gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies for successful field deployment in a resource-poor region: Arsenic remediation technology for drinking water (2019)

Strong long-term international partnership in science, technology, finance and policy is critical for sustainable field experiments leading to successful commercial deployment of novel technology at community-scale. Although technologies already exist that can remediate arsenic in groundwater, most are too expensive or too complicated to operate on a sustained basis in resource-poor communities with the low technical skill common in rural South Asia. To address this specific problem, researchers at University of California-Berkeley (UCB) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) invented a technology in 2006 called electrochemical arsenic remediation (ECAR). Since 2010, researchers at UCB and LBNL have collaborated with Global Change Program of Jadavpur University (GCP-JU) in West Bengal, India for its social embedding alongside a local private industry group, and with financial support from the Indo-US Technology Forum (IUSSTF) over 2012–2017. During the first 10 months of pilot plant operation (April 2016 to January 2017) a total of 540 m3 (540,000 L) of arsenic-safe water was produced, consistently and reliably reducing arsenic concentrations from initial 252 ± 29 to final 2.9 ± 1 parts per billion (ppb). This paper presents the critical strategies in taking a technology from a lab in the USA to the field in India for commercialization to address the technical, socio-economic, and political aspects of the arsenic public health crisis while targeting several sustainable development goals (SDGs). The lessons learned highlight the significance of designing a technology contextually, bridging the knowledge divide, supporting local livelihoods, and complying with local regulations within a defined Critical Effort Zone period with financial support from an insightful funding source focused on maturing inventions and turning them into novel technologies for commercial scale-up. Along the way, building trust with the community through repetitive direct interactions, and communication by the scientists, proved vital for bridging the technology-society gap at a critical stage of technology deployment. The information presented here fills a knowledge gap regarding successful case studies in which the arsenic remediation technology obtains social acceptance and sustains technical performance over time, while operating with financial viability.
Atomically Thin Heterostructures Based on Single-Layer Tungsten Diselenide and Graphene (2014)

Heterogeneous engineering of two-dimensional layered materials, including metallic graphene and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, presents an exciting opportunity to produce highly tunable electronic and optoelectronic systems. In order to engineer pristine layers and their interfaces, epitaxial growth of such heterostructures is required. We report the direct growth of crystalline, monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) on epitaxial graphene (EG) grown from silicon carbide. Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and scanning tunneling microscopy confirm high-quality WSe2 monolayers, whereas transmission electron microscopy shows an atomically sharp interface, and low energy electron diffraction confirms near perfect orientation between WSe2 and EG. Vertical transport measurements across the WSe2/EG heterostructure provides evidence that an additional barrier to carrier transport beyond the expected WSe2/EG band offset exists due to the interlayer gap, which is supported by theoretical local density of states (LDOS) calculations using self-consistent density functional theory (DFT) and nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF).
Spatial and Temporal Expression of the<i>period</i>and<i>timeless</i>Genes in the Developing Nervous System of<i>Drosophila</i>: Newly Identified Pacemaker Candidates and Novel Features of Clock Gene Product Cycling (1997)

The circadian timekeeping system of Drosophila functions from the first larval instar (L1) onward but is not known to require the expression of clock genes in larvae. We show that period (per) and timeless (tim) are rhythmically expressed in several groups of neurons in the larval CNS both in light/dark cycles and in constant dark conditions. Among the clock gene-expressing cells there is a subset of the putative pacemaker neurons, the "lateral neurons" (LNs), that have been analyzed mainly in adult flies. Like the adult LNs, the larval ones are also immunoreactive to a peptide called pigment-dispersing hormone. Their putative dendritic trees were found to be in close proximity to the terminals of the larval optic nerve Bolwig's nerve, possibly receiving photic input from the larval eyes. The LNs are the only larval cells that maintain a strong cycling in PER from L1 onward, throughout metamorphosis and into adulthood. Therefore, they are the best candidates for being pacemaker neurons responsible for the larval "time memory" (inferred from previous experiments). In addition to the LNs, a subset of the larval dorsal neurons (DNLs) expresses per and tim. Intriguingly, two neurons of this DNL group cycle in PER and TIM immunoreactivity almost in antiphase to the other DNLs and to the LNs. Thus, the temporal expression of per and tim are regulated differentially in different cells. Furthermore, the light sensitivity associated with levels of the TIM protein is different from that in the heads of adult Drosophila.
Machine Vision Systems for Processing Hardwood Lumber and Logs (1992)

