gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Calcium, Phosphate, and Bulk Culture Media on Milk Coagulation Properties (1984)

Monitoring enzymic milk coagulation by turbidity changes of undiluted milk is complementary to measurements of changes of curd firmness. Turbidity measurements are sensitive to initial stages of micelle aggregation and demonstrate that aggregation begins well before any visual observation of coagulation. A point is reached during aggregation in which a three dimensionally crosslinked network of casein micelles is formed, and following this, coagulation can be observed visually or rheologically. Coagulation time initially decreased upon calcium addition and reached a minimum at .05 M calcium. At high calcium (.4 M), coagulation time was severely retarded. Curd firming rate increased and reached a maximum at .01 M calcium. At higher calcium curd firmness was reduced. Turbidity after coagulation decreased on calcium addition suggesting that calcium affects extensiveness of the gel network. Addition of phosphate 30 min prior to enzyme addition also reduced coagulation time with minimum at .01 M phosphate. When bulk culture media were added, pH of the media had a greater effect on coagulation time than did added phosphates.
Fast incremental netlist compilation of hierarchical schematics (2003)

Fast incremental techniques for maintaining and quickly updating the net list underlying a hierarchical schematic design are presented. For most user modifications the net list can be incrementally updated in a fraction of the time required using batch compilation techniques, often with no perceivable delay to the user. As a side result, the incremental net list compiler yields a list of affected electrical nodes that can be used to guide an incremental simulator which resimulates only the affected region of the circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design considerations of all-optical A/D conversion: nonlinear fiber-optic Sagnac-loop interferometer-based optical quantizing and coding (2006)

The authors describe in detail the design considerations of our previously proposed novel optical quantizing and coding method for all-optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion using nonlinear optical switches based on the Sagnac interferometer. The multiperiod transfer function, which is the key to quantizing and coding, is achieved through a careful design of the Sagnac interferometer. In the experiments, the intensity of the pulse train input to our A/D converter is manually changed, and the corresponding digital signals are successfully mapped generated. Although the input-pulse trains are not the sampling of real analog signal, the principle of our proposed 3-bit A/D conversion at a 10 gigasample per second (Gsps) rate is demonstrated. The proposed optical quantizing and coding, combined with existing optical sampling techniques, will enable ultrafast photonic A/D conversion without electronics. The potential in the frequency regime of over a few hundred gigasamples per second was investigated by using an optical switch that utilizes the optical Kerr effect for fast operation. It was found out that the wavelength allocations and temporal widths of control and probe pulses have to be optimized with respect to the group-velocity dispersion of highly nonlinear fiber.
Laser milling (2002)

Laser milling is a new manufacturing process that has attracted much attention from engineers and researchers for the last decade. The process allows complex parts and tooling inserts to be fabricated directly from three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data in a wide range of advanced engineering materials such as ceramics, hardened steel, titanium and nickel alloys. The paper starts with a description of the physical phenomena underlying the process and the factors influencing its performance. It then outlines the machining techniques that can be utilized in laser milling. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the process and a summary of its application areas.
Reaction Dynamics of Zr and Nb with Ethylene (1999)

