gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE METALATION OF 1,3‐BIS‐(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZENE BY N‐BUTYLLITHIUM (1974)

Abstract Aus dem Trifluormethylbenzol (I) entstehen nach Umsetzung mit Butyllithium mit CO 2 die Benzoesäuren (IIa) und (IIb) im Verhältnis 60:40, während (IIc) nicht gebildet wird.
Effects of a Decision Support System on Physicians' Diagnostic Performance (1999)

Physicians' diagnostic performance can be strongly influenced by the quality of information the system produces and the type of cases on which the system is used.
A luminescence study of B-type Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>under pressure (1994)

Abstract Luminescence spectra from Eu3 + ion in B-type (monoclinic) 2O3 powder have been recorded at room temperature as a function of pressure using a diamond anvil cell. Changes in the spectral pattern of the Eu3 + ion emission at about 4 GPa indicated that a phase transition to the A-type (hexagonal) structure had taken place. Upon release of the applied pressure, the B-type structure was regained with hysteresis. The spectral shifts with pressure have been used to study the effect of pressure on the spin-orbit interaction of the 4f electrons in the Ed + ion. The relationship between the relative changes in the spin-orbit coupling constant, ζ4f, and the volume accompanying the phase transition is also discussed.
Control of the eukaryotic cell cycle by MAP kinase signaling pathways (2000)

In an often rapidly changing environment, cells must adapt by monitoring and reacting quickly to extracellular stimuli detected by membrane-bound receptors and proteins. Reversible phosphorylation of intracellular regulatory proteins has emerged as a crucial mechanism effecting the transmission and modulation of such signals and is determined by the relative activities of protein kinases and phosphatases within the cell. These are often arranged into complex signaling networks that may function independently or be subject to cross-regulation. Recently, genetic and biochemical analyses have identified the universally conserved mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade as one of the most ubiquitous signal transduction systems. This pathway is activated after a variety of cellular stimuli and regulates numerous physiological processes, particularly the cell division cycle. Progression through the cell cycle is critically dependent on the presence of environmental growth factors and stress stimuli, and failure to correctly integrate such signals into the cell cycle machinery can lead to the accumulation of genetic damage and genomic instability characteristic of cancer cells. Here we focus on the MAP kinase cascade and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these extensively studied signaling pathways influence cell growth and proliferation.
A computational technique to optimally design in-situ diffractive elements: applications to projection lithography at the resist resolution limit (2009)

Near-field interference lithography is a promising variant of multiple patterning in semiconductor device fabrication that can potentially extend lithographic resolution beyond the current materials-based restrictions on the Rayleigh resolution of projection systems. With H<sub>2</sub>O as the immersion medium, non-evanescent propagation and optical design margins limit achievable pitch to approximately 0.53λ/<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O = 0.37λ. Non-evanescent images are constrained only by the comparatively large resist indices (typically1.7) to a pitch resolution of 0.5/<i>n</i>resist (typically 0.29). Near-field patterning can potentially exploit evanescent waves and thus achieve higher spatial resolutions. Customized near-field images can be achieved through the modulation of an incoming wavefront by what is essentially an in-situ hologram that has been formed in an upper layer during an initial patterned exposure. Contrast Enhancement Layer (CEL) techniques and Talbot near-field interferometry can be considered special cases of this approach. Since the technique relies on near-field interference effects to produce the required pattern on the resist, the shape of the grating and the design of the film stack play a significant role on the outcome. As a result, it is necessary to resort to full diffraction computations to properly simulate and optimize this process. The next logical advance for this technology is to systematically design the hologram and the incident wavefront which is generated from a reduction mask. This task is naturally posed as an optimization problem, where the goal is to find the set of geometric and incident wavefront parameters that yields the closest fit to a desired pattern in the resist. As the pattern becomes more complex, the number of design parameters grows, and the computational problem becomes intractable (particularly in three-dimensions) without the use of advanced numerical techniques. To treat this problem effectively, specialized numerical methods have been developed. First, gradient-based optimization techniques are used to accelerate convergence to an optimal design. To compute derivatives of the parameters, an adjoint-based method was developed. Using the adjoint technique, only two electromagnetic problems need to be solved per iteration to evaluate the cost function and all the components of the gradient vector, independent of the number of parameters in the design.
EDLICS: a new relaxation-based electrical circuit simulation technique (1994)