Machine vision and automated processing systems are under development at Virginia Tech University with support and cooperation from the USDA Forest Service. Our goals are to help U.S. hardwood producers automate, reduce costs, increase product volume and value recovery, and market higher value, more accurately graded and described products. Any vision system is composed of two bread tasks: image scanning and image interpretation. A rough lumber vision system recognizes board defects, clear wood, and board outlines, and labels these areas. Two available computer programs can use this defect information. The first program grades the board by National Hardwood Lumber Association grading rules. The second program simulates the processing of the board into standard or specific cuttings or part sizes by two different cutup methods. One goal of the vision system is to analyze images of rough lumber in a species-independent man-
Bioprocess scale‐up/down as integrative enabling technology: from fluid mechanics to systems biology and beyond (2017)

Efficient optimization of microbial processes is a critical issue for achieving a number of sustainable development goals, considering the impact of microbial biotechnology in agrofood, environment, biopharmaceutical and chemical industries. Many of these applications require scale-up after proof of concept. However, the behaviour of microbial systems remains unpredictable (at least partially) when shifting from laboratory-scale to industrial conditions. The need for robust microbial systems is thus highly needed in this context, as well as a better understanding of the interactions between fluid mechanics and cell physiology. For that purpose, a full scale-up/down computational framework is already available. This framework links computational fluid dynamics (CFD), metabolic flux analysis and agent-based modelling (ABM) for a better understanding of the cell lifelines in a heterogeneous environment. Ultimately, this framework can be used for the design of scale-down simulators and/or metabolically engineered cells able to cope with environmental fluctuations typically found in large-scale bioreactors. However, this framework still needs some refinements, such as a better integration of gas-liquid flows in CFD, and taking into account intrinsic biological noise in ABM.
Fibronectin-Facilitated Invasion of T84 Eukaryotic Cells by <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Occurs Preferentially at the Basolateral Cell Surface (2002)

Previous studies have indicated that the ability to bind to fibronectin is a key feature in successful cell invasion by Campylobacter jejuni. Given the spatial distribution of fibronectin and the architecture of the epithelium, this suggests the possibility that C. jejuni cell invasion might preferentially occur at the basolateral cell surface. To test this hypothesis, we examined the interaction of C. jejuni with T84 human colonic cells. When grown under the appropriate conditions, T84 cells form a polarized cell monolayer. C. jejuni translocation of a T84 cell monolayer appeared to occur via a paracellular (extracellular) route as opposed to a transcellular (intracellular) route based on the finding that a C. jejuni noninvasive mutant translocated as efficiently as its isogenic parent. Additional studies revealed that two distinct C. jejuni wild-type isolates could compete with one another for host cell receptors, whereas a C. jejuni fibronectin-binding-deficient mutant could not compete with a wild-type isolate for host cell receptors. Further, C. jejuni adherence and internalization were significantly inhibited by antifibronectin antibodies but only when cells were first treated with EGTA to expose basolateral cell surfaces. Together, these results support the theory that C. jejuni invasion occurs preferentially at the basolateral surface of eukaryotic cells.
Mechanical Fault Detection in Induction Motor Drives through Stator Current Monitoring - Theory and Application Examples (2010)

current monitoring -Theory and application examples
Formation and stability of ultrasonic generated bulk nanobubbles (2018)

Although various and unique properties of bulk nanobubbles have drawn researchers' attention over the last few years, their formation and stabilization mechanism has remained unsolved. In this paper, we use ultrasonic methods to produce bulk nanobubbles in the pure water and give a comprehensive study on the bulk nanobubbles properties and generation. The ultrasonic wave gives rise to constant oscillation in water where positive and negative pressure appears alternately. With the induced cavitation and presence of dissolved air, the bulk nanobubbles formed. "Nanosight" (which is a special instrument that combines dynamic light scattering with nanoparticle tracking analysis) was used to analyze the track and concentration of nanobubbles. Our results show that in our experiment, sufficient bulk nanobubbles were generated and we have proven they are not contaminations. We also found nanobubbles in the ultrasonic water change in both size and concentration with ultrasonic time.
Current strategies for management of initial <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection (2012)

In the past decade, an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile has led to increased incidence and severity of nosocomial C. difficile infections (CDI). Responsiveness to standard antimicrobial care for this strain is declining, and the morbidity and mortality of CDI and recurrent CDI are rising. Effective management requires a coordinated effort among all members of the healthcare team to facilitate early identification of patients at risk for CDI, early recognition of disease onset and confirmatory testing, prompt initiation of the most appropriate management approach, and ongoing monitoring throughout the continuum of care. Hospitalists, as coordinators of patient care, are in an ideal position to ensure that patients receive prompt and optimal treatment based on current clinical evidence and severity of the disease.
Security for volatile FPGAs (2021)