The reactions of transition metal (M) atoms Zr and Nb with ethylene (C2H4) were studied using the technique of crossed molecular beams. Angular and velocity distributions of MC2H2 products following H2 elimination were measured at collision energies between 5 and 23 kcal/mol using electron impact and 157 nm photoionization mass spectrometry. Photodepletion studies identify that the atomic reactants are predominantly in their ground electronic states and that the observed MC2H2 products result primarily from reactions of these ground-state atoms. Center-of-mass product angular distributions derived from the data indicate that reactions involve the formation of intermediate complexes having lifetimes longer than their rotational periods. Product translational energy distributions demonstrate that a large fraction of excess available energy is channeled into product internal excitation. Wide-angle nonreactive scattering of metal atom reactants following decay of long-lived MC2H4 association complexes was also observed for both transition metal reactants at collision energies ≥ 9 kcal/mol, with approximately 36% of the initial translational energy converted into C2H4 internal excitation. At collision energies of ≤ 6 kcal/mol, nonreactive scattering of Zr from ZrC2H4 decay was found to be negligible, whereas this channel was clearly observed for Nb. RRKM modeling of the competition between decay of MC2H4 complexes back to M + C2H4 and C−H insertion forming HMC2H3 indicates that there exists an adiabatic potential energy barrier for M + C2H4 association in the case of Zr and that the transition state for this process is tighter than for the analogous process in Nb + C2H4. The barrier for Zr + C2H4 association is attributed to the repulsive s2 ground state configuration of Zr, whereas for Nb the s1 ground state configuration results in no barrier for association. The absence of decay of ZrC2H4 back to Zr + C2H4 at low collision energies indicates that the barrier for C−H insertion forming HZrC2H3 lies below the barrier for Zr + C2H4 association. This opens up the possibility that direct C−H insertion without initial ZrC2H4 formation may play an important role.
Nonideological Judicial Reform and Its Limits - The Report of the Federal Courts Study Committee (1990)

Solicitor General of the United States.4. See REPoRT, supra note I, at 32-33 (describing hearings and other sources of public input).5. Id.
Sensorless control of induction motor using a neural network for speed estimation (2002)

In the paper the application of an on-line trained neural network working as a speed estimator is presented. Three different speed estimation algorithms: backpropagation, conjugate gradient as well as least squares are investigated and compared. Some oscillograms which illustrate properties and sensitivity to parameter changes of the speed estimation techniques are presented.
Delayed diagnosis and a lack of information associated with dissatisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2016)

In the largest study of PCOS diagnosis experiences, many women reported delayed diagnosis and inadequate information. These gaps in early diagnosis, education, and support are clear opportunities for improving patient experience.
Performance Analysis of IDMA Receiver for Efficient Power Optimization Using HSPA+ Technology (2013)

Emerging demands for high data rate services and high spectral efficiency are the key driving forces for the continued technology evolution in wireless communications. Third generation (3G) mobile communication systems have already been commercially deployed in certain parts of the world to meet the initial demand for high data rate packet-based services including wireless internet access third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) of HSPA+ with releases 5 and 6 for downlink and for uplink. The number of HSPA+ enhancements is included in the 3GPP release7 providing high efficiency in networks for end user. To meet the demand for higher data rates and better coverage of wireless networks without increasing bandwidth or acquiring expensive frequency bands, an emerging technology called multiple input multiple output (MIMO) has appeared. MIMO is capable of significantly increasing wireless data throughput to achieve high data rates. Major limitations in MIMO are power allocation, the discrete power allocation game for the fast fading access channel. Each player or transmitter chooses its own transmit power policy from a certain finite set to optimize its individual transmission rate. Here the analysis and optimization of IDMA system using HSPA technology with MIMO implementation was considered. IDMA technique is utilized here for implementation of equal and unequal power allocation for HSPA systems.
Purification and Primary Structure of Pro-Aldosterone Secretion Inhibitory Factor from Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells (1989)

This report documents the purification and the complete primary structure of bovine aldosterone secretion inhibitory factor precursor (pro-ASIF). ASIF-(1-103) contains at position 69-103 of its carboxy-terminal end the formely identified 35-amino acid biologically active form, hence confirming the endogenous character of ASIF in the adrenal medulla. Compared to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-related peptide precursors, bovine ASIF displays 65% homology at the carboxy-terminal while the remaining amino-terminal part shows much more variability. Bovine pro-ASIF exhibits 73% homology with porcine pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a situation reminiscent of the relationship of pro-ANF in various species. When ANF- and BNP-related COOH-termini of bovine, porcine, human, rat, and chicken are compared, it appears that bovine ASIF and porcine BNP are closely related and belong to the same family which however appears to be much more heterogenous than the ANF-related family. These results strongly suggest that bovine ASIF is encoded by a precursor gene similar to the gene of BNP but different from the one encoding ANF.
Pre-stack migration applied to GPR for landmine detection (2004)

Detection of buried landmines by ground penetrating radar (GPR) normally suffers from very strong clutter that will decrease the image quality in GPR data. Problems are also encountered when imaging steeply dipping landmines by GPR. To solve these problems, we have developed a stepped-frequency continuous-wave array antenna ground penetrating radar system, called SAR-GPR, that can acquire common middle point multi-offset data. As an approximate solution to the general wavefield inversion problem, migration algorithms were used to refocus the scattered landmine information to improve signal–clutter ratio and re-construct the landmine image. Also, pre-stack migration was found to efficiently deal with the steeply dipping landmine problem. Before migration processing, subtracting antenna coupling was used. The SAR-GPR system was tested under two conditions. The first condition is designed to simulate inhomogeneous soil under rough ground conditions and the second condition is to simulate steeply dipping buried landmine. Very strong clutter in the GPR data was exhibited in the first condition. After pre-stack migration, strong clutter was efficiently suppressed and a high quality landmine image was re-constructed in both experiments.
In vitro susceptibility of streptococcus mutans 6715 to iodine and sodium fluoride, singly and in combination, at various pH values (1982)

The effect of pH on minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of sodium fluoride (NaF) and iodine (I2), singly and in combination, for Streptococcus mutans 6715 was investigated by using an in vitro checkerboard broth dilution assay. As pH was decreased, lower concentrations of NaF and I2 were required to exert a bactericidal effect. There was statistically significant linear correlation between pH and the MBCs of NaF (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001) and I2 (r ;.92, P less than 0.001). The MBCs of NaF were more affected by a change in pH than were the MBCs of I2; for every decrease of one pH unit in the range of pH 5 to 8, the MBC of NaF decreased fourfold, and the MBC of I2 decreased twofold. NaF and I2 in combination exhibited bactericidal effects on S. mutans which were additive at all pH values tested. These data indicated that the antibacterial properties of I2 and NaF, singly or in combination, can be enhanced by acidification.
Progressive expression of trophoblast‐specific genes during formation of mouse trophoblast giant cells in vitro (1993)

The expression of a battery of trophoblast-specific mRNAs was studied during trophectoderm development in vivo and in vitro to assess the use of these mRNAs as markers of trophoblast differentiation and to examine lineage relationships between various trophectoderm derivatives. In situ hybridization of sectioned day 6.5-18.5 mouse embryos localized mRNAs for mouse placental lactogens I and II and mouse proliferin (PLF) to trophoblast giant cells and proliferin-related protein mRNA to the spongiotrophoblast and giant cell layers. A fifth marker, cDNA 4311, was found only in spongiotrophoblast. Day 3.5 blastocyst outgrowths and day 7.5 diploid extraembryonic ectoderm (EX) and ectoplacental cone (EPC) were then cultured to produce polyploid giant cells in vitro. Cultures were processed for in situ hybridization after 2, 4, or 6 days. EX and EPC both formed secondary giant cells, which expressed all markers in the same sequence as was observed in vivo, and primary giant cells in blastocyst outgrowths expressed the early giant cell markers PLF and PL-I on days 4 and 6 of culture. EPC progressed through the sequence 2 days ahead of EX, indicating commitment of EPC to giant cell formation. These results suggest that EX, EPC, and primary and secondary giant cells all share in a common pathway of differentiation and that the highly ordered sequence of gene expression characteristic of this pathway occurs similarly in vivo and in vitro.
Synthetic DNA Ligands Conjugated with Metal Binding Moiety. Regulation of the Interaction with DNA by Metal Ions and the Ligand Effect on Metal Assisted DNA Cleaving (1997)

Abstract Various functionalized molecules were synthesized by covalently conjugating DNA intercalators with metal chelators which carry such metal-binding functional groups as ethers, polyamines, and carboxylates. Systematic studies were made on the interaction of these conjugates with DNA in the presence and in the absence of metal ions. DNA binding of the conjugates were strongly affected by coexisting metal ions. This can be accounted for by the change in the net charge and in the conformation of the conjugates through complexation with metal ions. In some of the complexes thus obtained (DNA-intercalator-metal ion ternary complexes), DNA underwent a metal assisted cleavage of the strand, the activities of which were highly dependent on the nature of metal chelating moieties adopted. It is likely that a residual Lewis acidity on the metal in the complex and the strain in the DNA backbone induced by intercalation contribute to facilitate DNA cleavage.
Li−Fe−P−O<sub>2</sub> Phase Diagram from First Principles Calculations (2008)

We present an efficient way to calculate the phase diagram of the quaternary Li−Fe−P−O2 system using ab initio methods. The ground-state energies of all known compounds in the Li−Fe−P−O2 system were calculated using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) approximation to density functional theory (DFT) and the DFT+U extension to it. Considering only the entropy of gaseous phases, the phase diagram was constructed as a function of oxidation conditions, with the oxygen chemical potential, μO2 , capturing both temperature and oxygen partial pressure dependence. A modified Ellingham diagram was also developed by incorporating the experimental entropy data of gaseous phases. The phase diagram shows LiFePO4 to be stable over a wide range of oxidation environments, being the first Fe2+-containing phase to appear upon reduction at μO2 = −11.52 eV and the last of the Fe-containing phosphates to be reduced at μO2 = −16.74 eV. Lower μO2 represents more reducing conditions, which generally correspond to higher temperatures and/or lower oxygen partial pressures and/or the presence of reducing agents. The predicted phase relations and reduction conditions compare well to experimental findings on stoichiometric and Li-off-stoichiometric LiFePO4. For Li-deficient stoichiometries, the formation of iron phosphate phases (Fe7(PO4)6 and Fe2 P2O7) commonly observed under moderately reducing conditions during LiFePO4 synthesis and the formation of iron phosphides (Fe2P) under highly reducing conditions are consistent with the predictions from our phase diagram. Our diagrams also predict the formation of Li3PO4 and iron oxides for Li-excess stoichiometries under all but the most reducing conditions, again in agreement with experimental observations. For stoichiometric LiFePO4, the phase diagram gives the correct oxidation products of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 and Fe2O3. The predicted carbothermal reduction temperatures for LiFePO4 from the Ellingham diagram are also within the range observed in experiments (800–900 °C). The diagrams developed provide a better understanding of phase relations within the Li−Fe−P−O2 system and serve as a guide for future experimental efforts in materials processing, in particular, for the optimization of synthesis routes for LiFePO4.
Surface Modification of Nanoporous Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) Membrane with Poly(ethylene glycol) to Prevent Biofouling: Part I. Effects of Plasma Power and Treatment Time (2010)

Abstract Biofouling, a result of protein adsorption and cell adhesion on a surface, is detrimental to membrane performance. The objective of this study is to modify the polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane surface with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to prevent fibroblast adhesion. To achieve this goal, oxygen plasma and PEG(400)-monoacrylate were used to graft the PEG onto the membrane surface through covalent bonding. Various plasma treatment conditions were investigated to optimize the PEG-grafting quality and to achieve minimum fibroblast adhesion. After the treatment, the water contact angle decreased significantly. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra indicated that PEG was successfully grafted onto the PCL membrane with the appearance of the PEG characteristic peaks. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that different plasma powers and treatment times changed the surface composition of membranes. To evaluate the applicability of this new strategy for the prevention of biofouling, NIH 3T3 fibroblast was used as a model biofoulant. Cell adhesion and morphology studies indicate that either lower plasma power or shorter treatment time is able to improve resistance to the cell adhesion. This simple and efficient method can be applied to inhibit biofouling on the membrane surface. Keywords: biofoulingoxygen plasmapoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)polycaprolactone (PCL) membranesurface modification We would like to thank the National Science Foundation-sponsored Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices (NSEC-CANPBD) at the Ohio State University for the financial support of this work.
Dielectric Permittivity and <i>pvT</i> data of some <i>n</i> -alkanes (1980)

Abstract Combined measurements of density and dielectric permittivity have been made for six n-alkanes from n-pentane to n-decane at temperatures from — 25 to 100 °C and a t various pressures up to 300 MPa. The molecular polarizability falls with increase in density in a nonlinear fashion. It displays a temperature effect whose magnitude is alternately large and small in the odd and even numbers of the series. The density data have been extensively compared with other sources, revealing significant devergences. The possibilities for an equation of state based on combined ε, ρ measurements are discussed.
Thermal unfolding of small proteins with SH3 domain folding pattern (1998)

The thermal unfolding of three SH3 domains of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and CD spectroscopy. The unfolding transition of the three protein domains in the acidic pH region can be described as a reversible two-state process. For all three SH3 domains maximum stability was observed in the pH region 4.5 < pH < 7.0 where these domains unfold at temperatures of 353K (Btk), 342K (Itk), and 344K (Tec). At these temperatures an enthalpy change of 196 kJ/mol, 178 kJ/mol, and 169 kJ/mol was measured for Btk-, Itk-, and Tec-SH3 domains, respectively. The determined changes in heat capacity between the native and the denatured state are in an usual range expected for small proteins. Our analysis revealed that all SH3 domains studied are only weakly stabilized and have free energies of unfolding which do not exceed 12-16 kJ/mol but show quite high melting temperatures. Comparing unfolding free energies measured for eukaryotic SH3 domains with those of the topologically identical Sso7d protein from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus, the increased melting temperature of the thermostable protein is due to a broadening as well as a significant lifting of its stability curve. However, at their physiological temperatures, 310K for mesophilic SH3 domains and 350K for Sso7d, eukaryotic SH3 domains and Sso7d show very similar stabilities.
Zirconium complexes incorporating the new tridentate diamide ligand [(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)N{CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>N(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)}<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2–</sup>(L); the crystal structures of [Zr(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>L] and [ZrCl{CH(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}L] (1995)

The lithium complex of the sterically demanding, polyfunctional amide ligand [(Me3Si)N-{CH2CH2N(SiMe3)}2]2–,Li2L reacted with [ZrCl4(thf)2](thf = tetrahydrofuran) to form dimeric [(ZrCl2L)2]2, in which the ligand is facially co-ordinated in a tridentate manner. Treatment of 2 with LiBH4 or Li[CH(SiMe3)2] generated [Zr(H3BH)L]3 and [ZrCl{CH(SiMe3)2}L]4, respectively. Variable-temperature NMR studies on 4 give evidence for restricted rotation of both the alkyl and amino SiMe3 groups. The crystal structures of 3 and 4 have been determined.
Modularity and development: the case of spatial reorientation (1996)

In a series of experiments, young children who were disoriented in a novel environment reoriented themselves in accord with the large-scale shape of the environment but not in accord with nongeometric properties of the environment such as the color of a wall, the patterning on a box, or the categorical identity of an object. Because children's failure to reorient by nongeometric information cannot be attributed to limits on their ability to detect, remember, or use that information for other purposes, this failure suggests that children's reorientation, at least in relatively novel environments, depends on a mechanism that is informationally encapsulated and task-specific: two hallmarks of modular cognitive processes. Parallel studies with rats suggest that children share this mechanism with at least some adult nonhuman mammals. In contrast, our own studies of human adults, who readily solved our tasks by conjoining nongeometric and geometric information, indicated that the most striking limitations of this mechanism are overcome during human development. These findings support broader proposals concerning the domain specificity of humans' core cognitive abilities, the conservation of cognitive abilities across related species and over the course of human development, and the developmental processes by which core abilities are extended to permit more flexible, uniquely human kinds of problem solving.