Event-Driven Local-Interactive Circuit Simulation (EDLICS) is a new approach to the transient simulation of electrical circuits. Unlike the simulation methods which are based on differential equations, EDLICS directly models the physical behavior of electrical components. The EDLICS approach propagates incremental changes in circuit variables (voltage, current, and charge) as events similar to the behavior of event-driven logic simulation. An electrical component receives an event (either voltage, current, or charge) from a node, converts it to another event and delivers it to a neighboring node. The transient behavior of a circuit is analyzed by evaluating capacitors with current flow for charge buildup. EDLICS is the generalization of relaxation-based simulation, although it originated in a different perspective. The Kirchhoff Current Law, Kirchhoff Voltage Law, and capacitor current integration formula are used interactively in the Gauss-Seidel fashion. Since EDLICS is based on the true behavior modeling of electrical components, it is capable of handling circuit components and circuit configurations which other relaxation-based simulators cannot. The EDLICS technique is applied to a MOS circuit simulator, EDsim. EDsim is one to two orders of magnitude faster than the latest version of SPICE3 and compares favorably with iSPLICE3.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
From Categorical to Numerical: Multiple Transitive Distance Learning and Embedding (2015)

Categorical data are ubiquitous in real-world databases. However, due to the lack of an intrinsic proximity measure, many powerful algorithms for numerical data analysis may not work well on their categorical counterparts, making it a bottleneck in practical applications. In this paper, we propose a novel method to transform categorical data to numerical representations, so that abundant numerical learning methods can be exploited in categorical data mining. Our key idea is to learn a pairwise dissimilarity among categorical symbols, henceforth a continuous embedding, which can then be used for subsequent numerical treatment. There are two important criteria for learning the dissimilarities. First, it should capture the important “transitivity” which has shown to be particularly useful in measuring the proximity relation in categorical data. Second, the pairwise sample geometry arising from the learned symbol distances should be maximally consistent with prior knowledge (e.g., class labels) to obtain a good generalization performance. We achieve them through multiple transitive distance learning and embedding. Encouraging results are observed on a number of benchmark classification tasks against state-of-the-art.
Climbing Robot for Ferromagnetic Surfaces with Dynamic Adjustment of the Adhesion System (2012)

This paper presents a climbing robot with wheeled locomotion and adhesion through permanent magnets, developed with the intention of being used in the inspection of different types of man-made ferromagnetic structures, such as towers for wind turbines, fuel storage tanks, and ship hulls. In this paper are presented the main considerations thought for its project, as well as several constructive aspects, among which are detailed its mechanical and electrical construction, the implemented control architecture, and the human-machine interface developed for the manual and automatic control of the vehicle while in operation. Although it can be manually controlled, the vehicle is designed to have a semiautonomous behavior, allowing a remote inspection process controlled by a technician, this way reducing the risks associated with the human inspection of tall structures and ATEX places. The distinguishing characteristic of this robot is its dynamic adjustment system of the permanent magnets in order to assure the machine adhesion to the surfaces, even when crossing slightly irregular and curved surfaces with a large radius.
Videoscapes (2012)

The abundance of mobile devices and digital cameras with video capture makes it easy to obtain large collections of video clips that contain the same location, environment, or event. However, such an unstructured collection is difficult to comprehend and explore. We propose a system that analyzes collections of unstructured but related video data to create a Videoscape: a data structure that enables interactive exploration of video collections by visually navigating -- spatially and/or temporally -- between different clips. We automatically identify transition opportunities, or portals. From these portals, we construct the Videoscape, a graph whose edges are video clips and whose nodes are portals between clips. Now structured, the videos can be interactively explored by walking the graph or by geographic map. Given this system, we gauge preference for different video transition styles in a user study, and generate heuristics that automatically choose an appropriate transition style. We evaluate our system using three further user studies, which allows us to conclude that Videoscapes provides significant benefits over related methods. Our system leads to previously unseen ways of interactive spatio-temporal exploration of casually captured videos, and we demonstrate this on several video collections.
Randomized Phase II Trial Comparing Amrubicin With Topotecan in Patients With Previously Treated Small-Cell Lung Cancer: North Japan Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 0402 (2008)

Amrubicin may be superior to topotecan with acceptable toxicity for previously treated patients with SCLC. Further evaluation of amrubicin for relapsed SCLC is warranted.
An optimized design of bi-directional dual active bridge converter for low voltage battery charger (2014)

This paper proposes an optimized design of dual active bridge (DAB) converter for low voltage charger. Among various bi-directional DC/DC converters, DAB converter is a high efficiency buck and boost bi-directional DC-DC converter isolated by a high frequency transformer. Battery voltage varies according to the charging status of the battery and the parameters of the DC/DC converter are the same regardless of the battery voltage. When the battery voltage is high, the soft switching (ZVS) region is reduced compared to the low battery voltage. In this paper, variable switching frequency is adopted in order to maximize soft-switching (ZVS) region at the high battery voltage. The same power can be obtained at the same duty regardless of the battery voltage using the variable switching frequency. The proposed method is applied to a 5kW prototype dual active bridge converter, and the experimental results are analyzed and verified.
Reinvestigation of the synthesis of 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones. A novel route to tetracyclic heteroaromatic compounds (1977)