With reconfigurable devices fast becoming complete systems in their own right, interest in their security properties has increased. While research on “FPGA security” has been active since the early 2000s, few have treated the field as a whole, or framed its challenges in the context of the unique FPGA usage model and application space. This dissertation sets out to examine the role of FPGAs within a security system and how solutions to security challenges can be provided. I offer the following contributions: I motivate authenticating configurations as an additional capability to FPGA configuration logic, and then describe a flexible security protocol for remote reconfiguration of FPGA-based systems over insecure networks. Non-volatile memory devices are used for persistent storage when required, and complement the lack of features in some FPGAs with tamper proofing in order to maintain specified security properties. A unique advantage of the protocol is that it can be implemented on some existing FPGAs (i.e., it does not require FPGA vendors to add functionality to their devices). Also proposed is a solution to the “IP distribution problem” where designs from multiple sources are integrated into a single bitstream, yet must maintain their confidentiality. I discuss the difficulty of reproducing and comparing FPGA implementation results reported in the academic literature. Concentrating on cryptographic implementations, problems are demonstrated through designing three architecture-optimized variants of the AES block cipher and analyzing the results to show that single figures of merit, namely “throughput” or “throughput per slice”, are often meaningless without the context of an application. To set a precedent for reproducibility in our field, the HDL source code, simulation testbenches and compilation instructions are made publicly available for scrutiny and reuse. Finally, I examine payment systems as ubiquitous embedded devices, and evaluate their security vulnerabilities as they interact in a multi-chip environment. Using FPGAs as an adversarial tool, a man-in-the-middle attack against these devices is demonstrated. An FPGA-based defense is also demonstrated: the first secure wired “distance bounding” protocol implementation. This is then put in the context of securing reconfigurable systems.
Lysis of intraventricular hematoma with tissue plasminogen activator (1991)

A 42-year-old woman suffered a severe intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage from a ruptured anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. Evacuation of the frontal hematoma and clipping of the aneurysm was performed but the intraventricular blood clot persisted, causing ventricular dilatation and high intracranial pressure (ICP) 24 hours after surgery despite external ventricular drainage. Over this period of time the patient's clinical condition improved from Grade V to Grade IVb (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons classification). The intraventricular hematoma was lysed with a total of 8 mg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator injected directly into the ventricles on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days, resulting in rapid normalization of ventricular size and ICP. The patient has since made a substantial recovery and has been able to return home.
Integrating natural language and gesture in a robotics domain (2002)

For our work in the robotics domain, we have concentrated on integrating spoken natural language and natural gesture for command and control of a semi-autonomous mobile robot. We have assumed that both spoken natural language and natural gesture are more user-friendly means of interacting with a mobile robot, and from the human standpoint, such interactions are easier, given that the human is not required to learn additional interactions, but can rely on "natural" ways of communication. So-called "synthetic" methods, such as data gloves, require additional learning; however, this is not the case with natural language and natural gesture. We, therefore, rely on what is natural to both spoken language when it is used in conjunction with natural gestures for giving commands. Furthermore, we have been integrating these interactions with the robotics components as the robotics system is being developed. The interface is not treated as an ad hoc add-on or patch. By doing so, we believe the interface will be more robust and because it is being integrated during system development, we hope to achieve a more seamless interface, one which both acts and feels as an integral part of the robotics application. We discuss the kinds of interactions which our system is currently capable of performing. We also discuss the processing of the various input to produce an appropriate robotic response, and finally, we discuss what future kinds of interactions we would like to incorporate into the system, and what will be required to achieve these results.
High quality synthesis of monodisperse zinc-blende CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals with a phosphine-free method (2009)

Highly monodisperse zinc blende CdSe nanocrystals have been synthesized by using different phosphine-free Se precursors successfully. To understand the reaction mechanism and obtain high quality CdSe nanocrystals, the effects on the use of different Se and/or Cd precursors, the adjustment of the molar ratios between Cd and Se precursors, and the selection of suitable reaction and growth temperatures have been studied in details. Absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of synthesized CdSe nanocrystals. The quality of as-prepared CdSe nanocrystals was reached the same high level compared with the method using phosphine selenium precursors, its quantum yields were among 30 to 60% and photoluminescence (PL) full width at half-maximum (FWHM) was well controlled between 22 and 28 nm. As core, such zinc blende CdSe nanocrystals were also used to synthesize CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell nanocrystals. The quantum yields of as-prepared core-shell nanocrystals were among 50 to 80%. Large-scale syntheses of such core-shell nanocrystals have been successfully demonstrated and as many as 3 g of high quality CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals were easily synthesized with the use of only low-cost, green, and environmentally friendlier reagents.
The Omitted Dimension: Exploiting Multiuser Diversity in Multi-Radio Access Technology Data Cellular Communication Systems (2016)

