the sidewalls in a [2+1] cycloaddition via a nitrene intermediate, which is formed by nitrogen loss. The nucleophilic attack of an carbene in THF at low temperature should also be possible. In addition to microscopic methods, we used VIS/NIR-, and NMR-spectroscopy for bulk characterization.
Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at endoscopy (1994)

A spectrofluorometry system has been developed for the collection of laser induced fluorescense spectra of tissue during endoscopy. In this system, a catheter with seven optical fibers was used to deliver the excitation light and collect the emitted fluorescence. The system enables one to switch from regular endoscopy into fluorescence measurement in 50 ms using a computerized shutter system. The fluorescence spectra can be recorded in 100 ms. This spectrofluorometry system has been used to obtain spectra from bronchial, larynx and nasopharyngeal tissues when employed with the appropriate endoscopes. The results demonstrate that laser induced fluorescence can be used to differentiate abnormal tissue from normal tissue. The illumination and fluorescence collection patterns of this system have been modeled using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation data shows that the spectra recorded by our collection pattern is very close to the intrinsic spectra of tissue. The experimental results and the Monte Carlo simulation suggest that changes in fluorescence intensity are more robust for the detection of early cancers than the differences in spectral characteristics.
Preparation of Some Alkylbenzoquinones (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of Some AlkylbenzoquinonesW. M. McLamoreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 5, 2221–2225Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01149a087https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01149a087research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antinociceptive effect of peripheral segmental electrical stimulation in the rat (1980)

We have investigated the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation, applied to the base of the tail, on the flexor withdrawal response of the rat, following immersion of the tail in water at 49 degrees C. In intact rats, electrical stimulation delayed the response to the controlled noxious stimulus, the delay depending on the duration of stimulation and on the frequency and pulse width of the stimulus. The prolongation in reaction time produced by stimulation at 100 Hz, 0.2 msec for 30 min at a voltage sufficient to cause slight fibrillation of the tail muscles, but no escape behaviour, was equal to that produced by 7.5 mg/kg of morphine. The specific narcotic antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) virtually abolished the effect of the electrical stimulation. After recovery from the operation, rats with complete spinal transection at the 10th or 11th thoracic vertebra exhibited a flexor withdrawal response to the noxious stimulus behaviourally simpler and of shorter latency than that exhibited by the intact animals. Peripheral electrical stimulation again delayed the response, and naloxone prevented the delay, but the antinociceptive action of the stimulation was quantitatively less than that observed in intact animals. Morphine also had a correspondingly reduced effect in the spinal animals. Depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine levels by systemic pretreatment with parachlorphenylalanine significantly diminished the effect of both electrical stimulation and morphine administration in intact rats, but not in spinal rats. Our results support the concept that peripheral electrical stimulation excites naloxone-dependent antinociceptive mechanisms at both spinal and supraspinal levels. The supraspinal mechanism, but not the spinal mechanism, is associated with 5-hydroxytryptamine.
A 4-D chaotic oscillator with a hysteresis 2-port VCCS: the first example of chaotic oscillators consisting of 2-port VCCSs and capacitors (2003)

This paper studies the synthesis of chaotic oscillators using 2-port VCCSs and capacitors. As a first step, we design a 4-D hysteresis chaotic oscillator using one linear 2-port VCCS, one hysteresis 2-port VCCS and two capacitors. In the circuit, we have confirmed theoretically that a simple periodic attractor changes into quad screw chaotic attractor as influence of the nonlinearity decreases.
Immature muscle precursors are a source of interferon‐β in myositis: Role of Toll‐like receptor 3 activation and contribution to HLA class I up‐regulation (2011)

Immature muscle precursors may represent a local source of IFNβ and the target of an immune response involving activated DCs associated with the expression of CLRs and of IL-12 and IL-23, which are implicated in T cell polarization. In turn, such local production of IFNβ after TLR-3 activation in the presence of the Th1 cytokine IFNγ may explain HLA class I overexpression in myositis.
The Particle Design of Cellulose and the Other Excipients for a Directly Compressible Filler-Binder (2008)

Cellulose and saccharide are commonly used filler-binder. This summary refers to the technology for high performance filler-binder of direct compression, using these two materials. In case of saccharide filler-binder, spray dry technology and size controlling of primary particle were the key technology. In case of cellulose filler-binder, two different approaches were made. One was co-processing approach and the other was particle shape controlling approach. Some applications using high performance filler-binder were also introduced.
Search for inhibitors of endocytosis (2012)

We discuss here the variety of approaches that have been taken to inhibit different forms of endocytosis. Typically, both non-specific and specific chemical inhibitors of endocytosis are tried in order to "classify" entry of a new plasma membrane protein into one of the various types of endocytosis. This classification can be confirmed through genetic approaches of protein depletion or overexpression of mutants of known endocytosis machinery components. Although some new compounds have been designed to be selective in biochemical assays, we caution investigators to be alert to the unintended consequences that sometimes arise when these compounds are applied to intact cells.
LOM: A Lexicon-based Ontology Mapping Tool (2004)

Ontology mapping is important to knowledge sharing and semantic integration but hard to completely automate. LOM is a semi-automatic lexicon-based ontology-mapping tool that supports a human mapping engineer with a first-cut comparison of ontological terms between the ontologies to be mapped, based on their lexical similarity. This paper will explain the algorithms used, the tests performed, and the applications developed using the results of this approach. It will also discuss the limitations of this approach as well as the future research and development issues in this field.
X-ray phase-contrast micro-tomography and image analysis of wood microstructure (2009)

A number of commercially important properties of wood depend on details of the wood micro- and nano- structure. CSIRO Forest Biosciences have developed SilviScan, an analytical instrument which uses a number of high-speed techniques for analyzing these properties. X-ray micro-tomographic analysis of wood samples provides detailed 3D reconstructions of the wood microstructure which can be used to validate results from SilviScan measurements. A series of wood samples was analysed using laboratory-based phase-contrast x-ray micro-tomography. Image analysis techniques were applied to the 3D data sets to extract significant features and statistical properties of the specimens. These data provide a means of verification of results from the more rapid SilviScan techniques, and will clarify the results of micro-diffraction studies of wood microfibrils.
Surgical Glove Failures in Clinical Practice Settings (1997)

Health care personnel often pay little attention to the barrier effectiveness of the surgical gloves they use in clinical settings. They may assume that all surgical gloves provide adequate protection against the transfer of bloodborne pathogens, chemicals, or mutagenic substances. Perioperative staff members frequently are unaware that their surgical gloves have failed until they find blood on their hands after operative procedures are completed. In this first article of a three-part series, the authors review current surgical glove testing standards, define surgical glove failure, and describe the reasons that surgical glove failure occurs in clinical practice settings.
Differential Regulation of Immunoglobulin Gene Transcription via Nuclear Matrix-associated Regions (1999)

We have identified a nuclear-matrix-associated, Bcell-restricted regulator of IgH transcription (Bright)(Herrscher et al. 1995). Bright binds and trans-activatesvia specific A/T-rich sequences (MARs) within and necessary for nuclear matrix attachment of the IgH intronicenhancer (Eµ). We have found that a previously identified protein, Cux/CDP, which resides within matrices ofnon-B and early lineage-B (pre-B) cells, represses Eµ viathe same binding sites bound by Bright in more differentiated B cells (Wang et al. 1999). Cux can effectively antagonize Bright binding and trans-activation and appearsto comprise (at least in part) a previously identified protein/DNA complex, NF-µNR (nuclear factor implicatedin µ IgH negative regulation) (Scheuermann and Chen1989). We hypothesize that the reciprocal action of thesefactors contributes to the cell-type-restricted on/off stateof Eµ and to the increase in Eµ activity during B-cell lineage development/differentiation. We suggest that anovel and potentially rate-limiting consequence is toswitch the balance of IgH nuclear matrix attachment.Here, we discuss the structure, function, and expressionof Bright, Cux/CDP, and molecules that interact withthem in the context of this model...
Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis and Melanoma Growth by Targeting Vascular E-Selectin (2011)

Downregulation of vascular E-selectin profoundly inhibits EPC homing, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor growth in human melanoma xenograft murine model, potentially by suppression of E-selectin-mediated EPC-endothelial cells interactions/homing. These findings identify E-selectin as a novel target for inhibition of melanoma angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Large‐scale gene expression profiling reveals major pathogenetic pathways of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (2006)

Our findings provide a reference data set on gene alterations in OA cartilage and, importantly, indicate major mechanisms underlying central cell biologic alterations that occur during the OA disease process. These results identify molecular targets that can be further investigated in the search for therapeutic interventions.
DeepMind Control Suite (2018)

The DeepMind Control Suite is a set of continuous control tasks with a standardised structure and interpretable rewards, intended to serve as performance benchmarks for reinforcement learning agents. The tasks are written in Python and powered by the MuJoCo physics engine, making them easy to use and modify. We include benchmarks for several learning algorithms. The Control Suite is publicly available at https://www.github.com/deepmind/dm_control . A video summary of all tasks is available at http://youtu.be/rAai4QzcYbs .
Vibrational Analysis of Organic Molecules Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2006)

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy revealed the nanoscale chemical properties of organic molecules encapsulated in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Our approach is based on an enhanced electric field near a laser-irradiated metal tip functioning as a Raman excitation source. The enhanced field can successfully act on encapsulated molecules through the walls of the SWNTs to extract molecular vibrational information. β-carotene, which exhibits several active Raman modes under visible light illumination, was used as the encapsulated molecule. Tip-enhanced Raman spectra measured at seven different positions on SWNT bundles showed that β-carotene molecules inside the tubes were not uniformly distributed. We also found that the filling rate and peak position of the radial breathing mode of the SWNTs are linearly correlated.
The plant extract of<i>Pao pereira</i>potentiates carboplatin effects against ovarian cancer (2013)

Pao possess potent antitumor activity and could enhance carboplatin effect, and therefore holds therapeutic potential in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Activin Receptor-like Kinase-7 Induces Apoptosis through Activation of MAPKs in a Smad3-dependent Mechanism in Hepatoma Cells (2004)

Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)7 is a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family of proteins that has similar properties to other type I receptors when activated. To see whether ALK7 can induce apoptosis as can some of the other ALK proteins, we infected the FaO rat hepatoma cell line with adenovirus expressing a constitutively active form of the ALK7. Cells infected with active ALK7 adenovirus showed an apoptotic-positive phenotype, as opposed to those that were infected with a control protein. DNA fragmentation assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis also indicated that ALK7 infection induced apoptosis in FaO cells. We also confirmed this finding in Hep3B human hepatoma cells by transiently transfecting the constitutively active form of ALK7, ALK7(T194D). Investigation into the downstream targets and mechanisms involved in ALK7-induced apoptosis revealed that the TGF-beta signaling intermediates, Smad2 and -3, were activated, as well as the MAPKs JNK and p38. In addition, caspase-3 and -9 were also activated, and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria was observed. Short interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of Smad3 markedly suppressed ALK7-induced caspase-3 activation. Treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors or the expression of the dominant-negative form of the stress-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 abolished not only JNK activation but apoptosis as well. Taken together, these results suggest that ALK7 induces apoptosis through activation of the traditional TGF-beta pathway components, thus resulting in new gene transcription and JNK and p38 activation that initiates cross-talk with the cellular stress death pathway and ultimately leads to apoptosis.
Spin-dependent tunneling with Coulomb blockade (1997)

We have fabricated ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}$ tunnel junctions in which the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ layer includes a unique layer of small and disconnected cobalt clusters, with a typical mean diameter ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 nm. We observe spin-dependent tunneling properties with, below about 50 K, typical Coulomb-blockade effects induced by intermediate electron tunneling into cobalt clusters. The tunnel magnetoresistance ratio is approximately the same in the Coulomb-blockade regime (low-temperature range with very high tunnel resistance) and in the room-temperature regime without Coulomb blockade. It also depends weakly on the applied voltage.
Adaptive Responses to the Stress Induced by Hyperthermia or Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Fibroblasts (2003)

Perturbation of oxidant/antioxidant cellular balance, induced by cellular metabolism and by exogenous sources, causes deleterious effects to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to a condition named "oxidative stress" that is involved in several diseases, such as cancer, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Among the exogenous agents, both H(2)O(2) and hyperthermia have been implicated in oxidative stress promotion linked with the activation of apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms of cell death. The goal of this work was to better understand the involvement of some stress-related proteins in adaptive responses mounted by human fibroblasts versus the oxidative stress differently induced by 42 degrees C hyperthermia or H(2)O(2.) The research was developed, switching off inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression through antisense oligonucleotide transfection by studying the possible coregulation in the expression of HSP32 (also named HO-1), HSP70, and iNOS and their involvement in the induction of DNA damage. Several biochemical parameters, such as cell viability (MTT assay), cell membrane integrity (lactate dehydrogenase release), reactive oxygen species formation, glutathione levels, immunocytochemistry analysis of iNOS, HSP70, and HO-1 levels, genomic DNA fragmentation (HALO/COMET assay), and transmembrane mitochondrial potential (deltaPsi) were examined. Cells were collected immediately at the end of the stress-inducing treatment. The results, confirming the pleiotropic function of i-NOS, indicate that: (i). HO-1/HSP32, HSP70, and iNOS are finely tuned in their expression to contribute all together, in human fibroblasts, in ameliorating the resistance to oxidative stress damage; (ii). ROS exposure, at least in hyperthermia, in human fibroblasts contributes to growth arrest more than to apoptosis activation; and (iii). mitochondrial dysfunction, in presence of iNOS inhibition seems to be clearly involved in apoptotic cell death of human fibroblasts after H(2)O(2) treatment, but not after hyperthermia.
Tuning Near Field Radiative Heat Flux through Surface Excitations with a Metal Insulator Transition (2012)

The control of heat flow is a formidable challenge due to lack of good thermal insulators. Promising new opportunities for heat flow control were recently theoretically discovered for radiative heat flow in near field, where large heat flow contrasts may be achieved by tuning electronic excitations on surfaces. Here we show experimentally that the phase transition of VO2 entails a change of surface polariton states that significantly affects radiative heat transfer in near field. In all cases the Derjaguin approximation correctly predicted radiative heat transfer in near field, but it underestimated the far field limit. Our results indicate that heat flow contrasts can be realized in near field that can be larger than those obtained in far field.
Genome-Wide Identification of Binding Sites Defines Distinct Functions for Caenorhabditis elegans PHA-4/FOXA in Development and Environmental Response (2010)

Transcription factors are key components of regulatory networks that control development, as well as the response to environmental stimuli. We have established an experimental pipeline in Caenorhabditis elegans that permits global identification of the binding sites for transcription factors using chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing. We describe and validate this strategy, and apply it to the transcription factor PHA-4, which plays critical roles in organ development and other cellular processes. We identified thousands of binding sites for PHA-4 during formation of the embryonic pharynx, and also found a role for this factor during the starvation response. Many binding sites were found to shift dramatically between embryos and starved larvae, from developmentally regulated genes to genes involved in metabolism. These results indicate distinct roles for this regulator in two different biological processes and demonstrate the versatility of transcription factors in mediating diverse biological roles.