The reaction of diethyl 2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)malonate with a variety of anilines has been used in the past as a method of alkaloid synthesis. It has now been found that this reaction yields, in addition to the expected 3-di methylallyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones, 3,3′-methylenebis -4-hydroxy-2-quinolones, and dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridin-6(5H)-ones. A mechanism is suggested to explain this unusual reaction.
Purification and characterization of delta 4-3-ketosteroid 5 beta-reductase. (1984)

delta 4-3-Ketosteroid 5 beta-reductase was purified about 230-fold from 100,000 X g supernatant of rat liver homogenate using 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one as substrate throughout. The purified enzyme was electrophoretically homogeneous, and its molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 37,000 and that determined by gel filtration chromatography on calibrated Sephadex G-100 column was 37,200. The absorption spectrum of the purified enzyme showed only a peak at 276 nm due to aromatic amino acids, precluding the presence of a prosthetic group such as flavine in the molecule. The enzyme is highly labile in a low buffer concentration, but is markedly stabilized in the presence of 20% glycerol in 10 mM phosphate buffer. Higher buffer concentration such as 300 mM potassium phosphate buffer was also effective to prevent deterioration in the absence of glycerol, but the effect was somewhat lower compared to glycerol. The purified enzyme showed the activity toward a variety of substrates including testosterone, cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, and 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. The optimal pH for the 5 beta-reduction of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was 7.4, and the cofactor required for the reaction was NADPH, while NADH revealed no effect. The enzyme activity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, but its inhibition was prevented by the presence of a reduced form of glutathione.
Structure and Properties of Elastomeric Polypropylene from <i>C</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>C</i><sub>2</sub><i><sub>v</sub></i>-Symmetric Zirconocenes. The Origin of Crystallinity and Elastic Properties in Poorly Isotactic Polypropylene (2004)

A comparative analysis of the structure and mechanical properties of two elastomeric amorphous and semicrystalline polypropylenes samples, produced with C2v-symmetric and chiral C2-symmetric ansa-zirconocene catalysts, respectively, is presented. The poorly isotactic polypropylene (iam-PP) of medium molecular weight, prepared with the chiral C2-symmetric catalyst, slowly crystallizes, by aging at room temperature or by stretching, in a continuum of disordered modifications intermediate between α and γ forms of isotactic polypropylene. Structural and morphological transformations occur during stretching. Disordered α/γ modifications, containing a high fraction of perpendicular chains, present in the unoriented film, transform by stretching at high deformations into structures more similar to the α form with a high content of parallel chains. The development of the small level of crystallinity induces elastic properties. The small crystalline domains in the amorphous matrix, indeed, act as physical knots of the elastomeric lattice. This poorly isotactic iam-PP sample shows, instead, poor elastic properties and viscous flow at high deformations in the amorphous state, before crystallization, because of the not high molecular weight. The unique crystallization mode of the iam-PP sample explains the remarkable enhancement of elastic properties in low stereoregular polypropylene upon development of crystallinity. The fully amorphous high molecular weight atactic polypropylene (a-PP), prepared with the C2v-symmetric catalyst, presents elastic behavior only in a small deformation range (up to 300% strain) and experiences viscous flow of the chains at high deformations. The elasticity arises from the physical network generated by the high degree of entanglement of the polymeric chains generated by the high molecular weight of the sample. The poorly isotactic iam-PP sample, before crystallization, presents much poorer elastic properties than the a-PP sample because of the lower molecular weight. After crystallization, it shows better elastic properties in a large range of deformation with higher strength, notwithstanding the lower molecular weight, due to the presence of crystallinity.
대학생의 안보의식과 북한 테러에 대한 인식 관계 (2014)

테러는 적은 비용으로 단순하고 제조하기 쉬운 위험한 물건을 이용하여 인명 사상, 건물 손괴 등이 가능하며 해킹과 같은 사이버 테러를 통해 사회 질서를 마비시킬 정도의 피해를 극대화 하는 파괴력이 높은 행위이다. 전쟁으로 인한 물질적ㆍ정신적 피해보다는 테러 주체 국가 내지 단체의 피해를 최소화하고 상대국에 최대의 피해를 줄 수 있는 테러는 계속 증가하고 있는...
Application-based NGN QoE controller (2011)