Performance of cellular communication systems is typically enhanced by leveraging the three dimensions of system transmission bandwidth, area frequency reuse, i.e. system access point (AP) density, and spectral efficiency of employed radio air interface, referred to as the radio access technology (RAT). In particular, refined RATs are continuously introduced to compensate for limited spectrum availability and restrictions on system AP densification in cellular communication systems. While the performance of cellular communication systems is maximized by employing a single RAT providing maximal spectral efficiency, varying capabilities of user equipment compels the co-deployment of multiple RATs in cellular communication systems and entails fragmenting system radiofrequency resources between co-deployed RATs. Nevertheless, the inefficient structuring of multi-RAT systems as independently operated collocated single-RAT subsystems results in unbalanced system loading, suboptimal spectrum utilization, and the omission of multiuser diversity as a performance enhancement dimension in multi-RAT systems. The omitted dimension of multiuser diversity is exploited in this paper, through multiple means and techniques, to further enhance the performance of multi-RAT data cellular communication systems. Unifying the architectural structure of multi-RAT systems is proposed to eliminate the redundant duplication of radio access network functions and elements, reduce system deployment costs and operational complexity, improve system scalability, and enable the joint execution of non-radio transmission functions for all co-deployed RATs. By fully exploiting system multiuser diversity, the joint allocation of system radiofrequency resources under autonomous spectrum assignment is shown to substantially enhance the performance of all employed RATs, in addition to the overall performance of multi-RAT systems, without extending any of the three typical performance enhancement dimensions of cellular communication systems.
Enhancing the Isolation and Performance of Control Planes for Fog Computing (2018)

Fog computing, which places computing resources close to IoT devices, can offer low latency data processing for IoT applications. With software-defined networking (SDN), fog computing can enable network control logics to become programmable and run on a decoupled control plane, rather than on a physical switch. Therefore, network switches are controlled via the control plane. However, existing control planes have limitations in providing isolation and high performance, which are crucial to support multi-tenancy and scalability in fog computing. In this paper, we present optimization techniques for Linux to provide isolation and high performance for the control plane of SDN. The new techniques are (1) separate execution environment (SE2), which separates the execution environments between multiple control planes, and (2) separate packet processing (SP2), which reduces the complexity of the existing network stack in Linux. We evaluate the proposed techniques on commodity hardware and show that the maximum performance of a control plane increases by four times compared to the native Linux while providing strong isolation.
Remote Controlled Nucleophilicity, 2<sup>1</sup>: Lithiated C<sub>α</sub>-Substituted 4-Methylpyridines (1991)

Cα-substituted 4-methylpyridines have been N-lithiated and reacted with chlorotrimethylsilane and other electrophiles. The lithiated Cα-NMe2 substituted intermediate shows an interesting dichotomy of behavior towards electrophiles: It represents the borderline between compounds for which an extreme N or Cα regio-nucleophilicity is observed.
Immunophenotypic evidence of leukemia after induction therapy predicts relapse: results from a prospective Children's Cancer Group study of 252 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (2002)

Approximately 40% of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who respond to initial therapy subsequently relapse. Multidimensional flow cytometry employing a standardized panel of monoclonal antibodies enables the detection of small numbers of occult leukemic cells that persist during therapy using technology adaptable by most clinical laboratories. We performed a prospective, blinded evaluation of bone marrow specimens obtained from 252 pediatric patients with de novo AML to determine whether detection of occult leukemia defined as more than or equal to 0.5% blasts with aberrant surface antigen expression as determined by flow cytometry was predictive of subsequent relapse. Occult leukemia was detected in 41 (16%) of the 252 patients who responded to initial induction therapy. In time-dependent multivariate analyses that controlled for allogeneic marrow transplantation, variable intervals between sample submission, age, sex, white blood cell count at diagnosis, presence of splenomegaly or hepatomegaly, and presence of more than 15% blasts in the marrow after the first course of induction, patients harboring occult leukemia were 4.8 times more likely to relapse (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8 to 8.4, P <.0001) and 3.1 times more likely to die (95% CI; 1.9 to 5.1, P <.0001) than those lacking leukemia detectable by flow cytometry. In this analysis, flow cytometric evidence of leukemia after the initiation of therapy emerged as the most powerful independent prognostic factor associated with poor outcome. Among patients in whom a marrow sample was available for analysis at the end of consolidation therapy, overall survival at 3 years was 41% versus 69% for patients with and without occult leukemia, respectively (P =.0058).
Magnetic Refrigeration for Spacecraft Systems (1981)

Magnetic refrigerators, i.e., those that use the magnetocaloric effect of a magnetic working material in a thermodynamic cycle, offer potentially reliable, and efficient refrigeration over a variety of temperature ranges and cooling powers. A descriptive analysis of magnetic refrigeration systems is performed with particular emphasis on more efficient infrared detector cooling. Three types of magnetic refrigerator designs are introduced to illustrate some of the possibilities.