In this article, a specification and testbed implementation results of an application-based QoE controller are presented, proposing a solution for objective and context-aware end-to-end QoE control in the NGN networks. The proposed solution bases on standardized NGN service enabler operation principles that allows for efficient in-service QoE estimation and optimization. QoE control is accomplished through context-based QoE modeling, the principal role of which is to provide a detailed description of the circumstances, under which the communication is established and by which the end-user's QoE is affected. Implementation results and findings confirm feasibility and efficient design of the QoE controller proposal as well as full compliance with the requirements for its deployment into real-world NGN environments.
Performance of Handheld MIMO Terminals in Noise- and Interference-Limited Urban Macrocellular Scenarios (2012)

Multiple-antenna handheld terminals are an integral part of the latest mobile communication systems, due to the adoption of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. In this contribution, MIMO performances of three multiple-antenna configurations for smart phones are investigated in an urban macrocellular environment, based on an extensive MIMO measurement campaign at 2.65 GHz. The smart phones were held in a two-hand user grip position and both downlink noise- and interference-limited scenarios were evaluated. Our results show that, overall along the test route, the capacity performances are dictated by the power of the communication links. Nevertheless, locally, the multipath richness of the communication channel can have a significant impact on the capacity performances. In addition to the terminal antenna configurations, spatial and cross polarization references were also utilized to further illustrate the importance of multipath richness in both the desired and the interference channels. Moreover, the differences in the local capacity performances along the route for the three antenna configurations give a first indication of the potential benefit in implementing reconfigurable multiple antennas. If switching for maximum capacity is applied between the terminal antenna configurations in the two-hand grip position, average capacity improvements of up to 17% and 30% for local 20 m route sections are observed in the noise- and the interference-limited scenarios, respectively.
Mechanism-based inhibition of the melatonin rhythm enzyme: Pharmacologic exploitation of active site functional plasticity (1999)

Serotonin N-acetyltransferase is the enzyme responsible for the diurnal rhythm of melatonin production in the pineal gland of animals and humans. Inhibitors of this enzyme active in cell culture have not been reported previously. The compound N-bromoacetyltryptamine was shown to be a potent inhibitor of this enzyme in vitro and in a pineal cell culture assay (IC(50) approximately 500 nM). The mechanism of inhibition is suggested to involve a serotonin N-acetyltransferase-catalyzed alkylation reaction between N-bromoacetyltryptamine and reduced CoA, resulting in the production of a tight-binding bisubstrate analog inhibitor. This alkyltransferase activity is apparently catalyzed at a functionally distinct site compared with the acetyltransferase activity active site on serotonin N-acetyltransferase. Such active site plasticity is suggested to result from a subtle conformational alteration in the protein. This plasticity allows for an unusual form of mechanism-based inhibition with multiple turnovers, resulting in "molecular fratricide." N-bromoacetyltryptamine should serve as a useful tool for dissecting the role of melatonin in circadian rhythm as well as a potential lead compound for therapeutic use in mood and sleep disorders.
Cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: the international hematopoietic cell transplantation experience from 1982 to 1999 (2004)

Cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a disorder of very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, and cerebral demyelination. Death occurs within 2 to 5 years of clinical onset without hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). One hundred twenty-six boys with X-ALD received HCT from 1982 to 1999. Survival, engraftment, and acute graft-versus-host disease were studied. Degree of disability associated with neurologic and neuropsychological function and cerebral demyelination were evaluated before and after HCT. Complete data were available and analyzed for 94 boys with cerebral X-ALD. The estimated 5- and 8-year survival was 56%. The leading cause of death was disease progression. Donor-derived engraftment occurred in 86% of patients. Demyelination involved parietal-occipital lobes in 90%, leading to visual and auditory processing deficits in many boys. Overall 5-year survival of 92% in patients with 0 or 1 neurologic deficits and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) severity score less than 9 before HCT was superior to survival for all others (45%; P <.01). Baseline neurologic and neuropsychological function, degree of disability, and neuroradiologic status predicted outcomes following HCT. In this first comprehensive report of the international HCT experience for X-ALD, we conclude that boys with early-stage disease benefit from HCT, whereas boys with advanced disease may be candidates for experimental therapies.
Steroids. VIII.<sup>1,2</sup> The Dienone—Phenol Rearrangement in the Steroid Series. Synthesis of a New Class of Estrogens (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteroids. VIII.1,2 The Dienone—Phenol Rearrangement in the Steroid Series. Synthesis of a New Class of EstrogensCarl Djerassi, G. Rosenkranz, J. Romo, J. Pataki, and St. KaufmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 10, 4540–4544Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01166a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views233Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts